omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Laser Chess. Laser Chess is a two-player, strategy video game modeled as a board game with chess-like pieces, most of which have mirrored surfaces, and one of which is a laser cannon. Laser Chess first appeared in Compute!'s Atari ST Disk & Magazine in 1987, written in Modula-2, winning the $5,000 first prize in the magazine's programming competition.

Ports written in BASIC and machine language were published in the June 1987 issue of Compute! for the Amiga, Commodore 64, Apple II, and Atari 8-bit computers as type-in programs. Laser Chess has been re-implemented many times, including a variant Advanced Laser Chess with a larger board and additional pieces, or the new variant LASER CHESS: Deflection with a level editor and more pieces like portals available on Steam.

Gameplay
Players alternate turns taking two actions with their pieces.  An action consists of moving a piece vertically or laterally, rotating a piece 90 degrees, or firing the laser cannon.  One piece can teleport pieces that it lands on.

Moving a distance of one square takes one action; moving two squares takes two actions. Since a player has only two actions per turn, the maximum distance a piece can be moved on one turn is two squares.  Pieces can be moved forward, backward, left, or right, but not diagonally.  However, a player can effectively move a piece diagonally by using two actions—for example, forward and right.

The player can elect to fire the laser cannon. Firing the laser cannon takes only one action, but can be done only once per turn. Therefore, a player may want to use the first action in a turn to aim the laser, rotate a reflecting piece to set up a reflected shot, or move another piece into position. Laser beams are absorbed if they hit the edge of the board.

The laser will bounce off any mirrored piece, so both a player's own and the opponent's pieces may be used to set up a shot.  Since a player is focused on creating a path from that player's laser cannon to a target of interest, the player must be aware that a return path is also created for the opponent at the same time.

Some mirrored pieces can be destroyed by aiming the beam at one of their non-reflective sides, and others will simply absorb the beam harmlessly. Each player also has a beam splitter.

Legacy
In an MS-DOS re-implementation by Peter Venable (1994), the pieces move like normal chess pieces on a 9x9 board, with the laser moving like a king, and a turn consists of making any number of rotations to one's pieces followed by either playing a chess move or firing the laser.

See also
Lazer Maze (1982)
Deflektor (1987)
Khet (2005), board game

References

1987 video games
Amiga games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit computer games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with available source code
MSV. mSv or MSV may refer to:

 Maize streak virus, a plant disease
 Medium-speed vehicle, US category
 Medium Systems Vehicle, a class of fictional artificially intelligent starship in The Culture universe of late Scottish author Iain Banks
 Millisievert, radiation unit
 Mississippi and Skuna Valley Railroad, 1925–2008, reporting mark
Mixed single vote, a type of electoral system
 Mobile Satellite Ventures, US company
 Modular Scalable Vest, a US military body armor vest
 MotorSport Vision, a UK  organisation
 M. S. Viswanathan (1928–2015), Indian composer
 Motor Stand-by Vessel, a merchant vessel name prefix
 Museum of the Shenandoah Valley, US museum

See also
Rocket Engine Test Facility. Rocket Engine Test Facility was the name of a facility at the NASA Glenn Research Center, formerly known as the Lewis Research Center, in Ohio.
The purpose of the Rocket Engine Test Facility was to test full-scale liquid hydrogen rockets at thrust chamber pressures of up to 2100 psia and thrust levels to at least 20,000 pounds. Work on the design of the facility began in 1954 under the auspices of NACA's Rocket Branch of the Fuels and Combustion Research Division. It was built at a cost of $2.5 million and completed in 1957.
The facility was located at the south end of the center, adjacent to Abrams Creek . It was demolished in 2003 in order to make way for the runway expansion of the Cleveland Hopkins International Airport.

Capabilities
It consisted of two major buildings and several support service buildings. Test Stand A was designed for sea-level testing of vertically mounted rocket engines that exhaust into an exhaust gas scrubber and muffler. The A stand had the capability of testing engines with chamber pressures up to 4300 psia and thrust levels up to 50,000 pounds.

Test Stand B was designed by Anthony Fortini and Vearl N. Huff in 1959, but it was not built until after 1980. It could test horizontally mounted rocket engines exhausting into an exhaust diffuser, cooler, and a nitrogen-driven two-stage ejector system. The B stand, for altitude testing in a space environment, had the capability of testing engines with chamber pressures up to 1000 psia and thrust levels up to 1500 pounds.

The support systems included storage dewars for cryogenic fuels and a large water reservoir. Smaller buildings included a block house for observation, a pump house, a helium compressor shelter, and a liquid hydrogen pump vaporizer shelter. In 1984 the facility was modified to provide the capability for testing extremely large area ratio nozzles (to 1000:1).

Both men received awards for Test Stand B under the Space Act, as recommended by the Inventions and Contributions Board in accordance with the provisions of Section 306 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act 1958 and granted by the Administrator of NASA.

National Historic Landmark
It was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1985, because of its significant role in the development of liquid hydrogen as a rocket fuel. It was used in the development of the Pratt & Whitney RL-10 engine for the Centaur upper stage, as well as for the J-2 engine, with its 200,000-pound thrust, for the second stage of the Saturn V rocket. The hydrogen-oxygen engines used by the Space Shuttle were also tested in this facility. After the facility's 2003 razing, it was de-designated on April 4, 2005.

References
 Dawson, Virginia P. Ideas into hardware: A history of the Rocket Engine Test Facility at the NASA Glenn Research Center. (2004)

Glenn Research Center
Rocketry
Cold War sites in the United States
Transport infrastructure completed in 1957
Former National Historic Landmarks of the United States
National Historic Landmarks in Ohio
Former National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Cleveland, Ohio
Vastar. Vastar is a horizontally scrolling shooter released as an arcade video game in 1983 by Orca. The company went bankrupt and could not sell the game under their own brand, so they created the alias Sesame Japan Corporation to release this game.

Plot 

In the year 2956 AD, a fighting robot named Vastar was developed by scientists in order to protect Earth from the Galaxy Empire. The game's is set in a post-apocalyptic Earth. Ruins of the Statue of Liberty, Mount Rushmore and the Moai (stone heads from Easter Island) appear at points in the game.

Gameplay 
The player controls Vastar, a fighting flying robot that can shoot enemies with laser beams. Vastar is destroyed by enemy contact or strike but it is provided with a shield that must be activated to prevent attacks. When the shield's energy runs out, Vastar turns itself in an airship that still can shoot laser beams but it's defenseless against strikes. As the player reaches Vastar's base (as well if the player loses a life and restarts with another one), the shield's power is fully charged again and Vastar returns to its default form.

References

External links
 Vastar at Killer List of Videogames

1983 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Science fiction video games
Alkali–aggregate reaction. Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause the expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of strength of concrete.

More accurate terminology
The alkali–aggregate reaction is a general, but relatively vague, expression which can lead to confusion. More exact definitions include the following: 
 Alkali–silica reaction (ASR, the most common reaction of this type); 
 Alkali–silicate reaction, and; 
 Alkali–carbonate reaction.

The alkali–silica reaction is the most common form of alkali–aggregate reaction. 
Two other types are: 
 the alkali–silicate reaction, in which layer silicate minerals (clay minerals), sometimes present as impurities, are attacked, and;
 the alkali–carbonate reaction, which is an uncommon attack on certain argillaceous dolomitic limestones, likely involving the expansion of the mineral brucite (Mg(OH)2).

The pozzolanic reaction which occurs in the setting of the mixture of slaked lime and pozzolanic materials has also features similar to the alkali–silica reaction, mainly the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H).

See also
 Energetically modified cement (EMC)
 Calthemite
 Pozzolanic reaction

External links
Cement.org | Alkali-aggregate reaction
Alkali-Aggregate Reactions (AAR) – International Centre of Research and Applied Technology

Cement
Concrete
Inorganic reactions

de:Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion
fr:Réaction alcali-granulat
it:Reazione alcali aggregati
pt:Reação álcali-agregado
Oklahoma State University College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology. The Oklahoma State University College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology (or CEAT) serves as the engineering, architecture, and technology components of OSU-Stillwater in Stillwater, Oklahoma, and OSU-Tulsa in Tulsa, Oklahoma. and is the only combined Engineering, Architecture, and Technology college in the United States. The Advanced Technology Research Center (ATRC), a relatively new addition to the college, has worked with business and industry in the areas of web handling, energy storage and conversion, manufacturing and other fields.

The OSU College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology was created in 1902, and is the largest and oldest college of engineering in Oklahoma today and has frequently been recognized as one of the best colleges in the nation. Oklahoma State's architecture students have won more national and international competitions than any school in the country . Students in the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering have won more American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Design/Build/Fly competitions than any other school, finishing in the top 3 17 times since the competition's inception, including 7 first place wins. The Congressional Fire Services Institute, an institution advising Congress on fire and safety matters, named OSU's International Fire Service Training Association/Fire Protection Publications as the 2005 Fire Service Organization of the Year . Researchers at Oklahoma State have developed two new body armor systems, giving soldiers added protection against injuries to their arms and legs while on the battlefield .

Academic programs
 Aerospace Engineering
 Architecture
 Architectural Engineering
 Biosystems Engineering
 Chemical Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Construction Engineering & Management
 Control Systems Engineering
 Electrical and Computer Engineering
 Electrical Engineering Technology
 Engineering and Technology Management
 Environmental Engineering
 Fire Protection and Safety Technology
 Geotechnical Engineering
 Health Care Administration
 Industrial Engineering and Management
 Mechanical Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering Technology
 Telecommunications management
 Transportation Engineering

External links
OSU College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology
OSU Aerospace Design

College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
Engineering universities and colleges in Oklahoma
Architecture schools in Oklahoma
1902 establishments in Oklahoma Territory
Stride scheduling. Stride scheduling is a type of scheduling mechanism that has been introduced as a simple concept to achieve proportional central processing unit (CPU) capacity reservation among concurrent processes. Stride scheduling aims to sequentially allocate a resource for the duration of standard time-slices (quantum) in a fashion, that performs periodic recurrences of allocations. Thus, a process p1 which has reserved twice the share of a process p2 will be allocated twice as often as p2. In particular, process p1 will even be allocated two times every time p2 is waiting for allocation, assuming that neither of the two processes performs a blocking operation.

See also

 Computer multitasking
 Concurrency control
 Concurrent computing
 Resource contention
 Time complexity
 Thread (computing)

References

Computational resources
Concurrency control algorithms
Concurrent computing
Processor scheduling algorithms
École centrale de Pékin. (abbreviated ECPk, ) is a Sino-French engineering school in the centre of Beijing, China. It was established in 2005 by the initiative of the Écoles Centrales Network, a group of France's leading graduate schools in engineering research and education including the prestigious , together with China's Beihang University - the nation's top research institution in the field of aeronautics and astronautics.

ECPk campus is located at Beihang University.

History
In 2004, an agreement was signed by the Écoles Centrales and Beihang University to create the , which was then founded in 2005 in Beijing. In line with the Centrale education model which promotes close ties with the industry, the school signed partnerships with several major corporations in France and China, such as Société Générale, Alstom, Airbus, Schlumberger, Orange S.A., Safran, PSA Peugeot Citroën, COMAC, Total, and Ernst & Young, which have committed to support the institution's development as founding partners. Their contributions are to include defining the school's education strategy as well as providing financial support, research cooperation, industrial training, and publicity.

 was inaugurated in September 2005 by Hervé Biausser, director of  (now CentraleSupélec) and representative of the Écoles Centrales. The first class of students graduated in January 2012.

Admission 
It recruits 100 students each year among the best of the Chinese education system, after the nation's intensive university entrance examinations (Gaokao, 高考).

Training
Most lessons are conducted in French, and the training lasts 6 years, after which graduates receive a master's degree from the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Beihang University) and the French diplôme d'ingénieur. The first three years correspond to preparatory classes similar to the French classes préparatoires and are based on 4 domains: language, mathematics, physical sciences, and industrial engineering.

The last three years correspond to the "generalist" engineer curriculum followed by the Écoles Centrales. Some of the specialization options include Materials Science, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Aeronautical Engineering, and Aerospace Science.

International exchange programs are also being planned as part of the curriculum.

External links
 Official website

Educational institutions established in 2005
Pekin
Universities and colleges in Beijing
Engineering universities and colleges in China
2005 establishments in China
Pierre-Georges Latécoère. Pierre-Georges Latécoère (; 1883–1943) was a pioneer of aeronautics. Born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre, he studied in the École Centrale Paris and, during the First World War, started a business in aeronautics. He directed plants that made planes and opened the first airlines that operated from France to Africa and South America.

Pierre-Georges Latécoère was the founder of the aeronautical industry in Toulouse. As the son of the owner of a sawmill in Bagnères-de-Bigorre in the Pyrenees, he took an early interest in technology. In 1903, after an outstanding secondary school career he began his degree at the Parisian Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures. On returning to the Pyrenees he modernized his father's firm, specializing in the manufacture of railway wagons. Thus, during the First World War, the profits from government contracts allowed him to set up a large, modern factory in the Toulouse suburb of Montaudran. Before doing so, he had also produced a rush order of 600 Salmson aircraft, which the army urgently needed. Having become an aeronautical enthusiast, he decided to create the company Société des lignes Latécoère (later known as Aéropostale), carrying mail from France to Morocco, Senegal and South America - the first aircraft being flown by such well-known pilots as Mermoz and Saint-Exupéry. Finally, he started manufacturing aircraft in his own name, and notably the great seaplanes such as the Latécoère 631.

The Latécoère company still exists in 2024.

References
Reference: Jean-Marc Olivier, "Latécoère, un industriel visionnaire", in Midi-Pyrénées patrimoine, hors-série n° 2, "Toulouse des avions et des hommes", November 2010,
pp. 14–25.

1883 births
École Centrale Paris alumni
1943 deaths
Aviation in France
People from Bagnères-de-Bigorre
Pin art. Pin art, also known as a pinscreen, is an executive toy. It consists of a boxed surface made of a crowded array of pins that are free to slide in and out independently in a screen to create a three-dimensional relief. Other similar product names are "PinPressions" and "Pinhead". The original Pinscreen toys were made of metal pins, which were heavier and tended to bend easily; newer Pinscreen toys are generally made of plastic pins. Pinscreens have also been used for animation production; a larger device working on a similar principle was invented by Claire Parker in 1935. 

A  pinscreen is at the Swiss Science Center Technorama in Winterthur, Switzerland. This screen is like a large 3D drawing pad that can work with different sizes of paintbrushes for calligraphy.

In popular culture
 The pinscreen was popularized in the 1985 music video for the Midge Ure song "If I Was", which included a giant body-sized version.
 In the 1988 film Vice Versa, Marshall Seymour keeps a pinscreen on his office desk. Charlie (Judge Reinhold) pushes his face into it and sticks out his tongue.
 In the 1990 film Darkman, a pinscreen is used to duplicate a character's hand.
 In  Tiny Toon Adventures, Elmyra (Voiced by Cree Summer) is seen using a pinscreen on her belly.
 A 1997 Coca-Cola ad, directed by Industrial Light & Magic, involves the use of a computer-generated imagery pinscreen.
 The 1999 film Toy Story 2 features a pinscreen that Buzz Lightyear is pushed into whilst fighting Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear.
 In the 2000 film X-Men, a computerized pinscreen displaying a model of New York City is used by the X-Men to plan an attack against Magneto.
 A digitally produced pinscreen is featured in the 2005 music video for the Nine Inch Nails song "Only", directed by David Fincher.
 Similar to "Only", a digitally produced pinscreen is featured in the 2008 music video for the Eagles of Death Metal song "Wannabe in LA".
 A 2007 advertising campaign by the Discovery Channel involved a pinscreen forming various images, such as that of the Sydney Opera House and whales.
 The 2013 film Man of Steel involves several CG pinscreens which serve as personal computers on Kal-El's homeworld of Krypton.

References 

1980s toys
Office toys
Pinscreen animation
1987 introductions
Alford & Alder. Alford and Alder (Engineers) Ltd. (1925–1969) was a British automotive engineering company that specialized in suspension, brake and steering gear components. It achieved early fame for supplying Malcolm Campbell's speed-record making Bluebird (1927–1935). 

Alford and Alder originated from Walworth near London, and moved to Hemel Hempstead in 1950.  The company changed its name to Alforder Newton Ltd in 1959, when it was acquired by Standard Motor Company, a purchase that financially troubled the buyer greatly. 

A rack and pinion steering setup was used in the Triumph TR4 and Triumph Spitfire which, together with the Herald steering column, became one of the most widely used assemblies in the British specialist car industry during the 1950s and 1960s, including Turner and TVR. Even the Lotus lineup - Elan, Plus 2, Europa - used the Alford & Alder steering rack, column and uprights. They also made suspension components for the Maserati 3500.

The company closed in 1969.  It became part of Leyland Cars through its SU Butec division in the 1970s and expanded to make front axle assemblies for trucks at its Eastman Way site. The company operated at the two Hemel Hempstead sites until at least 1980.

References

External links
Archives at University of Warwick

Automotive companies of England
1925 establishments in England
Companies based in Hemel Hempstead
British companies established in 1925
Manufacturing companies established in 1925
William States Lee III. William States Lee III, popularly known as Bill Lee (1929 – July 10, 1996) was an American business executive at Duke Power Company, known as the cofounder of the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations and initiator of the World Association of Nuclear Operators. In 1988 he was the recipient of the Henry Laurence Gantt Medal.

Lee was born in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1929. He attended Woodberry Forest School and was a magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Princeton University in Civil Engineering.  After serving in the United States Navy's SeaBees, Lee joined Duke Power's engineering department in 1955 as a junior engineer.  He was promoted to engineering vice president in 1965, engineering and construction senior vice president in 1971, and executive vice president in 1976.  He became president and chief operating officer of Duke Power Company in 1978 and chairman and chief executive officer in 1982.

Lee helped to form the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations after the Three Mile Island accident.  He was also an initiator of the World Association of Nuclear Operators, in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster, becoming its first president.  In 1989, he was named "CEO of the decade" by Financial World magazine.

Lee retired from Duke Power in 1994.  He died of cardiac arrest in New York City July 10, 1996. A popular man and supporter of education, the College of Engineering at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte was named in his honor in 1994, as was the "Bill Lee Freeway", a stretch of Interstate Highway 77 north from Charlotte, and Duke Energy's William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station in South Carolina. Lee was awarded the North Carolina Award for Public Service in 1988.

References

1929 births
1996 deaths
American chief executives of energy companies
Duke Energy
Princeton University alumni
American chief operating officers
20th-century American businesspeople
Woodberry Forest School alumni
Henry Laurence Gantt Medal recipients
20th-century American engineers