omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Andrew Morton (computer programmer). Andrew Keith Paul Morton (born 1959) is an Australian software engineer. He is one of the lead developers of the Linux kernel, and a co-maintainer of the Ext3 file system, the journaling layer for block devices (JBD) and memory management.

In the late 1980s, he was one of the partners of a company in Sydney, Australia that produced a kit computer called the Applix 1616, as well as a hardware engineer for the now-defunct Australian gaming equipment manufacturer Keno Computer Systems. He holds an honours degree in electrical engineering from the University of New South Wales in Australia.

Morton maintains a Linux kernel patchset known as the mm tree, which contains work-in-progress patches that might later be accepted into the official Linux tree maintained by Linus Torvalds.  "mm" as a primary testing ground became unmanageably large and busy, and in 2008 the "linux-next" tree was created to fill much of this role.

In 2001, Morton and his family moved from Wollongong, New South Wales to Palo Alto, California. In July 2003, he joined the Open Source Development Labs under an agreement with his then-employer Digeo Inc. (makers of the Moxi home entertainment media center), in which OSDL supported Morton's Linux kernel development work while he continued in his official role as principal engineer at Digeo. Since August 2006, Morton has been employed by Google and continues his current work in maintaining the kernel.

Morton delivered the keynote speech at the 2004 Ottawa Linux Symposium. He was also a featured speaker at MontaVista Software's Vision 2007 Conference. He was an expert witness in the SCO v. IBM lawsuit contesting UNIX copyrights.

Morton is also known by his username akpm, as found in e-mail addresses and as part of the URL to his now-defunct webpage. On being asked what the initials KP stood for, he replied, "Some say 'Kernel Programmer.'  My parents said 'Keith Paul.'"

References

External links

Interview: Andrew Morton; Jeremy Andrews; Kerneltrap; February 14, 2002.
Interview;  Nadia Cameron; LinuxWorld; July 16, 2003.
Keynote speech; Ottawa Linux Symposium, 2004
Interview ;  Ingrid Marson; ZDNet UK; May 5, 2006.
Interview; Fosdem Conference; Feb 06, 2007.
Audio of Talk at SDForum
Video with Andrew Morton at Hannover Industry Trade Fair, Germany, May 2008
Link to his patches
Link to his own kernel tree
Archive of his now-defunct webpage, hosted by Internet Archive

1959 births
Australian computer programmers
Free software programmers
Google employees
Linux kernel programmers
Living people
Avianca Flight 410. Avianca Flight 410 was a flight that crashed at 13:17 on March 17, 1988, near Cúcuta, Colombia, which occurred shortly after takeoff when it flew into a mountain. All 143 people on board were killed. It was the deadliest aviation accident to occur in Colombia until December 20, 1995.

Aircraft

The aircraft involved, manufactured in 1966, was a Boeing 727-21 owned and operated by Avianca. It was registered as HK-1716 serial number 18999. It had flown previously with Pan Am, originally registered as N321PA and named Clipper Koln-Bonn; it was sold on September 20, 1974, to Avianca. It had logged 43,848 hours of airframe time and was powered by three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-7A engines.

Description 
The plane took off from Cúcuta at around 13:17 from runway 33 bound for Cartagena. There was no further information from the plane until ground witnesses claimed that they saw a Boeing 727 flying too low. The plane contacted some trees and then, at 13:18, it struck the mountain head on. The 727 broke in half and disintegrated when the fuel exploded; the remains were scattered in a  radius. There were no survivors among the 7 crew and 136 passengers.

Rescue operations and commissions rushed to the crash site, which was impossible to reach due to nightfall and the resulting low visibility. Area residents provided light and helped the rescuers reach the top of the mountain, where the rest of the wreckage was. The next day, the remains were transported back to Cúcuta to be identified by their family members.

Investigation 
The official cause of the crash was a controlled flight into terrain at 6,343 feet. The investigation pointed to a number of probable causes, including a non-crew pilot in the cockpit, whose presence diverted the attention of the pilot and who interfered with the operation of the aircraft, and a lack of teamwork (crew resource management) between the pilot and co-pilot.

Aftermath 
The crash of Flight 410 was the deadliest aviation accident to occur in Colombia until December 20, 1995, when American Airlines Flight 965 crashed into a mountain near Buga, Valle del Cauca, killing 159 people. The cause was determined to be pilot error.

See also
 List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
 Avianca Flight 011 - another plane of Avianca that crashed in Spain five years prior in similar circumstances
 Prinair Flight 277

References

External links

ICAO reports:
ICAO Circular 2660-AN/154 (12-26)
ICAO Adrep Summary 2/88 (#5)
Final report (Archive) - Civil Aviation Department, Colombia, prepared by Harro Ranter, Aviation Safety Network. Source: Aircraft Accident Digest (ICAO Circular 260-AN/154) p. 12-26.

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727
Aviation accidents and incidents in Colombia
Avianca accidents and incidents
March 1988 in South America
1988 disasters in Colombia
The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories. The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories is a science fiction anthology written and edited by Isaac Asimov.  Following the usual form for Asimov collections, it consists of eleven short stories and a poem surrounded by commentary describing how each came to be written.

Five of the stories are Robot stories, while one is a Multivac story.

Contents 

The stories are as follows (original publication in parentheses):
 "The Prime of Life" (F&SF, October 1966), poem
 "Feminine Intuition" (F&SF, October 1969), novelette, Robot series
 "Waterclap" (Galaxy, May 1970), novelette
 "That Thou Art Mindful of Him" (F&SF, May 1974), novelette, Robot series
 "Stranger in Paradise" (If, May–June 1974), novelette, Robot series
 "The Life and Times of Multivac" (New York Times Magazine, [Sunday] 5 January 1975), Multivac series
 "The Winnowing" (Analog, February 1976)
 "The Bicentennial Man" (Judy-Lynn del Rey, ed., Stellar Science Fiction #2, February 1976), novelette, Robot series
 "Marching In" (High Fidelity magazine, April 1976)
 "Old-fashioned" (Bell Telephone Magazine, February 1976)
 "The Tercentenary Incident" (Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, August 1976), Robot series
 "Birth of a Notion" (Amazing Stories, April 1976)

Two of the stories, "Feminine Intuition" and "The Bicentennial Man", were inspired by Judy-Lynn del Rey. The latter was expanded into a novel, The Positronic Man (with Robert Silverberg), which formed the basis of the 1999 Touchstone Pictures and Columbia Pictures film Bicentennial Man.

References

1976 short story collections
Science fiction short story collections by Isaac Asimov
Doubleday (publisher) books
ISO/IEC 11404. ISO/IEC 11404, General Purpose Datatypes (GPD), are a collection of datatypes defined independently of any particular programming language or implementation. These datatypes can be used to describe interfaces to existing libraries without having to specify the language (such as Fortran or C). 

The first edition of this standard was published in 1996 under the title "Language-independent datatypes".  The standard was revised by the responsible ISO sub-committee (JTC1/SC22 - Information Technology - Programming languages).  The revised version has the new title "General Purpose Datatypes".

External links 
 ISO/IEC 11404:2007, complete text of General purpose datatypes.

Data types
11404
Porsche 64. The Porsche 64, also known as the Type 64 and Type 60K10, is considered by many to be the first automobile from what was to become the Porsche company, and a true design precursor to the post-war production model.

History

Name and origin
The model number comes from the fact that it was built mainly from design drawings for the Type-64 "record car". Most mechanical parts came from the VW 38, the prototype of the KdF-Wagen better known as the Volkswagen Beetle. The chassis was heavily reinforced and the engine also reworked to produce around 40 horsepower. The Type 64 was only a drawing until the three racers were built. The body was also a compromise in that the cab had to look like a KdF car, but the rest was 'record' car. The VW beetle was the Type 60, and the name the "60K10" means body design 10 for the Type 60 Beetle. Its flat-four engine produced between 32 and 40 bhp and gave a top speed of around .

Planned races and scrapping
The body design was made by the Porsche Büro after wind tunnel tests for a planned V10 sports car that never came into existence, the Type 114. Dr. Ingr. Porsche promoted the idea to enter the car into the Berlin-Rome race scheduled for September 1939. The race did not take place but three cars were completed, with aluminium bodies hand shaped by the bodywork company Reutter (which also produced the VW 38 prototypes). One of these, the 38/41, was destroyed early in World War II. The two remaining cars, numbered 38/42 and 38/43, were used by the Porsche family. Eventually they only used one of them and put the other in storage.

Last examples
In May 1945, American troops discovered the one put in storage, cut the roof off and used it for joyriding for a few weeks until the engine gave up and it was scrapped. The last remaining Porsche 64 was owned by Ferry Porsche who had it restored by Battista Farina in 1947. In 1949 it was sold to the Austrian motorcycle racer  and with it he won the Alpine Rally in 1950. The last time he drove it in a race was at the Monterey Historic Automobile Races in Monterey, California, in 1982. The scrapped car, chassis 38/42, has also been rebuilt and is now on display in the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles.

Otto Mathé retained possession of 38/43 until his death in 1995, and two years later the Type 64 was sold for the second time in its history to Porsche collector and marque expert Dr. Thomas Gruber of Vienna, Austria. The 1939 Porsche Type 64, was to be auctioned in August 2019 during Monterey Car Week. RM Sotheby's predicted a selling price “in excess of $20 million” but it failed to sell at an auction marred by incorrectly displayed bid amounts.

References

External links
The Porsche Type 64 | Chris Harris Drives | Top Gear

64
Cars powered by boxer engines
First car made by manufacturer
Watermead, Buckinghamshire. Watermead is a village  situated to the north of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, England.  It is a civil parish and forms part of the Aylesbury Urban Area.

Housing development
Plans for the village of Watermead were first drawn up in the 1980s.  The idea was to create a self-contained executive area that would bring new sports facilities and a better quality of housing to the town.

The village is built on green belt land.  At the planning stage the designers were required to pay heed to the ecology of the local area to help protect the environment.  Central to the plans therefore was an extensive lake that would become a haven for wildlife and many wild birds.

The water table in the Vale of Aylesbury is higher than the average in England, on account of extensive water reserves that are stored below the clay bed of the whole vale.  The designers of the village took this into account by creating a lake in the centre to allow for rise in water levels.  Construction went underway and the first houses were ready for sale in 1986

On the opposite side of the lake from the village was an artificial ski slope. Control over the local water table with flood defences installed and diversions for the River Thame to flood planes on specially dug lakes.  The village has grown extensively and has a very active parish council.  The ski slope site has been developed and is now Aylesbury Vale Crematorium.

Watermead was voted one of the top villages of its type in the country in the early 1990s and won awards for its design and original ideas.

The original Royco theme was designed by architects John Evennett Associates. Blocks of individual homes were built that made walking through each road (each named after a breed of bird) interesting, although this is something that has been lost since newer building designs were erected around Watermead, but predominantly the existing original Royco village are visible from the approach road, and from over the bridge and across the lake.

Transport
Watermead's closest station is Aylesbury with services to London Marylebone and High Wycombe.  Several buses routes connect Watermead to Aylesbury  town centre operated by Rainbow Routes, Redline Buses and Arriva.

Parish Council 
Watermead parish was established in 2001 and had its first meeting on 18 June of that year.

Notable residents 
 Michael Shrimpton (former)

References

External links

Watermead Parish Council Website

Aylesbury
Civil parishes in Buckinghamshire
Interdictor. An interdictor is a type of attack aircraft or tactical bomber that operates far behind enemy lines, with the express intent of air interdiction  of the enemy's military targets, most notably those involved in logistics.

Interdiction
Interdiction prevents or delays enemy forces and supplies from reaching the battlefront; the term has generally fallen from use. The strike fighter is a closely related concept, but puts more emphasis on air-to-air combat capabilities as a multirole combat aircraft. Larger versions of the interdictor concept are generally referred to as "penetrators".

Operation
In the post-war era, the RAF introduced interdictor variants of their English Electric Canberra jet bomber, as aircraft were released from the strategic bombing role as they were replaced by the new V bombers. Desiring a more modern aircraft for this role, development of the BAC TSR-2 (from "Tactical Strike and Reconnaissance, Mach 2") began, but this program was later cancelled. The US began development of a similar aircraft around the same time, which emerged as the General Dynamics F-111. The failure of the TSR-2 and a desire by other European nations for a similar design led to the Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) program, although operating over shorter ranges in the European theatre which was realised as the Panavia Tornado Interdictor/Strike (IDS). The Soviet Sukhoi Su-24 emerged in the early 1970s.

In order to safely traverse a heavily defended front line, they flew at very low altitudes (in some cases having to pull up to clear power lines) to use terrain masking to protect them from enemy radar-guided weapons. Flying at low altitude also demands much greater fuel use, and thus interdictor aircraft were generally fairly large.

List of interdictor aircraft 
 
 
 
  - did not enter service

See also
 Bomber
 Interceptor aircraft
 Air interdiction

References

Further reading
 
 
 
 Gunston, Bill. F-111, (Modern Fighting Aircraft, Vol. 3). New York: Salamander Books, 1983. .
 
 

Fighter aircraft
Attack aircraft
Thin-film optics. Thin-film optics is the branch of optics that deals with very thin structured layers of different materials.  In order to exhibit thin-film optics, the thickness of the layers of material must be similar to the coherence length; for visible light it is most often observed between 200 and 1000 nm of thickness.  Layers at this scale can have remarkable reflective properties due to light wave interference and the difference in refractive index between the layers, the air, and the substrate. These effects alter the way the optic reflects and transmits light. This effect, known as thin-film interference, is observable in soap bubbles and oil slicks.

More general periodic structures, not limited to planar layers, exhibit structural coloration with more complex dependence on angle, and are known as photonic crystals.

In manufacturing, thin film layers can be achieved through the deposition of one or more thin layers of material onto a substrate (usually glass). This is most often done using a physical vapor deposition process, such as evaporation deposition or sputter deposition, or a chemical process such as chemical vapor deposition.

Thin films are used to create optical coatings.  Examples include low emissivity panes of glass for houses and cars, anti-reflective coatings on glasses, reflective baffles on car headlights, and for high precision optical filters and mirrors. Another application of these coatings is spatial filtering.

Examples in the natural world 

Thin-film layers are common in the natural world. Their effects produce colors seen in soap bubbles and oil slicks, as well as the structural coloration of some animals. The wings of many insects act as thin-films, because of their minimal thickness. This is clearly visible in the wings of many flies and wasps. In butterflies, the thin-film optics is visible when wing itself is not covered by wing scales, which is the case in the blue wing spots of the Aglais io and the blue-green patches of the Graphium sarpedon. In buttercups, the flower's gloss is due to a thin-film, which enhances the flower's visibility to pollinating insects and aids in temperature regulation of the plant's reproductive organs.

See also 
 Dichroic filter
 Dichroic prism
 Dielectric mirror
 Dual polarisation interferometry
 Fresnel equations
 Thin-film interference
 Transparent materials

References

Further reading 
  An excellent introduction to thin-film optics, with a focus on biology.  Cites more rigorous treatments.
 Z. Knittl: Optics of thin films, Wiley, 1981.
 D.G. Stavenga, "Thin film and multilayer optics cause structural colors of many insects and birds" Materials Today: Proceedings 1S, 109 – 121 (2014).
ALCO Century 415. The ALCO Century 415 is a diesel-electric locomotive of B-B wheel arrangement produced by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) as part of their Century Series of locomotives.

Specifications
The C415 is a large switcher locomotive or small road switcher locomotive equipped with a raised cab mounted slightly off-center, with a lower, narrower hood on either side.  The longer one contained the diesel engine, a  eight-cylinder turbocharged Alco 251-F, while the shorter contained auxiliaries.  The C415 could be ordered with three different cab heights; a low one for minimum clearances, a regular height one, and an extra-height one for maximum visibility.
 
Trucks fitted were either Type B standard road trucks or ALCO Hi-Ad (high adhesion) Type B trucks.

Service history
The locomotive was not very popular; 26 were built between 1966 and 1968 for seven different owners. The locomotive may still be in use. According to the November 2011 issue of Railfan & Railroad magazine, the Burlington Junction Railway owned three C415s numbered 21, 701 and 702.

Original owners
Hamersley Iron in Western Australia bought the prototype in May 1968, formerly lettered as ALCO 415.  The locomotive was equipped with a medium height cab and AAR Type B trucks.
Chehalis Western Railroad bought a single high cab unit with Hi-Ad trucks. 
Columbia and Cowlitz Railway bought a single high cab unit with Hi-Ad trucks. (Both the Columbia and Cowlitz and the Chehalis Western are Weyerhaeuser properties)
Monongahela Connecting Railroad bought a single low cab unit with Hi-Ad trucks.
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad bought ten medium cab units with AAR Type B trucks.
Southern Pacific Railroad bought ten high cab units with Type B road trucks.
Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway bought two medium cab units with Hi-Ad trucks; these were passed to the Burlington Northern Railroad, 4010-4011 after a merger between the two railroads. More units were on order when Alco ended locomotive production in 1969.

Preservation
Southern Pacific Railroad 2406 is in Monterrey, Mexico, lettered as Fundidora Monterrey Steel 25.
Hamersley Iron 1000, formerly Alco Demonstrator 415 is at the Pilbara Railways Historical Society in Western Australia.
Monongahela Connecting Railroad 701 is at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania.
Chehalis Western Railroad 684 is at Fife History Museum and Cultural Center in Fife, Washington.
Buffalo Southern Railroad 423, formerly Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad 423 is at the Buffalo Southern's Hamburg Shops in Hamburg, New York.

See also
List of ALCO diesel locomotives

References

Further reading
 

Century 415
B-B locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Diesel locomotives of Western Australia
Railway locomotives introduced in 1966
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
Shunting locomotives
Subgrade. In transport engineering, subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed road, pavement or railway track (US: railroad track). It is also called formation level.

The subgrade provides support to the subbase level and acts as an integral load-bearing layer. Failure of the subgrade can cause depressions and rutting of the upper base and surface courses. These in turn can lead to water pooling in deformations and cause vehicle aquaplaning among other issues.

The term can also refer to imported material that has been used to build an embankment.

Construction

Subgrades are commonly compacted before the construction of a road, pavement or railway track. This is to ensure their ability to absorb the loads being transferred down from the upper layers, increasing the life and wear of the surface courses.

See also 
 Subsoil
 Track bed

References

Road transport
Pavements
Transportation engineering
Permanent way
T-square. A T-square is a technical drawing instrument used by draftsmen primarily as a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table. The instrument is named after its resemblance to the letter T, with a long shaft called the "blade" and a short shaft called the "stock" or "head". T-squares are available in a range of sizes, with common lengths being , , ,  and .

In addition to drawing horizontal lines, a T-square can be used with a set square to draw vertical or diagonal lines. The T-square usually has a transparent edge made of plastic which should be free of nicks and cracks in order to provide smooth, straight lines.

T-squares are also used in various industries, such as construction. For example, drywall T-squares are typically made of aluminum and have a  tongue, allowing them to be used for measuring and cutting drywall. In woodworking, higher-end table saws often have T-square fences attached to a rail on the front side of the table, providing improved accuracy and precision when cutting wood.

See also
 Technical drawing tools

References

Technical drawing tools
Squares (tool)
French curve. A French curve is a template usually made from metal, wood or plastic composed of many different curved segments. It is used in manual drafting and in fashion design to draw smooth curves of varying radii.  The curve is placed on the drawing material, and a pencil, knife or other implement is traced around its curves to produce the desired result. They were invented by the German mathematician Ludwig Burmester and are also known as Burmester (curve) set.

Clothing design 

French curves are used in fashion design and sewing alongside hip curves, straight edges and right-angle rulers. Commercial clothing patterns can be personalized for fit by using French curves to draw neckline, sleeve, bust and waist variations.

See also

References

External links
 Weisstein, Eric W. French Curve from MathWorld.
 Use of the French Curve from Integrated Publishing.

Technical drawing tools
Curves
Mathematical tools