omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
RocketSat. The NASA SpaceGrant Consortium at the University of Colorado at Boulder has sponsored many small space reaching missions including 3CS, CX, DINO, DANDE, and RocketSat. RocketSat is a small payload which launched on a sounding rocket provided by the UP Aerospace corporation in October 2006. This first launch for the University of Colorado RocketSat program also marks the nascent flight of the UP Aerospace corporation, and the inaugural launch for the Southwest Regional Spaceport near Upham, New Mexico.

Purpose 
RocketSat was conceived as the framework for a sister class to the BalloonSat projects course Gateway to Space, already offered to freshman engineering students at the University of Colorado. The first RocketSat payload serves as the proof of concept for future classes. This original payload consists of various instrumentation to record Geiger radiation counts, microwave radiation intensity, pressure, temperature, and acceleration on three axes in both high-range with low precision and low-range with high precision. An I²C EEPROM and two linked BrainStems(tm) (via the I2C bus) are used to record the myriad of data collected by the sensors. Due to the limited BrainStem speed, and limited EEPROM storage space, the data collected on this RocketSat flight is being recorded at 4 Hertz.

External links 
Photos of RocketSat
RocketSat website
Colorado SpaceGrant Consortium

NASA programs
University of Colorado Boulder
Neil Konzen. Neil Konzen is a computer programmer who formerly worked for Microsoft as one of its earliest employees. He was the systems programmer of Microsoft's Macintosh programs projects, including Multiplan and Word for the Mac in 1984. He was later tasked with leading the team that created the second version of Windows at Microsoft, after the failure of the original version.

Konzen created, with Bill Gates, the DONKEY.BAS game for the IBM PC.

Konzen also worked in the Ferrari F1 Racing Team around the Todt-Brawn-Schumacher era, when software development still was a major competitive advantage for the top teams. He created Vehicle Dynamics Simulation (VDS) software that could run real-time simulations at the home factory and at the track-side, during the race weekend, on the limited computational power of Personal Computers available back then. The software included features that became available on commercial software for PCs, like MATLAB, only many years later. He was also instrumental in the implementation of the real-time telemetry and contributed to other software developed in the Ferrari F1 Racing Team.

Prior to his work at Microsoft, Konzen created the popular G.P.L.E. (Global Program Line Editor) for writing Applesoft programs on the Apple II.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Microsoft employees
Microsoft Windows people
Place of birth missing (living people)
SWM. SWM may refer to:
 swm or Selbourne Window Manager, a free X Window manager
 SWM (motorcycles) or Speedy Working Motors, a manufacturer of off-road motorcycles in the 1970s and 1980s
 SWM (automobiles) Speedy Working Motors automotive brand established in 2016
 Stanford Watershed Model, a hydrology transport model
 South Wales Metro, a proposed train network across South Wales
 Stadtwerke München (SWM), German communal company, owned by the city of Munich
 Swanscombe railway station, Kent, England (National Rail station code)
Daemontools. daemontools is a process supervision toolkit written by Daniel J. Bernstein as an alternative to other system initialization and process supervision tools, such as Init.

Some of the features of daemontools are:

 Easy service installation and removal
 Easy first-time service startup
 Reliable restarts
 Easy, reliable signalling
 Clean process state
 Portability

Similar applications are runit, s6, and daemontools-encore.

References

External links
 Official daemontools website, maintained by the author

Public-domain software with source code
Unix process- and task-management-related software
Insectary plant. Insectary plants are those that attract insects. As such, beneficial insectary plants are intentionally introduced into an ecosystem to increase pollen and nectar resources required by the natural enemies of the harmful or unwanted insects pests. Beyond an effective natural control of pests, the beneficial insects also assist in pollination.

The "friendly insects" include ladybeetles, bees, ground beetles, hoverflies, and parasitic wasps. Other animals that are frequently considered beneficial include lizards, spiders, toads, and hummingbirds. Beneficial insects are as much as ten times more abundant in the insectary plantings area. Mortality of scale insects (caused by natural enemies) can be double with insectary plantings. In addition, a diversity of insectary plants can increase the population of beneficial insects such that these levels can be sustained even when the insectary plants are removed or die off.

For maximum benefit in the garden, insectary plants can be grown alongside desired garden plants that do not have this benefit. The insects attracted to the insectary plants will also help the other nearby garden plants.

Many members of the family Apiaceae (formerly known as Umbelliferae) are excellent insectary plants. Fennel, angelica, coriander (cilantro), dill, and wild carrot all provide in great number the tiny flowers required by parasitic wasps. Various clovers, yarrow, and rue also attract parasitic and predatory insects. Low-growing plants, such as thyme, rosemary, or mint, provide shelter for ground beetles and other beneficial insects. Composite flowers (daisy and chamomile) and mints (spearmint, peppermint, or catnip) will attract predatory wasps, hoverflies, and robber flies. The wasps will catch caterpillars and grubs to feed their young, while the predatory and parasitic flies attack many kinds of insects, including leaf hoppers and caterpillars.

Other insectary plants include: mustard plants such as Brassica juncea, Phacelia tanacetifolia, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), marigold (Tagetes patula), elderberry, Korean licorice mint (Agastache rugosa), blackberry, Convolvulus, Crataegus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Chrysanthemum segetum, Scrophularia, Rosa canina, Hedera helix, Centaurea cyanus, Eschscholzia californica, Prunus spinosa, Lobularia maritima.

See also
 Biological pest control
 Companion planting
 Beneficial weed
 Insect hotel

References

External links
 Enhancing Biological Control with Beneficial Insectary Plants - July 1998 - description
 Benefits of Insectary Plants 
 Natural Pest Control See: tables
 http://eartheasy.com/grow_garden_insectary.htm  See: tables
 http://www.agroecology.org/cases/insectaryplants.htm case study
 Beneficial Insects for Gardens
 Those Amazing Hover Flies: Order Diptera, family Syrphidae
 Video: Efficient Intercropping with Sweet Alyssum for Aphid Control in Lettuce

Insect ecology
Plant ecology
TMT. TMT may refer to:

Science and engineering
 Tandem mass tag, a chemical label
 Temporal motivation theory, in psychology
 Terror management theory, in psychology
 Thermo-mechanical treatment, a metallurgical process
 Thirty Meter Telescope, astronomical telescope
 Trimethylthiazoline, a component of fox urine
 Trimethyltrienolone, an antiandrogen

Software
 Texas Multicore Technologies, licensee of SequenceL programming language

Transport
 Today Makes Tomorrow, a Taiwanese shipping company
 Thane Municipal Transport, a bus operator in India
 Toyota Motor Thailand
 Tubular Modular Track for railways
 Porto Trombetas Airport, Pará, Brazil, IATA code

Entertainment
 The Manila Times, a newspaper in the Philippines
 The Moscow Times, an Amsterdam-based newspaper
 Tiny Mix Tapes, a music web site
 , a defunct Polish cable channel (1998-2008)

Sport
 TMT FC, a Gambian football club

Other uses
 Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı ("Turkish Resistance Organisation"), Cyprus, 1958-1974
 Turkmenistani manat, ISO 4217 currency code 
 Top Management Team, senior management in a business
 Technology, Media and Telecommunications, industry sector for investment banking
Denmead Foundry. Denmead was a Baltimore, Maryland, United States, company that produced about 30 steam locomotives in the 1850s as a sideline to a very successful foundry.

During the American Civil War, A & W Denmead & Son built the side wheel gunboat Monocacy and the light draft monitor Waxsaw, both completed in 1865.

References

Defunct locomotive manufacturers of the United States
Foundries in the United States
Industrial buildings and structures in Maryland
Maryland in the American Civil War
Loop entropy. Loop entropy is the entropy lost upon bringing together two residues of a polymer within a prescribed distance.  For a single loop, the entropy varies logarithmically with the number of residues  in the loop

where  is the Boltzmann constant and  is a coefficient that depends on the properties of the polymer.  This entropy formula corresponds to a power-law distribution  for the probability of the residues contacting.

The loop entropy may also vary with the position of the contacting residues.  Residues near the ends of the polymer are more likely to contact (quantitatively, have a lower ) than those in the middle (i.e., far from the ends), primarily due to excluded volume effects.

Wang-Uhlenbeck entropy
The loop entropy formula becomes more complicated with multiples loops, but may be determined for a Gaussian polymer using a matrix method developed by Wang and Uhlenbeck.  Let there be  contacts among the residues, which define  loops of the polymers.  The Wang-Uhlenbeck matrix  is an  symmetric, real matrix whose elements  equal the number of common residues between loops  and .  The entropy of making the specified contacts equals

As an example, consider the entropy lost upon making the contacts between residues 26 and 84 and residues 58 and 110 in a polymer (cf. ribonuclease A).  The first and second loops have lengths 58 (=84-26) and 52 (=110-58), respectively, and they have 26 (=84-58) residues in common.  The corresponding Wang-Uhlenbeck matrix is

whose determinant is 2340.  Taking the logarithm and multiplying by the constants  gives the entropy.

References
 Wang, M. C., & Uhlenbeck, G. E. (1945). On the theory of the Brownian motion II. Reviews of Modern Physics, 17(2-3), 323.

Thermodynamic entropy
Polymer physics
Jabiru 2200. The Jabiru 2200 is a lightweight naturally aspirated, pushrod four-stroke, flat four, air-cooled aircraft engine produced by Jabiru Aircraft.

Design and development
The conventional direct-drive engine is fitted with an alternator, silencers, vacuum pump drives and dual ignition systems as standard.  The engine generates up to  at 3,300 rpm.

In Europe the engine competes with the Rotax 912, another flat four four-stroke engine, but one that has water-cooled cylinder heads and a geared reduction drive to the propeller.

Jabiru Aircraft began as a builder of small two-seater aircraft in Bundaberg, Australia. It turned to producing its own engines when supplies of the Italian-sourced engines previously used dried up. Jabiru engines are designed to be manufactured in small batch quantities, so the firm uses CNC machines to mill major engine parts such as cylinder blocks and heads, rather than using cast items.

A larger variant of this engine is the flat-six Jabiru 3300 which, being of modular design, shares many parts with the J2200.

In December 2010 the CEA-308, powered by the Jabiru 2200, set four FAI records for aircraft weighing less than 300 kg. It averaged  for four runs over the 3-km low-altitude course and  on a 100-km circuit.

CASA restrictions
In November 2014 the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) proposed restricting all Jabiru-powered aircraft to day-visual flight rules (VFR) only, without passengers or solo students and within gliding distance of a safe place to land due to the engine line's safety record. The final rule adopted somewhat softened the restrictions, allowing the carriage of passengers and students, but requiring them to sign an acknowledgement of risk before flying and restricting equipped aircraft to day VFR flight and within gliding distance of a safe place to land. Both the manufacturer and Recreational Aviation Australia (RA-Aus) opposed the restrictions as unnecessary and unwarranted. RA-Aus reported that it was supplied with only a fraction of CASA's source data – just a day before submissions closed – and that CASA seemed to have excluded all engine reliability data post-"early 2014".

As of July 1, 2016, these restrictions were lifted for "most Jabiru-powered aircraft in Australia. Stock Jabiru engines that are maintained in strict accordance with Jabiru service bulletins and maintenance instructions are no longer affected by the limitations, which were issued in late 2014."

Applications

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 Official website

Boxer engines
1990s aircraft piston engines
Jabiru aircraft engines
SYS Technologies. SYS Technologies (), also known simply as SYS, provides information technology products through services and wireless communication systems for the Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security and various commercial customers. For large commercial customers in the telecommunications, utilities, construction, chemical, and biomedical industries, its products and services are used to manage remote assets. SYS also provides financial and management services, primarily to U.S. government customers.  Since the company was founded, it has been based in or around San Diego, California.

History
Founded in 1966 as Systems Associates, Inc., the company became SYS Technologies in 1985.

In recent years, the company has embarked on a strategy of growth through acquisitions. It acquired Polexis in March 2004, and acquired Xsilogy in December 2004.  It then bought Antin Engineering in January 2005, Logic Innovations in November 2005, cVideo in December 2005, and Reality Based IT Services, Ltd. in April 2006.  Its most recent acquisition was Ai Metrix in October 2006.

On March 3, 2008, SYS Technologies became a wholly owned subsidiary of Kratos Defense & Security Solutions.

References

External links
 SYS Technologies corporate site

Information technology companies of the United States
Langevin dynamics. In physics, Langevin dynamics is an approach to the mathematical modeling of the dynamics of molecular systems using the Langevin equation. It was originally developed by French physicist Paul Langevin. The approach is characterized by the use of simplified models while accounting for omitted degrees of freedom by the use of stochastic differential equations. Langevin dynamics simulations are a kind of Monte Carlo simulation.

Overview 
A real world molecular system is unlikely to be present in vacuum. Jostling of solvent or air molecules causes friction, and the occasional high velocity collision will perturb the system. Langevin dynamics attempts to extend molecular dynamics to allow for these effects. Also, Langevin dynamics allows temperature to be controlled as with a thermostat, thus approximating the canonical ensemble.

Langevin dynamics mimics the viscous aspect of a solvent. It does not fully model an implicit solvent; specifically, the model does not account for the electrostatic screening and also not for the hydrophobic effect. For denser solvents, hydrodynamic interactions are not captured via Langevin dynamics.

For a system of  particles with masses , with coordinates  that constitute a time-dependent random variable, the resulting Langevin equation is

where  is the particle interaction potential;  is the gradient operator such that  is the force calculated from the particle interaction potentials; the dot is a time derivative such that  is the velocity and  is the acceleration;  is the damping constant (units of reciprocal time), also known as the collision frequency;  is the temperature,  is the Boltzmann constant; and  is a delta-correlated stationary Gaussian process with zero-mean, satisfying

Here,  is the Dirac delta.

If the main objective is to control temperature, care should be exercised to use a small damping constant . As  grows, it spans from the inertial all the way to the diffusive (Brownian) regime. The Langevin dynamics limit of non-inertia is commonly described as Brownian dynamics. Brownian dynamics can be considered as overdamped Langevin dynamics, i.e. Langevin dynamics where no average acceleration takes place.

The Langevin equation can be reformulated as a Fokker–Planck equation that governs the probability distribution of the random variable X.

The Langevin equation can be generalized to rotational dynamics of molecules, Brownian particles, etc. A standard (according to NIST) way to do it is to leverage a quaternion-based description of the stochastic rotational motion.

See also 
 Hamiltonian mechanics
 Statistical mechanics
 Implicit solvation
 Stochastic differential equations
 Langevin equation
 Klein–Kramers equation

References

External links 
 Langevin Dynamics (LD) Simulation

Classical mechanics
Statistical mechanics
Dynamical systems
Symplectic geometry
Canarias-class cruiser. The Canarias class was a class of heavy cruiser of the Spanish Navy. Two ships of the class were completed in the 1930s. They were built in Spain by the Vickers-Armstrongs subsidiary Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval upon a British design, and were a modified version of the Royal Navy′s County class. The two ships completed,  and , both saw service during the Spanish Civil War, the latter being sunk.

Design

The ships were ordered in 1926 and were based on the British County-class cruisers. The designer was Sir Phillip Watts. These ships had anti-torpedo bulges and a slightly narrower beam as well as more powerful machinery. The boiler rooms were re-arranged compared to the British design and trunked into a single massive funnel rather than three funnels used on the British cruisers. The Spanish ships had a stronger secondary armament and although the original design included a catapult for a seaplane this was never installed.

Ships

Both ships were built by SECN in Ferrol.

A third ship was projected but not ordered.

Service history
Both ships were making their final sea trials when seized by the Nationalist side in the Spanish Civil War. Both of them were fitting out and completed with makeshift fire control and secondary armament.

Canarias was the flagship of the Nationalist Navy and sank 34 ships including the Republican destroyer  and the Soviet merchant Komsomol. She also damaged the destroyer , forcing her to seek refuge at Gibraltar. During World War II she took part in the search of survivors from the .

Baleares was completed without 'Y' turret, which was retrofitted in 1937. In September 1937 she engaged two Republican light cruisers in the Battle of Cape Cherchell. During a raid on Palma de Majorca in March 1938 she was intercepted by Republican destroyers and torpedoed by the destroyer . The torpedoes blew up the forward magazines, disintegrating the fore part of the ship. The stern half remained afloat and 372 of her crew of 1221 were saved by British destroyers  and . 786 men died during the action.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Canarias specs at Bismarck site 
 BUQUESDEGUERRA.TK, a Spanish website about warships (Spanish)

Cruiser classes
Microtunneling. Microtunneling or microtunnelling is a tunnel construction technique used to construct utility tunnels from approximately  in diameter. Because of their small diameter, it is not possible to have an operator driving the tunneling machine, so they have to be remotely operated.

Microtunnel boring machines (MTBM) are similar to larger tunnel boring machines (TBMs). The MTBM and jacking frame are set up in a shaft at the required depth. The operator monitors the MTBM's location, orientation and hydraulic devices via a computer console, a CCTV camera or Gyro unit. Some systems use video cameras in the jacking shaft and at the separation plant. Gyro Control have generally replaced cameras for location and digital feedback.

Operation 
In most microtunneling operations the machine is launched through an entry eye and pipes are pushed behind the machine. This pipe jacking process is repeated until the MTBM reaches the reception shaft at the far end. The speed of the advancing machine is limited to the speed at which the pipe is inserted into the entry eye via the hydraulic rams in the jacking frame.

The friction of the ground around the pipe increases in proportion to the tunnel length. Two practices can minimize this friction. First, over-cutting is used to provide a gap between the inner edge of the tunnel and the outer edge of the liner. The gap is . A lubricant, often bentonite slurry, is injected into this gap. The pressure of the lubricant prevents the gap from collapsing. Depending on the geology a 35mm overcut may create ground subsidence. For road and rail crossings, this 35mm is reduced so prevent more than 10mm subsidence.

As much as hundreds of tons of force may be required to push the machine and liner forward. The jacking frame containing hydraulic rams produces these forces. The entrance shaft must be strong enough to support the forces it generates.

Interjack 
In addition to the jacking frame, smaller jacks, called “interjacks”, may be inserted between sections of tunnel liner. These push two liner sections apart. Friction on the liner sections between the interjack and the tunnel entrance helps to prevent the liner from sliding out backwards. So while the liner behind the interjack does not move, those sections in front of it receive additional pushing force.

Thermal cutter 
San Francisco startup Petra demonstrated a thermal drilling robot that can tunnel through Sioux Quartzite, "the hardest rock on earth" that would normally require dynamite. It can create  diameter tunnels. It disintegrates the rock with a hot, high-pressure spallation head. The machine combines remote control and machine vision and can reverse out of the tunnel. It is claimed to cost 30-90 percent less than other microtunneling methods.

See also
 Trenchless technology
 Directional boring
 Hobby tunneling

References

Trenchless technology
Tunnel construction
Sorbitan monostearate. Sorbitan monostearate is an ester of sorbitan (a sorbitol derivative) and stearic acid and is sometimes referred to as a synthetic wax.

Uses
Sorbitan monostearate is used in the manufacture of food and healthcare products as a non-ionic surfactant with emulsifying, dispersing, and wetting properties. It is also employed to create synthetic fibers, metal machining fluid, and as a brightener in the leather industry. Sorbitans are also known as "Spans".
 
Sorbitan monostearate has been approved by the European Union for use as a food additive (emulsifier) (E number: E 491). It is also approved for use  by the British Pharmacopoeia.

See also
 Polysorbate
 Sorbitan tristearate (Span 65)

References 

Food additives
Non-ionic surfactants
E-number additives
Stearate esters