omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Stutter bisimulation. In theoretical computer science, a stutter bisimulation is a relationship between two transition systems, abstract machines that model computation. It is defined coinductively and generalizes the idea of bisimulations. A bisimulation matches up the states of a machine such that transitions correspond; a stutter bisimulation allows transitions to be matched to finite path fragments.

Definition
In Principles of Model Checking, Baier and Katoen define a stutter bisimulation for a single transition system and later adapt it to a relation on two transition systems. A stutter bisimulation for  is a binary relation R on S such that for all (s1,s2) in R:
  have the same labels
 If  is a valid transition and  then there exists a finite path fragment  () such that each pair  is in R and  is in R
 If  is a valid transition and  is not then there exists a finite path fragment  () such that each pair  is in R and  is in R

Generalizations
A generalization, the divergent stutter bisimulation, can be used to simplify the state space of a system with the tradeoff that statements using the linear temporal logic operator "next" may change truth value. A robust stutter bisimulation allows uncertainty over transitions in the system.

References

Transition systems
National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure. The National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure (NASENI) was established in 1992 by The Nigerian Federal Government of the recommendations of the White Paper Committee on the 1991 Report of a 150-member National Committee on Engineering Infrastructure comprising scientists, engineers, administrators, federal and state civil servants, economists, lawyers, bankers and industrialists.

Mr. Khalil Halilu is the executive vice chairman and chief executive of the agency in Abuja, Nigeria. The post was formerly held by Bashir Gwandu.

Mandate

NASENI, by its mandate and scope of operation is the Nigerian only purpose-built agency designed to conduct developmental work in the areas of manufacturing, and as such, it is capable of coordinating the proliferation of technologies developed either within or outside of its Centers including patents obtained. Technologies developed in the areas of spares, components and systems engineering are to be transferred to entrepreneurs for the production of goods and services. Nigeria can have the benefit of a rapid technological development by strengthening NASENI.

Development Institutes

NASENI operates mainly through her Development Institutes. Each of the institutes has a unique mandate of Engineering Infrastructural development.
At present, there are Eleven (11) Development Institutes. 

ELDI
Electronics Development Institute, Awka

EMDI
Engineering Materials Development Institute, Akure

NEDDI
National Engineering Design Development Institute, Nnewi

AMTDI
Advanced Manufacturing Technology Development Institute, Jalingo

PEEMADI
Power Equipment and Electrical Machinery Development Institute, Okene

SEDI-E
Scientific Equipment Development Institute, Enugu

SEDI-M
Scientific Equipment Development Institute, Minna

SOMMEDI
Solid Minerals Machinery and Equipment Development Institute (SOMMEDI), Nasarawa

In August 2010 the agency said it had completed plans to establish centres of excellence and research on material science in nine universities in the Niger Delta region.
The agency has produced science kits for secondary schools, which it will distribute nationwide if funding is available.
NASENI has completed a 7.5 Megawatts Solar Panel Manufacturing Plant in Abuja and a 10KW Hydro Power Plant at Ketti Site in Abuja.

Past DGs/EVCs
Professor Gordian O. Ezekwe (FAS) 1st Chairman/CE 1992 – 1997

Dr. Timothy I. Obiaga (OFR) DG/CE 1997 – 2003

Professor Olusegun O. Adewoye (FAS) 2003 – 2012

Dr. Mohammed Sani Haruna EVC/CEO 2012-2023

Dr. Bashir Gwandu EVC/CEO May-August(2023)

See also

References

Science and technology in Nigeria
Government agencies established in 1992
Government of Nigeria
1992 establishments in Nigeria
WIP message. WIP message is a work-in-progress message sent from a computer client to a computer server. It is used to update a server with the progress of an item during a manufacturing process. The only known use is in the automotive wiring manufacturing process, but the message structure is generic enough to be used in any manufacturing process.

History
The WIP Message Protocol was originally developed to overcome the need to allow computers running disparate operating system to communicate with one another. The first implementation was on the Acorn computer running the RISC OS swiftly followed by a PC implementation.

Communication methodology
Each computer may act as a server, a client, or both. In the server configuration a listening socket is opened on a specific port (default port is 99) and the server waits for connection attempts from its clients. The client connects by opening a socket and sending data to the server in the format [Header][Data]. The header contains information about the message such as the message length, message number which can be anything from 1 to 4,294,967,295 and the part unique identifier or serial number which is limited to 10 digits (9,999,999,999 max). The serial number consists of the year 4 digits, the day of the year (0-366) 3 digits and a 3 digit sequential number.

The server will action the message (each message number has a specific meaning to the particular process) and respond with a return code. The return code is commonly used to designate whether the process is allowed to proceed or not. The server will usually be written in such way that the manufacturing process flow is mapped and the Server will therefore not allow manufacturing to progress to the next stage if the previous stage is incomplete or failed for some reason.

Message format
Two formats of message are used. Loosely termed a 'short' and a 'long' message format, a short message contains specific information along with 18 bytes that can be used for custom information, whereas a long message can contain anything that is required and the two applications sending and receiving the data must know what format is being used. The message terminator must always be the carriage return character (0x0D).

Short message structure

[Date & Time (14 bytes)][Location Number (2 bytes)][Part Serial Number (10 bytes)][NULL][Data (18 bytes)][Carriage Return]
Example of a short message data portion
199809241342052 1998272093[NULL]                  [Carriage return]

Common message numbers

Common return codes

Limitations
Because the serial number can only contain 10 digits and must be unique across the same part for trace-ability, there is a limit to the number of items that can be manufactured on one day. This figure is nominally 999, but to overcome this it has been known that a day number offset of 500 be used such that the number produced can be doubled, whilst still maintaining a unique number.
An example of this would be on a 4 March 2008; Location A produces parts with serial number 2008064001 - 2008064999, Location B uses a 500-day offset to produce parts 2008564001 to 2008564999.

References 

Computer networking
Bucher Hydraulics. Bucher Hydraulics located in Klettgau-Griessen, Germany is the internationally active hydraulic division of the Swiss conglomerate Bucher Industries, Niederweningen (ZH), a corporation listed on the SWX Swiss Stock Exchange.

Activities 
Bucher Hydraulics develops and produces drive and control technology for the mobile and industrial hydraulics sector. Their range includes products for mobile and industrial hydraulics, elevator hydraulics, hydraulic drives for high-voltage switches and height-adjustable workbenches. Some of the many components produced include hydraulic pumps, hydraulic motors, valves, cylinders, power units, electronic devices and associated systems.

History 
The Johann Bucher Guyer Griessen machine company was founded in 1923 in Griessen, today a community in Klettgau-Griessen, Germany in the County of Waldshut. The company had already been in existence in Switzerland since 1807. In 1952 the German company was turned into a private limited partnership and later into a limited liability corporation.

From the 1970s onwards and especially from the mid-1990s the company expanded to cover foreign markets by opening production and distribution branches and by company acquisitions. Currently it maintains its own subsidiaries in France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United States, Turkey, Brazil, China and India.

Their acquisitions include the Italian company "Hidroirma" (1994), "Beringer Hydraulik" in Neuheim, Switzerland (1996), "Hydrotechnik" in Frutigen, Switzerland and "Dingkind" in Taiwan (1997), "Truninger AG" in Solothurn, Switzerland (2000), "Monarch Hydraulics" (2007) and "Command Controls" (2008) in the United States, and "Eco Sistemas" (2013) in Brazil.

The Bucher Hydraulik corporate group was formed in 1996 with its business management in Klettgau-Grießen. Bucher Hydraulics became the company's umbrella brand name in 2001.

See also 

List of companies of Switzerland

References 

Technology companies established in 1923
Engineering companies of Germany
Niederweningen
1923 establishments in Germany
Plug & Pray. Plug & Pray is a 2010 documentary film about the promise, problems and ethics of artificial intelligence and robotics. The main protagonists are the former MIT professor Joseph Weizenbaum and the futurist Raymond Kurzweil. The title is a pun on the computer hardware phrase "Plug and Play".

Synopsis 
Computer experts around the world strive towards the development of intelligent robots. Pioneers like Raymond Kurzweil and Hiroshi Ishiguro dream of fashioning intelligent machines that will equal their human creators. In this potential reality, man and machine merge as a single unity. Rejecting evolution's biological shackles tantalisingly dangles the promise of eternal life for those bold enough to seize it. But others, like Joseph Weizenbaum, counterattack against society's limitless faith in the redemptive powers of technology, questioning the prevailing discourses on new technologies and their ethical relationships to human life. The film delves into a world where computer technology, robotics, biology, neuroscience, and developmental psychology merge, and features roboticists in their laboratories in Japan, the US, Italy and Germany.

Background 
Since antiquity, mankind has dreamed of creating brilliant machines. The invention of the computer and the breathtaking pace of technological progress appear to be bringing the realisation of this dream within the grasp of humans. Robots were to do the housework, look after the children, care for the elderly, and go to war. Former MIT professor Joseph Weizenbaum, creator of ELIZA, has become a harsh critic of their visions of technological omnipotence.

Production of the film started in 2006 and ended in 2009. The death of the main protagonist Joseph Weizenbaum on March 5, 2008, fell in this period. The international festival premiere was at FIPA 2010 in Biarritz, France. Since then the film has been invited to 27 film festivals, among them the Seattle International Film Festival, Vancouver Film Festival, Visions du Réel. The theatrical release in Germany was on Nov. 11, 2010.

Awards 
The film won the Bavarian Film Award 2010 for "Best Documentary", the Grand Prix of the Jury for the best film at the Paris International Science Film Festival,  the Primer Premio for best film at the Mostra de Ciencia e Cinema in La Coruña (Spain), and the Science Communication Award at the International Science Film Festival Athens. It was also chosen as the best international film at the 46th AFO, Science Documentary Festival in Olomouc, Czech Republic, in 2011.

References

External links 
 
 
 Review by Robert Koehler, Variety
 Review International Film Guide
 Review Cambridge-News

2010 films
2010s German-language films
2010 documentary films
Documentary films about computing
Documentary films about robots
German documentary films
Optical character recognition
Cybernetics
Technology in society
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
2010 in robotics
Futurology documentaries
2010s English-language films
2010s German films
English-language documentary films
Ray Kurzweil
Water diplomacy. Water diplomacy focuses on establishing novel solutions founded on a scientific basis and sensitive to societal constraints to a wide range of water problems. Tools of water diplomats include environmental policy, water management strategy, and engineering solutions and are applied within the context of the individual water problem at the appropriate scale.

Emerging Approaches to Water Diplomacy 
Water problems involve stakeholders such as agriculture and industry, urban developers and environmental conservationists competing for the limited and common resource of available water. These problems also cross physical, disciplinary, and jurisdictional boundaries. Because of these competing needs and objectives, it is difficult to find acceptable solutions to water problems. Recognizing that women are disproportionally affected by water supply and quality issues, there is increasing attention worldwide to including women in water diplomacy. Training and capacity building programs for water professionals in developing regions are intended to develop skills to help resolve unaligned interests. 

The “Water 2100” approach, differing from other tools used in water politics and traditional diplomacy, is to examine problems as an interconnected grouping of natural and societal domains in which competition and feedbacks occur between variables. The natural constraints of quantity, quality, and ecosystem needs interact with societal domain variables including social values/norms, economy, and governance. This “Water 2100” approach seeks to synthesize scientific and contextual water knowledge into actionable solutions through formulating/framing water problems as questions that can be used to negotiate solutions appropriate to the context and stakeholders for each water dispute.

Organizations and initiatives 
Strategic Foresight Group
INWRDAM 
Arab Water Academy
Tufts University Water Diplomacy PhD Program
World Water Council
AquaPedia
IHE Delft Institute for Water Education
Stockholm International Water Institute
Women in Water Diplomacy Network

See also 
Environmental Policy
Water conflict
Water politics

References 

Water and politics
AquaPedia. AquaPedia is free, web-based, collaborative self-learning repository of interactive and searchable water case studies from across the planet for information and analysis of water conflicts. It was developed at Tufts University in 2008.

AquaPedia has the goal of sharing water conflict case studies that integrate information from the science/engineering aspects with understanding of the societal/cultural issues that are also integral to the framing and solution of the problem 

AquaPedia is currently in a beta testing phase with contributions from academics. Case studies are categorized within the framework of 6 variables from two domains (natural/societal). The natural domain contributes: water quantity, quality, and ecosystem constraints. The societal domain contributes the interactions between values and norms, economic considerations, and governance structures 

Like traditional wiki-style sites, anyone can contribute water case studies or potential revisions; however, AquaPedia editors review these submissions prior to being added to the website to ensure accuracy

References

External links 
 AquaPedia

American science websites
Tufts University
Water resources management
Diana (agricultural machinery). Diana (Διάνα) is the brand name for agricultural machinery produced by Irene Chrissadakou A.E. a company located in Tavros (Athens), Greece. Founded in 1976, it is one of the most successful light tractor manufacturers in Greece, also managing to survive the crisis in Greek manufacturing industry of the 1980s and 1990s. Diana has produced a wide range of machinery and accessories. Between 1979 and 1984 it developed and produced a type of light truck in "open" and "closed" cab versions, 18 hp Ruggerini Diesel engine (license produced by Mekmotors Hellas), max speed 67 km/h, 1 ton payload and cross-country capability, as well as a number of light tractor models.

References 

 L.S. Skartsis, "Encyclopedia of Greek vehicles and aircraft", Achaikes Ekdoseis/Typorama, Patras, Greece (1995) 
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)

External links 
 Company website

Agricultural machinery manufacturers of Greece
Tractor manufacturers of Greece
Truck manufacturers of Greece
Motor vehicle manufacturers of Greece
Greek brands
Companies of Greece
Reference computer. Reference Computer is a computerized supplement to PBX (Private Branch Exchange or PBX) that supports the internal telephone directory, absence data and messages. Reference Computer is an effective aid for the switchboard operator as information on the lines are obtained directly from a display.

Reference computer is connected to the telephone exchange and a call comes in to an extension the computer shows all the data about that extension automatically. Reference computer enabled a sophisticated information management in large companies. People in the workplace could from their phones enter information about absences cause and time of return simply by entering certain digits on his telephone apparatus.

The first complete reference computer attached to PBX in the Swedish Telecom company's network had the name SESAM and came in operation in the early 1980s. It was associated initially with company's electromechanical telephone A344 (and thus gave it a host of new modern services).

The big break for reference computer, which is a Swedish invention, came when the telephone service's large "electronic PBX" A345 and A335 were provided with a reference computer (HVD). Several such existed in the Swedish market. SESAM system was first developed and marketed, then from the mid-1980s, known as PRESENT. These two systems were developed by four engineers from the telephone company who has obtained a Swedish patent for the invention. The patent was declared invalid in 1991 after the telephone company itself had sought annulment in the Stockholm District Court and the Svea Court of Appeal. State Board of Workers' inventions (SNAU) stated that it was a recommendation that the four engineers of the telephone company would hold SEK 3 million by the employer. Televerket and TeliaSonera AB has however refused to pay compensation. Subsequently, SNAU twice considered the question if the inventors are entitled to compensation. The issue is not yet finally settled by SNAU. The dispute has lasted for over 30 years. Reference computers and direct function in the newer PBX contributed to the rationalization of the telecom network. There is now a reference feature in the software in most modern PBX.

References 
"Televerkets årsberättelse år 1984"
"Televerkets historia, 1997"
"Thorpoulf Arwidson, Arbetstagares rätt till uppfinningar, RECITO, 2012

Telephone exchange equipment
High Performance Computing Collaboratory. The High Performance Computing Collaboratory (HPC²) at Mississippi State University, an evolution of the MSU/National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Computational Field Simulation, is a coalition of member centers and institutes that share a common core objective of advancing the state-of-the-art in computational science and engineering using high performance computing; a common approach to research that embraces a multi-disciplinary, team-oriented concept; and a commitment to a full partnership between education, research, and service. The mission of the HPC² is to serve the University, State, and Nation through excellence in computational science and engineering.

The HPC² comprises seven independent research centers/institutes with the common characteristics of a multi-disciplinary, team-oriented effort that is strategically involved in the application and advancement of computational science and engineering using high performance computing.
 Alliance for System Safety of UAS through Research Excellence (ASSURE)
 Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems (CAVS)
 Center for Cyber Innovation (CCI)
 Center for Computational Sciences (CCS)
 Geosystems Research Institute (GRI)
 Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology (IGBB)
 Northern Gulf Institute (NGI)

Additional links 
 High Performance Computing Collaboratory (HPC2) website
 Mississippi State University website

  Northern Gulf Institute (NGI)]

Mississippi State University
Supercomputer sites
Supermarine Sheldrake. The Supermarine Sheldrake was a British amphibian biplane flying boat developed by Supermarine from the Supermarine Seagull with a revised hull. It was powered by a Napier Lion engine mounted between the wings driving a four-bladed propeller. Only one Sheldrake, serial number N180, was built.

Specifications (Sheldrake N180)

See also

References

Further reading

 

Flying boats
1920s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Sheldrake
Biplanes
Amphibious aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
NSRDC BQM-108. The NSRDC XBQM-108A was an experimental VTOL unmanned aerial vehicle developed by the United States Navy during the 1970s. Although the XBQM-108A successfully conducted unmanned, tethered flight tests and the project was canceled before any free flights could be conducted.

Design and development
The XBQM-108 project was initiated in 1975 by the Aviation and Surface Effects Department of the U.S. Navy's David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. The project was intended to demonstrate the practicality of the 'Vertical Attitude Take-Off and Landing' (VATOL), or 'tailsitter' flight profile for remotely piloted vehicles, as the Navy believed the increasing threat posed by cruise missiles required that aviation assets be dispersed among additional ships of the fleet, which would possess limited space for aviation operations as opposed to conventional aircraft carriers.

Based on the MQM-74 Chukar target drone, the XBQM-108A was modified with a revised, delta wing with canard control surfaces. The XBQM-108A was fitted with a thrust vectoring system based on the use of vanes that deflected the engine's exhaust; the aircraft retained the Chukar's recovery parachute and radio guidance system, with the addition of a radar altimeter and midcourse guidance unit based on that of the AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile.

Operational history
The XBQM-108A undertook its first, tethered flight on September 29, 1976. The flight, using fuel supplied through the tether from  drums, was successful and demonstrated that the VATOL flight profile for unmanned vehicles was practical. However, the project was canceled before further testing could be conducted; the XBQM-108A conducted no free flights, or transitions to horizontal flight.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 
 

BQM-108
1960s United States experimental aircraft
Tailsitter aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Delta-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1976
Canard aircraft