omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
2017 in spaceflight. Notable spaceflight activities in 2017 included the maiden orbital flight of India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (also called LVM3) on 5 June and the first suborbital test of Rocket Lab's Electron rocket, inaugurating the Mahia spaceport in New Zealand. The rocket is named for its innovative Rutherford engine which feeds propellants via battery-powered electric motors instead of the usual gas generator and turbopumps.

Overview
China launched its new missile-derived Kaituozhe-2 variant on 2 March. The Japanese SS-520, a suborbital sounding rocket modified for orbital flight, failed to reach orbit in January. If successful, it would have become the smallest and lightest vehicle to ever put an object in orbit.

The venerable Russian Soyuz-U workhorse was retired after its 786th mission on 22 February. On 30 March, the SES-10 mission was launched with a previously flown Falcon 9 first stage, achieving a key milestone in the SpaceX reusable launch system development program; several other Falcon 9 first-stage boosters were re-used since then.

After a record-breaking 13-year mission observing Saturn, its rings and moons, the Cassini space probe was deliberately destroyed by plunging into Saturn's atmosphere, on 15 September 2017.

A record number of 466 satellites were attempted to be launched thanks to an increase in the number of small satellites. 289 of all satellites weighted less than 10 kg. The number of small satellites launched exceeded even the most optimistic forecasts.

Orbital launches 

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Deep-space rendezvous

Extravehicular activities (EVAs)

Orbital launch statistics

By country 
For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket.

By rocket

By family

By type

By configuration

By spaceport

By orbit

References 
Notes

Citations

External links 

 
Spaceflight by year
2017-related lists
Partial productivity. Measurement of partial productivity refers to the measurement solutions which do not meet the requirements of total productivity measurement, yet, being practicable as indicators of total productivity. In practice, measurement in production means measures of partial productivity. In that case, the objects of measurement are components of total productivity, and interpreted correctly, these components are indicative of productivity development. The term of partial productivity illustrates well the fact that total productivity is only measured partially – or approximately. In a way, measurements are defective but, by understanding the logic of total productivity, it is possible to interpret correctly the results of partial productivity and to benefit from them in practical situations.

Solutions

Typical solutions of partial productivity are:

 Single-factor productivity
 Value-added productivity
 Unit cost accounting
 Efficiency ratios
 Managerial control ratio system

Single-factor productivity refers to the measurement of productivity that is a ratio of output and one input factor. A most well-known measure of single-factor productivity is the measure of output per work input, describing work productivity. Sometimes it is practical to employ the value added as output. Productivity measured in this way is called Value-added productivity. Also, productivity can be examined in cost accounting using Unit costs. Then it is mostly a question of exploiting data from standard cost accounting for productivity measurements. Efficiency ratios, which tell something about the ratio between the value produced and the sacrifices made for it, are available in large numbers. Managerial control ratio systems are composed of single measures which are interpreted in parallel with other measures related to the subject. Ratios may be related to any success factor of the area of responsibility, such as profitability, quality, position on the market, etc. Ratios may be combined to form one whole using simple rules, hence, creating a key figure system.

Measurement
The measures of partial productivity are physical measures, nominal price value measures and fixed price value measures. These measures differ from one another by the variables they measure and by the variables excluded from measurements. By excluding variables from measurement makes it possible to better focus the measurement on a given variable, yet, this means a more narrow approach. The table below was compiled to compare the basic types of measurement. The first column presents the measure types, the second the variables being measured, and the third column gives the variables excluded from measurement.

See also
 Productive efficiency

References

External links
AI Enhanced Productivity

Production economics
Scott Ol' Ironsides. The Scott Ol' Ironsides is an early homebuilt aircraft using wood construction with stressed fiberglass panel construction.

Design
Ol' Ironsides is a strut-braced high-wing aircraft with conventional landing gear arrangement. The wooden fuselage is made of Sitka Spruce. Fiberglass composite skins were formed in 4 x 8 sheets using two layers of cloth with resin over a waxed Masonite table. The landing gear legs, fuel tank, wink tips, wheel pants, and cowling were also formed out of fibre-glass. Scott integrated elements of the Bowers Fly Baby and Champion J-1 Jupiter construction with the Wittman Tailwind airfoil and general layout into the design.

Operational history
Construction of the aircraft was started in the mid-1960s starting with a model rather than a drawing. Ol' Ironsides first flew on 22 November 1969 with a Continental C-85 engine sourced from a Cessna 140. In 1985 the prototype aircraft was restored and re-engined with a Continental O-200 and Sterba wooden propeller.

Specifications (Ol' Ironsides)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Oilgear. Oilgear Company is an American manufacturer of fluid power and hydraulic equipment, including pumps, valves, motors, meters and other components, as well as integrated systems, headquartered in Traverse City, Michigan. It was founded in 1921 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as an offshoot of hydraulic power work being done for Bucyrus-Erie, manufacturing a line of hydraulic presses, and successfully weathered the Great Depression, gradually expanding its product line, including being one of the first companies to use microprocessors with hydraulics, and in the early 1980s began expanded its research and development budgets to build complete computer-controlled manufacturing systems, buying only the memory chips.

In 2006, with manufacturing and service facilities in about 15 countries around the world, it was taken private by Mason Wells at a cost of over $30 million. As of 2011, it had roughly 750 employees globally, with units in Mexico, France, Italy, Great Britain, and Germany. Acquisitions since founding include Petrodyne, Towler Hydraulics, Olmsted Products and Clover Industries. Competitors include Flowserve and Parker Hannifin.

In May 2015, it was announced that Oilgear would close down its Milwaukee factory, moving the production formerly done there to plants in Traverse City, Michigan, and Fremont, Nebraska and eliminating 45 jobs. This would leave 85 jobs in the Milwaukee area, consisting of engineering and regional support staff, who would be moved to a smaller facility in the Milwaukee area. The shuttered facility was sold in 2016 to Global Power Components, which announced plans to move its manufacturing operations from three existing facilities in nearby West Allis into the 250,000 square foot former Oilgear factory.

References 

1921 establishments in Wisconsin
Hydraulics
Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin
Manufacturing companies established in 1921
Jacksonville Air Route Traffic Control Center. Jacksonville Air Route Traffic Control Center (ZJX), (radio communications, Jacksonville Center) is one of 22 Area Control Centers in the United States. It is located at 37075 Aviation Ln, Hilliard, Florida.

The primary responsibility of Jacksonville Center is sequencing and separation of over-flights, arrivals, and departures in order to provide safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of aircraft filed under instrument flight rules (IFR).

Jacksonville Center is the fourth-busiest ARTCC in the United States. Between January 1 and December 31, 2017, Jacksonville Center handled 2,515,959 aircraft. 

Jacksonville Center covers approximately  of the Southern United States, including parts of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and North Carolina. ZJX also covers portions of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. 

Jacksonville Center lies adjacent to 5 different Air Route Traffic Control Centers, including Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center, New York Air Route Traffic Control Center, Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center, Atlanta Air Route Traffic Control Center, and Miami Air Route Traffic Control Center. ZJX overlies or abuts several approach control facilities (Jacksonville, Orlando, Daytona Beach, Tampa, Valdosta, Tallahassee, Tyndall, Eglin, Pensacola, Mobile,  Cairns, Atlanta, Savannah, Augusta, Beaufort, Charleston, Columbia, Myrtle Beach, Shaw, Florence, Wilmington, Fayetteville, Charlotte).

References

External links
Jacksonville Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) (FAA)
Jacksonville Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU) (NWS/FAA)

Air traffic control centers
Air traffic control in the United States
Aviation in Florida
Keith Glover. Keith Glover is a British electrical engineer. He is an emeritus professor of control engineering at the University of Cambridge.  He is notable for his contributions to robust controller design and model order reduction.

Education
Glover studied at Imperial College London (BSc, 1967) and MIT (PhD, 1973).

Career and research
From 1973 to 1976, he worked as an assistant professor at the University of Southern California.  In 1976, he moved to the University of Cambridge, where he became professor of control engineering and a fellow of Sidney Sussex College.

Glover's research has dealt with both theoretical contributions to control and practical applications in the automotive and aerospace domains.  A notable contribution was the development (with Duncan McFarlane) of the ' loop-shaping' technique for robust control design.  When awarding him the IEEE Control Systems Award, the IEEE cited Glover's 'pioneering and fundamental contributions to robust controller design and model order reduction'.

Glover remained in post at Cambridge until his retirement. During his career there, he served a term (2002–2009) as the Department of Engineering's head. His sixtieth birthday and his retirement were both celebrated with 'GloverFest' workshops in his honour. He retired from his professorship in 2013, becoming an emeritus professor.

Awards and honours
Glover was a visiting fellow at the Australian National University (1983–1984) and a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science fellow (1991). Glover has received the following awards:
 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1993.
 A Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering, awarded in 2001.
 A Fellowship of the IEEE, awarded in 1993.
 The IEEE Control Systems Award, in 2001.

References

External links

Members of the University of Cambridge Department of Engineering
Alumni of Imperial College London
British electrical engineers
Control theorists
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Professors of engineering (Cambridge)
IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published bimonthly by IEEE. Sponsored by the IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society, it covers terahertz science, technology, instruments, and applications, with a focus on the frequency bands in between 300 GHz to 10 THz. Its editor-in-chief is Nuria Llombart (Delft University of Technology).

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.2.

References

External links 
 

Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology
Electrical and electronic engineering journals
Electromagnetism journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 2011
English-language journals
Terahertz technology
Comparison of orbital rocket engines. This page is an incomplete list of orbital rocket engine data and specifications.

Current, upcoming, and in-development rocket engines

Retired and canceled rocket engines

See also 
 Comparison of orbital launch systems
 Comparison of orbital launchers families
 Comparison of crewed space vehicles
 Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
 Comparison of solid-fuelled orbital launch systems
 List of space launch system designs
 List of orbital launch systems

Notes

References

Spaceflight
Technological comparisons
Outer space lists
Rocket engines
Low Voltage Directive. The Low Voltage Directive (LVD) 2006/95/EC is one of the oldest Single Market Directives adopted by the European Union before the "New" or "Global" Approach. The Directive provides common broad objectives for safety regulations, so that electrical equipment approved by any EU member country will be acceptable for use in all other EU countries. The Low Voltage Directive does not supply any specific technical standards that must be met, instead relying on IEC technical standards to guide designers to produce safe products. Products that conform to the general principles of the Low Voltage Directive and the relevant particular safety standards are marked with the CE marking to indicate compliance and acceptance throughout the EU. Conformance is asserted by the manufacturer based on its conformity assessment.

The new version of Low Voltage Directive version of 2014/35/EU, dated 26 February 2014 and is applicable from 20 April 2016. The new version aligns with the New Legislative Framework of the European Union, though actual technical requirements do not differ much from the older version. But the legal and general requirements have changed significantly (obligations of manufacturers, dealers, marketers) and penalties are called for in the event of infringements of the directive. They must be determined by the respective Member States and should be (literally) effective, proportionate and dissuasive.

Application
The directive covers electrical equipment designed for use with a voltage rating of between 50 and 1000 volts for alternating current (AC) or between 75 and 1500 volts for direct current (DC). Importantly, it does not cover voltages within equipment. The directive does not cover components (broadly, this refers to individual electronic components).

Certain classes of equipment, covered by other technical standards, are listed in Annex II of the Directive as excluded from its scope.  These items include medical devices, electricity meters, railway or maritime equipment, and electrical plugs and sockets for domestic use.

UK implementation
In the United Kingdom, the directive is implemented by "The Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 2016".

See also 
 Low voltage
 High voltage

References

External links 
 5 Ways to fail Low Voltage Directive LVD testing – Electronics Weekly

Electrical safety
European Union directives
European Union technology policy
Hanson Woodwind. The Hanson Woodwind is an all-wooden homebuilt aircraft with a fiberglass wing.

Design and development
The Woodwind was a homebuilt copy of the Wittman Tailwind using all-wood construction, rather than welded steel tube and aircraft fabric covering for the fuselage. Ironically, the Wittman design uses plywood covering for its wings, while the Woodwind uses fiberglass.

The Woodwind is a two-seat side-by-side configuration, strut-braced, high-wing aircraft with conventional landing gear and Plexiglas doors. Some construction elements were adapted from the all-wood Bowers Fly Baby. The fuselage sides and tail surfaces are built flat on a table at the same time and covered with aircraft grade plywood. The wings are covered in fiberglass with stainless steel torque tubes for aileron control. The fuel tanks and cowling are also made from fiberglass. The prototype used a moose-hide interior.

Operational history
The prototype first flew on 20 June 1969. The aircraft was written off in a non-fatal accident on 5 June 1976 after hitting a large rock.

Specifications (Hanson Woodwind)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
XPL (disambiguation). XPL may refer to:

Computing 
 XPL, a dialect of the PL/I programming language, developed in 1967, used for the development of compilers for computer languages
 XPL Protocol, an open protocol intended to permit the control and monitoring of home automation devices
 XML Pipeline Language, a dataflow-oriented XML processing language
 .xpl, a filename extension used for XProc script/pipeline
 .xpl, a HDi playlist file extension

Places 
 XPL, an IATA code for Soto Cano Air Base
 XPL, an ICAO code for Express Line Aircompany

Other 
 Spirit XPL, a Gibson Spirit guitar model
 XPL, an abbreviation for cross-polarized light
Ponte de São João. The Ponte de São João  or St John's Bridge is a railway bridge in Portugal. It was designed by engineer Edgar Cardoso and replaced the functionality of the still standing Gustav Eiffel wrought iron Maria Pia Bridge in 1991. The Linha do Norte connecting Porto and Lisbon runs along this bridge.

References

Bridges completed in 1991
Bridges in Porto
Bridges in Vila Nova de Gaia
Bridges over the Douro River
Railway bridges in Portugal
1991 establishments in Portugal
Software Sustainability Institute. The Software Sustainability Institute is a national facility for building better software based in the UK and founded in 2010. The Institute is based at the University of Edinburgh (EPCC formerly Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre) with sites at the University of Manchester, the University of Oxford and the University of Southampton.

Organisation
It is an academic institute run for the benefit of researchers and software developers, and funded initially with over £4 million from Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). Further funding was provided in 2015 by EPSRC, ESRC and BBSRC with additional project funding from the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).

The principal investigator of the project is Neil Chue Hong with support from co-investigators Malcolm Atkinson, Les Carr, David De Roure, Carole Goble, Simon Hettrick, Caroline Jay and Mark Parsons.

See also
Research software engineering
Sustainability
The Karlskrona Manifesto

References

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
Jisc
Organizations established in 2010
Research institutes in Edinburgh
Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester
2010 establishments in the United Kingdom
Fluidized bed scrubber. A Fluidized Bed Scrubber system uses carefully selected hollow plastic elements of varying shapes, according to the process requirements, to generate a three phase fluidized bed in which increased Reynolds numbers (turbulence) in the gaseous phase, and the liquid phase, provoke an intense enhancement of turbulent action.  This is claimed to lead to substantial increases in overall mass and heat transfer coefficients, and interphase surface renewal rates, as compared to classical packings and other scrubbing technologies (see below).

Particulate removal
In addition, the fluid bed simultaneously removes particulates down to very fine sub half micron diameters. System design varies from application to application as process operations, or pollution control needs, vary widely.

Quenching
When very hot gases are to be treated and cleaned using the fluidized bed scrubber technology, they are first passed through a quench chamber, which is usually integrated with the scrubber such that quenching can occur in two steps, using both the inlet quench section and a specially designed sump to maximum effect. The cooled gases are then passed on directly to the fluidized bed where ascending gas is intimately mixed by the fluidized packing elements with the descending, and usually recirculated, liquid.

Applications
The fluidized bed scrubber system allows operation with slurries, muds and oily or viscous liquids due to the claimed 100% non-clogging  nature of the fluidized bed.

Comparisons
Below are two real case comparisons of equivalent efficiency alternative technologies commonly used in industrial applications.

Venturi and packed tower combination versus TURBOSCRUBBER

A typical packed tower absorber versus Fluidized Bed Scrubbers

Images

References

Scrubbers
Pollution control technologies
Industrial processes
Fluidization
Landing Craft L-50. The Landing Craft L-50 was a mechanized landing craft used by the Swedish Navy and the Swedish Coastal Artillery from the 1950s to the 1980s.

At that time the Swedish Coastal Artillery was a separate military branch consisting of five regiments. After several reorganizations, they are today called the 1st Marine Regiment (Amf 1) and located in Berga Naval Base. The Coastal Rangers (Kustjägarna) are also part of the Swedish Navy. They have replaced their old L-50 boats with Fast Attack Craft 90H.

The L50-boats could carry both vehicles and personnel and was designed specifically for landing of coastal rangers under fire. During the crossing the personnel was protected behind the vessel's steel hull and a massive ramp at the bow. The vessel was  built with a flat bottom so it could run well into shallow beaches without run aground. When the vessel had run as close to land as possible, the ramp went rapidly down and the personnel stormed ashore, if necessary by use of fire and movement. The initially goal was normally to establish a beachhead in order to ensure the landing of the main force.

Today some of the L50 boats have been rebuilt and are currently used by governments and private organizations throughout Scandinavia.

Ships in the class 
L-51 – Navy
L-52 – Navy → Hårsfjärden
L-53 – Navy → Coastal artillery (KA 2) → Navy 
L-54 – Navy → Coastal artillery (KA 2)
L-55 – Navy → Hårsfjärden

See also
 MS Thorbjørn

References

Landing craft
Naval ships of Sweden
CSC Aircraft Company. CSC Aircraft Company was an American aircraft manufacturer founded to produce early cabin biplanes.

The CSC Aircraft Company was founded by Walter J. Carr, with investors Walter and Edward Savage, and John Coryell. The team developed the Maiden Saginaw cabin biplane aircraft that was more practical for passengers than the contemporary open cockpit planes in the colder climates. The aircraft used a surplus Curtiss OX-5 engine that was underpowered, and resulted in poor performance. The company was soon dissolved, and the founders later tried the concept with a new company, the Paramount Aircraft Corporation.

Aircraft

References

Bibliography

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan