omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
T. A. Heppenheimer. Thomas A. Heppenheimer  (January 1, 1947 – September 9, 2015) was a major space advocate and researcher in planetary science, aerospace engineering, and celestial mechanics. His books are on the recommended reading list of the National Space Society.

Books
A brief history of flight: from balloons to Mach 3 and beyond (2001) 
Colonies in Space (Stackpole, 1977) 
The coming quake: science and trembling on the California earthquake frontier (1988) 
Countdown: A History of Space Flight (1999) 
Development of the Space Shuttle, 1972-1981 Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002. 
Facing the Heat Barrier: A History of Hypersonics NASA SP-2007-4232
First flight: the Wright brothers and the invention of the airplane (2003) 
Flight: a history of aviation in photographs (2004) 
The man-made sun: the quest for fusion power (1984) 
The Real Future Doubleday, 1983. 
The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle (1999) NAS 1.21:4221
Toward distant suns (1979) 
Turbulent skies: the history of commercial aviation (1995)

External links
About the Author: Thomas A. Heppenheimer
The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle, NASA History Office
 

American astronomers
1947 births
2015 deaths
Methyl butyrate. Methyl butyrate, also known under the systematic name methyl butanoate, is the methyl ester of butyric acid. Like most esters, it has a fruity odor, in this case resembling apples or pineapples. At room temperature, it is a colorless liquid with low solubility in water, upon which it floats to form an oily layer. Although it is flammable, it has a relatively low vapor pressure (40 mmHg at ), so it can be safely handled at room temperature without special safety precautions.

Methyl butyrate is present in small amounts in several plant products, especially pineapple oil. It can be produced by distillation from essential oils of vegetable origin, but is also manufactured on a small scale for use in perfumes and as a food flavoring.

Methyl butyrate has been used in combustion studies as a surrogate fuel for the larger fatty acid methyl esters found in biodiesel. However, studies have shown that, due to its short-chain length, methyl butyrate does not reproduce well the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behaviour  and early CO2 formation characteristics of real biodiesel fuels.  Therefore, methyl butyrate is not a suitable surrogate fuel for biodiesel combustion studies.

References

Methyl esters
Butyrate esters
Perfume ingredients
Flavors
GADEROS. GADEROS (Galileo Demonstrator for Railway Operation System) is a study sponsored by the European Commission with the purpose to make use of the Galileo Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) when it becomes functional in 2008.

Current terrestrial railroad tracking systems require huge distances as safety margins. This leads to lower freight and passenger throughput.

See also 
 LOCOPROL

External links 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070417025152/http://www.gaderos.com/

Rail technologies
Heat coil. Heat coils, also known as protectors, bugs or carbons serve as a surge protector between the telephone exchange and outside plant. They are commonly the last point of appearance for a telephone circuit before it leaves the office, for example on the outside plant side of the main distribution frame. On some competitive local exchange carrier circuits there are two heat coils, the extra one being at the point of interface between their circuit and where the incumbent local exchange carrier or Regional Bell Operating Company receives it. Their primary purpose is to protect central office equipment from surges of high voltage.

If a surge comes down the line it will melt the connection between the central office and outside plant sides, as in a fuse, thereby protecting the equipment. Some heat coils have springs in them, so that when a surge breaks the circuit their tension is released and the plastic cover pops off as a visual indicator that the line is somehow defective.

This image from The Bell System technical journal provides a technical schematic and description of 'a heat coil used to protect telephone exchange equipment against excessive electrical currents that may accidentally come in over the line wires.'

References

Telephony equipment
Víctor A. Carreño. Víctor A. Carreño (born 1956)  is a NASA aerospace engineer and aerospace technologist. He holds the patent for the Single Frequency Multitransmitter Telemetry System.

Early years
Carreño was born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. His family moved to Puerto Rico when he was only a child and he was raised in the City of Guaynabo. Carreño became interested in electronics and the solution of mathematical problems as a child.  After finishing his primary and secondary education, he attended the Margarita Janer Palacios High School and here he was a top mathematics and science student and graduated with honors in 1974.

In 1974, Carreño enrolled at the University of Puerto Rico and earned his Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1979. Upon graduation, he applied to and was hired by the NASA Langley Research Center and assigned to the Aircraft Electronics System Branch, Flight Electronics Division.  In 1983, he was reassigned to the digital system upset assessment team, in the Fault Tolerant Systems Branch. His work involved the development of techniques for analytically assessing digital system upset due to lightning-induced transients.

Career in NASA
Carreño is credited with inventing and developing the Single Frequency Multitransmitter Telemetry System in 1983. He also designed and conducted experiments for the real-time evaluation of the Viper single board computer while working in the instrumentation of the F-106 lightning research aircraft. Carreño continued his higher education by enrolling at the Old Dominian University, where in 1985 he obtained his master's degree in electrical engineering.  In 1986 he was granted the patent for the SFMTS, U.S. Patent # 4,631,538.

In 1990, Carreño was assigned to the formal methods team, Assessment Technology Branch. This team worked on the development of mathematical techniques for the verification of critical systems. In 1994, he enrolled in the University of Cambridge in England and graduated with a PhD in computer science in 1997. Carreño worked in the verification of air traffic management concepts and the development of mathematical infrastructure to support such verifications. On March 30, 2007, Carreño retired from NASA.

Awards
Among his many awards and recognitions are: 
1986-Certificate of Appreciation (La RC), 
1983-Certificate of Recognition (NASA Invention Disclosures) and Certificate of Recognition (NASA Tech Brief Publication), 
1986,89-Certificate of Appreciation (The Governor's Magnet School), 
1995-Superior Accomplishment Award and 1996-Group Achievement Award.

References

1956 births
Living people
NASA people
Dominican Republic scientists
VC10 (disambiguation). VC10 or VC-10 may refer to:

Vickers VC10, a British jet airliner
VC-10 Challengers, a former United States Navy aircraft squadron
Korg VC-10, an analogue vocoder from the 1970s
Super VC-10 Hap, a species of fish
MAX Machine, a home computer
Akpeteshie, a Ghanaian spirit
Visual C++ 2010, the 2010 edition of Microsoft Visual C++, a software integrated development environment
GXA. The Global XML Web Services Architecture (GXA) was an announcement by Microsoft in 2002 of several proposals for extensions to SOAP. Some of the components of GXA were developed into standards in combination with other companies, including IBM. Others were specific to Microsoft and have been superseded. Microsoft released a reference implementation of a part of GXA as Web Services Enhancements 1.0 SP1 for Microsoft .NET (WSE).

Components of GXA in WSE 1.0
WS-Security
WS-Routing
WS-Policy
XML Infoset

GXA Future Directions
At the time of the GXA announcement, Microsoft listed further standards they were participating in developing:

Federated security: WS-Trust, WS-Privacy, WS-Federation, WS-SecureConversation, WS-Policy

Pervasive metadata and discovery: WS-Referral

Microsoft also announced they were working on distributed agreement (transaction) standards.

See also
List of Web service specifications
Web Services Interoperability

References

Further reading
GXA (Global XML Architecture) at serviceoriented.org

GXA Defines Framework for Web Services from Directions On Microsoft, Sep 23 2002

XML-based standards
Microsoft software
Kinematic determinacy. Kinematic determinacy is a term used in structural mechanics to describe a structure where material compatibility conditions alone can be used to calculate deflections. A kinematically determinate structure can be defined as a structure where, if it is possible to find nodal displacements compatible with member extensions, those nodal displacements are unique. The structure has no possible mechanisms, i.e. nodal displacements, compatible with zero member extensions, at least to a first-order approximation. Mathematically, the mass matrix of the structure must have full rank. Kinematic determinacy can be loosely used to classify an arrangement of structural members as a structure (stable) instead of a mechanism (unstable). The principles of kinematic determinacy are used to design precision devices such as mirror mounts for optics, and precision linear motion bearings.

See also
 Statical determinacy
 Precision engineering
 Kinematic coupling

References

Mechanical engineering
Pulsed power. Pulsed power is the science and technology of accumulating energy over a relatively long period of time and releasing it instantly, thus increasing the instantaneous power. They can be used in some applications such as food processing, water treatment, weapons, and medical applications.

Overview
Energy is typically stored within electrostatic fields (capacitors), magnetic fields (inductors), as mechanical energy (using large flywheels connected to special-purpose high-current alternators), or as chemical energy (high-current lead-acid batteries, or explosives). By releasing the stored energy over a very short interval (a process that is called energy compression), a huge amount of peak power can be delivered to a load. For example, if one joule of energy is stored within a capacitor and then evenly released to a load over one second, the average power delivered to the load would only be 1 watt. However, if all of the stored energy were released within one microsecond, the average power over one second would still be one watt, but the instantaneous peak power would be one megawatt, a million times greater.

Maximum Power Records

Single pulse energies as high as 100 MJ, power as high as a "few hundred terawatts" with voltages between 10 kV and 50 MV, and currents between 1 kA and 10 MA, have been achieved at least as of 2006.

Usage
Railgun is one of the example usage of pulsed power and it is still at research stage due to its complexity.

See also

 "kicker"

 (EMP)

, "Z machine"

Manufacturers
ABB Pulsed Power Manufacturer of semiconductor-based replacements for thyratrons

References

 
Power (physics)
ARMIGER. 
The ARMIGER (Anti Radiation Missile with Intelligent Guidance & Extended Range) was a missile   developed by the Diehl BGT Defence to replace existing AGM-88 HARM missiles in the German Air Force by the end of the decade. It was to be an advanced high supersonic missile intended to destroy modern and future air defenses through direct hit. Its development has been stopped, mainly on the cost basis.

ARMIGER was to feature an IR seeker, accurate Inertial Measurement Unit (INS) for navigational purposes, long range, high supersonic speed, reliability, and direct hit capability. It was to be powered by a combined rocket-ramjet, and would use a dual-mode seeker.

See also 
Anti-radiation missile
List of missiles

References

External links 
 

Anti-radiation missiles of Germany
Post–Cold War weapons of Germany
Monocrystalline whisker. A monocrystalline whisker is a filament of material that is structured as a single, defect-free crystal. Some typical whisker materials are graphite, alumina, iron, silicon carbide and silicon. Single-crystal whiskers of these (and some other) materials are known for having very high tensile strength (on the order of 10–20 GPa). Whiskers are used in some composites, but large-scale fabrication of defect-free whiskers is very difficult.

Prior to the discovery of carbon nanotubes, single-crystal whiskers had the highest tensile strength of any materials known, and were featured regularly in science fiction as materials for fabrication of space elevators, arcologies, and other large structures. Despite showing great promise for a range of applications, their usage has been hindered by concerns over their effects on health when inhaled.

See also
 Whisker (metallurgy) – Self-organizing metallic whisker-shaped structures that cause problems with electronics.
Laser-heated pedestal growth

References
 Printiverse Online Printing
 "Mechanical and Physical Properties of Whiskers", CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th edition.

Materials
International Centre for Diffraction Data. The International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) maintains a database of powder diffraction patterns, the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), including the d-spacings (related to angle of diffraction) and relative intensities of observable diffraction peaks.  Patterns may be experimentally determined, or computed based on crystal structure and Bragg's law.  It is most often used to identify substances based on x-ray diffraction data, and is designed for use with a diffractometer. The PDF contains more than a million unique material data sets. Each data set contains diffraction, crystallographic and bibliographic data, as well as experimental, instrument and sampling conditions, and select physical properties in a common standardized format.

The organization was founded in 1941 as the  Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards. In 1978, the current name was adopted to highlight the global commitment of this scientific endeavor.

The ICDD is a nonprofit scientific organization working in the field of X-ray analysis and materials characterization. It produces materials databases, characterization tools, and educational materials, as well as organizing and supporting global workshops, clinics and conferences.

Products and services of the ICDD include the paid subscription based Powder Diffraction File databases (PDF-2, PDF-4+, PDF-4+/Web , PDF-4/Minerals, PDF-4/Organics, PDF-4/Axiom, and ICDD Server Edition), educational workshops, clinics, and symposia. It is a sponsor of the Denver X-ray Conference and the Pharmaceutical Powder X-ray Diffraction Symposium. It also publishes the journals Advances in X-ray Analysis and Powder Diffraction.

In 2019, Materials Data, also known as MDI, merged with ICDD. Materials Data creates JADE software used to collect, analyze, and simulate XRD data and solve issues in an array of materials science projects.

In 2020, the ICDD and the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, which curates and maintains the Cambridge Structural Database, announced a data partnership.

See also
Powder diffraction
Crystallography

References

External links
 
 History, contents & use of the PDF
 Materials Data
 Advances in X-ray Analysis—Technical articles on x-ray methods and analyses
 Powder Diffraction Journal—quarterly journal published by the JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data through the Cambridge University Press
 Denver X-ray Conference—World's largest X-ray conference on the latest advancements in XRD and XRF
 PPXRD-16 —Pharmaceutical Powder X-ray Diffraction Symposium

Crystallography organizations
Diffraction
Optics institutions
Organizations established in 1941
Ballistic stroke. In handwriting research, the concept of stroke is used in various ways. In engineering and computer science, there is a tendency to use the term stroke for a single connected component of ink (in Off-line handwriting recognition) or a complete pen-down trace (in on-line handwriting recognition). Thus, such stroke may be a complete character or a part of a character. However, in this definition, a complete word written as connected cursive script should also be called a stroke. This is in conflict with the suggested unitary nature of stroke as a relatively simple shape.

In the research field of handwriting motor control, the term ballistic stroke is used. It is defined as the trajectory segment between two consecutive minima in the absolute velocity of the pen tip. The time delay between the cortical brain command and a muscle contraction is so large that the 100 millisecond ballistic strokes need to be planned by the brain, as feedback by hand-eye coordination requires a much slower movement than is the case in the normal handwriting process.

References

See also
Graphonomics

Penmanship
Suhas Patankar. Suhas V. Patankar (born 22 February 1941) is an Indian mechanical engineer. He is a pioneer in the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Finite volume method. He is currently a Professor Emeritus at the University of Minnesota. He is also president of Innovative Research, Inc. Patankar was born in Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Early life and education 
Patankar received his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1962 from the College of Engineering, Pune, which is affiliated to the University of Pune and his Master of Technology degree in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 1964. In 1967 he received his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the Imperial College, University of London.

Career 
Patankar's most important contribution to the field of CFD is the SIMPLE algorithm that he developed along with his colleagues at Imperial College. Patankar is the author of a book in computational fluid dynamics titled Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow which was first published in 1980. This book has since been considered one of the groundbreaking contributions to computational fluid dynamics due to its emphasis on physical understanding and insight into the fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena. He is also one of  the most cited authors in science and engineering.

References 

1941 births
Living people
American mechanical engineers
Indian mechanical engineers
Computational fluid dynamicists
Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni
Alumni of Imperial College London
IIT Bombay alumni
Scientists from Pune
20th-century Indian engineers
20th-century Indian physicists
Indian fluid dynamicists
Heinkel He 118. The Heinkel He 118 was a prototype German monoplane dive bomber design that lost out to the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka in the 1930s, and was never ordered by the Luftwaffe.

Design
Designed by the Günter brothers, the He 118 followed many of the design notes of the Günter's designs of the era, notably the elliptical wing planform and rounded tail surfaces. It was in many ways an aluminum version of the mixed-construction Heinkel He 70 Blitz (Lightning), strengthened for dive bombing.

It was a conventional cantilever monoplane with an inverted gull wing of elliptical planform mounted midway up the fuselage. It was considerably more streamlined than the Junkers competitor, with retractable landing gear and an internal bomb bay.

As designed it was limited to filling a role similar to an attack bomber like the Henschel Hs 123 rather than a true dive bomber like the Junkers Ju 87. It was limited to bombing from a shallow angle, more properly known as "glide bombing", with the second crew member acting as the bomb aimer.

Production and testing
In trials, it was discovered that the maximum dive angle was only 50°.
In June 1936, Ernst Udet took the He 118 on a test flight but after commencing his first dive from about 13,000 feet the propeller suddenly feathered, shearing the reduction gears, and the He 118 disintegrated, leaving Udet to parachute to safety. The Ju 87 repeatedly demonstrated dives at 90 degrees with no trouble, and so won the contract.

Heinkel complained in his biography that Udet ignored instructions and flew the aircraft outside of its limits. He suggests that the failure doomed his design, in spite of being unable to dive vertically like the Stuka.

Of the 15 He 118s built, two went to Japan where they were designated DXHe, however the aircraft disintegrated during Japanese flight tests. The 13-Shi (1939) design specification that led to the Yokosuka D4Y naval dive bomber may have been inspired by the He 118, but otherwise the two aircraft had little in common.

Heinkel used another example as a flying testbed for the Heinkel HeS 3 turbojet, with the jet engine slung under its fuselage. Although its pilot took off and landed using the He 118's piston engine, he started the turbojet engine in flight and flew under its power in July 1939, the first time an aircraft flew under jet power. The following month the similarly powered, fixed conventional landing gear-fitted Heinkel He 178 V1 would make the first flight powered entirely by a turbojet engine.

Variants
 He 118 : Dive bomber prototypes.
 He 118A-1 : Eight production aircraft, powered by a 634 kW (850 hp) DB 600C engine.
 DXHe1: Two He 118s supplied to the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for evaluation in 1938.

Operators

Imperial Japanese Navy

Specifications (He 118 V3)

See also

References

Inverted gull-wing aircraft
1930s German bomber aircraft
He 118
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Automatic Drive. Automatic Drive was the trade name for Studebaker Corporation's first automatic transmission, designed in conjunction with Borg-Warner's Detroit Gear division. Studebaker was one of two independent American auto manufacturers to invest in development and tooling for automatic transmissions, the other being Packard with its Ultramatic product.

Automatic Drive, which combined a three-speed planetary gearset and a lock-up torque converter, debuted in early 1950 as a $201 option on all Studebaker models. Ford, which was without an automatic transmission in 1950, approached Studebaker about buying Automatic Drive units. Studebaker's management refused and thereby lost out on what could have been significant "plus" business.

By 1955, Studebaker was forced to abandon the Automatic Drive because of high production costs, replacing it with a less-expensive Borg Warner unit based on Ford's Ford-O-Matic, which Studebaker called Flight-O-Matic. Borg-Warner continued to build Studebaker's Automatic Drive and market the unit overseas. It was used on British marques including Jaguar, Daimler, Humber and Ford Zephyr/Zodiac.

References

Automatic transmission tradenames
Studebaker
Borg-Warner transmissions