omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Roller. Roller may refer to:

Birds
Roller, a bird of the family Coraciidae
 Roller (pigeon), a domesticated breed or variety of pigeon

Devices 
 Roller, an element of a rolling-element bearing
 Roller, used in rolling (metalworking)
 Roller, in a roller mill, to crush or grind various materials
 Roller, or training surcingle, around a horse's girth
 Roller (agricultural tool), a non-powered tool for flattening ground
 Roller (BEAM), a robot
 Rolling pin, a compacting device used for preparing dough for cooking
 Bicycle rollers, a type of bicycle trainer
 Foam roller, therapeutic exercise device
 Hair roller, used to curl hair
 Paint roller, a paint application tool
 Road roller, a vehicle for compacting
 Steamroller, a form of road roller

Arts and entertainment 
 Bay City Rollers, or the Rollers, a Scottish pop rock band
 "The Roller", a 2011 song by Beady Eye
 "Roller" (Apache 207 song), 2019
 "Roller" (April Wine song), 1978
 Roller (Goblin album), 1976
 Roller, partner of the Optimus Prime character from the Transformers universe

People with the surname 
 Andreas Roller (1805–1891), German painter and theatrical set designer
 Arnold Roller (1878–1956), a pseudonym of Stephen Naft, Austrian writer and anarchist
 Charles Roller (1879–1963), American football player and coach
 A. Clyde Roller (1914–2005), American conductor and music educator
 Duane W. Roller (born 1946), American archaeologist, author, and professor emeritus
 Edeltraud Roller (1957-2020), German political scientist
 Florian Roller (born 1992), German rower
 Gustav Roller (1895–1959), German footballer
 Jochen Roller (born 1971), German choreographer
 Joseph Roller (1929–1998), Luxembourgish footballer
 Kelly Roller, Spanish drag queen
 Kyle Roller (born 1988), American baseball player
 Léon Roller (1928–1993), Luxembourgish boxer
 Mihail Roller (1908–1958), Romanian communist politician
 Mileva Roller (1886–1949), Austrian painter
 Olivier Roller (born 1972), French photographer
 Philip Roller (born 1994), Thai footballer
 Steve Roller (born 1954), American athlete
 Ulrich Roller (1911–1941), putschist, stage designer and SS guard
 William Roller (1858–1949), English cricketer

Other uses 
 Apache Roller, a blog server written in Java
 Australia men's national wheelchair basketball team, or Rollers
 Roller (typeface), originally Iberica, by Carlos Winkow
 Roller printing on textiles

See also

 Roll (disambiguation)
 Rollerball pen
 List of Rolls-Royce motor cars
Joint constraints. Joint constraints are rotational constraints on the joints of an artificial system. They are used in an inverse kinematics chain, in fields including 3D animation or robotics.  Joint constraints can be implemented in a number of ways, but the most common method is to limit rotation about the X, Y and Z axis independently. An elbow, for instance, could be represented by limiting rotation on X and Z axis to 0 degrees, and constraining the Y-axis rotation to 130 degrees.

To simulate joint constraints more accurately, dot-products can be used with an independent axis to repulse the child bones orientation from the unreachable axis. Limiting the orientation of the child bone to a border of vectors tangent to the surface of the joint, repulsing the child bone away from the border, can also be useful in the precise restriction of shoulder movement.

References

Computer graphics
3D computer graphics
Computational physics
Robot kinematics
Anatomical simulation
Thorianite. Thorianite is a rare thorium oxide mineral, ThO2. It was originally described by Ananda Coomaraswamy in 1904 as uraninite, but recognized as a new species by Wyndham R. Dunstan. It was so named by Dunstan on account of its high percentage of thorium; it also contains the oxides of uranium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium. Helium is present, and the mineral is slightly less radioactive than pitchblende, but is harder to shield due to its high energy gamma rays. It is common in the alluvial gem-gravels of Sri Lanka, where it occurs mostly as water worn, small, heavy, black, cubic crystals. The largest crystals are usually near 1.5 cm. Larger crystals, up to , have been reported from Madagascar.

Chemistry
Based on color, specific gravity and composition three types of thorianite are distinguished:
α-thorianite
β-thorianite
γ-thorianite
Thorianite and uraninite form a complete solid solution series in synthetic and natural material. The division between the two species is at Th:U = 1:1 with U possibly making up to 46.50% and Th ranging up to 87.88%. Rare earths, chiefly Ce, substitute for Th in amounts up to 8% by weight. Ce is probably present as Ce4+. Complete series is known in synthetic material between CeO2 - PrO2 - ThO2 - UO2. Small amounts of Fe3+ and Zr also may be isomorphous with Th. Pb present is probably radiogenic.

Varieties
Aldanite – a variety of thorianite containing 14.9% to 29.0% UO2 and 11.2% to 12.5% PbO.
Uranothorianite
Thorianite Cerian
Thorianite La bearing

Occurrence
Usually found in alluvial deposits, beach sands, heavy mineral placers, and pegmatites.

Sri Lanka – In stream gravels, Galle district, Southern Province; Balangoda district; near Kodrugala, Sabaragamuwa Province; and from a pegmatite in Bambarabotuwa area.
India – Reported from beach sands of Travancore (Kerala). 
Madagascar – Found in alluvial deposits of  Betroka and Andolobe. Also as very large crystals from Fort Dauphin; at Andranondambo and other localities.
Russia – In black sands of a gold placer on Boshogoch River, Transbaikalia, Siberia; in the Kovdor Massif by Kovdor, Kola Peninsula; in the Yenisei Range, Siberia.
United States – reported from Easton, Pennsylvania; black sands in Missouri River, near Helena, Montana; Scott River, Siskiyou County, California; black sands in Nixon Fork and Wiseman districts, Alaska.
Canada – Reported with uraninite in a pegmatite on Charlebois Lake, east of Lake Athabasca; Uranon variety reported from pegmatite and metesomatized zones in crystalline limestones from many locations in Quebec and Ontario.
South Africa – Occurs with baddeleyite as an accessory in carbonatite at Phalaborwa, Eastern Transvaal.
Democratic Republic of Congo - Kasaï region

See also

 Uraninite
 Thorite
 Classification of minerals
 List of minerals

References

External links

 Uraniumminerals.com
 Mindat.org

Thorium minerals
Oxide minerals
Minerals described in 1904
Radioactive minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225
Narrow bipolar pulse. Narrow bipolar pulses are high-energy, high-altitude, intra-cloud electrical discharges associated with thunderstorms.  NBP are similar to other forms of lightning events such as return strokes and dart leaders, but produce an optical emission of at least an order of magnitude smaller.  They typically occur in the 10–20 km altitude range and can emit a power on the order of a few hundred gigawatts.  They produce far-field asymmetric bipolar electric field change signatures (called narrow bipolar events).

References
 M.A. Uman et al., The Electromagnetic Radiation from a Finite Antenna, AJP Vol. 43, 1975. 
 A.V. Gurevich, K.P. Zybin, Runaway Breakdown and the Mysteries of Lightning, Physics Today 37–43, 2005. 
 K. B. Eack, Electrical characteristics of narrow bipolar events, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, 2004. 
 R. Thottappillil, Distribution of charge along the lightning channel: Relation to remote electric and magnetic fields and to return-stroke models, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 102, 1997.

Electrical phenomena
Charles Rood Keeran. Charles  Rood Keeran   (April 16, 1883 - June 9, 1948) was an Illinois inventor and businessman.

Biography
He was born on April 16, 1883, on a farm near Bloomington, Illinois. Having an inventive father, William Lee Keeran, C.R. Keeran grew up with a creative spirit.  After achieving a master's degree in engineering, he soon began patenting his ideas (circa 1906) which continued throughout his lifetime:

Keeran's 2-piece vacuum seal for Mason jars, which became the standard for home-canning, was immediately popular.  However, he sold off his company, White Crown Fruit Jar, in order to finance his favorite invention: the Eversharp mechanical pencil.  Around 1914, Keeran invented the basic mechanism for the Eversharp, thought up the "Eversharp" trademark (inspired by the Winchester Rifle logo), and set up a company to make and sell Eversharp pencils. He relocated to Evanston, Illinois, and entered into a business alliance with the Wahl Adding Machine Company in Chicago.  Wahl officers obtained a majority share in the Eversharp Pencil Company and, in 1917, forced Keeran out of the company.

In 1919, Keeran registered the "Autopoint" trademark.  In 1921, Keeran joined three businessmen in the Realite Pencil Company.   Keeran brought the Autopoint name with him. Within a few years the company was renamed, the Autopoint Company.

Keeran felt that his invention and suggestions during his association with Wahl were the basis of their prosperity. For years, he fought a battle to get just compensation from the Wahl Company. He got no satisfaction.

He died on June 9, 1948, in Chicago, Illinois.

Patents
 New and useful Improvements in Detachable Spouts
 New and useful Improvements in Switch and Detector-Bar Throwing Mechanism 
 Certain New and useful Improvements in Weapons 
 Certain New and useful Improvements in Receptacle-Closures  and #1130611, #1167306, #1180929, #1207560, and #1226532
 New and useful Improvements in Lead-Pencils  and #1151016, and #1153115

Further reading
 Frary, C.A. "What We Have Learned Marketing Eversharp." Printers' Ink. 116(6):3+. August 11, 1921.

External links
Charles Keeran, a Mechanical Pencil Pioneer
 Inventor Never Got Rewards of Pencil Business - Pantagraph (Bloomington, IL newspaper) 
A Tale of Two Pencils: Keeran's Eversharp & Hayakawa's Ever-Ready Sharp

References

1883 births
1948 deaths
20th-century American inventors
Rain Bird. Rain Bird Corporation is an international privately held manufacturer and provider of irrigation products and services for landscapes, golf courses, sports fields, and agriculture which are designed to minimize water consumption. The firm is headquartered in Azusa, California, with offices and manufacturing facilities in Tucson, Arizona; Steele, Alabama; Tijuana Mexico; France; and China. Rain Bird sells more than 4,000 products and services in over 130 countries.

History
Rain Bird had its origins in 1933 when Glendora, California, citrus grower Orton Englehart developed the first prototype of the horizontal action impact sprinkler. This new design offered slow rotation and more efficient watering than other sprinklers of that era, features that were long sought after by local irrigators. Orton's neighbor Clement LaFetra began helping him build and market the sprinklers, and they urged him to patent the invention.   was awarded on April 16, 1935. Englehart preferred farming, so in 1935, he sold the business to Clement and Mary Elizabeth LaFetra. Clem LaFetra passed away in 1963 and his wife Mary "Betty" LaFetra became the second CEO of Rain Bird Corporation. Under her leadership, the company became global. She was CEO until 1978 when her son, Anthony La Fetra, became CEO. Antony La Fetra ran the company until his death in 2021. At that time, Art Ludwick was named interim CEO, and in February 2022, Mike Donoghue was named President and CEO.

The name Rain Bird was taken from the Native American legend of a bird that brought rain, in reference to the bird-like appearance of the impact sprinkler in action. Since its beginnings, the firm has offered irrigation products for farms, golf courses, sports arenas, commercial developments, and residential landscapes. Rain Bird has obtained over 450 patents since its founding.

Recognition
The Rain Bird horizontal action impact-drive sprinkler head was recognized as a historic landmark of agricultural engineering in 1990 by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. This invention led to sprinkler irrigation development that currently exceeds  worldwide.

In 2015, the firm was recognized by National Business Research Institute with its prestigious Circle of Excellence award, based upon its outstanding employee engagement.

References

External links
 Rain Bird Corporation
 
 

Irrigation companies
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Manufacturing companies established in 1933
Companies based in Tucson, Arizona
1933 establishments in California
Microsoft Cluster Server. Microsoft Cluster Server (MSCS) is a computer program that allows server computers to work together as a computer cluster, to provide failover and increased availability of applications, or parallel calculating power in case of high-performance computing (HPC) clusters (as in supercomputing).

Microsoft has three technologies for clustering: Microsoft Cluster Service (MSCS, a HA clustering service), Component Load Balancing (CLB) (part of Application Center 2000), and Network Load Balancing Services (NLB). With the release of Windows Server 2008 the MSCS service was  renamed to Windows Server Failover Clustering (WSFC), and the Component Load Balancing (CLB) feature became deprecated.

Prior to Windows Server 2008, clustering required (per Microsoft KBs) that all nodes in the clusters to be as identical as possible from hardware, drivers, firmware, all the way to software. After Windows Server 2008 however, Microsoft modified the requirements to state that only the operating system needs to be of the same level (such as patch level).

Background
Cluster Server was codenamed "Wolfpack" during its development. Windows NT Server 4.0, Enterprise Edition was the first version of Windows to include the MSCS software. The software has since been updated with each new server release. The cluster software evaluates the resources of servers in the cluster and chooses which are used based on criteria set in the administration module. In June 2006, Microsoft released Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003, the first high-performance computing (HPC) cluster technology offering from Microsoft.

History 
During Microsoft's first attempt at development of a cluster server Microsoft, originally priced at $10,000, ran into problems causing the software to fail because of buggy software causing fail-over forcing the workload from two servers to a single server. This results in poor allocation of resources, poor performance of the servers, and very poor reviews from analysts.

The announcement of a new update to the Microsoft Cluster Server software came in 1998 promising new features in 1999 and the newest addition in the line of Windows NT software in the form of Windows NT 5.0 Enterprise Edition. Also promising support for 4 nodes post release of NT 5.0.

Microsoft's first attempt at pushing the cluster server software was at the 2005 Super-Computing conference in Seattle the new software being developed, Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003 (Windows CCS 2003).

On May 8, 2006 Microsoft reports the release of the full-featured Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003 (for industrial use) and the Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003 R2 (for small businesses) software to the public for purchase in summer 2006.

References

External links
Microsoft Clustering Services

Cluster Server
Cluster computing
High-availability cluster computing
Machine Sazi Arak. Machine Sazi Arak (MSA) is an Iranian industrial machinery and equipment manufacturing corporation that was established in 1967 in an area of 134 hectares in the city of Arak in order to support underlying industries and meet the industrial needs of the country.

Activities and products 
Some of the activities and products of MSA are as follows: Engineering, procurement, construction, development, installation of oil, gas, petrochemical, chemical factories, automotive and metal industries and power plant equipment including storage tanks, mobile and fixed pressure vessels, fractionating columns, industrial furnaces, heat exchangers, air coolers, spherical tanks, indirect heat exchangers, mobile oil treating (MOT) units, gate valves and well-head equipment, drilling rigs, process pumps for oil and gas industry, cranes, hydro mechanical equipment for dams, fire tube and water tube boilers as well as combination cycles boilers, bridges and heavy steel structures, production of alloy steels, pressure flanges, industrial rings, axle and railways tires, steel balls, heavy machining industrial furnaces as well as manufacturing machines and plant equipment and industrial incinerators.

Groups 
 Equipment Manufacturing Group
 Metallurgy Manufacturing Group
 Steam Boiler Manufacturing Group
 Bridges and Steel Structure Manufacturing Group
 Machining and Assembly Group

External links

Description of Machine Sazi Arak

Engine manufacturers of Iran
Manufacturing companies of Iran
Engineering companies of Iran
Companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Iranian brands
Pump manufacturers
Construction and civil engineering companies of Iran
Crane manufacturers
Industrial machine manufacturers
Wind turbine manufacturers
Companies based in Arak
Iranian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions

Iran–Soviet Union relations
AzarAb Industries. AzarAb Industries is an Iranian manufacturing corporation that constructs power plants, factories, petrochemical plants and sugar, oil and gas refineries that is located in Arak. As of 2005, AzarAb Industries, employed more than 2,500 people.

Their main products are air preheaters, boilers, butterfly valves, water turbines, reactors, fractionating columns and pressure vessels.

Some of the projects the corporation has worked on are:
 Shahid Rajaie 1000 M.W. Thermal Power Plant, Iran
 Gilan 810 M.W. Combined Cycle Power Plant, Iran
 Abadan Petrochemical Plant, Iran

The corporation has ISO 9001 certification and is a member of the Association of Iran Industry Equipment Manufacturers.

References

   
  Ibid.

External links
 

Companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Iranian brands
Engineering companies of Iran
Nuclear technology companies of Iran
Manufacturing companies of Iran
Water turbine manufacturers
Industrial machine manufacturers
Engine manufacturers of Iran
Companies based in Arak
Iranian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
HEPCO. Heavy Equipment Production Company (HEPCO) is an Iranian corporation that manufactures construction equipment, railroad cars, trucks, forklifts and the industrial machinery of oil, gas, energy, metal and mining industries in Arak, HEPCO is the largest heavy equipment manufacturer in the Middle East. This company has 1,500 employees with an annual production capacity of 4,800 units.

History
HEPCO was established and registered in 1972, with the intention of assembly & production of heavy equipment. In 1975 HEPCO resumed operation in its premises in Arak consisting of 1,000,000 square meters of land & 40,000 square meters of production hall in collaboration with manufacturers such as Navistar International, Dynapac, Poclain, Sakai Heavy Industries and Lokomo.

In 1984, HEPCO development project was designed in collaboration with Liebherr & Volvo companies, aiming at fabrication of steel structures of construction equipment.

In 2020, HEPCO signed 5 MOUs with National Iranian Copper Industry Company (NICIC), Mobarakeh Steel Company, Gol Gohar Mining and Industrial Company, Chadormalu Mining and Industrial Company, Mining Investment Insurance Company (MIIC), and Iran Mine House, said Khodadad Gharibpour, the head of Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization (IMIDRO) to manufacture 900 road building machines in total during the first and second years.

Privatization 
HEPCO was originally established before the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979. The company was consequently seized by organizations and persons tied with regime officials. Afterwards, the company was sold to the private sector as part of the ruling regime’s privatization plans of 2006, which put regime officials and their affiliates in control of the country’s vital businesses. A series of protests took place in intervals since the privatization took place, ending in 2021 when the factory eventually was shut down.

Collapse 
After a series of clashes between the factory workers at HEPCO and police, multiple protesters were injured and/or detained by the Iranian anti-riot forces, and, as a result, the headcount of factory workers dropped from 8,000 to nearly 1,000.

Gallery

See also
Automotive industry in Iran
Mining in Iran

References

External links
HEPCO Website

Manufacturing companies established in 1972
Crane manufacturers
Iranian brands
1972 establishments in Iran
Mining equipment companies
Forklift truck manufacturers
Companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Industrial machine manufacturers
Truck manufacturers of Iran
Rolling stock manufacturers of Iran
Car manufacturers of Iran
Companies based in Arak
Companies of Iran
Manufacturing companies of Iran
Companies of Iran by year of establishment

Construction equipment manufacturers of Iran
Wagon Pars. Wagon Pars (in Persian: شرکت واگن‌ پارس, Sherkat-e Vâgon Pars) is an Iranian train and locomotive manufacturer established in 1974, in Arak. Products include locomotives, trains, metros, freight and fuel railroad cars, and equipment for passenger boarding of aircraft. It is the largest rolling stock manufacturer in the Middle East.

History

Wagon Pars began rolling stock manufacturing in 1984. In 1999, the factory reached an agreement with GEC-Alsthom to produce under license the Iranian Railways AD43C mainline locomotives.

In 2007 the company manufactured Iran's first express train: a four coach, 252 passenger, 160 km/h train. In 2009 the company had a production capacity of 1,800 vehicles per annum, and was operating at 20% of that figure.

In the first decade of the 21st century the company received export orders for Cuba, including a 60 billion rial order for 550 freight wagons, (completed Sept. 2009) and 200 passenger vehicles Also in 2009 the company obtained a €80 million contract with Vietnam Railways for the supply of 200 passenger vehicles - 40 of which would be produced by Wagon Pars, the remainder assembled in Vietnam as part of a technology transfer agreement.

In 2009 and 2010, workers at the Wagon Pars factory staged protests due to lack of payment of wages; the company is thought to be in financial difficulties due to mismanagement. The acquisition by Iran Khodro during the 2005-2010 privatization of Iranian industries is claimed to have contributed to the company's poor financial state.

In May 2010 the company announced it was going to help set up a rolling stock factory in Syria. The plant is to have a production capacity of 300 wagons, and also be able to repair passenger coaches.

In August 2018, the Iranian Ministry of Defense declared it had unloaded its shares in Wagon Pars. In 2019, the company broke its production record by building 411 cargo and passenger wagons in a year. The company said it had the capacity to make 150 passenger wagons and 1,000 cargo wagons per year.

References

External links

Images
 

Iranian brands
Rolling stock manufacturers of Iran
Locomotive manufacturers of Iran
Companies based in Arak
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1974
1974 establishments in Iran
Slamming. Slamming is the impact of the bottom structure of a ship onto the sea surface. It is mainly observed while sailing in waves, when the bow raises from the water and subsequently impacts on it. Slamming induces extremely high loads to ship structures and is taken into consideration when designing ships.  Slamming is not strictly limited to ships but is observed in watercraft as small as kayaks.
 For trimarans and catamarans, slamming can occur when an ama slams back down into the sea after being lifted clear by wind or wave action.  Slamming can also occur for multihull vessels when the sea strikes an area that is normally above water level and join the vessel's hulls together. 

Slamming can occur in relatively mild sea conditions if the vessel is prone to pitching, which is more likely to occur aboard vessels where the bow and stern sections are both narrow.

References

See also 
 Ship collision
 MSC Napoli

Naval architecture
Shipbuilding