omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Jake Swirbul. Leon Albert "Jake" "The Bullfrog" Swirbul (March 18, 1898 – June 28, 1960), was an aviation pioneer and co-founder of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation.

Biography
Swirbul was born in the Yorkville section of Manhattan. His parents Frederiks Zvirbulis and Lena (Dannenberga) Zvirbule were immigrants from Latvia. His family moved to Long Island when he was a child. He grew up in Sag Harbor and graduated from Pierson High School. He attended Cornell University until 1917 when he left school to enlist in the U.S. Marine Corps.

Jake Swirbul and Leroy Grumman met in 1924 at Loening Aeronautical Engineering Co. in New York City, one of the many small aircraft firms that sprang up after World War I. When the firm's Manhattan factory was closed after its sale to Keystone Aircraft in 1929, Swirbul and Grumman decided to form their own company. Grumman mortgaged his house to contribute $16,875, and Swirbul contributed $8,125. Two other Loening employees, William Schwendler and Edmund Ward Poor, contributed a little and former Wall Street banker E. Clinton Towl made up the fifth employee of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, formed January 2, 1930. Swirbul was the production manager, who understood the dynamics of mass production. He was responsible for the huge output of World War II and was equally adept in ramping down production at the end of the war to ensure the company's survival. Jake found his solutions on a personal, rather than an abstract level. He was always known as a hands on  manager who could get the most out of his workers while treating them with friendship and respect. While Roy Grumman was always referred to as "Mr. Grumman", Jake was always Jake and could be seen out on the shop floor conversing with his men, while checking progress. Grumman was the only manufacturer to start the 1950s in the black. Jake Swirbul died of pneumonia while ill with colon cancer on June 28, 1960, shortly after Grumman began work on the Gemini program and one month after the roll-out ceremony for the A-6 Intruder.

The Swirbul Library at Adelphi University is named in his honor.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 The Grumman Story, by Richard Thruelsen. 1976, Praeger Publishers.

External links

Raising Grumman: How Leroy Grumman and Jake Swirbul built a high-flying company from the ground up.

1898 births
1960 deaths
People from Yorkville, Manhattan
American people of Latvian descent
People from Sag Harbor, New York
Cornell University alumni
United States Marines
American aviation pioneers
Deaths from colorectal cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
Work Flow Language. Work Flow Language, or WFL ("wiffle") is the process control language for the Burroughs large systems, including the Unisys ClearPath/MCP series, and their operating system Master Control Program. Developed soon after the B5000 in 1961, WFL is the ClearPath equivalent of the Job Control Language (JCL) on IBM mainframes and the shell scripts of Unix-like operating systems. Unlike JCL, WFL is a high-level structured language complete with subroutines (procedures and functions) with arguments and high-level program control flow instructions. WFL programs are compiled to binary executables like any other MCP subject.

WFL  is used for high-level system operations, such as running tasks, moving and copying files, providing high-level recoverability. Thus it is not a general purpose language in that you would not use it to do general computations. You can open and close files to check their attributes for example; however, you cannot read or change their contents in WFL – that you do in a general purpose language, and invoke it as a task from WFL.

WFL has a high-level ALGOL-like readable syntax. It has none of the low-level assembler-like commands of JCL like //SYSIN DD, etc. in order to connect hardware devices and open files for programs. All WFL constructs deal with the high-level abstractions of tasks and files. Parameters are also real HLL parameters, not the $1, $2... style position parameters of shell scripts.

WFL also has an instruction block command which is used to give operators instructions needed to run the current job. These instructions are displayed using the 'IB' operator command.

WFL was a compiled language on the medium systems.  Because some OS interfaces may change from release to release, Medium Systems WFL code included a copy of the source in the object file. Upon executing a WFL job it would check to determine if the object was compatible with the OS version.  If not it would trigger a recompile of the object using the source embedded in the object code.

See also
Burroughs large systems

Sources

ALGOL 60 dialect
Burroughs mainframe computers
Scripting languages
Mainframe computer software
Ofeq. Ofeq, also spelled Offek or Ofek (, lit. Horizon) is the designation of a series of Israeli reconnaissance satellites first launched in 1988. Most Ofeq satellites have been carried on top of Shavit launch vehicles from Palmachim Airbase in Israel, on the Mediterranean coast. The low Earth orbit satellites complete one Earth orbit every 90 minutes. 

The satellite launches made Israel the eighth nation to gain an indigenous launch capability. Both the satellites and the launchers were designed and manufactured by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) with Elbit Systems' El-Op division supplying the optical payload.

Description 
While exact technical details and capabilities are classified, it is assumed that the Ofeq satellites have an effective operational lifespan of 1–3 years and ultraviolet and visible imaging sensors, except Ofeq-8 and -10 which utilize synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) for all-weather and nighttime reconnaissance. Some reports place the imaging resolution at 80 cm for Ofeq-5. 

Most satellites are launched eastward to gain a boost from the Earth's rotational speed. However, Ofeq satellites are launched westward, in retrograde orbits, over the Mediterranean to avoid flying over, and dropping spent rocket stages over, populated land areas. Other Israeli satellites, such as the AMOS series, are launched from locations in other countries.

Orbital characteristics  
Ofeq's east-to-west orbit of 143.0° orbital inclination is phased to give good daylight coverage of the Middle East. Some American and Russian observation satellites have near-polar orbits and make between 14 and 16 orbits per day, but pass over Israel on fewer orbits. Spacecraft need to reach roughly  to achieve low Earth orbit. 

At 31.88°N, the latitude of Palmachim Airbase, where the angular velocity of the Earth is around  to the east, westward launched Ofeq satellites must use more fuel to counter starting going 1,420 km/h the opposite direction. Many other observation satellites with prograde orbits have the same maximum latitude and cover the same areas of the Earth. However the retrograde orbit of Ofeq increases the relative speed to the surface of the Earth and thusly increases the average number of times they pass over Israel on each revolution.

Ofeq satellites make a half-dozen or so daylight passes per day over Israel and the surrounding countries, whereas non-Israeli observation satellites in Sun-synchronous orbits get one or two passes per day from their lower inclination orbits.

Since its launch in 2002, Ofeq-5's orbital inclination of 143.4 has been the most-inclined orbit of all of Earth's artificial satellites.

Satellite List

References

External links 
 IAI's space systems website
 Description of Ofeq-1, -2 in Astronautix
 Description of Ofeq-5 in Astronautix
 Palmachim Air Force base in GlobalSecurity
 Speculation on Ofeq's orbit in GlobalSecurity
 Ofeq-5 description
 Ofeq-7 description

Reconnaissance satellites of Israel
Earth observation satellites of Israel
Israel Aerospace Industries satellites
First artificial satellites of a country
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Kappa (rocket). Kappa was a family of solid-fuel Japanese sounding rockets, which were built starting from 1956.

Rockets

Kappa 1
 Ceiling: 40 km
 Takeoff thrust: 10.00 kN
 Diameter: 0.13 m
 Length: 2.70 m

Kappa 2
 Ceiling: 40 km
 Mass: 300 kg
 Diameter: 0.22 m
 Length: 5 m

Kappa 6 (in two stages)
 Pay load: 20 kg
 Ceiling: 60 km
 Takeoff weight: 270 kg
 Diameter: 0.25 m
 Length: 5.61 m

Kappa 7
 Ceiling: 50 km
 Diameter: 0.42 m
 Length: 8.70 m

Kappa 8 (in two stages)
 Pay load: 50 kg
 Ceiling: 160 km
 Takeoff weight: 1500 kg
 Diameter: 0.42 m
 Length: 10.90 m

Kappa 4
 Ceiling: 80 km
 Takeoff thrust: 105.00 kN
 Diameter: 0.33 m
 Length: 5.90 m

Kappa 9L
 Pay load: 15 kg
 Ceiling: 350 km
 Takeoff weight: 1550 kg
 Diameter: 0.42 m
 Length: 12.50 m

Kappa 9M
 Pay load: 50 kg 
 Ceiling: 350 km 
 Mass: 1500 kg 
 Diameter: 0.42 m 
 Length: 11.10 m

Kappa 8L
 Pay load: 25 kg
 Ceiling: 200 km
 Takeoff weight: 350 kg
 Diameter: 0.25 m
 Length: 7.30 m

Kappa 10
 Ceiling: 742 km

References

See also

 R-25 Vulkan

External links
 Kappa-Rocket

Solid-fuel rockets
Sounding rockets of Japan
Japanese inventions
Novell Storage Services. Novell Storage Services (NSS) is a file system used by the Novell NetWare network operating system. Support for NSS was introduced in 2004 to SUSE Linux via low-level network NCPFS protocol. It has some unique features that make it especially useful for setting up shared volumes on a file server in a local area network. 

NSS is a 64-bit journaling file system with a balanced tree algorithm for the directory structure. Its published specifications (as of NetWare 6.5) are:

 Maximum file size: 8 EB
 Maximum partition size: 8 EB
 Maximum device size (Physical or Logical): 8 EB
 Maximum pool size: 8 EB
 Maximum volume size: 8 EB
 Maximum files per volume: 8 trillion
 Maximum mounted volumes per server: unlimited if all are NSS
 Maximum open files per server: no practical limit
 Maximum directory tree depth: limited only by client
 Maximum volumes per partition: unlimited
 Maximum extended attributes: no limit on number of attributes.
 Maximum data streams: no limit on number of data streams.
 Unicode characters supported by default
 Support for different name spaces:  DOS, Microsoft Windows Long names (loaded by default), Unix, Apple Macintosh
 Support for restoring deleted files (salvage)
 Support for transparent compression
 Support for encrypted volumes
 Support for data shredding

See also 
 NetWare File System (NWFS)
 Comparison of file systems
 List of file systems

External links 
 Article about NSS
 Novell Storage Services - Features
 

Compression file systems
Disk file systems
Novell NetWare
Slipstream 5000. Slipstream 5000 is a 3D airplane combat/racing video game developed by The Software Refinery and published by Gremlin Interactive for IBM PC compatible computers in July 1995.

Release
The game is compatible with DOS as well as Windows 95 and Windows 98 via their native DOS support. Later versions of Windows based on the NT kernel have issues with running the game, but it can be run successfully via DOSBox. It was also distributed free with Classic Logitech Wingman Extreme Joysticks during the 1990s. GOG.com released an emulated version for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X in 2011.

Slipstream was an unreleased conversion of Slipstream 5000 which in 1996 was being prepared for the Sony PlayStation platform's Japanese market (it was supposed to be later completely reshaped for its European release). Little was publicised about this title, besides its "urban manga" look as the ships were being designed by the Japanese manga artists. It was also in development for the Sega Saturn.

Reception

Although sales were not very high due to stiff competition from consoles, the game was generally well received, having 3D graphics and gameplay advanced for its time. While it was soon superseded by console games with superior graphics, Slipstream 5000 was later described as having been years ahead of its competition. PC Gamer magazine US rated it at 89%.

Next Generation gave the PC version of the game three stars out of five.

References

External links
 
 Slipstream 5000 at GameFAQs

1995 video games
Cancelled PlayStation (console) games
DOS games
Flight simulation video games
Games commercially released with DOSBox
Gremlin Interactive games
Linux games
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Science fiction racing games
The Software Refinery games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Boosted Dart. Boosted Dart is a United States single stage sounding rocket of the Loki family.  Between 1966 and 1968, 39 of these rockets were launched by NASA. The Boosted Dart has a length of 3.30 meters, a diameter of 0.1 meters and a maximum flight altitude of 75 kilometers.

References

External links 
 

Sounding rockets of the United States
Autonomous agent. An autonomous agent is an artificial intelligence (AI) system that can perform complex tasks independently.

Definitions 
There are various definitions of autonomous agent. According to Brustoloni (1991):

According to Maes (1995):

Franklin and Graesser (1997) review different definitions and propose their definition:

They explain that:

Agent appearance 
Lee et al. (2015) post safety issue from how the combination of external appearance and internal autonomous agent have impact on human reaction about autonomous vehicles. Their study explores the human-like appearance agent and high level of autonomy are strongly correlated with social presence, intelligence, safety and trustworthiness. In specific, appearance impacts most on affective trust while autonomy impacts most on both affective and cognitive domain of trust where cognitive trust is characterized by knowledge-based factors and affective trust is largely emotion driven

See also
 Actor model
 Ambient intelligence
 AutoGPT
 Autonomous agency theory
 Chatbot
 Embodied agent
 Intelligent agent
 Intelligent control
 Multi-agent system
 Software agent

References

External links

Requirements for materializing Autonomous Agents
 

Artificial intelligence
Cognition
Diades of Pella. Diades of Pella ( Diadis Pelleos), surnamed the "Besieger" ( Poliorkitis), was a Thessalian inventor of many siege engines, student of Philip II's military engineer Polyidus of Thessaly.

He lived in the 4th century BC. Diades accompanied Alexander the Great in his campaigns to the East. He constructed (or improved) movable towers, battering rams, scaling engines used to scale walls and battering cranes used for the destruction of city walls.
Diades was known as "the man who took Tyre with Alexander".
He also  wrote a treatise on machinery. (Vitruvius vii, introduction)

Notes

External links
Technology museum of Thessalonica

Ancient Greek military engineers
Engineers of Alexander the Great
Ancient Greek engineers
Ancient Thessalians
Ancient Pellaeans
Hellenistic military engineers
4th-century BC Greek people
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
XKMS. XML Key Management Specification (XKMS) uses the web services framework to make it easier for developers to secure inter-application communication using public key infrastructure (PKI).  XML Key Management Specification is a protocol developed by W3C which describes the distribution and registration of public keys.  Services can access an XKMS compliant server in order to receive updated key information for encryption and authentication.

Architecture 
XKMS consists of two parts:
X-KISS XML Key Information Service Specification
X-KRSS XML Key Registration Service Specification

The X-KRSS defines the protocols needed to register public key information.  X-KRSS can generate the key material, making key recovery easier than when created manually.

The X-KISS outlines the syntax that applications should use to delegate some or all of the tasks needed to process the key information element of an XML signature to a trust service.

In both cases the goal of XKMS is to allow all the complexity of traditional PKI implementations to be offloaded from the client to an external service. While this approach was originally suggested by Diffie and Hellman in their New Directions paper this was generally considered impractical at the time leading to commercial development focusing on the certificate based approach proposed by Loren Kohnfelder.

Development history 
The team that developed the original XKMS proposal submitted to the W3C included Warwick Ford, Phillip Hallam-Baker (editor) and Brian LaMacchia. The architectural approach is closely related  to the MIT PGP Key server originally created and maintained by Brian LaMacchia. The realization in XML is closely related to SAML, the first edition of which was also edited by Hallam-Baker.

At the time XKMS was proposed no security infrastructure was defined for the then entirely new SOAP protocol for Web Services. As a result, a large part of the XKMS specification is concerned with the definition of security 'bindings' for specific Web Services protocols.

See also 
 XML Signature and XML Encryption, two other W3C standards used by the XKMS protocol.

External links
XKMS at SQLData
XKMS at the W3C
XKMS at Entrust
XKMS at Markup Security

Cryptographic protocols
Computer network security
Cryptography standards
XML-based standards
Setpoint (control system). In cybernetics and control theory, a setpoint (SP; also set point) is the desired or target value for an essential variable, or process value (PV) of a control system, which may differ from the actual measured value of the variable.  Departure of such a variable from its setpoint is one basis for error-controlled regulation using negative feedback for automatic control. A setpoint can be any physical quantity or parameter that a control system seeks to regulate, such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, position, speed, or any other measurable attribute.

In the context of PID controller, the setpoint represents the reference or goal for the controlled process variable. It serves as the benchmark against which the actual process variable (PV) is continuously compared. The PID controller calculates an error signal by taking the difference between the setpoint and the current value of the process variable. Mathematically, this error is expressed as:

where  is the error at a given time ,  is the setpoint,  is the process variable at time .

The PID controller uses this error signal to determine how to adjust the control output to bring the process variable as close as possible to the setpoint while maintaining stability and minimizing overshoot.

Examples

Cruise control

The  error can be used to return a system to its norm. An everyday example is the cruise control on a road vehicle; where external influences such as gradients cause speed changes (PV), and the driver also alters the desired set speed (SP). The automatic control algorithm restores the actual speed to the desired speed in the optimum way, without delay or overshoot, by altering the power output of the vehicle's engine.  In this way the  error is used to control the PV so that it equals the SP. A widespread of  error is classically used in the PID controller.

Industrial applications

Special consideration must be given for engineering applications. In industrial systems, physical or process restraints may limit the determined set point. For example, a reactor which operates more efficiently at higher temperatures may be rated to withstand 500°C. However, for safety reasons, the set point for the reactor temperature control loop would be well below this limit, even if this means the reactor is running less efficiently.

See also
 Process control
 Proportional–integral–derivative controller

References

Classical control theory
Control devices
Control engineering
Control loop theory
Cybernetics
Process engineering
Flint (automobile). The Flint was an automobile marque that was assembled by the Flint Motors Division, Flint, Michigan between 1923 and 1927.  Flint Motors was a wholly owned subsidiary of Durant Motors Company (United States).

Assembly
The Flint was considered an assembled car because Durant Motors used components manufactured by outside suppliers to build its automobile lines. The cars were powered by a 6-cylinder Continental engine, and its body stampings were made by Budd in Philadelphia.

Design origin
The origins of the Flint can be traced back to the Willys car company, which under the direction of Walter P. Chrysler had been working on a prototype for a proposed 6-cylinder car. Willys had to sell off this prototype as part of its efforts to raise cash during a financial crisis. Once acquired, this prototype was further modified to create the Flint.

Company demise
Following financial troubles at Durant Motors, the Flint was discontinued in 1927. The Flint was priced to compete with Buick, which was also assembled in Flint, Michigan.

Production model specifications

 Flint Six "55" Four Door Brougham

Flint Automobile Company
Automobiles produced by Flint should not be confused with those manufactured by the Flint Automobile Company, founded by A. B. C. Hardy in 1901, and which went out of business in 1903 after manufacturing only 52 automobiles in the $750–$850 price range.

See also
 Durant Motors

References

External links
 Flint (1901 - 03) history
 Flint (1901 - 03)
 Sloan Museum traces Flint's rich automotive history

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Durant Motors
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Mason Truck. Mason Motors, founded by A. C. Mason in cooperation with William C. Durant, was a U.S. truck manufacturer based in Flint, Michigan. As a subsidiary of Durant Motors, Mason Truck built Road King Speed Trucks in the early 1920s. Mason Motors also built automobile engines in 1911, who first led Buick's engine works in Flint. That company was absorbed by Chevrolet in 1915, but remained under the Chevrolet umbrella until January 1, 1918, when it became known as the Motor and Axle Division of Chevrolet.

There were four separate automobile companies using the name "Mason" between 1898 and 1914 with locations in Massachusetts, Iowa, Illinois and New York. Records show that Mason Motors of Flint, MI was a truck manufacturer and also supplied engines for Buick use, but they did not manufacture passenger automobiles.

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Durant Motors