omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EKA (supercomputer). EKA (abbreviation of Embedded Karmarkar Algorithm, also means the number One in Sanskrit), is a supercomputer built by the Computational Research Laboratories, a company founded by Dr. Narendra Karmarkar, for scaling up a supercomputer architecture he designed at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research with a group of his students and project assistants over a period of 6 years.

CRL became a subsidiary of Tata Sons after their investment into the company. The hardware platform required for initial software development was built with technical assistance from Hewlett-Packard.

Design 

To enable design of new software, a previously proven hardware platform was needed. This was provided in the EKA system using 14,352 cores based on the Intel QuadCore Xeon processors. The primary interconnect is Infiband 4x DDR. EKA occupies about  area. It was built using offshelf components from Hewlett-Packard, Mellanox and Voltaire Limited. It was built within a short period of 6 weeks.

Ranking history 

At the time of its unveiling, it was the fourth-fastest supercomputer in the world and the fastest in Asia.

See also 

 SAGA-220, a 220-TeraFLOPS supercomputer built by ISRO
 PARAM series of supercomputers by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
 Supercomputing in India

References

External links 
 Eka Top 500 Supercomputer list    
 Computational Research Laboratories
 TCS acquires Computational Research Laboratories

X86 supercomputers
Hewlett-Packard supercomputers
Information technology in India
Supercomputing in India
Concurrent Design Facility. The Concurrent Design Facility (CDF) is the European Space Agency main assessment center for future space missions and industrial review. Located at ESTEC, ESA's technical center in Noordwijk in The Netherlands, it has been operational since early 2000.

As suggested by its name, the CDF uses concurrent engineering methodology to perform effective, fast and cheap space mission studies. Equipped with a state-of-the-art network of computers, multimedia devices and software tools, the CDF allows teams of experts to perform design studies during working sessions.

Activities
The CDF is mainly in charge of performing the assessment studies of future missions for the European Space Agency. These assessment studies are performed in the early phases of mission and spacecraft design; the so-called "Phase 0" or "Pre-phase A" of the ESA Project Phases in which needs are identified and Mission Analysis is performed.

Phase 0 focusses the following:

Identification and characterisation of the intended mission. 
Expression in terms of needs, expected performance and dependability and safety goals.space 
Assessment of operating constraints, in particular as regards the physical and operational environment. 
Identification of possible system concepts, with emphasis on the degree of innovation and any critical aspect. 
Preliminary assessment of project management data (organisation, costs, schedules).

Current main activities
In addition to the "normal" studies, the CDF is currently being used as the assessment center for the ESA Cosmic Vision program.

List of assessment studies
A list of assessment studies accomplished by the CDF is:

List of reviews

Facility

The CDF design room was designed and equipped with relevant hardware and software tools, with the aim of creating an effective communication and data interchange environment among team members.  In 2008, ESA donated its older CDF facility to the International Space University (ISU) in Strasbourg, for educational purposes.

See also 
 Advanced Concepts Team
 Concurrent engineering
 ECSS-E-TM-10-25A
 Open Concurrent Design Server

References

External links
ESA CDF website 
CDF published reports 
RHEA Group RHEA Group Concurrent Design Engineering
DLR System Analysis and Space Segments

Spaceflight
European Space Agency facilities
Noordwijk
Kabru (supercomputer). Kabru is a supercomputer that uses a 2.4 GHz Pentium Xeon Cluster and Linux to provide a sustained speed of 959 gigaflops. It was developed by the Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc) in  Chennai, India. In June 2004, Kabru was listed as #264 in the TOP500 list of the world's most powerful computers. It takes its name from a Himalayan peak.

The idea for Kabru was born when Professor Hari Dass of the Institute began looking for a supercomputer to handle his theoretical physics research, which dealt primarily with large-scale simulations in the field of the lattice gauge theory.

The Department of Atomic Energy in India made a grant of Rs 3.5 crore to the Institute to develop Kabru.

References
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071111162356/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20040816/coverstory01.shtml
 http://www.rediff.com/computer/jul/08c-dac.htm

X86 supercomputers
AEX cfiXML. The FIATECH AEX cfiXML schemas have been developed to automate information exchange for the design, procurement, delivery, installation, operation and maintenance of engineered equipment. Though large companies may have internal software integration systems, data exchange between collaborating companies commonly requires labor-intensive and costly re-entry of data into in-house systems. AEX cfiXML schemas provide a standard language to enable interoperability, allowing information flow to and from multiple software systems within a company or with other companies. The potential annual savings for capital facility industries are millions of dollars.

AEX cfiXML schemas provide extensive coverage of different types of engineered equipment including shell and tube heat exchangers, electric motors, centrifugal pumps and fans, reciprocating and centrifugal compressors, and block and control valves. The schemas have been effectively demonstrated transferring data sets from a common data sheet-style format, via various synthesis programs, and into a purchaser's comparison system (Bid Tab).  This represents a procurement sequence of events for, in the example demonstration, centrifugal pumps. An example of AEX cfiXML implementation involves standardizing valve specifications so that facility owners, suppliers and manufacturers can efficiently and reliably exchange their in-house valve data.

Schema structure includes data revision and change traffic support, and life cycle status detail, so applications can be developed to monitor data alterations over time and maintain records throughout the life-cycle of an equipment item. Units of measurement are also supported by the schemas, so AEX cfiXML can be used within the USA or internationally.

AEX cfiXML is an object-oriented model designed as a pragmatic solution for real-life usage contexts. The design principles have been based on extensive research in the available resources in the XML schema development community and verified through trial implementations with available XML parsers. Extensibility, reusability, ease of processing and ease of writing XML files have all been considered to ensure the best combination for cfiXML use.

AEX cfiXML is a collaborative development and in the public domain.

References

External links
 
 

Industry-specific XML-based standards
Web server benchmarking. Web server benchmarking is the process of estimating a web server performance in order to find if the server can serve sufficiently high workload.

Key parameters
The performance is usually measured in terms of:
Number of requests that can be served per second (depending on the type of request, etc.);
Latency response time in milliseconds for each new connection or request;
Throughput in bytes per second (depending on file size, cached or not cached content, available network bandwidth, etc.).

The measurements must be performed under a varying load of clients and requests per client.

Tools for benchmarking
Load testing (stress/performance testing) a web server can be performed using automation/analysis tools such as:
Apache JMeter, an open-source Java load testing tool
ApacheBench (or ab), a command line program bundled with Apache HTTP Server
Siege, an open-source web-server load testing and benchmarking tool
Wrk, an open-source C load testing tool
Locust, an open-source Python load testing tool

Web application benchmarks
Web application benchmarks measure the performance of application servers and database servers used to host web applications. TPC-W was a common benchmark emulating an online bookstore with synthetic workload generation.

References

External links
Microsoft's patterns & practices Performance Testing Guidance for Web Applications
Stress tools to test your Web server at Microsoft's knowledge base
Open Source Performance Testing tools
SPECweb2009 Release 1.20 Benchmark Design Document
HTTP(S) benchmark tools, testing/debugging
h2load - HTTP/2 benchmarking tool - HOW-TO

Benchmarks (computing)
Buon fresco. is a fresco painting technique in which alkaline-resistant pigments, ground in water, are applied to wet plaster.

It is distinguished from the fresco-secco (or a secco) and finto fresco techniques, in which paints are applied to dried plaster.

Description
The buon fresco technique consists of painting with pigment ground in water on a thin layer of wet, fresh, lime mortar or plaster, for which the Italian word is intonaco. Because of the chemical makeup of the plaster, a binder is not required. However, some artists used lime as a binding medium for pigment to slow the drying process of the plaster and continue working for longer periods of time.

After a number of hours the plaster reacts with the air in a process called carbonatation. This chemical reaction fixes the pigment particles at the plaster's surface in a protective crystalline mesh known as the lime crust.

The advantage of buon fresco is its durability.  In fresco-secco, by contrast, the color does not become part of the wall and tends to flake off over time.  The chief disadvantage of buon fresco is that it must be done quickly without mistakes.

The painter plasters and paints only as much as can be completed in a day, which explains the Italian term for each of these sections, giornata, or a day's work.  The size of a giornata varies according to the complexity of the painting within it.  A face, for instance, might take an entire day, whereas large areas of sky can be painted quite rapidly. Buon Frescoes are usually done in sections because of the time limitations plaster provides.

History 

Frescoes dating from the 17th century BC using this technique have been found in the excavations of Akrotiri on the island of Santorini in Greece, changing our beliefs about art in prehistoric times.
One of the first painters in the post-classical period to use this technique was the Isaac Master in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi.
In medieval and Renaissance Italy, a wall to be frescoed was first prepared with a rough, thick undercoat of plaster known as the arriccio.  When this was dry, assistants copied the master painter's composition onto it with reddish-brown pigment or charcoal.  The artist made any necessary adjustments. Artists that used the buon fresco technique include Raphael, Masaccio, and Michaelangelo. Many renaissance artists painted buon frescoes as backgrounds or under-paintings before they painted seccos on the dry plaster.It takes many days for the carbonization of intonaco so,  days would have to elapse between painting the buon fresco and fresco-secco. Some ingredients used in secco were incompatible with the wet plaster and could result in incorrect pigmentation.

See also
Fresco painting (techniques)
Fresco paintings (works)

Notes

References
Stokstad, Marilyn; Art History, 2011, 4th ed., 
Tsuji, Shigeru. “The Origins of Buon Fresco.” Zeitschrift Für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 46, no. 2, 1983, pp. 215–22. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1482206. Retrieved 12 October 2024.

External links
 Fresco-techniques.com: Fresco techniques
 buonfresco101.blogspot.com

Fresco painting
Painting materials
Painting techniques
Polyorama Panoptique. The Polyorama Panoptique was an optical toy popular from the 1820s through to the 1850s. It was invented by Pierre Seguin as development of the earlier "protean view". The device was based on Daguerre's Diorama, of which it was a small-scale and simplified version intended for domestic use. It consisted of a portable box-camera designed to take printed and painted cards. 

The box was attached to a concertina device allowing for adjustment. This had an eye-sized viewing lens at the end that was not attached to the box. The illustration card would be inserted at the back of the box, which would be held up to the light. It would then be viewed through the lens. Most cards would be designed to include small cut-out parts through which the light would pass. Other parts of the cards may be made of thinner material to create a glowing effect. The empty parts would typically represent windows or street lights, so that the card's scene would appear to be illuminated by light from these sources.  

The device also included separate doors at the back which allowed the user to control the degree and direction of light. Cards were designed to change appearance depending on which door was opened, so that a scene might appear to alter, for example, from a daytime to a nighttime view.

References

Polyrama Polyptique
Polyrama Polyptique
Eric DeLony. Eric DeLony (1944–2018) served as chief of the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) from 1971 to 2003 and was a noted historic preservationist. He was a professional engineering and industrial heritage consultant with a particular interest in the preservation of historic bridges. He received the General Tools Award, the highest award of the Society for Industrial Archeology, in 2000.

DeLony graduated from the Ohio State University in 1968.

Publications

References

Further reading

External links

1944 births
2018 deaths
Preservationist architects
Ohio State University alumni
Place of birth missing
JStik. The JStik is a microcontroller based on the  line of embedded Java processors.  It is novel in that it uses Java byte code as the native machine language.  This makes it very fast at executing Java code while still maintaining the benefits of programming in a high-level language like Java.

External links
Jstik - JStik Home
Systronix Inc. — Makers of the JStik system.
aJile Systems Inc. - Makers of the Silicon

Microcontrollers
Muconic acid. Muconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid.  There are three isomeric forms designated trans,trans-muconic acid, cis,trans-muconic acid, and cis,cis-muconic acid which differ by the geometry around the double bonds.  Its name is derived from mucic acid.

{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="left"
| align ="center" | 
| align ="center"| 
| align ="center"|
|-
| align ="center" | 
| align ="center"| 
| align ="center"|
|-
| align ="center"|trans,trans
| align ="center"|cis,trans
| align ="center"|cis,cis
|-
|}

trans,trans-Muconic acid is a metabolite of benzene in humans.  The determination of its concentration in urine is therefore used as a biomarker of occupational or environmental exposure to benzene.  Synthetically, trans,trans-muconic acid can be prepared from adipic acid.

cis,cis-Muconic acid is produced by some bacteria by the enzymatic degradation of various aromatic chemical compounds.

The bioproduction of muconic acid is of interest because of its potential use as a platform chemical for the production of several valuable consumer bioplastics including nylon-6,6, polyurethane, and polyethylene terephthalate.

See also
 Dicarboxylic acid
 2-Aminomuconic acid

Notes

Dicarboxylic acids
Star One (satellite operator). Embratel Star One is a Brazilian communication satellite company. It is a subsidiary of Embratel.

History 
Embratel Star One was created in December 2000, as an arm of Embratel in the area of operation and administration of satellites.

Satellite fleet 
Embratel Star One own a small fleet of satellites.

 Star One C1 was launched atop an Ariane 5 ECA rocket at 22:06 UTC on 14 November 2007. This launch had previously been delayed from 9 November 2007 due to a problem with the launch vehicle, and then from 12 November 2007 due to a problem with the launch pad. Star One C1 was built by Alcatel Alenia Space based on a Spacebus 3000 B3 satellite bus. It has 28 C-band transponders, 16 Ku-band transponders and one X-band transponder, and weighed about  at launch.
 Star One C2, the second spacecraft, was launched at 22:17 UTC on 18 April 2008, also aboard an Ariane 5 ECA.
 Star One C3, the third spacecraft, was launched at 22:05 UTC on 10 November 2012, also aboard an Ariane 5 ECA.

Satellites

References

External links 
 Arianespace
 Star One C1 at LyngSat
 Star One C2 at LyngSat

Telecommunications companies of Brazil
Aerospace companies of Brazil
Brazilian brands
Companies based in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Telecommunications companies established in 2000
2000 establishments in Brazil
Mano machine. The Mano machine is a computer theoretically described by M. Morris Mano. It contains a central processing unit, random access memory, and an input-output bus. Its limited instruction set and small address space limit it to use as a microcontroller, but it can easily be expanded to have a 32-bit accumulator register, and 28-bit addressing using a hardware description language like Verilog or VHDL; and at the same time, make room for new instructions.

Characteristics
The Mano machine is similar in many respects to the PDP-8, such as the same address space, only one accumulator register, and many similar instructions. The Mano machine has a 4096x16 shared data/program memory segment requiring a 12-bit address bus. The data bus is 16 bits. There are 8-bit input/output buses for external communication, and associated interrupt flags.

There is one 16-bit accumulator register, and single-bit registers (latches) for addition carry and system halt.

Instruction set
There are 25 instructions that fall into 3 categories: direct / indirect memory referencing operations, register referencing operations, and input/output/interrupt operations.

Each instruction is 16 bits long [4 nybbles, or 1 word].  This means that memory referencing instructions contain 4 bits of op-code data, and 12 bits dedicated to the address.

Applications to computer optimization theory
The machine specifications include a finite-state machine that determines the processor's micro-operations. The canonical implementation of the state machine is an excellent candidate for reduction, and can also be re-implemented as a pipelined processor.

External links
 Mark Roth's Mano machine assembler/simulator
 MANOSIM and MANOASM binaries and guide page
 A VHDL implementation of the Mano Machine by N. Narasimhamurthi
 A Verilog implementation of the Mano Machine by Greg Toombs
 An in-browser Mano Machine simulator (Java Applet)

References 

Educational abstract machines
Valnalón. VALNALON (Ciudad Industrial del Valle del Nalón, S.A.U.) was created by the Department for Industry and Labour of the Government of the Principality of Asturias, Spain in 1987. The goal is to design and implement a plan to regenerate, promote and dynamise a former industrial area in  Nalon River Valley. In order to achieve this, some of the most outstanding century-old buildings in the Felguera Factory, steelworks factory compound, whose gates closed in 1984, were refurbished.

Aims
The plan has evolved, tilting the focus from the development of infrastructures (Business centre, industrial estate, training centre) to a firm commitment to develop entrepreneurship in order to change mindsets, facilitating the transition from the industrial age to a more entrepreneurial society.

Technological city
The concept Industrial City has morphed into Technological City mainly driven by the creation and development of start-ups in the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector.

Action plan
In 1993 Valnalon was commissioned by Asturias regional government to implement the recently launched Asturias Entrepreneurship Action Plan (Cadena de Formación para Emprender) with two  priority areas:

Education
Entrepreneurship education, whose goal is to develop enterprising skills and attitudes in all levels of the education system.

Promotion
Business promotion, whose goal is to support business development.

Stakeholders
In this sense, Valnalon seeks to engage a wide array of stakeholders as all of them should be involved and contribute to the development of an entrepreneurial culture.

References

Economic history of Spain
Asturias
Urban renewal
Industrial parks in Spain
Rashleighite. Rashleighite, also called henwoodite, is a ferrian variety of turquoise. The names are in honour of the Cornish geologists Philip Rashleigh and  William  Jory Henwood.

References

Collins (1876) Mineralogical Magazine: 1: 11.
Fairbanks (1942) The Mineralogist, Portland, Oregon: 10: 44 (as ferri-turquois).
Foster (1876) Mineralogical Magazine: 1: 8.
Ross (1876) Chem. News, October 13th.
Ross (1876) Mineralogical Magazine: 1: 59.
Russell (1948) Mineralogical Magazine: 28: 353.
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 947, 951.

Phosphate minerals
Coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase. In enzymology, coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase, also known as methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) or most systematically as 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate:N-(7-thioheptanoyl)-3-O-phosphothreonine S-(2-sulfoethyl)thiotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the formation of methane. It does so by combining the hydrogen donor coenzyme B and the methyl donor coenzyme M. Via this enzyme, most of the natural gas on earth was produced. Ruminants (e.g. cows) produce methane because their rumens contain methanogenic prokaryotes (Archaea) that encode and express the set of genes of this enzymatic complex.

The enzyme has two active sites, each occupied by the nickel-containing F430 cofactor.

 +   CoM-S-S-CoB + methane

The two substrates of this enzyme are 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate and N-(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine 3-O-phosphate; its two products are CoM-S-S-CoB and methane. 3-Nitrooxypropanol inhibits the enzyme.

In some species, the enzyme reacts in reverse (a process called reverse methanogenesis), catalysing the anaerobic oxidation of methane, therefore removing it from the environment. Such organisms are methanotrophs.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring alkylthio groups.

Structure 
Coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase is a multiprotein complex made up of a pair of identical halves. Each half is made up of three subunits: α, β and γ, also called McrA, McrB and McrG, respectively.

References

Further reading 

 
 
 

EC 2.8.4
Enzymes of unknown structure
Enzymes
Transferases
Anaerobic digestion
Convair XP6Y. The Convair P6Y was an unbuilt aircraft designed by Convair in the 1950s. The design was initiated to meet a requirement of the United States Navy (USN) for an anti-submarine warfare seaplane.

History 

The design was for a flying boat that would make use of boundary layer control to achieve slow speed flight. It was intended that this would enable the aircraft to land on the open ocean in rough seas and deploy a dipping sonar. Other visual features of the design were an extremely large swept vertical fin that, combined with the dorsal fin and rudder, would have been about half the total length of the aircraft, and a thimble nose radome.

Two prototypes were ordered under the USN designation XP6Y-1 with the BuNos. (Navy serial numbers) 147206 and 147207. The design had competition from the Martin P7M SubMaster, but the USN's preference was for the P6Y. Both types suffered from budget constraints and neither was built (although a mock-up of the P7M was constructed); the USN cancelled the contract for the two prototype XP6Y-1s and later opted for the land-based P-3 Orion instead.

Specifications (projected)

See also

References

P6Y
Trimotors
Aircraft with auxiliary jet engines
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Flying boats
Parasol-wing aircraft