omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SNCF Class BB 37000. The SNCF Class BB 37000 "Prima" electric locomotives are currently being built by Alstom. These locomotives are the triple-voltage version of the Class BB 27000. Sixty of these locomotives, numbered 37001–37060, have been ordered by Fret SNCF for international freight traffic. 
37007 was destroyed in the Zoufftgen train accident on 11 October 2006.

Names
 37039 - Custines/Böbingen

Alstom Prima electric locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
37000
1500 V DC locomotives
15 kV AC locomotives
25 kV AC locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2004
Multi-system locomotives
Standard gauge electric locomotives of France
Freight locomotives

ja:フランス国鉄BB27000形電気機関車
SNCF Class BB 27000. The SNCF Class BB 27000 "Prima" electric locomotives were built by Alstom between 2001–2005. These are dual-voltage freight-only locomotives; they are not fitted with a 1500 V DC electrical line for train heating and accessories. One hundred and eighty of the locomotives, numbered 27001–27180, were built for Fret SNCF, for use on freight traffic. Their introduction led to the withdrawal of several elderly electric types, including Classes CC 7000, CC 7100, BB 8100 and BB 12000. They have also made significant inroads into Classes CC 6500, BB 8500, BB 16500 and BB 25500.

They can be seen largely in North and Eastern France and the lines through Dijon to Lyon, and the lines to Rouen and Caen.

Names
 27001 - Port Autonome de Marseille
 27062 - Méricourt

External links
 SNCF - Série BB 27000

27000
Alstom Prima electric locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
1500 V DC locomotives
25 kV AC locomotives
Standard gauge electric locomotives of France
Railway locomotives introduced in 2002
Multi-system locomotives

Freight locomotives
End system. In networking jargon, a computer, phone, or internet of things device connected to a computer network is sometimes referred to as an end system or end station, because it sits at the edge of the network.  The end user directly interacts with an end system that provides information or services.

End systems that are connected to the Internet are also referred to as internet hosts; this is because they host (run) internet applications such as a web browser or an email retrieval program. The Internet's end systems include some computers with which the end user does not directly interact. These include mail servers, web servers, or database servers. With the emergence of the internet of things, household items (such as toasters and refrigerators) as well as portable, handheld computers and digital cameras are all being connected to the internet as end systems.

End systems are generally connected to each other using switching devices known as routers rather than using a single communication link. The path that transmitted information takes from the sending end system, through a series of communications links and routers, to the receiving end system is known as a route or path through the network. The sending and receiving route can be different, and can be reallocated during transmission due to changes in the network topology. Normally the cheapest or fastest route is chosen. For the end user the actual routing should be completely transparent.

See also
Communication endpoint
Data terminal equipment
Edge device
End instrument
Host (network)
Node (networking)
Terminal (telecommunication)

References

Computing terminology
Internet architecture
Odometry. Odometry is the use of data from motion sensors to estimate change in position over time. It is used in robotics by some legged or wheeled robots to estimate their position relative to a starting location. This method is sensitive to errors due to the integration of velocity measurements over time to give position estimates. Rapid and accurate data collection, instrument calibration, and processing are required in most cases for odometry to be used effectively.

The word odometry is composed of the Greek words odos (meaning  "route") and metron (meaning "measure").

Example

Suppose a robot has rotary encoders on its wheels or on its legged joints. It drives forward for some time and then would like to know how far it has traveled. It can measure how far the wheels have rotated, and if it knows the circumference of its wheels, compute the distance.

Train operations are also frequent users of odometrics. Typically, a train gets an absolute position by passing over stationary sensors in the tracks, while odometry is used to calculate relative position while the train is between the sensors.

More sophisticated example

Suppose a simple robot has two wheels, both capable of moving forward or in reverse, positioned parallel to each other and equidistant from the robot's center. Additionally, each motor has a rotary encoder, allowing determination of whether either wheel has traveled one "unit" forward or reverse along the floor. This unit is defined as the ratio of the wheel's circumference to the encoder's resolution.

If the left wheel were to move forward one unit while the right wheel remained stationary, then the right wheel acts as a pivot, and the left wheel traces a circular arc in the clockwise direction. Since one's unit of distance is usually tiny, one can approximate by assuming that this arc is a line. Thus, the original position of the left wheel, the final position of the left wheel, and the position of the right wheel form a triangle, which one can call A.

Also, the original position of the center, the final position of the center, and the position of the right wheel form a triangle which one can call B. Since the center of the robot is equidistant to either wheel, and as they share the angle formed at the right wheel, triangles A and B are similar triangles. In this situation, the magnitude of the change of position of the center of the robot is one half of a unit. The angle of this change can be determined using the law of sines.

See also
Dead reckoning
Visual odometry

External links

Robot control
Electrorotation. Electrorotation is the circular movement of an electrically polarized particle. Similar to the slip of an electric motor, it can arise from a phase lag between an applied rotating electric field and the respective relaxation processes and may thus be used to investigate the processes or, if these are known or can be accurately described by models, to determine particle properties. The method is popular in cellular biophysics, as it allows measuring cellular properties like conductivity and permittivity of cellular compartments and their surrounding membranes.

See also
Dielectric relaxation
Dielectrophoresis
Membrane potential

Biophysics
Electric and magnetic fields in matter
COPS (software). The Computer Oracle and Password System (COPS) was the first vulnerability scanner for Unix operating systems to achieve widespread use. It was created by Dan Farmer while he was a student at Purdue University. Gene Spafford helped Farmer start the project in 1989.

Features
COPS is a software suite comprising at least 12 small vulnerability scanners, each programmed to audit one part of the operating system:

 File permissions, including device permissions/nodes
 Password strength
 Content, format, and security of password and group files (e.g., passwd)
 Programs and files run in /etc/rc* and cron(tab) files
 Root-SUID files: Which users can modify them? Are they shell scripts?
 A cyclic redundancy check of important files
 Writability of users' home directories and startup files
 Anonymous FTP configuration
 Unrestricted TFTP, decode alias in sendmail, SUID uudecode problems, hidden shells inside inetd.conf, rexd in inetd.conf
 Various root checks: Is the current directory in the search path? Is there a plus sign ("+") in the /etc/host.equiv file? Are NFS mounts unrestricted? Is root in /etc/ftpusers?
 Compare the modification dates of crucial files with dates of advisories from the CERT Coordination Center
 Kuang expert system

After COPS, Farmer developed another vulnerability scanner called SATAN (Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks).

COPS is generally considered obsolete, but it is not uncommon to find systems which are set up in an insecure manner that COPS will identify.

References

External links
COPS
Citeseer entry for the COPS Usenix paper

1989 software
Linux security software
Unix security-related software
Bumpless Build-up Layer. Bumpless Build-up Layer (BBUL) is a processor packaging technology developed by Intel. It is bumpless, because it does not use the usual tiny solder bumps to attach the silicon die to the processor package wires. It has build-up layers, because is grown or built up around the silicon die. The usual way is to manufacture them separately and bond them together.

It was presented in October 2001. It should have been a key component in the 8 GHz and 15 GHz processors that should have been in the market by 2005 and 2007 respectively. Also 20 GHz should have been possible before the year 2010. The BBUL is not needed yet because there is no longer the clock-frequency competition.

Advantages
 Thinner and lighter.
 Higher performance and lower power.
 Higher interconnect density. C4 bumps were reaching their limits.
 Better signal routing capability.
 Allows many chips in the same package.

External links
 BBUL Packaging 
 Intel to delay Bumpless Build-up Layer processor package
 Bumpless Build-Up Layer Packaging

References

Intel microprocessors
Sculpt 3D. Sculpt 3D is a raytrace application released in 1987 for Amiga computers programmed by Eric Graham. Sculpt 3D was one of the first ray tracing applications released for the Amiga computers. It proved that raytracing could be done on home computers as well as on mainframes.  Years later, the company Byte by Byte released a port for the Apple Macintosh.

The Amiga Juggler
The first demo that showed the raytracing capabilities was an animation of a juggler juggling three chrome balls. Even though the juggler was constructed out of spheres, the balls' reflections and movement made it look realistic. The juggler demo was generated on an experimental version of Sculpt 3D. The animation, released in January 1986, generated so much interest that the full 3D application was programmed.

Sculpt 4D
Sculpt 3D created still images, and a tool compiled an animation from these still images. Sculpt 4D (Sculpt-Animate 4D) added animation capabilities to Sculpt 3D. It allowed movement of objects by setting keyframes.

See also 

TurboSilver
Imagine

References

3D graphics software
Amiga raytracers
1987 software
Air Cess. Air Cess was a cargo airline based in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. It was founded by Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout.

Code data

ICAO Code: ACS (not current)

Fleet

The Air Cess fleet included the following aircraft in August 2006:

1 Antonov An-12
2 Antonov An-24
1 Antonov An-26
1 Antonov An-72

References

Defunct airlines of the United Arab Emirates
Defunct cargo airlines
Cargo airlines of the United Arab Emirates
Supplier-furnished equipment. In aviation, when an aircraft is built and delivered, it will come with supplier-furnished equipment (SFE): materials and parts provided by the manufacturer.

The opposite of SFE is buyer-furnished equipment (BFE), which is purchased by the buyer and given to the aircraft manufacturer to be installed before delivery by the manufacturer. BFE includes preferred galley equipment (ovens for example). In many cases, the aircraft is designed to accommodate BFE during the initial engineering phase.

In contrast is buyer-installed equipment (BIE). BIE is when provision is made for specific equipment the buyer will buy and install- e.g., first aid kits and life vests.

References 
 

Procurement
DPC. DPC may refer to:

Science and technology
 Diphenyl carbonate, an acyclic carbonate ester
 Diphenylcarbazide, a carbazide compound

Medicine
 Days post coitum, term commonly used when referring to the age of an embryo
 Direct primary care, a model of healthcare that bills patients directly rather than billing insurance companies
 Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 or Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer-4 (DPC4), a cell signaling protein

Computing
 Deferred Procedure Call, Windows mechanism to defer lower-priority tasks
 Dirty paper coding, a coding technique that can subtract a known interference

Government and military
 Defence Planning Committee, a panel which oversees the Indian national security roadmap
 Defence Planning Committee (NATO)
 Department of Premier and Cabinet (disambiguation)
 Due Process Clause, of the United States Constitution
 United States Domestic Policy Council, a forum used by the President of the United States
 Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe
 Data Protection Commissioner, the data privacy authority in Ireland

Organizations
 Digital Preservation Coalition, a non-profit company that seeks to preserve digital resources
 Doane Pet Care, US pet food manufacturer
 Duke Lemur Center, formerly Duke University Primate Center. The collection code is (DPC)

Other uses
 Damp-proof course, in damp proofing
 Dominique Provost-Chalkley (born 1990), British-Canadian actress
 Dota Pro Circuit, esports tournament circuit for the video game Dota 2
 Dubai Production City, a media production zone
Reconfigurable manufacturing system. A reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS) is a system invented in 1998 that is designed for the outset of rapid change in its structure, as well as its hardware and software components, in order to quickly adjust its production capacity and functionality within a part family in response to sudden market changes or intrinsic system change. A reconfigurable machine can have its features and parts machined.

History 
The RMS, as well as one of its components—the reconfigurable machine tool (RMT)—were invented in 1998 in the Engineering Research Center for Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems (ERC/RMS) at the University of Michigan College of Engineering. The term reconfigurability in manufacturing was likely coined by Kusiak and Lee.

From 1996 to 2007, Yoram Koren received an NSF grant of $32.5million to develop the RMS science base and its software and hardware tools. RMS technology is based on an approach that consists of key elements, the compilation of which is called the RMS science base.

System operations 

The system is composed of stages: 10, 20, 30, etc. Each stage consists of identical machines, such as CNC milling machines. The system produces one product. The manufactured product moves on the horizontal conveyor. Then Gantry-10 grips the product and brings it to one of CNC-10. When CNC-10 finishes the processing, Gantry-10 moves it back to the conveyor. The conveyor moves the product to Gantry-20, which grips the product and loads it on the RMT-20, and so on. Inspection machines are placed at several stages and at the end of the manufacturing system. 

The product may move during its production in many production paths. In practice, there are small variations in the precision of identical machines, which create accumulated errors in the manufactured product; each path has its own "stream-of-variations" (a term coined by Y. Koren).

Characteristics 

Ideal reconfigurable manufacturing systems, according to professor Yoram Koren in 1995, possess six characteristics: modularity, integrability, customized flexibility, scalability, convertibility, and diagnosability. Characteristics for its components are: reconfigurable machines, controllers, and system control software. An RMS does not necessarily have all of the charateristics. These principles are called Koren's RMS principles. Supposedly, the more of these principles applicable to a given manufacturing system, the more reconfigurable that system is. The RMS principles are:

The components of RMS are CNC machines, reconfigurable tools, reconfigurable inspection machines, and material transport systems (such as gantries and conveyors) that connect the machines to form the system. Different arrangements and configurations of these machines will affect the system's productivity. A collection of mathematical tools, which are defined as the RMS science base, may be used to maximize system productivity with the smallest possible number of machines.

See also
 Modular design

References

Manufacturing
Modular design
Heavy Vehicles Factory. Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) is an armoured vehicle and battle tank manufacturing factory located at Avadi in Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is managed by Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVANI) of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.

History
Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) was established in 1961 by the Ordnance Factory Board to manufacture heavy battlefield equipment and was later made part of AVANI during the re-organisation in 2021.

Plant
The factory is powered by a 16 MW solar power plant, spread over , commissioned in 2018 and installed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) at a cost of . The plant helps reduce carbon dioxide () emissions to the extent of 26,000 tonnes per annum, saving  each year.

Products
Products of HVF include Vijayanta, Kartik BLT, M-46 Catapult and T-72 Ajeya, Arjun MBT and T-90 Bhishma tanks.

Gallery

References

Defence companies of India
Economy of Chennai
Manufacturing companies based in Chennai
1961 establishments in Madras State
Manufacturing companies established in 1961
Seagnat. The Seagnat Control System (sometimes spelled SeaGnat or Sea Gnat) is a British decoy system produced by System Engineering & Assessment (SEA) Ltd firing rounds produced by Chemring Countermeasures Ltd used on many NATO warships to safeguard against incoming missiles. 

Each unit consists of six launchers that can be loaded with different rounds, depending on the threat:
Mk214 Seduction Chaff
Mk216 Distraction Chaff
Mk245 "GIANT" IR Round
Mk251 "siren" Active Decoy Round (only on later "DLH" versions)

The rounds are launched as decoys to trick incoming missiles into missing the ship or to prematurely detonating.

Rounds are launched from NATO standard 130mm Mark 36 SRBOC launchers, either fixed or trainable, and typically mounted in groups of around six barrels.

The Active Decoy Round has three phases: a low g rocket motor to project it away from the ship, a drogue to slow the round, and a parasail wing that allows the decoy to slowly maneuver as it descends to the water.  The device is  diameter by  long. It is powered by a thermal battery and its on-board computer allows the transmitters to radiate in either deception mode or noise (smart or barrage). Range is up to  from the ship.

References

External links 

Missile countermeasures
Missile defense
Eckert number. The Eckert number (Ec) is a dimensionless number used in continuum mechanics. It expresses the relationship between a flow's kinetic energy and the boundary layer enthalpy difference, and is used to characterize heat transfer  dissipation. It is named after Ernst R. G. Eckert.

It is defined as

where
 u is the local flow velocity of the continuum,
 cp is the constant-pressure local specific heat of the continuum,
  is the difference between wall temperature and local temperature.

References

Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics
Continuum mechanics
Mark sense. Electrographic is a term used for punched-card and page-scanning technology that allowed cards or pages marked with a pencil to be processed or converted into punched cards. The primary developer of electrographic systems was IBM, who used mark sense as a trade name for both the forms and processing system. The term has since come to be used generically for any technology allowing marks made using ordinary writing implements to be processed, encompassing both optical mark recognition and electrographic technology.

The term "mark sense" is not generally used when referring to technology that distinguishes the shape of the mark; the general term optical character recognition is generally used when mark shapes are distinguished.  Because the term mark-sense was originally a trade name, the Federal Government generally used the term electrographic.

In the 1940s, 50s, and 60s, mark sense technology was widely used for applications like processing meter readings recordings on turnaround documents and recording long distance telephone calls.  Many thousands of pencils were made expressly for mark sense applications by the Dur-O-Lite Pencil Company and by the Autopoint Company.  Many of the pencils made for the "Bell System" were stamped "MARK SENSE LEAD" and for the Federal Government, "US Government  Electrographic."

In the early 1930s, science teacher Reynold B. Johnson developed an automatic test scoring machine. IBM bought Johnson's invention and hired him as an engineer - the machine was sold as the IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine.  The first large-scale use of the IBM 805 was by the American Council on Education's Cooperative Test Service in 1936; in 1947, the Cooperative Test Service became part of the Educational Testing Service.  Johnson went on to develop a range of electrographic mark-sense machinery.

Various IBM equipment could be used with mark sense cards including the IBM 513 and IBM 514 Reproducing Punches, the IBM 557 Alphabetic Interpreter,  and the IBM 519 Electric Document Originating Machine.

See also
 Turnaround document

References

External links

  Guide to Dur-O-Lite and Autopoint Mark Sense Pencils
 Douglas W. Jones's collection of optical mark cards

Punched card

ja:マークシート
List of United States Navy Guided Missile Launching Systems. The Guided Missile Launching System (GMLS) is a device for launching guided missiles, and is found on many U.S. Navy ships. This list includes all launchers that are part of the designation series. Included on this list are missile launchers that have not been adopted for service in the United States Navy.

Launchers by designation

References

 Federation of American Scientists - US Navy Shipboard Combat Systems

Ship-based missile launchers
Naval guided missile launch systems of the United States
Guided missile
IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine. The IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine was an educational machine sold by IBM beginning in 1937.  The device scored answer sheets marked with special "mark sense" pencils.  The machine was developed from a prototype developed by Reynold Johnson, a school teacher who later became an IBM engineer. That machine and its descendants have been in use ever since.

See also 
Benjamin D. Wood

References

"Bulletin of Information on the International Test Scoring Machine." (New York: Cooperative Test Service, 1936)
IBM Archives web page on the 805 Test Scoring Machine

805
IBM educational computers
Rice-hull bagwall construction. Rice-hull bagwall construction is a system of building, with results aesthetically similar to the use of earthbag or cob construction. Woven polypropylene bags (or tubes) are tightly filled with raw rice-hulls, and these are stacked up, layer upon layer, with strands of four-pronged barbed wire between.  A surrounding "cage" composed of mats of welded or woven steel mesh (remesh or "poultry wire") on both sides (wired together between bag layers with, for example, rebar tie-wire) and then stuccoed, to form building walls.

Fireproofing 
Mixing rice-hulls in boric acid and borax solution results in fireproofing. A similar result can be achieved if placed on top of poured ingot, which applies direct heat until turned into ash. In addition, its ash form does not appeal to vermin.

See also
 Earthbag construction
 Cob construction

References

External links
  The Rice Hull House, by Paul A Olivier, Ph.D.

Construction
Building materials
Sustainable building
Appropriate technology