omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
USS Farquhar (DD-304). USS Farquhar (DD-304) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding  although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two  1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Farquhar, named for Norman von Heldreich Farquhar, was launched 18 January 1919 by Union Iron Works, San Francisco; sponsored by Mrs. J. Reed; and commissioned 5 August 1920.

From her home port, San Diego, where she first arrived 26 August 1920, Farquhar operated with the Pacific Fleet in training, maneuvers, and war problems along the west coast from the coast of Washington state to the Panama Canal Zone. In August 1921, she rescued 42 passengers of SS San Jose, stranded off the coast of Mexico. In 1924 and 1927, she joined in fleet concentrations in the Caribbean, and during the second cruise, sailed north to visit New York, Newport, Rhode Island and Norfolk, before returning to San Diego.

Farquhar sailed to Hawaii on maneuvers in April 1925, and joined a large force for a cruise to Samoa, Australia, and New Zealand, returning to the west coast in September. April through June 1928 again found her in the Hawaiian Islands for exercises of the complete Battle Fleet. She carried reservists for training in July 1929, and the next month began inactivation at San Diego. Farquhar was decommissioned 20 February 1930, and after temporary service as a barracks ship for submariners, was scrapped in accordance with the London Treaty limiting naval armaments. The scrapped materials were sold 23 April 1932.

Notes

References

External links
http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/304.htm

Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in San Francisco
1919 ships
Indium gallium phosphide. Indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), also called gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), is a semiconductor composed of indium, gallium and phosphorus. It is used in high-power and high-frequency electronics because of its superior electron velocity with respect to the more common semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide.

It is used mainly in HEMT and HBT structures, but also for the fabrication of high efficiency solar cells used for space applications and, in combination with aluminium (AlGaInP alloy) to make high brightness LEDs with orange-red, orange, yellow, and green colors. Some semiconductor devices such as EFluor Nanocrystal use InGaP as their core particle.

Indium gallium phosphide is a solid solution of indium phosphide and gallium phosphide.

Ga0.5In0.5P is a solid solution of special importance, which is almost lattice matched to GaAs. This allows, in combination with (AlxGa1−x)0.5In0.5, the growth of lattice matched quantum wells for red emitting semiconductor lasers, e.g., red emitting (650nm) RCLEDs or VCSELs for PMMA plastic optical fibers.

Ga0.5In0.5P is used as the high energy junction on double and triple junction photovoltaic cells grown on GaAs. Recent years have shown GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cells with AM0 (sunlight incidence in space = 1.35 kW/m2) efficiencies in excess of 25%.

A different composition of GaInP, lattice matched to the underlying GaInAs, is utilized as the high energy junction GaInP/GaInAs/Ge triple junction photovoltaic cells.

Growth of GaInP by epitaxy can be complicated by the tendency of GaInP to grow as an ordered material, rather than a truly random solid solution (i.e., a mixture). This changes the bandgap and the electronic and optical properties of the material.

See also
 Gallium phosphide
 Indium(III) phosphide
 Indium gallium nitride
 Indium gallium arsenide
 GaInP/GaAs solar cell

References

 E.F. Schubert "Light emitting diodes",

External links
 EMCORE Solar Cells
 Spectrolab Solar Cells
 NSM Archive

Phosphides
Indium compounds
Gallium compounds
III-V semiconductors
III-V compounds
Solar cells
Light-emitting diode materials
Corliss Orville Burandt. Corliss Orville Burandt is an American engineer who invented a system of variable valve timing in automobile engines. Working through a 1965 Chevrolet Corvair, he designed a system of putting a sensor into the cylinder to optimize the fuel-air mixture during combustion. He claims that the hybrid autos, which are on the market today, use technology from his patents.

Burandt assigned the rights to his most cherished invention to Investment Rarities, a venture capital company which specialized in gold trading. When Investment Rarities had financial and tax setbacks in the late 1980s, it ceased paying the maintenance fees on Burandt's patents. Thus, the patents fell into the public domain.

After his patents came to naught, Burandt fell upon hard times. Living with obsessive-compulsive disorder, he says "I mean, I lost everything. I lost my house, I lost all my cars. I lost everything. I was fricking homeless. I lived in that goddamn car for a while. I mean, how many inventors live in their prototypes? I mean, is that ridiculous or what? It was just...I ruined my family with the deal. But in terms of what happened to me: basically, I was left to rot for eight years."

References

Patents 
 , Method and device for optimizing the air-fuel mixture burn rate of internal combustion engines during low speed, light and heavy load operating conditions, October 9, 1990
 ,  Method and apparatus utilizing valve throttling and charge stratification in the operation of an internal combustion engine, February 16, 1988
 , Mechanism utilizing a single rocker arm for controlling an internal combustion engine valve, February 9, 1988
 , Apparatus utilizing a plural-profiled cam unit for actuating the valve of an internal combustion engine, August 4, 1987
 , Valve actuating apparatus for minimizing the need for lash adjustment, January 27, 1987
 , Mechanism for variably controlling an internal combustion engine valve, January 29, 1985
 , Variable fuel delivery system for internal combustion, November 27, 1984
 , Variable valve operating mechanism for internal combustion engines, November 27, 1984
 , Valve actuating apparatus utilizing a multi-profiled cam unit for controlling internal combustion engines, July 17, 1984
 , Apparatus and method for controlling the valve operation of an internal combustion engine, March 27, 1984
 , Apparatus and timing mechanism for controlling the valve operation of an internal combustion engine, March 27, 1984
 , Variable valve operating mechanism for internal combustion engines, November 15, 1983

External links
Burandt's website

People from Minnesota
21st-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Living people
Variable valve timing
Year of birth missing (living people)

People with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Bromate. The bromate anion, BrO, is a bromine-based oxoanion. A bromate is a chemical compound that contains this ion. Examples of bromates include sodium bromate () and potassium bromate ().

Bromates are formed many different ways in municipal drinking water. The most common is the reaction of ozone and bromide:

 Br +  → BrO

Electrochemical processes, such as electrolysis of brine without a membrane operating to form hypochlorite, will also produce bromate when bromide ion is present in the brine solution.

Photoactivation (sunlight exposure) will encourage liquid or gaseous bromine to generate bromate in bromide-containing water.

In laboratories bromates can be synthesized by dissolving  in a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH). The following reactions will take place (via the intermediate creation of hypobromite):

 + 2 OH− → Br + BrO + 

3 BrO → BrO + 2 Br

Human health issues 
Bromate in drinking water is toxic because it is a suspected human carcinogen. Its presence in Coca-Cola's Dasani bottled water forced a recall of that product in the UK.

Bromate formation during ozonation 

Although few by-products are formed by ozonation, ozone reacts with bromide ions in water to produce bromate. Bromide can be found in sufficient concentrations in fresh water to produce (after ozonation) more than 10 ppb of bromate—the maximum contaminant level established by the USEPA. Proposals to reduce bromate formation include: lowering the water pH below 6.0, limiting the doses of ozone, using an alternate water source with a lower bromide concentration, pretreatment with ammonia, and addition of small concentrations of chloramines prior to ozonation.

Reservoir pollution 

On December 14, 2007, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) announced that it would drain Silver Lake Reservoir and Elysian Reservoir due to bromate contamination. At the Silver Lake and Elysian reservoirs a combination of bromide from well water, chlorine, and sunlight had formed bromate. The decontamination took 4 months, discharging over  of contaminated water.

On June 9, 2008 the LADWP began covering the surface of the ,  open Ivanhoe Reservoir with black, plastic shade balls to block the sunlight which causes the naturally present bromide to react with the chlorine used in treatment. 3 million of the 40 cent balls are required to cover the Ivanhoe and Elysian reservoirs.

Natural occurrence 
Currently no bromate-bearing minerals (i.e., the ones with bromate ion being an essential constituent) are known.

See also
Other bromine anions:

References 

 
Carcinogens
VSE. VSE may refer to:

Education
 University of Economics, Prague (), in Czechia
 Vancouver School of Economics, at the University of British Columbia

Science and technology
 VSE (operating system)
 Odakyu 50000 series VSE, a Japanese electric multiple unit
 Vision for Space Exploration, a space policy of the United States
 Visual Smalltalk Enterprise, a Smalltalk dialect

Stock exchanges
 Vadodara Stock Exchange, India
 Vancouver Stock Exchange, Canada
 Varaždin Stock Exchange, Croatia
 Vilnius Stock Exchange, Lithuania

Other uses 
 Viseu Airport, in Portugal
 VSE Corporation, an American business services company
ARA Hércules (B-52). ARA Hércules was a former Type 42 destroyer of the Argentine Navy (Spanish:  Armada de la República Argentina), which was transformed into a multi-purpose transport ship with the pennant number B-52 (previously D-1) and assigned to the amphibious force in 1999. She was formally decommissioned in 2024 after having been non-operational for several years.

History 

The ship was ordered on 18 May 1970 and completed on 10 May 1976 at the Vickers Shipbuilding yard in Barrow-in-Furness, United Kingdom. During construction, an explosion on  caused damage in the hull. The hull of Hércules replaced a section of the ship, as both were identical in build. She was delivered to Argentina and entered service on 19 September 1977. As built, Hércules was identical to the initial Type 42 units being commissioned by the Royal Navy. The Argentine Navy upgraded the warship by enhancing her offensive capabilities with MM-38 Exocet anti-ship missiles. The original boat decks by the funnel were modified in order to mount the launchers.

In 1982, along with her newly built sister ship, , Hércules was part of the escort of the aircraft carrier  during the Falklands War.

The ship had a major conversion at ASMAR in Talcahuano, Chile in 2000 that removed the anti-aircraft and anti-ship missile systems to allow the embarkment of a complement of 238 marine infantry troops, the flight deck and hangar were also enlarged to allow her to operate two Sea King helicopters. Each helicopter can also carry two AM-39 Exocet anti-ship missiles.

As of 2020, Hércules was reported to be non-operational. She was formally decommissioned in 2024.

References

Notes

Bibliography

See also 
 List of ships of the Argentine Navy
 List of auxiliary ships of the Argentine Navy

Type 42 destroyers of the Argentine Navy
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1976 ships
Falklands War naval ships of Argentina
Cold War destroyers of Argentina
Fixed rope. In climbing and mountaineering, a fixed-rope (or fixed-line) is the practice of installing networks of in-situ anchored static climbing ropes on climbing routes to assist any following climbers (and porters) to ascend more rapidly—and with less effort—by using mechanical aid devices called ascenders.  Fixed ropes also allow climbers (and porters) to descend rapidly using mechanical devices called descenders.  Fixed ropes also help to identify the line of the climbing route in periods of low visibility (e.g. a storm or white-out).  The act of ascending a fixed rope is also called jumaring, which is the name of a type of ascender device, or also called jugging in the US.

Fixed ropes are put in place by the lead climbers, and the ropes may or may not be removed as the climbers descend after completing the route. For popular Himalayan climbing routes, extensive networks of fixed ropes may be put in place to last the entire climbing season (e.g. the Khumbu Icefall on Mount Everest).  While storms can strip a mountain of fixed ropes that have been left behind, the existence of old—and often unreliable and dangerous—fixed ropes along popular climbing routes, is a concern in climbing.  On popular European, and latterly American, climbing routes, the fixed rope can be replaced by networks of permanently anchored metal cables, which are called 'via ferrata' routes.

Fixed ropes are not used in 'alpine style' mountaineering as they are considered akin to a form of aid climbing. Fixed ropes are commonly used on big wall climbing routes where it is common for the non-lead climber(s) to jumar up on fixed ropes to save time and conserve effort; the re-belay technique is often used on big walls to reduce wear on fixed ropes.  Guided climbing expeditions to Himalayan peaks such as the easier eight-thousanders, often set up extensive networks of fixed ropes on steep or icy sections of the climbing route to help their less experienced clients, and to allow their porters and sherpas move quickly along the route. For example, on the Hillary Step of Everest, networks of fixed ropes improve client safety, but then cause bottlenecks at altitudes in the death zone. The ethics on the use of extensive fixed rope networks by commercial adventure companies facilitating access to dangerous eight-thousander summits for weaker climbers is a source of debate in mountaineering.

See also

Ascender
Expedition climbing
Self rescue (climbing)
Tyrolean traverse

References

Further reading

External links
Using fixed ropes, Andy Kirkpatrick (December 2008)
Newcomers’ Guide: Fixed Ropes in Himalayan Climbing, ExplorersWeb (March 2022)

Climbing techniques
Decision management. Decision management, also known as enterprise decision management (EDM) or business decision management (BDM) entails all aspects of designing, building and managing the automated decision-making systems that an organization uses to manage its interactions with customers, employees and suppliers. Computerization has changed the way organizations are approaching their decision-making because it requires that they automate more decisions, to handle response times and unattended operation required by computerization, and because it has enabled "information-based decisions" – decisions based on analysis of historical behavioral data, prior decisions, and their outcomes.

Overview
Decision management was described in 2005 as an "emerging important discipline, due to an increasing need to automate high-volume decisions across the enterprise and to impart precision, consistency, and agility in the decision-making process". Decision management is implemented "via the use of rule-based systems and analytic models for enabling high-volume, automated decision making".

Organizations seek to improve the value created through each decision by deploying software solutions (generally developed using BRMS and predictive analytics technology) that better manage the tradeoffs between precision or accuracy, consistency, agility, speed or decision latency, and cost of decision-making within organizations. The concept of decision yield, for instance, focuses on all five key attributes of decision-making: more targeted decisions (precision); in the same way, over and over again (consistency); while being able to adapt "on-the-fly" (business agility) while reducing cost and improving speed, is an overall metric for how well an organization is making a particular decision.

Organizations are adopting decision management technology and approaches because they need a higher return from previous infrastructure investments, are dealing with increasing business decision complexity, face competitive pressure for more sophisticated decisions and because increasingly short windows of competitive advantage means that the speed of business is outpacing speed of information technology to react.

Other terms used include "intelligent process automation" (where decision management is combined with business process management).

Approach
There are a number of different approaches used to apply decision management principles. In general, these follow three steps:
 Decision identification and decision modeling using either open standards such as Decision Model and Notation or proprietary approaches such as The Decision Model
 Development of a system or service (often called a Decision Service) that automates all or part of the decision
 Ongoing monitoring and management of the decision to keep the business rules and predictive analytics or machine learning models used up to date
Decision management often involves the use of A/B testing and experimentation as well.

See also
 Business rules
 Predictive analytics
 Machine Learning
 Decision making software
 Decision engineering

References

Management by type
Decision theory
NUMAlink. NUMAlink is a system interconnect developed by Silicon Graphics (SGI) for use in its distributed shared memory ccNUMA computer systems. NUMAlink was originally developed by SGI for their Origin 2000 and Onyx2 systems. At the time of these systems' introduction, it was branded as "CrayLink" during SGI's brief ownership of Cray Research.

Hewlett Packard Enterprise entered an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) arrangement with Silicon Graphics International (SGI) to use Numalink as the foundation in some mission critical servers.

 Notes

NUMAlink 2 
There was no NUMAlink 1, as SGI's engineers deemed the system interconnect used in the Stanford DASH to be the first generation NUMAlink interconnect. 
NUMAlink 2 (branded as CrayLink) was announced in October 1996 for the Onyx2 visualization systems, the Origin 200 and the Origin 2000 servers and supercomputers. The NUMAlink 2 interface is the Hub ASIC. NUMAlink 2 is capable of 1.6 GB/s of peak bandwidth through two 800 MB/s, PECL 400 MHz 16-bit unidirectional links.

NUMAlink 3 

NUMAlink 3 is the third generation of the interconnect, introduced in 2000 and used in the Origin 3000 and Altix 3000. NUMAlink 3 is capable of 3.2 GB/s of peak bandwidth through two 1.6 GB/s unidirectional links.
The name NUMAflex reflects the modular design approach around this time.

NUMAlink 4 

NUMAlink 4 is the fourth generation of the interconnect, introduced in 2004 and used in the Altix 4000. NUMAlink 4 is capable of 6.4 GB/s of peak bandwidth through two 3.2 GB/s unidirectional links.

NUMAlink 5 

NUMAlink 5 is the fifth generation of the interconnect, introduced in 2009 and used in the Altix UV series. NUMAlink 5 is capable of 15 GB/s of peak bandwidth through two 7.5 GB/s unidirectional links.

NUMAlink 6 

NUMAlink 6 is the sixth generation of the interconnect, introduced in 2012 and used in the SGI UV 2000, SGI UV 3000, SGI UV 30. NUMAlink 6 is capable of 6.7 GB/s of bidirectional peak bandwidth for up to 256 socket system and 64TB of coherent shared memory.

NUMAlink 7 

NUMAlink 7 is the seventh generation of the interconnect, introduced in 2014 and used in the HPE Integrity MC990 X/SGI UV 300, SGI UV 30EX, SGI UV 300H, SGI UV 300RL. NUMAlink 7 is capable of 14.94 GB/s of bidirectional peak bandwidth for up to 64 socket system and 64TB of coherent shared memory.

NUMAlink 8 (Flex ASIC) 

NUMAlink 8 is the eighth generation of the interconnect, introduced in 2017 and used in the HPE Superdome Flex. NUMAlink 8 provides 13.3 GB/s of bandwidth per port and systems using it are capable of 853.33 GB/s of bisection peak bandwidth (64 links are cut) across a 32 socket system with up to 48 TB of coherent shared memory.

See also

 List of device bit rates
 InfiniBand
 RapidIO
 Myrinet
 Scalable Coherent Interconnect
 QsNet II
 QuickRing

References 

 Joseph Heinrich, Origin and Onyx2 Theory of Operations Manual, 007-3439-002, Silicon Graphics.

External links 
 HPE NUMAlink servers, Superdome Flex.
 
 

Silicon Graphics
Skua (disambiguation). Skua is a seabird in the family Stercorariidae.

Skua may also refer to:
 Blackburn Skua, a British dive-bomber/fighter plane from World War II
 Colonel Luis Arturo Rodríguez Meneses Air Base, a military base, with ICAO airport code SKUA, assigned to the Colombian Air Force 
 Juvenelle Rosario Skua, Brazilian motorglider (aircraft)
 Orkney Skua, a British-manufactured sailing dinghy
 Skua Sailing Dinghy, a drop-keel two-person racing sailboat, designed for construction from plywood.
 Sea Skua, a British air-to-surface missile
 Skua (rocket), a British sounding rocket
 Denel Dynamics Skua, a South African high-speed target drone

See also
 SCUA, the Scottish Conservative & Unionist Party
 Skewer (disambiguation)