omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Anthony French. Anthony Philip French (19 November 1920 – 3 February 2017) was a British physicist. At the time of his death he was professor emeritus of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Biography 
French was born on 19 November 1920, in Brighton, England. French won a scholarship to study at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, receiving his B.A. in physics in 1942.

In 1942, he was recruited by Egon Bretscher to the British effort to build an atomic bomb (codenamed Tube Alloys) at the Cavendish Laboratory. By 1944, Tube Alloys had been merged with the American Manhattan Project and French was sent to Los Alamos.

In 1945 he married Los Alamos mathematician Naomi Livesay.

When the war ended, French returned to Cambridge University and the Cavendish Laboratory where he joined the faculty at Pembroke College, becoming a fellow and director of studies in natural sciences. He was awarded a Ph.D. in 1948 based on some of his declassified work from Los Alamos. French also briefly worked at the newly formed Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire.

In 1955, French relocated to the University of South Carolina and was soon appointed chair of the physics department. At this time he wrote the textbook Principles of Modern Physics. He left South Carolina in 1962 to take a faculty position in the MIT Physics Department, where he remained until he retired and was named emeritus in 1991. French's main interest was undergraduate physics education. He was chairman of the Commission on Physics Education of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (1975–1981) and president of the American Association of Physics Teachers (1985–1986). He was also a Fellow of the American Physical Society.

French's wife Naomi died in 2001. In 2002 he married Dorothy Jensen. French died on 3 February 2017.

Books

Awards and honors
 1976 Distinguished Service Citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT)
 1980 University Medal of Charles University in Prague
 1988 Lawrence Bragg Medal of the Institute of Physics, London
 1989 Oersted Medal of the AAPT
 1991 Named Professor Emeritus at MIT
 1993 Melba Newell Phillips Medal of the American Association of Physics Teachers

References

External links

2008 Video Interview with Anthony French by Atomic Heritage Foundation Voices of the Manhattan Project
1992 Video Video Interview with Anthony French by Los Alamos Historical Society Voices of the Manhattan Project
Anthony French's web page at MIT
1992 Video interview with Anthony French by Theresa Strottman Voices of the Manhattan Project

1920 births
2017 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Manhattan Project people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
British expatriates in the United States
Presidents of the American Association of Physics Teachers
People from Brighton
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge
University of South Carolina faculty
20th-century American physicists
20th-century British physicists
Arm Norway. Arm Norway  is a fabless semiconductor company based in Trondheim, Norway founded in 2001, as Falanx Microsystems AS. Falanx Microsystems was spun off a 1998 research project from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. It was acquired by ARM Holdings in June 2006, and renamed to Arm Norway.

Arm Norway works with Arm's Cambridge and Austin design centres to develop graphics processing units for OpenGL, OpenGL ES, DirectX and Vulkan three-dimensional rendering, with emphasis on low electric power consumption, suitable for use in portable devices like mobile phones. Their products are marketed under the Mali brand. Other Mali products include hardware acceleration for image, video and display processing.

See also
 Free and open-source graphics device driver#Arm

References

External links
ARM Mali Silicon IP Multimedia Overview
ARM Graphics and Multimedia Processors Developer Resources

Arm Ltd.
Electronics companies established in 2001
Norwegian companies established in 2001
2006 mergers and acquisitions
Computer companies of Norway
Computer hardware companies
Companies based in Trondheim
Fabless semiconductor companies
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Aging (artwork). Aging is a process by which an artwork, typically a painting or sculpture, is made to appear old. It is meant to emulate the natural deterioration that can occur over many decades or centuries.  Although there may be "innocent" reasons for it, ageing is a technique very often used in art forgery. 

Paintings deteriorate over time because they are created using essentially incompatible materials, with each having a different reaction to the changes in the environment, including light, temperature and relative humidity.

An oil painting consists of several layers, comprising the base canvas, a layer of gesso base coat, several layers of the oil-based paint and then several coats of varnish to protect the paint surface. With many different materials, it is understandable that each layer may dry at different rates and will also absorb and release moisture at different rates. When this occurs, expansion and contraction of the painting will result in a crazing of the varnish surface. This pattern of small cracks is known as craquelure. Along with the darkening or yellowing of the varnish surface, it is this visual representation of the cracking that is typically the primary indicator of ageing.

The purpose for artificially ageing is to create a finished product that accurately reflects an era or is consistent with the environment (usually period) into which it is to be placed.

References

See also 
Art conservation and restoration
Art forgery
Distressing

Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
Art forgery
Artistic techniques
Propargyl alcohol. Propargyl alcohol, or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound with the formula C3H4O.  It is the simplest stable alcohol containing an alkyne functional group.  Propargyl alcohol is a colorless viscous liquid that is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents.

Reactions and applications
Propargyl alcohol polymerizes with heating or treatment with base.  It is used as a corrosion inhibitor, a metal complex solution, a solvent stabilizer and an electroplating brightener additive. It is also used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Secondary and tertiary substituted propargylic alcohols undergo catalyzed rearrangement reactions to form α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via the Meyer–Schuster rearrangement and others. It can be oxidized to propynal or propargylic acid.

As an indication of the electronegativity of an sp carbon, propargyl alcohol is significantly more acidic (pKa = 13.6) compared to its sp2-containing analog allyl alcohol (pKa = 15.5), which is in turn more acidic than the fully saturated (sp3 carbons only) n-propyl alcohol (pKa = 16.1).

Preparation 
Propargyl alcohol is produced by the copper-catalysed addition of formaldehyde to acetylene as a by-product of the industrial synthesis of but-2-yne-1,4-diol. It can also be prepared by dehydrochlorination of 3-chloro-2-propen-1-ol by NaOH.

Safety 
Propargyl alcohol is a flammable liquid, toxic by inhalation, highly toxic by ingestion, toxic by skin absorption, and corrosive.

See also 
 Alkynylation
 Allyl alcohol
 Propargyl
 Propargyl chloride

References

External links 
 Hazardous substance fact sheet for propargyl alcohol
 CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Alkynols
Primary alcohols
Propargyl compounds
ATLAS.ti. ATLAS.ti is a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software that facilitates analysis of qualitative data for qualitative research, quantitative research, and mixed methods research.

Description and usage
ATLAS.ti is a tool that supports locating, coding/tagging, and annotating features within bodies of unstructured data; it also offers visualization functions. The software is used by researchers in a wide variety of fields, and it supports data in text, graphical, audio, video, and geospatial format. Through XML export, it also aims to provide a non-proprietary, cross-platform interface to facilitate academic collaboration.

Development history
A prototype of ATLAS.ti was developed by Thomas Muhr at Technische Universität Berlin in the context of project ATLAS (1989–1992). A first commercial version of ATLAS.ti was released in 1993 to the market by company "Scientific Software Development", later ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH. ATLAS.ti's founders have ascribed its methodological roots in part to grounded theory and content analysis. ATLAS.ti is currently available for Windows, Mac, Android, iOS, and via a web-based Cloud portal. ATLAS.ti was acquired by Lumivero, the parent company of NVIVO in September 2024.

See also
Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software

Literature

External links

Forum about Atlas

1993 software
QDA software
BOR-4. The BOR-4 (БОР-4 , , "Unpiloted Orbital Rocketplane 4") flight vehicle is a scaled (1:2) prototype of the Soviet Spiral VTHL (vertical takeoff, horizontal landing) spaceplane. An uncrewed, subscale spacecraft, its purpose was to test the heatshield tiles and reinforced carbon-carbon for the Buran space shuttle, then under development.

Several of them were built and flown between 1982 and 1984 from the Kapustin Yar launch site at speeds of up to Mach 25, using K65-RB5 variant of Kosmos-3M launch vehicle. After reentry, they were designed to parachute to an ocean splashdown for recovery by the Soviet Navy. The testing was nearly identical to that carried out by the US Air Force ASSET program in the 1960s, which tested the heatshield design for the X-20 Dyna-Soar. On 16 March 1983 a Royal Australian Air Force P-3 Orion reconnaissance aircraft captured the first Western images of the craft as it was recovered by a Soviet ship near the Cocos Islands.

Flights
Seven BOR were built, and four confirmed flights took place between 1982 and 1984. All orbital flights were launched using Kosmos-3M rockets at the Kapustin Yar launch complex in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia

Current locations
BOR-4S nº401 – Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast, Russia
BOR-4  – Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast, Russia

See also
 HL-20 Personnel Launch System
 Dream Chaser

References

External links

 Detailed page on BORs 

Buran program
Spacecraft launched in 1982
Half-value layer. A material's half-value layer (HVL), or half-value thickness, is the thickness of the material at which the intensity of radiation entering it is reduced by one half. HVL can also be expressed in terms of air kerma rate (AKR), rather than intensity: the half-value layer is the thickness of specified material that, "attenuates the beam of radiation to an extent such that the AKR is reduced to one-half of its original value. In this definition the contribution of all scattered radiation, other than any [...] present initially in the beam concerned, is deemed to be excluded." Rather than AKR, measurements of air kerma, exposure, or exposure rate can be used to determine half value layer, as long as it is given in the description.

Half-value layer refers to the first half-value layer, where subsequent (i.e. second) half-value layers refer to the amount of specified material that will reduce the air kerma rate by one-half after material has been inserted into the beam that is equal to the sum of all previous half-value layers.

Quarter-value layer is the amount of specified material that reduces the air kerma rate (or exposure rate, exposure, air kerma, etc...) to one fourth of the value obtained without any test filters. The quarter-value layer is equal to the sum of the first and second half-value layers.

The homogeneity factor (HF) describes the polychromatic nature of the beam and is given by:

The HF for a narrow beam will always be less than or equal to one (it is only equal to one in the case of a monoenergetic beam). In case of a narrow polychromatic beam, the HF is less than one because of beam hardening.

HVL is related to Mean free path, however the mean free path is the average distance a unit of radiation can travel in the material before being absorbed, whereas HVL is the average amount of material needed to absorb 50% of all radiation (i.e., to reduce the intensity of the incident radiation by half).

In the case of sound waves, HVL is the distance that it takes for the intensity of a sound wave to be reduced to one-half of its original value. The HVL of sound waves is determined by both the medium through which it travels, and the frequency of the beam. A "thin" half-value layer (or a quick drop of -3 dB) results from a high frequency sound wave and a medium with a high rate of attenuation, such as bone. HVL is measured in units of length.

A similar concept is the tenth-value layer or TVL. The TVL is the average amount of material needed to absorb 90% of all radiation, i.e., to reduce it to a tenth of the original intensity. 1 TVL is greater than or equal to log2(10) or approximately 3.32 HVLs, with equality achieved for a monoenergetic beam.

Here are example approximate half-value layers for a variety of materials against a source of gamma rays, according to Iridium-192 radiation decay energy (MeV): Beta 0.67 (49%); Gamma 0.308 (28%); Gamma 0.468 (46%):
 Concrete: 44.5 mm 
 Steel: 12.7 mm
 Lead: 4.8 mm
 Tungsten: 3.3 mm
 Uranium: 2.8 mm

See also
Attenuation coefficient
Radiation protection

References

Radiation health effects
Radiometry
Europe 1 Transmitter Building. The Europe 1 Transmitter building is located in Felsberg, a part of the municipality Überherrn, Germany close to the French border. It was built in 1954 to house the transmitter device of Europe 1, and the maiden transmission was made on January 1, 1955. 

The building is a very remarkable concrete construction without support pillars, and is nowadays under monumental protection. In front of the building, there is a telecommunication tower of reinforced concrete, which should be used for transmitting the programme of Telesaar. It has a length of 82 metres, a width of 43 metres, a surface area of 2,700 square metres (from which are 1770 square metres of glass) and a volume of 31,000 cube metres. Waste heat generated by the transmitters is cycled to heat the inside of the building.

See also
 Longwave transmitter Europe 1

External links
 http://perso.wanadoo.fr/tvignaud/am/e1/e1_bat.htm

Transmitter sites in Germany
Buildings and structures in Saarlouis (district)
1954 establishments in Saar
Buildings and structures completed in 1954

fr:Émetteur d'Europe 1#Un monument architectural
George Spangenberg. George Spangenberg (June 22, 1912November 13, 2000) was head of aircraft design in the United States Navys Naval Air Systems Command.

He participated in the design and development of the original VFX/F-14 Tomcat,
and selection of the YF-17 and design of the F/A-18 Hornet for the US Navy.

He has posted memoirs of this experiences on the web of how the F-14 Tomcat was designed to rectify the lack of maneuverability and performance of the F-111B. Jim Foster, a U.S. Navy fighter pilot who commanded a group specifically charged with developing Navy aircraft, states that Spangenberg believes that the Hornet can or should not have been scaled up to replace the Tomcat, and that the Navy could have done better than being forced to choose one of the Lightweight Fighter entries. Both Foster and Spangenberg believe the further development of the Hornet and Super Hornet over the Grumman Tomcat was made as primarily a political decision at the cost of combat capability.

He died on November 13, 2000, in an automobile accident.

References

External links 
George Spangenberg's website

American aerospace engineers
Aerial warfare pioneers
2000 deaths
1912 births
20th-century American engineers
Hatari (emulator). Hatari is an open-source emulator of the Atari ST 16/32-bit computer system family. It emulates the Atari ST, Atari STe, Atari TT, and Atari Falcon computer series and some corresponding peripheral hardware like joysticks, mouse, midi, printer, serial and floppy and hard disks. It supports more graphics modes than the ST and does not require an original TOS image as it supports EmuTOS.  The latest version has no reported issues with the ST/STe/TT applications emulation compatibility and also most of the ST/STe games and demos work without issues.

Development
Hatari uses source code from several other emulators: WinSTon (Atari ST peripherals), UAE (Motorola 680x0 CPU), WinUAE (more accurate Motorola 68030 CPU + MMU), STonX (BLiTTER), ARAnyM (Motorola 56001 DSP, Videl, NVRAM).

Hatari uses the SDL library for graphics, is developed on Linux and has been ported to many OSes such as AmigaOS 4, AROS, BSD, BeOS, RISC OS, MorphOS, macOS, AmigaOS, Windows.

References

Further reading

External links 
 Hatari homepage

2001 software
68k emulators
Amiga emulation software
Free emulation software
Linux emulation software
AmigaOS 4 software
MorphOS emulation software
AROS software
Robert M. Brown. Robert M. Brown was the Chief Engineer for Union Pacific Railroad in the 1960s and 1970s.  For his work with the railroad, Modern Railways magazine selected Brown to receive the magazine's Man of the Year award in 1978; the award has since been continued by Railway Age magazine as the Railroader of the Year.  He was the first railway Chief Engineer to receive this honor that was previously awarded only to top-level executives.  Brown was also involved in the hiring process at Union Pacific for Bill Wimmer, the 2007 recipient of the Railroader of the Year award, and coincidentally, only the second Chief Engineer to be chosen for the honor.

References 

American people in rail transportation
21st-century American engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Functional testing. In software development, functional testing is a form of software system testing that verifies whether software matches its design.

Generally, functional testing is black-box meaning the internal program structure is ignored (unlike for white-box testing). 

Functional testing can evaluate compliance to functional requirements. 

Sometimes, functional testing is a quality assurance (QA) process.

Functional testing differs from acceptance testing. Functional testing verifies a program by checking it against design document(s) or specification(s), while acceptance testing validates a program by checking it against the published user or system requirements. 

As a form of system testing, functional testing tests slices of functionality of the whole system. 
Despite similar naming, functional testing is not testing the code of a single function.

The concept of incorporating testing earlier in the delivery cycle is not restricted to functional testing.

In fixture testing, while ICT fixtures test each individual component on a PCB, functional test fixtures assess the entire board's functionality by applying power and verifying that the system operates correctly.

Types

Functional testing includes but is not limited to:
 Sanity testing, a.k.a. smoke testing
 Regression testing
 Usability testing

Six steps
Functional testing typically involves six steps

 The identification of functions that the software is expected to perform
 The creation of input data based on the function's specifications
 The determination of output based on the function's specifications
 The execution of the test case
 The comparison of actual and expected outputs
 To check whether the application works as per the customer need

See also

References 

Software testing
F10. F10, F 10, F.10, or F-10 may refer to:

Aircraft
 Fokker F.10, a United States passenger and cargo airplane
 Hannover F.10, a German passenger and cargo triplane
 Douglas F3D Skyknight, a United States fighter aircraft was redesignated F-10 in 1962
 F-10 Vanguard, export designation of the Chinese Chengdu J-10 fighter aircraft
 A reconnaissance version of the United States North American B-25 Mitchell
 Falconar F10A, a Canadian homebuilt aircraft design

Automobiles
 Ferrari F10, a race car
 Volvo F10, a truck platform
 BMW 5 Series (F10), a passenger car platform
 Datsun F10, a front-wheel drive supermini

Other uses
 F10 (TV channel), a television channel in Bolivia
 F 10 Ängelholm, a Swedish Air Force wing
 ESP F-10, a guitar
 Factor X, a protein involved in coagulation 
 A computer keyboard function key
 A camera in the Fujifilm FinePix F series
 , a Royal Navy frigate
 F10 Blackwattle Bay, a ferry service in Sydney, Australia
Heptacene. Heptacene is an organic compound and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the seventh member of the acene or polyacene family of linear fused benzene rings. This compound has long been pursued by chemists because of its potential interest in electronic applications and was first synthesized but not cleanly isolated in 2006. Heptacene was finally fully characterized in bulk by researchers in Germany and the United States in 2017.

The final step is a photochemical decarbonylization with a 1,2-dione bridge extruded as carbon monoxide. In solution heptacene is not formed because it is very unstable being a reactive DA diene and quickly reacts with oxygen or forms dimers. When on the other hand the dione precursor is dissolved in a PMMA matrix first, heptacene can be studied by spectroscopy. Heptacene has been studied spectroscopically at cryogenic temperatures in a matrix. When dissolved in sulfuric acid the heptacene dication is reported to be stable at room-temperature for more than a year in absence of oxygen.
"[Isolated] solid heptacene has a half-life time of several weeks at room temperature."

Derivatives 

7,16-Bis(tris(trimethylsilyl)silylethynyl)heptacene was synthesized in 2005. This compound is stable in the solid state for a week but decomposes in contact with air. Its synthesis started from anthraquinone and naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde. More stable substituted heptacenes have been reported: with stabilizing p-(t-butyl)thiophenyl substituents (Figure 1) and with phenyl and triisopropylsilylethynyl groups (Figure 2).

References

Acenes
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Substances discovered in the 2000s
TMA Engineering. TMA Engineering Ltd, is an engineering business based in Erdington, West Midlands, who supply services around power presses, but are best known for their sideline in building and overhauling miniature steam locomotives.

Most of the railway work that they undertake is in the 7¼" gauge, but they have also overhauled several 15" gauge locomotives, and have built five substantial 15" gauge diesel locomotives. The Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway in Kent has two TMA 15" gauge diesels, Captain Howey and John Southland; The Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway in Cumbria has one, Douglas Ferreira and the Shuzenji Romney Railway in Japan has two, John Southland II and City of Birmingham. One of the latest projects that the company was to undertake has been the overhauling of the R&ER steam locomotive River Mite over the Winter of 2006/07.

References 

Manufacturing companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Locomotive manufacturers of the United Kingdom