omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Joseph Buford Cox. Joseph Buford Cox (1905 – August 10, 2002), was an American inventor and businessman. He invented what is now known as the chipper type chain for chain saws. He based his design on the C-shaped jaws of the larva of the timberman beetle. Cox watched the destructive larvae of the timber beetle (Ergates spiculatus) for many hours. The beetle's cutting action was left and right, side to side, rather than scratching or burrowing straight ahead. Cox adapted this concept to a new chain saw of his own design put into production during the late 1940s.

Joseph and his wife, Alice, founded "The Oregon Saw Chain Co." in 1947. Cox later started a small casting company called OMARK, now known as "Omark Industries". In time, Oregon Saw Chain became a subsidiary of Omark Industries which was in turn acquired in 1985 by Blount, Inc., of Montgomery, Alabama. Blount merged in 1999 with Lehman Brothers Merchant Banking Partners and became known as Blount International, Inc. Today the company is known as Oregon Tool, Inc. Most chainsaws, with the exception of some Stihl saws, use an Oregon chain based on the invention of Joseph Buford Cox.

Joseph Buford Cox only reached the fifth grade in his formal education.

They had no children. Alice Erikson Cox left her fortune to be used by the Willmar Community Area Foundation on behalf of the people of Kandyohi County and Lake Lillian in central Minnesota.

References

External links
 History of Oregon Saw Chain

1905 births
2002 deaths
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
20th-century American inventors
20th-century American businesspeople
Small matter of programming. In software development, small matter of programming (SMOP) or simple matter of programming is a phrase used to ironically indicate that a suggested feature or design change would in fact require a great deal of effort.

It points out that although the change is clearly possible, it would be very laborious to actually perform.  It often implies that the person proposing the feature underestimates its cost.

Definitions

The 1983 Jargon File describes an SMOP as follows:

The IBM Jargon Dictionary defines SMOP as:

Usage

SMOP was among the "games" described in an article  as paralleling the Games People Play identified by Dr. Eric Berne in the field of self-help psychology.  The game essentially consists of proposing seemingly simple adjustments to a design, leading to unexpected consequences and delays.

Alternative phrases such as simple matter of software or small matter of software are occasionally used in the same manner. However, the phrase is also used without irony to indicate that straightforward software development is all that is required to resolve some issue.  This usage is often invoked when the speaker wants to contrast the implied ease of software changes with the suggested greater difficulty of making a hardware change or a change to an industry standard.  This non-ironic usage is more often invoked by senior management and hardware engineers, than it is by software engineers.

The term was also explored and expanded upon by computer scientist Bonnie Nardi in her 1993 book A Small Matter of Programming: Perspectives on End User Computing.

See also

References

Computer jargon
Software project management
English-language idioms
Euclid (computer program). Euclid is a CAD software which has been developed since 1970.  Initially written by Jean Marc Brun and Michel Théron at Laboratoire d'informatique pour la mécanique et les sciences de l'ingénieur (LIMSI) for modelling fluid flow, they founded their own company, Datavision in 1979, and then sold a controlling interest in 1980 to the French company Matra Datavision.

Matra then developed EUCLID QUANTUM, a new generation in 1996, on the CAS.CADE (Computer Aided Software for Computer Aided Design and Engineering) platform. As in 1998 Matra Datavision specialized in software service provider, Dassault Systèmes acquired QUANTUM products : Euclid Styler and Euclid Machinist.

In 1999 Matra Datavision published CAS.CADE in open source on the Internet as Open CASCADE later renamed to Open CASCADE Technology.

The BRL-CAD CAD software imports and exports to the EUCLID file format.

References 

Computer-aided design software
Pseudofossil. Pseudofossils are inorganic objects, markings, or impressions that might be mistaken for fossils. Pseudofossils may be misleading, as some types of mineral deposits can mimic lifeforms by forming what appear to be highly detailed or organized structures. One common example is when manganese oxides crystallize with a characteristic tree-like or dendritic pattern along a rock fracture. The formation of frost dendrites on a window is another common example of this crystal growth. Concretions are sometimes thought to be fossils, and occasionally one contains a fossil, but are generally not fossils themselves. Chert or flint nodules in limestone can often take forms that resemble fossils.

Background
Pyrite disks or spindles are sometimes mistaken for fossils of sand dollars or other forms (see marcasite). Cracks, bumps, gas bubbles, and such can be difficult to distinguish from true fossils. Specimens that cannot be attributed with certainty to either fossils or pseudofossils are treated as dubiofossils. Debates on whether specific forms are pseudo or true fossils can be lengthy and difficult. For example, Eozoön is a complex laminated form of interlayered calcite and serpentine originally found in Precambrian metamorphosed limestones (marbles). It was at first thought to be the remains of a giant fossil protozoan (Dawson, 1865), then by far the oldest fossil known. Similar structures were subsequently found in metamorphosed limestone blocks ejected during an eruption of Mount Vesuvius. It was clear that high-temperature physical and chemical processes were responsible for the formation of Eozoön in the carbonate rock (O'Brien, 1970). The debate over the interpretation of Eozoon was a significant episode in the history of paleontology (Adelman, 2007).

Chemical gardens can produce branching microtubuli of 2-10 μm in diameter and can resemble very closely the shapes of fossilized primitive fungi or microorganisms. It has been proposed that ancient, Precambrian, structures that have been identified as the evidence for the first fungi or even the first life, are more probably products of ancient natural chemical gardens.

References

Bibliography
Shaw Nature Reserve. Shaw Nature Reserve, formerly known as Shaw Arboretum, is a  private non-profit nature reserve located in Gray Summit, Missouri, that is operated as an extension of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

The first piece of land, , was purchased in 1925 when pollution from coal smoke in St. Louis threatened the Garden's live plant collection, especially the orchid collection. The orchids were moved to what was then known as the Gray Summit Extension in 1926. The pollution in St. Louis decreased with the waning use of coal for heat, making it unnecessary to move the rest of the live plant collection.  The Garden made five more land purchases between 1926 and 1977 amounting to the Nature Reserve's current size of .

Shaw Nature Reserve has several historic homes, including the Joseph H. Bascom House, built in 1879 by Confederate Colonel Thomas Crews. The reserve also contains the Dana Brown Overnight Center, a collection of log and timber buildings from the 1850s that were moved from their original locations and reconstructed on site, and a Sod House built by reserve staff to represent the kind of lodgings that would have been used in the area's original prairies. The habitats restored at the reserve include a large tallgrass prairie, glades, woodlands, wetlands and a wetland blind from which herons can be observed. The Nature Reserve is also home to the Whitmire Wildflower Garden, a  Missouri native garden with over 500 native plant species, and a children's Nature Explore Classroom. Over 17 miles (27 km) of hiking trails run through the Nature Reserve, along with four miles of road. The longest trail in the park is the Rus Goddard River Trail, a 2.5 mile loop that descends to a gravel bar in the Meramec River. The trail is named after a volunteer who spent more than 20 years maintaining trails in the reserve.

Shaw Nature Reserve is open year-round, 7-days a week, but is closed on some major holidays. Regular hours are 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. with extended hours throughout spring, summer, and fall. Last-entry is 30-minutes before posted closing time. Daily admission is $5 for adults, free for Missouri Botanical Garden members and children 12 and younger.

References

External links
Shaw Nature Reserve Homepage

Missouri Botanical Garden
Arboreta in Missouri
Protected areas of Franklin County, Missouri
Nature reserves in Missouri
Nature centers in Missouri
Gate count. In microprocessor design, gate count refers to the number of logic gates built with transistors and other electronic devices, that are needed to implement a design. Even with today's processor technology providing what was formerly considered impossible numbers of gates in a single chip, gate counts remain one of the most important overall factors in the end price of a chip. Designs with fewer gates will typically cost less, and for this reason gate count remains a commonly used metric in the industry.

The term can also refer to the number of persons entering an event (such as a sports event) or a library during a specified period.

See also
Transistor count

References

Semiconductor device fabrication
Logic gates
IEM. IEM can refer to:

 I.E.M. (album)
 Inborn error of metabolism
 In-ear monitors, devices used by musicians, audio engineers and audiophiles to listen to music 
 Incredible Expanding Mindfuck  (Music)
 Information Engineering Methodology
 Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics (Institut für Elektronische Musik und Akustik), part of the University of Music and Performing Arts, Graz
 Institute of Engineering and Management
 Integrated Enterprise Modeling
 Institute of Engineering in Medicine, part of the University of California, San Diego 
 Institute for Experimental Mathematics, a central scientific facility of the University of Duisburg-Essen
 Intel Extreme Masters, a series of international esports tournaments 
 International emergency medicine
 Internet Explorer Mobile
 Ion evaporation model, a model explaining electrospray ionization in mass spectrometry
 Iowa Electronic Markets
 Internal Energy Market, of the European Union

See also

 
 
 lem (disambiguation)
 1Em
EMG. EMG may refer to:

Medicine and science 
 Electromyography, a technique for evaluating and recording electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles
 Exponentially modified Gaussian distribution, in probability theory 
 Ɱ, or emg, a symbol used to transcribe a specific sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet

Organisations 
 East Mediterranean Gas Company, an Egyptian pipeline company
 EMG, Inc., an American guitar pickup manufacturer
 E.M.G. Hand-Made Gramophones, a British gramophone manufacturer
 Escape Media Group, Inc., owner of Grooveshark
 Essential Media Group, former name of EQ Media Group
 Euclid Media Group, an American media company
 Executive Music Group, an American record label

Other 
 Eastern Mewahang language
 European Masters Games
Jump threading. In computing, jump threading is a compiler optimization of one jump directly to a second jump. If the second condition is a subset or inverse of the first, it can be eliminated, or threaded through the first jump. This is easily done in a single pass through the program, following acyclic chained jumps until the compiler arrives at a fixed point.

Benefits
The primary benefit of jump threading is the reduction of the amount of dynamically executed jumps. This makes way for further optimizations as there is a decrease in the number of conditionals, which will improve performance. On average one can expect 2-3 instructions being omitted as a result from a successful removal of a runtime branch.

Examples
The following pseudocode demonstrates when a jump may be threaded.

    10. a = SomeNumber();
    20. IF a > 10 GOTO 50
    ...
    50. IF a > 0 GOTO 100
    ...

The jump on line 50 will always be taken if the jump on line 20 is taken. Therefore, for as long as line 100 is within the reachable range of the jump (or the size of the jump doesn't matter), the jump on line 20 may safely be modified to jump directly to line 100.

Another example shows jump threading of 2 partial overlap conditions:

void baz(bool x, bool y, bool z) {
    if (x && y)
        bar();
    if (y || z)
        foo();
}

The above can be transformed into:

void baz(bool x, bool y, bool z) {
    if (x && y) {
        bar();
        goto jmp;
    }
    if (y || z) {
jmp:
        foo();
    }
}

If the first branch is taken, x and y are both true (logical conjunction), hence evaluation of expression y || z is not needed (logical disjunction). Therefore, a jump to label jmp is performed.

See also
 Switch (programming)
 Spaghetti code

References

Compiler optimizations
Compilation. Compilation may refer to:
In computer programming, the translation of source code into object code by a compiler
Compilation error
Compilation unit
Product bundling, a marketing strategy used to sell multiple products, such as video game compilations
Compilation thesis

Media

Literature
Anthology, a collection of short works, most often poetry or short stories

Film & TV
Anthology film
Compilation documentary
Compilation film, a feature film that is mostly composed of footage from an older television serial, movie serial or short films
Compilation episode, a clip show with clips from a TV series assembled together in one episode
Compilation, a pornographic film or video made up of various segments from other productions or leftover or spare footage

Music
Compilation album, a vinyl record or compact disc consisting of thematically related musical tracks
Compilation (Caustic Window album), 1998
Compilation (The Clean album), 1986

See also
George W. Lewis. George William Lewis (March 10, 1882 – July 12, 1948) was the director of aeronautical research at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) until he retired in 1947.  He taught at Swarthmore College from 1910 to 1917.

Biography
In 1910, Lewis graduated from Cornell University with a master's degree in mechanical engineering and proceeded to teach at Swarthmore College until 1917.  He became involved in aircraft engines, which led to his membership in NACA's Power Plants Subcommittee.  In 1919, he was appointed as NACA's first executive officer.  Five years later, he was named as the director of aeronautical research, a position he held until his retirement.  During those years, Lewis was stationed in Washington, D.C., to handle many of NACA's political and bureaucratic issues.  At the same time, he oversaw research advancements and technical publications at NACA's Langley Research Center.  During his time as director, engineers at the Langley facility were responsible for numerous advancements in the understanding of aerodynamics.  These achievements earned Lewis international renown, and NACA expanded from a few employees to several thousand during his tenure.

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden succeeded Lewis as the director of aeronautical research at NACA.  The NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio is partly named after him.

Awards and honors
1936 Daniel Guggenheim Medal
1944 ASME Spirit of St. Louis Medal
1944 Member of the American Philosophical Society
1945 Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1948 Medal for Merit from the U.S. President

References

External links
NASA biography of G. W. Lewis
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1882 births
1948 deaths
Cornell University alumni
Medal for Merit recipients
American aerospace engineers
Engineering educators
Aerodynamicists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
AVL. AVL may refer to:

 Automatic vehicle location
 Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (Valencian Language Academy)
 Anti-Villain League, a fictitious international crime fighting organization in the Despicable Me media franchise and the movie Minions: The Rise of Gru
 The United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
 Asheville Regional Airport in North Carolina, IATA airport code
 Automatic Volume Limiter, limits the volume of a device such as an MP3 or CD player
 Avenel railway station, Australia
 AVL tree, a data structure named after inventors Adelson-Velsky and Landis that is used in computer programming
 American Vampire League, a political organization advocating for Vampire rights in the HBO show True Blood.

aVL may refer to:
 Lead augmented vector left (aVL), a voltage difference in electrocardiography
Hoist. Hoist may refer to:

 Hoist (device), a machine for lifting loads
 Hoist controller, a machine for raising and lowering goods or personnel by means of a cable
 Hydraulic hooklift hoist, another machine
 Hoist (mining), another machine
 Hoist (flag), the half of a flag nearer to the flagpole
 Hoist (album), by Phish
 USS Hoist (ARS-40), a Bolster class rescue and salvage ship acquired by the U.S. Navy during World War II
 Hoist (motion), a parliamentary procedure used in Canadian legislative bodies
 Patient lift, for lifting people
 Outliner, filter for viewing

Computing
In computing, hoisting may refer to:
 Loop-invariant code motion, a compiler optimization
 Variable hoisting, scope rule in JavaScript

See also
Staog. Staog was the first computer virus written for the Linux operating system.  It was discovered in the autumn of 1996, and the vulnerabilities that it exploited were fixed soon after.  It has not been detected in the wild since its initial outbreak.

Staog was able to infect Linux despite its security-oriented design which requires users and programs to log in as root before any drastic operations can be taken. It worked by exploiting some kernel vulnerabilities to stay resident. Then, it would infect executed binaries.

Since it relied on fundamental bugs, software upgrades made systems immune to Staog. This, combined with its shot in the dark method of transmitting itself, ensured that it died off rather quickly.

Staog was written in assembly language by the hacker group VLAD.

See also
Linux malware

References

External links
Staog information on F-Secures Website
Staog Virus: Linux-Kernel Archive

Linux viruses
Assembly language software
PEV. PEV or PeV may refer to:

 Ecologist Party "The Greens" (), a Portuguese eco-socialist political party
 Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland (), a Protestant Christian-democratic political party in Switzerland
 Petaelectronvolt (PeV), a measure of an amount of kinetic energy
 Plug-in electric vehicle, any road vehicle that can be recharged from an external source of electricity
 Personal electric vehicle (PEV)
 Position-effect variegation, a variegation caused by the silencing of a gene in some cells
 Provincial episcopal visitor, a Church of England bishop assigned to minister to many of the clergy, laity and parishes
 Pevensey & Westham railway station, a railway station in Sussex, England
Rhodochrosite. Rhodochrosite is a manganese carbonate mineral with chemical composition MnCO3. In its pure form (rare), it is typically a rose-red colour, but it can also be shades of pink to pale brown. It streaks white, and its Mohs hardness varies between 3.5 and 4.5. Its specific gravity is between 3.45 and 3.6. The crystal system of rhodochrosite is trigonal, with a structure and cleavage in the carbonate rhombohedral system. The carbonate ions () are arranged in a triangular planar configuration, and the manganese ions (Mn2+) are surrounded by six oxygen ions in an octahedral arrangement. The MnO6 octahedra and CO3 triangles are linked together to form a three-dimensional structure. Crystal twinning is often present. It can be confused with the manganese silicate rhodonite, but is distinctly softer. Rhodochrosite is formed by the oxidation of manganese ore, and is found in South Africa, China, and the Americas. It is one of the national symbols of Argentina and the state of Colorado.

Rhodochrosite forms a complete solid solution series with iron carbonate (siderite). Calcium (as well as magnesium and zinc, to a limited extent) frequently substitutes for manganese in the structure, leading to lighter shades of red and pink, depending on the degree of substitution. This is the reason for the rose color of rhodochrosite.

Occurrence and discovery
Rhodochrosite occurs as a hydrothermal vein mineral along with other manganese minerals in low temperature ore deposits as in the silver mines of Romania where it was first found. Banded rhodochrosite is mined in Capillitas, Argentina.

It was first described in 1813 in reference to a sample from Cavnic, Maramureş, present-day Romania. The name is derived from the combination of Greek words ροδόν (rodon, meaning rose) and χρωσις (chrosis, meaning coloring).

Use
Rhodochrosite is mainly used as an ore of manganese, which is a key component of low-cost stainless steel formulations, many tool steels, and certain aluminium alloys. Quality banded specimens are often used for decorative stones and jewellery. Due to its softness and perfect cleavage it is rarely found faceted in jewellery and is also sought after by many collectors.

Manganese carbonate is extremely destructive to the amalgamation process historically used in the concentration of silver ores, and were often discarded on the mine dump.

Culture

Rhodochrosite is Argentina's "national gemstone". Colorado officially named rhodochrosite as its state mineral in 2002.

It is sometimes called "Rosa del Inca", "Inca Rose" or Rosinca.

Gallery

See also
 List of minerals
 Manganoan calcite

References

 Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., .

External links 

 

Carbonate minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Symbols of Colorado
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 167
National symbols of Argentina