omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ultralight Engineering Astra. The Ultralight Engineering Astra () is an American high-wing, tricycle landing gear, cable-braced, single-seat, open cockpit, single engine in pusher configuration, ultralight aircraft that was designed and produced by Ultralight Engineering in the 1980s. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The Astra's standard empty weight is . Like many ultralights of the early 1980s, it was derived from the Eipper Quicksilver and generally resembles that aircraft. The Astra primarily improved upon the Quicksilver in its main landing gear design, which is suspended by coil springs to reduce the chances of damage during rough landings.

The airframe is made from bolted-together aluminium tubing and covered in Dacron sailcloth. The  span wing is braced by cables from a kingpost. The controls are three-axis, with roll controlled by three small spoilers mounted on each wing. The standard factory supplied engine was the Rotax 377 of  and it is mounted on the trailing edge of the wing, with the propeller in between the four tailboom tubes. The aircraft can be assembled or disassembled for storage or ground transportation by two people in fifteen minutes.

Ultralight Engineering went out of business after the fatal crash of a prototype of another design and production of the Astra ended at the same time.

Specifications (Astra)

References

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati. Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati (known as M. Ganapati) (1903–1976) was an Indian engineer who was well known for his accomplishments in national projects. The Rourkela Steel Plant in Orissa, and many Railway projects including Churchgate railway station in Mumbai and Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) were completed under his leadership. The Indian government awarded him the inaugural Padma Bhushan in 1954. He was the president of the Institution of Engineers (India) for 1973-74.

The main projects with which he was associated with are:
 Rourkela Steel Plant
 Kandla Port
 Malaviya Bridge at Varanasi
 Chittaranjan Loco Works
 Perambur Integral Coach factory
 Vivekananda Setu, Kolkata (as Deputy)
 Churchgate Railway Station and other Western Railway projects

Awards and honours 

 Railway Board Gold Medal, 1950
 Viceroy's Prize from Institution of Engineers India, 1953
 Padma Bhushan

References

1903 births
1976 deaths
Indian civil engineers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service
20th-century Indian engineers
Special input/output. Special input/output (Special I/O or SIO) are inputs and/or outputs of a microcontroller designated to perform specialized functions or have specialized features.

Specialized functions can include:
Hardware interrupts,
analog input or output
PWM output
Serial communication, such as UART, USART, SPI bus, or SerDes.
External reset
Switch debounce
Input pull-up (or -down) resistors
 open collector output
 Pulse counting
 Timing pulses

Some kinds of special I/O functions can sometimes be emulated with general-purpose input/output and bit banging software.

See also

Atari SIO

References

Computer buses
Integrated circuits
INS Kabra. INS Kabra is the eighth Fast Attack Craft of the series of 10 Fleet I  built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) for the Indian Navy. It is named after an island of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago. The vessels are designed as a cost-effective platform for high-speed offshore patrol, anti-piracy and rescue operations in India's Exclusive Economic Zone.

The class and its vessels are named for Indian islands. They are the first water jet propelled vessels of the Indian Navy.

INS Kabra was commissioned by Vice Admiral K.N. Sushil, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Southern Naval Command, at the Kochi naval base on 8 June 2011.

Design
The Car Nicobar class vessels were designed and built by GRSE. Production of the class was fast-tracked after the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The vessels feature improved habitability with fully air-conditioned modular accommodation, on board reverse osmosis plant for desalination, and a sewage treatment plant.

The vessels are each powered by three HamiltonJet HM811 water jets, coupled with MTU 16V 4000 M90 engines, delivering a combined 8160 KW of power. An aluminum superstructure reduces weight and is designed to reduce radar cross-section.

As patrol vessels, they are lightly armed. They carry various sensors, including the Furuno navigation radar and sonar. Armament on board includes a 30mm CRN-91 automatic cannon with an electronic day-night fire control system of Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) origin. The vessels also mount two 12.7mm heavy machine guns (HMG) and multiple medium machine guns, besides carrying shoulder-launched Igla surface-to-air missiles to combat aerial threats.

Service history
On 8 January 2024, Kabra arrived at the Port of Colombo, situated in Colombo, Sri Lanka, as part of a formal visit. Following the completion of the official engagement, the vessel departed from the island on 10 January 2024.

References

External links
Car Nicobar Class - Bharat Rakshak 
New age ship for patrol

Media

Video
Indian Navy adds new warships

Images
Commissioning ceremony of INS Kora Divh and INS Cheriyam
Governor taking salute during commissioning ceremony
INS Car Nicobar during commissioning ceremony
INS Chetlat during commissioning ceremony

Car Nicobar-class patrol vessels
2010 ships
Commercial C-1 Sunbeam. The Commercial C-1 Sunbeam was a long-range biplane used in record-setting flights of the 1920s.

Design
The conventional landing gear-equipped biplane featured a two-seat open cockpit and a four-passenger enclosed cabin. The fuselage is constructed with welded steel tubing with fabric covering. The wheels were covered with large streamlined wheel pants.

Operational history
On 27 November 1929 Elinor Smith and Bobbie Trout set a 42-hour endurance record over Los Angeles flying a C-1 Sunbeam refueled three times from a Curtiss Carrier Pigeon mail plane. Although the Sunbeam was performing well, the Carrier Pigeon support plane had mechanical difficulties after the third day. 672 gallons of fuel were used in the attempt, making Smith and Trout the first women to refuel in the air.

Variants
Commercial Sunbeam C-102
X-564M used a  Wright J-6 radial engine for the endurance flights of 1929 and 1931.

Specifications (Commercial C-1 Sunbeam)

References

1920s United States experimental aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Buckley LC-4. The Buckley LC-4 "Wichcraft"  was an advanced all metal monoplane built by the short-lived Buckley Aircraft Company.

Design and development
The Buckley LC-4 was one of two airplanes built by the Buckley Aircraft company in Wichita, Kansas at the beginning of the Great Depression. The project was under the direction of Frank Smith. William Bushnell Stout became a part-owner of the company and the use of corrugated aluminum construction that Stout used with his prior company Stout Metal Airplane was passed along in the Buckley designs.

The LC-4 was an all-metal aircraft with a conventional landing gear. The aircraft featured an enclosed cabin and corrugated aluminum construction on the wing and tail surfaces. The dual wing spars were built up from extruded aluminum riveted together in a truss arrangement similar to the Ford Trimotor. The first and only example was completed on 6 December 1930 and certified on 13 June 1931.

Operational history
The LC-4 was displayed at the 1931 National Aircraft Show. The Yellow Air Cab Company signed orders for 200 to be built, but did not follow through. The prototype was sold to Deets Air Service in Nebraska following the bankruptcy of Buckley Aircraft.

Specifications (Buckley LC-4)

References

External links
Picture of an LC-4

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
LC-4
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Buckley Aircraft. Buckley Aircraft Company was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Wichita, Kansas.

Buckley aircraft was founded with US$150,000 in capital in 1929 by Fred Buckley, William J. Carr, Earl Jones, A.J Christman, Joseph Paul, and William Bushnell Stout.

The companies first product, the Buckley F-1 low winged monoplane with a Kinner K-5 engine was not considered a good design and was abandoned. The second product, the LC-4 was a modern all-aluminum four place aircraft that received orders for 200 units for air taxi service. The venture failed due to lack of capital as the Great Depression set in.

Aircraft

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Nitinol 60. NiTiNOL 60, or 60 NiTiNOL, is a Nickel Titanium alloy (nominally Ni-40wt% Ti) discovered in the late 1950s by the U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory (hence the "NOL" portion of the name NiTiNOL).  Depending upon the heat treat history, 60 NiTiNOL has the ability to exhibit either superelastic properties in the hardened state or shape memory characteristics in the softened state.

Producing the material in any meaningful quantities, however, proved quite difficult by conventional methods and the material was largely forgotten.

The composition and processing parameters have recently been revived by Summit Materials, LLC under the trademarked name SM-100.  SM-100 maintains 60 NiTiNOL's combination of superb corrosion resistance [NASA terms it "Corrosion Proof"] and equally impressive wear and erosion properties.

In bearing lifting tests conducted by NASA, SM-100 has been shown to have over twice the life of 440C stainless steel and over ten times the life of conventional titanium alloys with a significantly lower coefficient of friction.  The superelastic nature of the material gives it the ability to withstand compression loading of well over  with no permanent yielding.

Applications

Common applications for Nitinol 60 include:

 Bearings
 High-end knives
 High-end ice hockey skate blades
Implantable medical devices, including collapsible braided structures and stents

Properties

The following table compares 60 NiTiNOL against commonly used bearing materials.

References

Nickel alloys
Smart materials
Materials science
Nickel–titanium alloys
Buckley F-1. The Buckley F-1 "Witchcraft"  was an all-metal, two-seat monoplane built by the short-lived Buckley Airplane Company.

Design and development
The Buckley F-1 was one of two aircraft types built by the Buckley Aircraft company in Wichita, Kansas at the beginning of the Great Depression. The project was developed with a German engineer, using corrugated aluminum construction with steel tube framing.

The F-1 was an all-metal aircraft with a faired conventional landing gear. The aircraft featured an enclosed cabin and corrugated aluminum construction on the wing and tail surfaces. The aircraft was built without mock-ups or prototypes and was found to have no room for the pilot's feet. The wing spar had to be cut, modified and re-welded to accommodate a pilot.

Specifications (Buckley F-1)

References

External links
Wichita Eagle pictures
Kansas Aviation Museum pictures

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
F-1
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Torre Banc de Sabadell. Torre Banc de Sabadell (also known as BancSabadell) is an office skyscraper in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Completed in 1969, it has 23 floors and rises 83 meters.

See also 
 List of tallest buildings and structures in Barcelona

References

External links

Skyscraper office buildings in Barcelona

Office buildings completed in 1969
Airborne Avenger. The Airborne Avenger is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed and produced by Airborne Wing Design in the early 1980s. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
With three-axis controls, the Avenger was intended to appeal to conventional light aircraft pilots and was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The Avenger's standard empty weight is . It has a strut-braced high-wing, single-seat, open cockpit, single pusher engine configuration, and is equipped with tricycle landing gear using nosewheel steering.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminium tubing, with the wings and tail covered in Dacron sailcloth. The fuselage consists of a single aluminium keel tube that runs from the tail surfaces to the nose wheel. The cockpit is an open seat bolted to the main keel tube. Its  span wing has an 80% double surface and features half-span ailerons. The wing is supported by dual parallel lift struts with jury struts. The tricycle landing gear has pneumatic shock suspension and the nosewheel is steerable. There is also a small tail caster as the aircraft sits on its tail with no occupant in the pilot's seat. The landing gear has notably high ground clearance for rough field operations and the engine, mounted on the wing trailing edge, drives a propeller that is protected by the low-mounted tailboom. The standard engine supplied was the Cuyuna 430 of .

Available as either a kit for home construction or as a complete aircraft, the Avenger was introduced in the early 1980s when the market was becoming saturated with ultralight designs; as a result, the company quickly went out of business and production ended.

Specifications

References

External links
 Airborne Avenger at the Virtual Ultralight Museum archives

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Reynard R.4 Primary. The Reynard R.4 Primary was an open seat primary glider with an open girder fuselage and a
high, wire braced wing.  It was designed and built in the UK in 1930 and a few served Gliding Clubs in England and Ireland.

Design and development

Like other primary gliders, the Reynard R.4 Primary was a simple, wooden, robust design, not intended for high performance.

The wing was rectangular in plan, with ailerons at the tips but no flaps or airbrakes. N-form struts from the wing supported a girder about 8.5 ft  (2.6 m) long and curved on the underside to form a landing skid.  The pilot's seat and controls were placed, exposed, on its upper surface just ahead of the wing.  Lift wires ran from this girder to the underside of the wing beyond mid-span and a pair of landing wires on each side were fixed to the apex of a two strut, triangular central cabane or kingpost above the wing.

Behind the wing trailing edge and the end of the lower girder the rear fuselage was a tapering, vertically orientated, two bay Warren truss, ending at a vertical cross member which supported the rudder.  The triangular tailplane and fin were mounted on the horizontal upper fuselage beam and the straight edged rudder extended down through a cut-out between the elevators to the lower beam.

Some Reynards were built with a hinged nacelle to give the pilot better protection from the weather, though still in an open cockpit.  To compensate for the extra side area the rear two bays of the fuselage were fabric covered.

It has been suggested that at least two R.4s were built with steel tubed rather than wooden rear fuselages, under the name Reynolds R.4 after the contemporary bicycle tube frame manufacturer.

Operational history
The Reynard could be bought complete for £45 or built from plans costing 21/- (1 guinea or £1.05) and was regularly advertised in 1930-1. Several were built and active in the early 1930s with UK gliding clubs.  One was demonstrated to the Leeds club in October 1930 and they received the first of two the following month.  The Bradford, Halifax,  Leicester and Ulster Gliding Clubs also had Reynards. 
The two Reynards that received BGA certificates of airworthiness, BGA 166 and 167 had serial number R.4/5 and R.4/6 respectively BGA 166 was used by the Leeds and later Bradford Gliding Clubs. BGA 167 was used by the Ulster Gliding Club from 1931, they fitted a nacelle when they rebuilt it aircraft in 1933.  This glider went to the Dublin Gliding Club in 1934 and was still active the following year.

Specifications

References

1930s British sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Madhya Pradesh State Wide Area Network. Madhya Pradesh is a small state situated in the central India having an area of around 308000 km2. The state's administration operates through 50 districts, 282 tehsils / Blocks. In order to avail financial and social benefits of Information Technology, the establishment of State Wide Area Network (SWAN) has been envisaged. The SWAN will provide primary backbone for communication of voice, data and video throughout the state and will be an effective tool for implementation of e-Governance Projects.

Scope of SWAN

State Head Quarter (NMC) : 1
Number of Divisions : 10 
Number of Districts : 51
Number of Blocks/Tehsils : 380
Number of POPs:(NMC)=380 .

Project details

Date of commencement  
23 August 2008

Project cost 
Rs. 116.70 Crores DIT, GOI shall be funding
Rs. 57.50 Crores is borne by the Govt of MP.
Total: Rs. 174.21 Crores.

Project overview
Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) was appointed as the consultant for the project.
STPI carried out a study to assess the requirements of MPSWAN and accordingly designed the Network.
State Government Departments, Public enterprises and Organizations in Madhya Pradesh will use SWAN for their e-Governance projects
Through MPSWAN all the Government Departments will be connected
A Total number of 360 PoPs has to be established in CHQ, DHQ & BHQ
M/s Netlink software pvt ltd. is the implementing agency for MPSWAN Project
MPSEDC has been monitoring the preparation of PoP sites
As on date 317 PoPs has been established
99 Horizontal connections has been established as on date.

MP SWAN locations
Alirajpur
Anuppur
Ashoknagar
Balaghat
Barwani
Betul
Bhind
Bhopal
Burhanpur
Chhatarpur
Chhindwara
Damoh
Datia
Dewas
Dhar
Dindori
Guna
Gwalior
Harda
Hoshangabad
Indore
Jabalpur
Jhabua
Katni
Khandwa
Khargone
Mandla
Mandsaur
Morena
Narsinghpur
Neemuch
Panna
Raisen
Rajgarh
Ratlam
Rewa
Sagar
Satna
Sehore
Seoni
Singrauli
Shahdol
Shajapur
Sheopur
Shivpuri
Sidhi
Tikamgarh
Ujjain
Umaria
Vidisha

See also

 State Wide Area Network

References

E-government in India
Government of Madhya Pradesh
Shear grab. A shear grab or also known as a silo grab or block cutter, is an implement used to cut blocks of silage from a silage pit/clamp. It is connected to a tractor via the three-point linkage or some are connected to a front end loader. It is powered by the tractors hydraulic system.

It usually has spikes on the bottom and a large rectangular section with blades on it that cut the block using two hydraulic rams. Before the invention of shear grabs farmers had to use silage knives, and a link box to get the silage into the livestock.

See also
List of agricultural machinery

References

Agricultural machinery
Randy Woelfel. Randy Woelfel is the former chief executive officer of Nova Chemicals, a $6 billion plastics and chemical company founded in 1954.

Woelfel began his career at Shell Oil in 1977. He has a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from Rice University and an MBA from the MIT Sloan School of Management.

References

MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Rice University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
George Thiemeyer Hemmeter. George Thiemeyer Hemmeter (1906 – April 8, 2000) was an American inventor primarily known for inventing the Newspaper vending machine. He also worked on other ideas for devices such as a food dehydrator used during the second world war, and a self-balancing washing machine.

References

1906 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Michael Ashfold. Michael Norman Royston Ashfold FRS is a British chemist and  Professor of Physical Chemistry at University of Bristol.
He is a 2011 Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellow.

He graduated B.Sc in 1975 and Ph.D in 1978 from Birmingham University.

His fields of research include ultraviolet photochemistry, optical diagnostic methods implemented on microwave-activated methane/hydrogen plasmas in the context of diamond growth via chemical vapour deposition, diamond thin film investigations and the study of nanostructured thin films.

Awards
1989 Corday–Morgan Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry
1996 Tilden Prize of the Royal Society of Chemistry
2009 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society

References

British chemists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of the University of Bristol
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Amazon (video game). Amazon is an interactive fiction graphic adventure game. The game was published by Telarium in 1984 and written by Michael Crichton.

Development
Best-selling novelist and director Michael Crichton was a computer hobbyist who taught himself the programming language BASIC. In the early 1980s he, programmer Stephen Warady, and artist David Durand began developing an Apple II graphic adventure game based on Crichton's novel Congo; he sometimes programmed game sequences which Warady converted into much faster assembly language. They worked on the project for 18 months and, before Crichton found a publisher, Spinnaker Software approached him about adapting his novels for its Telarium division's new "bookware" games. The author revealed the game, amazing Spinnaker, and signed a contract in late 1983.

Crichton did not realize, however, that he had already sold all adaptation rights to Congo to another party. The team revised the game (renamed Amazon), moving the setting from Africa to South America and changing a diamond mine to an emerald mine; the novel's Amy the talking gorilla became Paco the talking parrot. Because the game was mostly complete, Telarium was able to port it to the Commodore 64 before Amazons release. Crichton later said that he was disappointed with the game due to technological limitations at the time of its development.

Reception 
Amazon was the best-selling Telarium title with as many as 100,000 copies sold, the majority likely for the Commodore 64. Computer Gaming World praised its rarely used animated graphics and Crichton's cooperation with its designers, stating that "the cohesive manner in which the game's storyline unfolds reflects Crichton's skill as a writer". James Delson of Family Computing reviewed the Apple II version and wrote that the game "has limited graphics, but what's there is choice." Delson also noted the game's difficulty and wrote, "Patience is more than a virtue in this game, it's a necessity." German reviewers recognized the suspenseful, atmospheric and elaborated prose. Storyline, graphics and text parser got the score "sehr gut" (very good).

References

External links 
 
 Amazon at Museum of Computer Adventure Game History
 
 
 

1980s interactive fiction
1984 video games
Apple II games
Atari ST games
Classic Mac OS games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
MSX games
Single-player video games
Telarium games
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the Amazon
Works by Michael Crichton
Dragonworld (video game). Dragonworld is an interactive fiction game with graphics. The game was published by Telarium (formerly Trillium), a subsidiary of Spinnaker Software, in the year 1984. The game was based on the novel written in 1979 by Byron Preiss and Michael Reaves; text for the game was written by J. Brynne Stephens.

Reception 
A German reviewer recognized the detailed graphics and the atmospheric fantasy prose. Text parser, graphics and storyline got the score "sehr gut" (very good).

External links 
 Dragonworld at Museum of Computer Adventure Game History by Howard Feldman

References 

1980s interactive fiction
1984 video games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
MSX games
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in the United States
Telarium games