omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Best-first search. Best-first search is a class of search algorithms which explores a graph by expanding the most promising node chosen according to a specified rule.

Judea Pearl described best-first search as estimating the promise of node n by a "heuristic evaluation function  which, in general, may depend on the description of n, the description of the goal, the information gathered by the search up to that point, and most importantly, on any extra knowledge about the problem domain."

Some authors have used "best-first search" to refer specifically to a search with a heuristic that attempts to predict how close the end of a path is to a solution (or, goal), so that paths which are judged to be closer to a solution (or, goal) are expanded first. This specific type of search is called greedy best-first search or pure heuristic search.

Efficient selection of the current best candidate for extension is typically implemented using a priority queue.

The A* search algorithm is an example of a best-first search algorithm, as is B*. Best-first algorithms are often used for path finding in combinatorial search. Neither A* nor B* is a greedy best-first search, as they incorporate the distance from the start in addition to estimated distances to the goal.

Greedy BeFS

Using a greedy algorithm, expand the first successor of the parent. After a successor is generated:

 If the successor's heuristic is better than its parent, the successor is set at the front of the queue (with the parent reinserted directly behind it), and the loop restarts.
 Else, the successor is inserted into the queue (in a location determined by its heuristic value). The procedure will evaluate the remaining successors (if any) of the parent.
Below is a pseudocode example of this algorithm, where queue represents a priority queue which orders nodes based on their heuristic distances from the goal. This implementation keeps track of visited nodes, and can therefore be used for undirected graphs. It can be modified to retrieve the path.
 procedure GBS(start, target) is:
   mark start as visited
   add start to queue
   while queue is not empty do:
     current_node ← vertex of queue with min distance to target
     remove current_node from queue
     foreach neighbor n of current_node do:
       if n not in visited then:
         if n is target:
           return n
         else:
           mark n as visited
           add n to queue
   return failure

See also
Beam search
A* search algorithm
Dijkstra's algorithm

References

External links
 Wikibooks: Artificial Intelligence: Best-First Search

Search algorithms
Greedy algorithms
Graph reduction machine. A graph reduction machine is a special-purpose computer built to perform combinator calculations by graph reduction.

Examples include the SKIM ("S-K-I machine") computer, built at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, the multiprocessor GRIP ("Graph Reduction In Parallel") computer, built at University College London, and the Reduceron, which was implemented on an FPGA with the single purpose of executing Haskell.

See also
SECD machine

References

Further reading
T. J. W. Clarke, P. Gladstone, C. MacLean, A. C. Norman: SKIM — The S, K, I Reduction Machine. LISP Conference, 1980: 128–135

External links
Reduction Machines, Parallel Functional Programming: An Introduction, Kevin Hammond

Applicative computing systems
Functional programming
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
Tyson turbine. The Tyson turbine is a conical water turbine with helical blades emerging partway down from the apex gradually increasing in radial dimension and decreasing in pitch as they spiral towards the base of the cone. This design doesn't need a casement, as it is inserted directly into flowing water.

Marketed as part of a hydropower system that extracts power from the flow of water, the turbine is mounted below a raft, driving a power system, typically a lift irrigation pump or generator, on top of the raft by belt or gear. The turbine is towed into the middle of a river or stream, where the flow is the fastest, and tied off to shore. It requires no local engineering, and can easily be moved to other locations.

References

Water turbines
DSK. DSK may refer to:

 Dera Ismail Khan Airport (IATA code)
 German International School Cape Town (Deutsche Internationale Schule Kapstadt)
 Deutsche Schule Kiew
 Deutsche Schule Kobe/European School
 Deutschsprachige Konferenz der Pfadfinderverbände
 Division Schnelle Kräfte, the German Armed Forces Rapid Forces Division
 DoD Secure Kiosk, a device used by the United States Air Force
 Dominique Strauss-Kahn (born 1949), French economist and politician
 Downstream key—see Keying (graphics)
 Dvorak Simplified Keyboard, alternative to the QWERTY keyboard layout
 DSK Bank, Bulgarian bank
 DSP Starter Kit, supplied by Texas Instruments
Futurebus. Futurebus (IEEE 896) is a computer bus standard designed to replace all local bus connections in a computer, including the CPU, plug-in cards, and even some LAN links between machines. The project started in 1979 and was completed in 1987, but then went through a redesign until 1994. It has seen little real-world use, although custom implementations are still designed.

History 
In the late 1970s, VMEbus was faster than the parts plugged into it. It can connect a CPU and RAM to VME on separate cards to build a computer. However, as the speed of the CPUs and RAM rapidly increased, Futurebus created a successor to VMEbus using asynchronous links. Though the ability to have several cards in the system as "masters", allowing Futurebus to build multiprocessor machines, required some form of "distributed arbitration" to allow the various cards to gain access to the bus at any point, as opposed to VME, which put a single master in slot 0 with overall control.

Typical IEEE standards start with a company building a device, then submitting it to the IEEE for the standardization effort. In the case of Futurebus, the whole system was being designed during the standardization effort. It took eight years before the specification was finally agreed on in 1987. Tektronix did make a few workstations based on Futurebus. It took another four years for the Futurebus+ Standard to be released. The IEEE 896 committee later split from the IEEE Microcomputer Standards Committee and formed the IEEE Bus Architecture Standards Committee (BASC).

Futurebus+ transceivers that meet the IEEE Standard 1194.1-1991 Backplane Transceiver Logic (BTL) standard are still made by Texas Instruments. Futurebus+ was used as the I/O bus in the DEC 4000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP systems. Futurebus+ FDDI boards are still supported in the OpenVMS operating system.

See also
 InfiniBand
 QuickRing
 Scalable Coherent Interconnect (SCI)
 Bus topology
 FASTBUS

References

Further reading 
 The Futurebus+ Handbook, John Theus, VITA
 Futurebus+ Handbook for Digital Systems, Digital Equipment Corporation
 IEEE Standard Backplane Bus Specifications for Multiprocessor Architectures: Futurebus+, IEEE Std 896.1-1987]
 IEEE Standard for Futurebus+(R) -- Logical Protocol Specification', IEEE Std 896.1-1991
 IEEE Standard Backplane Bus Specification for Multiprocessor Architectures: Futurebus+'', IEEE Std 896.2-1991

External links 
 

Computer buses
IEEE standards
BARK (computer). BARK () was an early electromechanical computer. BARK was built using standard telephone relays, implementing a 32-bit binary machine. It could perform addition in 150 ms and multiplication in 250 ms. It had a memory with 50 registers and 100 constants. It was later expanded to double the memory. Howard Aiken stated in reference to BARK "This is the first computer I have seen outside Harvard that actually works."

History 
BARK was developed by Matematikmaskinnämnden (Swedish Board for Computing Machinery) a few years before BESK. The machine was built with 8,000 standard telephone relays, 80 km of cable and with 175,000 soldering points. Programming was done by plugboard. It was completed in February 1950 at a cost of 400,000 Swedish kronor (less than $100,000), became operational on April 28, 1950, and was taken offline on September 22, 1954. The engineers on the team led by Conny Palm were Harry Freese, Gösta Neovius, Olle Karlqvist, Carl-Erik Fröberg, G. Kellberg, Björn Lind, Arne Lindberger, P. Petersson and Madeline Wallmark.

See also 
 BESK - Binär Elektronisk Sekvens-Kalkylator - Sweden's second computer.
 Elsa-Karin Boestad-Nilsson, a programmer on BARK and BESK
 SMIL - SifferMaskinen I Lund (The Number Machine in Lund)
 History of computing hardware

References

External links 
 Tekn. lic. Olle Karlqvist in memoriam (in Swedish), Google translation, memorial site of one of the engineers behind BARK and BESK. On BARK page there's a technical pdf document (in English): The BARK, A Swedish General Purpose Relay Computer

One-of-a-kind computers
Electro-mechanical computers
Science and technology in Sweden
Working mass. Working mass, also referred to as reaction mass, is a mass against which a system operates in order to produce acceleration.
In the case of a chemical rocket, for example, the reaction mass is the product of the burned fuel shot backwards to provide propulsion. All acceleration requires an exchange of momentum, which can be thought of as the "unit of movement". Momentum is related to mass and velocity, as given by the formula P = mv, where P is the momentum, m the mass, and v the velocity. The velocity of a body is easily changeable, but in most cases the mass is not, which makes it important.

Rockets and rocket-like reaction engines
In rockets, the total velocity change can be calculated (using the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation) as follows:

Where:
 v = ship velocity.
 u = exhaust velocity.
 M = ship mass, not including the working mass.
 m = total mass ejected from the ship (working mass).

The term working mass is used primarily in the aerospace field. In more "down to earth" examples, the working mass is typically provided by the Earth, which contains so much momentum in comparison to most vehicles that the amount it gains or loses can be ignored. However, in the case of an aircraft the working mass is the air, and in the case of a rocket, it is the rocket fuel itself. Most rocket engines use light-weight fuels (liquid hydrogen, oxygen, or kerosene) accelerated to supersonic speeds. However, ion engines often use heavier elements like xenon as the reaction mass, accelerated to much higher speeds using electric fields.

In many cases, the working mass is separate from the energy used to accelerate it. In a car, the engine provides power to the wheels, which then accelerates the Earth backward to make the car move forward. This is not the case for most rockets, however, where the rocket propellant is the working mass, as well as the energy source. This means that rockets stop accelerating as soon as they run out of fuel, regardless of other power sources they may have. This can be a problem for satellites that need to be repositioned often, as it limits their useful life. In general, the exhaust velocity should be close to the ship velocity for optimum energy efficiency.  This limitation of rocket propulsion is one of the main motivations for the ongoing interest in field propulsion technology.

See also
 Rocket equation

Aerospace engineering
Mass
Sylvania. Sylvania (Latin for "forest land" or "woods") may refer to:

Companies trading as Sylvania 
 Sylvania Electric Products, a former major American diversified electrical and electronics manufacturer
 Sylvania (brand), its Canadian lighting products division which continues to license to both Havells Sylvania and Osram Sylvania
 Osram Sylvania, an American lighting manufacturer owned by Osram AG of Germany
 Sylvania Lighting, an international lighting manufacturer owned by Shanghai Feilo Acoustics Ltd

Education 
 Sylvania City School District, in Northwest Ohio, United States
 Sylvania High School, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Places

United States 
 Sylvania, Alabama
 Sylvania, Arkansas
 Sylvania, Georgia
 Sylvania, Indiana
 Sylvania, Louisville, Kentucky
 Sylvania, Missouri
 Sylvania, Ohio
 Sylvania, Pennsylvania
 Sylvania, Wisconsin
 Mount Sylvania, in Oregon
 Sylvania Mountains, in California and Nevada
 Sylvania Township (disambiguation)
 Sylvania Wilderness, in Michigan

Other places
 Sylvania, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
 Sylvania, Saskatchewan, Canada

Fictional locations
 Sylvania (Warhammer), the fictitious realm of the Vampire Counts in the Warhammer Fantasy Battle game
 Sylvania, a fictional country from the movie Duck Soup (1933)
 Sylvania, a fictional country from the comedy film The Love Parade (1929)
 Sylvania, the fictional home of the Sylvanian Families toy line

Ships
 , an American lake freighter
 , a British ocean liner
 , various ships of the United States Navy

Other uses 
 519 Sylvania, an asteroid
 Sylvania (McCormick County, South Carolina), an historic house
 Sylvania Airport, in Wisconsin
 Sylvania Watkins (born 1985), American basketball player
 The Sylvania, an historic apartment building in Indianapolis, Indiana

See also 
 Sylvan (disambiguation)
 Sylvana (disambiguation)
 Silvania (disambiguation)
 Transylvania
 Pennsylvania
 Spotsylvania County, Virginia
 Syldavia
CCM. CCM  may refer to:

 Cubic centimetre (ccm), metric unit of volume

Computing 
 CCM mode, an encryption algorithm
 Client Configuration Manager, a component of Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager
 Combined Cipher Machine, a WWII-era cipher system
 Community Climate Model, predecessor of the Community Climate System Model
 Constrained conditional model, a machine-learning framework
 CORBA Component Model
 Customer communications management, a type of software

Government 
 Center for Countermeasures, a US White Sands Proving Grounds operation
 Chama Cha Mapinduzi, the ruling political party in Tanzania
 Convention on Cluster Munitions, a 2010 international treaty prohibiting cluster bombs

Job titles 
 Certified Case Manager, an accreditation for health care providers
 Certified Construction Manager, an accreditation by the Construction Management Association of America
 Certified Consulting Meteorologist, an accreditation of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) 
 Command Chief Master Sergeant, a rank and billet in the U.S. Air Force

Music 
 Popular music styles of Christian music:
 Contemporary Christian music
 CCM Magazine
 Contemporary classical music
 Contemporary commercial music
 University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music

Schools and organizations 
 Cardinal Courier Media, an overseeing body at St. John Fisher College
 City College of Manila, Philippines
 Council of Churches of Malaysia, an ecumenical fellowship in Malaysia
 County College of Morris, New Jersey, United States

Science and medicine 
 Calcium concentration microdomains, part of a cell's cytoplasm
 Carbon concentrating mechanisms, a photosynthesis condition in plants
 Cardiac contractility modulation, a therapy for heart failure
 Cerebral cavernous malformation, a type of venous malformation in the brain 
 Climate change mitigation, climate change topic
 Convergent cross mapping, a statistical test

Places 
 Cape Cod Mall, a shopping mall in Hyannis, Massachusetts
 Macao Cultural Centre, Macau, China

Sport 
 CCM (bicycle company), a Canadian bicycle manufacturer
 CCM (ice hockey), a Canadian sporting goods brand
 Central Coast Mariners FC, an Australian A-League football team 
 Clews Competition Motorcycles, a British motorcycle manufacturer

Transportation 
 CCM Airlines, an airline of Corsica, France
 Combatant Craft Medium, a U.S. Navy patrol boat 
 Core Cabin Module, a part of the Chinese space station

Other uses 
 Catherine Cortez Masto (born 1964), United States Senator from Nevada
 Caja Castilla-La Mancha (CCM), a former Spanish savings bank
Electrodeposition. Electrodeposition may refer to:

Electroplating, a process that uses electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a coherent metal coating on an electrode
Electrophoretic deposition, a term for a broad range of industrial processes which includes electrocoating, e-coating, cathodic electrodeposition, anodic electrodeposition and electrophoretic coating, or electrophoretic painting
Underpotential deposition, a phenomenon of electrodeposition of a species (typically reduction of a metal cation to a solid metal) at a potential less negative than the equilibrium (Nernst) potential for the reduction of this metal
Fixative. A fixative is a stabilizing or preservative agent:

 Dye fixatives or mordants, are chemical substances used in processing fabrics to create circumstances in the micro-substrates causing dye molecules to adhere and remain that way.
Fixative (drawing), a liquid usually sprayed over a finished piece of artwork to better preserve it and prevent smudging
Fixation (histology), a solution used to preserve or harden fresh tissue of cell specimens for microscopic examination
Fixative (perfumery), a substance used to reduce the evaporation rate and improve stability when added to more volatile components
Embalming chemicals, a variety of preservatives, sanitising and disinfectant agents, and additives used in modern embalming
Photographic fixer
Radioactivity fixatives, specialized polymer coatings used to contain or "fix" radionuclides to surfaces of equipment and buildings thereby preventing exposure to humans
Erwin Komenda. Erwin Komenda (6 April 1904 - 22 August 1966) was an Austrian automobile designer and Porsche employee, and a lead contributor to the design of the bodies for the VW Beetle and various Porsche sports cars.

Erwin Komenda was born on 6 April 1904 in Jauern am Semmering. His father, Franz Komenda, was the technical director of the first power station on the Semmering and in Weyer / Enns, where the family relocated in 1913.
From 1916 to 1920 he attended a higher technical institute for iron processing in Steyr.
From 1920 to 1926 he worked as an automotive designer in the "Wiener Karosseriefabrik" and completed the bodywork design course at Josef Feldwabel in the Vienna Technological Museum of Commerce.
From 1926 to 1929 he was a designer in the Steyr works. Here he met Ferdinand Porsche for the first time, who came to Steyr as Technical Director after leaving Daimler-Benz AG.
From 1929 to 1931 he was chief designer of the experimental and body development department of Daimler-Benz AG in Sindelfingen. During this time, cars such as the Mercedes-Benz Mannheim 370 K were built with a remarkably weight-saving new design, equipped with Steyr technology from the Steyr XXX: "swinging-axle suspension, independent suspension, braking systems". Also a streamlined small car with rear engine was developed.

In November 1931, Komenda joined the engineering office newly founded by Ferdinand Porsche as head of the bodywork design department, which he headed until 1966.
Among other projects, he developed the body of the VW beetle.
With more than 21.5 million units, the VW Beetle became the best-selling automobile of the 20th century. With graduate engineer Josef Mickl, a Porsche employee specializing in aircraft construction and aerodynamics, Komenda developed the bodywork of the P-Auto Union racing car and Cisitalia racing car.
As early as 1946 Komenda began work on the body of the first Porsche sports car. He developed the body of the Porsche 356, various following types and the Porsche 550 Spyder.
As a responsible Porsche engineer, he led the Stuttgart-based company into the next generation, accompanying and supervising the bodywork production of the Porsche 901, which was further developed into the 911. One of his latest projects was the development of the plastic body of the 904 race car.
Komenda's last phase of life was marked by in-house difficulties with Porsche family members during the development of the Porsche 911.
Erwin Komenda died on 22 August 1966. He was an active employee at Porsche until his early, sudden death. His life ended with the development of the Porsche 911.

References

https://www.komenda-porsche-designer.at/

External links
Erwin Komenda Porsche Designer
Erwin Komenda, from SuperBeetles.Com
Porsche 356 on German Wikipedia
History of 356 by the Porsche Club

1904 births
1966 deaths
People from Steyr-Land District
Austrian automobile designers
Place of death missing
Porsche people
Dessel. Dessel () is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality comprises only the town of Dessel proper. In 2021, Dessel had a total population of 9,659 inhabitants. The total area is 27.03 km2.

Nuclear industries
Dessel hosts several nuclear facilities: 
 Belgoprocess, ex Eurochemic reprocessing plant (OECD), now in charge of the operational waste management for Ondraf/Niras.
 BelgoNucléaire, an old MOX factory, presently closed and to be decommissioned in the future.
 Franco-Belge de Fabrication du Combustible (FBFC) making nuclear fuel assemblies; 
 The Dessel site was selected in June 2006 by the Belgian government to construct the first shallow land disposal facility for low-level radioactive waste in Belgium. The decision was taken after consultation of the local authorities and the population in the frame of the Stola consultation group.

Sport
The town has two football clubs:
 K.F.C. Witgoor Sport, which plays in the Belgian Fourth Division.
 K.F.C. Dessel Sport, which plays in the Belgian Third Division.

Event
 Graspop Metal Meeting, yearly heavy metal festival.

Climate

Gallery

References

External links

Official website - Available only in Dutch
Eurochemic
Eurochemic 1956-1990, European Company for the Chemical Processing of Irradiated Fuels, Jean-Marc Wolff, OECD Historical Series, 1999

Municipalities of Antwerp Province
Populated places in Antwerp Province