omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Geometric Arithmetic Parallel Processor. In parallel computing, the Geometric Arithmetic Parallel Processor (GAPP), invented by Polish mathematician Włodzimierz Holsztyński in 1981, was patented by Martin Marietta and is now owned by Silicon Optix, Inc. The GAPP's network topology is a mesh-connected array of single-bit SIMD processing elements (PEs), where each PE can communicate with its neighbor to the north, east, south, and west. Each cell has its own memory. The space of addresses is the same for all cells. The data travels from the cell memories to the cell registers, and in the opposite direction, in parallel. Characteristically, the cell's arithmetic logic unit (ALU) (that is, its PE) in the early versions of GAPP was nothing but a 1-bit full-adder/subtractor, which efficiently served both the complex arithmetic as well as logical functions, and with the help of shifts it served also the geometric transformations—in short, it was doing all three types of the tasks (while other designs used three separate hardware special-purpose units instead).

The 10,000-element GAPP grew to 82,944 elements by 1992. 
In its most recent incarnation (as of 2004), the systems by Teranex utilize GAPP arrays of up to 294,912 processing elements.

In mathematics, Holsztyński is known for Holsztyński theorem.

References

SIMD computing
Digital signal processing
SS2. SS2 or SS-2 may refer to:

 SS2 (classification), a Les Autres sport classification
 Airframes Unlimited SS-2 Trainer, an American powered parachute design
 Pindad SS2, an Indonesian assault rifle made to replace the SS1
 , one of the earliest submarines of the United States Navy
 R-2 (missile) (NATO reporting name: SS-2 Sibling), Soviet Union manufactured improvement of the V-2 rocket 
 Scimitar SS2, a 1988 model of the Reliant Scimitar
 Setanta Sports 1 & 2 (SS1 & SS2), subscription based sports channels in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland
 Short Circuit 2, a 1988 motion picture
 SpaceShipTwo, a suborbital, air-launched spaceplane for carrying space tourists
 SPARCstation 2, the Sun SPARCstation 2 workstation
 Serious Sam 2, a 2005 first-person shooter
 System Shock 2, a 1999 first-person action role-playing game
 SS2, Petaling Jaya, a Malaysian neighbourhood
 "SS2", a simple and quick way to refer to the eighth season of Fall Guys.
CHILL. In computing, CHILL (an acronym for CCITT High Level Language) is a procedural programming language designed for use in telecommunication switches (the hardware used inside telephone exchanges). The language is still used for legacy systems in some telecommunication companies and for  signal box programming.

The CHILL language is similar in size and complexity to the original Ada language. The first specification of the CHILL language was published in 1980, a few years before Ada.

ITU provides a standard CHILL compiler.
A free CHILL compiler was bundled with GCC up to version 2.95, however, was removed from later versions. An object-oriented version, called Object CHILL, was developed also.

ITU is responsible for the CHILL standard, known as ITU-T Rec. Z.200. The equivalent ISO standard is ISO/IEC 9496:2003. (The text of the two documents is the same). In late 1999 CCITT stopped maintaining the CHILL standard.

CHILL was used in systems of Alcatel System 12 and Siemens EWSD, for example.

See also 
 PLEX - Programming Language for Exchanges
 Erlang - language from Ericsson originally designed for telecommunication switches

References

External links
 ITU Z.200 standard page, has freely downloadable CHILL spec
 The CHILL Homepage
 Documentation for GNU CHILL

Procedural programming languages
ITU-T recommendations
Legacy systems
Programming languages created in 1980
Programming languages with an ISO standard
Werner Emmanuel Bachmann. Werner Emmanuel Bachmann (November 13, 1901 – March 22, 1951) was an  American chemist. Bachmann was born in Detroit, Michigan where he studied chemistry and chemical engineering at Wayne State University and later at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor nearby. He completed his doctorate under Moses Gomberg and spent the rest of his academic career at the University of Michigan.

Bachmann studied physical organic chemistry (rearrangements, free radicals) and organic synthesis. He is considered a pioneer in steroid synthesis, and carried out the first total synthesis of a steroidal hormone, equilenin with Alfred L. Wilds. His name is associated with the Gomberg-Bachmann reaction for the synthesis of diaryl compounds from aryl diazonium chlorides.

Bachmann developed a new method for the production of the explosive RDX, which was used by the United States during World War II.

References

Sources

Michigan State University Bachmann Biography
Gomberg-Bachmann reaction

External links
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1901 births
1951 deaths
20th-century American biochemists
University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Scientists from Detroit
Wayne State University alumni
Electronic voting machine. An electronic voting machine is a voting machine based on electronics. 
Two main technologies exist: optical scanning and direct recording (DRE).

Optical scanning

In an optical scan voting system, or marksense, each voter's choices are marked on one or more pieces of paper, which then go through a scanner. The scanner creates an electronic image of each ballot, interprets it, creates a tally for each candidate, and usually stores the image for later review.

The voter may mark the paper directly, usually in a specific location for each candidate. Or the voter may select choices on an electronic screen, which then prints the chosen names, and a bar code or QR code summarizing all choices, on a sheet of paper to put in the scanner.

Hundreds of errors in optical scan systems have been found, from feeding ballots upside down, multiple ballots pulled through at once in central counts, paper jams, broken, blocked or overheated sensors which misinterpret some or many ballots, printing which does not align with the programming, programming errors, and loss of files. The cause of each programming error is rarely found, so it is not known how many were accidental or intentional.

Direct-recording electronic (DRE)

In a DRE voting machine system, a touch screen displays choices to the voter, who selects choices, and can change their mind as often as needed, before casting the vote. Staff initialize each voter once on the machine, to avoid repeat voting. Voting data are recorded in memory components, and can be copied out at the end of the election.

Some of these machines also print names of chosen candidates on paper for the voter to verify, though less than 40% verify.  These names on paper are kept behind glass in the machine, and can be used for election audits and recounts if needed. The tally of the voting data is printed on the end of the paper tape. The paper tape is called a Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT). The VVPATs can be tallied at 20–43 seconds of staff time per vote (not per ballot).

For machines without VVPAT, there is no record of individual votes to check. For machines with VVPAT, checking is more expensive than with paper ballots, because on the flimsy thermal paper in a long continuous roll, staff often lose their place, and the printout has each change by each voter, not just their final decisions.

Problems have included public web access to the software, before it is loaded into machines for each election, and programming errors which increment different candidates than voters select. The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany found that with existing machines could not be allowed because they could not be monitored by the public.

Successful hacks have been demonstrated under laboratory conditions.

See also
Electronic voting#Machines
Vote counting#Electronic counting

References

Election technology
Electronic voting
Clevite. For the radioactive mineral, see Cleveite.

Clevite, Inc. was a Cleveland, Ohio based manufacturing company, founded as the Cleveland Graphite Bronze Company. The company was a leading producer of Babbit bearings and a significant US government defense contractor. The bearings were licensed in Britain to Vandervell Products Ltd; W. A. Robotham of Rolls-Royce said that "it was an exceedingly difficult task for Tony Vandervell ... knowing the American company well". 

In 1952 the Cleveland Graphite Bronze Company absorbed the Brush Development Company and Brush Labs in a merger.  In 1953 it acquired 51% of Transistor Products Inc., and with other acquisitions such as the German Intermetall in 1955 (a company founded in 1952 by pioneering German physicist and developer of the first "European" transistor Herbert Mataré, and subsequently sold to telecommunications giant ITT in 1965) developed a semiconductor division.

By 1959, over one-third of Clevite's sales were in electronics, split over four units: Clevite Transistor Prods.; Brush Instruments; Clevite Electronic Components; and Clevite Ordnance. Clevite won defense contracts for some of its products and opened a new ordnance plant in 1967. Clevite purchased Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1960 and continued operating it until selling it (again to ITT as it had done with Intermetall) in 1968.

In 1969, Clevite was acquired by Gould-National Batteries, a firm one-quarter its size. It adopted the Gould name in the hopes of having better brand recognition in the marketplace.

References

External links 
 Company history from the Encyclopedia of Cleveland

Manufacturing companies based in Cleveland
Negotiator. A negotiator is a person who engages in negotiation.

Negotiator may also refer to:

The Negotiator, a 1998 action film starring Samuel L. Jackson and Kevin Spacey
The Negotiator (novel), an unrelated 1989 crime novel by Frederick Forsyth
iRobot Negotiator, an unmanned robot from the iRobot Corporation
 Negotiator (TV series), a 2018 Chinese TV series starring Yang Mi and Huang Zitao
 Negotiator (2003 film)
 Negotiator (2014 film)
Videogrammetry. Videogrammetry is a measurement technology in which the three-dimensional coordinates of points on an object are determined by measurements made in two or more video images taken from different angles. Images can be obtained from two cameras which simultaneously view the object or from successive images captured by the same camera with a view of the object. Videogrammetry is typically used in manufacturing and construction.

See also
Motion capture
Stereophotogrammetry
Structure from motion
Photogrammetry

References

Measurement
Photogrammetry
Stereophotogrammetry
Video
X terminal. In computing, an X terminal is a display/input terminal for X Window System client applications. X terminals enjoyed a period of popularity in the early 1990s when they offered a lower total cost of ownership alternative to a full Unix workstation.

An X terminal runs an 'X server'. In X, the usage of "client" and "server" is from the viewpoint of the programs: the X server supplies a screen, keyboard, mouse and touchscreen to client applications. This connects to an X display manager (introduced in X11R3) running on a central machine, using XDMCP (X Display Manager Control Protocol, introduced in X11R4).

Thin clients have somewhat supplanted X terminals in that they are equipped with added flash memory and software for communication with remote desktop protocols.

Vendors
In the early 1990s, several vendors introduced X terminals including HP, DEC (including the VT1000 series), IBM, Samsung, NCD, Gipsi, Tektronix, and Visual Technology.

See also 
 Blit (computer terminal)
 Thin client

References 

Thin clients
X Window System
Chlorosarin. Chlorosarin is a chemical precursor used in the final step of one method for the production of the nerve agent sarin.  Also known as O-isopropyl methylphosphonochloridate and isopropyl methylphosphonic chloride, it has a molecular weight of 156.55 g/mol and a molecular formula of C4H10ClO2P.

Safety
Chlorosarin will produce effects similar to those of sarin if it is absorbed into body, but they are less severe. However, like sarin, it is highly toxic and small doses of it would be lethal. The Chemical Weapons Convention also lists chlorosarin as well as other chemicals such chlorosoman and QL as controlled substances in Schedule 1.

Synthesis
Like GB, ClGB presents a varied preparation route. Overall, it is a lower cost chemical warfare agent than sarin. ClGB was one of the final intermediates of step five of the DMHP process, being known as a raw impurity and as a final precursor.

Chlorosarin can be synthesized from diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) and phosgene.

References

Nerve agent precursors
Isopropyl esters
Ground speed. Ground speed is the horizontal component of the velocity of an aircraft relative to the Earth’s surface, also referred to as "speed over the ground". It is vital for accurate navigation that the pilot has an estimate of the ground speed that will be achieved during each leg of a flight.

Theoretically, an aircraft diving vertically and unaffected by wind would have a ground speed of zero. Information displayed to passengers through the entertainment system of airline aircraft usually gives the aircraft ground speed rather than airspeed.

Ground speed can be determined by the vector sum of the aircraft's true airspeed and the current wind speed and direction; a headwind subtracts from the ground speed, while a tailwind adds to it. Winds at other angles to the heading will have components of either headwind or tailwind as well as a crosswind component.

An airspeed indicator indicates the aircraft's speed relative to the air mass it is flying through. The air mass may be moving over the ground due to wind, and therefore some additional means to provide position over the ground is required to determine ground speed. This might be through navigation using landmarks, radio aided position location, inertial navigation system, or GPS. When more advanced technology is unavailable, an E6B flight computer may be used to calculate ground speed.  Ground speed radar can measure it directly.

Ground speed is quite different from airspeed.  When an aircraft is airborne, its ground speed is not related to the likelihood of a stall, and it doesn't influence the aircraft's performance, such as rate of climb.

See also 
 ICAO recommendations on use of the International System of Units

References

Air navigation
Velocity
EGL. EGL may refer to:

Computing 
 EGL (API), an OpenGL interface 
 EGL (programming language)

Other uses 
 Eesti Gaidide Liit, an Estonian Guides Association
 Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft Laufenburg, a Swiss energy company
 Emilian dialect of the Emilian-Romagnol language
 Engility, an American defense company
 Enterprise Group (Ghana), a Ghanaian insurance company
 European Gemological Laboratory; see Diamond clarity
 Elegant Gothic Lolita; see Lolita fashion
 Neghelle Airport, Ethiopia (IATA code EGL)
List of important publications in physics. This is a list of noteworthy publications in physics, organized by type.

General audience
 List of books on popular physics concepts

Textbooks
 List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics
 List of textbooks in electromagnetism
 List of textbooks on relativity
 List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics

Bibliographies by author
 Max Born
 Albert Einstein
 John von Neumann
 Emmy Noether

Journals
 List of physics journals
 List of fluid mechanics journals
 List of materials science journals
 List of mathematical physics journals

Applied and interdisciplinary physics
Physics
Publications in physics
Semi-monocoque. The term semi-monocoque or semimonocoque refers to a stressed shell structure that is similar to a true monocoque, but which derives at least some of its strength from conventional reinforcement.  Semi-monocoque construction is used for, among other things, aircraft fuselages, car bodies and motorcycle frames.

Examples of semi-monocoque vehicles

Semi-monocoque aircraft fuselages differ from true monocoque construction through being reinforced with longitudinal stringers.  The Mooney range of four seat aircraft, for instance, use a steel tube truss frame around the passenger compartment with monocoque behind.

The British ARV Super2 light aircraft has a fuselage constructed mainly of aluminium alloy, but with some fibreglass elements.  The cockpit is a stiff monocoque of "Supral" alloy, but aft of the cockpit bulkhead, the ARV is conventionally built, with frames, longerons and stressed skin forming a semi-monocoque.

Peter Williams' 1973 Formula 750 TT-winning John Player Norton racer was an early example of a semi-monocoque motorcycle.

See also
 Monocoque
 Stressed skin

References

Structural engineering
Aircraft components
USS Halsey. Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Halsey in honor of Fleet Admiral William F. "Bull" Halsey (1882–1959), who served in the United States Navy during the First and Second World Wars. Both ships used guided missiles as their primary armament

The first, , was a  guided missile cruiser that served in the United States Navy from 1963 to 1994.
The second, , is the 47th  guided missile destroyer, launched in 2004. In active service.

See also
 , Fletcher-class destroyer, launched in 1943, scrapped in 1982
 , destroyer escort launched in 1944 but never completed

United States Navy ship names
Cee. Cee or CEE may refer to:

 C, third letter of the Latin alphabet

Organizations 

Center for Excellence in Education, US
 Centre for Environment Education
 Centre for the Economics of Education, London, England
 , now IECEE, an electrical standards body
 CEE 7 standard AC plugs and sockets
 CEE 17, now IEC 60309, connector standard
 , French abbreviation for European Economic Community
 Consortium for Energy Efficiency, North America

Education 
 Common Entrance Examination, tests used by independent schools in the UK
 Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination, a standardized examination from 1974 to 2011

Other uses 
 Cee, Spain, A Coruña, Galicia
 Central and Eastern Europe
 Conjugated equine estrogens, a medication
 Converged Enhanced Ethernet
Chemigation valve. Sometimes called a check valve or a backflow preventer, a chemigation valve is an apparatus designed to protect water supplies from agricultural chemicals used during chemigation, the application of chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides through irrigation water.  Most chemigation valves consist of a spring-loaded check valve, a low pressure drain, an air and vacuum relief valve, and an injection port for introducing the chemicals downstream of the check valve.  Many chemigation valves also have a 4-inch inspection port so that  a person can reach inside and feel if the check valve is still functional.  Some governments require the use of two chemigation valves installed in series if hazardous chemicals are to be injected.

The following policies require or encourage the installation of these valves:

Texas State law Chapter 344.73 in  Subchapter D - 1.(b) 
 "An irrigation system which adds any chemical is considered to be a 'high health hazard'. Such an irrigation system must not be connected to any potable water supply except through a reduced pressure principle backflow prevention assembly."

Florida's Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Water Quality/Quantity Best Management Practices for Florida Specialty Fruit and Nut Crops  p. 20 specifies that:
 "Backflow prevention should include a check valve between the irrigation pump and the injection device to prevent backward flow; a low-pressure drain to prevent seepage past the check valve; a vacuum relief valve to ensure that a siphon cannot develop; and a check valve on the injection line."

See also
 Air gap
 Hydrostatic loop
 Pressure vacuum breaker
 Double check valve
 Reduced Pressure Principle BFP
 Atmospheric vacuum breaker

References

Plumbing valves
Irrigation
Backflow
Odin (code conversion software). Odin (known before as Win32-OS/2) is a project to run Microsoft Windows programs on OS/2 or convert them to OS/2 native format.  It also provides the Odin32 API to compile Win32 (Windows API) programs for OS/2. The project's goals are:
 Every Windows program should load and operate properly.
 Create a complete OS/2 implementation of the Win32 API.

Although this is far from complete, much of the Win32 API is not widely used, so partial implementation will give usable results. Odin32 is already used commercially for the OS/2 port of the Opera web browser. Odin is included in the ArcaOS operating system.

Technical overview
Odin achieves binary compatibility by converting Win32 executables and dynamic-link libraries to OS/2 format. Conversion can be done on the fly (each time the application is run) or permanently. Odin does not use emulation or a compatibility layer.

Odin identifies itself to Windows applications as Windows 2000 Service Pack 2.

Odin uses code from Wine, which runs Win32 applications on Unix-like operating systems.

Name 
The project is named after Odin, the god of wisdom and supreme god of Germanic and Norse mythology.

References

External links 
 
 Former website on the Internet Archive
 Project Website
 Application compatibility list

OS/2 emulation software
Software derived from or incorporating Wine
Black Country Urban Forest. The Black Country Urban Forest (BCUF) is a project to make urban forestry the characteristic landscape of one of England's industrial areas, The Black Country.

It is not a forest in the modern sense of a large area of managed woodland. It is closer to the old concept of a Royal forest – a large area of land with many different land uses and activities, except that instead of being dedicated to the enjoyment of the privileged few, the BCUF is an amenity for all the people, from all backgrounds, that live in it.

Origins
The BCUF resulted from the “Millennium Forest”, the most ambitious urban forestry project ever undertaken in the UK – a huge program of urban tree planting and management of urban woodlands, creating a tremendous increase in the area of woodland in the area.

The Black Country (the part of the West Midlands conurbation consisting of the city of Wolverhampton and the Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell, and Walsall) was the 'forge' of the Industrial Revolution, and the legacy of this was huge areas of derelict land. Even at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries the Midland reafforesting association was creating new woodlands on former colliery tips and other suitable sites across the area. At the end of the 20th Century ambitious targets were set and huge increases in planting proposed.

Development
The successful project, “Treeways”, focused on transport corridors in the area, and acted as a pilot. The four voluntary sector principals in this project – National Urban Forestry Unit (NUFU), Wildlife Trust for Birmingham and the Black Country, British Trust for Conservation Volunteers (BTCV) and Groundwork Black Country. They went on to work closely with the four local authorities to propose the ambitious Millennium programme. Despite setbacks, and problems with achieving all the projected outputs, the project was essentially successful, and the concept of the BCUF continues.  

As well as tree planting and woodland management, woodland based businesses were supported, events and activities organised to engage local communities and studies of the area's biodiversity were carried out.

The Millennium Forest project was funded by the UK's Millennium Fund, matched by regeneration funding from the UK government and Europe, grants from the Forestry Commission and many other sources. The total cost was over £7 million.

A similar and wider project was started in 2006/7, the £50m Black Country Urban Park.

Responsibility for the Black Country Urban Forest is now shared between Groundwork Black Country and the landowners, each of whom entered into a 99-year deed of dedication, a legal agreement with the Millennium Commission.

External links
 Wildlife Trust: Black Country Urban Forest (PDF)
 Millennium.gov.uk

Geography of the West Midlands (county)
Forests and woodlands of the West Midlands (county)
Urban forestry organizations
Black Country