omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ceres Connection. The Ceres Connection is a cooperative program between MIT's Lincoln Laboratory and the Society for Science and the Public dedicated to promoting science education. It names asteroids discovered under the LINEAR project after teachers and contesting students who performed outstandingly in the following Society for Science and the Public competitions: the Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge, the Intel Science Talent Search, the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.

Since 2002, over 200 asteroids are named each year through this program.

See also
Naming of asteroids
Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research
Society for Science and the Public

External links
Official page

Asteroids
Science competitions
Polyimide foam. Polyimide foam is a foam originally designed for NASA by Inspec Foams Inc. under the brand name Solimide. Its primary purposes are as an insulator (such as for rocket fuels) and acoustic damper. NASA engineered the product to have relatively low outgassing (a problem in vacuum and aboard spacecraft), desirable thermal and acoustic performance, as well as uniformity during distribution and application. Typical uses of the foam include ducting, duct/piping insulation, structural components, and strengthening of hollow components while remaining lightweight. In addition to thermal and acoustic properties, polyimide foam is fire resistant, lightweight and non-toxic.

See also

References 

Foams
International Designator. The International Designator, also known as COSPAR ID, is an international identifier assigned to artificial objects in space. It consists of the launch year, a three-digit incrementing launch number of that year and up to a three-letter code representing the sequential identifier of a piece in a launch. In TLE format the first two digits of the year and the dash are dropped.

For example, 1990-037A is the Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-31, which carried the Hubble Space Telescope (1990-037B) into space. This launch was the 37th known successful launch worldwide in 1990.

The designation system has been generally known as the COSPAR system, named for the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) of the International Council for Science.

COSPAR subsumed the first designation system, devised at Harvard University. That system used letters of the Greek alphabet to designate artificial satellites. This was based on the scientific naming convention for natural satellites. For example, Sputnik 1 was designated 1957 Alpha 2. The launch vehicle, which was brighter in orbit, was designated 1957 Alpha 1. Brighter objects in the same launch were given the lower integer number, and Alpha was given since it was the first launch of the year. The Harvard designation system continued to be used for satellites launched up to the end of 1962, when it was replaced with the modern system. The first satellite to receive a new-format designator was Luna E-6 No.2, 1963-001B, although some sources, including the NSSDC website, retroactively apply the new-format designators to older satellites, even those no longer in orbit at the time of its introduction.

Designators are assigned to objects by the United States Space Command along with  satellite catalog numbers as they are discovered in space. The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), part of NASA, maintain two catalogs that provide additional information on the launchers and payloads associated with the designators. While UNOOSA uses COSPAR ID, many NSSDC Master Catalog (NMC) entries are created before launches so they are not always bound to a COSPAR ID. Below are examples:

Spacecraft which do not complete an orbit of the Earth, for example launches which fail to achieve orbit, are not assigned IDs.

Satellites launched from the International Space Station are assigned a COSPAR ID beginning with "1998-067", because the (first module of the) space station was launched in 1998. For example, the satellite GOMX-3, launched on an H-II Transfer Vehicle on August 19, 2015, from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan, is designated COSPAR ID 1998-067HA, because it first arrived on the International Space Station from where it was later launched.

Notes

See also 
 Satellite Catalog Number

References

External links 
 Online Index of Objects Launched into Outer Space

 USSTRATCOM Space-Track
 CelesTrak (a partial copy of Space-Track.org catalog)
 Small Satellite Debris Catalog Maintenance Issues

Satellites
Identifiers
Bryan Lunney. Bryan Lunney (born January 12, 1966) is an American aerospace engineer and former NASA flight director.

Early life
The son of Apollo-era flight director Glynn Lunney (1936–2021), Bryan Lunney grew up in Friendswood, Texas, and attended Friendswood High School. He graduated from Texas A&M University in 1988 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering.

NASA career
After graduation, Lunney took a job at NASA's Johnson Space Center. He worked in Mission Control as a Propulsion Engineer before moving to become head of the Motion Control Systems Group, a flight control position associated with the International Space Station. At the time of his father's death in 2021, they were the first and only multi-generational flight directors to have served NASA.

In January, 2001, Lunney was appointed a flight director. He was on duty during the Expedition 4 mission when the International Space Station's computers failed, leaving the station's gyroscopes without the information they needed in order to hold the station's attitude stable. Lunney led controllers in creating a primitive but effective temporary solution to the problem, having the crew control the attitude of the space station based on their observations of the Sun's position. He said later that “I felt like a fireman who’d walked out of a burning house having just rescued the kids from the bedroom.”

Lunney also worked as a flight director on Expedition 11, and as the Planning/Orbit 3 flight director on the STS-115 mission in September 2006.

Personal life
Lunney and his wife, the former Amori Syptak, have three children, Christopher, Macy, and Drake.

Footnotes

References

 
 
 Mission Overview Briefing Materials (STS-115)

American aerospace engineers
NASA flight controllers
Texas A&M University alumni
People from Friendswood, Texas
Living people
1966 births
Engineers from Texas
Afon Lwyd. The Afon Lwyd or Afon Llwyd () is a  long river in south-east Wales which flows from its source northwest of Blaenavon, through Abersychan, Pontnewynydd, Pontypool, Llanfrechfa and Cwmbran before flowing, at Caerleon, into the River Usk, which subsequently flows into the Bristol Channel to the south of Newport.

The river was severely affected by pollution from industry and mine discharge, and fly tipping, but during the 1980s efforts were made to improve water quality and improve fish stocks. To aid this, the Environment Agency Wales built a fish ladder at Pontymoile in 2010 enabling fish to ascend past the weir there. In late 2011 it was claimed that the river was in its cleanest state since medieval times.

Historically, the river has also been known as the Torfaen – meaning 'breaker of stones' – which gives some indication of the force of the river during surges. Although this name is no longer in use for the river, it is still in common use as the name for the local authority, Torfaen County Borough Council.

Flooding risk
The geography of the river's location, as well as how local towns affect run-off, has meant that during periods of heavy rainfall the river can quickly become a torrent and localised flash floods are not uncommon. The last major flood of the river occurred in the 1930s.

Conservation projects
Beginning in March 2010, the Friends of Afon Llwyd (FOAL) project is a partnership between Torfaen County Borough Council and two local angling clubs in Cwmbran and Pontypool aiming to improve the river as a habitat for salmon, sea trout and brown trout. The Wye and Usk Foundation also received £130,000 of funding to remove invasive weeds, manage bank erosion, create fish leaps, drop weirs and improve community engagement with the river both by fishing and other means. Nearly £750,000 has and will be spent on improving the river.

A major effort of the FOAL project has been to lower a weir that blocked upstream fish migration at Ty Nant Ddu, Pontypool. In 2008, salmon were spotted here. Additionally, similar efforts were made at the weir located near Cwmavon. To further improve fish stocks (especially salmonid) 'V' weirs were constructed to trap gravel and create suitable spawning habitats.

American crayfish infestation
The river has been invaded by the American signal crayfish, which is affecting the native protected white-clawed crayfish. Not only does the invading species fight for food resources, but it also carries crayfish plague, to which the native species has no immunity.

Afon Lwyd Trail
The Afon Lwyd Trail is a shared-use  path running from Blaenavon Ironworks in the north via Pontypool to Cwmbran in the south. The path initially follows the Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal followed by a section on the former Pontypool to Blaenavon railway. The trail incorporates two National Cycle Network routes: 49 and 492.

See also
List of rivers of Wales

References

External links

BBC Wales news item on American Crayfish in the Afon Llwyd (Aug 2008)
Canoeing the Afon Lwyd

Rivers of Newport, Wales
Rivers of Torfaen
Accuracy International AW50. The AW50 is a .50 BMG anti-materiel rifle designed by Accuracy International. It is a re-engineered version of the Accuracy International Arctic Warfare L96 sniper rifle (the standard issue sniper rifle in the British forces).

Overview
The AW50 is intended to engage a variety of targets, including radar installations, light vehicles (including light armoured vehicles), field fortifications, boats and ammunition dumps. The Picatinny rail can hold a variety of equipment; the normal sight for the AW50 is the Schmidt & Bender 3-12x50 PM II with Al Mil Dot reticle, 0.2 mrad clicks and elevation to 1500 m and laser protection. Night vision device sights such as the Simrad KN series or Hensoldt NSV 80 can also be fitted.

AW50F
The AW50F is a folding stock variant of the AW50, which fires the multi-purpose Raufoss Mk 211 cartridge and other rounds. It has a fully adjustable bipod and buttstock heel rest. Four sling loops allow shoulder and hand carrying of the rifle. Weighing 15 kilograms (33 pounds), the AW50F rifle is approximately four times the weight of a typical assault rifle. The Raufoss Mk 211 (NM140 MP) .50 calibre ammunition is also heavy. The weight of the weapon, combined with a muzzle brake on the front end and a hydraulic buffer system in the butt, gives the AW50F a relatively low recoil and enhances accuracy.  Most of the rifles are made in the United Kingdom. The barrels are sourced from three different manufacturers: Lothar Walther, Border and Maddco.

Users

 : AW50F.
 : Designated G24.
 : Used by Indonesian Air Force Bravo Detachment 90.
 : Used by ARW marksmen.
 : Used by Royal Malaysian Navy PASKAL.
 : AW50 is used by GNR (Republican National Guard).
 : AW50F Used by 5th Special Operations Regiment.
 : Used by UDT/SEAL.
 : Used by Royal Thai Navy and Royal Thai Navy SEALS.

Former 
  Used in limited quantities by EOD units and UKSF.

See also
 Accuracy International AWP
 Accuracy International AWM
 Accuracy International AS50
 Accuracy International AX50

References 

Bolt-action rifles of the United Kingdom
Sniper rifles of the United Kingdom
.50 BMG sniper rifles
Anti-materiel rifles

ja:アキュラシーインターナショナル AW50
Diphenyl disulfide. Diphenyl disulfide is the chemical compound with the formula (C6H5S)2. This colorless crystalline material is often abbreviated Ph2S2. It is one of the more commonly encountered organic disulfides in organic synthesis. Minor contamination by thiophenol is responsible for the disagreeable odour associated with this compound.

Preparation and structure
Diphenyl disulfide is usually prepared by the oxidation of thiophenol:
 2 PhSH + I2 → Ph2S2 + 2 HI
Hydrogen peroxide can also be used as the oxidant. Ph2S2 is rarely prepared in the laboratory because it is inexpensive, and the precursor has a disagreeable odour.

Like most organic disulfides, the C–S–S–C core of Ph2S2 is non-planar with a dihedral angle approaching 85°.

Reactions
Ph2S2 is mainly used in organic synthesis as a source of the PhS substituent.<ref>{{cite book|author=Byers, J. H.|chapter=Diphenyl Disulfide|title=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette)|year=2004|editor=J. Wiley & Sons|location=New York|doi=10.1002/047084289X|hdl=10261/236866 |isbn=9780471936237 }}.</ref> A typical reaction entails the formation of PhS-substituted carbonyl compounds via the enolate:
RC(O)CHLiR' + Ph2S2 → RC(O)CH(SPh)R' + LiSPh

Reduction
Ph2S2 undergoes reduction, a reaction characteristic of disulfides:
Ph2S2 + 2 M → 2 MSPh (M = Li, Na, K)
Hydride reagents such as sodium borohydride and super hydride can also be used as reductants.
The salts PhSM are sources of the potent nucleophile PhS−. Most alkyl halides, RX (X = halide) convert it to the thioethers with the general formula RSPh. Analogously, protonation of MSPh gives thiophenol:
PhSM + HCl → HSPh + MCl

Halogenation
Ph2S2 reacts with chlorine to give phenylsulfenyl chloride PhSCl (Zincke disulfide cleavage). This species is usually generated and used in situ''. With xenon difluoride, Ph2S2 reacts to give phenylsulfur pentafluoride.

Catalyst for photoisomerization of alkenes
Ph2S2 catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of alkenes under UV-irradiation.

Oxidation
Oxidation of Ph2S2 with lead(IV) acetate (Pb(OAc)4) in methanol affords the sulfinite ester PhS(O)OMe.

References

Organic disulfides
Phenyl compounds
Passenger car equivalent. Passenger car equivalent (PCE) or passenger car unit (PCU) is a metric used in transportation engineering to assess traffic-flow rate on a highway.

A passenger car equivalent is essentially the impact that a mode of transport has on traffic variables (such as headway, speed, density) compared to a single car. 

Traffic studies and/or analysis must be done to obtain the number of trips, which shall then be converted to PCUs based on the above standards. Each region has its own manual with regards to PCU equivalence factors. Highway capacity is measured in PCE/hour daily.

A common method used in the US is the density method. However, the PCU values derived from the density method are based on underlying homogeneous traffic concepts such as strict lane discipline, car following, and a vehicle fleet that does not vary greatly in width.

On the other hand, highways in India carry heterogeneous traffic, where road space is shared among many traffic modes with different physical dimensions. Loose lane discipline prevails; car following is not the norm. This complicates computing of PCE.

Using multiple heuristic techniques, transportation engineers convert a mixed traffic stream into a hypothetical passenger-car stream.

Methods
Many methods exist for determining passenger car units (PCUs).
Examples:
 homogenization coefficient,
 semi-empirical method,
 Walker's method,
 headway method,
 multiple linear regression method
 simulation method.

Transport for London recommend the following PCU values in an urban context:
 Pedal cycle 0.2
 Motorcycle 0.4
 Car or light goods vehicle 1.0
 Medium goods vehicle 1.5
 Bus or coach 2.0
 Heavy goods vehicle (HGV) 2.3

It may be appropriate to use different values for the same vehicle type according to circumstances.  For example, in the UK in the 1960s and 1970s, bicycles were evaluated thus:
on rural roads 0.5
on urban roads 0.33
on roundabouts 0.5
at traffic lights 0.2.

References

Transportation engineering
Equivalent units
École nationale supérieure d'électronique et de radioélectricité de Grenoble. The École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique et de Radioélectricité de Grenoble, or ENSERG,
was a grande école located in Grenoble, France. ENSERG was part of the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, also called INPG. Its activity was transferred in 2008 in the new school Phelma.

Research
5 research labs were attached to the ENSERG:

 ICP : Institut de la Communication Parlée (Institute for Spoken Communication).
 IMEP : Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique (Institute for Microelectronics, Electromagnetism and Photonics).
 LIS : Laboratoire des Images et des Signaux (Picture and Signal Laboratory).
 CLIPS : Communication Langagière et Intéractions Personne-Systèmes (Language Communication and Human-System Interaction).
 TIMA : Technique de l'Informatique, de la Microélectronique pour l'Architecture des ordinateurs (Technics of Computer Science, Microelectronics for Computer Architecture).

External links
The official PHELMA website

Electronique et de radioélectricité de Grenoble
Grenoble Tech ENSERG
Educational institutions established in 1958
Educational institutions disestablished in 2008
1958 establishments in France
2008 disestablishments in France
Project 8. Project 8 may refer to:
 Tony Hawk's Project 8, a skateboarding video game released in 2006
Northern Super League, a Canadian women's soccer league first announced as Project 8
 Project 8, an international electron antineutrino mass experiment
 Project 8, a district in Quezon City, the Philippines, composed of the barangays Bahay Toro, Baesa, and Sangandaan
 Project 8 Projects, a Filipino film and television production company named after the district, which co-produced films such as Alone/Together (2019)
 Jaguar XE SV Project 8, a limited-edition version of the Jaguar XE released in 2017
 Project 8 Winery, a proposed 42-acre winery in Placer County, California

See also 
 Lion's Gate Project 8
Deutsche Werft. Deutsche Werft (English: German Shipyard) was a shipbuilding company in Finkenwerder Rüschpark, Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1918 by Albert Ballin and with Gutehoffnungshütte (GHH), Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) and Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt Actien Gesellschaft (HAPAG) as investors.

History
In peacetime, Deutsche Werft built merchant ships, such as the HAPAG turbo-electric cargo ships  and .

In World War II Deutsche Werft built 113 Type IX and XXIII U-boats for the Kriegsmarine. To this end, it operated three camps directly on the company premises (the Deutsche Werft construction site camp, Deutsche Werft Finkenwärder camp and the Rüschkanal Eastern workers' camp), was involved in five camps in the Finkenwerder district and six in the port area, as well as nine camps in the city area. In addition, there were the camps at the Reiherstiegwerft shipyard, which also belonged to Deutsche Werft.

In 1968 Deutsche Werft was merged and became part of Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft.

Gallery

References

External links

 

Shipbuilding companies of Germany
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1918
Defunct companies of Germany
Manufacturing companies based in Hamburg
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1968
1968 disestablishments in West Germany
German companies established in 1918
Manufacturing companies established in 1918
Former submarine builders
Software engine. A software engine is a core component of a complex software system. The word "engine" is a metaphor of a car's engine. Thus a software engine is a complex subsystem.

There is no formal guideline for what should be called an engine, but the term has become widespread in the software industry.

Notable examples

Multi-engine systems
 Mainstream web browsers have both a rendering engine and a JavaScript engine.

 Video games are often based on a game engine. Some of these also have specialized physics or graphics engines.

References 

Software engineering
Clade (novel). Clade is an American science fiction novel written by Mark Budz, published in 2003. In Clade, an environmental disaster called the Ecocaust has caused sea levels to rise and causing additional strains on human resources. The U.S. government, in response, becomes more restrictive on human freedoms, and this novel explores what happens after the Ecocaust.

Plot summary

In Clade, the Ecocaust, an environmental disaster, causes major problems such as rising sea levels and additional strains on human resources. Although civilization recovers from this disaster, they do so at the expense of their previous freedoms. "Polycorps" develop from governments and corporations. The wonders of biotech introduce a new class system where human beings have been socially engineered at the molecular level through a process called "clading." This "clading" process places entire socioeconomic or ethnic groups made to be biologically predisposed to live in particular communities. If a person enters a community that they have not been claded to, the consequences could be devastating, resulting in sickness or death. Although it is not intentionally racist, businesses and retail outlets using this clading process to keep away the riffraff, will simply screen out clientele below a certain prosperity level. Therefore, a black market exists enabling people to buy the right biotech to inhibit the "pherions" in their systems to be placed in a certain clade.

The protagonist is a man named Rigo, a Latino from the San Jose clade who wants to move up in society. Rigo accepts a job at a biotech firm that develops special vegetation for a planned orbital colony. Although his friends look down on him with contempt for selling out, he still maintains a close relationship with his mother, lawless brother, and Anthea, his troubled girlfriend. At work, after Rigo fears being exposed to some dangerous pherions, he finds to his surprise that the company he works for eagerly wants to send some of the plants they've been working on into space; and they want Rigo to supervise the transfer. Something about the haste of the company leaves Rigo feeling fishy. The secrets of this story unravel one after another, leading to holes in the plot.

Awards
 2003 Philip K. Dick Award - nominee

Notes

References
Schroeder, Regina. "Clade (Book)." Booklist 100.8 (15 Dec. 2003): 734-734.

External links

 Mark Budz official website

2003 American novels
2003 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
American biopunk novels
Environmental fiction books
Dystopian novels
Novels set in San Jose, California
Bantam Spectra books
Retrogression heat treatment. Retrogression heat treatment (RHT) is a heat treatment process that rapidly heat treats age-hardenable aluminum alloys. Mainly induction heating is used for RHT. In the past, it was mainly used for 6061 and 6063 aluminum alloys. Therefore, forming of complex shapes is possible, without creating damages like cracks. Even hard tempers (for example -T6) can be formed easily after subjecting these alloys to RHT.

References

Materials science
SCDA. SCDA could refer to:

The ICAO airport code for Diego Aracena International Airport, Chile
The South Carolina Department of Agriculture, government organization
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent, a video game
Stabilized constant descent angle approach, aviation: non-precision approach procedure aimed at minimizing the vertical manoeuvring required while flying most non-precision approaches from the final approach segment through to touch down.
Soo Chan Design Associates, an international practice seamlessly integrating architecture, interiors, landscape and object-making to create holistic spatial experiences that are intrinsically sustainable, founded by Soo K. Chan in 1995.