omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Inxight. Inxight Software, Inc. was a software company specializing in visualization, information retrieval and natural language processing. It was bought by Business Objects in 2007; Business Objects was in turn acquired by SAP AG in 2008. Founded in 1997, Inxight was headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. It was originally spun out of Xerox PARC.

Products
Inxight offered text analysis products in the form of C++ libraries:

 LinguistX for the identification of stems, parts of speech, and noun phrases.
 Summarizer for the identification of key phrases and key sentences.
 ThingFinder for the identification of entities and grammatical patterns, such as "facts", events, relations, and sentiment. This was built on a proprietary pattern-matching language.
 Categorizer for matching a document to nodes in a taxonomy hierarchy.

And also visualization products:

 StarTree, a hierarchical and graph visualization/navigation tool.
 TableLens, a trend visualization tool for large data sets.
 TimeWall, an event/timeline visualization tool.
This functionality is now available via SAP Hybris YaaS Market and is embedded in various SAP platforms (such as SAP HANA and SAP Data Services).

See also
 Computational linguistics
 Natural language processing
 Named entity recognition

References

External links
 Inxight website - (moved to SAP website)

Software companies based in California
Defunct software companies of the United States
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Xerox spin-offs
Calorimeter constant. A calorimeter constant (denoted Ccal) is a constant that quantifies the heat capacity of a calorimeter. It may be calculated by applying a known amount of heat to the calorimeter and measuring the calorimeter's corresponding change in temperature. In SI units, the calorimeter constant is then calculated by dividing the change in enthalpy (ΔH) in joules by the change in temperature (ΔT) in kelvins or degrees Celsius:

The calorimeter constant is usually presented in units of joules per degree Celsius (J/°C) or joules per kelvin (J/K).  Every calorimeter has a unique calorimeter constant.

Uses
The calorimeter constants are used in constant pressure calorimetry to calculate the amount of heat required to achieve a certain raise in the temperature of the calorimeter's contents.

Example
To determine the change in enthalpy in a neutralization reaction (ΔHneutralization), a known amount of basic solution may be placed in a calorimeter, and the temperature of this solution alone recorded.  Then, a known amount of acidic solution may be added and the change in temperature measured using a thermometer.  The difference in temperature (ΔT, in units K or °C) may be calculated by subtracting the initial temperature from the final temperature.  The enthalpy of neutralization ΔHneutralization may then be calculated according to the following equation:
.
Regardless of the specific chemical process, with a known calorimeter constant and a known change in temperature the heat added to the system may be calculated by multiplying the calorimeter constant by that change in temperature.

See also
Thermodynamics

References

Calorimetry
Thermochemistry
Paper negative. The paper negative process consists of using a negative printed on paper (either photographically or digitally) to create the final print of a photograph, as opposed to using a modern negative on a film base of cellulose acetate.  The plastic acetate negative (which is what modern films produce) enables the printing of a very sharp image intended to be as close a representation of the actual subject as is possible.  By using a negative based on paper instead, there is the possibility of creating a more ethereal image, simply by using a type of paper with a very visible grain, or by drawing on the paper or distressing it in some way.  

One of the original forms of photography was based on the paper negative process. William Henry Fox Talbot's paper negative process, which was used to create his work "The Pencil of Nature", used a negative created on paper treated with silver salts, which was exposed in a camera obscura to create the negative and then contact printed on a similar paper to produce a positive image.      

When Talbot created this process it was intended to be a way to reproduce nature as accurately as possible (hence the name of his work, "The Pencil of Nature"). Through the years afterwards, however, better and more accurate ways of producing exact replicas of nature were developed, and these processes relegated the paper negative process to obsolescence.  

The process of the paper negative is still relevant, though, in the realm of alternative-process photography.  Photographers employing alternative processes reject the idea of the exact replica of nature and seek to use the inherent inexactness of antiquated processes to create a more personal and emotional image.  The paper negative is an extremely versatile process that allows all manner of reworking and retouching of an image, and is the perfect medium to bridge the gap between camera operator and artist.

See also
 Contact printing
 Calotype
 Paper texture effects in calotype photography

References 
Enfield, Jill. Photo-Imaging: A Complete Guide to Alternative Processes (Photography for All Levels: Advanced) 
James, Christopher. The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes
Webb, Randall and Martin Reed. Alternative Photographic Processes: A Working Guide for Image Makers

External links 
 [Shadows and Light: The Paper Negative] A Short Essay on the Paper Negative and Early Examples

Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
Midland Railway 156 Class. The Midland Railway 156 Class was a class of  tender engines built at Derby Works between 1866 and 1874. In total 29 of the class were built under the Midland Railway. They were rebuilt sometime between 1873 and 1903.

History
These engines were used on express passenger trains to London King's Cross railway station, which was then the Midland Railway's terminus there. 21 survived to become part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) fleet of engines in 1923. By then they were reduced to the humblest of roles. In September 1930, the LMS recognised the significance of the class and number 156 itself was ear-marked for preservation. However, William Stanier chose not to preserve it and the engine was scrapped two years later.

Preservation
One engine, 158A (originally built as 158 before subsequently renumbered, becoming Midland Railway No. 2 in 1907 and finally 20002 by the LMS in 1934) survives. It was withdrawn from service in July 1947 as a station pilot at Nottingham station by the LMS and restored to Midland condition and original number. It was a static exhibit in Birmingham during the centenary celebrations at the New Street station in 1954. 

The locomotive was preserved at Derby Works until being moved to the National Railway Museum. It was placed on loan to the Midland Railway – Butterley in Derbyshire in 1975 and remained on display there until 2021. Following cosmetic attention at the Locomotion Museum in Shildon, the locomotive was placed on a three-year loan to Barrow Hill Engine Shed from August 2022. The surviving example is not in as built condition, being reboilered twice and having the front end rebuilt, and the current tender being taken from scrapped 700 Class No. 2846.

References 

0156
2-4-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1866
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Flour bleaching agent. Flour bleaching agent is the agent added to fresh milled grains to whiten the flour by removing the yellow colour pigment called xanthophyll. It whitens the flour, which is used in the baking industry.

Overview
Usual flour bleaching agents are:
Organic peroxides (benzoyl peroxide)
Calcium peroxide
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Azodicarbonamide
Nitrogen dioxide
Atmospheric oxygen, used during natural aging of flour

Use of chlorine, bromates, and peroxides is not allowed in the European Union.

Bleached flour improves the structure-forming capacity, allowing the use of dough formulas with lower proportions of flour and higher proportions of sugar . In biscuit making, use of chlorinated flour reduces the spread of the dough, and provides a "tighter" surface. The changes of functional properties of the flour proteins are likely to be caused by their oxidation.

In countries where bleached flour is prohibited, microwaving plain flour produces similar chemical changes to the bleaching process. This improves the final texture of baked goods made to recipes intended for bleached flours.

See also

Chorleywood bread process – another bread making process that increases volume
Flour treatment agent
Graham flour – an early unbleached whole-grain flour
Maida flour – a commonly bleached flour in India

References

Food additives
Exhaust mixer. In aviation, an exhaust mixer / flow mixer is a feature of many turbofan engines, where slower, colder bypass air is mixed with faster, hotter core exhaust gases, before exhausting to atmospheric pressure through a common (mixed flow) propelling nozzle.

Benefits

The mixer reduces the velocity of the core exiting air, and consequently, reducing the amount of noise produced. Additionally, the temperature of the exhaust is reduced, contributing to the overall reduction of the thermal signature of the aircraft. This attribute is critical in military aircraft where thermal detection or heat-seeking weapons are used, in particular stealth aircraft.

Ideally, a mixer is also a performance benefit to increasing thrust. The exhaust thrust from a jet engine is equal to exhaust mass flow times exhaust velocity, i.e., Thrust = ṁv, while the energy to make that thrust is given by Energy = 1/2mv2.  A mixer helps reduce the fastest exhaust velocities from the core of the engine, while making the average exhaust velocity faster, producing more thrust with the same energy.

Mixer types

Annular - bypass and core streams are brought together co-annularly, mixing being achieved by the shearing effect at the stream interface
Forced - hot and cold chutes, intertwined, force the two streams to mix

Mixing efficiency is defined in a number of ways, but simply, compares the actual thrust gain (due to mixing) to that of the ideal case. Annular mixers have a low pressure loss, but a low mixing efficiency. Forced mixers can have a high mixing efficiency, but this is offset by a high pressure loss.

Mixers are extremely common on military turbofans, since long coaxial exhaust pipes (i.e. hot and cold) are avoided. Afterburning, with the associated variable area nozzle, is also easier to accommodate.

Some high bypass ratio (e.g. civil) turbofans now feature a mixer, the advantage being a small thrust gain, which improves specific fuel consumption. Although the mixing process is not thorough, there is a jet noise benefit as well.

See also 
 Index of aviation articles
 Infrared countermeasure
 Chevron (aeronautics)
 Hush kit
 QTOL

References

External links

Gas turbines
Missile countermeasures
Stealth technology
Bobby Hopper Tunnel. The Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford—Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged.

Description
The tunnel's twin bores are each  long,  wide and  tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch), allowing for two lanes of traffic and shoulder space in each bore. A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel, while northbound traffic experiences a corresponding ascending gradient. Cross-passages occur every  allowing for five emergency ways in. Besides paved openings, the tunnel has traffic signals, lighting, message signs, carbon monoxide monitors, fire protection, and closed-circuit television systems to monitor traffic remotely at the Fort Smith highway department district headquarters.

The tunnel was named for the director of the Arkansas Highway Commission (a resident of nearby Springdale, Arkansas) during the time of its construction. While there are eight railway tunnels in Arkansas, the Bobby Hopper Tunnel is the only highway tunnel in the state.

History
U.S. Route 71 (US 71), once classified as "one of the most dangerous highways in America", includes a perilous stretch between Alma and Fayetteville through the Ozark Plateau. Thus, construction of an alternate route was designed to make the trip safer, as well as reducing travel time. Approved in 1987 and completed in 1999, at a cost of $458 million, the alternate route, I-540, eventually renamed I-49, had an obstacle of an unnamed  peak just north of the Washington—Crawford county line, in what John Haman of Arkansas Business called "smack in the middle of motoring wilderness." A tunnel feasibility study was awarded to Garver USA, which subcontracted with Sverdrup Corporation of Maryland Heights, Missouri, and TapanAm Associates, Inc., of Kansas City, Missouri, to determine the best option—a tunnel. The alternative would disfigure the topography and necessitate a  cut creating  of debris to be disposed, as it was not usable within the project.

At an elevation of  above sea level, twin parallel tunnels were mined, not bored, through the mountain in a horseshoe contour, since a circular shape, like that used in sewer or train projects, was not needed. Blasting, drilling, and excavation removed native shale and sandstone rocks, slowly chipping to the desired width and length. The hollowed-out channel was lined with reinforced concrete, as were both openings.

References

External links
Image of South Portals of the Bobby Hopper Tunnel

Tunnels in Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Washington County, Arkansas
Transportation in Washington County, Arkansas
Tunnels completed in 1998
Interstate 49
Road tunnels in the United States
Southern Belle (video game). Southern Belle is a train simulation video game published by Hewson Consultants in 1985. Southern Belle was unique at the time of release in that it was the first 3D steam train simulator available for home computers. The game allows the user to take over the fireman and/or driver duties on a King Arthur class passenger steam locomotive on the London to Brighton line.

It was programmed by Mike Male, who teamed up with friend and railway buff Bob Hillyer.

Gameplay
The aim of the game is to complete a simulated journey of the Southern Belle steam passenger train from London Victoria to Brighton while keeping to speed regulations, being careful not to derail when going around curves and completing the journey on time. There are various options available including a demonstration run, where the computer takes control of the locomotive, and a number of challenges such as beating the real record breaking run for that line, set on 26 July 1903 (at 48 minutes 41 seconds).

Graphics
The graphics were "vector-style", but because of the limitations of the ZX Spectrum and such computers, the graphics were minimal. The framerate was very slow, updating only once per second. This was particularly notable when playing in "Fast" mode, where gameplay could be sped up x5 by pressing the "A" key. Also, the main gameplay screen lacked colour, with most versions being in monochrome. However, the ZX Spectrum version did include a "red" fire. Additionally, there were sections of line where there were no buildings visible in the foreground, leading to criticisms that the game looked as though the countryside had been hit by a nuclear bomb.

The game's demo mode was a high speed run, in homage to British Transport Films's classic London to Brighton in Four Minutes. The next station/tunnel's name appeared as a totem sign at the top of the screen (just after Gatwick Racecourse, it changed to Three Bridges and the lineside features passed in that section included three bridges).

Sequels
Belle was followed up in 1987 with Evening Star, also published by Hewson and programmed by Mike Male and Bob Hillyer. Star is set on the old Somerset & Dorset line between Bath and Bournemouth.

Reception
Your Sinclair reviewed Southern Belle in October 1985, giving an average rating of 5 out of 10. The reviewers felt that Belle made a welcome change from space games and had intuitive controls, but was ultimately lacking in excitement.

Electron User reviewed Southern Belle in May 1986, giving an overall score of 7 out of 10. The reviewer praised the title's originality but questioned if it could hold the attention of gamers who were not railway enthusiasts.

Zzap!64 reviewed Southern Belle in July 1986, giving an overall score of 88%. The reviewer concluded: "A superb simulation of a dull subject".

References

External links

Southern Belle at World of Spectrum

1985 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Amstrad PCW games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore 64 games
Hewson Consultants games
Single-player video games
Train simulation video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
Kim Chaek University of Technology. Kim Chaek University of Technology () is a university in North Korea, on the banks of the Taedong River in Pyongyang. It is named after General Kim Chaek.

The university's programs in nuclear reactors, nuclear electronics, nuclear fuel and nuclear engineering specialize in training researchers and technical personnel. Graduates are reportedly posted to the Yŏngbyŏn Nuclear Research Center or to nuclear facilities in Pakch'ŏn-kun.

History
Kim Chaek University of Technology was originally part of Kim Il Sung University before it was established as the Pyongyang College of Technology () in 1948. In 1951, during the Korean War, the college's name was changed to Kim Chaek College of Technology ().

In 1988, the college was elevated to a university (). Between 1981 and 1993, a large-scale construction program doubled the size of the campus to its present 400,000m2.

Academics
The university has 18 departments () and about 80 programs (), about 10,000 students and 2,000 staff. There are 10 research institutes and one graduate school (). There are 54 laboratories and a library with about 600,000 volumes. The campus has a total area of 400,000 square meters.

The Science and Education Department () under the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea exercises overall supervision, but the Department of Higher Education () in the Ministry of Education () manages administrative affairs. There are education bureaus under the people's committees in every city and/or province () that contribute to the formation of education policy, and the local education bureau could provide some input for the school.

As of 6 January 2007, Ri Won Chil is the vice president.

In 2012, Nosotek cooperated with students from the Kim Chaek University of Technology to develop Pyongyang Racer, a racing video game released by the Koryo Tours travel agency to promote tourism in North Korea.

Achievements 
In 2019 the university placed 8th in 2019's International Collegiate Programming Contest.

Notable alumni 
 Park Jin Hyok,  a North Korean programmer and hacker.

See also 

 List of universities in North Korea
 Education in North Korea

References

Further reading

External links 

 
 E-library at Kim Chaek University of Technology picture album at Naenara
 http://www.nti.org/facilities/757/
 https://www.maxwell.syr.edu/news.aspx?id=36507226699
 

 
Universities in North Korea
Education in Pyongyang
1951 establishments in North Korea
20th-century architecture in North Korea
Gordon Bell (QNX). Gordon Bell is a Canadian software developer and entrepreneur. He is one of the co-creators of the QNX microkernel real-time operating system.

QNX
Bell and Dan Dodge began the project while students at the University of Waterloo in 1980. Bell and Dodge incorporated Quantum Software Systems in the Ottawa suburb of Kanata, Ontario to develop and sell the operating system, originally called QUNIX. AT&T requested the name be changed to avoid encroaching on their UNIX trademark, so QUNIX was renamed QNX. The company name was later changed to QNX Software Systems. The first commercial version of QNX was released for the Intel 8088 central processing unit (CPU) in 1982.

In 2002, Bell and Dodge were acclaimed as Heroes of Manufacturing by Fortune magazine.

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links

Living people
University of Waterloo alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian technology company founders
Kernel programmers
Dan Dodge. Dan Dodge is a cocreator of the QNX microkernel real-time operating system, with Gordon Bell. They began the project while students at the University of Waterloo in 1980. Dodge then moved to Kanata, Ontario, a high-tech area inside Ottawa, to start Quantum Software Systems. It was later renamed QNX Software Systems to avoid confusion with a hard drive manufacturer. The first commercial version of QNX was released for the Intel 8088 central processing unit (CPU) in 1982.

In 1998, Dodge became the fourth awardee of the J. W. Graham Medal, named in honor of Wes Graham an early influential professor of computer science at the University of Waterloo, and annually awarded to an influential alumnus of the University's faculty of mathematics.

In 2002, Dodge and Bell were acclaimed as Heroes of Manufacturing by Fortune magazine.

Mr. Dodge holds a master's degree in mathematics and was the chief executive officer of QNX Software Systems, a division of BlackBerry Limited. In an earnings call on March 29, 2012, BlackBerry CEO Thorsten Heins stated "Dan Dodge is now [BlackBerry]'s lead software architect and is responsible for driving both the QNX business and the BlackBerry 10 platform vision."

Dan Dodge announced his retirement from QNX on 8 September 2015, effective at the end of the year. In late July 2016, it was reported that Dodge will join Apple at the company's new Kanata location, assisting with Apple's automotive team with Bob Mansfield.]

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links

University of Waterloo alumni
Businesspeople from Ottawa
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian technology company founders
J.W. Graham Medal awardees
Kernel programmers
Montan wax. Montan wax, also known as lignite wax or OP wax, is a hard wax obtained by solvent extraction of certain types of lignite or brown coal. Commercially viable deposits exist in only a few locations, including Amsdorf, Germany, and in the Ione Basin near Ione, California. High-graded lignite wax are also found in Yunnan and Jilin, China.

Properties
Its color ranges from dark brown to light yellow when crude, or white when refined. Its composition is non-glyceride long-chain (C24–C30) carboxylic acid esters (62–68 weight %), free long-chain organic acids (22–26%), long-chain alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons (7–15%), and resins; it is in effect a fossilized plant wax. Its melting range is .

Uses
It is used for making car and shoe polishes, paints, and phonograph records, musical instrument polish and as lubricant for moulding paper and plastics. About a third of total world production is used in car polish. Formerly, its main use was making carbon paper. Unrefined Montan wax contains asphalt and resins, which can be removed by refining. Montan wax in polishes improves scuff resistance, increases water repellence, and imparts high gloss.

References

Energy Information Administration

Waxes