omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Globe KD5G. The Globe KD5G is a pulsejet-powered American target drone produced by Globe Aircraft Corporation that began development in 1949. Due to changing requirements for drone performance, it was only operated by the United States Navy for a short period.

Design and development
The XKD5G-1 was of conventional high-wing, twin-tail design, a Marquardt PJ46 pulsejet being mounted externally atop the fuselage, in the same style as the World War II German V-1; it was one of the last aircraft produced for the U.S. military to be powered by a pulsejet. The KD5G had a top speed of ; if it was not shot down during its mission, it could be recovered by parachute to be flown again.

Operational history
Originating in 1949, the XKD5G-1 first flew in 1950, and was tested at the Naval Air Test Center in Point Mugu, California. By 1952, however, the speed requirements for target drones had increased to the point that the KD5G was considered too slow for operational service, while pulsejets also lost efficiency quickly at higher altitudes; as a result the XKD5G-1 project was cancelled.

Surviving aircraft
A surviving XKD5G-1 was donated to the National Air and Space Museum by the U.S. Navy in 1966; it is displayed in the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

Specifications (KD5G-1)

See also

References

1940s United States special-purpose aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Pulsejet-powered aircraft
KD5G
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
AQM-127 SLAT. The AQM-127 Supersonic Low-Altitude Target (SLAT) was a target drone developed during the 1980s by Martin Marietta for use by the United States Navy. Derived from Martin Marietta's work on the cancelled ASALM missile, SLAT proved to have severe difficulties in flight testing, and the project was cancelled during 1991.

Design and development
Development of what became the YAQM-127 was initiated in 1983 following the cancellation of the BQM-111 Firebrand. A replacement for the MQM-8 Vandal target drone was still required, and a specification was developed for a target drone, capable of being recovered via parachute and reused, for launch from a variety of aircraft.

Bids for the contract were submitted by Martin Marietta, Ling-Temco-Vought, and Teledyne Ryan, with the Martin Marietta design being judged the winner of the design competition in September 1984. Derived from the cancelled Advanced Strategic Air-Launched Missile developed by Martin Marietta for the United States Air Force, the missile utilised a Marquardt hybrid rocket-ramjet propulsion system, with a solid rocket booster providing initial thrust, with the rocket's chamber, following burnout, becoming the combustion chamber for a ramjet sustainer. The AQM-127 was designed to fly at speeds of Mach 2.5 at an altitude of , following a pre-programmed course on autopilot. The SLAT was to be fitted with radar signature augmentors and a radar seeker emulator; initial operational capability was projected for 1991.

Operational history
The first test launch of the fifteen YAQM-127A pre-production test missiles produced was conducted on November 20, 1987. A further five test flights were conducted between then and January 1989; however only one of the six tests proved a success. Following a twenty-two month stand-down to reassess the program and modify the missile design, flight testing resumed in November 1990; this test also was a failure, as was a final attempt at a test in May 1991.

With the SLAT proving a consistent failure and the cost of the project increasing dramatically, the United States Congress stepped in, and during the summer of 1991 the AQM-127 program was cancelled. The Navy, still requiring a new high-speed target drone to replace the Vandal, would turn to a drone conversion of a Russian missile, the MA-31, as an interim solution. This drone entered service in small numbers during 1999.

See also
 Crow (missile)
 GQM-163 Coyote
 Kh-31

References
Notes

Bibliography

Target drones of the United States
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Hall-Scott A-1. The Hall-Scott A-1 was an early aircraft engine. In a straight-4 configuration, it developed 40 horsepower (30 kW).

The Hall-Scott Motor Car Company began specializing in the construction of airplane engines in 1911. The Type A-1, the first one they produced, was soon being used on many types of early aircraft.

At the Third International Aviation Meet in Los Angeles in 1912, a Hall-Scott A-1 powered an aircraft designed by Jay Gage of Los Angeles and flown by Charles Stevens. During the 1912 International Aviation Meet in Oakland, Hillery Beachey, brother of famed aviator Lincoln J. Beachey, flew a biplane powered by an A-1.

Specifications

Notes

References
This article contains material that originally came from the placard at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

External links

1910s aircraft piston engines
Firewalk (computing). Firewalking is a technique developed by Mike Schiffman and David Goldsmith that utilizes traceroute techniques and TTL values to analyze IP packet responses in order to map networks and determine gateway ACL filters. It is an active reconnaissance network security analysis technique that attempts to determine which layer 4 protocols a specific firewall will allow.

Firewalk is a software tool that performs Firewalking.

To protect a firewall or gateway against firewalking one can block outgoing TTL messages to avoid exposing information about your network. Additionally, using Network address translation is useful to hide internal network addresses.

See also 
 Access Control List
 Firewall (computing)
 Traceroute

References

External links 
 Firewalk tool, an Open Source tool that determines gateway ACL filters and maps networks by analyzing IP packets responses.
 WooterWoot, an Open Source set of tools that builds Check Point, Cisco ASA, or Netscreen policies from logfiles.
 Use Firewalk in Linux/UNIX to verify ACLs and check firewall rule sets, article on using Firewalk, by Lori Hyde CCNA.
 firewalk(8) - Linux man page
 GIAC / SANS Institute Description of Firewalking

Computer network security
Isobutyl formate. Isobutyl formate (2-methylpropyl methanoate) is an organic ester with the chemical formula C5H10O2. It is formed by the Fischer esterification of isobutanol with formic acid, with the aid of an acid catalyst. It is used as a flavor and fragrance ingredient because of its odor which is sweet, ethereal, and slightly fruity.

References

Formate esters
Sweet-smelling chemicals
Mercury(I) oxide. Mercury(I) oxide, also known as mercurous oxide, is an inorganic metal oxide with the chemical formula Hg2O.

It is a brown/black powder, insoluble in water but soluble in nitric acid. With hydrochloric acid, it reacts to form calomel, Hg2Cl2. Mercury(I) oxide is toxic but without taste or smell. It is chemically unstable and converts to mercury(II) oxide and mercury metal.

References

Oxides
Mercury(I) compounds
Inorganic compounds
Elivie. Elivie-Societá Italiana Esercizio Elicotteri was a helicopter airline of Italy.

History
The airline was established in November 1956 under the ELI-Linee Italiane S.p.A. with capital of IRI and Alitalia operating 1 A.B.204 and  2 Agusta-Bell AB.102 helicopters. In 1959, the airline was rebranded as Elivie.

In 1967, the airline acquired two Sikorsky S-61. In October 1969 Elivie carried 34,821 passengers.

In 1970, Alitalia stopped the Elivie operations, because it was considered unprofitable.  A year before, IRI retired their investment on Elivie.

Historical fleet

See also
 List of defunct airlines of Italy

References

External links
dugaldo.it
timetables.com
Sikorsky S-61

Italian companies established in 1960
1970 disestablishments in Italy
Defunct airlines of Italy
Alitalia
Airlines established in 1960
Airlines disestablished in 1970
List of United States Air Force civil engineering squadrons. The United States Air Force maintains a number of civil engineering units in the form of United States Air Force civil engineering squadrons. In wartime, they provide for the rapid repair of damage to airfields and other critical facilities. In peacetime, they maintain and construct bases for the air force to operate out of.

Some of these units are organized as Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers (RED HORSE) and others as Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force (PRIME BEEF) units.

List

See also
List of United States Air Force squadrons

References

Civil engineering
Baumgärtl Heliofly III. 

The Baumgärtl Heliofly III/57 and Baumgärtl Heliofly III/59 were 1940s experimental backpack helicopters designed and built by the Austrian-designer Paul Baumgärtl. Following on from his earlier experiments with strap-on autogyros the Heliofly III/57 was powered by two  Argus As 8 piston engines each driving a single-blade of the contra-rotating rotors.

A problem with the supply of the As 8 engine forced a  re-design to use one  engine, powering two rotors on a common co-axial shaft, with the engine driving one rotor directly and the other through gearing to overcome the torque effects.

Specifications (16hp)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Nowarra, Heinz J.. Die Deutsche Luftruestung 1933-1945 - Vol.1 - AEG-Dornier. Bernard & Graefe Verlag. 1993. Koblenz.  (Gesamtwek),  (Band 1)

1940s German experimental aircraft
1940s German helicopters
Heliofly III
Twin-engined piston helicopters
Single-engined piston helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1942
Ultralight helicopters
Coaxial rotor helicopters

pl:Heliofly III
Baumgartl PB-60. 

The Baumgärtl PB-60 was a 1940s experimental single-seat rotor kite designed and built by Austrian designer Paul Baumgartl for the Brazilian Air Ministry. The PB-60 was unpowered and had to be towed to become airborne and fly. It had a fixed tricycle landing gear with a simple unpowered two-blade rotor.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Aircraft first flown in 1948
1940s Brazilian helicopters
1940s Brazilian experimental aircraft
Rotor kites
PB-60
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-rotor helicopters
Baumgartl PB-63. 

The Baumgärtl PB-63 was a 1950s single-seat helicopter designed and built by the Austrian-designer Paul Baumgärtl for the Brazilian Air Ministry. The PB-63 was of a conventional pod and boom design with an open steel-tube construction and it had a single main rotor and a tail-mounted anti-torque rotor.  It had a tricycle landing gear with the pilot in an open sided cabin at the front. The PB-63 was powered by an  Continental C85-12 flat-four piston engine.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Apostolo, Giorgio. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. New York: Bonanza Books, 1984. . 
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
 Pereira, Roberto. Construção Aeronáutica no Brasil 1910–1976. São Paulo: Aquarius Editora, 1986. . 

1950s Brazilian civil utility aircraft
1950s Brazilian helicopters
PB-63
Single-engined piston helicopters
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-rotor helicopters
Aalto University School of Engineering. Aalto University School of Engineering (, ) is part of Aalto University. It is one of the four new schools of technology established on 1 January 2011 from Aalto University School of Science and Technology, formerly known as Helsinki University of Technology. The four new schools continue to offer education and research that promotes advances in science and technology. The Department of Architecture was part of the School of Engineering until 2012, when it was restructured into the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture.

The School of Engineering teaches and researches sustainable development, global warming, energy conservation and clean energy, and the sustainable use of natural resources. In 2018, Aalto University had a World University Ranking of 140, and was ranked 9th overall in the Top 50 under 50.

The School operates in the fields of applied mechanics, civil and environmental engineering, energy and HVAC technology, mechanical engineering,  real estate economics, geomatics, structural engineering and building technology, and urban and regional studies.

Departments 
 Department of Applied Mechanics
 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
 Department of Energy Technology
 Department of Engineering Design and Production
 Department of Real Estate, Planning and Geoinformatics

Other units
 Center for Energy Technology (CET)

International Master´s degree programmes (2012-2013) 
Environomical Pathways for Sustainable Energy Systems (SELECT) (Erasmus Mundus)
Creative Sustainability
Managing Spatial Change
Real Estate Investment and Finance
Structural Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Minerals and Environmental Programme (EMMEP)
Nordic Master Programme in Environmental Engineering
Nordic Master Programme in Innovative and Sustainable Energy Engineering
Nordic Master Programme in Maritime Engineering

Notable alumni

References

External links 
 Home pages of Aalto University School of Engineering

Aalto University
Universities and colleges established in 2011
2011 establishments in Finland
Wedgwood scale. The Wedgwood scale (°W) is an obsolete temperature scale, which was used to measure temperatures above the boiling point of mercury of . The scale and associated measurement technique were proposed by the English potter Josiah Wedgwood in the 18th century. The measurement was based on the shrinking of clay when heated above red heat, and the shrinking was evaluated by comparing heated and unheated clay cylinders. It was the first standardised pyrometric device. The scale began with 0 °W being equivalent to  and had 240 steps of  each. The origin and the sizing of the steps were later both found to be inaccurate.

History
The boiling point of mercury limits the mercury-in-glass thermometer to temperatures below 356 °C, which is too low for many industrial applications such as pottery, glass making and metallurgy.

To solve this problem, in 1782, Wedgwood created an accurately scaled pyrometric device, with details published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1782 (Vol. LXXII, part 2). This led him to be elected a fellow of the Royal Society.

Method

A 0.5-inch-diameter cylinder made from pipe clay was dried at the temperature of boiling water. This would prepare it for heating in the oven in which the temperature was to be measured. During the annealing, sintering (merging) of fine particles resulted in contraction of clay. After cooling, the temperature was evaluated from the diameter difference before and after heating assuming that the contraction is linear with temperature.

To facilitate the temperature calculation, Wedgwood built a device which would directly read the temperature. Two metal bars with scales on them were fixed one above another on a metal plate and inclined at a small angle. The spacing between the bars was 0.5 inches at one end and 0.3 inches at the lower end. The scale was divided into 240 equidistant parts. The unheated piece of clay would fit the 0.5-inch gap giving the zero temperature reading. After annealing, the clay cylinder would shrink and fit somewhere in between the left and right ends of the bars, and the temperature could be read from the scales on the bars.

Scale
The origin on the Wedgwood scale (0 °W) was set at the onset temperature of red heat, . The scale had 240 steps of  and extended up to . Wedgwood tried to compare his scale with other scales by measuring the expansion of silver as a function of temperature. He also determined the melting points of three metals, namely copper (27 °W or ), silver (28 °W or ) and gold (32 °W or ). All these values are at least  too high.

Corrections
Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau used his pyrometer to evaluate the temperature scale of Wedgwood and came to the conclusion that the starting point should be significantly lower, at  instead of , and that the steps should be nearly halved from  to no more than . However, even after this revision the Wedgwood measurements overestimated the melting points of elements.

See also 
 Outline of metrology and measurement
 Pyrometric cone

Notes and references

Obsolete units of measurement
Scales of temperature
Science and technology in England
Besson MB.36. 

The Besson MB.36 was a French monoplane flying-boat designed by Marcel Besson, only one was built.

Design and development
The MB.36 was a parasol-wing monoplane flying-boat for use as either a bomber or commercial transport. It was powered by three  Gnome-Rhône 9Ad Jupiter radial engines. The prototype, registered F-AKEJ, was a 10-seat commercial variant, designed in 1926 but did not fly until 15 May 1930 because of financial difficulties. By the time of the MB.36 first flight, the company had been taken over by the ANF Mureaux company. After the flying-boat lost a stabilizing float during official tests, and because of poor performance the project was abandoned and the MB.36 scrapped.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s French airliners
Flying boats
MB.36
Trimotors
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Besson MB.26. 

The Beeson MB.26 was a French sesquiplane floatplane designed by Marcel Besson as a shipborne two-seat reconnaissance aircraft for the French Navy, but it was not ordered into production.

Design and development
The MB.26 was a W-strut wing braced sesquiplane, the upper wing was attached at the top of the fuselage and the lower was below the fuselage. It had one main float under the lower wing and two stabilizing floats on the wingtips. This HB.2 variant was followed by a modified C.2 configuration to turn it into a two-seat fighter seaplane. The C.2 had a new round-sided fuselage, the HB.2 had a slab-sided fuselage, and a new tailplane. Neither variant was ordered or entered production.

Variants
MB.26 HB.2
Two-seat reconnaissance seaplane variant.
MB.26 C.2
Two-seat fighter seaplane variant.

Operators

French Navy

Specifications (HB.2)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Sesquiplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Blériot 290. 

The Blériot 290 was a 1930s French sesquiplane flying boat designed by Filippo Zappata. One prototype was built, but it was not ordered or produced.

Design and development
The 290 was designed by Zappata as a three-seat touring amphibian flying boat. It had a streamlined single-step hull and an enclosed cabin, and was powered by a Salmson 9Ab radial piston engine with a two-bladed pusher propeller. It first flew in October 1931, and as a result of tests was re-designed with a second step in the hull. The 290 was underpowered and over-priced and did not enter production. The prototype was scrapped in April 1937.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s French civil utility aircraft
Flying boats
290
Sesquiplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Blériot 118. The Blériot 118 was a 1920s French amphibian flying-boat fighter designed by Léon Kirste, only one was built and it was not ordered into production.

Design and development
The 118 was developed by Kirste from his earlier Blériot 101 project to meet a French naval requirement for a two-seat fighter.  The 118 was an amphibian flying-boat powered by two Hispano-Suiza 8Ab piston engines.  First flown on 23 January 1925 it was tested by the Navy in competition with other designs but was rejected for being unstable in flight.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s French fighter aircraft
Flying boats
118
High-wing aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Wright Vertical 4. The Wright Vertical 4 was an American aircraft engine built by the Wright brothers in the very early years of powered flight. It was a liquid-cooled piston engine with four inline cylinders, mounted vertically. (Earlier Wright engines were mounted horizontally.) It generated about  from a displacement of  and weighed about . Developed by Orville Wright in 1906, the Vertical 4 was produced by the Wright Company until 1912 and was the most numerous engine they manufactured. Around a hundred Vertical 4 engines were built, according to a Wright test foreman.

The Vertical 4 powered most Wright aircraft during this period, including the Model A and Model B and variants built for the U.S. Army and Navy.

This engine was also built under license by Bariquand et Marre in France and by Neue Automobil-Gesellschaft in Germany.

Applications
 Wright Model A
 Wright Model B
 Wright Model R

Engines on display
Wright Vertical 4 engines can be seen on display in the following museums, among others:
 National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C.
 Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, Chantilly, Virginia
 Wright Brothers Aviation Center in Carillon Historical Park, Dayton, Ohio
 Hiller Aviation Museum, San Carlos, California
 New England Air Museum, Windsor Locks, Connecticut
 Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois
 National Museum of Flight, East Fortune, Scotland

Specifications

References

This article contains material that originally came from the placard at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

Bibliography

External links

 (Former keepsake of Orville Wright, inventory A19620037000.)
 (U.S. Navy Wright Model B engine, inventory A19520108000.)
 Further detail on the engine's construction and history, and pointers to references.

1900s aircraft piston engines
Vertical 4
Acetic formic anhydride. Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula  , which can be viewed as the mixed anhydride of acetic acid and formic acid. It is used on a laboratory-scale as a formylating agent.

Preparation
Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23–27 °C.
It can also be prepared by the reaction of acetic anhydride and formic acid at 0 °C.

Properties
While more stable than formic anhydride, acetic formic anhydride is thermally unstable and gradually decomposes above about 60 °C, with the evolution of carbon monoxide. Impurities such as pyridine or residual acid can promote this, resulting in decomposition commencing as low as 0 °C. Crude material has been successfully purified by distillation at ≤30 °C under reduced pressure.

Applications
Acetic formic anhydride is a formylation agent for amines, amino acids, and alcohols. It is also a starting material for other compounds such as formyl fluoride.

See also
 Formic anhydride
 Acetic anhydride
 Acetic oxalic anhydride

References 

Carboxylic anhydrides
Béchereau SRAP T.7. 

The Béchereau SRAP T.7 was a French single-engined seven-passenger sesquiplane airliner designed by Louis Béchereau who had designed biplane fighters for SPAD including the SPAD S.VII. The aircraft was built by the Société pour la Réalisation d'Appareils.

Design and development
The T.7 was an inverted Sesquiplane, the lower wing had a longer span than the upper. Forward of the upper wing was an open cockpit for the pilot and mechanic, between the wings was an enclosed cabin for seven passengers. It was powered by a  Salmson 18Cmb inline radial piston engine. The aircraft failed to find any buyers and did not enter production.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s French airliners
Biplanes with negative stagger
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear