omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tumansky M-88. The Tumansky M-88 was an air-cooled radial engine for aircraft developed in the Soviet Union shortly before World War II.

Design and development
The M-88 was designed to address the shortcomings of the Tumansky M-87.  The improvements incorporated in the M-88 were a strengthened crankcase, crankshaft, connecting rods, waffle ribbing at the piston bottom and a two speed geared centrifugal supercharger.  The M-88 retained the same bore/stroke and displacement as the M-87 while increasing power to 1,000-1,150 hp.  Design work began in 1937 and by 1939 the first prototypes were being flight tested in the Polikarpov I-180 fighter prototypes.  At first the M-88 was not a success, but the designers persisted and the M-88 was made into a reliable and widely produced engine.  There were a number of different variants with the most numerous being the M-88B, of which 10,585 were produced at Zaporozhye and Omsk.  The M-88B solved most of the mechanical failures associated with the M-87 and early M-88's by including oil injectors in the crankshaft, improved cooling and strengthened drive components.  16,087 M-88's were produced.  In hindsight, the Tumansky family of engines developed from the Gnome-Rhône 9K and Gnome-Rhône 14K were far less successful than the Shvetsov family of engines developed from the Wright R-1820.

Applications
 Ilyushin Il-4
 Kharkiv KhAI-5
 Polikarpov I-180 
 Sukhoi Su-2

Specifications (Tumansky M-88B)

See also

References

Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
Tumansky aircraft engines
Game-On. The Game-On series of academic conferences on simulation and artificial intelligence (AI) in computer games and digital entertainment (Game-On, Game-On NA, and Game-On Asia) has been organized by EUROSIS since  1997 and is aimed at bringing together researchers and practitioners of the games community to exchange ideas on applications and research beneficial both to the gaming industry, academia, and non-entertainment gaming communities.

History
The Game-On conferences started as a special session at TILE (Technology in Leisure Conference) which was held in the Netherlands in 1997.

References

Video game organizations
Harald Schering. Harald Ernst Malmsten Schering (November 25, 1880 – April 10, 1959) was a German physicist born in Göttingen. He is best known for his work in high voltage electricity and the Schering Bridge used in electrical engineering. Schering was the son of Ernst Schering, mathematician at the Göttingen Observatory. His mother came from a family of Swedish academics who worked with Ernst to translate works from French and Italian. Harald grew up with his two siblings in Göttingen and studied physics at the University of Göttingen. In 1903 he worked at the Geophysical Institute and obtained a Ph.D. in 1904 under Eduard Riecke with work on the Elster-Geitel dispersal apparatus. Beginning in 1905 he was a scientific assistant at the Physics and Technology Institute in Berlin Charlottenburg; today known as the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). His work at the PTB under Emil Warburg primarily dealt with high voltage/high current research and development, and in 1914 he developed a measurement methodology for examining current transformers. In 1914 he was drafted into the First World War and was injured in 1916. In 1918 he became head of the high-voltage lab, succeeding Karl Willy Wagner. In 1919 he attained the title of professor at PTB with an annual salary of 4500 Marks and 1500 Marks as housing allowance. In 1924 he wrote a book on insulators in high voltage. A new institute was established in Hannover, but construction was delayed by the war. Beginning in 1927, Schering was a professor of electrical engineering and high voltage technology at the Technical University of Hannover (today known as the Leibniz University Hannover). In 1933, he was forced to sign the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State. He retired in 1949 but continued to work at the PTB until 1954 when Gerhard Pfestdorf took up a position to head the institution.
Schering is remembered for invention of the Schering Bridge, which he developed along with Ernst Alberti is an AC bridge circuit used to measure capacitance and the dissipation factor of capacitors. Schering received a Golden Doctorate from the University of Göttingen in 1954 and an honorary doctorate from Braunschweig. He was awarded the Great Cross of Merit by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957.

References

External links
 

20th-century German physicists
1880 births
1959 deaths
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Scientists from Göttingen
20th-century German inventors
Academic staff of the University of Hanover
Mike Gurnis. Michael C. Gurnis is the John E. and Hazel S. Smits Professor of Geophysics; Clarence R. Allen Leadership Chair, Seismological Laboratory; Director, Seismological Laboratory; and Director, Schmidt Academy for Software Engineering at the California Institute of Technology. Since 2009, Gurnis has served as director of the Caltech Seismological Laboratory ("Seismo Lab"), a leader in the study of earthquakes and geophysics for more than 100 years.

Gurnis served as director of the Computational Infrastructure for Geodynamics (CIG), an NSF-funded institute operated by Caltech which supports and promotes Earth science by developing and maintaining open-source software for computational geophysics and related fields.

Gurnis was awarded the 2013 Agustus Love Medal for fundamental contributions to geodynamics from the European Geosciences Union.

References

External links
 Michael Gurnis' Caltech Home Page
 Michael Gurnis' 2013 Augustus Love Medal citation

Other reading
 McFarling, Usha Lee. How Push Comes to Shove. Los Angeles Times. June 17, 2002. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-jun-17-sci-plume17-story.html 

California Institute of Technology faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Buhl CA-1 Airster. The Buhl CA-1 Airster was a sports airplane developed in the United States in 1930. It was a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage and an open cockpit for the pilot.

History 
In 1930 the Buhl Aircraft Company built two light multipurpose Airster aircraft, which were free-floating low-flying airplanes. They differed in power plant and cockpit, with the single-seat CA-1 using a 300 hp Wright J-6 engine, and the two-seat CA-1WA using a 420 hp Pratt & Whitney Wasp engine. The two-seat variant was developed with a second open cockpit in tandem with the pilot's and with a Townend ring and wheel spats, but this didn't sell either.

The first aircraft was intended for high-speed mail delivery, the second for sporting events and air-racing. Neither of them could find their customers, and they were not put into mass production. The CA-1WA was slightly more fortunate - a single aircraft was bought by a private individual and used until the mid thirties.

Versions

See also

References

CA-001
1930s United States sport aircraft
Racing aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Weapon Systems Explosives Safety Review Board. The United States Navy formed the Weapon System Explosives Safety Review Board (WSESRB) in 1967 as a result of two deadly accidents involving explosive ordnance aboard US aircraft carriers: the 1966 USS Oriskany fire, and the 1967 USS Forrestal fire.  The subsequent investigation recommended an independent review process be established.  The report highlighted the need to ensure explosives safety requirements are met for all munitions introduced to the Fleet.

As a result, the WSESRB was established.  WSESRB participates in numerous weapons system safety-related meetings, technical reviews, and working groups.

The US Air Force and US Army have parallel boards to the Navy's WSESRB: the AF Nonnuclear Munitions Safety Board (NNMSB) and the Army Weapon Systems Safety Review Board (AWSSRB).

Areas reviewed by weapon boards include
Safety and suitability for use in the system's predicted logistic and operational environments
Hazard classification
Insensitive munitions
Final (type) qualification of energetics
Lithium battery certification
Human systems integration

References

DODI 5000.69. DoD Joint Services Weapon and Laser System Safety Review Processes, Nov 2011.

United States Navy organization
Maritime safety organizations
Shvetsov M-25. The Shvetsov M-25 was an aircraft radial engine produced in the Soviet Union (USSR) in the 1930s and 1940s, a licensed production variant of the Wright R-1820-F3.

Design and development
The first M-25s were produced from kits imported from the United States; the main difference between the later M-25 and the R-1820-F3 was the use of metric components. 13,888 M-25s were produced in the USSR at factories in Perm and Kazan. There were a number of sub-variants which differed from the original M-25 in that they had reduction gears, rather than direct drive. Performance was similar to the equivalent Wright engines. The M-25 was later developed into the ASh-62 and was later used as a pattern for the M-70. The M-70, a twin-row 18-cylinder engine, eventually developed into the ASh-73 which powered the Tupolev Tu-4, an unlicensed, reverse-engineered copy of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress.

Applications
 Gotha Go 244
 Kharkiv KhAI-5bis
 Tupolev I-14
 Polikarpov I-15bis 
 Polikarpov I-153
 Polikarpov I-16

Specifications (Shvetsov M-25)

See also

References

 
 

1930s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Shvetsov aircraft engines
Soviet Union–United States relations
Retreat mining. Retreat mining is the removal of pillars in the underground mining technique known as room and pillar mining.  

In the first phase of room and pillar mining, tunnels are advanced into the coal or ore body in a rectangular pattern resembling city streets.  Pillars are left between tunnels to support the weight of the overburden.  The first phase is known as "mining on the advance," from the entrance toward the further reaches of the reserve.  

In the second phase, once advance mining has been completed, pillars are removed "on the retreat."  Removing or "pulling" pillars begins far from the entrance and proceeds toward the entrance.  As the pillars are removed, the mine collapses because nothing remains to support the roof and overburden.  Removing pillars causes stresses within the mine to shift and must be planned and executed carefully to reduce danger to miners and control the amount of stress exerted on remaining pillars and the mine floor.  

Tunnels only make up about 15% of the reserve, so during advance mining, only about 15% of the coal or ore is removed. During retreat mining, an additional 75% of coal or ore may be removed because pillars make up much more of the reserve, bringing the total recovery of the resource to as much as 90%.

Retreat mining is a particularly dangerous form of mining: according to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), pillar recovery mining has been historically responsible for 25% of American coal mining deaths caused by failures of the roof or walls, even though it represents only 10% of the coal mining industry. 

Retreat mining was being used at the Crandall Canyon Mine where a collapse in August 2007 trapped six miners.

See also
Longwall mining
Mountaintop removal mining
Hydraulic fracturing
Directional drilling

References

External links
 "Retreat Mining" Abandoned Mine Posts. Western Pennsylvania Coalition for Abandoned Mine Reclamation. 

Underground mining
Buhl Bull Pup. The Buhl LA-1 Bull Pup was a light sports airplane developed in the United States in 1930. It was a mid-wing wire-braced monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage and an open cockpit for the pilot. Buhl developed the Bull Pup as a cheap aircraft through which the company hoped to remain in business as the onset of the Great Depression was felt. However, as the economic situation worsened, it became evident that there was no demand for even such a basic aircraft; when production ceased in 1932, all aircraft still in stock were sold off at half price as the company folded.

Variants

 LA-1 Bull Pup
 LA-1A Bull Pup – version for competition flying with 28 ft wingspan
 LA-1B Bull Pup – version for high-altitude flying with 32 ft wingspan
 LA-1S Bull Pup – floatplane version

Specifications (L-1)

See also

 Buhl CA-1 Airster ; Buhl Airsedan

References

 
 1
 
 

 aerofiles.com

External links

 Diego Air & Space Museum Archives

Bull Pup
1930s United States sport aircraft
Racing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Grahame-White Baby. The Grahame-White Baby was an early British aircraft designed by pioneer aviator Claude Grahame-White in 1910.

Design
The Grahame White Baby was a single-seat biplane pusher, of the then orthodox "Farman" layout, with a frontal elevator and a rear-mounted empennage consisting of a biplane horizontal stabilisers with single elevator mounted on the top surface and a single central rudder. As the name suggests, it was considerably smaller than most contemporary aircraft of a similar layout, having a wingspan of only . In comparison, the wingspan of a standard Bristol Boxkite was 34 ft 6 in (10.5 m). An unusual feature of the aircraft was the mounting for the 50 hp (37 kW) Gnome rotary engine, which was mounted on a pair of angled beams so that the engine was midway between the upper and lower wings.

The Burgess Company in the United States purchased a licence to build it as the Model E.

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography
Lewis, P. British Aircraft 1809-1914 London, Putnam 1962
Taylor M.J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation.London: Studio Editions, 1989
 Flugsport 1911
 aerofiles
 Flightglobal Archive

1910s British sport aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1911
Rotary-engined aircraft
Arrhenius plot. In chemical kinetics, an Arrhenius plot displays the logarithm of a reaction rate constant,  ordinate axis) plotted against reciprocal of the temperature  abscissa). Arrhenius plots are often used to analyze the effect of temperature on the rates of chemical reactions. For a single rate-limited thermally activated process, an Arrhenius plot gives a straight line, from which the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor can both be determined.

The Arrhenius equation can be given in the form:

where:
  = rate constant
  = pre-exponential factor
  = (molar) activation energy
  = gas constant, (, where  is the Avogadro constant).
  = activation energy (for a single reaction event)
  = Boltzmann constant
  = absolute temperature

The only difference between the two forms of the expression is the quantity used for the activation energy: the former would have the unit joule/mole, which is common in chemistry, while the latter would have the unit joule and would be for one molecular reaction event, which is common in physics. The different units are accounted for in using either the gas constant  or the Boltzmann constant .

Taking the natural logarithm of the former equation gives:

When plotted in the manner described above, the value of the y-intercept (at ) will correspond to , and the slope of the line will be equal to . The values of y-intercept and slope can be determined from the experimental points using simple linear regression with a spreadsheet.

The pre-exponential factor, , is an empirical constant of proportionality which has been  estimated by various theories which take into account factors such as the frequency of collision between reacting particles, their relative orientation, and the entropy of activation. 

The expression  represents the fraction of the molecules present in a gas which have energies equal to or in excess of activation energy at a particular temperature. In almost all practical cases, , so that this fraction is very small and increases rapidly with  In consequence, the reaction rate constant  increases rapidly with temperature , as shown in the direct plot of  against . (Mathematically, at very high temperatures so that ,  would level off and approach  as a limit, but this case does not occur under practical conditions.)

Worked example 
Considering as example the decomposition of nitrogen dioxide into nitrogen monoxide and molecular oxygen: 

 

Based on the red "line of best fit" plotted in the graph given above:

Points read from graph:

Slope of red line = (4.1 − 2.2) / (0.0015 − 0.00165) = −12,667

Intercept [y-value at x = 0] of red line = 4.1 + (0.0015 × 12667) = 23.1

Inserting these values into the form above:

yields:

as shown in the plot at the right.

for:
 k in 10−4 cm3 mol−1 s−1
 T in K

Substituting for the quotient in the exponent of :

where the approximate value for R is 8.31446 J K−1  mol−1

The activation energy of this reaction from these data is then:

See also 
 Arrhenius equation
 Eyring equation
 Polymer degradation

References 

Chemical kinetics
Plots (graphics)
Near-field scanner. Electromagnetic near-field scanner (NFS) is a measurement system to determine a spatial distribution of an electrical quantity provided by a single or multiple field probes acquired in the near-field region of a device under test possibly accompanied by the associated numerical post-processing methods enabling a conversion of the measured quantity into electromagnetic field.

Depending on a signal receiver detecting the probe signal, voltage as a function of time or frequency is a typical measured quantity. It should be underlined that as the DUT may be considered any object radiating or storing electromagnetic field energy intentionally or unintentionally, e.g. the antenna radiation excited beyond its resonance frequency. The voltage pattern is usually mapped on planar, cylindrical or spherical geometrical surfaces as a collection of a finite number of spatial samples.

Antenna near-field scanner 
First scanners were built in the 1950s to map probe signal variations in front of microwave antennas. Determination of a far-field radiation pattern constitutes the primary application of antenna near-field scanners. This novel technique offered an attractive alternative to conventional open area test sites for measurements of high gain, electrically large antennas or antenna arrays (gain > 20 dBi, diameter > 5λ) in an indoor, controlled and all-weather capability environment. Among well recognized and analyzed errors of the near-field measurements, multiple reflections between an antenna under test (AUT) and an electromagnetically non-transparent field detection system (scatterer) belong to the most contributing errors when the AUT has a high gain. Therefore, the scanning surface is recommended to be located outside the reactive near-field region of the AUT.

EMI near-field scanner 

In EMI applications, the main focus of a scanner system is on locating real electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources distributed in a device under test, the DUT. Accordingly, the scanning surface is located in the highly reactive region of the DUT to enable a precise spatial localization of the electric charges and current surface densities directly from the mapped pattern of probe signals. Typically the separation between the scanning surface and the DUT is much smaller than the largest physical dimension of the DUT. Typical distances are 1 mm for scanning of PCBs and 30 μm for scanning of integrated circuits on a die level. In order to quickly localize field emission in the frequency domain, time domain detection techniques together with signal processing based on fast Fourier transform could be employed, e.g. utilizing a digital storage oscilloscope as a signal receiver.

Further reading

References

Measuring instruments
Electromagnetic radiation meters
HCI Bibliography. The HCI Bibliography is a web-based project to provide a bibliography of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) literature. The goal of the Project is to put an electronic bibliography for most of HCI on the screens of all researchers, developers, educators and students in the field through the World-Wide Web and anonymous ftp access.

Introduction
The HCI Bibliography Project is an effort aiming at giving free of charge access to all information seekers searching for bibliographic information in the field of HCI. This is a database, accessible from anywhere in the world. The HCI bibliographic project was inspired by Gary Perlman (director of the HCI Bibliography project) in 1998. Initially, the project was struggling to find funding and sponsors, but fortunately study-work students at Ohio State University were available to perform the task of entering the bibliographic data into the database. Some people from the internet were willing to help with the task of verifying the data. Donation from publishers also played a role in the building of the database. While there were less funding and sponsors at the beginning of the project, publishers gave the HCI Bibliography team permission to put their materials online for free of charge.

As of September 2024, the site is no longer accepting updates, and this policy probably was established in 2016.

Donor Publishers
In 2007, the HCI Bibliography group acknowledges several publishers for their support of the project. Project support included publishers giving copyright permission and donation of publications to be entered into the HCI Bibliography database.

Ablex Publishing
Academic Press (AP)
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Butterworth-Heinemann, Ltd.
Cambridge University Press
Elsevier Science Publishers, (North-Holland)
Ergonomics Society of Australia
Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFS / HFES)
International Centre for Scientific and Technical Information
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Intellect Ltd.
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA)
MIT Press
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
Springer-Verlag
Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Taylor & Graham Publishing
John Wiley & Sons

As of July 2009, the HCI Bibliography has over 50,000 entries. These entries are made up of Journal volumes, Conference Proceeding, Books and some special files.

References

External links
 HCI Bibliography project website
 Unauthorized and outdated mirror site at uleth.ca
 Unauthorized and outdated mirror site at greenstone.org

Bibliographic databases and indexes