omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Arthur E. Williams. Arthur E. Williams is an American army officer. He obtained a commission as an Army engineer officer upon his graduation in 1960 from Saint Lawrence University, where he majored in mathematics. At St. Lawrence he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.  He later obtained a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a master's degree in civil engineering and economic planning from Stanford University.

Williams commanded an armored engineer company in West Germany and an engineer construction company in South Vietnam. During a second tour in South Vietnam, he served as Operations Officer of the 577th Engineer Battalion. He later commanded the 44th Engineer Battalion in South Korea and was an assignment officer at the Army Military Personnel Center. Williams headed the Corps' Sacramento District in 1982–85 and then served as Chief of Staff at Corps Headquarters. He subsequently headed the Pacific Ocean Division and then the Lower Mississippi Valley Division. He was also President of the Mississippi River Commission. He returned to Corps Headquarters in July 1991 as Director of Civil Works. President Bush appointed Williams Chief of Engineers in 1992.

After retiring from the Army, he joined Dawson & Associates in Washington, DC as a federal permitting advisor.

Military awards
  Legion of Merit with two Oak Leaf Clusters
  Bronze Star  with Oak Leaf Cluster
  Defense Meritorious Service Medal

References

This article contains public domain text from

External links

1938 births
Living people
People from Watertown, New York
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
Thinking in Java. Thinking in Java () is a book about the Java  programming language, written by Bruce Eckel and first published in 1998. Prentice Hall published the 4th edition of the work in 2006. The book represents a print version of Eckel’s “Hands-on Java” seminar.

Bruce Eckel wrote “On Java 8” as a sequel for Thinking in Java and it is available in Google Play as an ebook.

Publishing history

Eckel has made various versions of the book publicly available online.

Reception
 Tech Republic says:
"The particularly cool thing about Thinking in Java is that even though a large amount of information is covered at a rapid pace, it is somehow all easily absorbed and understood. This is a testament to both Eckel’s obvious mastery of the subject and his skilled writing style."
 Linux Weekly News praised the book in its review.
 CodeSpot says:
"Thinking in Java is a must-read book, especially if you want to do programming in Java programing language or learn Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)."

Awards 
Thinking in Java has won multiple awards from professional journals:
 1998 Java Developers Journal Editors Choice Award for Best Book 
 Jolt Productivity Award, 1999
 2000 JavaWorld Readers Choice Award for Best Book
 2001 JavaWorld Editors Choice Award for Best Book 
 2003 Software Development Magazine Jolt Award for Best Book 
 2003 Java Developers Journal Readers Choice Award for Best Book 
 2007 Java Developer’s Journal Readers’ Choice Best Book

External links
 Official site

References
 

Computer programming books
Java (programming language)
Kavli Institute of Nanoscience. The Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft was established in 2004 at the Department of NanoScience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology through a grant by the US-based The Kavli Foundation. Two different departments, Quantum Nanoscience and Bionanoscience, as well as the Institute of Quantum Technology, are part of this institute.

The Kavli Institute of Nanoscience has a staff of 35 professors.

An article in de Volkskrant, a Dutch national newspaper in 2012, claimed that four of the ten most cited scientists in the Netherlands belong to the institute.

Prizes

Best thesis prize 
Best thesis prize is awarded to best PhD thesis emerged from Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft in the previous two years. This prize, which consists of an award and an amount of €3000, is given out every two years and will be announced on annual Kavli day.

Recipients 
 Marijn van Loenhout (2012-2013)
 Fabai Wu (2016-2017)
 Afshin Vahid (2017-2019)
 Guoji Zheng (2019-2021)

Best publication prize 
Best publication award is given biannually for the best publication resulting from Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft that appeared in print in the previous two years. This prize, which consists of an award and an amount of €3000, is given out every two years and is announced on annual Kavli day in September.

Recipients 
 2015-2016: Bas Hansen et al for their publication entitled 'Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres' appeared in Nature in 2015.
 2017-2018: Mahipal Ganji et al for their publication entitled 'Real-time imaging of DNA loop extrusion by condensin' appeared in Science in 2018.

References

External links
 Homepage of the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at Delft
 Homepage of the Kavli Foundation

Research institutes in the Netherlands
Nanotechnology institutions
Delft University of Technology
Kavli Institutes
Phil Husbands. Phil Husbands (born 27 June 1961) is a professor of computer science and artificial intelligence at the English University of Sussex, situated next to the East Sussex village of Falmer, within the city of Brighton and Hove. He is head of the Evolutionary and Adaptive Systems group and co-director of the Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics (CCNR). Husbands is also one of the founders of the field of evolutionary robotics.

His research interests are in long-term investigations of artificial evolution of nervous systems for robots, with emphasis on:

 visually guided robots acting in the real world 
 theoretical and practical development of advanced evolutionary algorithms for hard engineering and design optimisation problems
 development of biologically inspired artificial neural networks incorporating diffusible modulators 
 computational neuroscience
 computer manipulation of sound and image 
 history and philosophy of AI
swarm intelligence
machine learning.

Husbands has edited several books, including coediting The Mechanical Mind in History (MIT Press; 2008; ) as well as author of numerous scientific articles. With neuroscientist Michael O'Shea he introduced the idea of GasNets artificial neural networks that use diffusing virtual gases as modulators. These are inspired by nitric oxide (NO) volume signalling in real brains. The Sussex team has also done pioneering work on detailed computational modelling of nitric oxide diffusion in the nervous system.

See also
 List of computer scientists

External links
 Phil Husbands
 Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics (CCNR)
 New Scientist article on pioneering evolutionary robotics research by Husbands, Harvey and Cliff
 New Scientist article on Husbands' and O'Shea's introduction of the idea of GasNets
 Books by Phil Husbands in Google Book Search

Place of birth missing (living people)
1961 births
20th-century British scientists
21st-century scientists
Academics of the University of Sussex
British artificial intelligence researchers
English computer scientists
English book editors
Living people
Researchers of artificial life
Royal Naval Engineers. The Royal Naval Engineers is the branch of the Royal Navy responsible for engineering, as a branch they have existed since 1835.

Naval engineers are in charge of the management and upkeep of ship-board machinery. Traditionally this included engines, motors, pumps and other mechanical devices, but modern engineers are now responsible for both mechanical systems and high-tech electronics such radar and sonar systems and nuclear-power plants.

Ranking 
When the corps was first created, there were three ranks for engineers: First, second, and third. Over the years this ranking system has changed several times:
 1835 - First, second and third engineer.
 1847 - Inspector of machinery, chief engineer; assistant engineer.
 1886 - Chief inspector and inspector of machinery (r.adm and captain), fleet engineer (cdr), and staff engineer (senior lieutenant).
 1903 - Standard executive rank titles with an "engineer" prefix.
 1956 - "Engineer" prefix and rank branch distinction cloth removed finally making engineers indistinguishable from seaman officers.

Fields of expertise 
After graduating from university and receiving a basic training, naval engineer officers specialize in a particular field.

 Marine engineer officer (MEO) - deals with the fuel, air, water, electrical, and propulsion systems including nuclear reactors for those appointed to submarines.
 Air engineer officer (AEO) - maintenance and upgrading of engines and electrical systems in aircraft.
 Weapon engineer officer (WEO) - ensures that weapon systems are working properly.

Students 
In 1888 engineer studentships were created.  Today, there are several different student-scholarship programs available including the University Cadetship Entry, a competitive program in which students enlist and train at Britannia Royal Naval College before going to university.

References
 Engineer Officer, Royal Navy.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075442/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/static/pages/4746.html

Royal Navy
Darlexx. Darlexx, a product of the Shawmut Corporation, is a warp knit fabric laminated to a monolithic film. It is a sports performance fabric used in gloves, boots, wet suits, ski apparel, clean rooms, and in medical applications. It was designed to keep a person "warm when the environment is cold and cool when the environment is hot" and is breathable, windproof, and waterproof.

It is also useful in applications in specialty orthopedic garments and clothing along with coverings for different seating and positioning systems on wheelchairs.

Types
There are two variations of Darlexx:

Darlexx Superskin, a two-ply nylon and Lycra mix that provides less drag, and thus is used for competition swimming, skiing and running apparel.
Darlexx Thermalastic, a three-ply Lycra with thermoplastic film and microfiber fleece that has all-directional stretch and insulation, and is used in watersports and skiing apparel.

References

External links 
 Darlexx

Synthetic fibers
Technical fabrics
Conserved quantity. A conserved quantity is a property or value that remains constant over time in a system even when changes occur in the system. In mathematics, a conserved quantity of a dynamical system is formally defined as a function of the dependent variables, the value of which remains constant along each trajectory of the system.

Not all systems have conserved quantities, and conserved quantities are not unique, since one can always produce another such quantity by applying a suitable function, such as adding a constant, to a conserved quantity.

Since many laws of physics express some kind of conservation, conserved quantities commonly exist in mathematical models of physical systems. For example, any classical mechanics model will have mechanical energy as a conserved quantity as long as the forces involved are conservative.

Differential equations

For a first order system of differential equations

where bold indicates vector quantities, a scalar-valued function H(r) is a conserved quantity of the system if, for all time and initial conditions in some specific domain,

Note that by using the multivariate chain rule,

so that the definition may be written as

which contains information specific to the system and can be helpful in finding conserved quantities, or establishing whether or not a conserved quantity exists.

Hamiltonian mechanics 

For a system defined by the Hamiltonian , a function f of the generalized coordinates q and generalized momenta p has time evolution

and hence is conserved if and only if . Here  denotes the Poisson bracket.

Lagrangian mechanics 

Suppose a system is defined by the Lagrangian L with generalized coordinates q. If L has no explicit time dependence (so ), then the energy E defined by

is conserved.

Furthermore, if , then q is said to be a cyclic coordinate and the generalized momentum p defined by

is conserved. This may be derived by using the Euler–Lagrange equations.

See also
 Conservative system
 Lyapunov function
 Hamiltonian system
 Conservation law
 Noether's theorem
 Charge (physics)
 Invariant (physics)

References

Differential equations
Dynamical systems
Modular Approach to Software Construction Operation and Test. The Modular Approach to Software Construction Operation and Test (MASCOT) is a software engineering methodology developed under the auspices of the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence starting in the early 1970s at the Royal Radar Establishment and continuing its evolution over the next twenty years. The co-originators of MASCOT were Hugo Simpson and Ken Jackson (currently with Telelogic).

Where most methodologies tend to concentrate on bringing rigour and structure to a software project's functional aspects, MASCOT's primary purpose is to emphasise the architectural aspects of a project. Its creators purposely avoided saying anything about the functionality of the software being developed, and concentrated on the real-time control and interface definitions between concurrently running processes.

MASCOT was successfully used in a number of defence systems, most notably the Rapier ground-to-air missile system of the British Army. Although still in use on systems in the field, it never reached critical success and has been subsequently overshadowed by object oriented design methodologies based on UML.

A British Standards Institution (BSI) standard was drafted for version 3 of the methodology, but was never ratified. Copies of the draft standard can be still obtained from the BSI.

MASCOT in the field
The UK Ministry of Defence has been the primary user of the MASCOT method through its application in significant military systems, and at one stage mandated its use for new operational systems. Examples include the Rapier missile system, and various Royal Navy Command & Control Systems.

The Future of the Method
MASCOT's principles continue to evolve in the academic community (principally at the DCSC) and the aerospace industry Matra BAe Dynamics, through research into temporal aspects of software design and the expression of system architectures, most notably in the DORIS (Data-Oriented Requirements Implementation Scheme) method and implementation protocols. Work has also included combining UML and DORIS to provide a richer means of describing complex real-time systems (Computer Science Research Institute).

References
 MASCOT - A Modular Approach to Software Construction Operation and Test, Royal Radar Establishment, RRE Technical Note No 778, October 1975
 Simpson, H. 1986. The Mascot method. Softw. Eng. J. 1, 3 (May 1986), 103-120. ISSN 0268-6961
 DD 196:1991; Guide for a modular approach to software construction, operation and test (MASCOT), British Standards Institute
 Simpson, H. 1994. Architecture for Computer Based Systems. IEEE Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems, 1994.
 Hull MEC, Ewart S, Millar RJ, Hanna JRP. March 2004. Modeling Complex Real-Time and Embedded Systems - The UML and DORIS Combination, Real-Time Systems, Vol. 26, No. 2, 135-159, ISSN 0922-6443

External links
The Official Handbook of Mascot : Version 3.1 : June 1987

Software development process
ThighMaster. The ThighMaster is an exercise product designed to shape one's thighs.

Usage
The device is essentially two pieces of metal tube bent in a loop and connected with a hinge. The intended use is to put the ThighMaster between the knees and squeeze them together. This exercises the hip adductors. The simple mechanism allows exercising any suitable muscle where a small angle can be created to press it, for example the biceps (elbow flexion) or the hamstrings (knee flexion).

Marketing
Advertisements emphasized that the ThighMaster could be used while doing something else. The infomercials featured people watching television and exercising with the ThighMaster at the same time. It was mainly advertised in the 1990s by the actress Suzanne Somers.

History
The ThighMaster was invented in Sweden by then-physical medicine intern (later "Dr.") Anne Marie Bennstrom (Prescott) as the "V-Bar" physical therapy device. It later received US design patent number 343882S as "physical exerciser." 

It achieved commercial success when marketed under the "ThighMaster" name by Joshua Reynolds (often erroneously credited as the inventor), who also made a great deal of money with his version of the Mood ring. Reynolds is an heir to the fortune of R. J. Reynolds, founder of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.

"The V-Toner...we took over ownership of it and renamed it ThighMaster" — Suzanne Somers

References

Exercise equipment
1980s fads and trends
1990s fads and trends
Fuel mix disclosure. According to the European Union's Internal Market in Electricity Directive from July 1, 2004, electric power consumers must be informed about the sources from which the electricity they have purchased was generated. Additionally, consumers must be informed about the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the Earth's atmosphere and/or the quantity of nuclear waste produced as a result of the generation of the electricity that they have purchased.

The exact presentation of the data provided, be that in tables or charts, and the number of types of electricity generation listed are at the discretion of the EU Member States.

Fuel mix disclosure aims to allow customers to differentiate between electricity supply companies and switch supplier as part of the wider programme of EU electricity liberalization.

See also
Energy policy of the European Union
Renewable energy economy

References

External links
European Commission note on fuel mix disclosure

United Kingdom 
 UK Department of Trade and Industry Statistics enabling suppliers to calculate fuel mix
 http://www.electricityinfo.org - Fuel Mix of UK Domestic Electricity Suppliers
 Interactive tool for viewing UK national Fuel Mix data
 Consumer Focus on the Fuel mix disclosure

Italy 
Fuel mix disclosure in Italy (English version)

Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union
European Union law
Electric power in the European Union
Renewable electricity
Moss agate. Moss agate is a semi-precious gemstone formed from silicon dioxide.  It is a form of chalcedony which includes minerals of a green color embedded in the stone, forming filaments and other patterns suggestive of moss. The field is a clear or milky-white quartz, and the included minerals are mainly oxides of manganese or iron. It is not a true form of agate, because it does not have concentric banding.

Moss agate can be clear or milky white, with green dendritic inclusions that resemble moss. The colors are formed due to trace amounts of metal present as an impurity, such as chrome or iron. The metals can make different colors depending on their valence (oxidation state). Despite its name, moss agate does not contain organic matter and is usually formed from weathered volcanic rocks.

Moss agate is found in countries across the world, including India, Brazil, Uruguay, central European countries, and the United States. In the U.S., Montana moss agate is found in the alluvial gravels of the Yellowstone River and its tributaries between Sidney and Billings, Montana. It was originally formed in the Yellowstone National Park area of Wyoming as a result of volcanic activity. In Montana moss agate the red color is the result of iron oxide and the black color is the result of manganese oxide.

The gemstone has also been known as "Mocha stone" after the Arabian city of Mocha in Yemen, once a source.

References

External links
Mindat with location data

Agates
Biopace. Biopace is a tradename for a type of ovoid bicycle chain ring manufactured by Shimano from 1983 to 1993 The design was intended to help overcome the "dead zone" where the crank arms are vertical and riders have little mechanical advantage.

Biopace chainrings have a reduced chainring diameter coinciding with the cranks being horizontal. This is supposed to smooth the pedaling action, allowing the rider's feet to carry more momentum through the power stroke, and having it smoothly removed at the bottom of the stroke rather than encouraging riders to push bigger gears and risk knee damage due to higher knee joint loadings.

This is different from the design of other oval style chainrings, which have the smaller effective chainring diameter coincide with the cranks being at the top dead center (TDC) and bottom dead center (BDC), thus making the crank easier for the rider to turn through bottom dead center for constant chain tension. By having the chainring at its peak effective diameter with the cranks level, where the rider has maximum leverage over the crank during the power stroke, these designs are supposed to make better use of the rider's power output.

Some cyclists find the benefits of Biopace worthwhile, including well-respected bike mechanic Sheldon Brown. Some riders may also value a Biopace crankset for its historical accuracy on a vintage bike, for its novelty value, or even retro-cachet.

See also 
 Crankset
 Osymetric

References

Bicycle drivetrains
High-frequency approximation. A high-frequency approximation (or "high energy approximation") for scattering or other wave propagation problems, in physics or engineering, is an approximation whose accuracy increases with the size of features on the scatterer or medium relative to the wavelength of the scattered particles.

Classical mechanics and geometric optics are the most common and extreme high frequency approximation, where the wave or field properties of, respectively, quantum mechanics and electromagnetism are neglected entirely.

Less extreme approximations include, the WKB approximation, physical optics, the geometric theory of diffraction, the uniform theory of diffraction, and the physical theory of diffraction. When these are used to approximate quantum mechanics, they are called semiclassical approximations.

See also
 Electromagnetic modeling

Scattering
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)