omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
X10 (programming language). X10 is a programming language being developed by IBM at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center as part of the Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computing System (PERCS) project funded by DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) program.

History
Its primary authors are Kemal Ebcioğlu, Saravanan Arumugam (Aswath), Vijay Saraswat, and Vivek Sarkar.

X10 is designed specifically for parallel computing using the partitioned global address space (PGAS) model.
A computation is divided among a set of places, each of which holds some data and hosts one or more activities that operate on those data.  It has a constrained type system for object-oriented programming, a form of dependent types. Other features include user-defined primitive struct types; globally distributed arrays, and structured and unstructured parallelism.

X10 uses the concept of parent and child relationships for activities to prevent the lock stalemate that can occur when two or more processes wait for each other to finish before they can complete.  An activity may spawn one or more child activities, which may themselves have children.  Children cannot wait for a parent to finish, but a parent can wait for a child using the finish command.

Example code

Hello, World!

See also
 Chapel
 Coarray Fortran
 Concurrency
 Fortress
 Non-blocking algorithm
 Parallel programming model
 Unified Parallel C

References

External links
 
 Overview of PGAS languages
 Vivek Sarkar's X10 slides
 GPLed X10 prototype

IBM software
Array programming languages
Concurrent programming languages
JVM programming languages
Mesoporous material. A mesoporous material (or super nanoporous ) is a nanoporous material containing pores with diameters between 2 and 50 nm, according to IUPAC nomenclature. For comparison, IUPAC defines microporous material as a material having pores smaller than 2 nm in diameter and macroporous material as a material having pores larger than 50 nm in diameter. 

Typical mesoporous materials include some kinds of silica and alumina that have similarly-sized mesopores. Mesoporous oxides of niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, cerium and tin have also been reported. However, the flagship of mesoporous materials is mesoporous carbon, which has direct applications in energy storage devices. Mesoporous carbon has porosity within the mesopore range and this significantly increases the specific surface area.  Another very common mesoporous material is activated carbon which is typically composed of a carbon framework with both mesoporosity and microporosity depending on the conditions under which it was synthesized.

According to IUPAC, a mesoporous material can be disordered or ordered in a mesostructure. In crystalline inorganic materials, mesoporous structure noticeably limits the number of lattice units, and this significantly changes the solid-state chemistry. For example, the battery performance of mesoporous electroactive materials is significantly different from that of their bulk structure.

A procedure for producing mesoporous materials (silica) was patented around 1970, and methods based on the Stöber process from 1968 were still in use in 2015. It went almost unnoticed and was reproduced in 1997. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were independently synthesized in 1990 by researchers in Japan. They were later produced also at Mobil Corporation laboratories and named Mobil Crystalline Materials, or MCM-41. The initial synthetic methods did not allow to control the quality of the secondary level of porosity generated. It was only by employing quaternary ammonium cations and silanization agents during the synthesis that the materials exhibited a true level of hierarchical porosity and enhanced textural properties. Mesoporous materials have been also produced in the form of thin films via evaporation induced self-assembly, in different organized mesostructures and compositions. 

Since then, research in this field has steadily grown. Notable examples of prospective industrial applications are catalysis, sorption, gas sensing, batteries, ion exchange, optics, and photovoltaics. In the field of catalysis, zeolites is an emerging topic where the mesoporosity as a function of the catalyst is studied to improve its performance for use in Fluid catalytic cracking.

It should be taken into account that this mesoporosity refers to the classification of nanoscale porosity, and mesopores may be defined differently in other contexts; for example, mesopores are defined as cavities with sizes in the range 30 μm–75 μm in the context of porous aggregations such as soil.

See also
Characterisation of pore space in soil
Nanoporous materials
Mesoporous silica
Silicon dioxide

References

 
Materials
Porous media
Overhead. Overhead may be:

 Overhead (business), the ongoing operating costs of running a business
 Engineering overhead, ancillary design features required by a component of a device
 Overhead (computing), ancillary computation required by an algorithm or program
 Protocol overhead, additional bandwidth used by a communications protocol
 Line code or encoding overhead, additional bandwidth required for physical line transmission
 Overhead information, for telecommunication systems
 File system overhead, storage or other consideration required by a file system that is not directly related to data. For example, in tape data storage, the separator between one file and the next is overhead.
 Any physical object situated, or action occurring above:
 Overhead line, for power transmission
 Overhead cable, for signal transmission
 Overhead projector, a display system
 Overhead storage, for example overhead storage bins, racks, shelves, cabinets or track systems in aircraft, trains or buildings
 Overhead cam, a mechanical device
 Overhead join, in air traffic control
 Overhead press, an upper-body weight training exercise in
 Overhead crane or bridge crane, a type of crane sliding on two parallel rails

See also
 Overkill (disambiguation)
Epigram (programming language). Epigram is a functional programming language with dependent types, and the integrated development environment (IDE) usually packaged with the language. Epigram's type system is strong enough to express program specifications. The goal is to support a smooth transition from ordinary programming to integrated programs and proofs whose correctness can be checked and certified by the compiler. Epigram exploits the Curry–Howard correspondence, also termed the propositions as types principle, and is based on intuitionistic type theory.

The Epigram prototype was implemented by Conor McBride based on joint work with James McKinna. Its development is continued by the Epigram group in Nottingham, Durham, St Andrews, and Royal Holloway, University of London in the United Kingdom (UK). The current experimental implementation of the Epigram system is freely available together with a user manual, a tutorial and some background material. The system has been used under Linux, Windows, and macOS.

It is currently unmaintained, and version 2, which was intended to implement Observational Type Theory, was never officially released but exists in GitHub.

Syntax 
Epigram uses a two-dimensional, natural deduction style syntax, with versions in LaTeX and ASCII. Here are some examples from The Epigram Tutorial:

Examples

The natural numbers 
The following declaration defines the natural numbers:

The declaration says that Nat is a type with kind * (i.e., it is a simple type) and two constructors: zero and suc. The constructor suc takes a single Nat argument and returns a Nat. This is equivalent to the Haskell declaration "data Nat = Zero | Suc Nat".

In LaTeX, the code is displayed as:

The horizontal-line notation can be read as "assuming (what is on the top) is true, we can infer that (what is on the bottom) is true." For example, "assuming n is of type Nat, then suc n is of type Nat." If nothing is on the top, then the bottom statement is always true: "zero is of type Nat (in all cases)."

Recursion on naturals 

...And in ASCII:

Addition 

 
 
 
 

...And in ASCII:

Dependent types 
Epigram is essentially a typed lambda calculus with generalized algebraic data type extensions, except for two extensions. First, types are first-class entities, of type ; types are arbitrary expressions of type , and type equivalence is defined in terms of the types' normal forms. Second, it has a dependent function type; instead of , , where  is bound in  to the value that the function's argument (of type ) eventually takes.

Full dependent types, as implemented in Epigram, are a powerful abstraction. (Unlike in Dependent ML, the value(s) depended upon may be of any valid type.) A sample of the new formal specification capabilities dependent types bring may be found in The Epigram Tutorial.

See also 
ALF, a proof assistant among the predecessors of Epigram.

Further reading

References

External links 
 
 
 
 EPSRC on ALF, lego and related; archived version from 2006

Academic programming languages
Functional languages
Dependently typed languages
Proof assistants
Discontinued programming languages
Contraption. Contraption may refer to:
 a contraption; a machine, device or gadget
 Contraption, a television game show formerly broadcast on the Disney Channel
 Circus Contraption, a one-ring circus, vaudeville and dark cabaret troupe based in Seattle, Washington
 Return of the Incredible Machine: Contraptions
 "The Contraption", an episode of Maggie and the Ferocious Beast
 "The Contraption", an episode of Riders in the Sky
 "Contraptions", an episode of Blue's Clues
Fixed-pixel display. Fixed pixel displays are display technologies such as LCD and plasma that use an unfluctuating matrix of pixels with a set number of pixels in each row and column. With such displays, adjusting (scaling) to different aspect ratios because of different input signals requires complex processing.

In contrast, the CRTs electronics architecture "paints" the screen with the required number of pixels horizontally and vertically. CRTs can be designed to more easily accommodate a wide range of inputs (VGA, XVGA, NTSC, HDTV, etc.).

References 

Digital imaging
Unicore. Unicore is a computer instruction set architecture designed by the Microprocessor Research and Development Center (MPRC) of Peking University in the PRC. The computer built on this architecture is called the Unity-863.
The CPU is integrated into a fully functional SoC to make a PC-like system.

The processor is very similar to the ARM architecture, but uses a different instruction set.

It is supported by the Linux kernel as of version 2.6.39.
Support will be removed in Linux kernel version 5.9 as nobody seems to maintain it and the code is falling behind the rest of the kernel code and compiler requirements.

Instruction set
The instructions are almost identical to the standard ARM formats, except that conditional execution has been removed, and the bits reassigned to expand all the register specifiers to 5 bits.  Likewise, the immediate format is 9 bits rotated by a 5-bit amount (rather than 8 bit rotated by 4), the load/store offset sizes are 14 bits for byte/word and 10 bits for signed byte or half-word.  Conditional moves are provided by encoding the condition in the (unused by ARM) second source register field Rn for MOV and MVN instructions.

The meaning of various flag bits (such as S=1 enables setting the condition codes) is identical to the ARM instruction set.  The load/store multiple instruction can only access half of the register set, depending on the H bit.  If H=0, the 16 bits indicate R0–R15; if H=1, R16–R31.

References

Instruction processing
Instruction set architectures
Science and technology in China
Marketecture. Marchitecture (or marketecture) is a portmanteau of the words marketing and architecture. The term is applied to any form of electronic architecture, especially software, perceived to have been produced purely for marketing reasons. It may be used by a vendor to place itself in such a way as to promote all their strongest abilities whilst simultaneously masking their weaknesses.

The term marketecture is also used in the context of an abstract description of a complex system, such as a distributed software system, for the purpose of discussion and analysis. In his book Essential Software Architecture, Ian Gorton describes it as 

[A marketecture] is one page, typically informal depiction of the system's structure and interactions. It shows the major components, their relationships and has a few well chosen labels and text boxes that portray the design philosophies embodied in the architecture. A marketecture is an excellent vehicle for facilitating discussion by stakeholders during design, build, review, and of course the sales process. It's easy to understand and explain, and serves as a starting point for deeper analysis.

References

External links
 Marketecture definition from Word Spy
 Software Architecture: The Difference between Marketecture and Tarchitecture (sample chapter) from Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions () by Luke Hohmann
 Essential Software Architecture () by Ian Gorton
 Architecture Marchitecture

Technology neologisms
Promotion and marketing communications
Software architecture
Berlin Method. The Berlin Method of biological filtration is a method for maintaining a clean and stable environment within a saltwater aquarium, typically a coral reef system.  This method relies on the use of ample live rock (rock with live marine organisms and bacteria on or in it). The theory is that aerobic bacteria covering the surface of the porous live rock and sand convert harmful ammonia (from fish and invertebrate waste) into nitrites, then nitrates, which are much less harmful to the tank's inhabitants.  Through the process of diffusion, the nitrates move deep within the rock where they are converted by anaerobic bacteria to free nitrogen gas.  Left over nitrates are removed through regular partial water changes, or with algal filtration such as an algae scrubber. As an added measure, a protein skimmer is used to remove some of the dissolved organic compounds before they break down into ammonia, although skimmers do not remove ammonia from fish urea.

The typical rule of thumb is to use from  1-2 lb (0.45 to 0.9 kg) of live rock per gallon (US) (3.7 liters) of aquarium water depending on the density of the rock – or filling the tank up 2/3 of the way to the top.  The benefit of using live rock is fourfold: First, live rock acts as a biological filter, adding beneficial bacteria.  Secondly, it introduces an abundance of marine life into the aquarium that many fish, invertebrates and corals use for food.  Thirdly, it provides a natural reef appearance with ample places to locate corals. Lastly, live rock will also help balance and stabilize pH in the aquarium.

Calcium, alkalinity and other trace elements which are consumed by corals are replaced through water changes (using natural seawater or a quality synthetic salt mix) or the use of a calcium reactor, kalkwasser (calcium water – calcium hydroxide mixed with pure water) or a balanced two-part solution.

References
http://www.fishchannel.com/fish-fun/fish-terms/fish-definitions/berlin-method.aspx
http://saltaquarium.about.com/od/denitratorunits/fl/What-Is-A-Saltwater-Aquarium-Berlin-Filtration-System.htm 
http://www.aquarium-design.com/reeftheory.html

Fishkeeping
Maynard operation sequence technique. Maynard operation sequence technique (MOST) is a predetermined motion time system that is used primarily in industrial settings to set the standard time in which a worker should perform a task.  To calculate this, a task is broken down into individual motion elements, and each is assigned a numerical time value in units known as time measurement units, or TMUs, where 100,000 TMUs is equivalent to one hour.  All the motion element times are then added together and any allowances are added, and the result is the standard time.  It is more common in Asia whereas the original and more sophisticated Methods Time Measurement technique, better known as MTM, is a global standard.

The most commonly used form of MOST is BasicMOST, which was released in Sweden in 1972 and in the United States in 1974.  Two other variations were released in 1980, called MiniMOST and MaxiMOST.  The difference between the three is their level of focus—the motions recorded in BasicMOST are on the level of tens of TMUs, while MiniMOST uses individual TMUs and MaxiMOST uses hundreds of TMUs.  This allows for a variety of applications—MiniMOST is commonly used for short (less than about a minute), repetitive cycles, and MaxiMOST for longer (more than several minutes), non-repetitive operations.  BasicMost is in the position between them, and can be used accurately for operations ranging from less than a minute to about ten minutes.

Another variation of MOST is known as AdminMOST.  Originally developed and released under the name ClericalMOST in the 1970s, it was recently updated to include modern administrative tasks and renamed.  It is on the same level of focus as BasicMOST.

Up until 16bit programs stopped working with Windows, it was possible to use AutoMOST. AutoMOST was a knowledge based system employing decision trees. Developers created logic trees. These trees could then be used by non IE trained operators to generate Standard Times. The user answered a series of logic questions to route the logic and made inputs (number of parts fitted etc.). As they made their way through the tree, based on their route and inputs, AutoMOST would be gathering sub operation data to collate into the final time for the activity being measured. AutoMOST was able to pull in sub operation data from any of the base versions of MOST (Mini, Maxi or Basic)

References
 Zandin, Kjell B (2003). MOST Work Measurement Systems. New York City: Marcel Dekker.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091011105119/http://www.iiie-pune.com/most.htm
 http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/SE/atahir/SE%20323/Chapter-10-Predetermined-Motion-Time-Systems.ppt
 http://www.hpcnet.org/upload/directory/materials/7210_20050926134822.ppt
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296443715_MOST_-_Advanced_Work_Measurement_Technique

Industrial engineering
List of Earth observation satellites. Earth observation satellites are Earth-orbiting spacecraft with sensors used to collect imagery and measurements of the surface of the earth. These satellites are used to monitor short-term weather, long-term climate change, natural disasters. Earth observations satellites provide information for research subjects that benefit from looking at Earth’s surface from above (such as meteorology, oceanography, terrestrial ecology, glaciology, atmospheric science, hydrology, geology, and many more). Types of sensors on these satellites include passive and active remote sensors. Sensors on Earth observation satellites often take measurements of emitted energy over some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., UV, visible, infrared, microwave, or radio). 

The invention of climate research through the use of satellite remote telemetry began in the 1960s through development of space probes to study other planets. During the U.S. economic decline in 1977, with much of NASA's money going toward the shuttle program, the Reagan Administration proposed to reduce spending on planetary exploration. During this time, new scientific evidence emerged from ice and sediment cores that Earth's climate had experienced rapid changes in temperature, running contrary to the previously held belief that the climate changed on a geological time scale.  These changes increased political interest in gathering remote-sensing data on the Earth itself and stimulated the science of climatology.

Classification
The lists below classify Earth observation satellites in two large groups: satellites operated by government agencies of one or more countries (public domain) versus commercial satellites built and maintained by companies (private domain). These lists focus on currently active missions, rather than inactive retired missions or planned future missions. However, some examples of past and future satellites are included. Active, inactive, or planned classifications are relevant as of 2021.

Public domain or government agency satellites

Active government satellites

Inactive government satellites

Planned government satellites

Private or commercial satellites

Active commercial satellites

Inactive commercial satellites

Planned commercial satellites

See also

Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
Earth observation satellite
First images of Earth from space
Orbital spaceflight
Imaging satellites
Satellite
Satellite imagery
Timeline of Earth science satellites
Uncrewed space mission

Related lists:
List of government space agencies
List of orbits
List of satellites in geosynchronous orbit
List of uncrewed spacecraft by program

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
 ESA Earth Observation Portal Satellite Missions Directory 
 World Meteorological Organization's Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool: List of all satellites

Lists of satellites
Earth sciences
Lists of spacecraft
Lists of artificial objects sent into space
Sergey Khristianovich. Sergey Alekseyevich Khristianovich (, 9 November 1908 – 28 April 2000) was a mechanics scientist from the Soviet Union. Academician of AS USSR since 1943 (corresponding member since 1939), Hero of Soc. Labour (1969).

Sergey Khristianovich graduated from Leningrad State University in 1930.  He has made a huge contribution into development of mechanics in Russia and is well known for his studies in aerodynamics.

Khristianovich was one of the organizers of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SBRAS), one of the organizers of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, and a co-founder of Novosibirsk State University.

He was dismissed from (SBRAS) in 2003.

References

Further reading

 
 

1908 births
2000 deaths
Soviet scientists
Russian physicists
Academic staff of Novosibirsk State University
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Stanhope (car). In automotive use, a Stanhope is a car body style characterized by its single bench seat mounted at the center, folding cloth top, and a dashboard at the front. These vehicles were built from approximately 1900 to 1910. The design was derived from the Stanhope horse-drawn carriage and could be considered a specific type of runabout.

Initial stanhope designs featured tiller steering, either in the center or at the side. Features of the car included a foot button to signal a bell (early version of a horn), hard rubber tires, wood trim, and eight forward and three reverse gears, and a top speed of about .

Models
 1899–1916 Woods electric car
 1899 Winton (largest manufacturer of gasoline-powered automobiles in the United States at the time)
 1900–1901 Porter Motor Company (manufacturer of steam-powered automobiles)
 1900–1910 White Steamcar (largest manufacturer of steam-powered automobiles)
 1901–1907 Oldsmobile Curved Dash
 1904–1906 Twyford Stanhope

References

Car body styles
Berg Automobile. Berg Automobile Company was a manufacturer of  automobiles in Cleveland, Ohio, established by Hart O. Berg and operational from 1903 to 1904. The New York Bergs were made by the Worthington Automobile Company.

The 1904 Berg was a touring car model.  Equipped with a tonneau, it could seat 6 passengers and sold for US$3500.  The vertical-mounted straight-4, situated at the front of the car, produced 24 hp (17.9 kW).  A 4-speed sliding transmission was fitted.  The armored wood-framed car used semi-elliptic springs and was considered quite advanced for the time. The wheelbase was 90 inches long.

References

 Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly (January, 1904)

Veteran vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1903
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Ohio