omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Denis Ranque. Denis Ranque (born 7 January 1952) is a French engineer and businessman who was CEO and chairman of Thales Group from 1998 until 2009.

Career
In 1976, Ranque began his career as an engineer of the Corps des mines at the Ministry of Industry where he held various positions in the field of energy until 1983. He then joined the Thomson-CSF as "directeur du Plan" for one year. In 1984, he was appointed director of space affairs for the "Tubes électroniques" division. In 1986, he was appointed director of the "Tubes hyperfréquences" department, which was spun off in 1988 as Thomson Tubes Electroniques (TTE), a company of which he was chairman and CEO from 1989 to 1992. In April 1992, Denis Ranque was appointed Chairman and CEO of Thomson-Sintra Activitiés sous-marines (Thomson Sintra ASM). Four years later, he was appointed by Thomson-CSF and GEC-Marconi as CEO of the joint company they created in the field of sonar systems, Thomson Marconi Sonar. He resigned from his position as chief mining engineer in 1996. In 1998, Ranque was appointed chairman and chief executive officer of Thomson-CSF, rebranded  Thales in 2000. In 2008, his total salary, including bonuses and options, was €1.8 million. By 2009, he met increased pressure to step down after his opposition to Dassault Aviation becoming the company's core industrial shareholder. He resigned from Thales in May 2009.

In 2013, EADS appointed Ranque as its next chairman under a new shareholder structure, replacing Arnaud Lagardère. The French government had initially backed Anne Lauvergeon for the role but EADS insisted on picking one of the board's independent majority in an effort to curb political influence from France and Germany.

At the end of 2021 he was elected President of the French Academy of Technologies (FNAT), effective 1 January 2022. Also, he is the President of the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) Board of Directors in 2022 year.

Other activities

Corporate boards
 Airbus, chairman of the board of directors (2013-2019)
 CMA CGM, independent member of the board of directors
 Saint-Gobain, independent member of the board of directors (since 2003)
 Scilab Enterprises, independent member of the board of directors (−2017)
 Bpifrance, independent member of the board of directors (2011–2012)
 Technicolor, non-executive chairman of the board of directors (2010–2012)

Non-profit organizations
 French Academy of Technologies, the National Academy of Technologies and Engineering of France, President since 1 January 2022.
 La Fabrique de l'Industrie, co-chairman (2014–2017)
 Cercle de l'industrie, chairman (2002–2012)

External links
 Official Thales Group webpage

References

1952 births
Living people
École Polytechnique alumni
Mines Paris - PSL alumni
Corps des mines
French chief executives
Businesspeople from Marseille
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Honorary commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Thales Group people
Airbus people
Replay system. The replay system is a subsystem within the Intel Pentium 4 processor.  Its primary function is to catch operations that have been mistakenly sent for execution by the processor's scheduler.  Operations caught by the replay system are then re-executed in a loop until the conditions necessary for their proper execution have been fulfilled.

Overview 
The replay system came about as a result of Intel's quest for ever-increasing clock speeds. These higher clock speeds necessitated very lengthy pipelines (up to 31 stages in the Prescott core). Because of this, there are six stages between the scheduler and the execution units in the Prescott core.  In an attempt to maintain acceptable performance, Intel engineers had to design the scheduler to be very optimistic.

The scheduler in a Pentium 4 processor is so aggressive that it will send operations for execution without a guarantee that they can be successfully executed.  (Among other things, the scheduler assumes all data is in level 1 "trace cache" CPU cache.)  The most common reason execution fails is that the requisite data is not available, which itself is most likely due to a cache miss.  When this happens, the replay system signals the scheduler to stop, then repeatedly executes the failed string of dependent operations until they have completed successfully.

Performance considerations 
Not surprisingly, in some cases the replay system can have a very bad impact on performance. Under normal circumstances, the execution units in the Pentium 4 are in use roughly 33% of the time. When the replay system is invoked, it will occupy execution units nearly every available cycle. This wastes power, which is an increasingly important architectural design metric, but poses no performance penalty because the execution units would be sitting idle anyway. However, if hyper-threading is in use, the replay system will prevent the other thread from utilizing the execution units. This is the true cause of any performance degradation concerning hyper-threading. In Prescott, the Pentium 4 gained a replay queue, which reduces the time the replay system will occupy the execution units.

In other cases, where each thread is processing different types of operations, the replay system will not interfere, and a performance increase can appear. This explains why performance with hyper-threading is application-dependent.

See also 

 Instruction pipeline
 Speculative execution
 Out-of-order execution
 Simultaneous multithreading
 Data dependency

References 

X86 microprocessors
Alex Dorrian. Alex Dorrian, CBE (born 1946, Glasgow) is the executive vice-president of Thales Group as of 2006.  In 2002, he was appointed a CBE.

References

External links
Official Thales Group webpage

1946 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Scottish aerospace engineers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century Scottish engineers
21st-century Scottish engineers
Multiline optical-character reader. A multiline optical-character reader, or MLOCR, is a type of mail sorting machine that uses optical character recognition (OCR) technology to determine how to route mail through the postal system.

MLOCRs work by capturing images of the front of letter-sized mailpieces, and extracting the entire address from each piece. It looks up the postal code within each address in a master database, prints a barcode representing this information on the mailpiece, and performs an initial sort. All of this occurs in a fraction of a second as the mailpiece passes through the machine. After this point, mail is further sorted by barcode sorters that read this barcode to determine its destination throughout its journey all the way down to the walk sequence of the mail carrier.

In the United States, if the MLOCR is not able to decode the address (usually because it is handwritten) then the mailpiece is placed on "hold" by printing a unique fluorescent barcode on the back of the mailpiece, and the mailpiece is then set aside for further processing by the Remote Bar Coding System (formerly called Remote Video Encoding). An image of the mailpiece is sent to a Remote Encoding Center where a human Data Conversion Operator manually inspects the image. The operator converts the information on the mailpiece into abbreviated codes and enters the data into the computer. This data is sent back to the MLOCR site where it is matched with the unique barcode on the back of the un-coded mailpiece, and a barcode is then printed on the mailpiece like the rest of the mail. All this effort is invested up front into deciphering the destination of each mailpiece and printing the correct barcode, so that the mailpiece will never need to be manually examined again until it reaches the hands of the letter carrier who will carry it to the final delivery point.  A Delivery Bar Code Sorter is repeatedly used at each point in the USPS system to read the barcode and sort the mailpiece to a tray corresponding to the next leg of its journey towards its final destination. 

The United States Postal Service is the largest user of these machines; however, large volume mailers and mail consolidators also have their own MLOCR systems to barcode outgoing mail, in order to receive significant postage discounts.

An option called FASTforward can be added to an MLOCR that allows it to automatically forward mail to a new address. This additional computer hardware/software combination looks up decoded addresses in the National Change of Address database to see if the recipient has recently moved. If so, a POSTNET barcode representing the new address is sprayed on the mailpiece thus routing it to new address although the old address is still visible—a testament to the degree at which mail can be mechanically sorted.

Generally all OCR equipped letter sorting machines ordered since the late 1980s have been equipped with OCR systems capable of reading multiple lines of address.

References

External links
Mail Factory Migrates To Teterboro 

Mail sorting
Optical character recognition
PC Life. PC Life was a disk magazine for the IBM PC published starting in 1986 in Syracuse, New York by publisher and editor Mike Sullivan.  In contrast to the mostly text-based disk magazines in existence at the time, PC Life was more graphical and multimedia in style, with various animation and interaction, although the extent of the graphical style was limited by the technology of the time which required that the publication fit on a floppy disk and be compatible with CGA graphics.

PC Life received positive reviews from some critics who found this style attractive, including PC World, which complimented its "spiffy graphics, bright writing, and packaging that's a blend of GQ and Vogue." It was also positively reviewed in PC Magazine (Nov. 24, 1987, "PC-Life: A Vision of the Future,"), with a couple of screenshots. However, others criticized its relative lack of "meaty" content such as complete, usable programs, such as was usually found on other disk magazines.  It lasted through 1989, publishing four volumes of up to 5 issues per year.

References

Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Disk magazines
Magazines established in 1986
Magazines disestablished in 1989
Defunct magazines published in New York (state)
Biannual magazines published in the United States
Mass media in Syracuse, New York
Paraformaldehyde. Paraformaldehyde (PFA) is the smallest polyoxymethylene, the polymerization product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units. Paraformaldehyde commonly has a slight odor of formaldehyde due to decomposition. Paraformaldehyde is a poly-acetal.

Synthesis 

Paraformaldehyde forms slowly in aqueous formaldehyde solutions as a white precipitate, especially if stored in the cold. Formalin actually contains very little monomeric formaldehyde; most of it forms short chains of polyformaldehyde. A small amount of methanol is often added as a stabilizer to limit the extent of polymerization.

Reactions 

Paraformaldehyde can be depolymerized to formaldehyde gas by dry heating and to formaldehyde solution by water in the presence of a base, an acid or heat. The high purity formaldehyde solutions obtained in this way are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology.

The resulting formaldehyde gas from dry heating paraformaldehyde is flammable.

Uses 

Once paraformaldehyde is depolymerized, the resulting formaldehyde may be used as a fumigant, disinfectant, fungicide, and fixative. Longer chain-length (high molecular weight) polyoxymethylenes are used as a thermoplastic and are known as polyoxymethylene plastic (POM, Delrin). It was used in the past in the discredited Sargenti method of root canal treatment.

Paraformaldehyde is not a fixative; it must be depolymerized to formaldehyde in solution. In cell culture, a typical formaldehyde fixing procedure would involve using a 4% formaldehyde solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for 10 minutes. In histology and pathology specimens preparation, usually, the fixation step is performed using 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (4% formaldehyde) for, at least, 24 hours.

Paraformaldehyde is also used to crosslink proteins to DNA, as used in ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) which is a technique to determine which part of DNA certain proteins are binding to.

Paraformaldehyde can be used as a substitute of aqueous formaldehyde to produce the resinous binding material, which is commonly used together with melamine, phenol or other reactive agents in the manufacturing of particle board, medium density fiberboard and plywood.

Toxicity 
As a formaldehyde releasing agent, paraformaldehyde is a potential carcinogen. Its acute oral median lethal dose in rats is 592 mg/kg.

See also 
 1,3,5-Trioxane (metaformaldehyde), the cyclic trimer of formaldehyde

References

Polyethers
Hemiacetals
HQM Sachsenring GmbH. HQM Sachsenring GmbH is a Zwickau-based company that supplies chassis and body parts to the automotive industry. The company was named after the Sachsenring race track. Founded as VEB Sachsenring after the end of World War II, and operating out of the former Auto Union factory in Zwickau, Sachsenring was one of the few manufacturers of vehicles in East Germany, its best known product being the Trabant, produced between 1957 and 1991. Following the reunification of Germany in 1990, Sachsenring transitioned from a government-owned company under a centrally-planned economy to a private corporation in a free market economy.

After three years in bankruptcy, Sachsenring AG  was purchased in February, 2006 by Härterei und Qualitätsmanagement GmbH (HQM) of Leipzig. Formerly the dominant major automaker in East Germany, Sachsenring has since departed from making motor vehicles. Today, it supplies, among other things, the Volkswagen factory with parts for the Golf and Passat models.

Models

Supermini 
 AWZ P70 Zwickau (1955–1959)
 Trabant P50 (1957–1962)
 Trabant 600 (1962–1965)
 Trabant 601 (1964–1990)
 Trabant 1.1 (1990–1991)
 Sachsenring UNI 1 (prototype, 1996)
 Trabant nT (prototype, 2009)

Luxury vehicle 
 Sachsenring P240 (1954–1959)
 Sachsenring P240 Repräsentant (1969)

Trucks 
 IFA H3A (1957–1958)
 IFA S4000 (1959–1960)

Cultural impact 

The German bitpop pioneers Welle:Erdball have been using a rotated version of the Sachsenring emblem as their band logo since 1996.

Gallery

References

External links 

HQM official site (German)
Official Site of August Horch Museum Zwickau
 UK-based official Wartburg, Trabant and IFA owners' club

Automotive companies of Germany
Car manufacturers of Germany
Car manufacturers of East Germany
Zwickau
 
1957 establishments in East Germany
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1957
2006 mergers and acquisitions
Emission reduction unit. The emission reduction unit (ERU) was an emissions unit issued under a Joint Implementation project in terms of the Kyoto Protocol. An ERU represented a reduction of greenhouse gases under the Joint Implementation mechanism, where it represented one tonne of  equivalent reduced.

Description 

To allow comparison between the different effects of gases on the environment, scientists have defined multipliers for gases that compare their greenhouse potency (global warming potential) relative to that of carbon dioxide.

One example of a Joint Implementation project resulting in an emission reduction unit, was the production of biogases by landfill sites.  These gases consist of mainly methane which escapes to the atmosphere if it is not collected.  The main reason for dealing with methane is that it has a 100-year global warming potential multiplier of 25 compared to carbon dioxide (i.e. has 25 times the greenhouse potency).  Collection of methane is usually accompanied by its combustion.  Burning one tonne of methane produces nearly 3 tonnes of , thus reducing its greenhouse effect by (25−3=22) ERU.

In December 2012, ERU prices crashed to a low of 15 euro cents before recovering to 23c after news that EU’s Climate Change Committee was to vote on a ban of ERUs from countries that have not signed up to a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol.  

In January 2013, Bloomberg reported that emission reduction unit prices declined 89 percent in 2012.

References 

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Carbon finance
Emissions reduction

See also 
Assigned amount unit
Physical markup language. Physical markup language (PML) is a markup language based on XML for communicating a description of physical environments and the objects within them, their relationships to you, each other and the space. Within a location, the devices (RFID tags) controlled by the PML language act as parts of a browser. Together they render the experience. Each device contains a component that interprets the PML related to the device’s capabilities.

The physical markup language (PML) is proposed as a general, standard means for describing physical objects and environments for industrial, commercial and consumer applications. Given the broad scope of this vision, PML is crafted to allow modularity and flexibility.

The objective of PML is a simple, general language for describing physical objects for use in monitoring and control of a physical environment – particularly through the Internet. Applications include inventory tracking, automatic transaction, supply chain management, machine control and object-to-object communication.

See the definition of PML in MIT.EDU

References

Automatic identification and data capture
XML markup languages
Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago. Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago (TTIC or TTI-Chicago) is a private graduate school and research institute focused on computer science and located in Chicago, Illinois within the University of Chicago campus. It is supported by the earnings on an endowment of approximately $255 million as well as by the income from research awards received by its faculty.

History
TTIC was founded by the Toyota Technological Institute (TTI), in Nagoya in Japan, a small private engineering school with an endowment provided by the Toyota Motor Corporation. TTI established TTIC as an independent computer science institute with the intention of creating a world-class institution. In addition to historical ties, there remains active collaboration between TTIC and TTI in Nagoya. However, TTIC has no formal ties with either TTI or the Toyota Motor Corporation.

TTIC officially opened for operation in September 2003 and three students entered its Ph.D. program in September 2004.

Academics

Research
TTIC focuses primarily on the following areas within computer science:
 Machine learning
 Theoretical Computer Science—Algorithms & Complexity
 Computer Vision
 Speech and Language Technologies
 Computational Biology
 Robotics

PhD program
TTIC offers a graduate program leading to a doctorate in computer science, with graduate students conducting research primarily within its areas of focus. TTIC has degree-granting authority in the state of Illinois and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

Relationship with University of Chicago

TTIC is located on the University of Chicago campus and has a close relationship with the University of Chicago Computer Science Department. An agreement between the University of Chicago and TTIC allows cross-listing of computer science course offerings between the two institutions, providing students from each institution the opportunity to register in the other's courses. Faculty and students enjoy full privileges of the university library system, athletic facilities, and other services.

References

External links
 

Educational institutions established in 2003
Graduate schools in the United States
Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago
Research institutes of the University of Chicago
Toyota
Private universities and colleges in Illinois
2003 establishments in Illinois
Academic and educational organizations in Chicago
MBDA Deutschland GmbH. MBDA Deutschland GmbH is a German missile systems company. Together with its 100% subsidiaries Bayern-Chemie and TDW, it forms MBDA Germany. The latter is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MBDA, representing its German national division. In addition to the headquarters in Schrobenhausen, MBDA Germany has sites in Ulm and Aschau am Inn.

MBDA Germany is the leading missile systems company in Germany. It develops, manufactures and provides customer and product support for guided missile systems and subsystems to the Air Force, Army and Navy. Today, the company focuses on air defense systems. MBDA Germany has also a leading position in the field of laser weapons technologies. It has 1300 employees and with an annual sales of 400 million euros in 2011.
 
From 2006 to April 2012, the headquarters in Schrobenhausen was enhanced and modernized. For this reason, modern laboratory- and office buildings, a new integration hall and a simulation centre were built. Furthermore, there is a new staff restaurant, a car park and a gym. Overall, MBDA Germany invested more than €60 million in new infrastructure.

Products

MBDA Deutschland GmbH and its subsidiaries manufacture or are involved as partners or subcontractors in the manufacturing of the following products:

Anti-tank missiles 

 MILAN
 MBDA Enforcer
 PARS 3 LR

Air-to-air missiles 

 Meteor missile

Anti-air missiles 

 RIM-116 RAM
 MIM-104 Patriot

Cruise missiles 

 Taurus KEPD 350

Products of subsidiaries 

 TDW:
 Warheads for anti-tank missiles: MILAN, HOT, PARS 3 LR, Brimstone 2
 Warheads for air-to-air missiles: AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-132 ASRAAM, METEOR
 Warheads for anti-air missiles: CAMM, Mistral, Patriot PAC-3, RIM-116 RAM, RIM-162 ESSM, Roland
 Warhead for anti-radiation missiles: ALARM
 Warhead for anti-ship missiles: AS.34 Kormoran, Kormoran-2, NSM, RBS15 Mk3
 Warhead for torpedoes: Sting Ray Mod 1, Spearfish Upgrade
 Tandem penetrators: STABO (MW-1 weapon), MEPHISTO (Taurus KEPD 350)
 Fuzes: PIMPF for anti-bunker bombs
Bayern-Chemie:
 Ejection and cruise motors of the MBDA Enforcer
 Solid fuel propulsion for missiles: AS.34 Kormoran, Brimstone, HOT, MEADS, Meteor, MILAN, Patriot missiles (PAC-2, PAC-2 GEM-T), Roland, SeaWolf
 Gas generators for missiles IR guidance: AIM-9 Sidewinder, Aspide
 Submarine emergency surfacing system ResusSolid for Type 212 and Type 214
 De-Orbiting rockets for satellites

Projects in development 

 Missiles:
 AQUILA missile (as part of HYDIS²) as a partner 
 Joint Fire Support Missile
 SADM (Small Anti Drone Missile) to be equipped on the Skyranger 30 and Skywarden NNbS 
 3SM Tyrfing future anti-ship missile with Kongsberg and Diehl
Effectors:
High energy laser effector
RCM² (Remote Carrier Multidomain Multirole Effector) for the Future Combat Air System
 Bayern-Chemie:
 SABRE rocket engine (Synergetic Air Breathing Rocket Engine) as a partner
 Patriot PAC-2 GEM-T

Cancelled projects 

 MEADS
 LFK NG
 Bayern-Chemie:
 HFK missile
 Red Kite two-stage rocket

References

External links
 http://www.mbda-systems.com

Guided missile manufacturers
Defence companies of Germany