omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Artillery Duel. Artillery Duel is an artillery game originally written for the Bally Astrocade by Perkins Engineering and published by Bally in 1982. John Perkins wrote the game first in Astro BASIC, submitting it to The Arcadian fanzine, from which it was adapted for the Astro BASIC manual. Perkins subsequently developed the Astrocade cartridge.

Xonox published ports for the Atari 2600, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, and VIC-20. Artillery Duel was featured in several double-ended cartridges – with one game on each end – as well as in a single cartridge.

Gameplay

The game consists of dueling cannons on either side of a hill or mountain of varying height and shape. Each player has control of the incline and force behind the shell launched, the objective being to score a direct hit on the opposing target. Where many versions gave the player a few tries on the same course, Artillery Duel switches to a new mountain after each turn. When the player does manage to hit the opposing cannon, the reward is a brief animation of comically marching soldiers at the bottom of the screen.

Reception
Danny Goodman of Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games said after visiting the summer 1982 Consumer Electronics Show that "the cleverest graphics award goes to Artillery Duel" for the Bally Astrocade, describing it as "really a graphics showpiece with a little bit of player interaction thrown in".

See also 
 Chuck Norris Superkicks
 Ghost Manor

References

External links
 

1982 video games
Artillery video games
Atari 2600 games
Bally Astrocade games
ColecoVision games
Commodore 64 games
VIC-20 games
Video games developed in the United States
Xonox games
Ninon. Ninon is a lightweight, sheer fabric made with plain or leno weaving, it is a suitable material for curtains, evening wear and lingerie. Ninon is made with variety of filament yarns such as polyester, silk, rayon or nylon.

History 
Ninon is a French derivation from the name Anne. Originally it was made from highly twisted silk yarns, gradually changed to synthetic yarns such as rayon. In the early 20th century (1909), the Ninon silk was in use for dresses also.

Types 
Initially there were two types of Ninons, single and double. The difference was with the number of ply or the twisted yarns used in weaving: one,  two, or three. The finest and single Ninons are more popular.

Structure and characteristics 
Ninon is a lightweight sheer material with good draping qualities. It is very thin and has a surface with a mild sheen. Ninon has an open mesh-like appearance and a crisp hand feel. Ninon has more transparency similar to Marquisette in comparison to its peers such as voile, lace and batiste which are little opaque. Ninon is soft like  Marquisette, voile, lace and batiste. For better strength polyester is considered as a preferred yarn for Ninon.

It is made in a variety of tight smooth weaves, open lacy patterns. It is described as very delicate or lightweight and is sometimes referred to as "French tergal". It is available in a variety of solid colors and tone-on-tone woven vertical stripes. Some ninon fabrics have embroidered borders.

Use 
Ninon is mostly used in drapery and curtains. It is also used in blouses, bodice, dresses such as evening wear and in certain lingerie.

Care 
Ninon products are advised to line dry and iron while they hold moisture (in the semi-dry stage)

See also
Casement cloth
Marquisette

References

External links

Woven fabrics
Net fabrics
Construction grip. Construction grips work on film and television sound stages and exterior sets both on and off film studio lots for various cinema projects in countries all over the world. Some studios are actually warehouses or buildings that have been converted into film and or television studios. An exterior set could just be one of the many facades built on or about a studio lot outside of the sound stages. However, it is quite common to see projects being filmed off lot, in and around the city.  

The construction key grip and his crew work with the construction coordinator and his carpenters to execute any sets or set pieces that need to be erected or installed. The key is chosen and directed by the construction coordinator. The construction coordinator generally determines the order of work.

The division of labor is basic: The coordinator and his carpenters build the components of the set, the construction grips erect, level, and plumb the set. Then the carpenters trim the set in preparation for the scenic artists.

In addition, the construction grips accomplish any rigging that may need to be done. This could be flying set pieces or facades, mounting and securing them onto existing structures or hanging and building pipe grids over and above the sets to hang lighting and other equipment from. Construction grips also build stable catwalks around and above the sets for people to walk on and or hang and attach more items to. Operating heavy machinery is required in most cases; in some regions this is done by the Teamsters. They are also responsible for any backdrops that need to be hung.

Once complete, as per schedule, the shooting crew eventually comes in. The set is generally handed over to the regular shooting grips, unless there is a particularly large or complex piece that must be moved at a particular time.

The construction grip department, in general, is also traditionally charged with the safety of the construction crew, engendering other various labors for the construction grips: the shop and set, (until it is turned over to the set dressers), must be maintained free of debris, and lumber and building materials must be stowed or racked in a safe, neat, and accessible manner.

References

External links
wordpress.com, Production Team & Crew Glossary

Filmmaking occupations
Diethyl sulfate. Diethyl sulfate (DES) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (C2H5)2SO4. It occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor. It is toxic, combustible, and likely carcinogenic chemical compound. Diethyl sulfate is used as an ethylating agent.

Structure and properties
Although the formula for diethyl sulfate is typically written (C2H5)2SO4, a more descriptive formula would be (C2H5O)2SO2.  It is a diester of sulfuric acid.   Sulfur is tetrahedral.

Diethyl sulfate hydrolyzes readily, forming ethanol and ethyl sulfate.  Eventually sulfuric acid is formed with excess water.

Reactions 

Diethyl sulfate is used to an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl ethers, ethyl amines and ammonium salts, and ethyl thioethers.  In preparing ethyl esters of fatty acids, both equivalents of the ethyl electrophile are transferred, unlike the usual alkylation of phenoxides:

Both dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate react with inorganic nucleophiles as well.  For example, potassium iodide gives ethyl iodide.

Preparation 
Diethyl sulfate cannot be prepared efficiently analogously to the method used for dimethyl sulfate. The reaction of oleum with diethyl ether results in excessive oxidation of the ethyl groups.  Instead, diethyl sulfate is prepared in two steps starting from chlorosulfuric acid:

The resulting ethyl sulfate is then heated with sodium sulfate, leading to a redistribution reaction:

Safety 
Like other strong alkylating agents and especially dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate is toxic and  genotoxic.  It is classified as a Group 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans) carcinogen by the IARC. Experimentation with animals has suggested this compound is likely carcinogenic to humans as it was implicated in the development of laryngeal cancer. Evidence of the effects of this chemical compound on reproductive or developmental health is also lacking.

Neutralization
Dialkyl sulfates can be rendered nontoxic by treatment with aqueous ammonia.

Further reading

References

External links
 
 
 

Ethylating agents
IARC Group 2A carcinogens
Ethyl esters
Sulfate esters
Diethyl sulfite. Diethyl sulfite (C4H10O3S) is an ester of sulfurous acid.  Among other properties, diethyl sulfite inhibits the growth of mold spores during grain storage.

Diethyl sulfite is used as an additive in some polymers to prevent oxidation.

See also
 Dimethyl sulfite
 Diethyl sulfate
 Diethyl sulfoxide

References

External links
 WebBook page for C4H10SO3

Organosulfites
Ethyl esters
Loughnan St Lawrence Pendred. Loughnan St Lawrence Pendred  (23 November 1870 – 20 November 1953) was a British mechanical engineer and editor of The Engineer, a weekly newspaper for engineers, from 1905 to 1946. He was president of the Newcomen Society (1921–23 and 1928–30) and of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (1930).

Biography
He was born in London in 1870, the son of Marian (née Loughnan) and Vaughan Pendred (1836–1912). His father preceded him as editor of The Engineer, and had previously edited The Mechanics' Magazine. Both his parents came from Ireland; his father was from Barraderry, County Wicklow, and his mother from Crohill, County Kilkenny.

Loughnan Pendred was educated at the South Kensington Central Institution  and Finsbury Technical College. He was apprenticed at the Colchester firm, Davey, Paxman and Co., and then worked in Ghent and France until 1893. On his return to the UK, he worked at William Armstrong's Elswick Ordnance works (1893–96).

He started to work at The Engineer in 1896, succeeding his father as its editor in 1905, and continued as its editor until 1946, when his son Benjamin Pendred took over. In all, the Pendred family were editors of The Engineer for 102 years. Loughnan Pendred also edited the Ministry of Munitions Journal during the First World War. During his tenure at the publication, he accepted papers on the history of engineering; he also contributed papers on Trevithick's locomotives, Brunton's steam horse and the Cheadle New Wire Company to Transactions of the Newcomen Society.

Awards and societies
Pendred was one of the founders of the Newcomen Society and hosted the dinner at the Savage Club at which the society's name was chosen. He was twice president of the Newcomen Society (1921–23 and 1928–30), He was also president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (1930) and the Institution of Engineers-in-Charge (1926–28). He was elected an honorary member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1934, and gave the institution's Thomas Lowe Gray lecture that year, on "A survey of Ships and Engines". He was made CBE in 1934.

Personal life
He married Laura Mary Wildig in 1900; they had two sons. He died on 20 November 1953 at Twickenham.

References

Further reading
Obituary in The Engineer (27 November 1953)
Obituary in Engineering (27 November 1953)

1870 births
1953 deaths
British mechanical engineers
British editors
Sandstorm (vehicle). Sandstorm is an autonomous vehicle created by Carnegie Mellon University's Red Team, for the 2004 and 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge competition. It is a heavily modified 1986 M998 HMMWV.

Sandstorm qualified in first position in the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge.  It traveled the fastest and farthest (7.4 miles) during the race before high-centering on an embankment.

The sensors used by Sandstorm in 2004 included three fixed LIDAR laser-ranging units, one steerable LIDAR (in the globe on top), a radar unit (developed in collaboration with the Duke University Robotics Team), and a pair of cameras for stereo vision.  Sandstorm also had an Applanix POS/LV system, providing a GPS and inertial navigation system for determining geographical position.

Since the 2004 race Sandstorm has been continually tested and modified, logging hundreds of test miles.  Testing includes an unprecedented continuous 200 mile test run at an average of 28 miles per hour.

The 2005 version of Sandstorm used six fixed LIDAR units, the steerable LIDAR, and both short and long range radar.

Sandstorm competed in the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge on October 8, qualifying third from the pole position behind Stanley and finished in 7 hours, 5 minutes, placing 2nd out of the five vehicles to complete the 132-mile course.

See also
 H1ghlander - Sandstorm's sister vehicle

External links

 Carnegie Mellon Red Team Racing
 2004 Technical Paper

Experimental self-driving cars
Carnegie Mellon Vehicles and Rovers
DARPA Grand Challenge
Jan Perner. Jan Perner (7 September 1815 – 10 September 1845) was a Czech railway engineer. Between 1842 and 1845, Perner was responsible for construction of several railways in the Austrian Empire.

Career
Perner was born on 7 September 1815 in Bratčice. He was born to a watermill owner and his wife. During 1830–33 he studied at an engineering school in Prague led by František Josef Gerstner. When Gerstner looked for engineers for construction of railways in Sankt Petersburg area of Imperial Russia, Perner joined the project (1836). Due to problems in communication with Gerstner he left in the same year. In 1837 Perner began work at the state railway company and was gradually promoted to take responsibility for construction works. In 1842 he started to design and oversee construction of important railways between Prague–Pardubice–Olomouc and Prague–Dresden.

The railway from Prague to Pardubice (over 100 km) was finished in 1845. On 9 September 1845, while Perner was returning from an inspection trip he looked out of the window of a moving train (near Choceň). His head hit a pole, and he was severely injured and died the next day in Pardubice. He has the dubious fame of being the first person to die in a railway accident in Bohemia. Today one of the faculties of University of Pardubice is named after him: Jan Perner Transport Faculty (Dopravní fakulta Jana Pernera) . An InterCity class train of railway operator České dráhy bears the name Jan Perner.

External links
Detailed biography 
Biography on website of his birth village 

1815 births
1845 deaths
People from Kutná Hora District
Czech civil engineers
Engineers from the Austrian Empire
Railway accident deaths
19th-century Czech people
19th-century engineers
Railway accident deaths in the Czech Republic
Atul Chitnis. Atul Chitnis (20 February 1962 – 3 June 2013) was an Indo-German consulting technologist. He was one of the organizers of FOSS.IN (formerly Linux Bangalore), which was one of Asia's free and open source software (FOSS) conferences.

Career
In 1989, Chitnis set up a Bulletin Board System (BBS) called CiX which provided an entry point for many users to online communities. He was the author of a PCQuest magazine column – COMversations. Chitnis gave talks on data communication in Indian industry, the Internet and intranets. As a Consulting Editor for PCQuest, he worked on the PCQuest Linux Initiative.

Working as a volunteer in the FOSS community such as the Bangalore Linux User Group, and through seminars and articles, he encouraged use of FOSS technologies. Chitnis was one of the organizers of the Linux Bangalore series of FOSS community driven conferences. FOSS.IN is said to have been one of Asia's largest annual FOSS events. Atul also served as one of the members of the faculty committee at the National Resource Centre For Free/Open Source Software. He often spoke at various fora on FOSS technology and adoption.

Death
Atul Chitnis was diagnosed with intestinal cancer in August 2012. He died on 3 June 2013.

References

External links

Chitnis' personal website

1962 births
2013 deaths
Place of death missing
Indian technology writers
Marathi people
People from Berlin
Deaths from cancer in India
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Writers from Bengaluru
Claudetite. Claudetite is an arsenic oxide mineral with chemical formula As2O3. Claudetite is formed as an oxidation product of arsenic sulfides and is colorless or white. It can be associated with arsenolite (the cubic form of As2O3) as well as realgar (As4S4), orpiment (As2S3) and native sulfur.

It was first described in 1868 for an occurrence in the San Domingo mines, Algarve, Portugal. It was first described by and named for the French chemist Frederick Claudet.

References 

Arsenic minerals
Oxide minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Class hierarchy. A class hierarchy or inheritance tree in computer science is a classification of object types, denoting objects as the instantiations of classes (class is like a blueprint, the object is what is built from that blueprint) inter-relating the various classes by relationships such as "inherits", "extends", "is an abstraction of", "an interface definition". In object-oriented programming, a class is a template that defines the state and behavior common to objects of a certain kind. A class can be defined in terms of other classes.

The concept of class hierarchy in computer science is very similar to  taxonomy, the classifications of species. 

The relationships are specified in the science of object-oriented design and object interface standards defined by popular use, language designers (Java, C++, Smalltalk, Visual Prolog) and standards committees for software design like the Object Management Group.

The class hierarchy can be as deep as needed. The instance variables and methods are inherited down through the levels and can be redefined according to the requirement in a subclass. In general, the further down in the hierarchy a class appears, the more specialized its behavior. When a message is sent to an object, it is passed up the inheritance tree starting from the class of the receiving object until a definition is found for the method. This process is called upcasting.

See also
 Multiple inheritance
 Composition over inheritance

References

Class (computer programming)
Frank Perkins (engineer). Francis Arthur Perkins (20 February 1889 – 15 October 1967) was a British engineer, businessman, creator of the Perkins Diesel Engine, and founder of Perkins Engines.

Background and early life
Perkins was born in Peterborough, the son of John Edward Sharman Perkins, a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, and his wife Margaret Charlotte Long. His brother Christopher Perkins became a noted artist, and both boys were educated at Gresham's School, Holt, Norfolk. Frank attended Rugby School (1902–1904), Gresham's (1904–1907), and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, (1907–1910) gaining a pass degree in mechanical engineering in 1910.

War service
At the beginning of the First World War, Perkins volunteered for the army and, in October 1914, was commissioned in the Royal Engineers. He served in its 34th divisional company in the Dardanelles, Palestine, and Egypt. He was demobilised in 1918 with the rank of major.

Career
He was a third generation engineer, following both his grandfather and father, who both worked for Barford & Perkins, a family firm that manufactured road construction rollers/compactors, agricultural rollers, and other agricultural machinery. However, before joining the family firm at its Queen Street ironworks in Peterborough, he worked for Lawes Chemicals Ltd.

While later working at Aveling & Porter in Rochester, Kent, Perkins started working on a high-speed, light-weight, diesel engine with Charles Chapman. Before they could complete the project, Aveling & Porter went bankrupt. Convinced that the scheme would be profitable in serving the agricultural tractor market, the two formed their own company, F. Perkins Limited, on 7 June 1932, initially with four employees and based in a rented workshop. Chapman was the technical director and Perkins the chairman.

Perkins would go on building new engines and building the company until 1959, when at the age of seventy he sold a majority stake to his largest customer, Massey Ferguson. He was president of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (1956–57) and Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire (1956–57). He died at his home, Alwalton Hall, near Peterborough, in 1967. There is a plaque to his memory in Alwalton parish church where Henry Royce (1863–1933), co-founder of  Rolls-Royce, is also commemorated. A section of the A1139 through Peterborough is named Frank Perkins Parkway.

Family
In 1915, while on leave from the Royal Engineers, Perkins married Susan Gwynneth Gee, the daughter of Hugh Roberts Williams. They had one son and three daughters.

Sources and further reading

See also
Perkins Engines
List of Perkins engines

References
Perkins, Francis Arthur [Frank] (1889–1967), diesel engine manufacturer by Anne Pimlott Baker in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

External links
Perkins Engines Company
 History of Perkins Engines

1889 births
1967 deaths
People educated at Gresham's School
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
British automotive engineers
People from Peterborough
British automotive pioneers
Perkins engines
Royal Engineers officers
British Army personnel of World War I
High sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire
Accumulator. Accumulator may refer to:
 Accumulator (bet), a parlay bet
 Accumulator (computing), in a CPU, a processor register for storing intermediate results
 Accumulator (computer vision), discrete cell structure to count votes, standard component of the Hough transform
 Accumulator (cryptography), a value, determined by a set of values, that allows one to verify if any one of the original values is a member of the set
 Accumulator (energy), an apparatus for storing energy or power
 Capacitor, in electrical engineering, also known by the obsolete term accumulator
 Electrochemical cell, a cell that stores electrical energy, typically used in rechargeable batteries
 Hydraulic accumulator, an energy storage device using hydraulic fluid under pressure
 Thermal accumulator, a device or system that provides thermal energy storage as from concentrated solar power and storage heaters or heat banks in buildings 
 Accumulator (structured product), a financial contract used by clients (usually individuals) to accumulate stock positions over time
 Accumulator 1, a Czech film
 Dynamic accumulator, a plant that mines nutrients from the soil through its roots
EMD DDM45. The EMD DDM45 is a meter-gauge diesel-electric locomotive built by EMD. The DD in the name means that it has eight axles in two trucks, giving it a D-D wheel arrangement, while the M stands for the meter-gauge track it was to operate on, and the 45 represents the EMD SD45 that the engine was derived from. They were built for service on the Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas (EFVM) in Brazil. In the early 1970s, the EFVM needed not only to expand its locomotive roster, but to use the most powerful single-engined locomotives available, and the SD45 represented the highest-rated model that EMD had to offer at the time.

However, a large locomotive like an SD45 with its three-axle trucks was not readily adaptable to the EFVM's meter gauge trackage. The smaller traction motors of the meter gauge locomotive were unable to handle the full current capacity from the  prime mover. EMD proposed using a meter-gauge version of the Flexicoil-D four-axle bogies, similar to those found under the domestic DD35, DD35A and DDA40X locomotive models. The two additional traction motors of this design allowed full power to be used.

Roster of DDM45s:

See also
 EMD DD35
 EMD DD35A
 EMD DDA40X

DDM45
D-D locomotives
Metre gauge diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1970
Diesel–electric locomotives of Brazil