omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Adolph Frank. Adolph Frank (January 20, 1834 – May 30, 1916) was a German-Jew chemist, engineer, and businessman. He is best known for having discovered uses of potash and creating the industry.

Adolph Frank was born in the town of Klötze (now in Altmarkkreis Salzwedel in Altmark, Saxony-Anhalt. He was the son of a Jewish merchant, who—like Frank's grandfather—ran a general store. Frank studied the secondary school in Strelitz, now part of Neustrelitz, and then Jacobsohn School in Seesen. Then, he took up an apprenticeship as an apothecary in Osterburg, because he was interested in chemistry. From 1855 to 1857 he studied pharmacy, natural sciences and technology at the university in Berlin. In the same year he passed the examination to become an apothecary with a grade of 1 (the best possible grade in the German school system). In 1861 and 1862, he received his doctorate in chemistry from the university in Göttingen with a work about the production of sugar. Before this, in 1858, he had already received his first patent while working for a sugar beet factory in Staßfurt. He received this patent for having discovered a way to clean beet juice with clay soaps. The emphasis of his work was on the use of potash as an artificial fertilizer.

After 1860, he discovered and developed a deposit near Staßfurt and Leopoldshall, thus founding the industry. In 1861, he gained the patent on fertilizer on the basis of potassium chloride. A further invention of his was a method for the extraction of bromine from salt mines.

His work in the field of fertilizers led to the use of the fertilizer discovered by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas ( or ). Together with the German-Polish chemist Nikodem Caro, he developed the Frank-Caro process of extracting calcium cyanamide in 1899, which was the foundation of the nitrogen and calcium cyanamide fertilizer industry. In the same year those two and a few other businessmen founded Cyanidgesellschaft mbH, which would later become Bayrischen Stickstoff-Werke AG (BStW) in Trostberg.

The brown coloring of bottles, which is supposed to protect the content of the bottle from the effects of light, can also be attributed to him. He also researched the extraction of hydrogen for blimp together with Carl von Linde.

He was awarded the John Scott Medal of The Franklin Institute in 1893.

References

1834 births
1916 deaths
People from Altmarkkreis Salzwedel
Scientists from the Province of Saxony
19th-century German Jews
19th-century German chemists
20th-century German chemists
Gehrden. Gehrden is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately  southwest of Hanover and next to the recreation area Deister.

Notable people 
 Werner von Siemens (1816–1892), inventor, founder of electrical engineering and industrialist,
 Carl Wilhelm Siemens (1823–1883), industrialist.
 Hans-Joachim Frey (born 1965), theater director
 Maria Schrader (born 1965), actress, screenwriter and director. 
 Tim Pritlove (born 1967), eventmanager, media artist and member of Chaos Computer Club

 Marc Bator (born 1972), newsreader at the Tagesschau 2000–2013, since then at Sat.1
 Carolina Bartczak (born 1985), a Canadian actress of Polish descent.

Sport 
 Werner Lueg (1931–2014), athlete, bronze medallist in the 1500m at the 1952 Summer Olympics
 Wolfgang Kreißig (born 1970), high jumper
 Grischa Niermann (born 1975), racing cyclist
 Christian Pampel (born 1979), volleyball national player
 Nils Pfingsten-Reddig (born 1982), footnaller, played 517 games 
 Kristin Demann (born 1993), footballer, played over 170 games and 20 for Germany women
 Grant-Leon Ranos (born 2003), Armenian football player

References 

Towns in Lower Saxony
Hanover Region
Thiophosgene. Thiophosgene is a red liquid with the formula . It is a molecule with trigonal planar geometry. There are two reactive C–Cl bonds that allow it to be used in diverse organic syntheses.

Preparation 
Typically,  is prepared in a two-step process from carbon disulfide. In the first step, carbon disulfide is chlorinated to give trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride (), a rare sulfenyl chloride:

The chlorination must be controlled as excess chlorine converts trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride into carbon tetrachloride. Steam distillation separates the trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride and hydrolyzes the disulfur dichloride. Reduction of trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride with, e.g., tin or dihydroanthracene produces thiophosgene:

An alternative one-step reaction is
CCl4 + H2S → SCCl2 + 2 HCl

Reactions 
 is mainly used to prepare compounds with the connectivity  where X = OR, NHR. Such reactions proceed via intermediate such as CSClX. Under certain conditions, one can convert primary amines into isothiocyanates.
 also serves as a dienophile to give, after reduction 5-thiacyclohexene derivatives. Thiophosgene is also known as the appropriate reagent in Corey-Winter synthesis for stereospecific conversion of 1,2-diols into alkenes.

It forms a head-to-tail dimer upon irradiation with UV light:

Unlike thiophosgene monomer, a red liquid, the photodimer, an example of a 1,3-dithietane, is a colourless solid.  Swarts fluorination of the dimer and then cracking is the principal route to thiocarbonyl fluoride.  

Thiophosgene decomposes at 200 °C or above to form carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride. It has also been observed decomposing to hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and carbonyl sulfide gases via contact with human tissue.

Toxicology and safety 
 is considered highly toxic. Inhalation of the substance can cause irritation of respiratory system, burns, delayed pulmonary edema and death.

See also 

Phosgene
Carbonyl fluoride
Sulfur dichloride

References

Further reading 

Inorganic carbon compounds
Inorganic sulfur compounds
Thioacyl chlorides
Thiocarbonyl compounds
Thiochlorides
Government College of Engineering, Erode. Government College of Engineering, Erode (formerly Institute of Road and Transport Technology (IRTT)) is a state government run Engineering institution located near Chithode in the city of Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. It is a Government institution listed under category 1 colleges by the Directorate of Technical Education, Tamil Nadu. Originally, the college was established under Institute of Road and Transport by the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation. It is located off Salem-Kochi National Highway 544 at a distance of 10 km from Erode Central Bus Terminus and 12 km from Erode Junction railway station.

College website: www.gcee.ac.in

History
The Institute of Road and Transport Technology  was established in 1984 by M. G. Ramachandran,  the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu as an automobile research-oriented engineering college. It is affiliated to Anna University and is located on a serene  campus.

On 26 August 2021, Higher Education Minister of Tamil Nadu Dr. Ponmudi announced on Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly that The Institute of Road and Transport Technology was taken up by the government to directly run under the governance of Directorate of Technical Education (DoTE) and subsequently renamed as Government Engineering College, Erode.

The institution is functioning as the Zonal Headquarters for Zone-XI (Erode Zone) of Anna University monitoring the Engineering colleges affiliated to Anna University in Erode district and part of Namakkal, Tiruppur and Salem districts.

Academics
The institute offers following four-year undergraduate engineering courses. 35% of seats are reserved for children of TNSTC employees and remaining 65% seats are filled in TNEA counseling.

The institute also offers the following post-graduate courses

References

External links
 Official website 

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Transport in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Universities and colleges in Erode district
Educational institutions established in 1984
1984 establishments in Tamil Nadu
GReAT. Graph Rewriting and Transformation (GReAT) is a  Model Transformation Language (MTL) for Model Integrated Computing available in the GME environment. GReAT has a rich pattern specification sublanguage, a graph transformation sublanguage and a high level control-flow sublanguage. It has been designed to address the specific needs of the model transformation area. The GME environment is an example of a Model Driven Engineering (MDE) framework.

See also
 ATLAS Transformation Language
 CoSMIC
 Domain Specific Language (DSL)
 Domain-specific modelling (DSM)
 Model-based testing (MBT)
 Meta-Object Facility
 Meta-modeling
 VIATRA
 XMI
 OCL
 QVT

References
 GReAT  ref 1
 GReAT  ref 2
 GReAT  ref 3 [broken link]
  GReAT   ref 4  [broken link]
 GReAT   ref 5 [broken link]
  GReAT   ref 6 [broken link]
  GReAT   ref 7
 GReAT   ref 8
 GReAT   ref 9 [broken link]

Graph rewriting
BioSteel (fiber). BioSteel was a trademark name for a high-strength fiber-based material made of the recombinant spider silk-like protein extracted from the milk of transgenic goats, made by defunct Montreal-based company Nexia Biotechnologies, and later by the Randy Lewis lab of the University of Wyoming and Utah State University. It is reportedly 7-10 times as strong as steel if compared for the same weight, and can stretch up to 20 times its unaltered size without losing its strength properties. It also has very high resistance to extreme temperatures, not losing any of its properties within .

The company had created lines of goats to produce recombinant versions of two spidroins from Nephila clavipes, the golden orb weaver, MaSp1 and MaSp2 When the female goats lactate, the milk, containing the recombinant DNA silk, was to be harvested and subjected to chromatographic techniques to purify the recombinant silk proteins.

The purified silk proteins could be dried, dissolved using solvents (DOPE formation) and transformed into microfibers using wet-spinning fiber production methods. The spun fibers were reported to have tenacities in the range of 2 - 3 grams/denier and elongation range of 25-45%. The "Biosteel biopolymer" had been transformed into nanofibers and nanomeshes using the electrospinning technique.

Nexia is the only company that has successfully produced fibers from spider silk expressed in goat's milk. The Lewis lab has produced fibers from recombinant spider silk protein and synthetic spider silk proteins and genetic chimeras produced in both recombinant E. coli and the milk of recombinant goats, however, no one has been able to produce the silk in commercial quantities thus far. The company was founded in 1993 by Dr. Jeffrey Turner and Paul Ballard and was sold in 2005 to Pharmathene.

In 2009, two transgenic goats were sold to the Canada Agriculture Museum after Nexia Biotechnologies went bankrupt.

Research has since continued with the help of Randy Lewis, a professor formerly at the University of Wyoming and now at Utah State University. He was also able to successfully breed "spider goats" in order to create artificial silk. As of 2012, there are about 30 of the goats at a university-run farm. The U.S. Navy has plans to turn this silk into a tool for stopping vessels by entangling their propellers.

Potential applications of artificial spider silk biopolymers include using it for the coating of implants and medical products as well as for artificial ligaments and tendons, due to its elastic tendencies and also since it is a natural product which will synthesize well with the body. Other potential uses for artificial silk biopolymers include personal care products and textiles.

References

Biotechnology products
Genetically modified organisms
University of Iceland VR. The VR buildings are a part of the campus of the University of Iceland.  VR is short for Verkfræði og Raunvísindi (English: Engineering and Natural Science)

The buildings were constructed in the 1970s and (as the name implies) serve as centres for studies in engineering and natural science at the University of Iceland.  VR I houses the experimental labs while VR II houses lecture halls and classrooms.  Research is mainly conducted in VR III.  A one-story annex of VR I, known as Letigarður (lazy house) accommodates an intellectual retreat for chemistry, physics and mathematics students. This was closed in 2011 due to health and safety hazards.

References

University of Iceland
List of platform-independent GUI libraries. This is a list of notable library packages implementing a graphical user interface (GUI) platform-independent GUI library (PIGUI). These can be used to develop software that can be ported to multiple computing platforms with no change to its source code.

In C, C++

In other languages

No longer available or supported

See also 
 List of widget toolkits
 List of rich web application frameworks

Further reading 
 Richard Chimera, Evaluation of Platform Independent User Interface Builders, March 1993, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory University of Maryland

References 

Computer libraries
Cross-platform software
Turbine engine. A turbine engine is a machine using a turbine and may refer to:

Steam turbine, where the turbine is driven by steam
Gas turbine. where the turbine is driven by internally combusted gases
Jet turbine, a jet engine
Turbojet

See also

 Turbine generator, a generator powered by turbine
 
 Turbo (disambiguation)
 Turbine (disambiguation)
 Engine (disambiguation)
 Motor (disambiguation)
Command. Command may refer to:

Computing
 Command (computing), a statement in a computer language
 command (Unix), a Unix command
 COMMAND.COM, the default operating system shell and command-line interpreter for DOS
 Command key, a modifier key on Apple Macintosh computer keyboards
 Command pattern, a software design pattern in which objects represent actions
 Voice command, in speech recognition

Military
 Military command (instruction) or military order
 Command responsibility, the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of war crimes
 Command (military formation), an organizational unit
 Command and control, the exercise of authority in a military organization
 Command hierarchy, a group of people dedicated to carrying out orders "from the top"

Music
 Command (album), a 2009 album by Client
 Command Records, a record label

Sports
 Command (baseball), the ability of a pitcher to throw a pitch where he intends to
 Kansas City Command, a former professional arena football team
 Commands (horse), Australian thoroughbred racehorse

Other uses
 Command, a verb using the imperative mood or the whole sentence containing such a verb
 Command (teaching style)
 Command: Modern Air Naval Operations, strategy game

See also
 Command paper, a policy paper or report issued by, for or to the British government
 Command economy, a form of planned economy
 C-command, in theoretical linguistics
 M-command, a broader version of c-command in theoretical linguistics
 The Command (disambiguation)
CERT Group of Companies. The CERT (Centre of Excellence for Applied Research and Training) Group of Companies began as the commercial arm of the Higher Colleges of Technology in the United Arab Emirates, and has grown to be the largest private education provider in the Middle East. CERT is also the largest MENA (Middle East North Africa) investor in the discovery and commercialization of technology, investing US$35 million in 2006.

In 2005, CERT signed Telematics with IBM, that has led to the development of Telematics technology in the United Arab Emirates. CERT provides the only super computing center in the South Asia, Middle East, North Africa region. The CERT Blue Gene supercomputer offers 5.7 teraflops calculating speed to corporate clients for use in biotechnology, nanotechnology, and genetics research as well as oil and gas simulation.

CERT Technology Park in the UAE is home to international companies such as Intel, Honeywell and Lucent Technologies.

See also
Higher Colleges of Technology

References

Education companies of the United Arab Emirates
Science and technology in the United Arab Emirates
Companies established in 1996
Computer Automated Measurement and Control. Computer-Aided Measurement And Control (CAMAC) is a standard bus and modular-crate electronics standard for data acquisition and control used in particle detectors for nuclear and particle physics and in industry. The bus allows data exchange between plug-in modules (up to 24 in a single crate) and a crate controller, which then interfaces to a PC or to a VME-CAMAC interface.

The standard was originally defined by the ESONE Committee as standard EUR 4100 in 1972, and covers the mechanical, electrical, and logical elements of a parallel bus ("dataway") for the plug-in modules.  Several standards have been defined for multiple crate systems, including the Parallel Branch Highway definition and Serial Highway definition. Vendor-specific Host/Crate interfaces have also been built.

The CAMAC standard encompasses IEEE standards:
 583 The base standard
 683 Block transfer specifications (Q-stop and Q-scan)
 596 Parallel Branch Highway systems
 595 Serial highway system
 726 Real-time Basic for CAMAC
 675 Auxiliary crate controller specification/support
 758 FORTRAN subroutines for CAMAC.

Within the , modules are addressed by slot (geographical addressing).  The left-most 22 slots are available for application modules while the right-most two slots are dedicated to a crate controller.   Within a slot the standard defines 16 subaddresses (0–15).  A slot commanded by the controller with one of 32 function codes (0–31).  Of these function codes, 0–7 are read functions and will transfer data to the controller from the addressed module, while 16–23 are write function codes which will transfer data from the controller to the module.

In addition to functions that address the module, the following global functions are defined:
 I – Crate inhibit
 Z – Crate zero
 C – Crate clear

The original standard was capable of one 24-bit data transfer every microsecond.  Later a revision to the standard was released to support short cycles which allow a transfer every 450 ns.  A follow on upwardly compatible standard Fast CAMAC allows the crate cycle time to be tuned to the capabilities of the modules in each slot.

The FASTBUS standard was introduced in 1984 as a replacement for CAMAC in large systems.

Backplane physical characteristics 

The physical connector on the back of a CAMAC module is a card-edge connector, with a receiving socket on the backplane.  Because there are no alignment pins on the socket or connector, there is the possibility of connector misalignment upon module insertion. Therefore, CAMAC modules may NOT be hot-swapped. Many devices are connected to it.

Backplane electrical characteristics 

CAMAC shares low-voltage DC power with NIM crates.  The crate supplies +6 V, −6 V, +12 V, −12 V, +24 V, and −24 V to all modules.

See also
 Data acquisition
 LEMO connector standard
 NIM
 VMEbus
 FASTBUS

References

External links

 An Introduction to CAMAC 
 Images of CAMAC modules 
 CAMAC on Linux

Experimental particle physics
Computer buses
Balance lock. The balance lock was a type of boat lift designed by James Fussell (1748-1832)  to transport boats up and down a hillside on a canal. An experimental balance lock was built as part of the Dorset and Somerset Canal and work was started for four more, but the project failed for financial reasons and they were not completed.

History
When the Dorset and Somerset Canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1796, the builders were faced with the need for many locks, as the branch to Frome needed to accommodate a change in level of . James Fussell was a knowledgeable ironworker, and proposed the building of boat lifts to raise and lower the boats, rather than conventional locks. There had been some precursors, for John Duncombe had invented a counterbalanced lift in 1790, while working as the engineer on the Ellesmere Canal, and Robert Wheldon was proposing to use lifts on the nearby Somerset Coal Canal.

From the documents which accompanied the bill when it was submitted to parliament, it is evident that Fussell's plans were already well-formulated. However, since the design was untested, an experimental boat lift was built at the top of Barrow Hill. It would be capable of handling boats weighing 10 tons, and would raise them by . In many respects, it was similar to those later built by James Green on the Grand Western Canal, which also used counterbalanced caissons. However, there were differences. One was that Fussell's design used chains which passed round wheels attached to the caisson, the end of which was fixed to the top of the structure, whereas Green fixed his chains to a bar on the caisson. Fussells design included guide rails running up the chamber, which steadied the caisson, and he used a separate chamber beneath the caisson to hold extra water, which made the top tank heavier, and thus provided the motive power to cause the lift to operate. The design of his balance lock formed the basis for a patent application, number 2284, which he obtained in 1798.

The trial lift was completed, and a series of tests were carried out in September and October 1800. The Bath Chronicle carried a report of the test on 16 October, stating that the lift had been operated several times, without any difficulty or problems, and that engineers had inspected it carefully and declared themselves entirely satisfied. The company intended to build five more lifts on Barrow Hill, and pits for four of them were excavated. Some stone work was also begun, but the company ran out of money, and the project was abandoned following the failure to raise additional money in 1803.

Details
Following excavations at the site in 2005 and 2006, the structure was estimated to be  high and  long. The total width was around , which included the two pits and a central spine wall.

See also

Canals of the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system
Caisson lock

Bibliography

References

External links
 Dorset and Somerset canal, with information on locks

Locks (water navigation)
James Fussell IV. James Fussell IV (1748–1832) was an iron magnate operating the Old Iron Works, Mells in Vallis Vale between Mells and Great Elm in Somerset. He was a promoter of the Dorset and Somerset Canal and the inventor of both the roller chain and the balance lock.

Invention of the balance lock

The balance lock was a type of boat lift designed by James Fussell IV to transport boats up and down a hillside on a canal. An experimental balance lock was built as part of the Dorset and Somerset Canal

Invention of roller chain

Sketches by Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century show a chain with a roller bearing. In 1800, James Fussell IV patented a roller chain on development of his balance lock and in 1880 Hans Renold patented a bush roller chain.

Business history
James Fussell III had leased the site in Mells in 1744, to erect "a good, firme and substantiall Mill or Mills for Grinding Edge Tools and forging Iron plates". His son, James Fussell IV further developed the business. At one time it employed 250 people and continued for many years, with various members of the Fussell family operating a total of six sites in the local area: the Upper Works further up the Wadbury Valley, the Great Elm Edge-Tool Works, the Chantry Works, the Railford Works and a small site at Gurney Slade. Tools produced by Fussells were exported to Europe and America, and the family expanded its activities to include coal mining and banking, with the business issuing its own banknotes at one stage.

The business declined towards the end of the 19th century, due in part to a failure to convert from water to steam power until a late stage, and also to the collapse of English agriculture in the 1870s. By 1895 production had ceased, and the company folded in 1900.

References

External links
 James Fussell Iron Industry Story

1748 births
1832 deaths
English ironmasters