omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bede Aircraft. Bede Aircraft Corporation was founded by aeronautical engineer Jim Bede in Cleveland in 1961 to produce the BD-1 kit aircraft, which eventually became the American Aviation Corporation's AA-1. The company also created and produced a number of advanced kit planes including the famous Bede BD-5 (pusher propeller driven) and BD-5J (turbojet driven).  The BD-5J has held the Guinness record as the World's Smallest Jet Aircraft for more than a quarter century.  Versions of it saw use in various Budweiser commercials (the Bud Light Jet, which was lost in an inflight fire and crash unrelated to airshow work). The tiny jet also appeared in two James Bond movies; Octopussy starring Sir Roger Moore, and later in a cameo appearance, hanging from the wall of Q's workshop in Die Another Day starring Pierce Brosnan as Agent 007.

A later design, the BD-10 powered by the same engine (GE J-85)  used on Lear Jet business jets, claimed to be the first supersonic personal jet built from a kit.  Five examples were built in total and three of these crashed. Only two examples remain, both unflyable. The second aircraft was built at the Peregrine Aircraft Company in Minden Nevada. During a flight Test at Douglas County Airport, the aircraft far exceeded the maximum safe flight test speed, and broke up inflight, killing pilot Mike VanWagonen. It was estimated that this aircraft experienced catastrophic vertical stabilizer failure, due to the excess speed during the flight.  None of them ever broke the sound barrier. This aircraft was featured on the cover of Aviation Week in June 1994, with a full pilots report.

Aircraft

External links

 Current company website
 
 
 

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Ohio
Manufacturing companies established in 1961
1961 establishments in Ohio
Fantavision. Fantavision is an animation program by Scott Anderson for the Apple II and published by Broderbund in 1985. Versions were released for the Apple IIGS (1987), Amiga (1988), and MS-DOS (1988).

Fantavision allows the creation of vector graphics animations using the mouse and keyboard. The user creates frames, and the software generates the frames between them. Because this is done in real-time, it allows for creative exploration and quick changes. The program uses a graphical user interface in the style of the Macintosh with pull-down menus and black text on a white background. 

Advertisements claimed Fantavision a revolutionary breakthrough that brings the animation features of "tweening" and "transforming" to home computers.

Reception
Compute! in 1989 called Fantavision the best animation program for the IBM PC, although it noted the inability to draw curves.

Reviews
Games #70

References

1985 software
Animation software
Apple II software
Amiga software
Computer graphics
My Name Is Legion (short story collection). My Name Is Legion () is an anthology of three stories by American writer Roger Zelazny, compiled in 1976. The stories feature a common protagonist who is never named.

Plot summary

The protagonist of these stories is involved in the creation of a global computer network designed to give ultimate economic control by keeping track of all human activity. Just before the system goes live, the hero expresses his concerns about the possible misuse of such power to his superior, who gives the hero the chance to destroy his personal data before it is to be entered into the system. In taking this step the hero becomes non-existent as far as the system is concerned. Using backdoors in the central network, the hero is able to create identities for himself as needed. With this freedom he sets himself up as a freelance investigator and problem solver.

Stories 

The following stories are included in the anthology:

 "The Eve of RUMOKO": Project RUMOKO is a plan to use nuclear explosives to create artificial islands; the hero must identify and stop a saboteur on the project.
 "'Kjwalll'kje'k'koothai'lll'kje'k": At a research station in the Bahamas a diver has died, apparently in an attack by a dolphin... But dolphins do not attack humans, and someone suspects foul play.
 "Home Is the Hangman": A sentient space-exploration robot, lost years before, has apparently returned to Earth. One of its original designers has died under suspicious circumstances. Has the Hangman returned to kill its creators? The hero must find the Hangman and stop it, and time is running out. This story won the 1976 Hugo Award for Best Novella.

References

1976 short story collections
Short story collections by Roger Zelazny
Hugo Award for Best Novella–winning works
Nebula Award for Best Novella–winning works
Ballantine Books books
Patellar reflex. The patellar reflex, also called the knee reflex or knee-jerk, is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. Many animals, most significantly humans, have been seen to have the patellar reflex, including dogs, cats, horses, and other mammalian species.

Mechanism

Striking of the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle. This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 or L4 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres. From there, an alpha motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction. This contraction, coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick. There is a latency of around 18 ms between stretch of the patellar tendon and the beginning of contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle. This is a reflex of proprioception which helps maintain posture and balance, allowing to keep one's balance with little effort or conscious thought.

The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc. There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Instead, the sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord. However, there is an inhibitory interneuron used to relax the antagonistic hamstring muscle (reciprocal innervation).

This test of a basic automatic reflex may be influenced by the patient consciously inhibiting or exaggerating the response; the doctor may use the Jendrassik maneuver in order to ensure a more valid reflex test.

Clinical significance
After the tap of a hammer, the leg is normally extended once and comes to rest. The absence or decrease of this reflex is problematic, and known as Westphal's sign. This reflex may be diminished or absent in lower motor neuron lesions and during sleep. On the other hand, multiple oscillation of the leg (pendular reflex) following the tap may be a sign of cerebellar diseases. Exaggerated (brisk) deep tendon reflexes such as this can be found in upper motor neuron lesions, hyperthyroidism, anxiety or nervousness. The test itself assesses the nervous tissue between and including the L2 and L4 segments of the spinal cord.

The patellar reflex is often tested in infants to test the nervous system.

History
Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840–1921) and Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833–1890) simultaneously reported the patellar tendon or knee reflex in 1875. The term knee-jerk was recorded by Sir Michael Foster in his Textbook of physiology in 1877: "Striking the tendon below the patella gives rise to a sudden extension of the leg, known as the knee-jerk."

In popular culture 
The term began to be used figuratively from the early 20th century onwards. O. O. McIntyre, in his New York Day-By-Day column in The Coshocton Tribune, October 1921, wrote: "Itinerant preacher stemming Broadway on a soap box. And gets only an occasional knee-jerk."

See also

References

Sources
 
 

Examination of the knee
Reflexes
Joseph Clinton. Joseph D. Clinton had a long professional association with Buckminster Fuller.  In 1970, Clinton worked in the School of Technology at Southern Illinois University, where Fuller taught, and researched papers on the mathematics involved with geodesics, contracted and published by NASA in 1971.   Some five years later, Clinton founded Clinton International Design Consultants, an interdisciplinary design and consulting firm based on the philosophy of what he termed "the structures field of Design Science."  Clinton’s work has specialised in environmentally sensitive design systems, incorporating elements such as solar and wind structures and systems.  His firm did work contributing to such structures as the Omni Max Theater for Expo 86 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and the Epcot Center’s Horizon Omnisphere Theater.

References
 Di Carlo, Biagio (May 2008). "The wooden roofs of Leonardo and new structural research". Nexus Network Journal 10 (1). ISSN 1590-5896.
 Fuller, R. Buckminster (1999). Krausse, Joachim; Lichtenstein, Claude. eds. Your private sky: R. Buckminster Fuller, the art of design science. Lars Müller. .

External links
 	Don Michel 'Insight' radio interview with Joe Clinton, August 11, 1966

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Yakovlev Yak-26. The Yakovlev Yak-26, OKB designation Yak-123, was a Soviet tactical supersonic bomber aircraft flown at the Tushino air show on 24 June 1956. The model did not enter service.

Design and development
The Yak-123-1 prototype was developed from the subsonic Yak-25, and in parallel with the Yak-27 aircraft family, with the main goal of operating at supersonic speed. Although the Yak-123 kept the Yak-25's layout, it had a more streamlined and longer fuselage with a glazed nose for a navigator-bombardier, replacing the Yak-25's radome. The engines were upgraded to the much more powerful RD-9AK afterburning turbojets and the wings modified. The Nudelman N-37 cannon was replaced with two NR-23 23 mm guns. The next prototype, designated Yak-26-3, had a tail barbette with two more such guns, but it was removed altogether after testing. An internal weapons bay was added for  of bombs, including the nuclear RDS-4 Tatyana.  Additional bombs could be carried on underwing pylons. Engines were upgraded to RD-9F.

Although these designs showed potential for a supersonic bomber, they did not feature a radar, limiting their usefulness, and suffered from insufficient stability at high velocities, being prone to aileron reversals. This led to a refinement of the design, resulting in the preproduction-series Yak-26.

Although flown at the Tushino air show on 24 June 1956, only ten were produced, and the type did not enter service.

Operators

Soviet Air Force

Specifications (Yak-26)

See also

References

External links

 Yak-26 at Ugolok Neba (in Russian)
 Yak-26 from Legion.wplus.net

1950s Soviet bomber aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 1956
Yak-26
Aircraft with retractable bicycle landing gear
H2S (disambiguation). H2S is the chemical formula of hydrogen sulfide.

H2S may also refer to:
 Dynali H2S, a Belgian helicopter design
 H2S radar, the first airborne ground-mapping radar, used during World War II
 How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (book), a 1952 book written by Shepherd Mead and the inspiration for the musical of the same name
 How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (musical), a 1961 musical adapted by Frank Loesser with Abe Burrows, Jack Weinstock, and Willie Gilbert
 H2S (film), a 1969 Italian film
 H2S, a Canadian postal code area in La Petite-Patrie, Montreal, Quebec
Dragon's egg. A dragon's egg is a fireworks pyrotechnic star which first burns for a period for a visual effect and then loudly deflagrates. This effect became controversial because of the toxic compounds once used, particularly lead tetroxide (Pb3O4). 

Bismuth trioxide or bismuth subcarbonate are commonly used as more environmentally friendly substitutes for lead compounds to achieve the effect, and its occurrence in fireworks displays has since become much more common.

Because of how heavy an individual bismuth atom is, a shell or cake containing mainly dragon's eggs (and therefore enriched in bismuth) is often noticeably heavier than a similar device containing other effects.

Further reading

References 

Types of fireworks
PWM rectifier. PWM rectifier (Pulse-width modulation rectifier) is an AC to DC power converter, that is implemented using forced commutated power electronic semiconductor switches. Conventional PWM converters are used for wind turbines that have a permanent-magnet alternator.

Today, insulated gate bipolar transistors are typical switching devices. In contrast to diode bridge rectifiers, PWM rectifiers achieve bidirectional power flow. In frequency converters this property makes it possible to perform regenerative braking. PWM rectifiers are also used in distributed power generation applications, such as micro turbines, fuel cells and windmills.

The major advantage of using the pulse width modulation technique is the reduction of higher order harmonics. It also makes it possible to control the magnitude of the output voltage, and improve the power factor by forcing the switches to follow the input voltage waveform using a PLL loop. Thus we can reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD).

Types of PWM rectifiers

 Warsaw rectifier (invented 1992)
 Vienna rectifier (invented 1993)

References

Electronic circuits
Bastion host. A bastion host is a special-purpose computer on a network specifically designed and configured to withstand attacks, so named by analogy to the bastion, a military fortification. The computer generally hosts a single application or process, for example, a proxy server or load balancer, and all other services are removed or limited to reduce the threat to the computer. It is hardened in this manner primarily due to its location and purpose, which is either on the outside of a firewall or inside of a demilitarized zone (DMZ) and usually involves access from untrusted networks or computers. These computers are also equipped with special networking interfaces to withstand high-bandwidth attacks through the internet.

Definitions
The term is generally attributed to a 1990 article discussing firewalls by Marcus J. Ranum, who defined a bastion host as "a system identified by the firewall administrator as a critical strong point in the network security. Generally, bastion hosts will have some degree of extra attention paid to their security, may undergo regular audits, and may have modified software".

It has also been described as "any computer that is fully exposed to attack by being on the public side of the DMZ, unprotected by a firewall or filtering router.  Firewalls and routers, anything that provides perimeter access control security can be considered bastion hosts.  Other types of bastion hosts can include web, mail, DNS, and FTP servers. Due to their exposure, a great deal of effort must be put into designing and configuring bastion hosts to minimize the chances of penetration".

Placement
There are two common network configurations that include bastion hosts and their placement. The first requires two firewalls, with bastion hosts sitting between the first "outside world" firewall, and an inside firewall, in a DMZ. Often, smaller networks do not have multiple firewalls, so if only one firewall exists in a network, bastion hosts are commonly placed outside the firewall.

Use cases
Though securing remote access is the main use case of a bastion server, there are a few more use cases of a bastion host such as:
 Authentication gateway
 VPN alternative
 Alternative to internal admin tools
 Alternative to file transfers
 Alternative way to share resource credentials
 Intrusion detection
 Software inventory management

Examples
These are several examples of bastion host systems/services:
 DNS (Domain Name System) server
 Email server
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) server
 Honeypot
 Proxy server
 VPN (virtual private network) server
 Web server

See also
 Jump server

References

Internet Protocol based network software
Computer network security
Boeing Bird of Prey. The Boeing Bird of Prey is an American black project aircraft, intended to demonstrate stealth technology.  It was developed by McDonnell Douglas and Boeing in the 1990s.  The company provided $67 million of funding for the project; it was a low-cost program compared to many other programs of similar scale.  It developed technology and materials which would later be used on Boeing's X-45 unmanned combat air vehicle. As an internal project, this aircraft was not given an X-plane designation.  There are no public plans to make this a production aircraft. It is characterized as a technology demonstrator.

Design and development

Development of the Bird of Prey began in 1992 by McDonnell Douglas's Phantom Works division for special projects, at Area 51. The aircraft's name is a reference to the Klingon Bird of Prey warship from the Star Trek television series. Phantom Works later became part of Boeing Integrated Defense Systems after the Boeing–McDonnell Douglas merger in 1997.

The first flight was in 1996, and 39 more flights were performed through the program's conclusion in 1999. The Bird of Prey was designed to prevent shadows and is believed to have been used to test active camouflage, which would involve its surfaces changing color or luminosity to match the surroundings.

Because it was a demonstration aircraft, the Bird of Prey used a commercial off-the-shelf turbofan engine and manual hydraulic controls rather than fly-by-wire. This shortened the development time and greatly reduced its cost. (A production aircraft would have computerized controls.)

The shape is aerodynamically stable enough to be flown without computer correction. Its aerodynamic stability is in part due to lift provided by the chines, as used in other aircraft including the SR-71 Blackbird.  This provided lift for the nose in flight. This configuration, which can be stable without a horizontal tailplane and a conventional vertical rudder, is now a standard in later stealth unmanned aerial vehicles such as the X-45 and X-47, tailless aircraft which use drag rudders (asymmetrically used wingtip airbrakes) for yaw control.

The aircraft, which had given the designation "YF-118G" as a cover, was made public on October 18, 2002.

Aircraft on display

The Bird of Prey was put on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio on July 16, 2003. It is now on display at the museum's Modern Flight Gallery above their F-22 Raptor.

Specifications

See also

References 

 Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. .

External links 

 Boeing Bird of Prey at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
 YF-118G Bird Of Prey: The ‘Stealth Fighter’ Lost To History , 1945.

Stealth aircraft
1990s United States experimental aircraft
Tailless aircraft
1990s United States military aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1996
Bird of Prey
Area 51
Bird of Prey
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Mark Lucovsky. Mark Lucovsky is an American software developer who was previously employed by Google as an Operating System Engineering Director. He also served as the General Manager of Operating Systems at Facebook. Prior to this, he worked at Microsoft and VMware. He is noted for being a part of the team that designed and built the Windows NT operating system, which, starting with Windows XP, became the basis of all current Windows releases.

Lucovsky earned his bachelor's degree in computer science in 1983 from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. He worked at Digital Equipment Corporation, where he came to the attention of Dave Cutler and Lou Perazzoli.  When Cutler and Perazzoli moved to Microsoft to work on their next generation operating system after the cancellation of the PRISM and MICA projects at Digital, they asked him to join them.

Among his contributions to Windows NT was an eighty-page manual that he wrote with Steve R. Wood defining the Windows application programming interfaces for software developers working on the Windows NT platform. He also managed check-ins to the Windows NT source code, tracking each check-in and discussing it with the developer before allowing it to be committed. Lucovsky was instrumental in moving the Windows team from the homegrown SLM revision control system to a custom version of Perforce (SourceDepot).

Lucovsky has stated that Steve Ballmer, on being informed that Lucovsky was about to leave Microsoft for Google, picked up a chair and threw it across his office, hitting a table. Lucovsky also described Ballmer as saying: "Fucking Eric Schmidt is a fucking pussy. I'm going to fucking bury that guy, I have done it before, and I will do it again. I'm going to fucking kill Google," then resumed trying to persuade Lucovsky to stay at Microsoft. Ballmer has described this as a "gross exaggeration of what actually took place."

Lucovsky worked on the Microsoft .NET My Services product (codenamed Hailstorm) prior to moving to Google. At Google, he served as a Technical Director for the Ajax Search API. He joined VMware in July 2009.

References

External links 
 Man Survives Steve Ballmer's Flying Chair To Build '21st Century Linux' - Wired article (November, 2011)
 Markl's Thoughts - Mark's weblog on Blogger
 Windows, A Software Engineering Odyssey - a talk Mark gave at the 4th Usenix Windows Systems Symposium (August, 2000)

Microsoft employees
American bloggers
Living people
Microsoft Windows people
Google employees
Year of birth missing (living people)
Die preparation. Die preparation is a step of semiconductor device fabrication during which a wafer is prepared for IC packaging and IC testing. The process of die preparation typically consists of two steps: wafer mounting and wafer dicing.

Wafer mounting 
Wafer mounting is a step that is performed during the die preparation of a wafer as part of the process of semiconductor fabrication. During this step, the wafer is mounted on a plastic tape that is attached to a ring. Wafer mounting is performed right before the wafer is cut into separate dies. The adhesive film upon which the wafer is mounted ensures that the individual dies remain firmly in place during 'dicing', as the process of cutting the wafer is called.

The picture on the right shows a  300 mm wafer after it was mounted and diced. The blue plastic is the adhesive tape. The wafer is the round disc in the middle. In this case, a large number of dies were already removed.

Semiconductor-die cutting 

In the manufacturing of micro-electronic devices, die cutting, dicing or singulation is a process of reducing  a wafer containing multiple identical integrated circuits to individual dies each containing one of those circuits.

During this process, a wafer with up to thousands of circuits is cut into rectangular pieces, each called a die. In between those functional parts of the circuits, a thin non-functional spacing is foreseen where a saw can safely cut the wafer without damaging the circuits. This spacing is called the scribe line or saw street. The width of the scribe is very small, typically around 100 μm. A very thin and accurate saw is therefore needed to cut the wafer into pieces. Usually the dicing is performed with a water-cooled circular saw with diamond-tipped teeth.

Types of blades 

The most common make up of blade used is either a metal or resin bond containing abrasive grit of natural or more commonly synthetic diamond, or borazon in various forms. Alternatively, the bond and grit may be applied as a coating to a metal former. See diamond tools.

Further reading 
 , section 11.4.

Semiconductor device fabrication