omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Paul Debevec. Paul Ernest Debevec is a researcher in computer graphics at the University of Southern California's Institute for Creative Technologies. He is best known for his work in finding, capturing and synthesizing the bidirectional scattering distribution function utilizing the light stages his research team constructed to find and capture the reflectance field over the human face, high-dynamic-range imaging and image-based modeling and rendering.

Debevec received his undergraduate degree in mathematics and engineering from the University of Michigan, and a Ph.D. in computer science from University of California, Berkeley in 1996; his thesis research was in photogrammetry, or the recovery of the 3D shape of an object from a collection of still photographs taken from various angles. In 1997 he and a team of students produced The Campanile Movie (1997), a virtual flyby of UC Berkeley's Campanile tower. Debevec's more recent research has included methods for recording real-world illumination for use in computer graphics; a number of novel inventions for recording ambient and incident light have resulted from the work of Debevec and his team, including the light stage, of which five or more versions have been constructed, each an evolutionary improvement over the previous.

Techniques based on Debevec's work have been used in several major motion pictures, including The Matrix (1999), The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions (2003) Spider-Man 2 (2004), King Kong (2005), Superman Returns (2006), Spider-Man 3 (2007), and Avatar (2009).

In addition Debevec and his team produced several short films that have premiered at SIGGRAPH's annual Electronic Theater, including  Fiat Lux (1999) and The Parthenon (2004).

Debevec, along with Tim Hawkins, John Monos and Mark Sagar, was awarded a 2010 Scientific and Engineering Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the design and engineering of the Light Stage capture devices and the image-based facial rendering system developed for character relighting in motion pictures.

In 2002, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

Some of his later work he presented to the SIGGRAPH convention in 2008 and 2013, Digital Emily in association with Image Metrics and Digital Ira in association with Activision respectively. Digital Emily shown in 2008 was a pre-computed simulation meanwhile Digital Ira ran in real-time in 2013 and is fairly realistic looking even in real-time animation.

In June 2016, Debevec joined Google's Virtual Reality group.

In 2024 Debevec and Corridor Digital recreated the sodium vapor process, which had fallen out of use due to the difficulty in creating the necessary beam splitter.

References

External links

 
 HDRshop
 

Computer graphics professionals
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
University of Southern California faculty
University Laboratory High School (Urbana, Illinois) alumni
Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Google employees
VADS. VADS can refer to:

VADS (organisation), UK organisation that provides digital images and resources available free for use in UK Higher and Further Education
VADS Berhad, a Malaysian IT Company formed as a joint venture between Telekom Malaysia and IBM
Vulcan Air Defense System, two anti-aircraft weapons used by the United States Army:
M163 VADS, a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG)
M167 VADS, a towed, short-range anti-aircraft gun
Verdix Ada Development System (VADS)
David P. Bushnell. David Pearsall Bushnell (1913–2005) was an American entrepreneur who founded the Bushnell optics company in 1948. Bushnell made precision binoculars affordable to middle-class Americans for the first time through a strategy of importing from manufacturers who provided optics to his patented specifications.

Early life and education
Bushnell was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on March 31, 1913, and raised in Los Angeles, California. From 1930 to 1933, he studied engineering at California Institute of Technology, paying for his tuition by selling newspapers. He then dropped out to travel around the world. Bushnell returned after 8 months and attended the University of Southern California where he earned an undergraduate degree in foreign trade in 1936.

Bushnell was related to David Bushnell, designer of The Turtle, a Revolutionary War submarine.

Career
After graduation, Bushnell began an import-export business, which included importing Belgian cement and Iranian bracelets, and exporting asbestos and old Salvation Army shoes to China. During World War II, Bushnell worked for Lockheed in administration. In 1948, on an extended honeymoon with his second wife who was also in foreign trade, he bought some binoculars in Japan. When he and his wife returned to California, his success selling 400 pair in otherwise awkward circumstances put him in the optical business. Bushnell Optical was soon founded. Binoculars were soon joined by riflescopes and various other optical equipment such as spotting scopes and telescopes. Bushnell Optical was granted patents for numerous inventions that made its products lighter and more precise. Bushnell Optical later moved on to working with factories in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan. Half of a pair of Bushnell Custom Compact binoculars served as part of the backup navigation system in a Gemini space flight.

Bushnell sold his company to Bausch & Lomb (B&L) in 1971 and retired in 1974 as a vice-president of B&L. The company was renamed to Bushnell Performance Optics by B&L.

Family and death
In 2005, Bushnell died of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at his home in Laguna Beach, California, a week before his 92nd birthday. Bushnell's first wife, Frances Elizabeth Krug, died in 1947. His second marriage, to Nina Gmirkin, ended in divorce. Bushnell was survived by his third wife, Nancy. He had two sons, David Alan Bushnell and Steven Ensign Bushnell, and two daughters, Natasha Bushnell Suter and Jean Bushnell Salfen.

Notes

References
Bayot, Jennifer. "David Bushnell, 92, Importer of Affordable Binoculars, Dies", The New York Times, March 31, 2005.
"Of Note", The Washington Post, April 7, 2005.
Oliver, Myrna. "David Bushnell, 91; Founded Binocular Company With Products Made in Asia", Los Angeles Times, March 30, 2005.
Buchroeder, Richard and Peter Abrahams. "David Pearsall Bushnell", Interview, October 29, 1999.

1913 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Deaths from lymphoma in California
20th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Ted Selker. Edwin Joseph Selker, better known as Ted Selker, is an American computer scientist known for his user interface inventions.

Biography
Selker graduated from Brown University in 1979 with a BS in Applied Mathematics, and from the University of Massachusetts Amherst with an MS in Computer and Information Sciences in 1981. From June 1981 to 1983 he worked as research assistant in the Stanford University, Robotics Laboratory. One of his projects was a collaborative display system for the WAITS system of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL).
He worked for Atari for a year, then returned to Stanford to teach for a year.

Selker joined IBM in August 1985, first at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center. He graduated with a PhD from City University of New York in 1992. His thesis was titled "A Framework for Proactive Interactive Adaptive Computer Help".
He then moved to the IBM Almaden Research Center where he founded and directed the User Systems Ergonomics Research lab.
He was made an IBM Fellow in 1996. Selker holds 67 US patents. He developed the pointing stick (known as TrackPoint) technology which are the distinctive feature of the ThinkPad line of laptop computers (designed, developed and sold by IBM but produced by Lenovo since 2005).

Selker joined the MIT faculty in September 1999. He headed the Context Aware Computing group at the MIT Media Lab and was the MIT director of The Voting Technology Project and Design Intelligence. 
He joined the faculty of Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley In November 2008 to help create its PhD program and to head the Considerate Systems group. From June to August 2011 he was the Director of Research at start-up Scanadu. Scanadu aims to turn smart phones into medical monitoring devices.

He has taught at Stanford University, Hampshire College, University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Brown University and consulted at Xerox PARC. His work often takes the form of bleeding edge prototype concept products, for example hybrid search engines, and is supported by cognitive science research into human computer interaction.

He is regarded as a pioneer in the field of context awareness and has been cited in the media.  
Selker's  technologies have been featured on Good Morning America, ABC, the Wall Street Journal, the BBC, NPR, and the Discovery channel among others.

In recognition of his work in voting technology; he was co-recipient of computer science policy leader award for Scientific American 50 in 2004, and in the American Association for People with Disabilities Thomas Paine award in 2006.

He advocates a crowd model of innovation that he calls Excubation.

He is married with two children.

References

External links
 Context Aware Computing group homepage
 Ted Selker election research papers

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
Human–computer interaction
Human–computer interaction researchers
IBM Fellows
Brown University alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Atari people
Datasaab D2. D2 was a concept and prototype computer designed by Datasaab in Linköping, Sweden. It was built with discrete transistors and completed in 1960. Its purpose was to investigate the feasibility of building a computer for use in an aircraft to assist with navigation, ultimately leading to the design of the CK37 computer used in Saab 37 Viggen. This military side of the project was known as SANK, or Saabs Automatiska Navigations-Kalkylator (Saab's Automatic Navigational-Calculator), and D2 was the name for its civilian application.

The D2 weighed approximately 200 kg, and could be placed on a desktop. It used words of 20 bits corresponding to 6 decimal digits. The memory capacity was 6K words, corresponding to 15 kilobytes. Programs and data were stored in separate memories. It could perform 100,000 integer additions per second. Paper tape was used for input.

Experience from the D2 prototype was the foundation for Datasaab's continued development both of the civilian D21 computer and military aircraft models. The commercial D21, launched already in 1962, used magnetic tape, 24 bit words, and unified program and data memory. Otherwise it was close to the D2 prototype, while a working airborne computer required a lot more miniaturization.

The D2 is on exhibit at IT-ceum, the computer museum in Linköping, Sweden.

References

External links
D2 presented at the Datasaab's Friends' Society website

One-of-a-kind computers
Science and technology in Sweden
20-bit computers
Transistorized computers
Uniform Driver Interface. The Uniform Driver Interface (UDI) is a defunct project developed by several companies to define a portable interface for device drivers.

The Uniform Driver Interface (UDI) allowed device drivers to be portable across both hardware platforms and operating systems without any changes to the driver source. With the participation of multiple OS, platform and device hardware vendors, UDI was intended to be the first interface which was likely to achieve such portability on a wide scale. UDI provided an encapsulating environment for drivers with well-defined interfaces which isolated drivers from OS policies and from platform and I/O bus dependencies. In principle, this allowed driver development to be totally independent of OS development. In addition, the UDI architecture was intended to insulate drivers from platform specifics such as byte-ordering, DMA implications, multi-processing, interrupt implementations and I/O bus topologies.

While UDI could potentially benefit open source operating systems such as Linux and *BSD by providing more driver support from companies, some open source/free software advocates feared that UDI would cause a proliferation of closed source drivers and a reduction in open source support by companies, undermining the purpose of the free software and open source movements. Richard Stallman (the leader of the free software movement) has claimed that the project does not benefit the free software movement.

See also 

 I2O
 Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS)
 Open Data-Link Interface (ODI)
 Universal Network Device Interface (UNDI)
 PC/TCP Packet Driver

References

External links 
 Project UDI
 UDI Reference Implementation

Device drivers
Tungsten (music). A Tungsten or Tungs-Tone is a type of phonograph stylus. Constructed from tungsten wire, held in a metal shank, a tungsten stylus differs from a steel stylus in that it has a cylindrical rather than a conical shape, meaning that the cross-section of the stylus remains the same as the stylus wears down improving durability to several plays.

Typically, a new steel needle is required for every record played on an old acoustic phonograph. This is because the record contains abrasive material. In the first few silent tracks this abrasion hones the steel needle to a profile that tracks the grooves properly. The needle continues to wear as it plays the record, so that by the end its diameter has increased to the point where the sharp edges may damage the grooves on subsequent plays.

One famous brand of tungsten stylus was the Tungs-Tone stylus, manufactured by the Victor Talking Machine Company in the 1910s and 1920s.

See also 

 Romanian horn-violin

References 

 

Sound technology
HVDC Visby–Näs. The HVDC Visby–Näs is a bipolar HVDC electric power transmission system between Visby and a wind power centre near Näs on Gotland, Sweden. The project went into service in 1999. The system operates at 80 kV with a maximum power of 50 megawatts.  This HVDC system allows for voltage regulation in the connected AC systems.

Because obtaining a right-of-way for an overhead line is a lengthy and expensive procedure, the 70 kilometer line is constructed as an underground cable. Since an alternating current three-phase underground cable would have been more expensive, the HVDC system was selected for this project.

Sites

External links 
  Gotland: the first commercial HVDC Light project

HVDC transmission lines
Electric power infrastructure in Sweden
Gotland
Visby
Energy infrastructure completed in 1999
1999 establishments in Sweden
HVDC Hellsjön–Grängesberg. The HVDC Hellsjön–Grängesberg is a test range from ABB between Hellsjön and Grängesberg to the testing of new components for HVDC. It consists of a 10 kilometer long overhead line, which was originally used as three-phase alternating current line and which is occasionally used for DC transmissions. The maximum transmission rate of the HVDC Hellsjön–Grängesberg is 3 megawatt, the operating voltage 10 kV (symmetrical against earth). When it was first built in 1893, it was the first Swedish power station to make use of the three-phase electric power system which had been invented only a few years earlier by the Swedish inventor Jonas Wenström.

Sites

Waypoints

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120402032021/http://www.abb.com/industries/ap/db0003db004333/f9f63434f160425ac125774a00348aa6.aspx

HVDC transmission lines
Electric power infrastructure in Sweden
Energy infrastructure completed in 1983
1983 establishments in Sweden
Electroputere. Electroputere S.A. (which translates as Electropower in English) was a Romanian company based in Craiova. Founded in 1949, it was one of the largest industrial companies in Romania. Electroputere has produced more than 2,400 diesel locomotives, and 1,050 electric locomotives for the Romanian, Bulgarian, Chinese, and Polish railways, additionally producing other urban vehicles and complex equipment.

Products
Electroputere are currently manufactures of:
 Industrial electrical parts – circuit breakers, transformers etc.
 Industrial electric motors & Converters
 Heavy duty power transformers
 Railway and Urban vehicles.

They also have divisions specialising in:
 Forging and molding metal
 Equipment repairing
 Tools modernisation.

Electric and diesel-electric locomotives

Export orders
A total of 1,105 locomotives were delivered between 1972 and 1991 to railway companies in the following countries:
 Bulgaria
 China
 Greece
 Iran
 Poland
 United Kingdom
 Yugoslavia

One of its more notable foreign orders was for the Class 56 locomotives for British Rail. The 30 locomotives were outsourced to Electroputere because Brush Traction could not build them at its own plant; however, upon their arrival in the UK, the machines were deemed to be unsuitable for use, as they suffered from poor construction standards, and had to be withdrawn and extensively rebuilt. (However, they were seen as being perfectly reasonable for use in Romania by the Romanian crews who tested them).

In 1955–1959, Electroputere produced the V54 tram, which was delivered to the cities of Bucharest, Timișoara and Oradea. Unmodified examples ran up to 1989, whilst the largest number of examples ran in Bucharest, serving as the backbone of the city's network in the 1960s (they were later modernized in 1976–1982, and ran up to June 2000). Aside from this, Electroputere modernized multiple V3A trams between 1997 and 2002, with the first three of them receiving Holec (Holland Electric) equipment. Between 1994 and 1996, Electroputere and FAUR modernized multiple Astra IVA sets for operation on the M2 line of the Bucharest Metro, the project eventually failed and the blue IVA sets never entered service.

The most important railway locomotives, as classed by the Romanian railway factory nomenclature were the LDE 2100, LE 5100 and LDE 3000/4000, which were mainly delivered to the Romanian Railways, and a few foreign customers. Apart from the latter, which were withdrawn in the mid-1990s and early-2000s due to their uneconomical nature and increased fuel consumption, the LDE 2100 and LE 5100 form the backbone of the Romanian Railways network.

Photo Gallery

See also
 Romanian Railways – Căile Ferate Române
 FC Electroputere Craiova - a football club with a similar name

References

External links

Electroputere official site (in English)
CFR 2,100hp Co-Co Locomotive

 
1949 establishments in Romania
Manufacturing companies established in 1949
Locomotive manufacturers of Romania
Companies based in Craiova
Privatized companies in Romania
Companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange
Romanian brands
Alfred H. Rzeppa. Alfred Hans Rzeppa (January 23, 1885, Gliwice – January 1965) was an American engineer of Silesian descent working at Ford Motor Company who invented a version of constant-velocity joint in 1926. He proposed an improved design in 1936.

Rzeppa's design uses six balls and an inner and outer race to provide almost constant velocity torque transfer regardless of the joint angle. The joint works in a similar manner to a bevel gear with the balls bisecting the joint angle and functioning as the "teeth" to transmit torque.

The description of the three versions of the Rzeppa joint can be found in the US patents 1,665,280 and 2,010,899 and 2,046,584.

External links
 US Patent 1,665,280
 US Patent 2,010,899
 US Patent 2,046,584

1885 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American engineers
C4MIP. C4MIP (more fully, Coupled Climate Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project) is a joint project between the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). It is a model intercomparison project along the lines of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, but for global climate models that include an interactive carbon cycle .

External links 

 https://web.archive.org/web/20050402053554/http://climate.ornl.gov/c4mip/
 

Numerical climate and weather models
Manganese(III) fluoride. Manganese(III) fluoride (also known as Manganese trifluoride) is the inorganic compound with the formula MnF3.  This red/purplish solid is useful for converting hydrocarbons into fluorocarbons, i.e., it is a fluorination agent.  It forms a hydrate and many derivatives.

Synthesis, structure and reactions
MnF3 can be prepared by treating a solution of MnF2 in hydrogen fluoride with fluorine:
MnF2  +  0.5 F2  →  MnF3

It can also be prepared by the reaction of elemental fluorine with a manganese(II) halide at ~250 °C.

Structure
Like vanadium(III) fluoride, MnF3 features octahedral metal centers with the same average M-F bond distances.  In the Mn compound, however, is distorted (and hence a monoclinic unit cell vs. a higher symmetry one) due to the Jahn-Teller effect, with pairs of Mn-F distances of 1.79, 1.91, 2.09 Å.

The hydrate MnF3.3H2O is obtained by crystallisation of MnF3 from hydrofluoric acid.  The hydrate exists as two polymorphs, with space groups P21/c and P21/a.  Each consists of the salt [Mn(H2O)4F2]+[Mn(H2O)2F4]− ).

Reactions
MnF3 is Lewis acidic and forms a variety of derivatives.  One example is K2MnF3(SO4). MnF3 reacts with sodium fluoride to give the octahedral hexafluoride:
3NaF + MnF3 → Na3MnF6
Related reactions salts of the anions MnF52− or MnF4−. These anions adopt chain and layer structures respectively, with bridging fluoride.  Manganese remains 6 coordinate, octahedral, and trivalent in all of these materials.

Manganese(III) fluoride fluorinates organic compounds including aromatic hydrocarbons, cyclobutenes, and fullerenes.

On heating, MnF3 decomposes to manganese(II) fluoride.

MnF3 is a source of MnCl3 complexes by reaction with bismuth trichloride.

See also
CoF3, another fluorinating agent based on a transition metal in an oxidising +3 state.

References

Further reading
Novel syntheses of some binary fluorides: the role of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride Acta Chim. Slov. 1999, 46(2), pp. 229–238, Zoran Mazej, Karel Lutar and Boris Žemva
Knudsen Cell mass spectrometry study of Manganese Trifluoride vaporisation, High temperature corrosion and materials chemistry IV: proceedings of the International Symposium, pp. 521–525,  google books

External links
National Pollutant Inventory: Fluoride and compounds fact sheet
National Pollutant Inventory: Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet

Fluorides
Manganese(III) compounds
Metal halides
Fluorinating agents