omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of aircraft used in China before 1937. This is a partial list of aircraft acquired in China prior to the start of the Second Sino-Japanese war on 7 July 1937, and an incomplete list of Chinese warlords involved in the acquisition of these aircraft, many for the inventory of their own aviation/combat units.

Aeromarine 39B
Aichi AB-3
Ansaldo A.300-4
Armstrong Whitworth Atlas
Armstrong Whitworth A.W.16
Arrow Sport
Ansaldo SVA
Avro 504
Avro 594 Avian IV
Avro 621 Tutor
Avro 624 Six
BFW M.23
Blackburn Lincock III
Boeing 218
Boeing Model 281
Boeing 247
Breda Ba.25
Breda Ba.27
Breda Ba.28
Breguet 14
Breguet 19
Breguet 273
Caudron C.59
Caudron G.2
Caudron G.3
Caudron G.4
Caproni Ca.101
Caproni Ca.111
Curtiss Shrike
Curtiss Condor II
Curtiss Hawk II
Curtiss Hawk III
Curtiss Model D
Curtiss Falcon
Curtiss HS-2L
Curtiss JN-4
Curtiss Robin
de Havilland Dragon Rapide
de Havilland Gipsy Moth
de Havilland Moth
de Havilland Puss Moth
Dewoitine D.27C
Douglas DC-2
Douglas O-2MC
Etrich Taube
Fairchild KR-34CA
Fairey Fox III, IV
Fiat B.R.3
Fiat C.R.30
Fiat C.R.32
Fleet Model 7
Fleet Model 10
Flushing AP-1
Focke-Wulf S 24
Focke-Wulf Fw 44
Fokker C.V
Fokker Super Universal
Friesley Falcon
Handley Page Type O/7
Heinkel He 66
Heinkel He 111A
Heinkel He 116
Junkers F.13
Junkers W 33
Junkers W 34
Junkers A 20
Junkers A 35 
Junkers Ju 52
Junkers Ju 86
Junkers Ju 160
Junkers K 47
Junkers K 53
Klemm L 26 II
Loening-Keystone C2H Air Yacht
Martin B-10
Messerschmitt M 18d  
Morane-Saulnier M.S.225
Nakajima Ko-4 (Nieuport-Delage NiD.29)
Naval Air Establishment Beeng
Naval Air Establishment Chiang Hung
Naval Air Establishment Char
Naval Air Establishment Chiang Gaen
Naval Air Establishment Chiang Hau
Naval Air Establishment Ding
Naval Air Establishment Nin Hai
Naval Air Establishment Wu
Naval Air Establishment Yee
Northrop Alpha
Northrop 2E, 2F Gamma
Polikarpov R-1
Polikarpov R-5
Polikarpov U-2
Potez 25
Potez 36
Raab-Katzenstein RK.2 Pelikan
Rumpler Taube
Ryan B-1 Brougham
Schoettler I
Schreck FBA.17
Savoia-Marchetti S.72
Sikorsky S-38-BH 
Stinson SM-1F Detroiter
Udet U 12 Flamingo
Vickers Vimy Commercial
Vickers VIM
Vought V.65C Corsair
Waco 240-A/CSO Straightwing
Waco ATO Taperwing
Waco CTO Taperwing
Westland Wapiti VIII

Warlord air forces of China 
Bai Chongxi/Li Zongren (Guangxi Clique)
Cao Kun/Feng Yuxiang (Zhili Clique)
Chen Jitang (Guangdong Clique)
Duan Qirui (Beiyang Clique)
Liu Xiang (Sichuan Clique)
Lu Yongxiang (Anhui Clique)
Tang Jiyao (Yunnan Clique)
Zhang Zuolin (Fengtian Clique)
Sheng Shicai (Xinjiang Clique)

Various aircraft in Chinese provincial/warlord service, along with overseas-Chinese volunteer pilots, had crossed-over into the centralized command (ROCAF) of the nominally Nationalist Air Force of China by 1937 in preparations for the impending war against the Empire of Japan.

See also 
 Air Warfare of WWII from the Sino-Japanese War perspective
 Feng Ru
 Zee Yee Lee
 Etienne Tsu
 Wong Tsu
 Sen Yet Young
 World War II equipment used by Chinese forces

References

China aircraft used before 1937
Aircraft
James Fortescue Flannery. Sir James Fortescue Flannery, 1st Baronet (16 December 1851 – 5 October 1943) was an English engineer and naval architect, and Liberal Unionist (later Conservative Party) politician.

Flannery was born in Liverpool, the son of Capt. John Flannery of Seacombe. Educated at the Liverpool College of Science and Victoria University, he worked in Birkenhead and was subsequently engaged by Sir Edward J Reid KCS later Chief Constructor of H.M Navy. He was head of Flannery, Baggally & Johnson Marine Engineering, which eventually opened offices in London, Liverpool and Rotterdam. and a Director of London and South Western Bank.  Between 1900 and 1906 he was President of the Railway Clerks' Association. He was President of the Institute of Marine Engineers 1914, and later President of the Society of Consulting Engineers 1931.

He was appointed J.P for Surrey 1892,  for Kent in 1895,  knighted  in 1899,  and appointed JP for Essex in 1904.

He was elected at the 1895 general election as Member of Parliament for Shipley in West Yorkshire, holding the seat until the 1906 general election. He returned to Parliament at the January 1910 election as Conservative Party MP for Maldon in Essex.

In the latter constituency he fought the 1918 election as a Coalition Conservative candidate, winning with a majority of 1823, but passing the baton over to Edward Ruggles-Brise for the 1922 election.

Created a baronet in 1904, of Wethersfield Manor, Essex, he was also Lord of the Manor of Wethersfield. In 1882 he married Edith Mary Emma, daughter of Osborn Jenkyn of Ealing who predeceased him by eight years.
Flannery died in October 1943 aged 91 leaving an estate valued at over £400,000, £150,000 being paid in tax. His son Sir Harold (born 1883) was given a life interest in the estate and provision was made through a trust fund for daughters Kathleen Edith (Hartridge) and Enid Fortescue (Lindsay). The family sold the Wethersfield property in 1957.
The terms of Flannery's will display a remarkable concern about premature burial with clear instructions as to how his body should be treated prior to interment.

References

Sources
 Essex in the 20th Century, WT Pike & Co.: London (1909).

External links 
 
 

1851 births
1943 deaths
British naval architects
Engineers from Merseyside
English justices of the peace
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Knights Bachelor
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
Members of Parliament for Maldon
Presidents of the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association
David E. Gratz. David Elson Gratz (July 7, 1927, in Columbus, Ohio – October 19, 2017) was a professional engineer best known for his work on, and notable for his extensive historical documentation of, the Monongahela Railway.  He currently resides in Brownsville, Pennsylvania.

After graduating in 1950 from the University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Gratz started his lifelong career in railroading, working on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.  In 1957, he began work in the engineering department of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad.  Later that year, he became Track Supervisor of the Maintenance of Way Department of the Monongahela Railway.  In 1961 he was promoted to Division Engineer.

In 1974, Gratz was appointed Superintendent of the Monongahela Railway, a position that he held until 1989 when he became the Director of Real Estate and Labor Relations.  He held this position until his retirement in 1992.

After his retirement, Gratz assembled the information that he had gathered across his 35-year affiliation with the Monongahela Railway into a book entitled The Monongahela Railway:  Its History and Operation 1903-1993.  With access to over 11,000 glass plate and acetate negatives dating from the early 1900s, along with additional photographs by co-author Terry E. Arbogast, historic maps, timetables, and other documentations, Gratz produced the comprehensive 212-page book, published in 2003.

Until August 2008 a location on the Loveridge Secondary was named DAVE after Gratz. The switch sat north of Maidsville and was the start of MN Siding. When NS changed from NORAC Operating Rules to Norfolk Southern's own rules, the Block Limit Station was removed and DAVE was taken off of the timetable.

Gratz Died on October 19, 2017, in Brownsville, Pennsylvania.

References

Gratz, David E. and Arbogast, Terry E.. The Monongahela Railway: Its history and operation 1903–1993.

External links
Glenn Tunney's First, Second, and Third articles regarding David Gratz and his book.

1927 births
2017 deaths
21st-century American engineers
University of Pittsburgh alumni
People from Columbus, Ohio
Deep Foundations Institute. Deep Foundations Institute (DFI) is an international association of contractors, engineers, manufacturers, suppliers, academics and owners in the deep foundations industry. 

DFI was incorporated as a 501(c)6 association in January 1976. It was founded by Jack Dougherty and Hal Hunt during the “Pile Talk” seminars and became a multidisciplinary worldwide membership organization.

Technical committees 

 Augered Cast-in-Place and Drilled Displacement Pile
 Anchored Earth Retention
 BIM and Digitalisation (Europe)
 Continuous Flight Auger Pile (India)
 Codes and Standards
 Deep Foundations for Landslides and Slope Stabilization
 Drilled Shaft
 Driven Pile
 Electric Power Foundation Systems
 Geotechnical Characterization for Foundations (India)
 Ground Improvement
 Helical Piles and Tiebacks
 Information Management Systems
 International Grouting
 Manufacturers, Suppliers and Service Providers
 Micropile
 Risk and Contracts
 Seismic and Lateral Loads
 Structural Slurry Wall and Seepage Control
 Soil Mixing
 Subsurface Characterization for Deep Foundations
 Sustainability
 Testing and Evaluation
 Tunneling and Underground
 Women in Deep Foundations

International chapters 
DFI currently supports chapters in Europe, Middle East and India.

 DFI Europe was formed in 2005 as a DFI Regional Chapter for European DFI Members, who enjoy the benefits of joint DFI and DFI Europe membership. DFI Europe’s secretariat is located in Belgium.
 DFI Middle East was formed in 2010 following a successful Piling Summit in Dubai, UAE. The Regional Chapter provides joint membership in DFI and DFI Middle East.
 DFI of India was formed in 2013 following the success of the Deep Foundation Technologies for Infrastructure Development in India held in Chennai, India in 2012. The Regional Chapter provides joint membership in DFI and DFI of India.

References

External links
Deep Foundations Institute Website
DFI Corporate Member Directory of Foundation Specialists
DFI Europe Website
DFI India Website
DFI Educational Trust Webpage

Geotechnical organizations
501(c)(6) nonprofit organizations
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. The Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering publishes papers, reporting basic and applied research and innovation in the field of chemical engineering and related areas.  It was first published by the Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Química, São Paulo, in 1983 as the Revista Brasileira de Engenharia, Caderno de Engenharia Química.  With vol. 11 (1994), it continued as the Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering.

It continues the Revista Brasileira de Engenharia, Caderno de Engenharia Química from 1994 on.

Fulltext of the journal is available via SciElo starting from vol. 14 (1997) to vol. 36 (2019).

From January 2020 on, the journal is published by Springer.

See also 
 Anais da ABQ
 Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
 Química Nova
 Revista Brasileira de Química

References

External links 
 Homepage of the journal (up to December 2019): 
 Homepage of the Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Química (ABEQ): 
 Homepage of the journal (from January 2020):

Chemical engineering journals
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies of Brazil
Academic journals established in 1983
Portuguese-language journals
Disk Masher System. The Disk Masher System (.dms) is an often used method on the Amiga, to create a compressed image of a disk (usually floppy). The disk is read block-by-block, and thus its data structure is maintained. DMS won approval particularly in the demo scene and the Warez scene, since with this tool, disk images could generally be transferred easily with telecommunication modems to mailbox networks like FidoNet for efficient distribution.

The DiskMasher format is copyright-protected and has problems storing particular bit sequences due to bugs in the compression algorithm, but was widely used in the pirate and demo scenes.  To avoid these issues, a number of other disk compressors were developed that used alternative disk reading and compression methods, for instance, xDM or XAD (software).

References

External links
 xDMS - Tool for AmigaOS, MS-DOS  and  Linux for decompressing DMS files.

Archive formats
Capua Leg. The Capua leg was an artificial leg, found in a grave in Capua, Italy in about 1884. Dating from 300 BC, the leg is one of the earliest known prosthetic limbs. There was no sign of an artificial foot which may have been made from a valuable metal. The limb was kept at the Royal College of Surgeons in London, but was destroyed in World War II during an air raid. A copy of the limb is held at the Science Museum, London. and another was made by 3D printing in 2021.

Bibliography
Von Brunn, Walther: Der Stelzfuß von Capua und die antiken Prothesen. In: Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin. Vol. 18, No. 4 (1. November 1926). Stuttgart: Steiner, 1926, pp. 351–360. 
Bliquez, Lawrence J.: Prosthetics in Classical Antiquity: Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Prosthetics. In: Haase, Wolfgang; Temproini, Hildegard (ed.): Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Teil II: Principat, Vol. 37.3. Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, 1996, pp. 2640–2676.

References

Prosthetics
Archaeological artifacts
NComm. NComm is one of the most popular shareware terminal programs used on the Commodore Amiga line of computers, especially for connecting to BBS systems via a modem connected to the telephone line. The program was originally written by Daniel Bloch and further development handed over to  Torkel Lodberg. The last version v3.06 was released in 1996, a public key was released in 1998 to allow full usage.  

The program was reviewed by André Viergever at Amiga Magazine in 1992.

See also 

 Zmodem - File transfer protocol
 CU Amiga Magazine

References 

Terminal emulators
Amiga software
List of Douglas A-20 Havoc operators. List of A-20 Havoc operators identifies the country, military service, and unit that has been supplied or purchased A-20s.

Operators

Australia
Royal Australian Air Force operated 69 Aircraft, 22 DB-7B, 9 A-20C, 9 A-20A and 29 A-20G
No. 22 Squadron RAAF

Brazil
Brazilian Air Force operated 30 A-20K and 1 A-20C
1st Bomb Group Light
2nd Bomb Group Light

Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force
No. 418 Squadron RCAF

France
French Air Force
No. 342 Sqn RAF (Free French)Boston III/IV

Japan
Japanese forces captured some Dutch DB-7B's in Java.
Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

Netherlands
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force received only some of the DB-7Bs shipped in lieu of DC-7Cs actually ordered.

Poland
Polish Air Force in Exile in Great Britain
No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron

South Africa
South African Air Force
24 Squadron SAAF

USSR
Received 2,908 Douglas Havocs, or over one third of total production.
Soviet Air Force
Soviet Naval Air Service
The Soviet Naval Air Service's primary anti-shipping aircraft were Havoc A-20Gs armed with torpedoes and mines.

United Kingdom
Royal Air Force
No. 13 Squadron RAF
No. 14 Squadron RAF
No. 18 Squadron RAF
No. 23 Squadron RAF
No. 55 Squadron RAF
No. 85 Squadron RAF
No. 88 Squadron RAF
No. 93 Squadron RAF
No. 107 Squadron RAF
No. 114 Squadron RAF
No. 226 Squadron RAF
No. 530 Squadron RAF
No. 531 Squadron RAF
No. 532 Squadron RAF
No. 533 Squadron RAF
No. 534 Squadron RAF
No. 535 Squadron RAF
No. 536 Squadron RAF
No. 537 Squadron RAF
No. 538 Squadron RAF (formerly No. 1459 Flight RAF) - Turbinlite
No. 539 Squadron RAF
No. 605 Squadron RAF

United States
United States Army Air Corps
United States Army Air Forces
United States Marine Corps
United States Navy

See also

Douglas A-20 Survivors

Notes

Lists of military units and formations by aircraft
A-20 Havoc
Charles-Nicolas Peaucellier. Charles-Nicolas Peaucellier (16 June 1832 – 4 October 1919) was a French engineer who graduated from the École polytechnique. He made a career in the French army and was promoted to général de division in 1888.

He is best known for the Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage which was partly named after him.

References

French mechanical engineers
1832 births
1913 deaths
French generals
Mercedes-Benz L3000. The Mercedes-Benz L3000 was a 4x2 3-tonne rear axle drive truck used by Nazi Germany in World War II, powered by a Daimler-Benz OM 65/4 74 hp 4-cylinder diesel engine. It was used alongside the Opel Blitz, and proved even more reliable in rough terrain; and was used in all fronts and extensively by the Afrika Korps. It was manufactured in three versions, the L3000, the L3000A, and the L3000S, from 1938 to 1944. When production was discontinued, more than 27,700 L3000 type trucks had been built, making it the most produced Mercedes-Benz truck of World War II.

History 

From 1896, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft built not only passenger cars, but also light and heavy trucks with a payload of up to  for the civilian and military sectors. The Reichswehr also used 3-ton trucks as a personnel carrier. Daimler-Benz in 1934 produced some off-road test vehicles under the name Mercedes-Benz LG 63, which went on to successful testing as a Mercedes-Benz LG 3000 in mass production and were delivered from 1936 to the Wehrmacht, Reichspost, Reichsbahn and business operations.

The L3000 was used in all major theaters of World War II where German forces were deployed, and was also used by civilian fire departments.

Variants 

L3000 - civil version
L3000A - military version with all-wheel drive
L3000S - military version using some standardized parts

Technical data 

() Figures in brackets: For driving offroad

In Popular Culture 
A replica of an L3000 based on the chassis of a GMC CCKW appears in the 1981 film Raiders Of The Lost Ark. It is involved in the film's most famous chase scene.

A modified Lo 2000 or L3000 truck carrying a detachment of SS Einsatzkommandos appears on the village arrival scene of the 1983 British Horror film The Keep, set in Romania in 1941.

See also
Mercedes-Benz Lo 2000

References

Notes

Bibliography 
 Oswald, Werner: Kraftfahrzeuge und Panzer der Reichswehr, Wehrmacht und Bundeswehr. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1982. (in german)
Frank, Reinhard: Mercedes im Kriege - Personenwagen, Lastkraftwagen, Sonderaufbauten. PODZUN-PALLAS-VERLAG, Dorheim. 1985.

External links 
 Mercedes Benz L 3000 S kfz der Wehrmacht
 fahrzeuge der Wehrmacht - Mercedes 3000 (in German)
 Wehrmacht Technik - Technical details, 3 views, pictures of the Mercedes Benz L 3000 (in German)

World War II vehicles of Germany
Military trucks of Germany
L
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
Military vehicles of Germany
John Coulson. John Metcalfe Coulson (13 December 1910 – 6 January 1990)
was a British chemical engineering academic particularly known for co-writing a textbook on chemical engineering with Jack Richardson (published in 1954), which became an established series of texts now known as Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering.

John Coulson was born in Dudley, Worcestershire, the twin brother of Charles Alfred Coulson, the noted chemist. Their father was Alfred Coulson (who became Principal of Dudley Technical College) and their mother was Annie Sincere Hancock, a school headmistress.

He went to Clifton College. He did his first degree at Christ's College, Cambridge, then a postgraduate course in Chemical Engineering at Imperial College followed by research, achieving a PhD in 1935.  He joined the academic staff, achieving the status of Reader.  In 1954 he became the first head of the Department of Chemical Engineering at Newcastle University, where he remained until his retirement in 1975, apart from a secondment to Heriot-Watt University during its formation of a separate department of chemical engineering.

Coulson married twice, first to Dora (died 1961) with whom he had two sons, Anthony and Simon, and then in 1965 to Christine, who survived him.

He was awarded the George E. Davis Medal of the Institution of Chemical Engineers in 1973,  and he received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in the same year.

References
COULSON, Prof. John Metcalfe, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2012

British chemical engineers
Engineering academics
Chemical engineering academics
British textbook writers
People from Dudley
People educated at Clifton College
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Alumni of Imperial College London
Academics of Newcastle University
1910 births
1990 deaths
Jack Richardson (chemical engineer). John Francis Richardson OBE (29 July 1920 – 4 January 2011) was a UK chemical engineering academic, notable for his research into multiphase flow and rheology, but best known for a series of textbooks.

Life
Richardson was born 29 July 1920 in Palmers Green, London, and achieved a first class BSc (Eng) in chemical engineering at Imperial College, London, in 1941 and a PhD at the same institution in 1949. He joined the academic staff and rose to Senior Lecturer.  

In 1946 he was one of the founder members of the Society for International Folk Dancing, along with Joan White, whom he married in 1955.  They were married until his death.  He continued in dancing despite the loss of a leg in 1979. 

In 1960 he was appointed Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering at University College Swansea, where he remained till his retirement in 1987.
In 1969 he was awarded the Arnold Greene Medal of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, and he was its President from 1975 to 1976. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. He was awarded the OBE in the 1981 New Year Honours List for services to industry via his work on various government and other committees.

Richardson died on 4 January 2011.

Publications
A full list was published in Chemical Engineering Research and Design in 2006.

Richardson's first paper was on the fire hazards of liquid methane and further papers on fire hazards followed until 1952 when he began to move into multi-phase flow (particularly gas–liquid flows) and rheology which became his main focus: his research was honoured in two issues of Chemical Engineering Research and Design.  

He co-wrote a textbook on chemical engineering with John Coulson (published in 1954), which developed into an established series of six texts now known as Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering.  (He and Coulson were largely responsible for the contents of the first two volumes: they were editors but not prime authors for the rest of the series of six volumes.) He continued editing the series after the death of Coulson in 1990.

1999 Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering, Volume 1, 6th edition, J.M. Coulson and J.F. Richardson, Butterworth-Heinemann.
2001 Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering. Solutions to the Problems in Volume 1, (with J.R. Backhurst and J.H. Harker), Butterworth-Heinemann.
2002 Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering, Volume 2, 5th, edition, J.M. Coulson and J.F. Richardson, Butterworth-Heinemann.

References

External links
 Obituary in The Telegraph

1920 births
2011 deaths
British chemical engineers
Rheologists
British textbook writers
Academics of Imperial College London
Academics of Swansea University
Alumni of Imperial College London
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Chemical engineering academics