omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Deacon process. The Deacon process, invented by Henry Deacon, is a process used during the manufacture of alkalis (the initial end product was sodium carbonate) by the Leblanc process.  Hydrogen chloride gas was converted to chlorine gas, which was then used to manufacture a commercially valuable bleaching powder, and at the same time the emission of waste hydrochloric acid was curtailed.  To some extent this technically sophisticated process superseded the earlier manganese dioxide process.

Process

The process was based on the oxidation of hydrogen chloride: 
4 HCl  +  O2  →  2 Cl2  +  2H2O

The reaction takes place at about 400 to 450 °C in the presence of a variety of catalysts, including copper chloride (CuCl2). Three companies developed commercial processes for producing chlorine based on the Deacon reaction:

The Kel-Chlor process developed by the M. W. Kellogg Company, which utilizes nitrosylsulfuric acid.
The Shell-Chlor process developed by the Shell Oil Company, which utilizes copper catalysts.
The MT-Chlor process developed by the Mitsui Toatsu Company, which utilizes chromium-based catalysts.

The Deacon process is now outdated technology. Most chlorine today is produced by using electrolytic processes. New catalysts based on ruthenium(IV) oxide have been developed by Sumitomo.

Leblanc-Deacon process
The Leblanc-Deacon process is a modification of the Leblanc process.  The Leblanc process was notoriously environmentally unfriendly, and resulted in some of the first Air and Water pollution acts.  In 1874, Henry Deacon had derived a process to reduce HCl emissions as mandated by the Alkali Act.  In this process, hydrogen chloride is oxidized by oxygen over a copper chloride catalyst, resulting in the production of chlorine.  This was widely used in the paper and textile industries as a bleaching agent, and as a result sodium carbonate was no longer the primary product of these plants, and henceforth sold at a loss.

See also
 Alkali act
 Leblanc process
 Hydrochloric acid
 Chlorine production

References

External links
 http://www.che.lsu.edu/COURSES/4205/2000/Lim/paper.htm 
 http://www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/fal/fal98/IF8-98-Pages32-36.pdf
 Deacon chemistry revisited: new catalysts for chlorine recycling. ETH (2013). ; https://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010055281

Chemical processes
Inorganic reactions
Chlorine
Motorola MC14500B. The MC14500B Industrial Control Unit (ICU) is a CMOS one-bit microprocessor designed by Motorola for simple control applications in 1977.

Overview 
MC14500B (ICU) is well-suited to the implementation of ladder logic, and thus could be used to replace relay systems and programmable logic controllers, also intended for serial data manipulation. The processor supports 16 commands, operating at a frequency of 1 MHz. The MC14500B unit does not include a program counter (PC); instead, a clock signal drives a separate PC chip; therefore the size of supported memory is dependent on the implementation of that chip. It was still in production in 1995.

The ICU architecture is similar to that of the DEC PDP-14 computer.

Developers 
The ICU was conceived by Vern Gregory in the mid-1970s while working as an engineer in a marketing / applications group of Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector in Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Brian Dellande originated circuit and sub-routine designs, and co-wrote the manual; Ray DiSilvestro was the bench technician; Terry Malarkey provided management support.

In the CMOS Logic Division in Austin, Texas, USA (where it was made) Phil Smith was the chip designer; Mike Hadley provided product applications support.

Derivatives 
A form of the design served as an embedded controller in a custom automotive chip made for Nippon Denso by Motorola—Japan. 

I.P.R.S. Băneasa manufactured a clone of the MC14500B with the designation βP14500 in IIL technology (rather than the original CMOS).

Notable uses 
One of the computers known to be based on this processor is the educational WDR 1-bit computer (512 bits of RAM, LED, I/O, keyboard).

A modern take, in retro style, of a computer based on this processor is the PLC14500-Nano. It is certified as Open Source Hardware PL000011 so anyone can learn from its design and can freely build it.

See also 
 WDR paper computer
 WDR Computerclub
 NDR computer

References

Further reading 
   (also: US 05/761,738; DE2801853A1)

External links
 
 
 
 
 

Motorola microprocessors
Motorola microcontrollers
BlueJ. BlueJ is an integrated development environment (IDE) for the Java programming language, developed mainly for educational purposes, but also suitable for small-scale software development. It runs with the help of Java Development Kit (JDK). 

BlueJ was developed to support the learning and teaching of object-oriented programming, and its design differs from other development environments as a result. The main screen graphically shows the class structure of an application under development (in a UML-like diagram), and objects can be interactively created and tested. This interaction facility, combined with a clean, simple user interface, allows easy experimentation with objects under development. Object-oriented concepts (classes, objects, communication through method calls) are represented visually and in its interaction design in the interface.

History 

The development of BlueJ was started in 1999 by Michael Kölling and John Rosenberg at Monash University, as a successor to the Blue system. BlueJ is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment). Blue was an integrated system with its own programming language and environment, and was a relative of the Eiffel language. BlueJ implements the Blue environment design for the Java programming language.

In March 2009, the BlueJ project became free and open source software, and licensed under GPL-2.0-or-later with the Classpath exception.

BlueJ is currently being maintained by a team at King's College London, England, where Kölling works.

Supported language 

BlueJ supports programming in Java and in Stride. Java support has been provided in BlueJ since its inception, while Stride support was added in 2017.

See also 

 Greenfoot
 DrJava
 Educational programming language

References

Bibliography

External links 

 
 BlueJ textbook

Integrated development environments
Free integrated development environments
Cross-platform free software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Java development tools
Java platform
Linux programming tools
Software development kits
MacOS programming tools
Programming tools for Windows
Linux software
Educational programming languages
Pedagogic integrated development environments
Amination. Amination is the process by which an amine group is introduced into an organic molecule. This type of reaction is important because organonitrogen compounds are pervasive.

Reactions

Aminase enzymes
Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are termed aminases. Amination can occur in a number of ways including reaction with ammonia or another amine such as an alkylation, reductive amination and the Mannich reaction.

Acid-catalysed hydroamination
Many alkyl amines are produced industrially by the amination of alcohols using ammonia in the presence of solid acid catalysts.  Illustrative is the production of tert-butylamine:
NH3  +  CH2=C(CH3)2  →   H2NC(CH3)3
The Ritter reaction of isobutene with hydrogen cyanide is not useful in this case because it produces too much waste.

Electrophilic amination 
Usually, the amine reacts as the nucleophile with another organic compound acting as the electrophile. This sense of reactivity may be reversed for some electron-deficient amines, including oxaziridines, hydroxylamines, oximes, and other N–O substrates. When the amine is used as an electrophile, the reaction is called electrophilic amination. Electron-rich organic substrates that may be used as nucleophiles for this process include carbanions and enolates.

Miscellaneous methods
Alpha hydroxy acids can be converted into amino acids directly using aqueous ammonia solution, hydrogen gas and a heterogeneous metallic ruthenium catalyst.

Metal-catalyzed hydroamination
In hydroamination, amines add to alkenes.  When substituted amines add, the result is alkene carboamination.

See also
Alkylation, the addition of an alkyl group
Acylation, the addition of an acyl group (-C(O)R)
Deamination

References

Organic reactions
Mosi. Mosi or MOSI may refer to:

 Mosi (given name)
 Mosi (surname)
 Molybdenum silicide (MoSi2), an important material in the semiconductor industry
 MOSI protocol, an extension of the basic MSI cache coherency protocol
 MOSI, Master Out Slave In (data output from master), Serial Peripheral Interface pin and logic signal
 Museum of Science and Industry (MOSI), former name of the Science and Industry Museum in Manchester, England
 Mosi (beer)

See also
 Museum of Science and Industry (disambiguation), several museums
Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research. The Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research (CACR) is a group of industrial representatives, professors, and students at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada who work and do research in the field of cryptography.

The CACR aims to facilitate leading-edge cryptographic research, to educate students at postgraduate levels, to host conferences and research visits, and to partner with various industries.  It was officially opened on June 19, 1998.

The CACR involves students and professors from four departments at the school: Combinatorics & Optimization, Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Pure Math.  It does not have a physical location, but utilizes resources from all the aforementioned departments.

The CACR plays a part in many conferences and workshops, including the following:
CACR Information Security Workshop
Privacy and Security Workshop
Workshop on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC)

The CACR includes the following notable faculty:
Scott Vanstone, professor, co-author of the Handbook of Applied Cryptography, founder of Certicom
Alfred Menezes, professor, co-author of the Handbook of Applied Cryptography
Neal Koblitz, adjunct professor, creator of elliptic curve cryptography and hyperelliptic curve cryptography
Doug Stinson, professor, author of Cryptography: Theory and Practice
Ian Goldberg, assistant professor, creator of Off-the-Record Messaging

External links
Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research homepage

University of Waterloo
Cryptography organizations
1998 establishments in Ontario
Computer security policy. A computer security policy defines the goals and elements of an organization's computer systems. The definition can be highly formal or informal. Security policies are enforced by organizational policies or security mechanisms. A technical implementation defines  whether a computer system is secure or insecure. These formal policy models can be categorized into the core security principles of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. For example, the Bell–LaPadula model is a confidentiality policy model, whereas the Biba model is an integrity policy model.

Formal description 
If a system is regarded as a finite-state automaton with a set of transitions (operations) that change the system's state, then a security policy can be seen as a statement that partitions these states into authorized and unauthorized ones.

Given this simple definition, one can define a secure system as one that starts in an authorized state and will never enter an unauthorized state.

Formal policy models

Confidentiality policy model
 Bell-La Padula model

Integrity policies model
 Biba model
 Clark-Wilson model

Hybrid policy model
 Chinese wall (Also known as Brewer and Nash model)

Policy languages 
To represent a concrete policy, especially for automated enforcement of it, a language representation is needed. There exist a lot of application-specific languages that are closely coupled with the security mechanisms that enforce the policy in that application.

Compared with this abstract policy languages, e.g., the Domain Type Enforcement-Language, is independent of the concrete mechanism.

See also 
 Anti-virus
 Information Assurance - CIA Triad
 Firewall (computing)
 Protection mechanisms

References 

 
 
Clark, D.D. and Wilson, D.R., 1987, April. A comparison of commercial and military computer security policies. In 1987 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (pp. 184–184). IEEE.

Computer security procedures
Computer security models
Blorb. Blorb is a package format for interactive fiction games. Many such games incorporate resources such as sound effects, music, or pictures. Blorb's purpose is to bind these together into one file. The format was devised by Andrew Plotkin and is used in both the Z-machine and Glulx virtual machines, as well as by the Glk library.

Concept 
In the days when games were distributed only on disk, there was no problem in associating a game with its resources: the resources were simply shipped on the same disk. Since all Z-machine games were produced by Infocom, there was also no chance that resources would be shipped in a format which a user's interpreter program could not handle. Blorb is needed because neither of these assumptions hold true in modern times: games are typically downloaded as single files, and a user may be using any of a large number of interpreters.

A Blorb file may optionally include the executable code of the game itself. This allows authors of modern games to ship one file containing everything needed to play the game, while also allowing the creation of resource files for classic Infocom games without running the risk of copyright infringement by distributing Infocom's Z-machine executable code.

Glulx games are almost always shipped in the Blorb format. A rather smaller proportion of Z-machine games make use of it, since Z-machine games often rely only on text, and so have no need for the extra resources. As of 2004 Blorb files are supported by all Glk interactive fiction interpreters, including Nitfol and Glulxe.

The Blorb format continues the tradition of naming interactive fiction tools after spells in Infocom's Enchanter trilogy. Blorb was a spell to bind objects into boxes.

Blorb is an IFF format, with FORM IFRS. The MIME type commonly in use is "application/x-blorb", and the filename extension is ".blorb", or, for systems where filename extensions are limited to three characters, ".blb". Blorb files containing Z-code games may be named with the extension ".zblorb" or ".zlb"; or, for Glulx games, ".gblorb" or ".glb". These alternative extensions are intended to make it easier for interpreters to ascertain the type of game contained inside.

Formats supported in Blorb files
 Images: PNG and JPEG
 Sound: AIFF, Ogg Vorbis
 Music: MOD

References

External links
 Blorb specification
 Graham Nelson's page of Blorb resources. (Warning: the demo game The Spy Who Came In From The Garden on this page is actually an invalid Blorb file.)
 Some tools for working with Blorb files 
 Blorb files for Infocom games

Archive formats
NTK. NTK could refer to:

 Naam Tamilar Katchi, political party in Tamil Nadu, India
 Národní technická knihovna, library in Prague, Czech Republic
 Need to Know (newsletter)
 Newton Toolkit, for the Newton (platform) PDA
 Ngau Tau Kok station, Hong Kong, MTR station code
 Nakkilan Tennisklubi, a floorball team located in Nakkila, Finland. (Known as NTK Nakkila)
 Neural tangent kernel, a mathematical tool to describe the training of artificial neural networks
 NTK, a Niterra brand of ceramic sensors and equipment
Aero Ae 01. The Aero Ae 01 was a Czechoslovakian military trainer biplane built in 1919 and was Aero's first attempt to modify one of the aircraft designs they had been manufacturing under licence during World War I, the Hansa-Brandenburg B.I. It was designed by Antonín Vlasák under the direction of  Jan Kouril. The project was originally designated as Ae 10, but later re-designated to Ae 01. The army operated the aircraft under designation A-1.

Operators
  - Czechoslovak Air Force

See also

References 

1910s Czechoslovak military trainer aircraft
Ae01
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1919
NesC. nesC (pronounced "NES-see") is a component-based, event-driven programming language used to build applications for the TinyOS platform. TinyOS is an operating environment designed to run on embedded devices used in distributed wireless sensor networks. nesC is built as an extension to the C programming language with components "wired" together to run applications on TinyOS. The name nesC is an abbreviation of "network embedded systems C".

Components and interfaces
nesC programs are built out of components, which are assembled ("wired") to form whole programs. Components have internal concurrency in the form of tasks. Threads of control may pass into a component through its interfaces. These threads are rooted either in a task or a hardware interrupt. 

Interfaces may be provided or used by components. The provided interfaces are intended to represent the functionality that the component provides to its user, the used interfaces represent the functionality the component needs to perform its job. 

In nesC, interfaces are bidirectional: They specify a set of functions to be implemented by the interface's provider (commands) and a set to be implemented by the interface's user (events). This allows a single interface to represent a complex interaction between components (e.g., registration of interest in some event, followed by a callback when that event happens). This is critical because all lengthy commands in TinyOS (e.g. send packet) are non-blocking; their completion is signaled through an event (send done). By specifying interfaces, a component cannot call the send command unless it provides an implementation of the sendDone event. Typically commands call downwards, i.e., from application components to those closer to the hardware, while events call upwards. Certain primitive events are bound to hardware interrupts. 

Components are statically linked to each other via their interfaces. This increases runtime efficiency, encourages robust design, and allows for better static analysis of programs.

References

External links
 

Embedded systems
Wireless sensor network
C programming language family
High rail. High rail (also called "hi-rail" and "hirail") is a phrase used in model railroading in North America, mostly in O scale and S scale, to describe a "compromise" form of modelling that strives for realism while accepting the compromises in scale associated with toy train equipment. The phrase exists due to the observation that traditional Lionel and American Flyer toy train track sits much higher than finescale track.

The compromises that were traditionally made in manufacturing these trains have led to three approaches to model railroading in these two scales.

The traditional toy train layout makes little, if any, effort at realism and often makes use of unpainted plastic buildings, particularly the Plasticville brand, and other toys, making little or no effort to disguise their origin. In some cases, the buildings, vehicles, and figures on the layout may not even be the same scale as the train, or each other. Roads, grass, and roadbed may be painted onto the table surface, or may be represented with low-pile carpet.

Scale modeling also occurs in O and S scales, just like in HO or N scales, where the modeler tries to create a miniature world that is as realistic as possible. Scale modelers in O and S scales will often avoid, or at least make limited use of, traditional American Flyer and Lionel locomotives and rolling stock since it sometimes was not very true to scale, was lacking in detail, and used oversized knuckle couplers. Scale modelers use O gauge track, but with two rails rather than the three rails used by Lionel, and the trains run on direct current. Numerous standards for track that is more true to scale exist for both O and S scales.

High rail is an in-between approach. High-railers live with the out-of-scale track and will make use of off-the-shelf diecast vehicles that may be slightly out of scale, especially in O scale because true 1:48 scale vehicles are scarce, whereas 1:43 and 1:50 scale diecast vehicles are very common. Some use vintage Lionel and American Flyer trains, while others opt to use modern equivalents built to greater detail. High railers often will repaint and weather their trains, vehicles, and buildings, just as a scale model railroader would. Sometimes they will go to great lengths to try to conceal the middle rail on Lionel track, and will replace the oversized couplers that came with their trains from the factory with scale versions. High railers are less likely to engage in scratch building than their scale modeling counterparts, but many engage in kitbashing and super-detailing their buildings and structures.

Some manufacturers, particularly in S scale, will offer rolling stock with either scale or high-rail trucks and couplers, in order to cater to all potential markets.

References

Rail transport modelling
Moscow State Forest University. Moscow State Forest University () (MSFU) is a specialized establishment of higher education which trains engineering personnel, scientists as well as bachelors and masters for forest industry, wood processing and pulp and paper industry and is an educational and scientific center of forest complex of the country. One school (commonly called in Russia "a faculty", and is similar to a college within a university) of the university prepares specialists for the aerospace industry.

Established in 1919 as the Moscow Forest Engineering Institute, the school was Russia's "first higher education institution for training forest engineers."

There are nine schools (colleges) in the university specializing in forest engineering and one school (college) specializing in electronics, applied mathematics and computer science Faculty of Computer Science (FEST). FEST was founded in 1959 on an initiative by academician Sergey Pavlovich Korolev with the goal to prepare engineers for the Soviet Aerospace industry. 

Since 2016 Moscow State Forest University is a division of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, BMSTU (Russian: Московский государственный технический университет им. Н. Э. Баумана (МГТУ им. Н. Э. Баумана)), sometimes colloquially referred to as the Bauman School or Baumanka (Russian: Ба́уманка) is a public technical university (Polytechnic) located in Moscow, Russia.

See also 
 List of historic schools of forestry

References

External links
 

 
Forestry education
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Forestry in Russia
Mytishchinsky District
HME. HME may refer to:

HME, Incorporated, a U.S. custom truck manufacturer
Hereditary multiple exostoses
Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, an infectious disease
Home medical equipment
Hamble railway station, in England
Heat and moisture exchanger
Human macrophage metalloelastase, an enzyme
Hot melt extrusion
Hermes Aviation, a defunct airline of Malta
Home market effect
Huishui Miao, a language of China
Homemade explosive, often used in improvised explosive devices
Oued Irara–Krim Belkacem Airport, in Algeria
 Humen railway station, China Railway pinyin code HME
 Hazardous Materials Endorsement, a HAZMAT endorsement issued by the U.S. Transportation Security Administration
Game developer. Game developer may refer to:

 Video game developer, an individual or company working on video game production
 Video game publisher, a company funding video game developer(s)
 Video game producer, a manager of game development team
 Game designer, a member of game development team, responsible for game's design
 Game programmer, a member of game development team, responsible for game's codebase
 Game Developer (magazine), a defunct monthly trade periodical for the video game industry
 Game Developer (website), formerly Gamasutra, the ongoing sister publication to the magazine of the same name

See also 

 Game development
 Game design
 Game programming
 Video game design
 List of video game companies
 List of video game industry people
 List of video game publishers