omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
British Rail Class EF1. The Class EF1 (Electric Freight 1) was a class of electrically powered locomotives built by the North Eastern Railway from 1914. They were built to haul coal trains from the mines at Shildon to the docks at Middlesbrough.  In common with other LNER electric locomotives, no classification was given to these locomotives until 4 October 1945, when nos. 3-12 were all classified EB1 (Electric Banking 1) although only no. 11 was actually modified for banking. It was expected that all the locomotives would be similarly modified, but this did not happen, and the remaining locos were classified as EF1 (Electric Freight 1).

Proposed diesel conversion
During the 1920s the coal traffic declined and some of the locomotives became surplus to requirements.  In 1928 a plan was devised to convert one of them to a diesel-electric, using a 1,000 hp Beardmore diesel engine driving an English Electric generator.  This plan did not come to fruition.

Class EB1
Electric traction on the Shildon line was discontinued in 1935 but the locomotives were retained for possible future use.  Number 11 (later BR 26510) was rebuilt in 1941 for use as a banker on the Manchester-Sheffield line, and given the classification EB1 (Electric Banking 1).  Horsepower was increased from 1,100 to 1,256 and the twin pantographs were replaced by a single central one.  In October 1945, all ten locomotives were classified as Class EB1. Although only one had been rebuilt, it was expected that rebuilding of the others would follow. Nos. 3-12 were renumbered as Nos. 6490-9 in the LNER's 1946 renumbering scheme. After nationalisation in 1948 they were renumbered again as 26502-11. In 1949, the plan to convert the remaining nine locomotives as banking engines was dropped and they were reclassified as Class EF1 (Electric Freight 1).

Final years
The EF1s were withdrawn in 1950–51. In 1949, the EB1 (number 26510) was moved to Ilford Depot (Eastern Region) for use as a shunter. Number 26510 was transferred to departmental stock (as No. 100) in 1959 and withdrawn in 1964. None of the locomotives were preserved.

See also
 Castle Eden Railway
 Clarence Railway
 Erimus Marshalling Yard

Notes

References

 The NER Electric Bo-Bo Class EF1 & EB1 Locomotives

Further reading

Electric Shildon
EB1
1500 V DC locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1914
Bo+Bo locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
EF1
Jōshin Dentetsu Jōshin Line. The  is a Japanese railway line in Gunma Prefecture, between Takasaki Station in Takasaki and Shimonita Station in Shimonita, operated by the private railway operator . This is the only line operated by the company, although it also operates a few bus lines. The first section of the line opened in 1897.

Rolling stock
, the following rolling stock is used on the line.

 150 series 2-car EMUs x3 (former Seibu Railway EMUs)
 200/250 series single-car and two-car EMUs
 500 series 2-car EMUs x2 (former Seibu Railway EMUs)
 700 series 2-car EMUs (former JR East 107 series EMUs; since March 2019)
 1000 series 2-car EMU x1
 6000 series 2-car EMU x1
 7000 series 2-car EMU x1 (since December 2013)
 Class DeKi 1 electric locomotives DeKi 1 and 3 (built by Siemens)
 Class ED31 electric locomotive ED31 6 (former JNR Class ED31)

The 1000 and 6000 series EMUs purchased new are unusual in having the driver's seat on the right-hand side facing the direction of travel.

History
The line opened on 10 May 1897, as a  gauge steam-hauled railway line from  to Fukushima (present-day ), operated by the . The entire line to  was opened on 25 September in the same year. The line was planned to be extended southward from Shimonita to connect with the Saku Railway (present-day Koumi Line) at , and the owning company was accordingly renamed  from 25 August 1921. The line was ultimately never extended, but the track was regauged to  and electrified with an overhead wire at 1,500 V DC.

Freight operations on the line were discontinued from 1 October 1994.

On 30 November 2003, Takasaki Fairy Land which was a leisure complex being established as "Kappa Pia" in 1961 was discontinued. In this leisure complex, "NAKASONE FESTIVAL" was held during summer because "Matsugoro Nakasone" who is a father of Yasuhiro Nakasone was a CEO of Joshi Electric Railway.

Stations

See also
List of railway companies in Japan
List of railway lines in Japan

References

External links 

  

Railway lines in Japan
Rail transport in Gunma Prefecture
Railway lines opened in 1897
1067 mm gauge railways in Japan
2 ft 6 in gauge railways in Japan
LaBiche FSC-1. The LaBiche Aerospace FSC-1, a.k.a. LaBiche 460sc, is a prototype roadable aircraft.

Design and development
The FSC-1 is claimed to be the first known vehicle capable of automatic conversion from aircraft to car at the touch of a button. LaBiche is currently testing the FSC-1 prototype #1 (as of Oct 2007). The FSC-1 requires a pilot and driver's license to operate. However, upon approval from the FAA, development is underway for utilizing a new satellite navigation "hands free" flight system to travel from airport to airport that will eliminate the need for a pilot's license. Numerous safety systems and fail safes are also employed on the FSC-1, such as a recovery parachute.

The "Flying Sports Car-1" FSC-1, developed and marketed by LaBiche Aerospace under the name FSC-1, is a 5-seat, single engine, integrated style flying car. The LaBiche FSC-1 was introduced as a roadable aircraft (flying car) to fulfill the needs of a personal vehicle that is capable of "true" high-speed, "door-to-door" travel, utilizing current automotive and aviation infrastructure.

History
Development of the FSC-1 began in the late 1980s after Mitchell LaBiche, founder of LaBiche Aerospace, while on a typical cross-country trip in a light aircraft, became stranded for several days because of foul weather, when the weather was clear only 60 miles away yet there was no way to move the aircraft to the clear weather. This painful challenge stirred the designer to come up with a modern, flexible, and practical vehicle capable of true "door-to-door" travel.

The idea of flying cars (or roadable aircraft) had long been known. However, initial work centered on VTOL vehicles. After several years of research, market analysis, and customer surveys, the requirements for the FSC-1 were developed.

Model history

 2002 – First announced
 2007 – Initial market sales

Today 
LaBiche Aerospace is now testing the full-scale prototype #1 (as of Oct 2007).

A Kickstarter failed to raise sufficient orders by August 28, 2014.

Specifications LaBiche FSC-1

References

External links
 LaBiche Aerospace-Official FSC-1 website

Roadable aircraft
2000s United States experimental aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Hōjō Line. The  is a Japanese railway line in Hyōgo Prefecture, between Ao, Ono and Hōjōmachi, Kasai. This is the only railway line operated by . The third sector company took former Japanese National Railways line in 1985. The line links Hōjō, a central town of Kasai, and two railway lines, namely JR West Kakogawa Line and Shintetsu Ao Line.

Basic data
Distance: 13.6 km / 8.5 mi.
Gauge: 1,067 mm / 3 ft. 6 in.
Stations: 8
Double-track line: None
Electric supply: Not electrified
Railway signalling: Staff token

History
The  opened the line in 1915. The railway was acquired by the  in 1923 and nationalised in 1943 together with other Bantan Railway lines, i.e. the Kakogawa Line, the Takasago Line, the Miki Line and the Kajiya Line.

Freight services ceased in 1974, and in 1985 the Hojo Railway Company commenced operating the line.

Accidents
On 31 March 1945 a Kawanishi N1K fighter on a test flight made an emergency landing near Abiki that damaged the line resulting in a derailment that killed 11 and injured 104 passengers.

Stations

See also

List of railway companies in Japan
List of railway lines in Japan

References

This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

External links 
  

Railway lines in Japan
Rail transport in Hyōgo Prefecture
Japanese third-sector railway lines
Mizuma Railway Mizuma Line. The  is a Japanese railway line between Mizuma Kannon Station and Kaizuka Station, all within Kaizuka, Ōsaka. This is the only railway line of a private railway company  operates. The company also operates bus services.

The company or the line is commonly called .

Basic data
Distance: 
Gauge: 
Stations: 10
Track: single
Electric supply: 1,500 V DC
Railway signalling: Automatic

History
The line opened between December 1925 and January 1926, electrified at 600 VDC.

Freight services ceased in 1972, and in 1990 the line voltage was increased to 1,500 VDC.

Proposed connecting line
 Sechigo station - Construction of a proposed line to Kokawa on the Wakayama Line commenced in the late 1920s but was abandoned due to the economic depression in the 1930s

Stations
All stations are in Kaizuka, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture.

See also
List of railway companies in Japan
List of railway lines in Japan

References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

External links 
 
 Mizuma Railway official website

Railway lines in Japan
Rail transport in Osaka Prefecture
Railway lines opened in 1925
1067 mm gauge railways in Japan
Polymethylene polyphenylene isocyanate. Polymethylene polyphenylene isocyanate (PPI), is a polyurea-based polymer derived from isocyanate monomers that is used in some glues, aerosol foams, plastics, paint and household products.

PPI is listed as a "hazardous agent" by the National Institutes of Health because it irritates skin and breathing passages at high concentrations. Some painters exposed to PPI and related isocyanate chemicals have developed occupational asthma. In chronic toxicity tests, mice exposed to low levels of PPI developed no side effects. Only those mice exposed to the two highest concentrations developed any lung symptoms. The two highest doses used in this study were 1.0 and 6.0 mg per cubic meter for 6 hours each day, 5 days each week for 2 years.  The duration-adjusted exposure levels for these two high concentrations are equivalent to 11 ppb and 70 ppb, 24 hours/day for two years.

References

Organic polymers
Tateyama Tunnel Trolleybus. The , officially the , is a Japanese trolleybus line in Tateyama, Toyama, operated by the Tateyama Kurobe Kankō Company. The line is entirely underground (in tunnel), including both termini. The line is a part of the Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route, a sightseeing route to the Kurobe Dam that also includes bus, funicular and aerial tramway lines. 

It is the last remaining trolleybus line in Japan, following the conversion of the Kanden Tunnel Trolleybus line to battery operation in November 2018. It is also the last remaining right-hand drive trolleybus line in the world. The trolleybuses are planned to be retired at the end of the 2024 season, and battery-electric buses will replace them at the beginning of the 2025 season.

History 
The line originally opened as a normal (diesel) bus line in April 1971, but was later re-equipped for trolleybuses. The trolleybus line opened on 23 April 1996.

Route and services 

The Tateyama Tunnel Trolleybus forms a component of the Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route, a mountain sightseeing route between Tateyama, Toyama and Ōmachi, Nagano. The trolleybus line connects to the Tateyama Highland Bus at its western terminus, and to the Tateyama Ropeway at its eastern terminus.

The trolleybus line operates in an exclusive tunnel through Tateyama (Mount Tate), whose peak reaches a height of . Murodō Station, the western terminus, is at an elevation of , descending to  at the eastern terminus of Daikanbō Station. Murodō Station is the highest elevation on the Alpine Route, which ascends from near sea level at Toyama Station.

There are no intermediate stations in the tunnel, and all buses run nonstop between the two stations. The  journey takes approximately 10 minutes. The majority of the tunnel is a single lane, with a passing lane provided.

Regulation 
Under Japanese law, the Tateyama Tunnel Trolleybus is considered a railway. While it is operated with trolleybuses, the Tateyama Tunnel Trolleybus is regulated as a railway, under the terms of the , which contains special provisions for "special railways," which also covers monorails, suspension railways, and cable railways.

Statistics 

Distance: 
Stations: 2
Double-track line: None
Electric supply: 600 V DC
Railway signalling: Automatic signal system
Buses start while the signal is clear, and the number of vehicles is counted.
Fleet: 8 trolleybuses, built in 1995–96 by Osaka Sharyo Kogyo (on Mitsubishi Fuso chassis), numbered 8001–8008.
Ridership: 735,000 per year (2002)

Future
On 11 December 2023, Tateyama Kurobe Kankō announced plans to discontinue its trolleybuses on 1 December 2024 and replace them with battery-electric buses from April 2025. The last trolleybus service is expected to take place on 30 November 2024.

See also
Mount Tate
List of trolleybus systems
List of railway lines in Japan

References

External links

 Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route official website

Trolleybus transport in Japan
Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route
Tateyama, Toyama
2024 disestablishments in Japan
Mitake Tozan Railway. The  is a Japanese transport company in Ōme, Tokyo. It belongs to the Keio Group. The company operates a funicular line and a chairlift, both in Mount Mitake. The company was founded in 1927.

Funicular line

The funicular line is commonly known as . The difference in elevation between the two stations is 424 m (1,390 ft). Construction began in 1930, and operation started in 1935. In 1944, it was suspended due to World War II and partially scrapped for material, with operation only starting again in 1951.

In 1991, the gauge was changed from the original 1,067mm to 1,049mm because the rail profile was increased.

Three generations of vehicles have been used on the route. The original Ko-1 type (コー１系) was replaced with the Ko-2 type (コー２系) in 1968, which was in turn replaced in 2008.

Pasmo and Suica IC cards are accepted as payment methods.

Mitakesan Station
This station is the ground station. It is made up of a single track, two platforms and a kiosk which is located outside of the ticket hall.

Takimoto Station
This station is the ground station. It is made up of a single track, two platforms and a kiosk which is located outside of the ticket hall. A bus stop is located near this station with bus services to Mitake Station operated by Nishi Tokyo Bus which is owned by Keio Group.

Chairlift

The company also operates a chairlift. Its stations are called Mitake Daira (immediately next to the funicular's Mitake station) and Daitenbōdai and it was opened in 1958.

See also
List of funicular railways
List of railway companies in Japan
List of railway lines in Japan

References

External links
 Official website 
 Official website (limited information in English)

Funicular railways in Japan
Electromagnetic log. An Electromagnetic Log, sometimes called an "EM log", is an electronic sensor which measures the speed of a vessel through sea water. Like many other technologies, its name derives from the traditional chip log. It makes use of Faraday's law of induction by measuring the EMF induced in water moving through a magnetic field generated by the sensor.

Mechanism of operation 
 Electricity flows through a coil inside the device, inducing a magnetic field perpendicular to the flow of water
 Since sea water is an electrical conductor, an EMF is induced when it moves relative to the magnetic field, according to Faraday's law.
 This EMF creates a local voltage differential, which can be measured by two electrodes in contact with the water.
 The speed of the water flowing past the sensor is directly proportional to this measured voltage.

Some EM logs have three electrodes arranged in a right triangle; this allows the speed to be calculated even if the electrodes are not perfectly aligned with respect to the flow.

Advantages 
 No moving parts
 Less affected by sea growth than pit swords
 Less complex than Doppler logs
 Typically accurate to 0.03m/s
 Capable of measuring transverse as well as longitudinal speeds

Disadvantages
 Must be calibrated for water conductivity, which depends on salinity and temperature
 Does not work in fresh water
 Measurement is influenced by the boundary layer (water is slowed down near the hull due to friction)
 Measures speed relative to the water, not to the Earth

See also

 Pitometer log

References

External links 

 https://owaysonline.com/electromagnetic-speed-log-on-ships/

Navigational equipment
Speed sensors
Eastman Jacobs. Eastman Jacobs (1902–1987) was a leading American aerodynamicist who worked for NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (renamed NASA Langley Research Center in 1958) from the 1920s to the 1940s.  He was responsible for advancing many fields in aerodynamics, dealing particularly with wind tunnels, airfoils, turbulence, boundary layers, and Schlieren photography.

Biography
Eastman Jacobs joined NACA in 1925 after earning a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley.  He applied at the Bell Labs but was not accepted and opted for his second choice Langley. His knowledge of complex analysis was key to current airfoil design techniques at the time. He quickly became one of the leading scientists at the Langley Research Center due to his work with optimizing airfoils using a variable density wind tunnel that could operate with high Reynolds numbers.  He was also officially the head of the Variable Density Wind Tunnel Division from 1928-1939.  He and his colleagues were able to significantly reduce the turbulence in the wind tunnel, which led to a better understanding of boundary development around airfoil sections.  A better knowledge of boundary layer growth then led to an optimization scheme for low-drag laminar flow airfoils.  This optimization scheme produced the NACA 4-digit airfoils that led to faster aircraft like the P-51 Mustang in World War II.  In 1937, he received the Sylvanus Albert Reed Award for his improvement of airfoils.

By the 1930s, Jacobs became interested in high-speed wind tunnels, and helped to build one of the first in the United States.  He became the first person to observe a shock wave propagating over an airfoil using Schlieren photography.  In 1935, he was invited to the now famous fifth Volta conference on aerodynamics titled "High Velocities in Aviation".  There, he gave a presentation on high-speed wind tunnels and his Schlieren images which exposed the technology to the rest of the world.

Later in his career, he designed a motorjet aircraft referred to "Jake's Jeep", but this work was canceled by the NACA.  He retired at an early age of 42 in 1944.

A restaurant he started in 1958, called "Panorama Pacific at Solimar," on his property near the Pacific Coast Highway on the Ventura-Los Angeles county line in Malibu, became known throughout the 1960s as "Jake's Diner." The restaurant survives today as "Neptune's Net". Jacobs died June 21, 1987 and his ashes were spread on his ranch property.

Awards

 Wright Brothers Medal – 1933

See also
NACA airfoil

References

External links
 NACA 4-digit series airfoil generator

1902 births
1987 deaths
Aerodynamicists
American mechanical engineers
20th-century American engineers
Do3D. Do3D was one of the first virtual reality computer software released for Microsoft Windows, being the first consumer product released by Superscape in 1998.

The purpose of the program was the ability to create your own virtual worlds, having the feature to implement them onto webpages with special plug-ins, and walk around them. It used low-polygon, simple 3D graphics, with the possibility of adding your own textures and colors into pre-made objects, or into construction blocks for custom buildings.

Its dedicated website, Do3D.com, is now offline. The "robots.txt" file present on the website's server prevented the pages from being archived by the Wayback Machine.

External links
 News on Do3D's launch

Windows multimedia software
1998 software
Virtual reality
Olympiadane. Olympiadane is a mechanically interlocked molecule composed of five interlocking macrocycles that resembles the Olympic rings.  The molecule is a linear pentacatenane or a [5]catenane. It was synthesized and named by Fraser Stoddart and coworkers in 1994. The molecule was designed without any practical use in mind, although other catenanes may have possible application to the construction of a molecular computer.

See also
Olympicene

References

Molecular topology
Hexafluorophosphates
Supramolecular chemistry
Pyridinium compounds
Substances discovered in the 1990s
Iwate Development Railway. The  is a freight railway company in Ōfunato, Iwate, Japan. This is one of the oldest third sector (half public, half private) railway operator in the country, founded in 1932. Its group also operates bus lines. It also had a passenger service until 1992. The line mainly transports limestones from the mine to Taiheiyō Cement Ōfunato Factory.

History
The Iwate Development Railway started construction of a 6km line to Hikoroichi (日頃市線) in 1941, but work was suspended as a result of the Pacific War. Work recommenced after the war and the line opened in 1950, and was extended 4km to Iwate-Ishibashi in 1960. A 2km freight-only line to Akasaki (赤崎線) opened in 1957. The passenger service ceased in 1992, and the lines are now freight-only.

See also
List of railway companies in Japan

External links 
 Official website

Railway companies of Japan
Rail transport in Iwate Prefecture
Sendai Rinkai Railway. The  is the freight only railway company in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The third sector company was founded in 1970. Its lines transport containers or petroleum between Tōhoku Main Line and the industrial area of Port of Sendai. The lines were damaged by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and returned to service in 2012.

Lines
Rinkai Main Line (臨海本線, "Seaside Main Line") opened 1971
Rikuzan-Sannō — Sendai-Kitakō: 5.4 km / 3.3 mi.
Sendai Futō Line (仙台埠頭線 "Sendai Pier Line") opened 1975
Sendaikō — Sendai-Futō: 1.6 km / 1.0 mi.
Sendai Nishikō Line (仙台西港線 "Sendai West Port Line") opened 1983
Sendaikō — Sendai-Nishikō: 2.0 km / 1.2 mi.

See also
List of railway companies in Japan

References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

External links 
 Official website

Railway companies of Japan
Rail transport in Miyagi Prefecture
Railway companies established in 1970
Keiyō Rinkai Railway Rinkai Main Line. The  is a Japanese freight-only railway line in Chiba Prefecture, between Soga, Chiba and Kitasode, Sodegaura. This is the only railway line  operates, but the line has two branch lines as well. The company is abbreviated as . The third sector company was founded in 1962. The line mainly transports containers or petroleum for the Keiyō Industrial Zone on Port of Chiba, Tokyo Bay.

Basic data
Distance:
Soga — Kitasode: 19.9 km 
Ichihara Junction — Keiyō-Ichihara: 1.6 km 
Kitasode Junction — Keiyō-Kubota: 2.3 km 
Gauge: 1,067 mm
Stations: 10
Track: Single
Power: Diesel
Railway signalling: Simplified automatic

See also
List of railway companies in Japan
List of railway lines in Japan

References

External links
Rintetsu official website 

Railway lines in Japan
Railway lines in Chiba Prefecture