omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Fazle Hussain. A. K. M. Fazle Hussain (; born 20 January 1943, in Bangladesh) is a professor of mechanical engineering at Texas Tech University.

Education
Hussain graduated with a BS in mechanical engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in 1963. He went on to attend Stanford University, where he studied under William Craig Reynolds, and received his MS and PhD in mechanical engineering in 1966 and 1969.

Afterwards, Hussain was a post-doctoral fellow at the Johns Hopkins University with Leslie S. G. Kovasznay and Stanley Corrsin.

Career 
Hussain was a professor of mechanical engineering at University of Houston from 1976 to 2013. More recently, he was also a professor in the Earth & atmospheric science and physics departments from 2007 to 2013. At UH, he held the Cullen Professorship in mechanical engineering.

In 2001, Hussain was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering for "fundamental experiments and concepts concerning important structures in turbulence, vortex dynamics, and acoustics, and for new turbulence measurement techniques." He is also a member of the advisory board at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology.

Honors and awards
 Freeman Scholar Award of ASME in 1984
 Fluids Engineering Award of ASME in 2000
 Fluid Dynamics Award of AIAA in 2002

Books
Nonlinear Dynamics of Structures, World Scientific, 1991

Book chapters
 "Mechanics of Pulsatile Flows of Relevance to Cardiovascular System," in Cardiovascular Flow Dynamics and Measurements, (Eds. N.H.C. Hwang and N. Norman), University Park Press, Baltimore, pp. 541–632, 1976.
 "New Aspects of Vortex Dynamics Relevant to Coherent Structures in Turbulent Flows," in Eddy Structure Identification (Ed. J.P. Bonnet) Springer, pp. 61–143. 1996.
 "Genesis and Dynamics of Coherent Structures in Near-wall Turbulence: A New Look," in Self-Sustaining Mechanisms of Wall Turbulence  (Ed. R. L. Panton) Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, pp. 385, (1997).

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030855/http://www.egr.uh.edu/me/faculty/hussain/

Living people
American fluid dynamicists
21st-century American physicists
American people of Bangladeshi descent
American mechanical engineers
Bangladeshi mechanical engineers
Stanford University alumni
Fellows of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Bangladeshi scientists
Bengali scientists
Bangladeshi physicists
1943 births
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology alumni
Chunk (information). A chunk is a fragment of information which is used in many multimedia file formats, such as PNG, IFF, MP3 and AVI. 

Each chunk contains a header which indicates some parameters (e.g. the type of chunk, comments, size etc.). Following the header is a variable area containing data, which is decoded by the program from the parameters in the header.

Chunks may also be fragments of information which are downloaded or managed by P2P programs. 

In distributed computing, a chunk is a set of data which is sent to a processor or one of the parts of a computer for processing.

See also 
 Chunking (computing), a procedure for memory allocation or message transmission in computer programming

References

Data unit

ar:كتلة (معلومات)
ca:Chunk
es:Chunk
eo:Chunk
Corinth Refinery. Corinth Refinery is an  oil refining complex in Greece, the largest industrial complex in the country with a capacity of , and it is operated by Motor Oil Hellas.

Facilities

Fuels production
Crude oil is processed in the crude distillation unit, from which liquified petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, kerosene, diesel and fuel oil are produced. Kerosene and Diesel are further treated mainly in order to remove sulfur thus complying with the required specifications and to produce jet fuel and diesel fuel respectively (both automotive and heating grades).

Gasoline production
Naphtha is treated to produce gasoline of a high octane number, eliminating the need for adding tetraethyllead to gasoline.

Hydrocracker complex
This unit is the most recent investment project undertaken by the Company the capital expenditure of which amounted to € 350 million completed in 2005. The operation of the Hydrocracker enabled the production of the new clean fuels with low sulfur content according to the specifications of the European Union effective as of 2005 and 2009 (Auto Oil II). Furthermore, the unit contributed decisively to the improvement of the environmental conditions at the Refinery as the emissions from Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) were drastically reduced.

Fluid catalytic cracking complex
Atmospheric Fuel Oil is fed to the FCC complex to produce LPG, Gasoline, Diesel, and Fuel Oil. Parts of the LPGs are sent to downstream units and are converted into high quality gasoline components.

Lubricants production
Atmospheric Fuel Oil is also fed to the Lubes Vacuum Unit. After a series of processes in order to improve properties of the lubricants, such as viscosity index, pour point, cloud point, the final base lubes are produced and stored. Additionally, asphalt can be produced from the Lubes vacuum unit, whereas the bottoms of both vacuum units are routed to the visbreaker for further upgrading and production of fuel oil.

See also

 Aspropyrgos Refinery

References

External links
 Official Motor Oil Hellas site

Oil refineries in Greece
Corinth
1970 establishments in Greece
Open Build Service. The Open Build Service (formerly called openSUSE Build Service) is an open and complete distribution development platform designed to encourage developers to compile packages for multiple Linux distributions including SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, openSUSE, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Mandriva, Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, and Arch Linux. It typically simplifies the packaging process, so developers can more easily package a single program for many distributions, and many openSUSE releases, making more packages available to users regardless of what distribution they use. Also, product and appliance building is supported by OBS.

The Build Service software is published under the GPL. In an acknowledgement of its usefulness to the wider Linux community, the Linux Foundation has announced that the project will be added to the Linux Developer Network (LDN). Also, various companies, MeeGo project and Tizen are using it for developing their distribution.

It also delivers a collaboration environment, allowing developer groups to build and submit changes to other projects.



Workflow and usage
One can either run the Open Build Service as a private installation, or utilize public instances such as the openSUSE Build Service located at build.opensuse.org, hosted by SUSE. The latter offers up to 400 build slots, but external services may impose limitations as to what packages are allowed to be hosted, so private installations are usually chosen when proprietary or legally problematic software is to be hosted.

Each packager has a "home" project by default where they can upload sources and definitions on how to build RPM or Debian packages. Commits outside the home space is possible given permissions have been granted to a developer. After each upload, the Build Service schedules the changed packages to be rebuilt. On completion, the resulting binary packages are published instantaneously to the download server, which makes them available to the public.

The Build Service provides a public API which is implemented in several user interfaces:
 a web interface at build.opensuse.org
 a command line interface called 
Furthermore, a plug-in for integrating the Build Service into Eclipse is developed as a Google Summer of Code project, as well as a plugin for Qt Creator.

Instances can be linked, such that sources and packages from a remote host can be reused, thereby eliminating the need to bootstrap/import dependencies manually for preexisting projects.

See also
 openSUSE
 mer

References

External links
 
 openSUSE Build Service source code
 openSUSE Build Service tutorial
 openSUSE Build Service presentation at FOSDEM 2006 (Slides)
 openSUSE Build Service presentation at FOSDEM 2008 (Slides)
 (Video)

Build automation
SUSE Linux
Aspropyrgos Refinery. The Aspropyrgos Refinery is an oil refining complex located near Aspropyrgos, a suburb of Athens, in Greece. It is operated by Hellenic Petroleum. The refinery has a nominal annual refining capacity of 7.5 million tons ().

Equipment
The fluid catalytic cracking is the main conversion unit, with a nominal capacity of . The unit processes  atmospheric residue and vacuum gas oil of the Aspropyrgos and Thessaloniki refineries, to produce higher value products.

With the upgrade of the naphtha hydrodesulfurization and reforming units and with the operation of the TAME unit, the refinery is in a position to produce high octane gasoline with strict environmental specifications (10 ppm S) which supplies to the entire market and covers 80% of the total group production in gasoline products. With the upgrade of the diesel desulphurization unit and the distribution network, it is in a position to produce auto diesel (of 50 and 10 ppm S).

The Aspropyrgos refinery owns a large private harbour, has modern oil tanker and rail terminals, an extensive crude oil distribution pipeline network from Pachi – Megara, and a distribution pipeline for finished and semi-finished products from and to the Elefsina refinery. It is also connected, through a fuel pipeline, to the Eleftherios Venizelos Athens International Airport, having the main responsibility for fuel supply.

See also

 Corinth Refinery

External links
Official Hellenic Petroleum Site
www.images-words.com

Oil refineries in Greece
West Attica
Rain-out model. The rain-out model is a model of planetary science that describes the first stage of planetary differentiation and core formation. According to this model, a planetary body is assumed to be composed primarily of silicate minerals and NiFe (i.e. a mixture of nickel and iron). If temperatures within this body reach about 1500 K, the minerals and the metals will melt. This will produce an emulsion in which globules of liquid NiFe are dispersed in a magma of liquid silicates, the two being immiscible. Because the NiFe globules are denser than the silicates, they will sink under the influence of gravity to the centre of the planetary body—in effect, the globules of metal will "rain out" from the emulsion to the centre, forming a core.

According to the rain-out model, core formation was a relatively rapid process, taking a few dozen millennia to reach completion. This occurred at the end of a lengthy process in which the planets were assembled from colliding planetary embryos. Only the collisions of such large embryos could generate enough heat to melt entire bodies. Furthermore, it was only after all of the iron and nickel delivered by impacting bodies had arrived that core formation could proceed to completion.

However, this process of core formation was preceded by a long period of partial differentiation, in which some of the nickel and iron within the planetary embryos had begun to separate.

The rain-out model can be invoked to explain core formation in all the terrestrial planets, given that these consist primarily of silicates, nickel and iron. It can also be adapted to account for core formation in smaller bodies composed of ices and silicates. In such a case, it would be the denser silicates which would rain out to form a rocky core, while the volatile components would form an icy mantle.

See also
Iron catastrophe

References

Planetary science
Scientific models
Ahlen Water Tower. The Ahlen water tower is an industrial monument and landmark in the Ahlen, Germany.

The spherical water tank is  high and has a capacity of . From 1915 to 1917, the water tower served as the sole water supply for the Westphalia mine and the miners colony built in 1892 by Gelsenwasser AG.

Today the distinctive blue water tower is monument and is a historical example of the early development of riveting at the beginning of the 20th century.

Notes

Towers completed in 1892
Water towers in Germany
Westphalia
Argonaut Junior. Argonaut Junior was the first successful submarine built by the American engineer Simon Lake. Her main attribute, like that of the sub built by Lake in 1897, , was an air lock. Her dimensions were length , beam , and a depth of . Different sources incorrectly identify Argonaut No 1, and Argonaut No 2 as the name of this vessel.  Argonaut No 1 was built in 1897 and is  in length, Argonaut No 2 was a reconstruction of Argonaut No 1 finishing in 1900 with a length of  and significantly different profile.

Argonaut Junior was built in 1894 as a prototype by Lake after he was denied a contract by the U.S. Navy. It was triangular, made of wood (yellow pine), and had three wheels to keep it from getting stuck to the sea bottom. She moved along the bottom of Sandy Hook Bay by one or two men cranking the axle of the two driving wheels. With sufficient air pressure in the cabin, a bottom door (air lock) could be opened and no water would come into the boat. Then by putting on a pair of rubber boots the operator could walk around on the sea bottom and push the boat along with him and pick up objects from the sea bottom.

References

External links
The Simon Lake Submarine Web Site
Recreating Simon Lake's Argonaut Jr.

19th-century submarines of the United States
Curtiss XP-31 Swift. The Curtiss XP-31 Swift (Wright Field Project Number XP-934) was a 1930s American experimental monoplane fighter built by Curtiss for the United States Army Air Corps.

The XP-31 featured the first enclosed cockpit on a U.S. pursuit aircraft and was also the last pursuit aircraft to have fixed landing gear and externally braced wings. Despite its innovations, the XP-31 did not offer any advantages compared to its rival the Boeing P-26 Peashooter and was not ordered into series production.

Design and development
Curtiss offered the XP-31 (given the Wright Field Project Number XP-934) in a 1932 competition with the P-26. It was a low-wing monoplane with fixed landing gear, first flown in July. It was the AAC's first single-seat closed-cockpit fighter, and the last with fixed gear and wing struts. Despite its small size, it was badly overweight, and carried 125 gallons (104 imp gal, 474 L) of fuel. Although Curtiss considered the design significant in that it introduced various new technologies, compared to its contemporaries the XP-31 was already outmoded, and, more importantly, testing showed that it fell below performance expectations.

Testing and evaluation

Powered by a 700 hp (520 kW) R-1750 Cyclone radial, its performance was dismal, despite retractable leading edge slots and large trailing-edge flaps, so a 600 hp (450 kW) Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror was substituted. In this form, the Curtiss XP-31 Swift (s/n 33-178) was delivered on 1 March 1933, having already lost to the P-26. The sole example was scrapped in 1935.

Operators

United States Army Air Corps

Specifications

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft 1907-1947. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1979. .
 Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada: Prospero Books, 1997. .
 Dorr, Robert F. and David Donald. Fighters of the United States Air Force. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1990. .
 Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. .
 Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Fighters: Army-Air Force 1925 to 1980s. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1975. .
 Pedigree of Champions: Boeing Since 1916, Third Edition. Seattle, Washington: The Boeing Company, 1969.

External links

Curtiss P-31
P-31 Swift
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Friedemann Mattern. Friedemann Mattern (born 28 July 1955) is a German scientist.

After studying computer science with a minor in communication sciences at the University of Bonn, Mattern became a VLSI design and parallelism researcher at Kaiserslautern University of Technology.
He got his doctorate degree in 1989 after writing a dissertation on distributed algorithms. In 1991 Mattern was offered a teaching position at Saarland University in Saarbrücken; in 1994 he moved to the Department of Computer Science of the Technische Universität Darmstadt. In 1999 Mattern responded to ETH Zurich's call for the establishment of a Ubiquitous Computing research group. Since fall 2002, he has been on the Institute for Pervasive Computing Founding Board.  Currently he is in charge of the Distributed Systems program at ETH Zurich. Mattern is also a co-founder of the common M-Lab Competency Center at ETH Zurich and the University of St. Gallen.

Together with Colin Fidge, he developed the vector clock algorithm, which allows one to generate a partial ordering of events in a distributed system and to detect causality violations.

Publications
Distributed Algorithms for Termination Detection 
Virtual Time and Global States of Distributed Systems
Detecting Causal Relationships in Distributed Computations: In Search of the Holy Grail 
Social, Economic, and Ethical Implications of Ambient Intelligence and Ubiquitous Computing
Vom Verschwinden des Computers - Die Vision des Ubiquitous Computing 
Das Internet der Dinge: Ubiquitous Computing und RFID in der Praxis. Visionen, Technologien, Anwendungen, Handlungsanleitungen ( 2005, Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, ) (as editor alongside Elgar Fleisch)

References

German computer scientists
1955 births
Living people
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Aubin Olivier. Aubin Olivier () was a French engineer who introduced use of the screw press coin minting technique to France.  To reform French coinage, Henri II sent Olivier to investigate press technology being used by an Augsburg goldsmith. Olivier subsequently established the Royal Mill Mint () on the Île de la Cité in Paris.

See also
 History of mints
 Jean Varin

References

French engineers
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
Cuneane. Cuneane () is a saturated hydrocarbon with the formula  and a 3D structure resembling a wedge, hence the name. Cuneane may be produced from cubane by metal-ion-catalyzed σ-bond rearrangement. Similar reactions are known for  () and bishomocubane ().

Molecular geometry 
The carbon atoms in the cuneane molecule form a hexahedron with point group C2v.
The cuneane molecule has three kinds of equivalent carbon atoms (A, B, C), which have also been confirmed by NMR. The molecular graph of the carbon skeleton of cuneane is a regular graph with non-equivalent groups of vertices, and so it is a very important test object for different algorithms of mathematical chemistry.

Derivatives 
Some cuneane derivatives have liquid crystal properties.

References

Polycyclic nonaromatic hydrocarbons
Cyclopropanes
Cyclobutanes
Fourth hand (tool). A fourth hand is the name of a specialized bicycle tool for manipulating brake and derailleur cables. The fourth hand allows a mechanic to keep the cable in place while they adjust the tension. Generally the fourth hand contains a locking mechanism.

The fourth hand is sometimes called a "cable puller" or "cable stretcher." Modern fourth hands are an improvement on an earlier generation of cable stretchers known as "third hands," hence the name.

See also
 Bicycle mechanic

Tools
Windrose. Windrose or wind rose can refer to:

 Wind rose, a meteorologist's graphic tool
 Compass rose, a compass subdivision
 Compass rose network, a network composed by a group of Compass roses emerging from hexadecagon vertices
 Maupin Windrose, an American glider design
 Windrose 5.5, an American sailboat design
 Wind Rose Aviation, a Ukrainian airline
 Wind Rose, an Italian power metal band
IAR 37. The IAR 37 was a 1930s Romanian reconnaissance or light bomber aircraft built by Industria Aeronautică Română.

Development
The IAR 37 prototype was flown for the first time in 1937 to meet a requirement for a tactical bombing and reconnaissance aircraft. The IAR 37 was an unequal-span single bay biplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear and powered by a licensed copy of the Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major radial engine called the  IAR K14-II C32  with 870 HP. It had room for a crew of three under a continuous glazed cockpit, pilot at the front then observer and a gunner at the rear. It had dual controls and was fitted with a locally designed bombsight and a camera. The IAR 37 entered production in 1938, but production of the engine lagged, preventing the aircraft from being completed, and it was replaced on the production line by the IAR 38, powered by the reliable BMW 132 engine. As availability and reliability of the K.14 engine improved, the incomplete IAR 37s were fitted with IAR K.14-III C36 with 930 HP to allow their completion and production was switched to the improved IAR 39, which also used the IAR K.14-IV C32 with 960HP. Total production of all three types was 380, at both IAR and SET, continuing until October 1944 with the majority being IAR 39s.

Operational history
The aircraft entered service with the Royal Romanian Air Force in 1938 and, by the end of the 1940, they equipped a large number of squadrons. When Romania supported the German offensive against the Soviet Union in 1941, 15 of the 18 reconnaissance squadrons were equipped with IAR biplanes. The IAR 39 was used by most of the reconnaissance squadrons involved in the 1941 offensive against the Soviet Union.

When the new post-war government was formed in 1947, a smaller number of IAR 39s were used by the new Romanian Air Force for training and liaison.

Variants
IAR 37Initial production. Powered by  IAR K14-II C32 - 649 kW (870 hp) engine. 50 built (IAR).
IAR 38Powered by 522 kW (700 hp) BMW 132A engine owing to unavailability of K14. Taller tail. 75 built (IAR).
IAR 39Revised version of IAR 38 reverting to IAR K.14-III C36 - 690 kW (930 hp) engine. 255 built (95 at IAR and 160 at SET).

Operators
 Kingdom of Romania
Royal Romanian Air Force

Romanian Air Force

Specifications (IAR 39)

See also

References

Bibliography

 Axworthy, Max. "On Three Fronts: Romania's Aircraft Industry During World War Two". Air Enthusiast, No. 56, Winter 1994. pp. 8–27. .
 Axworthy, Mark. "Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945". London: Arms and Armour. 1995.
 
 Morosanu, Teodor Liviu. "Romanian Reconnaissance". Air International, April 1994, Vol 46 No 4.  pp. 207–211. .

37
1930s Romanian military reconnaissance aircraft
1930s Romanian bomber aircraft
World War II Romanian reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
IMAM Ro.30. The IMAM Ro.30 was a 1930s Italian observation biplane designed and built by Industrie Meccaniche e Aeronautiche Meridionali. It was only built in limited numbers before being replaced by the Ro.37.

Development
Following the success of earlier observation biplanes the Ro.30 was developed in 1932 for the Regia Aeronautica. It was an unequal-span biplane  with a fixed tailwheel landing gear. It had an enclosed cockpit for the pilot located forward of the wing leading edge, an observer had a cabin between the wings, and the third crew member had an open cockpit behind the wings. It was powered either a 395 kW (530 hp) Alfa Romeo Mercury or a 373 kW (530 hp) Piaggio Jupiter radial engine.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications (Ro.30 with Jupiter engine)

See also

References

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 2193

Ro.30
1930s Italian military reconnaissance aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1932