omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PCI-SIG. PCI-SIG, or Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group, is an electronics industry consortium responsible for specifying the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), PCI-X, and PCI Express (PCIe) computer buses.  It is based in Beaverton, Oregon. The PCI-SIG is distinct from the similarly named and adjacently-focused PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group.

It has produced the PCI, PCI-X and PCI Express specifications.

As of 2024, the board of directors of the PCI-SIG has representatives from: AMD, ARM, Dell EMC, IBM, Intel, Synopsys, Keysight, NVIDIA, and Qualcomm. The chairman and president of the PCI-SIG is Al Yanes, a "Distinguished Engineer" from IBM. The executive director of the PCI-SIG is Reen Presnell, president of VTM Group.

Formation 
The PCI Special Interest Group was formed in 1992, initially as a "compliance program" to help computer manufacturers implement the Intel specification. The organization became a nonprofit corporation, officially named "PCI-SIG" in the year 2000.

Membership 
Membership of PCI-SIG is open to all of the microcomputer industry with a $4,000 annual fee. PCI-SIG has a membership of over 800 companies that develop differentiated, interoperable products based on its specifications. PCI-SIG specifications are available to members of the organization as free downloads. Non-members can purchase hard-copy specifications.

See also 
 PICMG

References

External links 
 PCI-SIG

Technology consortia
Standards organizations in the United States
Beaverton, Oregon
Peripheral Component Interconnect
Shock hardening. Shock hardening is a process used to strengthen metals and alloys, wherein a shock wave produces atomic-scale defects in the material's crystalline structure. As in cold work, these defects interfere with the normal processes by which metallic materials yield (plasticity), making materials stiffer, but more brittle.  When compared to traditional cold work, such an extremely rapid process results in a different class of defect, producing a much harder material for a given change in shape.  If the shock wave applies too great a force for too long, however, the rarefaction front that follows it can form voids in the material due to hydrostatic tension, weakening the material and often causing it to spall.  Since voids nucleate at large defects, such as oxide inclusions and grain boundaries, high-purity samples with a large grain size (especially single crystals) are able to withstand greater shock without spalling, and can therefore be made much harder.

Shock hardening has been observed in many contexts:

Explosive forging uses the detonation of a high explosive charge to create a shockwave.  This effect is used to harden rail track cast components and, coupled with the Misnay-Schardin effect, in the operation of explosively forged penetrators.  Greater hardening can be achieved by using a lower quantity of an explosive with greater brisance, so that the force applied is greater but the material spends less time in hydrostatic tension.

Laser shock, similar to inertial confinement fusion, uses the ablation plume caused by a laser pulse to apply force to the laser's target.  The rebound from the expelled matter can create very high pressures, and the pulse length of lasers is often quite short, meaning that good hardening can be achieved with little risk of spallation.  Surface effects can also be achieved by laser treatment, including amorphization.

Light-gas guns have been used to study shock hardening.  Although too labor-intensive for widespread industrial application, they do provide a versatile research testbed.  They allow precise control of both magnitude and profile of the shock wave through adjustments to the projectile's muzzle velocity and density profile, respectively.  Studies of various projectile types have been crucial in overturning a prior theory that spallation occurs at a threshold of pressure, independent of time. Instead, experiments show longer-lasting shocks of a given magnitude produce more material damage.

See also
List of laser articles

References

Metalworking
Metallurgical processes
HyperTransport Consortium. The HyperTransport Consortium is an industry consortium responsible for specifying and promoting the computer bus technology called HyperTransport.

Organizational form
The Technical Working Group along with several Task Forces manage the HyperTransport specification and drive new developments.  A Marketing Working Group promotes the use of the technology and the consortium.

History
It was founded in 2001 by Advanced Micro Devices, Alliance Semiconductor, Apple Computer, Broadcom Corporation, Cisco Systems, NVIDIA, PMC-Sierra, Sun Microsystems, and Transmeta.  As of 2009 it has over 50 members.

Executives
As of 2009, Mike Uhler of AMD is the President of the Consortium, Mario Cavalli is the General Manager, Brian Holden of PMC-Sierra is both the Vice President and the Chair of the Technical Working Group, Deepika Sarai is the Treasurer.

External links 

 HyperTransport Consortium web site (no longer exists)
 Technology Page
 Link Technical Specifications
 HTX and DUT Connector Specifications 
 White Papers 

Technology consortia
Computer buses
Critical mass (disambiguation). Critical mass is the amount of fissile material needed to sustain nuclear fission.

Critical mass may also refer to:

Science and technology
 Critical mass (sociodynamics), a stage in social-system innovation
 Critical mass (software engineering), a stage in the product life cycle of software

Organizations and social gatherings
 Critical Mass (cycling), a form of direct action or celebratory gathering involving large groups of bicycle riders
 Critical Mass (pressure group), a UK political pressure group
 Critical Mass Energy Project, an anti-nuclear umbrella group founded by Ralph Nader
 Critical Mass Journal, published in 1977 by the Critical Mass Energy Project
 Critical Mass, a co-working center sponsored by the New England Venture Capital Association
 Critical Mass, a robotics team of the Dwight-Englewood School in Englewood, New Jersey

Literature
 Critical Mass (book), a 2004 book by Philip Ball
 Critical Mass (2013 book), a 2013 novel by Sara Paretsky
 "Critical Mass" (Pohl and Kornbluth short story), a 1962 story by Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth
 "Critical Mass" (Arthur C. Clarke short story),  a 1949 short story by Arthur C. Clarke
 Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978, a 1998 book by Thomas Wellock
 Critical Mass, a 1990 seven-issue comic book anthology printed under Epic Comics's Shadowline Saga imprint
 Critical Mass a 2023 follow-up novel to Delta-v by Daniel Suarez

Film and television 
 Critical Mass, a 1971 experimental short film from Hollis Frampton's Hapax Legomena cycle
 Critical Mass (anime), a subdivision of the video publisher and distributor Right Stuf Inc.
 Critical Mass (film), a 2000 film starring Treat Williams and Lori Loughlin
 "Critical Mass" (Stargate Atlantis), an episode of Stargate Atlantis

Gaming
 Duke Nukem: Critical Mass, a shooter game developed by Frontline Studios
 Critical Mass (1985 video game) or Power!, a computer game by Durell Software
 Critical Mass (1982 video game), an adventure game by Sirius Software
 Critical Mass, a set of collectible miniature game figures by HeroClix

Music

Bands
 Critical Mass (Canadian band), a Catholic rock band formed in 1997
 Critical Mass (Dutch band), a Dutch happy hardcore group

Albums and songs
 Critical Mass (Dave Holland album), 2006
 Critical Mass (Threshold album), 2002
 Critical Mass (Matthew Shipp album), 1995
 Critical Mass (Ra album), 2013
 "Critical Mass", a song by Aerosmith from Draw the Line
 "Critical Mass", a song by Nuclear Assault from Handle with Care
 "Critical Mass", a song by Chrome from Half Machine Lip Moves
Surface core level shift. A surface core level shift (SCS) is a kind of core-level shift that often emerges in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of surface atoms.

Because surface atoms have different chemical environments from bulk atoms, small shifts of binding energies are observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. SCS is ascribed mainly to the lower coordination numbers of surface atoms than bulk atoms. Reduced coordination leads to narrower valence bandwidth. Such narrowing of the bandwidth increases the density of states, and if more than half of the valence band is filled, the band center is lower than bulk and the binding energy increases. In contrast, if less than half of the valence band is filled, the band center is higher than bulk, and the binding energy decreases.

Because the binding energy in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is affected by the final state and other chemical environments, this simple explanation cannot always be applied to the interpretation of X-ray photoelectron spectra. In spite of such complexity, the SCS gives important information about the chemical nature of surface atoms.

Spectroscopy
Sun WorkShop TeamWare. Sun WorkShop TeamWare (later Forte TeamWare, then Forte Code Management Software) is a distributed source code revision control system made by Sun Microsystems. It was first announced in November 1992 as SPARCworks/TeamWare and ProWorks/TeamWare and made commercially available in 1993. Last available as part of the Forte Developer 6 update 2 product, TeamWare is no longer being offered for sale, and is not part of the Sun Studio product.

TeamWare's largest deployment was inside Sun itself, where (bar a few exceptions) at one point it was the only VCS used. TeamWare had been used to manage Sun's largest source trees, including those for Solaris and Java, but as part of the process of converting those code bases to open source communities, they were moved to newer revision control systems such as Mercurial.

TeamWare features a number of advanced features not found in earlier version control systems like RCS and CVS. In particular, it features a hierarchy of source repositories, and allows atomic updates of multiple files, features found in later version-control systems such as Subversion and Perforce. TeamWare allows distributed development by copying a repository to another which might reside on another machine or network. Developers can then commit changes to the local copy of the repository, periodically integrating accumulated changes in the local repository back into the original repository.

TeamWare is implemented as a layer over the older SCCS, which is used to track changes to individual files. TeamWare works only by a system of files accessed by client programs (interacting without a server) and most distributed users of a repository access it by means of a mounted networked filesystem such as NFS.

Evan Adams was the architectural lead for TeamWare. Glenn Skinner was the inventor of smoosh
and Larry McVoy authored smoosh, a tool to merge SCCS files, which is said to be a precursor to TeamWare.
The BitKeeper version control system, designed by McVoy, shares a number of design concepts with the earlier TeamWare.

References

External links
Sun WorkShop TeamWare 6 User's Guide, May 2000
SPARCworks/TeamWare ProWorks/TeamWare Users Guide, 1995

Proprietary version control systems
Sun Microsystems software
Discontinued version control systems
ER200. The ER200 was a Soviet electric train built in Riga by Rīgas Vagonbūves Rūpnīca. It was the first high-speed Direct Current intercity Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) train with rheostatic brake.
There were two designs. The first design, begun in 1974, was the ER200-1 EMU, and went into commercial operation in 1984. The second design went into operation between Saint Petersburg and Moscow in 1996.

Overall trainset description

Body

Bogies

Main circuit electric equipment
 Supplier: RER
 Control mode: rheostatic step control + TCH
 Traction converter: thyristor DC chopper (TCH)
 Mounting place: under floor Mp
 Semiconductors: thyristors TB353-630-16
 Number of semiconductors: 20
 Nominal output voltage: 3,000 V
 Modulation frequency: 400 Hz
 Cooling system: self-ventilated
 Number of TM in unit: 8
 Number of TM sequences: 2
 Electric brake: rheostatic

Auxiliary electric equipment
 Supplier: RER
 Converter type: rotating machine
 Model: 1PV.004
 Input voltage: 3,000 V
 Output voltage: 3x220 V
 Power: 75.0 kW
 Battery voltage: 110 V

Operational performance
 Design/commercial speed: 200 km/h (124 mph)
 Acceleration (0–60 km/h): 0.4 m/s2 (1.44 km/h/s)
 Service deceleration (80–0 km/h): 0.4 m/s2 (1.44 km/h/s)
 Max service deceleration: 0.6 m/s2 (2.16 km/h/s)
 Emergency deceleration: 1.2 m/s2 (4.32 km/h/s)

See also

 Rīgas Vagonbūves Rūpnīca
 The Museum of the Moscow Railway, at Paveletsky Rail Terminal, Moscow
 Rizhsky Rail Terminal, Home of the Moscow Railway Museum
 Varshavsky Rail Terminal, St.Petersburg, Home of the Central Museum of Railway Transport, Russian Federation
 History of rail transport in Russia
 The EMU pages. ER200.

References

Electric multiple units of Russia
Soviet inventions
High-speed trains of Russia
Rail transport in the Soviet Union
Rolling stock innovations
3000 V DC multiple units
DCR. DCR may refer to:

Computing 
 .dcr, a raw image format
 Decision Composite Residuosity in cryptography, see Computational hardness assumption
 Design Change request, also Document Change request and Database Change request
 Device control register, a hardware register that controls some computer hardware device like a peripheral or an expansion card

Railways 
 DCRail, a British freight operating company
 Delmarva Central Railroad, a short-line railroad serving Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia on the Delmarva Peninsula 
 Dubois County Railroad, a Class III short-line railroad serving Dubois County in southern Indiana, United States

Engineering 
 DC Resistance of an inductor, see Equivalent series resistance
 Direct-conversion receiver
 Dynamic compression ratio, referring to the compression ratio of a combustion engine

Other 
 Dacryocystorhinostomy, a surgical procedure to restore the flow of tears into the nose
 Dale Coyne Racing, an American auto racing team
 Debt Coverage Ratio, another term for Debt service coverage ratio (DSCR)
 Digital cable ready, indicating that a television is capable of receiving cable TV without a set-top box
 Deglaciation Climate Reversal, see Younger Dryas
 Department of Conservation and Recreation (Massachusetts), a state agency best known for its parks and parkways
 Diploma of the College of Radiographers, abbreviated as DC(R), a qualification that was formerly awarded by the College of Radiographers, see Society and College of Radiographers
 Distributed Constraint Reasoning, see Distributed constraint optimization
 Division CuiRassée, a French armoured division in the Battle of France in 1940, see List of French divisions in World War II#Cavalry, mechanized and armoured divisions
 Dropped Call Rate, a term in telecommunications denoting the percentage of calls which due to technical reasons were cut off before the speaking parties had finished their conversation and before one of them had hung up
 Dual Cycle Rifle, a NATO calibre revolver-type assault rifle
 Durham College Rowing, an organization representing all college boat clubs in Durham University
 Dynamic contrast ratio, referring to the contrast ratio property of a display system
 ISO 639-3 code for the extinct language Negerhollands.
Bean Scripting Framework. The Bean Scripting Framework is a method of allowing the use of scripting in Java code. It provides a set of Java classes which provides support within Java applications for scripting languages, and also allows access to Java objects and methods. Some examples of languages that can be used in combination with BSF and Java include Python, Jython, ooRexx and Tcl, as well as JRuby and Apache Groovy using their own libraries.

BSF was created by IBM, and then donated to the Apache Software Foundation, where work on BSF is part of the Apache Jakarta Project. It is a part of Apache Commons.

A counterpart of BSF is the JSR223 ScriptEngine shipped with Java SE 6. Java SE 6 only includes a Script Engine based on Rhino JavaScript Engine for Java version 1.6R2, while JSR223 framework actually supports a number of scripting languages. JSR223 uses Script Engine to integrate scripts with Java source codes. So far, Script Engines included in the JSR223 include BeanShell, Jython, JRuby, JavaScript, Groovy and several others.

See also 
 JRuby - Java implementation of Ruby interpreter.
 Jython - Java implementation of Python programming language.
 BeanShell - Java interpreter for Java source codes
 JSR223 - JSR223: Scripting for the JavaTM platform

References

Bibliography

External links
 
 IBM - Bean Scripting Framework 

Java (programming language)
BSF
Mario Jeckle. Mario Jeckle (25 August 1974 – 11 June 2004) was a German computer scientist.

From 1997 to 2003, Jeckle attended the University of Applied Sciences in Augsburg. In 1998, he received his computer science degree for his thesis "Prozeßkettenmodellierung am Beispiel der Gießwerkzeugentwicklung und prototypische Implementierung auf Basis des EDM/PDM – Systems Metaphase" (An example of process chain modelling in casting tool development and prototype implementation on basis of the EDM/PDM – Systems Metaphase). At Augsburg, he taught Java, Java Threads, XML and software engineering.

In 2003, Jeckle became a professor at the University of Applied Sciences in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald. He taught about XML, databases, software engineering and eBusiness.

Jeckle was also a W3C and OMG representative of DaimlerChrysler Research and developed technical standards for XML, UML 2.0, and others. At the beginning of 2004, he was a member of the Technical Architecture Group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Jeckle was also an author of books and a speaker at conferences and seminars (information groups).

Jeckle was a member of the International Red Cross. On 11 June 2004, he died while giving aid to others who had a car accident on a German highway. While helping, Jeckle and a second man were hit by another driver who lost control. Tim Berners-Lee, whom Jeckle had previously collaborated with, spoke on his death, "Mario's involvement in the World Wide Web Consortium is a symbol of collaboration: with his time and talent, he has helped create a space that can be shared by people; that brings you together to learn, develop and gain new knowledge together. He helped more and more talented and creative people develop for the web. The election to the Technical Architecture Group by the W3C members was a recognition of achievements made and those expected. Mario has undertaken the difficult task of gaining a foothold in an established group with energy and enthusiasm."

References

External links
 Mario Jeckle website 
 Informatikpreis 1998 
  Tim Berners-Lee on the death of Mario Jeckle (W3C)

1974 births
2004 deaths
German computer scientists
Road incident deaths in Germany
CIVA. CIVA may refer to:

 Charge induced voltage alteration a technique which uses a scanning electron microscope to locate open conductors on CMOS integrated circuits
 CIVA-TV, a television transmitter in Canada which airs the Télé-Québec program schedule
 Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Aerobatics Commission, also known as the "Commission Internationale de Voltige Aerienne"
 C.I.V.A, a South Korean girl group
 Christians In The Visual Arts - an American visual arts organization which worked to enhance and explore the relationship between Christian faith and the visual arts (1979-2023).
Fuzzy electronics. Fuzzy electronics is an electronic technology that uses fuzzy logic, instead of the two-state Boolean logic more commonly used in digital electronics. Fuzzy electronics is fuzzy logic implemented on dedicated hardware.  This is to be compared with fuzzy logic implemented in software running on a conventional processor. Fuzzy electronics has a wide range of applications, including control systems and artificial intelligence.

History
The first fuzzy electronic circuit was built by Takeshi Yamakawa et al. in 1980 using discrete bipolar transistors.  The first industrial fuzzy application was in a cement kiln in Denmark in 1982.  The first VLSI fuzzy electronics was by Masaki Togai and Hiroyuki Watanabe in 1984.  In 1987, Yamakawa built the first analog fuzzy controller.  The first digital fuzzy processors came in 1988 by Togai (Russo, pp. 2–6).

In the early 1990s, the first fuzzy logic chips were presented to the public. Two companies which are Omron and NEC have announced the development of dedicated fuzzy electronic hardware in the year 1991. Two years later, the Japanese Omron Cooperation has shown a working fuzzy chip during a technical fair.

See also 
 Defuzzification
 Fuzzy set
 Fuzzy set operations

References

Bibliography 

 Abraham Kandel, Gideon Langholz (eds), Fuzzy Hardware: Architectures and Applications, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 .

Further reading
 Yamakawa, T.; Inoue, T.; Ueno, F.; Shirai, Y., "Implementation of Fuzzy Logic hardware systems-Three fundamental arithmetic circuits", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics and Communications Engineers, vol. 63, 1980, pp. 720–721.
 Togai, M.; Watanabe, H., "A VLSI implementation of a fuzzy inference engine: towards an expert system on a chip", Information Sciences, vol. 38, iss. 2, April 1986, pp. 147–163

External links
 Applications of Fuzzy logic in electronics

Fuzzy logic
Digital electronics
Electronic engineering
App. App, Apps or APP may refer to:

Science and technology

Computing
 Application software, or app, a computer program designed to carry out a specific task
 Mobile app, designed to run on a mobile device
 Web application or web app, designed to run in a web browser
 App (file format), used by HarmonyOS 
 Adjusted Peak Performance, a metric to measure computing performance in 64-bit processors and above
 Application Portability Profile, NIST standards and specifications for the Open System Environment 
 Atom Publishing Protocol, simple HTTP-based protocol for creating and updating web resources

Other uses in science and technology
 Acute-phase protein, a class of proteins 
 Amyloid-beta precursor protein, a protein 
 Atactic polypropylene, a hot-melt adhesive

Arts, entertainment and media
 App (film), a 2013 Dutch film 
 Apps (film), a 2021 anthology horror fantasy film
 The App, a 2019 Italian drama
 Asbury Park Press, a newspaper of Monmouth County, New Jersey, US
 Archive of Public Protests, a collective of photographers and writers and their work documenting protests in Poland
 The Alan Parsons Project, former British rock band

Businesses and organizations

Businesses
 Asia Pulp & Paper, a pulp and paper company based in Jakarta, Indonesia
 Associated Press of Pakistan, a national news agency of Pakistan
 Association of Pickleball Players, a professional pickleball tour
 Association of Professional Piercers, an international organization for body piercing

Political parties
 All People's Party (disambiguation), several political parties
 People's Progressive Alliance (Mauritania) (Alliance populaire progressiste)
 Animal Protection Party, in England
 Australian Protectionist Party 
 Aggrupation of Parties for Prosperity, in the Philippines
 Alliance for the Homeland (Alianța pentru Patrie, ApP), in Romania

Other organizations
 Justice Defenders, formerly African Prisons Project, a charity
 Alberta Provincial Police, a former Canadian police force 
 American Principles Project, a political advocacy group 
 Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate

People
 App (surname)
 Apps (surname)

Other uses
 Appleby railway station, England, station code APP
 Appleton, Wisconsin, United States (by Amtrak station code)
 Assessing Pupils' Progress, an assessment methodology used in schools in England and Wales
 Advanced practice provider, another term for a mid-level practitioner

See also
 .app (disambiguation)
 
 
 
 
 
 Authorised push payment fraud, or APP fraud