omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cad (disambiguation). CAD is a commonly used acronym for computer-aided design.

CAD or Cad may also refer to:

Biology and medicine
 CAD (gene), an enzyme-encoding gene
 Caspase-activated DNase, a protein encoded by the DFFB gene in humans
 Coronary artery disease, a group of cardiovascular diseases
 Cold agglutinin disease, an autoimmune disease that makes the suffering predisposed to autoimmune hemolytic anemia
 Computer-aided diagnosis, software for assisting physicians in the interpretation of medical images

Chemistry 
 Charged aerosol detector, used to measure the amount of chemicals in a sample
 Collisionally activated dissociation, a technique in mass spectrometry

Economics 
 Canadian dollar, by currency code CAD
 Capital Adequacy Directives CAD1 and CAD2, EU directives on capital requirements

Science and technology 
 Cold-air damming, a meteorological phenomenon
 Computer-aided dispatch, software used to dispatch and track vehicles or personnel
 Control-alt-delete

Transportation 
 CAD (TransMilenio), a mass-transit station in Bogotá, Colombia
 Center axle disconnect, a type of automotive drivetrain
 Civil Aviation Department (Hong Kong), also called CAD
 CAD, the IATA code for Wexford County Airport in Michigan, United States
 CAD, the station code for Cadoxton railway station in Wales

Other uses 
 Cad (character), a man who is aware of gentlemanly codes, but does not live up to them
 Cad Coles (1886–1942), American baseball player
 Cad (river), a river in Romania
 Cad Bane, a character in the Star Wars franchise
 Cad Brook, a tributary of the River Isle in Britain
 Central Ammunition Depot (disambiguation), several depots nicknamed "CAD"
 Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, a project to compile a dictionary of the Akkadian language
 Cylindrical algebraic decomposition, a notion and an algorithm in computer algebra and real algebraic geometry
 cad, the ISO 639 code for the  Caddo language of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma
 CAD, abbreviation for the American Ctrl+Alt+Del (webcomic)
 Civil Affairs Division, of the US Army
 cad., caddesi in Turkish

See also 
 CADS (disambiguation)
 CADD (disambiguation)
 CAAD, abbreviation for Computer-aided architectural design
 caid (sport), pronounced "cad"
Chrysolite. Chrysolite may refer to:
 Peridot, a gem-quality olivine
 Archaically, any of several green or yellow-green-coloured gemstones including
 Topaz, a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine
 Chrysoberyl, an aluminate of beryllium
 Zircon, a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates
 Prehnite, an inosilicate of calcium and aluminium 
 Tourmaline, a crystalline boron silicate mineral compounded with other elements
 Apatite, a group of phosphate minerals

See also
Microcline. Microcline  (KAlSi3O8) is an important igneous rock-forming tectosilicate mineral. It is a potassium-rich alkali feldspar. Microcline typically contains minor amounts of sodium. It is common in granite and pegmatites. Microcline forms during slow cooling of orthoclase; it is more stable at lower temperatures than orthoclase. Sanidine is a polymorph of alkali feldspar stable at yet higher temperature. Microcline may be clear, white, pale-yellow, brick-red, or green; it is generally characterized by cross-hatch twinning that forms as a result of the transformation of monoclinic orthoclase into triclinic microcline.

The chemical compound name is potassium aluminium silicate, and it is known as E number reference E555.

Geology

Microcline may be chemically the same as monoclinic orthoclase, but because it belongs to the triclinic crystal system, the prism angle is slightly less than right angles; hence the name "microcline" from the Greek "small slope". It is a fully ordered triclinic modification of potassium feldspar and is dimorphous with orthoclase. Microcline is identical to orthoclase in many physical properties, and can be distinguished by x-ray or optical examination. When viewed under a polarizing microscope, microcline exhibits a minute multiple twinning which forms a grating-like structure that is unmistakable.

Perthite is either microcline or orthoclase with thin lamellae of exsolved albite.

Amazon stone, or amazonite, is a green variety of microcline. It is not found anywhere in the Amazon Basin, however. The Spanish explorers who named it apparently confused it with another green mineral from that region.

The largest documented single crystals of microcline were found in Devil's Hole Beryl Mine, Colorado, US and measured ~50 × 36 × 14 m. This could be one of the largest crystals of any material found so far.

Microcline is exceptionally active ice-nucleating agent in the atmosphere. Recently it has been possible to understand how water binds to the microcline surface.

As food additive
The chemical compound name is potassium aluminium silicate, and it is known as E number reference E555. It was the subject in 2018 of a Call for technical and toxicological data from the EFSA.

In 2008, it (along with other Aluminum compounds) was the subject of 
a Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials from the EFSA.

See also
List of minerals

References

Alkali feldspars U. Texas
Mindat

Potassium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Tectosilicates
Triclinic minerals
Feldspar
Luminescent minerals
E-number additives
Minerals in space group 2
Raster image processor. A raster image processor (RIP) is a component used in a printing system which produces a raster image also known as a bitmap. Such a bitmap is used by a later stage of the printing system to produce the printed output. The input may be a page description in a high-level page description language such as PostScript, PDF, or XPS. The input can also be or include bitmaps of higher or lower resolution than the output device, which the RIP resizes using an image scaling algorithm.

Originally a RIP was a rack of electronic hardware which received the page description via some interface (e.g. RS-232) and generated a "hardware bitmap output" which was used to enable or disable each pixel on a real-time output device such as a laser printer, an optical film recorder, computer to film, or computer to plate.

A RIP can be implemented as a software module on a general-purpose computer, or as a firmware program executed on a microprocessor inside a printer. For high-end typesetting, standalone hardware RIPs are sometimes used. Ghostscript, GhostPCL, and ColorBurst's Overdrive (for macOS) are examples of software RIPs. Every PostScript printer contains a RIP in its firmware. The RIP chip in a laser printer sends its raster image output to the laser.

Earlier RIPs retained backward compatibility with phototypesetters/photosetters, so they supported the older languages. So, for example, Linotype RIPs supported CORA (RIP30).

Stages of RIP
 Interpretation: This is the stage where the supported PDLs (page description languages) are translated into a private internal representation of each page. Most RIPs process pages serially, one page at a time, so the current machine state is only for the current page. After a page has been output, the page state is discarded to prepare for the next page.
 Rendering: A process through which the private internal representation is turned into a continuous-tone bitmap. In practical RIPs, interpretation and rendering are frequently done together. Simple languages were designed to work on minimal hardware, so tend to "directly drive" the renderer.
 Screening: In order to print, the continuous-tone image is converted into a halftone (pattern of dots). Two screening methods or types are amplitude modulation (AM) screening and stochastic or frequency modulation (FM) screening. In AM screening, dot size varies depending on object density—tonal values; dots are placed in a fixed grid. In FM screening, dot size remains constant and dots are placed in random order to create darker or lighter areas of the image; dot placement is precisely controlled by sophisticated mathematical algorithms.

See also
Image tracing (raster-to-vector "conversion")
Laser printing
Raster graphics
Vector graphics

References

Printing
Printing terminology
Common Language Runtime. The Common Language Runtime (CLR), the virtual machine component of Microsoft .NET Framework, manages the execution of .NET programs. Just-in-time compilation converts the managed code (compiled intermediate language code) into machine instructions which are then executed on the CPU of the computer. The CLR provides additional services including memory management, type safety, exception handling, garbage collection, security and thread management. All programs written for the .NET Framework, regardless of programming language, are executed in the CLR. All versions of the .NET Framework include CLR. The CLR team was started June 13, 1998.

CLR implements the Virtual Execution System (VES) as defined in the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) standard, initially developed by Microsoft itself. A public standard defines the Common Language Infrastructure specification.

During the transition from legacy .NET technologies like the .NET Framework and its proprietary runtime to the community-developed .NET Core, the CLR was dubbed CoreCLR.  Today, it is simply called the .NET runtime.

See also
Common Intermediate Language
List of CLI languages
Java virtual machine

References

External links
Components of Common Language Runtime
Components of CLR
Overview of the .NET Framework 4.0
.NET Framework Conceptual Overview

.NET Framework terminology
Stack-based virtual machines
DARPA TIDES program. Translingual Information Detection, Extraction and Summarization (TIDES) is a technology development program funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), focused on the automated processing and understanding of language data. The primary goal of the program is to enable English speakers to locate and interpret required information quickly and effectively regardless of the original language.

Components

The four component capabilities of the technology being developed by TIDES includes:
 Detection – Locating required information.
 Extraction – Pulling out key facts.
 Summarization – Reducing the information into a readable length.
 Translation – Converting text from another language into English.

Tools for detection, extraction, and summarization must work within a language (monolingually) and across languages (translingually), to be used by people who speak only English. In addition to developing technology, TIDES is also researching methods to adapt it quickly and cheaply to other languages, including languages with limited linguistic resources. TIDES aims to integrate the component capabilities together and with other technologies to produce tools for real-world applications.

Investigative Data Warehouse
The FBI's Investigative Data Warehouse contains an open-source news library, containing news gathered by the TIDES program. The information is collected from public websites around the world, including Ha'aretz, Pravda, the Jordan Times, The People's Daily, The Washington Post, and others. It uses the Mitre Text and Audio Processing (MiTAP) system.

See also
 Open Source Intelligence

Notes and Bibliography

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20051203033617/http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/programs/tides/

TIDES
Turing tarpit. A Turing tarpit (or Turing tar-pit) is any programming language or computer interface that allows for flexibility in function but is difficult to learn and use because it offers little or no support for common tasks. The phrase was coined in 1982 by Alan Perlis in the Epigrams on Programming:

In any Turing complete language, it is possible to write any computer program, so in a very rigorous sense nearly all programming languages are equally capable. However, having that theoretical ability is not the same as usefulness in practice. Turing tarpits are characterized by having a simple abstract machine that requires the user to deal with many details in the solution of a problem. At the extreme opposite are interfaces that can perform very complex tasks with little human intervention but become obsolete if requirements change slightly.

Some esoteric programming languages, such as Brainfuck or Malbolge, are specifically referred to as "Turing tarpits" because they deliberately implement the minimum functionality necessary to be classified as Turing complete languages.  Using such languages is a form of mathematical recreation: programmers can work out how to achieve basic programming constructs in an extremely difficult but mathematically Turing-equivalent language.

See also

 Greenspun's tenth rule
 Zawinski's law of software envelopment

References

Further reading
 G. Fischer, A.C. Lemke, "Constrained Design Processes: Steps Toward Convivial Computing", Technical Report CU-CS-369-87, University of Colorado, USA.

 E.L. Hutchins, J.D. Hollan, D.A. Norman, .  Also found in 

 Esolangs, Turing Tarpit.

Alan Turing
Recreational mathematics
Theory of computation
Software engineering folklore
Infrastructure bias. In economics and social policy, infrastructure bias is the influence of the location and availability of pre-existing infrastructure, such as roads and telecommunications facilities, on social and economic development.

In science, infrastructure bias is the influence of existing social or scientific infrastructure on scientific observations.

In astronomy and particle physics, where the availability of particular kinds of telescopes or particle accelerators acts as a constraint on the types of experiments that can be done, the data that can be retrieved is biased towards that which can be obtained by the equipment.

Procedural bias, related to infrastructure bias, is shown by a case of irregular genetic sampling of Bolivian wild potatoes. A 2000 report of previous studies' sampling found that 60% of samples had been taken near towns or roads, where 22% would be the average, had the samples been taken at random (or from equidistant points, or at specifically varying distances from towns, representative of the average terrain density).

References 

Bias
Sampling (statistics)
Sampling techniques
Research
Infrastructure
Amp. Amp may refer to:

 Ampere, a unit of electric current, often shortened to amp
 Amplifier, a device that increases the amplitude of a signal

Arts and entertainment

Music 
 After Midnight Project, Los Angeles alternative rock band
 Amp (band), UK
 AMP (magazine), US, 2003–2013
 Annual Australian Music Prize
 MTV's Amp, 1997 compilation

Other uses in arts and entertainment 
 Amp (TV series), music video show
 The Amp, a British music video channel
 The Amp (St. Augustine), outdoor amphitheater in St. Augustine, Florida, U.S.
 AMP Radio Networks, Malaysia

Organizations 
 Africa Muslim Party, a South African political party
 Alliance of the Presidential Majority (Alliance pour la majorité présidentielle), Democratic Republic of Congo
 American Manufacturing and Packaging, Cookeville, Tennessee, US
 American Muslims for Palestine, Illinois
 Americans for Medical Progress
 Ameriprise Financial, NYSE symbol
 AMP Incorporated, U.S. connector company
 AMP Limited, Australian financial services company
 Amp Electric Vehicles
 Anjaman Mozareen Punjab, organisation for land rights in Pakistan
 AMP Singapore, a Singapore-based organization formerly known as Association of Muslim Professionals

People 
 Amp Lee (born 1971), American football coach
 Air Member for Personnel, RAF appointment
 Air Member for Personnel (Australia), RAAF

Places 
 Advanced Manufacturing Park, UK
 Ampanihy Airport (IATA code), Madagascar
 Área Metropolitana do Porto, Portugal
 Atlantic Motorsport Park, near Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia, Canada

Science and technology

Computing 

  HTML code for the ampersand symbol &
 AMP (software stack), "Apache, MySQL and PHP"
 Asymmetric multiprocessing
 C++ AMP, C++ Accelerated Massive Parallelism
 Accelerated Mobile Pages, a 2015 web component framework from Google

Biology 
 Adenosine monophosphate, a nucleotide found in RNA
 AMP deaminase, a human enzyme encoded by the AMPD1 gene
 Antimicrobial peptides, immune system peptides
 Ampicillin, a common antibiotic

Other uses in science and technology 
 Affect misattribution procedure, a psychological measure of implicit attitudes
 Auto Mag Pistol

Other uses 
 Administrative Monetary Penalty, a civil penalty
 Amp Energy, a drink
 Amplified Bible, an English translation
 Asiatic mode of production, a Marxist theory on historical Asian socioeconomic organization
 Asset Management Plan, in infrastructure management

See also

 AMPS (disambiguation)
 Amped (disambiguation)
 Ampere (disambiguation)
Kamov. JSC Kamov () is a rotorcraft manufacturing company based in Lyubertsy, Russia.

The Kamov Design Bureau (design office prefix Ka) has more recently specialised in compact helicopters with coaxial rotors, suitable for naval service and high-speed operations.

History
Kamov was founded by Nikolai Ilyich Kamov, who started building his first rotary-winged aircraft in 1929, together with N. K. Skrzhinskii. Up to 1940, the year of Kamov plant establishment, they created many autogyros, including the TsAGI A-7-3, the only armed autogyro to see (limited) combat action.

From 2002 AFK Sistema controlled a 51% stake in the company, with MiG controlling the remaining 49%. Kamov was sold to Oboronprom in 2005.

Kamov merged with Mil and Rostvertol to form Russian Helicopters. The Kamov brand name was retained, though the new company dropped overlapping product lines.

See also 
 Aircraft industry of Russia
 List of Kamov aircraft

References

 
Helicopter manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Russian Helicopters
Russian brands
Companies based in Moscow Oblast
Ministry of the Aviation Industry (Soviet Union)
Design bureaus
Breguet. Breguet may refer to: 

 Breguet (watch), watch manufacturer
Abraham-Louis Breguet (1747–1823), Swiss watchmaker
Louis-François-Clement Breguet (1804–1883), French physicist, watchmaker, electrical and telegraph work
 Breguet Aviation, a defunct French aircraft manufacturer
Louis Charles Breguet (1880–1955), French airplane designer
 Breguet School, now known as École supérieure d'ingénieurs en électronique et électrotechnique (ESIEE)

See also
AviaBellanca Aircraft. AviaBellanca Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft design and manufacturing company. Prior to 1983, it was known as the Bellanca Aircraft Company. The company was founded in 1927 by Giuseppe Mario Bellanca, although it was preceded by previous businesses and partnerships in which aircraft with the Bellanca name were produced, including Wright-Bellanca, in which he was in partnership with Wright Aeronautical.

In 2021 the company was reformed as Bellanca Aircraft, Inc and located in Sulphur, Oklahoma. The new company supplies maintenance and aircraft parts, for the legacy Cruisemaster and Viking aircraft.

History
After Giuseppe Mario Bellanca, the designer and builder of Italy's first aircraft, moved to the United States in 1911, he began to design aircraft for a number of firms, including the Maryland Pressed Steel Company, Wright Aeronautical Corporation and the Columbia Aircraft Corporation. Bellanca founded his own company, Bellanca Aircraft Corporation of America, in 1927, sited first in Richmond Hill, New York and moving in 1928 to New Castle (Wilmington), Delaware. In the 1920s and 1930s, Bellanca's aircraft of his own design were known for their efficiency and low operating cost, gaining fame for world record endurance and distance flights. Lindbergh's first choice for his New York to Paris flight was a Bellanca WB-2. The company's insistence on selecting the crew drove Lindbergh to Ryan.

Bellanca remained president and chairman of the board from the corporation's inception on the last day of 1927 until he sold the company to L. Albert and Sons in 1954. From that time on, the Bellanca line was part of a succession of companies that maintained the lineage of the original aircraft produced by Bellanca.

In 2022, the company moved from Alexandria, Minnesota to Sulphur, Oklahoma. While as of 2024 the company website states "Bellanca recently opened a new aircraft factory and maintenance facility in Sulphur, Oklahoma," no new aircraft have been recently produced.

Aircraft

Famous individual aircraft
Lituanica
Miss Veedol
The American Nurse

See also
 American Champion
 Bellanca Airfield
 Bush plane

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography
 
 
 Mondey, David. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Aircraft. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books Inc, 1978. .
 
 Palmer, Trisha, ed. "Bellanca Viking Series". Encyclopedia of the World's Commercial and Private Aircraft. New York: Crescent Books, 2001. .

External links

  on Archive.org
 Friends of Bellanca Field
 The main focus of the George J. Frebert collection on Delaware aviation  and the George J. Frebert photograph collection on Delaware aviation — ''both about Giuseppe Bellanca & his Bellanca Aircraft Corporation; in the Hagley Museum and Library.
 The Story of Bellanca Planes – Popular Aviation

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Minnesota
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Delaware
Douglas County, Minnesota
History of Omaha, Nebraska
1927 establishments in New York (state)
Hawker Pacific Aerospace. Hawker Pacific Aerospace (HPA) is an aircraft maintenance company  which offers landing gear and hydraulic maintenance, repair and overhaul services for all major aircraft types, including all current Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier and Embraer models, as well as helicopters.

Lufthansa Technik (LHT), a subsidiary of Lufthansa German Airlines, acquired Hawker Pacific in 2002. Within the LHT network, Hawker is able to provide an around the world landing gear service.

HPA's corporate headquarters are located in Sun Valley, Los Angeles, California, near to Bob Hope Burbank International Airport.

History
Hawker Pacific Aerospace was formed in 1980. In 1991, Hawker Siddeley was absorbed by BTR Aerospace Group. In 1994, Hawker Pacific merged with Dunlop Aviation Inc and in 1996, Hawker Pacific Aerospace was sold by BTR and became a stand-alone company.

In 1998, Hawker Pacific completed its initial public offering of common stock and used the proceeds to acquire the landing gear, flap track and flap carriage operation from British Airways.

In 2002, Lufthansa Technik acquired 100% ownership of Hawker Pacific Aerospace including its UK location. Hawker was added to Lufthansa Technik's Landing Gear Division to form a global network for landing gear maintenance, repair and operations services.

In January 2011, Hawker Pacific Aerospace UK was sold to Lufthansa Technik and renamed into Lufthansa Technik Landing Gear Services UK.

Business divisions
Hawker Pacific Aerospace has three business divisions:
 Landing Gear Services
 Component Maintenance Services
 Spares Services

References

External links
 Website of Hawker Pacific Aerospace 
 Website of Lufthansa Technik

Aerospace companies of the United States
Aircraft maintenance companies
Lufthansa
Manufacturing companies based in Los Angeles