omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Redistribution layer. A redistribution layer (RDL) is an extra metal layer on an integrated circuit that makes its I/O pads available in other locations of the chip, for better access to the pads where necessary.

When an integrated circuit is manufactured, it usually has a set of I/O pads that are wirebonded to the pins of the package. A redistribution layer is an extra layer of wiring on the chip that enables bond out from different locations on the chip, making chip-to-chip bonding simpler. Another example of the use for RDL is for spreading the contact points around the die so that solder balls can be applied, and the thermal stress of mounting can be spread. The RDL is often made out of a polyamide, benzocyclobutene (BCB) or polybenzoxazole (PBO) with copper plated on its surface.

See also
Semiconductor device fabrication

References

External links

 Redistribution tutorial 

Semiconductor device fabrication
Packaging (microfabrication)
Tunisian UAVs. 

Short range UAV demonstrator Nasnas
The TAT Nasnas is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Tunisia was the first Arab country to develop this industry in 1997. In 2003, it was joined by the United Arab Emirates. The UAVs are constructed and designed in Tunisia. They are produced by the Tunisia Aero Technologies  company (TAT). The flight of the first Tunisian drone, "TAT Aoussou", took place in October 1997. It served primarily as an aerial target for anti-aircraft units. It was designed and built in eight months. The first flight of the prototype "TAT Nasnas" (or "anasnas") took place in August 1998. It was designed and built in six months.

Data from Jane's:

Dimensions

Length 2.80m
Height 1.20m
Wingspan 3.80m, hollow wing type ton hoste extra fuel bladder tanks
Diameter: rectangular fuselage pod
Twin boom configuration.
Weight dry: 43 kg
Maximum takeoff weight 120 kg
Power Plant: Twin opposed cylinders engine, 22 hp to 38 hp.
Launch conventional wheeled or catapult
Recovery conventional wheeled or parachute
Payload: day & night electro optic stabilized payload. Other scientific payloads upon client requirement.
Use: TADA, Surveillance, Intelligence, pipeline surveillance, meteo, remote sensing for mapping.

Performance

Speed 70kt
Autonomy > 11hr
Ceiling 5.000m
Mission Radius: 200 km LOS.

Datalinks

Datalink: LOS datalink 
Guidance:telemetry command via autopilot and GPS (production version)
System: Not Available
Fuel: Not Available

Payloads

FLIR or TV camera. Scientific instrumentation
25 kg *.

TAT Jebelassa 650
The Jebelassa 650 (means in Arabic: Mountain Watch) has evolved subsequently to give birth to a new version of the Smaller Nasnas which is "stronger and more polished".

wingspan: 6m50
area of 3.80 m2 wing
length 3m80
height 1.30m
weight, 158 kg dry, maximum takeoff weight 270 kg
payload of 55 30 kg
cruising speed 170 km / h, Loiter Speed: 120 km/h
altitude of 5,200 m.
24h autonomy flight
 engine: 38 hp diesel/jet A1/injection modified engine.*Mission Radius: 200 km. Can be extended to 800 km when using Radio Relays.

The first flight of the prototype Jebelassa took place in 2004. It has a larger radius of action
the UAV can carry more payloads and missions.

Fixed Wing HALE UAV: Buraq

Specifications
Data from

 Very long endurance surveillance (up to 60 hours) with capability to carry heavy loads.
 Missions: Meteorology, Mapping, Reconnaissance.
Military/Civil Heavy Loads:
Complex sensors (e.g. RAPTOR pod);
Weapons: anti-tank, anti-ship, anti-bunker missiles, etc.
Possibility to deploy military/emergency supplies in hostile territory or in case of natural disasters.
Possibility to deploy anti-mine  devices.
Possibility to carry large meteorogical-sensors.
Possibility to deploy fire/pollution retardants in case of disasters.
Possibility to deploy life-boats in case of maritime disasters.

Rotary Wing UAV: Jinn (Project) 
Tunisia Aero Technologies Industries is looking for investors to develop the TATI Jinn

References

Unmanned aerial vehicles of Tunisia
Enterprise Dynamics. The Enterprise Dynamics is a discrete-event simulation software platform developed by InControl Enterprise Dynamics. It is used to design and implement simulations. Results of the simulation software and services are data, information, insights, and 2D-, 3D-visualization and VR (Oculus). The software can be implemented as a customer application, enabling Digital Twins.

History 
Enterprise Dynamics is based on the Taylor II simulation software, which was developed by F&H Simulations. In 1998, the newly developed simulation platform Taylor Enterprise Dynamics was introduced and in 2000, F&H Simulations was acquired by the consulting company and simulation software distributor InControl Business Engineers. The new company name became InControl Enterprise Dynamics and Taylor ED was renamed to Enterprise Dynamics.

Fields of application 
Enterprise Dynamics has been applied or is currently being applied in the following fields:
 Material handling 
 Supply chain management
 Logistics and distribution
 Manufacturing and production
 Metropolitan development, including rail, harbors, and airports
 Healthcare
 Automotive
 Electronics
 Contact centers
 Sports and events
 Public service
 Education

Architecture 
Enterprise Dynamics is an object-oriented simulation platform combined with an event-oriented approach. The user can select standard simulation objects (the so-called 'Atoms'), in which the behavior of their real life equivalents is captured, from a library and create a model by clicking and dragging the objects into the model space. For each simulation object, parameters can be altered to change its behavior.

Version history

Add-ons
Add-ons are available to extend the functionality of ED:
 CAD Import Wizard
 DLL Kit
 Emulation - OPC
 Multicrane - Controller
 Security Kit
 OptQuest

Several market-specific libraries are also available:
 ED Logistics
 ED Airport
 ED Transport
 ED Warehouse
 PD Pedestrian Dynamics
 ED Educational

References 

Computational science
Events (computing)
Mathematical optimization in business
Simulation software
Virtual reality
Washing paddle. The washing paddle (or washing beetle, battledore, laundry bat), known as thaapi in Haryanvi and Hindi languages, is a hand tool used to do laundry. It is made of wood, shaped like a baker's peel, but with a much shorter handle used as a grip. It was used to beat the wet clothes and linens, pushing out the dirt by hammering the items against the washboard, or against the flat slabs built into the laundry area.

This was usually done at home or in the public wash-house (lavoir). In the latter case, each woman had to carry with her the washboard and the washing paddle. The paddle was used together with a washboard, made from a rectangular wooden frame with a series of wooden or metal reliefs or ripples mounted inside.

Mama had gathered up all of the longhandles and clothes that we wash. She also got the bedsheets off the beds and even the aperns. She brought out some of the lye soap that we make and also her big wooden washing paddle.

See also
 Dadeumi

References

External links

The Generation that saved America

Laundry washing equipment
Clamshell (container). A clamshell is a one-piece container consisting of two halves joined by a hinge area which allows the structure to come together to close.  Clamshells can be made to be reusable and reclosable or can be sealed securely.

History 

Containers acting similar to clamshells have been widely used for many years, constructed  from a diversity of materials.  Patent Classification B65D43/162 covers “Non-removable lids or covers hinged for upward or downward movement the container, the lid and the hinge being made of one piece".  It lists over ten thousand patents in the last hundred years.

Foam plastic clamshells have been used in fast food restaurants for burgers;  paperboard clamshells are currently being used similarly.  Clear plastic clamshell containers  were used for strawberries by Driscoll’s, a California berry grower, in the 1990s to pack its berries for retail sale.

Construction
Clamshell containers can be made of a variety of materials. Plastics such as polystyrene, polyester, PVC, foam sheets, etc. The material can be made by thermoforming or can be injection molded into the desired shapes. A single piece of material is used for the top and bottom with a "living hinge" that is integral to the material, rather than added separately.

Folding cartons made of paperboard or molded pulp can also be of a clamshell shape. It can also be made of cellulose fiber such as sugarcane-bagasse, wheatstraw, wood pulp, etc.

Closing
Clamshells can use a variety of means of closing or sealing. Some have self-locking tabs, snaps, or have a friction fit. Others use adhesive, pressure-sensitive tape, labels, staples, or are heat-sealed.

Opening
Many clamshell containers are easy to open, and reuse, by consumers.  When plastic clamshell containers are securely heat sealed, they are tamper resistant and deter package pilferage.

These security packages are intentionally difficult to open, sometimes requiring customers to use scissors or a knife. 

Difficulty opening such packaging can be frustrating to the point of wrap rage. Some people injure themselves trying to open security packaging which in the United Kingdom has been cited as the most frustrating to open.

See also
Foam food container
Solander box
Living hinge

Notes

References

 Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002, 
 Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, 

Containers
Food storage containers
Kenneth De Jong. Kenneth Alan De Jong (born 1944) is an American computer scientist and professor emeritus at George Mason University. He is one of the pioneers in evolutionary computation.

Education and career
De Jong was a student of John Henry Holland at the University of Michigan, where he completed a Ph.D. in 1975 with a dissertation on genetic algorithms. He became a faculty member at George Mason University in 1984.

He is the author of the textbook Evolutionary Computation: A Unified Approach (MIT Press, 2006), and was the founding editor-in-chief of the journal Evolutionary Computation, which published its first volume in 1993.

Recognition
De Jong was the 2005 recipient of the Evolutionary Computation Pioneer Award of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. He is also the recipient of a lifetime achievement award of the Evolutionary Programming Society. He was a distinguished speaker of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2014.

References

External links
Home page

Living people
American computer scientists
George Mason University faculty
1944 births
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
Loire 250. The Loire 250 was a French single-seat fighter monoplane designed and built by Loire Aviation of St. Nazaire.

Design and development
The Loire 250 was built to meet a requirement for a single-seat fighter prototype to undergo a fly-off competition with the Dewoitine D.513 and Morane-Saulnier MS.405. The Loire 250 was an all-metal low-wing monoplane powered by a  Hispano-Suiza 14Ha-7a radial engine with a single enclosed cockpit and retractable conventional landing gear with a tailwheel. Only one prototype was produced; it first flew 27 September 1935. It was modified to improve performance before the fly-off but failed to gain a production order. The prototype was unarmed but it was intended to fit two 20 mm cannon and two 7.5 mm machine-guns if the type entered production.

Specifications

Notes

Bibliography

1930s French fighter aircraft
250
Brian Suda. Brian Suda (born 29 May 1979, St. Louis, Missouri) is an American informatician living in Reykjavík, Iceland.

Suda received a bachelor's degree in computer science from St. Louis University in 2001 and a master's degree in informatics from the University of Edinburgh in 2003. Much of his adult life has been spent abroad, first in Scotland and then in Iceland, where in 2008 he was one of three founders of Skólapúlsinn, a company that helps Icelandic schools measure the engagement, academic ability, and well-being of students.

Suda was an invited expert in the W3C's GRDDL working group in 2008, co-author of the hCard microformat specification, and in 2010 wrote a book, A Practical Guide to Designing with Data, published by Five Simple Steps. He has written for many online and print publications including A List Apart, Linux Format, Viðskiptablaðið, and SitePoint.

References

People from St. Louis
1979 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Saint Louis University alumni
Focke-Wulf Fw 206. The Focke-Wulf Fw 206 was a German planned commercial aircraft, designed by Focke-Wulf. The aircraft was designed to be an all-metal, low-wing monoplane, and was to be powered by two BMW Bramo 323 R engines, each producing . The prototype was not produced, however, due to the start of World War II.

The design heavily resembled the Douglas DC-3.

Specifications

References

Fw 206
Abandoned civil aircraft projects
1930s German airliners
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Kosovo B Power Station. Kosovo B Power Station is the largest power station in Obiliq, Kosovo. It is a lignite-fired consisting of 2 units with 340 MW generation capacity, which share a  tall chimney with 6.8 metres diameter at the top.

Energy strategy 
The Republic of Kosovo's Energy Strategy for 2022-2031 outlines a plan for investment in the nation's lignite capacities to enhance system resilience and achieve emission standards compliance. It includes refurbishing the Kosovo B1 and B2 power plant units to ensure a secure energy supply and lower emissions. This refurbishment will occur in two stages, with the aim of completing B1 by the end of 2025 and B2 by 2026. Following these upgrades, both units are projected to operate more efficiently and reliably, aligning with the mandatory emission standards of the Industrial Emission Directive.

The planned refurbishment of two units in the Kosovo B power plant, alongside at least one unit in the Kosovo A power plant, aims to secure a minimum baseload capacity of 540 MW and a strategic reserve capacity of 360 MW by 2030.

History
Kosovo B Power Station was opened in 1983. It was operated by EPS Surface Mining Kosovo and EPS TPP Kosovo until the end of Kosovo War. After UNMIK administration was established in Kosovo on 1 July 1999, Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS) lost its access to the local coal mines and power plants, including Kosovo A and Kosovo B power plants.

Since then, it is operated by Kosovo Energy Corporation ().

As of 2020, together with the Kosovo A power plant, they are considered to be the two most polluting power plants in Europe, often greatly exceeding the limits for coarse and fine particles set by the World Health Organization.

Generation units 
The units B1 and B2 of the Kosovo B power plant, integral to Kosovo's lignite-based electricity generation, were commissioned in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Each unit has an installed capacity of 339 MW and is currently operating at an available capacity of 260 MW.

See also 

 Kosovo A Power Station
 Electrical energy in Kosovo
 List of power stations in Kosovo

References

External links 
 http://issuu.com/lptap/docs/tpp-task-4-environmental-and-social-impact

Coal-fired power stations in Kosovo
Coal-fired power stations
Electric power in Kosovo
Energy in Kosovo
Systrip. Systrip is a visual environment for the analysis of time-series data in the context of biological networks.
Systrip gathers bioinformatics and graph theoretical algorithms that can be assembled in different ways to help biologists in their visual mining process. It had been used to analyze various real biological data.

Presentation 
Systrip is developed in C++ and is based on Tulip, an information visualization framework dedicated to the analysis and visualization of relational data.

The Model-View-Controller architecture of Tulip allows Systrip to support multiple and synchronized views. Any interaction on a view (e.g. selection of an element) implies the automatic update of all views displaying this data.
In addition to the algorithms and views developed specifically for Systrip, the Tulip plug-ins system allows Systrip users to access all its available plug-ins (plug-ins integrated in Tulip releases but also via Tulip plug-ins server).

Features 
Input
 Import and export metabolic network using the SBML format
 Time-series data from CSV file
 Import data from CSV file
 Load and save state of a session

Structure manipulation
 Pathways creation and removal
 Elements removal
 Sub-network creation and manipulation (Help user to focus on a small part of the network)

Visualization
 Multiple kind of metabolic network representations (3D, force directed, biological convention preserving, hierarchical ...)
 Visualization interaction tools (drawing, bends ...)
 Animation of time-series data
 Visualization of time-series in the context of the metabolic network
 Data analysis views (histogram, spreadsheet, scatter plot, parallel coordinates)
 3D molecular visualization

Analysis
 Tulip graph analysis algorithms
 Degree
 Betweenness centrality
 Eccentricity
 Strahler
 Network analysis algorithms
 Choke points
 Shortest path (dedicated to metabolic networks)
 Scope selection

References

External links 
 Systrip home page
 Tulip home page
 SBML format home page

Science software for Windows
Linux software
E-NRZ-L. In telecommunication, an enhanced-non-return-to-zero-level (E-NRZ-L) line code is a binary code in which 1s are represented as low level and 0s are represented as high level condition with no other neutral or rest condition, similar to Non-return-to-zero; However, the major enhancement over NRZ is the addition of a parity bit (usually odd parity) to the end of the bit stream.

References

Line codes
Per Kure. Per Kure (28 September 1872 – 8 March 1945) was an electrical engineer and businessman. He was the founder of the firm A/S Per Kure.

Per Kure was born at Moss in Østfold, Norway. Kure grew up in a merchant's family. He studied engineering, first at Horten Technical School (Horten tekniske skole) and then at Hochschule Mittweida in Saxony (1894–97). He established the company A/S Per Kure in 1897 initially as a retailer of electrical apparatuses, including lights and motors. From 1911, the company started selling such product as engines, generators and dynamos. In 1916, the company merged with Norske Motor- og Dynamofabrikk, the Norwegian subsidiary of  Swedish based ASEA (Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget). Kure continued as director of the new company. He resigned in 1938 as CEO of the enterprise. In 1945, ASEA bought the company which was renamed ASEA–Per Kure.

Kure was leader of the Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries. He was chairman of Teknologibedriftenes Landsforening (1920–22) and Norsk Elektroteknisk Forening (1924–29) and later chairman of the Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology.

References

Related reading
Glete, Jan (1987) ASEA under hundra år: 1883-1983: en studie i ett storföretags organisatoriska, tekniska och ekonomiska utveckling (Västerås: Asea) 
Aspenberg, Nils Carl (2001)  Elektrolok i Norge (Oslo: Baneforlaget) 

1872 births
1945 deaths
People from Østfold
Norwegian electrical engineers
Norwegian company founders
Per Kure (company). A/S Per Kure, variously also known as A/S Per Kure Norsk Motor- og Dynamofabrikk and ASEA–Per Kure, was a manufacturer first of electric heaters and later of transformers. Founded by Per Kure in 1897, it was for most of its history based at Hasle in Oslo, Norway. The company was dissolved during the creation of Asea Brown Boveri in 1988.

History
Per Kure, born in 1872, returned to Norway in 1897 after receiving an education in electronics in Mittweida, Germany. He established the company that bore his name on 28 September. The company started working with installation of electrical apparatuses, including lights and motors. Originally located in the street Kristian Augusts gate, the company moved to Universitetsgata 24 in 1905. The company was importer of Elektra, a Swiss brand of electrical heaters, and from 1911, the company received a license to produce the products for Norway and Sweden.

In 1912, the company started selling products from Nya Förenade Elektriska Aktiebolaget of Sweden in Norway. After it had merged to create Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA), Per Kure took over ASEA's Norwegian division, Norsk Motor- og Dynamofabrik, and the new company was renamed A/S Per Kure Norsk Motor- og Dynamofabrik. The merged company produced transformers, which were largely sold for production of hydroelectricity in Norway. In 1937, all of the company's manufacturing was localized at Hasle. Per Kure remained CEO until 1938, by which time the company had 500 employees. Per Kure built transformers two classes of  Norwegian electric locomotives, El 5 and El 9.

In 1944, during the Second World War, the Norwegian resistance movement was active with sabotage against companies which were supplying the German armed forces. Workers at Per Kure had joined the communist resistance group Osvald. Because of the Allied bombing of Germany, Per Kure was thought to become part of a decentralized production facility for assembly of aircraft engines, and Osvald considered the plant a legitimate target. On 30 May 1944, the entire plant at Hasle was blown up and several transformers severely damaged. The action was not coordinated with central parts of the resistance, such as Milorg, which had a more passive strategy.

In 1945, Per Kure died, and ASEA bought the company and renamed ASEA–Per Kure. In 1967, the production of Elektra products was sold. The company remained until 1988, when ASEA merged to become ABB. In 1988, ASEA–Per Kure was dissolved and the following year, production of transformers at Hasle ceased.

References

Manufacturing companies established in 1897
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1988
Manufacturing companies based in Oslo
1988 disestablishments in Norway
Norwegian companies established in 1897