omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Whatman plc. Whatman plc is a Cytiva brand specialising in laboratory filtration products and separation technologies.

Whatman products cover a range of laboratory applications that require filtration, sample collection (cards and kits), blotting, lateral flow components and flow-through assays and other general laboratory accessories.

Formerly Whatman plc, the company was originally acquired in 2008 by GE Healthcare, which became Cytiva in April 2020.

History

Founder's innovation and impact

The papermaker James Whatman the Elder (1702–1759) founded the Whatman papermaking enterprise in 1740 in Maidstone, Kent, England. He made revolutionary advances to the craft in England and is credited as the inventor of wove paper (or Vélin), an innovation used for high-quality art and printing. His son, James Whatman the Younger (1741–1798), further developed the company's techniques. At a time when the craft was based in smaller paper mills, Whatman innovations led to the large-scale and widespread industrialisation of paper manufacturing.

John Baskerville (1707-1775), who needed paper that would take a light impression of the printing plate, approached Whatman; the resultant paper was used for the edition of Virgil's poetry, embellished with Baskerville's typography and designs. The earliest examples of wove paper, bearing his watermark, appeared after 1740.

The Whatman business is credited with the invention of the wove wire mesh used to mould and align pulp fibres. This is the principal method used in the mass production of most modern paper. The Whatmans held a part interest in the establishment at Turkey Mill, near Maidstone, after 1740; this was wholly acquired through the elder Whatman's marriage to Ann Harris.

"Handmade" paper bearing the Whatman's mark continued in production for special editions and art books until 2002.

Acquisition
On 4 February 2008 GE Healthcare, a unit of General Electric, acquired Whatman plc at 270p per share in cash for each Whatman share, valuing Whatman at approximately £363 million (approximately $713 million.) Last production at Maidstone (Springfield Mill) occurred on 17 June 2014.

Key products and technologies

The Whatman product range covers 
Laboratory filtration products: filter papers, membrane filters, syringe filters, syringeless filters, microbiology, microplates, and capsule filters 
Sample collection cards and kits: FTA, FTA Elute, and 903 ranges
Blotting: blotting membranes, blotting papers, and equipment
Components for lateral flow and flow-through assays: membranes for immunoassays, conjugate release, blood separators, absorbents, and sample pads
General laboratory accessories: extraction thimbles, weighing papers, test and chromatography papers, lens-cleaning tissue, and Benchkote papers

References

Former General Electric subsidiaries
Paper products
Filters
1740 establishments in England
Moritz Waldemeyer. Moritz Waldemeyer (born 1974) is a British/German designer and engineer. He trained as an engineer at King's College London, completing his master's degree in 2001. Since then, he has collaborated with many of the world’s top architects and fashion designers including Ron Arad, Zaha Hadid and Hussein Chalayan. His work represents a fusion of technology, art, fashion, and design.

Collaborations 

Having worked as a research scientist at Phillips, Waldemeyer transitioned to design engineering, contributing to projects such as Ron Arad’s 
Lolita and Miss Haze Chandeliers, which feature interactive LED lights: Lolita displays text messages sent to it, while Miss Haze allows users to create an LED image on its crystal surface via a PalmPilot.

Other prestigious projects he has worked on include Yves Behar’s Voyage Chandelier (2005), Zaha Hadid’s Z Island kitchen (2006), FredricksonStallard’s Pandora Chandelier (2007), and  Hussein Chalayan’s transforming dresses (s/s 2007 One Hundred and Eleven), video dresses (s/s 2007 Airborne), and laser dresses (s/s 2008 Readings).

Exhibitions 

Waldemeyer has recently shifted his focus from collaborative work to establishing himself as an independent designer. He held his debut exhibition, Electric Kid, at the Rabih Hage Gallery in 2006, showcasing a modern interpretation of the roulette table, Ping Pong table and mirror, all incorporating LED lights and duPont Corian. His second exhibition, By Royal Appointment (Gallery Libby Sellers 2007) featured a revolutionary chair that detects the colour of the user's outfit and projects a personalized aura of light into the surrounding space.

Commissions 

In 2007, Waldemeyer designed stage jackets with embedded LEDS for the alternative rock band OK Go and created interactive mirrors for Selfridges’ Wonder Room. That year, he also worked on several commissions, including designing a chandelier for Microsoft Zune that responds to music sent to it and raising £2000 at the ICA Charity Gala auction with Joyrider: two components that attach to the spokes of a bicycle wheel, emitting a fixed image of a smiley face each using a single LED light.

References

External links 
 Moritz Waldemeyer (Official site)
 Moritz Waldemeyer (Blog)
 Star Tech - NY Times article
 
 PingMag: "Moritz Waldemeyer: The LED Crafter"

1974 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
20th-century German designers
21st-century German designers
Light + Building. Light + Building is a biennial architectural design and technology trade fair mainly focused on the fields of lighting, electrical engineering, building automation, and civil-engineering software. It is held at the Messe Frankfurt in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and combined with the Luminale lighting design and art festival with installations and performances in and around the city.

Light + Building is the world's largest trade fair in its industry. In 2018, there were 2,719 exhibitors and 220,864 visitors, over half of them from abroad. Top visitors besides Germany were coming from China, Italy, the Netherlands, France and Belgium, as well as from emerging markets like Russia, India, Finland, Korea and Ukraine.

See also 
 imm Cologne

References

External links 
 

Architectural lighting design
Building automation
Culture in Frankfurt
Economy of Frankfurt
Trade fairs in Germany
René Panhard. Louis François René Panhard (27 May 1841 – 16 July 1908) was a French engineer, merchant and a pioneer of the automobile industry in France.

Born in Paris, he studied engineering at the Collège Sainte-Barbe and then graduated from École Centrale Paris in 1864.  He was then employed by Jean-Louis Périn in a firm that produced wood-working machines.  It was there that Panhard met Émile Levassor.  In 1878, he was named Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.

In 1889 after the death of Jean-Louis Perin, Panhard partnered with Levassor and Edouard Sarazin (and his widow Louise) to enlarge Avenue d'Ivry in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, develop the French engine manufacturing licenses for Gottlieb Daimler internal combustion engine and found the Panhard & Levassor car company.  The company produced its first automobile in 1890.

In 1891, Panhard and Levassor designed and produced the first Daimler car engine, the twin V. Panhard also participated in and won many automobile races including the Paris-Rouen, 1894, the first major motor race in the world, Paris-Bordeaux-Paris in 1895 and the Tour de France Automobile of 1899. Panhard cars dominated racing everywhere until 1900.

In 1897, Levassor died as the result of a racing accident. Panhard then joined with his son, Hippolytus, to continue with developing and producing automobiles including, by 1900, a wide range of luxury cars.

In 1904, Panhard won a grand prize at the St. Louis Exposition.

Panhard was also a mayor of Thiais in the département Val-de-Marne. In Paris, a street in the 13th arrondissement is named after him.

René Panhard died in 1908 in La Bourboule and was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

External links 
 Founders of Panhard & Levassor 

1841 births
1908 deaths
École Centrale Paris alumni
French automotive engineers
French automotive pioneers
French founders of automobile manufacturers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Panhard
Engineers from Paris
Space Empires: Starfury. Space Empires: Starfury is a 4X turn-based strategy computer game developed by Malfador Machinations and published by Shrapnel Games on September 22, 2003. The game is set in a Space Empires universe containing planetary systems linked by warp points, or wormholes. The game allows the player to control a single spaceship to explore the universe.

Gameplay
In Space Empires: Starfury, the player controls a single spaceship in real-time, as opposed to controlling an entire intergalactic empire in a 4X turn-based fashion as seen in previous games in the Space Empires series. Gameplay involves traveling between planets, accepting missions, and customizing the spaceship's hull slots with component modules of weapons, armor, shields, engines, and other modules such as life support, crew quarters, combat sensors, long range sensors, ECM, etc. Ship design is restricted by the ship's total tonnage capacity. Each purchasable spaceship features different hull configurations, each with different patterns for weapon hard points and weapon firing arcs. Various types of space vessels are featured in-game, such as small fighter craft, cargo ships, pirate ships, and space stations. Some of these, however, cannot be controlled by the player.

The player's commander is able to level up, with each level granting attribute points of the player's choosing. There are multiple campaigns contained within a single storyline that the player can progress through, or the player can choose to roam the universe freely. The game features 24-bit three-dimensional graphics, but movement is restricted to two dimensions.

Plot
The player works undercover for the TCN (Terran Confederation Navy) to determine the cause of a recent escalation of pirate attacks in the Neutral territories. The player travels to different colonies and starbases, performing various missions that advance the story. Missions range in difficulty level from simple reconnaissance to taking part in large fleet battles.

Development
Space Empires: Starfury is the first game developed by Malfador Machinations to use three-dimensional graphics. The game was initially planned as the combat engine for Space Empires V, but it was decided that it was not "deep" enough for that purpose. Instead, the game evolved into a single-ship-based game, set in the Space Empires universe.

The developers created the game with the idea in mind that players could easily mod the game to their liking.

Reception

The game has been reviewed as a solid, action-packed game with colorful graphics. Some reviewers say that the gameplay is straightforward, while others say the game fails at creating the realism of moving a ship through space.

References

External links
 Official Malfador Machinations website (archived 2005)

2003 video games
Shrapnel Games games
Single-player video games
Space Empires
Space opera video games
Space trading and combat simulators
Strategy First games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Turn-based strategy video games
4X games
Intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition. In organic chemistry, an intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition is a Diels–Alder reaction in which the diene and the dienophile are both part of the same molecule. The reaction leads to the formation of the cyclohexene-like structure as usual for a Diels–Alder reaction, but as part of a more complex fused or bridged cyclic ring system.  This reaction can gives rise to various natural derivatives of decalin.

Reaction products
Because the two reacting groups are already attached, two basic modes of addition are possible in this reaction. Depending on whether the tether that links to the dienophile is attached to the end or the middle of the diene, fused or bridged polycyclic ring systems can be formed.

The tether than attaches the two reacting groups also affects the geometry of the reaction. As a result of its conformational and other structural restrictions, the exo vs endo results are usually not based on the simple (intermolecular) Diels–Alder reaction effects.

Use in total synthesis 

Intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition has been used in total synthesis.  Through this reaction polycyclic compounds can be accessed with high stereoselectivity.  The following potential drugs have been synthesized using the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction: salvinorin A, himbacine, and solanapyrone A.

References

Name reactions
Cycloadditions
Multi-service business gateway. A multi-service business gateway (MSBG) is a device that combines multiple network voice and data communications functions into a single device. Targeted at small and medium enterprises (SMEs), the MSBG integrates critical functions such as routing, VoIP, and security (virtual private networking, firewall, intrusion detection/prevention) into a single fault-tolerant platform, with a common control & management plane oriented around services. An MSBG may also include functionality such as web/e-mail server and filtering, storage, and wireless networking.

Popularly identified in 2004, the MSBG product segment emerged to address the increasing need of advanced voice and data services among small and medium-sized businesses. The more limited financial and technical resources of SMEs restrict their ability procure, implement, and manage the technologies available to large enterprises. By integrating critical network functions in a single device, the MSBG provides a solution that is more affordable and also simplifies deployment and management for SMEs. MSBGs can be managed by service provider or other managed services company, which allows a business to implement network services without the need of its own information technology (IT) staff.

MSBGs provide a variety of solutions that can be used to support an SME's entire network. Use of a common architecture enables SMEs and service providers to expand the scale and services offered to meet the individual needs of the business. The openness of the MSBG also permits 3rd party applications or proprietary features to be added to the system.

References

Networking hardware
Hot air oven. Hot air ovens are electrical devices which use dry heat to sterilize. They were originally developed by Louis Pasteur, and are essentially the same as fan ovens used for cooking food. Generally, they use a thermostat to control the temperature. Their double walled insulation keeps the heat in and conserves energy, the inner layer being a poor conductor and outer layer being metallic. There is also an air filled space in between to aid insulation. An air circulating fan helps in uniform distribution of the heat. These are fitted with the adjustable wire mesh plated trays or aluminium trays and  may have an on/off rocker switch, as well as indicators and controls for temperature and holding time. The capacities of these ovens vary. Power supply needs vary from country to country, depending on the voltage and frequency (hertz) used.  Temperature sensitive tapes or biological indicators using bacterial spores can be used as controls, to test for the efficacy of the device during use.

Advantages and disadvantages

They do not require water and there is not much pressure build up within the oven, unlike an autoclave, making them safer to work with. This also makes them more suitable to be used in a laboratory environment.
They are much smaller than autoclaves but can still be as effective.
They can be more rapid than an autoclave and higher temperatures can be reached compared to other means.
As they use dry heat instead of moist heat, some pathogens like prions, may not be killed by them every time, based  on the principle of thermal inactivation by oxidation.

Usage

A complete cycle involves heating the oven to the required temperature, maintaining  that  temperature  for  the  proper  time interval for that temperature, turning the machine off and cooling the articles in the closed oven till they reach room temperature. The standard settings for a hot air oven are:
 1.5 to 2 hours at 
 6 to 12 minutes at 
....plus  the  time  required  to  preheat  the chamber  before  beginning  the  sterilization  cycle. If the door is opened before time, heat escapes and the process becomes incomplete. Thus the cycle must be properly repeated all over.

These are widely used to sterilize articles that can withstand high temperatures and not get burnt, like glassware and powders. Linen gets burnt and surgical sharps lose their sharpness.

References

 Textbook of Microbiology by Prof. C P Baveja, 
 Textbook of Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Panikar,

External links
 http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/14274/css/14274_146.htm

Laboratory equipment
Medical equipment
Medical hygiene
Microbiology equipment
Dry heat sterilization. Dry heat sterilization of an object is one of the earliest forms of sterilization practiced. It uses hot air that is either free from water vapor or has very little of it, where this moisture plays a minimal or no role in the process of sterilization.

Process
The dry heat sterilization process is accomplished by conduction; that is where heat is absorbed by the exterior surface of an item and then passed inward to the next layer. Eventually, the entire item reaches the proper temperature needed to achieve sterilization. The proper time and temperature for dry heat sterilization is 160 °C (320 °F) for 2 hours or 170 °C (340 °F) for 1 hour, and in the case of High Velocity Hot Air sterilisers, 190°C (375°F) for 6 to 12 minutes.

Items should be dry before sterilization since water will interfere with the process. Dry heat destroys microorganisms by causing denaturation of proteins.

The presence of moisture, such as in steam sterilization, significantly speeds up heat penetration.

There are two types of hot air convection (Convection refers to the circulation of heated air within the chamber of the oven) sterilizers: 
 Gravity convection
 Mechanical convection

Mechanical convection process
A mechanical convection oven contains a blower that actively forces heated air throughout all areas of the chamber. The flow created by the blower ensures uniform temperatures and the equal transfer of heat throughout the load. For this reason, the mechanical convection oven is the more efficient of the two processes.

High Velocity Hot Air
An even more efficient system than convection uses deturbulized hot air forced through a jet curtain at 3000ft/minute.

Instruments used for dry heat sterilization 
Instruments and techniques used for dry heat sterilization include hot air ovens, incinerators, flaming, radiation, and glass bead sterilizers.

Effect on microorganisms
Dry heat lyses the proteins in any organism, causes oxidative free radical damage, causes drying of cells, and can even burn them to ashes, as in incineration.

See also
Sterility assurance level

References
ISO 20857

Notes

General References

Sterilization (microbiology)
Nord 3400. The Nord 3400 Norbarbe was a French two-seat observation and casualty-evacuation aircraft built by Nord Aviation for the French Army Light Aviation.

Design and development
The Nord 3400 was designed to meet a French Army requirement for a two-seat observation aircraft, with a secondary casualty-evacuation role. The 3400 was a braced high-wing monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear and an enclosed cabin with tandem seating for a pilot and observer. The prototype F-MBTD first flew on 20 January 1958, powered by a  Potez 4D-30 engine. A second prototype with an increased wing area followed, being powered by a  Potez 4D-34 engine. A production batch of 150 was ordered by the French Army in the same configuration as the second prototype.

Variants
Nord 3400-01 First prototype, powered by a  Potez 4D-30 engine, with,  span/ area, wings.
Nord 3400 Production aircraft (and 2nd prototype), with a more powerful  Potez 4D-34 engine and increased span/area wings.

Operators

French Army Light Aviation
National Gendarmerie

Specifications (Nord 3400)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Photos at airliners.net

1950s French military utility aircraft
3400
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Gas-pak. Gas-pak is a method used in the production of an anaerobic environment. It is used to culture bacteria which die or fail to grow in the presence of oxygen (anaerobes).

These are commercially available, disposable sachets containing a dry powder or pellets, which, when mixed with water and kept in an appropriately sized airtight jar, produce an atmosphere free of elemental oxygen gas (O2). They are used to produce an anaerobic culture in microbiology.

It is a much simpler technique than the McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar where one needs to pump gases in and out.

Constituents of gas-pak sachets
Sodium borohydride - NaBH4
Sodium bicarbonate - NaHCO3
Citric acid - C3H5O(COOH)3
Cobalt chloride - CoCl2 (catalyst)

The addition of a Dicot Catalyst may be required to initiate the reaction.

Reactions 
NaBH4 + 2 H2O = NaBO2 + 4 H2↑
C3H5O(COOH)3 + 3 NaHCO3 + [CoCl2] = C3H5O(COONa)3 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2 + [CoCl2]
2 H2 + O2 + [Catalyst] = 2 H2O + [Catalyst]

Consumption of oxygen 
These chemicals react with water to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide along with sodium citrate (C3H5O(COONa)3) and water as byproducts . Again, hydrogen and oxygen reacting on a catalyst like Palladiumised alumina (supplied separately) combine to form water.

Culture method 
The medium, the gas-pak sachet (opened and with water added) and an indicator are placed in an air-tight gas jar which is incubated at the desired temperature. The indicator tells whether the environment was indeed oxygen free or not.

The chemical indicator generally used for this purpose is "chemical methylene blue solution" that since synthesis has never been exposed to elemental oxygen. It is colored deep blue on oxidation in presence of atmospheric oxygen in the jar, but will become colorless when oxygen is gone, and anaerobic conditions are achieved.

References 

Microbiology equipment
August von Borries. August Friedrich Wilhelm von Borries (27 January 1852 in Bad Oeynhausen – 14 February 1906) was one of Germany's most influential railway engineers, who was primarily concerned with developments in steam locomotives.

Von Borries graduated from the Royal Institute of Trade in Charlottenburg, and then spent a year working at the Bergisch-Märkische railway. In 1875, he joined the service of the Hanover division of the Prussian state railways and subsequently became their Chief Mechanical Engineer. In 1880 he designed the first Prussian compound locomotive, built by Schichau in Elbląg. This showed significant fuel savings.  His work on compound locomotives was done in collaboration with the British engineer Thomas William Worsdell and the two men obtained several British patents together. The 1880 locomotive was a two-cylinder compound but, in 1899, he designed a four-cylinder compound locomotive.  Another innovation was the use of nickel steel for boilers in 1891.

In 1902 he left the Prussian state railways and took a professorship of Railway Engineering at Königlich Technische Hochschule zu Berlin.

He wrote widely on locomotive matters, including a textbook on locomotives.

See also 
 List of railway pioneers

References

Sources
Die Eisenbahn-Betriebsmittel. Theil 1. Die Lokomotiven, bearb. von: August F. W. von Borries. Kreidel, Wiesbaden 1897 (Die Eisenbahn-Technik der Gegenwart, Band 1). Nachdruck: Bufe, München 1982
Biografie: Götz von Borries: Die Geschwister von Borries. Fouqué Literaturverlag, Egelsbach/Frankfurt 1998, 
 Marshall, John, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, David and Charles 1978, pp 226–227,

External links
Borries, August von at steamindex.com

1852 births
1906 deaths
19th-century German inventors
German railway mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
People from Bad Oeynhausen
Engineers from North Rhine-Westphalia
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin