omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pyroligneous acid. Pyroligneous acid, also called wood vinegar or wood acid, is a dark liquid produced by the destructive distillation of wood and other plant materials.

Composition 
The principal components of pyroligneous acid are 10% acetic acid, acetone and methanol. It was once used as a commercial source for acetic acid.

History 
Pyroligneous acid (acetum lignorum) was investigated by German chemist Johann Rudolph Glauber. The acid was used as a substitute for vinegar. It was also used topically for treating wounds, ulcers and other ailments. A salt can be made by neutralizing the acid with a lye made from the ashes of the burnt wood.

During the United States Civil War it became increasingly difficult for the Confederate States of America to obtain much needed salt. Curing meat and fish with pyroligneous acid was attempted by cooks to compensate for this deficiency, but it was insufficient.

In the nineteenth century, pyroligneous acid was used to prepare an impure aluminium sulfacetate mordant for use with cotton, but the resulting mixture imparted a burnt odor to the cotton, and Ganswindt recommended its use be abandoned in favour of purer preparations in 1899.

In 1895, pyroligneous acid was first marketed under the brand Wright's Liquid Smoke, a liquid smoke product intended to impart the flavor and some of the preservative effects of wood smoking to meats and vegetables. In the early 21st century, concerns about the carcinogenic effects of components of wood smoke decreased the production of heavily smoked foods in favor of lighter smoking and liquid smoke for foods.

References

External links 
AcidWorks

Wood
Organic acids
Vinegar
Wool combing machine. The wool combing machine was invented by Edmund Cartwright, the inventor of the power loom, in Doncaster. The machine was used to arrange and lay parallel by length the fibers of wool, prior to further treatment. 

Cartwright's invention, nicknamed "Big Ben," was originally patented in April 1790, with subsequent patents following in December 1790 and May 1792 as the machine's design was refined by Cartwright. This machine is the first example of mechanization of the wool combing stage of the textile manufacturing process, and a significant achievement for the textile industry. Cartwright's machine was described as doing the work of 20 hand-combers. 

The wool combing machine was improved refined by many later inventors, including Josué Heilmann, Samuel Cunliffe Lister, Isaac Holden, and James Noble.

References

English inventions
History of Nottinghamshire
Textile machinery
Weaving equipment
Wool industry
Product requirements document. A product requirements document (PRD) is a document containing all the requirements for a certain product.
It is written to allow people to understand what a product should do. A PRD should, however, generally avoid anticipating or defining how the product will do it in order to later allow interface designers and engineers to use their expertise to provide the optimal solution to the requirements.

PRDs are most frequently written for software products, but they can be used for any type of product and also for services. 
Typically, a PRD is created from a user's point-of-view by a user/client or a company's marketing department (in the latter case it may also be called a Marketing Requirements Document (MRD)). The requirements are then analyzed by a (potential) maker/supplier from a more technical point of view, broken down and detailed in a Functional Specification (sometimes also called Technical Requirements Document).

Components
Typical components of a product requirements document (PRD) are:

 Title & author information
 Purpose and scope, from both a technical and business perspective
 Stakeholder identification
 Market assessment and target demographics
 Product overview and use cases
 Requirements, including
 functional requirements (e.g. what a product should do)
 usability requirements
 technical requirements (e.g. security, network, platform, integration, client)
 environmental requirements
 support requirements
 interaction requirements (e.g. how the product should work with other systems)
 Assumptions 
 Constraints
 Dependencies
 High level workflow plans, timelines and milestones (more detail is defined through a project plan)
 Evaluation plan and performance metrics

Not all PRDs have all of these components. In particular, PRDs for other types of products (manufactured goods, etc.) will eliminate the software-specific elements from the list above, and may add in additional elements that pertain to their domain, e.g. manufacturing requirements.

See also 
 Marketing requirements document
 Product planning
 Product design
 Product management
 Requirements
 Requirements management
 User requirements document

References

 Product Management 
 Translation and Localization Project Management 
 Project Management ToolBox 
 The Digital Guide To Software Development 
 The Product Manager's Toolkit

Product management
Software requirements
Polybutadiene acrylonitrile. Polybutadiene acrylonitrile (PBAN) copolymer, also noted as polybutadiene—acrylic acid—acrylonitrile terpolymer is a copolymer compound used most frequently as a rocket propellant fuel mixed with ammonium perchlorate oxidizer. It was the binder formulation widely used on the 1960s–1970s big boosters (e.g., Titan III and Space Shuttle SRBs). It is also notably used in NASA's Space Launch System, likely reusing the design from its Space Shuttle counterpart.

Polybutadiene acrylonitrile is also sometimes used by amateurs due to simplicity, very low cost, and lower toxicity than the more common hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). HTPB uses isocyanates for curing, which have a relatively quick curing time; however, they are also generally toxic. PBAN based composite propellants also have a slightly higher performance than HTPB based propellants.
PBAN is normally cured with the addition of an epoxy resin, taking several days at elevated temperatures to cure.

Usages
PBAN was to be used in the Constellation program, later canceled, as this copolymer was to be used in the first stage of the Ares I rocket in five segments.  However future versions of Ares I were discussed using liquid propellants as a potential alternative. PBAN is currently used in the solid rocket boosters on the SLS rocket.

References

Rocket fuels
Acrylate polymers
Copolymers
Plastics
Human Engineered Software. Human Engineered Software (HES, also known as HesWare) was an American software developer and publisher from 1980 until 1984. The company sold video games and educational and productivity software, in addition to several hardware products. It focused on the Commodore 64, VIC-20, and Atari 8-bit computers.

History
The company was located in Brisbane, California. Published titles included games, educational and productivity programs. Among them were Project Space Station, Mr. TNT, Turtle Graphics by David Malmberg, several Jeff Minter games (Llamasoft), such as Attack of the Mutant Camels, Gridrunner, Hes Games, and HesMon, Graphics BASIC, 64Forth (a cartridge-based Forth implementation), and the HesModem and HesModem II.

The company was started by Jay Balakrishnan and Cy Shuster in 1980. The company was founded in Balakrishnan's apartment in Los Angeles, where he took down the door to his bedroom, put it across two file cabinets, and used that as a desk for his development (winding the cables around the doorknob).  With research into the PET ROM, Balakrishnan wrote the first 8K 6502 Assembler, HESbal (HES Basic Assembler Language) in BASIC, and an accompanying text editor, HESedit.  Having HESbal allowed numerous creative follow-on products, such as HEScom, software and a user port cable that allowed VIC20 programs to be saved to a PET hard disk (since the first VIC20 didn't have a hard disk). Shuster soldered the HEScom cables in his garage and wrote HESlister, a print utility for BASIC programs, that he ported from a TRS-80 Model I to the PET, to the VIC, and later to the IBM PC. HESware published OMNIWRITER, a word processor for the Commodore 64.

Game writers Lawrence Holland and Ron Gilbert, who later worked for LucasArts, started their careers at HES.

Demise
By early 1984 InfoWorld reported that HES was tied with Broderbund as the world's tenth-largest microcomputer-software company and largest entertainment-software company, with $13 million in 1983 sales. In October 1984, HES filed for bankruptcy. It was reported that Avant Garde Publishing Corp would buy HES in a straight cash deal, but later detailed that the offer was blocked in bankruptcy court and HES shut down.

References

Commodore 64
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Entertainment companies based in California
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in San Mateo County, California
Software companies established in 1980
Software companies disestablished in 1984
Video game companies established in 1980
Video game companies disestablished in 1984
Companies disestablished in 1984
1980 establishments in California
1984 disestablishments in California
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
American companies disestablished in 1984
American companies established in 1980
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
IQ 151. The IQ 151 was a personal computer produced by ZPA Nový Bor in the former Czechoslovakia.

It had a Tesla MHB8080A (copy of Intel 8080) CPU running at 2 MHz, 32 KB RAM (later on 64 KB), 4 KB ROM, with semigraphic text mode video output and the BASIC programming language.

The mainboard contained only CPU, supporting ICs and memory. Everything else was added by expansion modules, with five available slots.

Like mentioned above, elementary expansion modules are Basic 6, a BASIC language interpreter and Video 32, a video generator, producing 32 columns and 32 rows of text and semigraphic characters.

Advanced expansion modules include Video 64, allowing 64 x 32 character text display; Grafik, adding true 512 x 256 monochromatic graphics and Basic G, with additional graphical functions to BASIC; Pascal, and editor and compiler of the PASCAL programming language; Assembler, a low level programming language; AD/DA, a ADC / DAC converter interface; MS 151 and MINIGRAPH, a drivers for Czechoslovak plotters XY4130 and Aritma 0507; STAPPER, a driver for a punched tape unit; SESTYK, adding a serial port for networking and DISC 2, a controller for a 8" floppy drive using on an unlicensed CP/M clone. Due to an  EPROM address conflict, DISC 2 couldn't be used with the Basic G or Pascal modules.

It IQ 151 was primarily used in Czech schools, while in Slovakia the PMD 85 series was used instead. This computer was produced locally due to a lack of foreign currency with which to buy systems from the West.

This computer had a persistent tendency to overheat under even a light workload and thus the common joke about it was "it's an excellent coffee mug heater." It also had a poor membrane in its keyboard, in comparison with slightly more advanced PMD 85.

After the fall of Communism in 1989, production of the IQ 151 was stopped, since it was not competitive in terms of price, quality or features compared to more modern computers.

References

External links
 Information about IQ 151 at old-computers.com
 East-European Home-Computer: IQ 151

Computer-related introductions in 1985
Home computers
Z80-based home computers
Science and technology in Czechoslovakia
Cooperite (mineral). Cooperite is a grey mineral consisting of platinum sulfide (), generally in combinations with sulfides of other elements such as palladium and nickel (PdS and NiS). Its general formula is . It is a dimorph of braggite.

It is mined as an ore of platinum and platinum group metals such as palladium.  It occurs in South Africa in minable quantities and in an old mine near Mount Washington on Vancouver Island. 

It was first described in 1928 for occurrences in the Bushveld Igneous Complex and named after South African metallurgist Richard A. Cooper who first characterized it.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Webmineral data

Platinum minerals
Nickel minerals
Palladium minerals
Sulfide minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 131
Minerals described in 1928
Visibility graph analysis. In architecture, visibility graph analysis (VGA) is a method of analysing the inter-visibility connections within buildings or urban networks.  Visibility graph analysis was developed from the architectural theory of space syntax by Turner et al. (2001), and is applied through the construction of a visibility graph within the open space of a plan.

Visibility graph analysis uses various measures from the theory of small-world networks and centrality in network theory in order to assess perceptual qualities of space and the possible usage of it.

Visibility graph analysis was firstly implemented in Turner's Depthmap software and is now widely used by both academics and practitioners through the open source and multi-platform depthmapX developed by Tasos Varoudis.

Another open-source and multi-platform software that implements visibility graphs is topologicpy  developed by Wassim Jabi.

See also

Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis
Isovist
Spatial network analysis software
Viewshed analysis

References

 

Architectural theory
Geometric graph theory
Roland Bond. Roland Curling Bond (5 May 1903 – 20 December 1980) was a British locomotive engineer.

Biography
Bond was born in Ipswich in 1903, and became interested in railways when staying in Yarmouth during the Great War.  He was educated at Tonbridge School.

Bond joined the Midland Railway in 1920, from 1923 part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) until 1925.  He was an apprentice under Henry Fowler.   He then became assistant works manager at the Vulcan Foundry.

In 1931 Bond returned to the LMS, becoming an "assistant works superintendent" at Horwich. In 1933, moved to assistant works superintendent at Crewe.  On the outbreak of the World War II in 1939, Bond was sent to Scotland as acting mechanical and electrical engineer, acting for R.A. Riddles.  In 1941, he moved back to Crewe to become "works superintendent" and helped drive efficient locomotive and munitions work there.

In 1948, on the formation of the Railway Executive, Bond was appointed chief officer (Locomotive Construction and Maintenance), reporting to Riddles, who was now "Member of the Railway Executive for Mechanical and Electrical Engineering". On the abolition of the Railway Executive in 1953, Bond became chief mechanical engineer, BR Central Staff and later in 1965 general manager, BR Workshops.  He was succeeded as Chief Mechanical Engineer in October 1958 by John Frederick (Freddie) Harrison. Bond retired in 1970 and died in 1980, aged 77.

References

Further reading
 A Lifetime with Locomotives (Goose & Son, 1975).
"Transition from steam" H.C.B.  Rogers (Ian Allan, 1980)

External links
 Roland Curling Bond at steamindex.com

1903 births
1980 deaths
People educated at Tonbridge School
Engineers from Ipswich
British mechanical engineers
British Rail people
Rotary switch. A rotary switch is a switch operated by rotation. These are often chosen when more than 2 positions are needed, such as a three-speed fan or a CB radio with multiple frequencies of reception or "channels".

A rotary switch consists of a spindle or "rotor" that has a contact arm or "spoke" which projects from its surface like a cam. It has an array of terminals, arranged in a circle around the rotor, each of which serves as a contact for the "spoke" through which any one of a number of different electrical circuits can be connected to the rotor.  The switch is layered to allow the use of multiple poles; each layer is equivalent to one pole. Alternatively the rotation can be limited to a fraction (half; third etc.) of a circle and then each layer can have multiple (two; three etc.) poles.  Usually, such a switch has a detent mechanism so it "clicks" from one active position to another rather than stalls in an intermediate position.  Thus a rotary switch provides greater pole and throw capabilities than simpler switches do.

Rotary switches were used as channel selectors on television receivers until the early 1970s, as range selectors on electrical metering equipment, as band selectors on multi-band radios, etc.

Modern rotary switches use a "star wheel" mechanism to provide the switching positions, such as at every 30, 45, 60, or 90 degrees. Nylon cams are then mounted behind this mechanism and spring-loaded electrical contacts slide around these cams. The cams are notched or cut where the contact should close to complete an electrical circuit.

Some rotary switches are user-configurable in relation to the number of positions.  A special toothed washer that sits below the holding nut can be positioned so that the tooth is inserted into one of a number of slots in a way that limits the number of positions available for selection. For example, if only four positions are required on a twelve position switch, the washer can be positioned so that only four switching positions can be selected when in use.

Gallery

References

See also

 
 
 
 
 

switches
Commencement Bay-class escort carrier. The Commencement Bay-class escort aircraft carriers were the last class of escort carriers built for the US Navy in World War II.

The ships were based on the hull of the Maritime Commission type T3 tanker, which gave them a displacement of approximately 23,000 tons and a length of 557 feet (170 m).  Unlike most earlier escort carrier classes, which were laid down as something else and converted to aircraft carriers mid-construction, the Commencement Bays were built as carriers from the keel up.  Their general layout was similar to the s, but some of the Sangamon's engineering shortcomings were addressed.

They entered service late in World War II –  launched on 9 May 1944 – so most of them saw little or no operational service. Thirty-five of them were ordered but many were cancelled prior to completion.  Nineteen saw commissioned service in the US Navy, four were broken up on the ways at the end of the war, two were accepted from the builders but never commissioned, and the remainder were cancelled before being laid down.

After the war they were seen as potential helicopter, anti-submarine, or auxiliary (transport) carriers, and a number of ships served in these roles during the Korean War.  The oncoming Jet Age ended their careers, as the ships were no longer large enough to safely carry the much larger jet aircraft of the late 1950s, and all units were out of service or reclassified by 1960.

Ships 

All of the Commencement Bay-class escort carriers that were laid down were built by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation (a.k.a. Todd Pacific Shipyards) in the Commencement Bay, Tacoma, Washington yard, in addition to the planned (but unnamed) ships CVE-128 through CVE-131. Planned (but unnamed) ships CVE-132 through CVE-139 were to be built by Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, in Vancouver, Washington, but were never laid down.

See also

List of ship classes of the Second World War

References

External links

 USS Commencement Bay Class Escort Carriers from Global Security.Org
 USS Commencement Bay Class from Battleships-Cruisers.co.uk

Escort aircraft carrier classes
 Commencement Bay class escort carrier
 Commencement Bay class escort carrier
 Commencement Bay class escort carrier
 Commencement Bay class escort carrier
 Commencement Bay class escort carrier
Multifunctional. Multi-function(al) describes something that is capable of performing multiple functions or serving various purposes effectively. Specifically, it may refer to:

Multi-function structure
Multifunctional furniture
Multi-function printer (aka 'multifunctional' in a narrower sense)
Multi-tool
Multi-function display
Multi-touch
Multi-Functional Transport Satellite
Multifunctional Information Distribution System
Multifunctional Support Ship

See also
Multifunction Polis
Multi-use
Versatility
TAL. TAL or Tal may refer to:

Acronym
 Ralph M. Calhoun Memorial Airport (IATA code: TAL), in Tanana, Alaska
 TAL – Transportes Aéreos Ltda, the original name of TAC – Transportes Aéreos Catarinense, a Brazilian airline
 TAL effector, a family of DNA binding proteins with high sequence specificity
 Terai Arc Landscape, a trans-border protected ecosystem of Nepal and India
 The Alberta Library, a not-for-profit library consortium
 This American Life, a radio and television program
 Tokyo Ai-Land Shuttle, a helicopter passenger service in the Izu Islands, Japan
 Tower Australia Life, an insurance company in Australia owned by Dai-ichi Life
 Transalpine Pipeline, a crude oil pipeline
 Transitional Administrative Law of Iraq
 Transoceanic Abort Landing for the Space Shuttle
 Triacetic acid lactone, an organic compound
 Tyrosine ammonia lyase, an enzyme
 Technology Alert List, a list created by the United States government of sensitive subjects when reviewing visa applications
 Torpedo Advanced Light, also called Shyena, an Indian torpedo

Programming languages
Template Attribute Language
Transaction Application Language, Tandem's system programming language
Typed assembly language

Places
 Tal, Hormozgan, Iran, a village
 Tal, Madhya Pradesh, India, a town
 Tal, Minsk Region, an agrotown in Minsk Region, Belarus
 Tal (Munich), a street in Munich, Germany
 Tal or Tall, Semnan, Iran, a village

Entertainment
 Tal: His Marvelous Adventures with Noom-Zor-Noom, a 1929 fantasy adventure novel by Paul Fenimore Cooper
 A main character from Garth Nix's The Seventh Tower series
 Tal (album), a 1956 album by American jazz guitarist Tal Farlow

People
 Tal (name), a list of people with either the given name or surname
 Tal (singer), Israeli-French pop singer Tal Benizri (born 1989)

Business
 Tal (ISP), a former Icelandic ISP (now a part of 365 (media corporation))
 TAL Education Group, a Chinese holding company that offers after-school education.

Other uses
 Tal language, spoken in Nigeria
 Tal palm, or Borassus flabellifer, a South Asian fan palm
 Tal, a traditional Korean mask
 Tal (Rauch), a 1999 painting by Neo Rauch

See also
 Tala (disambiguation)
 Tala (music), also spelled Taal, a term for rhythmic patterns from Indian classical music
Crookesite. Crookesite is a selenide mineral composed of copper and selenium with variable thallium and silver.

Characteristics
Its chemical formula is reported either as  or . It is formed by precipitation from hydrothermal fluids, and contains by mass: 16.3% Tl, 47.3% Cu, 2.9% Ag, and 33.6% Se.

Crookesite is an opaque, bluish grey to pink toned brown metallic mineral crystallizing in the tetragonal system. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and a specific gravity of 6.9.

Name and discovery
It was discovered in 1866 in Skrikerum, Sweden and named for Sir William Crookes (1832–1919), the discoverer of the element thallium.

See also
 List of minerals
 List of minerals named after people

References

 
 

Silver minerals
Copper(I) minerals
Thallium minerals
Selenide minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 82