omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CE.RE.TE.TH. The CEnter for REsearch and TEchnology THessaly, or CE.RE.TE.TH (in Greek, Κ.Ε.Τ.Ε.Α.Θ), is a legal, non profit entity organized under the auspices of the General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT), of the Greek Ministry of Development. CE.RE.TE.TH was established in January 2006. The center's main mission is to conduct basic, applied, and technological research that leads to new products and services with industrial, economic and social impact and supports the R&D needs of local, national, and European industrial and government institutions. CE.RE.TE.TH organization includes four institutes located in the capital cities of the four prefectures of Thessaly region and the central administration located in the city of Volos.

Central Administration
The Central Administration is located in the city of Volos and it is responsible for the administrative operation of the center and the four Institutes. Volos was chosen as the total majority of industry and enterprises are located there.

Mechatronics Institute (IMTRONICS)
The Mechatronics Institute (IMTRONICS) is responsible for the promotion of research and services for innovative applications in areas of Micromechanics, Materials, Nanomaterials, Nanostructures, Information and Telematic Systems, Robotics and control Systems, Embedded Systems and Sensors and Biomechatronics. The institute is located at CE.RE.TE.TH's headquarters in Volos.

Institute of Technology and Management of Agricultural Ecosystems (ITEMA)
The Institute of Technology and Management of Agricultural Ecosystems (ITEMA) is responsible, for the promotion of research and services in the areas of sustainable agricultural production, rural environment and timber technology. It has two departments located in Volos and Karditsa. The Volos department of (ITEMA) addresses research issues related to integrated and organic production of agricultural products, water and land resources, information and computer technologies in agriculture, agricultural constructions and buildings (greenhouses, livestock buildings), safety management and certification, biomass and biofuel production and food health. The Karditsa department of ITEMA studies animal husbandry.

Institute of Human Performance & Rehabilitation (PerfoTech)
The Institute of Human Performance & Rehabilitation (PerfoTech), is responsible for the advancement of research and technologies in areas of human movement biology, aiming at increases in bodily performance potentials and improvements in the quality of life.

References

External links
CERETETH Official website
Description at nozzleinspect.eu

Research institutes in Greece
Science and technology in Greece
Economy of Thessaly
Research institutes established in 2006
Volos
2006 establishments in Greece
Edo OSE. The Edo OSE was a 1940s American single-seat multi-role floatplane designed and manufactured by the Edo Aircraft Corporation.

Design and development

The Edo Aircraft Corporation was an established company that produced seaplane floats.  In 1946, Edo designed its first aircraft, the Edo OSE. Two prototype aircraft (designated XOSE-1) were built and flown in 1946. The XOSE-1 was a single-seat low-wing cantilever monoplane with a single float and fixed wingtip stabilizing floats. The wings could be folded for shipboard storage. The aircraft was designed for a variety of roles including observation and anti-submarine patrols. Unusually, it was designed to carry a rescue cell on the underwing hardpoints, which would be capable of carrying a single person when used for air-sea rescue. Eight production aircraft (designated XOSE-1) were built to a United States Navy order but none were accepted into service. A two-seat training conversion was carried out as the XTE-1, but production TE-2 aircraft were cancelled.

Variants

XS2E-1
Original designation for OSE and TE single seat floatplane scouts.
XOSE-1
Prototypes and production single-seat aircraft redesignated from XS2E-1; eight built.
XOSE-2
Prototype two-seat floatplane scout aircraft, two converted from XOSE-1.
OSE-2
Production two-seat floatplane scout aircraft, four aircraft were assigned Bureau of Aeronautics numbers (BuNos.), but production was cancelled.
XSO2E-1
Original designation for XTE-1 conversions.
XTE-1
Two-seat floatplane trainer conversions, two aircraft converted from the XOSE-1 prototypes.
TE-2
Developed from the TE-1, four aircraft were assigned BuNos., but production was cancelled.

Specifications (XOSE-1)

See also

References

External links

AeroWeb

Floatplanes
1940s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
OSE
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
Interface and colloid science. Interface and colloid science is an interdisciplinary intersection of branches of chemistry, physics, nanoscience and other fields dealing with colloids, heterogeneous systems consisting of a mechanical mixture of particles between 1 nm and 1000 nm dispersed in a continuous medium. A colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture in which the particle size of the substance is intermediate between a true solution and a suspension, i.e. between 1–1000 nm. Smoke from a fire is an example of a colloidal system in which tiny particles of solid float in air. Just like true solutions, colloidal particles are small and cannot be seen by the naked eye. They easily pass through filter paper. But colloidal particles are big enough to be blocked by parchment paper or animal membrane.

Interface and colloid science has applications and ramifications in the chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, ceramics, minerals, nanotechnology, and microfluidics, among others.

There are many books dedicated to this scientific discipline, and there is a glossary of terms, Nomenclature in Dispersion Science and Technology, published by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology.

See also
 Interface (matter)
 Electrokinetic phenomena
 Surface science

References

External links
 Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
 American Chemical Society division of Colloid & Surface Chemistry

Chemical mixtures
Colloidal chemistry
Condensed matter physics
James H. Frame. James Hartwell Frame (1928 - 1997) was a computer pioneer who worked to standardize software development from the more idiosyncratic form of its unstructured early days into a predictable and manageable methodology. He spent the majority of his career with IBM, eventually being recruited by ITT Corporation. Later, he founded a consulting business, James Frame Enterprises.

Early life
Frame was born in 1928 in Chicago, Illinois. In 1950, he graduated from St John's College in Annapolis, Maryland.

Career 
His career in software development management began with IBM in 1956. He worked during the early days of System 360 development. Later, he became the first director of the IBM Santa Teresa Laboratory in Silicon Valley. There, he was responsible for programming language development. 

In 1962, journalist Chet Huntley interviewed Frame along with fellow IBM employees John Iverson, Bill Kelly, Tom McDonald and Warren Hume about the advent of IBM's computer solutions to the small business owner, the IBM 1440 data processing system. The interview features the San Jose facility that developed the 1440.

In 1978, ITT Corporation chairman Harold Geneen recruited Frame to work at ITT as vice-president heading the software division. Frame became one of the early champions of software quality metrics as a solution to the reliability problems plaguing the industry.

Following his corporate career he founded a successful consulting business, James Frame Enterprises (JFE), specializing in assessments and recommendations for improving software development methodologies for corporate clients in the telecom industry.

Late career and death 
In 1986, Frame was given the Award of Merit from the St. John's College Alumni Association.

Frame died in 1997 in East Meredith, New York.

References

1928 births
1997 deaths
IBM employees
People from Chicago
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) alumni
People from Delaware County, New York
ITT Inc. people
PL-5. The PL-5 (霹雳-5) air-to-air missile (PL stands for Pi Li, "Thunderbolt" in Chinese, the generic designation for all PRC air-to-air missiles) is a short-range, Infrared homing missile used by Chinese fighters. It is based on AA-2 Atoll technology and resembles the AIM-9 Sidewinder.
The PL-5 was designed and developed at China's Luoyang Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre (EOTDC), also known as Institute 612; its design team members included Chen Jiali (陈家礼), Dong Chunfeng, Hu Rongchao (胡荣超), Huang Bin, Zhang Ming (张明), and Zheng Zhiwei (郑志伟).  It was reportedly produced at the Hanzhong Nanfeng Machine Factory (also known as the Hanzhong Air-to-Air Missile Factory) of the China Aviation Industry Corporation I.

The PL-5 have been continuously upgraded by Luoyang and the latest variant, the PL-5EII, added a dual band, multi-element detector as well as a laser proximity fuse similar to the PL-9. According to the Chinese export/import agency CATIC, the PL5E has an all-aspect capability with the seeker having a maximum off boresight angle of ±25° before launch, and ±40° after launch.

PLAAF J-10 and J-11 fighter jets mainly use the PL-8 missile, stealth fighters such as the J-20 and J-35 use the PL-10, which are more advanced short-range air-to-air missiles when compared to the PL-5. However, due to greater weight and dimensions of the PL-8 and PL-10 missiles, for F-7 and JH-7, the PL-5, PL-7 and PL-9 are still the preferable air-to-air missile at this stage.

Operators

Current operators
  uses PL-5 and PL-5EII
   PL-5B and PL-5EII
 
 
  900 ordered, PL-5E.
 
 
 
  100 ordered, PL-5E.

References

Works cited
 

 PL-5 SHORT-RANGE AIR-TO-AIR MISSILE, www.sinodefence.com
 Luoyang Optoelectro Technology Development Center PL-5EII

Air-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Short range air-to-air missiles
Rewrite (programming). A rewrite in computer programming is the act or result of re-implementing a large portion of existing functionality without re-use of its source code. When the rewrite uses no existing code at all, it is common to speak of a rewrite from scratch.

Motivations
A piece of software is typically rewritten when one or more of the following apply:
its source code is not available or is only available under an incompatible license
its code cannot be adapted to a new target platform
its existing code has become too difficult to handle and extend
the task of debugging it seems too complicated
the programmer finds it difficult to understand its source code
developers learn new techniques or wish to do a big feature overhaul which requires much change
the programming language of the source code has to be changed

Risks
Several software engineers, such as Joel Spolsky have warned against total rewrites, especially under schedule constraints or competitive pressures. While developers may initially welcome the chance to correct historical design mistakes, a rewrite also discards those parts of the design that work as required. A rewrite commits the development team to deliver not just new features, but all those that exist in the previous code, while potentially introducing new bugs or regressions of previously fixed bugs. A rewrite also interferes with the tracking of unfixed bugs in the old version.

The incremental rewrite is an alternative approach, in which developers gradually replace the existing code with calls into a new implementation, expanding that implementation until it fully replaces the old one. This approach avoids a broad loss of functionality during the rewrite. Cleanroom software engineering is another approach, which requires the team to work from an exhaustive written specification of the software's functionality, without access to its code.

Examples
Netscape's project to improve HTML layout in Navigator 4 has been cited as an example of a failed rewrite. The new layout engine (Gecko) had developed independently from Navigator and did not integrate readily with Navigator's code; hence Navigator itself was rewritten around the new engine, breaking many existing features and delaying release by several months. Meanwhile, Microsoft focused on incremental improvements to Internet Explorer and did not face the same obstacles. Ironically, Navigator itself was a successful cleanroom rewrite of NCSA Mosaic overseen by that program's developers. See Browser wars.

Some projects mentioning major rewrites in their history:

 Apache HTTP Server (1)
 AOL Instant Messenger (1)
 BIND (1)
 Freenet (1)
 GRUB (1)
 Majordomo (1)
 MediaWiki (1)
 Mozilla/Netscape (1)
 Icecast (0–1)
 netcat (1)
 OpenRPG (1)
 PHP (1–2)
 Project Xanadu (0–1)
 Sun Secure Global Desktop (1)
 vBulletin (2)
 WebObjects (1)
 Zope (1)

Techniques 

 Strangler fig pattern

See also
 Code refactoring
 Open source software development
 Technical debt
 Development hell
 Porting
 Game engine recreation
 Reverse engineering

References

External links
RewriteCodeFromScratch at C2 Wiki
Things You Should Never Do, Part I by Joel Spolsky

Computer programming
Richard Roll. Richard Roll (born October 31, 1939) is an American economist and professor of finance at CalTech, best known for his work on portfolio theory and asset pricing, both theoretical and empirical.

He earned his bachelor's degree in aerospace engineering from Auburn University in 1961, and his M.B.A. in 1963 at the University of Washington while working for Boeing in Seattle, Washington.  In 1968, he received his Ph.D. from the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago in economics, finance, and statistics.  His Ph.D. thesis, "The Behavior of Interest Rates: An Application of the Efficient Market Model to U.S. Treasury Bills," won the Irving Fisher Prize as the best American dissertation in economics in 1968.

Roll co-authored the first event study that sought to analyze how stock prices respond to an event in 1969, using price data from the newly available CRSP database. Roll has co-authored major papers with Stephen Ross, Eugene Fama, Michael Jensen and Kenneth French.

Roll took an Assistant Professor position at Carnegie-Mellon University in 1968, a professorship at the European Institute for Advance Studies in Management in 1973, and Centre d'Enseignement Superiéure des Affaires in 1975.  In 1976, Roll joined the faculty at UCLA, from which he retired as Japan Alumni Chair Professor of Finance in 2014.  In 1987, Roll was elected president of the American Finance Association.  Roll has published over 80 professional articles.

See also

 Roll's critique

References

External links
 UCLA Page

1939 births
Living people
American financial economists
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Auburn University alumni
University of Washington Foster School of Business alumni
University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni
Presidents of the American Finance Association
Lópezite. Lópezite is a rare red chromate mineral with chemical formula: K2Cr2O7. It crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system.

It occurs as rare vug fillings in nitrate ores in association with tarapacáite (K2CrO4), dietzeite and ulexite in the Chilean Atacama and is reported from the Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa. Lópezite was first described in 1937 for an occurrence in Iquique Province, Chile and named after Chilean mining engineer Emiliano López Saa (1871–1959).

Most  commercially available lópezite is artificially produced. Synthetic varieties also exhibit monoclinic crystals.

References

Potassium minerals
Chromate minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
Minerals described in 1937
Colloid vibration current. Colloid vibration current is an electroacoustic phenomenon that arises when ultrasound propagates through a fluid that contains ions and either solid particles or emulsion droplets.

The pressure gradient in an ultrasonic wave moves particles relative to the fluid. This motion disturbs the double layer that exists at the particle-fluid interface. The picture illustrates the mechanism of this distortion. Practically all particles in fluids carry a surface charge. This surface charge is screened with an equally charged diffuse layer; this structure is called the double layer. Ions of the diffuse layer are located in the fluid and can move with the fluid. Fluid motion relative to the particle drags these diffuse ions in the direction of one or the other of the particle's poles. The picture shows ions dragged towards the left hand pole. As a result of this drag, there is an excess of negative ions in the vicinity of the left hand pole and an excess of positive surface charge at the right hand pole. As a result of this charge excess, particles gain a dipole moment. These dipole moments generate an electric field that in turn generates measurable electric current. This phenomenon is widely used for measuring zeta potential in concentrated colloids.

See also
 Electric sonic amplitude
 Electroacoustic phenomena
 Interface and colloid science
 Zeta potential

References

Chemical mixtures
Colloidal chemistry
Soft matter
Eti Maden. Eti Maden is a Turkish state-owned mining and chemicals company focusing on boron products. It holds a government monopoly on the mining of borate minerals in Turkey, which possesses 72% of the world's known deposits. In 2012, it held a 47% share of global production of borate minerals, ahead of its main competitor, Rio Tinto Group, which held 23%.

In 2012, it was the forty-first largest industrial company in Turkey, with an annual revenue of $850 million.

It was founded in 1935 as Etibank, a bank created to finance Turkish natural resource extraction; in 1993, the company's banking activities were privatized, and its mining activities separated under the name Eti Holding A.Ş. In 2004, the company was restructured again and named Eti Mine Works.

Its subsidiaries include AB Etiproducts OY, a Finland-based company which distributes Eti Mine Works products in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Russia, Central Asia, and Africa. Bandırma Borax owns one of the small coal-fired power stations in Turkey.

Ab Etiproducts Oy 

In 1982, Ab Etiproducts Oy was established by the Finnish mining multimetal Outokumpu group and Etibank. In 1993 Outokumpu's share was transferred to Etimine SA, sister company of Ab Etiproducts Oy, responsible for the marketing of Turkish boron products in western Europe. In 2005, Ab Etiproducts Oy established a subsidiary company Etiproducts Llc, in Russia.

The company presently operates in Scandinavia (Finland, Sweden, Norway), the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the African Continent, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, CIS countries.

Warehouses are located in the Baltic and Black Sea Region regions.

Products

Boron minerals and refined products include: 

 Boric Acid (Granular and Powder) (Normal - Low - Ultra Low Sulphate) (Nuclear Grade)
 Boron Oxide (Granular and Powder)
 Etibor-48 (Disodium Tetraborate Pentahydrate)
 Borax Deca (Disodium Tetraborate Decahydrate)
 Etibor-68 (Disodium Tetraborate Anhydrous)
 Etidot-67 (Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate)

Natural Boron Minerals:
 Colemanite (Ground, Granular, Compacted, Concentrated)
 Ulexite
 Tincal

References

External links
 Eti Maden Bandirma power station on Global Energy Monitor

Mining companies of Turkey
Turkish companies established in 1993
Coal in Turkey
Segner wheel. The Segner wheel or Segner turbine is a type of water turbine invented by Johann Andreas Segner in the 18th century.  It uses the same principle as Hero's aeolipile.

The device is placed in a suitable hole in the ground (or at the slope of a hill). The water is delivered to the top of a vertical cylinder, at the bottom of which is a rotor with specially bent pipes with nozzles (see image). Due to the hydrostatic pressure, the water is ejected from the nozzles, causing the rotor to rotate. The useful torque is transferred to a powered device through a belt and pulley system.

Segner turbines, also called reaction or Scotch turbines, were built in the mid-1850s to power the inclined plane lifts along the Morris Canal in New Jersey. Today, the Segner wheel principle is used in irrigation sprinklers.

Alexander Bogdanov cited this an example of an important innovation which paved the way for the development of steam engines.

The turbine at Museo Hacienda Buena Vista is "the only pre-Scotch (sic) type known to exist and is the sole extant example of a pioneer and historically important machine that was invented at the close of the 17th century by Dr. Baker.... The Buena Vista turbine is, in effect, a missing link in the evolution of mechanical artifacts better known to the historians of technology." (The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archaeology, Vol. 4, No. 1 [1978],  pp.55–58)."

Gallery

References

External links

 Barker's Mill at physics.kenyon.edu
One of the last remaining examples is at Lake Hopatcong; there is an excellent picture at .

Water turbines
Hungarian inventions
COSMO-1. COSMO-1 or COSMO-SkyMed 1 is an Italian radar imaging satellite. Launched in 2007, it was the first of four COSMO-SkyMed satellites to be placed into orbit. The spacecraft is operated by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), in conjunction with Italy's Ministry of Defence. It uses synthetic-aperture radar to produce images for civilian, commercial and military purposes.

Spacecraft description 
COSMO-1 was constructed by Thales Alenia Space, based on the PRIMA (PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa) satellite bus. It was the first PRIMA-based spacecraft to be launched. Designed for a five-year mission.

Launch 
ASI awarded Boeing a contract to launch COSMO-1, with the launch being subcontracted to United Launch Alliance when it was formed to take over Delta launch operations. The launch took place at 02:34:00 UTC on 8 June 2007. A Delta II launch vehicle in the 7420-10C configuration, flight number Delta 324, lifted off from SLC-2W at Vandenberg Air Force Base, successfully injecting the satellite into low Earth orbit. Spacecraft separation occurred 58 minutes and 5 seconds after liftoff.

Mission 
The satellite operates in a Sun-synchronous orbit. An orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , inclined at 97.88° to the equator. It has an orbital period of 97.16 minutes.

References 

Satellites of Italy
Spacecraft launched in 2007
Space synthetic aperture radar