omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
California bearing ratio. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a measure of the strength of the subgrade of a road or other paved area, and of the materials used in its construction.

The ratio is measured using a standardized penetration test first developed by the California Division of Highways for highway engineering. Empirical tests measure the strength of the material and are not a true representation of the resilient modulus.

Definition 
The CBR is the ratio of the bearing load that penetrates a material to a specific depth compared with the load giving the same penetration into crushed stone.  The test measures neither Stiffness 
Modulus nor Shear Strength directly, but gives a combined measure of both.

Penetration is measured by applying the bearing load on the sample using a standard plunger of diameter 50 mm at the rate of 1.25 mm/min.  The CBR is expressed as a percentage of the actual load causing the penetrations of 2.5 mm or 5.0 mm to the standard loads on crushed stone.  A load penetration curve is drawn. The load values on standard crushed stones are  and  at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm penetrations respectively.

The CBR can be mathematically expressed as:

Test procedure 

The CBR test is a penetration test in which a standard piston, with a diameter of , is used to penetrate the soil at a standard rate of 1.25 mm/minute.

Although the force increases with the depth of penetration, in most cases, it does not increase as quickly as it does for the standard crushed rock, so the ratio decreases.  In some cases, the ratio at 5 mm may be greater than that at 2.5 mm. If this occurs, the ratio at 5 mm should be used. The CBR measures a material's resistance to penetration of a standard plunger under controlled density and moisture conditions. The test procedure should be strictly adhered to if a high degree of reproducibility is desired. The CBR test may be conducted on a remolded or undisturbed specimen in the laboratory. The test is simple and has been extensively investigated for field correlations of flexible pavement thickness requirements.

The laboratory CBR apparatus consists of a mould of 150 mm diameter with a base plate and a collar, a loading frame and dial gauges for measuring the penetration values and the expansion on soaking. If a soaked (wet) measurement is desired, the specimen in the mould is soaked in water for four days and the swelling and water absorption values are noted. The surcharge weight is placed on the top of the specimen in the mould and the assembly is placed under the plunger of the loading frame.

Example values 

CBR values for common soil subgrades can be estimated according to the USC soil types, for example: clay around 2%, sand from 7% (poorly graded) to 10% (well graded), well graded sandy gravel 15%, clayey sand 5-20%, silty gravel 20-60%, gravel from 30-60% poorly-graded to 40-80% if well-graded.

References

Road transport
Pavements
Tests in geotechnical laboratories
EuroPowerPack. The EuroPowerPack is the combination of the MTU MT883 Ka-500/501 diesel engine delivering over 1100 kW (1500 PS) shaft power with the ten-speed (five forward, five reverse) Renk HSWL 295TM automatic transmission for the use in heavy tracked vehicles like tanks.

Initially the version with the MT883 Ka-500 engine provided 1500 shaft horsepower, but in 2002 an improved version using the MT883 Ka-501 providing 1650hp was tested

Engine specifications

 Engine: German MTU MT883 Ka-500/501 27.4-litre (27,361 cc) 90° V-block 12-cylinder liquid-cooled diesel engine
 Bore x stroke: 144 mm x 140 mm (5.669 inches X 5.512 inches)
 Aspiration: 2x single-stage turbocharged & air-to-liquid intercooled (charged-air cooler)
 Fuel system: Mechanical fuel line pump or Common rail (Ka-500)/Common rail (Ka-501)
 Coolant capacity: 110 L (29.05 gal)
 Lubrication: Dry sump
 Lubricant capacity: 80 L (21.13 gal)
 Engine length: 1,488 mm (58.583 inches)
 Engine width: 972 mm (38.268 inches)
 Engine height: 742 mm (29.213 inches)
 Dry weight (estimated): 1,800 kg (3,968 lbs)
 Power: 1,500 hp (Ka-500)/1,630 hp (Ka-501) @ 2,700 rpm Rated 1min
 Torque: 3,352 lb·ft (4545Nm)(Ka-500)/3,687 lb·ft (4999Nm)(Ka-501) @ 2,000 rpm

Transmission specifications

 Transmission: German RENK HSWL 295TM - Ten Speed (Five Forward, Five Reverse)
 Transmission length: 774 mm (30.472 inches)
 Transmission width: 1,660 mm (65.354 inches)
 Transmission height: 816 mm (32.126 inches)
 Dry weight: 2,400 kg (5,286 lbs)
 Maximum Power: 1,600 hp

Uses 

The EuroPowerPack is used in:

 Leclerc tropicalisé
 Challenger 2E (export version challenger 2E only, uses Ka500) 
 Merkava Mk. 4
 Arjun: Uses the same engine as in EuroPowerPack but with a different semi-automatic Renk RK 304-I transmission
 K2 Black Panther: Euro power packs (MT883 Ka-501) were used in 100 tanks produced for the first batch.

References

Tank engines
CETAC. Chalmers Engineering Trainee Appointment Committee (CETAC) is a student group located at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden. The sole purpose of the organisation is to bring American companies and Swedish students together. Each summer, CETAC members go to North America to gain practical experience in their particular field of study.

CETAC was founded in 1966 and has since then sent approximately 10-20 students every year to United States and Canada. CETAC is only open for students studying Computer Science & Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Engineering Physics, Engineering Mathematics or Software Engineering.

CETAC helps their members with practical details such as insurances, visas, etc. with the support by the American-Scandinavian Foundation.

Since May 1, 2006, CETAC has an alumni organization called CETAC Alumni

External links 
Official webpage of CETAC
Official webpage of CETAC Alumni
American-Scandinavian Foundation

Chalmers University of Technology
Engineering organizations
Student societies in Sweden
Student organizations established in 1966
Fontinettes boat lift. The Fontinettes Boat Lift (French: Ascenseur des Fontinettes or Ascenseur à bateaux des Fontinettes was built in 1888 on the Canal de Neufossé and connected the river Aa and the Neuffossé Canal in Arques, near Saint-Omer in the Pas-de-Calais.

Design
The boat lift was designed by Edwin Clark (who also designed the Anderton Boat Lift) and M. Bertin a French engineer.
The metal was supplied by Société des anciens établissements Cail (now the ).

Description

The Fontinettes Boat Lift was capable of lifting vessels of 300 tonnes displacement. It was designed to avoid the need to use five locks, which took some 90 minutes, to change height by 13 metres. It was inspired by the similar Anderton Boat Lift built in 1875 in Cheshire, England. The original five locks were kept in place until 1963 for use when the lift was being maintained.

The lift consists of two caissons each weighing 792 tonnes, including the lifting piston of 90 tonnes. Doors on the caissons and on the canal end are hydraulically powered, and sealing is effected by inflatable seals. 
In operation, the upper caisson is lowered and 64 tonnes of extra water is added. It is then raised again by hydraulic pressure from an accumulator, and when released, the two caissons exchange position. Six men were required to operate the lift, the balancing operation took only 5 minutes. All power, including to the workshop, came from water turbines.

The boat lift was built between 1885 and 1888 and worked until 1967. It was then replaced by a big, single lock (écluse des Fontinettes), built about 500m upstream. This lock can handle large barges and push-tows up to 144m long and 11.50m wide (or up to 6 smaller barges of Freycinet dimensions) and takes about 20–30 minutes to operate. The difference in level of 13.15m is 50 centimetres less than that of the original locks and lift.

The lift was rescued from demolition by a local conservation group and guided tours are available during the summer months for a small fee. There is also a small museum and workshop.
As of 2019 most of the mechanism is encased in scaffolding and plastic sheeting for a major restoration. The upper canal bed is full of soil (no water) and builders' equipment.

Historical monument
The boat lift was awarded the status of Monument Historique in 2014.

See also
 Boat lift

References

External links
 Pictures of the Neufossé Canal and the boat lift on the Gallica database

Gallery

The old lock

The new lock

Boat lifts
Buildings and structures in Pas-de-Calais
Canals in France
Tourist attractions in Hauts-de-France
Transport in Hauts-de-France
Tourist attractions in Pas-de-Calais
Amidol. Amidol is a colorless crystalline compound with the molecular structure C6H3(NH2)2OH.  It is a dihydrogen chloride salt and is used as a photographic developer. It was introduced as a developing agent for photographic papers in 1892. It is unusual amongst developing agents as it works most effectively in slightly acid conditions rather than the strongly alkaline conditions required for most other developers. As amidol ages it changes color to a dark red-brown. Developing dishes and equipment used to prepare amidol solutions are also frequently stained brown, a stain that is very persistent.

Prints developed in amidol are typically a very warm brown-black color, but overdevelopment can quickly lead to chemical fogging.

Amidol's color change upon oxidation is used to advantage as a convenient colorimetric method for measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration in water supplies, rivers, etc.

References

Photographic chemicals
Anilines
Phenols
SAE Supermileage Competition. The SAE Supermileage Competition is a yearly fuel efficiency competition held at the Eaton Corporation proving grounds located in Marshall, Michigan, United States. The Society of Automotive Engineers is the primary sponsor. Around 30 teams compete to build the vehicle that uses the least amount of gas to go a specified distance. Teams are required to use a one cylinder lawnmower engine provided by Briggs & Stratton, but significant modification is allowed. There are two divisions, Collegiate and High School.

In the Collegiate division, the winning team of Laval University in 2016 achieved a record setting 3,788 miles per US gallon. The winning mileage of the 2008 competition was achieved by the team from Laval University located in Quebec City, Canada, achieving . In the 2010 event, Université Laval achieved the first position with , followed by University of Ottawa with , Northern Illinois University with , Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology with  and École de Technologie Supérieure with .

In the High School division, the winning mileage of the 2008 competition was , achieved by the team from Mater Dei High School of Evansville, Indiana. Mater Dei also captured first place in the 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 competitions in the High school division. . Since 2009, however, High School division is no longer acknowledged in the event, Collegiate Division being the only category left.

References

External links
SAE Supermileage Homepage
SAE Supermileage Results

Automotive events
Breastwork (fortification). A breastwork is a temporary fortification, often an earthwork thrown up to breast or shoulder height to provide protection to defenders firing over it from a standing position. A more permanent structure, normally in stone, would be described as a parapet or the battlement of a castle wall.

In warships, a breastwork is the armored superstructure in the ship that did not extend all the way out to the sides of the ship. It was generally only used in ironclad turret ships designed between 1865 and 1880.

References

See also
List of established military terms (Fortifications)

Fortifications by type
Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21. Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21 was a projected Russian-American supersonic business jet.

In the early 1990s, Gulfstream Aerospace and the Sukhoi Design Bureau began a joint effort to develop a supersonic small business jet, code named the S-21. Due to questionable market demand for commercial supersonic air travel, commitment to the project weakened and delays mounted.

Gulfstream eventually dissolved the partnership, although Sukhoi continued work on the S-21.

The S-21 would be capable of sustained cruise at Mach 2+ and much research and development has gone into the management of the troublesome transonic effects phenomena associated with near Mach 1 air speeds.

As of 2012, the project had not received any funding for the 2013-2025 development period and appeared to be cancelled.

Specifications (S-21)

See also

References

External links

Abandoned civil aircraft projects
2000s Russian business aircraft
S-21
Supersonic business jets
Trijets
2000s United States business aircraft
Internet traffic engineering. Internet traffic engineering is defined as that aspect of Internet network engineering dealing with the issue of performance evaluation and performance optimization of operational IP networks. Traffic engineering encompasses the application of technology and scientific principles to the measurement, characterization, modeling, and control of Internet traffic [RFC-2702, AWD2].

Enhancing the performance of an operational network, at both traffic and resource levels, are major objectives of Internet engineering. This is accomplished by addressing traffic performance requirements, while utilizing network economically and reliably. Traffic oriented performance includes packet transfer delay, packet delay variation, packet loss, and throughput.

An important objective of Internet traffic engineering is to facilitate reliable network operations [RFC-2702]. This can be done by providing mechanisms that network integrity and by embracing policies emphasizing survivability. This results in a minimization of the network to service outages arising from errors, faults and failures occurring within the infrastructure.

The Internet exists in order to transfer information from nodes to destination nodes.  Accordingly, one of the most crucial functions performed by the Internet is the routing of traffic ingress nodes to egress nodes.

Ultimately, it is the performance of the network as seen by network services that is truly paramount. This crucial function should be considered throughout the development of engineering mechanisms and policies. The characteristics visible to end users are the emergent properties of the network, which are characteristics of the network when viewed as a whole. A goal of the service provider, therefore, is to enhance the properties of the network while taking economic considerations into account.

The importance of the above observation regarding the properties of networks is that special care must be taken when choosing network performance metrics to optimize. Optimizing the wrong metrics may achieve certain local objectives, but may have repercussions elsewhere.

References
Abdel-Hameed Nawar, "E-Commerce" Lecture Notes, Cairo University, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Egypt, 2005. et al.

Internet architecture
Emergence
Aprilia RSV Mille. The Aprilia RSV Mille is a sport motorcycle manufactured by Aprilia from 1998 to 2003. It was offered in three versions, RSV Mille,  RSV Mille R, and RSV Mille SP.

The first RSV Mille (ME) was made from 1998 to 2000, the updated RSV Mille (RP) from 2001 to 2002 and the last update was made in 2003.

With a 998 cc 60-degree V-twin engine built by the Austrian company Rotax, the RSV Mille was the first large displacement motorcycle made by Aprilia that up to then had made up to 250cc engines.  This same engine was used unmodified in the Tuono and in slightly modified form in the SL1000 Falco.

The Mille featured a type of slipper clutch, which worked by using a vacuum on a closed throttle from the inlet manifold to give the effect of slipper clutch, but only on a closed throttle.

Model History
The first changes were made in 2001 when the fairing was restyled, adding wind deflectors to improve airflow. The fuel tank was changed to a plastic item (with a reduction in capacity), and the rear shock on both the standard and the 'R' models was revised.

In 2002, the front brake calipers were changed to Brembo Monobloc 4 pad calipers - each piston having a separate pad gave an increase in braking performance and feel.

In 2003, the gear ratios were changed to give a slightly closer ratio gearbox, the exhaust system was changed and the tail piece and front mudguard were redesigned.

From 2004, the Mille was replaced by the RSV-R and RSV-R Factory.

RSV Mille R
The RSV Mille R is a lighter, higher spec. version of the standard Mille, introduced in 1999. It features Öhlins suspension, an Öhlins steering damper, forged aluminum wheels, carbon fibre front mudguard and a shorter subframe for one person use only (no passenger seat).

RSV Mille SP
The SP stands for Sport Production and this version was made as a homologation special for the Superbike World Championship. Only 150 motorcycles, the minimum requirement to homologate the model for Superbike World Championship, were manufactured in 1999. It uses a special short-stroke version of the 60-degree V-twin engine, developed in collaboration with Cosworth.

Replicas
In 2002, Aprilia produced 300 limited edition RSV Mille R Haga Replica. The motorcycle has the same livery as the bike used by Noriyuki Haga at the Superbike World Championship and came with a circuit kit, which included a full Akrapovic titanium exhaust system and an Eprom injection unit.

In 2003, an RSV Mille R Edwards Replica with a livery inspired by the Aprilia RS Cube MotoGP motorcycle ridden by Colin Edwards. as with the Haga replica, the motorcycle came with a circuit kit, which included Akrapovic exhausts, a more pressurised airbox, an Eprom injection unit and 57 mm (instead of 51 mm) throttle bodies.

External links
 Official website

References

RSV Mille
Sport bikes
Motorcycles introduced in 1998
Motorcycles powered by V engines
Thein Oo. Thein Oo (u thein sein ?) (; born 12 May 1948) is a businessman in Myanmar's computer industry, President of the Myanmar Computer Federation (a semi-governmental Nonprofit organization) and also the president of ACE Data Systems, (ACE Group of companies.)

References

External links
ICT experts urged to join 3G software development
Myanmar Computer Federation (MCF)

Burmese engineers
1948 births
Living people
Cancrinite. Cancrinite is a complex carbonate and silicate of sodium, calcium and aluminium with the formula Na6Ca2[(CO3)2|Al6Si6O24]·2H2O. It is classed as a member of the feldspathoid group of minerals; the alkali feldspars that are poor in silica. Yellow, orange, pink, white or even blue, it has a vitreous or pearly luster; a hardness of 5–6 and an uneven conchoidal fracture. It is unusual among the silicate minerals in that it will effervesce with hydrochloric acid due to the associated carbonate ions.

Found originally in 1839 in the Ural Mountains, it is named after Georg von Cancrin, a Russian minister of finance.

References 

Calcium minerals
Sodium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Cancrinite group
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 173
LNER Class J38. The London and North Eastern Railway Class J38 was a class of steam locomotive designed for freight transport.  They were designed by Nigel Gresley and introduced in 1926. A total of 35 were built at the LNER's Darlington Works in 1926 and they were used in Scotland. All passed into British Railways ownership in 1948 and they were renumbered from 5900–5934 to 65900–65934.

The far more numerous J39 class was a later development, exchanging the J38's  driving wheels with larger .  Some of the J38s were later rebuilt with J39 boilers.

Dimensions
 BR Power classification: 6F
 Locomotive weight: 
 Tender weight: 
 Boiler pressure: 
 Superheater: Yes
 Cylinders: 
 Driving wheel diameter: 
 Tractive effort: 
 Valve gear: Stephenson 
piston valves

Withdrawal
All J38s were withdrawn between 1962 and 1967, with the last two in service being No. 65901 and No. 65929. These two engines were the last Gresley-designed steam locomotives in service, and all were scrapped.

Sources

External links 

 The Gresley J38 0-6-0 Locomotives LNER encyclopedia
 Class J38 Details at Rail UK

0-6-0 locomotives
J38
Railway locomotives introduced in 1926
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives
Fluent (disambiguation). Fluent is an adjective related to fluency, the ability to communicate in a language quickly and accurately.

Fluent or fluency may also refer to:
 Fluent (mathematics), in mathematics, a continuous function
 Fluent (artificial intelligence), in artificial intelligence, a condition that varies over time
 Fluent, Inc., a company that develops software for computational fluid dynamics
 Fluent interface, a software engineering object-oriented construct
 Fluent (user interface), introduced in the 2007 Microsoft Office system
 Fluent Design System, a design language developed by Microsoft in 2017
 Fluentd, open source data collection software
 Fluency (handwriting), an aspect of handwriting ability

See also
 Fluenz (language learning software), a digital language learning platform
Zachary Lansdowne. Lieutenant Commander Zachary Lansdowne, USN (December 1, 1888 – September 3, 1925) was a United States Navy officer and early Naval aviator who contributed to the development of the Navy's first lighter-than-air craft.  He earned the Navy Cross for his participation in the first transoceanic airship flight while assigned to the British R34 in 1919. He later commanded the , which was the first rigid airship to complete a flight across North America. He was killed in the crash of the Shenandoah.

Biography
Born in Greenville, Ohio, Lansdowne was appointed to the United States Naval Academy September 2, 1905, and commissioned Ensign June 5, 1911. He subsequently served on the destroyer , and in the Ohio Naval Militia. After completing his aviation training, he became Naval Aviator 105.

Lansdowne was assigned to duty with the Royal Naval Air Service during and after World War I, to study dirigibles. He was awarded the Navy Cross "for distinguished service...as one of the crew of the British airship R-34, which in July 1919, made the first successful nonstop passage from England to the United States."

He married Margaret "Betsy" Kennedy Ross (September 30, 1902 – June 9, 1982) on December 7, 1921, in Washington D.C. They had two children. She remarried after Lansdowne's death.

On February 11, 1924, Lansdowne took command of the rigid lighter-than-air ship, , and was killed when she crashed at Ava, Ohio, September 3, 1925. He was buried later that month in section four at Arlington National Cemetery.

The crash of the Shenandoah was the trigger for United States Army Colonel Billy Mitchell to heavily criticize the leadership of both the Army and the Navy, leading directly to his court-martial for insubordination and the end of his military career.

Lansdowne was played by Jack Lord in the 1955 film The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell.

Lansdowne's house in Greenville still stands; it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Namesake
The , a Gleaves-class destroyer, and Lansdowne Airport in Youngstown, Ohio were named in Lansdowne's honor. A street in Carle Place, New York was also named in his honor.

See also
List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s

References

Further reading
 Keirns, Aaron J., and Aaron J. Keirns. Airship Disaster: The Crash of the USS Shenandoah. Howard, Ohio: Little River Pub, 2000.

External links

     history.navy.mil: USS Lansdowne
Appendix I. "The History of Naval Aviator and Naval Aviation Pilot Designations and Numbers, The Training of Naval Aviators and the Number Trained (Designated)." Grossnick, Roy et al. History of United States Naval Aviation 1910–1995. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, p. 404.

1888 births
1925 deaths
Accidental deaths in Ohio
Airship aviators
Airships of the United States Navy
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Greenville, Ohio
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
United States Naval Aviators
United States Navy officers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1925
Military personnel from Ohio
Aviators from Ohio