omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NSB El 13. NSB El 13 is a Norwegian electric locomotive which was used by Norwegian State Railways (NSB) for both passenger and freight trains.

The locomotive is a heavier and upgraded version of the NSB El 11 which was popular among its crew but unsuitable for journeys in heavy snow on lines such as the  Bergen Line. Like the El 11, the El 13s were produced by Thune. The engines are very similar to the El 11, the main visual differences are that the El 13 is half a metre longer and has three, rather than four, windows at each end of the locomotive. The first of the 37 engines were built in 1957, the last in 1966. They were numbered 13 2121 to 13 2144 and 13 2151 to 13 2163.

The engines were withdrawn from service during the 1990s as several passenger trains were replaced with multiple units and the NSB El 18 took over the remaining locomotive hauled trains. As of 2005, There are still seven El 13s in service on the Ofoten Line. One of them, El 13 2142, was donated from CargoNet to the Norwegian Railway Museum in 2003 and so far 2142 is the only El 13 in preservation so far. 

Thune locomotives
El 13
Electric locomotives of Norway
Bo-Bo locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1957
El 13
Standard gauge locomotives of Norway
Charles Shattuck Hill. Charles Shattuck Hill, C.E. (1868 – January 7, 1948) was an American civil engineer, writer and editor, born at Fairfield, Vermont. He received his degree in civil engineering in 1888. He served on the editorial staff of the Engineering News until 1906; then he became editor of Engineering and Contracting.

Hill died in Long Branch, New Jersey on January 7, 1948 at the age of 79.

Works
The Chicago Main Drainage Canal (1896)
Reinforced Concrete (1904)
Concrete Construction (1908)
Concrete Inspection (1909)

References

External links
 
 

1868 births
1948 deaths
People from Fairfield, Vermont
American male journalists
American non-fiction writers
Writers from Vermont
Design flow (EDA). Design flows are the explicit combination of electronic design automation tools to accomplish the design of an integrated circuit.  Moore's law has driven the entire IC implementation RTL to GDSII design flows from one which uses primarily stand-alone synthesis, placement, and routing algorithms to an integrated construction and analysis flows for design closure.  The challenges of rising interconnect delay led to a new way of thinking about and integrating design closure tools.

The RTL to GDSII flow underwent significant changes from 1980 through 2005. The continued scaling of CMOS technologies significantly changed the objectives of the various design steps. The lack of good predictors for delay has led to significant changes in recent design flows. New scaling challenges such as leakage power,
variability, and reliability will continue to require significant changes to the design closure process in the future.  Many factors describe what drove the design flow from a set of separate design steps to a fully integrated approach, and what further changes are coming to address the latest challenges. In his keynote at the 40th Design Automation Conference entitled The Tides of EDA, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli distinguished three periods of EDA:
 The Age of Invention: During the invention era, routing, placement, static timing analysis and logic synthesis were invented. 
 The Age of Implementation: In the age of implementation, these steps were drastically improved by designing sophisticated data structures and advanced algorithms. This allowed the tools in each of these design steps to keep pace with the rapidly increasing design sizes. However, due to the lack of good predictive cost functions, it became impossible to execute a design flow by a set of discrete steps, no matter how efficiently  each of the steps was implemented. 
 The Age of Integration: This led to the age of integration where most of the design steps are performed in an integrated environment, driven by a set of incremental cost analyzers.

There are differences between the steps and methods of the design flow for analog and digital integrated circuits. Nonetheless, a typical VLSI design flow consists of various steps like design conceptualization, chip optimization, logical/physical implementation, and design validation and verification.

See also 
 Floorplan (microelectronics), creates the physical infrastructure into which the design is placed and routed
 Placement (EDA), an essential step in Electronic Design Automation (EDA)
 Routing (EDA), a crucial step in the design of integrated circuits
 Power optimization (EDA), the use of EDA tools to optimize (reduce) the power consumption of a digital design, while preserving its functionality
 Post-silicon validation, the final step in the EDA design flow

References 

 Electronic Design Automation For Integrated Circuits Handbook, by Lavagno, Martin, and Scheffer,  – A survey of the field, from which this summary was derived, with permission.

Digital electronics
Electronic design automation
Electronics optimization
NSB El 11. The NSB El 11 was an electric locomotive which was operated for both passenger and freight trains by NSB. It was the third type of Norwegian electric locomotive with bogies, after the NSB El 7 and NSB El 9. They were manufactured by Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri (NEBB) and Thune mekaniske verksted. The first 35 engines were built between 1951 and 1956 and numbered 11 2078 to 11 2112, a second series of 6 engines, the El 11b, was built between 1963 and 1964 and numbered 11 2145 to 11 2150. The b-series had minor modifications such as a windshield consisting of two large windows instead of four small ones. A further upgrade of the El 11 became the NSB El 13 locomotive.

Between 1982 and 1983 three El 11s were upgraded for use on the steep Flåmsbana branch line. They have since been replaced by multiple units such as the NSB BM69 and, later, by locomotives such as the NSB El 17. The El 11s was withdrawn from service during the 1990s, with the last use in 1998. There are four preserved engines, two by the Norwegian Railway Club for use on special trains, and two by the Norwegian Railway Museum in Hamar.

El 11
15 kV AC locomotives
Bo-Bo locomotives
Brown, Boveri & Cie locomotives
Electric locomotives of Norway
Railway locomotives introduced in 1951
Standard gauge locomotives of Norway
PTO-4. The PTO-4 was an Estonian-designed military training aircraft of World War II.

In 1938, the Estonian aviation engineers Voldemar Post, Rein Tooma and Otto Org, previously responsible for the PON-1 trainer, designed and built the PTO-4 training aircraft. It was a two-seat low-winged monoplane powered by a De Havilland Gypsy of 120 hp, with a fixed undercarriage that could be fitted with wheels or skis. The aircraft could fly at a maximum speed of 245 km per hour and had a ceiling of 5,000 meters. On 12 October 1938, the PTO-4 was taken into service of the Air Force.

The Estonian Air Force received two PTO-4s (serial numbers 161 and 162), one with an open cockpit and the other an enclosed cockpit.  Six examples were in civil use, of which five were used by the Eesti Aeroklubi (EAK), a flying club controlled by the Estonian Military.

Four examples surviving from the Soviet occupation of Estonia (1940–41) were operated by the German Luftwaffe, being operated by a unit manned by Estonian volunteers (initially called Sonderstaffel Buschmann and later 1./SAGr.127) based at Reval-Ülemiste airfield. They were operated as training and liaison aircraft as well for coastal patrol over the shores of the Baltic.

Operators

Estonian Air Force

Luftwaffe

See also

References

Gerdessen, F. "Estonian Air Power 1918–1945". Air Enthusiast, Eighteen, April – July 1982. Bromley, UK:Pilot Press. pp. 61–76.

External links

Estonian Postage Stamp

PTO-4
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Skelp. Skelp (sometimes spelled scelp) is wrought iron or steel that is rolled or forged into narrow strips and ready to be made into pipe or tubing by being bent (into a cylindrical shape) and welded. The word is most commonly used in the traditional terminology of smithing and in the iron and steel industries. Before the 20th century, the welding was likely to be forge welding. In the 20th and 21st centuries, it has been likelier to be arc welding or gas welding.

In the context of traditional gunsmithing, one way to make gun barrels has been to make them from skelp, like one would make other pipe or tubing. Barrels made from skelp have typically been thought of as having inferior quality. (Pipe made from skelp can be perfectly acceptable in quality, but a gun barrel must withstand much higher pressures than most pipes.) Cheap gun barrels could be made this way in the Damascus method—wrapping the skelp around a mandrel to make spirals which were then hammered and forged into a tube. The mandrel was then removed, the interior reamed, and the exterior filed until a finished tube was complete. The tube was then polished and breeched.

This method of fabrication was used because it was difficult to cast a solid barrel and then drill it out without the bit coming out the side. In many regions and eras, especially before the 20th century, gunsmithing has been achieved without the help of advanced machine tool practice, such as gun drilling or advanced boring methods. In such contexts, advanced smithing and filing skills have often made up for the lack of machine tools.

Damascus barrels were generally designed for black powder charges. The breech end of the tube was much thicker than the muzzle end, and this held the initial impulse pressure from the black powder. By the time the bullet reached the muzzle, the pressure had dropped quite a bit, so muzzle reinforcement was not needed. This gave a better weight distribution through the length of the weapon.

Smokeless powders burn more slowly than black powder, thus maintaining high pressures throughout the barrel. Since the barrel is not reinforced at the muzzle, it may not be able to contain the pressure. Also, most Damascus barrels were made before modern smokeless powders, so the age of the barrel can be a safety hazard.

Bibliography 
 Russell, Carl P. (1957). Guns on the early frontiers: a history of firearms from colonial times through the years of the Western fur trade. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. .

References

External links 
 Damacus Twist Barrels information

Firearm construction
Metal forming
Coupling (disambiguation). Coupling is a connection or joint between two things.

Coupling may also refer to:

Coupling (physics), when two systems are interacting with each other
Rotational–vibrational coupling, occurring when rotation frequency of an object is close to or identical to a natural internal vibration frequency
Angular momentum coupling, the combining of quantized angular momentum (e.g., the interaction between two nuclei in nuclear magnetic resonance)
Quantum coupling, when quantum states in one of the systems will cause an instantaneous change in all of the bound systems
Coupling (computer programming), the degree to which each program module relies on each one of the other modules
Coupling (electronics), the transfer of a signal from one medium or circuit block to another
Coupling (genetics), a type of genetic linkage
Coupling (piping), a short length of pipe or tube to connect two pipes or tubes together
Coupling (probability), a proof technique in probability theory
Railway coupling, a mechanism for connecting railway rolling stock
Azo coupling, often called "coupling", an electrophilic substitution reaction
Coupling reaction, reactions between hydrocarbon fragments in organic chemistry
Hose coupling, a piece on the end of a hose to connect it to extra hoses or hose appliances
Coupling track, a term in music recording for a B-side track
Joint encoding, an audio compression technique in which the redundancy of information between audio channels is reduced; also commonly known as channel coupling or stereo coupling
Mating or the act of sexual intercourse
Coupling, the distance formed by the lumbar vertebrae of a horse's back.

Television
Coupling (British TV series), a British sitcom written by Steven Moffat for the BBC
Coupling (American TV series), a short-lived American sitcom based on the British series
Coupling (Greek TV series), a short-lived Greek sitcom based on the British series

See also
 Decoupling (disambiguation)
 Coupling rod a device for connecting the driving wheels of a locomotive
 Couple (disambiguation)
 Coupler (disambiguation)
 Short-coupled (disambiguation)
 Uncouple (disambiguation)
Sodium orthovanadate. Sodium orthovanadate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It forms a dihydrate . Sodium orthovanadate is a salt of the  oxyanion. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid.

Synthesis and structure
Sodium orthovanadate is produced by dissolving vanadium(V) oxide in a solution of sodium hydroxide:

The salt features tetrahedral  anion centers linked to octahedral  cation sites.

Condensation equilibria
Like many oxometalates, orthovanadate is subject to a number of reactions, which have been analyzed by 51V NMR studies. At high pH,  ions exist in equilibrium with . At lower pH's, condensation ensues to give various polyoxovanadates. Ultimately, decavanadate is formed.

Biochemistry
Vanadates exhibit a variety of biological activities, in part because they serve as structural mimics of phosphates. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of ATPases, alkaline and acid phosphatases, and protein-phosphotyrosine phosphatases, and its inhibitory effects can be reversed by dilution or the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

Orthovanadate is activated by boiling and adjusting pH to ~10; this depolymerizes decavanadate into the active inhibitor, monovanadate.

References

See also
 Sodium metavanadate

Inorganic compounds
Sodium compounds
Vanadates
Tytus Maksymilian Huber. Tytus Maksymilian Huber (also known as Maksymilian Tytus Huber; 4 January 1872 in Krościenko nad Dunajcem – 9 December 1950) was a Polish mechanical engineer, educator, and scientist. He was a member of the pre-war Polish scientific foundation, Kasa im. Józefa Mianowskiego.

His career began as a professor at Lwów Polytechnic (now known as the Lviv Polytechnic) in 1908, later serving as rector from 1922 to 1923. In the late 1920s he was professor and department chair of Warsaw University of Technology. After the Second World War he helped organize the Gdańsk University of Technology.

In 1949, he was named department chair at AGH University of Science and Technology, serving until his death the following year, at the age of 78.

Tensile Stress Theorem
He formulated the tensile stress theorem, an important equation in studies of tension known also as Huber's equation.

See also

 Yield surface
 Stress–energy tensor
 Maxwell–Huber–Hencky–von Mises theory

External links
 PROFESOR HUBER -naukowiec, społecznik, ostatni prezes Kasy im. Mianowskiego, retrieved 2008-05-31. 
 Sylwetka profesora Tytusa Maksymiliana Hubera. 

Polish educators
Polish engineers
Polish scientists
1872 births
1950 deaths
Academic staff of the Warsaw University of Technology
Lviv Polytechnic alumni
Lviv Polytechnic rectors
Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)
Recipients of the commemorative badge Orlęta
Scratch space. Scratch space is space on the hard disk drive that is dedicated for storage of temporary user data, by analogy of "scratch paper." It is unreliable by intention and has no backup. Scratch disks may occasionally be set to erase all data at regular intervals so that the disk space is left free for future use. The management of scratch disk space is typically dynamic, occurring when needed. Its advantage is that it is faster than e.g. network filesystems.

Scratch space is commonly used in scientific computing workstations, and in graphic design programs such as Adobe Photoshop. It is used when programs need to use more data than can be stored in system RAM. A common error in that program is "scratch disks full", which occurs when one has the scratch disks configured to be on the boot drive. Many computer users gradually fill up their primary hard drive with permanent data, slowly reducing the amount of space the scratch disk may take up.

Partitioning off a significant fraction of the boot hard drive and leaving that space empty will ensure a reliable scratch disk. Hard drive space, on a per-gigabyte basis, is far cheaper than RAM, though performs far slower. Although dedicating a separate physical drive from the main operating system and software can improve performance, a scratch disk will not match RAM for speed.

See also
Scratch tape
Swap partition
Temporary folder
TMPDIR

References

Computing terminology
Computer files
Rotating disc computer storage media
LEAF Project. The LEAF (Linux Embedded Appliance Framework) Project is a collection of Linux distributions that began as a fork from the Linux Router Project (LRP) "linux-on-a-floppy" distribution. Most users of these distributions are primarily interested in router and firewall functions, particularly as combined with the convenience of major features of general Linux distributions such as shells, packet filtering, SSH servers, DNS services, file servers, webmin and the like.  LEAF is a common choice when commercial NAT routers are insufficiently flexible or secure, or are unattractively nonconformant to open source philosophy.

Characteristics
LEAF is capable of running a powerful NAT firewall with several ancillary services on computer hardware generally considered obsolete, such as 486 workstations with no hard disk.

LEAF is intended to work well with read-only storage media, such as write-protected floppy drives or optical discs.  Distribution sizes range from a single floppy disk to several hundred megabytes.

LEAF distributions typically include software designed to be economical in executable size, such as uClibc, BusyBox, Dropbear, and Shorewall.

LEAF's origins lie in Debian Sarge, though many boot processes and daemon control mechanisms have been modified heavily.

See also 
 List of router or firewall distributions
 Alpine Linux

References

External links
 LEAF Linux Embedded Appliance Framework project documentation
 LEAF Linux Embedded Appliance Framework project homepage at sourceforge
 LEAF Linux Embedded Appliance Framework page at Ohloh
 An article at LWN.net discussing LRP/LEAF as an example of underappreciated free software
 An article from Network World listing LEAF as one of "25 free open source projects IT pros will love" 

Floppy-based Linux distributions
Free routing software
Gateway/routing/firewall distribution
Light-weight Linux distributions
Linux distributions
A79. A79 or A-79 may refer to:

 A79 motorway (France)
 A79 road, a major road in the United Kingdom
 A79 motorway (Netherlands)
 Benoni Defense, in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
 Calder Highway, in Victoria, Australia, designated A79
 Chignik Lake Airport, an airport in Alaska, designated by the FAA LID "A79"
 .a79, a file extension for programming ARM microcontrollers
British Model Flying Association. The British Model Flying Association (BMFA) is the body elected by the Royal Aero Club to be responsible for all aspects of flying model aircraft in the UK.

History
The BMFA was founded in 1922 as the SMAE (Society of Model Aeronautical Engineers). The change of name took place in 1987 during the AGM of the SMAE voted to adopt a working title, the British Model Flying Association. The SMAE still exists as the parent Limited Company and its title is still used on any legal documents, however, the title BMFA is used in day to day usage by its members.  Their Head office is currently based in Chacksfield House, Leicester, UK.

Activities
Over 850 clubs in the UK are affiliated with it, with approximately 36,000 members. It has a regular magazine publication called BMFA News.

Area bodies
The whole of the UK is administered from the Head Office, but locally there are 14 "Area" committees which meet periodically, and these meetings are attended by club delegates who can, through various channels open to the "Areas", propose changes or additions to the running of the sport, these are then voted upon at Council meetings held at the Head Office. If passed, the changes will be incorporated in the guidelines produced by the organisation and published in the "BMFA Handbook".

References

External links
 BMFA Website

Aviation organisations based in the United Kingdom
Model aircraft associations
Clubs and societies in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Leicestershire
Organizations established in 1922
Sport in Leicester
1922 establishments in the United Kingdom
Inet (disambiguation). Inet or INET may refer to:

 The internet, global system of interconnected computer networks
 Inet, electronic trading platform from the 1970s until its acquisition in 2002
 INET or Institute for New Economic Thinking, New York City think tank
 Inet TV, South Korean television channel
 INET, company in Denji Sentai Megaranger, Japanese television serial of 1997–1998
 the INET Framework, open-source model library for an OMNeT++ simulation environment

See also
 iiNet, an Australian Internet service provider
A43. A43 or A-43 may refer to:

Military
 Curtiss A-43 Blackhawk, an American prototype aircraft
 Douglas A-43 Jetmaster,  an American prototype aircraft
 Black Prince (tank), an experimental British heavy tank

 Advanced Landing Ground A-43, an airfield in France

Roads
 A43 road, a primary road in the English Midlands
 A43 road (Northern Ireland), a primary road in Northern Ireland
 A43 autoroute, a French highway
 A 43, Bundesautobahn 43 in Germany

Other uses
 HLA-A43, an HLA-A serotype
 Benoni Defense, a chess opening (by Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code)
Nanoart. NanoArt is a novel art discipline related to science and technology. It depicts natural or synthetic structures with features sized at the nanometer scale, which are observed by electron or scanning probe microscopy techniques in scientific laboratories. The recorded two or three dimensional images and movies are processed for artistic appeal and presented to the general audience.

One of the aims of NanoArt is to familiarize people with nanoscale objects and advances in their synthesis and manipulation. NanoArt has been presented at traditional art exhibitions around the world. Besides, online competitions have been launched in the 2000s such as the “NANO” 2003 show at Los Angeles County Museum of Art and “Nanomandala”, the 2004 and 2005 installations in New York and Rome by Victoria Vesna and James Gimzewski, and the regular "Science as Art" section launched at the 2006 Materials Research Society Meeting.

A characteristic example of nanoart is A Boy and His Atom, a one-minute stop-motion animated film created in 2012 by IBM Research from 242 images sized by 45×25 nm, which were recorded with a scanning tunneling microscope. The movie tells the story of a boy and a wayward atom who meet and become friends. The film was accepted into the Tribeca Online Film Festival and shown at the New York Tech Meet-up and the World Science Festival.

Earlier in 2007 a book Teeny Ted from Turnip Town was created at the Simon Fraser University in Canada using a gallium-ion beam with a diameter of ~7 nanometers. The book contains 30 silicon-based pages sized by 0.07×0.10 mm; it was published in 100 copies and has an ISBN.

In 2015, Jonty Hurwitz pioneered a new technique for creating nanosculpture using multiphoton lithography and photogrammetry. His work Trust was prepared in collaboration with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and set a Guinness World Record as the "Smallest Sculpture of a Human Form".

References

External links

 Is NanoArt the New Photography?, The New York Times
 Extraordinary Beauty of the NanoArt World: Photos, Discovery News
 University of New Zealand

Visual arts media
Nanotechnology
Science in art