omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Photographic emulsion. Photographic emulsion is a light-sensitive colloid used in film-based photography. Most commonly, in silver-gelatin photography, it consists of silver halide crystals dispersed in gelatin. The emulsion is usually coated onto a substrate of glass, films (of cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate or polyester), paper, or fabric. The substrate is often flexible and known as a film base.

Photographic emulsion is not a true emulsion, but a suspension of solid particles (silver halide) in a fluid (gelatin in solution). However, the  word emulsion is customarily used in a photographic context. Gelatin or gum arabic layers sensitized with dichromate used in the dichromated colloid processes carbon and gum bichromate are sometimes called emulsions. Some processes do not have emulsions, such as platinum, cyanotype, salted paper, or kallitype.

Components

Photographic emulsion is a fine suspension of insoluble light-sensitive crystals in a colloid sol, usually consisting of gelatin.  The light-sensitive component is one or a mixture of silver halides: silver bromide, chloride and iodide. The gelatin is used as a permeable binder, allowing processing agents (e.g., developer, fixer, toners, etc.) in aqueous solution to enter the colloid without dislodging the crystals. Other polymer macromolecules are often blended, but gelatin has not been entirely replaced. The light-exposed crystals are reduced by the developer to black metallic silver particles that form the image. Color films and papers have multiple layers of emulsion, made sensitive to different parts of the visible spectrum by different color sensitizers, and incorporating different dye couplers which produce superimposed yellow, magenta and cyan dye images during development. Panchromatic black-and-white film also includes color sensitizers, but as part of a single emulsion layer.

Manufacture

A solution of silver nitrate is mixed into a warm gelatin solution containing potassium bromide, sodium chloride or other alkali metal halides. A reaction precipitates fine crystals of insoluble silver halides that are light-sensitive. The silver halide is actually being 'peptized' by the gelatin. The type and quantity of gelatin used influences the final emulsion's properties. A pH buffer, crystal habit modifier, metal dopants, ripener, ripening restrainer, surfactants, defoamer, emulsion stabilizer and biocide are also used in emulsion making.

Most modern emulsions are "washed" to remove some of the reaction byproducts (potassium nitrate and excess salts). The "washing" or desalting step can be performed by ultrafiltration, dialysis, coagulation  (using acylated gelatin), or a classic noodle washing method.

Emulsion making also incorporates steps to increase sensitivity by using chemical sensitizing agents and sensitizing dyes.

See also
 Nuclear emulsion
 Tintype
 Photoresist

References

Further reading

External links
  Contemporary handcrafted silver gelatin emulsions
 Working with liquid photographic emulsion in a nutshell 
 

Processes, photographic
Photographic chemicals
Twin-agent fire extinguishing system. A twin-agent fire extinguishing system (TAFES), also commonly referred to as a twin-agent unit (TAU), incorporates the benefits of dry chemical and foam (AFFF or CAFS) fire extinguishing agents. It is most commonly used for AR-FF operations and in industrial areas with high class B hazards.

The dry chemical, usually Purple-K (and in some applications ABC Dry Chemical), knocks down the fire rapidly, while the foam secures the hazard by laying a vapor-suppressing blanket on the fuel and helping to cool the fuel in skin fires. In pressurized gas fires the foam is applied to extinguish the fuel fires around the blowout and cool heated metal. The Purple-K stream is then discharged into the blowout to "snuff" it out.

These systems can be mounted on vehicles, skid mounts or installed as permanent stations. Application is from twin hose lines connected together at the nozzle, one flows the dry chemical agent and the other foam. Twin agent systems are also used in fixed nozzles of vehicles (i.e. AR-FF vehicles) or ground mounted monitors in high hazard locations in facilities storing or producing flammable liquids. See Airport crash tender

Dry chemical tank capacities range from . AFFF solution capacity ranges from . Dry chemical flow rates vary from  per second and  per minute for the foam for handline application.

References

Sources 
James H. Meidl: "Flammable Hazardous Materials", Glencoe Press Fire Science Series, 1970.

Firefighting equipment
Fire suppression
Aircraft rescue and firefighting
Partitioning Communication System. Partitioning Communication System is a computer and communications security architecture based on an information flow separation policy. The PCS extends the four foundational security policies of a MILS (Multiple Independent Levels of Security) software architecture to the network:

 End-to-end Information Flow
 End-to-end Data Isolation
 End-to-end Periods Processing
 End-to-end Damage Limitation

The PCS leverages software separation to enable application layer entities to enforce, manage, and control application layer security policies in such a manner that the application layer security policies are:

 Non-bypassable
 Evaluatable
 Always-invoked
 Tamper-proof

The result is a communications architecture that allows a software separation kernel and the PCS to share responsibility of security with the application.

The PCS was invented by OIS.  OIS collaborated extensively on the requirements for the PCS with:

 National Security Agency
 Air Force Research Laboratory
 University of Idaho
 Lockheed Martin
 Boeing
 Rockwell Collins

References

 
 Presentation at OMG Software Based Communications Workshop
 

Operating system security
Azrieli College of Engineering Jerusalem. Azrieli College of Engineering Jerusalem () is an Israeli public academic college that trains engineers. It is located in the Ramat Beit HaKerem neighborhood of Jerusalem, between Jerusalem's two major high-tech industrial areas, Har Hotzvim and the Jerusalem Technology Park.

Overview
 
High-tech enterprises in Jerusalem have been warning of a severe shortage of technological manpower. To fill that gap, Azrieli College of Engineering Jerusalem coordinates its academic programs with the local high-tech industry. The college offers undergraduate (Bachelor of Science, B.Sc.) degrees in software engineering, industrial management engineering, electronic engineering, advanced materials engineers, Pharmaceutical engineering (cooperation with TEVA), mechanical engineering, as well as a graduate (Master of Science, M.Sc.) in software engineering and a pre-academic preparatory program to prepare prospective students for acceptance into and success in the college's engineering departments.

History 
Plans to establish the college were announced on December 25, 1996, by Ehud Olmert, then Mayor of Jerusalem, Minister of Education Zevulun Hammer, and Professor Amnon Pazi, then Chairman of the budgeting and planning committee of the council for higher education. Delegates of the Jerusalem Municipality sit on the Board of Governors and the Executive Board.

Joint programs
The college is authorized as the exclusive Jerusalem partner of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology enjoying a partnership in a Civil and Environmental Engineering Track, wherein students study the first two years of the program in Jerusalem, and the second two years at Technion in Haifa.

See also
Education in Israel
List of universities and colleges in Israel
Science and technology in Israel
Practical engineer

References

External links 
JCE Hebrew Homepage

Colleges in Israel
Universities and colleges in Jerusalem
Educational institutions established in 1996
1996 establishments in Israel
Engineering universities and colleges in Israel
Armstrong Whitworth Starling. The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.14 Starling was a prototype British single-seat biplane fighter developed for the Royal Air Force in the late 1920s which unsuccessfully competed against the Bristol Bulldog.

Development 
The A.W.14 Starling was developed by Armstrong Whitworth as the sole contender for Specification 28/24, for a single-seat fighter capable of operating in day and night-time conditions to replace Armstrong Whitworth's earlier Siskin. It was a single-bay sesquiplane (a biplane with the lower wing much smaller than the upper) with staggered unequal span wings. The fuselage had a bolted steel-tube structure, while the wings had steel spars and wooden ribs and were fitted with ailerons on the upper wings only. The wings used the experimental symmetrical RAF 30 aerofoil section. Armament was two synchronised  Vickers machine guns.

Two prototypes were ordered, with the first J8027, powered by a  Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar VII radial engine which was flown on 12 May 1927. It was underpowered, and was re-engined with a  Jaguar V engine but its performance remained unimpressive, with the first prototype failed to exceed , well short of the required , while low speed handling was also poor. The prototype was evaluated against the later Specification F.9/26 in February 1926, but was rejected by the RAF, who instead selected the Bristol Bulldog. J8027 was returned to Armstrong Whitworth, who fitted it with new wings with a Clark YH aerofoil section and leading edge slots on the upper wings. With the civil registration G-AAHC it was shown at Olympia in London in July 1929 and was cancelled from the register in December 1930.

The second prototype, J8028 was extensively redesigned, with a more streamlined fuselage and revised wings, which although retaining the Clark YH aerofoil section, had smaller lower wings. Powered by a  Armstrong Siddeley Panther II engine, it first flew on 5 December 1929. It was evaluated as both a land-based interceptor against Specifications F.9/26 and F.20/27 and as a naval fighter to meet the requirements of Specification N.21/26. Performance was improved but it was also unsuccessful, although it did carry out useful development work for the Armstrong Whitworth A.W.16.

Variants
Starling I
1927 – first prototype – powered by Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar VII or V engine.
Starling II
1930 – second prototype – specification N.21/26 for a naval fighter. Powered by Armstrong Siddeley Panther II engine.

Operators

Specifications (Starling I)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

RAF 30 aerofoil section used on first prototype
Clark YH aerofuil section used following modifications

Sesquiplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s British fighter aircraft
Starling
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Super-server. A super-server or sometimes called a service dispatcher is a type of daemon run generally on Unix-like systems.

Usage 
A super-server starts other  servers when needed, normally with access to them checked by a TCP wrapper. It uses very few resources when in idle state. This can be ideal for workstations used for local web development, client/server development or low-traffic daemons with occasional usage (such as ident and SSH).

Performance 
The creation of an operating system process embodying the sub-daemon is deferred until an incoming connection for the sub-daemon arrives. This results in a delay to the handling of the connection (in comparison to a connection handled by an already-running process).

Whether this delay is incurred repeatedly for every incoming connection depends on the design of the particular sub-daemon; simple daemons usually require a separate sub-daemon instance (i.e. a distinct, separate operating system process) be started for each and every incoming connection. Such a request-per-process design is more straightforward to implement, but for some workloads, the extra CPU and memory overhead of starting multiple operating system processes may be undesirable.

Alternatively, a single sub-daemon operating system process can be designed to handle multiple connections, allowing similar performance to a "stand alone" server (except for the one-off delay for the first connection to the sub-daemon).

Implementations 
 inetd
 launchd
 systemd
 ucspi-tcp
 xinetd

References

Internet Protocol based network software
Servers (computing)
List of surviving Sikorsky CH-54s. The Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe is a twin-engine heavy-lift helicopter designed by Sikorsky Aircraft for the United States Army. The civil version is the Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane. The Army purchased 105 CH-54s before its discontinuation. The S-64 Aircrane is still in production. There are currently numerous complete and partial airframes in existence for this aircraft. Some CH-54's and some S-64's (both E and F models) are owned, and have been remanufactured, by Erickson Air-Crane Inc.

Airworthy
CH-54A
 67-18427 – N793HT operated by Helicopter Transport Services in Aurora, Oregon.
 67-18429 – N429C privately owned in Yuba City, California.
 67-18430 – N7095B operated by Siller Helicopter in Yuba City, California.
 68-18447 – N792HT operated by Helicopter Transport Services in Aurora, Oregon.
 68-18455 – N9125M operated by Siller Helicopter in Yuba City, California.
 68-18458 – N795HT operated by Helicopter Transport Services in Aurora, Oregon.

CH-54B
 69-18463 – N720HT operated by Helicopter Transport Services in Aurora, Oregon.
 69-18466 – N721HT operated by Helicopter Transport Services in Aurora, Oregon.
 69-18467 – N718HT operated by Helicopter Transport Services in Aurora, Oregon.
 69-18468 – N722HT operated by Helicopter Transport Services in Aurora, Oregon.
 69-18469 – N719HT privately owned in Wilmington, Delaware.
 69-18470 – N715HT operated by Helicopter Transport Services in Aurora, Oregon.
 69-18484 – N716HT operated by Helicopter Transport Services in Aurora, Oregon.

On display

YCH-54A
 64-14203 – United States Army Transportation Museum at Fort Eustis near Newport News, Virginia.
CH-54A
 66-18409 – 1st Cavalry Division Museum at Fort Cavazos in Killeen, Texas.
 67-18418 – Stead Army National Guard Base in Reno, Nevada.
 67-18424 – Combat Air Museum in Topeka, Kansas.
 68-18437 – Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.
 68-18438 – United States Army Aviation Museum at Fort Novosel near Daleville, Alabama.
 68-18439 – Museum of the Kansas National Guard in Topeka, Kansas.
CH-54B
 68-18434 – Mississippi Armed Forces Museum at Camp Shelby near Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
 69-18464 - Southern Museum of Flight in Birmingham, Alabama.
 69-18465 – New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
 69-18479 – Birmingham Air National Guard Base in Birmingham, Alabama.
 70-18486 – Russell Military Museum in Zion, Illinois.
 70-18488 Isabell – Camp Denali at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson in Anchorage, Alaska.

References

External links
 Aircraft Finder for Sikorsky H-54 (Tarhe) – AeroWeb
 Sikorsky S-64A/E/F Skycrane Production List – CH-54 Skycrane Association

Military transport helicopters

1960s United States helicopters
Sikorsky CH-54
Jan Zachwatowicz. Jan Zachwatowicz (4 March 1900 – 18 August 1983) was a Polish architect, architectural historian, and restorer. He is notable for being the creator of the Blue Shield cultural heritage symbol.

Biography 
Zachwatowicz was born in Gatchina. He studied Industrial Civil Engineering at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University, and graduated from the School of Architecture at the Warsaw University of Technology in 1930. He was awarded with the SARP Honorary Award (1971; ).

He was a professor of the Warsaw University of Technology (since 1946; he worked there since 1925), member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (since 1952), member of the Académie d'architecture in Paris (since 1967), member of the International Council on Monuments and Sites, general restorer of relics in Poland (from 1945 to 1957; ), chairman of the Architectural-Restoration Committee (since 1971; ), and chairman of the Civil Committee of Royal Castle in Warsaw Reconstruction ().

Zachwatowicz contributed to reorganization and enlargement of the Polish restoration service. During the occupation of Poland (1939–1945) he took part in teaching, protecting and saving works, i.e. set of relic buildings measurements (including The Market Square of Warsaw Old Town). From January 1945 he co-directed the Warsaw Reconstruction Office (; f. Biuro Organizacji Odbudowy Warszawy).

After World War II, many other historic buildings in Gdańsk, Poznań, and Wrocław were restored or rebuilt according to principles established by Zachwatowicz and his team. Among his many achievements was the rebuilding of St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw (1960).

He was a scholar with over 200 major publications to his credit.

He was the father of Krystyna and Katarzyna Zachwatowicz.  He died in Warsaw, aged 83.

Selected works
 Ochrona Zabytków w Polsce (1965)
 Architektura polska (1966)
 Sztuka polska przedromańska i romańska do schyłku XIII wieku (1971; collective work)
 Zamek Królewski w Warszawie (1972)

See also

 Blue Shield International

References
Inline

General

External links 
 Testimony of Jan Zachwatowicz about German policy in occupied Warsaw - Chronicles of Terror collection

1900 births
1983 deaths
Architectural historians
Warsaw University of Technology alumni
Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering alumni
Academic staff of the Warsaw University of Technology
Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944–1989)
20th-century Polish historians
20th-century Polish architects
Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)
People from Tsarskoselsky Uyezd
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
Polish monument conservators
Yabog pipeline. The Yabog (Yacimientos-Bolivian Gulf) pipeline is a natural gas pipeline. It is  long and connects Río Grande in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, with Campo Duran in Salta Province, Argentina. The pipeline was commissioned in 1972.

History
A contract concerning the Yabog pipeline between the Government of Bolivia and oil companies YPFB and Gulf Oil was signed in August 1968. Financing for the project was provided by the World Bank and US private firms. Construction began in 1970, and the pipeline began operating in 1972.

Technical features
The diameter of the pipeline is  and the annual capacity is 2.19 billion cubic meters.   The Bolivian section is operated by Transredes, a subsidiary of YPFB, and the Argentinian section is operated by Transportadora de Gas del Norte, a subsidiary of Gasinvest S.A.

See also

 Gasoducto del Noreste Argentino
 Cruz del Sur pipeline
 GasAndes Pipeline
 Paraná–Uruguaiana pipeline
 Natural gas in Bolivia

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1972
Natural gas pipelines in Argentina
Natural gas pipelines in Bolivia
Argentina–Bolivia relations
Julius Wilhelm Gintl. Julius Wilhelm Gintl (November 12, 1804 – December 22, 1883) was an Austrian physicist.

Biography
Gintl was born in 1804 in Prague and attended university in his hometown. He was chair of physics at Vienna University and later at Gratz. In 1847, the Austrian government commissioned him to manage the introduction of the electrical telegraph.

In 1853, Gintl developed an early form of duplex electrical telegraph, which allowed two messages to be transmitted on a single wire in opposite directions. This duplex communication was an early specific case of the general practice of multiplexing. While Gintl's technology was not commercial successful, his method was improved upon by German engineer Carl Frischen and later by J. B. Stearns, who would patent a version in 1872. Edison, who was also working on the design, would further refine his method in his implementation of a quadruplex telegraph.

Gintl was a member of Vienna's Academy of Arts and Sciences by 1849. In 1863, he became a member of the Society of Arts in London.

References

Physicists from Austria-Hungary
Scientists from the Austrian Empire
1804 births
1883 deaths
Avia BH-1. The Avia BH-1 was a two-seat sports plane built in Czechoslovakia in 1920. It was the first product of the Avia company, and it was originally designated BH-1 exp. The BH-1 was a low-wing braced monoplane of wooden construction, with tailskid undercarriage. Power was provided by a Daimler engine, which proved inadequate to fly the aircraft with both seats occupied.

Soon after its first flight, it was exhibited at the inaugural International Aviation Exhibition in Prague. Its reception there was so enthusiastic that Czechoslovak president Tomáš Masaryk awarded Avia a 100,000 CSK development grant.

The BH-1 was subsequently rebuilt with a Gnome Omega rotary engine and was finally able to fly with two people aboard. It was known as the BH-1 bis in this configuration, and in 1921 won the Czechoslovak national cross-country rally with an average speed of 125 km/h (78 mph) over the 860 km (536 mi) course. The aircraft was damaged in a crash the following spring and was never repaired, having been surpassed by improved designs.

In 2004, Marcel Sezemský built a flying replica of the aircraft, powered by a Walter Mikron engine.

Specifications (BH-1 exp)

References

 
 
 vyrobce.cz

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
1920s Czechoslovak sport aircraft
BH-01
Aircraft first flown in 1920
SNECMA Atar Volant. The  SNECMA Atar Volant or C.400 P1 was a French turbojet engine produced by SNECMA as part of their "Atar" series.
Encased in a basic fairing which could hold fuel and remote-control equipment, the unit weighed , and generated a thrust of approximately 6,200 pounds-force (27.6 kN); the Atar Volant was able to cause vertical lift, which was precisely its purpose. There were later Atar Volant models, each made improvements and alterations to the previous designs, and eventually resulted in a full-fledged craft.

Background and purpose 
The Coléoptère was a VTOL or "Vertical Take-Off and Landing" aircraft that was designed by SNECMA during the 1950s. While the Coléoptère was not the first VTOL aircraft, none of its predecessors had an annular wing designed to land vertically. The benefit of this annular wing was the requirement for very little landing or take-off space. However, the design of the Coléoptère met with many problems, such as overcoming the torque imparted to a vertical engine by its own turbine wheels and rotating compressor, and discovering and developing a method of balancing the craft on the column of air released from its jet pipe during the take-off and landing phase, as well as, more particularly, during manoeuvres out of the vertical positioning. To address some of these problems, as well as to provide a way to achieve vertical lift, SNECMA set to work on what was to become the first model of the Atar Volants.

Improvements, alterations and later models 
There were at least four Atar Volant models constructed, each improving or making alterations on the last: the first (C.400 P.1), C.400 P.2, C.400 P.3. and the last, the C.450-01. The second in the series had much success at an international air display in  Le Bourget, in Paris, and the third became a full-scale coleopter in its own right, due to numerous improvements and alterations made to the model. The C.450-01 model's maiden flight took place in May 1959. Two months later, while being put through its paces, the single prototype crashed. The pilot was seriously injured, and the prototype wrecked, resulting in the abandoning of its development and the project.

Variants
Data from: Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958-59
C.400 P.1 First remotely piloted research vehicle powered by a  Atar 101DV mounted vertically.
C.400 P.2 The second research vehicle with an ejection seat for the pilot, sat on top of the fuselage. First free flight on 14 May 1957
C.400 P.3 The third research vehicle with a tilting ejection seat in an enclosed cockpit, similar to that of the SNECMA C.450 Coléoptère.

Specifications (C.400 P.2)

See also 
History of Aviation
List of VTOL aircraft

References

Bibliography

External links 

Virtual Aviation Museum 
New Scientist: The Coleopter - a revolutionary experimental aircraft (5 February 1959)
French information source 
Above Source Translated into English

1950s turbojet engines
Atar Volant
Atar Volant
Tailsitter aircraft
1950s French experimental aircraft