omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Helmy Aerogypt. 

The Helmy Aerogypt was a British four-seat cabin monoplane designed and built by Egyptian Saleh Helmy at Heston Aerodrome in 1938. The Aerogypt I was a low-wing cantilever monoplane initially powered by three 22 hp (16 kW) Douglas Sprite engines. The aircraft had an upward hinged roof that acted as a landing flap. Registered G-AFFG, it first flew in 1939. It later had the hinged roof removed, and was re-designated the Aerogypt II. Another modification added end plates to the horizontal tail surfaces, and was re-designated the Aerogypt III, and last flown in that configuration in September 1940.

In 1943, the aircraft was modified as the Aerogypt IV with a tricycle landing gear and two 65 hp (48 kW) Continental A65 engines. It was flown from White Waltham Airfield, but in November 1946 it was damaged beyond repair when it was dropped by the recovery crane following a landing accident at RAF Northolt.

Variants
Aerogypt I
Initial designation, a three-engine monoplane with tail wheel landing gear.
Aerogypt II
Modified with hinged roof removed.
Aerogypt III
Modified with end plates on horizontal tail surfaces.
Aerogypt IV
Rebuilt as a two-engine monoplane with tricycle landing gear.

Specifications (Aerogypt IV)

Notes

References

Smith, Ron. 2002. British Built Aircraft Vol.I Greater London. Tempus Publishing. 

1930s British civil utility aircraft
Trimotors
Low-wing aircraft
Aerogypt
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Nuclear electronics. Nuclear electronics is a subfield of electronics concerned with the design and use of high-speed electronic systems for nuclear physics and elementary particle physics research, and for industrial and medical use.

Essential elements of such systems include fast detectors for charged particles, discriminators for separating them by energy, counters for counting the pulses produced by individual particles, fast logic circuits (including coincidence and veto gates), for identification of particular types of complex particle events, and pulse height analyzers (PHAs) for sorting and counting gamma rays or particle interactions by energy, for spectral analysis.

Elementary components
Some of the essential components that make up the elements of a nuclear electronic analysis system include:

 Detectors
Bias voltage supplies
 Preamplifiers
 Discriminators
 Coincidence and veto logic gates.
 Counters
 Pulse height analyzers

These elements were originally developed and built in the laboratories of the scientists doing the pioneering work in the field, but are nowadays designed, developed, and manufactured by a variety of specialized vendors:

 EG&G Ortec
 Oxford Instruments
 Stanford Research Systems
 Tennelec

See also
 Nuclear Instrumentation Module

External links
   Nuclear electronics college class.

Electronics
Nuclear technology
CXP. CXP may refer to:

Airports
Carson Airport (FAA: CXP), an airport in Carson City, Nevada
Tunggul Wulung Airport (IATA: CXP), in Central Java
Xtra Airways (ICAO: CXP), an American ultra low-cost carrier

Other uses
CXP (connector), an electrical connector used for Infiniband and Ethernet
CoaXPress, a high speed serial data interface over coaxial cable
Constellation Program (abbreviated CxP), NASA's cancelled crewed space flight program
Corporate Express, an office products company
CXP Rims, a brand of bicycle rims made by Mavic
The conventional CXP Series of Mack Trucks products
Headspace technology. Headspace technology is a technique developed in the 1980s to elucidate the odor compounds present in the air surrounding various objects.  Usually the objects of interest are odoriferous objects such as plants, flowers and foods. Similar techniques are also used to analyze the interesting scents of locations and environments such as tea shops and saw mills. After the data is analyzed, the scents can then be recreated by a perfumer.

One of the early pioneers of this technology was Roman Kaiser who used it to measure and characterize the scents of tropical rainforests. Headspace techniques have since been used extensively to sample in vivo floral headspace of a large variety of numerous taxa and their aromatic compounds such as fatty acid derivatives (aldehydes, alcohols and ketones), benzenoids and isoprenoids.

Equipment
The headspace equipment involves a hollow dome or sphere-like objects which forms an airtight seal and surrounds the objects of interest. Inert gases are passed into the space containing the object or a vacuum is established such that the odor compounds are removed from the headspace. These compounds are in turn captured using a variety of techniques, among them cold surfaces, solvent traps, and adsorbent materials, with the latter techniques capable of longer periods of collection. The samples can then be analyzed using techniques such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, or Carbon-13 NMR.

Several companies have patented similar headspace technologies:
Aromascope (Takasago)
Jungle Essence (Mane)
NaturePrint (Firmenich)
ScentTrek (Givaudan)
Living Flower (IFF)

References

Perfumery
Flavor technology
Thor Rhodin. Thor Nathaniel Rhodin (December 9, 1920 – February 17, 2006) was an American professor of Applied and Engineering Physics at Cornell University and the University of Chicago's James Franck Institute, and is credited with pioneering work in the birth and evolution of surface science beginning with his research on surface sensitivity using auger electron spectroscopy. He played a major role, over several decades, in shaping the development of the field from fundamental work, using the field ion microscope, on the imaging and bonding of individual atoms at surfaces to the fundamentals of surface catalysis of hydrocarbon chemistry by the transition metals.

Education
B.S. 1942 (Haverford College);
Ph.D. 1946 (Princeton University)

Academic genealogy
Thor Rhodin was a student of Hugh Scott Taylor.
Taylor was a student of Frederick George Donnan and Henry Bassett [Ref.1].
Donnan was trained by Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald.
Ostwald's adviser was Schmidt, Carl,
who was a student of Justus von Liebig.
Bassett was trained by Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger.
Baeyer was a student of Robert Bunsen and Friedrich August Kekulé.  
Bunsen was a student of Friedrich Stromeyer.
Kekulé was a student of Heinrich Will.

Sources
http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/Web_Genealogy/Info/rhodintn.pdf

External links
 http://www.aep.cornell.edu/eng10_page.cfm?pg=4&peopleID=121

American physicists
Cornell University faculty
1920 births
2006 deaths
Inte:Ligand. Inte:Ligand was founded in Maria Enzersdorf, Lower Austria (Niederösterreich) in 2003. They established the company headquarters on Mariahilferstrasse in Vienna, Austria that same year.

In 2007 Inte:Ligand was the recipient of the NÖ Innovation prize (Innovationpreis) for the development of the simulation software LigandScout. As of 2017 there were more than 1500 literature, book chapters and review articles published related to InteLigand software technology in the areas of virtual screening, 3D-pharmacophore modeling, hit identification, medicinal chemistry decision support, activity profiling, docking, fragment-based compound design, protein-protein-interactions, drug-repurposing and molecular dynamics simulations.

Other applications include the discovery of new Myeloperoxidase ligands, HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, applications in anti-viral bio-activity profiling, the development of models to predict HIV Protease activity, Cytochrome P450 activity prediction
,
and simulation models for the activity on Factor Xa.

Science and Technology 
 LigandScout Essential, is a scientific software program for de novo molecule design, to derive structure-based and ligand-based 3D pharmacophores, perform molecular 3D alignments, 3D pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, create multi-conformational compound libraries for virtual screening, annotate compound libraries and perform filtering and sorting and advanced pharmacophore and molecule editing.
 LigandScout Advanced, is a scientific software program that has all of the functionality of LigandScout Essential plus docking, Apo site pharmacophore modeling, pocket finding, analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories.
 LigandScout Expert KNIME Extensions provide more than 45 Inte:Ligand scientific algorithms wrapped into KNIME extensions to be used for designing customized workflows related to computer aided drug design using the platform KNIME.

References 

Biotechnology companies established in 2003
Biotechnology companies of Austria
Companies based in Vienna
Privately held companies of Austria
Austrian companies established in 2003
Software companies of Austria
SGI Origin 200. The SGI Origin 200, code named Speedo, was an entry-level server computer developed and manufactured by SGI, introduced in October 1996 to accompany their mid-range and high-end Origin 2000. It is based on the same architecture as the Origin 2000 but has an unrelated hardware implementation. At the time of introduction, these systems ran the IRIX 6.4, and later, the IRIX 6.5 operating systems. The Origin 200 was discontinued on 30 June 2002.

Hardware 

The Origin 200 consists of one or two modules. In configurations with two modules, the NUMAlink 2 (originally CrayLink) interconnection fabric is used to connect the two modules together. Using two modules, the Origin 200's capabilities (the number of processors, the amount of memory, etc.) is doubled. The Origin 200 and the Origin 200 GIGAchannel enclosures can be configured as a tower with "skins" that covered the bare metal for cosmetic purposes, or as a rackmountable enclosure compatible with 19- or 21-inch racks. An optional drive enclosure that holds up to six 3.5-inch drives and either one full-height 5.25-inch drive or two half-height 5.25-inch drives can also be added.

Module 

Each module contains a motherboard, seven 3.5-inch drive bays and two 5.25-inch drive bays. In configurations where an Origin 200 GIGAchannel expansion cabinet is used, the module also contains a Crosstown board that plugs into the motherboard. Each module was limited to two CPUs.

Motherboard 

The motherboard contains the Hub ASIC, a PCI bridge, two SCSI controllers, two UARTs and an Ethernet controller. The PCI bridge provides the PCI bus for the three PCI-X slots and the I/O controllers.

Processor 

The processor(s) are located on a PIMM (Processor-Included Memory Module) that plugs into the motherboard. When first introduced, the Origin 200 supported one or two R10000 processors with 1 or 4 MB L2 cache each. In August 1998, an upgraded PIMM featuring the 225 MHz R10000 processors was introduced. Later, 270 MHz R12000 processors became available. The PIMMs come in two versions: single processor and dual processor. It is not possible to upgrade these systems to a dual processor system by using two single processor PIMMs, as there is only one PIMM connector on the motherboard.

Memory 

The motherboard supports 32 MB to 2 GB of memory through eight DIMM slots organised into four banks. DIMMs with capacities of 16, 32, 64 and 256 MB are supported. DIMMs must be installed in pairs.

GIGAchannel 

The Origin 200 GIGAchannel is an expansion cabinet that connects to the Origin 200 modules via two XIO cables. It provides an additional four PCI-X slots and five XIO slots. The GIGAchannel contains a Crossbow (Xbow) ASIC, which is an eight-port crossbar provides the five datapaths to the five XIO slots and a single datapath to PCI bridge. The remaining two ports on the ASIC are connected to the XIO connectors used to interface the subsystem to the Origin 200 modules.

References 

Origin 200
Delta-K. The Delta-K was an American rocket stage, developed by McDonnell Douglas and Aerojet.  It was first used on 27 August 1989 as the second stage for the Delta 4000 series.

It continued to serve as the second stage for subsequent variants of the Delta rocket.

It was propelled by a single AJ10-118K rocket engine, fueled by Aerozine 50 and dinitrogen tetroxide, which are hypergolic.

The Delta-K had a long heritage to the first Able stage used in Project Vanguard. The AJ-10 engine was first used in the Able second stage of the Vanguard rocket, as the AJ10-118 configuration. It was initially fueled by nitric acid and UDMH. An AJ10 engine was first fired in flight during the third Vanguard launch, on 17 March 1958, which successfully placed the Vanguard 1 satellite into orbit.

As of 25 May 2008, 138 have been launched, and excluding one which was destroyed by the explosion of a lower stage, none have failed.

The Delta-K was used as the second stage of the Delta II rocket from 1989 to 2018. This second stage was retired at conclusion of the ICESat-2 launch on 15 September 2018.

See also
 Delta Cryogenic Second Stage
 Advanced Common Evolved Stage
 Transtage

References

Rocket stages
SSZ-13. SSZ-13 (framework type code CHA) is a high-silica aluminosilicate zeolite possessing 0.38 × 0.38 nm micropores. It belongs to the ABC-6 family of zeolites as well as offretite, cancrinite, erionite and other related small-pore zeolites. The framework topology is the same as that of chabazite but SSZ-13 has a high silica composition with Si/Al > 5, which leads to low cation exchange capacity. The typical chemical formula of the unit cell can be described as  QxNayAl2.4Si33.6O72•zH2O (1.4 < x <27)(0.7 < y < 4.3)(1 < z <7), where Q is N,N,N-1-trimethyladamantammonium.  The material was patented  by Chevron research Company in 1985, and could potentially be used as a solid catalyst for the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) process and the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx.

Structure
SSZ-13 corresponds to an isomorphous replacement of an aluminum atom with a silicon atom in the natural mineral chabazite. Although chabazite exists as a twin crystal, SSZ-13 is exclusively monocrystalline. Generally, zeolites corresponding to isomorphous replacement of chabazite are collectively called CHA-type zeolites. Lattice constants vary depending on the Si/Al ratio and the metal species contained, but the symmetry of the crystal remains basically the same.

The CHA framework, which is represented by connecting Si or Al atoms, is shown in the figure on the right and consists of only 4-, 6-, and 8-membered rings, with no 5-membered rings as found in ZSM-5 and mordenite. It is also characterized by a double six-membered ring structure (D6R) consisting of two six-membered rings and six four-membered rings.

The pore size of the zeolite is 0.38 nm when the size of the oxygen atoms is estimated by the ionic radius (0.135 nm), classifying it as a small pore zeolite. It can adsorb small gas molecules, but large organic molecules cannot enter the pores.

Another known rhyolite isotypic replacement is SAPO-34, a silicoaluminophosphate.

Synthesis
SSZ-13 can be synthesized using the following method.  The material is prepared from the following batch composition:

10 Na2O : 2.5 Al2O3 : 100 SiO2 : 4400 H2O : 20 TMAdOH.

2 g 1N NaOH, 2,78 g 0.72 M N,N,N-1-trimethyladamantammonium hydroxide (TMAdOH) and
3.22 g deionized water are mixed. 0,1 g Al2O3 is added to the solution and mixed with 0.6 g fumed silica. The resulting viscous gel is aged for two hours and heated for 4 days at 160 °C in a Teflon lined steel autoclave. The crystallized product can be recovered by filtration. 

Submicron-sized SSZ-13 can be prepared in 6 hours through a rapid steam-assisted crystallization method using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica source.

Uses
SSZ-13 is a high-silica zeolite with the CHA topology. Materials with this topology are of industrial interest, as potential catalysts for application in the methanol to olefins (MTO) reaction.

Recently SSZ-13 has attracted attention as the catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx. Actually copper-loading SSZ-13 is industrially applied to the emission control of diesel engines.

See also
Chabazite
Zeolite

References 

Zeolites
Jam nut. A jam nut is a low profile type of nut, typically half as tall as a standard nut. It is commonly used as a type of locknut, where it is "jammed" up against a standard nut to lock the two in place. It is also used in situations where a standard nut would not fit.

The term "jam nut" can also refer to any nut that is used in the same function (even a standard nut used for the jamming purpose). Jam nuts, other types of locknuts, lock washers, and thread-locking fluid are ways to prevent vibration from loosening a bolted joint.

Use of two nuts to prevent self-loosening 
In normal use, a nut-and-bolt joint holds together because the bolt is under a constant tensile stress called the preload. The preload  pulls the nut threads against the bolt threads, and the nut face against the bearing surface, with a constant force, so that the nut cannot rotate without overcoming the friction between these surfaces. If the joint is subjected to vibration, however, the preload increases and decreases with each cycle of movement. If the minimum preload during the vibration cycle is not enough to hold the nut firmly in contact with the bolt and the bearing surface, then the nut is likely to become loose.

Specialized locking nuts exist to prevent this problem, but sometimes it is sufficient to add a second nut. For this technique to be reliable, each nut must be tightened to the correct torque. The inner nut is tightened to about a quarter to a half of the torque of the outer nut. It is then held in place by a wrench while the outer nut is tightened on top using the full torque. This arrangement causes the two nuts to push against each other, creating a tensile stress in the short section of the bolt that lies between them. Even when the main joint is vibrated, the stress between the two nuts remains constant, thus holding the nut threads in constant contact with the bolt threads and preventing self-loosening. When the joint is assembled correctly, the outer nut bears the full tension of the joint. The inner nut functions merely to add a small additional force to the outer nut and does not need to be as strong, so a thin nut can be used.

The jam nut essentially acts as the "other object", as the two nuts are tightened against each other. They can also be used to secure an item on a fastener without applying force to that object. This is achieved by first tightening one of the nuts onto the item. Then the other nut is screwed down on top of the first nut. The inner nut is then slackened back and tightened against the outer nut.

Jam nuts can also be used in situations where a threaded rod must be rotated.  Since threaded rods have no bolt heads, it is difficult or impossible to apply torque to a threaded rod. A pair of jam nuts is used to create a point where a wrench may be used. 
 
Jam nuts can be unreliable under significant loads. If the inner nut is torqued more than the outer nut, the outer nut may yield. If the outer nut is torqued more than the inner nut, the inner nut may loosen up.

References

Nuts (hardware)
Kontermutter
Knurled nut. A knurled nut is a nut with a knurled outside surface. This facilitates tightening by hand (thumb nut) or secures the nut into a handle or cover (insertion nut).

Uses 

Knurled nuts are commonly used in any application where the fasteners will be removed regularly but not needed for structural support. They can commonly be found on electrical panel covers, precision measuring tools, squares, and service covers. The advantages of using a knurled fastener in this situation are: it improves the ease of removal, deters the possibly over-tightening/stripping, and does not require any tools to manipulate the fastener.
However, there are knurled nuts available that have a slot cut into them for the use of a Phillips head screwdriver. This expands the versatility of the nut and provides the option to use tools. Nuts with the Phillips slot are common in applications where vibration is a concern.

References 

 What Are Thumb Screws and Where Are They Used, www.rabcomponents.com/blog/what-are-thumb-screws-and-where-are-they-used.html.
 “Understanding Benefits and Applications of Knurled Thumb Screws.” Norwood, norwoodscrewmachine.com/blog/understanding-benefits-applications-knurled-thumb-screws/.

Nuts (hardware)
Mechanical fasteners
Cerrosafe. Cerrosafe is a fusible alloy with a low melting point. It is a non-eutectic mixture consisting of 42.5% bismuth, 37.7% lead, 11.3% tin, and 8.5% cadmium that melts between  and . It is useful for making reference castings whose dimensions can be correlated to those of the mold or other template due to its well-known thermal expansion properties during cooling. The alloy contracts during the first 30 minutes, allowing easy removal from a mold, then expands during the next 30 minutes to return to the exact original size. It then continues expanding at a known rate for 200 hours, allowing conversion of measurements of the casting back to those of the mold.

Similar metals

References

External links 
 Examples of chamber casts using low-temp metal

Fusible alloys
Bismuth alloys
Cadmium alloys
Lead alloys
Tin alloys
T-nut. A T-nut, T nut, or tee nut (also known as a blind nut, which can however also refer to a rivet nut or an insert nut, and likewise drive-in nut) is a type of nut used to fasten a wood, particle or composite materials workpiece, leaving a flush surface. 

It has a long, thin body and a flange at one end, resembling a T in profile. The flanges of T-nuts often have hooks or serrations on the prongs that dig into a wooden work piece as the bolt is tightened from the opposite side of the piece, providing better retention. 

In 1969, the first four-prong T-nut with an eight-sided base was patented. Unlike standard round base T-nuts, eight-sided T-nuts can be fed efficiently and reliably via machine. The eight-sided T-nut base has become the standard configuration for T-nuts inserted by machine.

See also 
 T-slot nuts, which are  used in work-holding in machine tools. T-slot nuts fit in T-section slots in the machine work-table and are used in conjunction with studs and clamps to provide flexible means of holding workpieces in place.
 Weld nuts, which are similar in appearance to t-nuts. They lack the prongs which penetrate into wood. Weld nuts are usually spot-welded into place on metal.

References

Nuts (hardware)

de:Mutter (Technik)#Einschlagmutter
Well nut. A well nut is a blind rivet-like type of fastener used to blindly fasten a piece (much like a molly bolt) and to seal the bolt hole.

They are often referred to by the proprietary name Rawlnut or Rawl nut, the name by which they are known in the UK.

Description
A well nut consists of a flanged neoprene bushing with a nut embedded in the non-flanged end. The bolt is passed through one of the pieces to be fastened and threaded onto the nut from the flanged end. The non-flanged end is then inserted through the other piece to be fastened. As the bolt is tightened, friction from the neoprene flange against the piece being fastened prevents the nut from turning. The bushing is compressed by the nut, forming a lip behind the piece being fastened, which compresses the fastened piece and seals the bolt hole. It can also be used in a solid workpiece. As the bolt draws the embedded nut towards it, the walls of the well exert a force on the hole walls, anchoring it.

Well nuts are not particularly strong, but are useful for sealing holes and/or isolating vibrations.

History
The well nut was originally developed by the United Shoe Machinery Corporation (USMC).

References

Nuts (hardware)