omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Arthur Hamerschlag. Arthur Arton Hamerschlag (November 22, 1872 – July 20, 1927) was an American electrical and mechanical engineer who served as the first President of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.

Early life
Arthur Hamerschlag was born in Nebraska on November 22, 1872, to immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He graduated in 1889 with a specialization in electricity, and did field work working on electric plants in Cuba, Mexico, and throughout the U.S. Back in New York City he worked for both St. George's Trade School and the New York Trade School. His reputation there brought him to the attention of Andrew Carnegie, who was looking for leadership for his new educational venture in Pittsburgh.

Carnegie Tech years
Carnegie and William H. Frew, chairman of the Board of Trustees of The Carnegie Institute and Carnegie's lawyer in Pittsburgh, hired Hamerschlag in 1903 as the first director of the fledgling Carnegie Technical Schools, as the project was first called. Its aim was not to compete with the nearby University of Pittsburgh, but to provide practical vocational training in the industrial trades and to offer 3-year diplomas, not bachelor's degrees. And so the building of the campus began, and the hiring of faculty, and the school was launched.

Hamerschlag built the campus in partnership with Carnegie himself and the architect Henry Hornbostel. While the campus grew, the school found it difficult to compete. Industrial unions had their own apprenticeship programs, and it was challenging to attract and retain faculty, most of whom preferred to work for degree-granting institutions. So in 1912, the Carnegie Technical Schools were renamed Carnegie Institute of Technology. Hamerschlag then led the development of bachelor's and master's degree programs, and the college  took off.

When Andrew Carnegie died in 1919, the funding of the college, which had come from Carnegie himself, came under scrutiny by the estate, now controlled by the Carnegie Corporation of New York. It commissioned a survey in 1921 and the report recommended that the college broaden its sources of funds for the future. Hamerschlag, who did not have a seat on the board, felt excluded from the decision and the new direction being charted. He resigned in 1922.

He returned to New York and reestablished an engineering practice.

Personal life
Hamerschlag married Elizabeth Ann Tollast on December 22, 1901, and they had one son.

Hamerschlag died at Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan on July 20, 1927. He was buried at Homewood Cemetery in Pittsburgh.

At Carnegie Mellon, Hamerschlag's name is still honored through Hamerschlag Hall, the home of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, as well as Hamerschlag House, a freshman dorm which was all-male since its founding in the 1960s but was made co-ed in 2018.

References

Bibliography 

American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Presidents of Carnegie Mellon University
Converts to Anglicanism from Judaism
1872 births
1927 deaths
American electrical engineers
American mechanical engineers
Burials at Homewood Cemetery
PDA College of Engineering. Poojya Doddappa Appa College of Engineering, Gulbarga was founded in the year 1958 by the Hyderabad Karnataka Education society. The college is affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University and approved by AICTE. It is the first college to start Ceramics and Cement Technology course in South India and Electronics and Communication department in Karnataka. Initial intake was 120 with degree offering in civil, mechanical and electrical now it offers 13 Bachelor with 980 intake, 10 Master with 193 intake and 7 Research Programmes in the various specialties of Engineering.

See also
 Education in India
 Literacy in India
 Degrees in India

External links
Official website
AICTE website
VTU website

Engineering colleges in Karnataka
Education in Kalaburagi
Universities and colleges in Kalaburagi district
Companies based in Kalaburagi
Gogte Institute of Technology. Gogte Institute of Technology (GIT) is a college in Belgaum, Karnataka, India. It is an Autonomous institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University.

History
The college was founded in 1979 to meet the growing demand for technically-trained workers, being named after industrialist Raosaheb Gogte. It received the Excellent Technical Education Institute in Karnataka award at the August 9, 2014 National Karnataka Education Summit and Awards at Visvesvaraya Technological University in Bangalore.
 
Indian President Ram Nath Kovind inaugurated the platinum jubilee of Belgaum-based Karnataka Law Society and Raja Lakhmagouda Law College on September 15, 2018, and addressed a gathering at the institute. Karnataka Governor Vajubhai Vala, Chief Justice Dipak Mishra, Chief Minister H. D. Kumaraswamy, Supreme Court Judges Abdul Nazeer, Vineet Saran, Mohan Shantan Goudar, Attorney General K.K. Venugopal, MP Suresh Angadi, Karnataka Law Society president Anant Mandagi, and Chairman M. R. Kulkarni were also present.

Alumni
 Atul Chitnis, German born Indian consulting technologist and organizer of FOSS.in

References

External links 
 Gogte Institute of Technology

1979 establishments in Karnataka
Educational institutions established in 1979
Engineering colleges in Belgaum
Dennis Gabor Medal and Prize. The Dennis Gabor Medal and Prize (previously the Duddell Medal and Prize until 2008) is a prize awarded biannually by the Institute of Physics for distinguished contributions to the application of physics in an industrial, commercial or business context. The medal is made of silver and is accompanied by a prize and a certificate.

The original Duddell award was instituted by the Council of The Physical Society in 1923 to the memory of William du Bois Duddell, the inventor of the electromagnetic oscillograph. Between 1961 and 1975 it was awarded in alternate odd-numbered years and thereafter annually.

In 2008 the award was renamed in honour of Dennis Gabor, the Hungarian – British physicist who developed holography, for which he received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics. The prize also switched to being awarded in alternate even-numbered years.

Gabor Medallists 
The following have been awarded the Gabor Medal and Prize:

Duddell Medallists 
The following have been awarded the Duddell Medal and Prize:

See also
 Institute of Physics Awards
 List of physics awards
 List of awards named after people

References

External links 
 

Awards established in 1923
1923 establishments in the United Kingdom
Awards of the Institute of Physics
Huanghai Bus. Huanghai Bus is a bus manufacturer based in Dandong, Liaoning, China, and a subsidiary of SG Automotive. It was founded in 1951.

Huanghai has an annual production capacity of around 5,000 buses and 6,000 chassis sets. It produces around 20 bus series and 160 models, with vehicles ranging in length from 8 to over 18 meters. Huanghai manufactures buses based on MAN and IVECO technology.

References

External links
 
 

Bus manufacturers of China
Companies based in Dandong
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1951
Chinese brands
Chinese companies established in 1951
Reversing (vehicle maneuver). Reversing (also known as backing up) is the process of driving a vehicle in the reverse direction in order to maneuver. Rear view mirrors are somewhat standard equipment for this endeavor.

Reversing a vehicle is used as an intermediate step to complete a three point turn, J-turn, parallel park, or similar maneuver.  These moves are used with the goal of positioning the vehicle in a specific way under certain space restrictions, that would not be possible to achieve whilst only moving forward.

Extremely large or luxury vehicles may have in addition technical aids such as backup cameras.

Many industrial vehicles such as fork lifts automatically activate a repetitive warning beep whilst reversing. In the UK, trucks (lorries) may be fitted with warning devices which repeatedly announce "Attention: this vehicle is reversing", or the equivalent phrase in Welsh: "Mae'r cerbyd yn mynd yn ôl". Harmonization of reverse warning sound of vehicles is planned by an adopted UNECE regulation for entry into force in January 2023. According to this regulation, "Audible reverse warning device" means a device, emitting an acoustic signal to the outside of a vehicle while reversing, which is intended to give audible warning of the presence of a vehicle.

See also
Backup camera
Blind spot monitor
Parking sensor
Rear-view mirror
Side-view mirror
Vehicle blind spot 
Backup (disambiguation)

References

Driving techniques
Articles containing video clips
Miles Student. The Miles M.100 Student was built as a lightweight trainer as a private venture by F.G. and George Miles with development started in 1953. Although not specifically a Miles product, it was promoted as a British Royal Air Force trainer but failed to enter production.

Design and development

Building on the company's experience with the M.77 "Sparrowjet", the M.100 Student was a two-seat, side-by-side, all-metal jet trainer. The M.100 prototype was powered by a 400 kgf (882 lb) thrust Turbomeca Marbore turbojet and flew for the first time on 15 May 1957. Miles had hoped to secure an RAF order, but the contract went to the Jet Provost.  The Student was proposed for several training programmes, but without success.

G-APLK, the sole aircraft, was allocated XS941 when developed in the Mark 2 version as a prospective Counter-insurgency type. It was tested by the Royal Air Force but was not accepted and therefore did not go into production.

The M.100 Student 2, re-registered G-MIOO, was badly damaged in a crash on 24 August 1985 and is now at the Museum of Berkshire Aviation .

The Centurion 3, 4 and 5 were planned variants  with the RB.108, Gourdon and Arbizon engines respectively.

Variants
Data from:''' Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958-59
M.100 Mk.1 Student:  Blackburn-Turbomeca Marboré IIA engine; sole prototype G-APLK / XS491.
M.100 Mk.2 Student:  Continental J69 engine; G-APLK re-registered as G-MIOO.
M.100 Mk.3 Centurion:  Rolls-Royce RB.108 engine (de-rated); not built.
M.100 Mk.4 Centurion:  Turbomeca Gourdon engine; not built.
M.100 Mk.5 Centurion: 2x  Turbomeca Arbizon engines; not built.

Specifications (M.100 Mk.1 Student)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Amos, Peter. and Don Lambert Brown. Miles Aircraft Since 1925, Volume 1. London: Putnam Aeronautical, 2000. .
 "British Military Aircraft 1958". Flight, 29 August 1958, p. 381.  
 Brown, Don Lambert. Miles Aircraft Since 1925. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1970. . 
 Henley, Don. "Jet Age:The Miles Sparrowjet and Student Part One". Air Enthusiast, No. 69 May/June 1997. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 58–61.
 Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919, Volume 3. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1974. ISBN 
 "Miles M.100 Student: A Promising New Jet Trainer Under Construction at Shoreham". Flight, 16 December 1955, pp. 915–917.
 "Minting a New Coin at Shoreham: Miles Engineering's Student/Graduate Mini-striker". Flight, 15 October 1964, pp. 665–666.
 Temple, Julian C. Wings Over Woodley - The Story of Miles Aircraft and the Adwest Group''. Bourne End, Bucks, UK: Aston Publications, 1987. .

External links

 Miles Aircraft 
 Flight 1957

1950s British military trainer aircraft
Student
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1957
High-wing aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Depolarizer. A depolarizer or depolariser, in electrochemistry, according to an IUPAC definition, is a synonym of electroactive substance, i.e., a substance which changes its oxidation state, or partakes in a formation or breaking of chemical bonds, in a charge-transfer step of an electrochemical reaction.

In the battery industry, the term "depolarizer" has been used to denote a substance used in a primary cell to prevent buildup of hydrogen gas bubbles. A battery depolarizer takes up electrons during discharge of the cell; therefore, it is always an oxidizing agent. The term "depolarizer" can be considered as outdated or misleading, since it is based on the concept of "polarization" which is hardly realistic in many cases.

Polarization
Under certain conditions for some electrochemical cells, especially if they use an aqueous electrolyte, hydrogen ions can be converted into hydrogen atoms and H2 molecules. In the extreme case, bubbles of hydrogen gas might appear at one of the electrodes. If such a layer of hydrogen or even H2 gas bubbles appear on the positive plate of a battery, they interfere with the chemical action of the cell. An electrode covered with gases is said to be polarized. Polarization in galvanic cells causes the voltage and thus current to be reduced, especially if the bubbles cover a large fraction of a plate. Depolarizers are substances which are intended to remove the hydrogen, and therefore, they help to keep the voltage at a high level. However, this concept is outdated, since if enough depolarizer is present, it will react directly in most cases by getting electrons from the positive plate of the galvanic cell, i.e. there will be no relevant amount of hydrogen gas present. Therefore, the original concept of polarization does not apply to most batteries, and the depolarizer does not react with hydrogen as H2. Still, the term is used today, however, in most cases, it might be replaced with oxidizing agent.

Many different substances have been used as depolarizers; the most notable are listed below.

Oxidizing agents
These oxidize the hydrogen to water.  Examples include:

 Nitric acid, used in the Grove cell and Bunsen cell
 Chromic acid, used in the Chromic acid cell
 Manganese dioxide, used in the Leclanché cell and Dry cell

Nitric and chromic acids are powerful oxidizing agents, and effective depolarizers, but their hazardous nature makes them unsuitable for general use.  Manganese dioxide is, therefore, the most widely used depolarizer.

Salts of metals
The hydrogen ions displace metal from the salt so that metal, instead of hydrogen, is deposited on the positive plate.  Examples:

 Silver oxide, used in the Silver-oxide battery
 Copper sulphate, used in the Daniell cell
 Mercurous sulphate, used in the Weston and Clark standard cells

References

 Everyman's Encyclopaedia, 1931, volume 3, pp. 520–522

External links
 Telegraph batteries

Electric battery
Electrochemistry
Huber's equation. Huber's equation, first derived by a Polish engineer Tytus Maksymilian Huber, is a basic formula in elastic material tension calculations, an equivalent of the equation of state, but applying to solids. In most simple expression and commonly in use it looks like this:

where  is the tensile stress, and  is the shear stress, measured in newtons per square meter (N/m2, also called pascals, Pa), while —called a reduced tension—is the resultant tension of the material.

Finds application in calculating the span width of the bridges, their beam cross-sections, etc.

See also
 Yield surface
 Stress–energy tensor
 Tensile stress
 von Mises yield criterion

References

Physical quantities
Structural analysis
Avro 519. The Avro 519 was a British bomber aircraft of the First World War, a development of the Avro 510 seaplane. They were two-bay biplanes of conventional configuration with greatly uneven span. Two single-seat examples, powered by a single 150 hp (110 kW) Sunbeam water-cooled engine, were ordered by the RNAS in early 1916. This was soon followed by orders for two modified aircraft for the Royal Flying Corps. These were fitted with seats for a crew of two and had more powerful (225 hp/168 kW) Sunbeam engines

The first of the two-seaters was designated 519A to reflect its modifications. The second two-seater, however, was so different that it received a completely new number from Avro - 522 - and featured new wings with both upper and lower wings of equal but greater span, in the hope that this would rectify the type's poor climbing performance.

Never used operationally, all four were used for flight testing with the last still in service in April 1917.

There are some indications that the Avro 522A formed part of the equipment of 2 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force in the 1920s.

Specifications (519)

See also

References

External links
 Avro 519 – British Aircraft Directory

1910s British bomber aircraft
519
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Biplanes
Cedar rocket. The Cedar rockets () are a series of missiles developed by Haigazian College and the Lebanese army during the 1960s. There were three types: Arz 1, Arz 2, and Arz 3.
During the 21st century the Arz4 missile was developed. The missile was stopped from production because it had close destruction abilities of French army missiles at that time (1960s). However, international worries towards the development in the abilities of Lebanese missiles began to surface, so Lebanon was put under pressure to stop producing these rockets by Western countries.

Single-stage Rockets

In November 1960, Professor Manoug Manougian and a group of students formed Haigazian College Rocket Society (HCRS). They started research into single and multistage solid fuel rockets with a budget of 750 LBP donated by MP Emile Bustani. Due to lack of proper equipment, the group was obliged to resort to flight testing without any fuel tests in the laboratories.

In April 1961, after several failures, a single-stage rocket was launched to an altitude of about one kilometer. Improvements on the solid fuel system increased the altitude to two kilometers.

Multi-stage Rockets
As a result of these experiments, the Lebanese President Fuad Chehab granted financial assistance  of ten and fifteen thousand LBP to HCRS for 1961 and 1962 respectively.

During the academic year 1961–1962, HCRS worked on two-stage rockets, and improved the design. On May 25, 1962, HCRS-7 (Arz 1) was launched to a height of 11500 m, and the Lebanese Army was responsible for security. That summer, two more rockets were launched to a height of 20 km. 

Due to the successes of the HCRS, new members joined, and the Lebanese Rocket Society (LRS) was formed in 1962.
 On November 21, 1962, Arz 3, a three-stage solid propellant rocket, was launched. It had a length of 6.80 m and a mass of 1250 kg.
 In the summer of 1964, an accident occurred during launch, which hospitalized two students and caused all launches to end.
 It has been revealed, after several years, from a report addressed to President Fouad Chehab, the personal friend of President Charles de Gaulle of France sent a message to the Lebanese President informing him that Lebanon has proved its abilities in the scientific field, and the missile has the potential of putting Lebanon at risk. President Shehab took that advice, and stopped on the impact of practical experience to launch rocket.

References

Military equipment of Lebanon
Avro 523 Pike. The Avro 523 Pike (the first Avro aircraft to receive a name) was a British multi-role combat aircraft of the First World War that did not progress past the prototype stage. It was intended to provide the Royal Naval Air Service with an anti-Zeppelin fighter that was also capable of long-range reconnaissance and bombing.

Design and development
The Avro Pike was a large, three-bay biplane of conventional layout driven by two pusher propellers. Three open cockpits were provided, the centre one for the pilot, with gunners fore and aft of him. The Admiralty evaluated the type, but rejected it. Avro then built a second prototype, substituting the original's Sunbeam engines for Green E.6 engines instead and designated it the 523A.

Operational history
The Admiralty evaluated this in November 1916, but found that the type was by then obsolete and did not place an order. The two prototypes flew as testbeds with Avro for the remainder of the war.

Specifications (523)

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Jackson, A.J. Avro Aircraft since 1908. London: Putnam, 1990. . 
 Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1912. London: Putnam, 1994. . 
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989, p. 93. 
 World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing.

Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Pike
1910s British bomber aircraft
1910s British fighter aircraft
1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Avro 531 Spider. The Avro 531 Spider was a prototype First World War British sesquiplane fighter aircraft built by Avro.

Design and development
The Spider was a sesquiplane with a largely conventional configuration, but it used Warren truss-type interplane struts, hence the appellation "Spider". In tests, the aircraft demonstrated exceptional performance, handling, and pilot visibility however the time it flew, the War Office had already selected the Sopwith Snipe for mass production.

A second, more refined version, the Avro 531A, was apparently never completed, but some of its components seem to have been used to build a derivative, the Avro 538. This had standard interplane struts and was intended as a racing aircraft. It was never used for this purpose, however, because it was discovered that it had a faulty wing spar, so the Avro firm used it as a hack instead from May 1919 to September 1920.

Specifications (531)

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, .
 Jackson, A.J. Avro Aircraft since 1908. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. . 
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989, p. 93. 
 World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing, File 889, Sheet 94.

1910s British fighter aircraft
Spider
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Rotary-engined aircraft
Institute of British Carriage and Automobile Manufacturers. The Institute of British Carriage and Automobile Manufacturers was established in 1881. It merged with the Institute of Body Engineers in 1965. In 2000 it changed its name to IVehE (the Institute of Vehicle Engineers) as part of a rebranding strategy to modernise the organisation but soon after, in 2004, it merged with the SAE-UK.

IBCAM Awards

Over their long history, IBCAM have sponsored numerous prestigious industry awards, including environmental awards, auto design awards and student awards. Notable winners include the Toyota Prius (1998 and 2000 IBCAM/IVehE Environment Awards), and the Mazda MX-5 (1998 IBCAM Auto Design Award).

References

External links 
SAE UK Home Page

Engineering societies based in the United Kingdom