omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Synthetic jet. In fluid dynamics, a synthetic jet flow—is a type of jet flow, which is made up of the surrounding  fluid. Synthetic jets are produced by periodic ejection and suction of fluid from an opening. This oscillatory motion may be driven by a piston or diaphragm inside a cavity among other ways.

A synthetic jet flow was so named by Ari Glezer since  the flow is "synthesized" from the surrounding or ambient fluid.  Producing a convectional jet requires an external source of fluid, such as piped-in compressed air or plumbing for water.

Synjet devices
Synthetic jet flow can be developed in a number of ways, such as with an electromagnetic driver, a piezoelectric driver, or even a mechanical driver such as a piston.  Each moves a membrane or diaphragm up and down hundreds of times per second, sucking the surrounding fluid into a chamber and then expelling it. Although the mechanism is fairly simple, extremely fast cycling requires high-level engineering to produce a device that will last in industrial applications.

For hot spot thermal management, the Synjet, commercially offered by Austin, Texas–based company Nuventix, was patented in 2000 by engineers at Georgia Tech. The tiny synjet module creates jets that can be directed to precise locations for industrial spot cooling. Traditionally, metallic heat sinks conduct heat away from electronic components and into the air, and  then a small fan blows the hot air out. Synjet modules replace or augment cooling fans for such devices as microprocessors, memory chips, graphics chips, batteries, and radio frequency components.  Additionally, SynJet technology has been used for the thermal management of high power LEDs

Synthetic jet modules have also been widely researched for controlling airflow in aircraft to enhance lift, increase maneuverability, control stalls, and reduce noise. Problems in applying the technology include weight, size, response time, force, and complexity of controlling the flows.

A Caltech researcher has even tested synthetic jet modules to provide thrust for small underwater vehicles, modeled on the natural jets that squid and jellyfish produce. Recently, research team at the School of Engineering, Taylor's University (Malaysia), successfully used synthetic jets as mixing devices. Synthetic jets prove to be effective mixing devices especially for shear sensitive materials.

References

Fluid dynamics
Ostwald's rule. In materials science, Ostwald's rule or Ostwald's step rule, conceived by Wilhelm Ostwald, describes the formation of polymorphs. The rule states that usually the less stable polymorph crystallizes first. Ostwald's rule is not a universal law but a common tendency observed in nature.

This can be explained on the basis of irreversible thermodynamics, structural relationships, or a combined consideration of statistical thermodynamics and structural variation with temperature. Unstable polymorphs more closely resemble the state in solution, and thus are kinetically advantaged.

For example, out of hot water, metastable, fibrous crystals of benzamide appear first, only later to spontaneously convert to the more stable rhombic polymorph. A dramatic example is phosphorus, which upon sublimation first forms the less stable white phosphorus, which only slowly polymerizes to the red allotrope. This is notably the case for the anatase polymorph of titanium dioxide, which having a lower surface energy is commonly the first phase to form by crystallisation from amorphous precursors or solutions despite being metastable, with rutile being the equilibrium phase at all temperatures and pressures.

References

 
Mineralogy
Gemology
Crystallography
Electrical technologist. An electrical technologist is a technologist who is required to apply electrical theory on the job. Their knowledge and skill lies between that of electrical engineers and general electrical trades persons. In North America they train in  a three-year diploma programs at colleges or universities. 
Specializations within the field include instrumentation, power, telecommunications, programming and electronic controls. Electrical technologists are employed by utilities, engineering drafting/design companies, industry,  and construction companies.

References

Engineering occupations
Intentional Software. Intentional Software was a software company that designed tools and platforms that followed the principles of intentional programming in which programmers focus on capturing the intent of users and designers, and spend as little time as possible interacting with machines and compilers. Its tools included language workbenches, tools that separated software function from implementation, and allowed 'language-focused' development.  This allowed automatic rewriting of code as expert knowledge of implementation options changed.  The company later began developing a platform for improving productivity of software groups.

The company was co-founded by Charles Simonyi and Gregor Kiczales in 2002, and later headed by CEO Eric Anderson. However, Kiczales left the company in 2003. In 2017 it had almost 100 staff. On April 18, 2017, it was acquired by Microsoft, with many of its employees joining the Microsoft Office team.

Products and services 
Intentional Software developed the Domain Workbench, a language workbench for building and working with domain-specific languages, and designed custom languages for clients for their particular uses. They also built the Intentional Platform, a platform for group productivity software.

References

External links
 Intentional Software website
 Martin Fowler's essay on the company

Software companies based in Washington (state)
Microsoft acquisitions
2017 mergers and acquisitions
Privately held companies based in Washington (state)
Software companies established in 2002
Companies based in Bellevue, Washington
Defunct software companies of the United States

2002 establishments in the United States
2002 establishments in Washington (state)
Companies established in 2002
Ringo R470. Ringo R-470 was a Brazilian clone of the Sinclair ZX81 by Ritas do Brasil Ltda. introduced in 1983. It featured a Z80A processor at 3.25 MHz, 8K ROM and 16 KB RAM. It wasn't 100% compatible with the ZX81, and some BASIC tokens have alternate codings.

It had a connector port for a 1200 bit/s modem and a joystick, and supported data storage using an external cassette recorder at 300 and 2400 bit/s.

There was an option to display "inverted video" (white background with black characters) by pressing . The computer also featured separate arrow keys.

The machine had a price of Cr$449,950, higher than competitor computers like the TK85 costing Cr$369,850, and it was not successful.

This computer can be emulated on modern systems under EightyOne Sinclair Emulator or MAME.

Keywords and symbols 
BASIC keywords and character mapping are slightly altered on Ringo R-470 compared to the ZX81. Entry is still accomplished per keyword token, obtained using different cursor modes and key combinations, but these are different from the ZX81. The following table shows the supported BASIC keyword tokens and symbols, and the key combinations needed to enter them.

References 

Computers designed in Brazil
Goods manufactured in Brazil
Z80-based home computers
Sinclair ZX81 clones
Computer-related introductions in 1983
Christopher Voigt. Christopher Voigt is an American synthetic biologist, molecular biophysicist, and engineer.

Career
Voigt is the Daniel I.C. Wang Professor of Advanced Biotechnology in the Department of Biological Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He works in the developing field of synthetic biology. He is the co-director of the Synthetic Biology Center at MIT and the co-founder of the MIT-Broad Foundry.

His research interests focus on the programming of cells to perform coordinated and complex tasks for applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. His works include:

 Design of genetic circuits in bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells. Encoded in DNA, these circuits implement computational operations inside of cells. 
 Software to program living cells (Cello), which is based on principles from electronic design automation and is based on Verilog.
 Genetically encoded sensors that enables cells to respond to chemicals, environmental cues, and colored light.
 Computational tools to design precision genetic parts, based on biophysics, bioinformatics, and machine learning.
 Therapeutic bacteria to navigate the human body and identify and correct disease states.
 Redesign of the nitrogen fixation gene cluster to facilitate its transfer between organisms and control with synthetic sensors and circuits. 
 Pharmaceutical discovery from large databases of DNA sequences, including the human gut microbiome, though high-throughput pathway recoding and DNA synthesis.
 Harnessing cells to produce materials, including spider silk, nylon-6, and DNA nanomaterials.

In addition, he is the:
 Founding Member of the National Science Foundation-funded Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), renamed the Engineering Biology Research Center (EBRC).
 Editor-in-Chief of ACS Synthetic Biology.
 Co-founder of the companies Asimov (cellular programming) and Pivot Biotechnologies (agriculture).
 Co-founder of the Synthetic Biology: Engineering Evolution and Design (SEED) Conference Series.
 Chair of the SAB for the Dutch chemical company DSM.

His former students have founded Asimov (mammalian synthetic biology), De Novo DNA (computational design), Bolt Threads (spider silk-based textiles), Pivot Bio (agriculture), and Industrial Microbes (methane consuming organisms).

External links
Official Group Website
ACS Editor Profile
SB7.0 Talk: Foundational Tools & Engineering
Synthetic Biology: Programming Living Bacteria
Decoding Synthetic Biology
Engineering Biology

References

Synthetic biologists
University of Michigan alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stabilization while not underway. Stabilisation while not underway, stabilisation at rest, zero-speed stabilisation or on-anchor stabilisation is the process of augmenting roll reduction for a vessel that is not underway. This process may in some cases be implemented through the use of equipment systems that are also used for roll stabilisation while underway.

Vessels at anchor, at moorings, adrift, or keeping station are subjected to roll and pitch generating forces similar to those that affect vessels underway. Different strategies for mitigating the effects of these forces have been adopted.

A variable system that uses "active fins" designed specifically for roll attenuation of a vessel while underway achieves lifting force through the flow of water over the fin's surface. By increasing the angle of attack of the fin to the water flow to some maximum working angle, a maximum lift force can be achieved for stabilising the hull. When these same systems are used for roll stabilisation of stationary vessels, the lift force available from water flow over the fin while underway is not available. For a stationary vessel, the ability to generate a lifting force (i.e. roll-resisting force) is limited to that achieved by any powered fin movements, and by the water volume displaced while stroking the fins in one direction at a precise point in time. Active fin systems can provide incremental add-on stability for vessels at rest, but these systems will usually have larger actuators and fins, and will likely have special power source requirements in comparison to systems designed for stability underway.

Various commercial suppliers produce a range of stabilization systems that can be used at rest, on-anchor, or at zero-speed.

See also
Anti-rolling gyro

Maritime safety
Maritime transport
Merchant navy
USS Fulmar (AMc-46). USS Fulmar (AMc-46) was an Accentor-class coastal minesweeper acquired by the U.S. Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.

The first ship to be named Fulmar by the Navy, AMc-46 was launched 25 February 1941 by Greenport Basin and Construction Company, Greenport, Long Island, New York; sponsored by Mrs. A. V. Walters; and commissioned 25 June 1941.

World War II service 

Fulmar carried out minesweeping operations out of Newport, Rhode Island, and from September 1941, out of Portland, Maine, until arriving at Miami, Florida, 21 September 1944. There she acted as target for motor torpedo boats undergoing training for the next year.

Deactivation 

Arriving at Charleston, South Carolina, 1 October 1945, Fulmar was decommissioned 4 January 1946 and transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal 16 September 1946.

References

External links 
 NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Fulmar (AMc 46)

Accentor-class minesweepers
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Ships built in Greenport, New York
1941 ships
Sultan Industrial Road. The Sultan Industrial Road, also sometimes unofficially known as Ramsey Industrial Road, is a public–private forest access road in the Canadian province of Ontario. Originally built as a resource route for E. B. Eddy's logging and lumber operations in the northwestern Sudbury District, the road is now owned and operated by Eacom Timber. It is under a public access agreement with the province, permitting its use for public travel since 1978. The Sultan Industrial Road is gravel-surfaced throughout its length. There are no services along the remote route.

Route description 

The road, which has a gravel surface, begins at Highway 667 in the community of Sultan. It travels eastward through remote forests for approximately  to the intersection of Highway 144 and Highway 560,  north of Cartier and  south of Gogama. The road is one of the only intersections along Highway 144 apart from its termini. It also provides the only all-season road access to the community of Biscotasing and the ghost towns of Jerome Mine and Ramsey. There are no services available along the road.

A traffic study on the road in 2016 found that 45 percent of the vehicles using the road were passenger cars. In 2007 the Ministry of Transportation (MTO) estimated that approximately 400 vehicles traverse the road on an average day. The Sultan Industrial Road is maintained by Eacom Timber Corporation in a joint funding agreement with the Province of Ontario.
It has a speed limit of , as defined in Ontario Regulation 621.
Despite this, traffic often travels faster, and the loose surface of the road can result in airborne debris.

History 

The Sultan Industrial Road was initially constructed by the private logging company, E.B. Eddy Forest Products Limited, and was known as the Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment (KVP) Road. On September 19, 1978, an agreement was signed between the company and the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, predecessor to the modern MTO. This agreement opened the road for public use under the maintenance of the company.
The road has remained unchanged since, with the exception of the responsibility for its maintenance, which is now under the jurisdiction of Eacom.

In the 1990s, provincial MPP Floyd Laughren lobbied for the road to be fully paved, and secured a commitment from the MTO to do so shortly before the 1995 election; however, following the election the plan was cancelled by the new government of Mike Harris. Many municipal politicians and media commentators in the area have also lobbied for the road to be upgraded to full provincial highway status, as the route would reduce the length of a trip from Sudbury to Wawa by over  compared to the current routing of Highway 17,
and would provide an alternate route for traffic in the event of a closure of the Montreal River Hill segment of Highway 17.
Despite this, the MTO contends that traffic volumes along the road do not justify its assumption as a provincial highway.

Major intersections

References

External links

Roads in Sudbury District
International Measurement System. The International Measurement System (IMS) is a system of handicapping sailboats for the purpose of racing that replaced the earlier International Offshore Rule (IOR) system in the early 1990s. It is managed by the Offshore Racing Congress (ORC). In the sailing world it is usually referred to simply as 'IMS'.

Synopsis

IMS was the first yacht racing rule developed around the central idea of a Velocity prediction program (VPP). The VPP was a complex computer program that integrated continuous hullform information in order to predict a given boat's speed potential in a given wind velocity. Details on the VPP were openly available to the yachting community, in contrast to the earlier IOR system. Designers and boat owners much preferred this as they were able to design new yachts to maximise performance under the rule with a degree of certainty they had not enjoyed under the IOR rule. IMS is generally believed to have made significant leaps of progress forward from the IOR rule it displaced in terms of fairness and accuracy.

IMS racing declined seriously in the early 2000s. A raft of new technology developments in yacht design led to a situation where the very largest and most expensive yachts were able to gain a significant technology advantage which the rule was less able to account for. Smaller yacht owners began to feel unfairly disadvantaged under the rule and between 2003 and 2007 much handicap racing around the world changed to using the newer IRC rule.

However, an improved, revised version of IMS was developed over the years 2006-2008, and known as the Offshore Racing Congress (ORC) rule. As of 2008 some major sailing clubs around the world considered replacing IRC with ORC in their club activities, heralding a return to the IMS system in a more modern form.

Notes

Handicap (sailing)
Arkwright Society. The Arkwright Society is a registered charity  engaged in the conservation of industrial monuments in Derbyshire, focusing on the water mills of Lumsdale Valley, Ashford, Cromford and Slinter Wood. It is named after Richard Arkwright who founded the world's first successful water powered cotton spinning mill in Cromford in 1771. The society was founded after a festival in 1971 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of this feat.

The society bought the site of Sir Richard Arkwright's Cromford Mill in 1979 and have since restored its Grade 1 listed buildings. As of October 2007, the work had cost four million pounds and 35 people were employed by the society at the site. Thieves stole a historic clock from the site in 2003.

Derwent Valley Mills, including Cromford Mills, is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The mill complex was also declared by Historic England as "one of the country’s 100 irreplaceable sites".

The Society also manages the Canal Warehouse at Cromford Wharf, having leased it since 1995, where 2 rooms are used as classrooms.  The Society offers tours of the Wharf and the Cromford Canal.

The Society opened the Cromford Venture Centre in 1996 to provide accommodation for young people studying the industrial history of the region. It also owns Slinter Wood, a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation, Slinter Cottage and Dunsley Meadows Local Nature Reserve.

In 2018, the society was planning to restore Building 17 "to transform it into a northern anchor site for the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage site and ensure the visitor centre was sustainable".

In 2019, the society employed 100 persons; the restoration expenditure by that time was £48 million. In 2018, the "Cromford Mills Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project" was listed as a finalist for the "Best Major Regeneration of a Historic Building or Place"  in the Historic England Angel Awards.

Derwent Valley Mills, including Cromford Mills, is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The mill complex was also declared by Historic England as "one of the country’s 100 irreplaceable sites". The complex is open daily to visitors.

There is also a Nottingham Arkwright Society  based in the Nottingham Industrial Museum in the grounds of Wollaton Park.

References

External links
Arkwright Society - Official Website
 

Charities based in Derbyshire
1971 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1971
Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger. In a hydroponic system ultrasonic hydroponic foggers are used to create a fine mist, the individual particle size of which is typically of about 5 μm in diameter.  These fine particles are capable of carrying nutrients from the standing water of a reservoir to plant roots.  Benefits include humidification and exponentially improved root exposure to oxygen.

Ultrasonic hydroponic foggers can be used in conjunction with prior advances such as aeroponic misters or even ebb and flow systems to help improve humidity levels (mimicking a rainforest canopy) and increase nutrient absorption, thus boosting growth rates.  Research into standalone fogger-supported hydroponic growing is underway.

References

Hydroponics
Dyn'Aéro. Dyn'Aéro was a light aircraft manufacturing company based in Pau, France.

History

Dyn'Aéro was founded in October 1992 at Darois, France by the team of three who built the first CR100, with CEO Christophe Robin.

The company was notable for its MCR series of factory built and homebuilt aircraft such as the two seat Dyn'Aéro MCR01. Dyn'Aéro aircraft are all-composite, carbon fibre, light aircraft based on the aluminum Colomban MC-100 original design of Michel Colomban. The aircraft were supplied either as an amateur-built kit or, optionally, ready-built, where local regulations allowed.

The company went bankrupt in January 2012 and was sold to Groupe AK on 1 March 2012.

The company relocated from Darois to Pau in August 2013 but ceased its activities in 2017.

Aircraft

 Dyn'Aéro MCR01 (ULC in ultralight category)
 Dyn'Aéro MCR4S (Pick Up in ultralight category)
 Dyn'Aéro CR.100
 Dyn'Aéro CR.110
 Dyn'Aéro CR.120
 Dyn'Aéro R180
 Dyn'Aéro Twin-R

References

External links 
 
 SE Aviation (in French)

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Manufacturing companies established in 1992
French companies established in 1992
2012 mergers and acquisitions
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2017
French companies disestablished in 2017