omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Star One C1. Star One C1 is a Brazilian communications satellite. It was launched on 14 November 2007 by an Ariane 5ECA carrier rocket, as part of a dual-payload launch with Skynet 5B. It was built by Thales Alenia Space, based on the Spacebus-3000B3 satellite bus. It is operated by Star One, a subsidiary of Embratel.

Overview

It was launched atop an Ariane 5-ECA rocket at 22:06 UTC on November 14, 2007. This launch had previously been delayed from November 9 due to a problem with the rocket, and then from November 12 due to a problem with the launch pad. Star One C1 was built by Thales Alenia Space based on a Spacebus 3000 B3 platform. It has 28 C-band transponders, 14 Ku-band transponders and one X-band transponder, and weighed about  at launch.

See also

 Star One (satellite operator)
 Star One C2
 Star One C3

References

External links
 Star One C1 at LyngSat
 
 Star One C1 coverage maps as files.
 Star One C1 coverage maps on Google Maps.
 Star One C1 realtime tracking.

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 2007
Satellites using the Spacebus bus
Star One satellites
Skynet 5B. Skynet 5B is a military communications satellite operated by Astrium Services, formerly Paradigm Secure Communications, on behalf of the British Ministry of Defence. It was the second of four Skynet 5 satellites to be launched.

Spacecraft
The Skynet 5B spacecraft is a Eurostar 3000S satellite, constructed by Astrium. At launch it had a mass of approximately , with a design life of 15 years. Its  solar arrays will generate a minimum of 6 kilowatts to power its UHF and X-band communications systems.

The Skynet 5 constellation was originally intended to consist of two satellites, the other of which, Skynet 5A, was launched earlier in 2007. By the time of Skynet 5B's launch, a decision had been made to launch the backup spacecraft, Skynet 5C, as an on-orbit spare; this was launched in 2008. Skynet 5D was ordered to replace the backup, however this too was launched in 2012. Skynet 5 replaced the earlier Skynet 4 system.

Launch
Skynet 5B was launched by an Ariane 5ECA carrier rocket flying from ELA-3 at Kourou. The launch occurred at 22:06 UTC on 14 November 2007. Star One C1 was launched aboard the same carrier rocket; Skynet 5B was mounted atop a Sylda 5 adaptor, with Star One C1 attached to the upper stage underneath the Sylda. Skynet 5B was the first of the two spacecraft to separate from the carrier rocket.

Orbit 
The launch placed Skynet 5B into a  geosynchronous transfer orbit with 6 degrees of inclination. The satellite used its apogee motor to raise itself into geostationary orbit. It is located at a longitude of 53° East, in an orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , and 0 degrees inclination.

References

Spacecraft launched in 2007
Military satellites of the United Kingdom
Satellites using the Eurostar bus
Spacecraft launched by Ariane rockets
Aluminon. Aluminon, the triammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid, is a dye often used to detect the presence of the aluminium ion in an aqueous solution. Aluminon forms a red complex salt in combination with Al3+.

In addition to its use in qualitative inorganic analysis, aluminon has applications in pigment production. It forms brilliantly colored lake pigments with many metals. The pigments are red in combination with Be2+ and Ga3+. The pigment is deep purple or reddish-brown in combination with Fe3+. Color of a particular pigment in acidic solutions may change: aluminon and Sc3+ form red pigments if the solution is acidic, but otherwise the solutions are colorless.

Aluminon is prepared by reacting sodium nitrite with salicylic acid, adding formaldehyde, then treating with ammonia.

See also
Analytical chemistry
Colorimetry

References

Analytical chemistry
Analytical reagents
Chemical tests
Triarylmethane dyes
Salicylates
Ammonium compounds
3-Hydroxypropenals
François Denhaut. François Denhaut (1877–1952) was a French aviator notable for designing, constructing and flying the first flying boat in 1912.

Life
He was born on 4 October 1877 at Champagnat, Creuse and after some success as a racing cyclist became interested in aviation. In 1908 he constructed his first aircraft, a canard biplane powered by a  Anzani. engine constructed with the help of a mechanic called Bouyer a M. Mercier. It was briefly flown in August 1909, with Bouyer at the controls,  
In 1911 he gained his pilot's license and became the chief pilot of Pierre Levasseur's flying school.

He died at Bellegarde-en-Marche in 1952.  An Air Memorial is dedicated to him in Bellegarde, at the Maison Chevanne, a 17th Century house that is also the village's tourism office and library.

Aircraft

1910 monoplane

1911 Model 
In 1911 Denhault conceived the idea of the flying boat, an aircraft whose fuselage formed the main float of the aircraft. Previous aircraft intended to fly from water had all used an arrangement of floats mounted below the aircraft in place of wheels.  The hull was triangular in cross section, with the apex at the top. To provide hydrodynamic lift, the hull was fitted with an angled plate mounted below the nose. It was powered by a  Gnome Omega driving a pusher propeller mounted below the upper wing. To allow for maneuvering on the ground, an undercarriage was fitted, with two wheels attached. Denhaut took particular advantage of this aspect of the design by taking off from the ground when he made the initial tests. This project was financed by Jacques Donnet, and the craft was later named after him.

The first proper test of the craft took place on 12 March 1912. Denhaut took off and flew over the River Seine. However, when preparing to land, misjudged his approach, the nose-mounted hydroplane dug in, and the aircraft turned over; Denhaut managed to escape from the submerged cockpit, and took refuge on the bottom of the upturned hull. The craft was towed back to shore.

1912 modifications 
Denhaut, with the advice of Robert Duhamel, decided to rebuild the aircraft, making the necessary modifications to the first design model. He changed the hull to be rectangular in shape, because it had previously been very slender, and had tended to dip into the water. He also made slight modifications to the position of the undercarriage.

He tested the modified design on a stretch of water behind Port Aviation, where he had first tested the older model. After this test, the wheels were, temporarily, replaced with water floats.

On 13 April 1912, slightly over a month since the initial test of the first design, Denhaut's craft flew from Juvisy airfield, and landed on muddy ground close to the River Seine. The aircraft was pushed into the water where it took off and alighted seven or eight times. Denhaut then returned to the bank of the River Seine. Denhaut's second model had succeeded in becoming the world's first flying boat. Many later designs for flying boats can be seen to be very clearly based upon Denhaut's design.

Notes

References

1877 births
1952 deaths
People from Creuse
Modulated Noise Reference Unit. Modulated Noise Reference Unit (MNRU) is an ITU standard (ITU P.810). The MNRU is, as the name implies, a noise model that utilizes speech as well as noise as input. The modulated output noise is a result of a combination of the input speech and noise, where the input speech is used to modulate the input noise.  MNRU is mainly used in the telecommunication industry. MNRU is also sometimes referred to as Schröder Noise.

References

Noise (electronics)
ITU-T recommendations
İsmail Akbay. İsmail Akbay (October 17, 1930 – July 26, 2003) was a Turkish scientist. He is mostly remembered as the first Turk to work for NASA.

Early life 

He was born in Mudanya (Tirilye-Zeytinbağı) near Bursa, Turkey on October 17, 1930. Early on, Akbay was recognized as a gifted child with exceptional mental aptitude.

Education
He graduated from Bursa Erkek Lisesi and Haydarpaşa Lisesi before choosing to move to the United States. In 1956, he received a B.S. degree in Engineering Physics from the University of Tennessee.

Death
Akbay died in a fire at his home, apparently while trying to save the family dog.

Career
Akbay was personally selected by Dr. Wernher von Braun, the famous astronautical engineer, to be the lead aerospace engineer for the F1 Engine Integration on the Apollo Saturn V-S1C Rocket. Mr. Akbay also spearheaded the Saturn 1B/H-1 Engine Integration for the Apollo–Soyuz Rendezvous Mission. Between 1963 and 1975, Akbay served in various managerial capacities during NASA's Apollo, Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz projects.

His 31-year career at NASA earned him recognition as one of American's early space pioneers. In Turkey, at the end of the 1960s, newspaper headlines heralded him as "The Turk Who Helped Put Man on the Moon". 

After his career with NASA, Akbay worked on the transfer of space technology to the U.S. private sector and the commercialization of other federally funded technologies.

During a meeting in 1996 about technology transfer, Akbay introduced Kaya Tuncer to the idea of building a Space Camp at the Aegean Free Zone. Until his death in July 2003, Akbay was an enthusiastic supporter of Space Camp Turkey, attending its opening ceremony in June 2000 and following its progress and developments.

References

Turkish physicists
Turkish scientists
1930 births
2003 deaths
University of Tennessee alumni
NASA people
Turkish expatriates in the United States
Aviation Industries of Iran AVA-202. The Aviation Industries of Iran AVA-202 is an Iranian two-seat, light aircraft designed as a trainer and sporting aircraft. It was intended for the Iranian domestic market to avoid dependence on imports.

Design and development
The AVA-202 was based on the Van's Aircraft RV-6A and was designed to comply with European JAR-22 and JAR-VLA aircraft certification rules. It features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from aluminum sheet. Its  span wing employs a NACA 63-215 airfoil at the wing root and a NACA 63-015 airfoil at the wing tip. The wingspan is greater than the RV-6's wingspan of  from which it is derived. The AVA-202's wing has an area of  and is equipped with flaps. The standard engine fitted is the  Lycoming AEIO-320-B2B  four-stroke aerobatic powerplant.

Specifications

See also
Iran Aviation Industries Organization

References

 Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. .

1990s Iranian civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1997
HŽ series 6111. The HŽ series 6111 is an electric multiple unit used by Croatian Railways (), formerly the class JŽ 411 of ŽTP Zagreb during the period of Yugoslav Railways. The vehicles were built by Ganz Mávag, Hungary (production started in 1976). Most of the sets were later modernized by TŽV Gredelj between 2002 and 2015, including both interior and exterior modifications. They are popularly nicknamed Mađar (Hungarian) in reference to their country of origin.

The 6111 series EMUs are made of three cars: 4111 and 5111 unpowered cab cars that differ in types of electrical components contained, and the middle 6111 car that provides power to the trainset. The power car supplies power to the motors using a thyristor rectifier. The trains can be operated in sets of up to three units.

Between 1992 and the mid-2010s, the principal purpose of the units was to serve Zagreb Commuter Rail where they operated exclusively, in addition to some other electrified lines in short to medium distance from Zagreb. Between 2011 and 2023 the units have been fully replaced with the HŽ 6112 series on Zagreb suburban lines, so remaining 6111 sets were mostly returned to serve regional routes across the country. 

Following the replacement of the electric traction system in the section Moravice - Rijeka - Šapjane (border with Slovenia) from 3 kV DC to 25 kV 50 Hz in 2012, the 6111 series was given the opportunity to operate on the lines between Zagreb and Rijeka, as well as suburban services from Rijeka.

Over the years, HŽ 6111 series units have had various modifications done, including the replacement of sliding side windows for tilting windows and the addition of exterior destination displays on the sides. Some units have had a more extensive modernization including the addition of a new exterior destination display on the front and interior renewal including new seats.

The 6111 series units are being gradually replaced with the 6112 series trains, although no set timeframe has been provided about their definite retirement. 

A meter gauge version of this trainset was also produced for use on the Sahel Metro in Tunisia; these units were known as YZ-E sets. The trains have been retired in 2010 and replaced by newly-built Hyundai Rotem units.

Gallery

References

External links

 http://www.railfaneurope.net/

Electric multiple units of Yugoslavia
6111
Rolling stock of Bosnia and Herzegovina
25 kV AC multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1977
Scavenger, Inc.. Scavenger was a video game publisher that worked closely with GT Interactive. SCAVENGER Based in Los Angeles, the company was unique in that most of its graphic specialists were members of the Amiga demoscene, which demonstrated that utilizing the potential of an underground talent pool of highly skilled self-taught coders, designers and musicians could be a viable business model.

The demoscene background influenced many of the released or work-in-progress game projects, which were often technically innovative and accomplished feats that were previously thought impossible on the respective hardware platforms. For example, the Sega 32X 3D engine developed by Scavenger Team Zyrinx is still regarded as one of the best of its kind.

Among the teams working on games for Scavenger were:
 Zyrinx
 Lemon
 Triton (now Starbreeze Studios).

Scavenger went bankrupt around 1998. Many of the original teams' members are now active in other game companies, such as IO Interactive.

References

Video game publishers
Defunct video game companies of the United States
HESA Shahed 278. The HESA Shahed 278 () is an Iranian-made light utility helicopter.

Iran's Shahed Aviation Industries Research Center plans to produce several variants of Shahed, according to sources. The first platform was the Shahed-278 (Oh-78), described as a light reconnaissance helicopter, armed with weapons and sensors. Test flights of the Shahed-278 (Oh-78) began in 2005.

Design 
The composite Shahed-278 is a relatively light helicopter with 682 kg of empty weight. It is a four-seater; intended for dual military/civil use, though designed primarily to meet military requirements. It was designed entirely in Iran, according to the manufacturer, although some sources report use of locally made airframe and dynamic components of the Bell 206 JetRanger. Although designed by the IRGC, this helicopter is scheduled to be produced by HESA.

Shahed-278 has a four hours flight endurance and newer models can be equipped with MFD displays. The newer models are 11.82m long, 1.92m wide and 2.98m high. Body weight is increased to 750 kg. Maximum takeoff weight is 1450 kg, and maximum engine power is 420 hp.  The OH-78 variation of Shahed-278 is armed with 70mm rockets with a range of 0.5–5 km. A 12.7 mm gun is installed under the nose. The helicopter is equipped with a night-and-day vision system and a data recording system can be added as an option. The OH-78 body is reinforced and the body shape is slightly different from the other versions.

Specifications

References

See also

Shahed 278
2000s Iranian military utility aircraft
Military helicopters
2000s Iranian helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1970
Iranian helicopters
Weapons of Iran
Iranian military aircraft
Trimethylarsine (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on Trimethylarsine.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as SIRI, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

References

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Padiddling. Padiddling is the act of spinning an object on the pad of a finger. This differs from most spinning tricks due to the active circling motions needed to keep an object spinning. The most common objects used by padiddlers are cafeteria style lunch trays and flying discs, but books, frying pans, magazines, pillows, and even laptop computers are also popular. 

Padiddling was popularized during freestyle disk (frisbee) competitions in the 1970s until it fell out of favor in the early 1980s. The technique was used extensively in competitive events by John Dwork, Jason Salkey, Richie Smits, Joey Hudoklin, and Randy Silvey.

For a brief period of time there was a Padiddlers Association of the World. Notable members of PAW included John Anthony, Bill King, Peter Gellerman and Jim Brown.

References
 http://www.frisbee-freestyle.de/ffb_termsPR.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070806023848/http://www.spinthings.com/

Flying disc
GreenTech ITM. GreenTech ITM is an American-based company which designs and installs modular artificial turf and vegetative systems on athletic turf fields, rooftops, green roofs, urban agriculture, and golf courses. Its products have been used in sporting events, such as the artificial turf used in the Athens Olympic Stadium for the 2004 Olympic Games and the Bird's Nest Stadium for the 2008 Olympic Games.

Projects
 Silvercup Studios, largest green roof in New York City
 Bird's Nest Stadium, Beijing
 Lane Stadium, Virginia Tech
 Spartan Stadium, Michigan State
 Francisco Montaner Stadium, Puerto Rico
 Caves Valley Golf Club, Owings Mills, Maryland
 Athens Olympic Stadium, Athens
 Giants Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey
 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow

References

Companies based in Richmond, Virginia
Acetoacetic ester synthesis. Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a chemical reaction where ethyl acetoacetate is alkylated at the α-carbon to both carbonyl groups and then converted into a ketone, or more specifically an α-substituted acetone. This is very similar to malonic ester synthesis.

Mechanism
A strong base deprotonates the dicarbonyl α-carbon.  This carbon is preferred over the methyl carbon because the formed enolate is conjugated and thus resonance stabilized.  The carbon then undergoes nucleophilic substitution.  When heated with aqueous acid, the newly alkylated ester is hydrolyzed to a β-keto acid, which is decarboxylated to form a methyl ketone. The alkylated ester can undergo a second substitution to produce the dialkylated product.

Double deprotonation of ethyl acetoacetate
The classical acetoacetatic ester synthesis utilizes the 1:1 conjugate base.  Ethyl acetoacetate is however diprotic:
CH3C(O)CH2CO2Et  +  NaH  →  CH3C(O)CH(Na)CO2Et  +  H2
CH3C(O)CH(Na)CO2Et  +  BuLi  →  LiCH2C(O)CH(Na)CO2Et  +  BuH

The dianion (i.e., LiCH2C(O)CH(Na)CO2Et) adds electrophile  to the terminal carbon as depicted in the following simplified form:
LiCH2C(O)CH(Na)CO2Et  +  RX  →  RCH2C(O)CH(Na)CO2Et  +  LiX

See also
 Malonic ester synthesis

References

Organic reactions
Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Dehydroacetic acid. Dehydroacetic acid is an organic compound which has several industrial applications. The compound is classified as a pyrone derivative. It presents as an odorless, colorless to white crystalline powder, almost insoluble in water and moderately soluble in most organic solvents.

Preparation
It is prepared by the base-catalysed dimerization of diketene. Commonly used organic bases include imidazole, DABCO, and pyridine.

Uses
Industrially, dehydroacetic acid has several uses which include the following:
 as a fungicide and bactericide. The sodium salt, sodium dehydroacetate, is often used in place of dehydroacetic acid because of its greater solubility in water. 
 as a food preservative to prevent pickle bloating in squash and strawberries. When used as a food additive, dehydroacetic acid is referred to using the International Numbering System for Food Additives or E number 265.
 as a plasticizer in synthetic resins.
 as an antienzyme in toothpastes.
 as a precursor for dimethyl-4-pyridones. The compounds are synthesized when dehydroacetic acid is exposed to aqueous solutions containing primary amines.

References

Fungicides
4-Pyrones
Trace table. A trace table is a technique used to test algorithms in order to make sure that no logical errors occur while the calculations are being processed. The table usually takes the form of a multi-column, multi-row table; With each column showing a variable, and each row showing each number input into the algorithm and the subsequent values of the variables.

Trace tables are typically used in schools and colleges when teaching students how to program. They can be an essential tool in teaching students how certain calculations work and the systematic process that is occurring when an algorithm is executed. They can also be useful for debugging applications, helping the programmer to easily detect what error is occurring, and why it may be occurring.

Example 
int i, x = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) 
{
    x = i * 2;
}

This example shows the systematic process that takes place whilst the algorithm is processed. The initial value of x is zero, but i, although defined, has not been assigned a value. Thus, its initial value is unknown. As we execute the program, line by line, the values of i and x change, reflecting each statement of the source code in execution. Their new values are recorded in the trace table. When i reaches the value of 11 because of the i++ statement in the for definition, the comparison i <= 10 evaluates to false, thus halting the loop. As we also reached the end of the program, the trace table also ends.

See also 

 Algorithms
 Programming languages
 Debugging

References 
 http://www.comscigate.com/tutorial/KjellStyle/WilliamChen/trace1.html
 http://www.thevickerage.worldonline.co.uk/theteacher/alevel/assem/assem5.htm - archived version
 http://portal.newman.wa.edu.au/technology/12infsys/html/KWH2003/TraceTables.htm - archived version

Debugging