omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Razdow Telescope. Razdow Laboratories, Inc. was founded by Austrian born physicist Dr. Adolph Razdow (1908–1985).  A refugee of the Holocaust, he emigrated to the United States in July 1946.  In the early 1960s Razdow was awarded a contract by NASA to develop and deploy a series of solar monitoring telescopes at major observatories around the globe. These devices automatically tracked the Sun across the sky, recording and transmitting television images of the solar disk in the Hydrogen-alpha spectrum. NASA Astronauts, which would soon be traversing the space around the Earth would be vulnerable to radiation storms associated with solar flares, and these telescopes were commissioned to provide a 24-hour watch on solar activity. A few of these telescopes are still in operation.

References

Telescope manufacturers
Solar telescopes
George F. Pinder. George Francis Pinder (born 1942) is an American environmental engineer who is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering with a secondary appointment in Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Vermont. He also served as a professional witness in various notable environmental cases including Love Canal and the Woburn groundwater contamination incident.

He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2010 for leadership in groundwater modeling applied to diverse problems in water resources. He is founding editor of the journal "Advances in Water Resources", and he served as editor-in-chief of the journal Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations.
  
Pinder's principal research interest is in the development of numerical methods to solve complex problems pertaining to groundwater contamination and supply.  He has published approximately one hundred and thirty five papers in refereed journals in the area of quantitative analysis of subsurface flow and transport, as well as twelve books.

In popular culture
Pinder was featured as a character in the movie A Civil Action, based on the Woburn toxic waste case and starring John Travolta. He was portrayed by British actor Stephen Fry. He and his wife Phyllis were also featured in the book on which the film is based.

References

External links
 George Pinder at the University of Vermont
 Official George Pinder Website
 

Environmental engineers
American civil engineers
Engineering educators
University of Vermont faculty
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Mathematicians from Vermont
1942 births

Love Canal
Plated ware. Plated ware refers to articles chiefly intended for tableware consisting of a base metal or alloy covered by one of the precious metals, with the object of giving them the appearance of gold or silver. Historically, the standard amount of precious metal used was an ounce of silver per square foot of surface area (2.8cL per 930 cm2). Although items hand-plated with metal leaf date back to ancient times, large scale production dates to 1742 when Thomas Boulsover, of Sheffield, England developed a process by which silver plates were fused to base metal (generally copper) ingots by heating them in a furnace with borax. The ingots were then rolled down to a sheet, and from these sheets silver-plated articles were made.

Large articles such as dish covers were originally only silver-plated on one side, and after being worked into shape were tinned inside. The process varied regionally; in the West Midlands, bar-copper was the base metal used, which when bare of silver appeared dark red, whilst in Sheffield copper mixed with brass, an alloy of copper and zinc was used. The Sheffield process resulted in a harder and stronger end product ("Sheffield plate") and was consequently more popular, and Sheffield became the world's leading producer of metal tableware and cutlery. Following John Wright and George Elkington's development of commercial electroplating in 1840 (the process still in use today) the traditional method of production fell into rapid decline, although it continues to be used for some items subject to very heavy wear (notably buttons).

References

Serving and dining
Metal plating
Tumansky R-13. The Tumansky R-13 is a Soviet turbojet engine designed by .

Design and development
The Tumansky R-13 is a development of the successful Tumansky R-11 engine. It is a two-spool axial-flow turbojet featuring a new five-stage high-pressure compressor, new combustion chamber design to facilitate restarting the engine at high altitudes, new afterburner, and greater use of titanium components. It is used by MiG-21M, MF, SM, and SMT, and Sukhoi Su-15M and TM. R-13 is also built in China as LM WP13, and similar to Tumansky R-11 — originally both were licensed to be built in China, but after the Sino-Soviet split all Soviet technical support was withdrawn, Chinese proceeded on their own.  Under the leadership of the principal engineer Jiang Hepu (江和甫), both R-11 and R-13 were successfully built in China.

The R-95 is a non-afterburning development of this engine used by initial versions of the Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft. It was subsequently replaced in production by the improved R-195, which produces 12 percent more thrust.

Specifications (R-13-300)

See also

References

Citations

Sources 

 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. .
 Braybrook, Roy. Soviet Combat Aircraft. London, England. Osprey Publishing Limited, 1991. .

External links
 R-13 on LeteckeMotory.cz (cs,sk)

Tumansky aircraft engines
1950s turbojet engines
David Gordon Wilson. David Gordon Wilson (11 February 1928 – 2 May 2019) was a British-born engineer who served as a professor of engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States.

Born in Warwickshire, England, Wilson went to the US on a post-doctoral fellowship in 1955. He returned to Britain in 1957 to work in the gas-turbine industry. He taught engineering in Nigeria from 1958 to 1960. He started a branch of a US company in London and in 1961 was moved to the US. In 1966 he joined the MIT faculty and taught engineering design, wrote two textbooks on his specialty gas-turbine design with co-authors and also pursued a long-standing interest into human-powered transport, coauthoring Bicycling Science. He is credited, along with Chester Kyle, with starting the modern recumbent bicycle movement in the US. Wilson was a board member of the International Human Powered Vehicle Association from 1977 through 1993, its president in 1984, and was editor and frequent author of its journal Human Power from 1984 through 2001.

In 1980, Wilson and Richard Forrestall developed a recumbent bicycle, the Avatar 2000. In 1982, Tim Gartside (Australia) rode a fully faired version as the Avatar Bluebell (UK) in a US event to a world record of 51.9 mph for 200 metres with a flying start.

Wilson held more than 60 patents; in 1982, he told the Boston Globe, "It’s a bit of a pain that all I’m known for is the bike. I’m very keen on some of the other things I do." He was also active in environmental causes, proposing a forerunner to the carbon tax in 1973, and leading a group that called for a smoking ban in public places.

In 2001, Wilson and Bruce co-founded Wilson TurboPower to commercialise two energy technologies developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)—the Wilson Heat Exchanger, for which the company received $500,000 in funding from the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative in 2008, and the Wilson Microturbine, which was described as a "high-performance 300 kW microturbine [that] will dramatically improve energy economics by producing over 50% electrical efficiency." In 2010, the company changed its name and its focus, becoming the Wilson Solarpower Corporation.

Wilson lived in Winchester, Massachusetts with his second wife, Ellen.

Notable publications

Memoirs

References

External links

 Wilson Turbogenerator at NREL (copy at Wayback Machine)

1928 births
2019 deaths
People from Warwickshire
English emigrants to the United States
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Cycle designers
Cycling writers
Sustainable transport pioneers
Colour Genie. The EACA EG2000 Colour Genie was a computer produced by Hong Kong–based manufacturer EACA, and introduced in Germany in August 1982 by Trommeschläger Computer Service and Schmidtke Electronic.

It followed their earlier Video Genie I and II computers and was released around the same time as the business-oriented Video Genie.

The LEVEL II BASIC was compatible with the Video Genie I and II and the TRS-80, except for graphic and sound commands; most of the routines for Video Genie I BASIC commands were left over in the Colour Genie's BASIC ROM. Programs were provided to load TRS-80 programs into the Colour Genie. Colour Genie disks could be read in a TRS-80 floppy disk drive and vice versa, editing the  commands.

The original Video Genies had been based upon (and broadly compatible with) the then-current TRS-80 Model I. As the Colour Genie was descended from this architecture, it was incompatible with Tandy's newer TRS-80 Color Computer which – despite its name – was an entirely new and unrelated design based on an entirely different CPU, and thus incompatible with the TRS-80 Model I and derivatives such as the Color Genie.

About 190 games were published for the system in English and German.

A 80 column card was produced.

Modern emulators for this system exist.

Technical specifications

Central Processing Unit

Z80 running at 2.2 MHz. Usually using the NEC D780 (and unlicenced Japanese clone) or the SGS Z80 (a European second source for Zilog).

Internal hardware

 Video Hardware
 Motorola 6845 CRTC
 40 × 24 text (original ROMs) or 40 × 25 text (upgraded ROMs), 16 colours, 128 user defined characters
 160 × 96 graphics (original ROMs) or 160 × 102 graphics (upgraded ROMs), 4 colours x up to 4 pages
 Sound Hardware
 General Instruments AY-3-8910
 3 sound channels, ADSR programmable
 1 noise channel
 2 8-bit wide I/O ports

I/O ports and power supply

I/O ports:
 Composite video out and audio out (cinch plugs)
 Integrated RF modulator antenna output, which also carries sound, to TV
 Cartridge expansion slot (slot for edge connector with Z80 CPU address/data bus lines and control signals, as well as GND and voltage pins; used for ROM cartridges or the floppy disk controller
 1200 baud tape interface (5 pin DIN)
 RS-232 port (5 pin DIN)
 Light pen port (5 pin DIN)
 Parallel port for printer or joystick controller

External hardware options

 Floppy disk controller with floppy disk station.
 Supported up to 4 drives (5.25 inch).
 Support for 90 KB SS/SD up to 720 KB DS/DD drives.
 Cassette recorder
 EPROM cartridge of 12 KB
 EG2013 Joystick Controller
 2 Analogue joysticks with keypad

References 

Z80-based home computers
Home computers
Computer-related introductions in 1982
Bit flipping. In computing, bit flipping may refer to:

 Bit manipulation, algorithmic manipulation of binary digits (bits)
 Bitwise operation NOT, performing logical negation to a single bit, or each of several bits, switching state 0 to 1, and vice versa
 Memory error or soft error, an unintentional state switch from 0 to 1, or vice versa, of a bit stored to random access memory or other medium

See also 
 Bit-flipping attack
 Single-event upset
Bit twiddler. In computing, bit twiddler may refer to:
 A piece of source code that does bit twiddling, which may mean:
 Doing bit manipulation;
 Interacting with computer hardware, especially when using a bit-banging technique;
 Reading or writing binary file formats; or
 Being unnecessarily complex, perhaps due to premature optimization
 A programmer who writes bit twiddlers, as described above
 A hacker, an enthusiast or a programmer with profound understanding of the fundamentals of computer operation
 A hex editor, a software application that allows the manipulation of binary computer files
Södermanland-class submarine. The Swedish Södermanland class of diesel-electric submarines consists of  and . These two submarines were originally launched as s in 1987 and 1990, and were relaunched as a new class after extensive modernization in 2003 and 2004 by Kockums AB. The pressure hull had been cut in two after the sail and a  long new section with an air-independent propulsion system was inserted. It contains two Stirling engines which are coupled to electric generators and heated by burning diesel fuel with liquid oxygen stored in cryogenic tanks. The AIP system can provide electric energy to extend the submarine's submerged time from days to weeks.

, Södermanland is planned to remain in service until at least 2024-25 when it was to be replaced by the future s. However, the Östergötland was decommissioned in 2021, and is in material reserve.

Two submarines of similar design, known as the  are in service with the Republic of Singapore Navy.

Units

References

Further reading

External links
Kockums page about the Södermanland class
Kockums AIP Stirling system

Submarines of the Swedish Navy
Submarine classes of the Swedish Navy
Naval ships of Sweden
Danish Space Research Institute. Danish Space Research Institute (DSRI) (Danish: Dansk Rumforskningsinstitut, short DRI or DRKI) was the space agency of Denmark from 1966 to 2005. It was a Danish sector research institute formed in 1966 under the Danish Ministry for Education and Research, later the Danish Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation.<ref name=harvey>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kYZBLzW7r4cC&dq=Danish+Space+Research+Institute&pg=PA149 Brian Harvey - Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond''' (2003) - Page 149] (Google Books Link 2010)</ref> Denmark was a founding member of the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1975 and launched the satellite Oersted in 1999. Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond, notes the DRI had budget in excess of 2.6 million Euros supporting a staff of 40 people, with an additional 25 million Euros going to the ESA in 2001.
 
Its primary areas of research was astrophysics and solar system physics. A great deal of the research was concentrated on X-ray coming from astronomical objects. DRI have had X-ray equipment on board the Russian Satellite Granat and the European EURECA satellite. The now concluded Danish Small Satellite Program, which resulted in the aforementioned Oersted (Ørsted'') satellite, was headed by DRI. The DRI space missions were supervised by the Danish Space Board.

On 1 January 2005 the DRI and the geodesy part of Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen merged to form the Danish National Space Center.

The DRI prepared instruments/components for:
Granat, X-Ray/Gamma-Ray space observatory
Viking program, Mars lander/Orbiter
Cluster mission, Earth observation satellites
International Space Observatory
Ørsted satellite, Earth magnetic field observations
Plank mission

As of 2010, the Ørsted is still in orbit and returning data.

See also
 List of government space agencies
Center for Planetary Research (Copenhagen University)
Danish Meteorological Institute, cooperated with the DRI
Copenhagen Suborbitals, Danish amateur crewed space flight
Tycho Brahe (spacecraft)

References

External links
Dansk Rumforskningsinstitut 

Space Research Institute
Research institutes in Denmark
Space technology research institutes
Structural analog. A structural analog, also known as a chemical analog or simply an analog, is a compound having a structure similar to that of another compound, but differing from it in respect to a certain component.

It can differ in one or more atoms, functional groups, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures. A structural analog can be imagined to be formed, at least theoretically, from the other compound. Structural analogs are often isoelectronic.

Despite a high chemical similarity, structural analogs are not necessarily functional analogs and can have very different physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties.

In drug discovery, either a large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound are created and tested as part of a structure–activity relationship study or a database is screened for structural analogs of a lead compound.

Chemical analogues of illegal drugs are developed and sold in order to circumvent laws. Such substances are often called designer drugs. Because of this, the United States passed the Federal Analogue Act in 1986. This bill banned the production of any chemical analogue of a Schedule I or Schedule II substance that has substantially similar pharmacological effects, with the intent of human consumption.

Examples

Neurotransmitter analog 
A neurotransmitter analog is a structural analogue of a neurotransmitter, typically a drug. Some examples include:

 Catecholamine analogue
 Serotonin analogue
 GABA analogue

See also
Derivative (chemistry)
Federal Analogue Act, a United States bill banning chemical analogues of illegal drugs
Functional analog, compounds with similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties
Homolog, a compound of a series differing only by repeated units
Transition state analog

References

External links
Analoging in ChEMBL, DrugBank and the Connectivity Map – a free web-service for finding structural analogs in ChEMBL, DrugBank, and the Connectivity Map

Chemical nomenclature
Bit cell. A bit cell is the length of tape, the area of disc surface, or the part of an integrated circuit in which a single bit is recorded. The smaller the bit cells are, the greater the storage density of the medium is.

In magnetic storage, the magnetic flux or magnetization does not necessarily change at the boundaries of bit cells to indicate bit states. For example, the presence of a magnetic transition within a bit cell might record state 1, and the lack of such a transition might record state 0. Other encodings are also possible.

See also 

Computer data storage

References 

 Software Preservation Society glossary entry for bit cell
 Hitachi research page on patterned magnetic media

Computer data storage
Scission. Scission  may refer to:
 Scission (chemistry), bond cleavage, the splitting of chemical bonds
 Chain scission, the degradation of a polymer main chain
 Beta scission, reaction in thermal cracking of hydrocarbons
 Scission and Other Stories, a 1985 collection of short stories
 Instruction scission, opcode overlapping in computing

See also 
 Scission (a cut-out piece), term involved in development of senses of word "sect"
List of companies that switched industries. In rare cases, a company that started in one industry may, due to bankruptcy or a change in market conditions, re-emerge with the same name but in a completely different industry. The following companies are notable examples.

Berkshire Hathaway from textile manufacturing to diversified holdings
Coleco from leather supplies to electronics manufacturing
Hudson's Bay Company from the fur trade to retail
ITT Corporation from telecommunications to engineering and manufacturing
Nintendo from playing cards to video games
Nokia from paper and cardboard products, to rubber tires, industrial rubber parts, raincoat and footwear, and then to mobile telephone manufacturing
Preussag from mining and heavy industry to tourism
Reading Company from rail transport to movie theaters
Tandy Corporation from leather supplies to electronics retail
WPP Group from manufacture of wire baskets to advertising
Zapata Corporation from energy exploration to fish protein

Switched
Robotech: The Macross Saga. Robotech: The Macross Saga is a side-scrolling shoot 'em up for the Game Boy Advance handheld system, developed by Lucky Chicken Games and published by TDK Mediactive. This title was released during a renaissance of Robotech video games, where struggling projects were no longer cancelled and actually made it to market. A remake was published in 2021, Robotech: The Macross Saga HD Edition.

Gameplay
The game centres on the piloting of Veritech Fighters, the transformable mecha that are a notable feature of the Robotech series. The different modes offer unique advantages and vulnerabilities. Fighter mode has the fastest movement, but can't touch the ground. Battloid mode offers much better aim, but mobility is greatly diminished. While the hybrid Guardian mode splits the difference by combining and averaging these features.

The player can choose from their favorite Macross Saga characters (as seen on Masterpiece Collection toys released at the time). Each character offers varying levels of Power (Quantity of missiles), Stamina (Life energy), Strength (Strength of attacks), Piloting (Speed of movement) and Speed (Speed of Battloid).
 Rick Hunter
 Max Sterling
 Roy Fokker
 Miriya Parina Sterling
 Ben Dixon

After every few side-scrolling missions, there is an isometric view Destroid mission. Destroids are non-transformable Battloids that serve a similar role as a walking tank. The player can choose from a number of Destroids with different abilities.

The game also included a number of unlockable characters who like the main characters have different power levels. Many also fly different vehicles with their own quirks. Each main character you complete the game with unlocks their secret counterpart.

Link cable support allows for up to four player multiplayer.

Development

Reception

Robotech: The Macross Saga received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. It was nominated for GameSpots annual "Most Disappointing Game on Game Boy Advance" award, which went to The Revenge of Shinobi.

In a retrospective review by Hardcore Gamers Jason Bohn, he criticized the length of the levels for being too long.

References

External links
 

2002 video games
Video games about mecha
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Macross Saga, The
Shoot 'em ups
Video games developed in the United States
TDK Mediactive games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Lucky Chicken Games games
Rubrene. Rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene) is the organic compound with the formula .  It is a red colored polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Because of its distinctive optical and electrical properties, rubrene has been extensively studied. It has been used as a sensitiser in chemoluminescence and as a yellow light source in lightsticks.

Electronic properties
As an organic semiconductor, the major application of rubrene is in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic field-effect transistors, which are the core elements of flexible displays. Single-crystal transistors can be prepared using crystalline rubrene, which is grown in a modified zone furnace on a temperature gradient. This technique, known as physical vapor transport, was introduced in 1998.

Rubrene holds the distinction of being the organic semiconductor with the highest carrier mobility, reaching 40 cm2/(V·s) for holes. This value was measured in OFETs prepared by peeling a thin layer of single-crystalline rubrene and transferring to a Si/SiO2 substrate.

Crystal structure
Several polymorphs of rubrene are known. Crystals grown from vapor in vacuum can be monoclinic, triclinic, and orthorhombic motifs. Orthorhombic crystals (space group Bbam) are obtained in a closed system in a two-zone furnace at ambient pressure.

Synthesis
Rubrene is prepared by treating 1,1,3-Triphenyl-2-propyn-1-ol with thionyl chloride.

The resulting chloroallene undergoes dimerization and dehydrochlorination to give rubrene.

Redox properties
Rubrene, like other polycyclic aromatic molecules, undergoes redox reactions in solution.  It oxidizes and reduces reversibly at 0.95 V and −1.37 V, respectively vs SCE.  When the cation and anion are co-generated in an electrochemical cell, they can combine with annihilation of their charges, but producing an excited rubrene molecule that emits at 540 nm.  This phenomenon is called electrochemiluminescence.

References

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Organic semiconductors
Fluorescent dyes