omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BSL. BSL may refer to:

Business
 Black Star Line, a former shipping line owned by Marcus Garvey
 BlueScope Steel Limited, an Australian-based flat product steel producer
 Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL), a steel plant in Bokaro district, Jharkhand, India
 Boyne Smelters Limited, an Australian-based aluminium smelter company
 Brookdale Senior Living, a U.S. company that operates senior residences
 Tata Steel BSL, formerly Bhushan Steel Limited, a defunct manufacturer of auto-grade steel in India

Education
 Bachelor of Science in Law, an academic degree
 British School of Lomé, Togo, a school in Togo, West Africa

Linguistics
 British Sign Language
 Bhutanese Sign Language

Publications
 , an academic journal published by the Société de Linguistique de Paris
 Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, from the Association for Symbolic Logic
 Transport Phenomena (book), an engineering textbook also known by its authors' initials (Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot)

Science and computing
 Biosafety level or biohazard safety level, a set of biocontainment precautions
 Blood sugar level
 Boost Software License, a license popular for C++ projects
 Bootstrap loader, the software involved in booting a computer
 Business Source License, a source-available software license

Sports
 Basketball Super League (Turkish: Basketbol Süper Ligi), Turkey's premier men's basketball league
 Basketball Super League (North America), North American basketball league
 Israeli Basketball Super League, a former name of the Israeli Basketball Premier League

Transportation
 EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg (IATA airport code)
 Broad Street Line, a subway line in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US

Other uses
 Bangladesh Student League, a students' political organisation in Bangladesh
 Biologic Space Laboratories, the location of the Metroid Fusion video game
 Beam stage loader, a machine that forms part of a longwall mine
 Breed-specific legislation, a type of law to prohibit or restrict the keeping of particular breeds or types of dog
Stator. The stator is the stationary part of a rotary system, found in electric generators, electric motors, sirens, mud motors, or biological rotors (such as bacterial flagella or ATP synthase). Energy flows through a stator to or from the rotating component of the system, the rotor. In an electric motor, the stator provides a magnetic field that drives the rotating armature; in a generator, the stator converts the rotating magnetic field to electric current. In fluid powered devices, the stator guides the flow of fluid to or from the rotating part of the system.

Design
Motor stators are made either from iron/steel or from a printed circuit board (PCB). Originally applied to low-power applications, PCB stators can be lighter, smaller, and less noisy.

One design embeds thin copper traces in the PCB stator that serve as the windings. The traces  are interleaved with epoxy-glass laminates, that insulate each coil from its neighbors. An air core replaces the traditional iron core, saving space and weight, and allowing a smaller air gap.

Hairpin windings may be used in the construction of electric motor stators. This technology, uses windings with wires that individually, may have larger cross sections than those used in conventional windings.

Motors
Depending on the configuration of a spinning electromotive device the stator may act as the field  magnet, interacting with the armature to create motion, or it may act as the armature, receiving its influence from moving field coils on the rotor. The first DC generators (known as dynamos) and DC motors put the field coils on the stator, and the power generation or motive reaction coils on the rotor. This is necessary because a continuously moving power switch known as the commutator is needed to keep the field correctly aligned across the spinning rotor. The commutator must become larger and more robust as the current increases.

The stator of these devices may be either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.

An AC alternator produces power across multiple high-current power generation coils connected in parallel, eliminating the commutator.

Fluid devices
In a turbine, the stator element contains blades or ports used to redirect the flow of fluid.  Such devices include the steam turbine and the torque converter. In a mechanical siren, the stator contains one or more rows of holes that admit air into the rotor; by controlling the flow of air through the holes, the sound of the siren can be altered. A stator can reduce the turbulence and rotational energy introduced by an axial turbine fan, creating a steady column of air with a lower Reynolds number.

References

External links 

Electric motors
Sirens
Bosch. Bosch may refer to:

People

 Bosch (surname)
 Robert Bosch (1861 – 1942), founder of Robert Bosch GmbH
 Carl Bosch, a German chemist 
 Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450 – 1516), painter
 Van den Bosch, a Dutch toponymic surname

Companies and organisations
 Bosch (company), full name , a German engineering and technology company
 Bosch (home appliance brand), a brand of , a joint venture between Bosch and Siemens
 Robert Bosch Stiftung, a German foundation that owns a majority shareholding in Robert Bosch GmbH
 Bosch Rexroth, engineering firm
 Bosch Brewing Company, a small beer brewery founded by Joseph Bosch in Michigan, USA

Places
 Bosch (island), a former island in the Wadden Sea
 Bosch, Netherlands, a hamlet in North Brabant
 7414 Bosch, a main-belt asteroid named after Carl Bosch
 Bosch en Duin, Netherlands
 Den Bosch, colloquial name of 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
 Villa Bosch, Argentina

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Harry Bosch, the nickname of Hieronymus Bosch, a fictional detective created by Michael Connelly
  Bosch (TV series), an American TV series based on Connelly's novels
 Bosch: Legacy, a spin-off of the Bosch TV series
 Huis Ten Bosch (theme park), Japan

Buildings
 Bosch Palace, the official residence of the U.S. ambassador to Argentina
 Huis ten Bosch, an official palace of the Dutch royal family in The Hague, Netherlands
 Huis Ten Bosch Station, a train station for the theme park and train service of the same name in Japan
 Villa Bosch, a villa in Heidelberg and former residence of Carl Bosch, now the location of the Klaus Tschira Foundation

Science and technology
 Bosch reaction, a chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen producing carbon, water and heat; named after Carl Bosch
 Bosch's Pitcher-Plant, named after Johannes van den Bosch

Other uses
 Huis Ten Bosch (train), a train service to a station and theme park of the same name
 Boche or Bosche, see a List of terms used for Germans, generally pejorative

See also

 
 Boch (disambiguation)
 Boche (disambiguation)
 Bochs, computer emulator
 Borsch (disambiguation)
 Bosc (disambiguation)
 Bosco (disambiguation)
 Bosh (disambiguation)
 Haber-Bosch, a process named after Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch
 Huis ten Bosch (disambiguation)
Urban seismic risk. Urban seismic risk is the risk of earthquakes damaging or destroying people and things in towns and cities. Even if a big earthquake is likely urban seismic risk can be minimized with good earthquake construction, and seismic analysis. One of the best ways to deal with the issue is through an earthquake scenario analysis. Earthquake engineering can reduce the risk.

International projects
The IDNDR secretariat launched the RADIUS (risk assessment tools for diagnosis of urban areas against seismic disasters) initiative in 1996 to promote worldwide activities for the reduction of urban seismic risk, which experienced rapid growth particularly in developing countries, by helping to raise public awareness.

Urban risk and planning
One of the disaster risk reduction themes set forth by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction project PreventionWeb, is urban risk and planning. This theme refers to the measurement and management of urban hazards and vulnerability in order to improve awareness and local capacity to effectively reduce disaster risk.

Istanbul

Toronto

Cities are a mixture of old and new construction as in this picture.  Note the old brick building mixed in with the new highrises, and the famous Toronto CN Tower.  Similar to methodologies used in nuclear reactors, a seismic walkdown of the city is the best way to identify vulnerabilities and possible places for improvement.

Toronto is located on the shores of Lake Ontario, the site of much microseismicity. Toronto was struck by a 5.0 magnitude earthquake on June 23, 2010, and a 5.1 magnitude earthquake on May 17, 2013.

There are many places where the risk of seismic damage to older buildings is quite high.  Old brick buildings on poor soils are highly vulnerable to earthquake damage, particularly when the mortar holding the bricks together has decayed.  Problems increase if there is the possibility for soil or soil liquefaction.

Even in buildings which are capable of withstanding an earthquake without structural failure there may be risk to people due to interior hazards. Items such as suspended ceilings and light fixtures have almost no seismic ruggedness.  Warehouse stores where heavy merchandise is stacked are a particular hazard.

References

External links 
 Realistic seismic appraisal of New York City
 Infrastructure Risk Research Project at The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
 PreventionWeb

Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation
PMT. PMT  may refer to:

Technology and engineering
Pole-mount transformer
Padmount transformer
Photomultiplier tube, a light detector

Medicine
 Premenstrual tension
 Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia, caused by artificial pacemaker
 Pasteurella multocida toxin

Political parties
 Malian Party of Labour (le Parti malien du travail)
 Mexican Workers' Party (Partido Mexicano de los Trabajadores)

Transport
 PMTair, Cambodian airline, ICAO code
 Polmont railway station, Scotland, National Rail station code
 First Potteries Limited, formerly PMT Ltd, UK bus company
 Pune Municipal Transport, merged into Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited, India

Other uses
 Packaging Machinery Technology, a magazine
 Pardon My Take, a comedy sports podcast
 Parent Management Training
 PMT Dance Studio, of New York City, US
 PMT Italia, a paper machinery company
 Professional Music Technology, a UK musical instrument retailer
 Program Map Table in an MPEG transport stream
 Protection motivation theory
Panhard rod. A Panhard rod (also called Panhard bar, track bar, or track rod) is a suspension link that provides lateral location of the axle. Originally invented by the Panhard automobile company of France in the early twentieth century, this device has been widely used ever since.

Overview
The purpose of automobile suspension is to let the wheels move vertically with respect to the body, while preventing movement forward and backwards (longitudinally), or side to side (laterally). 

The Panhard rod is a simple device designed to prevent lateral movement. It consists of a rigid bar running sideways in the same plane as the axle, connecting one end of the axle to the car body or chassis on the opposite side of the vehicle. The bar attaches on either end with pivots that let it swivel upwards and downwards only, limiting the axle's movement to the vertical plane. This does not effectively locate the axle longitudinally, therefore it is usually used in conjunction with trailing arms that stabilize the axle in the longitudinal direction. 

A Panhard rod is typically used with coil spring suspensions; with a leaf spring suspension, the springs themselves usually supply enough lateral rigidity. However, Ford used a similar connected rear axle damper (fifth shock) on some Explorers and light trucks with rear leaf springs. Jaguar also used a Panhard rod to locate the rear axle on its unusual cantilever leaf sprung Mark 2.

Advantages and disadvantages
The advantage of the Panhard rod is its simplicity. Its major disadvantage is that the body must necessarily move in an arc relative to the axle, with the radius equal to the length of the Panhard rod. If the rod is too short, it allows excessive sideways movement between the axle and the body at the ends of the spring travel. Therefore, the Panhard rod is less desirable on smaller cars than larger ones. 

Two notable exceptions to this are the Mitsubishi Pajero Mini and Suzuki Jimny. Both are small light vehicles (they fall in the light vehicles category in Japan) that have a Panhard rod, but the off-road nature of these vehicles mean that the lateral movement between axle and body is not important. A suspension design that is similar but dramatically reduces the sideways component of the axle's vertical travel is a Watt's linkage.

Applications
Some vehicles with live-axle suspensions cannot use a Watt's linkage due to design or other practical constraints; these often incorporate a Panhard rod as a component of the front suspension. The Mercedes-Benz G-Class was redesigned in 2018 to include a Panhard rod on the rear axle to improve its on-road handling characteristics.

See also 
 List of auto parts
 Scott Russell linkage

References 

Automotive suspension technologies
Linkages (mechanical)
Panhard
DCO. DCO may refer to: Diploma in Community Ophthalmology

Astronomy
 Dark compact object, a dark compact star

Technology
 Device configuration overlay, of a computer hard disk drive
 Digitally controlled oscillator, in electronics
 Siemens DCO, a telephone switch
 Drift City Online, a game
 Domain controller, on Microsoft Servers
 Developer Certificate of Origin, used in open source software projects to verify individual contributions

Other
Deep Carbon Observatory
Development Consent Order, the means of obtaining permission for nationally significant projects in England and Wales
Digital Cooperation Organization, an international organization
Dimension Century Orguss, anime series
Direct commission officer, a military rank
Disney Channel Original (disambiguation)
District coordination officer, a civil service position in Pakistan
The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own), a regiment of the Canadian Forces
Duke of Cambridge's Own, aka Middlesex Regiment
Dynamic Creative Optimization, a term used in programmatic marketing
D.Co., an abbreviation used for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado
Docket Control Order, a legal document used to confirm court deadlines.
Document Control Officer controls access to documents that are restricted to certain people
FDD. FDD may refer to:

Politics
CNDD-FDD, a political party in Burundi
Forum for Democracy and Development, a political party in Zambia
KAZE-FDD, a political party in Burundi

Science and technology

 Familial Danish dementia, a rare form of dementia

Floppy disk drive
Frequency-division duplex, a telecommunications duplex indexing method
Frequency domain decomposition, a system identification technique
LTE-FDD, a 4G telecommunications technology and standard
Timex FDD, a nearly complete computer by Timex
UMTS-FDD, an air interface standard in 3G mobile telecommunications networks
Fault detection and diagnostics, by Automated Logic Corporation

Other uses
Feature-driven development, a project management approach
Forces for the Defense of Democracy, a rebel group in Burundi
Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a policy institute based in Washington, D.C., US
Franchise disclosure document (2008), UFDD/UFOC Uniform Franchise Offering Circular
The Danish Scout Council, formerly the Fællesrådet for Danmarks Drengespejdere
"F.D.D.", the opening theme to the anime Chaos;Head sung by Kanako Itō
HDD. HDD  may refer to:
 H. D. Deve Gowda, former Prime Minister of India
 Hard disk drive
 Hand Drawn Dracula, a record label
 Head-down display
 Heating degree day
 High definition display
 Honorary Doctor of Divinity
 Horizontal Directional Drilling
 Hyderabad Airport (Sindh) (IATA:HDD), in Pakistan
 ; see Device file § naming conventions
 Hard Drive Divinity, the transformed state of CPUs in Hyperdimension Neptunia
 Handan East railway station, China Railway pinyin code HDD
Emulate. Emulate, Inc. (Emulate) is a biotechnology company that commercialized Organs-on-Chips technology—a human cell-based technology that recreates organ-level function to model organs in healthy and diseased states. The technology has applications in pharmaceutical research, product development, testing how different medicines, chemicals, and foods affect human health. Emulate has also worked with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on a precision medicine initiative that uses Organs-on-Chips technology in the clinical setting. This initiative is designed to provide clinicians with better data about how an individual patient may respond to treatment. The company also signed a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to advance and qualify its Human Emulation System to meet regulatory evaluation for product testing.

Technology 

Emulate's Organs-on-Chips technology has been used to recreate the function of a variety of different organs, including the liver, intestine, brain, kidney, and lung. The company's Organ-Chips are about the size of a AA battery and feature two fluidic channels that create the flow of blood and other fluids. The chips are made of a flexible polymer and can be stretched to recreate similar motions to those of breathing or peristalsis. The company has developed a Human Emulation System that combines its Organ-Chips along with hardware and software apps. The system is designed to reduce some of the complexities of working with Organs-on-Chips technology and is built around the Organ-Chip, which recreates the microenvironment of an organ that is found within the body. An instrument called Zoë Culture Module provides pressure driven flow and recreates perfusion pressure and shear forces like those experienced in the human body.

History 
Emulate was spun out from the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, where the technology was initially invented and then extensively developed. Scientific Founder Donald Ingber founded the company around 2013.  James Coon was co-founder and the first CEO. Jim Corbett is the current CEO.

Funding 
In July 2014, the founders raised $12 million in a first round of financing. In March 2016, the company raised a Series B round of investment of $28 million from repeat and new investors, including NanoDimension, ALS Finding a Cure, Atel Ventures and Laboratory Corp. of America Holdings. In February 2018, Emulate formed strategic partnerships with Roche, a Swiss-based pharmaceutical company, and Takeda, a pharmaceutical company based in Japan. The company raised its most recent round of funding in June 2018 when they announced that they had raised a Series C round of funding led by Silicon Valley–based capital firm Founders Fund. In September 2021, the company raised a Series E round of $82 million.

See also 
 Donald E. Ingber
 D. A. Wallach

References

Further reading 
 

American companies established in 2014
Biotechnology companies of the United States
2014 establishments in the United States
Catalin. Catalin is a brand name for a thermosetting polymer developed and trademarked in 1927 by the American Catalin Corporation of New York City, when the patent on Bakelite expired that year. A phenol formaldehyde resin, it can be worked with files, grinders, and cutters, and polished to a fine sheen.  

Catalin is produced by a two-stage process, different from other types of phenolic resins, and does not contain fillers, such as sawdust or carbon black. Catalin is transparent, near colorless, rather than opaque. Unlike other phenolics, it can be produced in bright colors or even marbled. This fact has made Catalin more popular than other types of Bakelite for consumer products.

Catalin is heavy, quite greasy in feel, and as hard as brass. It is heat resistant and does not soften under boiling water. Like Bakelite, it gives off a distinctive phenolic odour when heated and can be tested by rubbing the material on a cloth with a spot of Simichrome Polish or Formula 409 cleaner, which will leave a characteristic light pink to yellow residue. Due to oxidation, older Catalin items darken in color; white discolors to yellow. This caused interesting effects in radio cabinets made from Catalin. Catalin radios were often made in stylish Art Deco designs and are sought after by collectors.

Applications 

Catalin was used from the 1930s to 1950s for many household objects, jewelry, small boxes, lamps, cutlery handles, and desk sets. Catalin jewelry, more commonly referred to incorrectly as Bakelite jewelry, was made from the 1930s until the end of World War II when it became too expensive, as every piece had to be individually cast and polished.  The American Catalin Corporation introduced 15 new colors in 1927 and developed techniques to create marbling. The colors included yellow, orange, red, greens, blue, and purple, with clear, opaque and marbled versions. In the 1930s, jewelry made in these colors was popular with sets of beads, bangles, earrings, and rings being worn together.

Catalin was also used to make radios. In a labor-intensive process, liquid resin was cast and cured with heat, and then polished by hand into Art Deco designs.  Notable designers of Catalin radios included Norman Bel Geddes and Walter Dorwin Teague. The bright colors of Catalin radios were meant to convey optimism during the Great Depression.

Jewelry made out of Catalin is usually referred to as Bakelite in the antique trade, while the household items, radios, cutlery, etc. are accurately referred to as Catalin.

The grips on John Wayne's iconic six shooter, seen in every movie from El Dorado through True Grit, were made of Catalin, not ivory, as often thought.

Catalin has also been used for mountings on the great highland bagpipe.  This use is no longer common due to a tendency for them to turn orange with age.

References

Baker, Lillian. Plastic Jewelry of the Twentieth Century: Identification & Value Guide, 2003, Collector Books

External links 
http://www.amsterdambakelitecollection.com
 
Plastics
Phenol formaldehyde resins
Art Deco
Zig-zag in-line package. The zig-zag in-line package (ZIP) is a packaging technology for integrated circuits. It was intended as a replacement for dual in-line packaging (DIL or DIP). A ZIP is an integrated circuit encapsulated in a slab of plastic with 16, 20, 28 or 40 pins, measuring (for the ZIP-20 package) about 3 mm x 30 mm x 10 mm.  The package's pins protrude in two rows from one of the long edges. The two rows are staggered by 1.27 mm (0.05"), giving them a zig-zag appearance, and allowing them to be spaced more closely than a rectangular grid would allow.  The pins are inserted into holes in a printed circuit board, with the packages standing at right-angles to the board, allowing them to be placed closer together than DIPs of the same size. ZIPs have now been superseded by surface-mount packages such as the thin small-outline packages (TSOPs), but are still in use. The quad in-line package uses a similar staggered semiconductor package design, but on two sides instead of one.

High-power devices (such as high-voltage op-amp ICs, voltage regulators, and motor driver ICs) are still being manufactured in a package with a zig-zag pinout (and normally screwed onto a heatsink).  These zig-zag packages include variations on the TO220 such as "TO220S", "staggered leads TO-220-11", "staggered leads TO-220-15", and HZIP. The trademarks Pentawatt or Hexawatt are also used for chips in multi-leaded power packages like TDA2002/2003/2020/2030 and L200.

As for computers, dynamic RAM ZIP chips are now only to be found in obsolete computers, some of these are:
 Amiga 500 expansion packs
 Amiga 3000 on-board memory and some expansion boards
 Commodore CDTV on-board memory
 Acorn Archimedes 300 and 400 series on-board memory
 Acorn Archimedes A3010 and A3020

See also
 Types of chip carriers – list of chip package types

References 

Chip carriers