omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gain. Gain or GAIN may refer to:

Science and technology 
 Gain (electronics), an electronics and signal processing term
 Antenna gain
 Gain (laser), the amplification involved in laser emission
 Gain (projection screens)
 Information gain in decision trees, in mathematics and computer science
 GAIN domain, a protein domain
 Learning rate, a tuning parameter in stochastic approximation methods, also known as gain

Health 
 Primary and secondary gain, psychological mechanisms that may underlie an illness
 Global Appraisal of Individual Needs, a set of psychological assessment instruments
 Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, a Swiss Foundation working in the field of malnutrition
 Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now, a piece of American legislation

People 
 Gain (singer), a South Korean entertainer
 Gain, anglicised form of Indian surname Gayen

Other uses 
 Gain (accounting), the increase of net profit
 Gain (novel), a novel by American author Richard Powers
 Gain (EP), an album by Sadie
 Gain (detergent), a brand of detergent
 GAIN Capital, a US-based forex trading company
 Greater Avenues to Independence program, a precursor to the American CalWORKs welfare program

See also 
 Gein (disambiguation)
 Gayn (disambiguation)
 Gane
 Gian
Daniel W. Mead. Daniel Webster Mead (March 6, 1862 – October 13, 1948) was an American engineering consultant and professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is remembered for designing hydroelectric plants and writing early textbooks on hydraulic engineering and engineering ethics.

Life and career
Mead was born in Fulton, Oswego County, New York in 1862 and grew up in Rockford, Illinois. He established the consulting firm Mead and Seastone in Chicago in 1900. In 1904, Mead was made head of the Department of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He moved his consulting practice to Madison, Wisconsin, where it grew into the engineering firm Mead & Hunt.

Mead contributed to the design of a number of hydraulic engineering projects. He was the principal designer of the Kilbourn Dam (1909) and Prairie du Sac Dam (1914), two hydroelectric plants on the Wisconsin River. In the 1910s he served as a consultant for flood control projects including the Huai River conservancy in Jiangsu and Anhui, China, and the Miami Conservancy District in Ohio. President Calvin Coolidge appointed Mead to the Colorado River Board commission to study the Hoover Dam project in 1928.

In 1921, Mead became the first president of the Technical Club of Madison. He later became president of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 1936, which recognizes him in the annual Daniel W. Mead essay contest. Mead's later career included a strong focus on engineering ethics, including writing a manual of professional ethics for ASCE in 1941.

Publications

 Contracts, Specifications, and Engineering Relations. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1916.
 Hydrology: The Fundamental Basis of Hydraulic Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1919.
 "The Engineer and His Code," Civil Engineering 6, no. 8 (1936): pp. 499–501.
 Standards of professional relations and conduct. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1941.

References

External links
 Involvement in Wisconsin's first large hydroelectric project
 History of Mead & Hunt consulting firm

1862 births
1948 deaths
People from Fulton, Oswego County, New York
American civil engineers
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Engineers from New York (state)
Benzyl bromide. Benzyl bromide is an organic compound with the formula .  The molecule consists of a benzene ring substituted with a bromomethyl group. It is a colorless liquid with lachrymatory properties.  The compound is a reagent for introducing benzyl groups.

Synthesis and structure
Benzyl bromide can be synthesized by the bromination of toluene under conditions suitable for a free radical halogenation:

The structure has been examined by electron diffraction.

Applications
Benzyl bromide is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the benzyl groups when the less expensive benzyl chloride is insufficiently reactive.
 Benzylations are often achieved in the presence of catalytic amounts of sodium iodide, which generates the more reactive benzyl iodide in situ. In some cases, benzyl serves as protecting group for alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Safety
Benzyl bromide is a strong lachrymator and is also intensely irritating to skin and mucous membranes. Because of these properties, it has been used in chemical warfare, both in combat and in training due to its irritating yet non-lethal nature.

See also 
 Benzyl chloride
 Benzyl fluoride
 Benzyl iodide
 Xylyl bromide

References 

Organobromides
Benzyl compounds
Lachrymatory agents
Pneudraulics. Derived from the words hydraulics and pneumatics, pneudraulics is the term used when discussing systems on military aircraft that use either or some combination of hydraulic and pneumatic systems.

The science of fluids made of both gas and liquid.

Pneudraulic systems
Landing gear
Flaps and slats
Rudder
Ailerons
Speed brake
Wheel brakes
Nose wheel steering

References

Fluid power
Benzyl chloride. Benzyl chloride, or α-chlorotoluene, is an organic compound with the formula . This colorless liquid is a reactive organochlorine compound that is a widely used chemical building block.

Preparation
Benzyl chloride is prepared industrially by the gas-phase photochemical reaction of toluene with chlorine:

In this way, approximately 100,000 tonnes are produced annually. The reaction proceeds by the free radical process, involving the intermediacy of free chlorine atoms. Side products of the reaction include benzal chloride and benzotrichloride.

Other methods of production exist, such as the Blanc chloromethylation of benzene. Benzyl chloride was first prepared from treatment of benzyl alcohol with hydrochloric acid.

Uses and reactions
Industrially, benzyl chloride is the precursor to benzyl esters, which are used as plasticizers, flavorants, and perfumes. Phenylacetic acid, a precursor to pharmaceuticals, is produced from benzyl cyanide, which in turn is generated by treatment of benzyl chloride with sodium cyanide. Quaternary ammonium salts, used as surfactants, are readily formed by alkylation of tertiary amines with benzyl chloride.  

Benzyl ethers are often derived from benzyl chloride. Benzyl chloride reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to give dibenzyl ether.  In organic synthesis, benzyl chloride is used to introduce the benzyl protecting group in reaction with alcohols, yielding the corresponding benzyl ether, carboxylic acids, and benzyl ester. 

Benzoic acid () can be prepared by oxidation of benzyl chloride in the presence of alkaline :

Benzyl chloride may be used in the synthesis of amphetamine-class drugs, and for this reason, sales of benzyl chloride are monitored as a List II drug precursor chemical by the US Drug Enforcement Administration.

Benzyl chloride also reacts readily with metallic magnesium to produce a Grignard reagent. It is preferable over benzyl bromide for the preparation of this reagent, since the reaction of the bromide with magnesium tends to form the Wurtz coupling product 1,2-diphenylethane.

Safety
Benzyl chloride is an alkylating agent. Indicative of its high reactivity (relative to alkyl chlorides), benzyl chloride slowly reacts with water in a hydrolysis reaction to form benzyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid. In contact with mucous membranes, hydrolysis produces hydrochloric acid. Thus, benzyl chloride is a lachrymator and has been used in chemical warfare. It is also very irritating to the skin.

It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

See also
 Benzyl bromide
 Benzyl fluoride
 Benzyl iodide
 List of highly toxic gases

References

External links

CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide for Chemical Hazards - Benzyl chloride

Organochlorides
Lachrymatory agents
IARC Group 2A carcinogens
Benzyl compounds
Taiichi Ohno. was a Japanese industrial engineer and businessman. He is considered to be the father of the Toyota Production System, which inspired Lean Manufacturing in the U.S. He devised the seven wastes (or muda in Japanese) as part of this system. He wrote several books about the system, including Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production.

Life
Born in 1912 in Dalian, China, and a graduate of the Nagoya Technical High School (Japan), he joined the Toyoda family's Toyoda Spinning upon graduation in 1932 during the Great Depression thanks to the relations of his father to Kiichiro Toyoda, the son of Toyota's founding father Sakichi Toyoda. He moved to the Toyota motor company in 1943 where he worked as a shop-floor supervisor in the engine manufacturing shop of the plant, and gradually rose through the ranks to become an executive.

Influence
Ohno's principles influenced areas outside of manufacturing, and have been extended into the service arena.  For example, the field of sales process engineering has shown how the concept of Just In Time (JIT) can improve sales, marketing, and customer service processes.

Seven Wastes
Ohno was also instrumental in developing the way organizations identify waste, with his "Seven Wastes" model which have become core in many academic approaches. These wastes are:

1. Delay, waiting or time spent in a queue with no value being added 
2. Producing more than you need 
3. Over processing or undertaking non-value added activity 
4. Transportation 
5. Unnecessary movement or motion  
6. Inventory 
7. Defects in the Product.

Ten Precepts
Ohno is also known for his "Ten Precepts" to think and act to win.  
 You are a cost.  First reduce waste.  
 First say, "I can do it." And try before everything.  
 The workplace is a teacher.  You can find answers only in the workplace.  
 Do anything immediately. Starting something right now is the only way to win.  
 Once you start something, persevere with it. Do not give up until you finish it.  
 Explain difficult things in an easy-to-understand manner.  Repeat things that are easy to understand.  
 Waste is hidden.  Do not hide it.  Make problems visible.  
 Valueless motions are equal to shortening one's life.  
 Re-improve what was improved for further improvement.  
 Wisdom is given equally to everybody.  The point is whether one can exercise it.

See also

Just In Time (JIT)
Lean manufacturing

Published works
 Ohno, Taiichi (1988), Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production, Productivity Press, 
 Ohno, Taiichi (1988), Workplace Management, Productivity Press, 
 Ohno, Taiichi  (2007), Workplace Management. Translated by Jon Miller, Gemba Press, ,

References

1912 births
1990 deaths
Quality experts
Japanese automotive pioneers
Toyota Production System
Toyota people
Japanese business executives
TWA Flight 513. TWA Flight 513, registration NC86513, Star of Lisbon, was a Lockheed L-049 Constellation operated by Transcontinental and Western Air on a training flight on July 11, 1946, near Reading, Pennsylvania.

Description
The electrical wiring in the baggage compartment of TWA Flight 513 on July 11, 1946, arced, starting a fire while the aircraft was in the air. The smoke and intense fire that were created made it impossible for the pilots to maintain control of the aircraft.

Of the six crewmembers aboard, five were killed.

This accident was memorable for the subsequent grounding of all Lockheed Constellations that was required from July 12 until August 23, 1946, when cargo fire detection equipment could be installed on all similar airplane models.

See also
 United Airlines Flight 624

References

External links
 Report of the Civil Aeronautics Board (Archive)

1946 in Pennsylvania
Accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed Constellation
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight fires
Airliner accidents and incidents in Pennsylvania
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1946
History of Berks County, Pennsylvania
513
Wagner Electric. Wagner Electric Corporation was an electric equipment manufacturing firm established in 1891 that became part of Studebaker-Worthington in 1967.

History

Wagner Electric Corporation was founded by Herbert Appleton Wagner and Ferdinand Schwedtmann (aka Francis Charles Schwedtman) in 1891. The company manufactured electric engines, electric motors and electric starters for early automobiles. They also made electric lights and many other electric-related products. In 1909, Wagner Electric started manufacturing their first automotive headlamp bulbs.

The International Association of Machinists held a strike at the Wagner Electric Company in St. Louis, Missouri from June 4 to October 7, 1918.

Before it became part of a conglomerate, Wagner had three main divisions.  It had the automotive division where it made brake parts and systems for autos and trucks.  It had the motor division which made small and large electric motors and it had the transformer division where it manufactured small and medium power transformers plus liquid-immersed distribution transformers.  The transformer division ended up as part of the Cooper Power Systems division.

In 1967 Wagner Electric was merged with Studebaker and Worthington Corporation to create Studebaker-Worthington, a diversified American manufacturer.
The combined company included profitable divisions from Studebaker such as Onan generators and STP engine additives, brake and electrical automobile component manufacturing from Wagner Electric, and diverse operations from Worthington that included manufacture of construction equipment, valves and power generation plant.

Wagner brands today
Today Wagner is part of the Federal-Mogul Motorparts group. Under the name Wagner Lighting Products, some of their brands include TruView, BriteLite, HalogenGold and LazerBlue. They also make brake pads under the name Wagner Brake Products.

References

External links

American companies disestablished in 1967
American companies established in 1891
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1967
Manufacturing companies established in 1891
Defunct automotive companies of the United States
Materials testing reactor. A materials testing reactor (MTR) is a high-flux research nuclear reactor aimed at studying materials exposed to a high neutron flux.

Examples
Materials testing reactors include:
 BR2, the Belgian Reactor 2, moderated with a paraboloid beryllium matrix, in operation at SCK CEN since 1962.
 The  Materials Testing Reactor (MTR), an early reactor that operated in Idaho from 1952-1970.
 Dounreay Materials Testing Reactor, a Dido class reactor in the United Kingdom.
 ETRR-2, at the nuclear research center in Inshas, Egypt.
 Jules Horowitz Reactor, under construction at the Cadarache nuclear facility in southern France.
 Research reactor in Petten, the Netherlands. 
 Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) in Pakistan.
 Reactor Technology Complex of the Idaho National Laboratory in Idaho, United States.
 RV-1 nuclear reactor in Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Venezuela.
 SAFARI-1, outside of Pretoria, South Africa, also used to produce medical isotopes.
 RSG G.A Siwabessy in Serpong, Indonesia.

See also
List of nuclear reactors

References

External links

Ne.anl.gov: MTR Reactors designed by the Argonne National Laboratory
Docs.google.com: Materials Testing Reactor

M
Nuclear technology in France
Nuclear technology in Pakistan
Nuclear technology in South Africa
Nuclear technology in the United States
Nuclear technology in Egypt
Great Northern Concrete Toboggan Race. The Great Northern Concrete Toboggan Race (GNCTR) is an annual event that challenges the creativity of engineering students.  The competition originated in 1974 and was created by Dr. S. H. Simmonds, president of the Alberta chapter of the American Concrete Institute. The first race was held in 1975 with participants from the University of Alberta, University of Calgary, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, and Southern Alberta Institute of Technology. Since its beginning, GNCTR has grown to include universities and technical schools from across Canada with occasional entries from the United States and Europe.

Rules
The project involves designing and constructing a toboggan with a metal frame and a running surface made completely out of concrete and racing it down a steep snow-covered hill.  The sled must weigh less than 350 pounds (158.8 kg), have a working braking system, and be fitted with a roll cage to protect its five passengers.  Each competing team must complete a technical report summarizing the design, which is presented at a public technical exhibition.

Spirit
It is traditional for teams to choose a theme for their sled; they often wear appropriate costumes and incorporate elements of the design into their technical exhibit and sled aesthetics. Themes have become a major part of the competition, making up a large part of the spirit award, as well as the best uniforms award. Theme ideas are most often drawn from popular culture, retro references, or are based on the team's home university/college and its location.

Awards
Teams are judged for top speed, best run, most improved, braking, steering, and aesthetics.  Each year, an award is also given for the best overall entry.

The current record holder for top speed in a successfully completed run at GNCTR is the University of Toronto, who set a speed of 73 km/h on Feb 1, 2020.

Competition host
In the early years of the competition, the winning team was asked to host the subsequent competition. By the mid-1990s, this practice had changed to an alternating scheme between Western and Eastern Canadian schools; the dividing line is the Manitoba-Ontario border. The competition usually runs from Wednesday to Sunday, at the end of January or over the first weekend in February.

See also
Concrete canoe

References

External links
Official GNCTR 2024 Website
Official GNCTR 2023 Website
Official GNCTR 2019 Website
Official GNCTR 2018 Website

Sledding
Concrete
Sports competitions in Canada
1974 establishments in Alberta
Recurring sporting events established in 1974
Garabed T. K. Giragossian. Garabed T. K. Giragossian was an Armenian living in Boston who is remembered for developing a perpetual motion device shortly after the turn of the 20th century.  He immigrated to America in 1891. In 1917, Giragossian claimed, reportedly fraudulently, to have developed a "free energy machine". The assignment of the patent to the United States government was conditionally accepted in Pub. Res. 65-21, , enacted on February 8, 1918, and authorized the Secretary of the Interior to form a scientific committee to investigate the machine. The committee issued a report on July 1, 1918 finding that the principles were not sound. According to an editorial in the Scientific American in 1918, Giragossian claimed that the machine, named Garabed, took energy out of the cosmos and turned it into mechanical motion.

Editors of the Journal of the American Medical Association compared him and his methods with quacks in the medical world; they pointed out that he could not answer the question what qualifications he had to undertake his work, and that he repeatedly only replied, he was an honest man and that he could prove it with signatures of friends and sponsors. They deplored the waste of time of "scientific men in investigating alleged discoveries by men who are utterly lacking in the fundamental qualifications needed [...]."

Supposedly involved in a conspiracy, Woodrow Wilson signed a resolution offering him protection. The device was a giant flywheel that was charged up with energy slowly and put out a lot of energy for just a second.

See also
 Voodoo Science, a book in which he is mentioned.

References

 "The Herald of Christ's Kingdom" VOL. IX. August 1, 1926 No. 15
 No. 11, Marzo 1918, Electrical Experimenter Science and Invention, page 739.

American people of Armenian descent
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United States
Perpetual motion
Residual oil. Residual oil is oil found in low concentrations naturally or in exhausted oil fields. Often mixed with water, it cannot be recovered by conventional techniques. However, part of it can be recovered using carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery ( EOR) which involves injecting carbon dioxide into the well reducing viscosity and enhancing flow of the oil. The technique is not new but has not been used extensively on residual oil zones, low-grade deposits of petroleum such as the 40 square miles in the Permian Basin of Texas leased by Tiny Kamalabo . The technique is limited by availability of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is injected and recycled as many times as possible, and stored in the depleted reservoir at the end of the life for the field. United States reserves of residual oil are estimated to be 100 billion barrels.

With this much residual oil, reclaiming and upgrading it not only helps meet demand but also improves profitability for refineries. Finding effective options for extracting valuable fuels from the unwanted material is economically attractive. Some other methods used to upgrade residual oil are Deasphalting, Coking, Hydrocracking, Residue Hydrotreating, Resid FCC, and Visbreaking. Another method for upgrading and handling uses a devolatilization process to separate the quality oil and the asphaltene material.

See also 

 Carbon Dioxide Flooding

Notes

Unconventional oil
Washington Accord (credentials). The Washington Accord is an international accreditation agreement for undergraduate professional engineering academic degrees and postgraduate professional 
 engineering academic degrees between the bodies responsible for accreditation in its signatory countries. The full signatories as of January 2024 are Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Peru, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Overview
The Washington Accord recognizes that there is substantial equivalence of programs accredited by those signatories. Graduates of accredited programs in any of the signatory countries are recognized by the other signatory countries as having met the academic requirements for entry to the practice of engineering. Recognition of accredited programs is not retroactive but takes effect only from the date of admission of the country to signatory status.

Scope
The Washington Accord covers both undergraduate and postgraduate engineering degrees. Engineering technology programs are not covered by the accord. Engineering technology programs are covered under the Sydney Accord and Dublin Accord. Only qualifications awarded after the signatory country or region became part of the Washington Accord are recognized. The accord is not directly responsible for the licensing of professional engineers and the registration of chartered engineers but it does cover the academic requirements that are part of the licensing processes in signatory countries.

Signatories

The following are the signatory countries and territories of the Washington Accord, their respective accreditation bodies and years of admission:

The following countries have provisional signatory status and may become full signatory members in the future:

See also
 Regulation and licensure in engineering
 Seoul Accord
 European Engineer

References

External links
International Engineering Alliance (IEA) official website
International Engineering Alliance Washington Accord
International Engineering Alliance Washington accord signatories

Professional titles and certifications
Engineering education
Accreditation organizations
Professional certification in engineering