omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Jacking gear. A jacking gear (also known as a turning gear) is a device placed on the main shaft of an engine or the rotor of a turbine. The jacking gear rotates the shaft or rotor and associated machinery (such as reduction gears and main steam or gas turbines), to ensure uniform cool-down. Without turning, hogging or sagging can occur. Additionally, the jacking gear's assistance in rotation can be used when inspecting the shaft, reduction gears, bearings, and turbines. As an auxiliary function, the jacking gear also helps to maintain a protective oil membrane at all shaft journal bearings.

Hogging is when the shaft bows upwards due to thermal stratification.  

On the engine shaft of a marine vessel, this process also prevents the shaft from warping when a ship is preparing to achieve maneuvering status.

Motor and drivetrain
The jacking gear motor is generally designed to rotate the shaft at approximately 1/10 rpm. Most jacking gear motors are rated at 5hp. The jacking gear motor assembly applies power and torque to the reduction gear by a flexible coupling or clutch that can freely engage and disengage to the high-pressure pinion (driving gear). Engaging is accomplished by means of a simple lever. Some newer propulsion arrangements utilize an automatic control system located in the engine room. Jacking gears often feature a lock to prevent the shaft from turning during current or tide changes or when being towed. 

But some industrial gas turbines (GE Frame 5 and Frame 6 types) use a jacking system in which two hydraulic cylinders rotates the shaft about  in one or two seconds every 30 seconds.
GE Frame 9B gas turbines, in which accessories were designed in beginning of 1970's by Alstom Belfort engineering, use a high pressure hydraulic motor which connects to the main shaft through an automatic SSS Clutch. Turning speed was chosen about 6 RPM, because the resisting torque is the smallest at this speed, then requiring a very low power.

See also 
 Barring engine

References 

Marine propulsion
Steam turbines
Steam engine technology
Dry pasta line. Dry pasta lines are machines that make dry pasta products such as spaghetti or penne on a commercial scale, used for high-volume continuous production ranging from 500 to 8,000 kg per hour capacity. A typical dry pasta line consists of an extruder and a dryer.  Modern machines are highly automated using programmable logic controllers. They are called "lines" because they contain a series of processing machines through which the dough passes. It is common for dry pasta lines to run continuously for up to six weeks, with packaging done in shifts.

Extruder

The extruder mixes flour and water to make dough, kneads the dough and pushes it through a die to form the shape, and cuts the pasta to the correct length.  Dry pasta lines typically use rectangular dies to extrude long goods pasta and round dies to extrude short goods pasta.  The extruder typically uses a vacuum system in the mixing process to keep air out of the dough.

Dryer
The dryer dries the pasta to the correct moisture level, typically using sticks or screens to transport pasta inside the dryer depending on the length of the product.  Long goods pasta such as spaghetti is hung vertically from sticks and short goods pasta such as penne is placed on long horizontal conveyors with mesh screen belts.  Long goods pasta takes about 6-9 hours to dry depending on the temperature used in the drying process, and short goods pasta takes about 3-4 hours.  Air circulation, heat and moisture control are critical factors to the pasta drying process.

Post drying
Manufacturers can store and package pasta in many ways after drying. After drying is complete, long pasta is usually stored in a section of the line called the accumulator, which holds the sticks with strands of pasta until it is further processed. The sticks are conveyed to a section called the "stripper", which removes the pasta from the stick, trims the strands to the correct length, and conveys it for further processing, such as a packaging machine. Finished short cut pasta is usually held in large storage silos until it is packaged or boxed. Each shape of pasta is stored in a separate silo.

See also

 Food industry

Notes

Commercial machines
Pasta industry
Invention USA. Invention USA is an American reality television series on the History Channel that debuted on December 9, 2011. The series features inventor and technologist Reichart Von Wolfsheild and Scotty Ziegler (replacing theoretical physicist Garrett Lisi) as they travel around America to oversee the work of amateur inventors.  Season 2 premiered on November 26, 2012.

Episodes

Season 1 (2011)

Season 2 (2012)

See also
 Everyday Edisons,  an American reality television series on PBS

References

External links
 

2011 American television series debuts
2010s American reality television series
History (American TV channel) original programming
Open innovation intermediaries
2012 American television series endings
Silence Twister. The Silence Twister is a German ultralight designed  by Silence Aircraft for amateur construction, either from plans or kits.  The prototype first flew on 30 September 2000.

Design and development
The Twister is a single-seat low-wing monoplane with elliptical wings and tailplane. It has a retractable conventional landing gear with a fixed tailwheel.  The design drew inspiration from the Supermarine Spitfire, and the shapes of the Twister's wings, fin and tailplane all recall the famous World War II fighter.  Designed to take engines up to , the prototype was fitted with a  single-rotor MidWest Wankel engine. This compact rotary motor allowed a sleek engine cowling, but the engine was rejected and production aircraft use  Jabiru 2200 or 
ULPower UL260i engines.

An electric aircraft version was under development in 2010.

Propeller
The Twister prototype was fitted with Silence Aircraft's own automatic variable-pitch propeller called the "VProp".  The LAA have yet to allow the VProp to be fitted on UK aircraft, so UK Twisters have fixed-blade propellers instead.

Operational history
Twenty-one examples had been completed and flown by December 2011.

Variants
SA155 Initial prototype powered by a  MidWest AE50 Wankel rotary engine. The second prototype was powered by a  Diamond AE50 engine.
SA180 powered by a  Jabiru 2200 engine.
Akron A version developed for the US market under Experimental aircraft certification rules.

Specifications (Prototype)

See also
Flight Team Twister, a different aircraft with the same model name

References

External links

2000s German civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2000
Ikar Ai-10 Ikar. The Ikar Ai-10 Ikar is a Ukrainian two-seat ultralight cabin monoplane, designed and built by the Ikar Aero Club of Kyiv.

Design and development
First flown in 1999 the Ai-10 is a high-wing, strut-braced monoplane with a metal fuselage and fabric-covered wings. It has a fixed conventional landing gear with a tailwheel. The Ai-10 is powered by a tractor configuration Rotax 912UL, 912ULS or 914 flat-four piston engine with a three-bladed wooden propeller. The enclosed cabin has room for two seated in side-by-side configuration.

Specification (with 912ULS engine)

Incidents and accidents
June 9, 2013 near the village Friday Solnechnogorsk district, Moscow region, during a training flight fell plane Ikar Ai-10. Killed pilot and passenger.

References

Notes

Bibliography

1990s Ukrainian civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1999
Pneumatic exercise equipment. A pneumatic exercise machine or  pneumatic exercise equipment is an exercise machine or equipment for physical exercise whose function is based on pneumatics, as opposed to or in combination with for example cables or hydraulics.

The difference to regular weights or exercise equipment is that the weight stacks, wires and other moving parts are replaced with a pneumatic cylinder whose resistance can be adjusted with air pressure. Modern machines with repetition counters and electrical pressure tubes promote precise training of certain muscle groups or a sector of physical functions affecting ones quality of life. Guidelines for health exercise  can also be the purpose of training which can be pursued and monitored by loading a training program to a Smart Card and accomplish exercises guided by machines themselves.

History 
Using pneumatic cylinders in exercise machines is a rather new innovation. First prototypes were born during the 80's and 90's.

Claimed benefits and drawbacks 
 Switch operated and stable control of resistance
 Lack of inertia
 Higher training effect
 Increased reliability
 Safety (no moving stacks or wires)

See also 
 Cable machine
 Free weight (equipment), for example dumbbells or barbells
 Hydraulic exercise equipment

References 

Exercise equipment
John Thompson (inventor). John Henry Michael "JT" Thompson (born June 15, 1959) is the inventor of the Lingo programming language  used in Adobe Director and a former Chief Scientist at Macromedia. He is a former professor in the Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP) at the New York University Tisch School of the Arts and instructor at Drexel University. He is committed to teaching and motivating successive scions of tech developers. He is a graduate of MIT and the Art Student League of New York.

He spent part of his         childhood in Jamaica. His parents, in search of a better life for their children moved from the United Kingdom to New York. In 2012 he returned to his homeland Jamaica, to implement the Digital Jam 2.0 project. This included directing a course of mobile apps development workshops. According to him the vision for the project was to "export an innovative software development strategy to enable Jamaican youth to prosper in the global internet knowledge economy." He was honored for his innovations and commitment to coaching with the Silver Musgrave Medal for Science in 2012 by the Institute of Jamaica (IOJ).

Publications

References

External links
 

American inventors
Living people
1959 births
Diamond Silk Mill. Diamond Silk Mill, also known as York Silk Manufacturing Company, is a historic silk mill located at Springettsbury Township, York County, Pennsylvania.  It was designed by architect John A. Dempwolf and built about 1900.  The mill is a 3 1/2-story, brick building with heavy timber frame trussing on a stone foundation, and measures 50 feet by 300 feet.  It has a hipped roof, and features an octagonal 100-foot high smokestack and decorative corbelled brick cornice in the Romanesque Revival style.

In 1910, the mill's business had increased such that it was noted by an industry periodical as becoming a full-time operation and hiring additional workers. Silk manufacturing would become one of York's most important industries, feeding Lancaster's manufacture of umbrellas. A decline began with the Great Depression and continued with the introduction of synthetic fibers in the late 1930s, for which most York mills did not have equipment.

The mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

See also
Ashley and Bailey Company Silk Mill, contemporary silk mill 4 miles west in West York, Pennsylvania
Ashley and Bailey Silk Mill, contemporary silk mill 15 miles east in Marietta, Pennsylvania

References

Buildings and structures in York County, Pennsylvania
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Industrial buildings completed in 1900
Romanesque Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Silk mills in the United States
Springettsbury Township, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in York County, Pennsylvania
Henry G. Booker. Henry George Booker (December 14, 1910 – November 1, 1988) was an Anglo-American  physicist and electrical engineer.

Booker was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
He was head of panel on stratospheric pollution. He was a head of the Maths Group at Worth focused on radio propagation. 
He was director of the Cornell University’s school of electrical engineering, and the founder of department of electrical engineering and computer science at University of California, San Diego.
The New York Times called Booker "worldwide authority on radio wave propagation", as well as "one of the world's foremost authorities on the propagation of electric waves"

Career and life 
Henry George Booker was born in 1910 in Barking, then in Essex but now in London, England. He went to Palmer's School in Grays, Essex and graduated from Cambridge University with a B.A. degree in applied and pure maths in 1933. He received Ph.D. from Cambridge in 1936 in ionospheric physics. Booker researched radio wave propagation as a Fellow of Christ's College, and continued this research as a visiting scientist at the Carnegie Institution's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.

During World War II, Booker headed theoretical research at the Telecommunications Research Establishment in England. He conducted further research into radio wave propagation for the Royal Air Force, which led to significant developments in the understanding of antennas. After the war, Booker returned to Christ's College to teach until 1948. Post-1948, Booker taught exclusively in the United States. He received U.S. citizenship in 1952.

In 1965, Booker moved from Cornell to the University of California, San Diego, where he became the first chair of the department of applied electrophysics, later to become the department of electrical and computer engineering. He remained at UC, San Diego as emeritus professor until the day of his death. 

He died of complications from a brain tumor in La Jolla, California, on November 1, 1988.

Awards and Distinctions 
 1934    Allen Scholarship, Cambridge University
 1935    Smith's Prize, Cambridge University
 1947    Duddell Premium, Institution of Electrical Engineers
 1948    Kelvin Premium, Institution of Electrical Engineers
 1953    Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 1954    Guggenheim Fellowship
 1960    Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1960
 1970    50th Anniversary Medal, American Meteorological Society
 1981    Honorary professor, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
 1984    Centennial Medal, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

References

External links
Henry G. Booker Papers MSS 93. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1910 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Cornell University College of Engineering faculty
English emigrants to the United States
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Barking, London
American Indian Science and Engineering Society. The American Indian Science and Engineering Society (AISES) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit professional association with the goal of substantially increasing American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, First Nation and other indigenous peoples of North America representation in the fields of science, technology, engineering, math (STEM) and other related disciplines. Its headquarters is located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. , Sarah EchoHawk is the Chief Executive Officer.

History 
AISES was founded in 1977, by American Indian scientists: Manhattan Project scientist and Mohawk, Arnold Anderson, Al Qöyawayma, Carol Gardipe (Penobscot), George Thomas (Cherokee), Jerry Elliott (Cherokee/Osage), Alex Labadie (Osage) and Jim Shorty (Navajo).

Since its founding, the society has held the annual, three-day AISES National Conference, which includes the largest job fair in Indian country.

Chapters 
, AISES has 177 chartered college and university chapters and 13 professional chapters in the US and Canada. In addition, 150 affiliated K-12 schools enroll in excess of 45,000 Native American students.

Winds of Change magazine 
AISES publishes Winds of Change, a quarterly magazine on science, technology, engineering and math fields and Native Americans.

Scholarships 
In 2012, AISES administered four merit-based, college scholarship programs:

 A.T. Anderson Memorial Scholarship—offered since 1983 to its members in the fields of math, science, medicine, engineering, physical science, natural resources, and technology.
 AISES Google Scholarship
 AISES Intel Scholarship
 Burlington Northern Santa Fe Foundation Scholarship

Awards
At the annual AISES Leadership Summit, two student awards are voted on for students, by students. The awards are the Rising Leader Award and Leadership Award. In 2018, soil scientist Lydia Jennings was awarded the Rising Leader Award.

In 2011, the San Juan College branch of AISES earned the National Student Chapter of the Year award, the first community college to earn the national award formerly given at top schools such as Stanford University and the University of California, Los Angeles.

See also
American Indian Council of Architects and Engineers

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Native American organizations
.
American engineering organizations
Educational organizations based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in New Mexico
Organizations based in Albuquerque, New Mexico
Organizations established in 1977
1977 establishments in New Mexico
Scholarships in the United States
Charities based in New Mexico
Anobit. Anobit Technologies, Ltd. () was an Israeli fabless designer of flash memory controllers. They were acquired by Apple in 2012 as they were the maker of a flash-memory drive component for the iPhone.

Background
The firm was founded in 2006 by Prof. Ehud Weinstein, Ariel Maislos, and Dr. Ofir Shalvi. It holds 65 patents (24 granted and 41 pending), including Memory Signal Processing technology. It was headquartered in Herzliya, with an American office in Marlborough, Massachusetts. Investors in the company included Boston-based Battery Ventures (Scott Tobin).

Acquisition
Anobit was acquired on January 6, 2012 by Apple Inc. for a reported $390 million.

See also

 Science and technology in Israel
 Economy of Israel
 List of companies of Israel
 List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple

References

Electronics companies of Israel
Defunct computer hardware companies
Computer companies established in 2006
2006 establishments in Israel
Privately held companies of Israel
Computer memory companies
Fabless semiconductor companies
Apple Inc. acquisitions
Mergers and acquisitions of Israeli companies
Apple Inc. subsidiaries
2012 mergers and acquisitions
Victor, Wanswerd. The Victor is a drainage mill in Wanswerd (West Frisian: Wânswert), Friesland, Netherlands. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 15644.

History
In 1867, De Victor was built to replace 6 smaller drainage mills and 3 tjaskers. The mill was taken over by Stichting De Fryske Mole in 1975 and restored in 1977 when the original Patent Sails were replaced by common sails. In 2006 the windmill was designated as a reserve for emergency situations.
The mill is currently awaiting restoration, among which repairs to its foundations, expecting to start in spring 2012.

Description

The Victor is what the Dutch describe as an "achtkante grondzeiler". It is a smock mill without a stage, the sails reaching almost to the ground. The brick base is one storey high with a three-storey smock on top. Both smock and cap are thatched. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The cap is carried on 16 fixed cast-iron rollers instead of the in the Netherlands common wooden blocks or unfixed rollers moving along a rail, meaning the entire weight of the cap and sails is carried by the axles of the rollers.

The four common sails have a span of  and are carried on a cast-iron windshaft cast by foundry Koning in 1911 as number 0210. Gears and the upright shaft bring the windpower to the Archimedes' screw which is  in diameter and can lift  of water per revolution.

A 22 hp Lister HA diesel engine, once used as auxiliary power, is still in situ in the mill but is no longer connected to the Archimedes' screw.

Public access
The mill is open to the public by appointment.

References

External links
Website (dutch)

Windmills in Friesland
Smock mills in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Windmills completed in 1867
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
Old Engine Company 26 (Washington, D.C.). Old Engine Company No. 26, also known as the Langdon Firehouse and Chemical Company No. 3, located at 2715 22nd Street, NE, Washington, D.C. is a historic firehouse built in 1908 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

The firehouse was built in response to a petition by the Northeastern Citizens’ Suburban Association for better fire protection.  The Langdon neighborhood where it is located lay outside Washington's hydrant system, so fires were extinguished with chemicals and the station was originally known as Chemical Company No. 3. The station was renamed Engine Company 26 in the 1920s and closed in 1940.

Originally built to house Chemical Company 3, the firehouse was renamed Engine Company 26 in 1913. In 1940, a year after a major restructuring of the fire department, Engine Company 26 moved in with Truck Company 15 at 1340 Rhode Island Avenue, N.E. The city then proposed to adapt the building for use as a library. The Rhode Island Avenue Citizens’ Association countered the proposal with one to use the firehouse as a community center. The city decided, instead, to sell the building to the highest bidder. Shortly thereafter, the building was purchased by a church. It was later resold to the New Memorial Temple of Christ Apostolic Faith, Inc., which currently occupies the property.

References

External links

Historical Designation Report, accessed October 21, 2012

Fire stations completed in 1908
Tudor Revival architecture in Washington, D.C.
Fire stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Defunct fire stations in Washington, D.C.
1908 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Germanium tetrafluoride. Germanium tetrafluoride (GeF4) is a chemical compound of germanium and fluorine. It is a colorless gas.

Synthesis
Germanium tetrafluoride is formed by treating germanium with fluorine:
 Ge + 2 F2 → GeF4
Alternatively germanium dioxide combines with hydrofluoric acid (HF):
 GeO2 + 4 HF → GeF4  +  2 H2O

It is also formed during the thermal decomposition of a complex salt, Ba[GeF6]:
 Ba(GeF6) → GeF4 + BaF2

Properties
Germanium tetrafluoride is a noncombustible, strongly fuming gas with a garlic-like odor. It reacts with water to form hydrofluoric acid and germanium dioxide. Decomposition occurs above 1000 °C.

Reaction of GeF4 with fluoride sources produces GeF5− anions with octahedral coordination around Ge atom due to polymerization. The structural characterization of a discrete trigonal bipyramidal GeF5− anion was achieved by a "naked" fluoride reagent 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium fluoride.

Uses
In combination with disilane, germanium tetrafluoride is used for in  the synthesis of SiGe.

References

External links
 "Reactivity of a Naked Fluoride Reagent and Controlled Design of Germanium Fluorido-Anions."

Germanium(IV) compounds
Gases
Fluorides
Metal halides
Germanium difluoride. Germanium difluoride (GeF2) is a chemical compound of germanium and fluorine. It is a white solid with a melting point of 110 °C, and can be produced by reacting germanium tetrafluoride with germanium powder at 150–300 °C.

Structure
Germanium difluoride forms orthorhombic crystals with a space group P212121 (No. 19), Pearson symbol oP12, and lattice constants a = 0.4682 nm, b = 0.5178 nm, c = 0.8312 nm, Z = 4 (four structure units per unit cell). Its crystal structure is characterized by strong polymeric chains composed by GeF3 pyramids. One of the fluorine atom in the pyramid is shared by two neighboring chains, providing a weak link between them. Another, less common crystal form of GeF2 has tetragonal symmetry with a space group P41212 (No. 92), Pearson symbol tP12, and lattice constants a = 0.487 nm, b = 0.6963 nm, c = 0.858 nm.

References

Fluorides
Metal halides
Germanium(II) compounds