omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Brookfield Engineering. Brookfield Engineering is an engineering and manufacturing company with headquarters in Middleboro, Massachusetts.  It is a subsidiary of the conglomerate Ametek. Its product line includes laboratory viscometers, rheometers, texture analyzers, and powder flow testers as well as in-line process instrumentation.  These instruments are used by research, design, and process control departments.

Company history 
The company was established in 1934 by Don Brookfield Sr., who graduated from MIT with a degree in electrochemical engineering. Brookfield Engineering was a family-run business until 1986, when it became an ESOP company. It has been ISO certified since the 1990s.

Brookfield Engineering has dealers in 60 countries and regional offices in the US, UK, Germany, India and China.  All manufacturing is located in the US at company headquarters.

Principle of operation 
Classical Brookfield viscometers employ the principle of rotational viscometry—the torque required to turn an object, such as a spindle, in a fluid indicates the viscosity of the fluid. Torque is applied through a calibrated spring to a disk or bob spindle immersed in test fluid and the spring deflection measures the viscous drag of the fluid against the spindle. The amount of viscous drag is proportional to the amount of torque required to rotate the spindle, and thus to the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid. In the case of non-Newtonian fluids, Brookfield viscosities measured under the same conditions (model, spindle, speed, temperature, time of test, container, and any other sample preparation procedures that may affect the behavior of the fluid) can be compared. When developing a new test method, trial and error is often necessary in order to determine the proper spindle and speeds. Successful test methods will deliver a % torque reading between 10 and 100. The rheological behavior of the test fluid can be observed using the same spindle at different speeds, but because the geometry of the fluid around a rotating bob or disk spindle in a large container does not allow a single shear rate to be assigned, proper rheometry is not feasible using this setup.

Apart from its rotating bob viscometers, Brookfield now also produces defined-geometry rheometers which allow complete rheological analysis of fluids.

See also
 ASTM International
 Bulk density
 Deutsches Institut für Normung
 Food Rheology
 Mouthfeel
 Rheology

References

Viscosity
Rheology
Companies based in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Companies based in Massachusetts
1934 establishments in Massachusetts
Technology companies established in 1934
Manufacturing companies established in 1934
Koji Sato (engineer). is a Japanese mechanical engineer. He has been the Chief executive officer of Toyota since April 2023 and the President of the company since June 2023.

Biography 
Kōji Satō graduated from Waseda University in 1992 with a degree in mechanical engineering and joined the Toyota Group in April of the same year. In 2016, Satō took over the Lexus brand. In September 2020, he was also appointed President of the Motorsport/performance Division Toyota Gazoo Racing. He was made Chief Branding Officer in January 2021. In April 2023, he succeeded Akio Toyoda as CEO of Toyota. He became also became the President in June 2023.

External links 

 Biography  at Toyota website

References 

Mechanical engineers
1969 births
21st-century Japanese engineers
Toyota people
Japanese business executives
Living people
Waseda University alumni
Screen space ambient occlusion. Screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO) is a computer graphics technique for efficiently approximating the ambient occlusion effect in real time. It was developed by Vladimir Kajalin while working at Crytek and was used for the first time in 2007 by the video game Crysis, also developed by Crytek.

Implementation

The algorithm is implemented as a pixel shader, analyzing the scene depth buffer which is stored in a texture. For every pixel on the screen, the pixel shader samples the depth values around the current pixel and tries to compute the amount of occlusion from each of the sampled points. In its simplest implementation, the occlusion factor depends only on the depth difference between sampled point and current point.

Without additional smart solutions, such a brute force method would require about 200 texture reads per pixel for good visual quality.  This is not acceptable for real-time rendering on current graphics hardware. In order to get high quality results with far fewer reads, sampling is performed using a randomly rotated kernel. The kernel orientation is repeated every N screen pixels in order to have only high-frequency noise in the final picture. In the end this high frequency noise is greatly removed by a NxN post-process blurring step taking into account depth discontinuities (using methods such as comparing adjacent normals and depths). Such a solution allows a reduction in the number of depth samples per pixel to about 16 or fewer while maintaining a high quality result, and allows the use of SSAO in soft real-time applications like computer games.

Compared to other ambient occlusion solutions, SSAO has the following advantages:
 Independent from scene complexity.
 No data pre-processing needed, no loading time and no memory allocations in system memory.
 Works with dynamic scenes.
 Works in the same consistent way for every pixel on the screen.
 No CPU usage – it can be executed completely on the GPU.
 May be easily integrated into any modern graphics pipeline.

SSAO also has the following disadvantages:
 Rather local and in many cases view-dependent, as it is dependent on adjacent texel depths which may be generated by any geometry whatsoever.
 Hard to correctly smooth/blur out the noise without interfering with depth discontinuities, such as object edges (the occlusion should not "bleed" onto objects).

See also

Screen space directional occlusion (SSDO)

References

External links
 Finding Next Gen – CryEngine 2
 Video showing SSAO in action
 Image Enhancement by Unsharp Masking the Depth Buffer
 Hardware Accelerated Ambient Occlusion Techniques on GPUs
 Overview on Screen Space Ambient Occlusion Techniques
 Real-Time Depth Buffer Based Ambient Occlusion
 Source code of SSAO shader used in Crysis
 Approximating Dynamic Global Illumination in Image Space
 Accumulative Screen Space Ambient Occlusion
 NVIDIA has integrated SSAO into drivers
 Several methods of SSAO are described in ShaderX7 book
 SSAO Shader ( Russian )
 SSAO Tutorial, extension of the technique used in Crysis

Shading
Computer graphics
3D computer graphics
Global illumination algorithms
Maley & Taunton. Maley & Taunton was a tram and tramway engineering company. It was situated in Wednesbury in Staffordshire, England. The principals, Alfred Walter Maley and Edmund MacKenzie Taunton (b 1884) held patents for tram and tramway machinery and equipment. The company exported globally, with its tram trucks used, among others, in Lisbon, Johannesburg, and Hong Kong, and locally — to the Blackpool tramway, Sheffield Corporation, Liverpool Corporation, Glasgow Corporation, and the Manx Electric Railway.

See also
 List of tram builders

Notes

Tram transport in England
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in Wolverhampton
Power system simulator for engineering. Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS®E—often written as PSS/E) is a software tool used by power system engineers to simulate electrical power transmission networks in steady-state conditions as well as over timescales of a few seconds to tens of seconds.

Since its introduction in 1976, it has evolved from a simple command-line interface, to an integrated, interactive program for simulating, analyzing, and optimizing power system performance, and it can provide probabilistic and dynamic modeling features.

External links
Siemens PSS®E homepage

Simulation software
Electric power transmission systems
Siemens software products

References
Dryad (programming). Dryad was a research project at Microsoft Research for a general purpose runtime for execution of data parallel applications. 
The research prototypes of the Dryad and DryadLINQ data-parallel processing frameworks are available in source form at GitHub.

Overview
Microsoft made several preview releases of this technology available as add-ons to Windows HPC Server 2008 R2.

An application written for Dryad is modeled as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). The DAG defines the dataflow of the application, and the vertices of the graph defines the operations that are to be performed on the data. The "computational vertices" are written using sequential constructs, devoid of any concurrency or mutual exclusion semantics. The Dryad runtime parallelizes the dataflow graph by distributing the computational vertices across various execution engines (which can be multiple processor cores on the same computer or different physical computers connected by a network, as in a cluster). Scheduling of the computational vertices on the available hardware is handled by the Dryad runtime, without any explicit intervention by the developer of the application or administrator of the network. The flow of data between one computational vertex to another is implemented by using communication "channels" between the vertices, which in physical implementation is realized by TCP/IP streams, shared memory or temporary files. A stream is used at runtime to transport a finite number of structured Items.

Dryad defines a domain-specific language, which is implemented via a C++ library, that is used to create and model a Dryad execution graph. Computational vertices are written using standard C++ constructs. To make them accessible to the Dryad runtime, they must be encapsulated in a class that inherits from the GraphNode base class. The graph is defined by adding edges; edges are added by using a composition operator (defined by Dryad) that connects two graphs (or two nodes of a graph) with an edge. Managed code wrappers for the Dryad API can also be written.

There exist several high-level language compilers which use Dryad as a runtime; examples include Scope (Structured Computations Optimized for Parallel Execution) and DryadLINQ.

In October 2011, Microsoft discontinued active development on Dryad, shifting focus to the Apache Hadoop framework.

References

Further reading

External links
Dryad: Programming the Data Center 
Dryad Home
 Video of Michael Isard explaining Dryad at Google

Concurrent programming libraries
Distributed computing architecture
Microsoft free software
Microsoft Research
Software using the Apache license
Windows-only free software
CS Faraday (1874). The CS Faraday was a cable ship built for Siemens Brothers and launched in 1874.

Faraday was specially designed for ocean cable-laying by William Siemens in collaboration with his friend William Froude, the pioneer of hull design. Built with bows at each end, she had twin screws positioned so that using one screw she could turn in her own length. The two funnels were located to either side to maximise clear deck space. To minimise rolling, there were, at Froude's suggestion, enormous twin bilge keels. William's wife Anne launched the ship with the traditional smashing of a bottle of wine.

The ship's first cable operation was laying the 1874 cable connecting Rye Beach, New Hampshire, with Ballinskelligs, Ireland by way of Tor Bay, Nova Scotia. Faraday spent the next 50 years laying an estimated total of  of cable for Siemens Brothers, including several transatlantic cables under the supervision of Alexander Siemens. She was sold for scrap in 1924 but proved to be too difficult to break up and was resold to the Anglo-Algiers Coaling Company for use as a coal hulk, being renamed Analcoal. She was moved to Gibraltar in 1931 to store coal and then to become a Royal Navy storeship in Sierra Leone in 1941. She was towed to a South Wales breakers yard for scrap in 1950.

A successor ship, also called Faraday, was built by Siemens Brothers in 1923, but sunk in 1941 following German bombing.

References 

Cable ships of the United Kingdom
Coal hulks
1874 ships
Cable laying ships
Ships built on the River Tyne
Uatumã River. The Uatumã River (sometimes spelled Uatamã) is a river flowing through the state of Amazonas in Brazil. It is a northern tributary of the Amazon River, and known for its extensive peacock bass population. It is a blackwater river.

The river flows through the Uatuma-Trombetas moist forests ecoregion.
During the wet season starting in December, water levels can rise some 25 to 40 feet.  Water levels have been strongly affected by the building of the controversial Balbina Dam on the river in the mid to late 1980s to generate electricity. The hydroelectric dam generates an average of 112.2 MW of electricity from the river system and floods a total of 2360 km2 of rainforest around the Uatumã river.

From the point where the river emerges from the dam it defines the east boundary of the  Caverna do Maroaga Environmental Protection Area, established in 1990.
The Uatumã Biological Reserve established in 1990 is a nature reserve around the river in the municipalities of São Sebastião do Uatumã and Itapiranga.
The  Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve protects the lower part of the Uatumã River basin.

References

Rivers of Amazonas (Brazilian state)
Tributaries of the Amazon River
Baker–Nathan effect. In organic chemistry, the Baker–Nathan effect is observed with reaction rates for certain chemical reactions with certain substrates where the order in reactivity cannot be explained solely by an inductive effect of substituents.

This effect was described in 1935 by John W. Baker and W. S. Nathan. They examined the chemical kinetics for the reaction of pyridine with benzyl bromide to form a pyridinium salt, and a series of benzyl bromides having different alkyl groups as substituents at the para position.

The reaction is facilitated by electron-releasing substituents (the inductive effect) and in general the observed order (with decreasing reactivity) is tert-butyl > isopropyl > ethyl > methyl. The observed order in this particular reaction however was methyl > ethyl> isopropyl > tert-butyl. In 1935 Baker and Nathan explained the observed difference in terms of a conjugation effect and in later years after the advent of hyperconjugation (1939) as its predecessor.

A fundamental problem with the effect is that differences in the observed order are relatively small and therefore difficult to measure accurately. Other researchers have found similar results or very different results. An alternative explanation for the effect is differential solvation as orders invert on going from the solution phase to the gas phase.

Today, the conjugation of neighbouring pi orbitals and polarised sigma bonds is known as hyperconjugation. Numerous anomalous physical measurements, including bond lengths and dipole moments, have been examined through this concept.  The original formulation of the Baker-Nathan effect is no longer employed due to more logical reasons for rate accelerations in solutions and its historical context is discussed by Saltzman.

References

Physical organic chemistry
Schopf. SCHOPF Maschinenbau GmbH is a German company that produces specialist vehicles for the mining and aviation industries.

The company was founded in 1948 by Jörg Schopf, a mechanical engineer. It started out with manufacturing equipment for the mining industry. It soon expanded into the growing sector of aviation by manufacturing stair lifts, tow trucks and loading machinery. It is now considered the global market leader in this field.

Products supplied for both civil and military aviation include a complete range of tugs to handle aircraft in every weight range, the unique PowerPush remotely controlled pushback system, container / pallet loaders and passenger stairs. In supplying to NATO, major airlines, ground handling companies and airports around the globe, 90% of SCHOPF’s aviation related production is for export, with deliveries to more than 130 countries.

SCHOPF’s range of mining vehicles comprises underground loaders suited for various materials and volumes, together with dump trucks produced in collaboration with an international partner.

Product conception, design, manufacture and sales are carried out by a team of 130 workers, all based at the factory in Ostfildern near Stuttgart in south western Germany.

The company's most powerful tow tractor, the F396P, is used to tow the world's largest cargo aircraft (Antonov An-225) and the Airbus A380, the largest passenger aircraft.

SCHOPF was acquired in 2013 by fellow German company Goldhofer.

References

Airport infrastructure manufacturers
Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Mining equipment companies
Truck manufacturers of Germany
Bennex. Bennex is a supplier of components, systems and services to the global offshore industry, to the Norwegian related maritime sector and to the international subsea market. Bennex is recognized as a key component in general ocean research activities; providing control and distribution systems, topside and subsea value, and aquaculture camera systems. Founded in 1993, Bennex is an admitted member of the Norwegian Centres of Expertise (NCE). 

Products of Bennex include sealing and termination technology for subsea equipment.  The company also manufactures electrical equipment for undersea machinery.  Bennex also supplies seismic cables.

References

Petroleum production
Manufacturing companies of Norway
Farnborough Air Sciences Trust. The Farnborough Air Sciences Trust (FAST) museum holds a collection of aircraft (actual and model), satellites, simulators, wind tunnel and Royal Aircraft Establishment-related material.  It is based in Farnborough, Hampshire immediately adjacent to Farnborough Airfield on the A325 Farnborough Road.

Part of the collection is housed in Trenchard House (Building G1 of the former Royal Aircraft Establishment), which includes a library, an archive, a cafe and a shop. There are aircraft on display, some of which have had significant design and/or development contribution from Farnborough. A collection of wind tunnel models is held in storage, along with documentation and historical records of engineering and technical development.  There is also a large collection of plans and drawings relating to the Farnborough and Pyestock sites.

The museum is open on Saturdays and Sundays from 10:00 to 16:00. It is managed by the trustees of FAST while day-to-day running is carried out by volunteers of the FAST Association.

The museum has received praise from the press. In 2009, it featured in both The Times' 'List of the Top 10 Geeky Holiday Spots on the Planet' and The Sun's Kid's Go Free Top 10 Educational Visitor Attractions.

Trenchard House 

Trenchard House was built on the Farnborough site in 1907 as the headquarters of No 1 (Airship) Company  of the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers (later No 1 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps). Known then as G1 Building, it is the oldest building on the site.

In 1914 it became the temporary headquarters of Lord Trenchard when he was appointed Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps. The RFC's first operational squadrons were based in the hangars immediately in front of the building.

The Grade II* listed building has since become the administrative headquarters of FAST.

See also
List of aerospace museums

References

External links 

Official FAST website

Aerospace museums in England
Museums in Hampshire
Farnborough, Hampshire
Grade II* listed buildings in Hampshire
InXitu. inXitu was a company based in Mountain View, California, which developed portable X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis instruments. The company name was a combination of the terms in situ and X-ray, portraying the company's dedication to developing X-ray instruments that could be easily transported to the original site of the material being analyzed.

Company history
The basis for inXitu began in 2003 when Philippe Sarrazin worked with NASA to file a patent on techniques used to develop the CheMin instrument for the Mars Curiosity rover. Sarrazin left NASA to form inXitu Research, which received two Small Business Innovation Research grants from Ames Research Center in 2004 to continue work on CheMin. inXitu Research merged with Microwave Power Technology (MPT) in 2007 and incorporated as inXitu, Inc. MPT's research and development in high vacuum systems was meshed with inXitu's experience with XRD equipment, and in early 2008 the company released Terra, a commercial field-portable XRD/XRF instrument. Bradley Boyer joined the company as President and Chief Executive Officer in September 2008. inXitu formed a partnership with Innov-X in December 2008, in which inXitu would manufacture XRD equipment for sale under the Innov-X brand name.

Also in 2008, inXitu worked with the Getty Conservation Institute to develop X-Duetto, a portable and non-destructive XRD/XRF device used for the analysis of works of art. It was commercially released as Duetto in mid 2009. The company released the BTX instrument in mid 2009, which is a desktop XRD/XRF device developed from Terra; the second generation BTX-II was released in early 2010.

inXitu was purchased by Olympus in November 2011.

References

Diffraction
Fluorescence
Defunct technology companies of the United States
X-ray equipment manufacturers
Caproni Ca.164. The Caproni Ca.164 was a training biplane produced in Italy shortly prior to World War II. It was a largely conventional biplane intended as a follow-on to the Ca.100 and sharing that aircraft's layout with a slightly smaller upper wing.

Development
The prototype was designated the Ca.163, built by Caproni Taliedo and first flown on 17 November 1938. It had a steel tube fuselage, wooden wings, and fabric covering. Flight testing revealed some poor handling characteristics, however, which made it completely unsuitable for its intended role. Nevertheless, the Regia Aeronautica acquired some 280 examples of the Ca.164 to use in liaison roles within bomber units. Some of these were pressed into use for tactical reconnaissance during the Croatian campaign. The Armée de l'Air also purchased 100 aircraft.

Operators
 
 Armee de l'Air
 
 Regia Aeronautica
 Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force

Italian Air Force

Surviving aircraft
No examples of the Ca.164 survive, but the prototype Ca.163 is on display at the Gianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics, Trento Airport, Italy. As a private venture, it was originally not registered, but it was later registered I-WEST.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

 
 

Ca.164
1930s Italian civil trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938