omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dorodango. is a Japanese art form in which earth and water are combined and moulded, then carefully polished to create a delicate shiny sphere.

Etymology
The phrase  is derived from the Japanese words  and .

Technique

Making the basic dorodango is a traditional pastime for school children.

More recently, the process has been refined into the art of the hikaru ("shining") dorodango (), which has a glossy surface. Several different techniques can be used. Across all methods, a core of the ball is made of basic mud, which has been carefully shaped by hand to be as round as possible. This core is left to dry, and then methodically and carefully dusted with finely sifted soil to create a crust several millimeters thick around the core. This step may be repeated several times, with finer and finer grains of dirt in order to create a smooth and shiny surface. A cloth then may be used to gently polish the surface. The dorodango, once completed, may look like a polished stone sphere, but it is still very fragile. The process requires several hours and careful focus so as not to break the ball.

In popular culture
In Christopher Paolini's novel series The Inheritance Cycle, protagonist Eragon witnesses Orik, the King of the Dwarves, carrying out a Dwarvish tradition of making an erôthknurl. The process of making an erôthknurl is highly similar to the process of making dorodango. 

In the Discovery Channel series MythBusters episode "End with a Bang" (Episode 113), which first aired on November 12, 2008, hosts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman investigated the truth behind everyday sayings. They used the dorodango technique to create dung spheres in order to bust the myth that one "can't polish a turd". Using a glossmeter, they measured gloss levels substantially higher than the value of 70 gloss units, which is considered "high gloss". Savage's 106-gloss unit dorodango used an ostrich's feces, while Hyneman's 183-gloss unit specimen used a lion's feces. They therefore deemed the myth "busted".

In episode 14, "Footsteps", of the anime series Your Lie in April, the character Tsubaki Sawabe polishes a dorodango to show to the protagonist, Kousei, in a flashback sequence. However, it falls apart sometime during the sequence before she can show Kousei, representing her feelings for Kousei in the present day.

In Story of Seasons: Friends of Mineral Town, Popuri gives the main character a dorodango as a gift.

See also
Mud pie

References

External links

"Shiny Mud Balls: Kyoto Professor Taps into the Essence of Play"
Illustrated step-by-step guide to making Hikaru Dorodango
Dorodango: Shining Mud Ball
"Shiny Balls of Mud" - (William Gibson, TATE Magazine)
Bruce Gardner's dorodango (interview)

Children's street culture
Sculpture techniques
Japanese games
Japanese words and phrases
SS Richard K. Call. SS Richard K. Call was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Richard K. Call, an American attorney and politician, the 3rd and 5th territorial governor of Florida. Before that, he was elected to the Florida Territorial Council and as a delegate to the US Congress from Florida.

Construction
Richard K. Call was laid down on 21 February 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2473, by the St. Johns River Shipbuilding Company, Jacksonville, Florida; she was sponsored by Mrs. Lee S. White, a yard employee, and was launched on 15 April 1944.

History
She was allocated to the United States Navigation Company, on 28 April 1944. On 17 December 1947, she was laid up in the James River Reserve Fleet, Lee Hall, Virginia. On 26 April 1952, she was laid up in the Hudson River Reserve Fleet, Jones Point, New York. On 27 April 1953, she was withdrawn from the fleet to be loaded with grain under the "Grain Program 1953", she returned loaded on 7 May 1953. On 22 January 1958, she was withdrawn to be unload, she returned on empty 30 January 1958. On 13 August 1958, she was withdrawn from the fleet to be loaded with grain under the "Grain Program 1958", she returned loaded on 28 August 1958. On 15 April 1959, she was withdrawn to be unload, she returned on empty 22 April 1959. She was sold for scrapping, 12 January 1970, to Union Minerals and Alloys Corporation, for $41,273.54. She was removed from the fleet on 16 April 1970.

References

Bibliography

 
 
 
 

Liberty ships
Ships built in Jacksonville, Florida
1944 ships
James River Reserve Fleet
Hudson River Reserve Fleet
Hudson River Reserve Fleet Grain Program
Manchester School of Technology. The Manchester School of Technology (MST) is a high school located at 100 Gerald Connors Circle, in Manchester, New Hampshire, United States, part of the Manchester School District. In addition to the typical high school courses, Manchester School of Technology offers courses called "Careers in Technology and Engineering" (CTE), which are programs of study that focus on applied applications, rather than the theoretical or abstract. These CTE classes are typically taken in the 10th and 11th grade, though can be taken in the 12th grade as well. The instructors for the CTE programs experienced in the trade they teach, having worked in the field and bring their own job experience to their classes. The classrooms of the CTE programs offer the tools used in the workforce that a student would need to be acquainted with.

Until its establishment of the dedicated high school in 2012, the Manchester School of Technology only offered CTE classes to 11th and 12th grade students in addition to their studies at other high schools.

Careers in Technology and Engineering 
Business/Marketing
Applied Business Management
Academy of Finance
Sports & Entertainment Marketing
Communications
Design Communication
Graphic and Game Design
Video Production
Construction
Landscape / Horticulture
Electrical Technology
Residential Carpentry
Residential Plumbing & HVAC
Mechanical/Technology
Automotive Technology
Collision Repair / Refinish Technology
Architecture & Civil Engineering
Manufacturing Technology
Services
Early Childhood Education
Cosmetology
Culinary Arts
Basic Culinary
Public Safety
Health Science Technology Education

References

External links 
 Manchester School of Technology official website

Schools in Manchester, New Hampshire
Public high schools in New Hampshire
Micromy. Micromy is a hard surface coating company based in Täby, Sweden. The company specializes in applying hard coating to a wide range of substrate materials using a PVD process (Physical vapor deposition). Depending on the application, different coating film materials can be produced, such as TiN (titanium nitride), TiC, TiNC (grey, anthracite, black), AlTiN (violet, black) or DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon). The coating is mainly used for industrial applications based on the different properties of the materials. However, the PVD process results in a finish such that many coatings are equally suitable for decorative purposes.

In addition to their production, Micromy also conducts research in the Täby facility. One of the applications of their research results is a new surface layer called micronite. Compared to conventional PVD coatings, micronite has outstanding tribological and corrosive properties.

The coatings offered by Micromy include coatings approved for medical use under the guidelines of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As such, they are suitable for sensitive applications like implants or drug manufacturing parts where biocompatibility is a requirement or where abrasive residue must be strictly controlled.

Micromy offers a low-temperature variant of the PVD process that makes it applicable for metal objects prone to heat deformation, or even polymer materials.

Although most of the revenue is generated from contract work on customer objects or substrates, Micromy also offers a small portfolio of their own articles. Most noted are their ultra-sharp scissors (both surgical scissors and haircutting/barber scissors). They also produce some jewelry items.

Companies based in Stockholm County
Engineering companies of Sweden
East Tennessee Railway. The East Tennessee Railway, L.P.  is a short line railroad connecting CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway in Johnson City, Tennessee. Since 2005, the railroad has been owned by Genesee and Wyoming, an international operator of short line railroads, as part of its Rail Link group. The railroad uses a single diesel locomotive, SW1200 #214, to serve a small number of industries and a transloading facility, as well as to provide interchange services between NS and CSX.

The current standard gauge railroad is a remnant of a larger, narrow gauge railroad, the East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad, chartered in 1866 to haul iron ore from Cranberry, North Carolina to Johnson City across the Appalachian Mountains. Through an acquisition and track extensions, the railroad grew to serve Boone, North Carolina and Saginaw, North Carolina. ET&WNC used dual gauge tracks between Johnson City and Elizabethton; eventually the railroad ceased all narrow gauge operations and only operated standard gauge service on this one section. Later, with a change in ownership this limited line was reorganized as the East Tennessee Railway.

In 2003, the last train left Elizabethton, TN and in 2009 the line was formally abandoned and railbanked. The rails and ties were removed in 2012 to make way for a rail-trail.  The East Tennessee Railway still services customers around the yard in Johnson City and still makes deliveries to the CSXT and NS. ETRY started out with a two-man crew for many years, and have just now upped to a three-man crew.  Operations are Monday through Friday. It can hold up to 286,000 pounds of supplies.

See also

Tweetsie Railroad
East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad
Genesee & Wyoming Inc.

References

External links
East Tennessee Railway official webpage - Genesee and Wyoming website
Tennessee Shortline Railroad Directory 
HawkinsRails.net East Tennessee Rwy page

Tennessee railroads
Genesee & Wyoming
Kenmore Air Harbor. Kenmore Air Harbor  is a public-use seaplane base at the northern end of Lake Washington and
 south of the central business district of Kenmore, Washington, U.S. It primarily serves western Washington and parts of southwestern British Columbia. The base is primarily used by regional seaplane airline Kenmore Air.

Facilities and aircraft 
Kenmore Air Harbor covers an area of  at an elevation of 14 feet (4 m) above mean sea level. It has two seaplane landing areas: 16/34 is 10,000 by 1,000 feet (3,048 x 305 m) and 18/36 is 3,000 by 1,000 feet (914 x 305 m).

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 43,000 aircraft operations, an average of 118 per day: 81% air taxi and 18% general aviation. At that time there were 26 single-engine aircraft based at this airport.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

In the arts 
Kenmore Air Harbor is the base for the "San Juan Island Run" mission supplied with Microsoft Flight Simulator X. The seaplane base was also the site of the final task for The Amazing Race 35.

See also
 List of airports in Washington

References

External links 
 Kenmore Air
 Aerial photo as of 10 July 1990 from USGS The National Map
 

Airports in King County, Washington
Seaplane bases in the United States
Airports established in 1946
1946 establishments in Washington (state)
Supervisory circuit. Supervisory circuits are electronic circuits that monitor one or more parameters of systems such as power supplies and microprocessors which must be maintained within certain limits, and take appropriate action if a parameter goes out of bounds, creating an unacceptable or dangerous situation.

Supervisory circuits are known by a variety of names, including battery monitors, power supply monitors, supply supervisory circuits, and reset circuits.

Thermal protection

A thermal protection circuit consists of a temperature-monitoring circuit and a control circuit.  The control circuit may either shut down the circuitry it is protecting, reduce the power available in order to avoid overheating, or notify the system (software or user).  These circuits may be quite complex, programmable and software-run, or simple with predefined limits.

Overvoltage and undervoltage protection

Voltage protection circuits protect circuitry from either overvoltage or undervoltage; either of these situations can have detrimental effects. Supervisory circuits that specifically focus on voltage regulation are often sold as supply voltage supervisors and will reset the protected circuit when the voltage returns to operating range.

Two types of overvoltage protection devices are currently used: clamping, which passes through voltages up to a certain level, and foldback, which shunts voltage away from the load.  The shunting creates a short circuit which removes power from the protected circuitry.  In certain applications this circuitry can reset itself after the dangerous condition has passed.

Fire Alarm Systems 
Fire Alarm systems often supervise inputs and outputs with an end-of-line device such as a resistor or capacitor. The system looks for changes in resistance or capacitance values to determine if the circuit has an abnormal condition.

References

See also
  From the Littelfuse Electronics Designer guide. PDF contains a good introduction to circuit protection.

Electronic circuits
Engineering College Magazines Associated. Engineering College Magazines Associated (ECMA) is a professional association of student engineering publications at colleges and universities in the United States.

History
ECMA was founded in 1920 by W.B. Littell, who worked for the New York City advertising firm Littell-Murray-Barnhill.

According to the American Society for Engineering Education's Prism Magazine, "ECMA was created in the 1920s to be a single interface for companies wanting to recruit engineering graduates through ads in the magazines published by engineering colleges." There are records of ECMA member publications meeting for conferences as early as 1923.

ECMA today 
Over the years, ECMA has evolved into more of a professional society, recognizing student engineering publications and allowing students’ access to many top workers in the publication industry, as well as the knowledge they possess. Every year, one school hosts the ECMA conference.

Past Conferences
2000 - University of California at Berkeley
2001 - University of Colorado
2002 - Ohio State University
2003 - University of Minnesota
2004 - University of Pennsylvania
2005 - University of Nebraska–Lincoln
2006 - Howard University (Scheduled but not held)

References

Participating publications
 California Engineer (University of California at Berkeley)
 Colorado Engineer Magazine (University of Colorado at Boulder)
 Cornell Science and Technology Magazine (Cornell University)
 Engineers' Forum Magazine (Virginia Tech)
 Howard Engineer (Howard University)
 Illinois Technograph (University of Illinois)
 The E&S  (Louisiana Tech University)
 Nebraska Blueprint (University of Nebraska)
 Ohio State Engineer (Ohio State University)
 Pennsylvania Triangle (University of Pennsylvania)
 Purdue Engineering Magazine (Purdue University)
 Technical Review (University of Notre Dame)
 Information Technology (University of Minnesota)
 Wisconsin Engineer (University of Wisconsin–Madison)
 Manhattan Engineer (Manhattan University)

Engineering journals
Business magazines published in the United States
Bifluoride. The bifluoride ion is an inorganic anion with the chemical formula . The anion is colorless. Salts of bifluoride are commonly encountered in the reactions of fluoride salts with hydrofluoric acid. The commercial production of fluorine involves electrolysis of bifluoride salts.

Structure and bonding
The bifluoride ion has a linear, centrosymmetric structure (D∞h symmetry), with an F−H bond length of 114 pm. The bond strength is estimated to be greater than 155 kJ/mol. In molecular orbital theory, the atoms are modeled to be held together by a 3-center 4-electron bond (symmetrical hydrogen bond), in a sort of hybrid between a hydrogen bond and a covalent bond.

Reactions
Salts, such as potassium bifluoride and ammonium bifluoride are produced by treating fluoride salts with hydrofluoric acid:
, where  =  or 
Potassium bifluoride binds a second equivalent of HF:

Heating these salts releases anhydrous HF.

The bifluoride anion is present in solutions of HF and buffered oxide etch, used in microfabrication etching. In these processes, bifluoride breaks down silicon oxides, doing more effectively than HF (~4.5 times faster).

References

Anions
Fluorides
Bifluorides
Reckless Engineering. Reckless Engineering is a BBC Books original novel written by Nick Walters and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor, Fitz, Anji and Trix.

Plot
The story is set in an alternate universe and features Isambard Kingdom Brunel; the cover is based on a famous photo of Brunel standing in front of the launching chains for the SS Great Eastern.

Set during the 1840s, the Doctor and his companions arrive during the Industrial Revolution in England, and learn that an inventor has been ordered by an alien force to construct a machine known as the Utopia Engine, a machine that will cause the entire planet to rapidly age. Anybody below the age of puberty will survive, but those above it will age to death.

Brunel, who has unknowingly been supplying parts for this engine, unites with the Doctor to destroy the engine after learning of the post-apocalyptic future the Doctor has foreseen.

External links

2003 British novels
2003 science fiction novels
Eighth Doctor Adventures
British science fiction novels
British steampunk novels
Novels by Nick Walters
Novels set in the 1840s
Twin-carbon arc welding. Unlike single-carbon arc welding, in twin-carbon arc welding (TCAW) the arc is maintained between two carbon (graphite) electrodes held in a special holder. The Ac current was usually used. It was switched on by operating bringing two electrodes closer by a mechanism which also adjusted arc length. The two electrodes touch momentarily, then separate and thus an arc is established. TCAW is unshielded and no artificial pressure is applied.

History 

TCAW was first proposed in 1874.

Use 

The size of the arc depends upon the distance between the electrode tips, electrode diameters and the welding current. The heat input to the job can be varied by changing the arc size or the distance between the arc and workpiece. After striking the arc, welding can be carried out in the same way as in TIG welding process.

An AC supply is recommended for TCAW. In case a DC supply is used, the positive electrode will disintegrate and consume at a much faster rate as compared to negative electrode, because two-thirds of the total heat is generated at the positive anode. This will produce an unstable arc and require frequent adjustment of the electrodes. In AC welding, because of alternate reversals of polarity, both the electrodes will be affected equally and present no problem.

The electrodes employed for TCAW are approximately of the same diameter as the workpiece thickness. The magnitude of arc current required for welding depends upon both electrode diameter and plate thickness. For example, an 8 mm diameter electrode will need about 65 amps to weld a mild steel sheet of thickness 3.5 mm and 80 Amps to weld a sheet of 6 mm thickness.

TCAW, though more complex than single carbon arc welding, possesses the advantage that arc is independent of the job and can be moved anywhere without getting extinguished. Moreover, the workpiece is not a part of the electrical circuit.

While carbon electrodes have been replaced by tungsten and other alternatives in many places, in developing countries simple twin carbon-arc torches are a cheaper and more sustainable alternative to oxyacetylene torches. A simple version of a TCAW apparatus was designed in Ethiopia, it has reduced costs and improved the accessibility of welding services.

References 

Arc welding
Titanium(III) oxide. Titanium(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ti2O3. A black semiconducting solid, it is prepared by reducing titanium dioxide with titanium metal at 1600 °C.

Ti2O3 adopts the Al2O3 (corundum) structure. It is reactive with oxidising agents. At around 200 °C, there is a transition from semiconducting to metallic conducting. Titanium(III) oxide occurs naturally as the extremely rare mineral in the form of tistarite.

Other titanium(III) oxides include LiTi2O4 and LiTiO2.

References

Titanium(III) compounds
Sesquioxides
Transition metal oxides
Semiconductor materials
Tungsten disilicide. Tungsten disilicide (WSi2) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of tungsten. It is an electrically conductive ceramic material.

Chemistry
Tungsten disilicide can react violently with substances such as strong acids, fluorine, oxidizers, and interhalogens.

Applications
It is used in microelectronics as a contact material, with resistivity 60–80 μΩ cm; it forms at 1000 °C. It is often used as a shunt over polysilicon lines to increase their conductivity and increase signal speed. Tungsten disilicide layers can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition, e.g. using monosilane or dichlorosilane with tungsten hexafluoride as source gases. The deposited film is non-stoichiometric, and requires annealing to convert to more conductive stoichiometric form. Tungsten disilicide is a replacement for earlier tungsten films. Tungsten disilicide is also used as a barrier layer between silicon and other metals, e.g. tungsten.

Tungsten disilicide is also of value towards use in microelectromechanical systems, where it is mostly applied as thin films for fabrication of microscale circuits. For such purposes, films of tungsten disilicide can be plasma-etched using e.g. nitrogen trifluoride gas.

WSi2 performs well in applications as oxidation-resistant coatings. In particular, in similarity to Molybdenum disilicide, MoSi2, the high emissivity of tungsten disilicide makes this material attractive for high temperature radiative cooling, with implications in heat shields.

References

Ceramic materials
Group 6 silicides
Refractory materials
Semiconductor materials
Tungsten compounds
ETP. ETP may refer to: 

 Eastern Treatment Plant, in Melbourne, Australia
 Economic Transformation Programme, in Malaysia
 Effluent treatment plant
 Ekalokam Trust for Photography, in Tamil Nadu, India
 Electrolytic tough-pitch, a type of oxygen-free copper
 Electronics Training Program of the United States Navy
 Employment termination payment
 Energy Technology Perspectives, an annual report series of the International Energy Agency
 Endogenous thrombin potential
 Energy Transfer Partners, an American natural gas and propane company
 Entertainment Technology Partners, an American entertainment technology company
 Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, a scholarly journal
 Ethical Tea Partnership
 Ethylene to propylene
 European Technology Platform for the Electricity Networks of the Future
 European training programs
 Exchange-traded product