omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Doug Cutting. Douglass Read Cutting is a software designer, advocate for, and creator of open-source search technology. He founded two technology projects, Lucene and Nutch, with Mike Cafarella. The Apache Software Foundation now manages both projects. Cutting and Cafarella were also co-founders of Apache Hadoop.

Education and early career
Cutting graduated from Stanford University in 1985 with a bachelor's degree.

Prior to developing Lucene, Cutting held search technology positions at Xerox PARC where he worked on the Scatter/Gather algorithm and on computational stylistics. He also worked at Excite, where he was one of the chief designers of the search engine, and Apple Inc., where he was the primary author of the V-Twin text search framework.

Open source projects
Lucene, a search indexer, and Nutch, a spider or crawler, are the two key components of an open-source general search platform that first crawls the Web for content, and then structures it into a searchable index. Cutting's leadership of these two projects extended the concepts and capabilities of general open-source software projects such as Linux and MySQL into the vertical domain of search. In a 2017 article, Cutting was quoted with the statement, "Open source is a requirement for business."

Use of MapReduce paradigm
In December 2004, Google Research published a paper on the MapReduce algorithm, which allows very large-scale computations to be trivially parallelized across large clusters of servers. Cutting and Mike Cafarella, realizing the importance of this paper to extending Lucene into the realm of extremely large search problems, created the open-source Hadoop framework. This framework allows applications based on the MapReduce paradigm to be run on large clusters of commodity hardware. Cutting was an employee of Yahoo!, where he led the Hadoop project full-time; he later went on to work for Cloudera.

Open source foundations and awards

In July 2009, Cutting was elected to the board of directors of the Apache Software Foundation, and in September 2010, he was elected the chairman.

In 2015, Cutting was awarded the O'Reilly Open Source Award.

References

Articles 

Blog post by Tom White about Doug Cutting creating Hadoop Note that this post was written while Hadoop was still an unnamed spinoff of Nutch. Tom updates his earlier post with the Hadoop name here.
Article co-authored by Doug Cutting in ACM Queue, 'Building Nutch: Open Source Search'

External links 
 
Doug Cutting's publications and patents
Doug Cutting joins Yahoo!

American information theorists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stanford University alumni
Scientists at PARC (company)
Yahoo! employees
Apple Inc. employees
American computer programmers
Open source advocates
Lycoming LTS101. The Lycoming (now Honeywell) LTS101 is a turboshaft engine family ranging from 650 to 850 shaft horsepower, used in a number of popular helicopters, and, as the LTP101 turboprop, light aircraft. Both models carry the US military designation T702. The engine was originally designed at the Lycoming Turbine Engine Division in Stratford, Connecticut, but is now produced by Honeywell Aerospace.

Variants

LTP101-600
LTP101-700
LTS101-600A-2
LTS101-600A-3
LTS101-600A-3A
LTS101-650B-1
LTS101-650B-1A
LTS101-650C-2
LTS101-650C-3
LTS101-650C-3A
LTS101-700D-2
LTS101-750A-1
LTS101-750B-2
LTS101-750C-1
LTS101-850B-2
T702

Applications

 Aérospatiale HH-65A/B Dolphin
 Air Tractor AT-302
 Bell 222
 Cessna 421C Golden Eagle (turbine conversion)
 EcoJet concept car built under the direction of General Motors
 Eurocopter AS350 AStar
 MBB/Kawasaki BK 117
 PAC Cresco
 Piaggio P166
 High Survivability Test Vehicle (Light) (AAI proposal)

Specifications (LTS101-650C-3/3A)

See also

References

External links

 Honeywell LTS101 page

1960s turboprop engines
LTS101
1960s turboshaft engines
LTS101
Word mark (computer hardware). In computer hardware, a word mark or flag is a bit in each memory location on some early variable word length computers (e.g., IBM 1401, 1410, 1620) used to mark the end of a word. Sometimes the actual bit used as a word mark on a given machine is not called word mark, but has a different name (e.g., flag on the IBM 1620, because on this machine it is multipurpose).

The term word mark should not be confused with group mark or with record mark, which are distinct characters.

References

Computing terminology
Early computers
Hanriot H.230. The Hanriot H.230 was a French twin-engined advanced trainer. The construction of the aircraft was initiated in 1936 by Hanriot's chief designer Montlaur. The aircraft was produced by the nationalized factory SNCAC.

History
The prototype H.230.01, made its first flight in June 1937. The aircraft resembled its predecessor, the H.220 fighter-bomber, but had a lightened and simplified structure.

The H.230.01 was powered by two  Salmson 6Af engines and its configuration included a short crew canopy faired into the upper decking of the rear fuselage and a conventional strut-braced tail unit, and the fixed main landing gear units incorporated spatted wheel fairings. During further tests it was decided to introduce considerable dihedral at the wingtips to improve stability, but the H.231.01 which followed in May 1938 had dihedral increased over the whole wing span, and the unusual wingtip arrangement of the modified H.230 was eliminated. Twin fins and rudders were introduced and the power was increased with new  Salmson 6Af-02 engines. 

The Hanriot H.232.01 had a single fin and rudder and was equipped with twin  Renault 6Q-02/03, (left and right hand propeller rotation), engines plus retractable landing gear. The H.232.02, which made its maiden flight in August 1938, introduced a redesigned cockpit. The aircraft was tested between October 1938 and May 1939. The type was then given a twin fin and rudder tail assembly and was flown in this new configuration in December 1939, then redesignated H.232/2.01.

The French Air Ministry made an initial order of 40 H.232.2s. This order was though soon was extended to 57. The French Air Force started to receive their H-232.2s in February, 1940, and received a total of 35 before the defeat against the Germans in June 1940. The Germans captured 22 aircraft of this type, and since they did not have any use of them, Finland placed an order for three aircraft from the Germans. One was destroyed in an accident during the ferry flight to Finland, the other two saw service as advanced trainers in the Finnish Air Force and were written off on January 2, 1950. During the Winter War the French had planned to send 25 aircraft of this type to Finland. The German aircraft were scrapped in 1942.

Variants 
H.230
Twin-engined trainer derived from the Hanriot H.220, powered by 2x  Salmson 6Af engines, one built.
H.231
Further development, powered by two 2x  Salmson 6Af-02 engines, two built.
H.232
Production prototype with single fin and rudder replacing earlier twin fins, powered by two Renault 6Q-02/03 engines.
SNCAC NC.232/2
Production aircraft, 57 ordered but only 35 delivered before the fall of France in 1940. Three delivered to Finland (one written off on the delivery flight).
SNCAC NC-600

Further development of the H.232 curtailed by the German invasion in 1940.

Operators

Finnish Air Force

French Air Force

Luftwaffe

Specifications (SNCAC NC-232.2)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Hanriot H.230.01
Hanriot H.231
Hanriot H.232

H.230
1930s French military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Beechcraft AT-10 Wichita. The Beechcraft AT-10 Wichita is an American World War II trainer built for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) by Beechcraft. It was used to train pilots for multi-engined aircraft such as bombers.

Development

Beechcraft began designing the Model 25 early in 1940 in response to the requirement of the then-named United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) for a small twin-engined aircraft suitable for use in training student pilots in the handling of multi-engined retractable landing gear aircraft. As there were concerns at the time about a future possible shortage of aluminium, part of the requirement was that the aircraft be built of "non-strategic" materials. Beechcraft met this requirement by designing the aircraft to be built primarily from wood. 

The Model 25 prototype was given to the USAAC for evaluation, but it was destroyed in a crash on 5 May 1941. The following day Beechcraft began work on the Model 26, which was soon ready, making its first flight on 19 July the same year. The type was accepted and deliveries began to the USAAF under the designation AT-10 in February 1942 at a time when US military fortunes were at their nadir. 

The type was named "Wichita" after Wichita, Kansas, the location of the Beechcraft factory. By the end of 1942, 748 had been delivered and were playing a part in training crews for the vast fleets of bomber and transport aircraft that were pouring off factory production lines all over the United States. Beechcraft production terminated in 1943 after it had delivered 1,771 AT-10s. Globe Aircraft built another 600 before production finally ceased the following year.

Operators

 United States Army Air Forces

Surviving aircraft

 41-27322 – AT-10 under restoration by AirCorps Aviation for the Cadet Air Corps Museum.
 42-35143 – AT-10 on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Donald, David (editor.) American Warplanes of World War II. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1995. .
 
 Pelletier, A. J. Beech Aircraft and their Predecessors. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. .
 Phillips, Edward H., Beechcraft - Pursuit of Perfection, A History of Beechcraft Airplanes. Eagan, Minnesota:Flying Books, 1992. .
 Taylor, M. J. H. ed. Jane's American Fighting Aircraft of the 20th Century Mallard Press.

External links

 Beech AT-10 Wichita – JSTOR

AT-10
1940s United States military trainer aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1941
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Bell Agusta Aerospace Company. Bell Agusta Aerospace Company (BAAC) was a joint venture formed in 1998 by Bell Helicopter and Agusta (now AgustaWestland), who collaborated on a variety of products dating back to 1952. The joint venture was dissolved in 2011, when AgustaWestland took full ownership of the project, renaming it as the AgustaWestland Tilt-Rotor Company (AWTRC).

History

Bell Helicopter has had a close association with AgustaWestland. The partnership dates back to separate manufacturing and technology agreements with Agusta (Bell 47 and Bell 206) and as a sublicense via Agusta with Westland (Bell 47). When the two European firms merged, the partnerships were retained, with the exception of the AB139, which is now known as the AW139.

In June 2011, AgustaWestland took full ownership of the BA609 tiltrotor program. Bell Agusta Aerospace Company (BAAC) was renamed as the AgustaWestland Tilt-Rotor Company (AWTRC), and will remain a US company being the new type certificate applicant to FAA. The new company is wholly owned by AgustaWestland and the BA609 tiltrotor has been rebranded as the AW609.

Products

 AgustaWestland AW609 - a civil twin-engined tiltrotor vertical take-off and landing aircraft with a configuration similar to the Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey (formerly the Bell/Agusta BA609, now 100% AgustaWestland).
 AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter (formerly 50/50 as the Agusta/Bell AB139, now 100% AgustaWestland)

See also

References

External links
 Official site

Defunct helicopter manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Fort Worth, Texas
Textron
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Texas
Fouling community. Fouling communities are communities of organisms found on artificial surfaces like the sides of docks, marinas, harbors, and boats. Settlement panels made from a variety of substances have been used to monitor settlement patterns and to examine several community processes (e.g., succession, recruitment, predation, competition, and invasion resistance). These communities are characterized by the presence of a variety of sessile organisms including ascidians, bryozoans, mussels, tube building polychaetes, sea anemones, sponges, barnacles, and more. Common predators on and around fouling communities include small crabs, starfish, fish, limpets, chitons, other gastropods, and a variety of worms.

Ecology 
Fouling communities follow a distinct succession pattern in a natural environment.

Environmental impact

Impacts on Humans 
Fouling communities can have a negative economic impact on humans, by damaging the bottom of boats, docks, and other marine human-made structures. This effect is known as Biofouling, and has been combated by Anti-fouling paint, which is now known to introduce toxic metals to the marine environment.  Fouling communities have a variety of species, and many of these are filter feeders, meaning that organisms in the fouling community can also improve water clarity.

Invasive Species 
Fouling communities do grow on natural structures, however these communities are largely made up of native species, whereas the communities growing on man-made structures have larger populations of invasive species.  This difference between the species diversity across human structures and natural substrate is likely dependent on human pollution, which is known to weaken native species and create a community and environment dominated by non-indigenous species.  These largely non-indigenous species communities living on docks and boats usually have a higher resistance to anthropogenic disturbances.  This effect is sorely felt in untouched native marine communities, as non-indigenous species growing on boat hulls are transported across the world, to wherever the boat anchors.

Research history 
Fouling communities were highlighted particularly in the literature of marine ecology as a potential example of alternate stable states through the work of John Sutherland in the 1970s at Duke University, although this was later called into question by Connell and Sousa. 

Fouling communities have been used to test the ecological effectiveness of artificial coral reefs.

See also 

 Biofouling
 Ecological succession
 Didemnum vexillum

References

External links 

http://research.ncl.ac.uk/biofouling/ is the Newcastle University barnacle and biofouling information site.
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Biofouling/Pages/default.aspx is the International Maritime Organization information about biofouling which includes a comprehensive list of invasive species in the fouling community.
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/191/chapter%203.pdf?sequence=11
https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4896&context=open_access_etds

Aquatic ecology
Fouling
Valerie Daggett. Valerie Daggett is a professor of bioengineering at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, United States.

Education and career 
Daggett has a B.S. from Reed College. She received her Ph.D. from the University of California, San Francisco, advised by Irwin Kuntz and Peter Kollman, and subsequently held a postdoctoral position at Stanford University with Michael Levitt, a co-recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

As of 2021, she is also the chief executive officer of AltPep, a biomedical startup that was a spinoff from her research at the University of Washington.

Research 
Her laboratory focuses on work in molecular dynamics simulations of proteins and other biomolecules. Daggett is well known for large-scale simulations of protein folding, especially unfolding, and native state dynamics through her "dynameomics" project.  In 2005, the Daggett laboratory was awarded a supercomputing grant by the U.S. Department of Energy, which  was renewed for almost two million processor-hours in 2006; the group has also participated in Microsoft Research high-performance computing projects.

Awards and honors 
In 2011, Daggett was named a fellow of the Biophysical Society. Daggett was one of two University of Washington scientists named 2015 American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering fellows.

References

External links
 Daggett Laboratory website

21st-century American biologists
21st-century American women scientists
American women biochemists
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Vegard's law. In crystallography, materials science and metallurgy, Vegard's law is an empirical finding (heuristic approach) resembling the rule of mixtures. In 1921, Lars Vegard discovered that the lattice parameter of a solid solution of two constituents is approximately a weighted mean of the two constituents' lattice parameters at the same temperature:

e.g., in the case of a mixed oxide of uranium and plutonium as used in the fabrication of MOX nuclear fuel:

Vegard's law assumes that both components A and B in their pure form (i.e., before mixing) have the same crystal structure. Here,  is the lattice parameter of the solid solution,  and  are the lattice parameters of the pure constituents, and  is the molar fraction of B in the solid solution.

Vegard's law is seldom perfectly obeyed; often deviations from the linear behavior are observed. A detailed study of such deviations was conducted by King. However, it is often used in practice to obtain rough estimates when experimental data are not available for the lattice parameter for the system of interest.

For systems known to approximately obey Vegard's law, the approximation may also be used to estimate the composition of a solution from knowledge of its lattice parameters, which are easily obtained from diffraction data. For example, consider the semiconductor compound . A relation exists between the constituent elements and their associated lattice parameters, , such that:

When variations in lattice parameter are very small across the entire composition range, Vegard's law becomes equivalent to Amagat's law.

Relationship to band gaps in semiconductors
In many binary semiconducting systems, the band gap in semiconductors is approximately a linear function of the lattice parameter. Therefore, if the lattice parameter of a semiconducting system follows Vegard's law, one can also write a linear relationship between the band gap and composition. Using  as before, the band gap energy, ,  can be written as:

Sometimes, the linear interpolation between the band gap energies is not accurate enough, and a second term to account for the curvature of the band gap energies as a function of composition is added. This curvature correction is characterized by the bowing parameter, :

Mineralogy
The following excerpt from Takashi Fujii (1960) summarises well the limits of the Vegard’s law in the context of mineralogy and also makes the link with the Gladstone–Dale equation:

See also
When considering the empirical correlation of some physical properties and the chemical composition of solid compounds, other relationships, rules, or laws, also closely resembles the Vegard's law, and in fact the more general rule of mixtures: 
 Amagat's law
 Gladstone–Dale equation
 Kopp's law
 Kopp–Neumann law
 Rule of mixtures

References

Crystallography
Materials science
Metallurgy
Mineralogy
Eponyms
Breakpoint (novel). Breakpoint is a cyberpunk science fiction novel by former United States intelligence and counterterrorism official Richard A. Clarke.  It is his second novel. The book paints a dystopic prediction of the future.

Plot
A series of explosions occur at seemingly unimportant sites in the United States. These sites happen to be the locations where transatlantic cables from Europe and Asia reach the U.S. essentially cutting the U.S. off from the world, at least via the Internet. The attacks are immediately blamed on the Chinese. Two investigators are sent to investigate the incidents, with this assumption in mind. The investigators soon uncover an underground science of genomics and nanotechnology working on human-computer integration.

Reception
It was featured on the Colbert Report.

References

2007 American novels
2007 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Cyberpunk novels
Dystopian novels
G. P. Putnam's Sons books
ISCSI Extensions for RDMA. The iSCSI Extensions for RDMA (iSER) is a computer network protocol that extends the Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) protocol to use Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA). RDMA can be provided by the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) with RDMA services (iWARP), which uses an existing Ethernet setup and therefore has lower hardware costs, RoCE (RDMA over Converged Ethernet), which does not need the TCP layer and therefore provides lower latency, or InfiniBand. 
iSER permits data to be transferred directly into and out of SCSI computer memory buffers (those which connect computers and storage devices) without intermediate data copies and with minimal CPU involvement.

History
An RDMA consortium was announced on May 31, 2002, with a goal of product implementations by 2003.
The consortium released their proposal in July, 2003.
The protocol specifications were published as drafts in September 2004 in the Internet Engineering Task Force and issued as RFCs in October 2007.
The OpenIB Alliance was renamed in 2007 to be the OpenFabrics Alliance, and then released an open source software package.

Description
The motivation for iSER is to use RDMA to avoid unnecessary data copying on the target and initiator.
The Datamover Architecture (DA) defines an abstract model in which the movement of
data between iSCSI end nodes is logically separated from the rest of the iSCSI protocol; iSER
is one Datamover protocol. The interface between the iSCSI and a Datamover protocol, iSER
in this case, is called Datamover Interface (DI).
 
The main difference between the standard iSCSI and iSCSI over iSER is the execution of
SCSI read/write commands. With iSER the target drives all data transfer (with the
exception of iSCSI unsolicited data) by issuing RDMA write/read operations, respectively.
When the iSCSI layer issues an iSCSI command PDU, it calls the Send_Control primitive,
which is part of the DI. The Send_Control primitive sends the STag with the PDU. The iSER 
layer in the target side notifies the target that the PDU was received with the Control_Notify
primitive (which is part of the DI). The target calls the Put_Data or Get_Data primitives (which are part of the DI) to perform an RDMA write/read operation respectively. Then, the target calls the Send_Control primitive to send a response to the initiator. An example is
shown in the figures (time progresses from top to bottom).

All iSCSI control-type PDUs contain an iSER header, which allows the
initiator to advertise the STags that were generated during buffer registration. The target
will use the STags later for RDMA read/write operations.

See also
 LIO Linux SCSI Target
 The SCST Linux SCSI target software stack
 SCSI RDMA Protocol

References

Further reading
 
   Thesis for Master of Science in Computer Science

External links
 
 
 
 iSER and DA Frequently Asked Questions

Computer networking
SCSI