omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PAVA spray. PAVA spray is an incapacitant spray similar to pepper spray. It is dispensed from a handheld canister, in a liquid stream. It contains a 0.3% solution of pelargonic acid vanillylamide (PAVA), also called nonivamide, a synthetic capsaicinoid (analogue of capsaicin), in a solvent of aqueous ethanol. The propellant is nitrogen. This solution has been selected because this is the minimum concentration which will fulfill the purpose of the equipment; namely to minimise a person's capacity for resistance, without unnecessarily prolonging their discomfort.

PAVA is significantly more potent than CS gas. The liquid stream is a spray pattern and has a maximum effective range of up to . Maximum accuracy, however, will be achieved over a distance of . The operating distance is the distance between the canister and the subject's eyes, not the distance between the user and the subject.

Effects
PAVA primarily affects the eyes, causing closure and severe pain. The pain to the eyes is reported to be greater than that caused by CS. The effectiveness rate is very high once PAVA gets into the eyes; however, there have been occasions where PAVA and CS have failed to work—especially when the subject is under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Exposure to fresh moving air will normally result in a significant recovery from the effects of PAVA, within 15–35 minutes.

Pharmacologically, like other capsaicinoids, PAVA works by direct binding to receptors (TRPV1) that normally produce the pain and sensation of heat, as if exposed to scalding heat.

Usage 
PAVA is used widely as a less lethal, temporary defence tool around the world including in the United Kingdom, India, Switzerland, and others.

British police and HM Prison Service
PAVA is approved for police and prison service use in the United Kingdom. British police forces had traditionally used CS gas spray, but with the more widespread carriage of tasers, PAVA has now entirely replaced its predecessor due to its non-flammable nature.

Legal restrictions 
 United States: California, Minnesota, Delaware, Washington DC and Wisconsin restrict use of less than lethal projectiles and devices using them.
 United Kingdom: Citizens may not use PAVA, under Section 5 of the Firearms Act 1968; however, police, prison officers and other Crown servants are allowed to use PAVA to uphold the law.

Treatment
There are various treatments to combat the effects of nonivamide. One popular method includes administering a one to one solution of milk of magnesia and water to the eyes. Doctors also recommend not using oils or creams on the skin, and to not wear contact lenses, if one is planning to minimise the effects of nonivamide.

See also 
 Nonivamide

References

Chemical weapons
Lachrymatory agents
Incapacitating agents
MicroUnity. MicroUnity Systems Engineering, Inc. was a private company located in Los Altos, California and an early developer of broadband microprocessor technologies licensed widely across digital media industries. John Moussouris, the CEO and Chairman for MicroUnity has been the mind behind the supercomputer-on-a-chip that will enable appliances to process and transmit videos, graphics, and audio.

About
MicroUnity was founded in 1988 by John Moussouris, a physicist trained at Harvard University and as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University who had co-founded MIPS Computer Systems. The Chief Architect was Craig Hansen, who used to be Chief Architect at MIPS and NeXT. An early investor was Moussouris’ Harvard classmate William Randolph Hearst III, the publishing and media executive who became a partner at venture firm Kleiner Perkins. In the early 1990s, MicroUnity was backed by over $100 million from companies like Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft, Motorola, and telecommunications leaders like Time Warner and John Malone at Tele-Communications Inc.

Early media processing technology 
The company’s main focus was a programmable media processor chip and associated software aimed at set-top boxes and other systems.

MicroUnity kept its product development secret until 1995. In early 1996, the company published details at COMPCON  of its media processor hardware and software designs. The technology processed media data of various types and width in a 128-bit data path in parallel.

Manufacturing innovations 
MicroUnity developed its first designs in BiCMOS at a time when Intel Pentium Pro and Sun Microsystems SPARC were designed in BiCMOS.  Company patents describe technologies intended for integration of analog media interfaces with digital circuits.

Patent Infringement 
In 2010, MicroUnity filed suit with 22 cellphone companies including some chip, system, and service providers on 15 of their patents. MicroUnity alleges "include TI's OMAP-3 and -4 processors, Qualcomm Snapdragon processors, the Apple iPhone 3GS, Google Nexus One, Motorola Droid, Nokia N900 and Palm Pre handsets..."

References

External links
MicroUnity's corporate website

1988 establishments in California
American companies established in 1988
Companies based in Santa Clara, California
Computer companies established in 1988
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Electronics companies established in 1988
Defunct semiconductor companies
Angola LNG. Angola LNG is a liquefied natural gas (LNG) liquefaction plant in Soyo, Angola. The first such facility in Angola, it has produced gas since 2013. It cost $12 billion to construct. It has a capacity of 5.2 million tonnes per year, and serves both the domestic and export markets. It is owned and operated by Angola LNG Limited, a partnership of energy companies including Chevron Corporation, Sonangol Group, and TotalEnergies.

Technical features
The Angola LNG plant is a single train facility with production capacity of 5.2 million tonnes per year. The plant uses ConocoPhillips' proprietary natural gas liquefaction technology (Optimized CascadeSM Process). In addition to LNG, it also produces propane, butane and natural-gas condensate.

The plant is supplied from offshore gas fields on blocks 14, 15, 17 and 18, and from non-associated gas fields Quiluma, Atum, Polvo and Enguia. It was built to reduce gas flaring and associated pollution by collecting waste gas from Angola's offshore oil fields, and to allow the operators of the offshore oil fields to use what would otherwise be wasted.

The plant was constructed by Bechtel. It cost US$12 billion and was commissioned in 2013. The first LNG was shipped on 16 June 2013, delayed from the initial 2012 target.

Company

The project was proposed to Sonangol by Texaco in June 1997.  The project, jointly managed by woAh and Texaco, continued evaluation processes and brought in outside partners (originally ExxonMobil, Elf Aquitaine, and BP.)  Subsequently Texaco merged with Chevron Corporation, ExxonMobil was replaced in the project by Eni, and Elf Aquitaine merged with Total.

Angola LNG was formed as a joint project in 2008 involving Cabinda Gulf Oil Company, a subsidiary of Chevron Corporation (36.4%), Sonangol (22.8%), BP (13.6%), Eni (13.6%) and Total (13.6%). These shareholders provide gas from their respective offshore oil fields.

Challenges
While the plant, Angola's first, was initially expected to export gas in the first quarter of 2012, it experienced delays reportedly caused by fires, pipeline collapses, and a lack of skilled workers. These issues caused it to produce first gas 18 months later than expected, in June 2013. It also cost more than expected to build the plant, with the initial predicted cost of $4 billion growing to $8 billion by July 2009 and reaching $10 billion by 2013. As of 2024, the total cost to date is $12 billion.

On 10 April 2014, an incident at the plant resulted in release of hydrocarbon vapour into the atmosphere. In May 2014, the plant was shut down and maintenance was performed by Bechtel. The plant had resumed production by June 2016.

See also

References

External links
 Company website

Oil and gas companies of Angola
Liquefied natural gas plants
Natural gas in Angola
Energy infrastructure in Angola
Companies established in 1997
Soyo
Joseph Costello (software executive). Joseph Ball Costello (born December 6, 1953) is an American executive in the electronic design automation (EDA) industry. He was president and COO of SDA Systems from 1987–1988 and CEO of Cadence Design Systems, which became the largest EDA company under his tenure, from 1988–1997.

Education
Joseph received his B.S. in Physics in 1974 from Harvey Mudd College.  He also has a master's degree in Physics from both Yale and UC Berkeley. He started his career at National Semiconductor, which he soon left to found "Electronic Speech Systems".

Career
He entered the EDA industry when James Solomon invited him to SDA Systems, where he rapidly rose to senior management. While Joseph was President of SDA, it merged with ECAD to become Cadence Design Systems.

In 2001, Joseph gave the commencement address at Harvey Mudd, two days after the sudden death of Douglas Adams, who had been scheduled to speak.

He was formerly the CEO of think3, a product lifecycle management software and consulting company, and of Orb Networks.  He is currently the CEO of Enlighted.

He also served as chairman of Barcelona Design, BravoBrava!, Soliloquy Learning, Zamba and on the board of directors of Santa Cruz Networks and Oasys Design Systems.

Awards
In 2004, he was awarded the Phil Kaufman Award in recognition of his business contributions that helped grow the EDA industry.

References

External links 
Article on Joe Costello

Harvey Mudd College alumni
Electronic design automation people
Living people
1953 births
List of systems science journals. Systems science is an interdisciplinary field of science that studies the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science. It aims to develop interdisciplinary foundations, which are applicable in a variety of areas, such as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences.

Systems sciences covers formal sciences fields like complex systems, cybernetics, dynamical systems theory, and systems theory, and applications in the field of the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as control theory, operations research, social systems theory, systems biology, systems dynamics, systems ecology, systems engineering and systems psychology.



A 
 Advances in Systems Science and Applications
 Annals of Systems Research: from 1971 until 1978
 Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

B 
 Behavioral Science: from 1956 until 1996, then became Systems Research and Behavioral Science

C 
 Complex Systems
 Complexity

E 
  Enacting Cybernetics
 Ecological Complexity
 European Journal of Information Systems

G 
 General Systems Yearbook: from 1956 until 1987, and then published in Systems Research and Behavioral Science

I 
 IEEE Intelligent Systems
 IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics
 IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology
 Information Systems Research
 Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems
 Interfaces: An International Journal of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Science
 International Journal of General Systems

K 
 Kybernetes

J 
 Journal of the Association for Information Systems
 Journal of Computer and System Sciences
 Journal of Environmental Engineering
 Journal of Management Information Systems
 Journal of Research Practice
 Journal of Systems and Software

M 
 Mathematics of Operations Research

S 
 Systems Research and Behavioral Science: since 1996, formed from Behavioral Science (1956–1996) and Systems Research (1984–1995)

See also 
 List of systems engineering at universities
 List of systems engineering books
 List of systems scientists

External links 
 List of journals, International Society for Systems Science, 2007
 Cybernetics and Systems Journals, Principia Cybernetica Web, 2005
 Journals Related to Cybernetics, American Society for Cybernetics, 1997

Systems science
Holbrook Gaskell (born 1878). Sir Holbrook Gaskell   (12 November 1878 – 31 March 1951) was a chemical industrialist in Widnes, Lancashire, England.

He was born on the 12 November 1878, the son of Holbrook Gaskell Jr., Esq., of Frodsham, Cheshire and the grandson of Holbrook Gaskell, founder of Gaskell, Deacon & Co. He was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge.

He became chief engineer of the United Alkali Company in 1914. After the outbreak of the First World War, he became responsible for designing and constructing plants to manufacture caustic soda and chlorine via the electrolysis of brine. He visited USA with Dr. J. T. Conroy to investigate the electrolytic chlorine processes in use there. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1918 Birthday Honours for his work during the war.

With E. M. Hollingsworth he designed West Bank Power Station in the 1920s to supply power to the factories of the United Alkali Company.  When this company joined with three other companies to form Imperial Chemical Industries in 1926, Gaskell became the chairman of its General Chemicals Group.  Later he became technical director on the board of Imperial Chemical Industries and in 1942 he was knighted for his services to industry.

He married Emily Mary Ridgway on 21 February 1906 at St Peter's Church, Oughtrington, Lymm, Cheshire. They had no children.  He died on 31 March 1951.

References
Citations

Sources

People from Widnes
English chemists
English businesspeople
1878 births
1951 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Acetyl iodide. Acetyl iodide is an organoiodine compound with the formula CH3COI.  It is a colourless liquid. It is formally derived from acetic acid.  Although far rarer in the laboratory than the related acetyl bromide and acetyl chloride, acetyl iodide is produced, transiently at least, on a far larger scale than any other acid halide. Specifically, it is generated by the carbonylation of methyl iodide in the Cativa and Monsanto processes, which are the main industrial processes that generate acetic acid.  It is also an intermediate in the production of acetic anhydride from methyl acetate.

Upon treatment with carboxylic acids, acetyl iodide does not exhibit reactions typical of acyl halides, such as acetyl chloride.  Instead, acetyl iodide undergoes iodide/hydroxide exchange with most carboxylic acids:

References 

Acyl iodides
Acetyl compounds
Industriequartier (Zürich). Industriequartier is a district in the Swiss city of Zürich.

Geography 

The district comprises the quarters Gewerbeschule and Escher Wyss.

Together with today's District 4, the district formed the formerly separate municipality of Aussersihl, which was incorporated into Zürich in 1893.

Economy 
The Technopark Zürich site was built between 1989 and 1993 as the first large single building on the industrial site of the former Escher Wyss & Cie company, and triggered the overall planning of the 17-hectare site.

Trivia 
The fictitious 2007 Swiss mystery film Marmorea was filmed among others, at the Burghölzli sanatory in the Weinegg district, on the Limmat near Technopark Zürich, at the Limmatquai promenade, and on the Münsterbrücke river crossing towards Münsterhof.

References

External links 

5
Berger BX-50. 

The Berger BX-50 was an experimental helicopter developed by Swiss inventor Hans Berger in 1961. Built largely at home, it was a single-seat design of conventional configuration with a bubble canopy, a two-blade rotor, and skid undercarriage. The upper portion of the canopy could slide to admit the pilot. After a number of test flights, the rotor was replaced with a semi-rigid three-blade design and the skids with tricycle, wheeled undercarriage. Not long after, it was damaged beyond repair and abandoned. In photographs, the registration number HB-XBC is visible, but this was never actually issued by Swiss authorities.

Specifications

References
 
 Aero Revue (March 1964)
 Der Flieger (March 1964)

See also

1960s Swiss sport aircraft
1960s Swiss helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1961
Single-engined piston helicopters
Frost Airship Glider. The Frost Airship Glider was an aircraft designed and constructed in Wales during the mid-1890s by William (Bill) Frost. According to patent specification , issued in London, the craft was simply called "A Flying Machine".

The preamble to the specification states:

The flying machine is constructed with an upper and lower chamber of wire work covered with light waterproof material. Each chamber formed sharp at both ends with parallel side.  The upper large chamber to contain sufficient gas to lift the machine. In the centre of upper chamber, a cylinder is fixed, in which a horizontal fan is driven by means of a shaft and bevelled gearing worked from the lower chamber.

According to local lore, Frost flew this machine for the only time on 24 September 1896, for approximately 500 metres, before coming down and crashing into bushes. A storm that night destroyed the craft and scattered the remains.

References

Welsh inventions
British inventions
Berger-Helicopter. Berger-Helicopter was created by Hans Berger, a noted Swiss inventor, to develop a series of light helicopters of his own design. The BX-50 of 1961 and the BX-110 of 1974 were built as prototypes, with the BX-110 proving sound enough to earn a certificate of airworthiness from the Swiss Board of Aviation. Besides these two machines, Berger's other inventions were a jet-powered car, and numerous other helicopter designs. Professionally, Berger was the sales representative for Brantly in Switzerland and Liechtenstein.

Unbuilt Berger helicopter projects
 Berger HB-25 - 4 seat design with turbine power
 Berger BX-50
 Berger BX-110
 Berger BX-111 - 2 seat design with Wankel-type engine and coaxial rotors
 Berger BX-200 - 2 seat design with turbine power
 Berger BX-300 - 3 seat design with stub wings, to be powered by Turboméca turbine

References
 
 Aero Revue (March 1964)
 Der Flieger (March 1964)
 Cockpit (December 1989)

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Switzerland
Blériot-SPAD S.81. 

The Blériot-SPAD S.81 (S.81 C.1) was a French fighter aircraft developed in 1923 to a requirement by the French Air Force. It was flown competitively against the Dewoitine D.1 and was selected over that aircraft due to the Dewoitine's more radical design, leading to an order for 80 aircraft. The S.81 was a single-bay biplane of conventional configuration with I-shaped interplane struts and lacking Herbemont's usual swept upper wing. It featured a wooden fuselage of monocoque construction and metal wings skinned in fabric. Production versions differed from the prototypes in having a lengthened fuselage and larger tail fin.

Variants

S.81.01two prototypes, powered by a  Hispano-Suiza 8Fb V-8 engine. The second aircraft was used for static tests only

S.81/1production version, powered by a  Hispano-Suiza 8Fb V-8 engines, designated S.81 C.1 (S.81 Chasseur - single-seater) in air force service.

S.81bissingle example of racer version developed for the Coupe Michelin race. Performance poor.

S.81/2single machine to evaluate alternative radiator design.

S.81/3single machine to evaluate alternative radiator design

S.81/4single machine to evaluate wooden wing design

S.81/6racer converted from the S.81-bis

Operators

 French Air Force
 2ème Fighter Regiment

Specifications (S.81/1)

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Taylor, John W. R., and Jean Alexander. "Combat Aircraft of the World" New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-25459 (Pg.130-131)
 
 

1920s French fighter aircraft
Blériot aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Racing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
C3H5N. {{DISPLAYTITLE:C3H5N}}
The molecular formula C3H5N (molar mass: 55.08 g/mol, exact mass: 55.0422 u) may refer to:

 1-Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane
 1-Azetine ()
 2-Azetine
 Propargylamine (2-propynylamine)
 Propionitrile (propanenitrile)
Leaf driver. Leaf driver refers to a device driver that accesses logically or physically existent devices on an I/O bus, and implements the functions defined for the device, such as transferring data to or  from the device or accessing device registers.

In some systems, for example Solaris, drivers are organized into a tree structure. A driver that provides services to other drivers below it in the tree is called, in Solaris terminology, a bus nexus driver. A tree node with no children, a leaf node, is called a leaf driver.

Leaf devices (those requiring leaf drivers) are typical peripheral devices such as disks, tapes, network adapters, Framebuffer, and so forth. Drivers for these devices export the traditional character and block driver interfaces for use by user processes to read and write data to storage or communication devices.

See also
 Nexus driver

References

Device drivers
TELES. TELES AG Informationstechnologien is a provider of equipment and services to fixed, fixed-mobile convergence, and Next Generation Networking (NGN) service providers.

The company was founded in 1983 as TELES GmbH by Professor Dr.-Ing. Sigram Schindler in close cooperation with Technische Universität Berlin. Professor Schindler lectured in telecommunications at the university until 1998. In 1997, he was voted High-Tech Manager of the Year by Manager Magazine in Germany.

Active in VoIP technology development since 1996, the company's main development and operational focus lies in the areas of IMS and NGN.

TELES supplies service providers with complete Class 4 and Class 5 NGN Softswitch. TELES NGN is a standard based, scalable architecture aimed at minimizing integration time and allowing quick deployment. It includes hosted voice functionality which enables residential VoIP services, hosted PBX (IP Centrex) services, Fixed-Mobile-Convergence, IP Trunking, and additional value added applications. Classical NGN/PSTN applications like Wholesale, Long Distance, and NGN backbone services are also available with this.

The TELES product portfolio also includes VoIP gateways and mobile gateways for GSM, CDMA, and UMTS networks.

History 

 1990 ISDN product development
 1992 ISDN PBX development
 1993 Least-Cost-Router development
 1996 First major VoIP patent - IntraSTAR dynamic PSTN fallback
 1998 TELES is floated on the stock market and becomes an AG (public limited company)
 1998 Introduction of clustered switching system for PSTN
 2000 First public network integrating VoIP using H.323 protocol
 2001 First highly integrated GSM and CDMA mobile gateway developed
 2002 First integrated mobile VoIP gateway developed
 2003 First centralized SIM server for mobile gateways developed
 2004 STRATO AG, a webhosting TELES subsidiary, is sold to Freenet

References 

Telecommunications companies of Germany
ICT service providers
Gibbons–Hawking effect. In the theory of general relativity, the Gibbons–Hawking effect is the statement that a temperature can be associated to each solution of the Einstein field equations that contains a causal horizon. It is named after Gary Gibbons and Stephen Hawking.

The term "causal horizon" does not necessarily refer to event horizons only, but could also stand for the horizon of the visible universe, for instance.

For example, Schwarzschild spacetime contains an event horizon and so can be associated a temperature. In the case of Schwarzschild spacetime this is the temperature  of a black hole of mass , satisfying  (see also Hawking radiation).

A second example is de Sitter space which contains an event horizon. In this case the temperature  is proportional to the Hubble parameter , i.e. .

See also
Hawking radiation
Gibbons–Hawking space

References
 

General relativity
Stephen Hawking