omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rise Technology. Rise Technology was a short lived microprocessor manufacturer that produced the Intel x86 MMX compatible mP6 processor. The mP6 was a microprocessor that was designed to perform a smaller number of types of computer instructions so that it can operate at a higher speed (perform more millions of instructions per second, or MIPS). 

The Santa Clara, California based company was started by David Lin in 1993 with funding from 15 Taiwanese investors, including UMC, ACER and VIA Technologies. After multiple company restructurings, the mP6 was announced at the end of 1998 and went into small production in 1999. The device was meant for the low-end, low-power segment of laptop computers. Finding itself unable to compete in the computing market with the larger vendors (Intel and AMD), Rise re-targeted itself to set-top boxes and internet appliances. Towards that goal, Rise licensed their cores to STMicroelectronics. The company was acquired by SiS at the end of 1999.

References

External links
 
 Rise Technology information on cpu-collection.de
 Rise PR266 PR333 on cpumuseum.jimdofree.com

1993 establishments in California
1999 disestablishments in California
American companies disestablished in 1999
American companies established in 1993
Computer companies disestablished in 1999
Computer companies established in 1993
Defunct companies based in California
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
CEMM. CEMM, for Compaq Expanded Memory Manager was the first so-called PC "memory manager" for Intel 80386 CPUs, able to provide expanded memory (EMS) emulation by using the virtual memory features and the virtual 8086 mode of the CPU.

It was present in Compaq DOS 3.10, shipping with the Compaq Deskpro 386 in September 1986.

Overview
In 1986, Compaq was the first vendor to ship a PC compatible computer with a 386 CPU, the Deskpro 386, and it was natural for them to develop solutions leveraging the specific features of their new hardware and in this case allowing existing EMS-compatible DOS programs to access all the memory.

The implementation was not without its drawbacks. Although CEMM was called an "expanded memory manager", it was really a tiny, protected mode, single tasking operating system kernel, also called a virtual machine monitor (VMM). It had to catch all the interrupts and all the exceptions, and to reflect them to the virtual machine where DOS ran. This slowed the machine down a little, increased the latency of interrupts and changed the behavior of DOS programs trying to execute invalid machine instructions. Implementing a VMM was not CEMM's raison d'etre, but EMS emulation required paging, and paging required protected mode. The only way to run existing real-mode DOS and BIOS code was therefore through a VMM.

Because CEMM put the CPU into protected mode, other programs (DOS extenders) could not do this anymore by themselves. A special API, the VCPI, had to be developed to allow running DOS extender programs. The first CEMM compatible with VCPI was 4.0, provided with Compaq DOS 4.01.

Compaq filed for a patent on the technology in 1987. The patent was granted in 1990 and probably expired in 2007. Compaq was the creator of this technology and the first company to use it. However, over time, QEMM and 386MAX became the standard packages. Windows/386 and later releases contained a built-in expanded memory manager (EMM386) available during Windows sessions and otherwise used for running multiple DOS virtual machines. MS-DOS 4.01 (in 1989) and DR-DOS 5.0 (in 1990) popularized the technology outside of the Windows context. Microsoft's EMM386 implementation was based on CEMM.

See also
 QEMM
 EMM386
 Real mode
 Unreal mode
 Protected mode
 Virtual 8086 mode
 Conventional memory
 Extended memory (XMS)
 Expanded memory (EMS)
 High Memory Area (HMA)
 Upper Memory Area (UMA)

References

External links
 - Software emulation of bank-switched memory using a virtual DOS monitor and paged memory management

Expanded memory managers
Kremer prize. The Kremer prizes are a series of monetary awards, established in 1959 by the industrialist Henry Kremer.

Royal Aeronautical Society Human Powered Flight Group 
The Royal Aeronautical Society's "Man Powered Aircraft Group" was formed in 1959 by the members of the Man Powered Group of the College of Aeronautics at Cranfield when they were invited to join the Society. Its title was changed from "Man" to "Human" in 1988 because of the many successful flights made by female pilots.

Under the auspices of the Society, in 1959 the industrialist Henry Kremer offered the first Kremer prizes, of £5,000 for the first human-powered aircraft to fly a figure-of-eight course round two markers half-a-mile apart. It was conditional that the designer, entrant pilot, place of construction and flight must all be British. In 1973 Kremer increased the prize to £50,000 and opened it to all nationalities, to stimulate interest.

The first Kremer prize of £50,000 was won on 23 August 1977 by Dr. Paul MacCready when his Gossamer Condor, piloted by Bryan Allen, was the first human-powered aircraft to fly a figure eight around two markers one half mile apart, starting and ending the course at least  above the ground.

The second Kremer prize, of £100,000, was won on 12 June 1979, again by Paul MacCready, when Bryan Allen flew MacCready's Gossamer Albatross from England to France.

A Kremer prize of £20,000 for speed was won in 1984 by a design team of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for flying their MIT Monarch B craft on a triangular  course in under three minutes (for an average speed of ). Further segments of a total prize pot of £100,000 were to be awarded for every improvement in speed of at least 5%; the next segment was won in the MacCready Bionic Bat with a flight of 163.28 seconds on 18 July 1984, piloted by Parker MacCready. The third segment was won by Holger Rochelt flying Musculair 1 designed by Günther Rochelt. The fourth segment was won on 2 December 1984, with a flight of 143.08 seconds in the MacCready Bionic Bat piloted by Bryan Allen. The fifth and final segment was won with a flight of 122.01 seconds by Holger Rochelt flying Musculair 2, after which the prize competition was withdrawn by the Royal Aeronautical Society on grounds of safety.

There are currently three Kremer Prizes that have not yet been awarded, for a total of £150,000:
 26 mile Marathon course in under an hour (£50,000),
 Sporting aircraft challenge stressing maneuverability (£100,000),
 Local challenge that is limited to youth groups (under 18 years) in the UK.

See also
 List of engineering awards
 Sikorsky Prize

References

External links
 Royal Aeronautical Society Human Powered Flight Group
Human-powered aircraft
Aerospace engineering awards
British science and technology awards
Awards established in 1959
Royal Aeronautical Society
KT (energy). kT (also written as kBT) is the product of the Boltzmann constant, k (or kB), and the temperature, T. This product is used in physics as a scale factor for energy values in molecular-scale systems (sometimes it is used as a unit of energy), as the rates and frequencies of many processes and phenomena depend not on their energy alone, but on the ratio of that energy and kT, that is, on  (see Arrhenius equation, Boltzmann factor). For a system in equilibrium in canonical ensemble, the probability of the system being in state with energy E is proportional to 

More fundamentally, kT is the amount of heat required to increase the thermodynamic entropy of a system by k.

In physical chemistry, as kT often appears in the denominator of fractions (usually because of Boltzmann distribution), sometimes β =  is used instead of kT, turning  into .

RT
RT is the product of the molar gas constant, R, and the temperature, T. This product is used in physics and chemistry as a scaling factor for energy values in macroscopic scale (sometimes it is used as a pseudo-unit of energy), as many processes and phenomena depend not on the energy alone, but on the ratio of energy and RT, i.e. . The SI units for RT are joules per mole (J/mol).

It differs from kT only by a factor of the Avogadro constant, NA. Its dimension is energy or ML2T−2, expressed in SI units as joules (J):
kT =

References

Thermodynamics
Statistical mechanics
Oleyl alcohol. Oleyl alcohol , or cis-9-octadecen-1-ol, is an unsaturated fatty alcohol with the molecular formula  or the condensed structural formula .  It is a colorless oil, mainly used in cosmetics.

It can be produced by the hydrogenation of oleic acid esters by Bouveault–Blanc reduction, which avoids reduction of the C=C group (as would occur with usual catalytic hydrogenation). The required oleate esters are obtained from beef fat, fish oil, and, in particular, olive oil (from which it gains its name).   The original procedure was reported by Louis Bouveault in 1904 and subsequently refined.

It has uses as a nonionic surfactant, emulsifier, emollient and thickener in skin creams, lotions and many other cosmetic products including shampoos and hair conditioners. It has also been investigated as a carrier for delivering medications through the skin or mucous membranes; particularly the lungs.

See also
 Oleic acid - the corresponding fatty acid
 Oleylamine - the corresponding amine
 Oleamide - the corresponding amide

References

Fatty alcohols
Non-ionic surfactants
Cosmetics chemicals
Alkenols
List of TRS-80 clones. The following is a list of clones of Tandy's TRS-80 model I and III home computers:
 Aster CT-80 by Aster b.v. 
 DGT-100 and DGT-1000 by Digitus 
 D8000, D8001 and D8002 by Dismac 
 Komtek I by  Komtek Technologies  
 Le Guépard by  HBN Electronic Sa 
 LNW-80  by LNW Research 
 Max-80 by Lobo Systems 
 Meritum by Mera-Elzab 
 MTI Mod III Plus by Microcomputer Technology Inc.  
 CP-300 and CP-500 by Prológica 
 Pentasonic PROF 80 
 R1001 by Radionic  
 Sysdata Jr by Sysdata Eletrônica Ltda 
 Video Genie (also known as the "Dick Smith System-80" or the "PMC-80") by EACA 
Misedo 85 by Montex 
HT-1080Z School Computer (Híradástechnikai Szövetkezet, Hungary) 
SpotLight I (스포트라이트I) by Hanguk Sangyeok (한국상역)  
 Stolový Počítač SP830 by ZVT

References 
 

TRS-80 clones
TRS-80
TRS-80 clones
Modelling of General Systems. MGS (a General Model of Simulation) is a domain-specific language used for specification and simulation of dynamical systems with dynamical structure, developed at IBISC (Computer Science, Integrative Biology and Complex Systems) at Université d'Évry Val-d'Essonne (University of Évry). MGS is particularly aimed at modelling biological systems.

The MGS computational model is a generalisation of cellular automata, Lindenmayer systems, Paun systems and other computational formalisms inspired by chemistry and biology. It manipulates collections - sets of positions, filled with some values, in a lattice with a user-defined topology.

External links
Project home page

Simulation programming languages
Intergalactic Computer Network. Intergalactic Computer Network or Galactic Network (IGCN) was a computer networking concept similar to today's Internet.

J.C.R. Licklider, the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at The Pentagon's ARPA, used the term in the early 1960s to refer to a networking system he "imagined as an electronic commons open to all, 'the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.'" An office memorandum he sent to his colleagues in 1963 was addressed to "Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network". As head of IPTO from 1962 to 1964, "Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in information technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking."

Licklider first learned about time-sharing from Christopher Strachey at the inaugural UNESCO Information Processing Conference in Paris in 1959. 

By the late 1960s, his promotion of the concept had inspired a primitive version of his vision called ARPANET. ARPANET expanded into a network of networks in the 1970s that became the Internet.

See also
History of the Internet

References

Further reading

Wide area networks
Texts related to the history of the Internet
Bryan Allen (hang glider). Bryan Lewis Allen (born October 13, 1952) is an American self-taught hang glider pilot and cyclist. He achieved fame when he piloted (and provided the human power for) the two aircraft that won the first two Kremer prizes for human-powered flight: the Gossamer Condor (1977; the first human-powered aircraft that met the specified criteria of the first Kremer prize) and Gossamer Albatross (1979; the first human-powered aircraft to cross the English Channel). He later set world distance and duration records in a small pedal-powered blimp named "White Dwarf."

Biography
Allen graduated from Tulare Union High School in Tulare, California. He then attended the College of the Sequoias, and Cal State Bakersfield.

, he was employed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, working as a software engineer in the area of Mars exploration.

References

External links
"Martian" bio for Bryan Allen
Bryan Allen's home page

1952 births
Living people
NASA people
American aviation record holders
Tulare Union High School alumni
College of the Sequoias alumni
California State University, Bakersfield alumni
Ups (debugger). Ups is an open source source-level debugger developed in the late 1980s for Unix and Unix-like systems, originally developed at the University of Kent by Mark Russell.  It supports C and C++, and Fortran on some platforms.  The last beta release was in 2003.

Unlike more popular debugger stacks for modern Unix platforms, ups is completely self-contained — not merely a graphical front-end to lower-level debuggers like gdb (although some work has been done to make ups usable in that way).  The ups user interface is built directly upon the X Window System and SunView, i.e. it does not use an intermediate widget toolkit such as Motif or GTK+.

See also
 DDD, a Motif debugger front-end
 KDbg, a KDE debugger front-end
 Xxgdb, an X Window System debugger front-end

External links
 Project home page

References

Debuggers
Java Cryptography Architecture. In computing, the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) is a framework for working with cryptography using the Java programming language. It forms part of the Java security  API, and was first introduced in JDK 1.1 in the  package.

The JCA uses a "provider"-based architecture and contains a set of APIs for various purposes, such as encryption, key generation and management, secure random-number generation, certificate validation, etc. These APIs provide an easy way for  developers to integrate security into application code.

See also
Java Cryptography Extension
Bouncy Castle (cryptography)

External links
 Official JCA guides: JavaSE6, JavaSE7, JavaSE8, JavaSE9, JavaSE10, JavaSE11

JDK components
Cryptographic software
HMS Fox (A320). HMS Fox, pennant number A320, was a Bulldog-class hydrographic survey ship of the British Royal Navy.

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Baker, A. D. The Naval Institute Guide of Combat Fleets of the World 1998–1999. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press. .
 Moore, John. Jane's Fighting Ships 1985–86. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1985. .

Bulldog-class survey vessels
Survey vessels of the Royal Navy
1967 ships
Ships built in Lowestoft
SWS. SWS, SWs, or sWS my refer to:

Education
 Sacramento Waldorf School, Pre-K-12 coeducational private school in Sacramento, California
 School within a School, a democratic education program at Brookline High School

Machines
 M21 Sniper Weapon System, a US Army sniper rifle
 M24 Sniper Weapon System, a US Army sniper rifle
 Schwere Wehrmachtschlepper German half-track vehicle deployed late into World War II
 SWS (trolleybus), a hybrid trolleybus prototype

Technology
 Scientific Workflow System, scientific application software that composes, executes, and manages workflows
 Seawater scale, a measure of concentration of H+, HSO4+, and HF
 Semantic Web service, a Web service that can be published, discovered, composed, and executed by Web applications
 Sentient World Simulation, a project to be based on Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations
 Silly window syndrome, a TCP flow control problem in computer networks
 Sine wave speech, a speech synthesis technique that replaces formants with pure tone whistles
 Smart wearable system, an extension of the wearable computer

Other uses
 Safe Water System, initiative by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to improve water quality
 Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich, a now defunct Swiss railway rolling stock manufacturer
 Seann William Scott (b. 1976), US actor
 Shaun White Snowboarding, a 2008 video game
 Sleeping With Sirens, an American post-hardcore band
 Slow-wave sleep, deep sleep
 Social Weather Stations, a social research institution in the Philippines
 Society of Wetland Scientists, a US non-profit organization
 Southern Water Services, a private utility company responsible for public wastewater collection and treatment in South England
 SouthWest Service, a Metra route to Manhattan, Illinois
 Sozialwerke Pfarrer Sieber, a Swiss charity and relief organization founded by Pastor Ernst Sieber
 Super World of Sports, a Japanese professional wrestling promotion
 SWS, IATA airport code for Swansea Airport
 SWs, listener missives that express appreciation for Sarah Kennedy's breakfast show on BBC Radio 2
 An abbreviation for sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam, the benediction for the Islamic prophet Muhammad (meaning Peace be upon him)
Ex (text editor). ex, (short for extended), is a line editor for Unix systems originally written by Bill Joy in 1976, beginning with an earlier program written by Charles Haley. Multiple implementations of the program exist; they are standardized by POSIX.

History
The original Unix editor ed was distributed with the Bell Labs versions of the operating system in the 1970s. George Coulouris of Queen Mary College, London, which had installed Unix in 1973, developed an improved version called em in 1975 that could take advantage of video terminals. While visiting Berkeley, Coulouris presented his program to Bill Joy, who modified it to be less demanding on the processor; Joy's version became ex and got included in the Berkeley Software Distribution.

ex was eventually given a full-screen visual interface (adding to its command line oriented operation), thereby becoming the vi text editor. In recent times, ex is implemented as a personality of the vi program; most variants of vi still have an "ex mode", which is invoked using the command ex, or from within vi for one command by typing the  :  (colon) character.  Although there is overlap between ex and vi functionality, some things can only be done with ex commands, so it remains useful when using vi.

Relation to vi
The core ex commands which relate to search and replace are essential to vi. For instance, the ex command  replaces every instance of  with , and works in vi too. The  means every line in the file. The 'g' stands for global and means replace every instance on every line (if it was not specified, then only the first instance on each line would be replaced).

Command-line invocation

Synopsis
 ex [-rR] [-s|-v] [-c command] [-t tagstring] [-w size] [file...]

Options
 -r  recover specified files after a system crash
 -R  sets readonly 
 -s  (XPG4 only) suppresses user-interactive feedback
 -v  invoke visual mode (vi)
 -c command  Execute command on first buffer loaded from file.  May be used up to ten times.
 -t tagstring  Edit the file containing the specified tag
 -w size  Set window size
 -  (obsolete) suppresses user-interactive feedback
 -l  Enable Lisp editing mode
 -x  Use encryption when writing files
 -C  encryption option
 file  The name(s) of the file(s) to be edited

See also
List of Unix commands

References

External links

 

Standard Unix programs
Unix SUS2008 utilities
Unix text editors
Line editor
XView. XView is a widget toolkit from Sun Microsystems introduced in 1988. It provides an OPEN LOOK user interface for X Window System applications, with an object-oriented application programming interface (API) for the C programming language.  Its interface, controls, and layouts are very close to that of the earlier SunView window system, making it easy to convert existing applications from SunView to X. Sun also produced the User Interface Toolkit (UIT), a C++ API to XView.

The XView source code has been freely available since the early 1990s, making it the "first open-source professional-quality X Window System toolkit".  XView was later abandoned by Sun in favor of Motif (the basis of CDE), and more recently GTK+ (the basis of GNOME).

XView was reputedly the first system to use right-button context menus, which are now ubiquitous among computer user interfaces.

See also 
 OLIT
 MoOLIT
 OpenWindows

References

Further reading 
 Ian Darwin, et al, X Window System User's Guide, OPEN LOOK Edition (O'Reilly & Associates, unpublished) Volume 3OL
 Dan Heller, XView Programming Manual (O'Reilly & Associates, 1991)  Volume 7
 Thomas Van Raalte, ed. XView Reference Manual (O'Reilly & Associates, 1991)  Volume 7b

Widget toolkits
Sun Microsystems software
X-based libraries
Esperite. Esperite is a rare complex calcium lead zinc silicate (PbCa3Zn4(SiO4)4) related to beryllonite and trimerite that used to be called calcium larsenite. 

Esperite has a white, greasy appearance in daylight and is much prized for its brilliant yellow green fluorescence under shortwave ultraviolet light. It is found in association with calcite, franklinite, willemite, hardystonite and clinohedrite. It has also been found as prismatic crystals up to 1 mm in length at the El Dragon Mine, Potosi, Bolivia in association with allophane, chalcomenite, clinochalcomenite and barite.

References

Mineral galleries
Pete Dunn, Franklin and Sterling Hill, New Jersey: the world's most magnificent mineral deposits, part 3 p. 368 (1995)
G. Grundmann, et al.: The El Dragon Mine, Potosi Bolivia, Mineralogical Record v.21 #2 p. 142 (1990)
Anthony et al., Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 2 (silicates) part 1 p. 225 (1995)
Robbins, Manuel: Fluorescence Gems and Minerals under Ultraviolet Light Geoscience Press pp 50–51,243 (1994)

Calcium minerals
Lead minerals
Zinc minerals
Nesosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
Minerals described in 1928
Hardystonite. Hardystonite is a rare calcium zinc silicate mineral first described from the Franklin, New Jersey, U.S. zinc deposits. It often contains lead, which was detrimental to the zinc smelting process, so it was not a useful ore mineral. Like many of the famous Franklin minerals, hardystonite responds to short wave ultraviolet (254 nm wavelength) light, emitting a fluorescence from dark purple to bright violet blue.  In daylight, it is white to gray to light pink in color, sometimes with a vitreous or greasy luster. It is very rarely found as well formed crystals, and these are usually rectangular in appearance and rock-locked.
 
Hardystonite has a chemical composition of Ca2ZnSi2O7. It is frequently found with willemite (fluoresces green), calcite (fluoresces red), and clinohedrite (fluoresces orange). Hardystonite can be found altered to clinohedrite CaZn(SiO4)·H2O  through direct hydrothermal alteration.
Other minerals often associated with hardystonite are franklinite, diopside, andradite garnet, and esperite (fluoresces yellow).

It was first described in 1899 by J.E. Wolff, when the New Jersey Zinc Company mines were located in what was called Franklin Furnace, in Hardyston Township, New Jersey.

References

Calcium minerals
Sorosilicates
Zinc minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 113
Minerals described in 1899