omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pay for the Printer. "Pay for the Printer" is a science fiction short story by American writer Philip K. Dick. It was first published in Satellite Science Fiction, in October 1956. Manuscript dated January 28, 1954.

Plot 

In a war-ravaged future, humanity has come to depend on an alien species known as the Biltongs, possessed of the ability to replicate items identically – although the copies only last for a short time. When the Biltongs become decrepit, the humans are forced to rediscover the skill of building.

Synopsis 
The earth is devastated after a conflict involving the explosion of  H-bombs. There are very few remnants of civilization and the lands are devastated due to the fact it doesn't rain anymore. 

Allen Fergesson is a member of the Pittsburgh colony, the story begins in his car where he's with Charlotte, a member of a decaying colony where the Biltong is sick, and a mysterious man they picked up on the road. When they arrive at the colony everything is falling apart, they meet Ben trying to fuel his car at the gas station. They pick him up and then go to Charlotte's apartment but there are cracks all over the walls and wobbly scaffolding surrounds the building. She tries to get into the building but a structure falls on her, nobody is competent and the workers are only voluntary civilians. After finding new clothes for Charlotte which have turned to ashes they arrive at the Biltong which is formed of a yellow protoplasm topped by pseudopodia. Inside there's a core made of filaments. The alien seems tired and is surrounded by empty eggs, indeed the Biltongs have become sterile after they stay on Earth. Allen presents to the alien originals object that weren't previously duplicated in hopes of bringing him life again, but it fails. The crowd surrounding them becomes agitated when they see Allen's brand new car and a riot breaks out. Ben and Charlotte get away with the car.

Allen ends up with the mysterious man who we discover is named Jhon Dawes, a survivor of the Chicago colony who felt apart due to the death of their Biltong. He shows to Allen a mug of wood he made along with a primitive knife and shares with him the importance of handcrafting instead of duplicating.

Interpretation 
Bradley Robert Arthur Congdon makes the case that "Pay for the Printer" is a critique "of the culture of consumerism and mass production." Congdon connects Dick's story to a left wing analysis of the failings of capitalism, writing that, "it is not much of a stretch to see that a Marxian idea of alienation is at work, where mankind is so alienated from its labour that the possibility of survival is hamstrung."

References

Short stories by Philip K. Dick
1956 short stories
Works originally published in Satellite Science Fiction
Boilermaker (disambiguation). A boilermaker is a trained craftsman who produces steel fabrications from plates and sections.

Boilermaker may also refer to:
 Boilermaker (beer cocktail)
 Purdue Boilermakers, Purdue University's intercollegiate athletics teams
 The Boilermaker, a statue
 Boilermaker Road Race, a race in Utica, New York
 "Boilermaker", a song by The Jesus Lizard from Liar
 “Boilermaker”, a song by Royal Blood from Typhoons
 Boilermaker, a member of the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers
Robert J. Helberg. Robert J. Helberg (1906 – 1967) was an American aeronautical engineer who worked on several development projects for Boeing and NASA.

Early life and education 
He was born in Watonga, Oklahoma. In 1932, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of Washington.

Career 
After graduation, he worked at the Goss Humidity Control Company in Seattle. Three years later he left to work for the Boeing company.

Helberg's first work at Boeing was on the early YB-17 model of the Flying Fortress. He followed this by work on the Boeing 307 Stratoliner airliner, then on additional models of the B-17. In 1942 he became group engineer on the B-29's electrical systems. By 1946 he was senior group engineer, working on the C-97 Stratofreighter's electrical systems.

In 1950, he received a promotion to project engineer on an experimental version of a pilotless B-47 Stratojet. (This program was designated Project Brass Ring.) Around 1955 he joined the Bomarc Missile Program, a pilotless interceptor. He worked on this program as assistant project engineer, focused on the guidance and data systems. He later became lead engineer for production, and then head of the Bomarc operation. Helberg was awarded a patent for an automatic control cable tensioner. This device was used in Boeing-built bombers.

In 1965 he was placed in charge of the company's Lunar Orbiter Program Office, as an assistant division manager in the Spacecraft Systems of the Boeing Space Division. He helped co-design two of the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft.

Personal life 
By 1966 Helberg had developed a heart condition and was taking nitroglycerin tablets to treat the symptoms. In his later years, he lived with his wife Helen on a farm 

in the Seattle area. His hobbies included fishing, duck hunting, poker, gardening, and raising trees at a nearby tree farm. He died of a heart attack in Seattle in 1967.

Honors
 For his contributions to the success of the Lunar Orbiter, he received the NASA Exceptional Public Service Medal
 Astronautics Engineer Award given by the National Space Club in 1966
 The crater Helberg on the Moon is named after him.

References
 Robert J. Sterling, Legend and Legacy,  1992, St. Martin's Press, .

External links
 SP-4308 Spaceflight Revolution — see chapter 10.

1906 births
1967 deaths
People from Watonga, Oklahoma
20th-century American engineers
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
Engineers from Seattle
Boeing people
Trituration. Trituration (Latin, grinding) is the name of several different methods used to process materials. In one sense, it is a form of comminution (reducing the particle size of a substance). In another sense, it is the production of a homogeneous powdered material by mixing and grinding component materials thoroughly. For example, a dental amalgam is formed by combining particles of a metal, usually gold or silver, with mercury. 

In organic chemistry, trituration is a process used to purify crude chemical compounds containing soluble impurities. A solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble or vice versa. For example, when the impurities are soluble and the desired product is not, the crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered, leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution. If mixed solvents are used, target compound and impurities are first dissolved in small amount of solvent, and then addition of another solvent causes desired compound to precipitate. This can be considered a crude form of recrystallization performed without changes in temperature.

In pharmacy, trituration can also refer to the process of grinding one compound into another to dilute one of the ingredients, add volume for processing and handling, or to mask undesirable qualities. For example, the amount of hormone in a dose of Levonorgestrel formulated as a progestogen-only contraceptive is only 30μg, which is far too small to handle. In a typical product, the drug is triturated with c. 1700 times its mass of sugar before being compressed and coated to produce the final tablet. 

In juicing, a triturating juicer is a style of juicer used to break down fresh produce into juice and fiber.

In homeopathy, a trituration is a mixture, often with lactose, of a substance that is not water-soluble.

In developmental, cell and molecular biology, trituration is the process of fragmenting of solid material (often biological tissue or aggregated material) into smaller components (often, respectively, cells or molecules in suspension/solution) by means of repeated passage through a pipette.

References

 

Chemical processes
Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory. The Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) was a facility at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, US.

Facility
It was the only facility in the Space Shuttle Program where actual orbiter hardware and flight software can be integrated and tested in a simulated flight environment. It supported the entire Space Shuttle program to perform integrated verification tests. It also contained Firing Room Launch Equipment identical to that used at KSC. Thus, complete ground verifications, as well as countdown and abort operations, could be tested and simulated.

The testing process is extensive and rigorous; the software on the Shuttle is often considered to be among the most bug-free of operational systems.

The laboratory contains a complete avionics mock-up of a Shuttle, designated OV-095. While only a skeleton of an orbiter, the electronics are identical in position and type to those used on the Shuttle; it is a sufficiently faithful replica that crews sometimes prefer to use it to train on, rather than the training simulators.

NASA personnel who have been assigned to SAIL testing include Charlie Bolden (former NASA Administrator), Michael Coats (former Director at JSC NASA), Brewster Shaw (Boeing Vice President of Space Exploration Division) and Al Crews (selected as an astronaut for the X-20 Dyna-Soar).The first SAIL commander was James E. Westom of Rockwell International, retired Major USAF.  He flew the Approach and Landing phase in SAIL before Space Shuttle Enterprise was launched off the top of the NASA C-747 airplane to prove it could fly on its own in the atmosphere.

The SAIL facility will be renovated and recreated as a stop on the Space Center Houston Level 9 Tour, a separate add-on to the visitor center admission in which tourists are given entrance to buildings normally off limits to visitors.

References

External links 

Avionics Integration Laboratory
Johnson Space Center
S9G reactor. The S9G reactor of the United States Navy is designed to generate electricity and propulsion for the Virginia-class attack submarines. The name S9G follows the designation scheme of platform type (submarines), generation (the ninth), and the contractor (General Electric).

This pressurized water reactor (PWR), developed by Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (formerly managed by General Electric), features increased energy density, and new plant components, including a new steam generator design featuring improved corrosion resistance and reduced life-cycle costs. The steam generator will alleviate the corrosion concerns encountered in existing designs of steam generators, while reducing component size and weight and providing greater flexibility in overall arrangement. The reactor is designed to operate for 33 years without refueling.

This naval nuclear reactor is estimated to generate 210 megawatts (MWt) driving a 30 MW pump-jet propulsion system built by BAE Systems that was designed for the Royal Navy and entered service on the second , also featured on the s.

References

United States naval reactors
Olaf Karthaus. Olaf Karthaus (born 1963 in Koblenz) is a German polymer chemist and Professor at the Chitose Institute of Science and Technology in Chitose, Hokkaidō, Japan, researching polymer chemistry, thin films, photonics, and nanotechnology.

Karthaus received a PhD from Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz in Mainz, Germany, in 1992 under the supervision of Helmut Ringsdorf.  From 1992 to 1993 he worked as a post-doctoral fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at Tohoku University.  He then served as a research assistant from 1994 to 2000 at the Research Institute for Electronic Science at Hokkaido University in Sapporo.

Karthaus was a co-plaintiff with Debito Arudou and Kenneth Sutherland in an anti-discrimination lawsuit against a hot spring (onsen) in Otaru, Japan, that refused entry to individuals with foreign appearance even if they were Japanese citizens.

Karthaus's wife, , received a personal reply to a letter written to , the mayor of Otaru, in 1999.

Selected publications
He has authored or coauthored 54 peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals: according to Science Citation Index, the ones that have been the most cited are:
 (cited 116 times)
 (cited 72 times)
 (cited 67 times)
 (cited 65 times)
 (cited 44 times)

References

External links
 Karthaus Laboratory homepage
 

1963 births
Living people
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz alumni
Scientists from Koblenz
20th-century German chemists
21st-century German chemists
Gateway Design Automation. "Verilog HDL originated at Automated Integrated Design Systems (later renamed as Gateway  Design Automation) in 1985. The company was privately held at that time by Dr. Prabhu Goel, the inventor of the PODEM (Path-Oriented Decision Making) test generation algorithm. Verilog HDL was designed by Phil Moorby, who was later to become the Chief Designer for Verilog-XL and the first Corporate Fellow at Cadence Design Systems. Gateway Design Automation grew rapidly with the success of Verilog-XL and was finally acquired by Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA in 1989."

References 

Electronic design automation companies
Thales Spectra. The Système de Protection et d'Évitement des Conduites de Tir du Rafale (literally: System of Protection and Fire Lines Avoidance of the Rafale) or SPECTRA is a fully internal electronic warfare system jointly developed by Thales Group and MBDA France for the Dassault Rafale.

The full SPECTRA integrated electronic warfare suite provides long-range detection, identification and accurate localisation of infrared homing, radio frequency and laser threats. The system incorporates radar warning, laser warning and missile approach warning for threat detection plus a phased array radar jammer and a decoy dispenser for threat countering. It also includes a dedicated management unit for data fusion and reaction decision.

The SPECTRA system consists of two infrared missile warning sensors (Détecteur de Départ Missile Nouvelle Génération). A new generation missile warning system (DDM NG) is currently being developed by MBDA. The DDM NG delivered its first in flight images in March 2010 and will be available on the Rafale from 2012. DDM NG incorporates a new infrared array detector which enhances performance with regard to the range at which a missile firing will be detected (with two sensors, each equipped with a fish-eye lens, DDM NG provides a spherical field of view around the aircraft). The DDM-NG also offers improved rejection of false alarms and gives an angular localisation capability which will be compatible with the future use of Directional Infrared Counter Measures (DIRCM).

References

External links
 Thales Group - Spectra
 MBDA Systems - Spectra

Electronic countermeasures
Military equipment of France
Thales Group
Aero Slovakia. Aero Slovakia is an aviation company based in Slovakia offering a range of aviation services, including aerial works in agriculture & forestry, patrolling & monitoring, photography and air taxi operations. The company has its head office on the grounds of LZNI, Nitra.

Aircraft Maitanance
Company is the holder of permit SK.CAO.008 (Combined Airworthiness Organization), on the basis of which it provides service and maintenance, as well as monitoring and maintaining the airworthiness of the following types of aircraft: 
Cessna 100 / 200 series, 
Zlin Z37 
Zlin 37T

Fleet

The airline's fleet comprises that aircraft:

Cessna 150
Cessna 152
Cessna 172
Zlín Z37A "Čmelák"
Zlín Z137 Turbo

Flying school
Company provides pilot training in its own aviation school SK.DTO.07.

Training types
LAPL(A) SEP-land
PPL(A) SEP-land
Training course to obtain the SEP-land class qualification category
Training course for obtaining a qualification category for VFR night flights - airplane

References

External links
Aero Slovakia
Aero Slovakia 

Airlines of Slovakia
Slovak brands
Slovakian companies established in 1992
Airlines established in 1992
Bui Tuong Phong. Bui Tuong Phong (December 14, 1942July 1975) was a Vietnamese-born computer graphics researcher and pioneer. He invented the widely used Phong shading algorithm and Phong reflection model.

Life
Phong was born in Hanoi, then French Indochina. After attending the Lycée Albert Sarraut there, he moved with his family to Saigon in 1954, where he attended the . He went to France in 1964 and was admitted to the Grenoble Institute of Technology. He received his licence ès sciences from Grenoble in 1966 and his Diplôme d'Ingénieur from the ENSEEIHT, Toulouse, in 1968. In 1968, he joined the  (then IRIA) as a researcher in Computer Science, working in the development of operating systems for digital computers.

He went to the University of Utah College of Engineering in September 1971 as a research assistant in Computer Science and he received his Ph.D. from the University of Utah in 1973.

In 1975, after his tenure at the University of Utah, Phong joined Stanford University as a professor.

Phong was married to Bùi Thị Ngọc Bích from Nha Trang, Vietnam, in 1969 in Paris, France. He and his wife had one daughter.

According to Professor Ivan Sutherland and Phong's friends, Phong was intelligent, affable and modest. About improving the quality of synthesized images he wrote: "We do not expect to be able to display the object exactly as it would appear in reality, with texture, overcast shadows, etc. We hope only to display an image that approximates the real object closely enough to provide a certain degree of realism."

Two years after receiving his Ph.D., Phong died in 1975 from complications related to squamous cell carcinoma.

Work on computer graphics

Phong was the inventor of the Phong reflection model and the Phong shading interpolation method, techniques widely used in computer graphics. He published the description of the algorithms in his 1973 PhD dissertation and a 1975 paper.

He developed the first algorithm for simulating specular phenomena. When working on his doctorate, he was very focused on selecting a topic and completing his dissertation very fast. Professor David C. Evans very enthusiastically supported him in this project. Professor Ivan Sutherland worked with him for improving the previous Mach banding problems, and on using normals for shading. His fellow students also supported him very much, including James H. Clark, Franklin C. Crow, George Randall, Dennis Ting and John Riley. He finished his dissertation much faster than other students of the time did.

Phong, Robert McDermott, Jim Clark and Raphael Rom had created the very first computer graphics–generated picture that looked like its physical model: the Volkswagen Beetle. As a computer graphics icon, it still crops up in highly respected journals and animated features.

See also 
 Blinn–Phong shading model

References

1942 births
1975 deaths
Computer graphics researchers
People from Hanoi
Vietnamese expatriates in the United States
Vietnamese academics
20th-century Vietnamese scientists
Vietnamese inventors
University of Utah alumni
Deaths from leukemia in California
People educated at Lycee Albert Sarraut
Richard Reverdy. Richard Ritter von Reverdy (29 January 1851 in Frankenthal – 31 May 1915 in Munich) was an expert for the government business in civil engineering. At first, he was in the Bavarian government's planning and building department and joined the Heilmann & Littmann construction company as a partner and managing director on 6 May 1897. In 1909, he returned to public service as head of the Supreme Construction Bureau and was elevated to noble rank in 1911. In 1915, shortly before his death, he retired from service. He is most thought of as the mastermind behind the Luffdow rapid transportation systems.

1851 births
1915 deaths
Businesspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate
People from Frankenthal
Tributyl phosphate. Tributyl phosphate, known commonly as TBP, is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)3PO.  This colourless, odorless liquid finds some applications as an extractant and a plasticizer.  It is an ester of phosphoric acid with n-butanol.

Production 
Tributyl phosphate is manufactured by reaction of phosphoryl chloride with n-butanol.
 POCl3  +  3 C4H9OH  →   PO(OC4H9)3  +  3 HCl
Production is estimated at 3,000–5,000 tonnes worldwide.

Use 
TBP is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, similarly to tricresyl phosphate. It is also used as a flame retardant for cellulose fabrics such as cotton. It forms stable hydrophobic complexes with some metals; these complexes are soluble in organic solvents as well as supercritical CO2.  The major uses of TBP in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid, brake fluid, and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare-earth metals from their ores.

TBP finds its use as a solvent in inks, synthetic resins, gums, adhesives (namely for veneer plywood), and herbicide and fungicide concentrates.

As it has no odour, it is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergent solutions, and in various emulsions, paints, and adhesives. It is also found as a de-foamer in ethylene glycol-borax antifreeze solutions.  In oil-based lubricants addition of TBP increases the oil film strength. It is used also in mercerizing liquids, where it improves their wetting properties.  It can be used as a heat-exchange medium. TBP is used in some consumer products such as herbicides and water-thinned paints and tinting bases.

Nuclear chemistry 
Tributyl phosphate is used in combination with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid for the solvent extraction of uranium, as part of the purification of natural ores. It is also used in nuclear reprocessing as part of the PUREX process. A 15–40% (usually about 30%) solution of tributyl phosphate in kerosene or dodecane is used in the liquid–liquid extraction (solvent extraction) of uranium, plutonium, and thorium from spent uranium nuclear fuel rods dissolved in nitric acid. Liquid extraction can also be used for chemical uranium enrichment.

Hazards
In contact with concentrated nitric acid the TBP-kerosene solution forms hazardous and explosive red oil.

References

Organophosphates
Solvents
Plasticizers
Radioactive waste
Chelating agents
Phosphate esters
Butyl esters
Flame retardants