Ecotage. Ecotage ( ) is sabotage carried out for environmental reasons.

Cases

All damage figures below are in United States dollars. Some well-known acts of ecotage have included:

Circa 1969–1985; ecological activist James F. Phillips, operating covertly under the codename "The Fox", carried out a series of ecotage actions and subvertising campaigns against corporations that were polluting the Fox River in Illinois.
1998 – Arson of buildings at Vail Mountain in the United States by the ELF (Earth Liberation Front).
March 11, 1999 – Genetically engineered potatoes uprooted at Crop and Food research centre in New Zealand.
December 25, 1999 – In Monmouth, Oregon, fire destroys the main office of the Boise Cascade logging company costing over $1 million ($ million in  dollars). ELF claims responsibility.
2001 – Members of the ELF were prosecuted for setting off a firebomb that caused $7 million in damages ($ million in  dollars) at the University of Washington's Center for Urban Horticulture.
2003 – On August 1, a 206-unit condominium being built in San Diego, California was burnt down causing damage in excess of $20 million ($ million in  dollars). A 12-foot banner at the scene read "If you build it, we will burn it," signed, "The E.L.F.s are mad."
2003 – On August 22, arsonists associated with the ELF attacked several car dealerships in east suburban Los Angeles, burning down a warehouse and vandalizing over 100 vehicles, most of them SUVs or Hummers (chosen for their notoriously poor fuel efficiency) and causing over $1 million in damage ($ million in  dollars).

In literature and popular culture
In their 1972 environmental-action book Ecotage!, Sam Love and David Obst claimed to have coined the word "ecotage"  by combining "ecology" and "sabotage" to describe a "branch of tactical biology."

In fiction, the practice of ecotage was popularized in Edward Abbey's 1975 anarchistic novel The Monkey Wrench Gang and its sequel Hayduke Lives! (1990). It has also been treated in other novels including Carl Hiaasen's Tourist Season (1986) and Sick Puppy (2000), Neal Stephenson's Zodiac: The Eco-Thriller (1988), T. Coraghessan Boyle's A Friend of the Earth (2000), Dave Foreman's The Lobo Outback Funeral Home (2000), and Richard Melo's Jokerman 8 (2004). Radical depictions of environmental protection also inform major Native American novels including N. Scott Momaday's House Made of Dawn (1968), James Welch's Winter in the Blood (1974), and Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony (1977).

Several books written specifically for children and young adults have also explored radical responses to environmental endangerment including Carl Hiaasen's Hoot! (2002), Flush (2005), and Scat (2009), Claire Dean's Girlwood (2008), S. Terrell French's Operation Redwood (2011), and Silas House and Neela Vaswani's Same Sun Here (2012).

Ecotage is mentioned in the Mars trilogy of science fiction novels by Kim Stanley Robinson as a means of protest shown by the Red political party. Typically the "Reds" would destroy terraforming ventures in an effort to slow the terraforming of Mars.

The Concrete mini series Think Like a Mountain is centred about ecotage aimed to protect first growth forests in the Pacific Northwest.

Ecotage also informs movies such as Choke Canyon (1986) and On Deadly Ground (1994).

See also
Eco-terrorism
Environmental movement
Green Scare
Operation Backfire (FBI)
Radical environmentalism

References

Further reading
 Arridge, Alexander S. "Should We Blow Up a Pipeline?: Ecotage as Other-Defense." Environmental Ethics (2023).
 Bondaroff, Teale Phelps. "Throwing a Wrench Into Things: The Strategy of Radical Environmentalism." Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 10.4 (2008), emphasis on Canada. online

 Diehm, Christian. "Ecotage, ecodefense, and deep ecology." The Trumpeter 27.2 (2011): 61-80 online, a Canadian perspective.

 Plows, Alexandra, Derek Wall, and Brian Doherty. "Covert repertoires: Ecotage in the UK." Social Movement Studies 3.2 (2004): 199-219. online

 Ross, Derek G.  "Monkeywrenching plain language: Ecodefense, ethics, and the technical communication of ecotage." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 58.2 (2015): 154-175 online.
 Sumner, David Thomas, and Lisa M. Weidman. "Eco-terrorism or Eco-tage: An argument for the proper frame." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 20.4 (2013): 855-876. online
 Vanderheiden, Steve. "Eco-terrorism or justified resistance? Radical environmentalism and the 'war on terror'." Politics & society 33.3 (2005): 425-447. online

 Wagner, Travis. "Reframing ecotage as ecoterrorism: News and the discourse of fear." Environmental Communication 2.1 (2008): 25-39.

External links

Ecodefense: A Field Guide To Monkeywrenching - Online text

Eco-terrorism
Radical environmentalism
Protest tactics
1970s neologisms
Sabotage