omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SAE J1708. Society of Automotive Engineers standard SAE J1708 is a standard used for serial communications between ECUs on a heavy duty vehicle and also between a computer and the vehicle.  With respect to Open System Interconnection model (OSI), J1708 defines the physical layer.  Common higher layer protocols that operate on top of J1708 are SAE J1587 and SAE J1922. The protocol is maintained by SAE International.

Description
The standard defines a 2-wire 18 gauge wire cable that can run up to  and operates at 9600 bit/s. A message is composed of up to 21 characters, unless the engine is stopped and the vehicle is not moving in which case transmitters are allowed to exceed the 21 byte max message length.  Messages start with a Message ID (MID) character and finish with a checksum at the end.  Characters are transmitted in the common 8N1 format.

The hardware utilized are RS-485 transceivers wired for open collector operation through the use of a pullup and pulldown of the separate data lines. Transmission is accomplished by controlling the driver enable pin of the transceiver. This method allows multiple devices to share the bus without the need for a single master node. Collisions are avoided by monitoring the bus while transmitting the MID to ensure that another node has not simultaneously transmitted a MID with a higher priority.

History
SAE J1708, although still widely used, is replaced by SAE J1939 which is a CAN protocol.

External links
TMC RP1210 Example Source Code 5270ending
SAE International Website
Application Note Explaining J1708 Implementation

Automotive standards
Penex. The Penex process is a continuous catalytic process used in the refining of crude oil. It isomerizes light naphtha (C5/C6) into higher-octane, branched C5/C6 molecules. It also reduces the concentration of benzene in the gasoline pool. It was first used commercially in 1958. Ideally, the isomerization catalyst converts normal pentane (nC5) to isopentane (iC5) and normal hexane (nC6) to 2,2- and 2,3-dimethylbutane. The thermodynamic equilibrium is more favorable at low temperature.

Background 
In the petroleum industry, much research has been done on the upgrading of light hydrocarbons. The realisation that normal pentane is one of the most important remaining components of naphtha that can be easily upgraded prompted Phillips Petroleum to investigate the various processes for converting normal (linear) pentane into (branched) isopentane. The decisive factor in the isomerisation of normal pentane is an increase in the total octane number. This improvement in quality makes the result more valuable for blending with today's high-octane fuels. In addition, like other isoparaffins, isopentane has a low sensitivity (research octane minus engine octane) which means improved performance at street octane. Increasing the octane number also allows larger quantities of pentanes to be blended into premium petrol.

In a refinery, light naphtha can come from the distillation column ("straight-run naphtha") or from other processes, for example the cracking units.

Process 

During isomerisation, the low-octane normal hydrocarbons are converted into their higher-octane isomers. For this purpose, the feed material is passed over a fixed bed catalyst in the presence of hydrogen. The hydrogen is continuously circulated in the reactor circuit. The Penex process uses fixed-bed catalysts containing chlorides. 

As this is an equilibrium reaction, 100% conversion of the normal isomers is not achieved. The maximum octane number of the product is achieved by separating the unconverted normals using a molecular sieve (Molex technology) and returning them to the reactor.

Results 
A single pass of feedstock with an octane rating of 50-60 through such a bed typically produces an end product rated at 82-86. If the feedstock is subsequently passed through a DIH (deisohexanizer) column, the end product typically has an octane rating of 87-90.5. If the feedstock is subsequently passed through a Molex-technology column, the end product typically has an octane rating of 88-91. If the feedstock is first passed through a DIP (deisopentanizer) column to remove iso-pentanes, then through the Penex bed, and subsequently through the DIH column, the end product typically has an octane rating of 91-93.

Field use 
The Penex Process is licensed by the UOP corporation and currently utilized at more than 120 units at petroleum refineries and natural gas liquids plants throughout the world.

References

External links
 UOP's Website on C5/C6 Penex Process

Chemical processes
Oil refining
Robots (Ace anthology). Robots () is a science fiction anthology edited by American writers Jack Dann and Gardner Dozois. It was published in 2005, and includes stories on the theme of "robots" that were originally published from 1985 to 2003, though mostly from the last few years of that range.  It is the 32nd book in their anthology series for Ace Books.

Contents
James Patrick Kelly: "Itsy Bitsy Spider" (1997)
Mike Resnick: "Robots Don't Cry" (2003)
Howard Waldrop: "London, Paris, Banana" (2000)
Chris Beckett: "La Macchina" (1991)
Geoff Ryman: "Warmth" (1995)
Michael Swanwick: "Ancient Engines" (1998)
Alex Irvine: "Jimmy Guang's House of Gladmech" (2002)
Benjamin Rosenbaum: "Droplet" (2002)
Gene Wolfe: "Counting Cats in Zanzibar" (1996)
Steven Popkes: "The Birds of Isla Mujeres" (2003)
Howard Waldrop: "Heirs of the Perisphere" (1985)
Tony Daniel: "The Robot's Twilight Companion" (1996)

External links 

2005 anthologies
Jack Dann and Gardner Dozois Ace anthologies
Ace Books books
Robots in literature
Alliance (1904 automobile). The Alliance is an automobile that was made from 1904 to 1905 by Automobil- und Motorwerke Alliance Fischer & Abele, Berlin. They were powered by either 2- or 4-cylinder engines. Chassis and engines made by the company were often supplied to other factories as proprietary components.

References
Hans-Otto Neubauer, "Alliance (ii)", in G.N. Georgano, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885-1968  (New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1974), pp. 36.

Brass Era vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Rajas Engineering College. Rajas Engineering College (formerly known as The Indian Engineering College) is situated in Vadakkangulam, Tamil Nadu state of India. It is one of the oldest self financing Engineering College in Tamil Nadu. REC along with its sister institutions are managed by 'The Selvam Educational and Charitable Trust' and 'The Rajas Educational and Charitable Trust', Vadakkangulam.

REC is currently affiliated to Anna University, Chennai (previously affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli). Dr.S.A.Joy Raja is the  Chairman  of this college.

References

External links
 http://www.rajas.edu

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Education in Tirunelveli district
Werner von Siemens Ring. The Werner von Siemens Ring (in German orthography, Werner-von-Siemens-Ring) is one of the highest awards for technical sciences in Germany.

It has been awarded from 1916 to 1941 and since 1952 about every three years by the foundation Stiftung Werner-von-Siemens-Ring. The foundation was established on 13 December 1916 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Werner von Siemens. It is located in Berlin and is traditionally managed by the Deutscher Verband Technisch-Wissenschaftlicher Vereine (DVT) (English: German Federation of Technical and Scientific Associations). Before 1960, the name of the award had been simply Siemens Ring (German Siemens-Ring or Siemensring).

The award is presented as a golden ring with emeralds and rubies depicting the leaves and fruit of laurel, placed in an individually crafted cassette carrying the portrait of Werner von Siemens and the dedication to the recipient.

According to the statutes, patron of the foundation council is the President of Germany, and the President of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt is the foundation council's executive chairman. The council votes on the recipients. Members of the council are the bearers of the ring and representatives of the member scientific and technical societies.

Recipients
Source: Werner von Siemens Ring Foundation

See also 

 List of general science and technology awards 
 List of engineering awards

References

External links

Engineering awards
Awards established in 1916
German awards
Siemens
Memory ProteXion. For computer memory, Memory ProteXion, found in IBM xSeries servers, is a form of "redundant bit steering". This technology uses redundant bits in a data packet to recover from a DIMM failure.

Memory ProteXion is different from normal ECC error correction in that it uses only 6 bits for ECC, leaving 2 bits behind. These 2 bits can be used to re-route data from failed memory, much like hot spare on a RAID. The ECC is used to reconstruct the data, and the extra bits to store it.

Memory ProteXion, also known as “redundant bit steering”, is the technology behind using redundant bits in a data packet to provide backup in the event of a DIMM failure. One failure does not cause a predictive failure analysis to be issued on the DIMM, but 2 failures and more will issue a PFA to inform the system administrator that a replacement is needed.

See also
 Chipkill

External links
 Memory ProteXion

Computer memory
Error detection and correction
Årdal og Sunndal Verk. Årdal og Sunndal Verk or ÅSV is a defunct Norwegian state owned company that operated the aluminium plants in Årdal, Sunndal, Høyanger and Holmestrand. The company was established to take advantage of the hydro-electric power plants in the respective villages to create aluminium plants. The company was founded in 1947 to continue the unfinished production of the Årdal plant started by the German occupational forces during World War II. In 1954 construction on the Sunndal plant started. The company was merged with Norsk Hydro in 1986 to create the light metal division Hydro Aluminium.

References

Formerly government-owned companies of Norway
Manufacturing companies established in 1946
Norsk Hydro
Aluminium companies of Norway
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1986
1946 establishments in Norway
1986 disestablishments in Norway
Bréguet 1001 Taon. The Bréguet Br.1001 Taon was a 1950s French prototype single-seat jet strike fighter aircraft built by Bréguet.

Design and development
In 1953 European aircraft manufacturers were invited by NATO to submit aircraft for evaluation for the "LWSF" (Light Weight Strike Fighter) role. The Taon (en: Gadfly, but also an anagram of NATO or the French version OTAN) was designed to meet the requirement. The Taon was a small mid-wing monoplane with swept wings and tail surfaces and retractable tricycle undercarriage. The aircraft was powered by a Bristol Orpheus BOr.3 turbojet. The company was contracted to build three prototypes, the first aircraft flying on the 26 July 1957. The second aircraft incorporated improvements and had a slightly longer fuselage. Development was discontinued and only two aircraft were built.

Operational service
The Taon was evaluated without success, along with other designs which included the Fiat G.91, Northrop N-156, Dassault Étendard VI, Sud-Est Baroudeur and Aerfer Ariete. The NATO nations did not order a common aircraft and the French government preferred to pursue development of the Étendard.

The aircraft set an international speed record for a 1,000 km (620 mi) closed circuit with a speed of 1,046.65 km/h (650.36 mph) at 7,620 m (25,000 ft) on 25 April 1958. On 23 July, it broke the record again at a speed of 1,075 km/h (667.98 mph).

Variants
Br.1001
Prototype powered by a Bristol Orpheus BOr.3 engine, two built.

Br.1002
Proposed missile-carrying interceptor, not built.

Br.1004
Proposed production version powered by a Bristol Orpheus BOr.12 engine, not built.

Specifications (Br.1001 Taon)

See also

References

Bibliography

 

 1001
Single-engined jet aircraft
1950s French fighter aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1957
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Ticket Granting Ticket. In some computer security systems, a Ticket Granting Ticket or Ticket to Get Tickets (TGT) is a small, encrypted identification file with a limited validity period. After authentication, this file is granted to a user for data traffic protection by the key distribution center (KDC) subsystem of authentication services such as Kerberos. The TGT file contains the session key, its expiration date, and the user's IP address, which protects the user from man-in-the-middle attacks.
The TGT is used to obtain a service ticket from Ticket Granting Service (TGS). User is granted access to network services only after this service ticket is provided.

Key management
Computer access control protocols
Authentication protocols
Key transport protocols
Computer network security
Associated Construction Publications. The Associated Construction Publications are 13 trade publications and a combined web site owned by John White that serves the information needs of contractors, materials producers, equipment users and allies to the field of construction.  Greg Sitek is the national editor.

The 13 magazines are regional publications, distributed in different geographic areas across the U.S.

California Builder & Engineer, established in 1893, is written for people in California, Hawaii and Western Nevada. Chad Dorn is the Associated Publisher.
Construction, established in 1933, is written for people in North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia and Washington, D.C. Chad Dorn is the Associated Publisher.
 "Construction Digest", established in 1932 covers Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Kentucky.  Peter Leviton and Jim Reid have shared responsibility for this publication.
Construction News, established in 1934, is written for people in Western Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. Walt Robertson, Mandy Preston and Mary Anne Nichol share responsibility for this magazine.
Constructioneer, established in 1945, is written for people in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware. Al Fournier is the Associate Publisher.
Dixie Contractor, established in 1926, is written for people in Georgia, Florida, Alabama and Eastern Tennessee. Chad Dorn is the Associate Publisher.
Michigan Contractor & Builder, established in 1907, is written for people in Michigan. The current Associate Publisher is Peter Leviton.
Midwest Contractor, established in 1901, is written for people in Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri.  Mandy Preston is the Associate Publisher
New England Construction, established in 1936, is written for people in Maine, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. Al Fournier is the Associate Publisher and his brother Paul Fournier is the feature editor
Pacific Builder & Engineer, established in 1902, is written for people in Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska. Chad Dorn is the Associate Publisher.
Rocky Mountain Construction, established in 1953, is written for people in Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada.  Chad Dorn is the Associate Publisher
Texas Contractor, established in 1923, is written for people in Texas. The current editor is Liz Moucka and Walt Robertson is the Associate Publisher.
Western Builder, established in 1902, is written for people in Wisconsin and Michigan. Peter Leviton serves as the Associate Publisher.

All of the magazines are published monthly.

As of July 2009, total audited circulation is 100,206 subscribers.

References
BPA Worldwide

External links
Associated Construction Publications website

Business magazines published in the United States
Professional and trade magazines
Magazine publishing companies of the United States
RUR-4 Weapon Alpha. The RUR-4 "Weapon Alpha" (originally Weapon Able) was an American naval ahead-throwing anti-submarine rocket launcher. It was designed between 1946 and 1949, and was installed on warships from 1951 to 1969. Unlike depth charges, it was designed to attack enemy submarines without requiring the attacking ship to be located directly above the submarine being attacked.

Development 
Similar to the earlier American Mousetrap, 375mm (14.8") Swedish Bofors, and 250mm (9.8") and 300mm (11.8") Soviet systems, all of which use multiple rockets, Weapon Alpha was developed toward the end of World War II, in response to the German Type XXI U-boat. Begun in a crash program in 1944–5 and put in service before undergoing operational evaluation, it emerged in 1949 as a 227-kg (500 lb) 127mm (5") rocket with a 113-kg (250 lb) warhead that sank at 12 m/s (40 ft/s) (compared to a depth charge, which sank at 2.7–5 m/s (8.9–16.5 ft/s)), an influence or time pistol, and a range of 360–730 m (400–800 yd). Coupled to the new SQG-1 depth-finding sonar (for setting the time fuse, rather than the hydrostatic pistol of a depth charge), it was to be fired from a revolving Mark 108 launcher (with 22 rounds of ready ammunition) at up to twelve rounds per minute. The ready-service magazine could not be reloaded while Weapon Alpha was in use.

It was replaced by the RUR-5 ASROC, which was developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s. Nonetheless, Weapon Alpha remained in service through the 1960s until supplanted by ASROC.

Gallery

References

Sources

 Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus Publishing Co, 1978), "Weapon Alpha", Volume 24, p. 2589.
 Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus Publishing Co, 1978), "Mousetrap", Volume 19, pp. 1946-7.
 Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus Publishing Co, 1978),  "Depth Charge", Volume 7, p. 730.
 
 DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com US ASW weapons page

RUR004
RUR004
Explosive weapons
RUR004
RUR004
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s
Anti-submarine rockets
ACIGA. The Australian Consortium for Interferometric Gravitational Astronomy (ACIGA) is a collaboration of Australian research institutions involved in the international gravitational wave research community.

The institutions associated with ACIGA are:
 The Australian National University
 University of Western Australia
 University of Adelaide
 Monash University
 University of Melbourne
 CSIRO optical technology group
 Charles Sturt University

See also
AIGO

References

External links 
ACIGA Home Page 
The Centre for Gravitational Physics at the Australian National University
The Australian International Gravitational Research Centre at the University of Western Australia
Optics research group at the University of Adelaide
High Optical Power Test Facility located near Gingin, Western Australia
The School of Computing and Mathematics at Charles Sturt University

Astronomy in Australia
Gravitational-wave astronomy
Con Kolivas. Con Kolivas is a Greek-Australian anaesthetist. He has worked as a computer programmer on the Linux kernel and on the development of the cryptographic currency mining software CGMiner. His Linux contributions include patches for the kernel to improve its desktop performance, particularly reducing I/O impact.

Linux
Kolivas is most notable for his work with CPU scheduling, most significantly his implementation of "fair scheduling", which inspired Ingo Molnár to develop his Completely Fair Scheduler, as a replacement for the earlier O(1) scheduler, crediting Kolivas in his announcement. Kolivas developed several CPU schedulers such as the Staircase in 2004, then Rotating Staircase Deadline (RSDL), and subsequently Staircase Deadline (SD) schedulers to address interactivity concerns of the Linux kernel with respect to desktop computing.  Additionally, he has written a "swap prefetch" patch, which allows processes to respond quickly after the operating system has been idle for some time and their working sets have been swapped out. Many of his experimental "-CK" patches, such as his prefetching and scheduling code, did not get merged with the official Linux kernel.

In 2007, Kolivas announced in an email that he would cease developing for the Linux kernel. Discussing his reasons in an interview, he expressed frustration with aspects of the mainline kernel development process, which he felt did not give sufficient priority to desktop interactivity, in addition to hacking taking a toll on his health, work and family.

He has also written a benchmarking tool called ConTest that can be used to compare the performance of different kernel versions.

On 31 August 2009, Kolivas posted a new scheduler called BFS (Brain Fuck Scheduler). It is designed for desktop use and to be very simple (hence it may not scale well to machines with many CPU cores). Con Kolivas did not intend to get it merged into the mainline kernel. He has since retired BFS in favour of MuQSS, a rewritten implementation of the same concept.

CGMiner
On 13 July 2011, Kolivas introduced a new piece of software for "windows, linux, OSX and other" called CGMiner, which is used for mining cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin and Litecoin.

References

External links 
 Kolivas's personal website

Australian people of Greek descent
Australian computer programmers
Australian anaesthetists
Linux kernel programmers
Medical doctors from Melbourne
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bréguet 5. The Bréguet Bre.V B.2 bomber and Bréguet Bre.V Ca.2 escort fighter were French biplanes of World War I which were developments of the Bréguet Bre.IV bomber.  The Bre.VI and Bre.XII were, in turn, developments of the Bre.V

Design and development
This aircraft was a refinement of the escort fighter that Breguet Aviation had designed and was manufactured by Michelin as the Breguet-Michelin BUC. Initially intended to carry the same  Hotchkiss cannon that armed the BUC, the Bre.5 was revised at the request of the French Army to carry a  Lewis Gun fired rearward from atop the biplane's upper wing.

Operational history
 
A small number of cannon-armed machines were produced from April 1916 onwards and allotted to bomber units. The British Royal Naval Air Service operated 35 of which ten came from Bréguet, and 25 were built in the United Kingdom by Grahame-White as the G.W.19.

The Bre.6 was similar, but powered by a buried  Canton-Unné A9 radial engine, and was developed in case production of the Bre.5's Renault engine was unable to keep up with demand. It was also produced both as an escort fighter and as a bomber.

As the Bre.5 reached obsolescence, a number were rebuilt as Bre.12 night fighters and night bombers. The fighter carried a  cannon and a searchlight, and had a double nosewheel distinguishing it from previous versions.

Variants
Bre.5
Renault-powered version.
Bre 5 B.2
Bomber version.
Bre.5 Ca.2
Cannon-armed escort fighter version.
Grahame White G.W.19
British-built version for RNAS with Rolls-Royce Falcon engine.
Bre.6
Canton-Unné-powered version.
Bre.6 B.2
Bomber version.
Bre.6Ca.2
Cannon-armed escort fighter.
Bre.12
Bre.5s remanufactured for night fighting
Bre.12 B.2
Night bomber.
Bre.12 Ca.2
Cannon-armed night fighter.

Operators

French Army

Romanian Air Corps

Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications (Bre.5 Ca.2)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Angelucci, Enzo. The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914-1980. San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983. .
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989. .
 World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing, p. File 890, Sheet 79.

Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
1910s French fighter aircraft
 0005
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft