omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Teflon (disambiguation). Teflon is a registered trademark of the Chemours company used for polytetrafluoroethylene (and other fluoropolymers).

Teflon may also refer to:

Chemicals
 Teflon AF, copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole used as membrane materials
 Teflon FEP, fluorinated ethylene propylene used as a high-temperature insulation for wire
 Teflon tape or thread seal tape, (use deprecated by the trademark owner)

Music
 "Teflon" (song), a 1998 song by the Australian band Jebediah
 "Teflon", a song on the album Octahedron by the American band The Mars Volta

See also

 Teflon Brothers, a hip hop and rap group from Helsinki, Finland
 Teflon Diva!, a 1997 album by Arthur Loves Plastic
 Teflon-coated bullet, bullets that have been covered with a coating of polytetrafluoroethylene
 Teflon flu, inhalation fever caused by the fumes released when polytetrafluoroethylene is heated
 
 Teflon Don (disambiguation)

ta:டெஃப்லான்
Strain energy density function. A strain energy density function or stored energy density function is a scalar-valued function that relates the strain energy density of a material to the deformation gradient.

Equivalently,

where  is the (two-point) deformation gradient tensor,  is the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor,  is the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor,
and  is the rotation tensor from the polar decomposition of .

For an anisotropic material, the strain energy density function  depends implicitly on reference vectors or tensors (such as the initial orientation of fibers in a composite) that characterize internal material texture. The spatial representation,  must further depend explicitly on the polar rotation tensor  to provide sufficient information to convect the reference texture vectors or tensors into the spatial configuration. 

For an isotropic material, consideration of the principle of material frame indifference leads to the conclusion that the strain energy density function depends only on the invariants of  (or, equivalently, the invariants of  since both have the same eigenvalues).  In other words, the strain energy density function can be expressed uniquely in terms of the principal stretches or in terms of the invariants of the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor or right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor and we have:

For isotropic materials,

with

For linear isotropic materials undergoing small strains, the strain energy density function specializes to

A strain energy density function is used to define a hyperelastic material by postulating that the stress in the material can be obtained by taking the derivative of  with respect to the strain.  For an isotropic hyperelastic material, the function relates the energy stored in an elastic material, and thus the stress–strain relationship, only to the three strain (elongation) components, thus disregarding the deformation history, heat dissipation, stress relaxation etc. 

For isothermal elastic processes, the strain energy density function relates to the specific Helmholtz free energy function ,

For isentropic elastic processes, the strain energy density function relates to the internal energy function ,

Examples 
Some examples of hyperelastic constitutive equations are:
Saint Venant–Kirchhoff
Neo-Hookean
Generalized Rivlin
Mooney–Rivlin
Ogden
Yeoh
Arruda–Boyce model
Gent

See also 

Finite strain theory
Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy in thermoelasticity
Hyperelastic material
Ogden–Roxburgh model

References 

Continuum mechanics
Rubber properties
Solid mechanics

ja:ひずみエネルギー
Kerr cell shutter. A Kerr cell shutter is a type of photographic shutter used for very fast shutter speeds down to nanosecond level.

The Kerr Cell consists of a transparent container (A) filled with nitrobenzene (B) with attached electrodes (C and D). A high voltage is passed through the electrodes which causes an electric field perpendicular to the transmitted light beam to be applied.

The cell makes use of the Kerr effect, in which the nitrobenzene becomes birefringent under the influence of the electric field. This allows it to be used as a shutter that can be opened for a very brief amount of time, around 10ns.

Its primary disadvantage was the use of toxic and flammable substances such as nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene. These have now largely been replaced by KTN (potassium tantalate niobate) and barium titanate (BaTiO3).

Speed of Light measurement 

The Kerr Cell shutter was used in the 1920-40s to measure the speed of light. A beam of light is timed between an emitter and receiver while passing through a Kerr Cell. When the cell is activated the light beam is diverted and takes a different path to the receiver, this time difference is measured and the speed of light is calculated based on knowledge of the expected return time.

See also 
Kerr effect
Rapatronic camera

References

External links

Photographic shutters
Pisohamate ligament. The pisohamate ligament is a ligament in the hand. It connects the pisiform to the hook of the hamate. It is a prolongation of the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris.

It serves as part of the origin for the abductor digiti minimi. It also forms the floor of the ulnar canal, a canal that allows the ulnar nerve and ulnar artery into the hand.

References 

Ligaments of the upper limb
Vit Klemes. Vit Klemes (born Vít Klemeš; 30 April 1932, Podivín – 8 March 2010) was a Canadian hydrologist of Czech origin.

Biography
Klemes received a Civil Engineering degree (Ing) from the Brno University of Technology, a CSc degree (a local equivalent of PhD) in hydrology and water resources from the Slovak Technical University in Bratislava and a DrSc degree from the Czech Technical University in Prague.
 
Following the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia, Klemes and his family came to Canada in September 1968. There he obtained a position of associate professor at the University of Toronto, first in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and later in the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering. In 1972, he was appointed research hydrologist at the National Hydrology Research Institute of Environment Canada, a position he held for 17 years; after the institute's move from Ottawa to Saskatoon, he also served as its chief scientist. From 1990 to 1999 he was a water resources consultant in Victoria, British Columbia where he continued to live after his retirement until his death.

During his career Klemes has authored about 150 scientific and technical publications, lectured extensively on all five continents, was visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Monash University in Melbourne, Agricultural University (BOKU) in Vienna, the University of Karlsruhe, and in 1994 was appointed Invited Professor at Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique of Universite du Quebec.

In 1987, he was elected President of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) and his work has been recognized by a number of awards; among other, he received a Gold Medal from the Slovak Academy of Sciences (1993), the International Hydrology Prize from the IAHS (1994), the Ray K. Linsley Award from the American Institute of Hydrology (1995) and the Ven Te Chow Award from the American Society of Civil Engineers (1998).

Publications 
Common Sense and other Heresies - Selected Papers on Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering by Vít Klemeš, ed. by C. David Sellars (2000)
An Imperfect Fit - Advanced democracy and human nature by Vit Klemes (2004)

References
Šútor, J. (2002): Anniversary of Vít Klemeš. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 50, No. 1, 67-70.
Svoboda, A. (2007): Again an anniversary of Vít Klemeš. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 55, No. 2, 142-144.
Notice of Vít Klemeš' death
Koutsoyiannis, D. (2011): Vít Klemeš (1932–2010). The Reference Frame, recollection

1932 births
2010 deaths
People from Břeclav District
Canadian people of Czech descent
Czechoslovak emigrants to Canada
Canadian hydrologists
Czech Technical University in Prague alumni
Engineers from British Columbia
Scientists from British Columbia
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava alumni
NI Multisim. NI Multisim (formerly MultiSIM) is an electronic schematic capture and simulation program which is part of a suite of circuit design programs, along with NI Ultiboard. Multisim is one of the few circuit design programs to employ the original Berkeley SPICE based software simulation. Multisim was originally created by a company named Electronics Workbench Group, which is now a division of National Instruments. Multisim includes microcontroller simulation (formerly known as MultiMCU), as well as integrated import and export features to the printed circuit board layout software in the suite, NI Ultiboard.

Multisim is widely used in academia and industry for circuits education, electronic schematic design and SPICE simulation.

History
Multisim was originally called Electronics Workbench and created by a company called Interactive Image Technologies. At the time it was mainly used as an educational tool to teach electronics technician and electronics engineering programs in colleges and universities. National Instruments has maintained this educational legacy, with a specific version of Multisim with features developed for teaching electronics.

In 1999, Multisim was integrated with Ultiboard after the original company merged with Ultimate Technology, a PCB layout software company.

In 2005, Interactive Image Technologies was acquired by National Instruments Electronics Workbench Group and Multisim was renamed to NI Multisim.

Pricing

See also

 Comparison of EDA software
 List of free electronics circuit simulators
 Proteus Design Suite
 Qucs
 NI Ultiboard, the PCB layout software that is integrated with Multisim.
 OrCAD

References

External links 
 
 National Instruments Circuit Design Community Circuit design blog and community to share components, models and footprints
 Download Link for NI Multisim Allows a 30-day evaluation of the software
 Introduction to Multisim Schematic Capture and SPICE Simulation
 Getting Started with NI Ultiboard

Electronic design automation software
Electronic circuit simulators
Carlo H. Séquin. Carlo Heinrich Séquin (born October 30, 1941) is a professor of Computer Science  at the University of California, Berkeley in the United States.

Séquin is recognized as one of the pioneers in processor design. Séquin has worked with computer graphics, geometric modelling, and on the development of computer-aided design (CAD) tools for circuit designers. He was born in Zurich, Switzerland.

Séquin is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

Academic history
Séquin holds the Baccalaureate type C (in Math and Science), Basel, Switzerland (1960), the Diploma in Experimental Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland (1965), and a  Ph.D in Experimental Physics, from the Institute of Applied Physics, Basel (1969).

Career
Having received his doctorate, Séquin went on to work at the Institute of Applied Physics in Basel on the interface physics of MOS transistors and problems of applied electronics in the field of cybernetic models. From 1970 to 1976 Séquin worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey on the design and investigation of charge-coupled devices for imaging and signal processing applications. While at Bell Telephone Laboratories he was introduced to computer graphics in lectures given by Ken Knowlton.

In 1977 Séquin joined the Faculty in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department (EECS) at Berkeley where he introduced the concept of RISC processors with David A. Patterson in the early 1980s. He was head of the Computer Science Division from 1980 to 1983. Since then he has worked extensively on computer graphics, geometric modelling, and on the development of computer aided design (CAD) tools for circuit designers, architects, and for mechanical engineers.

Séquin's expertise in computer graphics and geometric design have led to his involvement with sculptors of abstract geometric art, which was inspired by the analytic constructivism of Frank Smullin.

Dr. Séquin is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), a Fellow of the IEEE, and has been elected to the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences. Since 2001 he has been Associate Dean, Capital Projects, at Berkeley’s College of Engineering.

References

External links
Biographical information on Séquin
Carlo H. Séquin's homepage at U.C. Berkeley
Sculpture designs and Maths models by Séquin
List of publications
Interview with Séquin
Séquin on perfect shapes in higher dimensions, regular polytopes in n dimensions
CARLO H. SÉQUIN, AN ORAL HISTORY. 2 interview: 05 July 2002 tape 1\8: 00:03:41 − 00:06

1941 births
Living people
Swiss computer scientists
American computer scientists
Computer graphics researchers
Computer systems researchers
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Scientists from Zurich
NI Ultiboard. NI Ultiboard, formerly ULTIboard, is an electronic printed circuit board (PCB) layout program which is part of a suite of circuit design programs, along with NI Multisim. One of its major features is the real time design rule check, a feature that was only offered on expensive work stations in the days when it was introduced. ULTIboard was originally created by a company named Ultimate Technology, which is now a subsidiary of National Instruments. Ultiboard includes a 3D PCB viewing mode, integrated import and export features to the schematic capture, and simulation software in the suite, Multisim.

History

Market penetration
ULTIboard was originally created by Ultimate Technology in Naarden, Netherlands. It sold for $800–$2500, depending on the design size chosen.

Student versions that were offered for very low prices were limited; they could not produce photo plot files. They also contributed to the popularity of the software as most students knew how to work with the program.

Ultimate Technology's managing director, James Post, was known for his innovative marketing approach and customer oriented thinking. In 1989, they distributed 180,000 free demonstration floppy disks (demo-discs) via electronics magazines, a first in history. Soon thereafter, ULTIboard became market leader in Europe in the field of PC based PCB design products.

The company held worldwide user meetings where customers could attend free and even got a free gourmet lunch. Optionally, customers could take an afternoon training to get up and running with the latest features. Priced at US$75, most users took this option. Other PR activities included invitations for customers to have a lunch during trade shows and conferences, boat rides, cart racing, flying for their best accounts. This strategy helped ULTIboard to become the leader in customer loyalty.

Rebranding
In 1999, Ultimate Technology merged with Interactive Image Technologies and eventually renamed itself to Electronics Workbench. In 2003, all development of ULTIboard was moved to the head office in Toronto.

Ultiboard is now supported and distributed by National Instruments. The product has been renamed from Electronics Workbench back to Ultiboard with the schematic capture and simulation tool named Multisim.

See also

 Comparison of EDA software
 List of free electronics circuit simulators
 NI Multisim, schematic capture and simulation software integrated with Ultiboard
 OrCAD, an Ultiboard competitor

External links
 
 NI Ultiboard product page
 Getting Started with NI Ultiboard

Electronic design automation software
Washington Group International. Washington Group International was an American corporation which provided integrated engineering, construction, and management services to businesses and governments around the world. Based in Boise, Idaho, WGI had approximately 25,000 employees working in over 40 US states and more than 30 countries. Its primary areas of expertise were: infrastructure, mining, industrial/process, energy & environment, and power. It was acquired by URS Corporation of San Francisco in November 2007 for $3.1 billion, subsequently purchased by AECOM.

Washington Construction
At the age of 30, Dennis R. Washington founded Washington Construction Company in Missoula, Montana in 1964. He guided the company to the top of the civil construction market in Montana, and expanded into mining, industrial construction, and environmental cleanup work. As his company grew into a major regional firm, Washington's vision for the future continued to expand also - leading to a series of acquisitions that produced an international company.

In 1993 it expanded its heavy civil construction-operation, when it merged with Kasler Corporation, a California-based firm with large-scale operations in heavy-civil construction. Washington Construction Group Inc. was then based in Highland, California.

Morrison Knudsen Co.
In 1996, the much smaller Washington Construction Group merged with Morrison-Knudsen Corp. of Boise, which had been in financial difficulty.

Acquisition by URS
On May 28, 2007, URS Corporation, based in San Francisco, announced it had reached an initial agreement with WGI management to purchase the entire company for $2.6 billion (about $80 per share). According to the plan, WGI would operate as a division of URS, with the headquarters remaining in Boise. On November 15, the price was increased and finalized for a purchase price of $3.1 billion ($95.116 per share).

URS competitors include Bechtel, Fluor Corp., CB&I, Kiewit, and Jacobs Engineering Group.

URS was purchased by AECOM in 2014.

See also 
 List of locomotive builders
 Top 100 US Federal Contractors

References

Further reading

External links 
Washington Division of URS - official site
Forbes.com - URS & Washington Group - Nuclear Fusion - 29-May-2007
The Seattle Times - 29-May-2007

Defunct companies based in Idaho
American companies established in 1964
Defunct engineering companies of the United States
American companies disestablished in 2007
1964 establishments in Idaho
2007 disestablishments in Idaho
Operability. Operability is the ability to keep a piece of equipment, a system or a whole industrial installation in a safe and reliable functioning condition, according to pre-defined operational requirements.

In a computing systems environment with multiple systems this includes the ability of products, systems and business processes to work together to accomplish a common task such as finding and returning availability of inventory for flight.

For a gas turbine engine, operability addresses the installed aerodynamic operation of the engine to ensure that it operates with care-free throttle handling without compressor stall or surge or combustor flame-out. There must be no unacceptable loss of power or handling deterioration after ingesting birds, rain and hail or ingesting or accumulating ice. Design and development responsibilities include the components through which the thrust/power-producing flow passes, i.e. the intake, compressor, combustor, fuel system, turbine and exhaust. They also include the software in the computers which control the way the engine changes its speed in response to the actions of the pilot in selecting a start, selecting different idle settings and higher power ratings such as take-off, climb and cruise. The engine has to start to idle and accelerate and decelerate within agreed, or mandated, times while remaining within operating limits (shaft speeds, turbine temperature, combustor casing pressure) over the required aircraft operating envelope.

Operability is considered one of the ilities and is closely related to reliability, supportability and maintainability.

Operability also refers to whether or not a surgical operation can be performed to treat a patient with a reasonable degree of safety and chance of success.

References

External links
 Software Operability
 Examples Software Operability Requirements

Computer systems
OS2000. Baget RTOS () is a real-time operating system developed by the Scientific Research Institute of System Development of the Russian Academy of Sciences for a MIPS architecture (Baget-MIPS variant) and Intel board support packages (BSPs) (x86 architecture). Baget is intended for software execution in a hard real-time embedded systems (firmware).

X Window System (client and server) was ported to Baget. It also has Ethernet support (Network File System (NFS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet protocols), long filename File Allocation Table (VFAT) and a tar file systems, floppy disk drive (FDD) and hard disk drive (HDD) driver support. Several supported network cards are limited by some Realtek Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) cards.

The development process is based on the following principles:
 international standards compliance
 portability
 Scalability
 Microkernel
 Object-oriented programming
 Cross-platform development

Standards compliance 
 Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) 1003.1, standard (application programming interface (API)),
 C standard programming language and libraries.

See also 
 Comparison of real-time operating systems

External links 
 NIISI RAS Baget RTOS
 NIISI RAS
 MCST-R500 1 GHz CPU for Baget RTOS

Real-time operating systems
Embedded operating systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
Microkernels
MIPS operating systems
David VandeLinde. David VandeLinde was an American electrical engineering graduate from Carnegie Tech in 1964 and was the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Warwick from 2001 to 2006.

David VandeLinde was raised in St. Albans, West Virginia.  He graduated from St. Albans High School in 1960.  He played football and was an offensive end.

Professor VandeLinde came to Warwick in 2001 from the University of Bath, where he had been Vice-Chancellor for nine years. He was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) by the University of Bath in 2001.

VandeLinde saw Warwick through five years of fast growth, but not without controversy. As well as being closely associated with the 'corporate' ethos of Warwick, he became prominent supporter of higher tuition fees for students. He was also a firm supporter of the University's attempts to build a campus in Singapore, which did not ultimately come to fruition.

Before coming to the United Kingdom, VandeLinde was dean of the engineering faculty at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.

References

American electrical engineers
Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Vice-chancellors of the University of Bath
Vice-chancellors of the University of Warwick
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people