omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Optical granulometry. Optical granulometry is the process of measuring the different grain sizes in a granular material, based on a photograph.  Technology has been created to analyze a photograph and create statistics based on what the picture portrays.  This information is vital in maintaining machinery in various trades worldwide.  Mining companies can use optical granulometry to analyze inactive or moving rock to quantify the size of these fragments.  Forestry companies can zero in on wood chip sizes without stopping the production process, and minimize sizing errors.

With more photoanalysis technologies being produced, mining companies have shown an increased interest in these types of systems because of their ability to maintain efficiency throughout the mining process. Companies are saving millions of dollars annually because of this new technology, and are cutting back on maintenance costs on equipment.

In order for optical granulometry to be completely successful, an accurate photo must be taken – under sufficient lighting, and using proper technology – to obtain quantified results. If these requirements are met, an image analysis system can be implemented.

The process

Software uses four basic steps in determining the average size of material:

See the Wikipedia article on Photoanalysis to see how mining, forestry and agricultural companies are using this technology to improve quality control techniques.

See also 
 Particle-size distribution
 Grain size
 Granulometry (morphology)

Notes

References

 Measurement of Blast Fragmentation: Proceedings of a Workshop Held Parallel With Fragblast-5, Montreal, 26–29 August 1996, by John A. Franklin, Takis Katsabanis, Published by Taylor & Francis, 1996,

External links
Free Web Application for Particle and Grain Analysis

Mining techniques
Image processing
Granulometric analyses
Hopfner HV-3/27. 

The Hopfner HV-3/27 was a small airliner built in Austria in the late 1920s. A development of the HV-2, it was a conventional, high-wing cantilever monoplane with a fully enclosed cabin and a strong resemblance to the contemporary Fokker F.II. A single example was built in 1927 and used by Hopfner's own airline until 1934.

Specifications

References

Further reading

External links
 Уголок неба

1920s Austrian airliners
Hopfner aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Hopfner HV-4/28. The Hopfner HV-4/28 was a small airliner built in Austria in the late 1920s. An enlarged version of the HV-3/27, it was a conventional, high-wing cantilever monoplane with a fully enclosed cabin. A single example was built in 1928 and saw heavy use by the airline that year. In 1929, it received a major refurbishment that included a change or powerplant from the original Heiro to a Gnome et Rhône 9A Jupiter engine and was sold to a private owner under the new designation HV-8/29GR. This aircraft was still flying at the time of the Anschluß, after which it received a new German registration.

Specifications (HV-4/28)

References

External links
 Уголок неба

1920s Austrian airliners
Hopfner aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Hastings-class sloop. The Hastings class, also known as the Folkestone class, was a class of sloop which were built for the Royal Navy and the Royal Indian Navy in the interwar period.  In total five ships were built, and went on to see service in the Second World War.

Design
The Hastings were a follow on of the previous  and utilised features developed from the lessons learnt from the convoy escorts of the First World War.  They were fitted out as fleet minesweepers, but were intended to be multifunctional vessels. Features included a high, sustained forecastle to improve operations in high seas, and they were fitted with turbine machinery to improve performance. This turned out to be a drawback as the turbine machinery could not be mass-produced and the design was superseded by the Second World War in favour of classes that could be quickly brought into service.

Service
Five ships were built in total, four for the Royal Navy and one for the Royal Indian Navy.  They were launched in 1930 and all saw service in the Second World War.  was disarmed before the outbreak and was rearmed with a  high angle anti-aircraft gun, a 12-pounder gun and 15 depth charges, this number later being increased to 80. One,  was lost during the war after being torpedoed by . The remaining Royal Navy ships were decommissioned after the war and had all been scrapped by 1949. The sole Indian ship,  was later involved in the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, and was subsequently transferred to the Pakistan Navy in 1948 on its formation, and was renamed Karsaz. She was broken up in 1951.

References

External links

Hastings class at Uboat.net
Sloop classes, including Hastings 
Convoy Escort Movements for Hastings-class sloops

Sloops of the Royal Navy
 
Sloop classes
Standard wire gauge. The British Standard Wire Gauge, often referred to as the Standard Wire Gauge or simply SWG, is a unit used to denote wire gauge (size) as defined by BS 3737:1964, a standard that has since been withdrawn. It is also known as the Imperial Wire Gauge or British Standard Gauge. Although its use has significantly declined, SWG sizes are still used for measuring the thickness of guitar strings and certain types of electrical wire.

In modern applications, wire size is more commonly measured in terms of cross-sectional area, expressed in square millimeters, particularly for electrical installation cables. The current British Standard for metallic materials, including wires and sheets, is BS 6722:1986, which exclusively uses metric measurements.

History 
SWG was fixed by Order of Council August 23, 1883.  It was constructed by improving the Birmingham Wire Gauge.  It was made a legal standard on 1 March, 1884, by the British Board of Trade.  SWG is not to be confused with American wire gauge, which has a similar but not interchangeable numbering scheme.

Standard 
A table of the gauge numbers and wire diameters is shown below.  The basis of the system is the thou (or mil in US English), or .  Sizes are specified as wire diameters, stated in thou and tenths of a thou (mils and tenths).  The wire diameter diminishes with increasing size number.  No. 7/0, the largest size, is  (500 thou or ) dia., No. 1 is  (), and the smallest, No. 50, is  ( or ).

The system as a whole approximates an exponential curve, plotting diameter against gauge-number (each size is a approximately a constant multiple of the previous size).  The weight per unit length diminishes by an average of approximately 20% at each step.  Because the weight per unit length is related to the cross sectional area, and therefore to the square of the diameter, the diameter diminishes by approximately 10.6%:

However, the system is piecewise linear, only approximating the exponential curve loosely.  Thus, it runs in constant steps of  () through the range No. 49 - No. 39 and of  () through No. 39 - No. 30.

See also
 
IEC 60228, the metric wire-size standard used in most parts of the world.
Circular mil, Electrical industry standard for wires larger than 4/0.
American Wire Gauge (AWG), used primarily in the US and Canada
Stubs Iron Wire Gauge
Jewelry wire gauge
Body jewelry sizes
Electrical wiring
Number 8 wire, a term used in the New Zealand vernacular

References

Wire gauges
3737
Aviation Maintenance Technician Day. Aviation Maintenance Technician Day is a day of recognition, observed on May 24, that recognizes the efforts of aviation maintenance professionals as well as the achievements of Charles Edward Taylor, the man who built the engine used to power the airplane of the Wright Brothers. The date May 24 was selected to honor the birth date of Taylor. The day of recognition is currently observed by 45 states in the United States. On May 24, 2007, a United States House of Representatives resolution supporting the goals and ideals of a National Aviation Maintenance Technician Day was introduced. Congressman Bob Filner of California was the sponsor of the resolution. On April 30, 2008 the resolution passed by a voice vote.

Content of the Resolution
The text of the resolution reads, in part: 
"Resolved, That the House of Representatives--
(1) supports National Aviation Maintenance Technician Day to honor the professional men and women who ensure the safety and security of our airborne aviation infrastructure; and
(2) recognizes the life and memory of Charles Edward Taylor, the aviation maintenance technician who built and maintained the engine that was used to power the Wright brothers' first controlled flying machine on December 17, 1903 .

Aviation in the United States
May observances
Hopfner HS-5/28. The Hopfner HS-5/28 was a utility aircraft built in Austria in the late 1920s. It was a conventional, parasol-wing monoplane with seating for two occupants in tandem, open cockpits. The landing gear was of fixed, tailskid type with divided main units. Two examples were built with Walter NZ60 engines, followed by two more with the more powerful NZ85 for Swiss aeroclub use. One of these latter machines remained in service until 1934.

Variants
 HS-5/28 - version with NZ60 engine
 HS-5/28a - version with NZ85 engine

Specifications (HS-5/28)

References

Further reading

External links
 Уголок неба

1920s Austrian civil utility aircraft
Hopfner aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Hopfner HS-8/29. The Hopfner HS-8/29 was a utility aircraft built in Austria in the late 1920s based on the Hopfner HS-5/28. It used a modernised version of its predecessor's airframe, being a conventional, parasol-wing monoplane with seating for two occupants in tandem, open cockpits. The landing gear was of fixed, tailskid type with divided main units. The first prototype used the same Walter NZ 85 engine that the later HS-5/28s had used, but this was followed by 14 production examples with Siemens engines, and a single prototype with a de Havilland Gipsy III.

Variants
 HS-8/29 - version with Walter Venus, NZ 85 or Siemens Sh 14 engine (15 built)
 HS-8/29a - version with NZ 85 engine (1 built)
 HS-8/32 - HS-8/29a re-designated.

Specifications (HS-8/29 - Walter Venus engine)

References

Further reading

External links

 Уголок неба

1920s Austrian civil utility aircraft
Hopfner aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, also called trichlorotrifluoroethane (often abbreviated as TCTFE) or CFC-113, is a chlorofluorocarbon. It has the formula . This colorless, volatile liquid is a versatile solvent.

Production
CFC-113 can be prepared from hexachloroethane and hydrofluoric acid:

This reaction may require catalysts such as  antimony, chromium, iron and alumina at high temperatures.

Another synthesis method uses HF on tetrachloroethylene instead.

Atmospheric reactions

CFC-113 is a very unreactive chlorofluorocarbon. It remains in the atmosphere about 90 years, sufficiently long that it will cycle out of the troposphere and into the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, CFC-113 can be broken up by ultraviolet radiation (UV, sunlight in the 190-225 nm range), generating chlorine radicals (Cl•), which initiate degradation of ozone requiring only a few minutes:

This reaction is followed by:

The process regenerates Cl• to destroy more . The Cl• will destroy an average of 100,000  molecules during its atmospheric lifetime of 1–2 years.

Uses
CFC-113 was one of the most heavily produced CFCs. In 1989, an estimated 250,000 tons were produced. It has been used as a cleaning agent for electrical and electronic components. CFC-113’s low flammability and low toxicity made it ideal for use as a cleaner for delicate electrical equipment, fabrics, and metals. It would not harm the product it was cleaning, ignite with a spark or react with other chemicals. It was used as a dry-cleaning solvent, introduced by Du Pont in March 1961 as "Valclene" and was also marketed as the "solvent of the future" by Imperial Chemical Industries in the 1970s under the tradename Arklone. Others from this series were Perklone (Tetrachloroethylene), Triklone (Trichloroethylene), Methoklone (Dichloromethane) and Genklene (1,1,1-Trichloroethane).

CFC-113 is one of the three most popular CFCs, along with CFC-11 and CFC-12.

CFC-113 in laboratory analytics has been replaced by other solvents.

Reduction of CFC-113 with zinc gives chlorotrifluoroethylene:

Dangers
Aside from its immense environmental impacts, Freon 113, like most chlorofluoroalkanes, forms phosgene gas when exposed to a naked flame.

See also
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane

References

Dry cleaning 
Halogenated solvents 
Organofluorides
Chlorofluorocarbons
Greenhouse gases
Ozone-depleting chemical substances
Hopfner HV-6/28. The Hopfner HV-6/28 was a small airliner built in Austria in the late 1920s for Swiss use. Unrelated to Hopfner's other airliners of the period, the HV-6/28 was a conventional, high-wing, strut-braced monoplane with a fully enclosed cabin. The main units of the fixed tailskid undercarriage were divided. The single example built was flown by Aero St. Gallen between 1929 and 1931, and then scrapped.

Specifications

References

External links
 Уголок неба

1920s Austrian airliners
Hopfner aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Energy efficiency rating. The Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) is a score applied to dwellings in the Australian Capital Territory.  It ranges from zero to six system– the higher the number of stars, the better.  This is mandatory for all dwellings offered for sale in the ACT.

The term can also refer to a rating given to household goods sold in the EU.  The rating shown on a label displayed at the point of sale.

It is also a term relating to EU directive 2002/91/EC by which the energy efficiency of all buildings in England and Wales have to be stated when the building is sold as part of the Energy Performance Certificate.

References

External links
 ACT Planning and Land Authority - Energy efficiency for house sales
 EU Directive 2002/91/EC - Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings
 Energy Rating Label Manufacturer

Energy conservation in Australia
Building energy rating
Tert-Butyl isocyanide. tert-Butyl isocyanide is an organic compound with the formula Me3CNC (Me = methyl, CH3).  It is an isocyanide, commonly called isonitrile or carbylamine, as defined by the functional group C≡N-R.  tert-Butyl isocyanide, like most alkyl isocyanides, is a reactive colorless liquid with an extremely unpleasant odor.  It forms stable complexes with transition metals and can insert into metal-carbon bonds. 

tert-Butyl isocyanide is prepared by a Hofmann carbylamine reaction.  In this conversion, a dichloromethane solution of tert-butylamine is treated with chloroform and aqueous sodium hydroxide in the presence of catalytic amount of the phase transfer catalyst benzyltriethylammonium chloride. 
Me3CNH2  +  CHCl3  +  3 NaOH   →   Me3CNC  +  3 NaCl  +  3 H2O

tert-Butyl isocyanide is isomeric with pivalonitrile, also known as tert-butyl cyanide. The difference, as with all carbylamine analogs of nitriles, is that the bond joining the CN functional group to the parent molecule is made on the nitrogen, not the carbon.

Coordination chemistry

By virtue of the lone electron pair on carbon, isocyanides serves as ligands in coordination chemistry, especially with metals in the 0, +1, and +2 oxidation states.  tert-Butyl isocyanide has been shown to stabilize metals in unusual oxidation states, such as Pd(I).  
 Pd(dba)2  +  PdCl2(C6H5CN)2  +  4 t-BuNC   →   [(t-BuNC)2PdCl]2  +  2 dba  +  2 C6H5CN
tert-Butyl isocyanide can form hepta-coordinate homoleptic complexes, despite having a large t-Bu group, which is held far away from the metal center because of the linearity of the M-C≡N-C linkages.

tert-Butyl isocycanide forms complexes that are stoichiometrically analogous to certain binary metal carbonyl complexes, such as Fe2(CO)9 and Fe2(tBuNC)9.

Safety
tert-Butyl isocyanide is toxic.  Its behavior is similar to that of its close electronic relative carbon monoxide.

References

Isocyanides
Ligands
Tert-butyl compounds
Foul-smelling chemicals
Hopfner HS-10/32. The Hopfner HS-10/32 was a utility aircraft built in Austria in the early 1930s. It was a conventional, high-wing, strut-braced cabin monoplane derived from Hopfner's series of parasol-wing light aircraft that began with the HS-5/28. Three examples (including the single prototype) flew in late 1932 under the designation HS-10/32, followed by a single example of the improved HS-10/33 the following year, a generally similar aircraft with revised ailerons. The HS-10/33 was eventually purchased by the Austrian Air Force to use as a liaison machine.

Specifications (HS-10/32)

References

External links
 Уголок неба

1930s Austrian civil utility aircraft
Hopfner aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Hopfner HA-11/33. The Hopfner HA-11/33 was an amphibious flying boat built in Austria in 1933 to a specification by the Dr. Oetker company. The result was a conventional, high-wing cantilever monoplane with a stepped flying boat hull and pontoons on struts under the wings at mid-span. The cabin was fully enclosed, and the twin engines were mounted tractor-fashion on struts above the wing.

Development
A HA-11/33 was purchased by the Austrian Air Force, and was subsequently absorbed into the German Luftwaffe following the Anschluss. Deemed worthy of further development, WNF (which had absorbed Hirtenberg, which itself had taken over Hopfner) was tasked with developing it into a military training aircraft for flying boat pilots. Designated WNF Wn 11 by the RLM, testing was undertaken at Travemünde in 1940, but the type was not ordered into production. Development of a highly streamlined derivative with Hirth HM 508 engines, the WNF Wn 11C was also abandoned.

Specifications

References

Further reading

External links

 Hopfner HA.11/33 Уголок неба. 2011

HA-11 33
Wiener Neustadter aircraft
1930s Austrian civil utility aircraft
Flying boats
Amphibious aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Saktigarh, Siliguri. See Saktigarh for disambiguation

Saktigarh is a neighbourhood and former village in the south of the city of Siliguri, Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal. Saktigarh, located on the Mahananda River, was the site of the city's original centre.

Education
The major Schools in Saktigarh include Saktigarh Vidyapith (H.S), Saktigarh Balika Bidyalaya and several primary schools. Phani Bhusan Madhyamik Vidyalaya is  also close to Saktigarh.

Transport

A new road, named the third Mahananda Bridge, has been rebuilt connecting Burdwan Road (Nowkagath More) and Medical More.  The road is planned to join to the west with Matigara, providing seamless communication from the Station Feeder Road in the south and Deshbandhu Road in the east to the Hill Cart Road in the central part of the city. National Highway no. 31, 31A passes through Siliguri.

Sport

Cricket, kho kho, taekwon-do, chess, and football are the five most popular sports in Saktigarh. Saktigarh Ground is the only cricket ground and matches are regularly held here. The city is home to many kho kho players and cricketers, including India international cricketer Wriddhiman Saha.

References

Neighbourhoods in Siliguri
Tom Swift and His Aerial Warship. Tom Swift and His Aerial Warship, or, The Naval Terror of the Seas, is Volume 18 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap.

Plot summary

The story was written in 1915, and World War I, also known as The Great War, was already in progress. As the story opens, Tom is explaining his newest invention to his friend, Ned Newton. Just as Tom is in the middle of explaining the problems he is having, a fire erupts in one of the sheds, where explosives are stored. After the fire has been put out, careful investigation shows that the fire was set deliberately.

In preparation for presenting his new airship to the United States Government, Tom has invited a Lieutenant Marbury, from the Navy, to review his ship. Marbury informs Tom of a possible plot against Tom and his inventions, past and present. Tom scoffs at the idea, but soon finds out otherwise, as his new airship is hijacked by foreign spies with an unknown agenda.

Inventions & Innovation

Tom creates two new inventions for this story: a huge airship for military use, and a method of dealing with recoil on the weapons to be used.

The airship is built on a similar model as the German-built zeppelins. These are huge craft, Tom's measuring at 600 feet in length and 60 feet in diameter. It is built of a semi-rigid airbag with several separated gas compartments, which would permit lift even if one or more of the gas compartments was damaged. Three cabins are hung below the airship: at the front is the pilot house, in the middle is the general quarters, and at the rear is the engine. A non-flammable gas is used for lift, and a single gas-powered engine provides forward momentum. Storage batteries, coupled with an electric motor, are used as backup power in the event of main engine failure. Tom hoped to sell this to the United States government, with an eye on the hostilities occurring in Europe at the time of the story.

Secondary to the airship, Tom needs to conceive of a way to neutralize recoil from the guns which he plans to mount: two 4-inch cannon, and several unspecified machine-guns. When fired, the cannon would generate enough recoil to rip the ship apart, but Tom is inspired by Ned's observation of how an automatic door closer operates. Tom's invention is similar to the recoil system used in the French 75mm field gun.

References

External links 
 Tom Swift and His Aerial Warship e-text at Project Gutenberg
 

1915 American novels
Tom Swift
American young adult novels
Novels set during World War I
Aviation novels
Neiva Campeiro. The Neiva Campeiro is a Brazilian two-seat utility monoplane built by Indústria Aeronáutica Neiva for the Brazilian Air Force. The Campeiro was based on the earlier Neiva Paulistinha 56 with a re-designed structure and powered by a 150 hp (112 kW) Avco Lycoming O-320-A piston engine. The Camperiro was a braced high-wing monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear. Twenty aircraft were built for the Brazilian Air Force as the L-7 Campeiro and were used for liaison, observation, rescue and training.

Operators

Brazilian Air Force

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 

Campeiro
1960s Brazilian civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear