omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bulk moulding compound. Bulk moulding compound (BMC), bulk moulding composite, or dough moulding compound (DMC), is a ready-to-mold, glass-fiber reinforced thermoset polymer material primarily used in compression moulding, as well as in injection moulding and transfer moulding. Typical applications include demanding electrical applications, corrosion resistant needs, appliance, automotive, and transit.

Manufacturing 
BMC is manufactured by mixing strands (Greater than 1/8” and less than 2") of chopped glass fibers, styrene, an initiator, and filler in a mixer with an unsaturated thermoset resin (commonly polyester resin, vinyl ester resin or epoxy resin). The mixing is done at room temperature and stored at low temperatures to slow down curing prior to molding. The concentration of the mixture can vary depending on application, but is typically 30% glass fibers, 25% filler, and 45% resin, styrene, and initiator. The material is provided in bulk or in logs approximately 4" in diameter. The glass fibers in BMC increase the strength properties of the product to be higher than standard thermoplastic products.

The viscosity of BMC dictates how effectively it can fill a mold. When at high viscosity, the pressure applied to the BMC is not enough for it to flow, and when at low viscosity, the fibers will stay in one place while the rest of the material flows without them. The viscosity constrains the amount of each component that can be used when mixing BMC. Having a large amount of fibers or longer fibers improves mechanical properties but makes the BMC more viscous. Adding fillers can lower the cost of the BMC or improve a certain property, but causes the BMC to become more viscous. Adding more styrene lowers viscosity but causes the moulded BMC to become brittle. When at an optimal viscosity to allow flow, components made using BMC can be up to 16" in their longest dimension before the components of the mixture begin to separate.

See also
 Sheet moulding compound (SMC)
 Fibre-reinforced plastic
 Thermoset polymer matrix

References

Composite materials
Fibre-reinforced polymers
Sheet moulding compound. Sheet moulding compound (SMC) or sheet moulding composite is a ready to mould glass-fibre reinforced polyester material primarily used in compression moulding. The sheet is provided in rolls weighing up to 1000 kg. Alternatively the resin and related materials may be mixed on site when a producer wants greater control over the chemistry and filler.

SMC is both a process and reinforced composite material.  This is manufactured by dispersing long strands (usually >1”) of chopped fiber, commonly glass fibers or carbon fibers on a bath of thermoset resin (typically polyester resin, vinyl ester resin or epoxy resin). The longer fibers in SMC result in better strength properties than standard bulk moulding compound (BMC) products. Typical applications include demanding electrical applications, corrosion resistant needs, structural components at low cost, automotive, and transit.

Process
Paste reservoir dispenses a measured amount of specified resin paste onto a plastic carrier film.  This carrier film passes underneath a chopper which cuts the fibers onto the surface. Once these have drifted through the depth of resin paste, another sheet is added on top which sandwiches the glass.  The sheets are compacted and then enter onto a take-up roll, which is used to store the product whilst it matures.  The carrier film is then later removed and the material is cut into charges.  Depending on what shape is required determines the shape of the charge and steel die which it is then added to.  Heat and pressure act on the charge and once fully cured, this is then removed from the mould as the finished product. Fillers both reduce weight and change the physical properties, typically adding strength. Production challenges include wetting the filler, which could consist of glass microspheres or aligned fibers rather than random chopped fibers; adjusting die temperature and pressure to provide the proper geometry; and adjusting chemistry to end use.

Advantages
Compared to similar methods, SMC benefits from a very high volume production ability, excellent part reproducibility, it is cost effective as low labor requirements per production level is very good and industry scrap is reduced substantially.  Weight reduction, due to lower dimensional requirements and because of the ability to consolidate many parts into one, is also advantageous.  The level of flexibility also exceeds many counterpart processes.

Physical properties
Properties vary depending upon filler and resin types, with compounds using aligned fibers (especially long fibers) being subject to greater anisotropy. Typical ranges are listed below.

See also
 Bulk moulding compound
 Fiberglass
 Fibre-reinforced plastic
 Thermosetting polymer
 Thermoset polymer matrix
 Forged composite
 CFSMC

References

Plastics industry
Composite materials
Fibre-reinforced polymers
Murus gallicus. Murus gallicus or Gallic wall is a method of construction of defensive walls used to protect Iron Age hillforts and oppida of the La Tene period in Western Europe.

Basic features 
The distinctive features are:
 earth or rubble fill
 transverse cross beams at approximately 2 ft (60 cm) intervals
 longitudinal timbers laid on the cross beams and attached with mortice joints, nails, or iron spikes through augered holes
 outer stone facing 
 cross beams protruding through the stone facing

Technique and utility
The technique of construction and the utility of the walls was described by Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on the Gallic War:
But this is usually the form of all the Gallic walls. Straight beams, connected lengthwise and two feet distant from each other at equal intervals, are placed together on the ground; these are morticed on the inside, and covered with plenty of earth. But the intervals which we have mentioned, are closed up in front by large stones. These being thus laid and cemented together, another row is added above, in such a manner, that the same interval may be observed, and that the beams may not touch one another, but equal spaces intervening, each row of beams is kept firmly in its place by a row of stones. In this manner the whole wall is consolidated, until the regular height of the wall be completed. This work, with respect to appearance and variety, is not unsightly, owing to the alternate rows of beams and stones, which preserve their order in right lines; and, besides, it possesses great advantages as regards utility and the defense of cities; for the stone protects it from fire, and the wood from the battering ram, since it [the wood] being mortised in the inside with rows of beams, generally forty feet each in length, can neither be broken through nor torn asunder.

Examples
About 30 structures of this type have been excavated, mainly in Gaul, but extending to the upper reaches of the Rhine and Danube. The example at the sea promontory fort of Le Camp d'Artus, at Huelgoat, was excavated and reported by Mortimer Wheeler.

At Manching an earlier murus gallicus wall was rebuilt in the pfostenschlitzmauer style.

Comparison with other construction styles
The murus gallicus contrasts with other construction styles:
 Pfostenschlitzmauer – characterised by upright wooden posts in the outer wall, typical in central Europe.
 Dacian Wall – inner and outer stone walls reinforced with inner horizontal timber tie beams.

See also 
 Murus Dacicus
 Pfostenschlitzmauer
 Kelheim
 Titelberg

References

Sources 
 Commentaries on the Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar, 7.23 
 Barry Cunliffe (1997), The Ancient Celts,  (Contains the cross-section of Huelgoat drawn by Mortimer Wheeler.)
 Ian Ralston (2006), Celtic Fortifications,  (The definitive modern reference on hillfort construction, with extensive descriptions, comparative analysis, photographs of modern reconstructions, and even results of experiments burning reconstructed walls.)

External links

Oppida
Hill forts
Fortification lines
Iron Age Europe
Page Interchange Language. Page Interchange Language also known as Publishing Interchange Language, or "PIL" is a public domain language that allows precise description of the layout of content on pages, groups of multiple pages or any 2-dimensional area, which it calls a "canvas." It was developed between June 1990 and June 1991 by the Professional Publishers Interchange Specification Workgroup, a committee of software and hardware vendors serving the newspaper, magazine and print advertising markets. The committee was led by Quark and Atex.

At the time, typesetting and physically cut and pasting of images was still required to assemble many pages because the specialized composition, pagination, text formatting, and graphic design systems that produced the content could not operate together to produce integrated output. PIL was designed to allow electronic integration of content and layout, so that one system could print complete pages or layouts with all the typeset text and composed images that came from heterogeneous subsystems. PIL describes the layout, and allows the use of any combination of markup languages and image formats to  encode the content. It enables any publishing workflow of either sequential or simultaneous layout and content creation. PIL was successfully used to integrate many publishing systems including systems from Agfa, Atex, Autologic, Information International, Inc., Quark, Inc., and Scitex.

Many languages and formats now exist to describe content for the World Wide Web, and to define documents by their logical structure, so the same content can be reformatted for multiple purposes. However, PIL exists to describe precisely a graphical design and the placement of all content within it. It is useful for those who want to define a specific visual presentation rather than the sort of fluid layout that a web browser allows. It does not directly provide any logical structure of elements such as headings, citations, captions and so on. It defines a (theoretically infinite) hierarchy of canvases with coordinate systems, tags, frames, and content of any type. These can be used as needed to draw any type of document. 

The complete public domain distribution of PIL includes the language specification document (including a BNF specification, example files, a programmer's guide, and C-language source code for a parser and an output engine to produce PIL. The source code is highly portable to any platform that supports C, either in the ANSI C or earlier K&R forms.

External links 

 Publishing Interchange Language

References 

Page layout
Programming languages created in 1991
Publishing software
Public-domain software with source code
Home Gateway Initiative. The Home Gateway Initiative (HGI) was a nonprofit trade organization to discuss the key specifications and standards of residential gateways, also known as home gateways.

It was founded by telephone companies (Belgacom, BT, Deutsche Telekom, France Telecom, KPN, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), Swiss Telecom, Telenor, Telecom Italia and Teliasonera) in December 2004.

Several manufacturers such as ADB, Devolo, Huawei, Ikanos Communications, Intel, Lantiq, SoftAtHome or ZTE also joined the alliance.
HGI's aims included:
 Release specifications of the home gateway.
 Boost the market of home communication services to the millions of customers served by its founding members.
 Improve the interoperability of gateways with home devices.

HGI also built on work of other standards bodies such as the Broadband Forum, Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) and Open Services Gateway initiative (OSGi) Alliance.
The initiative made an agreement with the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) in 2006. HGI established relations with oneM2M and initiated a transfer of HGI work into oneM2M, especially regarding a Smart Device Template (SDT) specification which was transferred as ETSI TR 118 522 V2.0.0 (2016-09)

HGI closed operations in June 2016, wrapping up according to its statutes, and archiving all specifications for five years. The HGI website and documents were permanently archived on www.archive.org on 21 February 2021. The organisation webpage www.homegatewayinitiative.org is no longer owned and might potentially be taken over by some other organisation in future.

References

External links
The archived home page of the forum

Publications
Home Gateway Technical Requirements: Residential Profile Version 1.01 - 28 April 2008
Home Gateway Technical Requirements: Release 1 Version 1.0 - 1 July 2006 (obsolete)

Networking standards
BT Group
Deutsche Telekom
Orange S.A.
KPN
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
Telenor
TIM Group
Yoav Freund. 

Yoav Freund (; born 1961) is an Israeli professor of computer science at the University of California San Diego who mainly works on machine learning, probability theory and related fields and applications. 

He is an alumnus of the Talpiot program of the Israeli army.

He is best known for his work on the AdaBoost algorithm, an ensemble learning algorithm which is used to combine many "weak" learning machines to create a more robust one. He and Robert Schapire received the Gödel Prize in 2003 for their joint work on AdaBoost.  In 2004 he was awarded the Paris Kanellakis Award. He was elected an AAAI Fellow in 2008.

Selected works

References

External links
Freund's homepage at UCSD

Living people
American computer scientists
Gödel Prize laureates
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
1961 births

Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Martin Murphy (civil engineer). Martin Murphy (11 November 1832 – 9 January 1926) was an Irish-born Canadian civil engineer.

Murphy was educated at public schools and privately, and began engineering work in 1852 on the Midland Great Western Railway.  He was resident engineer of the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Railway from 1862 to 1868, when he went to Canada and served for a year as engineer for the city of Halifax.  He was chief engineer for the survey of projected Nova Scotia railways in 1870-71 and contracted for the building of Intercolonial Railway bridges in 1871–74.  For 30 years (1875–1905) he was provisional engineer for Nova Scotia, and in 1906 was appointed government inspecting engineer of the National Transcontinental Railway, western division.  He was president of the Nova Scotia Institute of Science (1882–83) and of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers (1902).  His views on and illustrations of bridge work won high recognition from the Engineering Congress at the Chicago World's Fair (1893).

References

 

1832 births
1926 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Canadian civil engineers
Irish civil engineers
Engineers from County Wexford
British emigrants to Canada
Network booting. Network booting, shortened netboot, is the process of booting a computer from a network rather than a local drive. This method of booting can be used by routers, diskless workstations and centrally managed computers (thin clients) such as public computers at libraries and schools.

Network booting can be used to centralize management of disk storage, which supporters claim can result in reduced capital and maintenance costs. It can also be used in cluster computing, in which nodes may not have local disks.

In the late 1980s/early 1990s, network boot was used to save the expense of a disk drive, because a decently sized harddisk would still cost thousands of dollars, often equaling the price of the CPU.

Hardware support
Contemporary desktop personal computers generally provide an option to boot from the network in their BIOS/UEFI via the Preboot Execution Environment (PXE). Post-1998 PowerPC (G3 G5) Mac systems can also boot from their New World ROM firmware to a network disk via NetBoot. Old personal computers without network boot firmware support can utilize a floppy disk or flash drive containing software to boot from the network.

Process
The initial software to be run is loaded from a server on the network; for IP networks this is usually done using the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). The server from which to load the initial software is usually found by broadcasting a Bootstrap Protocol or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) request. Typically, this initial software is not a full image of the operating system to be loaded, but a small network boot manager program such as PXELINUX which can deploy a boot option menu and then load the full image by invoking the corresponding second-stage bootloader.

Installations
Netbooting is also used for unattended operating system installations. In this case, a network-booted helper operating system is used as a platform to execute the script-driven, unattended installation of the intended operating system on the target machine. Implementations of this for Mac OS X and Windows exist as NetInstall and Windows Deployment Services, respectively.

Legacy
Before IP became the primary Layer 3 protocol, Novell's NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) and IBM's Remote Initial Program Load (RIPL) were widely used for network booting. Their client implementations also fit into smaller ROM than PXE. Technically network booting can be implemented over any of file transfer or resource sharing protocols, for example, NFS is preferred by BSD variants.

See also
 Wake-on-LAN (WoL)

References

External links
 PXE specification The Preboot Execution Environment specification v2.1 published by Intel & SystemSoft
 Remote Boot Protocol Draft draft of the PXE Client/Server Protocol included in the PXE specification
 NetBoot NetBoot 2.0: Boot Server Discovery Protocol (BSDP)

 
Computer network technology
Sumed pipeline. The Sumed Pipeline (also known as the Suez-Mediterranean Pipeline) is an oil pipeline in Egypt, running from the Ain Sokhna terminal in the Gulf of Suez, the northernmost terminus of the Red Sea, to offshore Sidi Kerir port, Alexandria in the Mediterranean Sea. It provides an alternative to the Suez Canal for transporting oil from the Persian Gulf region to the Mediterranean.

History
The project for an oil pipeline from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean commenced after the extended closure of the Suez Canal following the Six-Day War in June 1967.  Establishment of the pipeline company was agreed in 1973 between five Arab governments. The Sumed pipeline was opened in 1977.

Technical description
The Sumed pipeline is  long. It consists of two parallel lines of  diameter. Its capacity is . In 2009 it carried .

Operator
The pipeline is owned by the Arab Petroleum Pipeline Company/Sumed Company, a joint venture of EGPC (50%, Egypt), Saudi Aramco (15%, Saudi Arabia), IPIC (15%, the United Arab Emirates), three Kuwaiti companies (each of 5%), and QatarEnergy (5%, Qatar).

Proposed extension
An extension of the Sumed is being considered. The proposed extension would traverse the Red Sea from Ain Sukhna to the Saudi coast near Sharm al Sheikh, and from there to the terminal of Saudi Arabia's main east-west pipeline in Yanbu.

See also

 Energy in Egypt
 Eilat-Ashkelon Pipeline

References

External links
 Sumed Company

Energy infrastructure completed in 1977
Oil pipelines in Egypt
Oil pipeline companies
Cgidev2. CGIDEV2 is a free and open source IBM i (formerly known as AS/400) based program development toolkit that facilitates the development of interactive web-based programs using RPG ILE or Cobol (using the older CGIDEV version) as the back-end Common Gateway Interface language. The functionality of this toolset is incorporated into an RPG ILE program by means of a service program that contains all of the procedures required to read input from a browser, generate and send the appropriate response back to the browser. CGIDEV2 is commonly used to generate static or interactive HTML/DHTML pages but it can also produce CSV, XML, Excel-XML and other text based files.

Overview
CGIDEV2 was developed by Mel Rothman while he was with IBM Rochester.  It was released to the public in 1999.  The product was maintained and promoted by Mr. Rothman and Dr. Giovanni B. Perotti of IBM Italy, who have added enhancements, documentation and code samples to the package. When Dr. Perotti left IBM, the company at first refused to allow him to maintain the product, then later relented.  Because the product is written in RPG ILE and comes with complete source, end users have also been able to contribute enhancements to the package and modify it for their specific requirements. In addition to Perotti and Rothman, CGIDEV2 has been enhanced, promoted, or discussed in detail by Brian May, Jon Paris, Susan Gantner, and Brad Stone.

Unlike most web solutions for the iSeries, CGIDEV2 is neither a terminal emulator or an SQL based solution. CGIDEV2 effectively extends widely used RPG programming language with specific procedures for the web. This permits an iSeries programmer to continue to use all of the familiar tools and techniques that they are accustomed to as they develop interactive programs for the web.

A particular feature of the CGIDEV2 toolkit is that it allows the programmer to isolate the HTML in one or more external template files from the executing CGI program, with special tokens in the HTML templates being replaced at run-time via toolkit procedures. This separation of the HTML code from the CGI program promotes the efficient and consistent development and subsequent maintenance of enterprise scale business applications.

Criticism
While CGIDEV2 is a popular choice as a web development languages for RPG programmers on IBM iSeries systems, CGIDEV2 lacks in some features offered by other web development languages such as session management and the ability to design programs using object oriented design principles.  IBM's ambiguous commitment to the CGIDEV2 product and to the iSeries in general is also an issue to some users.

References

External links
 
 
 Change log 
 ReadMe

Free web development software
CGI Service Program