omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Box truss. A box truss is a structure composed of three or more chords connected by transverse and/or diagonal structural elements.

Application
Box trusses are commonly used in certain types of aircraft fuselages, electric power pylons, large radio antennas, and many bridge structures. (For various truss arrangements used see truss bridge.)

By using what are in effect stiff panels in a cylindrical arrangement the resulting structure can have a high resistance to axial torsion (twisting along its long axis) and a higher resistance to buckling in its highly loaded sides.

When finished as an open structure the truss will be less subject to wind drag and to aeroelastic effects than would a completely enclosed structure.

References

Structural system
Anti-vibration compound. An anti-vibration compound is a temperature-resistant mixture of a liquid with fine particles, which is used to reduce oscillations in calender rolls
and to dampen vibrations in fabricated structures like machine beds and housings.

Use
Vibration may limit the performance of a calender or paper machine. It can have numerous sources such as bulk variations in the sheet, bearing problems, or misalignment of the driveshaft.  Vibration manifests itself as a high frequency periodic movement of the roll body with an amplitude from less than one to several μm.

When anti-vibration compound is introduced to the center bores of the rolls, vibration is transferred from the solid roll structure to the incompressible fluid component of the anti-vibration compound. Its solid particles are less mobile due to their inertia. Thus the fluid is forced to oscillate around the solid components. The flow energy is absorbed by micro eddies by which the vibration is damped.

The benefits are a smoother running with increased operating speed and production, longer operating times of the polymer covers between re-grindings and improved product quality due to the reduction of barring.

References

Classical mechanics
Integrated Circuit Topography Act. The Integrated Circuit Topography Act (, C-37) is legislation passed by the Parliament of Canada in 1990 that regulates the intellectual property of integrated circuit topographies. It came into force in 1993. The Act provides exclusive rights for the creator of the integrated circuit topography and remedies to deter infringement. The exclusive right is transferable. To receive the exclusive right to an integrated circuit topography the topography must be registered at the Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Between 1993 and 1999 there were about 38 registrations under the Act.

Integrated Circuit Topographies (ICT) are electronic integrated circuits or IC products that are configured and interconnected. These creations are protected in Canada by the Integrated Circuit Topography Act, which gives the creator exclusive rights for a period of ten years after registration. Because products containing these circuits are often exported outside Canada, Canada has reciprocal agreements with other countries that also protect the design for ten years.

References

External links 
 Integrated Circuit Topography Act (S.C. 1990, c. 37)  
 Integrated Circuit Topography Regulations (SOR/93-212)
 Report to Canadian Parliament

Canadian federal legislation
Intellectual property law
1990 in Canadian law
Adamsite. Adamsite or DM is an organic compound; technically, an arsenical diphenylaminechlorarsine, that can be used as a riot control agent. DM belongs to the group of chemical warfare agents known as vomiting agents or sneeze gases. First synthesized in Germany by Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1915, it was independently developed by the US chemist Roger Adams (for whom it is named) at the University of Illinois in 1918.

Composition
DM is an odourless crystalline compound with a very low vapour pressure. The colour of the crystals ranges from bright yellow to dark green depending on the purity. It is readily soluble in some organic solvents (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane), but nearly insoluble in water. In vaporous form it appears as a canary yellow smoke.

Effects
Adamsite is usually dispersed as an aerosol, making the upper respiratory tract the primary site of action. Although the effects are similar to those caused by typical riot control agents (e.g. CS), they are slower in onset but longer in duration, often lasting for 12 or more hours. After a latency period of 5–10 minutes irritation of the eyes, lungs and mucous membranes develops followed by headache, nausea and persistent vomiting.

Usage
DM was produced and stockpiled by the British and the United States at the end of World War I. It was used by the British during the incursions at Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. It is now regarded as obsolete and has been widely replaced by riot control agents such as CS which are less toxic and more rapid in the onset of symptoms. Early battlefield use was intended to be via "adamsite candles". These were large metal cans or tubes (weighing approximately ) which contained a smoke composition made of adamsite plus a slow burning pyrotechnic composition. A series of candles were lit and the adamsite-laden smoke allowed to drift towards the enemy.

In the United States, it was used against the Bonus Army who demonstrated in Washington, DC, in 1932, reportedly causing the death and serious injury of several children who had accompanied their parents on the protests. It was again used in the Vietnam War.

In 2003, North Korea was reportedly producing adamsite at its Aoji-ri Chemical Complex in Haksong-ri, Kyŏnghŭng county for stockpiling. DM was allegedly used by Venezuelan authorities in the 2014–17 Venezuelan protests and described as "green gas" with reports of protesters vomiting following exposure and regional human rights groups condemning the usage of "green gas", stating that its usage is "internationally banned".

References

External links
Adamsite in the NIOSH emergency response database
Case definition of adamsite poisoning (from the U.S. CDC)

Lachrymatory agents
Organoarsenic chlorides
Vomiting agents
Riot control agents
German inventions
Chemical weapons of the United States
United Kingdom chemical weapons program
Arsenic heterocycles
Nitrogen heterocycles
Arsenic(III) compounds
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings
CERN openlab. CERN openlab is a collaboration between CERN and industrial partners to develop new knowledge in Information and Communication Technologies through the evaluation of advanced tools and joint research to be used by the worldwide community of scientists working at the Large Hadron Collider.

Intel, Oracle, Google, Micron and Siemens are all partner companies for the sixth phase of CERN openlab. IBM, E4 Computer Engineering and be-studys are contributors, while Comtrade, and Open Systems are associate members.

In 2015, other public research organisations joined CERN openlab for the first time. The current research members are Fermilab, INFN, ScimPulse, King's College London, Samara University, Eindhoven University of Technology and Newcastle University.

History
The CERN openlab concept started in 2001 led by Manuel Delfino, and since 2003 it has run in successive phases of three years. During CERN openlab I (2003-2005) an advanced prototype called  was developed. CERN openlab II (2006-2008) focused on various domains such as platforms, databases, grid computing, security and networks. This work was continued by CERN openlab III (2009-2011) which also hosted projects with emphasis on technologies and services relevant to CERN and its partners. Later, CERN openlab IV (2012-2014) paid particular attention to cloud computing, business analytics, the next generation of hardware, and security for large numbers of network devices.

From 2002 to 2010 the head of CERN openlab was Wolfgang von Rüden. His successor was Bob Jones who served until 2015.  From 2015 to 2023 the collaboration was led by Alberto Di Meglio. Maria Girone is the current CERN openlab Head, who started in April of 2023.

References

CERN
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Phototype. Phototype can refer to a metal printing block, sometimes prepared using photogravure to reproduce a photograph in printing.  The block may be a halftone image.
 Phototype can also refer to type set using a phototypesetting process to prepare pages for photo lithography. This process replaced hot metal typesetting. It was commonly used in the late nineteenth century (for book illustration), and through the 1970s and 1980s, and was in turn rapidly rendered obsolete by modern systems which employ a raster image processor to render an entire page to a single high-resolution digital image which is then photoset.
 Skin phototype depends on the amount of melanin pigment in the skin.  It is assessed on a scale from 1 to 6. See Fitzpatrick scale for more details.

Photographic processes
Hay Frederick Donaldson. Brigadier-General Sir Hay Frederick Donaldson  (7 July 1856 – 5 June 1916) was an Colony of New South Wales-born English mechanical engineer.

He was born at Sydney, Colony of New South Wales, son of Sir Stuart Alexander Donaldson, the first Premier of New South Wales. He was educated at Eton College, Trinity College, Cambridge, University of Edinburgh and Zurich University.

Initially employed at the London and North Western Railway locomotive works at Crewe, Cheshire, he worked on railway and harbour construction at Goa, India, from 1884 to 1887, and on Manchester Ship Canal from 1887 to 1891.  He was Chief Engineer at London's India Docks from 1892 to 1897.

Alongside his latter two projects, he was based as Chief Mechanical Engineer at the Royal Ordnance Factories, Woolwich, from 1889 to 1903, during which period he also served as its Deputy Director-General in 1898–99.  He was appointed Director-General in 1903 and continued until, in the First World War, he resigned to take up his last appointment, as Chief Technical Adviser to the Ministry of Munitions, then headed by David Lloyd George, in September 1915. He was also commissioned in the army with the rank of brigadier-general.

He was made CB in 1909 and promoted to KCB in 1911.  He was president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1913 and 1914.

He was one of the advisers selected to accompany the Secretary of State for War Lord Kitchener on a mission to Russia in June 1916 and perished, aged fifty-nine, with all but 12 others when their ship, , struck a German mine off the Orkney Islands.  His body was never recovered and he is commemorated on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Hollybrook Memorial at Southampton, Hampshire.

On 15 July 1884, he married Selina Beresford (1859–1938), daughter of Colonel Marcus Beresford MP.  They had three children.

References

Memorial is at HOLLYBROOK MEMORIAL, SOUTHAMPTON

1856 births
1916 deaths
Military personnel from New South Wales
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British Army generals of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
English mechanical engineers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British military engineers
British Army brigadiers
Engineers from Sydney
Colony of New South Wales people
English engineers
EMD SD45T-2. The SD45T-2 is a model of diesel-electric locomotive built by EMD for the Southern Pacific Railroad. Like the later SD40T-2 it is colloquially nicknamed a tunnel motor. 247 total units (including the original EMD/SP joint venture working Prototype) were produced from February 1972 to June 1975, including 84 for SP's subsidiary Cotton Belt. From April 1986 to December 1989, 126 were rebuilt and re-designated as SD45T-2R, including 24 for Cotton Belt.

The SD45T-2 is a variant of the venerable SD45 that featured the "Dash 2" upgrade components such as improved electronics and high traction trucks, with the "T" denoting its cooling system modifications. The intake for radiator cooling air was moved to the walkway level and the cooling fans themselves were under the radiator cores, instead of above. Tunnel motors were built for mountainous areas in the western United States, where SP had previously encountered repeated overheating issues on their SD45s.

The later SD40T-2 looks similar to the SD45T-2. One spotting difference is the longer hood on the SD45T-2 to accommodate the V20 prime mover vs. the V16 used on the SD40T-2. The SD45T-2's cab is further forward on the frame, so there is less "front porch". This mimics the differences between the SD45-2 and the SD40-2. Another spotting difference is the SD45T-2's three fan access doors on each side above the cooling air intake, while the SD40T-2 has two. 

Like their SD40T-2, some of SP's SD45T-2 tunnel motors were obtained by Kansas City Southern Railway, Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway, and by the Union Pacific Railroad when it merged the SP in 1996.

Some SD45T-2s were rebuilt and designated to SD45T-3, SD40T-3 and SD40-2T. In addition, some locomotive leasing companies own the SD45 tunnel motor locomotives. They are scattered all over the United States and are an increasingly rare sight.

Rebuilds

SD45T-2R 
Starting in the 1986, the Southern Pacific Transportation Company and the St. Louis Southwestern Railway (also known as the "Cotton Belt Route") had begun rebuilding the majority of their EMD SD45T-2 locomotives into what had become the EMD SD45T-2R. Both railroads had rebuilt a total of 126 of their EMD SD45T-2 locomotives into EMD SD45T-2R locomotives, which left a total of 121 EMD SD45T-2 un-rebuilt and they were all renumbered as 6793-6832, 6834-6868 and 6869-6892.

Original owners

Preservation 
Southern Pacific 6819 (originally 9193) (currently an SD45T-2R) was donated by SP successor Union Pacific Railroad to the California State Railroad Museum in December 2001.

References

External links 
 

C-C locomotives
SD45T-2
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1972
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Consolidated R2Y. The Consolidated R2Y "Liberator Liner" (Consolidated Model 39) was an airliner derivative of the B-24 Liberator built for the United States Navy by Consolidated Aircraft.

Development and service
The XR2Y-1, as the single prototype was known in Navy service, used the high-aspect wing and tricycle landing gear of the Liberator. The fuselage was an entirely new design, and the vertical stabilizer was taken from the PB4Y Privateer. The final design looked much like a smaller, high-wing Boeing B-29 Superfortress, but with windows for passengers.

The aircraft was meant to carry passengers or cargo to distant Navy bases, but after a brief evaluation the prototype was demilitarized in the mid-1940s, returned to Convair, and leased to American Airlines as a freighter with the name "City of Salinas".

Specifications (R2Y-1)

See also

References

External links

 NX30039 American Airlines

R2Y
Consolidated R2Y
Four-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
1940s United States airliners
Four-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Memory map. In computer science, a memory map is a structure of data (which usually resides in memory itself) that indicates how memory is laid out. The term "memory map" has different meanings in different contexts.
It is the fastest and most flexible cache organization that uses an associative memory. The associative memory stores both the address and content of the memory word.
In the boot process of some computers, a memory map may be passed on from the firmware to instruct an operating system kernel about memory layout. It contains the information regarding the size of total memory, any reserved regions and may also provide other details specific to the architecture.
In virtual memory implementations and memory management units, a memory map refers to page tables or hardware registers, which store the mapping between a certain process's virtual memory layout and how that space relates to physical memory addresses.
In native debugger programs, a memory map refers to the mapping between loaded executable(or)library files and memory regions. These memory maps are used to resolve memory addresses (such as function pointers) to actual symbols.

PC BIOS memory map
BIOS for the IBM Personal Computer and compatibles provides a set of routines that can be used by operating system or applications to get the memory layout. Some of the available routines are:

BIOS Function: INT 0x15, AX=0xE801:

This BIOS interrupt call is used to get the memory size for 64MB+ configurations. It is supported by AMI BIOSses dated August 23, 1994 or later. The caller sets AX to 0xE801 then executes int 0x15. If some error has happened, the routine returns with CF (Carry Flag) set to 1. If no error, the routine returns with CF clear and the state of registers is described as following:

BIOS Function: INT 0x15, AX=0xE820 - GET SYSTEM MEMORY MAP:

Input:

SMAP buffer structure:

How used: The operating system shall allocate an SMAP buffer in memory (20 bytes buffer). Then set registers as specified in "Input" table. On first call, EBX should be set to 0. Next step is to call INT 0x15. If no error, the interrupt call returns with CF clear and the buffer filled with data representing first region of the memory map. EBX is updated by BIOS so that when the OS calls the routine again, The next region is returned in the buffer. BIOS sets EBX to zero if all done.

See also
 BIOS
 RAMMap by Mark Russinovich

References

Computer memory
Samuel Findlay Clark. Lieutenant General Samuel Findlay Clark CBE, CD (1909–1998) was a senior Canadian Army officer who became Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the professional head of the Canadian Army, from 1958 until 1961.

Education
Clark received his early education in Winnipeg and attended the University of Manitoba, graduating with a degree in electrical engineering (BSc EE) in 1932. He subsequently attended the University of Saskatchewan to obtain a degree in mechanical engineering (BSc ME) in 1933.

Career
He enrolled in the Canadian Army in 1933, joining the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals as a lieutenant.

In 1938, he was promoted to captain and posted to the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) as an associate professor of electrical and mechanical engineering. At the time, Harry Crerar was the RMC commandant and Guy Simonds was the commander of a cadet company. He was appointed adjutant of the I Canadian Corps Signals.

He served in World War II, initially as commanding officer of 5th Canadian Armoured Division Signals Regiment, and from 1942 as a general staff officer at Canadian Military Headquarters in London. In 1943 he was made chief signals officer at the headquarters of II Canadian Corps and served in North West Europe.

In 1945 he became Deputy Chief of the General Staff in Ottawa before becoming a member of the Military Committee of the Western European Union and then of NATO. He became Quartermaster-General of the Canadian Army in 1951 and general officer commanding Central Command at Oakville, Ontario in 1955. He was appointed Chief of the General Staff in 1958.

Retirement
From until 1 October 1968 until 24 March 1973, Clark served as colonel commandant of the new Communications and Electronics Branch. He died in 1998.

References

1909 births
1998 deaths
Canadian generals
Canadian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Academic staff of the Royal Military College of Canada
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Canadian Militia officers
Commanders of the Canadian Army
Royal Canadian Corps of Signals officers
Military personnel from Winnipeg
Ghemical. Ghemical is a computational chemistry software package written in C++ and released under the GNU General Public License. The program has graphical user interface based on GTK+2 and supports quantum mechanical and molecular mechanic models, with geometry optimization, molecular dynamics, and a large set of visualization tools. Ghemical relies on external code to provide the quantum-mechanical calculations — MOPAC provides the semi-empirical MNDO, MINDO, AM1, and PM3 methods, and MPQC methods based on Hartree–Fock calculations.

The chemical expert system is based on OpenBabel, which provides basis functionality like atom typing, rotamer generation and import/export of chemical file formats.

See also
 Open Babel — chemical expert system
 XDrawChem — 2D drawing program, also based on Open Babel
 Molecule editor
 Avogadro (software)

References

External links
 Ghemical home page
 Ghemical version that interfaces GAMESS (US)
 Ghemical plugin for Bioclipse
 A Guide to Ghemical in finnish 

Computational chemistry software
Free software programmed in C++
Free chemistry software
Free educational software
Science software that uses GTK
Bernhard Tessmann. Bernhard Robert Tessmann (August 15, 1912 in Zingst – December 19, 1998) was a German expert in guided missiles during World War II, and later worked for the United States Army and NASA.

Life
Tessmann first met rocket expert Wernher von Braun in 1935. He had little interest in spaceflight, even though he had seen the sets of the film Frau im Mond since his father worked at Universum Film AG studios. Tessmann was involved in the basic planning for Army Research Center Peenemünde, moving there in late 1936 to supervise construction and conduct first engine testing there at Test Stand I. Tessmann worked on wind tunnels, then on thrust measuring systems for V-2 engines.

He was evacuated after the bombing in August 1943 to Koelpinsee where he designed ground equipment for V-2 mobile units and was involved in the planning for the "Projekt Zement" underground V-2 facilities at Ebensee, Austria, and test facilities near Lehesten.

Tessmann was a key man in securing the V-2 legacy at the end of the war. Once von Braun became afraid the SS would follow the Führer's "scorched earth" policy and destroy the tons of precious V-2 documents and blueprints, he instructed his personal aide, Dieter Huzel, and Bernhard Tessmann, chief designer of the Peenemünde test facilities, to hide the documents in a safe place.

It took three Opel trucks to carry the 14 tons of papers. The little convoy headed north on April 3, 1945 toward the nearby Harz Mountains. By the end of the day Tessmann and Huzel found an abandoned iron mine in the isolated village of Dornten, which was managed by a loyal Nazi Herr Nebelung. Thirty-six hours later, all of the documents had been hauled by a small locomotive into the heart of the mine and hand-carried into the powder magazine.

Eventually, von Braun and his leading V-2 engineers and scientists voluntarily surrendered to the U.S. 44th Division. Almost as important was the recovery of the 14 tons of V-2 documents hidden by Tessman and Huzel in the Dornten iron mine.

Tessmann was transferred to the United States at the end of the war via the Operation Paperclip, and as of January 1947, was working at Fort Bliss, Texas. Thereafter he worked his entire life with the rocket team, at Fort Bliss, White Sands Missile Range, and then at Huntsville. As of 1960, he was a Deputy Director of Test Division at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.

He died in Huntsville, Alabama.
The Ilse and Bernhard Tessmann Music, and Foreign Language Scholarship, are awarded at the University of Alabama, Huntsville.

References

External links
 Bernhard Tessmann Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

German aerospace engineers
1912 births
1998 deaths
German people of World War II
Operation Paperclip
Engineers from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
People from Zingst