omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
MSB. MSB may refer to:

 Main Support Battalion, part of the U.S. Army logistics
 Maritime Services Board, former government agency in New South Wales, Australia
 Marshall Swift-Boeckh, a cost estimation services provider and subsidiary of CoreLogic
 Le Mans Sarthe Basket a French basketball team
 The Magic School Bus, series of children's books about science
 Media Stream Broadcast, a proprietary, multicast communications protocol owned by Microsoft
 1,4-Bis(2-methylstyryl) benzene, also known as p-Bis(o-methylstyryl) benzene and abbreviated Bis-MSB, a wavelength shifting compound used in liquid scintillators
 Microsoft Surface Book
 Bureau of Investigation and Statistics (Military Investigation and Statistics Bureau), the military intelligence agency of the Republic of China before 1946.
 Millennium Seed Bank, an international conservation project for storing plant seeds
 Molecular Systems Biology, an open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal
 Money services business, a legal term used by financial regulators to describe businesses that transmit or convert money
 Most significant bit, the bit with the highest significance in a word
 Most significant byte, the highest byte in a multi-byte number
 Mrs. Stewart's Bluing, a brand of fabric bluing agent that whitens fabrics with a dye called Prussian blue (ferric hexacyanoferrate)
 Myanmar Standard Bible, a translation of the Bible into the Burmese language
 Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency
 MSB, the Southern Railway station code for Chennai Beach railway station, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Educational institutions
 Marriott School of Business at Brigham Young University
 Mason School of Business at the College of William & Mary
 McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University
 Mediterranean School of Business, is the first Business School of South Mediterranean University (SMU) in Tunisia
 Michigan School for the Blind
 Minnesota School of Business & Globe University
 Mississippi School for the Blind
 Missouri School for the Blind, Saint Louis (established 1851)
 MSB Educational Institute, a world-wide network of Islamic schools.
 Mount St Benedict College

Music
 "Megalo Strike Back", a song by Toby Fox on the album "EarthBound: I Miss You (2012)"
 Melbourne Staff Band, the premier brass band of the Salvation Army in Australia
 Michael Stanley Band, a heartland rock band from Cleveland, Ohio, USA
 MSB (album), a 1982 studio album by Michael Stanley de Devendra rajput

Video games
 Mario Slam Basketball, a 2006 video game for the Nintendo DS; aka Mario Hoops 3-on-3
 Mario Superstar Baseball, a 2005 video game for the Nintendo GameCube
Tom Gilb. Tom Gilb (full name "Thomas Steven Gilb", born 1940) is an American systems engineer, consultant, and author, known for the development of software metrics, software inspection, and evolutionary processes.

Biography 
Tom Gilb was born in 1940 in Pasadena, California, United States. He emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1956 and to Norway in 1958. He took his first job with IBM in 1958 and became a freelance consultant in 1960.

He is known for his early work on evolutionary software development processes from 1968 to 1981, which was a forerunner of agile software development methods.

He is currently (at least in spring 2018) a consultant, teacher and author, in partnership with his son Kai Gilb. He mainly helps multinational clients improve their organizations and methods by using "evolutionary systems delivery" (Evo). His method is based upon the core ideas that all architecture focus has to be on delivering value to the stakeholders and that engineering principles and scientific methods must be used in planning and management of change projects using a formal engineering language like the one that he has developed and named "Planguage". He has "guest lectured at universities all over UK, Europe, China, India, USA, Korea – and has been a keynote speaker at dozens of technical conferences internationally".

He is a member of INCOSE and is active in the Norwegian chapter, NORSEC, which presented him with an award in 2003. He lectures at INCOSE local chapters on his worldwide travels and at INCOSE conferences.

In 2012 he was made an Honorary Fellow of the British Computer Society.

Publications 
Gilb has written nine books and several articles. A selection includes:

 Software Inspection, 1993. . (with coauthor Dorothy Graham)
 Principles of Software Engineering Management, 1988.  (19th printing).
 Software Metrics (Winthrop computer systems series), 1977.
 Competitive Engineering: A Handbook for Systems & Software Engineering Management using Planguage, 2005. . (Planguage is a formal, natural language modelling notation invented by Gilb that adds rigour to the requirement documentation.)

References

External links
 Gilb's website
 Tom Gilb speaking at TedX in Trondheim 2013 about his engineering approach to defining all qualities in systems

1940 births
Living people
Writers from Pasadena, California
American expatriates in Norway
IBM employees
Systems engineers
American software engineers
Computer science writers
American consultants
Fellows of the British Computer Society
Engineers from California
Guide to Available Mathematical Software. The Guide to Available Mathematical Software (GAMS) is a project of the National Institute of Standards and Technology to classify mathematical software by the type of problem that it solves. GAMS became public in 1985.
It indexes Netlib and other packages, some of them public domain software and some proprietary software.

References

External links 
 Guide to Available Mathematical Software (GAMS project home page.)

Mathematical software
Public-domain software with source code
Cold welding. Cold welding or contact welding is a solid-state welding process in which joining takes place without fusion or heating at the interface of the two parts to be welded. Unlike in fusion welding, no liquid or molten phase is present in the joint.

Cold welding was first recognized as a general materials phenomenon in the 1940s. It was then discovered that two clean, flat surfaces of similar metal would strongly adhere if brought into contact while in a vacuum . Micro and nano-scale cold welding has shown potential in nanofabrication processes.

Applications include wire stock and electrical connections (such as insulation-displacement connectors and wire wrap connections).

In space 
Mechanical problems in early satellites were sometimes attributed to cold welding.

In 2009 the European Space Agency published a peer reviewed paper detailing why cold welding is a significant issue that spacecraft designers need to carefully consider. The paper also cites a documented example from 1991 with the Galileo spacecraft high-gain antenna.

One source of difficulty is that cold welding does not exclude relative motion between the surfaces that are to be joined.  This allows the broadly defined notions of galling, fretting, stiction and adhesion to overlap in some instances.  For example, it is possible for a joint to be the result of both cold (or "vacuum") welding and galling (or fretting or impact). Galling and cold welding, therefore, are not mutually exclusive.

Nanoscale 
Unlike cold welding process at macro-scale which normally requires large applied pressures, scientists discovered that single-crystalline ultra-thin gold nanowires (diameters less than 10 nm) can be cold-welded together within seconds by mechanical contact alone, and under remarkably low applied pressures. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and in-situ measurements reveal that the welds are nearly perfect, with the same crystal orientation, strength and electrical conductivity as the rest of the nanowire. The high quality of the welds is attributed to the nanoscale sample dimensions, oriented-attachment mechanisms and mechanically assisted fast surface diffusion. Nanoscale welds were also demonstrated between gold and silver, and silver and silver, indicating that the phenomenon may be generally applicable and therefore offer an atomistic view of the initial stages of macroscopic cold welding for either bulk metals or metallic thin film.

See also

References

Further reading

External links 
 
 {Coldweld Data Base Archived 26 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine. | https://coldweld.aac-research.at/}}
Welding
MD5CRK. In cryptography, MD5CRK was a volunteer computing effort (similar to distributed.net) launched by Jean-Luc Cooke and his company, CertainKey Cryptosystems, to demonstrate that the MD5 message digest algorithm is insecure by finding a collision two messages that produce the same MD5 hash. The project went live on March 1, 2004. The project ended on August 24, 2004 after researchers independently demonstrated a technique for generating collisions in MD5 using analytical methods by Xiaoyun Wang, Feng, Xuejia Lai, and Yu. CertainKey awarded a 10,000 Canadian Dollar prize to Wang, Feng, Lai and Yu for their discovery.

A technique called Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm was used to try to find a collision for MD5. The algorithm can be described by analogy with a random walk. Using the principle that any function with a finite number of possible outputs placed in a feedback loop will cycle, one can use a relatively small amount of memory to store outputs with particular structures and use them as "markers" to better detect when a marker has been "passed" before.  These markers are called distinguished points, the point where two inputs produce the same output is called a collision point.  MD5CRK considered any point whose first 32 bits were zeroes to be a distinguished point.

Complexity
The expected time to find a collision is not equal to  where  is the number of bits in the digest output.  It is in fact , where  is the number of function outputs collected.

For this project, the probability of success after  MD5 computations can be approximated by: .

The expected number of computations required to produce a collision in the 128-bit MD5 message digest function is thus: 

To give some perspective to this, using Virginia Tech's System X with a maximum performance of 12.25 Teraflops, it would take approximately  seconds or about 3 weeks.  Or for commodity processors at 2 gigaflops it would take 6,000 machines approximately the same amount of time.

See also
 List of volunteer computing projects
 Brute force attack

References

Further reading
 

Cryptographic attacks
Volunteer computing projects
ESC. ESC may refer to:

Arts and entertainment 
 Eurovision Song Contest, an annual international song competition
 The Electric Swing Circus, a British band
 Extreme Sports Channel, a television channel

Science and engineering

Computing 
 Esc key on a keyboard
 Escape character in the C0 control code set
 Escape sequence
 Extended static checking

Concepts and technologies 
 Einstein summation convention
 Electronic speed control
 Electronic stability control
 Embryonic stem cell
 Environmental stress cracking

Organizations 
 Electrical Safety Council, now Electrical Safety First, a British charity
 European Society of Cardiology
 European Society of Criminology

Education 
 Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, a type of French business school
 Edison State College, now Florida SouthWestern State College
 Empire State College of the State University of New York
 English Subject Centre, a British English-language educational organization
 European School, Culham, in Oxfordshire, England
 European Solidarity Centre, a museum and library in Gdańsk, Poland
 European Solidarity Corps, volunteering program by the European Commission
 European Space Camp
 Eyring Science Center, a science building at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, United States

Government and politics 
 Environmental Study Conference, U.S. House of Representatives 
 Economic and Social Council (Arab League)
 European Social Charter
 Essential Services Commission (Victoria)
 Essential Services Commission of South Australia

Sports 
 Ekenäs Sport Club, a football club in Finland
 Empire Supporters Club, a fan club of the New York Red Bulls
 Equitable Stroke Control, in golf
 Essex Senior Cup, an English football competition
 Essex Skating Club, in New Jersey
 European Shooting Confederation

Other uses 
 Esc, Aesc or Oisc of Kent, King of Kent, 474–516 AD
 Delta County Airport, Escanaba, Michigan, by IATA code
 Electronic Systems Center, a former product center of the United States Air Force
 Energy Savings Certificate, a document certifying that a certain reduction of energy consumption has been obtained
 Expeditionary Sustainment Command
 Guggenmos ESC, a German hang glider

See also 

 Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm (ESCS), a category of North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
Atlas Supervisor. The Atlas Supervisor was the program which managed the allocation of processing resources of Manchester University's Atlas Computer so that the machine was able to act on many tasks and user programs concurrently.

Its various functions included running the Atlas computer's virtual memory (Atlas Supervisor paper, section 3, Store Organisation) and is ‘considered by many to be the first recognisable modern operating system’. Brinch Hansen described it as "the most significant breakthrough in the history of operating systems."

References
Notes

Works cited

External links
The Atlas Supervisor paper (T Kilburn, R B Payne, D J Howarth, 1962)

1962 software
Discontinued operating systems
ARts. aRts (which stands for analog real time synthesizer) is an audio framework that is no longer under development. It was best known for previously being used in K Desktop Environment 2 and 3 to simulate an analog synthesizer.

A key component of aRts was the sound server which mixes several sound streams in real time. The sound server, called artsd (d for daemon), was also utilized as the standard sound server for K Desktop Environment 2–3. However, the sound server was not dependent on K Desktop Environment and can be used in other projects. It was a direct competitor to PulseAudio, another sound server, and an indirect competitor to the Enlightened Sound Daemon (ESD). It is now common to use PulseAudio instead of artsd.

The aRts platform also includes aRts Builder — an application for building custom layouts and configurations for audio mixers, sequencers, synthesizers and other audio schema via a user-friendly graphical user interface. aRts is free software, distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

End of project 
On December 2, 2004 aRts' creator and primary developer Stefan Westerfeld announced he was leaving the project due to a variety of fundamental development and technical issues with aRts.

In KDE Software Compilation 4 developers chose to replace aRts with a new multimedia API known as Phonon. Phonon provides a common interface on top of other systems, usually VLC media player or GStreamer, to avoid being dependent on a single multimedia framework.

See also 

 JACK Audio Connection Kit – prevailing sound server for professional audio production

References

External links 
  – The aRts project website
 

Audio libraries
Audio software for Linux
Free audio software
KDE Platform
Software that uses Qt
Barkas (van manufacturer). Barkas was the East German manufacturer of small delivery vans and minibuses named the B 1000. In addition to delivery vans, Barkas also made engines for Trabant cars.

The van was built in a new factory in Chemnitz (then known as Karl-Marx-Stadt) on a site which was formerly home to the Framo car plant, the old Framo factory having been crated up and shipped to the Soviet Union as part of a larger war reparations package in the late 1940s. The business had subsequently been nationalized by the GDR government.

B 1000 production started in 1961 and continued until 1991.  Originally the B 1000 was powered by the 45 PS three cylinder, two stroke DKW derived engine found also in contemporary Wartburgs.  Shortly before production ceased, the model designation was changed to B 1000/1, and the old engine was replaced by a 1.3 four-stroke engine manufactured under licence from Volkswagen. The Belgian importer began installing a 1.8-litre (Endura-D) Ford diesel engine in the 1980s as the two-stroke was no longer competitive.

The B 1000 was a remarkable van at the time; the unusually high loading capacity, two-stroke engine, front wheel drive and semi trailing arms suspension differed from the more traditionally constructed vans in the West. Being the only commercially available van in East Germany, the factory offered many body styles; a flatbed, a panel van, a people carrier, a box van and an ambulance were all available.

Comparisons with the Volkswagen van of the early 1960s were inevitable. Its front-mounted engine made the Barkas easier to load and more variable in its configuration, with space for up to eight passenger seats. The vehicles were mostly produced for public service applications, with private customer delivery times in the 1960s stretching to heroic levels commonly associated with Trabants, of between ten and fourteen years.

Perhaps the most infamous alleged use of the B 1000 in the time of East Germany was by the feared Stasi state security forces as a covert prisoner transport vehicle, whereby up to five prisoners could be held in tiny, windowless cells in the rear of the vehicle. The vans were often used allegedly to snatch citizens directly from the street, and were usually disguised as food delivery trucks. Examples of vans configured in this way can be found on display at the former Stasi headquarters in Berlin, as well as the Hohenschönhausen prison used to hold political prisoners.

Altogether 175,740 B1000s and 1,961 B1000-1s were built.

See also

 Tempo Matador
 DKW Schnellaster
 VW T1

Gallery

References

External links 

UK IFA owners' club Barkas page
 www.barkas.de
 Website zum 4-Takt-Barkas B1000-1
 Fire Museum Frankenberg
 https://web.archive.org/web/20041209040812/http://home.clara.net/peterfrost/barkas.html Alternative Autos

Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1958
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1990
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau
Car manufacturers of East Germany
1958 establishments in East Germany
CGC. CGC may stand for:

Companies
 CGC Japan, or Co-operative Grocer Chain Japan
 Cambridge Gliding Centre
 Canada Games Centre
 Canopy Growth Corporation, medical marijuana company in Smiths Falls, Ontario
 Capital Group Companies, an investment management organization
 Certified Guaranty Company, a grading service for the comic book collecting industry
 CGCOC Group, a Chinese construction company
 China Geo-Engineering Corporation

Science
 Cerebellar granule cell
 Constrained geometry complex, a kind of catalyst
 Color-glass condensate, a type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light
 DARPA's Cyber Grand Challenge, a competition among completely-automatic hacking systems
 CGC, a codon for the amino acid arginine

Other
 Chen Guangcheng, also known as the "Blind Lawyer", is a Chinese civil rights activist
 Commonwealth Grants Commission
 Consumer generated content, also known as Consumer generated media
 Canine Good Citizen, certification
 Conspicuous Gallantry Cross, a military decoration of the British Armed Forces
 United States Coast Guard Cutter
 Certified general contractor, a type of unlimited contractor in Florida as opposed to registered (limited)
 Board-Certified Genetic Counselor
 Camparini Gioielli Cup, a professional tennis tournament
 CB Gran Canaria, professional basketball club based in Las Palmas, Spain
STS-46. STS-46 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission using Atlantis and was launched on July 31, 1992, and landed on August 8, 1992.

Crew

Crew seat assignments

Mission highlights

Gallery

See also 

 STS-75, a space shuttle mission with objectives similar to those of STS-46
 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 Outline of space science
 Space Shuttle

Notelist

References

External links 
 NASA mission summary 
 STS-46 Post Flight Presentation 

Space Shuttle missions
Spacecraft launched in 1992
Hughes Medal. The Hughes Medal is awarded by the Royal Society of London "in recognition of an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications". Named after David E. Hughes, the medal is awarded with a gift of £1000. The medal was first awarded in 1902 to J. J. Thomson "for his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases", and has since been awarded over one hundred times.  Unlike other Royal Society medals, the Hughes Medal has never been awarded to the same individual more than once.

The medal has on occasion been awarded to multiple people at a time; in 1938 it was won by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton "for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles", in 1981 by Peter Higgs and Tom Kibble "for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory", in 1982 by Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vine "for their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis" and in 1988 by Archibald Howie and M. J. Whelan "for their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals".

List of recipients

See also
 List of physics awards

References

External links 
Royal Society: Hughes Medal 

Physics awards
Awards established in 1902
1902 establishments in the United Kingdom
Awards of the Royal Society
1902 in science
National Research Council. National Research Council may refer to:

 National Research Council (Canada), sponsoring research and development
 National Research Council (Italy), scientific and technological research, Rome
 National Research Council (United States), part of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and U.S. National Academy of Engineering
 National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentine government agency which directs scientific research in universities and institutes

See also
 National Council of Educational Research and Training, India
 National Council (disambiguation)
 National Research Centre (disambiguation)
 National Research Council (disambiguation)
 National Centre for Research (disambiguation)
Framhaldsskólinn í Vestmannaeyjum. Framhaldsskólinn í Vestmannaeyjum, the comprehensive secondary school of Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland, was founded 1979 when the mechanical engineering, common trades (is. iðnskóli) and the higher education department of the secondary school merged into one.

Then in 1997, it also took over the school of maritime navigation. 

Currently there are seven departments in the school: Natural sciences, social sciences, linguistics, job training (for the disabled), medical aide training, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering.

The school is also currently used as the teaching facility for the Vestmannaeyjar department of the University of Iceland and has hosted many remote lectures, to Ísafjörður and Bíldudalur as well as a few other countries.

Gymnasiums in Iceland
Educational institutions established in 1979
1979 establishments in Iceland
Airlift (disambiguation). Airlift is the act of transporting people or cargo from point to point using aircraft.

Airlift may also refer to:
Airlift (company), a Norwegian helicopter operator
Airlift (dredging device), a suction device for moving sand and silt underwater
Airlift (film), a 2016 film about the evacuation of Indians based in Kuwait, starring Akshay Kumar and Nimrat Kaur
Lift (force), the upwards force generated resulting from the pressure difference when air moves over an airfoil.

See also
Airlift pump, a way of pumping a liquid with the injection of compressed air