omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Charles Taylor (physicist). Charles Alfred Taylor (1922–2002) was a British physicist, known for his work in crystallography and his efforts to promote science to young audiences.

Early life and education
Charles Taylor was born in Hull in 1922. He began his degree at Queen Mary College (a constituent college of the University of London), but the college was subsequently evacuated to Cambridge during World War II. He graduated in 1943 and after working for the Admiralty during the war, worked as a lecturer and then a reader after completing his PhD.

Career
Taylor's first work was for the Admiralty, designing radar countermeasures, work that eventually took him to Harvard University in the United States until the end of the war. He then studied for a PhD at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, and continued there from 1948 until 1965. He worked for a long time with Henry Lipson on the development of optical diffraction analogue methods. He was awarded a DSc in 1960.

In 1965 he moved with his family to Cardiff to take up the position of Chair of Physics at University College Cardiff, where the main interest of the department was X-ray crystallography, in the same field as the work he did with Lipson in Manchester.

He was appointed to the post of Visiting Professor of Experimental Physics at the Royal Institution, a post he held until 1988. He also gave many lectures to schoolchildren. In 1990, he lectured to thousands of children in Tokyo as a follow-up to his Christmas Lectures in London the previous year.

Publications
Taylor was the author of a number of books, including The Art and Science of Lecture Demonstration. He co-wrote, with Stephen Pople, the worldwide-selling Oxford Children's Book of Science (1994).

Lectures
As well as his work in research, Taylor had close links to the Royal Institution.  He had always had a strong interest in music and its relationship with physics.  In 1971, he lectured to schoolchildren for the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures on The Sounds of Music, covering physics and music. In 1989 he became the third person since 1945 to deliver a second series of Christmas lectures, Exploring Music.

Honours
Taylor was awarded the Lawrence Bragg Medal by the Institute of Physics in 1983 for his outstanding and sustained contributions to physics education. In 1986 he was unanimously awarded the first Michael Faraday Award by the Royal Society for communicating science to public audiences.  Altogether, he gave over 150 lectures to schoolchildren at the Royal Institution, as well as presenting eight Friday evening discourses there.

Personal life
Taylor married Nancy Truefitt in 1942. They had three children. He died at Warminster, Wiltshire on 7 March 2002.

References

1922 births
2002 deaths
British physicists
Academics of Cardiff University
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Harvard University staff
Alumni of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Academics of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Scientists from Kingston upon Hull
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Admiralty personnel of World War II
Meckwell convention. This article describes the contract bridge bidding convention.

Meckwell is a method for defending against an opposing strong one notrump (1NT) opening by intervening in the direct and passout seats.  It features the following calls:

The convention is named based on the common sobriquet for the partnership of Jeff Meckstroth and Eric Rodwell, who popularized it.

See also
List of defenses to 1NT

References

External links
 BridgeGuys website

Bridge conventions
Cofiring. Co-firing (also referred to as complementary firing or co-combustion) is the combustion of two different fuels in the same combustion system. Fuels can be solid fuels, liquid fuels or gaseous, and its source either fossil or renewable. Therefore, use of heavy fuel oil assisting coal power stations may technically be considered co-firing. The term co-firing was popularized in the 1980s and then referred specifically to the use of waste solid residues (paper, plastic, solvents, tars, etc.) or biomass in coal power stations that were designed only for the combustion of coal.

Combustion
Incineration
Dibutyl sebacate. Dibutyl sebacate (DBS) is an organic chemical, a dibutyl ester of sebacic acid. Its main use is as a plasticizer in production of plastics, namely cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and many synthetic rubbers (especially nitrile rubber and neoprene) and other plastics. It can be used for plastics in use in the food packaging industry, in plastics used for medical devices, and for pharmaceutical applications, e.g. as a plasticizer for film coating of tablets, beads, and granules. It is also used as a lubricant in shaving lotions, and a flavoring additive in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, and baked goods. It provides excellent compatibility with a range of plastic materials, superior properties at low temperatures, and good oil resistivity. Its other names include Morflex, Kodaflex, polycizer, Proviplast 1944 and PX 404. Dibutyl sebacate is also used as a desensitizer in Otto fuel II, a torpedo monopropellant.

References

Carboxylate esters
Plasticizers
Propylene glycol dinitrate. Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN, 1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate, or 1,2-propanediol dinitrate) is an organic chemical, an ester of nitric acid and propylene glycol. It is structurally similar to nitroglycerin, except that it has one fewer nitrate group. It is a characteristically and unpleasantly smelling colorless liquid, which decomposes at 121 °C, below its boiling point. It is flammable and explosive. It is shock-sensitive and burns with a clean flame producing water vapor, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen gas. 

C3H6(ONO2)2 → 3 CO + 3 H2O + N2

The principal current use of propylene glycol dinitrate is as a propellant in Otto Fuel II, together with 2-nitrodiphenylamine and dibutyl sebacate. Otto Fuel II is used in some torpedoes as a propellant.

Nitrates of polyhydric alcohols, of which propylene glycol dinitrate is an example, have been used in medicine for the treatment of angina pectoris, and as explosives since the mid-nineteenth century.

PGDN affects blood pressure, causes respiratory toxicity, damages liver and kidneys, distorts vision, causes methoglobinuria, and can cause headache and lack of coordination. It may be absorbed through skin. Its primary toxicity mechanism is methemoglobinemia. It may cause permanent nerve damage. 

For occupational exposures, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit at 0.05 ppm (0.3 mg/m3) over an eight-hour workday, for dermal exposures.

References

Further reading 

Nitrate esters
Antianginals
Explosive chemicals
Liquid explosives
Monopropellants
Sharp PC-5000. The Sharp PC-5000 was a pioneering laptop computer, announced by Sharp Corporation of Japan in November 1983. It employed a clamshell design in which the display closes over the keyboard, like the earlier GRiD Compass and contemporary Gavilan SC.

The PC-5000 was largely IBM PC-compatible, with the same 4.77-MHz Intel 8088 processor as the IBM PC, and ran MS-DOS 2.0 (in ROM). It had 128 kilobytes of internal memory (it was one of the few computers to use bubble memory), which could be expanded by the use of plug-in cartridges. The cartridge slots also accepted ROM cartridges containing software, such as the Extended BASIC programming language and the EasyPac software suite, which contained the EasyWrite II word processor, EasyReport reports program, and EasyComm terminal software for use with the internal modem. It featured a 640×80-pixel (80-character by 8-line) LCD display, a full-travel keyboard, and an external dual 5.25-inch floppy disk drive. A notable feature of the computer was its built-in thermal printer, which could also be purchased separately and attached to the machine. It is perhaps due to this attachment that the case design of the PC-5000 owes much to that of electronic typewriters of its time.

While far more portable than the popular Compaq Portable or Osborne 1 computers, the machine weighed 5 kg (11 lb).

Sharp succeeded the PC-5000 with the fully IBM-compatible PC-7000 in late 1985.

Reception
Your Computer magazine selected the PC-5000 as one of the best personal computers of 1983. Creative Computing chose the PC-5000 as the best notebook portable between $1,000 and $2,500 for 1984, although criticizing the difficulty of finding the computer in stores and questionable support from Sharp and third-party vendors.

References

External links
Article about the PC-5000
Review of the PC-5000 from 1984
Vintage-computer page about the PC-5000
Old-computers page about the PC-5000
 

PC-5000
Computer-related introductions in 1983
Japanese inventions
Early laptops
Mitsubishi Ki-51. The Mitsubishi Ki-51 (Army designation "Type 99 Assault Plane"; Allied reporting name Sonia) was a light bomber/dive bomber in service with the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. It first flew in mid-1939. Initially deployed against Chinese forces, it proved to be too slow to hold up against the fighter aircraft of the other Allied powers. However, it performed a useful ground-attack role in the China-Burma-India theater, notably from airfields too rough for many other aircraft. As the War drew to a close, the Japanese began using them in kamikaze attacks. Total production was around 2,385.

On the day Hiroshima was destroyed by an atomic bomb, a Ki-51 was responsible for the last Japanese sinking of a US warship, sinking the submarine  with all hands.

Variants
 Prototypes: two built
 Service trials: 11 built
 Ki-51: 2,372 built (Manufacturers: Mitsubishi (1,462), Tachikawa Army Air Arsenal (913)) until March 1944
 Ki-51A: reconnaissance version.
 Ki-51B: assault version with armor and bomb racks to carry  of bombs. It could also be fitted with an aerial camera.
 Mansyu Ki-71: three prototypes built by Mansyu with retractable landing gear, did not enter production.

Operators

 Imperial Japanese Army Air Force

 Communist Chinese (captured): The last 4 of around 100 Ki-51s were retired in 1953.

 French Air Force - At least two Ki-51 was used by French Air Force in Indochina during First Indochina War.

 Indonesian Air Force - In late 1945, the Indonesian People's Security Army (TKR) captured some aircraft at former Japanese bases, including Bugis Air Base in Malang. Most aircraft were destroyed during the Indonesian National Revolution of 1945–1949. Two Yokosuka K5Y "Cureng" and a Ki-51 "Guntei" carried out a bombing operation against the Dutch on 29 July 1947.

 Following independence, transferred from the Soviet Union.

 Used by South Korean Airforce during Korean War

Surviving aircraft

The only complete survivor of Ki-51 is part of the collection of the Dirgantara Mandala Museum in Indonesia. The aircraft was found abandoned at the Babo Airfield in West Papua province. The aircraft was likely stripped for spare parts and later abandoned. Before the aircraft was recovered, its propeller blade was cut off, with its engine cowling and cockpit canopy was missing. The aircraft was recovered from Babo airfield in 1987, was restored and then displayed with Indonesian Air Force markings at the Dirgantara Mandala Museum.

Specifications (Ki-51)

See also

Notes

Bibliography
  (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, .)

External links

 Mitsubishi Ki 51 Sonia at Warbirds Resource Group
 Mitsubishi Ki 51 Sonia at Pilotfriend
 Manual for Operating Type 99 Army Reconnaissance and Type 99 Army Assault Plane – National Diet Library

Ki-051
1930s Japanese attack aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
2-Nitrodiphenylamine. 2-Nitrodiphenylamine is an organic chemical with the formula .  It is a nitrated derivative of diphenylamine. It is a red solid, usually found in form of flakes or powder. It is polar but hydrophobic. 

Diphenylamine is used to extend the shelf-life of explosives containing nitrocellulose or nitroglycerin. Such nitrated materials release nitrogen oxides, which deteriorate the device. The diphenylamine traps NO2, affording the title compound and related species.  And the title compound further traps additional nitrogen oxides. One of its major uses is to control the explosion rate of propylene glycol dinitrate.

As a stabilizer, its major role is to eliminate the acidic nitrates and nitrogen oxides produced by gradual decomposition of nitric acid esters, which would otherwise autocatalyze further decomposition. Its amount is usually 1-2% of the mixture; higher amounts than 2% degrade the propellant's ballistic properties. The amount of the stabilizer depletes with time; remaining content of less than 0.5% (with initial 2% content) requires increased surveillance of the munition, with less than 0.2% warranting immediate disposal, as the depletion of the stabilizer may lead to autoignition of the propellant. 

Other stabilizers of a similar nature are 4-nitrodiphenylamine, N-nitrosodiphenylamine. While N-methyl-p-nitroaniline (MNA also used in IMX-101), and diphenylamine (DPA) are more commonly employed.

References

External links
 General information

Anilines
2-Nitrophenyl compounds
Dyes
Pyrotechnic chemicals
Solvent dye. A solvent dye is a dye soluble in organic solvents. It is usually used as a solution in an organic solvent. 

Solvent dyes are used to color organic solvents, hydrocarbon fuels, waxes, lubricants, plastics, and other hydrocarbon-based nonpolar materials. Fuel dyes are one use of solvent dyes. Their molecules are typically nonpolar or little polar, and they do not undergo ionization. They are insoluble in water. They form a colloidal solution in solvents. They have poor (basic dyes) to good (metal complex based) light fastness. 

Solvent dyes are used for gold imitation (and other transparent metallic effects) of metallized polyester films. Also used in marking inks, inkjet inks, glass coloration, and so on.

Names of solvent dyes are often generic, of the scheme "solvent <color> <number>", e.g. Solvent Red 24, Solvent Red 26, Solvent Red 164, Solvent Yellow 124, Solvent Blue 35, etc.

Red and yellow solvent dyes are often azo dyes, green and blue ones tend to be anthraquinone dyes.

References 

Dyes
Vanadium(III) oxide. Vanadium(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula V2O3.  It is a black solid prepared by reduction of V2O5 with hydrogen or carbon monoxide. It is a basic oxide dissolving in acids to give solutions of vanadium (III) complexes. V2O3 has the corundum structure. It is antiferromagnetic with a critical temperature of 160 K. At this temperature there is an abrupt change in conductivity from metallic to insulating. This also distorts the crystal structure to a monoclinic space group: C2/c.

Upon exposure to air it gradually converts into indigo-blue V2O4.

In nature it occurs as the rare mineral karelianite.

References

Vanadium(III) compounds
Sesquioxides
Hematite group
Transition metal oxides
Archibald Sturrock. Archibald Sturrock (30 September 1816 – 1 January 1909) was a Scottish mechanical engineer who was born at Petruchie, Angus, Scotland. He was locomotive superintendent of the Great Northern Railway from 1850 until c. 1866, having from 1840 been Daniel Gooch's assistant on the Great Western Railway.

Archibald Sturrock is often remembered for his unsuccessful experiment with steam tenders. However, his principal achievement was the opening of the Great Northern main line and the establishment of GNR's reputation for a reliable and comfortable passenger service from London to York and beyond.

Career

Dundee Foundry
Sturrock was born in 1816. His father, who was agent to the Bank of Scotland, was shocked when Sturrock, aged 15, took an apprenticeship at the Dundee Foundry. Here he was involved with the construction of a locomotive for the Dundee and Newtyle Railway and met Daniel Gooch, who was to become Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Western Railway.

Great Western Railway
Following a period with Fairbairns in Manchester, and travel abroad, Sturrock persuaded Gooch to offer him a post in the Locomotive department of the GWR in 1840. In spite of a difficult initial relationship with Brunel, Sturrock won his confidence and was appointed Works Manager at Swindon Works. Sturrock worked with Gooch, who was based in London, designing and building the Iron Duke and other GWR locomotives. When the recession of the late 1840s hit the GWR, a glowing reference from Brunel helped secure Sturrock the post of Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Northern Railway in 1850.

Great Northern Railway
During his 16 years with the GNR, Sturrock designed over a dozen classes of both passenger and goods locomotives to meet the needs of the fast-growing railway, where the transport of coal and other minerals was as important to the profitability of the line as passenger traffic. Sturrock was accountable for around 40% of expenditure and he continually battled with the chairman and board to persuade them to purchase locomotives, wagons and carriages in time to meet the growing demands of the line. In 1850 when Sturrock joined the GNR, there were 340 employees in the Locomotive Department and the locomotive mileage was 609,092. When he retired in 1866, the employees numbered 3,834 and the mileage was 4,873,113.

Yorkshire Engine Company
Sturrock had a long and active retirement in Doncaster. He was involved with the founding of the Yorkshire Engine Company and chaired the business for several years. He died in London in 1909.

References

Further reading 

 

1816 births
1909 deaths
19th-century Scottish people
People from Angus, Scotland
Locomotive builders and designers
Scottish inventors
Scottish railway mechanical engineers
Great Northern Railway (Great Britain) people
Franjo Hanaman. Franjo Hanaman (June 30, 1878 – January 23, 1941) was a Croatian inventor, engineer, and chemist, who gained world recognition for inventing the world's first applied electric light-bulb with a metal filament (tungsten) with his assistant Alexander Just, independently of his contemporaries.

Franjo Hanaman was born in the village of Drenovci in Slavonia (at the time Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary) to a Croatian family as a second child of father Gjuro Hanaman and Emilija Mandušić.

Hanaman and Just were granted the Hungarian Patent #34541 on December 13, 1904 in Budapest. His invention of tungsten filament was also applied in improving early diodes and triodes.

He died in Zagreb (at the time Kingdom of Yugoslavia).

References

1878 births
1941 deaths
People from Drenovci
Croatian inventors
Electrical engineers
Croatian chemists
Scientists from Austria-Hungary
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Engineers from Zagreb
Inventors from Austria-Hungary
Embraer Lineage 1000. The Embraer Lineage 1000 is a variant of the Embraer 190 regional jet airliner, launched as a private jet on May 2, 2006. Manufactured by the Brazilian aerospace firm Embraer until 2017, the Lineage was advertised as an "ultra-large" business jet with seating for up to 19 passengers.

Design

The Lineage 1000 is based on the Embraer 190 airliner, with added fuel tanks in the lower deck cargo hold space, nearly doubling the jet's range. It boasts a lavish interior, divided into up to five sections, including an optional bedroom, a washroom with running water, and a walk-in cargo area at the rear. Its fuselage cross-section is larger than similarly priced business jets, such as the $50.4M Global 5000, the $53.8M Falcon 7X, and the $54.5M Gulfstream G600, although smaller than other airliner conversions, such as the Boeing 737-700 based BBJ1 that costs $71.4M and the Airbus A319 based ACJ319 that costs $87.0M.

Development
The Lineage 1000 received its certification from Brazil's ANAC and from EASA in December 2008.  It was certified by the USA Federal Aviation Administration on 7 January 2009. The first Lineage 1000 was delivered on May 7, 2009.

In October 2013, Embraer introduced the Lineage 1000E, which delivers a greater range of . In addition, the new Lineage 1000E features new in-flight entertainment and cockpit options. In 2019, its unit cost was US$ 49.9 million. In August 2020 Embraer announced that it was stopping sales of the Lineage 1000.

On 6 October 2020, the Pakistan Navy announced the selection of the Lineage 1000 to replace its P-3C Orion in the maritime patrol role, with 10 converted commercial jets.

Variants 
 Lineage 1000: Standard civil version.
 Sea Sultan: Long range MPA version for the Pakistan Navy modified by Leonardo and Paramount Group.

Operators

Civil operators
 Al Jaber Aviation 
 AirX Charter
 Falcon Aviation Services
 Royal Jet
Air Hamburg
Conviasa
Flex Flight International

Military and government operators
   
 Brazilian Air Force - 2 units used as secondary presidential aircraft

 Pakistan Navy - 10 units ordered and 2 delivered in 2020 to replace their old P-3 Orion Aircraft

Aircraft deliveries

Specifications (Lineage 1000)

See also

References

External links

 Embraer Lineage 1000 homepage

2000s Brazilian business aircraft
Embraer aircraft
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 2007
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear