omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dimethyl terephthalate. Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(COOCH3)2. It is the diester formed from terephthalic acid and methanol. It is a white solid that melts to give a distillable colourless liquid.

Production
Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) has been produced in a number of ways. Conventionally, and still of commercial value, is the direct esterification of terephthalic acid. Alternatively, it can be prepared by alternating oxidation and methyl-esterification steps from p-xylene via methyl p-toluate (PT).

Dimethyl terephthalate by the Witten process
The method for the production of DMT from p-xylene (PX) and methanol consists of a multistep process involving both oxidation and esterification. A mixture of p-xylene (PX) and methyl p-toluate is oxidized with air in the presence of cobalt and manganese catalysts. The acid mixture resulting from the oxidation is esterified with methanol to produce a mixture of esters. The crude ester mixture is then distilled to remove all the heavy boilers and residue that are produced; lighter esters such as monomethyl terephthalate are recycled to the oxidation section. The raw DMT is then sent to the crystallization section to remove DMT isomers, residual acids and aromatic aldehydes.

Oxidation of methyl p-toluate followed by esterification also yields dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) as shown in the below reaction:

Dimethyl terephthalate by direct esterification
DMT can also be made by a different route, namely direct esterification of terephthalic acid with methanol. The dimethyl terephthalate that is formed is then purified by distillation. Even terephthalic acid of low purity may be used in this method.
C8H6O4 + 2CH3OH → C10H10O4 + 2 H2O
in the presence of o-xylene at 250–300 °C.

Uses
DMT is used in the production of polyesters, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Structurally, DMT consists of a benzene ring substituted at the 1 and 4 positions with methyl carboxylate (-CO2CH3) groups. Because DMT is volatile, it is an intermediate in some schemes for the recycling of PET, e.g. from plastic bottles.

Hydrogenation of DMT affords the diol cyclohexanedimethanol, which is a useful monomer.

References

External links
 Supplier:Teijin Limited   https://web.archive.org/web/20150503041344/http://www.teijin.com/products/chemicals/dmt/
 http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0262.htm
 
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Hazardous Substances Databank – Dimethyl+terephthalate

Methyl esters
Terephthalate esters
Commodity chemicals
Softpress. Softpress Systems is a software publisher with its headquarters in Witney in Oxfordshire, UK. The company was founded in 1993. Originally the developers of a print-publishing application called Uniqorn. Development of Uniqorn ended after Apple discontinued printing support for its QuickDraw GX component.

The company initiated the development of Freeway (currently version 7) in 1996, a DTP (Desktop publishing)-style website creation program. Freeway was an HTML generator, as opposed to an HTML editor, allowing users to design in similar ways to DTP applications rather than work directly with code. There was a Pro – professional – version and Express version – focused towards home and small business users. Softpress also developed Exhibeo, for creating web galleries and showcases.

Softpress Systems was managed by Joe Billings (managing director), Richard Logan (financial director), and Stewart Fellows (technical director).

Closure/resurrection 
On 4 July 2016 Softpress announced that it had ceased trading, saying that "current revenue and new product development, are insufficient to sustain the company as a viable entity going forward’.

On 1 February 2017 the Softpress website stated "We missed you! We’ve returned from the netherworld..."

In October 2019, Softpress announced the upcoming release of Xway, "an entirely new 64-bit (Swift/Cocoa) application that has been written using modern development tools.” Softpress also expressed a philosophy behind Xway to be “Like Freeway but better”, and that they would be releasing a beta version of Xway soon thereafter. On 5 November 2019 Softpress released Xway (beta) as a free download to acclimate Freeway Pro users to this new web designing tool for macOS, citing: "Xway will run on Apple’s latest version of macOS and on earlier versions of macOS going back to 10.13 (High Sierra)."

References

External links
 www.softpress.com

Software companies of the United Kingdom
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies based in Oxfordshire
Context-based access control. Context-based access control (CBAC) is a feature of firewall software, which intelligently filters TCP and UDP packets based on application layer protocol session information. It can be used for intranets, extranets and internets.

CBAC can be configured to permit specified TCP and UDP traffic through a firewall only when the connection is initiated from within the network needing protection. (In other words, CBAC can inspect traffic for sessions that originate from the external network.) However, while this example discusses inspecting traffic for sessions that originate from the external network, CBAC can inspect traffic for sessions that originate from either side of the firewall. This is the basic function of a stateful inspection firewall.

Without CBAC, traffic filtering is limited to access list implementations that examine packets at the network layer, or at most, the transport layer. However, CBAC examines not only network layer and transport layer information but also examines the application-layer protocol information (such as FTP connection information) to learn about the state of the TCP or UDP session. This allows support of protocols that involve multiple channels created as a result of negotiations in the FTP control channel. Most of the multimedia protocols as well as some other protocols (such as FTP, RPC, and SQL*Net) involve multiple control channels.

CBAC inspects traffic that travels through the firewall to discover and manage state information for TCP and UDP sessions. This state information is used to create temporary openings in the firewall's access lists to allow return traffic and additional data connections for permissible sessions (sessions that originated from within the protected internal network).

CBAC works through deep packet inspection and hence Cisco calls it 'IOS firewall' in their Internetwork Operating System (IOS).

CBAC also provides the following benefits:

 Denial-of-service prevention and detection
 Real-time alerts and audit trails

See also

References 

Computer access control
Firewall software
Packets (information technology)
Data security
Access control
Blue Sky Mausoleum. Blue Sky Mausoleum, in Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo, New York, is the 2004 completion of a 1928 design by Frank Lloyd Wright as a commercial cemetery project.  The design was completed by a one-time apprentice to Wright, Anthony Puttnam.

Puttnam was also responsible for the posthumous completion of Wright's Monona Terrace building in Madison, Wisconsin in modified form, and he has defended both projects against accusations that they are inauthentic.

The Mausoleum was the last of four projects Darwin D. Martin commissioned from Wright; the others were his residential complex, the Larkin Administration Building, and Graycliff, their summer house.

See also
 List of Frank Lloyd Wright works

References

External links

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Buildings and structures completed in 2004
Burials at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)
Twin-screw steamer. A twin-screw steamer (or steamship) (TSS) is a steam-powered vessel propelled by two screw propellers, one on either side of the plane of the keel.

Arrangement
All propellers produce a transverse thrust, also called  screwing effect or starting bias, which gives a tendency for end of ship to move sideways. In a twin-screw ships the port propeller is usually left-handed and the starboard right-handed, to cancel out the transverse thrust and avoid propeller walk.

References

Steamboats
Ship types
Arturo Caprotti. Arturo Caprotti (22 March 1881 – 9 February 1938) was an Italian engineer and architect. In 1915 or 1916 he invented the Caprotti valve gear rotary cam poppet valve gear for steam engines of all kinds, but in practice it was employed almost exclusively in railway locomotives.

External links
 Caprotti, Arturo  at steamindex.com

1881 births
1938 deaths
Locomotive builders and designers
20th-century Italian architects
Italian mechanical engineers
20th-century Italian engineers
20th-century Italian inventors
Jean-Guy Paquet. Jean-Guy Paquet,  (born January 5, 1938) is a Canadian scientist, businessman, and former rector of Université Laval.

Born in Montmagny, Quebec, he received a Doctor of Electrical Engineering from University Laval in 1963. From 1967 to 1969, he was the head of the electrical engineering department at University Laval. From 1969 to 1972, he was a vice-rector of University Laval and he was rector from 1977 to 1987. He was the youngest-ever president of a Canadian university and the second engineer to become rector at University Laval.

After leaving University
Laval, he became Executive Vice President of The Laurentian Mutual Insurance Company from 1987 to 1988 and was President from 1988 to 1994. Since 1994, he has been President and CEO of the National Optics Institute.

Honours
In 1978, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
In 1982, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Sciences from McGill University.
In 1983, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Law from York University.
In 1984, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.
In 1992, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.
In 1994, he was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada.
In 2000, he was awarded the Quebec government's Prix Armand-Frappier.
In 2005, he was promoted to Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.
he was elected as Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering.

References

1938 births
Academics from Quebec
Canadian academics in engineering
Canadian businesspeople
Canadian university and college chief executives
Companions of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellows of the Canadian Academy of Engineering
Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Living people
People from Montmagny, Quebec
Université Laval alumni
Rectors of Université Laval
Academic staff of Université Laval
Harvard Graphics. Harvard Graphics was a graphics and presentation program for IBM PC compatibles. The first version, titled Harvard Presentation Graphics, was released for MS-DOS in 1986 by Software Publishing Corporation (SPC) and achieved a high market share. It was taken off the market in 2017.

History
Harvard Graphics was one of the first desktop business application software programs that allowed users to incorporate text, information graphics, and charts into custom slideshow presentations. The original version could import data from Lotus 1-2-3 or Lotus Symphony, charts created in Symphony or PFS Graph, and ASCII text. It could export text and graphics to Computer Graphics Metafile and to pfs:Write, also manufactured by SPC. Its use of vector graphics produced mixed results on the CGA and EGA displays common at the time, but output was usually sent to a slide printer or a color plotter.

"Presentation" was dropped from the name for the second release, which came in 1987, developed by Mario Chaves, Carl Hu, Lenore Kirvay, and Dana Tom.  With Harvard Graphics 2 one was able to export graphics as Encapsulated Postscript, which allows to use graphics created by the software until the present day.  Harvard Graphics 2.0 also added the ability to import the latest Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet data before generating graphics, as well as drawing and annotations for graphs. Version 3.0 was not released until 1991, offering improved editing functions, but its graphics and export capabilities were being outperformed by competitors like Aldus Persuasion and Lotus Freelance.

Harvard Graphics was used as bonus product with Windows 95 by Australian Retailer Harvey Norman.

Demise
The market leader through the late 1980s, Harvard Graphics struggled as the market shifted to Microsoft Windows. SPC released a version for Microsoft Windows 3.0 in 1991, but its market share never approached the 70% it had previously commanded. The Windows market came to be dominated by Microsoft PowerPoint and then the bundle of PowerPoint into Microsoft Office. 

In 1996, Serif purchased exclusive marketing rights to the product line of Harvard Graphics, Inc., and assumed product support responsibilities. Serif continued to market Harvard Graphics 98 for Windows and other software under the Harvard Graphics brand until mid-year 2017, when the product was taken off the market.

References

External links
Official website of Harvard Graphics, Inc
Official website of Serif (Europe) Ltd

DOS software
Presentation software
Technical communication tools
Presentation software for Windows
1986 software
Global Rocket 1. The Global Rocket 1 (GR-1; ) was a Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed but not deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.  The system also was given the NATO reporting name SS-X-10 Scrag, and carried a Soviet GRAU index of 8K713 (8К713).

Development 
In 1961, faced with the prospect of development in the United States of an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system to intercept conventional ICBMs, the Soviet Union began development of a fractional orbital bombardment system (FOBS) to defeat these interceptors. Soviet Chief Designer, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev designed the Global Rocket 1 (GR-1). The concept was to construct a missile that could be launched into low Earth orbit (150 km), from which a 1500 kg nuclear warhead equipped with a deorbit stage could be dropped to its targets in a non-ballistic manner and without giving away its target until final descent. This concept would allow for very little warning to the U.S. because the rocket would be able to approach the United States from any direction and avoid missile tracking radar by flying below its coverage.  Not only could such a missile hit any point on Earth, but the enemy would also be uncertain when it would be deorbited onto target. The main disadvantage was lower accuracy of the warhead in comparison to an ICBM. Korolev insisted on sticking to the liquid oxygen/kerosene propellants of his R-9 Desna ICBM design, despite the military's preference for the more toxic but storable propellants used by other designers. The GR-1 was intended to utilize the launch pads of Korolev's R-9 Desna which was being phased out of service.

Korolev unofficially started work on the missile on 15 March 1962 based on a verbal go-ahead by Khrushchev. The draft project for the GR-1 was completed in May 1962, and a mock-up had already been built and drawings released to the production shop by the time the official resolution was issued on 24 September 1962. Test flights were scheduled to start in the third quarter of 1963. Further development of the GR-1 missile was halted in 1964 in preference of the orbital R-36 missile.

The GR-1 project was cancelled in 1964 citing engine delays, a fate which became permanent for all of the FOBS designs after the SALT II agreement of 1979. Even earlier, in 1972, the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty removed the primary reason for such a weapon.

Operator 
   The Soviets cancelled the GR-1 before it entered operational service with the Strategic Rocket Forces.

Specifications

See also 
 List of missiles

References

Cold War intercontinental ballistic missiles of the Soviet Union
Abandoned military projects of the Soviet Union
GR-1
Seequa Chameleon. The Seequa Chameleon was an early 1980s luggable personal computer released by the Seequa Computer Corporation in 1983. It was capable of running both the DOS and CP/M operating systems. It did so by having both Zilog Z80 and Intel 8088 microprocessors.

Chameleon was highly compatible with the IBM PC, running MS-DOS, approximating the hardware capabilities of the IBM PC, and being able to run such programs as Flight Simulator. It was not a huge success in the market, however.

Seequa Computer Corporation was based in Annapolis, Maryland. It was founded by David Gardner (President) and Dave Egli (CEO), one of David's business professors at the University of Maryland. Seequa competed against the early "transportable" computers from Compaq.

See also
 Tabor Drivette - a non-standard 3.25-inch diskette drive used in the Seequa Chameleon 325

References

Portable computers
Computer-related introductions in 1983
Rescue Engineering. Rescue Engineering (RE) is an interdisciplinary bachelor's- and master's degree at the Technical University of Cologne since 2002 and at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (bachelor only) since 2006, this academic degree prepares for working at fire brigades, emergency medical servicees or other aid organisations.

University
Rescue Engineering has existed since 2002, the preconditions being the allgemeinen Fachhochschulreife a work experience of four month. 
Rescue Engineering is a full-time study with lectures and interns. Support and many assistant professors come from the Institut für Notfallmedizin and the professional fire brigades.

Curriculum
The curriculum is similar to industrial engineering, fielded in parts of engineering, economics and social science.

The basics cover the subjects of chemistry, physics, mathematics, mechanics, materials science, electrical and measurement engineering.

The economics part consists of business and administration, accounting, taxes, logistics, quality management and project management

In the field of the socioscientifics subjects like law and mediation but also public health, psychology, sociology and epidemiology should create comprehension for special task in the work of rescue.

Career
The alumnus can be employed at professional fire brigades, GO or in the management of emergency medical services. Tasks in fire prevention in industry or commerce can also be a career destination.

References
Yvonne Globert: Strategien entwickeln und Harte Kerle. In: Frankfurter Rundschau PLUS Wissen & Bildung. Nummer 26/01. Februar 2005, Seite 28.
Hans-Martin Barthold : Klare Köpfe für das Chaos. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 21. Juni 2003. Seite 53.

External links
Kölner Rettungsingenieure
Hamburger Forum
Information der FH Köln
Information der HAW
rundschau-online.de - Rettung als Hochschulfach, 22. März 2005
taz.de - Akademie der Helden, 25. January 2005 
zeit.de - Der neue Studiengang Rescue Engineering, July 2001

Rescue
Education in Germany
Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network. The Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network (AUTOSEVOCOM) was a worldwide, switched, secure voice network for the United States Armed Forces, which was operational from the late 1960s to the end of the 1980s. It was closely related to the Automatic Voice Network or AUTOVON, which was the main non-secure switched telephone network for the military.

Phase I 
During the mid-1960s, the United States Government decided to implement a worldwide secure voice network. This was named Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network, or by its acronym AUTOSEVOCOM, and was the National Security Agency's first program for the United States Department of Defense's telephone protection. It was a cumbersome and expensive system that was available only for high-level users. Because of its inadequacies, the Defense Department capped it at 1850 terminals, and in the late 1960s, hoping for something better, decided not to continue with the expansion of AUTOSEVOCOM.

Phase I of the network was approved by the Deputy Secretary of Defense in July 1967 and after that it took several years to implement AUTOSEVOCOM within the continental United States. AUTOSEVOCOM-I was a non-tactical network that enabled users to discuss classified or sensitive information over the telephone. The network consisted of switching centres, transmission facilities and subscriber terminals. Subscribers were homed either on an AUTOSEVOCOM switch, on an Automatic Voice Network (AUTOVON) switch, or a Joint Overseas Switchboard (JOSS), which were for example operated and maintained by numerous Signal Battalions in Vietnam.

The AUTOSEVOCOM switches provided for wideband secure voice communications between local subscribers and enabled them to establish long-distance secure voice calls. The majority of the long-distance calls were routed by the AUTOVON.

Phase II 
Difficulties with speech intelligibility, requirements for voice recognition, the holding of telephone conferences, speedier service, and simpler calling procedures led Defense officials to approve the development of an improved system, called AUTOSEVOCOM II. The Army was designated as the agency with the primary responsibility of developing the system. In May 1976, the Deputy Secretary of Defense approved the full-scale development of the AUTOSEVOCOM II programme.

AUTOSEVOCOM II incorporated technological advances and furnished higher quality communications for the several thousand subscribers who were expected to use it when put into operation during the years 1980 to 1985. The U.S. Army Communications Command acted as program manager for AUTOSEVOCOM II.

The Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network was succeeded by the Defense Red Switch Network (DRSN) and the STU-III secure phones. The last AUTOSEVOCOM secure voice switch in the world was deactivated at the Pentagon in 1994.

External links 
 Crypto Machines: AUTOSEVOCOM I and II
 Janes Defense: Automatic Secure Voice Communications (AUTOSEVOCOM)

References 

Secure communication
Military communications of the United States
BRLESC. The BRLESC I (Ballistic Research Laboratories Electronic Scientific Computer) was one of the last of the first-generation electronic computers.  It was built by the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) at Aberdeen Proving Ground with assistance from the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology), and was designed to take over the computational workload of EDVAC and ORDVAC, which themselves were successors of ENIAC. It began operation in 1962. The Ballistic Research Laboratory became a part of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory in 1992.

BRLESC was designed primarily for scientific and military tasks requiring high precision and high computational speed, such as ballistics problems, army logistical problems, and weapons systems evaluations. It contained 1727 vacuum tubes and 853 transistors and had a memory of 4096 72-bit words. BRLESC employed punched cards, magnetic tape, and a magnetic drum as input-output devices, which could be operated simultaneously.

It was capable of five million (bitwise) operations per second.  A fixed-point addition took 5 microseconds, a floating-point addition took 5 to 10 microseconds, a multiplication (fixed- or floating-point) took 25 microseconds, and a division (fixed- or floating-point) took 65 microseconds.  (These times are including the memory access time, which was 4-5 microseconds.)  It was the fastest computer in the world until the CDC 6600 was introduced in 1964.

BRLESC and its predecessor, ORDVAC, used their own unique notation for hexadecimal numbers. Instead of the sequence A B C D E F universally used today, the digits 10 to 15 were represented by the letters K S N J F L, corresponding to the teletypewriter characters on five-track paper tape. The mnemonic phrase "King Size Numbers Just For Laughs" was used to remember the letter sequence.

BRLESC II, using integrated circuits, became operational in November 1967; it was designed to be 200 times faster than ORDVAC.

References

External links
 D.K. ARMY ORDNANCE  "HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH, ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS WITHIN THE ORDNANCE CORPS" 
BRLESC (different source)
History of Computing at BRL
BRL 1964 report, see page 36

One-of-a-kind computers
United States Army equipment
Vacuum tube computers