omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
George Tosh. George Tosh (1813–1900) was a Scottish engineer and metallurgist who pioneered the use of steel in certain aspects of steam locomotive design.

Career
His earlier career is not known (his obituaries speak of an early association with the Stephensons and the Stockton and Darlington Railway), but from children's birthplaces in census returns he was apparently resident in Newcastle by 1839, in Parton, Cumberland, during 1843–1848, and in Maryport by 1851. He became Locomotive Superintendent of the Maryport and Carlisle Railway (M&CR), in 1850 on the termination of the lease of the M&CR by the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway and continued to serve in that capacity until 1870, becoming also Engineer to the Cockermouth and Workington Railway during its existence as an independent company.  On leaving the Maryport & Carlisle Railway in 1870, he became the manager of the North Lincolnshire Iron Works.

Innovations
During his tenure at the Maryport & Carlisle Railway, Tosh was the first to use steel for construction of a locomotive boiler (in 1862), where previously wrought iron had been the material of choice. The boiler/firebox was constructed by an outside contractor. It was not the first such design in the world – that accolade belonging to a Canadian locomotive, two years earlier – but it was certainly a first in Britain, and pre-empted the London & North Western Railway's developments of the technology.

Tosh was also amongst the first railway engineers in the country to introduce coal-burning (rather than coke) fireboxes (ten of the M&CR's locomotives had been converted to burn coal by February 1859) and fitted the first steel-tyred wheels to British locomotives. Most of his engines had domeless boilers. Nineteen locomotives of various wheel arrangements were provided during his superintendency.

Family
He was married and had at least seven children; at least one of whom, Edmund George, after practising as an analytical chemist, followed his father's footsteps into the iron business.

Death
George Tosh died in 1900, in Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire. His wife, Isabella, had died in 1868.

References

Further reading 
British Locomotive Catalogue 1825-1923 V.4 [B.Baxter]
The Maryport & Carlisle Railway [J.Simmons]
The British Steam Railway Locomotive from 1825 to 1925 [E.L.Ahrons]
British Steam Locomotive Builders [J.W.Lowe] 
UK Census returns 1851–1861

External links
Newton's London Journal of the Arts and Sciences, Vol VII, 1858  (Google books) Institution of Mechanical Engineers ( 24–25 June 1857): an account of a paper read by Mr George Tosh of Maryport, "On the relative evaporating power of brass and iron tubes" [relating to experiments with boiler construction].

1813 births
1900 deaths
19th-century Scottish people
Scottish inventors
British metallurgists
Scottish railway mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
Maryport and Carlisle Railway
ARINC 826. ARINC 826 is a protocol for avionic data loading  over the Controller Area Network (CAN) as internationally standardized in ISO 11898-1.  It allows Loadable Software Aircraft Parts to be loaded in a verifiable and secure manner to avionics Line Replaceable Units (LRUs) and Line Replaceable Modules (LRMs) using CAN.

Based on a subset of ARINC 615A features (the avionic data loading protocol for data loading over Ethernet), ARINC 826 provides basic features for avionics data loading.

References

Avionics
Slide Adventure MAGKID. is a 2007 video game published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS video game console. The title was developed by Nintendo NSD (Network Service Development, Nintendo Co.) with programming assistance by
Agenda.

Nintendo developed the tilt sliding technology hardware accessory, and then co-developed the actual software with Agenda doing most of the software programming and JOE DOWN STUDIO handling the audio. Long time Nintendo creator Kazunobu Shimizu was responsible for creating the MagKid character and coming up with the concept of the game.  The retail SKU comes bundled with a new sliding controller that attaches to the DS, enabling it to slide on a surface as the input method. A localization outside Japan did not occur.

Slide Controller

The Slide Controller bundled with the game (and required to play) is attached to Slot 2, of the DS, which makes use of the technology of a computer's optical mouse, being that the pak emits red light from a LED light located at the bottom of the controller. In order to move the Mag Kid across the screen during the game, the player has to slide the whole Nintendo DS system with this controller (combined with a slant angle) on a table surface, thus given the name "Slide Controller".

References

External links
Official Nintendo Website
Official Nintendo Magazine
Official Agenda Website

2007 video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Nintendo games
Video games developed in Japan
Richard Mollier. Richard Mollier (; 30 November 1863, Triest – 13 March 1935, Dresden) was a German professor of Applied Physics and Mechanics in Göttingen and Dresden, a pioneer of experimental research in thermodynamics, particularly for water, steam, and moist air.

Mollier diagrams (enthalpy-entropy charts) are routinely used by engineers in the design work associated with power plants (fossil or nuclear), compressors, steam turbines, refrigeration systems, and air conditioning equipment to visualize the working cycles of thermodynamic systems.

The Mollier diagram of enthalpy of moist air versus its water vapor content (h–x diagram) is equivalent to the Psychrometrics Chart commonly used in the US and Britain.

Education and career

After attending Gymnasium (grammar school) in Triest, he commenced studies in mathematics and physics at the university of Graz (Austria), continuing at the Technical University of Munich. He presented his first publications as an outside lecturer for Theoretical Mechanics. After a short stint in Göttingen, he succeeded Gustav Zeuner in 1897 as Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Technischen Hochschule Dresden. His 1904 publication New Graphs for Technical Thermodynamics greatly simplified calculations involving thermodynamic processes. His New Tables and Diagrams for Water Vapor, first published in 1906, appeared in six further editions through 1932, as he updated it to reflect new developments.

Honors

At the 1923 Thermodynamics Conference held in Los Angeles, it was decided to name, in his honor, as a “Mollier graph” any thermodynamic diagram using the Enthalpy h as one of its axes. Example: the h–s graph for steam or the h–x graph for moist air.

Publications

Die Entropie der Wärme (The Entropy of Heat) 1895
Dampftafeln und Diagramme des Kohlendioxid (Vapor Tables and Diagrams for Carbon Dioxide) 1896
Neue Diagramme zur Technischen Wärmelehre (New Graphs for Technical Thermodynamics) 1904
Neue Tabellen und Diagramme für Wasserdampf  (New Tables and Diagrams for Water Vapor) Berlin 1906

See also
Psychrometrics

External links

mollierdiagram.com digital version of Mollier Diagram
Publications by and about Richard Mollier
Photo

German mechanical engineers
19th-century German physicists
Technical University of Munich alumni
1863 births
1935 deaths
20th-century German physicists
Thermodynamicists
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany
Omaha Cable Tramway Company. The Cable Tramway Company of Omaha, Nebraska started in 1884 and ended in 1895. It was the only cable car line ever built in Omaha, and had only four lines of tracks in operation.

History
The Omaha Cable Tramway Company was originally formed in 1884, and began operating in 1887. Its power house was at 20th and Harney Streets in Downtown Omaha.

Frederick Drexel, who came to Omaha in 1856, helped incorporate the Cable Tramway Company in 1887. Former Omaha mayor Ezra Millard was the first treasurer of the company when he died in 1886, and Samuel R. Johnson was the president.

The company had a bad image because of frequent disruptions in service caused by cable breakages. The cables were made of wire and hemp rope. In 1887 the company was sued by the Omaha Horse Railway for infringing on its territory after the Cable Tramway Company built tracks on the same street the railway operated on. The case was dismissed by a district court judge.

After electrically powered trams were introduced in Omaha, in April 1889 the Cable Tramway Company consolidated with the Omaha Horse Railway under the name Omaha Street Railway Company, which was then disbanded in 1896.

See also
 History of Omaha
 Omaha and Council Bluffs Railway and Bridge Company
 Omaha Streetcar
 Transportation in Omaha

References

Tram, urban railway and trolley companies
Defunct companies based in Omaha, Nebraska
Transport companies established in 1884
1896 disestablishments in Nebraska
Transport companies disestablished in 1896
Streetcars in Omaha, Nebraska
1884 establishments in Nebraska
American companies established in 1884
Myarc Disk Operating System. MDOS (short for Myarc Disk Operating System) is an operating system commercialized by Myarc. It was designed and implemented specifically for the Geneve 9640 by Paul Charlton.  MDOS was designed to fully emulate the TI-99/4A computer while providing an advanced (for its time) virtual memory operating environment with full support for mouse, GUI, and complex mathematical applications.

In 1993, Beery Miller the publisher of 9640 News, organized a group of Geneve 9640 owners and was able to purchase all rights to the source code for MDOS, Advanced Basic, the PSYSTEM runtime module, and the GPL Interpreter from Myarc and Paul Charlton.

Over the years, MDOS has been updated by individuals including T. Tesch, Clint Pulley, Alan Beard, John Johnson, James Schroeder, Mike Maksimik, James Uzzell, Tony Knerr, Beery Miller, and others.  Support adding SCSI, IDE, and larger ramdisks were added in the earlier years from the buyout.  In late 2020 and early 2021 with the release of the TIPI for the TI-99/4A, the Geneve was interfaced with the TIPI and a Raspberry Pi providing TCP socket access and nearly unlimited high speed hard-drive like file access.

A small but active base of users still exist on www.Atariage.com as of 2021 where T. Tesch, Beery Miller, and others provide support.

MDOS was written specifically for the TMS9995 16-bit CPU and the Yamaha V9938 video display processor.

All source code for the Geneve 9640 is in the public domain.

External links
Myarc Geneve 9640 Family Computer
Myarc Geneve 9640 Software
9640News Software
Geneve 9640 – a close look at the system board and sales flyer
Geneve 9640 at the Home Computer Museum
Geneve items @ Richard Bell's Company
Photo of Geneve 9640 booting – HD-based vertical PEB system belonging to Gregory McGill
Photo of Geneve showing swan image – from Mainbyte
1988 Dallas TI Fair – mixed Geneve 9640 and TI-99/4A photos
Geneve 9640 – at old-computers.com
Heatwave BBS – Telnet BBS operating on a Myarc Geneve 9640 under MDOS.

TI-99/4A
Products introduced in 1987
Proprietary operating systems
Disk operating systems
Binoviewer. A binoviewer is an optical device designed to enable binocular viewing through a single objective.

In contrast to binoculars, it allows partially stereoscopic viewing and partially monocular viewing, this because the eyes and brain still process the image binocularly, as both images are produced by the same objective and do not differ except for aberrations induced by the binoviewer itself. 

A binoviewer consists of a beam splitter which splits the image provided by the objective into two identical (but fainter) copies, and a system of prisms or mirrors that relay the images to a pair of identical eyepieces.

Binoviewers are a standard component of laboratory microscopes and are also used with optical telescopes, particularly in amateur astronomy.

Trinocular splitters are also used, where a camera is to be attached as well.

References

Optical devices
Microscope components
Jack Ridley (engineer). John Wallace Ridley  (29 April 1919 – 23 August 2006) was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for  in the North Island, a Rhodes Scholar and a civil engineer. He was notable for his contributions to hydro engineering.

Early years
Ridley was born in Invercargill, New Zealand in 1919. He attended Timaru Boys' High School and then studied engineering at Canterbury University College in Christchurch. After the Second World War (in which he served as an engineering officer) he spent two years, 1946–1947, as a Rhodes Scholar at University College, University of Oxford, graduating with an MA (Honours) in engineering science. He married Avis (née Reed) in 1949.

Ridley was a civil engineer of dams for power schemes like Benmore Dam in the South Island and Wairakei in the North Island, working for the Ministry of Works and Development. For his contributions, he was awarded with the Fulton Gold Medal, at the time the highest award of the New Zealand Institution of Engineers.

Political career

Member of Parliament

Ridley was the MP for Taupo for six years from  to 1975, and from  to 1981.

He was once asked why there were so few engineers in Parliament, to which he replied: "Because engineers are realists and politicians are idealists." In 1975 his wife Avis unsuccessfully sought the Labour Party candidacy for the  electorate alongside 26 other aspirants following the retirement of Hugh Watt, but she lost to Frank Rogers.

Independent
In October 1983 Ridley contested the Labour nomination for the new Tongariro electorate but was unsuccessful, losing to Noel Scott. Ridley disputed the selection process afterwards, claiming that the procedure had been manipulated by the party hierarchy who were determined to select Scott and estimating that he won 250 of the 350 floor votes from the members opposed to less than 20 for Scott. The party president, Jim Anderton, refuted Ridley's claims stating that Labour's selection processes were democratically sound and the decision was final. In the  Ridley stood for the Tongariro electorate as an Independent but was not successful. A large proportion of the Tongariro electorate had been part of Taupo. The city of Taupo itself however had become part of Waikaremoana.

Death
Ridley died in Auckland on 23 August 2006. He was survived by his wife and four sons.

Honours and awards
In 1990, Ridley was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. In the 1998 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services.

Publications

Notes

References

 

1919 births
2006 deaths
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
Companions of the Queen's Service Order
New Zealand Rhodes Scholars
University of Canterbury alumni
People educated at Timaru Boys' High School
New Zealand civil engineers
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
People from Invercargill
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1981 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1984 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1975 New Zealand general election
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology. Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology (SIET), also known as Shobhit Deemed University and unofficially Shobhit University, is higher-education institute deemed-to-be-university located in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

History
Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology was established in by the NICE Society, which was itself established in July 1989. The institute included two engineering colleges, at Gangoh and Meerut, the latter better known as Shobhit Institute of Engineering and Technology, Saharanpur. The college was affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical University and later to Gautam Buddh Technical University, both now Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University.

In November 2006 the Meerut college received deemed to be university status, and became popularly known as Shobhit University, Meerut. In July 2012 the Gangoh college became a university under the Shobhit Vishwavidhaylaya, Uttar Pradesh Adhiniyam, 2011, officially called Shobhit University.

Location
The institute is located on the Delhi-Meerut-Dehradun National Highway (NH-58).

Research activities
The university undertook teaching and research as essential ingredients of its activities with emphasis on research productivity, innovations in teaching and progress in emerging areas through its Post-Graduate and Doctoral programs.

References

External links
 

Deemed universities in Uttar Pradesh
Engineering colleges in Meerut
Private engineering colleges in Uttar Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 2006
2006 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Issoire APM 20 Lionceau. The APM 20 Lionceau is a two-seat very light aircraft manufactured by the French manufacturer Issoire Aviation.
Despite its classic appearance, it is entirely built from composite materials, especially carbon fibers.

Designed by Philippe Moniot and certified in 1999 (see EASA CS-VLA), this very light (400 kg empty, 634 kg loaded) and economical (80 PS engine) aircraft is primarily intended to be used to learn to fly, but also to travel with a relatively high cruise speed (113 knots).

A three-seat version, the APM 30 Lion, was presented at the 2005 Paris Air Show.

Variants
APM 20 LionceauThree prototypes and 21 production aircraft (with larger tail)
APM 21 LionPrototype APM 20 fitted with winglets and a Rotax 912 ULS engine
APM 22 Liondo UAVExperimental uncrewed variant

Specifications

References

External links

APM 20 Lionceau official website

Low-wing aircraft
1990s French civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1995
APM20
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Sam B. Williams. Sam Barlow Williams (7 May 1921 in Seattle, Washington – 22 June 2009 in Indian Wells, California) was an American inventor and founder of Williams International. He was best known for his development of the small fan-jet engine, and received several prestigious awards for innovation in this field of aviation.

Among the awards that Williams received were:

 Collier Trophy 1978, presented by President Jimmy Carter
 Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy 1988, presented by President Ronald Reagan
 National Medal of Technology 1995, presented by President Bill Clinton

The Medal of Technology was awarded to Williams for:

He was also an inductee into the National Inventors Hall of Fame and the National Aviation Hall of Fame 1998. In addition to efforts in aviation, he helped promote inventors and inventions in medical research for cancer and for degenerative eye disease, with which he was afflicted.

Williams was a mechanical engineer for the Chrysler Corporation before starting his own company to develop and build small gas turbine engines. The first production contract was for an experimental gas turbine for a marine outboard.

See also
 Chrysler turbine engines

References

 Biography at National Inventors Hall of Fame
 Biography at National Aviation Hall of Fame
 Short bio from 2003 NBAA award presentation

1921 births
2009 deaths
American inventors
Collier Trophy recipients
National Medal of Technology recipients
Businesspeople from Seattle
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
People from Indian Wells, California
20th-century American businesspeople
American aerospace engineers
Aviation inventors
USC&GS Discoverer. USC&GS Discoverer was the name of two ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and may refer to:

 , a survey ship in service from 1922 to 1941
 USC&GS Discoverer, an oceanographic research ship in service in the Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1967 to 1970 and in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as  from 1970 to 1996

Ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine. National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine ( ; abbr. Lorraine INP) is a French technological university system, based in Nancy. It is under the Academy of Nancy and Metz.

INPL is a part of the University of Lorraine. It federates 11 engineering schools:
École nationale supérieure des mines de Nancy: general engineering
École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques (ENSIC, Nancy): chemistry
École nationale supérieure d'agronomie et des industries alimentaires (ENSAIA): agricultural engineering
École européenne d'ingénieurs en génie des matériaux (EEIGM)
École nationale supérieure d'électricité et de mécanique (ENSEM)
École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie (ENSG)
École nationale supérieure en génie des systèmes et de l'innovation (ENSGSI)
École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz (ENIM)
Polytech Nancy
Telecom Nancy
École Nationale Supérieure des Technologies et Industries du Bois

References

External links

University of Lorraine
Universities and colleges in Nancy, France
Educational institutions established in 1970
Homogeneous alignment. In liquid crystals homogeneous alignment, sometimes called planar alignment, is the state of alignment where molecules align in parallel to a substrate. The opposite method is homeotropic alignment.

For planar alignment - polyimides can be used. One of the popular ones is PI-2555.

The surface has to be rubbed by paper or by a velvet or similar cloth in order to make the alignment axis parallel to the rubbing. However the exact mechanism of this alignment is not entirely clear.

References 

Liquid crystals
Rider-Ericsson Engine Company. The US Rider-Ericsson Engine Company was the successor of the DeLamater Iron Works and the Rider Engine Company, having bought from both companies their extensive plants and entire stocks of engines and patterns, covering all styles of Rider and Ericsson hot air pumping engines brought out by both of the old companies since 1844, excepting the original Ericsson engine, the patterns of which were burned in the DeLameter fire of 1888.

Engines
The company specialized in hot air pumping engines.  A hot air engine is an external combustion engine.  All hot air engines consist of a hot side and a cold side.  Mechanical energy is derived from a hot air engine as air is repeatedly heated and cooled, expanding and contracting, and imparting pressure upon a reciprocating piston.

Early hot air engines
In his patent of 1759, Henry Wood was the first to document the powering an engine by the changing volume of air as it changed temperature.  George Cayley was the first to build a working model in 1807.  The Reverend Robert Stirling is generally credited with the "invention" of the hot air engine in 1816 for his development of a "regenerator" which conserves heat energy as the air moves between the hot and cold sides of the engine.  Technically, not all hot air engines utilize regenerators, but the term hot air engine and Stirling engine are sometimes used interchangeably.

Rider's engine

The Rider style engine is an "alpha" engine which uses two separate cylinders.   As air in the hot side cylinder heats, it expands, driving the piston upward.  The crankshaft now moves the cold side piston upward, drawing the hot air over to the cold side.  The air cools, contracts, and pulls the hot side piston downward.  The cold side piston then pushes the cool air over to the hot side, and the cycle repeats.

Ericsson's engine

The Ericsson style engine is a "beta" engine, which contains both the power piston and displacer within one cylinder.  The cylinder has a hot end, within the firebox, and a cold end, surrounded by a water jacket.  As the air is heated within the cylinder, the air expands, driving the piston upward.  The displacer next moves downward, pushing the air from the hot side into the cool side of the cylinder.  The air then contracts, pulling the piston downward.  The displacer then moves the air from the cool side to the hot side, the cycle begins again.

Stationary engines