omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Prism paralleloscope. A prism paralleloscope is a piece kit used by artillery units as a gun aiming point. It is a type of paralleloscope that uses a prism instead of a plain mirror. Its purpose was to function as an aiming point in the horizontal plane when laying for indirect fire artillery.

Description 
The prism paralleloscope entered service with the British Army in the late 1950s. It was permanently fitted in a fibre-glass case with a lid. This case was mounted on two short metal vertical poles so that it was about  above the ground, these vertical poles were held together by two horizontal rods slightly shorter than the paralleloscope case. Once mounted the lid of the case provided a 'canopy' above the paralleloscope.

Paralleloscopes entered British service in the 1920s-1930s. These early versions were a mirror about  long and  wide, mounted on a tripod about  high and positioned a few yards (or meters) away from and to the side of a gun on its dial sight side. Each gun in a battery had at least one. When a gun was oriented in its centre of arc it recorded the paralleloscope as one of its aiming points (other types of aiming point were a distinctive distant topographical feature or a pair of aiming posts).

With a paralleloscope the gun layer set the zero line deflection or bearing of fire on his dial sight and aimed his sight at its reflection in the paralleloscope. As the gun fire and its trail(s) bedded in and the gun moved back, the reflected image of the sight moved along the paralleloscope. It was particularly useful at night because it removed the need for aiming points with lights attached to them. If the gun had a very wide arc of fire then more than one paralleloscope was required for each gun.

References 

Artillery components
Spin coating. Spin coating is a procedure used to deposit uniform thin films onto flat substrates. Usually a small amount of coating material in liquid form is applied on the center of the substrate, which is either spinning at low speed or not spinning at all. The substrate is then rotated at speeds up to 10,000 rpm to spread the coating material by centrifugal force. A machine used for spin coating is called a spin coater, or simply spinner.

Rotation is continued while the fluid spins off the edges of the substrate, until the desired thickness of the film is achieved. The applied solvent is usually volatile, and simultaneously evaporates. The higher the angular speed of spinning, the thinner the film. The thickness of the film also depends on the viscosity and concentration of the solution, and the solvent. Pioneering theoretical analysis of spin coating was undertaken by Emslie et al., and has been extended by many subsequent authors (including Wilson et al., who studied the rate of spreading in spin coating; and Danglad-Flores et al., who found a universal description to predict the deposited film thickness).

Spin coating is widely used in microfabrication of functional oxide layers on glass or single crystal substrates using sol-gel precursors, where it can be used to create uniform thin films with nanoscale thicknesses. It is used intensively in photolithography, to deposit layers of photoresist about 1 micrometre thick. Photoresist is typically spun at 20 to 80 revolutions per second for 30 to 60 seconds. It is also widely used for the fabrication of planar photonic structures made of polymers. 

One advantage to spin coating thin films is the uniformity of the film thickness. Owing to self-leveling, thicknesses do not vary more than 1%. The thickness of films produced in this manner may also affect the optical properties of such materials. This is important for electrochemical testing, specifically when recording absorbance readings from Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy, since thicker films have lower optical transmittance and typically do not allow light to shine through in comparison to thinner films allowing light to go through before the optical density of the film becomes too low. Additionally, films with lower absorbance quality are not as ideal of candidates for processes such as Cyclic Voltammetry because the low absorbance hinders electrochemical tuning of cations when in an electrochemical cell. Thinner films in this regard have more desirable optical properties that can be tuned for energy storage technologies because of their spin coated influenced properties. However, spin coating thicker films of polymers and photoresists can result in relatively large edge beads whose planarization has physical limits.

References

Further reading 
  S. Middleman and A.K. Hochberg. "Process Engineering Analysis in Semiconductor Device Fabrication". McGraw-Hill, p. 313 (1993)

External links 
  Spin Coating of Thin and Ultrathin Polymer Films
  Deposition of polymer films by spin casting: A quantitative analysis

Industrial processes
Semiconductor device fabrication
Thin film deposition
USS Lamson (DD-328). USS Lamson (DD-328) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding  although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two  1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Lamson, named for American Civil War naval hero Roswell Lamson, was laid down 13 August 1919 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, San Francisco, California; launched 1 September 1920; sponsored by Miss Annette Rolph; and commissioned 19 April 1921.

After shakedown, Lamson was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet, arriving Charleston, South Carolina, 28 December 1921. From 1921 to 1925, the destroyer operated along the east coast and in the Caribbean, participating in fleet maneuvers, war games, and reserve training cruises.

Assigned to the U.S. Naval Forces in Europe, Lamson departed Boston, Massachusetts 18 June 1925 for operations in European and Mediterranean waters. Returning to the United States 1 year later, Lamson rejoined the Scouting Fleet and resumed exercises and maneuvers along the Atlantic coast and in the Caribbean.

Fate
The destroyer continued these operations until she decommissioned at Philadelphia 1 May 1930. Lamson was sold 17 January 1931 to Boston Iron & Metal Company, Baltimore, and scrapped 18 October 1934.

Notes

References

External links
http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/328.htm

Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in San Francisco
1920 ships
Ships built by Union Iron Works
Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil. Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil (; 3 November 1856 – 27 April 1913) was a French chemist who invented the first commercially viable process for the manufacture of synthetic gemstones. In 1902 he discovered the "flame fusion" process, called the Verneuil process, which is an inexpensive method of making artificial corundum, or rubies and sapphires.

Biography 

Verneuil was born in Dunkirk, France, in 1856. He was the son of a watchmaker-mechanic. When he was 17, chemist Edmond Frémy accepted him as a laboratory assistant. He received his bachelor's degree in 1875, his master's in 1880 and his PhD in 1886. In 1892 he became a professor of applied chemistry in the organic chemistry section of the Museum of Natural History in Paris, where he worked for 13 years. His first publication was with L. Bourgeois in 1880 on the preparation of crystalline hydrous iron arsenate. He studied methods to synthesize ruby, the chemistry of selenium, the phosphorescence of zincblende, the chemistry of rare earth elements, the purification of glycerine and the production of high refractive index glass. He also taught chemistry at various high schools and colleges.

Verneuil began working on the synthesis of rubies by flame fusion as far back as 1886 and came to a result within six years, depositing his sealed notes at the Paris Academy of Science in 1891 and 1892, but only announcing his discovery in 1902. The process which bears his name remains in use today as an inexpensive means of making artificial corundum, or rubies and sapphires.

References

External links
A schematic description of the Verneuil Process

People from Dunkirk
1856 births
1913 deaths
19th-century French chemists
Rare earth scientists
20th-century French chemists
Pilot 1000. The Pilot 1000 and Pilot 5000 are the first generations of PDAs produced by Palm Computing (then a subsidiary of U.S. Robotics). It was introduced in March 1996.

The Pilot uses a Motorola 68328 processor at 16 MHz, and had  128 kB (Pilot 1000) or 512 kB (Pilot 5000) built in Random-access memory.

The PDA has a plastic case (various colors). Its dimensions are 120x80x18 mm and weight is 160 grams. The Pilot has a 160x160 pixel monochrome LCD tactile panel, with a "Graffiti input zone" presented in the bottom third of the screen. Underneath the screen sits a green on/off button, four applications buttons (Date Book, Address Book, To Do List, and Memo Pad) and two scroll buttons. At left, contrast control. At right top, stylus slot. On the back of the device there is a Memory Slot door, Reset button, battery compartment (held two AAA batteries) and Serial Port (for use with the PalmPilot Cradle).

Memory is kept in a "memory slot" under a plastic cover at the back top of the PDA. A 512 kB ROM chip stores the Palm OS 1.0 and resident applications. RAM is available in 128 kB, 512 kB or 1 MB; with a PalmPilot Professional memory card, up to 2 MB of RAM. Hardware limit is 12 MB of RAM and 4 MB of ROM.

After a calibration test presented during the initial power up, the Pilot would boot and be ready for use and synchronization. Connecting and synchronizing the PDA was initially done through a utility called Pilot Desktop. For the PC, Pilot Desktop was distributed either on 3½ inch disk or on CD-ROM (according to an original floppy disk set, v1.0 was for Windows 95 and included a tutorial disk and two win32s disks for Windows 3.1; v2.0 was for Windows 95 and Windows NT). A version of Pilot Desktop (renamed to Palm Desktop) now exists for use with the Mac platform and open source support exists for use on Linux distributions (one of the preferred development platforms for Palm OS), as well.

Lawsuits

Palm, Inc. was sued by the Pilot pen company for using the name "Pilot".  Palm was later involved in a legal battle where Xerox filed suit for David Goldberg's "Unistroke" patent.

See also
Palm (PDA)

References
3Com Palm Pilot Hardware Book (PDF)
3Com Mac Desktop Handbook (PDF)

External links
 Palm Pilot 1000 Retrospective (from 2006)
 Memory Modules
 Pilot Desktop 1.0

Palm OS devices
Computer-related introductions in 1996
Products introduced in 1996
68k-based mobile devices
John Edson Sweet. John Edson Sweet (Pompey, New York, October 21, 1832 – Syracuse, New York, May 8, 1916) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor, professor, businessman and president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers from 1884–1885. He is known for building the first micrometer caliper in 1873, for making tools, and for inventing the "straight line" engine.

Biography 
Born in Pompey, New York in 1832, Sweet got only some schooling at the district school. He started working young as a farm hand, became a carpenter's apprentice, and settled as architect and builder in the South.

At the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 he returned to the North. From 1862 to 1864 Sweet worked as mechanical draftsman in England, and upon his return to the States was engaged in bridge building and invented several things. At the Paris Exhibition of 1867 he introduced a linotype machine.

From 1873 to 1878 he was professor of practical mechanics at the Sibley College of Mechanic Arts of Cornell University, which he also headed. Afterwards he was founding president of straight line engine works. At the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 he was expert for the government, and one of the jurors on machine tools. 

In 1880 Sweet was a key founder of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and its third president in the year 1884–1885. In 1914 the ASME awarded him the John Fritz Medal "for his achievements in machine design, and for his pioneer work in applying sound engineering principles to the construction and development of the high-speed steam engine." In 1914 he also received the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering from Syracuse University.

In 1894, Sweet admitted that his relatives had carved the Pompey stone as a hoax.

Publications 
 
 

Patents, a selection
 Patent US 121261, Improvement in the manufacture of guards for harvesting-machines, 1871
 Patent US 261967, tool post for lathe, 1881
 Patent US 532296, steam and water separator, 1884–85
 Patent US 624575, Steam-separator, 1896–98
 Patent US 682507, Changeable-speed gearing, 1899–1901

References

Further reading

External links 
 

1832 births
1916 deaths
American mechanical engineers
Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
John Fritz Medal recipients
Molecular electronic transition. In theoretical chemistry, molecular electronic transitions take place when electrons in a molecule are excited from one energy level to a higher energy level. The energy change associated with this transition provides information on the structure of the molecule and determines many of its properties, such as colour. The relationship between the energy involved in the electronic transition and the frequency of radiation is given by Planck's relation.

Organic molecules and other molecules
The electronic transitions in organic compounds and some other compounds can be determined by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, provided that transitions in the ultraviolet (UV) or visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum exist for the compound. Electrons occupying a HOMO (highest-occupied molecular orbital) of a sigma bond (σ) can get excited to the LUMO (lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital) of that bond. This process is denoted as a  transition. Likewise, promotion of an electron from a pi-bonding orbital (π) to an antibonding pi orbital (π*) is denoted as a  transition. Auxochromes with free electron pairs (denoted as "n") have their own transitions, as do aromatic pi bond transitions.  Sections of molecules which can undergo such detectable electron transitions can be referred to as chromophores, since such transitions absorb electromagnetic radiation (light), which may be hypothetically perceived as color somewhere in the electromagnetic spectrum.  The following molecular electronic transitions exist:

In addition to these assignments, electronic transitions also have so-called bands associated with them. The following bands are defined (by A. Burawoy in 1930):
The R-band ();
The K-band ();
The B-band (from benzoic);
The E-band (from ethylenic).

For example, the absorption spectrum for ethane shows a  transition at 135 nm and that of water a  transition at 167 nm with an extinction coefficient of 7,000. Benzene has three  transitions; two E-bands at 180 and 200 nm and one B-band at 255 nm with extinction coefficients respectively 60,000, 8,000 and 215. These absorptions are not narrow bands but are generally broad because the electronic transitions are superimposed on the other molecular energy states.

Solvent shifts
The electronic transitions of molecules in solution can depend strongly on the type of solvent with additional bathochromic shifts or hypsochromic shifts.

Line spectra
Spectral lines are associated with atomic electronic transitions and polyatomic gases have their own absorption band system.

See also
Atomic electron transition
Resonance Raman spectroscopy

References

Spectroscopy
Quantum mechanics
The Universal Robot Band. The Universal Robot Band was an American music group comprising Gregory Carmichael, Patrick Adams, Leroy Burgess, Gregory Tolbert and Woody Cunningham.

The band was formed by Patrick Adams and Greg Carmichael in 1976. Their debut single, "Dance and Shake Your Tambourine" which featured Gregory Tolbert on keyboards, peaked at No. 25 on the Dance/Club Play Singles chart, #48 on the R&B Singles chart and No. 93 on the Hot 100.

The band consisted of the members of Kleeer - Woody Cunningham (vocals/drums), Richard Lee (vocals/guitar), Paul Crutchfield (vocals/percussion) and Norman Durham (vocals/bass/keyboards) - when they accepted an offer to effectively become the studio group in 1976 while they transformed themselves from rock band Pipeline. They toured and recorded as the Universal Robot Band for two years before deciding to set out on their own again, as Kleeer.

Discography

Studio albums
 Dance and Shake Your Tambourine (1977)
 Freak in the Light of the Moon (1978)

Singles

References

External links

Leroy Burgess interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' September 2010

American boogie musicians
American dance music groups
American rhythm and blues musical groups
Iran Combine Manufacturing Company. Iran Combine Manufacturing Company (ICM) () is the largest combine manufacturer in the Middle East that is located in Arak. ICM was established in 1969 under license of American John Deere.

History
Iran combine Manufacturing Co. was established and registered in 1969 under the name of Jansaz (Ltd) and started production of agricultural machinery with a capacity of 20,000 tones per annum.

In 1970, the company was sold to a consortium led by American company John Deere, eventually changing its name to "Iran John Deere". However, in 1982, the company's ownership was changed to a joint stock share.

Operations
In 2008, Managing director of Iran Combine Manufacturing said that China had announced readiness to establish a joint venture in the company.

ICM products have been exported to China since 1984, and since then, the company's distribution network has expanded to include Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Uzbekistan, Zimbabwe, Spain and Venezuela.

References

External links
Iran Combine Manufacturing Company

Iranian brands
Companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange

Companies based in Arak
Iranian companies established in 1969
Manufacturing companies of Iran
Agriculture companies of Iran
Iranian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
John R. Hauser. John Richard Hauser is the Kirin Professor of Marketing and Head of the Marketing Group at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is one of the founders of the field of Marketing Science and was Editor-in-Chief of the academic journal Marketing Science from 1989 to 1995.

He holds S.B. and S.M.in EECS from MIT, both earned in 1973. He also earned an S.M. in Civil & Environmental Engineering from MIT, in 1973. . Advised by John D.C. Little, he received his Sc.D. from MIT after publishing his dissertation in operations research in 1975.

He was elected to the 2006 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.

References

External links
 Official Site

Living people
MIT Sloan School of Management faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Keiji Tachikawa. is the president of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

Keiji Tachikawa was born in Gifu Prefecture on May 27, 1939. He graduated from University of Tokyo, Department of Electrical Engineering
School of Engineering, in 1962. In 1978, he earned an MBA from the MIT Sloan School of Management. In 1982, he earned a Ph.D Engineering degree in University of Tokyo.

Tachikawa joined Nippon Telegraph & Telephone (NTT) in 1962 as a young engineering graduate. He later joined NTT's subsidiary, NTT DoCoMo, and served as its president from 1998 to 2004.

In 2004, Tachikawa became president of JAXA, to restructure the agency after a 2003 H-IIA rocket launch failure.

References

External links
http://www.nikkei.co.jp/summit/99summit/speaker/tacikawa.html
http://www10.org/keynoters/tachikawa.html

MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Japanese chief executives
MIT Sloan Fellows
1939 births
Living people
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
People from Gifu Prefecture
University of Tokyo alumni
Elmer Beseler Harris. Elmer Beseler Harris (April 8, 1939 – December 23, 2019) was an American businessman and political strategist.

Elmer Harris was born in Chilton County, Alabama, to Alton and Lera Mae (Mitchell) Harris. After getting a BS degree in engineering from Auburn University in 1962, he began a 25-year career with the USAF and the ANG. After completing Air Force Flight School in 1964, he returned to Auburn to get both his MS in engineering (1968) and his M.B.A. (1970). He also attended the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base in 1970 and the Air War College in 1985. He was a retired USAF Command Pilot and brigadier general in the Alabama Air National Guard. Harris served as honorary consul general of Japan. Harris was inducted into the Alabama Business Hall of Fame in 2007 as well as the Alabama Engineering Hall Of Fame in 1996.

Harris created the Alabama Power Foundation and funded it at $150 million, the largest foundation in Alabama. He also created the Economic Development Partnership of Alabama, a group of businesses working together with state governments to win major economic development projects, such as attracting and winning the first Mercedes plant located outside of Germany, followed by winning the Honda plant in Lincoln, Alabama and the Hyundai plant in Montgomery, Alabama, thus creating a major automobile industry in Alabama.

After starting out as a co-op student in engineering with the utility Alabama Power Company, he rose to become its top executive in 1989. He was appointed adjutant general in 2001. The former chairman, president and chief executive officer of Alabama Power was rumored to be a candidate for the Alabama Governor in 2006. He did not accept offers from both parties to run in that contest.  He has received 6 honorary doctoral degrees from Auburn University, University of Alabama Birmingham, Troy University, Faulkner University, Jacksonville University, and Huntingdon College. Harris retired from Alabama Power in 2002 with 44 years of outstanding service to Alabama's largest corporation.

Harris served on numerous civic and business boards of directors, including Alabama Power Company, Southern Company, Southern Nuclear Operating Company, Mercedes Benz US International, AmSouth Bancorporation, Samford University, Air University Foundation, Auburn University Foundation, Meyer Foundation, United Way, Heart Association, Business Council of Alabama and National Association of Manufacturers.

After retirement from Alabama Power, Harris continued to work on needed Alabama education, constitutional, and tax reform. He continued his work as honorary consul general of Japan and remained active in various international activities. In addition, he remained very active in business, serving as chairman or CEO of several financial and real estate LLCs.

Harris died on December 23, 2019.

References

1939 births
2019 deaths
Air University (United States Air Force) alumni
Businesspeople from Birmingham, Alabama
People from Chilton County, Alabama
Military personnel from Alabama
United States Air Force officers
Auburn University alumni
20th-century American businesspeople