omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GEM of Egypt. The GEM of Egypt was a power shovel built by Bucyrus-Erie in 1966. The shovel was designed for strip mining at the Egypt Valley coalfield near Barnesville, Ohio. GEM is an acronym for “Giant Earth Mover” or “Giant Excavating Machine”.  It was one of only two Bucyrus-Erie 1950-B shovels built (the other being The Silver Spade) and one of two to use the knee-action  crowd licensed from Marion Power Shovel in exchange for Marion's use of Bucyrus-Erie's cable crowd patent.

In a power shovel, "crowding" is pushing the bucket at the end of a "handle" ("dipper" or "dipper stick") in or out to control the depth of cut or to position for dumping. With knee action, the handle is connected to a moveable pivot point rather than being supported directly by the boom. Knee-action design made possible the largest shovel ever built, increased digging power, allowed the bucket to move horizontally into the cut and improved swing efficiency, distance, and radius.

Operational history
The GEM of Egypt had a 170' boom and a 130 cubic yard bucket which enabled it to dig roughly 200 tons per 'bite'.  The machine began work in January, 1967 for Hanna Coal, and was later purchased by Consolidated Coal in "Egypt Valley" near Barnesville, Ohio. The area was also where the GEM got its name.  The GEM was one of three in the service of the Hanna Coal Company, which by 1970, had been strip mining in Ohio for decades, joined by The Tiger and The Mountaineer. 

Of the three, the GEM of Egypt was the largest, and went into service upon the official opening of the Egypt Valley mine in January 1967.  It was reported that an estimated 25,000 people traveled to the site, many from Ohio cities such as Cleveland, Akron, and Canton, as well as those from neighboring states. The shovel was 20 stories tall and weighed 7,000 tons. Production there was expected to average 20,000 tons a day, which the company forecast would last for the next 30 to 40 years until the vein ran out. 

The GEM was parked in 1988 and finally dismantled in 1991 off Ohio SR9 between New Athens and Fairpoint.  Parts of the shovel were used to keep its twin, The Silver Spade, operating until it too was retired.

Gallery

References

Stripping shovels
Coal mining in the United States
Engineering vehicles
Mining in Ohio
Bucyrus-Erie
1967 establishments in Ohio
Toshio Iue. was a Japanese inventor and industrialist who founded Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Prior to the founding of Sanyo, he played an influential role in the growth and development of Matsushita Electric Works, working closely alongside his brother-in-law and lifetime confidant, Konosuke Matsushita.

Early life
The son of a sailor from Awaji Island, Iue initially followed his father's footsteps as a sailor's apprentice. When a ship he was on exploded, with Toshio barely escaping with his life, he took a job at an electric plant run by Konosuke Matsushita, who was married to one of Toshio's sisters. During his tenure at the company, he became an expert salesman, convincing wary resalers of the quality of Matsushita's electric products, which were from Osaka, in an era where most electric goods in Japan were made in Tokyo.

Career at Matsushita
After serving in the Japanese military, Iue came back to Japan and became Konosuke's brother-in-law once again when he married Mumeno Matsushita. Iue then took the lead in building a wooden boat factory for Matsushita upon request of the Japanese military during World War II. Upon Japan's defeat in the war, the General Headquarters of Allied Forces requested a change in the management of Matsushita, with one of its senior executives required to step down. Iue decided to step down so that Matsushita could continue as the head of the company.

Founding of Sanyo
After his resignation from Matsushita, Iue was summoned to the office of the president of Sumitomo Bank after an ill-timed loan to acquire shares in Matsushita, which had become close to worthless after Japan's defeat. The bank president forgave Iue's debt, and knowing his prior talent working at Matsushita, offered him starting capital for a new business.

Konosuke Matsushita would lend Iue an unused plant in Hyogo Prefecture, where he followed in his brother-in-law's footsteps by initially making bicycle lamps and captured 60% of the Japanese market. He named his firm Sanyo, meaning "three oceans" in Japanese, hoping that he would be able to sell his products across the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The growing demand for home appliances and washing machines would fuel Sanyo's growth through the 1950s.

Later life
Iue retired and handed the presidency of Sanyo to his brother in 1968. During his retirement, he worked to promote development of Awaji Island and died in 1969. After a series of unprofitable quarters, Sanyo's story would go full circle as it was acquired in 2009 by Panasonic Corporation, the firm where Iue originally worked at alongside his brother-in-law, Konosuke Matsushita.

Family tree

External links
The Life and Times of Toshio Iue - Founder of Sanyo at Panasonic's website

1902 births
1969 deaths
20th-century Japanese businesspeople
Panasonic
People from Hyōgo Prefecture
20th-century Japanese inventors
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Leonardo's self-propelled cart. Leonardo's self-propelled cart is an invention designed by Leonardo da Vinci, considered the ancestor of the modern automobile.

Info
The machine is powered by two symmetric springs hidden in drum-like casings. While one spring would be enough to move the device, two symmetric springs probably looked like a more "logically perfect" solution. Leonardo had been well aware that the powering force provided by the springs drops significantly when they unwind. In order to deliver smooth and stable motion, the machine features a balance wheel, as used in clocks. The control mechanism is quite complex and allows it to follow a pre-programmed path automatically. The machine also features a mechanism similar to a differential that in addition allows the turning angle to be set.

A replica of the self-propelled cart is kept at the museum Clos Lucé, near Château d'Amboise, in France. The television show Doing DaVinci also made a replica in 2009.

See also
 Atlantic Codex
 List of works by Leonardo da Vinci
 Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci

References

External links
 Self-Propelled Cart
  Il carro automotore

Leonardo da Vinci projects
Data infrastructure. A data infrastructure is a digital infrastructure promoting data sharing and consumption. 

Similarly to other infrastructures, it is a structure needed for the operation of a society as well as the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function, the data economy in this case.

Background 
There is an intense discussion at international level on e-infrastructures and data infrastructure serving scientific work. 
The European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) presented the first European roadmap for large-scale Research Infrastructures. 
These are modeled as layered hardware and software systems which support sharing of a wide spectrum of resources, spanning from networks, storage, computing resources, and system-level middleware software, to structured information within collections, archives, and databases. The e-Infrastructure Reflection Group (e-IRG) has proposed a similar vision. 
In particular, it envisions e-Infrastructures where the principles of global collaboration and shared resources are intended to encompass the sharing needs of all research activities. 

In the framework of the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) e-infrastructure programme, e-Infrastructures are defined in terms of integration of networks, grids, data centers and collaborative environments, and are intended to include supporting operation centers, service registries, credential delegation services, certificate authorities, training and help desk services. The Cyberinfrastructure programme launched by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) plans to develop new research environments in which advanced computational, collaborative, data acquisition and management services are made available to researchers connected through high-performance networks. 

More recently, the vision for “global research data infrastructures” has been drawn by identifying a number of recommendations for developers of future research infrastructures. 
This vision document highlighted the open issues affecting data infrastructures development – both technical and organizational – and identified future research directions. 
Besides these initiatives targeting “generic” infrastructures there are others oriented to specific domains, e.g. the European Commission promotes the INSPIRE initiative for an e-Infrastructure oriented to the sharing of content and service resources of European countries in the ambit of geospatial datasets.

Related Projects 
 D4Science
 OpenAIRE
 EUDAT
 GRDI2020 (Wayback Machine, Snapshot from June 3, 2017)
 EPOS

See also 
 Data cooperative
 Hybrid Data Infrastructure
 Information Infrastructure
 Research Infrastructure
 Spatial Data Infrastructure

References 
 

 What is data infrastructure?

Information systems
IT infrastructure
Data
Cloudbaser Trikes Cloudbaser. The Cloudbaser Trikes Cloudbaser is a flying wing ultralight trike that was designed and produced by Cloudbaser Trikes. The aircraft was supplied as a kit and was also available as plans for amateur construction.

Production has been completed and new aircraft are no longer available.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The Cloudbaser has a standard empty weight of . It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat, open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its single surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  area wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame control bar. Because of the light weight of the aircraft, standard hang glider wings can be used. The landing gear features a steerable nose wheel. The standard recommended engine is the Rotax 447 twin cylinder, two-stroke single ignition powerplant of .

The Cloudbaser was designed for minimalism and also portability. The use of a single surface wing makes it easier to fold up and transport on a car-top rack. Set up time is reported to be 30 minutes.

A two-seat version was also marketed by the company.

Specifications (single seater)

References

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Dragontrail. Dragontrail is an alkali-aluminosilicate sheet glass manufactured by AGC Inc. It is engineered for a combination of thinness, lightness and damage-resistance, similarly to Corning's proprietary Gorilla Glass. The material's primary properties are its strength, allowing thin glass without fragility; its high scratch resistance; and its hardness with a Vickers hardness test rating of 595 to 673.

Cell phones and tablets 
To date, some of the cell phone and tablet models that have incorporated Dragontrail protection are:

 Alcatel 7 (By Metro PCS)
 Alcatel Idol Alpha
 Alcatel Hero 2
 Alcatel One Touch Conquest
 Alcatel One Touch Idol 3
 Alcatel One Touch Idol 4 Pro
 Alcatel Tetra
 Alcatel TCL LX
Allview P8 Energy mini
 Allview V2 Viper i
 Allview V1 Viper i4G
 Allview Viper E
 Allview W1i/W1s
 Allview X2 Soul Lite/X2 Soul Style/X2 Soul Style + Platinum
 BlackBerry DTEK 50/60
 BlackBerry Motion
 Bq Aquaris
 Cherry Mobile 4/S4/S4 Plus/G1
 Crosscall Trekker-S1
 Doro 8080
 Elephone P8000
 eSTAR X45
 Flipkart Billion Capture+
 Galaxy Nexus
 Getnord Onyx
 Gionee Marathon M5 lite
 Google Pixel 3a/3a XL 
 Haier Esteem I70
 Highscreen Power Rage Evo
 i-mobile IQ 6
 InnJoo One
 InnJoo Two 
 Kruger&Matz DRIVE 3
 Lava Iris 504q
 Lava Pixel V1
 Lava Pixel V2
 Lava X8 
 Lava Agni 3 5G (2024)
 Lenovo K3 Note (Also known as Lenovo A7000 Turbo in India, Model Number: K50a40)
 Lenovo ThinkPad Yoga 12
 LYF WATER 5 
 Meizu M2
 Meizu M2 note
 OnePlus Ace 2V/Nord 3 5G
 Oplus XonPhone 5
 Oukitel K10
 Philips Xenium I908
 Polytron Prime 7
 realme GT/GT Neo/GT Neo Flash
 realme GT Neo2T
 realme X7 Max
 Redmi 1S
 Redmi 2/2 Prime/2 Pro 
 Samsung Galaxy J3 (2016)
 Samsung Galaxy M10, M20, M30s
 Samsung Galaxy On5, On7, On5 Pro, On7 Pro  
 Sony Ericsson Xperia Active
 Sony Ericsson Xperia Acro S
 Sony Xperia X Performance
 Sony Xperia Z
 Sony Xperia Z1
 Sony Xperia Z2
 Sony Xperia Z3
 Sony Xperia Z5
 Sony Xperia Z5 Premium
 Stonex One
 TrekStor WinPhone 4.7 HD
 UMi Z
 V341U
 Videocon Krypton3 V50JG
 WE T1
 Wileyfox Spark/Spark+/SparkX
 XOLO 8X-1000
 XOLO BLACK 1X
 XOLO Q1000
 XOLO Q1010i
 XOLO Win Q900s
 ZTE Avid Plus
 ZTE Obsidian
 ZTE Sonata 2

References

External links 
 
 Patent
 
Dragontrail Glass comparison with Gorilla Glass

Materials science
Glass engineering and science
Glass applications
Glass trademarks and brands
Japanese brands
Journal of Robotic Surgery. The Journal of Robotic Surgery is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering robotic surgery, including surgical simulation and medical imaging techniques. It is the official journal of the Society of Robotic Surgery. The journal was established in 2007 by Vipul Patel and is published by Springer Science+Business Media.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, Inspec, and Academic OneFile.

References

External links 
 

Academic journals established in 2007
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Surgery journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
List of synthetic diamond manufacturers. Synthetic diamonds are produced via high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology. These diamonds have numerous industrial and commercial uses including cutting tools, thermal conductors and consumer diamond gemstones.

Gemstone diamond producers

 Apollo Diamond (defunct, assets sold in 2011 to Scio Diamond)
 ALTR Created Diamonds
 De Beers (Lightbox) 
 Diamond Foundry
 Gemesis (now a non-producing reseller called Pure Grown Diamonds)
 Scio Diamond Technology Corporation (colorless)
 Tairus
 WD Lab Grown Diamonds

Industrial diamonds

Element Six
Morgan Technical Ceramics (as "Diamonex")
 Scio Diamond Technology Corporation
 Sumitomo Electric Industries

References
Safed chalwan. Safed Chalwan is a kind of white translucent enamel used for encrusting gems and precious stones for making jewels. 

This enamel is used at the reverse side of the jewels in order to contrast the color of the gems (usually ruby or jade) with a stark white background.

Technique of enameling
In this technique of enameling, an opaque white outlined cartouche is fired and leveled with the stone to be embedded. On cooling down the enamel develops a hard coating around and the stone is set in it.

References

Jewellery making
Jewellery of India
Non Polluting Vehicle mark. The Non Polluting Vehicle mark is a mandatory certification mark required on all new motor vehicles sold in India. The mark certifies that the motor vehicle conforms to the relevant version of the Bharat Stage emission standards. This certification for a brand new vehicle has a limited validity of 6 months from the date of sale of the vehicle. After this, the vehicle has to be tested afresh. The vehicle is tested in the car companies garage during the years maintenance and a renewed certificate has to be obtained. The certificate thus issued on a used vehicle is the Pollution Under Control certificate. The sticker can be removed after buying the vehicle.

References  

Certification marks in India
Environmental certification marks
Amateur Computer Club. The Amateur Computer Club (ACC), founded in 1973, was an early British club "open to all interested in the design, construction or programming of computers as a hobby".  Most of its members lived in the United Kingdom. In 1976 an educational journal described the growth of "hobbyist" computing and said "in [the UK] there is currently one shop ... and also an active Amateur Computer Club with over 600 members".

Foundation
Starting the ACC was an initiative of Mike Lord of Basildon, Essex in March 1973. He published a note in the popular electronics magazine Wireless World with a proposal to write to him if one liked the idea of having a Computer Club.

Activities
The primary way to support the members in their hobby was the ACC Newsletter (ACCN), with varied information pertinent to amateurs building, learning, using or just plainly interested in computers. The typewritten leaflet was published every 3 months starting with number 1 in March 1973. ACCN1 contained a description of the instruction set of a simple 10-bit computer designed by one of the first members: Ian Spencer. 

In August 1973 it mentions an offer to demonstrate a homemade copy of a PDP-8 made by John Florentin. This machine had been demonstrated earlier in March 1973 at a meeting of the Surrey Radio Contact club in Croydon. Mike published nearly anything that passed by or was sent to him, such as availability (and data sheets) of surplus and obsolete computer hardware, how to get free computer time on a university computer, latest price quotes for the newest chips (Intel 4004 and 8008, memory), algorithms, code tables, etc.

Through the members list of ACC many contacts were made, enabling members to write to and meet each other, which resulted in meetings in several places.

Current status 
The ACC does not exist any more. It is not known when and how it expired. The last symptoms known were that local chapters were forming in several British cities that seemed to operate independently of the ACC.

Other Clubs 
The example of ACC was inspiring. 

In ACCN vol 2 iss 3 of August 1974, the start of a new club was announced: Association Française des Amateurs Constructeurs d´Ordinateurs (AFACO) by J-C Ribes in Meudon, France. 

In ACCN vol 5 iss 2 of June 1977, the start of a new club in Dutch language was announced: Hobby Computer Club (HCC) by Dick Barnhoorn, Leidschendam, Netherlands.

See also
 ComputerTown UK

References

External links
Website of Ian Spencer
Scans of ACC newsletters

Computer clubs in the United Kingdom
Bob Yannes. Robert "Bob" Yannes (born 1957) is an American electronic engineer who designed the SID audio generator chip for the Commodore 64 and co-founded digital synthesizer company Ensoniq. He designed the Ensoniq 5503 Digital Oscillator Chip (DOC) which was used in both commercial synthesizers and the Apple IIGS home computer.

Biography

Robert Yannes graduated from Villanova University in 1978. He started out as an electronic music hobbyist before being hired as a chip designer at MOS Technology which had become a part of Commodore. Albert Charpentier recruited Yannes partly for his music synthesis knowledge. He has been infatuated by electronic music since the early 1970s. He claims the song Lucky Man by Emerson, Lake & Palmer influenced him more than any other single song, and also lists Kraftwerk and Mike Oldfield among his influences.

He designed the MicroPET with help from Albert Charpentier which became an unintended prototype for the VIC-20 home computer.

He designed the single-chip sound synthesizer voice chip SID (6581) with enough resolution to produce high-quality music. However, he was unable to refine the signal-to-noise ratio which he desired. He hoped the chip would find its way into polyphonic/polytimbral synthesizers. The SID chip was his first attempt at a phase-accumulating oscillator, the heart of all Wavetable-lookup synthesis.

After he left MOS Technology he co-founded Ensoniq in 1982. The Ensoniq sound chips had multiplexed oscillators designed in such a way that it was possible to produce more voices per chip, typically 32 for Ensoniq's DOC, OTIS, and OTTO sound chips (48 for the final OTTO-48). Given less time constraints than for the SID chip design, a proper MOS op-amp could be implemented  to eliminate signal leakage and an improved filter to achieve high resonance. Current designs include waveform interpolation, digital filters, and digital effects.

References 

Commodore people
Computer hardware engineers
Living people
1957 births
Shin River (Chiba). The  is a river in Yachiyo and Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The river is  in length. The Shin River forms the upper part of the , and flows between Lake Inbanuma and the Ōwada Drainage Pump Station in Yachiyo City. Pollution is problematic along the river. Phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen drain from vegetable farms along the length of the river.

Recreation 

A large-scale bicycle path, the Inbanuma Bicycle Path, is under construction to span the entirety of the Inba Discharge Channel. The path will ultimately pass through Chiba City, Yachiyo, Sakura, and Inba. A  walking path has also been built in Yachiyo along the Shin River, and features a pedestrian suspension bridge with an observation platform.

References 

Rivers of Chiba Prefecture
Rivers of Japan

ja:印旛放水路
List of thermal power station failures. This list is concerned with severe and abnormal power outages which caused major power failures due to damage to a single thermal power station itself or its connections which take a significant amount of time - months or years to repair.

Whilst any electric grid is vulnerable to instability after the loss of a large generating source or transmission line, this can generally be dealt with without serious inconvenience to customers. However some power stations can be exceptionally large in respect to connected grid capacity so that any failure for these proportionally large stations can be more problematic than the failure of a typically sized station.

List of failures

See also
 Dam failure
 List of power outages
 Hydroelectricity
 List of hydroelectric power station failures
 Thermal power station

References

Thermal power station failures
LEAF Trike. The LEAF Trike is an American ultralight trike that was designed and produced by Leading Edge Air Foils in the 1980s. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The Trike has a standard empty weight of , plus the weight of the wing. It is a very minimalist design and features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat, open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft frame is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its hang glider wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. The kit was supplied without a wing as any suitable hang glider wing can be used, provided it has adequate gross weight for the pilot and the carriage. The LEAF Talon 215 wing was recommended for the aircraft. The aircraft's gross weight and performance depends on the type of wing used.

The carriage design features a cable in place of the usual front tube, to allows easier folding for ground transportation. The landing gear uses  main wheels and a steerable  nose wheel. The powerplant was normally a Cuyuna UL-II-02 of  with a 2:1 reduction drive or optionally a Cuyuna 430 of .

The Trike was later replaced in the LEAF product line by the LEAF Tukan.

Specifications (typical Trike)

References

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Leading Edge Air Foils aircraft