omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Equivalent series inductance. Equivalent series inductance (ESL) is an effective inductance that is used to describe the inductive part of the impedance of certain electrical components.

Overview 
The theoretical treatment of devices such as capacitors and resistors tends to assume they are ideal or "perfect" devices, contributing only capacitance or resistance to the circuit. However, all physical devices are connected to a circuit through conductive leads and paths, which contain inherent, usually unwanted, inductance. This means that physical components contain some inductance in addition to their other properties.

An easy way to deal with these inherent inductances in circuit analysis is by using a lumped element model to express each physical component as a combination of an ideal component and a small inductor in series, the inductor having a value equal to the inductance present in the non-ideal, physical device.

Effects
Ideally, the impedance of a capacitor falls with increasing frequency at 20 dB/decade. However, due partly to the inductive properties of the connections, and partly to non-ideal characteristics of the capacitor material, real capacitors also have inductive properties whose impedance rises with frequency at 20 dB/decade. At the resonance frequency the sum of both is minimal, above it the parasitic series inductance of the capacitor dominates.

See also
 Equivalent series resistance (ESR)

References 

Electrical parameters
Capacitors
Signal/One. Signal/One was a manufacturer of high performance SSB and CW HF radio communications transceivers initially based in St. Petersburg, Florida, United States.

History 

Signal/One's parent company was Electronic Communications, Inc. (ECI), a military division of NCR Corporation located in St. Petersburg, Florida. Key Signal/One executives were general manager Dick Ehrhorn (amateur radio call sign W4ETO), and project engineer Don Fowler (W4YET). Beginning in the 1960s with the Signal/One CX7, ("S1", as they were called) the company made radios that were priced well above the competition and offered many advanced features for the time, such as passband tuning, broadband transmission, dual receive, built-in IAMBIC keyer, electronic digital read out, solid state design, QSK and RF clipping.  A Signal/One radio was said to be a complete high performance, station in a box.

While marketed to the affluent radio amateur, it has been suggested that the primary market for Signal/One, like Collins, was military, State Department, and government communications. Although prized for the performance and advanced engineering, Signal/One's products did not sell as well as hoped, and the company gradually fell on hard times. From the 1970s though the 1990s, every few years, Signal/One was spun off, sold, and resurfaced at another location.

Collectors 

The surviving Signal/One products are sought after and actively collected. These include the CX7, CX7A, CX7B, CX11 and Milspec models.  The last Signal/One radio was a re-engineered ICOM IC-781. Information available indicates there were 1152 Signal Ones built: 850 CX7, 112 CX11, 168 MS1030 (number of "C" versions is not known), 6 MilSpec1030C, 15 MilSpec1030CI Icom IC-781 conversions and 1 Milspec1030E DSP Icom IC-756 Pro conversion.

See also
Collins Radio
Icom
Vintage amateur radio

References

Amateur radio companies
Radio electronics
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United States
Defunct electronics companies of the United States
Poly(hydridocarbyne). Poly(hydridocarbyne) (PHC) is one of a class of carbon-based random network polymers primarily composed of tetrahedrally hybridized carbon atoms, each having one hydride substituent, exhibiting the generic formula [HC]n. PHC is made from bromoform, a liquid halocarbon that is commercially manufactured from methane. At room temperature, poly(hydridocarbyne) is a dark brown powder. It can be easily dissolved in a number of solvents (tetrahydrofuran, ether, toluene etc.), forming a colloidal suspension that is clear and non-viscous, which may then be deposited as a film or coating on various substrates. Upon thermolysis in argon at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of 110 °C to 1000 °C, decomposition of poly(hydridocarbyne) results in hexagonal diamond (lonsdaleite).

More recently poly(hydridocarbyne) has been synthesized by a much simpler method using electrolysis of chloroform (May 2008) and hexachloroethane (June 2009).

The novelty of PHC (and its related polymer poly(methylsilyne)) is that the polymer may be readily fabricated into various forms (e.g. films, fibers, plates) and then thermolyzed into a final hexagonal diamond ceramic.

See also 
 Carbyne, for name origin

References

 
  (US patent application)

External links
 Facile Synthesis of Poly(hydridocarbyne): A Precursor to Diamond and Diamond-like Ceramics
 Liftport Staff Blog discussion

Organic polymers
CS-Cipher. In cryptography, CS-Cipher (for Chiffrement Symétrique) is a block cipher invented by Jacques Stern and Serge Vaudenay in 1998. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.

The algorithm uses a key length between 0 and 128 bits (length must be a multiple of 8 bits). By default, the cipher uses 128 bits. It operates on blocks of 64 bits using an 8-round Feistel network and is optimized for 8-bit processors. The round function is based on the fast Fourier transform and uses the binary expansion of e as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".

References
 

Feistel ciphers
Phlegmatized explosive. A phlegmatized explosive is an explosive that has had an agent (a phlegmatizer) added to stabilize or desensitize it. Phlegmatizing usually improves the handling properties of an explosive (e.g. when munitions are filled in factories.) 

TNT explosive can itself be used to phlegmatize more sensitive explosives such as RDX (to form Cyclotol), HMX (to form Octol), or PETN (to form Pentolite). Other typical phlegmatizing agents include paraffin wax (5% used in OKFOL and Composition H6), paper, or even water (used in water gel explosives). Such agents are nearly always flammable themselves (therefore adding fuel to the blast) or will at least boil off easily. Typically, a small amount of phlegmatizing agent is used e.g. Composition B, which has 1% paraffin wax added, or the Russian RGO hand grenade which contains 90 grams of "A-IX-1" explosive, comprising 96% RDX and 4% paraffin wax by weight. Another example of use is the VS-50 antipersonnel mine, which contains an explosive filling of 43 grams of RDX, again phlegmatized by combining it with 10% paraffin wax by weight.

References

Explosives
Crystal Enterprise. Crystal Enterprise is the Business Objects server-based delivery platform for Crystal Reports and Crystal Analysis originally developed by Crystal Decisions.

Crystal Enterprise is what is called a delivery platform in Business Intelligence terms. It provides an infrastructure for data access, which can store report templates. By using Crystal Enterprise, report designers can store report objects, instances of reports, schedule reports and request reports on demand through the use of clients, such as Web Browsers.

For example, an administrator could store a sales report on Crystal Enterprise, and schedule this report to be run at the beginning of every month. When the report is triggered, Crystal Enterprise would access the data sources specified in the report and save an instance of this report, which can be made available or automatically distributed to the relevant parties.

Supported platforms
Due to the complexity of the Crystal Enterprise, many factors must be considered for platform compatibility, such as operating system, web server, application server, databases, and a combination of these factors. On the Crystal Enterprise installation CD, there is a text file called platforms.txt which covers every platform supported by Crystal Enterprise.

Crystal Enterprise can run in many different operating systems, such as Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, Solaris, Linux, AIX and HP-UX.

Newer versions of Crystal Enterprise provide several add-ons such as integration with Microsoft Office applications (such as Microsoft Excel) and SharePoint Portal Integration kit.

Editions

Crystal Enterprise 11 was the last version, which was released after the acquisition of Crystal Decisions by Business Objects. This version was subsequently renamed Business Objects XI after adding Web Intelligence and Desktop Intelligence support.

Crystal Enterprise 10 had the following editions:

 Crystal Enterprise Express
 Crystal Enterprise Embedded Edition
 Crystal Enterprise Professional
 Crystal Enterprise Premium

See also
 Business Objects
 CORBA
 Crystal Reports

External links
 Crystal Enterprise Official Website

Business software for Linux
Business software for Windows
Unix software
Technetium(VII) oxide. Technetium(VII) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula Tc2O7.  This yellow volatile solid is a rare example of a molecular binary metal oxide, the other examples being RuO4, OsO4, and the unstable Mn2O7. It adopts a centrosymmetric corner-shared bi-tetrahedral structure in which the terminal and bridging  Tc−O bonds are 167pm and 184 pm respectively and the Tc−O−Tc angle is 180°.

Technetium(VII) oxide is prepared by the oxidation of technetium at 450–500 °C:
4 Tc  +  7 O2  →  2 Tc2O7
It is the anhydride of pertechnetic acid and the precursor to sodium pertechnetate:
Tc2O7 + 2 H2O → 2 HTcO4
Tc2O7  +  2 NaOH  →  2 NaTcO4  +  H2O

References

Technetium compounds
Transition metal oxides
Acidic oxides
John T. Howe (engineer). John T. Howe (1928–2022) was a mechanical engineer and former chief scientist at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California.

He is known for his pioneering research contributions to the aerothermodynamics of atmospheric entry, including radiative energy transfer, reactive gas flows, and innovative thermal protection systems.

John T. Howe received his B.S. from the University of Michigan in 1950 and his M.S. in 1956 and the degree of Engineer in 1958 from Stanford University, all in engineering mechanics. John also completed his post doctorate studies and continued research at Stanford University while working at SRI Stanford Research Institute. 

He taught hypervelocity atmospheric flight and real gas phenomena at Stanford University.

After several years with Stanford Research Institute, he joined the Ames Laboratory of NASA. During his 35 years with NASA, he served as senior staff scientist, head of aerothermodynamics, assistant chief for the Physics Branch, and branch chief for fluid dynamics.

He was a member of the AIAA Thermophysics Technical Committee (1982–84) and an associate editor for the Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (1982–84). He is a recipient of the AIAA Thermophysics Award (1986) and a Fellow of AIAA.

References

American mechanical engineers
Living people
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Otto Bayer. Otto Bayer (4 November 1902 – 1 August 1982) was a German industrial chemist at IG Farben who was head of the research group that in 1937 discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethanes out of poly-isocyanate and polyol.

Bayer was not related to the founding family of Bayer Corp. Today polyurethanes are ubiquitous throughout modern life. He was a member of the board of directors and of the supervisory board of Bayer, and was also vice chairman of the supervisory board of Cassella in the 1950s.

Bayer was the 1975 recipient of the Charles Goodyear Medal. He was the 1974 recipient of the Carl-Dietrich-Harries-Medal for commendable scientific achievements.

References

1902 births
1982 deaths
20th-century German chemists
Polymer scientists and engineers
Werner von Siemens Ring laureates
Bayer people
20th-century German inventors
Wirth's law. Wirth's law is an adage on computer performance which states that software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware is becoming faster.

The adage is named after Niklaus Wirth, a computer scientist who discussed it in his 1995 article "A Plea for Lean Software".

History 
Wirth attributed the saying to Martin Reiser, who in the preface to his book on the Oberon System wrote: "The hope is that the progress in hardware will cure all software ills. However, a critical observer may observe that software manages to outgrow hardware in size and sluggishness." Other observers had noted this for some time before; indeed, the trend was becoming obvious as early as 1987.

He states two contributing factors to the acceptance of ever-growing software as: "rapidly growing hardware performance" and "customers' ignorance of features that are essential versus nice-to-have". Enhanced user convenience and functionality supposedly justify the increased size of software, but Wirth argues that people are increasingly misinterpreting complexity as sophistication, that "these details are cute but not essential, and they have a hidden cost". As a result, he calls for the creation of "leaner" software and pioneered the development of Oberon, a software system developed between 1986 and 1989 based on nothing but hardware. Its primary goal was to show that software can be developed with a fraction of the memory capacity and processor power usually required, without sacrificing flexibility, functionality, or user convenience.

Other names 
The law was restated in 2009 and attributed to Google co-founder Larry Page. It has been referred to as Page's law. The first use of that name is attributed to fellow Google co-founder Sergey Brin at the 2009 Google I/O Conference.

Other common forms use the names of the leading hardware and software companies of the 1990s, Intel and Microsoft, or their CEOs, Andy Grove and Bill Gates, for example "What Intel giveth, Microsoft taketh away" and Andy and Bill's law: "What Andy giveth, Bill taketh away".

Gates's law ("The speed of software halves every 18 months") is an anonymously coined variant on Wirth's law, its name referencing Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft. It is an observation that the speed of commercial software generally slows by 50% every 18 months, thereby negating all the benefits of Moore's law. This could occur for a variety of reasons: feature creep, code cruft, developer laziness, lack of funding, forced updates, forced porting (to a newer OS or to support a new technology) or a management turnover whose design philosophy does not coincide with the previous manager.

May's law, named after David May, is a variant stating: "Software efficiency halves every 18 months, compensating Moore's law".

See also 
 Code bloat
 Feature creep
 Jevons paradox
 Minimalism (computing)
 No Silver Bullet
 Parkinson's law
 Software bloat
 Waste

References

Further reading 
 

Adages
Computer architecture statements
Computing culture
Rules of thumb
Technology strategy
Gum over platinum. Gum over platinum is a historical chemical photographic process, which was commonly used in art photography. It is a complex process, in which a specially treated platinum print photograph is coated with washes of gum arabic, then re-exposed to the same photographic negative. The finished process results in a sepia toned print, and is said to impart added luminosity and depth.  It is sometimes called "pigment over platinum".

To sensitize the gum arabic it must first be placed in contact with ammonium or potassium dichromate. Gum arabic is not photosensitive by itself. To clear the chromic acid, the print is washed in 1% potassium metabisulfite after proper development in water. Interested individuals should read up on the process before attempting, as the chromic acids are very dangerous to work with.

The mechanics of the gum portion is not entirely known; what occurs is the exposed gum is hardened and becomes water-insoluble. Upon washing, the unexposed portions wash away, leaving the white paper exposed.

References 

Platinum
Photographic processes
IEC 60228. IEC 60228 is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)'s international standard on conductors of insulated cables.  the current version is Third Edition 2004-11
Among other things, it defines a set of standard wire cross-sectional areas:

In engineering applications, it is often most convenient to describe a wire in terms of its cross-section area, rather than its diameter, because the cross section is directly proportional to its strength and weight, and inversely proportional to its resistance. The cross-sectional area is also related to the maximum current that a metallic wire can carry safely.

This document is one considered fundamental in that it does not contain reference to any other standard.

Description
The document describes several aspects of the conductors for electrical cables

Class
This refers to the flexibility and thermal effects i.e temperature of a conductor.

 Class 1: Solid conductor
 Class 2: Stranded conductor intended for fixed installation 
 Class 5: Flexible conductor
 Class 6: Very Flexible conductor

Size
The nominal (see below) cross-sectional area for standard conductors including the following:
 Class 2: Minimum number of strands required to make particular conductor size
 Class 5 and 6: Maximum diameter of any component strand of the conductor

Resistance
The maximum permissible resistance per unit length (in ohms per kilometre – Ω/km) of each conductor size, class and type (both plain copper and metal coated)

Purpose of the document

This document and its precursors were created due to a need for a standard definition of cable conductor size. The main problem being that not all copper has the same resistivity value, so, for example, a 4 mm2 conductor from two different suppliers may have different resistance values. Instead this document describes conductors by their nominal size, determined by resistance rather than physical dimensions. This is a key distinction as it makes a standardized definition of conductors based solely on their electrical characteristics.

Almost all characteristics of conductors, resistance, current carrying capacity etc. are dependent on the physical dimensions of the conductor. However this document allows an easy reference whereby the standard conductor sizes and reference to physical dimensions are maintained but given an exact meaning in terms of the electrical characteristics of a conductor.

Footnotes

See also
 
Circular mil, Unusual unit used as the North American Electrical industry standard for wires larger than 4/0.
American wire gauge (AWG), used primarily in the US and Canada
Standard wire gauge (SWG), the British imperial standard BS3737, superseded by the metric.
Stubs Iron Wire Gauge
Jewelry wire gauge
Body jewelry sizes
Electrical wiring
Number 8 wire, a term used in the New Zealand vernacular

References

External links 

 

60228
Wire gauges
Engineering & Construction Services Division (City of Toronto). The Engineering & Construction Services Division (formerly Technical Services Division) is a Division responsible for providing specialized engineering and construction services to the City of Toronto's internal Client Divisions including Toronto Water, Transportation Services, as well as Solid Waste Management Services. Furthermore, the Division also provides services to external clients such as the development industry, utility companies, and other public agencies.  

The division is divided into three primary business units
Design & Construction - further divided into three operational sections:
Major Infrastructure
Linear Underground Infrastructure
Vertical Above-ground Infrastructure (including pumping stations, Wastewater, Filtration Plant buildings, etc.)
Transportation Infrastructure
Engineering Review
Engineering Support Services

References

 Staff Directory, Divisions & Customer Service

Technical Services
Technical Services Division
PCAD. PCAD may refer to:
 Pacific Coast Architecture Database managed by the University of Washington 
 Pennsylvania College of Art and Design, a college in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States of America
 Plymouth College of Art, a college in Plymouth, England
 P-CAD (Personal CAD Systems, Inc.), a US company founded in 1982
 Propulsion Cryogenics & Advanced Development (PCAD) rocket engine development project of NASA (2005-2010)
Turbo Vision. Turbo Vision is a character-mode text user interface framework included with Borland Pascal, Turbo Pascal, and Borland C++ circa 1990. It was used by Borland itself to write the integrated development environments (IDE) for these programming languages. By default, Turbo Vision applications replicate the look and feel of these IDEs, including edit controls, list boxes, check boxes, radio buttons and menus, all of which have built-in mouse support. Later it was deprecated in favor of Object Windows Library, the Win16 API, and the GUI tools of Borland Delphi.

Around 1997, the C++ version, including source code, was released by Borland into the public domain and is currently being ported and developed by an open-source community on SourceForge under the GPL license. An older update of the Borland code by Sergio Sigala is available under the BSD license.

The Pascal version, which was distributed alongside Borland Pascal 7 on a "bonus" disk, was never released under a free software license, so the Free Pascal project recreated its own version by backporting a clone made by Leon de Boer that ran in graphical mode back to textmode. The result is called Free Vision. Over the years this codebase has grown stable on nearly all operating systems and architectures that FPC supports. The textmode IDE is very close to the original TP environment, with built-in compiler and IDE much closer than e.g. RHIDE, and supporting functionality like code folding.

Unicode support 

One of the factors limiting Turbo Vision's popularity was the absence of Unicode support in the original Borland version. As of October 2020, there are Unicode versions for C++ and Free Pascal.

See also 
 Box-drawing characters

References

External links 
 Free Vision - Free Pascal's implementation of Turbo Vision
 TVision website
 "Sigala's version"
 Turbo Vision resources
 A lookalike implementation for Java

Text user interface libraries
Conio
Pascal (programming language) libraries
Borland software
Public-domain software with source code