omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Plasma effect. The plasma effect is a computer-based visual effect animated in real-time. It uses cycles of changing colours warped in various ways to give an illusion of liquid, organic movement.

the plasma effect involves manipulating color values over time and space, often using a gradient color palette that shifts to produce a dynamic, animated visual. By combining several sine waves across the x and y axes, the effect achieves a smooth and continuous look. In some implementations, color palettes are used to shift the hue of the entire effect, creating a flowing and vibrant motion.

This effect can be achieved programmatically by generating pixel values based on mathematical formulas. It is a popular technique in shaders and graphical effects to create visually appealing animations.

Plasma is the name of a VGA graphics demo created by Bret Mulvey in 1988 and released on CompuServe. It uses a diamond-square algorithm to generate a 2D pattern, and then cycles the colors using hardware palette in its 256-color mode.

Plasma was picked up by demo coders for their demos where the effect was heavily used, especially in the early 1990s. The effect was particularly common on the Amiga where it could be implemented very efficiently with its display hardware features. Plasma can also be implemented easily in software rendering by using  sinus tables and pseudocolor palettes, and it has also been the first true demo effect for many beginning PC democoders.

The fractal software Fractint also incorporates an algorithm known as "plasma", which, when combined with the color cycling feature of the software, can provide a result which resembles a typical plasma effect used in demos. The technical basis, however, is completely different, and a color cycling plasma is somewhat less dynamic than a demo plasma.

Similar effects can be implemented on modern GPUs using pixel shaders.

Synopsis 

As there are many "hacked" approaches for implementing a plasma effect, this outline of an algorithm will just describe the theoretical basis for the effect. In order to achieve a sufficiently fast and good-looking real-time implementation (especially on the limited hardware available at the time this effect was at the height of its popularity in the 1990s), one would often do "non-correct" approximations to this algorithm. This, however, can often be done without noticeable visual differences.

This algorithm is given in two dimensions, but could easily be adopted to any number of dimensions or any number of color channels.

Let  be a multi-frequency noise function of two variables (e.g., a Perlin noise function). Let each color component  at the pixel  be a linear function of the expression . Increasing the value of the constant  tends to increase the steepness of the color gradients in the image.

See also 

Diamond-square algorithm is the fractal used by the original Plasma demo, and is now often called the plasma fractal which was the name given to it in Fractint.

References

External links 
 Page explaining how the effect is built and including a JavaScript animation

Demo effects
Ship Self-Defense System. The Ship Self-Defense System (SSDS) is a combat system specifically designed for anti-air defense of aircraft carriers, and most other non-Aegis United States Navy combat ships.  It coordinates several existing shipboard systems. Multi-sensor integration, parallel processing and the coordination of hard and soft kill countermeasure capabilities are key components of the SSDS. Responses to airborne threats are based on automated or man-in-the-loop engagement doctrine.

The SSDS system coordinates many sensors, self-defense weapons and countermeasures installed aboard United States Navy ships. The main objective of SSDS is countering sea-skimming anti-ship missile threats, but it can also engage high-diving anti-ship missiles and aircraft. A major advantage SSDS holds over other defense systems is the integration of many disparate sensors and the ability to automate the fire control loop to shorten overall detect-to-engage timeline.

SSDS does not improve the capability of individual sensors, but it fuses the active and passive sensors to form a composite track and improve automatic target tracking. The major benefits of this combination are an improved anti-cruise missile capability and faster reaction times in the littoral battle space and using track data from the other fleet and land sensors with the Cooperative Engagement Capability.

As well as controlling the hard-kill weapons on board such as the Evolved Sea-Sparrow Missile and the Rolling Airframe Missile- the SSDS is also integrated into the soft-kill equipment, including decoys and control of the electronic warfare system. It also includes embedded software that enables the system to be used as the auto detection to engage the decision aid.

SSDS Mark 2 has six variants:
 Mod 1, used in CVN 68 class aircraft carriers
 Mod 2, used in LPD-17 class amphibious ships
 Mod 3, used in LHD-1 class amphibious ships
 Mod 4, for LHA-6 class amphibious ships
 Mod 5, for LSD-41 and LSD-49 amphibious ship classes
 Mod 6, in development for CVN 78 class aircraft carriers

The sensors that are fused into a composite picture include:
 AN/SPS-49 air search radar,
 AN/SPS-48E & G three dimensional air search radar,
 The Dual Band Radar (SPY-3 & SPY-4) on CVN 78 class,
 AN/SPQ-9B horizon search radar,
 AN/SPS-67 surface search radar,
 AN/SPS-73 surface search/navigation radar system,
 AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare system,
 Centralized Identification Friend or Foe (CIFF).

See also
 Advanced combat direction system
 H/ZKJ
 Naval Tactical Data System

References

Equipment of the United States Navy
Anti-aircraft warfare
Aircraft carriers
Ramappa Engineering College. Ramappa Engineering College is an engineering college located in the historical district of Warangal in Telangana State, India. It is affiliated with Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad  with NBA accreditation.

Ramappa Engineering College is named after the Ramappa temple located in Warangal district. The college started in 1999 with majors in Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Computer Science Engineering (CSE) and Electronics and Communications Engineering (ECE) with 60 seats each.

It now has four majors CSIT, CSE, ECE and newly added Electronics and Electrical Engineering (EEE), Mechanical Engineering(MECH), Civil Engineering (CIV).

The college has shifted from Mahabubabad to  Hanamkonda Hunter Road at Warangal District.

See also 
Education in India
Literacy in India
List of institutions of higher education in Telangana

References

External links

Engineering colleges in Telangana
Education in Warangal
1999 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 1999
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Standard Market Design. Standard Market Design is a set of established guidelines governing the sale of electrical power  and the operations of electrical transmission lines in the United States of America established by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

The objective of standard market design for wholesale electric markets is to establish a common market framework that promotes economic efficiency and lower delivered energy costs, maintains power system reliability, mitigates significant market power and increases the choices offered to wholesale market participants. All customers should benefit from an efficient competitive wholesale energy market, whether or not they are in states that have elected to adopt retail access.

References

Electric power in the United States
Cranege brothers. Thomas and George Cranege (also spelled Cranage), who worked in the ironworking industry in England in the 1760s, are notable for introducing a new method of producing wrought iron from pig iron.

Experiment of 1766
The process of converting pig iron into wrought iron (also known as bar iron) was at that time carried out in a finery forge, which was fuelled by charcoal. Charcoal was a limited resource, but coal, more widely available, could not be used because the sulphur in coal would adversely affect the quality of the wrought iron.

George Cranege worked in Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, at the ironworks established by Abraham Darby I, and his brother Thomas worked at a forge in Bridgnorth in Shropshire. They suggested to Richard Reynolds, manager of the works at Coalbrookdale, that the conversion process could be done in a reverbatory furnace, where the iron did not mix with the coal. Reynolds was sceptical, but authorized the brothers to try out the idea.

Richard Reynolds, in a letter dated 25 April 1766 to his colleague Thomas Goldney III, described his conversation with the Craneges and the experiment:
 
I told them, consistent with the notion I had adopted in common with all others I had conversed with, that I thought it impossible, because the vegetable salts in the charcoal being an alkali acted as an absorbent to the sulphur of the iron, which occasions the red-short quality of the iron, and pit coal abounding with sulphur would increase it....  They replied that from the observations they had made, and repeated conversations together, they were both firmly of opinion that the alteration from the quality of pig iron into that of bar iron was effected merely by heat, and if I would give them leave, they would make a trial some day.... A trial of it has been made this week, and the success has surpassed the most sanguine expectations.... I look upon it as one of the most important discoveries ever made....

A patent for the process, dated 17 June 1766, in the name of the brothers Cranege, was secured. It apparently made little difference to the lives of the brothers. The process was improved soon afterwards, by Peter Onions who received a patent in 1783, and by Henry Cort who received patents in 1783 and 1784 for his improvements.

References

History of metallurgy
People of the Industrial Revolution
Chi Mei Corporation. CHIMEI Corporation (; CMC) is a Taiwan-based performance materials company. It has long been known as the world’s largest vendor of ABS resins. It also produces advanced polymer materials, synthetic rubbers, and specialty chemicals.  It has factories in Tainan, Zhenjiang, and Zhangzhou.

CHIMEI Corporation is part of a privately held holding company called the CHIMEI Group, which has numerous subsidiaries. One of them is Chi Mei Optoelectronics (CMO), which was founded in 1997 as a subsidiary of Chi Mei Corporation.  Chi Mei Group was the largest shareholder in publicly listed CMO. The new Chimei Innolux Corporation (, CMI) is the world's No. 2 and Taiwan's No. 1 largest maker of TFT-LCD panels and the likely owner of Westinghouse Digital Electronics. Though CEO Douglas Woo has maintained the confidentiality of the ownership of the private Westinghouse licensee, they admit a significant vertically integrated relationship exists between the two. CHIMEI has sold Innolux shares; its stake in Innolux has fallen to 0.83 percent in Oct. 2021.  

CHIMEI has a partnership with Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation of Japan.

History
The company was founded by Shi Wen-long in 1960 as Chi Mei Industrial Company Ltd.; it was renamed CHIMEI Corporation in 1992.  It was the first acrylic sheet manufacturer in Taiwan.

In 2001, the CHIMEI Group along with IBM Japan set up International Display Technology, which it subsequently sold to Sony in 2005. Hsu Wen-lung retired in 2005, allegedly under pressure from the Chinese government.

In 2010, CHIMEI Optoelectronics, then a subsidiary of CHIMEI Corporation, pleaded guilty to a price fixing conspiracy with respect to sales of TFT-LCDs between 2001 and 2006.

See also
 Chi Mei Museum
 List of companies of Taiwan

References

External links

 

CHIMEI Group
1960 establishments in Taiwan
Companies based in Tainan
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Electronics companies established in 1960
Manufacturing companies of Taiwan
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1960
Plastics companies of Taiwan
Chemical companies established in 1960
Polythiazyl. Polythiazyl (polymeric sulfur nitride), , is an electrically conductive, gold- or bronze-colored polymer with metallic luster. It was the first conductive inorganic polymer discovered and was also found to be a superconductor at very low temperatures (below 0.26 K). It is a fibrous solid, described as "lustrous golden on the faces and dark blue-black", depending on the orientation of the sample. It is air stable and insoluble in all solvents.

History
The compound was first reported as early as 1910 by F.P. Burt, who obtained it by heating tetrasulfur tetranitride in vacuum over silver wool.

The compound was the first compound with only non-metallic elements in which superconductivity could be demonstrated. However, the relatively low transition temperature at about 0.3 K makes a practical application unlikely.

Properties 
Polythiazyl is a metallic-golden and shiny, crystalline but fibrous material. The polymer is mostly inert to oxygen and water, but decomposes in air to a grey powder. At temperatures above 240 °C explosive decomposition can occur. The compound also explodes on impact. Explosion generally proceeds via decomposition to the elements.

Polythiazyl shows an anisotropic electrical conductivity. Along the fibres or SN chains, the bond is electrically conductive, perpendicular to it acts as an insulator. The one-dimensional conductivity is based on the bonding conditions in the S-N chain, where each sulfur atom provides two π electrons and each nitrogen atom provides one π electron to form two-center 3π electron bonding units.

Two polymorphic crystal forms were observed in the compound. The monoclinic form I obtained from the synthesis can be converted into an orthorhombic form II by mechanical treatment such as grinding.

Structure and bonding
The material is a polymer, containing trivalent nitrogen, and divalent and tetravalent sulfur. The S and N atoms on adjacent chains align. Several resonance structures can be written.

The structure of the crystalline compound was resolved by X-ray diffraction. This showed alternating S–N bond lengths of 159 pm and 163 pm and S–N–S bond angles of 120 ° and N–S–N bond angles of 106 °.

Synthesis
Polythiazyl is synthesized by the polymerization of the cyclic formal dimer disulfur dinitride (), which is in turn synthesized from the formal tetramer tetrasulfur tetranitride (), in the presence of hot silver wool.  

The reaction begins when silver abstracts sulfur from  to produce a  catalyst; the resulting gaseous  is then isolated through sublimation onto a cold surface:
S4N4 + 8 Ag → 4 Ag2S + 2 N2
S4N4 (low-pressure gas at 250-300 °C; Ag2S catalyst) → 2 S2N2 (gas) → 2 S2N2 (stable solid at 77 K)
When warmed to room temperature, the additional heat induces spontaneous polymerization:
S2N2 (0 °C) → (SN)x

Uses
Due to its electrical conductivity, polythiazyl is used in LEDs, transistors, battery cathodes, and solar cells.

Literature 
King, R.S.P.: Novel chemistry and applications of polythiazyl, Doctoral Thesis Loughborough University 2009, pdf-Download

References

Inorganic polymers
Nitrides
Superconductors
Sulfur–nitrogen compounds
Conductive polymers
Landfarming. Landfarming is an ex situ waste treatment process that is performed in the upper soil zone or in biotreatment cells. Contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are transported to the landfarming site, mixed into the soil surface and periodically turned over (tilled) to aerate the mixture. Landfarming commonly uses a clay or composite liner to intercept leaching contaminants and prevent groundwater pollution, however, a liner is not a universal requirement.

Applicability
This technique has been used for years in the management and disposal of drill cuttings, oily sludge and other petroleum refinery wastes. The equipment employed in land farming is typical of that used in agricultural operations. These land farming activities cultivate and enhance microbial degradation of hazardous compounds. As a rule of thumb, the higher the molecular weight (i.e., the more rings within a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon), the slower the degradation rate. Also, the more chlorinated or nitrated the compound, the more difficult it is to degrade.

Limitations
Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process include:

large space requirements
the conditions advantageous for biological degradation of contaminants are largely uncontrolled, which increases the required length of time until complete degradation, particularly for recalcitrant compounds
inorganic contaminants are not biodegraded
the potential of large amounts of particulate matter released by operations
the presence of metal ions may be toxic to microbes and may leach from the contaminated soil into the ground.
high levels of hydrocarbon contamination (>7%) are toxic to the microbes and will not degrade
the microbes convert hydrocarbons to greenhouse gases 

Hydrocarbon compounds that have been identified as being not readily degraded by land farming include creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and bunker C oil.

References 

Environmental soil science
North–South Corridor. North–South Corridor may refer to:

India
North–South and East–West Corridor, a highway project in India
North–South Corridor (Ahmedabad Metro), a rapid mass transit railway system
North–South Corridor (West Bengal), a highway in Haldia Port to near Farrakka
Blue Line (Kolkata Metro) or North–South Metro, a mass transit rail line

Other countries
International North–South Transport Corridor, a multi-mode freight transport network in Asia and Europe
North–South Corridor, Adelaide, a road through Adelaide, South Australia
North–South Corridor, Singapore, an expressway in Singapore
North–South Corridor, a component of the Sha Tin to Central Link, a mass transit railway line in Hong Kong

See also
North–South line (disambiguation)
North–South Expressway (disambiguation)
Gato (video game). GATO is a real-time submarine simulator published in 1984 by Spectrum HoloByte for MS-DOS. It simulates combat operations aboard the Gato-class submarine  in the Pacific Theater of World War II. GATO was later ported to the Apple IIe, Atari ST, and Mac. In 1987, Atari Corporation published a version on cartridge for the Atari 8-bit computers, to coincide with the launch of the Atari XEGS.

Gameplay 

The player is tasked with chasing Japanese shipping across a 20-sector map while returning for resupply as necessary from a submarine tender. The islands are randomly generated and not based on real-world geography. Combat is conducted using a screen with a view through the periscope and at various gauges and indicators. The game has multiple difficulty levels, the highest of which requires the player to translate mission briefings that are transmitted only as audible Morse Code.

The MS-DOS and Apple IIe versions contain a boss key which replaces the game screen with a spreadsheet.

Development 
Gato was developed by student programmers in Boulder, Colorado.

Reception 
Billboard magazine reported in June 1985 Gato coming in at number 6 of a national sample of retail sales and rack sales reports.

In 1985, Computer Gaming World praised the game for being simultaneously easy to play and having deep, detailed strategy. 1991 and 1993 surveys in the magazine of strategy and war games, however, gave it one and a half stars out of five, stating that "it was adequate in its time, but not exemplary in any regard". Compute! stated that "Gato promises realism, and it delivers ... [it] lives up to its claims". Jerry Pournelle wrote favorably of the game in BYTE, stating he wished he could slow the game down, but "I've certainly wasted enough time with it ... Recommended", and that he preferred the black-and-white Macintosh version to the color IBM PC version.

Reviews
 The V.I.P. of Gaming Magazine #2 (Feb./March 1986)
 Jeux & Stratégie #34
 Jeux & Stratégie HS #3

References

External links
 
 
 Of AJAX, GATO, and Bill Scott
 Review in Games magazine

1984 video games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit computer games
Atari ST games
Cancelled Atari 7800 games
Classic Mac OS games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Pacific War video games
Single-player video games
Spectrum HoloByte games
Submarine simulation video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Oceania
Hydraulic seal. A hydraulic seal is a relatively soft, non-metallic ring, captured in a groove or fixed in a combination of rings, forming a seal assembly, to block or separate fluid in reciprocating motion applications.  Hydraulic seals are vital in machinery. Their use is critical in providing a way for fluid power to be converted to linear motion.
For example, they are widely used in hydraulic cylinders of excavators, bulldozers, cranes, and many other types of heavy equipment.

Hydraulic seals also play a crucial role in hydraulic lifting equipment, such as lift tables, by ensuring the efficient and safe operation of hydraulic cylinders.

Materials
Hydraulic seals can be made from a variety of materials such as polyurethane, rubber or PTFE. The type of material is determined by the specific operating conditions or limits due to fluid type, pressure, fluid chemical compatibility or temperature.
For instance, polyurethane seals offer good abrasion and tear resistance, while rubber seals have high elasticity and good sealing performance at low pressures. PTFE is often used in high-temperature environments or when exposed to corrosive fluids.

Classification

Hydraulic seals are classified based on their function and working conditions:

Static

A static hydraulic seal is located in a groove and sees no movement - only sealing within its confined space, acting like a gasket. To achieve this the gasket should be under pressure. The pressure is applied by tightening of the bolts.
Examples of static seals include O-rings, flange seals, and cover seals.

Dynamic

This type of seal is exposed to movement.

Rod seal:

Is installed on the piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder.
Prevents leakage of hydraulic fluid to the outside of the sealing system.
Helps prevent contamination from entering the hydraulic system (in conjunction with a wiper seal).  

Piston seal:

Is installed on the piston head.
Prevents fluid from crossing the area of the piston head.
Ensures that fluid does not leak from the cylinder and adequate pressure is maintained. 

Wiper seal:

Is installed on the outside of the cylinder.
Its main function is to prevent dirt, debris, and other contaminants from entering the hydraulic system.
Other types of dynamic seals include chevron seals, U-cup seals, and labyrinth seals.

Design and Selection

The performance of a hydraulic seal depends on several factors, including:

Application: Each application requires a different type of seal and material.
Operating conditions: Temperature, pressure, speed, fluid type, and working environment influence the choice of seal.

Seal profile: Piston seals come in various designs, each with its own advantages. 
Selecting the right hydraulic seal requires careful consideration of these factors to ensure optimal sealing performance and service life of the hydraulic system

Specific Applications: Selecting appropriate hydraulic seals for dock leveler  requires careful consideration of factors like load capacity, frequency of use, and environmental conditions.

References

Hydraulics