omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Zenith Aircraft Company. Zenith Aircraft Company is a designer, developer and manufacturer of kit aircraft.

History
The independent, privately owned company was formed in 1992 in Mexico, Missouri, and is based in 20,000+ sq. ft. production facilities at Mexico Memorial Airport. Zenith Aircraft Company has acquired the rights to manufacture and market Zenair kit aircraft designs from designer Chris Heintz of Zenair Ltd. His son Sebastian is listed as the owner of Zenith Aircraft Company.

Kit designs manufactured by the company include the original two-seat STOL CH 701, a high-wing all-metal short take-off and landing design, the larger STOL CH 801 four-place aircraft, the STOL CH 750 light sport utility kit airplane, and the two-seat CH 650, an all-metal low-wing cruiser. Other than the 801, these designs may be built to meet the FAA's light-sport aircraft (LSA) definition for operation by Sport Pilots.

Zenith Aircraft designs may be built from plans-only (blueprints), selected parts, and from complete kits typically in a few hundred hours.

The company holds two-day hands-on workshops at the factory every month to allow potential builders to gain building experience, tour the factory, and go up for a demo flight in the airplane.

In February 2014, the company announced that it had shipped 10,000 sets of plans to aircraft builders in over 50 countries.

In January 2016, Zenith Aircraft announced that it had purchased the intellectual property including the Sam LS design previously produced by Sam Aircraft, and was planning to produce kits alongside the existing Chris Heintz designs.

Aircraft
 Zenith STOL CH701
 Zenith STOL CH 750

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
1992 establishments in Missouri
American companies established in 1992
Manufacturing companies established in 1992
Companies based in Missouri
Mexico, Missouri
Cumene. Cumene (isopropylbenzene) is an organic compound that contains a benzene ring with an isopropyl substituent.  It is a constituent of crude oil and refined fuels.  It is a flammable colorless liquid that has a boiling point of 152 °C.  Nearly all the cumene that is produced as a pure compound on an industrial scale is converted to cumene hydroperoxide, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of other industrially important chemicals, primarily phenol and acetone (known as the cumene process).

Production
Commercial production of cumene is by Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene with propylene. The original route for manufacturing of cumene was by alkylation of benzene in the liquid phase using sulfuric acid as a catalyst, but because of the complicated neutralization and recycling steps required, together with corrosion problems, this process has been largely replaced.  As an alternative, solid phosphoric acid (SPA) supported on alumina has been used as the catalyst. 

Since the mid-1990s, commercial production has switched to zeolite-based catalysts. In this process, the efficiency of cumene production is generally 70-75%. The remaining components are primarily polyisopropyl benzenes.  In 1976, an improved cumene process that uses aluminum chloride as a catalyst was developed. The overall conversion of cumene for this process can be as high as 90%.

The addition of two equivalents of propylene gives diisopropylbenzene (DIPB).  Using transalkylation, DIPB is comproportionated with benzene to give cumene.

Autoxidation
Depending on the conditions, autoxidation of cumene gives dicumyl peroxide or cumene hydroperoxide.  Both reactions exploit the weakness of the tertiary C-H bond.  The tendency of cumene to form peroxides by autoxidation poses safety concerns. Tests for peroxides are routinely conducted before heating or distilling.

Applications 
Cumene is frequently found as an ingredient in thread locking fluids. Cumene is also a precursor chemical to the herbicide isoproturon.

See also 
 Pseudocumene

References

External links
National Pollutant Inventory - Cumene fact sheet
Cumene Production from Benzene and Propylene Using Aluminum Chloride Catalyst

Hazardous air pollutants
Alkylbenzenes
C3-Benzenes
Commodity chemicals
Suspected carcinogens
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Isopropyl compounds
Brewer and Nash model. The Brewer and Nash model was constructed to provide information security access controls that can change dynamically. This security model, also known as the Chinese wall model, was designed to provide controls that mitigate conflict of interest in commercial organizations and is built upon an information flow model.  

In the Brewer and Nash model, no information can flow between the subjects and objects in a way that would create a conflict of interest.   

This model is commonly used by consulting and accounting firms. For example, once a consultant accesses data belonging to Acme Ltd, a consulting client, they may no longer access data to any of Acme's competitors. In this model, the same consulting firm can have clients that are competing with Acme Ltd while advising Acme Ltd. This model uses the principle of data isolation within each conflict class of data to keep users out of potential conflict of interest situations. Because company relationships change all the time, dynamic and up-to-date updates to members and definitions for conflict classes are important.

See also
 Bell–LaPadula model
 Biba model
 Clark–Wilson model
 Graham–Denning model

References
 Harris, Shon, All-in-one CISSP Exam Guide, Third Edition, McGraw Hill Osborne, Emeryville, California, 2005.
 Chapple, Mike, et al,  Certified Information System Security Professional - Official Study Guide, Eighth Edition, Sybex, John Wiley & Sons, Indiana, 2018.

External links

Computer security models
John P. Barber. John P. Barber is a pioneer of railgun technology.

Dr. Barber received the Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering Physics from the University of Saskatchewan in 1967 and his Ph.D. in Engineering Physics from Australian National University in 1972. He joined the University of Dayton Research Institute in 1974 and directed the Impact Physics Group there until 1979 when he resigned to go into business. Dr. Barber co-founded IAP Research in 1981 and has served as President since.

Dr. Barber has had a distinguished career in research and development. His graduate work on electromagnetic guns became the foundation for the ongoing program in the US to develop railgun technology for a variety of military and aerospace applications. His contributions to the development of electromagnetic gun technology were recognized in 1988 when he was awarded the Peter Mark Medal. He holds seven patents in magnetics and superconductivity.

Dr. Barber is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the American Defense Preparedness Association, and the Metal Powder Industry Federation. He serves on the Board and Executive Committee of the Edison Materials Technology Center, and is a member of the Materials and Process Advisory Panel of the Miami Valley Economic Development Coalition.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Australian National University alumni
University of Dayton faculty
American technology chief executives
American electrical engineers
Engineers from Ohio
Graham–Denning model. The Graham–Denning model is a computer security model that shows how subjects and objects should be securely created and deleted.
It also addresses how to assign specific access rights. It is mainly used in access control mechanisms for distributed systems. There are three main parts to the model: A set of subjects, a set of objects, and a set of eight rules. A subject may be a process or a user that makes a request to access a resource. An object is the resource that a user or process wants to access.

Features
This model addresses the security issues associated with how to define a set of basic rights on how specific subjects can execute security functions on an object.   
The model has eight basic protection rules (actions) that outline:

  How to securely create an object.
  How to securely create a subject.
  How to securely delete an object.
  How to securely delete a subject.
  How to securely provide the read access right.
  How to securely provide the grant access right.
  How to securely provide the delete access right.
  How to securely provide the transfer access right.

Moreover, each object has an owner that has special rights on it, and each subject has another subject (controller) that has special rights on it.

The model is  based on the Access Control Matrix model where rows correspond to subjects and columns correspond to objects and subjects, each element contains a set of rights between subject i and object j or between subject i and subject k.

For example an action A[s,o] contains the rights that subject s has on object o (example: {own, execute}).

When executing one of the 8 rules, for example creating an object, the matrix is changed: a new column is added for that object, and the subject that created it becomes its owner.

Each rule is associated with a precondition, for example if subject x wants to delete object o, it must be its owner (A[x,o] contains the 'owner' right).

Limitations
Harrison-Ruzzo-Ullman extended this model by defining a system of protection based on commands made of primitive operations and conditions.

See also
 Access Control Matrix
 Bell–LaPadula model
 Biba model
 Brewer and Nash model
 Clark-Wilson model
 Harrison–Ruzzo–Ullman model

References
 Krutz, Ronald L. and Vines, Russell Dean, The CISSP Prep Guide; Gold Edition, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 2003.
 Security in Computing (by Charles P. Pfleeger, Shari Lawrence Pfleeger)
 http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~brett/cs165_s01/LECTURE11/lecture11-4up.pdf

Computer security models
Security modes. Generally, security modes refer to information systems security modes of operations used in mandatory access control (MAC) systems.  Often, these systems contain information at various levels of security classification.  The mode of operation is determined by:
  The type of users who will be directly or indirectly accessing the system.
  The type of data, including classification levels, compartments, and categories, that are processed on the system.
  The type of levels of users, their need to know, and formal access approvals that the users will have.

Dedicated security mode
In this mode of operation, all users must have:
 Signed NDA for ALL information on the system.
 Proper clearance for ALL information on the system.
 Formal access approval for ALL information on the system.
 A valid need to know for ALL information on the system.
All users can access ALL data.

System high security mode
In system high mode of operation, all users must have:
 Signed NDA for ALL information on the system.
 Proper clearance for ALL information on the system.
 Formal access approval for ALL information on the system.
 A valid need to know for SOME information on the system.
All users can access SOME data, based on their need to know.

Compartmented security mode
In this mode of operation, all users must have:
 Signed NDA for ALL information on the system.
 Proper clearance for ALL information on the system.
 Formal access approval for SOME information they will access on the system.
 A valid need to know for SOME information on the system.
All users can access SOME data, based on their need to know and formal access approval.

Multilevel security mode
In multilevel security mode of operation (also called Controlled Security Mode), all users must have:
 Signed NDA for ALL information on the system.
 Proper clearance for SOME information on the system.
 Formal access approval for SOME information on the system.
 A valid need to know for SOME information on the system.
All users can access SOME data, based on their need to know, clearance and formal access approval

Summary

See also
 Access control
 Multifactor authentication
 Bell–LaPadula model
 Biba model
 Clark-Wilson model 
 Discretionary access control (DAC)
 Graham-Denning model
 Multilevel security (MLS)
 Mandatory access control (MAC)
 Security
 Security engineering
 Take-grant model

References
Krutz, Ronald L. and Vines, Russell Dean, The CISSP Prep Guide; Gold Edition, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 2003.

External links
 DoD 5200.28 defines the security terms 

Computer security models
Intercalation. Intercalation may refer to:

Intercalation (chemistry), insertion of a molecule (or ion) into layered solids such as graphite
Intercalation (timekeeping),  insertion of a leap day, week or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons
Intercalation (university administration), period when a student is officially given time off from studying for an academic degree
Intercalation (geology), a special form of interbedding, where two distinct depositional environments in close spatial proximity migrate back and forth across the border zone
Intercalary chapter, a chapter in a novel that does not further the plot. See also frame story (sometimes called intercalation).
 In biology:
Intercalary segment, an appendage-less segment in the segmental composition of the heads of insects and Myriapoda
Intercalation (biochemistry), process discovered by Leonard Lerman by which certain drugs and mutagens insert themselves between base pairs of DNA
Intercalated cells of the amygdala
Intercalated cells of the collecting duct
Intercalated disc of cardiac muscle
Intercalated duct of exocrine glands
Computer security model. A computer security model is a scheme for specifying and enforcing security policies. A security model may be founded upon a formal model of access rights, a model of computation, a model of distributed computing, or no particular theoretical grounding at all. A computer security model is implemented through a computer security policy.

For a more complete list of available articles on specific security models, see :Category:Computer security models.

Selected topics
 Access control list (ACL)
 Attribute-based access control (ABAC)
 Bell–LaPadula model
 Biba model 
 Brewer and Nash model
 Capability-based security
 Clark-Wilson model
 Context-based access control (CBAC)
 Graham-Denning model
 Harrison-Ruzzo-Ullman (HRU)
 High-water mark (computer security)
 Lattice-based access control (LBAC)
 Mandatory access control (MAC)
 Multi-level security (MLS)
 Non-interference (security)
 Object-capability model
 Protection ring
 Relationship-based access control (ReBAC)
 Role-based access control (RBAC)
 Take-grant protection model
 Discretionary access control (DAC)

See also
 Security modes
 Protection mechanism

References
 Krutz, Ronald L. and Vines, Russell Dean, The CISSP Prep Guide; Gold Edition, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 2003.
 CISSP Boot Camp Student Guide, Book 1 (v.082807), Vigilar, Inc.
Harald Fuchs. Harald Fuchs (born April 15, 1951) is a Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Münster, Germany, Scientific Director of the Center of Nanotechnology (CeNTech) in Münster, and co-director of the Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) in Karlsruhe. His research focuses on nanoscale science and nanotechnology, ranging from scanning probe microscopy to self organized nanostructure fabrication, and nano–bio systems. He has published more than 450 scientific articles in various journals as an author or co-author. He was awarded the Philip Morris Research Prize "Challenge Future" in 1994 and the Münsterland Innovation Prize in 2001. He is currently member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the German "National Academy of Science and Engineering" (acatech) as well as "The world academy of sciences" (TWAS). He holds two guest professorships in China. He is a cofounder of several nanotechnology companies and a member of the Editorial Boards in several international journals. In 2015 he received an Honorary Professorship at the Nanjing-Tech-University, China.

Publications
H. Fuchs, Rastersondenmikroskopie Bergmann-Schaefer, Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik, Band 3: "Optik", 10. Aufl., S. 1133–1159, , de Gruyter Verlag (2004)
H. Fuchs, H. Hölscher, A. Schirmeisen, Scanning Probe Microscopy, Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, S. 1–12, , Elsevier (2005)

External links

Uni Münster
CeNTech
Nanotechnologie Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
Nanjing-Tech-University
Honorary Professorship Harald Fuchs
acatech
TWAS

1951 births
Living people
German nanotechnologists
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Academic staff of the University of Münster
BASF people
Kristoffer Olsen Oustad. Kristoffer Olsen Oustad   (January 27, 1857 – February 13, 1943) was a Norwegian-American engineer who designed major structures in the United States. Often working together with three other Norwegian-American engineers (Martin Sigvart Grytbak, Andreas W. Munster and Frederick William Cappelen) he designed bridges and other buildings.

Biography

Oustad was born on the Oustad farm in Romedal Parish,  Hedmark county in the historic region  of Østlandet, Norway. He was educated at the Technical College in Trondhjem (now Norwegian University of Science and Technology), graduating in 1882. He attended the Royal Saxon Polytechnicum (now Dresden University of Technology) in Dresden, Germany before emigrating to the United States.

He joined the Minneapolis City Engineer's Office in 1883 and became Municipal Bridge Engineer in 1893. Oustad designed the Cedar Avenue Bridge, assisted by Frederick T. Paul, assistant bridge engineer, under the direction of city engineer N.W. Elsberg. Oustad assisted Frederick William Cappelen in the design of the Third Avenue Bridge and the F.W. Cappelen Memorial Bridge. He completed the Cappelen Memorial Bridge when Cappelen died. Oustad retired in 1929, after the Cedar Avenue Bridge (now 10th Avenue Bridge) in Minneapolis was completed.

See also
 Cedar Avenue Bridge
 Third Avenue Bridge
 F.W. Cappelen Memorial Bridge

References

Other Source
Bjork, Kenneth O. (1947) Saga in Steel and Concrete - Norwegian Engineers in America ( Northfield, Minnesota: Norwegian-American Historical Association)
Costello, Mary Charlotte (2002)  Climbing the Mississippi River Bridge by Bridge, Volume Two (Minnesota. Cambridge, MN: Adventure Publications) 

1857 births
1943 deaths
People from Stange
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
American civil engineers
Engineers from Minneapolis
TU Dresden alumni
James Solomon. James E. Solomon (born 1936 in Boise, Idaho) is an American engineer and entrepreneur. He has founded four companies, including one of the companies that merged to form the leading chip manufacturing toolmaker Cadence Design Systems. He is an IEEE Fellow and received the industry's Phil Kaufman Award in 1997. Solomon holds 23 patents in integrated chip design.

Biography 
Solomon graduated with BS and MS degrees in electrical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley.

He began his career with Maconomy, spending three years designing radar devices and components for missile control systems. The next seven years, he ran linear integrated circuit design at the Motorola Semiconductor Lab.  After his time with Motorola, he moved to National Semiconductor from 1970–1983, where he was director of IC design for analog and mixed-signal chips.

In 1983 Solomon founded his first company, Solomon Design Automation (SDA Systems), which eventually merged with ECAD to become Cadence Design Systems . Near the end of his time with CDS, he co-founded Smart Machines (in 1994), a company that manufactures direct-drive robots for semiconductor wafer manufacture.  The company was acquired in 1999 by Brooks Automation.  In 1995, he co-founded Xulu Entertainment, a computer based entertainment venture. In 2001, Solomon unveiled plans for a  entertainment center to be named Xulu Universe , which would combine a restaurant/lounge with a simulator of an alien world. According to Solomon, Xulu had invested over $12 million in the project, having hired design and engineering staff from companies such as Lucasfilm and Disney.

Solomon was the 1997 recipient of the Phil Kaufman Award "for his innovative contributions to design tool technology of benefit to electronic systems and IC designers".

References

External links 
 Presentation of James Solomon by A. Richard Newton

1936 births
Living people
21st-century American engineers
American manufacturing businesspeople
Electronic design automation people
People from Boise, Idaho
Silicon Valley people
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Martin Sigvart Grytbak. Martin Sigvart Grytbak (6 November 1883 –  24 June 1953) was a Norwegian-born American engineer. 

Martin Sigvart Grytbak was born in Nedre Stjørdalen Municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. He graduated as a civil engineer in 1903 from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet) in Trondheim. Between 1903 and 1905, he worked on an extension of the Hell–Sunnan Line. He emigrated in 1905 to the United States  and worked as a bridge engineer for the Northern Pacific Railway in Saint Paul. Together with Kristoffer Olsen Oustad, Andreas W. Munster and Frederick William Cappelen. he became one of four innovative and influential engineers who were involved in the design of the great bridges of the Twin Cities.

From 1913 until after World War II, he served as bridge engineer for Saint Paul Engineer's Office of the  City of Saint Paul . Grytbak's major works include the Intercity Bridge (Ford Parkway Bridge) between Saint Paul and Minneapolis as well as the Kellogg Boulevard Viaduct in St. Paul built during 1930, which was recently re-constructed.
He died during 1953 in Ramsey County, Minnesota. He was buried at Roselawn Cemetery in Roseville.

References

Primary source
Federal Writers Project  The WPA Guide to Minnesota: The North Star State (New York: The Viking Press, 1938. Trinity University Press, 2013)

Other sources
Bjork, Kenneth   (1947) Saga in Steel and Concrete: Norwegian Engineers in America  (Norwegian-American Historical Association)
Gardner, Denis  (2008) Wood, Concrete, Stone, and Steel: Minnesota's Historic Bridges (University of Minnesota Press)  

1883 births
1953 deaths
People from Stjørdal
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
20th-century Norwegian engineers
20th-century American engineers
Northern Pacific Railway people