omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate. 1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), also called butanetriol trinitrate, is an important military propellant. It is a colorless to brown explosive liquid.

BTTN is used as a propellant in virtually all single-stage missiles used by the United States, including the Hellfire. It is less volatile, less sensitive to shock, and more thermally stable than nitroglycerine, for which it is a promising replacement.

BTTN as a propellant is often used in a mixture with nitroglycerin. The mixture can be made by co-nitration of butanetriol and glycerol. BTTN is also used as a plasticizer in some nitrocellulose-based propellants.

BTTN is manufactured by nitration of 1,2,4-butanetriol. Biotechnological manufacture of butanetriol is under intensive research.

References

External links
 WebBook page for 1,2,4-Butanetriol, trinitrate

Nitrate esters
Explosive chemicals
Liquid explosives
Propellants
FSM Beskid. Beskid was a series of economy hatchback car prototypes in Poland designed by  during 1982-1986. The design team was led by Wiesław Wiatrak who later used the Beskid as his daily car and finally passed it to a museum in Kraków.

The car never went into mass production; However, it is also suggested that the Beskid was in fact a back-up measure if licensing talks were unsuccessful; finally the Fiat Cinquecento was produced in FSM. While all seven Beskid prototypes were slated for destruction, six were saved. One was used for a crash test, and the remaining six are located in various institutions in Poland:

 Museum of Technology, Warsaw - Yellow
 Museum of Municipal Engineering, Kraków in Kraków - Two, white and green
 Opole University of Technology - White
 Museum of Technology and Transport in Szczecin - Green
 BOSMAL museum at BOSMAL facility in Bielsko Biała - Cream

The body style was patented, but BOSMAL lacked funds for the extension of the patent. 

The name comes from the Beskids mountains.

External links
BOSMAL website
Bosmal Beskid 106 prototype - history and pictures (English)

References

Cars of Poland
Science and technology in Poland
Hatchbacks
T-Square (software). T-Square is an early drafting program written by Peter Samson assisted by Alan Kotok and possibly Robert A. Saunders while they were students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and members of the Tech Model Railroad Club.

T-Square was written for the PDP-1 computer and its Type 30 precision CRT that Digital Equipment Corporation donated to MIT in 1961. It is unlikely that many people have had the opportunity to use T-Square although Samson has said the group drew some schematics.

Authors
Students of Jack Dennis and John McCarthy discovered a stunning array of uses for the very expensive room-sized computers that were given to MIT. They were privileged to be enrolled when the school's first programming courses were taught.

They negotiated with their advisors and the operations manager John McKenzie for time and became single-users long before personal computers were available. About 1959 or 1960, some of this group of students became support staff and wrote software for about $1.75 USD per hour. They wrote the programming software which is used to build application software. Later Samson and Kotok became architects of DEC computers.

CAD
During this period Samson created other "firsts" in application software for music, games and page layout so it is perhaps not surprising he wrote what may be the first drafting program. Based on this experience, later in life Samson worked on an electronic drafting program with 80,000 lines of code. He received a patent in virtual reality at Autodesk, a vendor of CAD and CAM software.

Input device
To move the cursor, T-Square used a Spacewar! game controller built by Kotok and Saunders in 1962. It is not known if Saunders was involved in repurposing it for T-Square. Kotok, who was about 20 years old, did participate. He was known for doing what needed to be done and for taking an interest in "all things ingenious or intriguing."

The Spacewar! control boxes were cobbled together with wood, Bakelite and toggle switches. Although they are often considered to be the first joysticks, Kotok did not accept credit for coinventing them with Saunders.

Influence

T-Square is a small part of the reason people use today's computers for drafting, architecture, drawing and illustration and engineering. Prior to this revolution and in some places to this day, draftsmen and women used triangles, wood or metal T-squares, pencils and technical pens on film and paper. The beginning of this change can be seen in a video of Sutherland demonstrating Sketchpad.

In his 1963 MIT Ph.D. thesis, Sutherland explains he completed an early version that could draw parallel and perpendicular lines in November 1961. He goes on to say, "Somewhat before my first effort was working, Welden Clark of Bolt, Beranek and Newman..." showed him a "similar program" running on a PDP-1. T-Square and Sketchpad were developed in the same location a year or two apart but their influence on each other is unknown.

See also
 Sketchpad
 T-square

Notes

References

Also available at Google Video: 

Computer-aided design software
Technical drawing
History of software
ZyMOS. ZyMOS Corporation (its name a partial acronym for Zirconium Metal Oxide Semiconductors), later Appian Technology, Inc., was a semiconductor manufacturing company located in Sunnyvale, California. It initially designed and manufactured custom and semi-custom integrated circuits. After the introduction of the IBM PC in the early 1980s, there was strong customer demand for ICs to support the production of IBM PC-AT clones.

In 1987, Appian responded to this demand by developing the POACH (PC-On-A-Chip) peripheral series, one of the first chipsets of its kind, enabling manufacturers of PC AT clones to simplify PC motherboard designs and reduce cost and time to market. Intel soon licensed this chipset to support Intel 80286 sales.

Intel second-sourced to Zymos Corp. of these 82230/82231 High Integration AT-Compatible Chip Set.

Appian later introduced a complementary line of VGA integrated circuits to support manufacturers of VGA boards. Appian later introduced its own line of VGA boards.

ZyMOS was founded in 1978 and changed its name to Appian Technology Inc. on November 1, 1990, just after an acquisition of Renaissance GRX, which was based in Redmond, Washington. This merger helped to add to Appian's line of advanced VGA boards and software.

See also
 Chips and Technologies
 NEAT chipset
 List of Intel chipsets

References

 http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NEW/is_1990_August_10/ai_9500113
 http://www.plasma-online.de/index.html?content=http%3A//www.plasma-online.com/english/identify/picture/zymos.html

Fabless semiconductor companies
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Manufacturing companies based in California
1978 establishments in California
Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Oregon Performance Reporting Information System. The Performance Reporting and Information System (PRISM) is a data system which collects and disseminates performance measurement data for individuals receiving workforce services from the U.S. state of Oregon government.  To help inform decision-making of educators, administrators, and policy makers for  program and service delivery, PRISM produces information about the effectiveness of workforce system programs and services. A suite of user-friendly reporting tools provides easy access for anyone who is interested in learning about the results that Oregon's workforce system produces for its customers.

How PRISM Works

Oregon's workforce system delivers a wide variety of services including job placement and training for youth and adults, and employment-related services for targeted populations. The workforce system also serves employers by providing job listings, applicant screening, and labor market information.

In order to measure workforce system performance, PRISM collects and analyzes a wealth of administrative and demographic data from workforce and education partners. Workforce data include Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Vocational Rehabilitation, SNAP (Food Stamps), Title I (Youth, Adults, and Dislocated Workers), Employment Services, Unemployment Insurance, and Trade Act (provides assistance to individuals who become totally or partially unemployed due to the impact of international trade). The PRISM Education partners provide a wealth of education and training data for students from kindergarten through higher education. The results of this analysis are published as a set of performance measures that describe how successfully workforce system customers find jobs, keep jobs, and improve their earning power through training and education. PRISM also measures how satisfied customers are with the services they receive.

PRISM works by matching information about customers' workforce program participation against quarterly Unemployment Insurance wage records, data from Oregon's education system, and feedback obtained through customer satisfaction surveys. This information is combined into 12 performance measures that describe customer outcomes and experiences after they have received workforce and education services. Five of these measures relate to customers' employment and earnings; five summarize participant education and skill gain; two gauge customer satisfaction among businesses and individuals.

PRISM was established by the Oregon Legislative Assembly by passage of the 2001 law S.B. 400 (ORS 657.734) which took effect in 2002.  The system is governed by a steering committee comprising representative of the three cooperating agencies as mandated by the law, Oregon Employment Department, Oregon Higher Education Coordinating Commission and Oregon Department of Human Services, but remains otherwise independent of the represented agencies.

References

Performance Reporting Information System, Oregon
2002 establishments in Oregon
Pallet inverter. A pallet inverter or pile turner is a machine that is used to turn over full pallet loads of packages or products.  The term pallet inverter is also used to cover machines that turn the palletised load through 90 degrees only.

Use
The reasons for needing to turn over a pallet are varied. The primary reason is have access  to the bottom of the load without having to manually unload all of the boxes or bags.  If a pallet or slip sheet is damaged. it can be replaced by inverting the load, replacing it, and re-inverting the load.  Sometimes a manufacturer simply needs to turn their products to stop their contents settling. In some industries, it is necessary to transfer goods from one type of pallet to another – for example, when plastic pallets are used for on-site storage and wooden pallets are used for shipping.

Some products require rapid freezing immediately after production and packaging.  Processes can utilize  freezer spacers between each tier of boxes on a pallet: these promote air flow for controlled and accelerated refrigeration.  Prior to shipping, these spacers can be removed using a pallet inverter.  This rotates the load ninety degrees to allow easy removal and reuse.

Pallet inverters can be built into production lines or be used as a stand-alone product.

See also
 Bulk material handling
 Conveyor system
 Palletizer
 Slip sheet

References

External links
 Removing freezer spacers 

Pallets
Packaging machinery
Industrial equipment
SVI-728. The SVI-728 is the first home computer from Spectravideo that complied fully with the MSX home computer specification. It was introduced in 1984. The design is virtually identical to that of the earlier SV-328, which did not comply fully with the MSX standard.

The SVI-738 is a portable version of this computer.

Technical specifications
The SVI-728 had the following technical specifications:
Microprocessor
 Zilog Z80A with a clockspeed of 3.58 MHz.
Memory
ROM: 32 KB
RAM: 64 KB (expandable to 256 KB)
VRAM: 16 KB 
Video
Graphical processor: Texas Instruments TMS9918A/TMS9929 (NTSC/PAL)
Graphical resolution: 256 x 192 pixels
text modes: 40 characters x 24 lines and 32 characters x 24 lines
colors: 16
sprites: 32
Sound
General Instrument AY-3-8910-soundchip
3 sound channels
1 noise channels
1 envelope controller
Connectors
1 data recorder/Cassette deck
2 joysticks
1 cartridge
1 Super Expander
1 disk station

References 

Home computers
MSX microcomputer
Computer-related introductions in 1984
Spectravideo
Hardware performance counter. In computers, hardware performance counters (HPC), or hardware counters are a set of special-purpose registers built into modern microprocessors to store the counts of hardware-related activities within computer systems. Advanced users often rely on those counters to conduct low-level performance analysis or tuning.

Implementations
The number of available hardware counters in a processor is limited while each CPU model might have a lot of different events that a developer might like to measure. Each counter can be programmed with the index of an event type to be monitored, like a L1 cache miss or a branch misprediction.

One of the first processors to implement such counter and an associated instruction RDPMC to access it was the Intel Pentium, but they were not documented until Terje Mathisen wrote an article about reverse engineering them in Byte July 1994.

The following table shows some examples of CPUs and the number of available hardware counters:

Versus software techniques
Compared to software profilers, hardware counters provide low-overhead access to a wealth of detailed performance information related to CPU's functional units, caches and main memory etc. Another benefit of using them is that no source code modifications are needed in general. However, the types and meanings of hardware counters vary from one kind of architecture to another due to the variation in hardware organizations.

There can be difficulties correlating the low level performance metrics back to source code.  The limited number of registers to store the counters often force users to conduct multiple measurements to collect all desired performance metrics.

Instruction based sampling

Modern superscalar processors schedule and execute multiple instructions out-of-order at one time.  These "in-flight" instructions can retire at any time, depending on memory access, hits in cache, stalls in the pipeline and many other factors.  This can cause performance counter events to be attributed to the wrong instructions, making precise performance analysis difficult or impossible.

AMD introduced methods to mitigate some of these drawbacks.  For example, the Opteron processors have implemented  in 2007 a technique known as Instruction Based Sampling (or IBS). AMD's implementation of IBS provides hardware counters for both fetch sampling (the front of the superscalar pipeline) and op sampling (the back of the pipeline). This results in discrete performance data associating retired instructions with the "parent" AMD64 instruction.

See also
 perf (Linux)
 Row hammer

References

Central processing unit
Profilers
EDG. EDG may refer to:

Science and medicine 
 Electron donating group, a category in chemistry
 Electrodermograph, a measuring device for skin
 Elevational diversity gradient, an ecological pattern
 Endothelial differentiation gene, a family of integral membrane proteins

Transport 
 Eden Gardens railway station, in Kolkata, India
 Edge Hill railway station, in Liverpool, England
 Weide Army Airfield, in Maryland, United States

Other uses 
 Edison Design Group, an American software company
 Edward Gaming, a Chinese esports organization
 Emergency diesel generator, an independent source of electrical power
 European Democrats, a party group in the European Parliament
 European Democrat Group, a party group in the Council of Europe
European Greenways Association. In May 1997, the first European Conference on Soft Traffic and Railways Paths (held at Val-Dieu Abbey, Belgium) voted to set up the European Greenways Association (EGWA). This association was created by many local, regional and national associations active in the scope of sustainable transport, willing to share their knowledge and objectives at a European level.

A greenway is defined as a stand-alone route for non-motorised traffic, developed with the following objectives: to integrate facilities & increase environmental value and quality of life. Greenways encompass the following characteristics:  suitability of width, slope & surface to allow secure, appropriate use for a wide range of users including mobility impaired people. The current President is Giulio Senes, who is a professor at the Università degli Studi di Milano. EGWA is a member of the European Cyclists' Federation, and through that the World Cycling Alliance.

Objectives of the EGWA
To contribute towards the preservation of infrastructures, such as disused railway corridors, towpaths and historic routes (Roman roads, pilgrim paths, droveways,...) in the public domain to develop, along them, non-motorised itineraries.
To encourage the use of non-motorised transport, draw up inventories of potential routes and write technical reports.
To promote and coordinate the exchange of expertise and information among different associations and national and local bodies which are currently developing these initiatives in Europe.
To inform and advise local and national bodies on how to develop non-motorised itineraries.
To collaborate with European bodies to support their policies in term of sustainable development, environment, regional balance and employment.

The EGWA is active at different levels: To provide information about all aspects of the creation of a greenway from the first discussion to the delivery of the finished greenway for all the actors of the deployment. This includes technical info, political & administrative info, ... many studies have been performed by the association and are freely available online.

References

External links
 European Greenways Association
 European Greenways Observatory

Road transport in Europe
Greenways
Cycling organizations
Transport organizations based in Europe
Sustainable tourism
Organizations established in 1998
Environmental organisations based in Belgium
Members of World Cycling Alliance
Carbolineum. Carbolineum is an oily, water-insoluble, flammable, dark brown mixture from coal tar components, smelling of tar. It contains among other things anthracene and phenol.

Because of its rot-resisting and disinfecting effect, Carbolineum was used over many years for the preservation of wooden structures such as railroad ties, telephone poles, cabins, etc.

More recently, its use has been limited and/or forbidden by the introduction of stricter environmental regulations.

See also
 Creosote

References

Coal
William Cook (computer scientist). William Randall Cook (November 21, 1963 – October 27, 2021) was an American computer scientist, who was an associate professor in the Department of Computer Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin.

Early life and education 
Cook was born on November 21, 1963. He received his Ph.D. in computer science from Brown University in 1989.

Career 
Cook's research concentrated on object-oriented programming, programming languages, modeling languages, and the interface between programming languages and databases. Prior to joining UT in 2003,  he was chief technology officer and co-founder of Allegis Corporation, where he was chief architect for several award-winning products, including the eBusiness Suite at Allegis, the writer's Solution for Prentice Hall, and the AppleScript language at Apple Computer.

Cook won the Senior Dahl–Nygaard Prize in 2014.

Personal life 
Cook died on October 27, 2021, at the age of 57.

Selected papers
Inheritance is not subtyping, Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages (1990)
AppleScript. Proceedings of the third ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL III) Pages 1–21 ACM, 2007.

References

External links
Home page at University of Texas
Papers and citations according to Google Scholar.
Publications as listed in DBLP.

1963 births
2021 deaths
American chief technology officers
American computer scientists
Brown University alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Dahl–Nygaard Prize
Buzz number. Buzz number is a term applied to the large letter and number combination applied to United States Air Force military aircraft in the years immediately after World War II, through the early 1960s. This moniker evolved from aircrew speculation that the large numbers were meant to dissuade "buzzing" (very-low-altitude high-speed passes over populated areas) by increasing the likelihood of being identified and punished. 

The first two letters of a buzz number indicated the type and designation of an aircraft while the last three were generally the last three digits of the aircraft serial number. Air Force fighters used buzz numbers starting with the letter F (or P, when fighters were designated as "pursuit" aircraft before June 1948), while bombers started with the letter B. For example, a P-51 Mustang would have a buzz number such as FF-230 while an F-86 Sabre might be FU-910. A B-66 Destroyer would have a buzz number such as BB-222. One of the last Air Force fighters to carry a buzz number was the F-4 Phantom II (FJ), then called the F-110 Spectre by the Air Force.

List of buzz codes

This table lists U.S. Air Force and U.S. Army aircraft by buzz-number prefix. Note that some aircraft types changed prefixes during their career, while other prefixes were re-used after an earlier type was retired.

See also
Tail code
United States military aircraft serials

References
Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
Aerofiles Buzz Numbers & Tail Codes

Military aviation
United States Air Force lists
Aircraft markings
Imagineer Systems. Imagineer Systems Limited is a software company that specializes in the development and maintenance of several visual effects software applications. They are the "maker of the Academy Award-winning planar-tracking software Mocha."

The company was founded in June 2000 by Allan Jaenicke and Philip McLauchlan.

Applications produced by Imagineer have been widely adopted within the entertainment industry and can be seen in films such as X-Men: First Class, Alice in Wonderland, and Black Swan.

History
Imagineer Systems was established in June 2000 by Allan Jaenicke and Philip McLauchlan. The pair had been carrying out a joint research project at the University of Surrey in Guildford, UK, with the aim of applying the latest computer vision research to methods of editing moving images. Upon finding the uses of this algorithm in removing wires and harnessing from stunt scenes, the duo decided to found the company. Mokey, their first commercial software, was released shortly after. Over the subsequent years, they would release the programs Monet and Mocha, the latter of which was adapted and included future versions of the editing software Adobe After Effects. In 2012, Imagineer received an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for its Imagineer System Planner, along with its tracking tools and rotoscoping software.

In 2014, Imagineer Systems came under the ownership of motion graphics and VFX development company Boris FX.

References

External links
 

Visual effects companies
Software companies of England
Companies based in Surrey
Software companies established in 2000
British companies established in 2000
Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners