omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Minnesota Pipe Line. The Minnesota Pipe Line (or MPL) is a crude oil pipeline that runs from Clearbrook, Minnesota southward to the Twin Cities.  Construction began in 2007 after the State of Minnesota approved the building permit, and ended in 2008; it is owned by Minnesota Pipe Line Company, LLC (MPL) and is operated by Koch Pipeline Company, a wholly owned, indirect subsidiary of Koch Industries.

The original proposed route ran through an organic farm; the owners of the farm negotiated with MPL, as a result of which MPL agreed to route the pipeline around the farm and more generally "to implement what they believe was the first organic agriculture mitigation plan in the country applicable to pipeline infrastructure. This agreement was made part of the record of the MinnCan pipeline routing proceeding."

The pipeline is largely fed by the Enbridge Pipeline System that carries crude from Alberta, Canada.   It splits into two parts at a junction in Cottage Grove, Minnesota.  One branch serves the Pine Bend Refinery owned by Flint Hills Resources (another Koch subsidiary) in Rosemount.  The other portion of the line runs to Northern Tier Energy's St. Paul Park Refinery in St. Paul Park, Minnesota.  There is a connection at the Pine Bend Refinery to the Wood River Pipeline, which currently carries crude oil from the St. Louis, Missouri area to Minnesota.

In 2008 Minnesota Pipe Line completed a parallel  line to expand the pipeline capacity from Clearbrook to the Twin Cities by  with ultimate potential expansion to .

Minnesota Pipe Line system

References

Transportation in Minnesota
Energy infrastructure in Minnesota
Crude oil pipelines in the United States
Koch Industries
Oil pipelines in Minnesota
Phototube. A phototube or photoelectric cell is a type of gas-filled or vacuum tube that is sensitive to light.  Such a tube is more correctly called a 'photoemissive cell' to distinguish it from photovoltaic or photoconductive cells.  Phototubes were previously more widely used but are now replaced in many applications by solid state photodetectors.    The photomultiplier tube is one of the most sensitive light detectors, and is still widely used in physics research.

Operating principles
Phototubes operate according to the photoelectric effect: Incoming photons strike a photocathode, knocking electrons out of its surface, which are attracted to an anode. Thus current is dependent on the frequency and intensity of incoming photons. Unlike photomultiplier tubes, no amplification takes place, so the current through the device is typically of the order of a few microamperes.

The light wavelength range over which the device is sensitive depends on the material used for the photoemissive cathode. A caesium-antimony cathode gives a device that is very sensitive in the violet to ultra-violet region with sensitivity falling off to blindness to red light.  Caesium on oxidised silver gives a cathode that is most sensitive to infra-red to red light, falling off towards blue, where the sensitivity is low but not zero.

Vacuum devices have a near constant anode current for a given level of illumination relative to anode voltage.  Gas-filled devices are more sensitive, but the frequency response to modulated illumination falls off at lower frequencies compared to the vacuum devices.  The frequency response of vacuum devices is generally limited by the transit time of the electrons from cathode to anode.

Applications
One major application of the phototube was the reading of optical sound tracks for projected films. Phototubes were used in a variety of light-sensing applications until some were superseded by photoresistors and photodiodes.

References 

Optical devices
Sensors
Vacuum tubes
North Dakota Pipeline Company system. The North Dakota Pipeline Company (NDPL) system is a 950-mile (1530 km) crude oil pipeline system that collects oil from fields in the Williston Basin in Montana and North Dakota transports it eastward to other pipeline systems that carry oil to refineries in the Midwest.

In addition to collecting oil from wells in the United States, it also connects to a Canadian pipeline system owned by Enbridge at North Dakota's border with Saskatchewan.  The American pipeline is owned by Enbridge Energy Partners, LP, an organization partly owned by the Canadian company.

The pipeline's eastern terminus is in Clearbrook, Minnesota where there is a junction with Enbridge's Lakehead System and the Minnesota Pipeline (ultimately owned by Koch Industries).

System lines

NDPC system
Line 81
Line 82
Line 83
Line 84
Line 85
Line 85A
Line 86
Line 87
Line 88
Sandpiper pipeline (proposed)

Interconnect system
Line 26

References

External links
Enbridge Energy Partners liquid pipeline map for North Dakota Pipeline Company, LLC
Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. Publicly Traded Partnerships Coalition

Energy infrastructure completed in 2008
Oil pipelines in Minnesota
Pipelines in Montana
Oil pipelines in North Dakota
Energy infrastructure in North Dakota
Energy infrastructure in Minnesota
Energy infrastructure in Montana
Crude oil pipelines in the United States
Activity (UML). An activity in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a major task that must take place in order to fulfill an operation contract. The Student Guide to Object-Oriented Development defines an activity as a "sequence of activities that make up a process." Activities can be represented in activity diagrams. The word Activity is often confused with that of Action, which describes a step within an activity.

An activity can represent:
 The invocation of an operation.
 A step in a business process.
 An entire business process. 
Activities can be decomposed into subactivities, until at the bottom we find atomic actions.

The entire activity can be enclosed in a rounded rectangle called an "Activity Frame", with the name of the activity listed in the upper left corner, although it is often omitted.

The underlying conception of an activity has changed between UML 1.5 and UML 2.0. In UML 2.0 an activity is no longer based on the state-chart rather it is based on a Petri net like coordination mechanism. There the activity represents user-defined behavior coordinating actions. Actions in turn are pre-defined (UML offers a series of actions for this).

Literature 

 Conrad Bock: UML 2 Activity and Action Models, in Journal of Object Technology, vol. 2, no. 4, July-August 2003, pp. 43-53
 Conrad Bock: UML 2 Activity and Action Models Part 2: Actions, in Journal of Object Technology, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 41-56
 Conrad Bock: UML 2 Activity and Action Models Part 3: Control Nodes, in Journal of Object Technology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 7-23
 Conrad Bock: UML 2 Activity and Action Models Part 4: Object Nodes, in Journal of Object Technology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 27-41

References

Unified Modeling Language
Supercritical drying. Supercritical drying, also known as critical point drying, is a process to remove liquid in a precise and controlled way.  It is useful in the production of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), the drying of spices, the production of aerogel, the decaffeination of coffee and in the preparation of biological specimens.

Phase diagram
As the substance in a liquid body crosses the boundary from liquid to gas (see green arrow in phase diagram), the liquid changes into gas at a finite rate, while the amount of liquid decreases. When this happens within a heterogeneous environment, surface tension in the liquid body pulls against any solid structures the liquid might be in contact with. Delicate structures such as cell walls, the dendrites in silica gel, and the tiny machinery of microelectromechanical devices, tend to be broken apart by this surface tension as the liquid–gas–solid junction moves by.

To avoid this, the sample can be brought via two possible alternate paths from the liquid phase to the gas phase without crossing the liquid–gas boundary on the phase diagram. In freeze-drying, this means going around to the left (low temperature, low pressure; blue arrow). However, some structures are disrupted even by the solid–gas boundary. Supercritical drying, on the other hand, goes around the line to the right, on the high-temperature, high-pressure side (red arrow). This route from liquid to gas does not cross any phase boundary, instead passing through the supercritical region, where the distinction between gas and liquid ceases to apply. Densities of the liquid phase and vapor phase become equal at critical point of drying.

Fluids

Almost all fluids can undergo supercritical drying as a physical chemistry process, but the harsh conditions involved will often make it impractical as part of an industrial process. Fluids which do see industrial application of supercritical drying include carbon dioxide (critical point 304.25 K at 7.39 MPa or 31.1 °C at 1072 psi) and freon (≈300 K at 3.5–4 MPa or 25–0 °C at 500–600 psi). Nitrous oxide has similar physical behavior to carbon dioxide, but is a powerful oxidizer in its supercritical state. Supercritical water is inconvenient due to possible heat damage to a sample at its critical point temperature (647 K, 374 °C) and corrosiveness of water at such high temperatures and pressures (22.064 MPa, 3,212 psi).

In most such processes, acetone is first used to wash away all water, exploiting the complete miscibility of these two fluids. The acetone is then washed away with high pressure liquid carbon dioxide, the industry standard now that freon is unavailable. The liquid carbon dioxide is then heated until its temperature goes beyond the critical point, at which time the pressure can be gradually released, allowing the gas to escape and leaving a dried product.

See also 
 Freeze-drying

References 

Drying processes
Industrial processes
Microtechnology
W. & A. Fletcher Company. thumb|The W. & A. Fletcher Company in 1893—image from a company advertisement 
W. & A. Fletcher Co. was an American manufacturer of marine boilers and steam engines for steamboats on the Hudson, in the Great Lakes, Long Island Sound, and elsewhere in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The company was founded in 1853 and associated with development of steam powered ships from the original crude efforts.

Originally Fletcher, Harrison & Co., the company was located on Hudson Street in Hoboken, New Jersey. They built engines for many famous Hudson River Day Line steamers and others, in both vertical walking beam and inclined compound types. In some cases the company held the contract for a vessel's construction and sublet the hull and joiner work to other companies as in the case of the large steamer Berkshire for the Hudson Navigation Company in which the hull was sublet to New York Shipbuilding Company of Camden, New Jersey and joiner work to Charles M. Englis. As in the case with  the company held the engine contract and, as with the J. P. Morgan yacht Corsair III did the installation after the launch of the hull.

Some of the ships they fabricated engines for included the General Slocum, the Hendrick Hudson, the Adirondack and the Shady Side. They also built the engine for the first turbine-propelled commercial ship built in the United States,  in 1906. The Fletcher Yard constructed the turbines under license from Parsons of England.

By 1921 the company had been associated with over 320 vessels ranging from tugs to ocean going ships and had operations to a repair yard with a  floating dry dock. Competing with other yards W. & A. Fletcher won the bids for 21 of 56 vessels that were converted to Army transports.

W. & A. Fletcher Co. was merged with five other New York-based shipbuilding/ship repair companies to form United Dry Docks, Inc. in February 1929.

In 1938 the Hoboken Shipyard was sold to Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation. The Hoboken Shipyard closed in 1982.

References

External links
Steamboat Days by Fred Erving Dayton – Steamboats of Recent Times (Early 1900s)
 THE ADIRONDACK A Hudson River Steamer 1896 | Machine-History.Com

Companies based in Hudson County, New Jersey
Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New Jersey
Hoboken, New Jersey
Crêpe (textile). Crêpe, also spelled crepe or crape (from the French ), is a silk, wool, or synthetic fiber fabric with a distinctively crisp and crimped appearance. The term "crape" typically refers to a form of the fabric associated specifically with mourning. Crêpe was also historically called "crespe" or "crisp".

It is woven of hard-spun yarn, originally silk "in the gum" (silk from which the sericin had not been removed). There traditionally have been two distinct varieties of the crêpe: soft, Canton or Oriental crêpe, and hard or crisped crêpe.

Types

A

B

C

E

F

G

H

L

M

N

P

R

S

V

Y

See also
 Crêpe paper, paper with similar texture
Momie cloth

References

Bibliography

Woven fabrics
Silk
Death customs
CATA Línea Aérea. CATA Línea Aérea was an airline based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It operated domestic scheduled and chartered flights, out of its base at Moron Airport, as well as from Ministro Pistarini International Airport, Aeroparque Jorge Newbery, Almirante Marco Andrés Zar Airport, and Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport.

History 
The airline was established and started operations in 1986. It was wholly owned by Grupo Pesquera ICS Argentina. All flights were suspended since 2006, and bankruptcy was formally declared on March 28, 2008.

Fleet 

The CATA fleet included the following aircraft:

5 Fairchild Hiller FH-227
1 IAI Arava

Accidents and incidents 
 On 26 October 2003, Fairchild FH-227 LV-MGV crashed SW of Buenos Aires, Argentina. All 5 occupants died and the aircraft was totally destroyed.

External links
 CATA Línea Aérea (defunct)
 Aviation Safety Net website, CATA page (accessed 2015-03-15)

References 

Defunct airlines of Argentina
Airlines established in 1986
Airlines disestablished in 2006
2006 disestablishments in Argentina
Argentine companies established in 1986
GNR Class J13. The Great Northern Railway (GNR) Class J13, classified J52 by the LNER is a class of  steam locomotive intended primarily for shunting.

The Class J13 were introduced in 1897 designed by Henry Ivatt based on the earlier domeless GNR Class J14 (LNER Class J53).  Eighty-five J13s were built up to 1909.  Several J14s were rebuilt as J13s from 1922.

Sub-classes
Some locomotives were fitted with condensing apparatus for working on the Metropolitan Railway.  Condensing apparatus was added to, or removed from, locomotives when they were allocated to, or away from, the London area.

The LNER reclassified the J13 as J52.  They also introduced two subclasses, J52/1 for the rebuilt engines and J52/2 for the originals.  Forty-eight J52/1s and eighty-five J52/2s passed to British Railways in 1948 and they were numbered 68757–68889.

Accidents
On May 20, 1952, No. 68790 collided with an NCB locomotive.

Preservation
One, 8846 was privately preserved by Captain Bill Smith in 1959 and became the first locomotive to be privately preserved from BR. In 1980 it was donated to the National Railway Museum and made regular visits to other preserved railways and museums on its two Boiler Ticket durations in preservation.

Sources

External links 
 The Stirling J52 & J53 (GNR J13 & J14) 0-6-0ST Locomotives LNER Encyclopedia

J13
0-6-0ST locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1897
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Robert Stephenson and Company locomotives
Sharp Stewart locomotives
Shunting locomotives
Hermann Plauson. Hermann Plauson (1874 – after 1944) was an Estonian professor, engineer and inventor. Plauson investigated, among other things, the production of power based on atmospheric electricity.

Biography
Plauson was born in Dorpat, Estonia. He was the director of the Fischer–Tropsch "Otto Traun Research Laboratories" in Hamburg during the Weimar Republic of the 1920s. He built on Nikola Tesla's idea for connecting machinery to the "wheelwork of nature". Plauson's patent no. 1540998 describe methods to convert alternating radiant static electricity into rectified continuous current pulses. His systems mainly involved needle & radium- coated electricity conducting balloons or aerostats which were connected to complex converting systems consisting of coils, capacitors, spark gaps etc. He developed an electrostatic generator called Plauson's converter. In 1920, Plauson published a research journal on the subject, titled "Production and Utilization of the Atmospheric Electricity" (Gr., Gewinnung und Verwertung der Atmosphärischen Elektrizität).
A second, expanded edition of his journal was published later the same year. A copy of that edition is in the British Library at shelf mark 8754.b.36. A copy is also available in PDF-format, complete with Optical Character Recognition, through the books2ebooks service, here.

He married fellow Gertrud Therese Dora Hildenbrandt in London in 1920. Their son Harald was born in Hamburg in 1923. He was killed on the Eastern Front in the Second World War.

Patents
Personal patents
American
  – H. Plauson – "Manufacture of dispersiods, colloid powder, and masses therefrom"
  – H. Plauson – "Reclaiming rubber"
  – H. Plauson – "Process of the manufacture of Alkyl Ethers of Vinyl alcohols and homologues therefore"
  – G. Plauson – "Method of carrying out electrochemical reactions and apparatus for the use therein"
  – H. Plauson – "Conversion of atmospheric electric energy"
  – H. Plauson – "Process for the manufacture of rubber and ebonite substitutes"
Other
"Use of Beta-rays and X-rays in Synthesizing Liquid Hydro-carbons From Gaseous Compounds". GB309002, Dec. 30, 1927. Chem. Abs., vol. 24, 1930, p. 299
Company patents (Traun's Forschungs laboratorium)
 "Process and apparatus for converting static atmospheric electrical energy into dynamic electrical energy of any suitable high periodicity" – GB157263
 "Improvements in electric motors" – GB157262
 "Process of synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons" – GB309002

References

External articles
 "Power from the Air". Science and Invention (Formerly Electrical Experimenter), Feb. 1922, no. 10. Vol IX, Whole No. 106. New York. (nuenergy.org)
 "Power from the Air". Science and invention (Formerly electrical experimenter), March 1922. (nuenergy.org).

Estonian engineers
1874 births
People from Tartu
Year of death missing
Aurin. Aurin (C.I. 43800), sometimes named rosolic acid or corallin is an organic compound, forming yellowish or deep-red crystals with greenish metallic luster. It is practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol. It is soluble in strong acids to form yellow solution, or in aqueous alkalis to form carmine red solutions.  Due to this behaviour it can be used as pH indicator with pH transition range 5.0 - 6.8. It is used as an intermediate in manufacturing of dyes.

Synthesis
Aurin was first prepared in 1834 by the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who obtained it by distilling coal tar.  He named it Rosölsäure or Rosaölsäure (red oil acid).  In 1861, the German chemists Hermann Kolbe and Rudolf Schmitt presented the synthesis of aurin by heating oxalic acid and creosote (which contains phenol) in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid.  (Gradually, chemists realized that commercial aurin was not a pure compound, but was actually a mixture of similar compounds.)

Aurin is formed by heating of phenol and oxalic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid.

Safety
Aurin may cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation. Ingestion and inhalation should be avoided.

Aurin was reported to have endocrine disruptor chemical (EDC) properties.

References

External links
MSDS at Oxford University
History of aurin in Heinrich Caro and the creation of modern chemical industry

Triarylmethane dyes
PH indicators
Phenol dyes
Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanes
4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds
Baling wire. Baling wire, otherwise known as bale wire, farm wire, haywire, or soft wire, is a type of wire used in agriculture and industry for many uses such as mending fences or manually binding rectangular bales of hay, straw, or cut grass. It is also used in many non-agricultural applications, such as banding together corrugated cardboard, paper, textiles, aluminum and other materials that are processed in the recycling industry.

Terminology and description
Baling wire is also known as bale wire, farm wire, haywire, or soft wire, is a type of wire.

Uses
Baling wire is used in agriculture and industry for many uses, including mending fences or manually binding rectangular bales of hay, straw, or cut grass. It is also used in many non-agricultural applications such as banding together corrugated cardboard, paper, textiles, aluminum and other materials that are processed in the recycling industry.

In the United States, Australia, and around the world, baling wire was used in mechanical hay balers pulled behind a tractor. The automated balers used a wire twister that first cut then twisted the ends of the wire such that the bale kept its shape after the baler had pressed the hay into a tight rectangular bale. These hay balers were in common use until the late 1980s. When the hay was fed to livestock the wire was cut and often hung in bundles or stored in barrels or metal drums around the farm. Farmers used the soft wire for temporary repairs of a wide variety of objects on the farm, such as fences, leather horse harnesses, head stalls and bridles, or as pins to keep castellated nuts in place on the tractor. Even small screwdrivers could be made by cutting a short length of wire and looping one end for grip. The other end was then flattened and shaped to make a screwdriver.

Baling wire is sometimes used in an informal, make-do manner as an easy fix. It is frequently referred to as one of the basic repair materials Typical uses include supporting loose mufflers and patching chain-link fences.

Slang

Baling wire is also known as "haywire", from which several slang terms have arisen. The term "to go haywire", meaning to go wrong or behave unpredictably, arose either from the wire's tendency to become entangled if improperly handled, or from the wire's use to fix anything in an ad hoc manner.

See also

 Baling twine
Number 8 wire

References

Wire
Living hinge. A living hinge or integral hinge is a thin flexible hinge (flexure bearing) made from the same material as the two rigid pieces it connects.

Description 
A living hinge or integral hinge is a thin flexible hinge (flexure bearing). It is made from the same material as the two rigid pieces it connects. It is typically thinned or cut to allow the rigid pieces to bend along the line of the hinge. The minimal friction and very little wear in such a hinge makes it useful in the design of microelectromechanical systems, and the low cost and ease of manufacturing makes them quite common in clamshell containers and other disposable, recyclable packaging.

Plastic 
Plastic living hinges are typically manufactured in an injection molding operation that creates all three parts at one time as a single piece, and if correctly designed and constructed, it can remain functional over the life of the part.  Thermoforming can also produce hinged products.  Polyethylene and polypropylene are considered to be the best resins for living hinges, due to their excellent fatigue resistance.  Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is also common.

Wood 

A variant on the kerf bend can be used to create living hinges in laser cut wood. The technique is popular for making light-duty hinges with large radii. It is also possible to create a living wood joint by hand, but the result is less accurate.

Gallery

See also 
 Flexure bearing
 Plastic bending
 Plastic hinge
Clamshell (container)

References

External links
 Boxdesigner – The box above was original created with this webservice

Hinges
Packaging