omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Burnelli RB-1. The Burnelli RB-1 was a US twin engine biplane airliner prototype from 1920, incorporating a lifting body fuselage.

Design and development
The Burnelli RB-1, often known as the Remington-Burnelli Airliner, was an American passenger biplane from 1920, designed by Vincent Burnelli. It incorporated Burnelli's lifting-body design. Following several more conventional designs during the WWI years, Burnelli came up with the idea of a lifting body: an airfoil-shaped fuselage that could be used to generate up to 50% of the lift, improving performance, due to reduced wing area and fuel consumption.

The RB-1's body contributed about 27% of the total lifting area and was designed to support about 15% of its weight.  The fuselage was built around plywood frames and was clad in corrugated duralumin.  The two pilots were situated in a pair of open cockpits, each with a mechanic seated by his side.  Its pair of Liberty engines were immediately in front of these cockpits, largely buried in the leading edge of the body but accessible from the cockpits. The body width of 14 ft (4.27 m) placed the engines only 10 ft 4 in (3.15 m) apart, with about 1 in (25 mm) clearance between propeller tips.  The cabin housed up to 30 passengers.  At the fixed "trailing edge" of the fuselage small twin fins mounted above its sides carried balanced rudders and short, mid-fuselage mounted tailplanes carried balanced elevators.

It was a single bay equal span biplane, with simple parallel interplane struts and without stagger.  The wings were wooden structures, fabric covered.  The ailerons carried on both upper and lower wings had prominent tip balances.

The RB-1 flew for the first time on 21 June 1921 from Curtiss Field, Long Island, piloted by Bert Acosta and William P. Sullivan.  Its performance was considered acceptable. However, the first model produced was badly damaged while on the ground during a storm.

Burnelli RB-2 

The Burnelli RB-2 was a 1920s American twin-engined biplane freighter or airliner, designed by Vincent Burnelli with a lifting body fuselage. At the time it was the world's largest commercial freighter. It was the first aircraft to carry a motor car inside its fuselage.

Design and development
The RB-2 was based on the earlier RB-1 airliner, it had improved control surfaces and was powered by two 650 hp Galloway Atlantic piston engines. It had a corrugated metal construction with a dural skin giving it an empty weight of 5 tons. The passenger cabin could be fitted with 25 seats or used for freight.

In 1925 the aircraft was used by the Hudson Motor Car Company as a flying showroom for the Essex automobile.

Specifications

Notes

References

1920s United States civil aircraft
Lifting bodies
RB-1
Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Asperity (geotechnical engineering). In geotechnical engineering and contact mechanics the term asperity is used to refer to individual features of unevenness (roughness) of the surface of a discontinuity, grain, or particle with heights in the range from approximately 0.1 mm to the order of metres. Below the asperity level, surface interactions are normally considered to be a material property, arising from mechanisms of adhesion and repulsion at the atomic scale (often accounted for by material friction, atomic friction or molecular friction).

Dilation

An often used definition for asperities in geotechnical engineering:
Unevenness of a surface are asperities if these cause dilation if two blocks with in between a discontinuity with matching asperities on the two opposing surfaces (i.e. a fitting discontinuity) move relative to each other, under low stress levels that do not cause breaking of the asperities.

Contrast with asperity in materials science

Materials science recognizes asperities ranging from the sub-visual (normally less than 0.1 mm) to the atomic scale.

See also
 Discontinuity (Geotechnical engineering)
 Geotechnical engineering
 Rock mechanics
 Soil mechanics

References

Further reading
 

 

Building stone
Soil mechanics
Natural materials
Pavements
Road construction
Aristoteles Philippidis. Aristoteles Iraklis Philippidis (known as Aris Phillips, 1915–1985) was a scholar in the field of applied mechanics, and made contributions to the mechanics of materials, especially to the theory of plasticity.

He was born in Smyrna. He graduated from the Praktikon Lykeum Athens in 1932 and got Diploma Engineering degree from the National Technical University of Athens. He went to the Technische Hochschule in Berlin-Charlottenburg in 1938 and made his doctoral study under the supervision of Prof. Georg Hamel. In 1939, he got his doctor degree.

He then conducted post-doctoral research at University of Munich in 1940 and at Technische Hochschule München from 1940 to 1945.

In 1947, he went to United States and taught at the California Institute of Technology and at Stanford University. Later he became a professor at Yale University, until his death.

He was the founder and co-editor of Acta Mechanica.

References

20th-century American engineers
Greek engineers
Greek emigrants to the United States
Structural engineers
1915 births
1985 deaths
National Technical University of Athens alumni
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
Technical University of Munich alumni
Yale University faculty
Smyrniote Greeks
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Greece
Sportavia-Pützer RS 180 Sportsman. The Sportavia-Pützer RS-180 Sportsman is a four-seat sport aircraft that was produced in Germany in the late 1970s.

The aircraft is a conventional, low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tricycle undercarriage. The pilot and passengers are seated in 2+2 configuration under a large bubble canopy. The structure is of wood, covered in plywood and given an outer skin of fibreglass.

Design and development

Sportavia-Pützer was formed in 1966 to take over production from Alpavia SA of several light aircraft designed by René Fournier (aircraft designer). In 1976, it was absorbed by Rhein-Flugzeugbau (RFB).

In 1970 Fournier initiated the design of a new four-seat cabin monoplane, the Sportsman. The first prototype flew on 1 March 1973, but the completely redesigned second prototype didn't fly until 28 April 1976, as the RF-6C Sportsman, which entered production in late 1976. It was redesignated the RS-180 Sportsman when the empennage was altered in early 1978, following the fatal crash of the prototype in May 1977. The extensive redesign included reshaping the horizontal tail and moving it part-way up the fin, changing the wing profile, and removing the RF-6C's turned-down wingtips. In this form, the RS-180 was type certified in Germany in 1978.

The wood structure of the low-wing cantilever monoplane Sportsman is skinned in fibreglass. A fixed nosewheel undercarriage with wheel fairings is used. The cabin employs a large bubble canopy.

At the end of 1980, Sportavia-Pützer was fully integrated into RFB and the RS-180 was re-designated RFB RS-180 Sportsman. Production was halted in early 1981, after fewer than two dozen had been completed.

Specifications (RS 180)

Notes

References

1970s German sport aircraft
Fournier aircraft
Sportavia-Pützer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1978
Sportavia-Pützer SFS 31 Milan. The Sportavia-Pützer SFS 31 Milan is a single-seat motor glider that was produced in Germany in the early 1970s.

Design and development
The Milan was created by essentially combining the fuselage of the Fournier RF 4 with the wings of the Scheibe SF-27. The resulting aircraft is a conventional motorglider design, a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a nose-mounted engine. The undercarriage consists of a single retractable mainwheel, a fixed tailwheel, and an outrigger under each wing. Construction is of wood, skinned in plywood and fabric. The designation was created by combining the initials of the manufacturers involved (,  , and Scheibe), and adding the sum of the model numbers of the two constituent aircraft designs.

The SFS 31 prototype (registered D-KORO) first flew on 31 August 1969 and soon replaced the RF 4D in production at Sportavia-Pützer. In 1971, Hans Huth piloted an SFS 31 to third place in the German national motorglider competition.

Specifications

Notes

References
 
 
 
 
 
 

1960s German sport aircraft
Sportavia-Pützer aircraft
Motor gliders
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1969
Refit. Refitting or refit of boats and marine vessels includes repairing, fixing, restoring, renewing, mending, and renovating an old vessel. Refitting has become one of the most important activities inside a shipyard. It offers a variety of services for an old vessel of any size and kind starting with the construction itself and what is added to it, such as hardware, electric & hydraulic systems, entertainment systems, etc.

Ship refits can range from relatively small changes to and including cutting the ship in half to facilitate near-total overhauls and redesign of interior spaces and modification or replacement of engines, systems or other equipment.

Refitting can be divided into several main subjects:
Adding or replacing: for example replacing old deck equipment with new or refurbished ones.
Modifying: for example modifying a yacht for participating in winning a regatta.
Customizing: for example customizing a yacht for the owner's needs and desires.
Modernizing: for example modernizing an old yacht with modern styling, technologies and systems.
Restoring: for example restoring an old wooden boat for preservation.

Examples 
Examples of recent ship refits include:
 Pacific Encounter, a P&O Cruises Australia ship, was refitted in a Singapore dry dock in early 2021. Over 250 contractors spent 84,000 work hours just on painting  of walls and ceilings and fitting  of new carpet, following an earlier wet dock period where more extensive refurbishment was done to the interior.
 Refit of Carnival Victory in Cadiz, Spain in 2021, after which the ship is expected to be renamed Carnival Radiance in late 2021.
 The former Costa NeoRomantica is being refitted in 1H2021 for Celestyal Cruises, and will be renamed Celestyal Experience.

See also 
 Retrofitting

References

Further reading

Shipbuilding
Journal of Cluster Science. The Journal of Cluster Science is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of cluster science, including nanoclusters and nanoparticles. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media and the co-editors-in-chief are Tim Prior, Boon Teo, and Gareth Williams.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
 Chemical Abstracts Service/CASSI
 Science Citation Index
 Scopus
 Academic OneFile
 Astrophysics Data System
 GeoRef
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.061.

See also 

 List of scientific journals in chemistry

References

External links 
 

Chemistry journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1990
English-language journals
Quarterly journals
Nanotechnology journals
MMK-Atakaş Metallurgy. The MMK Metallurgy () is a multi-national steelmaking company established 2007 in Iskenderun, southern Turkey. Company's main plant, located in Dörtyol, began production in 2011 after three years of construction time. The total investment is worth of $2.7 billion.

An agreement to found a joint venture company for manufacturing flat steel products was signed on May 23, 2007 in Iskenderun between Viktor Filippovich Rashnikov, chairman of the Russian steelmaking company  Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK) and Recep Atakaş, chairman of the Turkish Atakaş Group of Companies.

The foundation of the plant, covering an area of  in Dörtyol district of Hatay Province, was laid during a ceremony held on March 15, 2008. Already in the beginning of 2009, plant's service center consisting of a hot shear line, and a combined cold shear and slitting line went in operation. The construction of the plant was completed in 2010, and it was officially opened by the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on March 9, 2011. The construction of another plant is planned in Istanbul.

The Italian company Danieli provided the key process equipment required. The plant has an annual production capacity of  of various flat steel products. The company employs about 2,500 people.

As stated by Victor Rashnikov, the production is planned mainly for the domestic market. However, exportation into countries in Europe and Middle East are in consideration.

The MMK Metallurgy owns a seaport with a berthing length of , at which in total twelve vessels any type of dry bulk, general cargo, scrap iron carriers, container ships and ro-ro vessels up to 100,000 DWT can be berthed and handled at the same time. The seaport is since April 5, 2010 in operation.

Plant
The steel plant consists of five product lines at three facilities, in Dörtyol, Iskenderun and Istanbul, for the processing of different flat steel products:

Service center
Two service centers are in operation, in Iskenderun and Istanbul. They are equipped with a hot shear line and a combined cold shear and slitting line. At the hot shear line, steel coils of  thickness and  width can be cut to sheets of  length. The combined line is capable of processing coils with material thickness of  and width of  to slices of minimum  width and  length.

Color coating line
At this line, yearly  coils of  thickness and  width can be color coated. The color coating line went in operation by January 2010.

Hot dip galvanizing line
At the hot dip galvanizing line, coils with   thickness and  width can be processed. The annual capacity of the line is .

Continuous pickling line
At the continuous pickling line located in Iskenderun, coils of  thickness and  width can be processed for pickling. The line's annual capacity is .

Cold reversing mill
Steel coils of  thickness and  width can be cold reversed at the mill in Iskenderun. The line's annual capacity is .

References

Turkish companies established in 2007
Multinational joint-venture companies
Steel companies of Russia
Steel companies of Turkey
Economy of Hatay
International Symposium on Memory Management. The International Symposium on Memory Management (ISMM) is an ACM SIGPLAN symposium on memory management. In French, it is known as Institut des Sciences de Maçon Multitasking. Before becoming a conference it was known as the International Workshop on Memory Management (IWMM).

History 
 1992: https://dblp.org/db/conf/iwmm/iwmm92
 1995: https://dblp.org/db/conf/iwmm/iwmm95
 1998: https://www.sfu.ca/~burton/ismm98.html
 2000: http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/events/conf/2000/ismm2000/
 2002: http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/ismm/
 2004: http://www.research.ibm.com/ismm04/
 2006: https://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~erez/ismm06/
 2007: http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~greg/ismm07/
 2008: http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/~rej/ismm2008
 2009: http://sysrun.haifa.il.ibm.com/hrl/ISMM2009/
 2010: https://web.archive.org/web/20110215103030/http://www.cs.purdue.edu/ISMM10/
 2011: http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/ismm11/
 2012: http://ismm12.cs.purdue.edu/
 2013: https://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~erez/ismm13/
 2014: http://ismm2014.cs.tufts.edu/
 2015: http://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2015
 2016: http://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2016
 2017: https://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2017
 2018: https://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2018
 2019: https://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2019
 2020: https://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2020
 2021: https://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2021
 2022: https://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2022
 2023: https://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2023
 2024: https://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2024
 2025: https://conf.researchr.org/home/ismm-2025

External links 
  at SIGPLAN
 ISMM at ACM Digital Library
 ISMM at DBLP

Association for Computing Machinery conferences
Computer science conferences
Programming languages conferences
Neuron Data. Neuron Data is an American software development company
that was founded June 1985 by Alain Rappaport, Patrick Perez and Jean-Marie Chauvet. Their first product, Nexpert, was a C-based, goal-oriented backward chaining and data-driven forward chaining expert system shell for the Macintosh in 1985. The product was ported to the PC, one of the first programs to run under the then nascent Windows. Under the name Nexpert Object, it was further ported to VAX VMS and all flavors of UNIX workstations, as well as on IBM mainframes.

In 1991, Neuron Data released a GUI building tool named Open Interface. The Open Interface Elements development tool won the 1995 Editor's Choice Award from X Journal for the Best Cross-Platform Toolkit.

Neuron Data produced a client-server software development environment named C/S Elements in 1993. The following year, they released Smart Elements, which incorporated support for business rules, enhanced GUI design tools and direct support of external C++ libraries. In 1995 they released Elements Environment, a middleware suite of object-oriented tools that can be used to build distributed applications. Web Element, a component of the version 2.0 Elements Environment, allowed interaction of developed applications with the World Wide Web.

In order to improve their Java interface development skills, in 1997 Neuron Data acquired the software component company Microline Software. On March 23, 2000, the company was taken public by CEO Thomas F. Kelly; the company name was changed to Blaze Software, with Nasdaq code BLZE. It was then acquired by German software company Brokat. They were sold to HNC, Inc., which, in turn, merged with FICO in 2002.

Products
 Nexpert
 Nexpert Object
 NExtra
 Open Interface
 Elements Environment
 Blaze Advisor

References

External links
 Neuron Data website, archive.org
 Neuron Data as aired on Discovery Channel, October 2nd, 1991
 Neuron Data timeline and Web site replica

Defunct software companies of the United States
Law of Maximum. The Law of Maximum also known as Law of the Maximum is a principle developed by Arthur Wallace which states that total growth of a crop or a plant is proportional to about 70 growth factors. Growth will not be greater than the aggregate values of the growth factors. Without the correction of the limiting growth factors, nutrients, waters and other inputs are not fully or judicially used resulting in wasted resources.

Applications 

The factors range from 0 for no growth to 1 for maximum growth. Actual growth is calculated by the total multiplication of each growth factor. For example, if three factors had a value of 0.5, the actual growth would be:

 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.125, which is 12.5% of optimum.

If each of the three factors had a value of 0.9 the actual growth would be:

 0.9 × 0.9 × 0.9 = 0.729, which is 72.9% of optimum.

Hence the need to achieve maximal value for each factor is critical in order to obtain maximal growth.

Demonstrations of "Law of the Maximum" 

The following demonstrates the Law of the Maximum. For the various crops listed below, one, two or three factors were limiting while all the other factors were 1. When two or three factors were simultaneously limiting, predicted growth of the two or three factors was similar to the actual growth when the two or three factors were limits individually and then multiplied together.

Growth Factors

A. Adequacy of Nutrients

B. Non-nutrient elements and nutrients excesses that cause toxicities (stresses)

C. Interactions of the nutrients

D. Soil Conditioning requirement and physical processes

E. Additional biology

F. Weather factors

G. Management

External links
 Law of the Maximum, in Handbook of soil science by Malcolm E. Sumner

References

Computational biology
List of British Rail Class 47 locomotives. The British Rail Class 47 or Brush Type 4 is a class of British railway diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in the 1960s by Brush Traction.

A total of 512 Class 47s were built at Brush's Falcon Works in Loughborough and at British Railways' Crewe Works between 1962 and 1968, which made them the most numerous class of British mainline diesel locomotive. The locomotives have had various renumberings during their existence; this table attempts to catalogue those changes.

As of January 2020, 78 locomotives still existed as Class 47s, with 33 having been rebuilt as Class 57; 32 Class 47s have been preserved, and 34 retained "operational status" on the mainline.

Fleet list

See also
BR Class 37 renumbering

Notes

References

Bibliography
Ian Allan ABC of British Motive Power, several editions
British Rail Locomotives and Coaching Stock, Platform 5, several editions
Today's Railways monthly updates, Platform 5
Kenny Barclay, British Rail in the 1980s and 1990s: Diesel Locomotives and DMUs, Amberley Publishing, 2017 .
Ross Taylor, Class 47 and 57 Locomotives, Amberley Publishing, 2016 .

External links
www.class47.co.uk

47 locomotives
British Rail Class 47 locomotives
Fumihiko Imamura. is a Japanese academic, civil engineer, and Director of the International Research Institute of Disaster Science at Tohoku University in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture.

After the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Imamura was prominent amongst those who proposed that December 26 should be an international day of commemoration.  He argued that the simple idea could be effective in preparing people for the giant waves.

Early life
Imamura received his undergraduate degree from Tohoku University in 1984, and was awarded his Ph.D. in civil engineering in 1989.

Career
Imamura is a member of the faculty of Tohoku University.  Professor Imamura's fields of interest include tsunami engineering, coastal and river engineering and disaster science.  He was among those NHK designated as an expert on disaster response during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
 
His current research encompasses numerical tsunami simulation, warning systems, disaster prevention and evacuation systems. In addition to studying modern and ancient tsunamis through field surveys and analysis of historical documents, the engineering simulation project is used to develop highly accurate quantitative tsunami warnings and assess characteristics of waterfront structures.

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Fumihiko Imamura, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 6 works in 10+ publications in 2 languages and 80+ library holdings.

 Tsunamis: 1992-1994; their generation, dynamics, and hazard (1995)
 Sumatra tsunami on 26th December 2004: proceedings of the special Asia tsunami session at APAC 2005, September 4–8, 2005, Seogwipo KAL Hotel, Jeju-do, Korea (2005)

Journals
 Yanagisawa, Ken; Fumihiko Imamura; Tsutomu Sakakiyama; Tadashi Annaka; Tomoyoshi Takeda; Nobuo Shuto.  "Tsunami Assessment for Risk Management at Nuclear Power Facilities in Japan," Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, no. 2-3 (2007): 565-576.

Notes

1961 births
Living people
Japanese civil engineers
People from Sendai
Academic staff of Tohoku University
Tohoku University alumni