omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chvorinov's rule. Chvorinov's rule is a physical relationship that relates the solidification time for a simple casting to the volume and surface area of the casting. It was first expressed by Czech engineer Nicolas Chvorinov in 1940.

Description 
According to the rule, a casting with a larger surface area and smaller volume will cool more quickly than a casting with a smaller surface area and a larger volume under otherwise comparable conditions. The relationship can be mathematically expressed as:

Where  is the solidification time,  is the volume of the casting,  is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold,  is a constant, and  is the mold constant. 

This relationship can be expressed more simply as:

Where the modulus  is the ratio of the casting's volume to its surface area:

The mold constant  depends on the properties of the metal, such as density, heat capacity, heat of fusion and superheat, and the mold, such as initial temperature, density, thermal conductivity, heat capacity and wall thickness.

Mold Constant 
The S.I. unit for the mold constant  is seconds per metre squared (). According to Askeland, the constant  is usually 2, however Degarmo claims it is between 1.5 and 2. The mold constant  can be calculated using the following formula:

Where

 = melting or freezing temperature of the liquid (in kelvins),
 = initial temperature of the mold (in kelvins),
 = superheat (in kelvins),
 = latent heat of fusion (in ),
 = thermal conductivity of the mold (in ),
 = density of the mold (in ),
 = specific heat of the mold (in ),
 = density of the metal (in ),
 = specific heat of the metal (in ).

It is most useful in determining if a riser will solidify before the casting, because if the riser solidifies first then defects like shrinkage or porosity can form.

References

Casting (manufacturing)
Metallurgy
Sign-language media. Sign-language media are media based on a media system for sign languages. Interfaces in sign-language media are built on the complex grammar structure of sign languages. Generally media are built for oral languages or written languages, and are often not compatible with sign languages.

Sign-language media have specific characteristics:
 Sound is absent, or on very low frequencies (bass).
 No, or very little, text is used.
 A specific camera frame for close-ups.

Milestones 
 Analog era:
 Film - Sign-language media is born. The first sign-language film is created in 1902.
 Video - Sign-language magazines on video are distributed.
 Digital era:
 Digital video and software - Sign-language interfaces are created to browse content.
 World Wide Web - Information in sign language becomes available for everyone.
 The videophone and webcam - Sign-language telecommunication becomes possible.
 Mobile videotelephony - UMTS provides support for sign-language telecommunications.
 Vlogs - Sign-language newssites start booming with the protest against Jane Fernandes.
 Production of sign-language videos using computer-generated avatars instead of images of a real person.
 Sign-language videos in various form of signs are being produced using a real sign-language interpreters
 Sign language can be shown in movie theaters via a second screen mounted on the chair, playing a Sign Language Video track synchronized with the film.

External links 
 Reflecting on Sign Language Media 
 Signfuse Sign Language Media
 Joey Baer's ASL Vlog
 Sign Language Film list
 Sign Language Media in Film/TV 
 Média'pi! : press media

References 

Media
Deafness
Deaf culture
Mass media by language
Disability mass media
IBM Rational Rose. Rational Rose was a development environment for Unified Modeling Language. It integrates with Microsoft Visual Studio .NET and Rational Application Developer. The Rational Software division of IBM, which previously produced Rational Rose, wrote this software.

The Rational Rose family of products is a set of UML modeling tools for software design. Rational Rose could also use source-based reverse engineering; the combination of this capability with source generation from diagrams was dubbed roundtrip engineering. However, other UML tools are also capable of this, including Borland Together, ESS-Model, BlueJ, and Fujaba.

The Rational Rose family allows integration with legacy integrated development environments or languages. For more modern architectures, Rational Software Architect and Rational Software Modeler were developed. These products were created matching and surpassing Rose XDE capabilities to include support for UML 2.x, pattern customization support, the latest programming languages and approaches to software development such as SOA, and more powerful data modeling that supports entity-relationship (ER) modeling. 

A 2003 UML 2 For Dummies book wrote that Rational Rose suite was the "market (and marketing) leader."

History 
With the Rational June 2006 Product Release, IBM withdrew the “XDE” family of products and introduced the Rational Rose family of products as replacements.

The UML capabilities were superseded by Rational Software Architect around 2006, with Rational Rose becoming a legacy product. , the ER modelling part (Rational Rose Data Modeler) has been superseded by another IBM product—Rational Data Architect.

 IBM no longer sells Rational Rose, with all mentions except support pages being removed from the website.

See also 
 Imagix 4D
 Rigi
 list of UML tools

References

Further reading 
 
 

Rose XDE
Data modeling tools
UML tools
Hardware-dependent software. Hardware-dependent software (HDS or HdS), the part of an operating system that varies across microprocessor boards and is comprised notably of device drivers and of boot code which performs hardware initialization. HDS does not comprise code which is only specific to a processor family and can run unchanged on various members of it. The HDS is alternatively called the BSP, for Board Support Package, especially in the world of commercial operating systems where the processor family code is distributed in binary form only.

Often software that runs on operating systems may be hardware dependent at first, but emulators can reduce dependencies for specific hardware.

See also
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
DeviceKit
Embedded systems
Firmware vanessaleyva2 
HAL (software)
Hardware abstraction layer
Machine-dependent software
Programmable logic

References

Computing terminology
Differentiated service. Differentiated service is a design pattern for business services and software, in which the service varies automatically according to the identity of the consumer and/or the context in which the service is used. It is sometimes known as smart service or context-aware service.

Concept
Differentiated service is extensively covered in a few narrow technical areas, such as telecoms networks and internet (see Differentiated services). It is also mentioned in some marketing sources, with reference to customer segmentation.  But the general principle of service differentiation extends far beyond these domains, and it is one of the mechanisms for implementing flexibility in a service-oriented architecture (SOA).

Various dimensions of the service can be differentiated, including:
Information quality. For example, an information service providing stock prices may offer real-time prices to selected users, and 15-minute-delay prices to everyone else.
Security. For example, a user may have restricted access to sensitive information when he is using an insecure network connection. And access to the financial accounts may be restricted prior to publication.
Customer Segmentation. For example, each retail customer may get a different set of special offers, and this can be generated dynamically, according to the contents of the shopping basket or the path through the store.

Differentiating factors can include identity (including personalization) and context (including presence).

Examples
Pay-as-you-drive insurance (PAYD)
Telematics 2.0

See also
Context-aware pervasive systems
Differentiated security

External links
Differentiated Services
Design Pattern: Differentiated Service (Fewer Interfaces than Components) CBDI Forum December 2000.
Business Flexibility: Implementing Context Driven Services CBDI Forum June 2002.
Smart Services SustainIT
Manners Externalize Semantics for On-demand Composition of Context-aware Services

Software design patterns
Service-oriented (business computing)
EUDRANET. EUDRANET, the European Telecommunication Network in Pharmaceuticals (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Network), is an IT platform to facilitate the exchange of information between regulatory partners and industry during submission and evaluation of applications. The aim of EUDRANET is to provide appropriate secure services for inter-Administration data interchange and for exchanges between Administrations and industry. EUDRANET is based on the TESTA backbone infrastructure provided by the IDA Programme.

The processes which EUDRANET supports include:
 The submission and evaluation of marketing authorisation applications by pharmaceutical companies; 
 The pharmacovigilance of products on the market to ensure the maintenance of high standards of quality as well as adhering to European national and regional regulations; 
 The dissemination of relevant information to industry, scientific experts and regulators.

See also
 eHealth
 EudraCT
 EudraGMP
 EudraPharm
 EudraVigilance
 European Medicines Agency
 Qualified Person

References

External links
EUDRANET
Projects of Common Interest for Administrations (European Union)
e-Health (European Union)

European clinical research
Health and the European Union
Health informatics organizations
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Pharmaceuticals policy
MAYA-II. MAYA-II (Molecular Array of YES and ANDNOT logic gates) is a DNA computer, based on DNA Stem Loop Controllers, developed by scientists at Columbia University and the University of New Mexico and created in 2006.

Replacing the normally silicon-based circuits, this chip has DNA strands to form the circuit. It is said that the speed of such DNA-circuited computer chips will rival and surpass the silicon-based ones, they will be of use in blood samples and in the body and might partake in single cell signaling.

It is the successor to the MAYA I which was composed of only 23 logic gates and could only complete specific games of tic-tac-toe.  MAYA-II has more than 100 DNA circuits and can now thoroughly play a game of tic-tac-toe.  It is very slow - one move in a game of tic-tac-toe can take up to 30 minutes making it more of a demonstration than an actual application.

The arrangement of this device looks like that of a tic-tac-toe grid and consists of nine wells coated with culture cells. The logic gates are made of the E6 Deoxyribozymes (or DNAzyme) which react to specific oligonucleotide input. Upon reaction, the DNAzyme cleaves the substrate producing an increase in red or green fluorescence, depending on whether it is the computer's or the human's turn respectively.

This technology was used to deepen the quality of diagnostics given to patients infected with the West Nile virus. Joanne Macdonald, a Columbia University virologist, hopes this device can be implanted in the human body and control the presence of cancer cells or the levels of insulin for diabetic patients.

One of the suggested uses put forward by MAYA's creators is that technology such as this can be used in situations where fluid is involved, such as in a sample of blood or a body, since it does not use traditional silicon components.

References

Natural computation
EudraGMP. EudraGMP is the database of the European Community of manufacturing authorisations and of certificates of good manufacturing practice. The EudraGMP system was launched in April 2007, for use by European Medicines Regulators.  Access for the general public, via Internet, is available since 2009 using the URL : http://eudragmp.ema.europa.eu.

EudraGMP is part of the EU telematics strategy, which has been conceived in order to meet the strategic objectives of the European Commission, the European Medicines Agency and the Member State competent authorities.

EudraGMP is part of a larger database known as EudraGMDP, which contains information on:
 “Manufacturing and import authorisations
 Good manufacturing Practice (GMP) certificates
 Statements of non-compliance with GMP
 GMP inspection planning in third countries” 

The public database allows the general public access to information regarding manufacturing inspections completed by regulatory authorities from all European Economic Area (EEA) countries. Prior to the enactment of the EudraGMP database, information only came from a limited number of European countries. The European regulatory authorities update the database continuously and expect it to grow extensively over the next few years as more “GMP certificates are imported each year.”  

The database serves as a quick reference for checking the good manufacturing practice (GMP) of a potential contract manufacturer. One can search by the “company name, location, or certificate number and find details on the types of products or activities that the company conducts and the date of the most recent GMP inspection.”

See also
 European Medicines Agency
 EUDRANET
 EudraCT
 EudraPharm
 EudraVigilance
 GxP

References

External links 
European Medicines Agency Implementation of the New EU Pharmaceutical Legislation
Projects of Common Interest for Administrations (EU)

European clinical research
Government databases of the European Union
Health and the European Union
Medical databases
Pharmaceuticals policy
Sinec H1. Sinec H1 is an Industrial Ethernet communications protocol that provides the transport layer function widely used in automation and process control applications.  The protocol was developed by Siemens and is used mainly for control applications.  It has large bandwidth and is well suited to the transmission of large volumes of data.

It is used as part of the control infrastructure of CERN and LHC.

See also 

 Computer networking
 Industrial control systems

References

External links 
 Sinec-H1 protocols
 wireshark H1 protocol
 Talk about H1 Ethernet

Siemens products
Industrial Ethernet
Transport layer protocols
Rule induction. Rule induction is an area of machine learning in which formal rules are extracted from a set of observations.  The rules extracted may represent a full scientific model of the data, or merely represent local patterns in the data.

Data mining in general and rule induction in detail are trying to create algorithms without human programming but with analyzing existing data structures. In the easiest case, a rule is expressed with “if-then statements” and was created with the ID3 algorithm for decision tree learning. Rule learning algorithm are taking training data as input and creating rules by partitioning the table with cluster analysis. A possible alternative over the ID3 algorithm is genetic programming which evolves a program until it fits to the data.

Creating different algorithm and testing them with input data can be realized in the WEKA software. Additional tools are machine learning libraries for Python, like scikit-learn.

Paradigms 

Some major rule induction paradigms are:
Association rule learning algorithms (e.g., Agrawal)
Decision rule algorithms (e.g., Quinlan 1987)
Hypothesis testing algorithms (e.g., RULEX)
Horn clause induction
Version spaces
Rough set rules
Inductive Logic Programming
Boolean decomposition (Feldman)

Algorithms 

Some rule induction algorithms are:
Charade
Rulex
Progol
 CN2

References 

Machine learning
Inductive reasoning
DAFIF. The Digital Aeronautical Flight Information File or DAFIF () is a comprehensive database of up-to-date aeronautical data, including information on airports, airways, airspaces, navigation data, and other facts relevant to flying in the entire world, managed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) of the United States.

Withdrawal of public access 

DAFIF was publicly available until October 2006 through the Internet; however, it was closed to public access because "increased numbers of foreign source providers are claiming intellectual property rights or are forewarning NGA that they intend to copyright their source". Currently, only federal and state government agencies, authorized government contractors, and Department of Defense customers are able to access the DAFIF data.

At the time of the announcement, the NGA did not say who the "foreign source providers" were. It was subsequently revealed that the Australian Government was behind the move. The Australian government-owned corporation Airservices Australia in September 2003 started charging for access to Australian data. Rather than exclude the Australian data, the NGA opted to stop making the data available to the public.

USFIF 

A product called USFIF (pronounced as yoos-fəf) or the United States Flight Information File which contains only data related to the United States was available on the NGA website until October 2007.  NGA no longer hosts any aeronautical information on the publicly available website.

Replacement for Google Earth data 

Since the DAFIF data has ceased to be available to the public, new sources of the data have arrived, though none is (yet) a complete replacement:
 In Google Earth format (KML) Google Earth 3D Airspace
 Started soon after the withdrawal of the DAFIF data, the OurAirports web site is a community effort to produce an open (public domain) database of airports and navigation aids—nightly CSV data dumps are available from the site. Since OurAirports is open source, there are a lot of duplicate airports in the system and the data is not necessarily accurate as an official source would be.
 OpenStreetMap holds information about many aerodromes, and can be downloaded through the Overpass service.
 In other open formats, publicly contributed data, the Worldwide Soaring Turnpoint Exchange: Airspace

References 

Air navigation
Aeronautical databases
Draft (engineering). In engineering, draft is the amount of taper for molded or cast parts perpendicular to the parting line. It can be measured in degrees or mm/mm (in/in).

Consider the fabrication of a hollow plastic box, without lid. Once the plastic has hardened around the mold, the mold must be removed.  As the plastic hardens, it may contract slightly. By tapering the sides of the mold by an appropriate "draft angle", for instance 2° (two degrees), the mold will be easier to remove. This is a practice that is used, in applicable cases, when working with fiberglass.

If the mold is to be removed from the top, the box should taper in towards the bottom, such that measuring the bottom internal dimension will yield a smaller length and width than measuring the top from which the mold is extracted.

By specifying the opening length and width, a draft angle, and a depth, it is not necessary to specify the dimensions for the internal surface, as these may be calculated from the above.

The manufacture of a part that incorporates zero or negative angles may require a mold that can be separated into two or more parts, in order to release the casting.

External links
 Draft and draft angle images from the Bayer Material Science website . Retrieved 2009-09-18.
 http://www.toolingu.com/definition-500255-54059-draft-angle.html

Plastics industry
Bisoctrizole. Bisoctrizole (INN/USAN, marketed by BASF as Tinosorb M, by DSM Nutritional Products as Parsol Max , by Everlight Chemical as Eversorb M, and by MPI as Milestab 360, INCI methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol) is a phenolic benzotriazole that is added to sunscreens to absorb UV rays. It is a broad-spectrum ultraviolet radiation absorber, absorbing UVB as well as UVA rays.  It also reflects and scatters UV. 

Bisoctrizole is what is termed is a hybrid UV absorber, which has been described as an organic UV filter produced in microfine organic particles (< 200 nm), like microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Where other organic UV absorbers dissolved in either the oily or aqueous phases, bisoctrizole dissolves poorly in both.

Hence, bisoctrizole is formulated in sunscreen preparations as a 50% suspension,  the absorber added to the water phase, and mineral micropigments usually added to the oil phase. The bisoctrizole particles are stabilized by the surfactant decyl glucoside. The compound shows very little photodegradation, and has a stabilizing effect on other UV absorbers, octyl methoxycinnamate (octinoxate) in particular.

In primary research reports, bisoctrizole has been reported to minimally penetrate skin, and has been described as lacking estrogenic effects in vitro.

Bisoctrizole has not yet been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but is approved in the EU and other parts of the world.

References

External links
 Ciba® TINOSORB® M – Microfine UV absorber with Triple Action
 http://www.dermatologytimes.com/dermatologytimes/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=159652
 NEW-WAVE SUNSCREENS – Active ingredient makers are frustrated by the long list of sunscreens and UV-A testing protocols that are still awaiting FDA decisions, C&EN Cover Story
 https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/05n0446/05n-0446-bkg0001-03-Tab-01-vol2.pdf

Sunscreening agents
Benzotriazoles
Phenols
House (operating system). House (acronym for Haskell User's Operating System and Environment) is an experimental open source operating system written in Haskell. It was written to explore system programming in a functional programming language.

It includes a graphical user interface, several demos, and its network protocol stack provides basic support for Ethernet, IPv4, ARP, DHCP, ICMP (ping), UDP, TFTP, and TCP.

References

External links
 
 A Principled Approach to Operating System Construction in Haskell, technical paper on House details

Free software operating systems
Free software programmed in Haskell
Software using the BSD license