omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mattancherry Bridge. Mattancherry BOT Bridge, also known as Thoppumpady Bridge is a bridge in Kochi, Kerala, India. It connects the Kochi's western mainland to Willingdon Island. The new bridge was constructed in 1998; succeeding the old bridge of the same name, which is now known as the Old Cochin Harbour Bridge, built in 1940. The old bridge, which is a landmark of Kochi is now preserved as a heritage monument and carries only two and three wheelers.

The new Mattanchery bridge is the first Build-Operate-Transfer bridge in Kerala. It was built as a joint project of the Government of Kerala, the Greater Cochin Development Authority and Gammon India.

History
.

Sir Robert Bristow came to Kochi in 1920 as an engineer of the East India Company. On reaching, he prepared a project document for the development of Kochi port and informed it to the Governor of Madras, Lord Wellington. In three stages, an estuary 450 feet wide and three and a half miles long was formed connecting the deep sea and Cochin Bay and an area of 780 acres was developed from the lake using soil and the new man made island was named Wellington Island. Plans to build bridges to connect Wellington Island with Ernakulam and Mattancherry began in 1935. Following this, the old Mattanchery bridge was built across the backwater under the supervision of Robert Bristow to connect Willington island with Mattancherry. The bridge constructed from steel and timber was 486 meters long. Its construction was completed in 1938. It was built in such a way that the middle section was lifted up with a pulley and an iron rope so that the ships coming and going to the port would not be obstructed. A special spring technology has also been used for this. The middle span of the bridge is made of 16 spans and can be lifted using a pulley and an iron rope. Before raising the bridge, a warning was given on both sides of the bridge. Bristow convinced the skeptics of the reliability of the bridge by bringing elephants and made them walk over the bridge. The bridge was commissioned on 13 April 1943. As it resembles the British construction of bridge in London, locals call it as the London bridge of Kochi. A new bridge was constructed and opened in 1998 when the old bridge was found weaker to carry heavy vehicles. Upon the arrival of the new bridge, the old bridge was partially closed and presently only four wheelers, two wheelers and light motor vehicles are allowed to cross through it. The Old Harbour Bridge is now preserved as a heritage monument.

See also
 Venduruthy Bridge
 Goshree bridges
 History of Kochi
 Robert Bristow

References

Build–operate–transfer
Bridges and flyovers in Kochi
Toll bridges in India
Transport in Kochi
Buildings and structures in Kochi
Public–private partnership projects in India
Mattancherry
Bridges completed in 1943
Bridges completed in 1998
1943 establishments in India
1998 establishments in Kerala
20th-century architecture in India
Sri Vasavi Institute of Engineering and Technology. Sri Vasavi Institute of Engineering & Technology (SVIET) is an educational institute located at Nandamuru, 14km from Machilipatnam in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

Executives
  CHAIRMAN - Sri Gudivada Meher Prasad
  SECRETARY - Sri Tadepalli Meher Baba
  CORRESPONDENT - Sri Kaky Kumar Babu
  EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS - Sri Tammana Sai Kumar/Sri Dosapati Baba
  PRINCIPAL - Dr.B.Raja Srinivasa Reddy

Campus
It is located on NH216, between Pedana and Bantumilli. SVIET is approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada.

References

External links 

Educational institutions established in 2008
2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Universities and colleges in Krishna district
Engineering colleges in Krishna district
Engineering colleges in Andhra Pradesh
Engineering universities and colleges in India
WAsP. WAsP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program) is a Windows program for predicting wind climates, wind resources, and energy yields from wind turbines and wind farms. An application of the software is determining good locations to develop wind farms.

The predictions are based on wind data measured at meteorological stations in the same region, or on generalised wind climates derived from mesoscale model results. The program includes a complex terrain flow model, a roughness change model, a model for sheltering obstacles, a wind turbine wake model and a model for the average atmospheric stability conditions at the site. The software package further contains a Climate Analyst for creating the wind-climatological inputs, a Map Editor for creating and editing the topographical inputs, and a Turbine Editor for creating the wind turbine inputs to WAsP. The fundamentals of WAsP and the wind atlas methodology are described in the European Wind Atlas. WAsP is developed and distributed by DTU Wind and Energy Systems at the Technical University of Denmark, Denmark. Current version is WAsP 12.7.

WAsP is used for:
 Wind farm production
 Wind farm efficiency
 Micro-siting of wind turbines
 Power production calculations
 Wind resource mapping
 Wind climate estimation
 Wind atlas generation
 Wind data analysis
A special implementation of the WAsP software has been used to map the wind climate of the entire world with a resolution of 250 m, see the Global Wind Atlas.

References

External links
 The official site of WAsP
 The Global Wind Atlas
 Department of Wind and Energy Systems, DTU

Wind power
Earth sciences software
Cation-anion radius ratio. In condensed matter physics and inorganic chemistry, the cation-anion radius ratio can be used to predict the crystal structure of an ionic compound based on the relative size of its atoms. It is defined as the ratio of the ionic radius of the positively charged cation to the ionic radius of the negatively charged anion in a cation-anion compound. Anions are larger than cations. Large sized anions occupy lattice sites, while small sized cations are found in voids. 
In a given structure, the ratio of cation radius to anion radius is called the radius ratio. This is simply given by .

Ratio rule and stability

The radius ratio rule defines a critical radius ratio for different crystal structures, based on their coordination geometry. The idea is that the anions and cations can be treated as incompressible spheres, meaning the crystal structure can be seen as a kind of unequal sphere packing. The allowed size of the cation for a given structure is determined by the critical radius ratio. If the cation is too small, then it will attract the anions into each other and they will collide hence the compound will be unstable due to anion-anion repulsion; this occurs when the radius ratio drops below the critical radius ratio for that particular structure. At the stability limit the cation is touching all the anions and the anions are just touching at their edges. For radius ratios greater than the critical ratius ratio, the structure is expected to be stable.

The rule is not obeyed for all compounds. By one estimate, the crystal structure can only be guessed about 2/3 of the time. Errors in prediction are partly due to the fact that real chemical compounds are not purely ionic, they display some covalent character.

The table below gives the relation between critical radius ratio, , and coordination number, , which may be obtained from a simple geometrical proof.

History

The radius ratio rule was first proposed by Gustav F. Hüttig in 1920. In 1926, Victor Goldschmidt extended the use to ionic lattices. In 1929, the rule was incorporated as the first of Pauling's rules for crystal structures.

See also

 Goldschmidt tolerance factor
 Pauling's rules
 Cubic crystal system
 Sphere packing

References

Crystallography
Inorganic chemistry
Ratios
Atomic radius
Franz Brozincevic Wetzikon. Franz Brozincevic & Cie (FBW) was a Swiss maker of trucks, motorbuses and trolleybuses, founded by Croatian-born engineer and constructor Franjo (Franz) Brozinčević (1874-1933), active between 1922 and 1985 and based in Wetzikon, canton of Zürich.

History
FBW gained an excellent reputation for the top-level engineering and the long-lasting life of its products, never producing series but instead making individually tailored vehicles. It used only components of its own manufacture, a costly system that allowed the company to produce only a few hundred units per year.

Notable designs from FBW included the underfloor-engined trucks, in production since 1949.

In 1982, FBW was merged with its Swiss competitor, Saurer, to form Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon & Wetzikon (NAW), but new trolleybuses continued to be badged as FBW into 1984 One of the last truck build by FBW was the FBW Dreiachskipper Type 80-N.  Daimler-Benz held a majority stake in the new company, NAW, and production of some types of FBW vehicles was discontinued, being replaced by assembly of Mercedes-Benz multi-axle heavy hauler trucks.  The last FBW-badged truck was produced in 1985. However, NAW continued making trolleybuses until 2003.

 16 Tractors
 18 Gyrobuses
 498 Trolleybuses
 1,012 Trailers
 1,263 Buses
 3,878 Trucks

Trolleybuses
Trolleybuses were a significant part of FBW production.  Trolleybus production extended from 1932 until 1984. FBW supplied trolleybuses to 12 different Swiss cities, often multiple batches in different periods, and two cities in Czechoslovakia.

Trolleybuses built by FBW are still in operation in several cities in the 2010s, both in Switzerland and in a few other countries where trolleybuses were sold secondhand for continued use after being withdrawn from service in the Swiss cities concerned, such as in Ploieşti, Romania, where ex-Genève FBW vehicles (acquired secondhand in 2006) comprised the majority of the city's trolleybus fleet at the end of 2007, or in Brasov, where former FBW trolleybuses from Bern and Neuchatel operated from about 2006 until 2021.

Three FBW trolleybuses built in 1959–1963 were also still in regular passenger service in 2011 in Valparaíso, Chile, where the privately owned trolleybus system acquired them secondhand from the Zürich transit system in 1991.

Gallery

References

 Swiss Military Museum Full.
 Zug depot technology history (German .Zuger Depot Technikgeschichte).
 Sandro Sigrist: Elektrische Strassenbahnen im Kanton Zug. Prellbock, Leissigen 1997,

External links

 FBW-Club
 100+ FBW trucks pictures

Truck manufacturers of Switzerland
Trolleybus manufacturers
Defunct truck manufacturers
Bus manufacturers of Switzerland
Defunct bus manufacturers
Electric vehicle manufacturers of Switzerland
Companies based in Wetzikon
Greenwich Mills. The Greenwich Mills is an historic mill complex at 42 Ladd Street in Warwick, Rhode Island.  The complex was developed between 1918 and 1927, and includes four brick structures.  The oldest is the weave shed, a single-story structure built in 1918.  The office building was built in 1919–20, and is a 3- and 4-story C-shaped structure.  This building was designed by Providence architect T. Clarence Herrmann. The finishing mill, built in 1923 and expanded in 1931, is the largest of the complex, and is located at the corner of Blackmore and Ladd Streets.  The dye house and boiler house is a single-story structure built in sections in c. 1922 and 1947.  The mills were built on a site where industrial activity had been taking place since about 1836.  The mills produced worsted wool fabric until 1950, and are now used for a variety of light industrial purposes.

The mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kent County, Rhode Island

References

Infrastructure completed in 1918
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Warwick, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Kent County, Rhode Island
Interlaken Mill Bridge. The Interlaken Mill Bridge is an historic bridge spanning the Pawtuxet River at the site of the former Arkwright and Interlaken mill complexes in Coventry, Rhode Island.  The lenticular pony truss bridge was built in 1885 by the Interlaken Corporation to provide a direct connection between the mill sites, having recently (1883) acquired the Arkwright property.  The trusses were manufactured by the Berlin Iron Bridge Co. of Berlin, Connecticut.  The bridge is a single span measuring  in length and just under  in width, resting on stone abutments.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  It is the only known lenticular pony truss bridge in Rhode Island.

As of 2015, the bridge is completely closed off to the public and no longer maintained. It has fallen into severe disrepair and is structurally unsound and unsafe to cross. With the closing and abandonment of the facilities on the south side of the river, and the eventual reclamation of nature to the location, the south side of the bridge leads only to thick woods and brush.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Kent County, Rhode Island
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island

References

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Bridges completed in 1885
Buildings and structures in Coventry, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Kent County, Rhode Island
1885 establishments in Rhode Island
Bridges in Kent County, Rhode Island
Lenticular truss bridges in the United States
Metal bridges in the United States
Software architecture recovery. Software architecture recovery is a set of methods for the extraction of architectural information from lower level representations of a software system, such as source code. The abstraction process to generate architectural elements frequently involves clustering source code entities (such as files, classes, functions etc.) into subsystems according to a set of criteria that can be application dependent or not. Architecture recovery from legacy systems is motivated by the fact that these systems do not often have an architectural documentation, and when they do, this documentation is many times out of synchronization with the implemented system.

Software architecture recovery may be required as part of software retrofits.

Approaches 
Most approaches to software architecture recovery has been exploring the static analysis of systems. When considering object-oriented software, which employs a lot of polymorphism and dynamic binding mechanisms, dynamic analysis becomes an essential technique to comprehend the system behavior, object interactions, and hence to reconstruct its architecture. In this work, the criteria used to determine how source code entities should be clustered in architectural elements are mainly based on the dynamic analysis of the system, taking into account the occurrences of interaction patterns and types (classes and interfaces) in use-case realizations.

See also 
 Reverse engineering
 Software archaeology
 Software architecture
 System appreciation

References 

Software architecture
Data recovery
Duncan Lawson. Duncan Austin Lawson  is a British mathematician known for work in mathematics education including university-wide mathematics and statistics support.

Early life and education

Lawson attended Bury Grammar School and later obtained a BA and D.Phil. from the University of Oxford.

Career

Lawson worked for British Gas plc before moving to Coventry University in 1987.  His research interests are in efficient computational methods for the calculation of thermal radiative heat transfer.

From 2005-10 Lawson with Tony Croft established the sigma Centre for Excellence in University-wide mathematics and statistics support, which was awarded the 2011 Times Higher Education Award for Outstanding Support for Students. The Centre later developed under the National HE STEM Programme into the sigma Network for Excellence in Mathematics and Statistics Support.

Lawson was awarded National Teaching Fellowship in 2005. Lawson also acted as Assistant Chief Executive of the Higher Education Academy from 2012-13.

Lawson was professor and associate dean of the faculty of science and engineering at Coventry University (2002–13), director of the Maths, Stats & OR Network of the Higher Education Academy (2005-9), and chair of the executive group of the More Maths Grads project (2008–10).

From 2013-18, Lawson was pro-vice-chancellor of formative education at Newman University in Birmingham, before returning to Coventry.

Lawson received the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications' Gold Medal in 2016 jointly with Croft for "an outstanding contribution to the improvement of the teaching of mathematics" by establishing sigma.

Lawson was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to mathematics in higher education.

Lawson is currently Director of the sigma maths support centre at Coventry University.

Footnotes

External links
 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Academics of Coventry University
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Bang Na Expressway. The Bang Na Expressway (full name: Bang Na – Bang Phli – Bang Pakong Expressway), officially Burapha Withi Expressway (, lit. Road to the East), is a  six-lane elevated highway in Thailand. It is a toll road running above National Highway 34 (Debaratna Road, Bang Na–Trat Road) and is owned by the Expressway Authority of Thailand (EXAT).

History 
The Bang Na Expressway was conceived by the Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (ETA). The structure was built using a design-build contracting method. The columns and superstructure were designed by Jean M. Muller (U.S.) and the alignment and foundations were designed by Asian Engineering Consultants (Thailand). The owner's designer and engineer was the late Louis Berger of the Louis Berger Group and the project was built by a joint venture of Bilfinger & Berger (Germany) and Ch. Karnchang (Thailand). It took  of concrete to build the bridge. The bridge was completed in January 2000

The expressway was opened in its entirety on 7 February 2000.

Structural description 
The highway is elevated onto a viaduct that has an average span length of . It is a  box girder bridge.

There are two toll plazas on the elevated structure where the structure must widen to accommodate twelve lanes. The toll system is done by Kapsch TrafficCom AB (Sweden).

Route 
This expressway has toll plazas for both entry and exit. This table only displays toll plazas for entry onto the expressway.

Records 
The world's longest car bridge, the Bang Na Expressway held the title of the world's longest bridge from 2000 until 2008. Today, it is the seventh longest bridge in the world.

See also 
 List of bridges by length
 List of bridge megaprojects
 Expressway
 Controlled-access highways in Thailand

References

External links 

 
The Bang Na Expressway (1,1 MB PDF-file with plans and photos)

Expressway Authority of Thailand expressways
Transport in Bangkok
Box girder bridges
Bridges completed in 2000
2000 establishments in Thailand
Sam Toy. Sam Toy  (21 August 1923 – 24 March 2008) was a British industrialist who was chair of Ford Motor Company UK from 1980 until 1986. He presided over Ford at a time it faced competition from British Leyland, and saw Ford make their last Cortina. Toy also led Ford UK through the difficult introduction of the Sierra in 1982, the MK3 Granada and the Orion.

After schooling at Falmouth Grammar School, he went to Selwyn College, Cambridge, on an RAF scholarship to do a one-year short course in Engineering. He then served for the rest of the War.  On demobilisation he returned to Cambridge, transferring to Fitzwilliam College, and completed his degree through studying Geography. After his retirement, he lived in Hampshire.

References

1923 births
2008 deaths
People from Mabe, Cornwall
Alumni of Selwyn College, Cambridge
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Ford executives
English industrialists
People educated at Falmouth Grammar School
20th-century English businesspeople
KioskNet. KioskNet is a system, developed at the University of Waterloo, to provide very low cost Internet access to rural villages in developing countries, based on the concept of delay-tolerant networking. It uses vehicles, such as buses, to ferry data between village kiosks and Internet gateways in nearby urban centers. The data is re-assembled at a Proxy Server for interaction with legacy servers. The system is free and open source.

A video describing the KioskNet system can be found here, or is available on YouTube here.

See also
Srinivasan Keshav
Delay-tolerant networking

References

Computer-mediated communication
Matcal Tower. Matcal Tower is a 17-floor high-rise building at Camp Rabin military base in HaKirya quarter of Tel Aviv, Israel.

History
The tower was originally planned to include only 14 floors and no helipad. It houses the headquarters of the Israel Ministry of Defense and offices of the IDF General Staff (Matcal in Hebrew). It was built in 2003, and is located close to another IDF building, the Marganit Tower, across the road from the civilian Azrieli Center. The tower and the Azrieli Bridge connecting the base with the Azrieli Center were designed by Moore Yaski Sivan Architects.

See also
Architecture of Israel

References

External links

 at Emporis

Skyscrapers in Tel Aviv
Deconstructivism
Futurist architecture
Postmodern architecture
Skyscraper office buildings in Israel

Office buildings completed in 2005
Ministry of Defense (Israel)
2005 establishments in Israel