omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Intermediate General Circulation Model. The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model (IGCM), is a simplified or "intermediate" global climate model, which is developed by members of the Department of Meteorology at the University of Reading, and by members of the Stratospheric Dynamics and Chemistry Group of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at McGill University.

The IGCM is based on the primitive-equations baroclinic model of Hoskins and Simmons, which has been converted to run on workstations. Several variations have been developed by adjusting representations of the physics.
 IGCM1: Portable version of the original spectral, dry baroclinic model formulated in sigma-levels, with an option for Newtonian relaxation and Rayleigh friction, with no surface.
 IGCM2: Includes simplified moist parameterisations, a cheap "radiation scheme" (i.e. constant tropospheric cooling), a bulk formulation scheme for the boundary layer, fixed surface temperatures and humidity, uniform vertical diffusion, and can advect tracers.
 IGCM3x: Intermediate climate model that includes more sophisticated moisture/clouds parameterisations, a radiation scheme with various gas absorbers and a more realistic surface with an orography and land and sea surface schemes.
The adiabatic version, IGCM1, is freely available. Access to IGCM2 and IGCM3 is restricted to members of the Department of Meteorology at the University of Reading and collaborating researchers.

See also 

Global climate model

External links 
IGCM web page

Numerical climate and weather models
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Naresh Dalal. Naresh Dalal is a physical chemist who specializes in materials science.  He is the Dirac Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Florida State University, where he is affiliated with the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.

Research
Dalal's research group focuses on:
 Studying the physical properties of solid-state materials
 Development of new materials (superconductors, highly correlated electron spin systems, molecular magnets, ferroics, etc.)
 Understanding structure-property relationships 
 Obtaining guidelines for developing new materials
 Development of novel applications or improvement of existing instrumental methods (high field EPR probe design, NMR methods, etc.)

Honors
Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemists in 2017. 

Received Florida State University's highest faculty honor when he was named 2012-2013 Robert O. Lawton Distinguished Professor. 

Silver medal for Physics/Materials Science from the International Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Society. 

Florida Chemistry award from the Florida Section of the American Chemical Society in 2007, and the Southern Chemist Award from the Memphis Section of the American Chemical Society.

Dalal was named a fellow by the American Physical Society in 2000. He was named a fellow by the American Chemical Society in 2010.

References 

Florida State University faculty
American physical chemists
American materials scientists
Living people
American Jains
American academics of Indian descent
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Chemical Society
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indian scholars
Linear transformer driver. A linear transformer driver (LTD) within physics and energy, is an annular parallel connection of switches and capacitors. The driver is designed to deliver rapid high power pulses. The LTD was invented at the Institute of High Current Electronics (IHCE) in Tomsk, Russia. The LTD is capable of producing high current pulses, up to 1 mega amps (106 ampere), with a risetime of less than 100 ns. This is an improvement over Marx generator based pulsed power devices which require pulse compression to achieve such fast risetimes. It is being considered as a driver for z-pinch based inertial confinement fusion.

LTDs at Sandia National Laboratories

Sandia National Laboratory is currently investigating a z-pinch as a possible ignition source for inertial confinement fusion. On its "Z machine", Sandia can achieve dense, high temperature plasmas by firing fast, 100-nanosecond current pulses exceeding 20 million amps through hundreds of tungsten wires with diameters on the order of tens of micrometres. The LTD is currently being investigated as a driver for the next generation of high power accelerators.

Sandia's roadmap includes another future Z machine version called ZN (Z Neutron) to test higher yields in fusion power and automation systems. ZN is planned to give between 20 and 30 MJ of hydrogen fusion power with a shot per hour thanks to LTDs replacing the current Marx generators. After 8 to 10 years of operation, ZN would become a transmutation pilot plant capable of a fusion shot every 100 seconds.

The next step planned would be the Z-IFE (Z-inertial fusion energy) test facility, the first true z-pinch driven prototype fusion power plant. It is suggested it would integrate Sandia's latest designs using LTDs. Sandia labs recently proposed a conceptual 1 petawatt (1015 watts) LTD Z-pinch power plant, where the electric discharge would reach 70 million amperes.

See also

References

External links
 Development and tests of fast 1-MA linear transformer driver stages
 http://www.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2007/rapid-fire-pulse.html
 http://www-ners.engin.umich.edu/labs/plasma/Research/ZPinch.html

Power (physics)
Škoda Transtech. Škoda Transtech Oy is Finland's major domestic manufacturer of low-floor tram and railway rolling stock. It specializes in building tram and railway vehicles for extreme climatic conditions, such as those encountered in Finland.

History

The company was established in 1985 when the Finnish engineering firm Rautaruukki started manufacturing freight wagons in Otanmäki and Taivalkoski. In 1991 the railway rolling stock works of Valmet (in Tampere), which specialized in the manufacture of carriages and locomotives, was merged with Transtech. In 1998 Rautaruukki sold the Taivalkoski factory to Telatek Oy, retaining the Otanmäki plant.

In June 1999 Rautaruukki sold Transtech to Patentes Talgo SA of Spain, but was subsequently sold to the Finnish group Pritech Oy in March 2007. During the period of Spanish ownership, the company was known as Talgo Oy, but has reverted to its previous name. In August 2015 Škoda Transportation bought a 75% stake in the company, purchasing the remaining 25% in May 2018 and rebranding it Škoda Transtech in October 2018.

Rolling stock 

The company has manufactured double-deck carriages (sleeper cars, InterCity 2 passenger cars and vehicle transport carriages) which are used by VR (Finnish Railways). It also provides Helsinki's new articulated trams of the type ForCity Smart Artic for the Helsinki City Transport (HKL).

In October 2016 Transtech was selected to provide 19 Arctic Forcity Smart X34 trams for the new Tampere light rail system.

Škoda Transtech will also participate in supplying modern trams for German transport company Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr (rnv) together with  Škoda Transportation.

In October 2018 Škoda Transtech sold two pre-series Artic trams to German operator Schöneicher-Rüdersdorfer Strassenbahn GmbH (SRS) in Schöneiche bei Berlin.  The Helsinki Artic vehicle #402, now operating in Schöneiche as #52 is the first Škoda Transportation vehicle to receive German homologation.  The sale was established in cooperation with Helsinki City Transport and the support of Voith Digital Solutions Austria GmbH & Co KG following a two-month trial period from August to October 2018.

In September 2019 Škoda Transtech announced that they had been selected to provide suburban trains for the Latvian passenger railway company PV for a value worth approximately 250 million EUR, with fulfillment of the order starting in 2021 and lasting until 2024.

Location
The company's office is located in Oulu and its main manufacturing base is in Otanmäki, Kajaani. The company’s sales office as well as maintenance services are located in Helsinki.

See also
Lokomo

References

External links

Official website

Companies based in Oulu
Locomotive manufacturers of Finland
Rolling stock manufacturers of Finland
Transportation
Finnish companies established in 1985
Manufacturing companies established in 1985
Empire!. Empire! is a space combat and trading video game designed by Andrew Glaister and published by Firebird Software in 1986 for the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC.

Gameplay
The player is the pilot of a spacecraft, set during a period of early space colonization. There are 64 star systems to explore, presented in a rotating top-down 2D view. Each system has a starbase – which issues missions, receives supplies from the player, and sells various ship add-ons – a sun that presents a navigation hazard due to its high temperature, and one or more orbiting planets.

The player can navigate his ship onto a planet's surface through a warp hole (and a tunnel-maneuvering subgame). Once there, three different supplies can be collected in a first-person flight subgame. The three supplies – people, minerals and radioactives – are then made available for pick-up in the main playing area and can be transferred back to the starbase.

Players must also defend themselves from constant attacks from enemy alien ships.

Adjacent star systems can be flown to through an asteroid field (represented by square blocks).

Eventually, the player is able to create a vaccine to combat a plague, which destroys systems 200 stardays from infection. The player can eventually purchase better ships and starbases to form their own empire. The last task of the game is to deploy a defence shield network to secure the player's empire from invaders.

Critical reaction
The game's retro sci-fi graphics have drawn comparisons with Flash Gordon and Asteroids, but games magazines noted that underlying this is a complex game, similar to Elite, requiring a varied range of skills.

References

External links

1986 video games
Action games
Amstrad CPC games
Commodore 64 games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Space trading and combat simulators
Strategy video games
Telecomsoft games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
Lightning-prediction system. A lightning prediction system is a type of lightning detection equipment that determines when atmospheric conditions likely to produce lightning strikes and sounds an alarm, warning those nearby that lightning is imminent and giving them the chance to find safety before the storm arrives in the area. Lightning protection systems are often installed in outdoor areas which are often congested with people, lack sufficient shelter, and are difficult to evacuate quickly (such as water parks, college campuses, and large swimming pool or athletic field complexes). These locations are particularly dangerous during lightning storms. Prediction systems are prone to false alarms as they respond to conditions that are not always attributed to a developing thunderstorm. Electric field data is typically used in conjunction with detection information to limit false positives.

Description

The detection equipment is designed to constantly survey atmospheric electrical activity and potential for lightning occurrence via radar and other methods. Storms are scanned by radar to determine the degree of electrification and potential for lightning occurrence.

The method used by such systems includes the stationing of at least three receivers at known locations in order to triangulate their data. When any of the receivers detects a strong electrical disturbance, the location is shared with other receivers in the area for corroboration, and then (presuming the data has passed the filters), encoded and transmitted to a central facility and thereafter processed for deriving the position of the lightning strike. By detecting thunderstorm electrical fields, a track can be predicted to allow warnings as early as 30 minutes before lightning strikes the protected area. The system is synchronized with the U.S. Coast Guard LORAN navigation network, and includes various features which permit a more accurate analysis of lightning position.

While some systems require manual remote activation of the siren from the central monitoring facility, others work automatically. These systems can also sound an "All Clear" tone when electrical activity in the monitored area has receded to safe levels. This feature eliminates both the need for skilled monitoring of the system as well as the chance for human error in interpreting the data.

See also
 Early warning system
 Franklin bells

Lightning

de:Blitz#Ortung
es:Detector de rayos
fr:Détecteur de foudre
ja:雷検知器
pl:Wykrywacz piorunów
fi:Salamatutka
SPARC (disambiguation). SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) is a computer instruction set architecture.

SPARC may also refer to:

Organizations 
 Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
 School of the Performing Arts in the Richmond Community, a nonprofit organization in Virginia
 Social and Public Art Resource Center, a community arts center in Venice, California
 Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child in Pakistan
 SPARC Innovation Program, a research program at Mayo Clinic, and its "See-Plan-Act-Refine-Communicate" method
 Sport and Recreation New Zealand, the former name of Sport New Zealand, a Crown entity
 Stratospheric Processes And their Role in Climate, a project of the World Climate Research Programme
 Summer Program on Applied Rationality and Cognition, a summer program sponsored by the Center for Applied Rationality

Science and technology 
 SPARC, Scalable Processor Architecture 
 ANSI-SPARC Architecture, a database design standard
 Osteonectin, a glycoprotein also known as SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine)
 SPARC (tokamak), a proposed compact tokamak fusion experiment to be built by Commonwealth Fusion Systems and MIT based on the ARC fusion reactor
 Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves, a database of galaxy rotation curves collected by the Spitzer Space Telescope

See also
Spark (disambiguation)
Sparks (disambiguation)
Sparq (disambiguation)
 SPAC (disambiguation)
British Museum leather dressing. British Museum leather dressing has been used by many conservators since its publication to protect and conserve leather.

Formulation 
The basic formulation is:

The first three ingredients are heated together, then added to the cold solvent and allowed to cool while constantly stirring. Care should be exercised, as the solvents are highly flammable and have low boiling points.

Variations 
There are several variations in the formulation.

Sometimes 60% of the lanolin was replaced by neatsfoot oil. 

One disadvantage of the solvent hexane is its tendency to evaporate rapidly. Before the fat/hexane mixture has been able to penetrate deep into the leather, the hexane evaporates to the surface of the leather, taking most of the fat with it. 

While beeswax prevents air pollutants from penetrating the leather, it does this by closing off the leather, thus disturbing the water balance and causing the leather to dry out. The cedarwood oil acts as a fungicide to further protect the leather.

In use 
The British Museum leather dressing was part of an elaborate leather conservation programme. Other steps entailed cleaning the leather, if necessary with soap and water, and applying an aqueous solution of 7% potassium lactate as a buffer. A warning was given about the dangers of using too much lactate, which made books sticky and could cause fungal growth. The books had to be absolutely dry when the leather dressing was applied.

The dressing would be applied sparingly and rubbed into the leather. After two days, the treated leather was polished with a soft cloth. Hard leathers can be soaked in a solution of one part British Museum leather dressing: three parts Stoddard solvent. 

British Museum leather dressing darkens leather, but it is a treatment with a good success record.

References

Leather dressing
Leather crafting
Conservation and restoration materials
Townend ring. A Townend ring is a narrow-chord cowling ring fitted around the cylinders of an aircraft radial engine to reduce drag and improve cooling. It was patented in 1929, and found use on various aircraft of the 1930s and into the 1940s.

Development

The Townend ring was the invention of Dr. Hubert Townend of the British National Physical Laboratory in 1929. Patents were supported by Boulton & Paul Ltd in 1929. In the United States it was often called a "drag ring". It caused a reduction in the drag of radial engines and was widely used in high-speed designs of 1930–1935, before the long-chord NACA cowling came into general use. Despite suggestions of it exploiting the Meredith effect, low airspeeds, low temperature differences and small mass flows make that unlikely, particularly when combined with the lack of flow control as the air exits the cowling.
Although superior to earlier cowlings, and uncowled engines in terms of drag and cooling, above  the NACA cowling was more efficient and soon replaced it in general use.

Examples of aircraft with Townend rings include the Boeing P-26 Peashooter, the Vickers Wellesley, the Fokker D.XVI and the central engine on the Junkers Ju 52/3m.

Notes

References

External links

 The Spotters Glossary
 
 
 

Aircraft propulsion components
G.Skill. G.SKILL International Enterprise is a Taiwanese computer hardware manufacturing company. The company's target customers are overclocking computer users.  It produces a variety of high-end PC products and is best known for its DRAM products.

History
Based in Taiwan, G.SKILL corporation was established in 1989. In 2003, the company debuted as a maker of computer memory. The company currently operates through several distributors and resellers in North America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.

Products

Memory

G.SKILL is known for its range of DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4 and DDR5 computer memory. RAM is available in single-channel, dual-channel, triple-channel and quad-channel packs for desktops, workstations, HTPC, as well as netbooks and laptops.

It was shown to be the only DDR4 manufacturer not vulnerable to the rowhammer security exploit.

The company does not manufacture the memory dies, it purchases the memory dies and assembles them into a DIMM memory module ready for sale to customers.

In February 2020, G.SKILL announced a DDR4 256 GB memory kit that, unusually for kits of that size at the time, operated at above JEDEC specifications.

Solid-state drive
On 12 May 2008 G.SKILL announced its first SATA II 2.5" solid-state drives (SSDs) with 32 GB or 64 GB of capacity.

On 22 October 2014 G.SKILL released its first Extreme Performance Phoenix Blade Series 480 GB PCIe 2.0 x8 SSD using MLC NAND capable of maximum read and write speeds up to 2,000 MB per second and 245K IOPS.

The company has also produced flash cards in several formats including Secure Digital (SD) and MultiMediaCard (MMC) in addition to high capacity USB 2.0 and 3.0 flash drives.

Peripherals

Mechanical gaming keyboard
On 14 September 2015 G.SKILL announced the availability of the new RIPJAWS series' KM780 RGB and KM780 MX mechanical gaming keyboards with genuine Cherry MX key switches.

Announced on August 21, 2019, G.SKILL announced the KM360 mechanical keyboard with a $49.99 price tag and with Cherry MX red switches (the linear variant).

Laser gaming mouse
On 24 September 2015 G.SKILL released the new RIPJAWS series' MX780 customizable RGB laser gaming mouse.

See also
 List of companies of Taiwan

References

External links
 G.SKILL Official Website

1989 establishments in Taiwan
Computer companies of Taiwan
Computer hardware companies
Electronics companies established in 1989
Computer memory companies
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Manufacturing companies based in Taipei
Taiwanese brands
Arado L I. The Arado L I was a two-seat parasol-wing sport monoplane built in Germany in 1929, in order to compete in the Europa Rundflug that year. During the fuel consumption trials, the L 1 made a forced landing and was disqualified from the contest. Bringing the aircraft back to Paris, designer Hermann Hofmann performed some aerobatics over the airfield and was killed when it crashed.

Specifications

References
 
 World Aircraft Information Files. Brightstar Publishing, London. File 889 Sheet 73
 German Aircraft between 1919 – 1945

1920s German sport aircraft
L I
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Arado L II. The Arado L II was a 1920s German two-seat, high-wing touring monoplane.

In 1930, a revised version with folding wings and improved undercarriage, the L IIa first flew, and four examples took part in the Challenge International de Tourisme 1930, starting from Berlin-Tempelhof airport, but none placed, and one crashed early in the race. Two examples competed in the  in 1931.

Specifications (L IIa)
Data from German Aviation 1919 – 1945

Notes

Further reading

 
 
 World Aircraft Information Files. Brightstar Publishing, London. File 889 Sheet 73

Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
1920s German sport aircraft
L II
Aircraft first flown in 1929
William Tell (aerial gunnery competition). William Tell is a biennial aerial gunnery competition with fighter aircraft held by the  United States Air Force (USAF) in every even-numbered year. In the competition, teams representing the various major commands of the USAF compete in live-fire exercises, using towed banner targets for gun engagements, and obsolete fighters converted into unmanned target drones (currently QF-4 Phantoms) for air-to-air missile engagements. The competition is held in even-numbered years, while the similar Hawgsmoke competition is held in odd-numbered years; Hawgsmoke replaced the earlier  Gunsmoke.

The William Tell competition in  1972 was held at Tyndall AFB in Florida. Twelve teams competed: three F-101 Voodoo teams, three F-102 Delta Dagger teams, and six F-106 Delta Dart teams. 1972 was also when the first "Top Gun" award was won, by a Royal Canadian Air Force team from the first French-Canadian fighter squadron, the 425 All Weather Fighter Squadron "Les Alouettes". The recipients were Capt. Lowell Butters (Pilot) and Capt. Douglas Danko (Navigator), flying the McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo.

The first competition was held in 1949 at a test airfield outside of Las Vegas, NV, now called Nellis AFB.  The winner was the 332nd Fighter group of Capt. Alva Temple, Lt. Col James Harvey III, Lt. Col. Harry Stewart, and alternate 1st Lt. Halbert Alexander. Post-Cold War budget cuts ended William Tell after 1996, although a commemorative 50th anniversary competition was held in 2004. After a 19-year hiatus, William Tell returned in 2023 with nine teams: three F-22 Raptor teams, three F-35 Lightning II teams, and three F-15 Eagle teams; the overall winner of 2023 was the 1st Fighter Wing flying the F-22.

References

External links
History of the competition
History of the competition (Internet Archive)
Tuskegee Airmen Won First Air Force Top Gun
Tuskegee Airmen Compete/Win 1st Ever Weapons Meet

United States Air Force exercises
BioValley (Europe). BioValley is the leading life science cluster in Europe, founded 1996. It connects academia and companies of three nations in the Upper Rhine Valley, namely France, Germany and Switzerland. The main objective is the greater research cooperation between companies and academia involved in the life science sectors, including pharmacology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, medical technology, chemistry and agricultural biotechnology.

See also 

BioValley
Silicon Alley
Silicon Hills
Silicon Valley
Tech Valley

External links
 Webpage Trinational Biovalley
 Webpage Biovalley Basel
 Webpage Alsace Biovalley
 Webpage Biovalley Germany

Press releases
 www.naturejobs.com

High-technology business districts
High-technology business districts in France
Rhine
1996 establishments in France
1996 establishments in Germany
1996 establishments in Switzerland
1996 in Europe
Organizations established in 1996