omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Albatros-class fast attack craft. The Type 143 Albatros class was a class of missile bearing fast attack craft. Each vessel is named after a bird of prey including the albatross, condor and cormorant. Constructed by German shipbuilders Lürssen and Kröger, the vessels were intended to replace the Type 141 . The German Navy retired the class in 2005 and sold the boats off to Tunisia and Ghana.

Design

General characteristics
The requirements for the design were finalized in October 1966 and the order placed in July 1972. The Type 143s were constructed of composite hulls, designed by Lürssen, displacing 398 tonnes. They were  long with a beam of  and a draught of . They had a complement of 40.

The craft were powered by four MTU 16V 956 TB91 diesels creating  driving four shafts. This gave the craft a maximum speed of  and a range of  at .

Armament and electronics
The class was armed with two OTO-Melara 76 mm guns for anti-ship and anti-air warfare. They were placed in single mounts fore and aft. The vessels were also armed with four MM38 Exocet anti-ship missiles situated in two dual mounts aft but forward of the rear 76 mm gun. The class was also equipped with two  torpedo tubes that fired Seal wire-guided torpedoes. The tubes were aft-launching.

The class is equipped with SMA 3 RM 20 navigational radar and WM27 surface search and fire-control radar. For countermeasures, they are provided with a Buck-Wegmann  Hot Dog decoy launcher and a DAG 2200 Wolke chaff launcher.

List of ships

Service history
S61—S65 were part of the 2. Schnellboot Geschwader (Fast attack craft squadron), and S66—S70 belonged to the 7. Schnellbootgeschwader. Both squadrons were based in Warnemünde.

Export
Tunisia acquired six boats from Germany in 2005. The six craft had their Exocet missile launchers removed before transfer but retained their guns and torpedo launchers.
In July 2010, it was reported that Ghana had purchased two vessels from Germany for €28 million.

Notes

References

 Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. .
 

Cold War missile boats of Germany
Missile boat classes
Missile boats of the German Navy
Electric Avenue (disambiguation). Electric Avenue is a market street in Brixton, London, England.

Electric Avenue may also refer to:

Streets

Canada 
 Previous name of Red Mile in Calgary, Alberta

United Kingdom 

 A street in Westcliff-on Sea, Essex, England
 A street in Enfield, London, England
 A street in Witton, Birmingham, built by the General Electric Company as the location of its first purpose built works

United States 
 A street in Alhambra, California
 A street near Berkeley station in Berkeley, Illinois
 A street that runs between Blasdell and Lackawanna, New York
 A street in the Oak Square-Brighton neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts
 A street in Concord, New Hampshire
 A street in East Greenbush, New York
 A street in Elverta, California
 A street in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, U.S.
 A street that runs between Leominster and Lunenburg, Massachusetts
 A street in Lincoln Park, Michigan
 A street in the Shelby Hills neighborhood of Nashville, Tennessee
 A dirt road that runs through the former location of Contoocook River Amusement Park, Penacook, New Hampshire
 A street (MI 94 S) in Port Huron, Michigan
 A street in Riverview, Michigan
 A street in Rochester, New Hampshire
 A street in San Bernardino, California
 A street in Seal Beach, California
 A street in Secaucus, New Jersey
 A street in Somerville, Massachusetts
 A street in Venice, California
 A street in the Dunn Loring neighborhood of Vienna, Virginia

Entertainment
 "Electric Avenue" (song), a 1982 song by Eddy Grant named after the street in Brixton
 Electric Avenue (TV series), a 1988 BBC series on the application of computers to everyday life
 A radio program hosted by Richard Z. Sirois in Quebec and Ontario, Canada
 Electric Avenue (New Zealand festival) is a music festival held in Hagley Park, Christchurch, New Zealand
 A seafront arcade in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, England

Other uses
 Electric Avenue (Portland), a joint research and development initiative in Portland, Oregon
 Electric Avenue, the household electronics and appliances department of the now defunct Montgomery Ward department store chain
 Former name of Franklin Avenue (BMT Lexington Avenue Line), a railway station in New York City, New York, U.S.
Viewer. Viewer may refer to:

 File viewer, application software that decodes and displays the data in a computer file
 Image viewer, a computer program capable of displaying digital images
 Pocket Viewer, a range of personal digital assistants marketed by Casio
 A person who is engaged in remote viewing
 Slide viewer, a device for viewing slides of reversal film
 Television viewer, television industry term for a person watching television
 ViEWER, a computer program developed for studying visual perception in a virtual 3D environment
 Waveform viewer, a software tool for viewing the signal levels of either a digital or analog circuit design

See also
 View-Master
Pitching machine. A pitching machine is a machine that automatically pitches a baseball to a batter at different speeds and styles. Most machines are hand-fed, but there are some that automatically feed. There are multiple types of pitching machines; softball, baseball, youth, adult, and a combination of both softball and baseball.

History
In 1897, mathematics instructor Charles Hinton designed a gunpowder-powered baseball pitching machine for the Princeton University baseball team's batting practice. According to one source it caused several injuries, and may have been in part responsible for Hinton's dismissal from Princeton that year. However, the machine was versatile: it was capable of throwing variable speeds with an adjustable breech size and firing curve balls by the use of two rubber-coated steel fingers at the muzzle of the pitcher. Hinton successfully introduced the machine to the University of Minnesota where he worked as an assistant professor until 1900.

The arm-type pitching machine was designed by Paul Giovagnoli in 1952, for use on his driving range. Using a metal arm mounted to a large gear, this type of machine simulates the motion of an actual pitcher, throwing balls with consistent speed and direction. One- and two-wheel style machines were originally patented by Bartley N. Marty in 1916.

Design
Pitching machines come in a variety of styles. However, the two most popular machines are an arm action machine and a circular wheel machine. The arm action machine simulates the delivery of a pitcher and carries a ball at the end of a bracket, much like a hand would. The arm action machine then delivers the ball in an overhand motion. The circular wheel machine contains one, two or three wheels that spin much like a bike tire. The wheels on these machines are usually set in either a horizontal or vertical fashion. With a circular machine, a ball shoots out towards the hitter after it is fed into the wheel or wheels. Three-wheel machines are more easily adjusted to be able to throw a variety of pitches and they can be used for a wide range of other practice scenarios, such as ground work or flyballs.

The use of pitching machines allows baseball and softball players the opportunity to get batting practice on their own. Most batting machines are set up in a batting cage, a netted area that will contain the balls after they are hit. By using a pitching machine and a batting cage, hitters can get as much batting practice as they desire without necessitating the cooperation of a human pitcher (and without wearing out the arm of one willing to cooperate). The cost of pitching machines varies greatly.

Use in Little League
In the youngest divisions of Little League, and other youth baseball organizations, pitching machines are used instead of live pitching. This is done to give the kids more experience hitting the ball, as pitchers at that age would tend to throw few strikes. Simple spring-loaded manual models are common (such as from Louisville Slugger) as are battery-powered compressed-air machines (such as from Zooka).

See also
Bowling machine

Notes

Baseball equipment
Pitching (baseball)
Knowledge-based processor. Knowledge-based processors (KBPs) are used for processing packets in computer networks. Knowledge-based processors are designed to increase the performance of the IPv6 network. By contributing to the build-out of the IPv6 network, KBPs provide the means for an improved and secure networking system.

Standards
All networks are required to perform the following functions:
 IPv4/IPv6 multilayer packet/flow classification
 Policy-based routing and Policy enforcement (QoS)
 Longest Prefix Match (CIDR)
 Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
 IP Security (IPSec)
 Server Load Balancing
 Transaction verification

All of the above functions must occur at high speeds in advanced networks. Knowledge-based processors contain embedded databases that store information required to process packets that travel through a network at wired speeds. Knowledge-based processors are a new addition to intelligent networking that allows these functions to occur at high speeds and at the same time provide for lower power consumption.

Knowledge-based processors currently target the 3rd layer of the 7-layer OSI model which is devoted to packet processing.

Advantages
The advantages that knowledge-based processors offer are the ability to execute multiple simultaneous decision-making processes for a range of network-aware processing functions. These include routing, Quality of Service (QOS), access control for both security and billing, as well as the forwarding of voice/video packets. These functions improve the performance of advanced Internet applications in IPv6 networks such as VOD (Video on demand), VoIP (voice over Internet protocol), and streaming of video and audio.

Knowledge-based processors use a variety of techniques to improve network functioning such as parallel processing, deep pipelining, and advanced power management techniques. Improvements in each of these areas allow for existing components to carry on their functions at wired speeds more efficiently thus improving the performance of the overall network.

The databases in a knowledge-based processor include classification tables, forwarding tables, and exact match tables- all of which are utilized by the CPU and network processors. 

Knowledge-based processors mainly process packet headers (20% of the packet approximately) which enables network awareness. Content processors, by contrast, allow for packet payload inspection (80% of the packet is data) and therefore must search "deeper" into the packet.

See also
 Network processor
 Multi core processor
 Content processor

References

Computer networks engineering
AN/ASG-18. The Hughes AN/ASG-18 Fire Control System was a prototype airborne fire control radar system for the planned North American XF-108 Rapier interceptor aircraft, and the Lockheed YF-12 for the United States Air Force. It was the US's first Pulse-Doppler radar, giving it look-down/shoot-down capability, and was also the first track while scan radar (could track one target at a time). This was paired with an infrared search and track (IRST) system. Range of the radar was estimated at between , with reliable detection of bomber-sized targets at . The installation itself was massive, weighing , and taking up most of the nose of the aircraft. The system was to be used with the Hughes AIM-47 Falcon missile, which also had a range of about 100 miles.

While development work was done with the XF-108, the AN/ASG-18 and Falcon missiles were first tested on a highly modified Convair B-58 Hustler bomber. To fit the radar, the nose was lengthened nearly , and the infrared sensors were mounted on either side of the forward fuselage. The resulting nose shape led to it being nicknamed "Snoopy". A single missile was housed in a specially built pod underneath the fuselage.

Before the test "Snoopy" could fly, the XF-108 program was cancelled, and the proposed Lockheed YF-12 interceptor was to instead receive the radar/missile system pair. Tests of the system were conducted first in 1960 and until 1963 only on the modified B-58, after which the YF-12 took over until the cancellation of the whole program in 1966.

References

See Also

List of military electronics of the United States

AN ASG-18
Computer systems of the United States Air Force
Radars of the United States Air Force
Hughes Aircraft Company
Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
Military electronics of the United States
Military radars of the United States
VM2000. VM 2000 is a hypervisor from Fujitsu (formerly Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme) designed specifically for use with the BS2000 operating system.  It is an EBCDIC-based operating system. It allows multiple images of BS2000 and Linux to operate on a S-series computer, which is based on the IBM System/390 architecture. It also supports BS2000, Linux and Microsoft Windows on x86-based SQ-series mainframes. Additionally, it can virtualize BS2000 guests on SR- and SX-series mainframes, based on MIPS and SPARC respectively.

See also
Paravirtualization

References

External links
 Virtualization VM2000

Virtualization software
MIPS operating systems
Lavochkin La-126. The Lavochkin La-126 was a World War II Soviet prototype piston-engined fighter aircraft.

Development
Despite its superb performance, the Lavochkin La-7 fighter had a major drawback—much of its airframe was made of wood. In addition to being heavier than metal, the wooden structure was prone to rotting and warping when exposed to the elements, which at times, led to nasty surprises during flight and could ground entire squadrons. The solution was to create an all-metal airframe. In 1944, a La-7 was successfully tested with 23 mm Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 cannon. At the same time, the La-7L was tested with a new laminar flow wing by TsAGI, and another La-7 was tested with the new Shvetsov ASh-83 motor. While only slightly more powerful than a Shvetsov ASh-82FN, the ASh-83 had much better performance at high altitude. All of these developments were combined in the new La-120 prototype with mostly metal construction, NS-23 cannon, laminar flow wing, and ASh-83 engine. Flight testing began in January 1945, with the aircraft reaching a top speed of 735 km/h (457 mph). However, the ASh-83 engine proved unreliable and La-120 development was stopped after two prototypes.

The La-120 design directly evolved into La-126. The aircraft was equipped with the proven ASh-82FN engine and the laminar flow wing was perfected, eliminating the need for leading-edge slats. This was a welcome change as the slats on La-7 had a tendency for unsynchronized deployment, with a serious impact on aircraft handling. Flight testing of the La-126 was completed by 1946 with somewhat disappointing results. While the armament of four 23 mm NS-23 cannon represented a leap over the La-7 with three 20 mm Berezin B-20 (projectile mass from a one-second burst had increased from 3.1 kg (6.8 lb) on La-7 to 6 kg (13.2 lb) on La-126), there was no significant improvement in performance. As a result, the La-126 never advanced beyond the prototype stage. The concept of an all-metal La-7 was finally realized with the Lavochkin La-9.

Specifications (La-126)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Gordon, Yefim. Lavochkin's Piston-Engined Fighters (Red Star Volume 10). Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 2003. .
 Kopenhagen, W (ed.), Das große Flugzeug-Typenbuch (in German). Transpress, 1987, 

Low-wing aircraft
1940s Soviet fighter aircraft
La-126
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Classes of metals. Class A metals are metals that form hard acids. Hard acids are acids with relatively ionic bonds. These metals, such as iron, aluminium, titanium, sodium, calcium, and the lanthanides, would rather bond with fluorine than iodine. They form stable products with hard bases, which are bases with ionic bonds. They target molecules such as phospholipids, nucleic acids, and ATP.

Class B metals are metals that form soft acids. Soft acids are acids with relatively covalent bonds. These metals, such as lead, gold, palladium, platinum, mercury, and rhodium, would rather bond with iodine than fluorine. They form stable products with soft bases, which are bases with covalent bonds.

The IUPAC Gold Book  provides a more general definition of a class (a) metal ion as "A metal ion that combines preferentially with ligands containing ligating atoms that are the lightest of their Periodic Group", and a class (b) metal ion as one "that combines preferentially with ligands containing ligating atoms other than the lightest of their Periodic Group."

See also
HSAB theory, hard and soft (Lewis) acids and bases

References

Metals
Nsutite. Nsutite is a manganese oxide mineral with formula: (Mn4+1−xMn2+xO2-2x(OH)2x where x = 0.06–0.07). It is found in most large manganese deposits and was first discovered in Nsuta, Ghana. Since then, it has been found worldwide. Nsutite is a dull mineral with a hardness of 6.5–8.5 and an average specific gravity of 4.45. Nsutite has been used as a cathode in zinc–carbon batteries, but synthetic manganese oxide is gradually replacing it.

References

Oxide minerals
Manganese(II,IV) minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Kevlin Henney. Kevlin Henney is an English author, presenter, and consultant on software development. He has written on the subject of computer programming and development practice for many magazines and sites, including Better Software, The Register, C/C++ Users Journal, Application Development Advisor, JavaSpektrum, C++ Report, Java Report, EXE, and Overload. He is a member of the IEEE Software Advisory Board. Henney is also coauthor of books on patterns and editor of 97 Things Every Programmer Should Know.

Henney has given keynote addresses at a number of conferences, including Agile, ACCU, DevTernity, DevWeek, Dutch PHP Conference, Embedded Systems Club, GeeCON, GOTO, Build Stuff, JAOO, JAZOON, Jfokus, NLUUG, OOP, PHPNW, SDC, Software Architect, VOXXEDDAYS, and XP Day.

Henney is a member of the ACCU, and gave the keynote address at the 2001 ACCU conference on the subject of writing less code, because "there is no code faster than no code" and "less code, equals less bugs" (of which he is an active presenter). He is also a speaker at OOPSLA, most recently speaking at OOPSLA 2005. In October 2009, Henney presented The Uncertainty Principle at the 2nd Annual PHP North West Conference in Manchester, UK. He has also been credited with the remark "...except for the problem of too many layers of indirection" in response to the famous aphorism of David Wheeler: "All problems in computer science can be solved by another level of indirection."

Bibliography

References

External links 
 

British technology writers
Living people
British software engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Isodesmic crystal. An isodesmic crystal is a crystal in which all the bonds have the same electrostatic valency. This means that all the bonds are of the same strength. Diamonds and halite have isodesmic crystals. The opposite of an isodesmic crystal is an anisodesmic crystal, in which anions more strongly bonded to central coordinating cation. Graphite is an example of an anisodesmic crystal.

References

Crystals
Linear integrated circuit. A linear integrated circuit or analog chip is a set of miniature electronic analog circuits formed on a single piece of semiconductor material.

Description
The voltage and current at specified points in the circuits of analog chips vary continuously over time. In contrast, digital chips only assign meaning to voltages or currents at discrete levels. In addition to transistors, analog chips often include a larger number of passive elements (capacitors, resistors, and inductors) than digital chips. Inductors tend to be avoided because of their large physical size, and difficulties incorporating them into monolithic semiconductor ICs. Certain circuits such as gyrators can often act as equivalents of inductors, while constructed only from transistors and capacitors.

Analog chips may also contain digital logic elements to replace some analog functions, or to allow the chip to communicate with a microprocessor. For this reason, and since logic is commonly implemented using CMOS technology, these chips typically use BiCMOS processes, as implemented by companies such as Freescale, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics, and others. This is known as "mixed signal processing", and allows a designer to incorporate more functions into a single chip. Some of the benefits of this mixed technology include load protection, reduced parts count, and higher reliability.

Purely analog chips in information processing have been mostly replaced with digital chips. Analog chips are still required for wideband signals, high-power applications, and transducer interfaces. Research and industry in this specialty continues to grow and prosper. Some examples of long-lived and well-known analog chips are the 741 operational amplifier, and the 555 timer IC.

Power supply chips are also considered to be analog chips. Their main purpose is to produce a well-regulated output voltage supply for other chips in the system. Since all electronic systems require electrical power, power supply ICs (power management integrated circuits, PMIC) are important elements of those systems.

Important basic building blocks of analog chip design include:
current source
current mirror
differential amplifier
voltage reference, bandgap voltage reference

All the above circuit building blocks can be implemented using bipolar technology as well as metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) technology. MOS band gap references use lateral bipolar transistors for their functioning.

People who have specialized in this field include Bob Widlar, Bob Pease, Hans Camenzind, George Erdi, Jim Williams, and Barrie Gilbert, among others.

See also
List of linear integrated circuits
List of LM-series integrated circuits
4000-series integrated circuits
List of 4000-series integrated circuits
7400-series integrated circuits
List of 7400-series integrated circuits

References

Intelligent Power and Sensing Technologies
CMOS Oscillators (AN-118)
CMOS Schmitt Trigger—A Uniquely Versatile Design Component (AN-140)
HCMOS Crystal Oscillators (AN-340)

Further reading
 Designing Analog Chips; Hans Camenzind; Virtual Bookworm; 244 pages; 2005; . (Free Book)