omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wishbone (computer bus). The Wishbone Bus is an open source hardware computer bus intended to let the parts of an integrated circuit communicate with each other. The aim is to allow the connection of differing cores to each other inside of a chip. The Wishbone Bus is used by many designs in the OpenCores project.

Wishbone is intended as a "logic bus". It does not specify electrical information or the bus topology. Instead, the specification is written in terms of "signals", clock cycles, and high and low levels.

This ambiguity is intentional.  Wishbone is made to let designers combine several designs written in Verilog, VHDL or some other logic-description language for electronic design automation (EDA). Wishbone provides a standard way for designers to combine these hardware logic designs (called "cores").
Wishbone is defined to have 8, 16, 32, and 64-bit buses. All signals are synchronous to a single clock but some slave responses must be generated combinatorially for maximum performance. Wishbone permits addition of a "tag bus" to describe the data. But reset, simple addressed reads and writes, movement of blocks of data, and indivisible bus cycles all work without tags.
 
Wishbone is open source. To prevent preemption of its technologies by aggressive patenting, the Wishbone specification includes examples of prior art, to prove its concepts are in the public domain.

A device does not conform to the Wishbone specification unless it includes a data sheet that describes what it does, bus width, utilization, etc. Promoting reuse of a design requires the data sheet. Making a design reusable in turn makes it easier to share with others.

The Simple Bus Architecture is a simplified version of the Wishbone specification.

Wishbone topologies
Wishbone adapts well to common topologies such as point-to-point, many-to-many (i.e. the classic bus system), hierarchical, or even switched fabrics such as crossbar switches. In the more exotic topologies, Wishbone requires a bus controller or arbiter, but devices still maintain the same interface.

Shared bus

Data flow

Crossbar switch

Comparisons

Wishbone control signals compared to other system on a chip (SoC) bus standards:

See also
 Master/slave (technology)
 Advanced eXtensible Interface

References

External links
 Wishbone Version B3- The PDF specification
 Wishbone Version B4- PDF specification of latest version of Wishbone
 appnote_01- Combining WISHBONE interface signals application note
 Comparison to other SoC buses
 Wishbone@OpenCores
 Wishbone@FPGA-Cores.com

Computer buses
Open hardware electronic devices
Isothermal flow. Isothermal flow is a model of compressible fluid flow whereby the flow remains at the same temperature while flowing in a conduit. In the model, heat transferred through the walls of the conduit is offset by frictional heating back into the flow. Although the flow temperature remains constant, a change in stagnation temperature occurs because of a change in velocity. The interesting part of this flow is that the flow is choked at  and not at Mach number equal to one as in the case of many other model such as Fanno flow.  This fact applies to real gases as well as ideal gases.

For the important practical case of a gas flow through a long tube, the model has applicability in situations where distance is relatively long and heat transfer is relatively rapid so temperature can be treated, for engineering purposes, as a constant. This model also has applicability as upper boundary to Fanno flow.

See also
Fanno flow
Isentropic process
Rayleigh flow

References

External links
 Fundamentals of compressible Flow

Fluid dynamics
Treadle. A treadle (from , "to tread") is a foot-powered lever mechanism; it is operated by treading on it repeatedly. A treadle, unlike some other types of pedals, is not directly mounted on the crank (see treadle bicycle for a clear example).

Most treadle machines convert reciprocating motion into rotating motion, using a mechanical linkage to indirectly connect one or two treadles to a crank. The treadle then turns the crank, which powers the machine. Other machines use treadles directly, to generate reciprocating motion. For instance, in a treadle loom, the reciprocating motion is used directly to lift and lower the harnesses or heddles; a common treadle pump uses the reciprocating motion to raise and lower pistons.

Before the widespread availability of electric power, treadles were the most common way to power a range of machines. They are still widely used as a matter of preference and necessity. A human-powered machine gives the human operator close, instinctive control over the rate at which energy is fed into the machine; this lets them easily vary the rate at which they work. Treadle-operated machines are also used in environments where electric power is not available to power electric machinery. 

Other, similar mechanisms for allowing human and animal muscle to power machines are cranks, treadmills, treadwheels, and kick wheels like a potter's kick wheel.

Operation and uses

A treadle is operated by pressing down on it repeatedly with one or both feet, causing a rocking motion. This movement can then be stored as rotational motion via a crankshaft driving a flywheel. Alternatively, energy can be stored in a spring, as in the pole lathe.

Treadles were once used extensively to power most machines including lathes, rotating or reciprocating saws, spinning wheels, looms, and sewing machines. 

Today the use of treadle-powered machines is common in areas of the developing world where other forms of power are unavailable. It is also common among artisans, hobbyists and historical re-enactors.

Some treadle looms in Africa and South Asia use toggles on a string as treadles. The toggles are held between the weaver's toes.

See also

 Bicycle pedal
 Treadle bicycle
 Treadle pump
 Sewing machine

References

Mechanical engineering
Human power
Foot
Mechanical hand tools
Mitsubishi Endeavor. The Mitsubishi Endeavor is a mid-size crossover SUV built by Mitsubishi Motors at their manufacturing facility in Normal, Illinois from 2003 until 2011. Based on the PS platform, it was the first vehicle built under Mitsubishi's "Project America", a program aimed at introducing vehicles for North America without having to compromise for, or accommodate, global markets.

Design

Its design origins can be traced back to the Mitsubishi SSU which debuted at the 1999 North American International Auto Show, although the Endeavor does not share the concept's mechanical underpinnings. The prototype was powered by a  version of the 6A13TT 2.5-liter twin-turbo V6, which directed the power to a full-time all-wheel drive system through its INVECS-II five-speed automatic transmission and AYC. When the Endeavor debuted in March 2003, it used the 6G75 3.8-liter V6 offering  and , mated to a four-speed automatic transmission with an optional all-wheel-drive system that splits the torque 50/50 by default.

Despite some reasonably favorable reviews on its release, the Endeavor's performance in the marketplace failed to meet Mitsubishi's expectations. On its release in March 2003 the company aimed for 80,000 annual sales but had achieved only 32,054 by the end of its debut year, and sales fell every year thereafter.

History
In April 2004, the Endeavor received a mid-year upgrade, improving standard equipment which now included daytime running lamps, dual-stage airbags with occupant sensors in front, and a tire-pressure monitor amongst others. Some versions received additional upgrades, such as standard side impact airbags on the XLS, while new options included a rear-seat DVD system and traction and stability control. The 2004.5 update also brought a slight increase in power, up to  and . The Endeavor received a mild restyle for the 2006 model year.

Mitsubishi did not produce any 2009 Endeavor models for the retail market.  However, they did produce a 2009 model for fleet customers which shared the exterior appearance with the incoming 2010 model and came equipped with cloth interior and Bluetooth. For the 2010 model year, the Endeavor received a facelift, with new front and rear facias. The 2010 Endeavor went on sale in June 2009. It only came in one trim level for 2010, lacking the navigation package of the 2008 Limited trim, but equipped with leather seating and hands-free Bluetooth calling.

On April 25, 2011, it was announced that Endeavor production would end in August 2011.

Annual production and sales

References

External links

 Mitsubishi Endeavor official page, MitsubishiCars.com

Cars introduced in 2003
Cars discontinued in 2011
2010s cars
Endeavor
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Mid-size sport utility vehicles
Crossover sport utility vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Train driver. A train driver is a person who operates a train, railcar, or other rail transport vehicle. The driver is in charge of and is responsible for the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all of the train handling (also known as brake handling). Train drivers must follow certain guidelines for driving a train safely.

Naming 
British English terms for a train driver include engine driver, engineman, and locomotive driver. The term in North American English is railroad engineer, but the simpler term engineer is more commonly used. Terms for a train driver in other English dialects include locomotive handler, locomotive engineer, locomotive operator, train operator, and motorman. In American English, a hostler (also known as a switcher) moves engines around rail yards, but does not take them out on the main line tracks; the British English equivalent is a shunter.

Career progression 
For many American railroads, the following career progression is typical: assistant conductor (brakeman), train conductor, and finally the engineer. For many years the fireman was next in line to be an engineer, but that classification has been eliminated. In the US, engineers are required to be certified and must then be re-certified every two to three years.

The traditional career progression in the United Kingdom (for steam locomotives) was engine cleaner, passed engine cleaner (i.e. the employee has passed the assessment for fireman), fireman, passed fireman (i.e. passed assessment for driver), and driver. Michael Reynolds, locomotive inspector of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway proposed a system of locomotive driving certificates, as a stimulus of improvement of service and competency. However, no such system was ever universally adopted by the railways of the UK. 

In India, a driver starts as a diesel assistant (or electrical assistant for electric locomotives). They then get promoted on a scale: goods, passenger, mail express, and the Rajdhani, Shatabdi, and Duronto express services.

The British transport historian Christian Wolmar wrote in October 2013 that train operators employed by the Rio Tinto Group to transport iron ore across the Australian outback were likely to be the highest-paid members of the occupation in the world at that time.

Notable train drivers 

 Ben Chifley, former Prime Minister of Australia
 Christine Gonzalez, first female driver for a Class 1 railroad.
 Casey Jones, American engineer whose wreck on the Illinois Central Railroad on April 30, 1900, was immortalized in verse and music.

See also 
 Conductor
 Fireman
 Motorman
 Secondman

References

Further reading 
 
 
 
 

The following examine the role of the railroad engineer from 1890 to 1919, discussing qualifications for becoming an engineer and typical experiences on the job:
 
 
Wilson David C Forward! The Revolution in the Lives of the Footplatemen 1962–1996 Published by Suttons ISBN 0-7509-1144-1

External links 

 TrainDriver.org – A detailed explanation of what train driving involves, and becoming a train driver in the UK

 
Driver
System V Interface Definition. The System V Interface Definition (SVID) is a standard that describes the AT&T UNIX System V behavior, including that of system calls, C libraries, available programs and devices.  While it was not the first attempt at a standardizations document (the industry trade association /usr/group published a standard in 1984 based on System III with a few system call additions from BSD), it was an important effort in early standardization of UNIX in a period when UNIX variants were multiplying rapidly and portability was problematic at best. By 1986, AT&T required conformance with SVID issue 2 if vendors were to actually brand their products "System V R3". By the 1990s, however, its importance was largely eclipsed by POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification, which were based in part upon the SVID. Part of the reason for this was undoubtedly their vendor-independent approach (see Unix wars).

Versions of SVID 
 Version 1, based on System V Release 2, published Spring, 1985
 Version 2, based on System V Release 3, published 1986 (3 volumes)
 Version 3, based on System V Release 4, published 1989
 Version 4, updated for compliance with XPG4 and POSIX 1003.1-1990, published 1995

See also 
 Intel Binary Compatibility Standard

References

External links
SVID Fourth Edition in PDF form
 Volume 3
 Volume 2
 Volume 1b
 Volume 1a

Unix standards
UNIX System V
Precedence diagram method. The precedence diagram method (PDM) is a tool for scheduling activities in a project plan. It is a method of constructing a project schedule network diagram that uses boxes, referred to as nodes, to represent activities and connects them with arrows that show the dependencies.  It is also called the activity-on-node (AON) method.
 Critical tasks, noncritical tasks, and slack time
 Shows the relationship of the tasks to each other
 Allows for what-if, worst-case, best-case and most likely scenario

Key elements include determining predecessors and defining attributes such as 
 early start date
 late start date
 early finish date
 late finish date
 duration
 activity name
 WBS reference

Slack/Float: Determines the duration of activity delay that the project can tolerate before the project comes in late. The difference between the earliest and the latest start time. i.e. Slack = latest start date - earliest start day or Slack = latest finish time - earliest finish time.

Any activities which have a slack of 0, they are on the critical path.

Different Precedence diagram Methods
 Arrow diagramming method
 Project network
 Critical-path method
 Gantt chart
 Program evaluation and review technique

References

Further reading

External links
 Precedence Diagram Method at Better Projects

Project management techniques
Schedule (project management)
ZoneAlarm. ZoneAlarm is an internet security software company that provides consumer antivirus and firewall products. ZoneAlarm was developed by Zone Labs, whose CEOs were Kevin Nickel, Mouad Abid and Shahin and the Company was acquired in March 2004 by Check Point. ZoneAlarm's firewall security products include an inbound intrusion detection system, as well as the ability to control which programs can open outbound connections.

Technical description 
In ZoneAlarm, program access is controlled by way of "zones", into which all network connections are divided. The "trusted zone" which generally includes the user's local area network can share resources such as files and printers. The "Internet zone" includes everything without the trusted zone. The user can grant permissions (trusted zone client, trusted zone server, Internet zone client, Internet zone server) to programs before they attempt to access the Internet (e.g. before the first use) or ZoneAlarm will ask the user to grant permissions on the first access attempt.

"True Vector Internet Monitor", also known as "TrueVector Security Engine", is a Windows service that is the core of ZoneAlarm. In the processes list its Image Name is "vsmon.exe". This monitors internet traffic and generates alerts for disallowed access. "Operating System Firewall" (OSFirewall) monitors programs and generates alerts when they perform suspicious behaviors. The OSFirewall is useful in preventing rootkits and other spyware. "SmartDefense Advisor" is the name ZoneAlarm give to a service available in all versions that helps the user with certain types of alert, using a database of trusted program signatures to provide the user with advice on allowing or denying Internet access in response to program requests.

The current free version of Zonealarm has an ad for the paid version that pops up every time you turn on your computer after a short delay.

Awards and certifications 
Both the free and Pro editions of ZoneAlarm Firewall were designated as PCMags Editor's Choice in 2017.

Controversies 
As of January 2006, ZoneAlarm was reportedly sending data to the company's servers in a covert fashion. A developer dismissed allegations that ZoneAlarm was spying on its clients, saying that it was an issue related to software updates and that it would be fixed.

In December 2007, a browser toolbar was shipped with ZoneAlarm as an opt-out, which was not well received. This was removed in later versions of the software.

On September 2, 2010, the free version of ZoneAlarm started showing a "Global Virus Alert" popup as a scareware tactic to get users to switch to their paid security suite. The popup was turned off by ZoneAlarm marketing team after an uproar from disgruntled users, many of whom uninstalled the software.

See also 

 Comparison of antivirus software
 Comparison of firewalls
 ZoneAlarm Z100G

References

External links 
 

Firewall software
Antivirus software
Windows-only shareware
Windows-only freeware
2000 software
Windows security software
Security software
Israeli brands
Interference (communication). In telecommunications, an interference is that which modifies a signal in a disruptive manner, as it travels along a communication channel between its source and receiver. The term is often used to refer to the addition of unwanted signals to a useful signal. Common examples include:

 Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
 Co-channel interference (CCI), also known as crosstalk
 Adjacent-channel interference (ACI)
 Intersymbol interference (ISI)
 Inter-carrier interference (ICI), caused by doppler shift in OFDM modulation (multitone modulation).
 Common-mode interference (CMI)
 Conducted interference

Noise is a form of interference but not all interference is noise.

Radio resource management aims at reducing and controlling the co-channel and adjacent-channel interference.

Interference alignment 
A solution to interference problems in wireless communication networks is interference alignment, which was crystallized by Syed Ali Jafar at the University of California, Irvine. A specialized application was previously studied by Yitzhak Birk and Tomer Kol for an index coding problem in 1998. For interference management in wireless communication, interference alignment was originally introduced by Mohammad Ali Maddah-Ali, Abolfazl S. Motahari, and Amir Keyvan Khandani, at the University of Waterloo, for communication over wireless X channels. Interference alignment was eventually established as a general principle by Jafar and Viveck R. Cadambe in 2008, when they introduced "a mechanism to align an arbitrarily large number of interferers, leading to the surprising conclusion that wireless networks are not essentially interference limited." This led to the adoption of interference alignment in the design of wireless networks.

Jafar explained:

According to New York University senior researcher Paul Horn:

See also 

 Distortion
 Inter-flow interference
 Intra-flow interference
 Meaconing
 Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)
 Signal-to-noise plus interference (SNIR)

References

External links 
 Overview of interference mitigation techniques in mobile networks

Noise (electronics)
Interference
Telecommunications

fr:Interférence
Subbase (pavement). In highway engineering, subbase is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles.

Subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of the pavement. Its role is to spread the load evenly over the subgrade. The materials used may be either unbound granular, or cement-bound.

The quality of subbase is very important for the useful life of the road and can outlive the life of the surface, which can be scraped off and, after checking that the subbase is still in good condition, a new layer can be applied.

Unbound granular materials are usually crushed stone, crushed slag or concrete, or slate.

Cement-bound materials come in multiple types. Mass concrete is used where exceptional loads are expected, with thickness usually , and optional reinforcement with steel mesh or polymer fibers. Other cement bound materials (CBM), with less strength but also lower cost, are used. They are rated by strength, from the weakest CBM 1 (also formerly known as soil cement) through CBM 2 to CBM 3, 4, and 5, which are more similar to concrete and are called "lean mix".  In the UK, the specification for aggregate used as a subbase in the construction of driveways and roads includes MOT Type 1 Stone.

The thickness of subbase can range from  for garden paths through  for driveways and public footpaths, to  for heavy used roads, and more for highways.

Low quality subbase material, including large pieces of rock and concrete, which was hardly acceptable heretofore, can now be re-used when crushed in-situ with conventional milling machines to obtain a homogenous grain size. It may then be treated normally with hydraulic binders, augmented by specific polymer formulations.

The subgrade or base course is properly prepared for the required grade and camber of WBM road. The potholes and the depressions on the surface of the road are properly filled up and compacted.

References

Pavement engineering
Pavements
Road infrastructure