omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Edgewater Generating Station. Edgewater Generating Station is a 380 megawatt (MW) coal power plant located on the south side of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, on the shore of Lake Michigan, whose waters are used to provide cooling. It provides electricity for customers in the northeastern part of Alliant Energy's Wisconsin Power & Light service area and service to several local municipal utilities. In 2009, it was the seventh largest generating station in Wisconsin, with a net summer capacity of 767 MW.

Units

 
In 1952 one of the units was upgraded with a Babcock & Wilcox cyclone boiler. At the time, the facility was using a 50/50 mix of Illinois and West Virginia coal. The West Virginia coal was shipped via lake freighter from Lorain, Ohio.

At present, coal is delivered to the plant entirely by railroad, originating primarily from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming, via a Union Pacific spur line that was originally the main line of the Milwaukee Northern interurban railway.

Unit 3 and 4 share the same chimney.

Unit 3 turbine and generator were manufactured by Allis-Chalmers. Unit 4 was manufactured by General Electric, with an Alterrex excitation system. Unit 5 was also manufactured by General Electric, with a Generrex excitation system.

Retirement and decommissioning
Unit 3 was retired at the end of 2015 due to its age and efficiency. Unit 4 was retired in 2018 as Alliant Energy worked to reduce 80 percent of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. Unit 4's electricity generation would be replaced by Riverside Energy Center in the Town of Beloit, which uses natural gas.

On May 22, 2020, Alliant Energy announced that the plant would be decommissioned by the end of 2022, and the property would be redeveloped for another use; Unit 5's generating capacity has also been replaced by a further expansion of Riverside. On June 23, 2022, Alliant announced that Edgewater's decommissioning date would be delayed until June 2025, due to the ongoing supply chain issues and to hedge against an energy shortage in upcoming years, with Edgewater mainly being in service during peak periods. The utility also plans a 99 MW battery by 2024.

Electricity generation 
In 2021, Edgewater generated 2,311 GWh, approximately 3.7% of the total electric power generated in Wisconsin (62,584 GWh) for that year. The plant had a 2021 annual capacity factor of 69.41%.

See also

 Alliant Energy
 List of power stations in Wisconsin

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1931
Energy infrastructure completed in 1941
Energy infrastructure completed in 1951
Energy infrastructure completed in 1969
Energy infrastructure completed in 1985
Buildings and structures in Sheboygan, Wisconsin
Coal-fired power stations in Wisconsin
Alliant Energy
Leyat. Leyat, Automobiles Leyat was a French automobile manufacturer, established in 1919 in Paris by Marcel Leyat. 

The Hélica was known as 'The plane without wings'. The passengers sat behind each other like in an aircraft, which was driven by a giant propeller powered by an  Scorpion engine. The body of the vehicle was made of plywood.

The factory was on the Quai de Grenelle in the 15th arrondissement.

Marcel Leyat

Marcel Leyat (March 26, 1885 (Die, Drôme) - December 3, 1986) was an engineer, inventor, aviation pioneer, and aeronautical and automobile manufacturer. He graduated from the École Centrale Paris in 1907. From 1908, he worked for the Société Astra and built a biplane glider called the Quand Quelle (When, which). In 1909 he targeted "the first powered crossing of the English Channel", but Louis Blériot succeeded on July 21, three weeks before his De Dion-Bouton 5 hp powered plane completed a flight of  at  elevation on August 15. In 1910, he built a propeller-driven biplane  long and  wide. He obtained the FAI pilot's license in 1911. During the First World War, he built several aircraft, including a "living wing" bomber. In all, he designed and built around thirty different aircraft up to World War II.

Description

The first model was called Hélica, also known as 'The plane without wings'. The passengers sat behind each other as if they were in an aircraft. The vehicle was steered using the rear wheels and the car was not powered by an engine turning the wheels, but by a giant propeller powered by an  Scorpion engine. The entire body of the vehicle was made of plywood, and weighed just 250 kg (550 lb), which made it dangerously fast.

Performance
In 1927, a Hélica reached the speed of  at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry circuit. Leyat continued to experiment with his Helica. He tried using propellers with two and four blades.

Production
Between 1919 and 1925, Leyat sold 30 vehicles.

Vehicle models
 1913: Helicocycle, 3 wheels, JAP engine, only one example
 1915: Hélicocycle, 3 wheels, version 2, only one copy
 1919: Hélica, 4 wheels, MAG engine, 6 examples
 1921: Leyat propeller car, 4 wheels, ABC engine, 10 sedan cars, 3 sport cabriolet cars
 1925: Rail/road draisine, intended for the director of mines in the Congo, 1 copy
 1927: Record model, 3 wheels, ABC engine, 1 copy. On September 7, 1927, it reached a speed of 170 km/h on the Montlhéry race track.

Gallery

References

Literature 

 G. N. Georgano: The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Volume 2: G–O. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1. 
 G. N. Georgano: Complete Automobile Encyclopedia. 1885 to Our Times. Courtille, Paris 1975.

External links 

Leyat Helicycle at 3wheelers.com
Helica image at goodwood-festival.com
The Marcel LEYAT's Helica at helica.info

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Patton Design. Patton Design, Inc. is an industrial design, engineering, software and hardware, and prototyping consultancy based in Irvine, California. The firm was founded in 1983 by California State University at Long Beach alumnus Doug Patton.

Company staff appeared on the ABC television series American Inventor and represented the million dollar winner with the "Anecia Survival Capsule" child safety seat, the second-place winner with "The WordAce" children's game, and the third-place winner with "The Catch Elite" football receiver trainer.

Patton Design is a patron member of the Industrial Designers Society of America and has won seventeen Industrial Design Excellence Awards.

Notable projects 

Patton Design collaborated with the Advanced Research division of Apple Computer on its Workspace 2000 "office of the future" concept prototype. This featured voice-activated and touch-sensitive working surfaces intended to provide interactive computing facilities, together with a curved partition that could also be used as a screen to "teleconference" with remote colleagues. The computational aspect of these working surfaces were to be provided by clip-on personality modules or "P-Mods". A range of office furniture accessories and devices were also proposed, including "computer pads" or tablets such as the approximately A4-sized Notepad and a pocket computer with a roll-out screen known as the Scroll. The project was completed during 1988, and in 1990, Patton suggested that "three or four other ideas" had since been developed in conjunction with Apple for potential products. Apple reportedly received much interest from individuals and furniture manufacturers, even compiling a shortlist for further collaborations, but the company made no further commitment to continuing such efforts.

References

External links

Design companies established in 1983
Companies based in Irvine, California
Computer hardware companies
Software companies based in California
Industrial design firms
1983 establishments in California
Software companies of the United States
Computer companies of the United States
Pleasant Prairie Power Plant. Pleasant Prairie Power Plant was a 1.21-gigawatt (1,210 MW) coal power plant located in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin in Kenosha County. In 2009, it was listed by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) as the largest generating station in Wisconsin and generated roughly 13% of Wisconsin's electricity, burning around 13,000 tons of coal daily.

Background
The 30-year-old power plant has developed and applied a retrofit system that has helped reduce nitrogen oxide () by up to 90% and sulfur dioxide () by up to 95%. The Pleasant Prairie plant produces “8.6 million tons of  annually – about as much as (that produced by) 1.7 million US cars”, according to The Wall Street Journal. The plant uses experimental technology designed by French Alstom SA to separate carbon dioxide from the exhaust, and is seen as a proving ground for clean coal technology. The plant is owned by We Energies. In an effort to reduce carbon dioxide () emissions, the plant uses a chilled ammonia (NH3) process developed by Alstom. that captures up to 90% of carbon emissions as it escapes the flue gas. The demonstration project began in March 2008 and would last for two years. The America’s Power Factuality Tour stopped at the Pleasant Prairie Power Plant to report on its role in generating electricity in the United States in 2009.

Pleasant Prairie received its coal from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming. Most of it is sourced from the Cordero Rojo Mine.

On November 28, 2017, WEC Energy Group announced that it would be closing the plant in 2018, pending permission from Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO). WEC cited market forces such as cheaper natural gas and renewables for the plant's closure. Pleasant Prairie shut down on April 3, 2018. The plant is expected to cost $1 billion over the next 2 decades while saving $2.5 billion in avoided costs.

See also

List of power stations in Wisconsin
Coal pollution mitigation

References

External links
 Pleasant Prairie Power Plant (P4)

Energy infrastructure completed in 1980
Energy infrastructure completed in 1985
Buildings and structures in Kenosha County, Wisconsin
Power stations in Wisconsin
Former coal-fired power stations in the United States
1980 establishments in Wisconsin
Former power stations in Wisconsin
Savin Corporation. Savin Corporation was an American office equipment manufacturer independently active from 1959 to 1995. The company was founded in the United States in 1959 by Max M. and Robert K. Low, named after Max Low's son-in-law, Robert S. Savin.  The firm was run by Low's son, Robert K. Low (finance, management and marketing) and E. Paul Charlap (research and development). It was known primarily for its unusual line of liquid-toner photocopiers, which set it apart from other companies that manufactured dry-toner equipment such as Konica, Xerox, Canon, Sharp, and Kodak.
  
During the 1960s and through the 1980s, Savin developed and sold a line of black-and-white liquid-toner copiers that implemented the technology that was based on patents held by the company. These copiers easily competed with Powder based technology with their far superior fine line resolution once the era of early Electrostatic transfer was done and the liquid was charged in the machine. The reservoir, called a Tank, had to be cleaned and fluid changed at the regular maintenance. Savin Developed very deep Tanks and spring mounts for these copiers used on Naval Vessels. One version was the Savin 772. Shore based service and parts was provided by Savin dealers local to many US Ports. In the later 1980's Savin invented a much darker ink called Landa to compete with the improving Powder Copiers.  Savin's copiers were manufactured by Ricoh Company and distributed by Savin in the US and Canada through 50 branch offices and 500 dealers, and under licenses from Savin to Nashua for Europe and South America, and through Ricoh for the Far East. 

Although it was competing against major corporations such as Konica, Xerox, IBM and Kodak, Savin was able to develop its niche of economy-grade copiers through its persistent marketing efforts, which targeted educational institutions.  Savin had sales of approximately $500 million (along with royalties from licensees of $10 million), and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.  In 1982 it was bought by Canadian Development Corporation, and then acquired by another firm which promptly discontinued the marketing.  This led to a steep decline in revenue from both sales and royalties. In the early 1990s Savin Phased out liquid copiers and entered the low cost powder copier business. Most of Savin copier business was machines that made under 50 copies per minute, where it held dominant low price points. 
 
In 1995, Ricoh Company acquired Savin Corporation, and Savin was made a wholly-owned sales subsidiary.  This resulted in all Savin machines being rebadged Ricoh machines, which use dry toner.

External links
Savin Corporation (www.savin.com)
Ricoh Corporation (www.ricoh.com)
Savin Corporation website for other than USA  (savin-usa.com)

Notes

Defunct electronics companies of the United States
Ricoh acquisitions
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Orestes H. Caldwell. Orestes Hampton Caldwell (March 8, 1888 – August 27, 1967) was one of the first five members of the Federal Radio Commission. He may have been the first person to coin the term electronics.

Biography
He was born on March 8, 1888, in Lexington, Kentucky. He graduated from Purdue University as an electrical engineer, specializing in telephone and communications.  In 1907 he succeeded Lee De Forest as technical editor of Western Electrician (later Electrical Review).  He went on to edit a number of engineering and technical journals, including Electrical World, Electrical Merchandising, and Radio Retailing.  He married Mildred Bedard.

In 1927, with the backing of United States Department of Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover, he was appointed to the newly created Federal Radio Commission, where he helped oversee the reorganization of the U.S. radio system.  His tenure on the FRC was marked by consistent support for high-powered radio, a position that led to frequent clashes with the United States Congress.  Making matters worse, he seemed to lack the temperament for politics; as one newspaper put it, "A stormy petrel on the commission from start to finish, he narrowly escaped confirmation by the Senate both times.  When he was on the grill the second time, he added to the gayety of the situation by bawling out Congress and this caused such a melee that he came within a couple of votes of being thrown out."

One of the enemies Caldwell made was a key senator for radio policy, Clarence Dill, who helped author the Radio Act of 1927.  Upon Caldwell's resignation from the FRC, Dill commented, "Since Mr. Caldwell is leaving the commission I am not going to spend time discussing [his work there], except to say that I think the country is very fortunate that he has left. … I think anybody would be an improvement over Mr. Caldwell so far as the service of the public is concerned."

Nonetheless, Caldwell had the reputation of being the most technologically knowledgeable of the early Radio Commissioners.  Following his stint on the FRC, he returned to the industry as editor of Electronics and in other capacities.  A passionate fan of electronic gadgets, he hosted a weekly show called Radio Magic on NBC in the late 1930s and early 1940s.  He also outfitted his house in Cos Cob, Connecticut, with all kinds of electrical devices as a kind of "Dwelling of the Future."  World Trade called it the "House of One Thousand Servants" and "an electrical fairyland where every function and every household chore is accomplished automatically."

He died on August 27, 1967, in Greenwich, Connecticut.

References

External links

1888 births
1967 deaths
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Members of the Federal Radio Commission
Small unit riverine craft. The small unit riverine craft (SURC) is a rigid-hull, armed and armored patrol boat used by the U.S. Marines and U.S. Navy to maintain control of rivers and inland waterways. They are similar in size and purpose to the much older Patrol Boat, River vessels used during the Vietnam War.

The boats are built by Raytheon Naval & Maritime Integrated Systems, with a contract to build up to 100 boats. Raytheon's contract partners are SAFE Boats International of Bremerton, Washington and Boat Master of Fort Myers, Florida.

History
The boats were first deployed to Iraq and were used there by the now deactivated U.S. Marine Corps' Small Craft Company, being later turned over to the United States Navy Riverine Squadrons – units of the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC) that used the boats to patrol strategic areas of Iraq.

On September 25, 2013, the United States transferred six SURCs to the Philippine Marine Corps to provide a platform for command and control, reconnaissance, logistic/resupply, medical evacuation, counter-drug operations, humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping and non-combatant evacuation operations & will be deployed to augment sea-based forces addressing terrorism and lawlessness.

Design
According to the Navy, “The primary mission of the SURC is to provide tactical mobility and a limited weapons platform for the ground combat element of a Marine Air Ground Task Force in littoral and riverine environments.” The boat's secondary mission includes “command and control, reconnaissance, logistic/resupply, medevac, counter-drug operations, humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping, and noncombatant evacuation operations.”

The boat is transportable by C-130 Hercules aircraft and can be launched from its trailer at lakeside. It also has the capability to turn 180 degrees in less than three boat lengths and accelerate to  in less than 15 seconds.

Occasionally, the boats would have been equipped with an overhead covering to provide shade for the troops on board.

Other characteristics

See also
Combat Boat 90 – known as 'Riverine Command Boat' in US Navy service.
Fast Patrol Craft

References

External links
U.S. Navy: “USMC Family of Small Craft”
GlobalSecurity.org: “Small Unit Riverine Craft (SURC)”

United States Marine Corps equipment
Equipment of the United States Navy
Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
Riverine warfare
Military boats
Landing craft
Nephelauxetic effect. The nephelauxetic effect is a term used in the inorganic chemistry of transition metals. It refers to a decrease in the Racah interelectronic repulsion parameter, given the symbol B, that occurs when a transition-metal free ion forms a complex with ligands. The name "nephelauxetic" comes from the Greek for cloud-expanding and was proposed by the Danish inorganic chemist C. K. Jorgensen. The presence of this effect highlights the disadvantages of crystal field theory, which treats metal-ligand interactions as purely electrostatic, since the nephelauxetic effect reveals the covalent character in the metal-ligand interaction.

Racah parameter
The decrease in the Racah parameter B indicates that in a complex there is less repulsion between the two electrons in a given doubly occupied metal d-orbital than there is in the respective Mn+ gaseous metal ion, which in turn implies that the size of the orbital is larger in the complex. This electron cloud expansion effect may occur for one (or both) of two reasons. One is that the effective positive charge on the metal has decreased. Because the positive charge of the metal is reduced by any negative charge on the ligands, the d-orbitals can expand slightly. The second is the act of overlapping with ligand orbitals and forming covalent bonds increases orbital size, because the resulting molecular orbital is formed from two atomic orbitals.

The reduction of B from its free ion value is normally reported in terms of the nephelauxetic parameter β:

Experimentally, it is observed that size of the nephelauxetic parameter always follows a certain trend with respect to the nature of the ligands present.

Ligands
The list shown below enlists some common ligands (showing increasing nephelauxetic effect):

F− < H2O < NH3 < en < [NCS - N]− < Cl− <  [CN]− < Br− < N3− < I−

Although parts of this series may seem quite similar to the spectrochemical series of ligands - for example, cyanide, ethylenediamine, and fluoride seem to occupy similar positions in the two - others such as chloride, iodide and bromide (amongst others), occupy very different positions. The ordering roughly reflects the ability of the ligands to form good covalent bonds with metals - those that have a small effect are at the start of the series, whereas those that have a large effect are at the end of the series.

Central metal ion
The nephelauxetic effect does not only depend upon the ligand type, but also upon the central metal ion. These too can be arranged in order of increasing nephelauxetic effect as follows:

Mn(II) < Ni(II) ≈ Co(II) < Mo(II) < Re(IV) < Fe(III) < Ir(III) < Co(III) < Mn(IV)

See also 
 Spectrochemical series
 Complex (chemistry)

References

Further reading
 Housecroft C.E. and Sharpe A.G., Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, England, Pearson Education Limited, 2005. p. 578.
 Shriver D.F and Atkins P.W, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition, England, Oxford University Press, 2006. p. 483.

Coordination chemistry
Spectroscopy
AlphaSim. AlphaSim was a flight-simulation addon developer, based in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand founded in June 1999. The company was well known throughout the flight simulation community for their numerous highly detailed & realistic military simulation products. They developed both aircraft and scenery for the Microsoft Flight Simulator series. AlphaSim was renowned for developing often-niche aircraft as well as mainstream interests.  On 18 August 2010, AlphaSim announced "[We have] ceased trading.  Due to circumstances beyond our control, this site will no longer be selling FS addons."

The website has now been shut down, and many workers from the AlphaSim team have founded a new company called Virtavia. Virtavia sells FSX addons through their own site, and third party vender sites such as Flight1.com.

The AlphaSim logo had evolved over the years. The final logo was an aircraft creating an Alpha symbol with a smoke trail which was created in 2005.

Products
Hawker Hunter
MH-53 Pave Low
AH-64A Apache
T-6 Texan
Admiral Kuznetsov
RAF Leuchars
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
Lockheed C-130 Hercules
Republic F-105 Thunderchief
Consolidated B-24 Liberator
English Electric Lightning
Panavia Tornado
Convair F-106 Delta Dart
English Electric Canberra
A-6E Intruder/EA-6B Prowler
B-1 Lancer
Bristol Blenheim
Heinkel He 111
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25
B-47 Stratojet

References

External links
Official site
Virtavia

Defunct video game companies of New Zealand
Video game development companies
Video game companies disestablished in 2010
Video game companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in New Zealand
2010 disestablishments in New Zealand
Freedom Aviation Phoenix. The Freedom Aviation Phoenix was a single-engine four-seat American airplane that was sold as a homebuilt composite canard aircraft.

The kit was produced at a facility on St. Lucie County International Airport at Ft. Pierce, Florida.

Design and development
The Phoenix airframe was formed of carbon-fiber composite materials on factory molds.  The aircraft was assembled as a homebuilt, with a factory-sponsored builder-assist program available.

The aircraft has a swept, dihedral canard mounted ahead of the cabin, and a swept main lifting surface. Each wing has a fin (with full-length rudder) mounted about midway to the tip. In addition, the wingtips have swept winglets, which provide additional yaw stability while decreasing induced drag.

The Phoenix is powered by a six-cylinder horizontally-opposed piston engine driving a pusher propeller. The tricycle landing gear is retractable.

Only one aircraft was ever built, and the company has since gone out of business.

Specifications (Phoenix)

External links
 Manufacturer's website via archive.org

2000s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Canard aircraft
Phoenix
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2007