omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Schotten–Baumann reaction. The Schotten–Baumann reaction is a method to synthesize amides from amines and acid chlorides:

Schotten–Baumann reaction also refers to the conversion of acid chloride to esters. The reaction was first described in 1883 by German chemists Carl Schotten and Eugen Baumann.

The name "Schotten–Baumann reaction conditions" often indicate the use of a two-phase solvent system, consisting of water and an organic solvent. The base within the water phase neutralizes the acid, generated in the reaction, while the starting materials and product remain in the organic phase, often dichloromethane or diethyl ether.

Applications
The Schotten–Baumann reaction or reaction conditions are widely used in organic chemistry.

Examples:
 synthesis of N-vanillyl nonanamide, also known as synthetic capsaicin
 synthesis of benzamide from benzoyl chloride and a phenethylamine
 synthesis of flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen
 acylation of a benzylamine with acetyl chloride (acetic anhydride is an alternative)
In the Fischer peptide synthesis (Emil Fischer, 1903), an α-chloro acid chloride is condensed with the ester of an amino acid. The ester is then hydrolyzed and the acid converted to the acid chloride, enabling the extension of the peptide chain by another unit. In a final step the chloride atom is replaced by an amino group, completing the peptide synthesis.

Further reading

See also
 Lumière–Barbier method

References

Carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions
Amide synthesis reactions
1883 in science
1883 in Germany
Name reactions
Pumping (oil well). In the context of oil wells, pumping is a routine operation involving injecting fluids into the well.  Pumping may either be done by rigging up to the kill wing valve on the Xmas tree or, if an intervention rig up is present pumping into the riser through a T-piece (a small section of riser with a connection on the side).  Pumping is most routinely done to protect the well against scale and hydrates through the pumping of scale inhibitors and methanol.  Pumping of kill weight brine may be done for the purposes of well kills and more exotic chemicals may be pumped from surface for cleaning the lower completion or stimulating the reservoir (though these types are jobs are more frequently done with coiled tubing for extra precision).

Importance of knowing quantity
Work involving wells is fraught with difficulties as there is often very little information about the real time condition of the completion.  This lack of knowledge also covers potential damage and even loss of well integrity.  Therefore, it is essential for the operator to pay attention to the pressures as recorded and to the quantity pumped.  A premature increase in pressure is sign of a potential blockage and continuing to pump risks burst pressure retaining components.  Pumping more than an anticipated amount of fluid is a sign of a loss of integrity and a potential leak path somewhere.  In either of these two situations, pumping must be stopped and the potential causes analysed.

Compressed volumes
It is vital to know the effective capacity of the completion being filled in order to understand what are sensible volumes.  If pumping is to continue until reaching a desired pressurisation, then the compressibility of the fluid will become significant.  It is therefore important to know how much the fluid will compress under pressure to know how much extra fluid is expected to be required.

As a rule of thumb in the oilfield, compression is governed by the equation:

where ΔV is the change in volume, P is the pressure at surface and V is the volume of fluid unpressurised.  k is a compression factor approximately 3.5×10−6 psi−1.

For example, a volume of 300 bbl is to be filled with brine and pressurised to 3000 psi at the surface.  The compression is

Therefore, it is expected that 303.15 bbl are required to accomplish this task.  If 3000 psi is achieved prior to this quantity being pumped, a blockage is to be suspected.  If after pumping 303 bbl, pressurisation is not achieved, a leak is to be suspected.

Oil wells
Stuttgart–Augsburg new and upgraded railway. Stuttgart–Augsburg new and upgraded line is a proposed German railway project.

The 2003 federal transport plan included it as an urgent project.  It includes a new high-speed line between Stuttgart and Ulm with a maximum speed of 250 km/h, parallel to the existing Stuttgart–Ulm line and an upgraded Ulm–Augsburg line with a design speed of up to 200 km/h.  On 19 July 2007 it was announced by the Federal Government, the State of Baden-Württemberg and Deutsche Bahn AG that the project had been officially approved. The estimated cost of the whole project is € 4.088 billion, with funding to be provided by Deutsche Bahn (€ 1,469 million), Federal Government and the European Union (€ 1,229 million), Baden-Württemberg (€ 824 million), Stuttgart city (€ 239 million) Stuttgart region (€ 100 million) and the owners of Stuttgart Airport (€ 100 million). 

The project consists of the following components: 

Stuttgart 21 & Stuttgart–Wendlingen high-speed railway: replacement of the current Stuttgart terminal station by an underground through station connecting via the Filder tunnel to Stuttgart Airport.
Wendlingen-Ulm high-speed line: construction of a high-speed line through the Swabian Alb, largely paralleling the A 8, and reconstruction of the Danube bridge in Ulm to carry four tracks, in place of two.
Neu-Ulm 21: replacement of the Neu-Ulm station with a new underground station (opened in March 2007, estimated cost € 160 million euro).
Upgrading of the Neu-Ulm–Augsburg section of the Ulm–Augsburg line for speeds of up to 200 km/h.  

The Stuttgart–Augsburg new and upgraded line is a component of the Magistrale for Europe from Paris to Budapest, which is supported by the European Union as part of its Trans-European Networks.  The European Union is providing up to 50 per cent of the planning phase of the project and is expected to fund ten per cent of its construction costs. 

When complete, high-speed trains will take 28 minutes between Stuttgart and Ulm and trains between Stuttgart and Munich with stops in Ulm and Augsburg will take less than one and a half hours compared to more than two hours today. This is part of Deutsche Bahn's Netz 21 (network 21) concept, which envisages a reduction of the travel time between Frankfurt and Munich from over three and a half today to only two and a half hours in the future. The Stuttgart-Ulm section is expected to be completed in December 2025 (as of 2010 it was expected to be completed in 2020).

Notes

References

Railway lines in Baden-Württemberg
Railway lines in Bavaria
High-speed railway lines in Germany
Bebugging. Bebugging  (or fault seeding or error seeding) is a popular software engineering technique used in the 1970s to measure test coverage. Known bugs are randomly added to a program source code and the software tester is tasked to find them. The percentage of the known bugs not found gives an indication of the real bugs that remain.

The term "bebugging" was first mentioned in The Psychology of Computer Programming (1970), where Gerald M. Weinberg described the use of the method as a way of training, motivating, and evaluating programmers, not as a measure of faults remaining in a program. The approach was borrowed from the SAGE system, where it was used to keep operators watching radar screens alert. Here's a quote from the original use of the term:

An early application of bebugging was Harlan Mills's fault seeding approach  which was later refined by stratified fault-seeding. These techniques worked by adding a number of known faults to a software system for the purpose of monitoring the rate of detection and removal. This assumed that it is possible to estimate the number of remaining faults in a software system still to be detected by a particular test methodology.

Bebugging is a type of fault injection.

See also

 Fault injection
 Mutation testing

References 

Software testing
Martin 146. The Martin Model 146 was an unsuccessful American bomber design that lost a 1934–1935 bomber design competition to the prototype for the Douglas B-18 Bolo (which was itself soon thereafter supplanted by the B-17 Flying Fortress).

Design and development
Although generally satisfied with the speed and bombload of the Martin B-10, the United States Army Air Corps expressed a requirement for a bomber with long range. Two competitions were held in 1934–35: one for fast bombers capable of flying , and a second for the experimental prototype of a  bomber.

The Martin 146 was built for the first competition, competing with the Boeing Model 299 (later the B-17) and Douglas DB-1 (later the B-18). Two versions were submitted for the competition, the Model 146 (actual aircraft) and the Model 146A (design only).  The only significant difference between the two was the planform, the 146 center section was rectangular with the outer wing being tapered while the 146A had a constant taper.

The Model 146 bore a striking resemblance to the earlier Martin B-10, with the same configurations of turret and cockpits and even the same two Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines – albeit with 33% more power than the  Cyclones of the original B-10.  The biggest differences between this aircraft and the Martin 139 (B-10) was that it was wider, allowing the pilot and co-pilot to sit side by side  and was equipped with Fowler flaps, the first large aircraft equipped with them.

The Model 146 was not successful but it led the Martin company to begin research into contemporary aviation technology. Some offshoots included the innovative Martin 145 proposed for the long-range bomber competition as well as the early studies that would lead to the Model 179 (later to emerge as the wartime Martin B-26).  The aircraft was eventually returned to the factory and scrapped.

Specifications (Model 146)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Baugher, Joe. "Martin B-10". Encyclopedia of American Aircraft. Retrieved: 4 July 2007.
 Taylor, John W. R. "Martin B-10". Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .

External links

 National Museum of the US Air force article on B-10

146
Martin
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
ACM. ACM or A.C.M. may refer to:

Aviation
 AGM-129 ACM, 1990–2012 USAF cruise missile
 Air chief marshal
 Air combat manoeuvring or dogfighting
 Air cycle machine
 IATA airport code for Arica Airport in Amazonas Department, Colombia

Computing
 Abstract Control Model, for USB to act as a serial port
 Association for Computing Machinery, a US-based international learned society for computing
 Asynchronous communication mechanism
 Audio Compression Manager, Microsoft Windows codec manager

Education
 Allegany College of Maryland
 Associated Colleges of the Midwest
 Association for College Management

Music
 Academy of Contemporary Music, in Guildford, England, UK
 Academy of Country Music
 Association for Contemporary Music, in the Russian Federation

Organizations or businesses
 African Content Movement, a South African political party
 Alliance for Community Media
 American Center for Mobility
 American Ceylon Mission
 Anaconda Copper Mining Company
 Anti-Coalition Militia, anti-NATO Taliban in Afghanistan
 Anti-cult movement
 Asian Civilisations Museum, Singapore
 Association for Computing Machinery, an international computing research society
 Australasian Correctional Management
 Australian Community Media
 Australians for Constitutional Monarchy
 Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (Dutch: Autoriteit Consument & Markt)

Technology
 Adaptive coding and modulation in wireless communication
 Advanced case management
 Alkyl acrylate copolymer, a type of rubber
 Aluminium composite material, used in sandwich panels
 Automated charging machine, a public mobile device charging station

Other uses
 Another Chicago Magazine, a magazine founded by Barry Silesky
 Antônio Carlos Magalhães (1927-2007), Brazilian politician
 AC Milan, an Italian association football club
 AC Monza, an Italian association football club
 AECOM, NYSE symbol
 Asbestos-containing material
 Attorney–client matching
 Automobile Club de Monaco, a motoring club based in Monaco
 Iraqi Arabic, ISO 639-3 language code
 A US Navy hull classification symbol: Auxiliary minelayer (ACM)
Keisei Koiwa Station. is a train station located in Edogawa, Tokyo, Japan.

Lines

Keisei Electric Railway
 Keisei Main Line

Layout
This station consists of two island platforms serving four tracks.

Platforms

History

 1932 - The station begins operation
 17 June 2010 - Station numbering was introduced to all Keisei Line stations; Keisei Koiwa was assigned station number KS11.

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1932
Railway stations in Tokyo
Keisei Main Line
Hirth HM 506. The Hirth HM 506 was a six-cylinder air-cooled inverted inline engine that was developed from the earlier four-cylinder HM 504.  The HM 506 was a popular engine for light aircraft of the 1930s to 1940s and powered the Bücker Bü 133A model trainer.  The engine featured a cast magnesium alloy crankcase.

Applications
Bücker Bü 133 A
Fieseler Fi 99
Fieseler Fi 157 (UAV prototype)
Fieseler Fi 158 (UAV prototype)
Gotha Go 241
Klemm Kl 35 B (D-ERLQ)

Specifications (HM 506A)

References

External links
Göbler-Hirthmotoren Company website no historical section
no access - for sale of Hirth Flugmotoren manuals

Hirth aircraft engines
Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
Inverted aircraft piston engines
Straight-six engines
UMM Alter II. The UMM Alter II is a Portuguese automobile produced by UMM from 1986–1994.

UMM Alter II Phase I 
In 1986 the Alter II was released by the Portuguese automobile manufacturer União Metalo-Mecânica (UMM). It featured a new 4-speed manual gearbox, a new transfer case and a new suspension. The engine remained the same 2.5-litre diesel engine which developed 76 PS. Although it was a new model it was very similar to the previous one and very difficult to distinguish.

UMM Alter II Phase II 

In 1987 a new facelift was made. Alongside with the 2.5-litre naturally aspirated diesel engine, it was available a new 2.5-litre Turbo Intercooler engine, new 5-speed manual gearbox, ventilated disk brakes in the front axle, power steering and a MOMO (company) racing steering wheel.

In 1989 the Alter II was available in a long wheel-base in the pickup and soft-top versions.

In 1990 there was a crew cab chassis for the long-wheel-base model.

Some of the last models featured a new steering wheel that came from the Peugeot 405.

In 1992 six models came with BMW engines. 4 with the M21 2.4 Turbodiesel engine with 116 PS, 1 with the M51 2.5 tds engine with 145 PS and one with the M50 2.5 petrol engine with 192 PS.

UMM Alter II Phase III 
1993 saw another facelift. A redesigned dashboard was available, much more modern than the previous ones. Some of the electrical problems were also solved. It had some new suspension adjustments and new front bumper

In 1996 UMM stops building the Alter II to private customers.

External links 
 UMM's Unofficial French Site
 Portuguese UMM forum

References

Off-road vehicles
Cars of Portugal
Cars introduced in 1986
All-wheel-drive vehicles
1990s cars
Cars discontinued in 1994
Henry John Orchard. Henry John Orchard (May 7, 1922 – June 23, 2004) was a professor emeritus of electrical engineering at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science and an authority on filter design and network theory. He died June 23 of 2004 at his home in Santa Monica of respiratory failure. He was 82.

In a monumental breakthrough publication (Electronics Letters, 1966), he explained the "secret" behind the low passband sensitivity of doubly loaded reactance two-ports and showed how to design active two-ports that retain this key attribute. Among Professor Orchard's key contributions was the development of a systematic process for the computer-aided design of filters. During the early years of computer-aided filter design, when the synthesis of a single circuit required several days of multiple-precision computation, his method had an important beneficial effect. He was instrumental in introducing into switched capacitor filter design the bilinear s-z mapping, previously used solely in digital filter design, and in developing a methodology that allowed the use of arbitrary active-RC models for switched-capacitor filter syntheses.

External links
About Professor Orchard
In his Memoriam

2004 deaths
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
1922 births
20th-century American engineers
Museum of Innovation and Science. The Museum of Innovation and Science (stylized as miSci, and formerly the Schenectady Museum & Suits-Bueche Planetarium) is a museum and planetarium located in Schenectady, New York. miSci was founded in 1934 and its exhibitions and educational programming focus on Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics (STEAM). , the museum's president is Gina C. Gould, PhD; Vice President of Collections and Exhibitions is Chris Hunter; and Director of Grants and Special Events is Peter Gabak.

Inside of the museum is the Suits-Bueche Planetarium. It contains a GOTO Chronos Star Machine, one of only 16 in the United States, which is capable of displaying 8,500 stars and 24 constellation outlines. The projector can show the sky from any location on Earth 100,000 years in the past or in the future.

Also located at miSci is a Challenger Learning Center (CLC), which opened in 2014.

The archives contain over 1.5 million photographs, making them the seventh largest collection of photographs in the US (not including the federal government). The archives also include 110 radios, 60 televisions, 15,000 patents, 5000 books, and 1000 films. Many of the items relate to the history of Schenectady and General Electric. The archives are open to the public by appointment.

The Dudley Observatory, now affiliated with Siena College, was affiliated with the museum from 2015 to 2019.

Gina C. Gould, former director of the Ashokan Center, has served as President since 2017. Previously, William "Mac" Sudduth, PhD, was president and director from 2012 to 2017.

References

External links
Photographs of the Suits-Bueche Planetarium
Photographs of the Schenectady Museum (outdated)

Buildings and structures in Schenectady, New York
Museums in Schenectady County, New York
Science museums in New York (state)
Planetaria in the United States
Industry museums in New York (state)
Airport Improvement Program. The Airport Improvement Program is a United States federal grant program that provides funds to public-use airports to help improve safety and efficiency. Improvement projects relate to runways, taxiways, ramps, lighting, signage, weather stations, NAVAIDs, land acquisition, and some areas of planning. The program is managed by the Federal Aviation Administration.

Funding for the program is provided by the Airport and Airway Trust Fund, which receives revenue from taxes on airplane tickets sold to the public and a tax on aviation fuel. The federal grant may cover between 75 and 95 percent of the eligible costs, depending on the type of improvement and the size of the airport. Both commercial and general aviation airports are eligible for AIP grants.

Grants awarded for Fiscal Year 2017 totaled $3,332,800,000.

History
The program was established under the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 () by combining the Planning Grant Program (PGP) and Airport Development Air Program (ADAP) into a single normally multi-year grant. In 1994, the provisions of the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 were codified in subchapter I of chapter 471 of title 49, United States Code.

Previous related programs include:
Federal Airport Act of 1946
Federal-Aid Airport Program (FAAP)
Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970
Planning Grant Program (PGP)
Airport Development Aid Program (ADAP)

Amendments to 1982 Act
U.S. Congressional amendments to the Airport and Airway Improvement Act.

2017 budget
In Fiscal Year 2017 the FAA awarded $802.5 million in grants to 109 large airports and $2.472 billion to 1,613 small airports. An additional $57.6 million was awarded for airport system planning grants to state transportation agencies. In 2021, more than $627 million was provided in funding to 390 airports.

References

External links
 
 

!
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal assistance in the United States
Jason Jr.. Jason Junior, also called JJ, was a small remotely operated vehicle (ROV) designed and built by the Deep Submergence Laboratory at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI). Jason Jr. was a prototype for a larger, more capable ROV named Jason, which was being developed to complement the Argo uncrewed undersea video camera sled.

Jason Jr. was first used in the exploration of the wreck of the RMS Titanic in 1986, during which it was attached to and controlled from aboard the DSV Alvin, a United States Navy crewed deep-ocean research submersible operated by WHOI. The ROV was connected to the submersible by a  fiber optic cable, and allowed scientists to explore and photograph areas of the shipwreck that the submersible could not access. The ROV was deployed from a metal cage attached to the front of Alvin, and controlled remotely by a pilot inside the submersible.

Jason Jr. was lost at sea in late 1991, when a barge carrying it and other equipment to the Galápagos Islands sank in the Pacific Ocean during the Jason III expedition.

References

External links 
 Ships & Technology used during the Titanic Expeditions 

Robotic submarines
Surveilling Miniature Attack Cruise Missile. The Surveilling Miniature Attack Cruise Missile (SMACM) is a long range, high endurance, expendable, unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) under development by Lockheed Martin. It is equipped with a two-way datalink and is designed to reconnoitre a target area and if necessary engage targets with its weapon system.

Specifications
 Weight: 142 lb
 Length: 70.5 in
 Engine: Type J45G turbojet.
 Range: > 
 Seeker:
 "Tri-Mode" - millimeter wave (MMW) RF radar, imaging infrared (IIR), and a semi active laser (SAL) or
 "Tri-Star" - MMW, active LADAR, and SAL.
 Payload: Four Low Cost Autonomous Attack System missiles.

References

External links
 Surveilling Miniature Attack Cruise Missile - Lockheed Martin
 Surveilling Miniature Attack Cruise Missile - Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control
 Surveilling Miniature Attack Cruise Missile (SMACM) - Defense Update

Cruise missiles of the United States