omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hydroskimming. Hydroskimming is one of the simplest types of refinery used in the petroleum industry and still represents a large proportion of refining facilities, particularly in developing countries.  A hydroskimming refinery is defined as a refinery equipped with atmospheric distillation, naphtha reforming and necessary treating processes. A hydroskimming refinery is therefore more complex than a topping refinery (which just separates the crude into its constituent petroleum products by distillation, known as atmospheric distillation, and produces naphtha but no gasoline) and it produces gasoline. The addition of catalytic reformer enables a hydroskimming refinery to generate higher octane reformate; benzene, toluene, and xylene; and hydrogen for hydrotreating units. However, a hydroskimming refinery produces a surplus of fuel oil with a relatively unattractive price and demand.

Most refineries, therefore, add vacuum distillation and catalytic cracking, which adds one more level of complexity by reducing fuel oil by conversion to light distillates and middle distillates. A coking refinery adds further complexity to the cracking refinery by high conversion of fuel oil into distillates and petroleum coke.

Catalytic cracking, coking and other such conversion units are referred to as secondary processing units. The Nelson Complexity Index, captures the proportion of the secondary conversion unit capacities relative to the primary distillation or topping capacity. The Nelson Complexity Index typically varies from about 2 for hydroskimming refineries, to about 5 for the Cracking refineries and over 9 for the Coking refineries.

Notes and references

Oil refineries
Nelson complexity index. The Nelson complexity index (NCI) is a measure to compare the secondary conversion capacity of a petroleum refinery with the primary distillation capacity.  The index provides an easy metric for quantifying and ranking the complexity of various refineries and units. To calculate the index, it is necessary to use complexity factors, which compare the cost of upgrading units to the cost of crude distillation unit.

History
It was developed by Wilbur L. Nelson in a series of articles that appeared in the Oil & Gas Journal from 1960 to 1961 (Mar. 14, p. 189; Sept. 26, p. 216; and June 19, p. 109). In 1976, he elaborated on the concept in another series of articles, again in the Oil & Gas Journal (Sept. 13, p. 81; Sept. 20, p. 202; and Sept. 27, p. 83).

Formula

Where:
 is a complexity factor
 is a unit capacity
 is a capacity of crude distillation unit
 is a number of all units

The NCI assigns a complexity factor to each major piece of refinery equipment based on its complexity and cost in comparison to crude distillation, which is assigned a complexity factor of 1.0. The complexity of each piece of refinery equipment is then calculated by multiplying its complexity factor by its throughput ratio as a percentage of crude distillation capacity. Adding up the complexity values assigned to each piece of equipment, including crude distillation, determines a refinery’s complexity on the NCI.

The NCI indicates not only the investment intensity or cost index of the refinery but also its potential value addition. Thus, the higher the index number, the greater the cost of the refinery and the higher the value of its products.

In the second edition of the book Petroleum Refinery Process Economics (2000), author Robert Maples notes that U.S. refineries rank highest in complexity index, averaging 9.5, compared with Europe's at 6.5. The Jamnagar Refinery belonging to India-based Reliance Industries Limited is now one of the most complex refineries in the world with a Nelson complexity index of  21.1.  

The Oil and Gas Journal annually calculates and publishes a list of refineries with their associated Nelson complexity index scores.

Complexity factors
Some factors for various processing units:

Example
If an oil refinery has a crude distillation unit (100 kbd), vacuum distillation unit (60 kbd), and catalytic reforming unit (30 kbd), then the NCI will be 1*(100/100) + 2*(60/100) + 5*(30/100) = 1.0 + 1.2 + 1.5 = 3.7.

References

External links
 Oil and Gas Journal, Nelson Complexity index

Oil refining
Dimensionless numbers of chemistry
List of badge-engineered vehicles. This is a list of vehicles that have been considered to be the result of badge engineering (rebadging), cloning, platform sharing, joint ventures between different car manufacturing companies, captive imports, or simply the practice of selling the same or similar cars in different markets (or even side-by-side in the same market) under different marques or model nameplates.

Current examples

Past examples

See also
 Car platform
 General Motors Companion Make Program
 Brand
 Rebranding
 Joint Venture
 List of Chrysler platforms
 List of Fiat platforms
 List of Ford platforms
 List of GM platforms
 List of Hyundai-Kia platforms
 List of Mitsubishi platforms
 List of Nissan platforms
 List of Toyota platforms
 List of Volkswagen Group platforms

Notes

References

Badge engineered
Refrigerator truck. A refrigerator truck or chiller lorry (also called a reefer), is a van or truck designed to carry perishable freight at low temperatures. Most long-distance refrigerated transport by truck is done in articulated trucks pulling refrigerated  hardside (box) semi-trailers, although insulated curtainsiders are common in some countries. Occasionally, refrigerated trailers have been used as temporary morgues, and second-hand refrigerated trailers are frequently sold for use in tiny home conversions due to their insulation and existing status as a vehicle.

History 
The first successful mechanically refrigerated trucks were made for the ice cream industry in 1925. American inventor Frederick McKinley Jones is known to be the first person to invent a refrigerated truck. There were around 4 million refrigerated road vehicles in use in 2010 worldwide.

Features 
Like refrigerator cars, refrigerated trucks differ from simple insulated and ventilated vans (commonly used for transporting fruit), neither of which are fitted with cooling apparatus. 

Refrigerator trucks can be ice-cooled, equipped with any one of a variety of mechanical refrigeration systems powered by small displacement engines, or utilize carbon dioxide (either as dry ice or in liquid form) as a cooling agent. 

They are often equipped with small "vent doors" at the rear and front of the trailer. The purpose of these doors is to be kept open while hauling non-refrigerated cargo (often "backhaul"), so as to air out the trailer.

See also

 Cold chain
 Fuel cell auxiliary power unit
 Reefer (container)
 Reefer ship
 Refrigerated van
 Refrigerator car
Temperature data logger

References

Bibliography 
 Prentice, B. E., & Benell, D. (1992). "Determinants of empty returns by US refrigerated trucks: conjoint analysis approach". Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 40(1), 109-127.  (abstract).

External links
 Guideline for long refrigerated trailers in Queensland  // Queensland Government, August 2006
 Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications, 4/e,  (2011) Chapter 17-8 "Transportation of Refrigerated Foods" page 17-41
 UNIT 7 AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT AND THEIR APPLICATIONS // IGNOU, School of Engineering & Technology, BME - 032; chapter 7.5 TRANSPORT REFRIGERATION - section "7.5.1 Refrigerated Trucks and Trailers", page 103

Trucks
Cooling technology
Food preservation
Trucks
Trailers
Lucien L'Allier. Lucien L'Allier (1909 - 1978) was a Canadian engineer who is best known for having built the Montreal Metro, the city's subway system.

Early life
Born in the suburb of Saint-Laurent, Quebec he studied with the Frères des écoles chrétiennes, Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal and McGill University, from which he graduated with a degree in electrical engineering.

Career
In 1935, he took part in a three-year project working on the telephone networks of Bell Canada, and later worked for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as regional engineer until 1946. In 1946, he joined the staff of the city of Montreal, and became the city's engineering director in 1954. In 1961 the construction of the Montreal Metro began. He supervised a construction project with 5000 workers. McGill University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1964. The same year, he was appointed Chairman of the Montreal Transit Commission, a position he held until his retirement in 1974.

Legacy
After his death in 1978, a Metro station was renamed in his honor. Rue de l'Aqueduc, north of rue Saint-Jacques, became rue Lucien-L'Allier in 1979. In 2001, the commuter rail station adjacent to the Metro station was also renamed.

References

1909 births
1978 deaths
Canadian electrical engineers
Montreal Metro
People from Saint-Laurent, Quebec
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
Wetware (novel). Wetware is a 1988 biopunk science fiction novel written by Rudy Rucker. It shared the Philip K. Dick Award in 1988 with Four Hundred Billion Stars by Paul J. McAuley. The novel is the second book in Rucker's Ware Tetralogy, preceded by Software in 1982 and followed by Freeware in 1997.

Plot summary

Set in 2030–2031, ten years after the events of Software, Wetware focuses on the attempt of an Edgar Allan Poe-obsessed bopper named Berenice to populate Earth with a robot/human hybrid called a meatbop. Toward this end, she implants an embryo in a human woman living on the Moon (Della Taze, Cobb Anderson's niece) and then frames her for murder to force her to return to Earth. After only a few days, she gives birth to a boy named Manchile, who has been genetically programmed to carry bopper software in his brain (and in his sperm), and to grow to maturity in a matter of weeks.

Berenice's plan is for Manchile to announce the formation of a new religion unifying boppers and humans, and then arrange to have himself assassinated. (Rucker makes several allusions to the Christ story; Taze's abbreviated pregnancy is discovered on Christmas Eve, for instance.) Before the assassination, Manchile impregnates several women, the idea being that his similarly accelerated offspring will create a race of meatbops at an exponential rate.

The plot goes disastrously awry, and a human corporation called ISDN retaliates against the boppers by infecting them with a genetically modified organism called chipmold. The artificial disease succeeds in killing off the boppers, but when it infects the boppers' outer coating, a kind of smart plastic known as flickercladding, it creates a new race of intelligent symbiotes known as moldies — thus fulfilling Berenice's dream of an organic/synthetic hybrid.

Both of the two main human characters of Software play prominent roles in Wetware: Cobb Anderson, whose robot body was destroyed at the end of the last novel, has his software implanted in a new body so he can help raise Manchile; while Sta-Hi Mooney—now known as Stahn Mooney—is now working as a private detective on the Moon after accidentally killing his wife, and is used as a pawn in various bopper and anti-bopper schemes.

The Belle of Louisville, a steamboat of historic significance located in Louisville, Kentucky (the setting for the earthbound portions of the book), occurs as a character in the book, in which it is revealed that the steamer has been imbued with an onboard artificial intelligence.

References

External links
 

Novels by Rudy Rucker
1988 American novels
1988 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Cyberpunk novels
Biopunk novels
Novels set in Louisville, Kentucky
Sequel novels
Fiction set in 2030
Novels set in the 2030s
Fiction set in 2031
Avon (publisher) books
Forming gas. Forming gas is a mixture of  hydrogen (mole fraction varies) and nitrogen. It is sometimes called a "dissociated ammonia atmosphere" due to the reaction which generates it:

2 NH3 → 3 H2 + N2

It can also be manufactured by thermal cracking of ammonia, in an ammonia cracker or forming gas generator.

Forming gas is used as an atmosphere for processes that need the properties of hydrogen gas. Typical forming gas formulations (5% H2 in N2) are not explosive. It is used in chambers for gas hypersensitization, a process in which photographic film is heated in forming gas to drive out moisture and oxygen and to increase the base fog of the film. Hypersensitization is used particularly in deep-sky astrophotography, which deals with low-intensity incoming light, requires long exposure times, and is thus particularly sensitive to contaminants in the film.

Forming gas is also used to regenerate catalysts in glove boxes and as an atmosphere for annealing processes. It can be purchased at welding supply stores. It is sometimes used as a reducing agent for high-temperature soldering and brazing, to remove oxidation of the joint without the use of flux. It also finds application in microchip production, where a high-temperature anneal in forming gas assists in silicon-silicon dioxide interface passivation.

Quite often forming gas is used in furnaces during annealing or sintering for the thermal treatment of metals, because it reduces oxides on the metal surface.

See also 
 Endothermic gas

References

Gases
Welding
Brazing and soldering
Metal heat treatments
Industrial gases
Internal flow. In fluid mechanics, internal flow is a flow wherein the fluid is completely confined by inner surfaces of an item (e.g. a tube). Hence the boundary layer is unable to develop without eventually being constrained. The internal flow configuration represents a convenient geometry for heating and cooling fluids used in chemical processing, environmental control, and energy conversion technologies. Internal flow is fully dominated by viscosity throughout the flow field.

An example includes flow in a pipe.

References

Fluid mechanics
Type 072II landing ship. The Type 072II landing ship (NATO designation Yuting class) are large landing ships built by Shanghai-based Hudong-Zhonghua Shipyard as a successor to the Type 072 landing ship. A total of four hulls have been delivered to the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLA Navy) since the early 1990s. The Type 072II is the PLA Navy's first amphibious warfare ship to have a flight deck for helicopter take-off/landing. There are three ships currently in People's Liberation Army service, all of which are deployed in East Sea Fleet of the PLA Navy (PLAN ESF). All active ships are built by China Shipbuilding Shipyard (中华造船厂) in Shanghai.

Ships of the class

See also
People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force
List of active People's Liberation Army Navy ships

References

Amphibious warfare vessel classes
Amphibious warfare vessels of the People's Liberation Army Navy
National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse. National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (, ; abbr. Toulouse INP) is a French university cluster based in Toulouse, France, part of University of Toulouse. It was founded in 1969. The institute is composed of seven schools (six engineering schools and one school of veterinary medicine) and 17 research laboratories. The institute delivers master's degrees and Ph.D. It is a member of Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies.

Composition
The seven schools of the institute are:

Engineering schools
École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, d'Électrotechnique, d'Informatique, d'Hydraulique et des Télécommunications (ENSEEIHT)
École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques (ENSIACET)
École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT)
École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes (ENIT)
École d'ingénieurs de Purpan (EIP)
École Nationale de la Météorologie (ENM)

School of veterinary medicine
École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT)

Notes and references

External links 
 National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse
 INP-ENSAT
 INP-ENSEEIHT
 INP-ENSIACET
 INP-ENIT
 INP-ENM

University of Toulouse
Technical universities and colleges in France
Universities and colleges in Toulouse
Universities and colleges established in 1969
1969 establishments in France
Deafnet. Deafnet (or DEAFNET) was created as a demonstration project in 1978 by SRI International (previously known as Stanford Research Institute) at Washington's Gallaudet University for the deaf.  It was funded by The United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to demonstrate the advantages of e-mail for deaf people.  

Deafnet was the first real use of the telecommunications device for the deaf. Deafnet offered a way for hearing impaired people, whose information sources have previously been limited by their available channels of communication, to interact with and benefit from the new communications-based society. Deafnet was designed as a Computer System, integrating devices designed for hearing impaired users as well as standard computer terminals. DEAFNET also introduced real time 'chat' in which users could converse in real time using text.

The standard equipment consisted of a Zenith ZT-1 terminal, a Superphone (a terminal with built-in coupler that allows for either Baudot or ASCII hookup as well as a 1000 character buffer), and an Epson printer. The Superphone device retailed for $495 in 1981.

DEAFNET was considered a viable alternative for reduced costs in telecommunications for the deaf, however the advent of ASCII compatible terminals and eventually the Internet superseded its need.

References and External links

Deafnet at SRI's web site 

Gallaudet University
SRI International
Hearing loss
Telecommunication services
Oxygen breathing apparatus. The Oxygen breathing apparatus (OBA) is a closed circuit oxygen rebreather. used primarily in firefighting by the US Navy. Its oxygen is generated by chemicals contained in the green canister, which is inserted at the base of the breathing device.
 The scrubber canister uses potassium superoxide as both a carbon dioxide absorbent and as an oxygen source. A sodium chlorate oxygen candle in the base of the unit generates oxygen on start-up as the canister has to reach a high internal temperature before it will start generating oxygen. The circulation of exhaled air containing carbon dioxide through the canister starts the chemical process, usually taking less than five minutes to reach a stable state, which is the normal burn time of the "candle", and the mask will initially fill with a light, harmless smoke. The heat of the chemical reaction requires the use of thick leather gloves for handling spent canisters. The bags along either side of the chest unit cool the air mixture before inhalation and is a surprisingly effective system, with the air being quite cool when entering the face mask. There is a 60-minute timer at the top of the chest unit which, during the fighting of a casualty, is set for only 45 minutes.  This would give the user a 15-minute window to evacuate to a safe atmosphere. Though bulky, it is light and comfortable to wear and does not much interfere with the user's freedom of movement. 

As of early 2001, the US Navy has been replacing the OBA for firefighting with the SCBA. The SCBA is more cost-effective than the OBA, and does not produce hazardous waste, a problem with the chemical oxygen generation system.

References

Equipment of the United States Navy
Rebreathers
Industrial breathing sets
Metzenbaum scissors. Metzenbaum scissors are surgical scissors designed for cutting delicate tissue and blunt dissection. The scissors come in variable lengths and have a relatively high shank-to-blade ratio. They are constructed of stainless steel and may have tungsten carbide cutting surface inserts. The blades can be curved or straight, and the tips are usually blunt. This is the most common type of scissors used in organ-related operations.

Etymology
The name Metzenbaum derives from the designer, Myron Firth Metzenbaum (1 April 1876 – 25 January 1944), an American surgeon who specialized in oral and reconstructive surgery. They are also occasionally referred to as Metzenbaum or Metzenbaum–Lahey forceps.

See also
 Mayo scissors
 Surgical instrument
 Surgical scissors

References

External links
 Photos of Metzenbaum scissors
 Metzenbaum Scissors Vs. Mayo Scissors

Surgical scissors

de:Chirurgische Schere
pl:Nożyczki chirurgiczne
pt:Tesoura Metzenbaum
Icarus Verilog. Icarus Verilog is an implementation of the Verilog hardware description language compiler that generates netlists in the desired format (EDIF) and a simulator. It supports the 1995, 2001 and 2005 versions of the standard, portions of SystemVerilog, and some extensions.

Icarus Verilog is available for Linux, FreeBSD, OpenSolaris, AIX, Microsoft Windows, and . Released under the GNU General Public License, Icarus Verilog is free software, an alternative to proprietary software like Cadence's Verilog-XL.

As of release 0.9, Icarus is composed of a Verilog compiler (including a Verilog preprocessor) with support for plug-in backends, and a virtual machine that simulates the design. To view waveforms, a program like GTKWave can be used. Release v10.0, besides general improvements and bug fixes, added preliminary support for VHDL, but the VHDL support has been abandoned as of 2018.

History 

Not even the author quite remembers when the project was first started, but CVS records go back to 1998. There have been releases 0.2 through the current stable release.

Icarus Verilog development is done largely by the sole regular author, Stephen Williams. Some non-trivial portions have been contributed as accepted patches.

See also 

Comparison of EDA software

External links
 Icarus Verilog documentation web site
 GitHub page
 Icarus Verilog installer for Microsoft Windows
 Online interface to Icarus Verilog
 Open Source in Electronic Design Automation
 Icarus Verilog: Open-Source Verilog More than a Year Later
 EDA Playground - run Icarus Verilog simulations from the web browser
 Historical CSV repository
 VHDL support abandoned

Free electronic design automation software
Electronic design automation software for Linux
Trivection oven. The Trivection oven is a convection microwave created by General Electric, which combines radiant heat, convection, and microwaves for customized cooking. According to GE, it cooks food five times faster than a traditional oven. Alton Brown, host of Good Eats, was involved in developing the oven.

In popular culture 

The product was featured in the pilot of the American situation comedy 30 Rock, in which the character Jack Donaghy describes the product, claiming to have invented it himself and pegging it as his "greatest triumph" after years and years of market research.

See also
 Advantium

References

External links
The Trivection oven on GE's website

Cooking appliance brands
General Electric
Ovens
Arden Buck equation. The Arden Buck equations are a group of empirical correlations that relate the saturation vapor pressure to temperature for moist air. The curve fits have been optimized for more accuracy than the Goff–Gratch equation in the range .

A set of several equations were developed, each of which is applicable in a different situation.

Formula

The equations suggested by  (which are modifications of the equations in ) are:

 ,                   over liquid water,  > 0 °C

 ,                   over ice,  < 0 °C

where:
 is the saturation vapor pressure in hPa
 is the exponential function
 is the air temperature in degrees Celsius

Buck (1981) also lists enhancement factors for a temperature range of −80 to 50 °C (−112 to 122 °F) at pressures of 1,000 mb, 500 mb, and 250 mb. These coefficients are listed in the table below.

See also
Vapour pressure of water
Antoine equation
Tetens equation
Lee–Kesler method
Goff–Gratch equation

Notes

References

External links
Web Page listing various vapor pressure equations (for below 0 °C)

Atmospheric thermodynamics
Psychrometrics