omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Earthquake simulation. Earthquake simulation applies a real or simulated vibrational input to a structure that possesses the essential features of a real seismic event.  Earthquake simulations are generally performed to study the effects of earthquakes on man-made engineered structures, or on natural features which may present a hazard during an earthquake.

Dynamic experiments on building and non-building structures may be physical – as with shake-table testing – or virtual (based on computer simulation).  In all cases, to verify a structure's expected seismic performance, researchers prefer to deal with so called 'real time-histories' though the last cannot be 'real' for a hypothetical earthquake specified by either a building code or by some particular research requirements.

Shake-table testing 
Studying a building's response to an earthquake is performed by putting a model of the structure on a shake-table that simulates the seismic loading. The earliest such experiments were performed more than a century ago.

Computational approaches 
Another way is to evaluate the earthquake performance analytically. 
The very first earthquake simulations were performed by statically applying some horizontal inertia forces, based on scaled peak ground accelerations, to a mathematical model of a building. With the further development of computational technologies, static approaches began to give way to dynamic ones.

Traditionally, numerical simulation and physical tests have been uncoupled and performed separately.  So-called hybrid testing systems employ rapid, parallel analyses using both physical and computational tests.

See also 
Seismic analysis

References

External links
Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) 
AEM Earthquake Simulation

Building
Earthquake engineering
Saab 38. 

The Saab 38 (also known as B3LA or A 38/Sk 38) was a single-engine jet trainer and attack aircraft planned by Saab during the 1970s. The project was a collaboration between Saab and the Italian aircraft manufacturer Aermacchi.  It was to replace the older Saab 105 jet trainer in the Swedish Air Force, but  the aircraft never got past the drawing board and was canceled in 1979 in favour of the more advanced Saab JAS 39 Gripen fighter.

See also

References

Saab aircraft that never were

1970s Swedish military trainer aircraft
1970s Swedish attack aircraft
Saab aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Sweden
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Lada Land VM-01. The VM-01 () is a light helicopter from the Lada Land () company in Tolyatti, Russia. The design was created privately by the company, but production was assisted by OKB Mil and Kamov.

Design
The aircraft contains a rotary-piston engine, four-bladed main rotor, two-bladed tail rotor, skid undercarriage, titanium alloys in the construction of the load system, and composite materials in the fuselage construction. The first flight was in May, 2001.

Specifications

References

External links

2000s Russian civil utility aircraft
2000s Russian helicopters
Aircraft manufactured in Russia
China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center. China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center (CARDC) () was founded in 1968. It is the largest research and testing institute of aerodynamics in China, involved in the development of hypersonic missile technology. The center is located in Mianyang City, Sichuan Province. Currently there are more than 1,600 scientists and technicians working there.

The center has been on the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List since 1999.

References

External links
Official website (English language version)

Research institutes in China
Research institutes established in 1968
Gekkō no Carnevale. is a Japanese eroge visual novel developed by Nitroplus that was released on January 26, 2007. Gekkō no Carnevale has been adapted into a manga, a light novel, and a drama CD. It is a story set in a Gothic world.

Plot and Setting
The story takes place in a city resembling Italy, known as Belmonte, with the technology levels resembling levels in the late 19th century. In this city there are human-sized mechanical dolls known as "Automata" who serve the people of the city.
The protagonist, Romeo, is a taxi driver who was originally involved in an organization known as the "Orma Rossa"(Red Mark). He finds an automata in the shape of a young woman, who appears to have amnesia. He names her Anna and they start living together. However, sometime later, the Orma Rossa begin to catch up to Romeo, and an organization composed of automata also appears; thus, Romeo must fight to protect his current life.

Voice Actors
 Romeo - Tomokazu Sugita 
 Anna - Miyabi Himeno
 Lunaria - Kaori Mizuhashi
 Noel - Mia Naruse
 Germano - Kamezō Yushiyanagi
 Rebecca - Kaori Okuda
 Valentino - Dai Matsuri
 Guglielmo - Kazuya Ichijo
  Silvio - Kurōzaemon Matsugami
 Carmelo - Makoto Yasumura
 Marcantonio - Daisuke Sasaki
 Iris - Runa Sakaki
 Perla - Kisato Shinuchi
 Korunarina - Erena Kaibara
 Pius - Kōtei
 Alternaria - Mia Kureno
 Davide - Kyōnosuke Hiruma
 Paolo - Itsuki Akiyama
 Fabio - Ryou Majima
 Bice - Megumi Yuki

Reception
In the first half of the year of 2007, Gekkō no Carnevale was able to net enough sales to place it as the 50th highest selling visual novel on Getchu.com.

References

External links
Gekkou no Carnevale's official website 

2007 Japanese novels
2007 manga
2007 video games
Akita Shoten manga
Anime and manga set in Italy
Bishōjo games
Eroge
Gagaga Bunko
Japan-exclusive video games
Light novels
Nitroplus
Shōnen manga
Video games about taxis
Fiction about dolls
Werewolf video games
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Windows-only games
Eagle Test Systems. Eagle Test Systems is a supplier of automatic test equipment (ATE) and operates as a business unit within the Teradyne Semiconductor Test Division.  Eagle's test equipment was designed to address volume production. Customers, including semiconductor manufacturers and assembly and test subcontractors, use the products to test analog, a combination of digital and analog, known as mixed-signal, and radio frequency (RF) semiconductors.

History
Eagle Test Systems was founded by Len Foxman and began providing test solutions in 1976. Since October 1, 2003, they have delivered over 600 test systems to more than 60 customers worldwide. Prior to being acquired by Teradyne, global headquarters were located at its manufacturing facility in Buffalo Grove, Illinois. There, Eagle Test Systems operated sales, services and engineering support facilities in the United States through regional offices and globally through their offices in Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Italy, Germany, China, Malaysia and the Philippines.

Eagle Test Systems completed their initial public offering on March 14, 2006 (original stock ticker EGLT).  On November 14, 2008, Eagle Test was acquired by Teradyne.

Competition
Teradyne's principal competitors in the automatic test equipment business are:
 Advantest
 SPEA (company)
 LTX - Credence Systems Corporation (including its NPTest acquisition which was formerly Schlumberger Limited, formerly Fairchild Test Systems Group, a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument)
 Verigy (formerly a division of Hewlett-Packard and then Agilent Technologies)

References

Buffalo Grove, Illinois
Companies based in Lake County, Illinois
Equipment semiconductor companies
1976 establishments in Massachusetts
Debugging pattern. A debugging pattern describes a generic set of steps to rectify or correct a bug within a software system.  It is a solution to a recurring problem that is related to a particular bug or type of bug in a specific context.

A bug pattern is a particular type of pattern.  The original concept of a pattern was introduced by the architect Christopher Alexander as a design pattern.

Some examples of debugging patterns include:
 Eliminate noise bug pattern – Isolate and expose a particular bug by eliminating all other noise in the system.  This enables you to concentrate on finding the real issue.
 Recurring bug pattern – Expose a bug via a unit test.  Run that unit test as part of a standard build from that moment on.  This ensure that the bug will not recur.
 Time-specific bug pattern – Expose the bug by writing a continuous test that runs continuously and fails when an expected error occurs.  This is useful for transient bugs.

See also 
 Design pattern
 Architectural pattern (computer science)

External links 
 A Pattern Language for Software Debugging  (PDF)

Software architecture
Software design patterns
Jim Whitehead (computer scientist). E. James Whitehead is Professor and Chair of Computational Media at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. He served as the Chair of the Computer Science department University of California, Santa Cruz from 2010 to 2014. He received a BS in Electrical Engineering from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1989, and a PhD in Information and Computer Science from the University of California, Irvine, in 2000.

Previously, he performed hard, real-time firmware development as a software engineer for Raytheon, 1989–1992. From 1996 to 2004, Whitehead created and led the Internet Engineering Task Force working group on Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning, and is considered the "father" of the WebDAV protocol. He is author on over 50 peer-reviewed articles on software engineering and hypertext systems, and seven Internet standards (RFC) documents.

Whitehead led the creation of the BS Computer Science: Computer Game Design degree program at UC Santa Cruz, the first game oriented degree program within the University of California system. He is also working with the Expressive Intelligence Studio as an advisor. Jim is a professor of Computational Media, he works in research in the fields of software evolution, software bug prediction, and automated generation of computer game levels.

He is the president of the Society for the Advancement of the Science of Digital Games, the organization that sponsors the Foundations of Digital Games conference series.

References

External links
 Personal home Page
 

Living people
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
University of California, Irvine alumni
American computer scientists
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
American software engineers

Software engineering researchers
Video game researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Niosome. Niosomes are vesicles composed of non-ionic surfactants, incorporating cholesterol as an excipient. Niosomes are utilized for drug delivery to specific sites to achieve desired therapeutic effects. Structurally, niosomes are similar to liposomes as both consist of a lipid bilayer. However, niosomes are more stable than liposomes during formation processes and storage. Niosomes trap hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, either in an aqueous compartment (for hydrophilic drugs) or in a vesicular membrane compartment composed of lipid material (for lipophilic drugs).

Structure
Niosomes are microscopic lamellar structures formed by non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. They exhibit a bilayer structure, with hydrophilic ends facing outward and hydrophobic ends facing inward. Their unique structure makes them ideal for diverse applications, notably in drug delivery systems. Niosomes excel in encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, enhancing drug stability and bioavailability. They are adaptable for tailored drug release and have garnered interest across pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture for their biocompatibility and versatile properties.

Methods of preparation
Various methods used to prepare liposomes are also suitable for niosome preparation, such as the ether injection method, the handshaking method, the reverse phase evaporation method, the trans-membrane pH gradient method, the "bubble" method, the microfluidization method, formation from proteasomes, the thin-film hydration method, the heating method, the freeze and thaw method, and the dehydration-rehydration method.

Uses
Niosomes are used as biodegradable and non-immunogenic drug delivery compounds, as they have a low toxicity risk in biological systems. They can also be used to entrap hydrophilic pharmaceuticals within aqueous compartments or lipophilic drugs into vesicular bilayer membranes. Niosomes shield drug molecules from the biological environment, which can be utilized to improve the therapeutic performance of various drug molecules. Additionally, they can be used in a sustained drug delivery system to more directly affect target cells and delay clearance from circulation. Niosomes are used in a variety of applications, including gene delivery, drug targeting, antineoplastic treatment, delivery of peptide drugs, carriers for hemoglobin, transdermal drug delivery systems, and cosmetics. They are also being studied for their potential use as a treatment for different forms of leishmaniasis

References

Membrane biology
VL class. The VL class is a class of diesel locomotives built by Avteq, at a factory in Sunshine, Melbourne for Railfirst Asset Management between 2007 and 2009. Built on the EMD GT26 platform, the class was an evolution of the Freight Australia XR class.

They have been hired to a variety of operators and have operated in all mainline states. Most entered service on lease to FreightLink hauling iron ore trains from Pine Creek to Darwin. As at 2010, some remained on hire to FreightLink while others were engaged in hauling grain trains in other states. All are named after Australian racehorses.

As at February 2022, nine of the 12 were being used by Qube. As at September 2023, five are operating on the broad gauge With the Numbers 351, 353, 356, 357 & 360. with the other seven on standard gauge With the Numbers 352, 354, 355, 358, 359, 361 & 362 .

Avteq designed a second locomotive class, but none were ever manufactured. The company was deregistered in 2013.

References

Co-Co locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
Electro-Motive Diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2007
Port Clarence Coast Guard Station. Port Clarence Coast Guard Station  (formerly known as Point Spencer Air Force Base) is a private-use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) northeast of the central business district of Port Clarence in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is owned by the U.S. Government.

History 
Point Spencer Air Force Base was constructed in World War II by the United States Army Air Forces. The runway was installed with Pierced Steel Planking runway. Around 1948, the base was closed and mothballed. It was thought that the Russians were using the airfield, so in 1950, a team of army engineers were deployed from a C-47 Skytrain to destroy the remaining hangars and buildings. The Pierced Steel Planking was dismantled, and the buildings were demolished and burnt.

Port Clarence Coast Guard Station 
In 1961, a survey was conducted to construct the Coast Guard's LORAN Station Port Clarence, located south of the former airfield.
Shortly afterwards in 1963, the Port Clarence Coast Guard Station airfield was established on the location of the former air base.

Facilities and aircraft
Port Clarence Coast Guard Station has one runway designated 16/34 with a 4,500 × 120 ft (1,372 × 37 m) asphalt pavement. For the 12-month period ending September 9, 1992, the airport had 200 aircraft operations: 50% air taxi and 50% general aviation.

References

External links
 FAA Alaska airport diagram (GIF)

Airports in the Nome Census Area, Alaska
Military installations in Alaska
United States Coast Guard stations
Håkon Jacobsen. Håkon Jacobsen (born 1962) is a Norwegian engineer and executive officer. Since 2008 he has been CEO of Blom.

Biography
Jacobsen is educated with a MSc in Engineering from the Norwegian Institute of Technology. He worked for 20 years as a consultant, and later partner in Accenture before he was hired by Blom. In Accenture he worked within telecom and high tech, and lived six years in Beijing, China.

References

1962 births
Living people
Norwegian businesspeople
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Norwegian expatriates in China
Graybar Electric Company Building. The Graybar Electric Company Building is located at 55 West Canfield Street in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. This warehouse building was rented to the Graybar Electric Company from 1926 into the 1940s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

History
The Graybar Electric Company was founded in 1869 in Cleveland, Ohio to sell communications equipment to the public. The company was instantly successful and soon Anson Stager, General Superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph Company, bought in and moved the company to Chicago. In 1872 the business was incorporated as the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. The company grew rapidly after the 1875 invention of the telephone, becoming more involved with manufacturing telephone apparatus, as well continuing to manufacture and distribute a range of electrical equipment.

By 1926, Western Electric was so enormous that it spun off a separate entity specifically to handle the distribution of electrical supplies and equipment. This new entity was named Graybar, echoing the company's original 1869 name. The new company was immediately the country's leading wholesaler of electrical supplies and equipment, with 59 distributing houses across the US. This building in Detroit was constructed in 1926 by C.F. Haglin & Sons for the Graybar Electric Company. Haglin leased the building to Graybar, who occupied the building well into the 1940s. The building later was used by the Detroit Board of Education as their Audio-Visual Department. In 2000, the building was converted into loft space.

Description
The Graybar Electric Company Building is a three-story, brick and concrete, industrial style building, originally constructed to house offices and warehouse space. The brick front facade is symmetrical, divided into bays by brick piers which rise from a stone string course between the first and second stories. The piers terminate in a stepped parapet, with both parapet and pier tops made from cast stone. The entrance is off center, with garage door openings to one side. Windows on the upper floors are grouped between the piers, with three windows per bay on the inner bays and two windows per bay on the outer bays. Above each outer bay is a cast stone panel bearing a shield.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
Industrial buildings completed in 1926
Warehouses on the National Register of Historic Places
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Industrial buildings and structures in Detroit
SAGEM Sigma 30. The Sigma 30 is an inertial navigation system produced by SAGEM for use with artillery applications including howitzers, multiple rocket launchers, mortars and light guns.  It is currently produced for more than 40 international programs, including France (CAESAR, 2R2M, M270 MLRS), Serbia (Nora B 52), Sweden (FH77 BD, Archer), Germany (PzH2000, M270 MLRS), Italy (M270 MLRS), India (Pinaka MBRL), Polish PT-91M tank (build for Malaysia), and the United States (topographic survey). 

Sigma 30 can also be integrated in more complex systems (Positioning and Azimuth Determination System).

References

External links
Jane's
Sagem Défense Sécurité Navigation Unit website

Avionics
Missile guidance
Navigational equipment
Propadiene. Propadiene () or allene () is the organic compound with the formula .  It is the simplest allene, i.e. a compound with two adjacent carbon double bonds. As a constituent of MAPP gas, it has been used as a fuel for specialized welding.

Production and equilibrium with methylacetylene
Propadiene exists in equilibrium with methylacetylene (propyne) and the mixture is sometimes called MAPD for methylacetylene-propadiene:

for which  at 270 °C or 0.1 at 5 °C.

MAPD is produced as a side product, often an undesirable one, of dehydrogenation of propane to produce propene, an important feedstock in the chemical industry.  MAPD interferes with the catalytic polymerization of propene.

Occurrence in Space 
In 2019 it was announced that propadiene had been detected in the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan using the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. This was the first time that propadiene had been detected in space, and the second structural isomeric pair (paired with propyne) detected in Titan's atmosphere, after HCN-HNC.

References

Fuel gas
Alkadienes
Colossus Chess. Colossus Chess is a series of chess-playing computer programs developed by Martin Bryant, commercially released for various home computers in the 1980s.

History

Bryant started Colossus Chess in 1983, using his White Knight Mk 11 program, winner of the 1983 European Microcomputer Chess Championship, as a basis. It was developed on an Apple II, but was first commercially released for Commodore 64 as Colossus Chess 2.0 (CDS Micro Systems, 1984). A number of releases for 8-bit microcomputers followed. Version 3.0 was released in 1984 for the Atari 8-bit computers (published by English Software), followed by 4.0 in 1985 which was released on most formats of the day (published by CDS). As other games of the time, the Acorn Electron implementation required that part of the screen memory be used as working space.

Colossus Chess featured time-controlled play with game clocks, an opening book with 3,000 positions, and problem-solving mode that could solve normal mates, selfmates and helpmates. Pondering on opponent's time and a three-dimensional chessboard were introduced in Colossus Chess 4.0. All releases were written in the assembly language of the appropriate CPU; the ZX Spectrum version could examine an average of 170 positions per second.

Uncommon for microcomputer chess programs of the era, Colossus had a full implementation of the rules of chess, including underpromotion, the fifty-move rule, draw by repetition, and draw by insufficient material. Colossus was also able to execute all the basic checkmates, including the difficult bishop and knight checkmate.

Colossus Chess X

The program was subsequently ported to Atari ST (1988), Amiga (1989) and IBM PC (1990) under the title Colossus Chess X. The new releases featured four chess sets and enhanced graphics developed with the assistance of Gary Thomlinson and Carl Cropley. The opening book was extended to 11,000 positions, and the program had the ability to learn from past playing experiences.

UCI version
No work was done on Colossus Chess from 1991 to 2005, when Martin Bryant created a completely new and freely available Windows version conforming to the Universal Chess Interface. It was written in C#, then converted to C for speed, and was finally publicly released in 2006. , the latest version is 2008b.

Reception
Info gave Colossus Chess IV for the Commodore 64 three stars out of five, stating that it was less attractive but "a darn sight more playable" than Chessmaster 2000 with both keyboard and joystick controls. The magazine warned of the difficulty of remembering the "shifted keyboard control sequences" and said it was "badly in need of a quick-reference card".

References

External links
 Colossus home page
 
 
 
 
 
 Colossus Chess 4.0 product manual (C64)

1984 video games 
1985 video games 
1986 video games 
1987 video games 
1988 video games 
1989 video games 
1990 video games 
Chess software
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Amstrad PCW games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit computer games
Atari ST games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore 16 and Plus/4 games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
MSX games
ZX Spectrum games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom