omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Shirt-sleeve environment. "Shirt-sleeve environment" is a term used in aircraft design to describe the interior of an aircraft in which no special clothing need be worn. Early aircraft had no internal pressurization, so the crews of those that reached the stratosphere had to be garbed to withstand the low temperature and pressure of the air outside. Respirator masks needed to cover the mouth and nose. Silk socks were worn to retain heat. Sometimes leather clothing, such as boots, were electrically heated. When jet fighter aircraft reached still higher altitudes, something similar to a space suit had to be worn, and pilots of the highest reconnaissance aircraft wore real space suits. 

Commercial jet airliners fly in the stratosphere, but because they are pressurized, they could be said to have a shirt-sleeve environment. Crews of the US Apollo spacecraft always began the flight phases of launch, docking, and re-entry in space suits, although they could remove them for many hours. The Soviets tried to perfect this to save weight. This worked well, until an accidental depressurization on entry resulted in the deaths of an entire Soyuz crew. Protocols were changed shortly thereafter to require at least partial spacesuits. Early Soyuz spacecraft had no provision for space suits in the re-entry module, although the orbital module was intended for use as an airlock. Thus these operated in a shirt-sleeve environment except for spacewalks.

This term is also used in science fiction to describe an alien planet with an atmosphere breathable by humans without special equipment.

The Space Shuttle's Spacelab Habitable module was an area with expanded volume for astronauts to work in a shirt sleeve environment and had space for equipment racks and related support equipment for operations in Low Earth orbit. 

One of the goals for MOLAB rover was to achieve a shirt-sleeve environment (compared to the Lunar Roving Vehicle which was open to space and required the use of space suits to operate). One of the considerations was the habitable volume that could be occupied.

References

Aerospace engineering
Safety engineering
Human habitats
Ford Forge. Ford Forge (Ford Mill), Northumberland, England is located on the River Till between the villages of Ford and Etal. Buildings housing a water-powered forge were constructed at this site by 1770. Throughout the nineteenth century the forge was used to manufacture shovels for Northumberland collieries. William Hutchinson, a contemporary author writing about Sir John Hussey Delaval's Ford estate which included Ford Forge, commented as follows.
About a mile down the river, a Plating Forge was erected in 1769, where a large quantity of shovels, spades and other plate-iron works are made, as well for home consumption, as for exportation at the ports of Berwick, Newcastle, etc. The scheme, when carried to its intended extent, will be of great consequence to this part of the country. (from SINE project)

References

External links 
SINE project photos of Ford Forge
Sketch by Bailey
Ford Forge 

History of Northumberland
Forge
Project Manhigh. Project Manhigh was a pre-Space Age military project that took men in balloons to the middle layers of the stratosphere, funded as an aero-medical research program, though seen by its designers as a stepping stone to space. It was conducted by the United States Air Force between 1955 and 1958.

History
The project started in December 1955 to study the effects of cosmic rays on humans. Three balloon flights to the stratosphere were made during the program:

 Manhigh I to , by Captain Joseph W. Kittinger on June 2, 1957. The balloon was launched from South St. Paul Airport and the flight was cut short due to one of the capsule's valves being installed backwards which vented the oxygen supply outside, but not before reaching a record altitude of 96,784 feet.
 Manhigh II to , by Major David G. Simons on August 19–20, 1957, launched from Portsmouth Mine in Crosby, Minnesota, for a 32-hour flight that included a set of 25 experiments and observations, and earned Simons a Life magazine cover spot. With the pilot and the scientific payload, the Manhigh II gondola had a total mass of . At maximum altitude, the balloon expanded to a diameter of  with a volume of over .
 Manhigh III to , by Lieutenant Clifton M. McClure on October 8, 1958

Candidates for the Manhigh project were put through a series of physical and psychological tests that became the standard for qualifying astronauts for the Project Mercury, America's first manned orbital space program.

Similar projects in which men in a gondola reached near-space altitudes were performed by Swiss physicist Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer, reaching  in 1931, USSR-1 piloted by Georgy Prokofiev reaching  in 1933, and Osoaviakhim-1 reaching  in 1934 as well as Explorer II reaching  in 1935.

See also
John Stapp
Project Excelsior, follow-on flights in 1959 and 1960
Project Adam, a contemporary plan using Manhigh hardware by the United States Army
Flight altitude record

References

Further reading

External links
 Details of Manhigh I, Manhigh II flight, and Manhigh III at stratocat.com.ar
 Space Men (American Experience episode)

Ballooning
Space research
Human subject research in the United States
Military projects of the United States
3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope. The 3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope is a Department of Defense telescope at Haleakala Observatory. The telescope is part of the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC), which in turn is part of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS).

The 3.67-meter telescope, known as the Advanced Electro-Optical System (AEOS), owned by the Department of Defense, is the United States' largest optical telescope designed for tracking satellites. The 75-ton AEOS telescope points and tracks very accurately, yet is fast enough to track both low-Earth satellites and ballistic missiles. It can slew at nearly 20 degrees per second. It is an f/200 and has an extremely narrow field of view. AEOS can be used simultaneously by many groups or institutions because its light can be channeled through a series of mirrors to seven independent Coudé focus rooms below the telescope. Employing sophisticated sensors that include an adaptive optics system, radiometer, spectrograph, and long-wave infrared imager, the telescope tracks man-made objects in deep space and performs space object identification data collection.

AEOS is equipped with an adaptive optics system, the heart of which is a 941-actuator deformable mirror that can change its shape to remove the atmosphere's distorting effects. Scientists are expected to get near diffraction-limited images of space objects.

See also
Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing observatory
List of largest optical reflecting telescopes

References

External links

Reflecting telescopes
Astronomical observatories in Hawaii
United States Space Surveillance Network
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
SHC. SHC may refer to:

Science
 Src homology 2 domain-containing, in structural biology, a structural domain in signal transduction proteins
 SHC1, a human gene
 Sirohydrochlorin, a chemical precursor to various enzymes.
 Specific heat capacity, in physics, a substance's heat capacity per unit mass, usually denoted by the symbol c or s
 Spontaneous human combustion, a theory that, under certain conditions, a human being may burn without any apparent external source of ignition

Schools
 Spring Hill College, a predominantly undergraduate Jesuit university in Mobile, Alabama
 Schreyer Honors College, an honors program at the Pennsylvania State University
 Stanford Humanities Center, a humanities organization located at Stanford University
 Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory, a co-ed Catholic school in San Francisco, California, United States
 Sacred Heart College, Auckland, a Catholic, Marist secondary school in Auckland, New Zealand

Religion
 Sacred Heart Cathedral (disambiguation), a name for multiple Catholic cathedrals
 Society of the Holy Cross (Korea), an order of nuns in the Anglican Church of Korea

Other uses
 Canadian Historical Association (Société historique du Canada)
 Serving His Children, a Christian nonprofit organization based in Uganda
 Shc (shell script compiler) for Unix-like operating systems
 South Health Campus, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 A song on the Sacred Hearts Club album by Foster the People
Polikarpov. Polikarpov Design Bureau was a Soviet OKB (design bureau) for aircraft, led by  Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov. Dux Factory was acquired by the USSR and became part of Polikarpov.

After the death of Polikarpov on 30 July 1944 at the age of 52, his OKB was absorbed into Lavochkin, but with some of its engineers going to Mikoyan-Gurevich and its production facilities going to Sukhoi. For a long time the Polikarpov OKB headquarters were located at Aircraft plant #1 (formerly Dux Factory) in Moscow, where its purpose-built building still stands.

Designs
Polikarpov designs:

Bombers
 TB-2 twin-engined biplane bomber prototype, 1930
 SPB (D) twin-engined dive bomber developed from the VIT-2, 1940
 NB (T) medium bomber prototype, 1944

Fighters
 I-1 (IL-400) monoplane fighter prototype, 1923
 DI-1 (2I-N1) twin-seat biplane fighter prototype, 1926
 I-3 biplane fighter, 1928
 DI-2 two-seat biplane fighter developed from the I-3, 1929
 I-6 biplane fighter prototype, 1930
 I-5 biplane fighter, 1930
 I-13/ANT-32 fighter project, 1931
 I-15 Chaika biplane fighter, 1933
 I-16 fighter, 1933
 I-15-2/I-152 (I-15bis) prototype modernized version of I-15, 1938
 I-15-3/I-153 Chaika biplane fighter
 I-17 fighter prototype, 1934
 I-180 prototype fighter developed from the I-16, 1938
 I-185 prototype fighter developed from the I-180, 1941
 I-190 biplane fighter prototype developed from I-153, 1939
 I-200 (MiG-1) fighter
 TIS (MA) twin-engined heavy fighter prototype, 1941
 ITP (M) fighter prototype, 1942
 Malyutka rocket-powered fighter, abandoned incomplete upon Polikarpov's death

Ground attack
 VIT-1 twin-engined attack aircraft prototype, 1937
 VIT-2 development of VIT-1, 1938
 Ivanov ground attack aircraft prototype, 1938

Reconnaissance
 R-1 unlicensed copy of the British Airco DH.9A bomber.
 MR-1 floatplane version of R-1 with wooden floats. 124 built.
 MR-2 (PM-2) floatplane version of R-1 with Munzel metal floats. 1 built.
 R-2 biplane reconnaissance aircraft based on R-1.
 R-4 biplane reconnaissance aircraft (R-1 development, not produced).
 R-5 biplane reconnaissance aircraft, 1928.
 SSS light bomber development of R-5.
 R-Z reconnaissance/light bomber, developed from the R-5, 1935.

Airliners/transport
 PM-1 (P-2) biplane airliner
 P-5 light transport version of R-5
 PR-5 airliner developed from R-5
 PR-12 monoplane airliner development based on the PR-5, 1938
 P-Z commercial variant of R-Z
 BDP (S) transport glider
 MP powered version of the BDP
 Limozin (D) light transport aircraft, abandoned incomplete upon Polikarpov's death

Trainers
 Po-2/U-2 "Mule" general purpose biplane, 1928
 P-2 biplane trainer, 1927

References

Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Beagle (software). Beagle is a search system for Linux and other Unix-like systems, enabling the user to search documents, chat logs, email and contact lists. It is not actively developed.

Beagle grew out of Dashboard, an early Mono-based application for watching and presenting useful information from a user's computer. It is written in C# using Mono and uses a port of Lucene to C# called Lucene.Net as its indexer. Beagle includes a Gtk#-based user interface, and integrates with Galago for presence information.

Beagle was developed and maintained by Joe Shaw with help from the open source community. Notable contributors included Jon Trowbridge, Robert Love, Nat Friedman and David Camp.

Features 
Beagle searches the content of documents and associated metadata. Users can search for:
 Applications
 Archives (zip, tar, gzip, bzip2) and their contents
 Conversations (Pidgin, Kopete and IRC logs)
 Documents (AbiWord, OpenOffice.org, Microsoft Office, pdf, txt, rtf, HTML)
 Emails and address book contacts (from Evolution, Mozilla Thunderbird (header info only) and KMail)
 Help files (Texinfo, man pages)
 Images (png, jpg, tiff, gif, svg)
 Music files (mp3, ogg, flac)
 Notes taken in Tomboy, KNotes, and Labyrinth
 RSS feeds (via Blam or Akregator)
 Source code (C, C++, C#, Fortran, Java, JavaScript, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python and more)
 Video files (through MPlayer or Totem)
 Web history (Firefox, Konqueror, Epiphany)

Beagle can also index additional file types not natively supported using external tools through a configuration file.

On Linux, Beagle efficiently indexes documents using inotify without the need for frequent reindexing.

See also 
Desktop search
List of desktop search engines
Tracker, an actively developed search system
Recoll

References

External links 

 
 Nat's flash demos of Beagle
 Peagle-Project  (PHP-Based Web-Frontend for Beagle)
 Beagle++ - a NEPOMUK-based extension of Beagle for semantic desktop search

Desktop search engines
Defunct internet search engines
Software that uses Mono (software)
Free software programmed in C Sharp
Gary Ackers. Gary Keith Ackers (1939 - 2011) was Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.

His research focused on thermodynamic linkage analysis of biological macromolecules, addressing the molecular mechanism of cooperative O2 binding to human hemoglobin since the early 1970s. He was a Fellow of the Biophysical Society and one of the founders of the annual Gibbs Conference.

Professor Ackers invented agarose gel chromatography when he was a teenager. He went on the develop analytical gel chromatography methods for determinations of many important characteristics of water-soluble proteins; diffusion coefficient, molecular size,
 

thermodynamics of protein-protein interactions including important changes due to single amino acid substitutions.

References

1939 births
2011 deaths
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
20th-century American biochemists
Scientists from Missouri
JSS. JSS may refer to:jss offers

bca 

ba 

bcom
BBA
mBa

Military
 Joint Security Stations, components of 2007's Operation Imposing Law in Iraq
 Joint support ship, a multi-role naval vessel
 Joint Surveillance System, a USAF and FAA system for the atmospheric air defense of North America
 Protecteur-class auxiliary vessel (previously the Joint Support Ship Project), naval auxiliaries for the Royal Canadian Navy

Organizations and corporations
 Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy, a political party in the Indian state of Kerala
 Japan Statistical Society, a learned society in Japan
 Jönköpings SS, a Swedish swimming club
 Joyson Safety Systems, an American automotive safety systems company

Schools
 James Striar School of General Jewish Studies
 Japanese School of Suzhou, a Japanese international school in China
 Jurong Secondary School, a government secondary school in Taman Jurong, Singapore

Other
 Jet Stream International (airline code: JSS), a Pakistani airline
 Journal of the Siam Society, a scholarly journal published by the Siam Society in Bangkok
 "JSS" (The Walking Dead), the second episode of the sixth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series
 Junior Solar Sprint, a competitive program for 5th-to-8th-grade students to create a small solar-powered vehicle
 Network Security Services for Java (JSS), a component of the Network Security Services collection of cryptographic computer libraries

See also
 JS (disambiguation)
 JS2 (disambiguation)
Copper coulometer. The copper coulometer is a one application for the copper-copper(II) sulfate electrode. Such a coulometer consists of two identical copper electrodes immersed in slightly acidic pH-buffered solution of copper(II) sulfate. Passing of current through the element leads to the anodic dissolution of the metal on anode and simultaneous deposition of copper ions on the cathode. These reactions have 100% efficiency over a wide range of current density.

Calculation
The amount of electric charge (quantity of electricity) passed through the cell can easily be determined by measuring the change in mass of either electrode and calculating:
,
where:
 is the quantity of electricity (coulombs)
 is the mass transported (gm)
 is the charge of the copper ions, equal to +2
 is the Faraday constant (96485.3383 coulombs per mole)
 is the atomic weight of copper, equal to 63.546 grams per mole.

Although this apparatus is interesting from a theoretical and historical point of view, present-day electronic measurement of time and electric current provide in their multiplication the amount of passed coulombs much easier, with greater precision, and in a shorter period of time than is possible by weighing the electrodes.

See also
Mercury coulometer
Coulometry

References 

Physical chemistry
Electroanalytical chemistry devices
Coulometer
Coulometers
Broad Band X-ray Telescope. The Broad Band X-ray Telescope (BBXRT) was flown on the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-35) from December 2 through December 11, 1990 as part of the ASTRO-1 payload. The flight of BBXRT marked the first opportunity for performing X-ray observations over a broad energy range (0.3-12 keV) with a moderate energy resolution (typically 90 eV and 150 eV at 1 and 6 keV, respectively).

BBXRT was co-mounted with three ultraviolet telescopes HUT, WUPPE, and HIT for Astro-1 in 1990.

This was, "..the first focusing X-ray telescope operating over a broad energy range 0.3-12 keV with a moderate energy resolution (90 eV at 1 keV and 150eV at 6 keV)." according to NASA.

Hardware

See also
Spacelab
X-ray astronomy
List of X-ray space telescopes

References

External links
Broad Band X-ray Telescope (BBXRT. GSFC. NASA) on the internet

Space telescopes
X-ray telescopes
Crewed space observatories
Space Shuttle program
Aircraft fairing. An aircraft fairing is a structure whose primary function is to produce a smooth outline and reduce drag.

These structures are covers for gaps and spaces between parts of an aircraft to reduce form drag and interference drag, and to improve appearance.

Types
On aircraft, fairings are commonly found on:
 Belly fairing
 Also called a "ventral fairing", it is located on the underside of the fuselage between the main wings. It can also cover additional cargo storage or fuel tanks.
 Cockpit fairing
 Also called a "cockpit pod", it protects the crew on ultralight trikes. Commonly made from fiberglass, it may also incorporate a windshield.
 Elevator and horizontal stabilizer tips
 Elevator and stabilizer tips fairings smooth out airflow at the tips.
 Fin and rudder tip fairings Fin and rudder tip fairings reduce drag at low angles of attack, but also reduce the stall angle, so the fairing of control surface tips depends on the application.
 Fillets Fillets smooth the airflow at the junction between two components like the fuselage and wing.
 Fixed landing gear junctions
 Landing gear fairings reduce drag at these junctions.
 Flap track fairings
 Fairings are needed to enclose the flap operating mechanism when the flap is up. They open up as the flap comes down and may also pivot to allow the necessary sideways movement of the extending mechanism which occurs on swept-wing installations.
 Spinner
 To protect and streamline the propeller hub.
 Strut-to-wing and strut-to-fuselage junctions
 Strut end fairings reduce drag at these junctions.
 Tail cones
 Tail cones streamline the rear extremity of a fuselage by eliminating any base area which is the source of base drag.
 Wing root
 Wing roots are often faired to reduce interference drag between the wing and the fuselage. On top and below the wing it consists of small rounded edge to reduce the surface and such friction drag. At the leading and trailing edge it consists of much larger taper and smooths out the pressure differences: high pressure at the leading and trailing edge, low pressure on top of the wing and around the fuselage.

 Wing tips
 Wing tips are often formed as complex shapes to reduce vortex generation and so also drag, especially at low speed.
 Wheels on fixed gear aircraft
 Wheel fairings are often called "wheel pants", "speed fairings" in North America or "wheel spats" or "trousers", in the United Kingdom, the latter enclosing both the wheel and landing gear leg. These fairings are a trade-off in advantages, as they increase the frontal and surface area, but also provide a smooth surface and a faired nose and tail for laminar flow, in an attempt to reduce the turbulence created by the round wheel and its associated gear legs and brakes.  They also serve the important function of preventing mud and stones from being thrown upwards against the wings or fuselage, or into the propeller on a pusher craft.

See also
 Bicycle fairing
 Motorcycle fairing
 Payload fairing

References

Aircraft components
6,6'-Dibromoindigo. 6,6'-Dibromoindigo is an organic compound with the formula (BrC6H3C(O)CNH)2.  A deep purple solid, the compound is also known as Tyrian purple, a dye of historic significance.  Presently, it is only a curiosity, although the related derivative indigo is of industrial significance. It is produced by molluscs of the Muricidae species.

The pure compound has semiconductor properties in the thin film phase, which is potentially useful for wearable electronics, and has better performance than the parent indigo in this context.

Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of the molecule is intermediated by tyrindoxyl sulphate. The molecule consists of a pair of monobrominated indolin-3-one rings linked by a carbon-carbon double bond.

Dibromoindigo can also be produced enzymatically in vitro from the amino acid tryptophan. The sequence begins with bromination of the benzo ring followed by conversion to 6-bromoindole.  Flavin-containing monooxygenase then couples two of these indole units to give the dye.

Chemical synthesis
The main chemical constituent of the Tyrian dye was discovered by Paul Friedländer in 1909 to be 6,6′-dibromoindigo, derivative of indigo dye, which had been synthesized in 1903. Although the first chemical synthesis was reported in 1914, unlike indigo, it has never been synthesized at commercial level. An efficient protocol for laboratory synthesis of dibromoindigo was developed in 2010.

References

Indigo structure dyes
Bromoarenes
Organic semiconductors
NSX. NSX may refer to:

Stock exchanges
 Namibian Stock Exchange (NSX)
 National Stock Exchange (Jersey City, New Jersey), US (NSX)
 National Stock Exchange of Australia (NSX)

Other uses
 Honda NSX (New Sportscar eXperimental/eXperience), an automobile distributed as Acura NSX in North America
 Post Office Sorting Van (NSX), a British rail vehicle
 VMware NSX, a network virtualization product
 Narrow Shape Cross-Section Blade (NSX), an ice-skating blade designed by Diederik Hol
LiTraCon. LiTraCon is a translucent concrete building material. The name is short for  "light-transmitting concrete". The material is made of 96% concrete and 4% by weight of optical fibers. It was developed in 2001 by Hungarian architect Áron Losonczi working with scientists at the Technical University of Budapest.

LiTraCon is manufactured by the inventor's company, LiTraCon Bt, which was founded in spring 2004. The head office and workshop is near the town of Csongrád.  all LiTraCon products have been produced by LiTraCon Bt. The concrete comes in precast blocks of different sizes.

The most notable installation of it to date is Europe Gate - a 4 m high sculpture made of LiTraCon blocks, erected in 2004 in observance of the entry of Hungary into the European Union. The product won the German "Red Dot 2005 Design Award" for 'highest design qualities'.

Though expensive, Litracon appeals to architects because it is stronger than glass and translucent, unlike concrete. It was considered as possible sheathing for New York's One World Trade Center.

References

External links 
 
LiTraCon European Patent

Concrete