omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GWR Victoria Class. The Great Western Railway Victoria Class were  broad gauge steam locomotives for passenger train work. This class was introduced into service in two batches between August 1856 and May 1864. They were all withdrawn between 1876 and December 1880.

The first eight locomotives were named after ruling heads of state, but the remaining locomotives received the names of famous engineers, starting with the railway's own Isambard Kingdom Brunel. This theme was continued with the Hawthorn Class that followed.

Locomotives
 Abdul Medjid (1856 - 1877)
Named after Abdulmejid I of Turkey.
 Alexander (1856 - 1878)
Named in honour of Alexander II of Russia.
 Brindley (1863 - 1879)
Named after James Brindley, the first canal builder.
 Brunel (1863 - 1879)
This locomotive worked the last broad gauge train in Wales on 11 May 1872. It was named after the Great Western Railway's much respected engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who had died in 1859.
 Fulton (1863 - 1876)
Named after Robert Fulton, who developed steam-powered ships.
 Leopold (1856 - 1877)
Named in honour of Leopold I of Belgium.
 Locke (1863 - 1881)
Named after the railway engineer, Joseph Locke.
 Napoleon (1856 - 1880)
Named in honour of Napoleon I of France
 Oscar (1856 - 1880)
Named for King Oscar I of Sweden.
 Otho (1856 - 1880)
Named in honour of King Otto of Greece.
 Rennie (1863 - 1878)
Named after the engineer, John Rennie the Younger.
 Smeaton (1863 - 1877)
Named after the engineer, John Smeaton.
 Stephenson (1863 - 1878)
Named after Robert Stephenson.
 Telford (1863 - 1879)
Named after the engineer, Thomas Telford.
 Trevethick (1863 - 1878)
Named after Richard Trevithick who built the first working railway locomotives.
 Victor Emmanuel (1856 - 1878)
Named after Victor Emmanuel II of Italy.
 Victoria (1856 - 1879)
On 26 August 1862 Victoria ran away descending towards Weymouth, it crashed through the buffers and ended up in the street outside the station. It was named in honour of Queen Victoria.
 Watt (1863 - 1880)
Named after James Watt.

References

 
 
 

Victoria
2-4-0 locomotives
Broad gauge (7 feet) railway locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1856
Benjamin C. Pierce. Benjamin Crawford Pierce is the Henry Salvatori Professor of computer science at the University of Pennsylvania. Pierce joined Penn in 1998 from Indiana University and held research positions at the University of Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh. He received his Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in 1991. His research includes work on programming languages, static type systems, distributed programming, mobile agents, process calculi, and differential privacy.

As part of his research, Pierce has led development on several open-source software projects, including the Unison file synchronization utility.

In 2012 Pierce became an ACM Fellow for "contributions to the theory and practice of programming languages and their type systems". In 2015 Pierce and co-authors received the award for the most influential Principles of Programming Languages paper, which was described as "instrumental in bringing the view-update problem to the attention of the programming languages community and demonstrating the broad relevance of the problem beyond databases.  [...] More broadly, the paper sparked a great deal of follow-on work in the area of BX (“bidirectional transformations”), leading to a fruitful collaboration between the worlds of databases, programming languages, and software engineering."

Books
He is the author of one book on type systems, Types and Programming Languages .  He has also edited a collection of articles to create a second volume Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages . Based on the notes he collected while learning category theory during his PhD, he also published an introductory book on this topic—Basic Category Theory for Computer Scientists, . He is one of the authors of the freely available book Software Foundations.

See also 
 POPLmark challenge

References

External links
 Prof. Pierce's Homepage
 
 

American computer scientists
Living people
Programming language researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science faculty
Ecasound. Ecasound is a hard-disk recording and audio processing tool for Unix-like computer operating systems including Linux, Mac OS X, and FreeBSD.

Ecasound allows flexible interconnection of audio inputs, files, outputs, and effects algorithms, realtime-controllable by builtin oscillators, MIDI, or interprocess communication via GUI front-end. Ecasound supports JACK and LADSPA effects plug-ins.

The team leader is Kai Vehmanen, with dozens of contributors.  Kai joined the project in 1995, when it was called wavstat, a simple DSP utility running under OS/2. Available under the GNU General Public License, Ecasound is free software.

User Interface

Ecasound is a command-line tool: it does not include a native graphical interface.  Major tasks (recording, mixdown) can be easily performed directly from the command line interface, or by scripts. Several GUI front-ends have been written for it:

 EcaEnveloptor – Creates envelopes for ecasound objects, requires PyGTK & pyecasound. Non-realtime. By Arto Hamara (13/06/2001)
 Nama – multi-track recorder, mixer and mastering application. Tk and ReadLine interfaces. By Joel Roth (13/01/2010)
 EMi (Ecasound Mastering interface) – virtual rack-mount effect. Python-based. By Felix Le Blanc (27/04/2006)
 GAS (Graphical Audio Sequencer) – multi-track recording and mixing. GTK based.  by Luke Tindall. (2001) (?-site down)
 TkEca – Controls almost all features: multi-track recorder/mixer. Tcl/Tk interface. By Luis Gasparotto (29/01/2004)
 Visecas – Preserves Ecasound semantics: edits chains & audio objects, not tracks/regions. GTK+-based. By Jan Weil (22/01/2004)

See also

 List of free software for audio
 List of Linux audio software

References

External links

Audio recording software
Free music software
Free audio editors
Audio editing software that uses GTK
Audio software with JACK support
Audio editing software for Linux
Free software programmed in C++
Software using the GNU General Public License
British Rail Class 202. The British Rail Class 202 (or 6L) diesel-electric multiple units were built from 1957-58 at Eastleigh and Ashford Works. These units were built to work the London Charing Cross to Hastings services. Several tunnels along the route had restricted clearance, meaning that these units were built with a narrow body profile. Similar to the Class 201 (or 6S) they were built to the longer (63ft 5in) British Rail Mark 1 standard and therefore had 288 seats (240 second class plus 48 first class) compared to the 242 (200+42) of the 6S units.

The last six-car units were withdrawn in 1986, when the Hastings line was electrified. The line through the tunnels was reduced to single track, allowing standard loading gauge Class 411 electrical multiple units to replace the diesel units on passenger services. One unit was subsequently reinstated to provide emergency cover, and was renumbered as 202001 to conform with the TOPS numbering system.

After the mass withdrawals of 1986, several units were reformed as four-car units, and subsequently renumbered into the Class 203 series. In addition, several vehicles saw further use as departmental vehicles.

Fleet details

Original 6L Units

Reformed 4L Units

Departmental Units

Preservation

One complete unit has been preserved.
1013 – by Hastings Diesels
Two vehicles from unit 1012 have also been preserved.
1012 – DMBSO 60016 and TFK 60708 - by Hastings Diesels

Several of the vehicles from 1012 and 1013 now operate in preserved mainline registered unit 201001. To avoid conflict with Class 60 locomotives, motor vehicles 60016 and 60018 have been renumbered to 60116 and 60118 respectively. These two vehicles have also been named after towns along the routes which they previously worked.
60116 (ex-60016) – Mountfield
60118 (ex-60018) – Tunbridge Wells

See also
British Rail Classes 201, 202 and 203

References

Further reading

External links
 Hastings Diesels

202
Diesel electric multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1957
FX!32. FX!32 is a software emulator program that allows Win32 programs built for the Intel x86 instruction set to execute on DEC Alpha-based systems running Windows NT. Released in 1996, FX!32 was developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) to support their Alpha microprocessors. At the time, there was a belief that RISC-based microprocessors were likely to replace x86-based microprocessors, due to a more efficient and simplified implementation that could reach higher clock frequencies. The one thing that held the Alpha back was application-compatibility with existing Win32 x86 applications.

Emulation had been around for a while as a concept, but FX!32 went one stage further. It analyzed the way programs worked and, after the program ran, used binary translation to produce dynamic-link library (DLL) files of native Alpha code that the application could execute the next time it ran. This way even in the early 1.0 release, the FX!32 achieved speeds for Win32 x86 applications that ran 40-50% as fast as native x86 code, with a 70% speed projected as likely with improved optimization.

Maurice Marks served as manager of the technical team. Eric Perkins provided the primary information on Windows NT, and wrote a runtime system to allow binary translated application to run on Intel Windows NT based machines.

A prototype of the system was demonstrated at COMDEX in 1993.

References 
 FX!32: A Profile-Directed Binary Translator
 DIGITAL FX!32: Running 32-Bit x86 Applications on Alpha NT from the Proceedings of the USENIX Windows NT Workshop, Seattle, Washington, August 1997
 DIGITAL FX!32: Combining Emulation and Binary Translation from the Digital Technical Journal, Volume 9 Number 1, 1997

External links 
 FX!32 v1.5 download - Rename to .exe extension.

Digital Equipment Corporation
X86 emulators
KnightCap. KnightCap is an open source computer chess engine. Its primary author is Andrew Tridgell and it was created circa 1996. Major contributions have also been made by Jon Baxter and probably minor contributions by a few others. KnightCap is free software released under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

In most ways, KnightCap is a fairly typical modern program. It uses bitboard data structures that are slightly different from those that were well known in 1996, but obvious enough and probably well known now. There is backward pruning using MTD(f) (a method approximately equivalent to Alpha-beta pruning but slightly more efficient in some settings). There is Null-move heuristic. There is a fairly complex end-node evaluation process that considers similar features to other programs.

In addition, KnightCap has support for multi-processor computers, in particular the now obsolete Fujitsu CAP computer
research machines.

The most original feature of KnightCap, introduced in the late 1990s, was an experiment in temporal difference learning as applied to chess. This technique allowed KnightCap to automatically tune the weights applied to the various features in its evaluation function based on the games it played.

For a while in the 1990s, KnightCap was quite active on chess servers on the Internet, but it is now semi-retired and rarely seen. Its strength is below that of the strongest programs, but still quite good.

External links 
 KnightCap's home page
 KnightCap: A Chess program that learns by combining TD(λ) with minimax search

Chess engines
Free chess software
The Spirit of '76 (pinball). The Spirit of '76 was the first microprocessor-based pinball table. It was released by Mirco Games, Inc. in July 4 1975. The pinball machine should not be confused with the pinball machine Spirit of 76 by Gottlieb.

Technology
The table was based on the technology Dave Nutting Associates had created for Bally in 1974. The firm licensed the technology to Mirco Games in 1975 to create the table, since Bally was not initially interested in the system. The table had a fairly small production run and was regarded as having an unattractive design by critics.

The CPU is a Motorola 6800 with a single 6820 used for I/O. The program memory is stored in ten 512 x 4 bit bipolar PROMs which is no more than 2.5 Kbytes of program memory. RAM is 256 bytes, using two 2112 static RAMs. The CPU, score LEDs, backbox displays, and lamp and solenoid drivers are all contained on the main board. The cabinet contains the power supply, and EM-style chime unit.

References

External links
The Spirit of '76 on Arcade Archive 
The Spirit of '76 on the Internet Pinball Database
Recent Auction Results for The Spirit of '76

1975 pinball machines
Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology. The Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (; CDTI) is a public organization for technology development in the Kingdom of Spain.

Organization
It was part of the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism, later was part of Ministry of Science and Innovation and now it is part of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. It claims to employ one hundred fifty people. The Centre supports companies that want to develop R&D projects with loans and other financial aids. In addition, provides technical support. The Centre has presence in Japan, the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federative Republic of Brazil, the Republic of Colombia, Korea, the Republic of Chile, and the Kingdom of Morocco. In 2002, the Centre contributed 117.2 million EUR to the European Space Agency. (Its monetary contributions to the Agency have risen steadily—by numerical value, not considering inflation—since 1998, when it contributed 104.85 million EUR.)

References

External links
 CDTI

Science and technology in Spain
Reinsch test. The Reinsch test is an initial indicator to detect the presence of one or more of the following heavy metals in a biological sample, and is often used by toxicologists where poisoning by such metals is suspected. The method, which is sensitive to antimony, arsenic, bismuth, selenium, thallium and mercury, was discovered by Hugo Reinsch in 1841.

Process
 Dissolve suspect body fluid or tissue in a hydrochloric acid solution
 Insert a copper strip into the solution.
 The appearance of a silvery coating on the copper may indicate mercury. A dark coating indicates the presence of one of the other metals.
 Confirm finding using absorption or emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, or other analytical technique suitable for inorganic analysis.
 A scientific application of the Reinsch test was presented in 2010 by chemists of Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Radiochemie (Institute for Radiochemistry, Technical University Munich) and ITU (Institute for Transuranium Elements, Karlsruhe): in the course of the radiochemical purification of 79Se for the determination of its half-life, reductive deposition of selenium on metallic copper was the first step to extract 79Se from high active raffinate (= PUREX raffinate) in a hot cell.

See also
 Toxicology
 Analytical chemistry

References
 Saferstein R. 2001. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science. Prentice Hall

External links
 Analytical tests for Hg rcm-medicine.upr.clu.edu

Toxicology tests
Dongyang Mirae University. Dongyang Mirae University (; formerly Dongyang Technical College) is an industrial technical university in Seoul, South Korea. Its campus is in the city's Guro-gu district. The current president is Han In-seung (한인승). More than 105 instructors are employed.

Academics
 School of Mechanical Engineering
 Department of Robotics and Automation Engineering
 Department of Electrical and Electronic Communication Engineering
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
 Department of Environmental Engineering
 Faculty of Business Administration

History
The college opened in 1965 as Dongyang Advanced Industrial Technical School ().

See also
 Education in South Korea
 List of colleges and universities in South Korea

External links
 Dongyang Mirae University Homepage, in English

Vocational education in South Korea
Universities and colleges in Seoul
Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in South Korea
Dongshin University. Dongshin University () is a private university in southwestern South Korea.  Its campus is located in Naju, a city in South Jeolla province which borders Gwangju.  It enrolls about 7,000 students; the class of 2003 contained 1,378 students .  The current president is Kyun-Bum Lee.

Academics

Engineering, originally the school's sole focus, continues to be that of its College of Engineering.  Additional undergraduate courses of study are provided through the College of Information and Science, College of Humanities and Social Science, College of Art, and College of Oriental Medicine.   The university provides graduate instruction through its general graduate school, as well as the graduate schools of education and social development.

History

Having received permission to open in July 1985, the school held its first classes in 1987.  At that time it bore the name Dongshin College of Engineering (동신공과학대학).  The current name was adopted when the school gained university status in 1992.

On January 14, 2019, the Ministry of Education canceled the degrees for the following celebrities, due to special treatment:

 Chu Ga-Yeol, singer, song-writer
 Jang Hyun-seung, singer (former BEAST and Trouble Maker)
 Lee Gi-Kwang, singer (Highlight)
 Seo Eunkwang, singer (BtoB)
Yong Jun-hyung, rapper (former Highlight)
Yoon Doo-joon, singer (Highlight)
Yook Sung-jae, singer (BtoB)

Sister schools

Dongshin University maintains international ties with 12 universities in China, 5 in the United States, and 1 each in Canada (University of Alberta), Japan (Momoyama Gakuin University), Indonesia (Pancasila University), and Australia (Edith Cowan University).

Notable alumni
Chu Ga-Yeol, singer, song-writer
Jang Hyun-seung, singer (former BEAST and Trouble Maker)
Kim Mi-sook, actress
Lee Gi-Kwang, singer (Highlight)
Leo, singer (VIXX)
Seo Eunkwang, singer (BtoB)
Yong Jun-hyung, rapper (former Highlight)
Yoon Doo-joon, singer (Highlight)
Yook Sung-jae, singer (BtoB)

See also
List of colleges and universities in South Korea
Education in South Korea

References

External links
Official school website, in Korean

Universities and colleges in South Jeolla Province
Naju
Educational institutions established in 1987
1987 establishments in South Korea
Benzofuran. Benzofuran is the heterocyclic compound consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. This colourless liquid is a component of coal tar. Benzofuran is the structural nucleus (parent compound) of many related compounds with more complex structures. For example, psoralen is a benzofuran derivative that occurs in several plants.

Production
Benzofuran is extracted from coal tar. It is also obtained by dehydrogenation of 2-ethylphenol.

Laboratory methods
Benzofurans can be prepared by various methods in the laboratory. Notable examples include:
O-alkylation of salicylaldehyde with chloroacetic acid followed by dehydration (cyclication) of the resulting ether and decarboxylation.

Perkin rearrangement, where a coumarin is reacted with a hydroxide:

Diels–Alder reaction of nitro vinyl furans with various dienophiles:

Cycloisomerization of alkyne ortho-substituted phenols:

Related compounds
 Substituted benzofurans
 Dibenzofuran, an analog with a second fused benzene ring.
 Furan, an analog without the fused benzene ring.
 Indole, an analog with a nitrogen instead of the oxygen atom.
 Benzothiophene, an analog with a sulfur instead of the oxygen atom.
 Isobenzofuran, the isomer with oxygen in the adjacent position.
 Aurone
 Thunberginol F

References

 
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Simple aromatic rings
Microsoft Space Simulator. Microsoft Space Simulator is a space flight simulator program, based on Microsoft Flight Simulator for MS-DOS. It was one of the first general-purpose space flight simulators and it incorporated concepts from astrodynamics, motion, and celestial mechanics.

Development
Microsoft Space Simulator was released under the Microsoft Home line in 1994. It was developed by BAO Ltd., a company run by Bruce Artwick (who was also behind the development of Microsoft Flight Simulator) with Charles Guy as lead developer.

It provided support for 256-color graphics on three resolutions: 320x400, 640x400, and 800x600.
The graphics featured dithered gouraud shading 3D vessels, with texture mapped planets, moons, and deep-sky objects.

Physics engine
Microsoft Space Simulator uses Newton's laws of motion but takes account of relativistic effects by decreasing a spacecraft's acceleration as its speed approaches the speed of light. It does not take account of time dilation.

Atmospheric effect are not modeled and all planetary surfaces are treated as flat spheres. A limited collision detection between vessels is implemented by using docking ports.

Features
The simulator featured 14 different spacecraft, most of them futuristic.
Historical or current tech craft include the Space Shuttle (with its Manned Maneuvering Unit) and Apollo Command/Service Module and Lunar Module.

Reception
PC Gamer gave the simulator a score of 84% in its September 1994 issue, praising its graphics and realistic approach to space travel, while criticizing the poor or non-existent sound and the interface. Others praised the lack of sound indicating how it added realism.

References

External links
 
 

1994 video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Microsoft games
Realistic space simulators
Single-player video games
Space flight simulator games
Video games developed in the United States
H class. H class or Class H may refer to:

Railway locomotives
 Barry Railway Class H,  0-8-2T tank locomotives
 NZR H class, steam locomotives used by the New Zealand Railways Department
 Metropolitan Railway H Class, 4-4-4T steam locomotives
 Palestine Railways H class, steam locomotives
 SECR H class, 0-4-4T locomotives designed by Harry Wainwright
 Taff Vale Railway H class, 3 0-6-0T steam tank locomotives
 Victorian Railways H class, 4-8-4 steam locomotives used in Australia
 Victorian Railways H class (diesel), diesel locomotives
 WAGR H class, steam locomotives
 WAGR H class (diesel), diesel electric locomotives

Trams
 H type Adelaide tram
 H-class Melbourne tram
 H-class Sydney tram

Ship types
 H-class destroyer, British destroyer class which served during World War II
 H-class battleship proposals, multiple planned, but cancelled, German battleship classes during World War II
 H-class lifeboat, RNLI hovercraft lifeboats
 H-class submarine (disambiguation), multiple classes

Other uses
 H-class blimp, observation airships built for the U.S. Navy
 Class H, a class of electronic amplifiers

See also
 H (disambiguation)
Body lift. A body lift is a modification where spacers are installed between a vehicle's body and chassis in order to increase the ride height (only increases running clearance on vehicles with solid axle(s)). It is a common method to run larger tires on a vehicle. It is also often used to allow the placement of a larger motor for an engine swap.  Body lifts can be built at home from components, or they can be purchased as kits from manufacturers.  Properly installed kits are not easily noticed, while home built kits often look incomplete.  Complete kits include brackets to realign the bumpers to match the body, and gap guards are purchased to cover the frame.  Depending on the model of vehicle, they may also include steering shaft extensions and extensions for fuel filler necks.

A suspension lift is a type of body lift.

References 

Vehicle modifications