omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BerliOS. BerliOS (short for "Berlin Open Source") is a project founded by the Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems (FOKUS), Berlin, to coordinate the different interest groups in the field of open source software (OSS) and to assume a neutral coordinator function. The target groups of BerliOS were developers and users of open source software on the one side and OSS-related companies on the other.  its website was still accessible, though hosting no projects.

Overview 
BerliOS consisted of several subprojects:
 DocsWell, a database for open source related documentation
 SourceWell, a news service for open source projects
 SourceLines, a "best practice" database for successful open source projects
 SourceBiz, a list of open source companies
 DevCounter, a database of open source developer profiles
 OpenFacts, a wiki-based open source knowledge database (using the MediaWiki software)
 SourceAgency (beta), a platform for coordinating open source funding

Closure 
The operators of the BerliOS project announced that BerliOS would close at the end of 2011 due to lack of sufficient funding and support. As the news of the pending closure spread, BerliOS received numerous rescue proposals. As a result, it was later announced that BerliOS would continue as a non-profit institute run by a combination of volunteers, donations and corporate sponsorship.

On February 23, 2012, BerliOS announced on their blog that a cooperation agreement had been signed with SourceForge, which meant that all projects hosted on BerliOS' systems would be automatically mirrored in new and separate projects on SourceForge. On April 4, 2012, SourceForge reiterated this statement on their blog and provided more specifics about the collaboration.

In January 2014 BerliOS announced that they would disable their hosting services on 30 April 2014.

See also 

 Comparison of open source software hosting facilities

References

External links
 BackupTheBerlios on GitHub

Project hosting websites
Discontinued open-source software hosting facilities
Ulrich Walter. Ulrich Hans Walter (born February 9, 1954) is a German physicist, engineer and former DFVLR astronaut.

Education 
Walter was born in Iserlohn. After finishing secondary school there and two years in the Bundeswehr, he studied physics at the University of Cologne. In 1980, he was awarded a diploma degree, and five years later a doctorate, both in the field of solid-state physics.

After two post-doc positions at the Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois, and the University of California at Berkeley, California, he was selected in 1987 to join the German astronaut team. From 1988 to 1990, he completed basic training at the German Aerospace Center, and was then nominated to be in the prime crew for the second German Spacelab mission.

Walter is married, has two children, and lives near Munich, Germany.

Spaceflight 
In 1993, he flew on board the Space Shuttle Columbia on mission STS-55 (Spacelab D-2) as a Payload Specialist. He spent 9 days, 23 hours, and 40 minutes in space.

Career 
After his spaceflight he worked for another four years at DLR, managing a space imaging database project. When the German astronaut team was merged into a European Space Agency, he did not transfer, but resigned to work at IBM Germany.

In 2003, he became full professor at the Technische Universität München (Munich, Germany), holding the chair of the Institute of Astronautics (space technology) at the University's faculty of mechanical engineering. In 2008, he was distinguished as Professor of the Year 2008 in the category "engineering sciences and computer science".

He serves on the advisory board of Deutsches Museum, on the advisory council of Giordano Bruno Foundation, and he is president of the Hermann Oberth Space Travel Museum in Feucht. He is the author of several books, including the illustrated book "In 90 Minuten um die Erde" ("Around the World in 90 Minutes"), and he has published more than 80 articles in various international journals.

Awards and merits 

 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 
 Wernher-von-Braun Medal 
 Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Ukraine (honorary doctorate 2012) 
 National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Ukraine (Honorary Professor)

Selected bibliography 

 In 90 Minuten um die Erde. Stürtz, Würzburg 1997, 
 Zivilisationen im All: Sind wir allein im Universum? Spektrum Akademie Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, 
 Zu Hause im Universum. Rowohlt, Berlin 2002, 
 Astronautics. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2007, 
 Im schwarzen Loch ist der Teufel los. Komplett-Media, Grünwald 2016,  
 Höllenritt durch Raum und Zeit. Komplett-Media, Grünwald 2017, 
 Eine andere Sicht auf die Welt. Komplett-Media, Grünwald 2018,

External links
NASA biography
Spacefacts biography of Ulrich Walter
Institute of Astronautics
Honorary doctorate

References 

1954 births
Living people
German astronauts
European amateur radio operators
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Leucoxene. Leucoxene is a fine granular alteration product of titanium minerals. It varies in color from yellow to brown.

It consists mainly of rutile or anatase. It is observed in some igneous rocks and iron ore deposits as the result of the alteration of ilmenite, perovskite, or titanite.

References
 Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., 
 Mindat.org

Oxide minerals
Titanate. In chemistry, titanate usually refers to inorganic compounds composed of titanium oxides, or oxides containing the titanium element. Together with niobate, titanate salts form the Perovskite group.

In some cases, the term is used more generally for any titanium-containing anion, e.g. [TiCl6]2− and [Ti(CO)6]2−. This article focuses on the oxides.

Many kinds of titanium oxides are known, and some are commercially important. Typically these materials are white, diamagnetic, high-melting, and insoluble in water. They are often prepared at high temperatures, e.g. using tube furnaces, from titanium dioxide. In virtually all cases, titanium achieves octahedral coordination geometry.

Orthotitanates
Orthotitanates have the formula M2TiO4, where M is divalent. An example of such a material is magnesium titanate (Mg2TiO4), which adopts the spinel structure. Li2TiO3 is not considered an orthotitanate since it adopts the rock-salt structure and does not feature an identifiable titanium anion. Orthotitanates almost never feature identifiable TiO44− centres, an exception being Ba2TiO4.

Titanic acid and its esters
Also called orthotitanic acid or titanium hydroxide, the substance H4TiO4 is called titanic acid. This material, which is not well defined, is obtained by hydrolysis of TiCl4. The solid is unstable with respect to loss of water and formation of titanium dioxide. Esters of orthotitanic acid are known, however; one example being titanium isopropoxide. Esters derived from smaller alcohols adopt more complex structures wherein titanium does achieve octahedral coordination, e.g. Ti4(OCH3)16 or titanium tetramethoxide. It is a weak acid, if it can be isolated.

Metatitanates
The metatitanates have the formula MTiO3, where again M is divalent. They do not feature discrete TiO32− centres. Some, like the commercially important mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3), crystallize in the hexagonal close packing motif seen in corundum. Alternatively, some materials with the formula MTiO3 crystallize in the motif known as perovskite, which is also the name of the mineral form of calcium titanate (CaTiO3). Barium titanate is one such perovskite-structured titanate with ferroelectric properties.

Complex titanates
More complex titanates are also known, such as bismuth titanate, Bi4Ti3O12.

References

 
Transition metal oxyanions
Oxometallates
Titanic acid. Titanic acid is a general name for a family of chemical compounds of the elements titanium, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formula . Various simple titanic acids have been claimed, mainly in the older literature. No crystallographic and little spectroscopic support exists for these materials.  Some older literature refers to  as titanic acid, and the dioxide forms an unstable hydrate when TiCl4 hydrolyzes. 

Metatitanic acid (), 
Orthotitanic acid () or . It is described as a white salt-like powder under "".
Peroxotitanic acid () has also been described as resulting from the treatment of titanium dioxide in sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide. The resulting yellow solid decomposes with loss of .
Pertitanic acid ()
Pertitanic acid ()

References

Further reading

Titanium(IV) compounds
Hydroxides
Transition metal oxoacids

he:חומצה טיטנית
ru:Титанаты
Petalite. Petalite, also known as castorite, is a lithium aluminum phyllosilicate mineral LiAlSi4O10, crystallizing in the monoclinic system. Petalite occurs as colorless, pink, grey, yellow, yellow grey, to white tabular crystals and columnar masses. It occurs in lithium-bearing pegmatites with spodumene, lepidolite, and tourmaline. Petalite is an important ore of lithium, and is converted to spodumene and quartz by heating to ~500 °C and under 3 kbar of pressure in the presence of a dense hydrous alkali borosilicate fluid with a minor carbonate component. Petalite (and secondary spodumene formed from it) is lower in iron than primary spodumene, making it a more useful source of lithium in, e.g., the production of glass. The colorless varieties are often used as gemstones.

Discovery and occurrence

Petalite was discovered in 1800, by Brazilian naturalist and statesman Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva.  Type locality: Utö Island, Haninge, Stockholm, Sweden. The name is derived from the Greek word petalon, which means leaf, alluding to its perfect cleavage.

Economic deposits of petalite are found near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia; Aracuai, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Karibib, Namibia; Manitoba, Canada; and Bikita, Zimbabwe.

The first important economic application for petalite was as a raw material for the glass-ceramic cooking ware CorningWare. It has been used as a raw material for ceramic glazes.

References

External links

Lithium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 13
Gemstones
SBus. SBus is a computer bus system that was used in most SPARC-based computers (including all SPARCstations) from Sun Microsystems and others during the 1990s. It was introduced by Sun in 1989 to be a high-speed bus counterpart to their high-speed SPARC processors, replacing the earlier (and by this time, outdated) VMEbus used in their Motorola 68020- and 68030-based systems and early SPARC boxes. When Sun moved to open the SPARC definition in the early 1990s, SBus was likewise standardized and became IEEE-1496. In 1997 Sun started to migrate away from SBus to the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, and today SBus is no longer used.

The industry's first third-party SBus cards were announced in 1989 by Antares Microsystems; these were a 10BASE2 Ethernet controller, a SCSI-SNS host adapter, a parallel port, and an 8-channel serial controller.

The specification was published by Edward H. Frank and James D. Lyle.
A technical guide to the bus was published in 1992 in book form by Lyle, who founded Troubador Technologies. Sun also published a set of books as a "developer's kit" to encourage third-party products.

At the peak of the market over 250 manufacturers were listed in the SBus Product Directory, which was renamed to the SPARC Product Directory in 1996.

SBus is in many ways a "clean" design. It was targeted only to be used with SPARC processors, so most cross-platform issues were not a consideration. SBus is based on a big-endian 32-bit address and data bus, can run at speeds ranging from 16.67 MHz to 25 MHz, and is capable of transferring up to 100 MB/s. Devices are each mapped onto a 28-bit address space (256 MB). Only eight masters are supported, although there can be an unlimited number of slaves.

When the 64-bit UltraSPARC was introduced, SBus was modified to support extended transfers of a 64 bits doubleword per cycle to produce a 200 MB/s 64-bit bus. This variant of the SBus architecture used the same form factor and was backward-compatible with existing devices, as extended transfers are an optional feature.

SBus cards had a very compact form factor for the time. A single-width card was  wide by  long and is designed to be mounted parallel to the motherboard.  This allowed for three expansion slots in the slim "pizza box" enclosure of the SPARCstation 1.  The design also allows for double- or triple-width cards that take up two or three slots, as well as double-height (two 3x5 inch boards mounted in a "sandwich" configuration) cards.

SBus was originally announced as both a system bus and a peripheral interconnect that allowed input and output devices relatively low latency access to memory. However, soon memory and central processing unit (CPU) speeds outpaced I/O performance. Within a year some Sun systems used MBus, another interconnection standard, as a CPU—memory bus. The SBus served as an input/output bus for the rest of its lifetime.

See also
List of device bandwidths

References

External links
 SBus Specification at Bitsavers
 15205-2000 - ISO/IEC 15205:2000 (IEEE Std 1496-1993) SBus -- Chip and Module Interconnect Bus

Computer buses
Sun Microsystems hardware
Motherboard expansion slot
Industry standard data model. An industry standard data model, or simply standard data model, is a data model that is widely used in a particular industry. The use of standard data models  makes the exchange of information easier and faster because it allows heterogeneous organizations to share an agreed vocabulary, semantics, format, and quality standard for data. Organizations may save time and expense by using pre-existing data models instead of developing them in-house, although the process of making data conform to external models can also be a hindrance. 

Standards are often defined by standards bodies or technology companies. 

Most models use the relational model of database management, but some use the hierarchical model, especially those used in manufacturing or those mandated by governments, such as models specified by DIN codes in Germany.

Applications
Effective standard models have developed in the banking, insurance, pharmaceutical and automotive industries. These models reflect stringent standards required in these industries for customer information gathering, customer privacy, consumer safety, or just in time manufacturing.

The most complex data models known are in military use. Consortia such as NATO tend to require strict standards for their members' equipment and supply databases. While standards for commercial software are usually open to view and implement, military data standards are often private and internal.

Issues
Standard data models usually require the translation of existing company data to fit the model's specification, which may cost more than is gained by the use of such a model. Inflexible models might not be able to capture all of the data of a given organization, or new types of data that arise as an organization or industry develops. If one organization needs to make changes to its software architecture that are not compatible with the current standard, it may cause data sharing issues.

Examples 

 ISO 10303 CAE Data Exchange Standard - includes its own data modelling language, EXPRESS
 ISO 15926 Process Plants including Oil and Gas facilities Life-Cycle data
 IDEAS Group Foundation Ontology agreed by defence departments of Australia, Canada, France, Sweden, UK and USA
  EN12896 CEN Reference Data Model For Public Transport. covering public transport scheduling, fare management,  operations and passenger information 
 Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) is a standard data model used in the oil and gas industry, first introduced in 2011.
 Common Education Data Standards (CEDS) is a data dictionary standard model sponsored by the U.S. government that is used widely in the United States education system
 SIF is an interoperability specification used as a standard data model in Australia, the UK, and the US.

References

External links 
 Professional Petroleum Data Management Association Lite Data Model
Energistics Energy Standards Resource Center
Pipeline Open Data Standard
Ed-Fi Data Standard

See also
 Common data model
 Reference model
 Conceptual schema
 Technical standard
 International standard
 Data governance

Data modeling
Coining (metalworking). Coining is a form of precision stamping in which a workpiece is subjected to a sufficiently high stress to induce plastic flow on the surface of the material. A beneficial feature is that in some metals, the plastic flow reduces surface grain size, and work hardens the surface, while the material deeper in the part retains its toughness and ductility. The term comes from the initial use of the process: manufacturing of coins.

Coining is used to manufacture parts for all industries and is commonly used when high relief or very fine features are required. For example, it is used to produce coins, badges, buttons, precision-energy springs and precision parts with small or polished surface features.

Coining is a cold working process similar in other respects to forging, which takes place at elevated temperature; it uses a great deal of force to elastically deform a workpiece, so that it conforms to a die. Coining can be done using a gear driven press, a mechanical press, or more commonly, a hydraulically actuated press. Coining typically requires higher tonnage presses than stamping, because the workpiece is elastically deformed and not actually cut, as in some other forms of stamping. The coining process is preferred when there is a high tonnage.

Coining for currency

Coining in electronic industry

In soldering of electronic components, bumps are formed on bonding pads to enhance adhesion, which are further flattened by the coining process. Unlike typical coining applications, in this case the goal of coining is to create a flat, rather than patterned, surface.

References

Metal forming
Production of coins
EIB. EIB may refer to:

Science and technology 
 Earth's energy imbalance, a condition of unequal inflow of energy to, and outflow of energy from, Earth's climate system
 Element Interconnect Bus, on a Cell microprocessor
 European Installation Bus, a communications protocol
 Exbibyte, a unit of digital information

Other uses 
 EIB Network, the syndication network for The Rush Limbaugh Show
 European Investment Bank, the European Union's financing institution
 Even in Blackouts, an American band
 Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
 Expert Infantryman Badge, of the United States Army
 Exportbank, a Philippine commercial bank
 Extreme Ironing Bureau, the governing body of the tongue-in-cheek sport of extreme ironing
MPEG-21. The MPEG-21 standard, from the Moving Picture Experts Group, aims at defining an open framework for multimedia applications. MPEG-21 is ratified in the standards ISO/IEC 21000 - Multimedia framework (MPEG-21).

MPEG-21 is based on two essential concepts: 
 definition of a Digital Item (a fundamental unit of distribution and transaction)
 users interacting with Digital Items

Digital Items can be considered the kernel of the Multimedia Framework and the users can be considered as who interacts with them inside the Multimedia Framework. At its most basic level, MPEG-21 provides a framework in which one user interacts with another one, and the object of that interaction is a Digital Item. Due to that, we could say that the main objective of the MPEG-21 is to define the technology needed to support users to exchange, access, consume, trade or manipulate Digital Items in an efficient and transparent way.

MPEG-21 Part 9: File Format defined the storage of an MPEG-21 Digital Item in a file format based on the ISO base media file format, with some or all of Digital Item's ancillary data (such as movies, images or other non-XML data) within the same file. It uses filename extensions .m21 or .mp21 and MIME type application/mp21.

Digital rights management

MPEG-21 defines also a "Rights Expression Language" standard as means of managing restrictions for digital content usage. As an XML-based standard, MPEG-21 is designed to communicate machine-readable license information and do so in a "ubiquitous, unambiguous and secure" manner.

Among the aspirations for this standard, that the industry hope will put an end to file sharing, is that it will constitute: "A normative open framework for multimedia delivery and consumption for use by all the players in the delivery and consumption chain. This open framework will provide content creators, producers, distributors and service providers with equal opportunities in the MPEG-21 enabled open market."

See also
 Digital rights management
 Axmedis AXMEDIS are free MPEG-21 tools for authoring and play

References

Further reading
 Framework Overview

External links 
 MPEG-21 Overview
 MPEG-21 Resources section of the MPEG Industry Forum web site
 MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework (Overview and State of the Art)
 MPEG-21 Overview (blog)
 MPEG-7/-21 Community Portal
 MPEG-21 schema files

Digital rights management standards
ISO/IEC standards
Metadata
MPEG
Multimedia frameworks
Skunkworks. Skunkworks or Skunk works may refer to:

 Skunk Works, an official trademark for the Lockheed Martin Advanced Development Programs (formerly Lockheed Advanced Development Projects).
 Skunkworks project, a project typically developed by a small and loosely structured group of people who research and develop a project primarily for the sake of innovation
 Skunkworks (album), alternative rock album by Bruce Dickinson

Other uses
 SCO Skunkware, a collection of open source software.
Petuntse. Petuntse (from ), also spelled petunse and bai dunzi, baidunzi, is a historic term for a wide range of micaceous or feldspathic rocks. However, all will have been subject to geological alteration of igneous rocks that result in materials which, after processing, are suitable as a raw material for some ceramic formulations. The name means "little white bricks", referring to the form in which it was transported to the potteries (compare ball clay).

It was, and to some extent continues to be, an important raw material for porcelain. The name Pottery stone is now used. The alternative name of Porcelain stone is occasionally used. 

According to one source, it is mixed with kaolin in proportions varying according to the grade of porcelain to be produced; equal quantities for the best and two thirds petuntse to one third kaolin for everyday ware. There were large deposits of high-quality stone in Jiangxi province in south-eastern China, which became a centre for porcelain production, especially in Jingdezhen ware.

Non-Chinese pottery stones

Similar material is found, and used, in Japan, Korea and Thailand.

China stone, which is found uniquely in southwestern England, shares some similarities to Asian pottery stones, although there are differences in mineralogy. Relatively similar material to China stone has been mined, and exported to England for ceramics use, in the Isle of Man and Jersey.

References

Further reading
Macintosh, D., Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 3rd ed., 1994, Antique Collectors' Club, 
Rose Kerr, Joseph Needham, Nigel Wood, Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 12, Ceramic Technology, 2004, Cambridge University Press, , google books
Rawson, Jessica (ed). The British Museum Book of Chinese Art, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press, 
Vainker, S.J., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, 1991, British Museum Press, 

Chinese porcelain
Ceramic materials