omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Personoid. Personoid is the concept coined by Stanisław Lem, a Polish science-fiction writer, in Non Serviam, from his book A Perfect Vacuum (1971). His personoids are an abstraction of functions of human mind and they live in computers; they do not need any human-like physical body. 

In cognitive and software modeling, personoid is a research approach to the development of intelligent autonomous agents.
In frame of the IPK (Information, Preferences, Knowledge) architecture, it is a framework of abstract intelligent agent with a  cognitive and structural intelligence. It can be seen as an essence of high intelligent entities.

From the philosophical and systemics perspectives, personoid societies can also be seen as the carriers of a culture. According to N. Gessler, the personoids study can be a base for the research on artificial culture and culture evolution.

Personoids on TV and cinema
 Welt am Draht (1973)
 The Thirteenth Floor (1999)

See also
 Android
 Humanoid
 Intelligence
 Artificial Intelligence
 Culture
 Computer Science
 Cognitive Science
 Anticipatory science
 Memetics

References
 Stanisław Lem's book Próżnia Doskonała (1971). The collection of book reviews of nonexistent books. Translated into English by Michael Kandel as A Perfect Vacuum (1983).
 Personetics.
 Personoids Organizations Framework: An Approach to Highly Autonomous Software Architectures , ENEA Report (1998).
 Paradigms of Personoids, Adam M. Gadomski 1997 .
 Computer Models of Cultural Evolution. Nicholas Gessler. In EVOLUTION IN THE COMPUTER AGE - Proceedings of the Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life, edited by David B. and Gary B. Fogel. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts (2002).
Hypothetical technology
Computing terminology
Fiction about computing
Scientific method
Artificial intelligence
Berkovich tip. A Berkovich tip is a type of nanoindenter tip used for testing the indentation hardness of a material. It is a three-sided pyramid which is geometrically self-similar. The popular Berkovich now has a very flat profile, with a total included angle of 142.3° and a half angle of 65.27°, measured from the axis to one of the pyramid flats. This Berkovich tip has the same projected area-to-depth ratio as a Vickers indenter. The original tip shape was invented by Russian scientist E. S. Berkovich in the USSR around 1950, which has a half angle of 65.03°.

As it is three-sided, it is easier to grind these tips to a sharp point and so is more readily employed for nanoindentation tests. It is typically used to measure bulk materials and films greater than  thick.

References 

Hardness tests
Soviet inventions
Russian inventions
Lone Star Infrastructure. Lone Star Infrastructure (LSI) is an American consortium of major highway construction contractors and civil engineering firms that was awarded a Comprehensive Development Agreement by the Texas Department of Transportation to design and build State Highway 130.

Member companies

 Fluor Daniel
 Balfour Beatty Construction, Inc.
 T.J. Lambrecht Construction, Inc.
 DMJM + HARRIS (a subsidiary of AECOM)
 Dr. Dan Zollinger
 S&B Infrastructure, Ltd.
 Southwest Strategies Group, Inc.
 SWG&M Advertising, Inc.
 Hicks & Company
 TBE Group, Inc.
 VMS, Inc.
 Austin Road & Bridge
 Raba Kistner Consultants, Inc.
 Jones Bros., Inc.
 Bridgefarmer & Associates, Inc.
 Macias & Associates, Inc.
 O.R. Colan Associates, Inc.
 Dr. Dallas Little, P.E.
 CTL/Thompson, Inc.

Environmental considerations
In June, 2007, LSI was granted Gold Level certification by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality for its participation in the Clean Texas program. To obtain material for the construction of SH 130, LSI negotiated to recycle the asphalt runways at the retired Mueller Airport in Austin, Texas, reducing the amount of virgin material needed for the project by over 250,000 tons and reducing the amount of material sent to a landfill. In addition, LSI installed numerous bat boxes beneath the decks of the new SH 130 bridges to support Mexican free-tailed bat colonies.

References

External links
About LSI from the official SH 130 website

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in Texas
James S. Harris. James S. Harris is a scientist and engineer and fellow of IEEE, American Physical Society and Optical Society of America. His research primarily deals with optoelectronic devices and semiconductor material research. 

Since 1982, he is the James and Elenor Chesebrough Professor of Electrical Engineering, Applied Physics and Material Science at Stanford University.

Harris was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2011 for contributions to epitaxial growth of compound semiconductor materials and their applications.

Education 
Harris completed his BS (1964), MS (1965), and PhD (1969) – all in electrical engineering – from Stanford University.

Career 
Prior to joining the Stanford department of electrical engineering in 1982, James Harris was with Rockwell International Science Center, where he held various positions from technical staff member to director optoelectronics research.

Research 
Harris’ research interests are in the areas of new electronic and optoelectronic device structures created by heterojunctions, quantum wells, superlattices and nanostructured materials. He has carried out research on novel semiconductor materials and their growth at atomic level dimensions for the past 50 years.

Harris has been issued approximately 37 patents as of this publication (2019).

Awards 
1988 IEEE Fellow
1992 American Physical Society Fellow
2005 Optical Society of America Fellow
2000 IEEE Third Millennium Medal
2000 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award
2009 Materials Research Society Fellow
2011 Member of National Academy of Engineering
2013 Aristotle Award, Semiconductor Research Corp
2014 Alfred Y. Cho MBE Award, International MBE Conference
2023 IEEE Jun-ichi Nishizawa Medal

References 

Living people
Fellows of Optica (society)
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century American physicists
Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bellanca Skyrocket II. The Bellanca 19-25 Skyrocket II was a prototype light airplane built in the United States in the 1970s.  Despite its advanced design and exceptionally good performance, it never achieved certification or entered production.

Development 
The aircraft was the result of Giuseppe Bellanca's son, August Thomas Bellanca. Bellanca formed the Bellanca Aircraft Engineering Inc. company in Scott Depot, West Virginia to develop a new design conceived in 1957.  The Skyrocket II was a six-seat, low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional layout with retractable tricycle landing gear.  It was made of composite materials, an advanced feature for its time, and test flying proved it to be fast. In 1975, within months of its first flight, the prototype claimed five world airspeed records for piston aircraft in its class. Three still stand in 2022:

Class C-1c (takeoff weight 1000 to 1750 kg): average 296 miles/hour on a 500-km circuit

Class C-1d (weight 1750 to 3000 kg): average 326 mph on a 500-km circuit and 314 mph on a 1000-km circuit

The aircraft attracted the attention of NASA, which conducted an aerodynamic analysis of the design, investigating natural laminar flow as a factor of its high performance.

Plans to produce the aircraft commercially were scrapped due to the downturn in the civil aviation market in the United States in the early 1980s. In the mid-1990s, the design was developed into a kit and sold as the Skyrocket III to help fund a new certification programme. The Skyrocket III features greater speed, payload and range and was re-engineered for modular construction. By 1998 eleven kits had been delivered, but it is uncertain if any were completed and flown.

Surviving aircraft 
The prototype Skyrocket II was displayed at the Delaware Aviation Museum in Georgetown, Delaware, but later moved to the Bellanca Airfield Museum in New Castle, Delaware.

Specifications (Skyrocket II)

References

 
 
 "Bellanca SkyRocket back on launch pad" Flight International April 12, 1996.
 Wynbrandt, James. "AviaBellanca SkyRocket gets Orenda power" General Aviation News August 7, 1998.
 
 Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records page for this aircraft
 Summary of NASA test programme

Skyrocket II
1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1975
AETHRA Componentes Automotivos. AETHRA is a Brazilian company, founded in 1974 in Minas Gerais, that applies technology to develop and manufacture automotive systems to the global market.

AETHRA is present in the industrial sector over 30 years. Since early foundation, Hammer Indústria de Autopeças Ltda, started to produce stamped components, establishing as auto parts supplier in the Brazilian market. With increasing market demands, AETHRA expanded to new units to meet both the development of automotive components for new Auto vehicles, and the manufacture of tooling for the production of stamped components.

Emerging from such intensive investments, AETHRA became one of the largest tooling construction companies in Latin America, also including surface parts, and has attained in the manufacturing of stamped components either small, medium and large-sized, also AETHRA began to supply assemblies and develop new products, promoting the continuous growth of its activities in engineering, tooling and mass production expansion.

In 2003, AETHRA has included in its production the assembly of complete truck cabins. AETHRA has become major player in vehicle development in the Brazilian market, offering everything from engineering services with modern CAD / CAM / CAE workstations, as well as in the construction of soft-toolings, prototypes, 5D laser cutting, development of final tooling, welding lines, assembling and mass production with JIT logistics in several automotive production poles in Brazil.

External links
 Official website

Automotive companies of Brazil
Companies based in Minas Gerais
Brazilian brands
Praga BH-111. The Praga BH-111 was a sportsplane of Czechoslovakia, designed and built specifically to compete in Challenge 1932, the European touring plane championships. It was a two-seater low-wing  monoplane.

Design and development

The plane was designed by Pavel Beneš and Miroslav Hajn, hence BH letters. Only three aircraft were built, they carried registrations OK-BAH, OK-BEH and OK-BIH.

Operational history
All three aircraft took part in the Challenge 1932. They took average places, the 16th (Josef Kalla) and 21st (František Klepš) for 43 aircraft. The third pilot Karel Mareš has not finished. In a technical evaluation, BH-111s scored the 4th result from 17 aircraft types taking part in the Challenge.

After the Challenge, they were used as touring aircraft in aero clubs. In 1935 they took part in a rally in Italy, taking the 5th and 27th place for 77 crews.

Description
Mixed construction low-wing monoplane, wing braced with short struts and wire. Fuselage of a steel frame, covered with canvas. Rectangular wings with rounded ends, of wooden construction, canvas covered, fitted with automatic slats and flaps. Wings were folding rearwards. Cab had two seats in tandem, with twin controls, under a common multi-part canopy. Fixed landing gear with a rear skid, main gear with aerodynamic covers. Inline engine in a fuselage nose, two-blade propeller.

Specifications (BH-111)

See also

References

Further reading

 

1930s Czechoslovak sport aircraft
BH-111
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Knowledge Engineering Environment. Knowledge Engineering Environment (KEE) is a frame-based development tool for expert systems. It was developed and sold by IntelliCorp, and was first released in 1983. It ran on Lisp machines, and was later ported to Lucid Common Lisp with the CLX library, an X Window System (X11) interface for Common Lisp. This version was available on several different UNIX workstations.

On KEE, several extensions were offered:

 Simkit, a frame-based simulation library
 KEEconnection, database connection between the frame system and relational databases

In KEE, frames are called units. Units are used for both individual instances and classes. Frames have slots and slots have facets. Facets can describe, for example, a slot's expected values, its working value, or its inheritance rule. Slots can have multiple values. Behavior can be implemented using a message passing model.

KEE provides an extensive graphical user interface (GUI) to create, browse, and manipulate frames.

KEE also includes a frame-based rule system. In the KEE knowledge base, rules are frames. Both forward chaining and backward chaining inference are available.

KEE supports non-monotonic reasoning through the concepts of worlds. Worlds allow providing alternative slot-values of frames. Through an assumption-based truth or reason maintenance system, inconsistencies can be detected and analyzed.

ActiveImages allows graphical displays to be attached to slots of Units. Typical examples are buttons, dials, graphs, and histograms. The graphics are also implemented as Units via KEEPictures, a frame-based graphics library.

See also
 Expert system
 Frame language
 Inference engine
 IntelliCorp (software)
 Knowledge base
 Knowledge-based system
 Knowledge representation

References

External links
 An Assessment of Tools for Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems

Knowledge engineering
Knowledge representation
Common Lisp (programming language) software
Grays Harbor Biodiesel Plant. Grays Harbor Biodiesel Plant is the second largest biodiesel production facility in the United States, with an annual capacity of  per year. The facility is sited on a  parcel of land at the Port of Grays Harbor, Washington.

The site includes eight main tanks, which can hold  each, and two reserves that can each hold . The facility is "feedstock agnostic," meaning it can create biodiesel from numerous different feedstocks, even simultaneously. The majority of their oil comes from canola oil and soybean oil grown in Canada and Washington.

In 2006, the National Biodiesel Board estimates that more than  of biodiesel were consumed in the U.S., up from 75,000,000 in 2005.

Like other biodiesel production facilities around the country, the Imperium plant has been hit hard by the economic downturn and the drastic changes in the cost of petroleum fuels and biodiesel feedstocks. In early 2008 Imperium cut staff from the high of 107; again in March 2009 a further reduction brought the staff to 24.
 . 

In 2015, the plant was acquired by Renewable Energy Group, at which point the plant had 39 employees. Later that year, Renewable Energy Group added a new decanter and increased its production to  in 2016.

References

Power stations in Washington (state)
Biofuel power stations in the United States
Oil refineries in Washington
Biodiesel producers
Buildings and structures in Grays Harbor County, Washington
Energy infrastructure in Washington (state)
Bellanca Aries. The Bellanca T-250 Aries was a light airplane built in the United States in the early 1970s, which achieved only limited production. Designed by Marvin Greenwood in Texas while his company, Anderson-Greenwood, owned the Bellanca name, it was offered as a Bellanca product. It was a conventional low-wing monoplane with retractable tricycle undercarriage and a high T-tail.  Federal Aviation Administration type certification was obtained on 28 July 1976.

Variants
T-250 Aires
AG-250 Aires

Specifications

References

 
  
 
 Bellanca T-250 sales brochure

1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Aires
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1973
T-tail aircraft
NER Class Y. The North Eastern Railway (NER) Class Y (LNER Class A7) 4-6-2T tank locomotives were designed whilst Wilson Worsdell was Chief Mechanical Engineer, but none were built until 1910 by which time Vincent Raven had taken over.

Overview
The Class Y locomotives were intended for hauling coal trains and were developed from the NER Class X (LNER Class T1) 4-8-0T heavy shunters. However, they had larger boilers and smaller cylinders for higher working speeds. Twenty were built in one batch and numbered between 1113 and 1195. Originally built with saturated boilers pressed to , seven locomotives were later fitted with boilers equipped with superheaters and pressed to .

All twenty locomotives passed to the London and North Eastern Railway at the 1923 Grouping. The LNER left the NER's locomotive numbers unchanged, but raised the boiler pressure of the saturated locomotives to . They also fitted ten more locomotives with the 160 lbf/in2 superheated boilers that the LNER classified as diagram 55.

By the time the A7s entered LNER ownership in 1923, the A7s had been relegated to shunting in the larger marshalling yards. Their power was invaluable when shunting heavy trains over the shunting hump.  In the 1930s, Nos. 1136 and 1175 were allocated to hauling chalk quarry trains from Hessle Quarry to Stoneferry Cement Works, in the Hull area.

Heavy mineral traffic declined after the end of World War II, and the A7s moved to the Hull area, except for Nos. 1181 and 1192 which stayed at Stockton. At Hull, the A7s replaced the old Hull and Barnsley Railway (H&BR) types which were being withdrawn at that time.

During LNER ownership in the 1940s, two locomotives were rebuilt with diagram 63B superheated boilers pressed to 175 lbf/in2; the locomotives were then assigned to Class A7/1.

In the LNER 1946 renumbering scheme, the class received the 9770 to 9789 block; at nationalisation in 1948 all 20 locomotives passed to British Railways they were assigned the numbers 69770–69789, although the last locomotive was withdrawn before it was renumbered.

BR continued the rebuilding scheme, dealing with another 13 locomotives, although one received a diagram 63B saturated boiler and one a diagram 63C superheated one. Both were pressed to 175 lbf/in2.

Withdrawal
The A7s were withdrawn between 1951 and 1957 and none have survived into preservation.

Fleet list

References

External links
LNER Encyclopedia

Y
4-6-2T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1910
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Passenger locomotives
USS Hawk. Several ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Hawk, after the hawk, a bird of prey related to the falcon family, noted for its swiftness and grace in flight.

 , was the converted yacht Hermione, purchased by the US Navy 2 April 1898, and served in various capacities until being sold in 1940
 , was the converted trawler Gale acquired by the US Navy 1 January 1942 and sold in May 1944
 , was launched as YMS-362 on 22 May 1943 and served as a minesweeper until being struck from the Naval Register 17 October 1957
 USS Hawk (AM-400), was under construction but her contract was canceled on 12 August 1945

United States Navy ship names
Bartel BM 2. The Bartel BM 2, originally Bartel M.2 was a Polish biplane primary trainer aircraft prototype of 1926.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed by Ryszard Bartel, a chief designer of Samolot factory in Poznań. It was the first Polish design of a trainer plane. Initially it was known as Bartel M.2, then BM 2 (M was for designer's wife Maryla). The prototype was flown on 7 December 1926 in Poznań. In June 1927 it was shown at the first Aviation Exhibition in Warsaw.  It was tested in 1927 and evaluated as quite good, but it was not built in series, because Bartel decided to design an improved aircraft, which resulted in the Bartel BM 4 trainer, which was produced in quantity. After flight testing, the prototype was removed from service.

A distinguishing feature of the BM 2 and all Bartels was an upper wing of a shorter span, because the lower and upper wing halves were interchangeable (i.e. the lower wingspan included the width of the fuselage).  Also Bartel put a stress on standardizing the construction materials used: steel pipes, metal sheet etc., in order to make production and repairs easier. A distinguishing feature of the BM 2 was the upper wing directly over the lower wing - unstaggered wings, while in later Bartel designs, the wings incorporate forward stagger - where the upper wing is mounted ahead of the lower wing.

Description
Wooden construction biplane, conventional in layout.  Fuselage rectangular in cross-section, plywood-covered (engine section - metal covered). Rectangular two-spar wings, plywood- and canvas-covered. Crew of two, sitting in tandem in open cockpits, with individual windshields. Cockpits with twin controls, the instructor seated aft.  Fixed landing gear, with a rear skid (main gear with a common axle, sprung with a rubber rope). Radial engine in the fuselage nose, without a cowling.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Photo and drawings
Ugolok Neba site (in Russian)

1920s Polish civil trainer aircraft
1920s Polish military trainer aircraft
BM-2
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
USS Hawk (AM-133). USS Hawk (AM-133) was a  of the United States Navy during World War II.

Built in 1937 as the steel-hulled fishing trawler MV Gale by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Co. of Quincy, Massachusetts, for the General Sea Foods Corp., Boston, Massachusetts.

She was acquired by the Navy on 1 January 1942. Conversion to a minesweeper began on 8 January 1942 at the Bethlehem Steel Co., East Boston, Massachusetts. Renamed Hawk on 21 January 1942, she completed conversion and was commissioned on 23 May 1942.

Hawk was assigned to the 1st Naval District and was based at the Boston Section Base. She performed general minesweeping duties near Boston, Massachusetts, and in mid-1943 was assigned to the Northern Ship Lane Patrol.

Hawk was decommissioned on 1 May 1944, struck from the Navy Register on 16 September 1944 and sold. Her fate is unknown.

References

External links
 NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Hawk (AM 133)

Hawk-class minesweepers
World War II mine warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1937 ships