omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Saturated calomel electrode. The saturated calomel electrode (SCE) is a reference electrode based on the reaction between elemental mercury and mercury(I) chloride. It has been widely replaced by the silver chloride electrode, however the calomel electrode has a reputation of being more robust. The aqueous phase in contact with the mercury and the mercury(I) chloride (Hg2Cl2, "calomel") is a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water. The electrode is normally linked via a porous frit (sometimes coupled to a salt bridge) to the solution in which the other electrode is immersed.

In cell notation the electrode is written as:

{Cl^-}(4M) | {Hg2Cl2(s)} | {Hg(l)} | Pt

Theory of electrolysis

Solubility product

The electrode is based on the redox reactions

The half reactions can be balanced to the following reaction
.
Which can be simplified to the precipitation reaction, with the equilibrium constant of the solubility product.

The Nernst equations for these half reactions are:

The Nernst equation for the balanced reaction is:

where E0 is the standard electrode potential for the reaction and aHg is the activity for the mercury cation.

At equilibrium, 
, or equivalently . 
This equality allows us to find the solubility product.

Due to the high concentration of chloride ions, the concentration of mercury ions ([Hg2^2+]) is low. This reduces risk of mercury poisoning for users and other mercury problems.

SCE potential

The only variable in this equation is the activity (or concentration) of the chloride anion. But since the inner solution is saturated with potassium chloride, this activity is fixed by the solubility of potassium chloride, which is: .  This gives the SCE a potential of +0.248 V vs. SHE at 20 °C and +0.244 V vs. SHE at 25 °C, but slightly higher when the chloride solution is less than saturated. For example, a 3.5M KCl electrolyte solution has an increased reference potential of +0.250 V vs. SHE at 25°C while a 1 M solution has a +0.283 V potential at the same temperature.

Application

The SCE is used in pH measurement, cyclic voltammetry and general aqueous electrochemistry.

This electrode and the silver/silver chloride reference electrode work in the same way.  In both electrodes, the activity of the metal ion is fixed by the solubility of the metal salt.

The calomel electrode contains mercury, which poses much greater health hazards than the silver metal used in the Ag/AgCl electrode.

See also
Cyclic voltammetry
Standard hydrogen electrode
Table of standard electrode potentials
Reference electrode

References

Electrodes

ja:基準電極#カロメル電極
SDV. SDV may stand for:

 Swimmer delivery vehicle for scuba divers
 SEAL Delivery Vehicle
 Shut down valve
 Switched digital video via cable
 Sde Dov Airport, Tel Aviv, Israel (by IATA airport code)
 Society of Divine Vocations or Vocationist Fathers
 SDV International Logistics
 Source Data Verification, for clinical trials
 Software Defined Vehicle
DISLIN. DISLIN is a high-level plotting library developed by Helmut Michels at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Göttingen, Germany. Helmut Michels has worked as a mathematician and Unix system manager at the computer center of the institute. He retired in April 2020 and 
founded the company Dislin Software.

The DISLIN library contains routines and functions for displaying data as curves, bar graphs, pie charts, 3D-colour plots, surfaces, contours and maps. Several output formats are supported such as X11, VGA, PostScript, PDF, CGM, WMF, EMF, SVG, HPGL, PNG, BMP, PPM, GIF and TIFF.

DISLIN is available for the programming languages Fortran 77, Fortran 90/95 and C. Plotting extensions for the languages Perl, Python, Java, Julia, Ruby, Go and Tcl are also supported for most operating systems. There is a third-party package to use DISLIN from IDL.

History 
The first version 1.0 was released in December 1986. The current version of DISLIN is 11.5.2, released in April 2024.

Since version 11.3 the DISLIN software is free for non-commercial and commercial use.

References

External links 

1986 software
3D graphics software
Cross-platform software
Graphics libraries
Max Planck Society
Plotting software
VDX. VDX may refer to:

 VDX (library software) (for Virtual Document eXchange), an interlibrary loan software product
 .vdx, a filename extension for the Microsoft Visio XML drawing file format
 OSEK or OSEK/VDX (Vehicle Distributed eXecutive), a standards body for automotive electronics
 Virtual Desktop Extender, by RES Software, acquired by Ivanti in 2017
Johann Georg Halske. Johann Georg Halske (30 July 1814 – 18 March 1890) was a German master mechanic.

Biography
Born in Hamburg, Halske started his own workshop in Berlin in 1844, which he ran together with his partner F. M. Böttcher. In 1847 Halske founded the Siemens & Halske Telegraph Construction Company together with Werner von Siemens. Halske was particularly involved in the construction and design of electrical equipment such as the press which enabled wires to be insulated with a seamless coat of gutta-percha, the pointer telegraph and the morse telegraph and measuring instruments. In 1867 he withdrew from the company because his views on company policy diverged from those of the Siemens brothers and devoted himself in his role as a Berlin city councillor to the administration of the city and the establishment of the Museum of Decorative Art. He remained friends with Werner von Siemens until Halske's death in 1890. 
Even after his departure, he continued to support the company and participated financially in the Siemens pension fund, founded in 1872.

References

External links
Lifelines: Johann Georg Halske. Vol. 1, ed. Siemens Historical Institute, Munich 2014 .
Picture, biography, and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

1814 births
1890 deaths
German mechanical engineers
German company founders
19th-century German businesspeople
Businesspeople from Hamburg
Siemens people
Engineers from Hamburg
Köln-class frigate. The ships of the F120 Köln class of frigates were the first major warships built in Germany after World War II.

They were the world's first ships to feature a combined diesel and gas propulsion system. The ships received numerous refits during their long careers with new electronics and torpedo tubes. They were replaced by Type 122 frigates in the 1980s and four ships were sold to the Turkish Navy.

List of ships

All ships were stationed as second frigate squadron in Wilhelmshaven.

See also
List of frigates
List of naval ship classes of Germany

Citations

References
Gardiner, Robert and Stephen Chumbley. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. .
Prézelin, Bernard and A.D. Baker III. The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1990/1991. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1990. .

 
Frigate classes
Type 202 submarine. The Type 202 submarine was a short lived class of German submarines. Design of these very small submarines started in 1957 by Ingenieurkontor Lübeck (IKL). It was intended to build 40 Type 202 mini submarines with a six-man crew but technical difficulties and doubts about their usefulness reduced them to three, and of those three for trials, to be further reduced to two. The boats were in service only a few months and were scrapped shortly after.

They were one of the few military U-boats not bearing "U-numbers", probably since they were never intended for combat use. Instead they were named after important German engineers in submarine constructions  (like Wilhelm Bauer).

Hans Techel was built with traditional propeller and rudders (similar to the Type 205 submarines), but Friedrich Schürer had a rotatable Kort nozzle instead.

List of ships

References

 Die U-Boote der Marine seit 1955 - Spiegel online (in German)
 Die deutsche U-Boot Waffe  - www.die-marine.de
 Klasse 202 oecd.de
Lajoie Dam. Lajoie Dam is the uppermost of the storage dams of BC Hydro's Bridge River Power Project, which is located in the southwestern Interior of British Columbia.  It is located just west of the small semi-ghost town of Gold Bridge.  An earthfill structure, it is 87 m (287 ft) and impounds c.  of water in Downton Lake Reservoir.  The Lajoie Powerhouse generates 22 MW with an average generating capacity of 170 GWh/year.  A few miles downstream is Carpenter Lake, which is formed by Terzaghi Dam, the largest of the Bridge River Power Project's structures.

Downton Reservoir is named for Geoffrey M. Downton, a pioneer surveyor who was the first to recognize the hydroelectric potential in the drop in elevation between the Bridge and Seton river systems.  Lajoie Dam and Powerhouse are atop the site of Lajoie Falls, which was named after Lazack Lajoie, a local "mountain man" and entrepreneur-huckster who promoted a townsite and mining complex around Gun Lake which never came to fruition.

References
 Water Powers, British Columbia, BC Dept of Lands and Forests Water Rights Branch, Victoria 1954

External links

BC Hydro Bridge River Development Rec Site
Bridge River-Lillooet Archive Lajoie Dam page
Aerial view of Downton Lake, looking west
Aerial view of Lajoie Dam from overhead from Randall & Kat's Flying Photos

Dams in British Columbia
Bridge River Country
BC Hydro
Publicly owned dams in Canada
Poly(methyl acrylate). Poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) is a family of organic polymers with the formula ()n. It is a synthetic acrylate polymer derived from methyl acrylate monomer. The polymers are colorless.  This homopolymer is far less important than copolymers derived from methyl acrylate and other monomers. PMA is softer than polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), It  is tough, leathery, and flexible.

Copolymers
Far more important than PMA are copolymers produced from methyl acrylate and one or more of the following comonomers methyl methacrylate, styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and butadiene.

Properties
It has a low glass-transition temperature about 10°C (12.5°C in case of PMA38). It is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). PMA is water-sensitive and unlike PMMA, is not stable against alkalies.

High-energy radiation leads to cross linking in PMA. However in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a compound similar to PMA, degradation occurs instead.

Uses
Also used in leather finishing and textiles.

Derivatives of this polymer are commonly used in orally administered pharmaceutical formulations to target specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract.

References

Acrylate polymers
Seymour Lipton. Seymour Lipton (6 November 1903 – 15 December 1986) was an American abstract expressionist sculptor. He was a member of the New York School who gained widespread recognition in the 1950s. He initially trained as a dentist but focused on sculpture from 1932. His early choices of medium changed from wood to lead and then to bronze, and he is best known for his work in metal. He made several technical innovations, including brazing nickel-silver rods onto sheets of Monel to create rust resistant forms.

His work is included in the Phillips Collection, the Albright–Knox Art Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Books
Dr. Lori Verderame wrote the definitive monograph on Seymour Lipton entitled Seymour Lipton: An American Sculptor in 1999 published by Hudson Hills Press and the Palmer Museum of Art, Penn State University. The book was based on the author's research conduction to complete her Ph.D. dissertation entitled Seymour Lipton: Themes of Nature in the 1950s The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 
Much of his art addresses the themes of flight, nature and war.

See also
Laureate public sculpture in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
The Empty Room public sculpture in The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection in Albany, New York

References

External links
The Grove Dictionary of Art (excerpt available online)
Seymour Lipton: Post War American in Three Dimensions by Dr. Lori Verderame

1903 births
1986 deaths
Abstract expressionist artists
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Lathe (disambiguation). Lathe may refer to:

In woodworking and metalworking
Geometric lathe, used for making ornamental patterns on the plates used in printing bank notes and postage stamps
Lathe (metal), a lathe used specifically for metals
Lathe, used in turning wood, metals and other materials
Rose engine lathe, a specialized kind of ornamental lathe

Other uses
Disc cutting lathe, the groove cutting machine used in the production of vinyl records
Lathe (county subdivision), formerly an administrative division of the county of Kent, England
Lathe (graphics), a method of forming 3D computer graphics
Learning and teaching in higher education (LATHE), and hence the diploma awarded by the University of Oxford, PGDipLATHE

See also
Lath, material used to span gaps in structural framing and form a base on which to apply plaster
Cope and stick. Cope and stick construction is a frame and panel joinery technique often used in the making of doors, wainscoting, and other decorative features for cabinets, furniture, and homes.

In cope and stick construction, the "stick" is the molded edge with a cut along the inside of the frame where it is to be joined to the panel. The panel piece that meets the molding at a right angle must be "coped," or given a cope cut, across the end grain of the wood to match the molding's profile.

References

Woodworking
Edward E. Simmons. Edward E. Simmons Jr. (1911 in Los Angeles, California – May 18, 2004, in Pasadena, California) was an electrical engineer and the inventor of the bonded wire resistance strain gauge.

Simmons attended the California Institute of Technology, where he received a B.S. in 1934 and an M.S. in 1936.  He continued to work for the Institute under Assistant Professor Donald Clark.  In 1938, Simmons invented the strain gauge. Caltech claimed the patent on the strain gauge, but Simmons took his case to the Supreme Court of California, and won patent rights in 1949.

The Franklin Institute awarded Simmons the Edward Longstreth Medal in 1944.

Simmons became notably eccentric later in life, dressing in idiosyncratic attire, including tights, a tutu, a turban, and white satin ballet slippers. He was commonly known among Caltech students as the "Millikan Man," due to his habit of wandering the campus late at night, particularly in the vicinity of Millikan Library. He was known among staff of Caltech as "Renaissance Ralph". One other nickname on campus was "Dr. Strange Gauge".

He died of cancer in 2004.

References

1911 births
2004 deaths
American electrical engineers
California Institute of Technology alumni
Deaths from cancer in California
20th-century American engineers
Robert A. Alberty. Robert Arnold Alberty (1921–2014) was an American biophysical chemist, professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Alberty earned bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Nebraska in 1943 and 1944, respectively, then a doctoral degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1947. For his work in the area of biochemical thermodynamics, Alberty was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1965. In 1968 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was dean of the MIT School of Science between 1967-1982.

Alberty is also known for his textbooks on physical chemistry, which have gone through many editions. The first one, Physical Chemistry, co-authored with Farrington Daniels, was published in 1957. More recent books of the same title have been co-authored with Robert J. Silbey and Moungi G. Bawendi (2004). Other works include Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions   (2003) and Biochemical Thermodynamics: Applications of Mathematica (Methods of Biochemical Analysis) (2006).

He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the age of 92 on January 18, 2014. Towards the end of his life he wrote a short account of his life and scientific career.

Research

At the beginning of his career Alberty worked principally on aspects of electrophoresis in protein chemistry. After a period of 20 years away from academic research, when he had administrative responsibilities at MIT, together with work in the petroleum industry, he returned to biochemical research.

He became increasingly concerned with the kinetics and mechanisms of enzyme-catalysed reactions, initially studying fumarase in particular. He was among the first to consider the kinetics of reactions with more than one substrate, and in the years that followed there was hardly any aspect of enzyme kinetics he did not touch, his work including, for example, studies of pH, integrated rate equations, reversible reactions, effects of temperature, effects of buffers and inhibitors, and others.

Alberty's early interest in the ionization of adenosine phosphates
and of thermodynamic aspects of biochemical reactions came to be his primary interest, and in his later years he had numerous publications on this topic, such as a compilation of the properties of ATP and related compounds. He worked with IUPAC on recommendations for presenting data for biochemical thermodynamics.

Although he was primarily concerned with single enzyme-catalysed reactions, Alberty also did some work with systems of more than one enzyme, such as the urea cycle.

See also
Kenneth Burton

References

External links
 Robert A. Alberty Papers, MC-0681. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Distinctive Collections, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
 Faculty web page at MIT

1921 births
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
2014 deaths
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
American physical chemists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Operation Eagle Assist. Operation Eagle Assist was a NATO operation where AWACS aircraft patrolled the skies over the United States following the September 11 attacks.

On October 4, about a month after the September 11 attacks, the North Atlantic Council decided to operationalize Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty. The operation began on October 9, 2001. It was NATO's first deployment "in the defense of one of its member countries". In total, 830 crew members from 13 NATO nations executed 360 operational sorties, totaling nearly 4300 hours.

The operation ended on May 16, 2002. The decision to terminate "was made on the basis of upgrades to the U.S. air defense posture, enhanced cooperation between U.S. civil and military authorities, and on mandatory evaluations of homeland security requirements."

See also
 List of Canadian military operations
 Operation Noble Eagle

References

External links
 Statement by the Secretary General on the conclusion of Operation Eagle Assist
 Canadian Forces contributions to NATO
 Article 5 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Medal for Operation "Eagle Assist" Order
 

Military operations involving NATO
2001 in the United States
2002 in the United States
Antiwear additive. AW additives, or antiwear additives, are additives for lubricants to prevent metal-to-metal contact between parts of gears.

EP additives are used in applications such as gearboxes, while AW additives are used with lighter loads such as bushings.

Details 
Some popular AW additives are:
 zinc dithiophosphate (ZDP)
 zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (ZDDP), probably the most widely used in formulated engine oils, also acts as a corrosion inhibitor and antioxidant
 Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), used for high-temperature operation, often used as an AW and EP additive in turbine engine lubricants, and also in some crankcase oils and hydraulic fluids
 Halocarbons (chlorinated paraffins), for extreme pressure operations
 Glycerol mono oleate
 Stearic acid, adhering to surfaces via reversible adsorption process under 150 °C, which limits its use to mild contact conditions.

Some formulations use colloidal PTFE (Teflon), but its efficiency is controversial.

Many AW additives function as EP additives, for example organophosphates or sulfur compounds. The mechanism of function of TCP and ZDDP is explained in EP additives.

Under extreme pressure conditions, the performance of AW additives becomes insufficient and designated EP additives are required.

See also

References 

Lubricants
Oil additives
Intercast. Intercast was a short-lived technology developed in 1996 by Intel for broadcasting information such as web pages and computer software, along with a single television channel. It required a compatible TV tuner card installed in a personal computer and a decoding program called Intel Intercast Viewer. The data for Intercast was embedded in the Vertical Blanking Interval (VBI) of the video signal carrying the Intercast-enabled program, at a maximum of 10.5 Kilobytes/sec in 10 of the 45 lines of the VBI.

With Intercast, a computer user could watch the TV broadcast in one window of the Intercast Viewer, while being able to view HTML web pages in another window. Users were also able to download software transmitted via Intercast as well. Most often the web pages received were relevant to the television program being broadcast, such as extra information relating to a television program, or extra news headlines and weather forecasts during a newscast. Intercast can be seen as a more modern version of teletext.

The Intercast Viewer software was bundled with several TV tuner cards at the time, such as the Hauppauge Win-TV card. Also at the time of Intercast's introduction, Compaq offered some models of computers with built-in TV tuners installed with the Intercast Viewer software.

Upon its debut, Intercast was used by several TV networks, such as NBC, CNN, The Weather Channel, and MTV Networks.

On June 25, 1996, Intel and NBC announced an arrangement which enabled users to watch coverage of the 1996 Summer Olympics and other programming from NBC News.

Intel discontinued support for Intercast a couple of years later.

NBC's series Homicide: Life on the Street was a show that was Intercast-enabled.

References

External links
 Archived copy of Intercast's web site from archive.org
 Article about Intercast, NBC, and the 1996 Summer Olympics
 Businessweek article
 Microsoft press release regarding Intercast and Windows 98
 Intercast dying of neglect

Television technology
Multimedia
Streaming television in the United States
Computer-related introductions in 1996