omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Irwin Magnetic Systems. Irwin Magnetic Systems, Inc., also known as Irwin Magnetics, was a computer storage manufacturer active from 1979 to 1989 and based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It was founded by Samuel Irwin in 1979 as Irwin International, Inc. The company's primary export was magnetic tape data storage and backup systems for personal computers. Irwin was one of the first companies to manufacture quarter-inch cartridge (QIC) systems for the personal computer market. In 1989, the company was acquired by Cipher Data Products.

History
Irwin Magnetic Systems was founded in 1979 as Irwin International, Inc., by Samuel Irwin. Irwin International spent the first few years of its existence developing a QIC–style magnetic tape data storage system, but the company was unable to develop a viable product.

In July 1983, Samuel Irwin transferred the assets of Irwin International into a separate holding company, Irwin Magnetic Systems. Unlike its predecessor, Irwin Magnetics was able to successfully develop a microcomputer tape system to market.  Called the Irwin Backup, this system made use of 3M's DC100 tape format and was primarily intended as a means of backing up data. The Irwin was a commercial success, and the company soon inked deals with Compaq and NCR, personal computer manufacturers who resold the drives as value-adds for their machines. A few years later, Irwin introduced the AccuTrak, based on the then-common DC2000 tape cartridge format and featuring a proprietary embedded servo to increase data density. Initially sold exclusively for Macintosh computers, Irwin eventually released it for IBM PCs and compatibles, earning design wins from PC manufactures such as Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and IBM, the latter of which sold them as an optional for their Personal System/2 (PS/2) line of PCs.

At its height in the mid-1980s, Irwin Magnetics employed 600 people in Ann Arbor. The company went public in 1986. In 1988, the company acquired Kennedy Company, a prolific tape drive manufacturer for minicomputer systems, from Shugart Corporation for an undisclosed amount. In 1989, Irwin was acquired by Cipher Data Products for US$77 million. Cipher was in turn acquired by Archive Corporation a year later. Archive maintained Irwin as an independent brand for a while after the acquisition.

Notable products 
 EzTape – backup and restore software
 AccuTrak Plus – 120-MB and 250-MB tape drives

References

1979 establishments in Michigan
1989 disestablishments in Michigan
1989 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1979
American companies disestablished in 1989
Companies based in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Computer companies established in 1979
Computer companies disestablished in 1989
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Tape-based computer storage
SmartSpice. SmartSpice is a commercial version of SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) developed by Silvaco. SmartSpice is used to design complex analog circuits, analyze critical nets, characterize cell libraries, and verify analog mixed-signal designs. SmartSpice is compatible with popular analog design flows and foundry-supplied device models. It supports a reduced design space simulation environment. Among its usages in the electronics industry is dynamic timing analysis.

Key features

 HSPICE-compatible netlists, models, analysis features, and results
 Can handle up to 400,000 active devices in 32-bit and 8 million active devices in 64-bit version
 Supports multiple threads for parallel operation
 Multiple solvers and stepping algorithms
 Collection of calibrated SPICE models for traditional technologies (bipolar, CMOS) and emerging technologies (e.g., TFT, SOI, HBT, FRAM) 
 Provides an open model development environment and analog behavioral capability with Verilog-A option
 Supports the Cadence analog flow through OASIS
 Offers a transient non-Monte Carlo method to simulate the transient noise in nonlinear dynamic circuits

Supported transistor models
BJT/HBT: 	Gummel-Poon, Quasi-RC, VBIC, MEXTRAM, MODELLA, HiCUM
MOSFET: 	LEVEL 1, LEVEL 2, LEVEL 3, BSIM1, BSIM3, BSIM4, BSIM5, MOS 11, PSP, MOS 20, EKV, HiSIM, HVMOS
TFT: 	Amorphous and Polysilicon TFT models: Berkeley, Leroux, RPI
SOI: 	Berkeley BSIM3SOI PD/DD/FD, UFS, LETISOI
MESFET: 	Statz, Curtice I & II, TriQuint
JFET: 	LEVEL 1, LEVEL 2
Diode: 	Berkeley, Fowler-Nordheim, Philips JUNCAP/Level 500
FRAM: 	Ramtron FCAP

Supported input formats
Berkeley SPICE netlist, HSPICE netlist, W-element RLGC matrix files, S-parameter model files, Verilog-A and AMS, C/C++

Supported output formats
Rawfiles, output listings, Analysis results, Measurement data, Waveforms (portable across unix/windows platforms)

References

External links
Silvaco
SmartSpice

Electronic design automation software
Electronic circuit simulators
Robert Trappl. Robert Trappl (born 16 January 1939, in Vienna) is an Austrian scientist and head of the Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Vienna, which was founded in 1984.  He is known for his work in the field of cybernetics and artificial intelligence.

Biography 
In the 1960s, Trappl received in Vienna a degree in electrical engineering, a degree in sociology from the Institute of Advanced Studies (Vienna), and a PhD in psychology, with a minor in astronomy.

Since the 1970s, Trappl has been working at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Since the 1980s he has been the director of the Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence and later until 2006 he also was head of the Institute of Medical Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence at the Medical University of Vienna. Besides his work at the university he has advised several national and international companies and organizations.

In the 1970s, Trappl was President of the Austrian Society for Cybernetic Studies. In this position, he co-founded in 1980 the International Federation for Systems Research of which he became vice-president and from 1986 to 1988 president.

Trappl is also editor-in-chief of the scientific journals Applied Artificial Intelligence and Cybernetics and Systems, and a member of the editorial boards of several other journals.

Publications 
Trappl has published over 180 articles and cooperated in some 34 books. A selection:
 1992. Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence, Heidelberg/New York: Springer.
 1997. Creating Personalities for Synthetic Actors, Heidelberg/New York: Springer.
 2001. (eds)Multi-Agent Systems and Applications, Heidelberg/New York: Springer.
 2003. Emotions in Humans and Artifacts, MIT Press.
 2004. Agent Culture. Human-Agent Interaction in a Multicultural World, Lawrence Erlbaum.
 2005. Wissenschaft und Medizin, 3rd ed., Vienna: Facultas.
 2006. Cybernetics and Systems 2006, 2 vols. Vienna: ASCS.
 2006. Programming for Peace: Computer-Aided Methods for International Conflict Resolution and Prevention, Dordrecht, NL: Springer, .

References

External links 
Trappl's homepage at the Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (OFAI)

1939 births
People in information technology
Cyberneticists
Living people
Scientists from Vienna
Canada Green Building Council. The Canada Green Building Council (CaGBC) was created in 2003 to further the expansion of green building in Canada. Prior to the formation of the Council, Canada had participated in the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) through British Columbia's membership in the USGBC's Cascadia Chapter.

The CaGBC was founded by Kevin Hydes of Integral Group, Joe Van Belleghem, Jon Hobbs, formerly of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada and Peter Busby of Perkins+Will Canada. It is a member of the World Green Building Council.

The CaGBC's mission is to lead and accelerate the transformation to high-performing, healthy green buildings, homes and communities throughout Canada. The CaGBC promotes its Zero Carbon Building Standard, and through GBCI Canada, promotes the LEED rating system, Investor Confidence Project and Investor Ready Energy Efficiency certification, TRUE zero waste certification, SITES, and the WELL Building Standard.

The CaGBC Awards recognize individuals and organizations who have made outstanding contributions to Canada's green building industry. These awards include the CaGBC Leadership Awards, the Andy Kesteloo Memorial Student Project Award, and the Green Building Excellence Awards. These awards celebrate innovative sustainable building practices and techniques being made in Canada.

LEED Canada-NC v1.0
The Canadian version of LEED is very similar to the USGBC NC version.  It contains the following categories:
 Sustainable sites (SS)
 Water efficiency (WE)
 Energy and atmosphere (EA)
 Materials & resources (MR)
 Indoor environmental quality (EQ)
 Innovation in design (ID)
 Regional priorities (RP)

LEED Certification in Canada is done solely through the CaGBC. Registration under LEED® Canada rating systems is closed; projects needed to submit for certification by October 31, 2022. New projects must register under LEED v4.

See also

 Natural Resources Canada
 Rainwater harvesting in Canada
 West Coast Environmental Law
 Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund
 R-2000 program
 Sustainable architecture
 United Kingdom Green Building Council
 United States Green Building Council
 World Green Building Council
 Canadian Green Building Awards

References

External links
 Official CaGBC website 
 World Green Building Council

Environmental organizations based in Canada
Green Building Councils
Sustainable building in Canada
Wenker synthesis. The Wenker synthesis is an organic reaction converting a beta amino alcohol to an aziridine with the help of sulfuric acid.  It is used industrially for the synthesis of aziridine itself.

The original Wenker synthesis of aziridine itself takes place in two steps. In the first step ethanolamine is reacted with sulfuric acid at high temperatures (250 °C) to form the sulfate monoester. This salt is then reacted with sodium hydroxide in the second step forming aziridine. The base abstracts an amine proton enabling it to displace the sulfate group. A modification of this reaction involving lower reaction temperatures (140–180 °C) and therefore reduced charring increases the yield of the intermediate.

The Wenker synthesis protocol using trans-2-aminocyclooctanol, available from reaction of ammonia with the epoxide of cyclooctene, gives a mixture of cyclooctenimine (the Wenker aziridine product) and cyclooctanone (a competing Hofmann elimination product).

Further reading

References

Aziridines
Nitrogen heterocycle forming reactions
Heterocycle forming reactions
Substitution reactions
Name reactions
Etching (disambiguation). Etching is a printmaking technique in art.

Etching may also refer to:

 Etching (microfabrication), a process in producing microelectronics
 Glass etching, a glass decoration technique
 Chemical milling, or industrial etching
 Photochemical machining, or photo etching

See also

 Eching (disambiguation)
 Etch (disambiguation)
 Chemical weathering of rocks
 Etcher (software), a utility used for writing image files
 Ion track, or "track etching"
CFD-FASTRAN. CFD-FASTRAN is a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package developed by Applied Materials for aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic applications. 

CFD-FASTRAN was used by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa to simulate the release of a missile from the outboard pylon of the BAE Hawk Mk120 at transonic speeds where shockwaves dominate the flowfield. The software was used to calculate the carriage loads, which are structural dynamic responses from the ejection forces, and model the loads on the missile in free-flight.

The software was used to predict supercooled droplet impingement on helicopter blades by the Institute for Aerospace Research. This is progress towards simulating ice formation on rotating helicopter blades.

CFD-FASTRAN was used to study the aerodynamic performance of a hypersonic vehicle powered by scramjet engines. Flow conditions were simulated at various angles of attack at Mach 5.85.

Two-dimensional numerical flow simulations were performed with CFD-FASTRAN to compare the effects of a combined jet flap and Coanda jet on a supercritical airfoil. The results showed that the combined jet flap provided the best performance.

CFD-FASTRAN was used to simulate flow past helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight conditions. The predictions matched the experimental data.

References

Computational fluid dynamics
Engineering software companies
Physics software
British V-class submarine. The British V-class submarine (officially "U-Class Long hull 1941–42 programme") was a class of submarines built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War.

History
Forty-two vessels were ordered to this design, all to be built by Vickers-Armstrong at either Barrow-in-Furness or at Walker-on-Tyne, but only 22 were completed. Note that seven of these vessels received 'U' names (conversely, four of the U class had received names beginning with 'V').

The V-class submarines were very similar to the preceding U-class (short-hull) boats, of which they constituted a linear development, but had  pressure hull plating instead of  for deeper diving, also a lengthened stern and fining at the bow to reduce noise and improve underwater handling.

They were sometimes referred to as Vampire-class submarines after .

It was one of this class, , that is the only submarine to sink another submarine while submerged - that submarine was the German .

Ships
The vessels which were ordered are shown below in their programme order (not all completed construction):

The first eight vessels were ordered on 5 December 1941 under that year's programme.
 
 
 , completed as Pipinos (Y8)
 
 
 
 
 

The next eighteen vessels were ordered on 21 May 1942 under that year's programme, but six of these were cancelled in early 1944.
 
 
  - Transferred to the Royal Danish Navy after the war as U2
 
 
 
 HMS Vineyard (P84), completed as 
 , completed as HNoMS Utsira
 , transferred to Greece in 1945 as 
 , completed as 
 cancelled
 HMS Veto (P88), cancelled 23 January 1944 and scrapped on the slip
 HMS Virile (P89), cancelled 23 January 1944 and scrapped on the slip
 HMS Visitant (P91), cancelled 23 January 1944 (never laid down)
 HMS Upas (P92), cancelled February 1944 and scrapped on the slip
 HMS Ulex (P93), cancelled February 1944 (never laid down)
 HMS Utopia (P94), cancelled February 1944 (never laid down)
 
 

A further six vessels were ordered on 17 November 1942 under the same year's programme, but four of these were cancelled on 23 January 1944.
 
 
 cancelled
 HMS Vantage, cancelled 23 January 1944 (never laid down)
 HMS Vehement (P25), cancelled 23 January 1944 (never laid down)
 HMS Venom (P27), cancelled 23 January 1944 (never laid down)
 HMS Verve (P28), cancelled 23 January 1944 (never laid down)

Finally, a further ten vessels were ordered under the 1943 Programme, but all of these were cancelled on 20 November 1943; eight of these were never given names.
 cancelled
 HMS Unbridled (P11), cancelled 20 November 1943 (never laid down)
 HMS Upward (P16), cancelled 20 November 1943 (never laid down)
 Eight more unnamed boats

Notes

References

 Allied Warships – Submarine – V class
 

 
V
DuPont Experimental Station. The DuPont Experimental Station is the largest research and development facility of DuPont, located on the banks of the Brandywine Creek in Wilmington, Delaware

Overview 
The DuPont Experimental Station was founded as an effort to move the DuPont Company from gunpowder and explosives into chemistry.[1] The site overlooks the original powder mills upon which the company was founded – now Hagley Museum and Library. The Experimental Station is located east from Hagley Museum and west-southwest from Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware. The station serves as the primary research and development facility for DuPont. It is home to DuPont's Central Research and most other business units of DuPont are also represented on site. The Experimental Station is where many materials and products were developed by DuPont, including:

 Neoprene – the world's first synthetic rubber
 Nylon polyamide for fibers and engineering polymers for machine parts, gears, electrical systems and automobile air intake manifolds
 Tyvek nonwovens for housewrap, envelopes, medical packaging, environmental protection and currency
 Kevlar fiber for body armor and automobile tire reinforcement;
 Mylar polyester film for packaging material and balloons
 Corian solid surface materials for countertops, flooring and art.
 Butacite polyvinyl butyral, the safety interlayer in laminated glass
 Nomex fiber for firefighting equipment and other thermal protection applications
 Simple crown ethers, which were invented by Charles J. Pedersen in 1967 which he won a Nobel Prize for the work in 1987
 Herbicides of plant hormone

Inventions.

On the morning of January 24, 2007, President George W. Bush became the first US president to visit the Experimental Station.

References

External links 
 Timeline of discoveries at the DuPont Experimental Station
 Experimental Station in the history of DuPont

DuPont
Research organizations in the United States
Chemical research institutes
Interdigital transducer. An interdigital transducer (IDT) is a device that consists of two interlocking comb-shaped arrays of metallic electrodes (in the fashion of a zipper). These metallic electrodes are deposited on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate, such as quartz or lithium niobate, to form a periodic structure.

Function
IDTs primary function is to convert electric signals to surface acoustic waves (SAW) by generating periodically distributed mechanical forces via piezoelectric effect (an input transducer). 

The same principle is applied to the conversion of SAW back to electric signals (an output transducer). These processes of generation and reception of SAW can be used in different types of SAW signal processing devices, such as band pass filters, delay lines, resonators, sensors, etc. 

IDT was first proposed by Richard M. White and Voltmer in 1965.

References

Further reading

Acoustics
Transducers
Microtechnology
Chad Franscoviak. Chad Franscoviak is a sound engineer and producer based out of Los Angeles, California.  He is most well known for his work on John Mayer albums. The two were also roommates.

In 2003, Franscoviak helped friend David LaBruyere by engineering his album, which was released as the 2007 EP Farrago Dance Mix.

In February 2007, Franscoviak won Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards for the album Continuum (as the sound engineer).

In October 2007, Franscoviak won three TEC Awards.

In February 2011, Franscoviak (along with Michael H. Brauer, Joe Ferla, and Manny Marroquin) received the Grammy for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical for his work as Recording Engineer on John Mayer's Battle Studies.

Awards

Personal life

On November 24, 2012, Franscoviak married writer Maggie McGuane, the only daughter of the late Margot Kidder. Katy Perry and John Mayer were among the performers, and Mayer deejayed the event as well. The two live in Livingston, Montana, along with McGuane's children Maisie and Charlie Kirn, from a previous relationship.

Notes

External links
Chad Franscoviak at music.com
Interview with Franscoviak at MixOnline.com

Living people
American audio engineers
Grammy Award winners
1973 births
ASTRO (satellite). Autonomous Space Transport Robotic Operations (ASTRO), was an American technology demonstration satellite which was operated as part of the Orbital Express program. It was used to demonstrate autonomous servicing and refuelling operations in orbit, performing tests on the NEXTSat satellite which was launched with ASTRO for that purpose. Launched in March 2007, it was operated for four months, and then deactivated in orbit.

ASTRO was launched by United Launch Alliance on an Atlas V 401 rocket; serial number AV-013. The launch occurred at 03:10 UTC on 9 March 2007, from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch was contracted by the Space Test Program to launch the STPSat-1 spacecraft, and was named STP-1. It also deployed NEXTSat; as well as FalconSAT-3, CFESat and MidSTAR-1. The launch marked the first time United Launch Alliance had launched an Atlas V, the type having previously been operated by International Launch Services.

ASTRO was a  spacecraft, which was built by Boeing. It had a robotic arm, approx 4 metres when extended. It was able to transfer hydrazine to other satellites/NEXTSat.

It was operated in low Earth orbit. On 9 March 2007, it had a perigee of , an apogee of , 46.0 degrees of inclination, and an orbital period of 94.49 minutes.

After completing operations, the ASTRO and NEXTSat spacecraft were separated, and ASTRO performed a separation burn. On 21 July 2007, ASTRO was deactivated. It re-entered on October 25, 2013 (UTC).

References

Spacecraft launched in 2007
Spacecraft which reentered in 2013
Technology demonstration satellites
Satellites in low Earth orbit
Satellites of the United States
E01 expressway (Sri Lanka). The Southern Expressway (; ) is Sri Lanka's first expressway. The  highway links the Sri Lankan capital Colombo with Galle, Matara and Hambantota, major cities in the south of the island.

The Southern Expressway Project (SEP) was introduced by the Road Development Authority and the Ministry of Highways as far back as late 1980s. The University of Moratuwa undertook an Environment Impact Assessment study in 1996, which was submitted to the government in early 1997.

Construction of the highway began in 2003 and completion up to Galle was achieved by November 2011. March 2014 saw the section from Galle to Matara being declared open to the public. The construction of the expressway was partly funded by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation, who were responsible for the  section between Kurundugahahetekma and Kokmaduwa, and the Asian Development Bank, responsible for the  section between Kurundugahahetekma and Pinnaduwa. The expressway reduces the time taken to travel from Colombo to Galle () to one hour from three hours, and Colombo to Matara () to one and a half hours from four hours taken by the regular A2 highway.

The extension of the expressway to Hambantota was inaugurated on 4 July 2015. The extension will be four lanes (with allowance of further two lanes in future), the cost of US$180M being funded by the Exim Bank of China.

On 10 August 2015, a Highway Traffic Management system was inaugurated and currently covers the length of the expressway, including the Outer-Circular Expressway.

On 23 February 2020, The final stage of the expressway which links to Hambanthota was opened to the public.

Intersections

Earnings and traffic volumes

Toll structure
Toll collection is currently done manually in cash by toll collectors. An electronic toll collection system has been proposed.

See also

References

External links
Expressway Operation Maintenance And Management Division
Road Development Authority

Highways in Sri Lanka
National Technological University – Mendoza Regional Faculty. The Facultad Regional Mendoza or FRM is one branch of the National Technological University (Castilian: Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Mendoza (UTN-FRM)). It is located in Mendoza the capital city of Mendoza in Argentina, and it offers academic degrees in the following fields:

Engineer's degrees
 Electronic Engineering
 Civil engineering
 Chemical engineering
 Systems engineering
 Electro-mechanical engineering

Licentiate degrees
 Safety engineering Licenciate
 Business Administration Licenciate
 Educational technology Licenciate
 Tourism Business Administration Licenciate
 Enology Licenciate

Technician degrees
 Computer Programming technician
 Tourism technician
 Hotel technician
 Enology technician
 Safety technician

See also
UTN
Mendoza Province

External links
Facultad Regional Mendoza 

Universities in Mendoza Province
Engineering universities and colleges in Argentina
Technical universities and colleges in Argentina
Buildings and structures in Mendoza, Argentina