omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rumford furnace. A Rumford furnace is a kiln for the industrial scale production in the 19th century of calcium oxide, popularly known as quicklime or burnt lime. It was named after its inventor, Benjamin Thompson, also known as Count Rumford, and is sometimes called a Rüdersdorf furnace after the location where it was first built and from where the design rapidly spread throughout Europe.

Technology
Rumford's innovation was to separate the combustion chambers for the limestone and the fuel. In previous designs, the fuel (traditionally wood or charcoal, later coal) was mixed with the limestone before burning, which meant that the quicklime end product was contaminated with ash and had to be laboriously cleaned. By separating the two it was possible to produce large quantities of high-quality quicklime for the booming 19th-century European construction industry.

In a Rumford furnace, fuel compartments surround the actual combustion chamber, each one being connected to it by a single transverse channel through which the hot air produced by the burning fuel flows into the stack and moves upward through the pile of limestone. The fuel ash waste falls into a separate chamber, from which it can be removed.
The limestone in the central shaft collapses as it burns to quicklime, making space for new limestone to be added to the top of the stack. The quicklime cools down as it slowly descends through the space below the channel connecting the stack to the firing compartment and is finally removed through an outlet at the bottom of the shaft. 
The upper part of the limestone shaft extends above the fuel compartments and its walls contain separate cavities filled with coal dust. This insulation supports the prewarming of the limestone before it moves into the vicinity of the hot air source.

Historical development
The first Rumford kiln was constructed in 1802 in Rüdersdorf near Berlin, and one of them can still be explored at the Museumspark Rüdersdorf. The innovation rapidly spread throughout Europe because it made it possible to produce quicklime far more efficiently than predecessor technologies. These required either batch production, waiting for each load to be assembled, burn and cool before removal, or carefully mixing the fuel and limestone in the appropriate proportions, burning them together, and then cleaning the contaminated limestone afterward.
In a Rumford kiln continuous operation was possible for the first time, since the addition of fuel and limestone as well as the removal of ash and quicklime could be separately optimized according to need, and all these operations could take place simultaneously.

References

External links
Rüdersdorf Museumspark (in German)

History of technology
Industrial furnaces
Malta–Sicily interconnector. The Malta–Sicily interconnector is the submarine power cable which connects the power grid of Malta with the Italian Transmission Network managed by Terna, which is part of the European grid.  It was constructed in 2014-2015, and supplies roughly  of Malta's electrical power.

Technical characteristics
The  long subsea cable starts at Magħtab, Qalet Marku in Malta and it runs to Marina di Ragusa in Sicily, Italy.
  From there it is connected to the Ragusa substation, which is of the Italian TSO Terna, via a  underground cable.

The cable and 132/220 kV substation in Malta is provided by Nexans. The cable has capacity of 200 MW and it uses 220 kV high voltage alternating current. The interconnector is operated by Enemalta, the Maltese power company.  In the 2014 the cable was laid in the sea by the ship C/S Nexans Skagerrak of the Company Nexans.  The interconnector became operational in March 2015.  The project cost €182 million.

Economic impact
The cable allows Malta to exchange electricity with the Italian power market, i.e. the island can both import and export electricity from Italy through the interconnector. 
The creation of this subsea cable ended Malta's previous electricity's isolation and diversified its mix of energy sources. In February 2015, European Commission underlined that Malta's interconnection level would go from 0% to approximately 35% with the new interconnector.

Problems
In December 2019 power outages in Malta were being caused by a failure of the interconnector cable having been damaged by a ship's anchor. In 2019 the interconnector supplied 23.1% of generated power.

Sites

See also 
 Energy in Malta
 Energy in Italy
 List of high voltage underground and submarine cables

References

External links
 Track of Malta–Sicily interconnector on Sicily

Electric power infrastructure in Malta
Electric power infrastructure in Italy
Italy–Malta relations
Naxxar
Ragusa, Sicily
High-voltage transmission lines
Energy infrastructure completed in 2015
2015 establishments in Italy
2015 establishments in Malta
Superforming. Superforming is a hot metal forming process that uses similar principles to thermoforming plastics, where a sheet of material is heated and forced onto a male or female form using gas pressure. The process is useful for producing complex surfaces. The technique was pioneered for use in alloy fighter jets, with a sheet of aluminum heated like "taffy" and then "blown" into a mold by a press system, allowing complex curves. It heats the sheets to 500 degrees Celsius, and after molding, vacuums out the air.

Use in transportation

The Jaguar I-Pace was the world's first structure to be made with superforming. In 2015, McLaren announced that the 570S Coupe used superformed aluminum body panels. The first Morgan Aero GTs released in 2018 used the process. According to Bentley, the third-generation 2018 Bentley Continental GT is the first production car ever to have an entire body side made from the Super Formed process. The panels are "superformed" with heated aluminum sheets molded by gas instead of a stamp. In particular, the fenders, hood, and doors and superformed.

Variations in process
The superforming process varies mostly in the way that the metal is introduced to the form; the main 4 variations are:

Cavity forming The metal in its plastic state is introduced to a negative form by gas pressure. It is good for large and complex parts such as automotive body panels and is excellent for shaping 5083 aluminium alloy.
Backpressure forming The metal in its plastic state is introduced to a negative mould by gas pressure similarly to cavity forming; however, the pressure differential between the front and back of the metal is kept small and within tight tolerances. This maintains the integrity of the sheet and means that "difficult" alloys can be formed. It was developed to produce structural aircraft components in 7475 alloys.
Bubble forming The metal in its plastic state is first expanded into a bubble with gas pressure; a positive form is then moved into the bubble cavity and the metal introduced to the form with reverse gas pressure. Suitable for deep complex components, especially where wall thickness needs to remain relatively constant. This process can be used to manufacture geometries that are impossible to achieve using any other forming process.
Diaphragm forming A non-superplastic metal is introduced to a negative form by a superplastic metal which is itself being moved by gas pressure. It is used to shape complex sheet geometries in non-superplastics alloys such as 2014, 2024, 2219 and 6061. making the process ideal for producing structural components.

Superforming process is used to create complex sheet geometries from a single piece of material and this process has been rapidly growing in many applications, including aerospace, automotive, buildings, trains, electronics, furniture and sculpture.

References

External links
 Super Plastic Forming Presses

Metalworking
Heterogeneous earliest finish time. Heterogeneous earliest finish time (HEFT) is a heuristic algorithm to schedule a set of dependent tasks onto a network of heterogenous workers taking communication time into account. 
For inputs HEFT takes a set of tasks, represented as a directed acyclic graph, a set of workers, the times to execute each task on each worker, and the times to communicate the results from each job to each of its children between each pair of workers. It descends from list scheduling algorithms.

Algorithm 
HEFT executes in two phases.

Prioritizing tasks 
In the first phase each task is given a priority. The priority of each task  is usually designated to be its "upward rank" which is defined recursively as follows

where  represents the  task,  is an average computation cost of job i among all the processor,  is the set of all jobs that immediately depend on task , and  is the average communication cost of the variables transferred between jobs  and  between all pairs of workers. Note that the computation of  depends on the computation of the rank of all its children. The upward rank is meant to represent the expected distance of any task from the end of the computation. For averaged quantities like  different averages may provide different results.

Assigning tasks to workers 
In the second phase tasks are assigned to workers. Now that all tasks are prioritized we consider and schedule each one, starting with the highest priority. The task with the highest priority for which all dependent tasks have finished is scheduled on the worker which will result in the earliest finish time of that task. This finish time depends on the communication time to send all necessary inputs to the worker, the computation time of the task on the worker, and the time when that processor becomes available (it may be busy with another task). HEFT uses an insertion-based policy that fills sufficiently sized gaps between already scheduled tasks.

Discussion 
HEFT is well respected among heuristic algorithms for this problem. But in complex situations it can easily fail to find the optimal scheduling. HEFT is essentially a greedy algorithm and incapable of making short-term sacrifices for long term benefits. Some improved algorithms based on HEFT look ahead to better estimate the quality of a scheduling decision can be used to trade run-time for scheduling performance.

Code 
HEFT implementations are available on GitHub in the programming languages C++, and Python.

References 

Scheduling algorithms
Intze principle. The Intze Principle () is a name given to two engineering principles, both named after the hydraulic engineer, Otto Intze, (1843–1904). In the one case, the Intze Principle relates to a type of water tower; in the other, a type of dam.

Intze Principle for water towers 

A water tower built in accordance with the Intze Principle has a brick shaft on which the water tank sits. The base of the tank is fixed with a ring anchor (Ringanker) made of iron or steel, so that only vertical, not horizontal, forces are transmitted to the tower. Due to the lack of horizontal forces the tower shaft does not need to be quite as solidly built.
This type of design was used in Germany between 1885 and 1905.

Intze Principle for dams 

The method of dam construction invented by Otto Intze was used in Germany at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. A dam built on the Intze Principle has the following features:
 it is a gravity dam with an almost triangular cross-section
 the wall is made of rubble stone with a high proportion of mortar
 it has a curved ground plan
 it has facing brickwork (Vorsatzmauerwerk or Verblendung) on the upper part of the upstream side
 it has an earth embankment against the lower part of the upstream side, the so-called Intze Wedge (Intze-Keil)
 it has a cement-sealed upstream face, coated with a layer of bitumen or tar
 it has internal vertical drainage using clay pipes behind the upstream face

The purpose of the Intze Wedge is to provide an additional seal in the area of the highest water pressure. During the 1920s, this type of construction was gradually superseded by concrete dams or arched dams which were cheaper to build.

See also 
 List of dams in Germany

References

External links 
 Otto Intze and water tower construction
 Otto Intze and dam construction
 Intze tanks at wassertuerme.gmxhome.de

Hydraulic engineering
Water towers
Dams
Friesley Falcon. The Friesley Falcon was a twin engine, 12 passenger biplane airliner, designed and flown in the United States in 1921. The only example built was later sold to China.

Design and development

The Falcon was funded by Harold Friesley, a farmer on land along Route 70 between Oroville and Marysville in California.  It was designed and first flown by Bond Spencer. A large, three bay biplane, its equal span wings had no stagger or sweep. On each wing the outer bay was defined by simple parallel pairs of interplane struts and the inner wing was divided by the engine mounting, which placed each  V-12 Liberty L-12 engine and its square, front mounted radiator halfway between the wings.  Ailerons, projecting slightly beyond the wing tips, were fitted on both upper and lower wings. The lower wing was mounted on the bottom fuselage longerons, with an inter plane gap of , the upper plane passed over the top of the fuselage, supported by cabane struts.

The fuselage of the Falcon was rectangular in cross-section and flat sided apart from a slightly curved decking. It was almost entirely plywood covered. The nose had a simple, rounded, single curvature covering and formed the pilot's enclosed cockpit, with deep, almost continuous, vertical windows and another transparency in the roof. Six rows of wicker seats, separated by a central aisle, accommodated the twelve passengers in the front part of the fuselage behind the pilot, in a space  wide and  high. Behind this windowed cabin was a baggage store measuring  wide by . The tailplane was mounted low down on the fuselage, carrying a pair of triangular fins with isosceles trapezoidal rudders. Both rudders and elevators were balanced and the tailplane incidence could be adjusted in-flight.

The Falcon had a fixed conventional undercarriage with twin sprung mainwheels under the engines and a rubber sprung tailskid. The first flight - of about two minutes - was made from Friesley Field on 17 April 1921. A second equally short flight was made that day and the first public flight made the following day.

Operational history

The Falcon did not reach production, but the sole machine did make some of the earliest U.S. commercial passenger flights. These were from Gridley, California to San Francisco and Marysville. The Falcon is claimed to be the first aircraft to take a complete baseball team, the Marysville Merchants, to their game. This flight was in August 1921.

On 24 May 1922 the Falcon was sold to the Chinese government for $3,000; there are no later details of its history.

Specifications

References

1920s United States airliners
Goliat. Goliat is the first artificial satellite developed in Romania.

Description
The nano satellite was developed and built by the Romanian Space Agency (ROSA). When the project began, the developers of this satellite were still in college.

The satellite is cube-shaped and has a mass of 1 kilogram, and its dimensions are 10 cm on each side. It is built on a Cubesat platform. The satellite carries out three scientific tasks: micrometeorite flux measurements, cosmic radiation flux measurements at LEO and Earth surface imaging via a 3 megapixel camera.

The project was funded and supported by the Romanian Ministry of Education and the European Space Agency.

Launch
Although the initial launch was planned for 2008, the project had been postponed due to some issues with the carrier rocket, Vega.

The satellite was successfully launched on 13 February 2012 from the Guiana Space Centre, together with LARES and other CubeSat satellites from other European countries.

As of 26 February 2012, it appeared that the satellite had not settled into the orbit properly. Due to a malfunction to its stabilizing system, it was expected that the satellite would spin uncontrollably and eventually get lost in space. However, the coordinator of the project, Mugurel Bălan stated that the situation was under control.

The agency managed to make contact with the satellite on 18 February 2012 but only briefly to receive some basic parameters, however it was unable to get its systems running. Contact was lost permanently shortly afterwards. The satellite re-entered the atmosphere on 2 January 2015 and disintegrated.

References

CubeSats
First artificial satellites of a country
Spacecraft launched in 2012
Satellites of Romania
2012 in Romania
Spacecraft launched by Vega rockets
Mt William North Mining Project. The Mt William North Mining Project is a proposed coal mine planned for the West Coast Region of New Zealand.

Solid Energy, the state-owned mining company, applied for resource consents in February 2012 to mine an area near the existing Stockton Mine. Preparation costs are expected to be $30-40 million to mine five million tonnes of coking coal.

The area covered by the resource consent is approximately 294 ha and is adjacent to the proposed Cypress Mine. It lies about 25 km to the north-east of Westport.

Forest and Bird, New Zealand's largest environmental organisation, say it will treat the resource consent application in a different manner to Bathhurst Resources proposed Escarpment Mine Project to the south. Forest and Bird, as well as other organisations, oppose the Escarpment Mine Project because of the high ecological value on the site of the proposed mine.

See also
Mining in New Zealand

References

External links
Mt William North Mining Project at the West Coast Regional Council

Coal mines in New Zealand
Surface mines in New Zealand
West Coast Region
FuelPHP. FuelPHP is an open-source web application framework written in PHP which implements the HMVC pattern.

History
The FuelPHP project commenced in October 2010, with its major contributors being Harro Verton, Jelmer Schreuder, Dan Horrigan, Philip Sturgeon and Frank de Jonge. In November 2013, Steve West joined the development team. Philip Sturgeon and Dan Horrigan had contributed to the CodeIgniter framework.

Major releases
The first version of FuelPHP (FuelPHP 1.0) was developed under the GitHub repository named Fuel. Another GitHub repository named FuelPHP was created for the development of the second version (FuelPHP 2.0).

Project guidelines
The project guidelines are to build a framework based on the best ideas from other ones. The framework must provide powerful functionalities, it must be easy to work with, and it should have a lightweight codebase that takes account of community developers' orientations.

Architecture overview
 FuelPHP is written in PHP 5.3 and requires at least version 5.3.3 of PHP for version 1.x.
 Cascading File System (inspired by Kohana framework): a directory structure partially based on namespaces used by classes.
 Flexibility: almost every component of the core framework can be extended or replaced.
 Modularity: applications can be divided up into modules.
 Extensibility: additional functionalities can be added to the framework through packages.

Features overview
 A URL routing system
 RESTful implementation
 HMVC implementation
 Template parsing: Stags (a specific FuelPHP template engine) and Mustache template engines are included; drivers for Markdown, Smarty, Twig, Haml, Jade and Dwoo template engines
 Form and data validation features
 An Object Relational Mapper (ORM)
 Vulnerability protections: the framework encodes output, provides CSRF protection, cross-site scripting protection, input filtering features, and prevents SQL injection

 The Auth package provides a set of components with which authentication and authorization application functionalities can be built. Sentry is another authentication and authorisation package for FuelPHP.
 A caching system

Tools
 Profiling and debugging: PHP Quick Profiler integration
 Database migrations tool (inspired by the popular Ruby on Rails framework)
 Scaffolding (inspired by Ruby on Rails framework, Oil package)
 Tasks (operations that can be executed through the command line)
 Testing: PHPUnit integration (Oil package)

References

External links

FuelPHP Documentation
FuelPHP Blog
FuelPHP Forum
FuelPHP V1 source code
FuelPHP V2 source code
PHP Quick Profiler
Oil package
Auth package
Sentry package

PHP software
PHP frameworks
Web frameworks
Software using the MIT license
Free software programmed in PHP
Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron. The Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron is one of ten Ironbridge Gorge Museums administered by the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust. The museum is based in the town of Coalbrookdale in the Ironbridge Gorge, in Shropshire, England, within a World Heritage Site, the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.

Museum

The museum is open to the public Tuesday to Sunday and Bank Holiday Mondays.

On display are:
 the remains of the revolutionary water powered blast furnace known as the Old Furnace
 displays of domestic and decorative ironwork.
 the Boy and Swan Fountain cast by the Coalbrookdale Company for the Great Exhibition of 1851    
 the Deerhound Table designed by sculptor John Bell for the Paris International Exhibition of 1855
 cast-iron Coalbrookdale Cooking Pots that introduced Abraham Darby I to the iron trade.

The Coalbrookdale site is also home to Enginuity, an interactive design and technology centre and Darby Houses are on a nearby road.

The Old Furnace

The Old Furnace is where Abraham Darby I perfected the smelting of iron with coke instead of charcoal.

In 1959 Allied Ironfounders, successors to the Coalbrookdale Company, had the Old Furnace site excavated to celebrate the 250th anniversary of Darby's first coke smelting. This led to a small Coalbrookdale Museum, which in 1970 became part of the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust as the Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron.

It is a Grade I listed structure. The Old Furnace was in 2014 the 100th recipient of the Engineering Heritage Award given by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

References

External links 

 Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron

Museum of iron
Museums in Shropshire
Industry museums in England
History of Shropshire
Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust
Cast iron
Industrial Revolution in England
Industrial archaeological sites in England
Use case diagram. A use case diagram
is a graphical depiction of a user's possible interactions with a system.
A use case diagram shows various use cases and different types of users the system has and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as well. The use cases are represented by either circles or ellipses. The actors are often shown as stick figures.

Application 
While a use case itself might drill into a lot of detail about every possibility, a use-case diagram can help provide a higher-level view of the system.
It has been said before that "Use case diagrams are the blueprints for your system".

Due to their simplistic nature, use case diagrams can be a good communication tool for stakeholders. The drawings attempt to mimic the real world and provide a view for the stakeholder to understand how the system is going to be designed. Siau and Lee conducted research to determine if there was a valid situation for use case diagrams at all or if they were unnecessary.
What was found was that the use case diagrams conveyed the intent of the system in a more simplified manner to stakeholders and that they were "interpreted more completely than class diagrams".

See also 
 Agile software development
 Business case
 Fundamental modeling concepts
 Object Process Methodology
 SysML
 Unified Modeling Language
 User story

References

Bibliography 
 Gemino, A., Parker, D.(2009) "Use case diagrams in support of use case modeling: Deriving understanding from the picture", Journal of Database Management, 20(1), 1-24.
 Jacobson, I., Christerson M., Jonsson P., Övergaard G., (1992). Object-Oriented Software Engineering - A Use Case Driven Approach, Addison-Wesley.
 Kawabata, R., Kasah, K. (2007). "Systems Analysis for Collaborative System by Use Case Diagram", Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science, 11(1), 13–27.

 

Software project management
Software requirements
Unified Modeling Language
Unified Modeling Language diagrams
Systems Modeling Language