omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Graphics coordinator. A graphics coordinator (GC) or font assist is an individual who works, usually on a television show, as a producer of on-air still and motion graphics.  The graphics coordinator decides what content should be displayed on-air — such as on a fullpage (a full-screen graphic) or a lower third (a bar graphic appearing in the lower third of the screen).  The GC should not be confused with the Operator, who usually operates a character generator (CG) and is part of a television crew, or a broadcast designer who physically creates the graphics.

A CG (3D computer graphics) coordinator or supervisor plays an important role in film and television productions. Their role is to supervise, manage, and administer the computer-generated imagery (CGI) digital production computer animation workflow for the film or television show and attend client meetings and conference calls.

The CG supervisor generally is in charge or has a senior input regarding artist management and resource planning, and also plays a senior role in digital productions.  While it is a creative role, most supervisors possess a strong technical background and are capable of making informed decisions about the most efficient and effective techniques to employ in order to solve the problem at hand.  Often, a supervisor will work in tandem with a visual effects producer, VFX creative director and visual effects supervisor.

Specific responsibilities vary somewhat, depending on the nature of the production; however, most supervisors:
 Handle a CG project from conception through to completion;
 Manage and direct the technical, artistic, and production staff;
 Possess a knowledge of various computer graphic techniques, with emphasis on technical aspects, pipelines, and general film knowledge; 
 Constantly improve workflow and artist training, with an eye on efficiency;
 Collaborate on the bidding and negotiation processes.

There is no union for CG supervisors; however, the Visual Effects Society is a prominent trade organization representing the interests of visual effects professionals.

See also
SIGGRAPH
VFX Creative Director 
Cinefex Magazine

References 

Broadcasting occupations
Filmmaking occupations
Graphic design
Mass media occupations
Special effects
Visual effects
Jetcar. Jetcar is a brand of small car manufactured by Jetcar Zukunftsfahrzeug GmbH in Neuruppin, Germany. The company was established in 2000. The car has two seats, with the passenger sitting behind the driver. It is built using carbon fibre and costs between 48,000 and 58,000 euros including taxes in Germany  The manufacturer has a limited production of the vehicle to 100 cars. The car consumed 2.8l of diesel per 100 kilometers (82miles per US gallon) during an official TÜV test.  Top speed for the car is 160 km/h (100mp/hr). The driver's seat looks similar to a cockpit, which may be the reason for the car's name. The engine is the diesel engine from a Smart (car).

Due to its length of over 4 meters, it does not qualify as a Kei car in Japan. 

The company's website mentions the similarity of the seating arrangement to that of the  Messerschmitt Kabinenroller and FMR Tg500.  Like the Fritz Fend–designed cars, it is a highway microcar (or perhaps one should call the Jetcar a minicar) and therefore needs to have very low air drag.  The manufacturer claims also to have used aircraft technology.  The Jetcar is about twice as heavy, so the use of modern materials must have been more than compensated by much more demanding requirements in other areas.

Size of the car:

 Height:    
 Length:    
 Wheelbase: 
 Width:     
 Weight:

References

External links
jetcar homepage

Cars of Germany
Companies based in Brandenburg
German brands
Neuruppin
Guide Bridge. Guide Bridge is an area west of Ashton-under-Lyne, in Tameside, Greater Manchester, England. Historically part of Lancashire, Guide Bridge was built as a village around an eponymous bridge over the Ashton Canal.

History

Industries included Scott & Hodgson Ltd which had an engine shop near Guide Bridge railway station. In later years it was occupied by "Arnfields", makers of Mono-Pumps. Guide Bridge is located on the Ashton Canal, and later on the Sheffield, Ashton-Under-Lyne and Manchester Railway. These were used for the transportation of raw materials and the delivery of parts of the finished engines.
Guide Bridge was the home of the Jones Sewing Machine Company.

Governance
Since the Reform Act 1832, Guide Bridge has been represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom as part of the Ashton-under-Lyne parliamentary constituency. The constituency was initially represented in the House of Commons by members of the Liberal Party until a period of Conservative Party dominance in the late 19th century. Since 1935, the constituency has been under Labour Party control. The member of parliament since 2015 has been Angela Rayner.

The Conservative Party, which has enjoyed a steady rise in the constituency since 2001, while still being outstripped by the Labour Party which has seen an even bigger rise in votes in the constituency since 2010, is represented in Guide Bridge by the Guide Bridge Conservative Club.

Community
It is served by Guide Bridge railway station which also serves as a railway junction.

At the centre of Guide Bridge is St. Stephen's Church and St Stephen's Church of England Primary School.

Guide Bridge is home to the Guide Bridge Theatre, formerly the Ashton and Audenshaw Repertory Club, which opened on 29 July 1972.

References

External links

 Guide Bridge Theatre

Areas of Greater Manchester
Geography of Tameside
Audenshaw
Society for Information Display. The Society for Information Display (SID) is an industry organization for displays, generally electronic displays such as televisions and computer monitors. SID was founded in September 1962. Its main activities are publishing technical journals and running "Display Week", its main conference, held in May or June each year. SID publications include the Journal of the Society for Information Display, published monthly, the Digest of Technical Papers from SID's annual conference, Information Display magazine, proceedings from other conferences such as the Vehicle Displays and Interfaces Symposium, Asia Display, and International Display Workshops. In addition, local chapters in the Americas, Europe, and throughout Asia have meetings frequently, including lectures by display technologists, and are sometimes offered as webcasts. The SID Board of Directors grants several SID awards based upon outstanding achievements and significant contributions.

History
In early 1960s, IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers. Later IRE was merged with AIEE to form IEEE in January, 1963.) declined to create a new Section devoted solely to electronic information displays. This caused founders from IRE to start their own society, Society for Information Display (SID).

SID was founded when Dr. Luxenberg held a meeting on September 29, 1962 at UCLA in Boelter Hall. There were 39 initial attendees. One of the founding members of SID was Edith M. Bairdain. The organization was made up of professionals interested in information display and the interactions between humans and machines. The annual SID symposium, seminar and exhibition is known as "Display Week."

Due to emergence of new display technologies and their successful commercialization, such as cathode-ray tube (CRT), plasma display, liquid-crystal display (LCD) and OLED displays, SID has expanded its scale in membership as well as the attendance in Display Week, its symposium and exhibition.

In 2020, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, SID Display Week was held for the first time online. The event drew more than 5,500 attendees from 50+ countries and Takatoshi Tsujimura was named SID president.

References

External links
 

Consumer electronics
Organizations established in 1962
PAF Base Minhas. Pakistan Air Force Base, Minhas  is a PAF Airbase located at (Kamra Cantt) Attock District, Punjab, Pakistan. It was named in the honour of Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas, who was awarded the Nishan-e-Haider for valor in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Pakistan Aeronautical Complex is located in Minhas Airbase which manufactures aircraft like CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder, PAC MFI-17 Mushshak, Hongdu JL-8. It also rebuilds aircraft like the Dassault Mirage and Chengdu F-7. Currently, PAF Base Minhas is equipped with JF-17 aircraft operated by No.16 Squadron also called "Black Panthers".

2012 terrorist attack

On 16 August 2012, nine Tehrik-e-Taliban militants assaulted PAF Base Minhas at about 2 am. After a pitched battle all nine attackers were killed while two Pakistani security officials also died. The base commander, Air Commodore Muhammad Azam, was reported wounded in the attack as well. The militants also destroyed one Saab 2000 Erieye plane and damaged one or two others.

See also
Rashid Minhas

References

External links
 at World Aero Data

Pakistan Air Force bases
Attock District
Military installations in Punjab, Pakistan
Goodyear Duck. The Goodyear GA-2 Duck is a 1940s American three-seat light amphibious aircraft built by the Goodyear Aircraft Corporation. The design team included David Thurston, who later developed several other light seaplanes including the Colonial Skimmer, Lake Buccaneer, Thurston Teal and Seafire. Only 19 aircraft were built, and these were used only for testing and as demonstrators.

Design and development
The Goodyear Aircraft Corporation began to design a small light amphibian before the end of the Second World War. The prototype designated GA-1 first flew in September 1944. It was a cantilever high-wing monoplane with underwing stabilizing floats. The GA-1 had an all-metal fabric-covered wing, an all-metal single-step hull, and a cruciform tail unit. It had a retractable tail-wheel, accommodation for two, and a pylon-mounted piston engine with a pusher propeller.

Operational history
After successful testing of the prototype, 18 demonstration aircraft were built. These differed from the prototype in that they had room for the pilot and two passengers. Two versions were built, the GA-2 with a  Franklin 6A4-145-A3 piston engine, and the GA-2B with a  Franklin 6A4-165-B3 flat-six piston engine. Although the aircraft were successfully tested and demonstrated, the costs involved in producing the aircraft prevented it being sold at a price that private pilots could afford, and the project was abandoned. In 1950, a revised four-seat variant the GA-22 Drake was flown, followed in 1953 by the GA-22A Drake; only one of each was built.

Variants
GA-1 Duck
Prototype two-seater originally powered by a  Franklin 4ACG-100-H3 piston engine, later fitted with a 125 hp (93 kW) Franklin 6A engine, one built.
GA-2 Duck
Demonstration three-seat aircraft with a  Franklin 6A4-145-A3 engine, 16 built, some later modified as GA-2Bs.
GA-2B Duck
Demonstration three-seat aircraft with a  Franklin 6A4-165-B3 engine, six modified from GA-2s in 1949.
GA-22 Drake
Revised larger variant with four-seats, two built (one as a GA-22A with a revised hull) with the first flight in 1950.
GA-22A Drake
Revised larger variant with four-seats, powered by a  Continental E225-8 and converted into a flying boat with a revised hull; first flight in 1953.

Surviving aircraft

The last aircraft built, the GA-22A Drake registered N5516M, was stored by the EAA Air Venture Museum until 2010. The airplane was transferred to the Military Aviation Preservation Society in Canton, Ohio where it was fully restored and put on display in 2013.

Specifications (GA-2)

See also

References

Further reading

 
 

Duck
1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Flying boats
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Harmon Mister America. 

The Harmon Mister America was a 1970s American single-seat light sports aircraft designed by James B. Harmon. Plans for home building were made available from the Harmon Engineering Company. It is a mid-wing cantilever monoplane with a low-set tailplane and a fixed-tailwheel landing gear. The prototype (N7UN) first flew in 1975 powered by a 60-hp (45 kW) 1200cc Volkswagen air-cooled engine.

Operational history
In November 2014 one example was registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications

References

 Aircraft World Directory 

Harmon Engineering aircraft
1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1975
Harlow PJC-2. The Harlow PJC-2 is a 1930s American four-seat cabin monoplane, designed by Max Harlow.

Development
Max Harlow was an aeronautical engineer and instructor at the Pasadena Junior College.  Under his tutelage, the aircraft designated PJC-1 was designed and built as a class project. The PJC-1 first flew on 14 September 1937 at Alhambra, California but it crashed during an extended (more than six turn) spin test with the center of gravity ballasted to the aft limit, as it was going through the certification process—a problem generally laid at the feet the unusually rigorous spin test requirement and the government test pilot, who bailed out of the airplane after the spin "flattened out."  The airplane struck the ground, still in the "flat" (longitudinally level) attitude in a bean field near Mines Field (now Los Angeles International Airport) with considerable  damage; although repairable, the PJC-1 was never returned to service.  PJC students then built a slightly modified airplane, which limited aileron travel with full aft-stick and incorporated a slightly larger vertical stabilizer. This became the PJC-2 model, serial number 1 certified on 20 May 1938.  It was one of the first, if not the first, airplane designed and built in the U.S. with a stressed-skin semi-monocoque structure—a revolutionary design feature for the time. Harlow saw the potential and formed the Harlow Aircraft Company to build PJC-2 aircraft at Alhambra Airport. Four aircraft were impressed into United States Army Air Forces service with the designation UC-80 in 1942, and used by Civil Aeronautics Administration inspectors after WWII.

Design

The PJC-2 was an all-metal low-wing cantilever monoplane with conventional low-set tailplane and a retractable tailwheel landing gear. A tandem two-seat version intended as a military trainer was developed as the Harlow PC-5.

Operational history
In 1991, 3 PJC-2s were actively flying.

Variants
PJC-1
Prototype, one built.
PJC-2
One prototype, serial number 1, a Warner Super Scarab radial engine, followed by 10 production airplanes.  Most remaining examples have been re-engined with a Warner 165 HP or 185 HP engine.

Specifications Harlow PJC-2

See also

References

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 2099

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
PJC-02
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Curtiss-Wright CW-12. The Curtiss-Wright CW-12 Sport Trainer and CW-16 Light Sport (also marketed under the Travel Air brand that Curtiss-Wright had recently acquired) are high-performance training aircraft designed by Herbert Rawdon and Ted Wells and built in the United States in the early 1930s.

Development
The CW-12 and CW-16 shared the same basic design as conventional single-bay biplanes with staggered wings braced with N-struts. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem, open cockpits, the forward cockpit of the CW-12 having a single seat, while the CW-16's forward cockpit could seat two passengers side-by-side. Both versions of the aircraft were available in a variety of engine choices, and some CW-16s were exported as trainers to the air forces of Bolivia and Ecuador.

Variants

CW-12
CW-12K - version powered by  Kinner K-5 engine. Two built.
CW-12Q - version powered by  Wright-built de Havilland Gipsy. 26 built.
CW-12W - version powered by  Warner Scarab. 12 built + 1 replica

CW-16
 CW-16E - version powered by Wright J-6 Whirlwind 5 engine. (10 built).
 CW-16K - version powered by Kinner B-5 engine (11 built).
 CW-16W - version powered by Warner Scarab engine (1 built).

Operators
Civil owners in USA and United Kingdom

Argentine Navy purchased 15 CW-16Es in 1935, with 13 more possibly being built from 1938. The type remained in use until 1949.

Bolivian Air Force purchased three CW-16s in 1934, with the type in use until 1943.

Brazilian Air Force received 15 CW-16Ws, with  Warner Scarab engines in 1935, the type remaining in service until 1940.

Colombian Air Force received six CW-16s in 1933.

Ecuadorian Air Force purchased six CW-16Es in 1935, with three more CW-16s following in 1936. Three remained in use until 1944.

Specifications (CW-12Q)

References

Citations

Bibliography
  
 
 
 

1930s United States civil trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1931
CW-12
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Floorplan (microelectronics). In electronic design automation, a floorplan of an integrated circuit is a schematic representation of tentative placement of its major functional blocks.

In modern electronic design process floorplans are created during the floorplanning design stage, an early stage in the hierarchical approach to integrated circuit design.

Depending on the design methodology being followed, the actual definition of a floorplan may differ.

Floorplanning
Floorplanning takes in some of the geometrical constraints in a design. Here are some examples:

 bonding pads for off-chip connections (often using wire bonding) are normally located along the periphery of the chip;
 line drivers often have to be located as close to bonding pads as possible;
 chip area is therefore in some cases given a minimum area in order to fit in the required number of pads;
 areas are clustered in order to limit data paths thus frequently featuring defined structures such as cache RAM, multiplier, barrel shifter, line driver and arithmetic logic unit;
 purchased intellectual property blocks (IP-blocks), such as a processor core, come in predefined area blocks;
 some IP-blocks come with legal limitations such as permitting no routing of signals directly above the block.

Mathematical models and optimization problems

In some approaches the floorplan may be a partition of the whole chip area into axis aligned rectangles to be occupied by IC blocks. This partition is subject to various constraints and requirements of optimization: block area, aspect ratios, estimated total measure of interconnects, etc.

Finding good floorplans has been a research area in combinatorial optimization. Most of the problems related to finding optimal floorplans are NP-hard, i.e., require vast computational resources. Therefore, the most common approach is to use various optimization heuristics for finding good solutions.

Another approach is to restrict design methodology to certain classes of floorplans, such as sliceable floorplans.

Sliceable floorplans
A sliceable  floorplan is a floorplan that may be defined recursively as described below. 
A floorplan that consists of a single rectangular block is sliceable.
If a block from a sliceable floorplan is cut ("sliced") in two by a vertical or horizontal line, the resulting floorplan is sliceable.

Sliceable floorplans have been used in a number of  early electronic design automation tools for a number of reasons. Sliceable floorplans may be conveniently represented by binary trees (more specifically, k-d trees), which correspond to the order of slicing. More importantly, a number of NP-hard problems with floorplans have polynomial time algorithms when restricted to sliceable floorplans.

Further reading
 The Chip Planner of the PLAYOUT System
 VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure, by Kahng, Lienig, Markov and Hu, , 2022
 Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits, by Lienig, Scheible, Springer, , 2020

References

Electronic design automation
Electronics optimization
Combinatorial optimization
Rectangular subdivisions
Frank Forward. Dr. Frank Arthur Forward (1902–1972) was a Canadian metallurgist and inventor. In 1947, he discovered a method for the extraction of nickel and cobalt.

The "Forward Process" was first used in Canada by the Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited. The Forward Process employs an ammonia pressure leach to separate the metals from the ore.

In the case of Sherritt, the copper and nickel were concentrated separately at the mine (these concentrates are graded about 29% copper and 12% nickel). Afterwards, the metal is leached from the concentrates by a mixture of ammonia-air. Both the nickel and the copper, together with a small quantity of cobalt, are dissolved and subsequently recovered and separated. The sulphur is converted to ammonium sulphate, which is recovered as a byproduct and used in the industry of fertilizer. - MiningBasics.com (Hydrometallurgy)

Forward was also co-inventor of the uranium extraction process used at Beaverlodge, Saskatchewan, and held about 50 patents on similar metallurgical processes.  He is the author of numerous technical and scientific papers, including an article in the Encyclopædia Britannica on "hydrometallurgy," a subject on which he was regarded to be the world’s leading authority. In addition to holding membership and executive posts in professional and government organizations, Professor Forward received almost every major award in the field of extractive metallurgy. These include the Inca Medal, the Leonard Medal of the Engineering Institute of Canada, and the Gold Medal of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London. In 1960, Forward became director of the Canadian Uranium Research Foundation, an organization formed to find new uses and markets for uranium.

Notes

External links
 Mining basics
 National Resources Canada
 University of Toronto alumni notes
 Reference to the "late Professor Frank Forward"

Canadian metallurgists
20th-century Canadian inventors
1902 births
1972 deaths
Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
Vapor cone. A vapor cone (also known as a Mach diamond, shock collar, or shock egg) is a visible cloud of condensed water that can sometimes form around an object moving at high speed through moist air, such as an aircraft flying at transonic speeds. When the localized air pressure around the object drops, so does the air temperature. If the temperature drops below the saturation temperature, a cloud forms.

In the case of aircraft, the cloud is caused by expansion fans decreasing the air pressure, density, and temperature below the dew point. Then pressure, density, and temperature suddenly increase across the stern shock wave associated with a return to subsonic flow behind the aircraft. Since the local Mach number is not uniform over the aircraft, parts of the aircraft may be supersonic while others remain subsonic—a flight regime called transonic flight.

In addition to making the shock waves themselves visible, water condensation can also occur in the trough between two crests of the shock waves produced by the passing of the object. However, this effect does not necessarily coincide with the acceleration of an aircraft through the speed of sound or Mach 1.

Examples 
These condensation clouds can often be seen appearing around space-bound rockets as they accelerate through the atmosphere. For example, they were frequently seen during Space Shuttle launches, about 25 to 33 seconds after launch, when the vehicle was traveling at transonic speeds. Similar effects were also visible in archival footage of some nuclear tests.

Gallery

See also 
Sonic boom
Sound barrier
Shock diamond
Shock wave
Contrail
Condensation cloud
Prandtl–Glauert singularity
Condensation

References

Further reading

External links 

Aircraft aerodynamics
Shock waves