omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition. A chemical composition specifies the identity, arrangement, and ratio of the chemical elements making up a compound by way of chemical and atomic bonds.

Chemical formulas can be used to describe the relative amounts of elements present in a compound. For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O: this means that each molecule of water is constituted by 2 atoms of hydrogen (H) and 1 atom of oxygen (O). The chemical composition of water may be interpreted as a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms. Different types of chemical formulas are used to convey composition information, such as an empirical or molecular formula.

Nomenclature can be used to express not only the elements present in a compound but their arrangement within the molecules of the compound. In this way, compounds will have unique names which can describe their elemental composition.

Composite mixture

The chemical composition of a mixture can be defined as the distribution of the individual substances that constitute the mixture, called "components". In other words, it is equivalent to quantifying the concentration of each component. Because there are different ways to define the concentration of a component, there are also different ways to define the composition of a mixture. It may be expressed as molar fraction, volume fraction, mass fraction, molality, molarity or normality or mixing ratio.

Chemical composition of a mixture can be represented graphically in plots like ternary plot and quaternary plot.

References

Chemical properties
Analytical chemistry
SDP. SDP may refer to:

Computing
 Scenario Design Power, a power level mode of certain generations of Intel's mobile processors
 Semidefinite programming, an optimization procedure
 Service data point, a node in mobile telecommunication networks
 Service delivery platform, a mobile telecommunications component 
 Service Design Package, the repository of all design information for a service in ITIL
 Service discovery protocol, a type of service discovery for network services
 Session Description Protocol, a communication protocol for describing multimedia sessions
 Single-dealer platform, software used in financial trading
 Sockets Direct Protocol, a low-level remote-computing protocol
 Software Defined Perimeter, also called "Black Cloud", an approach to computer security

Music
 Stephen Dale Petit (born 1969), an American blues musician
 Scha Dara Parr, a Japanese hip-hop group
 Stuart Price (born 1977), a British music producer who occasionally remixes under the moniker SDP
 SDP (band), a German pop/hip-hop duo

Political parties
 Social Democratic Party, a list of parties with this name 
 Socialist Democratic Party (disambiguation)

Europe
 Social Democratic Party (Andorra)
 Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Social Democratic Party of Croatia
 Social Democratic Party of Finland
 Social Democratic Party of Germany
 Social Democratic Party in the GDR
 Sudeten German Party (Sudetendeutsche Partei)
 Social Democratic Party (Latvia)
 Social Democratic Party of Montenegro
 Social Democratic Party (Serbia 2001–10)
 Social Democratic Party (Serbia 2014-)
 Social Democratic Party of Serbia
 Social Democratic Party (UK)
 Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988)
 Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)
 Socialist Democratic Party (Turkey)

Elsewhere
 Social Democratic Party of America
 Socialist Democratic Party (Canada)
 Socialist Democratic Party (Chile)
 Social Democratic Party (Japan)
 Socialist Democratic Party (Japan)
 Social Democratic Party (New Zealand)
 Socialist Democrat Party (Peru)
 Singapore Democratic Party
Communist Party of Kenya, formerly known as the Social Democratic Party of Kenya

Transport
 SDP, the IATA code for Sand Point Airport in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, US
 SDP, the National Rail code for Sandplace railway station, Cornwall, UK
 Stoomtrein Dendermonde-Puurs, the Dendermonde–Puurs Steam Railway heritage railway in Belgium

Other uses
 San Diego Padres, American professional baseball team
 School District of Philadelphia
 sdp, the ISO 639-3 code for the Sherdukpen language spoken in Arunachal Pradesh, India 
 Society of Decorative Painters
 Stardust Pictures, a film studio, operating as a subsidiary of Stardust Promotion
 State Domestic Product, in economics
Substantive due process, legal principal in the United States

See also
 SPD (disambiguation)
 DSP (disambiguation)
 PDS (disambiguation)
 Democratic Socialist Party (disambiguation)
 Party of Democratic Socialism (disambiguation)
Robo. Robo may refer to:

robot, an electro-mechanical device that can perform autonomous or preprogrammed tasks
Automation (robo-), roboticization
Robo (musician) (born 1955), Roberto Valverde, drummer in punk bands Black Flag and The Misfits
Robo (Chrono Trigger), a playable character in the 1995 video game Chrono Trigger
Robotrippin, non-medical use of the pharmaceutical dextromethorphan (DXM or Robo)
Robo, an aircraft design study undertaken in the late 1950s for a Rocket Bomber, absorbed into the abortive X-20 Dyna-Soar project
Robomower, the robotic mulching lawnmower sold by Friendly Robotics
Roborovski hamster, the smallest and fastest breed of Hamster. Kept as a domestic pet.
Roundabout (gene family), the Drosophila melanogaster gene involved in axon guidance in the CNS
Robo (film), a 2008 Indian Malayalam film
Robo (2010 film) or Robot, a 2010 Indian sci-fi film by S. Shankar, starting Rajinikanth
FC Robo, a football club from Lagos, Nigeria
David Robo (born 1970), French politician

See also

Roboman (disambiguation)
Robot (disambiguation)
IDL. IDL may refer to:

Computing 
 Interface description language, any computer language used to describe a software component's interface
 IDL specification language, the original IDL created by Lamb, Wulf and Nestor at Queen's University, Canada
 OMG IDL, an IDL standardized by Object Management Group selected by the W3C for exposing the DOM of XML, HTML, CSS, and SVG documents
 Microsoft Interface Definition Language, an extension of OMG IDL for supporting Microsoft's DCOM services
 Web IDL, a variation of an IDL for describing APIs that are intended to be implemented in Web browsers 
 Interactive Data Language, a data analysis language popular for science applications
 ICAD Design Language, a knowledge-based engineering language used with the software ICAD

Places
 John F. Kennedy International Airport, formerly named Idlewild Airport with IATA airport code IDL
 Indianola Municipal Airport, by FAA airport code
 Inner Dispersal Loop, the common name of Interstate 444, a highway in downtown Tulsa, Oklahoma

Other uses 
 International Date Line, the time zone date boundary
 Intermediate-density lipoprotein
 International Drivers License
 International Darts League, a defunct major darts tournament
 IDL Drug Stores, a now-defunct independent drug store cooperative
 Internet Defense League, a website
MenuetOS. MenuetOS is an operating system with a monolithic preemptive, real-time kernel written in FASM assembly language. The system also includes video drivers. It runs on 64-bit and 32-bit x86 architecture computers. Its author is Ville M. Turjanmaa. It has a graphical desktop, games, and networking abilities (TCP/IP stack). One distinctive feature is that it fits on one  floppy disk.

History

32-bit 
MenuetOS was originally written for 32-bit x86 architectures and released under the GPL-2.0-only license, thus many of its applications are distributed under the GPL.

64-bit 
The 64-bit MenuetOS, often referred to as Menuet 64, remains a platform for learning 64-bit assembly language programming. The 64-bit Menuet is distributed without charge for personal and educational use only, but without the source code, and the license includes a clause that prohibits disassembly.

Multi-core support was added on 24 Feb 2010.

Features 
MenuetOS development has focused on fast, simple, efficient implementation. MenuetOS has networking abilities, and a working TCP/IP stack. Most of the networking code is written by Mike Hibbett.

The main focus of Menuet has been on making an environment for easy assembly programming, but it is still possible to run software written in high-level programming languages on the assembler core. The biggest single effort towards high-level language support is Jarek Pelczar's work in porting C libraries to Menuet.

The GUI at version 0.99 supports display resolutions up to  (16 million colours) with window transparency. The OS has support for several classes of USB 2.0 peripherals. MenuetOS ships with the shareware versions of Quake and Doom.

For disk access, MenuetOS supports the FAT32 file system. Write support is only possible to USB connected devices.

As of version 1.49.60, MenuetOS can be booted on UEFI machines as well using Easyboot.

Distributions

32-bit
 Menuet32
 GridWorks "EZ" distribution (comprehensive 32-bit archive packages) (CD/HD Boots)

64-bit
The 64-bit main distribution is now proprietary. Several distributions of the 32-bit GPL MenuetOS still exist, including translations in Russian, Chinese, Czech, and Serbian.
 Menuet64

See also
 KolibriOS - A free fork of MenuetOS 32-bit

References

 David Chisnall (Jun 22, 2007) A Roundup of Free Operating Systems. MenuetOS, informIT

Bibliography
  MenuetOS - 32bit-Betriebssystem auf einer Floppy, Der Standard, 12 May 2003
 Eugenia Loli-Queru (5 Sep 2001) Interview With Ville Turjanmaa, the Creator of MenuetOS, OSNews
 Ville M. Turjanmaa (December 1, 2001) The Menuet Operating System. Packing a lot of punch into a small package, Dr. Dobb's

External links

MenuetOS64 homepage
MenuetOS32 homepage 

MenuetOS compared to AtheOS and SkyOS (2002)
an interview with Ville Turjanmaa and Madis Kalme, two of the MenuetOS developers (2009)

Assembly language software
Floppy disk-based operating systems
Hobbyist operating systems
Proprietary operating systems
IA-32 operating systems
X86-64 operating systems
Chuck Peddle. Charles Ingerham Peddle (November 25, 1937 – December 15, 2019) was an American electrical engineer best known as the main designer of the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor, the  single-board computer, and its successor, the Commodore PET personal computer, both based on the 6502.

Biography
Peddle was born in Bangor, Maine, United States on November 25, 1937. He worked in a radio station while in high school.

In 1955, Peddle joined the United States Marine Corps. He attended the University of Maine where he earned a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in engineering physics. Afterward, he went to work for General Electric working with time-sharing systems.

In 1973, Peddle worked at Motorola on developing the 6800 processor.

Peddle recognized a market for a very low price microprocessor and began to champion such a design to complement the $300 Motorola 6800. His efforts were frustrated by Motorola management and he was told to drop the project. He then left for MOS Technology, where he headed the design of the 650x family of processors; these were made as a $25 answer to the Motorola 6800. The most famous member of the 650x series was the 6502, developed in 1975, which was priced at 15% of the cost of an Intel 8080, and was subsequently used in many commercial products, including the Apple II, PET, VIC-20, Atari 8-bit computers, arcade video games, Oric computers, and the BBC Micro.  The Atari 2600 uses the closely related 6507 CPU, the Commodore 64 uses the also closely related derivative 6510, and the Nintendo Entertainment System uses a custom ASIC which includes an altered 6502 core (with the decimal mode deleted).

In 1980, Peddle left MOS Technology, together with Commodore Business Machines (CBM) financer Chris Fish, to found Sirius Systems Technology. There, Peddle designed the Victor 9000 personal computer.

Legacy
Peddle, along with the 6502's co-designer Bill Mensch, are regarded as personal computer pioneers, in that both the 6502 technology and business model were instrumental in helping launch the personal computer revolution. After Peddle's death, Mensch wrote in memoriam.

See also 
 Group coded recording

References

Bibliography

External links
 The Legendary Chuck Peddle, Inventor of the Personal Computer
 Video: Interview with Chuck Peddle for Scene World Magazine (2014)
 Video: An Interview with Chuck Peddle (The Amp Hour #241)
 Video: Oral History of Chuck Peddle (Interviewed by Doug Fairbairn and Stephen Diamond on 2014-06-12 in Mountain View, CA)
 Video: VCF East 4.0: History of Commodore, Pt 1: Chuck Peddle (2007)

1937 births
2019 deaths
American electrical engineers
Commodore people
Computer hardware engineers
Motorola employees
People from Bangor, Maine
Military personnel from Maine
University of Maine alumni
Global air-traffic management. Global air-traffic management (GATM) is a concept for satellite-based Communication, navigation and surveillance and air traffic management. The Federal Aviation Administration and the International Civil Aviation Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations, established GATM standards to keep air travel safe and effective in increasingly crowded worldwide air space.  Efforts are being made worldwide to test and implement new technologies that will allow GATM to efficiently support air traffic control.

Airservices Australia ADS-B initiative is one of the major implementation programs in this field. This initiative will facilitate the certification of this new technology allowing further implementation.

The two core satellite constellations are the Global Positioning System (GPS) of the US and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) of Russia/India.  The third constellation will be the European Union Galileo system when it becomes fully operational.  These systems provide independent capabilities and can be used in combination with future core constellations and augmentation systems. Signals from core satellite are received by ground reference stations and any errors in the signals are identified.  Each station in the network relays the data to area-wide master stations where correction information for specific geographical areas is computed.  The correction message is prepared and uplinked to a geostationary communication satellite (GEO) via a ground uplink station. This message is broadcast to receivers on board aircraft flying within the broadcast coverage area of the system. The system is known in the US as WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System), in Europe as EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System), in Japan as MSAS (MTSAT Satellite Based Augmentation System) and in India as GAGAN (GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation). 

The system employs various techniques to correct equatorial anomalies.  The advantage of the system is, it is global in scope and it has the potential to support all phases of flight providing a seamless global navigation guidance.  This could eliminate the need for a variety of ground and airborne systems that were designed to meet specific requirements for certain phases of flight.
Standard and recommended practices for the air traffic management based on a global navigation satellite system are developed by ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). Thus the system has to meet ICAO standards to become operational.

Air traffic control
International air transport
Satellite navigation systems
Leffert L. Buck. Leffert Lefferts Buck (February 5, 1837 – July 7, 1909) was an American civil engineer and a pioneer in the use of steel arch bridge structures.

Career
Leffert Buck was born in Canton, New York. He graduated from St. Lawrence University in 1863. After his graduation from St. Lawrence, Buck enlisted and fought for the Union Army in the American Civil War under General Slocum, participating in the battles at Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Peachtree Creek, Resaca and Ringgold Gap. Following the completion of the Civil War, Buck earned his civil engineering degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, in 1868. 

Buck served as president of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He also worked with Richard Buck, another prominent bridge engineer.

Projects 
Some of his projects include:
 The Verrugas Viaduct on the Oroya Railroad in Peru (in the early 1870s).
 The Whirlpool Rapids Bridge over the Niagara Gorge, which still exists. He reconstructed and reinforced the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge, which allowed traffic to continue while the Whirlpool bridge was under construction. Steel towers and framework supporting the project were removed once it was completed. At the time of completion, it was the longest arch bridge ever built (168 meters across).
 The Williamsburg Bridge, one of New York City's most notable landmarks, with Henry Hornbostel. At 1,600 feet it was the longest bridge in the world when completed in 1903 and a key factor in opening Brooklyn up as a working-class neighborhood for Manhattan. The bridge is well known for its vast reach and massive symmetry.

 The Pont De Rennes bridge (former Platt Street bridge) that spans the Genesee River in Rochester at the High Falls.
 Engineered the Queensboro Bridge in New York City.

Death and legacy 
Buck died on July 7, 1909, in Hastings, New York. His widow, Mira Gould Buck, died in Eastview, New York, in 1946 at the age of 84.

A dormitory in the Quadrangle complex at Rensselaer is named after him.

References

Sources

External links
RPI: Alumni Hall of Fame: Leffert L. Buck
L.L. Buck Study Page

1837 births
1909 deaths
Engineers from New York (state)
American civil engineers
American bridge engineers
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Soft core. Soft core or Softcore may refer to:

 Softcore microprocessor, microprocessor implemented using logic synthesis and perhaps other circuits
 Soft core (synthesis), a digital circuit that can be wholly implemented using logic synthesis
 Soft rock, a musical genre in contrast to hard rock
 Softcore pornography, erotic film or photograph that is less sexually explicit than hardcore
 Easycore, a genre fusing Pop punk with elements of Hardcore punk subgenres
R. T. Crowley. Robert T. Crowley (born March 2, 1948) is a pioneer in the development and practice of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), an early component of electronic commerce.

Crowley participated in the development of the early forms of EDI, working with Edward A. Guilbert, the creator of the technology, from the 1977 onwards, and assisted in the development of UN/EDIFACT, the international EDI standard developed through the United Nations. Active in many EDI projects around the world, he served as Chair of ANSI ASC X12, the US national standards body for EDI, from 1993 to 1995.

He is the founder of the EDI standards committee for the ocean transport industry (OCEAN), as well as the US Customs Electronic Systems Advisory Committee (CESAC), advising the US Customs Service (USCS) on matters of electronic commerce. Robert was also a founding member of TOPAS (Terminal Operator and Port Authority Subcommittee) that initiated EDI use between ship lines and terminal operators/ports.

Robert also served as Chair of the X12 Security Task Group for a number of years, and was one of the authors of the X12 technical report on the use of Extensible Markup Language XML for conducting EDI. He is now vice chair of ISO Technical Committee 154 US Technical Advisory Group (ISO TC154 US TAG), and Editor of document ISO8601 Representation of Dates and Times.

References

Robert T. Crowley; Senior Vice President, Research Triangle Commerce, Inc. at investing.businessweek.com

1948 births
Living people
HOL (proof assistant). HOL (Higher Order Logic) denotes a family of interactive theorem proving systems using similar (higher-order) logics and implementation strategies. Systems in this family follow the LCF approach as they are implemented as a library which defines an abstract data type of proven theorems such that new objects of this type can only be created using the functions in the library which correspond to inference rules in higher-order logic. As long as these functions are correctly implemented, all theorems proven in the system must be valid. As such, a large system can be built on top of a small trusted kernel.

Systems in the HOL family use ML or its successors. ML was originally developed along with LCF as a meta-language for theorem proving systems; in fact, the name stands for "Meta-Language".

Underlying logic

HOL systems use variants of classical higher-order logic, which has simple axiomatic foundations with few axioms and well-understood semantics.

The logic used in HOL provers is closely related to Isabelle/HOL, the most widely used logic of Isabelle.

HOL implementations
A number of HOL systems (sharing essentially the same logic) remain active and in use:

 HOL4  the only presently maintained and developed system stemming from the HOL88 system, which was the culmination of the original HOL implementation effort, led by Mike Gordon. HOL88 included its own ML implementation, which was in turn implemented on top of Common Lisp. The systems that followed HOL88 (HOL90, hol98 and HOL4) were all implemented in Standard ML; while hol98 is coupled to Moscow ML, HOL4 can be built with either Moscow ML or Poly/ML. All come with large libraries of theorem proving code which implement extra automation on top of the very simple core code. HOL4 is BSD licensed.
 HOL Light  an experimental "minimalist" version of HOL which has since grown into another mainstream HOL variant; its logical foundations remain unusually simple. HOL Light, originally implemented in Caml Light, now uses OCaml. HOL Light is available under the new BSD license.
 ProofPower  a collection of tools designed to provide special support for working with the Z notation for formal specification. 5 of the 6 tools are GNU GPL v2 licensed. The sixth (PPDaz) has a proprietary license.
 HOL Zero  a minimalist implementation focused on trustworthiness. HOL Zero is GNU GPL 3+ licensed.
 Candle   An end-to-end verified HOL Light implementation on top of CakeML.

Formal proof developments

The CakeML project developed a formally proven compiler for ML. Previously, HOL was used to develop a formally proven Lisp implementation running on ARM, x86 and PowerPC.

HOL was also used to formalize the semantics of x86 multiprocessors as well as the machine code for Power ISA and ARM architectures.

References

Further reading

External links
 
 Documents specifying HOL's basic logic
 HOL4 Description manual, includes system logic specification
 Virtual library formal methods information

Proof assistants
Logic in computer science
Software using the BSD license