omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
2-Ethoxyethanol. 2-Ethoxyethanol, also known by the trademark Ethyl cellosolve, is a solvent used widely in commercial and industrial applications. It is a clear, colorless, nearly odorless liquid that is miscible with water, ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, and ethyl acetate.

2-Ethoxyethanol is manufactured by the reaction of ethylene oxide with ethanol.

As with other glycol ethers, 2-ethoxyethanol has the useful property of being able to dissolve chemically diverse compounds.  It will dissolve oils, resins, grease, waxes, nitrocellulose, and lacquers. This is an ideal property as a multi-purpose cleaner, and, therefore, 2-ethoxyethanol is used in products such as varnish removers and degreasing solutions.

References

External links

CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Primary alcohols
Glycol ethers
Hazardous air pollutants
Guest Keen Williams. Guest Keen Williams is an Indian engineering firm started in Howrah, West Bengal in the 1920s by Henry William.

Core business
Its main business was manufacturing nuts and fasteners in collaboration with GKN (Guest Keen and Nettlefolds of Birmingham). Later the company went on to become a major manufacturing and engineering enterprise in Howrah and Kolkata (Calcutta). The company's main manufacturing facility is still located at Currie Road in Howrah and its registered office at Shakespeare Sarani in Kolkata, West Bengal.

Company Divisions
The company had four operating divisions: precision pressing division, steel division, fastener division, and engineering and forging division. The Precision pressing division made precision presswork for electrical, automotive, and textile industries stampings and strip would cores for electrical industry. The Steel division made electrically melted alloy steels, rolled and bright bars. The Fasteners division made bolts, nuts, screws and other fasteners. Engineering and forging division produces drop upset and press forgings.

In 1991 the name of the company was changed from Guest Keen William Ltd., to GKW Ltd. Later GKW became involved in making points and crossings for Indian Railways, and also in making stampings for motors, etc.

Decline

All the divisions of the company were affected due to the industrial slowdown in the capital goods industry in the 1990s and the company continued to lose market due to sluggish demand and was eventually referred to Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BFIR).

The company laid off majority of its work force at its Currie Road unit at Howrah and remained locked-out until date. In 2004, GKW Ltd delisted itself from Calcutta & Mumbai Stock Exchanges. It is currently listed only at the National Stock Exchange of India. Currently the company's operations elsewhere in India remain downsized considerably, but it still manufactures fasteners and safety pins from an amazingly antique factory in Bhandup, Mumbai.

References

Companies based in Howrah
Engineering companies of India
1920s establishments in India
Manufacturing companies established in the 20th century
On-demand. On-demand or on demand may refer to:

Manufacturing
 Build-on-demand
 Just-in-time manufacturing, a methodology for production
 Print on demand, printing technology and business process in which new copies of a document are not printed until an order has been received

Computing and Internet
 Certification on demand, a digital certificate process
 Code on demand, a concept in distributed computing
 Software as a service (SaaS), also referred to as on-demand software
 On demand anti-virus protection, security tools used to detect and remove malware on an on-demand basis
 Ballot on Demand, software used to generate paper ballots, provided by Election Systems & Software
 Gaming on demand, a type of online gaming
On-demand event is pre-recorded materials available anytime
 Content on demand:
 Video on demand, a type of streaming video or movie service used by services such as Netflix
 Music on demand, music streaming services like iTunes

Television and video media providers
 Astro On Demand, base a subscription Hong Kong TVB Channel
 Bell Fibe TV OnDemand
 Comcast Xfinity OnDemand
 On Demand (Sky), a video on demand service for BSkyB's Sky satellite TV service
 OnDemand, UK-based TV company owned by the On Demand Group
 Rogers Cable OnDemand
 Time Warner Cable OnDemand

Other uses
 Demand responsive transport, public transit service
 Personal rapid transit, an on-demand transport service
Parrel beads. Parrel beads (also spelled parral or parrell) are an element of sailing rigging. They act as roller bearings on a parrel, which is a rope or wire strop that typically fastens one spar to another along which it must have some freedom of movement. An example of this is at the jaws of a gaff on a gaff rigged or gunter rigged craft. This allows the gaff to slide up and down the mast as sail is hoisted or lowered, and allows some rotation around the mast as the sail is sheeted in and out to allow for different wind directions. Another example is on the tack of a spinnaker rigged over a furled jib.

Construction

A set of parrel beads is formed from small balls, size depending on the application, threaded on a piece of small line and secured with a stopper knot at each end.

Use
One end of the line is usually permanently bent to the movable item.  When in use the movable item is positioned where it is required, and the free end of the parrel bead line is passed around the static item and secured back to the movable item.  Their function is to secure the movable item in place, but to allow it to move along and around the device.

References

Sailing rigs and rigging
2-Methoxyethanol. 2-Methoxyethanol, or methyl cellosolve, is an organic compound with formula  that is used mainly as a solvent.  It is a clear, colorless liquid with an ether-like odor.  It is in a class of solvents known as glycol ethers which are notable for their ability to dissolve a variety of different types of chemical compounds and for their miscibility with water and other solvents.  It can be formed by the nucleophilic attack of methanol on protonated ethylene oxide followed by proton transfer:

 +  →  + 

2-Methoxyethanol is used as a solvent for many different purposes such as varnishes, dyes, and resins.  It is also used as an additive in airplane deicing solutions. In organometallic chemistry it is commonly used for the synthesis of Vaska's complex and related compounds such as carbonylchlorohydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II). During these reactions the alcohol acts as a source of hydride and carbon monoxide.

2-Methoxyethanol is toxic to the bone marrow and testicles. Workers exposed to high levels are at risk for granulocytopenia, macrocytic anemia, oligospermia, and azoospermia.

The methoxyethanol is converted by alcohol dehydrogenase into methoxyacetic acid which is the substance which causes the harmful effects. Both ethanol and acetate have a protecting effect. The methoxyacetate can enter the Krebs cycle where it forms methoxycitrate.

Presence in interstellar space 
In 2024, a group led by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported the discovery of 2-methoxyethanol in a star-forming region within the nebula NGC 6334. The discovery was made by examining in the laboratory the spectral signature of 2-methoxyethanol as the molecule was made to rotate. This signature was then sought in observational data for the region collected by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, and 25 of its spectral lines were detected, constituting a secure identification of the molecule in the astronomical data.

References

Glycol ethers
Primary alcohols
Hazardous air pollutants
Profile (engineering). In standardization, a profile is a subset internal to a specification. Aspects of a complex technical specification may necessarily have more than one interpretation, and there are probably many optional features. These aspects constitute a profile of the standard. Two implementations engineered from the same description may not interoperate due to having a different profile of the standard.  Vendors can even ignore features that they view as unimportant, yet prevail in the long run.  

The use of profiles in these ways can force one interpretation, or create de facto standards from official standards. Engineers can design or procure by using a profile to ensure interoperability.  For example, the International Standard Profile, ISP, is used by the ISO in their ISO ISP series of standards; in the context of OSI networking, Britain uses the UK-GOSIP profile and the US uses US-GOSIP; there are also various mobile profiles adopted by the W3C for web standards. In particular, implementations of standards on mobile devices often have significant limitations compared to their traditional desktop implementations, even if the standard which governs both permits such limitations. 

In structural engineering a profile means a hot rolled structural steel shape like an -beam.

In civil engineering, a profile consists of a plotted line which indicates grades and distances (and typically depths of cut and/or elevations of fill) for excavation and grading work. Constructors of roadways, railways (and similar works) normally chart the profile along the centerline. A profile can also indicate the vertical slope(s) (changes in elevation) in a pipeline or similar structure. Civil engineers always depict profile as a side (cross section) view (as opposed to an overhead (plan) view).

Material fabrication 
In fabricating, a profile consists of the more-or-less complex outline of a shape to be cut in a sheet of material such as laminated plastic, aluminium alloy or steel plate. In modern practice, a drawing office determines the shape and dimensions required to fit the sheet into a larger work and feeds directions to a computer controlling a profile cutter. This then cuts the shape from a standard-sized sheet. The cutting head may use a rotating cutter like that of a spindle router or (in the case of steel plate) a torch which burns oxy-acetylene or other oxy-gas.

See also 
 Hollow structural section
 Metal profiles
 Rail profile
 Structural steel

Engineering concepts
Standards
Ergun equation. The Ergun equation, derived by the Turkish chemical engineer Sabri Ergun in 1952, expresses the friction factor in a packed column as a function of the modified Reynolds number.

Equation

where:

  
 
  is the modified Reynolds number,
  is the packed bed friction factor,
  is the pressure drop across the bed,
  is the length of the bed (not the column),
  is the equivalent spherical diameter of the packing,
  is the density of fluid,
  is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid,
  is the superficial velocity (i.e. the velocity that the fluid would have through the empty tube at the same volumetric flow rate),
  is the void fraction (porosity) of the bed, and
  is the particle Reynolds Number (based on superficial velocity)..

Extension
To calculate the pressure drop in a given reactor, the following equation may be deduced:

This arrangement of the Ergun equation makes clear its close relationship to the simpler Kozeny-Carman equation, which describes laminar flow of fluids across packed beds via the first term on the right hand side. On the continuum level, the second-order velocity term demonstrates that the Ergun equation also includes the pressure drop due to inertia, as described by the Darcy–Forchheimer equation. Specifically, the Ergun equation gives the following permeability  and inertial permeability  from the Darcy-Forchheimer law:

and 

The extension of the Ergun equation to fluidized beds, where the solid particles flow with the fluid, is discussed by Akgiray and Saatçı (2001).

See also
Hagen–Poiseuille equation
Kozeny–Carman equation

References

  Ergun, Sabri. "Fluid flow through packed columns." Chem. Eng. Prog. 48 (1952).
  Ö. Akgiray and A. M. Saatçı, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, Vol:1, Issue:2, pp. 65–72, 2001.

Equations
Chemical process engineering
Fluid dynamics
AHK. AHK may stand for:

 AutoHotkey, a programming language
 Air Hong Kong, ICAO airline designator
 Akha language of China and Myanmar, ISO 639-3 code 
 Allied High Commission (German Alliierte Hohe Kommission), for post-WWII Germany
 Auslandshandelskammer, German chambers of commerce abroad
AHK USA
 Austro-Hungarian krone
Enzacamene. Enzacamene (INN; also known as 4-methylbenzylidene camphor or 4-MBC) is an organic camphor derivative that is used in the cosmetic industry for its ability to protect the skin against UV, specifically UV B radiation. As such, it is used in sunscreen lotions and other skincare products claiming a SPF value. Its tradenames include Eusolex 6300 (Merck) and Parsol 5000 (DSM).

Mechanism
All the camphor-derived sunscreens dissipate the photon energy by cis-trans isomerisation. However, for enzacamene the quantum yield for this isomerization is only between 0.13-0.3. This low quantum yield means that other photochemical processes are also occurring.

Endocrine disruptor
Studies have raised the issue that enzacamene acts as an endocrine disruptor. There is controversy about the estrogenic effects of enzacamene and while one study showed only a relatively minor effect. In addition, there is some evidence that enzacamene may suppress the pituitary-thyroid axis, leading to hypothyroidism.

Approval status
Enzacamene is approved in Canada by Health Canada. It is not approved for use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration and it is not permitted in Japan nor in Denmark.

See also
Xenoestrogen

References

Sunscreening agents
Enones
4-Tolyl compounds
Next Generation. Next Generation or Next-Generation may refer to:

Publications and literature 
 Next Generation (magazine), video game magazine that was made by the now defunct Imagine Media publishing company
 Next Generation poets (2004), list of young and middle-aged figures from British poetry

Technology 
Next generation often means a new state of the art:
 AMD Next Generation Microarchitecture (disambiguation), AMD products
 Next Generation Air Transportation System, the Federal Aviation Administration's massive overhaul of the national airspace system
 Next Generation Internet (disambiguation), various projects intended to drastically increase the speed of the Internet
 Next Generation Networking, emerging computer network architectures and technologies
 Next-generation lithography, lithography technology slated to replace photolithography beyond the 32 nm node
 Next-Generation Secure Computing Base, software architecture designed by Microsoft
 NextGen Healthcare Information Systems, develops software and systems to the healthcare industry
 The Next Generation of Genealogy Sitebuilding (TNG), a genealogy software title
 The upcoming generation of video game consoles at a given time
 Boeing 737 Next Generation, airliner
 REAL/NG, an operating system based on REAL/32 (formerly Multiuser DOS) and Linux from 2001 to 2003

Television 
 Degrassi: The Next Generation, Canadian television series
 Meerkat Manor The Next Generation, series 4 of Animal Planet's Meerkat Manor television series
 Roots: The Next Generations, miniseries and a sequel to the phenomenally popular miniseries Roots
 Speed Racer: The Next Generation, American animated television series based on the classic Japanese Speed Racer franchise
 Star Trek: The Next Generation, science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe created by Gene Roddenberry
 "The Next Generation" (Star Trek: Picard), an episode of the third season of Star Trek: Picard

Music
 The Next Generation (album), a 2009 album by Sweetbox
 Next Generation (Gary Burton album)

See also 
 Generation Next (disambiguation)
 Nextgen (disambiguation)
 New Generation (disambiguation)
 TNG (disambiguation)
Richard Evans (AI researcher). Richard Evans (born 23 October 1969) is an artificial intelligence (AI) research scientist at DeepMind. His research focuses on integrating declarative interpretable logic-based systems with neural networks, and on formal models of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.

Previously, he designed the AI for a number of computer games. He was the co-founder, along with Emily Short, of Little Text People, developing real-time multiplayer interactive fiction. Little Text People was acquired by Linden Lab in January 2012 for an undisclosed sum. At EA/Maxis, he was the AI lead on The Sims 3.
He also designed and implemented the AI for Black & White, for which he received a number of awards.

References

British video game designers
Living people
1969 births
1967 in spaceflight. The year 1967 in spaceflight saw the most orbital launches of the 20th century and more than any other year until 2021, including that of the first Australian satellite, WRESAT, which was launched from the Woomera Test Range atop an American Sparta rocket. The United States National Space Science Data Center catalogued 172 spacecraft placed into orbit by launches which occurred in 1967.

The year saw both setbacks and advances for the United States Apollo programme. Three astronauts; Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Ed White and Roger B. Chaffee, were killed in a fire aboard the AS-204 spacecraft at Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 34 on 27 January whilst rehearsing the launch. On 20 October the Saturn V rocket made its maiden flight.

Orbital Launches

January

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Suborbital launches

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Deep Space Rendezvous

Footnotes

References

 
Spaceflight by year
Katchalski-Katzir algorithm. The Katchalski-Katzir algorithm is an algorithm for docking of rigid molecules, developed by Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, Isaac Shariv and Miriam Eisenstein.

In 1990 Professor Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, former president of the state of Israel, gathered a group of physicists, chemists and biologists at the Weizmann Institute of Science, to discuss intermolecular recognition. One of the outcomes of these discussions was the Katchalski-Katzir Algorithm, proposed by Dr. Isaac Shariv, a physics PhD student at the time. The Algorithm was implemented in a computer program, MolFit, by Dr. Miriam Eisenstein from the department of Structural Chemistry.

It is a purely geometric algorithm, but some extensions of it also implement electrostatics.

The algorithm's first step is mapping the molecules onto grids, with each point of a grid being marked as either:
 outside the molecule
 on the molecule's surface
 inside the molecule

The algorithm increases the surface contact and minimizes volume overlap. It is straightforward to compute such a score for a single alignment, but there are too many possible ways to align the molecules to simply iterate over them all.

To compute the scores for many alignments efficiently, fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied to both grids. Having the grids in FFT form lets the scoring to be computed for many different alignments very quickly.

The Katchalski-Katzir algorithm is a fast but rather limited algorithm. It is usually used to quickly filter out the obviously wrong candidate structures. A structure may have good Katchalski-Katzir score (that is, fits well geometrically), but be a very bad fit overall, for example due to unfavourable electrostatic interactions or hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups facing each other. This is not a serious problem, as such structures can be filtered out later. A bigger issue is when a favourable structure is rejected by the algorithm. Some cases where this may happen include bad geometric fit being overcome by very strong attractive forces, or where the shape of the target changes because of the interactions (induced fit).

Programs that implement the Katchalski-Katzir algorithm include MolFit and FTDock.

See also
Convolution theorem
Molecular modelling

References

Molecular modelling
Computational chemistry
Geometric algorithms
Powertrain control module. A power-train control module, abbreviated PCM, is an automotive component, a control unit, used on motor vehicles.  It is generally a combined controller consisting of the engine control unit (ECU) and the transmission control unit (TCU). On some cars, such as many Chryslers, there are multiple computers: the PCM, the TCU, and the Body Control Module (BCM), for a total of three separate computers. These automotive computers are generally very reliable.  The PCM commonly controls more than 100 factors in a car or truck. There are many hundreds of error codes that can occur, which indicates that some subsection of the car is experiencing a problem. When one of these errors occurs, usually it will turn on the "check engine" light on the dashboard. The PCM is one of potentially several on-board computers, or essentially the "brain" of the engine control system.

The primary inputs to the PCM come from many sensors, of different types, that are spread around the car. Most of them are oriented toward engine management and performance. These sensors fail at a much higher rate than any of the computers do.

Early use of the powertrain control module dates back to the late 1970s - official phasing in of the PCM occurred during the early 1980s when used in conjunction with electronic controlled carburetors and lockup torque converters (at the time conventional 3-speed automatics received lockup converters at the same time overdrives were introduced).

Other names
Engine control unit is also called:
 PCM: Power-train control module (Ford, GM, JLR)
 ECM: Engine control module
 Injection control unit (Peugeot, Citroën, Fiat, Alfa, Lancia)
 DME/DDE: Digital Motor Electronics / Digital Diesel Electronics (BMW, Mini)
 ECU: Electronic control unit / Engine control unit

Bibliography

References

Power control
Engine technology
Fuel injection systems
 
Engine components
Onboard computers
Auto parts
Michael Langston. Michael Allen Langston is a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of Tennessee. In several publications with Michael Fellows in the late 1980s, he showed that the Robertson–Seymour theorem could be used to prove the existence of a polynomial-time algorithm for problems such as linkless embedding without allowing the algorithm itself to be explicitly constructed; this work was foundational to the field of parameterized complexity. He has also collaborated with scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory on the computational analysis of genomics data and reconstruction of gene regulatory networks.

Langston received his doctorate (PhD) in 1981 at Texas A&M University in computing science. His dissertation was Processor scheduling with improved heuristic algorithms. He worked at Washington State University, the University of Illinois, and the University of Maryland Global Campus Europe before taking his present position at the University of Tennessee. He has also served in the United States Army as a paratrooper and officer in the 17th Cavalry Regiment and as personnel database manager for VII Corps.

His honors include the Commendation Medal, U.S. Army, 1979; the Distinguished Teaching Award, Texas A&M University, 1981; the Distinguished Service Prize, ACM Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory, 2001; and the Chancellor's Award for Research and Creative Achievement, University of Tennessee, 1994 and 2014.

References

External links
Mike Langston's Homepage

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
Texas A&M University alumni
Syracuse University alumni
University of Tennessee faculty
20th-century United States Army personnel
Washington State University faculty
University of Illinois faculty