omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Daniel I.C. Wang. Daniel I-Chyau Wang (；March 12, 1936 – August 29, 2020 ) was a Chinese-American chemical engineer. He was an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was known for founding the MIT Biotechnology Process Engineering Center and the expansion of the field of biochemical engineering.

Career
Wang received his B.S. (1959) and M.S. (1961) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Ph.D. from in chemical engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 1963 working with Arthur E. Humphrey on high‐temperature short‐time sterilization. 

Wang joined the MIT faculty in 1965 as a member of the department of Nutrition and Food Science. In 1995, he was named an Institute Professor. While at MIT, he established joint programs with the National University of Singapore which would ultimately become a part of the  Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre. His research on fermentation, monitoring and control of bioprocesses, renewable resource utilization, enzyme technology, product recovery and purification, protein aggregation and refolding, and mammalian cell cultures made him a pioneer in biochemical and biological engineering.

Wang was a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and Academia Sinica. He co-authored five books and more than 250 papers in professional journals. He was a co-founder of the Society for Biological Engineering of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. In 2019, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers established the D.I.C. Wang Award for Excellence in Biochemical Engineering in his honor.

References

External links
MIT faculty webpage - Chemical Engineering
DIC Wang Group

1936 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
American chemical engineers
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Engineers from Jiangsu
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of Academia Sinica
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Grate firing. Grate firing is a type of industrial combustion system used for solid fuels. It now is used mainly for burning waste and biomass, but also for smaller coal furnaces.

 Capacities 0.3 to 175 MWth in industry and CHP
 Fuel fired per grate area 1-2 MW/m2, maximum grate area 100 m2
 Grates are typical only suitable for coarse particles, for fine particles a spreader is required, increases max. capacity
 Primary air through the grate (also used for cooling) and secondary air

Types

Travelling grate
A moving grate which is covered with a fuel layer, 10-30 cm. Power control by means of varying the grate velocity

Reciprocating grate
For ash-rich, low calorific fuels like municipal waste, arrangement of stationary and moving grates -> conveying and mixing (forward-moving type or reverse-action grate)

Vibrating grate
Water cooled membrane wall, with holes for air. For burning coal or wood.

Grate area
The grate area is the area of the grate (length x width). The larger the grate area, the more fuel can be burned per hour. The amount of fuel burned also depends on the fuel or bed movement velocity.

See also
 Fluidised bed firing
 Pulverized fuel firing

Energy conversion
Brianite. Brianite is a phosphate mineral with the chemical formula Na2CaMg(PO4)2. It was first identified in an iron meteorite. This mineral is named after Brian Harold Mason (1917–2009), a pioneer in meteoritics.

It was first reported from the Dayton meteorite in Montgomery County, Ohio in 1966. It occurs in phosphate nodules within the meteorite. Associated minerals include: panethite, whitlockite, albite, enstatite, schreibersite, kamacite, taenite, graphite, sphalerite and troilite.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

Phosphate minerals
Meteorite minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
John S. Waugh. John Stewart Waugh (April 25, 1929 – August 22, 2014) was an American chemist and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is known for developing average hamiltonian theory and using it to extend NMR spectroscopy, previously limited to liquids, to the solid state. He is the author of ANTIOPE, a freeware general purpose Windows-based simulator of the spectra and dynamics of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). He has also used systems of a few coupled spins to illustrate the general requirements for equilibrium and ergodicity in isolated systems.

In 1974 Waugh was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), in the Chemistry section.

Waugh was awarded the Wolf Prize in Chemistry for 1983/84 with Herbert S. Gutowsky and Harden M. McConnell for their independent work on NMR spectroscopy. Waugh was cited for his "fundamental theoretical and experimental contributions to high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solids." In 2011, Waugh received the Welch Award in Chemistry for revolutionizing NMR spectroscopy. In the words of Ernest H. Cockrell, chair of the Welch Foundation, Waugh "discovered how to use NMR to study solids, creating a collection of tools that allows researchers to view the structures and properties of proteins, membranes, viruses, and many other critical components of life." His work continues to be used extensively in chemistry, physics, biology, materials science, and medicine.  He died on August 22, 2014.

References

Sources

External links
MIT faculty webpage

1929 births
2014 deaths
People from Willimantic, Connecticut
20th-century American chemists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
Computational chemists
Heavy Water Components Test Reactor. Heavy Water Components Test Reactor (HWCTR) was an experimental nuclear reactor at the Savannah River Site in Aiken County, South Carolina. It was commonly called "Hector."

History 
It was constructed in 1958, starting in a temporary construction area, which is now called "B" Area. This is near the intersection of SRS roads "2" and "C." It is identified as Building 770-U. It has a cylindrical structure with a hemispherical dome. Its diameter is 70 ft (21.3 m) with a height of 125 ft (38.1 m). About 60 ft (18.3 m) is located underground. The building was designed to contain an internal pressure of 24 psig (165 kPa). It had a 70 MW thermal output.

It was built to test the concept of a heavy water moderated and cooled reactor for civilian power. It was tested from late 1962 to December 1964. It was not restarted. The fuel was removed and the facility was secured by 1971. All auxiliary buildings were removed. The reactor building awaits its final disposition.

During deactivation activities at the HWCTR in 2010, an unanticipated high dose was experienced during the removal of wire flux monitor cabling. On November 2, 2010, when work was in progress to remove the instrumentation, one of three small helium-filled ion chambers was removed from the instrumentation sleeve. A higher than expected dose rate was detected when the lowest of the three ion chambers exited the reactor vessel below the lower axial shield. As a result, three workers received whole body doses of 2.52 mREM, 2.7 mREM, and 5.6 mREM, which is equal to 1.5–3.3 average daily human exposures in the United States.

References

Nuclear research reactors
Savannah River Site
RAAC. RAAC may refer to:
 Regional Assessment Appeal Court, Nova Scotia, Canada, concerned with property matters
 Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete, a construction material
 Rowing Association of American Colleges, U.S. (1870–1894)
 Royal Australian Armoured Corps

See also

 
 
 RAC (disambiguation)
 RACC (disambiguation)
 RRAC
 Rack (disambiguation)
 RAK (disambiguation)
 Raq (disambiguation)
 RACQ
Judson S. Swearingen. Dr. Judson S. Swearingen (January 11, 1907 – September 5, 1999) was a theoretician, hands-on manager, inventor and entrepreneur.  He made major contributions to the technology of cryogenic expanders, compressors, and to the design of shaft seals for high-speed machinery.

He received his Ph.D. from the University of Texas (UT) in 1933. Prior to joining the UT faculty in 1939 he was an entrepreneur and co-owned a small cracking plant and a natural gasoline plant.

In December 1942, Swearington invented the leak proof seal essential to the successful operation of the K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Oak Ridge, TN.

Swearingen was a member of the National Academy of Engineering beginning in 1977.

References

1907 births
1999 deaths
University of Texas at Austin alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American businesspeople
Manhattan Project people
20th-century American inventors
Natural gasoline. Natural gasoline is a liquid hydrocarbon mixture condensed from natural gas, similar to common gasoline (petrol) derived from petroleum.

The chemical composition of natural gasoline is mostly five- and six-carbon alkanes (pentanes and hexanes) with smaller amounts of alkanes with longer chains. It contains significant amounts of isopentane (methyl butane) , which is rare in the petroleum product. Its boiling point is within the standard range for gasoline, and its vapor pressure is intermediate between those of natural gas condensate (drip gas) and liquefied petroleum gas.  Its typical gravity is around 80 API.

Natural gasoline is rather volatile and unstable, and has a low octane rating, but can be blended with other hydrocarbons to produce commercial gasoline.  It is also used as a solvent to extract oil from oil shale. Its properties are standardized by GPA Midstream (formerly Gas Processors Association).

Uses 

Natural gasoline is often used as a denaturant for fuel-grade ethanol, where it is commonly added volumetrically between 2.0% and 2.5% to make denatured fuel ethanol (DFE), or E98. This process renders the fuel-grade ethanol undrinkable. It is then transferred to a blender, which will add this E98 to conventional gasoline to make common 87 octane fuels (E10). It can also be added to ethanol in higher volumetric concentrations to produce high-level blends of ethanol, such as E85. Natural gasoline has a lower octane content (RON roughly equal to 70) than conventional commercial distilled gasoline, so it cannot normally be used by itself for fuel for modern automobiles. However, when mixed with higher concentrations of ethanol (RON roughly equal to 113) to produce products such as E85, the octane level of the natural gasoline and ethanol mixture is now within the usable range for flex-fuel vehicles.

Sources 

It may be sourced from production of natural-gas wells (see "drip gas") or produced by extraction processes in the field, as opposed to refinery cracking of conventional gasoline.

References

Fuels
Natural gas
List of Star Trek technical manuals. Star Trek Technical Manuals are a number of both official and fan-produced works detailing the technology of the fictional Star Trek universe; most pertain to starship design, though others target equipment used in the various Star Trek television series and films.

Franz Joseph Schnaubelt published the original Star Fleet Technical Manual in 1975; since then other manuals have been created by fans and professional artists alike to chronicle the increasing variety of both canon and noncanon vessels and gear. Trek fan Shane Johnson created the official Pocket Books works Mr. Scott's Guide to the Enterprise and Worlds of the Federation after making his own self-produced blueprints.

Two manual creators moved from making blueprints to helping shape the look of the shows themselves. Rick Sternbach became an official illustrator for the franchise's first theatrical release, and later worked for the series Next Generation, Deep Space Nine and Voyager; he went on to contribute to the Next Generation and Deep Space Nine technical manuals from Pocket Books. Geoffery Mandel, who helped create Pocket Books's interstellar reference work Star Trek: Star Charts, worked as scenic artist on the Voyager and Enterprise series as well as the film Star Trek: Insurrection. 

For details on out-of-universe reference books see List of Star Trek reference books.
The following list is incomplete.

Star Trek Technical Manuals

Reference material by year and title

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Unknown 

 
Technical manuals
Star Trek technical
Ralph Nuzzo. Ralph G. Nuzzo (born February 23, 1954 in Paterson, New Jersey) is an American chemist and professor. Nuzzo is a researcher in the chemistry of materials, including processes that occur at surfaces and interfaces. His work has led to new techniques for fabricating and manipulating materials at the nano scale level, including functional device structures for microelectronics, optics and chemical sensing.

Biography
Nuzzo was a pioneer in the development of methods of self-assembled monolayers that have led to entirely new areas of surface chemistry with important extensions into physics, biology and materials, and with numerous applications ranging from bio-sensors to advanced electronics. His work has made important contributions to soft lithography – a low cost alternative to conventional photo-lithography for patterning circuits on microchips.

Nuzzo co-authored the paper on the "use of principles of physical organic chemistry to create functional surfaces based on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)." The report is one of the "most highly cited papers in the Journal of the American Chemical Society history".

Education
Professor Nuzzo received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Rutgers University in 1976 and his Ph.D. degree in organic chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980. After completing his graduate studies, he accepted a position at Bell Laboratories, then a part of AT&T, where he held the title of distinguished member of the technical staff in materials research. He is currently the G. L. Clark Professor of Chemistry, and a professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Awards and achievements
2022 – Kavli Prize in Nanoscience
2021 – Member of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences
2011 – Fellow of the American Chemical Society 
2007 – Fellow of the AVS 
2005 – World Innovation Foundation, Fellow 
2005 – American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow 
2003 – ACS Arthur Adamson Award for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Surface Chemistry 
2003 – Senior Editor of Langmuir 
2003 – Distinguished Technical Staff Award, Bell Laboratories

References

External links
Nuzzo's Current Research
Nuzzo's Research Group Webpage

21st-century American chemists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
1954 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Chemical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Kavli Prize laureates in Nanoscience
ArtBots. ArtBots: The Robot Talent Show is an international robot talent show held in New York City and other cities.  It is sponsored by a variety of arts organizations, produced by an army of volunteers, and is directed and curated by dorkbot founder, and teacher Douglas Repetto. 

ArtBots is vaguely modeled on a tongue-in-cheek version of Battlebots, where robotic art submissions are curated for a group show based not on their ability to fight one another, but on their ability to make (or be) art. Repetto felt that there was too much attention focused on "violent, competitive aspects of robotics" and wished to create something more comprehensive. Repetto also described how robots have a "creative side."

Robots competing in ArtBots were very diverse in function and build.  An interesting inclusion was Tribbalation, a round, whiskered robot which through sensors responds to "stimuli like compliments and stroking." Neil is a humanoid robot that responds to participants and emotes moods based on its interaction. Robozoic, by Brett Doar, has a very simple brain created with a rotating cylinder which works similarly to a music box. Robots in ArtBots aren't always the art itself, for example, some robots participating draw or create music. One especially interesting artistic robot was MEART, a brain-cell/mechanical arm hybrid which creates abstract "portraits." 

The show runs for a number of days, and two (nominal) prizes are awarded: the People's Choice Award goes to the work that gets the most audience votes, while the Robot Choice Award is decided on by the artists themselves. Winners of the 2003 competition included the League of Electronic Musical Urban Robots (LEMUR), which consisted of five robots which acted as self-playing instruments and took the Audience Choice Award. The winners of the Robots' Choice Award was micro.adam and micro.eva who respond to one another.

ArtBots is dedicated to the creation, presentation, and celebration of robotic art and art-making robotics, and to the promotion of the idea that robotics, and new technologies in general, are accessible, fun, intelligible, and useful, and that everyone, not just a technological elite, can participate in and influence society's technological progress. However, some artists working with electronics and robotics are invited to participate in ArtBots, showing a "kinetic tree" at the 2005 festival. Workshops have been included at some festivals to teach participants how to create their own robots.

In 2002, ArtBots was featured at the Pratt Institute. In 2003, it was held as a festival at Eyebeam, a gallery in Chelsea. Dublin hosted the 2005 festival and it was the first time ArtBots was held outside of New York. In 2006 and 2007, it took place in New York. The 2011 event took place in Gent, Belgium.

References

External links
 ArtBots Main Site

Robotics competitions
Robotic art
Talent shows
Art festivals in the United States
Science festivals
Natural circulation boiler. In a natural circulation boiler the circulation is achieved by the difference in density when the water in the boiler is heated. In natural circulation steam boilers the circulation of water is by convection currents, which are set up during the heating of water. In most of the boilers there is a natural circulation of water the fundamental principle of which is based on the principle of Thermosiphon.

See also
Controlled circulation
Forced circulation boiler 
Once through steam generator 

Boilers
JPC (emulator). JPC is an x86 emulator written in pure Java. It can run on any platform that supports the Java virtual machine. It creates a virtual PC compatible machine that can run MS-DOS and other x86 operating systems. Programs inside JPC can run up to 20% of the native processor speed. JPC was written by the Oxford University Subdepartment of Particle Physics.

Features 
 Safe, secure and portable due to being 100% pure Java
 Snapshot facility
 Remote disk option
 Integrated debugger
 Network card (tested by playing network Doom)
 PC speaker emulation
 Virtual FAT32 drive to wrap a directory

Compatibility 
 boots DOS
 boots graphical Linux (DSL, Feather)
 boots many Linux's into text mode
 boots Windows 3.0

Emulated hardware 
 Southbridge chipset: PIIX3
 Chipset: Intel i440FX PCI Host Bridge
 Network device: NE2000
 Storage: P-ATA
 Real-time clock: MC146818
 Direct Memory Access Controller (DMA): Intel 8237
 Interval Timer (IT): Intel 8254
 Serial Port: 16450 UART
 Floating-point unit (FPU)

See also 

 Comparison of platform virtualization software

References

External links
 
 

X86 emulators
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Free emulation software
Jane's USAF. Jane's USAF: United States Air Force is a combat flight simulation video game developed by Israeli studio Pixel Multimedia and released in 1999 as part of Jane's Combat Simulations series. The game is set from the late 1960s to the early 2000s and it is a jet aircraft survey simulation featuring satellite imagery for terrain which allowed quite detailed graphics for the time of the release of Jane's USAF. The game features four campaigns: the Vietnam War, Persian Gulf War, and two fictional campaigns, one based on the Red Flag exercises and one depicting a war between NATO and Russia over Germany in the then-future of 2005.  Also included are single missions, with maps from the Middle East to Korea.  Training missions include take-off, landing, and refuelling in Nellis Air Force Base.

Reception

USAF was a runner-up for Computer Gaming Worlds 1999 "Simulation of the Year" award, which ultimately went to MiG Alley. It was also a finalist for Computer Games Strategy Pluss 1999 "Simulation Game of the Year" award, losing again to MiG Alley. The editors wrote: "All is forgiven for IAF, Pixel Multimedia’s last sim. With USAF, they deliver terrific gameplay and lots of options in this rah-rah All-American sim that's a great choice for beginners and experts alike".

References

External links

1999 video games
Combat flight simulators
Electronic Arts games
Gulf War video games
Jane's Combat Simulations
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Israel
Video games set in Germany
Video games with historical settings
Vietnam War video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Penn Line Manufacturing. Penn Line Manufacturing was a United States manufacturer of model railroad equipment, produced in Boyertown, Pennsylvania.

History

The company was founded in 1947 by Albert M. Mercer, K. Linwood Stauffer and Robert Faust, hobbyists who believed that most of the model railroad equipment produced at that time lacked realism. Japan and Germany produced few due to the recently ended World War II, while the main United States train model brands at that time, Lionel Corp. and American Flyer, did not put as much authentic detail on their trains as their O and S gauges would have allowed.

Penn Line's early contribution to model railroading was the use of printer's lead to cast the locomotives. This allowed very fine detail in the castings, much greater detail than could be achieved from stampings. And while the larger O gauge and S gauge had the potential for more detail, Penn Line's founders chose to use the smaller HO gauge. Their thinking was that the potential for realism coming from more elaborate layouts made HO the best compromise. This was at a time when HO gauge was far from the standard it is today. Penn Line produced about a half dozen different locomotives based on prototypes from the Pennsylvania Railroad, hence the choice of the company name Penn Line.

In the early 1960s, Penn Line entered the emerging slot car market. They attempted to bring the same realism that they had used in model railroading to slot car racing. They produced a nicely detailed, but poorly powered Indianapolis-style set endorsed by A. J. Foyt. Problems with this product caused Penn Line to declare bankruptcy in the fall of 1963.

Most of the former Penn Line Pennsylvania Railroad die-cast steam locomotive kits were later produced by Bowser Manufacturing, and are still available in 2007.

External links
 Penn Line History and Catalogs- Penn Line History and Catalogs
 Penn Line Locomotive Assembly Instructions- Penn Line Locomotive Assembly Instructions

Toy train manufacturers
Model railroad manufacturers
Slot car manufacturers
Toy companies established in 1947
1947 establishments in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Model manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1963