omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Blaise reaction. The Blaise reaction is an organic reaction that forms a β-ketoester from the reaction of zinc metal with a α-bromoester and a nitrile. The reaction was first reported by Edmond Blaise (1872–1939) in 1901. The final intermediate is a metaloimine, which is then hydrolyzed to give the desired β-ketoester.

Bulky aliphatic esters tend to give higher yields. Steven Hannick and Yoshito Kishi have developed an improved procedure.

It has been noted that free hydroxyl groups can be tolerated in the course of this reaction, which is surprising for reactions of organometallic halides.

Mechanism
The mechanism of the Blaise reaction involves the formation of an organozinc complex with the bromine alpha to the ester carbonyl.  This makes the alpha carbon nucleophilic, allowing it to attack the electrophilic carbon of the nitrile.  The negative nitrile nitrogen resulting from this attack complexes with the zinc monobromide cation.  The β-enamino ester (tautomer of the imine intermediate pictured above) product is revealed by work-up with 50% K2CO3 aq.  If the β-ketoester is the desired product, addition of 1 M hydrochloric acid hydrolyzes the β-enamino ester to turn the enamino into a ketone, forming the β-ketoester.

See also
Blaise ketone synthesis
Reformatsky reaction

References
  Edmond E. Blaise; Compt. Rend. 1901, 132, 478.
  Rinehart, K. L., Jr. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p. 120 (1963); Vol. 35, p. 15 (1955). (Article)
  Rao, H. S. P.; Rafi, S.; Padmavathy, K. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 8037-8043. (Review)
  Cason, J.; Rinehart, K. L., Jr.; Thorston, S. D., Jr. J. Org. Chem. 1953, 18, 1594. ()
  Hannick, S. M.; Kishi, Y. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 3833. ()
  Marko, I.E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, ASAP 
  Wang, D.; Yue, J.-M. Synlett 2005, 2077-2079.

External links 
 Blaise Reaction - Details and Recent Literature

Addition reactions
Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Name reactions
HM Coastal Motor Boat 4. HM Coastal Motor Boat 4 is the torpedo boat used when Lieutenant Augustus Agar earned a Victoria Cross for carrying out a raid on Soviet warships in Kronstadt and sinking the cruiser Oleg.

It was one of a large series of small, fast, shallow draught Coastal Motor Boats used during the First World War. She was designed by John I. Thornycroft & Company of Hampton, England, ordered in January 1916, built by them and delivered that summer.

CMB 4 was  long and  in the beam. She displaced 5 tons drawing  of water. Power was a  Thornycroft V-12 petrol engine driving a single propeller and achieved a top speed of . The boat was armed with one 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo and two single .303 in (7.62 km) Lewis machine guns for the attack on Oleg. It was operated by a crew of three.

In May 1916, Lieutenant W. N. T. Beckett took command of the newly built HM Coastal Motor Boat 4. In December 1916 he proceeded to Dunkirk in charge of the 3rd CMB Division and operated on the Belgian coast. Beckett was in command of a Divisional CMB attack on German destroyers at Zeebrugge on 7 April 1917; as a result one was sunk and one very seriously damaged. For these actions Beckett was mentioned in Despatches and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).

The boat, under the command of Lieutenant Augustus Agar, was made famous by his part in the British operations in the Baltic Sea against the Bolsheviks in 1919, where she operated with her sister ships in activities such as the raid on Kronstadt.

After the action the boat was returned to the United Kingdom, where it was on display first at the Imperial War Museum in London and then at the Vosper works on Platt's Eyot (island) on the River Thames near Kingston for many years with a Victoria Cross painted on the side until the Vosper works there closed. It was then restored and displayed (with details of the action but with the painted VC removed) at the Imperial War Museum's out-station Imperial War Museum Duxford near Cambridge.   In July 2019 the boat was moved to Boathouse 4 in the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, where she is being displayed above a full-size, working replica being constructed by volunteers.  The replica boat will be ready for sea trials in the spring of 2022.  CMB 4 remains in the ownership of the Imperial War Museum, and is currently on loan to Boathouse 4 until 2024.

Agar's VC is held by the Imperial War Museum in London.

The boat was inscribed on the National Register of Historic Vessels in May 1996, becoming part of the National Historic Fleet.

See also 
 Harbour Defence Motor Launch
 Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy

Footnotes

Further reading
 

Motor torpedo boats of the Royal Navy
Ships preserved in museums
MB4
Collection of the Imperial War Museum
1916 ships
Museum ships in the United Kingdom

pl:CMB
Vortex mixer. A vortex mixer, or vortexer, is a simple device used commonly in laboratories to mix small vials of liquid.  It consists of an electric motor with the drive shaft oriented vertically and attached to a cupped rubber piece mounted slightly off-center.  As the motor runs the rubber piece oscillates rapidly in a circular motion. When a test tube or other appropriate container is pressed into the rubber cup (or touched to its edge) the motion is transmitted to the liquid inside and a vortex is created.  Most vortex mixers are designed with 2 or 4-plate formats, have variable speed settings ranging from 100 to 3,200 rpm, and can be set to run continuously, or to run only when downward pressure is applied to the rubber piece.

Use
Vortex mixers are quite commonplace in bioscience laboratories. In cell culture and microbiology laboratories they may be used to suspend cells.  In a biochemical or analytical laboratory they may be used to mix the reagents of an assay or to mix an experimental sample and a dilutant.

The vortex mixer was invented by brothers Jack A. and Harold D. Kraft while working for Scientific Industries, Inc., N.Y.,(a laboratory apparatus manufacturer). A patent was filed by the Kraft brothers on behalf of Scientific Industries, Inc.,</ref> 
An alternative to the electric vortex mixer is the "finger vortex" technique in which a vortex is created manually by striking a test tube in a forward and downward motion with one's finger or thumb.  This generally takes longer and often results in inadequate suspension, although it may be suitable in some cases when a vortex mixer is unavailable or the forces involved in vortexing would damage the sample, but this technique is not recommended when caustic substances are involved.  The technique is better suited to accelerate the mixture of solutions which do not require the kinetic energy input needed to create suspensions.

Microplate vortexing and incubating
For incubating applications, vortex mixers can employ precision temperature control at various mixing speeds which make them ideal for a wide variety of molecular biology applications including immunochemical reactions, enzyme and protein analysis, and microarray analysis.

See also

 Magnetic stirrer
 Shaker
 Stirring rod
 Static mixer

References

Laboratory equipment
LMS Fowler 2-6-2T. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Fowler 2-6-2T was a class of steam locomotive. The LMS classified them 3P, BR 3MT. All were built at Derby Works between 1930 and 1932. William Stanier used them to form the basis for the LMS Stanier 2-6-2T, which was essentially a taper boilered version.

Numbering 
They were initially numbered 15500–15569, but from 1934 were renumbered 1–70. After nationalisation in 1948 British Railways added 40000 on to their numbers to number them 40001–70.

Variations
Numbers 15520–39 (later 21–40 and 40021–40) were fitted with condensing apparatus to work around London. Some of the non-condensing ones were fitted with vacuum operated pull and push control.

Withdrawal
All were withdrawn between 1959 and 1962.  None were preserved.

References

External links 

 Class 3P-A Details at Rail UK

3 Fowler 2-6-2T
2-6-2T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1930
Condensing steam locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Small Box Girder. The Small Box Girder bridge (SBG) was a small assault bridge that could be used to span gaps of up to 30 feet. It was typically carried on a tank, such as the Churchill Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE), and could be deployed without engineers having to expose themselves to enemy fire. The design had been formally adopted by the British Army in 1932. Pre-war the SBG had (more often than not without permission) quickly been copied by many countries around the world, including Germany. The German Army called their version of the SBG the Kastenträgergerät (K-Gerät for short). The United States was another country whose army created their own copy, designating it the H-20.

The SBG was used during the Normandy invasion of World War II (1944–5).

See also
Armoured vehicle-launched bridge
Hobart's Funnies
Box girder bridge
M60 AVLB
M104 Wolverine
M1074 Joint Assault Bridge

References

1932 introductions
Portable bridges
Box girder bridges
World War II military equipment of the United Kingdom
English inventions
Gewald reaction. The Gewald reaction (or the Gewald aminothiophene synthesis) is an organic reaction involving the condensation of a ketone (or aldehyde when R2 = H) with a α-cyanoester in the presence of elemental sulfur and base to give a poly-substituted 2-amino-thiophene.

The reaction is named after the German chemist .

Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism of the Gewald reaction was elucidated 30 years after the reaction was discovered. The first step is a Knoevenagel condensation between the ketone (1) and the α-cyanoester (2) to produce the stable intermediate 3.  The mechanism of the addition of the elemental sulfur is unknown.  It is postulated to proceed through intermediate 4.  Cyclization and tautomerization will produce the desired product (6).

Microwave irradiation has been shown beneficial to reaction yields and times.

Variations
In one variation of the Gewald reaction a 3-acetyl-2-aminothiophene is synthesized starting from a dithiane (an adduct of sulfur and acetone if R = CH3 or acetaldehyde if R = H) and the sodium salt of cyanoacetone which in itself is very unstable:

References

External links

Sulfur heterocycle forming reactions
Heterocycle forming reactions
Multiple component reactions
Name reactions
LMS Stanier 2-6-2T. The Stanier Class 3P 2-6-2T was a class of London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) steam locomotive.  They were designed by William Stanier based on the earlier LMS Fowler 2-6-2T.

Overview 

A taper-boiler versions of Henry Fowler's 1930 design, the general dimensions were the same with some improvements. They were under-boilered and although improved they were always considered to be indifferent performers. In some ways they were inferior to their predecessors. The cab was of Stanier's usual excellent design with the coal bunker built higher than the rear cab windows but angled inwards to avoid them, thus giving good visibility when running bunker first.

The first 2 lots (117 and 126, locomotives 71–144) were built with number 6 domeless boilers but the rest were built with improved 6A boilers with separate top-feed and steam dome. Both types of boilers were later modified to carry Adams ‘Vortex’ blastpipe to improve steaming. These locomotives could always be identified by the larger diameter chimney. 
 
The 139 locomotives were numbered 71–209 by the LMS, and after 1948 BR renumbered them 40071–209. The LMS classified them 3P.

In a final attempt to improve the locomotives, six were rebuilt with larger 6B boilers; these were 169 in 1940, 163 in 1941, 148 and 203 in 1942, and 40142 and 40167 in 1956. The re-boilering was not considered to be cost effective.

They were to be found on various duties – stopping train, suburban passenger routes, branch line, empty stock and banking.

They are generally considered to be the least successful of Stanier's standard designs.

Detail

Withdrawals 
The class was withdrawn between November 1959 and December 1962, with the last of the large boiler variant (40148) having been withdrawn in September 1962. None were preserved.

References

External links 

 Class 3P-B Details at Rail UK

3 Stanier 2-6-2T
2-6-2T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1935
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Eschweiler–Clarke reaction. The Eschweiler–Clarke reaction (also called the Eschweiler–Clarke methylation) is a chemical reaction whereby a primary (or secondary) amine is methylated using excess formic acid and formaldehyde. Reductive amination reactions such as this one will not produce quaternary ammonium salts, but instead will stop at the tertiary amine stage. It is named for the German chemist Wilhelm Eschweiler (1860–1936) and the British chemist Hans Thacher Clarke (1887–1972).

Mechanism
The reaction is generally performed in an aqueous solution at close to boiling. The first methylation of the amine begins with imine formation with formaldehyde. The formic acid acts as a source of hydride and reduces the imine to a secondary amine. Loss of carbon dioxide gas renders the reaction irreversible. Despite being more hindered, the formation of the tertiary amine is more favorable, as the intermediate in iminium ion is formed without needing to protonate. Hence the treatment of a primary amine with less than 2 equivalents of formaldehyde will give more tertiary than secondary amine, along with unreacted starting material. 

From this mechanism it is clear that a quaternary ammonium salt will never form, because it is impossible for a tertiary amine to form another imine or iminium ion.

Chiral amines typically do not racemize under these conditions.

Altered versions of this reaction replace formic acid with sodium cyanoborohydride.

See also
Leuckart–Wallach reaction
Pictet–Spengler reaction

References

Organic redox reactions
Methylation
Name reactions
Frank Crowe. Francis Trenholm Crowe ( – ) was a Canadian civil engineer and employee of Morrison-Knudsen, who later became in 1931, the General Construction Superintendent of the Hoover Dam construction contract.

Born in Trenholmville, Quebec, Crowe attended the Governor Dummer Academy, matriculating to the University of Maine where he graduated in 1905 with a degree in civil engineering. The University's Francis Crowe Society is named in his honor. Crowe became interested in the American west during a lecture given by Frank Elwin Weymouth (1874-1941), a civil engineer with the United States Bureau of Reclamation. He signed up for a summer job before the end of the lecture. That summer job began a 20-year career with the reclamation service that would change the face of the American west. In 1924, Frank Crowe left the United States Bureau of Reclamation to join the construction firm of Morrison-Knudsen in Boise, Idaho. Morrison-Knudsen had recently signed a partnership with the larger Utah Construction Company to build dams.

While working on the Arrowrock Dam in Idaho, Crowe pioneered two practices that are crucial to the construction of large dams. The first was a pneumatic delivery system to transport concrete and the second was a system of overhead cables to allow the pneumatic concrete to be pumped at any point on the construction site. With this technique, Crowe built some of the largest dams in the American west, including the Hoover Dam, Parker Dam  downstream from Hoover; Copper Basin and Gene Wash Dams on the Colorado Aqueduct system; and Shasta Dam in Northern California. All these dams were important but none approached the mythic scale or mystique of Hoover Dam.

He retired in 1944 to his  cattle ranch near Redding, California, where he died of a heart attack on February 26, 1946. He had a wife, Linnie, and two daughters.

Popular culture

The Hoover Dam construction project and Frank Crowe's role (portrayed by actor Jay Benedict) was dramatised in an episode of the BBC's 2003 docudrama television miniseries Seven Wonders of the Industrial World.

The project and Frank Crowe's role was also dramatized in The History Channel's series America: The Story of Us in episode 9 entitled Bust.

Further reading
 Rocca, Al M. America's Master Dam Builder: The Engineering Genius of Frank T. Crowe. University Press of Amer, 2001.

References

External links
Time: By a Damsite, June 19, 1944
Frank Crowe

American civil engineers
Canadian emigrants to the United States
1882 births
1946 deaths
University of Maine alumni
People from Estrie
Anglophone Quebec people
The Governor's Academy alumni

Hoover Dam
University of Belgrano. The University of Belgrano (, commonly referred to as UB) is a private university in the Belgrano district of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was established in 1964.

Overview 
The university has nine departments:

 Architecture and Urban Planning
 Law and Political Science
 Economics
 Humanities
 Engineering and Computer Technology
 Agricultural Sciences
 Language and Foreign Studies
 Health Sciences
 Applied Sciences

The school operates 90.9 FM, a station featuring eclectic programming and daily BBC News broadcasts.

The school offers an international program called The Argentine and Latin American Studies Program (PEAL) which is a five-week term consisting of two courses in Spanish at intermediate and advanced level, and four upper-division survey courses in Latin American Studies at the 300 level.

Ranking
According to the QS World University Rankings, UB is the seventh-best private university in the country and is ranked fifth in Buenos Aires.

Notable people
 Diana Cabeza (1954–2024), designer
 Alicia Beatriz Casullo (1940–2019), psychoanalyst
 Javier Milei (born 1970), president of Argentina
 Soledad Rosas (1974–1998), anarchist

References

External links

 

 
Universities and colleges established in 1964
1964 establishments in Argentina
Illite. Illite, also called hydromica or hydromuscovite, is a group of closely related non-expanding clay minerals. Illite is a secondary mineral precipitate, and an example of a phyllosilicate, or layered alumino-silicate. Its structure is a 2:1 sandwich of silica tetrahedron (T) – alumina octahedron (O) – silica tetrahedron (T) layers. The space between this T-O-T sequence of layers is occupied by poorly hydrated potassium cations which are responsible for the absence of swelling. Structurally, illite is quite similar to muscovite with slightly more silicon, magnesium, iron, and water and slightly less tetrahedral aluminium and interlayer potassium. The chemical formula is given as , but there is considerable ion (isomorphic) substitution. It occurs as aggregates of small monoclinic grey to white crystals. Due to the small size, positive identification usually requires x-ray diffraction or SEM-EDS (automated mineralogy) analysis. Illite occurs as an altered product of muscovite and feldspar in weathering and hydrothermal environments; it may be a component of sericite. It is common in sediments, soils, and argillaceous sedimentary rocks as well as in some low grade metamorphic rocks. The iron-rich member of the illite group, glauconite, in sediments can be differentiated by x-ray analysis.

The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of illite is smaller than that of smectite but higher than that of kaolinite, typically around 20 – 30 meq/100 g. 

Illite was first described for occurrences in the Maquoketa shale in Calhoun County, Illinois, US, in 1937. The name was derived from its type location in Illinois.

Brammallite is a sodium rich analogue. Avalite is a chromium bearing variety which has been described from Mt. Avala, Belgrade, Serbia.

Zipao 'jade' is an ornamental form of illite showing bands of red-purple and pale yellow-green. It may be carved into pendants and other ornaments.

Illite crystallinity

The crystallinity of illite has been used as an indicator of metamorphic grade in clay-bearing rocks metamorphosed under conditions between diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism. With increasing temperature, illite is thought to undergo a transformation into muscovite.

References

External links

Clay minerals group
Potassium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Aluminosilicates
Magnesium minerals
Mica group
Medicinal clay
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
M Train. M Train or M-Train may refer to:
M>Train, a former operator of half of Melbourne's suburban railway network and a former Melbourne tram service (2001–2004)
M (New York City Subway service)
MTR M-Train EMU or MTR Metro Cammell EMU, metro rolling stock of Hong Kong
Train M, a former service of Helsinki commuter rail
M Train (book), a 2015 book by Patti Smith
The MTrain Tour, Meghan Trainor's second tour

See also
M-Bahn, a former Berlin magnetic levitation train (1989–1991)
M line (disambiguation)
 M (disambiguation)
Alfred J. Eggers. Alfred J. Eggers, Jr. (June 24, 1922 – September 22, 2006) was NASA's Assistant Administrator for Policy. He devoted efforts to determine the influence of aviation technology in world peace and lectured widely.

Eggers specialized in hypersonic and spaceflight research including the development of new wind tunnel and ballistic range facilities.  He went to work for the NACA at Ames Aeronautical Laboratory in 1944 after completing the V-12 Navy College Training Program.

Biography

In 1954, he became Division Chief of the Vehicle Environment Division, which was composed of a physics branch, an entry simulation branch, a structural dynamics branch, the 3.5 foot hypersonic wind tunnel branch and the hypervelocity ballistic range branch.  In 1958, Eggers headed up the Manned Satellite Team, which was to design a practical system for a satellite while recommending a suitable research program. This ultimately led to Ames developing and managing the Pioneer program of planetary exploration probes. Although Eggers is most famous for his pioneering work on atmospheric reentry with a blunt body, arguably his greatest achievement was his work on supersonic interference lift.  This work lead directly to the XB-70 Valkyrie supersonic bomber.

In May 1964, Eggers was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology.  He became Assistant Administrator for Policy in January 1968, and served until March 1971. From 1969 to 1970, Eggers was a visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Following his career at NASA, Eggers took a position as Assistant Director for Research Applications at the National Science Foundation.

His assistant, C. A. "Sy" Syvertson became Director of NASA Ames Research Center during probably its most productive years. A close friend of both was the legendary aerodynamicist, R. T. Jones.

References

External links
 Profile at the National Academy of Engineering
 NACA Biography at NASA.gov

1922 births
2006 deaths
NASA people
University of Nebraska Omaha alumni
Stanford University alumni
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
People from Omaha, Nebraska
American aerospace engineers
20th-century American engineers