omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tamoios Ecological Station. Tamoios Ecological Station () is a coastal marine ecological station in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Foundation

The coastal marine Ecological Station, which has an area of , was created on 23 January 1990.
It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.
It is located in the municipalities of Angra dos Reis and Parati in Rio de Janeiro state.
The ecological station comes under the 1980 decree that provides for co-locating nuclear power plants and ecological stations.
It is located in the Bay of Ilha Grande, and contains 29 islands and islets. 
The highest point is .
It also includes the marine environment within a radius of , which comprises 4% of the Ilha Grande Bay.
The ecological station's area is 96.64% marine and 3.36% land.

The station has IUCN protected area category Ia (strict nature reserve).
The overall purpose is to conserve nature and support scientific research.
The specific purpose is to protect and monitor a representative sample of the Atlantic maritime island ecosystem and its marine aquatic environment.
It is within the  Tamoios Environmental Protection Area, created in 1982.
It is part of the  Bocaina Mosaic, created in 2006.

Climate

Annual rainfall is .
Temperatures vary from .
The bay is a mixed estuarine system with two ocean intakes, one on each side of Ilha Grande, and the main source of fresh water coming from Sepetiba bay. 
The coastal mountain range runs close to the coast line.
It intercepts humid ocean air and creates a very humid climate, with torrential downpours that cause sudden increases in river flow.

Ecology

The South American tern (Sterna hirundinacea) visits the islands between June and August.
Vegetation on the islands is part of the Atlantic Forest biome, and varies considerably depending on the size of the island, soil conditions and degree of human disturbance.
It includes low montane formations rich in palm trees and rock formations of grasses, sedges and cacti.
There are degraded areas on the islands from deforestation, fires and other inappropriate land use. 
Fishing in the region has been destructive in the past.
It is hoped that the ecological station will serve as a protective shield to the coastal bays, allowing the marine ecosystems to revive.
Prohibited activities include landing on the islands, diving, fishing and anchoring.

Notes

Sources

1990 establishments in Brazil
Ecological stations of Brazil
Protected areas of Rio de Janeiro (state)
Protected areas established in 1990
Protected areas of the Atlantic Forest
Spring R. Rice. Major General Sir Spring Robert Rice  (11 July 1858 – 11 August 1929) was a British Army general who was on the staff of the British Expeditionary Force during the First World War.

Biography
After graduating from the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Rice was commissioned as a lieutenant into the Royal Engineers in October 1877, and was promoted to captain in 1888. He was appointed the adjutant of the School of Military Engineering in 1892, and promoted to major in 1896.

During the South African War he commanded 23rd Field Company RE, deployed to Ladysmith; during the Siege of Ladysmith, he acted as the commanding officer of the Royal Engineers. In 1901, he designed a simple and inexpensive blockhouse, which saw extensive use. For his services during the war, he was mentioned in despatches four times, received the Queen's Medal with two clasps and the King's medal with two clasps, and was given a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the South African honours list published on 26 June 1902.

He left the School of Military Engineering in 1905, and was appointed the chief engineer in charge of coastal defences for Southern Command in 1909, with the rank of colonel. In 1911 he was appointed as the chief engineer of Aldershot Command, holding this post until 1914.

On the outbreak of the First World War, he was appointed to the post of Brigadier-General Royal Engineers in I Corps, the senior engineering officer of the corps. He was promoted to major general in February 1915 for distinguished service, and in February 1916 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief of the entire BEF, succeeding G. H. Fowke. He picked up the trial project to form the Royal Engineer tunnelling companies, forming them into a distinct branch within the Corps.

He was transferred to the Forts Garrison Command in 1917, a posting he held for the remainder of the war. He retired in 1919, having been mentioned in despatches a further six times, awarded the Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George and the Croix de Guerre, and made a Commander of the Order of Leopold for his wartime service. He was a first-class cricket player and played for the Royal Engineers in 1878 and 1879.

Notes

References

 "RICE, Maj.-Gen. Sir Spring Robert", in

External links
 

1858 births
1929 deaths
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army generals of World War I
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Royal Engineers officers
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Coupe de France de robotique. Coupe de France de robotique is a robotics competition held in La Roche-sur-Yon, France, organized by Planète Sciences.

History 
The Coupe de France de robotique (former "E = M6 Cup of robotics", from the Science TV show) is a competition co-organized since 2016 by the association Planète Sciences and the mixed economy company Oryon.

The French Robotics Cup was created in 1994, originally, in partnership with the company VM Productions, (producer until 2005 of the show E = M6), and the association Planète Sciences. The idea comes from Nicolas Goldzahl (then president of VM Productions) who was inspired by a creative class of Professor Woodie Flowers of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This course - called the "2.007" - was given to about 50 students and consisted of participating in a competition in which remote-controlled robots had to be built, two by two, with a different rule each year. The goal is to develop students creativity. Nicolas Goldzahl, decided to adapt this idea in France, in two distinct categories: one with remote-controlled robots for college and high school students (Robotics Trophies), the other with autonomous robots for universities and engineering schools ( Robotics cup). To move from the idea to the realization, it was his meeting with the association Planet Science that was decisive. Planet Science wanted at that time to develop its robotics activity, Nicolas Goldzahl proposed to broadcast the event in the show E = M6 he was co-producing with Mac Lesggy. The first year, there were only fifteen participating teams (first location of the competition: Ecole Centrale Paris, now Central Supélec) but the media and the network of Planet Sciences contributed to its rapid development and very quickly this number exceeded the hundred teams from all over France.

The French Robotics Cup takes place every year and, until 2014, was part of the ARTEC festival in La Ferté-Bernard. In 2015, following the suspension of the organization of the ARTEC festival by the town of La Ferté-Bernard, the French Robotics Cup was looking for a new funding. In 2016 the competition found a new home in Vendée: La Roche-sur-Yon.

References

External links
 Planète Sciences page about the competition

Eurobot
Robotics competitions
Robotics in France
FMA AeC.3. The FMA AeC.3 was a light utility aircraft built in Argentina in 1934. The AeC.3 was a further development in the series of designs that had originated with the AeC.1 three years previously. Deliveries to Argentina's aeroclubs were made in late 1934.

Development
Like its immediate predecessor, the AeC.2, the AeC.3 was an open-cockpit variant of the family, and was distinguished mainly in its use of an Warner Scarab engine. 

On 21 January 1936, a refined version flew as the AeC.3G, with an uprated 145 HP Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major engine. The main innovation introduced on this aircraft was the use of flaps, the first Argentine aircraft to be so equipped. This aircraft first flew as an open-cockpit type, but later had a roof fitted to create an enclosed cabin.

A further development, the last in this family of aircraft, was the AeC.4 that flew on 17 October. This was essentially an AeC.3G with improved aerodynamics, and only a single example was built.

Operational history
In 1935, Carola Lorenzini set a South American altitude record of 5,500 m (18,040 ft) in an AeC.3, and another aircraft of this type was flown by Santiago Germanó to win the aerobatics prize at the Resistencia air meet the same year. A final feat for the AeC.3 for 1935 was its use by Pedro B. Mórtola in a long-distance round-trip flight between Buenos Aires and Rio Gallegos, covering  in 37 hours 20 minutes.

Variants
 AeC.3 – version powered by a 125 HP Warner Scarab engine
 AeC.3G – AeC.3 powered by a 145 HP Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major engine, and fitted with flaps
 AeC.4 – AeC.3G with improved aerodynamics

Specifications (AeC.3)

References

External links

1930s Argentine civil utility aircraft
FMA aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Ultra Trencher 1. Ultra Trencher 1 (UT1) is (as of 2008) the world's largest submersible robot, used for burying submarine pipelines in a trench in the sea floor. It has a mass of 60 tons and measures 7.8 metres long, 7.8 metres wide, and 5.6 metres tall. It costs roughly £10 million. It can move at a speed of 2 to 3 knots when submerged and can trench pipelines with a 1-meter diameter in water up to 1,500 metres deep. It uses a pair of "jet swords" to create the trench by injecting pressurized water into the sediment.

UT1 is manufactured by the Newcastle upon Tyne company Soil Machine Dynamics.

References

Robotic submarines
TabWorks. TabWorks is a replacement shell for Windows 3.x and Windows 95 developed by XSoft, a division of Xerox PARC. It organizes files and applications in a tabbed 3-ring notebook user interface, making it easier for novice users to navigate Windows.

The software was created to replace Program Manager on Windows 3.x and the shell on Windows 95. The user interface concept was a collaboration between IDEO and XSoft. The concept was originally developed at Xerox PARC by Stuart Card, Robert Kincaid, Sonny Lundin, Kim Medrano, Ed Stitt, Gary Schoolcraft, Hal Schoolcraft, Steven Calwas, Steve Farrell, Kerry Kobashi, Janine Walters, Pat Gibberson, Rick Soriano, and David Ching.

TabWorks was shipped in 1993 and distributed with PCs from 1993 to around 1997 by several companies, including Compaq and NEC. Over 9 million copies of the software were installed worldwide.

Microsoft did not like that Compaq was creating systems that replaced the primary Windows user interface.

"Since the release of Windows 95, Microsoft has become aware of instances in which OEMs are modifying the product as a method of differentiating their hardware.  This has caused considerable confusion with our end user customers.  As a result, Microsoft is taking this opportunity to define the requirements and restrictions of the preinstallation process, so that all of our end users have a consistent experience with our products."

Compaq stopped bundling TabWorks with its machines in 1996, claiming it was no longer necessary given the improvements to the shell in Windows 95.

TabWorks was later acquired in 1996 by Citadel Computer systems, which integrated it into their line of network security and desktop utility product lines. Citadel discontinued selling TabWorks in early 2001.

References

Utilities for Windows
Desktop shell replacement
Windows-only proprietary software
Cement-mortar lined ductile iron pipe. Cement-mortar lined ductile iron pipe is a ductile iron pipe with cement lining on the inside surface, and is commonly used for water distribution.

Cement-mortar lined ductile iron pipe is governed by standards set forth by DIPRA (Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association), and was first used in 1922 in Charleston, South Carolina. 

Ductile Iron is commonly used in place of cast iron pipe for fluid distribution systems. The purpose of installing a cement/mortar lining to the interior wall of the pipe is to reduce the process of tuberculation inside the pipe network. The cement/mortar lining provides an area of high pH near the pipe wall and provides a barrier between the water and the pipe, reducing its susceptibility to corrosion.

References

Piping
1922 introductions
Crescent Corridor. The Crescent Corridor is a railroad corridor operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway (NS).  The project, first proposed in 2007, and scheduled for completion by 2020, spans 13 states from New York to Louisiana. It is a private-public partnership between Norfolk Southern and the various state and federal governments.

Project overview
Norfolk Southern plans that the project will expand its entire network from the Northeast to the Southeast regions. It is expected that the majority of cargo along the corridor would be intermodal. Norfolk Southern projects the removal of 1.3 million long-haul trucks annually from interstate highways, thereby reducing traffic congestion and helping the environment.

The corridor is 1,400 miles (2,300 km) long and 28 new trains daily would be expected to go into service along with improvements to rail yards along the corridor. NS has proposed sharing the costs with federal and state agencies in a public-private partnership. The overall project cost estimate is USD$2.5 billion as of 2009. NS plans to expand and upgrade existing rail lines along the corridor to accommodate fast freight trains and also purchase new locomotives and freight cars, and build new terminals.

Intermodal facilities
Norfolk Southern opened new terminal facilities for Charlotte, North Carolina; Memphis, Tennessee; Birmingham, Alabama and Greencastle, Pennsylvania. It also upgraded terminals in Harrisburg and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

Norfolk Southern will expand Croxton Yard in New Jersey.

Project status
Greencastle, Pennsylvania Intermodal terminal dedicated in June 2013. 

Memphis Regional Intermodal Facility in Rossville, Tennessee opened in July 2012. 

Birmingham Regional Intermodal Facility in McCalla, Alabama opened in October 2012. 

Charlotte, North Carolina Intermodal terminal opened in December 2013.

See also 

 Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program (CREATE)
 Heartland Corridor – NS rail improvement program between Norfolk and Chicago
 National Gateway – CSX Transportation rail improvement program

References

External links
 Map of Crescent Corridor – Norfolk Southern
 Crescent Corridor Brochure

Norfolk Southern Railway
Rail infrastructure in New Jersey
Rail infrastructure in Pennsylvania
Rail infrastructure in Maryland
Rail infrastructure in Virginia
Rail infrastructure in Tennessee
Rail infrastructure in Alabama
Rail infrastructure in Mississippi
Rail infrastructure in Louisiana
Rail freight transportation in the United States
Transportation planning
Kawasaki Ki-5. The  was an experimental low-wing monoplane fighter aircraft designed for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. It first flew in February 1934, but was never produced for actual use. It was the last Japanese design led by Richard Vogt before he returned to Germany.

Design and development
The Ki-5 was initially produced by Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō K.K. in response to Japanese army specifications for a high-performance fighter to replace the existing Type 92. It was the first all-metal, cantilever monoplane fighter aircraft to be built in Japan. It was designed around the Kawasaki Ha-9, a Japanese development of the BMW IX aircraft engine, itself a development from the BMW VII A 7.3 liquid-cooled engine, with a nominal rating of . It also had the innovation of using an inverted gull wing design, to improve downward visibility for the pilot and to be able to use a simple, short undercarriage.

However, the Ki-5 design quickly proved unsatisfactory in flight testing. Test pilots complained of stability and handling problems, and the engine was never able to produce enough power for the Ki-5 to attain its design speed parameter of .

The project was cancelled on 9 September 1934, after a total of four units were produced. However, the design effort on the Ki-4 later paid off dividends with the designs for the future Ki-28, Ki-60 and Ki-61.

Operators

 Imperial Japanese Army Air Force

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography
 
 

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Japan
Inverted gull-wing aircraft
1930s Japanese experimental aircraft
Ki-05, Kawasaki
Ki-005
Transplant experiment. A transplant experiment, or common garden experiment, is an experiment to test the effect of environment by moving two species from their native environments into a common environment. The name was originally applied to experiments on plants but is now equally applied to animals such as lizards and ants, and other organisms.

A reciprocal transplant experiment involves introducing organisms from each of two environments into the other; the approach can be extended to more than two environments if required.

Transplant experiments are often used to test if there is a genetic component to differences in populations. Advances in molecular biology have provided researchers with the ability to study genetic variation more directly. However, transplant experiments still have the advantages of being simple and requiring little technology. On the other hand, they may require considerable time and labour, and the number of test organisms is often relatively limited. Common garden methods can be improved by combining evidence with genomic studies, the use of dense marker panel data, and modern statistical methods.

See also
 Ecotype
 Field experiment
 Genotype and phenotype
 Natural experiment
 QST-FST analyses

References

Biology experiments
Focke-Wulf A 20 Habicht. The Focke-Wulf A 20 Habicht (German: "Hawk") was an airliner developed in Germany in the late 1920s. It was a high-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage. The fuselage was deep and seated four passengers in a fully enclosed cabin. The type was not bought by the airlines and only a few examples were built.

Variants
A.20standard version with Mercedes D.II engine.
A.20aone-off version with Wright Whirlwind engine, for export.
A.28version with Bristol Titan engine.

Specifications (A.20)

References

Further reading

External links
 German aircraft between 1919 and 1945

1920s German airliners
A 20
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
List of bridges in Finland. This is a list of bridges and viaducts in Finland, including those for pedestrians and vehicular traffic.

Historical and architectural interest bridges 
The museum roads and bridges was established by the Finnish Road Administration () that belongs to the Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency, in order to preserve the most historically valuable and representative parts of the road network as museum objects. There is a total of 22 roads () and 37 bridges in the museum object collection.

Major road and railway bridges 
This table presents the structures with spans greater than 100 meters (non-exhaustive list).

Alphabetical list 
Bomarsund Bridge - Sund
Crusell Bridge - Helsinki
Erkkolan silta
Etelänkylän isosilta
Hakaniemen silta
Hämeensilta
Isoisänsilta
Jänhijoki railway bridge
Joutsensilta
Kaitaisten silta
Kallansillat
Kiskopolun silta
Kulosaaren silta
Kuokkala Bridge - Jyväskylä
Kärkisten silta
Kvarken Bridge
Lapinlahden silta
Laukan silta
Louhunsalmen riippusilta
Martinsilta
Myllysilta
Möljä Bridge
Ounaskosken rautatie- ja maantiesilta
Pitkäsilta
Ponkilan silta
Porin silta
Replot Bridge
Rokkiporkkana
Sami Bridge
Sangin silta
Satakunnansilta
Savisilta
Sääksmäen silta
Tuiran sillat
Tähtiniemi Bridge
Ukkopekan silta
Vuolteensilta
Vuosaaren silta

Notes and references 
 

 

 Others references

See also 

 Transport in Finland
 Roads in Finland
 Highways in Finland
 Rail transport in Finland
 Geography of Finland
 List of rivers of Finland
 :fi:Museosilta  - Museum bridge

External links

Further reading 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Finland
 
Bridges
Bridges
Heterostructure barrier varactor. The heterostructure barrier varactor (HBV) is a semiconductor device which shows a variable capacitance with voltage bias, similar to a varactor diode. Unlike a diode, it has an anti-symmetric current-voltage relationship and a symmetric capacitance-voltage relationship, as shown in the graph to the right. The device was invented by Erik Kollberg together with Anders Rydberg in 1989 at Chalmers University of Technology.

The inset of the figure shows the circuit schematic symbol of the HBV. From the symbol, one can conclude that the HBV consists of two, back to back, anti-serially connected rectifying diodes (such as Schottky diodes for instance). The gap in the middle of the diode symbol represents the inherent capacitance of the device. The electrical characteristics of the HBV are realized by separating two layers of a semiconductor material (A) with a layer of another semiconductor material (B). The band-gap of material (B) should be larger than for material (A). This results in a barrier for the carriers trying to travel through the layers (A)-(B)-(A). The (A) layers are usually n-doped which means that electrons are the majority carriers of this device.  At different bias voltages the carriers are redistributed and the distance between the carriers on each side of the barrier (B) is different. As a consequence the HBV has electrical properties resembling the parallel plate capacitor with a voltage dependent plate distance d.

The main application for the HBV diode is to generate extremely high frequency signals from lower frequency input. This type of frequency multiplication is demonstrated as triplers (3× multiplication) at 100 GHz through 282 GHz and up to 450 GHz, and also as quintuplers (5× multiplication) at 175 GHz.

The frequency multiplication is made possible by the highly nonlinear voltage dependence of the capacitance C(V). By feeding the HBV a signal of low frequency f1, higher harmonics f3=3f1 (tripler), f5=5f1 (quintupler), ... will be generated. Only odd harmonics are generated, since even harmonics are cancelled due to the symmetric nature of the nonlinearity. Also, using this inherent symmetry of the device, it can operate without DC-biasing. This is an advantage compared to the Schottky diode which has to be biased.

Signals generated at these frequencies (100 GHz 3 THz) have applications in diverse areas such as radioastronomy, security imaging, biological and medical imaging and high-speed wireless communications.

References

Diodes
TGL. TGL may refer to:

Aviation 
 Touch-and-go landing, a flight teaching maneuver.

Computing 
 Technical Group Laboratory, a Japanese game company
 Tiger Lake series Intel CPUs
 Transparent OpenGL, part of OpenGL Multipipe

Sports 
 TGL (golf league), a golf league formed in partnership with the PGA Tour that will begin play in 2025

Other uses 
 The ISO 639 language code for Tagalog language