omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Curtiss C-6. The Curtiss C-6 is a six-cylinder, water-cooled, inline aircraft engine.

Design and development
The C-6 features an overhead cam and aluminum cylinder jackets. Further development as a V-12 engine was carried out resulting in the C-12 and CD-12 engines.

Variants
6-cylinder water-cooled in-line engine

Applications
Curtiss Lark
Curtiss Oriole
Curtiss MF Seagull
Laird C-6 Special
Pitcairn PA-1 Fleetwing
Pitcairn PA-2 Sesquiwing
Travel Air 2000
Waco 9
Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.3

Engines on display
The Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington has a Curtiss C-6A on display.
The Canada Aviation and Space Museum has a Curtiss C-6A mounted on its Curtiss MF Seagull.

Specifications (C-6)

See also

References

1920s aircraft piston engines
Curtiss aircraft engines
Grade beam. A grade beam or grade beam footing is a component of a building's foundation. It consists of a reinforced concrete beam that transmits the load from a bearing wall into spaced foundations such as pile caps or caissons. It is used in conditions where the surface soil's load-bearing capacity is less than the anticipated design loads.

A grade beam differs from a wall footing because a grade beam is designed for bending and typically spans between pile caps or caissons, while a wall footing bears on soil and transmits the weight of the wall directly into the ground. It also differs from a strap beam because a grade beam is reinforced to distribute the weight of a wall to separate foundations, while a strap beam is designed to redistribute the weight of a column between footings.

Grade beams may also be used in conjunction with spread footings, in a case with large moments from lateral loads, in order to reduce the size of each spread footing.

See also
Deep foundation

References 

Building engineering
Architectural elements
Deep foundations
Penetrometer. A penetrometer is a device to test the strength of a material.

Soil
There are many types of penetrometer designed to be used on soil. They are usually round or cone shaped. The penetrometer is dropped on the test subject or pressed against it and the depth of the resulting hole is measured. The measurements find whether the soil is strong enough to build a road on. Scientists also use a penetrometer to measure how much moisture is in soil. Penetrometers are used by space probes such as the Cassini–Huygens probe, to measure the amount of moisture in soil on other planets. Penetrometers are furthermore used in glaciology to measure the strength and nature of materials underlying a glacier at its bed.

A penetrometer is also used in longer professional cricket matches, to measure how the pitch is holding up over the course of a multi-day match.

British horse racing courses have been required, since 2009, to report the readings obtained using a penetrometer, on each day of a race meeting.

Botany
A penetrometer may be used in botany to find the toughness of a leaf by measuring the force needed to punch a hole of a certain size through the leaf.

Penetrometers are also used to measure the firmness of apples and other hard fruit.

Science

Penetrometers equipped with a known needle and mass are used to determine the hardness of bitumen and thus its efficacy and material properties when applied to roads as asphalt concrete.

Food Products

Penetrometers are used for objective evaluation of food products. Penetrometers, equipped with a plunger and a needle or cone, penetrate food samples through gravitational force for a selected period of time. The distance the test device penetrates into the sample is measured to determine the relative tenderness of the samples such as baked products and gels.

External links
University of Arizona document, "An impact penetrometer for a landing spacecraft." 
Picture of a penetrometer from the European Space Agency (ESA)
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, "A portable penetrometer for measuring leaf toughness in insect herbivory studies."

References 

Measuring instruments
Anthraquinone process. The anthraquinone process, also called the Riedl–Pfleiderer process, is a process for the production of hydrogen peroxide, which was developed by IG Farben in the 1940s., The industrial production of hydrogen peroxide is based on the reduction of oxygen, as in the direct synthesis from the elements. Instead of hydrogen itself, however, a 2-alkyl-anthrahydroquinone, which is generated before from the corresponding 2-alkyl-anthraquinone by catalytic hydrogenation with palladium is used. Oxygen and the organic phase react under formation of the anthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide. Among other alkyl groups (R) ethyl- and  tert-butyl- are used, e.g., 2-ethylanthraquinone.

The hydrogen peroxide is then extracted with water and in a second step separated by fractional distillation from the water. The hydrogen peroxide accumulates as sump product. The anthraquinone acts as a catalyst, the overall reaction equation is therefore:

H2 + O2 -> H2O2

If ozone is used instead of oxygen, dihydrogen trioxide can be produced by this method.

References

External links 
 The manufacture of hydrogen peroxide 

Chemical processes
Catalysis
Hydrogen peroxide
Air Creation Racer. The Air Creation Racer is a French single-seat, weight-shift control ultralight trike that was built by Air Creation of Aubenas between 1986 and 2010. It was available in kit form for amateur construction or as a completed aircraft.

Design and development
The Racer was developed as a lightweight trike that can qualify for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles category, including its  maximum empty weight requirement, when equipped with a light wing and engine.

The carriage is of aluminium construction and incorporates suspension on all three wheels. The nosewheel-mounted drum brake is foot-pedal actuated. The nosewheel is also steerable and features a mudguard. The carriage features baggage stowage pockets and optionally a cockpit fairing and wheel pants. The carriage can be equipped with several different wings. When fitted with the Air Creation Fun 14 40% double surface wing, the aircraft version is called the Fun Racer. The Fun wing is covered in Trilam sailcloth and allows a maximum speed of  and a service ceiling of 

The Racer's acceptable power range is  and the  Rotax 447,  Rotax 503 and the  Rotax 582 engines are used. By 2011 the Rotax 447 and 503 were out of production and Air Creation offered a version of the Racer without an included engine so that the owner could locate a used 447, 503 or other suitable powerplant. The estimated assembly time from the supplied kit is 40 hours.

Reviewer Andre Cliche said of the Racer, "Quick and agile, the Fun Racer shows all the refinement expected from European trikes...This is a well engineered trike and company support is excellent."

Variants
Fun Racer
Racer carriage equipped with the Fun 14 wing. This wing provides docile handling and ease of rigging. Standard empty weight of  when equipped with the Rotax 447 engine.
XP Racer
Racer carriage equipped with the XP11 racing wing, giving a  cruise speed. Standard empty weight of  when equipped with the Rotax 503 engine.

Specifications (Fun Racer)

See also

References

External links

1980s French ultralight aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Racer
Rohrbach Ro IV. The Rohrbach Ro IV, also known as the Beardmore BeRo.2 Inverness was an all-metal monoplane flying boat of the 1920s. Designed by the German company Rohrbach for the British Royal Air Force, two were ordered, one completed by Rohrbach's Danish subsidiary and the second by the British licensees, William Beardmore and Company, but the type performed poorly during testing and was abandoned.

Design and development
Dr.-Ing. Adolf Rohrbach, formerly of Zeppelin-Staaken, set up Rohrbach Metall-Flugzeugbau in 1922 to design and build large all-metal aircraft, with stressed skin structures, unusual for the time. In order to evade the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles, Rohrbach set up a Danish subsidiary, Rohrbach Metal-Aeroplan Co A/S to assemble aircraft.

The Scottish shipbuilding company William Beardmore and Company of Dalmuir agreed a license manufacturing deal with Rohrbach in 1924. The British Air Ministry was interested in the use of metal hulls for flying boats, and therefore drew up Specification 20/24 for an all-metal monoplane flying boat to compare with the wooden biplanes in service with the Royal Air Force. In November 1924 Beardmore received an order for two Rorhbach flying boats, based on Rohrbach's Ro III but powered by British Napier Lion engines.

The Ro IV, known as the BeRo.2 Inverness by Beardmore, was a twin-engined high-winged cantilever monoplane, constructed mainly of duralumin. Its two engines were mounted in streamlined tractor nacelles above the wing centre section; the slab-sided fuselage accommodated the crew of four. 

In order to speed delivery, the first aircraft serial number N183 was assembled in Rohrbach's Copenhagen factory from parts made in Rohrbach's main works in Berlin. It was delivered to the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment at Felixstowe on 18 September 1925, but testing showed the aircraft had poor handling both in the air and on the water, and poor performance, and it was destroyed during strength testing in May 1927.

The second prototype, assembled by Beardmore from Berlin-built parts, did not fly until 30 November 1928. While it incorporated a revised fuel and cooling system and a modified rudder, N184 still demonstrated poor performance. The programme was stopped in April 1929, and the prototype scrapped.

Specifications (N.184)

See also

Notes

References

External links

"Rohrbach Ro IV" "Inverness".

1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
Ro 04
Beardmore aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Davis D-1. The Davis D-1 is an American light two-seat parasol-winged monoplane of the late 1920s.

Development and design
The Davis D-1 was developed from the Davis V-3, which in turn was developed from the Vulcan American Moth. The Davis Aircraft Corporation had its factory at Richmond, Indiana. The D-1 is a parasol-winged aircraft of mixed construction with a two-spar wing and a rectangular welded steel-tube fuselage, the whole being covered by fabric. There are tandem open cockpits and it is fitted with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage which is attached by struts to the fuselage top and bottom. The wing is braced by struts from the lower fuselage. Various engines of between  have been fitted.

Operational history

The D-1 was used from 1929 by sporting pilots and by private pilot owners for leisure flying. In September 1930, Art Chester bought a Davis D-1-85 parasol, and flew it to victory in the 1930 National Air Races. A late model D-1W "The Whistler II" was built in 1933 for Davis with a canopy. It was raced in the 1934 Miami air race by Art Davis winning the category at 133.478 mph. It was later owned by movie star Richard Arlen, and restored to become a Grand Champion antique.

Most Davis aircraft were sold in the United States but at least one went to Argentina. Fourteen examples remained in 2001 in various states of airworthiness and several are still airworthy in 2011.

Variants
(Data from Aerofiles)
D-1   LeBlond 5D (23 built)  
D-1-166   LeBlond 5DF (4 built)
D-1-K   Kinner K-5 (10-15 built)
D-1-L  prototype of the D-1-166 with  Lambert R-266 (1 built - also known as D-1-85) 

D-1-W   Warner Scarab (8 converted from D-1-K)

Specifications (D-1-W)

Notes

References

Green, William, The Aircraft of the World, 1965, MacDonald & Co (Publishers) Ltd, no isbn
Simpson, R.W., Airlife's World Aircraft, Airlife Publishing Ltd, 2001,

External links

Information and photographs of the D-1 series (Sourced from Aerofiles)

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Andrew M. Davis. Andrew M. Davis (born 1950) is an American meteoriticist and professor of astronomy and geoscience at the University of Chicago. He is the son of American chemist and physicist Raymond Davis Jr., a Nobel Prize in Physics laureate. 
His main field of study is the origin of the elements by stellar nucleosynthesis. He currently is the head of a project to build a new instrument called the ion nanoprobe, which will allow isotopic and chemical analysis at finer scales than any contemporary instrument. 
He is also studying the cometary dust and contemporary interstellar dust returned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft in 2006. In 2018, he was made Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Academic Research
He is conducting research about the isotopic compositions of refractory inclusions in meteorites to understand the earliest history of the Solar System. Short-lived chronometers such as the 26Al-26Mg system can resolve time differences of only a few tens of thousands of years for events that occurred 4.55 billion years ago. Isotopic fractionation effects and the relative abundances of trace elements are used to constrain thermal histories and redox conditions in the solar nebula and on the asteroidal parent bodies of meteorites.

Tiny (<10 μm in diameter) grains of silicon carbide, graphite, and other refractory minerals and rocks condensed around dying stars (mostly red giant stars and supernovae) survived potentially destructive processes in the interstellar medium and during solar system formation, and can now be found in meteorites. These grains preserve an isotopic record of the nucleosynthesis in individual stars. He is measuring the isotopic compositions of these grains with a new technique, resonant ionization mass spectrometry, that was developed by his collaborators at Argonne National Laboratory.

Honors and awards 
Asteroid 6947 Andrewdavis, discovered by Schelte Bus during the U.K. Schmidt–Caltech Asteroid Survey in 1981, was named after him. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 August 2006 ().

Publication

Books
 Davis A. M. (ed.) (2004) Meteorites, Planets, and Comets, Vol. 1 Treatise on Geochemistry (Eds. H. D. Holland and K. K. Turekian), Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, 737 p.
 Davis A. M. (ed.) (2007) Meteorites, Planets, and Comets, Vol. 1 Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd Edition (Eds. H. D. Holland and K. K. Turekian), Elsevier, Oxford, published electronically at Treatise on Geochemistry | ScienceDirect.

References 
 

1950 births
21st-century American astronomers
Living people
University of Chicago faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Sigmund Larsen. Sigmud Larsen (1921 – 23 January 2007) was a Norwegian engineer, civil servant and politician for the Labour Party.

He was born in Haugesund, attended lower secondary school in Dale i Sunnfjord and then Bergen Technical School. He graduated as a civil engineer from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1950. He was the municipal engineer in Askøy from 1950 to 1953, engineer in Bergen municipality from 1953 to 1958 and 1960 to 1964, headmaster at Bergen Technical School from 1958 to 1960 and county engineer in the County Governor's Office of Hordaland from 1964 to 1974. From September 1974 to August 1975 he was a part of Bratteli's Second Cabinet as a State Secretary in the Ministry of Church and Education. From 1975 to 1987 he was the director-general of the Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Agency. He was decorated as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav.

He was married, had five children and ultimately settled in Askøy. He died in January 2007.

References

1921 births
2007 deaths
People from Haugesund
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century Norwegian engineers
Norwegian state secretaries
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Wolfgang Bernhard. Wolfgang Bernhard (born 3 September 1960) is a former member of the Board of Management of Daimler AG. He served as the former President and COO of Chrysler from 2000 to 2004.

Early life
Bernhard was born Wolfgang Ayerle on 3 September 1960 in Böhen, Germany.  He grew up as one of nine children and later took his mother's maiden name. He earned a master's degree in electrical engineering and economics from Technische Universität Darmstadt in 1986, an MBA from Columbia Business School in 1988, and a doctorate in economics from Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in 1990.

Career
After obtaining his doctorate degree, Bernhard joined McKinsey & Company in 1990 as a management consultant. In this capacity, he was assigned to Mercedes-Benz.  In 1992, he joined Mercedes-Benz AG.  Bernhard became CEO of Mercedes-AMG in 1999. Following the merger of Daimler-Benz and Chrysler in 1998, Bernhard was appointed President and COO of the Chrysler division in 2000. He continued in the position until he was slated to become the head of the Mercedes-Benz group in May 2004, but was passed over for the job just a day before his official switch. Bernhard subsequently resigned. Bernhard then served as the CEO of the Volkswagen brand for Volkswagen AG from 2005 to 2007. He was ousted from this position in January 2007 by Ferdinand Piech. Bernhard then rejoined Daimler in April 2009, and was on the Board of Management member responsible for commercial vehicles since February 18, 2010. He became Head of Daimler Trucks and Buses Division on April 1, 2013.

On 9 February 2017, Wolfgang Bernhard announced that he would not renew his contract with Daimler in January 2018. On 10 February, Daimler let him go.

In February 2019 Bernhard replace Franz Gasselsberger on the supervisory board of Austrian aluminium group AMAG.

References

Columbia Business School alumni
Living people
1960 births
Businesspeople from Bavaria
Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
People from Unterallgäu
Mercedes-Benz Group executives
Chrysler executives
McKinsey & Company people
Volkswagen Group executives
2100 series. 2100 series may refer to the following Japanese train types:

 Chikuho Electric Railroad 2100 series electric multiple unit operated on the Chikuhō Electric Railroad Line
 Ichibata Electric Railway 2100 series EMU
 Izukyū Corporation 2100 series EMU
 Iyotetsu 2100 series streetcar
 Kanto Railway KiHa 2100 series DMU
 Keikyu 2100 series EMU, introduced in 1998
 Keisei 2100 series EMU; see 
 Nagano Electric Railway 2100 series EMU, introduced in 2011
 Odakyu 2100 series EMU, see Odakyu 2000 series
Advanced Chemistry Development. Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., (ACD/Labs) specializes in the design of software, with a focus on the R&D and chemistry of molecules ('small molecules'). They offer software for tasks  including analytical data handling and knowledge management; in addition, molecular property modelling and property-based design are relevant areas of expertise in ACD Labs.

Location
The company is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada with direct sales offices in the UK, Germany, France, China, and India. The distribution channel extends throughout Europe to Australia, S. America, and Africa.

History
ACD/Labs was founded in 1994 as a private company. The intention was to monetize the experience of an international team of scientists specializing in quantitative structure-property relationships, such as NMR spectra and various physico-chemical properties, such as pKa, logP, logD, boiling point, vapor pressure. Early on the development focused on predictors, chemical drawing and chemical naming. But by 1997 the scope expanded to also include chromatography, processing of optical and mass spectra and databasing.

Pharma Algorithms was established in 2001. Its team focused solely on quantitative property prediction, but employed wider array of methods and applied them not only to physico-chemical properties, but also to such areas as ADME, toxicity, reactivity.

In 2009 the companies merged under the name ACD/Labs. This allowed to combine ACD's expertise at spectra processing and some of its more tried-and-true prediction algorithms with Pharma's expertise at building user-friendly GUI and predicting biochemical properties as well as their more flexible prediction engine. The merger marked a shift from "shrink-wrap software" oriented on individual research specialists toward integrating ACD products into an infrastructure of a client company.

See also
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Computer-Assisted Drug Design
QSAR
Structural Elucidation
Scientific Data Management System
Analytical Chemistry
Instrumental chemistry

References

Comparison of pKa prediction accuracy among 9 in silico predictors.

Chemistry software
Community Against Pollution. Community Against Pollution aka Citizens Against Pollution or (CAP) is an organization formed by the residents of Anniston, Alabama, in response to the effects of pollution.

Background
During a period of around 36 years from 1935 to 1971, there were about  five million pounds of PCBs produced and released. These ended up in landfill sites in the area, and around one million pounds contaminated local waterways and was embedded in sediments. The resident's health was also affected.

In 1998 David Baker founded CAP. With the organization's support residents sued chemical giant Monsanto over their health problems brought about by the company's pollution.

In 2002 Anniston was featured in an episode of 60 minutes; it was stated in the programme that the city was one of the most toxic in America.

Action
As a result of CAP's efforts a lawsuit in Alabama was brought against Monsanto.

References

Environmental organizations based in the United States
Environment of Alabama
Anniston, Alabama
Organizations based in Alabama
Environmental organizations established in 1998
Global Unichip Corporation. Global Unichip Corporation (GUC) is a worldwide fabless ASIC design service company, with its headquarters located in the Hsinchu Science Park in Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Overview 
Founded in 1998, GUC is a dedicated SoC (System On Chip) Design Foundry based in Taiwan.
TSMC invested in GUC in 2003 and became the largest shareholder.

Facilities 
 Headquarter in Hsinchu, Taiwan 
 Taipei, Taiwan
 Tainan, Taiwan
 San Jose, California, United States
 Yokohama, Japan
 Seoul, South Korea
 Amsterdam, Europe
 Shanghai, China
 Shenzhen, China
 Beijing, China
 Nanjing, China

Products 
 ASIC & wafers: Provide complete design, wafer manufacturing, packaging and testing services.
NRE (Non-Recurring Engineering): Provide circuit design cell library and various IPs required in the process of product design; provide circuit layouts needed for mask making; subcontract mask making, wafer manufacturing, dicing and packaging to vendors; conduct final testing to get prototype samples for customers. 
MPW (Multiple-Project Wafer): MPW integrates multiple design projects of different customers on one single mask and by one wafer engineer run. It is an effective and fast time-to-market chip verification service with cost-sharing in masking and wafer engineering run. Design engineers, before the phase of mass production, are able to timely verify their prototype designs with advanced process technologies and much lower costs.
IP (Intellectual Property): These are silicon-verified reusable IC designs with specific functions. With the rapid advancement of semiconductor processing technologies, the design industry is trending toward multi-functional chips and SoC (System on a Chip). GUC provides reusable IP help customers avoid redundant designs and resources.

See also
 List of companies of Taiwan

References

External links 
 GUC
Linkedin

1998 establishments in Taiwan
Taiwanese companies established in 1998
Companies based in Hsinchu
Fabless semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of Taiwan