omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Normen Europäischer Modellbahnen. (, literally European Standards for Model Railways, known in the UK as Normal European Modelling Standards (NEM Standards)) are standards for model railroads, issued by the MOROP.

Standards
The NEM standards are defined and maintained by the Technical Commission of the MOROP in collaboration with model railroad manufacturers.

The NEM standards define the model railroad scales and guide manufacturers in creating compatible products and assist modellers in constructing model railroad layouts that operate reliably. The standards cover areas like suggested grades, turnout radii, wheel profiles, coupling designs and Digital Command Control (DCC) and are mostly scale specific. A fundamental principle in NEM standards are compromises in the exact scale reduction ratio in order to favour operational reliability of model railroad systems. An example for this is wheel flanges which tend to be proportionally wider in smaller scales to ensure reliable operation.

The NEM standards cover areas similar to the standards and recommended practices defined by the National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) in the United States, but the two standards are not universally interchangeable. In recent years, MOROP and NMRA have been working more closely together to establish common standards for developments such as DCC. European model railroad manufacturers generally follow the NEM standards, while North American manufacturers generally follow NMRA standards.

See also
 List of rail transport modelling scale standards
 Rail transport modelling scales

References

External links

NEM standards on MOROP website: English (outdated), German, and French
MOROP website
NEM article in DCC Wiki

Rail transport modelling
Rail transport modelling standards
Standards of Germany
Bell character. A bell character (sometimes bell code) is a device control code originally sent to ring a small electromechanical bell on tickers and other teleprinters and teletypewriters to alert operators at the other end of the line, often of an incoming message. Though tickers punched the bell codes into their tapes, printers generally do not print a character when the bell code is received. Bell codes are usually represented by the label "BEL". They have been used since 1870 (initially in the Baudot code).

To maintain backward compatibility, video display terminals (VDTs) that replaced teletypewriters included speakers or buzzers to perform the same function, as did the personal computers that followed. Modern terminal emulators often integrate the warnings to the desktop environment (e.g., the macOS Terminal will play the system warning sound) and also often offer a silent visual bell feature that flashes the terminal window briefly.

Representations 
In ASCII the bell character's value is 7 and is named "BELL" or "BEL". Unicode does not give names to control characters but has assigned it the alias "ALERT" and abbreviation "BEL." It can sometimes be typed as  and displayed as  in caret notation. Unicode also includes characters for the visual representation of the character:  and .

In the 5-bit Baudot codes, BEL is represented by the number 11 (0x0B) when in "figures" mode. The code  is used in EBCDIC.

In the programming language C (created in 1972), and in many languages influenced by it such as Python, the bell character can be placed in a string or character constant with \a. 'a' stands for "alert" or "audible" and was chosen because \b was already used for the backspace character.

Usage 

On Unix-like systems, or on MS-DOS or Windows, a user can cause the equivalent of ringing the bell to happen by typing at the command prompt the command:

 echo ^G

where the  is produced by holding down  and typing . On Unix the user may need to type + first to "quote" the .

On POSIX systems, one may also use:

 printf '\a'

and in the Bash shell, one may use ANSI-C quoting:

 echo $'\a'

An alternative is to use the tput command, which as a part of the ncurses library is available on most Unix/Linux operating systems:

 tput bel

A program can get the same result by printing the BEL character to a terminal.

On modern systems this may not make a noise; it may instead make a visual indication such as flashing the screen, or do nothing at all.

See also 
 C0 and C1 control codes (ISO 646)

References 

 ATIS Telcom Glossary
 Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing, 'bell'

Control characters
Econobox. Econobox is a United States informal slang term for a small, boxy, fuel-efficient economy car with few luxuries and a low price.

History

Econoboxes first came to prominence in the United States due to the 1973 oil crisis. Japanese automakers were leaders at producing smaller, fuel-efficient cars, as well as enjoying generally higher reliability and build quality than their US counterparts, so their offerings such as the Honda Civic generally outperformed their American competitors such as the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto.

The best-known American econoboxes were the 1970s/80s Chevrolet Chevette, Ford Pinto, Ford Escort and the Dodge Omni/Plymouth Horizon. Japanese econoboxes include the Honda Civic (in particular the first and second generations) and the Datsun B-210. Other cars such as the Chevrolet Sprint, Geo Metro, Yugo and Chevrolet Aveo as well as the Ford Festiva and Ford Aspire were considered econoboxes.

Amongst the econoboxes were sold by American brands, many were manufactured in foreign countries. American car manufacturers in North America have typically had a hard time making money off of econoboxes, and they consider them "loss leaders" that only existed to meet CAFE fuel economy standards.  So, over the course of time, American car companies shifted from manufacturing econoboxes themselves, and partnered with a foreign manufacturer to build them.  An example of this is the American Ford Escort: the Escort replaced the Pinto in 1981, and was manufactured by Ford until 1990.  From 1991 to 1996, however, it was built using the Mazda B platform and the top trims featured a Mazda engine. Chevrolet did the same using its "GEO" line, to sell cars built by Suzuki and Toyota.  Chrysler did as well, using cars built by Mitsubishi.

Today
The term "econobox" is not often used for describing new cars, partly due to the boxy styling of economy cars declining at the end of the 1980s.

Many long-running nameplates that obtained their start as econoboxes have since moved upscale. For example, the Austin Mini and VW Beetle have been revived as enthusiasts luxury cars, rather than cheap transportation for the masses. Meanwhile, the Toyota Corolla, Mazda 3 and the Honda Civic started as subcompact econoboxes but are now on the high-end of the compact size line. In 2023 the cheapest new car available in the United States is the Nissan Versa priced below US$20,000, with the cheapest trims starting at $16,000.

See also
A-segment
B-segment
C-segment

References

Automotive industry in the United States
Slang
Automotive terminology
Daegu Technical University. Daegu Technical University is a private technical university located in the Dalseo-gu district of Daegu, the third-largest city in South Korea.  It provides training in primarily industrial fields.  About 60 instructors are employed.

Academics

Academic offerings are provided through the four academic divisions of the college:  Engineering, Humanities and Society, Natural Science, and Arts.  The majority of offerings, in fields such as automotive science and computer information, are under the Division of Engineering.

History

The college was founded in 1976 by the Daegu Educational Foundation, as Daegu Industrial Technical School (대구실업전문학교).  It became a technical college in 1979, and took on its present name in 1998.

See also
 Education in South Korea
 List of colleges and universities in South Korea

External links

Vocational education in South Korea
Universities and colleges in Daegu
1976 establishments in South Korea
Universities and colleges established in 1976
Millefiori. Millefiori () is a glasswork technique which produces distinctive decorative patterns on glassware. The term millefiori is a combination of the Italian words "mille" (thousand) and "fiori" (flowers). Apsley Pellatt in his book Curiosities of Glass Making was the first to use the term "millefiori", which appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1849; prior to that, the beads were called mosaic beads. While the use of this technique long precedes the term "millefiori", it is now most frequently associated with Venetian glassware.

Since the late 1980s, the millefiori technique has been applied to polymer clay and other materials. As the polymer clay is quite pliable and does not need to be heated and reheated to fuse it, it is a much easier medium in which to produce millefiori patterns than glass.

History

The manufacture of mosaic beads can be traced to Ancient Roman, Phoenician and Alexandrian times. Canes, probably made in Italy, have been found as far away as 8th century archaeological sites in Ireland. Millefiori beads have been uncovered from digs at Sandby borg, Öland, Sweden, dating apparently from the late 5th or early 6th century. A piece of millefiori was found, along with unworked garnets, in a purse at the early 7th century Anglo-Saxon burial site at Sutton Hoo.  

The technical knowledge for creating millefiori was lost by the eighteenth century, and the technique was not revived until the nineteenth century. Within several years of the technique's rediscovery, factories in Italy, France and England were manufacturing millefiori canes. They were often incorporated into fine glass art paperweights.

Until the 15th century, Murano glass makers were only producing drawn Rosetta beads made from molded Rosetta canes. Rosetta beads are made by the layering of a variable number of layers of glass of various colors in a mold, and by pulling the soft glass from both ends until the cane has reached the desired thickness. It is then cut into short segments for further processing.

Production

The millefiori technique involves the production of glass canes or rods, known as murrine, with multicolored patterns which are viewable only from the cut ends of the cane. A murrine rod is heated in a furnace and pulled until thin while still maintaining the cross section's design. It is then cut into beads or discs when cooled.

See also
Mille-fleur, a French term used to refer to a background composed of small flowers
Venetian beads
Trade beads for the use of millefiori beads in the slave trade
Glass museums and galleries
Murrine
 Glass mosaic

References

External links

Glass art
Beadwork
Glass production
Italian words and phrases
SWG. SWG may refer to:
IBM Software Group, an internal division of IBM
Scientific Working Group, an organisational structure for US forensic scientists
Screen Writers Guild, a former writers union
Secure Web Gateway, a product providing threat protection and content filtering for internet access
Sleeping With Ghosts, a 2003 album by UK band Placebo
Society of Woman Geographers, a professional association for researchers, scientists, explorers, and others in geographic-related fields.
Standard wire gauge, a measurement for wires and sheet material
Star Wars Galaxies, a 2003 computer game by LucasArts
Strain Wave Gearing, a type of mechanical gear system that uses a flexible spline with external teeth, to form a compact, high gear ratio mechanism.
Swabian German (ISO 639-3 language code)
SWG, a chlorine generator used in salt water chlorination, a way of sanitizing swimming pools by separating the chlorine ions (Cl-) from salt (NaCl)
ICAO code for Sunwing Airlines
 Special Warfare Group (Singapore), Singapore police
Fogging. Fogging may refer to:

Distance fog, a technique used in 3D computer graphics
Fogging (photography), adverse impacts in photography
Fogging (censorship), a technique for visual censorship
Anti-fog, substance to prevent fogging of surfaces like glass and plastic
Fogging (assertiveness), an assertiveness technique
Electronic cigarette smoking, or fogging 
Fogging (insect control), spraying of pesticides via a fog-like mist for insect control or for collecting them for study
Fog computing, architecture that uses collaborative end-user clients to carry out storage and communication

See also
Fog (disambiguation)
Electrical energy. Electrical energy is energy related to forces on electrically charged particles and the movement of those particles (often electrons in wires, but not always). This energy is supplied by the combination of current and electric potential (often referred to as voltage because electric potential is measured in volts) that is delivered by a circuit (e.g., provided by an electric power utility). Motion (current) is not required; for example, if there is a voltage difference in combination with charged particles, such as static electricity or a charged capacitor, the moving electrical energy is typically converted to another form of energy (e.g., thermal, motion, sound, light, radio waves, etc.).

Electrical energy is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (1 kW·h = 3.6 MJ) which is the product of the power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours. Electric utilities measure energy using an electricity meter, which keeps a running total of the electric energy delivered to a customer.

Electric heating is an example of converting electrical energy into another form of energy, heat. The simplest and most common type of electric heater uses electrical resistance to convert the energy. There are other ways to use electrical energy. In computers for example, tiny amounts of electrical energy are rapidly moving into, out of, and through millions of transistors, where the energy is both moving (current through a transistor) and non-moving (electric charge on the gate of a transistor which controls the current going through).

Electricity generation 

Electricity generation is the process of generating electrical energy from other forms of energy.

The fundamental principle of electricity generation was discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electric current is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.

For electrical utilities, it is the first step in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical energy storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry.

Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that can be and are used to generate electricity such as solar photovoltaics and geothermal power.

References 

Electricity
Forms of energy
Electromagnetic quantities
Transition radiation detector. A transition radiation detector (TRD) is a particle detector using the -dependent threshold of transition radiation in a stratified material. It contains many layers of materials with different indices of refraction.  At each interface between materials, the probability of transition radiation increases with the relativistic gamma factor.  Thus particles with large  give off many photons, and small  give off few.  For a given energy, this allows a discrimination between a lighter particle (which has a high  and therefore radiates) and a heavier particle (which has a low  and radiates much less).

The passage of the particle is observed through many thin layers of material put in air or gas. The radiated photon gives energy deposition by photoelectric effect, and the signal is detected as ionization. Usually materials with low  are preferred (, ) for the radiator, while for photons materials with high  are used to get a high cross section for photoelectric effect (ex. ). 

TRD detectors are used in ALICE and ATLAS experiment at Large Hadron Collider. The ALICE TRD operates together with a big TPC (Time Projection Chamber) and TOF (Time of Flight counter) to do particle identification in ion collisions. The ATLAS TRD is called TRT (Transition Radiation Tracker) which serves also as a tracker measuring particles' trajectory simultaneously.

Particle detectors
LWP. LWP may refer to:

Computing 
 LAN WorkPlace, a former TCP/IP-based network client product by Excelan and Novell
 Library for WWW in Perl, a networking library
 Light-weight process
 Live Wallpaper, on mobile devices
 Lotus Word Pro, a word processor

Other uses 
 Life without parole, a prison sentence
 Polish People's Army (), during the People's Republic of Poland (1943–1989)
B class. B class may refer to:

Ships 
 B-class corvette of the Turkish Navy
 B-class destroyer, launched in 1930 for the British Royal Navy
 B-class destroyer (1913), British torpedo boat destroyers
 B-class lifeboat, British lifeboats
 B-class submarine (disambiguation), several types

Rail transport 
 B-class Melbourne tram, an Australian tram
 DHR B Class, built for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in India
 NBR B class, a British steam locomotive
 NZR B class (1874), a steam locomotive of the New Zealand Railways Department
 NZR B class (1899), a steam locomotive of the New Zealand Railways Department
 CIE 101 Class, an Irish diesel locomotive
 CIE 113 Class, an Irish diesel locomotive
 LCDR B class, a British steam locomotive
 MRWA B class, a British steam locomotive
 Victorian Railways B class (1861), an Australian steam locomotive
 Victorian Railways B class (diesel), an Australian diesel locomotive
 WAGR B class, an Australian steam locomotive
 WAGR B class (diesel), an Australian diesel locomotive

Other uses
 B-class blimp, airships operated by the United States Navy
 B-segment, a European vehicle size class
 Mercedes-Benz B-Class, a subcompact executive car

See also 
 Class B (disambiguation)
 B type (disambiguation)
 B series (disambiguation)
ANSI T1.413 Issue 2. ANSI T1.413 is a technical standard that defines the requirements for the single asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) for the interface between the telecommunications network and the customer installation in terms of their interaction and electrical characteristics. ADSL allows the provision of voiceband services including plain old telephone service (POTS) and data services up to 56 kbit/s, and a variety of digital channels. In the direction from the network to the customer premises (downstream), the digital bearer channels may consist of full-duplex low-speed bearer channels and simpler high-speed bearer channels; in the other (upstream) direction, only low-speed bearer channels are provided.

Description

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Telecommunications Committee created the first standardized ADSL specifications. They were published as  ANSI T1.413-1995 and ANSI T1.413-1998 (sometimes called "issue 2") titled Network and Customer Installation Interfaces — Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Metallic Interface.
It defines the minimum requirements for satisfactory performance of ADSL systems using the Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) line code. DMT divides the useful bandwidth of the standard two wire copper medium used in the public switched telephone network (PSTN), which is 0 to 1104 kHz, into 256 separate 4.3125 kHz wide frequency bands called sub-carriers.

Up to 254 sub-carriers are used downstream; each of these 254 sub-carriers can support the modulation of 0 to 15 bits per baud. The baud is 4,000 symbols per second on each subcarrier. Thus the maximum theoretical downstream data rate of an ADSL system is 15.24 Mbit/s (254×15×4000). However, because the data is split up into packets (actually Reed–Solomon encoded codewords) of 255 bytes, the maximum achievable downstream data rate is 8.128 Mbit/s (including other overheads). It is possible to interleave two Reed-Solomon codewords and obtain one logical codeword of 510 bytes. If this is done, then the maximum theoretical downstream speed goes back up to around 15 Mbit/s.

In the upstream direction, a maximum of 30 sub-carriers can be used, again each frame modulated with up to 15 bits. Taken with the baud rate of 4,000 per second per subcarrier, the maximum throughput is just over 1.5 Mbit/s. 

In order to combine voice telephone service with downstream and upstream ADSL signals the bandwidth is split into discrete parts using frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). In this case: 0–4 kHz is for voice, 26–138 kHz is the upstream band and 138–1104 kHz is the downstream band.

Computer standards
American National Standards Institute standards
Digital subscriber line
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1998
Bill Griswold. William G. Griswold is a professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of California, San Diego. His research is in software engineering; he is best known for his works on aspect-oriented programming using AspectJ and on finding invariants of programs to support software evolution.

Griswold received his Ph.D. from the University of Washington (Computer Science 1991 as well as a M.S. Computer Science 1988. His BA was from the University of Arizona in 1985. Major Mathematics, minor Computer Science, with highest honors) and joined the UCSD faculty in 1991. He has been the chair of ACM SIGSOFT, co-program chair of the 2005 International Conference on Software Engineering, and program chair of the 2002 ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering.

He is the son of Ralph Griswold. He has two children Hannah and Atticus.

References

External links
Home page at UCSD

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
University of Washington alumni
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of Arizona alumni
Norwegian Society of Engineers and Technologists. The Norwegian Society of Engineers and Technologists (; NITO) is the largest union in engineering in Norway with approximately 110 000 members. NITO has 21 regional branches covering the country and over 2,000 local clubs and shop stewards. Most of the working members are affiliated to a local club. The local clubs or workshops are organisationally placed directly under the regional branches. With a few exceptions the branches follow Norway's county borders.

NITO was established in 1936 and is an independent, non-affiliated, and non-political union.

NITO is led by a Board of Representatives. The daily work of the union is carried out by shop stewards and elected union representatives at different organisational levels; by the secretariat and main office in Oslo, consisting of the general secretary and 75 employees; and by the 23 employees who run the branch offices.

Presidents and Secretaries General
Presidents
 Frithjof Svendsen (1936–1937)
 Einar I. Larsen (1937–1941)
 Arne G. Myhrvold (1941–1948)
 Brynil Brynjulfsen (1948–1952)
 Erling Willoch (1952–1954)
 Arne H. Johansen (1954–1968)
 Trygve Hanæs (1968–1975)
 Lars Harlem (1975–1979)
 Harald Skuggedal (1979–1983)
 Gunnar Hamre (1983–1987)
 Jan Abrahamsen (1987–1990)
 Svein Erik Andresen (1990–1995)
 Svein Vikhals (1995–1998)
 Roger Johansen (1998–2000)
 John A. Haugen (2000–2003)
 Marit Stykket (2003–2012)
 Trond Markussen (fra 2012)

Secretaries General
 Modolf Guttelvik (1945–1946)
 Oddvar de Lange (1946–1950)
 Knut Reistad (konstituert) (1950–1951)
 Trygve Sommerhein (1951–1968)
 Erik Bjore (1968–1981)
 Anth. B. Nilsen (1981–1992)
 Erik Prytz (1992–2011)
 Steinar Sørlie (fra 2011)
 Egil Thompson (fra 2022)

Honorary Members

References

External links
 Norges Ingeniør- og Teknologorganisasjon
 Ingeniørenes stemme
 Bioingeniørfaglig institutt
 NITO Studentene
 NITO Lederforum

Science and technology in Norway
Trade unions in Norway
1936 establishments in Norway
Trade unions established in 1936