omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Laser microtome. The laser microtome is an instrument used for non-contact sectioning of biological tissues or materials. It was developed by the Rowiak GmbH, a spin-off of the Laser Centre, Hannover.

In contrast to mechanically working microtomes, the laser microtome does not require sample preparation techniques such as freezing, dehydration or embedding. It has the ability to slice tissue in its native state. Depending on the material being processed, slice thicknesses of 10 to 100 micrometers are feasible.

Principle
The cutting process is performed by a femtosecond laser, emitting radiation in the near-infrared range. Within this wavelength range, the laser is able to penetrate the tissue up to a certain depth without causing thermal damage. By tight focusing of the laser radiation, intensities over 1 TW/cm2 (1 TW = 1012 watts) arise inside the laser focus. These extreme intensities induce nonlinear effects and optical breakdown occurs. This causes the disruption of the material, limited to the focal point. The process is known as photodisruption.

Due to the ultra short pulse duration of only a few femtoseconds (1 fs = 10−15 seconds) there is only very low energy of a few nanojoules (1 nJ = 10−9 joules) per laser pulse deposits into the tissue. This limits the interaction range to diameters below one micrometer (1 μm = 10−6 meters). Out of this range there is no thermal damage.

Moved by a fast scanner, the laser beam writes a cutting plane into the sample. A positioning unit moves the sample simultaneously, so that the sample can be processed within a short time.

See also
Laser microdissection

External links
 Laser microtomy: opening a new feasibility for tissue preparation by Holger Lubatschowski, Optik and Photonik 2(2):49–51, June 2007.

Medical equipment

de:Mikrotom#Laser-Mikrotom
Institute for Micro Process Engineering. The Institute for Micro Process Engineering IMVT (from the German name  Institut für Mikroverfahrenstechnik) is an institute within the Karlsruhe Research Center (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) in Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. Its main field of activity is micro process engineering, the science of conducting chemical and/or physical processes in confines with typical dimensions below 1 mm.

History and organization
The IMVT was formally established in July 2001 and continued previous activities in micro process engineering carried out by the Central Experimentation Department (Hauptabteilung Versuchstechnik, HVT) at the Karlsruhe Research Center. Its first director was Klaus Schubert. Between 1997 and 2001 the first activities, which were focused on developing and testing micro heat exchangers, were expanded by a new group (Head: Maximilian Fichtner) to chemical process engineering in microchannels, with a focus on fuel processing (methanol steam reforming, partial oxidation of methane), synthesis of chemicals and fundamental studies on new types of micro heat exchangers and heterogeneous catalysis under dynamic reaction conditions and in the Knudsen regime. In 2001, the entire activity was turned into a new institute, the IMVT.

Professor Roland Dittmeyer assumed control of the institute in July 2009. The IMVT operates within the programs "Nano- and Microsystems" and "Sustainability and Technology" of the Helmholtz Association. Its staff initially consisted of about 40 employees (on 31 December 2001) and 
numbered approximately 50 in  2005. The institute carries out both basic development of apparatus (e.g. "microreactors") and processes, funded via the Helmholtz Association and the Research Center, as well as development projects in cooperation with and funded by industry.

References

External links
IMVT homepage

Micro Process Engineering IMVT
Nemesis (operating system). Nemesis was an operating system that was designed by the University of Cambridge, the University of Glasgow, the Swedish Institute of Computer Science and Citrix Systems.

Nemesis was conceived with multimedia uses in mind. It was designed with a small lightweight kernel, using shared libraries to perform functions that most operating systems perform in the kernel. This reduces the processing that is performed in the kernel on behalf of application processes, transferring the activity to the processes themselves and facilitating accounting for resource usage.

The ISAs that Nemesis supports include x86 (Intel i486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II), Alpha and ARM (StrongARM SA–110). Nemesis also runs on evaluation boards (21064 and 21164).

See also 
 Exokernel
 Xen
 Kernel-wide design approaches

References

External links 
 Nemesis At Cambridge

Free software operating systems
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
Citrix Systems
ARM operating systems
X86 operating systems
SM U-1 (Germany). SM U-1, also known in English as the German Type U 1 submarine, was the first U-boat class of the U-boat series of submarines produced for the German Empire's Imperial German Navy. Only one was built. The U-1 was constructed by Germaniawerft in Kiel and was commissioned on 14 December 1906. When World War I began in 1914, the U-1 was deemed obsolete and was used only for training until 19 February 1919, when it was struck by another vessel while on an exercise.

Design

The SM U-1 was a redesigned Karp class submarine by Austrian born engineer <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routeyou.com/es-de/location/view/48858077/submarino-sm-u-1 |title=SM U-1|website=www.routeyou.com|accessdate=30 August 2020|language=es}}</ref> working for the German shipbuilding company Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft. The main improvements over the export Karp class included trim tanks instead of a moveable weight, a redesigned forecastle to improve seagoing ability, a  larger diameter and strengthened pressure hull which prevented oil leakage from the external tanks, a rearrangement of the internal equipment and a heavier ballast keel.

The Imperial German Navy avoided the use of gasoline due to the perceived risk of fires and explosions that had caused many accidents in early submarines, and instead of the gasoline engines that had powered the Karp boats, U-1 was given much safer Körting kerosene engines. While normally kerosene engines were started using gasoline, the U-1 engines avoided even this and instead used electrically-heated air.

The Körting engines could not be reversed and also had to run at full speed, since their rpm could not be varied to any useful extent, and as a consequence U-1 was fitted with adjustable-pitch propellers to allow her speed to be controlled. These propellers were abandoned in later designs due to their poor efficiency, kerosene-electric propulsion being used instead before diesel propulsion was finally installed in the  class in 1912-1913.

History
Construction on U-1 began in the autumn of 1904. The boat began its trials in August 1906, a year later than originally planned. The total cost amounted to 1,905,000 Mark (equivalent to  €11,620,000 in 2016).
After suffering damage from a collision while on a training exercise in 1919, U-1'' was sold to the Germaniawerft foundation at the Deutsches Museum in Munich where it was restored and can be viewed on display. A large portion of the starboard hull has been removed to allow visitors to see the submarine's interior.

References

Bibliography

External links
 

Type U 1 submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1906
World War I submarines of Germany
Ships preserved in museums
1906 ships
Ships built in Kiel
Museum ships in Germany
Continental Automated Buildings Association. The Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA) is an international, not-for-profit, industry organization that promotes  intelligent home and intelligent building technologies.

The organization is supported by an international membership of 380 organizations and over 27,000 industry professionals involved in the design, manufacture, installation and retailing of products relating to home automation and building automation.  Public organizations, including utilities and government are also members.

The organization was founded in 1988 as the Canadian Automated Buildings Association. The founding members included Bell Canada, Bell-Northern Research, Ontario Hydro, Hydro-Québec, Consumers Gas, Canadian Home Builders' Association, the Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers Association of Canada, Industry Canada, Minto Developments Inc. and the National Research Council of Canada.

In 2006, CABA acquired the Internet Home Alliance, an association of technology companies committed to research and development within the intelligent home sector. In 2010, CABA's collaborative research evolved and expanded into the CABA Research Program, which is directed by the CABA Board of Directors.  The CABA Research Program's scope now includes market research for both large building technologies and home systems.

In 2023, the Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA) rebranded itself as the Association for Smarter Homes & Buildings (ASHB). This name change was aimed at better aligning with the association’s significant contributions to the advancement of knowledge and thought leadership within the smart home and building industry.”

References

Building automation
Trade associations based in Canada
Power Architecture Platform Reference. Power Architecture Platform Reference (PAPR) is an initiative from Power.org to make a new open computing platform based on Power ISA processors. It follows two previous attempts made in the 1990s, PReP and CHRP.

The PAPR specification provides the foundation for development of standard server computers. Various operating systems like Linux and IBM AIX rely on the PAPR interface to run on Power-based hardware. PAPR is Power.org's move toward what IBM did originally with PReP, in that it defines a common hardware definition and software/firmware platform under a set of requirements. In practice, the PAPR is an extension to the Open Firmware specification.

Since 2013, extensions have been done by the OpenPOWER Foundation, which released a slightly reduced public version of the PAPR standard for running Linux on Power hardware (called LoPAPR) .
In 2020, LoPAPR was renamed to Linux on Power Architecture Reference (LoPAR)  with the release of a new version.

Contributing 
In July 2020, the document sources of LoPAR  were released on terms of Apache License 2.0 in OpenPOWER Foundation GitHub account, and are accepting pull requests from the community.

Compliant boards 
 IBM JS20/21 — PowerPC 970FX/MP based server blades.
 The IBM System p product line, called IBM Power Systems nowadays.

Embedded power architecture platform requirements 
Wind River led the Power.org sub-committee working on an embedded specification known as ePAPR, that was ratified in July 2008. In October 2011, an updated specification was released, the ePAPR v1.1 to clarify and add a new chapter on virtualization. Apart from basic concepts like using a device tree, the ePAPR specification has nothing in common with the variant for servers—for example it defines a completely different set of hypercalls.

External links 
 Sources for LoPAR on OpenPower Foundation Github
 OpenPower Foundation Linux on Power Architecture Reference (LoPAR) v2.9+ (Jun 2020)
 OpenPower Foundation Linux on Power Architecture Platform Reference (LoPAPR) v1.1 (Mar 2016) 
 Power.org Standard for Embedded Power Architecture Platform Requirements (ePAPR) v.1.1 at the Wayback Machine.
 Power.org

PowerPC mainboards
Bake-out. Bake-out, in several areas of technology and fabrication, and in building construction, refers to the process of using high heat temperature (heat), and possibly vacuum, to remove volatile compounds from materials and objects before placing them into situations where the slow release of the same volatile compounds would contaminate the contents of a container or vessel, spoil a vacuum, or cause discomfort (odor or irritation) or illness. Bake-out is an artificial acceleration of the process of outgassing.

In manufacturing 
In various physics and vacuum device engineering, such as particle accelerators, semiconductor fabrication, and vacuum tubes, bake-out is a manufacturing process, the period of time when a part or device is placed in a vacuum chamber (or its operating vacuum state, for devices which operate in vacuum) and heated, usually by built-in heaters. This drives off gases, which are removed by continued operation of the vacuum pump. Low hydrogen annealing, or hydrogen bake-out, is used to help reduce or remove hydrogen in stainless bulk steel.

In construction 
In building construction, bake-out is the use of heat to remove volatile organic compounds such as solvents remaining in paint, carpets, and other building materials from a building after its construction, to reduce annoying odors or improve indoor air quality. The building interior is heated to a much higher temperature than normal and kept at that temperature for an extended period of time, to encourage such compounds to vaporize into the air, which is vented (released to the atmosphere).

See also 
 Vacuum
 Indoor air quality
 Volatile organic compounds

References 

Building biology
Vacuum systems
ja:ベーキング
Jig grinder. A jig grinder is a machine tool used for grinding complex shapes and holes where the highest degrees of accuracy and finish are required.

The jig grinder is very similar to a jig borer, in that the table positioning and spindles are very accurate (far more so than a manual milling machine or lathe).  It is used almost exclusively by tool and die makers in the creation of jigs or mating holes and pegs on dies.  There are usually many peripheral elements to a large jig grinder, including separate hydraulic motors, air compressors, and various cooling systems for both the hydraulic circuit and supplying coolant to the work and machine itself.

The machine operates by a high-speed air spindle rotating a grinding bit.  The air spindles are removable and interchangeable to achieve varying surface speeds.  Some spindles are fixed speed (such as at 60,000 rpm), others are adjustable (such as from 30,000 to 50,000 rpm), and still others are very high speed (such as at 175,000 rpm).  The machines have a standard X-Y table with the notable exception of knee travel. All axes are indexed to an accuracy resembling 0.0001" via a vernier scale on the handwheels, with higher accuracy available with the use of measuring bars.  The machine head has two vertical travels, one for rough head adjustment and the other for precise spindle adjustment.  To change the diameter of the hole to be ground, the air spindle can be offset from the axis of the rotary head by a slide in a similar manner to a boring head for a milling machine, allowing a hole of any size to be ground with the same tooling (up to the machine's capacity).  This offset can be adjusted while running and can typically outfeed about 0.100", again with an accuracy of 0.0001" on the handwheel or greater, for very precise hole, peg, and surface grinding.  A well-kept jig grinder will reliably position work to a higher degree of accuracy than is possible with handwheels alone.  These features are all critical in positioning a hole-and-peg system a precise distance from a reference surface or edge.

The most important factor on a jig grinder is the dual-spindle configuration.  The main spindle is roughly positioned with between 1" or 2" of travel for setup, and then the 0.100" of outfeed is used during machine operation to outfeed into the work.  A spacer bar may be used between the grinder and main spindle, allowing large (9" radius or larger) work to be completed.  The main spindle has a wide range of speeds to ensure proper grinder feed rates are maintained.

On October 19, 2022, the United States Department of Justice charged four individuals and two companies with violating U.S. export laws by attempting to smuggle a jig grinder, which is a dual use, export-controlled item, to Russia.

References

Sources
 

Grinding machines
Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland). The Space Systems Laboratory (SSL) is part of the Aerospace Engineering Department and A. James Clark School of Engineering at the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland.  The Space Systems Laboratory is centered on the Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility, a ,  neutral buoyancy pool used to simulate the microgravity environment of space. The only such facility housed at a university, Maryland's neutral buoyancy tank is used for undergraduate and graduate research at the Space Systems Lab. Research in Space Systems emphasizes space robotics, human factors, applications of artificial intelligence and the underlying fundamentals of space simulation. There are currently five robots being tested, including Ranger, a four-armed satellite servicing robot, and SCAMP, a six-degree of freedom free-flying underwater camera platform. Ranger was funded by NASA starting in 1992, and was to be a technological demonstration of orbital satellite servicing. NASA was never able to manifest it for launch and the program was defunded circa 2006. For example, Ranger development work at the SSL continues, albeit at a slower pace; Ranger was used to demonstrate robotic servicing techniques for NASA's proposed robotic Hubble Servicing Mission.

History
The Space Systems Lab was founded at MIT in 1976, by faculty members Renee Miller and J.W. Mar. Its early studies in space construction techniques led to the EASE (Experimental Assembly of Structures in EVA) flight experiment which flew on Space Shuttle mission STS-61-B in 1985.

In 1990, lab director Dr. Dave Akin moved the lab to the University of Maryland. The Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility, or NBRF, was completed in 1992. Current projects include the MX-2 suit, a simplified neutral buoyancy spacesuit for use in EVA research; Power Glove, a prototype motorized spacesuit glove which will help reduce astronaut hand fatigue; and TSUNAMI, an apparatus to test human neuromuscular adaptation in different gravitational fields and different simulations of weightlessness.

Partners 
Along with labs at Carnegie Mellon and Stanford, the SSL is part of the Institute for Dexterous Space Robotics.

References

See also
 
 

Neutral buoyancy pools
University of Maryland, College Park research centers
NASA groups, organizations, and centers
Space technology
University and college laboratories in the United States
Maruhon. is an entertainment company specializing in the manufacture of pachinko machines. The company is headquartered in Momoyama, Kasugai, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

Major models
Maruhon has produced a variety of other pachinko models over the years, including traditional upright machines, table-top models, and even pachinko slots.
Big Porter (1992): This model was one of the first pachinko machines to feature a full-color LCD screen and introduced bonus rounds and other special features that are now common in pachinko parlors.
Caravan
Caster
CR Bikkuriman 2000 (2006): This model was based on the popular Japanese trading card game "Bikkuriman" and featured characters and themes from the game.
CR High School! Kimengumi (2003)
CR Kinnikuman (2003)
CR Segawa Eiko de Gozaimasu (2004)
CR Umi e Ikō Rakuen Tengoku (2001)
CR Woody Woodpecker (2004)
CRE Adventure (2002)
Fine Play (1994)
Prism
Super Fine Play (2002)

References

External links
 Maruhon official site

Companies based in Aichi Prefecture
Amusement companies of Japan
Gambling companies of Japan
Electronics companies of Japan
Software companies of Japan
LHD. LHD can mean:

 Landing helicopter dock, a type of warship.
 Large Helical Device, a major Japanese nuclear fusion reactor.
 Leatherhead railway station, Surrey, England, by National Rail station code
 Left hand drive, a vehicle with the driving controls mounted on the left side of the cabin. Used in most countries where traffic travels on the right-hand side of the road.
 Liechtenstein Homeland Service, a defunct corporatist party in Liechtenstein.
 Limburgse Handbal Dagen, a handball tournament in Limburg.
 Linear heat detection, a type of fire alarm system utilized in tunnels and special hazards.
 Litterarum Humanarum Doctor, Latin for Doctor of Humane Letters, an honorary academic degree for persons with significant accomplishments in fields other than science.
 Load, haul, dump machine, a vehicle used in underground mining.
 Local health department, government agencies in the United States.
 Lake Hood Seaplane Base near Anchorage, Alaska (FAA location code: LHD)
Honeynet Project. The Honeynet Project is an international cybersecurity non-profit research organization that investigates new cyber attacks and develops open-source tools to help improve Internet security by tracking hackers' behavioral patterns.

History 
The Honeynet Project began in 1999 as a mailing list to a select few. The group expanded and officially dubbed itself as The Honeynet Project in June 2000.

The project includes dozens of active chapters around the world, including Brazil, Indonesia, Greece, India, Mexico, Iran, Australia, Ireland, and many in the United States.

Project goals 
The Honeynet Project has 3 main aims:

Raise awareness of the existing threats on the Internet.
Conduct research covering data analysis approaches unique security tool development, and gathering data about attackers and malicious software they use.
Provide the tools and techniques used by The Honeynet Project so other organizations can benefit.

Research and development 
The Honeynet Project volunteers collaborate on security research efforts covering data analysis approaches, security tools development, and gathering data about hackers and malicious software. The group's research provides sensitive information regarding attackers. This includes their motives, communication methods, attack timelines, and actions following a system attack. This information is provided through Know Your Enemy white papers, The Project blog posts, and Scan of the Month Forensic challenges.

The project uses unmodified computers with the same specifications, operating systems and security as those used by many companies. These computer production systems are added online and the network of volunteers scans the network for attacks or suspicious activity. The findings are published on the company site for public viewing and knowledge.

See also
Cyber security
Honeypot (computing)

References

External links 
 Honeynet Project Home Page
 Honeynet Project Blog

Computer network security
501(c)(3) organizations
Organizations established in 1999
1999 establishments in Michigan
Free software project foundations in the United States