omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Poling (metallurgy). A metallurgical method employed in the purification of copper which contains copper oxide as an impurity and also in the purification of tin which contains tin oxide (stannic oxide or "SnO2") as an impurity. The impure metal, usually in the form of molten blister copper, is placed in an anode furnace for two stages of refining.   In the first stage, sulphur and iron are removed by gently blowing air through the molten metal to form iron oxides and sulfur dioxide. The iron oxides are skimmed or poured off the top of the copper and the gaseous sulfur dioxide exits the furnace via the off-gas system. Once the first oxidation stage is complete, the second stage (reduction or poling) begins. This involves using a reducing agent, normally natural gas or diesel (but ammonia, liquid petroleum gas, and naphtha  can also be used), to react with the oxygen in the copper oxide to form copper . In the past, freshly cut ("green") trees were used as wooden poles. The sap in these poles acted as the reducing agent. The heat of the copper makes the pole emit wood gas(CO2 and H2) that reduces the cuprous oxide to copper.

It was the use of these greenwood poles gave rise to the term "poling."

Care must be taken to avoid removing too much of the oxygen from the anode copper, as this will cause other impurities to change from their oxide to metallic states and they will remain in solid solution in the copper, reduce its conductivity and change its physical properties. Also upper surface can be covered with coke to prevent reoxidation of metal.

References

Sources
 The Canadian Encyclopedia

Metallurgical processes
Thailand National Nanotechnology Center. National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) is one of Thailand's National Research Centers, directed by National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation.

See also 
 Nanotechnology
 National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)

External links 
 

Research institutes in Thailand
Nanotechnology institutions
National Science and Technology Development Agency
Chang'an University. Chang'an University (CHD; ) is a public university located in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education, and co-funded with the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and the Shaanxi Provincial People's Government. The university is part of the Double First-Class Construction and Project 211.

On April 18, 2000, Xi'an Highway and Transportation University (西安公路交通大学), Xi'an Engineering College (西安工程学院), and Northwest Architectural Engineering College (西北建筑工程学院) merged to form Chang'an University.

Overview

Chang'an University, directly subordinate to the Ministry of Education, jointly run by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Transport, is one of national Double First Class University Plan and former 211 project universities in China. It was established in April 2000 by merging three former universities founded in the 1950s, namely, Xi'an Highway University, Xi'an Engineering Institute and Northwest Institute of Construction Engineering.

The university, covering an area of 2,980 mu, is located in Xi’an, well known for its cultural history. The university has five campuses (The Main, Yanta, Xiaozhai, Weishui and Taibai) located in Xi'an. The campuses play different roles in fostering students' educational experiences. The Weishui Campus is for undergraduates and the other ones are mainly for postgraduates and social practices. Moreover, Weishui Campus has the only comprehensive automobile proving ground within universities in China.

Chang’an University has three key laboratories of Ministry of Education, 10 Key Laboratories of the Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Land Recourse, Ministry Housing and Urban-Rural Construction and the Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial. C.U also has 6 experimental teaching demonstration centers in Shaanxi Province, two approved Research Centers of the building the Ministry of Education Engineering project, in addition to the only university automobile proving ground.

References

External links
Chang'an University Website (Chinese)

 
Universities and colleges in Xi'an
Project 211
1951 establishments in China
Universities and colleges established in 1951
1951 in Xi'an
Hertzian cone. A Hertzian cone is the cone produced when an object passes through a solid, such as a bullet through glass. More technically, it is a cone of force that propagates through a brittle, amorphous, or cryptocrystalline solid material from a point of impact. This force eventually removes a full or partial cone in the material. This is the physical principle that explains the form and characteristics of the flakes removed from a core of tool stone during the process of lithic reduction.

This phenomenon is named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who first described this type of wave-front propagation through various media.

Although it might not be agreed by all, natural phenomena which have been grouped with the Hertzian cone phenomena include the crescentic "chatter marks" made on smoothed bedrock by glacial ice dragging along boulders at its base, the numerous crescentic impact marks sometimes seen on pebbles and cobbles, and the shatter cones found at bolide impact sites.  James Byous, working independently (at privately funded Dowd Research, Savannah, Georgia USA) has made a protracted study of Hertzian cones.  Some of his work may be found via sharing points or directly at Dowd Research.  He has produced a comprehensive glossary on Hertzian fractures and related terms. A Hertzian cone is often 104 degrees when created by an indenter.  Smaller cones may be produced due to lack of size of the material, or irregularities in the structure of the material.  However, in ballistics, the faster the projectile the steeper the edges and angle of the cone.

See also
Conchoidal fracture
Flint knapping

References

Materials science
Lithics
Heinrich Hertz
Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles. Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles aims to preserve historic rail vehicles. It may concern trains that have been removed from service and later restored to their past condition, or have never been removed from service, like UP 844, the only U.S. steam locomotive to never be retired. They are often operated in present-day service as moving examples of living history, as opposed to static exhibits. 

The majority of restored trains are operated at heritage railways and railway museums, although they can also be found on the main lines or branch lines of the commercial working railway, operated by specialist railtour companies or museum groups. In contrast, main line railway preservation is the practice of operating restored trains on a railway network which is also operational primarily for serious commercial use.

For authenticity, the location/route of preserved trains is often chosen to match the original trains used. Heritage railways and railway museums aim to restore and operate restored trains. Trains are often restored to the original authentic livery of their original owner.

In the United States 

The restoration of historic railway equipment has gained importance in the United States, primarily because of a large amount of steam locomotives and cabooses donated by railroads to cities and museums, many of which have been displayed in parks for many years. Often these restoration projects are accomplished by a local railroad club or chapters of a national organization.

Examples of major projects accomplished by clubs are D&RGW 315, which was displayed in the city park in Durango, Colorado, until removed by the Durango Railway Historical Society and restored to operation, as well as D&RGW 223, which was displayed at Liberty Park in Salt Lake City, Utah, until moved to Ogden and restored by the Golden Spike Chapter of the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society.

Eureka & Palisades 4, also known as the Eureka, was purchased by a lawyer from Reno, Nevada. She was restored and is still privately owned, operating occasionally on the Durango & Silverton and Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroads in Colorado.

Streetcars

Bibliography 
 Carlson et al. (1986), The Colorful Streetcars We Rode, Bulletin 125 of the Central Electric Railfans' Association, Chicago, Il. 
 Taplin, Michael; and Russell, Michael (2002). Trams in Western Europe (). Harrow Weald, Middlesex, UK: Capital Transport Publishing.

References

See also

 Cable car (railway)
 Gandy dancer
 Horsecar
 Heritage railway
 List of heritage railways
 List of town tramway systems
 Heritage railways in Britain
Motive power depot
Railway workshop
 San Francisco Historic Trolley Festival

 
Heritage railways
Tram transport
AAR. AAR or Aar may refer to:

Aviation
 AAR Corporation, an American aviation engineering company
 Air-to-air refueling, the process of transferring aviation fuel from one military aircraft to another during flight
 IATA airport code for Aarhus Airport in Mid Jutland Region, Denmark
 ICAO airline code for Asiana Airlines of South Korea

Geography
Aar, a river in Switzerland, tributary of the Rhine
Aar (Lahn), a tributary of Lahn river in Germany, descending from the Taunus mountains
Aar (Dill), a tributary of  Dill river in Germany, also in the basin of the Lahn
Aar (Ill), a branch of the Ill river that separates from it in Strasbourg, France and rejoins it further north
Aar (Twiste), a tributary of  Twiste river in Germany, in the basin of the Weser
Aar (village), a village in Rajasthan, India
South American–Antarctic Ridge, also known as the American–Antarctic Ridge, a mid-ocean ridge in the South Atlantic
Antarctica, IAAF code AAR

Military
 After-action review, a structured review process used by the U.S. military
 After action report, a retrospective analysis
 Assistant Automatic Rifleman, a soldier who carries ammunition, see Rifleman#Modern_tactics.

Organizations
All American Racers, a former Formula 1 and CART team
Allens (law firm), a law firm (formerly known as Allens Arthur Robinson)
American Academy in Rome, research and arts institution in Rome
American Academy of Religion, an association of academics who research or teach topics related to religion
Association for Automated Reasoning, a non-profit that seeks to advance the field of automated reasoning
Association of American Railroads, an industry trade group representing the railroads of North America

Transportation
AAR coupling, railway coupling specification of the Association of American Railroads
AAR wheel arrangement, Association of American Railroads system for describing wheel arrangement of locomotives
All-American Road, a designation for some national scenic byways in the United States
Ann Arbor Railroad (disambiguation)

Other uses
Aar (Star Wars), fictional planet in Star Wars universe
Aar, a fictional planet of the star Deneb, in the "Captain Future" stories
The All-American Rejects, an American rock band
Air America Radio, a domestic United States radio network
Average accounting return, a capital budgeting investment rule
Adam's apple reduction, a surgery
Afar language (ISO 639 language identification code)
African American Review, a journal
Amino acid response, the biochemical response of  a mammalian cell starved of amino acids
"At any rate", see List of SMS abbreviations
Alkali–aggregate reaction, a chemical reaction leading to expansion in concrete

See also
Ahr, a river in Germany, tributary of the Rhine
Aare (disambiguation)
BASIC A+. BASIC A+ is an implementation of the BASIC programming language for Atari 8-bit computers introduced by Optimized Systems Software in 1981. It was developed by the team that created Atari BASIC, which shipped with each computer, and is compatible. BASIC A+. BASIC A+ adds new features to the language, such as IF..ELSE..ENDIF statements, support for hardware features like player/missile graphics, and commands for debugging. While Atari BASIC is an 8 KB ROM cartridge, BASIC A+ is floppy disk based and uses 15 KB of the computer's RAM, leaving 23 KB available for user programs in a 48 KB Atari 800. BASIC A+ shipped with a supplement to the Atari BASIC reference manual as its documentation.

Optimized Systems Software followed BASIC A+ with the cartridge-based BASIC XL, then BASIC XE.

See also 
 Turbo-Basic XL

References 

1983 software
BASIC interpreters
Discontinued BASICs
Optimized Systems Software
Atari 8-bit computer software
ArsDigita Community System. The ArsDigita Community System (ACS) was an open source toolkit for developing community web applications developed primarily by developers associated with ArsDigita Corporation. It was licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, and is one of the most famous products to be based completely on AOLserver. Although there were several forks of the project, the only one that is still actively maintained is OpenACS.

Features of ACS included a core set of APIs, datamodels, and database routines for coordinating information common to all community web applications, as well as modules such as workflow management, CMS, messaging, bug/issue tracking, project tracking, e-commerce, and bboards.

History
ACS was built in the mid-1990s to support the photo.net online community as well as a variety of Internet services from Hearst Corporation.

Its creator, ArsDigita, was founded in 1997 by developers such as Philip Greenspun. The initial developers included Tracy Adams, Ben Adida, Eve Andersson, Jin S. Choi, Philip Greenspun, Aurelius Prochazka, and Brian Tivol.

The ACS was originally written using the Oracle database and AOLserver threaded web server and thus was a combination of SQL, HTML templates, and Tcl code to merge database results with templates. ACS 3.4, however, was also available with Java Server Pages to run with Apache and Tomcat. In 2001, the code tree was forked, with the Tcl code base being maintained and refactored by one group of developers, while the product line was being re-written in Java EE.

In 2002, Red Hat acquired ArsDigita and all of its assets. As a result of this, the Java version was renamed "Red Hat CCM", and official support for the Tcl version ceased. However, the Tcl version continued to be maintained by the OpenACS community.

OpenACS

The Open Architecture Community System provides:

 A set of applications, that can be used to deploy web sites that are strong on collaboration. Some of the applications are Workflow, CMS, Messaging, Bug/Issue tracker, e-commerce, blogger, chat and forums.
 An application development toolkit, that provides an extensive set of APIs and services to enable quick development of new applications. Features include permissioning, full internationalization, Ajax, form builder, object model, automated testing, subsites and a powerful package manager.

OpenACS runs on AOLserver and NaviServer with either Oracle or PostgreSQL as its database.

Projects that were or are based on OpenACS include dotLrn, dotFolio, dotCommunity, dotConsult, Project-Open, and Voice Online Communities.

See also

Web content management
Solution stack

References

External links
 ACS may be downloaded from http://www.eveandersson.com/arsdigita/acs-repository/
 Official website
 the philosophy behind the toolkit is explained at http://philip.greenspun.com/panda/community

Free software programmed in Tcl
Free web development software
Information technology management
Publication management software
Red Hat software
Harold G. Dick. Harold Gustav "Hal" Dick (January 19, 1907 – September 3, 1997) was an American mechanical engineer employed by Goodyear, who flew on almost all of the Hindenburg flights. He was called to the UK for a meeting before the last flight of the Hindenburg and was not aboard during the disaster. Dick earned his balloon and dirigible pilot licenses in 1930, from Orville Wright.

Harold Dick was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and died in Wichita, Kansas, at the age of 90.

Works

References

External links 
 Harold G. Dick Airship Collection — biography of Harold G. Dick
 Postcards from Harold G. Dick Airship Collection Dick, Harold
 The Golden Age of the Great Passenger Airships: The Collection of Harold G. Dick

1907 births
1997 deaths
People from Lawrence, Massachusetts
American mechanical engineers
20th-century American engineers
EE Times. EE Times (Electronic Engineering Times) is an electronics industry magazine published in the United States since 1972.  EE Times is currently owned by AspenCore, a division of  Arrow Electronics since August 2016.

Since its acquisition by AspenCore, EE Times has seen major editorial and publishing technology investment and a renewed emphasis on investigative coverage. New features include The Dispatch, which profiles frontline engineers and unpacks real-life design problems and their solutions in technical yet conversational reporting.

Ownership and status
EE Times was launched in 1972 by Gerard G. Leeds of CMP Publications Inc.  In 1999, the Leeds family sold CMP to United Business Media for $900 million.  After 2000, EE Times moved more into web publishing. The shift in advertising from print to online began to accelerate in 2007, and the periodical shed staff to adjust to the downturn in revenue.

In July 2013, the digital edition migrated to UBM TechWeb's DeusM community platform.

On June 3, 2016, UBM announced that EE Times, along with the rest of its electronics media portfolio (EDN, Embedded.com, TechOnline, and Datasheets.com), was being sold to AspenCore Media, a company owned by Arrow Electronics, for $23.5 million. The acquisition was completed on August 1, 2016.

Availability
EE Times is free for qualified design engineers, managers, and business and corporate management in the electronics industry. It is also available online; the EE Times website offers news, columns, and features articles for semiconductor manufacturing, communications, electronic design automation, electronic engineering, technology, and products. In November 2012, UBM Electronics announced that the December 2012 issue of EE Times would be the last in print. In 2013, EE Times will be an online product only.

In 2018, EE Times rolled out a  refreshed website, resurrected its print edition in Europe, and launched a new radio show, EE Times On Air, available an hour after the live broadcast as a podcast.

References

External links 
 EE Times
 EE Times Europe
 EE Times Asia
 EE Times China
 EE Times Japan
 EE Times India

Online magazines published in the United States
Electrical and electronic engineering magazines
Magazines established in 1972
Magazines established in 2012
Magazines published in San Francisco
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Engineering magazines
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Trevithick. Trevithick ( ) is a Cornish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Francis Trevithick (1812–1877), one of the first locomotive engineers of the London and North Western Railway
 Jonathan Trevethick (1864–1939), New Zealand politician
 Paul Trevithick (born 1959), American inventor, engineer and entrepreneur
 Richard Trevithick (1771–1833), British inventor, mining engineer and builder of the first working railway steam locomotive
 William Edward Trevithick (1899–1958), Irish botanical illustrator 

Cornish-language surnames
STS-98. STS-98 was a 2001 Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle  Atlantis. It was the first human spaceflight launch of the 21st century. STS-98 delivered to the station the Destiny Laboratory Module. All mission objectives were completed and the shuttle reentered and landed safely at Edwards Air Force Base on 20 February 2001, after twelve days in space, six of which were spent docked to the ISS.

Crew

Crew seat assignments

Launch attempts

Mission highlights

The crew continued the task of building and enhancing the International Space Station by delivering the U.S. Destiny Laboratory Module. It was the first NASA lab to be permanently used since the days of Skylab nearly three decades earlier. It was manufactured by Boeing at the Michoud Assembly Facility and the Marshall Space Flight Center in 1997. Upon transport to Kennedy Space Center's industrial buildings, it was fitted with equipment, machines, racks and cables at the Operations and Checkout Building and Space Station Processing Facility. The U.S. laboratory module is  long and  wide. It is made from aluminum, and comprises three cylindrical sections and two end-cones that contain the hatch openings through which astronauts enter and exit the module. The ends are colored blue and white respectively for the crew to navigate easily. A -diameter window is located on one side of the center module segment.

During the mission, the shuttle docked to PMA 3 located on the nadir of Node 1. The crew relocated PMA 2 to the holding area on the Z1 truss temporarily, before using the Shuttle's robotic arm to lift out the 14.5 ton steel module out of the Shuttle's payload bay, and permanently berthed it on the forward hatch of Node 1. Spacewalks conducted by Thomas Jones and Robert Curbeam reattached electrical cables to the aluminum hull and connecting ports on Destiny, and also checked the laboratory's nadir window. PMA 2 was replaced to the forward hatch of Destiny.

The Shuttle spent six days docked to the station while the laboratory was attached and three spacewalks were conducted to complete its assembly. The mission also saw the 100th spacewalk in U.S. spaceflight history. STS-98 occurred while the first station crew was aboard the new space station.

Space walks

Wake-up calls 
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.
Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

Popular culture and media
STS-98 was the designation for the fictional NASA mission to destroy an asteroid in Armageddon (1998 film).

See also

 International Space Station
 List of human spaceflights
 List of International Space Station spacewalks
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999
 Outline of space science

References

External links
 NASA mission summary 
 STS-98 Post Flight Presentation 

Space Shuttle missions
Edwards Air Force Base
Spacecraft launched in 2001
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius. Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius (9 August 1883 – 24 April 1970) was a German fluid dynamics physicist. He was one of the first students of Prandtl.

Blasius provided a mathematical basis for boundary-layer drag but also showed as early as 1911 that the resistance to flow through smooth pipes could be expressed in terms of the Reynolds number for both laminar and turbulent flow. After six years in science he changed to Ingenieurschule Hamburg (today: University of Applied Sciences Hamburg) and became a Professor. On 1 April 1962 Heinrich Blasius celebrated his 50th anniversary in teaching. He was active in his field until he died on 24 April 1970.

One of his most notable contributions involves a description of the steady two-dimensional boundary-layer that forms on a semi-infinite plate that is held parallel to a constant unidirectional flow .

Correlations
First law of Blasius for turbulent Fanning friction factor:

 

Second law of Blasius for turbulent Fanning friction factor:

 

Law of Blasius for friction coefficient in turbulent pipe flow:

See also
Blasius function

Notes

References
 Hager, W.H., "Blasius: A life in research and education," Experiments in Fluids, 34: 566–571 (2003)
 Blasius, H., "Das Aehnlichkeitsgesetz bei Reibungsvorgängen in Flüssigkeiten", Mitteilungen über Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens, vol.134, VDI-Verlag Berlin (1913)

External links
 

1883 births
1970 deaths
20th-century German physicists
German fluid dynamicists