omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rhodamine 6G. Rhodamine 6G  is a highly fluorescent rhodamine family dye. It is often used as a tracer dye within water to determine the rate and direction of flow and transport.  Rhodamine dyes fluoresce and can thus be detected easily and inexpensively with instruments called fluorometers. Rhodamine dyes are used extensively in biotechnology applications such as fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and ELISA.

Forms

Rhodamine 6G usually comes in three different forms. Rhodamine 6G chloride is a bronze/red powder with the chemical formula C28H31ClN2O3. Although highly soluble, this formulation is very corrosive to all metals except stainless steel. Other formulations are less soluble, but also less corrosive. Rhodamine 6G perchlorate (C28H31ClN2O7) comes in the form of red crystals, while rhodamine 6G tetrafluoroborate (C28H31BF4N2O3) appears as maroon crystals.

Solubility
Butanol (40 g/L), ethanol (80 g/L), methanol (400 g/L), propanol (15 g/L), MEG (50 g/L), DEG ( 100 g/L), TEG (100 g/L), isopropanol (15 g/L), ethoxyethanol (25 g/L), methoxyethanol (50 g/L), dipropylene glycol (30 g/L), PEG (20 g/L).

Laser dye
 
Rhodamine 6G is also used as a laser dye, or gain medium, in dye lasers, and is pumped by the second (532 nm) harmonic from an Nd:YAG laser, nitrogen laser, or argon ion laser. The dye has a remarkably high photostability, high fluorescence quantum yield (0.95), low cost, and its lasing range has close proximity to its absorption maximum (approximately 530 nm). The lasing range of the dye is 570 to 660 nm with a maximum at 590 nm.

Properties
The refractive index of Rhodamine 6G has been determined in recent studies. According to research published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces and the Refractive Index Database, the refractive index is 1.87 (k=0.79) for 532 nm wavelength.

See also
Rhodamine
Rhodamine B
Dye laser
Laser dyes

References 

Staining dyes
Laser gain media
Xanthenes
Benzoate esters
Arado Ar 65. The Arado Ar 65 was the single-seat biplane fighter successor to the Ar 64. Both looked very similar. The only major difference was the use of a 12-cylinder inline engine versus the Ar 64's radial. The wingspan was also increased.

The Ar 65 appeared in 1931 and six models were built. The first three 65a-c were prototypes, while the 65d-f were production models. The Ar 65d was delivered in 1933 and served alongside the Ar 64 in the two fighter groups - Fliegergruppe Döberitz and Fliegergruppe Damm. In 1935, the Ar 65 was reduced to a training aircraft. Production of the fighter was discontinued in 1936. However, the next year, 12 of them were presented to Germany's ally - the Royal Bulgarian Air Force. The final production total was 85 aircraft.

Variants
Ar 65a Prototype, powered by a 559 kW (750 hp) BMW VI 7.3 12-cylinder water-cooled engine. First flight in 1931.
Ar 65b Prototype, similar to the 65a but with minor structural changes.
Ar 65c Prototype, similar to the 65b but with minor structural changes.
Ar 65d Production model.
Ar 65E Similar to the 65d, but with the removal of the vertical fuselage magazine of six 10 kg (22 lb) bombs.
Ar 65F Final production model. Similar to the 65E.

Operators

Bulgarian Air Force

Luftwaffe

Specifications (Ar 65E)

See also

References

Bibliography

Green, William, and Gordon Swanborough, The Complete Book of Fighters (Salamander Books, 2002)

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Arado Ar 065
Ar 065
AN/APQ-181. The AN/APQ-181 is an all-weather, low probability of intercept (LPI) phased array radar system designed by Hughes Aircraft (now Raytheon) for the U.S. Air Force B-2A Spirit bomber aircraft. The system was developed in the mid-1980s and entered service in 1993. The APQ-181 provides a number of precision targeting modes, and also supports terrain-following radar and terrain avoidance.  The radar operates in the Ku band (a subset of the J band). The original design uses a TWT-based transmitter with a 2-dimensional passive electronically scanned array (PESA) antenna.

In 1991, the B-2 Industrial Team (including Hughes as a major subcontractor) was awarded the Collier Trophy in recognition of the "design, development, production, and flight testing of the B-2 aircraft, which has contributed significantly to America's enduring leadership in aerospace and the country's future national security."

In 2002, Raytheon was awarded a contract to develop a new, active electronically scanned array (AESA) version of the APQ-181. This upgrade will improve system reliability, and will also eliminate potential conflicts in frequency usage between the B-2 and commercial satellite systems that also use the J band. 

In 2008 the Federal Communications Commission accidentally sold the APQ-181 frequency to a commercial user resulting in the need for installing new radar arrays at a cost of over $1 billion. All B-2 aircraft are expected to have the upgraded radar by 2010.

See also

 List of radars
List of military electronics of the United States
 Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS)

References

External links
Raytheon product description
spacedaily.com article

Aircraft radars
Raytheon Company products
Radars of the United States Air Force
Military radars of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
Military electronics of the United States
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (, NGI) is an independent Norwegian centre for research and consultancy in engineering-related geosciences, such as the geotechnical, geological and geophysical areas. It was created in 1953 and became a private foundation in 1985.

The research is conducted within geotechnics and associated disciplines and aims to develop new methods and analysis relating to material properties, modelling and analysis, for calculation and monitoring of the underground, construction and landslides, and the extraction of North Sea oil.

NGI is also the host of the International Centre for Geohazards (ICG), one of Norway's first Centres of Excellence (CoE). NGI's partners are NORSAR, the Norwegian Geological Survey (NGU), the University of Oslo (UiO) and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).

References

External links
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute
International Centre for Geohazards (ICG)

Earth science research institutes
Research institutes in Norway
Geotechnical engineering companies
Egress filtering. In computer networking, egress filtering is the practice of monitoring and potentially restricting the flow of information outbound from one network to another. Typically, it is information from a private TCP/IP computer network to the Internet that is controlled.

TCP/IP packets that are being sent out of the internal network are examined via a router, firewall, or similar edge device. Packets that do not meet security policies are not allowed to leave – they are denied "egress".

Egress filtering helps ensure that unauthorized or malicious traffic never leaves the internal network.

In a corporate network, typical recommendations are that all traffic except that emerging from a select set of servers would be denied egress. Restrictions can further be made such that only select protocols such as HTTP, email, and DNS are allowed. User workstations would then need to be configured either manually or via proxy auto-config to use one of the allowed servers as a proxy.

Corporate networks also typically have a limited number of internal address blocks in use. An edge device at the boundary between the internal corporate network and external networks (such as the Internet) is used to perform egress checks against packets leaving the internal network, verifying that the source IP address in all outbound packets is within the range of allocated internal address blocks.

Egress filtering may require policy changes and administrative work whenever a new application requires external network access. For this reason, egress filtering is an uncommon feature on consumer and very small business networks. PCI DSS requires outbound filtering to be in place on any server in the cardholder's environment. This is described in PCI-DSS v3.0, requirement 1.3.3.

See also
 Content-control software
 Ingress filtering
 Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol

References

External links
 RFC 3013
 Pcisecuritystandards.org
 Pcisecuritystandards.org
 Sans.org

Computer network security
A♯ (Axiom). {{DISPLAYTITLE:A♯ (Axiom)}}

A♯ (pronounced: A sharp) is an object-oriented functional programming language distributed as a separable component of Version 2 of the Axiom computer algebra system. A# types and functions are first-class values and can be used freely together with an extensive library of data structures and other mathematical abstractions. A key design guideline for A# was suitability of compiling to portable and efficient machine code. It is distributed as free and open-source software under a BSD-like license.

Development of A# has now changed to the programming language Aldor.

A# has both an optimising compiler, and an intermediate code interpreter. The compiler can emit any of:
 Executable stand-alone programs
 Libraries, of native operating system format objects, or of portable bytecode
 Source code, for languages C, or Lisp

The following C compilers are supported: GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), Xlc, Oracle Developer Studio, Borland, Metaware, and MIPS C.

References 
 
 

Functional languages
Discontinued programming languages
Alarm indication signal. Alarm indication signal (AIS) (also called all ones because of the data and framing pattern) is a signal transmitted by an intermediate element of a multi-node transport circuit that is part of a concatenated communications system to alert the receiving end of the circuit that a segment of the end-to-end link has failed at a logical or physical level, even if the system it is directly connected to is still working. The AIS replaces the failed data, allowing the higher order system in the concatenation to maintain its transmission framing integrity. Downstream intermediate elements of the transport circuit propagate the AIS onwards to the destination element. 

There are various AIS formats based on the signaling level of the errored circuit. When an element of T1 or (DS1) circuit loses signal (LOS) or framing (OOF), the device replaces the erroneous data bits with a series of ones. This is where the term All Ones originates.  At the DS3 signal level, the intermediate element receiving an errored signal replaces the errored channel data with a signal consisting of a valid DS3 frame with the overhead bits (the M-subframe alignment bits, M-frame alignment bits, and P bits) with the payload set to a 1010... sequence, the C bits all set to zero, and the X bits set to one. This way, the integrity of the DS3 frame is maintained even though the underlying data was compromised.

There are a number of types of AIS signals, which signal failure of different logical or physical segments of the system, including:
 Alarm indication signal path (AIS-P)
 Alarm indication signal line (AIS-L)12

These are SONET OC-xx level indications that indicate if the errored element is in a section, segment, line segment, or path segment of the SONET circuit. 

Middle 20th century analog carrier systems had Carrier Group Alarms by which the failure of a pilot signal was alerted to telephone exchange equipment, imposing an automated make-busy condition so the trunks carried by the failed system would not be used.  The improved AIS originated with the T-carrier system, and became a standard feature of subsequent plesiochronous and synchronous circuit-based communication systems, and is also part of the Asynchronous Transfer Mode standards.
As the use of Ethernet for long-distance data links has increased, the need for a similar end-to-end OA&M function has led to the development of a similar Ethernet alarm indication signal (EthAIS).

Synchronous optical networking
Albuquerque & Takaoka. Albuquerque & Takaoka is one of the most significant and active architecture, civil engineering, and real estate development private companies of São Paulo, Brazil. It is mostly known for its role in creating the innovative Alphaville concept of business and gated residential condominia.

The firm was founded in 1951 by two young civil engineers, Renato de Albuquerque and Yojiro Takaoka, graduated together in 1949 from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (Polytechnic School), a traditional and respected engineering college in São Paulo. Initially the small firm developed residential houses and small public and commercial buildings, including a church. With the boom of public works in the state, they began working in heavy construction, such as bridges and viaducts, canals, and larger public buildings. The company also built several housing projects for the poor. 

In the 1970s, the company diversified into building residential high rises in the city of São Paulo, and created the concept of gated vertical condominia with the first of its kind, "Ilhas do Sul", in 1973. In the succeeding years, it developed the first "Alphaville", in the county of Barueri, and two other luxury condominia, "Aldeia da Serra" (near Alphaville) and "Toque-Toque Pequeno", in the beaches of the Northern coast of the state.

With the death of Yojiro Takaoka, the company changed its name to Albuquerque & Takaoka Participações, Ltda. and the Alphaville projects were passed to Alphaville Urbanismo.

References
 Caldeira, Teresa Pires do Rio. City of Walls : Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate Division of the University of California at Berkeley, 1992, p. 257.
 Gotsch, Peter. "NeoTowns - Prototypes of corporate Urbanism." Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Engineering in the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 2009, Chapter 3: Alphaville-Tamboré - The accidental new Town, pp337, http://www.neo-town.org (r06.03.2012)

External links
 Biography of Yojiro Takaoka (In Portuguese)
 Alphaville Urbanismo Home Page (In Portuguese)
 Congratulations, 30 Years of Alphaville. A short history of Alphaville, in Portuguese.

Real estate companies of Brazil
Architecture firms of Brazil
Brazilian companies established in 1951
Companies based in  São Paulo
Semantic translation. Semantic translation is the process of using semantic information to aid in the translation of data in one representation or data model to another representation or data model.  Semantic translation takes advantage of semantics that associate meaning with individual data elements in one dictionary to create an equivalent meaning in a second system.

An example of semantic translation is the conversion of XML data from one data model to a second data model using formal ontologies for each system such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL).  This is frequently required by intelligent agents that wish to perform searches on remote computer systems that use different data models to store their data elements.  The process of allowing a single user to search multiple systems with a single search request is also known as federated search.

Semantic translation should be differentiated from data mapping tools that do simple one-to-one translation of data from one system to another without actually associating meaning with each data element.

Semantic translation requires that data elements in the source and destination systems have "semantic mappings" to a central registry or registries of data elements. The simplest mapping is of course where there is equivalence.
There are three types of Semantic equivalence:

 Class Equivalence - indicating that class or "concepts" are equivalent.  For example: "Person" is the same as "Individual"
 Property Equivalence - indicating that two properties are equivalent.  For example: "PersonGivenName" is the same as "FirstName"
 Instance Equivalence - indicating that two individual instances of objects are equivalent.  For example: "Dan Smith" is the same person as "Daniel Smith"

Semantic translation is very difficult if the terms in a particular data model do not have direct one-to-one mappings to data elements in a foreign data model. In that situation, an alternative approach must be used to find mappings from the original data to the foreign data elements.  This problem can be alleviated by centralized metadata registries that use the ISO-11179 standards such as the National Information Exchange Model (NIEM).

See also
 Data mapping
 Federated search
 Intelligent agents
 ISO/IEC 11179
 National Information Exchange Model
 Semantic heterogeneity
 Semantic mapper
 Semantic Web
 Vocabulary-based transformation
 Web Ontology Language

References

Data management
Enterprise application integration
Semantics
Alex Fraser (scientist). Alex Fraser (1923 – 14 July 2002) was a major innovator in the development of the computer modeling of population genetics and his work has stimulated many advances in genetic research over the past decades.

His efforts in the 1950s and 1960s had a profound impact on the development of computational models of evolutionary systems. His seminal work, "Simulation of genetic systems by automatic digital computers" (1958), is quoted in the literature to this day.  

Fraser was born in London, England, and lived in Hong Kong for most of his youth. He studied at the University of New Zealand, and later went to the University of Edinburgh, and subsequently to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Sydney, Australia.

It was at the CSIRO where Fraser made his seminal contributions to evolutionary computation. 
His earliest work was done on the SILIAC computer that was installed for the University of Sydney in 1956.  The SILIAC was the Australian cousin to the ILLIAC machine that was developed at the University of Illinois.  The machine was said to be running well when one could hear a 'rhythmic clicking of the relays inside it.'  The clicking indicated that the computer was processing the iterations of the program correctly. Fraser began using it to simulate genetic selection processes.

Fraser also starred in multiple TV shows during the early days of Australian television.  His time with "Science in Close-Up" ended in a dramatic departure when censors refused to permit airing of a childbirth.  Such footage is commonplace today but was forbidden at the time and that was why he walked out of the show.  A surprisingly popular show was his "Doorway to Knowledge" as it was fairly sophisticated science that was broadcast at eleven o'clock in the morning.  He achieved a certain measure of celebrity through the shows and he turned up quite regularly in the Sydney Morning Herald, the city's primary newspaper.

In the 1960s, Fraser moved to the United States to act as visiting professor at the University of California at Davis. In 1967, he took over the Headship of Biological Sciences at the University of Cincinnati. 

In 1983, Fraser suffered a stroke which left him unable to converse normally. The timing of this event was most tragic because Fraser was left unable to engage his colleagues, just at the time when interest in evolutionary models and simulations was beginning to rise within computer science.

In 1999, Fraser received the 1999 IEEE Neural Networks Council Pioneer Award in Evolutionary Computation. He died 14 July 2002 at the age of 78, as a result of complications from a heart attack.

References

1923 births
2002 deaths
Australian computer scientists
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British expatriates in Hong Kong
British expatriates in New Zealand
British expatriates in Australia
British expatriate academics in the United States
Seeligerite. Seeligerite is a rare complex lead chloride iodate mineral with formula: Pb3Cl3(IO3)O. It is a yellow mineral crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. It has perfect to good cleavage in two directions and a quite high specific gravity of 6.83 due to the lead content. It is translucent to transparent with refractive indices of nα=2.120 nβ=2.320 nγ=2.320.

It was first reported in 1971 from the Casucha Mine, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Region, Chile.

References

Lead minerals
Oxide minerals
Iodates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 20
Oxychlorides
UIML. UIML (User Interface Markup Language) is an XML-based markup language used to define user interfaces on computers. The primary purpose of UIML is to streamline the process of developing user interfaces, enabling programmers to describe their interfaces in declarative terms (i.e., as text) and abstract them. For instance, when describing a message window, a programmer using this language could write:

<part class="DialogMessage" name="HelloWorld"/>

In theory, a programmer could use a description to create user interfaces for various platforms. Though, in practice, these platforms present challenges for comprehensive translation.

Currently, UIML is undergoing standardization by OASIS, with the latest iteration being UIML 4.0, which was released in 2008. A parallel effort with similar objectives to UIML is UsiXML.

Implementations 
 jUIML – An implementation in Java Swing.
 UIML.Net – A free UIML renderer written in C#. It has been developed at the Expertise Centre for Digital Media (Hasselt University, Belgium) and can render a UIML document using different widget sets and different platforms. The software is hosted on GitHub.

References 

Open standards
User interface markup languages
Hiroshi Ishii (computer scientist). is a Japanese computer scientist. He is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ishii pioneered the Tangible User Interface in the field of Human-computer interaction with the paper "Tangible Bits: Towards Seamless Interfaces between People, Bits and Atoms", co-authored with his then PhD student Brygg Ullmer.

Biography

Ishii was born in Tokyo and raised in Sapporo.
He received B.E. in electronic engineering, and M.E. and Ph.D. in computer engineering from Hokkaido University in Sapporo, Japan.

Hiroshi Ishii founded the Tangible Media Group and started their ongoing
Tangible Bits project in 1995, when he joined the MIT Media Laboratory as
a professor of Media Arts and Sciences. Ishii relocated from Japan's NTT
Human Interface Laboratories in Yokosuka, where he had made his mark in
Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
(CSCW) in the early 1990s. Ishii
was elected to the CHI Academy in 2006. In 2019, Ishii received the SIGCHI Lifetime Research Award. He was named to the 2022 class of ACM Fellows, "for contributions to tangible user interfaces and to human-computer interaction".

He currently teaches the class MAS.834 Tangible Interfaces at the Media Lab.

External links

Computer programmers
Japanese computer scientists
Human–computer interaction researchers
Ubiquitous computing researchers
MIT School of Architecture and Planning faculty
Hokkaido University alumni
MIT Media Lab people
1956 births
Living people
People from Tokyo