omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Celilo Converter Station. The Celilo Converter Station, built in 1970 and owned and operated by the Bonneville Power Administration, is the northern terminus of the Pacific DC Intertie, near The Dalles, Oregon, in the United States.

History
The Celilo Converter Station was originally configured with six groups of six-pulse mercury arc valves with a blocking voltage of 133 kV each (for a total of ±400 kV) and a maximum current of 2,000 amperes.

1985 Two six-pulse valve groups of thyristors were added in 1985, to increase the voltage to 500 kV per pole for a total differential voltage of 1,000 kV.

 1989 Two new 1,100 ampere, 500 kV thyristor converters were added, in 1989, in parallel with the two existing converters, giving a total transmission power of 3,100 Megawatts (3,100 A at ±500 kV).

 For this extension a new converter hall was built at the southern side of the station at .

 2001 Security concerns in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the U.S. led to the Celilo Converter Station closing to the general public. It previously had included informative displays describing the history of DC transmission and the Pacific Intertie.

 2004 The mercury arc valve groups were all replaced in 2004 with light-triggered thyristor groups, to eliminate the environmental risks of mercury and to reduce the maintenance costs of the obsolete mercury arc valves.

 2016 The new Celilo Converter Station went into service in January 2016 after the entire terminal had been replaced with a new two-converter terminal rated ±560 kV 3410 A (3800 MW), while the Oregon section of the transmission line was upgraded to ±520 kV and 3,220 MW.

Related structures
There was also a DC test facility for testing high voltage equipment nearby (now abandoned, soon to be demolished). At the end of the 1960s, a test transmission line for 1,333 kV was erected at . The facility was built to test the high voltage DC equipment
intended for a planned connection between Celilo Converter Station and Hoover Dam that never was built.

See also
Sylmar Converter Station
Pacific DC Intertie

References

External links 

 
 
 

Western Interconnection
Columbia River Gorge
Energy infrastructure in Oregon
Converter stations
Buildings and structures in The Dalles, Oregon
Energy infrastructure completed in 1970
1970 establishments in Oregon
Virtual printer. In computing a virtual printer is a simulated device whose user interface and API resemble that of a printer driver, but which is not connected to a physical computer printer.

When a document is "printed" by a virtual printer, instead of physically printing it on paper or other material the underlying software processes the images of its pages in some other way, often resulting in a file being produced or the images being transmitted.

History
In the early 1960s the B5500 Master Control Program (MCP) operating system included virtual printers, called "Printer Backups" in the form of Printer Backup Tapes (PBT) and Printer Backup Disks (PBD).  IBM's VM/370 operating system allows users to spool a virtual printer (or punch) file to another user, who can read it as input.  This provides a basic means of file transfer.

Functions 
Typical uses of virtual printers include:
 Saving a document to another format such as a PDF or multi-page TIFF file.
 Sending documents to a fax server.
 Allowing user to control certain aspects of printing not supported natively, such as printing multiple pages per sheet without border, print letterhead, watermarks etc. This output can either be saved in a file for future printing or passed to another printer.
 Previewing a printed document before printing it, to save ink and paper. This functionality is also built into many GUI applications.
 Allowing remote printing of documents over the Internet. At least one example of this technology creates a virtual printer on one computer which actually converts the document and sends it to a remote server, from which the file can be printed to a printer attached to a PC in a remote location. Similar technology is also being used to allow printing from devices such as smart phones.

See also
List of virtual printer software
Spooling

References

Computer printers
Device drivers
Durgapur Steel Plant. Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) is one of the integrated steel plants of Steel Authority of India Limited, located in Durgapur, in the eastern Indian state of West Bengal. It was set up with the help of the United Kingdom.

Product mix tonnes/annum 
 Merchant products         280,000 
 Structural                500,000  
 Wheels & axles             58,000 
 Semis                     861,000
 Total saleable steel    2,262,000

Forged wheels specifically are made here; in October 2010, DSP licensed technology from the Ukrainian manufacturer Interpipe which would allow it to make 955mm monobloc wheels.

Location 
Durgapur Steel Plant is situated about 158 km from Kolkata, its geographical location is defined as 23° 27' North and 88° 29' East. It is situated on the banks of the Damodar River in the Paschim Bardhaman district in the growing industrial city of Durgapur. The Grand Trunk Road and the main Kolkata-Delhi railway line pass through Durgapur.

References

External links 
 

Steel plants of India
Steel Authority of India
Economy of West Bengal
Buildings and structures in Durgapur, West Bengal
1960 establishments in West Bengal
Webattacker. Webattacker is a do-it-yourself malware creation kit that includes scripts that simplify the task of infecting computers and spam-sending techniques to lure victims to specially rigged Websites. It was allegedly created by a group of Russian programmers. The kit demands minimal technical sophistication to be manipulated and used by crackers. 

Sophos has reported that WebAttacker is being sold at some hacker Web sites or through a network of individual resellers and includes technical support. The malware code is currently being delivered in at least seven exploits, including threats aimed at Microsoft's MDAC software, Mozilla's Firefox Web browser and Sun Microsystems's Java virtual machine programs.

The exploitation process usually consists of the following steps:

 Establishment of a malicious website though automated tools provided by WebAttacker
 Sending mass email (otherwise known as spam) inviting the recipient to visit the website under various pretenses
 Infecting the visitor's computer with a Trojan by exploiting numerous vulnerabilities
 Using the Trojan to run arbitrary executables on the infected PC which are typically designed to extract passwords, personal information, keystroke logging, or taking general control over the compromised computer

The software appears to be updated regularly to exploit new flaws, such as the flaw discovered in September 2006 in how Internet Explorer handles certain graphics files.

Notes

Computer security exploits
Types of malware
Crude oil engine. The crude oil engine is a type of internal combustion engine similar to the hot bulb engine. A crude oil engine could be driven by all sorts of oils such as engine waste oil and vegetable oils. Even peanut butter could be used as fuel if necessary. Like hot bulb engines, crude oil engines were mostly used as stationary engines or in boats/ships. They can run for a very long time; for instance, at the world fair in Milan in 1906, a FRAM engine was started and ran until over one year later. A crude oil engine is a low RPM engine dimensioned for constant running and can last for a very long time if maintained properly.

Modern crude oil engines
Large industrial diesel engines are capable of running on unrefined crude oil, and are widely used in the oil and gas industry. Additionally, large medium-speed and low-speed marine engines used on ships can also run on crude oil, although significant filtering and processing is often needed before it can be pumped into the engine.

References

Engine technology
Internal combustion piston engines
Hermann Glauert. Hermann Glauert, FRS (4 October 1892 – 6 August 1934) was a British aerodynamicist and Principal Scientific Officer of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough until his death in 1934.

Early life and education 
Glauert was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire; his father Louis Glauert was a cutlery manufacturer. He attended King Edward VII School, Sheffield and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Career 
Glauert wrote numerous reports and memoranda dealing with aerofoil and propeller theory. His book, The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory  was the single most important instrument for spreading airfoil and wing theory around the English speaking world.

Glauert independently developed Prandtl-Glauert method from the then-existing aerodynamic theory and published his results in The Proceedings of the Royal Society in 1928.

In the 1930s, he was the academic supervisor of aerodynamicist and educationalist Gwen Alston.

Death 
Glauert died aged 41 in an accident in a small park in Fleet common in Farnborough.

His school said of him "The tragic and incalculable accident which resulted in the death of Hermann Glauert concerned us also, though less intimately. H. Glauert was a distinguished Edwardian of the early days, leaving the School with a mathematical scholarship to Trinity, Cambridge, in 1910. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society, principal scientific officer at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, and no less than an international authority on aeronautical science (cf Prandtl-Glauert singularity). He was killed by a chance fragment of a tree that was being blown up on Aldershot Common."

Personal life
Glauert married fellow RAE Farnborough aerodynamicist Muriel Barker (1892–1949). They had three children: a son, Michael (1924–2004), and twins Audrey (1925-2014) and Richard (1925-2016).

Glauert is buried in the Ship Lane Cemetery, Farnborough. After Muriel Glauert's death in 1949, she was buried alongside her husband.

Publications
 The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory - Cambridge University Press - 1926

See also
 Prandtl-Glauert method
 Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE)

References

External links
King Edward VII School Magazine, December 1934
"Hermann Glauert FRS, FRAeS (1892 – 1934)" a paper on Glauert's work (PDF) 
 "A Paper on Spins" a 1920 lecture of Glauert's published in Flight
 The Flight news item reporting the death of Mr. H. Glauert 

1892 births
1934 deaths
Accidental deaths in England
Aerodynamicists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
British fluid dynamicists
People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield
Scientists from Yorkshire
Business Process Modeling Language. Business Process Modeling Language (BPML) is an XML-based language for business process modeling.
It was maintained by the Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI) until June 2005 when BPMI and Object Management Group announced the merger of their respective business process management activities to form the Business Modeling and Integration Domain Task Force. It is deprecated since 2008.  BPML was useful to OMG in order to enrich UML with process notation.

History 
BPML, a  superset of BPEL, was implemented by early stage vendors, such as Intalio Inc., but incumbents such as IBM and Microsoft did not implement BPML in their existing workflow and integration engine implementations like BizTalk or WebSphere. They pushed for the simpler language BPEL.

In view of the lack of market acceptance, the BPMI dropped support of BPML in favor of BPEL4WS.  
Following the merger of BPMI and OMG, BPML has been definitively deprecated in 2008, with OMG's adoption of BPDM.

Application 
BPML was designed as a formally complete language, able to model any process, and, via a business process management system, deployed as an executable software process without generation of any software code. This is not possible with BPEL, since BPEL is not a complete process language. In practice BPEL is often used in conjunction with Java to fill in the "missing" semantics. In addition, BPEL is often tied to proprietary implementations of workflow or integration broker engines. Whereas, BPML was designed, and implemented, as a pure concurrent and distributed processing engine.  It was designed to be semantically complete according to the Pi-calculus formal representation of computational processes.

BPEL and BPML are examples of a trend towards process-oriented programming. BPEL and BPML herald the concept of a BPMS as an IT capability for management of business processes, playing a role similar to a RDBMS for business data.

See also 
 Business Process Execution Language
 Business Process Model and Notation
 Business process modeling
 Workflow
 Workflow engine

References 

Workflow languages
XML markup languages
Larvikite. Larvikite is an igneous rock, specifically a variety of monzonite, notable for the presence of thumbnail-sized crystals of feldspar. These feldspars are known as ternary because they contain significant components of all three endmember feldspars. The feldspar has partly unmixed on the micro-scale to form a perthite, and the presence of the alternating alkali feldspar and plagioclase layers give its characteristic silver-blue schiller effect (called labradorescence) on polished surfaces. Olivine can be present along with apatite, and locally quartz. Larvikite is usually rich in titanium, with titanaugite and/or titanomagnetite present.

Larvikite occurs in the Larvik Batholith (also called the Larvik Plutonic Complex), a suite of ten igneous plutons emplaced in the Oslo Rift (Oslo Graben) surrounded by ~1.1 billion year old Sveconorwegian gneisses. The Larvik Batholith is of Permian age, about 292–298 million years old. Larvikite is also found in the Killala Lake Alkalic Rock Complex near Thunder Bay in Ontario, Canada.

The name originates from the town of Larvik in Norway, where this type of igneous rock is found. Many quarries exploit larvikite in the vicinity of Larvik.

Formation
Intrusions of larvikite in Norway form part of the suite of igneous rocks that were emplaced during the Permian period, associated with the formation of the Oslo Rift. The crystallisation of a ternary feldspar indicates that this rock began to crystallise under lower crustal conditions.

Uses
Larvikite is prized for its high polish and the labradorescence of its feldspar crystals, and is used as dimension stone, often cladding the facades of commercial buildings and corporate headquarters. It is known informally as Blue Pearl Granite, although this is not an accurate description. Larvikite has been designated by the International Union of Geological Sciences as a Global Heritage Stone Resource.

References

External links

Petrogenesis of the Oslo Region Larvikites and Associated Rocks (abstract) Journal of Petrology, 1980, volume 21, Number 3, pages 499-531
Structure of the larvikite-lardalite complex, Oslo-region, Norway, and its evolution (abstract) International Journal of Earth Sciences, 1978, volume 67, number 1, pages 330-342

Plutonic rocks
Geology of Norway
Larvik
Building stone
Nontronite. Nontronite is the iron(III) rich member of the smectite group of clay minerals.  Nontronites typically have a chemical composition consisting of more than ~30% Fe2O3 and less than ~12% Al2O3 (ignited basis). Nontronite has very few economic deposits like montmorillonite. Like montmorillonite, nontronite can have variable amounts of adsorbed water associated with the interlayer surfaces and the exchange cations.

A typical structural formula for nontronite is Ca.5(Si7Al.8Fe.2)(Fe3.5Al.4Mg.1)O20(OH)4.  The dioctahedral sheet of nontronite is composed mainly of trivalent iron (Fe3+) cations, although some substitution by trivalent aluminium (Al3+) and divalent magnesium (Mg2+) does occur. The tetrahedral sheet is composed mainly of silicon (Si4+), but can have substantial (about 1 in 8) substitution of either Fe3+ or Al3+, or combinations of these two cations. Thus, nontronite typically is characterised by having most (usually greater than 60%) of the layer charge located in the tetrahedral sheet. The layer charge is typically balanced by divalent calcium (Ca2+) or magnesium (Mg2+).

Nontronite forms from the weathering of biotite and basalts, precipitation of iron and silicon rich hydrothermal fluids and in deep sea hydrothermal vents.  Some evidence suggests that microorganisms may play an important role in their formation. Microorganisms are also involved in reduction of structural iron in nontronite when soils undergo anoxia, and the reduced form of the clay appears to be highly reactive towards certain pollutants, perhaps contributing to the destruction of these compounds in the environment.

The only known commercially viable and operational nontronite mine is located in Canterbury, New Zealand. The mine is operated by Palmer Resources and the finished products are used internationally in industrial applications (pulp & paper, surface coating) and in cosmetics marketed as New Zealand Glacial Clay.

See also

References

Smectite group
Clay minerals group
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
German submarine U-227. German submarine U-227 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine built for service in the Battle of the Atlantic. She was cursed with repeated bad luck during her brief service life. Her commander was Kapitänleutnant Jürgen Kuntze, an officer with just five months U-boat experience at the time of his promotion.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-227 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-227 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and an anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Construction
U-227 was built during 1941 and 1942 by the Germaniawerft shipyard in the fleet base at Kiel as yard number 657, and was completed in August 1942, in preparation for operations over the coming winter. During the initial working-up period, disaster struck one month into the program, when U-227 ran onto a Royal Air Force mine dropped by an aircraft in Danzig Bay. The crippled boat survived without any serious injuries, but only just managed to limp into port. The mining of coastal waters was a new tactic for the RAF, but one which would reap dividends amongst the port-based German navy. The repairs to the boat following this misfortune meant that she was not ready for operations until the following April, when Kuntze, having worked his crew hard, embarked on his only war patrol.

Operational patrol
U-227 lasted a mere six days on her first operational patrol, when she was ordered to proceed with all haste to the North Atlantic Ocean to interdict Canadian convoys. Passing through the gap between the Faroe Islands and Iceland, she was spotted, despite bad weather, by a Hampden bomber of No. 455 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force, which swooped onto the submarine and dropped a bomb on her. U-227 dived under the ocean following the attack and never resurfaced, presumably hitting the sea floor hundreds of feet below, where she still lies with all 49 of her crew.

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
World War II submarines of Germany
U-boats sunk by Australian aircraft
U-boats commissioned in 1942
U-boats sunk in 1943
1942 ships
World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea
Ships built in Kiel
Submarines lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in April 1943
Type 91 air-to-ship missile. The Type 91 air-to-ship missile (91式空対艦誘導弾, ASM-1C) is an anti-ship missile developed in Japan.

An air-launched variant of the SSM-1, the ASM-1C is carried by Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force P-3C Orions and their successor, the Kawasaki P-1.

References

External links 
 ASM-1 – WeaponsSystems.net

Anti-ship missiles of Japan
Anti-ship cruise missiles
Type 88
E-3 process. See also Ektachrome for full details of Kodak E-series processes.

The E-2 process and E-3 process are outdated processes for developing Ektachrome reversal photographic film.  The two processes are very similar, and differ depending on the film.  Kodak sold kits that could process either kind of film.

Processing

Ektachrome film has three separate light-sensitive layers; each layer is sensitive to a different group of wavelengths corresponding to red, green, and blue colors. When the film is exposed, each layer records a latent image based on its sensitivity. A yellow filter prevents blue light from exposing the green- and red-sensitive layers, which have some sensitivity to blue light.

Films are processed at  with a tolerance of only ±0.5°F; exceeding these limits could cause color shifts. The steps are:

The original Ektachrome process introduced in 1946 used similar steps with different durations; the total processing time was approximately 90 minutes. It was renamed to E-1 when the E-2 process was introduced in 1955 for ASA 32 Ektachrome, followed by E-3 for ASA 50 Ektachrome in 1959.

Films designed for E-2 and E-3 are prone to fading because of the instability of the color dyes. The processes were phased out in  1974 in favor of E-4 (which was introduced in 1966), and two years later E-6 was introduced which remains in use to this day.

References

External links 
Kodak specifications for hand mixing of chemistry

Processing of older Ektachrome films including Process E-3:
 Film Rescue USA and Canada
 Rocky Mountain USA

Photographic film processes
Mbalam. Mbalam is a place in Cameroon near the southern border with the Republic of the Congo where there are significant deposits of iron ore.  The mining company is Sundance Resources Limited.

Namesakes 
There are two other places in Cameroon with the same name.

Railway 
A 510 km standard gauge railway connection to a deepwater port is required to exploit these ore deposits efficiently. Several routes were planned using Quantm software. The railway will start at an elevation of about 650m at the mine, proceed along a fairly level alignment for 350 km, drops steeply for 100 km down to the coastal plain, then traverses that plain for 50 km to the port. The gradients generally favour loaded trains.

In September 2010, Sundance Resources signed a memorandum of understanding with CRCC China-Africa Construction Ltd, which outlined construction plans for a 490 km railway linking the planned iron ore mines to a proposed port near Kribi.  Another Chinese company, China Harbour Engineering Co Ltd (CHEC), will build the port.

A two-stage development of a mine, railway and port for the cross-border iron ore deposits in Cameroon and Congo is estimated to cost US$7.7 billion.

Traffic 

The new railway is expected to carry 35 million tonnes of ore per year for 25 years.

See also 
 Railway stations in Cameroon

References 

East Region (Cameroon)
Seamew. Sea mew or seamew may refer to:

 Black-legged kittiwake
 Common gull, also called sea mew
 Supermarine Seamew, an amphibian seaplane
 Short Seamew, an anti-submarine aircraft
 Curtiss SO3C Seamew, a World War II floatplane
 HMS Seamew, two ships of the Royal Navy

See also
 SEA-ME-WE 3 (cable system), a telecommunications cable