omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
DAP FORTRAN. DAP FORTRAN was an extension of the non IO parts of FORTRAN with constructs that supported parallel computing for the
ICL Distributed Array Processor (DAP). The DAP had a Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) architecture with 64x64 single bit processors.

DAP FORTRAN had the following major features:

 It had matrix and vector operations.
 Assignments could be performed under a logical mask so only some elements in the target of an assignment were changed.
 On the negative side - operations were performed using the size of the underlying hardware i.e. on a 64x64 matrix or 64 element vector.

In a declaration either one or two extents could be omitted as in:

C     Multiply vector by matrix
      REAL M(,), V(), R()
      R = SUM(M*MATR(A))

C     Converge to a Laplace potential in an area
      REAL P(,), OLD_P(,)
      LOGICAL INSIDE(,)
      DO 1 K = 1, ITERATIONS
      OLD_P = P
      P(INSIDE) = 0.25*(P(,+)+P(,-)+P(+,)+P(-,))
      IF (MAX(ABS(P-OLD_P)) .LT. EPS) RETURN
    1 CONTINUE

The omitted dimension was taken as 64, the size of one side of the DAP. The speed of arithmetic operations depended strongly on the number of bits in the value. INTEGER*n reserved 8n bits where n is 1 to 8, and REAL*n reserved 8n bits where n is 3 to 8. LOGICAL reserved a single bit.

However, DAP FORTRAN fell between two conflicting objectives. It needed to effectively exploit the DAP facilities. But also had to be accessible to the scientific computing community whose primary language, with a design closely tied to serial architectures, was FORTRAN. The dialect used was ICL's 2900-series FORTRAN which was based on an early version of the FORTRAN 77 standard and had mismatches with both FORTRAN 77 and the older FORTRAN 66 standard.

DAP FORTRAN was significantly different from either standard FORTRAN and the machine was not capable of accepting or optimising standard FORTRAN programs. On the other hand, compared with other contemporary languages which were by design extensible (notably ALGOL-68), FORTRAN was less than well suited to this task. The result was noticeably inelegant and did require a great deal of new learning. Operationally, there was an overhead to transfer computational data into and out of the array, and problems which did not fit the 64x64 matrix imposed additional complexity to handle the boundaries (65x65 was perhaps the worst case!) – but for problems which suited the architecture, it could outperform the current Cray pipeline architectures by two orders of magnitude.

A later version of the DAP used Fortran-Plus instead which was based on
FORTRAN 77 and had more flexible indexing. In particular it automatically mapped user sized arrays onto the underlying hardware.

External links
 ICL DAP Fortran
 

Concurrent programming languages
Fortran programming language family
 
ICL programming languages
Path 61. Path 61 or the Lugo - Victorville 500 kV Line is a relatively short AC 500 kV power line that runs from Southern California Edison's (SCE) Lugo substation southwest of Hesperia to Los Angeles Department of Water and Power's (LADW&P) Victorville substation north of Victorville, California.  Path 61 is part of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council's links of electrical intertie paths in the western United States.This line is an important connection between two out of the four parts that make up the massive Path 46 transmission system in southeast California since the line allows power flow to be rerouted on Path 46 when necessary. Half of the length of the 500 kV power line is owned by SCE to the south and LADW&P to the north. The entire line is located in the Mojave Desert and the High Desert regions of California.

Route
Starting from the SCE Lugo substation, where many other Southern California Edison power transmission lines interconnect, the Path 61 500 kV power line heads north-northeast along with other lower voltage 220 kV and 230 kV power lines for a short distance before turning northwest, traveling though the southwestern portion of Hesperia and spanning over Interstate 15 about 2 miles north of the interchange with Main Street. North of Bear Valley Road, the line turns and travels northeast along with the Hoover Dam-Victorville-Century 287 kV transmission lines until they terminates at the LADWP Victorville substation. Like at the Lugo substation, many other LADWP 500 kV lines, which are also part of Path 46, interconnect at the Victorville substation. Victorville is also near the Adelanto Converter Station where the Intermountain DC link comes in from Utah.

Power transmission capacity
Path 61 can transmit 2,400 MW of electrical power from Victorville substation to Lugo substation. In reverse (Lugo to Victorville), the power line could only transmit 900 MW.

References

Western Interconnection
Energy infrastructure in California
Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge. The Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge is a competition held annually at Scienceworks in Melbourne, Australia.  The challenge gives school age children a chance to design and build a car or boat, and more recently a Mars Rover, that operates solely on solar power.  It is run by MSV, a voluntary organisation created to administer the challenge.

History 
A solar car challenge for schools' was first thought of in 1987 during the first World Solar Challenge.  Everyone who attended—car makers, staff and students from universities and secondary schools—believed it to be a great experience. Two individuals, Paul Wellington (teacher at Chisholm Institute of Technology, part of Monash University), and Ted Mellor (Warragul Technical School), felt that such an opportunity should be accessible to a broader spectrum of students, because at the time, the high cost of making a life-size solar car meant that only well-funded schools could afford it. Thus, it was decided that a competition for model solar cars would be created; model cars being much cheaper and less time-consuming to make than life-size cars, but still requiring the same amount of thought and skill. Paul and Ted assembled a team of science and technology teachers, curriculum developers, sponsors, representatives and former World Solar Challenge team members (today known as MSV), and with the financial support of Energy Victoria, they established a Model Solar Car Challenge in Victoria. The first race was run in May 1990, at the Exhibition Buildings in Melbourne.

Additional information

External links 

Victorian MSV Challenge Website
 Croydon West Primary School Sheridan Challenge Winners of 2007
 Solarfreaks – Model Solar Cars 

Culture of Melbourne
Photovoltaics
Silver steel. Silver steel is common tool steel that is supplied as a centerless ground round bar (with tolerances similar to that of drill bit).  The name comes from the highly polished appearance of the rods; there is no silver in the alloy.

Amongst other applications, it has been widely used to make such things as punches, engravers, and screwdrivers. Sheffield silver steel is used in France as a blade steel for straight razors. In Finland, German silver steel was and still is widely used for Puukko knives.

The composition is defined by the British Standard BS-1407, and is given below.

In the annealed state it has a hardness of 27 HRC. It can be hardened to 64 HRC.

The European/Werkstoff equivalent is 1.2210 / 115CrV3, which also includes some vanadium.

References

Steels
Selespeed. Selespeed is the name of an automated manual transmission used in Alfa Romeo cars, developed by Italian company Magneti Marelli and made by Graziano Trasmissioni.

The Selespeed is an automated manual gearbox with an electronic clutch. Technically, it consists of the standard (manual) 6-speed gearbox with the standard clutch and adds an electronically controlled hydraulic (robotic) that actuates both gear and clutch.  

In its current incarnation, it can be operated via paddle-shifters from the steering wheel or via a "joystick" like a conventional sequential manual gearbox, used in touring cars. The right-hand paddle-shifter shifts upwards and the left side downwards. The gearbox also has a city-mode that self-shifts in a manner similar to a traditional automatic gearbox.

Selespeed was first introduced in 1999 in the Alfa Romeo 156. At that time it was the first car in its class with such a robotized gearbox. This first version had buttons on the steering wheel for changing gear. With the facelift of the 156 in 2002, these buttons were replaced by paddle-shifters (first seen in the Alfa Romeo 147) due to a new steering wheel design.

During normal driving, it is possible to use either the paddles or the joystick but if the driver tries to use paddles during joystick mode the joystick has higher priority. The speed of the gear change depends on the engine revs. If the engine has more than 5000 rpm and the throttle is pressed more than 60%, the change is faster. The system also has a rev limiter to avoid over-revving (in GTA models this behavior is removed). Downshift is accompanied by automatic rev-matching. This gearbox is made for sportive driving but the city-mode allows using it as an automatic transmission in city driving.

Models
Automated manual transmissions made by Magneti Marelli are called “Selespeed” in Alfa Romeo cars, “Dualogic” in Fiat cars, and “D.F.N” in Lancia cars.

Other cars using similar gearboxes are the Ferrari 355 F1 and Aston Martin Vanquish. The base system is similar in all cars but the speed of operation is usually faster in higher priced cars. BMW's first generation SMG was also partly a Magneti Marelli system. Also Fiat, Lamborghini, Maserati, Mercedes-Benz, Renault, Peugeot and Citroen used the Selespeed system.

Notes

External links
selespeed.info
Alfa Romeo Selespeed

Alfa Romeo
Automotive technology tradenames
Automobile transmissions
Edward Lee (scientist). Edward Lee (2 March 1914 – 31 December 2001) was a British scientist, inventor, and civil servant. He was the builder of Britain's first infrared spectrometer, and later served as Director of the Admiralty Research Laboratory.

Education 
Lee was educated at Consett Grammar School. He earned an MSc from Manchester University, where he was a protégé of scientists Lawrence Bragg and Patrick Blackett. He was headhunted by Sir Gordon Sutherland to build an infrared spectrometer at Pembroke College, University of Cambridge, where he received his PhD.

Second World War career 
At the outbreak of the Second World War, Lee had won a Commonwealth scholarship to continue his research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but chose instead to remain in Britain to help with the war effort. In 1939, Lee joined the Scientific and Technical Staff at the Royal Navy's Admiralty Research Laboratory in Teddington, Middlesex. He served in the Scientific Research and Experiment Department working on radar & Type F infrared rays recognition system.

Post-war career 
From 1946-1948, Lee served on the staff of the UK Ministry of Defence. In 1948, he joined the Admiralty's Department of Physical Research. In 1951, he returned to the Admiralty Research Laboratory, and in 1955 he was appointed Director of Operational Research, Royal Naval Scientific Service.

In 1958, Lee was appointed Deputy Director of the National Physical Laboratory. In 1960, he was appointed Director, Stations and Industry Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. In 1965, during Harold Wilson's "white heat of technology", he became Deputy Controller (R) at the Ministry of Technology. In 1970 he was appointed Head of Research Services at the Department of Trade and Industry.

From 1971 until his retirement in 1974, Lee served as Director of the Admiralty Research Laboratory.

Retirement 
In later life, Lee served as Governor of Hampton School, and Captain and President of the Home Park Golf Club at Hampton Court.

External links 
 Obituary - The Daily Telegraph
 Royal Navy Civil Officers - unithistories.com

1914 births
2001 deaths
Alumni of the University of Manchester
20th-century British physicists
20th-century British inventors
Civil servants in the Admiralty
Civil servants in the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
Members of HM Scientific Civil Service
People educated at Consett Grammar School
20th-century Royal Navy personnel
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
Tosaden Kōtsū. is a transportation company in Kōchi, Japan. The public company operates tram and bus lines.

The company was established on October 1, 2014, by merging the businesses of , a tram and bus company, as well as its subsidiary , a bus company, and , a bus company.

History
Tosa Electric Railway was founded on July 8, 1903, and the tram line was opened on May 2, 1904. The company also operated a heavy railway line called , but it was closed in 1974. The company was commonly known as  among locals, while people in other prefectures tend to call it , as the word Toden can be confusing with Tokyo Metropolitan Tramway, which was commonly called .

Tosa Electric Railway and Kōchiken Kōtsū introduced DESUCA, a smart card ticket system, from January 2009.

In June 2014, the shareholders of Tosa Electric Railway and Kōchiken Kōtsū, both in the state of insolvency, approved the reconstruction plan, under which the companies' businesses be transferred to the newly established company funded by Kōchi Prefecture and other 12 municipalities. The name of the company was selected from 1,235 proposals from the public.

Tram lines
There are three lines with 76 stations, covering a total distance of 25.3 km. It is the second longest tram network in Japan, after Hiroshima Electric Railway. The network in Kōchi, however, has suffered from declining ridership since the 1960s. In an attempt to reverse this trend, the company has tried introducing newly built stations and cars, but has not seen much success. The Government of Kōchi Prefecture, as well as that of Kōchi City are considering plans to support the company.

Lines
Sanbashi Line: Kōchi-Ekimae — Harimayabashi — Sambashidōri-Gochōme
Ino Line: Harimayabashi — Ino
Most tramcars directly continue to Gomen Line.
Gomen Line: Harimayabashi — Gomenmachi
Most tramcars directly continue to Ino Line.

Connections
Asahi-Ekimaedōri Station: JR Shikoku Dosan Line (Asahi)
Asakura-Ekimae Station: Dosan Line (Asakura)
Edagawa Station: Dosan Line
Gomenmachi Station: Tosa Kuroshio Railway Asa Line
Ino-Ekimae Station: Dosan Line (Ino)
Kōchi-Ekimae Station: Dosan Line (Kōchi)

Bus lines
The company operates long-distance buses linking Kōchi City and major cities of Japan, including Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima, and Fukuoka. It also operates a local network in/around the city.

See also
List of light-rail transit systems
Little Dancer, one of the LRVs operated on its lines

References

External links 

 Official website 
 Official website 

Bus companies of Japan
Tram transport in Japan
Companies based in Kōchi Prefecture
Path 62. Path 62 or the Eldorado - McCullough 500 kV Line is a short  500 kV power line linking Los Angeles Department of Water and Power's (LADWP's) McCullough substation to Southern California Edison's (SCE's) Eldorado substation in the Eldorado - Marketplace - McCullough substation complex just south of Boulder City, Nevada. Path 62 is part of The Western Electricity Coordinating Council's links of electrical intertie paths in the western United States. Like Path 61, this short, yet important 500 kV line allows for power flow to be rerouted on different 500 kV lines that make up the massive Path 46 transmission system when necessary. Power generated from Hoover Dam, and fossil fuel power plants in the Four Corners region is routed to this substation complex via many other 500 kV lines that connect to this substation complex.

Power transmission capacity
The 500 kV line can transmit 2,598 MVA (3,000 amps) of electrical power in either direction.

References

Western Interconnection
Energy infrastructure in Nevada
Seth Haberman. Seth Haberman is CEO of Sense Education, an artificial intelligence company that uses unsupervised machine learning technology, as well as bioinformatic algorithms, to identify how people solve open-ended problems. He was also the founder of VisibleWorld, a developer of viewer-customized television advertising.

Prior to founding Sense Education and Visible World, Haberman was founder of Montage Group, where he invented and licensed seminal non-linear editing technologies to all of the leading manufacturers of non-linear editing systems (such as Avid and Final Cut Pro). Montage’s innovative work developing its "MServer" software earned an Academy Award for technological achievement in 1987, an Emmy Award in 1993 for "Enabling Technology for Non-Linear Editing Systems Using Digital Images and Sounds", shared with EMC among others.

He has been Chair of the Video Gaming and Technology awards panel for the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, which awards the technology Emmy Awards.

He earned a BA in physics and math in 1981 from Columbia College, Columbia University.

References

Living people
Columbia College (New York) alumni
20th-century American Jews
American synth-pop musicians
21st-century American Jews
Year of birth missing (living people)
3-Nitrobenzoic acid. 3-Nitrobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NO2)CO2H. It is an aromatic compound and under standard conditions, it is an off-white solid. The two substituents are in a meta position with respect to each other, giving the alternative name of m-nitrobenzoic acid. This compound can be useful as it is a precursor to 3-aminobenzoic acid, which is used to prepare some dyes.

Preparation
It is prepared by nitration of benzoic acid at low temperatures. Both 2-Nitrobenzoic acid and 4-Nitrobenzoic acid are produced as side products, with yields of approximately 20% and 1.5% respectively. Since carboxylic acid functional groups are electron withdrawing, during an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction of nitration, substituents are directed to a meta position which explains this regiochemistry.  

A less efficient route involves nitration of methyl benzoate, followed by hydrolysis. Alternatively, oxidative C-C bond cleavage of 3-nitroacetophenone to the corresponding aryl carboxylic acid, has been demonstrated. A further synthesis involves the oxidation of 3-nitrobenzaldehyde.

Properties
With a pKa of 3.47,  3-nitrobenzoic acid is about ten times more acidic than benzoic acid. The conjugate base of benzoic acid is stabilised by the presence of the electron withdrawing nitro group which explains its increased acidity in comparison to unsubstituted benzoic acid.  It is typically soluble in oxygenated and chlorinated solvents.

Reactivity 
The presence of both carboxylic acid and nitro functional groups deactivate the ring with respect to electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.  Hydrogenation gives 3-aminobenzoic acid.

Safety
The compound is likely of modest toxicity, with  (i.v., mouse) of 640 mg/kg. This compound can cause skin and eye irritation with symptoms of exposure including methemoglobin, sensitisation, irritation, and corneal damage.

References

Benzoic acids
Nitrobenzene derivatives
WTVML. WTVML is an XML-based and WML-derived content format designed to allow web site operators to easily develop and deploy Interactive TV services, typically it reduces the time taken for web site operators to create a TV Site, and results in the Site being deployable on a larger number of devices, and is capable of being automatically validated, tested and transformed. 

WTVML was originally developed by Ian Valentine and Patrick Sansom in a company called WapTV. After demonstrating the ability to develop Interactive TV services using web infrastructures and XML, and successfully deploying them to existing TV set-top-boxes over dial up modems,  the company was acquired by BSkyB.  The technology was first used to launch Sky's interactive betting service on December 6, 2000, and later became the basis of a large number of "red button" channel portals and internet based interactive services.

The format follows a strict XML syntax (DTD) that has been developed in response to multiple user requirements by BSkyB, and is now being enhanced by Miniweb Interactive.  The format was standardized through ETSI as TS 102 322.

WTVML has the potential to unify the Interactive TV content creation industry, which has been hampered by proprietary "middlewares" and a lack of browser standards.

The fragmentation of technologies available to build Digital TV platforms has meant that typical web site operators have had no common content format available to them to allow them to develop their TV Site once, and deploy it unchanged across multiple networks and devices.

Some newer set-top boxes (particularly IPTV devices) use various versions of HTML browsers. Many of these have proprietary TV extensions, and different deployment characteristics, which result in untested services being deployed unfaithfully or worse with run-time errors. Due to the need for explicit layouts, as well as other reasons, many designers attempting to create TV Style services using HTML browsers need to make extensive use of JavaScript, which has the result of further inhibiting interoperability, and requires manual testing of a service before it is deployed by the majority of networks, thus essentially closing a network from open internet access.

WTVML services can be automatically and dynamically transformed into various forms of HTML/JS/CSS, making them compatible with traditional web browsers as well as WTVML native browsers, and allowing the network operator to manage his platform specific features independently from the standard used by the web site authors. WTVML follows a web 2.0 style model, in that complete applications are DTD driven, allowing TV Style services to be created without the use of Script.

Between 2000 and 2008 the industry, including the DVB,

See also

 waptv
 Portable Content Format

References

Interactive television
Richard B. Johnson. Richard Brian Johnson is the author of the book Abominable Firebug (), which presents his account of daily life at the Lyman School for Boys. Johnson invented the Rubber Ducky antenna while attending the Lyman School for Boys. Johnson went on to a career as an engineer and inventor. He also created the JMODEM file transfer protocol. Johnson founded the Danvers, Massachusetts, software company, Route 495 Software, LLC, in early 2009. Johnson is also an activist for civil rights issues, and has communicated with the President of the United States on issues involving general aviation. Johnson has continued to give talks to groups interested in learning about the nation's first reform school.

References

Bibliography
 

American biographers
American male biographers
21st-century American memoirists
Writers from Massachusetts
1943 births
Living people
20th-century American inventors
American computer businesspeople
American computer scientists
21st-century American engineers
Benz Bz.IV. The Benz Bz.IV was a German six-cylinder, water-cooled, inline engine developed for aircraft use. Deliveries began in 1916, and some 6,400 were produced.

Design and development
The Bz.IV was a dual-camshaft design, with two intake and two exhaust valves per cylinder. The cylinders were cast iron surrounded by a sheet metal cooling jacket. The crankcase was aluminium and pistons were initially steel but later versions had aluminium pistons. A high compression version of the engine (Bz IVü) was produced from 1917 onwards and can be recognised by the red bands painted on each cylinder. In February 1918, pistons from a Bz.IV were the first captured aluminium pistons to be examined by the British Ministry of Munitions.

Applications

Specifications

See also

References

 Kroschel, Gunter and Helmust Stützer. (1977) Die deutschen Militarflugzeuge 1910-1918 Wilhelmshaven: Lohse-Eissing Mittler.
  

1910s aircraft piston engines