omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
C Object Processor. The C Object Processor (COP) was a superset of the C programming language. It was used in the Vbase object-oriented database management system developed by Ontologic, Inc. The data model for Vbase was specified by a Type Definition Language (TDL). COP and TDL were influenced by CLU. By 1989, COP and TDL were replaced by C++ in Ontologic's second generation product, ONTOS. The company was also renamed ONTOS, Inc.

References
Tim Andrews and Craig Harris, "Combining Language and Database Advances in an Object-Oriented Development Environment," Conference Proceedings of the Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications, pp. 430–440, 1987.

C programming language family
Gloster Gnatsnapper. The Gloster SS.35 Gnatsnapper was a British naval biplane fighter design of the late 1920s. Two prototypes were built but the type did not enter production.

Design and development
The Gnatsnapper was a submission to Air Ministry specification N.21/26 for a carrier fighter, which called for an aircraft powered by a Bristol Mercury II engine, capable of at least 160 mph at 10,000 ft. However, when the first available Mercury was delivered to Gloster in September 1927, it was apparent that it would not be satisfactory since it failed to produce the expected output of 450 hp, was 160 lb overweight, and was  unreliable.
In order to expedite flight trials, work was therefore started on a second prototype (N227) which was fitted with a 450 hp Bristol Jupiter VII engine. The aircraft first flew in this form in February 1928. More examples of the Mercury were delivered during that year and although the aircraft was flown using them, it was obvious that it was still not satisfactory and, having missed the N.21/26 evaluation (in which no type had been declared the winner), the aircraft was refitted with the Jupiter and delivered to the A & AEE for evaluation, which proved entirely successful.

In 1930, a new carrier fighter competition (N16/30) was announced by the Air Ministry, for which Gloster was requested to redesign the Gnatsnapper to use the 540 hp Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar VIII. Designated the Gnatsnapper II, the aircraft was submitted for evaluation but was badly damaged in a landing accident before the trials had been completed, eliminating it from the competition, which was eventually won by the Hawker Nimrod.
After repair, the aircraft was substantially modified to accept a 525 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIS evaporatively-cooled engine, with the condensers in the leading edges of the wings, this version being designated the Gnatsnapper III. It was subsequently used by Rolls-Royce as a flying testbed for the ill-fated Goshawk engine, and ended its career as a company hack.

A second prototype (N254) had been ordered in May 1929. This was first flown in the spring of 1930, powered by a Bristol Mercury IIA. This is thought to be the airframe that had been abandoned in 1927 when the Mercury failed to meet expectations.  Although an attempt to make this aircraft meet the requirements of N.16/30 was made, the obvious superiority of the Nimrod caused Gloster to stop development work on the type.

Specifications (Gnatsnapper II)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 James, Derek N. Gloster Aircraft since 1917. London: Putnam, 1971. .
 Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter Since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

External links

 

1920s British fighter aircraft
Gloster aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Carrier-based aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Girt. In architecture or structural engineering, a girt, also known as a sheeting rail, is a horizontal structural member in a framed wall. Girts provide lateral support to the wall panel, primarily to resist wind loads.

A comparable element in roof construction is a purlin.

Stability in steel building construction
The girt is commonly used as a stabilizing element to the primary structure (e.g. column, post). Wall cladding fastened to the girt, or a discrete bracing system which includes the girt, can provide shear resistance, in the plane of the wall, along the length of the primary member. Since the girts are normally fastened to, or near, the exterior flange of a column, stability braces may be installed at a girt to resist rotation of the unsupported, inner flange of the primary member. The girt system must be competent and adequately stiff to provide the required stabilizing resistance in addition to its role as a wall panel support.

Girts are stabilized by (sag) rods/angles/straps and by the wall cladding. Stabilizing rods are discrete brace members to prevent rotation of an unsupported flange of the girt. Sheet metal wall panels are usually considered providing lateral bracing to the connected, typically exterior flange along the length of the girt. Under restricted circumstances, sheet metal wall panels are also capable of providing rotational restraint to the girt section.

In general: Girt supports panel, panel stabilizes girt; Column supports girt, girt stabilizes column. The building designer should be knowledgeable in the complexities of this interactive design condition to ensure competent design of the complete structure.

See also

 Girder

References

Construction
Structural system
Timber framing

de:Riegel (Bauteil)
pl:Rygiel
Flail mower. A flail mower is a type of powered garden/agricultural equipment which is used to deal with heavier grass/scrub which a normal lawn mower could not cope with. Some smaller models are self-powered, but many are PTO driven implements, which can attach to the three-point hitches found on the rear of most tractors. This type of mower is best used to provide a rough cut to long grass and even brambles in locations such as roadsides, where contact with loose debris may be possible. 

The flail mower gets its name from the use of flails attached to its rotating horizontal drum (also called tube, rotor, or axle). Many implement companies also refer to the flails as knives, blades or hammers. The rows of flails are usually staggered to give a continuous cut for reduced wear on the machine. The flails are attached to the drum using chain links or brackets, depending on the manufacturer. The rotating drum is parallel to the axle of the tractor. The PTO driveshaft along the tractor's axis must make a right angle through the use of a gearbox in order to transfer its rotational energy to the drum. As the drum rotates, centrifugal force pushes the flails outward.

Standard flails are shaped like an extruded "T" or "Y" and a chain attaches to the bottom. There are also proprietary flails with various shapes for shredding larger brush and others that leave a smooth, finish cut. 

If a flail strikes an immovable object, it simply bounces off.  Other rotary type mowers have a tendency to grab and throw the object out of the mower deck if it’s small enough. This fact makes the flail mower best suited for areas where thrown objects would cause damage.

Flail mowers may also be used in a more or less upright position for trimming the sides of hedges. They are often called hedge cutters (or sometimes also hedge trimmers) then. Especially in forestry (agroforestry) some very robust variants of flail mowers – called flail mulchers, flail shredders, or flail choppers – are used.

Flail mowers vs Toppers

Some might also confuse flail mowers with toppers. Flail mowers cut grass very short and fine and can handle rough uneven surfaces, where a topper is mostly used to top off growth such as weeds and long grass. The mulch is much larger in sizes and not as fine when cutting with a flail mower. The topper uses swinging blades instead of rotating blades. Flail mowers are much more versatile in use but do cost more.

References

External links 

Agricultural machinery
Habitat management equipment and methods
F number (chemistry). F number is a correlation number used in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a descriptor of their hydrophobicity and molecular size. It was proposed by Robert Hurtubise and co-workers in 1977.

Calculation
The F number is calculated using the formula:

where:
 B2 is the number of double bonds
 C12 is the number of primary carbon and secondary carbon atoms
 R is the number of non-aromatic rings.

Example

For fluorene, there are 6 apparent double bonds (three pi bonds in each side benzene-like ring); the central ring has one secondary carbon and is non-aromatic. Therefore:

Correlation
It has been found that the F number linearly correlates with the log k' value (logarithm of the retention factor) in aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography. This relationship can be used to understand the significance of different aspects of molecular architecture on their separation using different stationary phases. This size analysis is complementary to the length-to-breadth (L/B) ratio, which classifies molecules according to their "rodlike" or "squarelike" shape.

References

External links
 List of F numbers for PAHs

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Chromatography
Gustaf Erik Pasch. Gustaf Erik Pasch (born Berggren) (3 September 1788 – 6 September 1862) was a Swedish inventor and professor of chemistry at Karolinska institute in Stockholm and inventor of the safety match. He was born in Norrköping, the son of a carpenter. He enrolled at Uppsala University in 1806 and graduated with a master's degree in 1821. Pasch is mostly known for the safety match, but he was also involved with making waterproof concrete for the Göta Canal, manufacture of bank notes and growing of silk worms. He married Augusta Fredrika Vilhelmina Berg in 1827.

In 1827, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Safety matches

Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who invented the modern chemical notation, discovered that the dangerous white phosphorus in matches could be replaced with the more benign red phosphorus, but was not able to produce a match reliable enough for everyday use. Pasch, a student of Berzelius, managed to do so by moving the phosphorus from the head of the match to a specially prepared striking surface. Pasch was granted a patent on the safety match in 1844.

Manufacturing was started at "J.S. Bagge & co:s Kemiska fabrik" (J.S. Bagge & Company's Chemical Factory) in Stockholm, but ran into difficulties due to the quality of the striking surface. Another problem was that the production of red phosphorus was prohibitively expensive making the final matches very expensive. Because of this, Pasch was unable to commercially exploit his invention and production soon ceased.

It was not until John Edvard Lundström and his younger brother Carl Frans, who took the Pasch design and improved on it that the safety match became commercially successful a decade later, around 1855–60. Lundström's safety match got an award at the 1855 World Fair in Paris.

Later life 

Pasch died without getting rich from the invention that would be the fuel of the Kreuger empire. He was however successful in his role as professor and a member of many prominent societies. From 1846 to 1861, Pasch published the annuals of the Swedish silkgrower society. From 1827 to his death he was the secretary of "Kungliga Patriotiska sällskapet" (The Royal Patriot Society).

References

Swedish chemists
19th-century Swedish inventors
Uppsala University alumni
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1788 births
1862 deaths
People from Norrköping
Academic staff of the Karolinska Institute
Fokker W.2. The Fokker W.2 was a prototype two-seat biplane floatplane intended to meet an Imperial German Navy requirement for a maritime patrol aircraft. During flight testing its designer, Anthony Fokker, discovered that it could not meet the requirements. He subsequently ordered it to be dismantled and used many of its components in the W.3 hydroplane.

Bibliography

W.2
1910s German experimental aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1913
Cement-bonded wood fiber. Cement-bonded wood fiber is a composite material manufactured throughout the world. It is made from wood (usually waste wood), chipped into a specially graded aggregate that is then mineralized and combined with Portland cement. Combination of wood and cement paste has been shown to result in a degradation (hydrolysis) of wood (or any other ligno-celullosic particles) components, namely hemicellulose and lignin.

Uses 

Cement-bonded wood fiber is used to manufacture a wide variety of products primarily for the construction industry (products like insulating concrete forms, siding materials and noise barriers). 

Cement bonded wood fiber materials can be classified as low density, medium density and high density. The density of the material will determine to a large extent, the various properties of the end product. Other factors determining the overall performance of a cement bonded wood fiber material are:

 Wood particle type
 Wood particle gradation
 Cement to wood ratio
 Level of sugar content in the wood particle at the time of bonding

Most common is low-density cement bonded wood fiber. It is known for its use in LEED-certified projects and other types of green building. The material itself is 100% recyclable, and is known for its insulating and acoustic properties.

See also
Wood wool

REferences

External links 
 Nexcem website
 
 Dental Composites Specialist

Composite materials
Recycled building materials
Building materials
Sustainable building
Sustainable architecture
Solar Splash. Solar Splash is an intercollegiate solar/electric boat competition dedicated to showing the feasibility of solar energy.

An annual collegiate solar boating competition started in 1994. The 2007 contest was hosted by the City of Fayetteville, Arkansas, and the University of Arkansas College of Engineering. It took place June 13–17.

See also

 Formula E

References

External links
 

Motorboat races
Solar-powered vehicles
Recurring sporting events established in 1994
Photovoltaics
Electric boats
Ash Grove Cement Company. Ash Grove Cement Company is a cement manufacturer based in Overland Park, Kansas.  It was the largest US-owned cement company until it was acquired in 2018 by CRH plc, a global building materials business headquartered in Ireland.

The company was established in 1882 at Ash Grove, Missouri, as the Ash Grove White Lime Association.  It commenced cement manufacture in 1908, with a plant at Chanute, Kansas.  It now has cement manufacturing capacity from 12 plants:
Chanute, Kansas 
Durkee, Oregon 
Foreman, Arkansas 
Leamington, Utah 
Louisville, Nebraska 
Midlothian, Texas 
Montana City, Montana 
Seattle, Washington 
Branford, Florida
Sumterville, Florida
Mississauga, Ontario
New Braunfels, Texas

The company makes Portland cements, fly ash cements, masonry cements, oilwell cements and soil stabilizers.  It also operates a lime plant in Oregon, many ready-mix concrete plants in the Midwest, and a limestone quarry at Blubber Bay, Texada Island, British Columbia.

Recent news
On October 20, 2017, Ash Grove announced that its stockholders had approved a plan for the company to be acquired by CRH plc, a global building materials business headquartered in Ireland.

On June 15, 2018, CRH plc announced that the U.S. Federal Trade Commission had issued its consent order for this transaction, thus completing the acquisition.

References

External links

 
 125th Anniversary Celebration at Louisville, Nebraska plant

Cement companies of the United States
Companies based in Overland Park, Kansas
1882 establishments in Missouri
1908 establishments in Kansas
Segger Microcontroller Systems. Segger Microcontroller is a private company involved in the embedded systems industry.  It provides products used to develop and manufacture four categories of embedded systems: real-time operating systems (RTOS) and software libraries (middleware), debugging and trace probes, programming tools (integrated development environment (IDE), compiler, linker), and in-system programmers (Flasher line of products). The company is headquartered in Monheim am Rhein, Germany, with remote offices in Gardner, Massachusetts; Milpitas, California; and Shanghai, China.

History
Segger Microcontroller was founded in 1992 by Rolf Segger in Hilden, Germany.  The first product was the real-time operating system (RTOS), now named embOS. It was followed by emWin two years later. Initial products focused on RTOS and middleware products. However, the company later produced ISP-programming tools (Flasher) and debug probes (J-Link). In 2015, Segger introduced Embedded Studio, their cross-platform IDE for central processing units conforming to the ARM architecture, though recent versions are also used by RISC-V. All products are developed, maintained and updated in Germany except for Embedded Studio, which is primarily developed by a team of developers in the United Kingdom.

Product categories

Debug and trace probes
Segger is most noted for its J-Link family, which supports JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) and SWD (Serial Wire Debug) debug probes for microcontrollers that have older ARM cores (ARM7, ARM9, ARM11), ARM Cortex-M cores (M0, M0+, M1, M3, M4, M7, M23, M33, M85), ARM Cortex-R cores (R4, R5, R8), ARM Cortex-A cores (A5, A7, A8, A9, A12, A15, A17, A53, A72), Renesas RX, Microchip PIC32, SiLab EFM8, RISC-V. It is also repackaged and sold as an OEM item by Analog Devices as the mIDASLink, Atmel as the SAM-ICE, Digi International as the Digi JTAG Link, and IAR Systems as the J-Link and the J-Link KS. This is the only JTAG emulator that can add Segger's patented flash breakpoint software to a debugger to enable the setting of multiple breakpoints in flash while running on an ARM device which is typically hindered by the limited availability of hardware breakpoints.

In the following table, the top group are trace devices, the bottom group are educational / hobbyist devices.

 Note: Further models are J-Link LITE ARM, J-Link LITE CortexM, J-Link LITE RX, J-Link OEM.
 Note: Software options vary by model: J-Flash, J-Flash-SPI, Ozone, RDDI, RDI, Unlimited Flash Breakponts.
 Note: The EDU & EDU Mini models cannot be used for commercial software development, also doesn't come with J-Flash, J-Flash-SPI, RDDI, RDI options.
 Note: Adapters and isolators are available to convert the 20-pin 0.1"/2.54mm male shrouded (box) header to another target board connector.
 Note: The compact variants are functionally identical to the standard variants

See also
 Embedded system
 Single-board microcontroller
 List of ARM microprocessor cores
 GNU Debugger

References

External links

 

German companies established in 1992
Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Charles Fauvel. Charles Fauvel (31 December 1904 - 10 September 1979) was a French aircraft designer noted for his tailless and flying wing designs and, in particular, his sailplanes. Fauvel became interested in soaring after witnessing a competition at Vauville in 1925, and set out to design a competition glider with minimal drag, settling on the flying wing formula based on the work of Georges Abrial and René Arnoux. One of his designs, the AV.10 was the first tailless design to attain a French Certificate of Navigability. His greatest commercial success was the AV.36 sailplane, first flown in 1951.

Fauvel's other achievements included a number of aerial world records, including the world altitude and duration records for an aircraft under 400 kg, which he set in September 1929. In 1979, he was killed in the crash of a CAB Supercab that he was piloting.

References

Aircraft designers
1904 births
1979 deaths
French glider pilots
Morane-Borel monoplane. The Morane-Borel monoplane (sometimes referred to with the retronym Morane-Saulnier Type A or simply the Morane monoplane; company designation Bo.1) was an early French single-engine, single-seat aircraft.  It was flown in several European air races.

Design
The Monoplane was a mid-wing tractor configuration monoplane powered by a 50 hp Gnome Omega seven-cylinder rotary engine driving a two-bladed Chauvière Intégrale propeller. The fuselage was a rectangular-section wire-braced box girder, with the forward part covered in plywood and the rear part fabric covered: the rear section was left uncovered in some examples. The two-spar wings had elliptical ends and were braced by a pyramidal cabane in front of the pilot and an inverted V-strut underneath the fuselage, behind the undercarriage. Lateral control was effected by wing warping and the empennage consisted of a fixed horizontal stabiliser with tip-mounted full-chord elevators at either end and an aerodynamically balanced rudder, with no fixed vertical surface. In later examples the horizontal surfaces were modified, and consisted of a fixed surface with balanced elevators hinged to the trailing edge. The undercarriage consisted of a pair of short skids, each carried on a pair of struts, and a pair of wheels on a cross-axle bound to the skids by bungee cords, and a tailskid.

A two-seat version was later produced, with the fuselage lengthened to  and wingspan increased to .

Operational history
The Monoplane achieved fame when Jules Védrines flew one to victory in the 1911 Paris-to-Madrid air race, the only competitor to finish the four-day course.  Later in the year he came second in the Circuit of Britain, flying an aircraft powered by a 70 hp Gnome.   Another was flown by André Frey in the Paris-Rome race in 1911, finishing third. Emile Taddéoli was another owner of a Morane monoplane.

A two-seat version, powered by an 80 Gnome was entered for the 1912 British Military Aeroplane Competition.

Surviving examples
As of 2007 a single example remained extant, undergoing conservation work at the Canada Aviation Museum.

Operators
 
Argentine Air Force

Brazilian Naval Aviation

Romanian Air Corps

Royal Navy
Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications
From:  l'Aérophile, 15 April 1911, p. 170

References

Further reading

External links

 aviafrance.com
 Borel-Morane Monoplane, Canada Aviation and Space Museum
 Morane-Borel MonoplaneFlight, July 29, 1911.

1910s French sport aircraft
Racing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1911
Mid-wing aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Borel aircraft
Morane-Saulnier aircraft