omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Moving skyscraper. A moving skyscraper is a tall building in which individual floors can rotate on its axis. The world's first such building, the Suite Vollard, is located in Curitiba, Brazil. Another similar project is the Dynamic Tower in Dubai.

The Dynamic Tower 

The tower which will be built in Dubai is designed by Italian architect David Fisher. It will have a total number of 80 floors. All the floors are prefabricated and can spin 360 degrees around a central column by means of power generated by the wind turbine located between each floor. The apartments are expected to cost about $3.7 million to $36 million. The construction was expected to be completed by 2014. The projected cost of the project was 700 million dollars.

Moscow 
There are plans to build a 70-story skyscraper in Moscow as well.

References 

Skyscrapers by type
Residential skyscrapers in Dubai
Li Rongrong. Li Rongrong (; 1945 – 21 December 2019) was a Chinese politician who served as Chairman of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission.

Biography 
Li was born in Suzhou, Jiangsu, Republic of China in 1945. He graduated from the department of chemical engineering of Tianjin University, majoring in electro-chemistry.

He started working in a factory in Wuxi in July 1968, and was elevated to head of the factory in the early 1980s. From 1986, he served as vice director of economics commission of Wuxi, director of light manufacturing bureau, director of planning commission of the city, and vice director of economics planning commission of Jiangsu.

In June 1992, he was transferred to manufacturing planning bureau of manufacturing office of the State Council. From August 1992, he served in various posts in State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC). He was appointed vice director of the Commission in 1998, and became vice director and vice Chinese Communist Party (CCP) chief of the Commission in December 1999. In February 2001, he was elevated to director and CCP chief of SETC. He served as the chairman and CCP committee secretary of State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. He was a member of 16th and 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

Li died on 21 December 2019 in Beijing, aged 74.

References

1945 births
2019 deaths
Tianjin University alumni
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
Politicians from Suzhou
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangsu
Members of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Hou Debang. Hou Debang (; 9 August 1890 – 26 August 1974), also known as Hou Qirong () and Hou Te-Pang, was a Chinese chemist and chemical engineer. He was born in Taijiang District of Fuzhou (then known as Houguan County). Graduating from Tsinghua Preparatory School in 1912, Hou was one of the scholars sent to the United States to study modern technologies. He obtained his master's degree in chemical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1917), and later obtained his doctoral degree at Columbia University (1921).

From 1950, Hou Debang served as a consultant in the chemical industry bureau of the Ministry of Heavy Industry. In 1957 he joined the Chinese Communist Party and in 1959 was appointed minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China. Among Hou's discoveries was his 1933 improvement to the Solvay process for producing sodium carbonate.

On August 26, 1974, already ill from leukemia, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died.

References

1890 births
1974 deaths
Chemists from Zhejiang
Chinese chemical engineers
Columbia University alumni
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Fujian
Engineers from Fujian
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Members of Academia Sinica
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
People's Republic of China politicians from Fujian
Politicians from Fuzhou
Scientists from Fujian
Sommerfeld number. In the design of fluid bearings, the Sommerfeld number (S) is a dimensionless quantity used extensively in hydrodynamic lubrication analysis. The Sommerfeld number is very important in lubrication analysis because it contains all the variables normally specified by the designer.

The Sommerfeld number is named after Arnold Sommerfeld (1868–1951).

Definition
The Sommerfeld Number is typically defined by the following equation:

where:
 S is the Sommerfeld Number or bearing characteristic number
 r is the shaft radius
 c is the radial clearance
 μ is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant
 N is the speed of the rotating shaft in rev/s
 P is the load per unit of projected bearing area

The second part of the equation is seen to be the Hersey number. However, an alternative definition for S is used in some texts based on angular velocity:

where:
 is angular velocity of the shaft in rad/s.
 W is the applied load
 L is the bearing length
 D is the bearing diameter

It is therefore necessary to check which definition is being used when referring to design data or textbooks, since the value of S will differ by a factor of 2π.

Derivation

Petrov's law 
Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov's method of lubrication analysis, which assumes a concentric shaft and bearing, was the first to explain the phenomenon of bearing friction. This method, which ultimately produces the equation known as Petrov's law (or Petroff's law), is useful because it defines groups of relevant dimensionless parameters, and predicts a fairly accurate coefficient of friction, even when the shaft is not concentric.

Considering a vertical shaft rotating inside a bearing, it can be assumed that the bearing is subjected to a negligible load, the radial clearance space is completely filled with lubricant, and that leakage is negligible. The surface velocity of the shaft is: , where N is the rotational speed of the shaft in rev/s.

The shear stress in the lubricant can be represented as follows:

Assuming a constant rate of shear,

The torque required to shear the film is

If a small radial load W acts on the shaft and hence the bearing, the frictional drag force can be considered equal to the product fW, with the friction torque represented as

Where
 W is the force acting on the bearing
 P is the radial load per unit of project bearing area (Pressure)
 f is the coefficient of friction

If the small radial load W is considered negligible, setting the two expressions for torque equal to one another and solving for the coefficient of friction yields

Which is known as Petroff's law or the Petroff equation.
It provides a quick and simple means of obtaining reasonable estimates of coefficients of friction of lightly loaded bearings.

Notes

References

External links
Sommerfeld number calculator

Fluid dynamics
Bearings (mechanical)
Enhanced coal bed methane recovery. Enhanced coal bed methane recovery is a method of producing additional coalbed methane from a source rock, similar to enhanced oil recovery applied to oil fields.  Carbon dioxide (CO2) injected into a bituminous coal bed would occupy pore space and also adsorb onto the carbon in the coal at approximately twice
the rate of methane (CH4), allowing for potential enhanced gas recovery. This technique may be used in conjunction with carbon capture and storage in mitigation of global warming where the carbon dioxide that is sequestered is captured from the output of fossil fuel power plants.

A research project at ETH Zurich is studying the process of pumping carbon dioxide into unminable coal seams and recovering the methane that is subsequently displaced.

An extensive experimental investigation about the process of desorbing methane by adsorbing carbon dioxide in real coal samples was performed. The proof of principle and the technical feasibility of the method could be verified with these measurements. These research results indicate that CBM can become an alternative to conventional natural gas. ECBM provides additional to CBM the advantage of long-term  storage in the underground coal seams.

However, without other incentives, enhanced coal bed methane recovery is not economical as the commercial value of the released methane does not completely offset the cost of pumping.

Penetration of CO2 into coal is simulated using a stress-enhanced diffusion model.

See also
 Coal bed methane extraction
 Global Methane Initiative

Further reading 
 Reznik, A., Singh, P. K., and Foley, W. L., 1982, An analysis of the effect of carbon dioxide injection on the recovery of in-situ methane from bituminous coal: An experimental simulation: Society of Petroleum Engineers/U.S. Department of Energy 10822
 Gale, J., and Freund, P., 2001, Coal-bed methane enhancement with CO2 sequestration worldwide potential: Environmental Geosciences, v. 8, no. 3, p. 210–217.
 Schroeder, K., Ozdemir, E., and Morsi, B.I., 2002, Sequestration of carbon dioxide in coal seams: Journal of Energy and Environmental Research, v. 2, no. 1. p. 54–63. (from U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration, 2001).

References

Coal technology
Energy development
Methane
DRG Class 64. The Deutsche Reichsbahn had a standard passenger train tank engine with a wheel arrangement of 1′C1′ (UIC classification) or 2-6-2 (Whyte notation) and a low axle load, which was designated in their classification system as the DRG Class 64 (Baureihe 64). The Class 64 was developed from 1926 onwards and it was built between 1928 and 1940. Many German manufacturers contributed to the series.

Construction
The boiler and elements of the driving gear were the same as those on the DRG Class 24. They had Bissel bogies, apart from the last ten engines which had a Krauss-Helmholtz bogie. From no. 64 368 onwards the engines were  longer than their predecessors. The Class 64 engine was given the nickname "Bubikopf" ('bob') after a fashionable ladies hairstyle of the time.

Service
After the Second World War 393 engines were still in service of which 278 went to the Deutsche Bundesbahn and 115 to the Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany). No. 64 311 remained in Austria after 1945 and became class 64 (Reihe 64) with the Austrian Federal Railways (Österreichische Bundesbahnen or ÖBB). Those engines left in Poland were given the classification OKl2 by the PKP. In 1968 there were still 60 machines in service with the Bundesbahn. Twenty Class 64 locomotives have been preserved, the majority in Germany.

Preserved Locomotives 

While the majority of the class 64s are preserved in Germany, seven of the class are preserved in other countries.
 64 250 with the Chemin de Fer à Vapeur des 3 Vallées in Mariembourg, Belgium
 64 305 with the Nene Valley Railway in England and is currently awaiting overhaul. 
 64 344 with the Passau Railway Society (currently being renovated)
 64 415 with the Veluwsche Stoomtrein Maatschappij in Beekbergen, Netherlands
 64 419 with the DBK Historic Railway in Crailsheim
 64 491 with the Dampfbahn Fränkische Schweiz in Ebermannstadt, Bavaria
 64 518 with the Verein Historische Eisenbahn Emmental (VHE) in Huttwil, Switzerland
 64 061 (Polish State Railways no. OKl2-6) in Jaworzyna Śląska, Poland

See also 
 Deutsche Reichsbahn 
 List of DRG locomotives and railbuses
 Einheitsdampflokomotive for more about the DRG's standard steam locomotives.

References

External links 
 64 491 at the Dampfbahn Fränkische Schweiz e. V.

64
2-6-2T locomotives
64
Railway locomotives introduced in 1928
Passenger locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
1′C1′ h2t locomotives
Borsig locomotives
Hanomag locomotives
Henschel locomotives
AEG locomotives
Krupp locomotives
AG Vulcan Stettin locomotives
Humboldt locomotives
Arnold Jung locomotives
Linke-Hofmann locomotives
Orenstein & Koppel locomotives
Esslingen locomotives
Krauss-Maffei locomotives
Schichau-Werke locomotives
Union Giesserei locomotives
Burning Index. Burning Index (BI) is a number used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to describe the potential amount of effort needed to contain a single fire in a particular fuel type within a rating area. The National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) uses a modified version of Bryam's equation for flame length – based on the Spread Component (SC) and the available energy (ERC) – to calculate flame length from which the Burning Index is computed.

The equation for flame length is listed below:

where:
j is a scaling factor,
SC is the spread component,
and ERC is the Energy Release Component.

Consequently, the equation for the Burning Index is:

where  is the Burning Index scaling factor of (10/ft). Therefore, dividing the Burning Index by 10 produces a reasonable estimate of the flame length at the head of a fire. A unique Burning Index (BI) table is required for each fuel model.

References 

Fire
Firefighting
Logistics Support System. Logistics Support System (LSS) is a tool created by the Pan American Health Organization and six United Nations agencies for the purpose of facilitating the communication among humanitarian agencies, non-governmental organizations, donors, media or countries and enhancing the coordination of  humanitarian supply chain. By creating matching tables to collect information from other tracking systems or by having access to already existing data in the systems' database, logistics support systems have the ability to provide decision supporting reports that show which relief supplies were received or delivered, where they have been stored, which relief supplies are requested and how useful they are at a specific moment. Sorting and classifying incoming supplies are also some functions of a logistics support system. Consequently, the function of the logistics support system enhances the proactivity of a humanitarian organization by improving problem traceability and performance monitoring and providing the advantage to timely change the plan of the supply chain without consequences.

Two modules of the logistics support system have been created: a module that operates under Windows systems and a second module that operates under a web browser. The Logistics Support System has been used in many natural disasters, including Pakistan earthquake in October 2005 and Bolivian floods in February 2006. This is being used in response to the earthquakes in Haiti and Chile 2010.

References

External links

 

Logistics
Tadashi Watanabe. is a Japanese computer engineer. Watanabe is the project manager of the RIKEN Next-Generation Supercomputer R&D Center. He played a central role in the development of the NEC SX architecture. Watanabe was awarded the Eckert–Mauchly Award in 1998, and the Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award in 2006.

External links
 Short RIKEN biography
 NEC press release following his award of the Cray award

Living people
Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award recipients
Riken personnel
NEC people
Year of birth missing (living people)
List of countries by aluminium oxide production. Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide of aluminium with the chemical formula . It is also commonly referred to as alumina or aloxite in the mining, ceramic and materials science communities. It is produced by the Bayer process from bauxite. Its most significant use is in the production of aluminium metal, although it is also used as an abrasive due to its hardness and as a refractory material due to its high melting point.

Table
This is a list of countries by aluminium oxide (alumina) production in 2023. 

* indicates "Natural resources of COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.

References

External links
British Geological Survey complete list

Aluminium compounds
Aluminium oxide production
Bensen B-10. The Bensen B-10 Propcopter was an unconventional VTOL aircraft developed by Igor Bensen in the United States in the late 1950s. The pilot sat astride a beam that had an engine mounted at either end of it, each driving a rotor to provide lift. Each of these rotors was surrounded by a system of four pivotable vanes to direct its downwash, and linked to a control stick for the pilot, this provided control of the craft. Only a single prototype (registered N56U) was built.

Specifications

See also

References
1000aircraftphotos.com B-10 Prop-Copter VTOL aircraft

 
 

1950s United States experimental aircraft
VTOL aircraft
B-10
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Bensen B-12. The Bensen B-12, variously dubbed the Sky-Way or Sky-Mat was an unconventional multirotor developed by Igor Bensen in the United States in the late 1950s. Extremely unorthodox, the design sprang from Bensen's thinking about the engine redundancy necessary to ensure the safe operation of small, personal rotorcraft operating at low altitudes and slow speeds. The result was a broad aluminum framework supporting an array of ten engines and rotors that Bensen likened to a "magic carpet". The design was later refined to include eight rotors, each driven by two engines for a total of sixteen.

Successfully flown in 1961 at altitudes up to 20 ft (6 m), Bensen felt that the approach had potential for military heavy-lift or agricultural applications, but nothing further came of it.

Specifications

References

 
 
 aerofiles.com
 Bensen Aircraft Foundation 

1960s United States experimental aircraft
1960s United States helicopters
B-12
Multirotor helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1961
Ten-engined aircraft
Supméca. Supméca (Institut Supérieur de Mécanique)  is a French mechanical engineering school. The school is an active member of the Polyméca network and part of the ENSI (Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Ingenieur) school group as well as the ISAE Group. According to the 2016 rankings of French Magazine  L'Usine nouvelle, Supméca is ranked among the 10 best engineering schools in the fields of mechanics, aeronautics, automobile, transport and materials.

Notable alumni
Since its founding in 1948, Supméca has produced more than 6,800 graduates.

Jean-François Pontal - ex-CEO of Orange Worldwide.
Bernard Dudot  - French engineer who was instrumental in the development of the turbo V6 and normally aspirated V10 engines of Formula One while working for Alpine and Renault.
Bernard Charlès - CEO and Vice-Chairman of the board of directors of Dassault Systèmes.

References

External links
 
Supméca Junior Études
Association des Anciens de Supméca

Educational institutions established in 1948
1948 establishments in France
UMER. The University of Maryland Electron Ring, or UMER,  is a scaled electron beam accelerator located at the University of Maryland. The primary purpose of UMER is to investigate accelerator dynamics for beams with intense space charge, such as one finds in ion accelerators and photoinjectors. It deliberately enhances space charge forces by operating at low energies but relatively high currents.

References

External links
 Official UMER website

Particle accelerators
Bachelor of Applied Technology. A  Bachelor of Applied Technology or BAT is a four-year degree granted by Canadian colleges and universities. (This is not to be confused with 2-year associate degree offered by US schools which is equivalent to a diploma program in Canada.) In the United States, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Penn State University and others offer similar bachelor's degree in engineering technology that has similar goals. Several United States community colleges and universities, such as Brazosport College in Texas, also offer a BAT with several different concentrations; business management, environment, health and safety, process operations management and general technology management for example. Also in Australia and New Zealand, it is normal for a university to grant a bachelor's degree in engineering technology.

Entrance requirement 
The entrance requirement is usually a high school diploma. Graduates of two-year diploma programs (In US, associate degree program graduates) in a closely related field may be admitted directly into the 3rd year of the degree program and can graduate at the end of the fourth year. Sometimes the program consists of last two years only, in which case it is mandatory to have a two-year diploma in a related field.

Some colleges allow students to exit the degree program after successful completion of first two years with diploma credential as well. Graduates of this type of degree program are expected to fulfil a role that is somewhere between a technician and an engineer.

History 
Canadian colleges started granting applied degrees in the mid-1990s and all major colleges offer Applied bachelor's degree programs in variety of fields ranging from accounting, human resources, marketing, international business, finance, engineering, criminology, film productions, radio broadcasting and hospitality and tourism management.

Recognition

By professional licensing bodies 
Certified General Accountants Association of Canada accepts Applied bachelor's degree as meeting exit requirements for CGA credential.

Professional engineering associations usually accept membership applications from such graduates, but will sometimes assign supplemental courses before professional designation is given if all other criteria are met.

By industry 
“Society of Petroleum Engineers” accepts a graduate of Bachelor of Applied Petroleum Engineering Technology program as a member.

By government 
Applied degrees are considered a qualified academic credential for the purpose of applying to government-run student loan programs.

References 

Applied Technology, Bachelor of
Direct injection expanded foam molding. Direct injection expanded foam molding (also known as injection molded foam) is a manufacturing process that creates soft foam products direct from a compound into a final product. This process eliminates the steps normally required for die-cutting and compression molding, because it manufactures the foam and the product, simultaneously.

The base resin, used in a complex formula, is an ethylene-based polyolefin elastomer (like polyethylene and EVA). Foam that is manufactured with these resins has many physical benefits. Unlike a sponge, foams from this process are closed-cell, meaning it's waterproof and resists mold, mildew, and bacteria from entering the material.

It is also cross-linked, which means that the cells are connected in a way that makes the foam strong and durable with high tear and tensile strength.

All polyolefin elastomers are also resistant to most chemicals, which allows the products to not only be used in a chemical environment but also with most household cleaners.

The process itself is known to be very interesting because the injected compound is not foam, until an endothermic reaction in a hot mold activates the blowing agents, resulting in an expanded foam part. This requires the mold cavity size to be smaller than the final part. The actual known expansion is created within the formula, so that when the part "self-ejects" from the mold at the end of the cycle, it grows to the required part size.

The cavity for a tire is considerably smaller than the final tire size. This process is valuable for any foam product that needs to have lots of detail. It needs to be very durable.

References

 https://www.popfoam.com/

Injection molding