omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway.  This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen () as an electron donor, and carbon dioxide () as an electron acceptor and as a building block to generate acetate for biosynthesis.

In this pathway carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide (CO) and formic acid (HCOOH) or directly into a formyl group (R−CH=O), the formyl group is reduced to a methyl group (−CH3) and then combined with the carbon monoxide and coenzyme A to produce acetyl-CoA. Two specific enzymes participate on the carbon monoxide side of the pathway: CO dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthase. The former catalyzes the reduction of the CO2 and the latter combines the resulting CO with a methyl group to give acetyl-CoA.

Some anaerobic bacteria use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in reverse to break down acetate. For example, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) transform acetate completely into CO2 and H2 coupled with the reduction of sulfate to sulfide. When operating in the reverse direction, the acetyl-CoA synthase is sometimes called acetyl-CoA decarbonylase.

An evolutionarily related but biochemically distinct pathway named the Wolfe Cycle occurs exclusively in some methanogenic archaea called methanogens. In these anaerobic archaea, the Wolfe Cycle functions as a methanogenesis pathway to reduce CO2 into methane () with electron donors such as hydrogen () and formate (HCOO–).

Evolution

Relevance to abiogenesis 

It has been proposed that the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway might have begun at deep sea alkaline hydrothermal vents where metal sulfides and transition metals catalyze the prebiotic reactions of the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. Recent experiments have tried to replicate this pathway by attempting to reduce CO2, with very little pyruvate observed using native iron (Fe0, zerovalent Fe) as a reducing agent (< 30 μM), and even less so under hydrothermal settings with H2 (10 μM). Joseph Moran and colleagues state that "it has been proposed that either the complete or “horseshoe” forms of the rTCA cycle may have once been united with the acetyl CoA pathway in an ancestral, possibly prebiotic, carbon fixation network".

Last universal common ancestor 
A 2016 study of the genomes of a set of bacteria and archaea suggested that the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all cells was using an ancient Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in a hydrothermal setting, but more recent work challenges this conclusion as they argued that the previous study had "undersampled protein families, resulting in incomplete phylogenetic trees which do not reflect protein family evolution". However geological evidence and phylogenomic reconstructions of the metabolic network of the common ancestors of archaea and bacteria support that LUCA fixed CO2 and relied on H2.

Historical references

See also 
 Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle
 Carbon fixation
 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
 Syngas fermentation
 Methanogenesis

References

Further reading 
 
 

Metabolic pathways
Enemy Engaged: Apache vs Havoc. Enemy Engaged: Apache vs Havoc (EEAH) is a helicopter flight simulator game developed by British developer Razorworks for Microsoft Windows and published by Empire Interactive on October 18, 1998.

Gameplay
The game features two fully simulated combat helicopters: the US AH-64D Apache Longbow and Russian Mil-28N Havoc B.

Legacy
It was followed by Enemy Engaged: Comanche vs Hokum, which was interconnectable with Apache vs Havoc. It also has a sequel called Enemy Engaged 2.

It has been released on GOG.com on March 12, 2009.

Reception

Apache/Havoc was a runner-up for Computer Gaming Worlds 1999 "Simulation of the Year" award, which ultimately went to MiG Alley.

Reviews
CD-Action - Mar, 1999
GameSpot - Jun 15, 1999
GameStar (Germany) - Jan, 1999
PC Player (Germany) - Dec, 1998
IGN - May 3, 1999

References

External links
 (archived)

1998 video games
Combat flight simulators
Empire Interactive games
Helicopter video games
Razorworks games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Windows-only games
International Conference on Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional Systems. The International Conference on Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional Systems (EP2DS), is a biannual event, where over hundred scientists meet for the presentation of new developments on the special field of two-dimensional electron systems in semiconductors. Most transistors in integrated circuits have such a two-dimensional electron system inside, but also the quantum Hall effect was discovered in such a structure.

The conference series started 1975 at the Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. The next in the series will be held July 27-August 1, 2025 at Washington University in St. Louis.

Conference list

EP2DS-1 - Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA (1975) 
EP2DS-2 - Berchtesgaden, Germany (1977) 
...
EP2DS-10 - Newport, Rhode Island, USA (1993) 
EP2DS-11 - Nottingham, England (1995)
EP2DS-12 - Tokyo, Japan (1997)
EP2DS-13 - Ottawa, Canada (1999)
EP2DS-14 - Prague, Czech (2001)
EP2DS-15 - Nara, Japan (2003)
EP2DS-16 - Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (2005)
EP2DS-17 - Genova, Italy (2007)
EP2DS-18 - Kobe, Japan (2009)
EP2DS 19 - Tallahassee, Florida, USA (2011)
EP2DS 20 - Wrocław, Poland (2013)
EP2DS-21 - Sendai, Japan (2015)
EP2DS-22 - State College, Pennsylvania, USA (2017)
[EP2DS-23] - cancelled (2020)
[EP2DS-24] - Toyama, Japan (2021)
EP2DS-25  - Grenoble (2023)

Physics conferences
End System Multicast. End System Multicast (ESM) was a research project at Carnegie Mellon University. It developed  a peercasting system for streaming live, high-quality video and audio to large audiences.

History 
The project was founded in 1999. It was used to broadcast events online over the internet, including:

SIGCOMM 2002 and 2003, NOSSDAV 2004 and INFOCOM 2005
John Kerry's rally at CMU in 2004
cmuTV
DARPA Grand Challenge in 2004
RoboCup 2005

ESM was featured at the Intel Developer Forum in 2005.

ESM is no longer under active development by researchers at CMU. In 2006, several members of the ESM research group founded Rinera Networks in order to commercialize the ESM technology. In 2008, Rinera Networks changed its name to Conviva.

Technology 

ESM used a peer-to-peer network to distribute video data across all viewers of a video stream. It constructs an overlay tree to distribute data, and continuously optimizes this tree to minimize end-to-end latency. The root of the tree is the source of the broadcast. This is typically the machine that encodes the video data. This machine sends a stream of data packets to the nodes at the first level of the tree. Each of those nodes then forwards the data to the nodes connected to them, and so on, such that all nodes in the system receive the data stream. 

ESM allowed any user with a DSL or broadband connection or higher to broadcast good quality video to a large number of people. Since it is a peer to peer network, a broadcaster need only broadcast the video to one person for any number of people to view it.
Due to the nature of peer to peer multimedia networks, skips in playback or buffering can occur.

References

Other Links 
ESM Home Page

Carnegie Mellon University software
File sharing networks
Jane's F-15. Jane's F-15, also known as simply F-15, is a combat flight simulator video game developed and released by Electronic Arts in 1998 for the PC. It models the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle. EA's 2000 Jane's F/A-18 used an improved version of F-15'''s game engine.

Gameplay

The game has two campaigns: one based on the 1991 Gulf War and the other focusing on a fictional conflict with Iran.

The virtual cockpit was one of the first of its kind, but the game still featured a 2D cockpit which also allowed the player to switch between the pilot and the weapon systems officer seat in the back of the cockpit to monitor the different multi-functional displays.

Reception

The game received favorable reviews. Next Generation described the game for having fast-paced and hot-and-heavy air combat and challenging AI.

The game sold 126,461 units in the U.S. and earned $5 million by October 1999.Jane's F-15 was a finalist for the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' inaugural "PC Simulation Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Microsoft Flight Simulator 98. The game was also a finalist for Computer Gaming Worlds 1998 "Best Simulation" award, CNET Gamecenters 1998 Best Combat Flight Sim award, and IGNs "Best Simulation of the Year" award, all of which ultimately went to European Air War. It was also a runner-up for Computer Games Strategy Plus "Simulation Game of the Year" award, losing again to European Air War. The staff called the former "extremely impressive". PC Gamer US also nominated the game as the best simulation of 1998, but it lost to Falcon 4.0''.

References

External links

1998 video games
Combat flight simulators
Electronic Arts games
Gulf War video games
Jane's Combat Simulations
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in 1991
Video games set in Iran
Video games set in Iraq
Video games with historical settings
Windows games
Windows-only games
JUNG. JUNG (the Java Universal Network/Graph Framework) is an open-source graph modeling and visualization framework written in Java, under the BSD license. The framework comes with a number of layout algorithms built in, as well as analysis algorithms such as graph clustering and metrics for node centrality.

JUNG's architecture is designed to support a variety of representations of entities and their relations, such as directed and undirected graphs, , graphs with parallel edges, and hypergraphs. It provides a mechanism for annotating graphs, entities, and relations with metadata. JUNG also facilitates the creation of analytic tools for complex data sets that can examine the relations between entities as well as the metadata attached to each entity and relation. JUNG includes implementations of a number of algorithms from graph theory, data mining, and social network analysis, such as routines for clustering, , , random graph generation, statistical analysis, and calculation of network distances, flows, and importance measures.

JUNG provides a visualization framework that makes it easy to construct tools for the interactive exploration of network data. Users can use one of the layout algorithms provided, or use the framework to create their own custom layouts. In addition, filtering mechanisms are provided which allow users to focus their attention, or their algorithms, on specific portions of the graph.

See also
JGraph

References

External links
Official JUNG Page
Experience Design Agency
Original JUNG Page (Deprecated)

Java (programming language) libraries
Graph drawing software
Free data and information visualization software
Software using the BSD license
Pocketdelta robot. The PocketDelta Robot is a microrobot based on a parallel structure called "Delta robot". It has been designed to perform micro-assembly tasks where high-speed and high-precision are needed in a reduced working space. The robot's size is 120×120×200 mm offering a workspace diameter up to 150mm × 30mm.

Design
Prerequisites to high-speed and high-precision are a light, but stiff mechanical structure. Thus stiff and lightweight materials build up the moving part of the robot, whereas the heavy motors are attached to the supporting frame. The motors are attached directly to the robot arm (direct drive), eliminating backlash, friction and elasticity.

A high-level of integration reduces the size of the whole system. The mechanics, motion drives, control electronics and computing are all integrated into one compact unit. This innovative configuration simplifies its use and increases the flexibility of the robot.

The controller is based on PC architecture with interface boards for communication with the robot hardware. The realtime software enables the generation of trajectories in the Cartesian space using a direct and inverse kinematics model of the robot.

The robot integrates a web server which enables an easy communication through an Ethernet network using HTTP, TCP or UDP protocol.

History

 2004: The first prototype is developed at the microRobotics Lab of the Bern University of Applied Sciences in Biel (CH)  as a part of a new project on "Microfactory"'s topic launched by the CSEM SA (CH) in collaboration with the EPFL (CH)
 2005: CSEM SA develops a new version of the robot and introduces it as the "world's smallest Delta robot"
 March 2007: CSEM's «Smallest Format Factory» and PocketDelta robot win the Swiss Technology Award and are nominated for the Hermes Award
 2007: The company Asyril SA  was founded as a spin-off company from CSEM. The company developed the current version of the PocketDelta robot together with its sister company CPAutomation SA and has been commercializing the robot as a tool for highly precise micro-mechanical manipulation as well as flexible part feeding systems.

Applications
Typical application's domains for the PocketDelta robot are the following:
 Watch and precision mechanics
 Assembly of medical devices
 Surface mount technology, semiconductor and electronic parts assembly
 MEMS and MOEMS
 System in package (SIP)
 Biochips

References

External links
Companies and universities
 Asyril SA (CH)
 CPAutomation SA (CH)
 CSEM SA (CH)
 Bern University of Applied Sciences (CH) 
 EPFL (CH)
Videos
 PocketDelta robots integrated in a "Microfactory"
 PocketDelta robot playing at "Solitaire game"
Publications and articles
 http://mechse.uiuc.edu/portals/courses/ME598/dk/IWMF2006/data/PDF/P3-5.pdf
 http://www.ch-innovation.ch/smartobjectDatei/ACF166B.pdf


Micro robots
Robots of Switzerland
2004 robots
Delta robots
Roe III Triplane. The Roe III Triplane was an early aircraft designed by the British aircraft manufacturer Avro. In configuration, it was similar to the Roe II Triplane, with a triplane tailplane and an open-top fuselage of triangular cross-section, but the Roe III was a two-seater, and featured ailerons for the first time in a Roe design. The five (some sources give three) production machines differed from the prototype in having the ailerons fitted to the middle wing (the prototype's were on the upper wing) and in being powered by a Green engine in place of the prototype's JAP.

One example was sold to the Harvard Aeronautical Society, one was exported to the United States, and two others suffered a curious fate while en route to the 1910 Blackpool Meeting - sparks from the steam locomotive taking them to Blackpool set fire to the aircraft. Roe was able to quickly replace them with new aircraft built from spare parts.

Specifications

See also

References

 
 
 

1910s British experimental aircraft
Roe III Triplane
Triplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1910
Polymer blend. In materials science, a polymer blend, or polymer mixture, is a member of a class of materials analogous to metal alloys, in which at least two polymers are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties.

History
During the 1940s, '50s and '60s, the commercial development of new monomers for production of new polymers seemed endless. In this period, it was discovered that the development of the new techniques for the modification of the already existing polymers, would be economically viable.

The first technique of modification developed was the polymerization, in other words, the joint polymerization of more than one kind of polymer.

A new polymers modification process, based on a simple mechanical mixture of two polymers first appeared when Thomas Hancock created a mixture of natural rubber with gutta-percha. This process generated a new polymer class called "polymer blends."

Basic concepts
Polymer blends can be broadly divided into three categories:
 immiscible polymer blends (heterogeneous polymer blends): This is by far the most populous group. If the blend is made of two polymers, two glass transition temperatures will be observed. 
 compatible polymer blends: Immiscible polymer blends that exhibit macroscopically uniform physical properties. The macroscopically uniform properties are usually caused by sufficiently strong interactions between the component polymers.
miscible polymer blends (homogeneous polymer blends): Polymer blend that is a single-phase structure. In this case, one glass transition temperature will be observed.

The use of the term polymer alloy for a polymer blend is discouraged, as the former term includes multiphase copolymers but excludes incompatible polymer blends.

Examples of miscible polymer blends:
 homopolymer–homopolymer:
 polyphenylene oxide (PPO) – polystyrene (PS): noryl developed by General Electric Plastics in 1966 (now owned by SABIC). The miscibility of the two polymers in noryl is caused by the presence of an aromatic ring in the repeat units of both chains.
 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) – polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) – polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
 homopolymer–copolymer:
 polypropylene (PP) – EPDM
 polycarbonate (PC) – acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS): Bayblend, Pulse, Anjablend A''

Polymer blends can be used as thermoplastic elastomers.

See also
 Flory–Huggins solution theory
 Emulsion dispersion

References

External links 
 Miscible polymer blends: http://pslc.ws/macrog/blend.htm
 Immiscible polymer blends: http://pslc.ws/macrog/iblend.htm

Polymers
Roe IV Triplane. The Roe IV Triplane was an early British aircraft designed by Alliott Verdon Roe and built by A.V. Roe and Company.  It was first flown in September 1910.

Design and development
The Roe IV Triplane resembled Roe's Type III, being a tractor configuration triplane with the lower wing of smaller span than the upper two and a triangular section wire-braced fuselage, which was uncovered behind the pilot's seat. The middle wing was mounted directly above the upper longerons, and there was a gap between the single lower longeron and the lower wing. The wings were connected by four unequally-spaced pairs of interplane struts on either side, the innermost pair on each side being just outboard of the upper longerons and the outer pair connecting only the upper pair of wings due to the shorter span of the lower wing. Although the ailerons fitted to the previous design had been satisfactory, Roe returned to wing warping for lateral control. The lifting triplane tailplanes of the earlier design were replaced by a non-lifting single triangular tailplane with a divided elevator and a small unbalanced rudder. The undercarriage consisted of a pair of skids extending forward of the propeller, with a pair of wheels mounted on each skid, and a sprung tailskid. It was powered by a  Green water-cooled four-cylinder inline engine, with the radiator mounted above the fuselage between the front inner interplane struts.

Service history

The single example built was used for a while as a trainer at the Avro Flying School at Brooklands, where several pilots who were to become famous learnt to fly in it, including Howard Pixton, who gained his Aero Club certificate in it on 24 January 1911. During its service as a trainer it was crashed numerous times, including at least twice into the  notorious Brooklands sewage farm. After a crash on 14 February the aircraft was rebuilt with the fuselage lengthened by 4 ft (1.2 m). It continued to be used for training until August 1911, when it was scrapped.
 
A full-scale flying replica was built for the 1965 film Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines and was afterwards donated to the Shuttleworth Collection, where it remains in airworthy condition as of 2022.

Specifications (as first flown)

References

Bibliography
 Jackson, A.J. Avro Aircraft Since 1908 London: Putnam, 1965. 
 Taylor, M.J.H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation London: Studio Editions, 1989,  p. 91
 World Aircraft Information Files London: Bright Star. File 889, Sheet 92

1910s British experimental aircraft
Roe IV Triplane
Triplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1910
DevPartner. DevPartner is a set of software development and testing tools developed by NuMega, acquired by Compuware in 1997, which on June 1, 2009 sold it to Micro Focus.  There are two versions: one for native and .NET Windows applications, and another for Java applications.  It is currently sold by Micro Focus.

DevPartner Studio

DevPartner Studio (DPS) is a suite of tools allowing a developer to analyze native (unmanaged) and .NET (managed) code for:

 Code quality and complexity
 Memory leak detection
 Memory optimization
 Performance analysis (timing)
 Performance expert (CPU, disk and network resource usage)
 Code coverage analysis
 Fault simulation (both .NET and environmental)
 Error detection and interop monitoring for C/C++ using BoundsChecker technology.

Each analysis can be configured to show detail at the method or line level. 

DevPartner Studio integrates with all versions of Microsoft Visual Studio from 2005 through 2019, providing toolbar buttons and menu options to access all of the tools. All of the tools can also be run from the command line allowing for automation and continuous integrated testing processes to be set up.

DevPartner Java Edition

DevPartner Java Edition (DPJ) integrates a set of functionality enabling developers to analyze Java code for
 Code quality and complexity
 Memory leak detection
 Memory profiling and optimization.
 Performance profiling and optimization.
 Thread analysis and dead-lock detection.
 Code coverage analysis.

DPJ can show the call graph when troubleshooting an issue, and it can dig into details at the method and line level.
DPJ integrates with Eclipse 3.2/3.3, OptimalJ, JBuilder, and IBM RAD 6.0 providing menus and tools to access all its functionality. All of the tools can also be run from the command line as well, which enables the possibility of automation and continuous integration.

See also 
 BoundsChecker
 Fault Simulator

References

External links
 
 Product Support Forum

Software testing tools
Micro Focus International
Mitsubishi ESR. The Mitsubishi ESR (Ecological Science Research) is a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) concept exhibited by Mitsubishi Motors at the 30th Tokyo Motor Show in 1993. It was designed to demonstrate the company's technological developments in alternative energy, and used a 70 kW AC induction motor to drive the front wheels. 28 alkaline batteries housed under the passenger compartment, and a rear-mounted 1.5-litre gasoline engine powered an onboard electrical generator system. It also recycled its own kinetic energy, and absorbed solar power through roof-mounted cells.

The car was estimated to have a range of  on hybrid power at a constant , or  using only the batteries. A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver could automatically switch the vehicle from hybrid to battery-only operation when entering an urban area. Mitsubishi claimed a maximum speed of , thanks in part to a drag coefficient of 0.25.

References

ESR