omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Handley Page Manx. The Handley Page HP. 75 Manx was a British experimental aircraft designed by Handley Page that flew test flights in the early 1940s for possible transport, bomber and fighter aircraft projects. It was notable for its unconventional design characteristics, being a twin-engine tailless design of pusher configuration.

Design and development
The Manx (named after a well-known breed of stub-tailed housecat) was built to participate in a flight research program investigating problems associated with tailless aircraft. The partially-swept wings supported the vertical stabilizers of a twin tail, with elevons for pitch and roll control.

Construction of the prototype was subcontracted to Dart Aircraft of Dunstable. There were serious issues encountered early in the development phase that caused a delay in the testing program. After it was delivered in 1939, redesigns had to be made because the Manx was too heavy, and there were also structural integrity issues with the main spar.

An unorthodox aspect of the Manx design incorporated into the aircraft was that the main undercarriage was retractable, while the nose gear remained fixed.

Taxi tests began in early 1940, but inspection revealed serious deterioration of the wing structures, which required extensive repair. These and further problems delayed the maiden flight until June 1943 (sources conflict as to whether it was 11 or 25 June.) The first flight was terminated early when the canopy was lost in mid-flight, but the pilot managed to land the plane safely. In December 1945 the Manx's regular crew were killed flying the Handley Page Hermes prototype. The Manx had accumulated only about 17 hours of flight time over approximately 30 flights when flight tests were finally terminated in April 1946. The sole example built was scrapped in 1952.

Specifications (HP.75 Manx)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Barnes, Chris. "Tailess Experimental". Aeroplane Monthly, January 1980, Volume 8 No. 1. pp. 4–9.
 Barnes, C. H. Handley Page Aircraft Since 1907. London: Putnam & Company, Ltd., 1987. .
 Clayton, Donald C. Handley Page, an Aircraft Album. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1969. .
Brookes, Andrew. Victor Units of the Cold War. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2011.
 Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 2. Putnam & Company, Ltd., 1973 (2nd Edition).

External links

 Handley Page Manx – British Aircraft Directory
 Handley Page H.P. 75 Manx – British Aircraft Directory
 Handley Page HP.75 – British Aircraft of World War II
 History of the flying wing – Century of flight
 Handley Page HP.75 Manx – diseno-art.com

1940s British experimental aircraft
Manx
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Mid-wing aircraft
Tailless aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Soft goal. In connection with modeling languages and especially with goal-oriented modeling, a soft goal is an objective without clear-cut criteria. Soft goals can represent:
 Non-functional requirements
 Relations between non-functional requirements
Non-functional requirements (or quality attributes, qualities, or more colloquially "-ilities") are global qualities of a software system, such as flexibility, maintainability, usability, and so forth. Such requirements are usually stated only informally; and they are often controversial (i.e. management wants a secure system but staff desires user-friendliness). They are also often difficult to validate.

Why soft?
Normally a goal is a very strict and clear logical criterion. It is satisfied when all sub-goals are satisfied. But in non-functional requirements you often need more loosely defined criteria, like satisficeable or unsatisficeable. The term satisficing was first coined by Herbert Simon. Soft goals are goals that do not have a clear-cut criterion for their satisfaction: they are satisficed when there is sufficient positive and little negative evidence for this claim, while they are unsatisficeable in the opposite case.

Relations between soft goals
 Decompositions
 AND
 OR
 Contributions
 Helps (+)
 Hurts (-)
 Makes (++)
 Breaks (--)
 Unknown

References

Further reading 
 From Object-Oriented to Goal-Oriented Requirements Analysis, Mylopoulos John, Chung Lawrence, Yu Eric

Software requirements
Ross Freeman. Ross Freeman (July 26, 1948 – October 22, 1989), was an American electrical engineer and inventor, and co-founder of the leading FPGA developer Xilinx.

Early life and education 

Freeman was born in the upper peninsula of Michigan on July 26, 1948. He grew up on a farm near Engadine, Michigan.

Freeman earned a BS degree in physics from Michigan State University in 1969 and a master’s from University of Illinois in 1971. He worked in the Peace Corps for several years, then went to Teletype Corporation to design a custom PMOS circuit.

Founding of Xilinx 

Ross postulated that because of Moore's Law, transistors would be getting less expensive each year, making customizable programmable chips affordable. The idea was "far out" at the time, but the company and technology grew quickly, eventually catching the attention of new-found competitors in what is now a mature industry.

With Bernard Vonderschmitt and James V Barnett II Freeman co-founded Xilinx in 1984, and a year later invented the first field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Freeman's invention - patent 4,870,302 - is a computer chip full of 'open gates' that engineers can reprogram as much as needed to add new functionality, adapt to changing standards or specifications and make last minute design changes.

Death and legacy 

Freeman died in 1989, only a few years after creating a new industry with the FPGA and launching what would become a multi-billion dollar company.

In 2006, 17 years after his death, Freeman was inducted into the National Inventor's Hall of Fame, which honors men and women responsible for fundamental technology advances for human, social and economic progress. That year was the integrated circuit's 50th anniversary so the hall of fame inductees were themed with inventions fundamental to modern computing.

To honor Freeman's memory, encourage technical innovation, and reward employees, Xilinx began a new tradition in 1992 of honoring a Xilinx employee each year with the Ross Freeman Award for Technical Innovation. Participants are nominated, finalists are chosen by a nomination committee at Xilinx and award winners are chosen by a vote from the company's technical staff.

References

1948 births
1989 deaths
20th-century American inventors
Xenoserver. A XenoServer is a server that can safely execute foreign, potentially untrusted code. The XenoServer is developed collaboratively by Telekom Innovation Laboratories and Cambridge University and implemented using the Xen VMM.

The XenoServer platform is a network of XenoServers meant to support distributed code execution services.

The name comes from the Greek word ξένος, which can mean both "foreigner" and "guest", hence the notion of inviting foreign code to run on your server as a guest.

References

External links 
Official site

Server hardware
Model Engineer. Model Engineer magazine was first published (in the United Kingdom) to support the hobby of model engineering in 1898 by Percival Marshall, who was to remain its editor for over 50 years. It has been owned by Mortons Media Group since 2022.  The magazine addressed the emergence of a new hobby — the construction of models (often working) and experimental engineering, largely in metal. It transcended class barriers, appealing to professional engineers, jobbing machinists and anyone interested in making working mechanisms.

Contributors
The magazine has had many notable contributors, but foremost among these was LBSC (pen name of Lillian 'Curly' Lawrence). From the inter-war period to the 1960s he produced many designs for simple but reliable small model steam locomotives. Most of these were published in Model Engineer, and brought the construction of small passenger hauling locomotives within the reach of the typical home machinist. Other notable contributors include Henry Greenly, Edgar T. Westbury, J. N. Maskelyne and one of the most notable editors, Martin Evans. Fifty years later, the editor again has the name Martin Evans but is not of course the same person.

Model Engineer Exhibition
Model Engineer had a long-standing association with the Model Engineer Exhibition, originally held at Olympia in London. The exhibition was almost as venerable an institution as the magazine itself, and was notable for the display of some of the finest examples of the hobby.

Magazine content
The subject matter of the (now fortnightly, earlier weekly) magazine ranges from articles about techniques and tools to profiles of full-size prototypes of modelling subjects. The main content is, however, 'constructional articles' describing projects at various levels of detail. Such articles range from single pages to long-running series in successive or alternate issues, some of which can last for many months, if not years. These more detailed series generally appeal to a wider audience than those engaged in the project. It is often as much in the (often loosely) related anecdotes alongside as in the processes described.

Model Engineer today
Over the years the magazine has waxed and waned, but is currently enjoying the increased popularity of the hobby engendered by the availability of comparatively cheap machine tools from China and Taiwan. In 1990 it spun off a companion title Model Engineers' Workshop which enjoys similar success but focuses more on workshop techniques and tooling.

See also
 Bassett-Lowke
 Live steam
 Ridable miniature railway
 Model engineering

References

External links
 Magazine site
 Model Engineer Magazine online index
 Model Engineer Exhibition
 Model Engineer collection at the Internet Archive

1898 establishments in the United Kingdom
Biweekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Hobby magazines published in the United Kingdom
Engineering magazines
Live steam
Magazines established in 1898
Mass media in Kent
Utility (disambiguation). Utility is a measure of the happiness or satisfaction gained from a good or service in economics and game theory.

Utility or Utilities may also refer to:

In computers
 Utility, a software program for a limited narrow specific task: see Utility software
 Software tool
 utility (C++), a header file in the C++ Standard Library

In economics
 Cardinal utility, a utility index that preserves preference orderings
 Marginal utility, the change in the utility from an increase in the consumption of a good or service

In philosophy
 Utilitarianism, philosophical theories that deal with utility

Other uses
 Public utility, an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service, or the services themselves
 Utilities (film), a 1981 movie starring Robert Hays
 Utility (patentability requirement), one of the requirements for patentability in Canadian and United States patent laws
 Utility (car), a term used in Australia and New Zealand to refer to a pickup truck or coupe utility vehicle ("ute")
 Utility player, a term used in sports for a player who can play several positions competently.
 Utility furniture, produced in the United Kingdom during and just after World War II, under a Government scheme designed to cope with shortages of raw materials and rationing
 Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform, often abbreviated to "Utilities", the battledress uniform of the United States Marine Corps
 Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company, an American semi-trailer and refrigerated and dry trailer manufacturer, often shortened to Utility
 Utility Manufacturing Company, a defunct clock and camera manufacturer

See also
Graphics Environment for Multimedia. Graphics Environment for Multimedia (GEM) is a set of externals (libraries) that provide OpenGL graphics functionality to Pure Data, a graphical programming language for real-time audio processing.  It is free under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

Originally written by Mark Danks of Sony Computer Entertainment, it is now maintained by Johannes Zmölnig of the Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics. It was once (but is no longer) partly supported by a grant from the Intel Research Council for The Global Visual Music project of Vibeke Sorensen, Miller Puckette and Rand Steiger.

The externals provide support for many objects, such as polygon graphics, lighting, texture mapping, image processing, and camera motion.

See also 
 Pure Data
 OpenGL

References

External links 
 

C++ libraries
Widget toolkits
Free software programmed in C++
Audio software for Linux
Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown. Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown (17 June 1863 – 2 May 1924) was a Swiss businessman and engineer who co-founded Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC), which later became ABB.

Biography 
Brown was born on 17 June 1863 in Winterthur, canton of Zürich, as one of six children. One of his brothers was the art collector Sidney Brown. His mother was Swiss and his father, British engineer Charles Brown (1827–1905), was the founder of Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works. He began working at Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon in 1884, where he headed the electrical engineering department from 1887 to 1891. In 1891, in collaboration with AEG, he succeeded in transmitting AC electric current over 175 kilometres for the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Frankfurt, thus achieving a breakthrough in the field of alternating current, though he favoured the two-phase system.

In 1891, Brown co-founded with Walter Boveri the company Brown, Boveri & Cie in Baden, Switzerland. Over the following decade he acquired more than thirty Swiss patents for the company. After the transformation of Brown, Boveri & Cie into a S. A., Brown chaired the board of directors from 1901 until 1911, when he broke with Boveri, left the company and retired to Montagnola in the canton of Ticino.  He died in Montagnola on 2 May 1924.

References

External links
 Scanning the Past: A History of Electrical Engineers from the Past at ieee.cincinnati.fuse.net

1863 births
1924 deaths
19th-century Swiss engineers
20th-century Swiss engineers
19th-century Swiss businesspeople
20th-century Swiss businesspeople
People from Winterthur
Brown, Boveri & Cie
Swiss people of British descent
Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator. The integrated powerhead demonstrator (IPD) was a U.S. Air Force project in the 1990s and early 2000s run by NASA and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to develop a new rocket engine front-end ("powerhead", sometimes also termed a powerpack) that would utilize a full flow staged combustion cycle (FFSC). The prime contractors were Rocketdyne and Aerojet.

The long-term design goal was to apply the advantages of FFSC to create a reusable engine with improved life, reliability and performance. The powerhead demonstrator project was to develop a demonstrator design of what could become the front-end for a future engine development project. No subsequent funding was made available by public policymakers, so no full engine design was ever completed.

The turbines were also planned to feature hydrostatic bearings instead of the traditional ball bearings.

History
On July 19, 2006 Rocketdyne announced that the demonstrator engine front-end had been operated at full capacity.

According to NASA, the Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator project was the first of three potential phases of the Integrated High Payoff Rocket Propulsion Technology Program, which was aimed at demonstrating technologies that double the capability of state-of-the-art cryogenic booster engines. The project's goal in 2005 was to develop a full-flow, hydrogen-fueled, staged combustion rocket engine.

In 2007, Northrop Grumman announced it had received an AFRL contract to design and test a turbopump for liquid hydrogen propellants that could be used for these engines.

In 2013, NASA announced in a press release that the powerhead demo had achieved steady test performance at 100% power for the first time and had achieved 300 seconds of operation across 26 tests.

Future engine development work beyond the powerhead demo was never funded by the US government, and neither Rocketdyne—nor later Aerojet Rocketdyne after a 2013 merger—chose to pursue such development with their own or other private funding.

References

External links

  (Includes info on tech hurdles and development of IPD.)
  (Test firing news with pictures.)
 
 “Integrated Powerhead Demonstration (IPD).”Air Force Research Laboratory. Nov. 2004. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
 “Integrated Powerhead Demonstration (IPD) 1.” YouTube, YouTube, 29 Dec. 2021.
 "Integrated Powerhead Demonstration (IPD) 2."YouTube, YouTube, 28 Dec. 2021.

Rocket engines using hydrogen propellant
Rocketdyne engines
Rocket engines using full flow staged combustion cycle
Rocket engines of the United States
Emscher. The Emscher () is a river, a tributary of the Rhine, that flows through the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia in western Germany. Its overall length is  with a mean outflow near the mouth into the lower Rhine of .

Description

The Emscher has its wellspring in Holzwickede, east of the city of Dortmund. Towns along the Emscher are Dortmund, Castrop-Rauxel, Herne, Recklinghausen, Gelsenkirchen, Essen, Bottrop, Oberhausen and Dinslaken, where it flows into the Rhine.

At the centre of a vast industrial area with 5 million inhabitants the river is biologically dead, as it was used as an open waste-water canal from the end of the 19th century. The subsidence caused by coal mining along its route made the option of subterranean sewer pipes running alongside unworkable, as they would break each time the ground shifted.

Owing to the steady flow of spoil from the mining industry it has been impossible for the route of the Emscher to be maintained and its mouth into the Rhine has shifted north twice. A large wastewater treatment plant at its mouth treats the water of the Emscher before it flows into the Rhine.

Restoration

Since the early 1990s, efforts to restore the Emscher to its natural state have been making headway. The last coal mine () was closed in December 2018. Now that coal mining near the route of the river has halted, a large underground pipe is being built along the path of the river. The first stretch of the river to be restored is that in the city of Dortmund. The overall project is headed by the public water board Emschergenossenschaft. The main work was completed at the end of August 2022, with a budget of 5.5 billion euros. 

The Emscher renaturation project, which is funded by a total of €1.3 billion in EU bank finance, protects and generates 1400 jobs per year.

References

External links

www.emschergenossenschaft.de

Rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
 
Rivers of Germany
Matrass. A matrass (mod. Latin matracium) is a glass vessel with a round or oval body and a long narrow neck, used in chemistry as a digester or distiller. The Florence flask of commerce is frequently used for this purpose. The word is possibly identical with an old name matrass (Fr. materas, matelas) for the bolt or quarrel of a cross-bow. If so, some identity of shape is the reason for the application of the word; bolthead is also used as a name for the vessel. Another connection is suggested with the Arabic matra, a leather bottle.

References

See also
 Laboratory flask

External links
 

Laboratory equipment

es:Matraz
it:Matraccio
Northbound interface. In computer networking and computer architecture, a northbound interface of a component is an interface that allows the component to communicate with a higher level component, using the latter component's southbound interface. 

The northbound interface conceptualizes the lower level details (e.g., data or functions) used by, or in, the component, allowing the component to interface with higher level layers.

In architectural overviews, the northbound interface is normally drawn at the top of the component it is defined in; hence the name northbound interface.  

A southbound interface decomposes concepts in the technical details, mostly specific to a single component of the architecture.  

Southbound interfaces are drawn at the bottom of an architectural overview.
 fa: خطوط ارتباط شمالی

Typical use

A northbound interface is typically an output-only interface (as opposed to one that accepts user input) found in carrier-grade network and telecommunications network elements. 

The languages or protocols commonly used include SNMP and TL1. 

For example, a device that is capable of sending out syslog messages but that is not configurable by the user is said to implement a northbound interface. 

Other examples include SMASH, IPMI, WSMAN, and SOAP.

The term is also important for software-defined networking (SDN), to facilitate communication between the physical devices, the SDN software and applications running on the network.

References

Network architecture
Computer networking
Computer architecture
Bundesautobahn 31. is a German Autobahn that connects the coast of the North Sea near Emden to the Ruhr area. It is also known as Emsland-Autobahn or East Frisian Skewer.

It was completed in December 2004. Construction was in part made possible by a unique method of financing: individuals, companies, towns, counties and the Netherlands donated money to accelerate the project.

Exit list

 

 

 

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External links 

31
A031
A031
Secure environment. In computing, a secure environment is any system which implements the controlled storage and use of information.  In the event of computing data loss, a secure environment is used to protect personal or confidential data.

Often, secure environments employ cryptography as a means to protect information.

Some secure environments employ cryptographic hashing, simply to verify that the information has not been altered since it was last modified.

See also
 Data recovery
 Cleanroom
 Mandatory access control (MAC)
 Trusted computing
 Homomorphic encryption

Computer security
T70. T70 or T-70 can refer to:

Automobiles 
 Lola T70, a British sports prototype car
 Maxus T70, a Chinese pickup truck
 Toyota Mark II (T70), a Japanese compact car
 Venucia T70, a Chinese crossover SUV
 Yema T70, a Chinese crossover SUV

Military vehicles 
 T-70, a Soviet tank
 Hunter T 70, a British-built trainer aircraft
 , a patrol vessel of the Indian Navy
 T70 GMC, an American prototype self-propelled gun

Other uses 
T-70 (robot), a fictional robot in the Terminator franchise
Canon T70, a film camera
a type of X-wing fighter, a fictional vehicle in the Star Wars franchise
Lake Ewauna. Lake Ewauna is a reservoir in Klamath Falls, Oregon. It is the headwaters of the Klamath River, fed by the Link River from Upper Klamath Lake. Its constant level throughout the year is controlled by the release of water from Keno Dam,  south of the Link River's mouth on the reservoir.  Dam and reservoir are elements of the Klamath River Hydroelectric Project.

Lake Ewauna is an ideal length for crew rowing, and the Ewauna Rowing Club has used the lake for practice and competition since 1970.

Lumber industry
Lake Ewauna was home to several lumber mills in the 20th century, and was a log pond for those mills.  The last floating logs came out in the 1990s as the last mill on the lake shore, Modoc Lumber Company, closed its doors.  The former Modoc mill site is now being developed as Timbermill Shores.

Some logs were removed from the lake bottom in the late 1990s but many remain still on the bottom, remnants of a near century of log pond use.  A few logs rise to the surface in spring every year causing hazard to boat traffic.

See also
Upper Klamath Lake
Lower Klamath Lake

List of lakes and reservoirs in Oregon

References

External links

Ewauna
Ewauna
Klamath Falls, Oregon
Klamath River