omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Whigham GW-5. The Whigham GW-5 is an American mid-wing, single seat, FAI Standard Class glider that was designed and constructed by Gene Whigham, a retired flight test engineer for Convair.

Design and development
The GW-5 was designed for the standard class and as such it features a constant-chord  wing with a Wortmann FX 61-184 airfoil and flaps for glidepath control.

The GW-5 is of all-metal construction. The landing gear is a faired fixed monowheel. The aircraft has a bubble canopy and a conventional low tail.

One GW-5 was built. It was completed in 1980 and registered with the Federal Aviation Administration in the Experimental - Amateur-built category.

Operational history
The sole GW-5 built was sold in September 2012 and the registration has expired. It is not known if the aircraft still exists or not.

Specifications (GW-5)

See also

References

1980s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1980
Whigham GW-6. The Whigham GW-6 is an American mid-wing, single-seat, glider that was designed and constructed by Gene Whigham, a retired flight test engineer for Convair.

Design and development
Whigham completed and flew the GW-6 in 1983. The aircraft was intended to be a very lightweight glider and incorporated some design innovations to achieve that goal. The wing spar was built up from extruded angles, with a sheet aluminium spar web. The wing ribs are made from sheet aluminium and the wing is covered in doped aircraft fabric covering. The wing has large ailerons, a 22:1 aspect ratio and a  span. The tailplane and elevator are small in size. The normal flight centre of gravity is at 35% of chord, which is more aft than usual with the NACA 43012A airfoil employed.

Only one GW-6 was constructed and it was registered with the Federal Aviation Administration as an Experimental - Amateur-built.

Operational history
Soaring Magazine reported that the GW-6 had about 65 hours of flying time by late in the summer of 1983, Whigham having flown it that season while building the GW-7. In July 2011 the aircraft was still on the FAA registry and owned by John B. Waters of San Diego, California.

Specifications (GW-6)

See also

References

1980s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1983
Mid-wing aircraft
Whigham GW-7. The Whigham GW-7 is an American mid-wing, single-seat, 15 metre class glider that was designed and constructed by Gene Whigham, a retired Convair flight test engineer.

Design and development
Whigham's last glider design was the GW-7. The aircraft was completed and first flew in 1987.

The GW-7 is of all metal construction, has a  wing span and employs a NASA NLF(1)-0215F airfoil. The flaps and ailerons are interconnected. The flaps travel +/-10° in normal flight in concert with the ailerons and then can be deployed to 60° for glidepath control on landing.

Only one GW-7 was constructed and it was registered with the Federal Aviation Administration as an Experimental - Amateur-built.

Operational history
In July 2011 the sole GW-7 built was still on the FAA registry and owned by Donald Macey of Fallon, Nevada.

Specifications (GW-7)

See also

References

1980s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1987
Mid-wing aircraft
Faculdade de Informática e Administração Paulista. Faculdade de Informática e Administração Paulista  (FIAP) is a higher education institution in São Paulo, Brazil. It was created in São Paulo, in 1993. It has traditions in the area of Informatics. Bachelor courses include Computer engineering, Information system, Management, Computer network, Database, Internet system, System analysis and development, Cybersecurity, and Game development.  It has been consistently ranked as one of the best private universities of the country. It also teaches MBA Programs level courses.

References

External links
 

Educational institutions established in 1993
Universities and colleges in São Paulo (state)
1993 establishments in Brazil
Heuberger Sizzler. The Heuberger Sizzler is low-wing, tricycle gear, homebuilt aircraft that was designed by Continental Air Lines engineer Larry Heuberger.

Design and development
The prototype Sizzler was started in November 1956

The Sizzler is almost a T-tail arrangement with a small amount of vertical stabilizer protruding. It is mostly aluminium construction with flush riveting. The Sizzler uses a fiberglass cowling and wing fairings. The front spar is from an Ercoupe and the nose gear is modified from a Cessna 180 tail wheel.

Variants
Heuberger Sizzler
Heuberger Sizzler II
Widened for two seats side-by-side, integrated leading edge wet-wing and larger stabilizer

Specifications (Sizzler)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Ad Opt. AD OPT is the airline crew planning division of  IBS Software.

History
AD OPT was founded in 1987 by Jean Éthier, Pierre Lestage, Daniel McInnis, François Soumis and Pierre Trudeau all operational researchers from the decision analysis research group, GERAD, and the CRT (Centre de Recherche sur les Transports/ Research Center on Transportation) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Originally, they worked on developing truck itinerary management software for mining companies. It was only later that the company concentrated on developing software to manage crew planning (Altitude) and shift worker schedules (ShiftLogic).

In 1999, the company was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) under AOP. With ShiftLogic, they later expanded their horizons into other industries including manufacturing, hospitality, and transportation, among others. In 2001, AD OPT purchased Total Care Technologies to include staff scheduling in the healthcare industry to their product list.

AD OPT's operational research team maintains close ties with GERAD and its teams by funding some of their research projects in the aviation scheduling domain.

In 2004, AD OPT Technologies Inc. was acquired by Kronos Incorporated and in 2019, AD OPT was acquired by the aviation and transportation IT services provider IBS Software.

In June 2015, AD OPT received the CORS Omond Solandt Award for Excellence in Operational Research.

Clients
Some of Ad Opt's clients (present and past) include:
Air Canada
easyJet
Emirates Airlines
Etihad Airways
FedEx
Qantas Airways
South African Airlines
United Airlines
UPS
US Airways
Virgin Australia

References

Business software companies
Companies based in Montreal
Software companies established in 1987
Transportation planning
David A. Huffman. David Albert Huffman (August 9, 1925 – October 7, 1999) was an American pioneer in computer science, known for his Huffman coding. He was also one of the pioneers in the field of mathematical origami.

Education
Huffman earned his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Ohio State University in 1944. Then, he served two years as an officer in the United States Navy. He returned to Ohio State to earn his master's degree in electrical engineering in 1949. In 1953, he earned his Doctor of Science in electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), with the thesis The Synthesis of Sequential Switching Circuits, advised by Samuel H. Caldwell.

Career
Huffman joined the faculty at MIT in 1953. In 1967, he joined the faculty of University of California, Santa Cruz and helped found its Computer Science Department, where he served as chair from 1970 to 1973. He retired in 1994.

Huffman is best known for Huffman coding, which he published while a ScD student at MIT in 1952. Huffman came up with the algorithm when a professor offered students to either take the traditional final exam, or improve a leading algorithm for data compression. Huffman reportedly was more proud of his work "The Synthesis of Sequential Switching Circuits," which was the topic of his 1953 MIT thesis (an abridged version of which was published in the Journal of the Franklin Institute in 1954.)

Awards and honors
 1955: The Louis E. Levy Medal from the Franklin Institute for his doctoral thesis on sequential switching circuits.
 1973: The W. Wallace McDowell Award from the IEEE Computer Society.
 1981: Charter recipient of the Computer Pioneer Award from the IEEE Computer Society.
 1998: A Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society, for "the invention of the Huffman minimum-length lossless data-compression code".
 1999: The IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal.

References

External links
 
 
 

1925 births
1999 deaths
American information theorists
Data compression researchers
Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
20th-century American mathematicians
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Victor Mahl. Victor Mahl (28 October 1889 – 2 April 1915) was an early English aviator and Chief Mechanic of the Sopwith Aviation Company.

Mahl was born in Twickenham in Middlesex, England on 28 October 1889. By 1911 he was a motor engineer and he became the Chief Engineer to the Sopwith Aviation Company. Mahl married Winifred Day in 1912 in Wolverhampton. He worked as Howard Pixton's engineer when he won the 1914 Schneider Trophy.

On 14 May 1914 Mahl obtained his aviators licence flying a Sopwith Biplane at Brooklands. Mahl test flew Sopwith aircraft and on 1 November 1914 he crashed into Southampton Water flying a Sopwith seaplane. The passenger and designer of the aircraft R. Austen was killed but Mahl was rescued from water clinging to one of the upturned floats.

On 2 April 1915 while he was at Southampton testing seaplanes he died after an operation for appendicitis.

See also
List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Royal Aero Club in 1914

References

Notes

1889 births
1915 deaths
English aerospace engineers
English aviators
People from Twickenham
Deaths from appendicitis
Australian University Kuwait. The Australian University (AU) was established in 2004 under the name of “Australian College of Kuwait” as one of the first private universities operated in the State of Kuwait. AU offers world-class higher education on home ground through international learning partnerships. Offering diploma and bachelor academic programs in different disciplines such as Engineering, Business, Aviation, and Maritime studies.

Bachelor’s Degrees (0-4) and (0-2) Diploma 
AU offers a selection of degrees, programs, and opportunities to support students learning journey. In specializations within Engineering, Business, Aviation and Maritime studies, classified under: Bachelor’s Degrees (0-4) and (0-2) Diploma to Bachelor’s Degree (2+2). Our Bachelor and Diploma degrees prepare students for important and in market demand jobs. Through the skills they acquire as part of their studies, students learn solidly ways of thinking that are critical in their career and intelligent growth.

AU Academic Programs 

In addition, the university offers courses in Maritime Training through its specialized facilities.

Links

2004 establishments in Kuwait
Australia–Kuwait relations
Educational institutions established in 2004
Universities and colleges in Kuwait
Poland National Renewable Energy Action Plan. The Poland National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Poland. The plan was commissioned by the Directive 2009/28/EC which required Member States of the European Union to notify the European Commission with a road map. The report describes how Poland planned to achieve its legally binding target of a 15% share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy by 2020.

Main targets in Poland 
Poland national target for the share of renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy in 2020 is 15%. The expected total energy consumption in 2020 is 69,200 ktoe and hence the amount of energy from renewable sources in target year 2020 should be 10,380.5 ktoe. National Renewable Energy Action Plan sets a target of the share of renewable energies to be 19.13% in electricity sector, 17.05% in heating/cooling sector and 10.14% in transport sector by 2020.

Main incentives and laws in Poland 

a) Based on the Energy Act and secondary legislation to this Act, inter alia:

 Obligation to purchase energy from RES imposed ex officio on sellers of electricity, who issued conditions of connections to the grid for a given source
 Obligation of energy grid operators to ensure priority to all entities in the provision of services involving transmission or distribution of electricity produced from renewable energy sources
 Reduction of the fee for connection to the grid, determined based on actual outlays incurred for installing the connection for renewable energy sources with total installed power not exceeding 5 MW and cogeneration units with power not exceeding 1 MW
 Special principles of wind farm balancing
 Additional support to small RES (below 5 MW) producing electricity (for instance: exemption from stamp duty for issuing the licence and certificates of origin).

b) Based on other legislation:

 Exemption of energy produced from renewable sources from excise duty that currently equals PLN 20 per 1 MWh

c) Financial support to investments in RES provided in form of grants or borrowings and investment loans bearing low interest rate:

 From public funds, including EU funds within financing of Operational Programme: Infrastructure and Environment and Regional Operational Programmes
 From regional funds, including from the budget of the European Union, within the scope of support to investment projects pertaining to RES
 From funds of the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management
 From funds of the Eco-Fund that provided co-financing for investments in solar, wind, biomass and biogas energy, and highly efficient co-generation in the years 2005-2009
 From resources of the European Economic Area, including the Norwegian Financial Mechanism that provided co-financing for, inter alia, projects increasing the use of renewable energy sources in the years 2004-2009.

See also 
Renewables Directive

References 

Poland National Renewable Energy Action Plan

Renewable energy in Poland
Renewable energy policy
Action plans
Sweden National Renewable Energy Action Plan. The Sweden  National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Sweden. The plan was commissioned by the Directive 2009/28/EC which required Member States of the European Union to notify the European Commission with a road map. The report describes how Sweden planned to achieve its legally binding target of a 49% share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy by 2020.

Main targets in Sweden 
In the NREAP, the Federal Government estimates the share of renewable energies in gross final energy consumption to be 50.2% in 2020. The share of renewable energies in the electricity sector will thereby amount to 62.8%, the share in the heating/cooling sector will be 62%, while in the transport sector it will amount to 12.4%.

Main incentives and laws in Sweden 
The Swedish licensing and legislative system is so structured that the Swedish Parliament and the Government govern through laws and regulations that are applied by national authorities that autonomously interpret and implement these laws and regulations. At a national level, there are regional government authorities and county administrative boards that have the task of coordinating and implementing the targets and mandates stipulated by the national authorities.

Special for Wind Power

There are four wind power coordinators and a national network for wind power within the area of wind power. Furthermore, the Swedish Energy Agency has, on behalf of the Government, developed an Internet-based manual about wind power (Vindlov.se) for all of the information that is needed for licensing matters regarding wind power and information on most things from concept stage to the commissioning of the completed wind farm.

Special for Solar Power

Solar heating installations need to meet certain quality standards in order to benefit from solar heating funding.
 
Financial Support Systems in Sweden
The Electricity certificate scheme
Support for planning initiatives for wind power
Governmental support for solar photovoltaic cells
Aid for investment in solar energy

References

Renewable energy policy
Action plans
Renewable energy in Sweden
Structural Engineering Research Centre. CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR-SERC), Chennai is one of the 38 constituent laboratories of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in India. The institute is a certified ISO:9001 quality institute.

Charter
CSIR-SERC is involved in research and development in the field of designing, construction and rehabilitation of structures. The institute provides services including design consultancy and proof checking to various public and private sector organizations.

Specialized courses for practicing engineers are also provided by the institute.

Facilities
The institute has various laboratories, which are listed as follows.

 Advance Concrete Testing and Evaluation Lab
 Advance Materials Lab 
 Advanced Seismic Testing and Research Lab
 Fatigue and Fracture Lab
 Special and Multifunctional Structures Lab
 Steel Structures Lab
 Structural Health Monitoring Lab
 Theoretical & Computational Mechanics Lab
 Tower Testing & Research Station
 Wind Engineering Lab

See also
 Official website of www.serc.res.in

References

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Research institutes in Chennai
Structural engineering
Research institutes in Tamil Nadu
1965 establishments in Madras State
Research institutes established in 1965
Butler Air Transport. Butler Air Transport was an Australian airline founded by C. Arthur Butler to operate air transport primarily among New South Wales airports in Australia, from 1934 until 1959.

History
Arthur Butler, OBE (1902–1980) was an English-Australian aviator whose first aviation experience was as a toolmaker and later ground engineer in Sydney then Hay. Butler was engineer to pilot Francis Stewart Briggs who taught Butler to fly at Hay. After getting a pilot's license, he became a barnstormer before, in 1934, winning the contract for the Charleville to Cootamundra leg of the England-Australia airmail route. The Butler Air Transport Co lost the contract on the contract's expiry in 1938, but went on to operate as a civil airline, serving country towns in New South Wales and Queensland.

During World War II Butler Air Transport continued operating on a limited scale and also manufactured parts for the Australian war effort on a cost-recovery basis. At the end of the war, Butler registered Butler Air Transport Pty Ltd as a public company. It became the most successful airline in New South Wales, operating three Douglas DC-3s, Avro Ansons, De Havilland Herons and three Airspeed Ambassadors.

Butler encouraged employee ownership of the company, and in 1947, they owned 51 per cent.

In the late 1940s, the Chifley Labor Government sought to nationalise the airlines. In the early 1950s the coalition government abandoned nationalisation and instead adopted the Two Airlines Policy favouring Ansett Airways and Trans-Australia Airlines. Arthur Butler fought against the trend, including an intended buy-out in the early 1950s by Australian National Airways. In 1955 Butler acquired two Vickers Viscounts. Ansett Transport Industries acquired Australian National Airways in 1957, thus acquiring appreciable stock in Butler Air Transport, then acquired more from staff stockholders until it controlled Butler. Despite a legal and boardroom battle to retain or regain control, Arthur Butler lost. In late 1958, Butler was offered the position of Managing Director but instead left the company, which was effectively absorbed into Ansett as Airlines of New South Wales in 1959, then into Ansett Express.

Arthur Butler was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1958, for services to aviation.

Destinations
Butler Air Transport operated to the following airports:

See also
 List of defunct airlines of Australia
 Aviation in Australia

References

External links
 Butler Air Transport Co – images held by the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney
 Arthur Butler Archive – includes files and pilot logbooks
 Australian Airline Tickets – Airlines of N.S.W.  – images of Butler baggage tags, circa 1954–55
 Australian Civil Aircraft   VH-AMA – AZY  Series – Ed Coates Collection:
 see 5 entries, including VH-AOG DC-3 (crashed and written off at Bourke, New South Wales on 15 December 1955)

Defunct airlines of Australia
Airlines established in 1934
Airlines disestablished in 1959
Australian companies established in 1934
1959 disestablishments in Australia
HT (vacuum tube). In vacuum tube technology, HT or high tension describes the main power supply to the circuit, which produces the current between anode and cathode. It is also known as the plate supply or voltage, B battery supply, or simply labeled →B on circuit diagrams, from the days of battery powered circuitry.

The HT supply circuit most commonly provides a positive voltage of some hundreds of volts to the anode (or plate) and in later circuits also to the screen grid, with the cathode running at near ground or chassis potential. The main exception to this was in the case of tubes with water-cooled anodes, once used for radio transmission, electric furnaces and similar applications. These tubes used a negative HT supply to the cathode, so that the anode could run near ground DC potential (but typically at many hundreds of volts of RF).

Other power supplies for vacuum tube circuits include:

 LT, low tension or A battery, the supply to the filaments or heaters.  Early tubes designed for battery operation had 2 volt filaments (for use with a lead-acid cell).  Later tubes had 1.4 volt filaments to run from dry batteries.  With the introduction of mains powered equipment, indirectly heated tubes became more common and usually (though not always) required 4 volts in Europe and 6.3 volts in America.  The latter became the standard voltage after the Second World War.  One notable exception was that rectifier tubes often had 5 volt filaments or heaters which usually had to have a separate supply anyway.
 GB, grid bias or C battery. Used in early battery powered equipment. Once self biasing circuits were developed, this power source was no longer required.
 EHT, extra high tension, the accelerator supply to a cathode ray tube.  This supply typically ranges from 15 kV to 35 kV, though very early television receivers used voltages as low as 4 kV.

Typical circuits

HT

The HT supply was usually obtained from a full wave rectifier circuit similar to the one shown.  In those sets that had no mains transformer (the so-called AC/DC design), the HT was obtained directly from the mains supply, either with a simple half wave rectifier or with a voltage doubler circuit.

EHT
In very early vacuum tube television sets, the EHT was derived directly from a high voltage winding on the mains transformer using a half wave rectifier.  In later television sets, the EHT supply was invariably generated by rectifying the flyback pulses from the scanning circuitry rather than directly from the mains supply (a practice that survived the transition to transistor circuits).  Although this provided a greater degree of safety, the reason for the change was that the mains transformer had been eliminated from sets produced from the 1940s onwards.

External links
 http://www.earlytelevision.org/damper.html Early Television Museum article on efficiency diodes

Vacuum tubes