omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Reaction injection molding. Reaction injection molding (RIM) is similar to injection molding except thermosetting polymers are used, which requires a curing reaction to occur within the mold.

Common items made via RIM include automotive bumpers, air spoilers, and fenders.

Process
The two parts of the polymer are mixed together, usually by  injecting them under high pressure into an impinging mixer.  Then the mixture is injected under lower pressure into a mold. The mixture is allowed to sit in the mold long enough for it to expand and cure.

If reinforcing agents are added to the mixture then the process is known as reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM). Common reinforcing agents include glass fibers and mica. This process is usually used to produce rigid foam automotive panels.

A subset of RIM is structural reaction injection molding (SRIM), which uses fiber meshes for the reinforcing agent. The fiber mesh is first arranged in the mold and then the polymer mixture is injection molded over it.

The most common RIM processable material is polyurethane (known generally as PU-RIM), but others include polyureas, polyisocyanurates, polyesters, polyphenols, polyepoxides, and nylon 6. For polyurethane one component of the mixture is polyisocyanate and the other component is a blend of polyol, surfactant, catalyst, and blowing agent.

Advantages and disadvantages
Reaction injection molding can produce strong, flexible, lightweight parts which can easily be painted. It also has the advantage of quick cycle times compared to typical vacuum cast materials. The bi-component mixture injected into the mold has a much lower viscosity than molten thermoplastic polymers, therefore large, light-weight, and thin-walled items can be successfully RIM processed. This thinner mixture also requires less clamping forces, which leads to smaller equipment and ultimately lower capital expenditures. Another advantage of RIM processed foam is that a high-density skin is formed with a low-density core.

The disadvantages are slow cycle times, compared to injection molding, and expensive raw materials.

Tooling
Machined steel or aluminum; cast aluminum; silicone rubber; epoxy resin; nickel. The machines can be large or small depending on the size of part required.

References

External links 
 examples of reaction injection molding products
 using Reaction moulding for Medtech and Medical Devices 

Injection molding
Karl Baedeker (scientist). Karl Wilhelm Sali Baedeker (3 February 1877 – 6 August 1914) was a German physicist, and a professor at the University of Jena. He was the grandson  of  Karl Baedeker, the founder of the eponymous travel guide publishing house, and the son of Fritz Baedeker (1844 - 1925), who ran the same company from 1869 until his death in 1925.

One of his scientific discoveries was that the resistivity of cuprous iodide (CuI) depended on its stoichiometry. Thin films of the material became much more conductive when exposed to iodine vapor; the effect was reversible. This was the first example of doping a semiconductor to change its properties and also the discovery of transparent conductive materials.

He also observed a Hall effect in transparent copper iodide thin films that had the reverse sign to that in copper, an observation of what was later to be known as conduction by electron holes in semiconductors. This observation was critical in developing the theory of electron conduction in solids. Along with his graduate student Karl Steinberg, Baedeker studied the effect of varying concentration of iodine on the electrical properties of copper iodide.

He also is credited with making the first transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin film, cadmium oxide (CdO), in 1907. TCOs are now ubiquitous in optoelectronics and a multibillion-dollar industry.

Baedeker was killed in action in August 1914 during World War I at the Battle of Liège . His son, Karl Friedrich Baedeker revived the Baedeker publishing house after the Second World War.

In 2014, a conference on transparent conducting oxides was held in Leipzig to commemorate the centenary of Baedeker's death. A paper on the life and work of Baedeker was published in the proceedings of the meeting.

References

1877 births
1914 deaths
20th-century German physicists
German military personnel killed in World War I
People educated at the St. Thomas School, Leipzig
Register transfer notation. Register Transfer Notation (or RTN) is a way of specifying the behavior of a digital synchronous circuit. It is said to be a specification language for this reason. Register Transfer Languages (or RTL, where the L sometimes stands for Level of abstraction) are similar to Register Transfer Notation and used to describe much the same thing, however they are of a synthesizable format and more similar to a standard computer programming language, like C.

RTN may be written as either abstract or concrete. Abstract RTN is a generic notation which does not have any specific machine implementation details. In contrast, concrete RTN is a notation which does implement specifics of the machine for which it is designed.  
The possible locations in which transfer of information occurs are:
 Memory-location
 Processor Register
 Registers in I/O device

References

Hardware description languages
Saga Prefectural Saga Technical High School. Saga Prefectural Saga Technical High School (佐賀県立佐賀工業高等学校), also known as Saga Kogyo, is a technical high school in Saga City, Saga Prefecture, Japan.

History

Curriculum 
Saga Kogyo offers its students technical courses. These include:
Mechanics (Kikai)
Electricity (Denki)
Electronics and Information Technology (Denshi Johou)
Architecture (Kenchiku)

Clubs 
Mechanical Science Club
Electronic Science Club
Robotics Club
Architectural Design Club
Newspaper Club
Book Club
AudioVisual Club
Art Club
Brassband Club
Interact Club
JRC Volunteer Club (Japanese Red Cross)

Alumni 
Shigeo Shingo, a Japanese industrial engineer who distinguished himself as one of the world's leading experts on manufacturing practices
Tachikawa Goshi, professional rugby player for the Toshiba Brave Lupus. He was in the 2007 Japan National Rugby Team squad

See also
 Sanix World Rugby Youth Tournament
 National High School Rugby Tournament
 List of high schools in Japan

External links
Saga Kogyo website (in Japanese)
Sanix World Youth Tournament website (in Japanese)
Sanix World Youth Tournament - Map To The Global Arena (in Japanese)

High schools in Saga Prefecture
Rugby in Kyushu
Schools in Saga Prefecture
Educational institutions established in 1898
1898 establishments in Japan
Saga (city)
Katamari Damacy Mobile. was a video game developed by Namco Bandai Games for the Mitsubishi P904i series of mobile phones for NTT Docomo. It was released in June 2007 in Japan. It is a spin-off of the Katamari Damacy series, the second game on a handheld game console and the third game produced without the involvement of series creator Keita Takahashi.

This version of the game used a unique method of control, by making use of a new software technology called GestureTek EyeMobile to make phones capable of detecting tilt and vibration via the built in camera on the P904i. The players moved the katamari ball forward, backwards, left and right by tilting the phone.

There were traditional controls as an option to the default motion controls.

Katamari Damacy Mobile came pre-installed on P904i model phones. Other phone models needed to download the game through the Bandai Namco Games channel.

Gameplay
In Katamari Damacy Mobile, the players controlled a highly-adhesive ball called the katamari. The object was to make the katamari as large as possible by running over and collecting objects of increasing size. The more objects players collected, the larger the katamari became. Instead of using analog controllers to control the katamari as in the home console Katamari games, players could roll the katamari by tilting the phone in the direction they wanted the katamari to go.

Reception
Many have noted similarities between the 904i series of phones using motion controls similar to the Wii Remote.

Docomo's 904i series, however, calculates tilt based on digital camera images, unlike the Wii and PS3 controllers which use different motion sensing technologies.

An IGN review of EyeMobile-compatible 3D Tilt-a-World warns that this type of motion control fails if the player's movements "are too sudden for the game to translate" and that the setup requires "a well-lit area so the camera can get a good 'fix' on an image".

References

External links
 Katamari Mobile & P904i info & videos
 IGN game page
 Joystiq article announcement
 DoKoMo's official website

2007 video games
Bandai Visual
Mobile
Namco games
Puzzle video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Mobile games
Steve Birdsall. Steve Birdsall (born 1944) of Sydney, Australia, is an aviation writer who has authored many articles and books since the 1960s.  He has been published by Air Classics, Flying Review International, Airpower Historian, and the American Aviation Historical Society Journal.  His wife is Sandra Birdsall.

Birdsall toured briefly in Vietnam during the Vietnam War, as a correspondent for an Australian magazine.  He flew several airborne missions including one in the A-1 Skyraider, about which he later wrote an illustrated history.

It was Birdsall who tracked down and confirmed the existence of 91st Bomb Group combat veteran B-17G Shoo Shoo Baby in the late 1960s, sitting dormant at Creil Air Base, Creil, France.

He should not be confused with American travel writer Stephen S. Birdsall.

Published books
The A-1 Skyraider,  (January 1970)
Log of the Liberators: An Illustrated history of the B-24,  (June 1973 hardcover)
Hells Angels, Challenge Publishing Co.
Flying Buccaneers: The Illustrated Story of Kenney's Fifth Air Force,  (January 1977)
B-17 Flying Fortress, TAB Books,  (May 1979)
B-24 in Action,  (October 1979)
Saga of the Superfortress: The Dramatic Story of the B-29 and the Twentieth Air Force,  (October 1980 hardcover)
Superfortress, the Boeing B-29 (Aircraft Specials series (6028)),  (January 1984 paperback)
B-26 Marauder in Action (Aircraft No. 50),  (February 1982)
B-17 Flying Fortress in Color (Fighting Colors series (6561)),  (August 1986)
B-24 Liberator (Famous Aircraft series),  (February 1986 paperback)
Claims to Fame: The B-17 Flying Fortress (with Roger A. Freeman),  (October 1997 paperback);  (March 1995 hardcover)
Pride of Seattle: The Story of the first 300 B-17Fs (Aircraft Specials series (6074)),  (June 1998 paperback)

Living people
Australian non-fiction writers
1944 births
Aviation writers
Rick Freuler. Dr. Richard J. Freuler is a professor and director of the Fundamentals of Engineering for Honors (FEH) program at the Ohio State University. As the director of FEH, he also teaches some of the classes.

He won the Charles E. MacQuigg Awards for Outstanding Teaching in 2000, 2004, 2008 and more recently in 2012.

References

American aerospace engineers
Engineering educators
Ohio State University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Karen Kavanagh. Karen L. Kavanagh is a professor of physics at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, where she heads the Kavanagh Lab, a research lab working on semiconductor nanoscience.

Education
Kavanagh obtained a BSc in Chemical-Physics from Queen's University in 1978, followed by 3 years at Bell Northern Research in Ottawa in their Advanced Technology Laboratory. She received her PhD in materials science and engineering in 1987 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.

Career
After post doctoral work at IBM and MIT, Kavanagh accepted a faculty position in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. at the University of California, San Diego. She has been at Simon Fraser University since 2000.

Her main field of interest is electronic materials science – studying the effects of defects on the properties of semiconductor materials and devices. She has worked on strain relaxation in lattice-mismatched semiconductor heterostructures, diffusion barriers and electrical contacts for silicon and III-V semiconductor based devices, epitaxial growth and nucleation, and electron transport through thin films and interfaces. Her work on characterization tools including electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering, x-ray diffraction, and scanning probe microscopy.

She is a fellow of the Institute of Physics and is the author of over 200 journal papers and conference proceedings, as shown on ORCID.

Awards
Vancouver YWCA Women of Distinction Award (2006)
NSERC University Faculty Awardee (1999)
NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award (1991)

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian women physicists
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Semiconductor physicists
20th-century Canadian physicists
21st-century Canadian physicists
20th-century Canadian women scientists
21st-century Canadian women scientists
Academic staff of Simon Fraser University
Nortel employees
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
IBM employees
Massachusetts Institute of Technology staff
University of California, San Diego faculty
Africar. The Africar project set out to provide vehicles able to cope well with the rough terrain of Africa, but also cheap enough to be bought widely in Africa.

Design

They were initially to have Citroën engines and drivetrains, until such time as Africar's own engine and drive train was fully developed. The bodywork was to be made of epoxy-coated wood – the 'West' system used in the construction of some yachts – which could be repaired with locally-available labour and materials. The wood for building the cars was to be obtained from sustainably-managed forests.

Production
A company, Africar International Limited, was set up in 1986 to make and sell the vehicles.  Based in Lancaster, England, it intended to offer a variety of vehicles, ranging from a four-wheel drive car to an eight-wheel-drive panel truck.  There was considerable interest in the vehicles and their potential, both from firms who saw the commercial possibilities of the project, and from users who appreciated the vehicles' capabilities. Only 6 Africars ever made it into production.

Promotion
Three versions were actually completed, an estate car, a pickup and a six-wheeler and these were tested in 1984 on an expedition from the Arctic Circle in Norway to the equator. A Channel 4 television programme was made of this. There was also a book, entitled "Africar" to accompany the series.

Failure
The project floundered because of financial difficulties, and in July 1988 the company ceased trading.

Legacy
The car was never properly tested by market forces but interest, even in the UK, demonstrated that it was an attractive, capable vehicle.

Founder's fate
The company's founder and sometime owner, Tony Howarth, was arrested in 1994 and charged with fraudulent trading and obtaining property by deception. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 15 months' imprisonment. The project briefly resurfaced as the Bedouin.

See also 
 Baby-Brousse
 Global Vehicle Trust
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

Bibliography

External links
 "Old Woodies" information
 Background information, technical details, and a follow-up article
 Interview with Tony Howarth

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Companies based in Lancaster, Lancashire
Off-road vehicles
British companies established in 1986
FS Class E.428. The FS E.428 was a class of Italian railways electric locomotives. They were introduced in the course of the 1930s, for fast services on the Florence–Rome railway, being decommissioned in the 1980s.

History
When in the 1930s, in the course of the Fascist government's program of railways development, a new locomotive was needed to provide a fast service on the newly electrified Milan-Rome mainline at 3,000 V DC. This was also permitted by the introduction of new metallic passenger cars, capable of relative higher speeds. The requirement was shipped to the FS design team of Ing. Giuseppe Bianchi at Florence.

The new locomotive was impressive for the times: huge, heavy, powerful and fast. They were  longer than the E.626, the first Italian DC electric locomotives, and weighed  more. The original requirement asked for the notable service speed of , but this was later reduced to .

The E.428 was to be built in conjunction with a lighter version, the E.326, but those proved unsuccessful and were limited to lower speeds.

The first wheel arrangement devised was a 2-Do-2, with four trailing axles at the fronts and a single motor driving four central axles. However, the experiences with the E.326 suggested to split the central bogie into two motorized ones. The first locomotive, E.428.001, was released in May 1934. A first series, for a total of 97 units, was produced until 1937. A second order in the same series requested a shorter gear ratio (29/103) and larger air intakes, which caused an increase in weight of four tons.

The second series (81 units) differed in the removal of the frontal bonnets, replaced by a more profiled driving cabin: this set a style which was adopted for all the following Italian locomotives. A third order was issued on April 5, 1939, for 80 locomotives, but the construction was halted by the outbreak of World War II after the completion of 39 units. Some of those locomotives, built by Ansaldo, were theoretically capable of speeds up to 150 km/h.

All the E.428s, aside from two, were repaired or rebuilt after World War II. Curiously, the bronze fascist lictorial crests on the front were removed only in 1946. In the 1960s, the "Fast sub-class", with the 34/98 gear ratio, was built back to the shorter 29/103.

References

3000 V DC locomotives
E.428
2-Bo-Bo-2 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1934
Gio. Ansaldo & C. locomotives
Breda locomotives
Reggiane locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
Simon Ostrach. Simon Ostrach (December 26, 1923 – October 2, 2017) was an American applied mathematician and mechanical engineer. He was a pioneer in the fields of buoyancy-driven flows and microgravity science.

Early life and education 
Ostrach was born and raised in Providence, Rhode Island. He earned a Bachelor of Science and Master of Science in Engineering from Rhode Island State College (now University of Rhode Island), followed by an additional Master of Science and a PhD from Brown University, both in Applied Mathematics.

Career 
He was a Distinguished Professor at Florida State University, where he was affiliated with the Florida A&M University – Florida State University College of Engineering. He was also the Wilbert J. Austin Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Engineering at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. He was honored by NASA in 1998 as one of its "12 Superstars of Modern Aeronautics" and was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

Personal life 
Ostrach was married twice and had five children. One of his sons, Louis Ostrach, died in 2017.

He died at the age of 93 in Pepper Pike, Ohio.

References

External links
 Florida State University faculty profile
 Case Western Reserve University Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty

1923 births
2017 deaths
Engineering educators
Florida State University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Case Western Reserve University faculty
American fluid dynamicists
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American engineers
Brown University alumni
University of Rhode Island alumni
Scientists from Providence, Rhode Island
Educators from Providence, Rhode Island
Meitetsu Toyokawa Line. The  is a railway line in Toyokawa, Aichi, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu). The line connects Kō Station in the western part of Toyokawa with Toyokawa-inari Station in the eastern part of Toyokawa. The line is unique in the Meitetsu system in being one of a handful of heavy rail lines nationwide that fall under the Tramway Law. Another vestige of its past as a street railway could be seen in its right of way, which, despite being clearly segregated, partly lies in a road median.

Stations
All services stop at all stations.

History
The Kō to Shiyakusho-mae (now Suwachō) section was opened in 1945, electrified at 600 V DC, to serve a Japanese Navy shipyard. The voltage was increased to 1,500 V DC in 1953, and the following year the line was extended to Toyokawa-inari.

References

This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia.

Toyokawa Line
Rail transport in Aichi Prefecture
Railway lines opened in 1954
1067 mm gauge railways in Japan
Kiiking. Kiiking () is a sport which involves a person making a swing gain increasingly more momentum, to pass over the spindle with the longest shafts possible. It was invented in Estonia by Ado Kosk in 1993; in Estonian, kiik means a swing.

In a kiiking swing, the swing arms are made of steel to enable a person to swing 360 degrees going over the fulcrum of the swing. A person is fastened to the swing base by their feet. To swing, the person begins to pump by squatting and standing up on the swing. The swing will gain momentum and will, by skillful pumping, take a person over the fulcrum.

Kiiking is regulated by the Estonian Kiiking Association.

History

The practice of swinging has had an important place in Estonian culture for a long time. Traditional village swings have been prevalent in rural communal lands for centuries, places where villagers held festivities. The construction of kiiking swings is radically different from village swings, however.
The first kiiking swing was made by Ado Kosk in 1993.  Kosk observed that it becomes more difficult to swing over the fulcrum as the arms of the swing become longer. He then designed telescoping swing arms to gradually extend the arms for an increased challenge. The person able to swing over the fulcrum with the longest swing arms is the winner.  The first modern kiiking swing with adjustable shafts was made in 1996.

Kiikingswing types
There are three models of swings:
KIKI1 – shaft height 3–4m
KIKI2 – shaft height 4–6m
KIKI3 – shaft height 6–8m

Records
The current Estonian record as well as Guinness World Record for longest swing shafts was set in 2022 by Estonian Sven Saarpere, with 7.43 metres. Estonian Kätlin Kink holds the women's Guinness World Record of 5.93 m, while the Estonian women's record of 6.08 m is held by Helga Ehrenbusch.

An American record of 5.66 m was set by Matt Dart of Georgia in 2015. Maxwell White of Auckland set a New Zealand record of 4.83 m in 2012.

Previous Guinness records:
7.38 m, Sven Saarpere, 2018
7.15 m, Kaspar Taimsoo, 2016
7.10 m, Ants Tamme (:et), 16 September 2015
7.02 m, Andrus Aasamäe, 21 August 2004

Gallery

References

External links

 Estonian Kiiking Association

Individual sports
Sports originating in Estonia