omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Blacker (security). Blacker (styled BLACKER) is a U.S. Department of Defense computer network security project designed to achieve A1 class ratings (very high assurance) of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC). 

The first Blacker program began in the late 1970s, with a follow-on eventually producing fielded devices in the late 1980s. It was the first secure system with trusted end-to-end encryption on the United States' Defense Data Network.

The project was implemented by SDC (software), and Burroughs (hardware), and after their merger, by the resultant company Unisys.

See also 
 RED/BLACK concept for segregation of sensitive plaintext information (RED signals) from encrypted ciphertext (BLACK signals)

References 

Computer network security
Cryptography
Secure communication
Security engineering
Trusted computing
United States Department of Defense information technology
Dev-Pascal. Dev-Pascal is a free integrated development environment (IDE) distributed under the GNU General Public License for programming in Pascal and Object Pascal. It supports an ancient version of the Free Pascal compiler and GNU Pascal as backends. The IDE is written in Delphi. It can also handle the Insight Debugger. Dev-Pascal runs on Microsoft Windows.

See also

 Lazarus (IDE)
 Dev-C++
 Comparison of integrated development environments

External links
 The Dev-Pascal development and resources page

Free software programmed in Delphi
Windows-only free software
Free integrated development environments
Free Pascal
Pascal (programming language) software
Cremona diagram. The Cremona diagram, also known as the Cremona-Maxwell method, is a graphical method used in statics of trusses to determine the forces in members (graphic statics). The method was developed by the Italian mathematician Luigi Cremona. However, recognizable Cremona diagrams appeared as early as 1725, in Pierre Varignon's posthumously published work, Nouvelle Méchanique ou Statique.

In the Cremona method, first the external forces and reactions are drawn (to scale) forming a vertical line in the lower right side of the picture. This is the sum of all the force vectors and is equal to zero as there is mechanical equilibrium.

Since the equilibrium holds for the external forces on the entire truss construction, it also holds for the internal forces acting on each joint. For a joint to be at rest the sum of the forces on a joint must also be equal to zero. Starting at joint Aorda, the internal forces can be found by drawing lines in the Cremona diagram representing the forces in the members 1 and 4, going clockwise; VA (going up) load at A (going down), force in member 1 (going down/left), member 4 (going up/right) and closing with VA. As the force in member 1 is towards the joint, the member is under compression, the force in member 4 is away from the joint so the member 4 is under tension. The length of the lines for members 1 and 4 in the diagram, multiplied with the chosen scale factor is the magnitude of the force in members 1 and 4.

Now, in the same way the forces in members 2 and 6 can be found for joint C; force in member 1 (going up/right), force in C going down, force in 2 (going down/left), force in 6 (going up/left) and closing with the force in member 1.

The same steps can be taken for joints D, H and E resulting in the complete Cremona diagram where the internal forces in all members are known.

In a next phase the forces caused by wind must be considered. Wind will cause pressure on the upwind side of a roof (and truss) and suction on the downwind side. This will translate to asymmetrical loads  but the Cremona method is the same. Wind force may introduce larger forces in the individual truss members than the static vertical loads.

References

Mechanics
Structural system
Diagrams
Foundry sand testing. Foundry sand testing is a  process used to determine if the foundry sand has the correct properties for a certain casting process. The sand is used to make moulds and cores via a pattern. In a sand casting foundry there are broadly two reasons for rejection of the casting — metal and sand — each of which has a large number of internal variables. The defects arising from the sand can be prevented by using sand testing equipment to measure the various properties of the sand.

Process
The testing process is divided into four  stages: sampling of the bulk material, sample sand  preparation, specimen preparation  and testing.

It is done at three different points of the process: upon first arrival from the supplier, en transport for processing (usually on a conveyor), and after processing. In each situation it is important to take a representative sample by mixing the sand or by taking multiple samples in different locations. Also, the sample must be stored in an airtight container to keep from spoiling it.

There are more than 25 basic tests, however only the important ones for the given casting process are used. The basic tests measure the following parameters: wet tensile strength, cone jolt, mouldability, friability, moisture content, permeability, green compression strength, compactibility, loss on ignition, volatiles content, grain size & distribution, dust (dead clay) content, and active clay content, impact strength . Each of these tests can lead you to obtain specific characteristics of sand which can be crucial to the quality of casting. Advanced testing tests for other parameters, such as splitting strength, shear strength, and high-temperature compression strength.

Sand control
Green sand is made up of basic sand (shell sand), bentonite or another binder, pitch powder or coal dust, and uninvited dust. Green sand properties cannot be standardized for all foundries and castings as such, yet place to place and job to job the specifications can be set to maintain minimal amount of rejection. A basic set of parameters to test are:

 Fineness number (grain size/AFS Number) of the base sand
 Moisture content in the mixture (ranges from 2-7% depending on the casting method)
 Permeability (ability of compacted mould to pass air through it)
 Total clay content (dust content)
 Active clay content (presence of active bentonite/clay which can readily bond)
 Compressive strength
 Hardness ('B' or 'C' Scale)

For parameters 1, 2, 4 and 5 standard bulk material sampling methods can be applicable or sampling can be done with help of sand muller, sand sampler and sand splitter to do it in a standardized manner.

See also
 Sand rammer
 Sand molding

References

Casting (manufacturing)
Real-time Programming Language. Real-time Programming Language (RPL) is a compiled database programming language used on CMC/Microdata/McDonnell Douglas REALITY databases, derived and expanded from the PROC procedure language, with much extra functionality added.  It was originally developed under the name "PORC" by John Timmons and Paul Desjardins in about 1975.  "PORC" was then further developed by Tim Holland under the employ of George Ridgway's company Systems Management, Inc. (SMI) in Chicago.  A number of large scale manufacturing applications were developed in RPL, including that which was in use at Plessey and GEC-Plessey Telecommunications limited in Liverpool and also the Trifid suite of manufacturing software.

Sources
RPL 1.3 Reference Manual (PDF)
"Software House Puts Emphasis on Nitty-Gritty", 10 Sep 1979.

Programming languages
Incredibuild. Incredibuild is a suite of grid computing software developed by Incredibuild LTD. Incredibuild is designed to help accelerate computationally-intensive tasks by distributing them over the network, with applications including compiling source code, building software generally, and other software developmentrelated tasks. Jobs can be distributed to several computers over a network, giving both the possibility of accelerating the work by using more resources than were available on the initiating computer alone and potentially freeing local resources for other tasks.

About
In addition to Microsoft Windows and Linux, Incredibuild also supports platforms such as Android, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. Originally sold specifically as a tool to accelerate compiling, Incredibuild can now be used for other development processes as well as general high performance computing.

Incredibuild is a grid computing software start-up based in Tel Aviv, in Israel. Founded in 2002, the company is led by CEO Tami Mazel Shachar.

In 2002, Incredibuild v1.0 was released, offering a solution for acceleration of Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0 C/C++ code builds. Incredibuild 1.3 was awarded with Game Developer Magazine's annual Front Line Award in The Category of Programing for the year of 2003.

In 2008, Incredibuild won a "Productivity Award" in the Change and Configuration Management Category Of The 18th annual Jolt Awards.

Tools
Incredibuild's software suite is broken up into several, separately-licensable tools. Incredibuild for Visual Studio C/C++ provides Visual Studio integration to accelerate the builds of C and C++ projects. Incredibuild for Make and Other Build Tools provides integration with several standard build tools including make, CMake, and MSBuild. Incredibuild for Dev Tools provides additional interfaces for job distribution, accommodating various tasks beyond those directly related to building or compiling.

Notable users
Incredibuild is used by several software development companies, including a number of video game developers. In 2021, the gaming sector made up 60% of Incredibuild's business. Turn 10 Studios, for instance, used Incredibuild to accelerate builds, rendering from 3DS Max, code analysis, and other tasks during the development of Forza 5. Incredibuild also claims Epic Games, Electronic Arts, id Software, Bohemia Interactive, Scaleform Corporation, FromSoftware, and Bugbear Entertainment as clients. CryEngine and Unreal Engine include built-in support for build acceleration via Incredibuild.

See also
 Distcc
 Electric Cloud

References

2002 software
Compiling tools
Grid computing
Programming tools for Windows
Marmaduke Surfaceblow. Marmaduke Surfaceblow is a fictional engineer.  His globe-girdling engineering adventures written by Steve Elonka first appeared in Power Magazine in 1948.

Marmaduke is a marine engineer with vast knowledge of machinery. He works out of an office over O'Houlihan's Machine Shop in the Hells Kitchen area of New York City.  His imposing 6 ft 4 in stature is described in every story along with his steelbrush moustache and size 16 "canal boat" shoes. Surfaceblow smokes Ringelmann #5 cigars that produce acrid clouds leaving others teary-eyed.  

The stories often start with Marmaduke gathered with other engineers. One will relate an interesting anecdote, say about a hard starting diesel engine. Marmduke will impatiently "foghorn 'Bilgewater on balky diesels!  I'll tell you about the time I ran a boat engine on water!' '" The story continues with "that did it.  Everyone turned to Marmaduke as he revved up his induced draft fan and filled the room with Ringelman #5 smoke".  The real story then begins relating his exploit. His adventures often place him in a foreign port with poor repair facilities requiring brilliantly simple solutions to problems that have stumped others.

Other times Marmaduke will be "on the beach without a berth" and need money.  Another engineer will present a difficult technical problem that has eluded resolution.  Marmaduke then proposes to fix the problem for a sizable consulting fee, which may be money and/or his favorite drink of Sandpaper Gin. After successfully resolving the problem Marmaduke will "ballast his double-bottoms with Sandpaper Gin." 

Marmaduke's knowledge comes from hands-on experience operating steam power plants and all manner of  machinery.  Later in the series a son, Guy Newcomen Surfaceblow, was introduced.  He is a university-trained engineer who also has field experience that gives him credibility when working with hard-boiled characters in the boonies. 

The character's name was coined from Marmaduke, a Scottish name, and Surfaceblow, which is the action of removing impurities from a steam boiler. Marmaduke Surfaceblow predates Star Trek's Scotty by 17 years. James Doohan explained he proposed a Scottish accent for the character of Enterprise chief engineer because they were the best engineers.

While not stated it is apparent many of the stories were inspired by actual events.

Surfaceblow's adventures were consolidated by Elonka into a single volume "Marmaduke Surfaceblow's Salty Technical Romances", R. E. Krieger Pub. Co, 1979.  Copies are rare and highly sought.

Notes

References
Power Magazine

Fictional engineers
Time Residences. Time Residences is a 30-storey,  skyscraper project that proposed for construction in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.  The AED400 million, 200 unit project was planned for completion in 2012 but was subsequently delayed due to the financial crises.

Time Residences would have been the first skyscraper in the world to fully rotate 360 degrees, powered by a solar power plant at the base of the tower. The entire 80,000 tonne structure will complete one full rotation through 360 degrees over a one-week period which would have totalled 52 degrees in one day. State of the art bearings at the bottom of the structure would allow the tower to move at a linear velocity of  per second using a minimal amount of solar power. The building would have had 12 o'clock markings on the structure, allowing the skyscraper to become a fully functioning timepiece. This has led to the saying that this skyscraper would have been the world's largest gadget. The skyscraper would be a "Green" building, as the building would have use recycled water to water its gardens and solar power to rotate.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Dubai
Da Vinci Tower

References

Unbuilt buildings and structures in Dubai
Homojunction. A homojunction is a semiconductor interface that occurs between layers of similar semiconductor material; these materials have equal band gaps but typically have different doping. In most practical cases a homojunction occurs at the interface between an n-type (donor doped) and p-type (acceptor doped) semiconductor such as silicon, this is called a p–n junction. 

This is not a necessary condition as the only requirement is that the same semiconductor (same band gap) is found on both sides of the junction, in contrast to a heterojunction. An n-type to n-type junction, for example, would be considered a homojunction even if the doping levels are different.

The different doping level will cause band bending, and a depletion region will be formed at the interface, as shown in the figure to the right.

See also 
 Transistor
 p–n junction
 Band bending
 Doping (semiconductor)

Notes

References 
 Yang, Edward S (1978). Fundamentals of semiconductor devices. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070722366

Semiconductor structures
List of Allis-Chalmers engines. This is a list of internal combustion engines produced by the former Allis-Chalmers Corporation Engine Division for use in their lines of tractors, combine harvesters, other agricultural equipment, engine-generators, and other industrial plant.

Allis-Chalmers purchased the Buda Engine Co. in 1953 and took over their well-established line of products. Since Buda was merged entirely into A-C as part of their new Engine Division, its operations became known simply as the "Harvey plant" and all of its production after 1953 was under the Allis-Chalmers name.

The very earliest A-C tractors, up to the mid-1930s, used engines built by outside suppliers (LeRoi, Midwest, Waukesha and Continental were common). Those engines are not included in this list. In a later reversal of this practice, the Engine Division eventually served as a third-party supplier to other makers of farm and industrial machinery, most notably Cockshutt and LeRoi.

Allis-Chalmers (and Buda) produced heavy-duty engine designs that were built to handle a variety of fuel types (generally gasoline, diesel fuel, or liquefied propane gas). The types of fuel each engine could burn are listed where appropriate; further information on fuel types for each engine can be found in the individual engine articles.

In addition, the company spent considerable resources on developing fuel cell technology which was way ahead of its time and was never released to production.

Inline four-cylinder

153 Series (153in3; gasoline or diesel)
175 Series (175in3; diesel)
182 Series (182in3; gasoline or diesel)
344 Series (344in3; diesel)
433 Series (200in3; gasoline or diesel)
B Series (116 or 125in3; gasoline)
E Series (460, 510, or 563in3; gasoline or diesel)
G Series (138, 149, or 160in3; gasoline or propane)
W Series (201 or 226in3; gasoline or propane)

Inline six-cylinder

230 Series (230in3; gasoline or diesel)
262 Series (262in3; gasoline, propane or diesel)
273 Series (273in3; gasoline or diesel)
649 Series (301in3; gasoline, propane or diesel)
670 Series (426in3; diesel)
685 Series (516in3; diesel)
6120 Series (731in3; diesel)
6138 Series (844in3; gasoline or diesel)

V8 cylinder

V8 Series (1358in3; diesel)

V12 cylinder

V12 Series (2035in3; diesel)

See also

Allis-Chalmers
Gleaner -- A-C's line of combine harvesters, purchased in 1955
List of Allis-Chalmers tractors
Buda Engine Co.

References
Swinford, Norm (1994). Allis-Chalmers Farm Equipment 1914-1985. 

List engines
Lists of automobile engines
Douglas Complex. The Douglas Complex is a  high system of three linked platforms in the Irish Sea,  off the North Wales coast. The Douglas oil field was discovered in 1990, and production commenced in 1996.  Now operated by Eni, the complex consists of the wellhead platform, which drills into the seabed, a processing platform, which separates oil, gas and water, and thirdly an accommodation platform, which is composed of living quarters for the crew. This accommodation module was formerly the Morecambe Flame jack-up drilling rig.

The Douglas Complex is also the control hub for other platforms in the area and provides power for all platforms. It also offers recreational, catering and medical facilities for up to 80 personnel. Oil from the Lennox, Hamilton, and Hamilton North unmanned satellite platforms is received and blended at the complex.

Fluids from the Lennox installation via the gas pipeline are treated on the Douglas installation in the 3-phase (oil, gas and produced water) Lennox Production Separator. Following separation, gas flows to the Offgas Compressor suction manifold. Oil is directed to the Oil Stripper where the liquid is stripped of sour gas using a counter-current flow of stripping gas. Produced water from the separator is directed to the Produced Water Hydrocyclones where hydrocarbon liquids are removed prior to overboard disposal. Well fluids from the Douglas Wellhead tower are treated in the 3-phase Douglas Production Separator. Gas flows to the Offgas Compressor suction manifold and hydrocarbon liquids are directed to the Oil Stripper, and water to hydrocyclones as described above. Oil from the Oil Stripper is pumped by the Oil Transfer Pumps via Fiscal metering to the Main Oil Transfer Pumps to tanker loading. Gas from the Oil Stripper is compressed and sent to the Offgas Compressor.

Gas is sent through a pipeline  long to a processing plant at Point of Ayr, in Flintshire, North Wales. After processing, almost the entire output is sold to E.ON to fire the combined cycle gas turbine power station at Connah's Quay, on Deeside, in Flintshire. Oil produced in Liverpool Bay is sent through another pipeline, 17 km long, to the Offshore Storage Installation, a permanently anchored barge which acts as a floating oil terminal, capable of holding  of oil. From the floating terminal oil is transferred to tankers approximately once every month.

See also

List of oil fields
Geology of the United Kingdom
Oil platform
Point of Ayr

References

External links
Douglas Complex on AIS Liverpool
Petroleum Act 1998 giving location of Douglas Complex

Oil platforms
Oil fields of the United Kingdom
Irish Sea
1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
MediaLib. mediaLib (from "multimedia library") is a portable low level library for accelerating multimedia applications, with interfaces in C. It was developed by Sun Microsystems and open-sourced under the CDDL license as part of the OpenSolaris project.

It is implemented in ANSI C, but can take advantage of SIMD multimedia instructions on various processors to gain a significant performance boost. It was originally designed to leverage VIS on SPARC processors and later added support for MMX/SSE/SSE2 on Intel/AMD processors.

Since mediaLib is written in C and SIMD multimedia compiler intrinsics, it should be usable on any system that has an ANSI C compiler that supports SIMD multimedia intrinsics. Systems without SIMD intrinsics support can also use it as pure ANSI C, forgoing any extra acceleration provided by SIMD multimedia instructions. It is also included as part of Solaris 10.

mediaLib 2.5 contains about 4000 files and 2.4 million lines of code, and contains more than 3000 functions for different areas: 
algebra
matrix
image
graphics
signal processing
video
audio
speech
volume rendering

Open source applications that use mediaLib include Java, JDS for Solaris, mplayer, and ogle.

There are several mediaLib versions targeting different platforms, but all share the same API, so users can switch from one platform to another without changing source code:
Standard C: written in pure ANSI C, with some general code optimization for performance
VIS/VIS2/VIS3: optimized for SPARC chips with VIS/VIS2/VIS3 multimedia instruction sets
MMX/SSE/SSE2: optimized for Intel/AMD chips with MMX/SSE/SSE2 multimedia instruction sets
Integer: optimized for chips that have no or limited floating point capabilities, such as UltraSPARC T1 and some embedded chips
Multi-threaded version: A thin wrapper layer built with OpenMP on top of mediaLib, providing flexible multithreading multimedia acceleration for applications

External links
mediaLib source code

C (programming language) libraries
Free software programmed in C
Multimedia frameworks
Multimedia software
Sun Microsystems software
Software Patent Institute. Software Patent Institute (established 1992 in Ann Arbor) is an American non-profit corporation established to assist in the correct assignment of software patent.  It originally had the name University of Michigan Software Patent Institute, as it was established by the Industrial Technology Institute, represented by professor Bernard Galler.
It maintains a  Database of software technologies, since 1995 open to the public, covering the folklore of software industry and provides courses, the SPI reporter bulletin, and other educational materials.   The institute was disputed on its arrival (in particular by League for Programming Freedom), but has nevertheless received financial support from Usenix as well as commercial software companies as Oracle Corporation, IBM, Apple Inc. and Microsoft.  Its executive director is Roland J. Cole, based in Indianapolis.

References

Institutes based in the United States
Non-profit technology
Organizations established in 1992
University of Michigan
Information technology organizations based in North America
Software patent law
Intellectual property organizations
1992 establishments in Michigan
Organizations based in Ann Arbor, Michigan