omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Isomorph. An isomorph is an organism that does not change in shape during growth. The implication is that its volume is proportional to its cubed length, and its surface area to its squared length. This holds for any shape it might have; the actual shape determines the proportionality constants.

The reason why the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proportional to surface area, and maintenance to volume. Since volume grows faster than surface area, this controls the ultimate size of the organism. Alfred Russel Wallace wrote this in a letter to E. B. Poulton in 1865. The surface area that is of importance is the part that is involved in substrate uptake (e.g. the gut surface), which is typically a fixed fraction of the total surface area in an isomorph. The DEB theory explains why isomorphs grow according to the von Bertalanffy curve if food availability is constant.

Organisms can also change in shape during growth, which affects the growth curve and the ultimate size, see for instance V0-morphs and V1-morphs. Isomorphs can also be called V2/3-morphs.

Most animals approximate isomorphy, but plants in a vegetation typically start as V1-morphs, then convert to isomorphs, and end up as V0-morphs (if neighbouring plants affect their uptake).

See also
 Dynamic energy budget
 V0-morph
 V1-morph
 shape correction function

References

Developmental biology
Utility meter. A utility meter is any of the following metering devices used on utility mains:

 Electricity meter, a device for measuring electricity usage
 Smart meter, an electrical meter that records consumption of electric energy and communicates information to the utility for monitoring and billing
 Gas meter, a specialized flow meter used to measure the volume of fuel gases such as natural gas and propane
 Water meter, a device for measuring water usage
 Heat meter, instruments intended for measuring the heat which, in a heat-exchange circuit, is given up by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid.

See also
 Prepayment meter (disambiguation)
Rich Page. Richard Page is an alumnus of Apple Inc. He was an Apple Fellow at Apple Computer in the 1980s, and later joined Steve Jobs at NeXT.

Rich was one of the first four Apple Fellows. He was awarded the Apple Fellow position for his efforts in graphics software development tools including compilers and hardware development. As an Apple Fellow, Rich prototyped Apple's first portable, color and 68020 based Macintosh computers. He was responsible for the decision to use the Motorola MC68000 family of microprocessors for Apple's Lisa and Macintosh computers and was instrumental in the initial design of the Lisa.

Rich was the second Fellow at Rambus contributing to lighting, RRAM and new memory technologies.

Rich was President and founder of Next Sierra. Next Sierra was a fabless semiconductor company which developed display drivers for active matrix OLED.

Rich Page was President and Founder of Sierra Research and Technology, Inc. Sierra provided 622M ATM, 10/100 Ethernet and Giga-bit Ethernet designs to more than 50 semiconductor and system companies. Sierra also provided a number of custom designs for large system companies. Sierra was acquired by TDK Semiconductor in 2000 to substantially expand TDK's networking engineering team.

Before founding Sierra, Rich was a co-founder and the Vice President of Hardware Engineering at NeXT Computer, Inc. He led the development of the Cube, NeXTstation and Turbo NeXTstation products. Later Rich became the general manager of the NeXT Hardware Division which included design engineering, materials management, manufacturing, service, order management and distribution.

In 1992, Rich Page left NeXT. Within weeks of his resignation, several NeXT VPs also left.

His experience in hardware and software design includes the development of microcode for Hewlett-Packard's HP 3000 minicomputer series. The HP3000 minicomputer is still in use today. At Fairchild Semiconductor, Rich developed test programs for Fairchild's microprocessors, memory products and custom chips.

Rich is chairman of the board at Chowbotics Inc, a start-up building food robotics products. The first product is Sally, a salad making robot.

External links
 Big Mac

Living people
Apple Inc. employees
Apple Fellows
Year of birth missing (living people)
NeXT people
GKM College of Engineering and Technology. GKM College of Engineering and Technology is an  ISO certified institution established in 1996. It is located in New Perungalathur, on the suburbs of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The courses offered here are approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Government of India. The Courses offered are accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi, India.

Courses offered include:

Undergraduate
B.E. Biomedical Engineering
B.E. Civil Engineering
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
B.E. Marine Engineering
B.E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering
B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering
B.E. Computer Science and Engineering

Post-graduate
M.E.-  Biomedical Engineering
M.E. - Computer Science and Engineering
M.E. - Computer Aided Design
M.E. - Communication Systems
M.E. - Embedded System Technologies
M.E. - Computer Integrated Manufacturing
M.E. - Construction Engineering and Management
M.E. - Computer Networks
M.E. - Digital Signal Processing
M.E. - Engineering Design
M.Tech - Nanotechnology
M.E. - Power Systems Engineering
M.E. - Software Engineering
M.Sc. - Information Technology
M.B.A. - Master of Business Administration
M.C.A. - Master of Computer Application

External links
 Official site

Engineering colleges in Chennai
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Educational institutions established in 1996
1996 establishments in Tamil Nadu
HMLAT-303. Marine Light Attack Helicopter Training Squadron 303 (HMLAT-303), is a United States Marine Corps helicopter training squadron stationed at Marine Corps Air Station Camp Pendleton, California. Known as "Atlas", HMLAT-303 trains newly commissioned Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, and refresher pilots to fly the Bell UH-1Y Venom and Bell AH-1Z Viper.  HMLAT-303 is also responsible for training Bell UH-1Y Venom crew chiefs.  It is part of Marine Aircraft Group 39 (MAG-39) and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (3rd MAW).

Mission
The Mission of Marine Helicopter Light Attack Training Squadron 303 is to provide qualitative and productive training to Replacement Aircrew (RAC), Refresher, Transition and Conversion pilots, as well as Bell UH-1Y Venom crew chiefs.  This training is provided in the newly upgraded AH-1Z and UH-1Y helicopters.

RAC students entering the training syllabus are newly designated Naval Aviators from the Naval Air Training Command in Pensacola, Florida.  Refresher students are Fleet Marine Force Aviators returning from shore duty billets or military schools.  Transition students are Fleet Marine Force Aviators qualified in other aircraft.  Crew Chiefs are enlisted personnel who will act as aerial observers and gunners aboard the UH-1Y.

This command also instructs refreshers and RACs through intraservice and international exchange programs.

History
Marine Light Attack Helicopter Training Squadron 303 (HMLAT-303) was activated with four officers and three enlisted Marines on 30 April 1982. Today the squadron has grown to over 400 Marines and 45 aircraft. Based at Marine Corps Air Station Camp Pendleton, California, HMLAT-303 conducts an extensive training syllabus to include: familiarization, navigation, ordnance, terrain, formation, instrument and night vision goggle flight. The squadron periodically deploys to Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, where training efficiency is enhanced due to the proximity of ordnance delivery ranges and superb weather conditions.

HMLAT-303 trained AH-1W Cobra and UH-1N Huey pilots for the Marine Corps and Navy for more than 20 years, until both platforms were upgraded to the new AH-1Z Viper and UH-1Y Venom. HMLAT-303 is the only Marine Corps squadron tasked with training UH-1Y and AH-1Z replacement, refresher, and conversion pilots and aircrew.

In addition to flight training, HMLAT-303 manages the fleet-wide NATOPS standardization program for the H-1, conducts Instrument Ground School for all of MAG-39 aircrew, and is responsible for the scheduling of the AH-1Z and the UH-1Y Weapons System Trainers and the AH Aircrew Procedures Trainer.

Unit awards
A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. HMLAT-303 has been presented with the following awards:

See also

 United States Marine Corps Aviation
 List of United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons

References

External links

 
 Information from www.globalsecurity.org

Training squadrons of the United States Marine Corps
NeXTdimension. The NeXTdimension (ND) is an accelerated 32-bit color board manufactured and sold by NeXT from 1991 that gives the NeXTcube color capabilities with PostScript planned. The NeXTBus (NuBus-like) card is a full size card for the NeXTcube, filling one of four slots, another one being filled with the main board. The NeXTdimension features S-Video input and output, RGB output, an Intel i860 64-bit RISC processor at 33 MHz for Postscript acceleration, 8 MB main memory (expandable to 64 MB via eight 72-pin SIMM slots) and 4 MB VRAM for a resolution of 1120x832 at 24-bit color plus 8-bit alpha channel. An onboard C-Cube CL550 chip for MJPEG video compression is in the announced specification, but this was omitted from the delivered product. An estimated three-month delay in delivering the CL550 caused NeXT to redesign the product to accept a daughterboard providing image compression functionality. Few engineering prototypes for the MJPEG daughterboard exist.

A stripped down Mach kernel is the operating system for the card. Due to the supporting processor, 32-bit color on the NeXTdimension is faster than 2-bit greyscale Display PostScript on the NeXTcube. Display PostScript does not run on the board so the Intel i860 mostly moves blocks of color data. The Motorola 68040 does the crunching and the board is fast for its time, but never fulfilled the hype. Because the main board includes the greyscale video logic, each NeXTdimension allows the simultaneous use of an additional monitor. The list price for a NeXTdimension sold as an add-on to the NeXTcube was , and  for the MegaPixel Color Display.

See also
 NeXT character set
 NeXTcube

References

External links 
 www.vamp.org/next/ Site for ND owners, featuring ND mailing list, ND faq and more
 NeXTComputers.org
 NeXTdimensionBoard

NeXT
Graphics cards
Water reducer. Water reducers are special chemical products added to a concrete mixture before it is poured. They are from the same family of products as retarders. The first class of water reducers was the lignosulfonates which has been used since the 1930s. These inexpensive products were derived from wood and paper industry, but are now advantageously replaced by other synthetic sulfonate and polycarboxylate, also known as superplasticizers.

Water reducers offer several advantages in their use, listed below:

 reduces the water content by 5-10% 
 decreases the concrete porosity
 increases the concrete strength by up to 25% (as less water is required for the concrete mixture to remain workable)
 increases the workability (assuming the amount of free water remains constant)
 reduces the water permeability (due to less water being used)
 reduces the diffusivity of aggressive agents in the concrete and so improves the durability of concrete
 gives a better finish to surfaces (due to all of the above)

See also
 Plasticizer
 Superplasticizer
 Cement
 Admixture

Building materials
Cement
Concrete
Concrete admixtures
Translational lift. Translational lift is improved rotor efficiency resulting from directional flight in a helicopter. Translation is the conversion from the hover to forward flight. As undisturbed air enters the rotor system horizontally, turbulence and vortices created by hovering flight are left behind and the flow of air becomes more horizontal. The efficiency of the hovering rotor system is greatly improved with each knot of airspeed gained by horizontal movement of the aircraft or wind speed.

As forward airspeed increases, the helicopter goes through effective translational lift (ETL) at about 16 to 24 knots. This is known as the ETL speed. Above this speed, the rotor system completely outruns the recirculation of old vortices and begins to work in undisturbed air. Efficiency continues to increase with airspeed until the best climb airspeed is reached, and drag is minimised.

This additional lift can enable an overloaded helicopter to climb even if it is too heavy to hover in ground effect. Liftoff can still be achieved if the helicopter has enough of a straight runway to make a "running take off", where the pilot will accelerate the helicopter across the ground on its landing gear until translational lift speed is achieved and the aircraft begins to climb. This is described in Robert Mason's book Chickenhawk.

During the translation from the hover to forward flight, the difference in lift across the rotor disc causes a difference in drag, resulting in a noticeable vibration between approximately 10-20 knots.

As speed increases and translational lift becomes more effective, the helicopter will tend to pitch up and roll to the right or left (depending on main rotor rotation direction), due to dissymmetry of lift, gyroscopic precession, and the transverse flow effect. The pilot must anticipate and correct for these effects.

The efficiency of the tail rotor is also improved with forward airspeed. This is known as translational thrust.

See also

Ground effect (aerodynamics)
Transverse flow effect
Dissymmetry of lift
Vortex ring
Vortex ring state

References

Helicopter aerodynamics
RSX. RSX may refer to:

Computing
RSX, a RISC CPU from Encore Computer
RSX-11, an operating system family developed by Digital Equipment Corporation
RSX 'Reality Synthesizer', a graphics chip for the PS3
Resident System Extension, part of the CP/M Plus operating system

Other uses
Acura RSX, an automobile manufactured by Honda Motor Co.
Rhein-Sieg-Express, a German regional train service
RS:X (sailboard)
RSX Energy, a Canadian oil and gas company
Label for an X-ray observation made by ROSAT
The Type One Super Robot. The Type One Super Robot is a 1986 children's book written and illustrated by the British author Alison Prince.

Reception
In Britain, the book was successful and went through several editions, for instance, as a Puffin book. It has been variously recommended for the 5–8 age group, and for the ages of eight and up.

In the United States, a Kirkus reviewer described it as "a gentle British farce" and said the "comic antics" of the boy protagonist and the robot "should keep readers chuckling." A Los Angeles librarian reviewing the book in the 1988 School Library Journal was less enthusiastic, saying the humour of this "limp addition to the robot pal oeuvre" was "forced and often dependent on knowledge of British terms."

Synopsis
A boy, Humbert, goes to stay with his Uncle Bellamy. Once there he discovers a strange package that appears to hum to itself. Upon alerting his uncle to the package, Humbert is surprised to find that it contains a Type One Household Robot, designed to help around the home. The robot is swiftly named Manders by Uncle Bellamy, because he does everything that a man-does.

Humbert and Manders get into many adventures, the most memorable of which is a kite-flying expedition.

One joy in the story for children is to read how Manders struggles to come to terms with human existence, for example by misunderstanding phrases like "getting along like a house on fire," failing to realise that a kite is not meant to take you with it, or trying to slice custard.

References

1986 British novels
British children's novels
Children's science fiction novels
Fictional robots
1986 children's books
André Deutsch books
Microsoft Interface Definition Language. Microsoft Interface Definition Language (MIDL) is a text-based interface description language from Microsoft, based on the DCE/RPC IDL which it extends for use with the Microsoft Component Object Model. Its compiler is also called MIDL.

Version History 
MIDL 1.0 is a standard DCE/RPC IDL with enhancements made for defining COM coclasses and interfaces. 

MIDL 2.0 (also known as MIDLRT) is a updated version of syntax that was developed in-house by Microsoft for use on the Windows platform that allowed for declaring Windows Runtime APIs. Various built in Windows Runtime APIs are written with MIDL 2.0 syntax and are available in the Windows SDK folder. 

The most recent version of MIDL is MIDL 3.0 released on December 30, 2021.  Version 3.0 is a more streamlined version of MIDL 2.0, utilizing more modern and simplified syntax familiar to C, C++, C#, or Java. MIDL 3.0 is also more concise than the previous versions, allowing for programs to be reduced by almost two thirds in length due to using built-in reasonable defaults for attributes and being more concise.

References

 stevewhims (2021-10-21). "Microsoft Interface Definition Language - Win32 apps". learn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2024-10-29.
 stevewhims (2022-07-12). "Introduction to Microsoft Interface Definition Language 3.0 - Windows UWP applications". learn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2024-10-29.
 stevewhims (2021-12-30). "Microsoft Interface Definition Language 3.0 reference - Windows UWP applications". learn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2024-10-29.

See also
 Object Description Language

External links
 Microsoft Docs reference

Interface Definition Language
Component-based software engineering
Microsoft application programming interfaces
Object-oriented programming
Object models
Symbolic simulation. In computer science, a simulation is a computation of the execution of some appropriately modelled state-transition system. Typically this process models the complete state of the system at individual points in a discrete linear time frame, computing each state sequentially from its predecessor. Models for computer programs or VLSI logic designs can be very easily simulated, as they often have an operational semantics which can be used directly for simulation.

Symbolic simulation is a form of simulation where many possible executions of a system are considered simultaneously. This is typically achieved by augmenting the domain over which the simulation takes place. A symbolic variable can be used in the simulation state representation in order to index multiple executions of the system. For each possible valuation of these variables, there is a concrete system state that is being indirectly simulated.

Because symbolic simulation can cover many system executions in a single simulation, it can greatly reduce the size of verification problems. Techniques such as symbolic trajectory evaluation (STE) and generalized symbolic trajectory evaluation (GSTE) are based on this idea of symbolic simulation.

See also 
 Symbolic execution
 Symbolic computation

References

Electronic design automation
Formal methods
Electrojet. An electrojet is an electric current which travels around the E region of the Earth's ionosphere. There are three electrojets: one above the magnetic equator (the equatorial electrojet), and one each near the Northern and Southern Polar Circles (the Auroral Electrojets).  Electrojets are Hall currents carried primarily by electrons at altitudes from 100 to 150 km.  In this region the electron gyro frequency (Larmor frequency) is much greater than the electron-neutral collision frequency.  In contrast, the principal E region ions (O2+ and NO+) have gyrofrequencies much lower than the ion-neutral collision frequency.

Kristian Birkeland was the first to suggest that polar electric currents (or auroral electrojets) are connected to a system of filaments (now called "Birkeland currents") that flow along geomagnetic field lines into and away from the polar region.

Equatorial Electrojet 
The worldwide solar-driven wind results in the so-called Sq (solar quiet) current system in the E region of the Earth's ionosphere (100–130 km altitude). Resulting from this current is an electrostatic field directed E-W (dawn-dusk) in the equatorial day side of the ionosphere. At the magnetic dip equator, where the geomagnetic field is horizontal, this electric field results in an enhanced eastward current within ± 3 degrees of the magnetic equator, known as the equatorial electrojet.

Auroral Electrojet
The term 'auroral electrojet' is the name given to the large horizontal currents that flow in the D and E regions of the auroral ionosphere. Although horizontal ionospheric currents can be expected to flow at any latitude where horizontal ionospheric electric fields are present, the auroral electrojet currents are remarkable for their strength and persistence. There are two main factors in the production of the electrojet. First of all, the conductivity of the auroral ionosphere is generally larger than that at lower latitudes. Secondly, the horizontal electric field in the auroral ionosphere is also larger than that at lower latitudes. Since the strength of the current is directly proportional to the vector product of the conductivity and the horizontal electric field, the auroral electrojet currents are generally larger than those at lower latitudes. 
During magnetically quiet periods, the electrojet is generally confined to the auroral oval. However, during disturbed periods, the electrojet increases in strength and expands to both higher and lower latitudes. This expansion results from two factors, enhanced particle precipitation and enhanced ionospheric electric fields. 

The Auroral Electrojet Index measures magnetic activity as observed by a chain of high-latitude observatories.

See also
 Magnetohydrodynamics
 Kennelly–Heaviside layer
 Ionosphere
 "The Earth's Ionosphere: Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics," by Michael Kelley, Academic Press,

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100705021933/http://www-star.stanford.edu/~vlf/ejet/electrojet.html

ionosphere
Ionosphere
Vaporific effect. The vaporific effect is a flash fire resulting from the impact of high-velocity projectiles with metallic objects. Impacts produce particulate matter originating from either the projectile, the target, or both. Particles heated from the force of impact can burn in the presence of air (oxidizer) or water vapor. An explosion can result from the mixture of metal-dust and air, the resulting dust explosion causing significant overpressure within metallic enclosures (aircraft, vehicles, metallic enclosures, etc.). 

The vaporific effect is particularly pronounced when these enclosures are constructed of pyrophoric metals (metals that react upon contact with air, such as aluminium, magnesium, or their alloys). This effect is often referenced in movies, such as when a single bullet makes a helicopter explode.

1964 study 
A November 1964 study by the United States Department of Defense aimed at studying this phenomenon and what causes it. The "Warhead Mechanisms Study" found that dense, white smoke as well as aluminum oxide and iron oxide were present with each vaporific effect. This was greatly diminished in a nitrogen atmosphere (compared to air), thus it was found that the "oxidation of metal fragments is a major factor."

See also 
 ballistics
 explosives

References

Types of fire
Ballistics