omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Schempp-Hirth Quintus. The Schempp-Hirth Quintus is a single-seat 23 metre Open-Class glider built by Schempp-Hirth

Development
The Quintus and the Lange Antares 23E were developed in a joint venture between Lange Aviation GmbH and Schempp-Hirth. The two aircraft share a common wing design and the companies have agreed to coordinate marketing. The 18m inner section of the wing was developed by Lange with the assistance of Professor Loek Boermans of the Delft University of Technology. The outer sections have Maughmer winglets. The wings' moulds have also been used for the Lange Antares H3 experimental fuel-cell aircraft. The biggest differences between Antares 23 E and Quintus are the fuselages and the propulsion units. Lange Aviation have installed an electric system whereas the Quintus has a SOLO 2625-02i combustion engine.

At 58 kg/m2 the Quintus has a wing-loading 20% higher than its predecessors and its high aspect ratio will give good climb rates in thermals. It will only be available as a self-launcher with a steerable tailwheel.

Major competition results
1st place at 2012 World Gliding Championships (Open Class) in Uvalde, Texas

Specifications

See also

References

http://www.schempp-hirth.com/index.php?id=quintus&L=1%22%20onfocus%3D%22blurL
https://web.archive.org/web/20140314102928/http://www.schempp-hirth.com/fileadmin/Pdfs/intern_pdf/2011/Quintus_M-Flyer20_D_web.pdf

2010s German sailplanes
Quintus
Articles containing video clips
Motor gliders
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2011
Energy in Kuwait. Energy in Kuwait describes energy and electricity production, consumption, import and export in Kuwait.

Kuwait was 9. top oil producer 2009. Kuwait is a member of OPEC. In four years 2004-2008 the population growth of Kuwait was 11% and the energy export grew 16%. In 2008 the energy export of Kuwait 1 450 TWh was close to the one of Nigeria 1 342 kWh  and Iran 1 429 kWh.

Primary energy use in 2009 in Kuwait was 351 TWh and 125 TWh per million persons.

Overview 

Production increased 15% from 2004 to 2008.

In relation to population the electricity use in Kuwait in 2008 was more than double compared to Saudi Arabian, Japanese or Danish (Kuwait  45.7 TWh 2.7 million capita. Denmark 35 TWh 5.49 million capita. Japan 1031 TWh 127.7 million capita and Saudi Arabia 187 TWh 24.7  million capita.). The carbon dioxide emissions per capita of Kuwait were 1.6 times compared to Saudi Arabian and  2.8 times compared to Japanese.(Kuwait 69.5 Mt, Saudi Arabia, Japan 1151 Mt)

Advancements in Renewable Energy

In May 2024, the Kuwaiti government took major steps towards bolstering its renewable energy portfolio. The Ministry of Electricity and Water in collaboration with the Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) signed a Memorandum of Understanding to implement a groundbreaking solar energy initiative. The project, aiming to generate 1 gigawatt of electricity through solar power, is being carefully prepared for tender, intending to engage suitable enterprises for implementing the plan. The selected company will procure the energy through a contractual agreement spanning 25 to 30 years. This marks a pivotal step in Kuwait's energy diversification strategy, highlighting the country's expanded ambitions in renewable energy.

Oil

			
According to IEA 10 countries produced over 60% of the world oil production in 2009. The countries were: Russia 494 Mt (13%), Saudi Arabia 452 Mt (12%), US 320 Mt (8%), Iran 206 Mt (5%), China 194 Mt (5%), Canada 152 Mt (4%), Mexico 146 Mt (4%), Venezuela 126 Mt (3%), Kuwait 124 Mt (3%) ja United Arab Emirates 120 Mt (3%).

References
Gehrlein GP-1. The Gehrlein GP-1 is an American mid-wing, single seat FAI Standard Class glider that was designed by Jay and Rod Gehrlein and first flown in July 1968.

Design and development
When their father, glider pilot Larry Gehrlein was on an extended vacation, his two sons, Rod and Jay decided to design and build a new glider as a surprise for his return. The resulting GP-1 was designed and built in under a year, between the summer of 1968 and the summer of 1969.

Unlike Larry Gehrlein's earlier Gehrlein Precursor, the GP-1 is an original design and uses no Schweizer Aircraft parts in its construction.

The GP-1 is an all-metal aircraft, with a  wingspan. The wing is of a constant  chord and employs a Wortmann FX-61-184 airfoil. Glide path control is via a set of scissor-type spoilers and air brakes. The design was intended to be simple to construct. Kits were at one time offered for sale with at least five aircraft being completed.

Operational history
In May 2011 there were still four GP-1s on the Federal Aviation Administration registry.

Specifications (GP-1)

See also

References

1960s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1968
Center for Nanotechnology in Society. The Center for Nanotechnology in Society at the University of California at Santa Barbara (CNS-UCSB) is funded by the National Science Foundation and "serves as a national research and education center, a network hub among researchers and educators concerned with societal issues concerning nanotechnologies, and a resource base for studying these issues in the US and abroad." The CNS-UCSB began its operations in January 2006.

Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to nanotech or nano) is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 and 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size. Quantum mechanical effects are very important at this scale.

CNS-UCSB looks at the societal implications of nano, including governance, economics, technological development, potential environmental and health risks (risk perception), and "social risks" such as distribution of benefits.

History 

The Center received its first five years of funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation. The Center aims to disseminate both its technological and social scientific findings on nanoscale science to policymakers and those outside the nano field, and to facilitate broader public participation in the nanotechnological enterprise. It does this through public engagement between academic researchers with regulators, educators, industrial scientists, and policy makers, as well as community-based organizations and NGOs. The Center’s education and outreach programs include students and people outside the nanotech field.

Focus 

The Center has three main areas of research:

the historical context of the nano-enterprise;
innovation processes and global diffusion of nanotech;
risk perception and the public sphere.

Partnerships 

CNS–UCSB researchers collaborate with the California NanoSystems Institute, UC Santa Cruz, UC Berkeley, the Science History Institute (formerly the Chemical Heritage Foundation), Duke University, Rice University, SUNY Levin Institute, and SUNY New Paltz in the US, and Cardiff University, UK, University of British Columbia, Canada, University of Edinburgh, UK, University of East Anglia, UK, as well as institutes and centers in China and East Asia.

References

External links 
 Center for Nanotechnology in Society
 CNS Nanoscience and Nanosociety: Risk Innovation Global Energy History
 Innovation Group: Center for Nanotechnology in Society

Technology assessment organisations
Nanotechnology institutions
Research institutes in California
Educational organizations established in 2006
Stolp Starduster. The Stolp-Adams SA-100 Starduster is an American single-seat sport biplane designed to be built from plans supplied by Aircraft Spruce & Specialty Co.  Though the first flight was in 1957, Stardusters continue to be built and flown.

Design and development
The SA-100 Starduster was designed by Louis A. Stolp and George M. Adams as a light sports aircraft for homebuilding from plans.  It is a single bay biplane with fabric covered, wooden framed staggered wings, each pair braced by a single, wide chord interplane strut aided by bracing wires.  A total of eight centre section struts join the upper wing to the fuselage, basically two pairs in N-form but with the forward strut doubled. The lower wing is unswept and has 1.5° of dihedral; the upper wing has 6° of sweep on its leading edge, no dihedral and a greater span.  There are ailerons on the lower wings only, but no flaps.
  
The fuselage and tail unit have a fabric covered steel tube structure, with the open cockpit positioned just behind the swept upper wing trailing edge which has a rounded cut-out for upward visibility.  There is a long and prominent faired headrest behind the cockpit, on top of the curved upper fuselage surface.  The Starduster has a conventional tail unit, with a wire braced tailplane and straight tapered, round topped fin and rudder, the latter extending to the keel between split elevators.  Both rudder and elevators are horn balanced.

The Starduster has a recommended power range of  and is usually powered by a four-cylinder, horizontally opposed, 125 hp (93 kW) Lycoming O-290-D-1, though more powerful engines of up to 200 hp (150 kW) have been fitted.  It has a conventional tailwheel undercarriage.  The mainwheels are mounted on V-struts hinged from the lower fuselage longeron, with rubber shock absorbers on diagonal extension struts between wheel and a short, central, under fuselage V-form mounting bracket.  The main legs are often partially or completely faired and the wheels enclosed in spats.

Operational history
Starduster plans remain available more than 50 years after the first flight and homebuilding building continues. A Starduster register currently shows 27 SA-100 Stardusters and 3 SA-101 Super Stardusters built and building.  The FAA register shows 64 SA-100s and 1 SA-101, though not all are assigned and some further Stardusters appear without a type number.

Variants
SA-100 Starduster
Original version, designed for non-aerobatic flight. Although many have proven stress to +6g -4G and a Vne of 185 kn

SA-101 Stolp Super Starduster
Larger and more powerful — uses the longer wings of the CA300 Starduster Too, which have a symmetric M6 airfoil and no dihedral, together with a 180 hp (134 kW) Lycoming I0-360-A1A engine to produce a maximum speed of over 170 mph (275 km/h).

Specifications (SA-100)

See also

References

Starduster
1950s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1957
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Von Babo's law. Von Babo's law (sometimes styled Babo's law) is an experimentally determined scientific law formulated by German chemist Lambert Heinrich von Babo in 1857. It states that the vapor pressure of solution decreases according to the concentration of solute. The law is related to other laws concerning the vapor pressure of solutions, such as Henry's law and Raoult's law.

References

See also
Henry's Law
Raoults Law

Empirical laws
Eponymous laws of physics
Solutions
DKW Typ P. The DKW Typ P was the first motor car made by DKW. It was a light-weight design with a unit body made of wood and imitation leather. It was powered by a two stroke inline twin engine.

Origins
The first Type P was ready on 7 May 1928. The model was developed by Rudolf Slaby, the former owner of the Spandau based automaker Slaby-Beringer which DKW had purchased in 1924.

The Typ P Roadster / Cabriolet 1928 - 1929
The original Typ P was made from 1928 to 1929 and was available as a convertible or a roadster. The engine produced  and the car was referred to as the DKW P15 as a result. Power was transmitted via a three speed manual gear box to the rear wheels. Even at this stage the mechanically operated foot brake worked on all four wheels: the handbrake operated on the front leftside wheel and on the rear rightside wheel.

The Typ PS 600-Sport 1929 - 1931

A reduced wheelbase sports roadster derivative, the PS 600, with an engine producing , was made from December 1929 till 1931. The contrast between the relatively long bonnet/hood and the small two cylinder engine hiding underneath it was excessive, but the car was visually appealing, being sportingly proportioned with a tapered "boat-deck" rear reminiscent of the racing cars of the time.

Commercial
The car drew criticism. Experts remarked on its primitive look and the "uncultivated" noise from the two-stroke engine. The "two-stroke" fuel mixture of gasoline/petrol with oil was expensive, and the Type P used a lot of it. It had a prodigious appetite for spark plugs. A relatively short operating life was anticipated also on account of the poor quality of the synthetic leather that coated the timber body frame: it rotted.

Astonishingly, with approximately 2,000 produced, DKW's first car nevertheless found many customers. DKW was by this time Germany's leading motorbike producer: most buyers of the first DKW car were upgrading from motorbikes, and were accordingly already inured to the peculiarities of the two-stroke engine.

Succession
After production of the Typ P Roadster/Cabriolet came to an end, its place on the Spandau production line was taken by the Typ PS-600 Sport, while a class up the plant concentrated increasingly on the 980cc Typ 4=8.

In terms of market positioning, the real successor of the original Typ P was the DKW F1, the innovative front wheel drive model launched in February 1931 and produced 300 km (190 miles) to the south at the Zwickau plant acquired in 1928 with the purchase of Audi.

References
Citations

Sources

P
First car made by manufacturer
Eastwood Nature Reserve. Eastwood Nature Reserve is a  nature reserve in Stalybridge, Tameside, England. It is managed by the Cheshire Wildlife Trust (CWT). The reserve was given to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) by the Cheetham family in 1931 and became the first RSPB-owned reserve. The RSPB then leased it on to CWT.

The steep-sided clough has an extensive system of good pathways around it, enabling visitors to experience a blanket of bluebells in the spring as well as wood sorrel and wild angelica. There is also a wide variety of woodland birds, such as chaffinch, treecreeper and nuthatch, throughout the year.  A stream runs through the entire length of the reserve into the old mill pond at Cheetham Mill just outside the reserve.

References

External links 
 Map of the reserve (PDF)

Nature reserves in Greater Manchester
Cheshire Wildlife Trust reserves
Tatsuta wajū sluice gates. The  were constructed in 1902 during works on the Kiso River in Yatomi, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. They are an example of western hydraulic engineering technology adopted during the Meiji period.

See also

Ishii lock
Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan
Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan)

References

Science and technology in Japan
Buildings of the Meiji era
Rivers of Aichi Prefecture
Infrastructure completed in 1902
Empire of Japan
Rivers of Japan
1505 in science. The year 1505 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed below.

Biology
 approx. date – Leonardo da Vinci produces his Codex on the Flight of Birds.

Exploration
 Portuguese reach the Comoros archipelago.
 Bermuda is discovered by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez.
 1505 or 1506 – Portuguese explorer Gonçalo Álvares is the first to sight what will later be known as Gough Island.

Mathematics
 Scipione del Ferro solves the depressed cubic equation.

Mineralogy
 Ulrich Rülein von Calw publishes  ("A well-ordered and useful little book about how to seek and find mines") in Augsburg, the first scientific treatment of mining in Germany.

Technology
 First known reference to a wheellock gun.

Births
 May 20 – Levinus Lemnius, Dutch physician (d. 1568)
 Giovan Battista Bellaso, Italian cryptologist

Deaths
 Gabriele Zerbi, Veronese gerontologist (b. 1445; sawn in half by disaffected sons of a deceased patient)

References

 
16th century in science
1500s in science
Woodlands Edge. Woodlands Edge is a residential neighborhood in Little Rock, Arkansas, developed by Rocket Properties, LLC. The project began with a 54-acre tract purchase in July 2001 and grew to nearly 800 acres.

Sustainable site design principles and low impact design techniques were used during development to maintain the existing vegetation. Nearly 40% of the land in this neighborhood is preserved for trees and wildlife.

Lots in this neighborhood range from $45,000 to $160,000. Homes have a variety of architectural standards, such as minimum building size and regulations defined by the neighborhood association.

Awards 
Woodlands Edge has received the following awards for sustainability and ongoing green initiatives.

 2009 Green Development of the Year – the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)
 2008 Developer Award – American Trails
 2007 American Society of Landscape Architects Honor Award
 2005 & 2007 Little Rock City Beautiful Award
 2005 Building With Trees Award – the National Arbor Day Foundation
 2002 Outstanding Developer – Arkansas Urban Forestry Council

References

External links
 Woodlands Edge website
 Trails Community: Woodlands Edge in Little Rock, Arkansas
 American Society of Landscape Architects
 Little Rock City Beautiful Commission
 Arbor Day Foundation
 National Association of Home Builders
 Arkansas Urban Forestry Council

Neighborhoods in Little Rock, Arkansas
Treehouse attachment bolt. Treehouse attachment bolts or TABs are specialized bolts engineered for treehouse construction.
Various models and trademarks exist, with names such as Garnier limbs (GLs); tree anchor bolts; artificial limbs; heavy limbs or hyper limbs (HLs); special tree fastener or stud tree fastener (STFs).

They may be either of through fastener style (for smaller trees) or side mount type for larger ones.

Description
One of the main features of TABs is their strength, requiring fewer tree penetrations for robust fastening of a treehouse and hence less damage to a live tree. A typical TAB consists of a threaded metal bolt and a larger diameter collar. The latter provides an extra bending strength by bearing upon the compression strength of the tree grain. Since treehouses are subject to frequent load reversal produced by winds, TABs must be made of spring steel The bolts are able to support from between , a much greater load than conventional lag bolts.

TABs are commonly used in conjunction with pipe brackets, allowing the treehouse structure to move independently with the tree. TABs are designed so a tree's added girth can further envelop it.

History
The concept of using a collar or large cylindrical object to increase shear strength in wood construction has been around for several centuries in the forms of split rings and shear plates. Shear plates provide a larger load-carrying capacity in shear than can be otherwise achieved by a bolt alone. Because this idea utilized less bolts for equal strength, it transferred well into the use of live trees, as they compartmentalize more efficiently with a single, larger cut than several, smaller cuts. Michael Garnier became involved in treehouse construction beginning in 1990 when he built his first treehouse in Josephine County, Oregon. Two years later, he was ordered by County official to close the treehouse to the public. He began developing what would become the Garnier limb, a high-strength alloy steel engineered bolt that can be screwed into a bore in the trunk of tree. In 1997 Garnier met Arborist Scott D. Baker who shared his knowledge of tree biology and tree structural responses. By 1998, Garnier had developed a commercial bolt product which he called Artificial Limbs. The Garnier limb was primarily developed to satisfy the safety requirements of the Josephine County Building and Safety building permit process.

Engineer Charley Greenwood, with the help of Michael Garnier and machinist Michael Birmingham, added a  collar onto a  hex cap screw to maximize the surface area and minimize compression in the contact area between the tree and the screw. Garnier was initially the sole producer of these bolts under the names, "Artificial Limbs" and "Garnier Limb".

See also

References

Screws
Threaded fasteners
Woodworking
Gehrlein Precursor. The Gehrlein Precursor is an American, high-wing, single seat glider designed by Larry Gehrlein in 1965 and assembled from Schweizer Aircraft parts.

Design and development
There was just one Schweizer 1-23C built and it was owned and modified by Gehrlein. The aircraft was crashed and rebuilt with new 1-23D wings. The 1-23C's damaged wings were rebuilt and formed the basis for the Precursor. The fuselage for the Precursor started life as a 1963 model Schweizer 1-26A. The two components were reworked by Gehrlein and his two sons, Rod and Jay, in 1965. They took the 1-26A fuselage and mounted the wings from the Schweizer 1-23C, modifying the fuselage, which had mounted the original 1-26 wings in the mid position to accept the 1-23C wings in the high position.  The resulting aircraft is registered with the Federal Aviation Administration in the Experimental -  Racing - Amateur Built - Exhibition category.

The Precursor is of all-metal construction and features a fixed monowheel landing gear, with a small tail caster. Only one Precursor was built.

Operational history
PIlot reports indicate that the Precursor climbs well in thermals and exhibits stable handling.

Gehrlein eventually sold the one-of-a-kind design to Les Stoner of Houston, Texas and today it is owned by Gehrlein's son, Rod, and based in Erie, Pennsylvania.

Specifications (Precursor)

See also

References

1960s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Ferdinand Peper. Ferdinand Peper (born 1961)  is a Dutch theoretical computer scientist.

Peper obtained his PhD at the Delft University of Technology in 1989 with the thesis Efficient network topologies for extensible massively parallel computers. He currently is working in a senior research position at Kobe Advanced ICT Research Center, and the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. He is best known for his research on Nanocomputing, Asynchronous systems, Cellular automaton, Reconfigurable hardware and Instantaneous Noise-based logic. His research goals are to develop next-generation computing and communication architectures and also schemes enhanced by Nanotechnology and Nanoelectronics including single-electron transistors. Particular topics of his research include the reduction of energy requirement, the exploitation of noise and fluctuations for informatics,
and the features of molecular self-organization and self-assembly. He was the Chair of the Fourth International Workshop on Natural Computing (2009) and acted as a co-editor of the book Natural Computing (Springer). He is a member of editorial board of the International Journal of Unconventional Computing.

Most cited papers
 Peper F, Lee J, Adachi S, et al., "Laying out circuits on asynchronous cellular arrays: a step towards feasible nanocomputers?", Nanotechnology 14 (2003) 469-485.
 Peper F, Lee J, Abo F, et al., "Fault-tolerance in nanocomputers: A cellular array approach", IEEE Trans. Nanotechnology 3 (2004) 187-201.
 Adachi S, Peper F, Lee J, "Computation by asynchronously updating cellular automata", J. Stat. Phys. 114 (2004) 261-289.
 Peper F, Isokawa T, Kouda N, et al., "Self-timed cellular automata and their computational ability", Future Generation Computer Systems 18 (2002) 893-904.

See also
 Asynchronous circuit
 Natural computing
 Unconventional computing
 Noise-based logic

References

External links
 List of publications on the DBLP server
 Noise-based logic homepage

1961 births
Living people
Dutch computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Delft University of Technology alumni
People from Hengelo