omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Global interpreter lock. A global interpreter lock (GIL) is a mechanism used in computer-language interpreters to synchronize the execution of threads so that only one native thread (per process) can execute basic operations (such as memory allocation and reference counting) at a time. As a general rule, an interpreter that uses GIL will see only one thread to execute at a time, even if it runs on a multi-core processor, although some implementations provide for CPU intensive code to release the GIL, allowing multiple threads to use multiple cores. Some popular interpreters that have GIL are CPython and Ruby MRI.

Technical background concepts
A global interpreter lock (GIL) is a mutual-exclusion lock held by a programming language interpreter thread to avoid sharing code that is not thread-safe with other threads. In implementations with a GIL, there is always one GIL for each interpreter process.

Applications running on implementations with a GIL can be designed to use separate processes to achieve full parallelism, as each process has its own interpreter and in turn has its own GIL. Otherwise, the GIL can be a significant barrier to parallelism.

Advantages
Reasons for employing a global interpreter lock include:
 increased speed of single-threaded programs (no necessity to acquire or release locks on all data structures separately),
 easy integration of C libraries that usually are not thread-safe,
 ease of implementation (having a single GIL is much simpler to implement than a lock-free interpreter or one using fine-grained locks).

A way to get around a GIL is creating a separate interpreter per thread, which is too expensive with most languages.

Drawbacks
Use of a global interpreter lock in a language effectively limits the amount of parallelism reachable through concurrency of a single interpreter process with multiple threads. If the process is almost purely made up of interpreted code and does not make calls outside of the interpreter which block for long periods of time (allowing the GIL to be released by that thread while they process), there is likely to be very little increase in speed when running the process on a multiprocessor machine.  Due to signaling with a CPU-bound thread, it can cause a significant slowdown, even on single processors.  More seriously, when the single native thread calls a blocking OS process (such as disk access), the entire process is blocked, even though other application threads may be waiting.

Examples
Some language implementations that implement a global interpreter lock are CPython, the most widely-used implementation of Python, and Ruby MRI, the reference implementation of Ruby (where it is called Global VM Lock).

JVM-based equivalents of these languages (Jython and JRuby) do not use global interpreter locks. IronPython and IronRuby are implemented on top of Microsoft's Dynamic Language Runtime and also avoid using a GIL.

An example of an interpreted language without a GIL is Tcl, which is used in the benchmarking tool HammerDB.

See also
 Green threads
 Giant lock

References

Python (programming language)
Concurrency control
Green Mountain Energy. Green Mountain Energy is a United States company that sells green electricity products via renewable energy credits.

History
Green Mountain Energy was founded in Vermont in 1997 by Sam Wyly as an offshoot of Green Mountain Power to take advantage of the deregulation of the Texas electricity market. In September 2000, the company moved its headquarters to Austin, Texas. In January 2002, Green Mountain began serving the Texas market and was the first to offer alternative energy in the state. In August 2009 Green Mountain Energy expanded to New York City, serving those in the Con Edison service territory.

In November 2010 Green Mountain Energy was acquired by NRG Energy for $350 million. At that time Green Mountain Energy operated as a standalone subsidiary of NRG, but now operates as one of NRG's brands.

In May 2009 the company launched a "Renewable Rewards" Buy-Back program, which credits customers with renewable generation facilities in their homes for excess energy their facility sends back to the electric grid.

In April 2011 the company launched a solar leasing program for residential solar panels, and announced "Pollution Free EV", a wind electricity product for electric vehicle owners.

In January 2011 Green Mountain Energy signed a two-year agreement to provide 100% renewable energy to the Empire State Building, the largest commercial green power purchase in New York City at that time. In February 2012, the company partnered with the National Football League (NFL) to power Super Bowl XLVI with 15 million kWh of renewable energy. In June 2012, Green Mountain Energy expanded to Pennsylvania, serving those in the PECO and PPL service territories.

Residential services
Green Mountain Energy serves electricity to residential customers who live in the United States with unregulated electricity markets, such as Maryland, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Green Mountain Energy also partners with utilities in regulated markets in the U.S., such as Portland General Electric (PGE) in Oregon, to offer their products.

Commercial services
Green Mountain's commercial and industrial division offers products to customers in Texas, New York, and Pennsylvania. The commercial division began in 2004. In 2011, a new division, Green Mountain Energy Solutions, was launched. The company also has a "Sun Club" where they donate solar and renewable energies to nonprofit organizations.

See also
 Electric Reliability Council of Texas
 Brazos Wind Farm
 Green Mountain Wind Energy Center

References

External links 

Renewable energy companies of the United States
Energy in Texas
Companies based in Austin, Texas
American companies established in 1997
Energy companies established in 1997
Renewable resource companies established in 1997
1997 establishments in Texas
NRG Energy
Corporate subsidiaries
Single-input single-output system. In control engineering, a single-input and single-output (SISO) system is a simple single-variable control system with one input and one output. In radio, it is the use of only one antenna both in the transmitter and receiver.

Details
SISO systems are typically less complex than multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Usually, it is also easier to make an order of magnitude or trending predictions "on the fly" or "back of the envelope". MIMO systems have too many interactions for most of us to trace through them quickly, thoroughly, and effectively in our heads.

Frequency domain techniques for analysis and controller design dominate SISO control system theory. Bode plot, Nyquist stability criterion, Nichols plot, and root locus are the usual tools for SISO system analysis. Controllers can be designed through the polynomial design, root locus design methods to name just two of the more popular. Often SISO controllers will be PI, PID, or lead-lag.

See also
 Control theory

References
 

Control engineering
Transfer functions
Augelite. Augelite is an aluminium phosphate mineral with formula: Al2(PO4)(OH)3. The shade varies from colorless to white, yellow or rose. Its crystal system is monoclinic.

It was first described by Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand for an occurrence in Västanå iron mine  at Scania, Sweden in 1868 and derives its name from the Greek αύγή in reference to its pearly lustre.

It occurs as a product of metamorphism of phosphate bearing peraluminous sediments and in high-temperature hydrothermal ore deposits. It occurs in association with attakolite, svanbergite, lazulite, hematite, trolleite, berlinite, rutile,  pyrophyllite, baryte, arsenopyrite, stannite, pyrite, andorite, cassiterite and zinkenite.

References

Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Hydroaviasalon. Hydroaviasalon or in full International Exhibition and Scientific Conference on Hydroaviation (, translit. Gidroaviasalon) is an international airshow on hydroaviation held in Russia. It's held every even year since 1996 on a seashore at Gelendzhik. The event alternates with MAKS Airshow on general aviation, which is held in odd years.

The airshow draws special attention to amphibious aircraft and seaplanes, ship-based aircraft, fire-fighting aviation, missiles and sea-based space systems, search-and-rescue aviation, sea ecological monitoring aviation, navigation equipment, small ships, launches and yachts, Wing-In-Ground effect (WIG) craft. 

Aircraft such as Beriev Be-200, A-40, Be-12P-200 and Be-103 are frequently shown at Hydroaviasalon.

Events 
 Gelendzhik '96
 Gelendzhik '98
 Gidroaviasalon '2000
 Gidroaviasalon '2002
 Gidroaviasalon '2004
 Gidroaviasalon '2006
 Gidroaviasalon '2008
 Gidroaviasalon '2010 (September 9-12 2010).
 Gidroaviasalon '2012 (September 6-9 2012)
 Gidroaviasalon '2014

External links 

 Official site of Hydroaviasalon
 HydroAviaSalon 2006 on Panoramio

Air shows
IEEE Internet Computing. IEEE Internet Computing is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Computer Society. It covers all aspects of emerging and maturing Internet technologies. The editor-in-chief is Weisong Shi (University of Delaware). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.929.

References

External links 
 

Internet Computing
Computer science journals
Academic journals established in 1997
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Journal of Lightwave Technology. The Journal of Lightwave Technology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering optical guided-wave science, technology, and engineering. It is published jointly by the Optical Society and the IEEE Photonics Society. It was established in 1983 and the editor-in-chief is Gabriella Bosco (Politecnico di Torino). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 4.1.

References

External links 
 

English-language journals
IEEE academic journals
Biweekly journals
Academic journals established in 1983
Optics journals
Optica (society) academic journals
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering technology related to the mobility of users, systems, data and computing. It was established in 2002 and is published by the IEEE Computer Society. The editor-in-chief is Marwan M. Krunz (University of Arizona). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 6.075.

References

External links
 

Transactions on Mobile Computing
Computer science journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2002
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering multimedia technology and applications. It was established in 1999 and is published by the IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Communications Society, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and IEEE Signal Processing Society. The editor-in-chief is Chang Wen Chen (State University of New York at Buffalo. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 5.452.

References

External links 
 

Transactions on Multimedia
Computer science journals
Engineering journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 1999
English-language journals
IEEE Sensors Journal. The IEEE Sensors Journal is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal, covering research on sensors. It is published by the IEEE Sensors Council. The editor-in-chief is Zeynep Celik. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 4.325, as well as an Eigenfactor at 0.03365, and an Article Influence Score at 0.612

Journal leadership

Best paper awards
The annual IEEE Sensors Journal Best Paper Award recognizes the best paper published in the journal. Winners are presented with a certificate and $2,000 split equally among the authors.

References

External links

Paper Template for Authors 
IEEE Sensors Journal Articles

Engineering journals
Sensors Journal
Biweekly journals
Academic journals established in 2001
English-language journals
Orc (programming language). Orc is a concurrent, nondeterministic computer programming language created by Jayadev Misra at the University of Texas at Austin.

Orc provides uniform access to computational services, including distributed communication and data manipulation, through sites. Using four simple concurrency primitives, the programmer orchestrates the invocation of sites to achieve a goal, while managing timeouts, priorities, and failures.

External links

Bibliography 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Concurrent programming languages
Nondeterministic programming languages
Little Orbit the Astrodog and the Screechers from Outer Space. Little Orbit the Astrodog and the Screechers from Outer Space () is a 1979 French animated science fiction film directed by Jean Image. It is based on the 1972 TV series Arago X-001.

The film is also known in English as Pluk in Cosmos and Pluk in the Space.

Plot 

Pluk, an extraterrestrial robot endowed with extraordinary strength, is stranded on Earth. He befriends the boy genius Niki, his girlfriend Babette and Niki's smart dog Jupiter. They all leave Earth in Niki's spacecraft l'Arago X-001, searching for Pluk's ship Le Cosmos. They stop on several planets before reaching Plukastre, the home planet of Pluk.

References

External links

Pluk, naufragé de l’espace at Association française du cinéma d'animation. Retrieved 2 August 2009

1979 films
1979 animated films
Films directed by Jean Image
French animated science fiction films
1970s French-language films
Films about robots
1970s French animated films
1979 science fiction films
Intelligent Resource Director. On IBM mainframes running the z/OS operating system, Intelligent Resource Director (IRD) is software that automates the management of CPU resources and certain I/O resources.

IRD is implemented as a collaboration between Workload Manager (WLM), a component of z/OS, and the PR/SM Logical Partitioning (LPAR) hypervisor, a function of the mainframe hardware.

Major IRD functions are:

Logical CP Management - where IRD dynamically varies logical processors on- and off-line. (This does not apply to zIIPs or zAAPs.)
Weight Management - where IRD dynamically redistributes LPAR weights between members of an LPAR Cluster. (An LPAR Cluster is the set of members of a Parallel Sysplex on a single mainframe footprint.) The total of the weights for the LPAR Cluster remains constant as weights are shifted between the members. (Linux on IBM Z LPARs can also participate in Weight Management.)
CHPID Management - where logical channel paths are moved between members of an LPAR Cluster.

IRD's objective is to optimise the use of computing resources while enabling WLM to meet its workload goals. So, for example, IRD will not vary offline logical processors to the point where doing so would cause workloads to miss their goals.

See also 
 Workload Manager

Literature 
 Frank Kyne et al., z/OS Intelligent Resource Director, IBM Redbook, SG24-5952

External links 
 Official z/OS WLM Homepage

IBM mainframe operating systems
IBM mainframe technology
Robert Reid (chemical engineer). Robert C. Reid (June 11, 1924, Denver, Colorado – May 18, 2006, Lexington, Massachusetts) was a chemical engineer and professor at MIT. He received his B.A. from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy and a master's degree from Purdue University as well as an Sc.D. from MIT.

He is best known for his work in the field of thermodynamics, particularly in co-authoring the thermodynamics reference book "Thermodynamics and Its Applications" with Mike Modell. He also co-wrote "The Properties of Gases and Liquids," another reference work.

He was the editor of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, AIchE Journal, from 1972 to 1976, and directed the American Institute of Chemical Engineers from 1969 to 1971. He taught at MIT for 34 years, from 1951 to 1985, and was famous for dressing up as Willard Gibbs for certain lectures. He pushed to change the MIT chemical engineering department's unofficial policy of hiring only its own graduates.

In addition to his work in the field of chemical engineering, Robert Reid served in the Merchant Marine during World War II aboard an oil tanker.

References

United States Merchant Marine Academy alumni
1924 births
2006 deaths
Engineers from Denver
American chemical engineers
20th-century American engineers
United States Merchant Mariners of World War II
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
2-Ethylhexanoic acid. 2-Ethylhexanoic acid (2-EHA), commonly known as octoic acid, is the organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)3CH(C2H5)CO2H.  It is a carboxylic acid that is widely used to prepare lipophilic metal derivatives that are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.  2-Ethylhexanoic acid is a colorless viscous oil.  It is supplied as a racemic mixture.

Production
2-Ethylhexanoic acid is produced industrially from propylene, which is hydroformylated to give butyraldehyde.  Aldol condensation of the aldehyde gives 2-ethylhexenal, which is hydrogenated to give 2-ethylhexanal.   Oxidation of this aldehyde gives the carboxylic acid.

Metal ethylhexanoates

2-Ethylhexanoic acid forms compounds with metal cations that have stoichiometry as metal acetates.  These ethylhexanoate complexes are used in organic and industrial chemical synthesis.  They function as catalysts in polymerizations as well as for oxidation reactions  as "oil drying agents."  They are highly soluble in nonpolar solvents.  These metal complexes are often described as salts.  They are, however, not ionic but charge-neutral coordination complexes.  Their structures are akin to the corresponding acetates.

Examples of metal ethylhexanoates
 Hydroxyl aluminium bis(2-ethylhexanoate), used as a thickener
 Tin(II) ethylhexanoate (CAS# 301-10-0), a catalyst for polylactide and  poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).
 Cobalt(II) ethylhexanoate (CAS#  136-52-7), a drier for alkyd resins
 Nickel(II) ethylhexanoate (CAS# 4454-16-4)

Regulations 
2-Ethylhexanoic acid is banned in the EU for use in cosmetics.

See also
 2-Ethylhexanol

References

Alkanoic acids
Werner Kuhn (chemist). Werner Kuhn (February 6, 1899 – August 27, 1963) was a Swiss physical chemist who developed the first model of the viscosity of polymer solutions using statistical mechanics.  He is known for being the first to apply Boltzmann's entropy formula:

to the modeling of rubber molecules, i.e. the "rubber band entropy model", molecules which he imagined as chains of N independently oriented links of length b with an end-to-end distance of r.  This model, which resulted in the derivation of the thermal equation of state of rubber, has since been extrapolated to the entropic modeling of proteins and other conformational polymer chained molecules attached to a surface.

Kuhn received a degree in chemical engineering at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH, Federal Institute of Technology), in Zürich, and later a doctorate (1923) in physical chemistry. He was appointed professor of physical chemistry at the University of Kiel (1936–39) and then returned to Switzerland as director of the Physico-Chemical Institute of the University of Basel (1939–63), where he also served as rector (1955–56). 

In a 1951 lecture along with his student V.B. Hargitay, he was the first to hypothesize the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney, later to be discovered in many other similar biological systems.

See also
Excluded volume
Kuhn length

References

External links
 Hirsch, Warren (2003). "Disorder in un-stretched rubberbands", JCE, February Vol. 80, No. 2, p. 145

Thermodynamicists
1899 births
1963 deaths
Swiss physical chemists
Data loading. Data loading, or simply loading, is a part of data processing where data is moved between two systems so that it ends up in a staging area on the target system.

With the traditional extract, transform and load (ETL) method, the load job is the last step, and the data that is loaded has already been transformed. With the alternative method extract, load and transform (ELT), the loading job is the middle step, and the transformed data is loaded in its original format for data transformation in the target system.

Traditionally, loading jobs on large systems have taken a long time, and have typically been run at night outside a company's opening hours.

Purpose 
Two main goals of data loading are to obtain fresher data in the systems after loading, and that the loading is fast so that the data can be updated frequently. For full data refresh, faster loading can be achieved by turning off referential integrity, secondary indexes and logging, but this is usually not allowed with incremental update or trickle feed.

Types 
Data loading can be done either by complete update (immediate), incremental loading and updating (immediate), or trickle feed (deferred). The choice of technique may depend on the amount of data that is updated, changed or added, and how up-to-date the data must be. The type of data delivered by the source system, and whether historical data delivered by the source system can be trusted are also important factors.

Full refresh 
Full data refresh means that existing data in the target table is deleted first. All data from the source is then loaded into the target table, new indexes are created in the target table, and new measures are calculated for the updated table. 

Full refresh is easy to implement, but involves moving of much data which can take a long time, and can make it challenging to keep historical data.

Incremental update 

Incremental update or incremental refresh means that only new or updated data is retrieved from the source system. The updated data is then added to the existing data in the target system, and the existing data in the target system is updated. The indices and statistics are updated accordingly. Incremental update can make loading faster and make it easier to keep track of history, but can be demanding to set up and maintain.

Tricle feed 
Tricle feed or trickle loading means that when the source system is updated, the changes in the target system will occur almost immediately.

Loading to systems that are in use 

When loading data into a system that is currently in use by users or other systems, one must decide when the system should be updated and what will happen to tables that are in use at the same time as the system is to be updated. One possible solution is to make use of shadow tables.

See also 
 Database
 Data warehouse

References 

Extract, transform, load tools
Data warehousing