omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Walker Keith Armistead. Walker Keith Armistead (March 25, 1773 – October 13, 1845) was a military officer who served as Chief of Engineers of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

Armistead was born in Upperville, Fauquier County, Virginia, and served as an orderly sergeant at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. He graduated from West Point in 1803. During the War of 1812, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and successively served as Chief Engineer of the Niagara frontier army and the forces defending Chesapeake Bay. He was promoted to colonel and Chief Engineer on November 12, 1818. When the Army was reorganized on June 1, 1821, he became commander of the 3rd Artillery Regiment. He was brevetted brigadier general in November 1828.  He succeeded Zachary Taylor as commander of the army during the Second Seminole War against the Seminole Indians in Florida in 1840–1841.

After 42 years of service as a commissioned officer, Armistead died in New Market, Virginia, at the age of 72, and is buried in the Armistead family cemetery in Upperville.

Family
His brother George Armistead commanded Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. The attack became immortalized by onlooker Francis Scott Key who penned "The Star-Spangled Banner" while watching the British bombardment of Armistead's fort.

His son Lewis Addison Armistead was a Confederate general who died during Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

References

External links 
 
 
Service Profile
 Find a Grave

United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
1773 births
1845 deaths
United States Army personnel of the Seminole Wars
People from Fauquier County, Virginia

United States Army colonels
Military personnel from Virginia
PUGAS. PUGAS (Purdue University Getaway Special) was a student run experiment package that flew on NASA's STS-7 Space Shuttle Mission aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger launched 18 June 1983.

The official designation was G-009: Purdue University – Geotropism, Fluid Dynamics and Nuclear Particle Velocity. The Payload Manager was Dr. John T. Snow. The NASA Technical Manager was Richard Palace.

The device was designed to conduct three experiments, two of which failed. The first failed one was intended to test seed growth in microgravity in an unconventional way—by germinating seeds on a spinning disc. The degree of artificial gravity on the spinning wheel is highest (0.25 g or 2.5 m/s²) at its rim and lowest at its center. Using this fact, the influence of different levels of gravity on seed germination could be determined by placing seeds at different radial locations on the disk. At the end of the mission, the growth was to be arrested. After return the orientation of the roots were to be used to determine the threshold of gravity at which a plant could determine which way was down. A second failed experiment on fluid dynamics was intended to measure the bulk oscillations of a drop of mercury immersed in a clear liquid. A short circuit prevented the seed and mercury drop experiments from functioning.

The payload also included a nuclear particle detection experiment. This experiment was a success; it traced and recorded the paths of nuclear particles encountered in the near-Earth space environment.

Purdue's Schools of Science, Engineering, and Agriculture developed the flight hardware for the project, with the U.S. Navy providing access to the necessary test facilities at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division.

The experiment hardware is currently on display in the lobby of the A.A. Potter Engineering Center on the West Lafayette, Indiana campus of Purdue University.

References

NASA's Small Payload Project.

Purdue University
NASA programs
Space science experiments
Edward Benjamin Cushing. Edward Benjamin Cushing (November 22, 1862 – February 17, 1924) was an engineer and academic administrator. He served as the chairman of the Board of Regents of Texas A&M University in 1912.

Biography

Early life
Edward Benjamin Cushing was born in Houston, Texas to E.H. and Matilda Cushing. His father was an outspoken Southern Democrat and owner of The Telegraph, a Houston newspaper. He graduated from the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, now known as Texas A&M University, in 1880.

Career
He worked as a civil engineer for Southern Pacific Railroad after graduation and served in the U.S. Army. He also served as chief secretary of the Association of Ex-Cadets. He was appointed to the board of directors for the school in 1912, only a year before assuming its presidency.

Later, he personally bankrolled the fledgling Texas A&M University while chairman of the Board of Regents in 1912. His money and campaign prevented a Texas A&M consolidation with the University of Texas at Austin.

Personal life
In 1888, he married Florence Abbey Powars.

In March 1904, his brother was kidnapped for ransom in West Texas and taken across the border to Mexico.

Death
He died in Houston in 1924. At the time of his death, he was a bank receiver for First National Bank in Granger, Texas.

Legacy
In 1930, a library was built at Texas A&M University in memory of Cushing. This represented the first freestanding library on the Texas A&M campus. The Sterling C. Evans Library was constructed in 1968 and became the university's primary library, but the Cushing Library remained as a repository of important university archives.

Honors and awards
 2006: Distinguished Alumni Award, Texas A&M University
 World War I: Croix de Guerre, France

References

1862 births
1924 deaths
People from Houston
Texas A&M University alumni
Texas A&M University faculty
Burials at Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)
Cortex (archaeology). In lithic analysis in archaeology, the cortex is the outer layer of rock formed on the exterior of raw materials by chemical and mechanical weathering processes. It is often recorded on the dorsal surface of flakes using a three-class system: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The amount of cortex present on artifacts in an archaeological assemblage may indicate the extent of lithic reduction that has occurred. Primary, secondary, and tertiary designations for flakes are generally determined by relative amounts of cortex presented on the dorsal surface. Some archaeologists classify flakes with no cortex as tertiary, flakes with some cortex as secondary, and flakes with all cortex as primary, whereas others make distinctions at every third or half of the dorsal surface covered. Differences in how archaeologists classify the amount of cortex and the results of experimental archaeological tests demonstrating the moderate correlation between the amount of cortex and stage of reduction, have limited the validity of assumptions based on the amount of cortex solely.

References

Lithics
William Hume-Rothery. William Hume-Rothery (15 May 1899 – 27 September 1968) was an English metallurgist and materials scientist who studied the constitution of alloys.

Early life and education 
Hume-Rothery was born the son of lawyer Joseph Hume-Rothery in Worcester Park, Surrey. His grandfather, William Rothery, was a clergyman. His campaigning grandmother, Mary Hume-Rothery, was the daughter of Joseph Hume, a Scottish doctor and Radical Member of parliament. William spent his youth in Cheltenham and was educated at Cheltenham College. In 1917 he was made totally deaf by a virus infection. Nevertheless, he entered Magdalen College, Oxford, and obtained a first class Honours degree in chemistry.  He also attended the Royal School of Mines and was awarded a PhD.

Career
During World War II, he supervised numerous government contracts for work on aluminium and magnesium alloys.

After the war he returned to Oxford "to carry on research in intermetallic compounds and problems on the borderland of metallography and chemistry" and remained there for the rest of his working life. In 1938 he was appointed lecturer in metallurgical chemistry. In his research, he concluded that the microstructure of an alloy depends on the sizes of the component atoms, as well as the valency electron concentration, and electrochemical differences. This led to the definition of the Hume-Rothery rules.

In the 1950s he founded the Department of Metallurgy (which is now the Department of Materials) at the University of Oxford, and was a fellow of St Edmund Hall, Oxford.
He was also involved in founding the Journal of the Less-Common Metals, which developed out of an international symposium on metals and alloys above 1200 °C that he organised at Oxford University on 17–18 September 1958. The papers presented at the symposium "The study of metals and alloys above 1200°C" were published as Volume 1 of the Journal of the Less-Common Metals.

He was a member of the Oxford Philatelic Society.

Selected publications 
 Electrons, atoms, metals, and alloys (1948, 1955, 1963)
 Polish edition: Elektrony, atomy, metale i stopy (translated by Romuald Romicki, 1955)
 French edition: Électrons, atomes, métaux et alliages (translated by G. Hilly, 1959)
 Elements of structural metallurgy (1961)
 Russian edition: Введение в физическое металловедение (translated by V.M. Glazov and S.M. Gorin, 1965)

William Hume-Rothery Award
The William Hume-Rothery Award has since 1974 been awarded annually by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

Honours and awards
 Hume-Rothery was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May, 1937
 Awarded the Francis J. Clamer Medal in 1949.

Personal life and retirement
He married Elizabeth Fea in 1931; they had a daughter Jennifer in 1934. He retired in 1966 and died in 1968.

References

1899 births
1968 deaths
Scientists from Cheltenham
British metallurgists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Isaac Wolfson Professors of Metallurgy
Fellows of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
English deaf people
British scientists with disabilities
OOM. OOM or oom may refer to:


Science and technology
 Out of memory, a pathological state of a computer operation
 Object-oriented modeling, a modeling paradigm mainly used in computer programming
 Order of magnitude, a measurement term
 OnePoint Operations Manager (OOM), Mission Critical Software's predecessor of Microsoft's System Center Operations Manager

Geography
 Oom Bay, Mac. Robertson Land, Antarctica
 Oom Island, Mac. Robertson Land, Antarctica

Other uses
 Pierre Bernard (yogi) (1875–1955), known as "The Great Oom", "The Omnipotent Oom" and "Oom the Magnificent", a pioneering American yogi, scholar, occultist, philosopher, mystic and businessman
 Order of Myths, an Alabama Mardi Gras organization
 Officer of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces post-nominal letters (OOM)
 "Out of Mana", a track from the album Science Fiction by Brand New
 Oom, a villain character; see List of Batman: The Brave and the Bold characters
 Odyssey of the Mind (OoM), a creative problem-solving competition
 Zoom Airlines (ICAO code)
 OOM, IATA airport code of Cooma–Snowy Mountains Airport, Cooma, New South Wales, Australia

See also
 Ooms, a Dutch language surname
Service control point. A service control point (SCP) is a standard component of the Intelligent Network (IN) telephone system which is used to control the service. Standard SCPs in the telecom industry today are deployed using SS7, SIGTRAN or SIP technologies. The SCP queries the service data point (SDP) which holds the actual database and directory. SCP, using the database from the SDP, identifies the geographical number to which the call is to be routed. This is the same mechanism that is used to route 800 numbers.

SCP may also communicate with an intelligent peripheral (IP) to play voice messages, or prompt for information from the user, such as prepaid long distance using account codes. This is done by implementing telephone feature codes like "#", which can be used to terminate the input for a user name or password or can be used for call forwarding. These are realized using Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP) that sits above Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) on the SS7 protocol stack. The TCAP is part of the top or 7th layer of the OSI layer breakdown.

SCPs are connected with either SSPs or STPs. This is dependent upon the network architecture that the network service provider wants. The most common implementation uses STPs.

SCP and SDP split is becoming a common industry practice. This is known generally in the industry by split architecture. Reason is that operators want to decouple the dependency between the two functionality to facilitate upgrades and possibly rely on different vendors.

External links 
 See Telcordia GR-1299-CORE, for Service Control Point/Adjunct Interface generic requirements.

References 

Network architecture
Telephony equipment
Signaling System 7
Highland Railway X Class. The Highland Railway Drummond 0-6-4T or X class were large tank engines originally intended for banking duty. They were designed by Peter Drummond.

Construction
The first four were built by the North British Locomotive Company and delivered in 1909. A second batch of four was delivered in 1911.

Design
The design was derived from that of the class K (0-6-0) tender engines and leading dimensions were very similar although the boiler and firebox are recorded as being 'larger' but by an unspecified amount.

Reputation
They were not popular with their crews, many thought them heavy and clumsy, and several crews had problems with water capacity. It seems their axleboxes were not well-proportioned either as there are reports of consistent hot box problems.

Numbering

Transfer to LMS
They all survived to be taken over by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) at the 1923 Grouping. The last was withdrawn in 1936.

References

X
0-6-4T locomotives
NBL locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1909
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Comp Air 10. The Comp Air 10 is a turboprop-powered light civil utility aircraft manufactured in kit form. Very large for a homebuilt aircraft, it is configured as a mainly conventional high-wing monoplane with either taildragger or tricycle undercarriage. Its close-set twin tails are an unusual design feature for an aircraft in its class, intended to ensure that the aircraft can be parked inside standard-size hangars.

A total of eleven examples had been completed and flown by the end of 2011.

The company website does not list it as being in production in 2022.

Specifications (typical Comp Air 10)

See also

References

External links
Official website archives on Archive.org

10
Homebuilt aircraft
1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Thomas P. Moran. Thomas P. Moran is a Distinguished Engineer at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California.  He has been active in the field of human computer interaction for a very long time.  In 1983 the book he wrote along with Stuart Card and Allen Newell The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction was published. It became a very influential book in the field, partly for introducing the Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules (GOMS) model.

He founded and has been Editor-in-Chief of Human-Computer Interaction, one of the leading journals of the field.

He is one of the first CHI Academy members and won ACM SIGCHI's 2004 Life Time Achievement Award. In 2003 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2008 he was elected as a Fellow of AAAS.

Unrelated to the other famous engineer, Thomas D. Moran.

External links
Bio at HCI Journal

IBM employees
People from San Jose, California
2003 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Living people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Scientists at PARC (company)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American Aviation AA-2 Patriot. 

The American Aviation AA-2 Patriot was a four-seat, all-metal aircraft that was developed in 1970-71 by American Aviation of Cleveland, Ohio. The design did not progress beyond the prototype stage.

Development 
After the market success of the AA-1 Yankee Clipper American Aviation turned their attention to developing a four-seat aircraft. The American Aviation engineers started with a "clean sheet of paper" and designed a new aircraft. This aircraft was intended to be produced as the American Aviation AA-2 Patriot.

The resulting prototype bore very little family resemblance to the AA-1.  The AA-2 was different from the AA-1 in that it had doors instead of the Yankee's trademark sliding canopy and an oleo strut in place of the Yankee's spring steel tube nose gear. The aircraft had provisions for retractable gear to be installed on a later version, although the prototype had fixed landing gear. The AA-2 was powered by a 180 hp (134 kW) Lycoming engine.

The prototype, registered "N488AA", was completed in 1970 and test flying was commenced early in that same year. Aircraft performance during the test flying process fell far short of the design goals so the project was abandoned and the manufacturer eventually disassembled the prototype.

American Aviation made the decision to develop a stretched version of the AA-1 Yankee Clipper instead of pursuing the AA-2. This aircraft eventually was produced as the AA-5 Traveler and was later developed into the AA-5A Cheetah and the AA-5B Tiger.

Survivors
The prototype has been recovered by members of the American Yankee Association.

Specifications (AA-2 Patriot)

See also

References

External links
 Photos of the AA-2 prototype being recovered

1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Patriot
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1970
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Pureland origami. Pureland origami is a style of origami invented by the British paper folder John Smith that is limited to using only mountain and valley folds, folded one at a time. The aim of Pureland origami is to make origami easier for inexperienced folders and those who have impaired motor skills. Impaired motor skills meant that many, but not all, of the more complicated processes that are common in regular origami, were impossible; and so this alternative manipulations have been developed to create similar effects.

See also 
 Origami
 Origami techniques

References

External links 
 FOLDS.NET - Some diagrams of pureland origami.
 The Origami Interest Group - Three pureland diagrams. (archived 2011)

Origami
Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar. The Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar is an American all-metal, 4-seat, twin-engined light aircraft. The Cougar was a twin-engine development of the Gulfstream American AA-5B Tiger and traces its lineage to the AA-1 Yankee Clipper and the Bede BD-1.

Development 
As a development of the company's single-engined designs, Grumman American developed a twin-engined version, designated the GA-7 which it named the Cougar, in keeping with the existing Lynx, Cheetah and Tiger names for aircraft in the company's line. The prototype Cougar with two  Lycoming O-320 engines first flew on the 29 December 1974. The prototype had a sliding canopy but this was soon changed to a starboard side door on the production aircraft. With other rework required the production prototype did not fly until 14 January 1977.

Before production started the company was taken over on 1 September 1978 by American Jet Industries, who changed the company name to Gulfstream American. Production of the Cougar ran for only two model years, 1978 and 1979, before production was halted. Just 115 Cougars were delivered.

In 1995 the type certificate for the GA-7 was sold to SOCATA of France who intended to produce the aircraft as the TB 320 Tangara for the training market. It was also to develop a variant with two Lycoming O-360-A1G6 engines of  each and a re-designed cockpit, it was designated the TB 360. The first Tangara was a modified Cougar, had  engines and first flew in mid-1996. The complete Tangara prototype was also a converted Cougar and had the  engines. It first flew in February 1997. After delays in getting the type certified SOCATA announced at the end of 1999 that it had delayed indefinitely plans to certify the type.

On 23 May 2019 the type certificate was transferred by SOCATA to the Cougar Aircraft Corporation in the United States.

Design 
The Cougar is a twin-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane using a honeycomb and bonded metal construction that is the hallmark of the line since the BD-1. The prototype's single spar wing was upgraded to a double-spar configuration and this allowed a wet wing.

The Cougar is powered by a pair of wing-mounted Lycoming O-320-D1D engines of . It carries four people at maximum cruise speed of  and a typical cruise speed of . It was certified under US FAR Part 23 on 22 September 1977.

Variants
GA7 Cougar
 version designed by Grumman American and produced by Gulfstream American 1978-79. 115 built.
TB 320 Tangara
Restarted production of the  version by SOCATA, two modified Cougars were converted to Tangara prototypes 1996-97, production was never started.
TB 360 Tangara
Re-designed variant from SOCATA with  O-360 engines, one prototype, a modified Cougar, was first flown in 1997, never entered production.

Specifications (Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar)

See also

References

External links

 Pilot's Operating Handbook

Cougar
TB 320
1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1974
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Knoop hardness test. The Knoop hardness test  is a microhardness test – a test for mechanical hardness used particularly for very brittle materials or thin sheets, where only a small indentation may be made for testing purposes. A pyramidal diamond point is pressed into the polished surface of the test material with a known (often 100 g) load, for a specified dwell time, and the resulting indentation is measured using a microscope. The geometry of this indenter is an extended pyramid with the length to width ratio being 7:1 and respective face angles are 172 degrees for the long edge and 130  degrees for the short edge. The depth of the indentation can be approximated as 1/30 of the long dimension. The Knoop hardness HK or KHN is then given by the formula:

 
where:
 L is the length of indentation along its long axis
 Cp is the correction factor related to the shape of the indenter, ideally 0.070279
 P is the load

HK values are typically in the range from 100 to 1000, when specified in the conventional units of kgf⋅mm−2.  The SI unit, pascal, is sometimes used instead: 1 kgf⋅mm−2 = 9.80665 MPa.

The test was developed by Frederick Knoop and colleagues at the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) of the United States in 1939, and is defined by the ASTM E384 standard.

The advantages of the test are that only a very small sample of material is required, and that it is valid for a wide range of test forces. The main disadvantages are the difficulty of using a microscope to measure the indentation (with an accuracy of 0.5 micrometre), and the time needed to prepare the sample and apply the indenter.

Variables such as load, temperature, and environment, may affect this procedure, which have been examined in detail.

See also 

 Vickers hardness test
 Knoop hardness of ceramics
 Leeb rebound hardness test
 Meyer hardness test

References

External links 
 efunda
 Dental hardness tables

Hardness tests

de:Härte#Härteprüfung nach Knoop