omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Raster bar. The raster bar (also referred to as rasterbar or copperbar) is an effect used in demos and older video games that displays animated bars of colour, usually horizontal, which additionally might extend into the border, a.k.a. the otherwise unalterable area (assuming no overscan) of the display. Raster bar-style effects were common on the Atari 2600 and Atari 8-bit computers (because they could be easily displayed using the hardware of those systems) and then later in demos for the Commodore 64, Amiga, Atari ST, and Amstrad CPC.

The term copperbar comes from a graphics coprocessor on the Amiga home computer referred to as the Copper (a shortened form of coprocessor). It can be programmed to change the display colors per scan line without requiring the CPU, except to update the position of the bars once per frame.

Horizontal raster bars

Such computers had limited graphical abilities and usually a fixed number of colours or inks (e.g. a maximum of 16 on the Amstrad CPC) that could be displayed at any one time, which were often assigned from a colour look-up table (CLUT), which maps each displayable colour to one of a larger selection of possible colours (palette) of which the hardware was capable (e.g. 27 on the CPC). Raster bars and similar effects (e.g. having a HUD that uses a different set of colours than does the playing area) are achieved by changing the entries in the CLUT at specific times while the screen is being drawn (originally by the electron beam), in order to display a different set of colours in the subsequent portion of the screen. The most basic raster bar simply affects a single scanline by changing the value in the CLUT for the colour covering that line just before the electron gun draws it, and then changes it back to the previous colour once the line is finished. By using multiple colours in succession and carefully gradating the changes, an effect of metallic-looking horizontal bars can be achieved.

Many graphics chips can trigger an interrupt, specifically called a raster interrupt, when the horizontal blanking interval or the vertical sync begins; thus, an interrupt handler can precisely time and perform the task of updating CLUT entries for raster bars and other colour-changing effects.

Vertical raster bars

A similar effect can be generated vertically, although it often does not extend into the border area. To generate vertical bars, the same line of video memory is repeatedly output every scanline. At the top of the frame, the video memory is typically blank, and every horizontal blanking interval it is updated with a new "bar" in a slightly different position, creating a "stepped" effect.

Code examples
 Rasterbars in 16 bytes (Commodore 64)
 Various Rasterbar effects (Commodore 64)

Computer graphics
Demo effects
LSO. LSO may refer to:

Computing
 Large segment offload, a technology for reducing CPU overhead
 Local shared object, an HTTP cookie-like data entity used by Adobe Flash Player
 Location search optimization, a web optimization method

Organisations
 LSO (company), a delivery company formerly known as Lonestar Overnight
 Law Society of Ontario, the regulatory body for lawyers in Ontario, Canada (formerly called the Law Society of Upper Canada)
 Limburg Symphony Orchestra or Limburgs Symfonie Orkest, a Dutch orchestra
 London School of Osteopathy, an osteopathic school in London, England
 London Symphony Orchestra, a United Kingdom symphony orchestra

Other uses
 Landing signal officer or landing safety officer on an aircraft carrier
 Lateral superior olive, an auditory nucleus in the brainstem
 Lutetium orthosilicate, an inorganic scintillator
 Landing Signal Officer, a naval aviator
 Lesotho (ISO 3166-1 code)
 Linguistic Sign-Off
7-Methylindole. 7-Methylindole is a mildly toxic off-white crystalline organic compound with chemical formula .

Preparation 
7-Methylindole can be prepared from 2,6-dimethylformanilide by reaction with potassium ethoxide.

Uses 
7-Methylindole is used in the production of agricultural chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

See also 

 Indole
 Methyl
 1-Methylindole
 2-Methylindole (methylketol)
 5-Methylindole
 Skatole (3-methylindole)

References 

Methylindoles
Timothy J. Hickey. Timothy J. Hickey (born July 24, 1955) is a professor of computer science and former Chair of the Computer Science and Internet Studies Program (INET) at Brandeis University.

Hickey's specialties include analysis of algorithms, logic programming and parallel processing, symbolic manipulation, and groupware. His current research involved the study of Educational Technology, Brain-Computer Interfaces and Game-based Learning. He is the co-creator and lead developer of the JScheme programming language and the GrewpEdit collaborative editor.

Hickey graduated summa cum laude with a B.A. in Mathematics from Brandeis University and holds an M.S. and Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Chicago.

References

External links
 Professor Hickey's website
 GrewpEdit website
 JScheme website

Brandeis University faculty
American computer scientists
Brandeis University alumni
1955 births
Living people
University of Chicago alumni
VAXBI bus. The VAXBI bus (VAX Bus Interconnect bus) is a computer bus designed and sold by the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) of Maynard, Massachusetts.

The bus is an advanced, configuration-free synchronous bus used on DEC's later VAX computers. Like the Unibus and Q-Bus before it, it uses memory-mapped I/O but has 32-bit address and data paths. The VAXBI is a multiplexed bus with fully distributed arbitration and geographic addressing.

All of the logic required to implement a VAXBI interface is contained within a single custom integrated circuit (the "BIIC") and the physical layout and printed wiring board layout for compliant cards is tightly specified, right down to the location of the dual amber status LEDs that are required. The portion of the card that is reserved for the bus interface is referred to as "the VAXBI corner". VAXBI licensees  were given the appropriate engineering drawings to allow them to exactly replicate a compliant card.

VAXBI expansion cards mount into backplanes using a ZIF connector; depending on the backplane design, cards can be loaded from the top or the front side of the backplane. No cable connections are permitted on the cards; all connections are made via three uncommitted rows of backplane connectors. Similarly, no configuration jumpers are permitted on the cards; all setup is done by jumpers inserted on the backplane connectors or via software configuration.

Originally conceived by its engineers to be an open bus, it was forced to be a tightly licensed bus by Digital's marketing and management, and was not nearly as successful as had originally been hoped-for.

It is used in the VAX 6000, VAX 8000 (82xx, 83xx, 85xx, 87xx, 88xx models) and the VAX 9000 systems and also on the MIPS R3000 based DECsystem 5800 series.

A PDP-11 implementation (the PDP-11/27) was envisioned but never advanced beyond the concept stage.

References

Computer buses
DEC hardware
Wilkinson power divider. In the field of microwave engineering and circuit design, the Wilkinson Power Divider is a specific class of power divider circuit that can achieve isolation between the output ports while maintaining a matched condition on all ports.  The Wilkinson design can also be used as a power combiner because it is made up of passive components and hence is reciprocal. First published by Ernest J. Wilkinson in 1960, this circuit finds wide use in radio frequency communication systems utilizing multiple channels since the high degree of isolation between the output ports prevents crosstalk between the individual channels.

It uses quarter wave transformers, which can be  easily fabricated as quarter wave lines on printed circuit boards. It is also possible to use other forms of transmission line (e.g. coaxial cable) or lumped circuit elements (inductors and capacitors).

Theory 

The scattering parameters for the common case of a 2-way equal-split Wilkinson power divider at the design frequency is given by

Inspection of the S matrix reveals that the network is reciprocal (), that the terminals are matched (), that the output terminals are isolated (=0),  and that equal power division is achieved ().  The non-unitary matrix results from the fact that the network is lossy. An ideal Wilkinson divider would yield . 

Network theorem governs that a divider cannot satisfy all three conditions (being matched, reciprocal and loss-less) at the same time. Wilkinson divider satisfies the first two (matched and reciprocal), and cannot satisfy the last one (being loss-less). Hence, there is some loss occurring in the network.

No loss occurs when the signals at ports 2 and 3 are in phase and have equal magnitude. In case of noise input to ports 2 and 3, the noise level at port 1 does not increase, half of the noise power is dissipated in the resistor.

By cascading, the input power might be divided to any -number of outputs.

Unequal/Asymmetric Division Through Wilkinson Divider

If the arms for port 2 and 3 are connected with un-equal impedances, then asymmetric division of power can be achieved. 
When characteristic impedance is , and one wants to split power as  and , and  ≠ , then the design can be created following the equations:

A new constant  is defined for ease of expression, where 

Then the design guideline is:

 

The equal-splitting Wilkinson Divider is obtained for .

See also 
Power dividers and directional couplers

References

External links
Online Wilkinson Power Split Calculator
Online Resistive Power Split Calculator
Online Coaxial Power Split Calculator
Wilkinson power divider tutorial with other power divider / combiner pages
Lumped element Wilkinson power divider example

Microwave technology
Radio electronics
Ibex (vehicle). Ibex is an off-road vehicle, made by Foers Engineering Ltd in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. Foers offer the Ibex either ready-built or as a kit to build with donor parts from a Land Rover Defender on a monocoque chassis.

Foers offers the Ibex with a range of different wheelbases and body types.

Among other features, the Ibex can be built or delivered with Foer's patented Vector winch system. A winch is mounted centrally in the vehicle, and the cable runs to fairleads front and rear. This allows the vehicle to pull in either direction, or pull out the cable and secure it both ways, so that the vehicle can pull along the cable like a cable car.

There have been four generations of Ibex, from the Mk 1 in 1988 to the current Ibex F8.

See also
Auverland
Cournil
Ineos Grenadier
JPX Montez
Land Rover Defender
UMM (União Metalo-Mecânica)

References

External links
 official Ibex website
 Some information on the Ibex
 Patent application including diagrams for Foers Vector winch

Off-road vehicles
Vehicles of England
Jumabek Ibraimov. Jumabek İbraimoviç Ibraimov (Жумабек Ибраимович Ибраимов; 1 January 1944 – 4 April 1999) was a Kyrgyz politician. He served as Prime Minister from 1998 to 1999 and as Mayor of Bishkek from 1993 to 1995. 

Ibraimov was born in Dzhany-Alysh of Kemin District he graduated from Frunze Polytechnic Institute in 1971. He was a post-graduate student and worked as a teacher until mid-1970s. In 1976–1977, he worked as an engineer and the head of the department of technology at the Agricultural Machinery Works named after M. V. Frunze, and from 1977 to 1984 as a design engineer, head of engineering department, chief engineer, and director of Min-Kush branch of Orgtehnika factory. In 1984, he became a head of People's Control Commission, and the First Secretary of Balykchy Town Committee of the Communist Party of Kirghizia.

From 1988 to 1991, Jumabek Ibraimov served as a First Deputy of a Head of Administration of Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan. He served as the mayor of Bishkek from 1993 to 1995, and in 1993 he was among the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan. President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev appointed him Prime Minister on 25 December 1998 after Akayev dissolved the Cabinet. Ibraimov served until he died of stomach cancer on 4 April 1999.

References

1944 births
1999 deaths
Ibraimov, Zhumabek
Ibraimov, Zhumabek
Deaths from stomach cancer
Kyrgyz Technical University alumni
Cooper's Hill. Cooper's Hill or Cooper Hill may refer to:
 Cooper's Hill, Bedfordshire, UK, a site of Special Scientific Interest
 Cooper's Hill, Brockworth, Gloucestershire, UK
Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake an annual event in Brockworth
 Cooper's Hill, near Englefield Green, Surrey, UK
 Cooper's Hill (football ground), a former football ground in West Bromwich, once occupied by West Bromwich Albion F.C.
 Royal Indian Engineering College, known colloquially as Cooper's Hill
 Cooper's Hill, a 1642 poem by John Denham
 Cooper Hill, Missouri, a community in the United States
Zunyite. Zunyite is a sorosilicate mineral, Al13Si5O20(OH,F)18Cl, composed of aluminium, silicon, hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, and fluorine.

Occurrence

Zunyite occurs in highly aluminous shales and hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks. It occurs in association with pyrophyllite, kaolinite, alunite, diaspore, rutile, pyrite, hematite and quartz.

It was discovered in 1884, and named for its discovery site, the Zuni mine in the Silverton District, San Juan County, Colorado.

References

 Glendale Community College; retrieved March 26, 2005.
 Euromin; retrieved March 26, 2005.

Aluminium minerals
Halide minerals
Sorosilicates
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 216
San Juan County, Colorado
Magnetic switchable device. A magnetic switchable device (often called a magnetic base) is a magnetic fixture that uses one or more permanent magnets in a configuration that allows the external field to be turned on or off. They are used in many applications including optics, metalworking, lifting, and robotics, to attach items to metal surfaces in a secure but temporary way.

Principle of operation
A switchable magnetic device usually consists of a magnetic circuit with permanent magnets. By moving some parts of this circuit, the magnetic flux can be directed within the device (off position) or externally (on position).

One type of magnetic switchable device is made from two blocks of iron, with a round cavity bored through the center.  The halves are joined together with a non-ferrous material such as brass or aluminium.  A round permanent magnet is inserted into the bored hole and a handle is attached to allow rotation of the magnet. This act of rotation changes the orientation of the magnetic field.

In the off position,  the poles are oriented towards the non-ferrous core.  The iron blocks act as keepers by bridging between both poles.

In the on position, the poles are each in one iron half, which then acts as an extension. The field is effectively passing across an air gap (at the base and top). If this gap is bridged with a piece of iron, it becomes part of the magnetic circuit and will be fixed to the structure.

References

Magnetic devices
Metalworking hand tools
Tower testing station. A tower testing station is a special plant for testing various design for towers for transmission lines and similar uses. A tower testing station consists of two steel stands and one or more foundations, on which a sample of the tower can be built. The number of test conditions is normally limited to between six and eight individual cases, with loading condition such as reduced wind and ice. The towers to be tested are erected on rigid foundation and the wire ropes attached to the loading point required. Loading may either be applied by 'dead' weights using scale pans, winches or hydraulic rams. In the latter cases a load cell or dynamometer is placed in the rigging adjacent to the point of loading at the structure. The loading methods induce strain by pulling cables away from the tower to the specified loads. The pulling load is indicated through a strain gauge placed on the pulling point. Loading points on a tower naturally encompasses longitudinal, transverse and vertical components, either as individual or a combined resultant load.

The degree of sophistication of the control equipment for the application and recording of the load varies considerably at individual test stations. From individual load point application of individual load components with corresponding dial gauges to electronic equipment capable of applying all the loads with constant data recording facilities.

The test set up is made to conform to the design specifications and verify the adequacy of the main components of the structure and their connections to withstand the static design loads specified for that particular structure as an individual entity under controlled conditions. It furnishes insight into actual stress distribution of unique configurations, fit-up verification, performance of the structure in a deflected position and other benefits.

Locations of tower testing stations
Chungju, South Korea, BOSUNG POWERTEC CO., LTD., 
Moscow, Russia, ORGRES, 
Mannheim, Germany, ABB Group
Livorno, Italy, Tower Test srl
Seville, Spain, Eucomsa
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Kinectrics
Vashi, Jaipur, Jabalpur, India, 
Bucharest, Romania, 
Liangxiang, China, 
Butibori, Nagpur, India, 
Betim, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 
Kanchipuram, Chennai, India, Larsen & Toubro
IRAN, NRI (Niroo Research Institute), 
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Al-Babtain Tower Testing Station 
Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil, Brametal Test Station 

Towers
Ripple Effect Project. The Ripple Effect Project is a joint project of Acumen Fund and IDEO funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to provide the poor with clean safe water started in 2009.  It has projects in both India and Kenya.  The project collaborated with the Jal Bhagirathi Foundation, a non-profit in India, to fix a failed clean water station in the Thar Desert of India where locals were choosing to use closer contaminated water or contaminating clean water with non hygienic water vessels, and turned the resulting working project over to locals. The project collaborated with four Kenyan organizations, two of which were companies, to build  commercial clean water supply systems using various methods of delivery.

References

External links

 Official website

Water-related charities
International charities
Water and the environment
Humanitarian aid
Foreign charities operating in India
Foreign charities operating in Kenya
Toyota i-unit. The i-unit is an ultra-compact single-seater four-wheeled Toyota concept car. It debuted at the World Expo 2005, held  in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. The vehicle is a cross between a microcar, a motorcycle, and a vehicular exoskeleton. The goal of Toyota is to provide a personal mobility, which can be used on roads but also does not hinder interaction with pedestrians. For this the i-unit has two possible setups. First, there is an upright low speed setup, where the rider has a higher position and can have conversations face-to-face with pedestrians and can move among people. This upright position can be transformed while driving to a low position, where the rider sits much lower and more reclined. This high speed setup has a much lower center of gravity and is for driving at higher speeds.

The i-unit weighs . It contains a lithium-ion battery and features Intelligent Transport System technology.  The rear wheels are powered by electric motors, and the device is steered with the front wheels. In the upright position it has a turning radius of , which means it can turn on the spot. The vehicle is controlled by two joystick-like devices at the front of the armrests, and uses a Drive-by-wire technology. An Intelligent Transport System (ITS) technology aims to reduce the likelihood of accidents.

The color of the lights can change according to the preferences or emotions of the operator. The shape was designed to symbolize a leaf, and the design incorporates environmentally friendly materials such as kenaf.

This concept vehicle is used by Toyota for public relations, and they state that The "i-unit" is a form of "personal mobility" that seeks to attain a greater balance of meeting individuals' wishes to enjoy freedom of movement, harmony with society, and harmony with the Earth's natural environment. They also refer to these vehicles as wearable personal mobility vehicles. A representative at the IAA 2005 in Frankfurt stated that Toyota may plan to offer these type of vehicles for sale, but did not provide a date when the vehicle will be available. Currently the vehicle lacks features such as a storage compartment (i.e. Trunk or glove compartment), and the protection against bad weather is inadequate.

Twelve i-units together with two Toyota i-foots (two legged walking seats for one passenger, maximum capacity 60 kg) performed at the Toyota Pavilion at the 2005 World Expo in Aichi.

The i-unit has been superseded by the i-swing, a three-wheeler that leans in curves. One of the i-units produced is on display in the London Science Museum, where its bio-plastic panels are featured.

See also
Microcar

References

External links

Toyota Press Release
Toyota's innovative technology - i-unit
i-unit Video

I-unit
Tap wrench. A tap wrench is a hand tool used to turn taps or other small tools, such as hand reamers and screw extractors.

Types

There are two main types of tap wrenches: double-end adjustable wrenches and T-handle wrenches. Double-end adjustable wrenches, also known as bar wrenches, have one threaded handle which is attached to one of the clamps. The clamp is opened to insert the tool and then tightened down against the tool to secure it. This type of tap wrench is used with larger taps and where there is room to turn a larger wrench.

A T-handle is more compact. This type of wrench uses a collet to secure the tool. The collet design has two pieces: a threaded "nosecap" and four collet fingers; the collet fingers thread on the outside and the nosecap is screwed onto them. The nosecap is tapered, which causes the fingers to clamp onto the tool. This style tap wrench is useful in confined spaces or where extra reach is required. The hole which forms the collet fingers may be graduated/ sloped or may be stepped (i.e., have multiple diameters, usually two).  The former accommodates a wide range of taps, but does not hold any of them with special security; the latter will accommodate two different sizes of taps (only) but will hold either with exceptional strength.

Numerous sizes of tap wrenches are required to cover the available size range of tool heads. Generally speaking, the smallest size which accommodates the tool head is recommended because it reduces the risk of breakage from excessive force.

References

Wrenches
Threading (manufacturing)
Metalworking hand tools
Biomedical cybernetics. Biomedical cybernetics investigates signal processing, decision making and control structures in living organisms. Applications of this research field are in biology, ecology and health sciences.

Fields
 Biological cybernetics
 Medical cybernetics

Methods
 Connectionism
 Decision theory
 Information theory
 Systeomics
 Systems theory

See also
 Cybernetics
 Prosthetics
 List of biomedical cybernetics software

References

Kitano, H. (Hrsg.) (2001). Foundations of Systems Biology. Cambridge (Massachusetts), London, MIT Press, .

External links

ResearchGate topic on biomedical cybernetics

 
Cybernetics