omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
MOSS. MOSS may refer to:

Technology
 Map Overlay and Statistical System, a geographic information system (GIS)
 Microsoft SharePoint, known in its 2007 version as Microsoft Office SharePoint Server (MOSS)
 MIME Object Security Services, an IETF security protocol
 Mobile submarine simulator, a sonar decoy
 Morocco Oukaimeden Sky Survey, an astronomical survey of Solar System objects in Morocco

Other uses 
 Market Oriented Sector Selective talks, trade negotiations between the United States and Japan in 1984
 MOSS (company), a Japanese video game company
 MoSS, a Canadian hip-hop producer
 Mini One Stop Shop, the European Union VAT system for cross-border B2C e-services.

See also
 Moss (disambiguation)
 MOS (disambiguation)
Enhanced Small Disk Interface. Enhanced Small Disk Interface (ESDI) is a hard disk drive interface designed by Maxtor Corporation in 1983 to be a follow-on to the ST-412/506 interface. ESDI improved on ST-506 by moving certain parts that were traditionally kept on the controller (such as the data separator) into the drives themselves, and also generalizing the control bus such that more kinds of devices (such as removable disks and tape drives) could be connected. ESDI uses the same cabling as ST-506 (one 34-pin common control cable, and a 20-pin data channel cable for each device), and thus could easily be retrofitted to ST-506 applications. 

ESDI was popular in the mid-to-late 1980s, when SCSI and IDE technologies were young and immature, and ST-506 was neither fast nor flexible enough. ESDI could handle data rates of 10, 15, or 20 Mbit/s (as opposed to ST-506's top speed of 7.5 Mbit/s), and many high-end SCSI drives of the era were actually high-end ESDI drives with SCSI bridges integrated on the drive. 

By 1990, SCSI had matured enough to handle high data rates and multiple types of drives, and ATA was quickly overtaking ST-506 in the desktop market. These two events made ESDI less and less important over time, and by the mid-1990s, ESDI was no longer in common use.

Connector pinouts

References

 Micropolis ESDI X3.170-90 Interface Specification
 ESDI Specification, Magnetic Peripherals Inc, 1984
 IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Drive Adapter/A Technical Reference

Computer storage buses
Polymorphic code. In computing, polymorphic code is code that uses a polymorphic engine to mutate while keeping the original algorithm intact - that is, the code changes itself every time it runs, but the function of the code (its semantics) stays the same. For example, the simple math expressions 3+1 and 6-2 both achieve the same result, yet run with different machine code in a CPU. This technique is sometimes used by computer viruses, shellcodes and computer worms to hide their presence.

Encryption is the most common method to hide code. With encryption, the main body of the code (also called its payload) is encrypted and will appear meaningless. For the code to function as before, a decryption function is added to the code. When the code is executed, this function reads the payload and decrypts it before executing it in turn.

Encryption alone is not polymorphism. To gain polymorphic behavior, the encryptor/decryptor pair is mutated with each copy of the code. This allows different versions of some code which all function the same.

Malicious code 

Most anti-virus software and intrusion detection systems (IDS) attempt to locate malicious code by searching through computer files and data packets sent over a computer network. If the security software finds patterns that correspond to known computer viruses or worms, it takes appropriate steps to neutralize the threat. Polymorphic algorithms make it difficult for such software to recognize the offending code because it constantly mutates.

Malicious programmers have sought to protect their encrypted code from this virus-scanning strategy by rewriting the unencrypted decryption engine (and the resulting encrypted payload) each time the virus or worm is propagated. Anti-virus software uses sophisticated pattern analysis to find underlying patterns within the different mutations of the decryption engine, in hopes of reliably detecting such malware.

Emulation may be used to defeat polymorphic obfuscation by letting the malware demangle itself in a virtual environment before utilizing other methods, such as traditional signature scanning. Such a virtual environment is sometimes called a sandbox. Polymorphism does not protect the virus against such emulation if the decrypted payload remains the same regardless of variation in the decryption algorithm. Metamorphic code techniques may be used to complicate detection further, as the virus may execute without ever having identifiable code blocks in memory that remains constant from infection to infection.

The first known polymorphic virus was written by Mark Washburn. The virus, called 1260, was written in 1990. A better-known polymorphic virus was created in 1992 by the hacker Dark Avenger as a means of avoiding pattern recognition from antivirus software. A common and very virulent polymorphic virus is the file infecter Virut.

See also 
 Metamorphic code
 Self-modifying code
 Alphanumeric shellcode
 Shellcode
 Obfuscated code
 Oligomorphic code

References 

Types of malware
Compensated pulsed alternator. A compensated pulsed alternator, also known by the portmanteau compulsator, is a form of power supply.

As the name suggests, it is an alternator that is "compensated" (see below) to make it better at delivering pulses of electrical energy than a normal alternator.

Description and operation

The principle is very similar to an alternator, except the rotor is usually kept spinning by its inertia (having been "spun up" by an external motor, or the compulsator itself having been used in reverse as an AC motor) and the small matter of the "compensation". The compulsator is used like a capacitor, to gather energy from a low-power source and store it, then generate a high-power output for a short period.

The windings of a compulsator are different from those of a normal alternator in being designed for minimal inductance. This allows the current in the windings to change very rapidly, which is why this "compensation" makes it better at delivering pulses.

The kinetic energy of a rotating object depends on the mass of the object, the shape of the object, and the square of the speed of rotation. Therefore, compulsators tend to have very light rotors spinning very fast in order to store the most energy in the available mass, and because too much mass in the rotor causes problems with the magnitude of centripetal force required to prevent the rotor from flying apart.

Usage 

Compulsators are popular choices for high-end railgun power supplies.

One possibility being considered is to build an electric tank using a conventional diesel engine for propulsion and to charge a compulsator. The compulsator would be used to power a railgun, and potentially other pulsed energy weapons (particularly electronic warfare systems); also, the compulsator could be used in non-pulsed mode to drive a tank with electric motors for limited periods as a kind of "quiet mode", which could be useful in urban combat.

References 

 Bibliography 

 M. D. Werst, B. G. Brinkman, L. Spann.  Fabrication of a Compensated Pulsed Alternator For a Rapid Fire Railgun System,  Center for Electromechanics, University of Texas at Austin, Third Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology, Austin, TX, April 20–24, 1986, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 22, no. 6, November 1986, pp 1812–1816

External links 
Jason Rollette's Compulsator page 
 FINAL DESIGN OF AN AIR CORE, COMPULSATOR DRIVEN 60 CALIBER RAILGUN SYSTEM
 ADVANCED COMPULSATOR DESIGN
 A RAPID FIRE, COMPULSATOR-DRIVEN RAILGUN SYSTEM

Power supplies
Energy storage
Network segment. A network segment is a portion of a computer network. The nature and extent of a segment depends on the nature of the network and the device or devices used to interconnect end stations.

Ethernet
According to the defining IEEE 802.3 standards for Ethernet, a network segment is an electrical connection between networked devices using a shared medium. In the original 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 Ethernet varieties, a segment would therefore correspond to a single coax cable and all devices tapped into it. At this point in the evolution of Ethernet, multiple network segments could be connected with repeaters (in accordance with the 5-4-3 rule for 10 Mbit Ethernet) to form a larger collision domain.

With twisted-pair Ethernet, electrical segments can be joined together using repeaters or repeater hubs as can other varieties of Ethernet. This corresponds to the extent of an OSI layer 1 network and is equivalent to the collision domain. The 5-4-3 rule applies to this collision domain. 

Using switches or bridges, multiple layer-1 segments can be combined to a common layer-2 segment, i.e. all nodes can communicate with each other through MAC addressing or broadcasts. A layer-2 segment is equivalent to a broadcast domain. Traffic within a layer-2 segment can be separated into virtually distinct partitions by using VLANs. Each VLAN forms its own logical layer-2 segment.

IP
A layer-3 segment in an IP network is called a subnetwork, formed by all nodes sharing the same network prefix as defined by their IP addresses and the network mask. Communication between layer-3 subnets requires a router. Hosts on a subnet communicate directly using the layer-2 segment that connects them. Most often a subnetwork corresponds exactly with the underlying layer-2 segment but it is also possible to run multiple subnets on a single layer-2 segment.

References

Ethernet
Network architecture
Crystal habit. In mineralogy, crystal habit is the characteristic external shape of an individual crystal or aggregate of crystals. The habit of a crystal is dependent on its crystallographic form and growth conditions, which generally creates irregularities due to limited space in the crystallizing medium (commonly in rocks).

Crystal forms
Recognizing the habit can aid in mineral identification and description, as the crystal habit is an external representation of the internal ordered atomic arrangement. Most natural crystals, however, do not display ideal habits and are commonly malformed. Hence, it is also important to describe the quality of the shape of a mineral specimen:

 Euhedral: a crystal that is completely bounded by its characteristic faces, well-formed. Synonymous terms: idiomorphic, automorphic;
 Subhedral: a crystal partially bounded by its characteristic faces and partially by irregular surfaces. Synonymous terms: hypidiomorphic, hypautomorphic;
 Anhedral: a crystal that lacks any of its characteristic faces, completely malformed. Synonymous terms: allotriomorphic, xenomorphic.

Altering factors

Factors influencing habit include: a combination of two or more crystal forms; trace impurities present during growth; crystal twinning and growth conditions (i.e., heat, pressure, space); and specific growth tendencies such as growth striations. Minerals belonging to the same crystal system do not necessarily exhibit the same habit. Some habits of a mineral are unique to its variety and locality: For example, while most sapphires form elongate barrel-shaped crystals, those found in Montana form stout tabular crystals. Ordinarily, the latter habit is seen only in ruby. Sapphire and ruby are both varieties of the same mineral: corundum.

Some minerals may replace other existing minerals while preserving the original's habit, i.e. pseudomorphous replacement. A classic example is tiger's eye quartz, crocidolite asbestos replaced by silica. While quartz typically forms prismatic (elongate, prism-like) crystals, in tiger's eye the original fibrous habit of crocidolite is preserved.

List of crystal habits

Aggregate habits

Asymmetrical/Irregular habits

Symmetrical habits

Rounded/Spherical habits

See also
Abnormal grain growth
Grain growth
Crystal structure

References

Bibliography 
 

Crystallography
Mineralogy concepts
Mineral habits
Calx. Calx is a substance formed from an ore or mineral that has been heated. Calx, especially of a metal, is now understood to be an oxide. The term is also sometimes used in older texts on artists' techniques to mean calcium oxide. 

According to the obsolete phlogiston theory, the calx was the true elemental substance that was left after phlogiston was driven out of it in the process of combustion.



Etymology
Calx is Latin for chalk or limestone, from the Greek χάλιξ (khaliks, “pebble”). (It is not to be confused with the Latin homonym meaning heelbone (or calcaneus in modern medical Latin), which has an entirely separate derivation.)

In popular culture
 UK electronic music artist Aphex Twin named four of his tracks after differently coloured calxes (green, yellow, blue and red).

References 

Inorganic chemistry
Multiple granularity locking. In computer science, multiple granularity locking (MGL) is a locking method used in database management systems (DBMS) and relational databases.

In multiple granularity locking, locks are set on objects that contain other objects. MGL exploits the hierarchical nature of the contains relationship. For example, a database may have files, which contain pages, which contain records. This can be thought of as a tree of objects, where each node contains its children. A lock on this structure (such as a shared or exclusive lock) locks the targeted node as well as all of its descendants.

Multiple granularity locking is usually used with non-strict two-phase locking to guarantee serializability.

Lock modes
In addition to shared (S) locks and exclusive (X) locks from other locking schemes, like strict two-phase locking, MGL also uses intentional "locks", which do not directly lock a node, but instead denote the existence, or intent to add, a lock of the specified type lower in the node hierarchy.  Intentional locks include "intention shared" (IS), "intention exclusive" (IX), and the combined "shared and intention exclusive"  (SIX) locks. IS locks conflict with X locks, while IX locks conflict with S and X locks. The null lock (NL) is compatible with everything.

To lock a node in S (or X), MGL has the transaction lock on all of its ancestors with IS (or IX), so if a transaction locks a node in S (or X), no other transaction can access its ancestors in X (or S and X). This protocol is shown in the following table:

Determining what level of granularity to use for locking is done by locking the finest level possible (i.e., at the lowest leaf), and then escalating these locks to higher levels in the file hierarchy to cover more records or file elements as needed in a process known as "lock escalation". MGL locking modes are compatible with each other as defined in the following matrix.

Following the locking protocol and the compatibility matrix, if one transaction holds a node in S mode, no other transactions can have locked any ancestor in X mode.

See also
 Atomicity (programming)
 Concurrency control
 Lock (computer science)

References

Concurrency control
TI. TI, ti, and variants may refer to:

Arts and entertainment 
 Ti/Si, the seventh syllable in the solfège technique
 The International (Dota 2), an esports tournament
 Twilight Imperium, a game

Businesses and organizations
 TI-class supertankers, ships operated by Tankers International 
 Texas Instruments, an American electronics company
 Telecom Italia, an Italian telecommunications company
 TI Group, previously Tube Investments, an English engineering company 
 Therapeutics Initiative, a medication evaluation organization
 Tiger Inn, a Princeton University eating club
 Toastmasters International, a public speaking organization
 Former Tol Air, IATA code
 Tailwind Airlines, IATA code
 Transparency International, anti-corruption organisation
 Treasure Island Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, US

People
 Ti, a high-status official during the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
 Ti. for Tiberius, a Roman given name
 T.I. (born 1980), American rapper
 TI, post-nominal initials used by awardees of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, a Pakistani honour
 "Targeted individual", person claiming to be subject to "gang stalking"
 Ti, Bonnie Nettles, religious leader

Places
 Ti, Oklahoma, US
 Thursday Island, Torres Strait
 Ticino, a canton (federated state) of Switzerland

Science, technology, and mathematics

Biology and medicine
 Ti or Tī, a generic name in Polynesian languages for plants of the genus Cordyline, including:
 Cordyline fruticosa, Tī, Tī pore (Māori), Kī (Hawaiian)
 Cordyline australis (Tī kōuka or Cabbage tree, New Zealand)
 Cordyline banksii (Tī ngahere or Forest cabbage tree, New Zealand)
 Cordyline indivisa (Tī toī, tōī or Mountain cabbage tree, New Zealand)
 Cordyline obtecta (Tī, Norfolk Island cabbage tree, Three Kings cabbage tree, Norfolk Island and New Zealand)
 Cordyline pumilio (Tī rauriki, Tī koraha or Dwarf cabbage tree, New Zealand)
 Therapeutic index

Computing
 Ti (prefix symbol), of interim unit tebi; e.g. Tib for tebibit

Other uses in science, technology, and mathematics
 Topological insulator
 Titanium, symbol Ti, a chemical element
 Truncated icosahedron

Other uses
 Ti (concept), a term meaning "substance" (體) in Chinese
 TI (cuneiform), a sign in cuneiform writing
 Ti, Old Swedish spelling of Týr, deity of Norse mythology
 Tigrinya language (ISO 639-1 code "ti")
 ti (digraph), the characters 
 Tenant inducement, in commercial real estate

See also

 Di (disambiguation) for several Chinese concepts; "Ti" is the Wade–Giles equivalent of "Di"
 TL (disambiguation)
 T1 (disambiguation)
Polishing. Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or by applying a chemical treatment, leaving a clean surface with a significant specular reflection (still limited by the index of refraction of the material according to the Fresnel equations). In some materials (such as metals, glasses, black or transparent stones), polishing  is also able to reduce diffuse reflection to minimal values.

When an unpolished surface is  magnified thousands of times, it usually looks like a succession of mountains and valleys. By repeated abrasion, those "mountains" are worn down until they are flat or just small "hills". The process of polishing with abrasives starts with a coarse grain size and gradually proceeds to the finer ones to efficiently flatten the surface imperfections and to obtain optimal results.

Mechanical properties
The strength of polished products can be higher than their unpolished counterparts owing to the removal of stress concentrations present in the rough surface during the polishing process. These concentrations take the form of corners and other defects, which magnify the local stress beyond the inherent strength of the material.

Types

Metal Working

Other polishing processes include:
 Burnishing
 Mass finishing
Tumble finishing
Vibratory finishing
 Sodablasting

Woodworking
 French polishing
 Wood finishing

Other
 Chemical-mechanical polishing, which is used in semiconductor fabrication
 Fabrication and testing of optical components
 Flame polishing, a type of polishing used on glass and thermoplastics
 Ultra-fine, abrasive paste polishing, polishing for soft or fragile work surfaces
 Vapor polishing, a method of polishing plastics to optical clarity

References

Decorative arts
Grinding and lapping
Industrial processes
Wood finishing techniques
Surface finishing
NPC. NPC may stand for:

Science and medicine

Computing
Network Parameter Control in computer networks
Non-deterministic polynomial-time complete
Non-printing character

Electronics
Neutral Point Clamped, an inverter topology

Medicine
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
"Near point of convergence" or "no previous correction", optometric abbreviations
Neural progenitor cell; see Notch signaling pathway
Niemann–Pick disease, type C
NPC1, a protein involved in the disease
NPC2, a protein involved in the disease
Nuclear pore complex, in molecular biology

Organisations

Corporations
 National Petrochemical Company of Iran
 National Power Corporation, the Philippines
 Nauru Phosphate Corporation, Republic of Nauru
 Nevada Power Company, United States

Political organisations
 An abbreviation of Nationalist Party of China, an alias for the Kuomintang.
National Peace Council, UK
Nationalist People's Coalition, a political party in the Philippines
National People's Congress, China
National Petroleum Council (US)
Northern People's Congress, a political party in Nigeria

Student organisations
National Panhellenic Conference, of North American sororities
National Postgraduate Committee, UK

Other organisations
see also under Sport, below
 National Press Club, several press clubs
Niagara Parks Commission, Ontario, Canada
Northern Provincial Council, Sri Lanka

Sport and games

Sport
National Paralympic Committee
National Physique Committee, a US bodybuilding organization
National Provincial Championship (1976–2005), New Zealand rugby competition
National Provincial Championship (2006–present), New Zealand rugby competition
Non-playing captain of a team in contract bridge

Role-playing and computer/video games
Non-player character
NPC (meme), an Internet meme

Research and educational facilities
National Paralegal College, Phoenix, Arizona, US
National Park College, Hot Springs, Arkansas, US
Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Netherlands

Other
 National Ploughing Championships, Ireland, an agricultural show
 NATO Programming Centre, for air system support
 Neighbourhood police centre, a type of police station in Singapore
 NPC (cable system), linking Japan and the US
 Fujicolor NPC 160, later Fujicolor Pro 160C, photographic film
 Nickel Plated Copper. The plating is applied to wire products due to its excellent corrosion resistance properties and in particular, its durability and stability at extremes of temperatures.
QC. QC may refer to:

Places

 Quebec, a Canadian province
 Quebec City, its capital
 Quezon City, Philippines
 The Quad Cities, an American metropolitan area along the Mississippi River
 QualiEd College, a Hong Kong high school

Arts and entertainment
 Quake Champions, a 2017 FPS video game
 Quality Control Music, an American record label (launched 2013)
 Questionable Content, a webcomic by Jeph Jacques (launched 2003)

Science and technology

Computing
 QuakeC, a scripting language in the computer game Quake by ID Software
 Quantum computing, a type of computation
 Quantum cryptography, a variety of cryptography employing quantum mechanics or quantum computers
 Quartz Composer, a node-based visual programming language
 Quick Charge, a technology for managing power delivered over USB

Other uses in science and technology
 Quantum chemistry
 ATCvet code QC, a class of veterinary medicines
 Quantum cascade, a technique used in a quantum cascade laser

Other uses
 Quality control, in business
 Quebec Central Railway, Canada (1869–2006)
 Queen's Counsel, a type of lawyer in Commonwealth countries
 QuietComfort, a Bose headphones brand
 Quota Count system, an aircraft noise limit