Harold E. Puthoff. Harold Edward Puthoff (born June 20, 1936), often known as Hal Puthoff, is an American electrical engineer and parapsychologist.

Early life and career
Puthoff was born in Chicago, Illinois. He received a BA and an MSc in electrical engineering from University of Florida. In 1967, Puthoff earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University with a thesis, "The stimulated Raman effect and its application as a tunable laser". Puthoff then worked on tunable lasers and electron beam devices and co-authored (with R. Pantell) Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (Wiley, 1969). Puthoff also published papers on polarizable vacuum (PV) and stochastic electrodynamics.

Parapsychology and pseudoscience 

Puthoff took an interest in the Church of Scientology in the late 1960s and reached what was then the top OT VII level by 1971. Puthoff wrote up his "wins" for a Scientology publication, claiming to have achieved "remote viewing" abilities (called exteriorization in Scientology). In 1974, Puthoff also wrote a piece for Scientology's Celebrity magazine, stating that Scientology had given him "a feeling of absolute fearlessness". Puthoff severed all connection with Scientology in the late 1970s.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Puthoff directed a program at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) to investigate paranormal abilities, collaborating with Russell Targ in a study of the purported psychic abilities of Uri Geller, Ingo Swann, Pat Price, Joseph McMoneagle and others, as part of what they called the Stargate Project. Both Geller and Swann convinced Puthoff and Targ that they possessed psychic powers, though Geller employed sleight of hand tricks.

Puthoff and Targ studied Uri Geller at SRI, declaring that Geller had psychic powers, though there were flaws with the controls in the experiments, and Geller used sleight of hand on many other occasions. According to Terence Hines:

Psychologists David Marks and Richard Kammann attempted to replicate Puthoff and Targ's remote viewing experiments. In a series of thirty-five studies, they could not replicate the results. While investigating the procedure of the original experiments, Marks and Kammann discovered that the notes given to the judges in Puthoff and Targ's experiments contained clues as to which order they were carried out. Examples included referring to yesterday's two targets or the inclusion of the date of the session written at the top of the page. They concluded that these clues were the reason for the experiment's high hit rates. Terence Hines has written:

Marks noted that when the cues were eliminated the results fell to a chance level. James Randi noted that controlled tests by several other researchers, eliminating several sources of cueing and extraneous evidence present in the original tests, produced negative results. Students also solved Puthoff and Targ's locations from the clues that had inadvertently been included in the transcripts. Marks and Kamman concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis." According to Martin Gardner, Puthoff (and Targ) "imagined they could do research in parapsychology but instead dealt with 'psychics' who were cleverer than they were".

Business ventures 
In 1985, Puthoff founded The Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin (IASA), later incorporated under EarthTech International, Inc., in 1991, which pursues energy generation and propulsion research.

Puthoff and EarthTech were granted a US Patent in 1998, with claims that information could be transmitted through a distance using a modulated potential with no electric or magnetic field components. While "the invention does appear to rest on solid, albeit somewhat obscure, physics principles", the case is used for educational purposes in patent law where "the examiner failed to make a prima facie case for inoperability or lack of enablement". According to the Wisconsin Law School case study, "The lesson of the Puthoff patent is that in a world where both types of patents are more and more common, even a competent examiner may fail to distinguish innovation from pseudoscience."

In the 2010s, he co-founded the UFO-dedicated company To the Stars with Tom DeLonge.

Zero-point energy
In the late 1980s and 1990s, Puthoff co-authored papers
using the model of stochastic electrodynamics that leads to a model of inertia as an electromagnetic drag force on accelerating particles produced by interaction with the zero-point field. This concept built on Andrei Sakharov's proposal in 1968 that the gravitational constant was a consequence of zero-point fluctuations in the vacuum. 
Steve Carlip disputed one of Puthoff's 1989 papers for containing a serious computational error which makes the effect negligible; Puthoff responded that a different parameter value in the model would restore its usefulness.
The 1994 paper was the subject of a news article in Science. Subsequent analysis by Yefim S. Levin raising numerous questions concerning the mathematical correctness of the formula and the use of non-relativistic treatments of magnetic effects, concluding that model does not show inertia as a result of zero-point-field effects. The cosmological implications of a different 1989 paper by Puthoff on the origin electromagnetic zero point energy  was examined by Paul S. Wesson Among numerous difficulties, general relativity requires that such energy not gravitate, so it cannot be similar to electromagnetic radiation.

Building on earlier theoretical work by Robert L. Forward leveraging the Casimir force to extract electrical energy, Daniel Cole and Puthoff analyzed the thermodynamics of a simple hypothetical Casimir force device. The hypothetical devices discussed in these articles are capacitors, multiple layers of charged conductors sufficiently close for the short-range Casimir force to compress the structure. This works against the mutual repulsion of the conductor's electrical energy stores; external electricity would be needed to recharge the device. Other authors have studied mechanical and thermal devices based on Casimir forces. 

Massimo Pigliucci called Puthoff's hopes to extract zero-point energy as running contrary to the laws of physics: "a proposition... that violates basic principles of thermodynamics and that is considered pseudoscience by credentialed physicists."

References

Further reading
Henry Gordon (1988). Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs. Macmillan of Canada.

External links

 Profile at Earthtech International

1936 births
Living people
21st-century American physicists
United States Navy officers
American parapsychologists
Pseudoscientific physicists
Stanford University alumni
Remote viewers
American former Scientologists
University of Florida alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
American electrical engineers
20th-century American engineers
People from Chicago