omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Class 12. Class 12 may refer to:

Railroading 
 British Rail Class 12, a British diesel locomotive class
 DRG Class 12, a German steam locomotive class comprising the following eight-coupled, express locomotives operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn:
 Class 12.0: BBÖ 214
 Class 12.1: BBÖ 114
 EAR 12 class, steam locomotive
 Indian locomotive class WAG-12, electric locomotive
 JNR Class C12, steam locomotive
 LSWR A12 class, steam locomotive
 LSWR L12 class, steam locomotive
 MGWR Class 12, steam locomotive
 New South Wales Z12 class locomotive, steam locomotive
 NSB Class 12, steam locomotive
 PKP Class Ol12
 Queensland A12 class locomotive, steam locomotive
 Prussian G 12
 SNCB Type 12, a Belgian steam locomotive
 SNCB Class 12, a Belgian electric locomotive
 Southern Pacific class AC-12, steam locomotive
 VR Class Dm12, railcar
 VR Class Dr12, diesel locomotive
 VR Class Dv12, diesel locomotive

Other 
 ARD-12-class floating dry dock
 O 12-class submarine
 Twelfth grade, referred to as "class 12" in India

See also
 Type 12 (disambiguation)
Class 13. Class 13 may refer to:

 A13-class container ship
 British Rail Class 13, diesel locomotives 
 Belgian Railways Class 13 electric locomotives
 EAR 13 class, steam locomotives
 The DRG Class 13, a German steam locomotive class. Within this class the Deutsche Reichsbahn incorporated former state railway tender locomotives with a 4-4-0 wheel arrangement.
 Class 13.0: Prussian S 3
 Class 13.3: PKP Class Pd1 (Prussian S 5.2, Prussian S 3)
 Class 13.4: PKP Class Pd2 (Prussian S 4)
 Class 13.5: Prussian S 4
 Class 13.5II: PKP Class Pd5 (Prussian S 6)
 Class 13.10-12: Prussian S 6
 Class 13.16: Württemberg AD
 Class 13.17: Württemberg ADh
 Class 13.18: Oldenburg S 3 and Oldenburg S 5
 GNR Class J13, steam locomotives
 I-13-class submarine
 LSWR F13 class, steam locomotives
 MK13-class missile boat
 New South Wales Z13 class locomotive, steam locomotives
 No.13-class submarine chaser
 Number 13-class battleship
 Ro-13-class submarine
 South African Class NG G13 2-6-2+2-6-2, steam locomotives
 VR Class Dr13, diesel locomotives
 W-13-class minesweeper

See also
 Type 13 (disambiguation)
Class 14. Class 14 may refer to:

 The British Rail Class 14, a British diesel locomotive class
 C 14-class missile boat
 The DRG Class 14, a German steam locomotive class operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn with a 4-4-2 ("Atlantic") wheel arrangement. These were the:
 Class 14.0: Prussian S 8 and S 9
 Class 14.1: Palatine P 3 and Bavarian S 2/5
 Class 14.2: Saxon X V
 Class 14.3: Saxon X H1
 GER Class G14
 GNR Class J14
 GER Class Y14
 JNR Class DD14
 LNER Class C14
 LSWR C14 class
 LSWR E14 class
 LSWR G14 class
 LSWR P14 class
 LSWR T14 class
 Queensland A14 class locomotive
 South African Class 14E
 South African Class 14E1
 VR Class Dr14
 Watercat M14-class landing craft

See also
 Type 14 (disambiguation)
Class 15. Class 15 may refer to:

A15-class container ship
Belgian Railways Class 15
British Rail Class 15
DR Class V 15
DRG Class 15, which was used twice by the Deutsche Reichsbahn in its classification of steam locomotives:
In 1925 for the Bavarian S 2/6 express locomotive
In 1938 following the Anschluss of Austria for the Austrian Class 10 of the Federal Railway of Austria (BBÖ)
GER Class G15
GER Class M15
I-15-class submarine
JNR Class DD15
JNR Class DE15
JNR Class ED15
LSWR D15 class
LSWR H15 class
LSWR N15 class
LSWR S15 class
M15-class monitor
NSB El 15
PKP class SM15
Rhodesia Railways 15th class
South African Class 15F 4-8-2
South African Class NG15 2-8-2
SR N15X class

See also
 Type 15 (disambiguation)
Class 17. Class 17 may refer to:

APL-17-class barracks ship
British Rail Class 17, a British class of diesel locomotive
DRG Class 17, a German class of 4-6-0 tender locomotive
GWR 17 Class
LNER Class B17
New South Wales Z17 class locomotive, steam locomotive
NSB Cmb Class 17
NSB El 17, a Norwegian class of electric locomotive
R-17-class lifeboat
South African Class 17 4-8-0TT

See also

 
 Class (disambiguation)
 C17 (disambiguation)
 17 (disambiguation)
 Type 17 (disambiguation)
 Model 17 (disambiguation)
Intel Ct. Intel Ct is a programming model developed by Intel to ease the exploitation of its future multicore chips, as demonstrated by the Tera-Scale research program.

It is based on the exploitation of SIMD to produce automatically parallelized programs.

On August 19, 2009, Intel acquired RapidMind, a privately held company founded and headquartered in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. RapidMind and Ct combined into a successor named Intel Array Building Blocks (ArBB) released in September 2010.

References

External links
 The Official Ct Website at Intel (archived copy; see also https://web.archive.org/web/20090817022457/http://software.intel.com/en-us/data-parallel/)

SIMD computing
Ct
Nonode. A nonode is a type of thermionic valve that has nine active electrodes. The term most commonly applies to a seven-grid vacuum tube, also sometimes called an enneode. An example was the EQ80/UQ80, which was used as an FM quadrature detector. It was developed during the introduction of TV and FM radio and delivered an output voltage large enough to directly drive an end pentode while still allowing for some negative feedback. As most of the grids were tied together, even an 8-pin Rimlock base was sufficient in the case of the EQ40.

See also

References

Vacuum tubes

de:Elektronenröhre#Enneode
Teraflops Research Chip. Intel Teraflops Research Chip (codenamed Polaris) is a research manycore processor containing 80 cores, using a network-on-chip architecture, developed by Intel's Tera-Scale Computing Research Program. It was manufactured using a 65 nm CMOS process with eight layers of copper interconnect and contains 100 million transistors on a 275 mm2 die. Its design goal was to demonstrate a modular architecture capable of a sustained performance of 1.0 TFLOPS while dissipating less than 100 W. Research from the project was later incorporated into Xeon Phi. The technical lead of the project was Sriram R. Vangal.

The processor was initially presented at the Intel Developer Forum on September 26, 2006 and officially announced on February 11, 2007. A working chip was presented at the 2007 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, alongside technical specifications.

Architecture 
The chip consists of a 10x8 2D mesh network of cores and nominally operates at 4 GHz. Each core, called a tile (3 mm2), contains a processing engine and a 5-port wormhole-switched router (0.34 mm2) with mesochronous interfaces, with a bandwidth of 80 GB/s and latency of 1.25 ns at 4 GHz. The processing engine in each tile contains two independent, 9-stage pipeline, single-precision floating-point multiplyaccumulator (FPMAC) units, 3 KB of single-cycle instruction memory and 2 KB of data memory. Each FPMAC unit is capable of performing 2 single-precision floating-point operations per cycle. Each tile has thus an estimated peak performance of 16 GFLOPS at the standard configuration of 4 GHz. A 96-bit very long instruction word (VLIW) encodes up to eight operations per cycle. The custom instruction set includes instructions to send and receive packets into/from the chip's network and well as instructions for sleeping and waking a particular tile. Underneath each tile, a 256 KB SRAM module (codenamed Freya) was 3D stacked, thus bringing memory nearer to the processor to increase overall memory bandwidth to 1 TB/s, at the expense of higher cost, thermal stress and latency, and a small total capacity of 20 MB. The network of Polaris was shown to have a bisection bandwidth of 1.6 Tbit/s at 3.16 GHz and 2.92 Tbit/s at 5.67 GHz.

Other prominent features of the Teraflops Research chip include its fine-grained power management with 21 independent sleep regions on a tile and dynamic tile sleep, and very high energy efficiency with 27 GFLOPS/W theoretical peak at 0.6 V and 19.4 GFLOPS/W actual for stencil at 0.75 V.

Issues 
Intel aimed to help software development for the new exotic architecture by creating a new programming model, especially for the chip, called Ct. The model never gained the following Intel hoped for and has been eventually incorporated into Intel Array Building Blocks, a now defunct C++ library.

See also 
 Single-chip Cloud Computer
 Xeon Phi

Notes

References 

Intel microprocessors
Manycore processors
Very long instruction word computing
Jeannette Wing. Jeannette Marie Wing  is the Executive Vice President for Research at Columbia University, where she is also a professor of computer science. Prior to her appointment on September 1, 2021, she served as the Avanessians Director of the Data Science Institute at Columbia University. Until June 30, 2017, she was Corporate Vice President of Microsoft Research with oversight of its core research laboratories around the world and Microsoft Research Connections. Prior to 2013, she was the President's Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. She also served as assistant director for Computer and Information Science and Engineering at the NSF from 2007 to 2010. She was appointed the Columbia University executive vice president for research in 2021.

Background 
Wing earned her S.B. and S.M. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT in June 1979. Her advisers were Ronald Rivest and John Reiser. In 1983, she earned her Ph.D. in Computer Science at MIT under John Guttag. She is a fourth-degree black belt in Tang Soo Do.

Career and research 
Wing was on the faculty of the University of Southern California from 1982 to 1985 and then the faculty of Carnegie Mellon from 1985 to 2012. She served as the head of the Computer Science Department from 2004 to 2007 and from 2010 to 2012. In January 2013, she took a leave from Carnegie Mellon to work at Microsoft Research.

Wing has been a leading member of the formal methods community, especially in the area of Larch. She has led many research projects and has published widely.

With Barbara Liskov, she developed the Liskov substitution principle, published in 1993.

She has also been a strong promoter of computational thinking, expressing the algorithmic problem-solving and abstraction techniques used by computer scientists and how they might be applied in other disciplines.

She is a member of the editorial board of the following journals:
Foundations and Trends in Privacy and Security 
Journal of the ACM
Formal Aspects of Computing 
Formal Methods in System Design
International Journal of Software and Informatics
Journal of Information Science and Engineering
Software Tools for Technology Transfer

Recognition
Wing was named a Fellow of the IEEE in 2003, "for contributions to methods for software systems".

References

External links 
 Aaronson, Lauren, Q&A With: Jeannette Wing
 Jon Udell's Interviews with Innovators – Dr. Jeannette Wing

American computer scientists
Formal methods people
Living people
American women computer scientists
American academic journal editors
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Microsoft employees
MIT School of Engineering alumni
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Fellows of the IEEE
American academics of Chinese descent
1956 births
Molybdenum dioxide. Molybdenum dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula MoO. It is a violet-colored solid and is a metallic conductor. The mineralogical form of this compound is called tugarinovite, and is only very rarely found.

Structure
It crystallizes in a monoclinic cell, and has a distorted rutile, (TiO2) crystal structure. In TiO the oxide anions are close packed and titanium atoms occupy half of the octahedral interstices (holes). In MoO the octahedra are distorted, the Mo atoms are off-centre, leading to alternating short and long Mo – Mo distances and Mo-Mo bonding. The short Mo – Mo distance is 251 pm which is less than the Mo – Mo distance in the metal, 272.5 pm. The bond length is shorter than would be expected for a single bond. The bonding is complex and involves a delocalisation of some of the Mo electrons in a conductance band accounting for the metallic conductivity.

Preparation
MoO can be prepared :
by reduction of MoO3 with Mo over the course of 70 hours at .  The tungsten analogue, WO, is prepared similarly.
2 MoO  +  Mo → 3 MoO
by reducing MoO with H2 or NH3 below  

Single crystals are obtained by chemical transport using iodine.  Iodine reversibly converts MoO2 into the volatile species MoOI.

Uses
Molybdenum dioxide is a constituent of "technical molybdenum trioxide" produced during the industrial processing of MoS2:

2 MoS + 7 O → 2 MoO + 4 SO
MoS + 6 MoO → 7 MoO + 2 SO
2 MoO + O → 2 MoO

MoO has been reported as catalysing the dehydrogenation of alcohols, the reformation of hydrocarbons and biodiesel. Molybdenum nano-wires have been produced by reducing MoO deposited on graphite. Molybdenum dioxide has also been suggested as possible anode material for Li-ion batteries.

References

molybdenum(IV) compounds
transition metal oxides
Blériot VIII. The Blériot VIII was a French pioneer era aeroplane built by Louis Blériot, significant for its adoption of both a configuration and a control system that were to set a standard for decades to come.

Design and development
The previous year, Blériot had experimented with a tandem wing design, the Blériot VI, then built another aircraft, the Blériot VII, in which the rear wing was somewhat smaller than the front wing, and introduced the later Type XI's "bedstead", shock-absorbing and castoring main landing gear design. In the Blériot VIII, he reduced the size of the rear wing yet again, to the point where it was no longer contributing much in the way of lift, but had become the horizontal stabiliser. More novel was his adoption of a single control stick that would control both roll and pitch, while the rudder was controlled by a horizontal, centrally pivoted bar swung by the pilot's feet.  A similar control arrangement for roll and pitch control had been incorporated into an aircraft the previous year by Robert Esnault-Pelterie, but the Bleriot VIII was the first use in a single airframe of the combination of hand-operated joystick and foot-operated rudder control which is in use to the present day as the basic format of aerodynamic aircraft control systems.

Blériot found that the new aircraft flew very well, and for the first time he had sufficient control to fly in circles. He could also keep it aloft for up to eight minutes at a time. During the course of 1908, he modified it a number of times, calling the first major revision the VIII-bis and the next the VIII-ter. With this aircraft on June 29, Blériot claimed the second of three prizes being offered by the Automobile Club de France for a flight with an altitude of . Longer and longer flights followed: on October 21, he made one of , and ten days later flew  cross-country from Toury to Artenay and flew back again.

Specifications (VIII-ter)

References
Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 Devaux, Jean and Michel Marani. "Les Douze Premiers Aéroplanes de Louis Blériot". Pegase No 54, May 1989.

External links

 Nova: A Daring Flight
 earlyaviators.com

1900s French experimental aircraft
8
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1908
Blériot IX. 

The Blériot IX was an unsuccessful early French aeroplane built by Louis Blériot. Encouraged by the ever-increasing altitude, distance, and duration of flights with the Blériot VIII in 1908, he built a new machine along the same general lines, but heavier and with a more powerful engine. The Blériot IX was exhibited at the Paris Motor Show in December 1908, but the design proved overweight and could not be made to leave the ground.

Development
The aircraft was a wire-braced mid-winged monoplane with conventional landing gear and an open cockpit. The aircraft used two large vertically mounted steam radiators on each side. A unique feature for the time was an all-metal ground-adjustable four-blade propeller installation.

Specifications

References

External links 
 Nova: A Daring Flight
 earlyaviators.com

Further reading 
 
 

Single-engined tractor aircraft
1900s French experimental aircraft
9
Mid-wing aircraft
The Standard Procurement System. The Standard Procurement System (SPS) is a software suite developed during the 1990s, which provides front-office business services for acquisition professionals in the United States Department of Defense.

Program History 

SPS is an outgrowth of the DoD Corporate Information Management (CIM) initiatives in the early 1990s, and is intended to provide standard business processes and data management across disparate acquisition communities, including:
 Posts, camps, and stations
 Inventory Control Points
 Major Weapon Systems
 Contingency contracting

The Standard Procurement System initiative began in 1994 with a directive from the Director of Defense Procurement to standardize the then approximately 70 acquisition systems in use on a single platform. In August 1996, the SPS contract was awarded through a competitive process to American Management Systems. The contract directed AMS to build the Standard Procurement System through an incremental process on top of the company's existing Procurement Desktop - Defense (PD2) application.

SPS is one of the first DoD software acquisitions using Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part 12 - Acquisition of Commercial Items rules. One of the major drivers behind SPS was the use of Commercial off-the-shelf, or COTS, software. The software is  licensed rather than purchased outright, and at the time marked a major shift in acquisition strategy for DoD.  While DoD had previous experience in licensing software, it largely revolved around either desktop computing (operating systems, office automation products, etc.) or back-end servers (mainframe operating systems, relational database management systems, etc.). SPS is a business system and is licensed for 43,000 contracting officers and other acquisition professionals at DoD sites world-wide.

The deployment of SPS met with several challenges, including a stop-development order in 2002 from the US Government Accountability Office (GAO). The program resumed after establishing an internal requirements board, automating its integration capabilities, improving product documentation, and implementing a shift from a client-server architecture to a Web application architecture.

By 2008, SPS had been deployed on more than 23,000 desktops worldwide, and processed more than $131 billion in fiscal year (FY) 2006, up from $59.0 billion in FY 2004 

In 2020, the DoD Standard Procurement System (SPS), deployed using the Procurement Desktop-Defense (PD2) application was still widely in use by many agencies, although the change in technology environment and age led to intent to sunset, which was pushed out to at least 2020.

Acknowledgement
The SPS program has received several awards, including the Top Fed 100 award from Federal Computer Week (2003), the Grace Hopper Technology Leadership Award (2003), and CIO Magazine's CIO Enterprise Value Award (2005).

External links 
 Standard Procurement System Home Page 
 Standard Procurement System

References 

Government software
Federal government of the United States
United States defense procurement
Newtsuit. The Newtsuit is an atmospheric diving suit designed and originally built by Phil Nuytten.

The suit is used for work on ocean drilling rigs, pipelines, salvage jobs, and photographic surveys, and is standard equipment in many of the world's navies.

This aluminum hard suit has fully articulated, rotary joints in the arms and legs that give the pilot a great range of mobility. These joints operate freely at high pressures. At the time the suit was constructed, it was the first of its kind in this regard. The pilot can control objects and handle tools with manipulator jaws at the ends of the arms. Although the suit is certified to , it has been tested to .

The suit can be operated untethered, with a thruster pack that can be fitted to the suit. This allows mobility in mid-water. The Newtsuit navigates with foot controls. The left foot provides vertical control, with the right foot providing lateral control. Other equipment that can be attached includes twin video cameras, colour imaging sonar, and an AMS suit monitor system that transmits information to the surface, such as CO2, HPO (high pressure oxygen), O2%, depth, temperature, and cabin pressure.

Communication is achieved through digital voice/data transmission via water and umbilical cable.

Specifications
 Length: 162 – 193 cm (5'4" – 6'4")
 Beam: 76 cm (30")
 Weight: 
 Weight in water: −2 to −4 kg (−4 to −8 lbs) flying mode
 Hull: A356 cast aluminum
 Propulsion: two thruster packs (constant with variable pitch)
 Operational depth: 305 m (1000 ft) (tested to )
 Power: two electric 2.25 hp (at 400 Hz) electric motors, supplied by an umbilical cord to the surface ship, 5 hour emergency supply from battery
 Life support: closed circuit rebreather, (up to 48 hours) with fan powered CO2 scrubber, and a back-up emergency rebreather circulated by breathing.

Emergency equipment
In the event of an emergency, the suit is equipped with the following:
 Tether cutter
 37.5 kHz pinger
 Ballast jettison
 Xenon strobe
 Radio frequency beacon

Exosuit
The newest generation of this type of suit is called the Exosuit, also designed by Phil Nuytten.

References

External links
 Image and specifications of the Exosuit
 Images of other hard, atmospheric diving suit, including the WASP series
 
 Image of Canadian astronaut Julie Payette in Newtsuit

Environmental suits
Underwater diving environmental protection equipment
Underwater work equipment
Walter Minor. The Walter Minor is a family of four- and six-cylinder inverted inline air-cooled engines, developed under auspices of ing. Šimůnek and used on light aircraft.  First produced in 1929, the Minor engines' family has an advanced design for the period and sports steel cylinders, aluminum heads and overhead valves, with identical bore and stroke of  and , respectively. Typical power ratings varied from .  

After Walter concentrated on the turbine powerplants only, the production of piston engines has been transferred to the Avia company that further developed the family, bringing fuel injection, as the Avia M-137 and M-337. Nowadays the smallest of the family, the four-cylinder carburetted Minor, is produced by a small company in the Czech Republic, while the M337 was available from the LOM Prague.

Variants

4 Cylinder
Minor 4-I
Minor 4-II
Minor 4-III 
Minor 4-IIIS A 4-III fitted with a crankshaft driven supercharger.
Minor M 332 (4 cyl.)

6 Cylinder
Minor 6-I
Minor 6-II
Minor 6-III
Minor 6-IIIS A 6-III fitted with a crankshaft driven supercharger.
Minor M 337 (6 cyl.)

Others
Minor Sc.

Applications

Specifications (Minor 4-cylinder)

Data from: Oldengine.org

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. 
Oldengine.org

External links

Aircraft air-cooled inline piston engines
1920s aircraft piston engines
Inverted aircraft piston engines
Minor
Walter Atom. The  Walter Atom is an air-cooled horizontal two-cylinder engine used on light aircraft.  The Atom is a Czechoslovakian engine first produced in 1934.

Specifications (Atom)

See also

References

http://www.oldengine.org/members/diesel/Duxford/czechaer1.htm

Boxer engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
Atom
Air-cooled aircraft piston engines