omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Auto reignition. Auto reignition is a process used in gas burners to control ignition devices based on whether a burner flame is lit. This information can be used to stop an ignition device from sparking, which is no longer necessary after the flame is lit. It can also be used to start the sparking device again if the flame goes out while the burner is still supplying gas, for example, from a gust of wind or vibration.

Kitchen appliances 
Most gas ranges and cooktops use sparking devices to ignite the burner flame. This eliminates the need for a pilot flame, which wastes energy. Most of these sparking device-equipped ranges require the user to control the ignition sparking manually, resulting in a three-step process required to operate the burner:

turn burner knob to a position that opens the gas valve and activates the sparking (typically labelled "Light")
wait for ignition, typically 0.5 to 2 seconds
turn burner knob past lite position, to stop the sparking noise and burning out the ignition electrode, to a desired flame intensity

One implementation of a gas burner with auto reignition senses the electrical conductivity of the flame. This nonzero flame conductivity is because combustion of natural gas releases enough free electrons to support a small current in air. An electronic circuit then starts or stops the igniter from sparking, based on whether the flame is lit. This reduces the number of steps to turn a burner on from three to one:

turn knob to a desired flame intensity—while confirming flame ignites

This is an elegant solution, compared to detecting flame via a thermocouple, a photoresistor or a mercury-filled sensor. No extra components or electrical connections between the sparker electrode and the spark module electronics are required.

This convenience and safety feature is found only (as of June 2009) on higher priced gas ranges and cooktops.

The case for requiring auto reignition as a safety feature  
Auto reignition lowers the risk of gas leaks:

if a flame goes out during operation, for example, from vibration or a gust of wind
due to misoperation—a user might not understand the "light" position must be maintained for about 0.5 to 2 seconds before turning the burner knob on fully. The user might, as a result, turn the burner knob on quickly past the "light" position without the burning actually igniting and leave the kitchen; thus leaving the gas burner leaking gas into the room.

This feature is especially valuable on gas burners with several different short-term users, less likely to bother with or learn multi-step procedures—for example, gas ranges in rental properties, guest houses, or in office kitchens.

Fire making
Cooking appliances
Luis E. Echávarri. Luis Echávarri is the former Director-General of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). He was born in 1949 in Bilbao, Spain. Mr. Echávarri has master's degrees from the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineering of Bilbao University, and from the Faculty of Information Sciences of the Complutense University of Madrid. He is post-graduated  from the Industrial Organization School of Madrid in Management, and is a Fellow of the College of Industrial Engineers of Madrid.

In 1975 Luis Echávarri joined Westinghouse Electric Company in Madrid, served also as a project manager of the Lemoniz, Sayago and Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant. In 1985 he became Technical Director of the Spanish Nuclear Safety Council (CSN), and in 1987 he was named Commissioner of the CSN. In 1995-1997 he held post of Director-General of the Spanish Nuclear Industry Forum.

In 1997 Luis Echávarri was appointed Director-General of NEA. He also represents the NEA on the Governing Board of the International Energy Agency (IEA), and he is a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency's International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group.

In 2009, Luis Echávarri run for the post of Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, but was not elected.

References

1949 births
Living people
People from Bilbao
Spanish engineers
OECD officials
People associated with nuclear power
Nuclear power in Spain
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
University of the Basque Country alumni
D. Y. Patil College of Engineering and Technology. D.Y. Patil College of Engineering and Technology is a private college located in Kasaba Bavda, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. It is affiliated with Shivaji University.

History
The college was established by Padmashri recipient Dnyandeo Yashawantrao Patil in 1984.

References

External links
 

Engineering colleges in Maharashtra
Shivaji University
Education in Kolhapur
Universities and colleges established in 1984
1984 establishments in Maharashtra
James Kaiser. James Frederick Kaiser (Dec. 10, 1929 – Feb. 13, 2020) was an American electrical engineer noted for his contributions in signal processing. He was an IEEE Fellow and received many honors and awards, including the IEEE Centennial Medal, the IEEE W.R.G. Baker Award, the Bell Laboratories Distinguished Technical Staff Award, and the IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal.

Biography
Kaiser was born in Piqua, Ohio, and earned his electrical engineering degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1952. He then moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and received his masters and doctorate degrees in 1954 and 1959, respectively. 

Following his doctorate, he received a three-year appointment as an assistant professor at MIT but decided to take a leave of absence to work at Bell Labs. Although the arrangement was due to only last for a year, he enjoyed the work so much that he elected to stay. While at Bell Labs, he worked on a variety of projects in signal processing for human speech and hearing, later focusing his attention on filter design for digital signals. 

During the Bell System breakup in 1984, Kaiser moved to Bellcore. After he retired from Bellcore, he served as a visiting professor at Duke University and Rutgers University.

Kaiser died at age 90 in February, 2020, after a brief illness.

References

2020 deaths
University of Cincinnati alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Scientists at Bell Labs
American electrical engineers
People from Piqua, Ohio
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates
Fellows of the IEEE
1929 births
Engineers from Ohio
Link time. In computer science, link time refers to the period of time, during the creation of a computer program, in which a linker is being applied to that program. Link time occurs after compile time and before runtime (when a program is executed).

It is common to speak of link time operations (the operations performed by a linker) or link time requirements (programming language requirements that must be met by compiled source code for it to be successfully linked).

Link time operations
The operations performed at link time usually include fixing up the addresses of externally referenced objects and functions, various kinds of cross module checks (e.g. type checks on externally visible  identifiers and in some languages instantiation of templates). Some optimizing compilers delay code generation until link time because it is here that information about a complete program is available to them. Resolving external variables in a program is also done at link time.

The link-time optimization (LTO), when enabled, occurs at link time.

Link time requirements

The definition of a programming language may specify link time requirements that source code must meet to be successfully compiled (e.g. the maximum number of characters in an externally visible identifier that must be considered significant).

Exceptions
In some programming languages it may be necessary for some compilation and linking to occur at runtime.

See also 
Program lifecycle phase
Compile time
Runtime (program lifecycle phase)

References

Compiler construction
Low voltage. In electrical engineering, low voltage is a relative term, the definition varying by context.  Different definitions are used in electric power transmission and distribution, compared with electronics design. Electrical safety codes define "low voltage" circuits that are exempt from the protection required at higher voltages. These definitions vary by country and specific codes or regulations.

IEC Definition

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard IEC 61140:2016 defines Low voltage as 0 to 1000 V AC RMS or 0 to 1500 V DC. Other standards such as IEC 60038 defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50 to 1000 V AC or 120 to 1500 V DC in IEC Standard Voltages which defines power distribution system voltages around the world.

In electrical power systems low voltage most commonly refers to the mains voltages as used by domestic and light industrial and commercial consumers. "Low voltage" in this context still presents a risk of electric shock, but only a minor risk of electric arcs through the air.

United Kingdom
British Standard BS 7671, Requirements for Electrical Installations. IET Wiring Regulations, defines supply system low voltage as:

The ripple-free direct current requirement only applies to 120 V DC, not to any DC voltage above that. For example, a direct current that is exceeding 1500 V during voltage fluctuations is not categorized as low-voltage.

United States
In electrical power , the US National Electrical Code (NEC), NFPA 70, article 725 (2005), defines low distribution system voltage (LDSV) as up to 49 V.

The NFPA standard 79  defines distribution protected extra-low voltage (PELV) as nominal voltage of 30 Vrms or 60 V DC ripple-free for dry locations, and 6 Vrms or 15 V DC in all other cases.

Standard NFPA 70E, Article 130, 2021 Edition, omits energized electrical conductors and circuit parts operating at less than 50 V from its safety requirements of work involving electrical hazards when an electrically safe work condition cannot be established.

UL standard 508A, article 43 (table 43.1) defines 0 to 20 V peak / 5 A or 20.1 to 42.4 V peak / 100 VA as low-voltage limited energy (LVLE) circuits.

See also
 High voltage
 Low Voltage Directive

References

Further reading
Defining Low Voltage Circuits

Electricity
Electrical engineering
Electrical safety
Masatsugu Suzuki. Masatsugu Sei Suzuki is a Japanese-American physicist. He is a professor of physics and is affiliated with the Institute for Materials Research at Binghamton University. He has published 155 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals.

Education and career
Dr. Suzuki received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Yokohama National University in 1971 and 1973, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Tokyo.

After completing his Ph.D., Suzuki was a research associate with the Department of Physics at Ochanomizu University in Tokyo, Japan until 1984.Suzuki has been doing research on the magnetic properties of magnetic ternary GIC’s such as random-mixture GIC’s (RMGIC’s) and graphite bi-intercalation compounds (GBIC’s) at Binghamton University’s Department of Physics since 1986.

Prior to joining the physics department at Binghamton, he spent a year as a visiting scientist with the Department of Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign followed by a year as a visiting scientist with Schlumberger-Doll Research in Ridgefield, Connecticut.

Research

Suzuki primarily investigates the structural and magnetic properties of various graphite intercalation compounds.

Other interests

In his spare time, Suzuki enjoys traveling with his family. He works along with his wife, Professor Itsuko Suzuki, in adjacent offices at Binghamton University. They frequently take walks together around campus.

Book

Most cited papers
Suzuki has published over 100 scientific papers. The following is a short list of some of his most cited papers.

References

External links
 Suzuki's Binghamton Profile
 Binghamton University physics department
 Materials Science and Engineering program at Binghamton University

Living people
21st-century American physicists
Japanese physicists
Japanese materials scientists
Binghamton University faculty
State University of New York faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Japanese emigrants to the United States
American academics of Japanese descent
American scientists of Asian descent
Yokohama National University alumni
University of Tokyo alumni
Academic staff of Ochanomizu University
Water crane. A water crane is a device used for delivering a large volume of water into the tank or tender of a steam locomotive. The device is also called a water column in the United States and Australia. As a steam locomotive consumes large quantities of water, water cranes were a vital part of railway station equipment, often situated at the end of a platform, so that water could be refilled during a stop at the station.

Overview
Generally, water cranes consist of an upright steel pipe about  in diameter with a horizontal, pivoting pipe connected to its upper end so as to form a swinging arm. The swinging arm is usually designed to rest parallel to the rails when not in use. Water cranes may be able to deliver up to  of water per minute.

Water supply
In hilly country, natural streams can be dammed and water fed by gravity to the water crane. In flatter country this arrangement is not always possible, so water may be supplied by a tank next to the crane. Water tanks may vary in volume from  to greater than . In some cases a well may be used to supply the water to the tank.

Depending on the quality of the water under supply, it may need to be treated chemically to eliminate hardness which induces scale buildup on the inside of the locomotive boiler. The scale which builds up on heat transfer surfaces forms a layer of insulation between the metal of the firebox and the boiler water. This causes metal to overheat or corrode and eventually fail.

See also 

Water stop
Track pan (US) (water trough (UK))

References

Railway buildings and structures
Steam locomotive technologies
Hardware functionality scan. A hardware functionality scan (HFS) is conducted in order to verify that a certain device is really what it claims to be. It is patented by Microsoft.

Some operating systems only send copy protected content, such as movies, to an output device, such as the screen, if that device is able to protect the content from being tapped in an unprotected format. This mechanism can be circumvented by letting fake hardware claiming to be a trusted device. HFS prevents this by letting the device perform certain tasks which are hard to emulate.

Problems
In order to support open-source drivers, a hardware manufacturer has to reveal some details about their product, but HFS requires this information to be kept secret. The problem with generic drivers is that the HFS requires individual drivers for each variant of a product to make them distinguishable, drivers have to account for implementation details instead of using abstract functionality models.

A hardware manufacturer has to have their product's HFS fingerprint listed in the database of trusted hardware in order to make it work under newer Windows operating systems. Thus, Microsoft dictates the conditions under which a device is accepted. The manufacturer may be required to implement certain DRM-features, for which they have to pay a royalty to its respective inventor.

References

Digital rights management systems
Proprietary hardware
DFS Habicht. The DFS Habicht (German: "Hawk") is an unlimited aerobatic sailplane that was designed in 1936 by Hans Jacobs with support provided by the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug. Four planes were made available for the Olympic Games of 1936, where the maneuvers of the Habicht over and literally inside the Olympic stadium enthralled spectators.

The flight qualities of the Habicht were praised by pilots, including Hanna Reitsch. It participated in many airshows abroad before the war, including the 1938 National Air Races in Cleveland, Ohio.

Modified versions of the Habicht, dubbed the Stummel-Habicht ("Stumpy Hawk"), were used to train pilots to fly the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet rocket-powered fighter. Trainees included students from the Hitler Youth Glider Schools. The Me 163 was designed to use its entire load of rocket fuel to reach combat altitude of approximately , before returning to land as a fast glider. Trainees therefore began on a Stummel-Habicht, in which the original  wingspan, was modified to one having an  wingspan, and another having an  wingspan.  The shorter wingspan closely mimicked the ME 163 handling characteristics.

Few Habichts survived World War II. There is one craft, flown by famous French aerobatic pilot Marcel Doret, in the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace in Paris. Another, with the registration D-8002, flew in Southern Germany until it was destroyed by the collapse of the hangar wherein it was stored. Apart from these original examples, Türk Hava Kurumu manufactured six reverse-engineered copies of the Habicht as the THK-3 in 1945-1946.

After lengthy and patient research to recover the design documentation, Josef Kurz and other members of the Oldtimer Segelflugclub Wasserkuppe built an all-new Habicht. After an extended exhibition career, this exemplar, registered also as D-8002, flies from the Wasserkuppe club's airfield.

Another airworthy Habicht was built by the Zahn family and first flew in 2001. Since then, at the hands of pilot Christoph Zahn, it has provided aerobatics demonstrations at numerous air shows.

Operators

Austrian Air Force (1927–1938)

Specifications

References

External links

OSC Wasserkuppe
DFS Habicht D-1901

1930s German sailplanes
Habicht
Glider aircraft
Gull-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Horizontal integration facility. A horizontal integration facility (HIF) is an integration facility where missiles and rockets are assembled before launch.

HIF in the United States

HIF elsewhere
Most Russian, Ukrainian and former Soviet launchers are integrated horizontally, including Dnepr, Proton, Rockot, Shtil' and Soyuz. The Electron launch vehicle is also integrated horizontally and European Ariane 6 also uses HIF to integrate its rocket stack.

References

Rocket launch technologies
Integration facilities
Computational logic. Computational logic is the use of logic to perform or reason about computation. It bears a similar relationship to computer science and engineering as mathematical logic bears to mathematics and as philosophical logic bears to philosophy. It is an alternative term for "logic in computer science".

Computational logic has also come to be associated with logic programming, because much of the early work in logic programming in the early 1970s also took place in the Department of Computational Logic in Edinburgh. It was reused in the early 1990s to describe work on extensions of logic programming in the EU Basic Research Project "Compulog" and in the associated Network of Excellence. Krzysztof Apt, who was the co-ordinator of the Basic Research Project Compulog-II, reused and generalized the term when he founded the ACM Transactions on Computational Logic in 2000 and became its first Editor-in-Chief.

The term “computational logic” came to prominence with the founding of the ACM Transactions on Computational Logic in 2000. However, the term was introduced much earlier, by J.A. Robinson in 1970. The expression is used in the second paragraph with a footnote claiming that "computational logic" is "surely a better phrase than 'theorem proving', for the branch of artificial intelligence which deals with how to make machines do deduction efficiently". 

In 1972 the Metamathematics Unit at the University of Edinburgh was renamed “The Department of Computational Logic” in the School of Artificial Intelligence. The term was then used by Robert S. Boyer and J Strother Moore, who worked in the Department in the early 1970s, to describe their work on program verification and automated reasoning. They also founded Computational Logic Inc.

See also 

 Logic programming
 Automated theorem proving
 Type theory
 Formal verification

References

Further reading
 

Logic in computer science
Computational fields of study
HMAS Wewak. HMAS Wewak (L 130) was the fifth ship of the   of heavy landing craft operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

The eight-vessel Balikpapan class was ordered as a locally manufactured replacement for the Australian Army's LSM-1-class landing ship medium and ALC 50 landing craft. They are  long, with a beam of , and a draught of . The landing craft have a standard displacement of 316 tons, with a full load displacement of 503 tons.  They are propelled by two G.M. Detroit 6-71 diesel motors, providing 675 brake horsepower to the two propeller shafts, allowing the vessels to reach . The standard ship's company is 13-strong. The Balikpapans are equipped with a Decca RM 916 navigational radar, and fitted with two  machine guns for self-defence.

The LCHs have a maximum payload of 180 tons; equivalent to 3 Leopard 1 tanks, 13 M113 armoured personnel carriers 23 quarter-tonne trucks, or four LARC-V amphibious cargo vehicles. As a troop transport, a Balikpapan-class vessel can transport up to 400 soldiers between a larger amphibious ship and the shore, or embark 60 soldiers in six-berth caravans for longer voyages. The vessel's payload affects the range: at 175 tons of cargo, each vessel has a range of , which increases to  with a 150-ton payload, and  when unladen. The flat, box-like keel causes the ships to roll considerably in other-than-calm conditions, limiting their ability to make long voyages.

Wewak was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough, Queensland on 21 March 1972, launched on 19 May 1972, and commissioned into the RAN on 10 August 1973.

Operational history
Following the destruction of Darwin by Cyclone Tracy during the night of 24–25 December 1974, Wewak was deployed as part of the relief effort; Operation Navy Help Darwin. Wewak was the last of the 13 ships to join the operation; sailing from Brisbane on 2 January 1975, and arriving on 13 January.

Wewak was placed in reserve on 16 August 1985; one of three landing craft decommissioned for economic reasons. She was reactivated in late 2000, but only after lengthy delays, as during the intervening years, she had been used as a parts hulk for the other Balikpapans.

Decommissioning and Fate
Wewak was decommissioned on 11 December 2012.

The Philippine Navy has shown interest in acquiring the ship, after the Australian government donated 2 other sisterships,  and  in 2015. It was later confirmed that the Philippine Navy is acquiring three more LCH from Australia, including ex-HMAS Wewak, at a token price.

References

Sources
Books

Journal articles

Balikpapan-class landing craft heavy
1972 ships
1,2,4-Butanetriol. 1,2,4-Butanetriol is an organic compound with the formula . It is an colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, oily liquid. Containing three alcohol groups, it is classified as a polyol, similar to glycerol and erythritol. It is chiral.

Uses
1,2,4-Butanetriol is used in the manufacture of butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), an important component of US military rocket motor solid fuel. As of 2014, it was commercially produced by a single Chinese company.

1,2,4-Butanetriol is also used as a precursor for two cholesterol-lowering drugs, Crestor and Zetia, which are derived from D-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid, by using 3-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone as a chiral synthon
It is used as one of the monomers for manufacture of some polyesters and as a solvent.

Preparation
1,2,4-Butanetriol can be prepared synthetically by several methods, such as hydroformylation of glycidol and subsequent reduction of the product.  It can also be prepared by reduction of malic acid esters with sodium borohydride. The oxidation of butynediol with mercuric oxide followed by reduction of the resulting ketone. 

Genetically engineered bacteria produce these triols in enantiopure form.  Pseudomonas fragi converts D-xylose to D-xylonic acid, which is decarboxylated by a strain of Escherichia coli  to D-triol.  Similarly, D-arabinose is converted to D-arabinonic acid, which is converted to the L-triol.

References

Triols
Monomers
Alcohol solvents