omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
2 Combat Engineer Regiment. 2 Combat Engineer Regiment is a regiment of the Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers; a subdivision of the Canadian Military Engineers.  It is located at Garrison Petawawa, and is part of 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group. 2 CER was redesignated from 1 Field Engineer Squadron in 1977.

Unit phrases  -   "Sea of Blue"

History

Formation 
In 1903, following the Boer War, the Royal Canadian Engineers were founded as the basis for the permanent military engineers and the Canadian Engineer Corps was created as a militia unit.

World War I 
One of the first tasks given to the Canadian engineers after the declaration of World War I was the construction of the Valcartier training site in Quebec. At its peak, 30,000 men were stationed there before the 1st Canadian Division was deployed. When the 1st Canadian Division arrived in Belgium, they were accompanied by the Canadian Engineer Corps. These troops were responsible for the construction of defences, sanitation systems, water supplies, bridging, and assisting with trench raids. The engineers, known as Sappers, were also tasked with digging tunnels underneath enemy trenches and planting explosives to destroy the trenches. These tunnels were strategic in winning the Battle of Vimy Ridge.

World War II 
Canadian engineers spent the early phases of World War II building camps in Canada and as they deployed to the United Kingdom, turned their attention to building camps, defence work, roads and airfields in England. Sappers of the 2nd Canadian Division led the beach assault supporting the Dieppe Raid and took the second highest number of casualties after the infantry. By 1942, divisional and corps engineers turned their full attention to the invasion of Europe. They were fully engaged in the Sicilian and Italian Campaigns, the Normandy Landings and the liberation of France, Belgium and Holland. The majority of their work consisted of constructing bailey bridges, clearing mines and booby traps and building communication networks and field defences.

Postwar to present 
After the Canadian Forces unified in 1968, the Royal Canadian Engineers, Royal Canadian Navy Civil Engineers and the Royal Canadian Air Force Construction Division were amalgamated. The new branch went under the name Royal Canadian Engineers until 1973 when they were renamed the Canadian Military Engineers.

In 2017, 2 Combat Engineer Regiment celebrated its 40th anniversary; and at the same time, the 20th anniversary of the Neder Rijn Engineer Park. A reunion event was held 7–9 July 2017, which was attended by over 500 members of the CME family.

2 CER is part of this history of Canadian military engineers. It provides combat engineering support to 2 CMBG.

2 CER had four soldiers killed in Afghanistan.

Organisation 
It currently consists of:

 23 Field Squadron 
 24 Field Squadron
 25 Support Squadron
 28 Administration Squadron.

References

Order of precedence

See also

  Military history of Canada
 History of the Canadian Army
 Canadian Military Engineers Association

Engineer regiments of Canada
Military units and formations established in 1977
Dartmouth Bridge. The Dartmouth Bridge is a steel girder bridge that spans the Mississippi River in Minneapolis between the Cedar-Riverside area and the University of Minnesota campus area. It carries I-94/US 12/US 52. It was built in 1964 and was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas. It is named for its proximity to Dartmouth Avenue SE, just north of the bridge.

The original span was an uninspired girder bridge design when compared to other Mississippi River bridges in the vicinity.  However, the bridge carries more vehicles than any other bridge in the state (167,000 vehicles daily), on Interstate 94 between downtown Minneapolis and Saint Paul.  The  long, 148-ton box girders were fabricated in Gary, Indiana and transported up the Mississippi River by barge in October 1963.

The original span was completely demolished and rebuilt in the mid-1990s.  The current span uses a steel I-beam construction supported by two bridge piers.  Prior to August 2007, the bridge carried four lanes of traffic in each direction.  One of these lanes on each side is used for an entrance/exit lane for Huron Boulevard (East Bank) and Riverside Avenue (West Bank).  Following the I-35W Mississippi River bridge collapse, through traffic was detoured along a  stretch of I-94 including this bridge before turning north on Minnesota State Highway 280.  To support the extra traffic volume, the deck surface was repainted to temporarily carry five lanes in each direction including the auxiliary lanes.  Due to favorable response, the additional lane was made permanent and currently remains in use.

See also

List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River

References

 

Bridges in Minneapolis
Bridges over the Mississippi River
Bridges completed in 1964
Interstate 94
Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
Road bridges in Minnesota
Box girder bridges in the United States
Mississippi Gorge
U.S. Route 12
U.S. Route 52
Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System
Steel bridges in the United States
Northern Pacific Bridge Number 9. Northern Pacific Bridge #9 is a deck truss bridge that spans the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, between the Seven Corners area and the University of Minnesota campus. It was built in 1924 and was designed by Frederick W. Cappelen.  Railroad use of the bridge ended in 1981, and in 1999 the bridge was opened to bicycles and pedestrians. It replaced the former Northern Pacific "A Line" bridge.

History
The Northern Pacific Railway "A line" tracks once formed the southern boundary of the University of Minnesota East Bank campus. but as the University grew, the campus expanded southward around the railroad.  The railroad noise, congestion, and pollution caused problems around the campus.  In response, the Northern Pacific Railway built a new bridge that angled north of the campus, connecting with an existing Great Northern railroad line going through Dinkytown.  This enabled campus expansion and allowed the Northrop Mall to be built.

Today, the bridge is open to bicyclists and pedestrians.  The bridge is accessible from the west side, where there is a connection to the West River Parkway trail, and on the east side via a service road up to East River Parkway near the Mineral Resources Research Center.  Historic markers on either side of the bridge describe how the bridge was built and its importance to the area.

The City of Minneapolis built a connection from the bridge to the U of M bicycle and pedestrian trail through Dinkytown in 2013. As part of the construction of the new St. Anthony Falls (35W) Bridge approach, a culvert was installed to allow the non-motorized trail to continue west into downtown Minneapolis; this was completed in July 2014.

On the south side of the deck, the words "North Coast Lim" can be seen. It formerly read North Coast Limited to advertise the Chicago to Seattle passenger train of that name.

See also
List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River

References

 

Truss bridges in the United States
Bridges in Minneapolis
Bridges over the Mississippi River
Northern Pacific Railway
Railroad bridges in Minnesota
Bridges completed in 1924
Former railway bridges in the United States
Pedestrian bridges in Minnesota
Cyclist bridges in the United States
Shared-use paths in Minneapolis
Mississippi Gorge
Ulvöspinel. Ulvöspinel or ulvite is an iron titanium oxide mineral with formula: Fe2TiO4 or TiFe2+2O4. It forms brown to black metallic isometric crystals with a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6. It belongs to the spinel group of minerals, as does magnetite, Fe3O4.

Ulvöspinel forms as solid solutions with magnetite at high temperatures and reducing conditions, and grains crystallized from some basalt-gabbro magmas are rich in the ulvöspinel component. The ulvöspinel component tends to oxidize to magnetite plus ilmenite during subsolidus cooling of the host rocks, and the ilmenite so produced may form apparent exsolution (trellis type) laminae in magnetite. The texture was once interpreted as indicating solid solution between ilmenite and magnetite, until the oxidation reaction and resultant textures were reproduced in laboratory experiments first described by Buddington and Lindsley (1964, Journal of Petrology 5, p. 310–357). The results are important to plate tectonics because magnetite is an important recorder of rock magnetism.

Ulvöspinel was first described by Fredrik   Mogensen (1904–1978)  from a dolerite layered intrusion in the Ulvö Islands, Ångermanland, Sweden in 1943. The locality is an iron, titanium and vanadium mining area that has been active since the 17th century. It is common in titaniferous magnetite iron ore deposits. It also occurs in kimberlites, in some reduced iron-bearing basalts and is common in lunar basalts.

References

Spinel group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 227
Minerals described in 1943
Standard time (manufacturing). In industrial engineering, the standard time is the time required by an average skilled operator, working at
a normal pace, to perform a specified task using a prescribed method. It includes appropriate allowances to allow the person to recover from fatigue and, where necessary, an additional allowance to cover contingent elements which may occur but have not been observed.

Standard time = normal time + allowance

Where;

Normal time = average time × rating factor (take rating factor between 1.1 and 1.2)

Usage of the standard time
Time times for all operations are known.

 Staffing (or workforce planning): the number of workers required cannot accurately be determined unless the time required to process the existing work is known.
 Line balancing (or production leveling): the correct number of workstations for optimum work flow depends on the processing time, or standard, at each workstation.
 Materials requirement planning (MRP): MRP systems cannot operate properly without accurate work standards.
 System simulation: simulation models cannot accurately simulate operation unless times for all operations are known.
 Wage payment: comparing expected performance with actual performance requires the use of work standards.
 Cost accounting: work standards are necessary for determining not only the labor component of costs, but also the correct allocation of production costs to specific products.
 Employee evaluation: in order to assess whether individual employees are performing as well as they should, a performance standard is necessary against which to measure the level of performance.

Techniques to establish a standard time
The standard time can be determined using the following techniques:

 Time study
 Predetermined motion time system aka PMTS or PTS
 Standard data system
 Work sampling

Method of calculation
The Standard Time is the product of three factors:
Observed time: The time measured to complete the task.
Performance rating factor: The number pace the person is working at. 90% is working slower than normal, 110% is working faster than normal, 100% is normal.  This factor is calculated by an experienced worker who is trained to observe and determine the rating.
Personal, fatigue, and delay (PFD) allowance.

The standard time can then be calculated by using:

References

Citations 
 Groover, M. P. (2007). Work systems: the methods, measurement and management of work, Prentice Hall, 
 Salvendy, G. (Ed.) (2001). Handbook of Industrial Engineering: Technology and Operations Management, third edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
 Zandin, K. (Ed.) (2001). Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook, fifth edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

External links 
 Standard Performance

Industrial engineering
Time and motion study
Integral linearity. A measurement system consists of a sensor, to input the physical parameter that is of interest, and an output to a medium that is suitable for reading by the system that needs to know the value of the parameter. (This could be a device to convert the temperature of the surrounding air or water into the visually readable height of a column of mercury in a small tube, for example; but the conversion could also be made to an electronic encoding of the parameter, for reading by a computer system.)

The integral linearity is then a measure of the fidelity of the conversion that is performed by the measuring system. It is the relation of the output to the input over a range expressed as a percentage of the full-scale measurements.  Integral linearity is a measure of the device's deviation from ideal linear behaviour.

The most common denotation of integral linearity is independent linearity.

In the context of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) or an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), independent linearity is fitted to minimize the deviation with respect to the ideal behaviour with no constraints. Other types of integral linearity place constraints on the symmetry or end points of the linear fit with respect to the actual data.

In the case of position sensors, two general types exist. Differences between the two regarding independent linearity essentially relate to the type of mechanical interface - linear or rotary. For rotary position sensors, as a shaft (or in the case of magnetic sensors, a magnet) is turned over a defined mechanical range in a direction causing an increasing response, an output voltage changes from a minimum to maximum value. The variation from an ideal linear relationship as this device is changed from minimum to maximum range end-points is the independent linearity error. It is measured in a practical sense as deviation of output voltage as a percentage of input voltage with the maximum value as the range is traversed, usually being referred to in a device's specifications. The same description holds for linear position sensors except that a straight rod (or magnet) is moved along the length of the sensor or as it extends from the end of a linear position sensor.

Notes

 
Measurement
Capstone (cryptography). Capstone is a United States government long-term project to develop cryptography standards for public and government use.  Capstone was authorized by the Computer Security Act of 1987, driven by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Security Agency (NSA); the project began in 1993.

Project
The initiative involved four standard algorithms: a data encryption algorithm called Skipjack, along with the Clipper chip that included the Skipjack algorithm, a digital signature algorithm, Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), a hash function, SHA-1, and a key exchange protocol.  Capstone's first implementation was in the Fortezza PCMCIA card. All Capstone components were designed to provide 80-bit security.

The initiative encountered massive resistance from the cryptographic community, and eventually the US government abandoned the effort.  The main reasons for this resistance were concerns about Skipjack's design, which was classified, and the use of key escrow in the Clipper chip.

References

External links
 EFF archives on Capstone

National Security Agency encryption devices
History of cryptography
Projects established in 1993
RSVP-TE. Resource Reservation Protocol - Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) is an extension of the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) for traffic engineering. It supports the reservation of resources across an IP network. Applications running on IP end systems can use RSVP to indicate to other nodes the nature (bandwidth, jitter, maximum burst, and so forth) of the packet streams they want to receive. RSVP runs on both IPv4 and IPv6.

RSVP-TE generally allows the establishment of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) label-switched paths (LSPs), taking into consideration network constraint parameters such as available bandwidth and explicit hops.

History
, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) MPLS working group deprecated Constraint-based Routing Label Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP) and decided to focus purely on RSVP-TE. Operational overhead of RSVP-TE compared to the more widely deployed Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) will generally be higher. This is a classic trade-off between complexity and optimality in the use of technologies in telecommunications networks.

Standards
  - RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels
  - The Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Working Group decision on MPLS signaling protocols
  - Fast Reroute Extensions to RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels
  - Exclude Routes - Extension to Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)
  - Crankback Signaling Extensions for MPLS and GMPLS RSVP-TE
  - Inter-Domain MPLS and GMPLS Traffic Engineering—Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions
  - Encoding of Attributes for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Switched Path (LSP) Establishment Using Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)
  - Node Behavior upon Originating and Receiving Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Path Error Messages 
  - Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) Protocol Extensions for Multi-Layer and Multi-Region Networks (MLN/MRN)

References

Further reading
 

Internet architecture
Evaristo de Churruca y Brunet. Evaristo de Churruca y Brunet (Oltza, 1841-Bilbao, 1917) was a Spanish engineer. He directed diverse construction work in Murcia and Biscay and subsequently was transferred to Puerto Rico, where he was in charge of the installation of the telegraphic network of the island and carried out a study for the improvement of the port of San Juan.  Returning to Spain, he took charge of the works of the exterior Port of Bilbao and canalization of the Nervion River.

A monument was erected to honour him in the town of Getxo at the mouth of the Nervion River, which he definitely straightened allowing the further developing of Bilbao's industrial power.

References

1841 births
1917 deaths
Spanish engineers
People from Bilbao
Commission for Independent Research and Information on Radioactivity. The Commission for Independent Research and Information on Radioactivity (in the original French, Commission de Recherche et d'Information Indépendantes sur la Radioactivité, or CRIIRAD) is a French NGO which specializes in the analysis of radioactivity in the environment. It was created in the aftermath of the Chernobyl catastrophe on April 26, 1986. It revendicates "being independent from nuclear exploitants, the state and all political parties".

The CRIIRAD has an analysis laboratory, equipped for identification of radioactive contamination (food, water, etc.), which has been delivered the technical qualification certificate by the Health minister. It operates both in France and abroad, and is funded by its investigations (more than a thousand studies since its creation) and its memberships' adhesions. As all other French NGOs, it is regulated by the 1901 law on non-profit organizations.

Among other studies by the CRIIRAD, its investigations on the contamination of the French territory following the 1986 Chernobyl catastrophe are the most known, although it also studied the consequences of the Marcoule nuclear power plant, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents, and published an atlas of radioactive contamination in Europe and France.

See also 
Yury Bandazhevsky (a Belarusian scientist, repressed by the Belarusian state, who has been supported by the CRIIRAD)
List of Chernobyl-related articles
Michèle Rivasi

External links 
 official website
Fukushima contamination in France - What are the risks? 

Aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster

Nuclear energy in France
Environmental organizations based in France
Nuclear safety and security
Anti-nuclear organizations
Clover (detector). A clover detector is a gamma-ray detector that consists of 4 coaxial N-type high purity germanium (Ge) crystals each machined to shape and mounted in a common cryostat to form a structure resembling a four-leaf clover.

The clover is the first composite Ge detector. It remains widely used in the detectors of particle accelerators, where multiple clover modules form an array all around the target to capture the rays. More complex composite detectors, such as the 7-element hexagonal cluster detector used on the Euroball, offer even better data.

Operation
A gamma ray may interact with a single Ge crystal and deposit its full energy. The resulting charge collected will then be proportional to this energy. However, through the process of Compton scattering, a gamma ray may interact with two (or possibly more) crystals resulting in the energy (and thus the liberated charge) being shared by the crystals. In this case, a process known as add-back, where the charge collected by each of the crystals is summed, can be used to determine the energy of the incident gamma ray.

In addition to add-back, the Clover also uses Compton suppression using a fence of BGO detectors. A gamma ray can escape the Clover array via Compton scattering, causing incorrectly low charge values. A BGO detector can detect the escaped ray and have the computer ignore the wrong reading from the Clover.

Advantages
There are a number of advantages offered by using clover detectors as opposed to the more conventional single crystal germanium detectors. Large volume high purity single crystals of Ge can be expensive. By mounting four smaller crystals in a common cryostat a detector of a given volume can be created at a reduced cost. In addition, the individual smaller Ge crystals present a smaller solid angle than a large volume Ge detector thus significantly reducing the effects of Doppler broadening on the resulting spectra. Doppler broadening is further reduced using techniques that exploit the individual readings from the smaller crystals.

A clover detector can also be used to determine the electric or magnetic nature of the incident photons (e.g. if the gamma ray is an electric quadrupole or a magnetic dipole) as the Compton scattering process for these two types of radiation is different. This is called Compton polarimetry.

References

External links
 CLover Array for Radioactive ION beams

Spectrometers
Particle detectors
Motion tracking. Motion tracking may refer to:

 Motion capture, the process of recording the movement of objects or people
 Match moving, a cinematic technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live-action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the objects in the shot
 Video tracking, the process of locating a moving object over time using a camera
 Positional tracking, technology for tracking motion and position of virtual reality and augmented reality devices.
Software Component Management Object. Software Component Management Object (SCOMO) is an Open Mobile Alliance specification that allows a management authority to perform mobile device management on a remote device, including installation, uninstallation, activation and deactivation of software components over the air. It appears to have been in use between 2008 and 2013.

See also
 Over-the-air programming – firmware update over the air (FOTA), Software Components OTA (SCOTA)

References

External links

Mobile telecommunications standards
Open Mobile Alliance standards