omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Internet Imaging Protocol. The Internet Imaging Protocol, or IIP, is an Internet protocol designed by the International Imaging Industry Association. IIP is built on top of HTTP to communicate images and their metadata and took inspiration from the FlashPix image architecture. It emerged to tackle the problem that image sizes and resolution was growing faster than internet bandwidth - so it was difficult to quickly browse high quality images in web browsers. IIP allows the detail to be fetched when the user needs it, so the whole data file is not downloaded before.

Practically it defines how software fetches image tiles from a server. This includes the scale of the image - so a small overview image can be retrieved initially. Zooming and panning are carried out by fetching higher resolution image tiles from server. This means any size of image can be viewed on the Web without downloading it all. IIP also makes it possible to use a variety of viewer software whereas other systems may force the use of one server, file format and one viewer.

IIP is currently in version 1.05 and is not actively developing further.

External links 
Internet Imaging Protocol specification, Version 1.05
Martinez, K., Cupitt, J. and Perry, S. (1998) High resolution Colorimetric Image Browsing on the Web At WWW7 Proceedings of the seventh international conference on World Wide Web. , pp. 399-405
Object browsing using the Internet Imaging Protocol
IIPImage: IIP based open source visualization software

Internet protocols
Mercedes-Benz Bionic. The Mercedes-Benz Bionic is a concept car created by DaimlerChrysler AG under the Mercedes Group. It was first introduced in 2005 at the DaimlerChrysler Innovation Symposium in Washington, D. C. The Bionic is modeled after the yellow boxfish, Ostracion cubicus, and has 80% lower nitrogen oxide emissions with its selective catalytic reduction technology.

Engine and performance
The Bionic is powered by a 103 kW direct-injection diesel engine with an average fuel economy of 54.7 MPG (US) (~4.3 L/100 km). This engine also outputs around  and a little over  of torque at around 1,600 rpm. The Bionic can go from  in about eight seconds and has a top speed of a little over .

Design
The exterior design was modeled after the yellow boxfish (Ostracion cubicus), a marine fish that lives in coral reefs. Mercedes-Benz decided to model the Bionic after this fish due to the supposed low coefficient of drag of its body shape and the rigidity of its exoskeleton; this influenced the car's unusual looks. It was believed that the shape of the boxfish would improve aerodynamics and stability. However, in 2015, a paper in Journal of the Royal Society Interface claimed that "The drag-reduction performance of the two boxfish species studied was relatively low compared with more generalized body shapes of fish".  Other parts of the design include the fact that the rear wheels are partially fitted with plastic and that it's considered as a lightweight vehicle. Mercedes-Benz reported a drag coefficient of 0.19; for comparison, the production vehicle with the lowest ever Cd value was the GM EV1, at 0.195. While the Bionic had a much larger internal volume than the EV1, the Bionic's larger frontal area made the EV1 more aerodynamic overall, as drag is a product of the area and the drag coefficient.

The vehicle was capable of seating four people.

References

External links
     

Bionic
Cars introduced in 2005
Bionics
Ulrich Baretzky. Ulrich Baretzky was Audi Sport's Head of Engine Technology, amongst his achievements he has been credited with developing the V12, V10 and V6 TDI engine's, used in the Audi R10, Audi R15 and Audi R18 race cars.
Baretzky also brought Fuel Stratified Injection to the Audi R8 (LMP).

The 25 years that the chief engine engineer has spent with Audi Sport have been gilded by a total of eleven victories at the legendary 24-hour race on Circuit de la Sarthe, plus six titles in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and a host of further successes with sports prototypes, touring cars and GT sports cars.

Baretzky retired in 2020.

References

Audi people
Automotive engineers
Auto racing people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
German motorsport people
Rawlplug. The Rawlplug Group is a company involved in the production of fixings, fasteners, and other tools.

History

Rawlings Brothers, a small plumbing and electrical engineering company, was founded in 1887 in London. In 1910, the company was awarded a contract by the British Museum, which required them to unobtrusively fix electrical fittings to the museum walls. The contract led to the invention and patenting of the world's first wall plug, which became a standard solution for attaching things to walls.  John Joseph Rawlings, who is credited with the invention of the wall plug, named his product Rawlplug, using the first syllable of his last name, and renamed his business Rawlplug in 1919.

Products 
During the inter-war period, the Rawlplug company patented some new fixing methods and tools. After the war, it invented the first metal drywall anchor in 1947.

ETA registration
The company continued to sell its products worldwide and in 1998 became the first British producer to attain ETA certification. Since the death of John Joseph Rawlings, the business changed hands a few times until in 2005 it was bought by Koelner Group, a Wroclaw-based manufacturer.

References

External links 
 

Manufacturing companies established in 1887
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Wall anchors
1887 establishments in England
2005 mergers and acquisitions
HAL-3. The HAL-3 is an airborne navigation radar developed by the Shanghai Institute of Electron Physics originally for the Y-10 programme. Development started in June 1980 and was completed in February 1985 and it has been extensively tested on the Boeing 707 and Y-7. The overall technical characteristics are thought to be similar to the Bendix AN/APS-133/RDR-1F.

Specifications
Range: 
air-to-ground mode : 240 km
air-to-air mode: 15 km
 Output power:　50 kW
 Power consumption:　800W
 Weight:　9999 kg

References

External links
The HAL-3 radar test set - Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE 1994

Aircraft radars
Alcohol sulfotransferase. Alcohol sulfotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of primary and secondary alcohols including many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds.

The chemical reaction is:

an alcohol + 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate  adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an organosulfate + H+

Family members 

Human genes that encode alcohol sulfotransferases include:
 SULT2A1
 SULT2B1
 SULT1C3

See also
 sulfotransferase

References

External links
 

EC 2.8.2
Aeromarine 39. The Aeromarine 39 was an American two-seat training seaplane ordered by the US Navy in 1917 and built by the Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company of Keyport, New Jersey. Of conventional biplane configuration and construction, the aircraft was designed so that its pontoons could be speedily detached and replaced with wheeled undercarriage for shore operations.

History

Fifty of the original design (later referred to as the 39A) were produced, featuring twin floats and powered by a Hall-Scott A-7 engine. A redesign followed, increasing the wingspan to create more lift for water take-offs. This became known as the 39B. Other changes included a change to a single pontoon with outrigger floats, an enlarged vertical tail, and a change of powerplant to the Curtiss OXX.

On October 26, 1922 Godfrey DeCourcelles Chevalier landed a 39B on a moving ship, USS Langley, the first time this had been achieved on an American aircraft carrier. Trials of underway carrier takeoffs and landings continued through 1922 and 1923.

Survivors
An example of a 39B is preserved at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome, although it has been severely damaged by two fires, one in 1966 and one in the early 1980s.

Operators

United States Navy

Specifications (Aeromarine 39B)

References

External links

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s United States military trainer aircraft
Floatplanes
039
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Honda N engine. The N series is Honda's first automotive diesel engine, an inline-four for medium-sized vehicles. It uses common rail direct injection, which Honda brands as i-CTDi (Intelligent Common-rail Turbocharged Direct injection). The most notable feature is the aluminium block, which uses proprietary technology in the manufacturing process to provide light weight and high rigidity. Roller chains drive two overhead camshafts. A variable-geometry turbocharger and intercooler are used.

N15A1 (Earth Dreams i-DTEC)
The i-DTEC engine uses a 2-Stage turbocharger from Wastegate Type & Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT) left/right. It enables strong power from about 1,500 rpm. With Diesel particulate filter (DPF), Start-stop system, Exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR) & Small Size Intercooler.

Specifications
 Bore & Stroke: 
 Cylinder Layout: inline 4
 Displacement: 
 Valve Configuration: 16-valve DOHC
 Type: i-DTEC
 Compression ratio: 16.0:1
 Max boost: 
 Max power:  at 3600 rpm
 Max torque:  at 1750 rpm
 Redline: 4500 rpm

Applications 

 Honda City (2003–2023)
 Honda Amaze (2013–2023)
 Honda Mobilio (2015–2018)
 Honda Jazz (2015-2020)
 Honda BR-V (2015–2020)
 Honda WR-V (2016–2023)

N16A (Earth Dreams i-DTEC)
Earth Dreams Technology. The engine uses either a single (N16A1/2) or bi-turbocharger (N16A4) from Wastegate Type & Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT). It enables strong power from about 1,500 rpm. With Diesel particulate filter (DPF), IDLE STOP SYSTEM, Exhaust gas recirculation SYSTEM (EGR) & Small Size Intercooler.

Applications

N22A (i-CTDi)
The i-CTDi engine uses a variable-nozzle turbocharger from Honeywell or Garrett. It enables strong power from about 1,500 rpm.
This Honda engine is exclusive to European markets where Honda could operate. It meets  Euro 4 emission standards

Applications

N22B (i-DTEC)
Whilst the N22A has the intake ports on the front of the engine, the N22B has the new standard rear intake/front exhaust port configuration. The stroke has been slightly reduced to qualify for sub-2200 cc engine displacement, for tax and registration purposes in some jurisdictions.
The N22A has an exhaust on the rear of the engine. It meets  Euro 5 emission standards

Applications

See also
Circle L engine
 List of Honda engines

References

External links
 Honda Motor Co. (Official)
 direction of the development of environmental technology and environmental technology diesel (Honda) Information Ministry of Economy

N engine
Diesel engines by model
Straight-four engines
Arun Netravali. Arun N. Netravali (born 26 May 1945) is an Indian–American computer engineer credited with contributions in digital technology including HDTV. He conducted research in digital compression, signal processing and other fields. Netravali was the ninth President of Bell Laboratories and has served as Lucent's Chief Technology Officer and Chief Network Architect. He received his undergraduate degree from IIT Bombay, India, and an M.S. and a Ph.D. from Rice University in Houston, Texas, all in electrical engineering. Several global universities, including the Ecole Polytechnique Federale in Lausanne, Switzerland, have honored him with honorary doctorates.

Netravali led Bell Labs research and development of high definition television (HDTV) and is widely acknowledged as a pioneer in the development of digital video technology. He is the author of over 170 technical papers, 70 patents, and three books in the areas of picture processing, digital television, and computer networks.

Netravali is a member of Tau Beta Pi and Sigma Xi. He is also an IEEE fellow. He has received awards including the Marconi Prize, the Padma Bhushan Award from the Indian government, the National Medal of Technology from President George W. Bush, the Computers & Communications Prize, the Alexander Graham Bell Medal, the IEEE Kilby Medal, the IEEE Frederik Philips Award, and the National Association of Software and Services Companies in India Medal.

Prior to joining Bell Labs, Netravali was an adjunct professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While at Bell Labs, he taught at City College of New York, Columbia University, and Rutgers University.

Awards and honors 
Netravali has received numerous awards and honorary degrees, including
 the IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal in 2001 (together with Thomas S. Huang)
 the IEEE Frederik Philips Award in 2001
 the U.S. National Medal of Technology
 the Padma Bhushan from the Government of India
 the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal in 1991 (together with C. Chapin Cutler and John O. Limb)
 elected to member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1989
 elected to IEEE Fellow in 1985
 the IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award in 1982 (together with John O. Limb)

Selected writing 
 Arun N. Netravali and Barry G. Haskell, Digital Pictures: Representation, Compression and Standards (Applications of Communications Theory), Springer (second edition, 1995),

References

External links 
 Laureate profile at The Spirit of American Innovation

Columbia University faculty
American people of Indian descent
21st-century Indian people
Indian computer scientists
Rice University alumni
Living people
Indian emigrants to the United States
National Medal of Technology recipients
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
1946 births
IIT Bombay alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American chief technology officers
Businesspeople from Mumbai
Fellows of the IEEE
Bell Labs
High Assurance Guard. A High Assurance Guard (HAG) is a multilevel security computer device which is used to communicate between different security domains, such as NIPRNet to SIPRNet. A HAG is one example of a Controlled Interface between security levels. HAGs are approved through the Common Criteria process.

Operation
A HAG runs multiple virtual machines or physical machines - one or more subsystems for the lower classification, one (or more) subsystems for the higher classification. The hardware runs a type of knowledge management software that examines data coming out of the higher classification subsystem and rejects any data that is classified higher than the lower classification. In general, a HAG allows lower classified data that resides on a higher classified system to be moved to another lower classified system. For example, in the US, it would allow unclassified information residing on a Secret classified system to be moved to another Unclassified system. Through various rules and filters, the HAG ensures that data is of the lower classification and then allows the transfer.

On the application layer, the HAG runs an "evaluated mandatory integrity policy" that provides sensitive files, data and applications protection from inadvertent disclosure.  At the operating system level, the HAG must have a multilevel kernel that ensures sensitive information, processes, and devices stored and running on the system at different sensitivity levels cannot intermingle in violation of the system's mandatory security model.

The systems are certified via the Common Criteria; depending on the classification, the system may require Common Criteria Evaluated Assurance Level (EAL) 3 or higher.  For examples, in the US, an evaluation at the EAL 5 or EAL 5+ (EAL 5 Augmented) or higher is required to export from a Secret domain to an Unclassified domain.

Some manufacturers may use "Trusted Computer System" or "Trusted Applications with High Assurance" as an equivalent term to HAG.

Importance, risks
The HAG is mostly used in email and DMS environments as certain organizations may only have unclassified network access, and they need to send a message to an organization that has only secret network access. The HAG provides them this ability.

See also 
 Data Diode
 Guard (information security)
 Cross-domain solution

Computer security
Security domain. A security domain is an application or a set of applications that collectively rely on a shared security token for processes such as authentication, authorization, and session management. In essence, a security token is granted to a user following their active authentication using a user ID and password within the security domain. The token establishes a foundation of trust, enabling secure interactions across the applications within the defined security domain.

A security domain is the determining factor in the classification of an enclave of servers/computers. A network with a different security domain is kept separate from other networks. For example, NIPRNet, SIPRNet, JWICS, and NSANet are all kept separate.

Examples of a security domain include:
 All the web applications that trust a session cookie issued by a Web Access Management product
 All the Windows applications and services that trust a Kerberos ticket issued by Active Directory

In an identity federation that spans two different organizations that share a business partner, customer or business process outsourcing relation – a partner domain would be another security domain with which users and applications (from the local security domain) interact.

Computer networking
NASA Exceptional Service Medal. The NASA Exceptional Service Medal is an award granted to U.S. government employees for significant sustained performance characterized by unusual initiative or creative ability that clearly demonstrates substantial improvement in engineering, aeronautics, space flight, administration, support, or space-related endeavors which contribute to NASA programs.

The medal was inherited by NASA from its predecessor organization, the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA) and  featured the NACA emblem. The original NASA version featured the NASA seal.

Notable recipients
Buzz Aldrin (1969)
Robert O. Aller (twice)
Neil Armstrong (1966)
Brandon T. Bailey (2019)
Charles Bolden (thrice)
John R. Casani (1965)
Lin Chambers (2009)
Kevin Chilton
Eileen Collins (1998)
Michael Collins (1966)
Lana Couch (1986)
Nagin Cox
William H. Dana
Jean Dickey (1998)
John H. Disher (twice, last in 1980)
Einar Enevoldson (1974 and 1980)
Christer Fuglesang (2010)
Fitzhugh L. Fulton (1977 and 1983)
Alfred Gessow (1974)
Gus Grissom
John M. Grunsfeld (1997, 1998, and 2000)
Umberto Guidoni (2002)
Joseph Gutheinz (2000)
Chris Hadfield (2002)
Karl Heimburg (1969)
Joan E. Higginbotham
David M. Jones
Mark Kelly
Don Leslie Lind (1974)
James A. Lovell (with star)
Paul D. Lowman
William S. McArthur
Pamela Matson
Saverio "Sonny" Morea (twice)
James B. Odom (1973)
Robert J. Parks (1967)
Julie Payette (2010)
Arthur Rudolph
Tecwyn Roberts (1969)
Walter M. Schirra (1964 and 1968)
David Scott (1966)
Sigurd A. Sjoberg (1969)
Deke Slayton
Andrew J. Stofan (1975)
Epaminondas Stassinopoulos (1992)
Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
Richard H. Truly (two awards)
Peggy Whitson (1993, 2003, 2006, and 2008)
John W. Young (1965 and 1966)
Aseel Anabtawi (2007).
Frank Borman 1965

See also 
Awards and decorations of the United States government
NASA Distinguished Service Medal

References

External links
 NASA awards
 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Honor Awards (1969-1978)

Exceptional Service Medal
Emanuel Kamber. Emanuel Yousif Kamber is an Assyrian physics professor at Western Michigan University and was the Secretary General of the Assyrian Universal Alliance.  He was born in the small Assyrian village of Darbandokeh in Iraq.

Biography
In 1983, Emanuel Kamber earned a Ph.D. and Doctors degree in physics from University of London in England. He studies and conducts experiments involving electron capture, ionization and excitation processes in low-velocity collisions among atoms, ions and molecules. Emanuel has published over 70 widely referenced papers in scientific journals and has presented more than 90 papers at National and International Conferences on Atomic Physics. He has been a research associate at the Royal Society Research Unit, University College of Swansea in the United Kingdom & Kansas State University, and a visiting professor at Kansas State University. He has mentored 4 master theses and 2 Ph.D. dissertations.

See also
 Assyrian Universal Alliance

References

 WMU News: At the behest of the U.S. Department of State, Dr. Emanuel Kamber, a Western Michigan University professor of physics, has been traveling the world recently to help lay plans for a post-war Iraq.
 Zinda Magazine, 6 July 2005. Editorial: What Next For AUA? 
 "Kurdish Autonomy Proposal Threatens Iraqi Territorial Integrity"
 "Exiles Lay Groundwork For An Iraq Transition"
 "Single-Electron Capture Processes in Slow Collisions of He2+ Ions with O2, NH3, N2, and CO2," O. Abu-Haija, E. Y. Kamber, S.M. Ferguson and N. Stolterfoht, Phys. Rev. A 72 042701 (2005)
 "Competition between dissociative and nondissociative single-electron capture in He2+ -O2 collisions," E.Y. Kamber, O. Abu-Haija, and S.M. Ferguson, Physical Review A, 65 (2002) 62717.

External links
 Western Michigan University: Biography of Emanuel Kamber
 Emanuel Kamber

American people of Iraqi-Assyrian descent
Iraqi emigrants to the United States
21st-century American physicists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Iraqi physicists
Western Michigan University faculty
Iraqi Assyrian people
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
Scaled Composites Triumph. The Scaled Composites Triumph is a twin-engine, business jet prototype designed and built by Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites for Beechcraft. It was known officially as the Model 143, and internally at Scaled as the "Tuna". The aircraft is a three lifting surface design, with both a small canard, and a small conventional horizontal stabilizer in a T-tail configuration.

Design and development
Originally, three versions of the all-composite aircraft were envisioned, one powered by piston engines, one by turboprops and one by turbofans. The only one built was the turbofan version with engines mounted on top of the wings, which was first aircraft to be powered by the Williams International FJ44 engine. The maiden flight took place at the Mojave Airport on July 12, 1988.

The flight test program was completed and confirmed the targeted performance. The financial situation of Beech at the time, and competing projects, prevented consideration of commercial production. In February 1991, Rutan stated, "it had the potential for enormous improvements in efficiency compared to the King Air. It was as fast as the Citation II, but had 60% better fuel economy." After the test program was completed, the airframe was mounted on a pedestal at Scaled's Mojave facility for several years. The Triumph is currently on display in the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark at Palmdale Plant 42.

Specifications

See also

References

 Lambert, Mark. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1990–91. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Defence Data, 1990. .

External links

Goleta Air and Space Museum
Scaled Composites Model 143 "Triumph" Gallery Selected image
Gallery of "Triumph"

Beechcraft
Three-surface aircraft
Canard aircraft
Rutan aircraft
1980s United States experimental aircraft
Twinjets
Engine-over-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1988