omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Warren S. Warren. Warren Sloan Warren is the James B. Duke Professor of Chemistry and director of the Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Imaging at Duke University. He is also a professor of physics, Radiology, and Biomedical Engineering at the same institution. Warren is a deputy editor of the open-access journal Science Advances. He has contributed to the theory of Quantum Coherence as well as nonlinear optical spectroscopy.

Scholarship
Warren began his career in the field of Magnetic Resonance, where his work contributed to the revised understanding of the interactions between widely separated spins.  Warren would go on to exploit these  "Intermolecular Multiple Quantum Coherences", and this work helped lead to the development of new pulse sequences for magnetic resonance imaging with new types of contrast. His work in nonlinear optics developed a range of optical methods which exploit laser pulse shaping to image molecular content, including tissue and paintings.

Students and Collaborators 

 Donna Strickland (University of Toronto) [postdoc]
 Debabrata Goswami (Indian Institute of Technology)
 Yung-ya Lin (UCLA)
 Thomas Theis (NCSU)
 Howe-Siang Tan (NTU)
 Louis Serge Bouchard (UCLA)

Books
Warren, Warren S. The Physical Basis of Chemistry Vol. 1 Academic Press, 1993  
Warren, Warren S. The Physical Basis of Chemistry Vol. 2 Academic Press, 2000

References

External links
Full list of publications

Living people
1955 births
21st-century American chemists
Duke University faculty
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Princeton University faculty

Fellows of Optica (society)
Bluefire Supercomputer. The Bluefire Supercomputer is an IBM supercomputer installed in May 2008 by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). It is used to advance research into severe weather and the future of Earth's climate.

Usage
Scientists at NCAR, and across the country, use the system to accelerate research into climate change, including future patterns of precipitation and drought around the world, changes to agriculture and growing seasons, and the complex influence of global warming on hurricanes. Researchers also use it to improve weather forecasting models so society can better anticipate where and when dangerous storms may strike.

Performance
Bluefire has a peak speed of more than 76 teraflops (76 trillion floating-point operations per second). When first installed, it was ranked at number 38 on the list of the world's most powerful supercomputers.

ICESS
Bluefire is the second phase of a system called the Integrated Computing Environment for Scientific Simulation (ICESS) at NCAR. The first phase was called Blueice. After undergoing acceptance testing, Bluefire began full operations in August 2008 and replaced three supercomputers with an aggregate peak speed of 20 teraflop.

Hardware
Bluefire uses the POWER6 microprocessor, each having a clock speed of 4.7 gigahertz. The system consists of 4,064 such processors, 12 terabytes of memory, and 150 terabytes of DS4800 disk storage.

Cooling system
Bluefire relies on a water-based cooling system that is 33 percent more energy efficient than traditional air-cooled systems. Heat is removed from the electronics by water-chilled copper plates mounted in direct contact with each POWER6 microprocessor chip. As a result of this water-cooled system and POWER6 efficiencies, Bluefire is three times more energy efficient per rack than its predecessor.

References

IBM supercomputers
St Croix Excelsior. The St Croix Excelsior () is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed by Chad Wille and Charles Wille, produced by St Croix Aircraft of Corning, Iowa and first flown in 1980. The aircraft was supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction with some hard-to-make parts available as well as partial kits.

Design and development
The Excelsior was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a strut-braced high-wing, a single-seat, open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded 4130 steel tubing, with the wings and tail built from riveted sheet aluminum, aluminum tubing and covered with doped aircraft fabric covering. Its straight leading edge, tapered trailing edge,  span wing is braced with a single lift strut per side. The pilot sits in an open cockpit, with a small windshield. The engine and tail configuration are unconventional. The specified Zenoah G25  engine is mounted on top of the high wing and drives the tail-mounted propeller through a flexible extension shaft, that is designed to eliminate vibrations. The tailplane and elevator are mounted on top of the rear fuselage, with the fin and rudder mounted below the tailplane, providing protection for the propeller from contacting the ground. The controls are conventional, except that roll control is provided by spoilers, rather than ailerons. The landing gear consists of suspended main gear, a nose wheel and a rudder-mounted rear skid.

The aircraft has enough gliding performance to be soared. The construction time from the plans is estimated at 400 hours. Plans were intermittently available between 1980 and about 2000, but from 2001 the design was not advertised as being available by the company any longer.

Specifications (Excelsior)

References

External links
Photo of an Excelsior

Excelsior
1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
T1 process. A T1 process (or topological rearrangement process of the first kind) is one of the main processes by which cellular materials such as foams or biological tissues change shapes. It involves four discrete objects such as bubbles, drops, cells, etc. The four objects are initially arranged in a plane in the following way. Objects A and B are in contact and objects C and D are on either side of the AB group and touching both A and B. The T1 process consists in breaking the contact between A and B and establishing the contact between C and D.

When a significant number of rearrangement events such as T1 processes with similar orientations occur inside a foam or a tissue, the material correspondingly undergoes a deformation: it elongates in the direction in which neighbours depart (here, AB) while it contracts in the direction in which new neighbour pairs form (here, CD).

As a result of the existence of the T1 and similar processes, materials made of these objects have a number of similar rheological properties. Among these, plasticity allows them to be deformed irreversibly. For such materials, such irreversible deformations arise from the ability to rearrange their constitutive objects. Thus, the T1 process is the major mesoscopic ingredient of plasticity for these materials.

References

Topology
Surface rheology. Surface rheology is a description of the rheological properties of a free surface. When perfectly pure, the interface between fluids usually displays only surface tension. The stress within a fluid interface can be affected by the adsorption of surfactants in several ways:
 Change in the surface concentration of surfactants when the in-plane flow tends to alter the surface area of the interface (Gibbs' elasticity).
 Adsorption/desorption of the surfactants to/from the interface.

Importance of surface rheology 

The mechanical properties (rheology) of dispersed media such as liquid foams and emulsions is strongly affected by surface rheology. Indeed, when they consist of two (or more) fluid phases, deforming the material implies deforming the constitutive phases (bubbles, drops) and thus their interfaces.

The measurement of surface rheological properties is described by storage and loss moduli. In the case of a linear response to a sinusoidal deformation, the loss modulus is the product of the viscosity by the frequency. One of the difficulties of surface rheology measurements come from the fact that the adsorbed layers are usually rather compressible (at the difference of bulk fluids which are essentially incompressible), and both compression and shear parameters should be determined. This determination requires different type of rheometric instruments, for instance oscillating drops for the compression properties and oscillating bicones for the shear properties. These two methods allow investigating the variation of the parameters upon the amplitude of the deformation. The responses of adsorbed layers to deformations are frequently non-linear, making this variation measurement relevant to rheological studies.

References

Rheology
Floris Osmond. Floris Osmond (10 March 1849 – 18 June 1912) was a French scientist and engineer. He is known as one of the originators of metallography. He named several phases that occur in iron and steel microstructures such as martensite, after A. Martens, and cementite. A list of publications was published shortly after his death.

References

External links 
 
 

Scientists from Paris
French engineers
French inventors
1849 births
1912 deaths
Bessemer Gold Medal
Firestone XR-14. 

The Firestone XR-14 was a proposed 1940s American lightweight helicopter, designed by the Firestone Aircraft Company to operate in the liaison and observation helicopter for the United States Army Air Forces. Due to changing requirements no examples of the type were built.

Design and development
Three Firestone Model GA-50 helicopters were ordered by the United States Army Air Forces for evaluation in the liaison and observation roles, competing against the Bell XR-15 for a production contract. Derived from the Model GA-45 (XR-9) helicopter, the XR-14 was intended to be a four-seat aircraft, powered by a Continental A100 four-cylinder opposed piston engine; unconventionally, the XR-14 was intended to be equipped with two tail rotors. Prior to any of the aircraft being converted, however, the Army cancelled the contract; while Firestone attempted to market the GA-50 on the civilian market, no interest was forthcoming and the project was abandoned.

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 
 

R-14
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Striplin FLAC. The Striplin FLAC (Foot Launched Air Cycle) is an American flying wing ultralight aircraft that was designed by Ken Striplin in 1977, first flying in October 1978. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft preceded the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, but fits into the category, including FAR 103's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a cantilever high-wing, a single-seat, partially enclosed cockpit, tricycle landing gear and twin  Soarmaster engines powering a single propeller in pusher configuration. Twin go-cart engines have also been employed.

The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing, foam, fiberglass, with the wings finished in doped aircraft fabric covering. Its  span wing features a laminar-flow airfoil, 50%-span elevons and wing tip rudders that can both be deployed simultaneously for use as air brakes. The aircraft has a 22:1 glide ratio. The FLAC has laminated fiberglass main landing gear legs and a nose wheel that is steerable. The aircraft was also designed to be at least nominally foot-launchable to comply with the informal US requirements for ultralights of that period that they be able to do so. Foot launching was carried out by opening a hinged door in the fuselage floor.

In flight the aircraft has been described as unstable, particularly in pitch and at least one accident was attributed to its instability.

Specifications (FLAC)

References

External links
Photo of a Striplin FLAC

1970s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Twin-engined single-prop pusher aircraft
FLAC
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1978
Cox-Klemin XA-1. 

The Cox-Klemin XA-1 was a 1920s American air ambulance biplane designed and built by the Cox-Klemin Aircraft Corporation for the United States Army Air Service, only two prototypes were built.

Design and development
The XA-1 was designed as an ambulance aircraft to replace modified de Havilland DH.4 aircraft with the United States Army Air Service. The XA-1 was a biplane powered by a  Liberty 12A engine with a fixed conventional landing gear, it had a crew of two and room for two stretchers. Two prototype aircraft designated XA-1 (A-1 was the first allocation in the army air services ambulance designation system) were flown but no further aircraft were built.

The aircraft gained fame for flying injured individuals to hospitals in the aftermath of the 1927 tornado that destroyed Rocksprings, Texas. It was retired in 1932.

Specifications (XA-1)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

A-001
1920s United States military utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Cosmonaut (disambiguation). A cosmonaut or astronaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.

Cosmonaut may also refer to:
Cosmonaut (film), a 2009 Italian coming-of-age film
The Cosmonaut, a 2013 Spanish science fiction film
Cosmonauts Sea, a sea of the Southern Ocean off Antarctica
Cosmonaut Glacier, a tributary glacier in the Southern Cross Mountains, Antarctica
Cosmonaut (album), by Bump of Chicken
Cosmonaut, a side project of the band Finch

See also
Cosmonauts Alley, a wide avenue in northern Moscow 
Astronaut (disambiguation)
Corde lisse. Corde lisse is an aerial circus skill or act that involves acrobatics on a vertically hanging rope. The name is French for "smooth rope".  In English-speaking parts of the world, it is also referred to as "aerial rope".

Description 

Corde lisse moves are normally a combination of held postures and drops using a rope that hangs from the ceiling. These ropes are normally made from soft cotton about 30-35mm thick. The technique is closely related to both silks, (another aerial circus skill performed on one or two long strips of strong fabric, often in bright colours), and Spanish web. It requires great skill and strength. Performers do not have any kind of safety net or safety line, relying on their own strength and ability to prevent a fall.

It is possible for two (or more) people to perform on the same rope, although more than two is rare. The performers can hang off each other or be at different heights on the rope.

The most famous use of aerial circus skills such as these has been for the BBC's test-card. 
Cirque du Soleil also uses corde lisse, aerial silks and trapeze in some of their shows.
There are many schools and circus centers that teach rope throughout the world.

Corde lisse skills 

There is no single naming convention for the skills on a corde lisse. Below is a list of names of moves, some of which are similar to the gymnastic equivalent, or which are a partial description of the move (e.g. double foot tie). This is by no means a complete list, as people are discovering and inventing new moves all the time.

Some solo moves
 Back Balance
 Front Balance
 Arabesque
 Basic upside-down hang
 Basqules
 Beats
 Big knot 
 Crochet
 Crucifixion
 Dive
 Double foot tie
 Fan
 Flag
 Front flip
 Hang
 Hip key
 Hip wrap knot
 Horizontal flip
 Knee lock
 Knee lock slide
 Lean out
 Leg wraps (same and opposite side, left and right leg)
 Loop
 Miracle split
 One arm hang
 Piston
 Rope climb (up and down)
 Salto
 Skip drop
 Spider
 Tempo swing
 Windmills
 C-Shape Roll-Ups

Some doubles moves

 Angel
 Ankle hang
 Double swan
 Flower
 Front balance
 Leg catch

In popular culture 
In Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins (2005) there is a scene where Bruce and his parents go to the theatre. On the stage there are a group of performers doing wheel down's on Corde Lisse that remind Bruce of bats, scaring him, and causing the family to leave. After the leave is when Bruce's parents are killed.

References 
 Aerial Arts FAQ
 Introduction to Rigging: Aerialist Essentials Pages 92-96, 101-102, 140

Circus skills
Acrobatic_sports
Arthur Ernest Bishop. Arthur Ernest Bishop AM (19172006) was a noted Australian engineer and inventor.

Life
Bishop was born in Sydney, New South Wales in 1917. He demonstrated highly innovative capabilities during the Second World War relating to overcoming problems of instability of aircraft tail-wheel landing gear during take-off and landing, and was awarded license fees for his inventions. These were significant and partly as a result, he was able in 1954 to move to Detroit, Michigan, United States, with ideas and patents to improve steering systems for automobiles, and for the next two decades introduced improvements into various vehicles around the world mainly in aspects of hydraulically powered and variable-ratio steering. In order to license the ideas or supply purpose-built manufacturing equipment, he developed both lower-cost methods for mass production, while also giving improvements to steering feel and vehicle response. By the 1970s he had returned to Australia as a base, and had developed a variable-ratio rack and pinion using a normal pinion, regarded at the time by gearing experts as being theoretically impossible, and also a low-cost forging method for the variable rack to eliminate machining of the teeth.  His organisation grew to include over 200 personnel world-wide, and he created over 300 patents.

Global policy 
He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution. As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.

Death 
He died in 2006.

Awards
1984 Member of the Order of Australia.
2001 Centenary Medal
As well as receiving a number of Australian awards, in 2003 he was elected as the first Australian Fellow of the Society of Automotive Engineers International.

References 

1917 births
2006 deaths
Australian mechanical engineers
Members of the Order of Australia
People educated at North Sydney Boys High School
World Constitutional Convention call signatories
Mason Peck. Mason Peck is an associate professor at Cornell University and former NASA Chief Technologist. His immediate predecessor in the NASA position was Bobby Braun.

Peck has published in various aerospace sub-disciplines including; air-bearing spacecraft simulation,
low-power space robotics,
hopping rovers,
and Lorentz-augmented orbits.

Peck was awarded $75,000 in 2007 by NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) to study how a large fleet of microchip-size space probes in Earth orbit might propel themselves into the Interplanetary Transport Network; and thence as far as Jupiter's moon Europa. This was to be achieved by exploiting the Lorentz Force, enabled by using photovoltaics to maintain an electrostatic charge while orbiting in Earth's magnetic field.

Peck has served on the advisory board of Mars One since February 2014.

References

External links 
 Space Systems Design Studio
 Mason Peck, MAE, Ralph S. Watts '72 Award
 Tau Beta Pi Professor of the Year Award (2009)
 
 Dr. Mason Peck (USA) - Advisers - About Mars One
 Mason Peck (@spacecraftlab) on Twitter

Cornell University faculty
American roboticists
NASA people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
NATRiP. National Automotive Testing and R&D Infrastructure Project (NATRiP), the largest and one of the most significant initiatives in automotive sector so far, represents a unique joining of hands between the Government of India, a number of state governments and Indian Automotive Industry to create a state of the art Testing, Validation and R&D infrastructure in the country.

The Project aims at creating core global competencies in Automotive sector in India and facilitate seamless integration of Indian Automotive industry with the world as also to position the country prominently on the global automotive map. NATRiP aim to create a testing, validation and R&D infrastructure, had announced to invest Rs 1,718 crore for setting up of seven auto testing facilities at seven locations across India by 2011. NATRIP is forging ahead at a fast pace on schedule. Currently, tenders worth more than Rs 1642.97 Cr have been floated and tenders worth around Rs 1403.98 crore have been finalized  The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs in their meeting held on 27 July 2016 has approved the revised time lines and escalation of cost estimate of the project. Accordingly, now the revised cost estimates is Rs. 3727.30 crore with project completion date in June 2019.

List of Test Centres
The facilities under NATRiP at Manesar, Chennai, VRDE Ahmednagar, ARAI Pune, Rae Bareilly, Silchar and Indore will provide comprehensive homologation and product testing and validation facilities for vehicles and components and will also foster global competencies for generic research and development geared to catapult India into the league of nations with automotive excellence. Centres being established under this project are:

Region-wise Centres
As part of NATRIP, the following test centres have been finalised to set up the test facilities as described below:

West centre
A full fledged testing and homologation facilities at ARAI, Pune and VRDE, Ahmednagar.

South Centre
Chennai (Tamil Nadu) – A full fledged testing and homologation centre.

North Centre
Manesar (Haryana) - A full-fledged testing and homologation centre within the northern hub of automotive industry.

World-class proving grounds
Testing tracks on approx 3000 acres of land at district Khandwa, in Madhya Pradesh, Having different types of world class testing tracks and India's biggest proving ground along with the electric vehicles battery testing facility and vehicle testing facility.

National Centre for Vehicle Research & Safety(NCVRS) and Accident Data Analysis Centre(ADAC) 
Centre for Testing & Homologation of Tractors, Agricultural Vehicles and Off-Road Vehicles together with accident data analysis and specialized driving training centre at Rae Bareli in Uttar Pradesh.

In-use vehicle Management centre
National Specialized Hill Area Driving Training Centre at Dholchora (Silchar) Assam,
Inspection and Maintenance Station for in use vehicles and Mechanics Institute at Jaffirband (Silchar) Assam.

References

Automotive industry in India
Flight Research Laboratory. The Flight Research Laboratory (building 1244) at NASA's Langley Research Center houses fixed and rotary wing aircraft used in atmospheric and flight research.  It also housed simulation equipment used during the Gemini and Apollo programs such as the Rendezvous Docking Simulator (which remains stowed in the ceiling of the hangar) and Projector Planetarium.

The hangar consists of  by  of clear space and features a  by  door with an additional door for the tail section of large aircraft and covers  with an additional  of laboratory spaces. At the time of its construction it was one of the largest structures of its kind in the world.  The hangar is heated by a radiant heating system consisting of hot water circulated beneath the concrete floor.

See also
 Rendezvous Docking Simulator
 Projection Planetarium

References

Langley Research Center
Space technology research institutes
Aerospace research institutes
Aviation research institutes