omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Copper(I) phosphide. Copper phosphide, , also copper(I) phosphide, cuprous phosphide, cuprophosphorus and phosphor copper, is a compound of copper and phosphorus, a phosphide of copper. It has the appearance of yellowish-grey very brittle mass of crystalline structure. It does not react with water.

Recent crystallographic investigations have proven Cu3P to be copper deficient, which means that the sum formula of this compound is more accurately expressed as Cu3−xP.

Copper phosphide has a role in copper alloys, namely in phosphor bronze. It is a very good deoxidizer of copper.

Copper phosphide can be produced in a reverberatory furnace or in a crucible, e.g. by a reaction of red phosphorus with a copper-rich material. It can also be prepared photochemically, by irradiating cupric hypophosphite with ultraviolet radiation. It can also be produced by reducing copper(II) phosphate with aluminum.

When subjected to ultraviolet light, copper phosphide shows fluorescence.

A blue-black film of copper phosphide forms on white phosphorus when subjected to a solution of copper salt; wounds containing particles of phosphorus therefore have to be washed with 1% solution of copper sulfate. The particles then can be easily removed, which is helped by their fluorescence.  Formation of protective layer of copper phosphide is also used in cases of phosphorus ingestion, when gastric lavage with copper sulfate is employed as part of the cure.

References

Phosphides
Copper(I) compounds
Deoxidizers
Diphenylmethanol. Diphenylmethanol is the organic compound with the formula (C6H5)2CHOH.  Also known as benzhydrol, it is a white solid and the parent member of a large class of diaryl alcohols.

Preparation
Diphenylmethanol may be prepared by a Grignard reaction between phenylmagnesium bromide and benzaldehyde.  An alternative method involves reducing benzophenone with sodium borohydride or with zinc dust or with sodium amalgam and water.

Uses and safety 
It has uses in perfume and pharmaceutical manufacture. In perfumery it is used as a fixative. In pharmaceutical manufacture it is used in the synthesis of antihistamines / antiallergenic agents and antihypertensive agents . It is used in the synthesis of modafinil and the benzhydryl group is present in the structure of many histamine H1 antagonists like diphenylhydramine. Benzhydrol is also used in the production of agrochemicals as well as other organic compounds and as a terminating group in polymerizations.

Diphenylmethanol is an irritant to the eyes, skin and respiratory system.

References

Secondary alcohols
Benzhydryl compounds
M-Xylene. m-Xylene (meta-xylene)  is an aromatic hydrocarbon. It is one of the three isomers of dimethylbenzene known collectively as xylenes. The m- stands for meta-, indicating that the two methyl groups in m-xylene occupy positions 1 and 3 on a benzene ring. It is in the positions of the two methyl groups, their arene substitution pattern, that it differs from the other isomers, o-xylene and p-xylene. All have the same chemical formula C6H4(CH3)2. All xylene isomers are colorless and highly flammable.

Production and use
Petroleum contains about 1 weight percent xylenes. The meta isomer can be isolated from a mix of xylenes by the partial sulfonation (to which other isomers are less prone) followed by removal of unsulfonated oils and steam distillation of the sulfonated product.

The major use of meta-xylene is in the production of isophthalic acid, which is used as a copolymerizing monomer to alter the properties of polyethylene terephthalate.  The conversion m-xylene to isophthalic acid entails catalytic oxidation.   meta-Xylene is also used as a raw material in the manufacture of 2,4- and 2,6-xylidine as well as a range of smaller-volume chemicals.  Ammoxidation gives isophthalonitrile.

Toxicity and exposure
Xylenes are not acutely toxic, for example the  (rat, oral) is 4300 mg/kg. Effects vary with animal and xylene isomer. Concerns with xylenes focus on narcotic effects.

See also
Tetrachloro-m-xylene

References

Alkylbenzenes
C2-Benzenes
Tanaka Power Equipment. Tanaka Power Equipment was a company manufacturing small internal combustion engines and associated light machinery.  During the 1960s and 1970s they built the popular Bike Bug bolt-on motor for bicycles, which was also adapted for marine use as well as being sold through Sears rebadged the Sears Free Spirit.

Tanaka is a fourth-generation, family-owned company, and is now primarily active in the market for two-stroke powered, handheld, outdoor power equipment, with a customer base including both domestic and trade users. Recently Tanaka has been backed financially by Hitachi Koki, but little else has changed.

In 2021, Koki holdings ceased production of all 2-stroke engine products, thus ending production of all Tanaka products.

References

External links 
Tanaka Tales, a modern Tanaka bike engine story
Tanaka USA, Tanaka USA

Tanaka
Weston cell. The Weston cell or Weston standard cell is a wet-chemical cell that produces a highly stable voltage suitable as a laboratory standard for calibration of voltmeters. Invented by Edward Weston in 1893, it was adopted as the International Standard for EMF from 1911 until superseded by the Josephson voltage standard in 1990.

Chemistry
The anode is an amalgam of cadmium with mercury with a cathode of pure mercury over which a paste of mercurous sulfate and mercury is placed. The electrolyte is a saturated solution of cadmium sulfate, and the depolarizer is a paste of mercurous sulfate.

As shown in the illustration, the cell is set up in an H-shaped glass vessel with the cadmium amalgam in one leg and the pure mercury in the other. Electrical connections to the cadmium amalgam and the mercury are made by platinum wires fused through the lower ends of the legs.

Anode reaction Cd(s)   →  Cd2+(aq)  + 2e−

Cathode reaction (Hg+)2(s) + 2e−   →  2Hg(l) +  (aq)

Reference cells must be applied in such a way that no current is drawn from them.

Characteristics
The original design was a saturated cadmium cell producing a  reference and had the advantage of having a lower temperature coefficient than the previously used Clark cell.

One of the great advantages of the Weston normal cell is its small change of electromotive force with change of temperature. At any temperature  between  and ,
.
This temperature formula was adopted by the London conference of 1908

The temperature coefficient can be reduced by shifting to an unsaturated design, the predominant type today. However, an unsaturated cell's output decreases by some 80 microvolts per year, which is compensated by periodic calibration against a saturated cell.

See also 
 List of battery types

References

Literature 

 Practical Electricity by W. E. Ayrton and T. Mather, published by Cassell and Company, London, 1911, pp 198–203
 , "Voltaic cell"
 Standard Cells, Their Construction, Maintenance, and Characteristics by Walter J. Hamer, National Bureau of Standards Monograph 84, January 15, 1965.

External links
 Standard Cells for E.M.F. Determinations 
 Special-purpose batteries

Battery types
Mercury (element)
Miner's inch. The miner's inch is a unit of flow in terms of volume per unit time, usually in relation to the flow of water. The definition of a miner's inch varies by location.

In hydraulic mining and some forms of placer mining, as well as ore dressing, a large and regular supply of water is needed. The miner's inch is a method of measuring the amount of flow a particular water supply system (such as a flume or sluice) is capable of supplying.

The miner’s inch measures the amount of water that would flow through a slot of a given area at a given pressure (for example, at a head of , or .) In miner's inch the word inch refers to the area of the slot in square inches, while the pressure in inches of water refers to the height of water above the slot.  A variable-width slot can be used to modify the flow rate.

Definition

Historically, the unit lacked a firm definition or equivalent measurement, and varied by location, leading to confusion within the mining industry. In 1905, its usage in California was standardized. Today, standards vary across jurisdictions, with values between  and .

State regulations sometimes forbid the use of the unit without its being associated with a definition in the same document.

References

External links
description at sizes.com
Arizona government definition
California definition (Water Code section 24)
Idaho government definition
Nevada government definition
South Dakota government definition

Units of flow
Mining culture and traditions
Learning-by-doing (economics). Learning-by-doing is a concept in economic theory by which productivity is achieved through practice, self-perfection and minor innovations.  An example is a factory that increases output by learning how to use equipment better without adding workers or investing significant amounts of capital.

With roots all the way by to Adam Smith's analysis of pin manufacturing, the quantification of the idea was realised from the manufacturing of B17 Flying Fortress bombers during world war II. For B17's the costs reduced proportionally with the cumulative manufacturing, rather than with ongoing volume. This explains the non-linearity of learning-by-doing cost reduction, as seen for example in semiconductor manufacturing or with solar PV production.

The concept of learning-by-doing has been used by Kenneth Arrow in his design of endogenous growth theory to explain effects of innovation and technical change. Robert Lucas, Jr. adopted the concept to explain increasing returns to embodied human capital. Xiaokai Yang and Jeff Borland have shown learning-by-doing plays a role in the evolution of countries to greater specialisation in production. In both these cases, learning-by-doing and increasing returns provide an engine for long run growth.

Recently, it has become a popular explaining concept in the evolutionary economics and resource-based view (RBV) of the firm.

The Toyota Production System is known for Kaizen, that is explicitly built upon learning-by-doing effects.

See also

References

Production economics
Economic growth
Benzidine. Benzidine (trivial name), also called 1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (systematic name), is an organic compound with the formula (C6H4NH2)2.   It is an aromatic amine.  It is a component of a test for cyanide.  Related derivatives are used in the production of dyes. Benzidine has been linked to bladder and pancreatic cancer.

Synthesis and properties
Benzidine is prepared in a two step process from nitrobenzene.  First, the nitrobenzene is converted to 1,2-diphenylhydrazine, usually using iron powder as the reducing agent.  Treatment of this hydrazine with mineral acids induces a rearrangement reaction to 4,4'-benzidine.  Smaller amounts of other isomers are also formed.  The benzidine rearrangement, which proceeds intramolecularly, is a classic mechanistic puzzle in organic chemistry.

The conversion is described as a [5,5]sigmatropic reaction.

In terms of its physical properties, 4,4'-benzidine is poorly soluble in cold water but can be recrystallized from hot water, where it crystallises as the monohydrate.  It is dibasic, the deprotonated species has Ka values of 9.3 × 10−10 and 5.6 × 10−11.  Its solutions react with oxidizing agents to give deeply coloured quinone-related derivatives.

Applications
Conversion of benzidine to the bis(diazonium) salt was once an integral step in the preparation of direct dyes (requiring no mordant).  Treatment of this bis(diazonium) salt with 1-aminonaphthalene-4-sulfonic acid gives the once popular congo red dye.  In the past, benzidine was used to test for blood. An enzyme in blood causes the oxidation of benzidine to a distinctively blue-coloured derivative. The test for cyanide relies on similar reactivity. Such applications have largely been replaced by methods using phenolphthalein/hydrogen peroxide and luminol.

Related 4,4’-benzidines
A variety of derivatives of 4,4’-benzidine are commercially produced on the scale of one to a few thousand kilograms per year, mainly as precursors to dyes and pigments.  These derivatives include, in order of scale, the following:
 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
 o-tolidine, 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4’-benzidine
 o-dianisidine (3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4’-benzidine, CAS# 119-90-4, m.p. 133 °C)
 3,3',4,4'-Tetraamino-diphenyl,  precursor to polybenzimidazole fiber.

Safety
As with some other aromatic amines such as 2-naphthylamine, benzidine has been significantly withdrawn from use in most industries because it is so carcinogenic. In August 2010 benzidine dyes were included in the U.S. EPA's List of Chemicals of Concern.
The manufacture of Benzidine has been illegal in the UK since at least 2002 under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH).

References

4-Aminophenyl compounds
IARC Group 1 carcinogens
Forensic chemicals
Biphenyls
Diamines
Thrige (automobile). The Thrige was a Danish automobile manufactured in Odense between 1911 and 1917 by the Thomas B. Thrige company (now T-T Electric). The company was founded in 1894 and made electric motors.

Vehicles
The first vehicles were electrically powered trucks coming from the company's background in electric motor manufacture. Car manufacture followed using 4-cylinder engines from Ballot and Daimler. The trucks moved to engines from White and Poppe, Continental and Hercules. The 1914 car used a 12 hp Ballot engine driving the rear axle through a three-speed gearbox. There was no differential on the rear axle.

Merger
In 1918, the automobile manufacturing part of the Thomas B. Thrige company merged with Anglo-Dane and JAN to form De forenede Automobilfabrikker A/S. No more cars were made, the new company manufacturing mainly buses under the Triangel brand until 1950.

References

Danish brands
Vehicles of Denmark
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Denmark
Goods manufactured in Denmark
Cars introduced in 1911
Danish companies established in 1911
Gemba. is a term used in business for the location where value is created, such as a factory floor, construction site, or sales floor.

In lean manufacturing, the most valuable ideas for improvement are thought to occur at the genba where problems are visible. Management teams may go on a gemba walk to look for opportunities to improve the practical shop floor (known as the genba kaizen). Unlike the similar strategy of management by walking around, gemba walks are typically not done randomly, but with a clear frequency, goal, and structure.

Glenn Mazur introduced this term into Quality Function Deployment (QFD, a quality system for new products where manufacturing has not begun) to mean the customer's place of business or lifestyle.  The idea is that to be customer-driven, one must go to the customer's gemba to understand his problems and opportunities, using all one's senses to gather and process data.

Etymology 
The word genba is a Japanese term meaning "the actual place" and is used non-business contexts to refer to crime scenes or topical locations where TV may report. In a movie set, gemba refers to the practice of shooting a scene at the actual location rather than a studio.

Gemba walk
Toyota executive Taiichi Ohno developed the gemba walk as a way for staff to stand back from day-to-day tasks and walk the floor of their workplace to identify wasteful activities. The objective of gemba walk is to understand the value stream and its problems rather than review results or make superficial comments. Along with Genchi Genbutsu or "Go, Look, See", gemba walk is one of the 5 Lean guiding principles that should be practiced by Lean leaders on a daily basis. The gemba walk, is an activity that takes management to the front lines to look for waste and opportunities to practice gemba kaizen, or practical shopfloor improvement.

Variations 

W. Edwards Deming suggested a similar idea of looking at the system from suppliers, through the entire organization, and to customers. Deming shared the idea during a 1950 visit to Japan. The commonly used models of production associated with lean, such as "value-stream mapping," do not extend to include suppliers, customers, or include a feedback loop to foster continual improvement of the system.

See also
 Genchi Genbutsu

References

Quality management
Manufacturing in Japan
Japanese business terms
Toyota Production System
SoulPad. SoulPad is a mobile computing project developed by IBM from 2004-2005. It enabled users to transfer their operating system between computers using a USB flash drive.

Background 
The SoulPad project was introduced in a 2004 research paper titled "Reincarnating PCs with Portable SoulPads". Researchers suggested that SoulPad could allow users to boot their personal operating environments from USB-compatible storage devices such as cell phones or iPods. The project aimed to separate the user's operating environment (the "soul"), from the physical hardware (the "body").

Usage 
SoulPad allows users to carry their operating system on a USB storage device. The operating system can be copied onto the device, then connected on another computer and booted from the USB. This restores the operating system to the state of its last saved backup, enabling the user to resume work as if the environment had not been interrupted.

Implementation 
SoulPad utilizes a layered software stack to implement its functionality. It uses the Live Linux distribution Knoppix as a host operating system. When the computer is powered on, Knoppix recognizes any attached devices and launches a virtual machine using VMware, which resumes the user's last session in their operating system. This process enables the system to restore the user's workspace on different hardware while maintaining functionality.

Challenges 
Several challenges were identified during the development of SoulPad. One was the time required to resume the system from a saved state, which could be up to three minutes due to Knoppix's need to recognize all connected devices. Security concerns were also raised regarding access to the local disks of the temporary host computer. To address these issues, the researchers proposed creating system profiles to improve performance and mitigate security risks.

References

External links 
 
 
 
 

Input/output
Mobile software
IBM software
Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Professional Studies. Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Professional Studies, formerly known as Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology & Management (ADGITM), is a private engineering college in Delhi, India.

External links 
 

Engineering colleges in Delhi
Colleges of the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
Educational institutions established in 2003
2003 establishments in Delhi
Australia–Japan Cable. The Australia–Japan Cable, or AJC, is a 12,700 km submarine telecommunications cable system linking Australia and Japan via Guam that became operational in 2001. It had an original design capacity of 640 Gbit/s, but was initially equipped to use only 80 Gbit/s of this capacity. In April 2008 a capacity upgrade was completed, bringing equipped capacity to 240 Gbit/s. Design capacity was also increased to 1000 Gbit/s. Further upgrades will increase equipped capacity to meet increasing demand.

The AJC network employs a collapsed loop design that features diverse landings in Australia, Guam and Japan and diverse routing at water depths less than 4000m. This design reduces cost by using a common sheath in deep water, where risk of failure is low, but provides redundancy to mitigate risk in shallower waters and in the landing stations.

The network supports a range of access interfaces, including SDH at STM1, STM4, STM16 and STM64 levels, 2.5G clear, Direct Wavelength Access, Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. A range of protection options are available, including SDH span and ring protection and 1:n wavelength redundancy.

The cable has a design life to 2026.

Landing points
Shima, Japan
Maruyama, Chiba, Japan
Tanguisson, Guam, unincorporated territory of the United States
Tumon Bay, Guam, unincorporated territory of the United States
Oxford Falls, Sydney, Australia
Paddington, Sydney, Australia

Ownership
AJC is jointly owned by Telstra, BT, Verizon Business and Softbank.

See also
 Other Australian international submarine cables (and year of first service):
 Pipe Pacific Cable (2009)
 Telstra Endeavour (2008)
 Southern Cross Cable (2000)
 SEA-ME-WE 3 (2000, Australian portion in service earlier)
 JASURAUS (1997)
 PacRimWest (1995)

References

External links
 Australia-Japan cable website (Flash based)
 cable landing license from the FCC 

Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Australia–Japan relations
2001 establishments in Australia
2001 establishments in Guam
2001 establishments in Japan
Export (disambiguation). Export is the movement of goods, or selling of services out of a country, area or settlement.

Export may also refer to:

Places
 Export, Pennsylvania, a borough of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, US
 Export, West Virginia, US
 Export rail station, a goods rail station on the Primorskaya Line, St. Petersburg, Russia

Science and technology
 EXPORT, an Exobiology experiment, developed by ESA, to be externally mounted on the ISS
 Export, converting a computer file into a format other than the original format; See port-in- data
 export, a language keyword in C++
 export, a Unix command that is usually a shell builtin

Other uses
 Export, a type of Scottish beer
 Valie Export (born 1940), an Austrian artist
 Export of revolution, actions by a victorious revolutionary government to promote similar revolutions in other countries
 Export (cigarette), a Canadian line of cigarettes and rolling tobacco produced by JTI Macdonald

See also
 Exporting, in international trade
 Molson Export, a type of Canadian beer
 Dortmunder Export, a pale lager
 Oland Export Ale is a type of Canadian beer
 Emu Export, a type of Australian beer
Bombilla. A bombilla (Spanish), bomba (Portuguese) or massasa (Arabic) is a type of drinking straw, used to drink mate.
In metal bombillas, the lower end is perforated and acts as a metal filter which is used to separate the mate infusion from leaves, stems, and other mate debris, and functions in a similar fashion to the perforated metal screen of a teapot. Filters can be removable and can be opened for cleaning, or they may be permanently fixed to the bombilla stem. Bombillas vary in length but a popular length is approximately  long.

Traditional bombillas are made of metal alloys such as an alloy of copper and nickel called alpaca silver or German silver, stainless steel, and 800 silver which is used to construct the filter and stem, sometimes combined with a gold plated head. Low-end bombillas are made from hollow-stemmed cane. Silver bombillas are popular. In recent times, the traditional silver bombillas are being replaced by ones made from stainless steel.

Silver bombillas were used by the privileged classes, while those made of straw were used by people of lesser means. Due to the high thermal conductivity of silver, bombillas and gourds made of silver can get very hot fast, requiring caution when drinking hot mate tea to avoid burns.

Etymology
The Spanish name "Bombilla" means literally "little pump". The Spanish term is also used for electric lightbulbs, bombilla eléctrica, being a diminutive of bomba.

Gallery

References

Yerba mate