omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
UNIX System Services. z/OS UNIX System Services (z/OS UNIX, or informally USS) is a base element of z/OS.  z/OS UNIX is a certified UNIX operating system implementation (XPG4 UNIX 95) optimized for mainframe architecture.  It is the first UNIX 95 to not be derived from the AT&T source code.  Through integration with the rest of z/OS, additional Time Sharing Option (TSO) commands are available alongside the usual UNIX services, making it possible to process UNIX files using ISPF.  Extensions in JCL make it possible to use these files in batch processing.

Overview 
UNIX System Services allows UNIX applications from other platforms to run on IBM System z mainframes running z/OS. In many cases only a recompile is necessary, although additional effort may be advisable for z/OS integration (such as SMP/E installation support). While z/OS UNIX supports ASCII and Unicode, and there's no technical requirement to modify ASCII and Unicode UNIX applications, many z/OS users often prefer EBCDIC support in their applications including those running in z/OS UNIX. Consequently, z/OS UNIX provides application and administrator services for converting to/from EBCDIC. Programs running under z/OS UNIX have full, secure access to the other internal functions of z/OS. Database access (Db2 via Call Attach) is one example of how z/OS UNIX can access services found elsewhere in z/OS. Naturally such programs cannot be ported to non-mainframe platforms without rewriting if they use these z/OS-specific services.  Conversely, if a program adheres to UNIX standards such as POSIX and ANSI C, it will be easier to move it between different UNIX operating systems including z/OS UNIX.

The file systems for z/OS UNIX (the older HFS with DFSMS/MVS Version 1 Release 2 and the now preferred zFS), which support UNIX-style long filenames, appear as datasets to the rest of z/OS. Numerous core z/OS subsystems and applications rely on UNIX System Services, including the z/OS Management Facility, XML parsing and generation services, OpenSSH, the IBM HTTP Server for z/OS, the z/OS SDK for Java, and some z/OS PKI services as examples.  z/OS UNIX also provides a shell environment, OMVS.

z/OS UNIX's predecessor was an operating system component called OpenEdition MVS, first implemented in MVS/ESA SP 4.3 and enhanced in MVS/ESA 5.1. OpenEdition MVS initially only supported the POSIX standards, but X/OPEN, the predecessor to The Open Group, certified MVS/ESA SP V5.1.

IBM continues to enhance UNIX System Services. Typically every release of z/OS includes enhancements to z/OS UNIX.

See also 
 Linux on IBM Z
 OpenSolaris for System z
 UTS (Mainframe UNIX)

Notes

References

External links 
  UNIX System Services

IBM mainframe operating systems
Unix variants
CPU socket. In computer hardware, a CPU socket or CPU slot contains one or more mechanical components providing mechanical and electrical connections between a microprocessor and a printed circuit board (PCB). This allows for placing and replacing the central processing unit (CPU) without soldering.

Common sockets have retention clips that apply a constant force, which must be overcome when a device is inserted. For chips with many pins, zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets are preferred. Common sockets include pin grid array (PGA) or land grid array (LGA). These designs apply a compression force once either a handle (PGA type) or a surface plate (LGA type) is put into place. This provides superior mechanical retention while avoiding the risk of bending pins when inserting the chip into the socket. Certain devices use Ball Grid Array (BGA) sockets, although these require soldering and are generally not considered user replaceable.

CPU sockets are used on the motherboard in desktop and server computers. Because they allow easy swapping of components, they are also used for prototyping new circuits. Laptops typically use surface-mount CPUs, which take up less space on the motherboard than a socketed part.

As the pin density increases in modern sockets, increasing demands are placed on the printed circuit board fabrication technique, which permits the large number of signals to be successfully routed to nearby components. Likewise, within the chip carrier, the wire bonding technology also becomes more demanding with increasing pin counts and pin densities. Each socket technology will have specific reflow soldering requirements. As CPU and memory frequencies increase, above 30 MHz or thereabouts, electrical signalling increasingly shifts to differential signaling over parallel buses, bringing a new set of signal integrity challenges. The evolution of the CPU socket amounts to a coevolution of all these technologies in tandem. 

Modern CPU sockets are almost always designed in conjunction with a heat sink mounting system, or in lower power devices, other thermal considerations.

Function
A CPU socket is made of plastic, and often comes with a lever or latch, and with metal contacts for each of the pins or lands on the CPU. Many packages are keyed to ensure the proper insertion of the CPU. CPUs with a PGA (pin grid array) package are inserted into the socket and, if included, the latch is closed. CPUs with an LGA (land grid array) package are inserted into the socket, the latch plate is flipped into position atop the CPU, and the lever is lowered and locked into place, pressing the CPU's contacts firmly against the socket's lands and ensuring a good connection, as well as increased mechanical stability.

List

80x86
Table legend:

Other ISAs

Slotkets
Slotkets are special adapters for using socket processors in bus-compatible slot motherboards.

See also
 List of AMD processors
 List of Intel processors

References

External links
 Socket ID Guide up to 2005
 CPU Sockets Chart - A fairly detailed table listing x86 Sockets and associated attributes.
 techPowerUp! CPU Database
 Processor sockets
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8. The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 Utka (, "duck") was a Soviet experimental aircraft. Built of wood, the aircraft was designed and built in 1945 to test the novel canard configuration. It also used a tricycle undercarriage, the first used by the OKB. It was modified to test a variety of vertical stabilizer and wingtip configurations and was later used as a liaison aircraft for many years by the design bureau.

Design and development
Nicknamed Utka ("duck"), as the word canard (referring to its small forward wing) is French for "duck", and with the Russian aeronautics term for a canard wing being described as a "duck" scheme (схема "утка"), the MiG-8 was an experimental aircraft designed and built by the OKB to evaluate the stability and handling of the canard configuration in conjunction with swept wings. This design has benefits in a jet-powered aircraft as it leaves the rear of the fuselage clear of interference from the jet's exhausts. To test the concept the MiG-8 was powered by a Shvetsov M-11 five-cylinder radial engine, with a pusher propeller.

Operational history
The aircraft was used as a testbed for developing the swept wing of the MiG-15, and afterwards continued to fly as a communications/utility aircraft for the OKB. Being made of wood and fabric, it was very light and reportedly a favorite among MiG OKB test pilots for its docile, slow-speed handling characteristics.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography
 Gordon, Yefim and Komissarov, Dmitry. OKB Mikoyan: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, 2009 
 Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995. London: Osprey, 1995

External links

 MiG-8 from aviation.ru
 MiG-8 from armscontrol.ru
 Archival film of MiG-8 winter rollout and takeoff

Canard aircraft
MiG-008
Single-engined pusher aircraft
1940s Soviet civil utility aircraft
1940s Soviet experimental aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
SCCP. SCCP may refer to:

 Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party, a defunct political party from state of Sabah, Malaysia 
 The Scientific Committee on Consumer Products of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection
 Skinny Client Control Protocol, a VoIP terminal control protocol defined by Cisco Systems, Inc.
 Signalling Connection Control Part, from ITU-T recommendation Q.713, is the network protocol for Signalling System 7 networks.
 South Carolina College of Pharmacy.
 Sparse conditional constant propagation, an optimisation technique used in compilers.
 Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
 Short-chained chlorinated paraffins
SASL. SASL may refer to:

Computing
 Simple Authentication and Security Layer, a framework for authentication and data security in Internet protocols
 SASL (programming language), a non-strict functional programming language developed by David Turner in 1976
 System Application Support Libraries, an application of the Erlang programming language

Other uses
 South African Sign Language, a sign language in South Africa
 Solitaire Advanced Squad Leader, a single-player variant of the World War II board wargame Advanced Squad Leader
 South African Soccer League, a former association football league based in South Africa
Leucite. Leucite (from the Greek word leukos meaning white) is a rock-forming mineral of the feldspathoid group, silica-undersaturated and composed of potassium and aluminium tectosilicate KAlSi2O6. Crystals have the form of cubic icositetrahedra but, as first observed by Sir David Brewster in 1821, they are not optically isotropic, and are therefore pseudo-cubic. Goniometric measurements made by Gerhard vom Rath in 1873 led him to refer the crystals to the tetragonal system. Optical investigations have since proved the crystals to be still more complex in character, and to consist of several orthorhombic or monoclinic individuals, which are optically biaxial and repeatedly twinned, giving rise to twin-lamellae and to striations on the faces. When the crystals are raised to a temperature of about 500 °C they become optically isotropic and the twin-lamellae and striations disappear, although they reappear when the crystals are cooled again. This pseudo-cubic character of leucite is very similar to that of the mineral boracite.

The crystals are white or ash-grey in colour, hence the name suggested by A. G. Werner in 1701, from λευκος, '(matt) white'. They are transparent and glassy when fresh, albeit with a noticeably subdued 'subvitreous' lustre due to the low refractive  index, but readily  alter to become waxy/greasy and then dull and opaque; they are brittle and break with a conchoidal fracture. The Mohs hardness is 5.5, and the specific gravity 2.47. Inclusions of other minerals, arranged in concentric zones, are frequently present in the crystals. On account of the color and form of the crystals the mineral was early known as 'white garnet'. French authors in older literature may employ René Just Haüy's name amphigène, but 'leucite' is the only name for this mineral species that is recognised as official by the International Mineralogical Association.

References

Feldspathoid
Potassium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 88
Argentite. In mineralogy, argentite () is cubic silver sulfide (Ag2S), which can only exist at temperatures above , , or . When it cools to ordinary temperatures it turns into its monoclinic polymorph, acanthite. The International Mineralogical Association has decided to reject argentite as a proper mineral.

The name "argentite" sometimes also refers to pseudomorphs of argentite: specimens of acanthite which still display some of the outward signs of the cubic crystal form, even though their actual crystal structure is monoclinic due to the lower temperature. This form of acanthite is occasionally found as uneven cubes and octahedra, but more often as dendritic or earthy masses, with a blackish lead-grey color and metallic luster.

Argentite belongs to the galena group. Cleavage, which is so prominent a feature in galena, here presents only in traces. The mineral is perfectly sectile and has a shining streak; hardness 2.5, specific gravity is 7.2–7.4. It occurs in mineral veins, and when found in large masses, as in  Mexico and in the Comstock Lode in Nevada, it forms an important ore of silver. The mineral was mentioned in 1529 by G. Agricola, but the name argentite was not used till 1845 and is due to W. Haidinger. Old names for the species are Glaserz, silver-glance and vitreous silver. A related copper-rich mineral occurring e.g. in Jalpa, Zacatecas, Mexico, is known as jalpaite.

References

External links

Silver minerals
Sulfide minerals
Pyrophyllite. Pyrophyllite is a phyllosilicate mineral composed of aluminium silicate hydroxide: Al2Si4O10(OH)2. It occurs in two forms (habits): crystalline folia and compact masses; distinct crystals are not known.

The folia have a pronounced pearly luster, owing to the presence of a perfect cleavage parallel to their surfaces: they are flexible but not elastic, and are usually arranged radially in fan-like or spherical groups. This variety, when heated, exfoliates and swells up to many times its original volume. The color of both varieties is white, pale green, greyish or yellowish; they are very soft (hardness of 1.0 to 1.5) and are greasy to the touch. The specific gravity is 2.65–2.85. The two varieties are thus very similar to talc.

Occurrence
Pyrophyllite occurs in phyllite and schistose rocks, often associated with kyanite, of which it is an alteration product. It also occurs as hydrothermal deposits. Typical associated minerals include: kyanite, andalusite, topaz, mica and quartz.

Deposits containing well-crystallized material are found in:
 Manuels, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, talc-like bright white appearance, high grade, no impurities; 21 million ton deposit. 
Russia – pale green foliated masses, very like talc in appearance, are found at Beresovsk near Yekaterinburg in the Urals.
 St. Niklas, Zermatt, Valais, Switzerland
 Vaastana, Kristianstad, Sweden
 Near Ottrje, Ardennes Mountains, Belgium
 Ibitiara, Bahia, Brazil
 Nagano Prefecture, Japan
 Near Ogilby, Imperial County at Tres Cerritos, Mariposa County, and the Champion mine, White Mountains, Mono County, California, US
 Near Quartzsite, La Paz County, Arizona, US
 Large deposits at the Deep River region of North Carolina, USA
Graves Mountain, Lincoln County, Georgia, US

In South Africa, major deposits of pyrophyllite occur within the Ottosdal region, where it is mined for the production of a variety of manufactured goods, and blocks are quarried and marketed as "Wonderstone" for the carving of sculptures.

Uses
The compact variety of pyrophyllite is used for slate pencils and tailors' chalk (French chalk), and is carved by the Chinese into small images and ornaments of various kinds. Other soft compact minerals (steatite and pinite) used for these Chinese carvings are included with pyrophyllite under the terms agalmatolite and pagodite.

Pyrophyllite is easily machineable and has excellent thermal stability, so it is added to clay to reduce thermal expansion when firing, but it has many other industrial uses when combined with other compounds, such as in insecticide and for making bricks. Pyrophyllite is also widely used in high-pressure experiments, both as a gasket material and as a pressure-transmitting medium.

See also

References
.

External links
Mineral galleries
USGS

Phyllosilicates
Aluminium minerals
Triclinic minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
Minerals in space group 15
Luminescent minerals
1867 in architecture. The year 1867 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Events
 May 12 – Construction work begins on Toluca Cathedral in Mexico.
 May 20 – Queen Victoria lays the foundation stone for the Royal Albert Hall in London, designed by Captain Francis Fowke and Colonel H. Y. Darracott Scott.
 Joseph Monier patents reinforced concrete.
 Ildefons Cerdà publishes Teoría General de la Urbanización ("General Theory of Urbanization").
 The United States Congress directs the United States Army Corps of Engineers to begin improvements on the Navigation Structures at Frankfort Harbor, Michigan.

Buildings and structures

Buildings opened
 January 1 – The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge in Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky, United States
 May 11 – St Nedelya Church, Sofia, Bulgaria (rebuilt)
 July 30 – Kvæfjord Church, Norway, designed by Jacob Wilhelm Nordan
 July 31 – St Giles Church, Willenhall, England (consecrated)
 September 27 – Zagreb Synagogue (consecrated)

Buildings completed
 Russian-American Building No. 29, Sitka, Alaska
 Grande halle de la Villette (abattoir), Paris, France, designed by Jules de Mérindol and Louis-Adolphe Janvier

Awards
 RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Charles Texier.
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture – Émile Bénard.

Births

 February 2 - Theodate Pope Riddle, American architect (died 1946)
 March 10 – Hector Guimard, French Art Nouveau architect (died 1942)
 April 27 – Charles Nicholson, English ecclesiastical architect (died 1949)
 June 8 – Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect, interior designer, writer and educator (died 1959)
 June 22 – John A. Pearson, English-born Canadian architect (died 1940)
 August 15 - Henry Hornbostel, American architect and academic (died 1967)
 October 11 – Francis Rattenbury, English-born Canadian architect (murdered 1935)
 October 17 – Josep Puig i Cadafalch, Catalan Spanish Modernista architect (died 1956)
 November 24 – Detmar Blow, English Arts and Crafts architect (died 1939)

Deaths

 March 6 – József Hild, Hungarian architect (born 1789)
 March 25 – Jakob Ignaz Hittorff, Franco-German architect, who supervised changes at Palais Beauharnais in Paris (born 1792)
 April 18 – Robert Smirke, English Greek Revival architect (born 1780)

References

Architecture
Years in architecture
19th-century architecture
REV (disk). REV is a removable hard disk storage system from Iomega, released in 2004.

The small removable disks store 35, 70, or 120 gigabytes (GB) and are hard-drive technology. Like a standard hard drive, the REV system uses a flying head to read and write data to a spinning platter. The removable disks contained the platter, spindle, and motor, while the drive heads and drive controller are contained within the REV drive. The drives allow for data transfer rates of about 25 megabytes (MB) per second.

The REV was available as an external desktop model with FireWire, SCSI or USB 2.0 interfaces, an internal model with SCSI, ATAPI, or SATA interfaces, or an external server model which features a cartridge autoloader and SCSI interface. Iomega also offered a 320 GB network-attached storage appliance which features a built-in REV. The drives are compatible with Macintosh, Windows, and Linux operating systems, although some only with particular models or interfaces.

This product, especially the server model, was marketed as a replacement of tape drive technology for enterprise data backup, with claims of higher reliability, greater speed, and random access capability.

The REV was in many ways a successor to Iomega's Jaz drive, which uses a similar removable hard-disk-platter concept. However the Jaz design does not put the drive motor in the disk case.

The disks are formatted with the UDF file system on Windows and Unix/Linux. On Apple systems, they may be formatted as HFS+ or UDF in Mac OS X.

A seemingly-similar competing technology is RDX Technology. A key distinction, however, is that the REV drive heads and drive controller remain inside the drive when the hard-disk platter is removed from it. In RDX Technology, the drive heads are contained within the cartridge along with the platter and are removed along with it.

The drives suffer from poor reliability and high failure rates of both the disk mechanism and power supply units (on the external versions). Faced with cheaper, smaller, higher capacity and more reliable USB 2.5" portable hard drives, the REV format was discontinued:
 35 GB - August 31, 2009
 70 GB - December 14, 2009
 120 GB - January 25, 2010

See also 
 Castlewood Orb Drive
 Universal Disk Format

References 

 "Iomega Introduces REV 120GB Backup Drive"
 "Iomega Debuts Versatile Backup Drive: 35GB Rev Provides Removable Storage Inside a Protective Cartridge"
 "sourceforge.net IOM RRD Tools" 

Hard disk drives
Iomega storage devices
Xerox Daybreak. Xerox Daybreak (also Xerox 6085 PCS, Xerox 1186) is a workstation computer marketed by Xerox from 1985 to 1989.

Overview

Daybreak is the final release in the D* (pronounced D-Star) series of machines, some of which share the Wildflower CPU design by Butler Lampson. Machines in this series include, in order, Dolphin, Dorado, Dicentra, Dandelion, Dandetiger, Daybreak, the never-manufactured Daisy, and Dragonfly "a 4-processor VLSI CPU developed at PARC and intended for a high-end printing system".

It was sold as the Xerox 6085 PCS (Professional Computer System) or ViewPoint 6085 PCS when sold as an office workstation running the ViewPoint system. ViewPoint is based on the Star software originally developed for the Xerox Star.  The 6085 ran the ViewPoint (later GlobalView) GUI and was used extensively throughout Xerox until being replaced by Suns and  PCs. Although years ahead of its time, it was never a commercial success.  The proprietary closed architecture and Xerox's reluctance to release the Mesa development environment for general use stifled any third-party development.

A fully configured 6085 came with an 80 MB hard disk, 3.7 MB of RAM, a 5¼-inch floppy disk drive, an Ethernet controller, and a PC emulator card containing an 80186 CPU. The basic system comes with 1.1 MB of RAM and a 10 MB hard disk. It was introduced in 1985 at .

The Daybreak was also sold as a Xerox 1186 workstation when configured as a Lisp machine.

Xerox also produced the Xerox Encryption Unit, intended to "sit atop a Xerox 6085 workstation processor" but reportedly usable by workstations and personal computers in general, for the encryption of IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet local area network traffic in government computing environments.

References

External links
 OLD-COMPUTERS.COM: Museum: Xerox 6085

Daybreak
Computer workstations
Products introduced in 1985
16-bit computers
LHTEC T800. The LHTEC T800 is a turboshaft engine for rotary wing applications. It is produced by the LHTEC (Light Helicopter Turbine Engine Company), a joint venture between Rolls-Royce and Honeywell. The commercial and export version is the CTS800. The engine was primarily developed for the United States Army's cancelled RAH-66 Comanche armed reconnaissance helicopter, but has found use in other applications.

Design and development

The engine was originally developed for the United States Army's LHX armed reconnaissance helicopter competition, competing against the Avco/Pratt & Whitney T800. The LHTEC T800 was selected to power the LHX in 1988. The Boeing-Sikorsky team was selected to build the  RAH-66 Comanche in 1991. A pair of T800-powered RAH-66 prototypes were constructed and underwent flight testing between 1996 and 2004. The LHX program was canceled in 2004, primarily due to cost overruns during its lengthy development, and the US Army's changing requirements.

Applications

 AgustaWestland Super Lynx 300 (CTS800-4N)
 AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat (CTS800-4N)
 Ayres LM200 Loadmaster (LHTEC CTP800-4T) (aircraft not built)
 Boeing-Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche (canceled)
 ShinMaywa US-2 (CTS800-4K) - boundary layer compressor drive
 Sikorsky X2 (T800-LHT-801)
 TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK (CTS800-4A)
 TAI T625

Specifications (T800-LHT-801)

See also

References

External links

 Honeywell CTS800 page 
 Rolls-Royce CTS800 page

1980s turboshaft engines