omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hotel-class submarine. The Hotel class is the general NATO classification for a type of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine that was launched by the Soviet Union around 1959. The Soviet designation was Project 658.

Design
The development of the submarine, designed to carry the D-2 launch system and R-13 missiles, was approved on 26 August 1956. Work on the design began in September 1956, the technical project was completed in the first quarter of 1957.

The duties of the chief designer of Project 658 were originally assigned to the chief engineer of OKB-18, P.Z. Golosovskiy. In February 1958 project management was transferred to I.V. Mikhaylov, who in October 1958 had replaced S.N. Kovalev. From the outset the deputy of the chief designer was I.D. Spasskiy.

The Hotel design was based on the Project 627 , the first Soviet nuclear submarines. They were modified by adding the missile compartment from the s. Additionally, the Hotels had small horizontal hydroplanes for better maneuverability and more reliable electro-hydraulic command control surfaces for high-speed underwater operations with reduced noise.

The D-2 launch system on the Hotels placed three R-13 missiles in vertical containers directly behind the sail. The submarine had to be surfaced to launch, but all three missiles could be fired within 12 minutes of surfacing.

Variants

Hotel I
The first Hotel-class submarine, , was laid down on 17 October 1958 and commissioned on 12 November 1960, only to suffer numerous setbacks and accidents. The last of the eight Hotel submarines was launched on April 1, 1962. All of them were built at Severodvinsk State Shipyard 402 (now known as the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise - SEVMASH) in Molotovsk (now Severodvinsk) shipyard Russia.

Hotel II
Beginning in 1961 and ending in 1963, all Hotels but one (K-145) were equipped with the new D-4 launch system, which could launch missiles from a depth of . The modified submarines received the NATO reporting name Hotel II. They were armed with R-21 (SS-N-5 Serb) missiles, with a range of .  The installation of the D-4 launching system required some structural changes of the submarine; before launch, the launch tube had to be flooded. The chief designer of the modification was S.N. Kovalev.

Hotel III
From 1969 to 1970, K-145 was modified by Project 701 to test the R-29 missiles, receiving the NATO reporting name Hotel III. It was lengthened to 130 meters and its displacement increased to 5,500 tons surfaced and 6,400 tons submerged. The maximum speed was reduced to  on the surface and  submerged. Six launchers for R-29 missiles were placed in two compartments, each with three launchers. In 1976 K-145 returned to combat service.

Vessels

Notes

References
Page in Russian Language 
Page in English from FAS
Hotel Class Submarines - Complete Ship List (English)
The Encyclopedia Of Warships, From World War Two To The Present Day, General Editor Robert Jackson.

Submarine classes
 
Russian and Soviet Navy submarine classes
Nuclear-powered submarines
Ships built by Sevmash
Edwin Beard Budding. Edwin Beard Budding (25 August 1796 – 25 September 1846), an engineer born in Eastington, Stroud, Gloucestershire, was the English inventor of the lawnmower (1830) and adjustable spanner (1842).

Lawnmower

Budding had the idea of the lawnmower after seeing a machine in a local cloth mill that used a cutting cylinder (or bladed reel) mounted on a bench to trim the irregular nap from the surface of woolen cloth and give a smooth finish.
Budding's mower was designed primarily to cut the lawn on sports grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and was granted a British patent on 31 August 1830. It took ten more years and further innovations to create a machine that could be worked by animals, and sixty years before a steam-powered lawn mower was built. 

The first machine produced was 19 inches in width with a frame made of wrought iron. The mower was pushed from behind with motive power coming from the rear land roller which drove gears to transfer the drive to the knives on the cutting cylinder; the ratio was 16:1. There was another roller placed in between the cutting cylinder and the land roller which was adjustable to alter the height of cut. On cutting, the grass clippings were hurled forward into a tray-like box. It was soon realized, however, that an extra handle was needed in front of the machine which could be used to help pull it along. Two of the earliest Budding machines sold went to Regent's Park Zoological Gardens in London and the Oxford Colleges. 

In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding, dated 18 May 1830, Ferrabee paid the costs of development, obtained letters of patent and acquired rights to manufacture, sell and license other manufacturers in the production of lawn mowers. Budding realized that a similar device could be used to cut grass if the mechanism was mounted in a wheeled frame to make the blades rotate close to the lawn's surface. Budding went into partnership with a local engineer, John Ferrabee, and together they made mowers in a factory at Thrupp near Stroud.

Examples of the early Budding type mowers can be seen in Stroud Museum, the London Science Museum and at Milton Keynes Museum.

Adjustable spanner

Budding is also credited with the invention of the screw adjustable spanner (adjustable crescent wrench) in 1842.

Firearms
Budding's engineering and manufacturing skills also extended to the production of a five-shot percussion revolver having brass manually-rotated barrels in about 1830.

References

External links
 How a chance comment during a park walk led to a fascinating journey..., National Development Team for Inclusion, 20 July 2017
 Lawn mower lifeline for the gardening hobbyist..., Greenry enthusiast Team published, 27 July 2022

1796 births
1846 deaths
19th-century English engineers
English engineers
English inventors
People from Stroud
Lawn mowers
Cryptocrystalline. Cryptocrystalline is a rock texture made up of such minute crystals that its crystalline nature is only vaguely revealed even microscopically in thin section by transmitted polarized light.  Among the sedimentary rocks, chert and flint are cryptocrystalline. Carbonado, a form of diamond, is also cryptocrystalline. Volcanic rocks, especially of the felsic type such as felsites and rhyolites, may have a cryptocrystalline groundmass as distinguished from pure obsidian (felsic) or tachylyte (mafic), which are natural rock glasses. Agate and onyx are examples of cryptocrystalline silica (chalcedony). The quartz crystals in chalcedony are so tiny that they cannot be distinguished with the naked eye.

See also
 List of rock textures
 Macrocrystalline
 Microcrystalline
 Nanocrystalline
 Rock microstructure

References

Crystals
Lithics
Petrology
Obligate aerobe. An obligate aerobe is an organism that requires oxygen to grow.  Through cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to metabolise substances, like sugars or fats, to obtain energy. In this type of respiration, oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor for the electron transport chain.  Aerobic respiration has the advantage of yielding more energy (adenosine triphosphate or ATP) than fermentation or anaerobic respiration, but obligate aerobes are subject to high levels of oxidative stress.

Examples 
Among organisms, almost all animals, most fungi, and several bacteria are obligate aerobes. Examples of obligately aerobic bacteria include Mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid-fast), Bacillus (Gram-positive), and Nocardia asteroides (Gram-positive).  With the exception of the yeasts, most fungi are obligate aerobes.  Also, almost all algae are obligate aerobes.

A unique obligate aerobe is Streptomyces coelicolor which is gram-positive, soil-dwelling, and belongs to the phylum Actinomycetota. It is unique because the genome of this obligate aerobe encodes numerous enzymes with functions that are usually attributed to anaerobic metabolism in facultatively and strictly anaerobic bacteria.

Survival strategies 
When obligate aerobes are in a temporarily oxygen-deprived environment, they need survival strategies to avoid death. Under these conditions, Mycobacterium smegmatis can quickly switch between fermentative hydrogen production and hydrogen oxidation with either oxygen or fumarate reduction depending on the availability of electron acceptor. This example is the first time that hydrogen production has been seen in an obligate aerobe. It also confirms the fermentation in a mycobacterium and is evidence that hydrogen plays a role in survival as well as growth.

Problems can also arise in oxygen-rich environments, most commonly attributed to oxidative stress. This occurrence is when there is an imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants in the cells of the organism, largely due to pollution and radiation in the environment. Obligate aerobes survive this phenomenon by using the organism's immune system to correct the imbalance.

See also 
 Aerobic respiration
 Anaerobic respiration
 Fermentation
 Obligate anaerobe
 Facultative anaerobe
 Microaerophile

References 

Microbiology
DSP. DSP may refer to:

Computing 
 Digital signal processing, the mathematical manipulation of an information signal
 Digital signal processor, a microprocessor designed for digital signal processing
 Dynamic Reconfiguration port
 Yamaha DSP-1, a proprietary digital signal processor
 Demand-side platform, a system to facilitate the buying of online advertising

Education 
 Developmental social-pragmatic model, a developmental intervention for autistic spectrum disorders
 Direct support professional, a specialist in education of the mentally disabled
 Deutsche Schule Prag, a German international school in Prague, Czech Republic
 Deutsche Schule Paris, now the Internationale Deutsche Schule Paris, a German international school in France
 Deutsche Schule Pretoria, a German international school in Pretoria, South Africa

Military and police 
 Deputy Superintendent of Police, also DySP
 Defense Standardization Program, in the U.S. military
 Defense Support Program, operators of the U.S. Air Force's early-warning satellites
 Delaware State Police
 Disruptive solutions process in the U.S. Air National Guard
 Special Presidential Division, a Zairean military unit

Music 
 Dark Sky Paradise, an album by Big Sean
 Devi Sri Prasad (born 1979), south Indian film composer, lyricist, singer, and performer
 Deathlike Silence Productions, a record label in Norway
 DSP Media, a Korean entertainment company

Organizations

Politics 

 Democratic Left Party (Turkey) (Demokratik Sol Parti)
 Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)
 Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra), India
 Democratic Socialist Perspective (formerly Democratic Socialist Party), Australia
 German State Party (Deutsche Staatspartei), a political party of the Weimar Republic period
 German Socialist Party (Deutschsozialistische Partei), a far-right party founded after World War I

Other
 Delta Sigma Phi, a social fraternity
 Delta Sigma Pi, a co-ed business fraternity

Science and technology
 Disodium phosphate
 Dairy Science Park, a scientific organization in Peshawar, Pakistan
 Desmoplakin, a human gene
 Dynamin Superfamily Protein, a protein superfamily
 Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
 Dual-specificity phosphatase
 Downstream processing

Other uses
 Decessit sine prole, in genealogy, a person who died without having children
 Designated Suppliers Program, an anti-sweatshop standard used in some US universities
 Deutscher Spiele Preis, a board games award in Germany
 DSP (film), a 2022 Indian Tamil-language film
 Durgapur Steel Plant, in India
Lashing (ropework). A lashing is an arrangement of rope, wire, or webbing with linking device used to secure and fasten two or more items together in a somewhat rigid manner. Lashings are most commonly applied to timber poles, and are commonly associated with cargo, containerisation, the Scouting movement, sailors, and gardeners.

It has been imagined that the first lashing made by humans was wrapping a few strips of bark around a stone to hold it to a tree branch to make an ax to hunt and build with. In modern times, the same methods are used, but strips of bark and vines have been replaced with natural and synthetic fiber ropes. Scouts and campers use lashings to build camp gadgets and improve their campsites for comfort and convenience, including the building of rafts for transport and competitive events. Lashings are also used in pioneering,  the art of creating structures such as bridges and towers, using ropes and wooden spars.

There are still areas in the world where lashing spars (or poles) is the basic means of building.

Types

Square lashing

Square lashing is a type of lashing used to bind spars together, at right angles to one another. There are different types, but all consist of a series of wraps around the spars, and frapping around the line running between the spars.

Diagonal lashing

Diagonal lashing is a type of lashing used to bind spars or poles together, to prevent racking. It gets its name from the fact that the wrapping turns cross the poles diagonally and is used to spring poles together where they do not touch as in the X-brace of a trestle.

Shear lashing

Shear lashing (two-spar shear lashing) also spelled "sheer lashing" is used for lashing together two parallel spars which will be opened out of the parallel to form sheer legs as in the formation of an A-frame. The clove hitch is tied around one leg only and frapping turns are taken between the poles.

Round lashing 

The round lashing is most frequently used to join two poles together to extend their length. Typically, two lashings are used a reasonable distance apart for extra strength. In the simple version, a clove hitch is tied around both poles and there are no frapping turns.

The nautical term gammon means a round lashing of rope or iron hardware to attach a mast to a boat or ship.

Tripod lashing

The tripod lashing (also known as gyn lashing, figure of eight lashing, and three-spar shear lashing) is used to join several spars together to form a self supporting structure. If the lashing is tied around three spars, then the structure is called a tripod, but quadpods can also be made by using four spars.

See also

Binding knot
D-ring
List of knots

References

External links
 
 

Ropework
Survival skills
Capi. Capi or CAPI may refer to:

Computing
 Common Application Programmer's Interface, LispWorks Common Lisp GUI toolkit
 Common ISDN Application Programming Interface,  Common ISDN API
 Computer-assisted personal interviewing, a surveying technique that uses a computer based questionnaire
 Microsoft Cryptographic Application Programming Interface, an interface to a library of functions software developers can call upon for security and cryptography services
 Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface, a bus technology introduced in IBM's POWER8.

People
 Capi (footballer, born 1977), Jesús Capitán Prado, Spanish football midfielder
 Capi (footballer, born 1979), Jesús Tablado Feito, Spanish football forward
 Capi (footballer, born 1981), Manuel Borja Calvar Simón, Spanish football defender

Other uses
 Cash Assistance Program for Immigrants, a service for immigrants in the US not eligible for Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
 Capi, daily newspaper from Nagaland, India

See also 
 Cappi
 Kapi (disambiguation)
TLS. TLS may refer to:

Computing
 Transport Layer Security, a cryptographic protocol for secure computer network communication
 Thread level speculation, an optimisation on multiprocessor CPUs
 Thread-local storage, a mechanism for allocating variables in computer science
 Transparent LAN Service, a transparent data link connecting remote Ethernet networks

Media
 Theaterlexikon der Schweiz, an encyclopedia about theatre in Switzerland
 The Times Literary Supplement, a British weekly literary review
 Town Life Stuff, one of The Sims 3 Stuff packs

Organisations
 Telstra (ASX code), an Australian telecommunications and media company
 Trans Link Systems B.V., a company delivering the OV-chipkaart system to public-transport operators in the Netherlands.
 Transmitter Location Systems, a US satellite radio interference geolocation company

Education
 The Lindsey School, a secondary school in Cleethorpes, North East Lincolnshire, England
 Tallinn Law School, in Estonia
 Torrey Life Science, a biology organization of the University of Connecticut, US
 Trinity Law School, in Santa Ana, California, US
 Trinity Lutheran School (disambiguation), several schools in the US
 Tulane University Law School, in New Orleans, Louisiana, US

Science, medicine and technology
 Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory, in Tautenburg, Thuringia, Germany
 Terrestrial laser scanning, a 3D laser scanning method
 Total least squares, a statistical analysis
 Translesion synthesis, a form of DNA repair
 Transponder landing system, an airplane landing system
 Tumor lysis syndrome, a group of metabolic complications that can occur after treatment of cancer
 Tunable laser spectrometer, an instrument in the Mars rover suite Sample Analysis at Mars
 Two-level system, a quantum system

Transport
 Thorpe-le-Soken railway station, Tendring, England (National Rail station code)
 Toulouse–Blagnac Airport (IATA code)

Other uses
 East Timor (IOC code)
Raster graphics editor. A raster graphics editor (also called bitmap graphics editor) is a computer program that allows users to create and edit images interactively on the computer screen and save them in one of many raster graphics file formats (also known as bitmap images) such as JPEG, PNG, and GIF.

Comparison to vector graphic editors 
Vector graphics editors are often contrasted with raster graphics editors, yet their capabilities complement each other. The technical difference between vector and raster editors stem from the difference between vector and raster images. Vector graphics are created mathematically, using geometric formulas. Each element is created and manipulated numerically; essentially using Cartesian coordinates for the placement of key points, and then a mathematical algorithm to connect the dots and define the colors.

Raster images include digital photos. A raster image is made up of rows and columns of dots, called pixels, and is generally more photo-realistic. This is the standard form for digital cameras; whether it be a .raw file or .jpg file, the concept is the same. The image is represented pixel by pixel, like a microscopic jigsaw puzzle.

Vector editors tend to be better suited for graphic design, page layout, typography, logos, sharp-edged artistic illustrations, e.g., cartoons, clip art, complex geometric patterns, technical illustrations, diagramming and flowcharting.

Advanced raster editors, like GIMP and Adobe Photoshop, use vector methods (mathematics) for general layout and elements such as text, but are equipped to deal with raster images down to the pixel and often have special capabilities in doing so, such as brightness/contrast, and even adding "lighting" to a raster image or photograph.

Popular editors 
 Adobe Photoshop: Industry standard for photography, design, and digital art
 GIMP: Free, open-source alternative with similar features to Photoshop
 Corel Painter: Focuses on digital painting with traditional art simulation
 Affinity Photo: Professional-grade tools with a one-time purchase model
 Procreate(iOS): Popular app for digital painting on iPad

Common features 
 Select a region for editing
 Draw lines with simulated brushes of different color, size, shape and pressure
 Fill a region with a single color, gradient of colors, or a texture
 Select a color using different color models, e.g., RGB, HSV, or by using a color dropper
 Edit and convert between various color models.
 Add typed letters in various font styles
 Remove imperfections from photo images
 Composite editing using layers
 Apply filters for effects including sharpening and blurring
 Convert between various image file formats

See also 
 Comparison of raster graphics editors
 Vector graphics editor
 Texture mapping
 Text editor
 3D modeling

References

External links
Lazurite. Lazurite, old name Azure spar is a tectosilicate mineral with sulfate, sulfur and chloride with formula . It is a feldspathoid and a member of the sodalite group. Lazurite crystallizes in the isometric system although well‐formed crystals are rare. It is usually massive and forms the bulk of the gemstone lapis lazuli.

Mineral
Lazurite is a deep‐blue to greenish‐blue. The colour is due to the presence of  anions. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.0 to 5.5 and a specific gravity of 2.4. It is translucent with a refractive index of 1.50. It is fusible at 3.5 on Wolfgang Franz von Kobell's fusibility scale, and soluble in HCl. It commonly contains or is associated with grains of pyrite.

Lazurite is a product of contact metamorphism of limestone and is typically associated with calcite, pyrite, diopside, humite, forsterite, hauyne and muscovite.

Other blue minerals, such as the carbonate mineral, azurite, and the phosphate mineral, lazulite, may be confused with lazurite, but are easily distinguished with careful examination. At one time, lazurite was a synonym for azurite.

Lazurite was first described in 1890 for an occurrence in the Sar-e-Sang District, Koksha Valley, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. It has been mined for more than 6,000 years in the lapis lazuli district of Badakhshan. It has been used as a pigment in painting and cloth dyeing since at least the 6th or 7th century. It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; Mount Vesuvius; Burma; Canada; and the United States. The name is from the Persian  for blue.

The most important mineral component of lapis lazuli is lazurite (25% to 40%)

Redefinition 
Most lapis lazuli gets its blue color from Hauyne and almost none contain "true lazurite". This was changed in 2021, as lazurite was redefined so that it is enough for a quarter (instead of half) of the cages to contain sulfide.

Structure 
Lazurite and hauyne seem to have the same structure and both are sulfate-dominant minerals. Lazurite is a pigment (opalescent) and has a bright blue streak (especially as a component of the semiprecious stone lapis lazuli). Many hauynes have a white or pale blue streak and are translucent. The difference might be a consequence of the redox state (sulfate to sulfide ratio).

See also

References

External links 
 

Feldspathoid
Sodalite group
Sodium minerals
Calcium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Pigments
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 218
Chip carving. Chip carving or chip-carving, kerbschnitt in German, is a style of carving in which knives or chisels are used to remove small chips of the material from a flat surface in a single piece.  The style became important in Migration Period metalwork, mainly animal style jewellery, where the faceted surfaces created caught the light to give a glinting appearance.  This was very probably a transfer to metalworking of a technique already used in woodcarving, but no wooden examples have survived. Famous Anglo-Saxon examples include the jewellery from Sutton Hoo and the Tassilo Chalice, although the style originated in mainland Europe.  In later British and Irish metalwork, the same style was imitated using casting, which is often called imitation chip-carving, or sometimes just chip carving (authors are not always careful to distinguish the two), a term also sometimes applied to pottery decorated in a similar way.

Woodwork
In modern wood carving, the style is also called spoon carving.  The style is traditional in the folk art of many countries.  Patterns can be free form style or based on geometric figures. In America it is mostly used with basswood, butternut, pine, or mahogany.  Chip carving knives can also be used for whittling, cabinet making, and general workbench purposes.

External links 
 

Carving
Woodcarving
Jewellery making