omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Höganäs AB. Höganäs AB is a Swedish company which is the world's largest producer of powdered metals. Based in Höganäs, it develops and markets powders for customers in metallurgical industries.

The company's portfolio of products and services includes sintered components, electromagnetic applications, brazing, chemical and metallurgical, hot polymer filtration, iron fortification, friction, Glidcop, sintered stainless steel filters, surface coating and welding.

Höganäs AB is operational worldwide through a number of subsidiaries, including Höganäs HOGAP AB, Höganäs Japan K.K, Höganäs East Europe LLC, Höganäs France S.A.S, Höganäs Italia S.r.I and North American Höganäs Holdings Inc. among others.

History 

The company was founded in 1797 as a coal mine by Count Eric Ruuth. It also made refractory and salt glazed ceramics. 

In the early 20th century, Höganäs developed the Höganäs Method, considered the most effective method of producing sponge iron powder by reducing iron ore with coke, lime, and clay. This method laid the foundation for the company's specialization in metal powders. In 1946, it introduced its first iron powder production plant to serve the post-war industrial market.

Höganäs AB was originally listed on the OMX Stockholm Stock Exchange in 7 April 1994. It was taken private in 2013. This move was facilitated by a joint takeover by two Swedish family-run holding companies, Lindéngruppen and the Wallenberg foundations through FAM AB, with each owning 50% of the company. The foundations stated that privatization allowed Höganäs to focus on long-term strategic goals without the pressure of quarterly financial reporting to public shareholders.

As of 2022, the company has 3,000 customers in 75 countries and has a range of more than 3,500 products, mostly customer specific, with sales offices or production in 16 different countries. The company owns around 800 patents, has 2,400 employees, and reported turnover of approximately $1 billion USD in 2021.

The company’s products are found in a series of application areas including structural components for the automotive industry, metal surface coatings and iron fortification of food.

The Swedish iron ore producer LKAB has been one of the company's suppliers since 1909. In 2024, the company was awarded "Partner of the Year" by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for its supply of thermal spray powders to the company.

See also
Powder metallurgy
Injection molding

References

External links
Official website
Financial Times Höganäs Business Profile
 Nasdaq OMX | stockholm stock exchange

Manufacturing companies of Sweden
Companies based in Skåne County
Manufacturing companies established in 1797
1797 establishments in Sweden
Aeroflot Flight 366. Aeroflot Flight 366 (), also known as the Miracle on the Neva, was a water landing by a Tupolev Tu-124 of the Soviet state airline Aeroflot (Moscow division). The aircraft took off from Tallinn-Ülemiste Airport (TLL) at 08:55 on 21 August 1963 with 45 passengers and 7 crew on board. The aircraft (registration number СССР-45021) was built in 1962 and was scheduled to fly to Moscow–Vnukovo (VKO) under the command of 27-year-old captain Victor Mostovoy. After takeoff the nose gear did not retract. Ground control diverted the flight to Leningrad (LED) – because of fog at Tallinn.

Events
At 10:00 Flight 366 started to circle the city at , in order to use fuel, reducing weight and decreasing the risk of fire in the event of a crash. The ground services at Pulkovo Airport (LED) were preparing the dirt runway for the landing. Each circuit around the city took the aircraft approximately 15 minutes. During this time the crew attempted to force the nose gear to lock into the fully extended position by pushing it with a pole taken from the cloak closet.

On the eighth and last circuit while  from the airport, the no. 1 engine flamed out due to fuel starvation. The remaining engine ceased shortly thereafter, with the aircraft above the city center, traveling east over St. Isaac's Cathedral and the Admiralty. Upon loss of power the flight crew ditched the aircraft in the  wide Neva River.

Eyewitnesses saw Flight 366 upstream. Immediately after a turn, the aircraft glided over the high steel structures of the Bolsheokhtinsky Bridge with approximately  of clearance. The Tu-124 flew over the Alexander Nevsky Bridge – under construction at the time – barely missing it. The pilot managed to land the aircraft on the river, in close proximity to an 1898-built steam tugboat.

The plane began to fill with water. The captain of the tugboat saw the plane in distress and went to help. He and his crew broke the aircraft's windshield to tie a cable to the cockpit's control wheel and proceeded to tow the craft to the river bank. During the tow all passengers remained on board. Passengers and crew then evacuated the cabin via an access hatch on the plane's roof.

See also
List of airline flights that required gliding
US Airways Flight 1549

References

External links
 "Prepare to Ditch", in Flight International magazine, 13 August 1964, p. 241
 "Soviet Transports" series, also Ditch or crash-land? B.W. Townshend, 1965 (pp. 47–49)
 

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1963
Airliner accidents and incidents involving ditching
20th-century aviation accidents and incidents in Russia
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
1963 in the Soviet Union
1963 in Russia
0366
Accidents and incidents involving the Tupolev Tu-124
1960s in Leningrad
August 1963 events in Europe
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by fuel exhaustion
KinetX. KinetX, Inc. (also known as KinetX Aerospace) is a privately held Tempe, Arizona based aerospace engineering, technology, software development and business consulting firm specializing in spaceflight systems. KinetX's main area of expertise is in the areas of interplanetary navigation, satellite systems engineering, and ground system software development.

KinetX is the first and only private company to ever provide navigation services for NASA interplanetary missions. Their Space Navigation and Flight Dynamics (SNAFD) division, based in Simi Valley, California, has provided mission navigation for the MESSENGER mission to Mercury, the New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt, and the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. They are also providing mission navigation for the Emirates Mars Mission and NASA's upcoming Lucy mission to the Trojan asteroids.

Company history
KinetX, Inc. was founded in 1992 and was approached shortly thereafter by Motorola for assistance in developing and implementing the Iridium satellite constellation ground system.  In early 1993, several members of KinetX began working on the systems engineering for the Iridium command and control system. KinetX later provided engineering support and software development for companies such as Lockheed Martin, Boeing, General Dynamics, Aerojet, Spectrum Astro, and TRW.

The Space Navigation and Flight Dynamics (SNAFD) division was founded in 2001 by Dr. Bobby Williams and has since successfully navigated multiple interplanetary NASA missions, making KinetX the first privately held company to do so.

References

External links

Aerospace companies of the United States
Private spaceflight companies
Companies based in Tempe, Arizona
Technology companies established in 1992
1992 establishments in Arizona
Sectional aeronautical chart. In United States aviation, a sectional aeronautical chart, often called a sectional chart or a sectional for short, is a type of aeronautical chart designed for air navigation under visual flight rules (VFR).

In Australia, Canada and some other countries, the equivalent charts used for visual flight are called VFR Navigation Charts (VNCs).

A sectional chart shows topographical features that are important to aviators, such as terrain elevations, ground features identifiable from altitude (rivers, dams, bridges, buildings, etc.), and ground features useful to pilots (airports, beacons, landmarks, etc.).  The chart also shows information on airspace classes, ground-based navigation aids, radio frequencies, longitude and latitude, navigation waypoints, navigation routes.

Sectional charts are in 1:500,000 scale and are named for a city on the map.  The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States publishes over 50 charts covering the continental United States, Alaska, and Hawaii.  Sectional charts are published by the National Aeronautical Navigation Services Group of the FAA.  A number of commercial enterprises, notably Jeppesen, produce compatible, certified sectionals.

The sectionals are complemented by terminal area charts (TACs) at 1:250,000 scale for the areas around major U.S. airports, and until 2016 by World Aeronautical Charts (WACs) at a scale of 1:1,000,000 for pilots of slower aircraft and aircraft at high altitude.

Since February 2021, the charts have been updated on a 56-day publication cycle. 

The first sectional chart was published in 1930; in 1937 the full series of the lower 48 states was completed.  These early sectional charts were smaller (most covered two degrees of latitude and six of longitude) with the map on one side; after 1950 the legend and index to adjoining charts was on the reverse. The first of the present two-sided charts appeared in the late 1960s.

See also
 Index of aviation articles
 Moving map display
 Aeronautical chart conventions (United States), conventions used in U.S. aeronautical charts
 World Geographic Reference System or GEOREF, a system of quadrangles and maximum elevation figures

External links
 Sectional aeronautical charts: (United States) – Historical charts from the Library of Congress
 VFR Raster Charts – Current charts from the FAA

References

Aviation in the United States
Air traffic control in the United States
Air navigation
Aeronautical charts
Visual flight rules
Mechanical room. A mechanical room, boiler room or plant room is a technical room or space in a building dedicated to the mechanical equipment and its associated electrical equipment, as opposed to rooms intended for human occupancy or storage. Unless a building is served by a centralized heating plant, the size of the mechanical room is usually proportional to the size of the building. A small building or home may have at most a utility room but in larger buildings, mechanical rooms can be of considerable size, often requiring multiple rooms throughout the building, or even occupying one or more complete floors (see: mechanical floor).

Technical rooms in residential houses typically house technical equipment such as air handling units, central heating, electric panels or water heaters, or gives easy access to utilities such as a building's internal stop-tap for water supply, inspection holes for greywater or sewage lines.

Equipment

Mechanical rooms typically house the following equipment:
Air handlers
Boilers
Chillers
Heat exchangers
Water heaters and tanks
Water pumps (for domestic, heating/cooling, and firefighting water)
Main distribution piping and valves
Fire sprinkler distribution piping and pumps
Back-up electrical generators
Elevator machinery
Back-up batteries
Other HVAC (heating, ventilation and air-conditioning) equipment

Equipment in mechanical rooms is often operated and maintained by a stationary engineer or a maintenance technician. Modern buildings use building automation systems to manage HVAC cycles, lighting, communications, and life safety equipment. Often, the control system hardware is located in the mechanical room and monitored or accessed remotely.

Rooms with only electrical or electronic equipment are not considered mechanical rooms but are instead called electrical rooms.

See also
Noise pollution
Engine room
Electrical room
Steamfitter

References

External links

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Rooms
Journal of Materials Chemistry. The Journal of Materials Chemistry was a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the applications, properties and synthesis of new materials. It was established in 1991 and published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. At the end of 2012 the journal was split into three independent journals: Journal of Materials Chemistry A (energy and sustainability), Journal of Materials Chemistry B (biology and medicine) and Journal of Materials Chemistry C (optical, magnetic and electronic devices). The editor-in-chief was Liz Dunn.

See also 
 List of scientific journals in chemistry
 Soft Matter
 Journal of Materials Chemistry A
 Journal of Materials Chemistry B
 Journal of Materials Chemistry C

References

External links 
 

Chemistry journals
Materials science journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Academic journals established in 1991
English-language journals
Weekly journals
Academic journal series
1991 establishments in the United Kingdom
MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System. Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MTSAT or MSAS) is a Japanese satellite based augmentation system (SBAS), i.e. a satellite navigation system which supports differential GPS (DGPS) to supplement the GPS system by reporting (then improving) on the reliability and accuracy of those signals. MSAS is operated by Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and Civil Aviation Bureau (JCAB). MSAS was commissioned for aviation use on 27 September 2007.

The use of SBASs, such as MSAS, enables an individual GPS receiver to correct its own position, offering a much greater accuracy. Typically GPS signal accuracy is improved from some 20 meters to approximately 1.5–2 meters in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions.

MSAS provides a similar service to Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) in North America, European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) in Europe and System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring (SDCM) in Russia.

See also
 Multi-Functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT)
 Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)

References

External links
Information on WAAS, EGNOS & MSAS 

Navigation satellite constellations
Satellite-based augmentation systems
EBG. EBG may refer to:

 EBG Developments, a Chinese real estate developer
 Ebughu language
 Ecobank Ghana, a commercial bank
 Efficient Basing-Grafenwöhr, a United States Army installation in Germany
 El Bagre Airport, Colombia
 Electromagnetic bandgap metamaterial
 ʻEneʻio Botanical Garden, Tonga
 Engin Blindé du Génie, a French armoured engineering vehicle
 Eoghan Bán Gallagher, a Gaelic footballer
 Equity Bank Group, an African financial holding company
 Erzbischöfliches Gymnasium Beuel, now Kardinal-Frings-Gymnasium, a school in Germany
 Estrella Brisa Gómez, StarAcle
Cray SV1. The Cray SV1 is a vector processor supercomputer from the Cray Research division of Silicon Graphics introduced in 1998. The SV1 has since been succeeded by the Cray X1 and X1E vector supercomputers. Like its predecessor, the Cray J90, the SV1 used CMOS processors, which lowered the cost of the system, and allowed the computer to be air-cooled. The SV1 was backwards compatible with J90 and Y-MP software, and ran the same UNIX-derived UNICOS operating system. The SV1 used Cray floating point representation, not the IEEE 754 floating point format used on the Cray T3E and some Cray T90 systems. 

Unlike earlier Cray designs, the SV1 included a vector cache. It also introduced a feature called multi-streaming, in which one processor from each of four processor boards work together to form a virtual processor with four times the performance. The SV1 processor was clocked at 300 MHz. Later variants of the SV1, the SV1e and SV1ex, ran at 500 MHz, the latter also having faster memory and support for the SSD-I Solid-State Storage Device. Systems could include up to 32 processors with up to 512 shared memory buses. 

Multiple SV1 cabinets could be clustered together using the GigaRing I/O channel, which also provided connection to HIPPI, FDDI, ATM, Ethernet and SCSI devices for network, disk, and tape services. In theory, up to 32 nodes could be clustered together, offering up to one teraflops in theoretical peak performance.

References
 

Computer-related introductions in 1998
Sv1
Vector supercomputers
64-bit computers
World aeronautical chart. A World Aeronautical Chart (WAC) was a type of aeronautical chart used for navigation by pilots of moderate speed aircraft and aircraft at high altitudes in the United States. They are at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (about 1 inch = 13.7 nautical miles or 16 statute miles). WACs were discontinued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in 2015.

Description 

These charts are similar to sectional charts, and the symbols are the same.  However, there is less detail at the smaller scale, so it is seldom used for visual flight rules flight at slower speeds or for local flights.  WACs show topographic information, airports and radio navigational aids. They are useful for strategic flight planning, where a view of the entire flight area is useful.

These charts are revised annually, except for several Alaskan charts and the Mexican/Caribbean charts which are revised every 2 years. Australian WAC charts are amended every 3 to 5 years.

A set of 12 WACs covered the continental United States and 8 others covered Alaska. Canadian airspace is covered by a set of 18 WACs. The 43 Australian WACs are indexed according to a geographic name or a corresponding 4-digit number.

Unlike sectional charts, North American WACs are named according to an international "grid system" having a combination of letters and numbers. For example, WAC CF-16 covered the Pacific Northwest, and E-15 covers the British Columbia area. Letters progress from A at the north pole to U at the southern tip of Argentina. The numbers generally progress from 1 at the Greenwich meridian and increasing to the east, to a maximum of 29, depending upon the number of charts required at that latitude.

Discontinuance 

On June 23, 2015, FAA officially stopped providing the World Aeronautical Chart due to a decline in interest and technological advances. Charts: CC–8, CC–9; CD–10, CD–11, CD–12; CE–12, CE–13, CE–15; CF–16, CF–17, CF–18, CF–19; CG–18, CG–19, CG–20, CG–21; CH–22, CH–23, and CH–24 ceased to be printed beyond September 17, 2015. Charts: CH–25; CJ–26, and CJ–27 production ended upon their next scheduled printing dates of December 10, 2015; February 04, 2016, and March 31, 2016 respectively.

See also 
Index of aviation articles
Moving map display
Aeronautical chart conventions (United States)
Operational navigation chart (ONC), which do not show controlled airspace boundaries
International Map of the World, another millionth world map

References

Source: FAA Pilot's Handbook

External links
 World 1:1mil AAF Aeronautical Charts – McMaster University
 World 1:1mil AAF Aeronautical Charts CWHM – McMaster University
 Airservices Australia Online Store
 Discontinuation of World Aeronautical Charts (WAC)

Aeronautical charts
Air navigation
World maps
Self-cleaning oven. A self-cleaning or pyrolytic oven is an oven which uses high temperature (approximately ) to burn off leftovers from baking using pyrolysis, which uses no chemical agents. The oven can be powered by domestic (non-commercial) electricity or gas.

Pyrolytic process 
Self-cleaning pyrolytic ovens reduce food soiling to ash with exposure to temperature around . The oven walls are coated with heat- and acid-resistant porcelain enamel.

A self-cleaning oven is designed to stay locked until the high temperature process is completed. To prevent possible burn injuries, a mechanical interlock is used to keep the oven door locked and closed during and immediately after the high-temperature cleaning cycle, which lasts approximately three hours. Usually, the door can be opened after the temperature cools to approximately .

Self-cleaning ovens usually have more insulation than standard ovens to reduce the possibility of fire.  The insulation also reduces the amount of energy needed for normal cooking.

Self-cleaning ovens are considered more convenient and time-saving, and therefore more cost-effective. However, because of the high temperatures, they produce smoke and require a high amount of energy. A typical 150-minute cycle will require more than 3 kWh of electricity. According to most professionals, the triggering of smoke alarms can be avoided by regular usage of the self-cleaning program.

Alternative technologies

Catalytic cleaning 
Catalytic "continuous clean" ovens rely on high-metal porous enamels to catalyze the reduction of oils to ash at normal cooking temperatures.  The walls of catalytic self-cleaning ovens are coated with materials acting as oxidation catalysts, usually in the form of catalyst particles in a binder matrix.  Cerium(IV) oxide is one of the common materials used.  Other possibilities are copper, vanadium, bismuth, molybdenum, manganese, iron, nickel, tin, niobium, chromium, tungsten, rhenium, platinum, cobalt, and their oxides, either alone or in mixtures.  Highly active coatings typically contain a copper oxide, manganese oxide or cobalt oxide, and copper and manganese oxides are often used together. The binder may be a fluoropolymer or an enamel frit. In the 1990s, SRI International performed a study for Whirlpool Corporation, and changed the composition and application of the porcelain enamel surface found in ovens to one with low ionic content, and a film that makes fat into water-soluble esters.

Steam cleaning 
Another alternative to self cleaning ovens is steam cleaning ovens. It uses water with lower temperatures to clean the oven.

See also 

 List of cooking appliances
 Steam cleaning

References

Home automation
Cleaning
Ovens
Volume source (pollution). A volume source of pollution is a three-dimensional source of pollutant emissions. Essentially, it is an area source with a third dimension.

Examples of a volume source of pollution are:

 Dust emissions from the wind erosion of uncovered gravel piles, sand piles, limestone piles, coal piles, etc.
 Fugitive gaseous emissions from pipe flanges, packed valve seals, gas compressor seals, control valve seals, piping and vessel seals within industrial facilities such as oil refineries and petrochemical plants.
 Buildings, containing air pollutant emission sources, with no singular emission vent (i.e., buildings with multiple roof vents or multiple open windows).

See also
 Air pollution dispersion terminology
 Area source
 Atmospheric dispersion modeling
 List of atmospheric dispersion models
 Line source
 Point source (pollution)
 Roadway air dispersion modeling

References

Pollution
Virtual Processor. Virtual Processor (VP) was a virtual machine from Tao Group.

History
The first version, VP1, was the basis of its parallel processing multimedia OS and platform, TAOS. VP1 supported a RISC-like instruction set with 16 32-bit registers, and had data types of 32- and 64-bit integers and 32- and 64-bit IEEE floating point numbers in registers, and also supported 8- and 16-bit integers in memory.

The second version, VP2, was released in 1998 as the basis of a new version of the portable multimedia platform, first known as Elate and then as intent. VP2 supported the same data types and data processing operations as VP1, but had additional features for better support of high level languages such as demarcation of subroutines, by-value parameters, and a very large theoretical maximum number of registers local to the subroutine for use as local variables.

The structure of VPCode, the Virtual Processor's machine code, was intended to be able to represent the constructs required when compiling languages such as C, C++ and Java, and to allow efficient translation into the machine code of any real 32- or 64-bit CPU.

References
 Independent Feb 1990
 BYTE March 1991
 Parallelogram April 1991
 IEEE 1992
 Not Sure What mag
 BYTE July 1994
 EDGE June 1994
 Computing Awards Gold 1994
 Acorn User 1995
 OSNews Interview on intent OS

Virtualization