omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Siavash Alamouti. Siavash Alamouti is an Iranian-born business executive, and entrepreneur. and electrical engineer. He is the Executive Vice President of Innovation R&D at Wells Fargo, and the executive chairman of Mimik Technology, Inc. He is known for the 1998 invention of the Alamouti's code, a type of space–time block code.

Early life and education
Siavash Alamouti was born on March 16, 1962, in Tehran, Iran. He graduated from Kharazmi Highschool in 1979. He attended Sharif University of Technology in 1980 for one year, and was expelled during the Iranian Cultural Revolution. Alamouti received B.A.Sc. (1989) and M.A.Sc. (1992) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of British Columbia.

He holds dual citizenship of Canada and the United States.

Alamouti started his professional career at MPR Teltech, part of BC Telephone Company (now Telus) in Vancouver, where he worked on early mobile data protocols, including cellular digital packet data (CDPD).

Career 

In 1995, he joined McCaw Cellular (now AT&T Wireless) as a Senior Scientist where he worked on the physical and MAC layer design of United States’ first commercial OFDM/MIMO system, known as Project Angel. He worked at several other companies prior to 2004, including Vivato, Cadence, McCaw Cellular, and MPR Teltech. He was an Intel Fellow and the CTO of Mobile Wireless Group at Intel, starting in 2004. Alamouti supported Intel's Mobile WiMAX technology.

Siavash Alamouti was the Group R&D Director at Vodafone Group from March 2010 until 2013.

He was awarded the 2022 Marconi Prize.

Alamouti's code 
He invented a 2xN MIMO scheme which today is referred to as the Alamouti's code (or Alamouti code). Alamouti’s October 1998 paper in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications (volume 16, number 8) was selected by IEEE Communication Society for publication in, The Best of the Best: Fifty Years of Communications and Networking Research (2007).

Alamouti's code provided some inspiration for the development of more valuable and general Space Time Block Codes by others, including Nambirajan Seshadri, Vahid Tarokh, Robert Calderbank, and Hamid Jafarkhani. Tarokh, Jafarkhani and Alamouti received the 2013 IEEE Eric E. Sumner award "For contributions to block signaling for multiple antennas".

References

Iranian emigrants to the United States
Iranian engineers
21st-century Iranian inventors
Living people
Iranian chief technology officers
Iranian expatriate academics
1962 births
Justsystem Pittsburgh Research Center. Also known as Just Research, Justsystem Pittsburgh Research Center (JPRC) was a late-1990s computer science research laboratory in Pittsburgh, loosely associated with Carnegie Mellon University. Its director was Dr. Scott Fahlman.

During its relatively brief existence, from May 1996 to July 2000, JPRC performed work in machine vision, text classification and summarization, programming environments and user interface design.

Just Research researchers included:

 Dr Vibhu Mittal
 Dr Andrew McCallum
 Mr Mark Kantrowitz
 Dr Mikako Harada
 Mr Paul Gleichauf
 Dr Rahul Sukthankar
 Dr Michael Witbrock
 Mr Antoine Brusseau
 Dr Shumeet Baluja
 Mrs Keiko Hasegawa
 Dr Dayne Freitag
 Dr Rich Caruana
 Dr David "Pablo" Cohn

See also
 JustSystems

References

Research institutes in Pennsylvania
Computer science institutes in the United States
Carnegie Mellon University
1996 establishments in Pennsylvania
2000 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Anti-halation backing. An anti-halation backing is a layer found in many photographic films—and almost all film intended for motion picture cameras—usually a coating on the back of the film base, though it is sometimes incorporated between the light-sensitive emulsion and the base. Its purpose is to absorb light that passes through the emulsion, thus preventing any light from being reflected back through the emulsion from the rear surface of the base, or from anything behind the film, such as the pressure plate of the camera. This prevents a halo-like effect (halation) from forming around bright points or edges in the image. 

Still cameras, which handle less film and thus contend with less wear, typically hold their film in the gate with components painted or treated to be black, so reflections are less of an issue and few still films made use of anti-halation backings. The notable exception was Kodak's Kodachrome, which incorporated such a backing to aid with a very sensitive innermost layer.

The anti-halation layer is rendered transparent or washed out during processing of the film, for example, the K-14 process for Kodachrome still film and the Eastman Color Negative (ECN2) process for color motion picture film both have steps which remove this layer.

The lack of an anti-halation layer in Kodak High-Speed Infrared (HIE) film caused the ethereal "glowing" effect often associated with infrared photography, rather than an artifact of IR itself.

Motion pictures 
This effect is particularly pronounced in motion picture cameras. These cameras are subject to the constant motion of film being dragged through the film gate, so most motion picture cameras have film movements made or plated with wear-resistant alloys such as hard chrome. Given such a relatively reflective pressure plate behind the film, many motion picture films use an anti-halation (and anti-static) backing. Different kinds of effects can be achieved by removing the anti-halation backing. Halation is one of the properties unique to analog film stock and isn't found in digital footage unless modified in post-production. Despite anti-halation backing, most film stock still renders a slight red halo around the brightest elements in a picture, where the incoming light is so strong that it cannot fully be absorbed by the anti-halation backing, and instead is scattered back into the red layer of the stock, creating additional, halo-like exposure in that particular layer, before it gets fully absorbed.

Halation can be digitally imitated to some degree, as shown below:

References

Photography equipment
Load balancing. Load balancing or load distribution may refer to:
Load balancing (computing), balancing a workload among multiple computer devices
Load balancing (electrical power), the storing of excess electrical power by power stations during low demand periods, for release as demand rises
Network load balancing, balancing network traffic across multiple links
Weight distribution, the apportioning of weight within a vehicle, especially cars, airplanes, and watercraft
Production leveling, a prerequisite to allow 'flow' in the factory
Resource leveling, a group of techniques for distribution of a workload between workers.
Dioctyl sebacate. Dioctyl sebacate (also di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, commonly abbreviated as DOS, DEHS, and BEHS) is an organic compound which is the diester of sebacic acid and 2-ethylhexanol.

It is an oily colorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer, including in the explosive C4. It has also found use in Dot 5 brake fluid, in ester-based engine oils and additives, as seed particle for particle image velocimetry (PIV) and as a model compound that forms stable aerosols.

References

Carboxylate esters
Plasticizers
2-Ethylhexyl esters
Cain and Abel (software). Cain and Abel (often abbreviated to Cain) was a password recovery tool for Microsoft Windows. It could recover many kinds of passwords using methods such as network packet sniffing, cracking various password hashes by using methods such as dictionary attacks, brute force and cryptanalysis attacks.
Cryptanalysis attacks were done via rainbow tables which could be generated with the winrtgen.exe program provided with Cain and Abel.
Cain and Abel was maintained by Massimiliano Montoro and Sean Babcock.

Features 
 WEP cracking
 Speeding up packet capture speed by wireless packet injection
 Ability to record VoIP conversations
 Decoding scrambled passwords
 Calculating hashes
 Traceroute
 Revealing password boxes
 Uncovering cached passwords
 Dumping protected storage passwords
 ARP spoofing
 IP to MAC Address resolver
 Network Password Sniffer
 LSA secret dumper
 Ability to crack:
 LM & NTLM hashes
 NTLMv2 hashes
 Microsoft Cache hashes
 Microsoft Windows PWL files
 Cisco IOS – MD5  hashes
 Cisco PIX – MD5 hashes
 APOP – MD5 hashes
 CRAM-MD5 MD5 hashes
 OSPF – MD5 hashes
 RIPv2 MD5 hashes
 VRRP – HMAC hashes
 Virtual Network Computing (VNC) Triple DES
 MD2 hashes
 MD4 hashes
 MD5 hashes
 SHA-1 hashes
 SHA-2 hashes
 RIPEMD-160 hashes
 Kerberos 5 hashes
 RADIUS shared key hashes
 IKE PSK hashes
 MSSQL hashes
 MySQL hashes
 Oracle and SIP hashes

Status with virus scanners 
Some virus scanners (and browsers, e.g. Google Chrome 20.0.1132.47) detect Cain and Abel as malware.

Avast! detects it as "Win32:Cain-B [Tool]" and classifies it as "Other potentially dangerous program", while Microsoft Security Essentials detects it as "Win32/Cain!4_9_14" and classifies it as "Tool: This program has potentially unwanted behavior."
Even if Cain's install directory, as well as the word "Cain", are added to Avast's exclude list, the real-time scanner has been known to stop Cain from functioning. However, the latest version of Avast no longer blocks Cain.

Symantec (the developer of the Norton family of computer security software) identified a buffer overflow vulnerability in version 4.9.24 that allowed for remote code execution in the event the application was used to open a large RDP file, as might occur when using the program to analyze network traffic. The vulnerability had been present in the previous version (4.9.23) as well and was patched in a subsequent release.

See also 
 Black-hat hacker
 White-hat hacker
 Hacker (computer security)
 Password cracking
 Aircrack-ng
 Crack
 DaveGrohl
 Hashcat
 John the Ripper
 L0phtCrack
 Ophcrack
 RainbowCrack

References

External links 
 
 

Windows-only freeware
Password cracking software
Windows security software
Network analyzers
Windows network-related software
Atomic mirror. In physics, an atomic mirror is a device which reflects neutral atoms in a way similar to the way a conventional mirror reflects visible light. Atomic mirrors can be made of electric fields or magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves or just silicon wafer; in the last case, atoms are reflected by the attracting tails of the van der Waals attraction (see quantum reflection). Such reflection is efficient when the normal component of the wavenumber of the atoms is small or comparable to the effective depth of the attraction potential (roughly, the distance at which the potential becomes comparable to the kinetic energy of the atom). To reduce the normal component, most atomic mirrors are blazed at the grazing incidence.  

At grazing incidence, the efficiency of the quantum reflection can be enhanced by a surface covered with ridges (ridged mirror).

The set of narrow ridges reduces the van der Waals attraction of atoms to the surfaces and enhances the reflection.  Each ridge blocks part of the wavefront, causing Fresnel diffraction.

Such a mirror can be interpreted in terms of the Zeno effect.
We may assume that the atom is "absorbed" or "measured" at the ridges. Frequent measuring (narrowly spaced ridges) suppresses the transition of the particle to the half-space with absorbers, causing specular reflection. At large separation  between thin ridges, the reflectivity of the ridged mirror is determined by dimensionless momentum , and does not depend on the origin of the wave; therefore, it is suitable for reflection of atoms.

Applications

Atomic interferometry

See also

Quantum reflection
Ridged mirror
Zeno effect
Atomic nanoscope
Atom laser

References

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
HRB. HRB may refer to:

 HRB (gene)
 HRB Systems, an American defense contractor
 Boeing HRB-1, a helicopter
 Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (Croatian: )
 FBI Human Resources Branch, US
 H&R Block, NYSE symbol
 Harbin Taiping International Airport,  Heilongjiang, China
 Health Research Board, Ireland
 House of Responsibility, in Hitler's birth house, Braunau am Inn, Germany
 HRB, a Rockwell scale of materials' hardness
Remote Function Call. Remote Function Call is a proprietary SAP interface. Remote Function Call (RFC) is the standard SAP interface for communication between SAP systems. The RFC calls a function to be executed in a remote system. Remote function calls may be associated with SAP software and ABAP programming and provide a way for an external program (written in languages such as PHP, ASP, Java, C, or C++) to use data returned from the server. Data transactions can get data from the server, and can insert data into server records as well. SAP can act as the Client or Server in an RFC call.

Technical overview
A Remote Function Call (RFC) is the call or remote execution of a Remote Function Module in an external system.
In the SAP system, these functions are provided by the RFC interface system. The RFC interface system enables function calls between two SAP systems.
There are 3 different versions of RFC communication:

 The first version of RFC is synchronous RFC (sRFC).
 Transactional RFC (tRFC, also originally known as asynchronous RFC)
 Queued RFC (qRFC)

RFC interfaces
The RFC interface system is made up of the following interfaces:
Calling interface for ABAP programs
Each ABAP program can call a remote function module using the command CALL FUNCTION...DESTINATION. The parameter DESTINATION informs the SAP system that the called function module runs in a different system to the calling system. RFC communication with the remote system takes place as a part of the CALL FUNCTION command.
RFC function modules in an SAP system must be proper function modules and must be registered in the SAP system as remote.
If the calling program and the called program are both ABAP programs, the RFC interface provides both communication partners. The calling program can be any ABAP program, and the called program must be a function module that is registered as remote. 
Interfaces for calling non-ABAP programs

If either the calling program or the called partner is not an SAP program, it must be programmed in such a way that it can play the role of the other partner in RFC communication.

To implement RFC partner programs in non-SAP systems, read: Components of the SAP Communication Technology.

RFC-supported and GUI-supported interfaces can be used by external programs to call and execute function modules in SAP systems. Likewise, ABAP programs can also use these interfaces to use functions supplied by external programs.

Functions are remote-enabled by setting the "Remote-enabled module"-flag in the Attributes tab of the ABAP Workbench: Function Builder (transaction SE37).

SAPRFC
SAPRFC is an open source program for *NIX and Windows systems that allows PHP to make calls to an RFC-enabled SAP R/3 system.

See also
 ERP software
 ABAP
 SAP SE
 Oracle Call Interface

References

External links
PHP Development Forums in the SAP Developer Network
SAPRFC Open Source Project
Graphical RFC Connector

SAP SE
Remote procedure call
Faculty of Engineering of the University of Mons. The Faculty of Engineering of the University of Mons (, ) is a faculty of engineering at the University of Mons in the Wallonia region in Belgium.

Before the 2009 merger of the Faculté Polytechnique de Mons and the University of Mons-Hainaut, the FPMs was the oldest university of the city of Mons and the first civil Engineering school in Belgium (1836). Its first name was École des Mines (Mining School). It is a member of the Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) network, an association of 50 leading engineering schools and faculties in Europe. On 1 January 2009 the Engineering Faculty of Mons and the University of Mons-Hainaut merged into a new university called the University of Mons (UMons).

The Faculty organizes a five-year course and delivers the Engineering (Ir.) and Master of Science (MSc.) degree. An Applied Sciences Doctoral degree (Dr.) is also available at the FPMs.

Teaching
As of 2005 there were 1200 students at the faculty, with 170 diplomas issued per year. Diplomas offered at the faculty include:
BSc. in engineering
MSc. in engineering (Architecture, Chemistry, Electricity, Computer Science and Management, Mechanics, Mining and Geology).
Dr. in Applied Sciences

Research
Research teams at the faculty work in 25 laboratories over four research centres: Multitel, Materia Nova, Inisma, and CETIC.

International partnerships

The faculty has 50 Erasmus partners, and 25 direct partnerships with foreign universities. It is a member of the TIME network, and offers double degrees with institutes including:
 Technische Universität Wien
 Ecole Centrale de Lille
 Ecole Centrale de Lyon
 Ecole Centrale de Marseille
 Ecole Centrale de Nantes
 École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
 École supérieure d'électricité
 Politecnico di Milano
 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Notes and references

See also
 Science and technology in Wallonia
 University Foundation
 Initialis Science Park
 Science Parks of Wallonia

External links
 Official web site
 TCTS Lab, FPMs

Defunct universities and colleges in Belgium
University of Mons
Educational institutions established in 1837
1837 establishments in Belgium
Engineering universities and colleges in Belgium
Photo instrumentation. Photo instrumentation refers to recording information of a diagnostic nature via a photographic process.  The information recorded is usually used to determine the motion of a particular object through the camera's field of view. The camera is typically a high-speed still camera, or motion picture and video cameras, or other specialized devices.

Applications
One of today's most common applications is the car crash test.  Measurements of the object's position in successive pictures provide the object's motion.  The time interval between the pictures is also known, and so the object's speed and direction can be determined.  Information on the object's motion, combined with its known physical characteristics, such as size and weight, allows calculation of many parameters including velocity and force for any desired points within the image.  The motion of individual elements of an object can also be determined.  The "photo instrumentation" provides both quantitative (numeric) and qualitative (descriptive) information that helps the observer understand the event.

Similar techniques have been used to study how hummingbirds hover.

Instrumentation
Cameras range from conventional single picture cameras to 'movie cameras' that take over 2 million pictures per second. Specialized optics, illuminations, and films are used to record images of things that the eye cannot see such as movement of air, surface temperature of objects, and stress patterns. Cameras can be used in environments where humans cannot go.

References

Photographic processes
Q10 (temperature coefficient). {{DISPLAYTITLE:Q10 (temperature coefficient)}}

The Q10 temperature coefficient is a measure of temperature sensitivity based on the chemical reactions.

The Q10 is calculated as:

 

where;  
 R is the rate
 T is the temperature in Celsius degrees or kelvin.

Rewriting this equation, the assumption behind Q10 is that the reaction rate R depends exponentially on temperature:

 

Q10 is a unitless quantity, as it is the factor by which a rate changes, and is a useful way to express the temperature dependence of a process.

For most biological systems, the Q10 value is ~ 2 to 3.

In muscle performance

The temperature of a muscle has a significant effect on the velocity and power of the muscle contraction, with performance generally declining with decreasing temperatures and increasing with rising temperatures. The Q10 coefficient represents the degree of temperature dependence a muscle exhibits as measured by contraction rates. A Q10 of 1.0 indicates thermal independence of a muscle whereas an increasing Q10 value indicates increasing thermal dependence. Values less than 1.0 indicate a negative or inverse thermal dependence, i.e., a decrease in muscle performance as temperature increases.

Q10 values for biological processes vary with temperature. Decreasing muscle temperature results in a substantial decline of muscle performance such that a 10 degree Celsius temperature decrease results in at least a 50% decline in muscle performance. Persons who have fallen into icy water may gradually lose the ability to swim or grasp safety lines due to this effect, although other effects such as atrial fibrillation are a more immediate cause of drowning deaths. At some minimum temperature biological systems do not function at all, but performance increases with rising temperature (Q10 of 2-4) to a maximum performance level and thermal independence (Q10 of 1.0-1.5). With continued increase in temperature, performance decreases rapidly (Q10 of 0.2-0.8) up to a maximum temperature at which all biological function again ceases.

Within vertebrates, different skeletal muscle activity has correspondingly different thermal dependencies. The rate of muscle twitch contractions and relaxations are thermally dependent (Q10 of 2.0-2.5), whereas maximum contraction, e.g., tetanic contraction, is thermally independent.

Muscles of some ectothermic species. e.g., sharks, show less thermal dependence at lower temperatures than endothermic species

See also 
 Arrhenius equation
 Arrhenius plot
 Isotonic (exercise physiology)
 Isometric exercise
 Skeletal striated muscle
 Tetanic contraction

References 

Ecological metrics
Chemical kinetics
Crossing network. A crossing network is an alternative trading system (ATS) that matches buy and sell orders electronically for execution without first routing the order to an exchange or other public displayed market such as an electronic communication network (ECN).  Such crossing networks are a type of dark pool that employ computerized systems to match buyers and sellers of large blocks of shares without using a stock exchange. The advantage of the crossing network is the ability to execute a large block order without impacting the public quote and avoidance of market impact (i.e., the movements in a stock's price due to an investor's indication of interest).

These networks are often owned and operated by broker-dealers to match buyers and sellers of large blocks of shares. Depending on the particular broker-dealer's system and the type of securities traded (e.g., exchange-listed or OTC securities), these crosses could occur at various times during the day, or after the close of trading, and could be priced at the last sale price or some other objective price, such as the midpoint between the bid and offer or the volume weighted average price (VWAP).

Crossing networks tend to be used for highly liquid stocks and offer money managers the advantages of very low commissions, anonymity for the buying or selling, and avoidance of market impact. , examples of crossing networks included Liquidnet, Pipeline Trading Systems, ITG POSIT and Goldman Sachs' SIGMA X.

References

Financial markets