omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Problem set. A problem set, sometimes shortened as pset, is a teaching tool used by many universities. Most courses in physics, math, engineering, chemistry, and computer science will give problem sets on a regular basis. They can also appear in other subjects, such as economics.

It is essentially a list of several mildly difficult problems or exercises based on material already taught, which the student is expected to solve with a full written solution. There is no further research involved, and the goal is to learn and become familiar with the material and solving typical problems. They are usually issued once every week or two weeks, and due one or two weeks later. If used as part of a summative assessment they are usually given a low weight, between 10% and 25% of the total mark of the course for all problem sets put together, and sometimes will count for nothing if the student receives a better grade on the exam. Alternatively, problem sets may be used purely for formative assessment and do not count towards a degree.

Many students work in groups to solve them and help get a better understanding of the material, but most professors require each student to hand in their own individual problem set. Some professors explicitly encourage collaboration, some allow it, and some explicitly disallow it or consider it cheating. Most, however, do not disallow collaboration, because they see the goal as primarily pedagogical. This is to be distinguished from larger, more important assignments, for which students are still expected to work independently.

Collaboration on problem sets has caused controversy, including a media storm around a student of Toronto Metropolitan University, Chris Avenir, who started a forum on the social networking site Facebook for others to post their solutions. The professor failed him for his actions and recommended him for expulsion;  the university faculty appeal committee overturned the recommended penalty and instead gave a zero grade for the assignments that were done through the course of the semester.

Examples
An example of a typical problem set, from MIT's relativity (physics) class
A list of all of the problem sets from that class, on MIT OpenCourseWare. In this case they are collectively worth 20% of the total mark.

References

Higher education
Didactics
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester. The Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering (or "MACE") at the University of Manchester was formed from three departments in the 2004 merger between the Victoria University of Manchester (VUM) and the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST). The merged departments were the Department of Civil and Construction Engineering which was joint between both universities, the Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Manufacturing Engineering at UMIST and the Manchester School of Engineering  at VUM.

History
Each of the former departments had long histories of excellence in engineering  including James Prescott Joule's part in the foundation of what was to become UMIST, Joseph Whitworth's contribution to founding both institutions and  Osborne Reynolds's  study of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics in the 1890s.

The Whitworth Engineering Laboratories of Owens College were opened in 1886. In 1909 they were replaced by larger laboratories on Coupland Street and Bridgeford Street (a building now used for the School of Music and Drama). These in their turn were replaced in the 1960s by the Simon Engineering Building in Brunswick Street, finished in mid-1962. The school became a department as part of a faculty-wide change in 2019.

Present day

 the School has over 100 academics, over 1000 undergraduate students, 400 taught full-time and part-time postgraduate students and 200 postgraduate research students. The range of research topics studied by the students covers many areas of engineering, and includes theoretical and computational research, experimental studies, systems, design and management. Staff expertise encompasses a wide range of topics including aerospace, manufacturing and laser processing, extreme loading and design, structural engineering, fire engineering, process industries, nano-engineering, energy, environment and climate change, management of projects and nuclear graphite technology.

 the Head of School is Alice Larkin, Prof of Climate Science & Energy Policy.

The wide range of degree courses offered by the School are supported by extensive computational and experimental facilities such as the largest tilting flume in the world, built in conjunction with the Mason Centre for Environmental Flows and a £6 million upgrade of the George Begg Building which was also recently completed.

Professors of Engineering in Owens College and the Victoria University of Manchester
These were:
1868-1905: Osborne Reynolds
1905-08: S. Dunkerley
1908-19: J. E. Petavel
1920-49: A. H. Gibson
1945-46: D. R. Hartree, Professor of Engineering Physics
1950-unknown : J. L. Matheson

Professors of Mechanical Engineering in the Faculty of Technology of the Victoria University of Manchester (UMIST)
These were:
1905-13: J. T, Nicholson
1914-17: A, B, Field
1917-26: G. G. Stoney
1926-39: Dempster Smith
1940-unknown : H. Wright Baker

References

Departments of the University of Manchester
Manchester University
Mechanical engineering schools
Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom
John Criswick. John Criswick (born December 1, 1963) is a Canadian entrepreneur.

Biography 
After receiving his electrical engineering degree from the University of British Columbia in 1986, Criswick worked as a software engineer for Canadian Astronautics. In the early 1990s, Criswick studied space physics at York University, and while obtaining his Master's degree, he worked at an observatory in Utah. In 1991, he attended International Space University in Toulouse, France.

In 1997, Criswick was contracted by Nortel Networks to source a web browser to work on a mobile device. When he discovered there was nothing compatible on the market, he and colleague Bob Tennant began to build a browser. Nortel agreed to fund the project, and by the end of 1997, Criswick and Tennant had decided to form their own company, Beduin Communications. Nortel paid $120,000 for a license to use the technology. In 1998, Beduin Communications's Java browser was purchased by Sun Microsystems for US$20 million in stock.

Criswick has been involved in starting and operating over 45 companies, many of which are based in or near Ottawa. Some of them include Zucotto Wireless, Magmic, Top Shelf Distillers, and Upper Narrows Retreat. In 2001, he co-founded Rove Mobile (previously known as Idokorro Mobile and Planetfred).

Criswick was among the first to sign up for one of Virgin Galactic's trips to space.

Legacy 
The main-belt asteroid named 29348 Criswick, discovered in 1995 by David D. Balam, is named after him.

References 

Canadian businesspeople
1963 births
Canadian computer programmers
Living people
AVR 661. AVR 661 is an R-1 type United States Air Force "crash boat", a boat used in air-sea rescues. It is 85 feet long and has two Packard Marine 4M-2500 engines of 1500 horsepower, instead of the normal three that PT boats usually were equipped with. It has a top speed of 40 knots. The craft was unarmed normally, but in the event of deployment to hostile areas could have been armed with a variety of light weapons.

These types of boats were used to rescue aircraft crews at sea. The designation AVR was used for "Aircraft Rescue Vessel", so it was one of the small, fast craft, that were used for rescuing pilots from downed planes.

AVR 661 was built in 1943 for the Army Air Corps and served in the Gulf of Mexico during World War II as one of the Crash boats of World War 2.

After the war the Air Force sold many of its crash boats to private parties for use as yachts or commercial vessels. Many others were used as targets and sunk. AVR 661 was kept in active service assigned to Tyndall Air Force Base, near Panama City, Florida.  During the Vietnam War, AVR 661 towed targets for helicopter gunship training and anti-mine training as well as to recover drones.

In 1971, the Air Force decided to preserve AVR 661 as one of the last remaining crash boats from World War II. She was to be placed on display at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Dayton, Ohio. That plan was scrapped as the boat was too large for the cargo plane. She was then donated to the PT Boat Museum in Memphis, Tennessee That, too, proved problematic. As she was being run upriver to Memphis, she struck a submerged obstruction and damaged her running gear. Once at Memphis, the boat sank at her moorings.

The US Naval Sea Cadet Corps expressed an interest in salvaging the crash boat. The boat was placed on a barge and shipped to Chicago.

The Sea Cadets' "Chicago Division" restored the boat (including removing the tree that was growing in the engine room) and used it as a training vessel for a short time. Running out of operating funds, they planned donate her to a museum, but donated to the Northern Illinois Sea Scouts for training.

References

C. Gifford (Chicago Division Sea Cadets 1981–1984, AVR 661 crew)

External links
http://www.uscrashboats.org/ 
Photo of a 63 ft (19 m) AVR.
Home of AVR's
Chicago Sea Cadets

Motorboats
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
World War II on the National Register of Historic Places
Aladja. Aladja is a coastal town in Delta State, Nigeria. It is located on the bank of southern part of River Warri. The majority of the people are of Udu, a sub-group of Urhobo ethnic group. a section of the town was occupied by some people of Ijaw ethnic group who eventually migrated because of the bloody land disputes that existed between Urhobos and Ijaws in the 1990s. The Delta Steel Company (DSC), an integrated steel manufacturing industry is situated on hectares of land provided by both Ovwian and Aladja communities but the steel plant is currently redundant as a result of mismanagement. However, the federal government of Nigeria, is making concerted effort to privatize the plant. It was recently linked with a modern rail line from northern part of the country to ease the transport of raw materials (Iron ore) and finished products (steel) between the plant and other parts of the country.
Aladja, as a coastal community, it has been a haven of commerce between the coastal people and hinterland since ancient times. The act of trade by barter is still being practiced in the popular Aladja Market to this day. Aladja has served for many decades as the route to old Warri mainland via its famous 'Aladja Waterside' until the construction of the Udu Bridge in 1975 as an alternative route to Warri and its environs.

Notable People
 Richard Mofe Damijo (Nigerian actor)
 Ushbebe - (Nigerian comedian)
 B.O. Tietie (Christian - Television Minister and Evangelist).

References 

Populated places in Delta State
DRS Sentry HP. 

The DRS Sentry HP is a reconnaissance UAV that was developed in the United States in the late 1980s by S-TEC. The program was acquired by Meggitt in 2000 and subsequently by DRS in 2002. Although the aircraft shares the name "Sentry" with a previous S-TEC design, the Sentry HP is a completely different machine, with a broad wing and a V tail. The Sentry HP is larger, with greater payload capacity and an underwing stores capability. It is powered by a variant of the same engine as the Sentry. It can be ordered with an option for fixed landing gear to permit conventional takeoff and recovery.

Specifications

References
This article contains material that originally came from the web article Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Greg Goebel, which exists in the Public Domain.
 Jane's Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Targets
 Manufacturer's website

1980s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
S-TEC aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Microstrip detector. In nuclear electronics, a microstrip detector is a particle detector that consists of a large number of identical semiconductor strips laid out along one axis of a two-dimensional structure, generally by lithography. The geometrical layout of the components allows to accurately reconstruct the track of an incoming particle of ionizing radiation.

Silicon microstrip detectors are a common design used in various particle physics experiments. The detection mechanism consists of the production of electron-hole pairs in a layer of silicon a few hundreds of micrometers thick. The free electrons are drifted by an electric field created by a pattern of anodes and cathodes interdigitated on the surface of the silicon and separated by a  insulator.

See also
 Semiconductor detector
 Hybrid pixel detector

References

Particle detectors
Keulegan–Carpenter number. In fluid dynamics, the Keulegan–Carpenter number, also called the period number, is a dimensionless quantity describing the relative importance of the drag forces over inertia forces for bluff objects in an oscillatory fluid flow.  Or similarly, for objects that oscillate in a fluid at rest. For small Keulegan–Carpenter number inertia dominates, while for large numbers the (turbulence) drag forces are important.

The Keulegan–Carpenter number KC is defined as:

where:
V is the amplitude of the flow velocity oscillation (or the amplitude of the object's velocity, in case of an oscillating object),
T is the period of the oscillation, and
L is a characteristic length scale of the object, for instance the diameter for a cylinder under wave loading.

The Keulegan–Carpenter number is named after Garbis H. Keulegan (1890–1989) and Lloyd H. Carpenter.

A closely related parameter, also often used for sediment transport under water waves, is the displacement parameter δ:

with A the excursion amplitude of fluid particles in oscillatory flow and L a characteristic diameter of the sediment material. For sinusoidal motion of the fluid, A is related to V and T as A = VT/(2π), and:

The Keulegan–Carpenter number can be directly related to the Navier–Stokes equations, by looking at characteristic scales for the acceleration terms:
convective acceleration:   
local acceleration: 
Dividing these two acceleration scales gives the Keulegan–Carpenter number.

A somewhat similar parameter is the Strouhal number, in form equal to the reciprocal of the Keulegan–Carpenter number. The Strouhal number gives the vortex shedding frequency resulting from placing an object in a steady flow, so it describes the flow unsteadiness as a result of an instability of the flow downstream of the object. Conversely, the Keulegan–Carpenter number is related to the oscillation frequency of an unsteady flow into which the object is placed.

See also
Morison equation

Notes

Bibliography

Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics
Water waves
Marine engineering
Surinder Kumar. Surinder Kumar is an academic and entrepreneur.  He was a professor and holder of the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council's Industrial Chair in Telecommunications at the University of Saskatchewan from 1987 to 1997, President and chief executive officer of Vecima networks.

From 1982 to 1987, Kumar was Vice President of Research for SED Systems where he was involved in the design of a variety of satellite earth stations. Prior to 1982, he worked with a government research laboratory in India. Dr Kumar received his Bachelor of Engineering degree in electrical communication engineering in 1967 from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India and his Masters of Technology degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India in 1971. He received his PhD in Electronics Engineering from Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada where he was a Commonwealth Scholar. Dr Kumar was named 1998 Entrepreneur of the Year for Western Canada and 2005 Entrepreneur of the Year for the Pacific Region in Information Technology.

Kumar is an expert in microwave engineering and has a number of patents and papers in this area. Kumar is listed in Who's Who in America (Marquis), Who's Who in Canada, Who's Who Amongst Business Executives. He conducts market and technical research in the microwave communications area and is heading the Vecima Networks Microwave Research Laboratory in Victoria, British Columbia.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian emigrants to Canada
Indian electrical engineers
IIT Kanpur alumni
Carleton University alumni
Indian Institute of Science alumni
20th-century Indian inventors
JBND. JBND is a pure Java library made to ease the creation of programs that present data stored in persistent sources to end users. It was created at first to streamline making Java Client applications for the WebObjects platform (by Apple Inc.), for which the GUI is written in Swing. However, JBND's architecture allows the expansion of the library to include other UI systems, as well as other persistence stores. Currently, JBND comes with full support for connecting Enterprise Objects Frameworks (the data layer of WebObjects) and Swing user interfaces.

See also

Java
GUI
Swing
WebObjects

External links
JBND homepage
The Java platform homepage
Apple WebObjects developer page

Web frameworks
Java enterprise platform
Apple Inc. software
AMD XGP. AMD XGP (eXternal Graphics Platform) is brand for an external graphics solution for laptops and notebooks by AMD. The technology was announced on June 4, 2008 on Computex 08 trade show, following the announcement of the codenamed Puma notebook platform.

Development
Originally reported by Hexus.net as a side project to the R600 series graphics cards. Codenamed Lasso, the project is an external graphics solution using desktop video cards, and data is sent via two cables as defined in PCI-E external cabling specification (version 1.0). The project would later fall into development hell with unknown development status. In June 2008, near Computex 2008, rumours surfaced over the Internet about AMD is preparing an external graphics solution for notebook computers, but using a proprietary connectivity solution instead. The ATI XGP was officially announced on June 4, 2008 during the course of the Computex 2008 exhibition.

Technology
The XGP platform consists of several parts, that includes a mobility Radeon HD graphics card, an external case and a proprietary connectivity solution.

Graphics
 Single GPU configuration
 Mobility Radeon HD 3870 (M88 core)
 AVIVO HD with UVD
 Integrated HDCP
 Mobility Radeon HD 5870 (Broadway core)
 ATI CrossFire X technology (Dual GPU configuration)
 Mobility Radeon HD 3850 X2
 Mobility Radeon HD 3870 X2

Connectivity

Data
 Proprietary connectivity solution designed in collaboration with JAE Electronics
 Transfer PCI-E 2.0 signals between XGP and the notebook computer
 PCI Express 2.0 compliant
 8 lanes and 16 lanes option available
 Hot plug detection
 AMD has one year exclusivity on the use of the connector 
 2 USB 2.0
 For connecting external disc players
 Connected via the signal pairs between the southbridge to the USB hub via the cable

Visual
 Supports up to four displays via the following visual outputs:
 DVI-I
 HDMI
 Optional DisplayPort

Consumer products

Laptop
 Fujitsu-Siemens Amilo Sa 3650 
 Acer Ferrari One 200

Enclosure/dock
 Fujitsu-Siemens AMILO GraphicBooster
 Acer DynaVivid

References

External links
 xgp_technology_brief.pdf
 Maximum PC
 Acer: AMD's XGP External Technology No Good

ATI Technologies products
AMD technologies
Graphics cards
Rootare–Prenzlow equation. The Rootare-Prenzlow Equation is named for Estonian-American scientist Hillar Rootare and American scientist Carl, first published in their 1967 paper, "Surface Areas from Mercury Porosimetry Measurements," Rootare, H.M., and Prenzlow, C.F., 71 J. Phys. Chem. p. 2733 (1967). The equation first formulated a means to calculate cumulative surface areas of porous solids based on data taken in mercury porosimetry testing. Rootare and Spencer later devised a computer program to carry out automated calculations, "A Computer Program for Pore Volume and Pore Area Distribution," Rootare & Spencer, Perspectives in Powder Metallurgy (Advanced Experimental Techniques in Powder Metallurgy) p. 225, Plenum Press (New York, London 1970).

Equation
The equation can be found at section 2.2.3 here: http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/farma/vk/westermarck/ch2.html

References

Equations
Wireless engineering. Wireless Engineering is the branch of engineering which addresses the design, application, and research of wireless communication systems and technologies.

Overview
Wireless engineering is an engineering subject dealing with engineering problems using wireless technology such as radio communications and radar, but it is more general than the conventional radio engineering. It may include using other techniques such as acoustic, infrared, and optical technologies.

History
Wireless technologies have skyrocketed since their late 19th Century advancements. With the invention of the FM radio in 1935, wireless communications have become a concentrated focus of both private and government sectors.

In Education
Auburn University's Samuel Ginn College of Engineering was the first in the United States to offer a formalized undergraduate degree in such a field. The program was initiated by Samuel Ginn, an Auburn Alumni, in 2001.
 Auburn University's college of engineering divides their wireless engineering program into two areas of applicable study:  electrical engineering (pertaining to circuit design, digital signal processing, antenna design, etc.), and software-oriented wireless engineering (communications networks, mobile platform applications, systems software, etc.)

Macquarie University in Sydney, was the first University to offer Wireless Engineering in Australia. The university works closely with nearby industries in research and teaching development in wireless engineering.

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka in Malacca, was the first University to offer Wireless Communication Engineering in Malaysia.

Applications
Wireless engineering contains a wide spectrum of application, most notably cellular networks. The recent popularity of cellular networks has created a vast career demand with a large repository. The popularity has also sparked many wireless innovations, such as increased network capacity, 3G, cryptology and network security technologies.

References

Engineering disciplines
Computer networking
Telecommunications engineering