omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Andrew Bradfield. Andrew "Andy" Bradfield (1966 – 21 September 2001) was a video game programmer from New Zealand best known for his work on games for the Atari 8-bit computers. He created Laser Hawk (1986) and its sequel Hawkquest (1989). He teamed with artist Harvey Kong Tin on both titles.

He died on 21 September 2001, aged 35, following a two-year battle with leukemia.

References

1966 births
2001 deaths
Video game programmers
New Zealand computer programmers
New Zealand computer scientists
Deaths from leukemia in New Zealand
Consolidation. Consolidation may refer to:

In science and technology
 Consolidation (computing), the act of linkage editing in computing
 Consolidation (locomotive), popular name of a steam locomotive with a 2-8-0 wheel arrangement
 Consolidation (soil), a geological process whereby a soil decreases in volume
 Consolidation ratio, the number of virtual servers that can run on each physical host machine
 Mathematical consolidation, the fusion of diverse theories into one
 Memory consolidation, the process in the brain by which recent memories are crystallised into long-term memory
 Pulmonary consolidation, a clinical term for solidification into a firm dense mass
 Semiconductor consolidation, the trend of semiconductor companies collaborating
 Ultrasonic consolidation, a manufacturing technique for metals

In economics
 Consolidation (business), the mergers or acquisitions of many smaller companies into much larger ones
 Consolidation (media), consolidation of United States media into a few companies
 Debt consolidation, the process of combining two or more loans into one big loan
 Federal student loan consolidation, allows students to consolidate student loans into one single debt
 Fiscal Consolidation, a euphemism for austerity measures

Other uses
 Championship consolidation, the act of combining two separate championships into a single title
 Consolidation bill, a type of bill in the Parliament of the United Kingdom 
 Democratic consolidation, the process by which a new democracy matures
 Federal student loan consolidation
 Joinder, the consolidation of multiple legal cases
 Land consolidation, the process that consolidates small fragmented parcels of land into larger contiguous plots
 Likud, a conservative Israeli political party whose name is Hebrew for "Consolidation"
 Municipal consolidation, the act of merging two or more municipalities to form a single new one
 Urban consolidation

See also

 
 
 Consolidated (disambiguation)
 Consolidator (disambiguation)
 Consol (disambiguation)
Front end of line. The front end of line (FEOL) is the first portion of IC fabrication where the individual components (transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) are patterned in a semiconductor substrate. FEOL generally covers everything up to (but not including) the deposition of metal interconnect layers.

Steps
For the CMOS process, FEOL contains all fabrication steps needed to form isolated CMOS elements:
 Selecting the type of wafer to be used; Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) and cleaning of the wafer.
 Shallow trench isolation (STI) (or LOCOS in early processes with feature size > 0.25 μm);
 Well formation;
 Gate module formation;
 Source and drain module formation.

Finally, the surface is treated to prepare the contacts for the subsequent metallization. This concludes the FEOL process, that is, all devices have been built.

Following these steps, the devices must be connected electrically as per the nets to build the electrical circuit. This is done in the back end of line (BEOL). BEOL is thus the second portion of IC fabrication where the individual devices are connected.

See also
Back end of line (BEOL)
Integrated circuit

References

Further reading
"CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation" Wiley-IEEE, 2010. . pages 177-178 (Chapter 7.2 CMOS Process Integration); pages 180-199 (7.2.1 Frontend-of-the-line integration)
 "Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits", by Lienig, Scheible, Springer, , 2020. Chapter 2: Technology Know-How: From Silicon to Devices, pages 78-82 (2.9.3 FEOL: Creating Devices)

Electronics manufacturing
Semiconductor device fabrication
Back end of line. Back end of the line or back end of line (BEOL) is a process in semiconductor device fabrication that consists of depositing metal interconnect layers onto a wafer already patterned with devices. It is the second part of IC fabrication, after front end of line (FEOL). In BEOL, the individual devices (transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) are connected to each other according to how the metal wiring is deposited.

Metalization 
The individual devices are connected by alternately stacking oxide layers
(for insulation purposes) and metal layers (for the interconnect tracks). The vias between layers and the interconnects on the individual layers are thus formed using a structuring process.

Common metals are copper and aluminum. BEOL generally begins when the first layer of metal is deposited on the wafer. BEOL includes contacts, insulating layers (dielectrics), metal levels, and bonding sites for chip-to-package connections. For modern IC processes, more than 10 metal layers can be added in the BEOL.

Before 1998, practically all chips used aluminium for the metal interconnection layers, whereas copper is mostly used nowadays.

Steps 
Steps of the BEOL are:
 Silicidation of source and drain regions and the polysilicon region.
 Adding a dielectric (first, lower layer is pre-metal dielectric (PMD) – to isolate metal from silicon and polysilicon), CMP processing it
 Make holes in PMD, make a contacts in them.
 Add metal layer 1
 Add a second dielectric, called the inter-metal dielectric (IMD)
 Make vias through dielectric to connect lower metal with higher metal. Vias filled by Metal CVD process.
Repeat steps 4–6 to get all metal layers.
 Add final passivation layer to protect the microchip

After BEOL there is a "back-end process" (also called post-fab), which is done not in the cleanroom, often by a different company.
It includes wafer test, wafer backgrinding, die separation, die tests, IC packaging and final test.

See also
 Front end of line (FEOL)
 Integrated circuit
 Phosphosilicate glass

References

Further reading
 
 
 "Chapter 2: Technology Know-How: From Silicon to Devices". Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits, by Lienig, Scheible, Springer, , 2020. p. 82 (2.9.4 BEOL: Connecting Devices)

Electronics manufacturing
Semiconductor device fabrication
Department of Aerospace Science and Technology. The Brazilian Department of Science and Aerospace Technology (; DCTA) is the national military research center for aviation and space flight. It is subordinated to the Brazilian Air Force (FAB).

It coordinates all technical and scientific activities related to the aerospace sector in which there are interests by the Ministry of Defense. It was established in 1953. It currently employs several thousand civilian and military personnel.

Institutes
The DCTA has four institutes within its campus.

Aeronautics and Space Institute (IAE)
Aeronautics and Space Institute (). It develops projects in the aeronautical, airspace and defense sectors, co-responsible for the execution of the Brazilian Space Mission.

Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA)

Aeronautics Institute of Technology () is one of the main educational colleges of the Brazilian Air Force.

Institute for Advanced Studies (IEAv)
Institute for Advanced Studies (). Responsible for the development of pure and applied sciences: photonics, nuclear energy, applied physics, remote sensor systems and decision support systems. In 2006, the IEAv inaugurated the T3 Hypersonic wind tunnel, the largest in Latin America.

Industrial Promotion and Coordination Institute (IFI)
Industrial Promotion and Coordination Institute (). It provides military aeronautical certification and aerospace equipment approval, acting as an interface between the institutes and the industry. Until 2006, it carried out the civil aircraft certification activities, today under the National Civil Aviation Agency responsibilities.

Flight Testing and Research Institute (IPEV) 
Flight Testing and Research Institute (). This institute is responsible for the instruction and fulfillment of flight testing campaigns (founded 1953). IPEV has a dedicated Air Force Squadron, based at CTA using the A-29A Super Tucano, C-95BM & CM Bandeirante, and the C-97 Brasília.

Museum
The DCTA is also responsible managing for the Brazilian Aerospace Memorial (Memorial Aerospacial Brasileiro - MAB). It is located in São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.

See also
 Brazilian Organization for the Development of Aeronautical Certification
 Brazilian Space Agency
 Brazilian space program
 Brazilian National Institute for Space Research 
 Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica 
 Institute of Aeronautics and Space
 List of aerospace flight test centres
 Marcos Pontes, the first Brazilian in space

References

External links 
 CTA homepage
 IAE homepage 
 IFI homepage

Commands of the Brazilian Armed Forces
Research institutes in Brazil
Brazilian Air Force
Organisations based in São José dos Campos
Aerospace
Smart work zone. A smart work zone or intelligent work zone refers to a site-specific configuration of traffic control technology deployed within a roadway work zone to increase the safety of construction workers, provide "real-time" travel information, and efficiently route motorists through a work zone.  Smart work zones reduce the dependency on human "flaggers" and make the work zone safer for roadway workers.    

Common terms used to describe equipment configuration used within smart work zones:      

Smart work zones often use radar guns or other non-intrusive sensors to detect the presence and speed of vehicles approaching a work zone, in order to display an appropriate message on one or more variable message signs.

In a "dynamic merge" system, for example, vehicles approaching a lane closure are directed to use all available lanes when congestion develops and speeds are low.  When speeds are high, motorists are directed to merge early or are left to use their own judgement.  Such a system is usually deployed in addition to traditional static messaging.

References

Road construction
L&YR Class 25. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Class 25 is a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotive.  They were introduced to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1876 by new locomotive superintendent William Barton Wright and 280 were built in total. Of these, 230 were later converted to saddle tanks by John Aspinall, to become L&YR Class 23. They were nicknamed "Ironclads" after the ships of the same name being developed at the time.

Ownership changes
The locomotives passed briefly to the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) in 1922 and then to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1923. The LMS gave them the power classification 2F. 
In 1948, the surviving locomotives (23) passed to British Railways (BR), which numbered them 52016-52064 (with gaps).

Withdrawal
Withdrawals began in 1930 but 23 locomotives survived into British Railways ownership in 1948.

Preservation
The last engine, BR 52044 (L&YR 957, LMS 12044) was bought for preservation in 1959 and has been based at the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway since 1965. It starred in the film The Railway Children as the Green Dragon. It was out of service from 1975 but was returned to steam in 2001 in its BR guise as 52044 before being painted in its L&YR guise as 957 a few years later. Its  boiler certificate expired in early 2013. After a couple of years on display, overhaul started in July 2016.

A sister locomotive, L&YR Class 23 no. 752, rebuilt from Class 25 as a saddle tank by Aspinall after 1891, was also bought for preservation and was based at the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway alongside 957, until being moved to the East Lancashire Railway in Bury for complete overhaul.

References

25
0-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1876
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Beyer, Peacock locomotives

Freight locomotives
Suribachi-class ammunition ship. The Suribachi-class ammunition ships was a class of two auxiliary vessels of the United States Navy in service from 1956 to 1995. They were among the first specialized underway replenishment ships built after World War II. The s are sometimes considered part of this class. Both ships were decommissioned in the mid-1990s and were struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1996. Both vessels were discarded in the 2000s.

Description
The Suribachi class were the first ammunition ships specifically designed for underway replenishment for the United States Navy. The Suribachi class were designed by the Ship Characteristics Board as SCB 114. The ships had elevators installed to ease the internal handling of ammunition and explosives. Additionally as part of a refit in 1960s under SCB 232, the class had three holds converted to store missiles and were given high speed transfer systems for replenishment at sea.

The two ships had a light displacement of , a standard displacement of  and displaced  at full load. They measured ,  long overall with a beam of  and a draft of . The vessels were powered by steam created by two Combustion Engineering boilers capable of  at  powering two Bethlehem geared turbines turning one propeller creating . This gave the ships a maximum speed of , but this later declined to .

The Suribachi class were initially armed with four twin-mounted 3"/50 caliber guns placed in superfiring positions fore and aft. However, in the 1960s, the two aft mounts were removed and a landing pad for helicopters was installed in place. The vessels mounted SPS-10 surface search radar and two Mk 36 SRBOC six-barrelled chaff launchers for electronic defense. They also had SPS-6 radar and Mark 63 Gun Fire Control System which were removed in 1977–1978. The vessels had a complement of 312 sailors including 18 officers.

Units

Construction and career

Two new purpose-built ammunition ships were authorized in 1954. As ammunition ships, the two vessels carry the names of volcanoes. The two vessels were constructed by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation at the Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard in Maryland. Suribachi entered service in 1956, followed by Mauna Kea in 1957. The s are often considered part of this class, but were built to an altered design. Mauna Kea was transferred to the reserve fleet in 1979. However, due to high operational requirements, Mauna Kea rejoined the active fleet in 1982. In 1986 Mauna Kea conducted trials using portable rails for the deployment of naval mines. 

Suribachi was decommissioned in 1994, followed by Mauna Kea in 1995. Both ships were stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 12 December 1996. Mauna Kea was used as target practice in fleet exercise in 2006, and Suribachi was scrapped at Brownsville, Texas in mid 2009.

Notes

Citations

References
 
 
 
 

 
 Suribachi class ammunition ships
 Suribachi class ammunition ships
Auxiliary transport ship classes
Mars-class combat stores ship. The Mars-class combat stores ships were a class of seven auxiliary vessels of the United States Navy. The ships were designed for underway replenishment, in support of carrier task force groups, carrying miscellaneous stores and munitions. Initially they carried no fuel oil or liquid cargo, but by the early 1990s the class was refitted with limited refuel capacities for F-76 fuel. None of the original seven ships originally commissioned by the US Navy remain in service. The Mars class was replaced by the s.

Cargo capacity of the each ship was approximately 7,000 tons in five holds, with hangar space for two UH-46 helicopters.

Brief history

Vessels in the class were constructed in mid-1960s, while early units commissioned in the late 1960s served in the Vietnam War. The vessels supported combat operations off the coast.

These ships continued to support naval units during their time in service in US Navy until the mid-1990s. Mars-class ships were present and supported operations in Red Sea and the Persian Gulf during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. By the mid-1990s, five of the seven ships were transferred to the Military Sealift Command.

Ships
The ships of the class are named for American resort and significant historical towns/cities.

  – decommissioned 1998; sunk as a SINKEX target off Hawaii, 2006
  – decommissioned, 26 May 1994; James River, Virginia, National Defense Reserve Fleet, scrapped 2012.
  – transferred to Military Sealift Command, September 1994, served with Military Sealift Command until 1998, sunk as target 14 July 2012. 
  – decommissioned, 1995; inactivated 2002, sunk as SINKEX target in RIMPAC exercise, 
  – transferred to Military Sealift Command, 15 October 1992, served with Military Sealift Command until 1998, inactivated in 2008, sunk as part of a SINKEX exercise.
  – transferred to Military Sealift Command, 1993; scrapped, 2006
  – transferred to Military Sealift Command, 1993; inactivated January 2010, scrapped 2012.

Photos

References

 
 Mars class combat stores ship
 Mars class combat stores ship
 Mars class combat stores ship
CHMOS. CHMOS refers to one of a series of Intel CMOS processes developed from their HMOS process. CHMOS stands for "complementary high-performance metal-oxide-silicon.  It was first developed in 1981.

CHMOS was used in the Intel 80C51BH, a new version of their standard MCS-51 microcontroller.  The chip was also used in later versions of Intel 8086, and the 80C88, which were fully static version of the Intel 8088.  The Intel 80386 was made in 1.5 μm CHMOS III, and later in 1.0 μm CHMOS IV.

CHMOS III used 1.5 micron lithography, p-well processing, n-well processing, and two layers of metal.

CHMOS III-E was used for the 12.5 MHz Intel 80C186 microprocessor.  This technology uses 1 μm process for the EPROM.

CHMOS IV (H stands for High Speed) used 1.0 μm lithography.  Many versions of the Intel 80486 were made in 1.0 μm CHMOS IV.  Intel uses this technology on these 80C186EB and 80C188EB embedded processors.

CHMOS V used 0.8 μm lithography and 3 metal layers, and was used in later versions of the 80386, 80486, and i860.

See also
 Depletion-load NMOS logic#Further development

References

Electronic design
Digital electronics
Integrated circuits
MOSFETs
Intel
L&YR Class 23. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) Class 23 is a class of  steam locomotive. Their main use was for shunting and for short-trip freight working.

Construction

The Class 23  locomotives were initially built in 1876-87 by L&Y locomotive superintendent Barton Wright as a class of 280 0-6-0 tender engines. 230 of these were rebuilt as saddle tanks at Horwich Works by Aspinall between 1891 and 1900.

Ownership changes

The class was long-lived, with the first engine being withdrawn in 1926 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and the last surviving in use until 1964 with British Railways London Midland Region. 101 were in service at Nationalisation, 20 still in service in 1961.

Preservation
One locomotive, L&YR 752 (LMS 11456 but sold into colliery service in 1937), is preserved by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust, having been acquired by the NCB for continued operation and as of October 2019 could move under its own steam despite overhaul being incomplete. This progressed at the East Lancashire Railway in Bury using primarily their resources in close cooperation with the current owners of 752.  The locomotive was featured on an episode of the television programme "Steam Train Britain" which showed the locomotive under rebuild.  Since January 2020 752 has temporarily carried the early British Railways livery as 51456 had it not been sold to industry, and featured in various events in steam before a complete public relaunch in the East Lancashire Railway Gala event on 6-8 March 2020.

A sister locomotive, L&YR Class 25 no. 957, an  as built-in original tender configuration, was also bought for preservation in 1959 and has been based at the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway since 1965.

References

23
0-6-0ST locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1891
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives
Beyer, Peacock locomotives
Octafluorocyclobutane. Octafluorocyclobutane, or perfluorocyclobutane, C4F8, is an organofluorine compound which enjoys several niche applications. Octafluorocyclobutane is a colourless gas and shipped as a liquefied gas. It is the perfluorinated analogue of cyclobutane whereby all C–H bonds are replaced with C–F bonds.

Production
Octafluorocyclobutane is produced by the dimerization of tetrafluoroethylene and the reductive coupling of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.

Applications
In the production of semiconductor materials and devices, octafluorocyclobutane serves as a deposition gas and etchant.  It has also been investigated as a refrigerant in specialised applications, as a replacement for ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Exploiting its volatility and chemical inertness, octafluorocyclobutane may be found in some aerosolized foods. It is listed by the Codex Alimentarius under number 946 (E946 for EU). It is investigated as a possible replacement for sulfur hexafluoride as a dielectric gas.

Gallery

References

Appendix
Its critical point is at 115.3 °C and 2.79 MPa.

Fluorocarbons
Aerosol propellants
Refrigerants
Dielectric gases
Cyclobutanes
MusicPrinter Plus. MusicPrinter Plus is a DOS-based scorewriter program, created by Temporal Acuity Products, Inc.

History
Music Printer Plus was developed by Dr. Jack Jarrett. It grew out of earlier work on a piece of software called Music Printer that ran on IBM PC and compatibles computers. It was first released in 1988 and was discontinued in 1995. Although a Windows version was planned, one was not developed. Plans for the Windows version evolved into Dr. Jarrett's current project Notion.

Capabilities
MusicPrinter Plus contained some advanced mechanisms for its day, including playback of articulations and synchronization to SMPTE and other time code.

References

 MIDI Classics article about MusicPrinter Plus

Scorewriters
DOS software
John Cadman, 1st Baron Cadman. John Cadman, 1st Baron Cadman  (7 September 1877 – 31 May 1941), was a British mining engineer, petroleum technologist and public servant.

Early life
Cadman was educated at Armstrong College, University of Durham, and received a first class Honours in Geology in 1899.

Career
Cadman served as Inspector of Mines in Trinidad and Tobago in the first decade of the 20th century. At that time Trinidad and Tobago was a British Colony. As Inspector of Mines he was responsible for the commercialization of Trinidad's oil in 1907. In this effort Cadman was joined by Arthur "Beeby" Thompson who was an engineer with oilfield experience in Russia.

Cadman later went on to teach petroleum engineering at Birmingham University in the UK. Cadman is credited with creating the course "Petroleum Engineering". He was director of the Petroleum Executive.

He was well known for his love of shellfish.

He was later Chairman of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the 1930s. He expanded production fourfold and eventually joined a venture by Henri Deterding of Royal Dutch/Shell to stabilize petroleum prices.

Marriage and family
Cadman married Lilian Harrigan in 1907. The couple had four children, daughters Marguerite and Sybil, and sons John and Denys.

Honours
He was created CMG in 1916, KCMG in 1918 and GCMG in 1929. On 7 June 1937 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cadman, of Silverdale in the County of Stafford.

In 1940 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

On 17 May 2007 Silverdale Parish Council voted to name a new street "Cadman Close" in honour of Lord Cadman.

See also 

 Anglo-Persian Oil Company
 Abdolhossein Teymourtash

References

External links
 

1877 births
1941 deaths
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
English businesspeople
Alumni of Armstrong College, Durham
Fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of the University of Birmingham
People from Silverdale, Staffordshire
BP people
Barons created by George VI