omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
800 nm process. The 800 nm process (800 nanometer process) is a level of semiconductor process technology that was reached in the 1987–1990 timeframe, by companies, such as Intel, ATI Technologies, and IBM.

The 800 nm process refers to the minimum size that could be reliably produced. The smallest transistors and other circuit elements on a chip made with this process were around 800 nanometers wide.

Products featuring 800 nm manufacturing process
 50-MHz i486DX CPU launched in 1991 was manufactured using this process.
 Both 25/50 and 33/66 MHz Intel486 DX2 CPU using this process.
 Early version of Intel486 SX2 using this process.
 microSPARC I launched in 1992
 First Intel P5 Pentium CPUs at 60 MHz and 66 MHz launched in 1993

References 

00800
1 μm process. The 1 μm process (1 micrometer process) is a level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was commercialized around the 1984–1986 timeframe, by companies like NTT, NEC, Intel and IBM. It was the first process where CMOS was common (as opposed to NMOS).

The 1 μm process refers to the minimum size that could be reliably produced. The smallest transistors and other circuit elements on a chip made with this process were around 1 micrometers wide.

The earliest MOSFET with a 1μm NMOS channel length was fabricated by a research team led by Robert H. Dennard, Hwa-Nien Yu and F.H. Gaensslen at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center in 1974.

Products featuring 1.0 μm manufacturing process
 NTT introduced the 1μm process for its DRAM memory chips, including its 64kin 1979 and 256kin 1980.
 NEC's 1Mbit DRAM memory chip was manufactured with the 1μm process in 1984.
 Intel 80386 CPU launched in 1985 was manufactured using this process.
 Intel uses this process on the CHMOS III-E technology.
 Intel uses this process on the CHMOS IV technology.

References

External links
Brief timeline of microprocessor development

01000
Kuota. Kuota is an Italian bicycle brand, owned by Kuota International Co. Ltd, founded in 2001. Their bicycles are distributed in Belgium, Denmark, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Greece, Canada, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines.

Products

Kuota focuses on carbon fibre reinforced resin (CFR) frames from the beginning, which are produced exclusively in its own manufacturing facilities. The product range includes road, time trial, triathlon, cyclo-cross and mountain bike frames, all made of CFR only.

In 2003 the Khan model was named “Best Bike of the Year” by the French bicycle magazine Le Cycle.

Involvement in cycling and triathlon

Kuota is sponsor of the UCI continental road cycling team Team RothAKROS since the beginning of season 2017. From 2002 to 2017, KUOTA was sponsor or cosponsor of several professional road cycling teams such as Team Uniqa (2007),  (2009), Indeland [2010], Kalev Chocolate-Kuota (2010), Team Dila (200X),  (2010–2013),  (2009) and  (2015–2016) as well as several U23 and junior cycling teams. In 2015 Kuota started sponsoring , a UCI women's road cycling team.

For the 2018 and 2019 seasons, Kuota provided bikes for the UCI Pro Continental team Cofidis.

In triathlon, Kuota has been supporting several international athletes, such as two time Ironman world champion Normann Stadler, Andy Böcherer and Andy Potts. Kuota is currently sponsoring the 2016 Challenge Fuerteventura champion and 2016 4th at Ironman Kona Anja Beranek (since 2015), the two time Italian Olympic triathlete and 2016 Ironman Taiwan champion Daniel Fontana (since 2009) and British Triathlon squad member Tom Bishop (since 2017).

See also

 List of bicycle parts
 List of Italian companies

References

External links

 
 AG2R-La Mondiale Cycling Team (In French)
 Team UK Youth Cycling Team

Cycle manufacturers of Italy
Manufacturing companies established in 2001
Italian companies established in 2001
Italian brands
Latticework. 

Latticework is an openwork framework consisting of a criss-crossed pattern of strips of building material, typically wood or metal. The design is created by crossing the strips to form a grid or weave. 
Latticework may be functional – for example, to allow airflow to or through an area; structural, as a truss in a lattice girder;
used to add privacy, as through a lattice screen; purely decorative; or some combination of these.

Latticework in stone or wood from the classical period is also called Roman lattice or transenna (plural transenne).

In India, the house of a rich or noble person may be built with a baramdah or verandah surrounding every level leading to the living area. The upper floors often have balconies overlooking the street that are shielded by latticed screens carved in stone called jalis which keep the area cool and give privacy.

Examples

See also
 Brise soleil
 Jali
 Lattice tower
 Lattice truss bridge
 Lattice stool
 Mashrabiya
 Mesh
 Pergola
 Reticulum
 Tessellation
 Trellis (architecture)
 Truss
 Wattle (construction)
 Yurt

Notes

External links
 

Architectural elements
Garden features
Gardening aids
Construction
1.5 μm process. The 1.5 μm process (1.5 micrometer process) is the level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was reached around 19811982, by companies such as Intel and IBM.

The 1.5 μm process refers to the minimum size that could be reliably produced. The smallest transistors and other circuit elements on a chip made with this process were around 1.5 micrometers wide.

Products featuring 1.5 μm manufacturing process
 NEC's 64kbit SRAM memory chip introduced the 1.5 μm process in 1981.
 Intel 80286 CPU launched in 1982 was manufactured using this process.
 Intel introduced a 64kbit DRAM memory chip using a 1.5 μm CMOS process in 1983.
 Ricoh RF5C164 is a  silicon-gate CMOS sound chip used in the Sega CD video game console, released in 1991.
 The Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture (initially sold in 1992) included chips such as Lisa that were manufactured using a 1.5 μm CMOS process.
 Intel used the 1.5-micron process on the HMOS-III technology.
 Intel used the 1.4-micron process on the HMOS II-E technology.
 Intel used the 1.5-micron process on the CHMOS III technology.

References

External links
Brief timeline of microprocessor development

01500
1982 introductions
3 μm process. The 3 μm process (3 micrometer process) is the level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was reached around 1977, by companies such as Intel.

The 3 μm process refers to the minimum size that could be reliably produced. The smallest transistors and other circuit elements on a chip made with this process were around 3 micrometers wide.

Products featuring 3 μm manufacturing process
 Intel's 8085, 8086, 8088 CPU's launched in 1976, 1978, 1979, respectively, were manufactured using its 3.2 μm NMOS (HMOS) process. .
 Hitachi's 4kbit HM6147 SRAM memory chip, launched in 1978, introduced the twin-well CMOS process, at 3 μm.
 Motorola 68000 (MC68000) CPU, launched in 1979, was originally fabricated using an HMOS process with a 3.5 μm feature size.
 The ARM1 was launched in 1985 and manufactured on a 3μm process.

References

03000
Computer-related introductions in 1975
10 µm process. The 10 μm process (10 micrometer process) is the level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was commercially reached around 1971, by companies such as RCA and Intel.

The 10 μm process refers to the minimum size that could be reliably produced: the half-pitch, which is the distance between two 1-metal lanes, center to center, and the gate length of a transistor; those two values used to be identical in early nodes. The smallest transistors and other circuit elements on a chip made with this process were around 10 micrometers wide.

Products featuring 10 μm manufacturing process
 RCA's CD4000 series of integrated circuits began with a 20μm process in 1968, before gradually downscaling and eventually reaching 10μm in the next several years.
 Intel 1103, an early dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chip launched in 1970, used an 8μm process.
 Intel 4004 CPU launched in 1971 was manufactured using a 10μm process. 
 Intel 8008 CPU launched in 1972 was manufactured using this process.

References

External links
Brief timeline of microprocessor development

10000
1971 introductions
Sundstrand Corporation. Sundstrand Corporation was founded in 1926 as a merger of two companies started by Swedish immigrants: the Rockford Tool Company and the Rockford Milling Machine Company in Rockford, Illinois.  It was known as Sundstrand Machine Tool Company until 1959 when shareholders voted to change the name to Sundstrand Corporation.

Sundstrand was a manufacturer of aerospace and industrial products. Aerospace products included emergency power and secondary power systems, while industrial products included electric power generating systems, constant speed drives, and gas turbine engines.

It also owned and operated a technology business that provided in-flight entertainment programming as well as video and audio playback equipment for the airline industry. Sony purchased the business from Sundstrand in 1989, renaming it Sony Trans Com, and subsequently sold it to Rockwell Collins in 2000.

In 1999, when United Technologies Corporation acquired Sundstrand, it merged with Hamilton Standard creating Hamilton Sundstrand.

References 

History of Sundstrand Machine Tool Co. 1910-1966, by Fred R. Swanson, 1987. (private website). 
Hamilton Sundstrand History

Defunct companies based in Illinois
Companies based in Rockford, Illinois
GOS. GOS may refer to:

Science and technology 
 gOS (operating system), a Linux distribution
 Gadolinium oxysulfide, an inorganic compound
 Galactooligosaccharide, carbohydrates found in milk
 Geographical Operations System, mapping and database software for telecommunications companies
 Global Ocean Sampling Expedition, an expedition assessing the genetic diversity in marine microbial communities
 Grade of service, a probability used in telecommunications to express the quality of voice service
 Grid-oriented storage, a dedicated data storage architecture for grid computers
 Galactic O star catalogue, an astronomical catalogue
 Glasgow Outcome Scale, for cerebral trauma

Other uses
 Gos (bird), also known as the northern goshawk
 Gos (Fils), a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, tributary of the Fils
 General ophthalmic services, health care services for the eyes
 Georgia Ornithological Society, in Georgia, United States
 Gloucestershire Old Spots, a breed of domestic pig
 Government Offices for the English Regions (GOs), former governmental organizations
 Grange-over-Sands railway station, in England
 Green Oasis School, in Shenzhen, China
 Gronings dialect of Low German
 Gross operating surplus, the surplus due to owners of incorporated businesses
 Somersby Airfield, IATA airport code "GOS"
German submarine U-777. German submarine U-777 was a German Type VIIC U-boat built in World War II, launched on 25 March 1944, and commissioned on 9 May, by its sole commander, Oberleutnant zur See Günter Ruperti.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-777 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-777 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one  Flak M42 and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

It underwent training with the 31st U-boat Flotilla, but did not participate in any patrols during its five-month career of active service. It was destroyed at 20:02 hours on the night of 15/16 October 1944, during a British air raid on Wilhelmshaven, Germany, at position . One crewman was killed.

Other notes
Despite the fact that many other U-boats lost men due to accident, disease and various other causes, the crew of U-777 did not suffer any casualties until she was destroyed and was sunk.
The commander of the ship, Günter Ruperti, also commanded  during World War II, by which time he had been promoted to Kapitänleutnant. He commanded U-3039 from March 1945 until May 1945, taking up his post only about five months after U-777 was sunk.

References

Bibliography

 U-Boat Operations of the Second World War, Volume 2: Career Histories, U511-UIT25

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1944
U-boats sunk in 1944
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
1944 ships
Ships built in Wilhelmshaven
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
Maritime incidents in October 1944
Maritime incidents in December 1945
Quinhydrone electrode. The quinhydrone electrode may be  used to measure the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of a solution  containing an acidic substance.

Principles and operation
Quinones form a quinhydrone cocrystal by formation of hydrogen bonding between ρ-quinone and ρ-hydroquinone. An equimolar mixture of ρ-quinones and ρ-hydroquinone in contact with an inert metallic electrode, such as antimony, forms what is known as a quinhydrone electrode.  Such devices can be used to measure the pH of solutions. Quinhydrone electrodes provide fast response times and high accuracy. However, it can only measure pH in the range of 1 to 9 and the solution must not contain a strong oxidizing or reducing agent.  

A platinum wire electrode is immersed in a saturated aqueous solution of quinhydrone, in which there is the following equilibrium

   + 2H+ +2e−.

The potential difference between the platinum electrode and a reference electrode is dependent on the activity, , of hydrogen ions in the solution.

 (Nernst equation)

Limitations
The quinhydrone electrode provides an alternative to the most commonly used glass electrode. however, it is not reliable above pH 8 (at 298 K) and cannot be used with solutions that contain a strong oxidizing or reducing agent.

References 

Electroanalytical chemistry devices
Electrodes
Thermophysics. Thermophysics is the application of thermodynamics to geophysics and to planetary science more broadly. It may also be used to refer to the field of thermodynamic and transport properties.

Remote sensing 
Earth thermophysics is a branch of geophysics that uses the naturally occurring surface temperature as a function of the cyclical variation in solar radiation to characterise planetary material properties.

Thermophysical properties are characteristics that control the diurnal, seasonal, or climatic surface and subsurface temperature variations (or thermal curves) of a material. The most important thermophysical property is thermal inertia, which controls the amplitude of the thermal curve and albedo (or reflectivity), which controls the average temperature.

This field of observations and computer modeling was first applied to Mars due to the ideal atmospheric pressure for characterising granular materials based upon temperature. The Mariner 6, Mariner 7, and Mariner 9 spacecraft carried thermal infrared radiometers, and a global map of thermal inertia was produced from modeled surface temperatures collected by the Infrared Thermal Mapper Instruments (IRTM) on board the Viking 1 and 2 Orbiters.

The original thermophysical models were based upon the studies of lunar temperature variations. Further development of the models for Mars included surface-atmosphere energy transfer, atmospheric back-radiation, surface emissivity variations, CO2 frost and blocky surfaces, variability of atmospheric back-radiation, effects of a radiative-convective atmosphere, and single-point temperature observations.

References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Geophysics
Light curtain. A light curtain is a safety device that detects when a beam of infrared light has been broken by a person passing through an area.

Light curtains, now more commonly known as opto-electronic devices, are used to safeguard personnel in the vicinity of moving machinery with the potential to cause harm such as presses, winders and palletisers. Light curtains can be used as an alternative to mechanical barriers and other forms of traditional machine guarding. By reducing the need for physical guards and barriers, light curtains can increase the maintainability of the equipment they are guarding. The operability and efficiency of machinery can also be improved by the use of light curtains by, for example, allowing easier access for semi-automatic procedures.

History
The concept was first introduced as a "light barrier" by German inventor Erwin Sick in 1972 when he formally described this device in a patent application as:

A year later, he followed up by also applying his patent idea in China, Italy, Japan, United States, Sweden and Great Britain.

This invention substantially lowered the costs of safeguarding personnel without adversely affecting the high requirements of reliability and safety which were until than relied upon such screens. The "Light Barrier" screen was also of compact, neat design and easy to manufacture and introduced the present Light curtain concept of a single energy source in quick temporal succession.

Description
Light curtains fall into a category of equipment known as presence detection devices. Other common presence detection devices are pressure-sensitive safety mats and laser scanners (often used on Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) when in industrial settings). Most important applications of safety relays are in automation industries dealing with robotic cell setup.

Light curtains are supplied as a pair with a transmitter and receiver. The transmitter projects an array of parallel infrared light beams to the receiver which consists of a number of photoelectric cells. When an object breaks one or more of the beams a stop signal is sent to the guarded equipment machine.

The light beams emitted from the transmitter are sequenced, one after the other, and pulsed at a specific frequency. The receiver is designed to only accept the specific pulse and frequency from its dedicated transmitter. This enables the rejection of spurious infrared light and thus enhances their suitability as components within a safety system.

Typically, light curtains are connected to a safety relay which will remove motive power from the hazard in the event that an object is detected. Safety relays can be provided with muting functionality which enables the temporary disabling of the safety function to allow objects to pass through the light curtains without tripping the safety relay. This is particularly useful for machinery which has some semi-automatic procedures.

Standards
The following partial list of standards should be used for guidance when implementing light curtains:

ANSI B11.19
IEC61496-1/-2
IEC/TS 62046;
ISO13855 (EN 999);

References

Occupational safety and health
Safety equipment

de:Lichtvorhang
Bose–Einstein. Bose–Einstein may refer to:

 Bose–Einstein condensate, a phase of matter in quantum mechanics
 Bose–Einstein condensation (network theory), the application of this model in network theory
 Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons
 Bose–Einstein condensation of quasiparticles
 Bose–Einstein correlations
 Bose–Einstein integral
 Bose–Einstein statistics, in particle statistics

See also
Bose (disambiguation)
Einstein (disambiguation)
Boson (disambiguation)
Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist
Albert Einstein (disambiguation)
CURSOR. CURSOR: Programs for PET Computers was an early computer-based "magazine" that was distributed on cassette from 1978 and into the early 1980s. Each issue, consisting of the cassette itself and a short newsletter including a table of contents, contained programs, utilities, and games. Produced for users of the Commodore PET, and available by subscription only, CURSOR was a forerunner of the later disk magazines ("diskmags") that came about as floppy disk drives became common, and eventually ubiquitous, in home and personal computing during the 1980s.

Ron Jeffries and Glen Fisher, of the software company The Code Works of Goleta, California, was CURSOR'''s publisher and editor, respectively.

Each issue came with five or six programs, preceded by a "cover page" program (which was initially a simple animation, but in later issues became more sophisticated, allowing the user to select a program to be loaded from the tape). Among programs circulated by CURSOR included rudimentary animations, such as "Dromeda", which was an adaptation of the film The Andromeda Strain; games, such as a version of the Star Trek text-based campaign game, "Twonky" (a version of Hunt the Wumpus), and "Ratrun", an early dungeon crawl-style game (only with the player as a mouse searching for a piece of cheese in a 3D maze); and simple utility programs such as spreadsheets and code-tweakers (including a utility that allowed the PET to display lower-case lettering). Initially, programs (specifically games and animations) distributed on Cursor did not have sound, as the PET did not initially have this capability. As external audio devices such as Soundware became available for PET models, sound-capable programs began to appear in Cursor; these programs were identified by an exclamation point (!) in the title. For example: "Aliens!" or "Dromeda!".CURSOR was discontinued in the early 1980s when the PET was superseded by other platforms. In total, 30 issues of the magazine were published. Issue #30 had the date May, 1982.

In 1981, McGraw-Hill published the book PET Fun and Games: Selected CURSOR Programs by Jeffries and Fisher (), which included the Commodore Basic source code for 31 of the game programs previously released on CURSOR cassettes. The PET was supplanted by the Commodore 64, which provided color, sound, sprites and color graphics. Jeffries, Fischer and Brian Sawyer wrote Commodore 64 Fun and Games'' ), containing the listings of 35 games in BASIC that utilized the features of the new Commodore.

References

External links
Samples of CURSOR Magazine
Videos of Commodore 64 and PET Programs – Including many Cursor programs
Archived CURSOR issues on the Internet Archive

Commodore 8-bit computer magazines
Disk magazines
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1978
Magazines disestablished in 1982
1978 establishments in the United States
1982 disestablishments in the United States