omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Electron beam prober. The electron beam prober (e-beam prober) is a specialized adaption of a standard scanning electron microscope (SEM) that is used for semiconductor failure analysis. While a conventional SEM may be operated in a voltage range of 10–30 keV, the e-beam Prober typically operates at 1 keV. The e-beam prober is capable of measuring voltage and timing waveforms on internal semiconductor signal structures. Waveforms may be measured on metal line, polysilicon and diffusion structures that have an electrically active, changing signal. The operation of the prober is similar to that of a sampling oscilloscope. A continuously looping, repeating test pattern must be applied to the device-under-test (DUT). E-beam probers are used primarily for front side semiconductor analysis. With the advent of flip-chip technology, many e-beam probers have been replaced with back side analysis instruments.

Theory of operation
The e-beam prober generates an SEM image by raster-scanning a focused electron beam over a selected region of the semiconductor surface. The high energy electrons in the primary beam strike the surface of the silicon, producing a number of low energy secondary electrons. The secondary electrons are guided back up through the SEM column to a detector. The varying numbers of secondary electrons reaching the detector are interpreted to produce the SEM image.

During waveform acquisition mode, the primary electron beam is focused on a single point on the device surface. As the DUT cycles through its test pattern, the signal at the point being probed changes. The signal changes produce a corresponding change in the local electric field surrounding the point being probed. This affects the number of secondary electrons that escape the device surface and reach the detector. Since electrons are negatively charged, a conductor at a +5 volt potential inhibits the escape of electrons, while a 0 volt potential allows a greater number of electrons to reach the detector. By monitoring these changes in potential, a voltage and timing waveform may be produced for the signal at the point being probed.

References 
 

Electron beam
Reliability engineering
Semiconductor analysis
Patent engineer. A patent engineer or patent scientist is a patent professional who is typically involved in preparing and prosecuting patent applications. The terms are usually applied to patent professionals with scientific or engineering backgrounds that do not require either attorney or patent agent qualifications, but still work with patent applications. In general, the position involves many of the technical aspects of patent prosecution, including doing background and prior art searches, preparing the description and drawings for patent applications, and giving technical expertise during invention evaluation. Positions of this nature may focus a great deal on research and development while including patent considerations, emphasizing their technical background rather than legal or patent agent qualification.

Patent scientists and engineers often pursue either patent agent qualification and/or attend law school (this applies in the U.S. but not in Europe) to become patent attorneys.

See also 
 Patent attorney and patent agent
 Patent examiner
 Law clerk
 New product development

References 

Legal professions
Scientist, patent
Engineering occupations
C6H6Cl6. {{DISPLAYTITLE:C6H6Cl6}}
The molecular formula C6H6Cl6 may refer to:

Hexachlorocyclohexane
alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane
beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane
gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane, a.k.a. Lindane, a pesticide
Polyvinylidene chloride
Faux bois. Faux bois (from the French for false wood) refers to the artistic imitation of wood or wood grains in various media. The craft has roots in the Renaissance with trompe-l'œil. It was probably first crafted with concrete using an iron armature by garden craftsmen in France called "rocailleurs" using common iron materials: rods, barrel bands, and chicken wire. 

Early examples of the craft survive at Parc des Buttes-Chaumont opened for an exposition in Paris in 1867. In 1873, the inventor of ferrocement, Joseph Monier expanded his patents to include bridges. He designed the first bridge of reinforced concrete, crossing the moat at the Chateau Chazelet, in France. It was sculpted to resemble timbers and logs. 

Ferrocement faux bois uses a combination of concrete, mortar and grout applied to a steel frame or armature to sculpt lifelike representations of wooden objects. Final sculpting can be done while the mixture is wet, in a putty state, or slightly stiff.  Techniques vary among artisans.  Most popular in the late 19th century through the 1940s, ferrocement faux bois has largely disappeared with the passing of those most expert in its practice. What few objects remain from that peak period (mostly in the form of garden art, such as planters and birdbaths) are now highly prized by collectors.

In Mexico and Texas, this style is sometimes known as "el trabajo rústico" (the rustic work). It is often characterized by a more realistic look in both composition and coloring, as well as a more finely detailed finish than comparable European work. One highly regarded artist who worked in this style was Dionicio Rodriguez, a Mexican who relocated to Texas in the early 1920s. Although Rodriguez is not widely known, his large-scale faux bois installations have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Dionicio's great-nephew Carlos Cortes is one of the handful of artists still creating faux bois today.

Adrian Janes of Janes, Beebe & Company produced some of the earliest mass-produced cast iron benches and chairs using the faux bois style, an example of which is held by the Smithsonian Institution as inventory no. 1980.006.

See also 
 Faux painting
 Graining

References 

Artistic techniques
Crafts
Cement
Concrete
Sculpture materials
Concrete sculptures
Client Puzzle Protocol. Client Puzzle Protocol (CPP) is a computer algorithm for use in Internet communication, whose goal is to make abuse of server resources infeasible. It is an implementation of a proof-of-work system (PoW).

The idea of the CPP is to require all clients connecting to a server to correctly solve a mathematical puzzle before establishing a connection, if the server is under attack. After solving the puzzle, the client would return the solution to the server, which the server would quickly verify, or reject and drop the connection. The puzzle is made simple and easily solvable but requires at least a minimal amount of computation on the client side.  Legitimate users would experience just a negligible computational cost, but abuse would be deterred:  those clients that try to simultaneously establish a large number of connections would be unable to do so because of the computational cost (time delay).  This method holds promise in fighting some types of spam as well as other attacks like denial-of-service.

See also

Computer security
Intrusion-prevention system
Proof-of-work system
Hashcash
Guided tour puzzle protocol

References

External links 
RSA press release about client puzzles
Client Puzzles: A Cryptographic Countermeasure Against Connection Depletion Attacks
New Client Puzzle Outsourcing Techniques for DoS Resistance

Computer network security
Riso Kagaku Corporation. is a Japanese corporation which is the inventor, manufacturer, and distributor of the RISO Printer-Duplicator, a.k.a. Risograph.  This device automatically creates a stencil-type master (from a paper original or digital file), thereby enabling it reproduce single-colour documents at high speed and low cost, in a machine that has a small footprint and a relatively low purchase price.
  
The firm was established in Tokyo, Japan, where it continues to maintain its headquarters today.  With sales in over 150 countries, Riso is a billion-dollar company.  The company maintains a foundation that donates equipment around the world primarily to educational institutions.
  
In Japanese, 'Riso' means 'ideal' and the word 'Kagaku' means 'science.'
 
Noboru Hayama, the company's founder, started his business by mixing inks at his kitchen sink just after World War II, and in 1946 established a mimeograph printing company, whose first product was its signature duplicator. Over the next few years, Mr. Hayama expanded his company to the area of manufactured emulsion inks, stencil masters, and other duplicating products.

Sponsorships
The company sponsors the J.League football club Kashima Antlers with the RISO logo appearing on the back of the club's shirt.

See also

Gocco

References

External links
 Riso Kagaku Japanese homepage
 Riso Kagaku English homepage
 US Riso Kagaku homepage
 United Kingdom Direct division homepage
(in German) RISO (Deutschland) GmbH homepage

Computer printer companies
Computer companies of Japan
Computer hardware companies
Technology companies of Japan
Electronics companies of Japan
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 1946
Japanese companies established in 1946
Japanese brands
VIA pc-1 Initiative. The VIA pc-1 Initiative is a project of VIA Technologies, established in January 2005, to help bridge the digital divide by developing information and communication technology (ICT) systems to benefit those who currently do not have computers or Internet access.

Aims

The project sought to increase individual PC and Internet access for those who could afford it, and community access for those who couldn't, via community access deployments in schools, offices, libraries, Internet cafes, village kiosks, and telecenters. The project also sought to enable PC and Internet access in remote regions. 
In January 2006 a development center was opened in Mumbai.

Design concepts

The system platform architecture includes processors built by IBM using a 90-nanometer silicon on insulator (SOI) process with a VIA digital media chipset.

Systems

VIA provides reference designs, but vendors use different brand names. Examples include iDot pc-1 systems in Taiwan, Longmeng pc-1 systems in China, Geniac pc-1 systems in Nigeria, Sico pc-1 systems in Egypt, and Alaska pc-1 systems in Mexico.

The pc1000 and pc1500 platforms were described in 2006, using the VIA C3 processors. The pc3500 was introduced in August 2007 using the VIA C7.

Projects
As a part of the pc-1 Initiative, VIA became involved in digital inclusion projects. These include working alongside the Geekcorps in Mali to design a computer for hot dusty conditions, as well as donating low-powered computers for use in Mali desert radio stations.

VIA worked with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Digital Opportunity Center (ADOC) to bridge the digital divide in emerging markets within Pacific Rim countries. One project includes donating 20 systems for use in the VIA pc-1 ICT Center at the Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) in the Northern Mountainous Area (NMA) of Vietnam. VIA worked with ADOC and the Institute for Information Industry (Taiwan) on an affordable computing advocacy project.

VIA works with the Samoan Ministry of ICT to establish Samoa's first solar powered information center, arranging for solar cells and computers to be provided.

In South Africa, VIA worked with Ikamvayouth in several projects - most recently providing computers and thin clients for a tuXlab IT center at the Nazeema Isaacs Library in Khayelitsha.

See also
 One Laptop per Child, also called "$100 Laptop Project" or "XO-1"
 Classmate PC, from  Intel World Ahead program
 Personal Internet Communicator
 Simputer

References

External links
 VIA pc-1 Initiative
 VIA Clean Computing
 VIA pc-1 community website

Appropriate technology
Information and communication technologies for development
VIA Technologies
First Flight Airport. First Flight Airport  is a public use airport located  west of the central business district of Kill Devil Hills, a town in Dare County, North Carolina, United States. The airport is owned by the U.S. National Park Service. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

The airport itself is famous for being the site of hundreds of pre-flight gliding experiments carried out by the Wright brothers. The Wright Brothers National Memorial, located atop nearby Kill Devil Hill, is a 60-foot granite pylon paying homage to the Wright Brothers and the first sustained heavier-than-air flight. The U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission also chose the airport as one of the stops for the National Air Tour 2003.

History
On December 17, 1903, the first successful powered heavier-than-air aircraft flight occurred here, conducted by the Wright brothers.

Facilities and aircraft 
First Flight Airport covers an area of 40 acres (16 ha) at an elevation of 13 feet (4 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 3/21 with an asphalt surface measuring . For the 12-month period ending April 18, 2018, the airport had 37,500 aircraft operations, an average of about 103 per day: 99% general aviation and 1% military.

See also
 List of airports in North Carolina

References

External links

 U.S. National Park Service: Wright Brothers National Memorial
  at North Carolina DOT airport guide
 Aerial image as of March 1993 from USGS The National Map

Airports in North Carolina
Airports established in 1903
Transportation in Dare County, North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Dare County, North Carolina
Outer Banks
National Park Service areas in North Carolina
1903 establishments in North Carolina
Paraconical pendulum. The paraconical pendulum is a type of pendulum invented in the 1950s by Maurice Allais, a French researcher. During the 1950s, Maurice Allais conducted six marathon series of long-term observations, during each of which his team manually operated and manually monitored his pendulum non-stop over about a month. The objective was to investigate possible changes over time of the characteristics of the motion, hypothesized to yield information about asymmetries of inertial space (sometimes described as "aether flow").

Characterization and experiments
The defining feature of the "paraconical" or "ball-borne" pendulum is that the pendulum's fulcrum is the changing point of contact between a spherical metal ball and a flat surface on which the ball rests. The pendulum therefore loses energy to rolling friction but not sliding friction, and is able to swing freely in both dimensions (forward-backward and side-to-side), similar to an ordinary conical pendulum. The main difference between a paraconical pendulum and an ordinary conical pendulum is the size of the ball involved: shrinking the ball down to a point produces an ordinary conical pendulum.

Typically a paraconical pendulum is built as a solid body with a stiff rod, rather than with a flexible wire or cord. If an accurately spherical ball and an accurately planar flat are used, a paraconical pendulum is a highly sensitive instrument.

As with the conical Foucault pendulum, a paraconical pendulum will be affected by the rotation of the Earth; but the changing fulcrum point makes the behavior of this dynamical system rather more complex. As first noted by Allais, and now confirmed by modern researchers, its motion exhibits a 24.8-hour cyclic pattern.

See also
 Allais effect, a claim asserted by Maurice Allais of anomalous behavior of his pendulum during a partial solar eclipse in 1954
 Double pendulum

External links
 Göde Wissenschafts Stiftung Website: Description of recent experiments with a modern automated paraconical pendulum.
 Video of another modern automatic paraconical pendulum.
 Maurice Allais, Ten Notes published (in French) in the Proceedings of the French Academy of Sciences (Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences), dated 4/11/57, 13/11/57, 18/11/57, 13/5/57, 4/12/57, 25/11/57, 3/11/58, 22/12/58, 9/2/59, and 19/1/59, some translated into English.
 

Pendulums
ClearSpeed. ClearSpeed Technology Ltd was a semiconductor company, formed in 2002 to develop enhanced SIMD processors for use in high-performance computing and embedded systems. Based in Bristol, UK, the company has been selling its processors since 2005. Its current 192-core CSX700 processor was released in 2008, but a lack of sales has forced the company to downsize and it has since delisted from the London stock exchange.

Products
The CSX700 processor consists of two processing arrays, each with 96 processing elements. The processing elements each contain a 32/64-bit floating point multiplier, a 32/64-bit floating point adder, 6 KB of SRAM, an integer arithmetic logic unit, and a 16-bit integer multiply–accumulate unit. It currently sells its CSX700 processor on a PCI Express expansion card with 2 GB of memory, called the Advance e710. The card is supplied with the ClearSpeed Software Development Kit and application libraries.

Related multi-core architectures include Ambric, PicoChip, Cell BE, Texas Memory Systems, and GPGPU stream processors such as AMD FireStream and Nvidia Tesla. ClearSpeed competes with AMD and Nvidia in the hardware acceleration market, where computationally intensive applications offload tasks to the accelerator. As of 2009, only the ClearSpeed e710 performs 64-bit arithmetic at its peak computational rate.

History
 In November 2003 ClearSpeed demonstrated the CS301, with 64 processing elements running at 200 MHz, and peak 25.6 FP32 GFLOPS.
 In June 2005 ClearSpeed demonstrated the CSX600, with 96 processing elements running at 210 MHz, capable of 40 GFLOPS.
 In September 2005 John Gustafson joined ClearSpeed as CTO of high performance computing.
 In November 2005 ClearSpeed made its first significant sale of CSX600 processors to the Tokyo Institute of Technology using X620 Advance cards.
 In November 2006 ClearSpeed X620 Advance cards helped place the Tsubame cluster 7th in the TOP500 list of supercomputers. The cards continue to be used in 2009.
 In September 2007 ClearSpeed licensed its next generation processor to BAE Systems for inclusion in satellite systems.
 In February 2007 ClearSpeed raised £20 million in share placing on the AIM market.
 In June 2008 ClearSpeed released the CSX700, combining two CSX600 devices with a PCI Express x16 interface and ECC on all memories, using a lower power 90 nm process. The device delivers 96 GFLOPS for 9 watts with 192 processing elements running at 250 MHz. The device was also released on the Advance e710 card at the same time.
 In February 2009 ClearSpeed announced a cost-cutting programme following poor financial results for 2008.
 In July 2009 ClearSpeed delisted from the London Stock Exchange and returned £6.9 million to its shareholders.
 In August 2009 ClearSpeed made its most significant sale through high performance and heterogeneous compute specialists PetaPath.

References

External links
ClearSpeed Official site (seem defunct / not working URL.)
https://books.google.com/books?id=bAeFGuNtGOAC&pg=PA105&dq=ClearSpeed

Coprocessors
Embedded systems
SIMD computing
Supercomputers
Parc André-Citroën. Parc André-Citroën is a  public park located on the left bank of the river Seine in the 15th arrondissement of Paris.

Built on the site of a former Citroën automobile manufacturing plant, the park is named after company founder André Citroën.  When it opened in 1992, it was the largest park to open in Paris in more than a century.

History
In 1915, Citroën built its factory on the banks of the Seine where it operated until the 1970s. At that time,  were vacated and subsequently addressed in Paris' urban plan, ultimately giving rise to the Parc André Citroën. The park was designed beginning of the 1990s by the French landscape designers Gilles Clément and Alain Provost and the architects Patrick Berger, Jean-François Jodry and Jean-Paul Viguier.

Design

The park is built around a central, rectangular lawn of roughly 273 by 85 metres (895' x 279') in size. It is embellished with two greenhouse pavilions (hosting exotic plants and Mediterranean vegetation) at the eastern, urban end which are separated by a paved area featuring dancing fountains. The south edge of the lawn is bounded by a monumental canal — the "Jardin des Métamorphoses" — composed of an elevated reflecting pool that reaches through granite guard houses, lined by a suspended walkway. On the north side are two sets of small gardens: the six "Serial Gardens", each with a distinct landscape and architectural design and a "Garden in Movement" that presents wild grasses selected to respond at different rates to wind velocity. A 630-meter (690 yard) diagonal path cuts through the park.

Since 1999, the park has hosted the Paris Balloon (Ballon Generali), a tethered helium balloon which under optimal weather conditions can lift a maximum of 30 visitors 300 meters (1000') above Paris. The ten-minute ride provides views of the Champ de Mars, the River Seine, Basilica of the Sacré Cœur and the Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral.

The six serial gardens are each associated with a metal, a planet, a day of the week, a state of the water and a sense:
 The blue garden: copper, Venus, Friday, rain, and the sense of smell,
 The green garden: tin, Jupiter, Thursday, spring water, and the sense of hearing.
 The orange garden: mercury (the metal), Mercury (the planet), Wednesday, creeks, and the sense of touch.
 The red garden: iron, Mars, Tuesday, waterfalls, and the sense of taste.
 The silver garden: silver, the Moon, Monday, rivers, and sight.
 The golden garden: gold, the Sun, Sunday, evaporation, and the 6th sense.

The white garden and black garden (of 1 and 2 hectares; 2½ and 5 acres respectively) are detached from the main 11-hectare (27 acre) section of the park.

See also
History of Parks and Gardens of Paris

References

External links

 Parc André-Citroën - Paris.fr 
 MIT Case Study: Parc André Citroën

Buildings and structures in the 15th arrondissement of Paris
Andre Citroen, Parc
Landscape architecture
Landscape design history
Protected areas established in 1992