omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
European Federation of Chemical Engineering. The European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE), also known as Fédération Européenne du Génie Chimique and Europäische Föderation für Chemie-Ingenieur-Wesen, is an association of professional societies in Europe concerned with chemical engineering. It was formed in Paris on 20 June 1953 with 18 societies in 8 countries. India was the first non-European member in 1956 and Czechoslovakia was the first Eastern European member, joining in 1966.

As of November 2016, it has 38 member societies in 29 countries joining 162000 individual chemical engineers. The EFCE passport programme allows members of one society some of the benefits of membership in other societies when travelling abroad, particularly for conferences.

It has a set of 20 Working Parties and 5 Sections comprising about 1000 industrial and academic experts on different subjects who meet to facilitate international cooperation and progress in their specialist areas.  The Working Party on Education has published documents on the Bologna process. The working party on Characterisation of particulate systems (ChOPS) is working closely with authorities and analyses the influence of particles in combination with challenges like the Dieselgate.

The Secretariat is jointly administered by IChemE (UK), DECHEMA e.V. (Germany) and Société Française de Génie des Procédés (France).  The current president (1 January 2018) is Dr Hermann J. Feise of BASF.

News of the EFCE are published in Chemical Engineering Research and Design.  Official meetings are usually held in association with the two series of European congresses known as ECCE  and CHISA .

References

Chemical engineering organizations
International scientific organizations based in Europe
Professional associations based in Europe
1953 establishments in France
Hughes XV-9. The Hughes XV-9 (company designation Hughes Model 385) was a 1960s American high-speed research helicopter built by Hughes Helicopters.

Design and development
The Model 385 was designed and built under a United States Army research contract to prove a concept known as hot-cycle propulsion. The helicopter was given the military designation XV-9A with the serial number 64-15107. Two General Electric YT64-GE-6 turbojets were used as gas generators, the jet efflux was ducted to nozzles at the blade tips. The rotor blades also had cooling ducts in both the leading and trailing edges. To keep costs to a minimum the cockpit with two side-by-side seats of an OH-6A was used and the landing gear was from a Sikorsky H-34.

Operational service
The helicopter first flew on November 5, 1964. After test flight at Hughes facility at Culver City, California, the XV-9A was transferred to Edwards Air Force Base for further tests. The tests were satisfactory and the company was confident that the hot-cycle system would be widely used, although the XV-9A was noisy and had a high fuel consumption. The company was unable to mitigate the problems and the development by Hughes of pressure-jet systems did not proceed. The Army tests were completed in August 1965 and the helicopter was returned to Hughes.

Variants
XV-9A
United States military designation for the Hughes Model 385, one built.

Specifications (XV-9A)

See also

 Tip jet

References

 

1960s United States experimental aircraft
1960s United States helicopters
V-09
V-tail aircraft
Twin-turbine helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1964
Tipjet-powered helicopters
Single-rotor helicopters
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Equal channel angular extrusion. Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) called also equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one technique from the Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) group, aimed at producing Ultra Fine Grained (UFG) material. The method was developed in the Soviet Union in 1973 by Segal.  However, the dates are not always consistent. In industrial metalworking, it is an extrusion process, The technique is able to refine the microstructure of metals and alloys, thereby improving their strength according to the Hall-Petch relationship. This process improves not only the strength but also other properties such as corrosion and wear resistance of alloys and compounds.    

ECAE is unique because significant cold work can be accomplished without reduction in the cross sectional area of the deformed workpiece.  In conventional deformation processes like rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing, strain is introduced by reduction in the cross sectional area.  ECAE produces significant deformation strain without reducing the cross sectional area.  This is accomplished by extruding the work piece around a corner.  For example, a square cross section bar of metal is forced through a channel with a 90° degree angle. The cross section of the channel is equal on entry and exit. The complex deformation of the metal as it flows around the corner produces very high strain. Because the cross section remains the same, a work piece can be extruded multiple times with each pass introducing additional strain. 

Die design is critical because of the large forces required. 

To reduce the friction of the pushed sample is lubricated with grease for example mixture of graphite and oil, and to reduce the forces, the process is sometimes carried out at elevated temperatures but then recrystallization can occur which can also leads to excessive grain growth at elevated temperature. 

There are currently various modifications of the process for scaled-up or contnious production. Incremental ECAP (I-ECAP) is an example for the production of continuous products.

Process routes 
The process can be carried out in multiple passes. According to the rotation angle and direction between next passes, there can be four fundamental process routes named A, Ba, Bc, and C:

 A - The sample in not rotated,
 Ba - the sample is rotated by 90° clockwise and counterclockwise around its longitudinal axis alternatively,
 Bc - the sample is rotated by 90° clockwise around its longitudinal axis,
 C - the sample is rotated by 180° around its longitudinal axis.

Finite element method in the ECAE process 
The behave during deformation and flow of the material, are analyzed by scientists and there are many articles on computer simulation, finite element method is one of the important approaches to understand the deformation occurring in the ECAE process.

See also 
Severe plastic deformation

Strengthening mechanisms of materials

References

External links 

 patent information

Metalworking
Jeumont. Jeumont () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It lies on the Belgian border and on the river Sambre, adjacent to the Belgian town Erquelinnes. It is part of the agglomeration (unité urbaine) of Maubeuge.

Population

Electrical engineering
The name of Jeumont is associated with several companies making heavy electrical equipment for wind turbines, nuclear reactors and naval propulsion. They have their origins in the Atelier de Construction Electrique du Nord et de l’Est (ACENE), which became part of the Empain group under the name Forges et Ateliers de Construction Electriques de Jeumont (FACEJ) in 1921, merged with Schneider Westinghouse in 1964 and in 1993 Jeumont Industrie became part of the Framatome group. Framatome became Areva, which in 2007 sold the generators and motors division of Jeumont SA to Altawest as Jeumont ELECTRIC. Areva retained the nuclear and wind turbine divisions, which were renamed JSPM.

Heraldry

See also
Decauville railway of the Watissart quarries
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
Kinner Sportster. The Kinner Sportster was a 1930s American light monoplane built by Kinner Airplane & Motor Corporation.

Design and development 
The Kinner Airplane & Motor Corporation had been producing radial engines since 1919 decided to enter the light aircraft market. The first design was a single-seat low-wing monoplane the Kinner Sportster K with a fixed tailwheel landing gear. Further versions followed with different engines. The strut-braced, low-wing, open cockpit, conventional gear aircraft featured folding wings. In 1933, an improved version the Sportwing B-2 was introduced. An enlarged four-seat version was produced in 1935 as the Kinner Envoy. Kinner became bankrupt in 1937 and rights to the Sportster were acquired by the Timm Aircraft Company. The Sportster was also produced after the Bankruptcy by Security-National Corp as the Security S-1 Airster

Variants 
K Sportster
Powered by a  Kinner K-5 engine.
K-5 Sportster

B Sportster
Powered by a  Kinner B-5 engine.
B-1 Sportster
Powered by a  Kinner B-5 engine.
B-2R Sportster
B-2 Sportsters modified by Timm aircraft, with  Kinner R-5 engines, after Kinners bankruptcy;also marketed as the Timm 160.
Timm 160
Sportsaters modified by the Timm Aircraft Company powered by  Kinner R-5 engines.
Security S-1 Airster
Production of the re-named Sportster by Security-National Corp, formed by Kinner after the original company's bankruptcy

Specifications (B-1 Sportster)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links 
"Wings Of Airplane Fold Up In Three Minutes", Kinner K-5 Sportster with optional wing fold, Popular Mechanics, March 1934

1930s United States sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Kinner Sportwing. The Kinner Sportwing was a 1930s American light monoplane built by Kinner Airplane & Motor Corporation.

Design and development
The Sportwing was an improved version of the companies earlier Sportster designed by Max Harlow. An enlarged four-seat version was produced in 1935 as the Kinner Envoy. Kinner became bankrupt in 1937 and rights to the Sportwing were acquired by the Timm Aircraft Company.

Variants
Sportwing B-2
Powered by a  Kinner B-5 engine.
Sportster B-2R
Powered by a  Kinner R-5 engine.

Specifications (B-2)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

1930s United States sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Kinner Envoy. The Kinner C-7 Envoy was an American four-seat cabin monoplane built by Kinner Airplane & Motor Corporation in the 1930s.

Design and development
The Envoy was a four-seat version of the Sportwing. It had low wings fitted with wire bracing from fuselage points just below the cabin windows. The conventional, fixed tailwheel undercarriage was fitted with streamlined spats on the main gear. The low-set tailplane was braced by wires from the middle of the fin.

Four civil examples were completed from 1934. These were fitted with a 300 h.p. Kinner C-7 engine and were sold to civil pilot owners. The civil aircraft were followed in 1936 by three aircraft for the United States Navy (USN) for use in communications work and designated XRK-1. The USN machines served until the early years of World War II. The Imperial Japanese Navy evaluated a single example as the LXK.

When they were delivered the USN examples were fitted with a 340 h.p. Kinner R-1044-2 engine, but one example used for VIP transport was later fitted with a 400 h.p. Pratt & Whitney R-985-38 radial engine.

The C-7 was the last of Kinner's production models.

Operators

United States Navy

Specifications (XRK-1)
Sources : Swanborough, 1990, p. 502 and Aerofiles

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Aerofiles information and three images of the Envoy series

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
1930s United States military utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Kinner Playboy. The Kinner R Playboy was a 1930s American two-seat sporting monoplane built by Kinner Airplane & Motor Corporation.

Design and development
The Playboy was a  two-seat (side-by-side) sporting monoplane designed by Max B. Harlow and built by the Kinner Airplane & Motor Corporation in 1933. Originally built with an enclosed cockpit the sole R was modified to have an open cockpit as the Kinner R-1 Playboy. Production aircraft were designated Kinner R-5 Playboy. one of the 12 built being supplied to the China Aviation Assn (Shanghai), fitted with a  Kinner C-5 engine. The Center for Freedom and Flight in Vacaville, California has one of the two remaining aircraft on display.

Variants
Data from:
Kinner R Playboy
The original closed cockpit version of the Playboy.
Kinner R-1 Playboy
The R modified to have an open cockpit.
Kinner R-5 Playboy
The production version with enclosed cockpit, 12 aircraft were built.

Specifications (R-5)

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1930s United States sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Bréguet 26T. The Bréguet 26T was a French single-engine biplane airliner that first flew in 1926.

Development
The 26T was an attempt by the Breguet company to find a civil market for their 19 military aircraft by mating its wings, tail surfaces and undercarriage to a new fuselage and new engine. The resulting aircraft could carry six passengers in an enclosed cabin, while the pilots sat in an open cockpit ahead of the upper wing. The engine originally chosen was a French-built licensed copy of the Bristol Jupiter radial, but on one of the two Bréguet-built civil examples, this was later changed back to the Lorraine 12Ed inline, as used on the Br.19.

These two aircraft served as predecessors for the definitive civil version of this family, the Breguet 280T, while CASA purchased a licence to build another two in Spain for the domestic market, and France's Aviation Militaire purchased two more as air ambulances under the designation Bre.26TSbis.

Operational history
The first prototype was briefly used by Air Union for trial flights on the Paris-Lyons–Marseilles route, but did not enter commercial service. At least one of the CASA-built aircraft was used the Spanish airline Compañía de Líneas Aéreas Subvencionadas (CLASSA) and later by CLASSA's successor airline, Líneas Aéreas Postales Españolas LAPE.

Operators

French Air Force
 Kingdom of Spain &  Spanish Republic
Aeronáutica Militar, later in service in the Fuerzas Aéreas de la República Española.

Specifications (26T)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 aviafrance.com

1920s French airliners
 0026T
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Whizzer (motorcycles). Whizzer bicycle engines are a line of bicycle engines that were produced in the United States from 1939 to 1965. They were commonly sold as kits to be assembled and attached to a consumer's bicycle thus creating a motorized bicycle. Whizzer U.S.A. re-appeared in 1997 to sell an improved version, pre-assembled on an old Schwinn-style bicycle frame.

History

The Whizzer bicycle engine was first produced in 1939 by Breene-Taylor Engineering, a Los Angeles-based manufacturer of airplane parts. By 1942, sales of the engines had not been entirely successful, having sold only about 2500 units. The Whizzer operation was then sold to Dietrich Kohlsatt and Martin Goldman.

By 1943, World War II was well underway, and Whizzer Motors were forced to lobby the United States Government for the right to continue production of what was argued to be a great way for defense workers to travel to and from work.

In 1948, Whizzer sold its first pre-assembled motorized bicycle, the "Pacemaker", for .

The "Sportsman" – featuring 138cc, 3 hp engine, 20" wheels, kick starter and drum brakes – was released in 1949 for , and  for the Deluxe model with two-speed automatic transmission.

Whizzer motorcycle engines would cease to be produced in 1965 due to the increasingly competitive bicycle engine market.

In 1997, Whizzer motorcycles were brought back into production in the same style of the originals but with technological improvements. However, the Whizzer company (as of 2014) now appears to be "on a temporary hiatus from bike production" since at least 2009. Its website states that there are "still some dealers selling NOS bikes", and also that, "in addition to supporting dealers, Whizzer continues to  offer replacement parts, accessories and collectibles for the new generation Whizzers."

A collection of Whizzer motorized bicycles was featured in Season 21 Episode 6 of "American Pickers", entitled "Mr. Whizzer."

References

External links
 - James Dean's first motorcycle was a Whizzer
Whizzer U.S.A. - manufacturer of modern line of Whizzer motorbikes
www.whizzer.be- informative site about vintage European made Whizzers
History of Whizzer by Jack Backstreet
The Wonderful Old Whizzer Motorbike - current link to the above site

Motorized bicycles
Defunct motorcycle manufacturers of the United States
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1939
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1965
1939 establishments in California
1965 disestablishments in California
Hyundai Mu engine. The Hyundai Mu engine is a variant of the 2.7-liter Delta, the main difference with the Delta engine is the inclusion of continuous variable valve timing (CVVT).

General information
The Mu V6 (G6EA) is based on the Delta series and adopted some innovations of the parallel developed Lambda series, which was released in 2004. This includes the CVVT, the changeover to mechanical bucket tappets and the almost identical cylinder head. The Mu is a 60 degree six cylinder and uses all aluminum block and heads. It features DOHC with 4 valves per cylinder, Variable intake system (VIS), Variable length intake runners (VLM) and Multi-Port Fuel Injection (MPi). The engines were built in Asan, Korea by Hyundai.

Compared to the predecessor Delta, the compression was increased slightly to 10.4, which led to an approximately three percent fuel saving (Compression ratio). In addition, the cylinder head was modified to add a CVVT named camshaft adjustment for the intake side which enabled it to produce  at 6,000 rpm and  of torque at 4,000 rpm. The Mu utilizes a timing belt to drive the exhaust cams on each bank of the engine, with the intake cam sprocket driven by a chain. The CVVT mechanism in the Mu varies intake cam timing relative to the exhaust cam timing, which is fixed. This did not vary the valve lift nor duration.

In 2008, the CVVT control was updated to include the exhaust cams as well (Dual-CVVT), which enabled it to produce  at 6,000 rpm and  of torque at 4,500 rpm, the Kia Cadenza from 2010 to 2013 utilized this variant with unpublished changes to produce  at 6,000 rpm and  of torque at 4,500 rpm.

A version for LPG, (codenamed L6EA) was made for the Korean market, utilizing a Compression Ratio of 10.0, it produced  at 5,200 rpm and  of torque at 4,000 rpm.

Specifications

Applications

Petrol
 Hyundai Grandeur/Azera (TG) (2005–2011)
 Hyundai Santa Fe (CM) (2005–2010)
 Kia Cadenza/K7 (VG) (2009–2011)
 Kia Carnival/Sedona (VQ) (2006–2010)
 Kia Opirus (2007–2012)
 Kia Optima (MG) (2005–2010)
 Kia Rondo (UN) (2006–2013)

LPG
 Kia K7 (VG) (2009–2011)
 Kia Carnival (VQ) (2005–2011)
 Kia Opirus (2010–2012)
 Kia Sorento (XM) (2009–2010)

See also
 List of Hyundai engines

References

 Kia Motors America
 Hyundai Motors Worldwide
 G6EA GSL 2.7

Mu
V6 engines
Gasoline engines by model
Carbochemistry. Carbochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of coal (bituminous coal, coal tar, anthracite, lignite, graphite, and charcoal) into useful products and raw materials. The processes that are used in carbochemistry include degasification processes such as carbonization and coking, gasification processes, and liquefaction processes.

History 
The beginning of carbochemistry goes back to the 16th century. At that time, large quantities of charcoal were needed for the smelting of iron ores. Since the production of charcoal required large amounts of slowly-regenerating wood, the use of coal was studied. The use of pure coal was difficult because of the amount of liquid and solid by-products that were generated. In order to improve the handling the coal was initially treated as wood in kilns to produce coke.

Around 1684, John Clayton discovered that coal gas generated from coal was combustible. He described his discovery in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

See also 
 Bergius process
 Clean coal technology
 Coal tar
 Fischer–Tropsch process
 Petrochemistry
 Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program
 Coking factory

References 

Chemical engineering
Bristol Boarhound. The Bristol Boarhound was a British army cooperation and liaison aircraft of the 1920s. It was a two-seat biplane with wings of equal span and a steel frame construction with fabric covering.

Design and development
The Boarhound was built as a private venture under Air Ministry Specification 8/24 (later superseded by Specification 20/25) for an Army cooperation aircraft to replace the Bristol Fighter, first flying on 8 June 1925 as the Type 93 Boarhound.

The Boarhound, designed by Captain Frank Barnwell, was a two-bay biplane which used a method of steel construction which involved high-tensile steel strips rolled into cusped and flanged sections, which were riveted together to form longerons and struts. The resulting structure was lighter, stronger, and cheaper than one made from drawn tubes. It had a deep fuselage allowing bulky radio and camera equipment to be carried, and was powered by a Bristol Jupiter IV engine with variable timing.

The Boarhound was evaluated alongside the Armstrong Whitworth Atlas, de Havilland Hyena and Vickers Vespa. The Jupiter's variable timing gear gave poorer power at low altitudes, a disadvantage for an army cooperation aircraft, and the Atlas was considered superior.

The Directors of Bristol decided, however, to continue development of the aircraft as a private venture for a general-purpose bomber to replace the Airco DH.9A. A second aircraft was therefore built, the Type 93A Beaver, which flew on 23 February 1927. This was rejected in favour of the Fairey IIIF, which used the preferred Napier Lion engine, of which large numbers were in store.

The Boarhound I (registered G-EBLG) and the Beaver (registered G-EBQF) were withdrawn from use at Filton Aerodrome in April 1927.

A further two aircraft were produced as reconnaissance fighters as the Type 93B Boarhound II.

Operational history
The only two Boarhound IIs ever built were sold to Mexico in 1928 and were used against rebel forces in April 1929. The Boarhounds proved successful in Mexican service, their metal structure proving suitable for the climate. Two legends of the Mexican Air Force flew the Boarhound II: Pablo Sidar and Alfonso Cruz Rivera.

Variants

Type 93 Boarhound
Army cooperation aircraft, powered by a Jupiter IV engine. One built
Type 93A Beaver
General-purpose aircraft. One built.
Type 93B Boarhound II
Fighter-reconnaissance aircraft for Mexico, powered by 450 hp (340 kW) Jupiter VI engine. Two built.

Operators

Mexican Air Force

Specifications (Boarhound I)

See also

Notes

References
 Donald, David, and Lake, Jon, eds. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. .

External links

 Bristol Boarhound – British Aircraft Directory
 The Transport Archive – Bristol Boarhound

Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s British military utility aircraft
Boarhound
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1925