omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lotus Etna. The Lotus Etna is a one-off concept car designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro, who also designed the Lotus Esprit. It premiered at the 1984 British International Motor Show. It is powered by a 4.0-litre V8 of Lotus design, code-named the Type 909. Engineer Tony Rudd had been asked in 1978 by Colin Chapman to build a new V8 engine that should have as much in common with the slant-four still operational across the Lotus family as possible, while conjuring at least 320bhp and 300lb ft.

Meanwhile, other Lotus engineers were working on a new active suspension system for the firm's F1 Grand Prix machines that would eventually filter down into the road cars. Lotus sent the Esprit chassis to Italdesign, with the new engine and gearbox in order to help Giorgetto Giugiaro with the packaging of his creation. 

When the Etna was revealed in Birmingham, it was promised that it would be the first road-going Lotus to receive this sophisticated suspension, along with traction control, ABS and noise cancelling – and, of course, Rudd's 4.0-litre Type 909 engine which ultimately produced 335bhp and 295lb ft. Only two Type 909s engines were built; the other had been retained by Lotus for display purposes.

What was the backdrop to the Etna's development: crisis. In the wake of Chapman's death in 1982, Lotus was in turmoil. Sales remained low in the wake of the 1979 Iran-Iraq War, and the subsequent hiking of fuel prices, which hit demand for all luxury cars.

General Motors bought Lotus in 1986 and the Etna and Type 909 were put on ice and eventually killed, as the company changed tack completely, working towards an inexpensive sports car that would eventually emerge in 1989 as the front-wheel-drive Elan. The spirit of the Etna lived on in Peter Stevens’ Esprit remix of 1987, but the emergence of a new Lotus V8 engine would have to wait until 1996 – and that was completely unrelated to the Type 909.

References

External links
 LotusSpiritTurbo.com
 https://www.aronline.co.uk/
 Conceptcarz.com
 https://cars.bonhams.com/
 https://www.classicdriver.com/
 https://www.projectm71.com/

Etna
Italdesign concept vehicles
Cars introduced in 1984
Stephen G. R. Brown. Stephen G. R. Brown FICME FIMMM FLSW is a materials scientist and head of the Materials Research Centre at Swansea University.

Brown is a specialist in computational materials whose work has centred on writing code in finite element, finite difference, cellular automata, Monte Carlo method and data analysis techniques. He has had research collaborations with industry including relationships with Rolls-Royce and Airbus. In 2010 he took over the role as the head of the Materials Research Centre, which was previously held buy Professor Valerie Randle.

He is currently the Director of Eidawn Software Ltd., in Swansea.

Brown's main research areas are in solidification, heat transfer, computational fluid dynamics, microstructure evolution, and granular flow.

In 2017, Brown was elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.

Selected research papers
 Numerical Determination of Liquid Flow Permeabilities for Equiaxed Dendritic Structures, SGR Brown, JA Spittle, RS Walden-Bevan and DJ Jarvis, Acta Materialia, 50 (2002), 1559-1569.
An Analysis of Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation as a tool for Modelling Strain Ageing, A.J.P.Gater & S.G.R Brown, Scripta Materialia 53 (2005) 625–630.
3D Computer simulation of the influence of microstructure on the cut edge corrosion behaviour of a zinc aluminium alloy galvanized steels SGR Brown & NC Barnard, Corrosion Science 48 (2006) 2291–2303
A review of measurement techniques for the thermal expansion coefficient of metals and alloys at elevated temperatures, JD James, JA Spittle, SGR Brown & RW Evans Meas. Sci. & Tech., 12(2001), R1-R15.

References

Living people
20th-century Welsh scientists
21st-century Welsh scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Project Space Planes. Project Space Planes is an advertising campaign devised by the people at Samsung. It was designed to advertise their SD Memory card.

Overview
The Idea was to take hundreds of paper aeroplanes all with SD cards attached and dangle them underneath a helium weather balloon this balloon would then travel all the way to the edge of space before releasing the paper planes to fall back down to earth. Each memory card would contain a personal message to the person who found it. The people who find these SD cards will then hopefully message back the Project Space Planes team so they could see how fair there paper planes had travelled. The point of this exercise is to prove how tough these SD cards are.

Launch
The launch was delayed multiple times due to weather issues but finally took place from a barn in Wolfsburg in Germany. 200 paper plans were launched from a balloon filled with 7,815 litres of helium gas, reached 37,339 metres (122,503 feet) before it burst and fell back down to earth. It took about 2.6 hours to rise up to this height and then only 40 minutes to fall back down and land.
The payload travelled over 300 kilometres from the launch site near Wolfsburg and landed just north of Schonwald, narrowly dodging a lake, a river and a military base.
(you can watch the YouTube video of the link here)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApM4BGG8r40

Results
If you discover one of the SD cards contact the team at http://projectspaceplanes.com/ask.

References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6neVbsD1FQ
http://projectspaceplanes.com/

Samsung
Port Said University. Port Said University () is a university in Port Said, Egypt. It was established in 2010, after the decision of the Egyptian president to establish this university to transfer Suez Canal branch in Port Said to an independent university. The history of the university extends before the decision of its establishment; as the existence of its first faculties was the faculty of engineering in 1975 under the supervision of Helwan University, then under the supervision of Suez Canal University when it was established in 1976. After that, more faculties were established in Port Said Governorate increasing to four faculties prompting the decision of establishing Port Said University as a branch of the Suez Canal University in 1998. The decision of the Republic President, for establishing Port Said University in 2010, was the result of the continuous increase of the faculties outreaching nine Educational institutions. Now, Port Said University consists of thirteen faculties including: faculty of Engineering; faculty of Medicine; faculty of Pharmacy; faculty of Science; faculty of Commerce; faculty of Education; faculty of Physical Education; faculty of Specific Education; faculty of nursing; Faculty of education for early childhood; faculty of Arts;  faculty of Law and faculty of Management Technology And Information Systems.

Faculties

At the time it became an independent institution in 2010, it had the following faculties:
 Faculty of Engineering
 Faculty of Commerce
 Faculty of Education
 Faculty of Physical Education
 Faculty of Specific Education
 Faculty of Nursing
 Faculty of Education For Early Childhood
 Faculty of Science
 Faculty of Arts
 Faculty of Management Technology and Information Systems
 Faculty of Medicine
 Faculty of Pharmacy
 Faculty of Law

See also
Educational institutions in Port Said
Education in Egypt
Egyptian universities
List of Egyptian universities

External links
Port Said University official website

Universities in Egypt
Port Said
2010 establishments in Egypt
Universities and colleges established in 2010
Engineers Without Borders (Ireland). Engineers Without Borders Ireland is an international development organisation for students and professionals from Ireland who share a common interest in sustainable development through engineering and appropriate technologies.

The organisation was initially founded in 2007, and partook in a two-week project in the Sonairte: The National Ecology Centre in Co. Meath, Ireland. After a lull in activities, a small group of engineers began discussions on reviving EWB-Ireland in 2009. These discussions led to the formation of EWB-Ireland's first ever national committee in January 2010. The committee is a small group of engineers from numerous disciplines, located throughout the country.

Currently, EWB-Ireland has branches in University College Dublin and Queen's University Belfast.

References

External links
 EWB-Ireland Website
 Sonairte: The National Ecology Centre 

Sustainable development
Development charities based in the Republic of Ireland
Appropriate technology organizations
Ireland
All-Ireland organisations
RIM-85. RIM-85 was a short-lived project by the United States Navy to develop a surface-to-air missile for the defense of naval vessels. Developed during the late 1960s, the project was cancelled before the start of detailed design work.

Development and cancellation
During the 1960s, the United States Navy identified a requirement for a new type of surface-to-air missile, capable of defending ships against attack by enemy aircraft and missiles. The resulting specification called for a medium-range missile, capable of being used in all weather conditions; in addition to its air defense role, the missile was intended to possess a secondary capability in the surface-to-surface mission for use against enemy ships.

In July 1968, the project was assigned the Mission Designation System designation ZRIM-85A, the "Z" indicating a project in the planning stage; however, the program was cancelled later that year, before any significant design work on the missile, or any development of hardware, had been conducted.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 

Naval surface-to-air missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Modified active gas sampling. Modified Active Gas Sampling (MAGS) is an environmental engineering assessment technique which rapidly detects unsaturated soil source areas impacted by volatile organic compounds. The technique was developed by HSA Engineers & Scientists in Fort Myers, Florida in 2002, led by Richard Lewis, Steven Folsom, and Brian Moore. It is being used all over the United States, and has been adopted by the state of Florida in its Dry-cleaning Solvent Cleanup Program.

Process
MAGS involves the extraction and analysis of soil vapor from a piezometer screened through the unsaturated soil column for the purpose of locating unsaturated zone source material.  According to the MAGS Manual, written by HSA and adopted by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, MAGS is performed "by utilizing a typical regenerative blower fitted to a temporary soil vapor extraction well, [such that]a large volume of soil can be assessed with a limited number of samples.  While lacking the resolution of traditional soil sampling methods (e.g., discrete soil sampling, low flow active gas sampling, etc.), the statistical representativeness (in the sense of sample coverage) of MAGS results versus traditional methods is much greater.  Moreover, the results of the assessment provide useful transport and exposure assessment information over traditional techniques.  Lastly, MAGS is effective as both an initial site assessment and remedial assessment tool, in that, MAGS directly yields data required for remedial design."

Advantages

MAGS is an alternative to discrete and composite soil sampling. MAGS, while it does not describe the sample with as much precision as the previously mentioned sampling methods, is more powerful statistically: it represents a larger area of a site which is more useful in determining the presence of a compound. Besides increasing the accuracy in identifying the presence compounds in the soil, MAGS also can quickly and accurately narrow down the location and spread of the compounds after a few trials. Once the location has been determined, more thorough and traditional soil borings can be done in the identified location, instead of sampling a whole site.

HSA found particular success using the technique at solvent-impacted sites that were showing signs of rebound after initial remediation efforts. These rebounds are commonly the result of multiple (relatively small) release areas that had not been previously discovered with discrete soil sampling. MAGS can be useful in detecting how effectively the site had been cleaned up post-remediation.

Branding
HSA Engineers & Scientists considered patenting MAGS technology, but decided to trademark MAGS instead, asking that those who use the technique credit the firm.

Recognition
In 2009, HSA was recognized by the Environmental Business Journal with a Technology Merit Award in the category of remediation for the invention of MAGS technology.

References

Environmental engineering
Soil
RIM-101. RIM-101 was a short-lived project by the United States Navy to develop a surface-to-air missile (SAM) for the defense of naval vessels. Developed during the early 1970s, the project, possibly derived from the RIM-7 Sea Sparrow, was cancelled before the start of detailed design work.

Development and cancellation
In the early 1970s, the United States Navy initiated a project for the development of a new surface-to-air missile to act as a defense against air and missile attack against its vessels. The project received the planning designation ZRIM-101A in 1973.

The RIM-101 missile was planned to be a tube-launched weapon, a small ejector charge being used to propel the missile from its launching tube before ignition of a solid-fueled rocket sustainer, based on that of the FIM-43 Redeye SAM. Midcourse guidance of the new missile was planned to be of the semi-active radar homing type, using an I-band radar system, while terminal guidance would be provided by an infrared seeker. However, the RIM-101 project was cancelled early in the design-and-development stage, before any hardware had been built.

It has been speculated that the RIM-101 was intended to be an advanced development of the RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missile, then in U.S. Navy service as the Basic Point Defense Missile System. While the basic RIM-7 does not match the description of RIM-101, an advanced development of the RIM-7E would fit the timeframe and description, with RIM-7F being developed following the cancellation of RIM-101.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 

Naval surface-to-air missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
CEEMAC. CEEMAC is a programming language developed in the 1980s for the Apple II family of computers.  It was developed by Brooke Boering and published by Vagabondo Enterprises,

CEEMAC is a visual composition language in which the programmer designs dynamic "scores" by programmatically controlling color, shape, sound and movement. A programmer can then "perform" their score through use of the Apple II keyboard or paddle input devices to introduce additional variation.

Syntax loosely resembles a combination of BASIC and Pascal and includes control commands such as GOTO, GOSUB, DO, AGAIN, FOR, SKIP, EXIT and loop control structures such as IF/WHILE and TIL/UNLESS. Additionally, 30 predefined macros aid in score composition.

CEEMAC was originally marketed through distribution of a free demonstration program entitled Fire Organ.  This program contained several scores created by Boering and other programmers to demonstrate some of the capabilities of the language.

Example
The following is a small CEEMAC sample score:
		    SCORE: KT
      			:FIRE ORGAN  KEY T
      			SPEED [0,0]
      			: - BUT 0
      			0
      			CLEAR [0,0]
      			XY1 = $80;$80
     			: MAIN LOOP
      			F
     			:FORGND SYMMETRY 0-3
      			VC = RND3 ORA 3
      			: SAVE FORGND ROTATION
      			VD = ROTEZ
      			:FORGND COLOR
      			COLOR = NXTCOL

References

External links
A structured graphics language: Ceemac
CEEMAC and Fire Organ Information, screen shots, liner notes
Ceemac: A Language for Teachers, Artists, and Animators
Fire Organ demonstration in an online Apple II emulator
Video of Fire Organ CEEMAC demonstration program

Programming languages created in the 1980s
Ruff degradation. Ruff degradation is a reaction used to shorten the open chain forms of monosaccharides. It is functionally the reverse reaction of Kiliani-Fischer synthesis.

In 1898, Otto Ruff published his work on the transformation of D-Glucose to D-Arabinose later called the Ruff degradation. In this reaction, D-Glucose is converted to D-Arabinose. In this reaction, the terminal aldehyde group is converted to a carboxylic acid group, using selective oxidation of the aldehyde using Bromine water and then converted to gluconate ion. Next, Fe(OAc)3 with 30% of H2O2 is added.

Thus COO- ion will form  and a stereo selective compound will form. And below -CH2OH will convert to -CHO group through the reduction of iron from its +3 state to +2 state, thus forming D-Arabinose.

This reaction was an important tool used by Emil Fischer to show that D-Glucose and D-Mannose each formed the same product upon Ruff degradation (D-Arabinose) indicating them to have opposite configurations at C-2 (epimers). Further Ruff degradation on D-Arabinose gave D-Glyceraldehyde, which established the stereochemistry of the chiral center on C-5.

See also 

 Kiliani-Fischer synthesis

References 

Name reactions
Degradation reactions
Driptech. Driptech Inc. is a company engaged in making of irrigation-equipment, a type of drip irrigation method. The company won awards for its innovative, low cost drip irrigation system, eliminating expensive and complex emitters used by traditional drip irrigation systems. The company is based out of Mountain View, California. In 2016 Jain Irrigation system Ltd owned Driptech India.

History

In the spring of 2008, three Stanford University graduate students from the schools of business, engineering, and design joined forces in a course called Entrepreneurial Design for Extreme Affordability. The team traveled to Ethiopia to see where they could apply their talents to help, arriving in the middle of the worst drought Ethiopia had experienced in 20 years. The farmers they met had no means to grow crops with the scarce water resources available. The drip irrigation products that were locally available were too expensive for most farmers and seldom worked properly. These farmers needed better, less costly, more effective ways to use their meager water supplies efficiently.

The team returned to the Stanford Hasso Plattner Institute of Design ("d.school") and invented a new manufacturing technology that makes clean, consistent holes in super-low-cost plastic tubing. The resulting product works better and more reliably than the competition at 2-5x less cost. With this success, mechanical engineer Peter Frykman put his plan to get an engineering Ph.D. on hold and incorporated Driptech to manufacture and sell drip irrigation tubing for developing markets across the globe.

As of 2020, the company was a subsidiary of Jain Irrigation Systems.

Operations
The company has operations in India and China. In India, it supplies equipment for small farmers in Karnataka, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu through the distribution network of Godrej Agrovet.

See also

References

Further reading

External links
 Official website
 Driptech Official YouTube Channel

Low-flow irrigation systems
Irrigation
Water conservation
Sustainable gardening
Johannes Holt. Johannes Holt (12 November 1917 – 11 January 2011) was a Norwegian resistance member, engineer and mountaineer.

He grew up in Andebu and took his construction engineering education at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. He worked with bridges in the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, and also participated in the Norwegian Campaign in 1940. From 1941 to 1945 he was a resistance member in XU; smuggling bridge designs to be microfilmed and duplicated. Accomplices in doing so include fellow bridge engineer Arne Selberg. At the same time Holt was a liaison to the Reichskommissariat Norwegen and Organisation Todt, the forces against which XU fought, "because of his mastering of the German language".

After leaving the Public Roads Administration in 1949, he worked in Berntsen og Boe from 1949 to 1951, Nordisk Aluminiumindustri from 1951 to 1953 and Berntsen og Boe again from 1953 to 1957. He spent most of his career as chief executive of his own construction consulting company Johs Holt AS, from 1957 to 1981. Important projects include Stavanger City Bridge, the first larger cable-stayed bridge in Norway, as well as the even larger cable-stayed bridges Skarnsund Bridge and Uddevalla Bridge. He also worked with the fundaments for the monument Sverd i fjell.

Holt was a member of the mountaineering society Norsk Tindeklub. Having taken up mountaineering in his fifties, Holt ascended mountains like Store Skagastølstind at the age of 86 and Stetind at the age of 87. He lived in Nadderud until he died in January 2011.

References

1917 births
2011 deaths
People from Vestfold
Norwegian Army personnel of World War II
Norwegian resistance members
XU
Norwegian Institute of Technology
Norwegian engineers
Bridge engineers
Norwegian mountain climbers
Sun Fire T2000. The Sun Fire T2000 server (code named Ontario) is a system engineered by Sun Microsystems for applications including Web 2.0 and databasing. Part of the Sun Fire line, the T2000 was among the first servers to leverage Sun's CoolThreads processing technology, which improves the energy-efficiency of systems.

Introduced in December 2005, the Sun T2000 reached its end of life (EOL) in November 2009.

Hardware 
The T2000 is powered by a four-core, six-core or eight-core UltraSPARC T1 processor, supports up to 64 GiB of ECC DDR2 SDRAM system memory using 16 DIMM slots, and up to 584 gigabytes of internal storage with Serial attached SCSI drives. InfoWorld noted that the system is light for its class. It is 3.5 inches tall, 16.7 inches wide, 24.4 inches deep and weighs 40 pounds.

Operating Systems 
The T2000 was offered by Sun preloaded with the Solaris 10 operating system.

References 

Sun servers
SPARC microprocessor products
Akaflieg Berlin B9. The Akaflieg Berlin B 9 was a twin-engined experimental aircraft, developed by Akaflieg Berlin and Flugtechnische Fachgruppe in the 1940s. It was designed to examine the benefits of having a pilot in a prone position. The aircraft was flown in 1943, but was eventually abandoned.

Specifications

See also

Notes

External links

1940s German experimental aircraft
Prone pilot aircraft
Akaflieg Berlin aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
China Railways HXD3B. The HXD3B () is a class of electric locomotives for heavy freight service built by Bombardier Transportation and CNR Dalian Locomotives.

History 

The Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China (MOR) ordered 500 locomotives in February 2007 for €1.1 billion (US$1.4 billion) from Dalian Locomotives and Bombardier Transportation, with Bombardier's share amounting to €370 million (US$480 million).  The first unit, HXD3B0001 was delivered on 29 December 2008 in Dalian, the entire order of 500 machines will be delivered by the end of 2011.

Technical details 

The HXD3B is based on the Bombardier-produced MTAB Iore twin-section locomotives, but is a single-section locomotive with cabs at both ends. The electronics were updated, with traction converters based on IGCT technology, and an updated version of the MITRAC control electronics developed by Bombardier's Switzerland branch.  With increased power and a maximum speed of , the locomotives were designed for general freight rather than specialised heavy-haul service.

The electronics and traction equipment of the first 150 units were supplied by Bombardier from Europe, production for the rest is shared between Bombardier's Chinese subsidiary and Dalian. The design of the mechanical components was subject to technology transfer from Bombardier to Dalian.

Gallery

Named locomotive
 HXD3B-1893: "Mao Zedong"

References

25 kV AC locomotives
Co′Co′ locomotives
HXD3B
Bombardier Transportation locomotives
CRRC Dalian locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2009
Standard gauge locomotives of China