omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
6th Space Warning Squadron. The 6th Space Warning Squadron is located at Cape Cod Space Force Station, in Sagamore, Massachusetts, United States. It operates the PAVE PAWS radar to watch for missiles launched toward North America. The squadron is assigned to Space Delta 4.  The squadron was first organized in October 1979 as the 6th Missile Warning Squadron

Mission
The mission of the 6th SWS is to observe United States coasts for incoming sea–launched or intercontinental ballistic missiles using the PAVE PAWS radar system.  Also, the 6th is to determine the potential threat of the numbers and destination of incoming missiles; then report continuous information to the North American Aerospace Defense Command, Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station, and NORTHCOM.

History
The 6th Space Warning Squadron was founded at Cape Cod Missile Early Warning Station in August 1977. It was the first squadron in the country to be equipped with PAVE PAWS.

PAVE PAWS also generates information on the location and velocity of earth-orbiting satellites to NORAD.

The squadron also had a detachment at North Truro Air Force Station from 1977 to 1985, when the station closed and operations at the accompanying radar dome were taken over by the Federal Aviation Administration. The 2165th Communications Squadron was a separate tenant at CCAFS until 1986 when it was merged with the 6th SWS.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 6th Missile Warning Squadron
 Activated on 1 October 1979
 Redesignated 6th Space Warning Squadron on 15 May 1992

Assignments
 21st Air Division, 1 October 1979
 Aerospace Defense Command  1 October 1979
 45th Air Division, 1 December 1979
 1st Space Wing, 1 May 1983
 21st Operations Group, 15 May 1992 – present

Stations
Cape Cod Space Force Station, Massachusetts, 1 October 1979 – present

Awards and decorations
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 January 1998 – 31 December 1998
1 October 1997 – 30 September 1999
1 October 1995 – 30 September 1997
2014
 2004 Partridge Slemon Award as North American Aerospace Defense Command's most outstanding unit for its support of the common defense and partnership in protecting the U.S. and Canadian homelands

List of commanders

Col Judson 1989
Col   1990-1993
Col Richard Cable
Col Mario V. Mascola
Col William R. Smith
Lt Col Craig Z. Lowry, 29 June 1995 – ???
Lt Col Paul Hamilton
Lt Col Christopher R. Gentry
Lt Col J. Arnett
Lt Col C. Lowery
Lt Col Robert Keyser
Lt Col Nina Armagno, June 2003 – December 2004
Lt Col Paul S. Hamilton, 14 December 2004 – 10 August 2006
Lt Col Max E. Lantz II, June 2008 – June 2010
Lt Col Walt Jackim, ??? – 27 June 2014
Lt Col David Anderson, 27 June 2014 – ???
Lt Col Nathan J. Hippe, ??? – 28 June 2018
Lt Col James E. Roberts, 28 June 2018 – 23 June 2020
Lt Col Timothy “Skip” Sheehan, 23 June 2020 – June 2022
Lt Col Stewart C. Smith, June 2022 – 12 June 2024
Lt Col Bryan Becker, 12 June 2024 – present

References

External links

6th Space Warning Squadron

Squadrons of the United States Space Force
Military units and formations in Massachusetts
Military units and formations established in 1992
Sikorsky XH-39. The Sikorsky XH-39 (manufacturer designation S-59),  developed by Sikorsky Aircraft in 1954, was the U.S. Army's first turbine-powered helicopter. It was fast and innovative, but ultimately rejected by the United States Army in favor of the Bell UH-1 Iroquois.

Design and development

The four-seat XH-39 was powered by one Continental CAE XT51-T-3 400 shp (298 kW) turboshaft engine, a license-built development of the Turbomeca Artouste. It was developed from a previous Sikorsky model, the H-18 (company model S-52), and had the same layout. It differed in using retractable landing gear, modified tail rotor, and four-blade main rotor. In the end, the U.S. Army selected the Bell XH-40, prototype of the UH-1 Huey. Two YH-18As were modified into XH-39s; one for flight testing and the other for static test.

On 26 August 1954, the XH-39 set a world helicopter speed record of 156.005 mph (251 km/h) over a three kilometer closed course at Bradley Field (now Bradley International Airport) in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. The same year, on October 17, 1954, it set an unofficial world helicopter altitude record of 24,500 ft (7,474 m) at Bridgeport, Connecticut.

In addition to the two XH-39s, one S-59, serial number 52004, registration number N74150, was produced for use for company demonstration flights. It has been restored and is now on display at the New England Air Museum, Windsor Locks, Connecticut.

Variants

XH-39
Former YH-18A modified for static testing, not flown and later modified back to YH-18A standard.
XH-39A
Former YH-18A modified for flight testing.

Specifications (XH-39)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Harding, Stephen. U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife, 1990. .
 Polmar, Norman and Floyd D. Kennedy, Jr. Military Helicopters of the World: Military Rotary-wing Aircraft Since 1917.. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1981. .

External links

 "Sikorsky Model XH-39 (S-59)." at Global Security (accessed 12 May 2008)

United States military helicopters
1950s United States military utility aircraft
H-039
1950s United States helicopters
Single-turbine helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1954
Calamus (DTP). Calamus is a desktop publishing application, originally built for the Atari ST computer. The first version was released on July 1, 1987, by the former German software company DMC GmbH.

Calamus is a software RIP application which generates high-quality output in any resolution. It was one of the first DTP applications supporting an own vector font format, notable for its support for automatic kerning even where adjacent characters are set in different fonts or at different sizes. Its high modularity offers features for almost every purpose in desktop publishing. Calamus also was one of the first DTP apps to support real virtual objects and frames, nondestructive vector masks, and editable PS/PDF import. Its (adjustable) measurement base of 1/10,000mm allows accurate positioning of elements.

Calamus was ported to Windows by MGI Software and was released as Calamus 95. In 1997, distribution rights for the program were taken over by the German company invers Software, which sold the program and developed new versions for the next two decades. In March 2018, invers Software was closed, and sales and development of Calamus were discontinued, although the official website is still functioning as of 2022.

The current and last version of Calamus is Calamus SL 2015, also available as SLC 2015 (complete edition with all additional modules) and LE 2015 (lite edition with restricted number of modules).

Raster Image Processor
Calamus is a RIP itself and handles various, adjustable raster dot sizes at the same time. It handles rasterization information per document, page or even per frame. It also uses a unique, notable method of cutting raster dots, which means that a screen raster can be cropped or clipped at certain borders, given by the document layout elements. Thus, it does not require any external RIP for interpretation, rendering and screening of documents. Using a special module, Calamus supports dot rasterization (using the term Star Screening) which is a frequency modulated method of halftoning (Stochastic screening).

Calamus Intelligent Kerning

Rather than using kerning pairs or relying on simple side-bearing measurements, Calamus’ native fonts encode left and right bounds for each character at eight different latitudes. Unlike the kerning information in other formats, the resulting jigsaw-pieces can be used to fit characters together, even if those characters are from different fonts or if they are set at different sizes.

In contrast, the kerning implementation in OpenType and TrueType only works when adjacent characters are part of the same font, which can result in character collisions or poor kerning in some instances. The alternative is to use optical kerning, where the shapes of the characters are analysed to determine the appropriate distances; Calamus’ approach might be regarded as a simplification of that, working with a low-resolution version of the final character.

See also
 iCalamus
 Atari ST character set

References

External links
 Official Calamus website
 Official iCalamus website
 Review of Calamus SL2006

Atari ST software
Desktop publishing software
Nichols Bridgeway. The Nichols Bridgeway is a pedestrian bridge located in Chicago, Illinois. The bridge begins at the Great Lawn of Millennium Park, crosses over Monroe Street and connects to the third floor of the West Pavilion of the Modern Wing, the Art Institute of Chicago's newest wing. The bridge opened May 16, 2009.

Designed by Renzo Piano, the architect of the Modern Wing, the bridge is approximately  long and  wide. The bottom of the Bridgeway is made of white, painted structural steel, the floor is made of aluminum planking and the 42" tall railings are steel set atop stainless steel mesh. The Bridgeway features anti-slip walkways and heating elements to prevent the formation of ice and meets ADA standards for universal accessibility. The bridge is named after museum donors Alexandra and John Nichols.  The bridge design was inspired by the hull of a boat.

Construction

The Nichols Bridgeway was added to the master plan of the Modern Wing of the Art Institute of Chicago in 2005. Construction on the bridge began on September 20, 2007. Construction was completed on April 8, 2009. The bridge officially opened, along with the Modern Wing on May 16, 2009.

On June 11, 2009, the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (SEAOI) named the winners of its 2009 excellence in engineering awards. Arup and Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., received an Award of Merit for their design work for the Nichols Bridgeway.

Pop culture
In the 2012 romantic comedy, The Vow, the characters run from the Art Institute of Chicago across the Bridgeway to Millennium Park, where they kiss under Cloud Gate.

References

External links

City of Chicago Millennium Park
Millennium Park map
City of Chicago Loop Community Map

Bridges in Chicago
Millennium Park
Pedestrian bridges in Illinois
Renzo Piano buildings
Steel bridges in the United States
2009 establishments in Illinois
Bridges completed in 2009
Daniel Frost Comstock. Daniel Frost Comstock (; August 14, 1883 – March 2, 1970) was an American physicist and engineer.

Biography
Comstock attained a B.S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1904. He also studied in Berlin, Zürich, and Basel, where he attained his Ph.D. in 1906. At the University of Cambridge (1906–1907) he studied under J. J. Thomson. Beginning in 1904 he was a member of the faculty at MIT in theoretical physics (assistant professor 1910–1915; associate professor 1915–1917).

Comstock is most well known as the co-founder of the company Kalmus, Comstock & Westcott, and of Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, which developed the second major color film process, after Britain's Kinemacolor, and the most widely used color motion picture process in Hollywood from 1922 to 1952.

Comstock also published some theoretical papers in the fields of electrodynamics (1908), special relativity  (1910a) (see History of special relativity), and emission theory (1910b).

Publications

See also
de Sitter double star experiment
Relativity of simultaneity

References

20th-century American physicists
20th-century American engineers
1883 births
1970 deaths
Physical configuration audit. In computer engineering, a physical configuration audit (PCA) is the formal examination of the "as-built" configuration of a configuration item (CI) against its technical documentation to establish or verify the CI's product baseline. The PCA is used to examine the actual configuration of the CI that is representative of the product configuration, in order to verify that the related design documentation matches the design of the deliverable CI. It is also used to validate many of the supporting processes that the contractor uses in the production of the CI. This is also used to verify that any elements of the CI that were redesigned after the completion of the functional configuration audit also meet the requirements of the CI's performance specification. Additional PCAs may be accomplished later during CI production if circumstances such as the following apply:
 The original production line is "shut down" for several years and then production is restarted.
 The production contract for manufacture of a CI with a fairly complex, or difficult-to-manufacture, design is awarded to a new contractor or vendor.

Re-auditing in these circumstances is advisable regardless of whether the contractor or the government controls the detail production design.

Software

PCA is one of the practices used in software configuration management for software configuration auditing.  The purpose of the software PCA is to ensure that the design and reference documentation is consistent with the as-built software product.

References

External links
 Defense Acquisition Guidebook on Physical Configuration Audit

Configuration management
Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol. The Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP) is an obsolete protocol defined for routing datagrams between Internet gateways. It was first outlined in 1982.

The Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol was designed as an Internet Protocol (IP) datagram service similar to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). However, it is classified as an Internet Layer protocol.

GGP uses a minimum hop algorithm, in which it measures distance in router hops. A router is defined to be zero hops from directly connected networks, one hop from networks that are reachable through one other gateway. The protocol implements a distributed shortest-path methodology, and therefore requires global convergence of the routing tables after any change of link connectivity in the network.

Each GGP message has a field header that identifies the message type and the format of the remaining fields. Because only core routers participated in GGP, and because core routers were controlled by a central authority, other routers could not interfere with the exchange.

See also
 Distance-vector routing protocol
 Link-state routing protocol
 Router Information Protocol

References

Internet layer protocols
Photonics mast. A photonics mast (or optronics mast) is a sensor on a submarine which functions similarly to a periscope without requiring a periscope tube, thus freeing design space during construction and limiting risks of water leakage in the event of damage. A photonics mast replaces the mechanical, line-of-sight viewing system with digital equipment, similar to a digital camera array, and it has fewer locational and dimensional constraints than a traditional periscope.

Unlike a periscope, it needs not be located directly above its user, and it requires only a small pressure hull penetration for cabling. This allows the photonics mast to fit entirely within the sail of the submarine and means the control room need not be placed directly below the sail.

A photonics mast operates by rising above the water in a manner similar to a telescoping antenna and provides information through an array of sensors, such as high-definition low-light and thermographic cameras. Images and information can appear on display panels for analysis. The photonics mast can also support the navigation, electronic warfare, and communications functions of a conventional optical-periscope mast.

Photonics masts by country

Chinese Navy

At least the Type 039B/C submarines are fitted with photonics masts.

French Navy
The Marine Nationale's new nuclear attack submarines, the Suffren class, comes with an optronics mast with the following sensors:

 High resolution day camera
 3rd generation MWIR camera in 3-5 μm band
 Low light level camera (LLLTV) for night use in the visible spectrum with anti-glare system
 Laser rangefinder

The mast is manufactured by Sagem (now Safran). The same mast can be found on the export oriented  conventional attack submarines made by Naval Group.

Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
The Sōryū-class submarine is equipped with the CM010 optronics mast.

Royal Navy
The Royal Navy tested an optronic mast on the   in 1998.

 nuclear attack submarines are equipped with two Thales CM010 optronics mast similar in capabilities to the Sagem model in French use.

Russian Navy
The Yasen and Borei-class submarines are fitted with photonics masts developed by Shvabe, a subsidiary of Rostec. The Elektropribor Central Research Institute has also developed the Parus-98 photonics mast for the conventional Lada-class submarines and the export market (Parus-98E).

United States Navy

In 2004, the United States Navy began fitting photonics masts to s.

According to the US Navy:
In Virginia-class boats, traditional periscopes have been supplanted by two Photonics Masts that house color, high-resolution black and white, and infrared digital cameras atop telescoping arms. With the removal of the barrel periscopes, the ships’ control room has been moved down one deck and away from the hull’s curvature, affording it more room and an improved layout that provides the commanding officer with enhanced situational awareness.

References

External links

US Navy Fact Sheet, Attack Submarines
How Photonics Masts Will Work - from HowStuffWorks

Submarine design
Optoelectronics
Submarine components
UGATUSAT. UGATUSAT (УГАТУ-САТ, an abbreviation of the Russian name verbatim – «Ufimskiy Gosudarstvenniy Aviatsionniy Tekhnicheskiy Universitet Satellite») was a Russian microsatellite which was built and operated by Ufa State Aviation Technical University (USATU). The satellite was intended to be used as a technology demonstrator, and for Earth observation.

Overview 
The microsatellite UGATUSAT was developed by the Student Bureau "Infocosmos" at Ufa State Aviation Technical University, with an expected operational lifetime of three years. The satellite was equipped with a multi-channel multispectral camera that had a resolution of 50 meters per pixel. It was anticipated that the Space Educational and Scientific Laboratory, established as part of the university's educational program, would utilize UGATUSAT to:

 Conduct environmental monitoring
 Analyze parameters of mineral extraction
 Track forest fires and medium-scale fires
 Observe river flooding
 Monitor temperature anomalies, chemical emissions into the atmosphere, and emergency oil spills.

The mass of the UGATUSAT microsatellite was 40 kg.

Launch 
Initially, UGATUSAT was scheduled to launch on 19 June 2009 aboard a Kosmos-3M carrier rocket from Launch Complex 107 at Kapustin Yar. However, the launch was postponed, and UGATUSAT was eventually launched as a secondary payload on a Soyuz-2 rocket. On 17 September 2009 at 19:55 Moscow time, the educational microsatellite UGATUSAT was launched into space from Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch, originally planned for 15 September 2009, was delayed due to weather conditions.

Mission 
On 30 December 2009, communication with UGATUSAT was lost. It is suspected that the satellite experienced a malfunction that affected its gyroscope control moment system, leading to the failure of the spacecraft. The last contact with UGATUSAT occurred on 13 February 2010, after which the mission was formally concluded.

References

Education in Ufa
Student satellites
Spacecraft launched in 2009
Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-2 rockets
Kamov V-50. The Kamov V-50 was an armed tandem-rotor transport helicopter project from Kamov, with a projected speed of 400 km/h. The project was abandoned in the late 1969 after being started in early 1968. Due to the limited development time, little statistical information exists. Two different models exist.

References

External links

1960s Soviet military transport aircraft
Kamov aircraft
1960s Soviet helicopters
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Military transport helicopters
Tandem rotor helicopters
White and Middleton. The White and Middleton Gas Engine Company was a manufacturer of internal combustion engines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States.

Company history 

The company was founded and operated during most of its existence by Charles White and Arthur R. Middleton. The company exhibited in the Machinery Hall at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago.

The engines the company manufactured could be powered either by natural gas or by gasoline. They were employed for such varied uses as powering riverboats, generating electricity for local power grids, grinding coffee for both industrial coffee processors and coffee shops, and driving submarines.

White and Middleton engines were used both in the original Victorian era Argonaut-class submarines of Simon Lake and in the Protector-class submarines built by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut and sold to the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian Imperial Navies during the decade preceding World War I.  Two later Lake submarine models, the G-1 and G-2 which were purchased by the United States Navy, also used White and Middleton engines. A White and Middleton engine powered the electrical generator for Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina.

The rising success of the company as the new century dawned permitted the opening of a distribution subsidiary in Chicago, Illinois. In 1912 Charles White purchased Arthur R. Middleton's interest in the company and the firm was dissolved by mutual agreement, with the engines continuing to be produced by The Charles White Gas Engine Company. The company was eventually sold to Richard Thomas. Later U.S. Naval records list the company headquarters as Springfield, Ohio.

Products 

In 1898 White and Middleton produced nine different sizes of engine. Some models were approved by Underwriters Laboratories.

Performance data

References

External links 
 —Photo from the late 20th century that appears to include the son of Arthur Middleton and a restored White and Middleton engine in the background.

Engine manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Baltimore
VO-67. Observation Squadron 67 (VO-67) was a clandestine United States Navy military intelligence aircraft squadron based in Thailand during the Vietnam War.  Created in February 1967, the unit was deactivated in July 1968.  During its period of activity, the squadron mainly flew missions over the Ho Chi Minh trail in Vietnam and Laos under the MUSCLE SHOALS mission known as Operation Igloo White, deploying electronic sensory devices from their aircraft.  These sensors, known as the Air-Delivered Seismic Intrusion Detector (ADSID) and the Acoustic Seismic Intrusion Detector (ACOUSID), which would implant in the ground to detect North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong supply movements along the trail.

The squadron flew OP-2E Neptune aircraft, a modification of the P-2E Neptune maritime patrol and antisubmarine warfare aircraft.  Three unit aircraft were lost on combat missions with a total of 20 men killed. The unit received the Navy Unit Commendation and, in May 2008, was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its highly classified missions and for its intense aerial support of the Marines during the Battle of Khe Sanh.

The Arleigh Burke class destroyer,  is named for Commander Paul L. Milius, USN, who received the Navy Cross for saving his seven-man crew while serving with VO-67. Commander Milius was lost in combat over the Ho Chi Minh Trail when his OP-2E aircraft, callsign Sophomore 50, was hit by anti-aircraft fire over Laos on 27 February 1968 and he ordered his crew to bail out. Seven of the nine men aboard were rescued. The remains of the eighth crewmember, ATN2 John Hartzheim, were identified on 19 February 1999. Although he exited his aircraft, Commander Milius was never seen again.  He was listed as Missing in Action, presumed Killed in Action, and his remains never recovered.

References

Unit members talked with KXTV in Sacramento, CA and WFMY News 2 in Greensboro, NC about their experiences. Watch the story here.

External links
 

Observation squadrons of the United States Navy