omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Blackle. Blackle is an internet search engine powered by Google Programmable Search Engine. It was created by Tony Heap of Heap Media Australia with the goal of saving energy by displaying a black background with grayish-white text color on search results. As of July 2023, Blackle claims to have saved over 10.07 MWh of electrical energy.

Concept 
The concept behind Blackle is that computer monitors can use less energy by displaying darker colors. Blackle's design is based on a study that tested a variety of CRT and LCD monitors. However, the energy-saving claims, especially for users of LCD screens with a constant backlight, are disputed.

This concept was brought to the attention of Heap Media by a blog post, estimating that Google could save 750 megawatt hours a year by using it for CRT screens. The homepage of Blackle provides a count of the number of watt hours claimed to have been saved by enabling this concept.

History 

Blackle launched in January 2007, gaining popularity and being featured in multiple mainstream media outlets during that time.

Blackle International, which translated Blackle into Portuguese, French, Czech, Italian, and Dutch, was retired in 2019. The International page still exists, but every link listed has experienced link rot. As of 2021, the site is only available in English.

See also 
 Light-on-dark color scheme
 Performance per watt
 Comparison of web search engines
 List of search engines
 List of search engines by popularity

References

External links 
 

Australian websites
Energy conservation
Environmental websites
Web services
Web service providers
Google
Computers and the environment
Internet properties established in 2007
Cub Aircraft. 
Cub Aircraft was a Canadian aircraft manufacturer established at Hamilton, Ontario in 1937, originally to manufacture Piper Cubs for the Canadian market (under the name "Cub Prospector").  Production was interrupted by World War II, In 1941 they also commenced building Harlow PJC-5s. Although the company resumed business afterwards, it did not survive for more than a few years.

References

 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Canada
Companies based in Hamilton, Ontario
Ford Falcon (XM). The Ford Falcon (XM) is a mid-size car that was produced by Ford Australia between February 1964 and February 1965. It was the third iteration of the first generation of the Ford Falcon.

Overview
The XM series Falcon range was introduced in February 1964, as a replacement for the XL series Falcon. The XM featured around 1,500 modifications from the XL, including numerous changes to the suspension which now featured stronger ball joints, new front upper wishbones, coil-over shock units and relocated rear spring-hangers. Also new were bigger axle shafts and tougher engine mounts. The vacuum operated windscreen wipers of the XL series were replaced by a two-speed electric motor unit and the seats were stronger with better quality upholstery. Unlike previous Australian Falcons, the XM represented a significant departure from the contemporary US Ford Falcon models in terms of exterior styling.

Both of the engines from the XK and XL Falcons were retained, albeit with a small power increase for both engines; a  Falcon Six inline-six, which produced  and an optional  version of the Falcon Six, which produced . For higher specification models, such as the Deluxe trim, a  version of the Falcon Six was available for the first time (often referred to as the Super Pursuit engine), and produced . The 170 engine was also made the standard engine for the top-spec Futura models.

A two-door hardtop body style was added to the range in July 1964. It was offered in Falcon Deluxe Hardtop and Falcon Futura Hardtop trim levels, with the 170 cubic inch "Pursuit 170" engine as standard equipment and the 200 cubic inch "Super Pursuit" available as an option on both models.

Model range
The Falcon XM passenger car range, released in February 1964, comprised three sedan and three station wagon models, marketed as follows:
 Falcon Sedan
 Falcon Deluxe Sedan
 Falcon Futura Sedan
 Falcon Wagon
 Falcon Deluxe Wagon
 Falcon Squire Wagon
 
The Falcon XM Hardtop range, released in July 1964, comprised two models, marketed as follows:
 Falcon Deluxe Hardtop
 Falcon Futura Hardtop

The Falcon XM commercial vehicle range comprised four models:
 Falcon Standard Utility
 Falcon Deluxe Utility
 Falcon Standard Sedan Delivery
 Falcon Deluxe Sedan Delivery

Production
47,039 examples of the XM series were produced, prior to its replacement by the revised XP Falcon in March 1965.

References

Further reading
 Norm Darwin, The History of Ford in Australia, 1986
 XM Falcon

XM
Cars of Australia
Cars introduced in 1964
Cars discontinued in 1965
XM Falcon
Sedans
Station wagons
Coupé utilities
Vans
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Conroy Aircraft. Conroy Aircraft was an American aircraft manufacturer founded by John M. Conroy in Goleta, California, in 1968 after he resigned as president of Aero Spacelines. The company imitated Aero Spacelines' success with its Guppy aircraft by converting a Canadair CL-44 to carry oversized cargo as the Conroy Skymonster.

Starting in 1969, the company converted several turboprop aircraft to haul specialty cargo: the Stolifter, based on the Cessna Skymaster; the Turbo Three and the Tri-Turbo-Three, based on the Douglas DC-3, and the Turbo Albatross, based on the Grumman Albatross.

The company was reorganized in 1972 as Specialized Aircraft, and moved to Camarillo Airport in Camarillo, California.

Turbo-Three Corporation

Conroy formed the Turbo-Three Corp. to support his aircraft; Turbo-Three proposed the Conroy Virtus aircraft to NASA for use as a Space Shuttle carrier aircraft, but the design was not taken up. Turbo-Three Corporation ceased operations sometime around the death of Conroy and the FAA's decision in 1979 that the Tri Turbo-Three must be recertified, not certified under the standing DC-3 certification.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 aerofiles.com

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Santa Barbara County, California
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1968
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1972
1968 establishments in California
1972 disestablishments in California
Defunct manufacturing companies based in California
Data Storage Institute. The Data Storage Institute (DSI) (1997–2018) was a national research and development organisation located in Singapore, that studied data storage technologies.

History
DSI was established in April 1997 through the expansion of the Magnetics Technology Centre (MTC), founded in June 1992 by the Agency for Science, Technology & Research, or A*STAR (then known as the National Science & Technology Board) and the National University of Singapore (NUS).

DSI's purpose was to undertake R&D in magnetics technology for hard disk drives (HDDs). Over the years, DSI collaborated with companies such as Seagate, Connor, DEC, Toshiba, Hewlett-Packard and Western Digital.

On 1 June 2018, A*STAR announced its decision to redeploy DSI's renowned capabilities across the organisation in alignment with national research and innovation strategies, and that DSI would no longer function as an independent research unit in A*STAR. The organisation cited the impact of global trends on the data storage industry, resulting in consolidation and much of production happening outside Singapore.

Awards and accreditations
 2016 IET A F Harvey Engineering Research Prize (Arseniy Kuznetsov)
 2016 World Scientific Physics Research Award and Gold Medal (Prof Boris Lukiyanchuk)
 2015 IES Prestigious Engineering Achievement Award 2015 ("ABSolution: Advanced Software Package for Nanometer Spaced Head-Disk Interface Design and Simulation") 
 2014 ISPS 2014 Best Paper award ("Operational Shock Response of Ultrathin Hard Disk Drives") 
 2013 President's Science Award (Prof Boris Luk'yanchuk) 
 2011 Tan Kah Kee Young Inventors' Silver Award ("Enabling Universal Memory through Nanostructure Engineering")
 2008 Tan Kah Kee Young Inventors' Silver Award ("Breaking the Limits of Phase Change Random Access Memory – The Future Non-Volatile Memory")
 2006 National Technology Award ("Advanced micro motor technologies used in hard disk drive and miniaturized mechatronic systems")
 2006 IES Prestigious Engineering Achievement Award ("Nanometer spacing measurement between head and media")
 2005 INSIC Technical Achievement Award ("Ultra-low flying femto slider for extremely high density magnetic data storage")
 2005 Tan Kah Kee Young Inventors' Commendation Award ("Nanocluster beam deposition technology for the synthesis of nanostructure materials")
 2005 National Technology Award ("Ultra-low flying height technology at sub-3nm")
 2004 Asia Wall Street Journal Young Inventors' Silver Award ("Laser Nanopatterning in the Optical Near-Field for High Density Data Storage")
 2004 IES Prestigious Engineering Achievement Award ("Advanced Laser Microfabrication and Nanoengineering Technology")
 2004 Technology Review (TR-100) World's Top 100 Innovators ("Magnetic Random Access Memory {MRAM}")
 2004 National Technology Award ("Superlattice-like Rewriteable Phase Change Optical Disk")
 2003 Singapore Innovation Award ("3.5 nm Flying Height Slider for Terabyte Capacity Data Storage")

References

Magnetic data storage
Research institutes in Singapore
Organizations established in 1992
Electrochemical equivalent. In chemistry, the electrochemical equivalent (Eq or Z) of a chemical element is the mass of that element (in grams) transported by a specific quantity of electricity, usually expressed in grams per coulomb of electric charge. The electrochemical equivalent of an element is measured with a voltameter.

Definition 
The electrochemical equivalent of a substance is the mass of the substance deposited to one of the electrodes when a current of 1 ampere is passed for 1 second, i.e. a quantity of electricity of one coulomb is passed.

The formula for finding electrochemical equivalent is as follows:

where  is the mass of substance and  is the charge passed. Since , where  is the current applied and  is time, we also have

Alternative formula for finding electrochemical equivalent is as follows:

where  is the Equivalent weight of the substance and  is Faraday constant

Eq values of some elements in kg/C

References

Physical chemistry
Units of chemical measurement
Ford Falcon (XW). The Ford Falcon (XW) is a full-size car that was produced by Ford Australia from 1969 to 1970. It was the third iteration of the second generation of the Falcon and also included the Ford Futura (XW) and the Ford Fairmont (XW)—the luxury-oriented version.

Introduction
The XW Falcon was released in June 1969 replacing the XT Falcon. The XW was an extensive facelift of the XT, featuring a new grille and tail lights. Almost all exterior panels were new and the interior was extensively redesigned.

Model range 
The XW Falcon range featured eight passenger vehicles and three commercial models.

 Ford Falcon Sedan
 Ford Falcon Wagon
 Ford Falcon 500 Sedan
 Ford Falcon 500 Wagon
 Ford Futura Sedan
 Ford Fairmont Sedan
 Ford Fairmont Wagon
 Ford Falcon GT
 Ford Falcon Utility
 Ford Falcon Van
 Ford Falcon 500 Utility

The Futura was new for the XW, reviving a name last used in the 1965 XP Falcon range. A Grand Sport rally option package was available on Falcon 500, Futura & Fairmont sedans.

GT-HO
The limited production, high performance Falcon GT-HO was released two months after the mainstream models. A further development, the GT-HO Phase II was released on 24 August 1970.

Engines
3.1 litre & 3.6 litre in-line six cylinder engines carried over from the XT Falcon as did the 4.9 litre V8. A 5.8 litre V8 (the 351 Windsor) was introduced initially with the XW, as was later the 351 Cleveland in the Phase 1.5 and 2 model.

Production
Production of the XW Falcon range totalled 105,785 vehicles. 2,287 XW Falcon GTs and 662 XW GT-HOs were built.

Replacement
The XW Falcon was replaced by the XY Falcon in October 1970.

References

External links

XW
Cars of Australia
Cars introduced in 1969
Cars discontinued in 1970
XW Falcon
Sedans
Station wagons
Coupé utilities
Vans
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
1960s cars
1970s cars
Ivy (motorcycles). Ivy was a motorcycle manufacturer between 1907 and 1934 in Birmingham, England. It was run by various brothers from the Newman family. Ivy built about 6,000 motorcycles of various models. Most used two-stroke engines made by either J.A.P. or Precision, but there were also 225cc and 296cc engines designed and manufactured by Ivy. The company also made its own suspension forks, carburettors and sidecars.
 
The company was heavily involved in motorcycle racing, with several of the Newman brothers entering races themselves. The race bikes were kept as standard wherever possible to demonstrate the build quality and specification of the production machines. The Newman brothers believed that this was the best way to prove their designs and advertise their products. H. C. Newman was especially successful, winning many local events and finishing well in the Isle of Man TT races several times.

Models

Various different models were made during the company's existence. These included:

Ivyette: This had a 2 ¼ horsepower Valveless 224 cc two-stroke Ivy engine. 
Designed to be a cheap and reliable vehicle for getting around town. Powered by the Ivy engine.

Model C: This had a 2 ½ horsepower Precision engine. A version of this model was also sold as the Model E, which had a 2 ¾ horsepower engine.
Model D: This was available with a wide range of engines including: 
3 ½  Hp single cylinder Precision engine (also a special TT version with 3 ¾ Hp which is claimed to be the first single-cylinder machine to achieve a speed of  with a sidecar). 
4 ½ Hp twin cylinder Precision engine.  
5 Hp twin cylinder JAP engine
6 Hp twin cylinder Precision or JAP engine
A ladies' version of the model D was also available with a lower crossbar.
1924 Models: These were available with 349cc and 297cc single-cylinder SV engines, Sturmey Archer gearbox, Dunlop 26 x 2 1/2 cord tyres and mechanical oiling (as opposed to a hand-operated pump).

Ivy Side Car: broke 7 world records at Brooklands on 30 October 1913 when used with 3 ½ horsepower Ivy D.
An H.C. Newman-designed 677cc V-twin was used in the first Martinsyde.

References: 

Motorcycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Manufacturing companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Parakeet (communication system). Parakeet is an Australian Army mobile battlefield communication system, developed by AWA Defence Industries. Parakeet utilizes a satellite radio system, which supports remotely deployed units, allowing communication for land forces.

Development 
It was first introduced into service in the mid-1990s through project JP65. Parakeet was considered (at the time) advanced military communications. This included secure voice and data trunking services.

Project JP2072 was raised in 2017, to upgrade its sub-systems. As described in the project summary, Parakeet was developed as a Battlespace Communications System Land (BCS-L), aiming to replace older, less effective Battlefield Telecommunications Network (BTN). It was operated by Royal Australian Corps of Signals (RASIGS) personnel.

References

Military communications of Australia
Mixed ammonium salts of phosphorylated glycerides. The mix of ammonium salts of phosphorylated glycerides can be either made synthetically or from mixture of glycerol and partially hardened plant (most often used: rapeseed oil) oils.

Applications 
It is most often used in chocolate industry as an emulsifier, often as alternative to lecithin.

Properties 
At room temperature it is liquid.

Synonyms 
 Ammonium phosphatide
 Emulsifier YN
 E number E442

See also 
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)

Food additives
E-number additives
Conroy Stolifter. The Conroy Stolifter was a conversion of the Cessna 337 Super Skymaster, developed by John M. Conroy of Conroy Aircraft starting in 1968.

Development
The Stolifter was created by removing the Skymaster's rear engine and replacing the forward engine with a  Garrett AiResearch TPE 331-25A turboprop. The fuselage was extended to allow almost double the normal cargo volume. The aircraft was also fitted with a Robertson Aircraft Corporation STOL-kit.

The aircraft was intended for a range of military and civil roles, including cargo and troop transport, medevac, reconnaissance and parachute drop.

The aircraft is capable of taking off in  and clearing a  obstacle in . On landing the approach speed is , with a touch-down speed of , giving a ground roll of as little as .

Only one Stolifter was built. The conversion was approved and the single aircraft produced was given a standard Certificate of Airworthiness. The aircraft still exists as of 2023 and is based in Lyman, Washington, USA.

Specifications (Stolifter)

References

External links
Photo of Conroy Stolifter
Photo of Conroy Stolifter

Stolifter
Twin-boom aircraft
1960s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1968
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Sucrose acetate isobutyrate. Sucrose acetoisobutyrate (SAIB) is an emulsifier and has E number E444. In the United States, SAIB is categorized as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a food additive in cocktail mixers, beer, malt beverages, or wine coolers and is a potential replacement for brominated vegetable oil.

Chemistry 

SAIB can be prepared by esterification of sucrose with acetic and isobutyric anhydride.

Uses 
 Beverage emulsions - weighting agent
 Color cosmetics and skin care
 Flavorings (orange flavor)
 Fragrance fixative
 Hair care
 Horse styling products

References

External links
 InChem

Disaccharides
Food additives
Acetate esters
Isobutyrate esters
E-number additives
Wang Institute of Graduate Studies. The Wang Institute of Graduate Studies was an independent educational institution founded in 1979 by computer entrepreneur An Wang. Its purpose was to provide professional and continuing studies in the nascent field of software engineering. It was accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges in 1983. Faculty members were recruited from industry and students were required to have a minimum of three years prior experience in industry as a condition of acceptance.

The Institute acquired its  campus from the Marist Brothers who had operated a seminary on the site since 1924. Located in Tyngsborough, Massachusetts, it housed two divisions: The School of Information Technology and a fellowship program in East Asian studies.

The Institute never grew beyond a dozen or so faculty. As a result of declining business fortunes Dr. Wang closed the Institute, graduating the last class on August 27, 1988. The campus was transferred to Boston University where it served as a corporate education center. Today, it is the location of the Innovation Academy Charter School.

Software engineering curriculum
The Institute graduated seven classes between 1982 and 1988 in its Master of Software Engineering program, requiring study in eleven three-credit courses. Two project courses involved students in team-based analysis, specification, design, implementation, testing, and integration of software products.Fairley, Richard and Martin, Nancy.  "Software engineering programs at the Wang Institute of Graduate Studies," Proceedings of the 1983 annual conference on Computers (1983)

The original six core courses were:

The curriculum was later modified to include an optional operating systems course instead of the architecture course.Ardis, Mark.  "The Evolution of Wang Institute's Master of Software Engineering Program," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 13(11), 1149-1155, November (1987).

Elective courses covered a wide spectrum of computer science and management topics, including: compiler construction, database management systems, decision support systems, expert system technology, principles of computer networks, programming environments, requirements analysis, software marketing, technical communication, transaction processing systems, user interface design, and validation and verification.

Notes

Defunct private universities and colleges in Massachusetts
Educational institutions established in 1979
Software engineering organizations
Educational institutions disestablished in 1988
1979 establishments in Massachusetts
7th Fighter Aviation Division. The 7th Fighter Aviation Division is a unit of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force.  It is headquartered at Zhangjiakou Air Base in the Beijing Military Region.  The unit is equipped with the Chengdu J-7 and Shenyang J-11 fighters.  PLA-AF fighter divisions generally consist of about 17,000 personnel and 70-120 aircraft.

It was originally formed in September 1950 at Dongfeng, Jilin Province, as a fighter unit with the 19th and 21st Regiments.

It was assigned soon after formation to the air force component of the Chinese People's Volunteers as a mixed MiG-9/MiG-15 fighter unit. It did not enter combat in Korea and returned to Northern China in November 1951.

References

Bibliography

External links
 PLAAF Order of Battle at Scramble Magazine - Dutch Aviation Society

Aviation Divisions of the People's Liberation Army
Military units and formations established in 1950
1950 establishments in China
William George Beattie. William George Beattie (2 December 1841 – 28 May 1918) was an English locomotive engineer. He was born in Lambeth, London the son of Joseph Hamilton Beattie. He joined the London and South Western Railway in 1862 as a draughtsman at Nine Elms Locomotive Works. He succeeded his father as Locomotive Engineer of the LSWR following Joseph's death in 1871. He was not however a success in this post and was forced to resign in 1878.

Locomotive classes
W.G. Beattie perpetuated five of his father's designs, but with modifications. He also introduced five classes of his own design.

References

1841 births
1918 deaths
English engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
Locomotive superintendents
London and South Western Railway people
English railway mechanical engineers
19th-century English engineers
Bellanca 77-140. 

The Bellanca 77-140 Bomber was a bomber aircraft built in small numbers in the United States in the 1930s. It was a derivative of Bellanca's successful Aircruiser civil transport in which the Aircruiser's single, nose-mounted engine was replaced by twin engines on the upper wing. The United States military were not interested in the type, but the Colombian Air Force bought a small number, including a float-equipped version dubbed the 77-320 Junior. This version also differed from the landplane in having a fully enclosed nose turret in place of the open turret of the 77-140.

Specifications (77-140)

Users

Colombian Air Force

See also

References

 
 aerofiles.com
 Fuerza Aérea Colombiana

77-140
1930s United States bomber aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

 Flugzeug Fibel