omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Acetylene hydratase. Acetylene hydratase (, AH) is a bacterial enzyme, originally discovered in the anaerobic microorganism Pelobactor acetylenicus, that catalyzes the non-redox hydration of acetylene to form acetaldehyde.

C2H2 + H2O → CH3CHO

The mechanism is thought to involve attachment of acetylene to the metal followed by nucleophilic attack of water. Because acetylene binding to the Mo in nitrogenase lends some support that the mechanism involves a Mo→CH2=CH2 bond. Acetylene inhibits several microbial transformations where it interacts with the active site of the metal-dependent enzymes including hydrogenase and nitrogenase. This enzyme relies on tungsten as the metal center and is the heaviest metal that plays a prominent part in the nitrogen, sulfur and carbon metabolic processes. The [4Fe-4S] cubane keeps the W in the reduced W(IV) state, the most stable reduced oxidation state, while W(VI) is the other stable oxidation state (2nd and 3rd row transition metals are usually most stable in their highest oxidation state). Mo and W enzymes ubiquitously involve W(IV)/W(VI) in the catalysis, however AH is unique since the tungstoenzyme stays as W(IV) in the catalysis. The tungstoenzyme stays as W(IV) throughout the catalysis because the enzyme catalyzes a non-redox reaction described as the hydration of acetylene to acetaldehyde. The active site tungsten has a distorted octahedral geometry that is coordinated by molybdopterin co-factors along with a cysteine residue coordinated by a water molecule as the sixth ligand. The active site residues are Asp13, Cys12, Trp179, Arg606, Met140 and Ile142. Asp13 plays an important role in assisting the catalysis where the active site residue deprotonates the water hydroxide making it a better nucleophile.

References 

EC 4.2.1
1988 Remscheid A-10 crash. The 1988 Remscheid A-10 crash occurred on December 8, 1988, when an A-10 Thunderbolt II attack jet of the United States Air Forces in Europe crashed into a residential area in the city of Remscheid, West Germany. The aircraft crashed into the upper floor of an apartment complex. In addition to the pilot, six people were killed. Fifty others were injured, many of them seriously.

The plane was engaged in a low-altitude flight exercise. It belonged to a unit from Bentwaters Air Base but at the time of the accident was stationed at Nörvenich Air Base, a so-called Forward Operation Location (FOL).

The flight leader, Captain Marke F. Gibson, was leading his flight followed by his wingman, Captain Michael P. Foster. The cause of the accident was attributed to spatial disorientation, after both planes encountered difficult and adverse weather conditions for visual flying. Captain Gibson was able to maneuver his aircraft to safety, but Captain Foster's aircraft crashed into the houses on Stockder Strasse.

Aftermath
When the number of cancer cases in the vicinity of the accident rose disproportionately in the years after, suspicion rose that the jet, contrary to US statements, may have been loaded with ammunition containing depleted uranium. This was denied by the US military. Despite this, 70 tons of top soil from the accident scene were removed and taken away to a depot (which also happens to be standard procedure for cleanup when a large amount of jet fuel is spilled on populated ground, such as in a plane crash). Also, film material taken during the top-soil removal showed radiation warning signs. 120 residents and rescue workers reported skin diseases, diagnosed as (toxic) contact dermatitis.

Damages accounted to approximately DM 13 million and were covered 75% by the U.S. Air Force and 25% by the West German government.

See also 

 1955 Altensteig mid-air collision
 1959 Okinawa F-100 crash
 1960 Munich C-131 crash
 1964 Machida F-8 crash
 1977 Yokohama F-4 crash
 Cavalese cable car disaster (1998)

References

Further reading
 

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988
Accidents and incidents involving United States Air Force aircraft
Aviation accidents and incidents in Germany
Fairchild Republic A-10
1988 in West Germany
1980s in North Rhine-Westphalia
December 1988 events in Europe
Low flying
Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 10. Space Launch Complex 10 (SLC-10), or Missile Launch Complex 10, is located on Vandenberg Space Force Base in Lompoc, California. It was built in 1958 to test ballistic missiles and developed into a space launching facility in 1963. Prior to 1966, Space Launch Complex 10W (SLC-10W) was known as Vandenberg AFB Pad 75-2-6. It remains a rare pristine look at the electronics and facilities created in that era that helped the United States grow its space capabilities.

The last launch from this complex was a Thor booster in 1980. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.

It is undergoing an eight-year restoration, and public visits are possible, if arranged in advance.

History
The launch complex was built in 1958 by the Douglas Aircraft Corporation, and was first designated Complex 75-2.  At that time it consisted of three launch pads, which were used to train military operators of PGM-17 Thor ballistic missiles, and to conduct missile launch tests.  The first launches were conducted by the British Royal Air Force in June and August 1959.  The facilities at SLC-10 were dismantled and transported to Johnston Island in support of Operation Dominic, a nuclear weapons testing project conducted there in 1962.

The launch complex was rebuilt in 1963 to support the development of Burner rockets, with two launch pads, designated SLC-10E and SLC-10W. Tests were conducted at SLC-10W from 1965 to 1980, using the Thor satellite launch vehicles, the first stages of which followed the design of the Thor missile.

Surviving elements
Two launch pads and a prefabricated launch blockhouse are the principal surviving elements of the complex.  The blockhouse interior still includes all of the electrical equipment used in later launches.  SLC-10W also includes pipes and storage facilities for storing and managing the liquid fuel used in the rockets.

Launch History

SLC-10W

SLC-10E

References

Further reading
 
 
 United States Air Force. (1998) Space Launch Complex 10: A National Historic Landmark. Brochure.

External links
Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
DOD NHL details for California
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under North End of Aero Road, Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, CA:

Launch complexes of the United States Space Force
Vandenberg Space Force Base
Buildings and structures in Santa Barbara County, California
Historic American Engineering Record in California
National Historic Landmarks in California
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Barbara County, California
Science and technology in California
1958 establishments in California
Anacostia Railroad Bridge. The Anacostia Railroad Bridge is a vertical lift railroad bridge crossing the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C., United States. The bridge is owned by CSX Transportation.

History
The Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road, a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad, built the first railroad bridge on this site, which opened on July 2, 1872. Successor Penn Central Railroad rebuilt the bridge in 1972.

The bridge currently carries freight trains.  It is near the point where the RF&P Subdivision becomes the Landover Subdivision, with a connection to the Alexandria Extension just to the east of the bridge. Originally the bridge supported three tracks. This was later reduced to two tracks.

Operations
The lift span is occasionally raised for boat traffic. The lift is controlled by a CSX bridge tender located nearby at Benning Rail Yard.

Incidents
On November 10, 2007, a unit train carrying coal derailed and caused the collapse of the northern span of the bridge.

CSX had briefly closed the bridge in 2006 after it found high levels of corrosion and made repairs, and after the 2007 accident it again closed the bridge. The southern span was reopened 24 hours after the accident.

See also
 Amtrak Railroad Anacostia Bridge
 Landover Subdivision

References

Railway bridges in Washington, D.C.
Bridges over the Anacostia River
CSX Transportation bridges
Bridges completed in 1872
Vertical lift bridges in the United States
Metal bridges in the United States
1872 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Least-cost planning methodology. Least-cost planning methodology (LCPM), also referred to as least-cost planning (LCP) is a relatively new technique used by economists for making rational decisions about investments in transport and other urban infrastructure projects.

It is based on cost–benefit analysis. However, it is more comprehensive in that it looks at not only the total costs and total benefits for an individual project, but it also examines the total costs and benefits for all alternatives or combinations thereof and treats them on an "equal footing." These alternatives include not only construction projects but also demand reduction measures, such as road pricing, developing more walkable neighbourhoods and promoting remote work. When the method is applied to public utility planning, a term integrated resource planning is typically used (a.k.a. "least-cost utility planning", LCUP). 

Equal footing means that there is no discrimination against some alternatives based on political or ideological factors.

LCPM itself is generally more costly than cost–benefit analysis, because of the requirement to study objectively all potential alternatives. However, it can provide large savings to taxpayers because it will do a better job of selecting those projects which maximise benefits while minimising costs.

There has been a trend in the US towards making LCPM mandatory for regional transport plans. For example, it has been required by Washington State law (RCW 47.80.030) for regional transport plans since July 1, 1994.

References

Sources

External links
 Least Cost Planning: A Tool for Metropolitan Transport Decision Making

Evaluation methods
Transportation planning
Redstone Technical Test Center. The Redstone Technical Test Center (RTTC) was one of the eight test centers that comprise the Developmental Test Command of the United States Army Test and Evaluation Command. RTTC conducted flight-testing of small rockets and guided missiles, and performed life cycle testing for weapon components. It occupied over 265 buildings and  of Redstone Arsenal, near Huntsville, Alabama.  In October 2010, as part of the Base Reallocation and Closure (BRAC) process, RTTC was combined with the Aviation Technical Test Center from Fort Rucker to form the U.S. Army Redstone Test Center.

Use by NRPTA 
The RTTC has developed a capability for static firing hypergolic liquid rocket engines. RTTC's facilities and procedures may be used for future testing of Army, DoD, NASA, and private industry's liquid rocket engines as part of the National Rocket Propulsion Test Alliance (NRPTA).

References 

Buildings and structures in Madison County, Alabama
Rocket launch sites in the United States
Research installations of the United States Army
Flying probe. Flying probes are test probes used for testing both bare circuit boards and boards loaded with components. Flying probes were introduced in the late 1980’s and can be found in many manufacturing and assembly operations, most often in manufacturing of electronic printed circuit boards. A flying probe tester uses one or more test probes to make contact with the circuit board under test; the probes are moved from place to place on the circuit board to carry out tests of multiple conductors or components. Flying probe testers are a more flexible alternative to bed of nails testers, which use multiple contacts to simultaneously contact the board and which rely on electrical switching to carry out measurements.  

One limitation in flying probe test methods is the speed at which measurements can be taken; the probes must be moved to each new test site on the board, and then a measurement must be completed. Bed-of-nails testers touch each test point simultaneously and electronic switching of instruments between test pins is more rapid than movement of probes. Manufacturing of a bed-of-nails testers however is more costly.

Bare board

Loaded board in-circuit test
In the testing of printed circuit boards, a flying probe test or fixtureless in-circuit test (FICT) system may be used for testing low to mid volume production, prototypes, and  boards that present accessibility problems. A traditional "bed of nails" tester for testing a PCB requires a custom fixture to hold the PCBA and the Pogo pins which make contact with the PCBA. In contrast, FICT uses two or more flying probes, which may be moved based on software instruction. The flying probes are electro-mechanically controlled to access components on printed circuit assemblies (PCAs). The probes are moved around the board under test using an automatically operated two-axis system, and one or more test probes contact components of the board or test points on the printed circuit board.

The main advantage of flying probe testing is the substantial cost of a bed-of-nails fixture, costing on the order of US $20,000, is not required. The flying probes also allow easy modification of the test fixture when the PCBA design changes. FICT may be used on both bare or assembled PCB's.  However, since the tester makes measurements serially, instead of making many measurements at once, the test cycle may become much longer than for a bed-of-nails fixture.  A test cycle that may take 30 seconds on such a system, may take an hour with flying probes. Test coverage may not be as comprehensive as a bed of nails tester (assuming similar net access for each), because fewer points are tested at one time.

References

electronic test equipment
hardware testing
nondestructive testing
SLWH Pegasus. The Singapore Light Weight Howitzer (SLWH) Pegasus is a helicopter-transportable, towed artillery piece. Developed jointly by the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), Defence Science and Technology Agency and ST Kinetics, it was commissioned on 28 October 2005. The Pegasus has replaced the GIAT LG1 105 mm howitzer previously in service with the Singapore Artillery.

Design

The 155 mm, 39-caliber Pegasus is typically towed, but it is also equipped with an independent Lombardini 9LD625-2 engine unit to provide short-range self-propelled capability of up to 12 km/h (7 mph). It can be lifted by the Republic of Singapore Air Force's CH-47SD "Chinook" helicopter thus making it the first heli-portable self-propelled 155 mm howitzer. In addition, the Pegasus can also be transported by the C-130 Hercules tactical airlifter.

The Pegasus has a burst rate of fire of three rounds in 24 seconds and a maximum rate of fire of four rounds per minute. It can deliver conventional munitions up to 19 km. Extended range munitions can be fired up to 30 km away. A semi-automatic loading system is provided to increase the rate of fire and reduce crew fatigue.

The design of the Pegasus also incorporates several innovative elements. It is built with titanium alloy and aluminium alloy materials that are lightweight and yet able to withstand the recoil force of the 155 mm artillery system. Special recoil management design is also employed to reduce the recoil force to a third lower than conventional 155 mm howitzers.

Deployment
The Singapore Army conducted its first live firing of the SLWH Pegasus at the artillery range of Waiouru Army Camp in New Zealand as part of Exercise Thunder Warrior in January 2006.

Users

 : Singapore Army

Failed contracts
 : The SLWH Pegasus was the preferred candidate for the 145 ultra light howitzer program of the Indian Army. However, ST Kinetics was associated in a case of corruption against the Director General of Indian Ordnance Factory, and blacklisted from participating in the programme.

See also

References

External links
 Singapore Technologies official site

Self-propelled howitzers
155 mm artillery
Artillery of Singapore
Panimalar Engineering College. Panimalar Engineering College is a postsecondary educational institution located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India focusing on engineering.

Undergraduate courses (4 years) 
Bachelor of Engineering degree in
Civil Engineering
Computer Science & Engineering
Information Technology
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering

Postgraduate courses (2 years) 
Master of Engineering
Master of Business Administration

Rankings 
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked the university between 201-300 in the engineering rankings in 2024.

References

External links 

Panimalar Website

Educational institutions established in 2000
Engineering colleges in Chennai
2000 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Blaze (dinghy). The Blaze was designed in the mid-1990s by  Ian Howlett, one time International 14 designer and associated with Americas Cup design work and John Caig, winner of Fireball Worlds.   It is a powerful winged single-hander with well-developed 10 m sail.  Unusually in recent performance designs both foils are pivoting  enabling the centreboard to be adjusted from the wing as well making it particularly suitable for estuaries and shallow lakes.

Development
The Blaze was originally built by Ian Howlett and John Caig, and marketed by Topper International from 1996.  At the outset the Blaze incorporated equalisation with lighter weight helms being allowed wider rack widths but carrying compensating lead weights.  After a few years the class membership voted to abandon equalisation.
In 2000 an active class association ran a sail development program to produce a more responsive sail, dropping some of the excessive leech of the original that proved 'difficult' in any real breeze for many helms.  The slight loss in area was countered by a more efficient sail and balanced handling characteristics, and the class rapidly adopted the sail with numbers raced and sold rising very rapidly.  In 2006 Topper moved out of performance composite boats and the manufacturing and marketing rights transferred to Cirrus Raceboats who have refined the boat further and work with Rondar to produce the current boat.  As of November 2007 there are  just under 250 registered boats.

Since 2012 White Formula have been producing the Blaze. White Formula were the original builders, building all Topper International boats.

Area
The Blaze class is concentrated in the UK but there are boats in many other countries.

References

External links
Manufacturer and Distributor website 

Dinghies
Sailboat types built by Topper International
Paluma-class motor launch. The Paluma-class motor launch was a class of four hydrographic survey motor launches operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Built in Port Adelaide between 1988 and 1990, the four catamarans were primarily based at  in Cairns, Queensland, and operated in pairs to survey the waters of northern Australia.

Design and construction
The Paluma-class vessels are based on the design of the Prince-class roll-on/roll-off ferry. They have a full load displacement of 320 tonnes, are  long overall and  long between perpendiculars, have a beam of , and a draught of . Propulsion machinery consists of two General Motors Detroit Diesel 12V-92T engines, which supply  to the two propeller shafts. Each vessel has a top speed of , a maximum sustainable speed of  for a range of , and an endurance of 14 days.

The sensor suite of a Paluma-class launch consists of a JRC JMA-3710-6 navigational radar, an ELAC LAZ 72 side-scan mapping sonar, and a Skipper 113 hull-mounted scanning sonar. The vessels are unarmed. The standard ship's company consists of three officers and eleven sailors, although another four personnel can be accommodated. The catamarans were originally painted white, but were repainted naval grey in 2002.

The four ships were built by Eglo Engineering, at their shipyard in Port Adelaide, South Australia. The first, , was laid down in March 1988, and commissioned into the RAN in February 1989. All four ships were under construction by November 1988, and the last, , commissioned in March 1990.

Operations
All four vessels were homeported at  in Cairns, Queensland. They were used for hydrographic surveys of the shallow waters around northern Australia, primarily in the Great Barrier Reef. The vessels generally operated in pairs.

Ships

Replacement

Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030, the 2009 Department of Defence white paper, proposed replacing the Palumas, along with the RAN's patrol and mine warfare vessels, with a single class of multi-role offshore combatant vessels (OCVs). The new vessels, which could displace up to 2,000 tonnes and be equipped for helicopter or unmanned aerial vehicle operations, will use a modular mission payload system to change between roles as required.

Although the 2013 White Paper committed to the OCV as a long-term plan, it announced that life-extending upgrades to the Palumas would be sought as a short-term solution.

Citations

References

External links
 Official RAN webpage

 
Auxiliary research ship classes
Center for Mathematical Modeling. The Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM) was created in 2000 to encompass research and training activities that were being conducted by members of the Department of Mathematical Engineering at Universidad de Chile. Today, it features a range of activities from fundamental research in applied mathematics to industry-oriented research and education. The Center is a base for international collaboration; it hosts an increasing number of engineering and Ph.D. students as well as postdoctoral fellows, and provides a scientific counterpart to their industrial partners.

Origins
The CMM was founded by members of the Department of Mathematical Engineering (DIM) at the Universidad de Chile with the aid of a FONDAP-CONICYT project. From its inception, the Center was an associated international unit of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the first in mathematics outside France. The CMM is physically housed in the Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Science, which contains the oldest, most prestigious and productive engineering school in Chile. As a consequence the Center has a strong link with departments in this school -industrial, mechanical, civil, electrical, computer science and earth science- and benefits from access to the 4.000 strong student population of the school and to more than 500 graduated students in diverse fields and engineering.

External links
Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM)
CONICYT 

Mathematical institutes
Research institutes in Chile
2000 establishments in Chile