omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pararealgar. Pararealgar is an arsenic sulfide mineral with the chemical formula , also represented as AsS. It forms gradually from realgar under exposure to light. Its name derives from the fact that its elemental composition is identical to realgar, . It is soft with a Mohs hardness of 1 - 1.5, is yellow orange in colour, and its monoclinic prismatic crystals are very brittle, easily crumbling to powder.

It is one of the sulfides of arsenic and is one of two isomers of . It forms upon exposure of the symmetrical isomer to light. Its name derives from the fact that its elemental composition is identical to realgar, .

Structure

Both isomers of  are molecular, in contrast to the other main sulfide of arsenic, orpiment (), which is polymeric. In pararealgar, there are three kinds of As centres (and three kinds of S centres). The molecule has Cs symmetry. In realgar, the four As (and four S) centres are equivalent and the molecule has D2d symmetry. An analogous pair of isomers is also recognized for the corresponding phosphorus sulfides .

Occurrence
Pararealgar occurs as an alteration product of realgar in stibnite-bearing quartz veins typically as a result of exposure to light. It occurs associated with realgar, stibnite, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite, duranusite, native arsenic, arsenolite, native sulfur, lepidocrocite and pyrite.

It was first described in 1980 for an occurrence in the Grey Rock Mine, Truax Creek, Bridge River area, Lillooet Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada. It has since been reported from a variety of locations worldwide.

Formation
Pararealgar is an alteration product of realgar resulting from exposure to light. The process of alteration is dependent on the wavelength of light, with alteration only occurring at wavelengths longer than approximately 500 nm, in the visible light spectrum.

In realgar's crystal structure, each arsenic atom is bonded to two sulphur atoms and one other arsenic atom. The As-As bonds are 30% weaker than the As-S bonds and certain wavelengths of lights interact with the crystal structure of realgar, breaking the weaker bonds between arsenic atoms. The free As formed as a result of this process destabilises the realgar structure, causing the realgar to become powdery pararealgar without changing overall chemical composition.

References

Arsenic minerals
Sulfide minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
William McAlpine. William McAlpine may refer to:

William J. McAlpine (1812–1890), American civil engineer
Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet (1936–2018), British businessman
William McAlpine (tenor) (1922–2004), Scottish tenor
William H. McAlpine (1847-1905) American minister and educator

See also
 McAlpine Locks and Dam, named for William McAlpine, district engineer for the Corps of Louisville, Kentucky
The Heroic Age of American Invention. The Heroic Age of American Invention is a science book for children by L. Sprague de Camp, published by Doubleday in 1961. It was reprinted in 1993 by Barnes & Noble under the alternate title The Heroes of American Invention. The book has been translated in Portuguese.

Summary
By "heroic age" the author means the era of American history in which individual initiative and enterprise constituted the primary thread in technical innovation, roughly from the early 19th century until mass production and corporate enterprise outpaced that of the individual around the time of World War I. The story of innovation is told through the biographies and inventions of thirty-two key inventors of the United States' Industrial Revolution, whom de Camp feels were pivotal in converting the country from an agrarian nation to an industrial one.

Some of the inventors spotlighted include Robert L. Stevens, George Westinghouse, Joseph Henry, Samuel Morse, Samuel Colt, Hiram Stevens Maxim, Hudson Maxim, Cyrus McCormick, John Ericsson, William Kelly, Ottmar Mergenthaler, Christopher Latham Sholes, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison, Elihu Thomson, Nikola Tesla, George Baldwin Selden, Samuel Pierpoint Langley, Wilbur Wright, Orville Wright, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, Lee de Forest, and Edwin Howard Armstrong.

Contents
I. Invention Comes to America
II. The Heroic Age Begins
III. The Stevenses and Railroading
IV. Henry, Morse, and the Telegraph
V. Colt and Other Gunmakers
VI. McCormick and Farm Machinery
VII. Ericsson and the Modern Warship
VIII. Kelly and Steel Refining
IX. Mergenthaler, Sholes, and Writing Machines
X. Bell and the Telephone
XI. Edison and the Electric Light
XII. Thomson and Alternating-Current Power
XIII. Selden and the Automobile
XIV. Langley, The Wrights, and Flying
XV. Fessenden, De Forest, and Radio
XVI. The End of the Heroic Age
Notes
Bibliography
Index

References

1961 children's books
1961 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
Children's non-fiction books
Technology books
Books by L. Sprague de Camp
Doubleday (publisher) books
History of science and technology in the United States
American children's books
Children's history books about the United States
Children's books about science
Cultural depictions of Alexander Graham Bell
Cultural depictions of Thomas Edison
Cultural depictions of Nikola Tesla
Cultural depictions of the Wright brothers
Ural-375. The Ural-375 is a general purpose 4.5 ton 6×6 truck produced at the Ural Automotive Plant in the Russian SFSR from 1961 to 1993. The Ural-375 replaced the  ZIL-157 as the standard Soviet Army truck in 1979, and was replaced by the Ural-4320.

The Ural-375 was used, for example, as a platform for the BM-21 Grad rocket launcher, as a troop carrier, and as a supply carrier.

Models

The Ural-375 comes in a variety of models (the list is not exhaustive):

Ural-375, the base model. It has a canvas roof, and no steel cabin
Ural-375A, a slightly longer model
Ural-375D, the most produced 375; it has a proper all-steel cabin
Ural-375E KET-L, a recovery vehicle equipped a front-mounted and a rear-mounted winch along with a jib crane.  
Ural-375S, a 6×6 tractor
Ural-377, a civilian 6×4 truck
Ural-377S, a 6×4 tractor
Ural-375DM, modernized version of the Ural-375D, built at least until 1991

Specifications

Conventional cab, 3 seats
Payload: 4,800 kg (10,580 lb)
Max. permissible mass: 13,200 kg (29,100 lb)
Suspension: live beam axles, leaf springs
Engine:  (GOST) ZIL-375Ya 7.0-litre V8 petrol (carburetor) pushrod engine
Gearbox: 5×2-speed gearbox
Max. speed: 
Brakes: Pneumatic drum brakes
Fording depth: 1500 mm (59 in)
Dimensions: L×W×H = 7350 × 2690 × 2980 mm (289.4 × 105.9 × 117.3 in); includes tarpaulin
Track width: 2000 mm (78.7 in)
Turning circle: 22,000 mm (866 in)
Ground Clearance: 400 mm (15.7 in)
Tires: , pressure 
Fuel tank: 
Fuel economy:

Users

 
 
 
 
 
 : Received Ural-375Ds during 1970s.
 
 
 : Only specialized variants in use.
  - 4000+ in active service over 10,000 in storage most in need of overhaul.
 
 
 Transnistria
 : Seen in use during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Former users
 
 : Passed onto Germany.
 : All destroyed or retired since 2003.
 : All destroyed or retired, only one known in conservation in poor shape.
 : Passed into successor states.

See also
Ural-5323
Russian Ground Forces

References

External links

 Official website GAZ Group Ural

Ural Automotive Plant trucks
Military trucks of the Soviet Union
Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s
Gerard Kleisterlee. Gerard Johannes Kleisterlee (born 28 September 1946) is a Dutch businessman and engineer. He is the chairman of Vodafone, former supervisory board chairman of ASML Holding, and the former president and CEO of Philips.

Early life
Born in Ludwigsburg, Germany, on 28 September 1946 to Dutch and German parents, he was raised in the Netherlands. He was educated at a Jesuit-run Canisius College in Winterswijk, followed by the Eindhoven University of Technology, where he earned a MSc degree in electronic engineering. He received an MBA from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton Business School in 1991. He attended the program for executive development at the Swiss business school International Institute for Management Development (IMD) in Lausanne.

Career
Trained as an electronics engineer, like his father, he worked at Philips for almost all of his life. From 1981 to 1986 he was general manager of Philips' Professional Audio Product Group. Kleisterlee joined Philips Components in 1986. After becoming general manager of Philips Display Components for Europe. He was appointed managing director of Philips Display Components Worldwide in 1994. He became president of Philips Taiwan and Regional Manager for Philips Components in Asia-Pacific in 1996. From September 1997 through June 1998 he was also responsible for all the activities of the Philips Group in China. He served on the Hong Kong Chief Executive's Council of International Advisers from 1998 to 2005.

In May 2001 Kleisterlee succeeded Cor Boonstra as CEO of Philips. In 2006, he spun off the volatile semiconductors business into a separate entity NXP Semiconductors, and then sold a controlling 80.1% stake to a consortium of private equity investors. His tenure as CEO has been credited with turning the company around and returning Philips to its original focus areas.

He was succeeded by Frans van Houten as CEO of Philips in April 2011. A director of Dell, Kleisterlee was nominated as the successor at Vodafone to chairman John Bond in January 2011, a position he assumed in July 2011. He was awarded an Honorary doctorate from the Catholic University of Leuven in 2005. He was named 2006 Europe Businessman of the Year by Fortune.

Personal life
He is married, with three children.

References

External links
Philips biography

1946 births
Living people
People from Eindhoven
Dutch people of German descent
Dutch chief executives in the technology industry
Dutch chief executives in the manufacturing industry
Dutch corporate directors
21st-century Dutch engineers
Dutch businesspeople
Philips employees
Wharton School alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Vodafone people
System Commander. System Commander (SC for short) is a graphical boot manager/loader software application developed by VCOM. The software allowed for multiple operating systems to be installed onto a machine at once, providing a menu from which the user selected the operating system they wished to boot from. Other software with similar functionality includes NTLDR, LILO, GRUB, and Graphical Boot Manager. One of its components was named Partition Commander.

Overview
System Commander was introduced in 1993 by V Communications, sometimes referred to as VCOM.

Description
A major feature of System Commander is its ability to hide partitions. An operating system could be configured to not recognize other partitions, preventing the data of other installed operating systems from being accessed or tampered with.

System Commander requires either 32-bit DOS or Windows (95/98/Me/2000/XP/2003/Vista) to install.

The software can run in screen resolutions up to 1600x1200.

Partition Commander
The package also included a partition manager (VCOM's Partition Commander) for creating, resizing and deleting partitions. Partition Commander was not the only software in this market; PartitionMagic was a recognized alternative.

A 2005 review noted that some of the conveniences of Partition Magic, such as walk away and let a series of operations take place; with Partition Commander "you have to wait until each task is complete before initiating the next."

See also
 Glossary of operating systems terms
 Hypervisor
 List of disk partitioning software
 System image

References

External links 
 Partition Commander on VCOM's website
 

Boot loaders
Disk partitioning software
Proprietary software
Discontinued software
Utilities for Windows
Gas burner. A gas burner is a device that produces a non-controlled flame by mixing a fuel gas such as acetylene, natural gas, or propane with an oxidizer such as the ambient air or supplied oxygen, and allowing for ignition and combustion.

The flame is generally used for the heat, infrared radiation, or visible light it produces. Some burners, such as gas flares, dispose of unwanted or uncontainable flammable gases. Some burners are operated to produce carbon black.

The gas burner has many applications such as soldering, brazing, and welding, the latter using oxygen instead of air for producing a hotter flame, which is required for melting steel. Chemistry laboratories use natural-gas fueled Bunsen burners. In domestic and commercial settings gas burners are commonly used in gas stoves and cooktops. For melting metals with melting points of up to 1100 °C (such as copper, silver, and gold), a propane burner with a natural drag of air can be used. For higher temperatures, acetylene is commonly used in combination with oxygen.

Flame temperatures of common gases and fuels

The above data is given with the following assumptions:
The flame is adiabatic
The surrounding air is at 20 °C, 1 bar (atm)
Complete combustion (no soot, and more blue-like flame is the key) (Stoichiometric)
Peak Temperature These notes are not assumptions, and need more clarification:
Speed of Combustion (has no effect on temperature, but more energy released per second (as adiabatic) compared to normal flame)
Spectral bands also affect colour of flame, as of what part and elements of combustion
Blackbody radiation (colour appearance only because of heat)
Atmosphere - affects temperature of flame and colour due to the atmospheric colour effect

Flammability limits and ignition temperatures of common gases

(Atmosphere is air at 20 degrees Celsius.)

Combustion values of common gases

References
Pocket Guide to Fire and Arson Investigation, second edition, FM Global, Table 1, 2, and 3
Gas burner at the Encyclopædia Britannica

Burners
Fuel gas
Tools
Welding
Methane
Acetylene
Propane
Butane
GNR Class O2. The Great Northern Railway (GNR) Class O2 was a class of three-cylinder 2-8-0 steam locomotives designed by Nigel Gresley for freight work and built by the GNR from 1921.  Further examples were built by the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) from 1924.

Sub-classes
The LNER created four subclasses: 

 O2/1, Introduced 1921. Development of experimental Gresley GNR 3-cylinder locomotive (LNER 3921). Subsequently rebuilt with side-window cab and reduced boiler mountings.
 O2/2, Introduced 1924. Development of O2/1 with detail differences.
 O2/3, Introduced 1932. Development of O2/2 with side-window cab and reduced boiler mountings.
 O2/4, Introduced 1943. Rebuilt with 100A (B1 type) boiler and smokebox extended backwards.

GNR
The first models of this class were designed and built under GNR ownership, the first locomotive, 461, was built in May 1918. A batch of ten further O2s was built by the North British Locomotive Co. in 1921.

LNER

Fifteen more O2s were built immediately after the Grouping in 1923. Sixteen more were delivered in 1932 and 1933. Wartime requirements led to the construction of 25 from 1942 to 43 in three batches.

British Railways

All 67 locomotives passed to British Railways (BR) in 1948 and were given BR Numbers 63921–63987, but 63921 (which was the prototype 461, LNER 3921) was quickly scrapped. They served all across the former LNER from Stratford through East Anglia into the East Midlands, primarily hauling coal and iron ore trains. By winter 1955/56, they had all gravitated to Doncaster (36A - 35 locomotives), Grantham (35B - 14 locomotives) and Retford (36E - 17 locomotives). By winter 1962, they were down to 52 locomotives still in much the same locations, the following having been scrapped: 63929/34/44/47/50-55/57-59/70.

By the end of 1963, all members of the class had been scrapped.

Gallery

References

 British Railways Locomotives Combined Volume Winter 1955/56, part 4, p. 32, and the locoshed section, p. 71.
 British Railways Locomotives Combined Volume 11/62, p. 144

External links 

 LNER encyclopedia

O2
2-8-0 locomotives
1′D h3 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1921
Scrapped locomotives
NBL locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives
Longview Lake. Longview Lake is a  freshwater reservoir in parts of Kansas City, Lee's Summit, and Grandview, all in Jackson County, Missouri.  The reservoir is part of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Little Blue River Project for flood control, recreation, and fish and wildlife conservation. The lake is located in the  Longview Lake Park, which is managed by Jackson County Parks and Recreation.

History
The Little Blue River Project was authorized by the U.S. Congress in 1968. Thereafter the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers purchased a portion of Longview Farm, a location once known as The World's Most Beautiful Farm.
Construction on the Longview Dam began in 1979 and was completed in 1985. The park opened in 1986, and draws an average of one million visitors per year.

Activities
Longview Lake offers a variety of water recreation activities:

Boating: Power boating, jet skis and similar personal water craft are allowed on the lake. A full-service marina is available for concessions, fuel, fishing supplies, and slip rental.
Fishing: Longview Lake is stocked with a wide variety of fish species to please anglers. They include bluegill, largemouth bass, carp, channel catfish, crappie, and walleye.
Swimming beach: A full acre of sand makes for plenty of room to sunbathe, join in a game of beach volleyball, or enjoy the water.

The surrounding Longview Lake Park presents opportunities for camping, golf, softball, equestrian activities, picnicking, hiking and biking, and radio-controlled aircraft flying.  A popular seasonal activity is "Christmas in the Park". Over 300,000 bulbs and 175 animated figures set a festive holiday mood in a free drive-through. The event, first held in 1988, draws an estimated 200,000 visitors each holiday season.

Around the lake

References

See also
 Longview Farm
 Metropolitan Community College - Longview

Reservoirs in Missouri
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Buildings and structures in Jackson County, Missouri
Protected areas of Jackson County, Missouri
Parks in the Kansas City metropolitan area
Triathlon venues
Bodies of water of Jackson County, Missouri
Ural-4320. The Ural-4320 is a general purpose off-road 6×6 vehicle, produced at the Ural Automotive Plant in Miass, Russia for use by the Russian army. The wheel arrangement for the Ural-4320 was designed for transporting cargo, people and trailers on all types of roads and terrain. It also serves as a launching platform for the BM-21 "Grad" rocket launcher.



Gallery

Specifications

Early versions of the Ural-4320 were fitted with the KamAZ-740 V8 diesel engine, ohv, displacement 10,857 cc (bore/stroke ratio ), compression ratio 16:1. Power  at 2,600 rpm. Torque  at 1,500 rpm.

Versions

 Ural-4320-**** - ** - chassis with the standard ("classic") metal cab and a carrying capacity of about 7.9 tons.
 Ural-4320-19 ** - ** - LONG CHASSIS, capacity about 12 tons.
 Ural-43203-**** - ** - chassis with reinforced front suspension.
 Ural-43204-**** - ** - reinforced truck chassis, increased payload.
 Ural-43206- 4×4 variant with a 180 hp YaMZ-236 diesel and a capacity of 4200 kg.
 Ural-43206-41" - with the 230 hp YaMZ-236NE2 turbodiesel.
 Ural-43206-0551" - 4×4 variant with a 4-door cab and carrying capacity 3600 kg.
 Ural-43202-**** - ** - truck tractor with semi-trailer for use on all types of roads.
 Ural-5557/55571- **** - ** - chassis for the installation of production equipment and special installations mass of ~ 12–14 m wide with low-profile tires with CTIS, which significantly increases the permeability of the vehicle.

Cab and tail options:

 Ural-4320/5557 - 40/41 - All-metal, three seat, two-door cab, just under the symbol produced machines with dual four-door cab;
 Ural-4320/5557 - 44 - All-metal, three seat, two-door cabin with a sleeping bed;
 Ural-4320/5557 - 48/58/59 - new version with a more comfortable cabin with large volume bonnet and sprung driver's seat;

All versions are equipped with IVECO cabs.

Operational history

Russian invasion of Ukraine
The vehicle was used during the Russian invasion of Ukraine; Oryxspioenkop analyzed photographic and video data and found Russia, as of 14 November 2024, had lost at least 1,454 Ural-4320s (including 183 tankers). While Ukraine having lost a total of 113.

Users 
 
 
 : Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces.
 
 : In service as of January 2019.
 : Philippine Army 20 Units Donated by Russian Federation.

Variants

Military
Standard cargo/troop transport equipped with a cargo bed. It can be used to transport troops, weapons and other supplies. It has two collapsible benches and a canvas top to provide protection from the elements.

 Fully armored Ural-4320VV originally built for the Internal Troops

Civil

See also
Ural-5323
Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles
Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement
M809 series trucks
M54
KrAZ-255

References

External links
 Official website of the Ural Automotive Plant for the Ural-4320

Ural Automotive Plant trucks
Military trucks of the Soviet Union
Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s
Degree Lintner. °Lintner or degrees Lintner is a unit used to measure the ability of a malt to reduce starch to sugar, that is, its diastatic power. Degrees Lintner is an intensive unit, not an extensive one; it is independent of the quantity of malt used. While the measurement is applicable to any amylase, in general it refers to the combined α-amylase and β-amylase used in brewing. The term is also generalized to diastatic malt extracts and separately prepared brewing enzymes. The abbreviation °L is official, but in brewing applications it may conflict with °L used for degrees Lovibond.

JECFA, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, defines the degree Lintner as follows:
A malt has a diastatic power of 100 °L if 0.1cc of a clear 5% infusion of the malt, acting on 100cc of a 2% starch solution at 20°C for one hour, produces sufficient reducing sugars to reduce completely 5cc of Fehling's solution.

Note that the amylases used in brewing reach their peak efficiencies around 66 °C.

One can convert this definition to the number of international enzyme units (IU, enzyme activity that produces 1 μmole of product per minute) per gram of grain, for example. Maltose, the main sugar produced in mashing, is a disaccharide of glucose with one reducing equivalent (one reactive aldehyde group). One maltose will reduce two Cu2+ in the Fehling reaction. The concentration of Cu2+ in Fehling’s solution is 0.14 M, which is capable of oxidizing 0.070 M maltose. 5 mL of Fehling’s solution can oxidize 0.070 M x 0.005 L = 0.00035 moles of maltose. A 100 °L malt extract produces 0.00035 mol maltose in 60 min, or 5.8 μmol/min, or 5.8 IU of enzyme activity in 0.1 mL of a 5 g/100 mL (5%) infusion. The 0.1 mL of this infusion is equivalent to 0.005 g of malt. Therefore, 5.8 IU/0.005 g of malt = 1160 IU/gram of malt. 100 °L is equivalent to 1160 IU per gram of malt (or 526,176 IU per pound). This value is useful if alternatives to Fehling's reaction are being used to determine the amylase activity.

Evaluation of a malt or extract is usually done by the manufacturer rather than by the end user; as a rule of thumb, the total grain bill of a mash should have a diastatic power of at least 40 °L in order to guarantee efficient conversion of all the starches in the mash to sugars.

The most active barley malts currently available have a diastatic activity of 110 - 160 °Lintner (385 - 520 °WK).

In Europe, diastatic activity is often stated in Windisch–Kolbach units (°WK). These are related approximately to °Lintner by:

.

References

External links
 "Malt Carbohydrase", JECFA, 1971. Gives definitions and procedures for measuring diastatic activity.

Brewing
Units of catalytic activity