omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Analog transmission. Analog transmission is a transmission method of conveying information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that information. It could be the transfer of an analog signal, using an analog modulation method such as frequency modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM), or no modulation at all.

Some textbooks also consider passband data transmission using a digital modulation method such as ASK, PSK and QAM, i.e. a sinewave modulated by a digital bit-stream, as analog transmission and as an analog signal. Others define that as digital transmission and as a digital signal. Baseband data transmission using line codes, resulting in a pulse train, are always considered as digital transmission, although the source signal may be a digitized analog signal.

Methods 

Analog transmission can be conveyed in many different fashions:
 Optical fiber
 Twisted pair or coaxial cable
 Radio
 Underwater acoustic communication

There are two basic kinds of analog transmission, both based on how they modulate data to combine an input signal with a carrier signal. Usually, this carrier signal is of a specific frequency, and data is transmitted through its variations. The two techniques are amplitude modulation (AM), which varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, and frequency modulation (FM), which modulates the frequency of the carrier.

Types

Most analog transmissions fall into one of several categories. Telephony and voice communication was originally primarily analog in nature, as was most television and radio transmission. Early telecommunication devices utilized analog-to-digital conversion devices called modulator/demodulators, or modems, to convert analog signals to digital signals and back.

Benefits and drawbacks

The analog transmission method is still very popular, in particular for shorter distances, due to significantly lower costs with complex multiplexing and timing equipment that are unnecessary, and in small "short-haul" systems that simply do not need multiplexed digital transmission.

However, in situations where a signal often has high signal-to-noise ratio and cannot achieve source linearity, or in long distance, high output systems, analog is unattractive due to attenuation problems. Furthermore, as digital techniques continue to be refined, analog systems are increasingly becoming legacy equipment.

Recently, some nations, such as the Netherlands, have completely ceased analog transmissions (analog switch-off) on certain media, such as television, for the purposes of the government saving money.

See also
 Analog television
 Analog-to-digital converter
 Digital transmission
 Modulation
 Signal

References

Electronic design
Radio modulation modes
Telecommunication theory
Physical layer protocols
Data transmission
AsiaSat 1. AsiaSat 1 was a Hong Kong communications satellite, which was owned, and was operated, by the Hong Kong–based Asia Satellite Telecommunications Company. It was originally launched in February 1984 as Westar 6, but following a booster motor failure it was retrieved and returned to Earth in November of that year by Space Shuttle mission STS-51-A. After being sold to AsiaSat and refurbished, it was relaunched in April 1990, and positioned in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 100.5° East. It spent its operational life at 100.5° East, from where it was used to provide fixed satellite services, including broadcasting, audio and data transmission, to Asia and the Pacific Ocean.

Westar 6 
As Westar 6, the satellite was built by Hughes Space and Communications. It was based on the HS-376 satellite bus. At launch it had a mass of , and a design life of thirteen years. It carried twenty four C-band transponders. After launch from the Space Shuttle as part of mission STS-41-B its PAM-D booster rocket misfired, and the satellite was stranded in a useless low orbit. It was retrieved during another Shuttle mission (STS-51-A) in November 1984, and Hughes was contracted to refurbish it. Westar 6 was eventually sold, for US$58 million, to the AsiaSat consortium and renamed AsiaSat 1.

Re-launch 
The launch of AsiaSat 1 was contracted to the China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC), and used a Long March 3 launch vehicle. The launch was conducted from Xichang Launch Area 3 (LA-3) at the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre at 13:30:02 UTC on 7 April 1990.

Mission 
Asiasat 1 was replaced by AsiaSat 3S in May 1999. It remains in a graveyard orbit.

See also 
 Palapa B2, a communications satellite that was also retrieved and relaunched by the Space Shuttle

References 

Spacecraft launched in 1990
AsiaSat satellites
Satellites using the HS-376 bus
Spacecraft launched by Long March rockets
SAP Composite Application Framework. SAP Composite Application Framework (SAP CAF) is a composition tool in NWDS (SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio, an Eclipse-based IDE) and runtime on SAP Web Application Server Java for developing, testing, deploying, running and configuring composite applications. It is tightly integrated in the NetWeaver stack and is currently the tool of choice of SAP customers for developing an enterprise application's business logic layer, along with the pure JEE (Java Enterprise edition) development tools provided in NWDS. The CAF IDE tool has a strong model-driven architecture approach to development, resulting in rapid development of a system 's business logic layer.

Overview
Composite applications function by reusing existing functionality to provide a new service; in this they are principally similar to mash-ups, although the domain and business areas of mash-ups and composite applications can be quite different or even unrelated. CAF realizes this reuse by enabling the import, edit, mapping and composition of existing web services and RFCs (RFCs, remote function calls, are special types of ABAP functions that can be reused outside an ABAP system). Another reuse of existing functionality is achieved by CAFs integration with KM (Knowledge Management). KM is a SAP-specific document management system, which is also an integral part of SAP NetWeaver.

Other core functionalities of CAF include Application Services and Business Objects.
Application Services are entities with various operations, usually reusing already imported resources (WS and RFC). Also, there can be operations defining new functionality and business logic. Application Services can be rapidly exposed as web services (this is achieved with a single click in the context menu of an Application Service in the IDE). Since these development entities are based on Stateless EJBs, their domain model can easily be reused by upper layers of an application- namely UI layer and Business Process layer. Theoretically, an Application Service can be viewed as an MDA abstraction and approach towards EJBs.

Business Objects (not to be confused with Business Objects, an SAP subsidiary company) are development entities which, as Application Services, have business logic, and also a data model, which can be either persisted in a local or a remote database. They reuse CAF Core data types. BOs are the tool of choice for modeling data objects in the current globally available SAP NetWeaver release.

CAF Core is a library module comprising standard data types and other pre-defined development objects. It enables rapid development, KM integration, and, through standardization, integration of CAF applications with non-SAP systems.

It is a misconception that CAF 'includes' Guided Procedures or any Business Process Modeling framework/tool whatsoever. In  the NetWeaver stack, processes are in an upper layer; in fact, they are 'situated' above the UI layer.     

CAF designtime is based on the Eclipse 3.2 tools platform.

References

Composite Application Framework
Service-oriented architecture-related products
PEG 400. PEG 400 (polyethylene glycol 400) is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol. It is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid.  Due in part to its low toxicity, PEG 400 is widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.

Chemical properties
PEG 400 is strongly hydrophilic.  The partition coefficient of PEG 400 between hexane and water is 0.000015 (log), indicating that when PEG 400 is mixed with water and hexane, there are only 15 parts of PEG400 in the hexane layer per 1 million parts of PEG 400 in the water layer.

PEG 400 is soluble in water, acetone, alcohols, benzene, glycerin, glycols, and aromatic hydrocarbons. It is not miscible with aliphatic hydrocarbons nor diethyl ether. Therefore, reaction products can be extracted from the reaction media with those solvents.

References

The Merck Index, 11th Edition
Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients

Polyethers
Australian National AN class. The AN class is a class of diesel locomotives built by Clyde Engineering, Somerton for Australian National in 1992–1993.

Introduction to service and operating history

They entered service on Australian National's standard gauge network from Broken Hill to Adelaide, Alice Springs and Perth. In 1995, all were leased to National Rail with the transfer of Australian National's interstate operations.

In January 1996, AN10 was destroyed in the Hines Hill train collision. In November 1997, the remaining 10 were sold to National Rail. passing into Pacific National ownership with the sale of National Rail in February 2002. In 2004, they began to operate to Darwin on The Ghan following this line opening with AN3 painted in the Ghan livery between 2004 and 2014.

Future

As of January 2023, AN class locomotives are generally used as trailing locomotives on Intermodal and Steel services between Melbourne, Adelaide and Sydney. They were commonly used as second locomotives on steel trains in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. The class are currently facing storage in Melbourne due to combined high operational costs and mechanical failures. It's rumoured they'll be stored in Werris Creek, New South Wales.

As of 17 February 2023, the entire class is stored, with all except AN1 (which is in Port Augusta) in storage at South Dynon.

In December 2023 the class has been making a return to service with AN1 running from Port Augusta on 4PM4 (3 December) and returning 6MP5 (9 December) after a trip to Spotswood. AN3 and AN8 are also at Spotswood.

In September 2024, AN3 and AN8 were transferred to Port Augusta on 1MP2. They are expected to be stored there. It is unsure on what will happen with AN1, the only operational member of the class at this time.

It is likely AN8 will be scrapped with the possibility of AN3 returning with AN8’s wheels

Fleet status

References

Clyde Engineering locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
Pacific National diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1992
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
Australian National DL class. The DL class are a class of diesel locomotives built by Clyde Engineering, Kelso for Australian National between 1988 and 1990. All units are stored as of the 1st of September 2023.

History

The first of the 15 commenced trials between Clyde Engineering's, Kelso plant and Lithgow in February 1988. The last was delivered in February 1990. They were used on Australian National's standard gauge network on Freight and Passenger traffic from Broken Hill to Adelaide, Alice Springs and Kalgoorlie. In 1995, all 15 were transferred with Australian National's interstate operations to National Rail.

In January 1996, DL37 was destroyed in the Hines Hill train collision. In June 1999, National Rail began operating blue metal trains in New South Wales from Dunmore to Cooks River and in November 1999, from Marulan to Port Kembla both with DLs.

All were included in the sale of National Rail to Pacific National in February 2002. As of January 2014, operational class members were being used on Pacific National freight services in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia and as second locomotives on the Indian Pacific between Sydney to Adelaide. DL36 had been in storage at Port Augusta since at least 2008 and was cut up during 2018.

During May 2016, the class were replaced by 82 class and G class locomotives in the Adelaide hills. During the month DL47 ran as part of light engine movement D171 from Enfield Yard to Lithgow with 8151 leading stored locos X50, DL47, X49 & G519. DL42 & DL45 also ran on light engine D171 on 25 May heading to Lithgow from Enfield Yard with 8162 leading X48, DL42, S306 & DL45. On 1 December 2016, 8129 lead DL45, DL44, DL50 and DL42 on a light engine movement to Port Kembla for reactivation work for grain haulage. The class have since been used in South Australia on grain workings during 2018 and 2019, and since 2021 have been commonly found in the Werris Creek area on grain services from Western and Northwestern NSW to the port of Newcastle. In August 2023 DL41, DL43 and DL44 were placed into storage at Werris Creek,all of the class DL38-47 & DL49-50 are currently stored at both Werris Creek NSW and Lithgow NSW with an unknown future.

Status table

References

Clyde Engineering locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
Pacific National diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1988
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
Robert Honeycombe. Sir Robert William Kerr Honeycombe (2 May 1921 – 14 September 2007) was a Goldsmiths' Professor of Metallurgy and Professor Emeritus of the University of Cambridge. He was an Honorary Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge. Born in Melbourne, Australia, Honeycombe was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March, 1981 and served on the council. He was knighted in 1990.

He was awarded the Beilby Medal and Prize in 1963.

References

1921 births
2007 deaths
Academics from Melbourne
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Knights Bachelor
People educated at Geelong College
Presidents of Clare Hall, Cambridge
Goldsmiths' Professors of Materials Science
Murata Electronics (Finland). Murata Electronics Oy is a Finnish company (previously called VTI Technologies Oy) that design, develop and manufacture accelerometers, inclinometers and gyro sensors based on the company's proprietary 3D MEMS technology. These sensors are used to measure things such as acceleration, inclination, vibration and pressure. In 2012, VTI Technologies was acquired by the Japanese Murata Manufacturing group, and changed its name to Murata Electronics Oy.

Products and applications
The products are used in automotive industry, industrial applications and healthcare technology. Murata Electronics is the market leading manufacturer and supplier of acceleration and inclination sensors to the global automotive industry and the world's leading manufacturer of motion sensors for electronic stability control systems. In healthcare Murata Electronics is the global market leader in motion sensors for pacemakers. In industrial applications Murata's sensors are used in demanding agricultural and other heavy machinery applications such as harvesters, forest machines, tractors and mining equipment.

References

External links

Technology companies of Finland
Vantaa
Thomasclarkite-(Y). Thomasclarkite-(Y) is a rare mineral which was known as UK-93 until 1997, when it was renamed in honour of Thomas H. Clark (1893–1996), McGill University professor. The mineral is one of many rare-earth element minerals from Mont Saint-Hilaire. The only reported occurrence is in an alkalic pegmatite dike in an intrusive gabbro-nepheline syenite.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Mont Saint-Hilaire

Carbonate minerals
Lanthanide minerals
Yttrium minerals
Sodium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 3
Irving Kaplan (chemist). Irving Kaplan (1913–1997) was a chemist and a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor, who was among the founders of the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the institution.

Biography 
Kaplan received a BA from Columbia University in 1933, an MA in 1934 and a PhD in chemistry in 1937. Before coming to MIT, he was a researcher in chemistry at the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago from 1937 to 1941. He participated in the Manhattan Project to do research on isotope separation. Kaplan was also a lead founding member of the Federation of American Scientists, and worked with other scientists to promote civilian control of the atomic energy. This eventually led the way to the creation of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1947. From 1946 to 1957, he worked as a senior physicist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, and wrote a textbook on nuclear physics. Kaplan visited MIT in 1957, and became a professor in 1958 to participate in the new department. He participated in various projects such as the research on lattices of partially enriched uranium rods in heavy water, and development of graduate and undergraduate courses such as the history of science and classical Greek.

Personal life 
Professor Kaplan had a wife, two sons and one daughter, and four grandchildren. He died at the Massachusetts General Hospital on April 10 after a heart surgery.

References

Further reading
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1997/kaplan.html

20th-century American chemists
1913 births
1997 deaths
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Brookhaven National Laboratory staff
Manhattan Project people

Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
USCGC White Alder. The USCGC White Alder (WLM/WAGL-541) was the former Navy lighter, YF-417.  The United States Coast Guard acquired a total of eight of these former Navy YF-257-class lighters between 1947-1948 for conversion to coastal buoy tenders.  They were needed to complement the larger seagoing buoy tenders in servicing short-range-aids-to-navigation, typically those placed in coastal waters and harbors.

They were built entirely of steel and were originally designed to carry ammunition and cargo from shore to deep-draft vessels anchored off-shore.  These lighters were well suited for a variety of coastal tasks because their hull design incorporated a shallow draft with a solid engineering plant.  All of these  lighters had sufficient cargo space for storing equipment and an open deck and boom for handling large objects.  They proved to be capable and useful buoy tenders.  Each was named for a plant, shrub or tree, prefixed by "White."

Tender history

White Alder was stationed at New Orleans, Louisiana throughout her Coast Guard career, which spanned 1947 until 1968. Her primary assignment was to tend river aids-to-navigation although she was called upon to conduct other traditional Coast Guard duties, such as search and rescue or law enforcement duties, as required.  In mid-November 1965 she escorted raised barge carrying chlorine to a chemical plant and on 4 December 1968 she refloated cutter USCGC Loganberry (WLI-65305), which had been beached on 3 December.

At approximately 18:29 CST on 7 December 1968, the "downbound" White Alder collided with the "upbound" M/V Helena, a  Taiwanese freighter in the Mississippi River at mile 195.3 above Head of Passes near White Castle, Louisiana and sank in  of water. Three of the crew of 20 were rescued, while the other 17 perished.  Divers recovered the bodies of three of the dead but river sediment buried the cutter so quickly that continued recovery and salvage operations proved impractical. The Coast Guard decided to leave the remaining 14 crewmen entombed in the sunken cutter, which remains buried in the bottom of the Mississippi River.

The Coast Guard dedicated a memorial, at the Coast Guard base in New Orleans, to the White Alder and her crew on 7 December 1969.  The memorial was moved to the new Coast Guard Group New Orleans offices in Metairie, Louisiana, and rededicated on 6 December 2002.

Sources

 This article contains public domain text from the United States Coats Guard Historian’s Office website.
http://www.uscg.mil/history/WEBCUTTERS/NPS_133_HAER_Report.pdf
 Cutter History File. USCG Historian's Office, USCG HQ, Washington, D.C.
 
 U. S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. U.S. Coast Guard  Buoy Tenders.  HAER booklet. Washington, DC: National Park Service, February, 2004. [ HAER no. DC-57; Todd Croteau, HAER Industrial Archeologist (project leader); Jet Low, HAER Photographer; Mark Porter, NCSHPO Consultant (historian), and Candace Clifford, booklet design. ]

1943 ships
Maritime incidents in 1968
Ships built in Buffalo, New York
Ships sunk in collisions
Shipwrecks of the Mississippi River
White-class coastal buoy tenders
Advantium. Advantium is a line of fast-cooking electric ovens for household use sold by General Electric. They use both halogen lamps and microwave energy, either separately or together.

Starting in 1998, the engineering team of Kevin Nolan, Dong Soo Shin, Todd Vincent Graves, Charles Smith, and Royce Hunt designed the original Advantium, which went on sale in 1999, uses 240-volt AC power, and draws up to 25 amperes. It can generally substitute for a conventional oven, a cooktop, and a grill, and cooks between two and eight times as quickly as conventional cooking.

Early models had plastic grills, which were not durable, and tended to snap off from the heat that the noisy fan exhausted into the kitchen. Newer models have stainless steel grills.

The Advantium 120, released in 2001, cooks less quickly, but operates at 120 volts.

See also
 Trivection oven

References

Cooking appliance brands
Products introduced in 1999
Coded mark inversion. In telecommunication, coded mark inversion (CMI) is a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) line code. It encodes zero bits as a half bit time of zero followed by a half bit time of one, and while one bits are encoded as a full bit time of a constant level.  The level used for one bits alternates each time one is coded.

This is vaguely reminiscent of, but quite different from, Miller encoding, which also uses half-bit and full-bit pulses, but additionally uses the half-one/half-zero combination and arranges them so that the signal always spends at least a full bit time at a particular level before transitioning again.

CMI doubles the bitstream frequency, when compared to its simple NRZ equivalent, but allows easy and reliable clock recovery.

See also 

 Manchester code

References 

 ITU-T G.703 (11/2001), Annex A, A.3. Definition of CMI.

External links 
 

Encodings
Line codes