omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Active object (Symbian OS). An active object framework is a callback-based form of multitasking for computer systems. Specifically, it is a form of cooperative multitasking and is an important feature of the Symbian operating system.

Within the framework, active objects may make requests of asynchronous services (e.g. sending an SMS message). When an asynchronous request is made, control is returned to the calling object immediately (i.e. without waiting for the call to complete).  The caller may choose to do other things before it returns control back to the operating system, which typically schedules other tasks or puts the machine to sleep. When it makes the request, the calling object includes a reference to itself.

When the asynchronous task completes, the operating system identifies the thread containing the requesting active object, and wakes it up. An "active scheduler" in the thread identifies the object that made the request, and passes control back to that object.

The implementation of active objects in Symbian is based around each thread having a "request semaphore". This is incremented when a thread makes an asynchronous request, and decremented when the request is completed. When there are no outstanding requests, the thread is put to sleep.

In practice there may be many active objects in a thread, each doing its own task. They can interact by requesting things of each other, and of active objects in other threads. They may even request things of themselves.

This is an implementation of a very old idea that was developed to handle software interruptions in the 70s. The operating system was acting as the first object and the peripheral as the second one.

External links
developer.symbian.org

Symbian OS
Lavarand. Lavarand, also known as the Wall of Entropy, is a hardware random number generator designed by Silicon Graphics that worked by taking pictures of the patterns made by the floating material in lava lamps, extracting random data from the pictures, and using the result to seed a pseudorandom number generator.

Details
Although the secondary part of the random number generation uses a pseudorandom number generator, the full process essentially qualifies as a "true" random number generator due to the random seed that is used.  However, its applicability is limited by its low bandwidth.

It was covered under the now-expired , titled "Method for seeding a pseudo-random number generator with a cryptographic hash of a digitization of a chaotic system." by Landon Curt Noll, Robert G. Mende, and Sanjeev Sisodiya.

From 1997 to 2001,
there was a website at lavarand.sgi.com demonstrating the technique. Landon Curt Noll, one of the process's originators, went on to help develop LavaRnd, which does not use lava lamps.  Despite the short life of lavarand.sgi.com, it is often cited as an example of an online random number source.

, Cloudflare maintains a similar system of lava lamps for securing Internet traffic, which it also calls the "Wall of Entropy".

References

External links
A reincarnation of the original website with source code.
Archived version of original Lavarand.com from Archive.org (pictures do not work)
Cloudflare Blog post - Randomness 101: LavaRand in Production
Cloudflare Blog post - LavaRand in Production: The Nitty-Gritty Technical Details

Silicon Graphics
Random number generation
CompactPCI. CompactPCI is a computer bus interconnect for industrial computers, combining a Eurocard-type connector and PCI signaling and protocols. Boards are standardized to 3U or 6U sizes, and are typically interconnected via a passive backplane. The connector pin assignments are standardized by the PICMG US and PICMG Europe organizations. The connectors and the electrical rules allow for eight boards in a PCI segment. Multiple bus segments are allowed with bridges.

Unlike the original Eurocard solutions such as VME, which use connectors with a 0.1 inch (2.54 mm) pin spacing, CompactPCI cards use metric connectors with a 2-millimeter pin spacing, designed to the IEC 1076 standard.  3U boards have a 110-pin connector (J1), which carries the 32-bit PCI bus signals, and an optional 110-pin connector (J2), which carries either user-defined I/O or the upper 32 bits of an optional 64-bit PCI bus.  6U cards have an identical J1, a J2 that is always used for 64-bit PCI, as well as J3, J4, and J5 connectors for a variety of uses either as user-defined I/O or specified signaling such as Telephony and/or Ethernet signaling. Hot-plugging is a supported feature of CompactPCI.  Some of the pins are slightly longer to provide proper grounding when devices are inserted and removed.

The backplanes can be designed for 3.3 V VIO or 5 V VIO operation. These are differentiated by having 'Cadmium Yellow' coloured key for 3.3V or 'Brilliant Blue' colour for 5V operation. If the CompactPCI card operates on a particular VIO voltage the card shall have the respective coloured coding key. If the card is compatible with both voltages then it may not have any coding key. The image above illustrates a 5 V VIO 8-slot backplane.

CompactPCI was initially ratified as PICMG 2.0 in late 1995 as a passive backplane for PCI signaling.  The 2.x series of specifications from PICMG provide support for a variety of technologies including Hot Swap (PICMG 2.1), Telephony signaling (PICMG 2.5) and most notably the expansion of the architecture to include switched Ethernet (PICMG 2.16).

Originally designed to support the PCI signaling protocol (and hence the name "CompactPCI"), CompactPCI has grown to include a variety of technologies centered on the application of the 2mm HM connector on the 3U and 6U form factor.  In fact many systems are implemented with no PCI bus on the backplane, such as those implemented with switched Ethernet board interconnection (PICMG 2.16).

A drawback of the design is that the signal pins can become bent when a new device is inserted.

Related standards include CompactPCI Express and CompactPXI, which follow a similar concept, but substitute the protocols and signaling of PCI Express and PXI respectively.

The abbreviations cPCI, CPCI, cPCIe, and CPCIe are colloquial terms and are not officially used by PICMG.

See also 
 CompactPCI Serial
 CompactPCI PlusIO
 PXI
 MicroTCA or Advanced Mezzanine Card
 Mini PCI
 VMEbus
 VPX

References

External links 

 

Peripheral Component Interconnect
Computer standards
Open standards
PICMG standards
Hans Ledwinka. Hans Ledwinka (14 February 1878 – 2 March 1967) was an Austrian automobile designer.

Youth 
Ledwinka was born in Klosterneuburg (Lower Austria), near Vienna, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

He started his career as a mechanic, and later studied in Vienna. As a young man he worked for Nesselsdorfer-Wagenbau in Kopřivnice, then Nesselsdorf, in Moravia, the company that later became Tatra. He was first employed in the construction of railroad cars, and later involved in the production of the first cars made by this firm. He designed the 5.3-litre, six-cylinder Type U motor car. In the midst of World War I in May 1916 he accepted directorship at Steyr, initially working at home and moving there permanently in 1917.

Chief designer at Tatra 

Ledwinka returned to Tatra company (originally Nesselsdorfer-Wagenbau) in Kopřivnice (Nesselsdorf), then in Czechoslovakia, and between 1921 and 1937 he was their chief design engineer. He invented the frameless central tubular chassis (so-called "backbone chassis") with swing axles, fully independent suspension and rear-mounted air-cooled flat engine. Another of Ledwinka's major contributions to automobile design was the streamlined car body. Under him, Tatra brought the first mass-produced streamlined cars to market. With his son Erich, who became chief designer at Tatra, Ledwinka and Erich Übelacker, a German engineer also employed by Tatra, designed the streamlined Tatra models T77, T77a, T87, and T97, which had rear-mounted air-cooled engines.

Final years 
After WWII Ledwinka was accused of collaboration with the German occupation forces and jailed for five years in Czechoslovakia. After his release in 1951, he refused to work for Tatra, and retired to Munich, Germany where he died in 1967.

The legacy 
In 2007 Hans Ledwinka was inducted in the .

Ledwinka's son Erich, was also a car designer. He designed the unique Haflinger for Steyr-Daimler-Puch, as well as the larger Pinzgauer High Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle. Both utilize tubular chassis and swing portal axles.

See also
 Joseph Ledwinka
 Tatra

Notes

References 
Bibliography

External links
 http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.l/l358333.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en

1878 births
1967 deaths
People from Klosterneuburg
Austrian automobile designers
Austrian automotive pioneers
Czech automotive engineers
Tatra (company)
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Agracetus. The Agracetus Campus of Monsanto Company is a soybean transformation laboratory. It has over 21,700 employees worldwide, and an annual revenue of US$11.365 billion reported for 2008.

The first successful genetically engineered crop ever produced for the commercial market was the Roundup Ready soybean, produced at Agracetus in 1991, and was one of fourteen successful transformation events. Scientists there used gold bead gene transfer technology coupled with the β-Glucuronidase reporter gene to produce the plant. The actual gun that shot the gold beads and produced the genetic modifications is now owned by the Smithsonian museum in Washington, DC.  

Every Roundup Ready soybean in the world has a relative which was genetically transformed at Agracetus. 80% of the world's soybeans are Roundup Ready.

Agracetus was founded in 1981 as Cetus Corporation. Acquired by Monsanto in 1996, the research and development facility is located 8 miles (13 km) west of Madison in the city of Middleton, Wisconsin, on . The site has  of research space,  of greenhouse space, about 75 employees, and ten laboratories. Output of genetically modified soy plants is many thousands of transformation events per year.

Genetically modified cotton and genetically modified rice is also an important effort at Agracetus.

References

Agronomy
Genetic engineering and agriculture
Monsanto
RUM-139 VL-ASROC. The RUM-139 Vertical-Launch Anti-Submarine Rocket (VL-ASROC or VLA) is an anti-submarine missile in the ASROC family, currently built by Lockheed Martin for the U.S. Navy.

History
Design and development of the missile began in 1983 when Goodyear Aerospace was contracted by the U.S. Navy to develop a ship-launched anti-submarine missile compatible with the new Mark 41 vertical launching system (VLS). The development of the VLS ASROC underwent many delays, and it was not deployed on any ships until 1993. During this development, Goodyear Aerospace was bought by Loral Corporation in 1986, and this defense division was in turn purchased by Lockheed Martin in 1995.

The first VLS ASROC missile was an RUR-5 ASROC with an upgraded solid-fuel booster section and a digital guidance system. It carries a lightweight Mark 46 homing torpedo that is dropped from the rocket at a precalculated point on its trajectory, and then parachuted into the sea. 

The vertical launch missile first became operational in 1993, with more than 450 having been produced by 2007. It is  in length, with a firing range of about 11.8 nm or . 

Beginning in 1996, the missile was replaced by the newer RUM-139A and subsequently the RUM-139B. The torpedo remained the Mark 46, though at one time an improved torpedo called the Mark 50 was proposed and then canceled.

In October 2004, the RUM-139C began production with the Mark 54 torpedo. The Mk 54 Mod 0 torpedo achieved Initial Operating Capability in 2010, and the U.S. Navy is transitioning its VL-ASROCs to use the Mk 54.

See also

References

Anti-submarine missiles of the United States
Anti-submarine weapons
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
Turbo Assembler. Turbo Assembler (sometimes shortened to the name of the executable, TASM)  is an assembler for software development published by Borland in 1989. It runs on and produces code for 16- or 32-bit x86 MS-DOS and compatibles for Microsoft Windows. It can be used with Borland's other language products: Turbo Pascal, Turbo Basic, Turbo C, and Turbo C++. The Turbo Assembler package is bundled with Turbo Linker and is interoperable with Turbo Debugger.

Borland advertised Turbo Assembler as being 2-3 times faster than its primary competitor, Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM). TASM can assemble source in a MASM-compatible mode or an ideal mode with a few enhancements. Object-Oriented programming was added in version 3. The last version of Turbo Assembler is 5.4, with files dated 1996 and patches up to 2010; it is still included with Delphi and C++Builder.

TASM itself is a 16-bit program. It will run on 16- and 32-bit versions of Windows, and produce code for the same versions, but it does not generate 64-bit x86 code. Turbo Assembler 5.0 (at least) also contains a 32-bit PE version of tasm called TASM32.EXE.

Example
A Turbo Assembler program that prints 'Merry Christmas!':

.model small
.stack	100h
.data
msg	db "Merry christmas!",'$'
.code
main	proc
    mov ax, SEG msg
	mov	ds, ax
	mov	dx, offset msg
	mov	ah, 9
	int	21h
	mov	ax, 4c00h
	int	21h
main	endp
end	main

Reception
In a review of three assemblers, Michael Blaszczak of BYTE in February 1989 found that Turbo Assembler was slower than SLR OPTASM but faster than and very compatible with MASM. He liked the tutorial on assembly programming and "excellent" sample code, but criticized the paucity of reference documentation. Noting that it was the only assembler that "cleanly assembled everything I fed to it", Blaszczak concluded that TASM was his favorite as it was "the best of both worlds: MASM compatibility without MASM's glitches", especially for those new to assembly.

See also
Comparison of assemblers
A86 - contemporary of Turbo Assembler
MASM - contemporary of Turbo Assembler
FASM - More recent x86 assembler

References

Notes
Swan, Tom (1989). Mastering Turbo Assembler. Carmel, Indiana: Howard W. Sams & Company, Hayden Books division of Macmillan Computer Publishing. . 2nd Edition, 1995 .

External links
 Mastering Turbo Assembler: Programming with Objects
 GUI Turbo Assembler (TASM) : A 64bit MuItilingual IDE for Assembly Language with TASM & TLINK by Lakhya Jyoti Nath

1989 software
Borland software
Assemblers
DOS software
Programming tools for Windows
Network service. In computer networking, a network service is an application running at the network application layer and above, that provides data storage, manipulation, presentation, communication or other capability which is often implemented using a client–server or peer-to-peer architecture based on application layer network protocols.

Each service is usually provided by a server component running on one or more computers (often a dedicated server computer offering multiple services) and accessed via a network by client components running on other devices. However, the client and server components can both be run on the same machine.

Clients and servers will often have a user interface, and sometimes other hardware associated with it.

Examples

Examples are the Domain Name System (DNS) which translates domain names to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to assign networking configuration information to network hosts. Authentication servers identify and authenticate users, provide user account profiles, and may log usage statistics.

E-mail, printing and distributed (network) file system services are common services on local area networks. They require users to have permissions to access the shared resources.

Other network services include:
 Directory services
 e-Mail
 File sharing
 Instant messaging
 Online game
 Printing
 File server
 Voice over IP
 Video on demand
 Video telephony
 World Wide Web
 Simple Network Management Protocol
 Time service
 Wireless sensor network

Application layer

In computer network programming, the application layer is an abstraction layer reserved for communications protocols and methods designed for process-to-process communications across an IP network. Application layer protocols use the underlying transport layer protocols to establish host-to-host connections for network services.

TCP-IP network services

Port numbers
Many IP-based services are associated with a particular well-known port number which is standardized by the Internet technical governance.

For example, World-Wide-Web servers operate on port 80, and email relay servers usually listen on port 25.

TCP versus UDP

Different services use different packet transmission techniques.

In general, packets that must get through in the correct order, without loss, use TCP, whereas real time services where later packets are more important than older packets use UDP.

For example, file transfer requires complete accuracy and so is normally done using TCP, and audio conferencing is frequently done via UDP, where momentary glitches may not be noticed.

UDP lacks built-in network congestion avoidance and the protocols that use it must be extremely carefully designed to prevent network collapse.

See also
 Internet hosting service
 Web hosting service
 DNS hosting service
 E-mail hosting service
 :Category:Network service

References
OTS. OTS or OTs is an acronym or nickname. Ots is a name.

OTS

Business 
 Ocean Therapy Solutions, U.S. company making centrifuge pumps for oceanic oil spill cleanup
 Operator Training Simulator, a simulation platform for industrial operator training
 "Opportunity to see", a measure of the penetration of advertising

Entertainment 
 Orchestra at Temple Square, an LDS orchestra located in Salt Lake City
 Over the shoulder shot, a film technique

Government 
 Office of Tax Simplification, a United Kingdom Treasury tax office
 Office of the Technical Services, or Technical Services Staff, a division of the Central Intelligence Agency
 Office of Thrift Supervision, a U.S. Treasury Department agency
 Office of Transport Security (Australia)
 Organization of Turkic States, international organization comprising prominent independent Turkic countries

Military 
 Air Force Officer Training School, a U.S. Air Force training center
 Officers' Training School RAAF, a Royal Australian Air Force training center
 Officers Training School, Bahtoo, a Myanmar army training centre

Science 
 Octadecyltrichlorosilane, a chemical forming self-assembled monolayers
 Orbital Test Satellite, a European Space Agency program
 Organization for Tropical Studies, a U.S.-based group of biological research stations in Costa Rica
 TsO (tosylate), the anion of p-toluenesulfonic acid, a tosyl compound

Technology 
 OpenTimestamps, a cryptographic timestamping standard

Religion
 Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam, a seminary under the Indian Orthodox Church
 Order of the Solar Temple (French: Ordre du Temple solaire, OTS), French esoteric cult

Ots 
 Georg Ots (1920–1975), Estonian musician
 MS Georg Ots, a ferry named for Georg Ots
 Otš, Tatar-language name of the Izh River in Tatarstan, Russia

Other uses 
 Ohr Torah Stone institutions
 OTS, IATA code for Anacortes Airport in Anacortes, Washington
 "Out of Service"

See also

 Off-the-shelf (disambiguation)
John C. Stetson. John Charles Stetson (September 6, 1920 – August 1, 2007) was an American government administrator.  He served as the Secretary of the Air Force between 1977 and 1979.

Biography

Stetson received a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1943 and entered into the engineering trades. During World War II, he served as a communications officer with the U.S. Navy. After the war, he returned to engineering work before taking a consultancy position with Booz Allen Hamilton in 1951. Stetson became president of the Houston Post publishing company in 1963. At the time of his appointment as Secretary of the Air Force, he was the head of office products supplier A.B. Dick Company.

Stetson died at his home in Lake Forest, Illinois, and was buried at Lake Forest Cemetery.

References

1920 births
2007 deaths
United States Secretaries of the Air Force
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Burials at Lake Forest Cemetery
David Megginson. David Megginson (born 1964) is a Canadian computer software consultant and developer, specializing in open-source software development and application. He was the lead developer and original maintainer of the Simple API for XML (SAX), a leading streaming API for XML.

Megginson has been part of the SGML, and then XML, communities since 1991.

For the World Wide Web Consortium, he served as chair of the XML Information Set Working Group, and as a member of both the XML Working Group and XML Co-ordination Group.

In 2000, Sun Microsystems and JavaPro magazine awarded Megginson the Java Technology Achievement Award For Outstanding Individual Contribution to the Java Community.

He made significant contributions to other open source software projects including FlightGear (a cross-platform flight simulator making use of XML), the NewsML Toolkit library for NewsML, the XMLWriter libraries for Perl and Java, RDF Filter, and SGMLSpm (a mid-1990s precursor to many XML functionalities).

Megginson is also known for providing the first response to Andrew S. Tanenbaum's "Linux is obsolete." Usenet post.  His response then evolved into the famous Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate.

He is an instrument-rated private pilot, and maintains weblogs about technology and small-plane aviation. Formerly employed by the University of Ottawa, he maintains his consulting and development practice in Ottawa, Ontario.

Publications
  An advanced guide focusing on XML and SGML document type definitions.
  A broad exploration of XML applications and standards.

External links
megginson.com
Quoderat, Megginson's technology weblog
Land and Hold Short, Megginson's aviation weblog
"Linux is obsolete." by Andrew S. Tanenbaum

1964 births
Living people
Canadian computer scientists
Computer programmers
University of Toronto alumni
XML Guild