omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Shmuel Winograd. 

Shmuel Winograd (; January 4, 1936 – March 25, 2019) was an Israeli-American computer scientist, noted for his contributions to computational complexity. He has proved several major results regarding the computational aspects of arithmetic; his contributions include the Coppersmith–Winograd algorithm and an algorithm for the fast Fourier transform which transforms it into a problem of computing convolutions which can be solved with another Winograd's algorithm.

Winograd studied Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, receiving his B.S. and M.S. degrees in 1959. He received his Ph.D. from the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University in 1968. He joined the research staff at IBM in 1961, eventually becoming director of the Mathematical Sciences Department there from 1970 to 1974 and 1980 to 1994.

Honors
IBM Fellow (1972)
Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1974)
W. Wallace McDowell Award (1974)
Member, National Academy of Sciences (1978)
Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1983)
Member, American Philosophical Society (1989)
Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (1994)

Books

References

1936 births
2019 deaths
Theoretical computer scientists
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
IBM Research computer scientists
IBM employees
IBM Fellows
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Members of the American Philosophical Society
1994 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Generic Mapping Tools. Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) are an open-source collection of computer software tools for processing and displaying xy and xyz datasets, including rasterization, filtering and other image processing operations, and various kinds of map projections. The software stores 2-D grids as COARDS-compliant netCDF files and comes with a comprehensive collection of free GIS data, such as coast lines, rivers, political borders and coordinates of other geographic objects. Users convert further data (like satellite imagery and digital elevation models)  from other sources and import them. GMT stores the resulting maps and diagrams in PostScript (PS) or Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) format.

Users operate the system from the command line: this enables scripting and the automation of routine tasks. More or less comprehensive graphic user interfaces are available from third parties, as well as web applications, bringing the system's functionality online.

Paul Wessel and Walter  Smith created GMT in the 1980s at Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, officially releasing it on October 7, 1991 under the GNU General Public License. The letters GMT originally stood for Gravity, Magnetism and Topography, the three basic types of geophysical data. Besides its strong support for the visualization of geographic data sets, the software includes tools for processing and manipulating multi-dimensional datasets. GMT is most widely used by Earth and Ocean scientists.

References

External links 

 Interactive online map generation using GMT.
 Some examples.
 iGMT is a graphical front-end for GMT.

 Information on how to use OpenStreetMap data within GMT.

Database-related software for Linux
Earth sciences graphics software
Free GIS software
Graphics-related software for Linux
Plotting software
1991 software
GIS software
Luisenthal Mine. The Luisenthal Mine was a coal mine near Völklingen. The mine was known as the site of the largest mine accident in the history of the German Federal Republic, when 299 miners died on 7 February 1962.

1962 mine disaster

On 7 February 1962 a methane explosion occurred after the opening of a methane-containing cavern in the Alsbach field. This triggered a larger coal dust explosion with devastating effects. 284 workers were killed, making this the greatest mining catastrophe in the history of the Saarland coal mining area.

See also 

 Luisenthal Formation

References

1962 in West Germany
Buildings and structures in Saarbrücken (district)
Economy of Saarland
Mining disasters in Germany
1962 disasters in Germany
Coal mines in Germany
Coal mining disasters in Germany
Underground mines in Germany
Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group. Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG) is a Dutch institute that performs nuclear research for the government and private companies. It is the most important producer of radionuclides, such as molybdenum-99, lutetium-177 and iridium-192, in Europe and maintains and operates the Petten nuclear reactor.

The institute also offers services to medical, chemical, oil, and gas companies.

See also 
 Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
 Institute for Energy (IE)
 EURATOM

References

External links
NRG institute website

Nuclear research institutes in the Netherlands
Research and analysis firms
OEC. OEC may refer to:

Finance
 The Observatory of Economic Complexity, a data visualization site
 Ordre des Experts-Comptables, French association of chartered accountants

Transportation
 Orion Expedition Cruises, Australian based luxury expedition cruise line 
 Otis Elevator Company, an American company that manufactures vertical transportation systems
 Osborn Engineering Company, known as OEC, an historic British former manufacturer of motorcycles 
 OEConnection, an American company that provides B2B solutions, connecting Automotive Manufacturers, Dealers and Collision & Repair shops

Other
 Odd Eye Circle, a South Korean girl group
 Offshore Energy Center, sponsor of the Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum in Galveston, Texas, United States
 Old Earth creationism, a term for several types of creationism
 Olfactory ensheathing cells, a type of glial cell found in the nervous system
 Oregon Environmental Council, an American environmental organization
 Orissa Engineering College, a technical institution in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
 Outdoor Emergency Care, a course for certification of first aid in non-urban situations
 Overseas Employment Certificate, an identity document in the Philippines
 Oxford English Corpus, an English text corpus
 Oxygen evolving complex, a water oxidizing enzyme
 .OEC, the file format for OE-Cake!, a fluid physics software application
Class 8. Class 8 may refer to:

 8 Metre (keelboat), class of racing yacht
 Beneteau First Class 8
 British Rail Class 08, British diesel shunting engine
 BR Standard Class 8, British 4-6-2 steam locomotive
 Chesapeake and Ohio class H-8
 First Class 8, French racing yacht
 G&SWR 8 Class
 GCR Class 8, British 4-6-0 steam locomotive
 GCR Class 8A
 GCR Class 8B
 GCR Classes 8D and 8E
 GCR Class 8F
 GCR Class 8H
 GCR Class 8K
 GCR Class 8N
 HAZMAT Class 8 Corrosive Substances
 Indian locomotive class WAG-8
 Indian locomotive class WDS-8
 K-8-class minesweeper
 L&YR Class 8, British 4-6-0 steam locomotive
 LMS Stanier Class 8F
 LNER Class A8
 LSWR C8 class
 NSB Class 8, Norwegian standard-gauge steam locomotive
 NSB Class VIII, Norwegian narrow-gauge steam locomotive
 NSB El 8, Norwegian electric locomotive
 NSB Di 8, Norwegian diesel locomotive
 Pennsylvania Railroad class H8
 Prussian G 8
 Prussian G 8.1
 Prussian P 8
 SCORE Class 8, off-road racing trucks
 South African Class 8A 4-8-0
 Southern Pacific class AC-8
 TT Class 8, type of tram in Trondheim, Norway
 Class 8 truck, US truck class for heavy trucks over 33,000 pounds weight limit
 Type C8-class ship

See also
 Class 08 (disambiguation)
Vesta (software configuration management). Vesta is a software configuration management system developed in the 1990s.

History
Vesta was developed by researchers at the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Systems Research Center in Palo Alto, California.
The language for Vesta was first published in 1993.
Vesta's approach to incremental software building was to give the user a language to describe how to build the software, and let the builder infer dependencies, unlike other systems where the user specifies the dependencies explicitly. A redesign and reimplementation called Vesta-2 was begun around 1998.
Vesta was released by Compaq after it acquired DEC, under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) in 2001.

Vesta features include:

 A guarantee of precise build repeatability.  Vesta builds are encapsulated in an environment cut off from the normal filesystem.  They cannot use any files, settings, or other inputs that aren't under revision control.
 Completely automatic dependency detection.  The Vesta builder records file accesses made during builds, rather than having the user explicitly specify as with the earlier Make tool.
 A shared build cache.  When multiple developers are using the system, they share the same pool of previously completed build work for re-use in future incremental builds.  This saves time and resources across development teams.

Vesta is used by Intel for microprocessor development projects.  They employ developers who actively work on the maintenance and development of Vesta.

Drawbacks include:
 Mandatory locking at the package level.
 Users connect to a special NFS server to access the repository.

A short book about Vesta was published several times through 2011.

References

External links 
Vesta Configuration Management System home page on SourceForge

 Vesta old home page

Free version control software
Surge. Surge means a sudden transient rush or flood, and may refer to:

Science

 Storm surge, the onshore flow of water associated with a low-pressure weather system
 Surge (glacier), a short-lived event where a glacier can move up to velocities 100 times faster than normal
 Pyroclastic surge, the fluidised mass of turbulent gas and rock fragments ejected during some volcanic eruptions
 Characteristic impedance, also known as "surge impedance" in electrical engineering
 Voltage surge, Transient increase of voltage in electrical circuits
 Compressor stall, also known as "compressor surge", in aviation 
 Surge in compressors in industrial compressors
 Hydraulic surge in liquid pipes; also called pressure surge and water hammer (see surge control)
 Surge (translational motion), one of the translational degrees of freedom of any stiff body (for example a vehicle), describing motion along the longitudinal axis (forward or backwards)
 Surge (waves), transient or periodic motion in the direction of propagation, specially of a breaking wave or surf
 Terminal lucidity, also known as "the surge" in medicine, where a patient regains significant consciousness and energy immediately preceding their death

Popular culture
 Surge (soft drink), a soft drink made by the Coca-Cola Company
 Surge, a video game publishing label owned by Namco Bandai Games
 Surge (radio station), the student radio station of the University of Southampton
 Surge (Marvel Comics), a comic book character and mutant in the Marvel Universe
 Surge, a 2016 book written by Mike Michalowicz
 Surge: Side A, a 2017 multimedia performance piece by Jay Bernard
 Surge, a 2019 poetry collection by Jay Bernard
 Surge (2020 British film), a film starring Ben Whishaw
 Surge (2020 American film), a television documentary film
 Lt. Surge, a gym Leader in the Pokémon video games
 Mark Surge, a Hero in the Hero Factory toyline
 The Surge (video game), a video game developed by Deck13 Interactive
Surge, robot protector of Super City, a character in the mobile game Brawl Stars
Surge the Tenrec, a character from the IDW Publishing comic series Sonic the Hedgehog
The Surge (Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu), an episode of Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu

Other
  Surge S1, ARM-based System-on-Chips (SoCs) developed and manufactured by Xiaomi
 Iraq War troop surge of 2007 (usually referred to as "The Surge"), the revised U.S. counter-insurgency strategy in the Iraq War
 Afghanistan War troop surge of 2010, increase of U.S. troops in 2010
 The Surge: A Military History, a military history book by Kimberly Kagan about the Iraq War troop surge of 2007
 Stuttgart Surge, the American football franchise of the European League of Football

See also
 
 
 Surgery (disambiguation)
 Serge (disambiguation)
 Gush (disambiguation)
American Aviation. American Aviation Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Cleveland, Ohio, in the 1960s, which produced light single-engine aircraft. In 1972, it became the Grumman American Aviation Corporation.

History
The company was formed in 1964 to build a production version of the Bede BD-1, a two-seat light aircraft designed and built by Jim Bede and first flown on July 11, 1963.

During the development of the BD-1 there was conflict between Bede and the other shareholders, and in 1965, Bede was removed from the company. Attorney and former Marine fighter pilot Russ Meyer became the new company president at age 34.

The BD-1 was re-designed for production with a lengthened fuselage, greater wingspan and larger engine, the company also introduced metal-to-metal bonding of components, a new technique in general aviation. The new aircraft was named the AA-1 Yankee and first flew on March 2, 1967, gaining type certificate approval from the FAA in July 1968.

The Grumman Corporation had taken an 80% share in American Aviation and in 1972 the company was renamed the Grumman American Aviation Corporation.

Aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Simpson, R.W. Airlife's General Aviation. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1991. .

External links

 Grumman, Grumman-American – Aerofiles

Manufacturing companies based in Cleveland
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Cleveland
Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg. Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg (1 April 1813 – 28 December 1899) was a German mineralogist from Berlin, Prussia.

Life 
After an apprenticeship in pharmacy, he studied chemistry and crystallography at the University of Berlin, where his influences were Eilhard Mitscherlich, Heinrich Rose, Christian Samuel Weiss and Gustav Rose. His graduate thesis in 1837 dealt with cyanogen, "De cyanogenii connubiis nonnullis". In 1841 he became a privatdozent at the university, and in 1845 was named an associate professor of inorganic chemistry. From 1850 he taught classes at the Gewerbeakademie, a vocational training academy that was a predecessor of Technische Universität Berlin. In 1874 he became a full professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin and in 1883 was appointed director of the inorganic chemistry laboratory.

He distinguished himself with research in the fields of mineralogy, crystallography, analytical chemistry and metallurgy. He discovered the reducing action of hypophosphoric and phosphoric acids, and was the first scientist to determine the composition of Schlippe's salt (sodium thioantimonate). In addition, he made significant contributions in research involving isomorphism. He was the first scientist other than Mendeleyev to include his Periodic Table in a book, the fourth edition (1874) of Grundriss der chemie gemäss den neueren Ansichten, published in Berlin.

He described the minerals, magnesioferrite and tachyhydrite. Rammelsbergite, a nickel arsenide mineral, is named after him. He died at Gross Lichterfelde, southwest of Berlin

Published works 
Rammelsberg was the author of a series important textbooks, such as:
Handwörterbuch des chemischen Teils der Mineralogie (2 volumes, 1841; supplement 1843–53).
Lehrbuch der chemischen Metallurgie (1850).
Handbuch der Krystallographischen Chemie (1855).
Handbuch der Mineralchemie (1860).
Handbuch der Krystallographisch-physikalischen Chemie (2 volumes, 1881–82), some of the earlier works being incorporated in later and more comprehensive volumes with different titles.
He is also credited with providing translations of technical publications that were written in Italian, French and Swedish.

References

Further reading

1813 births
1899 deaths
German mineralogists
19th-century German chemists
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Berlin
Scientists from the Province of Brandenburg
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Geologists from the Kingdom of Prussia
PDP-4. The PDP-4 was the successor to the Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-1.

History
This 18-bit machine, first shipped in 1962,  was a compromise: "with slower memory and different packaging" than the PDP-1, but priced at $65,000 - less than half the price of its predecessor.  All later 18-bit PDP machines (7, 9 and 15) are based on a similar, but enlarged instruction set, more powerful than, but based on the same concepts as, the 12-bit PDP-5/PDP-8 series. 

Approximately 54 were sold.

Hardware

The system's memory cycle is 8 microseconds, compared to 5 microseconds for the PDP-1.

The PDP-4 weighs about .

Mass storage
Both the PDP-1 and the PDP-4 were introduced as paper tape-based systems. The only use, if any, for IBM-compatible 200 BPI or 556 BPI magnetic tape was for data.  The use of "mass storage" drums - not even a megabyte and non-removable - were an available option, but were not in the spirit of the “personal” or serially shared systems that DEC offered.

It was in this setting that DEC introduced DECtape, initially called "MicroTape", for both the PDP-1 and PDP-4.

Software
DEC provided an editor, an assembler, and a FORTRAN II compiler.  The assembler was different from that of the PDP-1 in two ways:
 Unlike the PDP-1, macros were not supported.
 It was a one-pass assembler; paper-tape input did not have to be read twice.

Photos
 PDP-4

See also
 Programmed Data Processor

References

DEC minicomputers
18-bit computers
Transistorized computers
Computer-related introductions in 1962
PDP-9. The PDP-9, the fourth of the five 18-bit minicomputers produced by Digital Equipment Corporation, was introduced in 1966. A total of 445 PDP-9 systems were produced, of which 40 were the compact, low-cost PDP-9/L units.

History
The 18-bit PDP systems preceding the PDP-9 are the PDP-1, PDP-4 and PDP-7. Its successor is the PDP-15.

Hardware
The PDP-9, which is "two metres wide and about 75cm deep," is approximately twice the speed of the PDP-7.  It was built using discrete transistors, and has an optional integrated vector graphics terminal. The PDP-9 has a memory cycle time of 1 microsecond, and weighs about .  The PDP-9/L has a memory cycle time of 1.5 microseconds, and weighs about .

It is DEC's first microprogrammed machine.

A typical configuration included:
 300 cps paper tape reader
 50 cps paper tape punch
 DECtape for operating system and user files
 10 cps console teleprinter, Model 33 KSR

Among the improvements of the PDP-9 over its PDP-7 predecessor are:
 the addition of status flags for reader and punch errors, thus providing added flexibility and for error detection
 an entirely new design for multi-level interrupts, called the Automatic Priority Interrupt (API) option
 a more advanced form of memory management

User/university-based research projects for extending the PDP-9 include:
 a hardware capability for floating-point arithmetic, at a time when machines in this price range used software for floating-point arithmetic
 a PDP-9 controlled parallel computer

Software
The system came with an OS that functions as single-user keyboard monitor, called ADSS (ADvanced Software System). DECsys provided an interactive, single-user, program development environment for Fortran and assembly language programs.

Both FORTRAN II and FORTRAN IV were implemented for the PDP-9.

MUMPS was originally developed on the PDP-7, and ran on several PDP-9s at the Massachusetts General Hospital.

Sales
The PDP-7, of which 120 were sold, was described as "highly successful".  The PDP-9 sold 445 units. Both have submodels, the PDP-7A and the PDP-9/L, neither of which accounted for a substantial percentage of sales.

See also
 Programmed Data Processor
 PDP-15 - successor to the PDP-9

Notes

References

DEC minicomputers
18-bit computers
Transistorized computers
Computer-related introductions in 1966
PDP-5. The PDP-5 was Digital Equipment Corporation's first 12-bit computer, introduced in 1963.

History 
An earlier 12-bit computer, named LINC has been described as the first minicomputer and also "the first modern personal computer."  It had 2,048 12-bit words, and the first LINC was built in 1962.

DEC's founder, Ken Olsen, had worked with both it and a still earlier computer, the 18-bit 64,000-word TX-0, at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory.

Neither of these machines was mass-produced.

Applicability 
Although the LINC computer was intended primarily for laboratory use, the PDP-5's 12-bit system had a far wider range of use. An example of DEC's "The success of the PDP-5 ... proved that a market for minicomputers did exist"
is:
 "Data-processing computers have accomplished for mathematicians what the wheel did for transportation"
 "Very reliable data was obtained with ..."
 "A PDP-5 computer was used very successfully aboard Evergreen for ..."
all of which described the same PDP-5 used by the United States Coast Guard.

The architecture of the PDP-5 was specified by Alan Kotok and Gordon Bell; the principal logic designer was the young engineer Edson de Castro who went on later to found Data General.

Hardware 
By contrast with the 4-cabinet PDP-1, the minimum configuration of the PDP-5 was a single 19-inch cabinet with "150 printed circuit board modules holding over 900 transistors."  Additional cabinets were required to house many peripheral devices.

The minimum configuration weighed about .

The machine was offered with from 1,024 to 32,768 12-bit words of core memory.  Addressing more than 4,096 words of memory required the addition of a Type 154 Memory Extension Control unit (in modern terms, a memory management unit); this allowed adding additional Type 155 4,096 word core memory modules.

Instruction set 
Of the 12 bits in each word, exactly 3 were used for instruction op-codes.

The PDP-5's instruction set was later expanded in its successor, the PDP-8.  The biggest change was that, in the PDP-5, the program counter was stored in memory location zero, while on PDP-8 computers, it was a register inside the CPU.  Another significant change was that microcoded instructions on the PDP-5 could not combine incrementing and clearing the accumulator, while these could be combined on the PDP-8. This allowed loading of many small constants in a single instruction on the PDP-8. The PDP-5 was one of the first computer series with more than 1,000 built.

Software 
DEC provided an editor, an assembler, a FORTRAN II Compiler and
DDT (a debugger).

Marketplace 
With a base price of $27,000 and designed for those not in need of the 18-bit PDP-4, yet having "applications needing solutions too complicated to be solved efficiently by modules systems" the PDP-5, when introduced in 1963, came at a time when the minicomputer market was gaining a foothold.

Photos 
 PDP-5 computer, including Teletype Model 33 ASR
 PDP-5 from Ed Thelen's collection
 Front panel of a PDP-5

Notes

References 

DEC minicomputers
12-bit computers
Transistorized computers
Computer-related introductions in 1963