omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Computer network operations. Computer network operations (CNO) is a broad term that has both military and civilian application. Conventional wisdom is that information is power, and more and more of the information necessary to make decisions is digitized and conveyed over an ever-expanding network of computers and other electronic devices. Computer network operations are deliberate actions taken to leverage and optimize these networks to improve human endeavor and enterprise or, in warfare, to gain information superiority and deny the enemy this enabling capability.

In the military domain
Within the United States military domain, CNO is considered one of five core capabilities under Information Operations (IO) Information Warfare. The other capabilities are Psychological Operations (PSYOP), Military Deception (MILDEC), Operations Security (OPSEC) and Electronic Warfare (EW). Other national military organizations may use different designations.

Computer Network Operations, in concert with electronic warfare (EW), is used primarily to disrupt, disable, degrade or deceive an enemy's command and control, thereby crippling the enemy's ability to make effective and timely decisions, while simultaneously protecting and preserving friendly command and control. Full Spectrum Cyberspace Operations (CNO: CNA,CND & CNE) was conceived and written by Mr. Donald A. Tyler the RCERT Branch Chief under the Land Information Warfare Activity (LIWA) Command ADCON to HQ INSCOM responsible for the Global Regional Computer Emergency Response Team (RCERT) in 1999 through 2000 as the fifth pillar of IO and indoctrinated into the Joint Publications that change the history of Warfare across the Glob.  Systems and Networks are a primary war fighting tactical advantage across ALL OS.

Types of military CNO
According to Joint Pub 3-13, CNO consists of computer network attack (CNA), computer network defense (CND) and computer network exploitation (CNE).
 Computer network attack (CNA): Includes actions taken via computer networks to disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy the information within computers and computer networks and/or the computers/networks themselves.
 Computer network defense (CND): Includes actions taken via computer networks to protect, monitor, analyze, detect and respond to network attacks, intrusions, disruptions or other unauthorized actions that would compromise or cripple defense information systems and networks. Joint Pub 6.0 further outlines Computer Network Defense as an aspect of NetOps:
  (CNE): Includes enabling actions and intelligence collection via computer networks that exploit data gathered from target or enemy information systems or networks.

See also
 Cyberwarfare in the United States
 Chinese information operations and information warfare
Cyberwarfare by Russia

References

External links
 Cyber, War and Law
 United States Army Combined Arms Center

Information operations and warfare
United States Department of Defense doctrine
Kevah. The Kevah was a French automobile manufactured from 1920 until 1924.  Built by Muller, Allen-Sommer and Robert at La Garenne-Colombes, the cyclecar had vee-twin 1100 cc Train or MAG engines, and was considered well-made.  The company offered a four-cylinder 898 cc sv Chapuis-Dornier-powered car with three-speed gearbox in 1923.

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Gaeth. Gaeth was an American steam automobile manufactured in Cleveland, Ohio from 1902 until 1911.

Bicycle maker Paul Gaeth added stationary engines to his business, and made an experimental steam car in 1898. His gasoline cars were unusual in using a large 3-cylinder horizontal engine of 25/30 hp. Advertised as "the best $3500 car on the market", the 1909 model was a 6423 cc 35/40 hp four-cylinder.

References

 Wise, David Burgess. The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1902
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1911
Companies based in Ohio
Defunct companies based in Ohio
1902 establishments in Ohio
1911 disestablishments in Ohio
Cars introduced in 1902
Cars discontinued in 1911
Geering (automobile). The Geering was an English automobile manufactured from 1899 until 1904 by T Geering & Son makers of stationary engines.  A product of Rolvenden, Kent, it was a crude car powered by a 3 hp twin-cylinder engine with chain drive; it ran on paraffin.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles

Veteran vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct companies based in Kent
Janoir. The Janoir was a French motorcycle manufactured from 1919 until 1922 in Saint-Ouen.  The few that were made were 965 cc flat twins.

Born in Lugny (Saone-et-Loire) in 1883, Louis Janoir gets his plane pilot's licence in 1911. This engineer joins another student from the same school, Louis Bechereau - designer of Deperdussin airplanes - and took part in numerous air raids and competitions. In 1916, he started the company Janoir Aviation based in Saint-Ouen. During the First World War, the Janoir factory devoted itself to repair then later to building SPAD fighter planes, but like many aircraft companies the end of the war meant an immediate rethink about redeploying their engineering skills. Cars, cyclecars and motorcycles were ideal areas, and Janoir Aviation joined others such as Sopwith Aviation Company, Martinsyde, and Louis Blériot in attempting to break into this growing market.

Janoir Motorcycle 

Louis Janoir launched his motorcycle at the Paris Salon show in 1919. The frame was the usual tubular steel, but with front and rear suspension and rear chain drive. It had two equal seats allowing a pillion passenger to ride in some comfort. The engine was an in-line flat twin which was unusual in that the engine, cylinders and 3-speed gearbox were housed in a single aluminium casting, with steel cylinder liners and detachable cylinder heads. The engine and gearbox used roller bearing and lubrication was by a gear driven pump.

By the 1920 Paris Salon show it had been redesigned to have an all pressed steel frame (apart from the luggage carrier), with pressed steel also used for the revised front forks and the rear swinging arm - both now using half-leaf spring for the suspension. Other features include dual rear drum brakes and quickly detachable wheels needing no tools, so that the rear chain drive and drum brakes do not have to be disturbed when the wheel is removed. Further details were given of the in-line twin cylinder engine of 965cc cylinder capacity (85mmx85mm). This engine had overhead valves and was rated at 8 hp but produced 11 bhp at 2000rpm, and 16 bhp at 3200rpm.

Other products 
Janoir also advertised that they made sidecars, and vehicle bodywork (carrosserie), an example being the Peugeot electric vans in 1926 which were bodied by Janoir. Janoir also built bespoke coachwork for cars, and examples surviving or featured in photos include Delahaye c1923, Lorraine-Dietrich c1924, Delage cars c1925 to 1927.

References

 David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles
 Louis Janoir 1885-1968 aviator, automobile and motorcycle builder in Paris.  See "Aeroplanes to Automobiles" by J P Merrington his life and work.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Janémian. The Janémian was a French automobile manufactured from 1920 until 1923.  Built by a M. Janémian in Bièvres, Essonne, they had rear engines, transversely mounted, with chain drive to the rear wheels which were set closely together.  The cars originally were powered by flat twin engines of 1100 or 1400 cc replaced in 1922 by 1096 cc then 1395 cc vee-twins.

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
CRS Robotics. CRS Robotics Corporation (currently operating as Thermo CRS Limited) was a robotics company based out of Burlington, Ontario, Canada. CRS Robotics designed, manufactured, distributed, and serviced human scale articulated robots, and laboratory automation systems. Human scale robots have approximately the same reach, speed, the range of motion, the degree of articulation and lifting capacity as a human being and are designed specifically to perform tasks that are hazardous, highly repetitive or generally unsuited for humans. Laboratory Automation applications are used to speed the effort of drug discovery for pharmaceutical and biotechnology customers.

CRS Robotics was notable in the field of automated lab systems due to their developments in high throughput and ultra-high throughput automated systems. Among other things, these developments included their advanced scheduling software, called POLARA, which was an open and extensible platform for the management and control of complex automated systems. As an example, a "good portion of the work" for "the preliminary map of the human genetic code was performed on CRS Automated Lab Systems".

The company commenced operations in 1982 as an engineering firm providing consulting services to Canadian machine tool manufacturers in the area of machine controls. The company sold its first robot, the M1 small robot system, in 1985. The company shipped its first laboratory automation system in 1997. In 1998, they introduced the F3 Robot, a 6-axis robotic arm.

The company changed its name to CRS Robotics Corporation in 1994. In 1995, the company completed an initial public offering. The company was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

In May 2002, the company was acquired 100% by the Thermo Electron Corporation, (NYSE: TMO), and its name was subsequently changed to Thermo CRS. After the acquisition, the company still continues to develop laboratory automation systems.

List of CRS Robots
M1 (five axis articulated robot)
A255 (five axis articulated robot)
A465 (six axis articulated robot)
F3 (six axis articulated robot)
Catalyst 3 (three axis articulated robot)
Catalyst 5 (five axis articulated robot)
Dimension4 Family of Robots
VAL (Vertical Array Loader) (four axis robot)
Flip Mover (1, 2 or 3 axis versions)
LPT (Linear Plate Transport) (1 axis)

References

Research support companies
Electronics companies of Canada
Robotics companies
Sandstorm Enterprises. Sandstorm Enterprises was an American computer security software vendor founded in 1998 by Simson Garfinkel, James van Bokkelen, Gene Spafford, Dan Geer. In January 2010, it was purchased by NIKSUN, Inc.

Sandstorm was located in the greater Boston area. Sandstorm's major products were PhoneSweep, the first  commercial multi-line telephone scanner (a war dialer), introduced in 1998, and NetIntercept, a commercial network forensics tool, introduced in 2001. Designed as a second-generation network analysis tool, NetIntercept operated primarily at the level of TCP and UDP data streams and application-layer objects they transport.

In 2002 Sandstorm purchased LanWatch, a commercial packet-oriented LAN monitor originally developed by FTP Software.  LanWatch was sold a separate product, but much of its functionality was used by NetIntercept to display individual packets.

As of 2019, the PhoneSweep product is still sold and supported by NIKSUN. Core parts of the NetIntercept product also still exist, as incorporated into NIKSUN's own NetDetector network forensics product line.

References

External links
 PhoneSweep at NIKSUN, Inc.

Computer security software companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies based in Massachusetts
Companies based in Middlesex County, Massachusetts 
Software companies established in 1998
Software companies disestablished in 2010
1998 establishments in Massachusetts
2010 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Ekman current meter. The Ekman current meter is a mechanical flowmeter invented by Vagn Walfrid Ekman, a Swedish oceanographer, in 1903. It comprises a propeller with a mechanism to record the number of revolutions, a compass and a recorder with which to record the direction, and a vane that orients the instrument so the propeller faces the current. It is mounted on a free-swinging vertical axis suspended from a wire and has a weight attached below. 

The balanced propeller, with four to eight blades, rotates inside a protective ring. The position of a lever controls the propeller. In down position the propeller is stopped and the instrument is lowered, after reaching the desired depth a weight called a messenger is dropped to move the lever into the middle position which allows the propeller to turn freely. When the measurement has been taken another weight is dropped to push the lever to its highest position at which the propeller is again stopped. 

The propeller revolutions are counted via a simple mechanism that gears down the revolutions and counts them on an indicator dial. The direction is indicated by a device connected to the directional vane that drops a small metal ball about every 100 revolutions. The ball falls into one of thirty-six compartments in the bottom of the compass box that indicate direction in increments of 10 degrees. If the direction changes while the measurement is being performed the balls will drop into separate compartments and a weighted mean is taken to determine the average current direction. 

This is a simple and reliable instrument whose main disadvantage is that is must be hauled up to be read and reset after each measurement. Ekman solved this problem by designed a repeating current meter which could take up to forty-seven measurements before needing to be hauled up and reset. This device used a more complicated system of dropping small numbered metal balls at regular intervals to record the separate measurements.

Bibliography
Harald U. Sverdrup, Martin W. Johnson, and Richard H. Fleming, The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1942

See also

 Oceanic current
 Ekman spiral
 Ekman water bottle

Physical oceanography

fr:Courantomètre#Courantomètre d'Ekman
Helbé. The Helbé was a French automobile manufactured from 1905 until 1907. Its name was derived from "LB", the initials of its builder Levêcque and Bodenreider. It was an assembled light car, powered by De Dion engines of 4, 6, and 8 hp, and used Delage components.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Cars introduced in 1905
Cars discontinued in 1907
Tobin J. Marks. Tobin Jay Marks (born November 25, 1944) is an inorganic chemistry Professor, the Vladimir N. Ipatieff Professor of Catalytic Chemistry, Professor of Material Science and Engineering, Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Professor of Applied Physics at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. Among the themes of his research are synthetic organo-f-element and early-transition metal organometallic chemistry, polymer chemistry, materials chemistry, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, molecule-based photonic materials, superconductivity, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, and biological aspects of transition metal chemistry.

Marks received his B.S. from the University of Maryland in 1966 in chemistry, and his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1971 under the direction of F. A. Cotton. He came to Northwestern University in the fall of 1970.

The Marks Group

Historically the Marks group has been organized into four teams (A-D), reflecting the historical strengths and the needs of emerging technologies:
 A-team; Organometallics/Catalysis
 B-team: Molecular Photonics
 C-team: Transparent Oxides
 D-team: Molecular Electronics

Marks is known for his ability to tie his efforts to practical problems.  Work in organometallics/catalysis (A-team) has traditionally focused on two main areas: Group IV mediated polymerizations and f-element mediated hydroelementation.   His extensive work in polymerization catalysts and determination of mechanistic traits that allow for optimization, have made these materials and processes industrially relevant.

Awards

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  from the Technion in Israel

References

External links
Marks group website
List of publications at isiknowledge.com
C&E News Article

21st-century American chemists
1944 births
Living people
Northwestern University faculty
National Medal of Science laureates
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Fluorenone. Fluorenone is an organic compound with the chemical formula , a ketone with fluorene moiety. It is bright fluorescent yellow solid.

Synthesis and reactions
It is synthesised by aerobic oxidation of fluorene:

Fluorenone sustains up to four nitro groups giving 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone.

Applications

Several substituted fluorenones are biologically active as antibiotic, anticancer, antiviral, or neuromodulatory compounds. 

Some substituted azafluorenones are biologically active, such as the naturally occurring antimicrobial compound onychine (1-methyl-4-azafluorenone). The compound 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one is used for fingerprint detection.

See also
 Fluorenol
 Chlorflurenol

References

External links
Material Safety Data Sheet

 
Designer drugs
Hexe. The Hexe was a German automobile manufactured in Hamburg from 1905 until 1907. Patterned on the Nagant, fours of 18/20 hp, 24/30 hp, and 40/45 hp were available, as was a 35/40 hp six.

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Economy of Hamburg
Cars introduced in 1905
Cars discontinued in 1907
Alex Hitzinger. Alexander Hitzinger (born 23 October 1971 in Passau) is a German engineer who until May 2021 was CEO of ARTEMIS GmbH, a start-up in the automotive industry. Before this, he was SVP Autonomous Driving VW Group and Member of the Executive Board VWN, responsible for R&D. He previously also worked as Head of Product Design for Apple's Titan electric vehicle project and Technical Director of the Porsche LMP1 project, Head of Advanced Technologies for the Red Bull and Toro Rosso Formula One teams as well as Head of Formula One development at Cosworth.

Early life and education 
Hitzinger was born in Passau, Germany. He has been interested in motorsports since he was a teenager. He studied mechanical engineering at University of Applied Sciences Landshut as an undergraduate and earned an MBA from Warwick Business School at University of Warwick, UK.

Career
Hitzinger's first job in the automotive industry was at Toyota Motorsport as a development engineer. Hitzinger moved to Cosworth together with World Rally Champion Carlos Sainz, when Sainz changed team from Toyota to Ford. At Cosworth, he firstly worked as Head of the Ford-Cosworth World Rally Championship programme and then as Head of F1 Development. In 2005, at the age of 34, Hitzinger was one of the youngest chief engineers in F1.

Under Hitzinger's leadership, in 2006, Cosworth F1 team developed the first ever F1 engine (Cosworth CA, 2.4 Litre, V8) to attain 20,000 rpm at the track, despite the difficult circumstances (underfunded and small number of staff). This set a new standard at the time for F1 engines.

From 2006 to 2011 he worked as Head of Advanced Technologies for Red Bull Technology and from mid- to mid- he also filled the role of Technical Director of the Scuderia Toro Rosso Formula One team.

Since 2011, Hitzinger has been Technical Director of the Porsche LMP1 project. Acknowledging his achievements so far he was awarded the Automotive News Europe Rising Star in 2014. After winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans with Porsche 919 in 2015 he left Porsche in March 2016 in order to move to Apple. Hitzinger served at Apple's Titan electric car project as Head of Product Design in the Special Projects Group.

In January 2019 he started working for Volkswagen as Member of the management board responsible for technical development for its commercial vehicles division as well as Senior Vice President of its self-driving car and MaaS (mobility-as-a-service) programs. Hitzinger's "ability to conceptualise clean-sheet designs and manage projects" led to his appointment as CEO of ARTEMIS GmbH, a 100% subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, in November 2020. He stepped down from this position in May 2021.

References

Living people
1971 births
Engineers from Bavaria
Formula One designers
Formula One engine engineers
German motorsport people
Red Bull Racing
Scuderia Toro Rosso
People from Passau
Sportspeople from Lower Bavaria
Luc Court. The  was a French automobile manufactured in Lyon from 1899 until 1936.

Early models had a distinctive "demountable chassis". Designed by one Lacoin, the front part of the chassis could be removed from the bodywork and rear wheels; this could then be attached to a different body and wheels. The transformation was advertised as "taking place within a few minutes, without tools". 1912 saw the company produce a range of three cars, fours of 2155 cc and 3631 cc and a six of 3233 cc. The company continued production of passenger vehicles until shortly before World War II; after the war, it built mostly light commercial vehicles, as well as a few  and  cars.

References

External links
 Article with pictures of the "demountable chassis" 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Manufacturing companies based in Lyon
Cars introduced in 1899
Brass Era vehicles
Vintage vehicles
Pre-war vehicles
Cars discontinued in 1936
HESA Dorna. The HESA Dorna (, "Crane") is a jet-powered Iranian training aircraft. The aircraft was first publicised in 1999 when Iranian air force General Habibollah Baghal claimed that a locally designed Dorna trainer aircraft had entered production.

See also 
Military of Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
List of Iranian Air Force aircraft
Iranian military industry

References 

Dorna
1990s Iranian military trainer aircraft
Margaria. The Margaria was a French automobile manufactured between 1910 and 1912. A 2297 cc four-cylinder which was shown at the 1910 Paris Salon, the shaft-drive car sold in chassis form for 5000 francs. M. Margaria teamed up with M. Launay to build the SCAP beginning in 1912.

References
 David Burgess-Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles. .

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Cars introduced in 1910
Scott Sociable. The Scott Sociable was an English automobile manufactured from 1921 to 1925 by the Scott Autocar Company of Bradford, Yorkshire, an offshoot of the Scott Motorcycle Company.

During World War I Alfred Angas Scott had made sidecar machine gun carriers. From these he developed a three-wheel car with two wheels in line and a third one set alongside the other rear wheel, all supported by a triangulated tubular steel frame. The layout was mostly derived from a motorcycle-and-sidecar combination, but wheel steering was accomplished by rack and pinion. It used a water-cooled 578 cc twin-cylinder two-stroke engine supplied by the Scott Motorcycle Company. Power was transmitted through a three-speed gearbox to the offside rear wheel by shaft. There was no reverse gear. 

Braking could be dangerous at speed, as the two rear brakes were operated individually: the drive wheel by a hand lever, the balance wheel by a foot pedal.

The vehicle was intended for military use, but orders failed to come, so Scott converted it to civilian use and announced it in 1916 as the Sociable. Due to wartime, production had to wait until 1921. About 200 were made before production stopped in 1924. Complete cars cost £273 in 1921, falling to £135 by 1924.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
 List of motorcycles of the 1920s
List of motorized trikes

References 

David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.
G.N. Georgano (ed) 'Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile', 2000, HMSO London, 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Scott
Manufacturing companies based in Bradford