omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Martín Abadi. Martín Abadi (born 1963) is an Argentine computer scientist, working at Google . He earned his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in computer science from Stanford University in 1987 as a student of Zohar Manna.

He is well known for his work on computer security, on programming languages, and machine learning. In security, Abadi  developed (with Michael Burrows and Roger Needham)  the Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic for analyzing authentication protocols, and with Needham received the IEEE S&P Test of Time award for his work Prudent engineering practice for cryptographic protocols.

In programming language research, he published a book (with Luca Cardelli) A Theory of Objects, laying out formal calculi for the semantics of object-oriented programming languages. Additionally, In 1993, he published the programming language Baby Modula-3, a safe subset or sublanguage of Modula-3, based on functional programming and set theory ideals.

Abadi is a core developer for the machine learning framework Tensorflow. He has contributed to the development of differentially private stochastic gradient descent.

He is a 2008 Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2011, he was a temporary professor at the Collège de France in Paris, teaching computer security. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2018 for contributions to the formal theory of computer security.

He is related to Moussa Abadi, a Syrian Jew, and a member of the French Resistance of World War II, and to investment banker and philanthropist Carlos Abadi.

References

External links 
 , UCSC

1963 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Computer security academics
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
2008 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Google people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Argentine expatriates in the United States
21st-century Mizrahi Jews
Argentine people of Syrian-Jewish descent
Argentine computer scientists
Benjamin Rubin. Benjamin Rubin (September 27, 1917 in New York, New York – March 8, 2010) was an American microbiologist, known as the inventor of the bifurcated vaccination needle, which played an important role in the eradication of smallpox. Rubin invented this device by taking the eyelet of a sewing machine needle and grinding it down.

In 1992, Rubin was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

References

1917 births
2010 deaths
American microbiologists
Jewish American scientists
Vaccinologists
21st-century American Jews
Poynting effect. The Poynting effect may refer to two unrelated physical phenomena.  Neither should be confused with the Poynting–Robertson effect.  All of these effects are named after John Henry Poynting, an English physicist.

Solid mechanics 
In solid mechanics, the Poynting effect is a finite strain theory effect observed when an elastic cube is sheared between two plates and stress is developed in the direction normal to the sheared faces, or when a cylinder is subjected to torsion and the axial length changes. The Poynting phenomenon in torsion was noticed experimentally by J. H. Poynting.

Chemistry and thermodynamics 
In thermodynamics, the Poynting effect generally refers to the change in the fugacity of a liquid when a non-condensable gas is mixed with the vapor at saturated conditions.

Equivalently in terms of vapor pressure, if one assumes that the vapor and the non-condensable gas behave as ideal gases and an ideal mixture, it can be shown that:

where
 is the modified vapor pressure
 is the unmodified vapor pressure
 is the liquid molar volume
 is the liquid/vapor's gas constant
 is the temperature
 is the total pressure (vapor pressure + non-condensable gas)

A common example is the production of the medicine Entonox, a high-pressure mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen.  The ability to combine  and  at high pressure while remaining in the gaseous form is due to the Poynting effect.

References 

Elasticity (physics)
Rubber properties
Gases
Chip select. Chip select (CS) or slave select (SS) is the name of a control line in digital electronics used to select one (or a set) of integrated circuits (commonly called "chips") out of several connected to the same computer bus, usually utilizing the three-state logic.

One bus that uses the chip/slave select is the Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI bus).

When an engineer needs to connect several devices to the same set of input wires (e.g., a computer bus),  but retain the ability to send and receive data or commands to each device independently of the others on the bus, they can use a chip select. The chip select is a command pin on many integrated circuits which connects the I/O pins on the device to the internal circuitry of that device.

When the chip select pin is held in the inactive state, the chip or device is "deaf", and pays no heed to changes in the state of its other input pins; it holds its outputs in the high impedance state, so other chips can drive those signals. When the chip select pin is held in the active state, the chip or device assumes that any input changes it "hears" are meant for it, and responds as if it is the only chip on the bus. Because the other chips have their chip select pins in the inactive state, their outputs are high impedance, allowing the single selected chip to drive its outputs.

CS may also affect a power consumption or serve as cycle control in certain circuits (such as SRAM or DRAM).

References

Computer buses
Priming (agriculture). Nano seed priming in botany and agriculture is a form of seed planting preparation in which the seeds are pre-soaked in nanoparticle solution. Seeds are considered to be an important part of crop life cycle as it influences the propagation of critical phases like germination and dormancy. Seed priming before sowing is considered to be one of the promising ways to provide value-added solutions to maximize the natural potential of seed to set the plant for maximum yield potential with respect to both quality and quantity. Positive effect on the shoot and root growth of seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) when treated with iron-oxide nanoparticles. This innovative cost-effective and user-friendly method of biofortification has proven to increase grain iron deposition upon harvesting. Hence, the intervention of nanotechnology in terms of seed priming could be an economical and user-friendly smart farming approach to increase the nutritive value of the grains in an eco-friendly manner.

Priming is not an extremely widely used method. In general, most kinds of seeds experimented with so far have shown an overall advantage over seeds that are not primed.  Many have shown a faster emergence time (the time it takes for seeds to rise above the surface of the soil), a higher emergence rate (the number of seeds that make it to the surface), and better growth, suggesting that the head-start helps them get a good root system down early and grow faster.  This method can be useful to farmers because it saves them the money and time spent for fertilizers, re-seeding, and weak plants.

Mechanism of Priming 
During priming, a seed is exposed to stimuli, which trigger a series of interconnected biochemical reactions in it, including the creation of chemicals that promote growth, the activation of enzymes, the metabolism of germination inhibitors, and the repair of cell damage.

References

External links 
 
 Overview of Seed Priming on TNO Quality of Life
 Priming Winter Wheat on Crop Science
 Priming  Papsalum dialatatum  on The Royal Society of New Zealand (pdf file)
 Priming mung beans (Vigna Radiata) on Ingenta Connect

Horticulture
Agronomy
Seeds
José Antonio Fernández Carbajal. José Antonio Fernández Carbajal (born 1954 in Puebla) is a Mexican businessman. He is the chairman and former CEO of FEMSA, the largest beverage company in Latin America. Additionally, he serves as president of the Board of Directors of Mexican Economic Development at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education.

Early life
He received a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies (ITESM) in 1976 and an MBA from ITESM's EGADE Business School in 1979.

Career
In 1987, he joined FEMSA, the holding company of Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery and became its general director and CEO in 1995. Also in 1995, he joined the board of directors of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM) and became chairman in 2012.

In 2001, Carbajal was appointed CEO and chairman of the board of directors of FEMSA. In 2007, he joined the Industrias Peñoles board of directors.

He became a board member of Heineken in 2010. In 2014, he stepped down from his role as CEO of FEMSA, remaining chairman of the current board of directors.
 
In 2017, Carbajal was elected to a five-year term for the MIT Corporation, the school’s board of trustees. He also serves on the board of directors of Coca-Cola FEMSA.

Other activities
 Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Member of the Global Board of Advisors

References

1954 births
Living people
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni
Academic staff of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
People from Puebla (city)
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. It covers evolutionary computation and related areas including nature-inspired algorithms, population-based methods, and optimization where selection and variation are integral, and hybrid systems where these paradigms are combined. The editor-in-chief is Carlos A. Coello Coello (CINVESTAV). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 16.497.

The journal was established in 1997 by the IEEE Neural Networks Council, with David B. Fogel as founding editor-in-chief (1997-2002). Other editors-in-chief have included Xin Yao (2003-2008), Garrison Greenwood (2009-2014) and Kay Chen Tan (2015-2020).

References

External links

Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Evolutionary computation journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1997
Geologic preliminary investigation. A geologic preliminary investigation is a survey of the subsoil conducted by an engineering geologist in conjunction with a civil engineer.  Typically, the footprint of the structure is established on the proposed building site and trenches up to fourteen feet deep are dug both outside, and more importantly, inside, the proposed footprint using the bucket-end of a backhoe.  In extreme cases, a larger, more powerful tracked excavator is used.  The geologist is looking for potential failure planes, expansive clays, excessive moisture, potential for proper compaction, and other variables that go into the construction of a solid foundation (such as potential for liquefaction).  Materials are also gathered to determine the maximum compaction value (a "proctor") of the subsurface.  Prelims should always be conducted prior to the construction of any permanent structure.

Building engineering
Geotechnical investigations
L.B.S. College of Engineering. L.B.S. College of Engineering (LBSCE), or in its full name Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Engineering, is a technical institution situated at Muliyar village near Cherkkala Junction in Kasaragod, Kerala, India.

General information

L.B.S. College of Engineering, Kasaragod was established in 1993 as a self-financing engineering college under the propitious of L.B.S. Centre for Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, a government of Kerala undertaking. The chairman of the Governing body is Hon’ble Chief Minister of Kerala and Vice-Chairman is Hon’ble Minister for Education, Govt. of Kerala. The institution is affiliated to Kerala Technological University (KTU) and is approved by AICTE, New Delhi.

The campus is located at Muliyar (Kasaragod  dist), about 12 km from Kasaragod railway station, Kerala and 75 km from Mangalore airport, Karnataka. The campus covers  of land.

Admissions

The admission for both the merit quota and management quota is purely based on the rank secured in the All Kerala Engineering Entrance Examination conducted by the Commissioner for Entrance Examinations, Govt. of Kerala. The difference between the merit quota and management quota is in the amount of fees that have to be paid by the candidates. 15% of the seats are reserved for NRIs; the admission is based on the merit in the qualifying examination.(INR 35,000/- for merit quota & 65,000/- for management quota per annum [as  of 01/08/2018])

Kerala MCA Entrance Examination, conducted by the Office of the Commissioner of Entrance Exams, is run by the Government of Kerala.

Facilities
Career Guidance and Placement Unit (CGPU)
 Startup Bootcamp
 Campus wide Wireless Network Connectivity
FAB Lab (3D printer, laser cutter, circuit board milling etc.)
 Hostels
 Central Computation Facility
 An extension counter of Central Bank of India
 Check Dam
 Central & Digital library
 Bus service 
 Co operative society
 Skill delivery platform
 ATM facility

Notable alumni
Jude Anthany Joseph, script writer and film director
 P. V. Shajikumar, Malayalam Author, Film Screenplay Writer
 Dr M Abdul Rahiman, Director of LBS Centre for Science & Technology. He was the Founder Pro Vice Chancellor of Kerala Technological University (KTU) and Director of AICTE, Ministry of HRD, Govt of India

References

External links

 Official website

Engineering colleges in Kerala
Colleges affiliated to Kannur University
Education in Kasaragod
Memorials to Lal Bahadur Shastri
Colleges in Kasaragod district
1993 establishments in Kerala
Educational institutions established in 1993
List of area control centers. Area control centers (ACCs) control IFR air traffic in their flight information region (FIR).

The current list of FIRs and ACCs is maintained by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

The following is the alphabetic list of all ACCs and their FIRs :

See also

 Area control center
 Air corridor
 Air defense identification zone
 Airspace
 Air traffic control
 Airway (aviation)
 Flight information region
 Control area (aviation)
 Control zone
 Terminal control area

References

 
Area Control Centres
Micromodel. Micromodels are a type of card model or paper model that was popular during the 1940s and 1950s in the United Kingdom. In 1941, Geoffrey Heighway invented and marketed a new concept in card models. He took the available concept of card models and miniaturized them so that an entire train or building could be wrapped in a packet of post cards. These packets usually sold for about a shilling, or pocket change.

When he released his product in the 1940s it caught on and Micro-modeling became a national pastime. The slogan "Your Workshop in a Cigar Box" is still widely quoted today among paper modelers. Their other slogan was: Three-Dimensional, Volumetric. During the war years, the models were especially popular as they were extremely portable and builders were able to work on them anywhere. Anecdotes say people liked them because they were small enough to take with you, so if you got stuck in a bomb shelter during an air raid, you had something interesting to do.  Several of the railway Micromodels were distributed in Australia in the form of small stapled books, rather than individual postcards.

The subjects of original Micromodels included among other things, Trains, Planes, Ships, Boats, Buildings, Cars and a Dragon. There were 82 original Micromodel Packets. From these packets one could make up 121 separate models. Micromodels also released some items including how-to booklets and powdered glue. Heighway continued to release models from 1941 until he became seriously ill in 1956. He died in 1959.  There were several models that Heighway had mentioned in his catalogs and advertising, that for one reason or another were never released. These were known as the "Might have beens."

Micromodels are considered  collectable, and some rare originals can only be had for thousands of dollars. Others are more easily obtainable.

There have been other products similar to or based on Micromodels, including Modelcraft Ltd. and a set of books based on enlargements of some of Heighway's Micromodels, finished by Myles Mandell. Several designers have released new Micromodel style models, including MicromodelsUSA.

See also
Cardboard engineering

External links (alphabetical)
DG Models - Owner of some of the original plates and producer of various Micromodels.
Micromodels - London Ltd.
 MicromodelsUSA - Producer of New, Re-issued & Revised Micromodels.

Paper products
Scale modeling
Model manufacturers of the United Kingdom

cs:Papírový model
da:Papirmodel
de:Kartonmodellbau
he:דגם נייר
ja:ペーパークラフト
Carbonaceous film (paleontology). A carbonaceous film or carbon film is an organism outline of a fossil. It is a type of fossil found in any rock when organic material is compressed, leaving only a carbon residue or film.

When an organism is buried under many layers of sediment, pressure and heat increase during diagenesis and if the organism lacks a hard skeleton, it will only leave this thin film of carbon residue on rock surfaces.

The soft tissues of organisms are made largely of organic carbon compounds. Sometimes, fossils contain only carbon. Fossils usually form when sediment buries a dead organism. As sediment piles up, the organism's remains are subjected to pressure and heat. These conditions force gases and liquids from the body. A thin film of carbon residue is left, forming a silhouette of the original organism called a carbon film.  Plant fossils often occur as a residue or film of carbon.

The delicate fossils of the Burgess Shale include carbon film forms. Graptolites are an example of carbon film fossils.

References

Fossilization
Step (air base). Step (also Olovyannaya) is an air base in Chita, Russia located 14 km northwest of Yasnogorsk. It is a large air base with two revetment areas and numerous military fortifications.  It is near an SS-11 missile field that was dismantled in the mid-1990s.

The 849th Assault Aviation Regiment, part of the 253rd Assault Aviation Division, was stationed at Step up until 1956.

Units stationed at Step/Olovyannaya include:
 6th Aviation Regiment of Fighter-Bombers (6 APIB) flying Sukhoi Su-17 in the late 1980s; under 23rd Air Army, Transbaikal Military District.
 58th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (58 APIB) flying Su-17M3 and L-29 aircraft in the late 1980s, and receiving MiG-27 in the early 1990s. It was under 23rd Air Army (Trans-Baikal).
 266th Independent Shturmovik Aviation Regiment (266th Assault Aviation Regiment, 266 OShAP) flying Sukhoi Su-25 aircraft. Disbanded circa 2009.

The base appears to have been closed after a boiler room fire in December 2009. Thereafter, the base was reopened and the 266th Independent Shturmovik Aviation Regiment was reformed with at least two squadrons of Sukhoi-25s in 2019. The regiment by this time had been shifted into the Eastern Military District's 11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army.

 satellite imagery shows runway 09/27 to be 3.10 km.

See also 
 List of military airbases in Russia

References

External links
http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/regiment/bap/6bap.htm
http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/regiment/shap/58apib.htm

Soviet Frontal Aviation
Russian Air Force bases
VBB. VBB or variant may refer to:
 Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg, a transport association run by public transport providers in the German states of Berlin and Brandenburg
 Sweco aka Swedish Consultants (formerly: AB Vattenbyggnadsbyrån aka "VBB"), engineering consultancy company
 Southeast Babar language (ISO 639 code: vbb)
 ALK Airlines (ICAO airline code: VBB)
 VBB (voltage), VBB, a positive IC power-supply pin in FET ICs
Time-resolved photon emission. Time-resolved photon emission (TRPE) is used to measure timing waveforms on semiconductor devices. TRPE measurements are performed on the back side of the semiconductor device. The substrate of the device-under-test (DUT) must first be thinned mechanically. The device is mounted on a movable X-Y stage in an enclosure which shields it from all sources of light. The DUT is connected to an active electrical stimulus. The stimulus pattern is continuously looped and a trigger signal is sent to the TRPE instrument in order to tell it when the pattern repeats. A TRPE prober operates in a manner similar to a sampling oscilloscope, and is used to perform semiconductor failure analysis.

Theory of operation
As the electrical stimulus pattern is repetitively applied to the DUT, internal transistors switch on and off. As pMOS and nMOS transistors switch on or off, they emit photons. These photons emissions are recorded by a sensitive photon detector. By counting the number of photons emitted for a specific transistor across a period of time, a photon histogram may be constructed. The photon histogram records an increase in photon emissions during times that the transistor switches on or off. By detecting the combined photon emissions of pairs p- and n-channel transistors contained in logic gates, it is possible to use the resulting histogram to determine the locations in time of the rising and falling edges of the signal at that node. The waveform produced is not representative of a true voltage waveform, but more accurately represents the derivative of the waveform, with photon spikes being seen only at rising or falling edges.

References

Semiconductor analysis
Lith print. A lith print is an alternative photographic printing process that uses infectious development to achieve its distinct look. Lith print usually has harsh and gritty shadows. In lith print development, formaldehyde is added to the developer, in order to lock excess sulphite that is used to regulate development in "normal" B&W print.

Process 

Lith print typically uses sometimes outdated Bromide papers such as Fomatone MG Classic, Fomabrom Variant III, Slavich Unibrom, and Moersch Easy Lith, see list of papers known to lith well (http://www.alternativephotography.com/lithprint-materials-update/) among many even rarer Bromide papers that have long since gone out of production black-and-white these often bromide formulated papers are in most instances developed with dilute lithographic developing chemistry (Moersch Easy Lith A&B, Kodalith sold in A and B powdered packages, and a few others also out of production developer (often heavily diluted 1:20 and 1:15 Working strength developer, and sometimes heated from 70F to 120F to reduce the reaction times that without heating can take hours to reach suitable development, but when heated can arrive in as little as 30 minutes) to produce a print with controlled shadow detail, based on when the print is snatched from the developer; during what is called Infectious development where the shadow tones ramp up in a logarithmic acceleration of silver halide crystal development, and equally controlled soft, bright highlights managed by the exposure time as a separate function from the shadow development (longer exposures yield more highlight details, and shorter exposure times yield brighter less detailed highlights.  The effect has been described as "creamy highlights and hard shadows [...] an appearance not unlike a charcoal drawing". Tones, colors, and subtle hues different from standard black-and-white print can be achieved.

External links
 A lith printing and alternative process site
 Explanation of Lith printing
 http://www.worldoflithprinting.com

References

Photographic film processes