omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Proxy-based estimating. Proxy-Based Estimating (PROBE) is an estimating process used in the Personal Software Process (PSP) to estimate size and effort.

Proxy Based Estimating (PROBE), is the estimation method introduced by Watts Humphrey
(of the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University) as part of the
Personal Software Process (a discipline that helps individual software engineers monitor,
test, and improve their own work). 

PROBE is based on the idea that if an engineer is building a component similar to one they built previously, then it will take about the same effort as it did in the past.

In the PROBE method, individual engineers use a database to keep track of the size and
effort of all of the work that they do, developing a history of the effort they have put into
their past projects, broken into individual components. Each component in the database is
assigned a type (“calculation,” “data,” “logic,” etc.) and a size (from “very small” to “very
large”). 
When a new project must be estimated, it is broken down into tasks that correspond
to these types and sizes. A formula based on linear regression is used to calculate
the estimate for each task. 

Additional information on PROBE can be found in A Discipline for Software Engineering by Watts Humphrey (Addison Wesley, 1994).

See also 
 Estimation in software engineering

External links
 Proxy Based Estimating: Concept from chambers.com

Software engineering costs
Dukhin number. The Dukhin number () is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the contribution of the surface conductivity to various electrokinetic and electroacoustic effects, as well as to electrical conductivity and permittivity of fluid heterogeneous systems. The number was named after Stanislav and Andrei Dukhin.

Overview
It was introduced by Lyklema in “Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science”.  A recent IUPAC Technical Report used this term explicitly and detailed several means of measurement in physical systems.

The Dukhin number is a ratio of the surface conductivity  to the fluid bulk electrical conductivity Km multiplied by particle size a:

There is another expression of this number that is valid when the surface conductivity is associated only with ions motion above the slipping plane in the double layer. In this case, the value of the surface conductivity depends on ζ-potential, which leads to the following expression for the Dukhin number for symmetrical electrolyte with equal ions diffusion coefficient:

where the parameter m characterizes the contribution of electro-osmosis into motion of ions within the double layer

 F is Faraday constant
 T is absolute temperature
 R is gas constant
 C is ions concentration in bulk
 z is ion valency
 ζ is electrokinetic potential
 ε0 is vacuum dielectric permittivity
 εm is fluid dielectric permittivity
 η is dynamic viscosity
 D is diffusion coefficient

References

Chemical mixtures
Colloidal chemistry
Condensed matter physics
Soft matter
Energy efficient transformer. In a typical power distribution grid, electric transformer power loss typically contributes to about 40-50% of the total transmission and distribution loss. Energy efficient transformers are therefore an important means to reduce transmission and distribution loss. With the improvement of electrical steel (silicon steel) properties, the losses of a transformer in 2010 can be half that of a similar transformer in the 1970s. With new magnetic materials, it is possible to achieve even higher efficiency. The amorphous metal transformer is a modern example.

References

External links
 World's largest Amorphous Metal Power Transformer: 99.31% Efficiency 
Amorphous Metals in Electric-Power Distribution Applications
 Australian MandatoryEfficiency Requirements for Distribution Transformers

Electronic engineering
Energy conservation
Electric transformers
Autonomous telepresence. Autonomous telepresence is a method of offering remote healthcare in a patient's home using robots and videoconferencing systems to provide a consumer-based mobile platform. At present the existing systems have little or no autonomy and rely on remote operators.

See also 
 Telepresence
 Open-source robotics

References

References
Sparky Jr. Project
Hybridity

Telepresence
Computer-mediated communication
Methanediol. Methanediol, also known as formaldehyde monohydrate or methylene glycol, is an organic compound with chemical formula . It is the simplest geminal diol. In aqueous solutions it coexists with oligomers (short polymers). The compound is closely related and convertible to the industrially significant derivatives paraformaldehyde (), formaldehyde (), and 1,3,5-trioxane ().

Methanediol is a product of the hydration of formaldehyde. The equilibrium constant for hydration is estimated to be 103, predominates in dilute (<0.1%) solution. In more concentrated solutions, it oligomerizes to .

Occurrence
The dianion, methanediolate, is believed to be an intermediate in the crossed Cannizzaro reaction.

Gaseous methanediols can be generated by electron irradiation and sublimation of a mixture of methanol and oxygen ices.

Methanediol is believed to occur as an intermediate in the decomposition of carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere, and as a product of ozonolysis on these compounds.

Safety
Methanediol, rather than formaldehyde, is listed as one of the main ingredients of "Brazilian blowout", a hair-straightening formula marketed in the United States. The equilibrium with formaldehyde has caused concern since formaldehyde in hair straighteners is a health hazard. Research funded by the Professional Keratin Smoothing Council (PKSC), an industry association that represents selected manufacturers of professional-use only keratin smoothing products, has disputed the risk.

See also
 Orthoformic acid (methanetriol)
 Orthocarbonic acid (methanetetrol)

References

Hydrates
Carbohydrates
Geminal diols
Sugar alcohols
SecPAL. SecPAL is a declarative, logic-based, security policy language that has been developed to support the complex access control requirements of large scale distributed computing environments.

Common access control requirements
Here is a partial-list of some of the challenges that SecPAL addresses:
 How does an organization establish a fine-grained trust relationship with another organization across organizational boundaries?
 How does a user delegate a subset of a user’s rights (constrained delegation) to another user residing either in the same organization or in a different organization?
 How can access control policy be authored and reviewed in a manner that is human readable - allowing auditors and non-technical people to understand such policies?
 How does an organization support compliance regulations requiring that a system be able to demonstrate exactly why it was that a user was granted access to a resource?
 How can policies be authored, composed and evaluated in a manner that is efficient, deterministic and tractable?

Architecture
The SecPAL Research homepage includes links to the following papers which describe the architecture of SecPAL at varying levels of abstraction.
 SecPAL Formal Model ("Design and Semantics of a Decentralized Authorization Language") – Formal description of the abstract types, language semantics and evaluation rules that support deterministic evaluation in efficient time.
 SecPAL Schema Specification – Specification describing a practical XML based implementation of the formal model targeted at supporting access control requirements of distributed applications
 .NET Research Implementation of SecPAL – C# implementation, C# samples for common authz patterns, and comprehensive developer documentation and a getting started tutorial

Additional research
 IEEE Grid 2007 - Fine Grained Access Control Using SecPAL
 SecPAL for Privacy

References

Computer languages
Gough–Joule effect. The Gough–Joule effect (a.k.a. Gow–Joule effect) is originally the tendency of elastomers to contract when heated if they are under tension. Elastomers that are not under tension do not see this effect. The term is also used more generally to refer to the dependence of the temperature of any solid on the mechanical deformation. This effect can be observed in nylon strings of classical guitars, whereby the string contracts as a result of heating. The effect is due to the decrease of entropy when long chain molecules are stretched.

If an elastic band is first stretched and then subjected to heating, it will shrink rather than expand.  This effect was first observed by John Gough in 1802, and was investigated further by James Joule in the 1850s, when it then became known as the Gough–Joule effect.
Examples in Literature:
 Popular Science magazine, January 1972:  "A stretched piece of rubber contracts when heated.  In doing so, it exerts a measurable increase in its pull.  This surprising property of rubber was first observed by James Prescott Joule about a hundred years ago and is known as the Joule effect."
 Rubber as an Engineering Material (book), by Khairi Nagdi:  "The Joule effect is a phenomenon of practical importance that must be considered by machine designers.  The simplest way of demonstrating this effect is to suspend a weight on a rubber band sufficient to elongate it at least 50%.  When the stretched rubber band is warmed up by an infrared lamp, it does not elongate because of thermal expansion, as may be expected, but it retracts and lifts the weight."

The effect is important in O-ring seal design, where the seals can be mounted in a peripherally compressed state in hot applications to prolong life.
The effect is also relevant to rotary seals which can bind if the seal shrinks due to overheating.

References

External links
O-ring Gland design notes, PSP Inc.
A solar power science project using the Gow-Joule effect
 
 

Elastomers
Condensed matter physics
Rubber properties
James Prescott Joule
Operating System Projects. OSP, an Environment for Operating System Projects, is a teaching operating system designed to provide an environment for an introductory course in operating systems.  By selectively omitting specific modules of the operating system and having the students re-implement the missing functionality, an instructor can generate projects that require students to understand fundamental operating system concepts.

The distribution includes the OSP project generator, which can be used to package a project and produce stubs (files that are empty except for required components, and that can be compiled) for the files that the students must implement.  OSP includes a simulator that the student code runs on.

See also
 Mobile operating system
 Network operating system

References 
 OSP: An Environment for Operating System Projects by Michael Kifer and Scott A. Smolka, Addison Wesley, 1991, 86 pages (2nd printing in 1992).

External links 
 1992 paper (ACM portal)
 1996 paper

Discontinued operating systems
Jewett Car Company. The Jewett Car Company was an early 20th-century American industrial company that manufactured streetcars and interurban cars.

History
The company was founded in 1893 in Jewett, Ohio, where its first factory was located. In 1904, the company relocated from Jewett to a  site along South Williams Street in Newark, Ohio, retaining the original name. The facility soon expanded to become one of Newark's largest employers. Among its customers was the city of San Francisco, California, which purchased several street cars from Jewett. The company produced more than 2,000 wood-and-steel street cars, shipping them to 26 states and Canada.

The Jewett Car Company went out of business in 1919 when the automobile began replacing mass transit.

The most notable Jewett-built cars that are still running today are:
 Brooklyn Rapid Transit streetcar 4547, built in 1906, sees regular operation at the Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine.
 Chicago Aurora and Elgin interurban car 319, built in 1914, is operated at the Illinois Railway Museum in Union, Illinois.
 Chicago Aurora and Elgin interurban car 320, built in 1914, is operated at the Midwest Electric Railway in Mount Pleasant, Iowa.
 Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee interurban car 251 built in 1917, is operated regularly at the Illinois Railway Museum in Union, Illinois.
 Connecticut Company suburban car 775, built in 1904, is restored and operational at the Shore Line Trolley Museum in East Haven, Connecticut.
 San Francisco Municipal Railway streetcars 130 and Car 162, which were built in 1914.
 London and Port Stanley Railway interurban car 8, built in 1915, is operational at the Halton County Radial Railway in Milton, Ontario.
 Pacific Electric interurban 1001, built in 1913, operates occasionally at the Orange Empire Railway Museum in Perris, California.

Additional non-operational Jewett cars are preserved at the following museums:
 Canadian Railway Museum
 Connecticut Trolley Museum
 Electric City Trolley Museum
 Elgin County Railway Museum
 Fox River Trolley Museum
 National Museum of Transportation
 New York Museum of Transportation
 New York Transit Museum
 Northern Ohio Railway Museum
 Ohio Center for History Art and Technology (The Works)
 Pennsylvania Trolley Museum
 Western Railway Museum

Products
 Type "B" Iron Monster for San Francisco
 Milan and Norwalk Electric Railway cars
 Wooden rapid transit cars for the South Side Elevated Railroad, Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad, Northwestern Elevated Railroad - Chicago, IL
 Wooden interurban cars for the Aurora Elgin and Chicago Railroad (later the Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad)

See also
 List of tram builders

References

External links

 Car 130
 Car 162
 L&PSR Car 8

Tram manufacturers
Defunct rolling stock manufacturers of the United States
Harrison County, Ohio
Newark, Ohio
Electric vehicle manufacturers of the United States
1893 establishments in Ohio
1919 disestablishments in Ohio
American companies established in 1893
Manufacturing companies established in 1893
Suter (computer program). Suter is a military computer program developed by BAE Systems that attacks computer networks and communications systems belonging to an enemy. Development of the program has been managed by Big Safari, a secret unit of the United States Air Force. It is specialised to interfere with the computers of integrated air defence systems. Suter was integrated into US unmanned aircraft by L-3 Communications.

Three generations of Suter have been developed. Suter 1 allows its operators to monitor what enemy radar operators can see. Suter 2 lets them take control of the enemy's networks and direct their sensors. Suter 3, tested in summer 2006, enables the invasion of links to time-critical targets such as battlefield ballistic missile launchers or mobile surface-to-air missile launchers.

The program has been tested with aircraft such as the EC-130, RC-135, and F-16CJ. It has been used in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2006.

U.S. Air Force officials have speculated that a technology similar to Suter was used by the Israeli Air Force to thwart Syrian radars and sneak into their airspace undetected in Operation Orchard on September 6, 2007. The evasion of air defence radar was otherwise unlikely because the F-15s and F-16s used by the IAF were not equipped with stealth technology.

References 

Information operations and warfare
Tunnel finisher. A tunnel finisher is a machine that removes wrinkles from garments and is often used in the textile industry. As with other industrial pressing equipment, this machine is employed to improve the quality and look of a textile product. It has a chamber called a "tunnel" and includes a conveyor fed unit through which the garments are steamed and dried. The machine also features hook systems; air curtain entrance to eliminate moisture or condensation; cotton care and roller units; exhaust steam, and a preconditioning module.

Process 
Most garments are shipped by sea freight from the country of production. They get very wrinkled because of the box packing being used. In the receiving country, they are unpacked and put on a clothes hanger. Those hangers are sent via automated transport through the tunnel with a speed up to 3,000 garments per hour. These garments are then sent to a room to be steamed and dried.

The machine processes each garment through several stages. First, the garment passes through a steam chamber to make the fabric moldable. Then wrinkles are removed by a strong hot air flow alongside the garments. Finally, the garment is dried by cooler air before it leaves the tunnel finisher. In the case of garments, smaller areas such as collars require further pressing using other equipment such as steam iron for a better finish.

The tunnel finisher is also used in laundries and dry cleaners to remove wrinkles from garments after washing or dry cleaning.

Classifications 
Tunnel finishers can be grouped into two different classifications, "wide body" or "narrow body."  "Wide body" machines are designed for high production finishing of blended garments wet-to-dry, damp-to-dry and or dry-to-dry.  "Narrow body" machines are designed for shoulder-to-shoulder processing and are best suited for the dry-to-dry finishing of garments.  However; they are capable of damp-to-dry finishing at slower production speeds.  These units are ideal for dry cleaners, hotel laundries, institutional laundries and other on-premises laundry applications. The smaller capacity version of the tunnel finisher is called "cabinet tunnel" and this typically capable of automated processing of separate batches of 4 or 5 garments at the same time. The production capacity for this smaller equipment is 10 percent of the tunnel finisher.

References

Machines
Clothing industry
Data Control Block. In IBM mainframe operating systems, such as OS/360, MVS, z/OS, a Data Control Block (DCB) is a description of a dataset in a program. A DCB is coded in Assembler programs using the DCB macro instruction (which expands into a large number of "define constant" instructions). High level language programmers use library routines containing DCBs.

A DCB is one of the many control blocks used in these operating systems. A control block is a data area with a predefined structure, very similar to a C struct, but typically only related to system's functions. A DCB may be compared to a FILE structure in C, but it is much more complex, offering many more options for various access methods.

The control block acted as the Application programming interface between Logical IOCS and the application program and usually was defined within (and resided within) the application program itself. The addresses of I/O subroutines would be resolved during a linkedit phase after compilation or else dynamically inserted at OPEN time.

The equivalent control block for IBM DOS/360, DOS/VSE and z/VSE operating systems is a "DTF" (Define the file)

Typical contents of a DCB
 symbolic file name (to match a JCL statement for opening the file)
 type of access (e.g. random, sequential, indexed)
 physical characteristics (blocksize, logical record length)
 number of I/O buffers to allocate for processing to permit overlap of I/O
 address of I/O operating system library subroutines (e.g. read/write)
 other variables as required by the subroutines according to type

Prototype DCBs
Many of the constants and variables contained within a DCB may be left blank (i.e., these default to zero).

The OPEN process results in a merge of the constants and variables specified in the DD JCL statement, and the dataset label for existing magnetic tape and direct-access datasets, into the DCB, replacing the zero values with actual, non-zero values.

A control block called the JFCB (Job File Control Block) initially holds the information extracted from the DD statement for the dataset.  The results of the merge are stored in the JFCB which may also be written into the DSCB during the CLOSE process, thereby making the dataset definition permanent.

An example is the BLKSIZE= variable, which may be (and usually is) specified in the DCB as zero. In the DD statement, the BLKSIZE is specified as a non-zero value and this, then, results in a program-specified LRECL (logical record length) and a JCL-specified BLKSIZE (physical block size), with the merge of the two becoming the permanent definition of the dataset.

See also 
 Data Set Control Block (DSCB), a part of VTOC
 Record-oriented filesystem

IBM mainframe operating systems
IBM file systems
William F. Pounds. William F. Pounds (1928–2023) was an American academic who served as the dean of the MIT Sloan School of Management from 1966 to 1980 and later as a professor emeritus at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He was chief financial adviser to the Rockefeller family and an executive in many of their holdings.

Biography
Pounds attended Carnegie Mellon University where he graduated with a degree in chemical engineering and later earned masters and PhD degrees from Tepper School of Business, studying under Herbert Simon. He also served as a fighter pilot in the U.S. Navy during the Korean War.

Prior to his academic career, Pounds worked in operations management at Eastman Kodak and Pittsburgh Plate Glass, where he was involved in supplying automobile paint to General Motors. He joined MIT Sloan in 1961 at the invitation of then-dean Howard Johnson.

In 1969, amid campus protests against the U.S. Department of Defense's funding of MIT laboratories, Pounds led a review panel to evaluate the institution's relationship with military funding. The panel is now known as the Pounds Panel.

After his tenure as dean, Pounds served as a senior advisor to the Rockefeller family from 1981 to 1991. He was a member of several non-profit boards, including the Museum of Fine Arts Boston and WGBH. Pounds was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

References

1928 births
2023 deaths
Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management faculty
Tepper School of Business alumni
Erwin H. Schell. Erwin Haskell Schell (29 Sept. 1889 – 1965) was an American engineer, organizational theorist, management author and Dean of the MIT Department of Business and Engineering from 1930 through 1951. The school later became the MIT Sloan School of Management.

Biography

Youth and early career 
Born in Kalamazoo, Michigan in 1889, Schell obtained his BSc from MIT in 1912.

After his graduation Schell started his career in industry as operation manager for the American Locomotive Company in Rhode Island in 1912–13. Next he was resident engineer for H.C. Reynes, Inc. for two years; industrial engineer and labor manager for the United States Cartridge Company in 1915–16; Treasurer at the Henry F. Miller & Sons Piano Company for another years; and industrial engineer at the American International Shipbuilding Corporation for another two years.

Further career 
In 1917, Schell became an assistant professor of business management at MIT, a role he served for ten years. In 1929, he was appointed assistant professor of Industrial Management and chair of the department of business management since 1931.

From 1921 to 1923 Schell participated in the Management Counsel of the American International Corporation. And from 1924 to 1928 he was also assistant professor of industrial management at the Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration.

In 1938 he was awarded the Gilbreth Medal by the Society for the Advancements of Management, and in 1958 the Wallace Clark Award.

Selected publications 
 Schell, Erwin Haskell, and Harold Hazen Thurlby. Problems in industrial management. AW Shaw Company, 1927.
 Schell, Erwin Haskell. Administrative proficiency in business. (1936).
 Schell, Erwin Haskell. New strength for new leadership. (1942).
 Schell, Erwin Haskell. The Technique of Executive Action. (1942).
 Schell, Erwin Haskell. Technique of executive control. (1950).
 Schell, Erwin Haskell. Technique of Administration. Mcgraw-hill, New York, 1951.

References

External links 
 Erwin H. Schell, SB '12 – MIT Sloan Alumni Magazine
 Management Thought and Action in the Words of Erwin H. Schell

1889 births
1965 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management faculty
People from Kalamazoo, Michigan
20th-century American academics