omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Calculated Ignition Index. The Calculated Ignition Index (CII) is an index of the ignition quality of residual fuel oil. It is used to determine the suitability of heavy fuel oil for (marine) engines.

Background 
The effective and efficient running of internal combustion engines is dependent on the ignition quality of the fuel. Incorrect or out of specification fuel can cause problems or severe damage to the engines and associated equipment. The effects may include: corrosion, abrasive wear, clogged cylinder valves, fuel equipment damage, fuel pump failure, premature ignition, ignition failure, explosion, or engine failure.

Several indices are used to characterise fuels. For spark-ignition engines the fuel has an octane rating. For diesel engines it depends on the type of fuel, for distillate fuels the cetane numbers are used. Cetane numbers are tested using a special test engine, however, the existing test engine was not intended for residual fuels. For residual fuel oil two auxiliary indexes have been developed: the Calculated Ignition Index (CII) and Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index (CCAI).

CII index 
The calculated ignition index (CII), together with the calculated carbon aromaticity index (CCAI), are empirical indicators which describe the characteristics or properties of a fuel.  

Both CII and CCAI are calculated from the density and kinematic viscosity of the fuel. CII was developed  by BP to calculate the autoignition capacity of heavy fuel oils (HFO). It is calculated using the measured kinematic viscosity V (cSt or mm2/s) of a given fuel determined at temperature t (°C) and the density ρ15 at 15°C (kg/m3).

Definition
Formula for CII:

 

Where:
D = density at 15°C (kg/m3)
V = kinematic viscosity (cSt)
T =kinematic viscosity temperature (°C)

A CCAI and CII calculator is available on several websites.

Use
CII was designed to produce numbers of the same order as the cetane index number for distillate fuels. The relationship between fuel properties and CII number is shown in the table.

CII gives an indication of the quality of heavy fuel oil. Certain practical steps can be taken to ensure the continuing quality. This includes close supervision of fuel, including tests during bunkering using the viscosity data to determine the CII and CCAI. Avoid mixing fuels; checking water content as the water settles out; monitoring the condition and performance of engines.

References 

Combustion
Jyrobike. A Jyrobike (formerly known as Gyrobike) is a bicycle with a special front wheel designed to make balancing easier. It was manufactured and sold by a company of the same name.

The special front wheel contains a rotating flywheel driven by a rechargeable-battery-powered motor that spins at high RPMs like a gyroscope. This flywheel spins significantly faster than the front wheel rolls and acts as a gyroscope, even when the bike is moving slowly, such as when the rider is starting. The flywheel causes the front wheel to respond to a lean by precessing, that is the front wheel turns toward the direction of the lean, which can help provide stability at low speeds, whether riding straight or turning.

Jyrobike technology was intended to help children and adults learning to ride a bicycle, and people lacking confidence in their balance and mobility skills.

History 

The inventors of the technology which the original Gyrowheel was based on were Debbie Sperling, Hannah Murnen, Nathan Sigworth, and Augusta Niles, who conceived and tested the concept between 2004 and 2007 as part of a graduate project at the Thayer School of Engineering. Their invention won the 2006 Break Through Award from Popular Mechanics.

In 2010 Daniella Reichstetter, a fellow Dartmouth student, licensed the technology from the inventors and set up a company based in San Francisco, USA called The Gyrobike Inc. The company launched a working model based on the initial invention, called Gyrowheel, which was a stand-alone front wheel toy accessory that replaced the conventional bicycle front wheel. The company communicated ‘once attached, Gyrowheel transforms a normal bicycle into a Gyrobike’. This message led to confusion because the inventors never engineered a complete Gyrobike bicycle nor did the company sell bicycles or Gyrobikes, but only the front wheel. Gyrowheel was manufactured in 12" and 16" wheel sizes, and was marketed as a toy accessory for children.

Gyrowheel was rated a “Top Toy” of Toy Fair 2010 in New York by industry.

In October 2013 UK-based entrepreneur Robert Bodill acquired the intellectual property rights, then raised capital funding and set up Jyrobike Limited in December 2013. The Gyrobike trademark is owned by Jyrobike Limited, which holds global patents for a “system for providing gyroscopic stabilization to a two- wheeled vehicle”, protecting the invention.

In 2014, Jyrobike launched a Kickstarter campaign that raised $185,818 from 872 supporters. On November 25, 2014, Team Jyrobike announced a 9-month delay in delivering bikes. That was their last update. As of July, 2019, the jyrobike.com url is no longer active.

See also 
Balance bicycle
Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
Bicycle safety
Gyrocar

References

External links
Official Website 
Patent information

Cycle types
Physical activity and dexterity toys
Alexander M. Poniatoff. Alexander Matveevich Poniatoff (, tr. Aleksándr Matvéjevič Ponjatóv; 25 March 1892 – 24 October 1980) was a Russian-born American electrical engineer.

Poniatoff was born in 1892 in Russkaya Aysha, Kazansky District, Kazan Governorate, Russian Empire. He emigrated from Russia to China, where he worked for the Shanghai Power Company, until he emigrated to the United States in 1927. He would subsequently work for General Electric, Pacific Gas & Electric and Dalmo-Victor. In 1944 he founded Ampex, using his initials A.M.P. plus "ex" for "excellence" to create the name. The high-frequency bias technique, which made quality recording possible, was invented by Telefunken engineers and put into practical use by Poniatoff. Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen's original magnetic recorder was previously only usable for telephony recording. In 1956, Ampex engineers created the world's first rotary head recorder, the VR-1000 videotape recorder. Poniatoff served as president of Ampex until 1955, when he was elected chairman of the board. He died in 1980.

References

External links

About Poniatoff at the 20th Century American Leaders Database
Нехамкин Э. АЛЕКСАНДР ПОНЯТОВ 

1892 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American engineers
American people of Russian descent
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to China
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Russian engineers
Russian inventors
20th-century American inventors
Russian scientists
Samuel Fox and Company. Samuel Fox and Company was a company operating a major steel complex built in the Upper Don Valley at Stocksbridge, near Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.

History 
Samuel Fox bought a disused corn mill close by the centre of the town in 1842 and made alterations so that he could produce wire for the manufacture of textile pins. Within 6 years the business began to manufacture wire for umbrella frames and he developed his own variant, the “Paragon” in 1851. Expansion continued and by the mid-1860s furnaces and rolling mills had been built and the production of railway lines and springs begun.

Road transport in the area was difficult and with larger products being manufactured a new outlet was required. In the 1870s a short branch line was built to link the works with the Manchester, Sheffield & Lincolnshire Railway at Deepcar. This was known as the Stocksbridge Railway which was a subsidiary of the main company until the early 1990s. The line was still open in 2018 and handles regular traffic to and from the works.

Rationalisation 
Samuel Fox & Company joined with Steel, Peech & Tozer of Rotherham and Scunthorpe-based Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company to form the United Steel Companies after the First World War. Products from various sites were coordinated, each works specialising in a particular range. At Stocksbridge they specialised in special steels, particularly the various grades of stainless steel.

In 1935, the company provided a pair of stainless steel foxes to the London & North Eastern Railway which were used to decorate the sides of their new Class A4 locomotive no. 2512 Silver Fox.

The iconic stainless steel Fox weather vane was made by Trevor Faulkner ARCA FRBS, his first commission, whilst he was a student at the Royal College of Art in the 1950s. Trevor Faulkner, who was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of British Sculptors in 1975, grew up in Stocksbridge and family members worked at Samuel Fox.

Nationalisation and after 
The works, along with other major producers in Great Britain, were nationalised in 1967, to become British Steel Corporation. During the 1980s and 1990s the works became  part of a joint British Steel / GKN venture known as "Stocksbridge Engineering Steels" and in 1999 they became part of Corus. The works is still open although steel stock is  brought from the main melting site at Aldwarke, near Rotherham, for secondary processing.

In 2007 the site was bought by Tata Steel and has been renamed Tata Steel Speciality Steels. Investment at the site has continued and a high-tech Vacuum Induction Melting furnace was due to be commissioned early in 2015.

Liberty House Group Purchased the Speciality Steels group from TATA in May 2017. The name adopted for the new group was Liberty Speciality Steels. The group comprised the Site at Aldwarke, Bolton, Brinsworth, Stocksbridge and Wednesbury.

References

 Various issues of internal works newspaper Steel News.

Ironworks and steelworks in England
Stocksbridge
Steel companies of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in Sheffield
Defunct companies based in Sheffield
Dieter Weichert. Dieter Weichert (born 5 March 1948) is a German mechanical engineer specialising in solid mechanics and polymer rheology. From 1995 to 2013 he was the Director of the Institute for General Mechanics of RWTH Aachen.

External links
Biography
Institute for General Mechanics of RWTH Aachen

1948 births
Living people
20th-century German engineers
Polymer scientists and engineers
Rheologists
21st-century German engineers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Generalized Maxwell model. The generalized Maxwell model also known as the Maxwell–Wiechert model (after James Clerk Maxwell and E Wiechert) is the most general form of the linear model for viscoelasticity. In this model, several Maxwell elements are assembled in parallel. It takes into account that the relaxation does not occur at a single time, but in a set of times.  Due to the presence of molecular segments of different lengths, with shorter ones contributing less than longer ones, there is a varying time distribution.  The Wiechert model shows this by having as many spring–dashpot Maxwell elements as are necessary to accurately represent the distribution.  The figure on the right shows the generalised Wiechert model.

General model form

Solids
Given  elements with moduli , viscosities , and relaxation times 

The general form for the model for solids is given by :

Example: standard linear solid model
Following the above model with  elements yields the standard linear solid model:

Fluids
Given  elements with moduli , viscosities , and relaxation times 

The general form for the model for fluids is given by:

Example: three parameter fluid
The analogous model to the standard linear solid model is the three parameter fluid, also known as the Jeffreys model:

References

Materials science
Non-Newtonian fluids
James Clerk Maxwell
Asashio-class submarine. The Asashio-class submarine is a submarine class of Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force comprising four boats. This class is the successor of . The class were the first fleet submarines constructed for post-war Japan. The first submarine was authorized as part of the 1963 shipbuilding programme. Their design improved on previous Japanese classes by being larger to obtain better seaworthiness with greater torpedo stowage. The class entered service in the late 1960s and remained as such until the mid-1980s when they were taken out of service.

Design and description 

Based on the preceding , the Asashio class were of similar design but with a different shaped bow and improved sonar. They are considered the first fleet submarines constructed for Japan in the post-World War II era. The submarines, constructed with a double hull, measured  long with a beam of  and a draft of . The vessels had a standard displacement of  surfaced and a submerged displacement of . The Asashio class had a complement of 80. The Asashio class were propelled by two propellers powered by a diesel-electric system comprising two Kawasaki diesel engines creating  and two electric motors creating . This gave the submarines a maximum speed of  submerged and  while surfaced.

The vessels were equipped with eight torpedo tubes, six in the bow and two in the stern. The sources disagree on the torpedo armament, with two sources stating that all eight were for  torpedoes, while another states that only the forward six were for the 533 mm torpedoes and the stern tubes were for  torpedoes. Moore and Gardiner, Chumbley and Budzbon state that the stern tubes were for "swim-out" torpedoes with Gardiner, Chumbley and Budzbon adding they were for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and that the forward tubes were intended for US Mark 54 torpedoes. They carried a total of 20 torpedoes. The Asahio class mounted ZPS-3 radar, SQS-4 active sonar and JQS-3A and JQQ-2A passive sonars. They were also equipped with BLR-1 intercept equipment.

Boats

Construction and career
The first submarine Asashio was ordered as part of the 1963 shipbuilding programme. Construction was split between the Kawasaki and Mitsubishi yards at Kobe. The submarines were used for ASW training for surface ships in naval exercises. The class was deleted in the mid-1980s.

See also
 JDS Kuroshio - First submarine acquired by the JMSDF, via it being loaned by the U.S under the Military Assistance Program.
  - First naval submarine built in post-war Japan.

Citations

References
 
 
 
 

Submarine classes
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
 
Postwar Japan
Maa Danteswari Airport. Maa Danteswari Airport , also known as Jagdalpur Airport, is a domestic airport serving the city of Jagdalpur in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) conducted a pre-feasibility study in July 2013 for development of the airport and approved of operations of  aircraft under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) conditions. The airport was chosen for an upgrade under the Government's UDAN scheme and the ground breaking ceremony for the construction of a terminal building was performed in January 2017. It was upgraded to 3C category in 2019, allowing the operations of ATR-72 type of aircraft. On 21 September 2020, Alliance Air started flights to Hyderabad and Raipur using an ATR-72 aircraft. The airport's name was changed on 21 September 2020.

Development 
The district administration has floated a proposal to set up a new airport for Jagdalpur in Ulnar village of Bastar district. This airport is expected to be set up in an area measuring 250 hectares. It would have a 1.7 km long and 30 metres wide runway. The airport would also boast of a state of the art airport terminal building. Since about 92% (229 hectares) of the land required is owned by the government, the land acquisition process is expected to be quick leading to a faster development time for the airport.

Airlines and destinations

Statistics

See also
 Swami Vivekananda Airport, Raipur
 Bilasa Devi Kevat Airport, Bilaspur
 List of airports in India
 List of the busiest airports in India

References

External links

Airports in Chhattisgarh
Airports with year of establishment missing
Transport in Jagdalpur
GRAPE. GRAPE, or GRAphics Programming Environment is a software development environment for mathematical visualization, especially differential geometry and continuum mechanics. In 1994, it won the European Academic Software Award.

The term graphical refers to the applications; the programming itself is mostly based on C. GRAPE was developed by the University of Bonn in Germany and is available for free for non-commercial purposes. It has not been developed actively since 1998.

qfix Grape 

Another graphical programming environment called GRAPE is developed by qfix and the University of Ulm. Here, it is used as a graphical tool for developing object oriented programs for controlling autonomous mobile robots. After arranging graphical program entities to receive the desired flow chart, the graphical program can be translated to source code (e.g. C++). A modular interface makes the environment easy to extend, so additional classes can be integrated or different flowchart-to-code translator or compilers can be used.

References

External links

official homepage (University of Bonn)
Homepage qfix robotics
 qfix Grape 

Data and information visualization software
Tecnam P92. The Tecnam P92 Echo and Tecnam P92 Eaglet are Italian high-winged, light aircraft, designed by Luigi Pascale and built by Tecnam of Naples.

Design and development
The P92 design dates to 1960, but versions comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, an enclosed cabin with two seats in side-by-side configuration accessed by doors, fixed tricycle landing gear or conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made of sheet and tubular aluminum. Standard engines available are the  Rotax 912ULS,  Rotax 914 and the  Lycoming IO-233 four-stroke powerplants.

The P92 Eaglet was introduced in 2008. It employs a cockpit section made of steel tubing covered in sheet aluminum and a monocoque tail cone. It also features a new wing design, a rear window and a cabin that is  wide.

The design is an accepted Federal Aviation Administration special light-sport aircraft.

Variants

P92-JS An upgraded version of the P92-J with  Rotax 912S. Changes include shortened wings, metal flaps, redesigned engine cowling and fairings.
P92-LY As P92 JS but with Lycoming YO-233-B2A engine instead of Rotax
P92 Echo Available with  Rotax 912UL or  Rotax 912ULS engine.

P92 Sea-Sky Amphibian version of the P92 Echo, with conventional floats equipped with retractable wheels. 
P92-S Echo Redesigned wings, engine cowling, windshield and fairing to reduce drag. Available with  Rotax 912U or  Rotax 912S.
P92 Echo Super With  Rotax 912ULS.
P92-J An upgraded version of the Echo. Available with  Rotax 912U.
P92 2000RG Fuselage redesigned, shorter wingspan, retractable landing gear. With  Rotax 912S engine.
P92-JS
P92 Eaglet  Rotax 912 engine, adds winglets to improve aerodynamic efficiency
P92 Eaglet G5 As P92 Eaglet but with free-castering nosewheel instead of steerable
P92 Eaglet G5LY As P92 Eaglet G5 but with Lycoming IO-233-B2A engine instead of Rotax.
P92-TD A conventional landing gear equipped (taildragger) compliant with the American Light Sport rules, First flown on 22 December 2011 and introduced at Sun 'n Fun 2012.
P92 Echo Light Classic Tricycle landing gear equipped version with a gross weight of

Operators

Civil
The P92 is popular with flight training schools and is also operated by private individuals and companies.

Military
Cambodian Air Force

Specifications (P92-JS)

See also

References

External links

 
 

P092
1990s Italian civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1993
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Pyrolant. A pyrolant (from Greek pyr, fire) is an energetic material that generates hot flames upon combustion. Pyrolants are metal-based pyrotechnic compositions containing virtually any oxidizer.
The term was originally coined by Kuwahara in 1992, in a paper on magnesium/Teflon/Viton, to distinguish between compositions that serve as propellants and those yielding hot flames which are not necessarily suitable for propellant purposes.

Thermites constitute a subdivision of pyrolants referring to mixtures containing a narrow range of oxygen-based oxidizers only, Hence the term thermite cannot be used interchangeably with "pyrolant".

A similar common term is propellant, which describes either a homogeneous or composite material that generates thrust upon combustion, but which may contain fuels instead of or in addition to the metals contained in thermites.

Pyrolants are generally characterized by high combustion temperatures (> 2000 K) and high amounts of condensed reaction products at equilibrium conditions such as metal oxides, fluorides and soot.
Typical pyrolants find use as pyrotechnic initiators (Zr/BaCrO4 or Zr/KClO4),  illuminating flare (Mg/NaNO3) and decoy flare compositions (Mg/(C2F4)n)

References

Military technology
Pyrotechnic compositions
System high mode. System high mode, or simply system high, is a security mode of using an automated information system (AIS) that pertains to an environment that contains restricted data that is classified in a hierarchical scheme, such as Top Secret, Secret and Unclassified.  System high pertains to the IA features of information processed, and specifically not to the strength or trustworthiness of the system.  

System high mode is distinguished from other modes (such as multilevel security) by its lack of need for the system to contribute to the protection or separation of unequal security classifications.  In particular, this precludes use of the features of objects (e.g. content or format) produced by or exposed to an AIS operating in system high mode as criteria to securely downgrade those objects.  As a result, all information in a system high AIS is treated as if it were classified at the highest security level of any data in the AIS. For example, Unclassified information can exist in a secret system high computer but it must be treated as secret, therefore it can never be shared with unclassified destinations (unless downgraded by reliable human review, which itself is risky because of lack of omniscient humans.) There is no known technology to securely declassify system high information by automated means because no reliable features of the data can be trusted after having been potentially corrupted by the system high host. When unreliable means are used (including cross-domain solutions and bypass guards) a serious risk of system exploitation via the bypass is introduced. Nevertheless, it has been done where the resulting risk is overlooked or accepted.

Example: When Daniel is granted access to a computer system that uses System High mode, Daniel must have a valid security clearance for all information processed by the system and valid "need to know" for some, but not necessary all, information processed by the system.

See also 
 Multilevel security
 Security modes of operation

Sources
 NCSC (1985). "Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria". National Computer Security Center. (a.k.a. the TCSEC or "Orange Book" or DOD 5200.28 STD).
 CISSP (2018). "Certified Information System Security Professional, Official Study Guide". 8th Edition

Computer security procedures