omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wood splitting. Wood splitting (riving, cleaving) is an ancient technique used in carpentry to make lumber for making wooden objects, some basket weaving, and to make firewood. Unlike wood sawing, the wood is split along the grain using tools such as a hammer and wedges, splitting maul, cleaving axe, side knife, or froe.

Woodworking
In woodworking carpenters use a wooden siding which gets its name, clapboard, from originally being split from logs—the sound of the plank against the log being a clap. This is used in clapboard architecture and for wainscoting. Coopers use oak clapboards to make barrel staves. Split-rail fences are made with split wood.

Basket making
Some Native Americans traditionally make baskets from black ash by pounding the wood with a mallet and pulling long strips from the log.

Firewood
Log splitting is the act of splitting firewood from logs that have been pre-cut into sections (rounds, bolts, billets). This can be done by hand, using an axe or maul, or by using a mechanical log splitter. When splitting a log by hand, it is best to aim for the cracks (called checks), if there are any visible. Some types of wood are harder to split than others, including extremely hard woods, as well as types like gum which an axe will often bounce off of, and cherry, which is typically so twisted it's near impossible to get a clean split, and elm. Any type of wood, being thick or tall, having large knots or twisted grain can make it difficult to split. In some cases, it is easiest to aim for the edges and split the log into multiple pieces. Batoning is splitting small pieces of wood for kindling or other purposes sometimes with a batoning chisel, a special chisel with one sharp side used for splitting.

Advantages
The advantages of splitting wood along its grain, rather than sawing it is that the wood is much stronger. Due to this, it was historically used for building ships (e.g. drekars) and traditional skis. A defining feature of shakes, which are like shingles, is that they are split rather than sawn and because the cell structure of the wood remains intact may be more durable, and similarly trunnels when split are stronger than when sawn.

Prevention
Sometimes wood splitting is undesirable. Methods to prevent splitting in woodworking are the butterfly joint, truss connector plates, or metal straps. Columns may be hollowed in the center to prevent splitting. Nail points may be blunted or pilot holes drilled to prevent splitting of lumber while nailing or screwing. End grain sealers are liquid products usually containing wax which helps prevent rapid drying of the ends of lumber resulting in splits. Metal end plates or S-shaped pieces of metal may be driven into the butt ends of a timber. Splitting is the primary reason building codes do not allow notching in the bottom of joists and beams.

References

External links 
 Wood splitting technique used in Viking ship construction

Woodworking
Lumberjack sports
Betongtavlen. Betongtavlen () is a Norwegian architecture and civil engineering award issued by the National Associations of Norwegian Architects and the Norwegian Concrete Association. The award is issues to a structure "where concrete is used in an environmentally, esthetically and technically excellent way". The award was first issued in 1961 for Bakkehaugen Church and has as of 2011 been awarded 53 times. The award is not necessarily awarded every year, and up to four structures have been awarded in a year. Structures awarded prices include office buildings, campus buildings, ski jumps, houses, hotels, bridges, tunnels, dams, oil platforms, industrial facilities, viewpoints and cultural institutions. Prizes are not necessarily awarded immediately after the structure was completed—for instance, Elgeseter Bridge was completed in 1951 but awarded the prize in 2006.

List of awards
The following is a list of the awards, including the year it was awarded, the structure, the credited architects and engineering firms or people, the type of structure and the municipality in which it is located.

See also

 List of engineering awards

References

Civil engineering awards
Architecture awards
1961 establishments in Norway
Norwegian awards
Electrovibration. The history of electrovibration goes back to 1954. It was first discovered by accident and E. Mallinckrodt, A. L. Hughes and W. Sleator  Jr. reported “that dragging a dry finger over a conductive surface covered with a thin insulating layer and excited with a 110 V signal, created a characteristic rubbery feeling”. In their experiment, the finger and the metal surface create a capacitive setup. The attraction force created between the finger and the surface was too weak to perceive, but it generated a rubbery sensation when the finger was moving on the surface. This sensation was named "electrovibration" by the group.

In around early 2010, Senseg and Disney Research began developing technology that could bring electrovibration to modern touchscreen devices.

History 
"In summer of 1950, E. Mallinckrodt noted that a certain shiny brass electric light socket did not feel as smooth when the light was burning as it did with the light off". Then Mallinckrodt created a setup to investigate the effect scientifically. He connected an aluminum plate through a variable current-limiting resistor to a 60 Hz, 110 V power supply. Half of the aluminum plate was coated with an insulating varnish, while the rest was left uncoated. As a result of the test he identified that the feeling of friction only appears when there is an insulating barrier between the conductive surface and the sliding finger. He concluded that the finger gets electrically polarized, and this induced charge creates a force between that finger and the surface. He named this phenomenon "electrically induced vibrations".

Electrostatic-force theory 
An electrostatic force is created by applying a time-varying voltage between an electrode and an insulated ground plane. When a finger scans over an insulated plate with a time-varying voltage, the finger works as the induced ground plane. The induced static electricity creates an electric force field between the finger and the surface. 
 
A parallel-plate capacitor model can be  used to approximate the skin–surface interface. The electrode acts as one plate, while the conductive subcutaneous layer in the skin acts as the other, thus representing a hybrid natural/artificial electrostatic actuator. The following equation approximates the electrostatic force experienced between the finger and the electrode:
 

where
 – permittivity of free space,
 – dielectric constant,
 – area of electrodes,
 – voltage applied between the two plates,
 – distance between two plates.

The resulting force is too small to perceive by human skin, but when the finger is moving on the surface, a frictional force appears on the moving finger, which can be expressed as

where  is the coefficient of friction.

Further research has shown that this model is not sufficient to explain such skin–surface interfaces.

References 

Electricity
Sensory receptors
Construction by configuration. Construction by Configuration (CbC) is a process defined by Ian Sommerville in 2008 for the adoption of a Commercial off-the-shelf systems (COTS) in an organization. This can range from simple parameter setting through the definition of business rules to special purpose components development.

According to Sommerville, many companies and government organizations have changed their strategy from "specify and develop" to "buy and configure." Thus, generic systems are purchased and configured to create a specific version applied to an organization context by adapting modules to structures, business lines and processes.

In his work, Sommerville identified three (3) types of configurable systems: single PC-based applications with built-in, modular generic systems (such as ERP systems) and COTS assemblies. He determined that the most complex and risky to configure are the COTS, and indicated that regardless of the facilities that this software category provides, a set of activities that are common in the configuration process should be managed to address avoid the mostly failures reported. These are:

 System selection.
 Requirements analysis.
Business process redesign.
System configuration.
System testing.
Deployment and evolution.

References 

Procurement
Redcare. BT Redcare is the largest supplier of alarm signalling services for security and fire in the UK. It was established over thirty years ago, and works with both the business and domestic markets.

Redcare is a widely deployed service from BT, used in the UK. Redcare signalling is fitted by alarm installation companies (“installers”), then provides a signal from a customer’s premises to an alarm receiving centre (ARC).

ARCs monitor the signal 24 hours a day and, when necessary, alert the customer, nominated persons, police and fire services.

The BT Redcare Network has 99.997% reliability and is a dedicated network developed for security alarm and fire alarm signalling. It is supported by BT technology.

The system transmits a continuous signal on a standard telephone line, which can also be used for voice and broadband services, to prevent alarm systems being defeated by the line being cut.

Redcare Classic works below the voice frequency spectrum on a phone line in order to avoid interference with calls or broadband, which uses frequencies above the voice spectrum.

Other versions also use GSM (mobile) as a backup to the main phone line or can function using either wireless (2G/3G mobile data) or IP as the primary connection all backed up by an alternative signalling path. These 2G/3G and IP offerings are marketed by Redcare under their Secure product range. Both WiFi and built-in-router direct-to-ADSL versions were available to make direct IP connections; the most basic model in the last line-up used WiFi to connect to 'any' provider, the Ultimate service used a dedicated DSL line serving only the comms unit which could only be provided by Openreach.

BT Redcare fire and security product have insurer-endorsed LPS 1277 third-party certification.

On 1 February 2024, BT announced that it would close its BT Redcare operations on 1 August 2025. 

The company’s products include:

 Security
 Redcare Classic
 Redcare GSM Roaming
 Redcare Secure IP
 Redcare Secure 3
 Redcare Secure 2
 Redcare Secure Solo
 Fire
 Redcare Secure Fire IP
 Redcare Secure Fire
 Redcare Classic Fire

References

External links 
 National Security Inspectorate: ARC Gold approval criteria. http://www.nsi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/SF006-1-ARC-Criteria.pdf. Retrieved 13 November 2017
 What is Redcare? http://www.redcare.bt.com/what/ Retrieved 23 December 2017

Security technology
BT Group
Team Rocket F1 Rocket. The Team Rocket F1 Rocket is a two-seat sport plane formerly built in Czech Republic and marketed as a kit for amateur construction by Team Rocket of Texas, United States. As of April 2017, the aircraft is being produced in the U.S. under license from Team Rocket by Frazier Aviation Products LLC of Indiana.

Development and design
The F1 Rocket is a tandem two-seat low-wing cantilever monoplane built mainly in aluminum. The Rocket has a titanium fixed conventional landing gear with a tailwheel. Designed to be built with a range of nose-mounted engines between 235 and 350 hp (175 and 224 kW) the prototype has a Lycoming IO-540 with a three-bladed propeller. The F1 has tandem seating for two with a rear-sliding canopy and a fixed windscreen. Tip up canopies are also used. The prototype first flew in the United States in November 2000 and by 2003 seven others had flown. By late 2017, over 130 had flown.

Variants
F1 Rocket
Tandem-seat variant using a 6 cylinder Lycoming IO-540 or Continental IO-550 engine of 250-350 HP. The wing on the F1 is similar to the Vans RV-4 wing, a rectangular design with slotted ailerons, and bottom hinged flaps. The canopy may be a slider or flip over design, but most use the slider design.

F1 Evo Evolutionary variant design, utilized a tapered wing as compared to the rectangular wing on the F1.  Significant changes were made to the aileron and flap design.  F1 Evo uses the same fuselage and tail as the original F1. The Evo wing is no longer available.

F4 RaiderTandem-seat variant using a 4-cylinder Lycoming parallel valve engine, or clone, from 180 to 200+ HP.

Specifications (F1 Rocket)

References

Notes

Bibliography

Homebuilt aircraft
2000s United States sport aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2000
F1 Rocket
Engineers Aircraft Corporation EAC-1. The EAC-1 is a folding-parasol wing aircraft developed by the Engineers Aircraft Corporation of Stamford, Connecticut.

Design and development
The EAC-1 was designed to be a low-cost sport aircraft for casual use, that could be stored in a space as small as 11 X 20 feet.

The aircraft has conventional landing gear, an open cockpit, strut braces and a parasol wing with swept sections. The fuselage is constructed of welded steel tubing with doped aircraft fabric covering.

Specifications (EAC-1)

See also

References

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
EAC-1
Parasol-wing aircraft
DND (video game). DND is a role-playing video game developed by Purdue University student Daniel Lawrence in 1977 for the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-10 mainframe computer. The name DND is derived from the abbreviation "D&D" from the original tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons. It was later ported to several other computer systems and languages. After Lawrence re-used code from the game in the 1982 role-playing game Telengard, DEC ordered DND be removed from their computers to avoid litigation by Telengards publisher. DND was one of the earliest role-playing video games, as part of a set of games developed in the 1970s based on the 1974 Dungeons & Dragons.

Development
DND was written in BASIC for the TOPS-10 time-share operating system by Daniel Lawrence, a student at Purdue University, for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 mainframe computer and released around 1977. It was one of several freeware games based on Dungeons & Dragons in the 1970s. Later the game found its way to DEC and was there rewritten in 1983 to Pascal.

Legacy
DND was one of the earliest role-playing video games, which began to appear around 1975, and like DND were largely based on Dungeons & Dragons (1974). Lawrence re-used some of the code for the game for the 1982 role-playing game Telengard. This led to DEC ordering DND to be removed from all DEC computers in September 1983 to avoid litigation from Telengards publisher, Avalon Hill. Due to the BASIC source code availability, the game was later ported and adapted to newer systems and programming languages. One such port was to MS-DOS in 1984 by R.O. Software, which sold the game under a US$25 shareware license without first seeking permission from Avalon Hill or Lawrence.

References

External links 
 
 

1977 video games
BASIC software
Dungeons & Dragons video games
Role-playing video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with available source code
Star Flight Starfire. The Star Flight Starfire is the first aircraft in a large family of American ultralight aircraft that was designed by Dick Turner and produced by Star Flight Manufacturing, introduced in 1979. The aircraft were all supplied as kits for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed before the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules were brought into effect, but all models comply with them anyway, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The Tristar, for instance, has a standard empty weight of . The line of aircraft all feature a cable-braced high-wing, a single-seat, open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminium tubing, with the flying surfaces covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is cable-braced from a single element kingpost. The landing gear features a steerable nose wheel with a bicycle-style rim brake. The powerplant is mounted underneath the wing and drives a pusher propeller.

The Tristar model took 25 hours to build from the factory-supplied assembly kit.

Variants
Starfire
Initial model with a hybrid weight-shift and aerodynamic control system, designed in 1979.
Tristar
Model designed in 1980, with a conventional three-axis aerodynamic control system, using a side stick and spoilers for roll control. Revised fuselage for new control system. The standard engine supplied was the  Cuyuna 430R.
TX-1000
Model with a conventional three-axis aerodynamic control system, strengthened airframe and a  Rotax 377 two-stroke engine.
SC-1000
Improved model
AC-2000
Improved model introduced in 1984.

Specifications (Tristar)

References

External links
Photo of Tristar
Photo of Tristar

1970s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramount Aircraft Corporation. Paramount Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer based out of Saginaw, Michigan The company was formed by Walter J. Carr to produce his highly modified Warner powered Travel Air, the Cabinaire. Eight units were built, with one becoming used for an aerial refueling record attempt. Carr left the company in September 1930 after poor sales of the new aircraft. Behse remained and produced the two-seat side by side open cockpit sportster. During a demonstration flight, the prototype spun in after a steep climb on takeoff and crashed into a lake on 16 May 1931, killing Behse and passenger Whitney Merritt. The company was dissolved as a result.

Aircraft

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Edward Fraenkel. Ludwig Edward Fraenkel FRS (28 May 1927 – 27 April 2019) was a German-born British mathematician, and professor at the University of Bath. He was the son of classicist Eduard Fraenkel.

Education
Fraenkel earned an undergraduate degree (in 1947) and a Master of Science degree (in 1948) from the University of Toronto in the area of Aeronautical Engineering. His thesis was on the design of nozzles for supersonic wind tunnels.

Awards and honours
In 1989, he was awarded the Senior Whitehead Prize. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in  1993.

References

2019 deaths
1927 births
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Bath
Fellows of the Royal Society
German emigrants to England
Fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge
Avtobaza. Kvant 1L222 Avtobaza is an ELINT system designed to detect side looking airborne radars, air-to-ground fire-control radars and low-altitude flight control radars, as well as to provide intelligence data for the 1L125M APUR.

System composition 
 equipment vehicle based on the Ural-43203 chassis with the K1.4320 van
 ED2x16-T230P-1VAS electric power generator in the K1.4320 van on the Ural 4310 chassis

The ELINT system displays on the TV screen acquired targets with data on their direction finding, angular coordinates (azimuth and elevation), radiation signal parameters (carrier frequency, duration, pulse repetition frequency) and radar type classification (sidelooking, fire control, low-altitude flight control radar). The APUR automated jamming control system is fed with target data (frequency band number according to frequency assignment of jamming systems, type of emitting radars and their angular coordinates) via cable at a range of up to 100 meters.

Operational service 
There are unconfirmed reports of the system being used in the capture of an RQ-170 UAV by the Iranian forces on 4 December 2011.

There are also unconfirmed reports of it being used by the Russian forces during the annexation of Crimea in March 2014 to overtake controls of an American drone.

General system information 
 Max ELINT range in kilometers: up to 150
 Radar detection frequency range in MHz: 8000–17544
 Operational envelope in degrees: 360 (in azimuth), 18/30 (in elevation for A, B/V Bands)
 Target detection/data transmition-to-APUR delay in microseconds: 500
 Number of emitting target bearings (at 15 tgt/s flow): up to 60
 Probability of radar type classification: 0.8 (with 1.0 being 100%)
 Into/out-of-action time in minutes: not more than 25
 Power consumption in kilowatts: not more than 12
 Crew: 4

References

Further reading
 Technical Report APA-TR-2008-0503.

Electronic warfare
Military electronics of Russia
Derek Fray. Derek John Fray (born 26 December 1939) is a British material scientist, and professor at the University of Cambridge.

Education
Fray was educated at Emanuel School, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree followed by a PhD from Imperial College London.

Career and research

He was Professor of Material Chemistry and a Director of Research from 1996 to 2014 at the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge. Since 2015 he has held the title of a Distinguished Research Fellow and Emeritus Professor of Materials Chemistry in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge

Derek Fray is the main inventor of the FFC Cambridge process for the direct electrochemical reduction of metal oxides to metals and alloys along with co-inventors Tom Farthing and George Chen. The FFC Cambridge process has been commercialised by the Cambridge spin out company Metalysis, a company based in South Yorkshire.

He has published more than 450 papers and is cited as an inventor on 350 published patents. Several of these patents have been licensed to university spin-out companies of which he is a founding Director, including Metalysis, EMC, Camfridge, Chinuka and InotecAMD.

Fray is also a consultant to Verde Potash Plc,
and White Mountain Titanium Corporation.

Awards and honours
Fray was awarded the Beilby Medal and Prize in 1981. A symposium was held in his name in 2011. Additionally, the award, Fray International Sustainability Award, was created in his honor. Fray was also a recipient of the Fray International Sustainability Award in 2011. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) and a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2008.

References

British materials scientists
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of Imperial College London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1939 births
Fellows of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
Cast Glance. Cast Glance is a gyrostabilized optical instrument used by the United States Navy and United States Air Force. It is an airborne system that is used by Air Test and Evaluation Squadron 30 (VX-30) on board the Lockheed NP-3D variant of the P-3 Orion. The system consists of a moving gyro-stabilised mirror with fixed optics, two fixed cameras and five sensors. The cameras look out of the starboard side of the aircraft. The system is photometric and enables the simultaneous recording of the electro-optical to the infrared spectrum and medium wave IR.

The system provides photographic coverage of air-to-air, air-to-surface or surface-to-air test operations. Cast Glance was also used to support the Space Shuttle program.

References

External links
Cast Glance Near Infrared Imaging - Futron Corporation
Video imagery produced by Cast Glance (from 02:57)

Military electronics of the United States
Optical instruments