omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lindon Wallace Bates. Lindon Wallace Bates (1858–1924) was an American civil engineer.

Early years and education
Bates was born at Marshfield, Vermont on November 19, 1858, and educated at Yale College.

Career
After the completion of engineering studies he was appointed assistant engineer for the Northern Pacific and Oregon Pacific railways, and subsequently was contracting engineer or manager of a number of important contracts in connection with the building of transcontinental railways. His advisory services were employed by the governments of Belgium, Great Britain, and Russia in such large undertakings as the improvement of the port of Antwerp, the enlargement of the Suez Canal, and the increasing of Black Sea harbor efficiency. For the authorities of Queensland, South Australia, and India he designed a number of harbors and planned the regulation of several rivers.  A scheme for the improvement of the port of Shanghai was also prepared by him, working in cooperation with other engineers of international reputation.

In the United States one of Bates's big contracts was the raising of the grade of Galveston after the flood there, and it was he who designed the "three-lake" plan for the Panama Canal. In 1900 the French government conferred on him a Grand Prix and decoration for "distinguished services to science"; and he was chosen to membership in various foreign as well as American engineering societies.  He wrote:  
 The Navigation Interests of Nations in Ports and Waterways (1900; French translation, 1900)
 The Panama Canal (1905)  
 Retrieval at Panama (1907)

Bates was chairman of the Engineering Committee of the Submarine Defense Association in 1917.

Personal life
Bates married Josephine White in Portland, Oregon on April 6, 1881, and they had two sons. One was Lindon Wallace Bates, Jr. (1883–1915), a renowned engineer who wrote several books on technical and economic subjects and perished in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania.

Lindon Wallace Bates died at London on April 22, 1924.

References

 

1858 births
1924 deaths
American science writers
People from Marshfield, Vermont
American civil engineers
Yale College alumni
Kopp's law. Kopp's law can refer to either of two relationships discovered by the German chemist Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp (1817–1892).

Kopp found "that the molecular heat capacity of a solid compound is the sum of the atomic heat capacities of the elements composing it; the elements having atomic heat capacities lower than those required by the Dulong–Petit law retain these lower values in their compounds."
In studying organic compounds, Kopp found a regular relationship between boiling points and the number of CH2 groups present.

Kopp–Neumann law 
The Kopp–Neumann law, named for Kopp and Franz Ernst Neumann, is a common approach for determining the specific heat C  (in J·kg−1·K−1) of compounds using the following equation:
 
where N is the total number of compound constituents, and Ci and fi denote the specific heat and mass fraction of the i-th constituent. This law works surprisingly well at room-temperature conditions, but poorly at elevated temperatures.

See also 
 Rule of mixtures

References 
 Frederick Seitz, The Modern Theory of Solids, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1940, ASIN: B000OLCK08

Further reading

Laws of thermodynamics
Capital City Street Railway. The Capital City Street Railway, also known as the Lightning Route, was the first citywide system of streetcars established in Montgomery, Alabama, on April 15, 1886. This early technology was developed by the Belgian-American inventor Charles Joseph Van Depoele. Joseph Arthur Gaboury, a French Canadian from Quebec, was the owner of the horse-drawn system that was converted to electricity. One trolley route ended at the Cloverdale neighborhood. This early public transportation system made Montgomery one of the first cities to "depopulate" its residential areas at the city center through transportation-facilitated suburban development. The system operated for exactly 50 years, until April 15, 1936, when it was retired in a big ceremony and replaced by buses.

Racial segregation

It was on this system that Montgomery's segregated racial seating was established in the early 1900s, which continued on the city buses after 1936. There was a Montgomery streetcar boycott from 1900 to 1902 to protest segregated service. However, the city council passed the Montgomery Streetcar Act in 1906 that further mandated a continuation of segregation. Segregation ended with the famous Montgomery bus boycott started by Rosa Parks and led by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and E. D. Nixon that lasted from December 2, 1955, to December 20, 1956.

City ownership
In 1974, the City of Montgomery took over ownership of the system that was then known at the Montgomery Area Transit System or MATS. Since the centennial of the Lightning Route in 1986 there have been various initiatives to re-establish a light-rail system in Montgomery. In place of light rail a system of tourist trolleys (diesel buses) known as the Lightning Route Trolleys currently operates in the city's historic districts.

See also 
 Berlin Straßenbahn - a Berlin electric streetcar system that started operation in 1881.
 Browder v. Gayle
 History of trams
 Richmond Union Passenger Railway - a Richmond, Virginia electric streetcar system that started operation in 1888.
 Union Station (Montgomery) - a preserved Lightning Route streetcar is housed in a building near the old railroad station.

References 

Defunct Alabama railroads
Streetcars in Alabama
History of Montgomery, Alabama
Transportation in Montgomery, Alabama
Defunct town tramway systems by city
Chris Gainor. Christopher "Chris" Gainor is a historian of technology specializing in space exploration and aeronautics.  He has written six books on the history of space exploration and on the Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow, a jet interceptor aircraft canceled by the Canadian government in 1959.

Gainor has most recently completed a history of Hubble Space Telescope operations for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Gainor has been editor of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly since 2016. He served as president of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada from 2018 to 2020, and he is a fellow of the British Interplanetary Society. Asteroid 20041 Gainor has been named for him. 

Gainor holds a Ph.D. in the history of technology from the University of Alberta, and has worked as a history instructor in the University of Victoria's history department and as an Assistant Professor for the Royal Military College of Canada.

Earlier in his career, Gainor worked as a reporter for the Vancouver Sun, where he won a National Newspaper Award  for a series on Canadian cancer activist Terry Fox. He also has worked and written for several other publications, and worked for governmental and non-governmental organizations.

His first book, Arrows to the Moon, tells the story of the 32 British and Canadian aerospace engineers who went to work for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 1959 after losing their jobs when the Canadian government cancelled the Avro Arrow. Many of these engineers went on to hold top positions in NASA, including Jim Chamberlin, John Hodge, Owen Maynard, and Tecwyn Roberts. He returned to the history of the Avro Arrow with his book Who Killed the Avro Arrow?

Gainor has also written on the history of missile and space programs in the first years after World War II, including his book To A Distant Day: The Rocket Pioneers and The Bomb and America's Missile Age, which discusses how the U.S. Air Force decided to build its first intercontinental ballistic missile, the Atlas missile. He has also written about the history of the Canadian space program, including his book Canada in Space.

Publications

 Arrows to the Moon: Avro's Engineers and the Space Race (2001) Apogee Books
 Canada in Space: The People & Stories Behind Canada's Role in the Exploration of Space (2006) Folklore Publishing
 Who killed the Avro Arrow? (2007) Folklore Publishing
 To a Distant Day: The Rocket Pioneers (2008) University of Nebraska Press 
 The Bomb and America's Missile Age (2018) Johns Hopkins University Press 
 Not Yet Imagined: A Study of Hubble Space Telescope Operations (2020) NASA History Division

References

Historians of science
21st-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Academic staff of the University of Victoria
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Hyster. Hyster is an American manufacturing company specializing in forklifts and other materials-handling equipment. Hyster was founded in 1929 as the Willamette-Ersted Company in Portland, Oregon. The company was purchased in 1989 by NACCO Industries, Inc. and became a part of NACCO Materials Handling Group. NACCO spun off the materials handling business in 2012 as Hyster-Yale Materials Handling, Inc., which continues to market products under the Hyster brand name.

The name "Hyster" was allegedly derived from a term commonly used by logging workers in the Pacific Northwest at the end of the 19th century.  When a load of lumber was ready to be transported, a logger would yell "hoist 'er".  According to the Hyster Company web page, this term became synonymous with Hyster trucks.

Distribution and support for Hyster products is organized around major world regions: North America; Latin America; Europe, the Middle East and Africa; Asia – Pacific.
Hyster also manufactured a successful line of compaction machinery and road-rollers, including machines for earth compaction, garbage compaction and asphalt compaction. Through the 1960s and 1970s Hyster was a major force in these types of machinery in America and they produced a wide range of models with many successful design concepts. Hyster was eventually absorbed into Bomag America/Compaction America (now known as HYPAC) and some models including a small articulated rubber tire roller sold under the Hypac name is an original descendant of the Hyster machine.

Hyster also made a successful line of logging winches and compactor attachments, both of which could be attached to other manufacturers' machines including Caterpillar. The Hyster name has been associated with forklift trucks for many decades, however, Hyster was also prominent manufacturer of compaction equipment. From the 1950s through the 1980s they had a comprehensive and well-regarded line of products. Along with the Raygo company these two manufacturers were perhaps the best known in the US, until European and other brands became common.

Hyster's home office was in Portland, Oregon, but they also had manufacturing plants in Berea, Danville, Peoria and Kewanee Illinois, the Netherlands, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Craigavon Northern Ireland and South Africa, and a specialist engineering department in Irvine, Scotland.

References

External links

Forklift truck manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Portland, Oregon
HP OpenMail. HP OpenMail, also known simply as OpenMail, was an enterprise email messaging and collaboration product from Hewlett-Packard.

It was known for its ability to interconnect several other APIs and protocols, including MAPI, cc:Mail, SMTP and MIME, and was originally based on the OSI standards such as X.400. In addition to email, it also supported directory, public folder, and contact-management functionality.  

It was notable for being supported not only on HP-UX, but also on IBM's AIX, Sun Microsystems' Solaris and Linux, which increased its attraction for enterprise customers. There were also lesser–used versions for SCO Unix, DG/UX, Ultrix and Windows NT.

History
From the initial designs in 1987, OpenMail was primarily designed and developed at HP's now-demolished Pinewood offices, near Wokingham, England (also the home of OpenMail's predecessor product family, HP DeskManager and the original developers of HP NewWave).

HP stopped selling OpenMail to new customers in November 2001. HP subsequently twice licensed the source, allowing it to serve as the foundation for the Scalix and Samsung Contact products.

External links

References 

Email
OpenMail
École Polytechnique de l'Université de Lorraine. The École polytechnique de l'université de Lorraine (), or Polytech Nancy () is a French grande école located in Nancy. It was created in 1960 under the name of ISIN, was renamed Ecole Supérieure des Sciences et Technologies de l'Ingénieur de Nancy or ESSTIN in 1985. It merged into the University of Lorraine in 2012, and joined the Polytech Group in 2017. The school teaches to about 800 students at any given time, and, as of 2013, more than 4500 engineers have graduated.

The 5-year engineering formation delivers a Master of Science and includes a 2-year specialisation. At the end of the third year, the students have to choose between the 2 main axis of the formation : GEMMES (Mechanical engineering) or ISYS (Systems engineering), then they pick their specialty for the last year.

Specialization
 GEMMES : Energy, Materials, Mechanical, Environmental and Structural Engineering
 MFE : Fluid Mechanics and Energetics
 MS : Materials and Structures
 Optional specialisation in Health Technologies Engineering : study of medical technologies
 IE :Industry and Environment
 ISYS : Systems Engineering
 CSS : Systems Command and Monitoring (e.g. Automation)
 MSS : Industrial Maintenance and Systems Security
 SRI : Communication and Network Engineering

References

External links
  ESSTIN's history

Grandes écoles
Universities and colleges in Nancy, France
Universities and colleges established in 1960
University of Lorraine
1960 establishments in France
EusLisp Robot Programming Language. EusLisp is a Lisp-based programming system. Built on the basis of object orientation, it is designed specifically for developing robotics software. The first version of it ran in 1986 on Unix-System5/Ustation-E20.

References

External links
 Object-Oriented Concurrent Lisp with Solid Modeling Facilities: EusLisp 

Object-oriented programming languages
Robot programming languages
Programming languages created in 1986
1986 in robotics
Lisp (programming language)
Lisp programming language family
Cadsoft. Cadsoft may refer to:

CadSoft Computer GmbH, a German software house and developer of the PCB design tool EAGLE, meanwhile a subsidiary of Autodesk
CadSoft Computer Inc., a US-based subsidiary of CadSoft Computer GmbH, meanwhile a division of Newark Corporation
CADsoft Consulting, a US-based consulting company offering support, software and training to AEC professionals
Cadsoft Corporation, a Canada-based developer of 3D Building Information Modeling software
C signal handling. In the C Standard Library, signal processing defines how a program handles various signals while it executes. A signal can report some exceptional behavior within the program (such as division by zero), or a signal can report some asynchronous event outside the program (such as someone striking an interactive attention key on a keyboard).

Standard signals

The C standard defines only 6 signals. They are all defined in signal.h header (csignal header in C++):

SIGABRT – "abort", abnormal termination.
SIGFPE – floating point exception.
SIGILL – "illegal", invalid instruction.
SIGINT – "interrupt", interactive attention request sent to the program.
SIGSEGV – "segmentation violation", invalid memory access.
SIGTERM – "terminate", termination request sent to the program.

Additional signals may be specified in the signal.h header by the implementation. For example, Unix and Unix-like operating systems (such as Linux) define more than 15 additional signals; see Unix signal.

Debugging 
SIGTRAP for debugging purposes. It's platform-dependent and may be used on Unix-like operating systems.

Handling

A signal can be generated by calling raise() or kill() system calls. raise() sends a signal to the current process, kill() sends a signal to a specific process.

A signal handler is a function which is called by the target environment when the corresponding signal occurs. The target environment suspends execution of the program until the signal handler returns or calls longjmp().

Signal handlers can be set with signal() or sigaction(). The behavior of signal() has been changed multiple times across history and its use is discouraged. It is only portable when used to set a signal's disposition to SIG_DFL or SIG_IGN. Signal handlers can be specified for all but two signals (SIGKILL and SIGSTOP cannot be caught, blocked or ignored).

If the signal reports an error within the program (and the signal is not asynchronous), the signal handler can terminate by calling abort(), exit(), or longjmp().

Functions

Example usage

#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

volatile sig_atomic_t status = 0;

static void catch_function(int signo) {
    status = signo;
}

int main(void) {
    // Set above function as signal handler for the SIGINT signal:
    if (signal(SIGINT, catch_function) == SIG_ERR) {
        fputs("An error occurred while setting a signal handler.\n", stderr);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    puts("Raising the interactive attention signal.");
    if (raise(SIGINT)) {
        fputs("Error raising the signal.\n", stderr);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    if (status == SIGINT) puts("Interactive attention signal caught.");
    puts("Exiting.");
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
    // exiting after raising signal
}

See also
Unix signal

References

C standard library
FoxPro. FoxPro is a text-based procedurally oriented programming language and database management system (DBMS), and it is also an object-oriented programming language, originally published by Fox Software and later by Microsoft, for MS-DOS, Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX. The final published release of FoxPro was 2.6.  Development continued under the Visual FoxPro label, which in turn was discontinued in 2007.

FoxPro was derived from FoxBase (Fox Software, Perrysburg, Ohio), which was in turn derived from dBase III (Ashton-Tate) and dBase II.  dBase II was the first commercial version of a database program written by Wayne Ratliff, called Vulcan, running on CP/M, as does dBase II.

FoxPro was both a DBMS and a relational database management system (RDBMS), since it extensively supported multiple relationships between multiple DBF files (tables).  However, it lacked transactional processing.

FoxPro was sold and supported by Microsoft after they acquired Fox Software in its entirety in 1992.  At that time there was an active worldwide community of FoxPro users and programmers. FoxPro 2.6 for UNIX (FPU26) has even been successfully installed on Linux and FreeBSD using the Intel Binary Compatibility Standard (ibcs2) support library.

Version information

Operating system compatibility

Technical aspects 

FoxPro 2 included the "Rushmore" optimizing engine, which used indices to accelerate data retrieval and updating. Rushmore technology examined every data-related statement and looked for filter expressions. If one was used, it looked for an index matching the same expression.

FoxPro 2 was originally built on Watcom C/C++, which used the DOS/4GW memory extender to access expanded and extended memory. It could also use almost all available RAM even if no HIMEM.SYS was loaded.

Version timeline

References

External links 
 History of FoxPro - Timeline
 A site devoted to the history of FoxPro

Fourth-generation programming languages
1984 software
Data-centric programming languages
XBase programming language family
Procedural programming languages
Proprietary database management systems
Microsoft development tools
Microsoft database software
Table-oriented programming

fr:Visual FoxPro
Batten (theater). In theaters, a batten (also known as a bar or pipe) is a long metal pipe suspended above the stage or audience from which lighting fixtures, theatrical scenery, and theater drapes and stage curtains may be hung. Battens that are located above a stage can usually be lowered to the stage (flown in) or raised into a fly tower above the stage (flown out) by a fly system.

Types

Electric
An electric is a batten that incorporates electrical cables above the pipe, often enclosed in a raceway. It typically has power cables for lights and DMX512 data cable for lighting control, and may also have audio cables for microphones. The cables emerge from one end of the batten and continue through a snake to dimmers, control boards, or patchbays. All cable plugs have identifying numbers printed on them so that they can be easily referenced by the lighting control system. Loaded electrics are among the heaviest types of battens, often weighing more than a thousand pounds.

Electrics will often employ large loops of spring steel that extend outward to prevent adjacent battens from colliding with and damaging the lighting instruments. Electrics generally have an established trim height (a reference for standard height) so that focusing is consistent. In some theaters, especially where battens are close together, a heat-resistant fabric is attached to the front of the electric to prevent heat from the lighting instruments from damaging nearby flown objects.

Drapery
A drapery pipe may support front curtains (such as travelers), tormentor legs, borders, or tabs. Stage-width drapes can be very heavy, weighing hundreds of pounds, especially the front curtain. Legs or borders are usually lighter as they may use less fabric and are not usually very thick and sewn without fullness.

Clouds
Many theaters have built in shells designed to reflect sound produced on stage back into the audience. These shells often include large folding panels which can be flown in.

Set
Elements of the set which are relatively flat or light can be flown in on battens.

Storage
Some theatres use spare battens to store unneeded scenery or lighting instruments.  This practice is generally discouraged due to the hazard created by overhead storage.

See also
Rig (stage lighting)
Fly system
Fly captain

References

 

Fly system