omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sopwith Type 860. 

The Sopwith Admiralty Type 860 was a 1910s British biplane seaplane torpedo bomber designed and built for the Admiralty by the Sopwith Aviation Company.

Design and development
First flown in December 1914 the Type 860 was an unswept biplane. The upper wings had a strut braced extension and ailerons were fitted on all four wings. It had twin strut-mounted floats under the fuselage and a float mounted under the tail and each wingtip. Some models were powered by a nose-mounted 200 hp 14-cylinder engine; others used a 225 hp (168 kW) Sunbeam Mohawk engine. Both models utilised a two-bladed propeller. It had two tandem open cockpits and could carry one 810 lb (367 kg) torpedo under the fuselage.
The Sopwith Admiralty Seaplane Type 860 was built in two versions. The standard version had wings of equal span; the second version had a lower wing of shorter span. In both versions, the wings were designed to fold. The type remained in service with RNAS until at least 1916.

Operators

Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications

See also

References

Sopwith 860 – British Aircraft Directory

1910s British bomber aircraft
Type 860
Aircraft first flown in 1914
List of ground-effect vehicles. The following is a list of WIGE or 'wing-in-ground'-effect craft, also referred to as water-skimming wingships or, in Russia, 'ekranoplans'.

Australia
 Sea Eagle (WIG craft) - six-seater wing-in-ground effect craft

China
 DXF100 (Tianyi-1) - 15 seater wing-in-ground effect craft, designed by China Academy of Science & Technology Development. In 2000, the model is for commercial sale in China. The first buyer of Tianyi-1 used the vehicle to carry tourists around Lake Tai.
 Xiangzhou 1 -  7 passenger capacity wing-in-ground effect craft, 12.7 meters long, 11 meters wide and 3.9 meters tall with a maximum takeoff weight of 2.5 tons.

Europe

France 
Pennec Navion: Designed and built by Serge Pennec at Geovas, near Brest in Brittany

Germany 
 Seafalcon http://www.seafalcon.net/
 TAF http://www.botec.org/wordpress/wir-uber-uns/?lang=en Germany, but GEV's are in Greece - Kavala at the Aegean Sea
 TAF VIII-1  two-seater Tandem Airfoil Flairboat Typ Jörg 1, built in 1987. This WIG craft has experienced about 100.000 km and is still in use in private property. 
 TAF VIII-2, four-seater Tandem Airfoil Flairboat Typ Jörg II, built in 1983. Following the F&E and test period, Dipl. Ing. Günther Jörg was awarded with the "Phillip Morris Scientific Award" for the Transportation System for the future. 
 Another TAF VIII-2, built in 1994 was given to a Japanese private citizen. 
 TAF VIII-3, eight-seater Tandem Airfoil Flairboat Typ Jörg III, built in 1990. 
 TAF VIII-4  twelve-seater TAF, Typ Jörg IV built in 1986 for coastal protection reasons.

Iran
 HESA Bavar 2, a two-seater (allegedly) semi-stealth military GEV that entered active duty in 2010.

Korea 
 ARON Flying Ship
 Sungwoo Engineering Wing in the Ground Effect Ship
 Wing Ship Technology Corp WSH-500
 Wing Ship Technology Corp WSH-1500

Russia

Civil WIG
 Ivolga EK-12
 Aquaglide-2
 Spasatel - Cancelled demilitarized Lun-class GEV converted into an ambulance craft

Military WIG
 Beriev Be-1 - Experimental aircraft used in development of VVA-14
 Bartini Beriev VVA-14 - Amphibious anti-submarine aircraft, only prototypes were produced
 KM "Caspian Sea Monster" - largest GEV ever built
 Lun-class ekranoplan - Only GEV to be used as a warship
 A-90 Orlyonok - Amphibious transport GEV
 Beriev Be-2500 - Proposed heavy transport GEV
 Aqualet - New 2011 Russian development of Ground Effect Vehicle
 Chaika A-050
 А-300-538
 A-080-752

Singapore
 AF8-001 (Air Fish) - WidgetWorks is developing the AirFish 8, previously known as Lippisch WIG, Flightship, or FS8.  The AirFish uses an air-cushion to raise the vehicle and travels at speeds up to 80 knots. Currently still in prototype with one built and tested beginning in 2001. Assets of the prior owner were liquidated at auction.

United States
 Aerocon Dash 1.6 wingship
  AirFish 3 and 8 respective 3 and 8 seaters by www.wigetworks.com
 Boeing Pelican
 Collins X-112
 Flying Ship Technologies, Corp. unamnned "Flying Ship"
 REGENT Viceroy Seaglider

See also
 Ground effect vehicle
 Ground effect train

References

External links
 Ekranoplan Moscow Top News

 
Ground effect vehicles
Bank filtration. River Bank filtration is a type of filtration that works by passing water to be purified for use as drinking water through the banks of a river or lake. It is then drawn off by extraction from wells that is some distance away from the water body. The process may directly yield drinkable water, or be a relatively uncomplicated way of pre-treating water for further purification.

Usage
The process has been in use in Europe, especially in Germany along the Rhine and later in Berlin, since the 1870s. Major facilities also exist in many other countries, including the United States, where Nebraska is leading in the use of such facilities.

Procedure

Three filtration mechanisms are possible.  Physical filtration or straining takes places when suspended particulates are too large to pass through interstitial spaces between alluvial soil particles.  Biological filtration occurs when soil microorganisms remove and digest dissolved or suspended organic material and chemical nutrients.  

Chemical filtration or ion exchange may take place when aquifer soils react with soluble chemicals in the water.  Most 'normal' contaminants (microbial organisms and inorganic or organic pollutants) will be removed by bank filtration, either because they get filtered out by the sand/earth of the bank, or because the passage time (which may be days or potentially weeks) is sufficient to render them inactive. Research has also shown that the removal efficiency depends not only on the contaminant, but also on the "hydraulic and chemical characteristics of the bottom sediment and the aquifer, the local recharge-discharge conditions, and biochemical processes".

Limitations
There have been indications that some pharmaceutical compounds (medical drug traces from human use) may not always be sufficiently removed by bank filtration, and that in areas with substantial contamination of this type, additional treatment may be needed.

Wastewater applications
Alluvial soils may also be used to purify waste-water being returned to a river after use.  Treated wastewater is typically discharged into a percolation pond on the alluvial flood plain rather than flowing directly into the river. Chemical filtration will cease when all reactive sites within the flow pathway through aquifer soil have reacted.  Physical filtration tends to become more effective as trapped particulates block interstitial passages between alluvial soil particles; but may ultimately limit flow rates through the soil.  Particulates on the river side of the soil interface may be periodically scoured away by turbulent flow.  Wastewater percolation ponds may require maintenance to break up or remove a scum layer (Schmutzdecke) forming at the bottom of the pond.  Biological filtration remains effective unless organic loading causes anaerobic conditions within the riverbed alluvium.

See also
 Biofilter
 Folkewall
 Trickling filter

References

External links
BankFiltration.org Website
Reverse Osmosis Water Filter

Water filters
Jacob's ladder (knife). The "Jacob's ladder" is a type of pocketknife consisting of two handle segments joined by a pivot, with a blade connected by a second pivot to the end of one handle segment.

The design presumably takes its name from the multi-jointed wooden toy also known as a Jacob's ladder, which is itself named after the ladder to heaven witnessed by the biblical patriarch Jacob (Genesis 28:12).

Design
It is conceptually similar to the butterfly knife (balisong) in that it has no mechanical lock or spring pressure, but is kept in the open position during use by the leverage imparted by the user's hand.

History
This type of knife was out of production for decades, but was revived in the 1990s by two manufacturers:  Fred Perrin (both made by himself and those outsourced) and Cold Steel.

References

Pocket knives
Verville-Sperry M-1 Messenger. The Sperry Messenger is an American single-seat biplane designed by Alfred V. Verville working for the Engineering Division of the United States Army Air Service (USAAS) and built under contract by Sperry Aircraft Company of Farmingdale, New York. The aircraft was later designated the M-1 and MAT by the USAAS.  Sperry produced approximately 50 Messengers and the civilian two-seat version, the Sport Plane, between 1920 and 1926. The aircraft was the first to make contact between an airplane and an airship while in flight.

Development
In 1921 Alfred V. Verville led the Engineering Division of the USAAS's design of a simple single-seat biplane to be used as a messenger aircraft to replace motorcycles. The aircraft was built by the Sperry Aircraft Company as the Sperry Messenger. The Messenger was a conventional biplane with a fixed tailskid landing gear and a nose-mounted 60 hp (45 kW) Lawrance L-4 radial engine. In 1924 the military aircraft were given USAAS designations M-1, M-1A and MAT. Lawrence Sperry gained attention when he landed his personal Messenger in front of the Capitol building and bounced up the front steps in Washington D.C. (See photo below.) He also successfully landed his little Messenger at the Lincoln Memorial. The prototype was used by Lawrence Sperry who disappeared in 1923, flying a Messenger across the English Channel from France to England.

Operational history
The Messenger's small size, simple construction, and inexpensive cost made it ideal for testing and experimentation.  As well as the original communications duties, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics used one in its pioneering aerodynamic research programs from 1923 to 1929.  Sperry modified twelve into the radio-controlled Messenger Aerial Torpedo, an early flying bomb, and developed the apparatus for a Messenger to make the first successful airship hook on and release in December 1924. On December 15, at Scott Field, Illinois, Lt. Clyde Finter hooked on to a trapeze attached to a non-rigid airship, the TC-3. In the Messenger, Finter remained attached briefly while the airship made a turn, then he unhooked and landed the aircraft on the ground.

Variants

Messenger
Sperry designation, 42 built later given USAAS designations M-1, M-1A and MAT.
M-1
Messengers used in communications duties, 26 built and known by the USAAS as the Verville-Sperry M-1
M-1A
Messengers with increased fuel capacity, 16 built.
MAT
Messengers used as aerial torpedoes (Messenger Aerial Torpedo), eight conversions.

Operators

United States Army Air Service

Specifications (M-1)

Gallery

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Cradle of Aviation Museum
 NASA History Publication (see section titled The Case of the Sperry Messenger)

1920s United States military utility aircraft
Verville aircraft
Messenger
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Parasite aircraft
Dcct. The abbreviation DCCT can stand for:
Diabetes control and complications trial
Zero-flux Direct Current-Current Transformer or DC Current Transformer, a current-to-voltage transducer, employed when measurement of very high current (up to several dozen of kA) is required.
Dismounted Close Combat Trainer.  A system using a computer simulated firing range used by the British Armed forces for training in weapon handing without the risk of handling a live weapon
Coimbatore Institute of Engineering and Technology. Coimbatore Institute of Engineering and Technology (CIET), is a private self-financing Engineering college located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 2001 by the Kovai Kalaimagal Educational Trust.

Location
The college is located on a campus of  at Narasipuram, 28  km from Coimbatore city.

Programmes
The college offers the following programmes affiliated to Anna University and AICTE.

UG programmes
 B.E. Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
 B.E. Civil Engineering
 B.E. Computer Science and Engineering
 B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering
 B.E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 B.E. Mechanical Engineering
 B.E. Mechatronics Engineering
 BTech Information Technology

PG programmes
 M.E. Engineering Design
 M.E. Communication Systems
 M.E. Computer Science and Engineering
 M.B.A.

Features
CIET is an Autonomous institution affiliated to Anna University Chennai, approved by AICTE, Accredited with 'A' Grade by NAAC. CIET offers 8 Under Graduate and 3 Post Graduate Engineering courses and 2 Year full time MBA program with Functional and Sectoral specializations.

See also 
 Anna University
 IoT
 Technology business incubator
 AICTE
AI and Data science
UGC
Coimbatore colleges

References 

Educational institutions established in 2001
Engineering colleges in Coimbatore
2001 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Private universities and colleges
Symbrion. Symbrion (Symbiotic Evolutionary Robot Organisms) is a project funded by the European Commission between 2008 and 2013 to develop a framework in which a homogeneous swarm of miniature interdependent robots can co-assemble into a larger robotic organism to gain problem-solving momentum.

One of the key aspects of Symbrion is inspired by the biological world: an artificial genome that allows storing and evolution of suboptimal configurations in order to increase the speed of adaptation. 

The SYMBRION project does not start from zero; previous development and research from projects I-SWARM and the open-source SWARMROBOT serve as a mounting point. A large part of the developments within Symbrion is open-source and open-hardware.

Co-operating universities 
 Universität Stuttgart, Germany (Coordination)
 Universität Graz, Austria
 Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands
 Universität Karlsruhe, Germany
 Flanders Institute of Biotechnology, Belgium
 University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
 Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany
 University of York, UK
 Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
 Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, France
 Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic

See also
 Swarm robotics

References

External links 
 Symbrion homepage 

Robotics projects
Multi-robot systems
2008 in robotics
EF86. The EF86 is a high transconductance sharp cutoff pentode vacuum tube with Noval (B9A) base for audio-frequency applications.

It was introduced by the Mullard company in 1953  and was produced by Philips, Mullard, Telefunken, Valvo, and GEC among others. It is very similar electrically to the octal base EF37A and the Rimlock base EF40. Unlike many pentodes, it was designed specifically for audio applications, with low noise and low microphony claimed advantages, although a rubber-mounted vibration-resistant base was still recommended. It has a much higher stage gain than any triode, which makes it susceptible to microphony. The EF86 was used in many preamplifier designs during the last decades of vacuum tube hi-fi development. An industrial tube variant is known as 6267. In the former Soviet Union a variant was also produced as type 6Zh32P (Russian: 6Ж32П.)   EF86s were being produced in Russia in two versions under the Electro-Harmonix brand and in the Slovak Republic as JJ Electronic (formerly Tesla).

Characteristics 
6.3 Volt, 200 mA indirectly heated A.F. miniature pentode with Noval (B9A) base with an EIA 9CQ (or 9BJ) basing diagram.
 Transconductance: 2.2 mA/V at Ia=3.0 mA, Ig2=0.6 mA, Va=250 V, Vg1=-2.2 V, Vg2=140 V, Vg3=0 V
 Voltage gain: 185 (45dB) at Vsupply=250 V, Ik=0.9 mA, Rk=2.2 kilohm, Ra=220 kilohm, Rg1=1 megohm, Vout<44 VRMS

Special precautions have been taken in the design to reduce the:
 Hum (through a bifilar-wound twisted pair of heater wires),
 noise, and
 microphony (through a rigid internal structure to reduce resonances).

The EF86 is much less noisy than other pentodes, but slightly noisier than some triodes at about 2 μV equivalent input noise to 10 kHz. Although used in circuits such as tape recorder input stages and instrument amplifiers, microphony can be a problem, even when mounted in a vibration-reducing valve holder.

Equivalent and similar devices 
 6267 * Z729 * CV2901 * 6BK8 * 6CF8 * 6F22 * CV8068 * CV10098

Special quality:
 EF86SQ * M8195 * CV4085 * EF806S

Different heater requirements:
 PF86, 300 mA (4.5 V)
 UF86, 100 mA (12.6 V)

The rarely used EF83 is a remote-cutoff pentode otherwise similar to the EF86; the remote cutoff (variable mu) makes it suitable for applications such as automatic gain control (AGC) in tape recorders.

References

External links 
 Tubeworld.com's EF86 page 
 Mullard's EF86 at the National Valve Museum
 The Mullard EF36, EF37 and EF37A at the National Valve Museum
 TDSL Tube data: EF86
 Datasheet for Thorn/Mazda 6F22/EF86 (pdf)

Vacuum tubes
Guitar amplification tubes
SJ Pa. Pa is an electric locomotive used by Swedish State Railways () for hauling passenger trains on Malmbanan. It was delivered by ASEA in 1914-1915 and was in service until the 1950s. Malmbanan was the first electrified railway owned by the state (several private lines was already electrified) in Sweden, and SJ needed a fast locomotive to haul the passenger trains on the line. One of the units is preserved.

External links
 Järnväg.net on Pa 

ASEA locomotives
Pa
15 kV AC locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Sweden
Railway locomotives introduced in 1914
Rollason Aircraft and Engines. Rollason Aircraft and Engines Limited was a British aircraft manufacturer and aircraft maintenance and refurbishment company from its formation in 1957.

History

The company was founded in 1943 by W.A. Rollason at Croydon Airport along with a sister company W.A. Rollason Limited and Rollason Aircraft Services Limited. The Rollason companies were involved in the maintenance and overhaul of a large variety of aircraft and engines, primarily based at Croydon with engine work done at Shoreham. After the war, a major source of business was the purchase of military surplus aircraft, particularly the de Havilland Tiger Moth, for re-sale in the civil market. The company was noted for the quality of their work on reconditioning Tiger Moths. In 1957, the failing company was bought by Norman Jones who reorganised the business as Rollason Aircraft & Engines. The company continued to maintain and refurbish aircraft, particularly the Tiger Moth.

Jones wanted to develop the flying club movement and he instituted a number of initiatives to establish flying clubs and encourage people to fly. Rollasons became the United Kingdom agent for Jodel aircraft. Jones also founded the Tiger Club in late 1956 with the intention of racing Tiger Moths supplied by Rollasons, and a close relationship was maintained thereafter. In 1957, Rollasons started to produce the Druine Turbulent under licence. The company also built Ardem piston engines under licence for use in the Turbulents.

When Croydon closed for flying in 1959, the factory remained at Croydon but all aircraft had to be transported to Redhill for reassembly and test flying. In 1960, Jones hit upon the idea of developing the two seat Druine Condor for the demands of club flying and, with a number of refinements to the design, this was produced at Croydon Airport from 1961 under licence as the Rollason Condor. In 1962 Rollasons imported the first Stampe SV.4 to the UK, and this type served with the Tiger Club for decades, with Rollason continuing to supply spare parts for the Tiger Moth and Stampe SV.4. In 1963 Norman Jones employed his son Michael to manage both Rollasons and the Tiger Club on his behalf. Rollasons also made the Rollason Beta, a small racing aircraft.

In 1973, Rollasons were forced to move from Croydon and all airframe work moved to Shoreham where a final Condor was completed; a number of unfinished fuselages were sold off for possible completion as amateur-built aircraft. The company continued to work on aircraft engines until at least 1999 when Michael Jones resigned as managing director.

Aircraft built
Druine Turbulent – 29 built
Druine Condor – 48 built
Rollason Beta – 4 built

References

Bibliography 

 
 
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Focke-Wulf A 33 Sperber. The Focke-Wulf A 33 Sperber (German: "Sparrowhawk") was a small airliner, produced in Germany in the early 1930s. It was a high-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional design, resembling a scaled-down version of the contemporary A 32 design. Only three examples were built, each purchased for air taxi duties with separate German airlines. One eventually briefly joined the fleet of Deutsche Luft Hansa in 1937.

Specifications

References

 
 
 German aircraft between 1919-1945 

1930s German airliners
A 33
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Focke-Wulf A 38 Möwe. The Focke-Wulf A 38 Möwe (German: "Gull") was an airliner, produced in Germany in the early 1930s. It was a final development of the family of designs that commenced with the A 17 in 1927. The A 38 used the same high-mounted, cantilever wing as the A 29, but mated this to an all-new fuselage design with enclosed seating for ten passengers and three crew. Unlike earlier members of the family, the flight deck was not joined to the cabin, separated now by a lavatory and baggage compartment. The main undercarriage was strengthened and the mainwheels fitted with brakes, while the tailskid was replaced with a tailwheel. All four A 38s were originally fitted with Siemens- or Gnome et Rhône-built Bristol Jupiter engines (although the BMW VI had been offered as an option), but in April 1933, all aircraft were refitted with Siemens Sh 20 powerplants. By mid-1934, they had been relegated to training duties.

Specifications

References

 
 
 
 German aircraft between 1919-1945

1930s German airliners
A 38
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931