omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
FpgaC. FpgaC is a silicon compiler, which produces digital circuits that will execute compiled language computer programs. The digital circuits produced may use FPGAs or CPLDs as the target processor for reconfigurable computing, or even ASICs for dedicated software applications. Its compiled programming language is a subset of the C programming language.

FpgaC's goal is to be an efficient High Level Language (HLL) for reconfigurable computing on FPGAs or CPLDs, rather than a Hardware Description Language (HDL) for building efficient custom ASICs.

History
The historical roots of FpgaC are in the Transmogrifier C 3.1 (TMCC) HDL, a 1996 BSD licensed Open source offering from University of Toronto. TMCC is one of the first FPGA C compilers, with work starting in 1994 and presented at IEEE's FCCM95. This predated the evolution from the Handel language to Handel-C work done shortly afterward at Oxford University Computing Laboratory.

TMCC was renamed FpgaC for the initial SourceForge project release, with syntax modifications to start the evolution to ANSI C. Later development has removed all explicit HDL syntax from the language, and increased the subset of C supported. By capitalizing on ANSI C C99 extensions, the same functionality is now available by inference rather than non-standard language extensions. This shift away from non-standard HDL extensions was influenced in part by Streams-C from Los Alamos National Laboratory (now available commercially as Impulse C).

In the years that have followed, compiling ANSI C for execution as FPGA circuits has become a mainstream technology. Commercial FPGA C compilers are available from multiple vendors, and ANSI C based System Level Tools have gone mainstream for system description and simulation languages. FPGA based Reconfigurable Computing offerings from industry leaders like Altera, Silicon Graphics, Seymour Cray's SRC Computers, and Xilinx have capitalized on two decades of government and university reconfigurable computing research.

External links
 
 Transmogrifier C Homepage
 Oxford Handel-C
 FPGA System Level Tools

C programming language family
C (programming language) compilers
Gate arrays
Hardware description languages
Electronic design automation
Chance M. Vought. Chauncey Milton "Chance" Vought (February 26, 1890 in Long Island, New York – July 25, 1930) was an American aviation pioneer and engineer, who was the co-founder of the Lewis and Vought Corporation with Birdseye Lewis.

Born on Long Island, New York, he attended the Pratt Institute, New York University (where he joined Kappa Sigma), and the University of Pennsylvania. He died from sepsis. He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1989.

References

External links
 
Chance Vought at the National Aviation Hall of Fame 
Chance Vought in August 1912 at the controls of a Wright Model B

American aerospace engineers
American aviation pioneers
1890 births
1930 deaths
Chance M. Vought
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
People from Long Island
Deaths from sepsis
20th-century American engineers
Pratt Institute alumni
New York University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Engineers from New York (state)
BSSGP. BSSGP is a protocol used in the GPRS mobile packet data system. It denotes  Base Station System GPRS Protocol. It transfers information between two GPRS entities SGSN and BSS over a BSSGP Virtual Connection (BVC). This protocol provides radio-related quality of service and routing information that is required to transmit user data between a BSS and an SGSN. It does not carry out any form of error correction.

BSSGP is used to handle the flow control between SGSN and BSS. The flow control mechanism implemented in SGSN node, only for GSM, is used to prevent congestion and loss of data due to overload in the BSS. This mechanism controls the flow from the SGSN to the BSS but not in the uplink direction.

The primary functions of BSSGP include:
Provision by an SGSN to a BSS of a radio related information used by the RLC/MAC function in the download link.
Provision by a BSS to an SGSN of radio related information derived from the RLC/MAC function in the uplink.
Provision of functionality to enable two physically distinct nodes, an SGSN, a BSS, to operate node management control functions (QoS, flow control).

It is specified in 3GPP TS 48.018.

References 

3GPP standards
Network protocols
British Rail flying saucer. The British Rail flying saucer, officially known simply as space vehicle, was a proposed interplanetary spacecraft designed by Charles Osmond Frederick. Although the proposed craft required controlled thermonuclear fusion and other futuristic technologies, a patent application was filed on behalf of British Rail in December 1970 and granted on 21 March 1973.

Purpose 

The flying saucer originally started as a proposal for a lifting platform. However, the project was revised and edited, and by the time the patent was filed had become a large passenger craft for interplanetary travel.

Design 

The craft was to be powered by nuclear fusion, using laser beams to produce pulses of nuclear energy in a generator in the centre of the craft, at a rate of over 1000 Hz to prevent resonance, which could damage the vehicle. The pulses of energy would then have been transferred out of a nozzle into a series of radial electrodes running along the underside of the craft, which would have converted the energy into electricity that would then pass into a ring of powerful electromagnets (the patent describes using superconductors if possible). These magnets would accelerate subatomic particles emitted by the fusion reaction, providing lift and thrust. This general design was used in several fusion rocket studies.

A layer of thick metal running above the fusion reactor would have acted as a shield to protect the passengers above from the radiation emitted from the core of the reactor. The entire vehicle would be piloted in such a way that the acceleration and deceleration of the craft would have simulated gravity in zero gravity conditions.

A patent application was filed by Jensen and Son on behalf of British Rail on 11 December 1970 and granted on 21 March 1973.

The patent lapsed in 1976 due to non-payment of renewal fees.

Media attention 

The patent first came to the attention of the media in an article in The Guardian on 31 May 1978 by Adrian Hope of the New Scientist magazine.  There was a further mention in The Daily Telegraph on 11 July 1982, during the silly season. The Railway Magazine mentioned it in its May 1996 issue, saying that the passengers would have been "fried" anyway.

When the patent was rediscovered in 2006, it gained widespread publicity in the British press.  A group of nuclear scientists examined the designs and declared them to be unworkable, expensive and very inefficient. Michel van Baal of the European Space Agency claimed "I have had a look at the plans, and they don't look very serious to me at all", adding that many of the technologies used in the craft, such as nuclear fusion and high temperature superconductors, had not yet been discovered, while Colin Pillinger, the scientist in charge of the Beagle 2 probe, was quoted as saying "If I hadn't seen the documents I wouldn't have believed it".

References 

British Rail research and development
Flying saucers
Hypothetical spacecraft
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion
Richard Normand Langlois. Richard Normand Langlois (born January 20, 1952, in Putnam, Connecticut) is an American economist and currently professor at the University of Connecticut. He studied physics and English literature at Williams College, he received a Master's in astronomy from Yale University, and he received his PhD in Engineering-Economic Systems from Stanford.

Since May 2008, Langlois is also a contributor to the blog Organizations and Markets.

He is attributed with first presenting the Vanishing Hand theory.

Literature

 1982, Subjective Probability and Subjective Economics. New York : NY, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, NYU, FAS, Department of Economics, Working Paper
 1984, Kaleidic and Structural Interpretations of Genuine Uncertainty. New York : NY, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, NYU, FAS, Department of Economics, Working Paper
 1986, Economics as a Process: Essays in the New Institutional Economics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. xi, 262 p. : ill.; 24 cm. 
 1988, “Economic change and the boundaries of the firm,” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, vol. 144, pp. 635–57
 1994, “Risk and Uncertainty” in Peter Boettke (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics. Brookfield, Vermont : Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 118–22.
 1995, Firms, markets, and economic change : a dynamic theory of business institutions / Richard N. Langlois and Paul L. Robertson. London; New York : Routledge, 1995. xii, 185 p. : ill.; 24 cm.  (hbk.),  (pbk.)
 1998, “Capabilities and the theory of the firm,” in N. J. Foss and B. J. Loasby (eds.), Economic Organisation, Capabilities and Co-ordination. London: Routledge.
 2007, The dynamics of industrial capitalism : Schumpeter, Chandler, and the new economy / Richard N. Langlois. Abingdon [England]; New York, NY : Routledge, 2007. 
 2023, The Corporation and the Twentieth Century: The History of American Business Enterprise. Princeton University Press.

References

External links
Homepage

21st-century American economists
University of Connecticut faculty
Williams College alumni
Living people
1952 births
Lottery scheduling. Lottery scheduling is a probabilistic scheduling algorithm for processes in an operating system. Processes are each assigned some number of lottery tickets, and the scheduler draws a random ticket to select the next process. The distribution of tickets need not be uniform; granting a process more tickets provides it a relative higher chance of selection. This technique can be used to approximate other scheduling algorithms, such as 
Shortest job next and Fair-share scheduling.

Lottery scheduling solves the problem of starvation. Giving each process at least one lottery ticket guarantees that it has non-zero probability of being selected at each scheduling operation.

Implementation
Implementations of lottery scheduling should take into consideration that there could be billions of tickets distributed among a large pool of threads. To have an array where each index represents a ticket, and each location contains the thread corresponding to that ticket, may be highly inefficient. Lottery scheduling can be preemptive or non-preemptive.

External links
 Lottery Scheduling: Flexible Proportional-Share Resource Management by Carl A. Waldspurger and William E. Weihl. The 1994 Operating Systems Design and Implementation conference (OSDI '94). November, 1994. Monterey, California.
 Lottery and Stride Scheduling: Flexible Proportional-Share Resource Management by Carl A. Waldspurger. Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. September 1995.
 Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces by Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau and Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau. Arpaci-Dusseau Books, 2014. Relevant chapter: Proportional-Share Scheduling.
 Implementing Lottery Scheduling - Matching the Specialization in Traditional Schedulers - Paper by David Petrou et al.
 Stochastic priority-based task Scheduler by Robert V. Welland and Walter R. Smith. United States Patent Number US 5247677 A

Processor scheduling algorithms
Ros (vehicles). Ros (its badge was only in Greek, the brand spelled 'ΡΩΣ') was the trade name of vehicles produced by the Greek company 'Stavros Konstantinides O.E.', based in Athens. The Ros three-wheeler trucks were the most successful of its kind in Greece, having been produced by the thousands. Ros surpassed in sales even "Greek classics" like Alta and Styl Kar, and the characteristic shape of its trucks could be seen for several years in every corner of the country. And for good reason: The 'Rosaki' (meaning 'little Ros', as was fondly referred as by its owners) was one of the most robust and reliable vehicles ever used in Greece. In 2006, 30 years after the end of three-wheeler production, several Ros were still in use in excellent condition, more than any other three-wheeler type.

The company roots go back to imports of used German motorcycles after World War II by S. Konstantinides and transformation of motorcycles into crude trucks. The Alfa-Ros brand was introduced in 1966 when S. Konstantinides cooperated with A. Apostolopoulos, designing and producing 'proper' (unrelated to motorcycles) three-wheeler trucks. In 1968 A. Apostolopoulos made his own company (producing the Apollon truck, similar in appearance and almost as reliable) and thus S. Konstantinides continued with a new brand, Ros. The Ros trucks featured metal cabins and 1000cc and 1500cc engines. They were all front engined in contrast to most other rear-engined Greek three-wheelers. A relative of the company founder, Ilias Konstantinides also made his own Ilion brand producing Ros designs. 
Ros terminated production in 1976 when the type could no longer suit the needs of Greek professionals and competition from imported trucks became stiffer.

References 
L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, "Made in Greece", Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003)  (republished by the University of Patras Science Park, 2007) 
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)

External links 
World vehicle manufacturers

Truck manufacturers of Greece
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Greece
Three-wheeled motor vehicles
EOR. EOR could refer to:

 Earth Orbit Rendezvous, a proposed method for space missions to the Moon
 Electric orbit raising, a method in space technology of reaching higher orbits by means of electric propulsion
 Electro-optic rectification, a non-linear optical process
 Employer of record, a co-employment company
 Enhanced oil recovery, a term in petroleum production
 Epping Ongar Railway, a heritage railway in England
 European ordering rules, a standard to put words or names into sequence
 Exclusive or, the exclusive disjunction in logic
 Epoch of Reionization, a process that reionized matter in the universe.
 Economics of Religion, a field of study using economics to understand religion
 the IOC country code for the Refugee Olympic Team since the 2020 Olympics
 the character Eeyore from the Winnie the Pooh series.
Agricola (vehicles). Agricola (G. Tsolakidis & Co. O.E.) was a Greek maker of 4x4 multi-purpose trucks and other farm machinery based in Thessaloniki. The Agricola 25 GT 4x4 truck was a fairly advanced design introduced in 1975, with enhanced all-terrain capabilities, a metal cab and Mercedes-Benz 180D Diesel engine. It was a typical Greek multi-purpose truck with a payload of  and a maximum speed . The cab was designed by Georgios Michael, designer of other Greek vehicles including the Neorion Chicago and the MAVA-Renault Farma. The vehicle was produced until 1984.

Sources 
L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, 'Made in Greece', Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003).
G.N. Georgano (Ed.), 'The Complete Encyclopedia of Commercial Vehicles', Krause Publication, Iola, Wisconsin (1979).

External links 
Agricola in Dutch Auto Catalog

Defunct truck manufacturers
Off-road vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Greece
Manufacturing companies based in Thessaloniki
1984 disestablishments in Greece
AutoDiana. AutoDiana was a Greek truck manufacturer based in Thessaloniki, in business between 1975 and 1984. Its main product was the 'Unicar' truck. This robust vehicle had a payload of 1500 kg and used  a Mercedes-Benz Diesel engine and Dodge axles. Its fate, along with similar Greek multi-purpose trucks, such as Petropoulos Unitrak, the Agricola, the Motoemil Autofarma, the Balkania Autotractor, the Namco Agricar, was sealed when a change of Greek law in 1984 modified taxes and duties for such farm vehicles. Production was terminated the same year ending a career of reasonable sales among customers in the Greek countryside.

References 
L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, "Made in Greece", Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003)  (republished by the University of Patras Science Park, 2007).
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)

External links 
Trucks of the world

Defunct truck manufacturers
Off-road vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Greece
Manufacturing companies based in Thessaloniki
1984 disestablishments in Greece
Virtual COM port. A virtual serial port is a software representation of a serial port that either does not connect to a real serial port, or adds functionality to a real serial port through software extension.

Software virtual ports 
A software-based virtual serial port presents one or more virtual serial port identifiers on a PC which other applications can see and interact with as if they were real hardware ports, but the data sent and received to these virtual devices is handled by software that manipulates the transmitted and received data to grant greater functionality.

Operating systems usually do not provide virtual serial port capability. Third-party applications can add this ability, such as the open-source com0com, freeware HW VSP3, or the commercial Virtual Serial Port Driver.

Some virtual serial ports emulate all hardware serial port functionality, including all signal pin states, and permit a large number of virtual ports in any desired configuration. Others provide a limited set of capabilities and do not fully emulate the hardware.

This technique can be used either to extend the capabilities of software that cannot be updated to use newer communication technologies, such as by transmitting serial data over modern networks, or to achieve data flows that are not normally possible due to software limitations, such as splitting serial port output.

Port sharing 
A serial port typically can only be monitored or transmitted to by one device at a time under the constraints of most operating systems, but a virtual serial port program can create two virtual ports, allowing two separate applications to monitor the same data. For instance, a GPS device which outputs location data to a PCs serial port may be of interest to multiple applications at once.

Network transmission 
Another option is to communicate with another serial device via internet or LAN as if they were locally connected, using serial over LAN. This allows software intended to interface with a device over a local physical serial port to instead communicate at long distance.

Bluetooth 
Bluetooth implements virtual serial ports over the Serial Port Profile. This is the standard way of receiving data from Bluetooth-equipped GPS modules, for instance.

Softmodems 
The drivers for a software-implemented modem create a virtual serial port for communication with the host operating system, since the modem is implemented entirely in the device driver and therefore there is no point where the serial data would be sent to the physical card.

See also
 Console redirection
 Serial over LAN
 Emergency Management Services (EMS)
 IPMI
 LAN
 Proxy server
 Shell shoveling

References 

Internet Protocol based network software
Serial buses
Windows communication and services
Out-of-band management
Nanofiber seeding. Nanofiber Seeding is a process to control the bulk morphology of chemically synthesized conducting polymers.
Typically, catalytic amount of nanofiber seeds are added in prior to onset of nanofiber seeding polymerization (reaction), where seeds are served as the 'morphology directing agent' rather than conventional templates (see hard or soft templating methods).

Description

A new synthetic approach, called nanofiber seeding, was developed to control the bulk morphology of chemically synthesized electronic organic polymers. Bulk quantities of nanofibers of conducting polymers such as polyaniline, can be synthesized in one step without the need for conventional templates, surfactants, polymers, or organic solvents.

Conventional oxidative polymerization approaches to nanostructured conducting polymers include the use of hard template zeolites, opals, and controlled pore-size membranes, or soft template such as polymers and surfactants. A “template-free” approach has also been described in which the use of large organic anions results in polyaniline nanofibers and nanotubes having average diameters in the 650-80 nm range.

Standard synthesis of polyaniline yields granular morphology. However, if the conventional reaction is seeded by 1-4 mg (seed quantities) of added pre-synthesized polyaniline nanofibers, (nanofiber seeds could be prepared from interfacial polymerization) the bulk morphology changes dramatically from granular to nano-fibrillar. Furthermore, increased capacitance values were observed in polyaniline nanofibers synthesized by the nanofiber seeding approach. Oxidative polymerization can be also seeded by other nanostructure materials such as vanadium pentoxide nanofibers, where V2O5 nanofibers (i) Rapidly initiate fibrillar polymer growth (ii) Slowly dissolve in aq. 1.0 M HCl, which eliminates template removal steps. Hence only catalytic amounts (4mg) V2O5 nanofibers are needed prior to onset of polymerization, which significantly change the bulk morphology of the polymer precipitate. Moreover, single-walled carbon nanotube and nano fibrous hexapeptide can be also used as templating seeds. This method can be extended to all major classes of conducting polymers, including polypyrrole, PEDOT and other polythiophenes etc.

Nanofiber seeding is a convenient approach to obtain thin, substrate-supported, transparent films of nanofibers of conducting polymers without requiring any bulk processing steps.

References 
  Synthesis of Polyaniline Nanofibers by ‘Nanofiber Seeding’ Xinyu Zhang, Warren J. Goux, Sanjeev K. Manohar J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2004; 126(14) pp 4502-4503; (Communication) 
  Chemical Synthesis of PEDOT Nanofibers’ Xinyu Zhang, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Sanjeev K. Manohar Chem. Comm.; 2005; 42 pp 5328-5330; 
   Bulk Synthesis of Polypyrrole Nanofibers by a Seeding Approach’ Xinyu Zhang, Sanjeev K. Manohar J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2004; 126(40) pp 12714-12715; (Communication) 

Polymer chemistry
Conductive polymers
Thomas Keller (rower). Thomas Keller also known as Thomi Keller (24 December 1924 – 28 September 1989) was the president of Féderation Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron (FISA), the governing body of international rowing, from 1958 until his death in 1989, and president of the General Association of International Sports Federations from 1969 to 1987. He was also a qualified chemical engineer and president of Swiss Timing, a company specialising in sports chronometry which is now part of the Swatch group.

As a student, Keller was a member of the Swiss university teams for Nordic combined skiing and for ski-jumping. However, in rowing, he was not only a champion sculler at Swiss national level, but won the bronze medal in single sculls at the 1950 European Rowing Championships.

Keller was chosen to row at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, but did not do so as his national Olympic Committee chose to boycott the games in protest at the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary (see 1956 Hungarian Revolution). Two years later, he became president of FISA, following the death of the previous president, Gaston Mullegg. At 34, he was one of the youngest presidents of an international sports federation ever to be elected. Keller always aimed to give priority to athletes' interests, and consistently aimed to minimize the influence of politics on sport.

The Thomas Keller Medal is named after him. It is presented by FISA to recently retired rowers who had had an outstanding international career.

Thomas Keller was married to Dorry Bodmer of Zurich, Switzerland. They had five children: Dominik, Adrian, Bettina, Anne and Barbara Keller.

References

1924 births
1989 deaths
Swiss male rowers
Stewards of Henley Royal Regatta
Rowing officials
European Rowing Championships medalists
20th-century Swiss sportsmen