omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Jack Mackenzie. Chalmers Jack Mackenzie,  (July 10, 1888 – February 26, 1984) was a Canadian civil engineer, chancellor of Carleton University, president of the National Research Council, first president of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, first president of Atomic Energy Control Board and instrumental in the development of science and engineering education in Canada.

He was born in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, the youngest of six children of James and Janet MacKenzie. He attended Milltown High School, then completed a Bachelor of Engineering at Dalhousie University in 1909 and a Masters in Engineering from Harvard University in 1915.

In 1912 he was hired to develop an engineering program at the University of Saskatchewan. He served in the Canadian Army during World War I (1915-1918). After the war he continued at the University of Saskatchewan until 1932, when he took a leave of absence to supervise public works projects. In 1939 he left Saskatchewan for Ottawa to become president of the National Research Council. In 1943 he received the Sir John Kennedy Medal.

In 1949 he sat on the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, the so-called "Massey Commission", one objective of which was developing Canada's system of publicly funded research.

In 1967, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. He received honorary degrees from the University of Saskatchewan, the University of British Columbia, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Ottawa, McMaster University, Queen's University, and the University of New Brunswick.

The Mackenzie Engineering Building at Carleton University is named in his honour. The high school in Deep River, Ontario, Mackenzie Community School (formerly C.J. Mackenzie High School), is named in his honour.

References

External links
 [ecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chalmers-jack-mackenzie Chalmers Jack Mackenzie] at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1888 births
1984 deaths
Canadian civil engineers
Chancellors of Carleton University
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Dalhousie University alumni
20th-century Canadian engineers
Academic staff of the University of Saskatchewan
Engineers from Ontario
Engineers from New Brunswick
Harvard University alumni
User (telecommunications). In telecommunications, a user is a person, organization, or other entity that uses the services provided by a telecommunication system, or by an information processing system, for transfer of information.
A user functions as a source or final destination of user information, or both. A user may also be the subscriber, i.e. the customer paying for the service.

User is also a person or process accessing an AIS by direct connections (e.g., via terminals) or indirect connections. "Indirect connection" relates to persons who prepare input data or receive output that is not reviewed for content or classification by a responsible individual.

See also 
 User (computing)

References 
  
 National Information Systems Security Glossary

Telecommunication theory
Corwith Cramer (ship). The Corwith Cramer is a tall ship (specifically a brigantine) owned by the Sea Education Association (SEA) sailing school, named after SEA's founding director. Her home port is Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States. She was designed by Wooden and Marean specifically for SEA and was constructed by ASTACE in 1987 in Bilbao, Spain. She is a  steel brigantine built as a research vessel for operation under sail, and generally sails in the Atlantic Ocean. A young David Brainard spent six weeks aboard the Corwith Cramer for his “Semester at Sea”.

See also
SSV Robert C. Seamans
Brigantine
Woods Hole
Nautical terms
Rigging
Tall ship

External links
Sea Education Association
Corwith Cramer Technical Info
Slideshow of a cruise
Current position reports

Brigantines
Individual sailing vessels
Training ships
Tall ships of the United States
Sail training ships
1987 ships
Lake Forest Academy alumni
Gridlock (novel). Gridlock is a 1991 novel by Ben Elton.

Plot summary

The novel depicts a near-future London in which traffic congestion has reached almost critical levels, such that accidents in a few key places could bring the entire city's traffic network to a halt. The government is aware of the problem and plans a major new road-building program to relieve the pressure. The alternative, heavy investment in public mass transport systems such as railways, is ignored because it clashes with the government's ideology. The author argues that this is a highly misguided policy since, in his view, more roads have historically tended to simply generate more traffic and so create an even bigger problem in the long run.

The climax of the book sees shadowy, possibly government-backed forces deliberately instigate the necessary simultaneous accidents which do indeed bring the whole of London to a standstill for several days. The resulting chaos is used as an excuse to press ahead with the road-building scheme.

Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science
The novel is a satire of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's government policies, which emphasised road traffic over rail or other public transportation.

Another major element in the novel revolves round a character with cerebral palsy – he is the inventor of a hydrogen-based power system for cars – green energy – that sinister forces, most likely representing the oil industry, seek to suppress. His disability is aggressive-sympathetically handled, for example he actively embraces the word 'spastic', claiming it back, taking it away from the term of abuse it had become (in the UK) at the time of publication.

References 

1991 British novels
1991 science fiction novels
Dystopian novels
British satirical novels
Novels by Ben Elton
Novels set in London
Novels about transport
Little, Brown and Company books
Java BluePrints. Java BluePrints is Sun Microsystems' best practices for Enterprise Java development.  This is Sun's official programming model for Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) Software Development Kit (SDK).  It began with Java Pet Store, the original reference application for the Java EE platform.  This became the de facto source code for using Enterprise JavaBeans and all the latest components of the Java EE platform.

History 

Java BluePrints began as J2EE BluePrints and was started by Connie Weiss, Jeff Jackson, Jim Inscore, Nick Kassem, and Rick Saletta.  The original engineers included Inderjeet Singh, Greg Murray, Sean Brydon, Vijay Ramachandran, Elisabeth White, and Nick Kassem.  Nick Kassem is the author of the original book.  The idea of Java Pet Store came from Connie Weiss and Greg Murray who were both animal lovers.  After the first year, Nick Kassem left the team and Inderjeet Singh became lead architect.  The Java BluePrints team was led by Larry Freeman from J2EE 1.2 in 2000 up until Java EE 5 in 2006.

Throughout its existence, Java BluePrints has offered all of its content for free and has been focused on promoting developer success.  Java Pet Store became the symbol for J2EE's ascendency; Microsoft created a competing .NET Pet Shop to showcase its competing technology.  Since then, many technologies such as Tapestry, Spring, and others have implemented their own versions of the Pet Store application as a way to demonstrate best practices for their given technology.

With the arrival of J2EE 1.4 technology, web services became a standard part of the Java EE specification.  Java BluePrints came out with a second application: the Java Adventure Builder reference application.  This application never became as popular as Java Pet Store but then again, it never became as controversial.

Books 

There have been three Java BluePrints books, and the Core Java EE design patterns which are hosted on the Java BluePrints site have become the standard lingua for Java EE application development. Java BluePrints was the first source to promote Model View Controller (MVC) and Data Access Object (DAO) for Java EE application development.  Before this, the MVC design pattern was widely promoted as part of Smalltalk.

The latest Java BluePrints offering is the Java BluePrints Solutions Catalog. It covers topics as diverse as Java Server Faces, Web Services, and Asynchronous Javascript and XML (Ajax).  Articles are smaller and more focused and include sample code that shows how a solution is implemented.  Its focus is on the J2EE 1.4 SDK.

References

External links 
 Java BluePrints Web site

BluePrints
Brønsted catalysis equation. The Brønsted catalysis equation or law of correlation, after Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, gives the relationship between acid strength and catalytic activity in general acid catalysis.

A plot of the common logarithm of the reaction rate constant k versus the logarithm of the ionization constant Ka for a series of acids (for example a group of substituted phenols or carboxylic acids) gives a straight line with slope α and intercept C.  The Brønsted equation is a free-energy relationship. The relationship implies that the Gibbs free energy for proton dissociation is proportional to the activation energy for the catalytic step.  When the relationship is not linear, the chosen group of catalysts do not operate through the same reaction mechanism.

Specific and general catalysis is also found in base catalysed reactions and base Brønsted equation also exists with constant β.

The Brønsted equation gives information about a reaction mechanism. Reactions that have low values for proportionality constants α or β are considered to have a transition state closely resembling the reactant with little proton transfer. With a high value,  proton transfer in the transition state is almost complete. In a study of a group of phenalene compounds it was concluded from Brønsted analysis that phenalene acidity is very different from either indene acidity or phenylene acidity.

See also
Free-energy relationship
Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle

References

Chemical kinetics
Catalysis
Contact force. A contact force is any force that occurs as a result of two objects making contact with each other. Contact forces are very common and are responsible for most visible interactions between macroscopic collections of matter. Pushing a car or kicking a ball are some of the everyday examples where contact forces are at work. In the first case the force is continuously applied to the car by a person, while in the second case the force is delivered in a short impulse.

Contact forces are often decomposed into orthogonal components, one perpendicular to the surface(s) in contact called the normal force, and one parallel to the surface(s) in contact, called the friction force.

Not all forces are contact forces; for example, the weight of an object is the force between the object and the Earth, even though the two do not need to make contact. Gravitational forces, electrical forces and magnetic forces are body forces and can exist without contact occurring.

Origin of contact forces
The microscopic origin of contact forces is diverse. Normal force is directly a result of Pauli exclusion principle and not a true force per se: Everyday objects do not actually touch each other; rather, contact forces are the result of the interactions of the electrons at or near the surfaces of the objects. The atoms in the two surfaces cannot penetrate one another without a large investment of energy because there is no low energy state for which the electron wavefunctions from the two surfaces overlap; thus no microscopic force is needed to prevent this penetration. On the more macroscopic level, such surfaces can be treated as a single object, and two bodies do not penetrate each other due to the stability of matter, which is again a consequence of Pauli exclusion principle, but also of the fundamental forces of nature: Cracks in the bodies do not widen due to electromagnetic forces that create the chemical bonds between the atoms; the atoms themselves do not disintegrate because of the electromagnetic forces between the electrons and the nuclei; and the nuclei do not disintegrate due to the nuclear forces.

As for friction, it is a result of both microscopic adhesion and chemical bond formation due to the electromagnetic force, and of microscopic structures stressing into each other; in the latter phenomena, in order to allow motion, the microscopic structures must either slide one above the other, or must acquire enough energy to break one another. Thus the force acting against motion is a combination of the normal force and of the force required to widen microscopic cracks within matter; the latter force is again due to electromagnetic interaction. Additionally, strain is created inside matter, and this strain is due to a combination of electromagnetic interactions (as electrons are attracted to nuclei and repelled from each other) and of Pauli exclusion principle, the latter working similarly to the case of normal force.

See also
Non-contact force
Body force
Surface force
Action at a distance (physics)
Spring force

References

Force
Calcium sulfide. Calcium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula CaS.  This white material crystallizes in cubes like rock salt.  CaS has been studied as a component in a process that would recycle gypsum, a product of flue-gas desulfurization. Like many salts containing sulfide ions, CaS typically has an odour of H2S, which results from small amount of this gas formed by hydrolysis of the salt.

In terms of its atomic structure, CaS crystallizes in the same motif as sodium chloride indicating that the bonding in this material is highly ionic.  The high melting point is also consistent with its description as an ionic solid.  In the crystal, each S2− ion is surrounded by an octahedron of six Ca2+ ions, and complementarily, each Ca2+ ion surrounded by six S2− ions.

Production
CaS is produced by carbothermic reduction of calcium sulfate, which entails the conversion of carbon, usually as charcoal, to carbon dioxide:
CaSO4  +  2 C  →  CaS  +  2 CO2
and can react further:
3 CaSO4  +  CaS  →  4 CaO  +  4 SO2

In the second reaction the sulfate (+6 oxidation state) oxidizes the sulfide (-2 oxidation state) to sulfur dioxide (+4 oxidation state), while it is being reduced to sulfur dioxide itself (+4 oxidation state).

CaS is also a byproduct in the Leblanc process, a once major industrial process for producing sodium carbonate.  In that process sodium sulfide reacts with calcium carbonate:  
Na2S  +  CaCO3  →  CaS  +  Na2CO3
Millions of tons of this calcium sulfide byproduct was discarded, causing extensive pollution and controversy.

Milk of lime, Ca(OH)2, reacts with elemental sulfur to give a "lime-sulfur", which has been used as an insecticide.  The active ingredient  is probably a calcium polysulfide, not CaS.

Reactivity and uses
Calcium sulfide decomposes upon contact with water, including moist air, giving a mixture of Ca(SH)2, Ca(OH)2, and Ca(SH)(OH).
CaS  +  H2O  →  Ca(SH)(OH)
Ca(SH)(OH)  +  H2O  →  Ca(OH)2  +  H2S

It reacts with acids such as hydrochloric acid to release toxic hydrogen sulfide gas.
 CaS + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2S

Calcium sulfide is phosphorescent, and will glow a blood red for up to an hour after a light source is removed.

As a noxious byproduct of the Leblanc process, it can be converted to calcium carbonate and hydrogen sulfide, the latter of which can be used as a sulfur source for the lead chamber process to produce the sulfuric acid necessary for the Leblanc process:

Natural occurrence 
Oldhamite is the name for mineralogical form of CaS. It is a rare component of some meteorites and has scientific importance in solar nebula research. Burning of coal dumps can also produce the compound.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

Monosulfides
Calcium compounds
Corrosive substances
Meteorite minerals
Phosphors and scintillators
Rock salt crystal structure
Aegirine. Aegirine is a member of the clinopyroxene group of inosilicate minerals. It is the sodium endmember of the aegirine–augite series. It has the chemical formula NaFeSi2O6, in which the iron is present as the ion Fe3+. In the aegirine–augite series, the sodium is variably replaced by calcium with iron(II) and magnesium replacing the iron(III) to balance the charge. Aluminum also substitutes for the iron(III). Acmite is a fibrous green-colored variety.

Aegirine occurs as dark green monoclinic prismatic crystals. It has a glassy luster and perfect cleavage. Its Mohs hardness varies from 5 to 6 and its specific gravity is between 3.2 and 3.4.

This mineral commonly occurs in alkalic igneous rocks, nepheline syenites, carbonatites and pegmatites. It also appears in regionally
metamorphosed schists, gneisses, and iron formations; in blueschist facies rocks, and from sodium metasomatism in granulites. It may occur as an authigenic mineral in shales and marls. It occurs in association with potassic feldspar, nepheline, riebeckite, arfvedsonite, aenigmatite, astrophyllite, catapleiite, eudialyte, serandite and apophyllite.

Localities include Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada; Kongsberg, Norway; Narsarssuk, Greenland; Kola Peninsula, Russia; Magnet Cove, Arkansas, US; Kenya; Scotland and Nigeria.

The acmite variety was first described in 1821, at Kongsberg, Norway, and the aegirine variety in 1835 for an occurrence in Rundemyr, Øvre Eiker, Buskerud, Norway. Aegirine was named after Ægir, the Norse god of the sea. A synonym for the mineral is acmite (from Greek ἀκμή "point, edge") in reference to the typical pointed crystals.

It is sometimes used as a gemstone.

See also
 List of minerals

References

External links
 Mineral Galleries

Inosilicates
Sodium minerals
Iron(III) minerals
Pyroxene group
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Gemstones
Minerals described in 1821
Roving. A roving is a long and narrow bundle of fiber. Rovings are produced during the process of making spun yarn from wool fleece, raw cotton, or other fibres. Their main use is as fibre prepared for spinning, but they may also be used for specialised kinds of knitting or other textile arts.

After carding, the fibres lie roughly parallel in smooth bundles. These are drawn out, by hand or machine, and slightly twisted to form lengths suitable for thread spinning. These unspun strands of fibre are the rovings. Roving can also mean a roll of these strands, the strands in general (as a mass noun), or the process of creating them.

Because it is carded, the fibres are less parallel than wool top (which is combed) and are not of uniform length. Carded rovings look fluffier than combed top, which looks smooth and has a high lustre. The fibres in combed top tend to be of a fairly uniform length due to the method of preparation. Though drawing it into strips may line the fibres up a bit. Roving is not to be confused with sliver as there is twist in roving.

Pencil roving is a type of roving that has been drawn until it is the size of a fat pencil. It can be used by spinners with minimal drafting (withdrawing fibers from a clump). Knitters also use pencil roving, similar to Lopi style yarns, or when making a thrummed item. Regular roving can also be used in thrummed knitting.

References

Spinning
Fibers
Upgrader. An upgrader is a facility that upgrades bitumen (extra heavy oil) into synthetic crude oil.  Upgrader plants are typically located close to oil sands production, for example, the Athabasca oil sands in  Alberta, Canada or the Orinoco tar sands in Venezuela.

Processes
Upgrading means using fractional distillation and/or chemical treatment to convert bitumen so it can be handled by oil refineries.  At a minimum, this means reducing its viscosity so that it can be pumped through pipelines (bitumen is 1000x more viscous than light crude oil). However this process often also includes separating out heavy fractions and reducing sulfur, nitrogen and metals like nickel and vanadium.

Upgrading may involve multiple processes:

Vacuum distillation to separate lighter fractions, leaving behind a residue with molecular weights over 400.
De-asphalting the vacuum distillation residue to remove the highest molecular weight alicyclic compounds, which precipitate as black/brown asphaltenes when the mixture is dissolved in C3–C7 alkanes, leaving "de-asphalted oil" (DAO) in solution. A mixture of propane and butane will remove metallic compounds that would interfere with hydrotreating.
Cracking to break long chain molecules in the DAO into shorter ones.
Hydrotreating may also be employed to remove sulfur and reduce the level of nitrogen.

Research into using biotechnology to perform some of these processes at lower temperatures and cost is ongoing.

See also
 Canadian Centre for Energy Information
 History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)
 Scotford Upgrader
 Syncrude
 Suncor
 Visbreaker

References

Further reading
 University of Alberta Tutorial on Upgrading of Oilsands Bitumen

Bituminous sands
Petroleum production
Petroleum technology
Industrial buildings and structures
Chemical plants
Lyoluminescence. Lyoluminescence refers to the emission of light while dissolving a solid into a liquid solvent. It is a form of chemiluminescence. The most common lyoluminescent effect is seen when solid samples which have been heavily irradiated by ionizing radiation are dissolved in water.  The total amount of light emitted by the material increases proportionally with the total radiation dose received by the material up to a certain level called the saturation value.

Many gamma-irradiated substances are known to produce lyoluminescence; these include spices, powdered milk, soups, cotton and paper. While the broad variety of materials which exhibit lyoluminescence confounds explanation by a single common mechanism there is a common feature to the phenomenon, the production of free radicals in solution. Lyoluminescence intensity can be increased by performing the dissolution of the solid in a solution containing conventionally chemiluminescent compounds such as luminol. These are thus called lyoluminescence sensitizers.

References

Luminescence