omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Karlsruhe model. The Karlsruhe model is a tram-train system which consists of tram/light rail trains and commuter/regional rail trains running on the same set of tracks, generally between or outside of urban areas. It was initially developed and implemented in the city of Karlsruhe, Germany, by the local transit authority, Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund (KVV).

Overview

Commencing service in 1992, the system in Karlsruhe has provided a connection between the regular railway network and the city's local tram network. The whole system is now called the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn. Passengers may travel from distant towns such as Baden-Baden directly into the city centre of Karlsruhe, bridging the inconvenient distance between the main station and the city centre. For most trips, the number of train transfers has been reduced significantly.

This model has led to the creation of similar tram-train systems in other locations.

Other examples

A similar model has been connecting the city of Vienna with the Baden suburb since 1886 as Lokalbahn Wien-Baden. Other systems that have implemented the Karlsruhe model include:
 City-Bahn Chemnitz, Germany
 Saarbahn, Germany
 Kassel RegioTram, Germany
 Nordhausen tramway network, Germany
 Tyne and Wear Metro, United Kingdom
 RandstadRail, Netherlands
 Athens Metro, Greece
 San Diego Trolley, United States
 Alicante Tram, Spain
 Sheffield Supertram, United Kingdom 
 South Wales Metro, Wales
 Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely Tram-train, Hungary

In 2013, Adelaide Metro in Australia proposed the PortLINK project, which would have featured the Karlsruhe model for  of track between Bowden and Woodville, followed by another  to Port Adelaide.

Train-trams

Zwickau, Germany, has reversed the Karlsruhe model by extending Lightweight RegioSprinter diesel trains from the main-line railway onto the street tramway as train-trams (Zwickau Model).

See also
Tram-train
Karlsruhe Stadtbahn
Stadtbahn

References

External links
 Karlsruhe model project includes extensive information on the history of Karlsruhe's Stadtbahn with a special focus on the development of the model
 Karlsruhe Transport Authority (KVV) KVV operates rail service in the Karlsruhe region that runs as a fast train and flexibly as a tram in the city.
 Karlsruhe: The Karlsruhe model of a dual-mode railway system from SURBAN – database on sustainable urban development in Europe by the European Academy of the Urban Environment, Berlin

Passenger rail transport in Germany
Rail transport operations
Rail transport in Karlsruhe
Transportation planning
British Rail Class 97/6. The British Rail Class 97/6 0-6-0 diesel shunting locomotives were purpose-built for departmental duties by Ruston & Hornsby at Lincoln in 1953 (97650) or 1959 (97651-654).  There are minor technical differences between 97650 and the 1959 batch.

This class of five locomotives is outwardly similar to the Class 04 diesels built around the same time, but internally they are quite different. The Class 97/6 is diesel-electric, while the Class 04 is diesel-mechanical.

The Class 97/6 is related to the older British Rail Class D1/3, which was a 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical version of the Ruston & Hornsby 165DE.

Overview

The fleet was originally numbered PWM650-654 in the Western Region Permanent Way Machines series, hence were commonly referred to as the “PWM shunters” or simply “PWMs”. Between 1979 and 1981 they were renumbered as Class 97 locomotives. Originally painted in BR Green livery, this was later superseded by BR Blue and finally Civil Engineering Yellow. They were employed at various locations, including Reading West (97650/653/654), Gloucester / Cardiff Canton / Radyr (97651) and Plymouth Laira (97652).

Specification
 Diesel engine: Ruston 6VPH of 165 bhp (123 kW) at 1,250 rpm
 Transmission: Electric,
 Main generator: 1 x British Thomson-Houston RTB6034
 Traction motor: 1 x British Thomson-Houston RTA5041 (nose-suspended)
 Driving wheel diameter,
 97650: 3 ft 2½in (978 mm)
 97651-654: 3 ft 4in (1,016 mm)
 Weight,
 97650: 28 tons (29 tonnes)
 97651-654: 30 tons (31 tonnes)
 Maximum tractive effort: 17,000 lb (75 kN)
 Maximum speed: 20 mph (32 km/h)
 Brake type: Straight air on locomotive, automatic vacuum for train

A notable feature of this class is that the electric traction motor can be disengaged from the wheels. This allows the locomotive to be hauled by another locomotive at speeds above 20 mph.

Withdrawal
With the privatisation of British Rail in the mid-1990s, these locomotives were largely made redundant. Three locomotives had already been withdrawn from traffic, and only nos. 97651 and 97654 survived long enough to pass into English Welsh & Scottish (EWS) ownership. Number 97654 was sold to an infrastructure company based in Edinburgh, and remained in use until 2005, when it was preserved. Number 97651 was one of the first locomotives sold by EWS into preservation.

Preservation

Three of the five locomotives have been preserved on heritage railways.
97650 - Lincolnshire Wolds Railway
97651 - Swindon and Cricklade Railway
97654 - Heritage Shunters Trust

Incomplete remains of 97653 were stored at the former Ministry of Defence depot at Long Marston, Warwickshire until taken to Hurst's, Andover for scrap in August 2011.

Fleet details

References

Sources

External links
Heritage Shunters Trust - owners of 97654.

PWM651 info page at Northampton & Lamport Railway
 departmentals.com
 PWM page at Preserved Shunters

97 6
Ruston & Hornsby locomotives
C locomotives
British Rail departmental locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1953
Diesel–electric locomotives of Great Britain
Shunting locomotives
Transaction Workflow Innovation Standards Team. Transaction Workflow Innovation Standards Team (Twist) is a not-for-profit industry standards group.  It does not charge anything for involvement.  The main goal of Twist is to create non-proprietary XML message standards for the financial services industry.  To this end it provides a message format validation service.

Its focus on financial transaction processing covers the aspects of:
 Payments and collections (on invoices to suppliers and from customers)
 Cash management (cash flow, position keeping across accounts and timing)
 Working capital finance (short term investment of spare cash to make gains)
 Wholesale financial market access (raising capital through stocks and bonds)

The focus of these combined standards is to create and improve straight-through processing (STP).  As any STP system of systems will invariably involve many market participants such standards are essential for success.  Twist provides a check-list for ensuring STP is implemented in accordance with its standards. The word ‘standards’ is used rather than protocols as Twist endeavours to also define business process best practices. Such practices are typically implemented in a workflow, or business process management system (BPMS).  Considerable emphasis is placed on how to handle exceptions so that as much traffic can be handled automatically with as little as possible going to manual intervention. One major standard introduced by TWIST is the Bank Services Billing Standard (BSB).

Parties involved
The leading party in Twist is the Royal Dutch Shell Group’s corporate treasury department, giving the Twist standards more of a corporate finance perspective as opposed to a banking perspective.  Participants in Twist come from across the broad supply chain of banking and its support industries.   A common role for Twist is to draw on expertise in corporate treasury and channel it to software vendors so that they can create the products required.  Geographically Twist has good traction in the United Kingdom, Singapore and the Netherlands.  It has momentum in the foreign exchange (FX) and fixed income (FI) and money markets (MM) asset classes.

Related standards
Related XML financial services standard include FIX, FpML and SWIFT XML. Where related financial services message standards exist, such as these XML standards or classic SWIFT, then Twist aims to leverage them and interoperate with them rather than compete. 
Reuters is working with Twist, as of May 2005, to tie into its FX trading service (known as the RTFX service).  Their aim is to deliver real time trade confirmations directly into corporate treasurer’s STP systems.

External links
Twist
Reuters works with Twist

Transaction processing
XML organizations
Internet Locator Server. An Internet Locator Server (abbreviated ILS) is a server that acts as a directory for Microsoft NetMeeting clients. An ILS is not necessary within a local area network and some wide area networks in the Internet because one participant can type in the IP address of the other participant's host and call them directly. An ILS becomes necessary when one participant is trying to contact a host who has a private IP address internal to a local area network that is inaccessible to the outside world, or when the host is blocked by a firewall. An ILS is also useful when a participant has a different IP address during each session, e.g., assigned by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.

There are two main approaches to using Internet Location Servers: use a public server on the Internet, or run and use a private server.

Private Internet Location Server
The machine running an Internet Location Server must have a public IP address.
If the network running an Internet Location Server has a firewall, it is usually necessary to run the server in the demilitarized zone of the network.

Microsoft Windows includes an Internet Location Server. It can be installed in the Control Panel using Add/Remove Windows Components, under "Networking Services" (Site Server ILS Services).

The Internet Location Server (ILS) included in Microsoft Windows 2000 offers service on port 1002, while the latest version of NetMeeting requests service from port 389. The choice of 1002 was to avoid conflict with Windows 2000's domain controllers, which use LDAP and Active Directory on port 389, as well as Microsoft Exchange Server 2000, which uses port 389. If the server is running neither Active Directory nor Microsoft Exchange Server, the Internet Location Server's port can be changed to 389 using the following command at a command prompt:

 ILSCFG [servername] /port 389

Additional firewall issues
Internet Location Servers do not address two other issues with using NetMeeting behind a firewall. First, although a participant can join the directory from an external IP address, the participant cannot join a meeting unless the internal host manually adds the participant to the meeting from the directory. Second, while this approach is fine for data conferencing, audio or video conferencing requires opening of a wide range of ports on the firewall. In this case, it may be desirable to use a gateway.

See also
User Location Service
LDAP

Windows communication and services
Supreme Council of ICT of Iran. SCICT is the main council in Iran for ICT affairs. SCICT is managed by Nasrollah Jahangard.

The first form of ICT in Iran was the fax in 1988, and then the computer. Now Iran itself develops ICT. Iranian universities are connected to a gigabit ethernet backbone. Computers have not yet reached all people in Iran. As of 2005, most of the Internet connections are dial-up, but faster ADSL connections are becoming more popular.

See also
Takfa
Communications in Iran
Virastyar

External links
Supreme Council of ICT

Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Service Availability Forum. The Service Availability Forum (SAF or SA Forum) is a consortium that develops, publishes, educates on and promotes open specifications for carrier-grade and mission-critical systems. Formed in 2001, it promotes development and deployment of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology.

Description
Service availability is an extension of high availability, referring to services that are available regardless of hardware, software or user fault and importance.

Key principles of service availability:
 Redundancy – "backup" capability in case of need to failover due to a fault
 Stateful and seamless recovery from failures
 Minimization of mean time to repair (MTTR) – time to restore service after an outage
 Fault prediction & avoidance – take action before something fails

The traditional definitions of high availability have their roots in hardware systems where redundancy of equipment was the primary mechanism for achieving uptime over a specific period. As software has come to dominate the landscape, the probability of failure is often much higher for applications than it is for hardware and so these concepts have been extended encompass an overall view of service availability where downtime, irrespective of its cause, is an exceptionally rare event. Services and applications should always be available, whether it is during abnormal system operation, scheduled maintenance, or software upgrade, for example.

SA Forum support commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)  technology for uninterrupted service availability, application portability and seamless integration. Collaborating industry organizations include the following:
 CP-TA (Communications Platforms Trade Association): ensure interoperability on xTCA platforms.
 PICMG (PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group): develop open specifications that adapt PCI technology for use in high-performance telecommunications and industrial computing applications.
 SCOPE Alliance: enable and promote the availability of open carrier grade base platforms based on COTS hardware / software and Free and open-source software (FOSS) building blocks, and to promote interoperability between such components.
 The Linux Foundation: promote, protect, and standardize Linux by providing unified resources and services needed for open source to successfully compete with closed platforms.

Specifications

Specifications for carrier-grade service availability include:
Hardware Platform Interface (HPI)
Application Interface Specification (AIS)
Mapping Specifications
Java Mapping Specifications
HPI-to-AdvancedTCA Mapping Specifications

Educational resources

The SA Forum free educational materials enable self-guided training the SA Forum specifications:
Application Webcasts
Tutorials
Whitepapers

See also

 High availability
 Commercial off-the-shelf
 Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA)
 Communications Platforms Trade Association
 PICMG
 SCOPE Alliance
 SAFplus
 The Linux Foundation
 OpenSAF
 OpenHPI
 Hardware Platform Interface
 Application Interface Specification

References

External links
 

Technology consortia
LMS diesel shunter 1831. LMS diesel shunter No. 1831 was an experimental diesel hydraulic shunter built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1931/3, which pioneered diesel shunting in the UK.

Design
It was ordered in 1931 from the Midland Railway's Derby Works and delivered in December 1932, nominally a rebuild of a Midland Railway 1377 Class 0-6-0T steam locomotive of the same number, built in September 1892 by the Vulcan Foundry. The frames and running gear of the original locomotive were retained. It had a Davey Paxman 6-cylinder  at 750 rpm engine (later converted to 
and a Haslam & Newton transmission.

History
After initial testing, the locomotive entered stock in May 1934, but was not successful in ordinary service. The locomotive was put into storage in 1936 and officially withdrawn from service in September 1939. It was converted to a mobile power unit, emerging in its new guise as MPU3 in November 1940. It was scrapped in August 1951.

References

Diesel 1831
C locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1931
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
LMS diesel shunters
IOE. IOE or IoE may refer to:

Education 
 Institute of Education (Dublin)
 Institute of Engineering, Kathmandu, Nepal
 Institutes of Eminence is a scheme of excellence for higher education institutes in India
 UCL Institute of Education, University College London

Other uses 
 IOE engine, a type of internal combustion engine
 Images of England, an online photographic record of all the listed buildings in England 
 Index of Effluency, the top prize of the 24 Hours of Lemons
 International Organisation of Employers
 Internet of everything
 Industrial and operations engineering, a specialization of industrial engineering
Analog modeling synthesizer. An analog modeling synthesizer is a synthesizer that generates the sounds of traditional analog synthesizers using digital signal processing components and software algorithms. Analog modeling synthesizers simulate the behavior of the original electronic circuitry in order to digitally replicate their tone.

This method of synthesis is also referred to as virtual analog or VA. Analog modeling synthesizers can be more reliable than their true analog counterparts since the oscillator pitch is ultimately maintained by a digital clock, and the digital hardware is typically less susceptible to temperature changes.

While analog synthesizers need an oscillator circuit for each voice of polyphony, analog modeling synthesizers do not face this problem. This means that many of them, especially the more modern models, can produce as many polyphonic voices as the CPU on which they run can handle.

Modeling synths also provide patch storage capabilities and MIDI support not found on most true analog instruments. Analog modeling synthesizers that run entirely within a host computer operating system are typically referred to as analog software synthesizers.

While the Roland D-50 from 1987 is probably the first affordable virtual analog synthesizer, the term was not used until the 1990s when the Nord Lead came out.

Examples of VA synthesizers include:

 Access Virus line of VA synths
 AKAI Miniak virtual analog synthesizer from AKAI Professional
 Alesis Ion, Micron and Fusion
 Arturia Origin
 Clavia Nord Lead and Nord Modular series
 Korg Z1, Prophecy, MS-2000, microKORG, RADIAS, R3, KingKORG, Electribe
 Kurzweil PC3-family
M-Audio Venom
 Novation Supernova, Supernova II, Nova, A-Station, K-Station, X-Station, XioSynth, Ultranova, MiniNova
 Oberheim OB12
Quasimidi Raven, Rave-O-Lution, Polymorph, Sirius
Roland JP-8000, JP-8080, V-Synth, SH-201, SH-01 Gaia, JU-06, SH-32, Aira System-8, Aira System-1
 
 Waldorf Q, Q+, MicroQ and Blofeld
 Yamaha AN1x, Yamaha Reface CS, AN200

References 

 
Sound synthesis types
Chlorine pentafluoride. Chlorine pentafluoride is an interhalogen compound with formula ClF5.  This colourless gas is a strong oxidant that was once a candidate oxidizer for rockets.  The molecule adopts a square pyramidal structure with C4v symmetry, as confirmed by its high-resolution 19F NMR spectrum. It was first synthesized in 1963.

Preparation
Some of the earliest research on the preparation was classified. It was first prepared by fluorination of chlorine trifluoride at high temperatures and high pressures:
ClF3  +  F2   →   ClF5
ClF  +  2F2   →   ClF5
Cl2  +  5F2   →   2ClF5
CsClF4  +  F2   →   CsF  +  ClF5
NiF2 catalyzes this reaction.

Certain metal fluorides, MClF4 (i.e. KClF4, RbClF4, CsClF4), react with F2 to produce ClF5 and the corresponding alkali metal fluoride.

Reactions
In a highly exothermic reaction, ClF5 reacts with water to produce chloryl fluoride and hydrogen fluoride:
 + 2  →  + 4 

It is also a strong fluorinating agent. At room temperature it reacts readily with all elements (including otherwise "inert" elements like platinum and gold) except noble gases, nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine.

Uses

Rocket propellant 
Chlorine pentafluoride was once considered for use as an oxidizer for rockets. As a propellant, it has a higher maximum specific impulse than ClF3, but with the same difficulties in handling. Due to the hazardous nature of chlorine pentafluoride, it has yet to be used in a large scale rocket propulsion system.

See also
 Chlorine trifluoride
 Hypervalent molecule

References

External links
National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet
New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet
WebBook page for ClF5

Fluorides
Inorganic chlorine compounds
Interhalogen compounds
Rocket oxidizers
Fluorinating agents
Oxidizing agents
Chlorine(V) compounds
Substances discovered in the 1960s
EIEIO. EIEIO may refer to:
 The refrain to the children's song, "Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
 Enforce In-order Execution of I/O, a machine instruction used on the PowerPC computer processor
 Computer bought the farm, an error message with symbol EIEIO, from the GNU Hurd operating system
 EIEIO, the Enhanced Implementation of Emacs Interpreted Objects, an object-oriented elisp system based on the Common Lisp Object System
 "E-I-E-I-O", an episode of Barney & Friends from the fourth season of the show
Dassault Falcon family. The Dassault Falcon is a family of business jets, manufactured by Dassault Aviation.
Dassault produce the midsize Falcon 2000S/LXS twinjet, the long-range Falcon 900LX trijet and ultra-long range Dassault Falcon 7X/8X trijets.

The first Falcon 20 took off on its first flight on 4 May 1963, and was handed over to a customer in 1965.
The Falcon 900 was rolled out in 1984, and the Falcon 7X made its first flight in 2005. 
The 2,000th Falcon was delivered in 2009, and the Falcon 8X made its first flight in 2015.
The 2,500th Falcon was delivered in July 2017, as more than 2,100 were in service with 1,230 operators in 90 countries, having accumulated 17.8 million flight hours.

In 2018, Dassault launched the Falcon 6X with a  range.
By May 2023, more than 2,700 business jets have been delivered.
The Falcon 10X is planned for certification in late 2025.

Aircraft

Timeline

References

External links
Official website

Falcon
French business aircraft
Low-wing aircraft