omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nakajima G8N. The Nakajima G8N Renzan (連山, "Mountain Range") was a four-engined, long-range bomber designed for use by the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Navy designation was "Type 18 land-based attack aircraft" (十八試陸上攻撃機); the Allied code name was Rita.

Design and development
In February 1943, the Imperial Navy staff asked Nakajima Aircraft Company to design a four-engined bomber, capable of meeting an earlier specification set for a long-range, land-based attack plane. The final specification, issued on 14 September 1943, called for a plane with a maximum speed of  able to carry a  bomb-load  or a reduced bomb-load .

Nakajima's design featured a mid-mounted wing of small area and high aspect ratio, a tricycle landing gear, and a large single-fin rudder. Power came from four 2,000 hp Nakajima NK9K-L "Homare" 24 radial engines with Hitachi 92 turbosuperchargers driving four-bladed propellers. The engines were cooled by counter-rotating fans positioned just inside the engine cowlings. Defensive armament included power-operated nose, dorsal, ventral, and tail turrets, along with two free-swiveling machine guns at the beam positions.

Operational history

The initial prototype was completed in October 1944 and delivered to the Navy for testing in January 1945, a year after the Navy ordered development to start. Three further examples were completed by June 1945, with the third prototype being destroyed on the ground by US carrier aircraft.

Other than minor problems with the turbosuperchargers, the Renzan performed satisfactorily, and the Navy hoped to have a total of sixteen prototypes and 48 production-version G8N1s assembled by September 1945. However, the worsening War situation and a critical shortage of light aluminium alloys led to the project's cancellation in June.

One proposed variant was the G8N2 Renzan-Kai Model 22, powered by four 2,200 hp Mitsubishi MK9A radial engines and modified to accept attachment of the air-launched Ohka Type 33 Special Attack Bomber.

Just before Japan's surrender in August 1945, consideration was also briefly given to producing an all-steel version of the aircraft to be designated G8N3 Renzan-Kai Model 23, but the cessation of hostilities precluded any further development.

After the War, one prototype was taken to the United States and scrapped after testing. None are in existence today.

Variants

 G8N1 : Four-engine heavy bomber. Production version.
 G8N2 : Modified to carry Ohka Type 33 Special Attack Bomber. Four Mitsubishi MK9A radial engines.
 G8N3 : All-steel airframe - never produced.

Operators

 Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
 Naval Air Technical Arsenal (and after february 1945, reorganised to 1st Naval Technical Arsenal)

Specifications (G8N1)

See also

References

Bibliography

 Collier, Basil. Japanese Aircraft of World War II. New York: Mayflower Books, 1979. .
 
 
 Unknown authors. Famous Airplanes of the World: Nakajima Shinzan / Renzan (Volume 11, no.146). Japan: Bunrin-Do, Nov. 1984.

External links

G08N
1940s Japanese bomber aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Mid-wing aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft
Safety life cycle. The safety life cycle is the series of phases from initiation and specifications of safety requirements, covering design and development of safety features in a safety-critical system, and ending in decommissioning of that system. This article uses software as the context but the safety life cycle applies to other areas such as construction of buildings, for example. In software development, a process is used (software life cycle) and this process consists of a few phases, typically covering initiation, analysis, design, programming, testing and implementation. The focus is to build the software. Some software have safety concerns while others do not. For example, a Leave Application System does not have safety requirements. But we are concerned about safety if a software that is used to control the components in a plane fails. So for the latter, the question is how safety, being so important, should be managed within the software life cycle.

What is the Safety Life Cycle? 

The basic concept in building software safety, i.e. safety features in software, is that safety characteristics and behaviour of the software and system must be specified and designed into the system.

The problem for any systems designer lies in reducing the risk to an acceptable level and of course, the risk tolerated will vary between applications. When a software application is to be used in a safety-related system, then this must be borne in mind at all stages in the software life cycle. The process of safety specification and assurance throughout the development and operational phases is sometimes called the ‘safety life cycle’.

Phases in the Safety Life Cycle 

The first stages of the life cycle involve assessing the potential system hazards and estimating the risk they pose. One such method is fault tree analysis.

This is followed by a safety requirements specification which is concerned with identifying safety-critical functions (functional requirements specification) and the safety integrity level for each of these functions.  The specification may either describe how the software should behave to minimize the risk or might require that the hazard should never arise.

A ‘normal’ process model is then followed with particular attention paid to the validation (inspection, testing etc.) of the system.  Part of that validation should be an explicit safety validation activity.

See also
Safety engineering
Safety engineer
System safety

References

External links

Safety engineering
LIS. LIS or LiS may refer to:

Computing
 LIS (programming language)
 Lis (linear algebra library), library of iterative solvers for linear systems
 Laboratory information system, databases oriented towards medical laboratories
 Land information system, land mapping and cadastre GIS used by local governments
 Language-independent specification, a programming language specification
 Legume Information System, online resources and exploratory tools for legume researchers and breeders
 Linear Integrated Systems, American manufacturer of semiconductors
 Local information systems, collect, store, and disseminate information about small geographic areas
 Location information server, provides location information
 Longest increasing subsequence, algorithm to find the longest increasing subsequence in an array of numbers

Science
 Laser Isotope Separation, a means of producing enriched uranium from uranium ore
 Lateral internal sphincterotomy, an operation for the treatment of chronic anal fissure
 Lightning Imaging Sensor, an instrument on the TRMM satellite and on the International Space Station
 Liquid-impregnated surface
 Locked-in syndrome, a type of paralysis
 Library and information science

Other 
 Lis (given name)
 Lis (surname)
 Lis River, a river in Portugal
 Lis coat of arms, of Polish Clan Lis
 Lis, Albania, in the Mat municipality of Dibër County
 Italian Sign Language (Lingua dei Segni Italiana)
 , the Modern Standard Arabic name for Syrian Levantine Sign
 League and Self-Defense, a 2007 Polish political coalition
 Life Is Strange (series), a series of episodic graphic adventure games.
 Life Is Strange (2015 video game)
 Lithium-sulphur battery (Li-S)
 Locate in Scotland (1981–2001), replaced by Scottish Development International
 London Interdisciplinary School, university in London, England
 Lisbon Airport, Portugal, IATA code
SIPRNet. The Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet) is "a system of interconnected computer networks used by the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of State to transmit classified information (up to and including information classified SECRET) by packet switching over the 'completely secure' environment". It also provides services such as hypertext document access and electronic mail.  As such, SIPRNet is the DoD's classified version of the civilian Internet.

SIPRNet is the secret component of the Defense Information Systems Network. Other components handle communications with other security needs, such as the  NIPRNet, which is used for nonsecure communications, and the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS), which is used for Top Secret communications.

Access

According to the U.S. Department of State Web Development Handbook, domain structure and naming conventions are the same as for the open internet, except for the addition of a second-level domain, like, e.g., "sgov" between state and gov: openforum.state.sgov.gov. Files originating from SIPRNet are marked by a header tag "SIPDIS" (SIPrnet DIStribution). A corresponding second-level domain smil.mil exists for DoD users.

Access is also available to a "...small pool of trusted allies, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and New Zealand...". This group (including the US) is known as the Five Eyes.

SIPRNet was one of the networks accessed by Chelsea Manning, convicted of leaking the video used in WikiLeaks' "Collateral Murder" release as well as the source of the US diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks in November 2010.

Alternate names
SIPRNet and NIPRNet are referred to colloquially as SIPPERnet and NIPPERnet (or simply sipper and nipper), respectively.

See also
 CAVNET
 Classified website
 NIPRNet
 RIPR
 Intellipedia
 Protective distribution system
 NATO CRONOS

References

External links
 DISA
 Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) by the Federation of American Scientists' Intelligence Resource Program
 They've Got Learning Locked Down – article detailing U.S. Coast Guard Academy classroom being first to get access to SIPRNet
 BBC Article on SIPRNet

Wide area networks
Cryptography
United States government secrecy
Military communications of the United States
Nitrogen-13. Nitrogen-13 (13N) is a radioisotope of nitrogen used in positron emission tomography (PET). It has a half-life of a little under ten minutes, so it must be made at the PET site. A cyclotron may be used for this purpose.

Nitrogen-13 is used to tag ammonia molecules for PET myocardial perfusion imaging.

Production
Nitrogen-13 is used in medical PET imaging in the form of 13N-labelled ammonia. It can be produced with a medical cyclotron, using a target of pure water with a trace amount of ethanol. The reactants are oxygen-16 (present as H2O) and a proton, and the products are nitrogen-13 and an alpha particle (helium-4).

1H + 16O → 13N + 4He

The proton must be accelerated to have total energy greater than 5.66 MeV. This is the threshold energy for this reaction, as it is endothermic (i.e., the mass of the products is greater than the reactants, so energy needs to be supplied which is converted to mass). For this reason, the proton needs to carry extra energy to induce the nuclear reaction.

The energy difference is actually 5.22 MeV, but if the proton only supplied this energy, the reactants would be formed with no kinetic energy. As momentum must be conserved, the true energy that needs to be supplied by the proton is given by:

where  is the mass of 4He and  is the mass of 13N ; therefore   = 0,307 806 661. The presence of ethanol (at a concentration of ~5mM) in aqueous solution allows the convenient formation of ammonia as nitrogen-13 is produced. Other routes of producing 13N-labelled ammonia exist, some of which facilitate co-generation of other light radionuclides for diagnostic imaging.

Nitrogen-13 plays a significant role in the CNO cycle, which is the dominant source of energy in main-sequence stars more massive than 1.5 times the mass of the Sun.

Lightning may have a role in the production of nitrogen-13.

External links
PET site of the University of Melbourne

References

Isotopes of nitrogen
Positron emitters
Medical isotopes
Kyushu Hikoki. The  was a Japanese manufacturer of military aircraft during World War II. While it mainly manufactured other firms' designs, it was notable for the radical J7W "Shinden" fighter. Named after Kyushu island where the company was based.

The company originated from Fukuoka-based Watanabe Tekkōjo (Watanabe Steel Foundry), which started building aircraft in 1935. In 1943 the aircraft division was spun off as Kyūshū Hikōki, while the original company was renamed Kyūshū Heiki (Kyūshū Armaments).

After the war, the company was renamed Watanabe Jidōsha Kōgyō (Watanabe Automobile Industries) and manufactured automobile bodies and parts. It was dissolved in 2001.

Products
 E9W - 'Slim' 1935 submarine-based reconnaissance floatplane
 J7W 震電 Shinden (Magnificent Lightning) - 1945 pusher fighter prototype
 K6W - WS-103 seaplane for Royal Siamese Navy
 K8W - 1938 floatplane trainer prototype, lost to the Kawanishi K8K
 K9W カエデ Kaede (Maple) - 'Cypress' 1939 basic trainer; license-built Bücker Bu 131 Jüngmann
 K10W - 'Oak' 1943 intermediate trainer
 K11W 白菊 Shiragiku (White Chrysanthemum) - 1943 crew trainer
 Q1W 東海 Tokai (Eastern Sea) - 'Lorna' 1945 ASW/patrol aircraft
 Q3W 南海 Nankai (South Sea) - 1945 ASW/patrol aircraft prototype based on the K11W

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Japan
Kyushu
USS DeLong (DD-129). USS DeLong (DD-129) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Wickes class was an improved and faster version of the preceding . Two different designs were prepared to the same specification that mainly differed in the turbines and boilers used. The ships built to the Bethlehem Steel design, built in the Fore River and Union Iron Works shipyards, mostly used Yarrow boilers that deteriorated badly during service and were mostly scrapped during the 1930s. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Wickes class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two  1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft (AA) guns. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
DeLong, named for Lieutenant Commander George W. DeLong (1844–1881), an Arctic explorer, was launched 29 October 1918 by New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey; sponsored by Miss E. DeL. Mills, granddaughter of Lt. Cmdr. DeLong; and commissioned 20 September 1919. DeLong sailed from New York 3 November 1919, and after joining in exercises at Guantanamo Bay, and patrolling off Honduras arrived at San Diego 24 December. She sailed in maneuvers and torpedo practice off Coronado Roads until placed in reserve 20 June 1920. After extended overhaul at Mare Island Navy Yard, she returned to San Diego 26 June 1921 and began operating from that port 21 October with 50 percent of her complement. On 1 December 1921 she went aground in a heavy fog at Half Moon Bay. A tug and two destroyers, Badger (DD-126) and Ballard (DD-267), stood by to assist. On 17 December she was salvaged and towed to Mare Island Navy Yard. DeLong was decommissioned 18 March 1922 and her hulk sold 25 September 1922.

Notes

References

External links
navsource.org: USS DeLong
hazegray.org: USS DeLong

Wickes-class destroyers
Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1918 ships
Maritime incidents in 1921
Shipwrecks of the California coast
Lewis (robot). Lewis (named after Meriwether Lewis) is an autonomous robot that performs the job of a wedding photographer: it attends social events, moves around, and takes digital photographs of people.  It is a research project of the Media and Machines Laboratory at Washington University in St. Louis.

Lewis has been featured on slashdot, on CNN's website, and in various North American newspapers.

In 2002, Lewis received -- and declined -- an invitation to Nelly's 24th birthday party.

References

External links
Official page

Domestic robots
Washington University in St. Louis
2000s robots
Robots of the United States
Wave mechanics. Wave mechanics may refer to:

 the mechanics of waves
 the application of the quantum wave equation, especially in position and momentum spaces
 the resonant interaction of three or more waves, which includes the "three-wave equation"

See also 
 Quantum mechanics
 Wave equation
 Quantum state
 Matter wave

Further reading 

 Flint H.T., (1929) Wave Mechanics, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London
Hospital information system. A hospital information system (HIS) is an element of health informatics that focuses mainly on the administrational needs of hospitals. In many implementations, a HIS is a comprehensive, integrated information system designed to manage all the aspects of a hospital's operation, such as medical, administrative, financial, and legal issues and the corresponding processing of services. Hospital information system is also known as hospital management software (HMS) or hospital management system.

Hospital information systems provide a common source of information about a patient's health history, and doctors schedule timing. The system has to keep data in a secure place and controls who can reach the data in certain circumstances. These systems enhance the ability of health care professionals to coordinate care by providing a patient's health information and visit history at the place and time that it is needed. Patient's laboratory test information also includes visual results such as X-ray, which may be reachable by professionals. HIS provide internal and external communication among health care providers. Portable devices such as smartphones and tablet computers may be used at the bedside.

Hospital information systems are often composed of one or several software components with specialty-specific extensions, as well as of a large variety of sub-systems in medical specialties from a multi-vendor market. Specialized implementations name for example laboratory information system (LIS), Policy and Procedure Management System, radiology information system (RIS) or picture archiving and communication system (PACS).

Potential benefits of hospital information systems include:
Efficient and accurate administration of finance, diet of patient, engineering, and distribution of medical aid. It helps to view a broad picture of hospital growth
Improved monitoring of drug usage, and study of effectiveness. This leads to the reduction of adverse drug interactions while promoting more appropriate pharmaceutical utilization.
Enhances information integrity, reduces transcription errors, and reduces duplication of information entries.

See also

 Clinical documentation improvement
 Cloud computing
 
 DICOM
 Electronic health record (EHR)
 European Institute for Health Records (EuroRec)
 Health information management
 Health information technology
 Import and export of data (medical data export and sharing between hospitals)
 List of open source healthcare software
 Medical imaging
 Medical record
 Personal health record
 Patient tracking system
 Solid health

References

Nursing informatics
Management cybernetics
Information systems
Aranmula Kannadi. Aranmula Kannadi, meaning the Aranmula mirror, is a handmade, metal-alloy, first surface mirror made in Aranmula, a small town in Pathanamthitta in the state of Kerala, India.

Description 
Unlike normal "silvered" glass mirrors, it is a metal-alloy mirror or first surface mirror or front surface reflection mirror, which eliminates secondary reflections and aberrations typical of back surface mirrors. They are produced by one extended family in Aranmula. The exact metals used in the alloy are maintained as family secrets; metallurgists suggest that the alloy is a mix of copper and tin, so a type of speculum metal, counting as a bronze mirror. It is polished for several days to achieve the mirror's reflective surface. The polishing is done using an abrasive paste made by mixing rice bran with oil extracted from seeds of maroṭṭi (Hydnocarpus pentandrus).

Cultural significance 
The origins of the  are linked to Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple. According to legend, centuries ago the royal chief brought eight families of temple artisans and craftsmen from Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu to Aranmula to create the mirrors in the temple.

These unique mirrors are the result of then Kerala's rich cultural and metallurgical traditions. They have great historical and cultural value, and are thought to bring good luck. The mirrors are considered one of the eight auspicious items or "" used in the entry of a bride at a wedding venue. Chief minister of Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan presented an Aranmula mirror to King Hamad of Bahrain during a visit there in 2017.

The British Museum in London has an Aranmula mirror 45 centimeters tall in its collection. The mirrors received a geographical indication (GI) tag in 2004-05.

See also 
 Aranmula Kottaram
 Bronze mirror
 Speculum metal

References

Bibliography

External links 
 Aranmulakannadi.org
 

Bronze mirrors
Culture of Pathanamthitta district
Geographical indications in Kerala
Indian metalwork
Aranmula
Monolithic Memories. Monolithic Memories, Inc. (MMI) was an American semiconductor company which produced bipolar PROMs, programmable logic devices, and logic circuits (including 7400 series TTL).

A team of MMI engineers, under the direction of Ze'ev Drori and  headed by John Birkner and H. T. Chua, invented the class of devices known as programmable array logic (PAL).

MMI was founded in 1969 by former Fairchild Semiconductor engineer Ze'ev Drori, later the President and CEO of Tesla Motors. In 1987, under the stewardship of President Irwin Federman, it was merged with Advanced Micro Devices in a $422 million stock swap to become the world's largest integrated circuit manufacturer. AMD later spun off their programmable logic division as Vantis, which was then acquired by Lattice Semiconductor.

See also
Bit-slice processor (MMI 5700/6700)
Programmable Array Logic (PAL 22V10)

References

External links
 

1987 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1969
Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
Superfund sites in California
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
V200. V200 or V-200 may refer to:

 DB Class V 200, a diesel-hydraulic locomotive used by the German railway Deutsche Bundesbahn
 ESP LTD V-200, a guitar model manufactured by ESP
 UMS Skeldar V-200, a Swedish uncrewed military helicopter
 V-200, a variant of the Cadillac Gage Commando armoured personnel carrier
 Voyage 200, a design in the TI-92 series calculators
SNCAC. SNCAC (the , sometimes known as ) was a French aircraft manufacturer created by the nationalisation of the Farman Aviation Works and Hanriot firms in 1936.

It was liquidated in 1949, with assets distributed between SNCAN, SNCASO, and SNECMA, all of which were nationalised firms.

Aircraft
SNCAC NC.130
SNCAC NC.150
SNCAC NC 211 Cormoran
SNCAC NC.270
SNCAC NC-290 - abandoned project for a four-engined (Nene-powered) jet transport for 60 passengers.
SNCAC NC.420
Farman NC.470
SNCAC NC.510
SNCAC NC.530
SNCAC NC-600
SNCAC NC.701 Martinet
SNCAC NC.702 Martinet
SNCAC NC.800 Cab - abandoned project for a light twin-engined transport
NC.832 Chardonneret
NC.840 Chardonneret
NC.841 Chardonneret
SNCAC NC.851
SNCAC NC.853
SNCAC NC.854
SNCAC NC.855
SNCAC NC.856
SNCAC NC.900
SNCAC NC.1070
SNCAC NC.1071
SNCAC NC 1080
SNCAC NC.2001 Abeille
SNCAC NC.3021 Belphégor

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Manufacturing companies established in 1936
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1949