omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Silicon oxynitride. Silicon oxynitride is a ceramic material with the chemical formula SiOxNy. While in amorphous forms its composition can continuously vary between SiO2 (silica) and Si3N4 (silicon nitride), the only known intermediate crystalline phase is Si2N2O. It is found in nature as the rare mineral sinoite in some meteorites and can be synthesized in the laboratory.

Properties

The crystalline structure of silicon oxynitride is built by SiN3O tetrahedra connected through oxygen atoms along the c axis and through nitrogen atoms perpendicular to it. The strong covalent bonding of this structure results in high flexural strength and resistance to heating and oxidation up to temperatures of about 1600 °C.

Synthesis
Polycrystalline silicon oxynitride ceramics are primarily produced by nitridation of a mixture of Si and silicon dioxide at a temperature above melting point of silicon (1414 °C), in the range 1420–1500 °C:
3 Si + SiO2 + 2 N2 → 2 Si2N2O

Silicon oxynitride materials with various stoichiometries may also arise as the products of pyrolysis of preceramic polymers, namely polysilanes and polyethoxysilsesquiazane. SiON materials thus obtained are referred to as polymer derived ceramics or PDCs. By using preceramic polymers, dense or porous Si oxynitride ceramics in complex forms can be obtained using shaping techniques more typically applied for polymers.

Applications
Thin films of silicon oxynitride can be grown on silicon using a variety of plasma deposition techniques and used in microelectronics as a dielectric layer alternative to silicon dioxide and silicon nitride with the advantages of low leakage currents and high thermal stability. These films have an amorphous structure and therefore their chemical composition can widely deviate from Si2N2O. By changing the nitrogen/oxygen ratio in these films, their refractive index can be continuously tuned between the value of ~1.45 for silicon dioxide and ~2.0 for silicon nitride. This property is useful for gradient-index optics components such as graded-index fibers.

Silicon oxynitrides can be doped with metal atoms. The most common example is sialon, a family of quaternary SiAlON compound. Quaternary silicon oxynitrides containing a lanthanide element, such as La, Eu or/and Ce are used as phosphors.

References

Ceramic materials
Nitrides
Oxides
Silicon compounds
Sinoite. Sinoite is a rare mineral with the chemical formula Si2N2O. It was first found in 1905 in chondrite meteorites and identified as a distinct mineral in 1965. Sinoite crystallizes upon meteorite impact as grains smaller than 0.2 mm surrounded by Fe-Ni alloys and the mineral enstatite. It is named after its SiNO composition and can be prepared in the laboratory as a silicon oxynitride ceramic.

The crystalline structure of silicon oxynitride is built by SiN3O tetrahedra connected through oxygen atoms along the c axis and through nitrogen atoms perpendicular to it. The strong covalent bonding of this structure results in high flexural strength and resistance to heating and oxidation up to temperatures of about 1600 °C.

References

Native element minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 36
Robinson 77. Robinson 77, formerly SIA Building, is a high-rise skyscraper located in the central business district of Singapore. The building is located on 77 Robinson Road, just next to DBS Building Tower One and Two. 

Once the flagship building of Singapore Airlines, the airline sold the building to SEB Investment in 2006. It is currently owned by CITIC Group, a state-owned investment company of the People's Republic of China.

The building has a net floor area of around . It has a total of 180 car park lots.

History 
SIA Building was designed by Obayashi Gumi Corporation, and SAA Partnership, and structural engineering of the development was done by T. Y. Lin International. Construction of the building was completed in 1998. Other firms involved in the development included Singapore Airlines, PCR Engineers Private Limited, PCR Engineers Private Limited, Rider Hunt Levett & Bailey, Levett & Bailey Chart, and Quantity Surveyors Ltd.

Architecture 

The SIA Building was one of the first high-rises in Singapore with its exterior made out of glass. As the flagship building for Singapore Airlines, it bears the Singapore Airlines' logo. The roof of the building also incorporates a vertical stabilizer design, similar to that of an airplane.

Selling of building 
In 2006, Singapore Airlines sold the SIA Building to TSO Investment, which is a unit of a real estate fund managed by CLSA Capital Partners. It comes at a price of S$343.9 million, which amounts to some $1,165 per square foot. According to the company, the sale was "in line with the non-core business strategy". It was valued at $118.8 million then. SIA subsequently used proceeds from the sale for investment and growing the company and its subsidiaries.

In 2011 SEB Investment announced the company would be selling the building.

In 2015 it was announced again that SEB Investment would be selling the building, but the disposition plan was subsequently cancelled as the company was undergoing a change of ownership and management. The property is currently held by Savills Fund Management (which was previously known as SEB Investment GmbH) 
The property was sold in 2016 back to a fund managed by CLSA. CLSA, who refurbished parts of the building during 2017 and 2018 intends to sell it on in late 2018.

See also 

 Singapore Airlines
 List of tallest buildings in Singapore

References

External links 
 Singapore Airlines homepage

Office buildings completed in 1998
Raffles Place
Skyscraper office buildings in Singapore
Downtown Core (Singapore)
Singapore Airlines
20th-century architecture in Singapore
715 series. The  was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in February 1984 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and later operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) on local services in Japan. They were converted from former 581/583 series sleeping car EMUs.

Operations
12 4-car 715-0 series sets converted from former 581 series EMU cars were introduced from February 1984 on Nagasaki Main Line and Sasebo Line local services in Kyushu alongside new 713 series EMUs.

15 4-car 715-1000 series sets converted from former 581/583 series EMU cars were introduced from March 1985 on Tōhoku Main Line local services in the Sendai area.

Formations

715-0 series

The 12 JR Kyushu 4-car sets based at Minami-Fukuoka Depot were formed as shown below. Sets NM101–110 had a KuHa 715-100 converted cab car at one end, while sets NM111–112 had converted cab cars at both ends.

Sets NM101–110

Sets NM111–112

The MoHa 714 cars were each fitted with one pantograph.

715-1000 series

The 15 JR East 4-car sets (N1–15) based at Sendai Depot were formed as follows.

The MoHa 714 cars were each fitted with one pantograph.

Interior

Rebuilding
The sets were rebuilt from surplus former 581/583 series EMU cars at JNR factories in Tsuchisaki (Akita), Kōriyama (Fukushima), Mattō (Ishikawa), and Kokura (Kitakyūshū). Rebuilding work involved removing the upper sleeper berths, adding longitudinal bench seating at the ends of cars, increasing the number of doorways, reducing the number of toilets and washing areas, and the addition of slab-front cab ends to some former intermediate cars.

715-0 series

715-1000 series

History
The JR East 715-1000 series sets were withdrawn from revenue service on 13 March 1998.

The remaining JR Kyushu 715-0 series sets were finally withdrawn from service on 26 March 1998.

Preserved examples

KuHa 715-1 is preserved at the Kyushu Railway History Museum in Kitakyushu, restored cosmetically to its original identity of KuHaNe 581-8.

See also
 419 series, similar EMU used in the Hokuriku region of Japan

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
Kyushu Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 1984
20 kV AC multiple units
BluePhoenix Solutions. BluePhoenix Solutions Ltd. is a publicly traded company, headquartered in Israel, that develops and sells modernization services for legacy information technology systems. Its shares are traded on the NASDAQ Global Market exchange.  The company partners with systems integrators like IBM, Microsoft, Oracle and Dell to deliver its software and services.

Company 
BluePhoenix Solutions specializes in the modernization of corporate legacy databases and applications. The firm's automated translation platform serves as a base to provide services for clients updating legacy systems to more modern computing platforms.

History 
BluePhoenix Solutions was founded by Aaron Crystal in 1987 under the name A. Crystal Solutions. Soon afterwards Formula Systems acquired control of the company, while the founder retained some of his shares and continued to serve as the company's CEO until 1996, when its name was changed to Crystal Systems Solutions and it went public on Nasdaq under the leadership of Dan Goldstein and his brother Gad. In January 1997 the company's shares began trading on what was then the NASDAQ National Market under the symbol CRYSF. Among the company's clients were Microsoft, Synopsys and Bank Leumi. In 2003 the name Crystal Systems was changed again, this time to BluePhoenix Solutions, subsequent to a merger of Crystal Systems with Liraz Systems, of which BluePhoenix was a subsidiary. BluePhoenix functioned as a subsidiary of Formula Systems until June 2007, when Formula sold its shares in the company to international institutional investors. In 2009, BluePhoenix Solutions acquired DSKnowledge Ltd. In 2012, a new investment group appointed Matt Bell CEO.  Bell conducted a dramatic reorganization, strengthening the company's financials and refocusing on core legacy modernization solutions.

In February, 2004, BluePhoenix Solutions joined the Object Management Group (OMG), with full voting rights and the ability to submit proposals.

The company's translation platform converts customers from COBOL, Natural/ADABAS, JCL, ICL, IDMS, IMS and  to modern platforms like C#, SQL Server, Java, IBM Db2 and more. A project Ringmaster was promoted in 2013.

In 2014, BluePhoenix and ATERAS Complete Merger and Commence Operations as Modern Systems (details). In 2020 Modern Systems got acquired by OneAdvanced.

Management 
The company's management team in 2013 was Bell, Yuri Steinschreiber as VP of technology, Rick Oppedisano as VP of marketing and product management.

Acquisitions

See also 
 Enterprise engineering
 List of Israeli companies quoted on the Nasdaq

References 

Information technology companies of Israel
Software companies of Israel
Software companies established in 1987
1987 establishments in Israel
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange

ca:GEN
David M. Ronne. David M. Ronne (April 23, 1943 – January 23, 2007) was an American sound engineer. He was nominated for three Academy Awards in the category Best Sound. He worked on more than 120 films between 1966 and 2007.

Selected filmography
 On Golden Pond (1981)
 The River (1984)
 Silverado (1985)

References

External links

1943 births
2007 deaths
American audio engineers
Engineers from Chicago
20th-century American engineers
Stoneblower. A stoneblower is a railway track maintenance machine that automatically lifts and packs the sleepers with small grade ballast, which is blown under the sleepers to level the track. An alternative to the use of a ballast tamper, the totally self-contained machine levels track without the use of a large gang of workmen.

PBI'84 

The Pneumatic Ballast Injection Machine was an experimental stoneblower tested by British Rail for the correction of track ballast and vertical geometry. It was built by Plasser GB, a division of the Austrian railway machinery company Plasser & Theurer under contract to British Rail.

A "frog" device which attached ahead of the machine reported measurements one metre apart of the altitude, relative to the starting point, of each rail head, at each sleeper, to an accuracy of 0.25 mm.  Deflection indicators on each side reported height deviation at the 50 cm point between the two axles. Inclinometers on each side reported the angle from the horizontal, of the rail at that point.  Electromagnetic sensors flagged the location of the steel Pandrol clips which bind the rails to the sleepers.

An onboard Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 running the RT-11 real-time operating system and FORTRAN would then calculate the distance each sleeper end would need to be raised; this was recorded as a quantity of stone that would hold the sleeper end at the new level.

At each pair of sleepers, the machine lifted the track 50 mm and forced eight giant "hypodermic needle" points down to the level of the resulting temporary cavity below the sleepers.   Four Archimedes screws dispensed a measured quantity of gravel into the needles, and a jet of high pressure air at the back of the needle tip blew the stones into the cavity.

Expected results were not achieved in practice, and British Rail continued to use the ballast tamper.

See also
Ballast tamper

References

Maintenance of way equipment
Six-bar linkage. In mechanics, a six-bar linkage is a mechanism with one degree of freedom that is constructed from six links and seven joints. An example is the Klann linkage used to drive the legs of a walking machine.

In general, each joint of a linkage connects two links, and a binary link supports two joints.  If we consider a hexagon constructed from six binary links with six of the seven joints forming its vertices, then the seventh joint can be added to connect two sides of the hexagon to form a six-bar linkage with two ternary links connected by one joint. This type of six-bar linkage is said to have the Watt topology.

A six-bar linkage can also be constructed by first assembling five binary links into a pentagon, which uses five of the seven joints, and then completing the linkage by adding a binary link that connects two sides of the pentagon.  This again creates two ternary links that are now separated by one or more binary links.  This type of six-bar linkage is said to have the Stephenson topology.

The Klann linkage has the Stephenson topology.

Watt six-bar linkage
Watt's parallel motion generator consists of the four-bar linkage that has a coupler curve that traces an approximately straight line trajectory, combined with a parallelogram linkage that copies this straight line movement to a desired location.  This configuration of six bars and seven joints has two four-bar loops.

Stephenson six-bar linkage
The six-bars and seven joints of the Stephenson linkage comprise one four-bar loop and one five-bar loop.  It has two ternary links that are separated by a binary link.  This means the two ternary links are not connected to each other by a joint as in the case of the Watt topology.

The Stephenson has three forms depending on the link that is selected as the frame, which are denoted Stephenson I, II and III.

See also
 Mechanism (engineering)
 Linkage (mechanical)
 Five-bar linkage

References

External links
 A six-bar straight-line linkage in the collection of Reuleaux models at Cornell University
  Mechanism animations including the Klann linkage
 Example of a six-bar function generator that compute the angle for a given range.
 Animations of six-bar linkage for a bicycle suspension.
 A variety of six-bar linkage designs.
 Lecture on the design of six-bar and eight-bar linkages
 Article about patents and six-bar linkages

Linkages (mechanical)
Jens Glad Balchen. Jens Glad Balchen (20 April 1926 – 12 April 2009) was a Norwegian engineer. He was born in Kristiansand and graduated from the Norwegian Institute of Technology and the Yale University. He was appointed professor of cybernetics at the Norwegian Institute of Technology from 1962. His research included projects in medicine, on aquaculture and on dynamic positioning of ships and platforms. He was decorated Commander of the Order of St. Olav in 1996.

References

1926 births
2009 deaths
People from Kristiansand
20th-century Norwegian engineers
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Yale University alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian Institute of Technology
Plate rolling machine. A plate rolling machine is a machine that will roll different kinds of sheet metal into a round or conical shape.
It can be also called a “roll bending machine”, “plate bending machine” or “rolling machine”.

There are different kinds of technology to roll the metal plate: 
 Four-roller machines have a top roll, the pinching roll, and two side rolls.
The flat metal plate is placed in the machine on either side and "pre-bent" on the same side. 
The side rolls do the work of bending. The pinching roll holds the plate.
 Three-roller machines (variable pitch aka variable geometry) have one pressing top roll and two pressing side rolls.
The three-roll variable pitch works by having all three rolls able to move and tilt. The top roll moves in the vertical plane and the side rolls move on the horizontal plane.
When rolling, the top roll presses the metal plate between the two side rolls.  The advantage of having the variable three roll is the ability to roll many thicknesses and diameters of cylinders.

For example;
The side-rolls are what produce the mechanical advantage. With the side rolls all the way open, one has the maximum mechanical advantage. With the side rolls all the way in, you have the least mechanical advantage.
So, a machine has the capability of rolling 2-inch-thick material with the maximum mechanical advantage, but a job is only 1/2 inch thick. Reduce the mechanical advantage and one has a machine that can roll from 1/2 to 2 inches thick.

Plate rollers can be powered and controlled in multiple ways. Older plate mills are driven by electric motors and newer ones are directed by programs that are loaded into the CNC controller. When thinking about plate roll acquisition, industrial machinery companies like Provetco Technology  will ask about the working length of the roller, the maximum thickness of the material, top roll diameter size as well as the minimum thickness of the material. Furthermore, the material yield is another critical component to disclose to machinery companies when looking for a plate roller.

References 

Provetco Technology: www.provetco.com

Industrial machinery
Luke Livingston Macassey. Luke Livingstone Macassey (1843 – 9 May 1908) was an Irish civil engineer and barrister, notable for his contributions to public health by improving the water supply in the north of Ireland (today Northern Ireland). In 1874 he was appointed consultant hydraulic engineer by the Belfast Water Commissioners in which capacity he was instrumental in finding new sources of water for the expanding city of Belfast. He proposed use of a 9,000-acre (3,600 ha) catchment area in the Mourne Mountains and a three stage project:

 The first stage was to divert water from the Kilkeel and Annalong rivers through the newly constructed Mourne Conduit to a reservoir at Carryduff. These water pipes were capable of supplying 10 million imperial gallons (45,000 m3) of water per day. Work was completed in 1901.
 The second stage was to build a storage reservoir, the Silent Valley Reservoir, across the Kilkeel River. Design work on this phase began in 1910, but procurement of the work was delayed by World War I. A contract was eventually awarded in 1923 to S. Pearson & Son and work continued until 1933.
 The third stage was planned to be another storage reservoir in Annalong to impound the Annalong River. However, after the difficulties encountered in building the Silent Valley dam this second dam was not built.

He also was the first to propose a direct rail link connecting Scotland with Ireland.

Macassey is the subject of an Ulster History Circle blue plaque in Belfast.

Selected publications
 Report of the proposed Railway Tunnel between Scotland and Ireland. With plan, etc. Belfast, 1868. (With Scott William)
 Hints on the Water Supply of Small Towns and Villages. London & Belfast, 1877.
 The Law relating to Civil Engineers, Architects and Contractors. Primarily intended for their own use. Stevens & Sons, London, 1890. (With James Andrew Strahan)

References 

1843 births
1908 deaths
Irish civil engineers
Irish barristers
Hydraulic engineers
Belfast City and District Water Commissioners
Dick Vorisek. Dick Vorisek (February 21, 1918 – November 7, 1989) was an American sound engineer. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Sound for the film Reds. He worked on over 130 films between 1947 and 1988.

Selected filmography
 Reds (1981)

References

External links

1918 births
1989 deaths
American audio engineers
People from the Bronx
Engineers from New York City
20th-century American engineers
Simon Kaye. Simon Kaye (born 22 July 1935) is a British sound engineer. He won two Academy Awards for Best Sound and has been nominated for another two in the same category. He has worked on over 70 films since 1959.

Selected filmography
Kaye won two Academy Awards for Best Sound and has been nominated for two more:

Won
 Platoon (1986)
 The Last of the Mohicans (1992)

Nominated
 Reds (1981)
 Gandhi (1982)

References

External links

1935 births
Living people
British audio engineers
Best Sound BAFTA Award winners
Best Sound Mixing Academy Award winners
Film people from London
Secretary of State for Employment v Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (No 2). Secretary of State for Employment v Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (No 2) [1972] ICR 19 is a UK labour law case concerning the contract of employment. It held that there is an implied term of good faith in an employment contract, and if the employer withdraws this, it is a breach of contract. The consequence was that in a strike, employees merely "working to rule" needed not to be paid, because they had only partly performed their obligations.

Facts
ASLEF’s members were railway workers. Their industrial action was to comply strictly with the rule book of the British Railways Board. The Secretary of State intervened to get a court order for a ballot of the workforce. ASLEF argued that the criteria of the time, that there was ‘irregular industrial action short of a strike’ was not satisfied, because workers had not breached their contracts.

Judgment
Lord Denning MR held that ‘work to rule’ was a breach because though the rule book was not a contractual document, it was an implied term that the employer's business would not be wilfully obstructed.

Buckley LJ concurred and said it was an implied term to serve the employer faithfully.

Roskill LJ said the implied term was that obedience to lawful instructions should not be carried out so unreasonably that things were disrupted.

See also

UK labour law
Employment contract in English law
Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher [2011] UKSC 41

Notes

References

United Kingdom employment contract case law
United Kingdom trade union case law
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases
1972 in United Kingdom case law
ASLEF
1972 in case law
1972 in rail transport
Railway case law