omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Amiga emulation. Amiga emulation refers to the activity of emulating a Commodore Amiga computer system using another computer platform. Most emulators run on modern systems such as Microsoft Windows or Macintosh. This allows Amiga users to use their existing software, and in some cases hardware, on modern computers.

Attempts have also been made to create a hardware Amiga emulator on FPGA chips (Minimig).

One of the most challenging aspects of emulating the Amiga architecture is the custom chipset which relies on critical cycle-exact emulation. As a result, early emulators did not always achieve the intended results; later emulator versions can accurately reproduce the behavior of Amiga systems.

Emulators

Fellow

An actively developed emulator capable of emulating all the common Amiga configurations. (A500, A600, etc...)

UAE

Although the name varies, this emulator exists for Windows, Macintosh, RISC OS, Linux, Unix and other systems, including the Amiga itself. It is capable of emulating a 68K Amiga, including undocumented behavior, with OCS and/or AGA chipsets and modern graphics and audio subsystems, including true colour graphic libraries and Amiga AHI 16 bit audio subsystem.

Denise
Originally designed as C64 emulator, the freeware Denise (version 2.0 and higher) can also emulate an Amiga 500 and an Amiga 1000 (for this, it needs the Kickstart versions 1.3 and 2.04 as .rom files).
( https://sourceforge.net/projects/deniseemu/ )

Legality
Amiga emulation software is legal by itself. However, a copy of a Kickstart ROM from a real Amiga is required for legal use, which is still protected under copyright laws. The Workbench software and many other programs and games are also copyrighted and illegal to download, although there are a number of recognized sites which offer free legal downloads of Amiga games. The Amiga Forever emulation package offers legal copies of Kickstart, Workbench and various games.

Another legal option for Amiga emulation is the AROS Research Operating System, which is available as free software. An AROS boot ROM can be used instead of Kickstart, which allows booting the m68k port of AROS from a floppy or CD image.

See also 

 Amiga Forever

External links
FS-UAE
WinFellow
UAE
e-UAE
WinUAE
PSPUAE-Amiga emulator for PSP

References

Amiga
Amiga emulators
Ammonia borane. Ammonia borane (also systematically named ammoniotrihydroborate), also called borazane, is the chemical compound with the formula . The colourless or white solid is the simplest molecular boron-nitrogen-hydride compound. It has attracted attention as a source for hydrogen fuel, but is otherwise primarily of academic interest.

Synthesis
Reaction of diborane with ammonia mainly gives the diammoniate salt  (diammoniodihydroboronium tetrahydroborate). Ammonia borane is the main product when an adduct of borane is employed in place of diborane:

It can also be synthesized from sodium borohydride.

Properties and structure
The molecule adopts a structure similar to that of ethane, with which it is isoelectronic. The B−N distance is 1.58(2) Å. The B−H and N−H distances are 1.15 and 0.96 Å, respectively. Its similarity to ethane is tenuous since ammonia borane is a solid and ethane is a gas: their melting points differing by 284 °C. This difference is consistent with the highly polar nature of ammonia borane. The H atoms attached to boron are hydridic (negatively charged) and those attached to nitrogen are acidic (positively charged).

The structure of the solid indicates a close association of the NH and the BH centers. The closest H−H distance is 1.990 Å, which can be compared with the H−H bonding distance of 0.74 Å. This interaction is called a dihydrogen bond. The original crystallographic analysis of this compound reversed the assignments of B and N. The updated structure was arrived at with improved data using the technique of neutron diffraction that allowed the hydrogen atoms to be located with greater precision.

Uses

Ammonia borane has been suggested as a storage medium for hydrogen, e.g. for when the gas is used to fuel motor vehicles. It can be made to release hydrogen on heating, being polymerized first to , then to , which ultimately decomposes to boron nitride (BN) at temperatures above 1000 °C. It is more hydrogen-dense than liquid hydrogen and also able to exist at normal temperatures and pressures.

Ammonia borane finds some use in organic synthesis as an air-stable derivative of diborane. It can be used as a reducing agent in transfer hydrogenation reactions, often in the presence of a transition metal catalyst.

Analogous amine-boranes
Many analogues have been prepared from primary, secondary, and even tertiary amines:
 Borane tert-butylamine ()
 Borane trimethylamine ()
 Borane isopropylamine ()

The first amine adduct of borane was derived from trimethylamine. Borane tert-butylamine complex is prepared by the reaction of sodium borohydride with t-butylammonium chloride. Generally adduct are more robust with more basic amines. Variations are also possible for the boron component, although primary and secondary boranes are less common.

See also
 Tert-butylamine borane (tBuNH2→BH3)
 Phosphine-borane ()
 Borane dimethylsulfide ()
 Borane–tetrahydrofuran ()

References

Inorganic compounds
Boranes
Boron–nitrogen compounds
Inorganic amines
National Education Information System. The National Education Information System, or NEIS, is a computer network maintained by South Korea's Ministry of Education.  It contains records on every teacher and student in South Korea, and is built on a Linux-style platform.

The implementation of the NEIS in 2003 nearly touched off a nationwide teacher's strike by the Korean Teachers' Union, which continues to advocate passive resistance to the system. The NEIS has been managed by Korea Education and Research Information Service (KERIS) since its opening.

The NEIS website can be accessed only from authorized computers.

External links
National Education Information System
Korea Education and Research Information Service
KCTU explanation of NEIS

Education in South Korea
Government of South Korea
Laboratory for Automation Psychology. The Laboratory for Automation Psychology (LAP) (also Laboratory for Automation Psychology and Decision Processes or LAPDP) was founded in 1983 by Kent Norman and Nancy Anderson as an affiliate of the University of Maryland Human–Computer Interaction Lab at the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS).

It was housed in the University of Maryland, College Park's Department of Psychology and was devoted to the study of the cognitive side of the human/computer interface with an emphasis on the processes of judgment and decision making.  Research has covered a wide range of topics from menu selection to direct manipulation and from user satisfaction to computer rage. Around 2006, research focus changed to psychological aspects of video games including factors of attraction and immersion, violent acts in video games, and skill sets required by different genre of video games.

Facilities included usability testing stations with dual monitor computers and video cameras as well as web servers hosting experimental materials and providing data collection.

The full range of video game consoles were added including the Sony PlayStation, Nintendo Wii, and Xbox.

Research in the LAP has been supported by corporations such as AT&T, Sperry, and IBM and by U.S. federal agencies such as NASA, NSF, NRL, and the U.S. Census Bureau.

External links
UMD Department of Psychology
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory at UMD

University of Maryland, College Park research centers
University and college laboratories in the United States
Semantic Interoperability Community of Practice. Semantic Interoperability Community of Practice (SICoP) is a group of people who seek to make the Semantic Web operational in their respective settings by achieving "semantic interoperability" and "semantic data integration".

SICoP seeks to enable Semantic Interoperability, specifically the "operationalizing" of relevant technologies and approaches, through online conversation, meetings, tutorials, conferences, pilot projects, and other activities aimed at developing and disseminating best practices.

The individuals making up this Community of Practice comes from various settings, however, the SICoP claims neither formal nor implied endorsement by any organization.

Semantics
Interoperability
Discharger. A discharger in electronics is a device or circuit that releases stored energy or electric charge from a battery, capacitor or other source.

Discharger types include:
 metal probe with insulated handle & ground wire, and sometimes resistor (for capacitors)
 resistor (for batteries)
 parasitic discharge (for batteries arranged in parallel)
 more complex electronic circuits (for batteries)

See also 
Bleeder resistor

References

Electronic circuits
Standard electric locomotive. Einheits-Elektrolokomotive (translates as standard electric locomotive) is a German railroad term for the Class E10, Class E40, Class E41 and Class E50 locomotives that were commissioned after World War II by the Deutsche Bundesbahn of West Germany. The goal of the Einheits-Elektrolokomotive was to present a common platform on which the engines were based to simplify maintenance and provide interchangeability of parts. This had been done before by the Einheitsdampflokomotiven or 'standard steam locomotives' of the Deutsche Reichsbahn during the 1920s.
The DB classes greatly exceeded their estimated lifetime of 30 years, some engines still are in service today with private rail companies, after gradually being phased out in favour of newer engines by Deutsche Bahn AG until the 2010s, the successor of the Deutsche Bundesbahn.

For further description of the program see also the article on DB Class E 40.

See also
 History of rail transport in Germany

Electric locomotives of Germany
Deutsche Bundesbahn locomotives
Lazarus effect. The Lazarus effect refers to semiconductor detectors; when these are used in harsh radiation environments, defects begin to appear in the semiconductor crystal lattice as atoms become displaced because of the interaction with the high-energy traversing particles. These defects, in the form of both lattice vacancies and atoms at interstitial sites, have the effect of temporarily trapping the electrons and holes which are created when ionizing particles pass through the detector. Since it is these electrons and holes drifting in an electric field which produce a signal that announces the passage of a particle, when large amounts of defects are produced, the detector signal can be strongly reduced leading to an unusable (dead) detector.

However in 1997, Vittorio Giulio Palmieri, Kurt Borer, Stefan Janos, Cinzia Da Viá and Luca Casagrande at the University of Bern (Switzerland) found out that at temperatures below 130 kelvins (about −143 degrees Celsius), dead detectors apparently come back to life. The explanation of this phenomenon, known as the Lazarus effect, is related to the dynamics of the induced defects in the semiconductor bulk.

At room temperature radiation damage induced defects temporarily trap electrons and holes resulting from ionization, which are then emitted back to the conduction band or valence band in a time that is typically longer than the read-out time of the connected electronics. Consequently the measured signal is smaller than it should be. This leads to low signal-to-noise ratios that in turn can prevent the detection of the traversing particle.
At cryogenic temperatures, however, once an electron or hole, resulting from ionization or from detector leakage current, is trapped in a local defect, it remains trapped for a long time due to the very low thermal energy of the lattice. This leads to a large fraction of 'traps' becoming filled and therefore inactive. Trapping of electrons and holes generated by particles traversing the detector is then prevented and little or no signal is lost. Such behaviour has been observed in a number of scientific papers.

Thanks to the Lazarus effect, silicon detectors have been proven to be able survive radiation doses in excess of 90 GRad and they have been proposed for future high luminosity experiments. A scientific collaboration RD39  has been established at CERN to fully understand the details of the physics involved in the phenomenon.

Recently, the Lazarus effect has been proposed as the mechanism providing enhanced radiation hardness for high energy silicon alpha and beta voltaic devices operated at cryogenic temperatures. This could lead to devices based on Strontium-90 radioisotope, which is much cheaper than Nickel-63 currently used in diamond nuclear batteries. Such devices could be useful for deep space exploration.

References

Further reading
 Back from the dead In: New Scientist 17 October 1998 (Online)
 Raising the dead detectors In: CERN Courier 29 March 1999  (Online)
 Radiation hard silicon detectors lead the way In: CERN Courier 1 January 2003 (Online)

Particle detectors
EDAG Biwak. The EDAG Biwak is an estate concept car from the EDAG (Engineering + Design AG) firm based on the Volkswagen New Beetle. The EDAG Biwak appears as a sport utility vehicle or a two-door estate car with the body of the Volkswagen New Beetle. In the Geneva Auto Show in 2006, it appeared as a concept car.

References

Cars of Germany
Volkswagen concept vehicles
Flight Design. Flight Design General Aviation GmbH (formerly Flight Design GmbH) is a German aircraft design company and aircraft manufacturer, formerly based in Leinfelden-Echterdingen and Kamenz and now in Eisenach.

History
The company started building hang gliders and paragliders in the 1980s, and ultralight aircraft 1993.

The CT series first flew in March 1996 and was put into production in 1997. The aircraft line can be flown under Microlight/Ultralight regulations in many countries and under the Special Light-Sport Aircraft (SLSA) rules in the US and countries that use the ASTM standards for showing compliance. The original engineering and design work was performed in Germany, but production and all assembly of the aircraft was established in Kherson, Ukraine, to lower production costs.

In February 2011, the company announced that it was developing a four-seat design to be designated C4.

In February 2016, the company entered receivership, due to its high debt-load. Lawyer Knut Rebholz, a partner of the law firm Mönning & Partner, became the temporary administrator of the company.

In April 2017, in collaboration with Vessel Co. of South Korea, the company introduced the new KLA-100 low-wing, light aircraft. AOPA editor Jim Moore noted that this had been done while the company was undergoing a financial crisis. However, by June 2018 the design was not listed on the company website as being in production.

In July 2017, the Flight Design-Design organization, the production facility in Kherson, and all rights to the CT series (CTSW, CTLS, CTSL Supralight, CTLSi, CTLE) was acquired by Lift Air, a division of Lift Holding from Eisenach, Germany. The company has since moved to the Kindel Airport, near Eisenach where final inspection, test flights and engineering management are performed. Lars Joerges is the new managing director.

At AERO Friedrichshafen in April 2019, the now-reorganized company announced two new models, the F2 and F4. The F4 will be a four-seat airplane powered by a Rotax 915iS turbocharged engine, while the F2 will be a two-seat European microlight, as a modular design that will include a future electric aircraft variant, to be designated the F2e. Work on the four-seat Flight Design C4 has been stalled, but not abandoned, and it "remains an aspirational product" for the company.

In June 2019 the company manufacturing the CT line, AeroJones Aviation Technology Company, announced plans for a new factory to build the design for the Asian market at the Dalu General Airport in Zhenjiang, China. The plant is expected to be operational by the end of 2019, employ 200-250 people and produce 240 CT aircraft per year.

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Flight Design temporarily halted operations at the Kherson facility and circulated a letter to Ukrainian staff, announcing plans to expand manufacturing capacities in Czech Republic and offering staff to transfer to the new location. The company began to supplement production in a joint venture with Virazh in Almaty, Kazakhstan in 2024.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Hang gliders
Companies based in Thuringia
Newark–Elizabeth Rail Link. The Newark–Elizabeth Rail Link (NERL) is a New Jersey Transit proposed -long light rail line in New Jersey, which would connect the downtown areas of Newark and Elizabeth with Newark Liberty International Airport. The construction of the project was being planned in stages, or "minimum operable segments" (MOS).

The first minimum operable segment (MOS-1) opened to the public on July 17, 2006, as the Newark Light Rail Broad Street Line, connecting Broad Street Station and Penn Station in Newark.

The second segment (MOS-2) would have connected Penn Station with the airport, while the third segment became known as the Union County Light Rail.

New Jersey Transit cited the project in its 2016  Capital Improvement Program without any specific allocation.

Station listing

MOS-2 
Newark Penn Station
Market Street (at Mulberry Street)
Government Center (Mulberry Street)
Lincoln Park/Symphony Hall (Camp Street)
Newark Liberty International Airport (connecting with the airport via AirTrain Newark)

Liberty Corridor Bus Rapid Transit Service
The planned Liberty Corridor Bus Rapid Transit Service which include the Greater Newark go bus and the Union go bus expressway, will provide service along much of the route of the NERL.

References

Light rail in New Jersey
Transportation in Elizabeth, New Jersey
Rail transportation in New Jersey
Transportation in Newark, New Jersey
Proposed railway lines in New Jersey
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology. Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (CBIT) is a private engineering college located in Gandipet, near Financial District, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The college is affiliated to Osmania University and is accredited by the National Board of Accreditation. The institute received an autonomous status in 2013.

History 
CBIT established in 1979 is one of the early private engineering colleges in India.

Rankings 

CBIT was ranked 151-200 by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) engineering ranking in 2023.

Student life

Events

TEDxCBIT
The students of CBIT organize the independent TED event as TEDxCBIT. The event is completely organized by the students of CBIT and has been organized twice since 2017, each with a different theme.

Notable alumni
 Sekhar Kammula, film director in the Telugu film industry – 1991 – Mechanical Engineering.
 Y. S. Chowdary, elected member of the Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) in 2010.
 J. D. Chakravarthy, film actor in the Telugu film industry – 1986.
 Komatireddy Venkat Reddy, politician.
 Neeraj Ghaywan, Film Director in Bollywood 
 Ravi Varma, film actor in the Telugu film industry – 1997.

References

External links 

 

All India Council for Technical Education
Engineering colleges in Telangana
Educational institutions established in 1979
Engineering colleges in Hyderabad, India
DEMOS. DEMOS (Dialogovaya Edinaya Mobilnaya Operatsionnaya Sistema: ) is a Unix-like operating system developed in the Soviet Union. It is derived from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix.

Development 
DEMOS's development was initiated in the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow in 1982, and development continued in cooperation from other institutes, and commercialized by DEMOS Co-operative which employed most key contributors to DEMOS and to its earlier alternative, MNOS (a clone of Version 6 Unix). MNOS and DEMOS version 1.x were gradually merged from 1986 until 1990, leaving the joint OS, DEMOS version 2.x, with support for different Cyrillic script character encoding (charsets) (KOI-8 and U-code, used in DEMOS 1 and MNOS, respectively).

Initially it was developed for SM-4 (a PDP-11/40 clone) and SM-1600. Later it was ported to Elektronika-1082, BESM, ES EVM, clones of VAX-11 (SM-1700), and several other platforms, including PC/XT, Elektronika-85 (a clone of DEC Professional), and several Motorola 68020-based microcomputers.

The development of DEMOS effectively ceased in 1991, when the second project of the DEMOS team, RELCOM, took priority.

See also 
 MOS (operating system)

References 

 Mapping Russian Cyberspace — Rafal Rohozinski, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1999
 https://astr0baby.wordpress.com/2016/10/17/soviet-unix-clone-demos/
 https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/usenet-coup/

Computing in the Soviet Union
Soviet inventions
Berkeley Software Distribution
Connector. Connector may refer to:

Hardware
Plumbing
 Electrical connector, a device for joining electrical circuits together (sometimes known as ports, plugs, or interfaces)
 Gender of connectors and fasteners
 AC power plugs and sockets, devices that allow electrically operated equipment to be connected to the primary alternating current power supply in a building
 RF connector, an electrical connector designed to work at radio frequencies in the multi-megahertz range
 Circular connector
 Cigarette lighter receptacle
 Blind mate connector, a connector with self-aligning features
 Board-to-board connector, for connecting printed circuit boards
 Optical fiber connector, for joining optical fibers in communication systems
 Phone connector (disambiguation)
 Structural connector, in engineering

Software
 Connector (computer science), a pointer or link between two data structures
 Data connector, generic term for software which allows loading of data from one place to another, e.g. databases, file systems or events
 Database connector, software which allows client software to talk to database server
 Java EE Connector Architecture, a Java-based tool for connecting application servers and enterprise information systems

Other uses

 Connector (mathematics), a mathematical mapping
 Connector (road), a highway or freeway road that connects to another highway or freeway
 Northern Connector, highway in Australia 
 Connector (social), people who help others by connecting them together
 Connector (Cincinnati), streetcar system in Cincinnati, Ohio
 Connector (I the Mighty album), by rock band I the Mighty
 A free bus on there Adelaide Metro, South Australia
 Connector (IMO 9435480) – an offshore support vessel built in 2011

See also
 The Connector (disambiguation)
R-406A. R-406A is a refrigerant invented by George H. Goble.  It is a mixture of three components: chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), isobutane (R-600a),  and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-142b) in the ratio 55/4/41.

This refrigerant was designed as a drop-in replacement for dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) which is compatible with the typical mineral oil lubricants used in R-12 systems. Since it is a zeotropic mixture, it has a range of boiling points which may increase the effectiveness of the heat transfer elements in refrigeration equipment.

Because it contains R-22, its future is limited due to eventual phase-out of this refrigerant.

References

Refrigerants
List of adiabatic concepts. Adiabatic (from Gr. ἀ negative + διάβασις passage; transference) refers to any process that occurs without heat transfer.  This concept is used in many areas of physics and engineering. Notable examples are listed below.

Automobiles
 Engine braking, a feature of some diesel engines, uses adiabatic expansion to diminish the vehicle's forward momentum.

Meteorology
 Adiabatic lapse rate, the change in air temperature with changing height, resulting from pressure change.

Quantum chemistry
 Adiabatic invariant Born–Oppenheimer approximation

Thermodynamics
 Adiabatic process
 Adiabatic ionization
 Adiabatic index
 Adiabatic accessibility

Quantum mechanics
 Adiabatic theorem
 Adiabatic quantum motor

Electronics
 Adiabatic circuit
 Adiabatic logic

References

Thermodynamic processes
Science-related lists