omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Helen E. Grenga. Helen Eva Grenga (1938 - April 14, 2006) was the first full-tenured female engineering professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology. One of the first tenure women chemical engineering professors in the United States.

Early life and education
Grenga graduated from Shorter College in 1960 with a B.A. in Chemistry, and from the University of Virginia in 1967 with a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry.

She worked for the Food and Drug Administration for a few years before returning to academia.

Georgia Tech
Grenga first arrived at Georgia Tech in 1967, working as a postdoctoral fellow in chemistry. In 1968, she held the title of professor of metallurgy.

Other roles Grenga held included Director of the Office of Graduate Studies and Research, and Dean of the Office of Academic Affairs.

Awards 
Grenga received a number of awards, including the Georgia Tech ANAK Faculty Award and the Georgia Tech Women’s Leadership Conference’s Women of Distinction Outstanding Faculty Member Award.

From 1981 to 1982, she was national president of the Society of Women Engineers, having joined the organisation in 1973. She worked to support other women into STEM fields, and suporeted the local SWE branch at Georgia Tech.

In 2001, Grenga published Movies on the Fantail, , about her brother's time on the USS Barr during World War II.

Helen Grenga died on 14 April 2006 aged 68.

Legacies 
Helen Grenga Outstanding Woman Engineer Award

Publications 

Source:

Active sites for the catalytic decomposition of carbon monoxide on nickel (1967) 
Structure and Topography of Monocrystalline Nickel Thin Films Grown by Vapor Deposition (1971)
Active Sites for Heterogeneous Catalysis (1972)
Field-ion microscopy of ferrous martensite (1972)
Chemisorption and catalysis : carbon monoxide on metals and alloys (1972) 
Adsorption of carbon monoxide on ruthenium (1973)
Field-ion microscope investigations of fine structures in as-quenched and tempered ferrous martensite (1973)
Field-ion microscopy of tempered martensite (1974)
Auger analysis of surface films on Ag3Sn. (1975)
Surface energy anisotropy of iridium (1975)
Twenty-second International Field Emission Symposium (1975)
Surface energy anisotropy of tungsten (1976)
Surface energy anisotropy of iron (1976)
Chemisorption and analysis : carbon monoxide on metals and alloys (1980)
Cooperative education comprehensive demonstration program for post secondary students (1987)

References

1938 births
2006 deaths
Georgia Tech faculty
Shorter University alumni
University of Virginia alumni
Engineers from Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American women engineers
American women academics
21st-century American women
Presidents of the Society of Women Engineers
DARPA (disambiguation). DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, is a research agency of the US Government.

DARPA may also refer to:
 DARPA Quantum Network, the first quantum key distribution network
 DARPANET, aka ARPANET, the first operational packet switching network of a set that came to compose the global Internet
 DARPA Agent Markup Language, focused on the creation of machine-readable representations for the Web
 DARPA Falcon Project
 DARPA Grand Challenge, a prize competition for driverless vehicles
 DARPA Grand Challenge (2007), third driverless car competition 
 DARPA Network Challenge, a prize competition for exploring the roles the Internet and social networking play in the real-time communications
 DARPA Silent Talk, aka Brain–computer interface, a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device
 Darpa, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
 Darpa (butterfly), a genus of skipper butterfly

See also
 Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA)
Wilson ratio. The Wilson ratio of a metal is the dimensionless ratio of the zero-temperature magnetic susceptibility to the coefficient of the linear temperature term in the electronic specific heat. The relative value of the Wilson ratio, compared to the Wilson ratio for the non-interacting Fermi gas, can provide insight into the types of interactions present.

Applications

Fermi liquid theory 
The Wilson ratio can be used to characterize strongly correlated Fermi liquids. The Fermi liquid theory explains the behaviour of metals at very low temperatures. Two important features of a metal which obey this theory are:
 At temperatures much below the Fermi temperature the specific heat is proportional to the temperature
 The magnetic susceptibility is independent of temperature

Both of these quantities, however, are proportional to the electronic density of states at the Fermi energy. Their ratio is a dimensionless quantity called the Wilson (or the Sommerfeld-Wilson) ratio, defined as:

After substituting the values of χP (Pauli susceptibility) and Celec (electronic contribution to specific heat), obtained using Sommerfeld theory, the value obtained for Rw in the case of a free electron gas is 1.

In the case of real Fermi-liquid metals, the ratio can differ significantly from 1. The difference arises due to electron-electron interactions within the system. These tend to change the effective electronic mass, which affects both specific heat and magnetic susceptibility. Whether or not this increase in both is given by the same multiplicative factor is shown by the Wilson ratio. In some cases, electron-electron interactions give rise to an additional increase in susceptibility. 

The converse is also true, i.e. a deviation of the experimental value of Rw from 1 may indicate strong electronic correlations. Very high Wilson ratios (above 2) indicate nearness to ferromagnetism.

See also

 Fermi liquid theory
 Heavy fermion
 Kadowaki-Woods ratio
 Wiedemann–Franz law

References

Condensed matter physics
Germany National Renewable Energy Action Plan. The German National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Germany. The plan was commissioned under EU Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC which required member states of the European Union to notify the European Commission with a road map. The report describes how Germany plans to achieve its legally binding target of an 18% share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy by 2020.

Main targets in Germany 
In the National Action Plan, the federal government estimates the share of renewable energies in gross final energy consumption to be 19.6% in 2020.  The share of renewable energies in the electricity sector will therefore amount to 38.6%, the share in the heating/cooling sector will be 15.5%, while in the transport sector it will be 13.2%.

Main incentives and laws in Germany 
Under the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), sector-specific tariffs are set for electricity from renewable energies fed into the public supply grid. The amount of compensation follows the principle of cost-covering compensation and is based on the specific electricity production costs of the specific sectors. 
KfW's funding program Renewable Energy (Erneuerbare Energien) section Standard provides low-interest loans for investments in installations for electricity production in accordance with the EEG, cogeneration plants and for small heat production installations. In program section Premium low interest loans with repayment subsidies are granted for renewable energy heat produced in large installations. 
KfW funding programs for energy-efficient construction and renovation ( building renovation program), which promote the development of renewable energies, are Energy efficient Construction (Energieeffizient Baue), Energy Efficient Renovation (Energieeffizient Sanieren) or Energy-efficient Renovation – Local Authorities (Energieeffizient Sanieren – Kommunen) and Social Investment - Building Refurbishment (Sozial Investieren- Energetische Gebäudesanierung).
The Heat-and-power Cogeneration Act (KWKG) regulates the funding of old and new combined heat and power (CHP) plants and the development and construction of heating networks into which heat from CHP-plants is fed.
Guidelines on the promotion of mini-CHP plants promote through investment grants the new construction of CHP - plants up to 50kWel.
The Energy Tax Act (EnergieStG) provides tax relief for energy products used for combined heat and power production if the CHP plant has a monthly or annual efficiency of at least 70%. There is also a tax exemption for biogas which is combusted immediately after production or is used in a CHP plant.

See also 
 Energiewende in Germany
 German National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency
 German Renewable Energy Sources Act
 National Renewable Energy Action Plan
 Renewable energy in Germany
 Renewables Directive

References

Further reading

External links 
 National Renewable Energy Action Plans
 BImSchV

Action plans
Energy policy of Germany
Renewable energy in Germany
Renewable energy policy
Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology. The Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology, formerly known as College of Ceramic Technology (CCT), is a public college affiliated to the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology in Kolkata, India. The college offers B.Tech and M.Tech in Ceramic Technology, Information Technology and Computer Science and Engineering. The college has recently stepped into its 75th year of existence. The Platinum Jubilee of the college was celebrated in April 2016 with association of international conferences, an alumni meet and visit of eminent peoples.

Graduation
The college offers B.Tech in Ceramic Technology, Information Technology and Computer Science and Engineering. There is an intake capacity of 48 students (40 through WBJEE and 8 through JELET respectively) per department. The B.Tech courses of the CSE and IT departments were introduced in 2001 and 2000 respectively. First convocation of GCECT was held on 26 August 2017 at College premises.

Achievements
 NAAC accredited grade A autonomous institution under Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology.
 The college is an IBM Software Centre of Excellence
 Joint research project with IIT-Kharagpur- the development of jute reinforced concrete
 Joint industrial project with TISCO- Comparative study of wear mechanism of MgO –Carbon, Al2O3-MgO-Carbon and Pitch bonded Dolomite Refractories in Steel Ladle Working Environment

Festivals

KarmaTek (formerly Techtronics) and Jagriti are the technical and cultural festivals respectively, that the college students conduct annually.

References

External links
 

Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology
Engineering colleges in Kolkata
1941 establishments in India
Educational institutions established in 1941
Bariloche Atomic Centre. The Bariloche Atomic Centre () is one of the research and development centres of the Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission. As its name implies, it is located in the city of San Carlos de Bariloche. Bariloche Atomic Centre is responsible for research in physics and nuclear engineering. It also hosts the Balseiro Institute, a collaboration between National University of Cuyo and the National Atomic Energy Commission. The Bariloche Atomic Centre opened in 1955 with its first director, José Antonio Balseiro. The RA-6 reactor started operations in 1982.

Activity 
The centre is devoted to basic and applied physics research as well as Nuclear and Mechanical Engineering.

Basic research is focused on deepening understanding of nuclear energy. Applied sciences have provided support for both state- and privately owned companies. The main areas of research include: materials, neutrons, thermodynamics and theoretical physics.

Nuclear Engineering at the Centre is aimed at further developing Argentina's atomic technology. Most of the research is done taking advantage of RA-6, a 1 MW experimental reactor. Experiments done with the RA-6 include irradiation and radioactive activation of several materials.

Some research groups also focus on refining reactor calculations and performance measurements and designing mechanical devices for those tasks.

Various companies have sprung out of the Bariloche Atomic Center, such as INVAP y ALTEC.

References

Buildings and structures in Río Negro Province
Research institutes in Argentina
Nuclear technology in Argentina
Nuclear research institutes
Nuclear power in Argentina
Bariloche
1955 establishments in Argentina
Kameleon FireEx KFX. Kameleon FireEx KFX, often only referred to as KFX, is a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program with main focus on gas dispersion and fire simulation.

KFX uses the k-epsilon model for turbulence modelling, the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) for combustion modelling, and a radiation model based on the Discrete Transfer Method (DTM) by Lockwood and Shah.

External links 
 Standard k-epsilon model on CFD-wiki
 F.C. Lockwood and N.G. Shah, "A new radiation solution method for incorporation in general combustion prediction procedures", 18th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 1405–1414 (1981), .

Computational fluid dynamics
Simulation software
Bird Wing Imperial. The Bird Wing or later, Bird Wing Imperial was a light sport biplane of the 1920s and 1930s.

Development
The first Bird Wing took McCrum and his assistants 63 days to build at a cost of US$12,000. The prototype flew over 5000 passengers over a period of  15 months. Charles Lindbergh flew the plane for 45 minutes of his lotted hour of time in St Joseph during his stop in St Joseph, MO during his 1927 tour. The second plane was also powered by a Curtiss OX-5 engine. The 3rd plane was the first Imperial powered by a Wright-Hisso engine the fourth and fifth planes were powered by Wright J5 Whirlwinds. The US Army ordered 50 Imperials to be used as trainer, the order was cancelled due to the depression. The company was taken to bankruptcy court by its creditors in Jan 1931. The company's assets were sold at auction in February.  McCrum revised the plans for the Bird Wing again in the 1950s to install a  Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior radial engine and a 3-inch fuselage widening to convert the design into an agricultural aircraft which never went into production. St Joseph News Press/Gazette

Design
The biplane features welded steel tube fuselage with aircraft fabric covering and spruce wood spar wings.

Operational history
Among the many pilots who flew the Bird Wing were Hap Arnold and Charles Lindbergh. McCrum offered comprehensive flight training courses which included flight training in a Bird Wing as well as construction of the aircraft from scratch. The Bird Wing Imperial was tested to meet a 1931 requirement for a United States PT trainer. 50 orders were placed, then canceled at the beginning of the Great Depression.

Variants
Bird Wing No 1 - 1927 Powered by closely cowled OX-5 engine
Bird Wing No. 2 - 1928 Upper and lower ailerons
Bird Wing No, 3 - 1929 Imperial powered by 180 hp Wright-Hisso engine
Bird Wing No. 4 - 1930 Imperial powered Wright J5 radial engine
Bird Wing No, 5 - 1930 Imperial Wright R-540 powered. Max speed 125 mph

Specifications (Bird Wing Model 1) 1927

References
4. Oct 1927 Popular Aviation
5. Jun 1927 Aviation
6. Nov 1958 Sport Aviation
7. Dec 1958 Sport Aviation

1910s United States sport aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Parker RP9 T-Bird. The Parker RP9 T-Bird is an American, high-wing, T-tailed, single-seat, FAI Open Class glider that was designed and constructed by Ray Parker between 1956 and 1962.

Design and development
Parker started construction of the RP9 in 1956 and worked on it for six years until its first flight in 1962.

The aircraft is of wooden structure, covered in fiberglass. The  span wing employs a Wortmann FX 05-191 airfoil and features dive brakes. The aircraft takes its name from its distinctive T-tail, which was an unusual design feature when the aircraft design process was started. Soaring Magazine singled Parker's quality of workmanship out in constructing the aircraft as worthy of note, calling it "something to behold".

The T-bird was registered with the Federal Aviation Administration as an Experimental - Amateur-built. Only a single example was built.

Operational history
Parker flew the T-bird to an eighth-place finish in the 1962 US Nationals. He later sold the aircraft to Frank Wilson of Orcutt, California and by 1983 the aircraft had accumulated over 480 hours of flight time. The aircraft was later transferred to the Santa Maria Museum of Flight, in Santa Maria, California.

Aircraft on display
Santa Maria Museum of Flight

Specifications (RP9)

See also

References

1960s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1962
Rebar detailing. Rebar detailing is the discipline of preparing 'shop/placing' or 'fabrication' drawings or shop drawings of steel reinforcement for construction.

Engineers prepare 'design drawings' that develop required strengths by applying rebar size, spacing, location, and lap of steel.

By contrast, 'shop/placing drawings' or 'fabrication drawings' apply the intent of the 'design drawings' for the ironworker. These designs specify the quantity, description, placement, bending shapes with dimensions and laps of the reinforcing steel. Various applications are used to produce bar bending schedules which can be directly fed into CNC machines that cuts and bends the rebar to the desired shapes.

The fabrication of the bars is scheduled and the placing/fixing sequence indicated, adding the elements required to support those bars during construction.

'Shop/placing drawings' are submitted to the engineer for review of compliance with design drawings before construction can proceed. These drawings must be detailed using the ACI & CRSI Specifications (United States), ACI & RSIC Specifications (Canada) BS Specifications (United kingdom).

Rebar detailing is usually assigned to in-house rebar fabricators or rebar detailing companies. The great majority of rebar detailing companies are stationed in The Middle East and India. The salary of a rebar detailer in the United States ranges from $45,000 to $75,000, but Outsourcing is common due to substantially lower wages overseas.

References

Structural engineering
Construction documents
ALAN. ALAN is an Italian bicycle manufacturer.

History

ALAN was founded in 1972 by Falconi Lodovico, an engineer who had worked for bicycle manufacturer Torpado. The name ALAN comes from the first two letters of Lodovico's children, Alberto and Annamaria. It was the first company to introduce an all aluminium bicycle frame made from aerospace grade aluminum. 

In 1976, ALAN was again first in developing and manufacturing a production carbon frame made by bonding Torayca carbon fibre composite tubing to cast aluminium lugs. This is a process still widely used today by many manufacturers.

Over the years the firm's frames were ridden to 20 cyclo-cross world championships titles, 5 track world championships titles, numerous one-day classics wins, as well as Grand Tour stage wins.

See also

 List of bicycle parts
 List of Italian companies

References

External links
 Official website

Cycle manufacturers of Italy
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1972
Italian companies established in 1972
Italian brands
Companies based in Veneto
Abbott Farnham sailplane. The Abbott Farnham sailplane was a one-off competition sailplane designed and built in the United Kingdom in 1930.

Design and development

The Abbott Farnham sailplane, named after its builders, was designed by T. C. Letcher and first flew in August 1930. It was an all-wood single-seat glider with a cantilever three piece high wing.  The central half span had constant chord; outboard long elliptical tips contained the ailerons.  No airbrakes or flaps were fitted.  The fuselage was roughly elliptical in cross-section, tapering towards the tail where it carried mid-mounted, straight-tapered elevators with rounded tips.  The rudder was hinged at the extreme end of the fuselage and was of rounded triangular shape with a steep rising leading edge.  The open cockpit was immediately ahead of the wing leading edge.  Its undercarriage was a single long skid, reaching from the nose to well behind the wing trailing edge, with a small tailskid.

Operational history

The Abbott Farnham was jointly owned by L. H. Ellis and Russell Taylor.  It was entered for the German National Competition of 1930, held at the Wasserkuppe, but failed to turn up. Only one was built, flying with the name "Alert" on the nose.

Specifications

References

1930s British sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1930
John Harper (computer engineer). John Harper (born 11 November 1937) is a retired computer engineer. He led a Computer Conservation Society/Bletchley Park team that rebuilt a working World War II electromechanical Bombe decryption device.

Life and career 
Born in West Ealing, London he spent most of his career working for International Computers Limited working on machines such as the ICT 1500 and the ICL 1900 and 2900. By completing evening study he qualified for membership of the British Computer Society (BCS) and Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers (IERE) including becoming a Chartered Engineer.

He was a member of the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee set up to organise events for the Alan Turing year, a centenary celebration of the life and work of Alan Turing in 2012.

Bombe Rebuild Project 

John Harper, from 1995 to 2006, led a Computer Conservation Society team rebuilding a working World War II Bombe decryption device. On 6 September 2006, John Harper and the rebuild team first demonstrated the working Bombe in action.
 
On 24 March 2009 at Bletchley Park, John Harper was presented with the 49th Engineering Heritage Award by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers awarded to the BCS Computer Conversation Society for the conservation and restoration of the Bombe.

Awards  

Honorary Fellow, British Computer Society (2007)
Honorary Doctor of the University, Open University (2011)

References 

British computer specialists
Bletchley Park people
Fellows of the British Computer Society
1937 births
English engineers
Living people
20th-century British engineers
BTD (disambiguation). BTD may refer to:
Back to December, A song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift from her 3rd studio album Speak Now.
BTD (Before the Dawn)
Bloons Tower Defense, the tower defense series by Ninja Kiwi.
Biotinidase, the enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BTD gene.
British trade dollar, a silver coin minted by Great Britain to facilitate trade with the Far East.
Douglas BTD Destroyer, 1940s American torpedo/dive-bomber.
Built to Destroy (Michael Schenker Group album), the fourth album by the Michael Schenker Group
Built to Destroy (Incite album), the fifth album by Incite
ELMAH. ELMAH (Error Logging Modules and Handlers) is an open-source debugging tool for ASP.NET web services. When added to a running web application on a machine, exceptions that are thrown trigger event handlers in the ELMAH tool. These event handlers can include logging to various database back-ends, logging which can be viewed from a web portal, and the sending of notification emails, tweets and RSS articles to advise administrators of the problem. ELMAH provides a pluggable implementation of error logging.

References

External links
 
 elmah on NuGet
 ELMAH Tutorial

ASP.NET
Debuggers
Free software programmed in C Sharp
Software using the Apache license