omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hellenic Aeronautical Technologies. HAT (Hellenic Aeronautical Technologies) is a small Greek aerospace company based in Athens. Its founder, Anastasios Makrykostas has been an aerospace engineer in Hellenic Aerospace Industry. HAT specializes in aircraft parts made of composite materials. The first flight of its own developed aircraft, the HAT LS2, was made on May 23, 1997. It is a two-seater light aircraft with a 64 hp VW piston engine and maximum speed 233 km/h, designed for sale in the form of construction plans.

References 
L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, 'Made in Greece', Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003).
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)
Jane's 'All the World's Aircraft', 2002 edition

Aircraft manufacturers of Greece
Greek brands
Biotechnia Ellinikon Trikyklon. Biotechnia Ellinikon Trikyklon (Βιοτεχνία Ελληνικών Τρίκυκλων, "Greek Three-Wheeler Manufacturer"), or BET, was a small vehicle manufacturer founded in Athens by Petros Konstantinou. It was one of several manufacturers - the first appearing in the early 1940s - that converted BMW or other motorcycles into light utility three-wheelers. In 1965 it entirely designed and built a small five-seat passenger car with a BMW 125cc motorcycle engine. Although the type was certified, only one was built due to problems in availability of parts for further production. Following this design, three-wheeled truck models were developed and produced. A second passenger car model was designed and introduced in 1973, known as model 500, with a Fiat 500cc engine. With metal body, seating up to five passengers and featuring very good road handling, it was a rather advanced three-wheeler for its time. It was certified for production and 15 were built, of which one survives to this date in excellent condition. There were even talks with a South African company involving plans for exports or even transfer of production to that country, but they were never realized. The company ceased production in 1975.

See also 
 Reliant Robin: a similar car from the UK

References 
 L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, "Made in Greece", Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003)  (republished by the University of Patras Science Park, 2007). 
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)
 M. Arvanitopoulos, "Istoria tou Ellinikou Motosykletismou (History of the Motorcycle in Greece)", Mototech, Athens (2006) . 
 K. Bitsikokos, "Affordable cars made in Greece", Auto Bild (Hellas), issue 22, Feb 29, 2008.
 Petros Konstantinou archive.

Three-wheeled motor vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Greece
Manufacturing companies based in Athens
Data transfer object. In the field of programming a data transfer object (DTO) is an object that carries data between processes. The motivation for its use is that communication between processes is usually done resorting to remote interfaces (e.g., web services), where each call is an expensive operation. Because the majority of the cost of each call is related to the round-trip time between the client and the server, one way of reducing the number of calls is to use an object (the DTO) that aggregates the data that would have been transferred by the several calls, but that is served by one call only.

The difference between data transfer objects and business objects or data access objects is that a DTO does not have any behavior except for storage, retrieval, serialization and deserialization of its own data (mutators, accessors, serializers and parsers). In other words, 
DTOs are simple objects that should not contain any business logic but may contain serialization and deserialization mechanisms for transferring data over the wire.

This pattern is often incorrectly used outside of remote interfaces. This has triggered a response from its author where he reiterates that the whole purpose of DTOs is to shift data in expensive remote calls.

Terminology
A value object is not a DTO.  The two terms have been conflated by Sun/Java community in the past.

For model–view–viewmodel pattern, the data transfer object can be referred to as the viewmodel.

References

External links
Summary from Fowler's book
Data Transfer Object - Microsoft MSDN Library
GeDA - generic dto assembler is an open source Java framework for enterprise level solutions
Local DTO

Architectural pattern (computer science)
Concurrent computing
Software design patterns
Leslie Shemilt. Leslie Webster Shemilt,  (25 December 1919 - 20 December 2011 ) was a Canadian chemical engineer and professor.

Born in Souris, Manitoba, he received a B.A.Sc. degree in 1941 from the University of Toronto and a M.Sc. degree in 1946 from the University of Manitoba. He received a Ph.D. degree in Physical Chemistry from the University of Toronto in 1947.

In 1947, he joined the University of British Columbia as an Assistant Professor. He was appointed an Associate Professor in 1949 and a Professor in 1957. From 1959 to 1960, he was the Shell Visiting Professor at the University College London. Returning to Canada in 1960, he joined the University of New Brunswick as a Professor and Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering. From 1969 to 1979, he was the Dean of Engineering at McMaster University.

From 1967 to 1985, he was the editor of the Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering.

Honours
In 1991, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for the quality of his research in chemical engineering, his excellence as a teacher and his professional leadership". He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He was awarded the Canadian Centennial Medal, the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, and the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal.

References
 

1919 births
2011 deaths
Canadian academics in engineering
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Canadian chemical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellows of the Engineering Institute of Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of McMaster University
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
People from Souris, Manitoba
Canadian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Wapping Hydraulic Power Station. The Wapping Hydraulic Power Station (built 1890) was originally run by the London Hydraulic Power Company in Wapping, London, England. Originally, it operated using steam, and was later converted to use electricity. It was used to power machinery, including lifts, across London. The Tower Subway was used to transfer the power, and steam, to districts south of the river.

The surviving complex consists of the engine house, boiler house, water tanks, accumulator tower, reservoir, boiler master's house, seven 1950s throw ram pumps, a 1950s pilot accumulator, a gantry crane, two transformers and switchgear. It is located at Wapping Wall.

The building was designated a grade II* listed building in December 1977. After its closure as a pumping station on 30 June 1977, the building was converted by architectural practice Shed 54 and reopened by Jules Wright, as an arts centre and restaurant (Wapping Food). It held its first exhibition in 1993, and opened in a new form in 2000. Exhibitions were mounted across the building including the Boiler House and the Engine House, with most of the original equipment still in place. Women's Playhouse Trust sold the building in 2013 to focus on its core mission of commissioning new art.

In 2013, the freehold of the building was sold to developers UK Real Estate Ltd.

In March 2019 planning applications were submitted to Tower Hamlets Council for extensive renovation of the existing buildings, new buildings and extensive earth works of the old water reservoirs below the south court yard. The buildings are intended for office and restaurant space. Work is planned to commence in summer 2020 for completion during summer 2021.

References

External links 

 Subterranea Britannica
  Greater London Industrial Archaeology Society
  Blank Canvas

Energy infrastructure completed in 1890
Former power stations in London
Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Grade II* listed industrial buildings
Wapping
Elias coding. Elias coding is a term used for one of two types of lossless coding schemes used in digital communications:

 Shannon–Fano–Elias coding, a precursor to arithmetic coding, in which probabilities are used to determine codewords
 Universal coding using one of Elias' three universal codes, each with predetermined codewords:
 Elias delta coding
 Elias gamma coding
 Elias omega coding
Propiophenone. Propiophenone (shorthand: benzoylethane or BzEt) is an aryl ketone. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid that is insoluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. It is used in the preparation of other compounds.

Production
Propiophenone can be prepared by Friedel–Crafts reaction of propanoyl chloride and benzene. It is also prepared commercially by ketonization of benzoic acid and propionic acid over calcium acetate and alumina at 450–550 °C:
C6H5CO2H + CH3CH2CO2H → C6H5C(O)CH2CH3 + CO2 + H2O

Ludwig Claisen discovered that α-methoxystyrene forms this compound when heated for an hour at 300 °C (65% yield).

Uses

It is an intermediate in the synthesis of the pharmaceuticals phenmetrazine and propoxyphen.

Other drugs made from propiophenone include the following: PDM-35, Eprazinone, Methcathinone (leading to ephedrine), Trimebutine, Amfepramone, Diphepanol, Metamfepramone, Etoxadrol, Hydroxyphenamate, Phendimetrazine, Iminophenimide, Bencisteine, Flumecinol, Pyrroliphene, Perisone,

References

Aromatic ketones
Phenyl compounds
Ski simulator. A ski simulator is an installation or device which allows the user to mimic the actions of snow skiing without a snow-covered expanse of terrain.

Intended use
Simulators are primarily used for endurance and technique training, which can take place off-season, indoors or outside the snow belt. The level of fidelity ranges from home exercise equipment (simulating the classic Nordic cross-country stride or the slalom side to side motion) to immersive virtual reality systems in Olympic training centers. Indoor installations permit training to be done in any season.

Balance, control and strength are learned by practice and actively doing training drills and lessons on the ski simulators.

Other analogues feature artificial surfaces or roller equipment.

Endless slope
An endless slope is a sloped treadmill that allows skiers and snowboarders to refine form and strengthen muscles. Practicing on this treadmill that simulates snow allows carving, edging, pressuring, steering, and balance on skis or a snowboard, allowing the rider to experience the same muscle workout as on the mountain while developing the skills needed to gracefully move on snow.
Revolving carpet ski simulators and indoor ski slope carpets have been widely installed since the early 1960s.  They can be used for introductory training or to improve skills for expert skiers, especially outside the ski season.

An alpine skiing simulator is a conveyor having an inclined surface with a moving multi-layer carpet, made out of a composite material. The band’s movement is directed upwards of the inclined surface towards the skier. Using a remote control, an instructor can set up different skiing conditions. For safety reasons the simulator has a smooth start and a smooth stop of the carpet and emergency stop sensors.

To ensure good slipping performance the upper working layer of the carpet is moistened with water, sending a signal from a remote control. In addition to that, if the slipping performance needs to be increased, it is possible to treat the working layer of the carpet with a special concentrate.

See also
Indoor ski slope
Roller skiing
Ski school
Alpine Racer

References

Skiing equipment
Skiing techniques
Factory Interface Network Service. FINS, Factory Interface Network Service, is a network protocol used by Omron PLCs, over different physical networks like Ethernet, Controller Link, DeviceNet and RS-232C. 

The FINS communications service was developed by Omron to provide a consistent way for PLCs and computers on various networks to communicate. Compatible network types include Ethernet, Host Link, Controller Link, SYSMAC LINK, SYSMAC WAY, and Toolbus. FINS allows communications between nodes up to three network levels. A direct connection between a computer and a PLC via Host Link is not considered a network level.

References
Omron FINS Ethernet

Network protocols
Integra-Signum. Integra-Signum is a Swiss train protection system introduced in 1933. Originally it was called Signum; the name Integra was added later. It transmits data inductively and is simple, robust and reliable also in snow.

How it works
The locomotives have three sending and receiving magnets and there are two trackside magnets near the signals.

Integra-Signum requires the train driver to confirm distant signals that show stop and distant or home signals that show caution. If no confirmation is received or a home signal that shows stop is passed without authority, the train is stopped automatically. This is achieved by interrupting the power supply to the motors and applying the emergency brake.

The locomotive's sending magnet is a strong permanent magnet, which induces a current in the receiving magnet in the middle of the track, if the signal's short-circuit contact is closed. The receiving magnet on the locomotive consists of two magnet field detectors, which detect the signal's state according to polarity and timing of the magnetic field emitted by the second magnet outside the track:

Stop (home signals): positive - negative, concurrent

Caution (distant signals): negative - positive, concurrent

Caution (home signal): positive - positive, not concurrent

Because Integra-Signum can only stop a train when it's "too late", i.e. after the red signal, it is not sufficient if there is an obstacle less than the braking distance away from the signal, which is especially a problem with fast trains. To address this issue, Zugbeeinflussung ZUB has been introduced.

Despite that Integra-Signum aims to prevent accidents, there was also an accident caused by it. In 1959, an Integra-Signum magnet mounted on a SBB-CFF-FFS RBe 540 EMU tore out a wooden sleeper on a level crossing near Gland, which led to the derailment of the entire train at 125 km/h.

Euro-Signum 

Since 2008, Euro-Signum has been used for new and upgraded signal installations. Euro-Signum uses Eurobalises instead of magnets - these transmit Integra-Signum data in the additional Packet 44 (the typical ETCS telegram is left empty). This migration required installation of a "Eurobalise Transmission Module" on rolling stock that uses the Swiss network. Euro-Signum should not be confused with ETCS, which was installed on the Swiss network later.

Phasing out 
By 2017 Switzerland had almost completed installing ETCS Level 1 throughout the railway network, however most trains continue to use Integra-Signum and ZUB (in the form of Euro-Signum and Euro-ZUB). Integra-Signum will also remain in service for a few years more on a small number of special lines; one of these is the Uetliberg railway line, which will first be converted from DC to AC electrification.

From beginning 2018, new vehicles running on the Swiss network do not need the class B system SIGNUM and ZUB.

See also
 Train protection system
 Integra Signum, the company that developed the system

References

Train protection systems
Rail infrastructure in Switzerland
1933 establishments in Switzerland
Westar (disambiguation). Westar is an American satellite telecommunication system.

Westar may refer to:

 Westar Energy, an American electric utility
 Westar Institute, a non-profit institute promoting religious literacy
 Westar Rules, the name used by the West Australian Football League between 1997 and 2000
 WESTAR blasters, weapons used by Mandalorians in the Star Wars universe

See also

 Wester (disambiguation)
 West (disambiguation)
 Star (disambiguation)
 
 Western Star (disambiguation)
 Star of the West (disambiguation)
Laminated object manufacturing. Laminated object manufacturing (LOM) is a rapid prototyping system developed by Helisys Inc. (Cubic Technologies is now the successor organization of Helisys) In it, layers of adhesive-coated paper, plastic, or metal laminates are successively glued together and cut to shape with a knife or laser cutter.  Objects printed with this technique may be additionally modified by machining or drilling after printing. Typical layer resolution for this process is defined by the material feedstock and usually ranges in thickness from one to a few sheets of copy paper.

Process
The process is performed as follows:

 Sheet is adhered to a substrate with a heated roller.
 Laser traces desired dimensions of prototype. 
 Laser cross hatches non-part area to facilitate waste removal.
 Platform with completed layer moves down out of the way.
 Fresh sheet of material is rolled into position.
 Platform downs into new position to receive next layer.
 The process is repeated until full model or prototype prepared.

Note

Low cost due to readily available raw material.
Paper models have wood like characteristics, and may be worked and finished accordingly.
Dimensional accuracy is slightly less than that of stereolithography and selective laser sintering but no milling step is necessary.
Relatively large parts may be made, because no chemical reaction is necessary.

References

Further reading
 Additive manufacturing method

3D printing processes
Ali Morteza Samsam Bakhtiari. Ali Morteza Samsam Bakhtiari (1945 – 30 October 2007) was an Iranian author and oil expert employed by the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC).  He held a number of senior positions with this organization beginning in 1971. He was also an adviser to the Oil Depletion Analysis Centre.

Biography
Bakhtiari was a member of the Bakhtiari tribe.

He held a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland.  He had been a part-time lecturer for the Technical Faculty at Tehran University for many years.  Bakhtiari wrote a number of short essays and is the author of Peaks and Troughs which is about the modern history of Iran.

Bakhtiari suggested that it would require an act of god for the world to avoid warring over depleting energy resources.  He also believed that a peak in natural gas would be more shocking than peak oil because natural gas is less fluid and requires pipelines and LNG facilities to export overseas.

Bakhtiari was featured in the 2004 documentary The End of Suburbia.

Bakhtiari died suddenly of a heart attack in 2007. His funeral and burial were in Tehran.  He was survived by his children, Amir Bahman and Golbenaz Samsam Bakhtiari.

Quotes
"The big risk in Saudi Arabia is that Ghawar's rate of decline increases to an alarming point.  That will set bells ringing all over the oil world because Ghawar underpins Saudi output and Saudi undergirds worldwide production." 
"As for Iran, the usually accepted official  is almost  over any realistic assay."

Bibliography

See also
Colin Campbell
Kenneth S. Deffeyes
Richard Heinberg
Chris Skrebowski
Matthew Simmons

References

External links
 A collection of articles written by Bakhtiari

2007 deaths
Date of birth missing
1945 births
Bakhtiari people
People from Masjed Soleyman
20th-century Iranian engineers
Iranian non-fiction writers
20th-century non-fiction writers
S24. S24 may refer to:

Aviation 
 Focke-Wulf S 24 Kiebitz, a  German sport aircraft
 Sandusky County Regional Airport, in Ohio, United States
 Sikorsky S-24, a Russian biplane bomber
 Spalinger S.24, a prototype Swiss glider

Rail and transit 
 S24 (ZVV), a line of the Zürich S-Bahn
 Hirafu Station, in Kutchan, Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
 Minami-Tatsumi Station, in Osaka, Japan

Other uses 
 40S ribosomal protein S24
 County Route S24 (California), United States
 , a submarine of the Indian Navy
 S24: Avoid contact with skin, a safety phrase
 S-24 rocket, a Soviet rocket
 , a submarine of the United States Navy
 Samsung Galaxy S24, an Android smartphone series by Samsung Electronics
Dana Incorporated. Dana Incorporated is an American supplier of axles, driveshafts, and electrodynamic, thermal, sealing, and digital equipment for conventional, hybrid, and electric-powered vehicles. The company's products and services are aimed at the light vehicle, commercial vehicle, and off-highway equipment markets. Founded in 1904 and based in Maumee, Ohio, the company employs nearly 36,000 people in 33 countries.  In 2022, Dana generated sales of $10.2 billion. The company is included in the Fortune 500.

History

In 1904, Clarence W. Spicer, engineer, inventor, and founder of the company , began manufacturing universal joints in Plainfield, New Jersey.
 Also in 1904, the first C.W. Spicer "u-joints" were shipped to Corbin Motor Company in Connecticut.
 In 1905, Spicer Universal Joint Manufacturing Company was incorporated.
 In 1909, the company changed its name to Spicer Manufacturing Company.
 In 1910, Spicer relocated to South Plainfield, New Jersey.
 In 1914, Charles Dana joined the company.
 In 1922, Spicer was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
 In 1925, Spicer expanded internationally taking a holding in licensee in England, Hardy, renamed Hardy Spicer.
 In 1946, Dana became president and treasurer, and the company was renamed the Dana Corporation. Spicer becomes the brand name for the company's driveline products.
 In 1963, Dana acquired the Perfect Circle Company.
 In 1972, Dana bought a 35% stake in Wolverhampton-based engineering company, Turner Manufacturing.  The remaining shares were acquired a few years later. 
 In 2006, Dana filed for bankruptcy.
 In 2007, Dana canceled 150 million shares of stock during their bankruptcy.
 In 2018, Dana announced that it was buying a majority stake in TM4 Inc., a company specialized in electric powertrains, for C$165 million (US$127 million).
 In 2019, Dana acquired privately held SME Group (Italy).
 In March 2019, Dana purchased Drive Systems segment of the Oerlikon Group, including the Graziano Trasmissioni and Fairfield brands and VOCIS, a wholly owned electronic controls business located in the UK.
In August 2019, Dana acquired Nordresa Motors, Inc.
In 2020, Dana started using 3D printers at its Advanced Manufacturing Center in Maumee, Ohio to manufacture face shield components for use during the coronavirus pandemic. 
In March 2021, Dana  acquired Pi Innovo from Plymouth, Michigan.

Products
Key products include axles, drive shafts, universal joints and sealing and thermal-management products.

Axles
Dana 25
Dana 27
Dana 30
Dana 35
Dana 44
Dana 50
Dana 53
Dana 60
Dana 70
Dana 80
Dana S 110

Suspension
 Twin Traction Beam

References

External links

Auto parts suppliers of the United States
Companies based in Toledo, Ohio
Lucas County, Ohio
Manufacturing companies based in Ohio
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
1904 establishments in New Jersey
Manufacturing companies established in 1904
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2006
Automotive transmission makers
Maumee, Ohio