omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ShapeManager. Autodesk ShapeManager is a 3D geometric modeling kernel used by Autodesk Inventor and other Autodesk products that is developed inside the company.  It was originally forked from ACIS 7.0 in November 2001, and the first version became available in Inventor 5.3 in February 2002.

On the day of the announcement, VP of Autodesk, Robert Cross, denied that the genesis of ShapeManager was the purchase by Dassault Systèmes of Spatial Corp, producers of ACIS in July the previous year, though industry experts commented on Autodesk's exposure to dependence on technology controlled by its main competitor (Dassault owns SolidWorks).

The move was enabled by a clause in the 1990 contract between Autodesk and Spatial that made Autodesk a joint developer (with some restrictions) of the software with Spatial and provided an option to buy out of the contract to continue development of the source code on their own at a later date for $6.4 million.

Following this move, Dassault filed an injunction on 27 December 2001 for breach of contract against Autodesk and D-Cubed, the contractors who were then working on the kernel, on the technicality that these contractors had been allowed to access the source code.  The lawsuit eventually came to an end on 2 October 2003 in favour of Autodesk after the jury had deliberated for under two hours and basically agreed with the videotaped testimony from Spatial's co-founder, Richard Sowar, who confirmed that D-Cubed had been contracted to work on various parts of the code by both companies throughout the decade without any suggestion of a breach of contract.
Dassault's appeal that this evidence should not have been admitted to the court was also lost in 2006.

References 

3D graphics software
Computer-aided design
Alberta Boilers Safety Association. The Alberta Boilers Safety Authority, also known as ABSA, is a pressure equipment safety authority authorized by the government of the Canadian province of Alberta to administer and deliver safety programs related to boilers, pressure vessels, and pressure piping systems. ABSA is also responsible for the certification of pressure welders, inspectors and power engineers for the operation of a power or heating boiler. ABSA is located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

External links
Alberta Boilers Safety Association (ABSA)

Standards organizations in Canada
Organizations based in Edmonton
Continuous productive urban landscape. Continuous productive urban landscape (CPUL) is an urban design concept integrating food growing into the design of cities through joining together existing open space and disused sites into a linear landscape that connects to the countryside. The term was first used by Bohn & Viljoen Architects in 2004 at a time when making the connection between food and the city was unusual.

Footnotes

General references 
 Nishat Awan, Tatjana Schneider & Jeremy Till, 'Urban Farming', Spatial Agency, (2010); http://www.spatialagency.net/database/urban.farming.
 Katrin Bohn, André Viljoen, 'Continuous Productive Urban Landscape', Volume: After Zero, 8 (2008): 140–145.
 Nam Henderson, 'C.P.U.L.’s., Continuous Productive Landscapes', Thoughts on Everything under the Sun, (Oct 2009); http://namhenderson.wordpress.com/2009/10/21/c-p-u-l-s-continuous-productive-landscapes/
 Debra Solomon, 'Cultured and Landscaped Urban Agriculture', Volume: After Zero, 8 (2008): 132–137.
 André Viljoen, Katrin Bohn and Joe Howe, Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities, (Oxford: Architectural Press, 2005).

Urban agriculture
Critical illumination. Critical illumination or Nelsonian illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy. Critical illumination focuses an image of a light source on to the specimen for bright illumination. Critical illumination generally has problems with evenness of illumination as an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is visible in the resulting image. Köhler illumination has largely replaced critical illumination in modern scientific light microscopy although it requires additional optics which may not be present in less expensive and simpler light microscopes.

Optical principles

Critical illumination acts to form an image of the light source on the specimen to illuminate it. This image is formed by the condenser or collector lens. This illumination is bright but not always even, as any structure in the light source (for example the filament of a light bulb) will be visible in the resulting image. Homogeneous light sources such as a flame or sunlight give more even illumination. Alternatively, a ground or opal glass diffuser can be used to homogenize the light source, but this will cause a significant amount of light to be scattered away from the sample.

See also
 Optical microscopy
 August Köhler

References

Microscopy
Lighting
International Engineering Company. The International Engineering Public Company Limited, is an information, energy and communication company whose headquarters are located in Bangkok, Thailand.

History 
The company was established in 1922 to undertake engineering work on the Bangkok-Aranyaprathet Railway, which connected Thailand to the Cambodian border for the first time. IEC participated in building up the infrastructure of the country as it rapidly modernised. IEC became, in 1929, the sole official distributor of Westinghouse products.

IEC was involved in the reconstruction efforts following World War II. For its distinguished position and services, it received in 1965 the honour of Royal Appointment from His Majesty the King of Thailand, making it one of the first Thai companies to receive this honour.

IEC has been listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand since 1992. It is running and implementing a collective 16 MW solar and waste-to-energy power plants in Thailand, also providing information and communication solutions to state and private corporations in Thailand.

References

External links 
 

Design companies of Thailand
Companies based in Bangkok
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1922
1922 establishments in Siam
Thai Royal Warrant holders
Companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand
Nanoradio (company). Nanoradio  was a company based in Kista, Stockholm, Sweden. Nanoradio is a fabless semiconductor manufacturer with a main product line focus of connectivity products. The company is specializing in producing the smallest Wi-Fi chipsets by solution size on the market with extremely low power consumption. The company slogan is "Always On Wi-Fi".  Was bought by Samsung in 2012.

Company history
The company was founded in March 2004 as a “fabless” company.

Operations
Nanoradio provides Wi-Fi products, adding high-speed wireless access in portable electronics, such as mobile phones, MIDS, cameras and headsets. Features include low power consumption, small size and support for audio applications.  Nanoradio's Wi-Fi is ported to most cellular platforms and operating systems.

Products
 Wi-Fi chipsets for Mobile phones and Consumer electronics

Offices
Nanoradio has its headquarters in Kista, Sweden. Moreover, the company has sales offices in five other  countries.
 Kista, Stockholm, Sweden: Global Sales Office
 Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, Sales Office Korea
 Yokohama, Japan, Sales Office Japan
 Mountain View, California, United States, Sales Office USA, Premier Technical Sales Inc.
 Taipei, Taiwan, Sales Office Taiwan
 Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Sales Office China
 Patras, Greece, R&D

References

External links

Electronics companies established in 2004
Fabless semiconductor companies
Companies based in Stockholm
Semiconductor companies of Sweden
Flow, Turbulence and Combustion. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on fluid mechanics. It covers original research on fluid mechanics and combustion, with the areas of interest including industrial, geophysical, and environmental applications. The journal was established in 1949 under the name Applied Scientific Research. It obtained its present name in 1998, which also reflects its association with the European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion (ERCOFTAC).

Since the start in 1948, the journal was published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. In the late 1980 it was taken over by Kluwer Academic Publishers, which subsequently became part of the current publisher, Springer Science+Business Media.

References

External links 
 
 European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion

Energy and fuel journals
English-language journals
Fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics journals
Academic journals established in 1949
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
8 times per year journals
Abraham Fitzgibbon. Abraham 'Abram' Fitzgibbon (23 January 1823 – 4 April 1887) was an Irish-born railroad engineer and a pioneer for narrow-gauge railways.

Career
In the early 1860s, Fitzgibbon was working at Dun Mountain Railway in Nelson, New Zealand, a horse-drawn line upon which he worked from 1860 ( gauge)

Fitzgibbon arrived in the colony of Queensland in June 1863. He was appointed  first chief engineer of Queensland Railways after a rise through the ranks in the early stages of the railway department development. The first operations of the Queensland Railways opened in 1865.

There was debate regarding the choice of gauge,  versus . It is claimed that Fitzgibbon said that the narrow gauge would be sufficient to last 25 or 30 years and was cheaper. Despite opposition from contemporaries, he successfully advocated for the use of narrow gauge or  track in Australia. By 1867, the controversies included the termination of Fitzgibbon's contract.

Death and legacy
Fitzgibbon died on 4 April 1887 at Moorside, Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, England.

The Fitzgibbon suburb of Brisbane is named after Abraham Fitzgibbon.

Queensland railways continue to be  gauge to the present day.

See also 

 Three foot six inch gauge railways

Other narrow gauge pioneers  in order of influence:
 Carl Abraham Pihl (1825–1897) known for the Norwegian Railways  opened 1863; 
 Robert Fairlie (1831-1885) known for the Fairlie locomotive on Festiniog Railway introduced about 1865.  gauge.
 Thomas Hall (1823-1889) known for the Namaqualand Railway built 1868;  gauge
 Paul Decauville (1846–1922) known for the  Decauville system introduced 1875
 Everard Calthrop (1857–1927) known for the Barsi Light Railway opened 1897;  gauge.

References

External links 
 

1823 births
1887 deaths
Australian engineers
Australian people in rail transport
Rail transport in Queensland
Railway commissioners of Queensland
James Kilton Clapp. James Kilton Clapp (December 30, 1897 – 1965) was an American electrical engineer who worked for General Radio Corporation. He was born in Denver, Colorado and graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1923, obtaining a master's degree there in 1926. He taught at MIT and then joined General Radio Corporation in 1928, until his retirement in 1957. He became a member of the IRE in 1928 and in 1933 was named "Fellow".

Several of Clapp's inventions became the basis of General Radio products.  He invented a quartz-crystal oscillator frequency standard in 1930, and patented a temperature control oven for crystal oscillators.  Clapp's name is best known in the field of electronics for his description in 1948 of an improved form of Colpitts oscillator known as the Clapp oscillator.

References

American electrical engineers
1897 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Pearl Rating System (Abu Dhabi). The Pearl Rating System is the green building rating system developed by the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council as part of their sustainable development initiative, Estidama.  The system can be applied to communities, buildings and villas, with different requirements for each.

The pearl rating system is divided into buildings, villas, and communities, each with a scale of one to three pearls.

Similar to LEED, the Pearl Rating System has various levels of certification. ranging from one to three pearls. For all new development projects within the emirate of Abu Dhabi, a minimum certification of one pearl is required (two pearls for government buildings). This certification requirement was mandated by the Executive Council of Abu Dhabi and went into effect in Autumn of 2010.

There are three stages of certification associated with the Pearl Rating System. The first stage is the Pearl Design Rating that requires the building permit for its success. The second stage is the Pearl Construction Rating that needs the certificate of completion. The third, and yet to be developed stage, is the Pearl Operations Rating.

Training seminars of various lengths and technical depths are available for all of the Pearl Rating Systems. Training seminars are currently being delivered by the WSP Group and Oger International on behalf of the Urban Planning Council, Abu Dhabi.

Individuals interested in working on Pearl Rated projects should look into becoming Pearl Qualified Professionals (PQPs); The PQP test was developed by  Prometric due to the requirement that at least one Pearl Qualified Professional must be on the project planned for development within the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Those interested in the PQP test should contact the CERT center in Abu Dhabi and the AMIDEAST testing center in Dubai.

Based on a review by Abu Dhabi’s Urban Planning Council (UPC), up to five pearls can be awarded. One pearl is mandatory for all developments and is based on the building code. As per Information Bulletins No. 1  dated 6 December 2010 all Abu Dhabi government projects are required to achieve two pearls. Two pearls include all the mandatory requirements as well as additional optional credits.

To date the only projects to achieve three pearls include the Abu Dhabi Midfield Terminable Building and ten unspecified Abu Dhabi Education Council (ADEC) schools.

References

Buildings and structures in Abu Dhabi
Building energy rating
Sustainable building in the United Arab Emirates
Sustainable building rating systems
Device-independent pixel. A device-independent pixel (also: density-independent pixel, dip, dp) is a unit of length.

A typical use is to allow mobile device software to scale the display of information and user interaction to different screen sizes. The abstraction allows an application to work in pixels as a measurement, while the underlying graphics system converts the abstract pixel measurements of the application into real pixel measurements appropriate to the particular device.
For example, on the Android operating system a device-independent pixel is equivalent to one physical pixel on a 160 dpi screen, while the Windows Presentation Foundation specifies one device-independent pixel as equivalent to 1/96th of an inch.

As dp is a physical unit it has an absolute value which can be measured in traditional units, e.g. for Android devices 1 dp equals 1/160 of inch or 0.15875 mm.

While traditional pixels only refer to the display of information, device-independent pixels may also be used to measure user input such as input on a touch screen device.

References

Computer graphics
Units of length
Siren Edelweiss. The Siren C.30 Edelweiss (or C.30S) is a 15 m span, Standard Class sailplane designed in France in the early 1960s. The Edelweiss came second in its class at the 1963 World Gliding Championships (WGC) and first in its class two years later.  Several are still flying in France and elsewhere in 2010.

Design and development
The Edelweiss is a 15 m class, single seat, shoulder wing sailplane with a butterfly tail, built mostly from wood.  The wing has a single spar and is skinned with 8 mm foam-bonded plywood.  It has almost constant chord; it had forward sweep on the two prototypes but production Edelweiss have unswept wings.  The ailerons are metal and are shorter on production aircraft.   Inboard airbrakes, again shorter in production aircraft, can extend from both upper and lower surfaces. The butterfly tail consists of two all moving surfaces, with wood sandwich leading edges and fabric covering elsewhere.  Both carry trim tabs.

The slender fuselage is assembled from two formed, foam-bonded ply shells, each with inbuilt longerons.  Nose and tail cones are of laminated plastic.  The pilot sits in a semi-reclining position, under a long, starboard hinged, canopy which ends at the wing leading edge. The prototypes had longer noses than later aircraft.  The Edelweiss lands on a fixed, sprung, monowheel undercarriage, fitted with a wheel brake operated jointly with the airbrakes.

The Edelweiss flew for the first time on 25 September 1962. An initial production batch of 15 was begun in January 1965.

Operational history
The two Edelweiss prototypes competed in the 1963 WGC, held at Junin, Argentina and were placed 2nd and 17th in the Standard Class, piloted respectively by J. Lachney and C. Labar.  At the next WGC, held in 1965 at South Cerney, UK, two production aircraft finished in 1st and 7th place in their class, piloted by François Louis Henry and J. Lachney; two others were placed 8th and 10th (pilots J.-P. Cartrey and J. Penaud) in the Open Class (unrestricted span).

51 Edelweiss have appeared on the French civil register.  As of mid-2010, 12 Edelweiss remained on the French register and 1 on each on the registers of Belgium and Monaco; at least 3 are not active. Another is on the US register.

Variants
Siren-Bertin C.34 Edelweiss IV Open Class version with 17.50 m span and retractable wheel.  Two built.

Specifications (C.30S)

References

1960s French sailplanes
V-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1962
Glider aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
New Electronics. New Electronics is a British bi-weekly magazine dedicated to UK electronic engineering design. It was established in 1968 and is published by Findlay Media

The magazine is available both in print and electronic format and is free for electronic design engineers. New Electronics reaches a circulation 12,401, which is audited annually by the ABC (Auditing Bureau of Circulations).

The magazine covers a range of topics including news, technology features, product information and interviews with industry experts.

Website 
The New Electronics magazine has a complementary website, created to provide engineers and managers with up-to-date information about the electronics industry. Much like the magazine it features news and technology articles, product information and interviews, but also incorporates interactive elements such as videos and blogs.

The New Electronics website also houses an electronic engineering jobs site.

Awards 
New Electronics are organisers of the annual British Engineering Excellence Awards. The awards are in their third year and aim to promote the success of British companies competing on a global scale.

References

External links 
 New Electronics Website

1968 establishments in the United Kingdom
Biweekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Business magazines published in the United Kingdom
Engineering magazines
Magazines established in 1968
Kadiak KC-2 Speedster. The Kadiak KC-2 Speedster is an American single-seat, radial engined homebuilt biplane designed prior to World War II.

Design and development

The KC-2 was an original design of Everett E. David, built in 1931.

The aircraft was built with a welded steel tube fuselage, wooden wings, and fabric covering. It originally used a  Velie M-5 5-cylinder radial engine, later  replaced with a similar but more powerful  Lambert, and was designed for engines up to .

Operational history
The designer sold the KC-2 in 1939.  It was storm damaged post-war, rebuilt and re-licensed, remaining active until at least 1977.

Specifications

References

Homebuilt aircraft
J1922. SAE protocol J1922 is a standard for "Powertrain Control Interface for Electronic Controls Used in Medium- and Heavy-Duty Diesel On-Highway Vehicle Applications" (published December 4, 2008).  This SAE Recommended Practice provides a development or possibly interim production communication protocol between engine, transmission, ABS/traction control, and retarder systems until higher speed communication links are established.

See also
J1708

External links
SAE International Website

Automotive standards
Blue Wing Solar Project. The Blue Wing Solar Project is a 16.6 MWp (14.4 MWAC) solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant in San Antonio, Texas.   It was one of the largest PV facilities in Texas when it  came online in late 2010 and is owned by a Duke Energy Subsidiary.

Project Details
The project covers  near the intersection of highways IH 37 and U.S. 181.  It has 214,500 solar photovoltaic modules manufactured by US firm First Solar that are mounted onto fixed-tilt (20deg) racks.  The plant is expected to produce more than 26 GWh of electricity per year.

The installation also includes a 500-kilowatt demonstration facility where a variety of other thin film and crystalline silicon PV modules, as well as a concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) unit, have been installed for evaluation and comparison purposes.

Electricity Production

See also

 List of photovoltaic power stations
 Renewable energy in the United States
 Renewable portfolio standard
 Solar power in the United States

References

External links
CPS website
Duke website

Energy infrastructure completed in 2010
Buildings and structures in San Antonio
Solar power stations in Texas
Photovoltaic power stations in the United States
2010 establishments in Texas
Duke Energy
Truck lane restriction. Truck lane restriction within transportation traffic engineering, is a factor impacting freeway truck lanes and traffic congestion. In traffic flow theory, intuitively, slow vehicles (e.g. trucks) will cause queues behind them, but how it relates to the kinematic wave theory was not revealed until Newell. Leclercq et al  did a complete review of Newell's theory. In addition to the simulation models developed by Laval and Daganzo  on the basis of numerical solution methods for Newell's theory to capture the impacts of slow vehicle, Laval  also mathematically derived the analytical capacity formulas for bottlenecks caused by single-type of trucks for multi-lane freeway segments.

Analytical Solution of the Single-type Truck Problem

Laval's solution could be summarized as follows: Assuming a one-lane freeway segment obeying the triangular fundamental diagram defined in the figure to the right with free-flow speed u, wave velocity w and jam density kj. Only one truck type is considered. In this scenario, the normalized capacity I of the freeway segment is given as：

where r is the time-mean proportion of trucks in the traffic stream,C = uwnkj/(w+u)is the capacity of the freeway lane without trucks and H is the expected value of headway between two consecutive trucks at the location where trucks begin to slow down

It can be shown that, by approximating truck arrivals with Poisson processes, the probability density function (PDF) of H is the equation below, in which τ is defined as the clearance time of the queue induced by the slow-moving truck, λ0=rC, λ1=rU and τ=L(w+v)/wv. Note that λ0 and λ1 refer to the mean truck arrival rate at traffic state C or U, respectively. In particular, traffic state D, which corresponds to the downstream of the moving bottleneck, is assumed to be equal to the capacity of the unblocked lanes.

According to Newell's moving bottleneck theory, we have:

Given all the above information, we can conclude that the average truck headway H is
H=(1-e−λ1τ)/(λ1)+(e−λ1τ)/(λ0)

And the above equation gives us all the necessary information to solve the normalized capacity I.

References 

Road traffic management