omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gummel–Poon model. The Gummel–Poon model is a model of the bipolar junction transistor. It was first described in an article published by Hermann Gummel and H. C. Poon at Bell Labs in 1970.

The Gummel–Poon model and modern variants of it are widely used in popular circuit simulators such as SPICE.  A significant effect that the Gummel–Poon model accounts for is the variation of the transistor  and  values with the direct current level. When certain parameters are omitted, the Gummel–Poon model reduces to the simpler Ebers–Moll model.

Model parameters

Spice Gummel–Poon model parameters

See also
 Gummel plot

References

External links
 Bell System Technical Journal, v49: i5 May-June 1970 on archive.org
 Designers-Guide.org comparison paper Xiaochong Cao, J. McMacken, K. Stiles, P. Layman, Juin J. Liou, Adelmo Ortiz-Conde, and S. Moinian, "Comparison of the New VBIC and Conventional Gummel–Poon Bipolar Transistor Models," IEEE Trans-ED 47 #2, Feb. 2000.

Transistor modeling

de:Ersatzschaltungen des Bipolartransistors#Gummel-Poon-Modell
Global Sea Level Observing System. Established in 1985, The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) is an Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) program whose purpose is to measure sea level globally for long-term climate change studies. The program's purpose has changed since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the program now collects real time measurements of sea level. The project is currently upgrading the over 290 stations it currently runs, so that they can send real time data via satellite to newly set up national tsunami centres. They are also fitting the stations with solar panels so they can continue to operate even if the mains power supply is interrupted by severe weather. The Global Sea Level Observing System does not compete with Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis as most GLOSS transducers are located close to land masses while DART's transducers are far out in the ocean.

The concept for GLOSS was proposed to the IOC by oceanographers David Pugh and Klaus Wyrtki in order to develop the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) data bank.  The PSMSL states that "GLOSS provides oversight and coordination for global and regional sea level networks in support of, and with direction from, the oceanographic and climate research communities."

The Global Sea Level Observation System utilizes 290 tide gauge stations and watches over 90 countries and territories to have a global coverage. 
The research that is provided by GLOSS is important for many things including research into sea level change and ocean circulation, coastal protection during events such as storm surges, providing flood warning and monitoring tsunamis, tide tables for port operations, fisherman, and recreation, to define datums for national or state boundaries.

GLOSS Core Network
The operation and maintenance of the GLOSS Core Network fulfills a range of research and operational requirements for the GLOSS Network. The goal of this network is to be 100% effective. Each gauge that is placed may differ in some aspects, in terms of having its own way of gathering and recording data.

References

External links

 Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)
 Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS), Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL)

Meteorological data and networks
Oceanography
Sea level
Environmental data
FINEX (steelmaking process). FINEX is the name for an iron making technology developed by former Siemens VAI (now Primetals Technologies) and POSCO. Molten iron is produced directly using iron ore fines and non-coking coal rather than traditional blast furnace methods through sintering and reduction with coke. Elimination of preliminary processing is claimed to make the plant for FINEX less expensive to build than a blast furnace facility of the same scale, additionally a 10-15% reduction in production costs is expected/claimed through cheaper raw materials, reduction of facility cost, pollutant exhaustion, maintenance staff and production time. The process is claimed to produce less pollutants such as SOx, NOx, and carbon dioxide than traditional methods.

This process is essentially a combination of FINMET's Fluidized Bed and COREX's Melter Gasifier, hence its name "FINEX".

See also
 Steel making
 HIsarna steelmaking process

External links
 Posco Commence Construction of New Steel Plant That Will Use FINEX Technology
 POSCO To Scrap 100-Year-Old Furnace Technology 
 POSCO company website
 Primetals Technologies description

Steelmaking
Siemens
Stress migration. Stress migration is a failure mechanism that often occurs in integrated circuit metallization (aluminum, copper). Voids form as result of vacancy migration driven by the hydrostatic stress gradient. Large voids may lead to open circuit or unacceptable resistance increase that impedes the IC performance. 'Stress migration is often referred as stress voiding, stress induced voiding or SIV.

High temperature processing of copper dual damascene structures leaves the copper with a large tensile stress due to a mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion of the materials involved. The stress can relax with time through the diffusion of vacancies leading to the formation of voids and ultimately open circuit failures.

References 

Semiconductor device fabrication
Office controller. The office controller was a networking concept of the early to mid-1980s. The concept was used by PABX manufacturers as the basis of families of products in which the PBX would supply data connectivity and applications along with its traditional voice services.

The  office controller would be a central switch which would link users to applications and provide necessary services such as security. There was much discussion at that time of multimedia voice/data services but the conception of these services was very vague. There was no real understanding of the utility and therefore customer value of these services. As a result, office controller services were usually restricted to various forms of modem pooling.

With the development of LANs and PCs, client/server became the dominant distributed application model, along with standalone applications as PCs became more powerful. As a result, the centralised model supported by the office controller fell out of style. Office controller products were withdrawn from the market. Remnants of the idea, with examples such as thin clients and three-layer architectures, did persist with some interest. However the thick client PC model of services was predominant in the 1990s.

However the office controller idea is not without merit. With the development of SIP with its session border controllers and service-oriented architectures, the centralized creation and management of user services is again finding widespread interest.

References

Networking hardware
Software architecture
Gustav Niemann. Gustav Niemann (Rheine, 9 February 1899 – Munich, 1 January 1982) was a mechanical engineering professor who is regarded as an expert in machine elements.

Biography 
Niemann studied mechanical engineering at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt from 1919 to 1923. In 1928 he was promoted at the Technische Hochschule Berlin with the doctoral dissertation Über Wippkrane mit wagrechtem Lastwippweg (On Tower Cranes with Horizontal Load Yield). He taught at the Technische Hochschule from 1934 to 1950, and at the Technische Hochschule München from 1951 to 1968. He was a recipient of the Grashof medal from the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure and the E. P. Connell medal from the American Gear Manufacturers Association, and was also an honorary member of the Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers. Niemann was married to Marie-Luise (née Plaßmann, 1910 – 1987); the couple did not have any children.

Bibliography 
 Niemann, Gustav; Hirt, Manfred: Maschinenelemente. Springer, Berlin 1975, 1983. .
 Volume 1: Konstruktion und Berechnung von Verbindungen, Lagern, Wellen
 Volume 2: Getriebe allgemein, Zahnradgetriebe - Grundlagen, Stirnradgetriebe
 Volume 3: Schraubrad-, Kegelrad-, Schnecken-, Ketten-, Riemen-, Reibradgetriebe, Kupplungen, Bremsen, Freiläufe

References

External links 
 

1899 births
1982 deaths
People from Rheine
People from the Province of Westphalia
Mechanical engineers
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
Coastwatch. The Australian Coastal Surveillance Organisation, also known as Coastwatch, was an operational division of the Australian Customs Service and the de facto Australian coast guard service. The former Coastwatch Division is now part of the Australian Border Force Maritime Border Command, a joint civil/military organisation responsible for civil maritime security.

Border Protection Command Dash 8 aircraft are referred to by their civil call sign "Border Force XX" and are operated by Cobham Aviation Services on behalf of the Australian Border Force. These aircraft carry out civil maritime surveillance service to help protect Australia's borders. The fleet of specialised fixed-wing patrol aircraft and helicopters undertake electronic and visual surveillance of Australia's coastline and offshore maritime areas.

See also
 Surveillance Australia
 Border Protection Command
 Australian Customs Service
 Coastwatch Oz
 Tampa affair

References 
 Border Protection Command – Aircraft
 Perry, Donna.  (1998) Guarding the north's vast remote coastline is a full-time occupation. Broome advertiser, 14 October 1998, p.34-35

Further reading
 Australia. Parliament. Australian National Audit Office.(2000)  Coastwatch Australian Customs Service  The Auditor-General audit report, no.38, 1999-2000. ISSN 1036-7632

External links 
 Australian Customs Service

Coastwatch
Customs services
Jay Johnson Morrow. Jay Johnson Morrow (February 20, 1870 – April 16, 1937) was an American military engineer who was Chief Engineer of the United States First Army and Deputy Chief Engineer of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I and Governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1921 to 1924.

Early life and family 
He was born on February 20, 1870, in Fairview, West Virginia. He was of Scots-Irish descent.  He was the brother of U.S. Senator and Diplomat Dwight Morrow and uncle of Anne Morrow Lindbergh.

Military career 
He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1891.  He was then commissioned in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

He was an instructor in military engineering at the United States Military Academy from 1895 to 1896.

He served as military governor of the Philippine Province of Zamboanga from 1901 to 1902.

He served as Engineering Commissioner in the District of Columbia from 1907 to 1909.

During World War I, he served as Chief Engineer of First Army and as Deputy Chief Engineer of the American Expeditionary Force.

He was Governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1921 to 1924.

Personal life
Morrow married Harriet McMullen Butler on October 15, 1895. She was the daughter of Brigadier General John Gazzam Butler and Eliza Jane Miller Warnick. She was also the granddaughter of Charles Ward Warnick and Mary Ann Miller.

Morrow and his wife, who died in 1935, were residents of Englewood, New Jersey.

Death and legacy
He died on April 16, 1937.  His ashes were scattered over the Chagres River, which feeds into the Panama Canal.

References

External links/Sources

Panama Canal Authority biography 

1870 births
1937 deaths
United States Military Academy alumni
Governors of the Panama Canal Zone
Members of the Board of Commissioners for the District of Columbia
people from Englewood, New Jersey
People from Fairview, West Virginia
Military personnel from West Virginia
United States Army generals of World War I
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy faculty
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
19th-century United States Army personnel
Blast furnace gas. Blast furnace gas (BFG) is a by-product of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to metallic iron. It has a very low heating value, about 3.5 MJ/m3 (93 BTU/cu.ft), because it consists of about 51 vol% nitrogen and 22 vol% carbon dioxide, which are not flammable. The rest amounts to around 22 vol% carbon monoxide, which has a fairly low heating value already and 5 vol% hydrogen. Per ton of steel produced via the blast furnace route, 2.5 to 3.5 tons of blast furnace gas is produced. It is commonly used as a fuel within the steel works, but it can be used in boilers and power plants equipped to burn it. It may be combined with natural gas or coke oven gas before combustion or a flame support with richer gas or oil is provided to sustain combustion. Particulate matter is removed so that it can be burned more cleanly. Blast furnace gas is sometimes flared without generating heat or electricity.

Blast furnace gas is generated at higher pressure and at about  in a modern blast furnace. This pressure is utilized to operate a generator (a top-gas-pressure recovery turbine (TRT)), which can generate electrical energy up to 35 kWh/t of pig iron without burning any fuel. Dry type TRTs can generate more power than wet type TRTs.

The auto ignition point of blast furnace gas is approximate  and it has a lower explosive limit (LEL) of 27% and an upper explosive limit (UEL) of 75% in an air-gas mixture at normal temperature and pressure.

The high concentration of carbon monoxide makes the gas hazardous.

See also
Coal-bed methane
Exhaust gas
Flue gas
Fuel gas
History of manufactured gas

Sources

International Energy Agency

Fuel gas
Industrial gases
Synthetic fuel technologies
Service Assurance Agent. IP SLA (Internet Protocol Service Level Agreement) is an active computer network measurement technology that was initially developed by Cisco Systems. IP SLA was previously known as Service Assurance Agent (SAA) or Response Time Reporter (RTR). IP SLA is used to track network performance like latency, ping response, and jitter, it also helps to provide service quality.

Functions 
Routers and switches enabled with IP SLA perform periodic network tests or measurements such as
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) GET
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) downloads
 Domain Name System (DNS) lookups
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) echo, for VoIP jitter and mean opinion score (MOS)
 Data-Link Switching (DLSw) (Systems Network Architecture (SNA) tunneling protocol)
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) lease requests
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connect
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo (remote ping)

The exact number and types of available measurements depends on the IOS version. IP SLA is very widely used in service provider networks to generate time-based performance data. It is also used together with Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and NetFlow, which generate volume-based data.

Usage considerations 
 For IP SLA tests, devices with IP SLA support are required. IP SLA is supported on Cisco routers and switches since IOS version 12.1. Other vendors like Juniper Networks or Enterasys Networks support IP SLA on some of their devices.
 IP SLA tests and data collection can be configured either via a console (command-line interface) or via SNMP.
 When using SNMP, both read and write community strings are needed.
 The IP SLA voice quality feature was added starting with IOS version 12.3(4)T. All versions after this, including 12.4 mainline, contain the MOS and ICPIF voice quality calculation for the UDP jitter measurement.

References 

Computer networks
XMD. XMD is a classical molecular dynamics software designed to
simulate problems related to materials science. The code was
developed by Jon Rifkin of University of Connecticut and is being
distributed under GNU General Public License.

Source code is available in C and can be compiled using POSIX thread
functions to take advantage of multi-CPU computers.

See also 
Molecular design software

External links 
 XMD Homepage

Molecular dynamics software
Free science software
Free software programmed in C
Physical verification. Physical verification is a process whereby an integrated circuit layout (IC layout) design is verified via EDA software tools to ensure correct electrical and logical functionality and manufacturability. Verification involves design rule check (DRC), layout versus schematic (LVS), XOR (exclusive OR), antenna checks and electrical rule check (ERC).

Design Rule Check (DRC)

DRC verifies that the layout meets all technology-imposed constraints. DRC also verifies layer density for chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP).

Layout Versus Schematic (LVS) 

LVS verifies the functionality of the design. From the layout, a netlist is derived and compared with the original netlist produced from logic synthesis or circuit design.

XOR check
This check is typically run after a metal spin, where the original and modified database are compared. This is done to confirm that the desired modifications have been made and no undesired modifications have been made by accident. This step involves comparing the two layout databases/GDS by XOR operation of the layout geometries. This check results a database which has all the mismatching geometries in both the layouts.

Antenna check 
The antenna basically is a metal interconnect, i.e., a conductor like polysilicon or metal, that is not electrically connected to silicon or grounded, during the processing steps of the wafer. During the manufacturing process charge accumulation can occur on the antenna during certain fabrication steps like Plasma etching, which uses highly ionized matter to etch. If the connection to silicon does not exist, charges may build up on the interconnect to the point at which rapid discharge does take place and permanent physical damage results to thin transistor gate oxide. This rapid and destructive phenomenon is known as the antenna effect. Antenna errors can be cured by adding a small antenna diode to safely discharge the node or splitting the antenna by routing up to another metal layer and then down again.

The antenna ratio is defined as the ratio between the physical area of the conductors making up the antenna to the total gate oxide area to which the antenna is electrically connected.

Electrical Rule Check (ERC)
ERC verifies the correctness of power and ground connections, and that signal transition times (slew), capacitive loads and fanouts are appropriately bounded. This might include checking for
 Well and substrate areas for proper contacts and spacings thereby ensuring correct power and ground connections
 Unconnected inputs or shorted outputs.

Gates should not connect directly to supplies; connection should be through TIE high/low cells only.
ERC checks are based upon assumptions about the normal operating conditions of the ASIC, so they may give many false warning on ASICs with multiple or negative supplies.
They can also check for structures susceptible to electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage.

References

Further reading
 Clein, D. (2000). CMOS IC Layout. Newnes.  
 Kahng, A. et al. (2022). VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure, ,  

Electronic circuit verification
UEM. UEM may refer to:

Unified Endpoint Management
University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Jaipur, India
University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata, India
 User environment management
 Universidade Eduardo Mondlane in Mozambique
 Universidade Estadual de Maringá in Paraná State, Brazil
 Union Européenne de Motocyclisme, the European Motorcycle Union
 UEM Group, formerly United Engineers Malaysia Berhad
 Kolej Yayasan UEM, a college in Malaysia
Nebraska Central Railroad. Launched in 1993, the Nebraska Central Railroad  is a shortline railroad that operates about  of track solely in Nebraska.  It runs on former Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railway track in central Nebraska.  It is a subsidiary of the Rio Grande Pacific Corporation.

History 
The Nebraska Central Railroad was started in June 1993 by CEO Richard Bertel and 20 employees. In its first month of operation, a flood caused over $900,000 in damage.

Subdivisions

Albion subdivision, a  stub that starts at Oconee and runs west to Genoa, then turns northwest towards Albion.  This subdivision's business includes unit grain trains to Cargill and unit ethanol trains to Valero in Albion.  Various small agriculture operations also receive NCRC service.

Cedar Rapids Subdivision, a  stub that starts at Genoa and runs west and then northwest towards Spalding.  This subdivision effectively ends at Belgrade; the remaining  is out of service due to marginal traffic. Preferred Sands is a major NCRC customer located west of Genoa.

Norfolk Subdivision is a  stub that starts at the Union Pacific's yard in Columbus, Nebraska and runs west and then north towards Norfolk.  Norfolk has a small yard that was once part of Chicago & Northwestern Railroad's Cowboy Line. Train M-CBNC (Council Bluffs-Nebraska Central) runs across this subdivision daily except Sundays with scrap metal for Nucor Corporation, ethanol for Louis Dreyfus and other businesses in Norfolk.  Agrex in Enola, between Norfolk and Madison, receives unit grain trains. Tyson Foods in Madison also receives NCRC service.

Ord Subdivision is a  stub that starts at Union Pacific's yard in Grand Island and runs north and northwest to Ord. Green Plains Renewable and Cargill have large facilities near Ord.

Palmer Subdivision is a  stub that starts at Central City off Union Pacific's Columbus Subdivision and runs west to Palmer. This was once a BNSF branch that ran from Aurora towards Burwell and Ericson.  Service over this branch was discontinued by NCRC in March 2012.

Stromsburg Subdivision is a  branch line that starts at Central City and runs east to Brainard.  This branch was once referred to as the "High Line" by many Union Pacific crews that operated across the branch. The line connected to the Union Pacific's Lincoln Subdivision in Valparaiso prior to the NCRC takeover in 1993. BNSF Railway interchanges with NCRC at David City. Grain trains are the chief commodity moved over the Stromsburg Sub.

NCRC Operations

Nebraska Central operates out of 3 locations. The headquarters are in Norfolk. The MOW, Signal department and Train Service employees are located in Columbus. The locomotive shop is housed in a former Union Pacific freight house in Grand Island; a small Grand Island Extra Board also operates out of Grand Island.

Locomotives

Union Pacific Locomotives are seen on a regular basis across the Nebraska Central, as they are used for Unit Train movements and the Norfolk Local per run through agreement.

References

External links

Nebraska Central Railroad Company

Nebraska railroads
Spin-offs of the Union Pacific Railroad