omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ognjeslav Stepanović Kostović. Ognjeslav Stepanović Kostović (Serbian Cyrillic: Огњеслав Степановић Костовић) (1851 – 16 December 1916) was a Serbian inventor. He is credited with creating "arbonite" (i.e. plywood), the first "plastic" materials (e.g. gutta percha) pre-date 1906 plastic in the world.

Biography
He was born in Wieselburg, Austrian Empire to a Serbian noble family residing in Pest, Austrian Empire but spent most of his life in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

He is credited with creating "arbonite" (i.e. plywood), the first "plastic" materials (e.g. gutta percha) pre-date 1906 plastic in the world. 
Kostović patented the technology of the production of arbonite in the USA on 4 September 1906. In the early 1880s he designed and attempted to construct a dirigible (airship), about 20 years before Ferdinand von Zeppelin. His flight vehicle was destroyed in a fire and it was never tested in the air. He also developed and constructed a large gasoline engine for his dirigible. In 1879 he demonstrated his flying models of a helicopter, aircraft and ornithopter, while in 1881 approached the building of an aircraft. In the catalog of aeronautical exhibition 1911 and in the article of G.V. Piotrovski it is said, that Kostović actually constructed a flight vehicle. The same was also said in A. Ewald's report in the Russian technical society on 12 March 1883.

Ognjeslav lived with his family in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He celebrated the slava of Saint Nicholas every year and one of his regular guests was Dmitri Mendeleev.

One of his daughters married a Serbian officer and, during the First World War, she became, together with Nadežda Petrović, a voluntary nurse. Two of his daughters lived in Belgrade.

When he died in December 1916 in Saint Petersburg, the press reported that "a brilliant inventor and scientist has disappeared, a man who has, for many reasons, deserved that future generations remember his unusual destiny and scientific achievements".

See also
 Plywood
 Zeppelin

References

External links
Ognjeslav Kostović - čovek koji je živeo u budućnosti
Ognjeslav Kostović, Kristifor Kolumbo neba i vode
Muzej vazduhoplovstva: Raskoš i tuga
Manojlo srpski Ikar

People from the Austrian Empire
Immigrants to the Russian Empire
Aviation inventors

Engineers from the Russian Empire
Balloonists from the Russian Empire
Inventors from the Russian Empire
Scientists from the Russian Empire
1851 births
1916 deaths
Brita (company). Brita GmbH is a German manufacturer of water filters headquartered in Taunusstein near Wiesbaden, Hesse. The company's manufacturing facilities are located in China, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Brita products are distributed in 69 countries.

Products 

Brita produces water jugs (BPA-free, made of styrene methyl methacrylate copolymer), and tap attachments with integrated disposable filters. The filters can be recycled.

Their primary filtering mechanism consists of activated carbon and ion-exchange resin. The activated carbon is produced from coconut shells. According to Brita, the filters have two effects:
 The activated carbon removes substances that may impair taste, such as chlorine and chlorine compounds.
 The ion-exchange resin reduces the carbonate hardness (limescale) as well as copper and lead.

In the United Kingdom, Hinari and Breville sell electric kettles incorporating Brita technology.

History
Brita was founded in 1966 by Heinz Hankammer. The company was first named AquaDeMat before he later named the company after his daughter. The company secured the first patent for domestic water filter use in the 1970s.

In 1988, The Clorox Company, based in Oakland, California, entered in a licensing-and-distribution agreement with the German company for North and South America. In 1995, it added the Canadian rights by acquiring Canada's Brita International Holdings. In 2000, Clorox acquired the sole rights to the brand in the Americas and Brita agreed to a non-compete clause until 2005. In 2008, Brita returned to the North American market under the brand Mavea, only to withdraw again in 2016. However, products are still sold in the US under the Brita brand.

References

External links
 
 Brita UK website
 Mavea, website for Brita's U.S. brand that is not licensed to Clorox.

Water filters
Kitchenware brands
Manufacturing companies of Germany
Companies based in Hesse
Manufacturing companies established in 1966
1966 establishments in West Germany
German brands
Clorox brands
German companies established in 1966
Temp. Temp or Temps may refer to:

 Temperature
 Weather, by association
 Temporary file, in computing
 Temporary folder 
 Temporary variable
 Temp track, or temp score or temp music, audio used during editing of TV and film production
 Temp, a temporary worker, a person engaged in temporary work
 Temp., for tempore, denoting a period during which a person whose exact lifespan is unknown
 Temp (air base), on Kotelny Island, Russia
 TEMP (meteorology), a meteorological code for upper air soundings
 Test and evaluation master plan, in project management
 Persol Holdings, rebranded from Temp Holdings, a Japanese human resource management company
 RT-21 Temp 2S, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile 
 TR-1 Temp, a Soviet mobile theatre ballistic missile
 Temps, a musical collective founded by comedian James Acaster

See also

 The Temp (disambiguation)
 Template (disambiguation)
 Tempe, Arizona, a city in the U.S.
 Tempo, the speed or pace of a piece of music
 Time (French: temps)
 El Temps, a Valencian news magazine
 Le Temps (disambiguation)
 Ephemeral (disambiguation)
 Ephemera (disambiguation)
IBM 702. The IBM 702 was an early generation tube-based digital computer produced by IBM in the early to mid-1950s.  It was the company's response to Remington Rand's UNIVAC, which was the first mainframe computer to use magnetic tapes. As these machines were aimed at the business market, they lacked the leading-edge computational power of the IBM 701 and ERA 1103, which were favored for scientific computing, weather forecasting, the aircraft industry, and the military and intelligence communities.

Within IBM, the 702 was notable for adapting the new technology of magnetic-core memory for random-access applications.

The 702 was announced September 25, 1953, and withdrawn October 1, 1954, but the first production model was not installed until July 1955.  It was superseded by the IBM 705.

History
Fourteen 702s were built. The first one was used at IBM. Due to problems with the Williams tubes, the decision was made to switch to magnetic-core memory instead. The fourteenth 702 was built using magnetic-core memory, and the others were retrofitted with magnetic-core memory.

The successor to the 702 in the 700/7000 series was the IBM 705, which marked the transition to magnetic-core memory.

Overview
The 702 was designed for business data processing. Therefore, the memory of the computer was oriented toward storing characters. The system used electrostatic storage, consisting of 14, 28, 42, 56, or 70 Williams tubes with a capacity of 1000 bits each for the main memory, giving a memory of 2,000 to 10,000 characters of seven bits each (in increments of 2,000 characters), and 14 Williams tubes with a capacity of 512 bits each for the two 512-character accumulators.

A complete system included the following units:
IBM 702 Central Processing Unit
IBM 712 Card Reader
IBM 756 Card Reader Control Unit
IBM 717 Printer
IBM 757 Printer Control Unit
IBM 722 Card Punch
IBM 758 Card Punch Control Unit 
IBM 727 Magnetic Tape Unit 
IBM 752 Tape Control Unit 
IBM 732 Magnetic Drum Storage Unit

Total weight (depending on configuration): about .

See also
 List of vacuum-tube computers

References

External links
IBM Archives: 702 Data Processing System
IBM 702 Documents on bitsavers
The Williams Tube
IBM 702 photos

702
7 0702
Computer-related introductions in 1953
Variable word length computers
Blind Approach Beacon System. A blind approach beacon system or beam approach beacon system (BABS) is an automatic radar landing system developed in the early 1940s.

It is a responder (or transponder) mounted in a Hillman van and placed at the end of the runway. In some cases fixed sites were installed and by the mid-1950s Standard 9 vans were in use. It was interrogated by a Rebecca unit mounted in an aircraft. It responded by transmitting dots on one side of the runway and dashes on the other. The strength of the reception in the aircraft depended on the aircraft's position relative to the centre line of the runway. The aircraft's equipment could then determine its position relative to these dots and dashes.

This is an early version of the localizer from the more modern instrument landing system (ILS). The localizer uses two tones (90 and 150Hz) modulated on a carrier (108.1-111.95 MHz) and transmitted on a wide aperture antenna array, this can be seen at almost all airports at the end of the runway. The strengths of which (or Difference in Depth of Modulation) are detected by electronics in the aircraft and present the pilot with an indication to fly left or right and indeed up or down with a co-located glidepath (328.6 to 335.4 MHz) equipment. See instrument landing system for further details.

References

See also
 Precision approach radar
 Instrument approach
 Ground-controlled approach

Aeronautical navigation systems
History of air traffic control
World War II British electronics
Stella (yacht). The Stella is a 'one-design' Bermuda rig sloop yacht, designed for cruising and racing by the noted yacht designer CR (Kim) Holman in 1959.

Design
The design was to the requirements of a customer who had seen the Nordic Folkboat and decided that the English east coast needed a similar vessel but modified for North Sea as opposed to Baltic conditions and a competitive racer on handicap.  The prototype: Stella No. 1 La Vie en Rose was built to win the 1959 Burnham (on Crouch) week, which she promptly did.  Clinker built of mahogany or larch on oak frames.

Fleets exist in the UK (estimated 100 built, mostly still extant) and Australia (approximately 20 built).

Key dimensions

 Length (LOA): 25' 10"
 Length on waterline: 20' 0")
 Beam: 7' 6" 
 Sail area: 338sq ft (main & genoa)  
 Draft: 3' 10"
 Weight: 2.7  Imp. tons
 Ballast: 1.22 Imp. tons

Similar yacht
The restoration of Amulet, an amateur built yacht similar to a Stella originally built in Fort William in 1964, is described by Bob Orrell in the book Amulet: A Charm Restored and Sailed to the Western Isles.
This boat is not actually a Stella (this is evident from the book and photographs) and is not recognised by the Stella Class Association.

See also
Twister - another Holman yacht design (latterly produced in GRP), developed from that of the 'Stella'.

External links
Stella Class Association

References

Sailing yachts
1950s sailboat type designs
GKrellM. GNU Krell Monitors (GKrellM) is a system monitor software based on the GTK+ toolkit that creates a single process stack of system monitors. It can be used to monitor the status of CPUs, main memory, hard disks, network interfaces, local and remote mailboxes, and many other things. Plugins are available for a multitude of tasks, e.g., controlling the XMMS media player or a SETI@home client from within the stacked monitor.

Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, GKrellM is free software.

See also

 Task manager
 System monitor
 Conky (software)

Notes and references

Further reading
 Joe Barr, "GKrellM: Geek eye-candy, monitors, and more" , Linux.com, 29 October 2003
 Marcel Gagné, "Tweaking Tux, Part 5", Linux Journal, 29 October 2003

External links
 

Free system software
Software that uses GTK
System monitors
National CAD Standard. The National CAD Standard (NCS) is a collaborative effort in the United States among computer-aided design (CAD) and building information modeling (BIM) users. Its goal is to create a unified approach to the creation of building design data. Development of the NCS is open to all building professionals in a collaborative process led by the buildingSMART Alliance.

The NCS is composed of CAD layer guidelines from the American Institute of Architects, uniform drawing system modules from the Construction Specifications Institute, and BIM implementation and plotting guidelines from the National Institute of Building Sciences. Adoption of the NCS is voluntary, however adopting companies and agencies can require its use by their associates.

References

External links
 

Measurement
Extended System Configuration Data. The Extended System Configuration Data (ESCD) is a specification for configuring x86 computers of the ISA PNP era. The specification was developed by Compaq, Intel and Phoenix Technologies. It consists of a method for storing configuration information in nonvolatile BIOS memory and three BIOS functions for working with that data.

The ESCD data may at one time have been stored in the latter portion of the 128 byte extended bank of battery-backed CMOS RAM but eventually it became too large and so was moved to BIOS flash.

It contains information about ISA PnP devices is stored. It is used by the BIOS to allocate resources for devices like expansion cards. The ESCD data is stored using the data serialization format used for EISA. Its data starts with the "ACFG" signature in ASCII. PCI configuration can also be stored in ESCD, using virtual slots. Typical storage usage for ESCD data is 2–4 KB

The BIOS also updates the ESCD each time the hardware configuration changes, after deciding how to re-allocate resources like IRQ and memory mapping ranges. After the ESCD has been updated, the decision need not be made again, which thereafter results in faster startup without conflicts until the next hardware configuration change.

References

Further reading

External links 
 ESCD Support for 2.4.6-ac1/PNPBIOS (was: reading/writing CMOS beyond 256 bytes?)

Motherboard
BIOS
EMD SD40T-2. The SD40T-2 is a model of diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division in the United States. The SD40T-2 is equipped with a 16-cylinder EMD 645E3 diesel engine producing . 312 SD40T-2s were built for three railroads in the United States between April 1974 and July 1980. This locomotive and the SD45T-2 are popularly called tunnel motors, but EMD's term is SD40-2 with "cooling system modifications" because they were designed for better engine cooling in mountainous areas. The difference between this locomotive and its non-tunnel motor cousin, the SD40-2, are the radiator air intakes are located lower down at the rear of the locomotive. 

This locomotive model was purchased by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, the Southern Pacific Railroad, and its subsidiary Cotton Belt. Southern Pacific's version has a  fuel tank and is  long. Rio Grande's version has a smaller  fuel tank.

Original purchasers

Preservation 
Denver and Rio Grande Western #5371 is preserved at the Utah State Railroad Museum in Ogden, Utah.
Denver and Rio Grande Western #5401 is preserved at the Colorado Railroad Museum in Golden, Colorado.
From 2010 to 2019, Union Pacific #2921 (formerly Southern Pacific #8385) was preserved at the Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad in Boone, Iowa. In 2020, the locomotive was traded to Midwest Locomotive Leasing (MWLX) for general service.

References

External links 
 

SD40T-2
C-C locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1974
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States

fi:EMD SD40#EMD SD40T-2
Nichols plot. The Nichols plot is a plot used in signal processing and control design, named after American engineer Nathaniel B. Nichols. It plots the phase response versus the response magnitude of a transfer function for any given frequency, and as such is useful in characterizing a system's frequency response.

Use in control design
Given a transfer function,

with the closed-loop transfer function defined as,

the Nichols plots displays  versus . Loci of constant  and  are overlaid to allow the designer to obtain the closed loop transfer function directly from the open loop transfer function.  Thus, the frequency  is the parameter along the curve.  This plot may be compared to the Bode plot in which the two inter-related graphs -  versus  and  versus ) - are plotted.

In feedback control design, the plot is useful for assessing the stability and robustness of a linear system.  This application of the Nichols plot is central to the quantitative feedback theory (QFT) of Horowitz and Sidi, which is a well known method for robust control system design.

In most cases,  refers to the phase of the system's response. Although similar to a Nyquist plot, a Nichols plot is plotted in a Cartesian coordinate system while a Nyquist plot is plotted in a Polar coordinate system.

See also
 Hall circles
 Bode plot
 Nyquist plot
 Transfer function

References

External links
 Mathematica function for creating the Nichols plot

Plots (graphics)
Signal processing
Classical control theory
Topographic profile. A topographic profile or topographic cut or elevation profile is a representation of the relief of the terrain that is obtained by cutting transversely the lines of a topographic map. Each contour line can be defined as a closed line joining relief points at equal height above sea level. It is usually drawn on the same horizontal scale as the map, but the use of an exaggerated vertical scale is advisable to underline the elements of the relief. This can vary according to the slope and amplitude of the terrestrial relief, but is usually three to five times the horizontal scale.

A series of parallel profiles, taken at regular intervals on a map, can be combined to provide a more complete three-dimensional view of the area that appears on the topographic map. It is evident that, thanks to computer science, more sophisticated three-dimensional models of the landscape can be made from digital terrain data.

The line of the plane defined by the points that limit the profile is called the guideline and the horizontal line of comparison on which the profile is constructed is called base.

Applications

One of the most important applications of the topographic profiles is in the construction of works of great length and small width, for example roads, sewers or pipelines.

Sometimes topographical profiles appear in printed maps, such as those designed for navigation routes, excavations and especially for geological maps, where they are used to show the internal structure of the rocks that populate a territory.

People who study natural resources such as geologists, geomorphologists, soil scientists and vegetation scholars, among others, build profiles to observe the relationship of natural resources to changes in topography and analyze numerous problems.

A river or stream gradient may be derived from its elevation profile by means of numerical differentiation.

See also
 Fall line (topography)

References

External links

Topographic profile – online tools

Topography
Geometric intersection
Niles Car and Manufacturing Company. The Niles Car and Manufacturing Company was an American manufacturer of railroad equipment, including many streetcar and interurban cars. It was founded in 1901 in Niles, Ohio and published catalogs showcasing their various cars. 

Niles specialized in building wooden-bodied cars in the heyday of interurban building. Its cars had a reputation of being well-built and stylish; Niles advertising called them "The Electric Pullmans."

The company also produced equipment for the trucking industry, an industry reference citing 2 models of 1 and 2 tons respectively, costing $1500 to $2400, utilizing a worm drive and custom bodies to suit.

The company ceased producing railroad cars in 1917.  The plant and equipment were purchased by the Engel Aircraft Company to produce aircraft parts for the United States Army Signal Corps.

Customers 
Niles' clients included the:

 Aurora Elgin and Chicago Railroad (later the Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad); including the oldest operating interurban in the US (#20)
 Bamberger Electric Railroad
 Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Southern Railway
 Northern Electric Railway (later part of the Sacramento Northern Railway)
 The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company
 Northern Ohio Traction & Light
 Pacific Northwest Traction Company
 Rochester, Lockport and Buffalo Railroad
 Rock Island Southern Railway
 San Francisco, Napa and Calistoga Railway
 St. Paul Southern Electric Railway
 The Chicago Lake Shore and South Bend Railway
 Toledo, Port Clinton and Lakeside Railway
 Toronto Civic Railways (DE DT M - late TTC Class H, H1 and H3 cars).
 Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway
 Yakima Valley Transportation Company
 Youngstown and Ohio River Railroad

References

External links

Defunct rolling stock manufacturers of the United States
Niles, Ohio
Manufacturing companies established in 1901
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1917
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Ohio
Electric vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Tram manufacturers
Microthread. Microthreads are functions that may run in parallel to gain increased performance in microprocessors. They provide an execution model that uses a few additional instructions in a conventional processor to break code down into fragments that execute simultaneously. Dependencies are managed by making registers in the microprocessors executing the code synchronising, so one microthread will wait for another to produce data. 

This is a form of dataflow. This model can be applied to an existing instruction set architecture incrementally by providing just five new instructions to implement concurrency controls. A set of microthreads is a static partition of a basic block into concurrently executing fragments, which execute on a single processor and share a microcontext. An iterator over a set provides a dynamic and parametric family of microthreads. Iterators capture loop concurrency and can be scheduled to different processors. An iterator over a set is created dynamically and is called a family of microthreads. This is the mechanism that allows the model to generate concurrency, which can be run on multiple processors or functional units.

See also 
 Continuation
 Coroutine
 Fiber (computer science)
 Micro-thread (multi-core)
 Protothread

References

External links 
 CSA website

Threads (computing)