omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
1816 in rail transport. 

Events
 Richard Trevithick moves to Peru with the intention of designing and building steam locomotives for mining operations there.

Births

January births 
 January 3 – Samuel C. Pomeroy, president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1863–1868 (d. 1891).

March births
 March 1 – John Souther, American steam locomotive manufacturer, founder of Globe Locomotive Works (d. 1911).

August births
 August 4 – Russell Sage, American financier, director of Union Pacific Railroad (d. 1906).
 August 6 – Thomas Russell Crampton, English engineer and designer of the Crampton locomotive type as well as a tunnel boring machine for the Channel Tunnel (d. 1888).
 August 24 – Daniel Gooch, Chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway (England) (d. 1889).

October births
 October 8 – Aretas Blood, American steam locomotive manufacturer, owner of Manchester Locomotive Works (d. 1897).

References
 Newcomb, Kenneth W., The Makers of the Mold. Retrieved February 15, 2005.
 (September 24, 2004), Sir Daniel Gooch. Retrieved February 9, 2005.
 (September 25, 2004), Thomas Crampton. Retrieved February 9, 2005.
1814 in rail transport. 

Events

July events
 July 25 – George Stephenson puts his first steam locomotive in service, the Blücher for Killingworth Colliery on Tyneside in England.

Births

January births 
 January 21 – Wendel Bollman, American designer of the Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge (d. 1884).
 January 30 – Ferdinand Schichau, German mechanical engineer and founder of locomotive manufacturing company Schichau-Werke, is born (d. 1896).

May births
 May 26 – Wilhelm Engerth, German steam locomotive designer (d. 1884).

September births
 September 11 – John Ramsbottom, superintendent of the Manchester and Birmingham Railway (d. 1897).

Unknown date births
 Andrew Barclay, Scottish steam locomotive builder (d. 1900).

Deaths

References
Macroecology. Macroecology is a subfield in ecology that uses a methodological approach that investigates the empirical patterns and mechanistic processes by which the particulate components of complex ecological systems generate emergent structures and dynamics   Unlike traditional ecology, which focuses on local and small-scale interactions, macroecology seeks to identify general emergent patterns within and across spatial and temporal scales.

One of the main tenets of macroecology is that, despite the apparent complexity and randomness of ecological systems, they exhibit a significant degree of order. This order is particularly evident in statistical patterns related to organism interactions, their relationships with the environment, and the emergent structures and dynamics of ecological systems. As put by Brown (1999), "Despite their complexity, ecological systems are not haphazard collections of organisms interacting randomly. Instead, they exhibit a great deal of order: in the kinds of organisms that make up the system, like their interactions with each other and their nonliving environment, and especially in the emergent structure and dynamics of the system. This order is perhaps best revealed in certain statistical patterns." Lawton aptly captures the essence of macroecology: "Macroecology ... seeks to get above the mind‐boggling details of local community assembly to find a bigger picture, whereby a kind of statistical order emerges from the scrum.” Thus, macroecology often aims to elucidate statistical patterns of abundance, distribution, and diversity across different biological scales.

The term "macroecology" was first introduced by Venezuelan researchers Guillermo Sarmiento and Maximina Monasterio in 1971 and was later adopted by James Brown and Brian Maurer in their 1989 paper in Science.

Macroecology is not just a large-scale study; a macroecological approach can also be taken at small scales to study emergent behavior. In essence, macroecology adopts a "top-down" approach, focusing on understanding the properties of entire systems (populations, communities, assemblages etc.) rather than individual components. It is akin to seeing the entire forest instead of individual trees, as Kevin Gaston and Tim Blackburn suggested. Some critical areas of interest within macroecology include the study of species richness, latitudinal gradients in species diversity, the species-area curve, range size, body size, and species abundance. Specifically, the relationship between abundance and range size—exploring why some species are widespread and abundant while others are restricted and less common—has been a focal area of macroecological research.

References

External links 
Scientific journals covering macroecology:
 Nature Ecology and Evolution 
 Ecology Letters 
 Global Ecology and Biogeography 
 Ecography 
 Diversity and Distribution
 Evolutionary Ecology Research

Biosphere
Subfields of ecology
Systems ecology
MiniGL. MiniGL is an incomplete implementation of the OpenGL specification which implements enough of the API to allow 3D video games in the late 1990s to run with hardware acceleration on contemporary graphics cards, which otherwise provided their own APIs. The original implementation came from 3dfx Interactive, and was designed around supporting Quake. Other companies implementing similar software included PowerVR and Rendition.

History 

In 1996, id Software announced that the Rendition Vérité was to be the only hardware 3D accelerator targeted by Quake. Partly because of the perceived hassle in supporting chipset specific APIs and partly because Quake'''s development heritage on high-end workstations made such a thing easy. They also released a Microsoft Windows port of their OpenGL version of Quake, named GLQuake, even though no consumer chipset had OpenGL support at the time.

In response, 3dfx developed and quickly released the first MiniGL, called 3Dfx GL miniport: a quick implementation of the bare minimum amount of the OpenGL API that was required to run the OpenGL version of Quake. By obtaining a copy of the OpenGL Quake executable and a copy of the relevant MiniGL, 3dfx owners could easily modify their copies of Quake to play with full 3D acceleration, giving a smoother and better looking display than was possible with the Quake software renderer. After the success of the 3dfx original, several other manufacturers followed 3dfx in producing MiniGL drivers.

At the time, the OpenGL API was almost universally agreed to be superior to the then new and immature Direct3D system from Microsoft, so following the arrival of the various MiniGLs, many programmers sought to use them in other programs as an easy way of supporting multiple 3D chipsets. Unfortunately, id Software had not released any official list of OpenGL calls and parameters used by Quake'' and none of the MiniGL implementors had released lists of what their implementation would and would not support.

In practice, this led to a very cautious use of OpenGL features by programmers and new releases of MiniGLs with slightly more functionality every time a major game came along that did not work on the previous generation.

All major 3D card manufacturers now support complete OpenGL implementations, negating the need for any sort of MiniGL.

Other implementations 

MiniGL implementations have been developed for other operating systems, including Palm OS and AmigaOS.

See also 

 Mesa 3D
 MiniGLX
 Glide (API)

Notes

References 

Amiga software
AmigaOS 4 software
Application programming interfaces
Graphics libraries
OpenGL
Trouton's rule. In thermodynamics, Trouton's rule states that the (molar) entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about 85–88 J/(K·mol), for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points. The entropy of vaporization is defined as the ratio between the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling temperature. It is named after Frederick Thomas Trouton.

It is expressed as a function of the gas constant :

 

A similar way of stating this (Trouton's ratio) is that the latent heat is connected to boiling point roughly as

 

Trouton’s rule can be explained by using Boltzmann's definition of entropy to the relative change in free volume (that is, space available for movement) between the liquid and vapour phases. It is valid for many liquids; for instance, the entropy of vaporization of toluene is 87.30 J/(K·mol), that of benzene is 89.45 J/(K·mol), and that of chloroform is 87.92 J/(K·mol). Because of its convenience, the rule is used to estimate the enthalpy of vaporization of liquids whose boiling points are known.

The rule, however, has some exceptions. For example, the entropies of vaporization of water, ethanol, formic acid and hydrogen fluoride are far from the predicted values. The entropy of vaporization of  at its boiling point has the extraordinarily high value of 136.9 J/(K·mol). The characteristic of those liquids to which Trouton’s rule cannot be applied is their special interaction between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding. The entropy of vaporization of water and ethanol shows positive deviance from the rule; this is because the hydrogen bonding in the liquid phase lessens the entropy of the phase. In contrast, the entropy of vaporization of formic acid has negative deviance. This fact indicates the existence of an orderly structure in the gas phase; it is known that formic acid forms a dimer structure even in the gas phase. Negative deviance can also occur as a result of a small gas-phase entropy owing to a low population of excited rotational states in the gas phase, particularly in small molecules such as methane a small moment of inertia  giving rise to a large rotational constant , with correspondingly widely separated rotational energy levels and, according to Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, a small population of excited rotational states, and hence a low rotational entropy. The validity of Trouton's rule can be increased by considering

 

Here, if , the right hand side of the equation equals , and we find the original formulation for Trouton's rule.

References

Further reading 
  - Publication of Trouton's rule
 Atkins, Peter (1978). Physical Chemistry Oxford University Press 

Chemistry theories
Thermodynamic properties
CIÉ 181 Class. The Córas Iompair Éireann 181 Class locomotives were built in 1966 by General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD) and numbered B181 to B192.

Overview

These locomotives were virtually identical to the earlier 141 Class locomotives, but fitted with the more powerful 645 engine and thermostatically controlled engine cooling fan and inlet shutters. Delivery took place in 1966, with introduction into service happening a short time later.

They were fitted with an EMD 8-645E engine of 1100 hp, weighed , and had a maximum design speed of  which was restricted to  in service. Number 186 was later fitted with an EMD 8-567CR engine of , as used in the 141 Class locomotives.

Withdraw and preservation
All of the 181 class have been withdrawn, the first being 191 in 1991 after a runaway incident at Clonsilla; it was later scrapped in 1998. The last was 190 in November 2009 and has been preserved by the Irish Traction Group based at the West Clare Railway. In their final days they were only used on permanent way trains or as pilots.

Accidents and incidents
On Tuesday 13 August 1974, locomotive B192 was hauling a passenger train when it was involved in a head-on collision with locomotive B176, which was also hauling a passenger train, at . Fifteen people were injured.

Model
Murphy Models of Dublin commissioned Bachmann to produce an OO gauge model of these locomotives. This model first was released in December 2007. It has been supplied in all four main liveries worn by the class.

References

External links

 Eiretrains - Irish Locomotives
 Preserved 181 class loco No.190

Iarnród Éireann locomotives
Electro-Motive Division locomotives
Bo-Bo locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1966
Diesel–electric locomotives of Ireland
Shin Ansan University. Ansan College of Technology (also called Ansan Technical College) is a private technical college in Ansan City, which lies south of Seoul in Gyeonggi province.    It offers degree programs in social science (including English), tourism, physical education, industrial design, engineering, and computers.  All programs place a strong emphasis on vocational outcomes.   The campus stands in Danwon-gu, not far from the massive industrial complex in Sihwa, which facilitates partnerships with local industry.  The college enrolls about 3,000 students, and employs about 55 instructors.

History

As is often the case with private institutions of higher education in South Korea, the foundation to establish the school had begun its activities a long time before the actual establishment:  the Ansan College Foundation was begun in 1979.   The school was finally opened in April 1994 as Ansan Industrial Technical College, and changed to its current name in 1998.   The first president after the founding of the college was Young Yup Cho.

See also
List of colleges and universities in South Korea
Education in South Korea

External links
 Official website 

Universities and colleges in Gyeonggi Province
Education in Ansan
Net-Centric Enterprise Services. Net-Centric Enterprise Services (NCES) is a Department of Defense  program, managed by the Defense Information Systems Agency, to develop information technology infrastructure services for future systems used by the United States military.

Technically, the program is based on the concept of 'enterprise integration' from the sub discipline enterprise engineering of systems engineering, which enables the transmission of right information at the right place and at the right time and thereby enable communication between people, machines and computers and their efficient co-operation and co-ordination.

There are nine core enterprise services defined in the Network Centric Operations and Warfare - Reference Model (NCOW-RM):
 storage
 mediation
 user assist
 IA (Information Assurance)
 ESM (Enterprise Service Management)
 messaging
 discovery & delivery
 application
 collaboration

NCES maps these nine services to four product areas:
 Enterprise service-oriented architecture (SOA) foundation
 Content discovery and delivery
 Enterprise collaboration
 Defense on-line portal

See also
 Defense Discovery Metadata Specification
 Service-oriented architecture
 Web Service
 Enterprise integration 
 Enterprise engineering

External links
NCES Web Site
NCES User's Guide

United States Department of Defense
Service-oriented (business computing)
Net-centric
VAM. VAM may refer to:

Science and technology 
 Vinyl acetate monomer, a chemical component used in plastics manufacture
 VAM (bicycling), a measure of rate of climb in bicycle racing
 Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos, a Mexican automaker
 VAM, a trademark of Vallourec Oil and Gas, France
 Virtual Antenna Mapping, a method used in wireless telecom products
 Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorhiza, a kind of fungus/plant symbiosis
 Bedford VAM, British chassis for buses and coaches produced between 1965 and 1985

Other uses 
 Value-added modeling, an American method of teacher evaluation
 Victoria and Albert Museum in London
 Violence against men
  Vitt Ariskt Motstånd or White Aryan Resistance (Sweden), a Swedish neo-nazi group
 Villa International Airport Maamigili (IATA code: VAM)
 VAM (Morgan and Peace dollar die varieties) coin die varieties 
 Vanimo language (ISO 639 code: vam)

See also
 VAMM - Virtual atom molecular mechanics, see Force field (chemistry)
Gamebryo. Gamebryo (; ; formerly NetImmerse until 2003) is a game engine developed by Gamebase Co., Ltd. and Gamebase USA, that incorporates a set of tools and plugins including run-time libraries, supporting video game developers for numerous cross-platform game titles in a variety of genres, and served as a basis for the Creation Engine.

History 
Numerical Design Limited (NDL) was founded in 1983, mostly doing contract work for government and CAD clients in the computer graphics sector, though also some game developers such as Interactive Magic. This work led to the production of the NetImmerse game engine in 1997, evolving into Gamebryo by 2003.

NDL was merged into Emergent Game Technologies (EGT, founded 2000, Butterfly.net until May 2005) in August 2005. NetImmerse then evolved to Gamebryo LightSpeed. During 2009 the development staff of Gamebryo was downsized, and by July 2010 the engineering office in Chapel Hill, North Carolina was closed. On November 11, 2010, assets of EGT were offered for acquisition, including its intellectual Property (IP), in whole or in part.

In December 2010, Korea-based Gamebase Co., Ltd., a longtime partner of EGT, finalized the acquisition of EGT assets and technology, and established a newly capitalized U.S. company, Gamebase USA. Gamebase USA is based in the Research Triangle Park region of North Carolina and is focused on continual development of the Gamebryo game engine. The newest version, Gamebryo 4.0, was introduced in March 2012.

Features 
The Gamebryo system is a suite of modular C++ libraries. Game developers can combine and extend the libraries to modify the engine for a particular game. Gamebryo's design emphasises a rapid prototyping approach aimed at an iterative development process.

The Gamebryo engine supports several deployment platforms including Microsoft Windows (DirectX 6–11), Mac, iOS, Android, Linux (OpenGL), GameCube, Wii, PlayStation, PS2, PSP, PS3, PS4, Xbox, Xbox 360, and Xbox One.

Gamebryo 4.0 is the latest version of the engine, designed to merge the original Gamebryo system with its LightSpeed spin-off.

Games 
Gamebryo is used by numerous companies within the gaming industry. Below is a sample of titles that have used the engine:

NetImmerse games

References

Further reading

External links 
 Gamebryo official website

3D scenegraph APIs
Game engines for Linux
 
NetImmerse engine games
Video game engines
Parafilm. Parafilm is a semi-transparent, flexible film composed of a blend of waxes and polyolefins.
It is a ductile, malleable, non-toxic, edible, tasteless, odorless, and self-sealing thermoplastic.
It has been manufactured by the company Amcor since its acquisition of Bemis Company, Inc in 2018. It comes in two colors, natural (colorless) and purple.

Laboratories
Parafilm M is commonly used in health care, pharmaceutical and research laboratories for covering or sealing vessels such as flasks, cuvettes, test tubes, beakers, petri dishes and more.
The "M" stands for mounting or maps, as Parafilm was originally used to mount charts and other objects using heat. Parafilm M was marketed in 1950s for lab use and for various home applications.

Because it melts quickly when heated, Parafilm M is not safe for use in an autoclave. It is also soluble in many organic solvents.

Other applications

Produce 
Some growers use Parafilm M instead of fungicides or other coatings to prevent rot, wrapping it around the freshly cut crowns of bananas, pineapples and other produce.

Stem wrap 
Florists use Parafilm Stem Wrap to extend the flower's life by protecting moisture in the stem as a floral tape.

Grafting 
Horticulturalists use Parafilm Grafting Tape in grafting. Several grafting styles call for wrapping a graft to hold it together, and sealing it to prevent drying and Parafilm Grafting Tape does both. In this context Parafilm is also known as grafting tape.

Modeling
Parafilm M is used by some modelers as a masking material during airbrushing, due to its lack of adhesion, which can destroy a finish.

Entomology
Entomologists have used Parafilm M as a membrane to feed hematophagous insects such as mosquitoes and bedbugs reared in the lab.

Microfluidics
An application of Parafilm M is to make paper-based microfluidic devices. Paper-based microfluidic devices are considered a suitable way to fabricate low-cost point-of-care diagnostics for developing countries and areas where expensive medical instrumentation is not accessible.
Digital microfluidic devices can also use it as the electrode insulator and hydrophobic layer

Similar products
A similar but now discontinued product is Fuji's Sealon film.

Another similar product is Seal-R-Film.

See also
Plastic wrap

References

External links
http://www.parafilm.com
https://www.thomassci.com/scientific-supplies/Parafilm
http://sealrfilm.com

Laboratory equipment
Dry transfer. Dry transfers (also called rub-ons or rubdowns) are decals that can be applied without the use of water or other solvent.  The decal itself is on a backing material such as paper or plastic sheeting much like a transparency. The dry transfer is placed in the desired location with the backing side up. The decal is then applied by burnishing the backing with a stylus or similar object such as a ballpoint pen. The contact side of the decal includes a pressure-sensitive adhesive; the combination of heat and pressure causes the decal to stick more strongly to the new surface than to the backing. When the backing is removed, the decal remains. This allows for ink only where needed even if the pattern is delicate, because the backing supports the decal while it is being applied.

Dry transfers are used in manual technical drawing when standard graphic elements such as title blocks, forms, patterned lines, shading, piping or electronic schematic symbols need to be repetitively used. Use of a dry transfer reduces drawing time and standardizes appearance.  Dry transfer lettering such as Letraset brand is used where hand-drawn lettering is laborious to apply. From the 1960s to the 1980s, dry transfers featuring action scenes were a popular children's pastime.

See also
 Appliqué
 Presto Magix

References
 

Printing terminology
Tantalite. The mineral group tantalite  [(Fe, Mn)Ta2O6] is the primary source of the chemical element tantalum, a corrosion (heat and acid) resistant metal. It is chemically similar to columbite, and the two are often grouped together as a semi-singular mineral called coltan or "columbite-tantalite" in many mineral guides. However, tantalite has a much greater specific gravity than columbite (8.0+ compared to columbite's 5.2). Iron-rich tantalite is the mineral tantalite-(Fe) or ferrotantalite and manganese-rich is tantalite-(Mn) or manganotantalite.

Tantalite is also very close to tapiolite. Those minerals have the same chemical composition, but different crystal symmetry: orthorhombic for tantalite and tetragonal for tapiolite.

Tantalite is black to brown in both color and streak. Manganese-rich tantalites can be brown and translucent.

Occurrence

Tantalite occurs in granitic pegmatites that are rich in rare-elements, and in placer deposits derived from such rocks. It has been found in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia (Guainía and Vichada), Egypt, northern Europe, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, The Democratic Republic of Congo, the United States (California, Colorado, Maine, and Virginia), and Zimbabwe.  Brazil has the world's largest reserve of tantalite (52.1%).

Applications
The tantalum metal extracted from tantalite is used in alloys for strength and higher melting points, in glass to increase the index of refraction, and in surgical steel, as it is non-reactive and non-irritating to body tissues. Much like glass, it is not suitable for use in hydrofluoric acid and strong hot alkali applications.

Sustainability
The mining of tantalite causes many environmental and social problems in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

See also
 Coltan mining and ethics

References

External links

 Webmineral Tantalite-(Fe)
 Webmineral Tantalite-(Mn)
 Handbook of Mineralogy

Tantalum minerals
Niobium minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Radioactive gemstones
Oxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 60