omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Fokker S-13. The Fokker S.13 Universal Trainer was a dual engine propeller aircraft for training purposes designed and manufactured by the former Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. It first flew in 1949, but did not go into production. The prototype was flown a few years before being donated.

History
In the early years after World War II, Fokker was resurrected with help from the national institute for aircraft development, the Nederlands Instituut voor Vliegtuigontwikkeling (NIV). Fokker expected strong demand for training aircraft, and therefore a range of designs was worked out. One of those became known as the S.13. This model, dubbed Universal Trainer, was meant to be trainer for multiple engine training, navigation training, paradropping training and training in radiotelephony. Fokker also envisaged a version for water operations, dubbed S.13W. This version had slightly different dimensions and less performance, mainly because of the floats that replaced the landing gear. Also a version for civil use was foreseen.

The prototype with registration PH-NDW (changed to PH-NEI in 1954) made its maiden flight in 1949. The aircraft proved to be easy handling and strong. Flight testing was successful and the Dutch armed forces intended to buy the aircraft. Shortly before deciding upon procurement, the Dutch armed forces were provided with Beechcraft Model 18s under the Mutual Defense Assistance Pact (MDAP), almost for free. As other parties did not show interest in the S.13, Fokker terminated the programme. The only existing S.13 was transferred to the NIV in 1953. Years afterwards, the airframe was donated to the aerospace faculty of the TH Delft, today known as Delft University of Technology.

During this period Fokker was also working on another training aircraft, the jet powered Fokker S.14 Machtrainer which did go into service with Dutch Airforce in 1955.

Tactical history

Although the Dutch armed forces never took the S.13 into service, Fokker operated the S.13 prototype in military livery. Therefore, the S.13 has flown as D-101. During the flood of February 1953, the D-101 was used for photoreconnaissance from naval air station Valkenburg.

Remains
There are some S.13 relics in existence today. The cockpit section is displayed in the Aeronautical & War Museum at Texel Airport. The tailsection is owned by Aviodrome aviation museum, but currently it is not on display.

Specifications (Fokker S-13)

References

 
 "Aviation Week". Aviation Week, 2 October 1950, pp. 28–29.

S-13
1940s Dutch military trainer aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the Netherlands
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
BattleBots: Beyond the BattleBox. BattleBots: Beyond the BattleBox is a video game based on the BattleBots license for the Game Boy Advance. It was developed by Cave+Barn Studios and Pipe Dream Interactive and was published by Majesco Entertainment. Players create and manage a team of BattleBots.

The game was reissued as BattleBots: Design & Destroy starting from August 31, 2003, in order to capitalize on rival robot combat title Robot Arena 2.

Gameplay
BattleBots: Beyond the BattleBox is an action game. Players control a radio-controlled robot and battle it out with other robots to win. The main game mode is Tournament mode, where the player competes in four matches depending on the weight class and must win all four to win an award. The player can also win sponsorships, to earn more money.

There are sixteen real-life robots in the game.

Reception

BattleBots: Beyond the BattleBox received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN said that the only good thing was that Carmen Electra was not in the game.

Sequel

BattleBots: Design & Destroy was released on August 31, 2003 for the Game Boy Advance. It was stated that the game was the sequel to BattleBots: Beyond the BattleBox, but it is the same game released under a different name, albeit with some bugs fixed. It was possible that the game was released to pick up sales from gamers mistaking it for the PC game Robot Arena 2: Design & Destroy.

Reception

Design & Destroy received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to Metacritic.

References

External links
 

2002 video games
BattleBots
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Majesco Entertainment games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Pipe Dream Interactive games
Robot combat video games
Video games based on television series
Video games developed in the United States
David Shallcross. David Shallcross is an Australian academic.

He was educated at Caulfield Grammar School, before studying for both his bachelor's degree and Ph.D. at the University of Melbourne. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Director of the Engineering Learning Unit at the University of Melbourne.

David is Editor-in-Chief of the education research journal, Education for chemical engineers and a former Qualifications Vice-President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE).

David Shallcross was awarded the 2006 Frank Morton Medal by the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE). The medal, awarded biannually,  "provides professional recognition by IChemE for excellence in chemical engineering education".

See also
 List of Caulfield Grammar School people

References

External links
University of Melbourne profile
 Education for chemical engineers
 Institution of Chemical Engineers

Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Caulfield Grammar School
Living people
University of Melbourne alumni
L&YR Class 28. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Class 28 was a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotive, designed by George Hughes for the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR). It was a rebuild of Aspinall's Class 27, with the addition of a Belpaire firebox and the extension of the footplate and front sandboxes. It was similar, but had larger cylinders and a  superheater. It had  wheels.

Ownership changes
The locomotives passed briefly to the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) in 1922 and then to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1923. The LMS gave them the power classification 3F. Their LMS numbers were 12515-12619. 
In 1948, the surviving locomotives (35) passed to British Railways (BR), which numbered them 52528-52619 (with gaps).

In fiction

The Class 28 was the inspiration for the character James the Red Engine from The Railway Series books by the Rev W Awdry, and the spin-off TV series Thomas and Friends. Awdry describes James as an experimental rebuild as a 2-6-0 with 5 ft 6 in driving wheels. The other obvious visual difference from the Class 28 is the lack of a leading truck, and extended running board. James also has a Fowler tender.

References

External links

 Class LYR28 Details at Rail UK

28
0-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1912
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
LNER Class A8. The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) Class A8 was a type of 4-6-2T steam locomotive, designed by both Vincent Raven and Nigel Gresley. They were rebuilt from the LNER Class H1s, a 4-4-4T class.

Overview

In 1931, H1 No. 2162 was rebuilt as a 4-6-2T and given the A8 classification.
After a series of trials throughout the North East Area, all of the remaining H1s were rebuilt as A8 4-6-2Ts between 1933 and 1936.
During the process of rebuilding, the boiler was modified to include a Robinson-type superheater rather than the original Schmidt superheater. In 1935, further modifications resulted in the A8 boiler being interchangeable with the A6, A7, A8, H1, and T1 classes.

Service
The rebuilt A8s could easily work the heavy suburban traffic and long distance coastal trains on which they were put to work. They were also welcome replacements for the ageing G5 0-4-4Ts which had been working these services. Allocations of the 45 locomotives were split between the North East / Newcastle area, the Yorkshire Coast Whitby and Scarborough, Hull, and Leeds (Neville Hill).

Technical details 

Weight:  
Boiler pressure: , superheated
Cylinders: three, 
Driving wheels:  
Tractive effort: 
Number sequence in (1957/57) was from 69850 to 69894 (previously 9850 to 9894).

Withdrawal
Diesel railcars were rapidly introduced during the 1950s, and the A8s quickly became surplus to requirements. Withdrawals started in 1957, and the A8 was extinct by the end of 1960.

References

External links 

 The Raven/Gresley A8 Pacific Tank Locomotives LNER Encyclopedia

A8
4-6-2T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1931
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
2′C1′ h3t locomotives
Rebuilt locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Type 90 ship-to-ship missile. The Type 90 ship-to-ship missile (, SSM-1B) is a ship-launched anti-ship missile developed by Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The Type-90 entered service in 1990. It is a naval version of the truck-launched Type 88 (SSM-1) missile, which in turn was developed from the air-launched Type 80 (ASM-1) missile. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force bought 384 of the missiles, which were fitted to their Murasame,  Takanami, Atago, Akizuki, and Asahi classes of destroyers, as well as Hayabusa-class fast-attack missile boats. With a range of , high subsonic speed and a  warhead, the natively-developed Type 90 is similar to the US Harpoon missile Block-1C (RGM-84D) variant which replaced it and first installed on the 9 Murasame-class destroyers that started series production in 1994.

See also
 Type 80 air-to-ship missile
 Type 88 surface-to-ship missile
 Type 93 air-to-ship missile
 XASM-3

References

Anti-ship missiles of Japan
Anti-ship cruise missiles
Type 90
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
Shelton Iron & Steel Works No. 4101. Dübs crane tank No. 4101 is an 0-4-0CT crane locomotive manufactured by Dübs & Co. in 1901, Glasgow for the Shelton Iron and Steel Works, Stoke on Trent. A "crane tank" is a type of steam locomotive upon which a steam-powered crane is mounted, producing a machine which is capable of performing as both a shunter and a mobile crane.

Preservation
On withdrawal from service in 1968, No. 4101 was privately preserved at the East Somerset Railway in 1970, although it was not moved to Somerset until 1973. It was returned to service in 1977 and performed useful work around the railway until 1986, when it was withdrawn for overhaul. The overhaul at the ESR never happened, and 4101 was sold to private owners at the Foxfield Light Railway, near Stoke-on-Trent.

Steam gala 2010
"Dubsy", as the locomotive is affectionately known, returned to steam on 18 July 2010, during the Foxfield Light Railway's steam gala.

In fiction
This class of crane engine forms the basis of the character Harvey the Crane Engine from the Thomas & Friends television series.

References

External links
 Foxfield Railway – Dubs crane tank 4101

Dübs locomotives
0-4-0T locomotives
General Atomics Aeronautical Systems. General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI) is a military contractor and subsidiary of General Atomics that designs and manufactures unmanned aerial vehicles and radar systems for the U.S. military and commercial applications worldwide.

Operations
In November 2021, GA-ASI received a $103.2 million contract from the U.S. Army and a $31.7 million contract from the U.S. Navy on behalf of Belgium.

On December 9, 2021, GA-ASI unveiled the General Atomics Mojave drone.

On February 1, 2023, GA-ASI along with partner Maritime Applied Physics Corporation won a Phase 1 research contract on DARPA's Liberty Lifter project.

On March 6, 2023, the company announced that DARPA has chosen GA-ASI to carry out the design of the air-launched drone through Critical Design Review (CDR); a LongShot would itself carry an AMRAAM or Sidewinder missile, which greatly extends their range. In this way, an F-15EX or similar 4th-generation fighter can greatly increase its survivability when armed with a LongShot.

On April 11, 2024, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China announced a sanction on the company due to its arms sales to Taiwan. 

In May 2024, General Atomics lost its bid for the DARPA Liberty Lifter program, with the contract being awarded to Aurora Flight Sciences.

Products
 General Atomics Gnat
 General Atomics Prowler
 General Atomics Altus
 General Atomics MQ-1 Predator
 General Atomics MQ-1C Gray Eagle
 General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper
 General Atomics MQ-9B Guardian
 General Atomics MQ-20 Avenger

Projects in active Development
 General Atomics Eaglet parasite UAS, prototype stage
 General Atomics LongShot loyal-wingman type UAS, concept stage
 General Atomics Mojave STOL UCAV, derived from the Predator Family, prototype stage
 General Atomics Sparrowhawk parasite UAS, prototype stage
 General Atomics XQ-67A / Gambit Series - First flight on 28 February 2024

References

External links
 General Atomics Aeronautical Systems

Companies based in San Diego
Aerospace companies of the United States
Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Alien Flight Student Program. The Alien Flight Student Program (AFSP; designation no longer used since January 26, 2022) or Flight Training Security Program (FTSP; current designation after January 26, 2022) is a program operated by the United States Transportation Security Administration to screen prospective flight student candidates who are not citizens of the United States, before they are allowed to undergo pilot training.  This program was created in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, in recognition of the fact that the individuals who piloted the hijacked aircraft first learned to fly at US flight schools.

The mission of the program is to ensure that foreign students seeking training at flight schools regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) do not pose a threat to aviation or national security.  Section 612 of the Vision 100 – Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act (Public Law 108-176, December 12, 2003) prohibits flight schools regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) from providing flight training to a foreign student unless the Secretary of Homeland Security first determines that the student does not pose a threat to aviation or national security. Vision 100 transferred responsibility for conducting security threat assessments for foreign students seeking flight training from the Department of Justice to the Department of Homeland Security. On September 20, 2004, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) issued an interim final rule establishing the Alien Flight Student Program (AFSP).

Persons seeking flight training must submit a request if they are not citizens or nationals of the U.S. and:

They wish to receive flight training in the U.S. or its territories, regardless of whether training will lead to an FAA certificate or type rating; and/or
They wish to receive flight training from an FAA-certificated facility, provider, or instructor that could lead to an FAA rating whether in the U.S. or abroad.

(NOTE-Certain exemptions to AFSP published in 2004 and 2005 are still in effect.)

The rule as written has a broad scope, and at first seemed to pilots to extend to required regular flight reviews as well proficiency training given to non-citizen private pilots. After consultation with the pilot community, the TSA issued clarifications restricting the scope of the program: for example, in small airplanes, it only applies to pilots undergoing training for an initial certificate, a multi-engine rating, or an instrument rating.

Candidates log onto the AFSP Candidate website to submit their background information and flight training request(s). Once the application process is completed, the AFSP performs a security threat assessment to determine whether the Candidate poses a threat to aviation or national security.

On December 22, 2021, the program was renamed Flight Transportation Security Program (FTSP).

References

AFSP Candidate Website, https://fts.tsa.dhs.gov
Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, Guide to TSA's Alien Flight Training/Citizenship Validation Rule

Aviation in the United States
Flight training
Transportation Security Administration
Melvin De Groote. Melvin De Groote (February 27, 1895 – February 3, 1963) was an American chemist and prolific inventor. He was listed on 925 U.S utility patents, making him the all-time seventeenth most prolific inventor and tenth among US inventors as of December 19, 2017. Time magazine's millennium issue recognized him as second to Thomas Edison in this regard.  The article omitted non-US citizens.

De Groote invented and patented many of the de-emulsifying agents that separate crude oil from salt, sulfur, and water.  Without de-emulsification, most of the oil pumped in the US for the last century would have been too corrosive for pipelines or tankers and would have been discarded.

Petrolite was De Groote's employer of 36 years.  De Groote was recruited to the firm from the Mellon Institute in 1924 upon the death of the company's founder, William S. Barnickel.

Of Dutch-Jewish ancestry, De Groote was born in Wheeling, West Virginia on February 27, 1895, to Luis De Groote and Jennie De Groote (née Fuld). He attended the Sistersville, West Virginia High School. De Groote graduated from Ohio State University in 1915 with a degree in chemical engineering. He took a second chemical engineering degree in 1942, also from Ohio State, and was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Science in 1955. He was awarded the Lamme Medal in 1950 by the College of Engineering for "meritorious achievement in engineering and the chemical arts". He was also a member of Tau Beta Pi, an engineering society.

De Groote, in his work in flavorings at the Mellon Institute, was rumored to have been hired by Coca-Cola to re-formulate its syrups to eliminate the alcoholic ingredients that were outlawed during prohibition (the company does not acknowledge any changes to its recipes).

De Groote died on February 3, 1963, in St. Louis, Missouri, at the age of 67.

References

1895 births
1963 deaths
People from Sistersville, West Virginia
Scientists from Wheeling, West Virginia
20th-century American inventors
Inventors from West Virginia
Alexander Hrennikoff. Alexander Pavlovich Hrennikoff (; 11 November 1896 — 31 December 1984) was a Russian-Canadian structural engineer, a founder of the Finite Element Method.

Biography
Alexander was born in Russia, graduated from the Institute of Railway Engineering in Moscow, received M.A.Sc. degree from the University of British Columbia (1933), and D.Sc degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1941). From 1933 until his death in 1984 he worked as a professor of Civil Engineering at the University of British Columbia.

Work
During his work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology he developed the lattice analogy which models membrane and plate bending of structures as a lattice framework. While this work received little attention at the time because of the lack of computational power, it is often considered as the turning point in the Time-Line of the Structural Analysis leading to development of the Finite Element Method. He later extended the lattice models to plate and shell buckling problems, and made important contributions to the plastic design theory of metal structures.

References

Bibliography 
A. Hrennikoff, Solution of Problems of Elasticity by the Frame-Work Method (1941). ASME J. Appl. Mech. 8, A619–A715.
C. A. Felippa, The Amusing History of Shear Flexible Beam Elements, 2005, available online as 
J. T. Oden, Historical Comments on Finite Elements, available online as

External links
Photograph of Alexander Hrennikoff

1896 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Canadian inventors
Canadian civil engineers
Structural engineers
20th-century Russian engineers
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Canada
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
20th-century Canadian engineers
FIRA. FIRA may refer to:

Persons
Fira Basuki (born 1972), Indonesian novelist

Places
 Fira, the modern capital of the Greek Aegean island, Santorini
 Fira de Barcelona, the Barcelona (Spain) Trade Show institution
 Fira station of the Barcelona Metro

Science
 FiRa Consortium, the Fine Ranging Consortium is an industry consortium working to further interoperable Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology.
 Fira OS, a Linux-based mobile operating system and software platform developed by Fira

Abbreviations
 Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations, an umbrella body of rationalist, atheist, skeptic, secularist and science organizations in India
 Federation of International Robot-soccer Association, an international organization which organizes competitive soccer competitions between autonomous robots
 Foreign Investment Review Agency, a Canadian organization
 Furniture Industry Research Association, a United Kingdom research association which serves the furniture industry
 FIRA – Association of European Rugby, now Rugby Europe, the administrative body for rugby union in Europe
 UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl)glucosamine N-acyltransferase, an enzyme

See also
 Fira Sans, a sans-serif typeface
Oshiwara River. Oshiwara River is a river in Mumbai, India. It begins in the Aarey Milk Colony, cuts through the Goregaon hills, across the Aarey Milk Colony before emptying into the Malad Creek. On the way it is joined by another creek near Swami Vivekanand Road, before picking up industrial effluents and sewage while crossing the Oshiwara industrial estates and slums of Andheri. Most of the call centres in Malad have been built on reclaimed ground at the mouth of the river.

Clean up
After the 2005 Maharashtra floods in Mumbai, efforts are on to widen and clean up the river. Some proposals include converting it into a waterway for barges, setting up small farms on its banks and introduce biogas plants to convert waste into energy and use its slurry for manure for agriculture purpose.

See also

List of rivers of India
Rivers of India
Seven Islands of Bombay

References 

A Tale of Two Rivers; Times of India (Mumbai); Vaishnavi C Sekhar/TNN, 2006-01-09. (pdf version)

External links 

Rivers of Mumbai
Federal Columbia River Power System. The Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS) is a series of multi-purpose, hydroelectric facilities in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, constructed and operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and a transmission system built and operated by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) to market and deliver electric power. The program is currently funded by the BPA's power and transmission rates.

Columbia River
Electric power companies of the United States
Hydroelectric power companies of the United States