omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hydrofluorocarbon. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are synthetic organic compounds that contain fluorine and hydrogen atoms, and are the most common type of organofluorine compounds. Most are gases at room temperature and pressure. They are frequently used in air conditioning and as refrigerants; R-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) is one of the most commonly used HFC refrigerants. In order to aid the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer, HFCs were adopted to replace the more potent chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were phased out from use by the Montreal Protocol, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) which are presently being phased out. HFCs replaced older chlorofluorocarbons such as R-12 and hydrochlorofluorocarbons such as R-21. HFCs are also used in insulating foams, aerosol propellants, as solvents and for fire protection.

They may not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they still contribute to global warming --- with some like trifluoromethane having 11,700 times the warming potential of carbon dioxide. Their atmospheric concentrations and contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly increasing --- consumption rose from near zero in 1990 to 1.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2010 --- causing international concern about their radiative forcing.

Chemistry

Fluorocarbons with few C–F bonds behave similarly to the parent hydrocarbons, but their reactivity can be altered significantly. For example, both uracil and 5-fluorouracil are colourless, high-melting crystalline solids, but the latter is a potent anti-cancer drug. The use of the C-F bond in pharmaceuticals is predicated on this altered reactivity. Several drugs and agrochemicals contain only one fluorine center or one trifluoromethyl group.

Environmental regulation

Unlike other greenhouse gases in the Paris Agreement, hydrofluorocarbons are included in other international negotiations.

In September 2016, the New York Declaration on Forests urged a global reduction in the use of HFCs. On 15 October 2016, due to these chemicals' contribution to climate change, negotiators from 197 nations meeting at a summit of the United Nations Environment Programme in Kigali, Rwanda reached a legally-binding accord (the Kigali Amendment) to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in an amendment to the Montreal Protocol. As of February 2020, 16 U.S. states ban or are phasing down HFCs.

COVID-19 relief legislation, which included a measure that would require chemical manufacturers to phase down the production and use of HFCs, was passed by the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate on December 21, 2020. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency signed a final rule phasing down HFCs on 23 September 2021.

See also
  - comparative chart

References

Organofluorides
IBM 1627. The IBM 1627 was a rebranded Calcomp plotter sold by IBM for use with the IBM 1620, and, later, the IBM 1130 computers. It became perhaps the first non-IBM peripheral that IBM allowed to be attached to one of its computers.

The plotter fed a roll of paper with perforated edges over a drum with matching sprockets at the sides. The drum could move the paper forward and backward (the X-axis). A pen holder slid horizontally over the paper (the Y-axis). Both the drum and the pen holder were controlled by stepper motors. Commands included lowering the pen down to write and raising it up, and moving the drum or the pen holder one step of  in either direction. There were also commands to move the drum and pen together one step in the four diagonal directions.

The standard size 1627 Model 1 was a Calcomp model 565 plotter and used 12-inch-wide paper (305 mm) with a plotting area of . Model 1 could operate at 18,000 steps per minute. Model 2 was a Calcomp 563 and used 31-inch-wide paper (787 mm) with a plotting area of . Model 2 could operate at 12,000 steps per minute. 

The paper rolls were  long. A metal bar above the take-up reel allowed a finished plot to be torn off and removed. The drum would then be advanced using the manual controls and the fresh paper end taped to the take-up reel. The standard pen was a ball-point, but liquid ink pens were available, and typically used for higher quality plots intended for publication. Other paper stock could be taped to the drum if desired. A chart drive switch was provided to turn off the motorized paper supply and take-up reels for this purpose.

References
IBM 1627 documentation

External links
Photo of 1627 attached to an IBM 1620 at the Seattle World's Fair in 1962
Photo of Calcomp 565 plotter at Stuttgart Computer Museum
A working Calcomp 565 on Youtube.com

1627
1627
Otter (software). Otter is an infrastructure automation tool that runs under Microsoft Windows, designed by the software company Inedo. Otter utilizes Infrastructure as Code to model infrastructure  and configuration.

Otter provisions and configures servers automatically, without logging in to a command prompt.

Key areas
Otter focuses on two key areas:
 Configuration automation - Otter allows users to model the configuration of servers, roles, and environments; monitor for drift, schedule changes, and ensure consistency across servers 
 Orchestration automation - Otter can spin up cloud servers, build containers, deploy packages, patch servers, or any other multi-server/service automation 

Otter can continuously monitor for server configuration drift, can automatically remediate drift, and can send notification when drift occurs.

Key features
Otter has a visual, web-based user interface that is designed to "create complex configurations and orchestrations using the intuitive, drag-and-drop editor, and then switch to-and-from code/text mode as needed." Otter aims to enable DevOps practices through its UI, and shows the configuration state of an organization's servers infrastructure (local, virtual, cloud-built). Otter supports Microsoft Windows, and supports Linux-based operating systems through SSH-based agents. 

Otter monitors servers for configuration changes, and reports when the configuration has drifted. It supports both agent and agentless Windows servers.

From version 1.5, Otter integrates with Atlassian Jira and Git via extensions.

PowerShell
Otter allows the use of Windows PowerShell scripts.

See also 
Ansible
Chef
 Puppet
 Configuration Management
 Continuous configuration automation
 DevOps toolchain

References

Orchestration software
Configuration management
Apple (1910s automobile). The Apple Eight was a short-lived American automobile manufactured by the Apple Motor Car Company in Dayton, Ohio, from 1915 to 1917. The Apple 8 model cost $1,150 and had . An inline eight-cylinder engine and three-speed transmission were in a unit. Well-tested standard vendor parts were used. The body had a  wheelbase and could seat five. It was advertised as a luxury car and used the slogan "No hills too steep. No roads too rough".

William A. Apple formed W. A. Apple Auto Top Company in 1912 to make tops for the Ford Model T. In 1915 he changed the name to W. A. Apple Motor Car Co. and began assembling the Eight in May. By September he had assembled 40. A fire on October 11, 1915, completely destroyed the factory. After suing his insurance company, in 1917 William A. was awarded $28,014.31. He returned to car tops and upholstery. A successor business, W. A. Apple Textile Manufacturer, built parachutes during World War II.

See also
 List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers
 Dayton Electric, an early Dayton area automobile manufacturer
 Speedwell Motor Car Company, an early Dayton area automobile manufacturer

References

External links
 Dossier on Apple Motors

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Dayton, Ohio
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
Vintage vehicles
Arab (automobile). The Arab was a high-performance English automobile designed by Reid Railton and manufactured in Letchworth, Hertfordshire, between 1926 and 1928. The factory had previously been used by the Phoenix car company.

History
The car came about following discussions between J. G. Parry-Thomas, design engineer at Leyland Motors, Reid Railton, his assistant and Henry Spurrier, chairman of Leyland Motors. Leyland had made 50 four-cylinder engine blocks intended to be used in fast delivery vans, but the project was not proceeded with. The three discussed what to do with the blocks, and the building of a 2-litre sporting car was agreed. A prototype was built to test the new engine using an Enfield-Allday chassis and the car taken to Brooklands for the 1924 Easter Meeting. The engine had an overhead camshaft with the same unusual valve springing using leaf springs as those found on Parry Thomas's Leyland Eight.  Drive was to the rear wheels via a Moss 4-speed gearbox and ENV spiral-bevel rear axle. It was one of the first English cars to use an electric fuel pump.  Production of two variants was started in 1926 at the Letchworth works, a low-chassis sporting model and a high-chassis touring type. Two and four-seater bodies were available on the high-chassis at £525 and probably only the two-seater on the low-chassis at £550.

Parry Thomas died in March 1927 attempting to break the World Land Speed Record in his car Babs, and with his death Railton lost interest in the Arab and the Letchworth works closed after only about 6 or 7 cars were made. The remaining components were bought by Thomson & Taylor, where Railton was working, based at Brooklands and a few more cars were assembled. This was something of a pity, as the car was an impressive performer with the two-seater high chassis good for 80 mph, and the Super Sports was said to have been capable of going . One high chassis is known to have been supercharged and is said to have achieved .

Two cars are known to survive, both low chassis.

Specification

Engine
1960 cc four-cylinder water-cooled monobloc.
Two bearing crankshaft
70 mm bore 127 mm stroke
Single overhead cam, leaf spring controlled valves with positive closing.
Single Claudel-Hobson carburettor
65 bhp at 4000 rpm

Gearbox
Moss 4-speed

Chassis
Wheelbase , track , overall length 
Half-elliptical springs front and rear
Four wheel brakes (Perrot System)

References

Vintage vehicles
Cars introduced in 1926
Ardsley (automobile). The Ardsley was a short-lived American automobile designed by W. S. Howard and manufactured from 1905 to 1906 in Yonkers, New York, by the Ardsley Motor Car Company.

History
The company salesrooms were located at 50th Street and Broadway in Yonkers.

By 1906, the automobile was advertised in a national automobile trade magazine as "quiet and powerful." It had 35 horsepower, could seat five and was priced at US$3,500.

References

Cars introduced in 1905
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New York (state)
Cars discontinued in 1906
Argonne (automobile). The Argonne was an American automobile manufactured from 1919 to 1920 by the Jersey City Machine Co. of Jersey City, New Jersey.

Only 24 were produced before the company folded. The prototype car was a sports roadster with an aluminum body crafted by the Schutte Body Co. of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It was powered by an inline-four Buda engine. A Rochester-Duesenberg power plant was also available. Production models included a roadster on a  wheelbase, and some sources list an open Tourer model on a  wheelbase.

The marque featured a sharply pointed radiator similar to that found on the Austro-Daimler.

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in New Jersey
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New Jersey
Cars introduced in 1919
Cars discontinued in 1920
Roadsters
IBM 1711. The IBM 1711 Data Converter was part of the IBM 1710 process control computer. The 1711 contained an analog-to-digital converter that accepted signals from the IBM 1712 Multiplexer and Terminal Unit that were between -50 millivolts and +50 millivolts and converted them into signed, four decimal digit numbers that were stored in the 1710s core memory.

The 1711 featured a real-time clock that could place the current hour and minute into storage, again as a 4 digit number. On the 1711's control panel, there was a bank of seven decimal digit manual entry switches that could be read by the computer. The 1711 also contained address circuitry for the IBM 1712 Multiplexer.

Optional 1711 features included contact sense, contact operate, analog output, interrupt, and process branch indicators.

While all this and more would fit comfortably on a single IC today, the IBM 1711 occupied a three section rack cabinet.

See also
IBM 1800

References

1711
Computer real-time clocks
Ariès. The Ariès was a French automobile manufactured by La Société des Automobile Ariès in Asnières-sur-Seine. The firm was founded in 1902 by Baron . The decision to end production was taken in 1937. Around 20,000 vehicles were produced in total.

The first cars were two- and four-cylinder vehicles built 20 chassis at a time in a large factory.  These shaft-drive cars had a rather unusual double rear axle, while the engines were built by Aster.

In 1907 the company made its own narrow-angle V4 engine. The engine had a single cast iron monobloc on a light alloy crankcase. This contained four cylinders in a square layout with a narrow 15° vee angle. Bore and stroke were 60 by 100mm, giving a capacity of 1.13 litres. It was rated at 8/10 fiscal horsepower. The crankshaft was short with disc webs, two main bearings and fork-and-blade connecting rods. Crankpins and main journals were held in the webs by tapers and a shallow nut, giving the effect of an undercut crankshaft. This made the engine extremely compact overall,  long,  wide and  tall. The intention was to offer this compact engine as a replacement that would fit into a wide range of other vehicles. The crankshaft was drilled for a pressure oil feed to the crankpins, an advanced feature for this time, but the pistons and gudgeon pins were still lubricated by splash.

In 1910 Ariès introduced a V6 engine on the same pattern for the 10/14 hp S6.

Ariès entered the field of commercial vehicle production in 1910, mainly for the purpose of supplying the French army; the works built mainly military trucks during World War I, as well as Hispano-Suiza aero engines.

After the war the company presented three new models; one was a four-cylinder, a 7 cv OHC 1085 cc, while the other two were variations on a 15cv 3-litre.  One had a sidevalve Aster unit, while the second featured a sporty OHC engine; some of these last were quite successful in racing events.

Ariès had some motor-racing success in the 1920s, particularly with associated, although without success, at the 24 Hours of Le Mans and with more success in other touring car events. Their most successful drivers wore Robert Laly and Jean Chassagne, driving the 3 litre cars.

Ariès stopped production of its 1100 cc and 3-liter cars, which had become obsolete, during the financial crisis of the 1930s.  They were replaced in the catalogue with new 1500 cc and 2-liter models with an odd arrangement of a three-speed gearbox augmented by two-speed gears in the back axle, for a total of six speeds forward.  Named the Super 10-50, few were made.

After the war, Ariès attempted a comeback, briefly producing moped engines under the name ABG.

See also
 Arthur Duray, raced Ariès cars in the late 1920s.

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1902
1902 establishments in France
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1937
1937 disestablishments in France
Truck manufacturers
Truck manufacturers of France
Motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Arimofa. The Arimofa was a German automobile manufactured between 1921 and 1922 by  of Plauen, Vogtland. The name is an acronym from the company's name.

The company began by producing cyclecars with a 12hp  flat-twin engine; these were built in limited numbers before the company turned to building motorcycles. Between 1923 and 1925, the company produced a two-stroke motorcycle.

References 

Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Motorcycle manufacturers of Germany
Cyclecars
Arkley (automobile). The Arkley is an English automobile that was manufactured by John Britten Garages workshops at Arkley in the London Borough of Barnet.

The first model was a two-seater called Arkley SS, designed by John Britten in 1970 (not to be confused with the famous New Zealand motorcycle designer, John Britten).

The retro "bug-eyed" design was inspired by a mixture of the Morgan and the original Austin-Healey Sprite. The main purpose was recycling old rusty or damaged Austin-Healey Sprites or MG Midgets. The Arkley SS utilised a BMC A-Series engine launched by Austin in 1951.

The Arkley Midget used fibre glass front and rear ends fitted to the donor car. Transformation did not affect the main structural members. There were two versions, the S for standard wheels and the SS for wide wheels.

Peter May, who had worked with John Britten Garages, founded Peter May Engineering in Halesowen in 1979 and bought the manufacturing rights to the Arkley in 1987. Production of the DIY fiberglass kits continues via Peter May Engineering, from their workshops in Ombersley, Worcestershire. 

Since 1971, around 1000 kits have been sold, but the surviving number today is unknown.

Some kits were modified, such as a one-off called Pink Bathtub, produced in 1990.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links 

 Arkley Midget (Internet Archive)

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
History of the London Borough of Barnet
Kit car manufacturers
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in London
IBM 1712. The IBM 1712 Multiplexer and Terminal Unit is part of the IBM 1710 process control computer. The Terminal Unit provides the physical connections between factory wiring and the computer. The 1712 can support up to 300 separate wire pairs. Signal types supported include analog input, analog output, contact sense, contact operate, process branch indicators and process interrupts. Special terminal blocks support thermocouple inputs. The Multiplexer selects which signal is connected to the IBM 1711 Data Converter.

References

1712
PGE. PGE  may refer to:

 Pacific Gas and Electric Company, commonly abbreviated PG&E
 Pacific Gas & Electric (band), an American blues rock band
 Pacific Great Eastern Railway, the original name of BC Rail
 Parser Grammar Engine, Perl 6 rule compiler/interpreter for the Parrot virtual machine
 Platinum group element
 Polska Grupa Energetyczna
 Portland General Electric
 PGE Park
 Programme Grande École, a French master's degree diploma
 Propylene glycol ether
 Prostaglandin E
 Provisional Government of Eritrea
La Va Bon Train. The  ("goes like blazes" in French) was a French automobile manufactured by Larroumet and Lagarde of Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, between 1904 and 1914. The company had originally been founded in 1891 as a bicycle maker.

The two-seater, three-wheeler featured an iron chassis, wheel steering, and a single-cylinder 6 hp engine of either their own make or at extra cost from De Dion. A two-speed epicyclic gearbox was fitted to early cars, but later ones used a more conventional unit, and final drive was by a choice of belt or chain. A differential was fitted from 1907.

Between 50 and 100 are believed to have been built, with the last ones made around 1910 but possibly still on sale as late as 1914.

External links
 http://3wheelers.com/lavabon.html 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Brass Era vehicles
Cars introduced in 1904
Cars discontinued in 1914
Dld (software). Dld was a library package for the C programming language that performs dynamic link editing. Programs that use dld can add or remove compiled object code from a process anytime during its execution. Loading modules, searching libraries, resolving external references, and allocating storage for global and static data structures are all performed at run time.

Dld supported various Unix platforms, having originally been developed for the VAX, Sun-3 and SPARCstation architectures.
Its authors contrast its functionality with the dynamic linking that was at the time of its construction available in operating systems such as SunOS 4, System V.4, HP-UX and VMS: all of these operating systems had shared libraries, but did not allow programs to load additional libraries after startup. Dld offered this functionality without requiring changes to the OS or toolchain.

Dld was a GNU package, but has been withdrawn because its functionality is available (through the dlopen API) in modern Unix-like operating systems.

References

External links
 DLD

C (programming language) libraries
Ashton-Evans. The Ashton-Evans was an English car manufactured in Birmingham from 1919 to 1928 by Joseph Evans & Co of Liverpool Street Mills an engineering company who also made railway locomotives and aircraft parts. In 1919 a new company Ashton-Evans Motors Ltd was formed. The cars were designed by E Bailey who had been with Sunbeam and later J. Bedford.

The first car of the marque designed by E Bailey was described as "a three-wheeler with four wheels" and had a rear track of only  to avoid the need for a differential. The rear axle was suspended by a quarter elliptic spring fastened to the tubular chassis at the front and resting on a metal plate on the top of the rear axle which was located by the use of a torque tube and two rods. It is not certain if any of these cars were sold.

In 1920 Mr Ashton-Evans decided to find out what his customers wanted in an "owner driver's ideal" car and invited opinions. From the response he worked out that the car should  have a four-cylinder water cooled engine not exceeding 12 taxable hp and be silent, vibrationless, easy to start and powerful. Gear changing should be silent and without the need to double declutch.  There should be room for three people on the front seat. To meet this specification J Bedford designed a new car which became the Ashton 10.5 model, the Ashton-Evans name being temporarily dropped. This had a normal rear axle.  Most cars featured -litre, 4-cylinder Coventry Simplex engines and three-speed constant-mesh gearboxes with selection made by dog clutches. Some of the early cars might have had two-cylinder engines. Two- and four-seat open bodies were available.

Production of cars was slow and probably not profitable and in 1923 a single model, the 11/16 was made and the name returned to Ashton-Evans.  A fire in 1924 badly hit production and car production was temporarily suspended in 1927 but never resumed.

As many as 250 might have been made.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links
 1923 11/16 hp coupe advertisement

Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Asquith (1901 automobile). The Asquith was a short-lived English automobile manufactured by William Asquith at his Halifax machine tool works from 1901 to 1902. The car originally had a front-mounted De Dion engine and belt-drive; this last was later replaced by a two-speed gearbox because the belts kept slipping disastrously.  Probably only one example of the car was built before the firm decided to concentrate on the production of boring machinery.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links
 http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/William_Asquith

Veteran vehicles
Companies based in Halifax, West Yorkshire
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Astatic. The Astatic was a French cyclecar manufactured from 1920 to 1922 by Automobiles Astatic, Saint-Ouen, Seine, France.

Built at Saint-Ouen, the car was an attempt to market a vehicle with independent suspension all round.  This was done by coupling each wheel to a horizontal coil spring by a right angle link. At the rear the differential housing was fixed to the chassis and drive was taken to the wheels through jointed drive shafts. The engine was an 894 cc or 1100 cc S.C.A.P.

References 

Cyclecars
Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France