omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chi Mak. Chi Mak (; 28 September 1940 - 31 October 2022) was a Chinese-born naturalized American citizen who worked as an engineer for California-based defense contractor Power Paragon, a part of L-3 Communications. In 2007, Mak was found guilty of conspiring to export sensitive defense technology to China.
He was not formally charged with espionage as the information was not officially classified.

Mak's legal defense was that he thought there was nothing improper about leaving the U.S. with a CD carrying his own published work on U.S. defense technology, despite his training from his employer indicating quite the opposite. He had intentionally released it without his employer's permission at a 2004 international engineering conference. He had been briefed every year on regulations regarding documents designated "For Official Use Only" (FOUO) and items restricted by export controls.  His defense argued that making the data accessible to scrutiny by the general public negated its military value and made it acceptable to transport outside the United States, despite the fact that Chi Mak was the one who released the information, without authorization. The defense also argued that the data was in the public domain.
The information Mak passed on allegedly helped China build its own version of Aegis, an American radar system built to protect military ships.

The prosecution indicated that the data was nevertheless export-controlled and that it should not have been shared with foreign nationals without authorization.  The IEEE presentations cited by prosecution in the trial are currently available on a worldwide basis, due to Chi Mak's unauthorized releases.

Mak's brother and sister-in-law were apprehended by the FBI after boarding a flight to Hong Kong carrying one encrypted CD which contained defense-related documents. They, along with their son as well as Mak's wife, all pleaded guilty to related charges. They served out their sentence and were deported to Mainland China.

On March 24, 2008, Chi Mak was sentenced to 24 years and 4 months in federal prison.

Chi Mak died in prison on October 31, 2022, at the age of 82.

Early life 
Mak lived in Hong Kong before, in the late 1970s, moving to the U.S. as an immigrant.

See also 
 Chinese intelligence operations in the United States
 Economic Espionage Act of 1996

References

Further reading 
 

1940 births
Living people
21st-century American criminals
21st-century American engineers
21st-century Chinese criminals
21st-century Chinese engineers
American male criminals
American prisoners and detainees
Chinese male criminals
Chinese prisoners and detainees
Hong Kong criminals
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People convicted of spying for the People's Republic of China
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Samhain (software). Samhain is an integrity checker and host intrusion detection system that can be used on single hosts as well as large, UNIX-based networks. It supports central monitoring as well as powerful (and new) stealth features to run undetected in memory, using steganography.

Main features

 Complete integrity check
 uses cryptographic checksums of files to detect modifications,
 can find rogue SUID executables anywhere on a disk, and
 Centralized monitoring
 native support for logging to a central server via encrypted and authenticated connections
 Tamper resistance
 database and configuration files can be signed
 log file entries and e-mail reports are signed
 support for stealth operation

See also

 Host-based intrusion detection system comparison

References

External links
Samhain Homepage

Privacy software
Unix security-related software
Intrusion detection systems
Free security software programmed in C
James L. Vincent. James L. "Jim" Vincent (1940 – December 5, 2013) was the chairman and CEO of Biogen Idec from 1985 to 2002. He graduated from Duke University's Pratt School of Engineering in 1961 with a Bachelor of Science degree, and received an MBA from the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania in 1963.  He was a member of the board of directors of Alnylam Pharmaceuticals and served as a trustee of Duke University for 12 years.  He had two children, Aimee (Vincent) Jamison and Christopher Vincent.

Vincent is credited with decisions leading to the financial stability and success of Biogen in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Early career 
Prior to working in the healthcare industry, Vincent held senior positions at Texas Instruments in Europe and Japan.  From Texas Instruments, he joined Abbott Laboratories, as the founding president of its Human Diagnostics Division.  He eventually rose to president and chief operating officer of Abbott.  He then became the president of Allied Health and Scientific Products.

Biogen turnaround 
In 1985, he left Allied to take the president and CEO role of Biogen.  Biogen, having raised and spent vast sums of money in the early 1980s without delivering a stream of revenue-generating product, was "teetering on the brink, with mounting losses and no way to raise more money," when he joined.

Vincent's initial steps were to focus the company, reduce expenses, and gain the cash needed to turn the company around.  These steps included eliminating 85% of existing scientific projects and shrinking headcount from 500 to 225 to cut expenses.  He also raised $65 million in 1986 and renegotiated licensing contracts Biogen had in place with other pharma companies.

With a viable burn-rate in place enabling Biogen to survive, Vincent built and executive team and focused on developing Hirulog and Avonex.  Ultimately, the company developed, manufactured and marketed Avonex as a leading therapy for multiple sclerosis.  Avonex was introduced in 1996, and is used for treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. It is the first drug to have proven, in a blinded clinical trial, that it slows the progression of disability as well as reduces the frequency of exacerbations.

Board affiliations 
Vincent was a member of the board of Alnylam Pharmaceuticals and the Committee for Economic Development, as well as a former director of the Millipore Corporation, Curagen Corporation, Continental Bank of Illinois (now Bank of America), and Idexx Corporation.  He served as a Trustee of Duke University and was a member of the boards of the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center and Wharton School of Business and Finance.

He was also a past board member of the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) and the Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturers of America (PhRMA).

References 

American chief executives
Duke University Pratt School of Engineering alumni
1940 births
2013 deaths
Wharton School alumni
Eric Brewer (scientist). Eric Allen Brewer is professor emeritus of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley and vice-president of infrastructure at Google. His research interests include operating systems and distributed computing. He is known for formulating the CAP theorem about distributed network applications in the late 1990s.

In 1996, Brewer co-founded Inktomi Corporation (bought by Yahoo! in 2003) and became a paper billionaire during the dot-com bubble. Working with the United States federal government during the presidency of Bill Clinton, he helped to create USA.gov, which launched in 2000. His research also included a wireless networking scheme called WiLDNet, which promises to bring low-cost connectivity to rural areas of the developing world. He has worked at Google since 2011.

Education
Brewer received a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering and computer science (EECS) from UC Berkeley where he was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. Later he earned a Master of Science and PhD in EECS from MIT. He received tenure from UC Berkeley in 2000.

Awards
In 1999, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

In 2007, Brewer was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for the design of scalable, reliable internet services." That same year, he was also inducted into the National Academy of Engineering "for the design of highly scalable internet services."

Brewer is the 2009 recipient of the ACM-Infosys Foundation Award in the Computing Sciences "for his contributions to the design and development of highly scalable Internet services."

In 2009, Brewer received the SIGOPS Mark Weiser Award.

In 2013, the ETH Zurich honored him with the title Dr. sc. tech. ().

References

External links

UC Berkeley website
More about the CAP Theorem
Interview with Eric Brewer  on winning the ACM Infosys Foundation Award by Stephen Ibaraki

Docker conference 2014 Dockercon14 keynote
Podcast interview with Eric Brewer on the CAP theorem
Inktomi's Wild Ride - A Personal View of the Internet Bubble

2007 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
MIT School of Engineering alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Living people
Google employees
Year of birth missing (living people)
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
Recipients of the ACM Prize in Computing
Researchers in distributed computing
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Berkeley Macintosh Users Group members
Former billionaires
Joseph Regenstein Jr.. Joseph Regenstein Jr. (4 November 1923 – 4 March 1999) was an American business leader and philanthropist who donated more than $105 million to various Chicago area institutions as President of the Joseph and Helen Regenstein Foundation.

The son of Joseph Regenstein, Regenstein served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II.

He graduated from the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science at Northwestern University in 1946. He served as chairman and president of Velsicol Chemical Corp. until 1965 and was chairman of the board for the Arvey Corp., a paper-products firm created by his grandfather, until his family sold the company in 1988.

Regenstein provided funds for numerous community-centered projects. Beneficiaries included the Chicago Botanic Garden, the Lincoln Park Zoo, the Regenstein Hall of Music for Northwestern University, and the Joseph Regenstein Library at the University of Chicago. Other funding recipients included the Brookfield Zoo, the John G. Shedd Aquarium, Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, and the Field Museum of Natural History.

He died of cancer at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. The Joseph Regenstein Jr. School of the Chicago Botanic Garden was named in his honor.

References

External links
Joseph Regenstein Library

1923 births
1999 deaths
Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
University of Chicago people
20th-century American businesspeople
People associated with the Field Museum of Natural History
20th-century American philanthropists
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Ethane (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethane.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Melting point data  
Mean value for acceptable data: −183.01 °C (90.14 K).

Sources used, from ONS Open Melting Point Collection:
 −183.33 °C
 −182.85 °C from CHERIC
 −182.78 °C
 −182.79 °C from PHYSPROP
 −183.28 °C

Values considered "outliers", not included in averaging:
 −172 °C from Oxford MSDS
 −172.15 °C

Spectral data

References

Chemical data pages
Data page
Chemical data pages cleanup
Indian Bend Wash Area. The Indian Bend Wash area is a Superfund cleanup site in Scottsdale and Tempe, Arizona. It was declared a Superfund site in 1983 after industrial solvents were discovered to have contaminated the groundwater in an approximately  area. It is one of the largest EPA sites in terms of volume of groundwater treated, estimated at .

During the 1960s, it was typical for companies to dispose industrial solvents directly into the ground and into dry wells. In 1981, volatile organic compounds (VOC) were detected in Tempe and Scottsdale city wells, including trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and chloroform. The wells were shut down immediately, and the area was declared a Superfund site in 1983.mPotentially responsible parties Motorola, Siemens, GlaxoSmithKline, along with several smaller companies, have paid for the approximately $100 million in cleanup costs. Cleanup has consisted of several stations that pump and treat groundwater.

The area consists of two cleanup sites, the North Indian Bend Wash (NIBW) Superfund site located in Scottsdale (approximately 8 square miles), and the South Indian Bend Wash (SIBW) Superfund site located in Tempe.

For eight days in October 2007, trichloroethylene tainted water was released into the water supply of 1500 residents of Scottsdale by the Arizona American Water Company.

Notes

External links
 EPA's Indian Bend Wash Area site overview
 City of Scottsdale Fact Sheet
 Motorola's North Indian Bend Wash Superfund website 
 October 2007 Tainted water may be in private company's water supply

Superfund sites in Arizona
Geography of Maricopa County, Arizona
CROCUS. CROCUS is a research reactor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, a research institute and university in Lausanne, Switzerland.

The uranium nuclear reactor core is in an aluminium container that measures  across with -thick walls.  The aluminum vessel is filled with demineralized light water to serve as both a neutron moderator and a neutron reflector.

Power output is controlled either by adjusting the water level in the reactor—with a ± level of control, or with the adjustment of two boron carbide (BC) control rods—with a ± level of finesse.  The reactor has six separate safety systems: two cadmium shields and four storage tanks, any of which can shut down the reaction in less than a second.

CROCUS has a license to produce  or a neutron flux of ~2.5 × 10 cms at the core's center.

References

See also
 

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
nuclear research reactors
Diethylene glycol dinitrate. Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN) is an explosive nitrated alcohol ester with the formula C4H8N2O7. While chemically similar to numerous other high explosives, pure diethylene glycol dinitrate is difficult to ignite or detonate. Ignition typically requires localized heating to the decomposition point unless the DEGDN is first atomized.

Preparation and uses 
Diethylene glycol dinitrate can be made by nitration of diethylene glycol with nitric acid in presence of a dehydrating agent like concentrated sulfuric acid.

DEGDN can be mixed with nitrocellulose or nitroglycol to form a colloid, which is used in smokeless powder for artillery and rocket propellant. During World War II, the Kriegsmarine frequently used this mixture in their artillery. It has also found use as desensitizing plasticizer because it contributes to the power of the mixture while stabilizing the explosives.

Toxicity 

If ingested, like nitroglycerine, it rapidly causes vasodilation through the release of nitric oxide, a physiological signaling molecule that relaxes smooth muscle. Consequently, diethylene glycol dinitrate has occasionally been used medically to relieve angina, which is substernal chest pain associated with impaired cardiac circulation. The rationale is that the concurrent headache it induces is somewhat less severe than other nitro compounds.

Uses 
At present, interest in the chemical seems to be mostly historical retaining only a few specialist uses. The medical application was never widespread, the standard nitroglycerine being faster acting and very inexpensive; oral nitrates in any case being only palliative, not an effective treatment.

Triethylene glycol dinitrate, diethylene glycol dinitrate, and trimethylolethane trinitrate are being considered as replacements for nitroglycerin in propellants.

See also
Triethylene glycol dinitrate
 TNT equivalent
 RE factor

References

W. H. Rinkenbach, Industrial Engineering Chemistry v19 p925 (1927) Note: the present author has transliterated some terminology and notation in line with modern practice.
Military applications referenced in Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War 2; Gen. Ed. Chris Bishop, c.2003 Friedman/Fairfax NYNY, 

Nitrate esters
Propellants
Monopropellants
Explosive chemicals
Liquid explosives
Plasticizers
Antianginals
Vila Parisi. Vila Socó is a "favela" (slum) in Cubatão, Brazil, that was the site of a major industrial oil spill fire on February 25, 1984. 700,000 liters of gas were released, 1,000 homes were destroyed, and 100 people died. The geography of Cubatão prevented rapid dispersal of air pollutants released from the burning fuels. The German sociologist Ulrich Beck used the case of Vila Socó ("The dirtiest chemical town in the world") as an example of the "destructive powers of the developed risk industry."

References

Further reading 
 

Favelas
Environmental disasters in South America
Neighbourhoods in São Paulo (state)
Man-made disasters in Brazil
Cubatão
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering theoretical and practical aspects of signal processing in new and emerging technologies. The scope includes: communications, networking, sensors and actuators, radar and sonar, medical imaging, biomedical applications, remote sensing, consumer electronics, computer vision, pattern recognition, robotics, fiber optic sensing/transducers, industrial automation, transportation, stock market and financial analysis, seismography, and avionics.

It is published by the EUSIPCO association.

External links 
 

Computer science journals
Open access journals
Academic journals established in 2001
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Special Repair Service. The Special Repair Service (SRS) was a British civilian organisation that operated during the Second World War under the control of the Ministry of Works. Its function was to travel anywhere in Great Britain to carry out essential building and structural repair work.

SRS teams were usually the first on the scene of any new government construction job, laying the foundations and setting up camps for the main labour force. SRS men usually travelled by rail, but the organisation also operated Flying Squads, which travelled in lorries with caravan bodies in which they lived until permanent accommodation was available.

The service recruited only men born before 1910 (although younger men were eligible if they had been certified unfit for military service) who had previous experience in the building industry. They signed on for a year at a time and were paid top building industry rates.

References
Special Repair Service, Ministry of Works leaflet, 1943.
S.R.S. - Join the Builders' Flying Squads, Ministry of Works recruiting handbill, 1943.

United Kingdom home front during World War II
Construction organizations
Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom
Instrumentation (computer programming). In computer programming, instrumentation is the act of modifying software so that analysis can be performed on it.

Generally, instrumentation either modifies source code or  binary code.

Instrumentation enables profiling: 
measuring dynamic behavior during a test run. This is useful for properties of a program that cannot be analyzed statically with sufficient precision, such as performance and alias analysis.

Instrumentation can include:
 Logging events such as failures and operation start and end  
 Measuring and logging the duration of operations

Limitations 

Instrumentation is limited by execution coverage. If the program never reaches a particular point of execution, then instrumentation at that point collects no data. For instance, if a word processor application is instrumented, but the user never activates the print feature, then the instrumentation can say nothing about the routines which are used exclusively by the printing feature.

Some types of instrumentation may cause a dramatic increase in execution time. This can limit the application of instrumentation to debugging contexts.

See also
 Hooking – range of techniques used to alter or augment the behavior of an operating system, of applications, or of other software components by intercepting function calls or messages or events passed between software components.
 Instruction set simulator – simulation of all instructions at machine code level to provide instrumentation
 Runtime intelligence – technologies, managed services and practices for the collection, integration, analysis, and presentation of application usage levels, patterns, and practices.
 Software performance analysis – techniques to monitor code performance, including instrumentation.
 Hardware performance counter
 DTrace – A comprehensive dynamic tracing framework for troubleshooting kernel and application problems on production systems in real time, implemented in Solaris, macOS, FreeBSD, and many other platforms and products.
 Java Management Extensions (JMX) –  Java technology for managing and monitoring applications, system objects, devices (such as printers), and service-oriented networks.
 Application Response Measurement – standardized instrumentation API for C and Java.
 Dynamic recompilation – a feature of some emulators and virtual machines where the system may recompile some part of a program during execution.

References

 Introduction to Instrumentation and Tracing: Microsoft Developer Network
 Apple Developer Tools: Introduction to Instruments
 SystemTap provides free software (GPL) infrastructure to simplify the gathering of information about the running Linux system.
 cwrap Auto wrap C and C++ functions with instrumentation.

Software optimization
System administration
Management systems
Debugging