omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PFE. PFE may refer to:

 Pacific Fruit Express, a railroad refrigerator car leasing company
 Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor protein
 Partial fraction expansion
 Patriots for Europe, a political group in the European Parliament
 Pelvic floor exercise, also known as Kegel exercise
 Perfluoroether, a family of perfluoro polymer
 Permanent Fatal Error (a French post-rock band by Ulan Bator founder member)
 Pfizer Inc., New York Stock Exchange symbol PFE
 PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
 Portable Forth Environment, an Open source implementation of the Forth programming language
 Potential future exposure, the maximum expected credit exposure over a specified period of time
 Programmer's File Editor
 Product family engineering
 Proudly found elsewhere, the opposite predisposition of not invented here
Silicon compiler. A silicon compiler is an electronic design automation software tool that is used for high-level synthesis of integrated circuits. Such tool takes a user's specification of an IC design as input and automatically generates an integrated circuit (IC) design files as output for further fabrication by the semiconductor fabrication plant or manually from discrete components. The process is sometimes referred to as hardware compilation. The silicon compiler may use vendor's Process Design Kit for the production.

Overview 
Silicon compilation takes place in three major steps:
 Use high level C to HDL converter
 Convert a hardware-description language such as Verilog or VHDL into logic (typically in the form of a "netlist").
 Place equivalent logic gates on the IC. Silicon compilers typically use standard-cell libraries provided by manufacturers so that they do not have to worry about the actual integrated-circuit layout and can focus on the placement.
 Routing the standard cells together to form the desired logic.

Silicon compilation was first described in 1979 by David L. Johannsen, under the guidance of his thesis adviser, Carver Mead.

Johannsen, Mead, and Edmund K. Cheng subsequently founded Silicon Compilers Inc. (SCI) in 1981.

Edmund Cheng designed an Ethernet Data Link Controller chip in 1981–82 using structured design methodology, in order to drive the software and circuit-library development at SCI. The project went from concept to chip specification in 3 months, and from chip specification to tape-out in 5 months. Fabricated using a 3-micron NMOS process, the chip measured 50,600 square mils in die area, and was being marketed and manufactured in volume-production by 1983 under license from SCI.

John Wawrzynek at Caltech used some of the earliest silicon compilers in 1982 as part of the "Yet Another Processor Project" (YAPP), akin to YACC.

In 1983–84, the SCI team designed and implemented the data-path chip used in the MicroVAX in seven months.
MicroVAX's data-path chip contains the entire 32-bit processor, except its microcode store and control-store sequencer, and contains 37,000 transistors.
At the time, chips with similar levels of complexity required about 3 years to design and implement.
Including those seven months, Digital Equipment Corporation completed the design and implementation of the MicroVAX within one year.

See also
 Electric (software)
 FpgaC

References

External links
 Definition from PC Magazine
 Computer Aids for VLSI Design by Steven M. Rubin
 Hardware compilation information
 Hardware compilation mailing list

Electronic design automation
Computing terminology
VLS. VLS may refer to:

Vapor-Liquid-Solid method, a method of growing nanocrystals
Vermont Law School
Vertical Launching System for firing missiles
Von Luschan's chromatic scale of skin colour
West Flemish, a dialect in Belgium, ISO 639-3 code
 Vertical Lift System, a style of Scissor doors
VideoLAN Server
Valk Last Slot, a set of speedcubing algorithms

See also
VLS-1, the Brazilian Space Agency satellite launcher
Screened Coulomb potentials implicit solvent model. SCP-ISM, or screened Coulomb potentials implicit solvent model, is a continuum approximation of solvent effects for use in computer simulations of biological macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, usually within the framework of molecular dynamics. It is based on the classic theory of polar liquids, as developed by Peter Debye and corrected by Lars Onsager to incorporate reaction field effects. The model can be combined with quantum chemical calculations to formally derive a continuum model of solvent effects suitable for computer simulations of small and large molecular systems.

External links 
 An essay on SCP-ISM
 CHARMM website

Molecular dynamics
ROOP (programming language). ROOP is a multiparadigm programming language made for artificial intelligence (AI) applications, created at Chengdu University, China. It combines procedural, logic or rule-based, and object-oriented programming techniques.

Features
 ROOP is built directly on C++, providing full unrestricted access to all its features.
 ROOP, like OPS-83 and ORBS, is data-driven but, unlike those languages, rules in ROOP may enter into local communication and this can be used to dynamically divide them into groups, including the problem status space tree.
 Rules and facts in ROOP are objects, and they send and respond to messages just like any other object in the language. This ability is usually unavailable in other logic programming languages such as Prolog.
 ROOP's inference engine can be redefined in a program, something usually infeasible in other logic languages.

References

Multi-paradigm programming languages
Object-oriented programming languages
Logic programming languages
Variable displacement pump. A variable displacement pump is a device that converts mechanical energy to hydraulic (fluid) energy. The displacement, or amount of fluid pumped per revolution of the pump's input shaft can be varied while the pump is running.

Many variable displacement pumps are "reversible", meaning that they can act as a hydraulic motor and convert fluid energy into mechanical energy.

Types
A common type of variable-displacement pump used in vehicle technology is the axial piston pump. This pump has several pistons in cylinders arranged parallel to each other and rotating around a central shaft.  A swashplate at one end is connected to the pistons.  As the pistons rotate, the angle of the plate causes them to move in and out of their cylinders.  A rotary valve at the opposite end from the swashplate alternately connects each cylinder to the fluid supply and delivery lines.  By changing the angle of the swashplate, the stroke of the pistons can be varied continuously.  If the swashplate is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, no fluid will flow.  If it is at a sharp angle, a large volume of fluid will be pumped.  Some pumps allow the swashplate to be moved in both directions from the zero position, pumping fluid in either direction without reversing the rotation of the pump.

An efficient variation is the bent axis pump. Bending the axis reduces side loads on the pistons.

Piston pumps can be made variable-displacement by inserting springs inline with the pistons. The displacement is not positively controlled, but decreases as back-pressure increases.

Another variation is the variable-displacement vane pump, a type that has found usage in motor vehicle automatic transmissions, such as the General Motors Hydra-Matic.

References

External links
Principle of a variable displacement pump (Video)

Pumps
Anchor handling tug supply vessel. Anchor Handling Tug Supply (AHTS) vessels are mainly built to handle anchors for oil rigs, tow them to location, and use them to secure the rigs in place. AHTS vessels sometimes also serve as Emergency Response and Rescue Vessels (ERRVs) and as supply transports.

Many of these vessels are designed to meet the harsh conditions of the North Sea, and can undertake supply duties there between land bases and drilling sites. They also provide towing assistance during tanker loading, deepwater anchor handling, and towing of threatening objects.

AHTS vessels differ from platform supply vessels (PSVs) in being fitted with winches for towing and anchor handling, having an open stern to allow the decking of anchors, and having more power to increase the bollard pull. The machinery is specifically designed for anchor handling operations. They also have arrangements for quick anchor release, which is operable from the bridge or other normally crewed locations in direct communication with the bridge. The reference load used in the design and testing of the towing winch is twice the static bollard pull.

Even if AHTS-vessels are customized for anchor-handling and towing, they can also undertake, for example, ROV (remotely operated underwater vehicle) services, safety/rescue services, and supply duties between mainland and offshore installations.

The world's strongest tug since its delivery in 2020 is MV Island Victory (Vard Brevik 831) of Island Offshore, with a bollard pull of 477 tonnes-force (526 short tons-force; 4,680 kN).

See also
 Salvage tug
 Emergency tow vessel

References

External links
The Bourbon Orca
Bourbon Orca, yno 273, Ulstein Verft
Icebreaker AHTS Balder Viking

Shipbuilding
Ship types
Petroleum technology
Leopoldo Nobili. Leopoldo Nobili, born on 5 July 1784 in Trassilico (Toscana) and died on 22 August 1835 in Florence, was an Italian physicist who invented a number of instruments critical to investigating thermodynamics and electrochemistry.

Born Trassilico, Garfagnana, after attending the Military Academy of Modena he became an artillery officer. He was awarded the Légion d'honneur for his service in Napoleon's invasion of Russia.

In 1825 he developed the astatic galvanometer.

He worked with Macedonio Melloni on the thermomultiplier, a combination of thermopile and galvanometer, before being appointed professor of physics at the Reale Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale (Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History) in Florence where he worked with Vincenzo Antinori on electromagnetic induction.

He was also credited with the discovery of 'Nobili's Rings'. "When a dilute solution of copper acetate is placed on a bright silverplate and a strip of zinc is touched to the silver beneath the copper, a series of rings of copper are formed by electrolysis around the zinc."

References

Works
 
 

1784 births
1835 deaths
People from Gallicano
19th-century Italian physicists
Protocol analyzer. A protocol analyzer is a tool (hardware or software) used to capture and analyze signals and data traffic over a communication channel. Such a channel varies from a local computer bus to a satellite link, that provides a means of communication using a standard communication protocol (networked or point-to-point). Each type of communication protocol has a different tool to collect and analyze signals and data. 

Specific types of protocol analyzers include:

 A telecom network protocol analyzer
 A network packet analyzer such as Wireshark
 A bus analyzer
 An IP load tester

References

Electronic test equipment
Full screen effect. A full screen effect (sometimes written as fullscreen effect) is any graphics technique that is applied to the entire screen, usually after the rest of the image has been rendered. This is in contrast to effects that are applied to each element of an image—such as a three-dimensional triangle—as it is drawn.  The speed of applying a full screen effect is independent of the complexity of the image.

In 3D rendering applications such as video games, common full screen effects include color filters, depth of field, and full screen bloom. A color filter, for example, may desaturate an image or convert it to grayscale. These effects are usually achieved via 
GPU shaders.

Computer graphic techniques
Software Freedom Day. Software Freedom Day (SFD) is an annual worldwide celebration of Free Software organized by the Digital Freedom Foundation (DFF). SFD is a public education effort with the aim of increasing awareness of Free Software and its virtues, and encouraging its use.

SFD was established in 2004 and was first observed on 28 August of that year. About 12 teams participated in the first Software Freedom Day. Since that time it has grown in popularity and while organisers anticipated more than 1,000 teams in 2010 the event has stalled at around 400+ locations over the past two years, representing a 30% decrease over 2009.

Since 2006, Software Freedom Day has been held on the third Saturday of September. In 2025, this event will be held on the 20th of September.

Organization 

Each event is left to local teams around the world to organize. Pre-registered teams (2 months before the date or earlier) receive free schwag sent by DFF to help with the events themselves. The SFD wiki contains individual team pages describing their plans as well as helpful information to get them up to speed. Events themselves vary between conferences explaining the virtues of Free and Open Source Software, to workshops, demonstrations, games, planting tree ceremonies, discussions and InstallFests.

Past events 

Note on the figures above: it is difficult to find figures of the early years. The maps on the SFD website are only reliable after 2007, however some years such as 2009 saw extra teams from two different sources which did not "officially" register with DFF. There was about 80 teams from China and a hundred from the Sun community (OSUM) who heavily subsidized goodies for their teams. In the early year of SFD the map was an optional component not connected with the registration script and therefore some teams did not go through the troubles of adding themselves.

Sponsors 

In the past, the event has been sponsored by entities like Canonical Ltd., IBM, Sun Microsystems, DKUUG, Google, Red Hat, Linode, Nokia and MakerBot Industries.

Currently, this event is supported by Earth Cause, Linode, Mailman, Musescore, Digital Peak, FSF, FSFE, Joomla, Creative Commons, Admin Magazine, Linux Journal, Ubuntu User and Woman Tech.

Each local team can seek sponsors independently, especially local FOSS supporting organizations and often appears in local medias such as newspapers and TV.

See also

Outline of free software
Document Freedom Day
Hardware Freedom Day
Culture Freedom Day
Public Domain Day
International Day Against DRM, promoted by the Free Software Foundation in its Defective by Design campaign

References

External links

 Software Freedom Day

Intellectual property activism
International observances
Unofficial observances
September observances
Saturday observances
Holidays and observances by scheduling (nth weekday of the month)
Recurring events established in 2004
Louis Pierre Mouillard. Louis Pierre Mouillard (September 30, 1834 – September 20, 1897) was a French artist and innovator who worked on human mechanical flight in the second half of the 19th century. He based much of his work on the investigation of birds in Algeria and Cairo. Around the early 1900s he was considered the father of aviation.

Mouillard's most famous work, L'Empire de l'Air, in which he proposed fixed-wing gliders, was published in France in 1881 and soon became a widely recognized classic. It was translated into English by the Smithsonian Institution in their annual report of 1892 and reprinted in 1893 as The Empire Of The Air.

Biography
Mouillard studied at the School of Fine Arts at Lyon and Paris but settled in Algeria at Mitidja after the death of his father. Here he constructed several gliders before returning to France in 1865. Around this time he managed to glide 138 feet at about 30 feet height. He also described the use of a screw to provide lift and propulsion to a glider in 1890. He was appointed a professor of drawing at the Cairo Polytechnic in 1866 during which time he took a lot of interest in the flight of vultures. He studied the requirements of gliding flight in birds. In 1897 his design was patented in the United States of America by Octave Chanute. His biographer Arthur Henry Couannier posthumously published a book on gliding flight in 1912 titled Le vol sans battement (flight without flapping). He foresaw the use of aluminium as the metal of choice for aircraft and was possibly the first - with the possible exception of British engineer M.P.W. Boulton in 1868 - to introduce control surfaces to the wing.

Mouillard realized the importance of wings, gliding and the future of aviation at a time when balloons were considered the only practical way to carry humans and flapping machines had failed. He inspired the work of many others including Octave Chanute and Otto Lilienthal. Mouillard was described by Wilbur Wright as one of the greatest missionaries of the flying cause. Mouillard believed that flight would unify the world, that the empire of the air would be for all humanity to own and that it would eliminate the need for boundaries and armies. He has been termed as a utopian:

Mouillard died, largely unrecognized and in poverty, at Cairo in 1897. In February 1912 a statue was erected in Cairo to his memory. The statue was made by Guillaume Laplagne and was erected on a black basalt base and was located near the Heliopolis Grand Hotel but this no longer exists. The base of the pedestal bears the word Oser! meaning "dare" which he had printed on the cover of his book. The vulture in front of the pedestal is based on his illustration used in his 1881 book. Rue Pierre-Mouillard is a Paris street named in his honour.

See also
List of early flying machines

References

External links
Mouillard
L'Empire de l'air. Essai d'ornithologie appliquee a l'aviation (1881)
 Correspondence between Octave Chanute and Mouillard
 Mouillard biography
 Publications by Mouillard

French aviation pioneers
French glider pilots
Aviation inventors
19th-century French inventors
1834 births
1897 deaths
Jipi and the Paranoid Chip. "Jipi and the Paranoid Chip" is a science fiction short story by Neal Stephenson that appeared in Forbes magazine's July 7, 1997 issue. It is part of the Baroque Cycle/Cryptonomicon universe.

Plot
The story deals with the concepts of mindshare and evolutionary software.

Jipi, a former Pacific-rim airline flight attendant, is staying with her friend in a high-rise luxury apartment building inside Manila's walled district of Intramuros. The fiftieth floor of a neighboring high-rise houses the Asian-Pacific headquarters of Mindshare Management, under regional supervisor Mr. Cardoza. Goto Engineering is conducting a citywide sewer replacement project which produces unpleasant gases that have hurt the city's hospitality industry. Jipi, looking for work, is given employment by Mr. Cardoza at the Manila Hotel in order to monitor guests in the lobby for signs of having noticed the unpleasant sewer gases and having the guests distracted by Cardoza's actors before they become aware of the construction across the street and lower the hotel's reputation by word of stay experiences.

Mr. Cardoza explains a new job to Jipi. A California software firm, under contract with requests from law enforcement, have produced evolving software inclined to detect paranoid schizophrenics during conversations over the Internet. Eventually, several million descendent generations of software are evolved that mimics the persona of a paranoid human, thus making them ideal against a hacker trying to shut them down. Shenzhen begins to make pirated wholesale copies of the chip, which are sold to a tariff-free zone city in North Africa, leading to the manufacture of an evolved theft-deterrent - an alarm-activated car bomb. Not knowing a proper amount of explosives to use with the car alarms, one manufacturer's particular shipment of Czech Semtex is equally divided into 48 customer deliveries, each with enough charge to level part of a city block. After one levels a mall in California, Mr. Cardoza, in Manila, is hired to track down the remaining 47 vehicles using each vehicle's wireless internet modems. Recognizing Jipi's charm, he recruits her to type messages in internet conversation to the next of the remaining schizoid-induced personality car alarms via satellite connection to track down clues to its location until local police can shut it down.

Genre

The story takes place in the same universe as The Baroque Cycle and Cryptonomicon. Mention is made of Homer/Homa Goto, presumably a descendant of Goto Dengo, and his firm, Goto Engineering; of the Bank of Manila and Kinakuta; and of the Black Chamber, also known as the International Data Transfer Regulatory Organisation. It is presumably set in the first half of the 21st century, a generation after the events of Cryptonomicon.

See also

Mindshare
Artificial intelligence
Genetic programming
Cyberpunk
The Great Simoleon Caper

External links
Jipi and the Paranoid Chip  as it appeared in Forbes, Vol. 160, Issue 1 (7 July 1997)

1997 short stories
Science fiction short stories
Short stories by Neal Stephenson
Works originally published in Forbes
Hope (programming language). Hope is a programming language based on functional programming developed in the 1970s at the University of Edinburgh.
It predates Miranda and Haskell and is contemporaneous with ML, also developed at the University. Hope was derived from NPL, a simple functional language developed by Rod Burstall and John Darlington in their work on program transformation. NPL and Hope are notable for being the first languages with call-by-pattern evaluation and algebraic data types.

Hope was named for Sir Thomas Hope (c. 1681–1771), a Scottish agriculture reformer, after whom Hope Park Square in Edinburgh, the location of the artificial intelligence department at the time of the development of Hope, was also named.

The first implementation of Hope used strict evaluation, but there have since been lazy evaluation versions and strict versions with lazy constructors. A successor language Hope+, developed jointly between Imperial College and International Computers Limited, added annotations to dictate either strict or lazy evaluation.

Language details
A factorial program in Hope is:
 dec fact : num -> num;
 --- fact 0 <= 1;
 --- fact n <= n*fact(n-1);

Changing the order of clauses does not change the meaning of the program, because Hope's pattern matching always favors more specific patterns over less specific ones. Explicit declarations of data types in Hope are required; there is no type inference algorithm.

Hope provides two built-in data structures: tuples and lists.

Implementations
Roger Bailey's Hope tutorial in the August 1985 issue of Byte references an interpreter for IBM PC DOS 2.0. British Telecom embarked on a project with Imperial College London to implement a version of Hope. The first release was coded by Thanos Vassilakis in 1986. Further releases were coded by Mark Tasng of British Telecom.

References

External links
Hope Interpreter for Windows
Entry in the online Dictionary of Programming Languages

Functional languages
Academic programming languages
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Statically typed programming languages
University of Edinburgh

Articles with example code