omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Design leadership. Design leadership is a concept complementary to design management. In practice, design managers within companies often operate in the field of design leadership and design leaders in the field of design management. However, the two terms are not interchangeable; they are interdependent. In essence, design leadership aims to define future strategies, and design management is responsible for implementation. Both are critically important to business, government, and society, and both are necessary in order to maximize value from design activity and investment.

Design leadership can be described as leadership that generates innovative design solutions. Turner defines design leadership by adding three additional aspects for design leadership:
the difference in leading through design,
the sustaining design leadership over time
the gaining of acknowledgment for achievements through design.

Turner separates the core responsibilities of design leadership into the following six activities:
envisioning of the future
manifesting strategic intent
directing design investment
managing corporate reputation
creating and nurturing an environment of innovation
training for design leadership

Design Leadership is a growing professional practice and the value of such specialization is proven through the appointment of executive leadership roles, such that of Chief Design officer, Chief Creative officer, or similar roles and titles.

References

Further reading
Turner, R.: Design Leadership: Securing the Strategic Value of Design. (Routledge) 2013. 
Goleman, D.: What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review 1998, Vol.76, No.9
McBride, M.: Design Management: Future Forward. Design Management Review, Summer 2007
Mullins, L.J.: Management and organisational behavior. (Pitman Publishing) 2004. 
Turner, R., Topalian, A.: Core responsibilities of design leaders in commercially demanding environments. 2002, Inaugural presentation at the Design Leadership Forum.
Zaleznik, A.: Managers and Leaders: Are They Different?. Harvard Business Review 2000, Vol. 82, No.1

See also
Corporate Identity
Design management
Design
Leadership
Reputation management

Management theory
Design
Program comprehension. Program comprehension (also program understanding or [source] code comprehension) is a domain of computer science concerned with the ways software engineers maintain existing source code.  The cognitive and other processes involved are identified and studied.  The results are used to develop tools and training.   

Software maintenance tasks have five categories: adaptive maintenance, corrective maintenance, perfective maintenance, code reuse, and code leverage.

Theories of program comprehension 
Titles of works on program comprehension include
 Using a behavioral theory of program comprehension in software engineering
 The concept assignment problem in program understanding, and 
 Program Comprehension During Software Maintenance and Evolution.

Computer scientists pioneering program comprehension include Ruven Brooks, Ted J. Biggerstaff, and Anneliese von Mayrhauser.

See also 
Program analysis (computer science)
Program slicing

References 

Computer programming
Green Chemistry (journal). Green Chemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering every aspect of sustainable chemistry and its implementation in chemical engineering. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and was established in 1999 by James Clark (University of York). Articles published in this journal are intended to be conceptually accessible to a wide audience. The editors-in-chief is Javier Pérez-Ramírez.

Article types
 Research papers (which contain original scientific work that has not been published previously)
 Communications (original scientific work that is of an urgent nature and that has not been published previously)
 Green Chemistry news (an easy-to-read magazine style section)

Abstracting, indexing, and impact factor 
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 11.034.

It is indexed in the following bibliographic databases:
Scopus
Web of Science

See also
List of chemistry journals

References

External links

Chemistry journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Academic journals established in 1999
English-language journals
Monthly journals
SNNS. SNNS (Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator) is a neural network simulator originally developed at the University of Stuttgart. While it was originally built for X11 under Unix, there are Windows ports. Its successor JavaNNS never reached the same popularity.

Features

SNNS is written around a simulation kernel to which user written activation functions, learning procedures and output functions can be added. It has support for arbitrary network topologies and the standard release contains support for a number of standard neural network architectures and training algorithms.

Status

There is currently no ongoing active development of SNNS. In July 2008 the license was changed to the GNU LGPL.

See also

 Artificial neural network
 Neural network software

External links
 SNNS homepage
 Patches with bugfixes and a Python interface to the SNNS kernel

Neural network software
Tony Guntharp. Tony Guntharp (born May 16, 1969) was the team project manager and one of the four co-founders of SourceForge (along with Uriah Welcome, Tim Perdue and Drew Streib) which launched in November 1999. Prior to this he had co-founded Fresher Information Corp., an object oriented database management software firm.

He eventually left VA Software (the owners of the SF property) after VA Software shut down the systems-hardware business.

He also co-authored Practical Linux.

Damage Studios
Later, he founded Damage Studios with several former VA employees, including Greg Kucharo, Steve Westmoreland, Joseph Arruda, San Mehat, Chris DiBona and Craig Ross.

References

1969 births
Living people
American computer programmers
Geeknet
Baldwin DRS-4-4-1000. The Baldwin DRS-4-4-1000 was a diesel-electric road switcher produced by the Baldwin Locomotive Works from July 1948–March 1950. The units featured a , six-cylinder prime mover, and were configured in a B-B wheel arrangement mounted atop a pair of two-axle AAR Type-B road trucks, with all axles powered. They had a cast steel frame. The units were configured to normally run with the long hood in the forward position.

Only 9 were built for American railroads, with another 13 manufactured in January and February 1949 by the Canadian Locomotive Company for the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, the first railroad in Canada to dieselize its locomotive fleet. The DRS-4-4-1000 was (in most cases) visually indistinguishable from its  successor, the RS-12. Only one intact example of the DRS-4-4-1000 is known to exist today (former CPR #8000), and is currently on display in Squamish, British Columbia.

Units produced by Baldwin Locomotive Works (1948–1950)

Units produced by the Canadian Locomotive Company (1949)

References

External links
 Baldwin DRS4-4-1000 & RS-12 Roster
 Preserved Baldwin and Lima Locomotives

B-B locomotives
DRS-4-4-10
CLC locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1948
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Diesel–electric locomotives of Canada
MFR. MFR may refer to:

 Rogue Valley International–Medford Airport, IATA code
 Marine Forces Reserve
 Medical first responder
 Melt flow rate of thermoplastic polymers
 Member of the Order of the Federal Republic, one of the Nigerian National Honours
 Methanofuran, a chemical compound
 Minimum funding requirement
 Mixed Flow Reactor, a type of chemical reactor
 Moray Firth Radio, a Scottish commercial radio station based in Inverness
 Music for Relief, a charity organisation founded by Linkin Park
 Myofascial release
 Météo-France
Flexibility (disambiguation). Flexibility may refer to:

 Flexibility, the ability of a material to deform  elastically and return to its original shape when the applied  stress is removed 
 Flexibility (anatomy), the distance of motion of a joint, which may be increased by stretching
 Flexibility (engineering), in the field of engineering systems design, designs that can adapt when external changes occur
 Flexibility (personality), the range of different appropriate behavioural responses a person can make in situations that they face.
 Cognitive flexibility, the ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously
 Labour market flexibility 
 "Flexibility", a song by Miss Kittin & The Hacker first published as the seventh song of their 2001 album First Album
 Flexibility (abstract algebra), a property of some non-associative algebras
 Flexural rigidity, the resistance offered by a structure while undergoing bending

See also 
 Flexible (disambiguation)
Navigator Program. The Navigator Program is a long-term NASA project charged with over-seeing all missions related to the detection and characterization of Earth-like planets. It also seeks to further understand how galaxies, stars, and planets form. Navigator, with a 25-year time window, is essentially an umbrella program for more specific current and proposed projects which seek out Earth analogues and possible extraterrestrial life. The main components of Navigator include two ground-based and two space based missions.

On Earth:

 The Keck Interferometer. Initial interferometeric work began in 2005.
 The Large Binocular Telescope. Operational since 2005.

And in space:

 The SIM Planetquest. Was expected launch in 2015, but was canceled.
 The Terrestrial Planet Finder. First phase was projected to launch 2014, but was canceled.

The Navigator Program is itself an element of even larger decades long project of NASA: the Origins Program, addressing the origins of the universe, astronomical bodies, and life.

References

NASA programs
LOPES (exoskeleton). The goal of the LOPES project (LOwer-extremity Powered ExoSkeleton) is to design and implement a gait rehabilitation robot for treadmill training. The target group consists of people who have had a stroke and have impaired motor control.
The main goals of LOPES are:
Reduction of the physical load on the therapist / patient;
More efficient gait training for stroke patients;
Selective support of gait functions;
Therapist stays in charge of high-level decisions.

The mechanical construction should offer assistance in leg movements in the forward direction and in keeping lateral balance. Within the LOPES project, it has been decided to realize this by connecting the limbs of the patient to an exoskeleton so that robot and patient move in parallel. Most gait rehabilitation robots that are currently being developed focus on the support of the entire gait cycle as a single unit. These robots use joint trajectories of the entire gait cycle and offer a uniform (more or less) stiff control along this trajectory. This means that the patient receives support in gait phases where support is necessary but also in phases where support isn't necessary. Studies have been done on an exoskeleton  that propose adaptive control methods which minimize the interaction forces with the patient with respect to an adaptable reference pattern, but these still control the entire gait cycle. Studies have also shown that walking with the Lokomat requires significantly less energy than normal walking . LOPES aims to support and not take over those tasks that the patient is unable to perform without help using an impedance control scheme. This will lead to a more active participation from the patient's side. The tradeoff for more active walking will likely be a smaller overall distance during therapy sessions. The implication of selective function support is that the robot will have two extreme modes in which it should be able to function, these are:

Patient in charge: The goal of the robot is to minimize the interaction forces between the patient and the robot in order for the patient to walk freely without feeling the robot. This mode will be active mostly for the non-paretic side of the patient and during those phases of the walking cycle that the robot does not need to assist.
Robot in charge: The goal of this mode is to take control of the patient. The robot will take over the functions which the patient is unable to perform. The robot will most likely operate somewhere between these extremes offering some support at those phases when it is needed to guide the patient towards desirable behavior.

The first prototype has been completed. This prototype has 8 actuated DOF (series elastic actuation) following the design. Clinical evaluations will be done in the course of 2007.

References

External links
 

Robotic exoskeletons
Robots of the United States
Rehabilitation robots
2006 robots
Kenichi Ohmae. is a Japanese organizational theorist, management consultant, former Professor and Dean of UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, and author, known for developing the 3Cs model.

Biography 
Born in 1943 in Kitakyūshū, Ohmae earned a BS in chemistry in 1966 from Waseda University, an MS in nuclear physics in 1968 from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, and a doctorate in nuclear engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970.

After graduation, Ohmae subsequently worked as a senior design engineer for Hitachi from 1970 to 1972. From 1972 to 1995 he worked for McKinsey & Company.  As a senior partner he ran the company's Japan operations for a number of years.  He co-founded its strategic management practice, and served companies in a wide spectrum of industries, including industrial and consumer electronics, finance, telecommunications, food and chemicals.  In 1995 he ran for Governor of Tokyo, but lost to Yukio Aoshima.

In 1997 he went to the United States, where he was appointed Dean and Professor of UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs.  In 1997 to 1998, he became a Guest professor of Stanford Graduate School of Business, MBA Program.

In 2011, he became a Project director for Team "H2O", and coordinated in preparing the report "What should we learn from the severe accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant?" and submitted it to Goshi Hosono, the Minister of Environment & Minister for the Restoration of Nuclear Accident.  In 2012, he became a member of The "Nuclear Reform Monitoring Committee" of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO).

Work 
Ohmae introduced the Japanese management methods to a broad Western audience, a specifically the Toyota practice of just-in-time production.  He also outlined the differences between Japanese and Western companies, in particular:
 the long strategic planning horizon of Japanese companies 
 the short planning horizon based on shareholder value thinking of Western companies

Through his numerous publications, he coined many terms that are still in use today. In the 1980s, he predicted and described globalization as a prominent phenomenon in the world economy.

Publications 
Ohmae has written a number of books, including 
 The Mind of the Strategist
 The End of the Nation State 
 The Borderless World
 Triad Power

References

External links 

 
 KENICHI OHMAE Official Web Kenichi Ohmae Official Website
 Kenichi Ohmae Graduate School of business MBA via distance education

1943 births
Living people
Japanese businesspeople
Japanese business theorists
Japanese writers
Waseda University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
McKinsey & Company people
Hitachi people
People from Kitakyushu
Writers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Tokyo Institute of Technology alumni
UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs faculty
Technopark Stellenbosch. Techno Park Stellenbosch is a technology focused science park situated on land previously owned by Stellenbosch Municipality, adjoining the farm Kleine Zalze which is located to the south of the town Stellenbosch and adjacent to the Stellenbosch Golf Club.

History 
The Idea to establish a science park was originally conceived by Christo Viljoen, then Dean of the Faculty of Engineering of Stellenbosch University, after a visit to the Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park in Taiwan. The proposals that he made in this regard were put forward to the Town Council during 1981 and was subsequently taken up by the council as a priority project.

An application for the establishment of a science park (Techno Park) was submitted during April 1986 to the then Administrator of the Cape of Good Hope after a R10 million government loan was secured by the Municipality of Stellenbosch for the development of a first phase of such a park.

The application to the Administrator was followed by a thorough impact study and investigation with regard to appropriate development parameters.

The zoning of the land was approved during June 1987 and a development plan was completed thereafter. Construction commenced during early 1987 and was completed during the same year.
A number of high-tech companies in Techno Park are spin-offs from research and development undertaken by Stellenbosch University, but Techno Park has developed over the past few years and now features many offices and businesses alike.

Major companies located in the park 

 Adept Internet
 Capitec Bank 
 Compuscan 
 Garmin
 Protea Hotel
 Reutech Radar Systems
 Workshack
 Moonstone Business School of Excellence

External links 
 http://www.technopark.co.za
 http://www.technopark.org.za
 https://www.facebook.com/technoparkstellenbosch

Buildings and structures in Stellenbosch
1986 establishments in South Africa
Science parks in South Africa
RX-250-LPN. The RX-250-LPN  is an Indonesian sounding rocket, part of the RX rocket family. It was launched six times between 1987 and 2007.

Technical data
Specifications come from the rocket's summary datasheet published by Indonesian space agency LAPAN.
Apogee: 70 kilometres
Liftoff thrust: 53 kilonewtons
Burning time: 6 seconds
Specific impulse: 220 seconds
Propellant: HTPB
Total mass: 300 kilograms
Core diameter: 0.25 metres
Total length: 5.30 metres
Payload: 30–60 kg

References

Sounding rockets of Indonesia
Janka hardness test. The Janka hardness test (; ), created by Austrian-born American researcher Gabriel Janka (1864–1932), measures the resistance of a sample of wood to denting and wear. It measures the force required to embed an  steel ball halfway into a sample of wood. (The diameter was chosen to produce a circle with an area of 100 square millimeters, or one square centimeter.) 

A common use of Janka hardness ratings is to determine whether a species is suitable for use as flooring. For hardwood flooring, the test usually requires an  sample with a thickness of at least 6–8 mm, and the most commonly used test is the ASTM D1037. When testing wood in lumber form, the Janka test is always carried out on wood from the tree trunk (known as the heartwood), and the standard sample (according to ASTM D143) is at 12% moisture content and clear of knots.

The hardness of wood varies with the direction of the wood grain. Testing on the surface of a plank, perpendicular to the grain, is said to be of "side hardness". Testing the cut surface of a stump is called a test of "end hardness". Side hardness may be further divided into "radial hardness" and "tangential hardness", although the differences are minor and often neglected.

The results are stated in various ways, leading to confusion, especially when the actual units employed are often not attached. The resulting measure is always one of force. In the United States, the measurement is in pounds-force (lbf). In Sweden, it is in kilograms-force (kgf), and in Australia, either in newtons (N) or kilonewtons (kN). This confusion is greatest when the results are treated as units, for example "660 Janka".

The Janka hardness test results tabulated below followed ASTM D 1037-12 testing methods. Lumber stocks tested range from 1" to 2" (25–50 mm) thick. The tabulated Janka hardness numbers are an average. There is a standard deviation associated with each species, but these values are not given. No testing was done on actual flooring. 

Other factors affect how flooring performs: the type of core for engineered floorings, such as pine, HDF, poplar, oak, or birch; grain direction and thickness; floor or top wear surface, etc. The chart is not to be considered an absolute; it is meant to help people understand which woods are harder than others.

Typical Janka hardness values

References

External links 
 Janka Hardness Scale For Wood – Side Hardness Chart of Some Woods
 USDA – Wood Handbook – Wood as an Engineering Material 
 USDA – Janka Hardness Using Nonstandard Specimens 

Woodworking
Woodcarving
Wood
Hardness tests
BAE Systems Corax. The Corax, also known as Raven (Corax being Latin for raven), is a prototype unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for the British Armed Forces being developed by BAE Systems Military Air & Information.

Its first test flight was in 2004 after a ten-month development cycle. It was first unveiled to the public in January 2006.

Corax uses stealth technology.

See also

References

External links
Flight International article on the unveiling of Corax

Unmanned stealth aircraft
British Aerospace aircraft
2000s British experimental aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of the United Kingdom
BAE Systems research and development
Tailless aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Comparison of operating system kernels. A kernel is a component of a computer operating system.  A comparison of system kernels can provide insight into the design and architectural choices made by the developers of particular operating systems.

Comparison criteria 
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of widely used and currently available operating system kernels. Please see the individual products' articles for further information.

Even though there are a large number and variety of available Linux distributions, all of these kernels are grouped under a single entry in these tables, due to the differences among them being of the patch level. See comparison of Linux distributions for a detailed comparison. Linux distributions that have highly modified kernels — for example, real-time computing kernels — should be listed separately. There are also a wide variety of minor BSD operating systems, many of which can be found at comparison of BSD operating systems.

The tables specifically do not include subjective viewpoints on the merits of each kernel or operating system.

Feature overview 
The major contemporary general-purpose kernels are shown in comparison. Only an overview of the technical features is detailed.

Realtime support

Transport protocol support

In-kernel security

In-kernel virtualization

In-kernel server support

Binary format support 
A comparison of OS support for different binary formats (executables):

File system support 
Physical file systems:

Networked file system support

Supported CPU instruction sets and microarchitectures

Supported GPU processors

Supported kernel execution environment 
This table indicates, for each kernel, what operating systems' executable images and device drivers can be run by that kernel.

Supported cipher algorithms 
This may be usable on some situations like file system encrypting.

Supported compression algorithms 
This may be usable on some situations like compression file system.

Supported message digest algorithms

Supported Bluetooth protocols

Audio support

Graphics support

See also 
Comparison of open-source operating systems
Comparison of Linux distributions
Comparison of BSD operating systems
Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
List of operating systems
Comparison of file systems
Comparison of operating systems

Footnotes 

Kernels
Computing platforms
Operating system kernels