omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Victor Linetsky. Victor Pylypovych Linetsky (, ; 31 January 1901 – Yekaterinodar, Kuban Region, Southern Russia – 19xx    Lviv, Ukraine) was a Russian petroleum hydrogeologist. He criticized physical backgrounds of the hypothesis of “primary” migration from “source” rocks to reservoirs and so-called long-distance migration. Developed the model of vertical migration of the abiotic oil from the great depth to its accumulations in the upper crust. Described how seismic shock is transformed into the hydraulic impact within fluid-saturated fault zone.

He was through with his gymnasium in 1918 and graduated from Leningrad Mining Institute in 1930 as mining petroleum engineer. After graduation, he worked for LenGas, GIProVod and People’s Commissariat of NarkomZem. During World War II he was evacuated and worked in Kazakhstan. After the war he was with HydroEnergyProject Institute (Moscow), than he joined WodGeo in Kharkiv and later worked for UkrHydroEnergyProject Institute in Lviv.
His PhD thesis in Engineering “Technique to study sagging of loess-like rocks” was defended at Kharkiv University in 1945.

The crucial point of his career was 1948 when he joined the Lviv Branch of the Institute of Geological Sciences headed by Professor Vladimir Porfiriev. Since 1953 Linetsky led the Hydrogeology and Engineering Department of the Institute later renamed to Oil and Gas Migration Dept. he defended  his Dr.Sc. dissertation “Physical principles of oil migration” in 1959 at the USSR Academy of Science Oil Institute (Moscow) and became a professor in 1967. He published about 50 research papers including 5 monographs.

Selected publications

Linetsky V.F., 1957. Oil migration and oil reservoirs in the Deep Folds Zone of the Soviet Carpathian Mountains. – Kiev, Ukrainian SSR Ac. Sci. Publ. – 211 p. (in Russian)
Linetsky V.F., 1964. About hypotheses of dispersed oil migration in the form of solution in water. In: Problem of Ukraine’s petroleum potential. – Kiev, Naukov Dumka Publ. – p. 9-19 . (in Russian)
Linetsky V.F., 1965. Migration of oil and formation of its accumulations. – Kiev, Naukova Dumka Publ. – 200 p. (in Russian)
Linetsky V.F., 1966. To the issue of long-distance oil migration. In: Problems of oil origin. – Kiev, Naukov Dumka Publ. – p. 223-231 (in Russian)
Linetsky V.F., 1971. Free space (reaction volume) in the deep fault zone. In: Origin of oil and gas and formation of their commercial accumulations. – Kiev, Naukova Dumka Publ. – p. 143-148 (in Russian)
Linetsky V.F., 1974. Criteria to evaluate permeability of deep faults. Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals Jour., Vol. 39. – p. 3-9 (in Russian)

See also

 Abiogenic petroleum origin
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals, NASU, Lviv

Soviet geologists
1901 births
Year of death missing
Michael A. O'Keefe. Michael A. O'Keefe (born 8 September 1942, in East Melbourne, Australia) is a physicist who has worked in materials science and electron microscopy. He is perhaps best known for his production of the seminal computer code for modeling of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images; his software was later made available as part of the DeepView package for remote electron microscopy and control.  O'Keefe's tutorial on theory and application of high-resolution electron microscope image simulation is available online.

O'Keefe has established methods of quantifying resolution quality, and methods of deriving accurate atom positions from high-resolution images.  He used these methods to help establish high-resolution electron microscopy as a precise science; in addition to its more-pedestrian role of pictorial confirmation of nano measurements, he demonstrated HRTEM's value in measurement of nano-properties.  The video and associated slides illustrate the role of his work in providing tools for nano-characterization.

O'Keefe designed and developed the one-Ångström microscope (OÅM) for the National Center for Electron Microscopy at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory based on an FEI Company CM300 microscope that he modified extensively to improve coherence and correct three-fold astigmatism.  He was successful in breaking the "one-Ångström barrier" to resolution using his combination of hardware and software correction of microscope aberrations.  He produced the first HRTEM images to show carbon atoms separated by less than one Ångström in diamond (0.89 Å) and silicon atoms in crystalline silicon (0.78 Å)—an example of his silicon work appears on a webpage at the Department of Energy.  His OÅM was the first HRTEM able to image the smallest metal atoms (lithium) in lithium battery materials.  Building on his work designing and operating his one-Ångström microscope (OÅM), O'Keefe produced the design for the LBNL TEAM (transmission electron aspheric microscope) able to resolve atoms in the deep sub-Ångström resolution region (less than 0.5 Å) using a hardware electron-wave phase-corrector (Cs corrector) in combination with a coherence-enhancing electron-beam monochromator.

References

Australian physicists
1942 births
Living people
National Center for Electron Microscopy. The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM) was a U.S. Department of Energy national user facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, for unclassified scientific research using advanced electron microscopy. It has since been merged with the Molecular Foundry, also located at Berkeley Lab.

External links
 Official National Center for Electron Microscopy website

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
United States Department of Energy national laboratories
Laboratories in California
University and college laboratories in the United States
Research institutes in the San Francisco Bay Area
OCCRA. The Oakland County Competitive Robotics Association (OCCRA; ) is an organized competition among robotics teams of around 20 different high schools in Oakland County, Michigan. It was established in June, 2000 and takes place each fall, beginning in early September and ending in early December.

OCCRA vs. FIRST Robotics Competition
Although OCCRA draws heavily from the FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC), OCCRA differs from FRC in several key ways. Firstly, the student members of the robotics teams are expected to design and build the robots without direct assistance from their adult mentors. This gives students more responsibility and allows them to develop leadership skills.

In OCCRA, teams are also forbidden from having corporate sponsorships. Each team is responsible for raising its own money to promote teamwork and to teach students to work within a budget. The league as a whole has corporate sponsors.

Furthermore, "heavy machinery" is restricted. Lathes and other types of precision machinery are not to be used in the construction of OCCRA-bound robots. Instead, students build their robots with rulers, hacksaws, and cordless drills. This rule is intended to ensure equality among teams with varying resources (e.g. having a machine shop in the team's high school or in a team member's garage).

One key way in which OCCRA does emulate FRC is that OCCRA maintains a policy of gracious professionalism.

Teams 
Over the years, there have been over 30 teams that have competed in OCCRA. Most of them are FRC teams, although there have been several OCCRA-only teams in the past. In addition, there have also been several teams that had started out as OCCRA teams before joining FRC.

Current OCCRA Teams 
Below is a list of the teams currently competing in OCCRA as of 2023:

 Team 2 - Pandamoniun
 Team 3 (4737 in FRC) - AtomiGators
 Team 33 - Killer Bees
 Team 51 - Wings of Fire
 Team 308 - Monsters
 Team 573 - Mech Warriors
 Team 915 - Eagles
 Team 2137 - The Oxford RoboCats
 Team 2960 - Automation Nation
 Team 3098 (previously Team 97) - Waterford Robotics
 Team 5053 - Lakers
 Team 7178 - Yeti
 Team 7553 (previously Team 123) - OSTC Sweetbots
 Team 7692 - Beach Bums
 Team 7769 (previously Team 111) - The CREW (AM)
 Team 6977 - The CREW (PM)

Previous OCCRA Teams 
Below is a list of teams that have competed in OCCRA in previous years:

 Team 1 - Juggernauts
 Team 9 - St. Mary's Preparatory
 Team 47 - Chief Delphi
 Team 62 - Birmingham Groves High School
 Team 65 - The Huskie Brigade
 Team 67 - The HOT Team
 Team 245 - Adambots
 Team 255 - Lamphere High School
 Team 302 - The Dragons
 Team 469 - Las Guerrillas
 Team 802 - Robo Knights
 Team 803 - More Monsters
 Team 1188 - Ravens (formerly known as Oaktown Crewz)
 Team 1213 - GROVES
 Team 1346 - University High School
 Team 3538 - RoboJackets
 Team 4384 - Benzene Bots

See also
FIRST
FRC

External links
Official OCCRA website
ChiefDelphi Forums - OCCRA
AdamBots (Team 245) - OCCRA
Walled Lake Robotics - OCCRA
PDF file released by Oakland Schools.

OCCRA
Engineering competitions
Student robotics competitions
2000 establishments in Michigan
2000 in robotics
Two-point tensor. Two-point tensors, or double vectors, are tensor-like quantities which transform as Euclidean vectors with respect to each of their indices. They are used in continuum mechanics to transform between reference ("material") and present ("configuration") coordinates. Examples include the deformation gradient and the first Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor.

As with many applications of tensors, Einstein summation notation is frequently used. To clarify this notation, capital indices are often used to indicate reference coordinates and lowercase for present coordinates. Thus, a two-point tensor will have one capital and one lower-case index; for example, AjM.

Continuum mechanics
A conventional tensor can be viewed as a transformation of vectors in one coordinate system to other vectors in the same coordinate system. In contrast, a two-point tensor transforms vectors from one coordinate system to another. That is, a conventional tensor,
 ,
actively transforms a vector u to a vector v such that 

where v and u are measured in the same space and their coordinates representation is with respect to the same basis (denoted by the "e").

In contrast, a two-point tensor, G will be written as
 
and will transform a vector, U, in E system to a vector, v, in the e system  as    
.

The transformation law for two-point tensor
Suppose we have two coordinate systems one primed and another unprimed and a vectors' components transform between them as 
.
For tensors suppose we then have
.
A tensor  in the system . In another system, let the same tensor be given by
 .
We can say
.
Then 

is the routine tensor transformation. But a two-point tensor between these systems is just
 
which transforms as
 .

Simple example
The most mundane example of a two-point tensor is the transformation tensor, the Q in the above discussion. Note that
 .
Now, writing out in full,

and also
.
This then requires Q to be of the form
 .
By definition of tensor product,

So we can write
 
Thus
 
Incorporating (), we have
.

See also
 Mixed tensor
 Covariance and contravariance of vectors

References

External links
 Mathematical foundations of elasticity By Jerrold E. Marsden, Thomas J. R. Hughes
 Two-point Tensors at iMechanica

Tensors
Euclidean geometry
Ebbw Vale Garden Festival. The Ebbw Vale Garden Festival of Wales (National Garden Festival 1992) attracted over two million visitors to Ebbw Vale in South Wales.

Background

The national garden festivals were a high-profile 1980s initiative by the then Conservative government in response to criticism of their alleged neglect of areas hit by the decline of heavy industry. Environment Minister Michael Heseltine proposed that derelict land should be reclaimed for a Garden Festival as a symbol of the rebirth of such areas. The festivals were held every two years. The first such festival was held in Liverpool in 1984. Subsequent festivals were held in Stoke-on-Trent (1986), Glasgow (1988), Gateshead (1990) and Ebbw Vale Garden Festival (1992) which eventually won the competition. The festivals were highly successful in attracting millions of visitors from all over the country to industrial areas long ignored by British tourists. However they did not always lead to the hoped-for long-term injection of private investment in the affected areas.

Legacy 
The Festival Park site is identifiable today but little of the festival infrastructure remains. The lakes at the lower part of the site are the most obvious relic. The upper end of the funicular is now a retail park.

Of the five National Garden Festivals, none of them saw the hoped-for boom in development immediately after closure. Those closest to a busy urban area, particularly Gateshead, did see some housing development but in all cases this was driven by pre-existing local economic strength, rather than any long-term planning around the festival, or any knock-on benefits. In many cases, it was nearly 20 years before anything like the full site was under development.

The Festival Park (Garden Festival) site is now occupied by over 1,000 houses, a fishing lake, Festival Church, an owl sanctuary, a large environmental sculpture of Mother Earth, woodlands and a shopping centre.

Clock

A mechanical clock known as “In the Nick of Time” by sculptor Andy Plant was erected on the site. The clock was commissioned and paid for by Newport Council at a cost of £100,000. On the hour, the structure would open to expose the hidden characters inside. After the festival event the clock was relocated to John Frost Square, Newport. The clock is currently located on the roundabout leading to the Glan Llyn development behind Newport Retail Park in Newport. The clock no longer opens.

See also 
 Ebbw Vale Garden Festival Funicular

References

External links 

Unofficial Garden Festival Wales website
Festival Church
Festival Park Owl Sanctuary
Funicular Railway

National garden festivals
1992 in Wales
Garden Festival
Garden festivals in Wales
1992 festivals
1-Tetradecanol. 1-Tetradecanol, or commonly myristyl alcohol (from Myristica fragrans – the nutmeg plant), is a straight-chain saturated fatty alcohol, with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)12CH2OH.  It is a white waxy solid that is practically insoluble in water, soluble in diethyl ether, and slightly soluble in ethanol.

Production
1-Tetradecanol may be prepared by the hydrogenation of myristic acid (or its esters); myristic acid itself can be found in nutmeg (from where it gains its name) but is also present in palm kernel oil and coconut oil and it is from these that the majority of 1-tetradecanol is produced. It may also be produced from petrochemical feedstocks via either the Ziegler process.

Uses
As with other fatty alcohols, 1-tetradecanol is used as an ingredient in cosmetics such as cold creams for its emollient properties.  It is also used as an intermediate in the chemical synthesis of other products such as surfactants.

Toxicity
Like other fatty alcohols, myristyl alcohol has very low acute toxicity, with LD50 >5000 mg/kg (oral, rat).

References

External links
 (MSDS for 1-tetradecanol / Myristyl Alcohol)

Fatty alcohols
Cosmetics chemicals
Primary alcohols
Alkanols
Storm glass. The storm glass or chemical weather glass was an instrument claimed to help predict weather. It consists of a special liquid placed inside a sealed transparent glass. The state of crystallization within the liquid was believed to be related to the weather. The inventor is unknown but the device became popular in the 1860s after being promoted by Royal Navy Admiral Robert FitzRoy who claimed that  The compositions of the liquid in a storm glass varies but usually contains "camphor, nitrate of potassium and sal-ammoniac, dissolved by alcohol, with water and some air." These devices are now known to have little value in weather prediction, and tend to change visually based on the surrounding temperature, however they do not react to pressure changes and continue to be a curiosity.

Description 

The liquid within the glass is a mixture of several ingredients, most commonly distilled water, ethanol, potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and camphor. This specific mixture was promoted by Admiral Robert FitzRoy although similar devices existed even two decades earlier with variants in Italy, France and Germany.

FitzRoy carefully documented his claims on how the storm glass would predict the weather:

If the liquid in the glass is clear, the weather will be bright and clear.
If the liquid is cloudy, the weather will be cloudy as well, perhaps with precipitation.
If there are small dots in the liquid, humid or foggy weather can be expected.
A cloudy glass with small stars indicates thunderstorms.
If the liquid contains small stars on sunny winter days, then snow is coming.
If there are large flakes throughout the liquid, it will be overcast in temperate seasons or snowy in the winter.
If there are crystals at the bottom, this indicates frost.
If there are threads near the top, it will be windy.
A version of the device was available in the 18th century in France and the inventor is unknown. In 1859, violent storms struck the British Isles. In response, the British Crown distributed storm glasses, then known as "FitzRoy's storm barometers," to many small fishing communities around the British Isles for consultation by ships in port before setting sail.

Accuracy 
In 1863, Charles Tomlinson published an analysis in The Philosophical Magazine concluding that, while attractive, "I think it may fairly be concluded from these experiments and observations that the storm-glass acts as a crude kind of thermoscope, inferior, for most of the purposes of observation, to the thermometer." In 2008 an article in the Journal of Crystal Growth similarly concluded that temperature change is the sole cause of crystal growth in storm glasses.

See also 
 Tempest Prognosticator – an alternative to the storm glass that the British government investigated

References

External links 

 Admiral FitzRoy's remarks on barometers and thermometers
 The appearance of crystals in storm glass, when weather changes (video)

Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
Glass applications
Composite plate. A composite plate is basically a plate made out of composite materials, i.e. a resin and a fibre. Its mechanical evaluation is more detailed than a normal isotropic plate as it has different material properties in different directions. Composite materials are very light and strong and hence much used in aircraft and spacecraft industries. They are also readily available.

Composites are further divided into main two classifications, namely resin and matrix material.

References

Composite materials
Electrosteel Castings. Electrosteel Castings Limited is an Indian company based in Kolkata. It is one of the largest manufacturers of ductile iron pipes in the Indian sub-continent, having a production capacity of 280,000 MT per annum. Electrosteel was the pioneer in setting up a Ductile Iron Spun Pipe Plant in India in 1994 and is among the five largest producers of Spun Iron pipes in the world.

History 

In 1955, Electrosteel established a Steel Foundry at Khardah, near Kolkata, West Bengal. Subsequently, it started manufacturing Gray Cast Iron Spun Pipes in 1959.

In 1982 it took over Shakti Pipes Ltd. at Elavur, near Chennai and also started making Gray Cast Iron Spun Pipes there.

In 1994, it established the first Ductile Iron Spun Pipe unit of the Indian sub-continent at Khardah. Within a few years, it received good acceptability among water engineers and the capacity was expanded to 0.28 million ton per annum. It subsequently started manufacturing Ductile Iron Fittings at Khardah in 2001.

In 2005, it also established a coke oven, a sponge iron plant and a power plant at Haldia, as a part of its backward integration drive.

International operations 
About 50% of Ductile Iron Pipes and Fittings produced by Electrosteel is exported to various countries in  Europe, USA, South America, South East Asia, Middle East, North and South African Countries. A number of overseas offices and subsidiary companies have been established in France, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Singapore and Algeria.

Electrosteel Castings acquired Singardo International, a company in the water and gas sectors, to expand its market reach in Southeast Asia and leverage Singardo's global sales network for sourcing and trading of industry products.

Financials 
Electrosteel reported a total income of Rs.7360.42 crores during the financial year ended March 31, 2023 as compared to Rs.5336.70 crores during the financial year ended March 31, 2022. The company has posted net profit of Rs.315.8022 crores for the financial year ended March 31, 2023 as against net profit of Rs.347.2773 crores for the financial year ended March 31, 2022.

Accreditations 
Electrosteel produces ductile iron pipes and fittings as per the international benchmark and its quality is approved in various countries. The Company obtained KITEMARK License from the British Standards Institute ("BSI") for its DI Spun Pipes and Fittings. In addition, it received accreditations from Germany, BSI (UK) and various governmental approvals in the Middle East. It also secured approvals from NSF, UL and FM from USA and ACS/NF from France. Its products are also certified by the Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) and the Water Regulation Advisory Scheme (WRAS) in the UK.

Electrosteel is an ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified organization and has SA8000 certification as a socially responsible organization.

References

Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Indian companies established in 1955
1955 establishments in West Bengal
Manufacturing companies established in 1955
Technical Standard Order. A Technical Standard Order (TSO) is a minimum performance standard issued by the United States Federal Aviation Administration for specified materials, parts, processes, and appliances used on civil aircraft.  Articles with TSO design approval are eligible for use on United States type certified products by following a much lighter process than similar non-TSO approved parts, provided the TSO standard meets the aircraft requirements. The TSO authorization (also called TSOA) or a letter of TSO Design Approval does not necessarily convey approval for installation.

Similar standards are maintained by other aviation authorities. For example European Technical Standard Orders (ETSO) by EASA for the European Union, with limited reciprocal equivalence on a per-country basis. These often have the same numbers as FAA TSOs. For example, the FAA TSO for aviation headsets is C139. In the European Union, it is ETSO-C139.

See also
Type certificate
Supplemental type certificate

References

External links
FAA - Technical Standard Orders (Archived)
Concorde - Battery TSO Explained

Avionics
Aviation licenses and certifications
Federal Aviation Administration