omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
British Rail Class 12. The British Rail Class 12 is a diesel locomotive built primarily for shunting duties around London.

History
This was the second batch of Southern Railway shunters based on the English Electric 6KT 350 hp (260 kW) diesel engine.  The first experimental batch (BR numbers 15201–15203) were designed by Richard Maunsell of the SR in 1937 and were later classified D3/12. These locomotives were Oliver Bulleid's development of Maunsell's original design, but were significantly lighter. They featured Bulleid's distinctive BFB wheels, and incorporated a number of details from the diesel-electric shunters produced by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1936–39. They were built at the BR Ashford Works over the period 1949–1952 and numbered 15211–15236. They later became Class 12, but no locomotives survived long enough to acquire Class 12 TOPS numbers.

Technical details
The diesel engine is an English Electric 6-cylinder, 4-stroke, 6KT and the traction motors are two EE506 axle-hung, nose-suspended, force-ventilated traction motors with 17.5:1 double reduction gear drive. The main generator is an EE type EE801/7D, flange-mounted single bearing rated at 490 kW.

Operational details
The locomotives were designed for use in the two South London marshalling yards at Norwood Junction and Hither Green, and remained there for much of their working lives. 

Four (15230–15233) were fitted with air train braking originally for the 1966 Bournemouth line electrification scheme and the need for air brake depot shunters and station pilots; based at Bournemouth 1967 but re-allocated 1968 to Ashford and then often used at Dover shunting continental ferry vans before Classes 08 and 09 were generally converted to this system. They were also utilised as works shunters at Ashford, Brighton and Eastleigh.

Withdrawal and preservation
The entire class was withdrawn between 1968 and 1971 and most were scrapped soon afterwards. However, three were sold for industrial use with two of those locomotives being scrapped later on. One, 15222, had been used as a generator by a quarry in South Wales having been acquired from the Newport scrapyard of John Cashmore Ltd. A second, 15231, was sold by BR to Tilling Construction at Grassington. The third, 15224, was sold by BR to the National Coal Board for use in the Kent Coalfield. It was used at Betteshanger and Snowdown collieries, and was preserved in 1982. It is now the only surviving locomotive of the class, and is awaiting overhaul at the Spa Valley Railway, Royal Tunbridge Wells. A detailed overhaul and restoration scoping plan is in development; the locomotive requires a complete re-wire as the original wiring is suffering age related deterioration. As of January 2021, the project is on hold awaiting suitable funding.

Footnotes

References

Further reading
 

12
English Electric locomotives
C locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1949
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Diesel–electric locomotives of Great Britain
Shunting locomotives
MK Indy. The MK Indy is a Lotus 7 replica based on the Locost principle, production started in 1997 and built by MK Sportscars in Maltby, Rotherham. The Indy has an independent rear suspension using the differential and drive shafts from a Ford Sierra.  It uses many other components from the Sierra, including front hubs and steering rack.  Further, it can be fitted with any of a variety of engines, the most popular choices being the Ford Pinto engine from the Sierra for its ease and cheapness or a large motorcycle engine for its light weight and high rpm.

Resurrected in November 2016, the company is now based in Braintree, Essex with a more modern take on the build. 
By using the engine and running gear from the NB Mazda MX-5, the updated MK Indy RX-5 ignites the spark from the little Japanese engine once more. 
The mixture of a low price entry kit and the options from there on, allows for a perfect B-road cruiser to an ultimate track weapon. 

The newer form of the MK Indy, now houses one of two huge power-plants;
The Honda Civic Type-R V-tec K20 engine or the vicious Suzuki Hayabusa 1340cc motorbike engine. 

Updates to the chassis have made the car more nimble and precise than ever, propelling the car to enter into race track domination.
The Cup 200 car begins its racing journey with the 750 Motor Club in April 2023 with sights set on having a full MK Cup 200 grid, opening the door for a pure skill based event to rival all.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links 
 

Lotus Seven replicas
Cars of England
Waste treatment. Waste treatment refers to the activities required to ensure that waste has the least practicable impact on the environment. In many countries various forms of waste treatment are required by law.

Solid waste treatment

The treatment of solid wastes is a key component of waste management. Different forms of solid waste treatment are graded in the waste hierarchy.

Waste water treatment

Agricultural waste water treatment
Agricultural wastewater treatment is treatment and disposal of liquid animal waste, pesticide residues etc. from agriculture.

Industrial wastewater treatment
Industrial wastewater treatment is the treatment of wet wastes from factories, mines, power plants and other commercial facilities.

Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment is the treatment and disposal of human waste. Sewage is produced by all human communities. Treatment in urbanized areas is typically handled by centralized treatment systems. Alternative systems may use composting processes or processes that separate solid materials by settlement and then convert soluble contaminants into biological sludge and into gases such as carbon dioxide or methane.

Radioactive waste treatment

Radioactive waste treatment is the treatment and containment of radioactive waste.

References

Waste management
Waste treatment technology
Back end. Back end, back-end or backend may refer to:

Electronics

Computing
 Back end (computing), the data access layer in software architecture
 Back-end CASE
 Back-end database, a database accessed indirectly through an external application
 Back-end processor, hardware that stores and retrieves data from a database

Integrated circuits
 Back-end design, in electronic circuit design flow
 Back end of line, in integrated circuit fabrication

Other uses
 Archaic northern English dialect word for autumn 
 Back end load, a mutual fund fee
 "Back End" (song), by Finesse2tymes
 "Backend" (song), a song on DaBaby's album Baby on Baby
 Slang for buttocks, an anatomical feature

See also
 
 
 Back (disambiguation)
 End (disambiguation)
 Front end (disambiguation)
Front end. Front end may refer to:

Computing
 Front-end (computing), an interface between the user and the back end
 Front-end processor (computer), a small-sized computer
 Front-end processor (program)
 Front-end web development, the practice of producing HTML, CSS and JavaScript for a website or web application
 Front-end API, a type of application program interface
 Compiler front-end
 Debugger front-end

Other
 Front-end bra, a stretchy type of vinyl that attaches to the front of a car
 Front-end, the foremost of a vehicle body
 Front-end engineering
 Front-end load, a charge in investing
 Front-end loader, construction equipment
 Front-end loading, in project management
 Front End Loader, a band
 RF front end, in electronics

See also
 
 
 Front (disambiguation)
 End (disambiguation)
 Back end (disambiguation)
SM EVM. SM EVM (СМ ЭВМ, abbreviation of Система Малых ЭВМ—literally System of Mini Computers) are several types of Soviet and Comecon minicomputers produced from 1975 through the 1980s.

Most types of SM EVM are clones of DEC PDP-11 and VAX. SM-1 and SM-2 are clones of Hewlett-Packard minicomputers.

The common operating systems for the PDP-11 clones are translated versions of RSX-11 (ОС РВ) for the higher spec models and RT-11  (РАФОС, ФОДОС) for lower spec models. Also available for the high-end PDP-11 clones is MOS, a clone of UNIX.

See also
 SM-4
 SM-1420
 SM-1600
 SM-1710
 SM-1720

References

Computer-related introductions in 1975
Minicomputers
Soviet computer systems
PDP-11
MOS (operating system). Mobile Operating System (MOS; ) is an operating system, a Soviet clone of Unix from the 1980s.

Overview
This operating system is commonly found on SM EVM minicomputers; it was also ported to ES EVM and Elbrus. MOS is also used by high-end PDP-11 clones.

Modifications of MOS include MNOS, DEMOS, , etc.

See also
 List of Soviet computer systems

References

Unix variants
Computing in the Soviet Union
ES PEVM. ES PEVM (ЕС ПЭВМ) was a Soviet clone of the IBM PC in the 1980s. The ES PEVM models lineup also included analogues of IBM PC XT, IBM PC AT, IBM XT/370.

The computers and software were adapted in Minsk, Belarus, at the Scientific Research Institute of Electronic Computer Machines (НИИ ЭВМ). 

They were manufactured in Minsk as well, at Minsk Production Group for Computing Machinery (Минское производственное объединение вычислительной техники (МПО ВТ)).

Description 

The first models of ES PEVM (ES-1840, ES-1841, ES-1842), unlike the IBM PC, had two units: a system unit and a floppy drives unit. These models used a backplane instead of the main board. Although the system bus was compatible with ISA bus, it used a different type of connector, so the IBM PC expansion cards could not be installed in ES PEVM.
Later models (ES-1843, ES-1849 etc.) were fully-compatible with IBM PC XT and IBM PC AT.

Unlike IBM PC using the Intel 8088 processor, the early ES PEVM models used K1810VM86 processor with a 16-bit bus and a clock frequency of 5 MHz. The processor was placed on a separate board. Early versions of the board did not have a socket for the floating point coprocessor.

The following boards were produced for ES-1840 and ES-1841:
 CPU board (containing 54 chips). It was installed in every configuration of the computer.
 128 KiB RAM board. It was installed in early models of ES PEVM.
 512 KiB RAM board (containing 110 chips). Variants with 256 KiB or 128 Kib were available.
 MDA adapter board (containing 91 chips). It was built using the Bulgarian CM607 chip (MC6845 clone).
 CGA adapter board (containing 94 chips).
 Floppy drive adapter board (containing 32 chips). It was built using the Bulgarian CM609 chip (Intel 8272 clone).
 Serial interface adapter board (containing 56 chips). It was electrically incompatible with the IBM PC COM port and was not supported in the BIOS.

Volume of production for a number of models:

Software 
The computers were shipped with AlphaDOS, an entirely Russified version of MS-DOS/PC DOS 2.x and 3.x. All commands were entered in Russian, for example, СМЕНКАТ for CHDIR. Files and file extensions were also in Russian, such as АТРИБ.ИСП for ATTRIB.EXE. The operating system used the main code page, hardwired into the display ROM; it was compatible neither with CP 866 nor CP 855, although partially with ISO/IEC 8859-5.

Reliability 
Early models of ES PEVM were prone to failures due to manufacturing defects. The mean time between failures was around 350 hours.

See also 
 History of computer hardware in Eastern Bloc countries
 ES EVM

References

IBM PC compatibles
Science and technology in Belarus
Ministry of Radio Industry (USSR) computers
BAe Dynamics. British Aerospace Dynamics Limited (BADL or BAe Dynamics) was a division of British Aerospace.

History
British Aerospace was created in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation.

Formation
There were two companies in the formation:
 BAC (Guided Weapons)
 Hawker Siddeley Dynamics

The missile, weapon systems and space businesses of these companies were merged into British Aerospace Dynamics Limited (BADL), a wholly owned subsidiary of BAe.

In December 1979, Euromissile Dynamics Group was formed with Aérospatiale of Toulouse, France and MBB of Ottobrunn.

Subsidiary company
On 1 January 1992, British Aerospace Defence Ltd began trading as a wholly owned subsidiary of BAe. Previously separate defence companies now operated as divisions of that subsidiary:
 British Aerospace (Dynamics) Ltd
 British Aerospace (Military Aircraft) Ltd,
 Royal Ordnance plc
 British Aerospace Systems and Services Division (BAe SSD)

In 1994, the BAe Dynamics subsidiary British Aerospace Space Systems was sold to Matra Marconi Space.

Merger with Matra
In 1996, BAe Dynamics' guided weapons division was merged with a division of Matra Defense to form the then largest European missile manufacturer, Matra BAe Dynamics. This group now forms part of MBDA.

Products

Missiles
 ALARM (missile), built with Marconi Space and Defence Systems
 Rapier (missile) SAM, designed earlier by BAC (Guided Weapons), and developed with Marconi Space and Defence Systems (the Blindfire radar), and was superior to the comparative Roland
 Sea Dart (missile), designed earlier by Hawker Siddeley Dynamics
 Sea Eagle (missile) ASM
 Sea Skua ASM
 Sea Wolf (missile) SAM
 Skyflash AAM

Satellites
 Giotto (spacecraft), approached Halley's Comet in March 1986 (made at Filton)
 Orbital Test Satellite
 Skynet (satellite), built with MSDS

References

BAE Systems subsidiaries and divisions
British companies established in 1977
Companies disestablished in 1996
Aerospace companies of the United Kingdom
Guided missile manufacturers
Spacecraft manufacturers
Space programme of the United Kingdom
1996 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Hardening (computing). In computer security, hardening is usually the process of securing a system by reducing its attack surface, which is larger when a system performs more functions; in principle a single-function system is more secure than a multipurpose one. Reducing available ways of attack typically includes changing default passwords, the removal of unnecessary software, unnecessary usernames or logins, and the disabling or removal of unnecessary services.

Hardening measures can include setting up intrusion prevention systems, disabling accounts, reducing file system permissions and using encrypted network connections.

Binary hardening 

Binary hardening is a security technique in which binary executables are analyzed and modified to protect against common exploits. Binary hardening is independent of compilers and involves the entire toolchain. For example, one binary hardening technique is to detect potential buffer overflows and to substitute the existing code with safer code. The advantage of manipulating binaries is that vulnerabilities in legacy code can be fixed automatically without the need for source code, which may be unavailable or obfuscated. Secondly, the same techniques can be applied to binaries from multiple compilers, some of which may be less secure than others.

Binary hardening often involves the non-deterministic modification of control flow and instruction addresses so as to prevent attackers from successfully reusing program code to perform exploits. Common hardening techniques are:

 Buffer overflow protection
 Stack overwriting protection
 Position independent executables and address space layout randomization
 Binary stirring (randomizing the address of basic blocks)
 Pointer masking (protection against code injection)
 Control flow randomization (to protect against control flow diversion)

See also
Computer security
Network security policy
Security-focused operating system
Security-Enhanced Linux

References

External links
  at globalsecurity.org

  at globalsecurity.org

Computer security procedures
IEI. IEI may mean:

 Idiopathic environmental intolerance, also known as multiple chemical sensitivity
 Inborn errors of immunity, genetic mutations that cause an increased susceptibility to disease
 Intensive English Institute, at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
 Institut d'échanges interculturels
 Institute for Emerging Issues
 Institution of Engineers (India)
 Institution of Engineers of Ireland
 Intuitive Ethical Introvert, in socionics theory
 Iran Electronics Industries
Forterra Systems. Forterra Systems, Inc. was a 3D graphics software company headquartered in San Mateo, California that produced private and secure massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) virtual worlds for corporate, government, defense, medical and educational clients. Forterra Systems also shared a close history with the MMOG There. On February 1, 2010, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) announced its acquisition of the company's simulation & collaboration product line, including all names, trademarks and licenses.

Founded in 1998 as There, Inc., Forterra Systems built private and secure distributed virtual worlds using their OLIVE (On-Line Interactive Virtual Environment) technology platform and industry-standard PC server and client hardware.  OLIVE virtual environments typically are deployed within a client's existing IT and network security systems. Optionally, OLIVE could be hosted externally by Forterra, depending upon the customer's preferences.

On-Line Interactive Virtual Environment
On-Line Interactive Virtual Environment (OLIVE) customers rapidly generate realistic, three-dimensional virtual environments that scale from single user applications to large-scale simulated environments that support a vast number of concurrent users.

The virtual worlds produced or hosted by Forterra Systems and their clients appear to function similarly to public, open-invitation  MMOGs (e.g., There, Second Life, Active Worlds).  OLIVE environments differ from consumer-based MMOGs in that access to the virtual world is privately managed, and granted only to specific groups of users. OLIVE applications typically focus on employee or staff training, and secure collaborative business decision-making, for example, rather than focusing on entertainment or broadly-defined social networking purposes.

Another difference between conventional MMO virtual environments and OLIVE environments is that real-world locations are replicated in an OLIVE virtual world, as opposed to fantasy-based worlds or hypothetical "islands".

There is based on shared technology with Forterra Systems that was initially developed in conjunction with a US Army project.  The There service was spun off to Makena Technologies in 2005. There'''s operations remained uninterrupted during the various corporate changes.  Since then, two additional instances of There'' have been created, both owned and administered by Makena Technologies.

References

External links
SAIC: Products: OLIVE On-Line Interactive Virtual Environment
Forterra Systems Inc.
IEEE Spectrum article about Forterra Systems Inc.
Press release regarding the sale of There to Makena Technologies
Review of Forterra OLIVE which emphasizes its enterprise collaboration focus

Companies based in San Mateo, California
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Virtual avatars
Virtual reality companies
Virtual world communities
Defunct software companies of the United States
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Video game companies of the United States
TEV. TEV may refer to:

 Transient Earth voltage: a term for voltages appearing on the metal work of switchgear due to internal partial discharges
 TeV, or teraelectronvolt or trillion electron volt, a measure of energy
 Total enterprise value, a financial measure
 Total economic value, an economic measure 
 Tracked Electric Vehicles, an open source electric vehicle system proposed by the TEV Project
 Transparent Election Verification Software, open source software for auditing elections
 Tobacco etch virus, a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae
 Tobacco etch virus protease, an enzyme commonly used in biochemistry
 Today's English Version, a former name for the Good News Bible
 TEV, a ship prefix for Turbo-electric Vessel, usually with steam driven turbines.
 Thermal expansion valve, a refrigeration system component
 The IATA code designator for Teruel Airport

See also
Busdma. In computing, busdma, bus_dma and bus_space is a set of application programming interfaces designed to help make device drivers less dependent on platform-specific code, thereby allowing the host operating system to be more easily ported to new computer hardware.  This is accomplished by having abstractions for direct memory access (DMA) mapping across popular machine-independent computer buses like PCI, which are used on distinct architectures from IA-32 (NetBSD/i386) to DEC Alpha (NetBSD/alpha).  Additionally, some devices may come in multiple flavours supporting more than one bus, e.g., ISA, EISA, VESA Local Bus and PCI, still sharing the same core logic irrespective of the bus, and such device drivers would also benefit from this same abstraction.  Thus the rationale of busdma is to facilitate maximum code reuse across a wide range of platforms.

Circa 2006, bus and DMA abstractions made it possible for NetBSD to support 50 hardware platforms and 14 CPU architectures out of a single source tree, compared to the forking model used by Linux ports.

Originally implemented as the "bus_dma" APIs by the developers of the NetBSD operating system, busdma has been adopted by OpenBSD, FreeBSD and their derivatives; with FreeBSD incorporating it under a busdma umbrella (without an underscore). Both NetBSD and OpenBSD have additional "bus_space" APIs that have been amalgamated into the version of busdma incorporated into FreeBSD. DragonFly BSD developers are also slowly converting their drivers to use busdma.

References

External links
 — NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD Kernel Developer's Manuals
 — NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD Kernel Developer's Manuals
FreeBSD busdma and SMPng driver conversion project page 

Application programming interfaces
BSD software
NetBSD
FreeBSD
OpenBSD
DragonFly BSD
Operating system APIs
Operating system technology
Roland Rohlfs. Roland Rohlfs (February 10, 1892 – February 28, 1974) was an American aviator.

Biography
Roland Rohlfs was born in Buffalo, New York on February 10, 1892, the son of Anna Katharine Green, the crime novelist; and Charles Rohlfs, the actor and furniture craftsman.

Rohlfs flew a hydro-aeroplane called the "Dunkirk Fighter" for Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company in 1918. Later that year he broke the flight airspeed record while flying a Curtiss Wasp, his speed was clocked at 163.1 mph (262.4 km/h).

In 1919 he broke another world record when he flew to an altitude of 34,610 feet in a Curtiss L-3 triplane (at - 47 degrees Fahrenheit).

He died on February 28, 1974.

See also
 History of aviation

References

1892 births
1974 deaths
American aviation record holders
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
People from Buffalo, New York
Beautification. Beautification is the process of making visual improvements to a town, city, or urban area. This most often involves planting trees, shrubbery, and other greenery, but frequently also includes adding decorative or historic-style street lights and other lighting and replacing broken pavement, often with brick or other natural materials. Old-fashioned cobblestones are sometimes used for crosswalks; they provide the additional benefit of slowing motorists.

Beautification projects are often undertaken by city councils to refurbish their downtown areas, in order to boost tourism or other commerce. Often, this is also spurred by broken sidewalks, which pose a safety hazard for pedestrians and potentially insurmountable obstacles for wheelchair users. These projects are frequently part of other larger projects such as construction, especially in conjunction with ones for transit, such as streets and roads and mass transit.

The Laurel Hill Association of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, founded in 1853, is the oldest incorporated village beautification society in the United States. The Memphis City Beautiful Commission, the oldest city beautification project in the United States, was established in 1930.

See also
 Aesthetics
 Urban life
 Landscape design
 Beautification and conservation plant
 City Beautiful movement
 The Ugly Indian

References 

Urban studies and planning terminology
Aesthetic beauty