omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cray Time Sharing System. The Cray Time Sharing System, also known in the Cray user community as CTSS, was developed as an operating system for the Cray-1 or Cray X-MP line of supercomputers in 1978. CTSS was developed by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL now LANL) in conjunction with the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL now LLNL). CTSS was popular with Cray sites in the United States Department of Energy (DOE), but was used by several other Cray sites, such as the San Diego Supercomputing Center.

Overview
The predecessor of CTSS was the Livermore Time Sharing System (LTSS) which ran on Control Data CDC 7600 line of supercomputers. The first compiler was known as LRLTRAN, for Lawrence Radiation Laboratory forTRAN, a FORTRAN 66 programming language but with dynamic memory and other features.  The Cray version, including automatic vectorization, was known as CVC, pronounced "Civic" like the Honda car of the period, for Cray Vector Compiler.

Some controversy existed at LASL with the first attempt to develop an operating system for the Cray-1 named DEIMOS, a message-passing, Unix-like operating system, by Forrest Basket. DEIMOS had initial "teething" problems common to the performance of all early operating systems. This left a bad taste for Unix-like systems at the National Laboratories and with the manufacturer, Cray Research, Inc., of the hardware who went on to develop their own batch oriented operating system, COS (Cray Operating System) and their own vectorizing Fortran compiler named "CFT" (Cray ForTran) both written in the Cray Assembly Language (CAL).

CTSS had the misfortune to have certain constants, structures, and lacking certain networking facilities (TCP/IP) which were optimized to be Cray-1 architecture-dependent without extensive rework when larger memory supercomputers like the Cray-2 and the Cray Y-MP came into use. CTSS has its final breaths running on Cray instruction-set-compatible hardware developed by Scientific Computer Systems (SCS-40 and SCS-30) and Supertek S-1, but this did not save the software.

CTSS embodied certain unique ideas such as a market-driven priorities for working/running processes.

An attempt to succeed CTSS was started by LLNL named NLTSS (New Livermore Time Sharing System) to embody advanced concepts for operating systems to better integrate communication using a new network protocol named LINCS while also keeping the best features of CTSS. NLTSS followed the development fate of many operating systems and only briefly ran on period Cray hardware of the late 1980s.

A user-level CTSS Overview from 1982 provides, in Chapter 2, a brief list of CTSS features. Other references are likely to be found in proceedings of the Cray User Group (CUG) and the ACM SOSP (Symp. on Operating Systems Proceedings). However, as LANL and LLNL were nuclear weapons facilities, some aspects of security are likely to doom finding out greater detail of many of these pieces of software.

See also
EOS (operating system)
Timeline of operating systems

References

Cray software
Fortran software
Time-sharing operating systems
Proprietary operating systems
Supercomputer operating systems
PXE. PXE may refer to:

 Preboot Execution Environment, booting computers via a network
 Proof and Experimental Establishment, an Indian defense laboratory
 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a genetic disease
 Pentium Extreme Edition, a variant of the Pentium D microprocessor
 PXE (EP), an EP by Ecco2K

See also
 Pex (disambiguation)

it:PXE
Heterogeneous database system. A heterogeneous database system is an automated (or semi-automated) system for the integration of heterogeneous, disparate database management systems to present a user with a single, unified query interface.

Heterogeneous database systems (HDBs) are computational models and software implementations that provide heterogeneous database integration.

Problems of heterogeneous database integration
This article does not contain details of distributed database management systems (sometimes known as federated database systems).

Technical heterogeneity
Different file formats, access protocols, query languages etc. Often called syntactic heterogeneity from the point of view of data.

Data model heterogeneity
Different ways of representing and storing the same data. Table decompositions may vary, column names (data labels) may be different (but have the same semantics), data encoding schemes may vary (i.e., should a measurement scale be explicitly included in a field or should it be implied elsewhere). Also referred as schematic heterogeneity.

Semantic heterogeneity

Data across constituent databases may be related but different. Perhaps a database system must be able to integrate genomic and proteomic data. They are related—a gene may have several protein products—but the data are different (nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences, or hydrophilic or -phobic amino acid sequence and positively or negatively charged amino acids). There may be many ways of looking at semantically similar, but distinct, datasets.

The system may also be required to present "new" knowledge to the user. Relationships may be inferred between data according to rules specified in domain ontologies.

See also
Big data
Expert system
Knowledge base
Ontology

References

Database management systems
Acorn System 1. The Acorn System 1, initially called the Acorn Microcomputer (Micro-Computer), was an early 8-bit microcomputer for hobbyists, based on the MOS 6502 CPU, and produced by British company Acorn Computers from 1979.

The main parts of the system were designed by then-Cambridge-undergraduate student Sophie Wilson, with a cassette interface designed by Steve Furber. It was Acorn's first product, and was based on an automated cow feeder.

It was a small machine built on two Eurocard-standard circuit boards and it could be purchased ready-built or in kit form.
 
one card (shown right) with the I/O part of the computer: a LED seven segment display, a 25-key keypad (hex+function keys), and a cassette CUTS interface (the circuitry to the left of the keypad)
the second card (the computer board - see below), which included the CPU, RAM/ROM memory, and support chips
the two boards were interconnected by a semi-flexible, multi-conductor cable, known by its commercial name 'Spectra Strip'
the whole assembly was held together by four 2.5mm × 20mm nylon screws and clear plastic spacing tubes for rigidity.

Main Components (left to right)

 Top Row: INS8154 RAMIO Integrated Circuit (for keyboard and display), 6502 CPU, 2 × 2114 1024×4 RAM, 2 × 74S571 512×4 PROM, RAM/ROM expansion socket, second INS8154 for peripheral expansion (optional extra with the kit version).
 Bottom row: 1 MHz clock crystal, 4 × TTL logic chips providing address decoding for the memory and I/O expansion, 5V regulator.
 The smaller empty socket in the middle of the board was used to set the memory map of the RAM, ROM and I/O expansion by fitting or soldering wires between various positions according to the instructions in the Acorn System 1 Technical Manual.
 The three semi-circular legends on the bottom left of the board marked positions for optional push switches to trigger the board's RESET, IRQ (Interrupt ReQuest) and NMI (Non Maskable Interrupt) lines.

Almost all CPU signals were accessible via the standard Eurocard connector on the right-hand side of the board. This connector was not fitted/supplied as standard with the kit version.

The System 1 front board was used as the control panel for the fictional computer Slave in the 1981 series of the BBC science-fiction series Blake's 7.

See also
Acorn System 2
Acorn System 3 
Acorn System 4 
Acorn System 5
Acorn Atom

References

External links
Comprehensive information on the System 1, including an emulator – Provided by Mike Cowlishaw
Acorn System 1 manuals and schematics at ARCHIVE.ORG

Early microcomputers
System 1
6502-based home computers
La Cité de l'Énergie. La Cite de l'Énergie (French for the city of energy) is a theme park based on local industrial history and located in Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada.

Facilities
A science centre, which includes a  high observation tower and features a multimedia show as well as a permanent interactive exhibit.  The lattice tower consists of a dismantled electricity pylon used for a temporary power line crossing of Saint Lawrence River between Grondines and Lotbinière, during the construction of the tunnel used to ultimately carry the Quebec - New England Transmission line. 

A Historical sector, which consists of two power plants, Northern Aluminum Company (NAC) and Shawinigan 2, and the ruins of a third one (Alcan 16), as well as an electricity distribution station and an aluminium smelter.

The NAC plant (built circa 1906) was privately owned by Alcan and used for its fabrication of aluminium. It had become obsolete by the early 1950s and is now out of production. It is open to visitors.

Shawinigan 2 was established in 1911 and enlarged in 1928 by the Shawinigan Water & Power Company and has been operated by Hydro-Québec since 1963. The structure was erected in the Renaissance and Art Deco architectural styles.  The machinery consists of five generators activated by horizontal turbines and three generators activated by vertical turbines.

Management

La Cité de l'Énergie is administered by a non-profit organization, whose funders are Abitibi-Consolidated, Alcan, Hydro-Québec and the City of Shawinigan.

Robert Trudel has been the general manager and the main spokesperson for La Cité de l'Énergie, since its foundation.

Impact on local tourism

Since it opened in 1997, La Cité de l'Énergie attracted hundreds of thousands of paying visitors. The park is generally open to the public each year from June to September; and to groups during other times of the year.

See also
 History of Hydro-Québec
 List of hydroelectric stations in Quebec
 Lattice tower
 Lise Landry
 Roland Désaulniers

Footnotes

External links
 Cité de l'Énergie

Amusement parks in Canada
Art Deco architecture in Canada
Buildings and structures in Shawinigan
Industry museums in Canada
Museums in Mauricie
1997 establishments in Quebec
Science museums in Canada
Tourist attractions in Mauricie
Amusement parks opened in 1997
Observation towers in Canada
Linux Desktop Testing Project. The Linux Desktop Testing Project (LDTP) is a testing tool that uses computer assistive technology to automate graphical user interface (GUI) testing. The GUI functionality of an application can be tested in Linux, macOS, Windows, Solaris, FreeBSD, and embedded system environments. The macOS version is named PyATOM, and the Windows version is Cobra. The LDTP is released as free and open-source software under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

LDTP can test any accessibility-enabled GNOME application, Mozilla, OpenOffice.org, any Swing-based Java, Qt 4-based and KDE 4.x applications.

LDTP is/was used by the following companies and organizations:

 GNOME
 Mozilla
 Openoffice.org
 KDE
 Novell/SuSE
 Palm Source
 VMware

LDTP can be used to remotely test applications.

History

LDTP version 0.1.0 was released in January 2005 and then showcased and discussed at GNOME Users And Developers European Conference (GUADEC) 2005. It was then used at the Google Summer of Code in 2006 for Tinderbox integration, Evolution automation, and LDTP regression suite under GNOME organization. Then again in 2007, it was used by the Mozilla Foundation for Firefox automation and Tinderbox integration.

Example

This is an example of how LDTP would test writing in gedit:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# The standard import stuff.
from ldtp import *
from ooldtp import context as locate
from time import sleep

# Here we open the app.
launchapp("gedit")

# Now we find it and make sure it is open.
gedit_win = locate("*gedit")
gedit_win.waittillguiexist()

# Now we type into gedit.
text_field = gedit_win.getchild("txt1")
text_field.enterstring("G'Day mate!")

# Save a picture to prove we did it.
imagecapture("*gedit", "/tmp/foo.png")

# Quit gedit.
quit = gedit_win.getchild("mnuQuit")
quit.selectmenuitem()

# Close without saving.
dont_save = locate("Question")
dont_save.waittillguiexist()

button = dont_save.getchild("btnClosewithoutSaving")
button.click()

# Wait until gedit is gone.
gedit_win.waittillguinotexist()

Diagram of how LDTP works

See also 

 List of Linux GUI testing tools
 Desktop Linux

References

External links
 
 Mago Ubuntu wrapper using LDTP

Freedesktop.org
Free software programmed in Python
Virtual Reality Applications Center. The Virtual Reality Applications Center (VRAC) is a research center within the Engineering Teaching and Research Complex (ETRC) at Iowa State University (ISU) and is involved in advanced research of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), human computer interaction (HCI), visualization, and is home to the world's highest resolution immersive virtual reality facility, known as the C6.

Origins of VRAC 
VRAC began in 1990 as the Iowa Center for Emerging Manufacturing Technology (ICEMT) under the directorship of Dr. James Bernard, a faculty member in the Mechanical Engineering department. ICEMT was established within the Institute for Physical Research and Technology, a network of research and technology-transfer centers and industrial-outreach programs at Iowa State University. In 1992 ICEMT received its first VR-focused grant, a three-year project from the Office of Naval Research, focused on virtual reality applications for manufacturing. In 1994 ICEMT began virtual prototyping research for John Deere, which remains VRAC's longest continuous industrial relationship.

ICEMT constructed its first VR facility, a 12'x12' CAVE-like structure named the C2, in 1996 under the supervision of Dr. Carolina Cruz-Neira, inventor of the CAVE and the ICEMT Associate Director. Starting in November 1999 ICEMT changed its name to the Virtual Reality Applications Center, moved into the newly constructed Engineering Teaching and Research Complex (ETRC) and started construction on a new VR facility known as the C6. In June 2000 the C6 officially opened as the world's first fully immersive 6-sided virtual reality facility with all wireless tracking, navigation, and control systems, and the first such system located in the United States.

In 2003 VRAC expanded its mission by creating an interdepartmental graduate program known as Human Computer Interaction (HCI). In 2004 Dr. James Oliver, a faculty member in Mechanical Engineering, began his tenure as the VRAC Director. A technology refresh of the C6 in 2006 put the facility on the map as the highest resolution immersive environment of its kind with over 100 million pixels.

History of 6-sided visualization facilities 
September, 1998
COSMOS at Gifu Prefectural Science & Technology Promotion Center, in "Techno-Plaza" of VR Techno in Kakamigahara City, Gifu prefecture, Japan (north of Nagoya).
"photos of COSMOS"

October 23, 1998 
"VR-CUBE" at Center for Parallel Computers (PDC) at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden.

August, 1999
"Six sided CAVE" at VR-Center Nord at Aalborg University in Aalborg, Denmark.

June 19, 2000
C6 at the Virtual Reality Applications Center (VRAC) at Iowa State University in Ames, IA, USA.

November 2001
Adaptive Laboratory for Immersive Cognitive Experiments (ALICE) at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Beckman Institute.

References

External links
http://www.vrac.iastate.edu
http://hci.iastate.edu

Iowa State University
1990 establishments in Iowa
Technology Student Association
Virtual reality organizations
Richard Hearn. Dr. Richard Lankaster Hearn, OC (18 May 1890 – 24 May 1987) was one of the key players in the establishment of Ontario’s energy system.

History
Born in Toronto, Ontario, he was among the group known as "Beck's bright boys". This group was responsible for the creation of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, the forerunner of Ontario Hydro and Ontario Power Generation. Hearn was instrumental in Ontario's decision to move towards nuclear generating stations. In 1956, he received the Sir John Kennedy Medal. In 1973, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for his services as an administrator and consulting engineer in the development of vast power projects". Hearn was also responsible for the design and construction of many of Ontario's hydroelectric installations, including the first large hydroelectric project, the Queenston-Chippewa power development.

Legacy

Hearn died in May 1987 at the age of 97. The Hearn Generating Station, a decommissioned coal-fired and later natural gas-fired power station, located on the Toronto waterfront is named after him.

References

External links
 Richard L Hearn at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1890 births
1987 deaths
20th-century Canadian engineers
Officers of the Order of Canada
Chancellors of Brock University
Minami-Fukumitsu Frequency Converter. is the name given to an HVDC back-to-back station for the interconnection of the power grids of western and eastern Japan. This facility went in service in March 1999. It operates with a voltage of 125 kV and can transfer a power up to 300 megawatts.  The station is located in Nanto, Toyama Prefecture.

External links
 http://www.meppi.com/mepssd/NPDF3/BTB_MinamiFukumitsu.pdf

Converter stations
Electric power infrastructure in Japan
Energy infrastructure completed in 1999
Nanto, Toyama
1999 establishments in Japan
Vanair. Vanair was a domestic airline based in Vanuatu.  The airline flew to 29 destinations on 18 of Vanuatu's 83 islands, and was wholly owned by the Vanuatu government.

History 

The airline commenced operations as Air Melanesiæ in 1965 as a joint venture between two existing airlines, the British-owned New Hebrides Airways (founded in 1963) and French-owned Société Néo-Hébridaise de Transports Aériens, known as Hebridair (founded 1964). New Hebrides Airways contributed a de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover to the operation, while Hebridair provided a Dornier Do 28, however the Do 28 crashed in 1966. By the beginning of the 1970s the airline was controlled by Qantas and British Overseas Airways Corporation via their shareholdings in New Hebrides Airways, and by Union des Transports Aériens which had taken over Hebridair and renamed it Société Française des Nouvelles-Hébrides.  Sir Dennis Buchanan of Talair, Papua New Guinea bought out Qantas BA and UTA in the late 1970s and ran it very successfully with an Islander, a Trislander, several DH6s and an Embraer Bandeirante, until the Government wanted to take over, and denied the renewal of the chief engineers work permit. The Government subsequently set up Vanair as a government-owned company. The Government-owned airline was run successfully under the leadership of Mr Murray Pope but following his departure the airline nearly collapsed with the introduction of an expensive lease on a Dash 8 aircraft. As it was going broke it was merged with the Government's  International Airline, Air Vanuatu and de-merged again in 2001/2 only to go bankrupt again, and to be re-merged with Air Vanuatu. In 2004, it merged with Vanuatu's government-owned flag carrier, Air Vanuatu.

Fleet 

At the time of the merger with Air Vanuatu the Vanair fleet included:

4 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 300

1981

4 Britten-Norman Islander
1 Britten-Norman Trislander

1971

5 Britten-Norman Islander
1 de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover

Incidents and accidents
8 May 1999 - A Vanair de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter with twelve people on board crashed into the sea near Port Vila during heavy rain. Seven people were killed.
25 July 1991 - A Britten-Norman Islander crashed into a mountain near Olpoi Airport. All nine people on board were killed.
30 January 1990 - A Vanair Britten-Norman Trislander crashed. Details unknown.

References

External links

Vanair
Defunct airlines of Vanuatu
Airlines established in 1965
Airlines disestablished in 2004
One-pot synthesis. In chemistry a one-pot synthesis is a strategy to improve the efficiency of a chemical reaction in which a reactant is subjected to successive chemical reactions in just one reactor. This is much desired by chemists because avoiding a lengthy separation process and purification of the intermediate chemical compounds can save time and resources while increasing chemical yield.

An example of a one-pot synthesis is the total synthesis of tropinone or the Gassman indole synthesis. Sequential one-pot syntheses can be used to generate even complex targets with multiple stereocentres, such as oseltamivir, which may significantly shorten the number of steps required overall and have important commercial implications.

A sequential one-pot synthesis with reagents added to a reactor one at a time and without work-up is also called a telescoping synthesis.

In one such procedure the reaction of 3-N-tosylaminophenol I with acrolein II affords a hydroxyl substituted quinoline III through 4 sequential steps without workup of the intermediate products (see image). The addition of acrolein (blue) is a Michael reaction catalyzed by N,N-diisopropylamine, the presence of ethanol converts the aldehyde group to an acetal but this process is reversed when hydrochloric acid is introduced (red). The enolate reacts as an electrophile in a Friedel-Crafts reaction with ring-closure. The alcohol group is eliminated in presence of potassium hydroxide (green) and when in the final step the reaction medium is neutralized to pH 7 (magenta) the tosyl group is eliminated as well.

References

Chemical synthesis
Destination routing. In telecommunications, destination routing is a methodology for selecting sequential pathways that messages must pass through to reach a target destination, based on a single destination address. 

In electronic switching systems for circuit-based telephone calls, the destination stations are identified by a station address or more commonly, a telephone number.

Description
The telephone network comprises various classes of switching systems. An end office switch connects directly to the stations. It knows which circuit to activate (ring) when given a destination number. Other switches in the network are for transport only. These are sometimes called tandem switches.  In this case, the goal of destination routing would be to select an outbound span for a particular destination number. The objective is to get a continuous signal path from the starting location of the caller to the ending location of the called party.

References

Telephone exchanges
Telecommunications engineering