omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Marie Louise Kold. Marie Louise Kold is an artist who works with the patination and etching of metals. She is Danish, born in Århus, Denmark in 1974, but lives and works in Sweden.

Her works vary from single squares of bronze, copper or brass, patterned and coloured by immersion in acids, or by having their aging process speeded up through natural and chemical means, to complex portraits made up of thousands of small squares, given individual patination by various processes.

Her use of multi-layering, juxtaposition and interlacing of copper foil with metal plate, is also an intrinsic part of her artistic process. Recurrent themes in her art are etched quotations from writers such as the Danish Karen Blixen and Hans Christian Andersen, art-nouveau reminiscent angels, and large letters, framed by waves of colours brought out of the metal itself.

Major exhibitions include solos in Galleri Svenshög in Lund and Galleri New Form in Trelleborg, both in Sweden, as well as Illums Bolighus on Strøget, Copenhagen and Nordic Council of Ministers' Gallery, also in Copenhagen.

External links
Official website
Saatchi Gallery website
Nordic Ministers' Gallery
Sydsvenskan - Southern Sweden newspaper

21st-century Danish artists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Artists from Aarhus
Shock pulse method. Shock pulse method (SPM) is a technique for using signals from rotating rolling bearings as the basis for efficient condition monitoring of machines. From the innovation of the method in 1969 it has been further developed and broadened and is a worldwide accepted philosophy for condition monitoring of rolling bearings and machine maintenance.

Difference between shock pulse and vibration 

Consider a metal ball hitting a metal bar. At the moment of impact, a pressure wave spreads through the material of both bodies (1). The wave is transient (quickly damps out). When the wave front hits the shock pulse transducer, it will cause a dampened oscillation of the transducer's reference mass. The peak amplitude is a function of the impact velocity (v).

During the next phase of the collision, both bodies start to vibrate (2). The frequency of this vibration is a function of the mass and the shape of the colliding bodies.

Processing shock pulse signals 

A shock pulse transducer reacts with a large amplitude oscillation to the weak shock pulses, because it is excited at its resonance frequency of 32 kHz. Machine vibration, of a much lower frequency, is filtered out.

The first frame shows the symbol for a transducer and, below, the vibration signal from the machine, with superimposed transients at the resonance frequency, caused by shock pulses. The second frame shows the electric filter which passes a train of transients at 32 kHz. Their amplitudes depend on the energy of the shock pulses. The transients are converted into analogue electric pulses. The last frame shows the converted shock pulse signal from the bearing, now consisting of a rapid sequence of stronger electric pulses.

Shock pulse patterns 

The filtered transducer signal reflects the pressure variation in the rolling interface of the bearing. When the oil film in the bearing is thick, the shock pulse level is low, without distinctive peaks. The level increases when the oil film is reduced, but there are still no distinctive peaks. Damage causes strong pulses at irregular intervals.

Measuring operating condition 
The shock pulse meters measure the shock signal on a decibel scale, at two levels. A micro processor evaluates the signal. It needs input data defining the bearing type (ISO number) and the rolling velocity (RPM and bearing diameter).

Surface damage in bearings causes a large increase in shock pulse strength, combined with a notable change in the characteristics between stronger and weaker pulses. Shock values are thus immediately translated into measurements of relative oil film thickness or surface damage, whichever applies.

See also
Condition monitoring
Machining vibrations
Spectrum analyzer

References

Further reading

 BS ISO 18431-4: "Mechanical vibration and shock. Signal processing – Shock response spectrum analysis" (2007)

Maintenance
Superior Engines & Compressors. Superior Engines is a brand of industrial combustion engines that has a history which stretches back to 1889 when Patrick J Shouvlin opened a small industrial engineering shop in Springfield, Ohio. In an effort to capitalize on the growing need for oil pumping engines, P. J. Shouvlin developed and sold his first gas engine for oilfield pumping applications. Twenty-five years later, the Superior Gas Engine Company was selling a line of engines which ranged from 20 to .

Throughout the 1920s the company employed a staff of roughly 500 individuals and was said to be the largest singly owned company in the world according to the Clark County Historical Society.

In the early 1960s a line of Superior compressors specifically designed to operate with Superior gas engines was manufactured. In addition, these Superior compressors could also be operated with a turbine or motor-driven. Throughout the 1960s, refinements to existing engine and compressor lines continued. As part of these enhancements, twelve- and sixteen-cylinder V-engines were developed. These engines ranged from 400-2,650 horsepower and could be used for powering compressors, generators, blowers or pumps. Cooper Machinery Services is the current original equipment manufacturer for Superior engines and compressors.

References

External links
 Cooper Machinery Services
 

Engineering companies of the United States
Silver tetrafluoroborate. Silver tetrafluoroborate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgBF4. It is a white solid, although commercial samples often are gray, that dissolves in polar organic solvents as well as water.

Preparation
Silver tetrafluoroborate can be prepared by several methods.  A simple route entails dissolving silver carbonate in aqueous [[tetrafluoroboric acid. It can also be produced by treating silver(I) fluoride with boron trifluoride in nitromethane solution.  The reaction between boron trifluoride and a benzene suspension of silver oxide is yet another route, one that exploits the solubility of the compound in benzene.  This method however affords silver fulminate, a sensitive explosive.

Laboratory uses
In the inorganic and organometallic chemistry laboratory, silver tetrafluoroborate, sometimes referred to "silver BF-4", is a used as a reagent to remove halide ligands and to oxidize electron-rich complexes. In dichloromethane, silver tetrafluoroborate is a moderately strong oxidant. Similar to silver hexafluorophosphate, it is commonly used to replace halide anions or ligands with the weakly coordinating tetrafluoroborate anions. The abstraction of the halide is driven by the precipitation of the corresponding silver halide.

Structure

According to X-ray crystallography, the solid compound consists of Ag+ centers bound to four fluoride sites of the BF4-.

References

Tetrafluoroborates
Silver compounds
Oxidizing agents
NDN. NDN can mean:

 NDN (gene), a gene found on chromosome 15 in humans and chromosome 7 in mice
 Named data networking, a NSF-funded future internet architecture research project 
 New Democrat Network,  an American think tank that promoted centrist Democratic candidates
 Nigel Desmond Norman (1929–2002), British aircraft designer, his company NDN Aircraft, and their products:
 NDN Firecracker, a single-engine aircraft designed as a military trainer
 NDN Fieldmaster, a British agricultural aircraft of the 1980s
 Shorthand spelling for Indian, a term that some Native Americans in the United States and some First Nations peoples in Canada use to refer to themselves
 Necromancer's DOS Navigator, an orthodox file manager for DOS
 Northern Distribution Network, part of NATO logistics in the Afghan War
 Neodymium nitride, a chemical with the symbol NdN.

Native American slang
Hanson Clarinet Company. Hanson Clarinet Company is a manufacturer of woodwind instruments  noted for the clarinets made in its workshops in Marsden, West Yorkshire. It is the largest manufacturer of clarinets in the United Kingdom.

In May 2010, Hanson Clarinet was awarded the world’s first Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Chain of Custody certificate for using African Blackwood in its products. Hanson Clarinets launched the world’s first FSC-certified clarinets by late 2010. The FSC-certified wood is harvested in Tanzania.

References

External links
 

Clarinet manufacturing companies
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Kirklees
FlexiScale. FlexiScale is a utility computing platform launched by XCalibre Communications in the summer of 2007, and subsequently acquired by Flexiant. Launched shortly after Amazon's EC2 service, it was Europe's first and the world's second cloud computing platform. Users are able to create, start, and stop servers as they require allowing rapid deployment where needed. Both Windows and Linux are supported on the FlexiScale platform.

FlexiScale uses the open source Xen hypervisor. Backend storage comes from a highly redundant SAN, although the level of redundancy was called into question in August 2008, with more than 2 days of downtime resulting from an engineer mistake.  The storage system previously consisted of a dual head NetApp storage array with the disk shelves connected to both heads.  This was replaced with the launch of FlexiScale 2.0 in June 2010 with an "Amber Road" based storage solution from Sun Microsystems.

There have been a few revisions of the FlexiScale platform, from publicly available information the first version was based on the Virtual Iron VM management software.  The second revision (called FlexiScale v1.5) of the platform was based on a in-house developed VM control system, now known as Extility. The most recent release (called FlexiScale v2.0) contributed an extensively revised User Interface.

References

External links 
 FlexiScale main website

Web services
Cloud infrastructure
TPI Specialties. TPI Specialties is the name of an auto parts manufacturer specializing in air induction and fuel delivery parts, with a particular emphasis on GM Tuned Port Injection applications.

History
TPI Specialties was founded by Myron Cottrell, a professional engine builder, who had bought a new Chevrolet Corvette in 1985 and was intrigued by the potential for improvement in its Tuned Port Injection fuel injection system.  Once Cottrell had sufficiently learned the intricacies of the system, he began producing aftermarket parts intended to improve power production by these engines.  Today Cottrell is considered an authority on the subject of automotive fuel injection systems.

Products
 Fuel Flow Regulators
 Intake Manifolds
 Fuel Injector Manifolds
 Fuel Injectors
 Throttle Bodies
 Headers
 Camshafts
 Cylinder Heads
 Suspension Components

Market
Today TPI Specialties presents itself as a market leader in the field of aftermarket fuel injection systems, and is frequently referenced as such in such publications as Hot Rod Magazine and Car Craft magazine.

External links
Company website

Notes

Automotive motorsports and performance companies
DIY culture
Companies based in Minnesota
Charles H. Norton House. The Charles H. Norton House, also known as Sharpenhoe, is a historic house at 132 Redstone Hill in Plainville, Connecticut.  Built in 1922, this brick Georgian Revival house was the home of inventor and machinist Charles Hotchkiss Norton (1851–1942), a Plainville native, from 1922 until his death.  The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with Norton, who designed heavy-duty precision grinding machines important for development of the automobile industry.

Description and history
Sharpenhoe, as it was called by Norton, is a two-story brick structure with a hip roof and three chimneys.  The main facade is six bays in width, with windows of varying sizes in most of the bays.  The right-center bay on both floors is taken up by a single double-casement window with a round-arch top, while the first floor of the left-center bay has the main entrance.  The door is topped by a half-round transom window, and is sheltered by a gable-roof portico supported by columns and pilasters.  Three gable-roof dormers pierce the front of the roof, while another dormer is worked between the two chimneys on the right side, with round-arch decorative brickwork.  The building is not of particular architectural significance; its designer and builder are not known.

Charles Norton was born in Plainville to a cabinetmaker in 1851, and apprenticed at the Seth Thomas Clock Company at age 15.  He worked there until he was 35, rising to manager, and mastering the principles of the manufacture of interchangeable parts.  He was then employed in Providence, Rhode Island at Brown & Sharpe, where he mastered the manufacture of precision grinding equipment.  In his later years he applied this expertise broadly to all manner of manufacturing processes, with particular emphasis on the nascent automobile industry in the early decades of the 20th century.  Sharpenhoe is the home to which he retired, and where he spent the last 20 years of his life.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut

References

National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
Houses completed in 1922
Norton Charles
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Plainville, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut
HMAS Gascoyne (M 85). HMAS Gascoyne (M 85), named after the Gascoyne River, was the fourth of six Huon-class minehunters built for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) and remained in service until 2024. Built by a joint partnership between Australian Defence Industries (ADI) and Intermarine SpA, Gascoyne was constructed at ADI's Newcastle shipyard, and entered service in 2000.

Design and construction

In 1993, the Department of Defence issued a request for tender for six coastal minehunters to replace the problematic Bay-class minehunters. The tender was awarded in August 1994 to Australian Defence Industries (ADI) and Intermarine SpA, which proposed a modified Gaeta-class minehunter.

Gascoyne has a full load displacement of 732 tons, is  long, has a beam of , and a draught of . Main propulsion is a single Fincantieri GMT BL230-BN diesel motor, which provides  to a single controllable-pitch propeller, allowing the ship to reach . Maximum range is  at , and endurance is 19 days. The standard ship's company consists of 6 officers and 34 sailors, with accommodation for 9 additional (typically trainees or clearance divers). The main armament is a MSI DS30B 30 mm cannon, supplemented by two 0.50 calibre machine guns. The sensor suite includes a Kelvin-Hughes Type 1007 navigational radar, a GEC-Marconi Type 2093M variable-depth minehunting sonar, an AWADI PRISM radar warning and direction-finding system, and a Radamec 1400N surveillance system. Two Wallop Super Barricade decoy launchers are also fitted.

For minehunting operations, Gascoyne uses three  Riva Calzoni azimuth thrusters to provide a maximum speed of : two are located at the stern, while the third is sited behind the variable-depth sonar. Mines are located with the minehunting sonar, and can be disposed of by the vessel's two Double Eagle mine disposal vehicles, the Oropesa mechanical sweep, the Mini-Dyad magnetic influence sweep, or the towed AMASS influence sweep (which is not always carried). To prevent damage if a mine is detonated nearby, the ships were built with a glass-reinforced plastic, moulded in a single monocoque skin with no ribs or framework. As the ships often work with clearance divers, they are fitted with a small recompression chamber.

Constructed by Australian Defence Industries, Gascoyne was launched on 11 March 2000, and commissioned on 2 June 2001.

Operational history
On the morning of 13 March 2009, Gascoyne was one of seventeen warships involved in a ceremonial fleet entry and fleet review in Sydney Harbour, the largest collection of RAN ships since the Australian Bicentenary in 1988. The minehunter was one of the thirteen ships involved in the ceremonial entry through Sydney Heads, and anchored in the harbour for the review.

In October 2013, Gascoyne participated in the International Fleet Review 2013 in Sydney.

In October 2024, Gascoyne participated in the 2024 Fleet Review in Sydney.

Gascoyne was decommissioned at HMAS Waterhen, Sydney on 5/12/2024.

Citations

References

External links

 

Huon-class minehunters
Ships built in New South Wales
2000 ships
Minehunters of Australia
Advance Thresher/Emerson-Newton Implement Company. The Advance Thresher/Emerson-Newton Implement Company buildings in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, are a pair of buildings designed by Kees and Colburn.  The two buildings are united under a common cornice and appear to be a single structure.  However, the two buildings were actually built four years apart.  The Advance Thresher Company building was built in 1900 and has six floors.  The adjacent Emerson-Newton Plow Company building was built in 1904 and has seven floors.

The architecture of the buildings was influenced by Louis Sullivan.  They are ornamented with terra cotta details that are more Classical Revival in nature.  The buildings were renovated into offices in the 1980s.  As of August 2024, the buildings house a Canopy by Hilton hotel and two restaurants. They are listed on the National Register of Historic Places for local significance in architecture for exemplifying the Sullivanesque style influencing large industrial and commercial buildings at the turn of the 20th century.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Industrial buildings completed in 1904
National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis
Industrial buildings completed in 1900
Buildings and structures completed in 1904
Agricultural machinery manufacturers of the United States
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company
Auction software. Auction software is application software, that can either be deployed on a desktop, on a web server or as a smart contract on a blockchain virtual machine. This software is used by auctioneers and participants of online auctions such as eBay. Smart contracts replace an auctioneer's server, if the auctioneer is not trusted.

Online Auction companies have opened up their applications to third party application developers to extend the capabilities and increase revenue. API interfaces were developed using XML which enable third party developers to build applications that use the back-end of the online auction.

Economic experiments
Economists use special software to study human behavior in auctions by running auctions in a lab. There are diverse software tools for laboratory economic experiments, which allow fast programming of auctions. For instance, z-Tree programming language allows programming an experimental double auction in less than a day. This practise led to appearance of multiple scientific publications exposing results for generalized second price auctions, Dutch auctions, all-pay auctions and other auction types.

Auction websites

Auction websites reside in three categories according to the business model. These are B2B (Business to Business), B2C (Business to Customer),  and  C2C (Customer to Customer). eBay website serves all three business models. SAP Ariba website is dedicated to B2B. Ariba patented its auction software technology and won a case worth over $6M against Emptoris Inc. in 2009.

Smart-contract based auction
Blockchains with smart contract like Ethereum functionality allow definition, execution and enforcement of auctions between untrusted parties without the involvement of a trusted third party. A smart contract is code that is executed on top of the blockchain. Blockchain auction ensure transparency and prevent cheating by auctioneers and collusion by bidders.

Auction sniping software
Auction sniping can be done by software on the bidder's computer, or by an online sniping service. eBay Germany banned automated sniping services in 2002, but the ban was declared illegal by Berlin's County Court, and revoked.

General game playing
General game playing was also proposed for trading agents in supply chain management thereunder price negotiation in online auctions from 2003 on. Hereby, an auction can be described in a game description language.

References

External links
Online Auction Research Report (1999)

 
Best2Bid leading auction system for Asia market
Space trade. Space trade is hypothetical interplanetary or interstellar trade. It has been discussed by futurists and other pundits since the 1960s.

A motivator for colonization of Mars 

Several people have considered trade within the Solar System as one of the ways in which the colonization of Mars is both important and can be made self-sufficient. Robert Zubrin, of Lockheed Martin Astronautics, in a paper on the economic viability of colonizing Mars, puts forward interplanetary trade as one way in which a hypothetical Martian colony could become rich, pointing out that the energy relationships between the orbits of Earth, Mars, and the asteroid belt place Mars in a far better position for involvement in any future asteroid mining trade than Earth.

Jim Plaxco, in a paper putting forward the case for colonizing Mars, mentions that Phobos and Deimos can be developed, in the long term, from being short-term testbeds for the techniques of asteroid mining and staging posts for colonization of Mars itself, into key trading posts in interplanetary trade, again because of their favourable position within the Solar System.

Issues
It is theorized that if different locations within the Solar System become inhabited by humans, they would need to transport valuable resources between different planets, moons and asteroids. The asteroid belt is theorized to become a source of valuable ores that may develop into industrial asteroid mining infrastructure, whereas Earth may export hi-tech production. The factor of energy-efficiency of interplanetary transportation may become very important to estimate economic value of a trade route.

John Hickman identified the principal obstacle to developing space trade as the distances involved, which will reduce all or nearly all trade to the exchange of intangible goods. That threatens the possibility of conducting business in a genuinely common currency and of enforcing debt agreements incurred by governments.

A 2009 article explored tax implications.

Commercial spaceports 

Building high-capacity commercial spaceports may require connection with other modes of transportation, such as railroad or sea, which would make spaceports another dimension of national economy. One analysis of commercial, technical, and logistical concerns for an operating spaceport, formulated by the Spaceport Technology Development Office of NASA, is Vision Spaceport.

See also 
Helium-3 (although it cannot currently be exploited as an energy source, that may change in the future if fusion power is developed)
Space-based solar power
Space manufacturing
International Institute of Space Commerce

References

Further reading 
 
 
 

Trade
Spaceflight economics
Trade routes
Trade