omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen trichloride. Nitrogen trichloride, also known as trichloramine, is the chemical compound with the formula . This yellow, oily, and explosive liquid is most commonly encountered as a product of chemical reactions between ammonia-derivatives and chlorine (for example, in swimming pools). Alongside monochloramine and dichloramine, trichloramine is responsible for the distinctive 'chlorine smell' associated with swimming pools, where the compound is readily formed as a product from hypochlorous acid reacting with ammonia and other nitrogenous substances in the water, such as urea from urine.

Preparation and occurrence
The compound is generated by treatment of ammonium chloride with calcium hypochlorite. When prepared in an aqueous-dichloromethane mixture, the trichloramine is extracted into the nonaqueous phase. Intermediates in this conversion include monochloramine and dichloramine,  and , respectively.

Nitrogen trichloride, trademarked as Agene, was at one time used to bleach flour, but this practice was banned in the United States in 1949 due to safety concerns.

Structure and properties
Like ammonia,  is a pyramidal molecule. The N-Cl distances are 1.76 Å, and the Cl-N-Cl angles are 107°.

Nitrogen trichloride can form in small amounts when public water supplies are disinfected with monochloramine, and in swimming pools by disinfecting chlorine reacting with urea in urine and sweat from bathers.

Reactions and uses
The chemistry of  has been well explored. It is moderately polar with a dipole moment of 0.6 D. The nitrogen center is basic but much less so than ammonia. It is hydrolyzed by hot water to release ammonia and hypochlorous acid.

Concentrated samples of NCl3 can explode to give N2 and chlorine gas.

In the presence of aluminium trichloride, NCl3 react with some branch hydrocarbon to produce, after a hydrolysis step, amines.

Safety
Nitrogen trichloride can irritate mucous it is a lachrymatory agent, but has never been used as such. The compound (rarely encountered) is a dangerous explosive, being sensitive to light, heat, even moderate shock, and organic compounds. Pierre Louis Dulong first prepared it in 1812, and lost several fingers and an eye in two explosions. In 1813, an  explosion blinded Sir Humphry Davy temporarily, inducing him to hire Michael Faraday as a co-worker. They were both injured in another  explosion shortly thereafter.

See also
List of food contamination incidents

References

Further reading

External links

 OSHA - Nitrogen trichloride
 Nitrogen Trichloride - Health References

Inorganic amines
Nitrogen halides
Inorganic chlorine compounds
Inorganic nitrogen compounds
Explosive chemicals
Nitrogen(III) compounds
Liquid explosives
San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth. The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) was a research project that began in 2002 aimed at collecting geological data about the San Andreas Fault for the purpose of predicting and analyzing future earthquakes. The site consists of a  pilot hole and a  main hole. Drilling operations ceased in 2007. Located near the town of Parkfield, California, the project installed geophone sensors and GPS clocks in a borehole that cut directly through the fault. This data, along with samples collected during drilling, helped shed new light on geochemical and mechanical properties around the fault zone.

SAFOD was part of Earthscope, an Earth science program using geological and geophysical techniques to explore the structure of the North American continent and to understand the origin of earthquakes and volcanoes. Earthscope was funded by the National Science Foundation in conjunction with the U.S. Geological Survey and NASA. Data collected at SAFOD are available from The Northern California Earthquake Data Center at U.C. Berkeley and from NSF SAGE Facility Data Services operated by EarthScope Consortium, formerly known as the IRIS DMC.

See also
 Chikyū Hakken, deep oceanic drilling program
 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
 Kola Borehole (1970–2005, )
 KTB Borehole (1987–1995, )
 Mohorovičić discontinuity
 Project Mohole

References

Further reading

External links
 Earthscope
 SAFOD at ICDP-Online.org

Deepest boreholes
Geology of California
Seismological observatories, organisations and projects
Structure of the Earth
Spoon busk. The spoon busk was a specialised kind of busk—the rigid element of a corset placed at the centre front. As its name implies, it was shaped like a spoon, with the bottom part of the busk widening and taking a dished form. It was invented in 1879 by Joseph Beckel of New York City. 

The spoon busk allowed a greater reduction in waist size without producing a bulge of flesh at the bottom edge of the corset. This was a problem experienced when corsets with straight busks of even width were tightly laced: as the flesh of the abdomen was, essentially, squeezed out of place and appeared where there was no pressure. The wide, dished part of a spoon busk accommodated the abdomen, and at the same time compressed and controlled it. Corsets with spoon busks usually descended to a point lower than the level of the hips at the front.

Despite the extra control given by spoon busks, they are not favoured by modern tightlacers as the bottom point of a spoon busk will dig in when a corset is very tight. If a spoon busk is used, it is in a modified version with no dished shape.

Steel spoon busks
Galvanized steel spoon busks are not suited for tight lacing because the steel becomes brittle during the manufacturing process. Stainless steel spoon busks, on the other hand, are suitable if reinforced with a layer of flat steel behind the busk. Wissner, a busk and boning manufacturer in Germany makes stainless steel busks. They stopped making galvanized spoon busks because they were breaking under the pressure of tight lacing. If a person buys a spoon busk, they should make sure it is stainless steel and reinforce it with flat boning behind the busk.  

There is still no guarantee that the spoon busk will stand up to tight lacing.

External links
Gallery of Victorian spoon busk corsets at Staylace.com
Information on stainless steel spoon busks
Original Victorian spoon busk corsets shown in the Late Victorian category of the Antique Corset Gallery .

Corsetry
History of clothing (Western fashion)
Aéro Club du Bas Armagnac. Aéro Club du Bas Armagnac (ACBA) is a large French aero club based in Nogaro, Armagnac. It offers a range of activities including pilot training and light aircraft hire. The club is noteworthy for having manufactured a glider tug of its own design, the ACBA Midour. Activities offered include gliding, aircraft, helicopter, and Autogyro.

References

External links

Club website (in French)

Bas Armagnac
Clubs and societies in France
Aceair. Aceair SA was a Swiss aircraft manufacturer established in Manno in 1999.  It was developing the AERIKS 200 in kitplane form.

Status 

Aceair ceased operation in 2004, and with it the Aeriks 200 project was cancelled.  This was principally due to Diamond Engines cancelling the manufacture of the rotary engine the 200 was based around.
Some assets of the company were purchased by a pair of entrepreneurs, and so the Aeriks 200 may eventually see commercial launch someday.

Notes

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Switzerland
Companies based in Ticino
AD Aerospace. AD Aerospace are involved in Aircraft Video Surveillance and form part of the Mythra Group of companies.
 
Headquartered in Hazel Grove, Cheshire, UK at purpose-built premises, making Flight Deck Entry/Cockpit Door Surveillance Systems (FDEVSS/CDSS), Cabin Surveillance Systems and Cargo Surveillance Systems, as well as Ground Manoeuvring and In Flight Entertainment (IFE) systems utilising external cameras. External Camera systems have proved popular with Airbus Helicopters (formerly Eurocopter) and was chosen for the H175/EC175 helicopter. AD Aerospace also offer a VIP Cabin Surveillance Solution which is an option for 1st Class pods or Business Class cabins comprising a HD-SDI covert camera in the passenger cabin and monitor at the cabin attendant's seat.

AD Aerospace achieved Boeing approved supplier status as early as 2001 with an order to fit a video smoke verification system to the entire Swiss Air fleet. This was carried out in response to the Peggy's Cove disaster and consisted of environmentally protected cameras being fitted throughout inaccessible areas of the aircraft such as the cargo hold, cabin overheads and avionics bay.

The first aerospace certified video server was produced by AD Aerospace for a FlightVu Defender system for Lufthansa Technik in 1999.
 
In November 2001 AD Aerospace received the first order for video cameras for cockpit door security from JetBlue which would become the first fleet wide fit of a Cockpit Door Monitoring System.

AD Aerospace has supplied the Cargo Surveillance System, to Boeing for use on the B747-400 Boeing Dreamlifter to monitor the status of the B787 Dreamliner's fuselage parts in transit. AD is also a production partner for Flight Deck Entry Video Surveillance systems on B737, B747, B757, B767 and B777 aircraft.

AD Aerospace also has a working relationship with COMAC in China and supplies video surveillance equipment for both the ARJ21 and C919 programs.
 
In addition to their work with OEMs, AD Aerospace work with airlines and leasing companies with existing customers across the globe including; United Airlines, Air China, Jet2.com, Lufthansa, TUI, Aeroflot, Qatar Airways, Aviation Capital Group, AerCap and GECAS.

References

Aircraft component manufacturers of the United Kingdom
British companies established in 1995
Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering. Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering (IPMCE) is a Russian research institution. It used to be a Soviet Academy of Sciences organization in Soviet times. The institute specializes itself in the development of:

 Computer systems for national security
 Hardware and software for digital telecommunication
 Multimedia systems for control and training
 Positioning and navigational systems

In August 2009 IPMCE became a joint-stock company.

Computers developed by IPMCE 
 BESM-1
 BESM-2
 BESM-4
 BESM-6
 Elbrus-1
 Elbrus-2
 Elbrus-3

Software developed by IPMCE 

 Эль-76

External links
 IPMCE  and IPMCE

References 

Computing in the Soviet Union
Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Computer science institutes
Cultural heritage monuments in Moscow
You aren't gonna need it. "You aren't gonna need it" (YAGNI) is a principle which arose from extreme programming (XP) that states a programmer should not add functionality until deemed necessary. Other forms of the phrase include "You aren't going to need it" (YAGTNI)  and "You ain't gonna need it".

Ron Jeffries, a co-founder of XP, explained the philosophy: "Always implement things when you actually need them, never when you just foresee that you [will] need them." John Carmack wrote "It is hard for less experienced developers to appreciate how rarely architecting for future requirements / applications turns out net-positive."

Context
YAGNI is a principle behind the XP practice of "do the simplest thing that could possibly work" (DTSTTCPW). It is meant to be used in combination with several other practices, such as continuous refactoring, continuous automated unit testing, and continuous integration. Used without continuous refactoring, it could lead to disorganized code and massive rework, known as technical debt. YAGNI's dependency on supporting practices is part of the original definition of XP.

See also

 
 
 Don't repeat yourself
 Feature creep
 If it ain't broke, don't fix it
 KISS principle
 Minimum viable product
 MoSCoW method
 Muntzing 
 Overengineering
 Premature optimization
 Single-responsibility principle
 SOLID
 Unix philosophy
 Worse is better

References 

Software development philosophies
Programming principles
Extreme programming
English phrases
Jumper cable (disambiguation). Jumper cables are electric cables to connect two rail or road vehicles.

Jumper cable may also refer to:

Jump wire, a short electrical wire with a solid tip at each end used to interconnect the components in a breadboard
Jumper cable (vehicle), a pair of electrical cables used to jump start a vehicle
Jumper Cable, the 33rd book in the Xanth series by Piers Anthony

See also 
 Jumper (disambiguation)
Blue Lake (Utah). Blue Lake is a large geothermal pond located about  south of Wendover, Utah at . The lake is   deep, approximately  in size and at an elevation of  above sea level. It is located on the Utah Test and Training Range, which is controlled by the United States Air Force, but the lake and its immediate surroundings are publicly accessible wetlands that are managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The BLM permits public access and use but does not permit the erection of permanent structures.

Scuba diving
Blue Lake is a popular spot for area divers. Since its water is warm year-round and reasonably clear, the lake is heavily used on the weekends for dive training, with programs such as the University of Utah Scuba Program. Other nearby high-mountain lakes are clear but cold even in early fall; and lower, warmer lakes tend to be murky. Blue Lake's constant high-volume flow of clear springwater provides underwater visibility of up to   at (rare) times, and year-round bottom temperatures of approximately .  Surface temperatures vary from the high 60s (~20 °C) in winter to the high 70s (~25 °C) in summer.

The lake supports warm-water fish, mostly bass, tilapia, sunfish and bluegill. In addition, divers have placed objects on the bottom, such as large metal sculptures of marine animals, boats, a chair and TV set, to add interest.  The bubbling thermal spring on the lake floor is also an interesting site for exploration.

Late fall or early spring provides the best overall diving conditions, since the water is clear (the summer algal bloom is absent), daytime air temperatures are somewhat mild, and the summer's insects are absent. The algal bloom can reduce underwater visibility to a meter or less. However, it is not severe enough to damage the other marine life.  During the winter, the lake's water is also clear, but area temperatures make diving unpleasant.

The Utah DWR allows fishing in the lake; bass (6 fish limit), bluegill (50 fish limit), and tilapia (no limit, mandatory keep and kill). The tilapia criteria reflect the fact that this species was introduced to Blue Lake illegally, and it competes with the native game fish for habitat.

See also
Blue Lake (disambiguation)
Homestead caldera

References

Lakes of Utah
Lakes of Tooele County, Utah
Bureau of Land Management areas in Utah
Protected areas of Tooele County, Utah
Underwater diving sites in the United States
Balloon Pilot Badge. The Balloon Pilot Badge is a military badge of the United States Armed Forces which was issued during the First and Second World Wars.  The badge was issued by both the United States Army and the U.S. Air Force, with the Navy equivalent known as the Dirigible Pilot Badge.

Originally known as the Aeronaut Badge, the Balloon Pilot Badge was created in 1918 and awarded to pilots of military observation balloons.  The badge consisted of a balloon centered on a standard Pilot's Badge and was issued in two degrees.  The senior degree of the Aeronaut Badge was denoted by a star centered above the winged balloon.

The Aeronaut Badge was awarded under the authority of the United States Army Air Service and the United States Army Air Corps until the mid-1930s.  The badge was then redesignated the Balloon Pilot Badge and, during the Second World War (WWII), was issued by the Army Air Forces.  Like its predecessor, the Balloon Pilot Badge was issued in junior and senior degrees.

The Army Air Forces also issued a Balloon Observer Badge for those who served as co-pilots and support crew on board military balloon craft.

Due to the aircraft technology advances of the 1940s, balloon aeronautics became militarily obsolete by the 1950s.  At that time, the United States Air Force discontinued the Balloon Pilot Badge; however, the basic version of the badge is still issued by the U.S. Air Force Auxiliary's Civil Air Patrol.

See also
 Obsolete badges of the United States military
 Military badges of the United States

References

United States military badges
FARA 83. The FARA 83 (; "Argentine Republic Automatic Rifle") or FAA 81, "Argentine Automatic Rifle" () was a rifle locally designed and developed for the Argentine Army in the 1980s. It is one of the first indigenously designed assault rifles in South America.

Development
The FAA project started in the early 1980s, when the government was still controlled by the National Reorganization Process. The DGFM (General Government Directorate for Military Procurements, or Dirección General de Fabricaciones Militares) ordered a replacement be designed for the FMAP FAL, a FN FAL license-built in Argentina. The prototype was completed in 1981, but production didn't start until 1984, and continued until 1990.

By the late 1980s, under Carlos Menem's tenure as president, the country was undergoing economic difficulties. The economic crisis severely limited the production of modern weapons. This factor forced President Menem to cancel several projects, including the Condor I and Condor II, the FARA 83, and SAIA 90. He was also forced to close armament factories, including TAMSE (Tanque Argentino Mediano Sociedad del Estado), which was responsible for the TAM tanks and Domecq Garcia Shipyard (the only submarine-related shipyard). Production of the rifle ground to a halt after 1193 rifles had been completed, however, it was resumed in 1990; it is unknown how many rifles were made, but for the most part the Argentine Armed Forces are still armed with the FAL rifle, while the FARA 83 is a secondary weapon.

Main characteristics
The FARA-83 was mostly inspired by the Beretta AR70 (Model of 1982). Features include a folding buttstock and tritium sights for aiming in low light conditions; the rifle uses a proprietary 30-round Beretta AR70 magazine (early issue), and has a trigger group that enables semi-automatic and fully automatic fire.

In popular culture
The FARA 83 is featured in the first-person shooter video game Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War as part of the Season 2 battle pass which is claimed at tier 15.

References

External links
FARA 83
Modern Firearms

5.56×45mm NATO assault rifles
Assault rifles of Argentina
Fabricaciones Militares
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1984
Emulation. Emulation may refer to: 
Emulation (computing), imitation of behavior of a computer or other electronic system with the help of another type of system
Video game console emulator, software which emulates video game consoles
Gaussian process emulator, a special case of the Gaussian process in statistics
Surrogate model, a model which imitates or emulates a more complicated (usually in terms of computer simulation time) model.

ASC Emulation, a football club in Martinique
Emulation (observational learning), a theory of comparative psychology
Emulation Lodge of Improvement, a masonic lodge whose aim is to preserve masonic ritual as closely as is possible to that which was formally accepted
Socialist emulation, a form of competition that was practiced in the Soviet Union
Whole brain emulation, aiming at mind uploading

See also
ST Emulous, a British tugboat
Semulation, a mix of software simulation and hardware emulation of an electronic system
Advanced Aeromarine. Advanced Aeromarine (later HighCraft AeroMarine) was an aircraft manufacturer based in Ocoee, Florida.  It built light aircraft and sailplanes, developing a number of successful designs that have been produced by a number of different firms over the years.

Aeromarine designs were licensed to Advanced Aviation for some time before being acquired by Keuthan Aircraft.

List of aircraft
Advanced Aeromarine Buccaneer, 1980s Single-engine two-seat amphibious ultralight.  High-wing pusher configuration
Advanced Aeromarine Carrera, 1990s Single-engine two-seat ultralight. High-wing pusher configuration
Advanced Aeromarine Sierra 1990s Sailplane. Pod and boom configuration
Advanced Aeromarine Mallard

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Orange County, Florida
Defunct companies based in Florida
Ocoee, Florida
Aero Adventure. Aero Adventure LLC (formerly Aero Adventure Aviation and before that Arnet Pereyra Inc.) is an American aircraft manufacturer based in DeLand, Florida.

In 1996, the firm acquired the assets and production rights of Keuthan Aircraft.

List of Aircraft
Aventura
Ultralight and experimental amphibious aircraft, marketed for homebuilding.  Pusher propeller, high-wing configuration, single-seat,   Rotax 447 engine
Aventura II
Two-seat version of Aventura.  Rotax 912S engine
Aventura Sport
Two-seat version of Aventura.  Rotax 582 engine
Aventura XLR
Two-seat version with more streamlining.  Rotax 912S engine
Barracuda
Single-engine two-seat utility aircraft, convertible to fly with floats
Toucan
Ultralight training aircraft, marketed for homebuilding.  Pusher propeller, high-wing configuration, two seats in tandem,  Rotax 582 engine
Pegasus
Single-engine two-seat utility aircraft, marketed for homebuilding.  Composite construction,  Rotax 914 engine
Kappa 77 KP 2U-SOVA
Single-engine two-seat utility aircraft, for homebuilding.  Designed in Czech Republic, marketed in USA by Aero Adventure
Sabre II
Two-seat land development of the Buccaneer, produced by Arnet Pereyra and not continued once the company name was changed to Aero Adventure Aviation

References

External links
Company website

Aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Volusia County, Florida