omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Warner Scarab. The Warner Scarab is an American seven-cylinder radial aircraft engine, that was manufactured by the Warner Aircraft Corporation of Detroit, Michigan in 1928 through to the early 1940s. In military service the engine was designated R-420.

Variants
Scarab S-50 A 7-cyl. air-cooled radial engine introduced in 1928.  With a bore and stroke of 4.25 inches and a compression ratio of 5.2:1, the Scarab developed  at 2,050 rpm from  with a dry weight of .
Scarab JuniorA 5-cyl. version introduced in 1930 developing  at 2,125 rpm from  with a dry weight of .

Super Scarab SS-50/50A Increased cylinder bore to 4.625 inches to develop  at 2,050 rpm from  with a dry weight of .
Super Scarab SS-165 Increased compression ratio from 5.2:1 to 6.4:1 to develop  at 2,100 rpm with a dry weight of .
Super Scarab SS-185 Increased cylinder bore to 4.875 inches, developing  at 2175 rpm from , with a dry weight of .
R-420Military designation of the Scarab.
R-500Military designation of the Super Scarab 165.
R-550Military designation of the Super Scarab 185.
145 Alternative designation for the Warner Super Scarab SS-50/50A .
165 Alternative designation for the Warner Super Scarab 165 .
185 Alternative designation for the Warner Super Scarab 185 (Primarily a helicopter application).

Applications

Among the many uses for the Scarab, the engine was fitted to the Cessna Airmaster and the Fairchild 24 (UC-61 or Argus). Notably, in 1942, it was put into use powering the Sikorsky R-4, the first helicopter to be put into production.

Many of these reliable engines soldier on today, still powering the aircraft to which they were originally mounted. The Warner 145 and 165 hp engines are the most commonly seen of the small radials for US-built pre-World War II era aircraft, in large part because of good parts availability due to the engines having been used on World War II Fairchild UC-61s and Meyers OTWs.

Warner engines are also in demand as realistically sized, though far more powerful, replacement powerplants for many replica or restored World War I era airplanes which were originally fitted with rotary engines.

Application list

Specifications (Scarab 50)

See also

References

External links

Oldengine.org - US Aero Engine data page 
Transcribed manual

1920s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Warner Aircraft Corporation. The Warner Aircraft Corporation of Detroit, Michigan was the manufacturer of the Scarab family of radial engines for airplanes in 1928 through the early 1930s.

History
The original name of the company was Aeronautical Industries Incorporated. In October 1927 the company changed its name to the Warner Aircraft Corporation. In November 1927 the first Scarab radial engine was produced. The Scarab Junior was introduced in 1930. In 1933, the company designed and built a much larger radial engine, the Super Scarab. This was to be the last engine the company produced. Warner Aircraft was taken over by the Clinton Machine Company in 1950.

Engines

References

Manufacturing companies based in Detroit
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Böblingen Airport. Böblingen Airport ()  was built in the mid-1920s for the city of Stuttgart, the capital of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Bordered by Calwer Straße (K1073) and the E41, it lies northwest of Böblingen and south of the Daimler factory in Sindelfingen. An aircraft industry developed around this airfield, which was used by the military during the Second World War.  On 1 September 1939 the airbase was the home station for the I/JG 52 (1st Group of Jagdgeschwader 52) which was flying the Bf 109 E-1 fighter aircraft.  On that day its strength was 39 aircraft.

Post-war history
After the Second World War, the airfield was transferred to US Armed Forces, which used it as a maintenance facility and heliport until the mid-1990s. During this period, in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, its airfield was used to stage air shows.

In the 1950s and 1960s the airport was the home base of the Boeblingen FlugSport Gruppe.  This  group was very active in light general aviation and gliding.

The airfield has fallen into disrepair since the mid-1990s and many of its buildings were demolished once the armory was cleaned up. The old control tower, some hangars and some miscellaneous buildings still exist. New building projects are, however, being planned for the area and the airfield is now called Böblingen/Sindelfingen Airfield ().

In 2009 the old control tower was converted into a hotel, and the hangars are now part of Motorworld Stuttgart (formerly known as Meilenwerk Stuttgart), an automobile museum.

References

External links 

 
 

Luftwaffe bases
Defunct airports in Germany
Buildings and structures in Böblingen
Airports in Baden-Württemberg
Benjamin Gott. Benjamin Gott (24 June 1762 – 14 February 1840) was one of the leading figures in the Industrial Revolution, in the field of textiles. His factory at Armley Mills, Armley, Leeds, was once the largest factory in the world and is now home to the Leeds Industrial Museum at Armley Mills.

Early life 
Gott was born in Calverley, Pudsey in West Yorkshire, England, to John Gott who was a civil engineer and county surveyor. Benjamin was sent to Bingley Grammar School until he was 17. When he finished school in 1780, his father apprenticed him to Wormald & Fountaine, wool merchants. His sons John and William Gott joined Gott & Sons and managed the company from about 1825.

Life 

Gott's most notable contribution to the industrial revolution happened at Armley Mills, which he leased in 1804. The mill had been badly damaged by fire when he bought the ruins and ordered that the rebuilding include cast iron internal frames and other fireproofing measures. When the repairs were completed in 1805, the new factory was the largest wool factory in the world.

Gott experimented with new ways of making wool cloth, introducing innovations such as using steam power and power looms. Gott made a large fortune, and he reinvested much of it back into improving his mills and buying new ones. He also founded almshouses in Armley, collected fine art, and presided over the founding of the Leeds Philosophical & Literary Society in 1819.

His other mills included Bean Ings (1792), the first wool factory, Burley Mills (1798), and St Ann's Mills (1824).

Gott became Mayor of Leeds in 1799, and, by the time he died in 1840, he was a millionaire. His home from 1812, Armley House (now Gotts Park Mansion) and grounds designed by Humphrey Repton overlooked the Kirkstall Valley and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal from the Armley side. In 1928, Gott's house and grounds were leased by Leeds City Council to create a municipal golf course and Armley Park.

He died on 14 February 1840. He is buried in Armley Parish church. The tomb, with his recumbent figure, is sculpted by his son Joseph Gott.

Family

He was father of Joseph Gott and William Gott.

He was grandfather to John Gott.

He was great grandfather to Beryl Katherine Gott, née Robins, who married her cousin Frank Gott. Frank Gott was Lord Mayor of Leeds, 1917–1918. Beryl was Lady Mayoress and she also became Leeds' first woman alderman and one of the first four women magistrates to be appointed to the Leeds Bench.

References

External links
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (available through membership of most UK public libraries)

1762 births
1840 deaths
People of the Industrial Revolution
People from Pudsey
British textile industry businesspeople
People educated at Bingley Grammar School
Alex Martelli. Alex Martelli (born October 5, 1955) is an Italian computer engineer and Fellow of the Python Software Foundation. Since early 2005, he worked for Google, Inc. in Mountain View, California, for the first few years as "Über Tech Lead," then as "Senior Staff Engineer," lastly in charge of "long tail" community support for Google Cloud Platform. He retired in August, 2023.

He holds a Laurea in Electrical Engineering from Bologna University (1980); he is the author of Python in a Nutshell (recently out in a fourth edition, which Martelli wrote with three co-authors), co-editor of the Python Cookbooks first two editions, and has written other (mostly Python-related) materials. Martelli won the 2002 Activators' Choice Award, and the 2006 Frank Willison award for outstanding contributions to the Python community.

Before joining Google, Martelli spent a year designing computer chips with Texas Instruments; eight years with IBM Research, gradually shifting from hardware to software, and winning three Outstanding Technical Achievement Awards; 12 as Senior Software Consultant at think3, Inc., developing libraries, network protocols, GUI engines, event frameworks, and web access frontends; and three more as a freelance consultant, working mostly for Open End AB, a Python-centered software house (formerly known as Strakt AB) located in Gothenburg, Sweden.

He has taught courses on programming, development methods, object-oriented design, cloud computing, and numerical computing, at Ferrara University and other schools. Martelli was also the keynote speaker for the 2008 SciPy Conference, and various editions of Pycon APAC and Pycon Italia conferences.

Bibliography

References
 This article is based on autobiographical material at http://www.aleax.it/bio.txt, released as GFDL.

External resources 
 Much of Martelli's writing can be found at his personal home page.
 
 Stack Overflow profile

1955 births
Living people
Google employees
Computer programmers
Italian computer scientists
Engineers from Bologna
Python (programming language) people
Italian emigrants to the United States
Crossmember. A crossmember, also known as a K-frame, is a structural component that is transverse to the main structure of a vehicle. In the automotive industry, this term typically refers to a steel component, often boxed, that is bolted across the underside of a monocoque (unibody) motor vehicle to support the engine and the transmission. For the suspension of any car to operate correctly, ensuring proper handling and maintaining body panel alignment, the frame must be strong enough to cope with the loads applied to it. It must also resist deflection and have sufficient torsional strength to withstand twisting forces.

A "K" member is a specific type of crossmember found in vehicles with longitudinally-mounted engines. It contains the engine mounts and is essential for the stability and alignment of the engine and transmission. Typically, this crossmember is designed in an "" section to provide the necessary structural integrity.

In early Ford vehicles
In early Ford vehicles, different types of crossmembers were used depending on the model and era. For example:

 The Model T featured a simple "ladder" frame design without a K-member or X-member.
 The Model A frame, while more substantial than the Model T, still used a basic ladder design and was fitted with front, center, and rear crossmembers.
 In contrast, the 1932 Ford frame was equipped with a K-member for enhanced structural support.
 Ford frames from 1933 to 1948 included a substantial X-member, offering greater rigidity and torsional strength compared to earlier designs.

References

Auto parts
Powertrain Ltd. Powertrain Ltd was a British company based in Birmingham which made some cars, manufactured and marketed car engines and transmissions. The company was owned by MG Rover Group and Phoenix Venture Holdings and was based in the South Works at Rover's Longbridge plant. The companies main products were the K-Series four-cylinder petrol engine, KV6 six-cylinder petrol engine and the L-Series four-cylinder diesel engine. The company mainly produced engines for MG Rover between 2000 and 2005 but also supplied Land Rover with the L-Series and K-Series engines for the Land Rover Freelander which was developed by Rover Group in the 1990s during the ownership by BMW and British Aerospace. As well as Land Rover, K-Series engines were also supplied to many small mass production car companies like MG Rover such as FSO and SAPIA.

History
The company was formed as part of MG Rover Group after the sale of the Rover and MG assets from BMW to Phoenix Venture Holdings for £10.00 in 2000 when BMW broke up the Rover Group. The MG Rover Group had to purchase the Powertrain business from BMW after 2000 for a separate sum of money to the £10.00 for the MG Rover business. 
Before the administration of Powertrain Limited, the MG Rover Group and its parent company, PVH sold the assets of the K-Series four and six cylinder engine to SAIC for £67 Million when the 25 and 75 platforms and technology were also sold to SAIC.

The company was placed into administration on the 8 April 2005. On 22 July 2005 the joint administrators PricewaterhouseCoopers announced the sale of the assets of Powertrain and the MG Rover Group to Nanjing Automobile (Group) Corporation.

Prior to the company going into administration, the Health and Safety Executive reported 101 cases of a respiratory disease outbreak at its Longbridge factory.

Powertrain produced engines for the MG Rover Group, Land Rover and several other companies around the world due to the success of the K-Series engine

Products
Their main products were:
K-series four-cylinder unleaded engines
KV6 V6 unleaded engine
L-series turbo diesel engine
PG1 gearbox

Land Rover Freelander L-series turbo diesel
Land Rover Freelander K-series unleaded engines

In addition to supplying engines and transmissions to MG and Rover cars, Powertrain Ltd also supplied engines to other vehicle manufacturers including Land Rover, Lotus Cars, Poland FSO (K-series), and Caterham Cars.

References

Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Motor vehicle engine manufacturers
Diesel engine manufacturers
Engine manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Brush border. A brush border (striated border or brush border membrane) is the microvillus-covered surface of simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium found in different parts of the body. Microvilli are approximately 100 nanometers in diameter and their length varies from approximately 100 to 2,000 nanometers.  Because individual microvilli are so small and are tightly packed in the brush border, individual microvilli can only be resolved using electron microscopes; with a light microscope they can usually only be seen collectively as a fuzzy fringe at the surface of the epithelium.  This fuzzy appearance gave rise to the term brush border, as early anatomists noted that this structure appeared very much like the bristles of a paintbrush.

Brush border cells are found mainly in the following organs:

 The small intestine tract: This is where absorption takes place. The brush borders of the intestinal lining are the site of terminal carbohydrate digestions. The microvilli that constitute the brush border have enzymes for this final part of digestion anchored into their apical plasma membrane as integral membrane proteins. These enzymes are found near to the transporters that will then allow absorption of the digested nutrients.
 The kidney: Here the brush border is useful in distinguishing the proximal tubule (which possesses the brush border) from the distal convoluted tubule (which does not).
 The large intestine also has microvilli on the surface of its enterocytes.

The brush border morphology increases a cell's surface area, a trait which is especially useful in absorptive cells. Cells that absorb substances need a large surface area in contact with the substance to be efficient.

In intestinal cells, the microvilli are referred to as brush border and are protoplasmic extensions contrary to villi which are submucosal folds, while in the kidneys, microvilli are referred to as striated border.

See also 
 List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
 Terminal web

References

Biomechanics
Epithelial cells
Atlas-Imperial. Atlas-Imperial Diesel Engine Company was an American manufacturer of diesel engines based in Oakland, California. The company was created in 1916 when two early gasoline engine companies combined to manufacture diesel engines, following the expiration of Rudolph Diesel's patents.

The company made diesels for tugboats, fishboats, coasters, yachts, lightvessels, and other ships.  The company produced engines in a variety of sizes and ratings, from a 2-cylinder model that generated  to an 8-cylinder model that generated .  Known for their reliability and serviceability, Atlas diesels were installed in workboats around the world.  While the Atlas-Imperial factory closed in the 1950s, its engines continued to power vessels well into the era of high-speed, small-cylinder diesel technology.  Today, numerous Atlas Imperial engines remain, with some still in operational condition.

Sources

External links
 Information about Atlas-Imperial diesel engines on Old Tacoma Marine Inc

Engine manufacturers of the United States
Marine engine manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Oakland, California
Marine diesel engines
Charles Augustus Hartley. Sir Charles Augustus Hartley KCMG FRSE MICE (3 February 1825 – 20 February 1915) was an eminent British civil engineer in the Victorian era. Due to his extensive work mapping the longest river in western Europe, he became known as 'The Father of the Danube.'

Biography
Hartley was born in 1825 at Heworth, Gateshead, County Durham. He was educated at Bishop Auckland then Leeds.

Like most engineers of his generation he was engaged in railway work in the early part of his career, being employed by the Scottish Central Railway. Subsequently, he devoted himself to hydraulic engineering and the improvement of estuaries and harbors for the purposes of navigation. From 1848 to 1855 he was employed overseeing the construction of Sutton harbour. He was employed in connection with some of the largest and most important waterways of the world, including the early work (1861) on the Suez Canal and Odessa Harbour in 1867.

After serving in the Crimean War (1853 - Feb 1856) as a captain of engineers in the Anglo-Turkish contingent, he was appointed engineer-in-chief for the works carried out by the European Commission of the Danube for improving the navigation at the mouths of that river, and that position he retained till 1872, when he became consulting engineer to the commission. In 1875, he was one of the committee appointed by the authority of the United States Congress to report on the works necessary to form and maintain a deep channel through the south pass of the Mississippi delta; and in 1884 the British government nominated him a member of the international technical commission for widening the Suez Canal. In addition, he was consulted by the British and other governments in connection with many other river and harbour works, including the improvement of the navigation of the Scheldt, Hooghly, Don, and Dnieper, and of the ports of Odessa, Trieste, Kustendjie (at present Constanţa), Burgas, Varna, and Durban.

In 1869 he was created a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being David Stevenson. He was knighted in 1862 and made K.C.M.G. in 1884.

He was an active member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and for his written papers was awarded their Telford, Watt, and Stephenson medals. He also received the Albert Medal from the Society of Arts in 1913 in recognition of his public service.

In 1907 he was made an honorary member of the Romanian Academy.

He died on the 20th February 1915 and was buried on the west side of Highgate Cemetery.

Works
 Description of the Delta of the Danube (1874)
 Notes on Public Works in the United States and Canada (1875)

Notes

References

Further reading
 Biography of Sir Charles Hartley, Civil Engineer, 1825–1915: The Father of the Danube - C.W.S. Hartley (Edwin Mellen Press Ltd, 1989, )
 A short illustrated biography of Sir Charles Hartley in Romanian
 Autobiography of Sir John Stokes

1825 births
1915 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
English civil engineers
People from Gateshead
Engineers from Tyne and Wear
American Motors Incorporated. American Motors Incorporated (AMI) designed, manufactured, and sold a minivan for commercial delivery use in the late 1940s.

History
American Motors Incorporated was established around 1946. It was very short-lived; it does not seem to have been in operation after 1949. It had executive offices on Park Avenue in New York City, and a factory and service facility located upstate in Troy, New York.

Lack of success
Small delivery vehicles such as the Delcar did not succeed. Purchasers were limited by their carrying capacity. A larger truck can haul more cargo, resulting in less cost per mile traveled. Few niche market customers demand such a specialized service vehicle.

Products
The company manufactured a minivan designed for business delivery uses called the Delcar. The wheelbase was only  with a  engine, and it was priced at US$890. The Delcar was the first American vehicle with independent suspension on all four wheels, though the suspension used airplane landing gear-like rubber tension cords.

One or more station wagons were produced using the same chassis, as well as the Delcar van. The station wagon could seat six passengers.

References

Further reading
 Original Delcar retail sales brochure (four pages) printed by AMI - see images
 Mechanix Illustrated, August 1949 — brief article and picture depicting the Delcar
 Special Interest Auto magazine (Hemmings Motor News), October 1978 — brief article about the Delcar

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1946
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1948
1946 establishments in New York (state)
1948 disestablishments in New York (state)
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New York (state)
URBA mass transport system. The URBA mass transport system in France was a suspended monorail design that used suction to lift the train off its rail. It was designed by the Compagnie d'Energetique Lineaire mb. At least two prototypes were built in Lyon in 1968 and tested on a 79-metre track at a speed of . The URBA 4 and URBA 8 prototypes carried 4 and 8 passengers respectively. Propulsion was provided by Merin Gerin linear motors. The intention was to manufacture vehicles to 30 (URBA 30) or 100 passengers (URBA 100).

Notes

Monorails
Rail transport in France
Hovertrains
Bone cutter. A bone cutter is a surgical instrument used to cut or remove bones. In addition to surgery, they are also used in forensics and dismemberment.

Types of medical bone cutters include:

 Unpowered – Unpowered bone cutting implements include varieties of hacksaw. In many applications, the saw is used in specialised jigs to provide accurate, measurable cuts, e.g. in knee surgery.  Specialized saws such as the Gigli saw, a cable made of sharp strands of wire, are also used in some procedures.
 Reciprocating – Usually a powered rotary oscillation is applied to a specialised cutting implement to provide smooth controllable cuts into bone, for applications, from skull cutting to rib cutting. A sternal saw is a reciprocating bone cutter.
 Sonic (or sound cutting) – The sonic cutter is still experimental, but its primary focus is to use high frequency, high amplitude sound to remove material (in this case bone), providing the ability to cut. Some tissue sonic cutters are being produced.
 Costotome – A costotome is a specialised rib cutter used to gain access to the thoracic cavity. It has two levers; the first one to be operated grasps the rib, and the second one cuts the rib.

See also
Instruments used in general surgery

References

Orthopaedic instruments