omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Carrier onboard delivery. Carrier onboard delivery (COD) is the use of aircraft to ferry personnel, mail, supplies, and high-priority cargo, such as replacement parts, from shore bases to an aircraft carrier at sea. Several types of aircraft, including helicopters, have been used by navies in the COD role. The Grumman C-2 Greyhound has been the United States Navy's primary COD aircraft since the mid-1960s.

History

Early United States Navy (USN) recognition of need for a cargo plane capable of carrier landings resulted in airframe conversion of Grumman TBM-3 Avenger torpedo bombers to unarmed seven-passenger COD aircraft designated TBM-3R. Replacement of TBM-3Rs began in the late 1950s. Grumman built a cargo variant of its twin-piston-engined Grumman S-2 Tracker anti-submarine warfare bomber as the C-1A Trader. (Contrary to popular belief, C-130 Hercules was not tested for COD.) In the late 1960s Grumman began production of a cargo variant of its twin-turboprop E-2 Hawkeye Airborne Early Warning aircraft known as the C-2A Greyhound. Five Lockheed US-3A Viking aircraft were also used from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s. The C-2 has remained the U.S. Navy's primary COD vehicle since that time.

Several U.S. Navy "Fleet Logistics Support Squadrons" provided COD services aboard carriers since the World War II, including VR-5, VR-21, VR-22, VR-23, VR-24, VRC-30, VRC-40, and VRC-50. 
On 6 October 2012, a MV-22 tilt-rotor aircraft from squadron VMM-165 landed and refueled on board . This operation was part of an evaluation of the feasibility of the MV-22 as a potential replacement for the current C-2 cargo transport aircraft. Further cargo handling trials took place in 2013 on .

In April 2014 Lockheed Martin announced that they would offer refurbished and remanufactured Lockheed S-3 Vikings as a replacement for the decades-old Northrop Grumman C-2A Greyhound on-board carrier delivery aircraft.  Dubbed the C-3, the aircraft would have a wider fuselage, but would retain the original wings, tail assembly, engines and crew compartment. With an unrefueled range of  carrying a  load, Lockheed stated that the C-3 would have twice the range of a new C-2, and triple the range of a V-22 Osprey. Unlike other competitors, the C-3 could meet the critical requirement to transport replacement Pratt & Whitney jet engines for the F-35. The requirement for 35 aircraft would be met from the 91 S-3s currently in storage. In 2015, the Navy published a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for using 4 to 12 HV-22s as COD. On 3 February 2016, the future COD version was designated as the CMV-22B.

List of COD aircraft

Several aircraft types have been specifically designed or modified for COD missions:
 Bell Boeing CMV-22B Osprey
 Agusta Westland AW609
 Fairey Gannet COD.4
 Grumman/General Motors TBM-3R Avenger
 Grumman TF/C-1 Trader
 Grumman C-2 Greyhound 
 Lockheed US-3A Viking
 Xi'an KJ-600

See also
 Military logistics
 Seabasing
 Sealift
 Underway replenishment
 Vertical replenishment (VERTREP)

References

External links
 "Carrier Onboard Delivery" By Tommy H. Thomason

Military air transport
Military logistics
Naval aviation
USS Chauncey (DD-296). USS Chauncey (DD-296) was a  (ship) built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding  although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two  1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Chauncey named for Isaac Chauncey, was launched 29 September 1918 by Union Iron Works, San Francisco, California; sponsored by Miss D. M. Todd; commissioned 25 June 1919 and reported to the Pacific Fleet. From the time of her commissioning, Chauncey sailed from San Diego and Mare Island to Hawaii and along the Pacific coast taking part in fleet exercises, gunnery practice, and other training activities. From 15 July 1920 to 14 October 1921, she was in ready reserve at San Diego and Mare Island, then returned to active duty as flagship of Destroyer Division 31.

On the evening of 8 September 1923, Chauncey in company with a large group of destroyers was sailing through a heavy fog from San Francisco to San Diego, when a navigational error on board the first ship in her column turned that destroyer and the six that followed toward the rocky California coast rather than on a reach down Santa Barbara Channel. All seven destroyers, including Chauncey, went aground on the jagged rocks off Point Pedernales, in what was called the Honda Point Disaster.

Chauncey stranded upright, high on the rocks, near , which had capsized. With none of her men lost, Chauncey at once went to the aid of Young, passing a line by which 70 of Young's crew clambered hand-over-hand to Chauncey. Swimmers from Chauncey then rigged a network of lifelines to the coastal cliffs, and both her men and Young's reached safety by this means. The abandoned Chauncey was wrecked by the surf, and was decommissioned 26 October 1923. All the hulks were sold for salvage and removal as of 25 September 1925.

Notes

References

External links
http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/296.htm

Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in San Francisco
1918 ships
Shipwrecks of the California coast
Maritime incidents in September 1923
Zalman. Zalman Tech Co. (usually simplified as ZALMAN) is a South Korean software engineering company manufacturing aftermarket desktop computer products focusing on cooling enhancement.

Zalman has done product development since its founding in January 1999 and now holds several patents primarily on both cooling and fan noise reduction. Personal computer systems can generate significant heat and noise, the management of which is important for those modifying or assembling computer systems. Zalman's product range includes heat sink and fan solutions for CPUs, as well as quiet power supplies, computer water cooling systems, motherboard chipset coolers, graphics card heatsink and fan combos, laptop coolers, cases, and hard disk cases that lower temperature and reduce noise.

Zalman's primary competitors include Antec, Thermaltake, Spire, Cooler Master, and Arctic.

Zalman has also developed a fanless case. It uses a fin-based design to dissipate heat with heat-generating components like the graphics card and motherboard transferring heat to the case body via a system of heat pipes and radiators.

Zalman introduced the CNPS9500AM2, a heatsink meant specifically for socket AM2 compatibility on May 23, 2006. The company also broke into the headphone market with its 5.1 headphone system, ZM-RS6F/M.

Monitors
Zalman has also sold stereoscopic (three-dimensional) LCD monitors, which utilize +45°/+45° polarized 3D glasses. These products allow the user to play games and other 3D media in full 3D stereoscopy (but with a 50% drop in vertical resolution per frame since only every second line is visible to each eye). Its 3D driver requires the native vertical resolution.

 M190 (4:3)
 M215W (full HD)
 M220W (pivot display)
 M240W (full HD)
 M320W-F (full HD)
Mxxx ≙ xxx÷10 inch
 SG100G (glasses)
 SG100C (clip)

Financial issues

On 30 October 2014, Zalman defaulted on a large loan amounting to over 3 billion won (approximately 3 million US dollars at time of default). Following this, the company applied for "initiation of corporate turnaround process" in an attempt to return itself to solvency. Tom's Hardware later reported that Zalman's financial difficulties were the result of fraud from Zalman's parent company, Moneual; Zalman restructured and was forced to lay off 2/3 of its workforce, but was beginning to recover by the end of 2015.

Gallery

See also
Computer cooling

Companies
Antec
Arctic GmbH
Cooler Master
FSP Group
Lian Li
PCCooler
Quiet PC
Thermalright
Thermaltake
Vantec

References

External links

Zalman Korea
Zalman USA
South Korean companies established in 1999
Electronics companies of South Korea
Computer enclosure companies
Computer companies of South Korea
Computer hardware companies
Computer power supply unit manufacturers
Computer hardware cooling
South Korean brands
DSR. DSR may refer to:

Science and technology
 Dynamic shear rheometer, used for research and development as well as for quality control in the manufacture of a wide range of materials
 Doubly special relativity, a proposed modification of Einstein's special relativity theory
 Dynamic steering response, a car safety technology
 Design science research, a set of analytical techniques and perspectives for performing IS research
 Differential stress resistance protects during starvation normal but not cancer cells against high-dose chemotherapy.

Computing
 Data Set Ready, an RS-232 signal used by a modem to indicate to the computer that it is ready to receive data
 Dynamic Source Routing protocol, an on-demand routing protocol for ad hoc networks
 Dynamic Super Resolution, a feature of Nvidia's Fermi and newer series of graphics cards
 Device Status Report (ANSI), an ANSI X3.64 escape sequence
 Data signaling rate, in telecommunication
 Direct Server Return, in telecommunication

Organizations
 Dansk Sygeplejeråd, The Danish Nurses' Organization
 Digital Systems Resources, a private defense contractor acquired by General Dynamics in 2003
 Donor Sibling Registry, a US organization serving donors
 Deputy Superintendent Rangers, a Pakistan Rangers Gazetted officer rank equivalent to the Captain rank of Armed forces

Sports
 Daily Scratch Rating, a component of the Golf Australia Handicap System
 Don Schumacher Racing, NHRA Top Fuel drag racing team of Tony Schumacher and other drivers
 Detroit Sports Report, a sports highlight show broadcast on FSN Detroit

Other uses
 Dark Souls: Remastered, a remaster of the 2011 action role-playing game Dark Souls
 Demand-side response, a form of energy system demand management
 Data structure report, an archaeological report, which is the initial report written for an archaeological site in Scotland
 Designed sanitary relief, a civil engineering structure designed to relieve wet weather flows from municipal sanitary systems
 Digital Stream/Satellite Rip, in pirated movie release types
 Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 or Distance Selling Regulations
 Detailed Seller Ratings, a rating system employed by eBay that allows buyers to anonymously rate sellers in four categories while leaving feedback
 Dating, Sex and Relationships - used by manosphere
Fire point. The fire point, or combustion point, of a fuel is the lowest temperature at which the liquid fuel will continue to burn for at least five seconds after ignition by an open flame of standard dimension. At the flash point, a lower temperature, a substance will ignite briefly, but vapour might not be produced at a rate to sustain the fire. Most tables of material properties will only list material flash points. In general, the fire point can be assumed to be about 10 °C higher than the flash point, although this is no substitute for testing if the fire point is safety critical. 

Testing of the fire point is done by open cup apparatus.

See also
 Autoignition temperature
 Flash point

Notes

Thermodynamics
Fuels
Chemical properties
Fire

nl:Vlampunt
Machine postmark. A machine postmark or machine cancellation is a postmark or cancellation on mail that is applied by a mechanical device rather than with the use of a handstamp. Nearly all machine-cancellation devices apply both postmark and cancellation simultaneously. While some mail is cancelled using handstamps,  machine cancellation is ubiquitous, and in the industrialized nations the vast majority of mail is cancelled by machine.

United States 
In the United States, the first successful postmarking machine was developed by Thomas Leavitt in the 1870s, with covers known from 1876. By 1880 Leavitt machines were in use in twenty cities. Cancellations were of a variety of forms, including horizontal and diagonal lines, as well as "football" shapes. The American Postal Machines Company soon got into the business, with postmarks appearing from 1884, and became successful with a machine known for its speed of processing.

APMC introduced the flag cancel in 1894, which used the wavy lines of the cancel to depict an approximate image of an American flag. During the 1890s dozens of other companies got into the business, although most were short-lived, and only about six, including Pitney-Bowes, lasted past the 1920s.

Slogan cancels also first appeared in the 1890s, initially to advertise the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, gradually expanding to include a wide variety of uses. Slogans are commonplace today, with the US Postal Service still using them to promote special events, as well as to encourage better mailing practices (use of ZIP Code, proper addressing, etc.).

References
Russell F. Hanmer, A Collector's Guide to U.S. Machine Postmarks 1871-1925, 3rd ed. (David G. Phillips Publishing, 1989)

External links
International Machine Cancel Society Homepage
Pages with many US examples
Machine cancellations of Latvia

Postal markings
David Rittenberg. David Rittenberg (November 11, 1906 – January 24, 1970) was an American biochemist who pioneered the isotopic tagging of molecules. He was born and died in New York, and spent almost the whole of his life there. He obtained his B.S. in 1929 from the City College of New York, and his Ph.D. in 1935 at Columbia University under the supervision of Harold Urey.

Research on isotopes as tracers

Rittenberg's doctoral work concerned thermodynamic properties of molecules containing 2H (deuterium), and he built his career principally on work with isotopes.

His introduction of the use of 2H as a tracer to follow the fate of various different compounds in human metabolism changed the prevailing scientific theory, from a static, "wear and tear" view of metabolic processes, to a dynamic theory in which there is constant and rapid buildup and degradation of body constituents.

In their Biographical Memoir David Shemin and Ronald Bentley described the approach in these terms:

From 1935 onwards Schoenheimer and Rittenberg published a long series of papers in the Journal of Biological Chemistry on the general topic of 2H as an indicator in the study of intermediary metabolism, starting with a general introduction to the topic, and continuing to 1938 with a study of hydrogen in amino acids.

From 1939 onwards Schoenheimer and Rittenberg continued on the same road with a further long series of papers in the Journal of Biological Chemistry on protein metabolism, starting by describing some general considerations.

Weizmann Institute

Although Rittenberg remained throughout his career at Columbia University, he also participated in the early years of the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, Israel, first as a member of the Planning Board and later as a member of the Board of Governors. He was a made an honorary fellow of the institute in 1967. Later he joined the advisory board of the Hadassah Medical School in Jerusalem.

References

1906 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American biochemists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Laboratory for Advanced Materials. The Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials (G-LAM) at Stanford University supports research on advanced materials. Major research foci include information storage materials.

G-LAM is an Independent Laboratory that was established on September 1, 1999. Its mission is to support collaborative research programs on advanced materials and foster interdisciplinary research and education for undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral students.

Professor Ian R. Fisher was appointed Director of G-LAM in 2013. Fisher heads the Fisher Research Group at G-LAM.

In 2000, the laboratory was named after Stanford physicist Theodore H. Geballe.

References

External links
Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials

Stanford University research institutes
STOBAR. STOBAR ("short take-off but arrested recovery" or "short take-off, barrier-arrested recovery") is a system used for the launch and recovery of aircraft from the deck of an aircraft carrier, combining elements of "short take-off and vertical landing" (STOVL) with "catapult-assisted take-off but arrested recovery" (CATOBAR).

Aircraft launch under their own power using a ski-jump to assist take-off (rather than using a catapult). However, the planes are conventional, rather than STOVL aircraft, and thus require arrestor wires to land on the ship. The STOBAR system is simpler to build than CATOBAR. , it has been used widely on Russian, Indian, and Chinese carriers.

Advantages 
Compared to CATOBAR, STOBAR is less expensive to develop. It is easier to operate than a CATOBAR configuration, which requires large number of operators to launch the aircraft. The lack of any moving parts in a ski-jump makes it less expensive to maintain than a catapult. It does not require any additional system to generate force required to launch the aircraft, unlike CATOBAR where an external force is needed to be generated either from steam catapult or Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) to launch the aircraft.

Limitations 

One major limitation of STOBAR configuration is that it only works with fighter aircraft that have a high thrust-to-weight ratio such as Su-33 or MiG-29K and thus limits the kind of aircraft that can be operated from the carrier. It is not known what restrictions ski-jump takeoff implies on maximal aircraft weight. According to some sources, in order to become airborne, the aircraft may be required to limit its weaponry and fuel package in order to reduce the launch weight of the aircraft. However, according to other sources, the Super Hornet can take-off from a ski-jump with a significant weapons load. Using ski-jump can limit the ability to conduct sorties faster on STOBAR aircraft carrier. STOBAR carriers must maintain a speed of  in order to generate wind speed required on deck which is essential for conducting aircraft launch operations.

List of STOBAR aircraft 

 HAL Tejas – two naval variants are being developed for the Indian Navy; a prototype (NP-1) is currently undergoing flight testing.
 Mikoyan MiG-29K – currently active with the Indian Navy and the Russian Navy.
 Shenyang J-15 – partially based on the Su-33, operated by the People's Liberation Army Navy on .
 Sukhoi Su-33 – developed from Su-27 and only operated by the Russian Navy.

Users
As of  , three countries currently operate STOBAR-type carriers; Russia, India and China have built a STOBAR ship for operation, while both India and China have procured STOBAR ships that were built by Russia and have had them converted for their own use.

Active STOBAR aircraft carriers

References

Aircraft carriers
Types of take-off and landing
Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle. The Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV) is the Raytheon-manufactured interceptor component with subcontractor Aerojet of the U.S. Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD), part of the larger National Missile Defense system.

The EKV is boosted to an intercept trajectory by a boost vehicle (missile), where it separates from the boost vehicle and autonomously collides with an incoming warhead.

The EKV is launched by the Ground-Based Interceptor (GBI) missile, the launch vehicle of the GMD system. The EKV's own rockets and fuel are for corrections in the trajectory, not for further acceleration.

The successor to the EKV, known as the Redesigned Kill Vehicle (RKV), was scheduled to debut in 2025. The RKV program, headed by Boeing and lead subcontractor Raytheon, was canceled by the Department of Defense on August 21, 2019. Earlier in the year, the Pentagon had issued a stop work order on the project following a design review deferment in December 2018 due to the failure of critical components meeting technical specification.

Raytheon is contracted to sustain, upgrade, and repair the EKV through 2034 until after the deployment of the Next Generation Interceptor (NGI), which will start to replace the EKV in 2030.

Characteristics
 Weight: approx. 140 lb (64 kg)
 Length: 55 in (4 ft. 7 in.) (1.4 m)
 Diameter: 24 in (2 ft.) (0.6 m)
 Speed of projectile: roughly 10 km/s (22,000 mph)

See also 
 Anti-ballistic missile
 Lightweight Exo-Atmospheric Projectile

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080315061300/http://www.raytheon.com/products/ekv/
 https://archive.today/20060314045159/http://www.oss.goodrich.com/ExoatmosphericKillVehicle.shtml

Space weapons
Raytheon Company products
Lispkit Lisp. Lispkit Lisp is a lexically scoped, purely functional subset of Lisp (Pure Lisp) developed as a testbed for functional programming concepts. It was first used for early experimentation with lazy evaluation. An implementation based on a stack, environment, control, dump virtual machine and abstract machine (SECD machine) written in an ALGOL variant was published by the developer Peter Henderson in 1980. The compiler and virtual machine are highly portable and as a result have been implemented on many machines.

Base language 
The base language provides the following functions only but extensions are discussed in Henderson's book for the explicit support of lazy evaluation and nondeterministic programming.
atom – given an expression returns True if its value is atomic; False if not
add – given two expressions returns the sum of their numeric values
car – given an expression whose value is a pair, returns the pair's first value
cdr – given an expression whose value is a pair, returns the pair's second value
cons – given two expressions returns a value pair consisting of their values
div – given two expressions returns the quotient of their numeric values
eq – given two expressions returns True if their values are equal; False if not
if – given three expressions returns the value of the second if the value of the first is True, otherwise returns the value of the third
lambda – given an argument list and an expression, returns them as a function
let – given an expression with declarations (as named expressions visible in the expression) returns its value
letrec – like let, except the declared names are also visible in the declarations themselves
leq – given two expressions, returns True if the value of the first is numerically less than or equal to the value of the second; False if not
mod (or rem) – given two expressions, returns the modulus (also known as the remainder) of their numeric values
mul – given two expressions, returns the product of their numeric values
quote – given an expression, returns that expression as a value
sub – given two expressions, returns the difference of their numeric values

The functions, lambda, let, and letrec, are similar but have subtle differences in the way that they treat named variables which make them useful in different ways: lambda defines and returns a function, let binds expressions to variable names, and letrec is essentially similar to let except it allows defining of recursive functions and values, e.g., infinite series.

References

Further reading

External links 
 Archive of old LispKit Lisp code and files, plus C implementation of SECD machine
 Paper about a LispKit Lisp implementation in Java, and the implementation

Lisp programming language family