omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Som Mittal. Som Mittal is an Indian information technology and automotive business executive.

Education and early career

Mittal received a bachelor's degree in engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur and a Master of Business Administration from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. He began his career in the engineering and automotive industry serving at Larsen & Toubro, Escorts and Denso from 1975 to 1989.

IT career
In 1989, Mittal joined the multinational IT services and consulting company Wipro. He established their Peripherals Division and was eventually appointed to chief executive of the Server, PC and Services Division.

In 1994, he joined Digital Equipment India Ltd. (DEIL), the Indian subsidiary of the American company Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), as managing director. During Mittal's tenure, it was acquired by Compaq in 1998 and renamed to Digital GlobalSoft Ltd. After Compaq's 2002 acquisition by Hewlett-Packard, Mittal was appointed as senior vice president of HP Services for Asia-Pacific and Japan in 2006. 

In 2008, Mittal joined the NASSCOM as its president. He had chaired NASSCOM's board from 2003 to 2004. As president of NASSCOM, he set up the Data Security Council of India to promote data protection and develops best practices for security and privacy. In the aftermath of the 2010 Satyam scandal, NASSCOM played a crucial role in rebuilding market trust in India's IT industry. During his presidency, NASSCOM expanded its focus to include "internet and mobile content, software products and the domestic information technology (IT) market." 

Mittal retired as NASSCOM president on 3 January 2014. He was succeeded by former telecom secretary R. Chandrasekhar.

Awards and recognition
In 2013, the World Information Technology and Services Alliance (WITSA) gave him a lifetime achievement award for dedication to the growth of the Global ICT industry.  The Financial Express of India called Mittal an industry "doyen." He has been awarded the Business Leader of the Year by Rotary International; and the Distinguished Alumnus Award by IIT Kanpur (2000).

Personal life 
Som Mittal is married to author Vidhu Mittal. She suffered a stroke in 2012.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Businesspeople from Delhi
Thin-film diode. Thin film diode (TFD) generally refers to any diode produced using thin-film technology.

Within the flat panel display industry TFD more often refers to thin film bi-directional diodes, also known as metal-insulator-metal (MIM) TFDs or nonlinear resistors. Bi-directional MIM TFDs have very low current flow at low applied voltages, but then begin to conduct electricity above a threshold voltage, of either positive or negative polarity. Owing to this behavior these two terminal devices may be used as a switch. The exact threshold voltage at which a MIM TFD switches on and begins to conduct electricity depends on its physical dimensions, such as thickness of the insulating layer, as well as the physical properties of the materials from which it is made, such as the work function of each metal layer.

Commercial applications
Flat panel display manufactures have found use for MIM TFDs as switches in active matrix technology such as active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD). Historically in AMLCDs the switching device of choice for pixels has been the thin-film transistor (TFT), however MIM TFD based displays have had some commercial success as they are simpler to make; only requiring two to three photo-lithography steps rather than the typical 5 or more needed to produce thin film transistors.

In short, the millions of switches housed on an active matrix display's back-plane, be they TFTs or TFDs, must each be able to accurately and repeatably control the voltage applied to their respective pixel in order to control its grey scale. While thin film diodes are cheaper to manufacture than TFTs it can difficult to achieve a wide color gamut and grey scale using single TFDs. These limitation can be overcome however by using a dual-select diode circuit which incorporates two MIM TFDs per pixel circuit.

South Korean electronics manufacturers LG and Samsung have both previously incorporated MIM TFDs into mobile phone displays. The American company Amorphyx Inc. was founded in 2012 to commercialize MIM-TFD technology incorporating amorphous metal materials.

See also
Active-matrix liquid-crystal display
LCD television

References

External links
Varieties & Qualities Of Diodes

Diodes
Geographical Operations System. In the telecommunications industry, a Geographical Operations System (GOS) is an integrated process that combines data integration with geographic mapping capabilities within telecommunications companies. This system encompasses the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Operational Support Systems (OSS) to facilitate the seamless exchange of information among employees.

GOS Software
GOS software relies on a central repository for critical data to foster better communication between the various branches of a telecom. GOS software may offer companies a means to achieve technological convergence in their marketed products. Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is utilized to create a discernible pathway for retrieving information from GOS software for a range of employees that may not be familiar with database protocols. The software creates a channel within a company for experts to share information on the various aspects of the telecommunications company, thus opening the spread of information and increasing efficiency for employees.

Uniqueness
The increasing pressures of competition and expansion in the telecommunications market have driven many vendors in the field to reassess the internal organization and cooperation. Technological innovation has introduced greater capacity and capabilities in the telecommunications market, but also added complexity for many companies, as they attempt to develop commercial offerings with an ever-growing list of products and services. A Geographical Operations Systems meshes the importance of Geographical Information Systems – which provides the ability to store data in a geographically-correct map – with the reliance of telecommunications companies on Operational Support Systems as a way to categorize and maintain customer and equipment records.

The Geographical Operations System simplifies interoperability in a telecommunications company by converging resources that may be stored in different programming languages from across the company into a single software program to be utilized by customer satisfaction representatives, equipment technicians, telecommunications engineers, and the accounting department, among others. Information is made general and uniform throughout a company to allow independent employees to carry out tasks without seeking out the expertise and time of coworkers.

Further reading
 Flournoy, Chuck (March–April 2008), “Tearing Down the Walls: Using Data Integration to Rethink Telecom Operations Management”, Rural Telecommunications magazine.

References

Geographic information systems
Information systems
Telecommunications systems
Innovative Communications Alliance. The Innovative Communications Alliance (ICA) was a telecommunications alliance between Microsoft and Nortel, created in July 2006, to co-develop, integrate, market, sell, and support unified communications products. The goal of the alliance is to make integrated hardware and software solutions that join together voice, video, and data communications without requiring gateways or middleware. Microsoft and Nortel share developing technologies and patents for unified communications products.

Formation of alliance
Nortel and Microsoft announced the Innovative Communications Alliance in July 2006. Nortel and Microsoft agreed to share patents, technology, marketing, and development for unified communications products. The companies have integrated Microsoft Office 2007 applications with the Nortel telecommunication hardware (Communication Server 2100, Communication Server 1000, Secure Router 4134, and LG-Nortel IP Phone 8540), in order to provide unified enterprise communications products such as secure instant messaging, presence, voice and video telephony, and web conferencing. 

The alliance competes with other competitors in instant messaging such as Google Talk, Office SIP Messenger, Miranda NG, and AIM.  Many of these other products offer instant messaging, Voice over IP (VOIP), and file transfers at little or no cost.

Joint solutions

Various Nortel products have been integrated with Microsoft Office Communications Server 2007, including:
 Nortel Secure Router 4134: support remote business sites.
 Nortel Multimedia Conferencing: support dial-in audio conferencing for non-Microsoft Office Communications Server users
 Nortel Converged Office: integrate voice services of the Nortel Communication Server 1000 IP-PBX and Communication Server 2100 IP-PBX

The Carrier Hosted Unified Communications Solution is an integration of the Nortel Communication Server 2000 softswitch with Microsoft Office Communications Server 2000 and Exchange Server 2007 Unified Messaging, to provide instant messaging, voice services, video conferencing, and other multimedia services.

As of January, 2007, British and Dutch Royal Dutch Shell had deployed approximate 2,000 Nortel phones to work with Microsoft Office Communicator client.
ASUSteK Computer is using unified communications solutions from Nortel and Microsoft for its internal communications.

Unified communications products
LG-Nortel IP Phone 8540
LG-Nortel USB Phone 8501
Microsoft Office 2007
Microsoft Office Communication Server 2007 (OCS 2007)
Microsoft Office Communicator
Microsoft Exchange Server
Nortel Communication Server 2100
Nortel Communication Server 1000
Nortel Secure Router 4134

Competing solutions
In March, 2007, Cisco and IBM announced an alliance to bring together "Sametime collaboration" and Cisco Unified Communications Portfolio, to compete against the Nortel-Microsoft product offerings.

See also
 Microsoft Office 2007
 Unified communications
 Microsoft Office Communications Server 
 Unified Messaging
 List of Microsoft - Nortel (ICA) products
 WebEx

References

External links
Official Innovative Communications Alliance Site

Microsoft initiatives
Nortel
Joseph John O'Connell. Joseph John O'Connell (1861 – 1959), 1st, was an electrical engineer and inventor. He worked for the Chicago Telephone Company (which began as the Chicago Bell Telephone, Co. in 1878 ) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He had many inventions including the circuit breaker and the coin return. He also created the "invisible wire" which was the first time more than one telephone conversation could occur on the same wire. Reference to some additional inventions are mentioned in Angus Hibbard's autobiography, Hello- Goodbye  including an electric lamp as a signal in a burglar-alarm operated by the telephone company in 1886. He was of Irish ancestry.

Inventions 
O'Connell's inventions include:
 Telephone exchange apparatus, US Patent No. 417,271, dated Dec 17, 1889
 Testing apparatus for telephone exchange switches, US Patent No. 420,091, patented January 28, 1890
 Telephone-exchange apparatus, US Patent No. 430,747, dated June 24, 1890
 Telephone-exchange key board apparatus, US Patent No. 430,748, dated June 24, 1890.
 Metallic circuit test and time signal for telephone exchanges, US Patent No. 454,016, dated June 9, 1891
 Telephone switching apparatus and circuit, US Patent No. 533,015, dated January 22, 1894
 Switch and circuit for telephone exchanges, US Patent No. 515,531, dated Feb 27, 1894
 Signaling apparatus for telephone exchange circuits, US Patent No. 587,226, dated July 30, 1895
 Telephone exchange apparatus, US Patent No. 544,901, dated Aug 20,1895
 Signaling circuit, US Patent No. 555,707, dated Mar 3, 1896 (reissued Oct 20, 1897)
 Telephone trunk circuit, US Patent No. 587,226, dated July 27, 1897
 Signaling apparatus for telephone switchboards, US Patent No.652,977, dated July 3, 1900
 Apparatus for telephone switchboards, US patent No. 645,758, dated July 31, 1900
 Calling apparatus for party telephone-lines, US patent No. 647,515, dated May 21, 1901
 Coin collector for telephone toll lines, US Patent No. 704,268, dated July 8, 1902
 Cable terminal, US Patent No. 727, 829, dated May 12, 1903
 Telephone exchange system, US Patent No. 730,291, dated June 9, 1903
 Busy test apparatus for telephone switchboards, US Patent No. 736,002, dated Aug 11, 1903
 Earth or ground wire attachment, US Patent No. 762,341, dated June 14, 1904
 Apparatus for amplifying or reinforcing telephone currents, US Patent No, 760,143, dated May 17, 1904

Family 
Grandson, Joseph John O'Connell 3rd, was a sculptor, print maker, photographer, artist-in-residence and teacher at CSB/SJU from 1962 to 1995.

References

American inventors
1861 births
1959 deaths
Gustav Tauschek. Gustav Tauschek (April 29, 1899, Vienna, Austria – February 14, 1945, Zürich, Switzerland) was an Austrian pioneer of Information technology and developed numerous improvements for punched card-based calculating machines from 1922 to 1945.

Career

System Tauschek 
From 1926 till 1930 Tauschek developed a complete punched card-based accounting system, which was never mass-produced.

The system is currently stored in the archives of the Technisches Museum Wien.

Magnetic drum memory
In 1932 Tauschek built a magnetic drum memory.

IBM
Throughout the 1930s Tauschek worked as a consultant to IBM. For IBM he built a reading-writing calculator and he constructed a range of data storage devices with magnetized steel plates. For IBM Tauschek also build a accounting machine that was capable of storing the records of 10,000 bank accounts.

Later life and legacy
Gustav Tauschek died of an embolism on February 14, 1945 in a hospital in Zürich, Switzerland.

References

External links
 
 ÖGIG Startseite at www.oegig.at Austrian Society for History of Informatics
 Technisches Museum Wien at www.tmw.at Vienna Technical Museum

20th-century Austrian inventors
Engineers from Vienna
1899 births
1945 deaths
Deaths from embolism
Stem (ship). The stem is the most forward part of a boat or ship's bow and is an extension of the keel itself. It is often found on wooden boats or ships, but not exclusively.

Description
The stem is the curved edge stretching from the keel below, up to the gunwale of the boat. It is part of the physical structure of a wooden boat or ship that gives it strength at the critical section of the structure, bringing together the port and starboard side planks of the hull.

Plumb and raked stem

There are two styles of stems: plumb and raked. When the stem comes up from the water, if it is perpendicular to the waterline it is "plumb". If it is inclined at an angle to the waterline it is "raked". (For example, "The hull is single decked and characterized by a plumb stem, full bows, straight keel, moderate deadrise, and an easy turn of bilge.")

Stemhead

Because the stem is very sturdy, the top end of it may have something attached, either ornamental or functional in nature. On smaller vessels, this might be a simple wood carving (ornamental) or cleat (functional). On large wooden ships, figureheads can be attached to the upper end of the stem.

See also
 Beakhead
 Bow
 Deadwood
 Prow
 V-hull (boat)

References

Further reading
Steward, Robert. Boatbuilding Manual, 3rd edn. Camden, Maine: International Marine Publishing Company, 1987. 

Shipbuilding
Nautical terminology
Castability. Castability is the ease of forming a quality casting. A very castable part design is easily developed, incurs minimal tooling costs, requires minimal energy, and has few rejections.  Castability can refer to a part design or a material property.

Part design
Part design and geometry directly affect the castability, with volume, surface area and the number of features being the most important attributes. 

If the design has undercuts or interior cavities it decreases castability due to tooling complexity. Long thin sections in a design are hard to fill. Sudden changes in wall thickness reduce castability because it induces turbulence during filling; fillets should be added to avoid this. Annulars in the path of flow should be avoided because they can cause cold shuts or misruns. A design that causes isolated hot spots decreases castability. An ideal design would have progressive directional solidification from the thinnest section to the thickest.

Location of the mold's parting line also affects castability, because a non-planar parting line also increases tooling complexity.

If a design requires a high degree of accuracy, fine surface finish or defect free surface it reduces the castability of the part. However, the casting process can be very economical for part designs that require intricate contoured surfaces, thickness variations, and internal features.

Quantitative analysis
The castability of a design can be partially quantitatively determined by the following three equations. Better castability is denoted by a larger number.

Where Vc is the volume of the casting and Vb is the volume of the smallest box that the casting could fit in.

Where Vc is the volume of the casting and Ac is the surface area of the casting

Where nf is the number of features (holes, pockets, slots, bosses, ribs, etc.)

Material properties
Material properties that influence their castability include their pouring temperature, fluidity, solidification shrinkage, and slag/dross formation tendencies.

See also
Casting defects

References

Notes

Bibliography
.

Casting (manufacturing)
HPMC (disambiguation). Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), or hypromellose, is a semisynthetic, inert, viscoelastic polymer used as eye drops

HPMC may also refer to:

Himachal Pradesh Medical College, now Indira Gandhi Medical College
Himachal Pradesh Horticultural Produce Marketing and Processing Corporation Ltd.
High Performance Monolith Chromatography, a product of the company BIA Separations
JSG. JSG may refer to:
 Jackson School of Geosciences
 Jade Solid Gold
 Jaydon Sciré Giesekam
 Jewish Socialists' Group
Jean-Sébastien Giguère
 Jharsuguda railway station
 Stirling railway station, Perth
 Junk Shop Glam
 Zhejiang Jingsheng Mechanical & Electrical
Akbar Torkan. Akbar Torkan (; 1952–2021) was an Iranian mechanical engineer and politician, who was the President Hassan Rouhani's chief adviser from 2013 to 2018. He served as the CEO of Iran's Construction Engineering Organization from 2014 to 2017. He was also the Minister of Defense and Minister of Roads and Transportation in the government headed by President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.

Career and political stance
Torkan graduated from Sharif University of Technology. He was governor of Hormozgan, and Ilam provinces after the revolution in 1979. Even though he was a civilian, he served as the head of the Defense Industries Organization during wartime. After the war he supported president Rafsanjani in his election.

He was appointed Minister of Defense in 1989 by Rafsanjani in his cabinet in his first term. He was approved by the Majlis with a majority vote, 242 for and 10 against. In second term of Rafsanjani's presidency, Torkan was appointed Minister of Roads and Transportation.

According to the Tehran Times, Torkan was one of the "trusted members of Rohani’s inner circle." The same source said that Torkan was known for his liberal views on a market economy, and that he served as the deputy director of Rouhani's presidential campaign.

References

External links

Anthony H. Cordesman, Iran's military forces in transition

1952 births
2021 deaths
Sharif University of Technology alumni
Defence ministers of Iran
20th-century Iranian engineers
Executives of Construction Party politicians
Moderation and Development Party politicians
Presidential advisers of Iran
Politicians from Tehran
Iranian mechanical engineers
C99 (disambiguation). C99 is a past version of the C programming language standard.

C99 or C-99 may also refer to:

Science and technology
 C99, a C compiler for the TI-99/4A home computer
 C99, a fragment of the amyloid precursor protein created by beta-secretase
 C99Shell, also known as C99, is a malicious web shell

Other uses
 C99, a model of Beechcraft Model 99 aircraft
 Convair C-99, a military aircraft
 Ruy Lopez (ECO code), a chess opening
 Minimum Wage Fixing Machinery (Agriculture) Convention, 1951 (ILO code)
 C99, is also known as Coalsack Nebula

See also
 HMS Blake (C99), a 1945 British Royal Navy cruiser

es:C (lenguaje de programación)#C99
it:C (linguaggio)#C99
SVAM CA-80. The SVAM CA-80 is a non-rigid airship built by the Shanghai Vantage Airship Manufacture Co. in China.

According to the makers, this is the first blimp totally designed and manufactured by Chinese engineers. It has been certified as a grade A Hi-Tech introduction program [No. 20000186] in Shanghai in 2000 and it had a successful trial flight in September 2001. The CAAC authority has granted a type design approval and certificate of airworthiness for this model of airship. Two airships of this model have been successfully produced and purchased by the Dalian General Aviation Company.

The CA-80 began commercial operation from Oct. 2005 by Vantage Airship.

References

 vantageship.com retrieved 2008-07-10

Airships of China
2000s Chinese civil utility aircraft
Haul truck. Haul trucks are off-road, heavy-duty dump trucks specifically engineered for use in high-production mining and exceptionally demanding construction environments. Most are dual axle; at least two examples of tri-axles were made in the 1970s.  Haul trucks are denominated by their payload capacity, by weight (variously in tons, tonnes, and kg).

Description

Most haul trucks have a two-axle design, but two well-known models from the 1970s, the 350T Terex Titan and 235T WABCO 3200/B, had three axles.  Haul truck capacities range from  to nearly .

An example on the smaller end is the Caterpillar 775 (rated at ). Quarry operations (which produce payloads that have value) are typically employ smaller trucks than mining operations (such as removing undesirable overburden, an expense).

Haul trucks can generally be distinguished from standard dump trucks by:

 Being far too large to travel legally on public roads
 Having a dump body made of exceptionally strong steel plate that extends over the cab to protect it, angled upright at its end (or entirely) to aid in dumping; some are heated by exhaust gases to prevent loads from sticking or freezing to the bed;
 Having a driver's cab narrower than its body;
 No axle suspension;
 Limited speed and operating range;
 Special off-road only tires;
 A ratio of dead weight to payload not exceeding 1:1.6

Most large haul trucks use some form of traction motors coupled to regenerative brakings for power, braking, or both.

Haul trucks are classified by:
 Type of unloading (dump or rear-eject);
 Direction of discharge (side, rear);
 Type of body (hopper, platform, sliding hopper, sliding platform).

Ultra class
 

The largest, highest-payload-capacity haul trucks are referred to as ultra class trucks. The ultra class includes all haul trucks with a payload capacity of  or greater. , the BelAZ 75710 has the highest payload capacity, .

Notable examples

See also

 Articulated hauler
 Dumper
Haul road
Rear-eject haul truck bodies
Unit Rig

Notes

References

 

ru:Самосвал#Внедорожные (карьерные) самосвалы