omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Suezmax. "Suezmax" is a naval architecture term for the largest ship measurements capable of transiting the Suez Canal in a laden condition, and is almost exclusively used in reference to tankers. The limiting factors are beam, draft, height (because of the Suez Canal Bridge), and length (even though the canal has no locks).

Description 
The current channel depth of the canal allows for a maximum of  of draft, meaning that a few fully laden supertankers are too deep to fit through, and either have to unload part of their cargo to other ships ("transhipment") or to a pipeline terminal before passing through, or alternatively avoid the Suez Canal and travel around Cape Agulhas instead. The canal was deepened in 2009, increasing the draft from .

The typical deadweight of a Suezmax ship is about 160,000 tons; the typical beam (width) is about . Also of note is the maximum head room—"air draft"—limitation of , resulting from the  height above water of the Suez Canal Bridge. Suez Canal Authority produces tables of width and acceptable draft, which are subject to change. From 2010, the wetted surface cross sectional area of the ship is limited by , which means  of draft for ships with the beam no wider than  or  of draft for ships with maximum allowed beam of .

The similar terms Panamax, Malaccamax, and Seawaymax are used for the largest ships capable of fitting through the Panama Canal, the Strait of Malacca and Saint Lawrence Seaway, respectively. The term "Chinamax" refers to vessels able to use a number of harbours while fully laden. "Capesize" refers to bulk carriers too big to pass through the Suez Canal—and needing to travel the Cape route around the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas—but recent dredging means many Capesize vessels can use the canal. Plans to deepen the draft to  could lead to a redefinition of the Suezmax specification, as happened to the Panamax specification after deepening and widening of the Panama Canal.

Aframax is a freight rating, not a geographic routing limiter, for tankers are those with a capacity of  to .

Container ships 
Vessels longer than  need permission from the Suez Canal Authority to transit the canal. As of 2020, the largest container ships in service all have a length of (close to) 400 metres, and a beam and draft that fit just within the limits of the canal. The ship Ever Given, which ran aground in the Canal in 2021, has Suezmax size being 399.9 metres long and with a  beam.

See also 
 Panamax
 List of Panamax ports
 
 Malaccamax
 Q-Max

References

External links 
Ship sizes 

Ship types
Max, Suezmax
Tankers
Ship measurements
Hamm AG. Hamm AG is a German worldwide manufacturer and marketer of road rollers based in Tirschenreuth, Germany. It is a subsidiary of Wirtgen Group.

History 
Brothers Anton and Franz Hamm, who were gunsmiths, founded the company in 1878 to build agricultural equipment. The company built their first diesel-powered road roller in 1911, from a design by a second-generation Hamm, Hans Hamm. This was at a time when most rollers where steam powered. In 1928, the company abandoned all other product lines to concentrate on road rollers. Hamm produces the first all-wheel drive-all-wheel steering double-drum. The company introduced an all-wheel steering and all-wheel drive rubber-wheeled roller in 1963, and then rolled out its oscillating vibratory roller in 1989.

In 1999 the Wirtgen Group GmbH announced that it would purchase Hamm AG, and the transaction was completed in March 2000.

References

External links

 Hamm AG (ENGLISH)
 Hamm AG (GERMAN)
 
 

Construction equipment manufacturers of Germany
Companies established in 1878
Companies based in Bavaria
German brands
Gooch crucible. A Gooch crucible, named after Frank Austin Gooch, is a filtration device for laboratory use (and was also called a Gooch filter). It is convenient for collecting a precipitate directly within the vessel in which it is to be dried, possibly ashed, and finally weighed in gravimetric analysis.

The device was originally a standard platinum laboratory crucible with a perforated base into which asbestos pulp was placed to form the filter mat. The crucible was then heated in an oven to dry out until it attained constant weight. The use of these materials meant that after filtration, the crucible and its contents could be subjected to high temperature to dry the filtrate and possibly oxidize or ash it to minimum weight. However, because of the high cost of platinum, versions made of porcelain were introduced in 1882. Some Gooch crucibles, such as the one in the drawing, permit two layers of asbestos to be used, separated by a perforated porcelain plate.
 
Other inorganic fibers, notably glass, have been used in place of asbestos. Gooch crucibles made of borosilicate glass with fritted glass bases are more common today. Gooch crucibles made of platinum may still be required for the most corrosive materials, porcelain is used where ashing at high temperature is required, and those made of borosilicate glass are adequate for drying.

They may also be used for collection and processing of biological tissue samples within the same container.

See also
 Aspirator (pump)
 Filter flask

References

Laboratory equipment
EMPI (automotive). EMPI is a company that produces aftermarket performance parts for various air-cooled Volkswagens. EMPI was not one of the brands that led to the demise of B. F. Meyers & Co., the company that produced the Meyers Manx (one of the first air-cooled Volkswagen based buggies). One of its products was the EMPI Imp, a modified dune buggy based on a Volkswagen Beetle.

The originally-owned company was started by Joe Vittone in the 1960s. Vittone sold EMPI to Filter Dynamics in 1972, and it closed in 1974, but EMPI still lives on today under new ownership.
EMPI is an acronym for European Motor Products Incorporated.

References

Auto parts suppliers of the United States
Flood (video game). Flood is a 1990 platform game developed by Bullfrog Productions. It was published for the Amiga and Atari ST by Electronic Arts. The objective is to collect all the litter and find the exit to the level.

Plot
The player controls a character named Quiffy who is the last of his race of small green creatures. He lives underground in a series of sewers and tunnels. His mission is to reach the surface by navigating all the sewers, whilst they are slowly flooding. Quiffy can walk on walls and ceilings.

Gameplay
Quiffy must collect all of the various pieces of litter on the level and then find the exit to complete each level. In general the litter is not particularly hidden, it is just distributed around the level. Quiffy can climb on most walls and ceilings, and swim through water. He has energy which depletes upon touching dangerous objects, but can also die instantly when touching any of the few lethal objects. Although he can swim and has the appearance of an amphibious life-form, he can only breathe above water and will start to drown if he runs out of air.

In each level, the player is followed by the ghost of Aunt Matilda, copying the player's movements and starts off about 15 seconds behind. However, she is very slightly faster and will eventually catch up. Touching the ghost will hurt Quiffy. Quiffy starts each level with no weapon, and can pick up any of five available weapons. He can only hold one of these at any time and if he picks up another one, it will swap for the current one.

Most of the levels have taps in them, which pour water in to the level. The modelling of the water was quite advanced for a home computer game of its time; the water will flow to the lowest point that it can and when multiple taps are pouring water in one place, it will fill up proportionally fast. A lot of levels feature taps in all areas so the entire level will eventually flood, leaving Quiffy with no available source of air. This aspect is how the game derives its title. There are various enemies on each level, some of which have special properties. In general the enemies move around in a specific pattern, and when killed will throw a heart up which will return health to Quiffy.

Reception
The game was reviewed in 1990 in Dragon #164 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 4 out of 5 stars.

Reviews
The One for Amiga Games (Jul, 1991)
The One for ST Games (Jul, 1991)
Computer and Video Games (Aug, 1990)
ST Format (Aug, 1990)
The One (Jul, 1990)
ST Format (Jul, 1991)
Amiga Joker (Sep, 1990)
The Games Machine (Sep, 1990)
Atari ST User (Sep, 1990)
The Games Machine (Aug, 1990)
ACE (Advanced Computer Entertainment) (Sep, 1990)
Amiga Power (May, 1991)

See also
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)

References

External links

Review in ST Format

1990 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Bullfrog Productions games
Electronic Arts games
Europe-exclusive video games
Platformers
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Q value (nuclear science). In nuclear physics and chemistry, the  value for a nuclear reaction is the amount of energy absorbed or released during the reaction. The value relates to the enthalpy of a chemical reaction or the energy of radioactive decay products. It can be determined from the masses of reactants and products.   values affect reaction rates. In general, the larger the positive    value for the reaction, the faster the reaction proceeds, and the more likely the reaction is to "favor" the products.

where the masses are in atomic mass units. Also, both  and  are the sums of the reactant and product masses respectively.

Definition 
The conservation of energy, between the initial and final energy of a nuclear process  enables the general definition of    based on the mass–energy equivalence. For any radioactive particle decay, the kinetic energy difference will be given by:

where    denotes the kinetic energy of the mass   .
A reaction with a positive    value is exothermic, i.e. has a net release of energy, since the kinetic energy of the final state is greater than the kinetic energy of the initial state.
A reaction with a negative    value is endothermic, i.e. requires a net energy input, since the kinetic energy of the final state is less than the kinetic energy of the initial state. Observe that a chemical reaction is exothermic when it has a negative enthalpy of reaction, in contrast a positive  value in a nuclear reaction.

The  value can also be expressed in terms of the Mass excess  of the nuclear species as:

Proof The mass of a nucleus can be written as  where  is the mass number (sum of number of protons and neutrons) and MeV/c.  Note that the count of nucleons is conserved in a nuclear reaction. Hence,  and .

Applications 
Chemical    values are measurement in calorimetry. Exothermic chemical reactions tend to be more spontaneous and can emit light or heat, resulting in runaway feedback(i.e. explosions).

  values are also featured in particle physics. For example, Sargent's rule states that weak reaction rates are proportional to 5. The    value is the kinetic energy released in the decay at rest. For neutron decay, some mass disappears as neutrons convert to a proton, electron and antineutrino:

where mn is the mass of the neutron, p is the mass of the proton,    is the mass of the electron antineutrino, and  e  is the mass of the electron; and the    are the corresponding kinetic energies. The neutron has no initial kinetic energy since it is at rest. In beta decay, a typical   is around 1 MeV.

The decay energy is divided among the products in a continuous distribution for more than two products. Measuring this spectrum allows one to find the mass of a product. Experiments are studying emission spectrums to search for neutrinoless decay and neutrino mass; this is the principle of the ongoing KATRIN experiment.

See also
Binding energy
Calorimeter (particle physics)
Decay energy
Fusion energy gain factor
Pandemonium effect

Notes and references

External links 
  – interactive query form for -value of requested decay.
  – demonstrates simply the mass-energy equivalence.

Nuclear physics
Energy
Perbromic acid. Perbromic acid is the inorganic compound with the formula . Perbromic acid is characterized as a colorless liquid which has no characteristic scent. It is an oxoacid of bromine, with an oxidation state of +7. Perbromic acid is a strong acid and strongly oxidizing, though dilute perbromic acid solutions are slow oxidizing agents. It is the most unstable of the halogen(VII) oxoacids. It decomposes rapidly on standing to bromic acid and oxygen, which releases toxic brown bromine vapors. It can be used in the synthesis of perbromate salts, by reacting with a base.

Perbromic acid is unstable and cannot be formed by displacement of chlorine from perchloric acid, as periodic acid is prepared; it can only be made by protonation of the perbromate ion. Perbromic acid is stable in aqueous solutions no greater than 6M. Perbromic acid solutions greater than 6M are unstable in air, where an autocatalytic decomposition of the compound will occur. Metals such as Ce4+ and Ag+ can also catalyze the compound.

Discovery 
Perbromic acid was discovered through the decay of a radioactive selenate sample, SeO4−2, where bromine crystals were exposed to gamma radiation.

Safety 
Perbromic acid is corrosive and an irritant, therefore it is extremely dangerous to the skin, eyes, airways, and digestive tract. Overexposure can lead to various effects such as suffocation of the lungs, loss of consciousness, and death. Due to its toxicity, prolonged or repeated exposure could also lead to organ damage via the lungs, kidneys, and intestines.

See also
Perbromate

Further reading

Citations 
 
 Perbromic acid (HBrO4): properties, risks and uses - science - 2023. warbletoncouncil. https://warbletoncouncil.org/acido-perbromico-12549#menu-3.

‌

Halogen oxoacids
Oxidizing acids
Perbromates
Cooling curve. A cooling curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. The independent variable (X-axis) is time and the dependent variable (Y-axis) is temperature. Below is an example of a cooling curve used in castings.

The initial point of the graph is the starting temperature of the matter, here noted as the "pouring temperature". When the phase change occurs, there is a "thermal arrest"; that is, the temperature stays constant. This is because the matter has more internal energy as a liquid or gas than in the state that it is cooling to. The amount of energy required for a phase change is known as latent heat. The "cooling rate" is the slope of the cooling curve at any point. 

 

Alloys have a melting point range. It solidifies as shown in the figure above. First, the molten alloy reaches to liquidus temperature and then freezing range starts. At solidus temperature, the molten alloy becomes solid.

References

Phase transitions
Thermodynamics
Envelope (motion). In mechanical engineering, an envelope is a solid representing all positions which may be occupied by an object during its normal range of motion.

Another (jargon) word for this is a "flop".

Wheel envelope
In automobile design, a wheel envelope may be used to model all positions a wheel and tire combo may be expected to occupy during driving. This will take into account the maximum jounce and rebound allowed by the suspension system and the maximum turn and tilt allowed by the steering mechanism. Minimum and maximum tire inflation pressures and wear conditions may also be considered when generating the envelope.

This envelope is then compared with the wheel housing and other components in the area to perform an interference/collision analysis.  The results of this analysis tell the engineers whether that wheel/tire combo will strike the housing and components under normal driving conditions.  If so, either a redesign is in order, or that wheel/tire combo will not be recommended.

A different wheel envelope must be generated for each wheel/tire combo for which the vehicle is rated.  Much of this analysis is done using CAD/CAE systems running on computers.  Of course, high speed collisions, during an accident, are not considered "normal driving conditions", so the wheel and tire may very well contact other parts of the vehicle at that time.

Robot's working envelope 
In robotics, the working envelope or work area is the volume of working or reaching space. Some factors of a robot's design (configurations, axes or degrees of freedom) influence its working envelope.

References 

Mechanical engineering
Robot control
TIB. TIB (or Tib or TiB) may refer to:

Computing 
Tebibit (Tib), a unit of information used to quantify computer memory or storage capacity
Tebibyte (TiB), a unit of information used to quantify computer memory or storage capacity
TIB (file format), a file format used by Acronis True Image software
Win32 Thread Information Block, in Microsoft Windows programming

Companies and organizations 
 :nl:Toetsingscommissie Inzet Bevoegdheden, the Dutch review board for the use of special powers by the security and intelligence services
 Danish Timber Industry and Construction Workers' Union (native name Forbundet Træ-Industri-Byg i Danmark)
 Technische Informationsbibliothek, the German National Library of Science and Technology
 Transparency International Bangladesh, an anti-corruption non-governmental organization
 TIB Financial Corporation, a bank holding company purchased by North American Financial Holdings
 TIB Development Bank, a development bank owned by the national government of Tanzania.

Characters 
 Tib from "Tib et Tatoum" (aka "Tib and Tumtum") comics/cartoon
 Tib-cat from The Little Broomstick

Other uses 
 River Tib, an underground river flowing through Greater Manchester
 Tib, Iran, a village in Markazi Province, Iran
 The Illustrated Bartsch, a compendium of European master prints
 Therapy Interfering Behavior, in cognitive therapy
 Transscandinavian Igneous Belt
The Practice of Programming. The Practice of Programming () by Brian W. Kernighan and Rob Pike is a 1999 book about computer programming and software engineering, published by Addison-Wesley.

According to the preface, the book is about "topics like testing, debugging, portability, performance, design alternatives, and style", which, according to the authors, "are not usually the focus of computer science or programming courses". It treats these topics in case studies, featuring implementations in several programming languages (mostly C, but also C++, AWK, Perl, Tcl and Java).

The Practice of Programming has been translated into twelve languages. Eric S. Raymond, in The Art of Unix Programming, calls it "recommended reading for all C programmers (indeed for all programmers in any language)". A 2008 review on LWN.net found that TPOP "has aged well due to its focus on general principles" and that "beginners will benefit most but experienced developers will appreciate [...] the later chapters".

References

External links
 Home page at Princeton

1999 non-fiction books
Addison-Wesley books
Computer programming books
Collaborative non-fiction books
Software engineering books
Assembly modelling. Assembly modeling is a technology and method used by computer-aided design and product visualization computer software systems to handle multiple files that represent components within a product. The components within an assembly are represented as solid or surface models.

Overview 
The designer generally has access to models that others are working on concurrently. For example, several people may be designing one machine that has many parts. New parts are added to an assembly model as they are created. Each designer has access to the assembly model, while a work in progress, and while working in their own parts. The design evolution is visible to everyone involved. Depending on the system, it might be necessary for the users to acquire the latest versions saved of each individual components to update the assembly.

The individual data files describing the 3D geometry of individual components are assembled together through a number of sub-assembly levels to create an assembly describing the whole product. All CAD and CPD systems support this form of bottom-up construction. Some systems, via associative copying of geometry between components also allow top-down method of design.

Components can be positioned within the product assembly using absolute coordinate placement methods or by means of mating conditions. Mating conditions are definitions of the relative position of components between each other; for example alignment of axis of two holes or distance of two faces from one another. The final position of all components based on these relationships is calculated using a geometry constraint engine built into the CAD or visualization package.

The importance of assembly modeling in achieving the full benefits of PLM has led to ongoing advances in this technology. These include the use of lightweight data structures such as JT that allow visualization of and interaction with large amounts of product data, direct interface to between Digital Mock ups and PDM systems and active digital mock up technology that unites the ability to visualize the assembly mock up with the ability to measure, analyze, simulate, design and redesign.

See also
System testing (e2e : components testing as a whole)

References 

Computer-aided design
Smarts. Smarts may refer to:

 SMARTS, market analysis and surveillance software by Nasdaq
 SMILES arbitrary target specification,  a line notation language for specifying molecular query patterns
 Smarts Mountain, a mountain in New Hampshire
 Small and Medium Research Telescope System (SMARTS), a group of telescopes at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
 Simple Model of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine or SMARTS, a computer programme

See also 
 Smart (disambiguation)
Decommissioning. Decommissioning or decommissioned may refer to:

Infrastructure
 Nuclear decommissioning, the process of closing a nuclear facility
 Decommissioned highway, a disused road or one removed of numbered highway status
 Greenfield status, a decommissioned industrial site considered back to its pre-establishment condition

Military
 Ship decommissioning
 Ship-Submarine Recycling Program, a U.S. Navy process for decommissioning nuclear vessels
 Demobilization, decommissioning of military personnel
 Disarmament
 Decommissioning in Northern Ireland, disarmament as part of that country's peace process circa 1998–2001
 Decommissioning pennant, a type of naval flag

Television episodes
 "Decommissioned" (Star Wars: The Bad Batch), 2021
 "Decommissioned" (The Crown), 2022

See also
 Commission (disambiguation)
 End-of-life (product)
 Planned obsolescence