omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mensch Computer. The Mensch Computer is a personal computer system produced by the Western Design Center (WDC). It is based on the WDC 65C265 microcontroller, which implements the instruction sets of two microprocessors: the 16-bit W65C816/65816, and the 8-bit 6502. The computer is named after Bill Mensch, designer of the 6502 and subsequent series of microprocessor.

The system is designed for hobbyists and people who enjoy computer programming, especially at the assembly language level, and includes a basic set of peripherals which can be expanded by the owner. Much software originally written for other computer systems which use the 65816 or 6502 instruction sets (such as the Nintendo Entertainment System, Super Nintendo, or Apple IIGS, among others) can be run on the Mensch Computer (either directly as binary object code or through reassembling the software source code), to the extent that such software does not rely on hardware configurations which differ from the Mensch Computer.

The Mensch Computer includes a read-only memory (ROM) machine code monitor (a type of firmware), and many software routines are available to programmers by calling subroutines in the ROM. Typically, the system runs Mensch Works, a software suite also named after Bill Mensch.

References

External links 
 

Microcomputers
AFRC. AFRC can be an initialism for:

Advanced Frame Rate Converter, used for frame rate control
Agricultural and Food Research Council, British farming and horticulture organisation
Air Force Reserve Command, major command of the United States Air Force
Arkansas Forest Resource Center, University of Arkansas at Monticello, United States
Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, rebel group in Sierra Leone
Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Ghana, ruled Ghana for 4 months in 1979
Armed Forces Recreation Center, resorts run by the United States Armed Forces for members of the military and their families
Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center, a NASA center on Edwards Air Force Base in California, United States

See also

Australian Family Relationships Clearinghouse Issues, aka AFRC Issues
American Flame Research Committee, component of the International Flame Research Foundation
RAF Mepal. Royal Air Force Mepal or more simply RAF Mepal is a former Royal Air Force station located  south of Mepal, Cambridgeshire, England and  west of Ely, Cambridgeshire. Construction commenced in July 1942 and opened in June 1943.

History
Mepal first hosted No. 75 (NZ) Squadron RAF flying Short Stirlings and later Avro Lancasters.

Tiger Force
It was used towards the end of the Second World War to prepare Avro Lancaster bombers squadrons such as No. 44 (Rhodesia) squadron for use in Tiger Force which was to bomb Japan.

Thor missiles
From 1957 PGM-17 Thor missiles were based at the airfield in the north east corner.

The following units were also here at some point:
 No. 7 Squadron RAF
 No. 49 Squadron RAF
 No. 113 Squadron RAF
 No. 1665 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF

Current use
Very little remains of the original site, most of it razed to the ground after the USAF and the Thor missiles left. The site is now the Elean business park and is home to the world's only straw burning power station and a few manufacturing and warehousing operations. A small memorial plaque is in place at the entrance to the site.

See also
 List of former Royal Air Force stations

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Royal Air Force – Bomber Command
 Airfield Archaeology – Memorials

Defunct airports in England
Royal Air Force stations in Cambridgeshire
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1963
Rematerialization. In computer science, rematerialization or remat is a compiler optimization which saves time by recomputing a value instead of loading it from memory. It is typically tightly integrated with register allocation, where it is used as an alternative to spilling registers to memory. It was conceived by Gregory Chaitin, Marc Auslander, Ashok Chandra, John Cocke, Martin Hopkins and Peter Markstein and implemented in the Pl.8 compiler for the 801 Minicomputer in the late 1970s. Later improvements were made by Preston Briggs, Keith D. Cooper, and Linda Torczon in 1992.

Traditional optimizations such as common subexpression elimination and loop invariant hoisting often focus on eliminating redundant computation. Since computation requires CPU cycles, this is usually a good thing, but it has the potentially devastating side effect that it can increase the live ranges of variables and create many new variables, resulting in spills during register allocation. Rematerialization is nearly the opposite: it decreases register pressure by increasing the amount of CPU computation. To avoid adding more computation time than necessary, rematerialization is done only when the compiler can be confident that it will be of benefit — that is, when a register spill to memory would otherwise occur.

Rematerialization works by keeping track of the expression used to compute each variable, using the concept of available expressions. Sometimes the variables used to compute a value are modified, and so can no longer be used to rematerialize that value. The expression is then said to no longer be available. Other criteria must also be fulfilled, for example a maximum complexity on the expression used to rematerialize the value; it would do no good to rematerialize a value using a complex computation that takes more time than a load. Usually the expression must also have no side effects.

External links 
 Chaitin, Gregory, Marc Auslander, Ashok Chandra, John Cocke, Martin Hopkins, and Peter Markstein. "Register Allocation Via Coloring, Computer Languages, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1981, pp. 47-57"
 P. Briggs, K. D. Cooper, and L. Torczon. Rematerialization. Proceedings of the SIGPLAN 92 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, SIGPLAN Notices 27(7), p.311-321. July 1992.
 Mukta Punjabi. Register Rematerialization in GCC. Discusses gcc's implementation of rematerialization.

Compiler optimizations
Hacktivismo Enhanced-Source Software License Agreement. The Hacktivismo Enhanced-Source Software License Agreement (HESSLA) is a software license proposed by Hacktivismo that attempts to put ethical restrictions on use and modification of software released under it.

The license was written by Oxblood Ruffin (of Hacktivismo and CULT OF THE DEAD COW) and Eric Grimm, an attorney with the EFF.

The HESSLA allows for enhancements to be made and for derivative works to be created, but it prohibits the use or modification of the software to violate human rights or to introduce features that spy on the user. It is intended to be a legally enforceable document. However, due to these restrictions, it is not technically a free software license or an open source license, though it was inspired by free software and open source licenses.

Criticism 

HESSLA has been criticized by the Free Software Foundation for introducing restrictions that they claim are ineffective for preventing abuse, but introduce legal incompatibility with other licenses. It also is listed as a good example of a human rights license in the Creative Commons wiki.

Derivatives 

The web browser xB Browser was temporarily based on the Torrify Ethical Software License Agreement (TESLA) which was built upon HESSLA.

See also
996 working hour system § 996.ICU GitHub campaign
Douglas Crockford § "Good, not Evil"

References

External links
The HESSLA
The TESLA
Human Rights License Entry on Creative Commons Wiki

Cult of the Dead Cow
Software licensing
Politics and technology
JavaScript engine. A JavaScript engine is a software component that executes JavaScript code. The first JavaScript engines were mere interpreters, but all relevant modern engines use just-in-time compilation for improved performance.

JavaScript engines are typically developed by web browser vendors, and every major browser has one. In a browser, the JavaScript engine runs in concert with the rendering engine via the Document Object Model and Web IDL bindings. However, the use of JavaScript engines is not limited to browsers; for example, the V8 engine is a core component of the Node.js runtime system.

Since ECMAScript is the standardized specification of JavaScript, ECMAScript engine is another name for these implementations. With the advent of WebAssembly, some engines can also execute this code in the same sandbox as regular JavaScript code.

History
The first JavaScript engine was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 for the Netscape Navigator web browser. It was a rudimentary interpreter for the nascent language Eich invented. (This evolved into the SpiderMonkey engine, still used by the Firefox browser.)

Google debuted its Chrome browser in 2008, with the V8 JavaScript engine that was faster than its competition. The key innovation was just-in-time compilation (JIT), which Mozilla had also been working on for SpiderMonkey. Because of V8's performance, the other browser vendors needed to overhaul their engines for JIT. Apple developed the Nitro engine for its Safari browser, which had 30% better performance than its predecessor. Mozilla then leveraged portions of Nitro to improve SpiderMonkey.

Since 2017, these engines have added support for WebAssembly.

Notable engines 

 V8 from Google is the most used JavaScript engine. Google Chrome and the many other Chromium-based browsers use it, as do applications built with CEF, Electron, or any other framework that embeds Chromium. Other uses include the Node.js and Deno runtime systems.
 SpiderMonkey is developed by Mozilla for use in Firefox and its forks. The GNOME Shell uses it for extension support.
 JavaScriptCore is Apple's engine for its Safari browser. Other WebKit-based browsers and the Bun runtime system also use it. KJS from KDE was the starting point for its development.
 Chakra is the engine of the Internet Explorer browser. It was also forked by Microsoft for the original Edge [Legacy] browser, but Edge was later rebuilt as a Chromium-based browser and thus now uses V8.

References

engine
Broadband remote access server. A broadband remote access server (BRAS, B-RAS or BBRAS) routes traffic to and from broadband remote access devices such as digital subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAM) on an Internet service provider's (ISP) network. BRAS can also be referred to as a broadband network gateway or border network gateway (BNG).

The BRAS sits at the edge of an ISP's core network, and aggregates user sessions from the access network.  It is at the BRAS that an ISP can inject policy management and IP quality of service (QoS).

The specific tasks include:

 Aggregates the circuits from one or more link access devices such as DSLAMs
 Provides layer 2 connectivity through either transparent bridging or PPP sessions over Ethernet or ATM sessions
 Enforces QoS policies
 Provides layer 3 connectivity and routes IP traffic through an Internet service provider’s backbone network to the Internet

A DSLAM collects data traffic from multiple subscribers into a centralized point so that it can be transported to a switch or router over a Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet connection.

The router provides the logical network termination.  Common link access methods include PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE), PPP over ATM (PPPoA) encapsulated sessions, bridged Ethernet over ATM or Frame Relay (RFC 1483/RFC 1490), or just plain Ethernet.  In the case of ATM or Frame Relay based access, individual subscribers are identified by Virtual Circuit IDs.  Subscribers connected over Ethernet-based remote access devices are usually identified by VLAN IDs or MPLS tags.   By acting as the network termination point, the BRAS is responsible for assigning network parameters such as IP addresses to the clients.  The BRAS is also the first IP hop from the client to the Internet.

The BRAS is also the interface to authentication, authorization and accounting systems (see RADIUS).

See also
 Digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM)
 Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP)
 Multi-service access node (MSAN)

References

Digital subscriber line
Problem shaping. Problem shaping means revising a question so that the solution process can begin or continue.  
It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem solving. Problem shaping (or problem framing) often involves the application of critical thinking.

Algorithmic approach to technical problems reformulation was introduced by G. S. Altshuller in ARIZ.

See also

 Adaptive reasoning
 Abductive reasoning
 Analogy
 Artificial intelligence
 Brainstorming
 Common sense
 Common sense reasoning
 Creative problem solving
 Cyc
 Deductive reasoning
 Divergent thinking
 Educational psychology
 Executive function
 Facilitation (business)
 General Problem Solver
 Inductive reasoning
 Innovation
 Intelligence amplification
 Inquiry
 Morphological analysis (problem-solving)
 Newell, Allen
 PDCA
 Problem statement
 Problem structuring methods
 Research question
 Simon, Herbert
 Soar (cognitive architecture)
 Thought
 Transdisciplinarity
 TRIZ
 Troubleshooting
 Wicked problem

References

Problem solving
Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company. The Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company (traditional:滿洲國飛行機製造株式會社; shinjitai: 満州国飛行機製造株式会社 Japanese Hepburn: Manshū Koku Hikōki Seizō Kabushiki Kaisha; Chinese ) was an aircraft company in Manchukuo in the 1930s and 1940s, producing a variety of mostly military aircraft and aircraft components. It was named Manshū or Mansyuu in short.

History

The Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company was established in late 1938 under the supervision of the Japanese government as a subsidiary of the Nakajima Aircraft Company of Japan. Its main plant was located in Harbin, Manchukuo.

From 1941 to 1945, Manshū produced a total of 2,196 airframes (eighth among Japanese airframe manufacturers), of which 798 were combat aircraft. The company also produced 2,168 aircraft engines (sixth among Japanese aircraft engine manufacturers). In addition, Manshū provided repair services for a variety of aircraft in the Manchukuo Air Force and for Imperial Japanese Army Air Force units stationed in Manchukuo.

Licensed production

Manshū produced a variety of Japanese aircraft under license production agreements:

 Kawasaki Ki-10 (World War II Allied reporting name "Perry") fighter
 Kawasaki Ki-32 (Allied reporting name "Mary") light bomber
 Kawasaki Ki-45 Toryu (Allied reporting name "Nick") twin-engined fighter
 Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien (Allied reporting name "Tony") fighter
 Kawasaki Type 88 (KDA-2) light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft
 Mitsubishi Ki-15 (Allied reporting name "Babs") reconnaissance aircraft
 Mitsubishi Ki-30 (Allied reporting name "Ann") light bomber
 Mitsubishi Ki-46 (Allied reporting name "Dinah") reconnaissance aircraft
 Manshū Super Universal (license built Fokker Super Universal)
 Nakajima Ki-27 (Allied reporting name "Nate") light fighter (1,379 units)
 Nakajima Ki-34 (Allied reporting name "Thora") transport
 Nakajima Ki-43Ia Hayabusa (Allied reporting name "Oscar") fighter
 Nakajima Ki-44Ia Shoki (Allied reporting name "Tojo") fighter
 Nakajima Ki-84 Hayate (Allied reporting name "Frank") advanced fighter (94 units)
 Nakajima Ki-116 advanced fighter, also known as Manshū Ki-116
 Nakajima Type 91 (NC) fighter
 Tachikawa Ki-9 (Allied reporting name "Spruce") intermediate trainer
 Tachikawa Ki-54 (Allied reporting name "Hickory") advanced trainer
 Tachikawa Ki-55 (Allied reporting name "Ida") advanced trainer

Independent designs

Manshū also developed a number of aircraft independently:

 Manshū Hayabusa I, II, and III airliner (30 units)
 Manshū Ki-79 advanced trainer version of Nakajima Ki-27
 Manshū Ki-71 dive bomber prototype (Allied reporting name "Edna")
 Mansyū Ki-98 advanced twin-boom high-altitude interceptor project

Among the Manshū independent designs, however, only the Ki-79 advanced trainer reached mass production, as the Army Type 2 Advanced Trainer.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
Pacific War Online Encyclopedia

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Japan
Companies in Manchukuo
F4. F4, F.IV, F04, F 4, F.4 or F-4 may refer to:

Aircraft
 Flanders F.4, a 1910s British experimental military two-seat monoplane aircraft 
 Martinsyde F.4 Buzzard, a British World War I fighter version of the Martinsyde Buzzard biplane
 Fokker F.IV, a 1921 Dutch airliner
 Caproni Vizzola F.4, an Italian prototype fighter of 1939
 Lockheed F-4 Lightning, a reconnaissance variant of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning World War 2 fighter
 Fleetwings Sea Bird, a variant of which was the F-4
 A number of aircraft that first entered service with the U.S. Navy:
 Curtiss F4C, a 1920s version of the Naval Aircraft Factory TS biplane fighter
 Boeing F4B, a 1930s version of the Boeing P-12 biplane fighter
 Grumman F4F Wildcat, a carrier-based fighter aircraft in World War 2
 Vought F4U Corsair, a World War 2 fighter
 Douglas F4D Skyray, a carrier-based fighter/interceptor, first flight 1951
 McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, a supersonic fighter-bomber, first flight 1958

Art, entertainment, and music
 F4, or Flower 4, the four handsome boys appearing in Japanese manga Boys Over Flowers
 F4 (band), Taiwanese boy band
 F4 Thailand, a Thai television series
 F4, Middle F (musical note)
 Fantastic Four, fictional superhero team

Computing and technology
 Faugère's F4 algorithm in computer algebra
 F4, a function key on a computer keyboard
 f4transkript, a transcription software
 Samsung Galaxy F04, an Android-based smartphone manufactured by Samsung Electronics

Mathematics
 F4 (mathematics), the name of a Lie group and also its Lie algebra f4
 
 F4, Fermat number

Sports and games
 F4 (classification), a wheelchair sport classification
 Formula 4, a class of car racing
 f4, designates a square in Algebraic notation (chess)
 1. f4, or Bird's opening, an opening move in chess

Transportation and vehicles
 F4 (Istanbul Metro), a funicular railway in Istanbul Turkey
 F4 Cross Harbour, or Cross Harbour ferry services (2017–2020), Sydney, Australia
 F4 Pyrmont Bay, or Pyrmont Bay ferry services, Sydney, Australia
 Albarka Air (IATA code), a Nigerian airline
 Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout, in automotive design
 MV Agusta F4 series, a series of motorcycles
 USS F-4, a U.S. Navy submarine that sank near Honolulu harbor in 1915
 LNER Class F4, a class of British steam locomotives

Other uses
 F4, a paper size
 F 4 Frösön, a former Swedish Air Force wing
 f/4, an f-number of an optical system such as a camera lens
 F-4 Object, or Rákosi bunker, a formerly secret nuclear shelter in Budapest, Hungary
 Form F-4, an American form used to register securities
 Nikon F4, a camera
 F4, a tornado intensity rating on the Fujita scale
 F4, an electrode site according to the 10–20 system (EEG)

See also
 4F (disambiguation)
 Four Fs (disambiguation)
Compound (fortification). In military science, a compound is a type of fortification made up of walls or fences surrounding several buildings in the center of a large piece of land. The walls can either serve the purpose of being tall, thick, and impenetrable, in which case they would be made of wood, stone, or some other like substance; or dangerous to attempt to scale, in which case they could be made of barbed wire or electrified. Compounds can be designed to double as living spaces and military structures in the middle of hostile territory or as a military area within a country's territory; they are also used by civilians and government officials (IE: Embassies) and those who want to protect against threats to themselves or their property.

A number of survivalists own fortified compound-like structures as a means of protection in case civilization breaks down or their government becomes abusive.

The term compound is also used to refer to an unfortified enclosure, especially in Africa and Asia. See compound (enclosure).

Specific group usage
Insurgent, militant, and terrorist groups alike have been known to maintain their own compounds which commonly feature training camps. The CSA, Al-Qaeda, various Ku Klux Klan factions, The Taliban, Aggressive Christianity Missionary Training Corps and ISIS are some of the organizations who use such.

Large outlaw motorcycle clubs will typically use a compound for a particular chapter's headquarters. In motorcycle subculture, these are commonly referred to as "clubhouses".

Many new religious movement organizations and cults have used compounds to facilitate their own privatized practices or activities. Additionally, they can serve as a residency for followers of that particular commune. Mount Carmel Center, Tama-Re, YFZ Ranch, and Gold Base are some of the most notable of these.

Due to their offensive imagery and paraphernalia, large neo-Nazi and white supremacist groups will operate secluded compounds that can serve as a headquarters for a certain organization. In this particular movement, they are also used to hold gatherings and serve as venues for Nazi punk, Rock Against Communism and White power music concerts. The most famous of these would be the now-defunct Aryan Nations compound in Hayden Lake, Idaho.

Other examples
Murphy Ranch - a now-defunct compound that belonged to the Silver Legion of America; designed for the group's Nazi activities in the United States during WWII.
The Knights of the KKK currently operate a compound within Zinc, Arkansas.
The headquarters of Imperial Klans of America consists of a heavily guarded 28-acre compound in Dawson Springs, Kentucky.
Elohim City
Bab al-Azizia
Camp Nordland
Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad
Camp Siegfried

See also

 List of cities with defensive walls
 Border barrier
 Separation barrier
 Closed city
 Stockade
 Boma (enclosure)
 Compound (enclosure)
 Gated community
 Blockhouse

References

Fortifications by type
B11. B11, B.XI or B-11 may refer to:

Transportation
 B11 (New York City bus) serving Brooklyn
 Bundesstraße 11, federal highway in Germany

Vehicles
 HMS B11, a B-class submarine of the British Royal Navy
 Bavarian B XI, an 1895 German steam locomotive model
 Bensen B-11, a Bensen Aircraft model
 Douglas YB-11, a bomber designed for the United States Army Air Corps
 Nissan B11, a version of the Nissan Sunny
 Volvo B11R, a coach bus chassis manufactured by Volvo since 2011

Other uses
 B-11 recoilless rifle, a Soviet 107 mm weapon
 Gareth Bale, a professional footballer from Wales
 Boron-11 (B-11 or 11B), an isotope of boron
 Caro-Kann Defence, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code B11

See also

 
 
 
 
 
11B (disambiguation)
B1 (disambiguation)
BII (disambiguation)
BLL (disambiguation)
BXI (disambiguation)
Namco System 21. The Namco System 21 "Polygonizer"  is an arcade system board unveiled by Namco in 1988 with the game Winning Run. It was the first arcade board specifically designed for 3D polygon processing. The hardware went through significant evolution throughout its lifespan until the last game, Cyber Sled, was released in 1993. It was preceded by the Namco System 2 in 1987 and succeeded by the Namco System 22 in 1993.

System 21 specifications
The System 21 consists of four PCBs housed in a metal crate.

Main CPU: 2x Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz
DSP (used for performing 3D math): 4x Texas Instruments TMS320C25  @ 24.576 MHz (Starblade uses 5xTMS320C20 instead)
Sound CPU: Motorola 6809 @ 3.072 MHz
Sound Chip: Yamaha YM2151 @ 3.58 MHz
MCU Hitachi HD63705 @ 2.048 MHz
 + Namco custom chips

Development
It was in development for over three years before release, since around the mid-1980s. According to Phil Harrison (in the September 1989 issue of Commodore User), who visited Namco's Tokyo office, Atari's Hard Drivin' ran on an earlier, less powerful, version of this hardware, stating that Namco and Atari Games were sister companies at the time and that the System 21 was a shared development.

List of Namco System 21 arcade games
Winning Run (1988)
Winning Run Suzuka Grand Prix (1989)
Galaxian³ (1990)
Driver's Eyes (1990)
Winning Run '91 (1991)
Starblade (1991)
Solvalou (1991) - 3D sequel to Xevious
Air Combat (1993)
Cyber Sled (1993)
Attack of the Zolgear (1994)

References

Namco arcade system boards