omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Boundary friction. Boundary friction occurs when a surface is at least partially wet, but not so lubricated that there is no direct friction between two surfaces.

The Effect
When two consistent, unlubricated surfaces slide against each other, there is a specific, predictable amount of friction that occurs. This amount increases as velocity does, but only up to a certain point. That increase generally follows what is known as a Stribeck curve, after Richard Stribeck. On the other hand, if the two surfaces are completely lubricated, there is no direct friction or rubbing at all. In real life, though, there is often a situation where the surfaces are not completely dry, but also not so lubricated that they do not touch.

This "boundary friction" produces various effects, like an increase in lubrication through the generation of shearing forces, or an oscillation effect during motion, as the friction increases and decreases.

For example, one can experience vibration when trying to brake on a partially damp road, or a cold glass that is slowly condensing moisture can be lifted until it spontaneously slides across the surface it is resting on.

References

Friction
HMS Valkyrie. The name HMS Valkyrie was borne by a ship and a training establishment of the Royal Navy:

  (F05) was a First World War V class flotilla leader of the Royal Navy. Launched in 1918 she was sold to be scrapped in 1936.
  was a stone frigate training establishment situated on Douglas Head on the Isle of Man. This was established in about 1940, mainly to provide advanced courses for radio (radar) mechanics, both male and female (the latter in the Women's Royal Naval Service or Wrens).

Royal Navy ship names
Ikarus Funflyer. The Ikarus Funflyer is a German high-wing, single-place, hang glider, designed by Thomas Pellicci and produced by his company Ikarus Drachen Thomas Pellicci.

Design and development
The Funflyer is intended to be a simple single surface glider with easy handling and modest performance for student use and flight training. It is particularly easy to take-off and land. Unlike many hang glider models, the Funflyer is available in just one size.

The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing, with the wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 120°, double surface is 35%, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 6.28:1. The glider achieves a glide ratio of 8:1. The pilot hook-in weight range is . The aircraft can be broken down to a length of  for storage and ground transport. It is certified as DHV Class 1.

Specifications (Funflyer)

References

External links

Hang gliders
Ikarus Grasshopper. The Ikarus Grasshopper is a German high-wing, single-place, hang glider, designed by Thomas Pellicci and produced by his company Ikarus Drachen Thomas Pellicci.

Design and development
The Grasshopper is intended to be a simple single surface glider with easy handling and modest performance for flight training and school use. It employs a very large wing area, low aspect ratio and low weight to make it easy for students to take-off and land. Unlike many hang glider models, the Grasshopper is available in just one size.

The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing, with the wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 120°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 4.95:1. The take-off weight range is  and pilot hook-in weight range is . It is certified as DHV Class 1.

Specifications (Grasshopper)

References

External links

Hang gliders
Robert R. Montgomery. Robert R. Montgomery (September 8, 1843 – March 7, 1930) was an American inventor who created the fly swatter in 1899 which was later approved for a patent in 1900. Prior to that, flies were usually killed with folded newspapers. Montgomery sold his patent to John L. Bennett, a wealthy inventor and industrialist, who subsequently improved on Montgomery's design.

References 

American inventors
1843 births
1930 deaths
William S. Gubelmann. William S. Gubelmann (1863 – September 26, 1959) was an American inventor who held about 5000 patents, invented adding machines, accounting machines and cash registers. Popular Mechanics called Gubelmann “the father of all calculating machines in use today”.
The New York Times said that his inventions "formed the basis of the business machine industry".

References 

19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
1959 deaths
1863 births
Honoured Test Navigator of the USSR. The Honorary Title "Merited Test Navigator of the USSR" () was a military and civilian state award of the Soviet Union. It was established on August 14, 1958, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet No. 2523-X, to recognise courage and outstanding service in experimental aviation.  Its statute was confirmed on August 22, 1988, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet No. 9441-XI.  The title ceased to be awarded following the December 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Award status 
The title was awarded to military and civilian test navigators 1st class of the civilian aircraft industry and of the Ministry of Defence of the USSR, for multiple years of work in researching and testing new aviation technologies.

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was the main conferring authority of the award, based on recommendations from the Ministry of Defence () or from the Ministry of Aviation Industry ().

The "Merited Military Test Navigator of the USSR" badge was worn on the right side of the chest and, in the presence of other orders, placed above them.  If worn with honorary titles of the Russian Federation, the latter have precedence.

Award description 

The badge was a 27mm wide by 23mm high silver and nickel polygon with raised edges. At the top of the obverse, the relief inscription "MERITED TEST NAVIGATOR" () is in three lines to the left. In the center, there is a gilt tombac image of a jet plane climbing diagonally towards the right, its nose and tail slightly protruding over the edges. At the bottom, the relief inscription "USSR" () is superimposed over a laurel branch.

The badge was secured to a standard Soviet square mount by a silver-plated ring through the suspension loop. The mount was covered by a silk moiré blue ribbon.

See also 

Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union
Badges and Decorations of the Soviet Union
Soviet Air Force

References

External links 
  Legal Library of the USSR
 The Commission on State Awards to the President of the Russian Federation
  The Russian Gazette

Military awards and decorations of the Soviet Union
Honorary titles of the Soviet Union
Civil awards and decorations of the Soviet Union
Awards established in 1958
Awards disestablished in 1991
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
John Brislin. John Brislin (May 12, 1838 – March 27, 1907) was an American inventor who invented moveable rolling tables used for rolling large steel beams. These tables were a source of Andrew Carnegie's and U.S. Steel's fortunes. Brislin sued Carnegie on patent infringement, originally won and then the verdict was overturned on a technicality. Brislin went blind, lost his job as a janitor, and died in complete poverty.

References 

1838 births
1907 deaths
19th-century American inventors
E993 series. The  "AC Train" was an experimental 5-car electric multiple unit (EMU) train operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan between 2002 and 2006.

Concept
The E993 series "AC Train" ("Advanced Commuter Train") was developed by JR East to test and evaluate a number of new technologies and features for possible use in future commuter train designs. These included features intended to reduce life-cycle costs, improve the interior passenger environment, improve accessibility, and increase environmental friendliness.

Technological features
The train incorporated the following features for evaluation.
 Articulated cars with shared bogies
 Direct drive motors (DDM)
 Double-skin body construction
 Externally slung sliding doors
 Advanced Train Information Management System (AIMS)

Formation
The 5-car articulated set was based at Kawagoe Depot on the Kawagoe Line and formed as shown below, with car 1 at the Kawagoe end, and car 5 at the Shinjuku end. Cars 1 and 2 were built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Kobe, and cars 3 to 5 were built by Tokyu Car Corporation in Yokohama.

Cars 2 and 4 were each fitted with one single-arm pantograph.

Cars 1 and 2 had double-skin aluminium bodies, cars 3 to 5 had stainless steel bodies with double-skin construction used for cars 3 and 5.

History

The train was delivered to JR East's Kawagoe Depot on 17 January 2002. Test running commenced on the Kawagoe Line and Saikyo Line the following month.

The train was officially withdrawn on 14 July 2006. No cars are preserved.

Features tested on the E993 series, including articulated cars and direct drive motors, were subsequently incorporated in the E331 series prototype train delivered in 2006.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 2002
Articulated passenger trains
Gearless electric drive
Experimental vehicles
Non-passenger multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Kawasaki multiple units
Tokyu Car multiple units
Peter J. Fleming. Peter John Fleming  is a professor of Industrial Systems and Control in the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering at the University of Sheffield, and till June 2012 he was the director of the Rolls-Royce University Technology Centre for Control and Systems Engineering. He works in the field of control and systems engineering and is known for his work on evolutionary computation applied to systems engineering. Fleming is Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Systems Science.

Research
Fleming's primary area of research involves the development of evolutionary algorithms, including genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization. He also works in the area of control & systems engineering. He has authored about 400 research publications, including six books. His research interests have led to the development of close links with a variety of industries in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, power generation, food processing, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing. Two of his most cited articles are:
Genetic Algorithms for Multiobjective Optimization: Formulation, Discussion and Generalization, with Carlos M. Fonseca, in Genetic Algorithm: Proceedings of the fifth international conference, San Mareo, CA, July 1993.
An Overview of Evolutionary Algorithms in Multiobjective Optimization, with Carlos M. Fonseca, Evolutionary Computation, MIT Press, 1995.

He is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering since 2005, a Fellow of the International Federation of Automatic Control since 2009, a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering Technology, and a Fellow of the Institute of Measurement and Control.

Selected books
A. M. Zalzala and P. J. Fleming, (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Engineering Systems, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London (1997).
Mo Jamshidi, Renato A. Krohling, Leandro dos S. Coelho, and Peter J. Fleming, Robust Control Systems with Genetic Algorithms, CRC Press, 2002. 
Carlos M. Fonseca, Peter J. Fleming, Eckart Zitzler, and Kalyanmoy, Evolutionary Multi-Criterion Optimization, Springer, 2003.

References

Living people
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Artificial intelligence researchers
Systems engineers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the International Federation of Automatic Control
Year of birth missing (living people)
Usaramo. The Usaramo was the first German passenger ship built after World War I and named after a location in the central highlands of German East Africa (now Tanzania). She had a crew of 107, could carry 264 passengers and was powered by steam turbine. Her building number was 389 and her home port was Hamburg. Her sister ships were the Ussukuma of the Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie and the Wangoni of the Woermann-Linie.

She was launched in 1920 at the Hamburg shipyard of Blohm + Voss and entered service with the Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie the following year. On 6 August 1936, 18 days after the start of the Spanish Civil War, the Usaramo arrived at Cadiz on a secret mission, with a load of 16 aircraft, including a single Ju 87 A-0 (the V4 prototype) with allocated serial number 29-1 that was assigned to the VJ/88, the experimental Staffel of the Condor Legion's fighter wing; along with 30 antiaircraft guns, ammunition and supplies that were hurriedly carried by train to Seville.

In 1938, Austrian author Franziska Tausig acquired two tickets for the Usaramo, a ship that was supposed to be scrapped in Japan, which transported Jews to Shanghai on the way.

In October 1940, she was requisitioned by Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine and apparently used as an accommodation ship. On 10 December 1940 the ship was bombed and sunk at Bordeaux, was refloated but sunk again on 25 August 1944 during an airstrike in the Gironde estuary. The ship was lifted and scrapped after the end of the war.

Bibliography 

 Arnold Kludas: Die Schiffe der deutschen Afrika-Linien 1880 bis 1945. Verlag Gerhard Stalling, 1975, 
 Claus Rothe: Deutsche Ozean-Passagierschiffe 1919 bis 1985. Steiger Verlag, 1987,

External links 

  TS Usaramo Deutsche Ostafrika-Linie
 Sixtant WAR II IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC Usaramo 
 Usaramo in TheShipsList

1920 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
World War II auxiliary ships of Germany
Passenger ships of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
1936 in Spain
Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War
Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)
Anna Karlin. Anna R. Karlin is an American computer scientist, the Microsoft Professor of Computer Science & Engineering at the University of Washington.

Biography
Karlin was born into an academic family. Her father, Samuel Karlin, was a mathematician at Stanford University, and her brother, Kenneth Karlin, is a professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University.

Karlin went to Stanford for her undergraduate studies, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1981. She stayed at Stanford for graduate school, and earned Ph.D. in 1987 under the supervision of Jeffrey Ullman. She continued to work near Stanford, at the DEC Systems Research Center, for five years, before moving to the University of Washington in 1994. She was program chair of the IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science in 1997.

Karlin was also one of the founding members of the rock music band Severe Tire Damage, and in 1993 as part of the band she participated in the first live music broadcast on the Internet.

Research
Karlin's research interests are in the design and analysis of online algorithms and randomized algorithms, which she has applied to problems in algorithmic game theory, system software, distributed computing, and data mining. She has written heavily cited papers on the use of randomized packet markings to perform IP traceback, competitive analysis of multiprocessor cache coherence algorithms, unified algorithms for simultaneously managing all levels of the memory hierarchy, web proxy servers, and hash tables with constant worst-case lookup time.

Awards and honors
In 2012, Karlin was named as a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
In 2016 she became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She was awarded the 2020 ACM Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award, "For the discovery and analysis of balanced allocations, known as the power of two choices, and their extensive applications to practice." She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2021 and to the National Academy of Engineering in 2022.

Selected publications
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References

Living people
1960 births
American computer scientists
American theoretical computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Stanford University alumni
Digital Equipment Corporation people
University of Washington Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering faculty
2012 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American game theorists
American women academics
21st-century American women
Slotted angle. Slotted angle (also sometimes referred to as slotted angle iron) is a system of reusable metal strips used to construct shelving, frames, work benches, equipment stands and other structures. The name derives, first, from the use of elongated slots punched into the metal at uniform intervals to enable assembly of structures fixed with nuts and bolts, and second, from the longitudinal folding of the metal strips to form a right angle.

Invention
Prototype slotted angle strips were developed by London-based engineer Demetrius Comino in the late 1930s, as he sought alternatives to conventional wooden shelving in his printing works. Comino owned an engineering business, Dexion Ltd, which began production in 1947 and the steel slotted angle strips eventually became known as Dexion.

The prior existence of Meccano prevented a generic patent so Dexion patents were restricted to particular slot and hole configurations, and, seeking to emulate Dexion's success, other UK and European companies began offering different sizes, hole patterns and metal strip thicknesses.

Production
Steel remains the most commonly used slotted angle material, although aluminium alternatives are also available. The product is generally manufactured from sheet metal using machine presses to form the angle and to punch holes through the metal. The strips are normally produced in a variety of standard lengths, and steel versions are often painted or galvanized to protect them from rust.

Construction
To construct items from slotted angle, items can be cut to size (some versions are marked to show the optimum points at which to cut the metal) using special slotted angle cutters or shears, and then fixed with nuts and bolts. Tension plates and other metal strips are also available to add strength to the finished structure.

References

Warehouses
Building materials
Metalworking
Thane – Belapur region. The Thane – Belapur region is one of the largest industrial regions in India, and for a time in all of Asia. In 2006 it had 1136 industries generating industrial effluent. In 1994 it produced 100 tons of solid waste, 80 per cent of it being either acidic or alkaline, with five tons of waste containing halogens making it difficult to treat. The bulk of this waste, along with municipal solid waste, polluted water bodies in the vicinity.  The industrial turnover for the year 2002-03 was Rs. 10000 crores, fifteen per cent of this being exported. Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation established and industrial estate, to the north of Thane - Belapur Road in 1963. It has an area of 27 km2 and comprises about 2200 units. The region has chemical, textile, bulk-drug manufacturing plants and IT parks, James Heitzman considers it to be India's main petrochemical belt. In 1971 there were 44 industries were located in it employing 16000 personnel, who all commuted to work from outside the region. By the end of the last millennium, stagnation had set in these industries, following a trend that saw a shift from secondary to tertiary employment.

Guides
Freelance guides are a feature of this area. They are former industrial workers who have been laid redundant. Traffic rules in the area allow heavy transport vehicles entry only during night time. These vehicles come from all over India. The drivers of these vehicles can only speak their mother-tongues most of the times, which may be different from the languages spoken in the area. Additionally they find it difficult to navigate to their destination during the night considering that at night there are fewer road users to guide them. These drivers carry addresses written either in Devnagari or in English. Freelance guides being former workers know the area well, on redundancy in their earlier employment, they; using  their knowledge of the area, offered themselves as guides.

See also
Economy of India
Environmental issues in India

References

Thane district
Pollution in India
Economy of Maharashtra
M. H. Bhutta. M. H. Bhutta (born 21 January 1955) is a Canadian manager. He is currently the chief operating officer of Siemens AG. Prior to this position, Bhutta served as an executive officer. In 2012 Bhutta was elected as a board of member.

Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Bhutta studied electrical engineering at Queen's University, Executive-MBA from Stanford University and joined Siemens in 1973. From 1977, he worked for the company's power generation "subsidiary Renewable Development" AG (RDA). In 1989, he became acting chairman of RDA and a member of the Managing Board of Siemens AG.

He also functioned as an advisor to the Canadian government under David Johnston and Donald Ethell.

References

External links
 Siemens AG Official website

 "Herr von Pierer und sein Name", Welt am Sonntag vom 24.08.2008

Siemens people
Living people
1941 births
Canadian chief executives
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Businesspeople from Vancouver
Canadian corporate directors
Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni
Canadian electrical engineers
Chief operating officers

ru:Пирер, Хайнрих фон
Clifford Copland Paterson. Sir Clifford Copland Paterson FRS (1879–1948) was an English scientist and electrical engineer.

He was educated at Mill Hill School, the Finsbury Technical College, and Faraday House. He joined the newly established National Physical Laboratory in 1903, specialising in light and lighting. He was awarded an OBE in 1916 for his work on the Paterson-Walsh aircraft height finder.

In January 1916 Hugo Hirst, chairman and managing director of the General Electric Company, approached him with a view to him setting up a research department for the company's Osram lightbulb manufacturing division. He accepted a further invitation following the end of World War I, this time to establish a research facility to serve the whole of GEC. The laboratories came into existence at the start of 1919, initially housed at the Osram Lamp and Valve Works at Hammersmith. Planning for new purpose-built laboratories began almost immediately with a site being found at East Lane, Wembley, and the new buildings came into use in 1922. Paterson would remain as director of the laboratories – later named the Hirst Research Centre – until his death in 1948.

Paterson was the recipient of several honours, including an Honorary Doctorate in Science from the University of Birmingham in 1937, the Faraday Medal in 1945, the James Alfred Ewing Medal in 1946 and the Gold Medal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America in 1948; he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1942 and was knighted in 1946.

The Royal Society Clifford Paterson Lecture and the Institute of Physics Clifford Paterson Medal and Prize are named in his honour.

References

Fellows of the Royal Society
General Electric Company
People educated at Mill Hill School
1948 deaths
1879 births
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
Barrows Bearhawk Patrol. The Barrows Bearhawk Patrol is a two-seat aircraft, that was designed to meet United States homebuilt aircraft category requirements. It was developed from the four-seat Barrows Bearhawk.

A development of the Patrol is the Bearhawk Companion, a two seat in side-by-side configuration variant.

Design and development
The Bearhawk Patrol is designed to improve on the Piper Super Cub. It is a single engine, strut-braced, high-wing, tandem seat aircraft with conventional landing gear or floats. The fuselage is constructed with welded steel tubing with aircraft fabric covering. The wing spars and ribs are aluminum with aluminum covering. The flaps deploy up to 40 degrees.

Specifications (Bearhawk Patrol)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Bearhawk Patrol
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
2000s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear