omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Muri (Japanese term). is a Japanese word meaning "unreasonableness; impossible; beyond one's power; too difficult; by force; perforce; forcibly; compulsorily; excessiveness; immoderation", and is a key concept in the Toyota Production System (TPS) as one of the three types of waste (muda, mura, muri).

A direct example of Muri is asking workers to stay focused for a period exceeding 8 hours a day or expecting a machine to produce more than it can in a given time.

Some of the most common reasons why production systems experience overburdening:

 Unmeasured system capacity, despite assigning production expectations in set numbers
 A suboptimal technical condition of used machines, or untrained staff
 Poor communication across the team and manager

Avoidance of muri in Toyota manufacturing

Muri is one of three types of waste (muda, mura, muri) identified in the Toyota Production System. Waste reduction is an effective way to increase profitability.

Muri can be avoided through standardized work.  To achieve this a standard condition or output must be defined to assure effective judgment of quality.  Then every process and function must be reduced to its simplest elements for examination and later recombination.
The process must then be standardized to achieve the defined condition. This is done by taking simple work elements and combining them, one-by-one into standardized work sequences.  In manufacturing, this includes:
 Work flow, or logical directions to be taken,
 Repeatable process steps and machine processes, or rational methods to get there, and
 Takt time (combined with production/demand leveling to provide for reasonable lengths of time and endurance allowed for a process e.g. if the takt is 10 minutes while there is no realistic way for a process to do its work in less than 10 minutes, muri is the natural outcome).

When everyone knows the standard condition, and the standardized work sequences, the results observed include:
 Heightened employee morale (due to close examination of ergonomics and safety)
 Higher quality
 Improved productivity
 Reduced costs

References

Japanese business terms
Lean manufacturing
Toyota Production System
Kier. Kier may refer to:

 Kier (industrial), a type of boiler or vat
 Kier Group, a business active in building and civil engineering
 Kier Eagan, the fictional founder of Lumon Industries in the Apple TV series Severance
 Korea Institute of Energy Research

People with the surname
 Avery Kier, American military officer
 David Kier, American government official
 Hiltrud Kier, Austrian art historian and academic
 Justin Kier, American basketball player
 Lemont Kier, American chemist and pharmacologist
 Olaf Kier, British businessman
 Samuel Kier, American inventor and businessman
 Udo Kier, German actor
Pulqui. The Pulqui (from indigenous language Mapudungun, Pulqúi: Arrow) was a series of jet prototypes developed by Argentina after World War II. They were the first jet aircraft developed in Latin America.

I.Ae. 27 Pulqui I (1947)
FMA IAe 33 Pulqui II (1950)
El Pulqui (Empresa) (1963)
8th Engineer Support Battalion. The 8th Engineer Support Battalion (8th ESB) is an engineering support unit of the United States Marine Corps and is headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.  The unit falls under the command of the 2nd Marine Logistics Group and the II Marine Expeditionary Force.

Mission
To task organize forces in General Support to the MEF; providing mobility, counter-mobility, survivability, general engineering, and explosive ordnance disposal in order to ensure a maneuver and tempo advantage.

Current units 
The 8th Engineer Support Battalion consists of the following Companies

 Headquarters and Service Company
 Engineer Support Company 
 Bravo Company
 Charlie Company
 2nd Explosive Ordnance Disposal Company
Bulk Fuel Company

History

1950–1989
Activated 11 December 1950 at Camp Geiger, North Carolina, as 8th Engineer Battalion,
Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic, Relocated to Camp LeJeune, North Carolina in 1958

Assigned during September 1962 to Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic

Redesingated 1 January 1976 as 8th Engineer Support Battalion,
Force Troops/ 2d Force Service Support Group,
Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic

Provided combat service support to Marine Amphibious Units in the United States,
Caribbean, and Mediterranean

Elements provided disaster relief support to Charleston, South Carolina,
after Hurricane Hugo, September–October 1989

1990–1999
Participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Southwest Asia, December 1990 – April 1991

Elements participated in Haitian refugee operations, Cuba,
November 1991 – October 1992

Elements provided disaster relief support to southern Florida after Hurricane Andrew,
September–October 1992

Elements provided bridging support to the State of Florida, Volusia County, during wildfires, July 1998.

Elements provided disaster relief support to Puerto Rico after Hurricane Georges,
September–November 1998 (CSSD-68)

Elements provided disaster relief support to Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala
after Hurricane Mitch, November 1998 – April 1999 (CSSD-69)

2000–2010
Deployed during February 2003 to Kuwait in support of Operation Enduring Freedom
Participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq, March–May 2003

Elements participated in Operation Secure Tomorrow, Haiti, February–June 2004

Elements returned to Iraq in February 2004 for continued operations in Operation Iraqi Freedom 2–1.

Elements participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq, January 2005 – March 2006

Participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq, March–October 2007

Participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan, February 2008

Elements participated in Operation Unified Response, Haiti, January–March 2010

Participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan, November 2010 – June 2011

See also

List of United States Marine Corps battalions
Organization of the United States Marine Corps

References
Notes

Web

 8th ESB's Official Website

ESB8
Electrostatic deflection (molecular physics/nanotechnology). In molecular physics/nanotechnology, electrostatic deflection is the deformation of a beam-like structure/element bent by an electric field. It can be due to interaction between electrostatic fields and net charge or electric polarization effects. The beam-like structure/element is generally cantilevered (fix at one of its ends). In nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are typical ones for electrostatic deflections.

Mechanisms of electric deflection due to electric polarization can be understood as follows:

When a material is brought into an electric field (E), the field tends to shift the positive charge (in red) and the negative charge (in blue) in opposite directions. Thus, induced dipoles are created. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 3 shows a beam-like structure/element in an electric field. The interaction between the molecular dipole moment and the electric field results an induced torque (T). Then this torque tends to align the beam toward the direction of field.

In case of a cantilevered CNT, it would be bent to the field direction. Meanwhile the electrically induced torque and stiffness of the CNT compete against each other. This deformation has been observed in experiments. This property is an important characteristic for CNTs promising nanoelectromechanical systems applications, as well as for their fabrication, separation and electromanipulation. Recently, several nanoelectromechanical systems based on cantilevered CNTs have been reported such as: nanorelays, nanoswitches, nanotweezers and feedback device which are designed for memory, sensing or actuation uses. Furthermore, theoretical studies have been carried out to try to get a full understanding of the electric deflection of carbon nanotubes,

References

Molecular physics
Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics. The Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics in Halle (Saale) is a research institute in Germany focused novel materials with useful functionalities. Active research topics includes spintronics, neuromorphic systems, nano-photonics, topological metals and insulators etc . It was founded in 1992 by Hellmut Fischmeister and is a follow-up to the German Academy of Sciences Institute of Solid State Physics and Electron Microscopy. The institute moved into new buildings from 1997 till 1999. It is one of 84 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft).

The institute has three main departments:
 Stuart Parkin: Nano-systems from Ions, Spins and Electrons (NISE)
 Joyce Poon: Nano-photonics, Integration and Neural Technology (NINT)
 Xinliang Feng: Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices (SMFD)

Former departments include the following:
The Theory Department, headed by Prof. Eberhard Gross, mainly carries out theoretical research on the electronic, magnetic, optical, and electrical properties of micro- and nanostructured solid-state systems'.
The Experimental Department 1, headed by Prof. Jürgen Kirschner, mainly deals with the magnetic properties of dimensionally reduced systems and their dependence on electronic structure, crystalline structure and morphology.
The Experimental Department 2, headed by Prof. Ulrich Gösele, is focussed on the scientific understanding, design and fabrication of new materials for information, communication, engineering as well as bio-technological applications.
The Experimental Department 3, headed by Prof. Johannes Heydenreich, is focused on analytical methods using high-resolution electronic microscopy.

PhD program

 The Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, and the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials offer a PhD program under the "International Max-Planck Research School for Science and Technology of Nano-Systems (IMPRS-STNS)".

References

External links
 Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics
 Comprehensive list of scientific publications from the institute

Microstructure Physics
Physics research institutes
Corvallis Municipal Airport. Corvallis Municipal Airport  is five miles southwest of Corvallis, in Benton County, Oregon. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation facility.

The airport offers full service and self serve fuel: 100LL and Jet A. Maintenance is available on the ramp; fixed-wing flight instruction is available through Corvallis Aero Service.

History

The site was built during World War II by the United States Army Air Forces for bomber training as Corvallis Army Airfield. The original hangar is still in use.

Airline flights (West Coast DC-3s) began in 1947; successor Hughes Airwest pulled its F27s out in 1973.

Facilities
The airport covers 1,490 acres (603 ha) at an elevation of 250 feet (76 m). It has two asphalt runways: 17/35 is 5,900 by 150 feet (1,798 x 46 m) and 10/28 is 3,100 by 75 feet (945 x 23 m).

In the year ending November 26, 2018, the airport had 52,300 aircraft operations, average 143 per day: 98% general aviation, 2% military, and 1% air taxi. 131 aircraft were then based at the airport: 113 single-engine, 8 multi-engine, 2 jet, 4 helicopter, 1 glider, and 3 ultra-light.

Airlines and destinations

Cargo

References

External links 
 Corvallis Municipal Airport at City of Corvallis website
 Corvallis Aero Service, the fixed-base operator (FBO)
 Oregon State Flying Club
 Aerial image as of May 1994 from USGS The National Map
 

Airports in Benton County, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
AIDC XC-2. The AIDC XC-2 was a prototype civil transport aircraft designed in the 1970s in Taiwan. It was a high-wing monoplane powered by two turboprop engines. The main undercarriage was carried in sponsons on either side of the boxy fuselage, maximising internal space.

A single prototype was built and was not selected for production.

Specifications (performance estimated)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 luftfahrt-archiv.de (archived)

XC-2
1970s Taiwanese airliners
High-wing aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects
Aircraft first flown in 1979
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Monocat. A monocat is a type of multihull with a single hull fore and two hulls aft. One could say that it begins like a monohull and ends like a catamaran, Hence the name.
Narrower than the usual multihulls, it comes in motor and sailing flavours. It combines advantages of both mono and multihulls. A quite famous one is Jacques Cousteau's Alcyone (1985 ship). French architect Jacques Fauroux has drawn some.

External links
 fauroux.com - The principle of triple-hull monocats 

Multihulls
Air Tractor AT-300. The Air Tractor AT-300 is a family of agricultural aircraft that first flew in the United States in September 1973. Type certification was awarded to Air Tractor in November the same year, and serial production commenced in 1976. Of low-wing monoplane taildragger configuration, they carry a chemical hopper between the engine firewall and the cockpit.

Variants
 AT-300 - prototype and initial production models wit  Pratt & Whitney R-985 engine and  hopper.
 AT-301 - powered by  Pratt & Whitney R-1340 engine.
 AT-301B - AT-301 with  hopper.
 AT-302 - turboprop version with  Lycoming LTP101 engine.
 AT-302A - AT-302 with  hopper.

Specifications (AT-301A)

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

AT-300
1970s United States agricultural aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1973
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Thiophosphoryl chloride. Thiophosphoryl chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless pungent smelling liquid that fumes in air. It is synthesized from phosphorus chloride and used to thiophosphorylate organic compounds, such as to produce insecticides.

Synthesis
Thiophosphoryl chloride can be generated by several reactions starting from phosphorus trichloride. The most common and practical synthesis, hence used in industrial manufacturing, is directly reacting phosphorus trichloride with excess sulfur at 180 °C.

Using this method, yields can be very high after purification by distillation. Catalysts facilitate the reaction at lower temperatures, but are not usually necessary.
Alternatively, it is obtained by combining phosphorus pentasulfide and phosphorus pentachloride.

Structure
Thiophosphoryl chloride has tetrahedral molecular geometry and C3v molecular symmetry, with the structure . According to gas electron diffraction, the phosphorus–sulfur bond length is 189 pm and the phosphorus–chlorine bond length is 201 pm, while the  bond angle is 102°.

Reactions
 is soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and carbon disulfide. However, it hydrolyzes rapidly in basic or hydroxylic solutions, such as alcohols and amines, to produce thiophosphates. In water  reacts, and contingent on the reaction conditions, produces either phosphoric acid, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrochloric acid or dichlorothiophosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid.  

An intermediate in this process appears to be tetraphosphorus nonasulfide.  

 is used to thiophosphorylate organic compounds (to add thiophosphoryl group, P=S, with three free valences at the P atom, to organic compounds). This conversion is widely applicable for amines and alcohols, as well as aminoalcohols, diols, and diamines. Industrially,  is used to produce insecticides, like parathion.

 reacts with tertiary amides to generate thioamides. For example:

When treated with methylmagnesium iodide, it give tetramethyldiphosphine disulfide .

References

Phosphorus halides
Thiophosphoryl compounds
Thiochlorides
Air Tractor AT-400. The Air Tractor AT-400 is a family of agricultural aircraft that first flew in the United States in September 1979. Type certification was awarded to Air Tractor in April 1980. Of low-wing monoplane taildragger configuration, they carry a chemical hopper between the engine firewall and the cockpit.

Variants
 AT-400 - AT-301 with 680 shp (507 kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-15AG engine and 400 US gal (1,510 L) hopper. Short-span (45 ft 1¼ in (13.75 m)) wings. 72 built.
AT-400A - AT-400 with 550 hp (410 kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-20 engine. 14 built. 
 AT-401 - AT-301 with longer-span wings and 400 US gal (1,510 L) hopper, powered by 600 hp (447 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 radial engine. 168 built.
 AT-401A - AT-401 with PZL-3S engine. One built.
 AT-401B -Improved revision of AT-401, with revised wingtips and further increased span (51 ft 1¼ in (15.57 m)). 69 built by December 2001.
 AT-402 - AT-401 with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-15 engine. 68 built.
 AT-402A - low cost version of AT-401B, with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-20 engine. 103 built by December 2001. 
 AT-402B - improved version of AT-402, with revised wingtips and increased span of AT-401B. 31 built by December 2001.

Aircraft on display

 AT-400A N3159D is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. It is decorated in a livery depicting Dusty Crophopper from the 2013 animated film Planes, having been given the livery at the request of Disneytoon Studios prior to its acquisition by the museum.

Specifications (AT-401)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Air Tractor - www.airtractor.com

AT-400
1970s United States agricultural aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1979
Aust Severn Powerline Crossing. Aust Severn Powerline Crossing is the longest overhead power line span in the United Kingdom with a length of .

History
The crossing spans the River Severn between Aust and Beachley and is part of the National Grid.

It was commissioned in 1959, and comprises two 275 kV electricity circuits, which form part of the 275 kV Iron Acton to Whitson line.

Construction
It is situated south of the Severn Bridge and was built by J. L. Eve Construction, which became Eve Group, and is now Babcock Networks. It is mounted on two pylons, each  tall. The pylon on the Aust side of the River Severn stands on a caisson accessible via a small bridge.

See also
 List of spans
 Powerline river crossings in the United Kingdom
 Crossings of the River Severn
 Crossings of the River Wye
Severn-Wye Cable Tunnel

References 

River Severn
Towers in Gloucestershire
Powerline river crossings
Electric power infrastructure in England
National Grid (Great Britain)
Tidenham
South Gloucestershire District
Air Tractor AT-500 family. The Air Tractor AT-500 is a family of agricultural aircraft that first flew in the United States on 25 April 1986, manufactured by Air Tractor Inc. Of monoplane low-wing, taildragger configuration, they carry a chemical hopper between the engine firewall and the cockpit. Compared with their predecessor, the AT-500 family featured a wingspan increase of 50 in (12.7 cm), and an additional fuselage stretch of 22 in (56 cm), allowing for a larger chemical hopper. Almost all variants offer a widened "buddy" seat or a tandem seat for a passenger, observer, or loader; trainer aircraft with full dual controls have also been offered.

From 2011 through 2018, the AT-502B was the world's top-selling agricultural aircraft with 388 deliveries, while the combined AT-500 line (AT-502A, -502B, and -504) was among the world's most popular fixed wing general aviation single-turboprop aircraft families, with 470 delivered—a total exceeded only by the Pilatus PC-12 and the Cessna 208 Caravan family during that time.

Variants
AT-500Prototype
Piston-powered version with  Pratt & Whitney R-1340 engine, one seat, gross weight of 
Upgraded AT-501 with  Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-15AG or  PT6A-34AG engine, one or two seats, gross weight of  or  depending on production date and wing spar type
AT-502AHot and high version of AT-502 with  PT6A-65AG or  PT6A-60AG engine, one or two seats in tandem or side-by-side arrangement, gross weight of 
AT-502BMain production version, development of AT-502 with  PT6A-34AG engine, one or two seats in tandem or side-by-side arrangement, gross weight of 
AT-502XPUpdated AT-502A with  PT6A-140AG engine
Production version with  PT6A-45R engine, tandem seats, gross weight of 
AT-503AAT-503 with  PT6A-34AG engine, tandem seats dual controls, AT-501 wings
AT-503TDual-control trainer version of AT-503 with shorter AT-401 wings, tandem seats
Dual-control trainer version of AT-502B with side-by-side seating, replaced tandem-seat AT-503 trainers, introduced 2009

Specifications (AT-502B)

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 http://www.airtractor.com/

AT-501
1980s United States agricultural aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1986
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Air Tractor AT-602. 

The Air Tractor AT-602 is an agricultural aircraft manufactured by Air Tractor Inc, that first flew in the United States on 1December 1995. Of monoplane low-wing, taildragger configuration, it carries a chemical hopper between the engine firewall and the cockpit. It was designed to fill a gap in the Air Tractor range, between the AT-500 series with a 500 US gal (1,890 L) capacity and the AT-802 with a 810 US gal (3,070 L) capacity.

Operators
Australia
Dunn Aviation (Western Australia) – 2 x AT-602s
Mongolia
Thomas Air LLC (Mongolia) – AT-602

Specifications

See also

References

Citations

General sources
 Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. .
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000. London: Brassey's, 1999. .
 Airliners.net
 Manufacturer's Website

External links

 http://www.airtractor.com/

AT-602
1990s United States agricultural aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1995
Compound shutter. The Compound shutter is a mechanical leaf shutter for photographic cameras introduced in the late 19th century, usually used between lens components. It was produced by Friedrich Deckel AG, of Munich, Germany. A typical Compound shutter may have settings for T (Time, shutter remains open until the shutter release is pressed again), B (Bulb, shutter remains open as long as the release is held down), and exposure times from 1 second down to 1/100 or less.

Unlike later mechanical shutters such as the Compur which use a clockwork mechanism, shutter timing is achieved by releasing air from a small cylinder, typically mounted horizontally at the top of the shutter, through a small aperture. A cam turned by the shutter speed dial positions a spring-loaded piston in the cylinder to provide the correct distance of travel for the required exposure duration. When the shutter release is pressed the shutter opens, and air in the cylinder is gradually released, letting the piston move; it closes the shutter when it reaches the end of its travel. The piston travels for a very short distance at the shortest exposure settings, making accuracy very sensitive to the precise manufacturing of the cam; lower speeds are more reliably accurate.

Compound shutters were manufactured for 65 years, the last one being made in 1970.

References

Photographic shutters