omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Boyle temperature. The Boyle temperature, named after Robert Boyle, is formally defined as the temperature for which the second virial coefficient, , becomes zero.
It is at this temperature that the attractive forces and the repulsive forces acting on the gas particles balance out

This is the virial equation of state and describes a real gas. 

Since higher order virial coefficients are generally much smaller than the second coefficient, the gas tends to behave as an ideal gas over a wider range of pressures when the temperature reaches the Boyle temperature (or when  or  are minimized). 

In any case, when the pressures are low, the second virial coefficient will be the only relevant one because the remaining concern terms of higher order on the pressure. Also at Boyle temperature the dip in a PV diagram tends to a straight line over a period of pressure. We then have

where  is the compressibility factor.

Expanding the van der Waals equation in  one finds that .

See also 
 Virial equation of state

References 

Temperature
Thermodynamics
Robert Boyle
Alstom Transport Deutschland. Alstom Transport Deutschland, formerly Linke-Hofmann-Busch, is a German manufacturing company originally established in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) to produce locomotives and rolling stock. Its origins lay in the wheelwright business of Gottfried Linke, begun in 1834. After World War II, the company was reestablished in Salzgitter in West Germany. In 1994, GEC Alsthom acquired a 51% shareholding. It is now part of Alstom; the name Linke-Hofmann-Busch ceased to be used in 2009 when it became Alstom Transport Deutschland GmbH.

Aircraft industry
During World War I, it became one of many companies in Germany drawn into the aircraft industry even though they had no prior experience in aircraft design.

Linke-Hofmann-Busch first entered the aircraft industry by repairing and constructing aircraft designed by other established companies under licence, such as the Roland C.IIa, Albatros B.IIa, C.III and C.X. In 1916 Linke-Hofmann-Busch was awarded a contract to design and build a four-engined heavy bomber under the Riesenflugzeug ("giant aircraft") designation.
Two designs were built in prototype form, the R.I and the R.II; both designs were unconventional. The R.I was unsuccessful, but the Linke-Hofmann R.II flew well. However, the war ended before it could go into production. Post-war attempts to build R.II's as passenger and transport aircraft were prevented by the Allied Control Commission which was concerned about bombers being built illicitly, under the guise of airliners, and the possible resumption of the war.

Rail products

Heavy Rail
Prototype carriages for the Deutsche Bundesbahn (1976).

Indian Railways' LHB coach are based on a design developed by Linke-Hofmann-Busch.

Suburban Rail
Litra SA and Litra SE for the Copenhagen S-tog (with Siemens, 1996–2006)
CIÉ 8100 Class for the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (with GEC, 1983–1984): built to a metro-style specification.
DB Class 420 for S-Bahn services in Munich, Rhine-Main, Rhine-Ruhr, and Stuttgart.

Metro
M1, M2 and M3 series for the Amsterdam Metro (1973–1980)
DT2 series for the Hamburg U-Bahn (with Kiepe).
DT4 series for the Hamburg U-Bahn (with ABB).

Light Rail
TT Class 8 for the Trondheim Tramway (1984)
P86 stock for the Docklands Light Railway in East London (1986), now used on the Essen Stadtbahn
TW 2000 for the Hanover Stadtbahn (1997–2000)

See also
Pafawag, former Linke-Hofmann factory in Wroclaw (Breslau) nationalised in 1945

References

The German Giants, The Story of the R-planes 1914–1919, G.W Haddow & Peter M. Grosz, 1963. Published by Putnam & Company 42 Great Russell Street London

External links

Alstom
Companies based in Wrocław
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Locomotive manufacturers of Germany
companies based in Lower Saxony
Salzgitter
Kindai University Junior and Senior High School. Kindai University Junior and Senior High School (近畿大学附属高等学校・中学校) is a private non-sectarian and coeducational high school located in Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan. It has senior and junior high school. It was founded in 1939 under Kinki University.

History 
1939  　Founded as Japan Technical School Pernmitted
1943  　4-year-system Technical School founded
1948  　Renamed Osaka Science and Engineering University High School
1949  　Kindai High School & Kindai Junior High School opened
1978  　Science and Mathematics course started
1987  　International course started
1989  　High school moved to new location
1990  　Coed System started
1993  　Entered Sister School Relationship with Bothell High School(United States)
1994  　Entered Sister School Relationship with Inglemoor High School(United States)
1996  　6-year Educational System introduced
2005  　Entered Sister School Relationship with Mountain Creek State High School

Notable alumni
 Yo Nishino, - a professional basketball player

References

High schools in Osaka Prefecture
Education in Osaka
Dishmaker. The Dishmaker is a machine which thermoforms cups, bowls, and plates from acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate) plastic discs and then thermoforms them back into discs when they are done being used. It was about the size of a home dishwasher, and could store hundreds of discs for potential dishes.

It was designed by Leonardo Bonanni for the Counter Intelligence Group, which was active from January 1999 to January 2007 as part of the MIT Media Lab. The Media Lab is an antidisciplinary laboratory, and the Counter Intelligence Group was focused on "developing a digitally connected, self-aware kitchen with knowledge and memory of its activities".

Returning the dishes to disc form was aided by the shape-memory property of acrylic.

References

Further reading 

 Zetter, Kim. “Machine Make Dishes on Demand.” Wired News. 12 Oct. 2005. 12 Feb. 2007. http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/10/69113
 Phillip Torrone. “The “Dishmaker”.” Make: technology on your time. 12 Feb. 2007. 12 Feb. 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070214072138/http://www.makezine.com/blog/archive/2007/02/the_dishmaker.html?
 Adnan. “Dishmaker.” Sensory Impact The Culture of Objects. 22 Oct. 2005. 12 Feb. 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20060221162519/http://sensoryimpact.com/2005/10/dishmaker
 “The Incredible Dishmaker.” Tech Blog Latest Tech & Gadget News. 12 Feb. 2007. 12 Feb. 2007. http://www.techeblog.com/index.php/tech-gadget/the-incredible-dishmaker
 “The Prototype Dishmaker - Make a Dish on Demand.” Trend Hunter Magazine: Trend Spotting, Cool Hunting, and Innovation Trends. 12 Feb. 2007. Page 1.

American inventions
Recycling
Serving and dining
Dan Alderson. Daniel John Alderson (October 31, 1941 – May 17, 1989) was a scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, and a prominent participant in science fiction fandom.  He came from a middle-class family and had diabetes.  A high school science fair project on the gravitational fields of non-spherical bodies won him a college scholarship to Caltech and a job at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he wrote the software used to navigate Voyagers 1 and 2.

A member of the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society, an Official Editor of the comic book APA CAPA-alpha, and an early member of gaming fandom, he came into contact with a number of science fiction writers, notably Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, who, in their books, credit Dan Alderson with ideas that inspired some of their science fiction, notably the Alderson drive and the Alderson disk.  As "Dan Forrester" he is a prominent character in Lucifer's Hammer.

Alderson did not write science fiction himself, but for his own amusement created the imaginary planet of Toadland, a planet where everyone gets his heart's desire. As the ruler of the world, he assumed the title "Wibblefubwilda", over the Wibblefubs, Wibbles, and Wibs that populated Toadland. He died at an early age from complications of diabetes.  He is remembered as a "patron saint" of the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society, which honored his memory with a parking space reserved in his name in front of their clubhouse until they moved to a new location without dedicated parking.

Alderson devised a Fortran program (called TRAM for Trajectory Monitor) for navigation in the Solar System, still used by low-thrust craft in 2008.  When Alderson lost his vision to diabetic complications, he was able to continue working at JPL by dictating to an unpaid "seeing eye person."  Before he was forced to retire for medical reasons, he created a complex subroutine package (Portable NameList) in Fortran, strictly by dictation.  He organized things so well that he was able to create a number of secondary subroutines and functions, keeping all arguments in a strict order to avoid confusion.

Alderson was a confirmed night owl. It was well known at JPL that, if someone saw him at his desk at 8 AM, he'd been there all night.  As his health failed, he paid less and less attention to the time, sometimes leaving for a 3 PM appointment at 3:30 PM.

References 

1941 births
1989 deaths
California Institute of Technology alumni
Diabetes-related deaths
Magnesioferrite. Magnesioferrite is a magnesium iron oxide mineral, a member of the magnetite series of spinels. 
Magnesioferrite crystallizes as black metallic octahedral crystals. It is named after its chemical composition of magnesium and ferric iron.
The density is 4.6 - 4.7 (average = 4.65), and the diaphaniety is opaque. Occurs as well-formed fine sized crystals or massive and granular. 
Its hardness is  6-6.5. It has a metallic luster and a dark red streak.

Occurrence
It occurs in fumaroles, as a result of combustion metamorphism and coal seam fires, in glass spherules related to meteorite impacts, and as accessory phase in kimberlites and carbonatites.

It has been reported from Vesuvius and Stromboli, Italy.

References

Iron(III) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Spinel group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 227
Magnetic minerals
2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane. 2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP or t-nitrosobutane) is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)3CNO.  It is a blue liquid that is used in chemical research as a spin trap, i.e. it binds to radicals.

Preparation and structure
t-BuNO is prepared by the following sequence:
(CH3)3CNH2 → (CH3)3CNO2
(CH3)3CNO2 → (CH3)3CNHOH
(CH3)3CNHOH → (CH3)3CNO

The freshly distilled compound is a blue volatile liquid.  Like other nitroso compounds, it features a bent C-N=O linkage.  Upon standing at room temperature, the blue liquid converts to the colourless solid that is the dimer (m.p. 74-75 °C).  In solution, this dimer quickly reverts to the blue monomer.

Reactions
It can be used as a spin trap.  This molecule traps unstable free radicals to form stable paramagnetic nitroxide radicals that can be detected and analyzed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. It is particularly useful for trapping carbon-centered tyrosyl radicals. It has also been used in organic chemistry as electrophile to transform sulfones into aldehydes.

MNP is also an efficient regulator of the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate through the 'pseudoliving' chain mechanism.

See also
 Nitroso

References

Nitroso compounds
Tert-butyl compounds
Émile Dewoitine. Émile Dewoitine (26 September 1892 – 5 July 1979) was a French aviation industrialist.

Prewar industrial activities
Born in Crépy-en-Laonnais, Émile Dewoitine entered the aviation industry by working at Latécoère during World War I. In 1920, he founded his own company, but facing little success at home, went to Switzerland where his Dewoitine D.27 fighter was accepted for operational service. In 1931, Dewoitine went back to France and founded Société Aéronautique Française - Avions Dewoitine. During the 1930s, several noteworthy aircraft rolled out of the Toulouse-based Dewoitine factories including the Dewoitine D.500, the French Air Force's first fully metallic, monoplane fighter, as well as the Dewoitine D.338 airliner. In 1936, part of the French aviation industry was nationalized and Dewoitine's factories were absorbed by the state-owned SNCAM.  During the Battle of France in 1940, the Dewoitine D.520 turned out to be France's best fighter aircraft.

World War II
After the successful invasion of France by Germany in 1940 culminated in an armistice with Germany and the creation of the Vichy government, Dewoitine briefly tried to start a business in the United States.  This caused him to be tried for treason under the Vichy government.  Dewoitine went back to work with SIPA which, after an agreement between the Vichy government and German authorities, was manufacturing trainer aircraft intended for the Luftwaffe, including a derivative of the Arado Ar 96, which would later be known as the SIPA S.10.

Postwar exile
Facing charges of collaborationism after the liberation of France, Dewoitine fled to Spain, where he developed a derivative of the D.520 with Hispano Aviación. He later went to Argentina, where he worked for the Industria Aeronáutica Militar, developing the Pulqui I, the first South American jet plane, and Colibrí, a trainer aircraft. In France, Dewoitine was condemned in absentia to a 20-year forced labour term in 1948. At the end of this career, he resided in Switzerland. Once his crimes were prescribed under the statute of limitations, he returned to France and finished his life in Toulouse.

References

1892 births
1979 deaths
People from Aisne
French industrialists
20th-century French engineers
French expatriates in Spain
French expatriates in Argentina
French expatriates in Switzerland
French exiles
People convicted of indignité nationale
Nazis convicted in absentia
Nazis who fled to Spain
Nazis who fled to Argentina
Short Nimbus. The Short Nimbus was a British two-seat glider trainer designed in 1947 by members of the Short Brothers design office, who had recently formed the Rochester Gliding Club. The company supported this venture by providing drawing-office and workshop facilities free of charge, assigning to the Nimbus one of its constructor's numbers (S.1312). The glider was registered with the British Gliding Association and given the serial number BGA470. The Nimbus was the last aircraft to be designed, built and flown from the Rochester works.

Design
The Nimbus was a wooden, two-seater, gull-wing, low-wing glider trainer. The two pilots were housed in a tandem cockpit with a perspex hood. The tailplane was attached to the fuselage immediately forward of the single tail fin. The landing gear comprised a single, central, partly recessed landing-wheel below the rear pilot and a tail-skid below the fin.

RC Model 
the Shorts Nimbus has been modelled by Jilles smits at 1/3 scale. Plans and Short Kit are available from Laser Cut Sailplanes here: https://lasercutsailplanes.co.uk/product/shorts-nimbus-short-kit-and-plan-from-jilles-smits/

History

Although great interest was shown wherever the Nimbus was flown, only one provisional order was received, making it unviable as a commercial proposition. It took part in the SBAC's second air show in 1947 at Radlett and was placed second in the 1947 British Gliding Association's two-seater design category. After many years of service for various gliding clubs, including taking part in many competitions, it was acquired in 1985 as an exhibit by the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum in Cultra, Holywood, nr. Belfast, finally going on display in 1989 after restoration.

Operators
 
 Rochester Gliding Club
 Shorts Gliding Club, Belfast

Specifications

References

Sources

See also

1940s British sailplanes
Nimbus
Glider aircraft
1940s British sport aircraft
Gull-wing aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
AMATPS. AMATPS is an Operations Support System developed during the early 1980s by the Bell System and Bell Communications Research.  AMATPS is an acronym that stands for Automatic Message Accounting Tele-Processing System.  The purpose of this OSS and communications application was to transport customer billing information from switching systems to a centralized computer that serves as a repository for billing data.  Nearly all wireline and wireless telecommunications companies utilize similar technologies today to transport near-real-time billing information.

Early systems deployed in the mid-1970s include HOBIC or Hotel Billing Information Center features deployed with Traffic Service Position System TSPS switching systems used for operator-assisted calls.  HOBIC provided near-real-time billing to hotels for calls initiated by their guests.

References
Bell System Technical Journal published in 1975.

 

Telecommunications standards
EADAS. EADAS is an acronym for Engineering and Administrative Data Acquisition System created at Bell Laboratories in Columbus, Ohio and used in the Bell System during the 1970s.  EADAS was an Operations Support System (OSS) developed for the AT&T long distance and local Bell System telephone networks. The EADAS system collected network traffic usage data, generated periodic management reports, provided network management code controls and routing controls, and provided automated trouble analysis support for network support staff. EADAS was developed by a collaborative effort between Wisconsin Bell, a major "trial site", and Bell Laboratories in both Holmdel, New Jersey and Columbus, Ohio.

This OSS was deployed on DEC PDP-11 computer systems throughout the Bell System network of central offices.  See the Bell System Technical Journal published during the mid-1970s for more details.

References

Network management
Telecommunications systems
Trunks Integrated Record Keeping System. Trunks Integrated Record Keeping System (TIRKS) is an operations support system from Telcordia Technologies (since acquired by Ericsson, Inc.), originally developed by the Bell System during the late 1970s.  It  was developed for inventory and order control management of interoffice trunk circuits that interconnect telephone switches.  It grew to encompass and automate many functions required to build the ever-expanding data transport network. Supporting circuits from POTS and 150 baud modems up through T1, DS3, SONET and DWDM, it continues to evolve today, and unlike many software technologies today, provides complete backward compatibility.  TIRKS was recently updated with a Java GUI, XML API, and WORD Sketch, which provides graphical views of the TIRKS Work Order Record and Details Document as well as SONET and DWDM networks.  When TIRKS became a registered trademark in 1987, it became technically improper to use it as an acronym.  TIRKS was one of many OSS technologies transferred to Bell Communications Research as part of the Modification of Final Judgment related to the AT&T divestiture on January 1, 1984.  In the 1990s, the Facility and Equipment Planning System (FEPS) and Planning Workstation System (PWS) products were incorporated into the Telcordia TIRKS CE System. TIRKS is still in use at AT&T, Verizon, CenturyLink/Lumen Technologies, and altafiber.  

Telecommunications systems
Cosmo Warrior Zero. is a science fiction third-person shooter video game released by Taito. It was adapted into an anime television series in 2001.

Plot
The long war between the planet Earth and the machine men is finally over, resulting in a peace that is more a victory for the machine men than the Earth. Warius Zero lost his family in the war to the machinemen but despite this he still is a member of the Earth fleet that is now working in concert with the machine men. His ship, made up of both humans and machine men, has been given a near impossible task: capture the space pirate Captain Harlock. While Zero struggles to accomplish this task, evidence begins to surface that the peace between machine men and Earth may not be as it seems.

Characters
Captain Warius Zero 
After having his wife and child disappear in the battle between the humans and Machine men, Zero has no choice but to serve Earth's government as a Captain of second rate ships. After a run-in with the legendary Captain Harlock, Zero is given the new task of hunting down the space pirate. With his new controversial crew of machine men and humans and his old ship, the , Zero sets out to complete his mission and to keep his crew from fighting. After meeting Harlock, Zero has more of an appreciation towards him and stills believes in him even after he sees him attack civilians. Later on in the series, Zero and his first officer Marina Oki grow feelings for each other and end up falling in love.

Harlock 
Marina Oki 
Lady Emeraldas 
Tochiro 
Grenadier 
Silviana 
Nohara 
Umihara 
Ishikura 
Rai 
Dr. Machine 
Battlizer 
Yattaran 
Axelater 
Phase Breaker 
Helmatier 
Zess Voder

References to other works
Leiji Matsumoto's other older works were referenced in this series:
 First Officer Marina Oki's home has marine snow, a direct reference to Leiji's 1980 television special The Legend of Marine Snow.
 The main weapon of the Karyū is the "Saint Elmo", a reference to the 1987 Saint Elmo – Hikari no Raihousha.

Reception
Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies praised the screenplay and commented that "very few writers handle doomed heroism as well as Matsumoto".

References

External links
 Leiji Matsumoto page
 Enoki Films Cosmo page
 
 

2001 anime television series debuts
Adventure anime and manga
Leiji Matsumoto
Science fiction anime and manga
Transhumanism in anime and manga
Borden Base Line. The Borden Base Line is a historic survey line (7.42 miles,  long) running north–south through Hatfield and South Deerfield, Massachusetts. It was completed in 1831. It was designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1981.

The baseline measurement was the first project of its kind undertaken in America, and essential for Massachusetts' pioneering Trigonometrical Survey, performed under chief engineer Robert Treat Paine. Its careful measurement was critical since the accuracy of the whole triangulation network depended on it.

The baseline was measured with greater accuracy than previously possible by using a new measuring device invented by Simeon Borden, which employed a bi-metallic measuring instrument to provide constant readings despite temperature variations. His apparatus was  long, enclosed in a tube, and employed with four compound microscopes.

Borden was a highly competent engineer whose ability was widely recognized. Indeed, the entire project became generally known as the Borden Survey. He measured the baseline with a nominal accuracy of better than one part in 5 million. As Professor A. D. Butterfield has written, "The work performed and results obtained far surpassed in magnitude and attainment of any previous work of this kind in America."

It appears that the north end of the baseline lies just south of the intersection of today's Route 116 and Route 5 in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. According to the Valley Historians, the south end is still marked by a copper plug set into a boulder, located in the back yard of the house at 30 Bridge Street, Hatfield, Massachusetts.

See also
Surveying

External links
American Society of Civil Engineers -Borden baseline 1831 landmark

References 
 Butterfield, A. D., "History and Development of Triangulation in Massachusetts", in The Journal of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Volume I, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 285–299 and 335–355, 1898.
 
 
 

Geodetic surveys
Geography of the United States
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Hatfield, Massachusetts
Deerfield, Massachusetts