omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chloramines. Chloramines refer to derivatives of ammonia and organic amines wherein one or more N−H bonds have been replaced by N−Cl bonds.  Two classes of compounds are considered: inorganic chloramines and organic chloramines.  Chloramines are the most widely used members of the halamines.

Inorganic chloramines
Inorganic chloramines comprise three compounds: monochloramine (NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3).  Monochloramine is of broad significance as a disinfectant for water.

Inorganic chloramines are produced by the reaction of ammonia and hypochlorous acid or chlorine. An urban legend claims that mixing household bleach (aqueous sodium hypochlorite) with ammonia-based cleaners releases chlorine gas or mustard gas; in reality, the gas produced by the reaction is a mixture of inorganic chloramines.

Organic chloramines

Organic chloramines feature the NCl functional group attached to an organic substituent. The simplest organic chloramine is N-chloromethylamine, CH3NHCl; notable examples include N-chloromorpholine (ClN(CH2CH2)2O), N-chloropiperidine, and N-chloroquinuclidinium chloride.

Chloramines are commonly produced by the action of sodium hypochlorite on secondary amines:
R2NH  +  NaOCl  →  R2NCl  +  NaOH
Tert-butyl hypochlorite can be used instead of bleach:
R2NH  +  t-BuOCl  →  R2NCl  +  t-BuOH

Swimming pools
Chloramines are formed by reaction of chlorine used to disinfect swimming pools with ammonia and urea introduced into the pools by human perspiration, saliva, mucus, urine, and other biologic substances, and by insects and other pests. Chloramines, especially trichloramine, are responsible for most of the "chlorine smell" of pools, as well as for skin, eye, and respiratory irritation.

References

Nitrogen–halogen compounds
Swimming pools
Walchand Institute of Technology. Walchand Institute of Technology (WIT), established in 1983, is the oldest engineering college in Solapur, India. Now it is first autonomous Engineering institute of Solapur. WIT is managed by Shri Aillak Pannalal Digambar Jain Pathashala Trust and is named after Seth Walchand Hirachand, one of India's pioneers of industrial development.

The facilities provided at the college have been adjudged amongst the best, according to an independent Newspaper study and by an inspiration team of Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra.

The institute is affiliated with Solapur University (previously to Shivaji University ) and is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi. The institute began with production engineering, environmental engineering, and electronics engineering branches.

Graduate courses
 Civil Engineering
 Computer Science and Engineering
 Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
 Electronics and Computer Engineering
 Information Technology
 Mechanical and Automation Engineering

Post-graduate courses
 Civil Engineering- Structural Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering -  Design Engineering
 Computer Science and Engineering
 Electronics Engineering

Governing body
 Chairman (SAPDJ Pathashala, Solapur): Shri. Arvind R. Doshi, industrialist
 Member: Seth. Vinod L. Doshi, industrialist
 Member: Shri. Chakor L. Doshi, industrialist
 Member: Dr. Ranjeet H. Gandhi, Hon. Secretary and Trustee of SAPDJ Pathashala, Solapur
 Member: Shri Surel S. Shah, Advocate and Trustee
 Member: Shri. Rajiv D Sahani, (ex officio) Regional Officer, nominee of AICTE
 Member: Prin. Dr. S. D. Madnaik, (nominee) Technologist/educationist
 Member: Prof. S. T. Nawre, nominee Shivaji University, Kolhapur
 Member: Shri. N. B. Pasalkar, (ex officio) nominee of State Government, Director of Technical Education, Mumbai
 Member: Prof. D.M. Dewaikar, (nominee) Technologist/educationist
 Member: Dr. S.A. Halkude, (Secretary) Principal of the Institute

Institutions run by the trust
 Walchand College of Arts and Science and P.G.T. section M.A., Solapur.
 Walchand Junior College of Arts and Science, Solapur 
 Walchand College, M.S.W. Department, Solapur
 Hirachand Nemchand College of Commerce and P.G.T. section M.Com., Solapur
 Hirachand Nemchand Junior College of Commerce, Solapur
 Hirachand Nemchand Institute of Management and Research - M.B.A. and D.C.M., Solapur
 Kasturbai College of Education, Solapur
 Shri.D.J.Gurukul Junior Commerce and Vocational College, Solapur
 Shri.D.J.Gurukul High School, Solapur
 Nutan Vidyalaya, Ashti
 Shri. Deshbhushan Kulbhushan High School, Kunthalgiri

References

External links
 

All India Council for Technical Education
Engineering colleges in Maharashtra
Education in Solapur
Educational institutions established in 1983
1983 establishments in Maharashtra
Walchand Group
Harold Thimbleby. Harold W. Thimbleby  (born 19 July 1955) is an emeritus professor of computer science at Swansea University. He is known for his works on user interface design within the realm of human computer interaction.

Overview 

Harold Thimbleby held the post of director of UCLIC, University College London's Interaction Centre, from its establishment in 2001. From 2001 to 2004, he was also the 28th Professor of Geometry at Gresham College, London. Thimbleby founded the Future Interaction Technology Lab at Swansea University in 2005.

Thimbleby ran the Swansea University Research Forum, as well as giving talks on science and religion.

Research interests 
Thimbleby's research interests include:

 Interactive handwriting calculators
 Improving medical devices 
 Improving ethics in research 
 Markov Modeling 
 Matrix Modeling

Selected works 
 Article on literate programming,1986 (Winner of the British Computer Society Wilkes Award.)
 User Interface Design, Addison-Wesley, 1990.
 HyperProgramming, with G. F. Coulouris, Addison-Wesley, 1990.
 Press On, MIT Press, 2007. (Winner, in the Computer and Information Sciences category, of the Association of American Publishers' Publishing Awards for Excellence competition.)
 The Diversity and Ethics, with Paul Cairns, University College London Interaction Center.

References

External links 
 Harold Thimbleby home page
 

1955 births
Living people
British computer scientists
Human–computer interaction researchers
Academics of University College London
Academics of Swansea University
Academics of Gresham College
Torque motor. A torque motor is a specialized form of DC electric motor which can operate indefinitely while stalled, without incurring damage. In this mode of operation, the motor will apply a steady torque to the load (hence the name). A torque motor that cannot perform a complete rotation is known as a limited angle torque motor. Brushless torque motors are available; elimination of commutators and brushes allows higher speed operation.

Construction
Torque motors normally use toroidal construction, allowing them to have wider diameter, more torque, and better dissipation of heat.  They differ from other motors in their higher torque, thermal performance, and ability to operate while drawing high current in a stalled state.

Linear versions
An analogous device, moving linearly rather than rotating, is described as a ''. These are widely used for refrigeration compressors and ultra-quiet air compressors, where the force motor produces simple harmonic motion in conjunction with a restoring spring.

Applications

Tape recorders
A common application of a torque motor would be the supply- and take-up reel motors in a tape drive. In this application, driven from a low voltage, the characteristics of these motors allow a relatively constant light tension to be applied to the tape whether or not the capstan is feeding tape past the tape heads. Driven from a higher voltage, (and so delivering a higher torque), the torque motors can also achieve fast-forward and rewind operation without requiring any additional mechanics such as gears or clutches.

Computer games
In the computer gaming world, torque motors are used in force feedback steering wheels.

Throttle control
Another common application is the control of the throttle of an internal combustion engine in conjunction with an electronic governor. In this usage, the motor works against a return spring to move the throttle in accordance with the output of the governor. The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and, depending on the speed, makes small adjustments to the amount of current applied to the motor. If the engine starts to slow down relative to the desired speed, the current will be increased, the motor will develop more torque, pulling against the return spring and opening the throttle. Should the engine run too fast, the governor will reduce the current being applied to the motor, causing the return spring to pull back and close the throttle.

Actuators
Torque motors can be used as actuators for direct-drive mechanisms in some situations where otherwise geared electric motors would be used: for example, in motion control systems or servomechanisms. Actuators are hardware devices that converts the controller command signal into a change in a physical parameters.

References

External links
https://www.machinedesign.com/motors-drives/article/21832523/torque-motors-do-the-trick overview article in trade journal 
https://www.kollmorgen.com/sites/default/files/public_downloads/Kollmorgen%20Inland%20Motor%20Direct%20Drive%20DC%20Motors%20Catalog%20EN.pdf 

Electric motors
Actuators
Bertram Raphael. Bertram Raphael (born 1936) is an American computer scientist known for his contributions to artificial intelligence.

Early life and education
Raphael was born in 1936 in New York. He received his bachelor's degree in physics from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1957, and an MS degree in Applied Math from Brown University in 1959. He was a student of Marvin Minsky at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and received his PhD in mathematics in 1964.

Career
Raphael started at SRI International in 1964 as a consultant. After completing his Ph.D. at MIT, he was at the University of California, Berkeley for an academic year, and subsequently joined SRI full-time in April 1965. He was a long-time member of SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center, and was its director from 1970 to 1973. While at SRI, he helped invent the A* search algorithm and develop Shakey the robot, which was one of the first projects sponsored by DARPA; Raphael directed work on Shakey from 1970 to 1971. He also co-founded the Journal of Artificial Intelligence.

In 1976, he sold the NLS technology developed by the Augmentation Research Center (ARC), led by Douglas Engelbart, to Tymshare.

From 1980 to 1990 Raphael worked as a research manager at Hewlett Packard. From 1990 to 1997 he helped his wife, Anne, operate Compass Point Travel Inc., a business that she had founded in 1980 in Mountain View, California.

He was a Senior Fulbright Lecturer in Vienna during 1973 and 1974.

Selected publications
Books
The Thinking Computer: Mind Inside Matter (W.H. Freeman & Company, 1976)

Dissertation
SIR (Semantic Information Retrieval program) on the logical representation of knowledge for question-answering systems (MIT, 1964)

See also
History of artificial intelligence

References

American artificial intelligence researchers
Living people
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
1936 births
SRI International people
Southern Cross (automobile). The Southern Cross was an Australian automobile produced between 1931 and 1935. Built by the Marks Motor Construction Company it was intended to retail for under 300 pounds. Volume production of the "Airline" Sedan was planned for 1935 but the marque died with the Chairman, Sir Charles Kingsford Smith.

Kingsford Smith was in the process of raising additional capital at the time of his disappearance over the Bay of Bengal.

The first experimental Southern Cross was an open tourer with a body constructed by the Beale Piano works. Several enclosed sedans were built for test and development purposes. The car featured a monocoque chassis and body along similar lines to the Marks-Moir car that had been in development since 1922. It was crafted from thin sheets of Queensland pine and walnut glued under pressure with aircraft casein glue. This "plywood" was moulded into shape during the curing process. Doors were precision cut from the body side and mounted back into place with metal hinges.

Assemblies such as engine, gearbox and suspension were mounted on steel frames bolted to the body. The engine, a locally produced flat-four of 2340 cc, eventually developed  at 3200 rpm. It was designed by William Foulis who had designed and built the two cylinder motor of the 1917 "Roo" car.

The car weighed  and rode a  wheelbase. The combination of a small engine and light weight provided good performance and economy for the times.

Two of the cars built used an early form of automatic transmission developed in Australia. This was described as a frictionless system of centrifugal control in which the torque was developed by balanced weights brought into action by planetary gears without need of a clutch or gear lever.

Suspension was provided through very thin semi-elliptic leaf springs (18 for the front and 24 for the rear). Each alternate spring was interlocked. This system, combined with the flexibility afforded by chassis-less construction, enabled the vehicle to be built without shock absorbers.

The company put a proposal to the Federal Government to lease machinery and buildings at the Lithgow Small Arms Factory to build mechanical components on a large scale.

Production records are unclear but more than four and probably fewer than 10 Southern Cross cars were built.

The open Tourer, which was christened by Lady Kingsford Smith at Mascot Aerodrome in 1933, was sold to a resident of Parramatta, NSW, in 1936. It was probably destroyed in a fire during the 1970s. No Southern Cross cars survive.

See also
 Marks-Moir car

References

Car manufacturers of Australia
Cars introduced in 1931
1935 disestablishments in Australia
Early ITU model. The ITU vegetation model is a radio propagation model that estimates the path loss encountered due to the presence of one or more trees inside a point to point telecommunication link. The predictions found from this model is congruent to those found from Weissberger's modified exponential decay model in low frequencies.

History

The CCIR, predecessor of ITU, adopted this model in the late 1986.

Applicable to/under conditions

 This model is applicable on the situations where the telecommunication link has some obstructions made by trees along its way
 This model is suitable for point-to-point microwave links that has a vegetation in their path.
 Typical application of this model is to predict the path loss for microwave links.

Coverage

Frequency: Not specified

Depth of Foliage: Not specified

Mathematical formulation

The model is formulated as:

Where

L = The path loss. Unit: decibel (dB)
f = The frequency of transmission. Unit: megahertz (MHz)
d = The depth of foliage along the link: Unit: meter (m)

Points to note

This equation is scaled for frequency specified in megahertz (MHz).

The depth of foliage must be in the units of meters.

Limitations

The results of this model gets impractical at high frequencies.

See also

Radio propagation model

Further reading

Introduction to RF Propagation, John S. Seybold, 2005, John Wiley and Sons.

Radio frequency propagation model
Ralph Lucas. Ralph Lucas (1876-1955) was an entrepreneur and inventor, involved in the design and manufacturing of early motor cars. He was born in Greenwich, the son of telegraph engineer Francis Robert Lucas (1849-1931) and his wife Katherine. After studying at Jesus College, Cambridge, Lucas began his career as a draughtsman. But by the turn of the century he had established his own workshop (at Westcombe Hill, Greenwich), joining the Institute of Mechanical Engineers in 1903. At the workshop, he began designing motor cars, registering 15 UK and three US patents between 1899 and 1910 for a range of different engine parts.

This led to the Ralph Lucas Car, developed from 1901 until around 1908. The first model was an odd two-stroke car powered by paraffin; it had a piston and a crankshaft at either end of its one cylinder.  A button in the steering wheel controlled the speed of the engine.  The coachwork was of pressed steel.  The two-stroke design introduced in 1908 was the origin of the Valveless. After 1908 production moved to David Brown and Sons of Huddersfield. However, only a small number were ever made.

The car was test driven for an article in The Engineer journal which reported, 'On the high gear the car travelled up long and steep gradients without necessitating change to the low gear’ it wrote, hailing the vehicle as ‘a highly meritorious attempt to adapt a two-cycle internal combustion engine to the propulsion of road vehicles.’  In 1922 Ralph Lucas developed a second car, the North-Lucas Radial, with Oliver North at the Robin Hood Engineering Works in Putney Vale. This time only one was built (by the Chelsea Motor Building Co), and it was used by Ralph himself between 1922 and 1928, covering 65,000 miles in its lifetime.

Lucas married the pianist and composer Mary Anderson Juler in 1903, and they had two sons, Anthony Ralph Lucas (1905-?) and Colin Anderson Lucas (1906-1984). Lucas established a building firm (Lucas, Lloyd & Co.) which his son Colin joined in 1929. Colin Lucas became a renowned modernist architect and pioneer of reinforced concrete construction. In 1930 he built Noah's House and Boathouse in Cookham for his parents to live in. Mary Lucas established a music room there. It is now a Grade II listed building.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

 David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.

British automotive engineers
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Opposed piston engines
Cars introduced in 1901
1876 births
1955 deaths
People from Greenwich
Swiftsure-class ironclad. The Swiftsure class battleships of the late Victorian era were broadside ironclads designed and built specifically for service as Flagships on the Pacific station.

Design  
In appearance the two ships of the class,  and , were very similar to ; under water their hulls were very similar to that of . The intention was to make the ships good performers under sail, while at the same time being stable ships and good gun platforms.

At the design stage it had been suggested by the Committee on Designs that the ships should be built with their artillery mounted in two turrets, with some smaller guns positioned fore and aft. As there was at that time not sufficient experience with turret-mounted armament, and none at all with turrets in first-class battleships, the idea did not find favour and this class was completed with a broadside box battery deployed on two levels, on the main and on the upper deck.

Fouling of ships' hulls by marine life had been a problem since the dawn of shipbuilding. Until the middle of the nineteenth century ships' bottoms had been sheathed with copper sheeting, which prevented fouling but was expensive. Sheathing with zinc plate or with Muntz metal was used thereafter, as it was cheaper. For the Swiftsure class, however, a reversion was made to copper sheathing, as in the Pacific there were no docking facilities whatsoever - until the completion of the dockyard at Esquimalt in 1886 - and the sheathing applied on commissioning had to serve for the whole commission.

All ranks were berthed on the main deck; berthing for seamen in previous classes had been on the lower deck. As the officers' accommodation was well ventilated and well lit, the ships were universally popular.

History 

The two ships spent some time in reserve, but in their active careers they took turns as flagship of the Pacific station.

References

External links

Ironclad classes
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Puma armored engineering vehicle. The Puma (Hebrew: פומ"ה פורץ מכשולים הנדסי) is a heavily armored Combat engineering vehicle and armored personnel carrier that the Engineering Corps of the Israeli Defence Forces has used since the early 1990s. The vehicle can carry a crew of up to eight. The 50-ton vehicle's speed is 45 kilometers an hour.

The Puma uses the hull of the Sho't, which is itself a modified British Centurion tank.

Some Pumas are equipped with the Carpet mine-clearing system. This consists of 20 rockets that the crew can fire singly or all together. The rockets contain a fuel-air explosive warhead which spreads a cloud of fuel fumes that are then detonated. The overpressure from the explosion destroys most mines. The Puma then advances behind a set of rollers that trigger any mines the fuel-air explosion did not destroy. There is also electronic equipment for detonating roadside bombs or jamming detonation signals.

The Puma is capable of towing a mobile bridge for deploying over trenches and enemy land obstacles during battle. Unlike the M60 AVLB launching the bridge, the Puma pulls the bridge during combat and pushes the bridge over the obstacle, allowing tanks and infantry personnel carriers to maneuver quickly in the battlefield.

Armament consists of three 7.62 mm FN MAG general-purpose machine guns, including one in a remote turret that the crew can control from within the cabin by a Rafael Overhead Weapon Station (OWS).  The vehicle also has a 60 mm mortar and two launchers for smoke grenades.

Current developments

Israel is forming a fourth Combat Engineer Battalion that will specialize in dealing with roadside bombs, mines and booby traps. As part of this effort, Israel will also upgrade its Pumas. The army is adding new equipment for dealing with roadside bombs and is training the crews to cope with the growing numbers of explosive devices encountered in regions such as Gaza.

See also
VIU-55 Munja – Serbian APC/Combat engineering vehicle based on T-55

References

External links

Puma (Israeli-Weapons)

Armoured personnel carriers of Israel
Military engineering vehicles
Tracked armoured personnel carriers
Israeli Combat Engineering Corps
Military vehicles introduced in the 1990s
Mine warfare countermeasures