omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Suhas Patil. Suhas S. Patil (born 1944) is an Indian-American entrepreneur, academic, and venture capitalist. He founded Cirrus Logic, a fabless semiconductor company. Patil's work has covered computer architecture, parallel processing computers, very-large-scale integration devices, and integrated circuit design automation software. He also serves on the boards of The Tech Museum and the World Affairs Council of Northern California. He is known for describing the "cigarette smokers problem" for concurrent computing in 1971.

Early life and education 
Patil grew up in Jamshedpur, India. His father was the first person in the family to go to a university and get an engineering degree and worked at Tata Steel while Patil was growing up. Patil went to study intermediate science at St. Xavier's College, Kolkata and then to the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur for his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for his masters and doctorate degrees, graduating in 1967 and 1970 respectively.

Career 
From 1970 until 1975, Patil was assistant professor of electrical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While at MIT, he also served as assistant director of Project MAC (Multi-Access Computer), the largest computer science laboratory in the U.S, where the timesharing computer system was developed. At MIT, he worked in the area of computer architecture and related topics. As a gift to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Patil awarded $1.5 million for the construction of the Suhas and Jayashree Patil Conference Center at the Stata Center. From 1977 to 1981, he was a member of the faculty at the University of Utah School of Computing. Patil founded Patil Systems, Inc., in 1981 in Salt Lake City, which was renamed as Cirrus Logic in 1984 when it moved to Silicon Valley. He has been the Chairman of Cirrus Logic since its founding and Emeritus since 1997. He is currently the Chairman of Digité, Inc. and Chairman of the Board of Cradle Technologies. Patil co-founded a global not for profit organization, the TiE – The Ind-US Entrepreneurs in 1992 with successful entrepreneurs and businessowners of Indian origin in Silicon Valley to mentor entrepreneurs and young companies. He served as TiE's first president.

Personal life 
Patil's son is DJ Patil, who was the first Chief Data Scientist of the United States Office of Science and Technology Policy.

See also 
 Cigarette smokers problem

References

External links 
 Biography in IIT Kharagpur Alumni Directory

Living people
American people of Indian descent
American businesspeople
Indian emigrants to the United States
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
1944 births
Businesspeople from Jharkhand
University of Utah faculty
IIT Kharagpur alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
American electrical engineers
Indian electrical engineers
Marathi people
Frank Gray (researcher). Frank Gray (13 September 1887 – 23 May 1969) was a physicist and researcher at Bell Labs who made numerous innovations in television, both mechanical and electronic, and is remembered for the Gray code.

The Gray code, or reflected binary code (RBC), appearing in Gray's 1953 patent, is a binary numeral system often used in electronics, but with many applications in mathematics.

Gray conducted pioneering research on the development of television; he proposed an early form of "flying spot scanner" for early TV systems in 1927, and helped develop a two-way mechanically scanned TV system in 1930.

With Pierre Mertz, Gray wrote the classic paper on the mathematics of raster scan systems in 1934. He later participated in the early days of the digital revolution, with Raymond W. Sears, William M. Goodall, John Robinson Pierce, and others at Bell Labs, by providing the binary code used by Sears in his PCM tube, a beam deflection tube of the type that Sears and Pierce collaborated on, which was used in Goodall's "Television by pulse code modulation".

Early life

Gray graduated from Purdue University in 1911 with a degree in Physics.

Patents

With Herbert E. Ives as co-inventor, Gray filed for two US patents in 1927: "Electro-optical system" (US 2,037,471, issued 14 April 1936) and "Electro-optical transmission" (US 1,759,504, issued 20 May 1930), and one in just his own name: "Television system" (US 2,113,254, issued 5 April 1938). He patented many other similar-sounding inventions over the years that followed.

His 1953 patent "Pulse Code Communication" with the Gray code was filed in 1947.

References

External links
 Science Newsletter, 16 April 1927 (reproduced at Science News Online) "How New Television Process Works" with Gray's flying-spot scanner innovation
 Two Way Television 1930 booklet by AT&T, with photo of Frank Gray
 Complete 1930 booklet at TV History

1887 births
1969 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Television pioneers
Scientists at Bell Labs
Highland Railway Clan Goods Class. The Highland Railway's Clan Goods class was a class of steam locomotive.  They were designed by Christopher Cumming. The first four (Nos 75 to 78) were built by Hawthorn Leslie and Company on Tyneside, and the maker's plates bore the date 1917, but because of wartime delays were not delivered until 1918. Four more (Nos. 79 to 82) were built in 1919, also by Hawthorn Leslie.

Dimensions
They featured two Robinson type  cylinders outside (with long tail-rods),  driving wheel and a boiler set at . Locomotive weight was .

Transfer to LMS
All eight entered service with the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in January 1923. They were classified '5F' by the LMS.

Transfer to BR
Six locomotives survived to enter British Railways (BR) service in 1948, of which five were given BR numbers.

Numbering

References

Clan Goods
4-6-0 locomotives
Hawthorn Leslie and Company locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1917
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain

Freight locomotives
Phorone. Phorone, or diisopropylidene acetone, is a yellow crystalline substance with a geranium odor, with formula  or .

Preparation
It was first obtained in 1837 in impure form by the French chemist Auguste Laurent, who called it "camphoryle". In 1849, the French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt and his student Jean Pierre Liès-Bodart prepared it in a pure state and named it "phorone". On both occasions it was produced by ketonization through the dry distillation of the calcium salt of camphoric acid.

It is now typically obtained by the acid-catalysed twofold aldol condensation of three molecules of acetone. Mesityl oxide is obtained as an intermediate and can be isolated.

Crude phorone can be purified by repeated recrystallization from ethanol or ether, in which it is soluble.

Reactions
Phorone can condense with ammonia to form triacetone amine.

See also
Isophorone

References
Merck Index, 11th Edition, 7307.

External links
International Chemical Safety Cards

Ketones
Alkene derivatives
Highland Railway Clan Class. The Highland Railway's Clan Class was a class of passenger 4-6-0 steam locomotives designed by Christopher Cumming.  The design is derived from that of the slightly earlier Clan Goods although the similarity is more visual than real. The first four were built in 1919, and the remaining four in 1921.

Dimensions
They had  cylinders outside with outside Walschaerts valve gear,  driving wheels and a boiler pressured to . Weight was  for the locomotive and  for the tender.  Piston valve diameter is given as  (quite large for the period), but they had the conventional short lap, short travel valves. Bearing in mind that they probably spent a large part of their time slogging uphill or coasting down this was probably not too important. Total evaporative heating surface is given as , plus  for the Robinson type superheater, and grate area as .

Oil firing
Early in 1921 Clan Stewart was used for experiments with oil firing. This seems to have been successful, but was not applied to any other locomotives. Just when Clan Stewart reverted to coal operation does not seem to be recorded.

Transfer to LMS
The locomotives passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1923. 
The LMS classified them '4P'.

Transfer to BR
Two survived into British Railways (BR) hands in 1948, but only Clan Mackinnon received its BR number. Some of the Clan names were later reapplied to the BR Standard Class 6.

Numbering

References

Clan Class
4-6-0 locomotives
Hawthorn Leslie and Company locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1919
Scrapped locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine. 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) is an organic compound with the formula (C6H3(NH2)2)2.  This derivative of benzidine is a precursor to polybenzimidazole, which forms fibers that are renowned for their chemical and thermal stability.  As its water-soluble tetrahydrochloride, DAB has been used in immunohistochemical staining of nucleic acids and proteins.

Structure
DAB is symmetric about the central carbon bond between both ring structures. In the crystal, the rings of each molecule are co-planar and the amine units connect molecules to form an intermolecular 3-dimensional hydrogen bond network.

Preparation
Diaminobenzidine, which is commercially available, is prepared by treating 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine with ammonia with a copper catalyst at high temperature and pressure, followed by acidic workup.

An alternate synthesis route involves the diacylation of benzidine with acetic anhydride under basic conditions:
(NH2)C6H4C6H4(NH2) + 2 (CH3CO)2O ⟶ (NHCOCH3)C6H4C6H4(NHCOCH3) + 2 CH3COOH

The diacetylated compound then undergoes nitration with nitric acid to produce an ortho-dinitro compound due to the ortho-directing acetyl substituents:
(NHCOCH3)C6H4C6H4(NHCOCH3) + 2HNO3 ⟶ (O2N)(NHCOCH3)C6H3C6H3(NHCOCH3)(NO2) + 2H2O

The acetyl groups are then removed through saponification:
(O2N)(NHCOCH3)C6H3C6H3(NHCOCH3)(NO2) + 2NaOH ⟶ (O2N)(NH2)C6H3C6H3(NH2)(NO2) + 2NaOCOCH3

The dinitrobenzidine compound is then reduced with hydrochloric acid and iron to produce 3,3′-diaminobenzidine:
(O2N)(NH2)C6H3C6H3(NH2)(NO2) + 12HCl + 6Fe0 ⟶ (NH2)2C6H3C6H3(NH2)2 + 6FeCl2 + 4H2O

The reduction of the dinitrobenzidine compound can also proceed with tin(II) chloride instead of iron powder or with sodium dithionite in methanol.

Applications
In its main application, DAB is the precursor to polybenzimidazole.

Diaminobenzidine is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of hemoglobin to give a dark-brown color. This color change is used to detect fingerprints in blood. The solubility of DAB in water allows for adaptability compared to other detection solutions which use toxic solvents. Improperly prepared tissue samples may give false positives.
In research, this reaction is used to stain cells that were prepared with hydrogen peroxidase enzyme, following common immunocytochemistry protocols. Relevant to Alzheimer's disease, Aβ protein amyloid plaques are targeted by a primary antibody, and subsequently by a secondary antibody, which is conjugated with a peroxidase enzyme.  This will bind DAB as a substrate and oxidize it, producing an easily observable brown color. Plaques can then be quantified for further evaluation. One other method uses complexes of injected biocytin with avidin or streptavidin, biotin, and then peroxidase.

References

External links
 Fishersci.com
 Polysciences.com

Anilines
Biphenyls
Apollo Diamond. Apollo Diamond Inc. was a company based in Boston, Massachusetts that was able to produce nearly flawless single crystal diamond wafers and crystals for potential use in the optoelectronics, nanotechnology, and consumer gem markets. The company used chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for the production of their gem-sized synthetic diamond crystals, and obtained several U.S. patents on the process. The company's techniques were able to produce colorless gems, in contrast to previous diamond-making techniques which usually produced colored diamonds.

In 2011, many assets of Apollo Diamond were acquired by Scio Diamond Technology Corporation, which said it would use the technology at its South Carolina facility.

See also
 List of synthetic diamond manufacturers

Notes

External linksreat
SCIO Diamond website
The New Diamond Age, Wired, September 11, 2003
Diamonds on Demand, Smithsonian, June, 2008
US Patents awarded to Apollo Diamond
USAToday: Nanotechnology's everywhere, May 2005

Synthetic diamond
Thin small outline package. Thin small outline package (TSOP) is a type of surface mount IC package. They are very low-profile (about 1mm) and have tight lead spacing (as low as 0.5mm).

They are frequently used for RAM or Flash memory ICs due to their high pin count and small volume.  In some applications, they are being supplanted by ball grid array packages which can achieve even higher densities. The prime application for this technology is memory. SRAM, flash memory, FSRAM and E2PROM manufacturers find this package well suited to their end-use products. It answers the needs required by telecom, cellular, memory modules, PC cards (PCMCIA cards), wireless, netbooks and countless other product applications.

TSOP is the smallest leaded form factor for flash memory.

History 
The TSOP package was developed to fit the reduced package height available in a PCMCIA PC Card.

Physical properties

TSOPs are rectangular in shape and come in two varieties: Type I and Type II. Type I ICs have the pins on the shorter side and Type II have the pins on the longer side. The table below shows basic measurements for common TSOP packages.

Type I

Type II

HTSOP 
HTSOP (Heatsink TSOP) is a variant of TSOP with an exposed pad on the bottom side. The pad is soldered to the PCB to transfer heat from the package to the PCB.

Similar packages
There are a variety of small form-factor IC carrier available other than TSOPs
 Small-outline integrated circuit (SOIC)
 Plastic small-outline package (PSOP)
 Shrink small-outline package (SSOP)
 Thin-shrink small outline package (TSSOP)

See also
 Integrated circuit
 Chip carrier Chip packaging and package types list

References

External links

 TSOP Package Information from Amkor Technology

Chip carriers
Highland Railway Ben Class. The Highland Railway Ben Class were small 4-4-0 passenger steam locomotives.  There were actually two separate 'Ben' classes, usually referred to as the 'Small Bens' and the 'Large Bens'.

Introduction

Despite the large and small tags, there was actually little difference between the two groups, the most crucial being larger boilers with an increase in tube heating surface. Cylinder and wheel dimensions were identical.

The class was originally designed by Peter Drummond, whose elder (and better known) brother Dugald had been in the company's locomotive department in earlier years and was at that time Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and South Western Railway.

In appearance they were fairly typical Drummond family products with the stiffener across the cab roof. They were also inside cylindered, almost uniquely among HR bogie locomotives.

Build details

First batch

The first 8 locomotives were of the Small Ben type and were built by Dübs and Company of Glasgow in the period 1898 to 1899. They were:

No. 1 was originally named Ben Nevis for its works portrait, an action that attracted the ire of the board as it was in the territory of a competitor (the North British Railway). It was renamed before entering service.

Second batch

The Highland Railway built another nine during 1899–1900 at their own Lochgorm works:

Third batch

Finally, three more were built by the North British Locomotive Company of Glasgow in 1906.

Large Bens

In 1908 a larger version appeared, initially four examples from North British Locomotive, with two more the following year

Grouping and Nationalisation

All of these locomotives survived to be taken over by the LMS at the Grouping in 1923. The Large Bens were all withdrawn between 1932 and 1937. The first of the Small Bens was withdrawn in 1931, but ten survived into British Railways ownership. The last of these, 54398 Ben Alder, was withdrawn in 1953 and placed in storage in the hope that it would be preserved.

Preservation attempts and revival
Unfortunately the hopes for 54398 – which included the intention to restore the locomotive to Highland Railway condition – came to nothing, and following storage at various locations (including Boat of Garten) it was eventually cut up on 05/1966; and so, none were preserved. However, a charitable organisation has been formed with the aim of building a working replica of 54398 Ben Alder.

References

External links
Rail UK database no. 54398

Ben Class
4-4-0 locomotives
Dübs locomotives
NBL locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1898
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Wavefront arbiter. A Wavefront arbiter is a circuit used to make decisions which control the crossbar of a high capacity switch fabric in parallel. It was commercialized in the TT1 and TTx chip sets designed by Abrizio and sold by PMC-Sierra.

Context 
A crossbar is the central portion of a crossbar switch fabric which connects the inputs to the outputs. A set of decisions of which inputs are connected to which outputs must be made each arbitration period. In high speed cell switching or packet switching applications, the arbitration period is very short. There are often millions or billions of arbitration periods per second.

An arbiter is the circuit that makes the decision as to which of the crossbar's many switches should be closed. Speed is a key design criterion of an arbiter in some applications.

Algorithm description 
A wavefront arbiter is a particular type of arbiter that is optimized for high-speed operation. For a unicast switch, the algorithm is as follows:
 The decision starts at a single point in the x-y matrix which represents the physical switches, for example the upper left hand corner.
 Based on the requests, a decision is made whether to close that switch, connecting the corresponding input and output.
 The result of this decision is then fed to the right along the matrix axis representing the input, and down along the matrix axis representing the output.
 The results of the first computation then enable the next computation at the point to the right and at the point below and switch closing decision is made at each of those two points.
 The results of these subsequent two calculations then are then fed to the points below and to the right of them.  These results then enable the decisions at the next three points which are to the right and below.
 These results are again fed to the right and below.
 In the case where the calculation did not start in the upper left hand corner, the results wrap around the right back to the first left column and around the bottom to the top row.
 The calculation continues until all of the decisions have been made.

Benefit of use 
The benefits of this type of calculation include:
 Speed – the algorithm can be implemented in a combinatorial manner (without hardware registers), allowing the wavefront to propagate across much or all of the matrix in one or a few clock periods.
 Regularity – the nodes of the physical structure used to compute this are all identical.  This is often called a systolic computation.  Regular structures can sometimes lead to compact semiconductor implementations.

Variants 
There are numerous variants of this method including:
 Randomizing or shuffling the order in which the rows and columns are considered.  Some sort of shuffling is generally necessary to achieve fairness.
 Multicast variants of this method where one input can be connected to multiple outputs in either one or multiple passes.

References 

 Stanford class notes description of the algorithm

Switches
George V. Chilingar. George V. Chilingar ( Chilingarian; July 22, 1929 – March 9, 2023) was an Armenian-American geologist and academic. He was Professor of Civil and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Southern California (USC).

Early years
Chilingarian was born in Tbilisi, Georgia in 1929. He finished high school with honors in Tehran. In the mid-1940s, he emigrated with his family to the United States.

Career

One of the best-known petroleum geologists in the world and the founder of several prestigious journals in the oil and gas industry, Chilingar published 72 books and over 500 of articles on geology, petroleum engineering and environmental engineering. He served as president of the U.S. branch of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and 17 of his books have been translated into Russian. In recognition of these contributions, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences  honored him as a Knight of Arts and Sciences.

He received his bachelor's and master's degrees in petroleum engineering and a Ph.D. in geology (with a minor in petroleum engineering), all at USC. Scientia Iranica published a special issue in "Transactions C: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering" dedicated to the lifelong achievements of Chilingar.

He served as senior petroleum engineering adviser to the United Nations from 1967 to 1969, and then again from 1978 to 1987. He was an energy policy adviser to Governor of California Ronald Reagan in 1973.

His recent research work concentrated on:
 Environmental aspects of oil and gas production
 Petrophysical properties of rocks and drilling fluids
 Surface and subsurface operations in petroleum production
 Subsidence due to the fluid withdrawal, testing and storage of petroleum products

Selected honors and awards
 Distinguished Achievement Award for Petroleum Engineering Faculty (The Society of Petroleum Engineers) in recognition for outstanding contributions in the field of petroleum engineering education, 1984
 Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Membership, 2020
 Editor of Sedimentary Geology (one of the founders)
 Special Issue of Energy Sources Journal, Vol. 21, Nov. 1-2, 1999, A Tribute to Professor  George V. Chilingarian
 Crown and Eagle Medal of Honor from the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences,  2000
 Gold Medals of Honor from Iran, Thailand, Taiwan, Honduras, El Salvador, Armenia and Russia
 Honorary Professor of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas

Death
Chilingar died on March 9, 2023 in Culver City, California, aged 93.

References

External links
 George V. Chilingar home page at USC
 L. F. Khilyuk and G. V. Chilingar, 2006, On global forces of nature driving the Earth’s climate. Are humans involved? 
 Rebuttal of “On global forces of nature driving the Earth's climate. Are humans involved?” by L. F. Khilyuk and G. V. Chilingar via archive.org. Accessed April 6, 2024.

American people of Armenian descent
American geologists
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1929 births
2023 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Academics from Los Angeles