omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thallium(I) bromide. Thallium(I) bromide is a chemical compound of thallium and bromine with a chemical formula TlBr. This salt is used in room-temperature detectors of X-rays, gamma-rays and blue light, as well as in near-infrared optics.

It is a semiconductor with a band gap of  2.68 eV.

The crystalline structure is of cubic CsCl type at room temperature, but it lowers to the orthorhombic thallium iodide type upon cooling, the transition temperature being likely affected by the impurities. Nanometer-thin TlBr films grown on LiF, NaCl or KBr substrates exhibit a rocksalt structure.

Like all soluble thallium salts, thallium bromide is extremely toxic and a cumulative poison which can be absorbed through the skin. Acute and chronic effects of ingesting thallium compounds include fatigue, limb pain, peripheral neuritis, joint pain, loss of hair, diarrhea, vomiting, vision loss, and damage to central nervous system, liver and kidneys.

References

Cited sources

Bromides
Thallium(I) compounds
Metal halides
Caesium chloride crystal structure
Thallium(III) oxide. Thallium(III) oxide, also known as thallic oxide, is a chemical compound of thallium and oxygen. It occurs in nature as the rare mineral avicennite. Its structure is related to that of Mn2O3 which has a bixbyite like structure. Tl2O3 is metallic with high conductivity and is a degenerate n-type semiconductor which may have potential use in solar cells. A method of producing Tl2O3 by MOCVD is known. Any practical use of thallium(III) oxide will always have to take account of thallium's poisonous nature. Contact with moisture and acids may form poisonous thallium compounds.

Production
It is produced by the reaction of thallium with oxygen or hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline thallium(I) solution. Alternatively, it can be created by the oxidation of thallium(I) nitrate by chlorine in an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution.

References

Thallium(III) compounds
Sesquioxides
Tin(II) sulfate. Tin(II) sulfate (SnSO4) is a chemical compound. It is a white solid that can absorb enough moisture from the air to become fully dissolved, forming an aqueous solution; this property is known as deliquescence. It can be prepared by a displacement reaction between metallic tin and copper(II) sulfate:

Tin(II) sulfate is a convenient source of tin(II) ions uncontaminated by tin(IV) species.

Structure
In the solid state the sulfate ions are linked together by O-Sn-O bridges. The tin atom has three oxygen atoms arranged pyramidally at 226 pm with the three O-Sn-O bond angles of 79°, 77.1° and 77.1°. Other Sn-O distances are longer ranging from 295 - 334pm.

References

Sulfates
Tin(II) compounds
Deliquescent materials
Tin(IV) sulfide. Tin(IV) sulfide is a compound with the formula . The compound crystallizes in the cadmium iodide motif, with the Sn(IV) situated in "octahedral holes' defined by six sulfide centers. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral berndtite. It is useful as semiconductor material with band gap 2.2 eV.

Reactions
The compound precipitates as a brown solid upon the addition of  to solutions of tin(IV) species. This reaction is reversed at low pH.  Crystalline  has a bronze color and is used in decorative coating where it is known as mosaic gold.

The material also reacts with sulfide salts to give a series of thiostannates with the formula .  A simplified equation for this depolymerization reaction is
 +  → .

Applications 
Tin (IV) sulfide has various uses in electrochemistry. It can be used in anodes of lithium-ion batteries, where an intercalation process occurs to form Li2S. It can also be used in a similar way in electrodes of supercapacitors, which can be used as alternative source of energy storage.

SnS2 has also been identified as a potential component of thermoelectric devices, which convert thermal energy to electrical energy. In one example, this property was made possible by forming a composite of SnS2 with multiwalled carbon nanotubes.

SnS2 can also be used in wastewater treatment. Forming a membrane with SnS2 and carbon nanofibers can potentially allow for the reduction of certain impurities in water, an example of which is hexavalent chromium.

See also 
 Mosaic Gold

References

External links

 Tin (IV) Sulfide Powder, Stanford Advanced Materials
 Tin Sulfide (SnS2), PubChem

Tin(IV) compounds
IV-VI semiconductors
Disulfides
Titanium(III) fluoride. Titanium(III) fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula TiF3.   A violet, paramagnetic solid, it is one of two titanium fluorides, the other being titanium tetrafluoride.  It adopts a defect perovskite-like structure such that each Ti center has octahedral coordination geometry, and each fluoride ligand is doubly bridging.

Titanium(III) fluoride can be prepared by dissolution of titanium metal in hydrogen fluoride.  In air, it slowly oxidizes to titanium(IV).

References

Fluorides
Titanium(III) compounds
Titanium halides
FERMIAC. The Monte Carlo trolley, or FERMIAC, was an analog computer invented by physicist Enrico Fermi to aid in his studies of neutron transport.

Operation 

The FERMIAC employed the Monte Carlo method to model neutron transport in various types of nuclear systems. Given an initial distribution of neutrons, the goal of the process is to develop numerous "neutron genealogies", or models of the behavior of individual neutrons, including each collision, scattering, and fission.  When a fission occurs, the number of emerging neutrons is predicted, and the behavior of each of these neutrons is eventually modeled in the same manner as the first.  At each stage, pseudo-random numbers are used to make decisions that affect the behavior of each neutron.

The FERMIAC used this method to create two-dimensional neutron genealogies on a scale diagram of a nuclear device.  A series of drums on the device were set according to the material being crossed and a random choice between fast and slow neutrons.  Random numbers also determined the direction of travel and the distance until the next collision.  Once the drums were set, the trolley was rolled across the diagram, drawing a path as it went.  Any time a change in material was indicated on the diagram, the drum settings were adjusted accordingly before continuing.

History 

In the early 1930s, Italian physicist Enrico Fermi led a team of young scientists, dubbed the "Via Panisperna boys", in their now-famous experiments in nuclear physics. During this time, Fermi developed "statistical sampling" techniques that he effectively employed to predict the results of experiments.

Years later, in 1946, Fermi participated in the initial review of results from the ENIAC. Among the others present was Los Alamos mathematician Stanislaw Ulam, who was familiar with the use of statistical sampling techniques similar to those previously developed by Fermi. Such techniques had mainly fallen out of use, due to the long, repetitious calculations required. However, given ENIAC's powers of calculation, Ulam saw an opportunity to resurrect these techniques.  He discussed his ideas with John von Neumann, who eventually used the ENIAC to implement the Monte Carlo method (as the statistical sampling techniques came to be called) to solve a variety of neutron transport problems.

However, before the ENIAC could be employed for this purpose, it first had to be moved to its permanent home at the Ballistics Research Laboratory. It was during this interruption in ENIAC operation that Fermi came up with the idea for his analog device.  He enlisted his colleague L.D.P. King to build the instrument, which was later given the fitting name FERMIAC. The device was used for approximately two years.

In 2015, the Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi" created a replica of the device.

See also 
 Planimeter
Neutrons
Nuclear fission
Computer simulation

Further articles 
What is the FERMIAC or Fermi Trolley? by The Bradbury Science Museum is operated by Los Alamos National Laboratory for education, 2017

References 

Early computers
Analog computers
Enrico Fermi
Bolinder-Munktell. AB Bolinder-Munktell (BM) was a tractor and machines manufacturer founded in Eskilstuna, Sweden in 1932 through the merger of the mechanical companies  and .

Bolinder are also well known as manufacturers of 'Semi-Diesel' or 'Hot bulb' engines.

In 1950 BM was bought by AB Volvo. In 1973 the company changed its name to Volvo BM AB and then in 1995 to Volvo Construction Equipment.

The product range has changed with the times. Up to the beginning of the 20th century agricultural machines such as threshers were an important product.

Products

Marine engines

Bolinder produced a wide range of marine engines, mostly of the semi-diesel (hot-bulb) type. Some of those sizes proved to be ideal in narrow boats, and some Bolinder motors are still in use for this purpose. When starting, the cylinder head has to be heated with a kerosene blowtorch to get the hot bulb heated, and to be able to start the combustion process.

Tractors
Tractor production commenced in 1913, with the type 30-40. Tractors were the main product up to the 1970s, and gained an unsurpassed reputation for durability.

Aircraft engines
During World War II, Bolinder-Munktell, at the request of the Swedish authorities, built Daimler-Benz DB601 aeroplane engines under licence. An entire underground factory at Eskilstuna was built to accommodate this factory. Owing to the superior reliability of the Swedish-built engines the Swedish airforce issued instructions that for two-engined aircraft, at least one engine should be a Swedish built unit.

Construction equipment
From the 1950s new products in the construction equipment and forestry machinery categories emerged. These were initially based on the tractor chassis. Soon the construction equipment became the dominant product range and remains so today. Products developed in the 1960s, and still in production, are wheel loaders and articulated haulers.

History 

Bolinder-Munktell traces its origins to the engineering workshops Munktells Mekaniska Verkstad AB (established in Eskilstuna by  Johan Theofron Munktell in 1832) and J. & C.G. Bolinders Mekaniska Verkstad AB (established in Stockholm by Jean and Carl Gerhard Bolinder  in 1845). In 1950 the main shareholder Handelsbanken sold its shares to Volvo who turned the company into a subsidiary.

See also 
 Bandvagn 202

References

External links 

Volvo Construction Equipment global history site

Agriculture companies of Sweden
Marine engine manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1932
1932 establishments in Sweden
Motala Verkstad. AB Motala Verkstad is one of the oldest engineering companies in Sweden. The company was founded in 1822 during the construction of Göta Canal. Motala Verkstad has also built about 400 ships, 800 bridges (e.g. Västerbron, Skeppsholmsbron, Bergsnäsbron and the Ahvaz Bridge in Iran), railway equipment, 1300 locomotives. The 118-meter-tall towers of Uppsala Cathedral were also built by Motala Verkstad. During the 1970s the company was the world's largest exporter of kitchen sinks and during the 1980s they built landing gear for Swedish-built aircraft. As of 2023 the company employs about 240 people.

History 
Motala Verkstad was started in 1822 on Baltzar von Platen's initiative. Von Platen realized the importance of having local technical knowledge during the construction of the channel. The first leader was Daniel Fraser.

Ships built at Motala Verkstad
 Hildur-class monitors (1870s)
 M/S Juno (1874)
 SS Nya Svartsjölandet (1900, now MV Västan)
 SS Angantyr (1909)
 SS Valkyrian (1909, now SS Drottningholm)
 DS Skibladner (1856)

In literature 
In the 1870 science fiction novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas by Jules Verne, the spur of the submarine Nautilus is said to have been built at Motala Verkstad.

References and notes

External links 
 Motala Verkstad

Engineering companies of Sweden
Motala
Swedish companies established in 1822
Manufacturing companies established in 1822
Companies based in Östergötland County
F18. F18, F-18 or F.XVIII may refer to:

Transportation and military
 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, an American all-weather carrier-capable multirole fighter jet
 Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, a more advanced derivative of the F/A-18 Hornet
 F-18 (Michigan county highway), US
 Fokker F.XVIII, a 1932 Dutch airliner 
 HMS Zulu (F18), a 1937 British Royal Navy Tribal-class destroyer

Other uses
 Fluorine-18 (F-18), an unstable isotope of fluorine
 Slip F-18, fictional anchorage for the houseboat in the novel series starting with The Deep Blue Good-by
 Formula 18, a class of catamaran
 F18, a block in chapter V of ICD-10 for "Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of volatile solvents"
Jean-Lou Chameau. Jean-Lou Chameau (born 1953) is a French civil engineer who served as the president of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) from 2013 to 2017, and California Institute of Technology from 2006 to 2013. In addition, he previously served as a Dean of Engineering and provost of the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Early life and education
Chameau was born in France in 1953. He received his secondary, undergraduate, and graduate education in France where he attended the École nationale supérieure des arts et métiers (aka. Arts et Métiers ParisTech). He later went to the United States to obtain his Ph.D in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1981 while working under the direction of G. Wayne Clough.

Career
In 1980, Chameau joined Purdue University, where he became full professor in civil engineering and Head of the geotechnical engineering program.  In 1991, he was nominated director of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Georgia Tech. He then became Dean of Engineering  before progressing to Provost at Georgia Tech.

Chameau became president of Caltech on 1 September 2006, succeeding David Baltimore who served nearly nine years in the post. On February 16, 2013, Chameau was appointed the president of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, succeeding the founding president, Shih Choon Fong. Chameau retired as the president of KAUST in August 2017

In 2010, he was awarded membership in the Legion of Honour in the grade of Chevalier.

Personal life
Chameau is married to Carol Carmichael, former director of the Institute for Sustainable Technology and Development, now known as the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems at Georgia Tech.

References

External links
KAUST biography

 

1953 births
Living people
French civil engineers
American civil engineers
Arts et Métiers ParisTech alumni
Stanford University alumni
Presidents of the California Institute of Technology
Georgia Tech faculty
Knights of the Legion of Honour
French expatriates in the United States
NASA Space Settlement Contest. The NASA Space Settlement Contest is an annual design competition for 6-12th grade students sponsored by the NASA Ames Research Center and the NSS (National Space Society). This contest is open to students ages eleven through eighteen from anywhere in the world. Individuals compete as individuals or as part of a team in two categories, in teams of up to six students, and in teams of seven or more students. 

The goal of this contest is to have students learn about science and teamwork while working on projects to develop space settlement designs. Students submit a report about their designs to NASA Ames, and the reports are judged by aerospace professionals. Awards are given for artistic and literary merit. 

Space colonization

The contest is divided into five categories for awarding:

Grand Prize: This category consists of one overall winner, whose project is considered as the finest and most creative. Self researched projects are more encouraged.

1st Prize: This category is divided for all grades from 6th to 12th, ages 11 to 18.

2nd Prize: This category is divided for all grades from 6th to 12th, ages 11 to 18.
David Forsyth (computer scientist). David A. Forsyth is a South-African-born American computer scientist and the Fulton Watson Copp Chair in Computer Science the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

Education
Forsyth holds Bachelor of Science (1984) and Master of Science (1986) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. He was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Oxford for research supervisor J. Michael Brady in 1989.

Career and research
Forsyth remained at Oxford as a postdoc ("Fellow by Examination") until 1991. He then moved to the University of Iowa and, in 1994, he moved to the University of California, Berkeley, where he became a full professor before joiningthe University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 2004. In 2002, he co-authored "Computer Vision: A Modern Approach" with UIUC CS Professor Jean Ponce, a leading publication in the field. He has published over 100 papers on computer vision, computer graphics and machine learning. He served as program co-chair for IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition in 2000, general co-chair for IEEE CVPR 2006, program co-chair for ECCV 2008, program co-chair for IEEE CVPR 2011, general co-chair for IEEE CVPR 2015 and advisor to the program Commiitee for IEEE CVPR 2024. He is a regular member of the program committee of all major international conferences on computer vision. Forsyth served on the NRC Committee on "Protecting Kids from Pornography and other Inappropriate Material on the Internet", which sat for three years and produced a widely praised study. He has received best paper awards at the International Conference on Computer Vision and at the European Conference on Computer Vision.

Forsyth's research interest also include graphics and machine learning; he served as a committee member of ICML 2008.

Awards and honors
In 2013, he was elected a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

References

People from Cape Town
Living people
American computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Lorne Trottier. Lorne M. Trottier, OC (born 15 June 1948) is a Canadian engineer, businessman and philanthropist. He co-founded Matrox, a computer corporation that specializes in computer graphics. Trottier sits as an advisor to Canada's Ecofiscal Commission.

Personal
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Trottier graduated from Baron Byng High School and thereafter received a Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering in 1970 and a Masters of Engineering in the same field in 1973 both from McGill University.

He has had a lifelong interest in science:

Philanthropy
Trottier has repeatedly made significant donations to his alma mater McGill. In 2000 his gift of $10 million funded construction of the Lorne M. Trottier Building, home to the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the School of Computer Science. In 2006 his second gift of $12 million created two Lorne Trottier Chairs at the school, one in Aerospace Engineering and the other in Astrophysics and Cosmology. In 2012 he donated $15 million to the university to create both the Trottier Institute for Sustainability in Engineering and Design and endow the Trottier Institute for Science and Public Policy. Trottier is believed to be the largest donor to the Faculty of Science at McGill.

Beginning in 2005 the Lorne Trottier Public Science Symposium has been held in the fall of each year, featuring eminent scientists from throughout the world speaking on topics of interest to the public. The first one was held 24 November 2005 and focused on climate change. In November 2011 Trottier gave $5.5 million to make the Symposium permanent and to fund Joseph A. Schwarcz's McGill's Office for Science and Society to educate the public about quackery and to "battle against charlatans."  It is believed to be the largest single gift for science promotion in Canada.

He has also supported Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal Science Centre, John Abbott College, the Lakeshore General Hospital and the West Island Palliative Care Residence with donations.

He is a member of the board of directors of the National Center for Science Education. From 2010 to 2011 he was also on the board of directors of CFI Canada.

The Trottier Observatory at Simon Fraser University, open April 2015, is primarily funded by a $2.7 million gift from The Trottier Family Foundation.

On 21 November 2022, the Trottier Family Foundation donated Can$26 million to fund space research at McGill University and the Université de Montréal. In recognition, the McGill Space Institute was renamed the Trottier Space Institute at McGill University.

Awards
 Réseau Action TI, "Les grands bâtisseurs des TIC du Québec" (2003)
 Prix Lionel-Boulet (2003)
 Honorary Doctorate of Science, McGill University (2006)
 Member of the Order of Canada (2007), later promoted to Officer (2016).
 Honorary Doctorate of Science, École Polytechnique de Montréal (2011)
 NCSE Friend of the Planet Award (2024)

References 

1948 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Montreal
Canadian electrical engineers
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian skeptics
Sir Robert Williams, 1st Baronet, of Park. Sir Robert Williams, 1st Baronet,  (21 January 1860 – 25 April 1938) was a Scottish mining engineer, pioneering explorer of Africa, entrepreneur, and railroad developer who was chiefly responsible for the discovery of the vast copper deposits in Katanga Province (now incorporated in the Democratic Republic of Congo) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia).

Life

Robert Williams was born and educated in Aberdeen.

Williams was closely associated, variously as an employee of, advisor to, and partner with Cecil Rhodes in his many enterprises from the time of their first meeting in 1885 at the De Beers diamond mine in Kimberley until Rhodes's death in 1902.  Williams planned and executed the creation of the Benguela railway through then Portuguese West Africa (now Angola).  In 1902, Williams took over the construction and completed the connection to Luau at the border to the Belgian Congo in 1929.

Williams was the managing Director of Tanganyika Concessions. founded in 1889. He promoted a market for European goods within southern Africa which was part of a change in trading from barter to currency.

He was vice-president of the Belgian Compagnie de Chemin de fer du Katanga (CFK) when it was founded in 1902.

He was also joint founder, with King Leopold II of Union Minière du Haut-Katanga in 1906.

After World War I he bought Park House, a mansion with several hundred acres of land at Drumoak in Aberdeenshire. He was granted the Freedom of the City of Aberdeen, and was created a baronet in 1928, of Park, Aberdeenshire. He also became a grand officer of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) and commander of the Royal Order of the Lion of Belgium and a knight commander of the Portuguese order of Christ.

See also
 Vila Robert Williams
 Central African Copperbelt

References

Further reading
 Dictionary of National Biography: Williams, Sir Robert, baronet (1860–1938), engineer and businessman

External links
 
 Sir Robert Williams Papers, TANKS Archive, University of Manchester Library

1860 births
1938 deaths
People from Drumoak
Nobility from Aberdeen
Businesspeople from Aberdeen
Williams, Sir Robert, 1st Baronet, of Park
British mining businesspeople
1900s in Angola
Scottish people of the British Empire
British railway civil engineers
British railway entrepreneurs
Sir Robert Williams

Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Commanders of the Royal Order of the Lion
Commanders of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
British expatriates in South Africa
Scottish mining engineers
Scottish explorers
British explorers of Africa
British expatriates in Angola