omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chiffon (fabric). Chiffon (; , , from the French word  which means "cloth or rag"; is a lightweight, balanced plain-woven sheer fabric, or gauze, like gossamer, woven of alternate S- and Z-twist crepe (high-twist) yarns. Crepe yarn tends to have a tighter twist than standard yarns. The twist in the crepe yarns puckers the fabric slightly in both directions after weaving, giving it some stretch and a slightly rough feel.

Characteristics 
Chiffon is a lightweight fabric which is associated with elegance and luxury; it drapes well and has a shimmery and sheer appearance. Under a magnifying glass, chiffon resembles a fine net or mesh, which gives it some transparency.

Chiffon can be produced out of natural or synthetic fibres. Silk chiffon was very expensive, and it is with the development of synthetic chiffon, such as nylon chiffon, polyester chiffon, and rayon chiffon, that chiffon became more accessible and more popular for common usage. 

Since chiffon is a light-weight fabric which frays easily, bound or French seams must be used to stop the fabric from fraying.

Natural fibres 
Early chiffon was made purely from silk and was very expensive; when used in fashion, it was associated with high status. Silk chiffon displays colours beautifully since silk fibres absorb dyes well. Chiffon also drapes well, adding structure to the clothing item it is formed into.  Silk chiffon needs to be dry cleaned. 

In China, silk chiffon made of raw silk was known as  (), which was also the name of raw silk. 

Chiffon could also be made out of cotton.

Synthetic fibres 
In 1938, a nylon chiffon was invented; this was followed by the creation of polyester chiffon in 1958, which became immensely popular due to its resilience and low cost.  

Chiffon can also be produced out of rayon.

Usage 
In modern Western fashion, chiffon is most commonly used in evening wear, especially as an overlay, for giving an elegant and floating appearance to the gown. It is also a popular fabric used in blouses, ribbons, scarves and lingerie. 

In India, Chiffon is primarily used to make Sarees and dupattas.

Similar items 
Chiffon is smoother and more lustrous than the similar fabric georgette.

Chiffon is more flowing and airy when drape than organza which is stiffer.

Chiffon is more moveable and flimsy while Tulle is more firm with a mesh type appearance.

See also 
Chiffon cake

References

External links 
 

Spinning
Woven fabrics
Tunnel injection. Tunnel injection is a field electron emission effect; specifically a quantum process called Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, whereby charge carriers are injected to an electric conductor through a thin layer of an electric insulator. 

It is used to program NAND flash memory. The process used for erasing is called tunnel release. This injection is achieved by creating a large voltage difference between the gate and the body of the MOSFET. When VGB >> 0, electrons are injected into the floating gate. When VGB << 0, electrons are forced out of the floating gate.

An alternative to tunnel injection is the spin injection.

See also 
 Hot carrier injection

References 

Quantum mechanics
Semiconductors
Duraspark. The Duraspark II is a Ford electronic ignition system.

Ford Motor Company began using electronic ignitions in 1973 with the Duraspark electronic ignition system and introduced the Duraspark II system in 1976.  The biggest change, apart from the control box redesign, was the large distributor cap to handle the increased spark energy.

Description
Ford used several models over the years. They were coded by the color of the plastic wire strain relief, or "grommet" as it is most often called, in order to make them easy to identify. In addition to the color-coding, the modules may have a keyway molded into the electrical connectors to prevent accidental use in the wrong vehicle.

The system consists of a magnetic reluctor and pickup in the distributor, with a separate fender mounted ignition module to trigger the coil. Typically, Duraspark II distributors have both mechanical and vacuum advance mechanisms.

Certain 1981–83 models used the EEC-III system, which uses a Dura-Spark III module (brown grommet where wires emerge) and a Dura-Spark II ignition coil. A resistance wire is used in the primary circuit. The distributors in EEC-III (and later) systems eliminate conventional mechanical and vacuum advance mechanisms. All timing is controlled by the engine computer, which is capable of firing the spark plug at any point within a 50-degree range depending on calibration. This increased spark capability requires greater separation of adjacent distributor cap electrodes to prevent cross-fire, another reason for its large-diameter distributor cap. This system is very similar to the systems used at MSD; MSD used the Duraspark during R&D.

In the aftermarket
The Duraspark II ignition system is a common upgrade for older Ford cars equipped with a points-type ignition. In most cases, the distributor will interchange with the older-style points distributor. The system is similar to some aftermarket systems and the control module may be easily swapped. Duraspark swaps are easy and can be run by a Duraspark box or an aftermarket box. MSD makes a harness that adapts the Duraspark mag pick up right to an aftermarket box such as the 6AL2. Re-curving a Duraspark is a way to build additional power and economy. Examples of these are available on eBay and Summit Racing.

Use by AMC
The Duraspark module was used by AMC starting in 1978 and continued to be used with AMC's computerized engine control. The Motorcraft Duraspark system replaced the older Prestolite system in 1978.

AMC used the "blue grommet" module from 1978 and it continued on the carbureted AMC engines through the Chrysler buyout until 1991 for V8 engines and 1990 for inline 6 engines. In 1982 AMC briefly used the "yellow double grommet" module with three connectors in some passenger cars and Jeeps.

References

Ford Motor Company
Engine technology
Engines
Automotive technology tradenames
AN/APG-79. The AN/APG-79 is a type of active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar that was developed for use on the United States Navy's Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and Boeing EA-18G Growler aircraft. The radar's AESA technology provides quick updates on multiple targets, and its solid-state antenna construction makes it more reliable and cost-effective than traditional radar systems. The radar has a range of up to 150 km (80 nm) and can track multiple targets simultaneously. It is capable of firing weapons such as the AIM-120 AMRAAM's D model and guiding multiple missiles to targets located at varying distances and directions. As of July 2008, 100 APG-79 sets had been delivered to the United States Navy, and the Navy expects to order around 437 production radars. In January 2013, the Director, Operational Test & Evaluation (DOT&E) disclosed some issues with the APG-79 radar during its initial operational testing, but upgrades have been made over time.

Variants

AN/APG-79(V)4 
The AN/APG-79(V)4 has been selected for retrofitting the F/A-18C/D and upgrading the fleets of F/A-18 fighters in Malaysia and the United States Marine Corps. The APG-79(V)4 is the first U.S. fighter radar to use gallium nitride (GaN) transmit/receive modules.

See also 

 AN/APG-65 radar family
 AN/APG-82
 AN/APG-76
List of radars
List of military electronics of the United States

References

External links 
 Raytheon products website

Aircraft radars
Military electronics of the United States
Military radars of the United States
Radars of the United States Air Force
Raytheon Company products
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
Night Shift (video game). Night Shift is a video game developed by Attention to Detail and published in 1990 by Lucasfilm Games. It is an action game where the hero is a worker in a factory owned by Industrial Might and Logic (a parody of Industrial Light & Magic). The player's character ensures that the factory is working properly as it cranks out Star Wars action figures, including those of stormtroopers and Darth Vader. The object of the game is to always ensure the factory is working properly, and to move into increasingly better homes.

Development
Developed by Jon Dean, Chris Gibbs, Fred Gill, John Steele, Jim Torjussen, and Martin Green, the game was first conceived as Fixit, revolving around a factory worker trying to keep a machine nicknamed "Beast" from breaking down, while simultaneously needing to charge it with a bicycle-based generator every few minutes. Inspired by Gibbs' childhood love of engineering, who built upon the idea and suggested that they have the player run through part of the machine as an animated platform game, renaming the project Mr. Fixit. Dean met with LucasArts' producers, who were receptive to the idea but wanted to make use of their existing intellectual properties as well. Dean redesigned the game's concept to tie into them more readily, and added a female playable character to add "feminine appeal" to the title. The game was rebranded Night Shift at the suggestion of LucasArts, and Dean developed the manual around the idea of an employee handbook, inspired by manuals used in Infocom games.

Reception

References

External links
 An article about Night Shift in Crash Magazine
 
 
 

1990 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
Attention to Detail games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
LucasArts games
Single-player video games
U.S. Gold games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by David Lowe
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
ZX Spectrum games
LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 5000. LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 number 5000 is a preserved British steam locomotive.  It is part of the National Railway Collection.

Service 
5000 was built at Crewe in 1935 and was initially the first numerically of its class. It however was not the first to be built because the Vulcan Foundry had turned out the first of their simultaneous order, No. 5020 in 1934. It also ceased to be the first numerically when No. 4800 was built in 1944, after the LMS ran out of available numbers after No. 5499 was built.

5000 was built with a low degree superheat domeless boiler.

5000 had 40000 added to its number to become 45000 after nationalisation in 1948 by British Railways.

Preservation 
After withdrawal from Lostock Hall shed, near Preston in 1967, 5000 was selected to represent its 842-strong class as part of the National Railway Collection. Part of the reason for this was that it had a domeless boiler and was roughly in the condition as built. It was therefore painted in its original LMS lined black livery. However, there had been changes over its lifetime and as a result there are numerous detail differences between 5000 as built and 5000 as preserved.

5000 was steamed on the Severn Valley Railway and on the mainline in preservation. In 1980, 5000 attended The Rocket 150 celebrations at Rainhill, where she hauled a short mixed goods which included 2 flatwagons carrying a replica of the engine Novelty, & The Earl from the Welshpool and Llanfair Railway, which at the time was on loan to the NRM before returning to Welshpool by the late 1990s. Since its boiler certificate expired in 1990, it has been restricted to being a static exhibit and  it is on display at the Shildon Locomotion Museum in County Durham.

References

External links 

 Railuk database

45000
Preserved London, Midland and Scottish Railway steam locomotives
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1935
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
4-6-0 locomotives
Midland Railway 3835 Class. The Midland Railway (MR) 3835 Class is a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotives designed for freight work.  The first two were introduced in 1911 by Henry Fowler. After the grouping in 1923, the designs were slightly modified and continued to be built up to 1941 by the LMS as the LMS Fowler Class 4F.

History
A total of 197 engines were built. 192 of them were sequentially numbered 3835–4026 for the Midland Railway. After nationalisation in 1948 British Railways added 40000 to their numbers so they became 43835–44026. Five engines were constructed by Armstrong Whitworth for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway in 1922, numbered 57–61. They were absorbed into LMS stock in 1930, becoming 4557–4561.

Accidents and incidents
On 19 November 1926, locomotive No. 3980 was one of two hauling a freight train. One of the private owner wagons disintegrated, derailing the train at , Yorkshire. A signal post was partly brought down, obstructing an adjacent line. The carriages of an express passenger train had their sides ripped open by the signal post. Eleven people were killed.
On 6 March 1930, locomotive No. 4009 was hauling a ballast train that was in collision with a passenger train, hauled by Ex-LNWR Claughton Class 4-6-0 No. 5971, at  station, Cumberland. The passenger train had departed from  against signals. Two people were killed and four were seriously injured.

Withdrawal

The 197 engines in this class were withdrawn between 1954 and 1965 as follows:

Preservation

One Midland-built 4F, (4)3924 is preserved on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway, the first locomotive to leave Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, South Wales in September 1968.

Models 

Bachmann Branchline 3835 Class in OO gauge, which was also adapted into Graham Farish N gauge model.

Hornby introduced a OO gauge model of 3924 in 2022 to celebrate the film "Return of the Railway Children" which featured this locomotive. The model is in a variation of LMS unlined black.

References

External links

Class 4F-B Details at Rail UK

3835
Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway locomotives
0-6-0 locomotives
Armstrong Whitworth locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1911
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives
Jiro (software). Jiro is the registered name used by Sun Microsystems for an extension to Java and Jini.

Jiro as an industry initiative, along with an EMC initiative called "Wide Sky" were catalysts in the late nineties for a common interface to storage devices, leading to the Bluefin specification, subsequently donated to the SNIA for the foundation of the SMI-S industry standard.

Jiro was established by Sun in 1998 subsequent to acquiring a small company called Redcape Policy Software. Initially known by the moniker "StoreX," this technology was targeted at storage management.  Jiro in many ways was a management oriented extension to Jini, leveraging many of Jini's ideas and capabilities for automatic detection of elements to be managed. Jiro was a Management Framework infrastructure based on a distributed runtime environment. It was standardized as JSR 9 by the Java Community Process.

Jiro never gained the broad industry support necessary for success, because every device had to have a custom adapter (or Management Facade), and it was withdrawn from the market in 2001.  Though never gaining commercial or industry acceptance, Jiro was one of the precursors to the development of the Storage Networking Industry Association's (SNIA) Storage Management Initiative (SMI) SNIA SMI Home Page, which has been seen as successful in promoting the use of open standards for storage management.  Mark Carlson (one of the first employees at Redcape) led this effort based on his experience at Sun Microsystems as a Jiro developer and evangelist. By 2005, most large storage systems providers had announced adoption of SNIA's SMI specifications within their storage management products.  The SNIA has now embarked on a project to standardize Management Frameworks along the lines of the earlier Jiro project using web services to communicate between standard service components.

Overview
Jiro Implements an infrastructure for creating integrated and automated management software in a distributed, cross-platform environment. Jiro makes use of Jini technology for allowing services come and go in network.

Jiro introduces a middle tier of management between the client/GUI and other Java-based agent technologies such as JMX and JDMK. This middle tier is where the automation of management take place.

Jiro divides a management environment into domains. Each domain only a shared management server (a Java Virtual Machine running Jiro services) that represents the domain as a whole. Other private management server can host management services that are specific to their host.

References

Java platform
Belling-Lee connector. The Belling-Lee connector (also type 9,52, but largely only in the context of its specification, IEC 61169, Part 2: Radio-frequency coaxial connector of type 9,52) is commonly used in Europe, parts of Southeast Asia, and Australia, to connect coaxial cables with each other and with terrestrial VHF/UHF roof antennas, antenna signal amplifiers, CATV distribution equipment, TV sets, and FM and DAB radio receivers. In these countries, it is known colloquially as an aerial connector, IEC connector, PAL connector, or simply as a TV aerial connector. It is one of the oldest coaxial connectors still commonly used in consumer devices. For television signals, the convention is that the source has a male connector and the receptor has a female connector. For FM radio signals, the convention is that the source has a female connector and the receptor has a male connector. This is more or less universally adopted with TV signals, while it is not uncommon for FM radio receivers to deviate from this, especially FM radio receivers from companies not based in the areas that use this kind of connector.

It was invented at Belling & Lee Ltd in Enfield, United Kingdom around 1922 at the time of the first BBC broadcasts. Originally intended for use only at MF frequencies (up to 1.6 MHz) when adopted for television they were used for frequencies as high as 957 MHz.  Belling Lee Limited still exists as a wholly owned subsidiary of Dialight, since 1992.

In type 9,52, the 9,52, in French SI style, refers to the  male external and female internal connector body diameter.

In their most common form the connectors just slide together. There is, however, also a screw-coupled variant which is specified to have an M14×1 thread.

There is also a miniature Belling-Lee connector which was used for internal connections inside some equipment (including BBC RC5/3 Band II receiver and the STC AF101 Radio Telephone). The miniature version is only about  in diameter.

See also 
 List of RF connector types
 F connector
 RF connector

References

External links 
 How to wire a Belling-Lee connector (TV aerial plug).
 Make your own fly-lead.

RF connectors
Television technology
Television terminology
Socket
Jet 14. The Jet 14 is an American sailing dinghy that was designed by Howard Siddons as a one-design racer and first built in 1952.

The Jet 14 is a development of Uffa Fox's  International 14.

Production
Siddons used a set of early International 14 molds that he had acquired to create the Jet 14 hull shape, with a partial foredeck added. It was initially intended to be sailed as a catboat with just a mainsail or as a sloop, with a jib, but these days is only sailed as a sloop.

The design was initially built by Siddons & Sindle in Island Heights, New Jersey, United States, but the company went out of business and production was assumed by the Allen Boat Company of Buffalo, New York, who still produce it. A total of 1,000 boats have been built.

Design
The Jet 14 is a recreational sailboat, with the early boats built predominantly of wood and later boats constructed of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig with wooden or aluminum spars. The hull has a plumb stem, a vertical transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable centerboard. It displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with the centerboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer or car roof rack.

For sailing the design is equipped with either a mainsheet traveler or a headknocker cleat mounted on the boom. The class rules were amended to allow spinnakers in 1971 and many boats have cutouts in the foredeck for spinnaker stowage, either a single cutout near the bow of one on each side of the mast. The boat's class rules restrict the cutout sizes. The design is often sailed with the spinnaker and jib hoisted unless in very light winds.

The class rules permit a lever-style boom vang and a jib window for visibility. The rules require buoyancy to be added to the wooden boats, while the fiberglass ones have built-in buoyancy tanks that make them unsinkable.

The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 97.6 and is normally raced with a crew of two sailors.

Operational history
There are fleets sailed in New York state, New Jersey, Maryland and Ohio.

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "The Jet 14 ... is fast, going well to windward. The long flat run of the hull and the light weight allow her to plane."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Dinghies
1950s sailboat type designs
Two-person sailboats
Sailboat type designs by Howard Siddons
Sailboat types built by Allen Boat Company
Sailboat types built by Siddons & Sindle
Parallel Bus Interface. The Parallel Bus Interface, or PBI, is a 50-pin port found on some XL models of the Atari 8-bit computers. It provides unbuffered, direct connection to the system bus lines (address, data, control), running at the same speed as the 6502 CPU. The 600XL and 800XL, along with the unreleased 1400XL and 1450XLD have a PBI interface.

The Enhanced Cartridge Interface, or ECI, is a modified version of the PBI designed to be smaller and less expensive to implement. Many of the pins in the PBI are duplicated in the 30-pin cartridge slot, so ECI was limited to only those 14 pins in the PBI that were not in the cartridge slot. Placed side-by-side on the back of the computer, devices plugged into both at the same time to provide the same electrical interface as the PBI. The ECI is found on late production units of the 65XE, the 130XE, and the 800XE.

Details
The PBI is implemented as a rectangular 50-pin edge connector on the back of XL machines. The pins include all 16 address lines (A0 through A15) and 8 data lines (D0 through D7). Other pins include various electrical supplies, clock signals, interrupts, memory strobes, and even an analog audio input.

As many of these pins were already implemented as part of the already-existing 30-pin ROM cartridge slots on Atari machines, the XE series re-implemented the PBI to include only those pins that the PBI had but the cartridge slot didn't. The resulting connector contained only 14 pins, mostly the address pins A13 though A15, and the various sound and signal pins of the PBI. The ECI slot was placed beside the cartridge slot, allowing a single connector to be inserted into both connectors and re-create the functionality of the entire PBI.

Pinout

Devices
Atari 1064 Memory Module - Designed specifically for the 600XL, it upgraded the memory of the 600XL to 64kB. Only parallel bus device released by Atari.
Atari 1090 Expansion System - Designed to give expansion slots to the XL computers.
ICD Multi I/O Board - Hooked up to either a PBI or ECI connection. Featured a RAMdisk, parallel port, serial port, print spooler and a hard disk interface.
Black Box - The Black Box by CSS hooks up to either PBI or ECI connection. Featured a SCSI interface, a serial port, parallel port, floppy drive interface and a built-in menu system.
SupraDrive - an early SCSI disk drive.
 Karin Maxi, a parallel floppy disk drive.
 KMK/JŻ IDE (aka IDEa), an ATA host adapter ().
 Turbo Freezer XL/XE, a freezer with onboard ROM including a monitor/debugger and RAM expansion (re-released 2005 and 2011 by ABBUC).
 IDE2ECI
 RAM320XL for the PBI and RAM320XE/576 for the ECI external RAM expansions.

References 

 Ian Chadwick, Appendix 14: The XL/XE Parallel Bus, Mapping the Atari Revised Edition, COMPUTE! Publications,

External links 
ICD Boosts 8-bit Atari Power Antic Magazine. Review on ICD products for the Atari.

Atari 8-bit computers