omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Jungo Connectivity. Jungo Connectivity is an Israeli software company that specializes in driver monitoring system (DMS) software and device driver development.

History
Jungo Connectivity was founded in 2013 as an automotive software divestiture from Cisco Systems. Jungo Connectivity CEO and founder is Ophir Herbst. On July 28, 2021, Jungo completed an initial public offering on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, traded under the ticker JNGO.

References

External links
 

Software companies established in 1998
Software companies of Israel
Companies based in Netanya
1998 establishments in Israel
African University of Science and Technology. The African University of Science and Technology is an international undergraduate and post-graduate university located in Abuja, Nigeria. It was founded in 2007 as the first part of a pan-African university system concept developed by the Nelson Mandela Institution. The university offers postgraduate programs in five major disciplinary areas: Computer Science and Management of Information Technology, Material Science and Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, Pure, Applied Mathematics, and Space & Aerospace Sciences, and also a master's degree in Public Administration and Public Policy. Visiting professors include Africans working in the diaspora.

The university was founded in 2007 as the first campus of the pan-African Nelson Mandela Institution. From its inception, it offered only postgraduate courses. In December 2022, it graduated 145 people from 11 countries, 38 with doctorates.

Winston Wole Soboyejo was president and provost from January 2012 to August 2014. , Azikiwe Peter Onwualu is acting president.

References

External links
 Official website

Technical universities and colleges
2007 establishments in Nigeria
Universities and colleges established in 2007
Universities and colleges in Nigeria
Science and technology in Nigeria
AIST. AIST, Aist, or variant, can refer to:

AIST
African Institute of Science and Technology
Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, one of the biggest research institutions in Japan
Association for Iron and Steel Technology, the main group for ferrous metallurgists in the United States
AgInSbTe alloy used in rewritable CDs

Aist, Upper Austria
Aist (river), in Austria
Wartberg ob der Aist, a town on the river Aist
Aist parish (Gemeinde) in Naarn im Machlande on the river Aist
Dietmar von Aist, 12th century minnesinger from the region of the Aist river

Aist, Russian for "stork"
Aist Bicycles, Belarusian bicycle company
Aist-class LCAC, assault hovercraft operated by the Soviet and Russian Navy
Khrunichev T-411 Aist, Russian light utility monoplane
Aist 1, a small satellite
Aist, a Belarusian cruise missile

See also
 AISTS, the International Academy of Sport Science and Technology
Mechanical probe station. A mechanical probe station is used to physically acquire signals from the internal nodes of a semiconductor device. The probe station utilizes manipulators which allow the precise positioning of thin needles on the surface of a semiconductor device. If the device is being electrically stimulated, the signal is acquired by the mechanical probe and is displayed on an
oscilloscope or SMU. The mechanical probe station is often used in the failure analysis of semiconductor devices.

There are two types of mechanical probes: active and passive. Passive probes usually consist of a thin tungsten needle. Active probes utilize a FET device on the probe tip in order to significantly reduce loading on the circuit.

Microworld Semi-automatic probing stations for full wafer characterization

Research 
Mechanical probe stations are often used in academic research on electronics and materials science.  It is often faster and more flexible to test a new electronic device or sample with a probe station than to wire bond and package the device before testing.

Probe stations initially  were designed to manage micron level semiconductor wafer testing. It is  still a huge part of the testing that goes on but as Moore's Law has reduced the sizes of semiconductor devices over time. Probe stations have evolved to better manage both wafer level and device testing. An example of this is the VERSA probe system by Micromanipulator. Systems like the VERSA can visualize and probe all size wafers from 50mm, 100mm, 150mm, 200mm, 300mm, and even 450mm. systems like the VERSA can also manage testing individual chips or die as well as large +24" application boards with decapsulated parts. 

Semiconductor analysis
Tom Barker (designer). Tom Barker (born 1966) is a British designer and academic. He has held various appointments, including the Ontario College of Art and Design, Canada, the University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, and the Royal College of Art, London.

Barker invented SmartSlab, a multimedia large scale digital LED display panel system, in 1999, whilst working on a Millennium Dome zone with architect Zaha Hadid.  Barker also developed  the V/SpaceLAB virtual reality system for architecture which artists Langlands and Bell used for an exhibit at the Imperial War Museum in 2003.

From 1997 to 2005, Barker ran DCA-b (later called b Consultants Ltd.), a multidisciplinary design practice.

Book

References

21st-century British designers
British industrial designers
21st-century British inventors
Living people
1966 births
People educated at King's College School, London
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Dolon Southwest. Dolon Southwest was a dispersal bomber base in Semipalatinsk Oblast, Kazakhstan, located 43 km south-west of Dolon (air base).  It was probably associated with the 8th independent Heavy Bomber Aviation Corps (1960 - 1980) and then the 37th Air Army VGK, of Soviet Long Range Aviation, because Dolon (air base) nearby was under those commands.

A Central Intelligence Agency document listed the coordinates of the airfield while referencing a 1968 deployment of 21 Tupolev Tu-16 "Badger" bombers, the first deployment of this aircraft at the airfield.  Dolon was listed as having eight support buildings, a refueling facility, an instrument landing system, and ground controlled approach (GCA).

Almost no trace remains of the base.

References

Airports in Kazakhstan
Airbases in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Military installations closed in the 1990s
Soviet Long Range Aviation
William A. Thompson. William A. Thompson (born December 16, 1864, in Greenwich, New York – 1925) was an engineer with the United States Army Corps of Engineers who managed improvements on the Mississippi River.

Thompson's career
Thompson attended high school in Greenwich, and college at the University of Vermont with a degree in civil engineering in 1878. He joined the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that year. He worked at Rock Island, Illinois, until 1885. He was then placed in charge of the suboffice in La Crosse, Wisconsin. In 1896 he moved to La Crosse, and was appointed the Assistant Engineer in charge of the improvements on the Mississippi River from Winona, Minnesota, to Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. He held that post until his death in 1925.

Dredge named after Thompson

A USACE dredge is named after him was designed in 1935. The dredge was built by Dravo Corporation, and christened in 1937 by Thompson's granddaughter. The dredge arrived in its home in Fountain City, Wisconsin, on May 22, 1937. It worked on the upper Mississippi River, St. Croix River, and Illinois River until 2006.

References

1864 births
1925 deaths
American marine engineers
Engineers from New York (state)
People from Greenwich (town), New York
People from La Crosse, Wisconsin
Hiroden Main Line. The  is a streetcar line of Hiroshima Electric Railway (Hiroden) in Hiroshima, Japan. The line has been operated since 1912.

The total distance of the line is . Routes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 operate on the line. The line has 20 stations, numbered M1 through M19 (two stations at Kamiyachō are both numbered M9).

Stations

References

See also

Main Line
Railway lines opened in 1912
Bus-holder. A bus-holder or bus-keeper is a weak latch circuit that holds the last value on a tri-state bus.

The circuit is basically a delay element with the output connected back to the input through a relatively high impedance. This is usually achieved with two inverters connected in series, followed by a series resistor connected to the second inverter. The resistor drives the bus weakly; therefore other circuits can override the value of the bus when they are not in tri-state mode.

Bus-holders are used to prevent CMOS gate inputs from getting floating values when they are connected to tri-stated nets. Otherwise both transistors in the gate could get turned partially on, increasing power consumption and noise. In severe cases, this increased power consumption can destroy the CMOS gate. This is prevented by the bus-holder pulling the input to the last valid logic level (0 or 1) on the net. The circuit is usually placed in parallel with the tri-stated net.

Further reading
 Atul P. Godse, Deepali A. Godse. Digital Logic Design and Application. Technical Publications, 2008. .
 Texas Instruments. Implications of slow or floating CMOS inputs. Texas Instruments, 2021.

Electronic circuits
Hiroden Eba Line. The  is a streetcar line of Hiroshima Electric Railway (Hiroden) in Hiroshima, Japan. The line has been operating since 1943.

The total distance of the line is . Routes 6, 8, and 9 operate on the line. The line has seven stations, with six of them numbered E1 through E6. The seventh station, Dobashi, is numbered M13, and is the station where the Eba Line merges with the Hiroden Main Line.

Stations

References

Eba Line
Railway lines opened in 1943
STUDENT. STUDENT is an early artificial intelligence program that solves algebra word problems. It is written in Lisp by Daniel G. Bobrow as his PhD thesis in 1964 (Bobrow 1964). It was designed to read and solve the kind of word problems found in high school algebra books. The program is often cited as an early accomplishment of AI in natural language processing.

Technical description
Within Project MAC at MIT, the STUDENT system was an early example of a question answering software, which uniquely involved natural language processing and symbolic programming. Other early attempts for solving algebra story problems were realized with 1960s hardware and software as well: for example, the Philips, Baseball and Synthex systems.

STUDENT accepts an algebra story written in the English language as input, and generates a number as output. This is realized with a layered pipeline that consists of heuristics for pattern transformation. At first, sentences in English are converted into kernel sentences, which each contain a single piece of information. Next, the kernel sentences are converted into mathematical expressions. The knowledge base that supports the transformation contains 52 facts.

STUDENT uses a rule-based system with logic inference. The rules are pre-programmed by the software developer and are able to parse natural language.

More powerful techniques for natural language processing, such as machine learning, came into use later as hardware grew more capable, and gained popularity over simpler rule-based systems.

References

 Natural Language Input for a Computer Problem Solving System, Bobrow's PhD thesis.
 , p. 19
 , pp. 76–79

1964 software
History of artificial intelligence
Lisp (programming language) software
Renewable security. Renewable Security was a concept that evolved after the repeated hacks of analogue TV encryption systems in the late 1980s. Simply stated, rather than completely replacing a hacked TV encryption system, only part of it would have to be replaced to make it secure again.

Embedded secure processor
The decoders at that time often contained all of the conditional access control data in a microcontroller. This data consisted generally of the decoder's identity, the subscriber's identity number and subscription data. When the decoder was hacked, the whole system was effectively compromised as other subscriber identity data could be substituted and the hackers had control. This security model also more commonly known as the Embedded Secure Processor model as the secure processor, the microcontroller, was embedded in the decoder itself.

Detachable secure processor
The systems manufacturers countered with the Detachable Secure Processor model. In this security model, the decoder itself would not be the critical part of the system. The subscriber identity data and subscription details would be stored in a smartcard - the Detachable Secure Processor. Any compromise of the smartcard could then be countered by issuing a new, more secure, smartcard to subscribers.

Advantages and disadvantages
Renewable Security is good in theory. It provides hackers with a moving target rather than a stationary one. In the VideoCrypt system, the initial expectation was that the smartcards would be replaced every six months thus making the emergence of a pirate smartcard less likely. In reality, changing or upgrading the smartcards on a widely used TV Encryption system can be expensive and is done as infrequently as possible.

References
 John McCormac. European Scrambling Systems 5 – The Black Book, Waterford University Press, 1996, .
 National Renewable Security Standard CEA679
 Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);IP Datacast over DVB-H: Service Purchase and Protection Technical Standard ETSI TS 102 474
 Method for protecting the audio/visual data across the NRSS interface

Television technology
ONETEP. ONETEP (Order-N Electronic Total Energy Package) is a linear-scaling density functional theory software package able to run on parallel computers. It uses a basis of non-orthogonal generalized Wannier functions (NGWFs) expressed in terms of periodic cardinal sine (psinc) functions, which are in turn equivalent to a basis of plane-waves. ONETEP therefore combines the advantages of the plane-wave approach (controllable accuracy and variational convergence of the total energy with respect to the size of the basis) with computational effort that scales linearly with the size of the system. The ONETEP approach involves simultaneous optimization of the density kernel (a generalization of occupation numbers to non-orthogonal basis, which represents the density matrix in the basis of NGWFs) and the NGWFs themselves. The optimized NGWFs then provide a minimal localized basis set, which can be considerably smaller in size, but of equal or higher accuracy, than the unoptimized basis sets used in most linear-scaling approaches.

ONETEP has been developed by a UK-centric group of academics based at the universities of Cambridge, Southampton, Warwick, Imperial College London and Gdańsk University of Technology. It is available to academics at a reduced rate, and licenses can be obtained for non-academic usage from the developers or through Accelrys' Materials Studio package. The latest academic version 6.0 was released on 15 September 2020.

See also 
 Density functional theory
 Quantum chemistry computer programs

External links

References 

Computational chemistry software
Density functional theory software
Session ID. In computer science, a session identifier, session ID or session token is a piece of data that is used in network communications (often over HTTPS) to identify a session, a series of related message exchanges. Session identifiers become necessary in cases where the communications infrastructure uses a stateless protocol such as HTTP. For example, a buyer who visits a seller's website wants to collect a number of articles in a virtual shopping cart and then finalize the shopping by going to the site's checkout page. This typically involves an ongoing communication where several webpages are requested by the client and sent back to them by the server. In such a situation, it is vital to keep track of the current state of the shopper's cart, and a session ID is one way to achieve that goal.

A session ID is typically granted to a visitor on their first visit to a site. It is different from a user ID in that sessions are typically short-lived (they expire after a preset time of inactivity which may be minutes or hours) and may become invalid after a certain goal has been met (for example, once the buyer has finalized their order, they cannot use the same session ID to add more items).

As session IDs are often used to identify a user that has logged into a website, they can be used by an attacker to hijack the session and obtain potential privileges. A session ID is usually a randomly generated string to decrease the probability of obtaining a valid one by means of a brute-force search. Many servers perform additional verification of the client, in case the attacker has obtained the session ID. Locking a session ID to the client's IP address is a simple and effective measure as long as the attacker cannot connect to the server from the same address, but can conversely cause problems for a client if the client has multiple routes to the server (e.g. redundant internet connections) and the client's IP address undergoes Network Address Translation.

Examples of the names that some programming languages use when naming their cookie include JSESSIONID (Java EE), PHPSESSID (PHP), and ASPSESSIONID (Microsoft ASP).

See also
Session management

External links
"PHP manual"
"ASP manual" at w3schools

Network protocols
Cem (disambiguation). Cem Sultan (1459–1495) was a prince of the Ottoman Empire.

Cem or CEM may also refer to:

Colleges 
 College of Eastern Medicine, a branch of Southern California University of Health Sciences, in Los Angeles, California, US
 College of Emergency Medicine, now part of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine
 College of Engineering Munnar, an engineering college in Munnar, India
 College of Estate Management, former name of the University College of Estate Management

Organizations
 Commission of Ecosystem Management, a commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature
 Compagnie Électro-Mécanique, a former French electrical engineering manufacturer
 Companhia de Electricidade de Macau, a private public utility company of Macau
 Curtis Electromusic Specialties, an integrated circuit manufacturer

Science and technology
 Card Electromechanical, a computer hardware specification related to PCI Express
 CEM cell, a cell line derived from human T cells
 Central Electronic Module, of a Volvo; for example see Volvo 480
 Chain ejection model, a model explaining electrospray ionization in mass spectrometry
 Channel electron multiplier, in a vacuum tube
 Combined Effects Munition CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition, a US cluster bomb
 Composite epoxy material, a group of composite materials
 Computational electromagnetics, modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the environment
 Computational Engineering Model, an algorithmic framework for the generation of computational geometry, based on encoded engineering knowledge
 Contagious equine metritis, a type of metritis (uterine inflammation) in horses 
 Cylindrical Energy Module, a type of engine

Other uses
 Cem (given name), list of people with the name 
 Cem (surname), list of people with the surname
 Cem (river), a river flowing through Albania and Montenegro
 Cem (magazine), a satirical magazine between 1910 and 1929 in Ottoman Empire and then in Turkey
 Certified Emergency Manager, a credential from the International Association of Emergency Managers
 Certified Energy Manager, a credential from the Association of Energy Engineers
 Civil Emergency Message, a warning issued through the Emergency Alert System in the US 
 Customer experience management
 Jem (Alevism) or cem, a ceremony of Alevism
 Central Airport's IATA code

See also

 CEM-I, CEM-II, CEM-III, CEM-IV, CEM-V, types of cement
I.DE.A Institute. I.DE.A Institute (acronym, Institute of Development in Automotive Engineering) was an automobile design and engineering company in Turin, Italy, founded in 1978 by Franco Mantegazza and architect Renzo Piano,  with engineer Peter Rice as Vice President.

The Rieter Holding Ltd took full control of the company in 2002. The company grew with offices in China and Brazil by the time Rieter sold the company in 2010 to the Swiss investment group Quantum Kapital AG. The company was liquidated in 2019.

Notable work 
 1981 Fiat VSS, the first commission from Fiat
 1988 Fiat Tipo
 1988 Ferrari PPG Indy Pace Car
 1989 Lancia Dedra
 1990 Fiat Tempra
 1992 Alfa Romeo 155
 1992 IDEA Grigua and Grigua Off-Road concepts
 1993 Lancia Delta
 1993 Nissan Terrano II/Ford Maverick
 1994 Lancia Kappa
 1994 Fiat Lampo concept
 1994 IDEA Gritta concept
 1995 Daihatsu Move
 1996 Fiat Vuscià concept
 1996 Fiat Siena
 1996 Fiat Palio
 1997 Dacia D33
 1997 Daewoo Nubira
 1998 Tata Indica
 2000 Kia Rio
 2002 Tata Indigo
 2003 Changan Jiexun concept
 2003 Fiat Panda Marrakech
 2004 Fiat Trepiùno (construction only). 
 2006 Buick LaCrosse
 2008 Tata Nano
 2008 IDEA ERA concept
 2010 IDEA Sofia concept
 2012 Ssang Yong XIV-1 and XIV-2 in 2012. Concepts for SsangYong Tivoli.

Notable designers
 Renzo Piano
 Walter de Silva 1977–1986
 Ercole Spada 1983–1992
 Carlo Gaino 1987
 Justyn Norek 1983–2006
 Francois Lampreia
 Umberto Palermo 2008–

Gallery

Notes

External links 

Coachbuilders of Italy
Italian automobile designers
Companies based in Turin
Design companies established in 1978
Design companies of Italy
Italian companies established in 1978
Big Island Air. Big Island Air is a small American air tour operator serving Hawaii.  It is based at Kona International Airport and visitors can fly over the active Kilauea Volcano, and the landscape and coastline of the Island of Hawaii.

Fleet
Cessna 208 Caravan
Cessna Skymaster
C421 (Golden Eagle)

Incidents and accidents
The most notable accident involving a Big Island Air aircraft was the 1999 crash on the slopes of Mauna Loa, which led to 10 fatalities. The cause of the crash was due to pilot error.

References

External links
Big Island Air

Airlines based in Hawaii
Companies based in Hawaii
Airlines established in 1985
Intelligent database. Until the 1980s, databases were viewed as computer systems that stored record-oriented and business data such as manufacturing inventories, bank records, and sales transactions. A database system was not expected to merge numeric data with text, images, or multimedia information, nor was it expected to automatically notice patterns in the data it stored. In the late 1980s the concept of an intelligent database was put forward as a system that manages information (rather than data) in a way that appears natural to users and which goes beyond simple record keeping.

The term was introduced in 1989 by the book Intelligent Databases by Kamran Parsaye, Mark Chignell, Setrag Khoshafian and Harry Wong. The concept postulated three levels of intelligence for such systems: high level tools, the user interface and the database engine. The high level tools manage data quality and automatically discover relevant patterns in the data with a process called data mining. This layer often relies on the use of artificial intelligence techniques. The user interface uses hypermedia in a form that uniformly manages text, images and numeric data. The intelligent database engine supports the other two layers, often merging relational database techniques with object orientation.

In the twenty-first century, intelligent databases have now become widespread, e.g. hospital databases can now call up patient histories consisting of charts, text and x-ray images just with a few mouse clicks, and many corporate databases include decision support tools based on sales pattern analysis.

External links
 Intelligent Databases, book 

Databases
Artificial intelligence