omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of welding processes. This is a list of welding processes, separated into their respective categories. The associated N reference numbers (second column) are specified in ISO 4063 (in the European Union published as EN ISO 4063). Numbers in parentheses are obsolete and were removed from the current (1998) version of ISO 4063. The AWS reference codes of the American Welding Society are commonly used in North America.

Arc welding

Overview article: arc welding

Oxyfuel gas welding

Overview article: Oxy-fuel welding and cutting

Resistance welding

Overview article: electric resistance welding

Solid-state welding

Other types of welding

Notes and references

Cary, Howard B. and Scott C. Helzer (2005).  Modern Welding Technology.  Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education.  .
Lincoln Electric (1994). The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding. Cleveland: Lincoln Electric. .

See also
 Welding
 List of welding codes
 Symbols and conventions used in welding documentation
 Laser cladding

External links
 Welding process information
 Resistance welding process information

 
Technology-related lists
Thomas Brzustowski. Thomas Anthony Brzustowski,  (; April 4, 1937 – June 19, 2020) was a Canadian engineer, academic, and civil servant.

Born in Warsaw, he came to Canada with his family when he was 11.  He received a B.A.Sc. degree in engineering physics from the University of Toronto in 1958. He received an M.A. degree from Princeton University in 1960 and a Ph.D. degree in aeronautical engineering in 1963.

He then joined the University of Waterloo teaching in the department of mechanical engineering. From 1967 to 1970 he was the chairman of the department and from 1975 to 1987 he was Vice-President, Academic. From 1987 to 1991 he was the Ontario deputy minister of Colleges and Universities.  He was president of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council from 1995 to 2005.

From 2005 to 2012 he served as the inaugural RBC Professor in Commercialization of Innovation at the University of Ottawa and wrote the book The Way Ahead: Meeting Canada's Productivity Challenge. He coined the phrase "Necessity may be the mother of invention, but competition is the father of innovation." He was also the first Chair of the Advisory Committee of the Institute for Science, Society and Policy at that university.

He was chair of the board of the Institute for Quantum Computing at the University of Waterloo from 2006 to 2014, chair of the scientific advisory committee (SAC) for the national Council of Canadian Academies (CCA) from 2010 to 2013; from 2016 to 2019 he sat on CCA's board of directors.

He died on June 19, 2020, at Grand River Hospital following a brief illness.

Honours
Brzustowski has received honorary degrees from the University of Guelph (1994), Ryerson Polytechnic University (1996), University of Waterloo (1997), McMaster University (2000), University of Alberta (2000), University of Ottawa (2000), École Polytechnique de Montréal (2001), Concordia University (2003), Royal Military College of Canada (2003), Brock University (2005), the University of Victoria (2005), York University (2005), University of Northern British Columbia (2006), Carleton University (2007), and Lakehead University (2011).

In 1997 Brzustowski was elected to Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering. In 2001, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He is an honorary member of the Royal Military College of Canada, student # S143.

Books 
 Brzustowski, Thomas A (1969). Introduction to the principles of engineering thermodynamics. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. .
 Brzustowski, Tom (2008). The Way Ahead: Meeting Canada's Productivity Challenge. Ottawa: Univ. of Ottawa Press. .

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

 Canadian Who's Who 1997 entry

1937 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Canadian academics in engineering
Canadian mechanical engineers
Fellows of the Canadian Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Engineering Institute of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
Polish emigrants to Canada
University of Toronto alumni
Koenig & Bauer. Koenig & Bauer AG (; ) is a German company that makes printing presses based in Würzburg. It was founded by Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Friedrich Bauer in Würzburg in 1817, making it the oldest printing press manufacturer in the world still in service.

95% of the banknotes used in the world are printed on printers made by Koenig & Bauer Banknote Solutions SA, a division of Koenig & Bauer.

History 
Founded in 1817, by the 20th century Koenig and Bauer had become a major company and the world's leading manufacturer of security printing equipment.

In 1951, the firm began to suffer from the age of the designs of the machines it was selling, some of which dated from the early 1920s, and its chairman, Hans Bolza, faced up to the need to come to terms with Gualtiero Giori, an Italian printer and inventor with a company in Lausanne who had made great advances in intaglio printing. Bolza established an immediate rapport with Giori, and the deal they signed in 1952 led to a long-term agreement in 1958. Koenig & Bauer surrendered to Giori its distribution rights, even in Germany, but gained the exclusive rights to manufacture Giori machines, and the two had a long and profitable association. In 2001, after Giori's death, Koenig & Bauer acquired his company, Giori SA, part of which was renamed KBA Giori

Printing capacity 
The table lists the maximum number of pages which the various early 19th-century press designs of Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Bauer could print per hour, compared to earlier hand-operated screw presses. The table includes those designs which were constructed by the pair in England before the establishment of their company upon their return to Germany.

Notes

References

External links
 Official Koenig & Bauer website 
 

Companies based in Bavaria
Würzburg
Printing press manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1817
German brands
Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
Pat Sullivan (programmer). Pat Sullivan is an American software engineer who co-created the contact manager ACT! along with his partner Mike Muhney. Sullivan was named one of the “80 Most Influential People in Sales and Marketing History” in 1998 by the magazine Sales & Marketing Management.

Pat Sullivan started Contact Software in Dallas, Texas in 1986. With his friend Mike Muhney and two programmers, Randy Haben and John Maurer, the team developed the first commercial version of the contact manager ACT! In 1993, ACT! was acquired by Symantec. In 1995, Pat Sullivan founded the sales force automation company SalesLogix. In 1999, SalesLogix Corp was renamed to Interact Commerce Corporation and ACT! was reacquired from Symantec. In May 2001, Sage Group plc acquired Interact Commerce Corporation.

In 2005, Pat Sullivan launched Jigsaw Health and published the book Wellness piece by piece to help the 125 million Americans suffering from chronic health conditions.

Works 
 Wellness Piece by Piece: How a Successful Entrepreneur Discovered the Pieces to His Chronic Health Puzzle. Health Press, 2005, 
 Getting Big Sh*t done:A Serial Startup Founder's Secret to Doing Big Things Ryver Inc, 2018,

References

External links
 
 Jigsaw Health - Sullivan's company
 Jigsaw Health Foundation - Sullivan's foundation

American computer businesspeople
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Data General Eclipse. The Data General Eclipse line of computers by Data General were 16-bit minicomputers released in early 1974 and sold until 1988. The Eclipse was based on many of the same concepts as the Data General Nova, but included support for virtual memory and multitasking more suitable to the small office than the lab. It was also packaged differently for this reason, in a floor-standing case the size of a small refrigerator. The Eclipse series was supplanted by the 32-bit Data General Eclipse MV/8000 in 1980.

Description
The Data General Nova was intended to outperform the PDP-8 while being less expensive, and in a similar fashion, the Eclipse was meant to compete against the larger PDP-11 computers. It kept the simple register architecture of the Nova but added a stack pointer which the Nova lacked. The stack pointer was added back to the later Nova 3 machines in 1975 and also used on the later 32-bit Data General Eclipse MV/8000. The AOS operating system was quite sophisticated, advanced compared to the PDP-11 offerings, with access control lists (ACLs) for file protection.

Production problems with the Eclipse led to a rash of lawsuits in the late 1970s, after new versions of the machine were pre-ordered by many DG customers and then never arrived. After over a year of waiting, some decided to sue the company, while others simply cancelled their orders and went elsewhere. It appeared that the Eclipse was originally intended to replace the Nova outright, also evidenced by the fact that the Nova 3 series released at the same time was phased out the next year. However, strong continuing demand resulted in the Nova 4, perhaps as a result of the continuing problems with the Eclipse.

Facts 
The original Cray-1 system used an Eclipse to act as a Maintenance and Control Unit (MCU).  It was configured with two Ampex CRTs, an 80 MB Ampex disk drive, a thermal printer, and a 9-track tape drive.  Its primary purpose was to download an image of either the Cray Operating System or customer engineering diagnostics at boot time.  Once booted, it acted as a status and control console via RDOS station software.

References 

Minicomputers
Eclipse
16-bit computers
Thomas Underwood. Thomas Underwood (May 6, 1863 – May 10, 1948) was a building developer and the 13th mayor of Calgary, Alberta.

Born in Asfordby, Leicestershire, England in 1863, Underwood emigrated to Canada when he was 20.  A carpenter by trade, he arrived in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1883.  At first, he worked as a farm hand.  Two years later, he joined a Canadian Pacific Railway construction gang and was working in Craigellachie, British Columbia at the time of the last spike was driven to complete the transcontinental railroad.  After the railroad was completed, he settled in Calgary.

Underwood spent the first two and a half years working for Jarrett-Cushing Lumber Company.  Then he went into business for himself as a builder and contractor.  Underwood was involved in the construction of many of the larger buildings in early Calgary.  This includes the Bank of Montreal building and Burns Manor for Senator Pat Burns.

Underwood was elected to the Calgary City Council in 1894.  He spent eight years on City Council including two years as mayor from 1902-1904.

In 1887, Underwood married Catherine Graves.  Together they had nine children, three of whom died in infancy.  He was deacon of First Baptist Church for over 30 years, director of the YMCA for 25 years, and a member of the board of directors of Brandon College for ten years.  His wife died in 1934 and he died on May 10, 1948, both in Calgary.

References

External links
1937 newspaper clipping about Underwood from the Calgary Herald

1863 births
1948 deaths
Mayors of Calgary
People from the Borough of Melton
English emigrants to Canada
Calgary city councillors
YMCA leaders
19th-century Canadian politicians
20th-century mayors of places in Alberta
Pilotfish (company). Pilotfish is a multidisciplinary design and innovation consultancy with offices in Amsterdam, Berlin, and Taipei. The company is specialized in industrial design, user interface design, and mechanical engineering. The company covers the entire product development process from research and strategy to ideation, design, engineering, sourcing, tooling, and production.

Evolution

Pilotfish was founded in Munich, Germany, and Taipei, Taiwan, in 2000 by industrial designers Harm Hogenbirk and Marc Nagel. In 2009, a third office was opened in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The firm employs more than 40 people across its three offices. The company's management speaks regularly at design and business conferences and takes part in international design juries.

Design and Clients

Pilotfish services clients in consumer and professional electronics, medical, automotive and home automation industries. 
Notable projects are the interactive information system Munich Airport InfoGate, the music editing phone Ondo, the multitouch phone Onyx, the communications docking station for the iPhone iFusion SmartStation, the DJ controller system Traktor Kontrol S4, the service robot ITRI Roppie, the digital hearing system Hansaton VELVET X-Mini, and the intelligent patient monitoring platform Pulsion PulsioFlex.

Major clients (as of 2013) include Acer, ASUS, BMW,  MINI, Dell, Bosch, Hansaton, Heineken, Honeywell, ITRI, Logitech, Mastervolt, Munich Airport, Native Instruments, Samsung, Siemens.

Awards

Pilotfish' work has been awarded with international design awards, including the Good Design Awards, IDEA, iF and red dot awards.

References

Industrial design firms
Companies based in Amsterdam
Companies based in Munich
Companies based in Taipei
Companies established in 2000
Snap fastener. A snap fastener, also called snap button, press button, press stud, press fastener, dome fastener, popper, snap and tich (or tich button), is a pair of interlocking discs, made out of a metal or plastic, commonly used in place of traditional buttons to fasten clothing and for similar purposes.  A circular lip under one disc fits into a groove on the top of the other, holding them fast until a certain amount of force is applied. Different types of snaps can be attached to fabric or leather by riveting with a punch and die set specific to the type of rivet snaps used (striking the punch with a hammer to splay the tail), sewing, or plying with special snap pliers.

Snap fasteners are a noted detail in American Western wear and were also often chosen for children's clothing, as they are relatively easy for children to use compared with traditional buttons.

Invention

Modern snap fasteners were patented by German inventor Heribert Bauer in 1885 as the "Federknopf-Verschluss", a novelty fastener for men's trousers.  Some attribute the invention to Bertel Sanders, of Denmark. In 1886, Albert-Pierre Raymond, of Grenoble, also obtained a patent. These first versions had an S-shaped spring in the "male" disc instead of a groove. Australian inventor Myra Juliet Farrell is also credited with inventing a "stitchless press stud" and the "stitchless hook and eye". In America, Jack Weil (1901–2008) put snaps on his iconic Western shirts, which spread the fashion for them. The Prym company has produced snap fasteners since 1903.

Use

Snaps were incorporated into military gear for their speed of use, comparative freedom from snaring, and ease of disentanglement when caught; they were particularly adapted to paratroop equipment due to the danger of snares in the myriad lines attaching a parachute canopy.

They were also adopted for use with law enforcement holsters and their myriad accessories for similar reasons – replaced in both fields largely by hook and loop fasteners in recent decades.
 
Press studs were adopted by rodeo cowboys from the 1930s onwards, because these could be quickly undone if, in the event of a fall, the shirt became snagged in the saddle. Faux pearl snaps entered American mainstream Western fashion during the 1950s, when singing cowboys like Gene Autry and Roy Rogers incorporated them into their embroidered and fringed stage shirts.

Gallery

References

External links

1940s fashion
20th-century fashion
German inventions
Textile closures
Western wear

de:Knopf#Druckknopf
Silly window syndrome. Silly window syndrome (SWS) is a problem in computer networking caused by poorly implemented TCP flow control. A serious problem can arise in the sliding window operation when the sending application program creates data slowly, the receiving application program consumes data slowly, or both. If a server with this problem is unable to process all incoming data, it requests that its clients reduce the amount of data they send at a time (the window setting on a TCP packet). If the server continues to be unable to process all incoming data, the window becomes smaller and smaller, sometimes to the point that the data transmitted is smaller than the packet header, making data transmission extremely inefficient. The name of this problem is due to the window size shrinking to a "silly" value.

Since there is a certain amount of overhead associated with processing each packet, the increased number of packets means increased overhead to process a decreasing amount of data. The end result is thrashing.

Solution
When there is no synchronization between the sender and receiver regarding capacity of the flow of data or the size of the packet, the window syndrome problem is created. When the silly window syndrome is created by the sender, Nagle's algorithm is used. Nagle's solution requires that the sender send the first segment even if it is a small one, then that it wait until an ACK is received or a maximum sized segment (MSS) is accumulated.

When the silly window syndrome is created by the receiver, David D Clark's solution is used. Clark's solution closes the window until another segment of maximum segment size (MSS) can be received or the buffer is half empty.

There are 3 causes of SWS:

 When the server announces Empty space as 0
 When client is able to generate only 1 byte at a time
 When server is able to consume only 1 byte at a time

During SWS, efficiency of communication is almost 0, so SWS duration should be short as possible.

Send-side silly window avoidance
A heuristic method where the send TCP must allow the sending application to make "write" calls, and collect the data transferred in each call before transmitting it into a large segment. The sending TCP delays sending segments until it can accumulate reasonable amounts of data, which is known as clumping.

Receive-side silly window avoidance
A heuristic method that a receiver uses to maintain an internal record of the available window, and delay advertising an increase in window size to the sender until it can advance a significant amount. This amount depends on the receiver's buffer size and maximum segment size. By using this method, it prevents small window advertisements where received applications extract data octets slowly.

References

External links 
 Explanation of the silly window syndrome
 Recommended sender- and client-side solutions to silly window syndrome

Transmission Control Protocol
Network Applied Communication Laboratory. Network Applied Communication Laboratory Ltd. is an open source systems integrator located in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. It is specialized in systems consulting and the development of web sites and open source software. It is one of the employers of Yukihiro Matsumoto, who is the creator of the Ruby programming language. It is known more commonly by the acronym "NaCl".

External links 
Official website

Free software companies
Technology companies of Japan
Ruby (programming language)
Software companies of Japan
Companies based in Shimane Prefecture
IBM OS/6. OS/6 (Office System/6 or System 6) is a standalone word processor made by IBM's Office Products Division (OPD), introduced in January, 1977. OS/6 was superseded by the IBM Displaywriter in 1980.

Overview
The intended configuration is a console with a keyboard, a small, approximately 9" CRT character display and either a daisy wheel or IBM 46/40 ink jet printer, renamed the IBM 6640. Documents are stored on 8-inch floppy diskettes and magnetic stripe card, which is exchangeable with IBM's previous generation of Mag Card Selectrics. The display is pre-WYSIWYG, so special symbols embedded in the displayed text mark formatting information the user can edit. Navigation is pre-mouse and uses arrow keys.

In an age before PCs, when typing was still done primarily only by clerical staff, the OS/6 was intended for what IBM envisioned as centralized word processing centers at large organizations. It includes features like mail merge, very high print quality with many formatting options and printers that can feed envelopes or sheets from two drawers, usually referred to within IBM as letterhead and second sheet. Data from Office System/6 can be migrated to IBM 5110 and 5120 with third-party applications.

Internally, the OS/6 uses an IBM proprietary 16-bit single-chip microprocessor called the OPD Mini Processor. This processor is a single-chip FET microprocessor designed by Richard Vrba. It had a 16-bit little-endian instruction set built on an 8-bit internal architecture. Sixteen general-purpose registers, implemented as a 32-byte window in memory that operated as a stack, could be used as instruction operands or for indirect references to operands in memory.

History
Development on OS/6 was done in the "Rio" project at IBM's Austin, Texas facilities.  A proposed video display upgrade for the Selectric Mag Card II had been rejected. Instead, it was announced in 1977 that Mag Card II users would be able to add a communications option to link up with System 6.

In a 1977 presentation the System 6 was shown with the models 6/430, 6/440, and 6/450. One year later the models 6/442 and 6/452 were shown additionally. System 6 building blocks are monitor,  keyboard, magnetic card unit,  inkjet, and  daisy wheel printers, and a floppy disk station.

In 1978, a stand-alone CPU (without magnetic card and printing capabilities) was added to the product line, the IBM 6/420 Information Processor.

In 1979, a communication-enabled laser printer and photocopier combination was introduced, the IBM 6670 Information Distributor.

Also in 1979, IBM General Systems Division (GSD) introduced IBM 5520 systems, not related to System 6, with some overlapping functionality and performance.

OS/6 was superseded by the IBM Displaywriter in 1980.

References

External links 
Computer museum A partially working example of a 6/420 on display
Computer museum in Dutch

IBM computers
16-bit computers
Word processors
Beetling. Beetling is a textile finishing process, where linen or cotton fabric is pounded to produce a flat, lustrous effect.

Process 
Beetling is a textile finishing method used to obtain an aesthetic finish (i.e. lustre) in cotton- or linen-based fabrics. The fabric is wetted and treated with potato starch, and then hammers repeatedly rise and fall on exposed fabric for over 100 hours. The finish imparts a lustrous and absorbent effect which is ideal for linen dishcloths. It also changes the texture of the fabric, stiffening it somewhat so that it is similar to leather.

History 
Within Ireland, beetling was first introduced by Hamilton Maxwell in 1725. Beetling is part of the finishing of the linen cloth. The hammering tightens the weave and gives the cloth a smooth feel. The process was gradually phased out, in lieu of calendering. One similarity between beetling and calendering is the compression; however, with calendering, the finish does not remain for the life of the cloth, which distinguishes it from beetling.

Beetling mill 
William Clark and Sons, based in Upperlands, Northern Ireland, are the last commercial beetling mill in the world and have been beetling on the same site since 1736.

21st century 
In the 2020s, there was a surge of interest in beetled fabric, largely due to a 2020 Alexander McQueen collection focused on beetled linen.

See also 
 Fulling

References

External links 

Textiles
Textile techniques
Textile arts of Ireland
Linen industry