omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Riprap. Riprap (in North American English), also known as rip rap, rip-rap, shot rock, rock armour (in British English) or rubble, is human-placed rock or other material used to protect shoreline structures against scour and water, wave, or ice erosion. Riprap is used to armor shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, foundational infrastructure supports and other shoreline structures against erosion. Common rock types used include granite and modular concrete blocks. Rubble from building and paving demolition is sometimes used, as well as specifically designed structures called tetrapods or similar concrete blocks.
Riprap is also used underwater to cap immersed tubes sunken on the seabed to be joined into an undersea tunnel.

Environmental effects

Sediment effects 
Riprap causes morphological changes in the riverbeds they surround. One such change is the reduction of sediment settlement in the river channel, which can lead to scouring of the river bed as well as coarser sediment particles. This can be combatted by increasing the distance between the pieces of riprap and using a variety of sizes. 

The usage of riprap may not even stop erosion, but simply move it downstream. Additionally, the soil beneath the riprap can be eroded if the rock was just placed on top without any buffer between the layers such as a geotextile fabric or smaller riprap (crushed stone).

Changes in organic material and the ecosystem 
Riprap affects the amount of organic material in a waterbody by acting as a filter, catching wood and leaves before they can enter the water. Riprap also covers and prevents plants from growing through, which can reduce shade over the water.

Introducing ripraps creates a rocky environment which can affect the ecology of a waterbody by making the ecosystem more heterogeneous. While it can negatively affect some organisms by removing shoreline vegetation, the rock can provide important refuge for invertebrates and small fish. By preventing woody plants from growing and shading the water, riprap can also increase the amount of algae and hydrophytes.

Gallery

See also
 Dolos
 Debris
 Gabion Basket
 Rubble

References

 Ciria-CUR (2007) - Rock Manual - The use of rock in hydraulic engineering.
 N.W.H. Allsop (2002) - Breakwaters, coastal structures and coastlines.
US Dept. of Transportation (2004) -  Trail Construction and Maintenance Notebook

External links
Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources riprap guide
US Bureau of Reclamation publication on riprap for dam overtopping
Minnesota DNR
USGS Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed

Building stone
Types of wall
Earthworks (engineering)
Coastal construction
Compagnie Électro-Mécanique. Compagnie Électro-Mécanique (CEM) was a French electrical engineering manufacturer based in Paris, Le Havre, Lyon, Le Bourget, Nancy, Dijon. It was a subsidiary company of Brown, Boveri & Cie.

Production
The company produced DC motors, AC motors, generators, turbines, transformers and railway locomotives. Examples of railway locomotives included SNCF Class C 61000 and SNCF Class CC 65500.

Acquisition by Alsthom
It was acquired by Alsthom in 1983.

References

Alstom
SNCF Class C 61000. The SNCF Class C 61000 (+ TC 61100)  diesel shunters were built by Compagnie Electro-Méchanique (CEM) between 1950 and 1953. 48 locomotives were built, numbered C 61001–61048. They were used for heavy shunting duties around Le Havre.

Two traction motors were fitted to the two end axles, all the axles being coupled by coupling rods.

Slave units
In addition, twelve slave units, numbered TC 61101-61112 were built, to provide extra power. These slave units did not have a cab, thus reducing their weight.

Disposal
These locomotive have now been withdrawn from SNCF service. However, several have been preserved, and a few were sold to for further use with industry or the Paris Metro operator RATP.

References

61000 1
CEM locomotives
C locomotives
C 61000
Railway locomotives introduced in 1950
Standard gauge locomotives of France
Shunting locomotives
Cary Instruments. Cary Instruments was founded in 1946  by Howard Cary, George W. Downs and William C. Miller under the name Applied Physics Corporation.  Howard Cary previously had been vice president in charge of development for National Technologies Laboratories (later to become Beckman instruments and eventually Beckman Coulter), where he had worked on the development of the DU line of UV/Vis Spectrophotometers.

The Applied Physics Corporation, subsequently renamed to Cary Instruments company, became well known as a supplier of high-quality optical instrumentation for scientific laboratories.  The company was purchased in 1966 by Varian Associates, at which time it became known as the Cary Instruments division.  In 1982 the Cary division was merged with the Techtron division of Varian and moved to Melbourne Australia. The Cary brand is still retained to the present day for UV/Vis Spectrophotometers, Fluorometers and FTIR spectrometers, even after the acquisition of Varian, Inc. by Agilent Technologies in 2010.

Scientific instruments
The following are some of the scientific instruments developed by Cary Instruments.

References 

  NIST PDF file about the founding.
  Varian brochure.

Instrument-making corporations
Applied physics (disambiguation). Applied physics is physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use.

Applied physics may also refer to:

Scientific journals
 Applied Physics, issued as two separate publications:
 Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing
 Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics
 American Institute of Physics journals:
 Applied Physics Letters, published weekly
 Applied Physics Reviews, published annually
 Applied Physics Express, a scientific journal publishing letters

Institutions
 Applied Physics, Inc.  
 Applied Physics Corporation, now the Cary Instruments division of Varian
 Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station, U.S.A. and Japanese laboratory
 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

TV
 "Applied Physics" (Sliders), a television episode
Chew Choon Seng. Chew Choon Seng () is the former chief executive officer of Singapore Airlines (SIA), the former chairman of the Singapore Exchange and Singapore Tourism Board.

Education
After completing his degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Singapore, Chew graduated with a Master of Science in operations research and management studies from Imperial College London.

Career
Chew joined SIA in 1972 and held senior assignments for Administration, covering finance, treasury, corporate planning, human resources, legal and corporate affairs in Tokyo, Rome, Sydney, Los Angeles and London. After heading the Planning and Marketing divisions at the airline's corporate headquarters, he was appointed CEO in June 2003.

Chew also served as the chairman of the Singapore Aircraft Leasing Enterprise and was the directors of various SIA subsidiaries including Singapore Airport Terminal Services, SIA Engineering Company, and Virgin Atlantic, in which SIA previously held a 49 per cent equity stake. He was the chairman of SilkAir, a fully owned subsidiary of SIA when SilkAir Flight 185 crashed on 19 December 1997 en route from Jakarta's Soekarno–Hatta International Airport to Singapore Changi Airport.

Chew relinquished his position as chief executive officer (CEO) of Singapore Airlines (SIA) at the end of 2010 and assuming the post of Chairman at Singapore Exchange (SGX) and Singapore Tourism Board (STB) and board member of Government of Singapore Investment Corporation.

Chew was named the Leading Singapore CEO in the fifth Annual Thomson Reuters Extel Asia Pacific Survey in 2011.

On 22 September 2016, Chew retired from the board of SGX.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Raffles Institution alumni
Singaporean chief executives
Singaporean businesspeople
Singapore Airlines people
Alumni of Imperial College London
Living people
Stockpile. A stockpile is a pile or storage location for bulk materials, forming part of the bulk material handling process.

Stockpiles are used in many different areas, such as in a port, refinery or manufacturing facility.  The stockpile is normally created by a stacker.  A reclaimer is used to recover the material.  Stockpiles are normally stacked in stockyards in refineries, ports and mine sites.

A simple stockpile is formed by machinery dumping coal into a pile, either from dump trucks, pushed into heaps with bulldozers or from conveyor booms. More controlled stockpiles are formed using stackers to form piles along the length of a conveyor, and reclaimers to retrieve the coal when required for product loading, etc.

Individuals may also choose to stockpile certain commodities (e.g. food, medical supplies), that they fear may not be available to purchase in the future. For example, in March 2019, one in ten British shoppers were reported to be stockpiling food prior to Brexit.

In the construction field stockpile volume measurement is a monthly work program. We can calculate volume of a stockpile manually or by using different types of software. Calculating the volume of a stockpile manually does not require any software. Software used to calculate stockpile volumes can either be proprietary, such as Microsoft Excel and Autocad, or Libre, such as Libre Office Calc and OpenSCAD

See also
 Nuclear stockpile
 Coal preparation plant

References

External links 

Bulk material handling
William Frishmuth. William Frishmuth (April 22, 1830–August 1, 1893) was a German-born American architect and metallurgist.

William Frishmuth was born Johann Wilhelm Gottfried Frischmuth in 1830 in Coburg in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (now Germany). Frishmuth studied with Friedrich Wöhler in Germany; aluminum is a metal not found in a pure state in nature, and the first patent for refining aluminum by electrolysis was granted to Wöhler.

In 1855 Frishmuth settled in Philadelphia and became a US citizen.  He established the Frishmuth Foundry in Philadelphia. In 1876 his Philadelphia foundry produced the first authenticated aluminum castings made in America and is believed to be the only aluminum foundry in the US until the late 1880s.  He used a chemical process, unlike the electrolytic processes used today.  One of the first castings he produced was an engineer's transit. The foundry was declared an Historical Landmark in 1985 by the American Society for Metals (now ASM International).

In 1861 Frishmuth became a special secret agent to the War Department at the request of Abraham Lincoln.  On 5 November 1861, he received authority from President Lincoln, which was confirmed by Governor Curtin of Pennsylvania, to raise a cavalry regiment.  In 1862 the regiment was raised for active service, and he was commissioned colonel of the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry; he resigned his commission on April 20, 1862.

Because Frishmuth had previously done plating work for the Washington Monument, in 1884 the Army Corps of Engineers asked Frishmuth to construct a small metal form for the top of the monument.  The small pyramid was to be artistic, and function as the terminus of a lightning rod.  Frishmuth suggested aluminum, as its color would blend well with the granite, would not stain, would polish well, and could be engraved with inscriptions.

In 1884 he cast the aluminum cap, which was the first architectural use of aluminum. Frishmuth needed 100 ounces (about 2.8 kg) of aluminum to produce the pyramid. At that time aluminum was $1.00 per avoirdupois ounce; for perspective, silver was $1.30 per troy ounce ($1.18 per avoirdupois ounce).

Through his lifetime, Frishmuth received 12 patents, mostly on electroplating and production of aluminum.

The American Foundry Society (AFS) Aluminum and Light Metals Division regularly presents the "Frishmuth Award" honoring the "Foundryman of the Year" in the aluminum and light metals foundry sector.

References

1830 births
1893 deaths
German metallurgists
Foundrymen
People from Coburg
Immigrants to the United States
19th-century American architects
People associated with the Philadelphia Museum of Art
People from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits. A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits is the title of a master's thesis written by computer science pioneer Claude E. Shannon while attending the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937, and then published in 1938. In his thesis, Shannon, a dual degree graduate of the University of Michigan, proved that Boolean algebra could be used to simplify the arrangement of the relays that were the building blocks of the electromechanical automatic telephone exchanges of the day. He went on to prove that it should also be possible to use arrangements of relays to solve Boolean algebra problems. His thesis laid the foundations for all digital computing and digital circuits.

The utilization of the binary properties of electrical switches to perform logic functions is the basic concept that underlies all electronic digital computer designs. Shannon's thesis became the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it became widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II. At the time, the methods employed to design logic circuits (for example, contemporary Konrad Zuse's Z1) were ad hoc in nature and lacked the theoretical discipline that Shannon's paper supplied to later projects.

Shannon's work also differered significantly in its approach and theoretical framework compared to the work of Akira Nakashima. Whereas Shannon's approach and framework was abstract and based on mathematics, Nakashima tried to extend the existent circuit theory of the time to deal with relay circuits, and was reluctant to accept the mathematical and abstract model, favoring a grounded approach. Shannon's ideas broke new ground, with his abstract and modern approach dominating modern-day electrical engineering.

The paper is commonly regarded as the most important master's thesis ever due to its insights and influence. Pioneering computer scientist Herman Goldstine described Shannon's thesis as "surely... one of the most important master's theses ever written... It helped to change digital circuit design from an art to a science." In 1985, psychologist Howard Gardner called his thesis "possibly the most important, and also the most famous, master's thesis of the century". The paper won the 1939 Alfred Noble Prize.

A version of the paper was published in the 1938 issue of the Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

References

External links
Full text at MIT

Computer science papers
Information theory
Applied mathematics
1937 in science
1937 documents
Claude Shannon
Theses
Gordon Agnew. Gordon B. Agnew is a Canadian engineering professor at the University of Waterloo. Agnew's primary research interests are in the fields of encryption and data security.

Education 
Agnew earned a B.A.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Waterloo in 1978 and a Ph.D. in 1982.

Career 
After earning his PhD, Agnew joined the electrical and computer engineering department of University of Waterloo. Agnew also co-founded Certicom, which was later acquired by BlackBerry Limited. Agnew joined Peer Ledger as Co-CEO in 2019. 

Agnew is a Foundation Fellow of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications and is a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering.

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links
Faculty information

Canadian computer scientists
University of Waterloo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Canadian Academy of Engineering
Miargyrite. Miargyrite, formerly known as ruby blende or garnet blende is a mineral, a sulfide of silver and antimony with the formula AgSbS2. It is a dimorph of cuboargyrite. Originally discovered in the Freiberg district of Germany in 1824, it has subsequently been found in many places where silver is mined. It usually occurs in low temperature hydrothermal deposits. and forms black metallic crystals which may show a dark red internal reflection. The streak is also red.

Miargyrite is named from the Greek meyon, "smaller" and argyros, "silver", as its silver content is lower than most silver sulfides.

References 

Silver minerals
Antimony minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Blendes
Ralph Robins. Sir Ralph Harry Robins FREng (born 16 June 1932), was the CEO of Rolls-Royce. He served 20 years on the board of Rolls-Royce, retiring in 2003 after 10 years as chairman.  After retiring from Rolls-Royce, he was appointed a non-executive director of Marshall Group in 2004.

He graduated from Imperial College London and joined Rolls-Royce as a graduate apprentice in 1955.  During his career he worked on the development of civil aero engines, was executive vice president of the company’s American operations, managing director of its Industrial and Marine Division and Commercial Director of the company. Robins is a former chairman of the National Defence Industries Council, former president of the Society of British Aerospace Companies and a director of several international companies. He was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1988.  He is a deputy lieutenant of Derbyshire and a Freeman of the City of London.

References

Alumni of Imperial College London
Knights Bachelor
Rolls-Royce people
Living people
Deputy lieutenants of Derbyshire
1932 births
Sharp X1. The , sometimes called the Sharp X1 or CZ-800C, is a series of home computers released by Sharp Corporation from 1982 to 1988. It is based on a Zilog Z80 CPU.

The RGB display monitor for the X1 had a television tuner, and a computer screen could be superimposed on TV. All the TV functions could be controlled from a computer program. The character font was completely programmable (PCG) with 4-bit color, and was effectively used in many games. The entirety of the VRAM memory was mapped on to the I/O area, so it was controlled without bank switching. These features made the X1 very powerful for game software.

Development 
Despite the fact that the Computer Division of Sharp Corporation had released the MZ series, suddenly the Television Division released a new computer series called the X1. At the time the original X1 was released, all other home computers generally had a BASIC language in ROM. However the X1 did not have a BASIC ROM, and it had to load the Hu-BASIC interpreter from a cassette tape. On the plus side however, this concept meant that a free RAM area was available that was as big as possible when not using BASIC. This policy was originally copied from the Sharp MZ series, and they were called clean computers in Japan. The cabinet shape of X1 was also much more stylish than others at that time and a range of cabinet colors (including Red) was selectable.

Sharp never released an MSX computer in Japan. Some X1 developers were proud to develop their own technology, and they didn't want to work with Microsoft who attempted to create a unified standard. However, the Brazilian subsidiary of Sharp, Epcom, released an MSX computer named Hotbit HB-8000 in Brazil.

History 
While X1 was struggling to sell, the PC8801 (from NEC) was quickly becoming popular in the Japanese market. In 1984, Sharp released the  series with high-resolution graphics (640x400, while X1 had 640x200). It had many improvements, but the clock speed was still only 4 MHz. In 1986, Sharp released the X1 turbo Z series with a 4096 color analog RGB monitor. An X1 twin, which had a PC-Engine in the cabinet, was released as the last machine of the X1 series in 1987. The X1 series was succeeded by the X68000. 

In the late 2000s, Sharp sold desktop PC/TV combos in Japan through its Internet Aquos line, where an X1-style red color scheme was available.

References

X1
Z80-based home computers
Home video game consoles
Computer-related introductions in 1982
German submarine U-736. German submarine U-736 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II. Her keel was laid down on 29 November 1941 by Schichau-Werke of Danzig. She was commissioned on 16 January 1943 with Oberleutnant zur See Reinhard Reff in command.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-736 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-736 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
U-736 was severely damaged on 24 May 1944 by a Consolidated Liberator from No. 224 Squadron RAF, aircraft letter 'C', and then shot down a British Vickers Wellington aircraft.

Fate
U-736 was sunk on 6 August 1944 in the Bay of Biscay west of St. Nazaire, in position , by Squid depth charges from ; there were 19 survivors and 28 dead.

The U-boat captain, Oberleutnant zur See Reinhard Reff, had fired a torpedo at HMS Loch Killin and the periscope was spotted by a port lookout. Action stations rang out through the ship and depth charges shot out in record time. The torpedo was destroyed by the explosion, which was so violent that it forced the damaged U-736 to surface under the stern of the frigate. For a few minutes both vessels were locked together and the survivors of the crew scrambled onto the quarterdeck of Loch Killin to the bewilderment of the frigate's crew. Then U-736 slipped away taking the other crew members to the bottom. The prisoners were disembarked to another warship returning to England and Loch Killin continued on patrol.

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
World War II submarines of Germany
Shipwrecks in the Bay of Biscay
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk in 1944
1943 ships
U-boats sunk by British warships
Ships built in Danzig
Ships built by Schichau
Maritime incidents in August 1944
SIPP. SIPP may refer to:

 Self-invested personal pension, a type of United Kingdom pension plan
 Simple Internet Protocol Plus, former name of IPv6
 SIPP memory, single in-line pin package, a type of computer memory
 Standard Interline Passenger Procedure, ACRISS vehicle category codes
 Survey of Income and Program Participation, a survey of household income and transfer payments
 SIPp, test tool / traffic generator for Session Initiation Protocol
 "The Sipp" or Sipp, shortened form of Mississippi, a state of the United States of America 
 Stable Image Platform Program initiative from Intel