omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
William Handyside. William Handyside (1793–1850) was a Scottish engineer who was involved in several important construction projects in St. Petersburg.

Biography
Born in Edinburgh on 25 July 1793, to merchant Hugh Handyside and his wife Margaret, he was the eldest brother of Andrew Handyside and nephew of Charles Baird. On a visit to Scotland in 1810, Baird invited William, then a trainee architect, to join his flourishing business in St. Petersburg and live in his household.

His first projects included installing machinery at the imperial arsenal and glassworks and helping build the Elizaveta steamship, launched in 1815. He was a talented engineer and contributed to the development of Baird Works' steamship and steam engine manufacturing. He developed a gas lighting system for the factory and the sugar refining process conceived by Baird. When the company started working with Wilhelm von Traitteur and Pierre Bazaine on the first Russian suspension bridges in the 1820s, Handyside designed a machine to test the chains which is described in Traitteur's writings.

Most famously, Handyside worked with Auguste de Montferrand on the Alexander Column and St. Isaac's Cathedral. His experience was the basis for a paper presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers describing "methods of hauling large monoliths". In 1835, a "communication" was read to the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh describing
" ...the cutting and erection of the great Pillar at St Peterburgh in memory of Alexander the I, Emperor of Russia, by Wm. Handyside, Esq. Engineer, St Petersburgh, who was engaged on that occasion, and more particularly in the casting of the Bronze work." (original spelling)

Handyside had a leading role in designing the large iron structure of the cathedral of St. Isaac dome, gilding it and casting the bronze ornamentation, though Francis Baird oversaw the later stages of this process. He worked on the ground level colonnade of pillars and the columns supporting the dome and devised special machinery to help with construction.

After Baird's death in 1843, William and Andrew Handyside both returned to the UK though other Handyside brothers remained in Russia. William retired, while taking some part in the proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers which he had belonged to since 1822.

He died on 26 May 1850 at his mother's Edinburgh home, where she had died the preceding month.

Family
Later, in 1829, Handyside married Sophia Gordon Busch and had four children.

Notes

References

Scotsman archives

See also
Moika River

1793 births
1850 deaths
19th-century Scottish people
Engineers from Edinburgh
19th century in Saint Petersburg
Scottish civil engineers
British expatriates in the Russian Empire
Corey–Winter olefin synthesis. The Corey–Winter olefin synthesis (also known as Corey–Winter–Eastwood olefination) is a series of chemical reactions for converting 1,2-diols into olefins. It is named for the American chemist and Nobelist Elias James Corey and the American-Estonian chemist Roland Arthur Edwin Winter.

Often, thiocarbonyldiimidazole is used instead of thiophosgene as shown above, since thiophosgene has a similar toxicity profile as phosgene, whereas thiocarbonyldiimidazole is a much safer alternative.

Mechanism
The reaction mechanism involves the formation of a cyclic thiocarbonate from the diol and thiophosgene. The second step involves treatment with trimethyl phosphite, which attacks the sulfur atom, producing S=P(OMe)3 (driven by the formation of a strong P=S double bond) and leaving a carbene. This carbene collapses with loss of carbon dioxide to give the olefin.

An alternative mechanism does not involve a free carbene intermediate, but rather involves attack of the carbanion by a second molecule of trimethylphosphite with concomitant cleavage of the sulfur-carbon bond. The phosphorus stabilized carbanion then undergoes an elimination to give the alkene, along with an acyl phosphite, which then decarboxylates. 

The Corey-Winter olefination is a stereospecific reaction: a trans-diol gives a trans-alkene, while a cis-diol gives a cis-alkene as the product. For instance, cis- and trans-1,2-cyclodecanediol gives the respective cis- and trans-cyclodecene.

References

Olefination reactions
Elimination reactions
Organic redox reactions
Name reactions
Artificial sunlight. Artificial sunlight is the use of a light source to simulate sunlight where the unique characteristics of sunlight are needed, but where sufficient natural sunlight is unavailable or infeasible. A device used to simulate sunlight is a solar simulator.

Composition of natural sunlight

The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation striking the Earth's atmosphere is 100 to 1,000,000 nanometers (nm). This can be divided into five regions in increasing order of wavelengths:
 Ultraviolet C (UVC) range: 100–290 nm
 Ultraviolet B (UVB) range: 290–320 nm
 Ultraviolet A (UVA) range: 320–400 nm
 Visible range or light: 400–700 nm
 Infrared range. It is further divided into three types on the basis of wavelength:
 Infrared-A: 700–1,400 nm
 Infrared-B: 1,400–3,000 nm
 Infrared-C: 3,000–1,000,000 nm

Applications

Illumination

It has been claimed that artificial light-sources whose spectra most closely mimic the spectrum of terrestrial sunlight are good for human health and productivity. Such sources give full-spectrum light.

Light therapy

Artificial sunlight is useful in treating and preventing seasonal affective disorder (also known as winter depression, which causes depression symptoms specifically in winter), and delayed sleep phase syndrome, in which the circadian rhythm (the rhythmic alternation between daylight and nighttime behavior and bodily states) is disturbed and the person falls asleep much later than he or she wants.

Artificial sunlight may also be useful in reducing the severity of jet lag.

Aquarium lighting

Different corals in a reef aquarium require different lighting conditions. Most corals depend symbiotically on zooxanthellae, a type of alga. The zooxanthellae require light to perform photosynthesis, and they provide the coral polyps with simple carbohydrates. A technique employing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) allows microprocessor control of the parameters of lighting, such as warmth and coolness of color, which facilitates the simulation of daybreak, sunset, and lunar phases. Some animals, such as the red-eared slider turtle, also benefit from such aquarium lights.

Product testing

Testing the efficacy of sunscreens requires the use of solar simulators.

Manufacturers of solar cells must test the overall efficiency of the cells. They require to be tested indoors, which has traditionally been performed using mostly Sulphur plasma lamps or xenon arc lamp.

Within the automotive industry, solar simulation tests are used to ensure automotive system reliability and functionality.

Artificial sunlight (solar simulators) are also used for sun light exposure testing and of color fastness and material stability for textile, plastics and paints.

References

Lighting
Specialty engineering. In the domain of systems engineering, Specialty Engineering is defined as and includes the engineering disciplines that are not typical of the main engineering effort.  More common engineering efforts in systems engineering such as hardware, software, and human factors engineering may be used as major elements in a majority of systems engineering efforts and therefore are not viewed as "special".  

Examples of specialty engineering include electromagnetic interference, safety, and physical security.

Less common engineering domains such as electromagnetic interference, electrical grounding, safety, security, electrical power filtering/uninterruptible supply, manufacturability, and environmental engineering may be included in systems engineering efforts where they have been identified to address special system implementations. These less common but just as important engineering efforts are then viewed as "specialty engineering".

However, if the specific system has a standard implementation of environmental or security for example, the situation is reversed and the human factors engineering or hardware/software engineering may be the "specialty engineering" domain. 

The key take away is; the context of the system engineering project and unique needs of the project are fundamental when thinking of what are the specialty engineering efforts.  

The benefit of citing "specialty engineering" in planning is the notice to all team levels that special management and science factors may need to be accounted for and may influence the project.

Specialty engineering may be cited by commercial entities and others to specify their unique abilities.

References
Eisner, Howard. (2002). "Essentials of Project and Systems Engineering Management". Wiley. p. 217.

Systems engineering
Engineering disciplines
Lithium amide. Lithium amide or lithium azanide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a white solid with a tetragonal crystal structure. Lithium amide can be made by treating lithium metal with liquid ammonia:

Lithium amide decomposes into ammonia and lithium imide upon heating.

Applications
Lithium amide, when mixed with lithium hydride, shows applications in hydrogen storage.The reaction begins with lithium amide's decomposition into ammonia and lithium imide. Lithium hydride then deprotonates ammonia to form lithium amide. The reverse reaction can occur between hydrogen and the lithium imide side product.

Other lithium amides
The conjugate bases of amines are known as amides. Thus, a lithium amide may also refer to any compound in the class of the lithium salt of an amine. These compounds have the general form , with the chemical lithium amide itself as the parent structure. Common lithium amides include lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), lithium tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP), and lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS). They are produced by the reaction of Li metal with the appropriate amine:

Lithium amides are very reactive compounds. Specifically, they are strong bases.

Examples
Lithium tetramethylpiperidide has been crystallised as a tetramer. On the other hand, the lithium derivative of bis(1-phenylethyl)amine crystallises as a trimer:

It is also possible to make mixed oligomers of metal alkoxides and amides. These are related to the superbases, which are mixtures of metal alkoxides and alkyls. The cyclic oligomers form when the nitrogen of the amide forms a sigma bond to a lithium, while the nitrogen lone pair binds to another metal centre.

Other organolithium compounds (such as BuLi) are generally considered to exist in and function via high-order, aggregated species.

See also
 Sodium amide
 Potassium amide
 Butyllithium
 Lithium imide
 Lithium nitride

References

 Merck Index, 11th Edition, 5398.

External links

Lithium salts
Metal amides
Figure of merit. A figure of merit (FOM) is a performance metric that characterizes the performance of a device, system, or method, relative to its alternatives.

Examples
Accuracy of a rifle
Audio amplifier figures of merit such as gain or efficiency
Battery life of a laptop computer
Calories per serving
Clock rate of a CPU is often given as a figure of merit, but is of limited use in comparing between different architectures. FLOPS may be a better figure, though these too are not completely representative of the performance of a CPU.
Contrast ratio of an LCD
Frequency response of a speaker
Fill factor of a solar cell
Resolution of the image sensor in a digital camera
Measure of the detection performance of a sonar system, defined as the propagation loss for which a 50% detection probability is achieved
Noise figure of a radio receiver
The thermoelectric figure of merit, zT, a material constant proportional to the efficiency of a thermoelectric couple made with the material
The figure of merit of digital-to-analog converter, calculated as (power dissipation)/(2ENOB × effective bandwidth) [J/Hz]
Luminous efficacy of lighting
Profit of a company
Residual noise remaining after compensation in an aeromagnetic survey
Heat absorption and transfer quality for a solar cooker

Computational benchmarks are synthetic figures of merit that summarize the speed of algorithms or computers in performing various typical tasks.

References

Engineering ratios
Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17. Space Launch Complex 17 (SLC-17), previously designated Launch Complex 17 (LC-17), was a launch site at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Florida used for Thor and Delta launch vehicles launches between 1958 and 2011.

It was built in 1956 for use with the PGM-17 Thor missile, the first operational ballistic missile in the arsenal of the United States. More recently the launch complex has been used for vehicles in the Delta launch vehicle family, derived from the Thor missile, to launch probes to the Moon and planets, solar observatories and weather satellites.

SLC-17 features two expendable launch vehicle (ELV) launch pads, 17A and 17B. The pads were operated by the 45th Space Wing and have supported more than 300 Department of Defense, NASA and commercial missile and rocket launches. Following the last military launch, in August 2009, SLC-17A was withdrawn from use, and LC-17B was transferred to NASA (SLC-17B) for two remaining launches.

Pad 17A supported its first Thor missile launch on 3 August 1957, and Pad 17B supported its first Thor launch on 25 January 1957. The site was upgraded in the early 1960s to support a variety of more modern ELVs, which were derived from the basic Thor booster. The modern ELVs based on Thor came to be called the Delta family of launch vehicles.

Thirty-five early Delta rocket missions were launched from Complex 17 between the beginning of 1960 and the end of 1965. At that time the complex was operated by the US Air Force. The US Air Force transferred Launch Complex 17A to NASA (SLC-17A) in 1965, but the site was returned to the US Air Force in 1988 to support the Delta II program.

As Delta II launches continued over the next decades, Pad 17B was modified in 1997 to support a new, more powerful launch vehicle, the Delta III, which made its maiden flight from the complex on 26 August 1998. The launch ended in failure, as did a second launch the next year. After a third launch on 23 August 2000 placed a mass simulator into a lower than planned orbit, the program was abandoned.

Among the major NASA missions launched from the complex were the Explorer and Pioneer space probes, all of the Orbiting Solar Observatories, the Solar Maximum Mission, biological satellites (Biosatellite program), the International Cometary Explorer (ICE), the TIROS and GOES meteorology satellites, and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity.

On 10 September 2011, a Delta II 7920H-10C made the final launch from SLC-17B, carrying NASA's GRAIL spacecraft. All remaining Delta II launches were made from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

At 11:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. EDT) on 12 July 2018, both launch towers had been demolished via controlled demolition to make way for Moon Express to build and test its lunar lander.

Launch history

SLC-17A

SLC-17B

References

External links 
Video of demolition of Launch Complex 17

Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
Time between overhauls. Time between overhauls (abbreviated as TBO or TBOH) is the manufacturer's recommended number of running hours or calendar time before an aircraft engine or other component requires overhaul.

On rotorcraft, many components have recommended or mandatory TBOs, including main rotor blades, tail rotor blades and gearboxes.

For engines, the time between overhauls is generally a function of the complexity of the engine and how it is used. Piston-based engines are much more complex than turbine-powered engines, and generally have TBOs on the order of 1,200 to 2,000 hours of running time. They tend toward the lower number if they are new designs, or include boosting options such as a turbocharger. In comparison, jet engines and turboprops have TBOs from 3,000 hours up to 16,000 hours or more.

Since overhauling requires that the engine be disassembled, parts inspected and measured, and many parts replaced, it is typically a labour-intensive and hence expensive operation. The value of a used engine decreases as hours increase since its last overhaul, so sellers of used engines (and aircraft) typically list the engine's time since major overhaul (SMOH) when advertising the engine (or the aircraft it is fitted in) for sale.

The TBO is a time "recommended" by the manufacturer, and depending upon what rules the aircraft operates under, overhauling the engine at this time is not necessarily mandatory. Depending on the country of registration, aircraft in non-commercial use overhauls may not be mandatory; overhauls at the scheduled times are nevertheless highly recommended for reliability and safety. Likewise, overhaul at the TBO does not guarantee that the engine will last that long.

References

External links
What Makes an Engine Airworthy? AOPA

Aircraft engines
Aircraft maintenance
Zelzal-2. Zelzal-2/Mushak-200 (Persian: زلزال-۲, meaning "Earthquake") is an Iranian unguided long-range artillery rocket. The Zelzal-2 is a 610 mm truck-launched rocket that has a payload of 600 kg and a range of about 200 km. Development of the Zelzal series began in 1990 and the Zelzal-2 was first shown in 1998. It is developed from the Zelzal-1 and was developed into the Zelzal-3. It has been exported to Syria, Hezbollah, and the Houthis, and has seen combat use in the Syrian Civil War and Yemeni Civil War.

The rocket is thought to be based on the Soviet 9K52 Luna-M rocket.

Variants

Maysaloun missile
A Syrian version of the system, called Maysaloun missile, was named after the Battle of Maysalun. Basic technology of the Syrian version is based on the Iranian Zelzal-2 and was first revealed in 2012. 

Basic variant of the missile has the power to have a maximum range of 130 or 210 km and 600 kg warhead weight. The missile has CEP of 300 m, and destruction radius of 600 m in the basic variant. It uses solid-propellant engine and therefore does not require more than 15 minutes to launch. This Syrian missile is a downgraded M-600 missile without the high accuracy targeting system used for less important targets. Improved variants of the missile are tactical short-range ballistic missiles and have a range of 400 km and 600 km.

Manufactured in Syria by the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center and Syrian Defense Industries.

Operators

Non-state operators
  Hezbollah
  Houthis

See also
 Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
 Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran
 Defense industry of Iran
 Equipment of the Iranian Army
 Fateh-110
 Zelzal-1
 Zelzal-3

References

External links

Weapons of Iran
Hezbollah rocket systems
Ballistic missiles of Iran
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
NZR EO class (1923). The NZR EO class of 1923 were electric locomotives used on the steep Otira to Arthurs Pass section of the Midland Line in New Zealand. They were primarily needed for pulling trains through the 1 in 33 grade  Otira Tunnel which was too long and steep to allow steam locomotives to be used.

Introduction
When the Otira tunnel was being built, steam locomotives were not considered for use in the tunnel, because smoke would build up in the tunnel and be difficult to clear. 

The English Electric Company, of London, won the contract to supply six electric locomotives, the installation of overhead contact wires, and the building of a coal-fired electric power station at Otira (see Otira Tunnel.  On 10 April 1923 six electric locomotives arrived, numbered E 2 to E 6 (1 was the Class E battery electric loco built in 1922). 

They were later reclassified EO to avoid confusion with the EC class locomotives.

Service
The locomotives coped well in service, and from 1942 it became standard practice to run three locomotives together with only two pantographs up, and have their pantographs linked by jumper cables. This was deemed dangerous and soon each locomotive ran with its own pantograph up. 

This often resulted in heavy sparking, so they were run as a set of three locos in multiple-unit control with a two-man crew (an uphill driver and a downhill driver) and one driver sitting in each end cab. They had been altered in 1940 to a single cab design. Eastbound trains were reduced to smaller loads, usually with different train numbers. With 14 timetabled trips a day this was over 5,000 tons eastward daily. Westbound empties or loaded goods trains generally came down as complete trains.

They were referred to as "trams", a term carried over to the 1968 Toshiba replacements.

Withdrawal and preservation
The class were replaced in April 1968 by the EA locomotives (which were later re-designated as the EO class of 1968). All but one were scrapped.

EO 3 was preserved by the Canterbury Railway Society. The locomotive arrived at the Ferrymead Heritage Park in 1972 and was restored to operating order in 1977. The locomotive has had the removed cab restored to the original style and carries its original number E 3 on that end of the locomotive. The loco received a Restoration Award from the National Federation of Railway Societies in 1996 and today can be seen operating on the Ferrymead Railway.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
Photo of coal-fired electric power station at Otira c1928

Bo-Bo locomotives
English Electric locomotives
1500 V DC locomotives
Electric locomotives of New Zealand
3 ft 6 in gauge locomotives of New Zealand
Railway locomotives introduced in 1923
XTX. XTX is a computer-on-module (COM) standard for x86-based embedded devices.  XTX adds PCI-Express, SATA, and LPC capabilities. The standard was promulgated by Advantech Corporation, Ampro, and Congatec.

References

External links

 
 "Next-gen computer module standard gains momentum" on LinuxDevices.com
 Supplier of Extreme Rugged and Industrial XTX products

Motherboard form factors
Computer standards
Soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere. Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway. The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water potential inside leaves, leads to a diffusion gradient across the stomatal pores of leaves, drawing water out of the leaves as vapour. As water vapour transpires out of the leaf, further water molecules evaporate off the surface of mesophyll cells to replace the lost molecules since water in the air inside leaves is maintained at saturation vapour pressure. Water lost at the surface of cells is replaced by water from the xylem, which due to the cohesion-tension properties of water in the xylem of plants pulls additional water molecules through the xylem from the roots toward the leaf.

Components
The transport of water along this pathway occurs in components, variously defined among scientific disciplines:
 Soil physics characterizes water in soil in terms of tension, 
 Physiology of plants and animals characterizes water in organisms in terms of diffusion pressure deficit, and
 Meteorology uses vapour pressure or relative humidity to characterize atmospheric water. 

SPAC integrates these components and is defined as a:
	
...concept recognising that the field with all its components (soil, plant, animals and the ambient atmosphere taken together) constitutes a physically integrated, dynamic system in which the various flow processes involving energy and matter occur simultaneously and independently like links in the chain. 
 

This characterises the state of water in different components of the SPAC as expressions of the energy level or water potential of each. Modelling of water transport between components relies on SPAC, as do studies of water potential gradients between segments.

See also
 Ecohydrology
 Evapotranspiration
 Hydraulic redistribution; a parameter now being considered in the soil-plant-atmosphere modeling community
 Transpiration stream

References

Climatology
Ecological processes
Hydrology
Soil physics
Water and the environment
Plant physiology