omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ATREX. The ATREX engine (Air Turbo Ramjet Engine with eXpander cycle) developed in Japan is an experimental precooled jet engine that works as a turbojet at low speeds and a ramjet up to mach 6.0.

ATREX uses liquid hydrogen fuel in a fairly exotic single-fan arrangement. The liquid hydrogen fuel is pumped through a heat exchanger in the air-intake, simultaneously heating the liquid hydrogen and cooling the incoming air. This cooling of the incoming air is critical in achieving a reasonable efficiency. The hydrogen then continues through a second heat exchanger positioned after the combustion section, where the hot exhaust is used to further heat the hydrogen, turning it in a very high pressure gas. This gas is then passed through the tips of the fan providing driving power to the fan at subsonic speeds. After mixing with the air, the hydrogen is burned in the combustion chamber.

The development of this engine lost focus in favor of the new hypersonic precooled turbojet engine (PCTJ).

See also
RB545
Skylon

References

External links
Official ATREX project site (English version, archived version, July 9, 2005)

Space program of Japan
Jet engines
Kappa Eta Kappa. Kappa Eta Kappa () is an American co-educational professional fraternity for electrical engineering and computer engineering. It was founded in 1923 at the University of Iowa.

History
Kappa Eta Kappa was founded in 1923 at the University of Iowa. It was established as a professional fraternity for students who were majoring in electrical engineering.

The preamble to the constitution of KHK states the principles of the organization:Believing that the attainment of education as well as technical training is the aim of all true engineers, we band ourselves together to foster and promote fraternal relationships among Electrical Engineering students; to strive at all times for the maintenance of a complete and lasting understanding and fellowship between faculty and students; to unceasingly cherish and develop character and ideals of service as the necessary attributes of the profession.After the founding of the Alpha chapter, other chapters were quickly added. Five chapters closed because of World War II.

Symbols
The fraternity's colors are purple and gold. Its symbol is the  lightning bolt. Its publication is The Electron.

Membership
KHK requires that members are majoring or will major in electrical engineering, computer engineering or computer science. The fraternity is co-educational.

Chapters
In the following is a list, active chapters are in bold and inactive chapters are in italics.

Notable members

 Michael Athans, control theorist and academic

See also

 Professional fraternities and sororities

References

External Links

Student organizations established in 1923
1923 establishments in Iowa
Professional fraternities and sororities in the United States
Professional Fraternity Association
Nanotomography. Nanotomography, much like its related modalities tomography and microtomography, uses x-rays to create cross-sections from a 3D-object that later can be used to recreate a virtual model without destroying the original model, applying Nondestructive testing. The term nano is used to indicate that the pixel sizes of the cross-sections are in the nanometer range

Nano-CT beamlines have been built at 3rd generation synchrotron radiation facilities, including the Advanced Photon Source of Argonne National Laboratory, SPring-8, and ESRF from early 2000s. They have been applied to wide variety of three-dimensional visualization studies, such as those of comet samples returned by the Startdust mission, mechanical degradation in lithium-ion batteries, and neuron deformation in schizophrenic brains. 

Although a lot of research is done to create nano-CT scanners, currently there are only a few available commercially. The SkyScan-2011 has a range of about 150 to 250 nanometers per pixel with a resolution of 400 nm and a field of view (FOV) of 200 micrometers.  The Xradia nanoXCT has a spatial resolution of better than 50 nm and a FOV of 16 micrometers.

At the Ghent University, the UGCT team developed a nano-CT scanner based on commercially available components. The UGCT facility is an open nano-CT facility giving access to scientists from universities, institutes and industry.

References 

Medical imaging
Microscopes
Loellingite. Loellingite, also spelled löllingite, is an iron arsenide mineral with formula FeAs2. It is often found associated with arsenopyrite (FeAsS) from which it is hard to distinguish. Cobalt, nickel and sulfur substitute in the structure. The orthorhombic lollingite group includes the nickel iron arsenide rammelsbergite and the cobalt iron arsenide safflorite. Leucopyrite is an old synonym for loellingite.

It forms opaque silvery white orthorhombic prismatic crystals often exhibiting crystal twinning. It also occurs in anhedral masses and tarnishes on exposure to air. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6 and a quite high specific gravity of 7.1 to 7.5. It becomes magnetic after heating.

Loellingite was first described in 1845 at the Lölling district in Carinthia, Austria, for which it was named.

It occurs in mesothermal ore deposits associated with skutterudite, native bismuth, nickeline, nickel-skutterudite, siderite and calcite. It has also been reported from pegmatites.

References

Further reading

External links

Mineral galleries
Minerals of Franklin, N.J.

Iron minerals
Arsenide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 58
Welin breech block. The Welin breech block was a revolutionary stepped, interrupted thread design for locking artillery breeches, invented by Axel Welin in 1889 or 1890. Shortly after, Vickers acquired the British patents.  Welin breech blocks provide obturation for artillery pieces which use separate loading bagged charges and projectiles.  In this system the projectile is loaded first and then followed by cloth bags of propellant.

Design
The breech block screw incorporates multiple threaded "steppings" of progressively larger radius and a gap step occupying each circular section.  A three step breech block screw's circular area would nominally be divided into quarters, with each quarter containing three threaded sections of progressively increasing height and a gap step for insertion.

Each step engages with its matching thread cut in the gun breech when inserted and rotated. A gap in the thread steps was still necessary for the insertion of the largest step before rotation, so the area of the breech secured by threads in the block is:

This was a major improvement on previous, non-stepped designs such as the de Bange system.  The breech loader [of the] de Bange system uses a single thread step and can only engage half of the block's circumferential threads with the breech, necessitating a long screw to achieve a strong lock.  Efficiency is gained with multiple thread step heights on an interrupted screw because the smaller thread steps may be inserted into the breech along the radial vector of any larger step, whereas a single thread step interrupted screw cannot be inserted where any threads of the breech lay in the radial vector as any threads of the screw. Thread lock area is directly related to the munitions strength which may be safely fired, and thus large munitions with single step screw breeches needed unreasonably long breech screws.  These in turn required more time and much greater room to extract and move aside to gain access the gun's chamber to clean and reload it.    The engagement of threads around much more of the circumference of the Welin block allowed it to be shorter for the same total engagement area and strength, it required less than 90 degree rotation to lock the threads, making operation faster than previous designs and possible in much tighter space. It was also simpler and more secure.

The Welin breech was a single motion screw, allowing it to be operated much faster than previous interrupted-thread breeches, and it became very common on British and American large calibre naval artillery and also field artillery above about .

Though the US Navy was offered the design a year or two after its invention, they declined and the American Bethlehem Steel spent the next five years in trying to circumvent Welin's patent, before having to buy it through Vickers.

See also
 Rifled breech loader

Notes and references

External links

 YouTube video showing Welin breech mechanism
 Royal New Zealand Artillery Association, Breech Mechanisms

Artillery components
Firearm actions
Bioprocessor. A bioprocessor is a miniaturized bioreactor capable of culturing mammalian, insect and microbial cells.  Bioprocessors are capable of mimicking performance of large-scale bioreactors, hence making them ideal for laboratory scale experimentation of cell culture processes. Bioprocessors are also used for concentrating bioparticles (such as cells) in bioanalytical systems. Microfluidic processes such as electrophoresis can be implemented by bioprocessors to aid in DNA isolation and purification.

References 

Biochemical engineering
Biotechnology
Lockheed XP-49. The Lockheed XP-49 (company Model 522) was an advancement on the P-38 Lightning for a fighter in response to U.S. Army Air Corps proposal 39-775. Intended to use the new 24-cylinder Pratt & Whitney X-1800 engine, this proposal, which was for an aircraft substantially similar to the P-38, was assigned the designation XP-49, while the competing Grumman Model G-46 was awarded second place and designated XP-50.

History
Ordered in October 1939 and approved on January 8, 1940, the XP-49 was to feature a pressurized cockpit and armament of two  cannon and four  machine guns. Two months into the contract, a decision was made to substitute the Continental XI-1430-1 (or IV-1430) for the X-1800. The XP-49, 40-3055, first flew on 11 November 1942. The prototype force-landed on 1 January 1943, when the port landing gear failed to lock down due to combined hydraulic and electrical system failures. The XP-49 next flew 16 February 1943, after repairs were made. Preliminary flight data showed performance was not sufficiently better than the production P-38, especially given the questionable future of the XI-1430 engine, to warrant disruption of the production line to introduce the new model aircraft. Consideration of quantity production was therefore abandoned.

The aircraft was flown to Wright Field, and after various problems, further work on the XP-49 was halted, and Lockheed focused their energies on improving the P-38 instead.

Specifications (XP-49)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters. London: MacDonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (Sixth impression 1969). .
 Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: US Army Air Force Fighters, Part 2. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1978. .

External links

P-049
Lockheed P-49
Twin-boom aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1942
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Daniel Spill. Daniel Spill (11 February 1832 – 1887) was born in Winterbourne, Gloucestershire, England. He became a rubber and an early thermoplastics manufacturer. For over 20 years Spill had pursued the goal of making a successful business from Alexander Parkes' invention Parkesine, the first man-made plastic.

Career
Although he trained as a doctor he joined the business of his brother George. The firm of George Spill & Co. manufactured waterproof textiles in Stepney Green, East London  by spreading rubber onto cloth. The material was much in demand for capes and groundsheets for soldiers in the wet conditions of the Crimean War.

Spill became aware of Parkes' claim for the waterproof qualities of Parkesine probably at the 1862 exhibition. Negotiations led to an agreement not only to use it for waterproofing but also to develop Parkesine in the works of George Spill at Hackney Wick. A provisional patent was granted in 1863 to the Spill brothers and Thomas James Briggs concerning "improvements in the manufacture of driving straps or bands and of flexible tubes or hose"

In 1866, the Parkesine Company was established with Daniel Spill as works manager and Parkes as managing director. The Company did not prosper and was wound up in 1868, Spill taking over most of the stock. He formed the Xylonite Company in 1869 to carry on the business but that did not fare much better and was wound up in 1874.

Undaunted by these failures, Spill established Daniel Spill & Co. in Homerton, continuing to make Xylonite and Ivoride. This enterprise succeeded in that others entered into an agreement with Spill in 1877 to form the British Xylonite Company in purpose-built premises at Brantham. This company did go on and prosper, going on to employ 1,160 people by 1902 and changed its name to BX Plastics.

Spill's later years were largely occupied in a long legal battle in America with John Wesley Hyatt and the Celluloid Manufacturing Company for infringement of his patents. The lawsuit which was filed in 1875, was first found in his favour in 1880 even after Parkes testified on behalf of Hyatt, but reversed in 1884. Spill returned to England and in 1887 died of diabetes at the age of 55.

Personal life
He married at the age of 18; his bride was 15. In 1881 Spill was listed as a retired manufacturer in the 1881 census of Leyton High Street, living with his wife and daughter and his nephew George, an India Rubber Manufacturer.

References

External links 
  Short biography and picture
 History of Plastics

1832 births
1887 deaths
People from Winterbourne, Gloucestershire
Number 139. Number 139 is a large sculpture created in 2010 by African American contemporary artist Leonardo Drew.

Description

Number 139 is constructed of hundreds of wooden slabs, chunks, wedges, blocks and twigs. Some of the wooden elements, if not all, are attached to one another with screws. The chunks and twigs are most evident at the top and sides of the structure. The majority of stacked slabs sit at eye level and downward, implying an impending collapse of the foundation. The natural surface of the wooden pieces and screws have been altered with black paint. Upon closer look, some of the wooden elements reveal their original caramel-toned pigment. The placement of each component is very deliberate. The composition of the work reads balanced and harmonious than that of natural destruction. Deep inside of the work, surprising elements appear such as toothy slabs. These thin pieces have split in some sort of methodical yet haphazard manner, revealing potential visual representations of teeth, piano keys, or city skylines.

Repetition is routinely employed in the placement of materials except for two notable instances. Close to the bottom left of the artwork there is a misshapen slab with a nearly perfect circle-shaped cutaway. Upon close investigation, this negative circle space appears imperfect, implying possible organic origins. The circle detail is unique to the piece. The other notable eccentricity is a long stick at the top right portion of the work. It protrudes far more than any other element, almost disquietingly so in its exaggerated gesture. Many juxtapositions exist within this form, perhaps most prominently the twigs and stumps placed methodically against stacked machine-cut wooden slabs.

References

2010 sculptures
Wooden sculptures
Bookajet. Bookajet is a British aircraft charter and management company based in Petersfield, Hampshire, UK.

Bookajet Limited holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority AOC and Type B Operating Licence.

Services 
 Aircraft Charter
 Helicopter Charter
 Aircraft Management 
 Aircraft Sales
 Operations Support
 Jet Black Card Block Hours Programme

Fleet 
Bookajet has experience operating the following aircraft types:

 Bombardier Global XRS
 Bombardier Global 5000
 Bombardier Challenger 300
 Gulfstream GIV SP
 Dassault Falcon 900LX
 Embraer Legacy 650
 Embraer Legacy 600
 Cessna Citation Sovereign
 Cessna Citation Excel / XLS / XLS+ 
 Cessna Citation CJ / CJ2+
 Hawker 800XP / 850XP
 Hawker Beechcraft Raytheon 390 Premier 1
 King Air 350i

References

Airlines of the United Kingdom
RWD 1. The RWD 1 was a Polish sports plane of 1928, a single-engine high-wing monoplane constructed by the RWD design team.

Development
The RWD 1 was the first aircraft constructed by the RWD team of Stanisław Rogalski, Stanisław Wigura and Jerzy Drzewiecki in the Aviation Section of Mechanic Students' Club of Warsaw University of Technology. It was designed in late 1927. The plane was built with a financial help of the LOPP organization. One prototype was built for static trials, and one flying prototype (registration SP-ACC), completed and flown by the designer Jerzy Drzewiecki in September 1928.

Its unusual feature was a unique, fish-shaped fuselage, similar to early Messerschmitt's designs (M17). Two crewmen sat in tandem inside the fuselage and had only side openings in its upper part. In front of the pilot's head there was an upper part of the fuselage, supporting wings, limiting his view forward, though its profile was thin. This shape was repeated in following RWD designs. The aircraft was evaluated as a quite good design, with an original construction. It had high glide ratio of 12, and its payload was bigger than its empty weight. It was not built in any quantities, but gave a basis to further more successful RWD designs: RWD 2, RWD 3, RWD 4, RWD 7, and, partly RWD 5.

The prototype took part in the 2nd Polish Light Aircraft Contest in 1928, but did not complete it due to engine breakdown. In 1929 it undertook a raid around Poland. It was scrapped in winter of 1929/1930.

Description
Wooden construction single-engine high-wing cantilever monoplane, conventional in layout. The fuselage rectangular in cross-section, narrowing in upper part, plywood covered. Single-spar one-part trapezoid wings, covered with canvas and plywood in front. Cantilever empennage, covered with plywood (stabilizers) and canvas (rudder and elevators). The crew of two sat in tandem. The crew cockpits were open on the sides in upper part, and had individual doors (first cockpit on the right, second one on the left). A 2-cylinder air-cooled 40 hp ABC Scorpion II boxer engine (34 hp nominal power) was in front, driving two-blade wooden propeller Szomański (1.5 m diameter). Conventional fixed landing gear, sprung with a rubber rope, with a rear skid. Fuel tank in fuselage front (fuel consumption 9 L/h).

Specifications (RWD 1)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Photos and description (in Polish)

1920s Polish sport aircraft
RWD 01
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
SAP R/2. SAP R/2 is an older version of real-time enterprise resource planning (ERP) software produced by the German company SAP AG, that was replaced by SAP R/3.

SAP R/2 was launched in 1979 and followed the company's first product, a materials management module called RM/1, which was launched in 1975 and became part of R/1. What was unique about R/2 was that it was a packaged software application that processed real-time on a mainframe computer taking advantage of Time Sharing Option and integrated all of an enterprise's functions, such as accounting, manufacturing processes, supply chain logistics and human resources.

The modules of R/2 included: RF (Finance) / RK (Controlling) (current day FICO), RM (Materials Management - including Purchasing (RM-PUR), Inventory Management, Production Planning, Quality Management (RM-Qualitäts), Plant Maintenance (RM-INST); RV (including Sales & Distribution and modern-day Logistics Execution);RK-P (Projects) RP (Personnel).

See also
 SAP ERP

External links
 Examples of old R/2 screens

1979 software
R 2
ERP software
IBM mainframe software
Closed circuit. Closed circuit can refer to:
Closed-circuit television
Closed-circuit radio
Closed circuit breathing apparatus, commonly known as rebreathers for portable units, and as component parts of life-support systems for more complex equipment.
Closed Circuit (1978 film), a 1978 Italian film
Closed Circuit (2013 film), a 2013 British thriller film
An electric circuit is a "closed circuit" if it contains a complete path between the positive and negative terminals of its power source
 Closed Circuit (album), a 2001 album by New Zealand composer Peter Jefferies
 The Closed Circuit, a 2013 Polish action film directed by Ryszard Bugajski
SMIC. SMIC may refer to:
The SMIC Private School, in Shanghai
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, in Shanghai
 (SMIC), the minimum wage law in France
Special Material Identification Code, a logistics management code used in association with the NATO Stock Number
Server Management Interface Chip, part of Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI)
Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God, a Roman Catholic religious order
René Herse. René Louis Théodore Herse (1908–1976)
was a French builder of high-quality touring, randonneur and racing bicycles.  His works are sought by collectors and riders.

Career
Herse was born in Caen.  He started working on prototype aircraft at the aircraft maker Breguet. In 1938, he introduced lightweight aluminum bicycle components: pedals, cranks, cantilever brakes and stems. In 1940, he began making complete bicycles. Herse was a "constructeur", meaning he built not just the frame but the entire bike.

His hand-built bicycles were described as "the pinnacle of French cycling" from the 1940s until his death.  Herse died in Paris.

Competition successes
Herse bikes won technical trials in wartime and post-war France.  His riders and especially his daughter Lyli Herse (see below) won numerous times in the Polymultipliée de Chanteloup hillclimb races. Herse's riders won the Challenge des Constructeurs for the builder with the three best-placed riders in the Paris-Brest-Paris randonneur event every time from 1948 until 1971, and again in 1975. Six victories out of ten times the trophy was attributed has never been equalled.

His frames were ridden to victory by racers including Louison Bobet. Geneviève Gambillon won the world championships (female) on René Herse in 1972 and 1974.

Family
His daughter, Lyli, won eight national female cycling championships in France. After René Herse's death, Lyli Herse and her husband Jean Desbois, who was one of Herse's best framebuilders, continued the René Herse company until 1986. They also completed back orders of bicycles, so the last classic René Herse bikes were made in 1988.

Today 
In the early 2000s, Lyli approached Jan Heine, the editor of Bicycle Quarterly magazine and founder of Compass Bicycles, with the request of taking over the René Herse trademark and assets in order to safeguard them for the future. In late 2018, Compass Bicycles officially changed the company name to Rene Herse Cycles, to fully safeguard the trademark and legacy.

References

External links 
René Herse Project Photo gallery of René Herse bicycles
 Resource including original catalog and pictures

Cycle designers
Cycle manufacturers of France
Bicycle framebuilders
1908 births
1976 deaths
Businesspeople from Caen
Sportspeople from Calvados (department)
American Society for Artificial Internal Organs. American Society for Artificial Internal Organs (ASAIO) is an organization of individuals and groups that are interested in artificial internal organs and their development.

It supports research into artificial internal organs and holds an annual meeting, which attracts industry, researchers and government officials.  ASAIO's most heavily represented areas are nephrology, cardiopulmonary devices (artificial hearts, heart-lung machines) and biomaterials.  It publishes a peer-reviewed publication, the ASAIO Journal, 10 times a year.

References

External links 
American Society for Artificial Internal Organs home page
ASAIO Journal - home

Implants (medicine)
Medical associations based in the United States
Prosthetics
Medical and health organizations based in Florida