omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lee County Central Electric Railway. The Lee County Central Electric Railway, or LCC, was an electric interurban railway linking the small prairie town of Lee Center with nearby Amboy and Middlebury in northern Illinois.  The line was conceived as an electric railway link between the cities of Steward, south of Rochelle, and Dixon, but was never able to raise enough capital to reach either destination.  The LCC was one of the smallest and shortest-lived electric operations in the entire national interurban network, and yet despite its notorious operational problems it survived as a de-electrified freight carrier far longer than most larger interurban railways.

History
The LCC was incorporated as the Northern Illinois Electric Railway Company in 1901 but despite some early right-of-way work it was nearly a decade before serious construction started.  In 1910 enough capital was raised to construct a section of the railroad between Lee Center, which had no railroad, and the nearby town of Amboy.  Railroad construction engineer George H.T. Shaw, who lived in Lee Center, promoted the line, and on December 10, 1910 service opened over the five-mile route using a secondhand streetcar obtained from Chicago.  A year later a large wooden interurban car was bought from a line in Louisville, Kentucky, but the little line's power system was insufficient for normal operation and the big car had trouble making it over the railroad.  Adequate electric power also prevented freight from being carried, and a succession of outdated steam locomotives were used until a gas-electric locomotive was acquired in the late 1920s.

Despite its troubles the line was extended in 1912, this time seven miles in the opposite direction from Amboy to a country crossroads called Middlebury which consisted of a grain elevator and a schoolhouse.  For the next three years passenger operations were conducted using the line's two cars, mainly between Lee Center and Amboy with operation to Middlebury if there were any passengers.

In 1913 the line went into bankruptcy and was reorganized as the Lee County Central Electric Railway.  In 1915 passenger service was abandoned and the wires were taken down the next year, making the LCC among the earliest interurbans to abandon passenger service.  Freight service continued, though, carrying grain to an interchange with the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad.

In the 1930s the line east from Lee Center to Middlebury was abandoned but in 1946 the Lee County Grain Association purchased the railroad and operated it into the 1970s, decades after most electric interurbans had completely ceased to exist.

References

 

Defunct Illinois railroads
Interurban railways in Illinois
Companies based in Lee County, Illinois
Electric railways in Illinois
MacTeX. MacTeX is a free redistribution of TeX Live, a typesetting environment based on TeX. While TeX Live is designed to be cross-platform (running on Unix, macOS, and Windows), MacTeX includes Mac-specific utilities and front-ends (such as TeXShop and BibDesk). It is also pre-configured to work out-of-the-box with macOS, as it provides sensible defaults for configuration options that, in TeX Live, are left up to the user to allow for its cross-platform compatibility.

Details
MacTeX is packaged and distributed by the MacTeX TeXnical working group, a subgroup of TeX Users Group (TUG). TeX Live is distributed by the TUG, making MacTeX less a fork of TeX Live than a customised repackaging.

The full MacTeX install package contains three subpackages:

 TeX Live
 GUI applications
BibDesk
 LaTeXiT (a LaTeX equation editor)
 TeX Live Utility (a utility to update, install or remove parts of TeX Live)
 TeXShop (a Mac-based TeX editor)
 Ghostscript (an open source version of PostScript)

A substantially smaller version of MacTeX, BasicTeX, which does not contain Ghostscript or the aforementioned GUI programs, can be used instead along with a TeX editor as well.

See also 

 BibDesk
 MiKTeX
 TeX Live
 TeXShop

References

External links
 

Free TeX software
TeX software for macOS
Trichloroethylene (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on trichloroethylene.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as eChemPortal, and follow its directions. 
 Mallinckrodt Baker.
 FLUKA.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Distillation data

Spectral data

References

 

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Polariton superfluid. Polariton superfluid is predicted to be a state of the exciton-polaritons system that combines the characteristics of lasers with those of excellent electrical conductors. Researchers look for this state in a solid state optical microcavity coupled with quantum well excitons. The idea is to create an ensemble of particles known as exciton-polaritons and trap them.
Wave behavior in this state results in a light beam similar to that from a laser but possibly more energy efficient.

Unlike traditional superfluids that need temperatures of approximately ~4 K, the polariton superfluid could in principle be stable at much higher temperatures, and might soon be demonstrable at room temperature. Evidence for polariton superfluidity was reported in by Alberto Amo and coworkers, based on the suppressed scattering of the polaritons during their motion.

Although several other researchers are working in the same field, the terminology and conclusions are not completely shared by the different groups. In particular, important properties of superfluids, such as zero viscosity, and of lasers, such as perfect optical coherence, are a matter of debate. Although, there is clear indication of quantized vortices when the pump beam has orbital angular momentum.
Furthermore, clear evidence has been demonstrated also for superfluid motion of polaritons, in terms of the Landau criterion and the suppression of scattering from defects when the flow velocity is slower than the speed of sound in the fluid.
The same phenomena have been demonstrated in an organic exciton polariton fluid, representing the first achievement of room-temperature superfluidity of a hybrid fluid of photons and excitons.

See also
 Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons

References

External links
 YouTube animation explaining what is polariton in a semiconductor micro-resonator.
 Description of the experimental research on polariton fluids at the Institute of Nanotechnologies.

Phases of matter
Superfluidity
Activation product. An activation product is a material that has been made radioactive by the process of neutron activation.

Fission products and actinides produced by neutron absorption of nuclear fuel itself are normally referred to by those specific names, and activation product reserved for products of neutron capture by other materials, such as structural components of the nuclear reactor or nuclear bomb, the reactor coolant, control rods or other neutron poisons, or materials in the environment. All of these, however, need to be handled as radioactive waste. Some nuclides originate in more than one way, as activation products or fission products.

Activation products in a reactor's primary coolant loop are a main reason reactors use a chain of two or even three coolant loops linked by heat exchangers.

Fusion reactors will not produce radioactive waste from the fusion product nuclei themselves, which are normally just helium-4, but generate high neutron fluxes, so activation products are a particular concern.

Activation product radionuclides include:

[1] Branching fractions from LNHB database.

[2] Branching fractions renormalised to sum to 1.0..

References

External links
 Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross-Sections, IAEA, 1974
 Nuclear Structure and Decay Databases (nndc.bnl.gov)
 New and revised half-life measurements results made by the Radioactivity Group of NIST
 HANDBOOK OF NUCLEAR DATA FOR SAFEGUARDS: DATABASE EXTENSIONS, AUGUST 2008

Radiation
Neutron
Radiation effects
Nuclear materials
Zootope. Zootope is the total habitat available for colonisation within any certain ecotope or biotope by animal life. The community of animals so established constitutes the zoocoenosis of that ecotope.

All these words (ecotope, biotope, zootope and others) describe environmental niches at very small scales of consideration. The rabbits and squirrels and mosquitoes of any suburban garden or village park, or the deer and wolves and birds of a wilderness ravine would each be deserving of the label.

References
 Kratochwil, Anselm. Biodiversity in Ecosystems: Principles and Case Studies of Different Complexity Levels. Series: Tasks for Vegetation Science, XXXIV. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. .

See also
 Ecological land classification

Ecosystems
Linnar Viik. Linnar Viik (born 26 February 1965 in Tallinn) is an Estonian information technology scientist, entrepreneur and IT visionary.

Currently he is a visiting lecturer at University of Tartu, Estonian Academy of Arts and Tallinn University,  Partner and Member of the Board of Mobi Solutions and Chairman of the Supervisory Board of EIT Digital.

As founder and Programme Director at Estonian e-Governance Academy, he has been advising more than 40 governments on their digital strategy, digital capacities and digital transformation roadmaps. He has been member of the Research and Development Council of Estonia 2001-2017, member of e-Estonia Council 1996-2021.

He is also  member of the Supervisory Board of SEI Tallinn and member of the Advisory Board of Lisbon Council.

Linnar has been member of the Board and lecturing at Estonian IT College since 2000 where he was appointed Acting Rector in 2010.  Linnar Viik was founding Member of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology Governing Board, member of Advisory Board of Nordic Investment Bank, Chairman of the Board of the Open Estonia Foundation.

He is a founder and member of the boards of several mobile communications, broadband and software companies, former advisor to the Prime Minister of Estonia on ICT, innovation, R&D and civic society issues.

Earlier occupations include United Nations Development Programme as advisor and Stockholm Environment Institute as Councilor.

Linnar Viik has written over 120 articles and 10 reports, mostly on the topics of Knowledge Based Economy and Implications of Information Society, as well as being instrumental in the rapid development of Estonian computer and network infrastructure, as well as the Estonian Internet Voting and eSignature projects.

References

External links

 
Linnar Viik - Estonia's Mr Internet

1965 births
Living people
Estonian computer scientists
Information theorists
Computer science educators
Estonian scholars
People from Tallinn
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 5th Class
Alma Doepel. The Alma Doepel is a three-masted topsail schooner and is one of the oldest such ships surviving.

Early history
Alma Doepel was built in 1903 in Bellingen, NSW, by Frederik Doepel and named after his youngest daughter Alma. Until 1915 she operated between Sydney and the northern rivers district of New South Wales. In late 1915 she was sold to Tasmanian owners and commenced operation in Tasmania, mainly carrying timber and goods between Hobart and Melbourne. She was fitted with an auxiliary engine in 1916, and again in 1936. In a 1937 refit her rig was simplified from having square topsails on the foremast to having a fore-and-after rig. In 1943 she was requisitioned by the army, refitted and renamed AK82, and used as an army supply vessel running from Townsville and Darwin to Papua New Guinea. After the war she was reverted to merchant vessel configuration, resuming operation in Tasmania in 1946. From 1961 to 1975 she was stripped of her rigging and used to carry limestone, before being sold, for the scrap value of her engines, to the Melbourne company Sail & Adventure in 1976.

This ship was also used in the opening credits of Quigley Down Under in 1990.

Restoration
In July 1976 ownership was transferred to Sail and Adventure Ltd., a non-profit organisation formed to restore and use the ship as a sail training vessel. From 1976 to 1987, Alma Doepel was comprehensively restored. Stage one of the restoration had been completed by mid-1978. In mid-1978 the Port of Melbourne Authority provided berthing and storage facilities at North Wharf. By December 1979 a new deck had been fitted and lower masts had been stepped and rigged. During 1980 a new keel and rudder were fitted at a slipway constructed at Hastings. Sails were fitted in 1983. Limited sailing occurred by January 1984. She led the Parade of Sail in Sydney Harbour in January 1988. From July 1988 she was used as a sail training ship, based in Melbourne, until 1999 when the need for work on the hull and lack of funds put a stop to this activity. In April 2001, Alma Doepel was taken to Port Macquarie where she was berthed at Lady Nelson Wharf and open to the public as a static exhibit. In January 2009 the Alma Doepel returned to Melbourne.

From 2013, she was berthed at No 2 Victoria Dock (Melbourne), mounted on a submergible barge, undergoing an extensive refit to return her to survey so she can recommence sail training. On 16 October 2021 she was lifted off the barge and back into the water by the cargo ship AAL Shanghai and was ready for re-rigging and her internal fit-out.

See also
 List of schooners

Notes

References

External links

  Alma Doepel website
 Alma Doepel Chronicles: Photos and details of the restoration of the Melbourne tall ship the Alma Doepel
 Alma Doepel virtual tour

Schooners of Australia
Ships built in New South Wales
Tall ships of Australia
Sail training ships
Three-masted ships
1903 ships
Merchant ships of Australia
Ships of Tasmania
Francis Pettit Smith. Sir Francis Pettit Smith (9 February 1808 – 12 February 1874) was an English inventor and, along with John Ericsson, one of the inventors of the screw propeller. He was also the driving force behind the construction of the world's first screw-propelled boat, .

Early life
He was born at Hythe, Kent, where his father was the postmaster. He was educated at a private school in Ashford run by the Rev. Alexander Power, before working as a grazing Farmer on Romney Marsh, later moving to Hendon in Middlesex where he continued to farm for 37 years.

Career
As a boy he had acquired great skill in the construction of model boats and took special interest in their means of propulsion.  This fascination with boats remained with him and in 1834 on a reservoir near his farm, he perfected the propulsion of a model boat by means of a wooden screw driven by a spring.  He became utterly convinced that this form of propulsion was greatly superior to the paddle wheel which was in use at the time.  The following year he built a superior model with which he performed a number of experiments at Hendon and in 1836 took out a patent for propelling vessels by means of a screw revolving beneath the water at the stern.

After securing the financial backing of several parties, he helped organise the Propeller Steamship Company which in 1839 built the world's first successful screw-propelled steamship, . 
A short time later, he was instrumental in persuading Isambard Kingdom Brunel to change the design of the SS Great Britain from paddle to screw propulsion, by lending Brunel the Archimedes for several months. He also helped persuade the British Admiralty to adopt screw propulsion.

Smith travelled on the SS Great Britain in May 1852, between Liverpool and New York.

Later life
Between 1864 and 1870 he resided in an elegant Victorian house at 17 Sydenham Hill SE26, near Crystal Palace Park, a fact noted on a Blue Plaque.

In 1860 the government appointed him to the post of curator of the Patent Museum at South Kensington. In 1871 a knighthood was conferred upon him.

Smith died at 15 Thurloe Place, South Kensington in February 1874, and is buried in St Leonards Cemetery, Hythe, Kent.

Personal life
Smith married twice and had children by each marriage.

Legacy
Smith negotiated with the Governors of Dulwich College for the lease of a plot of land on Sydenham Hill where he built his house named Centra House in 1864.  The house was designed by Charles Barry, Jr. (the eldest son of Sir Charles Barry).  The house still stands today. In the grounds Smith had planted a considerable shrubbery and had use of woodlands down to College Road.  A later resident added a Pulhamite fountain and small grotto to the rear of the residence and renamed the house Dilkoosh. It was later renamed to its present title – Fountain House.

Notes

External links

1808 births
1874 deaths
British marine engineers
English inventors
English curators
Knights Bachelor
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
People from Hythe, Kent
Robert E. Doherty. Robert E. Doherty (1885–1950) was an American electrical engineer who served as the third President of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Early life
Doherty was born in Clay City, Illinois, then a rural area without electricity or a telegraph office. When electricity was introduced there, it fascinated him. He began to learn telegraphy while in high school and after graduation, worked as a telegrapher for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He saved his money to attend prep school. At age 21 he enrolled in the University of Illinois hoping to study electrical engineering. He attended a lecture during his freshman year by Charles Steinmetz of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York. It inspired him to take a position at GE after graduation.

By 1918 Steinmetz promoted Doherty to be his assistant, and he served in this role until Steinmetz's death in 1923. Doherty next became a full-time consulting engineer at GE and began to teach problem-solving courses within the company to newly hired engineers. During this time Doherty continued his studies and earned an M.S. from Union College. The Great Depression took its toll on GE, however, and Doherty accepted an offer from Yale University. He became dean of the Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science in 1932. In 1936, he accepted the presidency at Carnegie Institute of Technology, today's Carnegie Mellon.

Carnegie Tech years
Doherty's administration stressed graduate education. During his tenure the number of graduate students increased from 45 to 369. He also implemented an approach to undergraduate education in the 1940s called the "Carnegie Plan", a philosophy in which "students were taught to apply fundamental knowledge to solve practical problems and were required to learn about and appreciate academic disciplines outside their primary area of study". Doherty was unpopular with many students, however, when he de-emphasized football at Tech in the late 1930s, despite the national success of the team.

He retired from Carnegie Tech in 1950 and died later that year at his home in Scotia, New York. Doherty Hall, home of the Department of Chemical Engineering as well as Mellon College of Science labs, and the Doherty Apartment dorms on Carnegie Mellon's campus are named for him.

References

Notes

Presidents of Carnegie Mellon University
1885 births
1950 deaths
People from Clay County, Illinois
Union College (New York) alumni
Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science faculty
IEEE Lamme Medal recipients
Technology in Silesia. The development of technology in Silesia started towards the end of the 18th century when the Prussian authorities created a special department for mining and metallurgy under the direction of the Count Frederic Wilhelm von Reden. Upper Silesian heavy industry, for two centuries, occupied the leading position in Europe in terms of technology, economy and workers' welfare.

Places to visit to see this progression of technology
 Bielsko-Biała Museum
 Technology and Textile Industry Museum
 Dom Tkacza – Museum the Weaver's House
 Bobrek Steel Mill
 The Elzbieta Mine Shaft
 Częstochowa
 The Building Complex of the Former "Saturn" Coal Mine
 Glivice Steel Mill
 Nikiszowiec is an example of a workers colony from the beginning of the 20th century
 The Fizinus Shafts
 Zabrze a steam operated lift machine dating from 1915 is an object of interest in the mine

History of Silesia
Industrial history of Germany
Edwin D. Harrison. Edwin Davies Harrison (January 8, 1916 – October 23, 2001) was the sixth president of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), from 1957 to 1969. It was in Harrison's honor that the first 'T' was stolen from the face of Tech Tower. His administration also tackled the difficult issues of integration and competitive pay for faculty members.

Early life and education
Harrison graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1939 and served in the Navy until 1945. He then earned a master's in mechanical engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1948, and a doctorate in mechanical engineering from Purdue University in 1952.

Career
Harrison was Assistant Dean at Virginia Tech and Dean of Engineering at the University of Toledo.

Previous Georgia Tech president Blake Ragsdale Van Leer had died in office during a political battle with the state's governor, and interim dean Paul Weber had served for nearly 17 months while the institute searched for a president that was willing to serve in the harsh social climate. Harrison would oversee another large expansion from Georgia Tech. Georgia Tech's President G. Wayne Clough was a student while Harrison was president.

After his abrupt retirement from Georgia Tech after ten years as president, Harrison worked for J.P. Stevens (now part of WestPoint Home) for seven years and subsequently retired.

See also
 History of Georgia Tech#Integration and expansion

References

External links
 
 

1916 births
2001 deaths
Presidents of Georgia Tech
United States Naval Academy alumni
Virginia Tech alumni
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
20th-century American academics