omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Blackwater Reservoir. The Blackwater Reservoir is a reservoir created behind a dam in the mountains above Kinlochleven, Lochaber, Highland, Scotland. The dam is  long, the longest in the Highlands.

The hydroelectric scheme was constructed in the early 1900s for the  British Aluminium Company for the purpose of smelting aluminium and was designed by engineers Patrick Meik and Charles Meik. Chief assistant resident engineer was William Halcrow.

The  high dam was built at an elevation of about 305m in rugged terrain.  of concrete aqueduct was constructed, and nearly  of steel pipe was laid (six parallel pipelines). The dam was built using hand tools, without the benefit of mechanical earth moving machinery, and has been described as the last major creation of the traditional 'navvy'.

The power house and aluminium smelting plant were situated in Kinlochleven, which is adjacent to the sea loch Loch Leven.

The power station now produces electricity for the aluminium smelter in Fort William, supplementing the supply from the Lochaber hydroelectric scheme. Surplus energy is sold to the national grid for public supply.

A number of workers lost their lives constructing the dam; their graves, which are marked by concrete markers, are close to the dam.

During the First World War, German prisoners worked on laying a pipe down the hillside from the dam.

See also 
List of reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom

References

External links
BBC One - Making Scotland's Landscape, Scotland's Water, Blackwater Dam
Blackwater Reservoir, Kinlochleven
Blackwater Reservoir, Dam on Canmore

Reservoirs in Highland (council area)
Lochaber
Patrick Meik. Patrick Walter Meik (1851 - 12 July 1910) was an English civil engineer and part of a minor dynasty. His father Thomas Meik was also an engineer, as was his younger brother Charles Meik.

Early career
Both boys were born in Crowtree Road, Bishopwearmouth, Sunderland. Meik was educated at King’s College School, London, and at the University of Edinburgh, after which he joined his father's practice for three years' pupillage from 1868 to 1871. He then worked for John Aird & Co., employed on projects including the East London Waterworks at Sunbury and the Imperial Gasworks at Bromley.

Later career
In 1873, Meik went to work for his father and worked on Meik's harbours at Burntisland (where he was resident engineer on the West Dock) and at Bo'ness on the River Forth in Scotland before being asked by Sir Benjamin Baker to be resident engineer (1882–1885) on the foundations and piers of the Forth Bridge (designed by Baker and Sir John Fowler). After this project, he moved to London and set up an office for his father's engineering practice, now known as Thomas Meik and Sons. He worked on a rail project at Lee-on-the-Solent during this time.

In 1894, he was joined by his brother Charles and together they worked on a major commission to construct docks and a railway at Port Talbot, followed by an equally ambitious scheme to expand the port of Seaham, officially opened in 1905, and the King’s Dock at Swansea, which was opened in 1909. The Meiks' expertise saw port and railway designs developed in many parts of the British Empire, including Christmas Island, India, Singapore, Burma (the Rangoon River training works – where Patrick worked with Sir George Buchanan) and Mozambique.

In the 1900s, their firm was commissioned to design the Kinlochleven hydroelectric scheme in the Scottish Highlands. William Halcrow joined the company and took up the position of assistant resident engineer at the Kinlochleven project. The Meik brothers' engineering practice was later renamed CS Meik and Halcrow and became one of the world's foremost engineering consultancies, the Halcrow Group (in 2005, the Edinburgh office of the Halcrow group bought Forth Bridge drawings originally created by Patrick Meik over 120 years earlier).

Patrick Meik died in London in 1910, mourned as "an able and accomplished engineer: whose kindness of heart and social qualities endeared him to a large circle of friends".

References

1851 births
1910 deaths
People from Sunderland
Engineers from Tyne and Wear
English civil engineers
M65. M65 or M-65 may refer to:

Military
 Iveco LMV, an Italian-designed four-wheel drive tactical vehicle in service with several countries
 M65 atomic cannon, a towed artillery piece
 M65 Jacket, a multi-temperate jacket designed for the US Armed forces
 M65 recoilless nuclear rifle, a nuclear warhead for recoilless rifles
 Soltam M-65, an Israeli mortar
 Tikka M65, a Finnish rifle

Transportation
 M65 motorway, a motorway in England
 M-65 (Michigan highway), a Michigan state highway
 Miles M.65 Gemini, a 1945 British twin-engined four-seat touring aircraft
 M65 (Durban), a road in Durban, South Africa

Other uses
 Envelope, size with dimensions 110mm × 220mm
 Messier 65, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo
 M 65, an age group for Masters athletics (athletes aged 35+)
Anisochronous. In telecommunications, the term anisochronous refers to a periodic signal, pertaining to transmission in which the time interval separating any two corresponding transitions is not necessarily related to the time interval separating any other two transitions. It can also pertain to a data transmission in which there is always a whole number of unit intervals between any two significant instants in the same block or character, but not between significant instants in different blocks or characters. 

In practice, anisochronous typically means that data packets are not arriving in the same order they were transmitted, thus dramatically altering the quality of a multimedia transmission (e.g. voice, video, music), or after processing to restore isochronicity, have had significant amounts of latency added. Isochronous and anisochronous are characteristics, while synchronous and asynchronous are relationships.

References

 

Telecommunication theory
Synchronization
Telecommunication circuit. A telecommunication circuit is a path in a telecommunications network used to transmit information. Circuits have evolved from generally being built on physical connections between individual hardware cables, as in an analog phone switch, to virtual circuits established over packet switching networks.

Definitions
A telecommunication circuit may be defined as follows:

 The complete path between two terminals over which one-way or two-way communications may be provided.
 An electronic path between two or more points, capable of providing a single or multiple communication channels.
 An electronic closed-loop path among two or more points used for signal transfer.

In operational terms, a telecommunication circuit may be capable of transmitting information in only one direction (simplex circuit), or it may be bi-directional (duplex circuit). Bi-directional circuits may support half-duplex operation, when only one end of the channel transmits at any one time, or they may support full-duplex operation where independent simultaneous transmission occurs in both directions.

Applications
Originally, telecommunication circuits transmitted analog signals. Radio stations used them as studio transmitter links (STLs) or as remote pickup unit (RPU) for sound reproduction, sometimes as a backup to other means.  Later lines were digital, used in pair-gain applications, such as carrier systems, or in enterprise data networks.

A leased line, private circuit, or dedicated circuit, is a circuit that is dedicated to only one use and is typically not switched at a central office. The opposite is a switched circuit, which can be connected to different paths in a switching center or telephone exchange. Plain old telephone service (POTS) and ISDN telephone lines are switched circuits.

On certain packet switching telecommunication circuits, a virtual circuit may be created, while sharing the physical circuit.

References

Further reading

Telecommunications equipment
Systemics. In the context of systems science and systems philosophy, systemics is an initiative to study systems. It is an attempt at developing logical, mathematical, engineering and philosophical paradigms and frameworks in which physical, technological, biological, social, cognitive and metaphysical systems can be studied and modeled.

The term "systemics" was coined in the 1970s by Mario Bunge and others, as an alternative paradigm for research related to general systems theory and systems science.

See also

 Autopoiesis
 Cybernetics
 Dynamic system
 Integral theory
 Meta-knowledge
 Meta-system
 Meta-theory
 Relativism
 Reliabilism
 System engineering
 Scientific paradigm
 Socio-cognitive
 System dynamics
 Systemography
 Systems theory
 Triune continuum paradigm

References

Further reading
 Mario Bunge (1979), A world of systems. Dordrecht; Boston, Reidel.
 Charles François (1999), Systemics and Cybernetics in a Historical Perspective. in: Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Vol 16, pp. 203–219.
 Pouvreau David (2013). "Une histoire de la 'systémologie générale' de Ludwig von Bertalanffy - Généalogie, genèse, actualisation et postérité d'un projet herméneutique", Doctoral Thesis (1138 pages), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris : http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804157
 Frederic Vester (2008), The Art of interconnected thinking: Tools and concepts for a new approach to tackling complexity; Munich, MCB.

External links
 Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics
 Computational Philosophy of Science – The MIT Press
 A Taste of Systemics by Béla H. Bánáthy

Systems theory
Systems science
pl:Teoria systemów
Vinyon. Vinyon is a synthetic fiber made from polyvinyl chloride.  In some countries other than the United States, vinyon fibers are referred to as polyvinyl chloride fibers.  It can bind non-woven fibers and fabrics.  It was invented in 1939.

It has the same health problems associated with chlorinated polymers.  In the past, Vinyon was used a substitute for plant-based filters in tea bags.

Vinyon fiber characteristics
 doesn't flame, but softens at low temperatures(55 C)
 high resistance to chemicals
 Moisture absorption is less than 0.5% and moisture regained is less than 0.1%
 crease resistant and elastic

Major vinyon fiber uses
 industrial applications as a bonding agent for non-woven fabrics and products

Production
The U.S. Federal Trade Commission definition for vinyon fiber is "A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 percent by weight of vinyl chloride units (—CH2—CHCl—)."

First U.S. commercial vinyon fiber production: 1939, FMC Corporation, Fiber Division (formerly American Viscose Corporation).

See also
 Textile

References

Synthetic fibers
Point of presence. A point of presence (PoP) is an artificial demarcation point or network interface point between communicating entities. A common example is an ISP point of presence, the local access point that allows users to connect to the Internet with their Internet service provider (ISP). A PoP typically houses servers, routers, network switches, multiplexers, and other network interface equipment, and is typically located in a data center. ISPs typically have multiple PoPs. PoPs are often located at Internet exchange points and colocation centres.

In the US, this term became important during the court-ordered breakup of the Bell Telephone system.  A point of presence was a location where a long-distance carrier (IXC) could terminate services and provide connections into a local telephone network (LATA).

See also 
 Content delivery network
 Web cache
 Meet-me room

References 

Telecommunications infrastructure
Reusability. In computer programming, reusability describes the quality of a software asset that affects its ability to be used in a software system for which is was not specifically designed. An asset that is easy to reuse and provides utility is considered to have high reusability. A related concept, leverage involves modifying an existing asset to meet system requirements.

The ability to reuse can be viewed as the ability to build larger things from smaller parts, and to identify commonality among the parts. Reusability is often a required characteristic of platform software. Reusability brings several aspects to software development that do not need to be considered when reusability is not required.

Reusability may be impacted by various DevOps aspects including: build, packaging, distribution, installation, configuration, deployment, maintenance and upgrade. If these aspects are not considered, software may seem to be reusable based on its design, but may not be reusable in practice.

Many reuse design principles were developed at the WISR workshops. Although lacking consensus candidate design features for software reuse include:
 Adaptable
 Brief; small size
 Consistency
 Correctness
 Extensibility
 Fast
 Flexible
 Generic
 Localization of volatile/changeable design assumptions
 Modularity
 Orthogonality
 Simple; low complexity
 Stability under changing requirements

References

Source code
Software quality
Association (object-oriented programming). In object-oriented programming, association defines a relationship between classes of objects that allows one object instance to cause another to perform an action on its behalf. This relationship is structural, because it specifies that objects of one kind are connected to objects of another and does not represent behaviour.

In generic terms, the causation is usually called "sending a message", "invoking a method" or "calling a member function" to the controlled object. Concrete implementation usually requires the requesting object to invoke a method or member function using a reference or pointer to the memory location of the controlled object.

The objects that are related via the association are considered to act in a role with respect to the association, if object's current state in the active situation allows the other associated objects to use the object in the manner specified by the role. A role can be used to distinguish two objects of the same class when describing its use in the context of the association. A role describes the public aspects of an object with respect to an association.

The ends of the association can have all the characteristics of a property:

 They can have a multiplicity, expressed by a lower and an upper limit in the form of "lowerLimit..upperLimit".
 You can have a name.
 You can declare a visibility.
 You can specify whether the end of the association is ordered and / or unique.

See also
 Aggregation
 Object composition

References

Object-oriented programming
TBE. TBE may refer to:

 TBE buffer, a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, boric acid and EDTA
 The Best... Ever!, a series of compilation albums
 The Butterfly Effect, a 2004 American psychological thriller film
 Teledyne Brown Engineering, a company owned by the American industrial conglomerate Teledyne Technologies
 Terabit Ethernet, projected future speeds of Ethernet above 100 Gbit/s
 Tetrabromoethane, a halogenated hydrocarbon
 Tick-borne encephalitis, a viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system
 Toronto Board of Education, the former secular school district serving the pre-merged city of Toronto
 The BlockChain Era
Color science. Color science is the scientific study of color including lighting and optics; measurement of light and color; the physiology, psychophysics, and modeling of color vision; and color reproduction. It is the modern extension of traditional color theory.

Organizations 

 International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
 Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)
 Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC)
 Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T)
 International Colour Association (AIC)
 Optica, formerly the Optical Society of America (OSA)
 The Colour Group
 Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC)
 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC)
 Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)
 ACM SIGGRAPH
 Vision Sciences Society (VSS)
 Council for Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM)

Journals 

The preeminent scholarly journal publishing research papers in color science is Color Research and Application, started in 1975 by founding editor-in-chief Fred Billmeyer, along with Gunter Wyszecki, Michael Pointer and Rolf Kuehni, as a successor to the Journal of Colour (1964–1974). Previously most color science work had been split between journals with broader or partially overlapping focus such as the Journal of the Optical Society of America (JOSA), Photographic Science and Engineering (1957–1984), and the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (renamed Coloration Technology in 2001).

Other journals where color science papers are published include the Journal of Imaging Science & Technology, the Journal of Perceptual Imaging, the Journal of the International Colour Association (JAIC), the Journal of the Color Science Association of Japan, Applied Optics, and the Journal of Vision.

Conferences 

 Congress of the International Color Association
 IS&T Color and Imaging Conference (CIC)
 SIGGRAPH
 International Symposium for Color Science and Art

Selected books 
  3rd ed. (2000).
 
 
  Author's website. 2nd ed. (2005).
 
  1st ed. (1997).

References

science
Image processing
Measurement
Psychophysics
Visual perception
Gauss gun. The Gauss gun  (often called a Gauss rifle or Gauss cannon) is a device that uses permanent magnets and the physics of the Newton's cradle to accelerate a projectile. Gauss guns are distinct from and predate coil guns, although many works of science fiction (and occasionally educators) have confused the two. Typical use of the Gauss rifle is to demonstrate the effects of energy and momentum transfer, however, self-assembling microbots based on the principle have been proposed for tissue penetration.

Mechanism

In its frequent incarnation as a physics demonstration, a Gauss gun usually consists of series of ferromagnetic balls on a nonmagnetic track. On the track is a permanent magnet with a ball, the projectile, stuck to the front of it. Between the projectile and the magnet is a spacer, usually consisting of one or more additional balls. Yet another ball, the trigger ball, is released from behind the magnet. It is attracted to and accelerates toward the magnet. When it strikes the back of the magnet, it transfers its momentum to the projectile ball, which is knocked off the front of the stack, as in a Newton's cradle. Because the spacer kept it far away from the magnet, the projectile loses less energy escaping from the magnet's influence than the trigger ball gave it, so it leaves the stack with a higher velocity than the trigger ball entered with.

Once the ball is launched, the trigger ball must be pried off the back of the magnet before it can be used again. This is where the energy to shoot the gun ultimately comes from.

Multi-stage Gauss guns are also possible, with the projectile of each stage becoming the trigger for the next, carrying its energy forward so that each stage contributes energy to the final projectile.

See also
 Newton's Cradle
 List of science demonstrations
 Galilean cannon

References

Sources

External Links
 A Youtube video explaining the Gauss gun

Science demonstrations
Physics education
Audio equipment. Audio equipment refers to devices that reproduce, record, or process sound. This includes microphones, radio receivers, AV receivers, CD players, tape recorders, amplifiers, mixing consoles, effects units, headphones, and speakers.

Audio equipment is widely used in many different scenarios, such as concerts, bars, meeting rooms and the home where there is a need to reproduce, record and enhance sound volume.

Electronic circuits considered a part of audio electronics may also be designed to achieve certain signal processing operations, in order to make particular alterations to the signal while it is in the electrical form. 

Audio signals can be created synthetically through the generation of electric signals from electronic devices. 

Audio electronics were traditionally designed with analog electric circuit techniques until advances in digital technologies were developed. Moreover, digital signals are able to be manipulated by computer software much the same way audio electronic devices would, due to its compatible digital nature. Both analog and digital design formats are still used today, and the use of one or the other largely depends on the application.

See also
Sound recording and reproduction
Sound system (disambiguation)

References

Further reading
 Sontheimer, R. (1998). Designing audio circuits. Netherlands: Elektor International Media.

Audio electronics
Consumer electronics
George Buchanan (engineer, born 1865). Sir George Cunningham Buchanan  (20 April 1865 – 14 April 1940) was a British civil engineer particularly associated with harbour works in Burma, Iraq and Bombay, during the early years of the 20th century.

Buchanan first came to prominence in 1905 when he collaborated with Patrick Meik on designs for the Rangoon River training works in Burma; Meik was consulting engineer and Buchanan was chief engineer. The project reclaimed some 1.2 km² of land behind a wall of rubble  long and  wide.

At the start of the First World War in 1914, Buchanan was working in India, until called to support the British Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force at Basra in Mesopotamia (now part of modern-day Iraq) with advice on improving shipping channels into the port. After many delays, he was finally able to design and supervise construction of a line of wharves complete with cranes, sheds, roads and railway lines. In 1917, Buchanan was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and was knighted. However, he had already distanced himself from his compatriots by his reputation for egotism and outspokenness, and jealousy of his enormous salary as Director-General of Port Administration and River Conservancy. His military counterpart, General MacMunn, wrote that he: "irritated everyone who came across him or worked for him". Buchanan later wrote a critical book about the military campaign and his own part in turning it around, The Tragedy of Mesopotamia (1938).

Buchanan was a member of the Indian Munitions Board from 1917 – 1919. In 1920, working with Patrick’s brother Charles Meik in a firm renamed CS Meik and Buchanan in 1920, Buchanan was invited to Bombay to investigate a potential land reclamation project, the Bombay Backbay reclamation. The costs of the huge and ambitious scheme, and the time it would take to complete, soon escalated out of control, and a subsequent enquiry blamed Sir George (the project became known as Lloyd’s Folly, after Sir George Lloyd, then governor of Bombay).

At the same time, Sir George Buchanan was alleged to have "criticised and condemned the proposals of another engineer and had offered his services uninvited" – an action which saw him expelled from the British Institution of Civil Engineers. His later career was largely focused overseas, notably in Australia where he prepared an influential report on the country's ports in 1926 at the request of the Federal Government.

His ignominious departure from UK engineering circles meant that the name 'Buchanan' had to be deleted from the company name in 1923 when the firm became CS Meik and Halcrow (William Halcrow had been a partner in the firm from the previous year and went on to take a more controlling interest in what became the Halcrow Group).

Sir George’s nephew, Sir Colin Buchanan was a pioneer in transport planning.

References

Bibliography
 
 Description of the Rangoon River Training Works (1914)
 Report on the Development of Mesopotamia (1917)

 The Ports Of India (1920)
 Economics Of Port Administration And Development

1865 births
1940 deaths
British civil engineers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire