omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Process optimization. Process optimization is the discipline of adjusting a process so as to make the best or most effective use of some specified set of parameters without violating some constraint. Common goals are minimizing cost and maximizing throughput and/or efficiency. Process optimization is one of the major quantitative tools in industrial decision making.

When optimizing a process, the goal is to maximize one or more of the process specifications, while keeping all others within their constraints. This can be done by using a process mining tool, discovering the critical activities and bottlenecks, and acting only on them.

Areas 
Fundamentally, there are three parameters that can be adjusted to affect optimal performance. They are:
 Equipment optimization
The first step is to verify that the existing equipment is being used to its fullest advantage by examining operating data to identify equipment bottlenecks.

 Operating procedures
Operating procedures may vary widely from person-to-person or from shift-to-shift. Automation of the plant can help significantly. But automation will be of no help if the operators take control and run the plant manually.

 Control optimization
In a typical processing plant, such as a chemical plant or oil refinery, there are hundreds or even thousands of control loops. Each control loop is responsible for controlling one part of the process, such as maintaining a temperature, level, or flow.

If the control loop is not properly designed and tuned, the process runs below its optimum. The process will be more expensive to operate, and equipment will wear out prematurely. For each control loop to run optimally, identification of sensor, valve, and tuning problems is important. It has been well documented that over 35% of control loops typically have problems.

The process of continuously monitoring and optimizing the entire plant is sometimes called performance supervision.

See also 
 Calculation of glass properties, optimization of several properties
 Deficit irrigation to optimize water productivity
 Process simulation
 Taguchi methods

External links
 TORSCHE Scheduling Toolbox for Matlab, a freely available software toolbox of scheduling and graph algorithms

Business process management
Mathematical optimization in business
BSX. BSX may refer to:
 Bendigo Stock Exchange, in Australia
 Bermuda Stock Exchange
 Boston Scientific, a Fortune 500 medical device company
 BS-X: Sore wa Namae o Nusumareta Machi no Monogatari, the video game interface for the Satellaview.
 Sometimes used by fans to refer to the Satellaview device itself.
 Brain-specific homeobox, a homeobox transcription factor, important for neural development
Valence bond programs. Valence bond (VB) computer programs for modern valence bond calculations:-

 CRUNCH, by Gordon A. Gallup and his group.
 GAMESS (UK), includes calculation of VB wave functions by the TURTLE code, due to J.H. van Lenthe.
 GAMESS (US), has links to interface VB2000, and XMVB.
 MOLPRO and MOLCAS include code by David L. Cooper for generating Spin Coupled VB wave functions from CASSCF calculations.
 VB2000 version 3.0 (released, 2022), by Jiabo Li, Brian Duke, David W. O. de Sousa, Rodrigo S. Bitzer and Roy McWeeny allows the use of Group Function theory, whereby different groups can be handled by different methods (VB or Hartree–Fock). Many types of VB, including spin-coupled VB, and CASVB calculations are possible. It is part of the GAMESS (US) release and can be compiled into the GAMESS(US) executable. There is a more limited stand-alone program. Earlier versions were interfaced to GAUSSIAN. 
 XMVB (previously known as XIAMEN), by Lingchun Song, Yirong Mo, Qianer Zhang and Wei Wu. This allows several VB methods, including breathing orbital VB. The code now interfaces to GAMESS (US) in a similar manner to VB2000. Earlier versions interfaced to GAUSSIAN 98.

Note that several other programs, as well as some of those above, can do Goddard's Generalized Valence Bond (GVB) methods. GAMESS (US) does this either without the VB2000 interface or with it.

See also
Quantum chemistry computer programs

References

Computational chemistry software
Quantum chemistry
Iron(II) acetate. Iron(II) acetate describes compounds with formula  where x can be 0 (anhydrous) or 4 (tetrahydrate). The anhydrous compound is a white solid, although impure samples can be slightly colored.  The tetrahydrate is light green solid that is highly soluble in water.

Preparation and structure

Iron powder reacts with acetic acid to give the ferrous acetate, with evolution of hydrogen gas:
Fe + 2 CH3CO2H → Fe(CH3CO2)2 + H2
Reaction of scrap iron with acetic acid affords a brown mixture of various iron(II) and iron(III) acetates that are used in dyeing.

It can also be made from the insoluble, olive green, Iron(II) carbonate.

It adopts a polymeric structure with octahedral Fe(II) centers interconnected by acetate ligands. It is a coordination polymer.

Uses
Ferrous acetate is used as a mordant by the dye industry. Ebonizing wood is one such process.

References

Acetates
Iron(II) compounds
Waterworks (card game). Waterworks is a card game created by Parker Brothers in 1972, named for the space Water Works in the game Monopoly. The game pieces consist of: a deck of 110 pipe cards, a bathtub-shaped card tray, and 10 small metal wrenches. The object is for each player to create a pipeline of a designated length that begins with a valve and ends with a spout.

Players race to be the first to complete a continuous, leak-free pipeline that connects their valve card to their spout card, while opposing players try to give them leaks that must be fixed.

Gameplay 
Players begin with a hand of five pipe cards and two wrenches. Cards used in play are lead pipe cards, copper pipe cards (invulnerable to leaks), and lead pipe cards that are already leaky. The valve card is placed on the table to begin a player's pipeline.  The spout card is set aside until it is used by a player who has completed their pipeline, and then immediately the player ends the game by placing the spout aimed down toward the player.

A number of different pipe shapes (L-bends, T-pipes, straight, etc.) are represented in the game. Leaky pipes can only be added to the end or over the last piece of another player's pipeline, and players cannot add to their pipeline until leaks are repaired. Leaks are repaired by either placing an intact pipe of the same shape over the leak or placing a wrench on the leak card. Repaired pipes cannot leak again. Play proceeds clockwise and new cards are drawn after cards are played. Players always have the option of exchanging a single card rather than playing a card.

Cards required to win 
The minimum length of the pipeline required to win varies by the number of players, as follows:

Other rules 
 Each player can do one of the following items: (1) place a "good" pipe card on your pipeline, (2) place a metal wrench on a leaky pipe in his or her own pipeline, (3) place a "leaky" pipe card on another player's pipeline, or (4) discard a card face up in the "discard" pile.
 When a wrench is played to fix a leaky pipe, that wrench can never be moved and this constitutes a complete turn.  The player does not pick up or discard a card.
 When a player's turn ends he or she should pick a card (unless a wrench was played) and always have five cards in hand.
 Cards are always played vertically.  No card can be played such that it is oriented 90 degrees, or "sideways," compared to the rest of the pipeline.
 No play is allowed which would create more than one leak on a player's pipeline at one time.

Reissued edition 
Winning Moves Games has reissued the game as Waterworks Classic.

Reception
Games magazine included Waterworks in their "Top 100 Games of 1980", praising it as "a hilarious way to spend 20 minutes".

Games magazine included Waterworks in their "Top 100 Games of 1981", praising it as an "interesting card game".

References

Card games introduced in 1972
Dedicated deck card games
Parker Brothers games
Winning Moves games
Shell builtin. In computing, a shell builtin is a command or a function, called from a shell, that is executed directly in the shell itself, instead of an external executable program which the shell would load and execute.

Shell builtins work significantly faster than external programs, because there is no program loading overhead. However, their code is inherently present in the shell, and thus modifying or updating them requires modifications to the shell. Therefore, shell builtins are usually used for simple, almost trivial, functions, such as text output.
Because of the nature of some operating systems, some functions of the systems must necessarily be implemented as shell builtins. The most notable example is the cd command, which changes the working directory of the shell. Since each executable program runs in a separate process, and working directories are specific to each process, loading cd as an external program would not affect the working directory of the shell that loaded it.

See also
 BusyBox
 Internal DOS command

References

External links
 List of special shell builtin commands
 List of MS-DOS internal commands

Command shells
Methane (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on methane.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Annotation "(s)" indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid.  Note that these are all negative temperature values.

Spectral data

References

Cited sources

Chemical data pages
Methane
Chemical data pages cleanup
Butane (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on n-butane.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as eChemPortal, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

n-Butane: Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Spectral data

References

Chemical data pages
Data page
Chemical data pages cleanup
General-purpose macro processor. A general-purpose macro processor or general purpose preprocessor is a macro processor that is not tied to or integrated with a particular language or piece of software.

A macro processor is a program that copies a stream of text from one place to another, making a systematic set of replacements as it does so. Macro processors are often embedded in other programs, such as assemblers and compilers. Sometimes they are standalone programs that can be used to process any kind of text.

Macro processors have been used for language expansion (defining new language constructs that can be expressed in terms of existing language components), for systematic text replacements that require decision making, and for text reformatting (e.g. conditional extraction of material from an HTML file).

Examples of general purpose macro processors

See also

References 

Programming language implementation
Martel (missile). The Martel is an Anglo-French missile. The name Martel is a contraction of Missile, Anti-Radiation, Television, referring to the guidance options. There are two variants, the passive radar anti-radiation missile version, AS.37, and the television guided anti-ship missile, AJ 168.

The aircraft that used these missiles were the Blackburn Buccaneer (up to three TV or four ARM variant), the SEPECAT Jaguar (two), the Mirage III/F1 (one or two), and the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod (at least one). The Martel was suited to anti-ship attack with its long range and heavy warhead. There was not, at the time, a small radar homing missile like the AGM-84 Harpoon with an active radar, so the only viable solution was a video or ARM sensor. With a relatively long range, a heavy payload, and a subsonic speed, this missile compares more to an anti-ship weapon like the Exocet or the AS.34 Kormoran than an anti-radar missile. It weighs three times as much as the AGM-45 Shrike, with half the speed but much greater range and explosive power.

It was possible to adapt the Martel ARM to be used against different wavelength radars. It was an improvement compared to the early AGM-78 Standard ARM missiles, that had only one narrow-band homing sensor. But the ARM sensor was only selectable on the ground, not in flight and so before taking-off it was necessary to know what kind of radar was being attacked.

The UK has used both types, the French only the radar-equipped variant. The Martel fuselage forms the basis for the Sea Eagle anti-ship missile with a turbojet to improve range, while the French used it to develop ARMAT, an advanced ARM missile in the 1980s. For ARM functions, the RAF adopted a totally new and much smaller missile, the ALARM.

Operational history
The Martel was used by France against Libya during the Epervier military operation, supporting Chad.  On 7 January 1987 four French Jaguars took off carrying one Martel each. Three did not launch their missiles, for they were programmed to aim at specific radar wavelengths,  but the last one hit an SA-6 radar, destroying it completely.

On 7 March, following an air raid by Libyan MiG-21s and MiG-23s, another strike was mounted by ten Martel-equipped Jaguars from EC 4/11 (or more likely EC 3/3 "Ardennes" as that unit was the Martel specialist) against the radar installations at Ouadi Doum air base.

Operators

Current operators

 Egyptian Air Force

 Indian Air Force

Former operators

 Iraqi Air Force

 Royal Air Force

 French Air Force

References

Further reading
 War Machine Encyclopedia, Limited Publishing 1984, Pgs. 1445-46 (Italian version printed by De Agostini)
 Sgarlato, Nico, In Volo Contro I Radar, A&D Magazine, Delta Editions, December 1990.

AS-37 Martel
Cold War anti-ship missiles of the United Kingdom
Matra
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
Anti-radiation missiles of the United Kingdom
Television guided weapons
Air-to-surface missiles of the Cold War
Air-to-surface missiles of France
Inertia (disambiguation). Inertia is the resistance of a physical object to change in its velocity.

Inertia may also refer to:

Science and engineering
 Moment of inertia, the resistance to angular acceleration
 In mechanical engineering, simply "inertia" is often used to refer to "inertial mass" or "moment of inertia"
 Second moment of area, a geometrical property of a body that determines its resistance to bending
 Thermal inertia or effusivity, the resistance of an object or body to temperature change in response to heat input
 Sylvester's law of inertia, a theorem in matrix algebra
 Sleep inertia, a psychological state
 Climate inertia, a slowness of the Earth system to changes in significant factors such as greenhouse gas levels
 Ecological inertia, the ability of a living system to resist external fluctuations

Social science
 Cognitive inertia, resistance to change in an individual's beliefs
 Psychological inertia, a tendency to favor omission over commission due to a lack of incentive to act
 Psychical inertia, a term introduced by Carl Jung
 Social inertia, description of a person's resistance to change in psychology and sociology
 Corporate inertia or unwillingness to change, a diseconomy of scale in microeconomics

Arts and entertainment
 Inertia (film), a 2001 Canadian drama
 Inertia (Marvel Comics), a fictional hero
 Inertia (DC Comics), a fictional antagonist
 "Inertia" (short story), a story by Nancy Kress

Music
 Inertia, an Irish DJ duo, the pairing of John O'Callaghan and Neal Scarborough
 Inertia (The Exies album), an album by The Exies
 Inertia (Derek Sherinian album), an album by Derek Sherinian
 "Inertia" (song), by AJR from the album The Maybe Man
 "Inertia", a song by Blur from the album Leisure
 "Inertia", a song by Bruce Dickinson from the album Skunkworks
 "Inertia", a song by In Hearts Wake from the album Divination
 "Inertia", a song by Insomnium from the album One for Sorrow
 "Inertia", a song by The Wonder Stuff from the album Never Loved Elvis
 "Inertia", a song by 20syl
Cessna 425. The Cessna 425, known as the Corsair and later as the Conquest I, is an eight-seat American pressurized turboprop twin-engined light aircraft. Now out of production, it was built by Cessna Aircraft of Wichita, Kansas, between 1980 and 1986.

Design and development 
The 425 was introduced as a competitor to the Beechcraft King Air. The 425 was introduced in 1980 and was a derivation of the Cessna 421, powered by two  Pratt & Whitney PT6 engines. In comparison to the King Air C90, "the result was an $875,000 pressurized twin-turboprop that could fly 15 knots to 20 knots faster than the C90, cruise 250 miles farther with four passengers aboard and burn 15-percent less fuel ... it also costs $200,000 less to buy."

The 425 was very easy to fly and was noted by reviewers for its spacious cabin with large windows for good visibility and comfortable seats.

The original Corsair was developed into the Conquest I by customer demand for more cabin space and a higher maximum takeoff weight.  Cessna worked on upgrades that would allow more cabin space and passengers. Essentially, the upgrades increased maximum takeoff weight. The Cessna 441 had previously been called the Conquest but was renamed the Conquest II. Earlier model Corsairs can be upgraded to the Conquest I standard with factory-provided modification kits.

Due to economic conditions in general aviation, sales decreased in the mid-1980s, and production of the 425 ended in 1986.

Specifications (Cessna 425 - 1982 Corsair)

See also

References

External links

AVweb detailed review: Cessna Conquest I

425
1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1978
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
British Power International. British Power International (BPI) provides design and advisory solutions to the power sector and is based in Colchester, Essex. BPI is part of the Freedom Group, who has recently been acquired by NG Bailey.

The company's design practice focuses on power system planning, design, asset management and provides associated project management, safety and quality assurance services. Its consulting practice provides advice on the technical, financial, safety and environmental aspects of power generation, transmission, distribution and supply in a range of regulatory frameworks and market conditions. Based in the UK it operates worldwide.

Customers

The company has a broad customer base. BPI has worked for the UK Government and UK Regulatory Authority (Ofgem)  as an adviser and auditor of electricity companies’ performance. It provides design services to electricity network operators in the UK.
Internationally it works for NGOs, including the Asian Development bank, as well as Governments, Regulatory Authorities and actual and potential investors in the power sector.

Community
The company has recognised the shortage of qualified engineers in the UK and has taken initiatives to encourage students to take an interest in the electricity sector. BPI has supported the work of both Colchester Institute in setting up a course  specifically aimed at preparing students for a career in the power sector, and the Masters Programme  at the University of Newcastle.

History
Formed in 1979 as British Electricity International, it was the international arm of the UK's electricity supply industry, exporting technical and commercial expertise worldwide. Following the privatisation of the electricity industry, ownership passed later on, to a successor company, National Power at that time; from 1996 (renamed as British Power International) it became part of Eastern Group, one of the UK's leading power companies.

In 1999 it became an independent consultancy practice (British Power International Limited).

In 2008 Spice plc acquired British Power International ltd. In September 2011 Spice Limited rebranded as EnServe Group.

References

International engineering consulting firms
Engineering consulting firms of the United Kingdom
Electrical engineering companies of the United Kingdom
British companies established in 1979
1979 establishments in England
ACEC. ACEC may refer to:

Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility, a branch of the International Electrotechnical Commission
American Council of Engineering Companies, a representative of America's engineering industry
Area of Critical Environmental Concern, a program managed by the Bureau of Land Management
Area of Critical Environmental Concern (Massachusetts), a state level land protection program in Massachusetts
Australian Computers in Education Conference, a conference held by the Australian Council for Computers in Education every two years
SA Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi, Belgian electrical engineering company founded in 1904, defunct 1989
End-of-Transmission-Block character. End-of-Transmission-Block (ETB) is a communications control character used to indicate the end of a block of data for communications purposes. ETB is used for segmenting data into blocks when the block structure is not necessarily related to the processing function.

In ASCII, ETB is code point 23 (0x17, or  in caret notation) in the C0 control code set. In EBCDIC, ETB is code point 0x26.

Unicode also includes a character for the visual representation of the character: .

References
Nichols A., Nichols et al.: Data Communications for Microcomputers (1982) 

ASCII
Control characters
Hawker Duiker. The Hawker Duiker was an unusual and unsuccessful aircraft. It was the first design at Hawker under a new chief designer, Captain Thomson, in 1922. Much of the equipment and parts were proprietary and made by another aircraft company, Vickers, which shared the airfield at Brooklands with Hawker. The Duiker was a parasol wing monoplane in a period where the biplane held sway.

Design and development
The Duiker was designed to meet a requirement for a Corps Reconnaissance aircraft to carry out operations in support of the Army, which eventually was drawn up into Air Ministry Specification 7/22.

The Duiker had an all-wood structure. The wing was slightly swept back, which gave rise to instability at all speeds, and even caused the separation of the wing from the rear struts. The fin was rather small and was typical of Sopwith design in shape. An Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar engine was initially used, but this was later changed to a Bristol Jupiter IV. The first flight took place in July 1923. Only one aircraft was built.

Specifications

See also

References

 Mason, Francis K, Hawker Aircraft since 1920. London:Putnam, Third edition 1991. .

1920s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Duiker
Aircraft first flown in 1923
GMD SW1200MG. The GMD SW1200MG is a 4-axle electric locomotive built by General Motors Diesel between 1963 and 1971. The locomotive is the electric version of the diesel powered SW1200, with the prime mover replaced by a motor-generator set, hence the MG suffix in the model number. 

Locomotives run under 2400V 60 Hz, in automatic control without driver. The difference with SW1200 is that a single-phase electric motor is provided in place of the diesel engine, with adapted control.

Nine examples of this locomotive were built for a single Canadian customer – Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC).

See also 
List of GMD Locomotives

References

External links 
technical leaflet (in french)
IOC

SW1200MG
B-B locomotives
Electric locomotives of Canada
Railway locomotives introduced in 1963
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada

Shunting locomotives