omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Edwin J. Vandenberg. Edwin J. Vandenberg (September 13, 1918 – June 11, 2005) was a chemist at Hercules Inc. and a researcher at Arizona State University.

Vandenberg is best known for his work at Hercules in the 1950s through the 1970s that included the independent discovery of isotactic polypropylene, the development of Ziegler-type catalysts and epoxide polymerization.

The Vandenberg catalyst is named after him.  This catalyst is an aluminoxane, prepared from an alkyl-aluminium and water, used as a catalyst in the manufacture of polyether elastomers.

Early life and education
Vandenberg was raised in Hawthorne, New Jersey.  His father owned a grain and feed store. He graduated in 1935 as part of the first graduating class at Hawthorne High School. He attended the Stevens Institute of Technology, earning an ME degree in 1939 and a D Eng degree in 1965.

Awards
 ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry (1981)
 ACS Award in Applied Polymer Science (1991)
 ACS ACS Rubber Division's Charles Goodyear Medal (1991)
 ACS Polymer Division's Herman F. Mark Award (1992)
 Society of Plastics Engineers International Award (1994).
 Priestley Medal (2003)

References

20th-century American chemists
1918 births
2005 deaths
People from Hawthorne, New Jersey
Polymer scientists and engineers
Hawthorne High School (New Jersey) alumni
Scientists from New Jersey
Arizona State University faculty
Stevens Institute of Technology alumni
Benelli B76. The B76 is a pistol manufactured in Italy by Benelli.

Design
First manufactured in 1976, the Benelli B76 is a locked-breech, fixed-barrel semi-automatic handgun. The B76's trigger is of a double-action/single-action type and the firearm works thanks to a unique "inertia lock" system, as explained in . In this system, the gun has a bolt provided with ribs extending transversely to the bolt axis and adapted to engage in and disengage from corresponding mating grooves in the receiver, and a locking lever that links the bolt with the slide which acts as a bolt carrier. Upon firing, while the pistol recoils in the hand of the shooter, the inertia of the slide makes it maintain its position relative to the receiver, constraining the bolt ribs' motion in the corresponding grooves via the locking lever, and so keeping the breech positively locked. As soon as the recoil movement of the pistol in the hand of the shooter slows down, the slide tends to continue its rearward movement, so retreating relative to the receiver. At that point, the locking lever does not force the bolt into its locking recesses any more and the bolt is free to recoil as well, pushed by the residual pressure of the gasses in the barrel with enough force to complete the shooting cycle.

Manufacture was discontinued at the end of the 1980s.

References 
 Modern Firearms article
 Instruction Manual
 Forgotten Weapons - Benelli B76 Family: Italian Inertial Locking Autopistols

.32 ACP semi-automatic pistols
9×18mm Ultra firearms
9mm Parabellum semi-automatic pistols
7.65×21mm Parabellum semi-automatic pistols
.32 S&W Long firearms
Benelli semi-automatic pistols
Lever-delayed blowback firearms
Semi-automatic pistols of Italy
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1976
UFR. UFR may refer to :
 Under Frequency Relay, a type of protective relay used to trip an electrical line when its operating frequency drops below a certain threshold.
 Unité de formation et de recherche (Unit of Formation and Research), a faculty in French universities and some others (University of Ouagadougou)
 Union des Forces pour le Renouveau (Union of the Renewal Forces), a political party in Burkina Faso
 Ultimate Fighting Revolution, a Martial arts tournament
 Union of Resistance Forces, rebel group in Chad
 Ultra Fast Rendering, a printer language
 Université de Franche-Comté, a University in eastern France

See also
 UFRaw, an application which can read and manipulate photographs in raw image formats
BM-24. The BM-24 is a multiple rocket launcher designed in the Soviet Union. It is capable of launching 240mm rockets from 12 launch tubes. Versions of the BM-24 have been mounted on the ZIS-151 and ZIL-157 6×6 Truck chassis and the AT-S tracked artillery tractor, forming the BM-24T from the latter. Production began out of Automotive Factory no. 2 in 1947 in Moscow. Israel operated one battalion, consisting of vehicles captured from Egypt in the Six-Day War. The battalion took part in the Yom Kippur War and the 1982 Lebanon War.

Variants
BM-24 (8U31) – Basic model, mounted on a ZIS-151 chassis.
BM-24M (2B3) – Modified model, mounted on a ZIL-157 chassis.
BM-24T – Tracked model, mounted on an AT-S chassis.
Israeli upgraded variant.

Operators

Current operators 

: 30 BM-24 

: KN-16 and BM-24

Former operators

: 48 in store 

: 36 in store

See also
Katyusha rocket launcher

Photo gallery

References

External links

Multiple rocket launchers of the Soviet Union
Military vehicles introduced from 1945 to 1949
BM-25 (multiple rocket launcher). The BM-25 Korshun (Kite) as its Russian (GRAU designation 2K5) name was a multiple rocket launcher designed in the Soviet Union. It was capable of launching 3R7 250 mm rockets from six launch tubes. The support vehicle is a YAZ-214.

Development
The system was developed in scientific research institute NII-88 in 1953. Its rockets were propelled by a mix of kerosene and nitric acid. It has a range of 55km but was inaccurate.

Use 
Due to severe inaccuracy of the rocket, only a small quantity had been produced in USSR from 1957 to 1960. It was exported to South Yemen, which used them against North Yemen.

See also
Katyusha rocket launcher

Notes

 

Cold War artillery of the Soviet Union
Multiple rocket launchers of the Soviet Union
Military vehicles introduced in the 1950s
Engelsberg–Norberg Railway. Engelsberg–Norbergs Järnväg, the Engelsberg–Norberg Railway, is a  railway between Ängelsberg and Kärrgruvan in the province of Västmanland in Sweden, now being used by the Engelsbergs Norberg Järnvägshistoriska förening (ENJ), a heritage railway association.

History
The  long railway line was built in the 1850s with the purpose of transporting iron ore between the Norberg mining area and the lake Åmänningen, for further transport on barges on the Strömsholm Canal. Transport of goods on the first part of the line, Kärrgruvan – Trättbo begun in December 1853 with the first steam engine built in Sweden, Förstlingen (the First One), constructed by the Munktell Mechanical Workshops in Eskilstuna. A reconstructed company,  Norbergs Nya Järnvägs AB  was formed in 1855 and finished the whole line to Ängelsberg at the lake of Åmänningen in 1856. At that time the railway had a  gauge, widened to the Swedish  in 1876.

In 1962 passenger service was discontinued, followed by freight services in the mid 1990s.

The Heritage Railway Association
Engelsbergs Norberg Järnvägshistoriska förening (ENJ), the Engelsberg-Norberg Heritage Railway Association, started in 1999, aims to organize regular traffic for tourists with diesel railcars between  Ängelsberg and Kärrgruvan. The association has two locomotive sheds, including a roundhouse and turntable at Ängelsberg and a shed at Kärrgruvan. The latter was built in 1857 and is the oldest preserved locomotive shed in Sweden.

ENJ uses three 1950s railcars for regular traffic:
The Multiple Unit YBo7 No 1156, constructed 1957 by ASJ, Östersund
The Multiple Unit YBo7 No 1255, constructed 1959 by Eksjö-verken, Eksjö
The Control Unit Ybfoby No 2076

ENJ also has other stock for permanent way and maintenance use, including:
0-4-0DM Deutz 'Grodan' (Frog), in green

As well as various coaching stock awaiting restoration in the sidings at Kärrgruvan. ENJ's long term hopes are to run a summer steam service on the line, and has secured these coaches to be used when appropriate motive power becomes available. For now, the railcars provide the backbone of the service.

Photo gallery

References

Note
This article is based on the article about the Engelsberg-Norbergs Järnväg in the Swedish language Wikipedia.

External links
 http://www.enj.se Officiell hemsida för Engelsbergs Norberg Järnvägshistoriska förening (in Swedish)

Heritage railways in Sweden
Railway museums in Sweden
Museums in Västmanland County
Narrow gauge railways in Sweden
Methanation. Methanation is the conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (COx) to methane (CH4) through hydrogenation. The methanation reactions of COx were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902.

COx methanation has many practical applications. It is a means of carbon oxide removal from process gases and is also being discussed as an alternative to PROX in fuel processors for mobile fuel cell applications.

Methanation as a means of producing synthetic natural gas has been considered since the 1970s. More recently it has been considered as a way to store energy produced from solar or wind power using power-to-gas systems in conjunction with existing natural gas storage.

Chemical reactions 
The following reactions describe the methanation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide respectively:
CO + 3H2 -> CH4 + H2O  -206 kJ/mol
CO2 + 4H2 -> CH4 + 2 H2O  -164 kJ/mol
The methanation reactions are classified as exothermic and their energy of formations are listed.

There is disagreement on whether the CO2 methanation occurs by first associatively adsorbing an adatom hydrogen  and forming oxygen intermediates before hydrogenation or dissociating and forming a carbonyl before being hydrogenated. CO is believed to be methanated through a dissociative mechanism where the carbon-oxygen bond is broken before hydrogenation with an associative mechanism only being observed at high H2 concentrations.

Methanation reaction over different carried metal catalysts including Ni, Ru and Rh has been widely investigated for the production of CH4 from syngas and other power to gas initiatives. Nickel is the most widely used catalyst due to its high selectivity and low cost.

Industrial applications

Creation of synthetic natural gas 
Methanation is an important step in the creation of synthetic or substitute natural gas (SNG). Coal or wood undergo gasification which creates a producer gas that must undergo methanation in order to produce a usable gas that just needs to undergo a final purification step.

The first commercial synthetic gas plant opened in 1984 and is the Great Plains Synfuel plant in Beulah, North Dakota. It is still operational and produces 1500 MW worth of SNG using coal as the carbon source. In the years since its opening, other commercial facilities have been opened using other carbon sources such as wood chips.

In France, the AFUL Chantrerie, located in Nantes, started in November 2017 the demonstrator MINERVE. This methanation unit of 14 Nm3/day was carried out by Top Industrie, with the support of Leaf. This installation is used to feed a CNG station and to inject methane into the natural gas boiler.

Ammonia synthesis 
In ammonia production CO and CO2 are considered poisons to most commonly used catalysts. Methanation catalysts are added after several hydrogen producing steps to prevent carbon oxide buildup in the ammonia synthesis loop as methane does not have similar adverse effects on ammonia synthesis rates.

See also
Biological methanation
Biomethane
Hydrogen economy
Renewable natural gas
Sabatier reaction

References 

Organic reactions
Methane
Chemical processes
Hydrogenation
Pressure melting point. The pressure melting point of ice is the temperature at which ice melts at a given pressure. The pressure melting point is nearly a constant 0 °C at pressures above the triple point at 611.7 Pa, where water can exist in only the solid or liquid phases, through atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) until about 10 MPa. With increasing pressure above 10 MPa, the pressure melting point decreases to a minimum of −21.9 °C at 209.9 MPa. Thereafter, the pressure melting point rises rapidly with pressure, passing back through 0 °C at 632.4 MPa.

Pressure melting point in glaciers
Glaciers are subject to geothermal heat flux from below and atmospheric warming or cooling from above. As the pressure increases with depth in a glacier from the weight of the ice above, the pressure melting point of ice decreases within bounds, as shown in the diagram. The level where ice can start melting is where the pressure melting point equals the actual temperature. In static equilibrium conditions, this would be the highest level where water can exist in a glacier. It would also be the level of the base of an ice shelf, or the ice-water interface of a subglacial lake.

References

Glaciology
Folded optics. Folded optics is an optical system in which the beam is bent in a way to make the optical path much longer than the size of the system. This allows the resulting focal length of the objective to be greater than the physical length of the optical device. Prismatic binoculars are a well-known example. An early conventional film camera (35 mm) was designed by Tessina that used the concept of folded optics.

Fold mirrors are used to direct infrared light within the optical path of the James Webb Space Telescope. These optical fold mirrors are not to be confused with the observatory's deployable primary mirrors, which are folded inward to fit the telescope within the launch vehicle's payload fairing; when deployed, these segments are part of the three-mirror anastigmat design's primary element and don't serve as fold mirrors in the optical sense.

See also 

 Periscope lens also called "folded lens"

References

External links 

  — Origami Lens

Optics
Stroytransgaz. OAO Stroytransgaz () is a Russian engineering construction company in the field of oil and gas industry. The company was founded in 1990. It was originally a subsidiary of Gazprom, but now controlled by Gennady Timchenko though his Volga Group SICAV SIF SA fund.

The company has been added to the Specially Designated Nationals List on the US Department of the Treasury site because of connections to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.

Operations
The company is involved in the engineering and construction of pipeline systems, oil and gas production facilities, underground gas storages, power stations, as well as civil and industrial structures and facilities. In addition to Russia, the company is active in the CIS countries, in the Middle East, Turkey, India, Algeria, Germany and Greece. It is involved in the construction of the Arab Gas Pipeline, the Taweelah–Fujairah gas pipeline, and the Central Asia–China gas pipeline. The company had major energy and infrastructure projects in Syria before the Syrian civil war.

Directors 
CEO - Lebedev Dmitry Vladimirovich (from November 23, 2022)

References

External links
 Company website

Engineering companies of Russia
Gazprom subsidiaries
Manufacturing companies of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Moscow
Russian companies established in 1990
Manufacturing companies established in 1990
Russian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
Sidney Loeb. Sidney Loeb (1917–2008) was an American-Israeli chemical engineer. Loeb made reverse osmosis (RO) practical by developing, together with Srinivasa Sourirajan, semi-permeable anisotropic membranes. The invention of the practical reverse osmosis membrane  revolutionized water desalination. Loeb invented the power generating process pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)--making accessible a rich previously unknown source of green energy, and a method of producing power by a reverse electrodialysis (RED) heat engine, among other inventions in related fields. The production of energy by PRO and RED, among others, is sometimes called "osmotic power."

Biography
Loeb was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1917. He studied chemical engineering at the University of Illinois, Chicago. Sidney Loeb received his B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois in 1941. Prior to joining UCLA as a graduate student, he worked in the Los Angeles area in the fields of petrochemicals, rocket engines, and nuclear reactors. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from UCLA in 1959 and 1964, respectively. It was in the course of his M.Sc. thesis research that the Loeb-Sourirajan membrane breakthrough was achieved.

Loeb's reverse osmosis membrane was first tested in 1965 in Coalinga, California, whose water became unpotable due to the very high presence of minerals; the town received its drinking water supply from deliveries brought in by train from other towns. The membrane successfully purified Coalinga's water. Loeb patented his membrane. Throughout the duration of the patent, Loeb received $14,000 for an invention that led to a multi-billion dollar industry.

In 1967 Loeb came to Beersheva to teach RO technology at the Negev Institute for Arid Zone Research, later incorporated into the Institutes for Applied Research of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU). Loeb later accepted a half time teaching and half time research position as Professor of Chemical Engineering at the newly established BGU. For 15 years at BGU, Loeb carried out research and taught membrane processes, desalination, and other subjects.  It was at BGU that Loeb invented pressure retarded osmosis  and a method of producing power by a reverse electrodialysis heat engine.

References

American chemical engineers
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
2008 deaths
1917 births
Israeli chemical engineers
20th-century American engineers
OmniGuide. OmniGuide, Inc. is a private medical device company developing and commercializing  minimally-invasive surgical tools. Founded in 2000, OmniGuide's manufacturing facilities and executive offices are located in Lexington, Massachusetts, USA.  The company's manufacturing plant, located at OmniGuide's headquarters in Lexington, Massachusetts, has manufacturing processes that are capable of manufacturing fibers with semiconductor level tolerances and microscopic layers in a scalable manner.

Technology
The technology is based on the revolutionary photonic bandgap fiber invented at MIT, published in Nature and Science and subsequently licensed exclusively to the company. The first flexible fiber-optic surgical scalpel capable of delivering CO2 laser light has been developed using this technology.

References

External links
 Omniguide Inc Website

Medical technology companies of the United States
Companies established in 2000
Companies based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
2000 establishments in Massachusetts
Honda OSM. The Honda OSM (Open Study Model) was a concept car that was revealed at the 2008 London Motor Show. The concept vehicle was designed by Honda's R&D facility in Offenbach, Germany. The lightweight roadster design was to showcase that Honda has the capability of producing a low-emissions car that is sporty and fun to drive. Honda has announced that it has no plan for the car to be released as a production model, despite being speculated by car enthusiasts as a preview for a potential replacement of the aging Honda S2000 convertible. It was also speculated that the similar size and design language hinted at a convertible version of the Honda CR-Z, which was then yet to be released.

Design and features 
The dashboard design concept was inspired by the Honda civic (eighth generation), more specifically the European hatchback model, and became a consistent design choice for later Honda sedan models in the following years such as the Honda Insight (second generation) in 2010 and Honda Civic (ninth generation) in 2011.

Gallery

References

OSM
Chimera (software library). Chimera is a software library created as a research project at UCSB for the C programming language that implements a structured, peer-to-peer routing platform to allow the easy development of peer-to-peer applications.

The project's focus is on providing a fast, lightweight implementation of a system like other prefix-routing protocols such as UCSB's Tapestry system and Microsoft Research's Pastry system, that can be easily used to build an application that creates an overlay network with a limited number of library calls. The library is intended to serve as both a usable complete structured peer-to-peer system and a starting point for further research. It includes some of the current work in locality optimization and soft-state operations.

The system contains both a leaf set of neighbor nodes, which provides fault tolerance and a probabilistic invariant of constant routing progress, and a PRR-style routing table to improve routing time to a logarithmic factor of network size.

Chimera is currently being used in industry labs, as part of research done by the U.S. Department of Defense, and by startup companies.

Notes

References
Chimera documentation by Rama Alebouyeh included with source code

External links
 Chimera at UCSB

Distributed data storage
PDB. PDB or pdb may refer to:

Organizations
 Party of German-speaking Belgians (German: ), a former Belgian political party
 Promised Day Brigade, a former Iraqi organization

Science and technology
 Protein Data Bank, a biological molecule database
 Protein Data Bank (file format)
 Potato dextrose broth, a microbiological growth medium
 Pee Dee Belemnite, a reference standard for isotopes; see δ13C

Computing
 PDB (Palm OS), a record database format
 Pluggable database, in Oracle Database
 Program database, a debugging information format
 Python Debugger (pdb), of the Python programming language; see Stepping

Other uses
 Chess Problem Database Server (PDB Server), a repository for chess problems
 Pousette-Dart Band, an American band
 President's Daily Brief, a US intelligence document

See also
 1,4-Dichlorobenzene or para-dichlorobenzene (PDCB), a chemical
 Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)