omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
1727 in science. The year 1727 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 Maharaja Jai Singh II begins construction of the Jantar Mantar observatory at Jaipur.

Biology
 Rev. Stephen Hales publishes Vegetable Staticks, containing an account of key experiments in plant physiology; and makes the first measurement of blood pressure.

Mathematics
 This year's French Academy of Sciences prize is based on a problem on the masting of ships: to calculate the number of masts to use and where in the ship to locate them. Pierre Bouguer gains the award for his paper On the masting of ships; and two other prizes, one for his dissertation On the best method of observing the altitude of stars at sea and the other for his paper On the best method of observing the variation of the compass at sea. The 19-year-old Euler enters for the prize with an essay written in 1726 and published in 1728.

Optics
 Eyeglasses, with side pieces that rest on the ears, are invented by Englishman Edward Scarlett.

Pharmacology
 Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf opens an apothecary shop in Boston, Massachusetts, the first woman to so practice in America.

Other events
 The kilt is invented by Thomas Rawlinson, the English owner of an ironworks, who designs it as a cheap uniform for better maneuverability around machinery. Ian MacDonnel of Glengarry adopts the garment along with his clansmen, and the kilt is worn throughout the Highlands by 1745.

Births
 March 19 – Ferdinand Berthoud, Swiss clockmaker and maker of scientific instruments (died 1807)
 April 7 – Michel Adanson, French botanist (died 1806)

Deaths
 March 31 – Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician (born 1643)
 March 22 – Johann Leonhard Rost, German astronomer (born 1688)

References

 
18th century in science
1720s in science
Otter (theorem prover). OTTER (Organized Techniques for Theorem-proving and Effective Research) is an automated theorem prover developed by William McCune at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. Otter was the first widely distributed, high-performance theorem prover for first-order logic, and it pioneered a number of important implementation techniques. Otter is an acronym for Organized Techniques for Theorem-proving and Effective Research.

Description

Otter is based on resolution and paramodulation, constrained by term orderings similar to those in the superposition calculus. The prover also supports positive and negative hyperresolution and a set-of-support strategy. Proof search is based on saturation using a version of the given-clause algorithm, and is controlled by several heuristics. There also are meta-heuristics determining search parameters automatically.  Otter also pioneered the use of efficient term indexing techniques to speed up the search for inference partners in large clause sets.

Otter has been very stable for a number of years but is no longer actively developed. As of November 2008, the last changelog entry was dated 14 September 2004. A successor to Otter is Prover9.

The software is in the public domain. The University of Chicago has declined to assert its copyrights in this software, and it may be used, modified, and redistributed (with or without modifications) by the public. However, "NEITHER THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NOR ANY AGENCY THEREOF [...] REPRESENTS THAT ITS USE WOULD NOT INFRINGE PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS."

According to Wos and Pieper, OTTER is written in approximately 28,000 lines of C programming language.

See also 
 Mace4

Notes

References

External links 
 Otter home page
 

Free theorem provers
Public-domain software with source code
Free software programmed in C
E (theorem prover). E is a high-performance theorem prover for full first-order logic with equality. It is based on the equational superposition calculus and uses a purely equational paradigm. It has been integrated into other theorem provers and it has been among the best-placed systems in several theorem proving competitions. E is developed by Stephan Schulz, originally in the Automated Reasoning Group at TU Munich, now at Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University Stuttgart.

System
The system is based on the equational superposition calculus. In contrast to most other current provers, the implementation actually uses a purely equational paradigm, and simulates non-equational inferences via appropriate equality inferences. Significant innovations include shared term rewriting (where many possible equational simplifications are carried out in a single operation), several efficient term indexing data structures for speeding up inferences, advanced inference literal selection strategies, and various uses of machine learning techniques to improve the search behaviour. Since version 2.0, E supports many-sorted logic.

E is implemented in C and portable to most UNIX variants and the Cygwin environment. It is available under the GNU GPL.

Competitions
The prover has consistently performed well in the CADE ATP System Competition, winning the CNF/MIX category in 2000 and finishing among the top systems ever since. In 2008 it came in second place. In 2009 it won second place in the FOF (full first order logic) and UEQ (unit equational logic) categories and third place (after two versions of Vampire) in CNF (clausal logic). It repeated the performance in FOF and CNF in 2010, and won a special award as "overall best" system. In the 2011 CASC-23 E won the CNF division and achieved second places in UEQ and LTB.

Applications
E has been integrated into several other theorem provers. It is, with Vampire, SPASS, CVC4, and Z3, at the core of Isabelle's Sledgehammer strategy. E also is the reasoning engine in SInE and LEO-II and used as the clausification system for iProver.

Applications of E include reasoning on large ontologies, software verification, and software certification.

References

External links
E home page
E's developer

Free software programmed in C
Free theorem provers
Unix programming tools
Software using the GNU General Public License
Gehry Tower. Gehry Tower is a nine-story building constructed by architect Frank Gehry; it is located at the Steintor, Goethestraße 13a, in Hanover, Germany. The building was commissioned by the city-owned Hanover Transport Services (üstra), for whom Gehry also designed a bus stop in the city.

Constructed of stainless steel, the tower is memorable for the noticeable twist in its outer façade on a ferroconcrete core, making optimal use of the relatively small piece of ground on which it is located. Like many of Gehry's buildings, the tower was created with the most modern technology available at the time. Gehry's office first created a 1:100 model, which was then scanned and imported into CAD software to be able to compute the dimensions for the individual parts, all of which vary in size and shape.

Construction began in 1999, cost 8.5 million Deutsche Mark, and the building officially opened 28 June 2001.

See also
 List of works by Frank Gehry

External links

References 

Frank Gehry buildings
Buildings and structures completed in 2001
Buildings and structures in Hanover
Twisted buildings and structures
2001 establishments in Germany
Josef Čapek. Josef Čapek (; 23 March 1887 – April 1945) was a Czech artist who was best known as a painter, but who was also noted as a writer and a poet. He invented the word "robot", which was introduced into literature by his brother, Karel Čapek.

Life
Čapek was born in Hronov, Bohemia (Austria-Hungary, later Czechoslovakia, now the Czech Republic) in 1887. First a painter of the Cubist school, he later developed his own playful, minimalist style. He collaborated with his brother Karel on a number of plays and short stories; on his own, he wrote the utopian play Land of Many Names and several novels, as well as critical essays in which he argued for the art of the unconscious, of children, and of 'savages'. He was named by his brother as the true inventor of the term robot. As a cartoonist, he worked for Lidové noviny, a newspaper based in Prague.

His illustrated stories Povídání o Pejskovi a Kočičce (English translation as The Adventures of Puss and Pup) are considered classics of Czech children's literature.

Death
Due to his critical attitude towards national socialism and Adolf Hitler, he was arrested after the German invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1939. He wrote Poems from a Concentration Camp in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where he died in 1945. In June 1945 Rudolf Margolius, accompanied by Čapek's wife Jarmila Čapková, went to Bergen-Belsen to search for him. His remains were never found. In 1948 the court officially set the date of his death as 30 April 1947.

Selected literary works 
Lelio, 1917
Ze života hmyzu (Pictures from the Insects' Life), 1921 – with Karel Čapek
Povídání o pejskovi a kočičce (The Adventures of Puss and Pup), 1929
Stín kapradiny, 1930, novel
Kulhavý poutník, essays, 1936
Land of Many Names
Básně z koncentračního tabora (Poems from a Concentration Camp), published posthumously 1946
Adam Stvořitel (Adam the Creator) – with Karel Čapek
Dášeňka, čili život štěněte (Dashenka, consequently the life of a Puppy) – with Karel Čapek, illustrated by Josef

Gallery

See also
 Brothers Čapek
 Karel Čapek

Literature
 Ivan Margolius, 'The Robot of Prague',  Newsletter, The Friends of Czech Heritage  no. 17, Autumn 2017, pp. 3 – 6.  https://czechfriends.net/images/RobotsMargoliusJul2017.pdf 
 Marie Šulcová. Čapci, Ladění pro dvě struny, Poločas nadějí, Brána věčnosti, Praha: Melantrich 1993-98
 Marie Šulcová. Prodloužený čas Josefa Čapka, Praha: Paseka 2000

References

External links 

 
 
 Bratří Čapkové (The Brothers Čapek) at LC Authorities, with 6 records

1887 births
1945 deaths
Cubist artists
Czech people who died in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
20th-century Czech painters
Czech male painters
Czech male writers
Czech scenic designers
People from Hronov
Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Writers who illustrated their own writing
History of robotics
20th-century Czech male artists
Micromouse. Micromouse is an event where small robotic mice compete to solve a 16×16 maze. It began in the late 1970s. Events are held worldwide, and are most popular in the UK, U.S., Japan, Singapore, India, South Korea and becoming popular in subcontinent countries such as Sri Lanka.

The maze is made up of a 16×16 grid of cells, each 180 mm square with walls 50 mm high. The mice are completely autonomous robots that must find their way from a predetermined starting position to the central area of the maze unaided. The mouse needs to keep track of where it is, discover walls as it explores, map out the maze and detect when it has reached the goal. Having reached the goal, the mouse will typically perform additional searches of the maze until it has found an optimal route from the start to the finish. Once the optimal route has been found, the mouse will traverse that route in the shortest achievable time.

Competitions and conferences are run regularly.

Half-Size Micromouse 
A version of Micromouse called the Half-Size Micromouse was introduced at the 30th All Japan Micromouse Competition in 2009. Instead of a 16×16 maze, the Half-Size competition uses up to a 32×32 maze. Cell and wall dimensions have been reduced by half, providing a new challenge.

Maze solving 

Mice used in competitions employ the fundamental elements of robot navigation, including mapping, planning, and localization. Additionally, they optimize their path through the maze using various search algorithms. Common search algorithms use variations of the Bellman flood-fill method, Dijkstra's algorithm, A* search algorithm, among various graph traversal and tree traversal algorithms.

Performance 
Mice can run at over three meters per second, depending on the maze design. Some of the best micromouse builders are Yusuke Kato, Ng Beng Kiat and Fumitaka Nakashima. The current world record is 3.921 seconds and is held by Ng Beng Kiat.

Performance in recent years has improved considerably. As of 2015, winning mice are likely to run with forward acceleration and braking well over 1g. Cornering with centripetal acceleration as high as 2g is possible. Micromice are among the highest-performing autonomous robots.

Most recently, robots are being equipped with a fan to create a partial vacuum under the mouse while it is running. The additional downforce available has made possible a huge improvement in performance. Compared to a non-fan mouse, the newer robots are likely to be able to achieve centripetal accelerations of 6g or more. Straight line accelerations can easily exceed 2.5g.

References

External links 
 

Robotics competitions
Dyke. Dyke or dike may refer to:

General uses
 Dyke (slang), a slang word meaning "lesbian"
 Dike (geology), formations of magma or sediment that cut through and across the layering of adjacent rocks
 Dike (mythology), Dikē, the Greek goddess of moral justice
 Dikes, diagonal pliers, also called side-cutting pliers, a hand tool used by electricians and others
 Dyke (automobile company), established 1899

Structures
 Dyke (embankment) or dike, a natural or artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels, often called a levee in American English
 Ditch, a water-filled drainage trench
 A regional term for a dry stone wall

People
 Dyke (surname)
 Dyke baronets, a title in the Baronetage of England
 Dykes (surname), a British surname found particularly in northern England

Places

Settlements
 Dike, Iowa, United States
 Dykes, Missouri, United States
 Dyke, Moray, Scotland
 Dike, Texas, United States
 Dyke, Virginia, United States
 Dyke, Lincolnshire, England
 Little Dyke, Nova Scotia, Canada

Earthworks
 Car Dyke, a Roman boundary ditch in Eastern England
 Devil's Dyke (disambiguation), one of several ancient embankments or ditches (or both)
 Foss Dyke, a Roman canal in England linking the River Trent to the River Witham at Lincoln
 Offa's Dyke, historic earthwork dividing Mercia and Wales
 Wansdyke (earthwork), dividing Wessex from the lands south west of it
 Wat's Dyke, An earthwork running through the northern Welsh Marches from Basingwerk Abbey to Maesbury

Geological features
 The Great Dyke, a mineral-rich feature that runs through Zimbabwe 
 Mount Desire Dyke, an igneous intrusion in South Australia

See also
 Dyke & the Blazers, 1960s R&B group
 Van Dyke (disambiguation)
 "D-Yikes!", an episode of South Park
 99 Dike, an asteroid
 Winter Dyke, another name for a clothes horse
Buckram. Buckram is a stiff cotton, or occasionally, linen or horse hair cloth with a plain, usually loose, weave, produced in various weights similar to muslin and other plain weave fabrics. The fabric is soaked in a sizing agent such as wheat-starch paste, glue (such as PVA glue), or pyroxylin (gelatinized nitrocellulose, developed around 1910), then dried. When rewetted or warmed, it can be shaped to create durable firm fabric for book covers, hats, and elements of clothing.

Etymology
In the Middle Ages, "bokeram" simply designated a fine cotton cloth. The etymology of the term remains uncertain; the Oxford English Dictionary considers the commonly mentioned derivation from the name of the city of Bokhara unlikely.

Use in bookbinding
Several of buckram's qualities make it attractive for bookbinding. Highly durable, buckram does not allow the bookbinder's paste to seep through and discolor or stain the book's front and back covers.

Pyroxylin-impregnated buckram is often favored due to its resistance to water, insects, fungi, and general wear. This is especially important for library binding, where many people will be repeatedly handling the same books. However, pyroxylin fabrics are less chemically stable than starch-filled fabrics and can be affected by extreme temperatures.

Use in millinery
Millinery buckram is impregnated with a starch which allows it to be softened in water, pulled over a hat block, and left to dry into a hard shape. Millinery buckram comes in many weights, including lightweight or baby buckram (often used for children's and dolls' hats), single-ply buckram, and double buckram (also known as theatrical buckram or crown buckram).

References

External links
 US patent US1712991A, Method for preparing buckram

Woven fabrics
AAS. Aas or AAS may refer to:

Aviation
 Alcatel Alenia Space, an aerospace company; now Thales Alenia Space
 Armed Aerial Scout a U.S. Army replacement program for the OH-58 Kiowa
 Arnold Air Society, a professional honorary service organization for US Air Force officer candidates
 Ateliers Aéronautiques de Suresnes, a defunct French aircraft manufacturing company
 Austrian Air Services, a defunct airline from Austria (ICAO designator)
 IATA airport code for Apalapsili Airport in Highland Papua Province, Indonesia
 Taylor County Airport (Kentucky), Campbellsville, US, FAA LID

Organizations
 African Academy of Sciences, an Africa-wide scientific organization
 Air Ambulance Service, a UK charity
 All-America Selections, an organization that promotes development of new garden seed varieties
 American Antiquarian Society, an American society and national research library
 American Anti-Slavery Society
 American Arachnological Society, a society of amateur and professional arachnologists
 American Association of Suicidology, an American nonprofit suicide prevention organization
 American Astronautical Society, an independent scientific and technical group in the United States
 American Astronomical Society, a United States society of professional astronomers
 Ansar al-Sunna, or Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna, a militant group operating in Iraq
 Association for Academic Surgery
 Association for Asian Studies, a scholarly professional association focusing on Asia and the study of Asia
 Assyrian Academic Society
 Assyrian Aid Society, an Iraqi organization of the Assyrian Democratic Movement
 Australian Academy of Science, an independent, government-endorsed society with the aim of promoting science
 Australian Anthropological Society

Publications
 Austin American-Statesman, a Texas newspaper
Australian Aboriginal Studies, an Australian academic journal

Science, mathematics, and technology
 Asymptotically almost surely
 Angle-Angle-Side, see congruence (geometry)
 Atomic absorption spectroscopy, for quantitative determination of chemical elements
 ASCII Adjust after Subtraction, one of the x86 Intel BCD opcodes

Medicine
 Acute aortic syndrome
 Anabolic–androgenic steroids, or simply anabolic steroids

Other uses
A.a.s (art group), a British-based art collective
 Aas (surname), people with the surname Aas
Aas (TV series), a Pakistani television series
 Aas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, a village in France
Abandon All Ships, an Italian-Canadian metalcore band from Toronto, Ontario
Acta Apostolicae Sedis, the official commentary of the Holy See/Vatican City State
Anglo-American School of Moscow
Anglo-American School of Sofia
 As a service, a business model that allows companies to either outsource certain functions, or avoid purchasing certain goods
Asa language, an extinct language of Tanzania, ISO 639-3 code
Associate of Applied Science, a college degree
 Audit and Assurance Standards issued by ICAI, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
Sony Auto-lock Accessory Shoe, on camera
 Eyeish, a Native American tribe
Combat Zones That See. Combat Zones That See, or CTS, is a project of the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) whose goal is to "track everything that moves" in a city by linking up a massive network of surveillance cameras to a centralized computer system. Artificial intelligence software will then identify and track all vehicle movement throughout the city.

CTS is described by DARPA as intended for use in combat zones, to deter enemy attacks on United States troops and to identify and track enemy combatants who launch attacks against U.S. soldiers.

Civil liberties activists and writers of dystopian fiction believe that such programs have great potential for privacy violations, and have openly opposed the project.

See also
 Closed-circuit television
 Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System
 Heterogenous Aerial Reconnaissance Team
 Information Awareness Office
 Surveillance
 VIRAT

References

External links
DARPA BAA 03-15 official project description and bid solicitation

DARPA
Military equipment of the United States
Surveillance
Research projects
Anhydrous. A substance is anhydrous if it contains no water. Many processes in chemistry can be impeded by the presence of water; therefore, it is important that water-free reagents and techniques are used. In practice, however, it is very difficult to achieve perfect dryness; anhydrous compounds gradually absorb water from the atmosphere so they must be stored carefully.

Solids
Many salts and solids can be dried using heat, or under vacuum. Desiccators can also be used to store reagents in dry conditions.

Common desiccants include phosphorus pentoxide and silica gel. Chemists may also require dry glassware for sensitive reactions. This can be achieved by drying glassware in an oven, by flame, or under vacuum.

Dry solids can be produced by freeze-drying, which is also known as lyophilization.

Liquids or solvents
In many cases, the presence of water can prevent a reaction from happening, or cause undesirable products to form. To prevent this, anhydrous solvents must be used when performing certain reactions. Examples of reactions requiring the use of anhydrous solvents are the Grignard reaction and the Wurtz reaction.

Solvents have typically been dried using distillation or by reaction with reactive metals or metal hydrides. These methods can be dangerous and are a common cause of lab fires. More modern techniques include the use of molecular sieves or a column purification system. Molecular sieves are far more effective than most common methods for drying solvents and are safer and require no special equipment for handling. Column solvent purification devices (generally referred to as Grubb's columns) recently became available, reducing the hazards (water reactive substances, heat) from the classical dehydrating methods.

Anhydrous solvents are commercially available from chemical suppliers, and are packaged in sealed containers to maintain dryness. Typically anhydrous solvents will contain approximately 10 ppm of water and will increase in wetness if they are not properly stored.

Organic solutions can be dried using a range of drying agents. Typically following a workup the organic extract is dried using magnesium sulfate or a similar drying agent to remove most remaining water.

Anhydrous acetic acid is known as glacial acetic acid.

Gases
Several substances that exist as gases at standard conditions of temperature and pressure are commonly used as concentrated aqueous solutions. To clarify that it is the gaseous form that is being referred to, the term anhydrous is prefixed to the name of the substance:
Gaseous ammonia is generally referred to as anhydrous ammonia, to distinguish it from its solution in water, household ammonia solution, also known as ammonium hydroxide.
Gaseous hydrogen chloride is generally referred to as anhydrous, to distinguish it from its solution in water, hydrochloric acid.

Reactions which produce water can be kept dry using a Dean–Stark apparatus.

See also
Air-free technique
Acidic oxide, a.k.a. acid anhydride
Base anhydride
Hydrate, a [chemical] substance that contains water or its constituent elements

References

Chemical properties