omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tree (command). In computing, tree is a recursive directory listing command or program that produces a depth-indented listing of files. Originating in PC- and MS-DOS, it is found in Digital Research FlexOS, IBM/Toshiba 4690 OS, PTS-DOS, FreeDOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows, and ReactOS. A version for Unix and Unix-like systems is also available.

The tree command is frequently used as part of a technical support scam, where the command is used to occupy the command prompt screen, while the scammer, pretending to be technical support, types additional text that is supposed to look like output of the command.

Overview
With no arguments, tree lists the files in the current directory. When directory arguments are given, tree lists all the files or directories found in the given directories each in turn. Upon completion of listing all files and directories found, tree returns the total number of files and directories listed. There are options to change the characters used in the output, and to use color output.

The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2 and later. Digital Research DR DOS 6.0, Itautec SISNE plus, and Datalight ROM-DOS include an implementation of the  command.

The Tree Command for Linux was developed by Steve Baker. The FreeDOS version was developed by Dave Dunfield and the ReactOS version was developed by Asif Bahrainwala. All three implementations are licensed under the GNU General Public License.

The Tree command is also available in macOS as a formula installed via the command line Homebrew package manager.

Example
$ tree path/to/folder/
path/to/folder/
├── a-first.html
├── b-second.html
├── subfolder
│   ├── readme.html
│   ├── code.cpp
│   └── code.h
└── z-last-file.html

1 directories, 6 files

See also
 dir
 ls
 pstree
 List of Unix commands
 List of DOS commands

References

Further reading

External links

The Tree Command for Linux Homepage New repository
tree | Microsoft Docs

External DOS commands
OS/2 commands
ReactOS commands
Unix file system-related software
Windows commands
Cozy III. The Cozy III is a 3-seat, single engine, homebuilt light aircraft designed by Nat Puffer. The aircraft is built from plans using basic raw materials. It is not a kit aircraft, though many small parts are available prefabricated. The Cozy is similar in design and construction to the 2-seat Rutan Long-EZ, from which it is derived, with approval from Burt Rutan. 

The Cozy utilizes foam and fiberglass sandwich construction, with foam suited to the usage, fiberglass oriented for the stresses, and epoxy to bond them together.

Nat Puffer designed the aircraft as a high speed cross-country VFR aircraft, although many builders equip their planes with IFR capabilities.

Design and development
The aircraft is constructed primarily of fiberglass, foam, and epoxy. Urethane foam is used to form highly curved, hand-carved shapes such as the nose and wing tips. Blue rigid styrofoam is cut with a hot wire saw to form the wing cores. Thin PVC foam sheets are used to form bulkheads and the fuselage sides. Two types of woven fiberglass are used to provide the surface strength of the composite sandwich.  The builder does not need pre-fabricated items to finish the aircraft except for the landing gear bow and nose gear strut which require forms and an oven for post curing, but  suppliers exist for these parts, such as Featherlite of Ukiah CA.

The recommended engine is the  Lycoming O-235, but a variety of powerplants from  have been used.

Previous Versions and Related Aircraft

Cozy
Like the Long-EZ, the design includes a retractable nose gear and fixed main gear. With both front seats unoccupied, the center of gravity with the aircraft level is aft of the main gear. Thus, like the Long-EZ, the Cozy is parked with the nose resting on the ground, sometimes called "grazing". The nose-down position is very stable. The aircraft can withstand high winds as the wings are beyond a flying angle of attack. Some Cozy builders modify the design to include retractable main gear. This modification increases the maximum speed by a few knots. Maximum fuel tank capacity is reduced to accommodate the retracted gear.

Cosy Classic
The Cosy Classic is the European version of Cozy III, changed to a forward opening canopy and other modifications. The forward opening canopy design is available from Uli Wolter, the designer of the Cosy Classic modifications.

Cozy IV
The Cozy Mark IV is a 4-seat aircraft and the successor to the 3-seat Cozy III. Also designed by Nat Puffer, the Cozy IV first flew in 1988.

Specifications (Cozy III)

See also
Rutan Long-EZ
Rutan VariEze
Rutan Defiant
Cozy Mark IV
Berkut aircraft
Velocity SE
Velocity XL
Steve Wright Stagger-Ez
Canard
Pusher configuration

References

External links

http://stargazer2006.online.fr/derivatives/pages/cosy.htm

http://www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/5Puffer%20Cozy%20CO-Z.asp

Canard aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1982
Mid-wing aircraft
1980s United States sport aircraft
Cadmium nitrate. Cadmium nitrate describes any of the related members of a family of inorganic compounds with the general formula . The most commonly encountered form being the tetrahydrate.The anhydrous form is volatile, but the others are colourless crystalline solids that are deliquescent, tending to absorb enough moisture from the air to form an aqueous solution.  Like other cadmium compounds, cadmium nitrate is known to be carcinogenic.  According to X-ray crystallography, the tetrahydrate features octahedral Cd2+ centers bound to six oxygen ligands.

Uses
Cadmium nitrate is used for coloring glass and porcelain and as a flash powder in photography.

Preparation
Cadmium nitrate is prepared by dissolving cadmium metal or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate, in nitric acid followed by crystallization:

Reactions
Thermal dissociation at elevated temperatures produces cadmium oxide and oxides of nitrogen.  When hydrogen sulfide is passed through an acidified solution of cadmium nitrate, yellow cadmium sulfide is formed.  A red modification of the sulfide is formed under boiling conditions.

When treated with sodium hydroxide, solutions of cadmium nitrate yield a solid precipitate of cadmium hydroxide.  Many insoluble cadmium salts are obtained by such precipitation reactions.

References

External links

Cadmium compounds
Nitrates
Deliquescent materials
IARC Group 1 carcinogens
Salomon Idler. Salomon Idler (11 February 1610 in Cannstatt – probably 1669 in Augsburg) was a German shoemaker, who is best known for his attempt to become an aviation pioneer.

Biography
Idler was a shoemaker in Augsburg, who also had several other interests.  He was also known as a poet and actor.  He was married two times.

Idler dreamed of flying, and constructed a set of wings that he would ride while hanging suspended from his arms.  He made one attempt at flying, originally planning on launching himself from the Perlachturm, a 70-meter tower in the center of Augsburg, but the clergyman was able to convince him to start at a lower level.  In the attempt, he was unable to control his descent, and fell onto a bridge.  He survived, but four chickens under the bridge were killed when it collapsed.

After his abortive attempt, Idler became known as "der fliegende Schuster" (the flying Shoemaker).  A street near the University of Augsburg is named after him.

Idler's attempt is fictionalized in the novel Der Teufelsvogel Des Solomon Idler (Solomon Idler's Satanic Bird) by Peter Dempf (, 2000).

References

17th-century German inventors
17th-century German artisans
1610 births
1669 deaths
Barrier board. Barrier boards are typically long plastic or wooden beams or metal plates used during road works and similar activities to cordon off areas, close roads or direct traffic.

They are also known as council barriers, show stoppers, works barricades, or safety barricades.

Around the world

 In Australia barrier boards, (council barriers or board and trestles), are 2.5m long heavy duty PVC or timber boards with yellow and black reflective stripes on both sides supported by 1 or 2 'A frame' stands/legs.
 In Europe, barrier boards are typically red and white striped boards made from PVC plastic or wood and are used in conjunction with traffic cones.
 In the United States, barriers are typically white aluminium or plastic 'A frame' devices with orange and white reflective boards on either one side or both.
In Hong Kong, these barriers are in red and white strips; sometimes there are different uses except for road works

See also
 Roadworks
 Traffic cone

References

Protective barriers
Streetworks

de:Absperrung (Straßenverkehr)
ru:Дорожный барьер
Optare CityPacer. The Optare CityPacer was a minibus body manufactured by Optare from 1985 to 1992.

Launched in November 1985, it was fitted to the Volkswagen LT55 chassis. A total of 294 were manufactured, with London Regional Transport purchasing 52.

Its prominent feature was its large one-piece front windscreen, with large triangular quarterlights giving the impression that it wrapped around the sides of the body. Primarily built for the British market, two were built in left hand drive configuration for an operator in the Netherlands.

The CityPacer was supplemented but not replaced by the StarRider, based on the Mercedes-Benz 811D chassis. Both were replaced by the integral Optare MetroRider, which had been a competing design from Metro Cammell Weymann before Optare bought the rights to the design.

References

External links
Optare CityPacer flickr images

CityPacer
Vehicles introduced in 1985
Buses of the United Kingdom
Minibuses
Hans List. Hans List (30 April 1896, Graz, Austria – 10 September 1996, Graz) was a technical scientist and inventor and entrepreneur.

Biography 
After earning a doctorate in engineering at the Technical University in Graz, Hans List was appointed to the Tongji University in China (1926–1932), followed by teaching positions back home in Graz (1932–1941) and Dresden, Germany (until 1945). His research work yielded insights into functionality and improvement of Diesel motors, and of combustion engines in general. In 1946, List founded an engineering office in Graz, from which the company  () emerged in 1948. In 1979, at the age of 83, he handed over the management of the company AVL List, which had 500 employees at the time, to his son Helmut List.

Decorations and awards 
 Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
 Honorary Ring of Styria
 Wilhelm Exner Medal (1971).
 Honorary Citizen of the City of Graz
 Honorary doctorate from the Technical University of Graz (1963)

See also 
 List of Austrian companies

References

External links 
 AVL List GmbH (GmbH = Ltd.)
 Helmut-List-Halle
 Steirischer Herbst (Styrian Autumn festival), also in English: please click on the "English" link (right top) yourself, as the subdomain's URL contains the year and thus will change annually

1896 births
1996 deaths
Engineers from Graz
Austrian automotive pioneers
Austrian men centenarians
20th-century Austrian inventors
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Master of Applied Science. Master of Applied Science (abbreviations include MASc, MAppSc, MApplSc, and MAS) is an academic degree. It is conferred far more widely in the Commonwealth of Nations than in the US.

"MASc" degrees are generally conferred in Commonwealth of Nations for engineering-related studies more academic than those required for the Master of Engineering (MEng). MASc degrees require coursework and a thesis, with the thesis being the major component, whereas a Master of Engineering may require only coursework and a project, with the coursework being the major component. MASc degrees are also conferred for other subjects, such as psychology at the University of Waterloo 

"MAppSc" and "MApplSc" degrees are conferred in Australia and New Zealand for a wider variety of professional studies, to include practitioner fields outside of engineering.

"MASc" is conferred in at least fifteen North American universities: Ontario Tech University,Arizona State University, University of British Columbia, Dalhousie University, Delta State University, University of Delaware, University of Nebraska, Carleton University, University of Denver, University of Guelph, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Concordia University, University of Toronto, Toronto Metropolitan University, McMaster University, Queen's University, University of Victoria, University of Waterloo, York University, École de technologie supérieure, Université de Montréal, and Université de Sherbrooke, in the more expansive manner of Australia and New Zealand.

"MESc" is conferred at The University of Western Ontario, although the degree is equivalent to the MASc.

"MASc" is conferred at the University of Waterloo under the department of management sciences, and also in psychology for developmental communication sciences  and industrial/organizational psychology 

"MAS" is conferred at Johns Hopkins University, Missouri Western State University, and the University of California San Diego in various sciences including chemistry, engineering technology management, forensic investigation, spatial analysis, and clinical research.

References

Applied Science
Dependeq. Dependeq Industrial Plant Engineering GmbH was an Austrian company, headquartered inside Palais Fanto at Schwarzenbergplatz, Vienna with activities in the fields of process engineering and industrial plant supply for the chemical and metallurgical industry. Dependeq products and technologies included hydrochloric acid regeneration plants, pickling lines for carbon and stainless steel as well as environmental technology and process automation.

Founding History 

The company was started in 1999 by Austrian entrepreneurs Horst Krenn (14.8.1972) and Herbert Weissenbaeck (1.1.1976). It quickly established itself as one of the key players in its respective international markets. Both Krenn and Weissenbaeck had worked in senior executive positions at another industrial machinery company (S.A.D. GmbH) before.

Acquisition by SMS group 

Dependeq was acquired by Düsseldorf, Germany based SMS group of companies and integrated into the SMS Siemag steel making and rolling mills conglomerate by February 23, 2006. Since May 2006 the company operates under the name SMS Siemag Process Technologies GmbH as a center of competence for process plant applications inside the Strip Processing Lines division of SMS Siemag AG. Messrs Krenn and Weissenbaeck still hold a minority share of 24,5% each and continue serving as managing directors of the company.

Root of Company Name 

The artificial word "dependeq" is said to have been created by Herbert Weissenbaeck after incidentally reading Jeffrey Robinson's Book "The Manipulators" while waiting for a delayed plane at London Heathrow Airport and studying the roots of other carefully crafted company names like "Sony" or "Compaq". It simply stands for "dependable equipment".

Industrial supply companies
Engineering companies of Austria
Manufacturing companies based in Vienna
RenderMan Shading Language. Renderman Shading Language (abbreviated RSL) is a component of the RenderMan Interface Specification, and is used to define shaders. The language syntax is C-like.

A shader written in RSL can be used without changes on any RenderMan-compliant renderer, such as Pixar's PhotoRealistic RenderMan, DNA Research's 3Delight, Sitexgraphics' Air or an open source solution such as Pixie or Aqsis.

RenderMan Shading Language defines standalone functions and five types of shaders: surface, light, volume, imager and displacement shaders.

An example of a surface shader that defines a metal surface is:
surface metal (float Ka = 1; float Ks = 1; float roughness = 0.1;)
{
  normal Nf = faceforward (normalize(N), I);
  vector V = - normalize (I);
  Oi = Os;
  Ci = Os * Cs * (Ka * ambient() + Ks * specular (Nf, V, roughness));
}
Shaders express their work by reading and writing special variables such as Cs (surface color), N (normal at given point), and Ci (final surface color).
The arguments to the shaders are global parameters that are attached to objects of the model (so one metal shader can be used for different metals and so on). Shaders have no return values, but functions can be defined which take arguments and return a value. For example, the following function computes vector length using the dot product operator ".":
float length (vector v) {
  return sqrt (v . v); /* . is a dot product */
}

Further reading

External links
 Shading Language (RSL) documentation

RenderMan
Shading languages
zh:RenderMan规范#RenderMan着色语言（RSL）
Biomechanical. Biomechanical may refer to:

Biomechanics, the application of mechanical principles to living organisms
Sports biomechanics, a quantitative based study and analysis of professional athletes and sports' activities in general
Forensic Biomechanics, use of biomechanics in litigation.
Biomechanics (Meyerhold), system of actor training developed by Vsevolod Meyerhold
Biomechanicals, 2019 album by Metalite
Biomechanical art, the style of H. R. Giger and those influenced by him, like tattooist Guy Aitchison
Biomechanical (band), a progressive groove metal band from London, UK
Biomechanical engineering, a bioengineering subdiscipline which applies principles of mechanical engineering to biological systems
Biomechanical Toy, a scrolling shoot 'em up platform arcade game released by Gaelco in 1995

It may also refer to:

Bioengineering, the application of concepts and methods of biology to solve real-world problems
Biomaterial, any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with biological systems
Biorobotics, a term that loosely covers the fields of cybernetics, bionics and even genetic engineering as a collective study
Bioship, an organic spaceship
Biomechanoid, a cyborg
Organic (model), methods and patterns found in living systems
Ocean Machine: Biomech, the debut 1997 studio album by Canadian musician Devin Townsend
C date and time functions. The C date and time functions are a group of functions in the standard library of the C programming language implementing date and time manipulation operations. They provide support for time acquisition, conversion between date formats, and formatted output to strings.

History

The format string used in strftime traces back to at least PWB/UNIX 1.0, released in 1977. Its date system command includes various formatting options. In 1989, the ANSI C standard is released including strftime and other date and time functions.

Overview of functions

The C date and time operations are defined in the time.h header file (ctime header in C++).

The  and related types were originally proposed by Markus Kuhn to provide a variety of time bases, but only  was accepted. The functionalities were, however, added to C++ in 2020 in std::chrono.

Example

The following C source code prints the current time to the standard output stream.
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
    time_t current_time;
    char* c_time_string;

    /* Obtain current time. */
    current_time = time(NULL);

    if (current_time == ((time_t)-1))
    {
        (void) fprintf(stderr, "Failure to obtain the current time.\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* Convert to local time format. */
    c_time_string = ctime(&current_time);

    if (c_time_string == NULL)
    {
        (void) fprintf(stderr, "Failure to convert the current time.\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* Print to stdout. ctime() has already added a terminating newline character. */
    (void) printf("Current time is %s", c_time_string);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

The output is:
Current time is Thu Sep 15 21:18:23 2016

See also
 Unix time
 Year 2038 problem

References

External links

C standard library
Time
Mario Castoldi. Mario Castoldi (February 26, 1888 – May 31, 1968) was an Italian aircraft engineer and designer.

Biography
Born in Zibido San Giacomo, Province of Milan, Castoldi worked for the experimental center of Italian Military Aviation at Montecelio, not far from Rome.

In 1922, he moved to Macchi Aeronautica, where he became famous for designing a series of seaplanes that set world speed records. His first winning plane was the Macchi M.39 seaplane. It was designed in 1925–26 to compete in the Schneider Trophy race of 1926. Powered (like all the Macchi planes from this time) by a Fiat engine, it managed a top speed of 396 km/h (246 mph) and won the contest for that year.

For the next four years, Castoldi designed several more racing seaplanes (the M.52, M.52R, and the M.67), which entered the Schneider Trophy races but they lost to the British racers (the Supermarine S.5, and the Supermarine S.6). Castoldi's most famous plane was the Macchi M.C.72 (designed over three years, from 1931 to 1933). At first, Castoldi hoped this plane would enter (and win) the Schneider Trophy race of 1931, but the plane could not be ready in time for that contest (the winner was the British Supermarine S.6B). As a result of three consecutive victories for the British, the Schneider races were over.

Development on the M.C.72 continued. Jane asserts that the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini personally supported the M.C.72 program (most likely as a part of his efforts to gain international prestige for Italy). After the deaths of two test pilots who were flying the plane, in April 1933, pilot Francesco Agello succeeded in setting a speed record for a seaplane with a speed of 684 km/h. Work on improving the plane's speed continued as the design team hoped they could exceed a speed of 700 km/h. After a year and a half, this feat was accomplished by Agello, who attained an average speed of 709 km/h (440 mph) flying the three passes in M.C.72 on October 23, 1934. This world speed record lasted for five years, but as a record for a piston-engine seaplane, it has never been broken.

After the M.C.72, Castoldi worked on designs for Italian fighters. However, he was limited by the inability of Fiat to provide more powerful engines. Later designs had to rely on German-supplied engines. Castoldi was in charge of the design of a series of military fighters that formed the mainstay of the Italian fighter force in World War II, specifically the C.200, C.202 and Macchi C.205.

In 1945, Castoldi retreated to private life. He died at Trezzano sul Naviglio in 1968.

References

External links
 

1888 births
1968 deaths
People from the Metropolitan City of Milan
Aircraft designers
20th-century Italian engineers
Cryptographic log on. Cryptographic log-on (CLO) is a process that uses Common Access Cards (CAC) and embedded Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) certificates to authenticate a user's identification to a workstation and network.  It replaces the username and passwords for identifying and authenticating users.  To log-on cryptographically to a CLO-enabled workstation, users simply insert their CAC into their workstation’s CAC reader and provide their Personal Identification Number (PIN).

The Navy/Marine Corps Intranet, among many other secure networks, uses CLO.

References 
 

Computer access control
Levine Science Research Center. The Levine Science Research Center (LSRC) is a  facility on Duke University's west campus located at 308 Research Drive Durham, NC  27708.  The LSRC is currently the largest single-site interdisciplinary research facility in the U.S.  Its classrooms are shared by several departments, but the majority of its offices and laboratories are utilized by the Nicholas School of the Environment, the Pratt School of Engineering, the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Developmental and the departments of Computer Science, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Cell and Molecular Biology.  The building was named for Leon Levine, the CEO of Family Dollar Stores.

References

External links
 Pratt School of Engineering
 Duke University

Duke University campus
Neuroscience research centers in the United States
Research institutes in North Carolina