omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Monash University Accident Research Centre. The Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC) is a research institute in the injury prevention field. The centre is located at the Clayton Campus of Monash University in Victoria, Australia.

The centre was founded in 1987 as a joint venture between the Victorian Government and Monash University in an effort to lower the state's road toll. During its formative years, MUARC undertook significant road safety research such as an in-depth crash investigation for the Federal Office of Road Safety and an evaluation of the effectiveness of Victoria's mobile speed cameras. Its research is interdisciplinary and addresses injury prevention needs across the three main themes of Home and community safety, Workplace safety, and Transport safety.

Throughout its history, the centre has formed partnerships with key agencies across the field of injury prevention. Its Baseline Research Program is commissioned by Transport for Victoria, the TAC, VicRoads, the Department of Justice, Victoria Police, and the Department of Health and Human Services. MUARC is also a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Violence and Injury Prevention.

MUARC's headquarters feature advanced driving simulation facilities that are claimed to be unmatched in Australia. These facilities include a full car simulator, motorbike simulator, cycle simulator, portable car simulator and a truck simulator.

MUARC staff are drawn from the academic disciplines of biostatistics, computer science, human factors, medicine, nursing, epidemiology, statistics, engineering, industrial ergonomics, disaster resilience, psychology, public health, policy, and education. The centre serves as a postgraduate school offering a Doctor of Philosophy course. Its disaster resilience unit, the Monash University Disaster Resilience Initiative (MUDRI), also offers a master's degree.

References

External links
MUARC home page

Monash University
World Health Organization collaborating centres
Type 80 air-to-ship missile. Type 80 air-to-ship missile (, ASM-1) is an air-launched anti-ship missile developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. It entered service with the Japan Air Self-Defense Force in 1980. The major launch platforms for the Type 80 are the Mitsubishi F-1, JASDF F-4EJ Kai and Mitsubishi F-2.

The missile is primarily intended as an air-launched coastal defence weapon. In fact, it is somewhat more capable than this, able to engage both sea and land targets such as buildings and bridges. The Type 80 also serves as the basis of several other weapons; it forms part of the ground-launched SSM-1 system and was also developed into the Type 88 SSM (surface-to-ship missile), the Type 90 ship-to-ship missile, and the Type 91 and Type 93 ASMs.

The ASM-1 will be replaced by the ASM-3, which is currently in development.

See also

 Type 88 surface-to-ship missile
 Type 90 ship-to-ship missile
 ASM-2
 ASM-3

References

External links
https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/type-80.htm

Anti-ship missiles of Japan
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Type 93 air-to-ship missile. The Type 93 to-ship missile (93式空対艦誘導弾, ASM-2) is an air-to-ship missile developed in Japan. It was developed by using technology from the Type 88 surface-to-ship missile

This missile is used by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force.

The ASM-2 will be replaced by the ASM-3.

See also

References 

Anti-ship missiles of Japan
Anti-ship cruise missiles
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
SWTX. SWTX (Server / Workstation Technology eXtended) is a proprietary computer case and motherboard form factor used by Supermicro primarily for 4-socket servers. 

Longer but narrower than WTX, SWTX motherboards are not compatible with (E)ATX cases because of their size and mounting scheme. Likewise, ATX motherboards are not compatible with SWTX cases. 

Dimensions: from  to . Most SWTX boards seem to be in the middle of this range, around .

Motherboard form factors
Energy content of biofuel. The energy content of biofuel is the chemical energy contained in a given biofuel, measured per unit mass of that fuel, as specific energy, or per unit of volume of the fuel, as energy density.
A biofuel is a fuel produced from recently living organisms. Biofuels include bioethanol, an alcohol made by fermentation—often used as a gasoline additive, and biodiesel, which is usually used as a diesel additive. Specific energy is energy per unit mass, which is used to describe the chemical energy content of a fuel, expressed in SI units as joule per kilogram (J/kg) or equivalent units. Energy density is the amount of chemical energy per unit volume of the fuel, expressed in SI units as joule per litre (J/L) or equivalent units.

Energy and CO2 output of common biofuels

The table below includes entries for popular substances already used for their energy, or being discussed for such use.

The second column shows specific energy, the energy content in megajoules per unit of mass in kilograms, useful in understanding the energy that can be extracted from the fuel.

The third column in the table lists energy density, the energy content per liter of volume, which is useful for understanding the space needed for storing the fuel.

The final two columns deal with the carbon footprint of the fuel. The fourth column contains the proportion of CO2 released when the fuel is converted for energy, with respect to its starting mass, and the fifth column lists the energy produced per kilogram of CO2 produced. As a guideline, a higher number in this column is better for the environment. But these numbers do not account for other green house gases released during burning, production, storage, or shipping. For example, methane may have hidden environmental costs that are not reflected in the table.

Notes

Yields of common crops associated with biofuels production

Notes

See also 
 Eichhornia crassipes#Bioenergy
 Syngas
 Conversion of units
 Energy density
 Heat of combustion

References 

Biofuels technology
John B. Trevor Jr.. John Bond Trevor, Jr. (4 July 1909 – 27 August 2006) was an electrical engineer, author, trustee of the Trudeau Institute, and a director of the Pioneer Fund.

Biography 
Trevor was born in 1909. His father, John B. Trevor, Sr., was an influential immigration restrictionist. Trevor graduated Columbia College and Columbia School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry.

During World War II, he was Project Engineer in charge of developing and evaluating Shipborne Anti-Aircraft Control Systems at the Naval Research Laboratory; author of several classified books and manuals for the armed forces; decorated with the Meritorious Civilian Service Award by the United States Navy.

Trevor spent decades in the Pioneer Fund, the funder of scientific racism, as a director and treasurer. Testifying against more liberal immigration laws in 1965, Trevor warned against "a conglomeration of racial and ethnic elements" that he said led to "a serious culture decline." He was a founder of the American Coalition of Patriotic Societies, which promoted "undivided allegiance to the United States" as well as immigration restrictions.

Trevor was a trustee of the Trudeau Institute for twenty-two years. 

An accomplished sailor, he was Commodore of the St. Regis Yacht Club (1938–1939, 1962–1964, 1979–1980), and he co-authored Wind and Tide in Yacht Racing. 

He was a past president of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, as well as a past trustee of the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. He was the oldest member of the Union Club of New York City at the time of his death on August 27, 2006. His papers are stored at the University of Michigan.

References

External links
Death notice via New York Times

1909 births
2006 deaths
Columbia School of Mines alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
American eugenicists
Proponents of scientific racism
B-1 Nuclear Bomber. B-1 Nuclear Bomber is a flight simulator developed by Avalon Hill and Microcomputer Games and released in 1980 for the Apple II and other computers. The game is based on piloting a B-1 Lancer to its target and dropping a nuclear bomb. The USSR is one of the target countries.

Gameplay
The game box details a sample scenario set in the then-future of a bombing run over Moscow on July 1, 1991, which turned out to be just months before the official dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 26 of that year.

Reception
Larry Kerns reviewed B-1 Nuclear Bomber in The Space Gamer No. 33. Kerns commented that Overall, I feel that the [...] price tag is too high and the game is quickly boring. The big fancy box is a waste and although putting all three languages on one tape is an innovative idea, two-thirds of what you bought is wasted. I expected more from Avalon Hill's baby but was disappointed. I hope their other new games are better.

Chris Cummings reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that B-1 Nuclear Bomber [...] will bring hours of fun, especially to the war monger who has always wondered what it would be like to sit in the cockpit of a sophisticated flying machine and drop a nuclear load on the 'enemy'.

In March 1983 B-1 Nuclear Bomber tied for eighth place in Softlines Dog of the Year awards "for badness in computer games", Atari 8-bit computers division, based on reader submissions. A 1992 Computer Gaming World survey of wargames with modern settings gave the game zero stars out of five, stating that "its play mechanics were embarrassing when it was initially released". The magazine in 1994 said that AH's games such as B-1 "were dated even when they were released back on the old 8-bit machines".

References

External links

1980 video games
Alternate history video games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit computer games
Avalon Hill video games
Cold War video games
Commodore 64 games
Commodore PET games
CP/M games
DOS games
Flight simulation video games
Microcomputer Games games
North America-exclusive video games
Single-player video games
TI-99/4A games
TRS-80 games
Video games about nuclear war and weapons
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in 1991
Video games set in the Soviet Union
Karl Schakel. Karl Koett Schakel (October 20, 1921 - September 10, 2002) was an American engineer and rancher. He was also a director of the Pioneer Fund.

Schakel graduated from Purdue University with a degree in Aeronautical Engineering and was later a founder of a weapons systems and aeronautical engineering company. Later he was founder of a ranching-farming company operating in 12 countries on five continents.

References

External links
Pioneer Fund Founders and Former Directors

20th-century American engineers
20th-century American farmers
Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics alumni
1921 births
2002 deaths
American ranchers
Frontal protection system. A frontal protection system (FPS) is a device fitted to the front end of a vehicle to protect both pedestrians and cyclists who are involved in the unfortunate event of a front-end collision with a vehicle.

After public concerns about the safety of bull bars led to governmental pressure on SUV and 4x4 vehicle manufacturers, the Transport Research Laboratory developed a series of tests designed to ensure that minimum safety standards are met on vehicles fitted with them. This test has now become embodied within European Directive 2005/66/EC, coming into force in May 2007.

Effectively outlawing traditional metal fabricated bull bars, the new legislation has led to the development of more pedestrian-friendly products. Various manufacturers have undertaken development using softer, energy absorbing materials. However the overhead of testing has prevented many designs from coming to market.

Operation
An FPS attaches to the front of a vehicle like a bull bar, but is made of a technical composite of energy-absorbing materials. The composite technology offers an interim solution to vehicle designers, assisting them to meet EC Directive 2003/102/EC Phase 2.

Testing in 2001 showed that steel bull bars could lead to greater risk of injury. Later studies carried out by MIRA, one of the UK's leading testing-facilities, may have proved that the latest development of a vehicle Frontal Protection System can make many 4x4 vehicles safer in the event of front-end collisions with pedestrians or cyclists. Calculations based on these tests show that if fitted to a current large 4x4 vehicle, an FPS could save lives and reduce serious pedestrian-injuries.

This legislation amounts to a de facto ban on Frontal Protection Systems, due to the high cost of compliance and type testing, and the sheer complexity of the law. The type testing procedure can be seen here.

At least one small manufacturer of FPS has ceased production in the UK due to the costs of testing exceeding £100,000 per design. They now sell winch bumpers made from solid steel instead, which are not banned. The company behind the push for the change in the law, Concept Mouldings Ltd, ironically went bankrupt due to these high costs of testing.

Directive 2005/66/EC was repealed effective 24 November 2009.

See also
Pedestrian safety through vehicle design
Automobile safety
Roadkill
Off-roading
Automotive aftermarket

References

External links
http://www.frontalprotectionsystems.eu (not working)
European Directive (repealed 2009, replaced by )
Vehicle Certification Authority (VCA) 
Department of transport
Transport Research Laboratory (TRA)
Euro NCAP
RAC Foundation
Royal Society for Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA)
Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre (Thatcham)
TUV International UK

Vehicle safety technologies
Ferdinand Redtenbacher. Ferdinand Jakob Redtenbacher (July 25, 1809 in Steyr, Upper Austria – April 16, 1863 in Karlsruhe) is regarded as the founder of science-based mechanical engineering.

Life 
Redtenbacher, son of an ironmonger from Steyr, first went through an apprenticeship in commerce and accounting. After a short interlude as a technical illustrator in the "Baudirektion" (building authority) in Linz, he attended the Polytechnikum in Vienna from 1825 until 1829. He stayed there until 1834 as an assistant to Johann Arzberger. In 1835, he accepted an invitation to become a professor at the Höhere Industrieschule in Zürich, where he taught mathematics and geometry. 
In 1841 he finally became a professor in mechanics and mechanical engineering at the Polytechnikum Karlsruhe. 

In 1857 Redtenbacher became director of the entire Polytechnic School and was re-elected annually thereafter. At the same time he held the only professorship at the mechanical-technical school. He was the director of Polytechnikum Karlsruhe between 1857 and 1862, transforming it into a school of international standing.

In 1859, this school was renamed the mechanical engineering school and a new building initiated and designed by Redtenbacher was opened on the former riding arena of the dragoon barracks. 
After 1860 the number of students fell again, which can be explained by Redtenbacher's stomach illness and his irritation and differences with his professor colleagues. According to a contemporary report, his art of presentation had not been the same since 1859.

Influence 
Redtenbacher is regarded as the founder of scientific mechanical engineering. Working at the Polytechnikum Karlsruhe, he added a mathematical foundation to the previously empirical teaching. His students include such outstanding engineers as Karl Benz, Franz Reuleaux and Emil Škoda.

Works (original titles in German) 
 Theorie und Bau der Turbinen und Ventilatoren, Mannheim 1844
 Resultate für den Maschinenbau, Mannheim 1844
 Theorie und Bau der Wasser-Räder, Mannheim 1846
 Principien der Mechanik, Mannheim 1852
 Die Luftexpansions-Maschine, Mannheim 1853
 Die calorische Maschine, Mannheim
 Die Gesetze des Lokomotiv-Baues, Mannheim 1855
 Das Dynamiden-System, Mannheim 1857
 Der Maschinbau, Mannheim 1862

External links
 Biography

1809 births
1863 deaths
People from Steyr
Mechanical engineers
Engineers from the Austrian Empire
Emigrants from the Austrian Empire
Academic staff of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
TU Wien alumni
Engineers from Karlsruhe
NER Class E1. The North Eastern Railway Class E1, classified as Class J72 by the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER), is a class of small  steam locomotives designed by Wilson Worsdell for shunting.  They had inside cylinders and Stephenson valve gear.

They were a development of the earlier NER Class E (LNER Class J71)  designed by T.W. Worsdell who was Wilson Worsdell's brother.

History

Build dates

A total of 113 locomotives were built:

 1898–1899, 20 locos built by NER at Darlington Works
 1914, 20 locos built by NER at Darlington Works
 1920, 10 locos built by NER at Darlington Works
 1922, 25 locos built for NER by Armstrong Whitworth & Co
 1925, 10 locos built by LNER at Doncaster Works
 1949–1951, 28 locos built by British Railways at Darlington Works

This is a rare, possibly unique, example of a locomotive class which was built, completely unchanged, under pre-grouping, post-grouping and British Railways administration.

Numbering

British Railways numbers were:

 68670-68754 (pre-nationalisation locos)
 69001-69028 (new locos)

Preservation 
No. 69023 (Departmental No. 59) was purchased by Mr. R. Ainsworth. It is owned by the North Eastern Locomotive Preservation Group. It has worked on several preserved railways. In contrast to the normal black paint finish, this loco operates in a hybrid NER/LNER/BR apple green paint scheme. It re-entered service in 2010 and visited many heritage railways. No. 69023 is now based on the Wensleydale Railway but returns to the  NELPG's base at Hopetown Carriage Works, Darlington for winter maintenance.

References

Further reading

External links 

 The W.Worsdell J72 (NER Class E1) 0-6-0 Tank Engines LNER Encyclopedia
 NELPG 50th Anniversary North Eastern Locomotive Preservation Group

E1
0-6-0T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1898
Armstrong Whitworth locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Shunting locomotives
Fire Blade (video game). Fire Blade is a flight simulation video game released in 2002 by Kuju Entertainment. In the game, the player takes control of an advanced helicopter gunship as a part of the Fire Blade task force, which in the arc of the game's story is responsible for fighting terrorism. The enemies of the game are the United Eastern States, who are believed to be building terrorist training camps and factories for weapons of mass destruction.

Gameplay
The game is similar in many respects to ThunderHawk: Operation Phoenix. However, in Fire Blade, the player is forced to be far less cautious unless on a stealth mission and is usually pitted against far larger numbers of enemies. The main element of the game is aggressively piloting the player's attack helicopters against large enemy armored formations and completing the main mission objectives, these vary in creativity from simply blowing up a bridge to aiding a special forces team in stopping a train by parking a truck across the tracks and stopping enemy troops from moving it.

A secondary element of the game is FPS-style sniping, when the player's helicopter enters "stealth mode" the autocannon is used as a precision sniper weapon that can be used to accurately target individual soldiers, allowing the player to snipe enemy infantry much like in an FPS.

Additional fuel and ammunition for the helicopter's jet boosters and heavier armaments are acquired from destroyed enemy vehicles instead of the more conventional reloading areas from games such as the Strike Series.

Reception

The game received "mixed or average reviews" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

References

External links

2002 video games
Combat flight simulators
Xbox games
GameCube games
Helicopter video games
Kuju games
PlayStation 2 games
Midway video games
Sniper video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Graduation tower. A graduation tower (occasionally referred to as a thorn house) is a structure, used in the production of salt, that removes water from a saline solution by evaporation, increasing its concentration of mineral salts. The tower consists of a wooden wall-like frame stuffed with bundles of brushwood (typically blackthorn) that have to be changed every five to ten years, as they become encrusted with mineral deposits over time. The salt water runs down the tower and partly evaporates. At the same time, some minerals from the solution are left behind on the brushwood twigs.

Graduation towers can be found in a number of spa towns, primarily in Germany but also Poland and Austria. The mineral-rich water droplets in the air are regarded as having beneficial health effects similar to that of breathing in sea air.

Large graduation tower complexes are located in Ciechocinek and Inowrocław, Poland. Ciechocinek's entirely wooden construction was erected in the 19th century by Stanisław Staszic. The complex consists of three towers, with a total length of over 2 km. Many tourists visit it for health reasons.

Gallery

Partial list of towns and cities with graduation towers

With years of initial construction where available. Does not include modern indoor facilities found  in some spas.

France
 Saulnot (16th century)
 Arc-et-Senans (1775)

Germany
Bad Dürkheim (1736)
Bad Dürrenberg
Bad Essen
Bad Karlshafen (1986)
Bad Kissingen (16th   century)
Bad Kreuznach (1732)
Bad Kösen
Bad Münster am Stein (1729)
Bad Nauheim
Bad Oeynhausen
Bad Orb (1806)
Bad Rappenau (2008)
Bad Reichenhall (1911)
Bad Rothenfelde (1777)
Bad Salzdetfurth
Bad Salzelmen (part of Schönebeck, 1756)
Bad Salzhausen (around 1600)
Bad Salzuflen (18th century)
Bad Salzungen
Bad Sassendorf
Bad Soden (part of Bad Soden-Salmünster, 2006)
Bad Sooden-Allendorf
Bad Staffelstein
Eibach (part of Dillenburg, 2004)
Hamm (2008)
Lüneburg (1907)
Rheine (Saline Gottesgabe) 
Salzgitter-Bad (2009)
Salzkotten

Poland
Busko-Zdrój (since 2022)
Ciechocinek (three towers: 1824 to 1859)
Chorzów
Gliwice
Gołdap (since 2014)
Grudziądz (since 2006)
Inowrocław (since 2001)
Katowice (since 2018)
Konstancin-Jeziorna (since 1978)
Kraków (two towers: in Nowa Huta and Bagry districts, since 2021)
Latoszyn
Radlin (since 2014)
Radomsko (since 2022)
Rabka-Zdrój
Rymanów-Zdrój
Świnoujście (since June 2021) 
Tarnów
Ustka (since July 2020)
Wieliczka (since 2014) 
Wysowa-Zdrój
Żory (since 2023)
Ząbki (since 2022)
 
Romania
Baile Figa (2020)

United Kingdom
Ayr (2019)

References

External links



Mining equipment
Salt production