omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cylindrite. Cylindrite is a sulfosalt mineral containing tin, lead, antimony and iron with formula: Pb3Sn4FeSb2S14. It forms triclinic pinacoidal crystals which often occur as tubes or cylinders which are in fact rolled sheets. It has a black to lead grey metallic colour with a Mohs hardness of 2 to 3 and a specific gravity of 5.4.

It was first discovered in the Santa Cruz mine, Oruro Department, Bolivia in 1893. The name arises from its curious cylindrical crystal which it forms almost uniquely among minerals.

See also

 Classification of minerals
 List of minerals

References

Lead minerals
Tin minerals
Iron minerals
Antimony minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Triclinic minerals
Geigerite. Geigerite is a mineral, a complex hydrous manganese arsenate with formula: Mn5(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2·10H2O. It forms triclinic pinacoidal, vitreous, colorless to red to brown crystals. It has a Mohs hardness of 3 and a specific gravity of 3.05.

It was discovered in Grischun, Switzerland in 1989. It was named
in honor of Thomas Geiger (1886–1976), Wiesendangen, Switzerland, who studied the Falotta manganese ores.

Composition

The chemical composition of geigerite is hydrous manganese arsenate (Mn5(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2·10H2O). The chemical composition was found by using an electron microprobe in the Falotta mines in Switzerland.

Geologic occurrence

Geigerite can be found in the abandoned manganese mine in Oberhalbstein, Switzerland. It is mainly found in cavities in adiolarites, which are a form of igneous rock that have either a 
radial or fanlike texture of crystals. Geigerite is then formed by metamorphism of manganese 
oxide ores. Recently, geigerite has been found in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Geigerite has also been found in Mt. Nero Mine, Borghetto Di Vara, La Spieza, Italy.

Structure

Geigerite’s crystal system is triclinic with perfect cleavage on the {010}. The Herman Mauguin symbol for geigerite is  and its space group is P. Geigerite contains two arsenate ions which are independent of one another. The first is the AsO3OH group, and the second is the AsO4. In the acidic AsO3OH group, the As-O bonds are much shorter than the As-OH bonds. Similarly, in the AsO4 group, As-O bonds are also shorter than the As-O bonds. The remaining bonds within both arsenate groups have nearly equal distances. In the ions there are three manganese atoms, these three links to six oxygen atoms to form a normal octahedral formation.

Special characteristics

One interesting structural feature of geigerite is the presence of a complicated network of 
hydrogen bonds, which exceed the number of the hydrogen atoms. Geigerite
is classified under a group of metal copper (II) arsenates called the Lindackerite group. Minerals 
within this group have a formula where M equals either copper, calcium, manganese, zinc, or 
cobalt.

See also
List of minerals named after people

References

Bergknappe (2000) Verein der Freunde des Bergbaus in Graubunden Stiftung Bergbaumuseum Graubunden Schelzboden-Davos. 31–32.

Manganese(II) minerals
Arsenate minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
System Global Area. In the database management systems developed by the Oracle Corporation, the System Global Area (SGA) forms the part of the system memory (RAM) shared by all the processes belonging to a single Oracle database instance. The SGA contains all information necessary for the instance operation.

Components 
In general, the SGA consists of the following:
 buffer cache: holds copies of data blocks read from datafiles
 dictionary cache: holds information about data dictionary tables, such as information about account, datafile, segment, extent, table and privileges
 redo log buffer: contains information about database transactions, both committed and uncommitted, in preparation for writing to online redo log files
 shared pool: holds the dictionary or row cache, the library cache, cursor definitions and shared SQL.
 Java pool: holds information for parsing Java statements.
 large pool: including the User Global Area (UGA))
 stream pool:this is remote connectivity for the database.

Configuration 
From Oracle Database version 10g, Automatic Memory Management (AMM) allows simplified and dynamic configuration of the SGA.

Granules 
In the Oracle DBMS, the Oracle server allocates the system global area (SGA) in granule units at the time of instance startup. During the startup, each component acquires as many granules as it requires. The SGA can be said to consist of linked granules. The granule size depends on the database version and sometimes on the operating system. In Oracle 9i and earlier, it is 4 MB if the SGA size is less than 128 MB, and 16 MB otherwise. For later releases, it is typically 4 MB if the SGA size is less than 1 GB, and 16 MB otherwise.  There must be at least 3 granules in the SGA: one for the Database Buffer Cache, one for the Shared Pool Area and one for the Redo Log Buffer. It is possible to retrieve information about the current granule size at any time by querying the dynamic view V$SGAINFO.

See also 
 Program Global Area (PGA)

Further reading 
 Memory Architecture

References 

Oracle software

.
Intruder detection. In information security, intruder detection is the process of detecting intruders behind attacks as unique persons. This technique tries to identify the person behind an attack by analyzing their computational behaviour.

History 
Some other earlier works reference the concept of Intruder Authentication, Intruder Verification, or Intruder Classification, but the Si6 project was one of the first projects to deal with the full scope of the concept.

Theory 

Intruder Detection Systems try to detect who is attacking a system by analyzing his or her computational behaviour or biometric behaviour.

Some of the parameters used to identify a intruder 

 Keystroke Dynamics (aka keystroke patterns, typing pattern, typing behaviour)
 Patterns using an interactive command interpreter:
 Commands used
 Commands sequence
 Accessed directories
 Character deletion
 
 Patterns on the network usage:
 IP address used
 ISP
 Country
 City
 Ports used
 TTL analysis
 Operating system used to attack
 Protocols used
 Connection times patterns

Keystroke dynamics 
Keystroke dynamics is paramount in Intruder Detection techniques because it is the only parameter that has been classified as a real 'behavioural biometric pattern'. 

Keystroke dynamics analyze times between keystrokes issued in a computer keyboard or cellular phone keypad searching for patterns. First techniques used statistics and probability concepts like 'standard deviations' and 'Mean', later approaches use data mining, neural networks, Support Vector Machine, etc.

Translation confusion 
There is a confusion with the Spanish translation of 'Intrusion detection system', also known as IDS. Some people translate it as 'Sistemas de Detección de Intrusiones', but others translate it as 'Sistemas de Detección de Intrusos'. Only the former is correct.

See also 
Intrusion-detection system
Biometrics

References

External links 
 P0f OS fingerprinting tool
 Si6 Paranoid Project 

Computer security procedures
Robot kit. A robot kit is a special construction kit for building robots, especially autonomous mobile robots.

Toy robot kits are also supplied by several companies. They are mostly made of plastics elements like Lego Mindstorms, rero Reconfigurable Robot kit, the Robotis Bioloid, Robobuilder, the ROBO-BOX-3.0 (produced by Inex), and the lesser-known KAI Robot (produced by Kaimax), or aluminium elements like Lynxmotion's Servo Erector Set and the qfix kit. Some robots, such as Ebdot, come ready-assembled.

The kits can consist of: structural elements, mechanical elements, motors (or other actuators), sensors and a controller board to control the inputs and outputs of the robot. In some cases, the kits can be available without electronics as well, to provide the user the opportunity to use his or her own.

Robot kits

Arduino controlling Tamiya (or another) kit
Cubelets
Lego Mindstorms
Lynxmotion
Qfix robot kit
Robotis Bioloid
Stiquito
Tetrix Robotics Kit
WonderBorg

See also

.dwg
Adaptable robotics
Domestic robot
Open Design Alliance
Open hardware
Phidget
Rapid prototyping
Robotics suite

External links
 Mobile Robot (MURVV) kit

References

Adaptable robotics
Experimental software engineering. Experimental software engineering involves running experiments on the processes and procedures involved in the creation of software systems, with the intent that the data be used as the basis of theories about the processes involved in software engineering (theory backed by data is a fundamental tenet of the scientific method).  A number of research groups primarily use empirical and experimental techniques.

The term empirical software engineering emphasizes the use of empirical studies of all kinds to accumulate knowledge.  Methods used include experiments, case studies, surveys, and using whatever data is available.

Empirical software engineering research 

In a keynote at the International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement Prof. Wohlin recommended ten commitments that the research community should follow to increase the relevance and impact of empirical software engineering research. However, at the same conference Dr. Ali effectively argued that solely following these will not be enough and we need to do more than just show the evidence substantiating the claimed benefits of our interventions but instead what is required for practical relevance and potential impact is the evidence for cost-effectiveness.

The International Software Engineering Research Network (ISERN) is a global community of research groups who are active in experimental software engineering. Its purpose is to advance the practice of and foster university and industry collaborations within experimental software engineering. ISERN holds annual meetings in conjunction with the International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM) conference.

References

Bibliography
 Victor Basili, Richard W. Selby, David H. Hutchens, "Experimentation in Software Engineering", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. SE-12, No.7, July 1986
Basili, V.; Rombach, D.; Schneider, K.; Kitchenham, B.; Pfahl, D.; Selby, R. (Eds.),Empirical Software Engineering Issues. Critical Assessment and Future Directions, Springer-Verlag, 2007, .
 Barry Boehm, Hans Dieter Rombach, and Marvin V. Zelkowitz (eds.), Foundations of Empirical Software Engineering — The Legacy of Victor R. Basili, Springer-Verlag, 2005, .
 Jones, D. Evidence-based Software Engineering based on the publicly available data, 2020, 
 H. Dieter Rombach, Victor R. Basili and Richard W. Selby (eds.), [Experimental Software Engineering Issues: Critical Assessment and Future Directions], Springer-Verlag, 1993, .

Software engineering folklore
Software engineering
Glass of antimony. Glass of antimony, vitrum antimonii, is a yellow to red, translucent glass created from a preparation of antimony, though historically used as an emetic, the glass was a subject of much interest from alchemists due to its unusual properties. It was created using crude antimony, ground and calcined by a vehement fire, in an earthen crucible, until it no longer fumed, indicating that its sulfur was evaporated. The remaining substance (antimony trioxide) was then vitrified in a wind furnace, and stirred with an iron rod, upon which it became translucent and displayed a ruddy and shining yellow-red color.

It has been considered the strongest emetic of any preparation of antimony. Yet, if dissolved in spirit of urine, it ceased to be either emetic or cathartic.

See also 
 Antimonial
 Antimonial cup

References

Emetics
Glass types
Drugs with no legal status
Antimony
Equipment room. A technical room or equipment room is a room where technical equipment has been installed, for example for controlling a building's climate, electricity, water and wastewater. The equipment can include electric panels, central heating, heat network, machinery for ventilation systems, air conditioning, various types of pumps and boilers, as well as telecommunications equipment. It can serve one or more housing units or buildings.

Technical rooms are very important for the stable operation of buildings, and should be designed so that one has plenty of space to work on the technical equipment during repairs and maintenance. In homes, technical rooms may not satisfy the building code standards set for traditional living spaces, and hence its floor area may not be classified as suited for permanent residence.

Some types of technical rooms are:
 Electrical room
 Mechanical room

See also
 Central apparatus room
 Data center
 Server room
 Wiring closet
 Storage room
 Utility room

References 

Rooms
Special Interest Group on Design Automation. SIGDA, Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Design Automation, is a professional development organization for the electronic design automation (EDA) community. SIGDA is organized and operated exclusively for educational, scientific, and technical purposes in electronic design automation. SIGDA's bylaws were approved in 1969, following the charter of SIC (Special Interest Committee) in Design Automation in 1965.

The mission of SIGDA and its activities includes collecting and disseminating information in design automation through a newsletter and other publications; organizing sessions at conferences sponsored by ACM; sponsoring conferences, symposia, and workshops; organizing projects and working groups for education, research, and development; serving as a source of technical information for the Council and subunits of the ACM; and representing the opinions and expertise of the membership on matters of technical interest to SIGDA or ACM.

SIGDA sponsors or co-sponsors several conferences and symposia, while supporting numerous professional development programs addressing the needs of EDA students, researchers, and engineers. SIGDA was a pioneer in electronic publishing of conference and symposia proceedings, long before the wide availability of digital libraries made available by major professional organizations. SIGDA volunteers also pioneered several educational initiatives that have enabled the participance of many students and researchers to major events in EDA and computer-aided design (CAD).

SIGDA Chairs
Yiran Chen, Duke University (2021–present)
Xiaobo Sharon Hu, University of Notre Dame (2018–2021)
Vijaykrishnan Narayanan, The Pennsylvania State University (2015–2018)
Naehyuck Chang, KAIST (2012–2015)
Patrick Madden, SUNY (2009–2012)
Diana Marculescu, University of Texas at Austin (2006–2009)

References

External links
SIGDA webpage
SIGDA professional development programmes
SIGDA publications of proceedings
SIGDA newsletter
SIGDA events

Organizations established in 1965
Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Groups
Robot Commando. Robot Commando is a single-player roleplaying gamebook written by Steve Jackson (the American game designer, rather than the series co-creator), illustrated by Gary Mayes and originally published in 1986 by Puffin Books. It forms part of Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone's Fighting Fantasy series. It is the 22nd in the series in the original Puffin series ().

Story

The reader takes the role of a dinosaur rancher in the country of Thalos on a distant planet who finds themself in the middle of an attack by Thalos' mortal enemy, the militaristic Karosseans.  A strange weapon is unleashed which causes all of Thalos, save the protagonist, to fall into a deep sleep and leaves the land free to be invaded. Over the course of the adventure, the reader gets the opportunity to control a variety of giant robots in his battles against dinosaurs and Karossean invaders while looking for a way to drive off the Karosseans and rouse his countrymen.

Robot Commando is one of the few entries in the Fighting Fantasy series to feature multiple successful endings: rampaging through the enemy camp and subsequently drawing out Minos to a robot fight (he'll be on his Supertank); entering the enemy camp straight, speaking out loud the reference number for a one-on-one duel between the rulers of both tribes, drawing out Minos to a sword fight; crafting a blue potion in the City of Knowledge, then adding a leaf of the Man Eater plant, subsequently getting a plane robot and flying straight in to the storm above the City of Adoration.

References

 
 
 

1986 fiction books
Fighting Fantasy gamebooks
Books by Steve Jackson (American game designer)
Space opera gamebooks
Polysorbate 20. Polysorbate 20 (common commercial brand names include Kolliphor PS 20,  Scattics, Alkest TW 20, Tween 20, and Kotilen-20) is a polysorbate-type nonionic surfactant formed by the ethoxylation of sorbitan monolaurate. Its stability and relative nontoxicity allows it to be used as a detergent and emulsifier in a number of domestic, scientific, and pharmacological applications. As the name implies, the ethoxylation process leaves the molecule with 20 repeat units of polyethylene glycol; in practice these are distributed across 4 different chains, leading to a commercial product containing a range of chemical species.

Food applications
Polysorbate 20 is used as a wetting agent in flavored mouth drops such as Ice Drops, helping to provide a spreading feeling to other ingredients like SD alcohol and mint flavor.

The World Health Organization has suggested acceptable daily intake limits of 0–25 mg of polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters per kg body weight.

Biotechnical applications
In biological techniques and sciences, polysorbate 20 has a broad range of applications. For example, it is used:
 as a washing agent in immunoassays, such as Western blots and ELISAs. It helps to prevent non-specific antibody binding. In this major application, it is dissolved in Tris-buffered saline or phosphate buffered saline at dilutions of 0.05% to 0.5% v/v. These buffers are used for washes between each immunoreaction, to remove unbound immunologicals, and eventually for incubating solutions of immunoreagents (labeled antibodies) to reduce nonspecific background. 
 to saturate binding sites on surfaces (i.e., to coat polystyrene microplates, generally combined with proteins such as BSA).
 to stabilize proteins purified protein derivative (PPD) solution used in skin testing for tuberculosis exposure
 as a solubilizing agent of membrane proteins
 for lysing mammalian cells, at a concentration of 0.05% to 0.5% v/v, generally combined with other detergents, salts and additives.

Pharmaceutical applications
Polysorbate 20 is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical applications to stabilize emulsions and suspensions.

Industrial and domestic applications

Polysorbate 20 is used in many brands of baby wipes. 

Polysorbate 20 is used by philatelists to remove stamps from envelopes and to remove residues from stamps, without harming the stamp itself.

Polysorbate 20 is also used as wetting agent in rubber balers in the elastomer industry.

Polysorbate 20 has been used as a shape directing agent to synthesize spheroidal magnetite nanoassemblies.

See also
 Polysorbate 80

References

External links
 Tween 20 on biologists' wiki OpenWetWare

Non-ionic surfactants
Excipients
Laurate esters
E-number additives
Linear Technology. Linear Technology Corporation was an American semiconductor company that designed, manufactured and marketed high performance analog integrated circuits. Applications for the company's products included telecommunications, cellular telephones, networking products, notebook and desktop computers, video/multimedia, industrial instrumentation, automotive electronics, factory automation, process control, military and space systems.  The company was founded in 1981 by Robert H. Swanson, Jr. and Robert C. Dobkin.

In July 2016, Analog Devices agreed to buy Linear Technology for 14.8 billion dollars. This acquisition was finalized on March 10, 2017. The Linear name survives as the "Power by Linear" brand that is used to market the combined power management portfolios of Linear Technology and Analog Devices.

Products

As of August 2010, the company made over 7500 products, which they organized into seven product categories: data conversion (analog to digital converters, digital to analog converters), signal conditioning (operational amplifiers, comparators, voltage references), power management (switching regulators, linear regulators, battery management, LED drivers), interface (RS232, RS485), radio frequency (mixers, quadrature modulators), oscillators, and space and military ICs.

The company maintained LTspice, a freely downloadable version of SPICE that includes schematic capture.

Locations
Corporate headquarters were in Milpitas, California.  In the United States, the company had design centers in Phoenix, Arizona; Grass Valley, California; Santa Barbara, California; Colorado Springs, Colorado; North Chelmsford, Massachusetts; Manchester, New Hampshire; Cary, North Carolina; Plano, Texas; and Burlington, Vermont. It also had centers in Munich and Singapore.

The company's wafer fabrication facilities were located in Camas, Washington and Milpitas, California.

See also
Jim Williams

References

External links

 

Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in Milpitas, California
Electronics companies established in 1981
American companies established in 1981
1981 establishments in California
2017 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
American corporate subsidiaries
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
A15 phases. The A15 phases (also known as β-W or Cr3Si structure types) are series of intermetallic compounds with the chemical formula A3B (where A is a transition metal and B can be any element) and a specific structure. The A15 phase is also one of the members in the Frank–Kasper phases family. Many of these compounds have superconductivity at around , which is comparatively high, and remain superconductive in magnetic fields of tens of teslas (hundreds of kilogauss). This kind of superconductivity (Type-II superconductivity) is an important area of study as it has several practical applications.

History
The first time that A15 structure was observed was in 1931 when an electrolytically deposited layer of tungsten was examined. Discussion of whether the β-tungsten structure is an allotrope of tungsten or the structure of a tungsten suboxide was long-standing, but since the 1950s there has been many publications  showing that the material is a true allotrope of tungsten.

The first intermetallic compound discovered with typical A3B composition was chromium silicide Cr3Si, discovered in 1933. Several other compounds with A15 structure were discovered in following years. No large interest existed in research on those compounds. This changed with the discovery that vanadium silicide V3Si showed  superconductivity at around 17 K in 1953. In following years, several other A3B superconductors were found. Niobium-germanium held the record for the highest temperature of 23.2 K from 1973 until the discovery of the cuprate superconductors in 1986. It took time for the method to produce wires from the very brittle A15 phase materials to be established. This method is still complicated. Though some A15 phase materials can withstand higher magnetic field intensity and have higher critical temperatures than the NbZr and NbTi alloys, NbTi is still used for most applications due to easier manufacturing.
Nb3Sn is used for some high field applications, for example high-end MRI scanners and NMR spectrometers.

A relaxed form of the Voronoi diagram of the A15 phase seems to have the least surface area among all the possible partitions of three-dimensional Euclidean space in regions of equal volume. This partition, also known as the Weaire–Phelan structure, is often present in clathrate hydrates.

Examples
Vanadium-silicon
Vanadium-gallium
Niobium-germanium
Niobium-tin
Titanium-gold
Tungsten (β-phase)

See also
Weaire–Phelan structure, for the space tessellation generated by A15 phases

References

Further reading

Intermetallics
Superconductors
Crystal structure types