omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Trichloroacetic acid. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA; TCAA; also known as trichloroethanoic acid) is an analogue of acetic acid in which the three hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have all been replaced by chlorine atoms. Salts and esters of trichloroacetic acid are called trichloroacetates.

Synthesis
Trichloroacetic acid was discovered by Jean-Baptiste Dumas in 1830.

It is prepared by the reaction of chlorine with acetic acid in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as red phosphorus. This reaction is Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation.
 + 3  →  + 3 
Another route to trichloroacetic acid is the oxidation of trichloroacetaldehyde.

Use
It is widely used in biochemistry for the precipitation of macromolecules, such as proteins, DNA, and RNA. TCA and DCA are both used in cosmetic treatments (such as chemical peels and tattoo removal) and as topical medication for chemoablation of warts, including genital warts. It can kill normal cells as well. It is considered safe for use for this purpose during pregnancy.

The sodium salt (sodium trichloroacetate) was used as an herbicide starting in the 1950s but regulators removed it from the market in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Environmental and health concerns
According to the European Chemicals Agency, "This substance causes severe skin burns and eye damage, is very toxic to aquatic life and has long lasting toxic effects."

History
The discovery of trichloroacetic acid by Jean-Baptiste Dumas in 1839 delivered a striking example to the slowly evolving theory of organic radicals and valences. The theory was contrary to the beliefs of Jöns Jakob Berzelius, starting a long dispute between Dumas and Berzelius.

Popular culture
In the 1958 film The Blob, a bottle of trichloroacetic acid is tossed at the Blob in a futile attempt to fend it off.

See also
Chloroacetic acids

References

External links

CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Acetic acids
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Trichloromethyl compounds
Organic compounds with 2 carbon atoms
IBM eServer. IBM eServer was a family of computer servers from IBM. Announced in 2000, it combined the various IBM server brands (AS/400, Netfinity, RS/6000, S/390) under one brand. The various sub-brands were at the same time rebranded from:
IBM RS/6000 to IBM eServer pSeries, p for POWER
IBM AS/400 to IBM eServer iSeries, i for Integrated
IBM Netfinity to IBM eServer xSeries, x for eXtended architecture (with respect to "commodity" Intel-based servers)
IBM System/390 was replaced by the 64-bit IBM eServer zSeries, z for Zero downtime.

The RS/6000 SP supercomputer line was replaced by Blue Gene platform.

Discontinuation 
In 2005, IBM announced a new brand, IBM System, as an umbrella for all IBM server and storage brands. The rebranding was completed in 2006 when the IBM xSeries became the IBM System x (later the Lenovo System x).
IBM eServer zSeries became IBM System z
IBM eServer pSeries became IBM System p
IBM eServer iSeries became IBM System i
IBM eServer xSeries became IBM System x (later Lenovo System x)
IBM TotalStorage became IBM Storage
IBM eServer BladeCenter became IBM BladeCenter
IBM eServer 1350 became IBM System Cluster 1350

References

External links
IBM servers

eServer
eServer
Ultra-dense servers
Thyssen Henschel. Thyssen Henschel was a German industrial firm and defense contractor.

One part of the company  Henschel Wehrtechnik was acquired by Rheinmetall in 1999 and was integrated into Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH in 2000.

Products

 TAM medium tank for Argentine Army
 Sedena-Henschel HWK-11 - infantry fighting vehicle for Mexican Army
 TM-170 APC
 Marder infantry fighting vehicle
 Sri Lanka Railways M6

See also
Henschel & Son
ThyssenKrupp
Rheinmetall
:Category:Henschel locomotives
TH-495, 1990s unbuilt light combat vehicle

References

External links

Defence companies of Germany
Thyssen AG
Defunct locomotive manufacturers of Germany
Chloric acid. Chloric acid, HClO3, is an oxoacid of chlorine, and the formal precursor of chlorate salts. It is a strong acid (pKa ≈ −2.7) and an oxidizing agent.

Properties

Chloric acid is thermodynamically unstable with respect to disproportionation.

Chloric acid is stable in cold aqueous solution up to a concentration of approximately 30%, and solution of up to 40% can be prepared by careful evaporation under reduced pressure. Above these concentrations, chloric acid solutions decompose to give a variety of products, for example:

Hazards
Chloric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent. Most organics and flammables will deflagrate on contact.

Production
It may be produced from barium chlorate through its reaction with sulfuric acid, which results in a solution of chloric acid and insoluble barium sulfate precipitate:

The chlorate must be dissolved in boiling water and the acid should be somewhat diluted in water and heated before mixing.  

Another method which can be used to produce solutions up to 10% concentration is by the use of cation exchange resins and a soluble salt such as , where the Na+ cation will exchange with H+.  

Another method is the heating of hypochlorous acid, producing chloric acid and hydrogen chloride:

Any way it is produced, the acid may be concentrated up to 40% in a vacuum dessicator over .

See also
Chlorate
Hypochlorous acid
Chlorous acid
Perchloric acid
Oxidizing acid
Dichlorine pentoxide

References

Additional Information

Chlorates
Halogen oxoacids
Mineral acids
Oxidizing acids
Barium nitrate. Barium nitrate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ba(NO3)2.  It, like most barium salts, is colorless, toxic, and water-soluble.  It burns with a green flame and is an oxidizer; the compound is commonly used in pyrotechnics.

Manufacture, occurrence, and reactions
Barium nitrate is manufactured by two processes that start with the main source material for barium, the carbonate. The first involves dissolving barium carbonate in nitric acid, allowing any iron impurities to precipitate, then filtered, evaporated, and crystallized. The second requires combining barium sulfide with nitric acid.

It occurs naturally as the very rare mineral nitrobarite.

At elevated temperatures, barium nitrate decomposes to barium oxide:

Applications
Barium nitrate is used in the production of BaO-containing materials.

Military
Although no longer produced, Baratol is an explosive composed of barium nitrate, TNT and binder; the high density of barium nitrate results in baratol being quite dense as well.  Barium nitrate mixed with aluminium powder, a formula for flash powder, is highly explosive. It is mixed with thermite to form Thermate-TH3, used in military thermite grenades. Barium nitrate was also a primary ingredient in the "SR 365" incendiary charge used by the British in the De Wilde incendiary ammunition with which they armed their interceptor fighters, such as the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire, during the Battle of Britain.  It is also used in the manufacturing process of barium oxide, the vacuum tube industry and for green fire in pyrotechnics.

Safety

Like all soluble barium compounds, barium nitrate is toxic by ingestion or inhalation.

Solutions of sulfate salts such as Epsom salts or sodium sulfate may be given as first aid for barium poisoning, as they precipitate the barium as the insoluble (and non-toxic) barium sulfate.

Inhalation may also cause irritation to the respiratory tract.

While skin or eye contact is less harmful than ingestion or inhalation, it can still result in irritation, itching, redness, and pain.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have set occupational exposure limits at 0.5 mg/m3 over an eight-hour time-weighted average.

References

Barium compounds
Nitrates
Nitrate minerals
Pyrotechnic oxidizers
Pyrotechnic colorants
Oxidizing agents
Apple Productivity Experience Group. Apple Productivity Experience Group (known as APEX) is an operating unit of Microsoft that, as of 2009, is the largest software developer outside of Apple Inc. for the macOS and iOS operating systems. Formed as Macintosh Business Unit on January 7, 1997, it was initially composed of over 100 individuals from the existing cross platform Word, Excel, and PowerPoint teams in Microsoft's Office Division, and grew to 180 people the next year, with the addition of the Internet Explorer for Mac and Outlook Express for Mac teams.   In 2000, it moved from the Office Division to the Specialized Devices and Applications Group inside the Entertainment and Devices Division, and is now back inside the Microsoft Office division.

History 

Prior to the creation of the Mac BU, Microsoft had developed Macintosh software, starting in 1984 with Word 1.0 for Macintosh. During the early and mid 1990s, Microsoft's Word, Excel, and Powerpoint teams simultaneously developed Windows and Macintosh versions of these applications, but after releasing Office 97 for Windows, Microsoft decided, in January 1997, to form a separate Macintosh Business Unit to focus on creating applications optimized for the Macintosh platform.  In August 1997, as part of a broader partnership agreement with Apple, Microsoft committed to continue developing and supporting Macintosh software for at least 5 more years, renewing this pledge on January 10, 2006, at the Macworld Conference & Expo. Ben Waldman was the Mac BU's founder and first General Manager (GM), serving from its inception in January 1997 through January 2000, when he was succeeded by Kevin Browne, who served through December 18, 2002, and Roz Ho, who served from December 18, 2002, to June 8, 2007; after that, Craig Eisler became the GM. In October 2008, Eisler was tapped by Robbie Bach to lead all Entertainment Client efforts, and Eric Wilfred became the GM of MacBU.

Software 
APEX develops macOS and iOS versions of Microsoft Office and OneNote. Previously developed software by the Mac BU include Internet Explorer (development ceased in 2003), Virtual PC, and the MSN for Mac OS X browser (cancelled May 31, 2005).

References

External links 
 

Microsoft divisions
Macintosh software companies
1997 establishments in Washington (state)
Companies based in Redmond, Washington
Software companies established in 1997
ATLIS II. The Thomson-CSF ATLIS II (Automatic Tracking and Laser Integration System) is a French laser/electro-optical targeting pod for fighter bomber and attack aircraft.

ATLIS was developed starting in 1976, entering service in 1980. It was developed for the French Armée de l'Air, initially carried by SEPECAT Jaguar and Mirage 2000 aircraft.

ATLIS incorporates a laser designator boresighted with a television camera. The pilot or weapon systems officer uses the crosshairs to mark a target, which can then be attacked with laser-guided bombs or other guided weapons from the designating aircraft or other, friendly forces. Because it is designed for use by single-seat aircraft, it has a novel automatic lock-on feature, which keeps the laser focused on the target without further operator intervention (using an inertial guidance system, it can generally keep the laser  on target even if the beam is temporarily interrupted by clouds).

ATLIS II is used by the SEPECAT Jaguar, Mirage F1, Mirage 2000, Mirage 2000N, and some Pakistani F-16s. It is compatible with various U.S. and French laser-guided bombs, with the French Aerospatiale AS-30L missile, and even with some Russian bombs and guided weapons.

In 1985, Pakistan Air Force selected ATLIS-II for its F-16 aircraft, making it the first non-European operator of this system. ATLIS-II pod is carried on the 5L intake station on the F-16. Over the years precision targeting using ATLIS has been a distinct phenomenon over-viewed regularly in PAF’ s operational exercises. In the recent PAF operations in Global War on Terrorism, ATLIS-II was extensively used for precision targeting.

The pod is limited in being primarily a daylight/clear-weather system. It was  briefly replaced by the more capable Thomson-CSF PDLCT ("Pod de Designation Laser a Camera Thermique" / Laser Designation Pod with Infrared Camera") and then the Thales Damocles, which has a FLIR.

See also

Thomson-CSF

References

Targeting pods
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
DKW RT 125. The RT 125 was a German two-stroke motorcycle made by DKW in Zschopau in the 1930s, IFA and MZ in the 1950s and early 1960s, and DKW in Ingolstadt in the 1950s and 1960s. "RT" stands for , .

In the 1930s DKW pioneered the Schnürle two-stroke loop scavenging process to dispense with the use of a deflector piston and improve efficiency of the combustion chamber. DKW also developed a highly efficient arrangement of transfer ports. These two features were included in the RT 125 to great commercial advantage. Competitor companies such as Adler and TWN copied the adoption of flat-topped pistons and strove to develop equally efficient transfer port arrangements without infringing DKW's patent.

Copies and variants
Copies of the RT 125 were built by at least eight different entities in at least six countries.

War reparations

After World War II the Soviet Union took plans, tooling and even several dozen personnel as war reparations to MMZ in Moscow (later transferred to MMVZ and SMZ) and to a factory in Kovrov, and produced copies of the RT 125 as the M1A Moskva and K-125 respectively. WFM of Poland made a modified version of the RT 125 (under SHL 125 and Sokół 125 brands), developed into 125/175 cc family motorcycles, produced until 1985.

RT 125 plans were also taken to the United Kingdom where they became the basis of the BSA Bantam, and to the USA where they formed the basis of the Harley-Davidson "Hummer" (Hummer is really just a few specific years, but generally people call the Harley lightweights Hummers).

Postwar German production: DKW and MZ
After the Second World War, DKW's factories in Zschopau were in the Soviet occupation zone. As such, they were under the control of the Soviet Union until they were handed over to the government of East Germany. The factory continued production of the RT 125 under the MZ (Motorradwerk Zschopau) brand into the 1950s.

Meanwhile, DKW had reorganized itself in Ingolstadt, where it began production of the RT 125W (for "West") in 1949.  Variants of the RT 125W, usually with larger engines, were in production throughout the 1950s.

Yamaha YA-1

In the 1950s, after reestablishing themselves as manufacturers of musical instruments, Nippon Gakki decided to use the manufacturing equipment left over from wartime production to make motorcycles.  Since the copyright on the RT 125 had been voided by the Allies, the company reverse engineered it as the basis for their first motorcycle. Nippon Gakki formed the Yamaha Motor Company in 1955 to build their copy of the RT 125 as the Yamaha YA-1, which was in production from 1955 to 1958. The YA-1 inherited design characteristics of RT 125 and, due to its thin body and chestnut brown tank, was affectionately nicknamed the .

References

RT 125
Motorcycles introduced in the 1930s
Two-stroke motorcycles
Pratt & Whitney Wasp series. The Pratt & Whitney Wasp was the civilian name of a family of air-cooled radial piston engines developed in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s.

The Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company (P&W) was founded in 1925 by Frederick B. Rentschler, who had previously been the President of Wright Aeronautical. He brought with him some of Wright's best designers and the new team quickly came up with their first design, the R-1340 Wasp. The name "Wasp" was suggested for the first model by Rentschler's wife, Faye.

Wasp series
R-985 Wasp Junior (1930)
 9-cylinder single row air cooled radial
 Bore x stroke: 
 Displacement: 

R-1340 Wasp (1925)
 9-cylinder single row air cooled radial
 Bore x stroke: 
 Displacement: 

R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior (1931)
 14-cylinder, two row, air cooled radial
 Bore x stroke: 
 Displacement:  
 Power output: 

R-1830 Twin Wasp (1931)
 14-cylinder two row air cooled radial
 Bore x stroke: 
 Displacement: 
 Power output: 

R-2000 Twin Wasp
 14-cylinder two row air cooled radial,
 Bore x stroke: 
 Displacement: 
 Power output: 

R-2180-E Twin Wasp E
 14-cylinder two row air cooled radial
 Bore x stroke: 
 Displacement: 
 Power output: 

R-2800 Double Wasp (1940)
 18-cylinder two row air cooled radial
 Bore x stroke: 
 Displacement:  
 Power output:  ( with ADI)

R-4360 Wasp Major (1942)
 28-cylinder four row air cooled radial 
 Bore x stroke: 
 Displacement: 

Note: the designations refer to the engine configurations as follows: "R" = Radial, followed by the approximate displacement in cubic inches.

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Pratt & Whitney - Classic engines

Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
Wasp series
Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp. The Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp is an aircraft engine of the reciprocating type that was widely used in American aircraft from the 1920s onward. It was the Pratt & Whitney aircraft company's first engine, and the first of the famed Wasp series. It was a single-row, nine-cylinder, air-cooled, radial design, and displaced 1,344 cubic inches (22 L); bore and stroke were both 5.75 in (146 mm). A total of 34,966 engines were produced.

As well as numerous types of fixed-wing aircraft, it was used to power helicopters, the Agusta-Bell AB.102 and the Sikorsky H-19, and a class of airship, the K-class blimp.

In 2016, it received designation as a Historic Engineering Landmark from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Variants
Note: R for Radial and 1340 for 1340 cubic inch displacement.

R-1340-7 , 
R-1340-8 
R-1340-9 , 
R-1340-16 
R-1340-17 
R-1340-19 
R-1340-19F 
R-1340-21G 
R-1340-22 
R-1340-23 
R-1340-30 
R-1340-31 
R-1340-33 
R-1340-48 
R-1340-49 
R-1340-AN1 , 
R-1340-AN2 , 3:2 geared prop shaft
R-1340-B 
R-1340-D 
R-1340-S1D1
R-1340-S1H1-G, 
R-1340-S3H1
R-1340-T1D1

Applications

Engines on display
 There are a Wasp A and three Wasp C's on display at the New England Air Museum, Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, CT.

Specifications (R-1340-S1H1-G)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1945-46. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollinsPublishers (1994 reprint).  
Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day. 5th edition, Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2006.
White, Graham. Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 1995.

External links

"Index of Wasp & R-1340 Designated Engines", a scanned Pratt & Whitney reference document from 1956 detailing the different Wasp versions, their specifications, and the aircraft they were installed in.

There is a "Pratt & Whitney 1340N Radial Engine" in use on a T-6 Texan at Pacific Warbirds, Oahu, HI

Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
R-1340
1920s aircraft piston engines
Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior. The Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior is an American aircraft engine developed in the 1930s. The engine was introduced in 1932 as a 14-cylinder version of the 9-cylinder R-985, and was a two-row, air-cooled radial design. Displacement was ; bore and stroke were both .

Variants
 R-1535-11 - 
 R-1535-13 - , 
 R-1535-44 - 
 R-1535-72 - 
 R-1535-94 - 
 R-1535-96 - 
 R-1535-98 - 
 R-1535-SB4-G -

Applications

Engines on display
 There is a R-1535-96 on display at the New England Air Museum, Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, CT.
 There is an R-1535 on display at the San Diego Air and Space Museum. It is now being installed in the museum's Hughes H-1 Racer reproduction project.

Specifications (R-1535-SB4-G)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day. 5th edition, Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2006.
White, Graham. Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 1995.

External links

 Pratt & Whitney - R1535 page
 Shanaberger.com - R-1535

1930s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
R-1535
Tera Computer Company. The Tera Computer Company was a manufacturer of high-performance computing software and hardware, founded in 1987 in Washington, D.C., and moved 1988 to Seattle, Washington, by James Rottsolk and Burton Smith. The company's first supercomputer product, named MTA, featured interleaved multi-threading, i.e. a barrel processor.  It also had no data cache, relying instead on switching between threads for latency tolerance, and used a deeply pipelined memory system to handle many simultaneous requests, with address randomization to avoid memory hot spots.

The company was listed on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol "TERA".

In 1997, Tera Computer went to San Jose, California-based Cadence Design Systems Inc to develop microprocessors for their use in CMOS technology. Unisys manufactured Tera's gallium arsenide CPU.

Upon acquiring the Cray Research division of Silicon Graphics in 2000, the company was renamed to Cray Inc.

See also 
 Heterogeneous Element Processor

References 

Software companies based in Seattle
Computer companies established in 1987
Computer companies disestablished in 2000
Software companies established in 1987
Silicon Graphics
Defunct software companies of the United States
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies