omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
John G. Collier. John Gordon Collier FRS (22 January 1935 – 18 November 1995) was a British chemical engineer and administrator, particularly associated with nuclear power for electricity production. He  started as an apprentice at Harwell United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) and rose to become its chairman.

Life 
Collier was born 22 January 1935 in Streatham, London, and went to St Paul's School before joining the UKAEA as an apprentice.  He studied part-time for A-levels, then went to University College London where he gained a first class degree in chemical engineering in 1956.

He returned to UKAEA Harwell, and married a secretary from the establishment, Ellen Mitchell (1935–1998), in 1956.  They had two children, Clare and John Douglas. He died in Sheepscombe, Gloucestershire on 18 November 1995.

Work
He left the UKAEA in 1962 for employment in the nuclear power industry in Canada and the UK, but returned to head its chemical engineering division in 1966, then became head of safety and reliability.  During this time he published a book Convective Boiling and Condensation (1972) which became a standard reference. In 1983 he became director-general of the Central Electricity Generating Board CEGB, but returned to the UKAEA as deputy chairman in 1986 and chairman in 1987. Following the breakup of the CEGB in 1990 he became first chairman of the Barnwood-based Nuclear Electric and was responsible for the creation of Sizewell B, Britain's first Pressurized water reactor.

Honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng)  in 1988 and a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1990, and received honorary doctorates from Cranfield University and the University of Bristol.

In 1995 he took up office as the President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE), but died the same year, while still in office. In commemoration, the John Collier medal is awarded biennially jointly by the RAE, Royal Society and IChemE.

Notable publications
J. G. Collier (1972) Convective Boiling and Condensation (McGraw-Hill, London)
J. G. Collier and J. R. Thorne (1996) Convective Boiling and Condensation 3rd edition (Oxford University Press)

References

1935 births
1995 deaths
British chemical engineers
British chief executives in the energy industry
People from Streatham
Alumni of University College London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
20th-century British chemists
20th-century British engineers
Telecommunications cable. Telecommunications cable is a type of guided transmission medium. Telecommunications are based on transmitting and receiving modulated waves/signals through a medium. Types of telecommunications cable include: electrical cables when electric current is carried; transmission lines and waveguides when electromagnetic waves are transmitted; optical fibers when light signals are transmitted.

When the distances involved are very short, the term signal cable may be used, for analog or digital communication. A data cable is used in digital data communications. When the distance between the transmitter and receiver is very far, an unguided or wireless medium transmission may be used, based on antennas.

Examples include:
 Ethernet cables (Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6A)
 Token Ring cables (Cat 4)
 Coaxial cable mainly used for analog communication, sometimes used as a baseband digital data cable, such as in serial digital interface and thicknet and thinnet.
 Optical fiber cable
 Serial cable and parallel cable
 Cat2 or telephone cord
 USB cable

See also

Networking cable
Structured cabling
Submarine communications cables
Telecommunications power cable
Wired communication

References
Trek Airways. Trek Airways was an airline based in South Africa that operated from August 1953 until April 1994.

History 
Founded in 1953 by retired German Generalmajor Friedrich Wilhelm von Mellenthin (1904–1997), Trek Airways was the only South African airline apart from SAA to fly international services. At the beginning, flights were operated from Europe to South Africa with one over-night stop. The aircraft used at the time was the Vickers VC.1 Viking. Since the Viking did not have the range for the operations, they were replaced by the Douglas DC-4 and Lockheed L-749A Constellation. Later on it operated the Lockheed L-1649 Starliner.

Trek operated from London, Düsseldorf, Vienna and Luxembourg to Windhoek and Johannesburg with two or three intermediate stops. In 1964 an arrangement with Luxair was made whereby Luxair would carry connecting passengers to other European airports.

It was in 1968 that the first jet aircraft was used when a Boeing 707 was introduced, but with the embargo of South African registered aircraft due to Apartheid, Trek had to suspend flights for a period of time. Those operations were re-established in 1991 and once again a co-operation with Luxair was established whereby Trek used a Luxair/Luxavia Boeing 747SP painted in the old Trek color scheme. It was also during this time that Trek founded a subsidiary called Flitestar using Airbus A320 and ATR-72 aircraft. In 1991, politics changed again and the South African Government deregulated its aviation policy. Trek Airways applied for and was granted a license for a South African domestic service, in direct competition to SAA. Flitestar was born operating Airbus A320s. On 11 April 1994, Trek ceased all operations.

Fleet details

Vickers VC.1 Viking
Douglas DC-4
Lockheed L-749A Constellation
Lockheed L-1649 Starliner
Boeing 747-SP

Bibliography
 William Buckland "Paddy" Rorke: Trek Airways – A South African Adventure, Athena Press, 2007

References

External links

TimeTableImages
Trek photos at AirnersNet
Trek/Lixavia history
DC-4 accident no fatalities
Trek Airways website in South Africa

Defunct airlines of South Africa
Airlines established in 1953
Airlines disestablished in 1994
1953 establishments in South Africa
1994 disestablishments in South Africa
American Aircraft Penetrator. The American Aircraft Penetrator, now referred as the Aerocraft Stealth Star 204 SS, was a gunship helicopter modified from the Bell UH-1B Iroquois with tandem seating for the pilots and a troop-carrying compartment.

Design and development
In 1990, Bell UH-1B Hueys were stripped down to the engine, transmission and tail boom. A complete armored composite structure was added, the flight controls and seating were modified to a tandem layout, with pilot in front and copilot at the rear. The third and fourth weapons operators were placed in the rear portion of the fuselage firing weapons to the rear. The outer fuselage mounts stub wings, two glazed gun turrets/observation windows under each side of the engine with rear-facing 20mm gun turret under the fuselage, and two forward-facing 12.7mm turrets under the cockpit. The prototype (N3080W ex U.S. Army 63-8508) uses a 1300 shp Avco Lycoming T53-L-13 turboshaft engine and had a gross take-off weight of 4280 kg. First flight was October 1991.

The basic Penetrator is said to be air-to-air, air-to-ground and ground-to-ground combat capable, using modified technologies. It  has been in development and can be seen on Stealthstar.

Specifications

References

 Simpson, R. "Airlife's Helicopter and Rotorcraft", 1998 
 Ruzhitsky, E.I. "Helicopters", 1997

External links
airliners.net
at stealthstar.com

1990s United States attack aircraft
1990s United States helicopters
Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility. The Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility, also known historically as the Attitude Control Test Facility, is an experimental spacecraft test facility at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States.  It was built in 1966 to allow the evaluation of magnetic movement in crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, and for the precision calibration of magnetometers used in space flight.  The building is constructed of non-magnetic materials and contains a magnetic coil system that allows the cancellation of the Earth's magnetic field.  This unique building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.

The facility is currently managed by the Goddard Mechanical Systems Division.

Description and history
The Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility is located about  east of the main campus of the Goddard Space Flight Center, in Building 310-20 on the north side of Good Luck Road.  The building is a single-story structure,  square, and is built entirely out of nonmagnetic materials.  The building contains a  diameter 3-axis Braunbek coil with four loops on each axis. The coil cancels the Earth's magnetic field within a central  spherical volume. Fluctuations in the ambient field are removed by a servo control, producing stability to half a nanotesla. An artificial magnetic vector can be produced and rotated at a variable rate.  Helmholtz coils are used for perm/deperm operations. A  monorail hoist is provided to move equipment in and out of the test area. HEPA filtration and air conditioning are provided.  A turntable  in diameter within the chamber is used for precision placement of the test object.

The facility was built in 1966, and has been used to determine and minimize the magnetic movement of uncrewed spacecraft and to calibrate flight magnetometers since the early years of the United States space program.  It is able to (within certain limits) emulate the magnetic conditions found in orbital and interstellar space.  It saw significant use until the 1990s.  Its instruments are also capable of profiling the magnetic characteristics of the test objects.  The facility's main difficulties have been with deteriorating current amplifiers, with replacements made in the 1970s and 1980s altering its performance characteristics.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places listings in Prince George's County, Maryland

References

External links

Goddard Mechanical Systems Division facilities
, including photo in 1985, at Maryland Historical Trust

National Historic Landmarks in Maryland
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland
Buildings and structures in Prince George's County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland
BMW GINA. The GINA Light Visionary Model is a fabric-skinned shape-shifting sports car concept built by BMW. GINA stands for "Geometry and functions In 'N' Adaptions". It was designed by a team led by BMW's head of design, Chris Bangle, who says GINA allowed his team to "challenge existing principles and conventional processes." Other designers include Anders Warming.

Construction began in 2001, with the finished car being presented in 2008.

Fabric body 
BMW claims the elastic, water resistant, translucent man-made fabric skin—polyurethane-coated Spandex—is resilient and durable. It resists high or low temperatures, does not swell or shrink, and the movement does not slacken or damage the fabric. The body changes its shape according to exterior conditions and speeds, and it also allows the driver to change its shape at will. The fabric is stretched over a frame with moving parts; shapes are formed beneath the skin by an aluminium wire structure, though at points where flexibility is needed (ducts, door openings, spoiler), flexible carbon struts are used.

The shape of the frame is controlled by many electric and hydraulic actuators; for example, the headlights are revealed when small motors pull the fabric open from slits in an eyelid-like fashion, and access to the engine can be gained through a slit that opens down the middle of the bonnet. As the fabric is translucent, the taillights simply shine through it.

GINA has just four "panels"—the bonnet, the two side panels and the trunk. Its skin appears seamless, but it can "grow" out its rear spoiler for stability at high speed. Its doors open in a butterfly style and are each covered by a fabric piece reaching all the way from the nose of the car to their trailing edge which, when closed, leaves a perfectly smooth surface.

Interior 
When the car is parked, the car's steering wheel and instruments sit in an "idle" position on the centre console to allow the driver easy entry. The steering wheel and instruments assume their correct positions when the driver presses the start button and the headrest rises from the seat once the driver is seated, making it easier to get in and out of the car.

Jokes around the name
The unusual name for the concept vehicle has amused some commentators. A few have compared the opening on the bonnet/hood to a vagina. Carscoops did so after receiving an image of the vehicle from Top Gear Magazine, commenting: "Mystery Solved: Why BMW Calls it 'Gina...". Jalopnik also picked up on the name but refused to clarify, joking that they were a "family show".

References

External links 

BMW GINA Light Visionary Model: Premiere
BMW GINA Light Visionary Model: Design
BMW GINA Light Visionary Model trailer
Wired - BMW Builds a Shape-Shifting Car Out of Cloth (with many pictures)
Pictures of GINA
BMW Visionen: GINA Light
GINA Light im BMW Museum

GINA
Vulcan (barge). The Vulcan, launched in 1819, was the first all iron-hulled vessel (boat) to be built.  It was designed as a horse-drawn passenger barge for use on the Scottish canals.

History
In 1816, the Forth and Clyde Canal Company, which had earlier successfully adapted new technology to shipbuilding with the Charlotte Dundas, authorised the development of an all-iron ship, and they quickly settled upon building a canal barge.  In 1818, Thomas Wilson (1781–1873), was hired as the shipwright.  The barge was to be 20 metres (66.5 ft.) long and narrow enough for the canal.  The design called for iron sectionals to be riveted together with covering plates.  Two blacksmiths were hired to construct the parts.  

The plating had to be hammered out of puddled iron as no iron rolling mills existed at the time.  The iron was supplied by the Monklands Steel Company.

The Vulcan was built outside Glasgow, in Faskine, Airdrie, on the bank of the Monkland Canal.

The Vulcan was launched in May 1819 and carried passengers between Edinburgh and Glasgow.  Later it was converted to a cargo handler and was sold for scrap in 1873.  In 1988, a replica of the Vulcan  was constructed in Glasgow, and now resides at the Summerlee Museum of Scottish Industrial Life.

See also
Aaron Manby, first steamship made of iron, maiden voyage May 1821.
Charlotte Dundas, first commercial steam propelled vessel, maiden voyage 1802.

Notes

Sources
 Dear, I. C. B.  and Kemp, Peter  (eds.) (2006) "Vulcan" The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2nd ed.) Oxford University Press, Oxford, England,

External links
 Photograph of the 1988 replica of the Vulcan, from Internet Archive.

Boats
Small Form Factor Special Interest Group. The Small Form Factor Special Interest Group (SFF-SIG, pronounced ess-eff-eff-sig) is an international non-profit standards body focused on modular computer hardware technologies used in embedded and small form factor computers and controllers. Members are mainly computer board and component manufacturers. The group was founded in 2007 and had a web site until early 2020.

History
SFF-SIG generally targets low power components and processors from VIA Technologies and Intel including the Nano and Atom processors, although products for RISC processors were discussed in some working groups. VIA, WinSystems, and Octagon Systems were founding members of SFF-SIG.
It was created in 2007.
A logo and web site debuted in April 2008.

SFF-SIG creates, promotes, and maintains embedded computer standards for form factors and computer buses. Examples include the governing documents and trademarks for CoreExpress, Pico-ITX, Express104, and SUMIT.  Members use the specifications to build specialized embedded computers used in both commercial and rugged environments where applications insist on reliable control and data acquisition, for example.
Primarily focused on hardware, SFF-SIG defined new single-board computer (SBC) and computer-on-module (COM) form factors.  SFF-SIG standardizes expansion connectors to create the building blocks required by system manufacturers.  Each specification is a free open standard by ITU-T definition.

Specifications often use pre-existing interface buses and interconnects such as PCI Express, USB 2.0, ExpressCard, Low Pin Count (LPC) Bus, SPI / uWire, and I2C / SMBus, with adaptations for modular and extensible usage. Some standards preserve the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus and legacy peripherals.

See also 
Small Form Factor Committee

References

External links
  Express104 spec boosts stackable module design
 
 The Case for Smaller Form Factors in Industrial Systems
 
 Pico-sized platform ushers in new era for I/O
 What is SUMIT?
 What is Express104
 SFF-SIG Adopts CoreExpress Specification

Motherboard form factors
Computer hardware standards
UAS7. UAS7 is a strategic alliance of seven leading German Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS), with representations in Berlin, Germany, New York, US and São Leopoldo, Brazil. The seven constitutive members are the Berlin School of Economics and Law, Bremen City University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Munich University of Applied Sciences, FH Münster - University of Applied Sciences and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences. Together, they have a total of 115,000 students, 2,300 professors, 15,000 international students and almost 1,200 bilateral university partners around the world.

Universities of Applied Sciences 
Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) were established in the early 1970s to help German industries maintain their international competitiveness. With their new approach they put higher education on a solid academic footing based on practice-oriented education and -increasingly- applied research.

Universities of applied sciences differ from other universities by preparing students through application-oriented and interdisciplinary instruction. Although research is becoming increasingly important to UAS, teaching and practical experiences in non-academic settings are very important parts of the education. Their objective is to enable graduates to apply systematic theoretical and rigorously methods-based knowledge to resolve practical problems flexibly. This enables UAS graduates to integrate quickly into the business environment after graduation and thus provides them with a strong competitive edge for their future careers.

UAS7 New York, Inc. 
The UAS7 Liaison Office New York represents the seven universities in North America. UAS7 New York Inc. was founded in 2005 and became a tax-exempt nonprofit organization under section 501(c)(3) of the United States tax code in 2017. The New York office is supported through contributions by the UAS7 member universities and independent fundraising activities.

Programs 

UAS7 offers a broad range of exchange, study & internship opportunities for U.S. and Canadian college and university students as well as for students at Brazilian partner universities.

International students from around the world are welcome to apply as degree-seeking students or participate in a summer program.

Students from within the UAS7 network in Germany have the unique opportunity to study or intern at one of our U.S. partner universities.

UAS7 Members 

Berlin School of Economics and Law (Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin)
Bremen City University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Bremen)
Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (HAW Hamburg)
TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences (Technische Hochschule Köln)
FH Münster - University of Applied Sciences (FH Münster)
Munich University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule München)
Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Osnabrück)

References

External links 
www.uas7.org
www.uas7.de

College and university associations and consortia in Germany
Cheadle Lower Mill. Cheadle Lower Mill, often called Cheadle Bleachworks, and now renamed, The Bleachworks, is a former mill in Cheadle, Greater Manchester, England (grid reference ). A mill has been on the site since the 12th century, originally used as a water-powered corn mill. It was later converted to a chemical plant, owned by Thor Chemicals, and produced chlorine bleaching agents for use in the dye industry in Manchester at the time. It closed down in 1993 and was left derelict until 2008 when it was partially demolished prior to being converted into housing.

Redevelopment
In 2005, the mill was described by Stockport Council as a "derelict shell, open to elements". It was left in such a condition until it was bought by Hamptons for development in 2007. In early 2008, work was started by JCS Homes to turn the complex into a housing estate with apartments and town houses. The buildings were partially demolished and old bricks were saved to be reused in the creation of new buildings. JCS Homes also gave buyers the opportunity to design the interior of their homes themselves. As of early June 2008, construction has not begun on the new houses.

In June 2017, the mill caught fire and burnt down, with four partially built houses also damaged by the fire.

References

External links
 Redevelopment website

Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
Textile mills in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
Cheadle, Greater Manchester
Trailblazer (satellite). Trailblazer was a technology demonstration satellite, which was to have been operated by the United States Air Force and the Missile Defense Agency. It was selected for launch under a "Jumpstart" contract, to demonstrate responsiveness, with the final payload being chosen less than a month ahead of the scheduled launch date, and was launched as the primary payload of the third Falcon 1, which failed just over two minutes after launch on 3 August 2008. Two previous Falcon 1 launches also failed to reach orbit, but the fourth succeeded although it only carried a dummy payload.

It was originally built for a canceled MDA project, and was based on a SpaceDev MMB-100 satellite bus. It was launched from Omelek Island, Kwajalein Atoll at 03:34 UTC. Several other payloads were to be launched aboard the same launch vehicle, including two CubeSats for NASA (PRESat and NanoSail-D), and a space burial (Celestis-07) payload for Celestis, which would have remained attached to the launch vehicle in low Earth orbit.

References 

 Gunter's Space Page - Trailblazer
 SpaceX Falcon Rocket: Third Flight the Charm?
 Trailblazer

Satellite launch failures
Spacecraft launched in 2008
SpaceX military payloads
Control display unit. A Control Display Unit (CDU) is used in remote operated gasfields placed on the seabed.
It distributes power, control signals and chemicals arriving through the umbilical and pipelines from land to the other sub-sea structures.
The connection point – manifold – in the control distribution unit can be retrieved to the surface for maintenance and modifications.

Other uses

It is also used as the name of 'the interface device unit' used to access the flight management computers (FMC), the main computers and software seen in larger aircraft, especially airliners such as Boeing 737, 767, and 777.

 is the interface device unit used to access the Flight Management Computers (FMC), the main computers and software of larger aircraft. CDUs are mostly seen on airliners, like the Boeing 777.

References

Display technology
Oilfield terminology
Helio Rat'ler. The Helio Rat'ler (as in Rattlesnake) was an  agricultural spraying aircraft to be produced by Helio Aircraft.  The aircraft featured the wings and tail of a Helio Courier on a new, low-wing fuselage, and a Lycoming IO-720 eight-cylinder engine producing 400 horsepower. The prototype Rat'ler (registered N4405S) was exhibited at the Agricultural Aviation Convention in Las Vegas in 1984.

References

 

1980s United States agricultural aircraft
Rat'ler
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft