omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ammonium hydrosulfide. Ammonium hydrosulfide is the chemical compound with the formula .

Composition
It is the salt derived from the ammonium cation and the hydrosulfide anion. The salt exists as colourless, water-soluble, micaceous crystals. On Earth the compound is encountered mainly as a solution, not as the solid, but  ice is believed to be a substantial component of the cloud decks of the gas-giant planets Jupiter and Saturn, with sulfur produced by its photolysis responsible for the color of some of those planets' clouds. It can be generated by mixing hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.

Preparation
Solutions of ammonium hydrosulfide can be prepared by passing hydrogen sulfide gas through concentrated ammonia solution. According to a detailed 1895 report, hydrogen sulfide reacts with concentrated aqueous ammonia solution at room temperature to give . When this species is cooled to 0 °C and treated with additional hydrogen sulfide, one obtains . An ice-cold solution of this substance kept at 0 °C and having hydrogen sulfide continually passed through it gives the hydrosulfide.

The common "stink bomb" consists of an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfide. The mixture easily converts to ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases. This conversion illustrates the ease of the following equilibrium:

Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide each have a powerful and unpleasant smell.

Solid ammonium hydrosulfide can be produced by reacting an equimolar mixture of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide under -18 °C:
NH3 + H2S → NH4SH

"Ammonium sulfide"

Aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfide (CAS registry number ), also known as diammonium sulfide are commercially available, although the composition of these solutions is uncertain as they could consist of a mixture of ammonia and . Ammonium sulfide solutions are used occasionally in photographic developing, to apply patina to bronze, and in textile manufacturing. It can be used as a selective reducing agent (cf. 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene); where there are two nitro groups, only one of them is selectively reduced.

The 1990–91 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics gives information for anhydrous ammonium monosulfide () and ammonium pentasulfide () as separate from anhydrous ammonium hydrosulfide (), describing the former two both as yellow crystalline substances that are soluble in cold water and alcohol, and which both decompose in hot water or at high temperature in general (115 °C for the pentasulfide), but the latter as a white crystalline solid (which also decomposes in hot water). Thus, it seems that solid ammonium sulfide can be distinct from solid ammonium hydrosulfide, even if this is not true in aqueous solution.

References

Ammonium compounds
Hydrosulfides
USATC S200 Class. The United States Army Transportation Corps (USATC) S200 Class is a class of 2-8-2 steam locomotive.  They were introduced in 1941 and lent-leased to the United Kingdom for use in the Middle East during World War II.

Service

Middle East
At least 85 S200s operated in the Middle East, including Egypt, Palestine and Lebanon. One was destroyed by fire at El Arish in Egypt in 1942. 29 of this batch was later supplied to Turkey where they became the TCDD 46201 Class. In 1946, another 24 were transferred to TCDD which added them to the same number series 46201–46253. 51 S200s built in 1942 served on the Trans-Iranian Railway, where they became Iranian class 42.

Europe
After the Allied invasion of Italy, 31 S200s were transferred and used there. 30 of these entered FS stock as FS Class 747 Nos. 747.001–747.030; the other one caught fire and was destroyed.

Asia

Thirty were donated to China by the UNRRA. China Railway designated these as class ㄇㄎ10 (MK10) in 1951, then reclassifying them as class 解放10 (JF10, Jiefang, "Liberation") and numbering them 3711−3740.

Survivors
Two of the Turkish locomotives survive: 46224 at Ankara and 46244 at the Çamlık Railway Museum.

References

External links
 Alexandros Gregoriou: The USATC steam locomotives in Greece, 1947, 1959
 Trains of Turkey: 46201 to 46253

2-8-2 locomotives
S200
War Department locomotives
ALCO locomotives
Baldwin locomotives
Lima locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1942
Steam locomotives of Iran
Steam locomotives of Lebanon
Steam locomotives of China
Steam locomotives of Turkey
Steam locomotives of Mandatory Palestine
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Egypt
Standard gauge locomotives of Iran
Standard gauge locomotives of Lebanon
Standard gauge locomotives of China
Standard gauge locomotives of Turkey
Standard gauge locomotives of Mandatory Palestine
1′D1′ h2 locomotives
Freight locomotives
San Francisco Bay University. San Francisco Bay University, formerly Northwestern Polytechnic University, is a private university in Fremont, California. Founded in 1984, the university awards bachelor's and master's degrees in computer science, engineering, technology and management programs.

It was founded by Ramsey Carter and Barbara Brown in 1984. George Hsieh served as the university’s president from 1991 to 2015.

History
Northwestern Polytechnic University (NPU) was founded by Ramsey Carter and Barbara Brown on January 2, 1984 and incorporated as a California nonprofit, public-benefit institution. The School of Engineering began granting Bachelor of Science degrees in electrical engineering in November 1984, followed by the Master of Science in electrical engineering in 1985.

In 1987, NPU opened the Computer Systems Engineering programs at both the bachelor's and master's levels.  Two years later, on February 23, 1989 the university attained full institutional approval from the California Department of Education.

In 1995, NPU established its School of Business.

In 1991, George Hsieh began serving as NPU's president. He retired in 2015.

In 2016, a BuzzFeed news article questioned the operations of NPU during the period in its history of its high (more than 6,000 in 2015) proportion of international students from India.

In 2018, the institution's accreditation was renewed. The following year, a San Jose Mercury News article was published outlining that NPU had continued to meet its job placement compliance requirements and the warning was removed by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools.

In 2021, NPU changed its name to San Francisco Bay University.

Academics 
In 2024, San Francisco Bay University introduced a new core curriculum called the Agility Praxis Pathway (APP), designed to enhance students' critical thinking and adaptability. The curriculum includes 10 courses that supplement degree-specific studies, focusing on diverse perspectives and key competencies identified by University academic leaders.

San Francisco Bay University offers the following degrees: Master of Business Administration, Master of Science, and Bachelor of Science. 

NPU/San Francisco Bay University has been accredited continuously since 1998, presently by the WASC Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC/WASC).

References

External links
Official website

1984 establishments in California
Education in Fremont, California
Educational institutions established in 1984
Private universities and colleges in California
Universities and colleges in Alameda County, California
Technological universities in the United States
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
USS Percival (DD-298). USS Percival (DD-298) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding  although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two  1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Percival, named for John Percival, was launched 5 December 1918 by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, San Francisco, California; sponsored by Miss Eleanor Wartsbaugh; and commissioned 1 March 1920, Commander Raymond A. Spruance, who was to lead the US 5th Fleet in World War II, in command. With trials off the California coast completed, Percival reported for duty with Squadron 4 Flotilla 5 of the Cruiser Destroyer Force Pacific based at San Diego, California. On 8 September 1923, the ship was involved in the Honda Point Disaster, and a few days later, she became flagship of Squadron 11 and made annual deployments with the Pacific Battle Fleet in fleet problems.

Percival was decommissioned 26 April 1930 and scrapped in 1931.

Notes

References

External links
http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/298.htm

Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in San Francisco
1918 ships
USS John Francis Burnes. USS John Francis Burns (DD-299) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding  although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
John Francis Burnes, named for John Francis Burnes, formerly Swasey, was laid down 4 July 1918 by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, San Francisco, California; launched 10 November 1918; sponsored by Mrs. Julius Kahn; and commissioned 1 May 1920. Following shakedown and training exercises during the summer of 1920, John Francis Burnes engaged in fleet maneuvers during October. For the next 2 years she continued tactical exercises along the California coast, operating out of San Diego, California, her home port. She sailed 6 February 1923 for exercises off Mexico and the Panama Canal Zone. Following her return in April, John Francis Burnes operated out of California for 2 years with the exception of fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean in early 1924. One year later she participated in joint Army-Navy maneuvers out of San Francisco, California before joining fleet operations in Hawaii 27 April 1925. The destroyer then cruised with a large force in the Pacific, visiting Samoa, Australia, and New Zealand before returning to San Diego in September.

For the next 3 years she engaged in training operations and fleet maneuvers along the West Coast, developing the techniques in naval warfare. During the summers of 1928 and 1929, John Francis Burnes engaged in reserve training cruises. John Francis Burnes arrived in San Diego 28 August 1929 and remained there until she decommissioned 25 February 1930. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 22 July 1930 and sold as scrap metal 10 June 1931 in accordance with the London Treaty for the limitation of naval armaments.

As of 2005, no other ship in the United States Navy has been named John Francis Burnes.

Notes

References

External links

http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/299.htm

Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in San Francisco
1918 ships
EPaper Ltd. ePaper Ltd. is an Israeli company known for its developing and manufacturing of Sentinel, a print management software. The company is also known for its print optimization technology, SaveToner.

History
The company has been operating for over a decade developing the cross platform software, Sentinel. Belal Lehwany, of Israel Arab sector, founded the company which is headquartered at Israel and operates additionally from Europe, USA and India. The software is, however, distributed worldwide.

The software and its external as well as embedded controllers are designed to work with any printing device, scanner or MFP universally. The company is focused on print related activities including data collection, user & device management and monitoring, data leak prevention, resource mapping, application of rules for secure pull printing, intra-organization connectivity between systems and sites.

References

Software companies of Israel
Dr. Sbaitso. Dr. Sbaitso     is an artificial intelligence speech synthesis program released late in 1991 by Creative Labs in Singapore for MS-DOS-based personal computers. The name is an acronym for "SoundBlaster Acting Intelligent Text-to-Speech Operator."

History
Dr. Sbaitso was distributed with various sound cards manufactured by Creative Technology in the early 1990s.

The text-to-speech engine used is a version of Monologue, which was developed by First Byte Software. Monologue is a later release of First Byte's "SmoothTalker" software from 1984.

The program "conversed" with the user as if it were a psychologist, though most of its responses were along the lines of "WHY DO YOU FEEL THAT WAY?" rather than any sort of complicated interaction.  When confronted with a phrase it could not understand, it would often reply with something such as "THAT'S NOT MY PROBLEM."  Dr. Sbaitso repeated text out loud that was typed after the word "SAY." Repeated swearing or abusive behavior on the part of the user caused Dr. Sbaitso to "break down" in a "PARITY ERROR" before resetting itself. The same would happen, if the user types "say parity."

The program introduced itself with the following lines:

 HELLO [UserName], MY NAME IS DOCTOR SBAITSO.
 
 I AM HERE TO HELP YOU.
 SAY WHATEVER IS IN YOUR MIND FREELY,
 OUR CONVERSATION WILL BE KEPT IN STRICT CONFIDENCE.
 MEMORY CONTENTS WILL BE WIPED OFF AFTER YOU LEAVE,
 
 SO, TELL ME ABOUT YOUR PROBLEMS.

The program was designed to showcase the digitized voices the cards were able to produce, though the quality was far from lifelike. Additionally, there was a version of this program for Microsoft Windows through the use of a program called Prody Parrot; this version of the software featured a more detailed graphical user interface.

Commands
If the user submits "HELP", a list of commands will appear.  If the user then submits "M", more commands will appear.  There are three pages of commands in total, with guidance on how to use each of the features.

See also
ALICE
ELIZA
History of natural language processing

References

External links 

1991 video games
Speech synthesis
DOS games
DOS-only games
Chatbots
Video games developed in Singapore
Maucherite. Maucherite is a grey to reddish silver white nickel arsenide mineral. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It occurs in hydrothermal veins alongside other nickel arsenide and sulfide minerals. It is metallic and opaque with a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 7.83. It is also known as placodine and Temiskamite. The unit cell is of symmetry group P41212 or P43212. 

It has the chemical formula: Ni11As8 and commonly contains copper, iron, cobalt, antimony, and sulfur as impurities.

It was discovered in 1913 in Eisleben, Germany and was named after Wilhelm Maucher (1879–1930), a German mineral collector.

References 

Mindat localities
 

Nickel minerals
Arsenide minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 92
Minerals in space group 96
List of solar engines. Solar engines include:

 Crookes radiometer, a light mill composed of an airtight glass bulb containing a partial vacuum
 Solar engine, a circuit which stores energy from solar cells in a capacitor and releases it in pulses to animate toys
 Stirling engine, a heat engine of the external combustion piston engine type whose heat-exchange process allows for near-ideal efficiency in conversion of heat into mechanical movement
Stellar engine, hypothetical megastructures that work on the scale of entire stars

Engine
Kolmogorov microscales. In fluid dynamics, Kolmogorov microscales are the smallest scales in  turbulent flow. At the Kolmogorov scale, viscosity dominates and the turbulence kinetic energy is dissipated into thermal energy. They are defined by

where 
 is the average rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy per unit mass, and
 is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. 
Typical values of the Kolmogorov length scale, for atmospheric motion in which the large eddies have length scales on the order of kilometers, range from 0.1 to 10 millimeters; for smaller flows such as in laboratory systems,  may be much smaller.

In 1941, Andrey Kolmogorov introduced the hypothesis that the smallest scales of turbulence are universal (similar for every turbulent flow) and that they depend only on  and . The definitions of the Kolmogorov microscales can be obtained using this idea and dimensional analysis.  Since the dimension of kinematic viscosity is length2/time, and the dimension of the energy dissipation rate per unit mass is length2/time3, the only combination that has the dimension of time is  which is the Kolmogorov time scale.  Similarly, the Kolmogorov length scale is the only combination of  and  that has dimension of length.  

Alternatively, the definition of the Kolmogorov time scale can be obtained from the inverse of the mean square strain rate tensor,  which also gives  using the definition of the energy dissipation rate per unit mass  Then the Kolmogorov length scale can be obtained as the scale at which the Reynolds number () is equal to 1, 

Kolmogorov's 1941 theory is a mean field theory since it assumes that the relevant dynamical parameter is the mean energy dissipation rate.  In fluid turbulence, the energy dissipation rate fluctuates in space and time, so it is possible to think of the microscales as quantities that also vary in space and time.  However, standard practice is to use mean field values since they represent the typical values of the smallest scales in a given flow. In 1961, Kolomogorov published a refined version of the similarity hypotheses that accounts for the log-normal distribution of the dissipation rate.

See also
Taylor microscale
Integral length scale
Batchelor scale

References

Turbulence
Comb drive. Comb-drives are microelectromechanical actuators, often used as linear actuators, which utilize electrostatic forces that act between two electrically conductive combs.  Comb drive actuators typically operate at the micro- or nanometer scale and are generally manufactured by bulk micromachining or surface micromachining a silicon wafer substrate.

The attractive electrostatic forces are created when a voltage is applied between the static and moving combs causing them to be drawn together. The force developed by the actuator is proportional to the change in capacitance between the two combs, increasing with  driving voltage, the number of comb teeth, and the gap between the teeth. The combs are arranged so that they never touch (because then there would be no voltage difference). Typically the teeth are arranged so that they can slide past one another until each tooth occupies the slot in the opposite comb.

Restoring springs, levers, and crankshafts can be added if the motor's linear operation is to be converted to rotation or other motions.

The force can be derived by first starting with the energy stored in a capacitor and then differentiating in the direction of the force.  The energy in a capacitor is given by:

Using the capacitance for a parallel plate capacitor, the force is:

 = applied electric potential,    
 = relative permittivity of dielectric,    
 = permittivity of free space (8.85 pF/m),
 = total number of fingers on both sides of electrodes,    
 = thickness in the out-of-plane direction of the electrodes,    
 = gap between electrodes.

Structure of Comb-drives

• rows of interlocking teeth
• half fixed
• half part of movable assembly
• electrically isolated
• electrostatic attraction/repulsion
– CMOS drive voltage
• many teeth increased force
– typically 10μm long and strong

Scaling Issues
Comb drives cannot scale to large gap distances (equivalently actuation distance), since development of effective forces at large gaps distances would require high voltages—therefore limited by electrical breakdown. More importantly, limitations imposed by gap distance limits the actuation distance.

See also
 Electrostatic motor
 Interdigital transducer
 Microelectromechanical systems

References

 

Nanoelectronics
Microtechnology
Actuators
Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau. The JSC Makeyev Design Bureau (; also known as Makeyev OKB) is a Russian missile design company located in Miass, Russia.

Established in December 1947 as SKB-385 in Zlatoust (see Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant), the company was the main designer of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) in Russia. In 1955, the company was moved to Miass. In 1965, SKB-385 was redesignated the Design Bureau of Machine-Building (KBM) under the Ministry of General Machine-Building. In 1993, the organization was posthumously renamed in honor of Victor Makeyev, who had been the Chief Designer of SKB-385. Its full official name is State Rocket Center «Academician V.P. Makeev Design Bureau».

Rockets and missiles
R-11 Zemlya
R-13 (missile)
R-17 Elbrus
R-21 (missile)
Shtil'
Volna
R-27 Zyb
R-29 Vysota
R-29RM Shtil
R-29RMU Sineva
R-29RMU2 Layner
R-39 Rif
RS-28 Sarmat
CORONA
ROSSIYANKA

References

External links 
 Makeyev homepage (English)
 Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau at the Nuclear Threat Initiative

 
Defence companies of Russia
Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union
Defence companies of the Soviet Union
Soviet and Russian space institutions
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Roscosmos divisions and subsidiaries
Companies based in Chelyabinsk Oblast
Design bureaus
Business activity monitoring. Business activity monitoring (BAM) is a category of software intended for use in monitoring and tracking business activities.

BAM is a term introduced by Gartner, Inc., referring to the collection, analysis, and presentation of real-time information about activities within organizations, including those involving customers and partners. BAM tracks individual business processes and sequences of activities across multiple systems and applications and provides information about them in real time.

Description
BAM software is used to monitor the status and outcomes of operations, processes, and transactions. BAM systems typically display data on computer dashboards, but they differ from business intelligence (BI) dashboards. In BAM systems, events are processed in real time or near real time and displayed immediately, whereas BI dashboards typically update at scheduled intervals by querying databases.

Related fields
 Business service management
 Business intelligence
 Business process management
 User activity monitoring
 Business monitoring software

References

activity monitoring
Business software
Information systems
Cognition
Events (computing)