omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
VTM. VTM may refer to:

 Nevatim Airbase (IATA code: VTM), an Israeli Air Force base located southeast of Be'er Sheva, near moshav Nevatim
 Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring (previously Vigilance Telecom Monitoring), the vigilance and monitoring wing of the Indian Department of Telecommunications
 Vampire: The Masquerade, a series of games including both tabletop and video games
 Variable Torque Management, a redesigned four-wheel-drive transmission designed by Honda Advanced Technology
 Vetapalem railway station (station code: VTM), Andhra Pradesh, India
 Victor Talking Machine Company
 Viral transport medium, a substance used to preserve and transport virus samples
 VTM (TV channel), or Vlaamse Televisie Maatschappij, the main commercial television station in Flanders
 VVC Test Model; see Versatile Video Coding, a proposed video compression standard
Styphnic acid. Styphnic acid (from Greek stryphnos "astringent"), or 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-benzenediol, is a yellow astringent acid that forms hexagonal crystals. It is used in the manufacture of dyes, pigments, inks, medicines, and explosives such as lead styphnate. It is itself a low-sensitivity explosive, similar to picric acid, but explodes upon rapid heating.

History 
It was discovered in 1808 by Michel Eugène Chevreul who was researching ways of producing colorants from tropical logwoods. Upon boiling Pernambuco wood extract with nitric acid he filtered crystals understood to be styphnic acid in an impure form. In mid-1840s chemists purified and systematically studied the substance with Rudolf Christian Böttger and Heinrich Will giving its modern name, while in 1871 J. Schreder proved that it's trinitroresorcinol.

Preparation and chemistry
It may be prepared by the nitration of resorcinol with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid.

This compound is an example of a trinitrophenol.

Like picric acid, it is a moderately strong acid, capable of displacing carbon dioxide from solutions of sodium carbonate, for example.

It may be reacted with weakly basic oxides, such as those of lead and silver, to form the corresponding salts.

The solubility of picric acid and styphnic acid in water is less than their corresponding mono- and di-nitro compounds, and far less than their non-nitrated precursor phenols, so they may be purified by fractional crystallisation.

References

Nitrophenols
Explosive chemicals
Resorcinols
Organic acids
Alunite. Alunite is a hydroxylated aluminium potassium sulfate mineral, formula KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6.  It was first observed in the 15th century at Tolfa, near Rome, where it was mined for the manufacture of alum. First called aluminilite by J.C. Delamétherie in 1797, this name was contracted by François Beudant three decades later to alunite.

Alunite crystals morphologically are rhombohedra with interfacial angles of 90° 50', causing them to resemble cubes. Crystal symmetry is trigonal.  Minute glistening crystals have also been found loose in cavities in altered rhyolite. Alunite varies in color from white to yellow gray. The hardness on the Mohs scale is 4 and the specific gravity is between 2.6 and 2.8.  It is insoluble in water or weak acids, but soluble in sulfuric acid.

Sodium can substitute for potassium in the mineral, and when the sodium content is high, is called natroalunite.

Alunite is an analog of jarosite, where aluminium replaces Fe3+. Alunite occurs as a secondary mineral on iron sulfate ores.

Alunite occurs as veins and replacement masses in trachyte, rhyolite, and similar potassium rich volcanic rocks. It is formed by the action of sulfuric acid bearing solutions on these rocks during the oxidation and leaching of metal sulfide deposits. Alunite also is found near volcanic fumaroles. The white, finely granular masses closely resemble finely granular limestone, dolomite, anhydrite, and magnesite in appearance. The more compact kinds from Hungary are so hard and tough that they have been used for millstones.

Historically extensive deposits were mined in Tuscany and Hungary, and at Bulahdelah, New South Wales, Australia. It is currently mined at Tolfa, Italy. In the United States it is found in the San Juan district of Colorado; Goldfield, Nevada; the ghost town of Alunite, Utah near Marysvale; and Red Mountain near Patagonia, Arizona. The Arizona occurrence lies appropriately above a canyon named Alum Gulch. Alunite is mined as an ore of both potassium and aluminium at Marysvale. Some of the ore deposits were located by airborne and satellite multispectral imaging.

An article in the May/June 2019 issue of Archaeology magazine states that in China, in Henan province, an assortment of ceramic objects and jars were found, dating back 2000 years. In one of the jars, a mixture of alunite and potassium nitrate was found.  The mixture was then thought to be a "mixture of immortality" mentioned in ancient Chinese texts. Obviously, this does not appear to have succeeded.

See also
 Acid mine drainage
 Alum
 Jarosite

References

External links
Mineral Galleries

 
Aluminium minerals
Potassium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Alunite group
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166
Luminescent minerals
Industrial minerals
Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel. The , popularly known as G-Cans, is an underground water infrastructure project in Kasukabe, Saitama, Japan. It is the world's largest underground flood water diversion facility, built to mitigate overflowing of the city's major waterways and rivers during rain and typhoon seasons. It is located between Showa and Kasukabe in Saitama prefecture, on the outskirts of the city of Tokyo in the Greater Tokyo Area.

Work on the project started in 1992 and was completed by early 2006. It consists of five concrete containment silos with heights of  and diameters of , connected by  of tunnels,  beneath the surface, as well as a large water tank with a height of , with a length of , with a width of , and with fifty-nine massive pillars connected to seventy-eight  pumps that can pump up to  of water into the Edo River per second.

G-Cans 

G-Cans, originally G-CANS PROJECT, is the name of a civic group whose goal is to "transform the area surrounding the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel and the Shōwa Drainage Pump Station into a new cultural and community hub, utilizing these regional resources to promote regional development"; "CANS" represents the idea that "anything can be done with the ideas and actionable proposals of us citizens". While the term "G-Cans" is commonly used in English to refer to the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel itself, it originally refers to this specific civic initiative.

See also 
 Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (in Chicago)
 Basilica Cistern (in Istanbul)
 Underground construction
 Stormwater
 Sewerage

References

External links 

 (including photos) 

Aqueducts in Japan
Buildings and structures in Saitama Prefecture
Flood control projects
Flood control in Japan
Geography of Saitama Prefecture
Macro-engineering
Science and technology in Japan
Tourist attractions in Saitama Prefecture
Water tunnels
Drainage tunnels
Tunnels in Japan
British United Traction. British United Traction (BUT) was a manufacturer of railway equipment and trolleybuses. It was established in 1946 as a joint venture between AEC and Leyland.

History

British United Traction was established in 1946 when AEC and Leyland amalgamated their trolleybus interests. Neither had produced trolleybuses since the early years of World War II. With both forecasting that demand would return to pre-war levels as networks began to close, a joint venture was formed. The new company was organised so that AEC would design and produce vehicles for the UK market while Leyland looked after export markets, although there were some exceptions to this. The only noticeable difference between the manufacturers' output was the wheels.

Initially vehicles were produced at Leyland's Ham, London factory, with the first vehicles completed in 1947 for Johannesburg. After the factory closed 1948, production moved to AEC's Southall and Leyland's Leyland, Lancashire factories. Following AEC's acquisition of Crossley Motors, AEC transferred its production to the latter's Stockport factory. Trolleybus production wound down in the late 1950s, however a final batch for Wellington was built at Scammell's, Watford factory in 1964.

Trolleybuses
9611T
9612T
9613T
9641T
RETB1 / LETB1

Diesel engines for railways

British United Traction was a major supplier of diesel engines for British Rail's first-generation diesel multiple units. These engines were built in ,  and  versions and were branded AEC, Leyland or Leyland-Albion.

A  version was supplied to the Ulster Transport Authority for its UTA MPD class railcar.

References

External links

Associated Equipment Company
 
Defunct bus manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Electric vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Leyland Motors
Trolleybus manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1946
1946 establishments in England
Futaba Corporation. is a Japanese company founded in 1948, originally to produce vacuum tubes. As time passed, production and elemental techniques of the vacuum tube transformed into the manufacturing of vacuum fluorescent displays (VFDs), tool and die set components, radio control equipment and OLED displays.

Company profile 
Futaba Corporation is divided into three business units — Electronic Components, Electronic Systems Division, and Machinery and Tooling Division.

 Electronics Component Division — VFD and OLED displays and capacitive touch panels
 Machinery and Tooling — Press and mold equipment and related components
 Electronic Systems Division — Radio control (RC) for both hobby and industrial applications and servomotors.

Remote control
Futaba became one of the first companies of its type to provide comprehensive radio control products, selection and service to hobbyists. Futaba systems and products were quickly accepted and used by serious competitors and casual enthusiasts alike.  Futaba products are used in the air, on the water, underwater and on the ground for all types of radio-controlled models. Futaba manufactures all components in-house, including tools and manufacturing facilities.

The hobby brand is distributed in North America by FutabaUSA, by Ripmax in the UK, Ireland, Germany and Austria, along with other distributors around the world.

Gallery

References

External links

Futaba official site 

Machine tool builders
Manufacturing companies of Japan
Defense companies of Japan
Multinational companies headquartered in Japan
Electronics companies established in 1948
Companies based in Chiba Prefecture
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Japanese companies established in 1948
Japanese brands
Radio-controlled transmitter
Boiling chip. A boiling chip, boiling stone,  or porous bit anti-bumping granule is a tiny, unevenly shaped piece of substance added to liquids to make them boil more calmly. Boiling chips are frequently employed in distillation and heating. When a liquid becomes superheated, a speck of dust or a stirring rod can cause violent flash boiling.  Boiling chips provide nucleation sites so the liquid boils smoothly without becoming superheated or bumping.

Use 
Boiling chips should not be added to liquid that is already near its boiling point, as this could also induce flash boiling. Boiling chips should not be used when cooking unless they are suitable for food-grade applications. 

The structure of a boiling chip traps liquid while in use, meaning that they cannot be re-used in laboratory setups. They also don't work well under vacuum; if a solution is boiling under vacuum, it is best to constantly stir it instead.

Materials 

Boiling chips are typically made of a porous material, such as alumina, silicon carbide, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, porcelain or carbon, and often have a nonreactive coating of PTFE. This ensures that the boiling chips will provide effective nucleation sites, yet are chemically inert. In less demanding situations, like school laboratories, pieces of broken porcelainware or glassware are often used.

References 

Laboratory equipment
Phase transitions
Diaclone. is a toyline by Takara Toys launched in 1980. It consisted of transforming vehicles and robots piloted by miniature, magnet-shoed figures spun off from the prior Microman toy line.

The toys in the 1980 line were designed by future Macross designers Shoji Kawamori and Kazutaka Miyatake (both contracted from Studio Nue), who designed the mecha and the figures respectively. Unlike Microman, which featured "full-scale" toys of its 10-centimeter-tall alien cyborgs, the figures in Diaclone represented full-sized human (and enemy alien Waruder) pilots, and were in approximately 1/60 scale. 
 
In 1982, the line later featured the Car-Robots set of transforming robot toys, invented by Ōno Kōjin with some initial designs by Kawamori and others. While the original series featured fanciful robots and vehicles, Car-Robots added the feature of the robots being able to disguise themselves as various late 20th century-era contemporary vehicles. In 1984, Hasbro licensed the Car-Robots toyline along with the Microman's Micro Change toyline from Takara and merged the two series of toys to create the Transformers. Most of the original Autobot vehicle-based characters came from the Car-Robots set of Diaclone robots. Other Transformers characters that came from the Diaclone line included the Dinobots, Insecticons (from the enemy Waruder toys), the Jumpstarters, the mail-order exclusive Powerdashers and Omnibots, the Decepticon planes (originally from two "JetRobo" toys, produced in the colors of future Decepticons Starscream and Thundercracker) and the Constructicons, who also came from the Car-Robots set. The Constructicons came from near the end of the series, at which point Takara was starting to abandon the Inch-Man pilot figures and being limited to the 1/60 scale. The six TrainRobo were also produced in the same sub-line as the Constructicons, but would only become Transformers (as the Trainbots) in Japan's 1987 line.

Takara eventually discontinued the Diaclone and Microman toylines in 1985 in favor of the Transformers rebranding. Takara has since revived the franchise, however; first announced at Tokyo Toy Show 2015, the first proper figure of the new Diaclone line was revealed at Wonder Festival of 2015. The BotCon storyline for 2015 also features several concepts from the Diaclone series, and several figures were based on Diaclone characters.

See also

References

External links
 DIACLONE.NET
  Pre-Transformers
 Multiforce 14/Warudaros commercial
 Commercial for Battle Convoy, later known as Optimus Prime

1980s toys
2010s toys
Toy mecha
Transformers (toy line)
Transforming toy robots
Products introduced in 1980
Boilerplate. Boilerplate may refer to:
 Relatively thick, high-quality sheet steel used in the construction of a boiler
 Boilerplate text, any text that is or can be reused in new contexts or applications without being changed much from the original
 Boilerplate code, code that appears in different programs mostly unaltered due to conventions or syntactical requirements to form a minimal program
 Boilerplate contract, standard form contract between two parties that does not allow for negotiation
Boilerplate clause, standard clauses of contractual terms which are included in many contracts

 Boilerplate (robot), fictional combat robot of the Victorian era and early 20th century, created in 2000 by artist Paul Guinan
 Boilerplate (spaceflight), non-functional craft, system, or payload which is used to test various configurations and basic size, load, and handling characteristics
Contour canal. A contour canal is an artificially-dug navigable canal which closely follows the contour line of the land it traverses, in order to avoid costly engineering works such as:

 Digging a cutting or tunnel through higher ground;
 Building an embankment or aqueduct over lower ground, or;
 Constructing a canal lock (or series of locks) to change the level of the canal.

Because of this, these canals are characterised by their meandering course.

In the United Kingdom, many of the canals built in the period from 1770 to 1800 were contour canals - for example, the Thames & Severn Canal completed in 1789, and the Oxford Canal completed in 1790. Later canals tended to be much straighter and more direct - a good example is the Shropshire Union Canal engineered by Thomas Telford.

See also 
Canals of the United Kingdom
Grand Contour Canal - proposed, but never built
Lingqu Canal - the oldest contour canal in the world

Notes

References
Day, Lance and Ian McNeil. (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. New York: Routledge. .

Canals
Blastolene Special. The Blastolene Special, also known as the "Tank Car", is a unique, specially built car, designed and built by American master craftsman Randy Grubb. The car is currently owned by American entertainer Jay Leno, who regularly drives it on public streets, and also has the car on display at various car shows and meets (such as Cars and Coffee events for example) in the greater Los Angeles area, and the Californian car culture enthusiast scene. Created from an American military tank engine and a custom-made aluminium body, it originally produced 810 bhp (600 kW) at 2,800 rpm and 1,560 ft lb (2,120 N·m) of torque at 2,400 rpm. The car weighs 9,500 pounds (4,300 kg) which is 1/11th the weight of the original tank from which the engine was used.

History
In 2001, the Blastolene Special was built by craftsman Randy Grubb. It is powered by a Continental AV1790-5B, a huge engine that weighs as much as a Volkswagen Beetle, which was previously used in the 51-ton M47 Patton Tank in the 1950s. It also features a Greyhound bus transmission and a retro designed sheet metal body. Jay Leno put it into the extensive collection of cars he owns —84 cars and 73 motorcycles . The car was built at Grubb's shop in Grants Pass, Oregon.

After purchasing the car, Jay Leno made numerous enhancements to the roadworthiness of the vehicle, including a new six-speed Allison automatic gearbox, new rear brakes, new electrical system, and chassis work.  The engine was later upgraded with fuel injection and twin turbochargers from Gale Banks and his company, Gale Banks Engineering. It is now estimated to produce  and  of torque.

Facts
 Introduced as "The Jay Leno Tank Car" on Gran Turismo 4, it ended up in the game "by accident" when the development team visited Jay's garage to record some engine sounds. They noticed the car and put it in the game on behalf of their intrigue. it also Reappears in Gran Turismo 5 as "Tank Car '03"
 During one of the first freeway test drives an unsuitable oil line ruptured and dumped the entire 17 gallons of oil onto the road
 The car gets 5 miles per gallon (up from the original performance of 2–3 miles per gallon, after the transmission was replaced.)
 The engine red-lines at 2,900 rpm.
 Jay Leno brought the car on his show when interviewing Arnold Schwarzenegger and introduced it as "The Terminator car".
 Jay Leno had a tuning company, Gale Banks Engineering, add twin turbochargers to the engine, not for higher power but to get better fuel economy.
Blastolene has since made a similar car styled after a 1950s-era Indy Car, called the Blastolene Indy Special.

Specifications
 Weight — 4,300 kg (9500 lb)
 Length — 6.40 metres (252 in)
 Transmission — 6-speed Allison automatic
 Quarter Mile — 14.7 seconds @ 
 Top Speed — 140 mph+
  and  of torque

See also
 Blastolene Indy Special

References

External links
Blastolene Special at Randy Grubb's official site. 
Popular Mechanics article
Car and Driver article
Gale Banks official website
Clubhotrod gallery pictures of the vehicle

Individual cars
Anomaly-based intrusion detection system. An anomaly-based intrusion detection system, is an intrusion detection system for detecting both network and computer intrusions and misuse by monitoring system activity and classifying it as either normal or anomalous. The classification is based on heuristics or rules, rather than patterns or signatures, and attempts to detect any type of misuse that falls out of normal system operation. This is as opposed to signature-based systems, which can only detect attacks for which a signature has previously been created.

In order to positively identify attack traffic, the system must be taught to recognize normal system activity. The two phases of a majority of anomaly detection systems consist of the training phase (where a profile of normal behaviors is built) and testing phase (where current traffic is compared with the profile created in the training phase). Anomalies are detected in several ways, most often with artificial intelligence type techniques. Systems using artificial neural networks have been used to great effect. Another method is to define what normal usage of the system comprises using a strict mathematical model, and flag any deviation from this as an attack. This is known as strict anomaly detection. Other techniques used to detect anomalies include data mining methods, grammar based methods, and Artificial Immune System.

Network-based anomalous intrusion detection systems often provide a second line of defense to detect anomalous traffic at the physical and network layers after it has passed through a firewall or other security appliance on the border of a network. Host-based anomalous intrusion detection systems are one of the last layers of defense and reside on computer end points. They allow for fine-tuned, granular protection of end points at the application level.

Anomaly-based Intrusion Detection at both the network and host levels have a few shortcomings; namely a high false-positive rate and the ability to be fooled by a correctly delivered attack.  Attempts have been made to address these issues through techniques used by PAYL and MCPAD.

See also
 fail2ban
 Cfengine – 'cfenvd' can be utilized to do 'anomaly detection'
 Change detection
 DNS analytics
 Hogzilla IDS – is a free software (GPL) anomaly-based intrusion detection system.
 RRDtool – can be configured to flag anomalies
 Sqrrl – threat hunting based on NetFlow and other collected data

References

Computer network security
British Rail Class 936. The British Rail Class 936 was reserved for former electrical multiple units not from the South-East, converted for departmental use. Units were converted for various tasks, including application of sandite, and de-icing duties.

Merseyrail Units

Scottish Units

References

Sources

936
British Rail Departmental Units
Rail transport in Merseyside
Train-related introductions in 1984
Train-related introductions in 1994