omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Barton Zwiebach. Barton Zwiebach (born Barton Zwiebach Cantor, October 4, 1954) is a Peruvian string theorist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Work
Zwiebach's undergraduate work was in Electrical Engineering at the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería in Peru, from which he graduated in 1977.

His graduate work was in physics at the California Institute of Technology. Zwiebach obtained his Ph.D. in 1983, working under the supervision of Murray Gell-Mann. He has held postdoctoral positions at the University of California, Berkeley, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he became an assistant professor of physics in 1987, and a permanent member of the faculty in 1994.

He is one of the world's leading experts in string field theory. He wrote the textbook A First Course in String Theory (2004, ), meant for undergraduates.

Selected publications
Professor Zwiebach's publications are available on the SPIRES HEP Literature Database.

References

https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/42752

External links
 

1954 births
Living people
Scientists from Lima
Peruvian emigrants to the United States
California Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, Berkeley staff
Peruvian physicists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
American string theorists
National University of Engineering alumni
MIT Center for Theoretical Physics faculty
Peter Ewart. Peter Ewart (14 May 1767 – 15 September 1842) was a British engineer who was influential in developing the technologies of turbines and theories of thermodynamics.

Biography
He was son of the Church of Scotland minister of Troqueer near Dumfries, and was one of eleven children. His brother Joseph Ewart became British ambassador to Prussia; John, a doctor, became Chief Inspector of East India Company hospitals in India; and William, father of William Ewart, was business partner of Sir John Gladstone, father of William Ewart Gladstone, whose godfather he was and whom he was named after.

Following graduation from the University of Edinburgh, he was apprenticed to millwright John Rennie. His work with water wheels led him to work with Matthew Boulton and James Watt for whom by 1790 he was agent in Manchester. At the same time as acting as agent he was also trading on his own account as a millwright, enabling him to provide the complementary shafts, gears and other necessities to harness the power of the Boulton & Watt steam engines.

In 1792, frustrated in administering the immature and, as yet, unreliable machinery, he left Boulton and Watt to work in partnership with Samuel Oldknow in a cotton bleaching and calico printing venture. He anticipated this being a profitable concern but the partnership was dissolved within a year and he returned to engineering. In 1798 he went into partnership with Samuel Greg,  installing an innovative water wheel at Greg's Quarry Bank Mill on the River Bollin in Cheshire. As a standby, he installed a Watt steam engine.

By 1811, Ewart had abandoned the venture with Greg to concentrate on his own manufacturing business but also his scientific work. He became, along with John Dalton, a vice-president of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and became active in the contemporary controversies about heat, work and energy. Motivated by a paper of John Playfair and encouraged by Dalton, in 1813 he published "On the measure of moving force" in which he defended the nascent ideas of the conservation of energy championed by John Smeaton. The paper was strongly to influence Dalton's pupil James Prescott Joule. A vocal advocate of the application of scientific knowledge in engineering, he was one of the founders of the Manchester Mechanics' Institute.

Ewart took up the post of Chief Engineer and Chief Inspector of Machinery with the Admiralty in 1835 and died on 15 September 1842 at Woolwich Dockyard when a chain snapped as he was supervising the removal of a boiler.

See also
Timeline of thermodynamics
Vis viva

References

Citations

Sources

 
 

1767 births
1842 deaths
British engineers
History of Greater Manchester
Industrial accident deaths
Accidental deaths in London
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People from Dumfries and Galloway
Mr Sheen. Mr Sheen is the brand name of a range of cleaning materials, mainly floor and furniture polish, created in Australia in the 1950s by Samuel Taylor Pty Ltd. An aerosol, the product uses a combination of silicones, waxes and solvents and is currently manufactured by Reckitt. Alongside Australia, Mr Sheen is also available in Jamaica, Kenya, Ireland and the United Kingdom, as well as in Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa where it is called Mr Min and in Argentina where it is known as Mr Frend. The Mr Sheen character and branding, despite numerous revamps, has a high level of recognition amongst consumers, so much so that the company has been able to go for periods of time without even advertising the product, such as in the early 1990s.

History 
In the 1950s, the Australian cleaning product market lacked any aerosol-based products, hence the development of Mr Sheen by Samuel Taylor Pty Ltd, it was the first such product to be offered in the Australian market. The popularity of Mr Sheen received a large boost when the advertising agency Hansen Rubensohn developed both a jingle and a character for the product in the late 1950s. The Australian character (supposedly modeled on one of Samuel Taylor Pty Ltd's employees at the time) was created by Vic Nicholson and Brian Henderson as a smiling, rosy-cheeked, short bald man with spectacles in a black suit (voiced by Ross Higgins); a jingle based on Mister Gallagher and Mister Shean was created at the same time by Bob Gibson and Jimmy White. Both the character and jingle have proved effective branding agents in Australia, where 95% of the populace are capable of recognising the character and jingle as belonging to the Mr Sheen product range. In 1969, British  multinational consumer goods company Reckitt Benckiser (then called Reckitt & Colman) acquired Samuel Taylor Pty Ltd; the new owners expanded the range of the product out to the United Kingdom and South Africa. The British version of the character is a cartoon caricature of a First World War biplane pilot (originally voiced by Willie Rushton in the television advertisements) who flies around the house on a dusting cloth cleaning tables, banisters and television sets, using the slogan "Mr Sheen shines umpteen things clean".

References

Cleaning product brands
Cleaning product components
Cleaning products
Reckitt brands
Australian brands
1950s establishments in Australia
Stikfas. STIKFAS are 3.25-inch (8cm) model assembly figures or toys made by Stikfas Pte. Ltd., a company based in Singapore. Once assembled, they can be customized with stickers (packaged as Stickers) and parts from other sets. STIKFAS are designed so that all of the joints are moveable ball/sockets, making the figurines poseable and interchangeable.

STIKFAS are sold in kits that include accessories such as Stickers, and sometimes additional models such as a dragon, dog, or bicycle, keeping with the theme of the kit. Stikfas also have small square notches on their bodies, allowing rare earth magnets to be inserted. These notches are found on the upper legs, feet, and body sections. The curved U-shaped hands are also the same diameter as the notches. Once inserted into any of these areas, the magnets allow STIKFAS to be posed while adhering to a magnetic surface, preventing them from falling over. STIKFAS have been used by the webcomic and stop motion animation community.

Stikfas Company History
STIKFAS debuted in 2001 through a co-branding collaboration with the computer game publisher Electronic Arts. This collaboration provided proof of concept and STIKFAS Pte. Ltd. was incorporated in August. Work began on the first mass-production model of the STIKFAS Action Figure Kit, which was made available to the public in December 2001, through online sales at www.stikfas.com.

From 2002 to 2004, STIKFAS was licensed to Hasbro Inc. This move saw an increase in its product range, distribution network, and market recognition. During this period, STIKFAS was awarded the title of "Best Original Concept" in "Best of the Best 2002" by Wizard's Toyfare magazine, the industry's leading publication. That year, STIKFAS came in second for "Most Fun and Innovative Toy" in Toyshop Magazine's consumer poll.

STIKFAS debuted in Japan in the fall of 2003 under the distribution of Tomy Direct Co., Ltd. In February 2005, the first comprehensive fan book about STIKFAS, its products, and the people in the company was published by Hobby Japan, the nation's leading hobby magazine since 1969. This publication reinforced the cult status that STIKFAS has in Japan.

References

External links
 Stikfas Home Page (link dead)

Toy brands
Subirrigation. Subirrigation also known as seepage irrigation, is a method of irrigation where water is delivered to the plant root zone. The excess may be collected for reuse.

Subirrigation is used in growing field crops such as tomatoes, peppers, and sugar cane in areas with high water tables such as Florida and in commercial greenhouse operations.

Three basic types of subirrigation system are in general use for potted plants in greenhouses:  ebb-and-flow (bench-mounted enclosures holding pots are filled and then drained); trough (water is flowed through bench-mounted, slightly sloping enclosures containing pots); and flooded floor (special sloped concrete flooring is flooded and drained).

Greenhouse subirrigation has been growing in popularity since the 1990s. Advantages are water and nutrient conservation, and labor-saving. The outfitting cost is relatively high. Potential problems, such as the possibility of increased presence of disease in recycle water, have only begun to be investigated.

One of the disadvantages of sub-irrigated closed systems, such like Earth Boxes and sub-irrigated planters, is that soluble salts cannot be flushed into the lower soil profile and build up over time.

See also
 Tidal irrigation
 Wicking bed

References

External links
Manual Monitoring of Farm Water Tables - University of Florida IFAS Extension
Irrigated Acreage in Florida: A Summary through 1998 - University of Florida IFAS Extension
Efficiencies of Florida Agricultural Irrigation Systems - describes field subirrigation systems as used in Florida

Irrigation
Sustainable agriculture

de:Bewässerung#Unterflurbewässerung
7400. 7400 or variant, may refer to:

In general
 A.D. 7400, a year in the 8th millennium CE
 7400 BCE, a year in the 8th millennium BC
 7400, a number in the 7000 (number) range

Electronics and computing
 Texas Instruments 7400-series integrated circuits
 PowerPC 7400 CPU chip
 MITS 7400 Scientific and Engineering Calculator

Other uses
 7400 Lenau, an asteroid in the Asteroid Belt, the 7400th asteroid registered
 7400 (District of Kolonjë), one of the postal codes in Albania
 GWR 7400 Class locomotives

See also

 List of 7400-series integrated circuits
Curt Herzstark. Curt Herzstark (January 26, 1902 – October 27, 1988) was an Austrian engineer. During World War II, he designed plans for a mechanical pocket calculator (the Curta).

Life and career
Herzstark was born in Vienna, the son of Marie and Samuel Jakob Herzstark. His father was Jewish and his mother, born a Catholic, converted to Lutheranism and raised Herzstark Lutheran. 

In 1938, while he was technical manager of his father's company Rechenmaschinenwerk Austria Herzstark & Co., Herzstark had already completed the design of the Curta, but could not manufacture it due to the Nazi German annexation of Austria. Instead, the company was ordered to make measuring devices for the German Army. In 1943, perhaps influenced by the fact that his father was a liberal Jew, the Nazis arrested him for "helping Jews and subversive elements" and "indecent contacts with Aryan women" and sent him to the Buchenwald concentration camp. However, the reports of the army about the precision-production of the firm and especially about the technical expertise of Herzstark led the Nazis to treat him as an "intelligence-slave".

His imprisonment at Buchenwald seriously threatened his health, but his condition improved when he was called to work in the factory linked to the camp, which was named after Wilhelm Gustloff. There, he was ordered to make a drawing of the construction of his calculator, so that the Nazis could ultimately give the machine to the Führer as a gift after the successful end of the war. The preferential treatment this allowed ensured that he survived his stay at Buchenwald until the camp's liberation in 1945, by which time he had redrawn the complete construction from memory.

Herzstark died in Nendeln, Liechtenstein.

In popular culture
The Curta is  referenced in chapter four of William Gibson's Pattern Recognition. The chapter is entitled 'Math Grenades', which refers to protagonist Cayce Pollard mistaking a box of them for hand grenades at first glance.

References
Notes

Further reading
 Stoll, Cluff Scientific American, 290(1):92–99, January 2004

External links 
 Biographical information about Curt Herzstark and the Curta calculator.
 Interview of Curt Herzstark at the Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Herzstark interview in German.

1902 births
1988 deaths
Austrian Jews
20th-century Austrian people
Austrian mechanical engineers
Buchenwald concentration camp survivors
Mechanical calculators
Engineers from Vienna
Manhattan wiring. Manhattan wiring (also known as right-angle wiring) is a technique for laying out circuits in computer engineering. Inputs to a circuit (specifically, the interconnects from the inputs) are aligned into a grid, and the circuit "taps" (connects to) them perpendicularly. This may be done either virtually or physically. That is, it may be shown this way only in the documentation and the actual circuit may look nothing like that; or it may be laid out that way on the physical chip. Typically, separate lanes are used for the inverted inputs and are tapped separately. 

The name Manhattan wiring relates to its Manhattan geometry. Reminiscent of how streets in Manhattan, New York tend to criss-cross in a very regular grid, it relates to appearance of such circuit diagrams.

Manhattan wiring is often used to represent a programmable logic array. 

Alternatives include X-architecture wiring, or 45° wiring, and Y-architecture wiring (using wires running in the 0°, 120°, and 240° directions).

See also
 Manhattan metric

References
 

Electronic circuits
Eng. Eng or ENG may refer to:

Language and linguistics 
 Eng (letter), Ŋ ŋ
 En with descender, Ң ң
 eng, ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-2 code for English language
 Velar nasal, a phoneme

People 
 Eng (name), a given name and surname in various cultures

Places 
 Eng Lake, in Minnesota, United States
 ENG, FIFA country code for England
 Eng, Netherlands, a hamlet in the municipality of Altena, North Brabant
 Eng, Tyrol, an exclave in Tyrol, Austria

Other uses 
 E.N.G., a Canadian television drama
 Electronic news-gathering
 Electronystagmography
 Empty net goal
 Endoglin, a protein
 Engineer
 Engineering
 Engineering notation
International Standard Payload Rack. The International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) is a steel framework container that is designed and been adopted by the International Space Station (ISS) program to support efficient integration and interchangeability of space payload hardware, such as machines and experiments. A typical rack contains 37 ISPR slots for science payloads, which are interchangeable to accommodate different components or payloads.

Capabilities
Each ISPR provides  of internal volume being about  high,  wide, and  deep. The rack weighs 104 kg (230 lb) and can accommodate an additional  of payload equipment. The rack has internal mounting provisions to allow attachment of secondary structure. The ISPRs will be outfitted with a thin center post to accommodate sub-rack-sized payloads, such as the 483 mm (19-inch rack) Spacelab Standard Interface Rack (SIR) Drawer or the Space Shuttle Middeck Locker. Utility pass-through ports are located on each side to allow cables to be run between Racks. Module attachment points are provided at the top of the rack and via pivot points at the bottom. The pivot points support installation and maintenance. Tracks on the exterior front posts allow mounting of payload equipment and laptop computers. Additional adapters on the ISPRs are provided for ground handling.

Compatibility
The International Standard Payload Rack are the size of a side-by-side refrigerator, and is too big to fit through the Russian probe and drogue docking system, APAS, or NDS docking systems, and therefore cannot be transferred directly from a Progress, ATV, or the interior of the Space Shuttle to the ISS. In the past ISPRs were delivered in Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules, which were carried in the Space Shuttle cargo bay and berthed to CBM ports. Cygnus spacecraft hatches are too narrow to fit ISPRs with their  wide openings and Cargo Dragon 1 spacecraft have no capability to either launch or return ISPRs because of the design of the pressurized section of the Cargo Dragon 1 spacecraft which can only transport cargo bags and smaller racks. Cargo Dragon 2 spacecraft have  wide hatch openings and can not fit the  wide ISPRs.  ISPRs can only be delivered using the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle.

Other ISPR systems
Japan has developed an ISPR with interfaces and capabilities nearly identical to NASA's.

See also 
 Columbus European Laboratory
 US Laboratory
 Japanese Experiment Module (JEM)
 Node 1
 Multi-Purpose Logistics Module

References

External links
 "Generic NASA Accommodations". mistprod.hosc.msfc.nasa.gov
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080909215026/http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/1998/PV1998_466.pdf

Components of the International Space Station
D8. D8, D.VIII, D VIII, D08 or D-8 may refer to:

Entertainment
 d8 (magazine), a 1990s American magazine on role playing culture
 D8 (TV channel), a French TV channel
 Dissipated Eight, a collegiate all-male a cappella group from Middlebury College
 d8, the eight-sided die used often in table-top role-playing games

Transportation
 Bavarian D VIII, an 1888 German steam locomotive
 Caterpillar D8, a track-type tractor
 D-8 Armored Car, a Soviet vehicle
 D8 (Aircraft), an American airliner
 Dewoitine D.8, a French aircraft
 Dunne D.8, a British Dunne aircraft
 Fokker D.VIII, a 1918 German parasol-monoplane fighter aircraft
 HMAS Vendetta (D08), a 1954 Royal Australian Navy Daring class destroyer
 Pacific D-8, a glider
 Pfalz D.VIII, a German 1918 fighter aircraft
 Pro FE Straton D-8, a Czech motorglider
 ProFe D-8 Moby Dick, a Czech motorglider
 Spyker D8, a 2009 concept car
 GE Dash 8 Series, a locomotive series

Other
 D8 motorway (Czech Republic), a road in the northern Czech Republic
 D8 road (Croatia), a section of the Adriatic highway
 Data8, a magnetic tape data storage format pioneered by Exabyte Corporation
 Digital8, a consumer digital videotape format developed by Sony
 Developing 8 Countries, a group of eight large, mostly Muslim nations
 District 8 (disambiguation)
 Dublin 8, a Dublin, Ireland postal district
 IATA code for Norwegian Air International
 ATC code D08, Antiseptics and Disinfectants, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 d8 may refer to the d electron count of a transition metal complex
 D8 refers to the dihedral group of eight elements
 Delta-8-THC, a psychoactive cannabinoid
 Williams County School District 8

See also
8D (disambiguation)
JoAnn Hackos. JoAnn T. Hackos is a lecturer, consultant, and author of a number of books about technical communication. Now retired, Hackos is the founder of the Center for Information-Development Management (CIDM) and the president emeritus of Comtech Services in Denver, Colorado. She is also a fellow and past president of the Society for Technical Communication. She is a member of the IEEE Standards Association and active in the ISO SC7 Working Groups that is developing standards for information developers. She is the co-author of the standards on content management and information-development management.

Hackos is considered an expert in the fields of content management and information design, with some of her work in the fields being described as "groundbreaking."

Hackos was also an early and vocal advocate of the single source publishing idea. She was instrumental in founding the OASIS DITA Standards Committee.

Works
A Practical Guide to XLIFF with Bryan Schnabel and Rodolfo Raya (XML Press, 2015)
Information Development, Managing your Documentation Projects, Portfolio, and People (Wiley 2006)
Content Management for Dynamic Web Delivery (Wiley 2002)
Managing Your Documentation Projects (Wiley 1994)
Standards for Online Communication (Wiley 1997)
User and Task Analysis for Interface Design (Wiley 1998)
Introduction to DITA: Second Edition' (Comtech Services 2011)

Honors and awards 
 2013 - Horace Hockley Award, Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators (United Kingdom)
 2003 - Rigo Award, Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on the Design of Communication
 2000 - Alfred N. Goldsmith Award for Distinguished Contributions to Engineering Communication Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Professional Communication Society

References

External links
An Interview with JoAnn Hackos by Scott Abel, Wednesday, August 30, 2006
Bibliography at Alibris

Professional profile at the Center for Information-Development Management's official website
Quotations from JoAnn Hackos at Dey Alexander Consulting, February 17, 2006

Technical communication
1946 births
Living people
Bulk micromachining. Bulk micromachining is a process used to produce micromachinery or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

Unlike surface micromachining, which uses a succession of thin film deposition and selective etching, bulk micromachining defines structures by selectively etching inside a substrate. Whereas surface micromachining creates structures on top of a substrate, bulk micromachining produces structures inside a substrate.

Usually, silicon wafers are used as substrates for bulk micromachining, as they can be anisotropically wet etched, forming highly regular structures. Wet etching typically uses alkaline liquid solvents, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) or tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) to dissolve silicon which has been left exposed by the photolithography masking step. These alkali solvents dissolve the silicon in a highly anisotropic way, with some crystallographic orientations dissolving up to 1000 times faster than others. Such an approach is often used with very specific crystallographic orientations in the raw silicon to produce V-shaped grooves. The surface of these grooves can be atomically smooth if the etch is carried out correctly, and the dimensions and angles can be precisely defined. Pressure sensors are usually created by bulk micromachining technique.

Bulk micromachining starts with a silicon wafer or other substrates which is selectively etched, using photolithography to transfer a pattern from a mask to the surface. Like surface micromachining, bulk micromachining can be performed with wet or dry etches, although the most common etch in silicon is the anisotropic wet etch. This etch takes advantage of the fact that silicon has a crystal structure, which means its atoms are all arranged periodically in lines and planes. Certain planes have weaker bonds and are more susceptible to etching. The etch results in pits that have angled walls, with the angle being a function of the crystal orientation of the substrate. This type of etching is inexpensive and is generally used in early, low-budget research.

See also 

 Deep reactive-ion etching

References

External links
Bulk micromachining from microfab Service GmbH 

Nanotechnology
Microtechnology
Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems