omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pratt & Whitney X-1800. The Pratt & Whitney X-1800 (later enlarged as the XH-2600) was an H-block aircraft engine project developed between 1938 and 1940, which was cancelled with only one example being built.

Design and development

The X-1800 was a watercooled 24-cylinder H-block of 2,240 in3 displacement; this was later expanded to 2,600 in3 displacement. It was intended to be used in the Vultee XP-54, Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender, Northrop XP-56, Lockheed XP-49, and Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning. Projected performance was to be 1,800 to 2,200 hp (1350-1640 kW), with a turbocharger to secure high-altitude performance. The designation came from the intended power rating rather than the more usual cubic inch engine displacement figure.

The target date for series production was 1942. In 1940, however, performance on the test bench did not continue to improve, demonstrating a need for considerable additional development effort. Pratt & Whitney subsequently ended development of the X-1800 in October 1940, with only one built, to concentrate on radial engines.

Intended applications
 Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender
 Lockheed XP-49 
 Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning 
Northrop N-1
 Northrop XP-56
 Vultee XP-54

Specifications (X-1800)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Photo of the XH-2600 at enginehistory.org

X-1800
Sleeve valve engines
1940s aircraft piston engines
Abandoned military aircraft engine projects of the United States
Dithionic acid. Dithionic acid, , is the inorganic compound with the formula .  It is the doubly protonated derivative of dithionate, a well-characterized dianion.  Dithionic acid is mainly observed and characterized as an aqueous solution.

Synthesis 
Dithionates can be made by oxidizing a sulfite (from the +4 to the +5 oxidation state), but on a larger scale they are made by oxidizing a cooled aqueous solution of sulfur dioxide with manganese dioxide:

The manganese dithionate solution formed can then be converted to dithionate salts of other metals by metathesis reactions:

Concentrated solutions of dithionic acid can subsequently be obtained treating a barium dithionate solution with sulfuric acid:

See also 
Sodium dithionite
Hypophosphoric acid, the phosphorus equivalent.

References 

Dithionates
Sulfur oxoacids
Oxoacids
GER Class 527. The GER Class 527 was a class of fifteen 2-6-0 steam tender locomotives designed by William Adams for the Great Eastern Railway (GER). This was the last design that Adams prepared for the GER, although they did not enter service until his successor Massey Bromley had taken office and incorporated some modifications to the design.

Overview 
In order to haul heavier trains and compete for the coal traffic into London, the GER asked William Adams to design a locomotive capable of hauling a train of 400 long tons net (700 tons gross).

Prototype
Tests were carried out with 265 class 4-4-0s to ensure that such trailing loads were feasible, followed by a prototype 2-6-0 number 527. Number 527 was the first locomotive in Britain to use the 2-6-0 wheel arrangement, and was named Mogul after the Great Moguls of Delhi, the epithet becoming the generic name for locomotives with that wheel arrangement.

Numbering
As was the GER's practice for locomotives built by outside contractors, the class was referred to by the number of the first locomotive, subsequent locomotives being numbered sequentially up to 541.

Performance
They were used on coal trains from Peterborough to London, but were found uneconomic, and so had short lives, being withdrawn between 1885 and 1887. As the design was novel, unexpected problems were encountered; the steam pipes to the cylinders constantly worked loose and were inaccessible for repair, condensation occurred in the cylinders, and these combined with a relatively small grate area and boiler barrel diameter with a long barrel led to poor steaming and high coal consumption. The pony truck also gave problems. Hence, the earlier Johnson 0-6-0s were preferred.

Belgian State 512 
In order to compete with the quite archaic Type 28 and Type 29 locomotives, Belgian State Railways ordered a copy of the 527 class, built by Neilson & Co. in 1881. This lone engine, used on heavy trains between Jemelle and Arlon on the Luxembourg line, performed poorly.

In 1894, it was used as a test bed for a new kind of boiler designed by the Belgian engineer Mr. Docteur. It featured a steam reservoir perched atop the boiler and a firebox made of refractory brick and surrounded by air instead of water. The original cylinders were kept but the Wilson safety valves were replaced by Ramsbottom valves and a second-hand two-axle tender replaced the 3-axle tender. However, this prototype was quickly withdrawn and sent for breaking up in 1906.

References 

527
2-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1878
Neilson locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives
Amidoamine. Amidoamines are a class of chemical compounds that are formed from fatty acids and amines. They are used as intermediates in the synthesis of surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), some of which are used in personal care products including soaps, shampoos, and cosmetics. Amidoamines can also serve as curing agents for epoxy resins. They are also used as oil well drilling fluids and also as corrosion inhibitors.

Patch test studies have concluded that most apparent allergic reactions to products containing CAPB are more likely due to amidoamine than to CAPB itself.

See also
 Poly(amidoamine)

References

External websites
Amidoamines at Hexion

Fatty acid amides
Amines
Dimethylaminopropylamine. Dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) is a diamine used in the preparation of some surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine which is an ingredient in many personal care products including soaps, shampoos, and cosmetics. BASF, a major producer, claims that DMAPA-derivatives do not sting the eyes and makes a fine-bubble foam, making it appropriate in shampoos.

Preparation and reactions
DMAPA is commonly produced commercially via the reaction between dimethylamine and acrylonitrile (a Michael reaction) to produce dimethylaminopropionitrile. A subsequent hydrogenation step yields DMAPA:

DMAPA is readily converted to the mustard dimethylaminopropyl-3-chloride, a powerful alkylating agent.

Health effects
Dimethylaminopropylamine is a known skin irritant and its presence as an impurity in cocamidopropyl betaine is thought to be the cause of irritation experienced by some individuals.

See also
 1,1-Dimethylethylenediamine
 1,2-Dimethylethylenediamine

References

Diamines
Dimethylamino compounds
École polytechnique universitaire de Savoie de l'Université de Chambéry. The École Polytechnique d'Ingénieurs de l'Université de Savoie was created in 2006 from the fusion of the École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs - ESIA and the École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Chambéry - ESIGEC.

External links
 Homepage of the University

Savoie
Education in Annecy
Universities and colleges in Chambéry
Educational institutions established in 2006
Polytech Savoie
Savoie
2006 establishments in France
Casualty prediction. Casualty prediction is the science of predicting the number of deaths or injuries that may result from an epidemic, natural disaster or act of war such as the explosion of a nuclear weapon, chemical weapon or biological weapon.  (Casualty estimation is the process of estimating the number of injuries or deaths in a battle or natural disaster that has already occurred.)

The New York University Large Scale Emergency Readiness Project applies agent-based modelling to simulate the effects of a large-scale disaster.  Their initial project focused on modelling a 1998 Brazilian food-poisoning incident involving 8,000 injuries and 16 deaths.

Blast casualty prediction is routinely performed in the planning of military operations.  For example, a cruise missile attack was considered by the United States in 1998 for Tarnak Farms in order to kill Osama bin Laden. However, not enough was known about the collateral damage effects of cruise missiles on mud huts.   At the time there were estimated to be 100 women and children in the area, and in order to spare these civilians, the attack was not approved.

See also
Casualty estimation
Civilian casualties
Emergency management

References

Emergency management
Military science
War casualties
Death predictions
Human-powered hydrofoil. A human-powered hydrofoil is a small hydrofoil watercraft propelled entirely by the muscle power of its operator(s). Hydrofoils are the fastest water-based vehicles propelled solely by human power.  They can reach speeds of up to , easily exceeding the world records set by competitive rowing which stand at about . This speed advantage is achieved since hydrofoils lack a submerged body to provide buoyancy, greatly reducing the drag force.

Propulsion
Means of propulsion include screw propellers, as in hydrocycles; aircraft propellers, as in the Decavitator; paddles, as in a Flyak; oars, as in the Yale hydrofoil sculling project; and flapping wings, as detailed below.

Flapping wing propulsion
Flapping wing propulsion devices are hydrofoils that produce propulsion by forcing a foil to move up and down in the water. The forward motion of the foil then generates lift as in other hydrofoils. A common design consists of a large foil at the stern that is used both for propulsion and keeping the passenger above the water, connected to a smaller foil at the bow used for steering and longitudinal stability. Riders operate the vehicle by bouncing up and down on a small platform at the stern, whilst holding onto a steering column. It is started and landed from the shore, or preferably from a dock, and requires a bit of experience. When moving too slowly, it will sink, and the range of possible speeds is .

Several variations on the design have been developed:
The Wasserläufer was a forerunner of the design developed in Germany during the 1950s.
The Flying Fish was developed by Allan Abbott and Alec Brooks in 1984.
The Pogofoil, with pontoons for flotation, was developed in the US in 1989.
The Trampofoil was developed in Sweden in 1998.
The AquaSkipper was developed the US in 2003.
The Pumpabike was developed in South Africa in 2004.

Electric assist hydrofoils

The Hydrofoiler XE-1 is a Hydrofoil electric bike developed in New Zealand in 2011 onwards.

References

External links 

human-powered-hydrofoils.com - Human powered hydrofoil designs from 1953 to present
How to "Fly" a Human Powered Hydrofoil - the "Aquaskipper" (www.instructables.com)

Human-powered vehicles
Hydrofoils
Genset. Genset or generator set may refer to:

 Diesel generator, a combination of diesel engine and electric generator
 Engine-generator, a machine used to generate electricity
 Fuel cell, a machine used to generate electricity
 Genset Corporation, a French biotechnology company
 Genset locomotive, a railway locomotive using multiple engine-generators per vehicle for traction power
 Portaset, as EP Tender, a portable battery set to extend electric vehicle range
Hardfacing. Hardfacing is a metalworking process where harder or tougher material is applied to a base metal. It is welded to the base material, and generally takes the form of specialized electrodes for arc welding or filler rod for oxyacetylene and gas tungsten arc welding. Powder metal alloys are used in plasma-transferred arc (PTA), also called powder plasma welding, and thermal spray processes like high-velocity oxygen fuel coating, plasma spray, spray and fuse, etc. Submerged arc welding, flux core arc welding (FCAW) and metal inert gas (MIG) / metal active gas (MAG) use continuously fed wire varying in diameter depending on the process and current. The strip cladding process uses strips from 50 mm wide to 125 mm with a thickness of 0.5mm. Open arc welding uses a continuously fed tubular electrode which may or may not contain flux.

Hardfacing may be applied to a new part during production to increase its wear resistance, or it may be used to restore a worn-down surface. Hardfacing by arc welding is a surfacing operation to extend the service life of industrial components, preemptively on new components, or as part of a maintenance program. The result of significant savings in machine down time and production costs has meant that this process has been adopted across many industries such as steel, cement, mining, petrochemical, power, sugar cane and food. According to the results of an experimental study, the shielded metal arc welding and the gas metal arc welding hardfacing processes were effective in reducing the wear on the mouldboard ploughshare. With the shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding hardfacing processes, the life span of the ploughshare was increased approximately 2 times.

Extensive work in research has resulted in the development of a wide range of alloys and welding procedures. The optimum alloy selection is made considering the component service conditions and feedback of the service performance.

For each industrial application and wear phenomena, there is a welding electrode to provide wear resistance.

Hardfacing can be deposited by various welding methods:

 Shielded metal arc welding
 Gas metal arc welding, including both gas-shielded and open arc welding
 Oxyfuel welding
 Submerged arc welding
 Electroslag welding
 Plasma arc welding, also called powder plasma welding 
 Thermal spraying
 Cold polymer compounds
 Laser cladding
 Hardpaint

Commonly applied materials include cobalt-based alloys (such as Stellite), nickel-based alloys, chromium carbide alloys and NOREM. Hardfacing is sometimes followed by hot stamping to refinish the part or add color or instructional information to the part. Foils or films can be used for a metallic look or other protection.

See also 
 Case-hardening

References

Welding
AS5678. AS5678 is a requirements specification created by SAE International for the production and test of passive only Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags for the Aerospace industry.  This specification is also related to the Air Transportation Association SPEC2000 specification.  

RFID tags are small devices that are used by a variety of industries in a variety of applications for the tracking of products, materials, assets and personnel.  They vary in their ruggedness and durability from throwaway retail applications (retail compliance items such as Wal-Mart, Metro, and other retailers specifying shipping carton labeling) to high durability tagging for items such as aircraft parts (SPEC2000 requirements for Boeing, Airbus and others tracking aircraft parts) that must withstand aerospace environments over their lifetimes.

See also
Air Transport Association

References 

Spec 2000

Radio-frequency identification
Drying cabinet. A drying cabinet is today usually an electrical machine designed to expedite the drying of items - usually clothing - that are unsuitable for a mechanical clothes dryer.  Such items may include delicate clothing care labeled as "hang dry", "dry flat" or "do not tumble dry" on their wash instructions, as well as items such as comforters, boots and coats.

History
In both Europe and America, wealthier and commercial properties sometimes had drying cabinets or drying rooms associated with their laundry rooms. The cabinets were of wood or cast iron, with a series of drying racks on wheels which were pulled in or out of the cabinet horizontally. The cabinet was heated by coal, gas or wood. The Shaker community still uses these cabinets. See also Airing Cupboard. However these cabinets and cupboards were intended for the general drying of laundry, whereas the modern cabinets are usually intended for items of clothing unsuitable for a traditional clothes dryer.

Europe
Since the 1980s, drying cabinets have been common in European laundromats, especially in the tvättstuga – a laundry room in Swedish housing cooperatives.  With the large size of the drying cabinets and relatively small size of European homes, drying cabinets have been almost exclusively found in self-service laundry facilities.

United States
With the steadily increasing size of American homes in the last half of the 20th century, the laundry room increased in size and functionality as well. To meet the increasing demand for luxury appliances in the US residential market, a handful of home appliance manufacturers (including Asko and Staber) have begun to supply drying cabinets for the home.  A typical residential drying cabinet is approximately the size of a narrow refrigerator, and is used to supplement traditional tumble dryers.

Industrial use
Drying cabinets are particularly useful in industrial applications for the quick drying of wet weather clothing such as that worn by emergency services like fire fighters. Clothing can be dried in one hour. A boot rack can also be fitted.

See also 

 Shoe dryer
 Drying room

References

 "Behind the Ever-Expanding American Dream House" by Margot Adler.  July 4, 2006
  "Electronic Clothes Drying Cabinet Offers Alternative to Traditional Drying"  April 18, 2008

Laundry drying equipment
Norsk Flyindustri Finnmark 5A. The Norsk Flyindustri Finnmark 5A (named for the Norwegian county) was an amphibious flying-boat airliner built in Norway in the late 1940s. The single prototype was operated by the VLS airline, but no orders for additional aircraft were received, and a refined version designated 5A-II was never built. The Finnmark was a conventional high-wing cantilever monoplane with twin engines housed in nacelles on the wings, and the first twin-engined aircraft constructed in Norway. A specially-designed combination wheel-ski undercarriage retracted into wide sponsons on the sides of the flying boat hull.

This undercarriage (built by Dowty in England) was the subject of patents in Norway, Sweden, and Canada, and was constructed in such a way that the skis would be properly aligned for retraction and extension, and while lowered in flight, but would be free to move under landing forces, pivoting and deflecting to facilitate a smooth landing on rough snow or ice.

The prototype Finnmark made its first flight on 17 September 1949, as a pure flying boat, being fitted with its retractable undercarriage in the winter of 1951–52. Before 1954, it was modified by removing its undercarriage, and replacing the sponsons by wing-mounted stabilising floats. It entered service with Vestlandske Luftfartsselskap that year, flying a service between Bergen, Haugesund and Stavanger. It was later sold to Norrønafly. The airworthiness certificate expired in 1961, and the aircraft was scrapped in 1965.

Only one of the Cowlings avoided scrapping and is on display at the Norwegian Aviation Museum in Bodø.

Specifications (5A-II, as designed)

References

External links

 "A Norwegian Amphibian" a 1946 Flight article

1940s Norwegian airliners
Flying boats
Amphibious aircraft
Finnmark
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride. Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula [P(CH2OH)4]Cl.  It is a white water-soluble salt with applications as a precursor to fire-retardant materials and as a microbiocide in commercial and industrial water systems.

Synthesis, structure and reactions
THPC can be synthesized with high yield by treating phosphine with formaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid.
PH3 + 4 H2C=O + HCl → [P(CH2OH)4]Cl
The cation P(CH2OH)4+ features four-coordinate phosphorus, as is typical for phosphonium salts. 

THPC converts to tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine upon treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide:
[P(CH2OH)4]Cl + NaOH → P(CH2OH)3 + H2O + H2C=O + NaCl

Application in textiles
THPC has industrial importance in the production of crease-resistant and flame-retardant finishes on cotton textiles and other cellulosic fabrics.
 A flame-retardant finish can be prepared from THPC by the Proban Process, in which THPC is treated with urea. The urea condenses with the hydroxymethyl groups on THPC.  The phosphonium structure is converted to phosphine oxide as the result of this reaction.

[P(CH2OH)4]Cl + NH2CONH2 →  (HOCH2)2P(O)CH2NHC(O)NH2 + HCl + HCHO + H2 + H2O

This reaction proceeds rapidly, forming insoluble high molecular weight polymers.  The resulting product is applied to the fabrics in a "pad-dry process". This treated material is then treated with ammonia and ammonia hydroxide to produce fibers that are flame-retardant.

THPC can condense with many other types of monomers in addition to urea.  These monomers include amines, phenols and polybasic acids and anhydrides.

Tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine and its uses
Tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine, which is derived from tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, is an intermediate in the preparation of the water-soluble ligand 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA).  This conversion is achieved by treating hexamethylenetetramine with formaldehyde and tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine.

Tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine can also be used to synthesize the heterocycle, N-boc-3-pyrroline by ring-closing metathesis using Grubbs' catalyst (bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylidineruthenium dichloride). N-Boc-diallylamine is treated with Grubbs' catalyst, followed by tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine. The carbon-carbon double bonds undergo ring closure, releasing ethene gas, resulting in N-boc-3-pyrroline.
The hydroxymethyl groups on THPC undergo replacement reactions when THPC is treated with α,β-unsaturated nitrile, acid, amide and epoxides. For example, base induces condensation between THPC and acrylamide with displacement of the hydroxymethyl groups. (Z = CONH2)
[P(CH2OH)4]Cl + NaOH + 3CH2=CHZ → P(CH2CH2Z)3 + 4CH2O + H2O + NaCl

Similar reactions occur when THPC is treated with acrylic acid; only one hydroxymethyl group is displaced, however.

References

Quaternary phosphonium compounds
Flame retardants
Organophosphorus compounds
Kenneth C. Dahlberg. Kenneth C. Dahlberg is an American engineer and corporate executive. Dahlberg was CEO, chairman of the board, and president of Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). He became CEO on November 3, 2003 and chairman of the board on July 16, 2004.

Dahlberg majored in electrical engineering at Drexel University and the University of Southern California, where he received his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1967 and 1969, respectively.

In 1967 he started his career with Hughes Aircraft, where he held various engineering, program management and leadership positions and served successively as president of three different corporate divisions. After Raytheon acquired Hughes in 1997, he became president and chief operating officer of Raytheon Systems Company. In 2000, he became executive vice president for business development and president of Raytheon International.

Before joining SAIC, he was a vice president at General Dynamics.

On June 23, 2009, Dahlberg announced that he would step down as CEO of SAIC on September 20, 2009. His departure is in accordance with SAIC's mandatory retirement policy for executives. He said that he would remain Chairman of the Board until June 2010. It was announced that Walter P. Havenstein would succeed Dahlberg as CEO. Havenstein was formerly CEO of BAE Systems.

In July 2011, Motorola Solutions Inc. announced that Kenneth C. Dahlberg has been elected to its board of directors.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Drexel University alumni
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
American chief operating officers
American technology chief executives