omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Supranet. A Supranet connects physical objects and places with the Internet. Surpernets can be used within geotagging.

History 

The term "Supranet" was originally defined as "a virtual network for a group on top of any intergrated-services internetwork." by Luca Delgrossi and Domenico Ferrari in 1997 during the 7th International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV).. Gartner, described it as the "fusion of the physical and digital worlds."

Gartner later expanded the definition to include integrating Internet technologies, mobile communications, always-on connectivity, sensors, and human-computer interaction. Additional developments in the term encompassed electronic tagging (such as RFID), geotagging, and electronic geo-mapping.

The publications that collectively coined the term anticipated the following trends as examples of Supranet:
 The large increase in the number of miniature intelligent devices, such as micro-electromechanical systems or RFID tags, which in 2001 already numbered in the billions.
 Electronic IDs would be assigned to physical objects and specifically manufactured products to make them uniquely identifiable.
 The production of objects that can control and take measurements from the physical world, as well as integrating with the Internet (the Internet of Things, or IoT).
 The ability to track the geographic location of beings or objects carrying IoT devices.
 The Earth, its features, and the locations of Internet-capable devices would be mappable, and IP addresses would be assigned to physical regions on the Earth.

Applications 

Supranets may be used in Geotagging, such as services such as Flickr, Panoramio, or Picasa.

The concept of Supranet continues to be discussed in the media, scientific research, and product development. An example of Supranet in action is the Virtual Australia project, which creates a complete digital twin of the country, modeling everything from sky to bedrock including significant objects and their environment.

See also 

 Augmented reality
 Augmented virtuality
 Holodeck
 Internet of things
 Mixed reality
 Metaverse
 Object hyperlinking
 Quantified self
 Simulated reality
 Spatial computing
 Ubiquitous computing
 Utility fog
 Virtuality Continuum
 Virtual reality

References 

Computer jargon
Radio-frequency identification
Internet of things
Initial Detection Point (telephony). The IDP receives a message (IDP Message) initiated by the SSP (service switching point) and transmitted to the service control point SCP via the INAP protocol. The Service Switching Point (SSP) receives a message (ISUP Message) initiated by the Calling Party, this could be an IAM (Initial Address Message). The SSP evaluates the nature of the message, in the case of the IAM the called and calling party numbers. From this it determines whether it can route the call or whether it needs further instructions. In this case if the SSP does require further instructions it sends an IDP to a service control point SCP via an IN protocol. The protocol may be INAP but could be CAMEL, or bespoke INAP flavours such as Ericsson INAP, Nokia INAP, Siemens INAP
or Huawei INAP.

Signaling System 7
Ramesh Garg. Ramesh Garg is currently a dean of student and alumni affairs in IIT Ropar. Previously he was a professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (near Kolkata), India. Professor Garg is known for his work on microstrip antennas.

Recent publications
 A Broadband Coupled-Strips Microstrip Antenna by R. Garg and V. S. Reddy, IEEE Trans. Antenna & Prop., 49 (2001) 1344-1345 
 Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook by R. Garg, P, Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon.  Norwood:  Artech House. (2001)

Awards
 Fellow, IEEE (2002)
 Fellow, IETE 
 IETE Gowri Memorial Award for "Finite Difference Time 2000 Domain Analysis of Microwave Circuit (2002)

Member of editorial board
 Member : International J. of RF and Microwave Computer-aided Engineering

External links
 Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 

Living people
Fellows of the IEEE
Year of birth missing (living people)
Tejal A. Desai. Tejal Ashwin Desai (born June 3, 1972) is Sorensen Family Dean of Engineering at Brown University.  Prior to joining Brown, she was the Deborah Cowan Endowed Professor in the Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences at University of California, San Francisco, Director of the Health Innovations via Engineering Initiative (HIVE), and head of the Therapeutic Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory. She was formerly an associate professor at Boston University (2002–06) and an assistant professor at University of Illinois at Chicago (1998–2001). She is a researcher in the area of therapeutic micro and nanotechnology and has authored and edited at least one book on the subject  and another on biomaterials.

In January 2022, she was appointed the dean of Brown University’s School of Engineering. She succeeded inaugural dean, Lawrence Larson in September 2022.

Early life and education 
Desai was born on June 3, 1972, in Huntington Beach, California, to Indian parents. She spent most of her childhood in Santa Barbara, California. Desai attended Brown University, which allowed her to pursue both liberal arts courses as well as undergraduate courses in biomedical engineering. She received a Sc. B. from Brown in biomedical engineering in 1994. In 1998 she graduated with a Ph.D. from the joint UCSF/UC Berkeley Bioengineering department, advised by Mauro Ferrari.

Honors and awards 
She was elected a fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering in 2012., fellow of the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES), fellow of the Controlled Release Society (CRS), and she is a member of the National Academy of Medicine,  National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Inventors.

Select publications

Advocacy 
Desai is a vocal advocate for inclusion and equity in STEM. She was recognized by the Northern California AWIS Judith Poole Award and the UCSF Chancellors Award for the Advancement of Women. As president of American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, she led advocacy efforts for increased scientific funding and addressing workforce disparities in science/engineering.

References

External links 

 

1972 births
Living people
American academics of Indian descent
American nanotechnologists
Brown University School of Engineering alumni
University of California, San Francisco alumni
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Jig-A-Loo. Jig-A-Loo is a lubricant and water-repellent spray manufactured by Jig-A-Loo, Inc. The manufacturer states that it contains no oil, grease, wax, petroleum distillates or detergent and that it doesn't stain or smell after application. It is indicated for use on wood, metal, glass, rubber, leather, fabrics and most plastics. It has been used in the commercial and industrial sectors in Canada since 1958, and was launched in 1998 to the Canadian mass retail market, and globally in 2007.

Chemical content
Jig-A-Loo is primarily composed of heptane. It also contains methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, isobutane, and propane.

Uses 
Some uses recommended from the manufacturer:
Lubricating door hinges, beds and shower curtains to eliminate squeaks
Loosening rusty nuts and screws
Preventing rust on gardening tools, aluminum window frames and plumbing materials
Lubricating candle holders prior to burning to make wax removal easier
Preventing moving parts from freezing
Shining and protecting mag wheels and rubber seals
Cleaning and protecting leather goods
Repelling water on tent, shoes, boots, backpacks and jackets
Lubricating Rubik's cubes and other twisting puzzles
Cleaning burnt oil from exhaust pipes on motorcycles
Cleans and protects cables and connectors

Environmental control 
As of Dec 31, 2010, the use of perchloroethylene and methylene chloride in multi-purpose lubricants such as Jig-A-Loo has been banned in the State of California, and the sale of its remaining inventory was banned effective December 31, 2013.

References

External links 
Jig-A-Loo Official Homepage

Non-petroleum based lubricants
Brand name materials
Small Form Factor Committee. The Small Form Factor Committee (SFF) is an ad hoc electronics industry group formed to quickly develop interoperability specifications (as a complement to the traditional standards process).

The SFF Committee was formed in 1990 to define the emerging disk drive form factor for laptop computers.  In November 1992, the members broadened the objectives to complement the formal standards process in any area of the storage industry which needed prompt attention.  SFF projects are in areas not addressed by standards committees because of timing, charter, or other considerations.

The committee consists of members that represent companies that develop, manufacture, and sell products and components for the storage industry.  Its members include but are not limited to representatives from companies such as Amphenol Interconnect, Avago Technologies, Broadcom, Dell, FCI Electronics, Foxconn, Fujitsu Components America, Hewlett Packard, Hitachi, IBM, Intel, LSI Corporation, Molex, Panduit, Pioneer Corporation, Samsung, Seagate Technology, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Sun Microsystems, Texas Instruments, Toshiba, Tyco Electronics, and W. L. Gore & Associates.

It was absorbed by the Storage Networking Industry Association.

See also
Small Form Factor Special Interest Group

References

External links
 SFF Technology Affiliate
 SFF Specifications

Technology trade associations
Organizations established in 1990
IBM PS/ValuePoint. The PS/ValuePoint (or just ValuePoint) personal computer was IBM's answer to the PC clone market, where the IBM PS/2 could not compete due to price and proprietary interfaces. Announced in October 1992 and withdrawn in July 1995, it was replaced by the IBM PC Series 300.

Specifications and history

These systems used standard Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, SVGA graphics and IDE hard disks. Later models introduced VESA Local Bus and PCI.

Processors range from the 386SLC-25, 486SX-25, 486DX-33, and 486DX2-66 to the Pentium 60.

IBM PS/ValuePoints were shipped in the following form factors:
Space saving desktop introductory: IBM 6381 model #: /Si (3 expansion card slots & 3 drive bays)
Space saving desktop: IBM 6382 model #: /S (3 expansion card slots & 3 drive bays)
Desktop: IBM 6384 model #: /D (5 expansion card slots & 5 drive bays)
Mini Tower: IBM 8387 model #: /T (8 expansion slots & 6 drive bays)

Predecessor 
The IBM PS/ValuePoint series was preceded by these series:
 IBM PS/1
 IBM PS/2

Internal concurrents 
The IBM PS/ValuePoint series was sold concurrently with these series:
 IBM Aptiva and official Aptiva clones by AMBRA Computer Corporation

Successor 
The IBM PS/ValuePoint series was succeeded by these series: 
 IBM PC Series

Models

Main line

Performance line

Budget line

Monitor 
The PS/ValuePoint was shipped with the following monitors:
 PS/2 8511, color (S)VGA (shipped with 325T) 
 6312, color (S)VGA
 6314, color (S)VGA
 6317, color (S)VGA
 6319, color (S)VGA

Timeline

References

External links
IBM ValuePoint Personal Systems Reference Guide
German dealer listing with detailed model configuration info

PS/ValuePoint
Computer-related introductions in 1992
Function (engineering). In engineering, a function is interpreted as a specific process, action or task that a system is able to perform.

In engineering design

In the lifecycle of engineering projects, there are usually distinguished subsequently: Requirements and Functional specification documents. The Requirements usually specifies the most important attributes of the requested system. In the Design specification documents, physical or software processes and systems are frequently the requested functions

In products
For advertising and marketing of technical products, the number of functions they can perform is often counted and used for promotion. For example a calculator capable of the basic mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, would be called a "four-function" model; when other operations are added, for example for scientific, financial, or statistical calculations, advertisers speak of "57 scientific functions", etc. A wristwatch with stopwatch and timer facilities would similarly claim a specified number of functions. To maximise the claim, trivial operations which do not significantly enhance the functionality of a product may be counted.

References

See also
 Process
 System
 Utility

Engineering concepts
CBM-CFS3. CBM-CFS3 (Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector) is a Windows-based software modelling framework for stand- and landscape-level forest ecosystem carbon accounting. It is used to calculate forest carbon stocks and stock changes for the past (monitoring) or into the future (projection). It can be used to create, simulate and compare various forest management scenarios in order to assess impacts on carbon. It is compliant with requirements under the Kyoto Protocol and with the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (2003) report published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).   

It is the central model of the Government of Canada's National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting System (NFCMARS). The CBM-CFS3 was developed through a collaboration between Natural Resources Canada's Canadian Forest Service (CFS) and the Canadian Model Forest Network, and is currently supported by the CFS. The CBM-CFS3 is distributed at no charge by the Canadian Forest Service through Canada's National Forest Information System web site. Technical support is available by contacting Stephen Kull, Carbon Model Extension Forester, at the CFS.

See also
Carbon accounting

References

External links
Canadian Forest Service, Forest Carbon Accounting Web Site
Canadian Forest Service CBM-CFS3 Web Site
Natural Resources Canada Web Site
Canadian Forest Service Web Site
The Canadian Model Forest Network
Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry

Forest models
Climate change in Canada
Wilhelm Hofmeister (automobile designer). Wilhelm Hofmeister (1912–1978) was the BMW design chief from 1955 to 1970.

Trained as an engineer at the Hamburg Wagenbauschule, he was more a skillful manager than a stylist.  He is credited with the design of the BMW New Class and the Hofmeister kink is named after him.

Hofmeister's predecessor at BMW was Peter Szymanowski and his successor was Paul Bracq.

References

External links 
 
 

1912 births
1978 deaths
German automobile designers
BMW designers
Fuse plug. A fuse plug is a collapsible dam installed on spillways in dams to increase the dam's capacity.

The principle behind the fuse plug is that the majority of water that overflows a dam's spillway can be safely dammed except in high flood conditions.  The fuse plug may be a sand-filled container, a steel structure or a concrete block.  Under normal flow conditions the water will spill over the fuse plug and down the spillway.  In high flood conditions, where the water velocity may be so high that the dam itself may be put in danger, the fuse plug simply washes away, and the flood waters safely spill over the dam.

Fuse plugs are used in many dams throughout the world. For example, the Warragamba Dam in New South Wales has fuse plugs that are approximately 14m high.

References

Dams
Security appliance. A security appliance is any form of server appliance that is designed to protect computer networks from unwanted traffic.

Types of security appliances
 Active devices block unwanted traffic. Examples of such devices are firewalls, anti virus scanning devices, and content filtering devices.
 Passive devices detect and report on unwanted traffic, such as intrusion detection appliances.
 Preventative devices scan networks and identify potential security problems (such as penetration testing and vulnerability assessment appliances).
 Unified Threat Management (UTM) appliances combine features together into one system, such as some firewalls, content filtering, web caching etc.

References

Server appliance
Tapering jig. A tapering jig is a woodworking jig used to cut a progressively deeper cut along a workpiece usually parallel to the grain.

Tapering jigs are often used to create table legs, with the taper usually cut into the two sides of the leg facing the inside of the table.  There are various commercial varieties of tapering jigs, ranging for simple two hinged pieces of aluminum square tubing with a device to maintain angle settings, to more complex varieties that utilize clamps to affix the workpiece to a bed using toggle clamps or other clamping devices.

Many woodworkers prefer to make the jig in the shop in order to customize it to the particular project at hand.

See also
Jig (tool)
Staircase jig
Sharpening jig

Woodworking jigs
Bull Questar. In information technology, Questar computer terminals are a line of largely 3270-compatible text-only dumb terminals manufactured by Groupe Bull and widely used in France and some other markets.  The terminals combine standard 3270 emulation with a number of Questar-specific features.  The terminals have been most successful with users who already operate compatible Bull mainframe systems, and have achieved far less market penetration as plug-compatible replacements for IBM 3270 terminals.

The Bull Questar 400 was a licensed version of the Convergent Technologies NGEN.

However there was Bull Questar M, in fact Micral series 80. Z80 based microcomputer.

References

Block-oriented terminal
Groupe Bull
SB2. SB2 may refer to :

 .sb2 file, a file format for Scratch
 Antimonide
 S3 (classification), or SB2, a disability swimming classification for breastroke
 Scratchbox 2, a cross-compilation toolkit for Linux
 Surface Book 2, a Microsoft computer
 Tupolev SB, a Russian 1930s bomber
 a form of Methanobactin produced by Methylocystis bacteria
 a type of spectroscopic binary star
 a series of Bimota motorcycles by Suzuki
 an upgrade of the Smart Roadster

See also
 Brewster SB2A Buccaneer, an American 1940s dive bomber
 Curtiss SB2C Helldiver, an American 1940s dive bomber
 Vought SB2U Vindicator, an American 1930s dive bomber
 SB20, a class of sailboat
Hannover CL.III. The Hannover CL.III was a German military aircraft of World War I. It was a two-seat multi-role aircraft, primarily used as a ground attack machine. Like the other Hannover "light-C-class", or "CL" designated aircraft designed by Hermann Dorner, it included an unusual biplane tail, allowing for a greater firing arc for the tail gunner. Until the introduction of the aircraft, such tails had only been used on larger aircraft.

Design

Compared to the preceding CL.II, the CL.III had redesigned ailerons with aerodynamic balances that overhung the wingtips, a modification that provided greater manoeuvrability, especially at the low levels that the CL.III was expected to be operating at in its new ground-attack role as the Schutzstaffeln (escort squadrons) were reassigned as Schlachtstaffeln (battle squadrons). It was also intended that it should use the excellent Mercedes D.III engine, but the Idflieg gave priority for these engines to fighter production, and most CL.IIIs were produced with the same Argus engine that the CL.II had used. The Argus engined variant was designated CL.IIIa.

After the war, the CL.III was developed into the HaWa F.3, a limousine aircraft with seats for two passengers in an enclosed cabin, where the gunner's cockpit had been.

Variants
Hannover CL.III
Powered by a 119-kW (160-hp) Mercedes D.III engine.
Hannover CL.IIIa
CL III powered by a 134-kW (180-hp) Argus As.III engine
Hannover CL.IIIb
Experimental model of the CL.III, with a two-bay wing.
HaWa F.3
A post-war limousine conversion of CL.III aircraft, with a 2-seat limousine cabin behind the pilot's cockpit and additional struts between the wings and fwd undercarriage strut mounts.

Operators

Luftstreitkräfte
 (Postwar)
Latvian Air Force

Polish Air Force - 1 CL.IIIa (1919-1920)

Soviet Air Force

Specifications (CL.IIIa)

See also

References

Bibliography

Grosz, Peter M, Windsock Datafile No.23-Hannover Cl.III, Albatros Publications, 1990. 

1910s German attack aircraft
Hannover aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Meaconing. Meaconing is the interception and rebroadcast of navigation signals. These signals are rebroadcast on the received frequency, typically with power higher than the original signal, to confuse enemy navigation. Consequently, aircraft or ground  stations are given inaccurate bearings.

Meaconing is more of a concern to personnel in navigation ratings than to radio operators. However, communications transmitters are often  used  to  transmit  navigation  signals.  Since communications  personnel  operate  the  transmitters, they must know how to deal with any communications problems resulting from meaconing.

Successful meaconing can cause aircraft to be lured into "hot" (ambush-ready) landing zones or enemy airspace, ships to be diverted from their intended routes, bombers to expend ordnance on false targets, or ground stations to receive inaccurate bearings or position locations.

The term 'meacon' is a portmanteau of masking beacon.

Alleged cases of meaconing
Iran says it used this technique (among others) to capture a USAF RQ-170 Sentinel drone, causing it to crash land. Meaconing in this case could provide a drone with false altitude measurements, causing a crash landing.

Acronym
 MIJI (Meaconing, Intrusion, Jamming, and Interference)

In popular culture
In the film Tomorrow Never Dies, a military GPS signal is meaconed to send a Royal Navy frigate off course.

In the novel and miniseries of the John J. Nance novel Pandora's Clock, an attempt to warn the airliner about an impending attack is summarily dismissed as an attempt at meaconing.

The villain of Die Hard 2 changes the Dulles Airport's ATC beacon altitude to below ground level, causing planes' altimeters to provide false readings, thus causing landing planes to crash.

In the video game Black (video game), the player can destroy "evidence of cell phone meaconing" in the third level of the game.

See also
 Radio jamming
 Interference (communication)
 List of World War II electronic warfare equipment

References

Electronic countermeasures
International R&D Academy. The International R&D Academy (IRDA) is a research school established in 2001 that is managed by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology.

Purpose
The goal of the program is to train and educate prospective scientists and engineers from developing countries to become leading researchers in academia and industry in their respective countries. Emphasis is placed on transferring knowledge to developing countries, specifically: accumulated Korean experience in R&D, commercialization of innovative technologies, and R&D management skills.

External links
 Official Site 

Research institutes in South Korea
F-22: Air Dominance Fighter. F-22: Air Dominance Fighter is a combat flight simulator video game developed by Digital Image Design and published by Ocean Software for the PC Windows in 1997. The game simulates the F-22 Raptor stealth fighter. It was preceded by EF2000 and was succeeded by F-22 Total Air War. An expansion, Red Sea Operations, was released in August 1998.

Reception

F-22: Air Dominance Fighter was nominated in the category of "PC Simulation Game of the Year" during the AIAS' inaugural Interactive Achievement Awards. F-22 ADF was also a runner-up for Computer Gaming Worlds 1997 "Simulation Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Longbow 2. The editors wrote that F-22 ADF "featured dazzling graphics, great flight modeling, and immersive missions, which made this game not only authentic, but fun as well."

References

External links 
F-22: Air Dominance Fighter at MobyGames
F-22: Air Dominance Fighter: Red Sea Operations at MobyGames

1997 video games
Combat flight simulators
Infogrames games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Ocean Software games
Digital Image Design games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom