omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ranger V-770. The Ranger V-770 was an American air-cooled inverted V-12 aircraft engine developed by the Ranger Aircraft Engine Division of the Fairchild Engine & Aircraft Corporation in the early 1930s.

Design and development
In 1931, the V-770 design was built, derived from the Ranger 6-440 series of inverted inline air-cooled engines, and test flown in the Vought XSO2U-1 Scout. In 1938 it was tested in the Curtiss SO3C Seamew but was found to be unreliable with a tendency to overheat in low-speed flight, but would still be the most produced aircraft to have the V-770, with 795 being built. Its competitor Vought XSO2U also suffered from overheating problems that were never satisfactorily solved.
By 1941 a more developed V-770 was installed in the Fairchild XAT-14 Gunner prototype gunnery school aircraft, which went into limited production as the Fairchild AT-21 Gunner, of which 174 were built, not including one radial engine prototype.

Produced from 1941 to 1945, the V-770 featured a two-piece aluminum alloy crankcase, steel cylinder barrels with integral aluminum alloy fins and aluminum alloy heads. The V-770 was the only American inverted V-12 air-cooled engine to reach production. The engine was used in very few aircraft, among them the short lived Fairchild AT-21 twin-engine bomber trainer, and in the two Bell XP-77 light-weight fighter prototypes.

Variants

V-770-4 Installed in the Vought XSO2U-1 scout aircraft
V-770-6 Installed in the Fairchild XAT-14 Gunner prototype, intended for the Ryan SOR-1 Scout
V-770-7 Installed in the Bell XP-77 lightweight fighter prototype
V-770-8 Installed in the Curtiss SO3C Seamew Scout.
V-770-9 Installed in the North American XAT-6E Texan prototype.
V-770-11 Installed in the Fairchild AT-21 Gunner.
V-770-15 Installed in the Fairchild AT-21 Gunner.
V-770-17 Similar to V-770-8 but with raised hollow propeller shaft for mounting cannon or machine gun.
GV-770 Geared un-supercharged variants.
SV-770 Supercharged direct-drive variants.
SGV-770 Supercharged and geared variants.
SGV-770C-1 Tested in the Curtiss XF6C-7 Hawk fighter-bomber at .
SGV-770C-1B (V-770-11)
SGV-770C-2A (V-770-8)
SGV-770C-B1 Installed in the Ikarus 214 prototype
SGV-770D-4 (V-770-17) Similar to C-2A but with raised hollow propeller shaft for mounting cannon or machine gun.
SGV-770D-5 Developed for post-war commercial use,  at 3,600 RPM, weight , height , length , width

Applications
 AEKKEA-RAAB R-29
 Bell XP-77
 Curtiss SO3C Seamew
 Edo OSE
 Fairchild F-46
 Fairchild AT-21 Gunner
 Fairchild BQ-3
 Ikarus 213/Utva 213 Vihor
 Ikarus 214 (prototype)
 Vought XSO2U
 North American XAT-6E

Engines on display

 One restored engine in storage at the Carolinas Aviation Museum
 One survives at Cincinnati State Aviation school
 One modified V-770 survives in an art car by Michael Leeds
 The Yankee Air Museum has a V-770 on display.
 One restored engine at the Vintage Flying Museum in Fort Worth.

Specifications (SGV-770C-1)

See also

References

Aircraft air-cooled V piston engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
Inverted V12 aircraft engines
Small science. Small science refers (in contrast to big science) to science performed in a smaller scale, such as by individuals, small teams or within community projects.

Bodies which fund research, such as the National Science Foundation, DARPA, and the EU with its Framework programs, have a tendency to fund larger-scale research projects. Reasons include the idea that ambitious research needs significant resources devoted for its execution and the reduction of administrative and overhead costs on the funding body side. However, small science which has data that is often local and is not easily shared is funded in many areas such as chemistry and biology by these funding bodies.

The importance of Small Science
Small Science helps define the goals and directions of large scale scientific projects. In turn, results of large scale projects are often best synthesized and interpreted by the long-term efforts of the Small Science community. In addition, because Small Science is typically done at universities, it provides students and young researchers with an integral involvement in defining and solving scientific problems. Hence, small science can be seen as an important factor for bringing together science and society.

According to the Chronicle for Higher Education,  James M. Caruthers, a professor of chemical engineering at Purdue University, data from Big Science is highly organized on the front end where researchers define it before it even starts rolling off the machines, making it easier to handle, understand, and archive. Small Science is "horribly heterogeneous," and far more vast. In time, Small Science will generate two to three times more data than Big Science.

The American Geophysical Union stresses the importance of small science in a position statement.

Examples of Small Science results with high impact

Many historical examples show that results of Small Science can have enormous impacts:

 Galois theory, one of the foundational theories of abstract algebra was developed by Évariste Galois within just weeks.
 Albert Einstein developed his theory of special relativity as a hobby while working full-time in a patent office.
 Robert Goddard invented the liquid propelled and multi stage rockets largely on his own.  These breakthroughs lead to the German V2 and the Apollo Saturn 5 rockets.

See also
 Citizen science
 Independent scientist

References

History of science
Derwent (locomotive). Derwent is an 0-6-0 steam locomotive built in 1845 by William and Alfred Kitching for the Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR).  It is preserved at Darlington Railway Centre and Museum, now known as Head of Steam.

Design
Derwent was designed by Timothy Hackworth and built by W. & A. Kitching in Darlington, England in 1845. It is similar in design to two of their 1842 locomotives, Leader and Trader, with outside cylinders fixed at the trailing end of the boiler and four-foot diameter, six-wheeled coupled wheels.

Withdrawn from service in 1869, it was sold to Pease & Partners for use on their colliery lines and spent some time at the construction of the Waskerley Reservoir in County Durham. It took part in the Stephenson Centenary celebrations at Newcastle in 1881 and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in 1887.

Preservation
Derwent was presented to the North Eastern Railway (NER) in 1898 for preservation. After restoration the locomotive ran under its own steam in the 1925 Railway Centenary procession, and on trials the day before the procession it achieved a speed of . After that it was on display alongside Locomotion No. 1 for many years on a plinth on one of the platforms at Darlington's main station, Bank Top. In the 1960s, it was removed and restored in near original condition, and then moved to the Darlington Railway Centre and Museum in the 1970s, located in the same building as Darlington's North Road railway station, where it remains on display on long-term loan from the National Railway Museum. It is now part of the National Collection.

References

External links

 Darlington Railway Centre and Museum website
 About Derwent
 Scenes of NE England - Darlington Railway Museum
 Photo (1975) of locomotive Derwent on display at Darlington main station

Locomotives of the Stockton and Darlington Railway
0-6-0 locomotives
Preserved steam locomotives of Great Britain
Timothy Hackworth
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1845
SAI Ambrosini. 

SAI Ambrosini was an Italian aircraft manufacturer. The company was established in Passignano sul Trasimeno, Italy, in 1922 as the Società Aeronautica Italiana. It became SAI Ambrosini when it was acquired by the Ambrosini group in 1934.  Prior to World War II, the firm built a number of light touring and racing aircraft, the most successful of which was the SAI.7.  During the war, this design served as the basis for some light fighter designs, but these did not enter mass production.

Ambrosini was reformed in 1946 and continued with the development and manufacture of the SAI.7 design, eventually producing jet fighter prototypes based on it, but these were not successful. During the 1980s, the firm ventured into boatbuilding (including Azzurra, Italy's first America's Cup contender) and eventually into oil rigs before closing in 1992.

Aircraft

See also

 List of Italian aircraft companies

References

 
Italian brands
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Italy
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1922
1922 establishments in Italy
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1992
Selden Motor Vehicle Company. The Selden Motor Vehicle Company was a Brass Era American manufacturer of automobiles.  The company, founded in 1906, was based in Rochester, New York, and built automobiles from 1907 to 1914 and trucks from 1913 to 1932.

History 
The Selden Motor Vehicle Company was founded by George B. Selden, whose 1877 patent was the first U.S. patent of a "horseless carriage" which because of numerous later amendments was not granted until 1895. To make the patent more credible, in 1907 Selden built a car on the lines of the 1877 design. This patent would be declared "unenforceable" in 1911.

E. T. Birdsall designed the first Selden, a 30hp 4-cylinder car placed on the market in June 1907. A car in the $2,000 to $2,500 () price range, the Selden grew from a 109-inch wheelbase car to a 125-inch wheelbase.  In 1911 George Selden's patent was declared unenforceable, and his factory had a fire that summer.  Insurance covered the damages and production continued. Late in 1911, the company was reorganized internally, with Frederick A. Law, formerly with Columbia became designer and plant superintendent.  The last Selden passenger cars were built in 1914.

In 1913, the company began production of Selden trucks and this successfully continued until the company's sale to the Hahn Motor Truck Company of Hamburg, Pennsylvania in 1930.  Hahn and Selden went out of business in 1932.  George B. Selden died in 1923.

Advertisements

See also 

 List of defunct automobile manufacturers
 Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers
 Electric Vehicle Company

External links 
 1911 Seldon Model 40R at ConceptCarz
 Barnes, J. W. (1981, April). Rochester and the Automobile Industry. Rochester History, XLIII

References 

Cars introduced in 1907
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Defunct truck manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New York (state)
Manufacturing companies based in Rochester, New York
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1905
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1930
1907 establishments in New York (state)
1932 disestablishments in New York (state)
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York (state)
1900s cars
1910s cars
Brass Era vehicles
American companies disestablished in 1932
American companies established in 1907
Cars discontinued in 1914
Dodge (cyclecar). The Dodge was an American cyclecar manufactured in Detroit, Michigan, by the A.M. Dodge Company from 1914 to 1915. The cyclecar had a four-cylinder 25 hp engine that was water-cooled, and had a frictionless transmission. The vehicle was designed by George Wahl of Wahl Motor Company. The company was later sued by the Dodge brothers in 1915, who claimed that their name had been infringed.

References

Cyclecars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1914
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1915
1914 establishments in Michigan
1915 disestablishments in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Detroit
Cars introduced in 1914
Dodgeson. The Dodgeson was an automobile manufactured in Detroit, Michigan by Dodgeson Motors in 1926.  The Dodgeson was designed and engineered by John Duval Dodge, son of John Francis Dodge, one of the original Dodge Brothers.  The vehicle had a straight-8 rotary valve engine, with 3.2L of displacement, and produced  at 3,000 rpm.  The engine was supported by a four-point suspension system.

No production
Only prototypes were produced, and the series never saw production.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct companies based in Michigan
Engler (automobile). The Engler was an American cyclecar manufactured in Pontiac, Michigan by the W.B. Engler Cyclecar Company from 1914 to 1915. The Engler was a two-seater cyclecar that used a DeLuxe air-cooled, a 1.2L two-cylinder engine. The vehicle had a friction transmission and belts, and cost $385 ().

See also
Brass Era car

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Cyclecars
Companies based in Pontiac, Michigan
Cars introduced in 1914
William McLellan (American electrical engineer). William Howard McLellan (December 1, 1924 – September 30, 2011) was an American electrical engineer, who achieved some fame in 1960 by succeeding at an engineering challenge set by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman to build the smallest ever electric motor.

Personal life and education 
McLellan was born in Casper, Wyoming, grew up in Orland, California, and fought in the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Serving as a radio operator in the 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment), RCAC, he met his wife Patricia Price in England during the war, and afterwards the couple settled in Pasadena, California, where McLellan attended the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

Electric motor invention and career 
In December 1959, Feynman offered two challenges relating to nanotechnology at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society, held that year at Caltech, offering a $1000 prize to the first person to solve each of them.  The first one required someone to build a working electric motor that would fit inside a cube 1/64 inches (0.40 mm) on each side.  McLellan, at that time living nearby, achieved this feat by November 1960 and won the prize. His 250-microgram 2000-rpm motor consisted of 13 separate parts. 
The second challenge was for anyone who could find a way to inscribe a book page on a surface area 25,000 times smaller than its standard print (a scale at which the entire contents of the Encyclopædia Britannica could fit on the head of a pin). The prize for the second challenge was claimed only much later, by Tom Newman in 1985.

McLellan appeared on television in relation to his achievement, and spent much of his career as an engineer in Caltech's Astronomy department, remaining a consultant there for the rest of his life. He died in 2011 in Pasadena.

References

1924 births
American nanotechnologists
2011 deaths
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Canadian Army soldiers
California Institute of Technology alumni
People from Casper, Wyoming
20th-century American engineers
California Institute of Technology faculty
Bromochloromethane. Bromochloromethane or methylene bromochloride and Halon 1011 is a mixed halomethane. It is a heavy low-viscosity liquid with refractive index 1.4808.

Halon 1011 was invented for use in fire extinguishers in Germany during the mid-1940s, in an attempt to create a less toxic, more effective alternative to carbon tetrachloride. This was a concern in aircraft and tanks as carbon tetrachloride produced highly toxic by-products when discharged onto a fire. It was slightly less toxic, and used up until the late 1960s, being officially banned by the NFPA for use in fire extinguishers in 1969, as safer and more effective agents such as halon 1211 and 1301 were developed. Due to its ozone depletion potential its production was banned from January 1, 2002, at the Eleventh Meeting of the Parties for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

Bromochloromethane's biodegradation is catalyzed by the hydrolase enzyme alkylhalidase:

CH2BrCl  + H2O   →   CH2O + HBr + HCl

Preparation
Bromochloromethane is prepared commercially from dichloromethane:
6 CH2Cl2  + 3 Br2  + 2 Al  →  6 CH2BrCl  +  2 AlCl3
CH2Cl2  + HBr  →  CH2BrCl  +  HCl
The latter route requires aluminium trichloride as a catalyst.  The bromochloromethane is often used as a precursor to methylene bromide.

References

External links
 
 
 Notice with Respect to n-Propyl Bromide and Bromochloromethane
 Chemical fact sheet
 Data sheet at albemarle.com

Halomethanes
Fire suppression agents
Organobromides
Organochlorides
Ozone-depleting chemical substances
Statistical interference. When two probability distributions overlap, statistical interference exists.  Knowledge of the distributions can be used to determine the likelihood that one parameter exceeds another, and by how much.

This technique can be used for geometric dimensioning of mechanical parts, determining when an applied load exceeds the strength of a structure, and in many other situations.   This type of analysis can also be used to estimate the probability of failure or the failure rate.

Dimensional interference

Mechanical parts are usually designed to fit precisely together. For example, if a shaft is designed to have a "sliding fit" in a hole, the shaft must be a little smaller than the hole. (Traditional tolerances may suggest that all dimensions fall within those intended tolerances.  A process capability study of actual production, however, may reveal normal distributions with long tails.) Both the shaft and hole sizes will usually form normal distributions with some average (arithmetic mean) and standard deviation.

With two such normal distributions, a distribution of interference can be calculated.  The derived distribution will also be normal, and its average will be equal to the difference between the means of the two base distributions.  The variance of the derived distribution will be the sum of the variances of the two base distributions.

This derived distribution can be used to determine how often the difference in dimensions will be less than zero (i.e., the shaft cannot fit in the hole), how often the difference will be less than the required sliding gap (the shaft fits, but too tightly), and how often the difference will be greater than the maximum acceptable gap (the shaft fits, but not tightly enough).

Physical property interference

Physical properties and the conditions of use are also inherently variable.  For example, the applied load (stress) on a mechanical part may vary.  The measured strength of that part (tensile strength, etc.) may also be variable.  The part will break when the stress exceeds the strength.

With two normal distributions, the statistical interference may be calculated as above. (This problem is also workable for transformed units such as the log-normal distribution).  With other distributions, or combinations of different distributions, a Monte Carlo method or simulation is often the most practical way to quantify the effects of statistical interference.

See also
Interference fit
Interval estimation
Joint probability distribution
Probabilistic design
Process capability
Reliability engineering
Specification
Tolerance (engineering)

References

Paul H. Garthwaite, Byron Jones, Ian T. Jolliffe (2002) Statistical Inference.  
Haugen, (1980) Probabilistic mechanical design,  Wiley. 

Statistical theory
Survival analysis
Reliability engineering
Probability theory
Applied probability
Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10. The Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10 was a British two-seat quadruplane (i.e., four wing) fighter aircraft built by Armstrong Whitworth during the First World War. While it was ordered in small numbers for the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service, it was not used operationally. It is one of the few quadruplane aircraft to reach production.

Development
The F.K.10 was designed in 1916 by Frederick Koolhoven, the chief designer of Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft as a single-engine two-seat fighter. Koolhoven chose the novel quadruplane layout, also used by Pemberton-Billing (later known as Supermarine) for the P.B.29E and Supermarine Nighthawk anti-Zeppelin aircraft, and the contemporary Wight Quadruplane scout. At roughly the same time, Sopwith were building the successful Sopwith Triplane fighter.

The first prototype, the F.K.9  was built and first flown in the summer of 1916, powered by a 110 hp (80 kW) Clerget 9Z rotary engine. It had a shallow fuselage, with the wings joined by plank-like interplane struts, similar to those used by the Sopwith Triplane. After evaluation at the Central Flying School in late 1916, a production order for 50 was placed by the RFC for a modified version, the F.K.10.

The production F.K.10 had a new, deeper fuselage, and a new tail, but retained the wing planform of the F.K.9. The F.K.10 showed inferior performance to the Sopwith 1½ Strutter, which was already in service as a successful two-seat fighter, and only five were built of the RFC order, with a further three built for the RNAS. They were not used operationally and the design was not developed further.

Variants

F.K.9
Prototype powered by 110 hp (80 kW) Clerget 9Z engine.
F.K.10
Production version with revised fuselage and tail, powered by 130 hp (100 kW) Clerget 9B or Le Rhône 9J engine. 50 ordered, 8 built.

Operators

Royal Flying Corps 
Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications (F.K.10 (130 hp Clerget))

See also

References

F.K.10
F.K.10
1910s British fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Quadruplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Rotary-engined aircraft
Evening Star (video game). Evening Star is a vector graphics train simulation game for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, and Amstrad CPC published by Hewson Consultants in 1987. It is the sequel to Southern Belle.

Gameplay
The idea of the game is to successfully get the "Evening Star" from Bath to its destination Bournemouth on the old Somerset and Dorset line. The objectives are keeping to the tight timetable, earning points for safety and economy, and obeying signals. Stops are made at stations along the route to pick up passengers.

Reception

Evening Star received positive reviews from critics. Bob Hillyer of The Games Machine praised the game's "fine-tuned" improvements on its predecessor, Southern Belle, citing its longer track and better graphics display. Computer & Video Games found the game's merits and flaws to be largely identical to Southern Belle, but highlighted the game's hazards, including the potential for derailment and collisions. Your Sinclair Magazine commended the game's attention to detail in its recreation of the rail line and the range of gameplay options and engine controls, but noted the game was "less than startling" in its monochrome graphical presentation.

References

External links 

1987 video games
Amstrad CPC games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore 64 games
Hewson Consultants games
Single-player video games
Train simulation video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games