omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ada Programming Support Environment. Ada Programming Support Environment or APSE, was a specification for a programming environment to support software development in the Ada programming language. This represented the second stage of the U.S. military Ada project; once the language was implemented, it was felt necessary to specify and implement a standard set of tools, hence the APSE. CAIS-A, Common APSE Interface Set A, was defined in MIL STD-1838A.

CAIS defines a set of Ada APIs to enable portability of development tools across operating systems. As of 1988, CAIS implementations were developed for Unix, VMS and IBM MVS.

References

Further reading 

 International Requirements and Design Criteria for the Portable Common Interface Set (1992-05-01)
 DoD Requirements and Design Criteria for the Common APSE Interface Set (CAIS) (July 1987)

External links
 

Ada (programming language)
Cairo (operating system). Cairo was the codename for a project at Microsoft from 1991 to 1996. Its charter was to build technologies for a next-generation operating system that would fulfill Bill Gates's vision of "information at your fingertips." Cairo never shipped, although portions of its technologies have since appeared in other products.

Overview
Cairo was announced at the 1991 Microsoft Professional Developers Conference by Jim Allchin. It was demonstrated publicly (including a demo system for all attendees to use) at the 1993 Cairo/Win95 PDC. Microsoft changed stance on Cairo several times, sometimes calling it a product, other times referring to it as a collection of technologies.

Features
Cairo used distributed computing concepts to make information available quickly and seamlessly across a worldwide network of computers.

The Windows 95 user interface was based on the initial design work that was done on the Cairo user interface. DCE/RPC shipped in Windows NT 3.1.  Content Indexing is now a part of Internet Information Server and Windows Desktop Search.

The remaining component is the object file system. It was once planned to be implemented in the form of WinFS as part of Windows Vista but development was cancelled in June 2006, with some of its technologies merged into other Microsoft products such as Microsoft SQL Server 2008, also known under the codename "Katmai".

See also
History of Microsoft Windows
List of Microsoft codenames

References

Notes
 
 
 
 

Distributed operating systems
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft operating systems
Object-oriented operating systems
Uncompleted Microsoft initiatives
Petrifying well. A petrifying well is a well or other body of water which gives objects a stone-like appearance. If an object is placed into such a well and left there for a period of months or years, the object acquires a stony exterior.

Nature
If an object is placed into such a well and left there for a period of weeks or months the object acquires a stony exterior. At one time this property was believed to be a result of magic or witchcraft, but it is an entirely natural phenomenon and due to a process of evaporation and deposition in waters with an unusually high mineral content.

This process of petrifying is not to be confused with petrification, wherein the constituent molecules of the original object are replaced (and not merely overlaid) with molecules of stone or mineral.

Examples

Notable examples of petrifying wells in England are the spring at Mother Shipton's Cave in Knaresborough and Matlock Bath, in Derbyshire. In Ireland, such wells were noted by John Rutty on Howth Head, among other locations.

See also
Speleothem
Stalactite
Stalagmite

References

External links
Mother Shipton's Cave & the Petrifying Well

Water wells
Witchcraft in England
English folklore
Darwin machine. A Darwin machine (a 1987 coinage by William H. Calvin, by analogy to a Turing machine) is a machine that, like a Turing machine, involves an iteration process that yields a high-quality result, but, whereas a Turing machine uses logic, the Darwin machine uses rounds of variation, selection, and inheritance.
 
In its original connotation, a Darwin machine is any process that bootstraps quality by using all of the six essential features of a Darwinian process:  A pattern is copied with variations, where populations of one variant pattern compete with another population, their relative success biased by a multifaceted environment (natural selection) so that winners predominate in producing the further variants of the next generation (Darwin's inheritance principle).

More loosely, a Darwin machine is a process that uses some subset of the Darwinian essentials, typically natural selection to create a non-reproducing pattern, as in neural Darwinism. Many aspects of neural development use overgrowth followed by pruning to a pattern, but the resulting pattern does not itself create further copies.

Darwin machine has been used multiple times to name computer programs after Charles Darwin.

See also
 Artificial life
 Artificial intelligence
"Darwin among the Machines"
 Evolutionary computation
 Evolutionary algorithm
 Genetic algorithm
 Universal Darwinism

References and external links

 William H. Calvin (1987), "The brain as a Darwin Machine", Nature 330:33-34.
 William H. Calvin (1997) "The Six Essentials? Minimal Requirements for the Darwinian Bootstrapping of Quality,"  Journal of Memetics 1:1.
 George B. Dyson (1998), Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (Perseus 1997)(1998) .
 J. M. Manier (1996), Reason and Instinct (Robert Wright's The Moral Animal and Henry Plotkin's Darwin, Machines and the Nature of Knowledge). THEORY AND PSYCHOLOGY. 6 (2): 347–348. ISSN 0959-3543
 Henry Plotkin (1994), Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge (Harvard University Press.  
 Henry Plotkin & Nicholas S. Thompson (1995), Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge. Contemporary Psychology. 40 (12), 1179.
 E. A. Smith (1995), Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge (Henry C. Plotkin). Politics and the Life Sciences : the Journal of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences. 14 (2), 296. ISSN 0730-9384

History of artificial intelligence
Cybernetics
Emergence
Evolution
Aero Boero. Aero Boero S.A. is an Argentine aircraft manufacturer, established in 1956 by Héctor Boero in Morteros in Córdoba Province. It manufactured a range of light civil utility and agricultural aircraft.

History
The company began as a repair and maintenance facility for light aircraft. Since the major civil aeronautical activity in the area in the 1950s was crop-dusting, most of the company's activities centered on agricultural aircraft. By 1958 the company principals felt they could build aircraft which could be used in such applications, and a trio of designers, brothers Cesar and Héctor Boero and Celestine Barale, began work on the -95. They continued upgrading and adding models until the middle of 2000, when a combination of political instability and economic downturn caused the company to cease aircraft production. Since that time the company has continued providing repair services and supplying spare parts for aircraft in the field.

List of aircraft produced 
Several of the models listed below are (or were) manufactured in several variants:
Aero Boero AB-95 – Single-engine three-seat high-wing monoplane civil utility aircraft with 100 hp engine
Aero Boero AB-115 – Development of AB-95 with 115 hp engine and improved aerodynamics
Aero Boero AB-150 – Development of AB-115 with 150 hp engine
Aero Boero AB-180 – Development of AB-115 with 180 hp engine
Aero Boero AB-210 – Development of AB-115 with 210 hp engine and tricycle undercarriage.  One built
Aero Boero AB-260 – Development of AB-115 with 260 hp engine and tricycle undercarriage.  One built
Aero Boero 260AG – Single-engine single-seat low-wing monoplane aerial application aircraft

See also
Chincul
FAdeA

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Clube Aero Boero
 www.aero-boero.com.ar

 
Aircraft manufacturers of Argentina
Manufacturing companies established in 1956
Argentine brands
Argentine companies established in 1956
Computer network naming scheme. In computing, a naming scheme is a system for assigning and managing names of objects connected into computer networks. It typically consists of a namespace and processes for assigning, storing, and resolving names.

Naming schemes in computing
Server naming is a common tradition. It makes it more convenient to refer to a machine by name than by its IP address.

Network naming can be hierarchical in nature, such as the Internet's Domain Name System. Indeed, the Internet employs several universally applicable naming methods: uniform resource name (URN), uniform resource locator (URL), and uniform resource identifier (URI).

Naming systems have several other characteristics. The entities that assign and manage names can be distributed, centralized, or hierarchical. Names can be human-readable or not human-readable.

See also 
 Systematic name
 Geospatial network
 Naming convention

References

External links 
  - "The Naming of Hosts"
 Naming conventions in Active Directory
 URIs, URLs, and URNs: Clarifications and Recommendations 1.0

Naming conventions
Network addressing
Servers (computing)
Seversky XP-41. The Seversky XP-41 was a fighter aircraft built in the United States in 1939. A single prototype was modified from the last production Seversky P-35 by adding a new streamlined canopy, a Pratt & Whitney R-1830-19 engine with a two-speed supercharger, and revised landing gear. The XP-41 first flew in March 1939. The aircraft was developed in parallel with the P-43 Lancer, and work was stopped when the USAAC showed a preference for the latter.

Specifications (XP-41)

See also

References

Bibliography

 Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "The End of the Beginning...The Seversky P-35". Air Enthusiast, No. 10, July–September 1979, pp. 8–21. 

Low-wing aircraft
P-041
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Seversky P-41
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
C8. C8, C08, C.VIII or C-8 may refer to:

Transportation

Aviation 
 AEG C.VIII, a World War I German armed reconnaissance aircraft
 AGO C.VIII, a World War I German reconnaissance aircraft
 Cierva C.8, a 1926 Spanish experimental autogyro
 De Havilland Canada C-8 Buffalo, a military transport aircraft of the 1960s
 Fairchild C-8, a military transport aircraft of the 1930s
 Fokker C.VIII, a 1928 Dutch reconnaissance aircraft 

 Chicago Express Airlines (defunct) IATA code

Automotive 
 Citroën C8, a brand of minivan
 Sauber C8, a 1985 racing car
 Spyker C8, a sportscar produced by car manufacturer Spyker Cars
 Eighth generation Chevrolet Corvette (C8)

Nautical 
 HMS C8, a 1907 C-class submarine of the Royal Navy
 USS Raleigh (C-8), an 1892 protected cruiser of the United States Navy

Rail 
 LSWR C8 class, a London and South Western Railway locomotive class
 C-8 (Cercanías Madrid)
 LNER Class C8, a class of 2 4-cylinder compound locomotives

Spaceflight 
 Saturn C-8, the largest Saturn rocket to be designed

Biology, medicine and chemistry 
 Code C08 Calcium channel blockers, in ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System)
 C08, Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified major salivary glands ICD-10 code
 C8 complex, three proteins involved in the complement system (part of the immune system)
 Cervical spinal nerve 8 in human anatomy
 Carbon-8 (C-8 or 8C), an isotope of carbon
 An octyl-type hydrocarbon with eight carbon atoms like in a C8 bonded silica stationary phase column, a type of column used in reversed-phase chromatography
 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, known colloquially as C8), a ubiquitous chemical used in the production of PTFE

Arts and entertainment 
 Eighth octave C, a musical note, the highest on a piano
 Castle Infinity, the first graphical massively multiplayer online game
 C8 (French TV channel), a French TV channel
 C8 (Eastern Europe), TV channel

Other uses 
 Caldwell 8 (NGC 559), an open cluster in Cassiopeia
 Celestron,  a Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope
 C8 carbine, an assault rifle used by Canada and other NATO forces made by Diemaco/Colt Canada
 C8 Unemployment Indemnity (Shipwreck) Convention, 1920
 Elbrus-8C, a Russian 28 Nanometre 8 core microprocessor
 An international standard paper size (57×81 mm), defined in ISO 216

See also
 8C (disambiguation)
Aero Boero AB-95. The Aero Boero AB-95 is a small Argentine civil utility aircraft that first flew on March 12, 1959.  It was built by Aero Boero S.A. of Córdoba. The AB-95 is a conventional high-wing monoplane built of fabric-covered metal structure. It has fixed undercarriage.

Variants

AB-95 – basic production version. 95 h.p. Continental C-90-12F
AB-95A de Lujo – 75 kW (100 hp) Continental O-200-A engine. 
AB-95A Fumigador – crop duster with O-200A engine, and a 55-Imp gallon (250 liters) chemical tank.
AB-95B – 1963 version with 112 kW (150 hp) engine.
AB-115BS – air ambulance version fitted with a stretcher (25 built).
AB-95-115 – 86 kW (115 hp) Textron Lycoming O-235 engine, more streamlined engine and main wheel fairings (45 built). Subsequently, this was developed into AB-115.

Specifications (AB-95)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Frawley, Gerard. The International Directory of Civil Aircraft. Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 1997 
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London: Samson Low, Marston, 1965.
Mondey, David  Encyclopedia of The World's Commercial and Private Aircraft, p. 9. New York: Crescent Books, 1981.

1950s Argentine civil utility aircraft
AB095
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Aero Boero AB-180. 

The Aero Boero AB-180 is an Argentine civil utility aircraft, a substantially improved development of the AB-95. It featured a more powerful engine and incorporated the aerodynamic changes made on the AB-115 and improved on them. The first example flew in 1967 and was in production until 2000.

Variants
AB-180RV – long-range version
AB-180RVR – glider tug
AB-180 Condor – high-altitude version of 1971 with optional turbocharger (4 built)
AB-180Ag – agricultural aircraft with 270 L (66 US gal) belly tank for chemicals
AB-180SP – 180Ag with an additional set of short wings to make a sesquiplane. In this variant, the agricultural application liquid is carried within the short wings, rather than in a belly tank. The added wings allow a fully loaded stall speed of 56 km/h (35 mph), compared to 89 km/h (55 mph) in the AB-180Ag.
AB-180PSA – two-seat primary training aircraft

Operators

Argentine Air Force
Club de Planeadores Rosario

Specifications (AB-180RVR)

See also

References
notes

Bibliography
Lambert, Mark. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94. Coulsdon, UK:Jane's Data Division, 1993. .

External links

 Specs & Photo at Flugzeuginfo.net

Aero Boero aircraft
1960s Argentine civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Aero Boero AB-150. 
The Aero Boero AB-150 is an Argentine civil utility aircraft, developed in parallel with the AB-180 as a lower-cost, lower-powered version of that aircraft. Like the 180, it was produced by Aero Boero in long-range and agricultural variants.

Variants
 AB-150 Ag :At least five built
 AB-150 RV :Orders for the AB-150RV were transferred to the Aero Boero AB-180RV

Specifications (AB-150 Ag)

See also
Related development: 
Aero Boero AB-180

References

Notes

Bibliography

High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aero Boero aircraft
1960s Argentine civil utility aircraft
Aero Boero AB-210. The Aero Boero AB-210 is an Argentine civil utility aircraft, a development of the AB-180 with improved performance delivered by a fuel-injected engine.  Unlike previous aircraft by this manufacturer, it also featured tricycle undercarriage, but retained the same general high-wing configuration. Only a single prototype was built, first flying on 22 April 1971.

The aircraft was later re-engined with a more powerful Lycoming O-540 and redesignated the AB-260 (not to be confused with the unrelated Aero Boero 260AG). A second example was also built to this standard, but no serial production ensued.

Variants
AB-210
The basic version developed from the AB-180, powered by a Continental IO-360 engine, one built.
AB-260
Further proposed development powered by a 260hp (194kW) Lycoming O-540 engine, one built.

Specifications (AB-210)

References
Notes

BIbliography
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72. London:Jane's Yearbooks,1971. .

Aero Boero aircraft
1970s Argentine civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Process control network. A Process Control Network (PCN) is a communications network layer that is a part of the Industrial Automation networks in Process Industries. This network is used to transmit instructions and data between control and measurement units and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) equipment.

Industry requirements
These networks have, over the years, used many of the technologies and topologies utilised in other network applications. However, Process Control Networks (PCNs) have several special requirements that must be met in order for the solution to be acceptable to the industry. These requirements are, in no particular order: Robustness, Determinacy, Compatibility. Robustness includes requirements such as connection redundancy, reduced sensitivity to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), and good error checking and correction. Determinacy involves assuring that each device is guaranteed access to the network, and in many cases mechanisms to allow priority information (such as alarms) through the system. Compatibility allows SCADA and Distributed Control Systems (DCS) from various manufacturers to communicate with control and measurement equipment from others.

Development of standards 
Many early PCNs were serial based, using low level standards such as EIA RS-422 and EIA RS-485 with proprietary protocols on top. One of the de facto standards (which is now becoming an open standard) is Modbus, originally from Modicon. Many PCNs used token passing based protocols because they are essentially deterministic. Both Allen Bradley and Eurotherm utilised such mechanisms. Many of the measurement and control unit manufacturers signed up to the Fieldbus consortium but rather than one standard emerging each manufacturer promoted their own 'standard' leading to a myriad, and confusing, range of physical and logical systems. Modern process control networks rely on Ethernet, TCP/IP, and Microsoft Windows technology.

References

Networks
Bismanol. Bismanol is a magnetic alloy of bismuth and manganese (manganese bismuthide) developed by the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory.

History
Bismanol, a permanent magnet made from powder metallurgy of manganese bismuthide, was developed by the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory in the early 1950s – at the time of invention it was one of the highest coercive force permanent magnets available, at 3000 oersteds. Coercive force reached 3650 oersteds and magnetic flux density 4800 by the mid 1950s. The material was generally strong, and stable to shock and vibration, but had a tendency to chip. Slow corrosion of the material occurred under normal conditions.

The material was used to make permanent magnets for use in small electric motors.

Bismanol magnets have been replaced by neodymium magnets which are both cheaper and superior in other ways, by samarium-cobalt magnets in more critical applications, and by alnico magnets.

References

Magnetic alloys
Ferromagnetic materials
Bismuth alloys
Manganese alloys
Code segment. In computing, a code segment, also known as a text segment or simply as text, is a portion of an object file or the corresponding section of the program's virtual address space that contains executable instructions.

Segment
The term "segment" comes from the memory segment, which is a historical approach to memory management that has been succeeded by paging. When a program is stored in an object file, the code segment is a part of this file; when the loader places a program into memory so that it may be executed, various memory regions are allocated (in particular, as pages), corresponding to both the segments in the object files and to segments only needed at run time. For example, the code segment of an object file is loaded into a corresponding code segment in memory.

The code segment in memory is typically read-only and has a fixed size, so on embedded systems it can usually be placed in read-only memory (ROM), without the need for loading. If the code segment is not read-only, then the particular architecture allows self-modifying code. Fixed-position or position-independent code may be shared in memory by several processes in segmented or paged memory systems. As a memory region, the code segment may be placed below the heap or stack in order to prevent heap and stack overflows from overwriting it.

See also 

 .bss
 Data segment

References 

Executable file formats
Memory management
Barrier pipe. A barrier pipe is a type of water pipe with a barrier to prevent undesired contaminants from entering the pipe.

Water supply 
When running water supply pipes through contaminated ground standard MDPE piping is unsuitable because it doesn't block entry of contaminants such as hydrocarbons. Barrier piping typically has an aluminium layer between two plastic layers but solid cast iron and other options exist. It's normally required for brownfield land construction.

Heating systems 
In hydronic, water-carrying, heating systems a plastic pipe is manufactured with a barrier that prevents oxygen from penetrating the material and entering the water system, reducing the risk of corrosion.
The 'barrier' is usually a resin material bonded between the outer and inner layer of the pipe itself. The pipe being either a cross linked polyethylene or polybutylene. This can be cheaper than the traditional copper piping.

References

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Aero Boero 260AG. The Aero Boero 260AG is an Argentine agricultural aircraft that first flew in 1973. Despite the similarity in designation, it is completely different from and unrelated to the Aero Boero AB-260.

The 260AG is a low-wing monoplane with a single seat and fixed tailwheel undercarriage. Development commenced in 1971 as the AG.235/260, but various problems forced the project to stagnate and it was not revived until the 1990s.

Specifications (AG.235/260)

See also

References 
Notes

Bibliography

External links 
 260AG – Official site
 Aero Boero 260AG at Flickr!
 Aero Boero 260AG at Flickr!

260AG
1970s Argentine agricultural aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1972
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft