omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pyrolytic chromium carbide coating. Pyrolytic chromium carbide coating (PCC) is a technology for protection and reworking of rapidly wearing parts of manufacturing equipment working in extreme environmental conditions, using vacuum deposition technology.  Coating mechanical parts can help with problems of corrosion, adhering, high-temperature and mechanical wear thus reducing unplanned repairs and loss of production.

The features of PCC coatings are:
 obtaining protective layers with high adhesion strength on parts and products made of various engineering materials including metal and non-metal materials withstanding deposition conditions (up to 500 °C, 0.1 Pa);
 applying coatings on internal and external surfaces of longs shafts, complex-geometry parts with dead holes, grooves and channels, providing uniform thickness and composition;
 coating finished surfaces with no through porosity at small thickness (3–5 micrometres)
 PCC coating process runs in vacuum at 450 to 500 °C.

Fields of application 

Protection of instruments and machinery parts surface exposed to simultaneous impact of corrosion, erosion, sealing, pickup, high temperature, abrasive and mechanical wear.

External links 
 Pyrolytic chromium carbide Coating obtained from Bahros chrome-organic fluid
 Wear-resistive properties of PCC Coating

Coatings
Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. The Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel was a geological survey made by order of the Secretary of War according to acts of Congress of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of Brig. and Bvt. Major General A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, by Clarence King, U. S. geologist. More commonly known as the Fortieth Parallel Survey, the survey conducted field work from 1867 to 1872, exploring the area along the fortieth parallel north from northeastern California, through Nevada, to eastern Wyoming.

Results
The results of the survey were published in eight volumes of the Fortieth Parallel Survey:
 Vol. I. Systematic geology, by Clarence King, U. S. Geologist. 1878. xii, 803 pp., and atlas of 12 sheets.
 Vol. II. Descriptive geology, by Arnold Hague and S. F. Emmons. 1877. xiii, 890 pp.
 Vol. III. Mining industry, by James Duncan Hague, with geological contributions by Clarence King. 1870. xv, 647 pp. and atlas of 14 sheets.
 Vol. IV. Part I, Palaeontology. by F. B. Meek. Part II, Palaeontology, by James Hall and R. P. Whitfield. Part III, Ornithology, by Robert Ridgway. 1877. xii, 669 pp.
 Vol. V. Botany, by Sereno Watson, aided by Prof. Daniel C. Eaton and others. 1871. liii, 525 pp.
 Vol. VI. Microscopical petrography, by Ferdinand Zirkel. 1876. xv, 297 pp.
 Vol. VII. Odontornithes, A monograph on the extinct toothed birds of North America, by Othniel Charles Marsh. 1880. xv, 201 pp.
 Special Publication: List of plants collected in Nevada and Utah, 1867-69; numbered as distributed. Sereno Watson, collector.

Atlases:
 Atlas accompanying the report of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. by Clarence King, U. S. geologist-in-charge. 1876. Julius Bien, Lithographer. Folio, 2 11., (title and legend), 1 single and 11 double folio sheets (1 single folio map, 10 double folio maps, 1 double folio section).
 Atlas accompanying Volume III on Mining Industry. [List of plates.] Engraved and printed by Julius Bien, New York. Folio, 11. (title page), 14 plates.

References

Additional Sources
USGS Historical Photography Library - Collection of photographs from the 40th Parallel Survey.

Photos of volumes - held at the American Geographical Society Library, UW Milwaukee.

Geology of California
Geology of Nevada
Geology of Wyoming
Expeditions from the United States
Exploration of North America
History of Earth science
North American expeditions
United States Geological Survey
1860s in the United States
1870s in the United States
Geography of the Western United States
Carl Frosch. Carl John Frosch (September 6, 1908 – May 18, 1984) was a Bell Labs researcher who along Lincoln Derick build the first silicon dioxide field effect transistors. In 1955 they accidentally discovered that silicon could be protectively coated by silicon dioxide by the right exposure to oxygen when hot, and patented the method. Such protective coating overcame a problem of surface states found in active silicon circuit elements. The discovery also revealed the potential for the process of silicon etching. 

In 1957 Frosch and Derick published their discovery of silicon surface passivation by silicon dioxide, using selective SiO2 predeposition and masking to produce semiconductor surface patterns, to build silicon dioxide field effect transistors, thus devising the first MOSFET. Their transistors were the first in which drain and source were adjacent at the surface, showing that silicon dioxide surface passivation protected and insulated silicon wafers. 

At Bell Labs, the importance of Frosch's technique was immediately realized. Results of their work circulated around Bell Labs in the form of BTL memos before being published in 1957. At Shockley Semiconductor, William Shockley had circulated the preprint of their article in December 1956 to all his senior staff, including Jean Hoerni. Taking advantage of silicon dioxide's passivating effect on the silicon surface, Hoerni proposed to make transistors that were protected by a layer of silicon dioxide. Later, Jean Hoerni, while working at Fairchild Semiconductor, had first patented the planar process in 1959.

Transistors devices 
Frosch and Derrick build several silicon dioxide field effect transistors in 1957. One resembling modern MOSFETs and another with a NPNP structure, similar to modern IGBTs.

References
 Michael Riordan & Lillian Hoddeson (1997) Crystal Fire, page 222, W. W. Norton & Company  .

Specific

External links
 Silicon Burns A description of the discovery from the point of view of a colleague at Bell Labs.

1908 births
1984 deaths
Scientists at Bell Labs
Tie down hardware. Tie down hardware is used to turn webbing into a tie down strap. There are various categories of tie down strap hardware that allow for the creation of a virtually unlimited number of different types of tie down straps. These pieces of hardware fall into several categories including fasteners, end fittings, and buckles.

Fasteners
There are three major types of fasteners: cam, over-center, and ratchet.

Cam fasteners are a simple type of fastener that use a cam to push down on the webbing that is passed through the cam and prevent the webbing from slipping back through the fastener. The edge of the cam lever that faces the webbing is usually knurled to provide a firmer grip on the webbing. Tension is added by pulling the excess webbing through the fastener until the necessary tension is achieved and then releasing the cam lever to lock the webbing in place.

Over-center fasteners require a slightly more complex threading procedure to start the webbing through the fastener. The tensioning method provided by this fastener makes it easier than the cam fastener to get more tension into the strap and to keep it there. When the fastener is “open” you can feed the excess webbing through the fastener. When all of the slack is removed, the act of “closing” the fastener will add tension to the webbing and hold the tension tightly in place.

Ratchet fasteners are the most complex of the three fasteners to thread, but offer advantages in taking up the slack in the webbing and tensioning the assembly. Once the webbing is threaded through the fastener, the ratcheting mechanism is employed to take up the slack and tension the assembly to the necessary level. The ratcheting mechanism functions similarly to a socket wrench; you open and close the fastener repeatedly to pull the webbing through the fastener.  Releasing the tension is a simple matter of depressing the release lever and pulling the webbing back through the fastener.

Buckles
There are several types of buckles found in tie down straps. The two most common are threaded buckles and snap buckles. Threaded buckles work like those found on backpacks and duffel bags for the purpose of adjusting the length of the tie down strap. Snap buckles are also commonly found on backpacks and duffel bags to allow fastening of the strap. These two components are often used in conjunction with the threading buckle providing tension and the snap buckle providing fastening. While threading buckles come in metal varieties for use with tensioning fasteners like over-center and ratchet fasteners, snap buckles are often plastic and are not designed to withstand a great deal of tension.

See also
 Tie down straps

Fasteners
Bill Jordan, Baron Jordan. William Brian Jordan, Baron Jordan,  (born 28 January 1936), known as Bill Jordan, is a British economist and Labour politician.

The son of Walter and Alice Jordan, he was educated at the Barford Road Secondary Modern School in Birmingham.
  	
Jordan was President of the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), and then its successor, the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union (AEEU), from 1986 to 1994. During the same time, he was a member of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) General Council. In 1995, he became General Secretary of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), a post he held until 2002.
  	
He was also a long-serving governor of the London School of Economics from 1987 to 2002, and of the BBC from 1988 to 1998.

Jordan was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1992 New Year Honours, and was created a life peer with the title Baron Jordan, of Bournville in the County of West Midlands, on 5 June 2000.

Since 1958, Lord Jordan has been married to Jean Ann Livesey; they have three daughters, nine grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

References

1936 births
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
General secretaries of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
Labour Party (UK) life peers 
Living people
Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress
Presidents of the Amalgamated Engineering Union
Presidents of the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Achilles 24. The Achilles 24 is a British sailboat that was designed by Oliver Lee and Chris Butler as a cruiser-racer and first built in 1968.

The Achilles 24 is a development of the open Ajax.

Production
The design was built by Butler Moldings in the United Kingdom, but it is now out of production. A number of boats were also constructed by amateur builders from kits supplied by Butler.

Design
The Achilles 24 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with teak wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, with a deck-stepped mast, a spooned raked stem, a vertical transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel or optional triple keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and  with the optional shoal draft triple keel. The triple keel allows beaching the boat in an upright position. The manufacturer claims that the triple keel only exacts a 3% performance penalty. However Yachting Monthly magazine reported in 2009, "Butler competed in AZAB and OSTAR races in the Achilles 24, which featured a bulbed fin keel. This gave the boat quite respectable speed and windward performance but a triple-keeled, shoal draught version was much more pedestrian."

The boat was initially fitted with a small outboard motor, with an inboard gasoline engine optional for docking and maneuvering. Many were retro-fitted with diesel engines. The  fresh water tank has a capacity of .

Early production boats had three cabin windows, but this was later changed to a single long window.

Accommodations in the narrow-beam boat include two quarter berths and a forward "V"-berth, with a chemical head under the "V"-berth. It has a split galley, with a port side double sink and a starboard side two-burner stove. An anchor well is provide in the bow on boats after about serial number 250.

The design has a hull speed of .

Operational history
The designer, Butler, raced the boat in the Azores and Back (AZAB) Yacht Race and Observer Single-handed Trans-Atlantic Race (OSTAR) races.

In a 2009 review, Yachting Monthly magazine said, "factory-built boats were sound, strong but simple. The quality of the many home-built models will be variable."

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Atlantic City catboat
Balboa 24
C&C 24
C&C SR 25
Challenger 24
Columbia 24
Dana 24
Islander 24
Islander 24 Bahama
J/24
MacGregor 24
Mirage 24
Northern 1/4 Ton
Nutmeg 24
San Juan 24
Seidelmann 245
Shark 24
Tonic 23

References

Keelboats
1960s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Oliver Lee
Sailboat type designs by Chris Butler
Sailboat types built by Butler Moldings
Signal edge. In electronics, a signal edge is a transition of a digital signal from low to high or from high to low:

 A rising edge (or positive edge) is the low-to-high transition.
 A falling edge (or negative edge) is the high-to-low transition.

In the case of a pulse, which consists of two edges:

 The leading edge (or front edge) is the first edge of the pulse.
 The trailing edge (or back edge) is the second edge of the pulse.

See also
Flip-flop (electronics), an edge-triggered circuit
Rise time, for a signal transition

References

Digital electronics
Petname. Petname systems are naming systems that claim to possess all three naming properties of Zooko's triangle - global, secure, and memorable. Software that uses such a system can satisfy all three requirements. Such systems can be used to enhance security, such as preventing phishing attacks.
Unlike traditional identity systems, which focus on the service provider, Petname systems are decentralized and designed to facilitate the needs of the enduser as they interact with multiple services.

History
Though the Petname model was formally described in 2005 by Mark Stiegler, the potential of the system was discovered by several people successively.

Examples

 The GNU Name System (GNS) – a decentralized alternative to DNS based on the principle of a petname system
 CapDesk – a distributed desktop environment
 Petname Tool (discontinued browser extension) – There was a browser extension available for Firefox called Petname Tool that allowed pet names to be assigned to secure websites. Use of this extension could help prevent phishing attacks.

PetName Markup Language
The PetName Markup Language (PNML) is a proposal for embedding Petname information into other systems using a custom markup language.

PNML consists of two tags:
pet-name-string
stringified-cryptographic-key

References

External links
 An Introduction to Petname Systems
 The PetName Markup Language
 Petnames: A humane approach to secure, decentralized naming

Computer security software
Secure communication
Free Firefox legacy extensions
Macoun marsh. The John Macoun Marsh is a small wetland located on the property of the Beechwood Cemetery, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Maintained and protected by the Beechwood Cemetery, the teachers and students of St. Laurent Academy, a nearby private school, adopted the marsh as a research and conservation area for students. In 2004, the Educarium private school joined with the Jean Vanier Catholic School to continue the education work. To date, almost 1,400 species have been recorded by students there.

In 2006, the Macoun Marsh team won international recognition in the Volvo Adventure, an environmental award connected to the United Nations Environmental Program.

The marsh name honours Canadian naturalist John Macoun, and was chosen by the students of Educarium.

In 2009, the Macoun Marsh team built connections with international youth groups to create the Second International Youth Symposium for Biodiversity. This event brought youth from Barbados, Canada, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico, and the United States together to share their biodiversity projects.  This event was held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.  They also began work on a Youth Accord (first written in 2005 in Mexico) to present in Japan for the International Year of Biodiversity in 2010.

References

External links

Marshes of Ontario
Secure state. A secure state is an information systems security term to describe where entities in a computer system are divided into subjects and objects, and it can be formally proven that each state transition preserves security by moving from one secure state to another secure state. Thereby it can be inductively proven that the system is secure. As defined in the Bell–LaPadula model, the secure state is built on the concept of a state machine with a set of allowable states in a system. The transition from one state to another state is defined by transition functions.

A system state is defined to be "secure" if the only permitted access modes of subjects to objects are in accordance with a security policy.

See also
Bell–LaPadula model
TCSEC - The Orange Book

References 

Computer security
USS Edward McDonnell. USS Edward McDonnell (FF-1043) was a frigate in the US Navy and the third in its class. Named for Medal of Honor recipient Vice Admiral Edward Orrick McDonnell.

Service history

Construction and commissioning
The keel for Edward McDonnell was laid at Avondale Shipyard in Westwego, Louisiana on 1 April 1963. She was launched at Avondale in January 1964, and was commissioned at Charleston Naval Shipyard, South Carolina as DE-1043 on 15 February 1965. She completed her fitting out at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Virginia and became operational as part of the US Navy's Atlantic Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare Forces on 14 January 1966.

Operational history

In May 1966, USS Edward McDonnell was transferred to the Escort Squadron VI (Cortron 6) with its home port at Naval Station Newport, Rhode Island. Throughout 1966 and 1967, Edward McDonnell was assigned to anti submarine operations and exercises in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.

In February 1968, Edward McDonnell entered Boston Naval Shipyard for a 13-month overhaul. Following her refit, Edward McDonnell undertook a shakedown and training deployment in the Caribbean before returning to Newport in June 1969.

During 1975, Edward McDonnell was assigned to NATO's Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT) along with the Royal Netherlands Navy   and the West Germany Navy  .

Fate
USS Edward McDonnell was decommissioned on 30 September 1988, and struck from the Naval Register on 15 December 1992. She was moored at the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility in the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard awaiting disposal. She was sold for scrapping on 25 July 1995, and scrapping was completed at PNSY by 21 August 2002. The scrap value of the ship was $842 per ton.

References

External links

USS Edward McDonnell.com
USS Edward McDonnell.org (flash req.)
Navysite.de - FF1043

Garcia-class frigates
Ships built in Bridge City, Louisiana
1964 ships
Cold War frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
USS Glover. USS Glover (FF-1098) was a  originally modified for research use and commissioned as (AGDE-1) on 3 November 1965. Glover was laid down 29 July 1963 by the Bath Iron Works, in Bath, Maine and launched on 17 April 1965 with sponsors Mrs. William S. Pederson, Sr., and Mrs. Claude V. Signer, great-great-great-granddaughters of General John Glover.

Fitted out with advanced sonar and antisubmarine weapons, Glover was designed to serve as an experimental research escort for developing and testing the latest antisubmarine weapons systems. A pump-jet propulsion reduces underwater noise and gyroscopically controlled fin stabilizers reduce ocean rolling. As a research ship, she tested equipment designed to more readily detect and track enemy submarines, and evaluated tactics and procedures which were used on future classes of escorts. Capable of participating in offensive operations against submarines, she provided support for hunter killer groups, amphibious forces, and ocean convoys.

History
Glover joined the U.S. Atlantic Fleet in 1966 as a unit of Cruiser-Destroyer Forces and operated along the Atlantic Coast and in the Caribbean.

1966–1974
In 1966 Glover (AGDE-1) was modified in the Boston Naval Shipyard with electronic testing and data recording hardware. In 1968 she re-entered the Boston Naval Shipyard for more modifications and the addition of a variable depth sonar device. 
In 1970, she made her first Atlantic crossing and Mediterranean cruise visiting ports in Spain, France, Italy, and Greece. While conducting sonar tests in the Mediterranean, she was observed very closely by Soviet Navy vessels. One almost rear ended the ship while attempting to obtain a close look at the variable depth sonar. In September 1974 she entered Boston Naval Shipyard for modifications.

United States Senator Rick Scott (R-Florida) was a radar operator on the USS Glover from 1971 to 1974.

1974–1994
Glover was redesignated (AGFF-1) in 1975, and redesignated a frigate (FF-1098) in 1979. Glover went through a major overhaul at South Boston Shipyard in 1988, getting a boiler refit and new sonar overhaul. She was decommissioned on 15 June 1990, transferred to Military Sealift Command (MSC) as a research vessel for EDO Corp and NUSC and reclassified as USNS Glover (T-AGFF 1). She was scrapped at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in 1994.

Awards
Coast Guard Unit Commendation
Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation
Navy Expeditionary Medal
National Defense Service Medal

In addition to the above, Glover received a letter of commendation from the Secretary of the Navy.

References

External links
 USS Glover – Navsource Online: Destroyer Escort Photo Archive

1965 ships
Cold War frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
Garcia-class frigates
Ships built in Bath, Maine
Nagyágite. Nagyágite () is a rare sulfide mineral with known occurrence associated with gold ores. Nagyágite crystals are opaque, monoclinic and dark grey to black coloured.

It was first described in 1845 for an occurrence at the type locality of the Nagyág mine, Săcărâmb, Hunedoara County, Romania.

It occurs in gold–tellurium epithermal hydrothermal veins. Minerals associated with nagyágite include: altaite, petzite, stutzite, sylvanite, tellurantimony, coloradoite, krennerite,
native arsenic, native gold, proustite, rhodochrosite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, calaverite, tellurobismuthite, galena and pyrite.

References 

Sulfosalt minerals
Lead minerals
Gold minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
Minerals described in 1845
Glances
USCGC Diligence. USCGC Diligence (WMEC-616) is a Reliance-class United States Coast Guard 210-foot medium endurance cutter formerly based in Wilmington, NC but now based in Pensacola, Florida. Diligence was the second of 16 cutters built from 1962 to 1968. Fourteen of this class of cutter are still in active U.S. service, and two have been transferred to foreign navies.

All Reliance-class cutters were built with dual shafts and controllable pitch propellers, and were capable of speeds up to 18 knots.

History
Diligence, the sixth US Coast Guard cutter to bear that name, originally moored in Key West, Florida, later after it completed upgrades during MMA/MEP, was relocated to downtown Wilmington, North Carolina. Diligence is capable of performing any of the missions that white-hulled Coast Guard cutters traditionally perform, ranging from alien migrant interdiction operations (AMIO) and drug interdiction missions down in the Caribbean, to fisheries protection of the Atlantic seaboard, to search and rescue (SAR) anywhere in between. The SAR capabilities are enhanced by utilizing helicopters to extend the reach of the cutters well beyond the horizon.

On 24 January 2019, the Coast Guard announced that the Diligence would be homeported in Pensacola, Florida by 30 September 2020. Diligence departed Wilmington for the last time on 25 May 2020.

The cutter Diligence was seen in the 1966 science fiction movie Around the World Under the Sea starring Lloyd Bridges.  USCGC Diligence also appeared in the Matlock TV series in the episode "The Heist".

References

External links 
 Diligence home page

Ships of the United States Coast Guard
Reliance-class cutters
Ships built in Houston