omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Joseph Shivers. Joseph Clois Shivers Jr. (November 29, 1920 – September 1, 2014) was an American textile chemist who was based in West Chester, Pennsylvania, best known for his role in the structural development of Spandex, a thermoplastic elastomer, in the 1950s, while employed at DuPont.

Shivers was born in 1920 in Marlton, New Jersey. He received his B.Sc., M.A. and Ph.D. (in organic chemistry) from Duke University in the 1940s. During the course of the war, still as a student, he did work with the United States government to develop a drug to counter malaria for use by troops overseas. Shivers began working for DuPont in 1946 as a researcher on developing polymers. After working on other polyester projects, Shivers joined a project to synthesize a "synthetic elastomer to replace rubber", which was common in garments at the time. Though the project was shelved at a point, Shivers made a breakthrough in the 1950s when he attempted a modification of the polyester Dacron, which produced a stretchy fibre that could withstand heat, be spun into filaments, and stretch 5 times its original length while retaining elasticity. The results were favourable and Shivers, along with other employees, set out to perfect the new polyester. In 1959 it was completed and released under the name Fibre K, later changed to Lycra. He was promoted to supervisor after the breakthrough. It was commercialized by DuPont in 1962 and is widespread in use in the garment industry, including sports garments, swimsuits, hosiery and undergarments. By the early 1990s, Lycra was one of the most lucrative facets of the synthetic fibre department at Dupont. Shivers was also on the faculty of Canisius College while working at DuPont. He retired from DuPont in 1980, as technical director of the fibres department.

In 1998, he was awarded the prestigious Olney Medal for Achievement in Textile Chemistry for his work by the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, the 55th recipient of the medal in its history. Shivers was presented with it in a ceremony in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at an AATCC Conference. His Olney Medal Address was entitled "The Search for a Superior Elastic Fibre". DuPont awarded Shivers with their Lavoisier Medal in 1995, the highest honour for the company.

He was married to Margaret Warren Shivers, originally from Ohio; with her he had three children. In his leisure time, he enjoyed woodworking and wine tasting. He was a member of the fraternity Phi Beta Kappa as well as the American Chemical Society. On September 1, 2014, Shivers died in Venice, Florida.

References

External links
History of Spandex

1920 births
2014 deaths
People from Morristown, New Jersey
Duke University alumni
Canisius University faculty
American chemists
American inventors
DuPont people
Austrian Standards International. Austrian Standards International (formerly ), abbreviated ASI, is a standards organization and the ISO member body for Austria.

History 
Its predecessor organization, the Österreichischer Normenausschuss für Industrie und Gewerbe (Austrian Standards Committee for Industry and Trade), was founded in the First Republic of Austria on 23 September 1920, with 13 committees developing technical standards primarily for mechanical and electrical engineering. The first standard was published in 1921 on metric screw threads. In 1932, the committee's name was shortened to the Österreichischer Normenausschuss (Austrian Standards Committee). With the Austrian Anschluss to Nazi Germany in 1938, it became a branch office of the German Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) standards organization, but resumed operations in its own right after World War II, and was a founding ISO member in 1946.

The 1954 Federal Act on Standardization recognized the activities of the committee, and the Act, as amended, serves as its legal basis. The Austrian Standards Committee's name was changed to ON Österreichisches Normungsinstitut in 1969.

On 1 March 2006, the Institute published ON rule ONR 168000, used to calculate the monetary value of a brand.

In 2018, the name was changed to Austrian Standards International.

The Institute is located at Heinestrasse 38, 1020 Vienna.

Austrian standards 
The acronym ÖNORM designates a national standard published by the Austrian Standards International and applicable to Austria alone. Austrian national standards have the acronym "ÖNORM" followed by one letter and a unique number. By way of illustration:
 ÖNORM S 4223: dimensions, safety requirements, testing, conformity marking of snorkels
 ÖNORM S 4224: dimensions, safety requirements, testing, conformity marking of swimming fins
 ÖNORM S 4225: safety requirements, testing, conformity marking of diving masks
In the examples above, the letter "S" following "ÖNORM" indicates that these standards address topics not covered elsewhere (Sonstige Normengebiete in German).

References

External links 
Information from iso.org
Austrian Standards International (in English)

Electrical safety standards organizations
ISO member bodies
Standards Institute
LBM. LBM may refer to:

 Laboratory of biomechanics of Arts et Métiers ParisTech
 Interleaved Bitmap Format filename extension
 Lattice Boltzmann methods in fluid dynamics
 Pound (mass), lbm or lbm
 Lean body mass
 Location-based media
 London Borough of Merton, UK
 Laser beam machining
 Logical Business Machines, a defunct computer company
 Little Brown Mushroom, a publishing house founded by Alec Soth
 Live bivalve mollusc
 Lumber and Building Materials
 Loose bowel movement, commonly referred as diarrhea
K-value. K-value or k value may refer to:

 Thermal conductivity
 The force constant of a spring, see Hooke's law
 Vapor–liquid equilibrium, the ratio of vapor concentration to liquid concentration at equilibrium
 The relative permittivity, κ
 a statistical value used in the Elo rating system
 analysis provides a methodology for studying different factors that affect the size of a biological population.
 K value (viscosity), is an empirical parameter closely related to intrinsic viscosity, often defined in slightly different ways in different industries to express viscosity based estimate of statistical molecular mass of polymeric material used particularly for PVC. The most commonly used K value in Europe is the Fikentscher K value (referenced in DIN EN ISO 1628-1) obtained by dilute solution viscometry and solving Fikentscher equation.
 KIc or linear-elastic plane-strain fracture toughness of materials
 rate of change of curvature, used to assess and design vertical alignment of road and rail crests and dips
 The K value, also called the bending limit, of a cyclotron is the ratio between achievable energy and the charge-to-mass ratio according to , where  is the kinetic energy of the particle,  the atomic mass number and  the charge.
 Freshness Quality Index for assessing fish quality. It represents the ratio between the sum of inosine and hypoxanthine to the sum of all other products of ATP degradation.

See also 
 K (disambiguation)
 K-factor (disambiguation)
Heckler & Koch MP2000. The Heckler & Koch MP2000 was developed between 1988 and 1990. Prototypes of the gun showed similarities to the UMP. An interesting feature of this gun was that it featured a silencing system which prevented the bullet from reaching supersonic speeds by venting some of the propellant gases. The gas vent hole could be closed in order to achieve normal bullet velocities.

References

MP2000
Submachine guns of Germany
École des Mines de Nantes. The École des Mines de Nantes (), or École nationale supérieure des mines de Nantes (), Mines Nantes, EMN, was a French engineering school (grande école), part of the  Institut Mines-Télécom. The school was based in Nantes, in the west of France. On 1 January 2017, it merged with Télécom Bretagne to form the IMT Atlantique.

The school offers 10 majors:
 Energy (GSE)
 Decision-making software engineering (GIPAD)
 Logistics and production systems (GOPL)
 Management of Information Technologies (OMTI)
 Information Systems engineering (GSI)
 Quality and Safety (QSF)
 Automation (AII)
 Environment (GE)
 Nuclear: Technologies, Safety and Environment (NTSE)
 Nuclear: Systems and Technologies Applied to Nuclear reactors (STAR)
 Nuclear: Sustainable Nuclear Energy and Waste Management (SNEWM) - International master taught in English

The EMN has also signed agreements with Audencia Business School to offer a joint degree in management of information technologies. The school depend on the French minister of industry.

Teaching philosophy
Although it offers a fairly typical education for an engineering school, the EMN strives to give its graduate a practical, pragmatic approach to the technical and business skills it teaches. Manifestations of this philosophy include programs such as the "Apprentissage par l'action" ("Learning through action"), a case-based approach to sciences that places students in front of industry-inspired puzzles and develops students' analytic skills and intellectual curiosity. The EMN is also a partner of "La main à la pâte" ("Hands in the dough"), an innovative initiative to teach sciences in primary courses supported by Georges Charpak, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1992.

Programs taught in English
EMN offers four Master of Science programs fully taught in English:

 MOST (MSc in Management and Optimization of Supply Chains and Transport)
 PM3E (Master of Science in Project Management for Environnemental and Energy Engineering)
 ME3 joint masters (European joint Masters in Management and Engineering of Environment and Energy) in collaboration with four other partners (UPM Madrid, KTH Stockholm, BME Budapest and Queen’s University Belfast). This program has obtained the prestigious Erasmus Mundus label of the European Union.
 SNEAM (Master of Science in Sustainable Nuclear Energy - Applications and Management)

Other schools of Mines in France

 École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi Carmaux (Mines Albi-Carmaux)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Alès (Mines Alès)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Nancy
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Paris (Mines ParisTech)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Sainte-Etienne)
 École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat (Mines Rabat)

External links
Ecole des Mines de Nantes

Grandes écoles
Engineering universities and colleges in France
Educational institutions established in 1990
1990 establishments in France
Jape (software). Jape is a configurable, graphical proof assistant, originally developed by Richard Bornat at Queen Mary, University of London and Bernard Sufrin the University of Oxford. The program is available for the Mac, Unix, and Windows operating systems. It is written in the Java programming language and released under the GNU GPL.

It is claimed that Jape is the most popular program for "computer-assisted logic teaching" that involves exercises in developing proofs in mathematical logic.

History

Jape was created in 1992 by Richard Bornat and Bernard Sufrin with the intent to get a better understanding of the formal reasoning. Bernard Sufrin came up with the name "Jape".

In 2019, they released the code on GitHub.

Overview

Jape supports human-directed discovery of proofs in a logic which is defined by the user as a system of inference rules. It maps the user's gestures (e.g. typing, mouse-clicks or mouse-drags) to the assistant's proof actions. Jape does not have any special knowledge of any object logic or theory, and it will make moves in a proof if and only if they are justifiable by rules of the object logic that is currently loaded. Jape allows to make proof steps and undo them, and it shows the effect of the added proof steps which helps to understand strategies for finding proofs. When the user adds and removes the proof steps, the proof tree is constructed which Jape can show either in a tree shape or in box forms. Jape allows to display proofs at different levels of abstraction. It is also possible to present a forward proof in a natural deduction style by using the specialized modes of display for proofs.

Jape works with variants of the sequent calculus and natural deduction. It also supports formal proofs with quantifiers.

See also
 List of proof assistants

References

External links
 Jape Online official distribution website
 Jape SourceForge portal
 Jape on Github

Proof assistants
Free theorem provers
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Software using the GNU General Public License
Free software programmed in OCaml
Bartok (compiler). Bartok is an optimizing compiler and managed runtime system for Common Intermediate Language (which .NET languages compile to), being developed by Microsoft Research.

Overview
Bartok aims to be efficient enough to be usable for writing operating systems. It provides services such as automatic memory management and garbage collection, threading, and marshalling data to and from native code, as well as verification of CIL code. Bartok is written in C#, including the garbage collector. Bartok is being used by Microsoft Research for the implementation of Singularity, a highly-dependable operating system written almost entirely in managed code.

Bartok allows various implementations of the garbage collector, base class library and other components to be chosen at runtime on a per-application basis. This feature is being used to write the different components of Singularity – kernel, device drivers, and applications – each using a separate class library that exposes functionality required by (and optimized for) the specific usage.

See also
 Roslyn (compiler)
 List of compilers

References

Further reading

External links
Microsoft Research

Compilers
Microsoft initiatives
Microsoft Research
Colloid mill. A colloid mill is a machine that is used to reduce the particle size of a solid in suspension in a liquid, or to reduce the droplet size in emulsions.  Colloid mills work on the rotor-stator principle: a rotor turns at high speeds (2000–18000 RPM).  A high level of  stress is applied on the fluid which results in disrupting and breaking down the  structure. Colloid mills are frequently used to increase the stability of suspensions and emulsions, but can also be used to reduce the particle size of solids in suspensions. Higher shear rates lead to smaller droplets, down to approximately 1 μm which are more resistant to emulsion separation.

Application suitability 
Colloid mills are used in the following industries:
 Pharmaceutical
 Cosmetic
 Paint
 Soap
 Textile
 Paper
 Food
Grease

Rotor - stator construction 
A colloidal mill consist of a high speed rotor and stator with a conical milling surfaces

 1 stage toothed
 3 stage toothed

Execution 

 fix gap 
 adjustable gap

References

See also
Homogenization (chemistry)

Chemical equipment
List of United States Navy weapons. 

Shipboard systems
 Aegis combat system
 Ship Self-Defense System
 MK 45 5-inch gun
 Phalanx CIWS 
 RGM-84 Harpoon
 Naval Strike Missile
 AGM-158C LRASM
 BGM-109 Tomahawk 
 RIM-66 Standard (SM-1MR/SM-2MR)
 RIM-67 Standard (SM-1ER/SM-2ER)
 RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
 RIM-161 Standard (SM-3)
 RIM-174 Standard (SM-6)
 RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile
 RUM-139 VL-ASROC
 Mark 46 torpedo
 Mark 48 torpedo
 Mark 50 torpedo
 Mark 54 torpedo
 Mark 60 Captor Mine
 Trident (D5) Ballistic missile

Aircraft systems
 M61 Vulcan
 AGM-84 Harpoon
 AGM-88 HARM
 AGM-65 Maverick
 AGM-119 Penguin
 AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon
 AIM-9 Sidewinder
 AIM-7 Sparrow
 AIM-120 AMRAAM
 AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER
 JDAM GPS-guided bombs
 Paveway laser-guided bombs
 CBU-100 Cluster Bomb
 B61 nuclear bomb
 Mark 82 dumb bomb
 Mk 77 incendiary bomb
 SCALPEL

See also
Electromagnetic Personnel Interdiction Control, prototype weapon

References
Globalsecurity.org Munitions section

Weapons
Weapons list
Naval weapons of the United States
Heating plant. A heating plant, also called a physical plant, or steam plant, generates thermal energy in the form of steam for use in district heating applications. Unlike combined heat and power installations which produce thermal energy as a by-product of electricity generation, heating plants are dedicated to generating heat for use in various processes.

Heating plants are commonly used at hospital or university campuses, military bases, office tower complexes, and public housing complexes. The plant will generate steam which is distributed to each building where it is used to make domestic hot water for human consumption, heating hot water in the case of hydronic heating systems, air conditioning through the use of absorption refrigeration units, air heating in HVAC units, humidification, industrial laundry systems, or sterilization at hospitals. The steam may be sold to each customer and billed through the use of a steam flow meter. 

They feature boilers, either water tube or fire tube, which generate steam for various uses and demands. The plant also hosts all of the boiler auxiliaries such as water treatment equipment, air handling, fuel handling, controls, instrument air, and various other plant systems which support the production of steam. 

The heating plant can use different fuels: 
 Natural gas
 Heating oil
 Biomass
 Coal
 Refuse

See also
 Combined heat and power
 Cogeneration
 District heating
 Power station

References

Boilers
Residential heating
X-PLOR. X-PLOR is a computer software package for computational structural biology originally developed by Axel T. Brunger at Yale University. It was first published in 1987 as an offshoot of CHARMM - a similar program that ran on supercomputers made by Cray Inc. It is used in the fields of X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (NMR) analysis. 

X-PLOR is a highly sophisticated program that provides an interface between theoretical foundations and experimental data in structural biology, with specific emphasis on X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solution of biological macro-molecules. It is intended mainly for researchers and students in the fields of computational chemistry, structural biology, and computational molecular biology.

See also
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
Molecular mechanics

References

External links
The program's reference manual hosted at Oxford University

Molecular dynamics software
Computer libraries
Kolej Vokasional Ipoh. The Kolej Vokasional Ipoh (formerly known as Sekolah Menengah Teknik Ipoh) is a public vocational college based in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.

The school was built in the early 1970s to educate and produce engineers. Its objectives are to provide Malaysia with a students who are equipped with a strong technical background and to teach students about basic engineering concepts.

External links
 

Vocational colleges in Malaysia
Universities and colleges in Perak
Technical universities and colleges in Malaysia
Engineering universities and colleges in Malaysia
Polyplex (company). Polyplex Corporation Ltd. is an Indian multinational company which produces biaxially oriented polyester (BoPET) film for packaging, electrical and various industrial applications.

The company is a major exporter of PET film to the United States, Europe, Southeast Asia, South America and Australia.

Manufacturing facilities
It has manufacturing facilities in India, Thailand, Turkey, the US, and Indonesia. The company, headquartered in Noida, adjacent to New Delhi, operates six manufacturing facilities through its own operations and subsidiaries:

 In Khatima, in the state of Uttarakhand, India
 In Bajpur, in the state of Uttarakhand, India
 In Rayong province, Thailand (operated by a subsidiary)
 In Tekirdağ, Turkey (operated by a subsidiary)
 In Decatur, Alabama in the USA (operated by a Subsidiary)
 In Serang, Banten in Indonesia (operated by a subsidiary)

References

Chemical companies of India
Packaging companies of India
Manufacturing companies based in Noida
Indian companies established in 1984
Chemical companies established in 1984
1984 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
RASC. RASC may be:
 Reconfigurable Application-Specific Computing, a specialized reconfigurable computer for high-performance computing
 Research and Advocacy Standing Committee, part of the Singapore Children's Society
 Royal Army Service Corps, a former corps of the British Army
 Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, formed in 1903

The former Royal Australian Survey Corps is sometimes incorrectly abbreviated RASC. Its correct abbreviation is RASvy.
Tour France. Tour France is a residential skyscraper located in La Défense business district and in Puteaux, France, west of Paris.

Built in 1973, the tower is one of the tallest residential towers in France, with a height of 126 metres. The tower is located on the banks of the Seine and offers a panorama over the historical center of Paris.

See also 
 List of tallest structures in Paris

External links 
  (Emporis)

Skyscraper office buildings in La Défense
Residential skyscrapers
Apartment buildings in France
Office buildings completed in 1973
Residential buildings completed in 1973
Emm Brook. The Emm Brook, sometimes known as the Embrook or Emmbrook, is a small river in the English county of Berkshire. It is a tributary of the River Loddon which it meets at the village of Hurst.

The Wokingham suburb of Emmbrook is named after the river.

The Emm Brook passes through Dinton Pastures Country Park, where the original route has been diverted to enable gravel extraction in the 1970s.
It flows along the eastern boundary of The Emmbrook School.

On 20 July 2007 the river suffered a flash flood that breached banks at Emmbrook School, among others. It destroyed the ground floor rooms and computer suites causing them to be totally rebuilt over the summer holiday.

Water quality
The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.

The water quality of the Emm Brook was as follows in 2019:

References

External links 

Rivers of Berkshire
1Emm
Tangent modulus. In solid mechanics, the tangent modulus is the slope of the stress–strain curve at any specified stress or strain. Below the proportional limit (the limit of the linear elastic regime) the tangent modulus is equivalent to Young's modulus. Above the proportional limit the tangent modulus varies with strain and is most accurately found from test data. The Ramberg–Osgood equation relates Young's modulus to the tangent modulus and is another method for obtaining the tangent modulus.

The tangent modulus is useful in describing the behavior of materials that have been stressed beyond the elastic region. When a material is plastically deformed there is no longer a linear relationship between stress and strain as there is for elastic deformations. The tangent modulus quantifies the "softening" or "hardening" of material that generally occurs when it begins to yield.

Although the material softens it is still generally able to sustain more load before ultimate failure. Therefore, more weight efficient structure can be designed when plastic behavior is considered. For example, a structural analyst may use the tangent modulus to quantify the buckling failure of columns and flat plates.

See also
Young's modulus
Elasticity
ASTM

References
ASTM E 111 – 04, "Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature," ASTM International

Elasticity (physics)