omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Clyde Kruskal. Clyde P. Kruskal (born May 25, 1954) is an American computer scientist, working on parallel computing  architectures, models, and algorithms. As part of the ultracomputer project, he was one of the inventors of the read–modify–write concept in parallel and distributed computing. He is an associate professor of computer science at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Early life, education, and career
Kruskal is the son of mathematician Martin Kruskal.
He graduated from Brandeis University in 1976, and went to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University for graduate study, earning a master's degree in 1978 and completing his Ph.D. in 1981. His dissertation, Upper and Lower Bounds on the Performance of Parallel Algorithms, was supervised by Jack Schwartz.

He became an assistant professor of computer science at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign before moving to Maryland.

Selected publications
With William Gasarch, Kruskal is the author of the book Problems With A Point: Exploring Math And Computer Science (World Scientific, 2019).

He has many highly-cited research publications, including:
Clyde P. Kruskal, "Searching, Merging, and Sorting in Parallel Computation", IEEE Trans. Comput. 32 942-946 (1983)
Clyde P. Kruskal and Marc Snir, "The Performance of Multistage Interconnection Networks for Multiprocessors",  IEEE Trans. Comput. 32 1091-1098 (1983)
Clyde P. Kruskal, Larry Rudolph and Marc Snir, "The Power of Parallel Prefix", IEEE Trans. Comput. 34 965-968 (1985)
Clyde P. Kruskal and Alan Weiss, "Allocating Independent Subtasks on Parallel Processors", IEEE Trans. Software Eng. 11 1001-1016 (1985)
Clyde P. Kruskal and Marc Snir, "A Unified Theory of Interconnection Network Structure", Theor. Comput. Sci. 48 75-94 (1986)
Clyde P. Kruskal, Larry Rudolph and Marc Snir, "Efficient Synchronization on Multiprocessors with Shared Memory". ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 10 579-601 (1988)
Clyde P. Kruskal, Marc Snir and Alan Weiss, "The Distribution of Waiting Times in Clocked Multistage Interconnection Networks", IEEE Trans. Comput. 37 1337-1352 (1988)
Clyde P. Kruskal, Larry Rudolph and Marc Snir, "Techniques for Parallel Manipulation of Sparse Matrices", Theor. Comput. Sci. 64 135-157 (1989)
Clyde P. Kruskal, Larry Rudolph and Marc Snir, "A Complexity Theory of Efficient Parallel Algorithms", Theor. Comput. Sci. 71 95-132 (1990)
Clyde P. Kruskal and Marc Snir, "Cost-Performance Tradeoffs for Interconnection Networks",  Discrete Applied Mathematics 37/38 359-385 (1992)

References

External links
 Personal Website

1954 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Brandeis University alumni
New York University alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
CandyFab. The CandyFab is a method of producing physical objects out of a computer representation of the structure. It differs from some other 3D printing methods in the following aspects:

 It is optimized for relatively large pieces using low to medium print resolution.
 To reduce the hazards of working with large amounts of media, non-toxic materials (ideally, food-grade) are used. The prototype CandyFab 4000 unit uses granulated sugar as its print medium, giving rise to its name, but other materials with low melting temperatures and low toxicities are still under consideration.
 It uses low cost parts and construction to make it easier for others to design or build their own, with plans available as open source.

Technology

The CandyFab uses a heat source mounted on a computer-controlled X-Y positioning head to fuse the surface of a granular bed of the print media. The only thing which comes into contact with the media is heated air, which is turned on and off by the software synchronously with the motion of the positioning head. Fabrication of the shape of the part being produced progresses in layers; after each complete pass, the bed is lowered and a fresh layer of granular media is applied on top. The unfused media serves to support overhangs and thin walls in the part being produced, reducing the need for auxiliary temporary supports for the workpiece. The movable bed is of a size suitable for producing finished parts several kilograms in weight.

The resolution of features produced correspond to a smallest volume element of 2.5 x 2.5 x 2.7 mm or less. Pieces produced from ordinary granular sugar have fairly good strength and feature an amber to brown surface color owing to caramelization of the sugar. Special attention has been paid to the selection of all materials coming into contact with the sugar bed or with the hot air stream to make it possible to fabricate food-grade pieces if desired.

There is an effort to encourage further work on improving the technology in the following areas:

Hardware 
3D modeling software
CNC software

In addition, the inventors Windell Oskay and Lenore Edman of candyfab.org have organized teams to explore applications, gastronomy, and post processing.

Fabricated pieces

Several large pieces of sculpture have been produced using the CandyFab, including one of a mathematical object designed by sculptor Bathsheba Grossman. This and other pieces were shown by inventors Windell Oskay and Lenore Edman of candyfab.org at the Bay Area Maker Faire 2007.

See also
Rapid prototyping
Solid freeform fabrication
Digital fabricator

References

External links
The CandyFab Project

Computer printers
3D printing processes
Food technology
Reaction dynamics. Reaction dynamics is a field within physical chemistry, studying why chemical reactions occur, how to predict their behavior, and how to control them.  It is closely related to chemical kinetics, but is concerned with individual chemical events on atomic length scales and over very brief time periods. It considers state-to-state kinetics between reactant and product molecules in specific quantum states, and how energy is distributed between translational, vibrational, rotational, and electronic modes.

Experimental methods of reaction dynamics probe the chemical physics associated with molecular collisions. They include crossed molecular beam and infrared chemiluminescence experiments, both recognized by the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Dudley Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, and John C. Polanyi "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes", In the crossed beam method used by Herschbach and Lee, narrow beams of reactant molecules in selected quantum states are allowed to react in order to determine the reaction probability as a function of such variables as the translational, vibrational and rotational energy of the reactant molecules and their angle of approach. In contrast the method of Polanyi measures vibrational energy of the products by detecting the infrared chemiluminescence emitted by vibrationally excited molecules, in some cases for reactants in defined energy states.

Spectroscopic observation of reaction dynamics on the shortest time scales is known as femtochemistry, since the typical times studied are of the order of 1 femtosecond = 10−15 s. This subject has been recognized by the award of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to  Ahmed Zewail.

In addition, theoretical studies of reaction dynamics involve calculating the potential energy surface for a reaction as a function of nuclear positions, and then calculating the trajectory of a point on this surface representing the state of the system. A correction can be applied to include the effect of quantum tunnelling through the activation energy barrier, especially for the movement of hydrogen atoms.

References

Further reading
Steinfeld J.I., Francisco J.S. and Hase W.L. Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics (2nd ed., Prentice-Hall 1999) chaps.6-13  

Physical chemistry
Keil (company). Keil is a German software subsidiary of Arm Holdings. It was founded in 1982 by Günter and Reinhard Keil, initially as a German GbR. In April 1985 the company was converted to Keil Elektronik GmbH to market add-on products for the development tools provided by many of the silicon vendors. Keil implemented the first C compiler designed from the ground-up specifically for the 8051 microcontroller.

Keil provides a broad range of development tools like ANSI C compiler, macro assemblers, debuggers and simulators, linkers, IDE, library managers, real-time operating systems (currently RTX5) and evaluation boards for over 8,500 devices.

In October 2005, Keil (Keil Elektronik GmbH in Munich, Germany, and Keil Software, Inc. in Plano, Texas) were  acquired by Arm.

Since the merger with Arm, the company is still active in providing products and services.

See also
Arm Holdings
ARM architecture family
Embedded system
Mbed

References

External links
Official site
Keil Application notes

Software companies of Germany
2005 mergers and acquisitions
Leon Shklar. Leon Shklar had been a part time lecturer in the computer science department at Rutgers University, where he taught a senior level course in advanced web application development. He is also the co-author (with Rich Rosen) of the popular textbook Web Application Architecture: Principles, Protocols, and Practices. He was formerly Head of Technology at Thomson Reuters Media. Prior to that he was the director of software development at Dow Jones.

Shklar was one of the people at Bell Communications Research responsible for InfoHarness, one of the earliest (1995) metadata-driven web application systems. He also led the team that developed Metaphoria, one of the first commercially available Java-based server-side web frameworks. Shklar has served on the Advisory Committee of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and was actively involved in the development of the RDF standard.

Publications

External links 
 Leon Shklar's web site at Rutgers University
 Web site for Web Application Architecture: Principles, Protocols & Practices
 InfoHarness paper at ACM
 Metaphoria

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer science educators
Rutgers University faculty
Application-specific instruction set processor. An application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP) is a component used in system on a chip design. The instruction set architecture of an ASIP is tailored to benefit a specific application. This specialization of the core provides a tradeoff between the flexibility of a general purpose central processing unit (CPU) and the performance of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

Some ASIPs have a configurable instruction set. Usually, these cores are divided into two parts: static logic which defines a minimum ISA (instruction-set architecture) and configurable logic which can be used to design new instructions. The configurable logic can be programmed either in the field in a similar fashion to a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or during the chip synthesis. ASIPs have two ways of generating code: either through a retargetable code generator or through a retargetable compiler generator. The retargetable code generator uses the application, ISA, and Architecture Template to create the code generator for the object code. The retargetable compiler generator uses only the ISA and Architecture Template as the basis for creating the compiler. The application code will then be used by the compiler to create the object code.

ASIPs can be used as an alternative of hardware accelerators for baseband signal processing or video coding. Traditional hardware accelerators for these applications suffer from inflexibility. It is very difficult to reuse the hardware datapath with handwritten finite-state machines (FSM). The retargetable compilers of ASIPs help the designer to update the program and reuse the datapath. Typically, the ASIP design is more or less dependent on the tool flow because designing a processor from scratch can be very complicated. One approach is to describe the processor using a high level language and then to automatically generate the ASIP's software toolset.

Examples 
RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) provides minimum base instruction sets that can be extended with additional application-specific instructions. The base instruction sets provide simplified control flow, memory and arithmetic operations on registers. Its modular design allows the base instructions to be extended for standard application-specific operations such as integer multiplication/division (M), single-precision floating point (F), or bit manipulation (B). For the non-standard instruction extensions, encoding space of the ISA is divided into three parts: standard, reserverd, and custom. The custom encoding space is used for vendor-specific extensions.

See also
 Application-specific integrated circuit
 System on Chip
 Digital signal processor

References

Literature

External links
TTA-Based Codesign Environment (TCE), an open source (MIT licensed) toolset for design of application specific TTA processors.

Application-specific integrated circuits
Coprocessors
Gate arrays
Instruction processing
Integrated circuits
Bootstrapping Server Function. A Bootstrapping Server Function (BSF) is an intermediary element in Cellular networks which provides application-independent functions for mutual authentication of user equipment and servers unknown to each other and for 'bootstrapping' the exchange of secret session keys afterwards. This allows the use of additional services like Mobile TV and PKI, which need authentication and secured communication.

GBA/GAA Setup
The setup and function to deploy a generic security relation as described is called Generic Bootstrapping Architecture (GBA) or Generic Authentication Architecture (GAA). In short, it consists of the following elements.

 user equipment (UE), e. g. a 	mobile cellular telephone; needs access to a specific service
 application server (NAF: Network Application Function), e. g. for mobile TV; provides the service
 BSF (Bootstrapping Server Function); arranges security relation between UE and NAF
 mobile network operator's Home Subscriber Server (HSS); hosts user profiles.

In this case, the term 'bootstrapping' is related to building a security relation with a previously unknown device first and to allow installing security elements (keys) in the device and the BSF afterwards.

Workflow
The BSF is introduced by the application server (NAF), after an unknown UE device is trying to get service access: the NAF refers the UE to the BSF. UE and BSF mutually authenticate via 3GPP protocol AKA (Authentication and Key Agreement); additionally, the BSF sends related queries to the Home Subscriber Server (HSS).
Afterwards, UE and BSF agree on a session key to be used for encrypted data exchange with the application server (NAF). When the UE again connects to the NAF, the NAF is able to obtain the session key as well as user-specific data from the BSF and can start data exchange with the end device (UE), using the related session keys for encryption.

Standards
BSF is standardised in recent versions of 3GPP Standards: GAA (Generic Authentication Architecture) and GBA (Generic Bootstrapping Architecture), and 3GPP TS 33.919, 33.220 24.109, 29.109

External links
 DVB-H News
 BMCO forum
 Open Mobile Alliance
 3GPP
 BSF in LTE network
 castLabs (commercial BSF supplier)
 Nexcom Systems (OEM commercial BSF supplier)
 3GPP TS 24.109 version 8.3.0 Release 8

Mobile telecommunications standards
Searchlight BBS. Searchlight BBS is a bulletin board system (BBS) developed in 1985 by Frank LaRosa for the TRS-80. LaRosa formed a company, Searchlight Software, through which he marketed and sold Searchlight BBS. In 1987, LaRosa expanded the software and sold it as shareware written for the PC in Pascal (using Turbo Pascal). The features of Searchlight BBS included a full screen text editor, a remote DOS shell, and file transfer via the XMODEM protocol. Searchlight BBS rapidly grew in popularity, and appeared frequently in Boardwatch magazine and at BBS conventions across the United States. Eventually, Searchlight BBS supported FidoNet, ZMODEM, Internet e-mail and telnet connectivity.

In 1995 LaRosa began work on Spinnaker Web Server, to compete with Netscape and other web server software. Searchight Software sold Searchlight BBS, along with Spinnaker Web Server, to TeleGrafix Communications in 1998.

References

External links
The Trashcan BBS (Still online in Christchurch, New Zealand)(telnet to bbs.thenet.gen.nz port 2324)
The Searchlight BBS Support Page
Frank LaRosa's Personal Homepage (Creator of Searchight Software)
Telnet BBS Guide
The BBS Archives
BBS Documentary Video Collection (Internet Archive)
The TEXTFILES.COM Historical BBS List

Bulletin board system software
Coal mine bump. A coal mine bump (a bump, a mine bump, a mountain bump, or a rock burst) is a seismic jolt occurring within an underground mine due to the explosive collapse of one or more support pillars.

In room and pillar mining, tunnels are advanced in a rectangular pattern resembling city streets (tunnels), leaving behind blocks (pillars) of coal.  To a miner, a partially completed tunnel resembles a room dug into the coal seam.  As mining proceeds, the weight of rock overburden previously supported by coal mined from rooms is redistributed to pillars.  If that weight exceeds the strength of a pillar, the pillar can fail by crushing or exploding.  An explosive failure is called a “bump.”

In the eastern United States' coalfields, bumps are more likely when the overburden is at least 500 feet (150 m); where a strong, overlying stratum, such as sandstone, occurs near the coalbed; and with a strong, inflexible floor. In the United States, the number of deaths from bumps had dropped off dramatically since the early 1990s, but fatalities are more common in the West where mines often run deeper. Bumps are three times more likely in room-and-pillar mines, and are even more common in mines that do retreat mining, in which the pillars are removed as the miners retreat towards the mine entrance with the intent of allowing an orderly collapse of the mine.

Incidents
The Springhill Mining Disaster was a bump that occurred in Springhill, Nova Scotia, Canada on October 23, 1958.

Debate over the cause of the August 6, 2007, Crandall Canyon Mine disaster, which took place 1,800 feet beneath the surface, raised public awareness about coal mine bumps. Seismologists at the University of Utah and the University of California, Berkeley concluded that an associated 3.9 magnitude temblor was likely caused not by an earthquake, but by the collapse itself. The mine's owner, Robert E. Murray, adamantly disagreed.

References

External links
Coal Mine Bump Data: Five Case Studies

Coal mining
Seismology
Fultograph. The fultograph (pronounced like "photograph") was an early, clockwork image-receiving device, similar in function to fax machines. It took signals from the loudspeaker socket of a radio receiver and used an electrochemical process to darken areas of sensitised paper wrapped on a rotating drum. Invented by Otho Fulton, the system was used briefly in the late 1920s to broadcast images to homes by radio. The machines themselves were expensive (£22 15s 0d in 1928) and required a good receiver to operate.

Mechanism 
The Fultograph resembled a standard cylinder phonograph, housed in a fumed oak or willow case. It featured a winding handle, a double spring, a stylus, and an alloy cylinder upon which the paper is laid. The paper is pre-treated with a potassium iodide and starch solution. 

The incoming radio signal is converted to electric signal, directed to the paper. An electrochemical reaction causes the potassium iodine to redox into iodine, which then reacts with starch to create a dark color.

History 
Fulton patented the machine in 1927, and in collaboration with Thomas Thorne Baker and W. Watson and Son, he established 'Wireless Pictures Ltd' in 1928, a company dedicated to producing and marketing the Fultograph.

The BBC broadcast Fultograph images in 759 programmes between 1929 and 1932. It broadcast around 10 images a day from various stations. 

A modified version was used by the early sonar system ASDIC to record its echos, making it possible to predict submarine trajectories and allowing precise prediction of the point at which to release the depth charges. It began at the Admiralty Research Laboratory in 1928, originally purely for research into echoes and reverberations.

In October 1929, Lufthansa successfully sent weather charts, sketch of the landing place, and a graphic description of an approaching thunder cloud, by radio fultograph to flying Junkers planes.

References

External links
 A detailed German text, from a 1920s catalogue, with illustrations and a circuit diagram.
 Fultograph, a German-language text with colour photographs.
 Detailed description of Fultograph

Telecommunications equipment
William Glenn Sloan. William Glenn Sloan (August 21, 1888 – August 13, 1987) was an American inventor and scientist who was co-author of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program to dam the upper Missouri River.

Sloan was born in Paris, Illinois.  His father, a Presbyterian minister, moved to Helena, Montana in 1910.  He graduated from Montana State College with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering in 1910.

Sloan joined the United States Department of Agriculture and became a drainage engineer in Idaho in 1910. During World War I he was a lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

After the war, he was a private consultant on irrigation engineering projects until 1936, when he joined the United States Bureau of Reclamation, first in the Rio Grande Valley.

In 1943 he was named Regional Director of the Billings, Montana Reclamation office when he proposed using water from proposed dams on the Missouri River for  of irrigation.

Sloan's proposal was to be carried out in conjunction with a United States Army Corps of Engineers plan proposed by Lewis A. Pick to build dams on the Missouri to alleviate flooding and improve navigation (known as the "Pick Plan").

The two plans, which became known as the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program, were initially enacted in the Flood Control Act of 1944. The project resulted in a series of dams on the Upper Missouri and its tributaries in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska, which among other things generate 2.5 million kilowatts of electricity.

Among Sloan's other accomplishments is a patent on the airlift pump.

References

1888 births
1987 deaths
People from Paris, Illinois
People from Helena, Montana
Montana State University alumni
United States Bureau of Reclamation personnel
Moiré deflectometry. Moiré deflectometry produces result that appears similar to an interferometry technique, in which the object to be tested (either phase object or specular surface) is mounted in the course of a collimated beam followed by a pair of transmission gratings placed at a distance from each other. The resulting fringe pattern, i.e., the moiré deflectogram, is a map of ray deflections corresponding to the optical properties of the inspected object.

Moiré deflectometry can be a powerful tool for nondestructive optical testing. A major advantage of the technique is that it is less sensitive to mechanical vibration, and it is therefore widely used in the ophthalmic industry for laminar analysis.   A similar implementation in wind tunnel application for quantitative measurement is moire schlieren, a variation of schlieren photography.

In 2012 the first application of the method for the measurement of electron density in plasma has been published. The method excels in spatial and temporal resolution comparably with a similar approach of laser schlieren deflectometry.

References 

Interferometry