omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Maurice Lévy. Maurice Lévy (February 28, 1838, in Ribeauvillé – September 30, 1910, in Paris) was a French engineer and member of the Institut de France.

Lévy was born in Ribeauvillé in Alsace. Educated at the École Polytechnique, where he was a student of Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant, and the École des Ponts et Chaussées, he became an engineer in 1863. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), he was entrusted by the Government of National Defense with the control of part of the artillery. During the next decade he held several educational positions, becoming professor at the École Centrale in 1875, member of the commission of the geodetic survey of France in 1879, and professor at the Collège de France in 1885.

Total strain theory
Lévy changed the assumption, "the directions of principal strains coincide with those of the principal stresses", stated by Saint-Venant, to "the directions of increments of principal strains coincide with those of the principal stresses" and that was also the first attempt of using an incremental flow rule.

In 1888 Lévy inaugurated a system of boat-traction by means of overhead cables. A trial system was installed between Joinville-le-Pont and Saint-Maurice; it consisted of an endless cable which was kept in motion by powerful steam-engines and to which boats were attached and thus kept at a speed of four kilometers an hour. The system proved unsatisfactory, however.

Selected works 
Lévy is the author of several works, including:

 "La Statique Graphique et Ses Applications à l'Art des Constructions" (1874; 2d ed. 1887);
 "Sur le Principe d'Énergie" (1888);
 "Étude des Moyens de Traction des Bateaux: Le Halage Funiculaire" (with M. G. Pavie, 1894)

Lévy also wrote papers on kinematics, mechanics, physical mathematics, geometry, etc., in the "Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences", the "Journal de l'École Polytechnique", and the "Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées".

Lévy was an officer of the Legion of Honor and of public instruction, and a member of the Academy of Sciences and of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Rome.

Notes

References
 Maurice Lévy. Isidore Singer & Victor Rousseau Emanuel. The Jewish Encyclopedia
 C. E. Curinier, Dictionnaire national des contemporains, 1899
Osakada K. The 9th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, Plenary 4, p. 24, History of Plasticity and Metal Forming Analysis.

External links

1838 births
1910 deaths
People from Ribeauvillé
French engineers
19th-century French mathematicians
20th-century French mathematicians
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Alsatian Jews
École Polytechnique alumni
Academic staff of the Collège de France
Maurice Levy. Maurice Levy may refer to:

Maurice Lévy (1838–1910), French engineer
Maurice Lévy (physicist) (1922–2022), French physicist
Sir Maurice Levy, 1st Baronet (1859–1933), British Member of Parliament for Loughborough
Maurice Lévy (Publicis) (born 1942), French advertising magnate
Maurice Levy (The Wire), TV character on HBO's The Wire

See also

Michel-Maurice Lévy (1883-1965), French composer
Morris Levy (disambiguation)
Maurice (disambiguation)
Levy (disambiguation)
Cobalt green. Cobalt green is an ambiguous term for either of two families of green inorganic pigments.  Both are obtained by doping cobalt(II) oxide into colorless host oxides.

Spinel-based cobalt green
Doping Co(II) into Mg(II) and Zn(II) sites of Mg2TiO4 and Zn2TiO4, respectively gives one family of cobalt greens.  These materials adopt the spinel structure.

Rinman's green

Rinman's green, also referred to as Rinmann's green, is obtained by doping cobalt(II) oxide into zinc oxide. Sven Rinman, a Swedish chemist, discovered this compound in 1780.  Zinc oxide–derived pigments have been used in many industries and processes.  It is rarely used because it is a weak chromophore and relatively expensive compared to chromium(III) oxide.

The structure and color of compositions Zn1−xCoxO depends on the value of x.  For x ≤ 0.3, the material adopts the Wurtzite structure (of ZnO) and is intensely green.  For x ≥ 0.7, the material has the sodium chloride structure (of CoO) and is pink.  Intermediate values of x give a mixture of the two phases.

Cobalt green has been tested for use in "spintronic" devices. Cobalt green is attractive in this application because it is magnetic at room temperature.

See also 
 Cobalt blue
 List of inorganic pigments

References

External links 
 Pigments through the Ages

Inorganic pigments
Cobalt compounds
Zinc compounds
Transition metal oxides
OZM. The OZM-3, OZM-4 and OZM-72 are Soviet manufactured bounding type anti-personnel mines.
(fragmentation-barrier mine, in the Russian and other post-Soviet armies as informally called "frog mine" or "witch" )

They are normally painted olive green, and issued with a spool of tripwires and two green painted wooden or metal stakes for affixing the tripwires. Both OZM-3 and OZM-4 have cast iron fragmenting bodies while the OZM-72 also contains preformed steel fragments,  and all three are issued with empty fuze wells, so a variety of fuzing options are possible.

Operation
The mines can be activated by a variety of fuzes, including electronic fuzes or command initiation, although they are most commonly fitted with an MUV booby trap switch which is activated by a tripwire.

On firing, a metal base plate remains in the ground, while the mine body is thrown up by a small lifting charge, but remains attached to a strong wire tether. When the end of the tether is reached at a height of approximately 0.5 m, the main charge explodes and scatters fragments of the casing across a wide area.

OZM mine may sometimes be laid directly on top of an MS-3 mine. The MS-3 is an anti-handling device which closely resembles a PMN mine, except that it has a "blister" on top and operates purely as a pressure-release boobytrap. Lifting an OZM mine (without rendering safe the MS-3 placed underneath) will trigger detonation.

Variants

OZM-3

OZM-4

OZM-72

Ottawa Treaty
Since the Ottawa Treaty, a number of countries have decided to retain their OZM mines, but convert them to command detonation only by destroying all fuzes which can be indiscriminately activated – potentially by non-combatants or animals. Belarus in particular has decided to keep 200,000 OZM-72.

See also

Land mine

References 

Anti-personnel mines
Land mines of the Soviet Union
Architectural forgery in Japan. In Japan, structural engineers designing structures exceeding a certain floor area or number of storeys must submit drawings and calculations to the authorities, demonstrating that the building is safe (e.g. earthquake-resistant, etc.) "Structural Calculation Forgery Problem" (構造計算書偽造問題, kōzō keisansho gizō mondai) refers to a series of incidents, set off by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport's November 17, 2005, announcement that structural engineer Hidetsugu Aneha of Aneha Architectural Design Office in Chiba Prefecture had falsified earthquake design calculations. A number of Japanese construction and real estate companies have had to declare bankruptcy due to their involvement in the affair, including Kimura Construction and Huser. Note that Aneha is frequently referred to as an architect, as Japan has a unique licensing system where structural engineers designing buildings are registered as first-class architects.

It is suggested that one of the causes for the problem was that the (privately owned) oversight agencies responsible for confirming compliance to Japanese safety standards did not detect the forgery. Prior to 1999, oversight was managed solely by regional governments, however, a change made to Japanese law that year allowed private organizations to conduct investigations as well.  It was said that these private organizations, such as "EHomes" and "Nihon ERI" did not adequately function in their oversight roles, however, it was later revealed that government oversight agencies had also failed to detect some instances of forgery.

Of 14 hotels that had already been built under false pretenses when the problem first came to light, two of them were shown to fail Japan's earthquake resistance standards. Because the concrete had insufficient reinforcing steel, there was a fear that an earthquake of magnitude 5 on the Japanese Shindo scale could cause the buildings to collapse. None of the buildings in question have yet collapsed, but the safety of high-rise buildings in earthquake-prone Japan has been called into question, particularly in the light of the 1995 Sampoong Department Store collapse in Korea.

Residents of the areas around the affected buildings live in a constant state of unease, not knowing if or when the buildings will collapse. Some hotels, unable to guarantee the safety of their customers, have ceased operations.

As the architect concerned in the matter has participated in the construction of a large number of buildings, the full extent of the problem is still unknown. In Japan, the incident was first publicized by bloggers.

Hidetsugu Aneha, Moriyoshi Kimura, Akira Shinozuka and Togo Fujita etc. were arrested on April 26, 2006, and Huser's president Susumu Ojima was arrested on May 17 of the same year.

References

Corporate crime
Disasters in Japan
Japanese architectural history
AAII. AAII may refer to:

 Air Accidents Investigation Institute, a government agency in the Czech Republic
 American Association of Individual Investors, a non-profit organisation for private investors
 Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, a defunct Australian company, in existence between 1988 and 1999
 Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute (UTS), a research institute at the University of Technology Sydney
 AutoAnalyzer II, a commercially-produced automated analyzer created by Technicon in 1970
Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics. RTCA, Inc. (formerly known as Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics) is a United States non-profit organization that develops technical guidance for use by government regulatory authorities and by industry. It was founded in 1935 and was re-incorporated in 1991 as a private not-for-profit corporation.  It has over 20 active committees with multiple working groups under each committee and develops industry standards in cooperation with aviation regulators from around the world including the FAA. 

Requirements for membership are limited to organizations (e.g., private industry, government, academic, and research and development) that have an interest and skill in the aviation industry and are willing to provide those skills through the work of their employees who volunteer their time and energy to produce usable and complete engineering standards documents.  Standards are developed and drafted by Special Committees (SC) and are approved by the Program Management Committee, which oversees the activities of the Special Committees.  Documents are developed are consensus documents meaning that all participants can agree with the content, not that they agree 100% with everything that is said in the document. Many of RTCA documents begin with the letters DO which stands for DOcument.

RTCA develops Minimum Operating Performance Standards for aviation-based technology (typically avionics) but has developed standards for such far-ranging topics as Airport Security, Counter UAS Detection standards, and Aircraft Cockpit and Cabin Cleaning standards.  

The documents of RTCA include:
 Operational Services and Environment Definition (OSED) Document the environment in which equipment will operate
 Operational, Safety, & Performance Requirements (SPR)
 Operational Safety Assessment (OSA); Operational Performance Assessment (OPA) (Communication, Navigation, Surveillance)
 Interoperability Requirements (INTEROP)
 Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS)
 Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) Assuring equipment will perform its intended functions

RTCA is not an agency of the United States government but works with regulators around the globe to develop standards that may be referenced in their regulatory framework. RTCA is an official observer to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

See also
 :Category:RTCA standards
 DO-160
 DO-178C
 DO-219
 DO-232
 DO-254

References

External links
 
 Federal Aviation Administration
 International Civil Aviation Organization

 
Safety
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Avionics
 Air traffic control in the United States
Hydroxymethylbilane. Hydroxymethylbilane, also known as preuroporphyrinogen, is an organic compound that occurs in living organisms during the synthesis of porphyrins, a group of critical substances that include haemoglobin, myoglobin, and chlorophyll. The name is often abbreviated as HMB.

Structure 
The compound is a substituted bilane, a chain of four pyrrole rings interconnected by methylene bridges . The chain starts with a hydroxymethyl group  and ends with an hydrogen, in place of the respective methylene bridges. The other two carbon atoms of each pyrrole cycle are connected to an acetic acid group  and a propionic acid group , in that order.

Metabolism 
HMB is generated from four molecules of porphobilinogen by the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase:

The enzyme uroporphyrinogen III synthase closes the chain to form uroporphyrinogen III:

Uroporphyrinogen III is a porphyrinogen, which is a class of compounds with the hexahydroporphine macrocycle. In the absence of the enzyme, the compound undergoes spontaneous cyclization and becomes uroporphyrinogen I.

References

Tetrapyrroles
Carboxylic acids
Mathsoft. MathSoft, Inc., was founded in 1984 by Allen Razdow and David Blohm to provide mathematical programs to students, teachers, and professionals. The company is best known for its Mathcad software, an application for solving and visualizing mathematical problems. The company also created the StudyWorks series of math and science education packages aimed at interactively teaching those subjects to middle school and high school students.

MathSoft Engineering and Education, Inc., the company that sells these products was one division of the former MathSoft. In 2001, MathSoft sold its Engineering & Education Products Division to the division managers as a privately held company. One of the former MathSoft divisions, FreeScholarships.com, was shut down, and MathSoft renamed itself Insightful. Insightful develops custom math programs for businesses and also sells a data analysis package called StatServer. MathSoft Engineering and Education continued to develop and sell its flagship Mathcad product as well as the Mathcad Calculation Server, an enterprise server for sharing technical calculations.

Mathsoft Engineering & Education, Inc. promoted the term calculation management which included designing, documenting, and managing technical calculations and intellectual property.

In April 2006, MathSoft was acquired by Parametric Technology Corporation for $62 million. At the time it had an annual income of $20 million with 130 employees in seven countries, including the UK, Germany and Japan.

References

 All of Mathcad

Software companies based in Massachusetts
Defunct software companies of the United States
American companies established in 1984
1984 establishments in Massachusetts
2006 mergers and acquisitions
Photon-induced electric field poling. In physics, photon-induced electric field poling is a phenomenon whereby a pattern of local electric field orientations can be encoded in a suitable ferroelectric material, such as perovskite. The resulting encoded material is conceptually similar to the pattern of magnetic field orientations within the magnetic domains of a ferromagnet, and thus may be considered as a possible technology for computer storage media.  The encoded regions are optically active (have a varying index of refraction) and thus may be "read out" optically.

Encoding process
The encoding process proceeds by application of ultraviolet light tuned to the absorption band associated with the transition of electrons from the valence band to the  conduction band. During UV application, an external electric field is used to modify the electric dipole moment of regions of the ferroelectric material that are exposed to UV light. By this process, a pattern of local electric field orientations can be encoded.

Technically, the encoding effect proceeds by the creation of a population inversion between the valence and conduction bands, with the resulting creation of plasmons. During this time, ferroelectric perovskite materials can be forced to change geometry by the application of an electric field. The encoded regions become optically active due to the Pockels effect.

Decoding process
The pattern of ferroelectric domain orientations can be read out optically. The refractive index of the ferroelectric material at wavelengths from near-infrared through to near-ultraviolet is affected by the electric field within the material. A changing pattern of electric field domains within a ferroelectric substrate results in different regions of the substrate having different refractive indices. Under these conditions, the substrate behaves as a diffraction grating, allowing the pattern of domains to be inferred from the interference pattern present in the transmitted readout beam.

See also
Electro-optic effect
Birefringence
Holographic memory
Magneto-optic effect

References

References discussing techniques described in this article

References describing related techniques

Other articles about ferroelectric data storage
"Tiny Bubbles in Nanofilms", 
Bo-Kuai Lai, Inna Ponomareva, Ivan Naumov, Igor Kornev, Huaxiang Fu, Laurent Bellaiche, and Greg Salamo, press release, University of Arkansas, 16 Mar. 2006
__notoc__
Condensed matter physics
Electrical phenomena
Computer storage media
Gerald Wingrove. Gerald Amery Wingrove  (1934 - 2019) was a model engineer and author from the United Kingdom. He is best known as a modeller of cars.

Career
Wingrove left his job as a lathe operator to create models full-time in November 1967, and launched himself as a freelance model engineer, since which time he has hand crafted in metal almost 280 automobile miniatures in the scales of 1/20 & 1/15th, primarily in 1/15th scale. Most of these were commissioned by the vehicles' owners.

The first sale of his work by a major London Auction House was by Christie's on 2 August 1967 with the sale of 2 models of sailing ships in 96th scale and a SE5A aircraft model (1/20th scale) in brass and silk.

Further sales of his work were with Brooks (later amalgamated with Bonhams) of London, 21 Lots, in (Sale 112) on 4 December 1999 – and Bonhams (Sale 1793) with 74 Lots on 1 December 2003, in London.

  
In July 2000, Wingrove was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for craftsmanship, and "services to Model Engineering" 
  
In March 2005 Wingrove was awarded ‘Metalworking Craftsman of the Year’, by The Joe Martin Foundation for Exceptional Craftsmanship in the USA.
  
As well as cars, Wingrove has also created ship models and dioramas, the largest being the 25 square feet model of the village and ship yard of Bucklers Hard, commissioned for the Bucklers Hard Maritime Museum.

Publications
The Techniques of Ship Modeling (1974) 
The Complete Car Modeller (1978) 
The Model Cars of Gerald Wingrove (1979) 
Unimat Lathe Projects: A Beginners Guide to the Lathe and How to Make Ten Useful Tools (1979) 
The Complete Car Modeller 1 (1993) 
Anatomy of a Bugatti Royale (1993) 
Art of the Automobile in Miniature(2004)  
The Complete Car Modeller 2 (2005)

References

External links
Gerald Wingrove interviewed for the BBC documentary It's a Small World (1975)

British technology writers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Model engineers
1934 births
2019 deaths
Model makers
Autoblock. An autoblock (or autobloc or "third hand") is a rope device used in climbing and caving for both rappelling (downward) and ascending (upward).  

While rappelling, it slides freely down the rope when pushed downward by the hand, allowing a controlled descent, but jams in the event of a sudden drop or loss of control, stopping the descent. This prevents uncontrolled falls in the event of an accident in which the abseiler loses control of the rope.  For ascending, it likewise can be pushed up the rope manually when unweighted, but jams and holds when weighted by the body.

It is made using a friction hitch around the rope, connected by a carabiner to the climber's harness, and may be combined with other climbing equipment for further safety.  For instance, it is typically used as a backup while rappelling using a tube belay device.

The term autoblock is also used for a specific type of friction hitch, which is also known as a French prusik or Machard knot, named after its inventor, Serge Machard.

Other friction hitches that can be used to build an autoblock system include the Prusik knot, Klemheist knot, and Bachmann knot.

The Ashley Book of Knots #505.

See also
List of knots

References

External links

Backing up an Abseil

Climbing knots
Climbing techniques
Caving techniques
Government off-the-shelf. Government off-the-shelf (GOTS) is a term for software and hardware government products that are ready to use and which were created and are owned by a government agency.

Typically GOTS products are developed by the technical staff of the government agency for which it is created. It is sometimes developed by an external entity but with funding and specification from the agency. Because agencies can directly control all aspects of GOTS products, these are sometimes preferred for government purposes.

GOTS software solutions can normally be shared among government agencies without additional cost. GOTS hardware solutions are typically provided at cost (i.e., R&D costs are not recouped).

The government pays for all the development and maintenance costs of GOTS products. GOTS products run the risk of becoming obsolescent when the government cannot afford those costs. Since GOTS products are created by the government for government use, this limits the number of users, which is another factor that can lead to obsolescence.

See also
 Non-developmental item (NDI)
 Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)
 Free and open-source software (FOSS)

References

Government software
Government procurement
AlphaStation. AlphaStation is the name given to a series of computer workstations, produced from 1994 onwards by Digital Equipment Corporation, and later by Compaq and HP. As the name suggests, the AlphaStations were based on the DEC Alpha 64-bit microprocessor. Supported operating systems for AlphaStations comprise Tru64 UNIX (formerly Digital UNIX), OpenVMS and Windows NT (with AlphaBIOS ARC firmware). Most of these workstations can also run various versions of Linux and BSD operating systems.

Other Alpha workstations produced by DEC include the DEC 2000 AXP (DECpc AXP 150), the DEC 3000 AXP, the Digital Personal Workstation a-series and au-series (codename Miata), the Multia VX40/41/42 and the Alpha XL/Alpha XLT line (a member of the Alcor family, which had swappable daughterboard with Pentium processor, to transform to a DEC Celebris XL line).

Models 
From the XP900 onwards, all AlphaStation models were simply workstation configurations of the corresponding AlphaServer model.

Avanti family

Alcor Family

Noritake and Rawhide Family

Tsunami Family

Titan and Marvel Family 

 A variant of the AlphaStation 1200 was also sold as the Digital Ultimate Workstation 533au².
 Some systems had one of the microprocessors deactivated, which may be reactivated with a license upgrade.

References

External links
 HP AlphaStation range
 Compaq Alpha System and Model Code Names (at archive.org)
 FreeBSD/alpha 6.1 Hardware Notes
 About NetBSD/alpha
 The OpenBSD/alpha port
 Debian Alpha system types

See also 
 AlphaVM: A full DEC Alpha system emulator running on Windows or Linux. 

64-bit computers
DEC workstations
Advanced RISC Computing
Computer-related introductions in 1994
Compaq Alpha-based computers