omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Observatory for Heteroscale Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling. The Observatory for Heteroscale Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (OHMIC) is a mission concept proposed in 2011 to NASA's Explorers program consisting of a pair of spacecraft flying in formation studying the energy powering space weather.  The Principal Investigator for the mission is James Burch of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas.  The concept was not selected for development at that time.

The mission proposed to investigate how magnetospheric electromagnetic energy flows downward to power aurorae,  and study how ion outflows are initiated and modify the underlying ionosphere. Specifically, it would "investigate the coupling of Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere focusing on the conversion of electromagnetic energy into particle energy in auroral acceleration regions." To this end, the two spacecraft would measure electron distributions, ion distributions, and vector electric and magnetic fields for determining how charged-particle acceleration and injection vary in time and space.

References

Explorers Program
Ionosphere
Proposed spacecraft
Atmosphere-Space Transition Region Explorer. Atmosphere-Space Transition Region Explorer (ASTRE) is a mission concept proposed in 2011 to NASA's Medium-Class Explorers program (MIDEX) to study the interaction between the Earth's atmosphere and the ionized gases in outer space in an effort to understand how space-induced currents in electric power grids originate, as well as improve satellite drag models. The spacecraft would measure ionized gases within the transition region/boundary layer between 150–250 km altitude.  The concept was not selected for development at that time.

The Principal Investigator is Robert F. Pfaff from the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

References 

Proposed spacecraft
Explorers Program
Hall Signal Company. The Hall Signal Company was an American manufacturer of railway signaling equipment in the 19th and 20th centuries. Hall's equipment was widely used by American railroad companies. The company's founder, William Phillips Hall, was an inventor who developed several important devices in the history of railway signalling. The company manufactured automatic block signaling systems, disc signals (also called "banjo" signals), a rotating semaphore signal, grade crossing signals, and the first searchlight-style signal.

The company was established in 1871 with main offices in New York City and a factory in Meriden, Connecticut. In 1892 it built a new, larger factory in Garwood, New Jersey. The company reorganized in 1912 to raise capital and expand its Garwood factory. In 1925 Hall Signal Co. was purchased by Union Switch and Signal, principally for the value of its searchlight signal patents.

See also
 North American railroad signals

References

Manufacturing companies established in 1871
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1925
Defunct companies based in New York City
Railway signalling manufacturers
Meriden, Connecticut
Union County, New Jersey
1871 establishments in New York (state)
1925 disestablishments in New York (state)
1925 mergers and acquisitions
American companies disestablished in 1925
American companies established in 1871 
Technology companies established in 1871
Technology companies disestablished in 1925
Ikarus 215. The Ikarus 215 (Икарус 215 in Serbian)  twin-engine plane, was a Yugoslav light bomber and a training aircraft of mixed construction, the prototype flew in 1949. It did not go into production. The prototype was used for training and as a liaison. It was designed and built at the Ikarus factory in Zemun-Belgrade.

Design and development

Ikarus 215 was designed by engineer constructor Dušan Stankov, and was originally designed before the World War II as a Zmaj R-1 multi-purpose fighter - bomber - but the scout redesigned given the available engines and purpose. The prototype first flew in 1949. It was a twin engined low-wing aircraft of mixed construction, with a crew of two to four (depending on the role). The undercarriage retracted into the engine nacelles backward, while the tail wheel was fixed. The prototype was driven by two twelve-cylinder, air-cooled, in-line piston engines Ranger SVG-770 C-B1. Aircraft wing had a wooden structure lined with plywood, was the trapezoid-shaped wings and the ends were rounded. The construction of the fuselage was made from an oval-shaped duralumin covered cardboard timber.

Operational history
Aircraft Ikarus 215 series are not produced. During testing it was determined that the aircraft will not be able to respond to the primary purpose (light twin-engine bomber), it has also contributed to the unexpectedly rapid development of aviation, fighter-bomber takes on the role of light bomber. Ikarus 215 prototype aircraft is mainly used as a training school for the training of bomber pilots as the plane for the connection. Withdrawn from use in  1957.

Operators

Yugoslav Air Force 1 aircraft

Specifications

See also
SFR Yugoslav Air Force
Ranger V-770
Zmaj R-1
Dušan Stankov

Notes

References

 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. 

 Бојан Б. Димитријевић "Југословенско ратно ваздухопловство 1942.-1992."
 Жутић. Н. и Бошковић. Л., Икарус - Икарбус: 1923 - 1998,(Монографија 75 година Икаруса), Икарбус, Београд, 1999.
 Златко Рендулић, Авиони домаће конструкције после Другог светског рата, Лола институт, Београд, 1996. год.

External links

 http://vazduhoplovnetradicijesrbije.rs/index.php/istorija/247-ikarus-215 
 www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/yugo/af2/types/ikarus.htm
 www.dragan.freeservers.com

Ikarus aircraft
1940s Yugoslav bomber aircraft
1940s Yugoslav military trainer aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Avro Atlantic. The Avro Atlantic (Avro 722) was a proposed civilian airliner version of the British Avro Vulcan strategic bomber. It was a response to a 1952 UK Ministry of Supply requirement for a new aircraft suitable for both military and civilian long-range roles. Civilian models of the Vickers Valiant and Handley Page Victor V-bombers were also planned for the same contract. The Vickers V-1000 won the contest over the Atlantic, but ultimately none of these designs would be built.

Development 
In early June 1953, Sir Roy Dobson C.B.E., then Managing Director of A.V. Roe and Company, revealed that the company was working on a project for a 100-ton airliner based on the Vulcan. The aircraft as initially envisaged, would have carried a flight crew of five (pilot, co-pilot, navigator and two engineering officers) as well as between 76 and 113 passengers in one of three separate configurations (luxury, basic and tourist) at speeds in excess of  or Mach 0.9 in a pressurised cabin with an equivalent altitude of  at . The chief designer of Avro at the time, after Roy Chadwick's death, was Stuart Davies.

The Atlantic would have been powered either by Bristol Olympus or Rolls-Royce Conway engines. Artists illustrations at the time show passengers in a  diameter fuselage, seated in two rows, two-abreast, with a single central aisle, with the seats facing towards the rear of the aircraft for safety reasons. The aircraft was initially depicted in illustrations and 1/24-scale models using the original Vulcan wing planform with a straight-line, swept back leading edge, but a 1955 design revision showed the later Phase 2 'kinked' leading edge to overcome buffet during flight. It was anticipated that the Atlantic would be complete by 1958, and initial discussions were held with British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) regarding the viability of the proposal. Avro is reported to have considered a civilian version of the Vulcan as 'inevitable' in 1954–55, and insisted on an initial order of at least 25 aircraft before it would commence production; these orders were not forthcoming.

See also
 Concorde, a financially controversial aircraft, Anglo-French, with Olympus engines and a delta wing, weighing around 78 tons (empty), carrying a similar number of passengers.

References

Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Avro aircraft
1950s British airliners
Quadjets
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
Byron Cook (computer scientist). Dr. Byron Cook is an American computer science researcher at University College London.  Byron's research interests include program analysis/verification, programming languages, theorem proving, logic, hardware design, and operating systems.  Byron's recent work has been focused on the development of automatic tools for 
 Proving properties of biological models,
 Termination and liveness proving, and
 Discovering invariants regarding mutable data structures.

Awards and Prizes 

In 2009, Cook won the Roger Needham Award.  His public lecture was on "Proving that programs eventually do something good".

Cook was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineers in 2019.

References

External links 
 http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/b.cook/

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British computer scientists
Ōhama-class target ship. The  was a bombing target ship class of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), serving during World War II. 5 vessels were planned under the Kai-Maru 5 Programme (Ship #5411–5415), however, only the lead ship Ōhama was completed.

Design and construction
Project number J36. In 1941, the IJN had decided to build the bombing target ship , with a speed under . However, what the IJN required was target ship which could emulate the higher speed of the s and s. The class specification given was therefore 33 knots, use of a destroyer hull, equipped with the  machinery, enabled this to be achieved and able to withstand a 10 kilogram bomb dropped from  meters. Her armament consisted initially of only four anti-aircraft machine guns,. However, the significant loss of destroyers between 1942 and 1944 together with delays in mass production of the Kaibōkan-escort ships caused Ōhama to be converted. Thus rearmed for this escort role with many anti-aircraft arms and anti-submarine weapons, the lead ship Ōhama was completed on 10 January 1945.

Service

Ōhama was assigned to the Combined Fleet on 10 January 1945. However, she did not take up any target ship duties, due to the significant losses resulting from the Battle of the Philippine Sea and Battle of Leyte Gulf. Rather she was deployed to convoy escort duties in the Yokosuka area. In August 1945, she was dispatched to Onagawa Local Defense Squadron and on 9 August 1945 sunk by carrier aircraft. The second ship laid down, Ōsashi was discontinued in 1945. Whilst three other class vessels were cancelled in 1944.

Ships in class

Footnotes

Bibliography
 Ships of the World No.522, Auxiliary Vessels of the Imperial Japanese Navy, , (Japan), March 1997
 The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.34 Japanese auxiliary vessels, Ushio Shobō (Japan), December 1979
 The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.38 Japanese aircraft carriers II, Ushio Shobō (Japan), March 1980
 Senshi Sōsho Vol.88, Naval armaments and war preparation (2), "And after the outbreak of war", Asagumo Simbun (Japan), October 1975
  (SNAJ), Histories of shipbuilding in Shōwa period (1),  (Japan), September 1977
 Shizuo Fukui, FUKUI SHIZUO COLLECTION "Japanese Naval Vessels 1869–1945", KK Bestsellers (Japan), December 1994

World War II naval ships of Japan
Sea Jet. Sea Jet, or Advanced Electric Ship Demonstrator (AESD), is a naval testbed funded by the U.S. Navy's Office of Naval Research. The  vessel is operated out of the Carderock Division's Acoustic Research Detachment in Bayview, Idaho.

Sea Jet was operated on Lake Pend Oreille, where she was used for test and demonstration of various technologies. Among the first technologies tested was an underwater discharge water jet from Rolls-Royce Naval Marine, Inc., called AWJ-21, a propulsion concept with the goals of providing increased propulsive efficiency, reduced acoustic signature, and improved maneuverability over previous Destroyer Class combatants.

Sea Jet demonstrated a few technologies that were integrated into the Zumwalt-class destroyer. Notable among these is the use of the tumblehome hull design.

References

External links

Sea Jet Advanced Electric Ship Demonstrator (AESD)

2005 ships
Experimental ships of the United States Navy
Military research of the United States
Evaluation methods
Ullmann 2000 Panther. 

The Ullmann 2000 Panther is an American four-seat high-wing cabin monoplane designed by Ullmann Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas to be sold as kits for Amateur construction.

Design and development
The design of the Panther began in 1997 with construction of the prototype starting in Jun 1998, this prototype registered N202KT first flew on 29 March 2003. The Panther is a high-wing cantilever monoplane with an all-metal wing and a steel-tube fuselage covered with aluminum sheet. The prototype is powered by a  Continental IO-550-L engine driving a three-bladed constant-speed tractor propeller. The Panther has a tricycle landing gear and an enclosed cabin for a pilot and three passengers, side-by-side in two rows, access by split doors on each side of the fuselage and a small baggage door.

Specifications (Prototype)

References

Notes

Bibliography

2000s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
2000 Panther
Aircraft first flown in 2003
Patwatoli. The Pilgrimage for Engineering students.

Patwatoli is a locality in the Manpurblock of the Gaya district, Bihar, India, traditionally known for its weavers but now known for having a disproportionately high number of youths studying at Indian Institutes of Technology, National Institutes of Technology, with at least 200 of the 1,000 households in the locality having at least one engineer.

Some students have started opting for the diverse academic course. First success had come in 2018 in BPSC.

Students qualified for Indian Institutes of Technology in 2018 was 5.

References

 Gaya district
Arak University of Technology. Arak University of Technology (, Danshgah-e Sân'ti-ye Arak), formerly known as Iran University of Science and Technology, Arak Branch, is one of the engineering universities in Iran, located in the city of Arak.

History 
The university was founded in 1988.

Departments

References

External links
 www.arakut.ac.ir
 Geomatics S.A

Arak, Iran
Universities in Iran
Buildings and structures in Markazi province
Education in Markazi province
1988 establishments in Iran
Universities and colleges established in 1988
Clarifying agent. Clarifying agents are used to remove suspended solids from liquids by inducing flocculation, causing the solids to form larger aggregates that can be easily removed after they either float to the surface or sink to the bottom of the containment vessel.

Process
Particles finer than 0.1 μm (10−7m) in water remain continuously in motion due to electrostatic charge (often negative) which causes them to repel each other. Once their electrostatic charge is neutralized by the use of a coagulant chemical, the finer particles start to collide and agglomerate (collect together) under the influence of Van der Waals forces. These larger and heavier particles are called flocs.

Flocculants, or flocculating agents (also known as flocking agents), are chemicals that promote flocculation by causing colloids and other suspended particles in liquids to aggregate, forming a floc. Flocculants are used in water treatment processes to improve the sedimentation or filterability of small particles. For example, a flocculant may be used in swimming pool or drinking water filtration to aid removal of microscopic particles which would otherwise cause the water to be turbid (cloudy) and which would be difficult or impossible to remove by filtration alone.

Many flocculants are multivalent cations such as aluminium, iron, calcium or magnesium. These positively charged molecules interact with negatively charged particles and molecules to reduce the barriers to aggregation. In addition, many of these chemicals, under appropriate pH and other conditions such as temperature and salinity, react with water to form insoluble hydroxides which, upon precipitating, link together to form long chains or meshes, physically trapping small particles into the larger floc.

Long-chain polymer flocculants, such as modified polyacrylamides, are manufactured and sold by flocculant producers. These can be supplied in dry or liquid form for use in the flocculation process. The most common liquid polyacrylamide is supplied as an emulsion with 10-40% actives and the rest is a non-aqueous carrier fluid, surfactants and latex. This form allows easy handling of viscous polymers at high concentrations. These emulsion polymers require "activation" — inversion of the emulsion so that the polymer's molecules form an aqueous solution.

Agents
 alum
 aluminium chlorohydrate
 aluminium sulfate
 calcium oxide
 calcium hydroxide
 iron(II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate)
 iron(III) chloride (ferric chloride)
 polyacrylamide
 polyDADMAC
 sodium aluminate
 sodium silicate

The following natural products are used as flocculants:
 Chitosan
 Isinglass
 Moringa oleifera seeds (Horseradish tree)
 Gelatin
 Strychnos potatorum seeds (Nirmali nut tree)
 Guar gum
 Alginates (brown seaweed extracts)

See also
 Finings
 Clarification and stabilization of wine
 Particle aggregation
 Coagulation

References

Water treatment
Food science
Ranjan Dash. Ranjan Dash () is an Indian Industrialist. He is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Y-Carbon, a materials science company located at Philadelphia.

Early life
Dash was born in a Brahmin family in Hillapalli village of Sambalpur district, Odisha in 1976 to Ambika Dash & Dr Benudhar Dash.

Education
Dash graduated with honours in B.Tech (Ceramic Engineering) from REC Rourkela, now NIT Rourkela in the year 1998. He is an alumnus of the A.J.Nanotechnology Institute, where he did his research on the core technology that Y-Carbon is commercializing. He has a Ph.D in Materials Science and Engineering and MBA in Organization Management at Drexel University where he was the first student to pursue dual degree of a Ph.D. and MBA, both within 4 years.

Career
After graduating from NIT Rourkela, Dash worked as a senior officer in Tata Refractories Limited from 1998-2000. He then joined Network Program India Limited and worked there till 2002 when he went to US to pursue higher education in Drexel University. At Drexel, he met Yury Gogotsi, a fellow research scientist who was leading the group which developed Y-Carbon's core technology of which Dash was also a member. They used a novel chemical recipe to engineer nanoscopic pores into the carbon materials used in ultracapacitors.

References

External links
 
 
 
  at Y-carbon

1976 births
Living people
People from Odisha
Drexel University alumni
Volmer VJ-23 Swingwing. The Volmer VJ-23 Swingwing is an American high-wing, single-seat, foot launched glider that was designed by Irv Culver and built by Volmer Jensen and supplied as plans by his company Volmer Aircraft for amateur construction. Kits were also available from DSK Aircraft.

Design and development
The prototype VJ-23 was completed late in 1971 and in an era when foot-launched aircraft were Rogallo-style hang gliders, the VJ-23 was described as more of a foot-launched sailplane, with three axis controls. Jensen and Culver collaborated on the design from a  concern about the safety of weight shift hang gliders as well as their structural integrity.

The aircraft is predominantly made from wood and covered in doped Ceconite. The wing leading edge is made from poplar plywood and supported by nose ribs made from marine-grade plywood. The wing spar cap strips and tail ribs are fashioned from spruce. The tailboom is an aluminium tube. Its wing is cantilevered and tapered from wing root to wing tip. The VJ-23 lands and takes off on foot, but the aircraft is equipped with small wheels to allow it to be pulled up a hill. The aircraft's rigid wing structure requires that it be transported in a trailer, rather than rolled up and carried on a roof rack like a hang glider.

To make construction easier and quicker the design was developed into the aluminium tube, strut-braced Volmer VJ-24 SunFun.

Both the glider and powered VJ-24E version proved popular and a large number were built.

Operational history
One VJ-23E was flown across the English Channel.

Variants
VJ-23
Glider version
VJ-23E
Powered version with a pusher configuration McCulloch 101MC engine mounted on a pylon above the wing and a Culver-designed propeller.

Aircraft on display
EAA AirVenture Museum

Specifications (VJ-23E)

See also

References

External links

Photo of the VJ-23

1970s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Sailplanes designed for foot-launching
High-wing aircraft
VJ-23
Aircraft first flown in 1971
Lammer Geyer Jupiter. 

The Lammer Geyer Jupiter is a South African four-seat cabin monoplane designed by Lammer Geyer Aviation for sale as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
Design on the Jupiter started in 1996 and the prototype, registered ZU-CNH first flew on 1 December 2002. The Jupiter is an all-composite low-wing cantilever monoplane with a fixed tricycle landing gear.

The prototype is powered by a  Continental IO-360 flat-six engine with a three-bladed tractor propeller. The cabin has room for four seated side-by-side in two rows.

Specifications (prototype)

References

Notes

Bibliography

2000s South African civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Jupiter
Aircraft first flown in 2002
CAG Toxo. 

The CAG Toxo is a Spanish two-seat ultralight cabin monoplane designed and built by Construcciones Aeronauticas de Galicia for amateur construction.

Design and development
The prototype Toxo ultralight first flew in 1999 and was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tricycle landing gear. The Toxo can be powered typically by a  Jabiru 3300 or a Rotax 914S engine. The cabin has two seats side-by-side with dual controls, each with a centerline-hinged upward-opening door.

Variants
Toxo
Variant approved as an ultralight

Toxo II
Variant approved in the VLA category.

Specifications (Toxo ultralight)

References

Notes

Bibliography

CAG aircraft
1990s Spanish civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1999