omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Milk glass. Milk glass is an opaque or translucent, milk white or colored glass that can be blown or pressed into a wide variety of shapes.  First made in Venice in the 16th century, colors include blue, pink, yellow, brown, black, and white.

Principle

Milk glass contains dispersion particles with a refractive index significantly different from the glass matrix which scatters light by the Tyndall scattering effect. The size, distribution, and density of the particles controls the overall effect; which may range from mild opalization to opaque white. Some glasses are somewhat more blue from the side and somewhat red-orange in pass-through light.

The particles are produced by the addition of opacifiers to the molten glass. Some opacifiers can be insoluble and are only dispersed in the melt. Others are added as precursors and react in the melt or dissolve in the molten glass and then precipitate as crystals upon cooling. This is similar to color production in striking glasses though the particles are much bigger.

A variety of opacifiers can be used:  bone ash, tin dioxide,  arsenic, and antimony compounds. These are also added to ceramic glazes which, chemically; be considered a specific kind of milk glass.

History

Milk glass was first made in Venice in the 16th century (lattimo) as a translucent competitor for porcelain.  Colors include blue, pink, yellow, brown, black, and white. Some 19th-century glass makers called milky white opaque glass "opal glass". The name milk glass is relatively recent. 

Made into decorative dinnerware, lamps, vases, and costume jewellery, milk glass was highly popular during the fin de siècle. Pieces made for the wealthy of the Gilded Age are known for their strikingly delicate beauty in both color and design while Depression glass pieces of the 1930s and 1940s are less so.

Milk glass is often used for architectural decoration when one of the underlying purposes is the display of graphic information.  The original milk glass marquee of the Chicago Theatre has been donated to the Smithsonian Institution. A famous use of milk glass is for the four faces of the information booth clock at Grand Central Terminal in New York City. Barbetta, the New York Italian restaurant founded in 1906 and still in business as of 2022, has what is said to be the last opal glass sign in the city.

Collectible
Milk glass has a considerable following of collectors.
Glass makers continue to produce both original pieces and reproductions of popular collectible pieces and patterns.

Notable U.S. manufacturers

 Dithridge & Company
 Fenton Glass Company
 Fostoria Glass Company
 Imperial Glass Company
 Kanawha Glass Co.
 L.E. Smith Glass Company
 Mosser Glass
 Thai Soojung Glass Company Limited
 Westmoreland Glass Company

See also 
 Opaline glass

References

External links

 National Milk Glass Collectors Society
 National Westmoreland Glass Collectors Club
 Primary processing of Murano Glass
 Basic Overview on Milk Glass

Glass compositions
Collecting
Cray T3E. The Cray T3E was Cray Research's second-generation massively parallel supercomputer architecture, launched in late November 1995. The first T3E was installed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center in 1996. Like the previous Cray T3D, it was a fully distributed memory machine using a 3D torus topology interconnection network. The T3E initially used the DEC Alpha 21164 (EV5) microprocessor and was designed to scale from 8 to 2,176 Processing Elements (PEs).  Each PE had between 64 MB and 2 GB of DRAM and a 6-way interconnect router with a payload bandwidth of 480 MB/s in each direction.  Unlike many other MPP systems, including the T3D, the T3E was fully self-hosted and ran the UNICOS/mk distributed operating system with a GigaRing I/O subsystem integrated into the torus for network, disk and tape I/O.

The original T3E (retrospectively known as the T3E-600) had a 300 MHz processor clock. Later variants, using the faster 21164A (EV56) processor,  comprised the T3E-900 (450 MHz), T3E-1200 (600 MHz), T3E-1200E (with improved memory and interconnect performance) and T3E-1350 (675 MHz). The T3E was available in both air-cooled (AC) and liquid-cooled (LC) configurations. AC systems were available with 16 to 128 user PEs, LC systems with 64 to 2048 user PEs.

A 1480-processor T3E-1200 was the first supercomputer to achieve a performance of more than 1 teraflops running a computational science application, in 1998. 

After Cray Research was acquired by Silicon Graphics in February 1996, development of new Alpha-based systems was stopped. While providing the -900, -1200 and -1200E upgrades to the T3E, in the long term Silicon Graphics intended Cray T3E users to migrate to the Origin 3000, a MIPS-based distributed shared memory computer, introduced in 2000. However, the T3E continued in production after SGI sold the Cray business the same year.

See also
 History of supercomputing

References

External links
 Top500 description of T3E
 Inside Cray T3E-900 Serial Number 6702, (link to updated copy)
 Performance Analysis of the CRAY T3E-1200E, Edward Anderson, Lockheed Martin Services Inc., 1999, (link to archived copy)

Computer-related introductions in 1995
T3e
Supercomputers
Larswm. larswm is a window manager for the X window system that follows the tiling window manager paradigm.  Using ideas from the older 9wm window manager, it features automatic tiling and virtual desktops.  It also borrows other ideas, for example a limited form of plumbing, from the Acme development environment.  Objects are tiled into non-overlapping areas, instead of using windows that can be stacked, as this approach can result in lower memory and CPU requirements.

See also 
 dwm
 wmii
 Ratpoison
 Desktop metaphor

References 
 Georg F.C. Reeve Larswm, Brave GNU World, issue 26, also appeared in Linux Magazine, Sep 2001, pp. 108–109
 Nicholas Petreley (Jul 9, 2002) Window-managers 101: The desktop beyond GNOME and KDE SYS-CON, originally appeared in  LinuxWorld.com

External links 
 larswm homepage mirror
 
 A collation of larswm resources

Free X window managers
Tiling window managers
Discontinued software
List of My Life as a Teenage Robot episodes. My Life as a Teenage Robot is an American animated superhero science fantasy television series created by Rob Renzetti. It was produced by Frederator Studios and Nickelodeon Animation Studio, with Rough Draft Korea providing the animation services. 

Set in the fictional town of Tremorton, the series follows the adventures of a robot girl named XJ-9, or Jenny, as she prefers to be called, who attempts to juggle her duties of protecting Earth while trying to live a normal human life as a teenager.

A pilot for the series, entitled "My Neighbor Was a Teenage Robot", originally aired as a segment of an episode of Oh Yeah! Cartoons on December 4, 1999. 

The series was produced from 2002 to 2006, and it originally aired in the United States on Nickelodeon from August 1, 2003, to September 9, 2005. 

The third season aired in Asia from January 13, 2006, to March 30, 2007, and later in the United States from October 4, 2008, to May 2, 2009, on Nicktoons. 

A total of 40 episodes (76 segments) were produced over the course of three seasons. The entire series is available on DVD, Paramount+, and digital purchase.

Series overview

Episodes

Pilot (1999)
A pilot for the series, entitled "My Neighbor Was a Teenage Robot", originally aired as a segment in an episode of the Nickelodeon series Oh Yeah! Cartoons on December 4, 1999.

Season 1 (2003–04)

The series entered pre-production in 2001, and production of the first season lasted from March 2002 to November 2002.

26 episode segments (13 half-hours) were produced for the first season.

Season 2 (2004–05)
Production of the second season lasted from January 2004 to March 2005. "Victim of Fashion" was the first episode produced for the season, and "Escape from Cluster Prime" was the last.

20 11-minute episode segments, two 22-minute specials, and a 45-minute TV movie were produced for the second season, totaling 14 half-hours.

Note: All episodes in this season were directed by Chris Sauve and Rob Renzetti, with the exceptions of "Escape from Cluster Prime", which was directed by Chris Savino and Rob Renzetti, and "Robot Riot", which was directed by John Fountain and Rob Renzetti.

Season 3 (2008–09)
Production of the third and final season lasted from January 2005 to April 2006. The show was cancelled halfway through production in October 2005. "Weapons of Mass Distraction" was the first episode produced for the season.

On October 12, 2006, Nickelodeon announced that season 3 was set to air in 2007 on Nicktoons Network in the United States. However, it ended up being delayed until October 2008.

26 episode segments (13 half-hours) were produced for season 3.

Notes

References

External links
 

Lists of American children's animated television series episodes
Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes
Datacom (disambiguation). A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes.

Datacom may also refer to:

 Data communication
 DATACOM/DB, a relational database for IBM mainframes
 Datacom Group, a New Zealand-based IT company
 Next Generation Data Communicationstg d (DataComm), an  initiative to replace some voice communications between pilots and air traffic control with textual messages
closed proxy)
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Salamander (metallurgy). A salamander (or deadman's foot or furnace bear) in the metallurgy dialect means all liquid and solidified
materials in the hearth of a blast furnace below the tap hole.

The target of the salamander tapping is to remove the remaining hot metal and slag from the blast furnace to allow a safe and efficient intermediate repair and blow-in of the blast furnace.

During blowing down of the furnace the salamander is tapped by drilling a hole in the blast furnace hearth.

Metallurgical processes
Steelmaking
Marlinspike. A marlinspike (, sometimes spelled marlin spike, marlinespike, or [archaic] marlingspike) is a tool used in marine ropework.  Shaped in the form of a narrow metal cone tapered to a rounded or flattened point, it is used in tasks such as unlaying rope for splicing, untying knots, drawing tight using a marlinspike hitch, and as a toggle joining ropes under tension in a belaying pin splice.

Marlinspikes are usually about  long but may reach  or more when used for working heavy cables and ropes.  They are usually made from iron or steel, whereas fids, similar in shape and function, are formed from wood or bone. Historically a separate tool, the marlinspike is integrated in specialized versions of folding rigging and pocket knives.

Sailors who become proficient at knot tying, splicing, and sewing using the marlinspike are said to have mastered marlinespike seamanship, earning them the right to be known as marlin spikes or marlinspike seamen.

Uses

Marlinspikes are used:

 As a lever to:
open strands of laid rope when forming eyes or inserting items into the lay.
untie knots that have tightened under tension. 
tension marline or rope using a marlinspike hitch, much tighter than by gripping the line with the hand alone.

Etymology
Marlinspike derives from the practice of "marling", winding small diameter twine called marline around larger ropes to form protective whippings. The long-billed fish marlin is thought to be named after the marlinspike.

Marlin spike gets its name from the small cord called marlin, which is typically tarred and used for the serving of rope. The fish marlin actually gets its name from marlin spike.

See also
Marlinspike Hall

References

Ropework
Nautical terminology

fr:Épissoir
Otto Schmitt. Otto Herbert Schmitt (April 6, 1913 – January 6, 1998) was an American inventor, engineer, and biophysicist known for his scientific contributions to biophysics and for establishing the field of biomedical engineering.  Schmitt also coined the term biomimetics and invented or co-invented the Schmitt trigger, the differential amplifier, and the chopper-stabilized amplifier.

He was elected in 1953 a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He was awarded the John Price Wetherill Medal in 1972.

References

“Biomimetic.” Merriam-Webster.com. 2013. Web. April 15, 2013.
Geddes, Leslie A. "Personal Recollections Of Otto Schmitt. Otto Knew How To Get People's Attention." IEEE Engineering In Medicine And Biology Magazine: The Quarterly Magazine Of The Engineering In Medicine & Biology Society 23.6 (2004): 60-61. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. 19 Mar. 2013.
Harkness, Jon M. "In Appreciation A Lifetime Of Connections: Otto Herbert Schmitt, 1913-1998." Physics In Perspective 4.4 (2002): 456. Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 Mar. 2013.
Patterson, Robert. "The Contributions Of Otto H. Schmitt. More Than The Schmitt Trigger." IEEE Engineering In Medicine And Biology Magazine: The Quarterly Magazine Of The Engineering In Medicine & Biology Society 23.6 (2004): 19. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. 19 Mar. 2013.
Schmitt, Francis O. The Never-Ceasing Search. Vol. 188. Philadelphia: American Philosophilcal Society, 1990. Print. Memoirs.
Valentinuzzi, Max E. "Otto Herbert Arnold Schmitt (1913-1998), A Pioneer. Overview Of His Scientific Production." IEEE Engineering In Medicine And Biology Magazine: The Quarterly Magazine Of The Engineering In Medicine & Biology Society 23.6 (2004): 42-46. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. 19 Mar. 2013.

External links
 Biomimetic Charitable Foundation
 The Bakken Library and Museum, A Lifetime of Connections: Otto Herbert Schmitt, 1913-1998
 Otto H. Schmitt Online Interpretive Center, maintained by the University of Minnesota.
 

1913 births
1998 deaths
American people of German descent
American biophysicists
Washington University in St. Louis physicists
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Fellows of the American Physical Society
SIGSOFT. The Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Software Engineering  provides a forum for computing professionals from industry, government and academia to examine principles, practices, and new research results in software engineering. 

SIGSOFT focuses on issues related to all aspects of software development and maintenance, with emphasis on requirements, specification and design, software architecture, validation, verification, debugging, software safety, software processes, software management, measurement, user interfaces, configuration management, software engineering environments, and CASE tools.

SIGSOFT (co-)sponsors conferences and symposia including the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), the ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE) and other events.

SIGSOFT publishes the informal bimonthly newsletter Software Engineering Notes (SEN) newsletter with papers, reports and other material related to the cost-effective, timely development and maintenance of high-quality software.

SIGSOFT's mission is to improve the ability to engineer software by stimulating interaction among practitioners, researchers, and educators; by fostering the professional development of software engineers; and by representing software engineers to professional, legal, and political entities.

References

External links 
 SIGSOFT website

Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Groups
Software engineering organizations
Organizations established in 1976
Software Engineering Notes. The ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes (SEN) is published by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for the Special Interest Group on Software Engineering (SIGSOFT). It was established in 1976, and the first issue appeared in May 1976. It provides a forum for informal articles and other information on software engineering. The headquarters is in New York City. Since 1990, it has been published five times a year.

References

External links
 ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes homepage
 

Computer magazines published in the United States
Association for Computing Machinery magazines
Engineering magazines
Magazines established in 1976
Magazines published in New York City
Software engineering publications
Abrasion. Abrasion may refer to:

 Abrasion (dental), the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign element
 Abrasion (medical), a wound consisting of superficial damage to the skin
 Abrasion (mechanical), the process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away
 Abrasion (geology), mechanical scraping of a surface by friction between moving particles

See also
 Abrasion coast, a coastline that is characterised by the removal (abrasion) of material
 Abrasives
Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (TIET), formerly Thapar University, is a private deemed-to-be-university, in Patiala, India. The institute provides multiple subjects; including art, computer science and business administration.

Campus 

The campus' land area is approximately 250 acres. The site has nine academic blocks, one of which is the former site of the Thapar Polytechnic College.

The campus expanded and was partially renovated in 2018. The institute has made plans to expand further, including a new campus near Chandigarh.

Rankings 

Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology was ranked in the 601–800 band in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2024 and in the 201–250 band in Asia. The QS World University Rankings of 2025 ranked it in the 851–900 band in the world and in the 281–290 band in Asia for 2024.

In India, The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) has ranked the college 29th among engineering institutions in 2024, 29th among universities and 43rd overall.

Notable alumni
 Anoop Kumar Mittal, chairman and managing director of NBCC Limited
 Aditi Avasthi, CEO and Head of Product of Embibe
 Vimal Kapur, CEO of Honeywell International Inc
 Robin Raina,  president and chief executive officer of Ebix Group and the founder of Robin Raina Foundation Ebix

References

External links
 

Universities in Punjab, India
Engineering
Engineering colleges in Punjab, India
Science and technology in Punjab, India
Patiala
1956 establishments in East Punjab
Universities and colleges established in 1956
Avantha Group
Lynne Jolitz. Lynne Greer Jolitz (born June 30, 1961) is a figure in free software and founder of many startups in Silicon Valley. Together with her husband William, she created 386BSD, the first open-source Unix-based operating system for personal computers to be distributed over the Internet.

Jolitz is also an author and authority on operating systems and networking issues. She is an internet news media commentator discussing events in the computer industry and wrote frequently for BYTE.

She also holds patents in internet technologies and semiconductor memory innovations, and writes technical papers and articles.

She is currently an adviser to CoolClip network, an internet startup that uses the server-based video production engine that Jolitz originally designed and tested at the University of California, Berkeley.

Jolitz has appeared on the Oracle E-Business Network and was presented with their Geek of the Week award for her years of work in high-speed networking and operating systems design. She also has appeared on Dvorak's RealComputing discussing the impact of Internet broadband.

She received an alumni award from the Physics Department at Berkeley for her work in alumni outreach with the department. She also is active in women's entrepreneur and technology networking groups and mentoring girls in science and technology.

She resides in Los Gatos, California.

References

External links
 
 Lynne's Take on Tech
 
 
 www.386bsd.org Information by William and Lynne Jolitz
 
 
 

1961 births
Free software programmers
BSD people
Living people
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Kernel programmers
21st-century American women
Lug wrench. A lug wrench, also colloquially known as a tire iron, is the name for a type of socket wrench used to loosen and tighten lug nuts on automobile wheels. In the United Kingdom and Australia, it is commonly known as a wheel brace.

Forms 
Lug wrenches may be L-shaped, or X-shaped. The form commonly found in car trunks is an L-shaped metal rod with a socket wrench on the bent end and a prying tip on the other end. The prying tip is mainly intended to remove hub caps or wheel covers that may be covering a wheel's lug nuts.

Another common type, sometimes called a spider wrench, is made in the shape of a cross with different sized sockets on each of the four ends. Other names are four way wheel wrench, spanner, brace, or cross.

Technique

Ideally, the nuts (or bolts) should be tightened with a torque wrench. Lug wrenches are much less expensive because they lack the ability to measure or limit the force used. Installing a wheel with a lug wrench thus requires a bit of rough guessing about proper tightness. Excessive force can strip threads or make the nuts very difficult to remove. Also, uneven torque between the various lug nuts, or excessive torque, can lead to warping of the brake rotor if the car is equipped with disc brakes. For this reason, impact wrenches should properly be used only for removing lug nuts, not for tightening them, although in practice this rule is often ignored for convenience's sake, even by professional mechanics.

When re-fitting a wheel, the nuts (or bolts) should be tightened in a criss-cross pattern (to even out the forces) and initially should only be tightened "finger tight" on all nuts. In this context "finger tight" is tight enough to reach the point where free play is taken up and proper tightening is about to begin, say, the tightening force using the lug wrench/wheel brace like a screwdriver. This should be repeated twice, to ensure the wheel is properly centered and restrained by all nuts (as often the first nut that is tightened will be slightly loose after completing the set for the first time), then the wheel should be lowered to the ground and the criss-cross tightening pattern repeated to modest torque (say few fingers force on the lug wrench/wheel brace arm), and then finally repeated to full hand force.

Rarely, and more often with large trucks and lorries, insufficient force can lead to the nuts coming undone while in use. Because of this, it is best to use a torque wrench or similar tool to finally tighten the wheel lug nuts to the proper torque specification as soon as possible after using a lug wrench to affix a wheel. At the very least, the lug nuts should be checked for tightness after 50–100 km/miles when things have been subject to some vibration and thermal cycling.

This tool also has a secondary usage: it can be used to remove vehicles that are stuck in the snow by breaking up ice so it can be easily shovelled away from the drive wheels.

References

External links

 Appropriate Tightening Sequence: Bolt-Science's example and explanation of using a criss-cross tightening sequence.

Tires
Wrenches