omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
COCO simulator. The COCO Simulator is a free-of-charge, non-commercial, graphical, modular and CAPE-OPEN compliant, steady-state, sequential simulation process modeling environment. It was originally intended as a test environment for CAPE-OPEN modeling tools but now provides free chemical process simulation for students. It is an open flowsheet modeling environment allowing anyone to add new unit operations or thermodynamics packages.

The COCO Simulator uses a graphical representation, the Process Flow Diagram (PFD), for defining the process to be simulated. Clicking on a unit operation with the mouse allows the user to edit the unit operation parameters it defines via the CAPE-OPEN standard or to open the unit operation's own user interface, when available. This interoperability of process modeling software was enabled by the advent of the CAPE-OPEN standard. COCO thermodynamic library "TEA" and its chemical compound data bank are based on ChemSep  LITE, a free equilibrium column simulator for distillation columns and liquid-liquid extractors. COCO's thermodynamic library exports more than 100 property calculation methods with their analytical or numerical derivatives. COCO includes a LITE version of COSMOtherm, an activity coefficient model based on Ab initio quantum chemistry methods. The simulator entails a set of unit-operations such as stream splitters/mixers, heat-exchangers, compressors, pumps and reactors. COCO features a reaction numerics package to power its simple conversion, equilibrium, CSTR, Gibbs minimization and plug flow reactor models.

See also
Process design (chemical engineering)
List of Chemical Process Simulators
Thermodynamic and thermophysical data
Standard temperature and pressure

References

External links
Homepage of the COCO Simulator
CO-LaN - the CAPE-OPEN Laboratories Network is a neutral industry and academic association promoting open interface standards in process simulation software. CO-LaN members are committed to making Computer Aided Process Engineering easier, faster and less expensive by achieving complete interoperability of compliant commercial CAPE software tools. CO-LaN supports and maintains the CAPE-OPEN interface standards.

Chemical engineering software
Ernest Friedman-Hill. Dr. Ernest Friedman-Hill is a principal member of the technical staff at Sandia National Laboratories. They are located in Livermore, California.  

Friedman-Hill is the author of Jess, the rule engine for the Java platform, which was first written in 1995. He is also a teacher of Java programming at two campuses in California.

References

External links
Jess
Sandia National Laboratories

American computer programmers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Sandia National Laboratories people
Place of birth missing (living people)
ASJA Viking II. The ASJA Viking II was a four-seat light aircraft built in Sweden in the early 1930s.  It was a development of the Viking, a high-wing braced cabin monoplane of taildragger configuration.  It was available with either wheeled or float undercarriage.

Specifications

References

See also

1930s Swedish civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Viking II
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Floatplanes
American Engineers' Council for Professional Development. The American Engineers'  Council for Professional Development or simply the Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD),  established in June 1932, was an engineering professional body dedicated to the education, accreditation, regulation and professional development of the engineering professionals and students in the United States. ECPD grew and has changed its name to ABET, Inc. and its focus solely to accreditation.

Its purpose was to set standards and to publish the Codes of Ethics and other material for engineers and engineering schools and organizations in the United States,

The seven engineering societies that established ECPD in 1932 were:
 The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
 The American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, now the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME)
 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
 The American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), since 1963 merged into the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 The Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, now the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE)
 The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
 The National Council of State Boards of Engineering Examiners, now the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES)

ECPD was founded to provide a "joint program for upbuilding engineering as a profession". However, it almost immediately began developing as an accreditation agency, evaluating its first engineering program in 1936 and its first engineering technology program in 1946.

ECPD changed its name to Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) in 1980, and changed it again to ABET, Inc. in 2005.

ABET, Inc. is now an accreditation federation of 29 professional and technical societies (and one associate member society), representing the fields of applied science, computing, engineering, and technology.

References

External links 
Engineers' Council for Professional Development. (1978). Engineering education and accreditation report, 1977. New York: The Council.
Transcending the Theory-Practice Problem of Technology - Reich (1992) quote from article: For example, a paragraph in a recent engineers code of ethics, Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the performance of their professional duties, (American Engineerss (sic) Council for Professional Development, 1974) stimulated discussion about its interpretation and feasibility

American engineering organizations
Engineering education in the United States
Organizations established in 1936
Professional associations based in the United States
Professional certification in engineering
1936 establishments in the United States
Bryan Jenkins. Dr Bryan Jenkins is an Australian environmental planner. He has a Ph.D. in environmental planning from Stanford University, a master's degree in civil engineering from Adelaide University and a Master of Administration from Monash University.

Jenkins was director of environment, economics and planning for Kinhill Engineers, Adelaide, from 1989 to 1994, undertaking projects involving the Steel Authority of India, the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, water and wastewater treatment plants in China, and the third runway at Sydney Airport.

He spent seven years (1994–2001) as chief executive of the former Western Australian Department of Environmental Protection, involved in preparation of an Air Quality Management Plan for Perth,  as well as an Environmental Protection Policy and Environmental Management Plan for Cockburn Sound, Western Australia's most polluted marine water body. From 2001 to 2003, he was director of Murdoch Environment, the environmental consulting and education unit at Murdoch University. He was appointed CEO of Canterbury Regional Council in June 2003, was reappointed in March 2008, and finished as CEO February 2011. He has prepared over 200 professional and conference papers and keynote addresses, including being a keynote speaker at the New Zealand Planning Institute Conference, 2007.
In November 2010 he was appointed the inaugural professorial fellow in strategic water studies (commencing March 2011) at the Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, a joint centre of the University of Canterbury and Lincoln University.

References

Australian urban planners
Environmental planners
Australian chief executives
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Local government officers
Integrated catchment management. Integrated catchment management (ICM) is a subset of environmental planning which approaches sustainable resource management from a catchment perspective, in contrast to a piecemeal approach that artificially separates land management from water management.

Details
Integrated catchment management recognizes the existence of ecosystems and their role in supporting flora and fauna, providing services to human societies, and regulating the human environment.  Integrated catchment management seeks to take into account complex relationships within those ecosystems: between flora and fauna, between geology, between soils and the biosphere, and between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Integrated catchment management recognizes the cyclic nature of processes within an ecosystem, and values scientific and technical information for understanding and analysing the natural world.

See also
Catchment Management Authority (New South Wales)
Catchment Management Authority (Victoria)
Motueka River
List of drainage basins by area

References

External links
Landcare Research - Integrated Catchment Management
 ABC catchment fact sheet

Natural resource management
Urban planning
Hydrology
Rivers
Burn rate (chemistry). In chemistry, the burn rate (or burning rate) is a measure of the linear combustion rate of a compound or substance such as a candle or a solid propellant. It is measured in length over time, such as millimeters per second or inches per second. Among the variables affecting burn rate are pressure and temperature. Burn rate is an important parameter, especially in propellants, because it determines the rate at which exhaust gases are generated from the burning propellant, which decides the flow rate through the nozzle. The thrust generated in the rocket of a missile depends on this flow rate. Thus, knowing the burn rate of a propellant and how it changes under various conditions is of fundamental importance in the successful design of a solid rocket motor. The concept of burn rate is also relevant in case of liquid propellants.

Measurement
One device for measuring the burning rate is a V-shaped metal channel about 1–2 feet long wherein a sample is placed, with a cross-sectional dimension of approximately 6  mm or 1/4in. The sample is ignited on one end, and time is measured until the flame front reaches the other. Burn rate (typically expressed in mm/s or in/s) is the sample length over time at a given pressure and temperature. For solid fuel propellant, the most common method of measuring burn rate is the Crawford Type Strand Burning Rate Bomb System (also known as the Crawford Burner or Strand Burner), as described in MIL-STD-286C.

Characterization 
A substance is characterized by a burn rate vs. pressure chart and burn rate vs temperature chart.
 Higher burn rate than the speed of sound in the material (usually several km/s): "detonation"
 A few meters per second: "deflagration"
 A few centimeters per second: "burn" or "smolder"
 0.01 mm/s to 100 mm/s: "decomposing rapidly" to characterise it.

However, there is a difference in opinion in differentiating the three in the absence of firm numbers at a given pressure or temperature.

See also
 Detonation velocity

References

Combustion
Temporal rates
Liquin. Liquin is a quick-drying medium for oil and alkyd paint. Used as an additive in many forms of artwork, Liquin is produced by Winsor & Newton and has a number of uses.

Origin

Alkyd resin medium for artists was first invented in the 1970s by Arthur DeCosta, a longtime professor at The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia.  DeCosta's medium, Turco Classic, was sold only locally at the Academy's school store, the Philadelphia Utrecht Linen art supply store, and one or two other privately owned art supply stores.  DeCosta believed his medium had similar qualities to Maroger medium (Jacques Maroger), the fast drying, supposed medium of the Old Masters.  Because Maroger medium must be cooked with lead, Turco lacked its inherent danger and had a similar, if not faster, drying time.

"The Kid," as DeCosta called the young man responsible for the manufacture of Turco, often made poor batches of the product and DeCosta, being a full-time professor as well as a prominent Philadelphia painter (notable for his portrait of former mayor Frank Rizzo), gave up on the enterprise sometime in the early 1980s.  Since then many companies have produced similar products, Liquin being the most popular.

Method
Winsor & Newton suggests the use of Liquin as a ''fat'' or ''flexible'' agent, to increase the flexibility subsequent layers. While Liquin Original, and Liquin Light Gel Medium are mixtures of petroleum distillates, Liquin Oleopasto, and Liquin Impasto are mixtures of alkyd resin and petroleum distillates.

Innovation

Notably, it is used to speed the drying time in oil painting, though it may also be used as a barrier layer to achieve some effects. Painted over the top of etchings, India-ink drawings and other line art, it enables the application of colours by tinting with thin glazes of oil paint. This technique was first discovered by the artist Patrick Woodroffe and is outlined in his book A Closer Look (Paper Tiger, 1986, ).

Liquin also permits the creation of "save" layers in painting.

Painted over all, or part, of an artwork in progress (and left to dry), Liquin allows the artist to scrape or wipe back subsequent work to the Liquin layer, while preserving all work beneath.

It can also be used as a simple carrier base and, when compressed together with paint under a layer of plastic wrap, produces effective decalcomania.

References

Painting materials
Alaparma Baldo. The Alaparma Baldo was an unusual two-seat light monoplane produced in Italy shortly after World War II. Designed by Adriano Mantelli, it featured an egg-shaped fuselage with cabin doors that hinged upwards and to the back. The conventional tailplane with single fin and rudder was carried on twin booms, either side of a pusher engine installation.  The undercarriage consisted of a single mainwheel under the fuselage pod, a small tailwheel not far behind it, and outrigger wheels on the wingtips.

Variants
 AM.65 with 65hp Walter Mikron piston engine
 AM.75 with 75hp Praga D engine

Operators

Italian Air Force operated 10 aircraft until 1951

Specifications (AM.75)

References

 
 
 luftfahrt-archiv.de

Single-engined pusher aircraft
1940s Italian civil utility aircraft
Baldo
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft with fixed bicycle landing gear
Webb Miller. Webb Colby Miller (born 1943) is an American bioinformatician who is professor in the Department of Biology and the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University.

Education
Miller attended Whitman College, and received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Washington in 1969.

Research and career
He joined Penn State in September 1985. Prior to that, he had held a position as permanent staff member at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center and served on the faculty at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Arizona. He is a fellow of the ISCB (International Society for Computational Biology).

Miller has been developing algorithms and software for analyzing DNA sequences and related types of data from molecular genetics. He is one of the authors of BLAST. He also develops methods for aligning long DNA sequences and extracting functional information from them. Webb Miller has made important contributions to the analysis of many vertebrate genomes. He is regarded as one of the pioneers in the field of computational biology.

Webb Miller's recent research interests include the bioinformatics of species extinction, collaborating with Stephan Schuster, who is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Penn State. In November 2008, they published a paper in Nature that described a draft sequence for the woolly mammoth genome.

Awards
Miller was awarded the ISCB Senior Scientist Award and elected an ISCB Fellow by the International Society for Computational Biology in 2009. He is also among The 2009 Time 100. Together with Gene Myers, he received the Inaugural IEEE Frances E. Allen Medal "for pioneering contributions to sequence analysis algorithms and their applications to biosequence search, genome sequencing, and comparative genome analyses".

References

American bioinformaticians
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Living people
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of Arizona faculty
Fellows of the International Society for Computational Biology
1943 births
Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish. Deepfish was an experimental browsing software system for Windows Mobile devices that used a zooming user interface, being developed at Microsoft Live Labs. It aimed to provide a consistent browsing experience on desktops and mobile devices, to display content on the small mobile displays in the same layout as larger displays, and to avoid the need to recode the web-page for small displays.

When a page was opened, it appeared zoomed-out and shrunk, and formatted as would be in a desktop browser.  The user could zoom into the certain areas of the page by using a selection rectangle, and pan the zoomed-in page.

Deepfish consisted of a light-weight browser client powered by a server backend which does most of the processing. The server streams only the data that is visible at any moment, which improves load times and responsiveness. Despite the increased speed in Deepfish, it's quite bandwidth heavy and can render pages slowly if it were launched on a device with lower specifications. Whenever a user would zoom in, the zoomed-in high quality has to be downloaded from the server. 

The browser was available for preview until a limited number of reviewers had participated. 

Deepfish was retired on 30 September 2008 while important features including JavaScript, AJAX, cookies, ActiveX controls and HTTP POST were not implemented.

See also
 Microsoft Live Labs
 Windows Mobile

References

External links 
 
 
 

Deepfish
Windows Mobile Standard software
Pocket PC software
Discontinued web browsers
Alaparma. 

Alaparma was an Italian aircraft manufacturer of the immediate post-World War II period. It was founded in 1945 by designer Capt Adriano Mantelli and Livio Agostini to produce an unusual light aircraft developed by Mantelli during the war, initially as the Tucano and later as the Baldo.

See also

 List of Italian companies

References
 
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Italy
Lotus Mark VIII. The Lotus Mark VIII car was Colin Chapman’s first fully enclosed aerodynamic design.  Chapman's basic requirements for the design were for a car of 1100 lbs powered by an 85 bhp engine and a maximum speed of 125 mph. Work began on this design in late 1953 and Chapman was assisted in the design of the body by the aerodynamicist Frank Costin, who was the brother of Mike Costin, his main collaborator.

The spaceframe chassis for the Mark VIII has been described as "the most nearly perfect sports car chassis". This was Lotus' first true spaceframe and relied on the aircraft experience of Peter Ross and Gilbert McIntosh.  Extremely light (the total weight of the frame alone was only 35 lbs) and very stiff, the frame consisted of only nineteen members and was fully triangulated.  However, from a practical point of view, the frame had limitations, mostly regarding maintenance; in order to install the engine, it had to be disassembled and then reassembled inside the framework.
 
The spaceframe retained the divided front axle independent suspension that Chapman had employed on his earlier cars, and used a de Dion layout with inboard brakes at the rear.  A modified MG 1500 cc engine and transmission were installed, and a stressed undertray further stiffened the chassis.

 In its first race at Oulton Park, Chapman set the fastest lap of the day in Mark VIII prototype, which was designated P3, but had to retire because of a blown head gasket.  However, at the next race at Silverstone Chapman won the 1,500 cc. class outright.  It was at a subsequent meeting of the RAC British Grand Prix at Silverstone, on 17 July 1954, where the reputation of Lotus cars was made, as Chapman in the Lotus Mark VIII and Peter Gammon in the Mark VI beat the works quad-cam Porsche driven by Hans Herrmann, again winning the class.

The Mark VIII was a precursor to the later aerodynamic Lotus cars.

Mark X 

The Lotus Mark X was an aluminium-bodied sports racing car manufactured by Lotus Engineering Ltd. The Mark X, of which only 6 or 7 were made, was essentially identical to the Mark VIII but made use of the larger 2.0-litre Bristol engine. The Mark VIII, Mark IX and Mark X were transitional forms, although they represent the first full bodied aerodynamic Lotus sports cars and made use of the De Dion tube as a rear suspension locator, together with inboard rear brakes. The more successful Lotus Eleven, of which 270 were manufactured between 1956 and 1958, was the direct descendant of these earlier cars. The earlier cars are today considered rare and highly valued collectible automobiles — even museum pieces — but can still be seen raced in vintage events.

Notes

References
 Costin, Michael and Phipps, David, Racing and Sports Car Chassis Design , 1962, Robert Bentley, Inc. pp. 26–29.
 Coulter, Jeremy, The Lotus & Caterham Seven: A Collector's Guide   Motor Racing Publications, 1986.  p 10.
 "The Lotus Story" Cars Illustrated, 1964, Reprinted in "Lotus Sports Racers" Unique Motor Books, Hockley Essex England p165-168.
 Tipler, John,  Lotus and Caterham Seven: Racers for the Road  The Crowood Press, 1995.  pp. 16–17.

Mark 08
Dunkerley's method. Dunkerley's method is used in mechanical engineering to determine the critical speed of a shaft-rotor system.  Other methods include the Rayleigh–Ritz method.

Whirling of a shaft

No shaft can ever be perfectly straight or perfectly balanced. When an element of mass is offset from the axis of rotation, centrifugal force will tend to pull the mass outward. The elastic properties of the shaft will act to restore the “straightness”. If the frequency of rotation is equal to one of the resonant frequencies of the shaft, whirling will occur. In order to save the machine from failure, operation at such whirling speeds must be avoided. Whirling is a complex phenomenon that can include harmonics but we are only going to consider synchronous whirl, where the frequency of whirling is the same as the rotational speed.

Dunkerley’s formula (approximation)

The whirling frequency of a symmetric cross section of a given length between two points is given by:
	

where: 
E = Young's modulus,
I = second moment of area,
m = mass of the shaft,
L = length of the shaft between points.

A shaft with weights added will have an angular velocity of N (RPM) equivalent as follows:

See also

Vibration
Mechanical resonance

Notes and references 

Mechanical engineering
Leiningen. Leiningen may refer to:

 Leiningen, Germany
 Principality of Leiningen (former country; 1803-1806)
 House of Leiningen
 Leiningen, the protagonist of the 1938 short story, "Leiningen Versus the Ants" by Carl Stephenson
 Leiningen (software), a build automation tool for the Clojure programming language