omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Louis Schwitzer. Louis Henry Schwitzer (February 29, 1880 – May 9, 1967) was an American engineer and early racing driver who was the winner of the first auto race ever held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. He later had a distinguished career as an engineer.

Early life 

Schwitzer obtained degrees in electrical and mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Darmstadt and the University of Karlsruhe.

Engineering career 

After arriving from Austria-Hungary, Schwitzer found work with Holzer-Cabot in Boston, Massachusetts. Schwitzer was influential in designing hydraulics for use in bus transportation. He also pioneered improvements in automotive cooling fans, water pumps and oil pumps, and the turbocharger.  Schwitzer made a fortune in business and became a philanthropist. The Student Center at the University of Indianapolis bears his name, as did a women's dormitory at nearby Butler University.

Racing career 

Schwitzer also competed in a few early automobile races. As a driver, Schwitzer won the first event held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a five-mile race on August 19, 1909. He is known to have started five races at IMS during 1909 and 1910. He also drove relief, for Harry Cobe, in the first Indianapolis 500.  Schwitzer served on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Technical Committee from 1912 through 1945.

Legacy 

In recognition of Schwitzer's contributions to the early developmental history of American motorsports, the Louis Schwitzer Award for design innovation is presented annually after each running of the Indianapolis 500.

In 1970, Schwitzer was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame.

Schwitzer is buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.

References 

http://www.firstsuperspeedway.com/sites/default/files/Indianapolis_Speedway_William_Borque.pdf
http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2009/05/20/461933.html

External links 

 

1880 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American engineers
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
20th-century American inventors
People from Bielsko
Women Airforce Service Pilots Badge. The Women Airforce Service Pilots Badge is an award of the United States Army that was issued during the Second World War.  The badge created for the Women Airforce Service Pilots, or WASP (not WASPs, because the acronym already includes the plural "Pilots"), was awarded to more than a thousand women who had qualified for employment as civilian, non-combat pilots of military aircraft used by the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II.  The first wings were privately and hastily designed and paid for out of the pockets of Floyd Odlum and his wife, Jacqueline Cochran, who in 1942 became the head of WASP.
 
The first seven classes of WASP flight school graduates in 1943 were issued silver wings with a central shield-shaped escutcheon, with the class number engraved on it.  On the scroll above the shield, where the 999th appears, was the squadron number of the Training Command.  The first two classes were marked with the 319th, and thereafter the 318th for the remaining five classes in 1943.
 
Classes graduating in 1944 and thereafter were issued the newly designed official Army Air Forces WASP wings with a diamond-shaped lozenge in the center. Unlike the earlier WASP wing design, with its central shield-shaped escutcheon, the new silver badge conformed to heraldic tradition by incorporating a lozenge centered between two wings.  In heraldic usage, a lozenge is the traditional shape of a woman's coat of arms. It is said to have been selected for its resemblance to the shape of the shield carried by Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom, weaving, crafts, and war.  This design was used until the deactivation of WASP in December 1944.  There were no more WASP wings authorized after that.

Following the 1947 creation of the United States Air Force, the next appearance of women Air Force pilots was in the 1970s, at which time all Air Force pilots were authorized to wear the same wing badge.

See also
 Obsolete badges of the United States military
 Military badges of the United States

United States military badges
EMD E6. The EMD E6 was a , A1A-A1A, streamlined passenger train locomotive manufactured by Electro-Motive Corporation, and its corporate successor, General Motors Electro-Motive Division, of La Grange, Illinois. The cab version, E6A, was manufactured from November 1939 to September 1942; 91 were produced. The booster version, E6B, was manufactured from April 1940 to February 1942; 26 were produced. The  was achieved by putting two , 12-cylinder, model 567 engines in the engine compartment. Each engine drove its own electrical generator to power the traction motors. The E6 was the seventh model in a long line of passenger diesels of similar design known as EMD E-units.

Compared with passenger locomotives made later by EMD, the noses of the E3, E4, E5, and E6 cab units had pronounced slants when viewed from the side. Therefore, these four models have been nicknamed "slant nose" units. Later E models had the "bulldog nose" of the F series.

One interesting E6 variant custom-produced for the Missouri Pacific was the model EMC AA.  This was a motorcar-style unit which had only one prime mover and , and substituted a baggage compartment where the other diesel V-12 would have been.  The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific owned an equally interesting pair of similar power cars known as the EMC AB6, which were mechanically identical but had boxcabs in blunt noses.  These acted as boosters behind conventional E6A models on the Rocky Mountain Rocket train between Chicago and Limon, Colorado, from where the E6A would take the Denver cars north and the AB6 would take the Colorado Springs section of the train south.

Original owners

Surviving units
Three E6 locomotives survive today:

Atlantic Coast Line E3A 501 was wrecked before delivery, returned to EMC and rebuilt as an E6A. It has been preserved and now resides at the North Carolina Transportation Museum/Spencer Shops. ACL 501 has been at or near operational status for much of its life. After retirement from regular service, the unit was restored to purple & silver colors and run on Midwest fan trips by owner Glenn Monhart. After Mr. Monhart's death, the unit found a home in Spencer, North Carolina, at the North Carolina Transportation Museum.

Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad E6A #630, was operated by the Midland Railway, in Baldwin City, Kansas. RI 630 has since been sold and will become part of a future museum in Manly, Iowa, along with Rock Island E8A 652. Both units have been cosmetically restored but currently are under a mechanical restoration at Mid-America Car in Kansas City, MO as of March 2017.

Louisville and Nashville E6A #770, built as L&N 450B, is located at the Kentucky Railway Museum, in New Haven, Kentucky. This unit is for display only, as it came to the museum  without most of its internal parts.

See also 

List of GM-EMD locomotives

References

External links

Kentucky Railway Museum motive power

Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
A1A-A1A locomotives
E6
Passenger locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1939
Locomotives with cabless variants
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Streamlined diesel locomotives
Acme Sierra. The Acme Aircraft Co S-1 Sierra was an experimental aircraft of unusual configuration built in the US in 1948 to investigate the advantages of a pusher propeller configuration. Apart from this engine installation, the aircraft was unusual in having an X-shaped tail incorporating ruddervators on the upper fins. The wing was mounted midway up the fuselage and was unswept. During the 1960s, the US aerospace manufacturer Northrop used the aircraft as a technology demonstrator for boundary layer control concepts.

Specifications (S-1 Sierra)

See also

References

External links
 Aircraft Ab – Ak#Acme Aerofiles
 Acme Sierra website

1950s United States experimental aircraft
Sierra
V-tail aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1953
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft with conventional landing gear
ACME Anser. The ACME Anser was an amphibious twin-jet utility aircraft that was developed in the United States by Air Craft Marine Engineering in 1958. The project was cancelled before the prototype was complete.

Design and development
The ACME Company (Air Craft Marine Engineering Company), was formed in September 1954 by Robert M. Berns, a former Lockheed Missile Systems design engineer, to design and develop the prototype of an eight-seat amphibian executive aircraft. The ACME Anser, (Anser from 'Analytical Services', a contributor to the design), was to have been a 6-passenger jet-powered amphibian incorporating advance features; an advanced hull design from NACA test tank data, boundary layer control system and a retractable outboard motor, for taxiing on water.

The structure of the Anser was to have been largely formed of honeycomb skins using fibre-glass and light alloy skin. The cantilever shoulder-mounted wing was to have been a two-spar structure with honey-comb upper panels, fibre-glass leading edges and light-alloy lower skins with boundary-layer suction and re-circulation over flaps and ailerons. The hull was to have been formed with Magnesium alloy castings for high-stress areas and fibre-glass honeycomb skin panels. The tail unit was to have been a simplified light-alloy built-up structure with a plastic foam core mounting a V-tail and housing the retractable outboard motor. A retractable tri-cycle undercarriage was proposed with the main gear retracting into stabilising sponsons either side of the fuselage. The design of the Anser was to CARA 04b requirements allowing its use as a commercial aircraft.

The crew and passenger sat in a pressurised cabin lined with urethane foam for sound-proofing, shock absorption and thermal insulation.

The two Turbomeca based Continental Model 420 turbofan engines were mounted at the wing-root trailing edge adjacent to the fuselage, in easily removable engine change units, with fuel housed in wing leading edge, wing-tip tanks and a hull flexible bag tank.

A mock-up was completed before construction of a prototype and production were cancelled.

Specifications (Anser - estimated)

References

Anser
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Jet seaplanes and flying boats
Twinjets
High-wing aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Flying boats
Unflown aircraft
Mojave Aerospace Ventures. Mojave Aerospace Ventures (MAV) is a company founded by Paul Allen and Burt Rutan to handle the commercial spinoffs from the Tier One project.  It owns the intellectual property arising from Tier One, and it is in turn owned by Allen (the majority shareholder) and Rutan's Scaled Composites.  In 2004, it signed a deal with Virgin Galactic to develop the Virgin SpaceShip, a suborbital spacecraft, for space tourism. Virgin Group and Scaled Composites have subsequently formed a joint venture, The Spaceship Company, to manufacture the spacecraft.

Company

The structure of Mojave Aerospace Ventures appears to be the basis of the deal between Allen and Rutan for the funding of Tier One.  The company owns all the intellectual property of the Tier One project, such as patents, and so controls commercial exploitation.  Allen, the sole source of funding for Tier One, is the majority owner.  Rutan, having developed the technology, owns a minority stake.  
This stands in contrast to the company more usually associated with Tier One, Scaled Composites, which, as of 2007, is owned by Northrop Grumman.
MAV serves to separate Tier One spinoffs from Scaled. Mojave Aerospace Ventures is part of Allen's Vulcan Aerospace.

Tier One derivative applications

Virgin Galactic

On September 25, 2004, MAV agreed on a joint venture with Richard Branson's newly formed company Virgin Galactic, to develop a suborbital spacecraft for the space tourism market.  The initial plan is to build five Virgin SpaceShips, based on scaling up the Tier One SpaceShipOne (SS1) design, with White Knight One (WK1) similarly evolved.  The spacecraft would be manufactured by The Spaceship Company.

The designs for the Tier 1b customer suborbital spaceflight vehicles are referred to as SpaceShipTwo (SS2) and its carrier aircraft is White Knight Two (WK2). The system, a suborbital space tourist system.

A further development of the technology, Tier Two and SpaceShipThree (SS3) was mooted. Either as, initially an orbital system, or, later, suborbital transcontinental/transoceanic transport. SS3 would eventually become into a further development of Tier 1b.

Stratolaunch Systems
A further application of the Tier One technology is for Allen's Stratolaunch Systems under Vulcan Aerospace with its Stratolaunch carrier aircraft Roc.

References

External links

Scaled Composites
Vulcan Inc.

Scaled Composites
Virgin Galactic
Mojave Air and Space Port
Private spaceflight companies
FV106 Samson. FV106 Samson was a British Army armoured recovery vehicle, one of the CVR(T) family. The main role of this vehicle was to recover the CVR(T) family of vehicles, but could also recover other light tracked vehicles such as the FV430 series.

Design and features
The Samson was conceived in the early 1970s with the final design entering production in 1978. The hull is an all-welded aluminium construction. It usually carries a crew of three operating a 3.5T capstan winch that can also be utilised in a lifting configuration. It carries suitable equipment to enable a 4:1 mechanical advantage with 228m of winch rope. This winch is capable of recovering up to 12 Tonnes of vehicle. A manually operated earth anchor is situated at the rear to anchor the vehicle while operations are carried out.

The Samson can be fitted with a flotation screen so it can be operated amphibiously using its own tracks at 6.5 km/h or at 9.6 km/h if also fitted with a propeller kit. The Samson can also be fitted with a full NBC protection unit.

Operators

A single Samson accompanied the two troops of Blues and Royals CVR(T)s to the Falklands War.

Current operators
  One in service.
 
  – 2 vehicles in service.
 
  – 3 vehicles in service.
  – 6 vehicles in service.
 
  – No longer in service with the British Army and Royal Air Force.
  - 5 vehicles from the United Kingdom in 2022.

Examples on display

Philippines
 FV106 Samson retired Philippine Army is on outdoor static display at Fort Bonifacio in Taguig, Philippines.

United Kingdom
The REME Museum has an example of a Samson on display in The Prince Philip Vehicle Hall.

See also
Armoured recovery vehicles
CVR(T)
REME

References

Tracked armoured recovery vehicles
Cold War armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom
Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s
Alvis vehicles
Olivetti Research Laboratory. The Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) was a research institute in the field of computing and telecommunications founded in 1986 by Hermann Hauser and Andy Hopper.

History
When Olivetti acquired Acorn Computers in 1985, Hauser, who was Acorn's co-founder, became vice-president for research at Olivetti where he was in charge of laboratories in the US and Europe. In 1986, Hauser co-founded the Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) in Cambridge, England, along with Professor Andy Hopper. Hopper became the laboratory's Director.

In 1988, Hauser left Olivetti. In 1997 the lab became the Olivetti & Oracle Research Lab. In January 1999 it was acquired by AT&T Corporation and became AT&T Laboratories Cambridge.

AT&T Laboratories Cambridge was for three years Europe's leading communications engineering research laboratory. The laboratory was internationally recognised as a centre of excellence, undertaking advanced research into communications, multimedia and mobile technologies.

As a result of heavy losses, AT&T restructured its worldwide research efforts and the Cambridge labs closed on 24 April 2002.

Notable achievements

 Original development of the RFB (remote framebuffer) protocol and VNC, the desktop sharing technology
 Development and maintenance of the free CORBA implementation for C++ and Python, omniORB
 The Active Badge System for the tracking of people and objects

External links 
Wrangling money men shut down the future, The Observer, 21 April 2002.
 An archive of many of the lab's technical reports
 XORL - an 'alumni' site formed at the lab's closure, with information about people and projects.

Defunct technological companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Cambridge
Research institutes established in 1986
Research institutes in Cambridge
Companies disestablished in 2002
DNG. DNG may refer to:

Science and technology
 Digital Negative, a digital photography raw image format
 Double negative metamaterial, a material in which both permittivity and magnetic permeability are less than zero
 Dienogest, a progestin medication

Railway stations
 Dandenong railway station (station code), Victoria, Australia
 Dunton Green railway station (station code), Kent, England

Other uses
 Delaware National Guard, a state agency of the government of Delaware
 DetonatioN Gaming, a Japanese esports organization
 Degrassi: The Next Generation, a Canadian television series
 Dungan language (ISO 639-3 code)

See also
 Dolce & Gabbana (D&G), an Italian luxury fashion house
America's Space Prize. America's Space Prize was a US$50 million space competition in orbital spaceflight established and funded in 2004 by hotel entrepreneur Robert Bigelow. The prize would have been awarded to the first US-based privately funded team to design and build a reusable crewed capsule capable of flying 5 astronauts to a Bigelow Aerospace inflatable space module. The criteria also required the capsule be recovered and flown again in 60 days. The prize expired January 10, 2010, without a winner or any test flights attempted. The teams were required to have been based in the United States.

History 
The prize was announced by Bigelow on 17 December 2003—the 100th anniversary of the Wright brothers first powered aircraft flight.

Prize rules
A set of ten criteria were set up in order for a contestant to win the prize.
 The spacecraft must reach  a minimum altitude of 400 kilometers (approximately 250 miles);
 The spacecraft must reach a minimum velocity sufficient to complete two (2) full orbits at altitude before returning to Earth;
 The spacecraft must carry no less than a crew of five (5) people;
 The spacecraft must dock or demonstrate its ability to dock with a Bigelow Aerospace inflatable space habitat, and be capable of remaining on station at least six (6) months;
 The spacecraft must perform two (2) consecutive, safe and successful orbital missions within a period of sixty (60) calendar days, subject to Government regulations;
 No more than twenty percent (20%) of the spacecraft may be composed of expendable hardware;
 The contestant must be domiciled in the United States of America.
 The contestant must have its principal place of business in the United States of America;
 The Competitor must not accept or utilize government development funding related to this contest of any kind, nor shall there be any government ownership of the competitor. Use in government test facilities shall be permitted; and
 The spacecraft must complete its two (2) missions safely and successfully, with all five (5) crew members aboard for the second qualifying flight, before the competition's deadline of Jan. 10, 2010

Contestants
Since the launch of the prize, 40 companies had expressed interest, but either did not have the money which would apparently be needed, or, in the case of SpaceX, were ineligible due to having accepted government funding. Despite the lack of interest, Bigelow did not revise the prize rules, planning instead to seek transportation to space other ways.

A few contestants have been:

 Interorbital Systems
 JP Aerospace
 SpaceDev
 SpaceX

See also
 Orteig Prize
 Ansari X Prize
 Mprize
 N-prize
 List of space technology awards

References

External links
 
 America's Space Prize in Encyclopedia Astronautica
 Exclusive: Rules Set for $50 Million 'America’s Space Prize' SPACE.COM (November 8, 2004)

Space organizations
Space-related awards
Challenge awards
Private spaceflight
2004 establishments in the United States
2010 disestablishments in the United States
Albite. Albite is a plagioclase feldspar mineral. It is the sodium endmember of the plagioclase solid solution series. It represents a plagioclase with less than 10% anorthite content. The pure albite endmember has the formula . It is a tectosilicate. Its color is usually pure white, hence its name from Latin, . It is a common constituent in felsic rocks.

Properties 
Albite crystallizes with triclinic pinacoidal forms. Its specific gravity is about 2.62 and it has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 6.5. Albite almost always exhibits crystal twinning often as minute parallel striations on the crystal face. Albite often occurs as fine parallel segregations alternating with pink microcline in perthite as a result of exolution on cooling.

There are two variants of albite, which are referred to as 'low albite' and 'high albite'; the latter is also known as 'analbite'. Although both variants are triclinic, they differ in the volume of their unit cell, which is slightly larger for the 'high' form. The 'high' form can be produced from the 'low' form by heating above  High albite can be found in meteor impact craters such as in Winslow, Arizona. Upon further heating to more than  the crystal symmetry changes from triclinic to monoclinic; this variant is also known as 'monalbite'. Albite melts at .

Oftentimes, potassium can replace the sodium characteristic in albite at amounts of up to 10%. When this is exceeded the mineral is then considered to be anorthoclase.

Occurrence 

It occurs in granitic and pegmatite masses (often as the variety cleavelandite), in some hydrothermal vein deposits, and forms part of the typical greenschist metamorphic facies for rocks of originally basaltic composition. Minerals that albite is often considered associated with in occurrence include biotite, hornblende, orthoclase, muscovite and quartz.

Discovery 
Albite was first reported in 1815 for an occurrence in Finnbo, Falun, Dalarna, Sweden.

Use 
Albite is used as a gemstone, albeit semiprecious. Albite is also used by geologists as it is identified as an important rock forming mineral. There is some industrial use for the mineral such as the manufacture of glass and ceramics.

One of the iridescent varieties of albite, discovered in 1925 near the White Sea coast by academician Alexander Fersman, became widely known under the trade name belomorite.

References

External links

 Mineral galleries

Tectosilicates
Feldspar
Triclinic minerals
Luminescent minerals
Gemstones
Minerals in space group 2
Chabazite. Chabazite () is a tectosilicate mineral of the zeolite group, closely related to gmelinite, with the chemical formula . Recognized varieties include Chabazite-Ca, Chabazite-K, Chabazite-Na, and Chabazite-Sr, depending on the prominence of the indicated cation.

Chabazite crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with typically rhombohedral shaped crystals that are pseudo-cubic. The crystals are typically twinned, and both contact twinning and penetration twinning may be observed.  They may be colorless, white, orange, brown, pink, green, or yellow. The hardness ranges from 3 to 5 and the specific gravity from 2.0 to 2.2.  The luster is vitreous.

It was named chabasie in 1792 by Bosc d'Antic and later changed to the current spelling.

Chabazite occurs most commonly in voids and amygdules in basaltic rocks.

Chabazite is found in India, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, the Giants Causeway in Northern Ireland, Bohemia, Italy, Germany, along the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, Oregon, Arizona, and New Jersey.

Synthetic chabazite 
Many different materials that are isostructural with the chabazite mineral have been synthesized in laboratories. SSZ-13 is a CHA type zeolite with an Si/Al ratio of 14. This is a composition not found in nature.

References

External links
 Webmineral
 Mineral Galleries
 Mindat.org

Tectosilicates
Calcium minerals
Sodium minerals
Potassium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Aluminium minerals
12
Zeolites
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166
Minerals described in 1792