omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Desulfurization. Desulfurization or desulphurisation is a chemical process for the removal of sulfur from a material. This involves either the removal of sulfur from a molecule (e.g. A=S → A:) or the removal of sulfur compounds from a mixture such as oil refinery streams.

These processes are of great industrial and environmental importance as they provide the bulk of sulfur used in industry (Claus process and Contact process), sulfur-free compounds that could otherwise not be used in a great number of catalytic processes, and also reduce the release of harmful sulfur compounds into the environment, particularly sulfur dioxide (SO2) which leads to acid rain.

Processes used for desulfurization include hydrodesulfurization, the SNOX process and the wet sulfuric acid process (WSA process).

See also 
 Shell–Paques process
 Flue-gas desulfurization
 Biodesulfurization

References 

Desulfurization
L'Aviation Militaire. L'Aviation Militaire (lit. "Military Aviation") was a book written by the French inventor Clément Ader and published in 1909 by the Paris publisher Berger-Levrault. The book was essentially based on ideas developed by Ader at the end of the 19th century, which were arranged in final form in 1907. It was hugely popular, and went through 10 editions in the five years between its publication and the First World War.

L'Aviation Militaire is especially famous for its precise description of the concept of the modern aircraft carrier with a flat flight deck, an island superstructure, deck elevators and a hangar bay.

On the structure of the aircraft carrier:

On stowage:

On the technique of landing:

The book received much attention, and the US naval attaché in Paris sent a report on his observations, before actual experiments took place in the United States a year later

L'Aviation Militaire was translated into English in 2003 by Lee Kennett for the Air University Press, under the title Military Aviation.

References

Bibliography

Aerial warfare
Aviation books
1909 books
French non-fiction books
Anaerobic digester types. The following is a partial list of types of anaerobic digesters. These processes and systems harness anaerobic digestion for purposes such as treatment of biowaste, animal manure, sewage and biogas generation. Anaerobic digesters can be categorized according to several criteria: by whether the biomass is fixed to a surface ("attached growth") or can mix freely with the reactor liquid ("suspended growth"); by the organic loading rate (the influent mass rate of chemical oxygen demand per unit volume); by centralized plants and decentralized plants. Most anaerobic digesters worldwide are built based on wet-type anaerobic digestion, wherein biomass (usually animal dung) and water are mixed in equal amounts to form a slurry in which the content of total solids (TS) is about 10-15%. While this type is suitable for most regions, it becomes a challenge in large plants where it necessitates the use of large quantities of water every day, often in water-scare areas. Solid-state type digesters, as opposed to the wet-type digesters, reduces the need to dilute the biomass before using it for digestion. solid-state type digesters can handle dry, stackable biomass with a high percentage of solids (up to 40%), and consists of gas-tight chambers called fermenter boxes working in batch-mode that are periodically loaded and unloaded with solid biomass and manure. The widely used UASB reactor, for example, is a suspended-growth high-rate digester, with its biomass clumped into granules that will settle relatively easily and with typical loading rates in the range 5-10 kgCOD/m3/d.

Most common types of anaerobic digestion are liquid, plug-flow and solid-state type digesters.

Examples of anaerobic digesters include:
Anaerobic activated sludge process
Anaerobic clarigester
Anaerobic contact process
Anaerobic expanded-bed reactor
Anaerobic filter
Anaerobic fluidised bed
Anaerobic lagoon
Anaerobic MBRs
Anaerobic migrating blanket reactor 
Batch system anaerobic digester
Continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR)
Expanded granular sludge bed digestion (EGSB)
Hybrid reactor
Imhoff tank
Internal circulation reactor (IC)
One-stage anaerobic digester
Plug-flow anaerobic digester
Submerged media anaerobic reactor
Sintex Digester
Solid-state anaerobic digester (SSAD)
Two-stage anaerobic digester
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion (UASB)
Upflow and down-flow anaerobic attached growth

References
NSB Biltrafikk. NSB Biltrafikk was the former road transport division of the Norwegian State Railways from the first bus routes in 1925, as a subsidiary of NSB BA from 1 December 1996, until it was divided into bus operator Nettbuss and truck operator Nettlast on 10 February 2000.

History 
The Norwegian Storting (parliament) Standing Committee on Railways' recommendation of 10 December 1921 on "the revision of principles for railway construction" stated that in cases where a new railway would be expensive or difficult to build, or where the traffic would be too small to give any good income, one should always consider the possibility of starting an automobile route instead. On the basis of this it was decided that the State Railways would start some test routes to gain knowledge on this form of transportation. The first three test routes were started in late 1925 with the very first being the "Selbu route" between Selbu and Hell Station on 9 November, then the "Karmøy route" between Skudeneshavn and Haugesund on 21 November and the "Lågendal route" between Skollenborg and Larvik on 19 December.

The test routes were started as a separate division of the State Railways, but other routes being started in the following years became part of the local railway district, and as the years went by, the test routes also became part of their local railway district. But on 1 September 1988, the bus and truck routes became formally part of its own business division known as NSB Biltrafikk. At the same time as the demerger of the State Railways on 1 December 1996, NSB Biltrafikk became its own subsidiary under the new NSB BA.

On 10 February 2000, NSB Biltrafikk was divided into Nettbuss for bus transport and Nettlast for haulage operations. Nettlast was sold off to Posten Norge on 15 November the same year.

References 

Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996)
Norwegian State Railways
Companies based in Oslo
Transport companies of Agder
Transport companies of Akershus
Transport companies of Buskerud
Transport companies of Innlandet
Transport companies of Møre og Romsdal
Transport companies of Rogaland
Transport companies of Telemark
Transport companies of Trøndelag
Transport companies of Vestfold
Transport companies of Østfold
Transport companies established in 1925
Transport companies disestablished in 2000
Defunct bus companies of Norway
2000 disestablishments in Norway
Logistics companies of Norway
Norwegian companies established in 1925
Kirsch equations. The Kirsch equations describe the elastic stresses around a hole in an infinite plate under one directional tension. They are named after Ernst Gustav Kirsch.

Result 

Loading an infinite plate with a circular hole of radius a with stress σ, the resulting stress field is (the angle is with respect to the direction of application of the stress):

References

Kirsch, 1898, Die Theorie der Elastizität und die Bedürfnisse der Festigkeitslehre. Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure, 42, 797–807.
Solid mechanics
Lube Motorcycles. Founded in 1947, Lube Motorcycles was a Spanish motorcycle manufacturer, based in Barakaldo. 
Their motorcycles used engines from NSU, another motorcycle manufacturer.

History 
In 1947, the engineer Luis Bejarano Morga founded the company Lube-Nsu in Luchana (Barakaldo). Luis had been an engineer in Douglas (Bristol) for nearly thirty years, this work providing the experience needed for the adventure.
The company agreed with Douglas the supply of steel, but the agreement brought no results, because of the English company entering bankruptcy. In 1946 he had designed a bike called LBM (following the initials of its founder: Luis Bejarano Morga), later on, he was making improvements and began the series A-99.

At the time of maximum production the company built nearly 1000 bikes per year, and its popularity was such that it was considered the "bike of the people".

In 1952 Luis Bejarano reaches an agreement with the German company NSU Motorenwerke AG (today's Audi) and thus Lube starts to incorporate pieces of German technology on their motorcycles. At this time the company begins to develop the models "Renn".

The company died in 1967.

References 

Defunct motorcycle manufacturers of Spain
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1967
Raoul Grimoin-Sanson. Raoul Grimoin-Sanson (1860–1941) was an inventor in the field of early cinema.  He was born in Elbeuf, as Raoul Grimoin; he added the surname Sanson later.  He had an early interest in stage magic as well as photography.

In the 1890s, Grimoin-Sanson began experiments in moving pictures, and desired to project films, like those from Thomas Edison's kinetoscope, on screen.  In 1896, he invented a crude camera/projector combination called the Phototachygraphe.  In 1897, he patented the Cinéorama, a panoramic film projection system involving ten synchronized projectors.  The Cinéorama was demonstrated at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris, but problems with heat from the projectors caused it to be shut down.  Despite the failure of his Cinéorama company and of later film work, in the 1920s Grimoin-Sanson would attempt to claim to be one of the major pioneers of film, alongside Marey and the Lumières.

References

19th-century French inventors
1860 births
1941 deaths
People from Elbeuf
Stable Image Platform Program. Stable Image Platform Program or Stable IT Platform Program is the name of an initiative introduced by Intel. The idea is that a pre-configured disk image will work on any of the certified hardware combinations. Intel states the program guarantees "At least 12 months of Deployment for Image Compatible Platforms."

Intel's main competitor, AMD, later introduced a similar program.

References

Works cited

External links
 https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/stable-it-platform-program.html

Intel products
JackBe. JackBe Corporation was a privately held vendor of enterprise mashup software for real-time intelligence applications.  In August 2013 JackBe was acquired by Software AG.

JackBe's flagship product is an enterprise mashup platform called Presto, which is used for enterprise mashups, business management dashboards, and real-time intelligence applications.

Enterprise Mashup Products
JackBe’s main product, Presto, is an enterprise mashup platform.  Presto provides real-time intelligence through functionality for self-service, on-demand data integration, and business dashboards.

JackBe launched a cloud computing-based version of its Presto product in March 2010. It is hosted on Amazon EC2. Jackbe launched Mashup Sites for SharePoint (MSS) in July 2010 Jackbe announced an Enterprise App Depot in 2010, as a platform for creating internal application directories. The Enterprise App Depot is aimed at non-developers (business users), allowing them to create new business applications and then share the applications with other users. Industry analyst Joe McKendrick described the Enterprise App Store, as a "cool idea" on ZDNet.

See also
Mashup (web application hybrid)
EMML
Real-time business intelligence

References

External links
Company website

Mashup (web application hybrid)
Software companies based in Maryland
Web services
Web development software
Rich Internet Applications
Development software companies
Service-oriented (business computing)
2013 mergers and acquisitions
Business intelligence companies
Real-time computing
Defunct software companies of the United States
Ernst Gustav Kirsch. Ernst Gustav Kirsch (September 13, 1841 – January 8, 1901) was a German engineer. Kirsch was educated at Sorbonne, in Zürich and in Berlin. He was a professor from 1874 at the Chemnitz University of Technology in Chemnitz, Germany. Kirsch is primarily known for the Kirsch equations describing the elastic stress state around a hole.

External links
User-tu-chemnitz.de
Sign.: 502 - 000253.jpg
Sign.: 502 - 000324.jpg
CE.berkeley.edu

1841 births
1901 deaths
Engineers from Chemnitz
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the Chemnitz University of Technology
BAE Systems Skylynx II. The BAE Systems Skylynx II is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed to support US Marine Corps Tier II regiment-level reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition missions. The aircraft flew its maiden flight on August 9, 2006, at the Yuma Proving Grounds, Yuma, Arizona. The Skylynx II is equipped with an electro-optical (EO) and infrared imaging system, and during test flights it was able to locate and track human and vehicle targets. Powered by a UAV Engines UEL-741 engine driving a single propeller, the aircraft is designed to be launched without a runway, and to carry payloads of up to .

The Skylynx II aircraft is part of an integrated unmanned aerial system that is made up of three aircraft, launcher, ground control station and remote receiver terminal. The system is designed to be operated by six Marines. The entire package can be transported to battlefield sites by two CH-46 Sea Knights or two HMMWVs.

References

"BAE Systems successfully tests Skylynx II unmanned aircraft system", Aerotech News and Review, August 18, 2006.
BAE news release, including image

Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
British Aerospace aircraft
2000s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
V-tail aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Martin Marietta Spacemaster. The Martin Marietta Spacemaster was a proposed configuration for what became the Space Shuttle, which featured an X-24-derived orbiter, and an unusual "catamaran style" booster stage. During launch and ascent, the orbiter would be located in a recess in the booster. The booster's 14 engines would be located in clusters of seven, at the bottom of both halves of the booster. Unlike the final design for the Space Shuttle, the Spacemaster would lack an external tank, and the boosters would be joined, by means of connecting struts which would also serve as the mounting for the orbiter.

The concept was evaluated in 1967, but was rejected. Martin Marietta went on to produce the Space Shuttle external tank (ET) for the final STS Space Shuttle design (by Lockheed Martin after a merger with Lockheed).

A model of the Martin Marietta Spacemaster is in the collection of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.

See also
List of space launch system designs
Space Shuttle program

References

External links
Spacemaster scale model in black (in the foreground to the right)

Space Shuttle program
Cancelled space launch vehicles
Stuff (cloth). In the context of materials, stuff can refer to any manufactured material. This is illustrated from a quote by Sir Francis Bacon in his 1658 publication New Atlantis: "Wee have also diverse Mechanicall Arts, which you have not; And Stuffes made by them; As Papers, Linnen, Silks, Tissues; dainty Works of Feathers of wonderfull Lustre; excellent Dies, and many others." In Coventry, those completing seven-year apprenticeships with stuff merchants were entitled to become freemen of the city.

One type of stuff was a type of coarse thickly woven cloth manufactured in various places, formerly including Kidderminster.  Originally it was probably entirely of wool, but later a "woolsey-linsey" cloth, made with a warp of linen yarn and a worsted weft.

The gowns of most English lawyers are still described as "stuff gowns" (though probably now made of other fibres).  This is in contrast with those of King's Counsel, which are made of silk, whence they are termed "silks". Thus, "stuff" in this context refers to fabric not made of silk or silk substitutes. The word was still in English upper-class usage in this sense in the 1960s.

In Victorian dressmaking terminology, stuff was used as a generic term for woven fabrics, with cloth generally reserved for woollens (as opposed to worsteds).

Kidderminster
Manufacture of Kidderminster stuff was established by the mid-17th century, when it was referred to by Richard Baxter, the puritan divine, who was lecturer in the parish church of Kidderminster from 1641, and then vicar in the 1650s.  The cloth was used for wall hangings and furniture fabrics.  In 1671, an Act of Parliament was obtained for preventing 'abuses and deceits in making Kidderminster stuffs'. This directed that the master weavers should yearly elect a President, four Wardens and eight Assistants to make byelaws for the trade.  This body was responsible for regulating all cloth manufacture in the parish, whether with wool only or with wool and other materials.  The Act specifically mentions linen yarn being 'reeled on a reel four yards about' and sold by the 'lea' containing 200 threads.  In the early 18th century, the range of textiles made in Kidderminster broadened with bombazine (with a silk warp and worsted weft) also being produced.  The traditional stuff trade declined in the late 18th century with the rise of cotton fabrics.  However Kidderminster continued to be a textile town, but in the 19th and 20th centuries specialised in carpets.  The olden stuff trade was essentially extinct by 1815.

Elsewhere
Norwich, Darlington, and the West Riding of Yorkshire were also English centres for the manufacture of worsted textiles, including stuffs.

Notes

References

Woven fabrics
Partial specific volume. The partial specific volume  express the variation of the extensive volume of a mixture in respect to composition of the masses. It is the partial derivative of volume with respect to the mass of the component of interest.

where  is the partial specific volume of a component  defined as:

The PSV is usually measured in milliLiters (mL) per gram (g), proteins > 30 kDa can be assumed to have a partial specific volume of 0.708 mL/g. Experimental determination is possible by measuring the natural frequency of a U-shaped tube filled successively with air, buffer and protein solution.

Properties
The weighted sum of partial specific volumes of a mixture or solution is an inverse of density of the mixture namely the specific volume of the mixture.

See also
Partial molar property
Apparent molar property

References

Mass density
B-52 Memorial Park. B-52 Memorial Park is located within the Orlando International Airport just off the Beachline Expressway formerly the Bee Line near runway 18L.  It is a small, relatively hidden park under the control of the Greater Orlando Aviation Authority (GOAA) and features a retired B-52D Stratofortress, Air Force Serial Number 56-0687, from the Strategic Air Command.  The aircraft was at one time assigned to the 306th Bomb Wing of the now defunct McCoy Air Force Base. The bomber was built in 1956 and retired 28 years later in 1984. Final flight was from its last unit of assignment, the 7th Bomb Wing at Carswell AFB in Fort Worth, Texas, to the former McCoy AFB, now Orlando International Airport, on February 20, 1984.

The park is located on Bear Road, accessible from Tradeport Drive just south of Beachline/SR 528 Exit 4, around the corner from where the old Orlando Jetport terminal, the predecessor to the current Orlando International Airport terminal, used to stand. The park is open from 7:00am to sunset, and is free of charge to visit. The park also contains a memorial for the Airport Authority's K-9s adjacent to the B-52.

External links 

Photos of plane in the park

Parks in Orange County, Florida
Tourist attractions in Orlando, Florida
Monuments and memorials in Florida
Orlando International Airport
Texas Electric Railway. The Texas Electric Railway was a historic interurban railroad that operated from Dallas, Texas, to Denison, Corsicana, and Waco. It began operation in 1908 and through the merger of several companies became the largest interurban railway operator in the South before its demise in 1948.

History

In 1901 the Denison and Sherman Railway opened as the first interurban rail line in Texas, connecting the towns of Denison and Sherman with ten miles of track. This line was purchased in 1911 by the Texas Traction Company, who had constructed a sixty-five-mile line of their own from Dallas to Sherman and began operation in 1908. 
While not connected to Sherman yet, shortly after, Dallas and Fort Worth built an interurban connecting the two cities. Seeing a need to expand in other directions, the owners of the Texas Traction Company purchased a twenty-eight-mile line from Dallas to Waxahachie in 1912. Built by the Dallas Southern Traction Company, the company became known as the Southern Traction Company and the rail line extended to Waco in 1913. A separate fifty-six-mile line from Dallas to Corsicana was also completed. In 1917 the Texas Traction Company and the Southern Traction Company merged to form the Texas Electric Railway Company and became the largest interurban railway in the South with more than 200 miles of track. The interurban became a vital link for communities until the increasing usage of the automobile caused a decline in revenue. The Dallas-Corsicana branch was discontinued in 1941 and the Dallas-Waco and Dallas-Denison branches closed in 1948.

Throughout these years, interurban was a lifeline shipping farm products and mail as mail was sorted inside the interurban car.

Today
The central train station in Dallas was converted into the Interurban Building Apartments. The former train yard of this station is now the apartment's parking complex.

Today several pieces of infrastructure still remain. The Dallas Area Rapid Transit light rail system utilizes the right-of-way of the Texas Electric Railway for several parts of its lines, including the Red Line.

The wood frame passenger depot in downtown Plano and its attached brick electric transformer section remained in use until December 31, 1948. The Plano Station building now hosts the Interurban Railway Museum where a restored Texas Electric Railway car may be seen, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

The Monroe Shops (1914), once the maintenance facility for Texas Electric's vehicles, was restored in 2011 and now serves as headquarters to the DART Police Department.

The Dallas Interurban Building (1916), once serving as the main Dallas depot, now houses residents and retail.

The Texas Electric Railway Allen Station still stands at 105 South Butler Drive.

References

Reading Bibliography
 Myers, J.J. and L.O. King. 1982. Texas Electric Railway.  Central Electric Railfans Association. Library of Congress Catalog Card #82-71474.
 Varney, R.  Texas Electric Album. Interurbans Special #62. .

External links
 

Defunct Texas railroads
Interurban railways in Texas
OpenWetWare. OpenWetWare is a wiki whose mission is "to support open research, education, publication, and discussion in biological sciences and engineering."

OpenWetWare was created by graduate students at MIT on April 20, 2005. Initially, it served as a private lab wiki for the labs of Drew Endy and Tom Knight at MIT. The site was opened up to allow any lab to join on June 22, 2005.  As of April 6, 2007, the site hosted 100 research laboratories from over 40 institutions, including Boston University, Brown University, Caltech, University of Cambridge, CNRS, Duke University, and many others.

In addition to laboratories, a number of scientific communities are based on the site, including synthetic biology, Mimulus, and the BioBricks Foundation. One scientific community is the iGEM community with over 60 different teams represented on June 28, 2013, including the NRP-UEA-Norwich team and the Groningen team.

OpenWetWare runs on MediaWiki software on Linux servers. All content is available under free content licenses, specifically the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) and the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) license.

External links
OpenWetWare

References 

MediaWiki websites
Biology websites
Electronic lab notebook