omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SCE. SCE is an abbreviation with multiple meanings:

Science
 Short-channel effect, a secondary effect describing the reduction in threshold voltage Vth in MOSFETs with non-uniformly doped channel regions as the gate length increases
 Saturated calomel electrode, a commonly used reference electrode used in pH measurement and general aqueous electrochemistry
 Subcutaneous emphysema, air trapped in the subcutaneous layer of the tissues
 Sister chromatid exchange, the exchange of genetic material between two identical sister chromatids
 Standard Canadian English, the variety of Canadian English spoken particularly across Ontario and Western Canada.

Education
 Hong Kong School Certificate Examination, a standardized examination from 1974 to 2011
 Scottish Certificate of Education was a certificate of the Scottish Secondary Education system incorporating Standard and Higher Grades
 Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, a STEM-oriented college in southern Israel
 School of Continuing Education, an adult continuing education school in Orange County, California
 School of Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, one of the seven schools of the Hong Kong Baptist University
 Service Children's Education, a support agency acting as a Local Education Authority for British service schools overseas

Computing
 System Center Essentials, a performance and event monitoring product from Microsoft
 Service Creation Environment, a development environment used to create the services present in an Intelligent Network
 Scalable Cluster Environment, a software project for cluster computing
Sony Interactive Entertainment, formerly named Sony Computer Entertainment

Organisations
Southern California Edison, investor-owned electric utility in California, USA.
China SCE Property, a property developer in Fujian, China
Sony Computer Entertainment, a former video game division within Sony Corporation
Singapore Combat Engineers, one of the combat arms of the Singapore Armed Forces
Saudi Council of Engineers
Societas cooperativa Europaea (Latin for European Cooperative Society, a European legal society for companies or individuals from different EU states

Other
 Starfleet Corps of Engineers, a series of books from the fictional Star Trek universe
 State College Regional Airport, an airport in State College, Pennsylvania with IATA code "SCE"
 Swedish Cyprus Expedition, a project to systematically investigate the archaeology of the early history of Cyprus.
Sound energy density. Sound energy density or sound density is the sound energy per unit volume. The SI unit of sound energy density is the pascal (Pa), which is 1 kg⋅m−1⋅s−2 in SI base units or 1 joule per cubic metre (J/m3).

Mathematical definition
Sound energy density, denoted w, is defined by

where
p is the sound pressure;
v is the particle velocity in the direction of propagation;
c is the speed of sound.

The terms instantaneous energy density, maximum energy density, and peak energy density have meanings analogous to the related terms used for sound pressure. In speaking of average energy density, it is necessary to distinguish between the space average (at a given instant) and the time average (at a given point).

Sound energy density level
The sound energy density level gives the ratio of a sound incidence as a sound energy value in comparison to the reference level of 1 pPa (= 10−12 pascals). It is a logarithmic measure of the ratio of two sound energy densities. The unit of the sound energy density level is the decibel (dB), a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI Units.

The sound energy density level, L(E), for a given sound energy density, E1, in pascals, is 
,

where E0 is the standard reference sound energy density

 .

See also
Particle velocity level
Sound intensity level

References

External links
Conversion: sound intensity to sound intensity level
Ohm's law as acoustic equivalent - calculations
Relationships of acoustic quantities associated with a plane progressive acoustic sound wave - pdf

Acoustics
Sound
Sound measurements
Physical quantities
Chaplygin's equation. In gas dynamics, Chaplygin's equation, named after Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin (1902), is a partial differential equation useful in the study of transonic flow. It is

Here,  is the speed of sound, determined by the equation of state of the fluid and conservation of energy. For polytropic gases, we have , where  is the specific heat ratio and  is the stagnation enthalpy, in which case the Chaplygin's equation reduces to

The Bernoulli equation (see the derivation below) states that maximum velocity occurs when specific enthalpy is at the smallest value possible; one can take the specific enthalpy to be zero corresponding to absolute zero temperature as the reference value, in which case  is the maximum attainable velocity. The particular integrals of above equation can be expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions.

Derivation
For two-dimensional potential flow, the continuity equation and the Euler equations (in fact, the compressible Bernoulli's equation due to irrotationality) in Cartesian coordinates  involving the variables fluid velocity , specific enthalpy  and density  are

with the equation of state  acting as third equation. Here  is the stagnation enthalpy,  is the magnitude of the velocity vector and  is the entropy. For isentropic flow, density can be expressed as a function only of enthalpy , which in turn using Bernoulli's equation can be written as .

Since the flow is irrotational, a velocity potential  exists and its differential is simply . Instead of treating  and  as dependent variables, we use a coordinate transform such that  and  become new dependent variables. Similarly the velocity potential is replaced by a new function (Legendre transformation)

such then its differential is , therefore

Introducing another coordinate transformation  for the independent variables from  to  according to the relation  and , where  is the magnitude of the velocity vector and  is the angle that the velocity vector makes with the -axis, the dependent variables become

The continuity equation in the new coordinates become

For isentropic flow, , where  is the speed of sound. Using the Bernoulli's equation we find

where . Hence, we have

See also
Euler–Tricomi equation

References

Partial differential equations
Fluid dynamics
Euclase. Euclase is a beryllium aluminium hydroxide silicate mineral (BeAlSiO4(OH)). It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system and is typically massive to fibrous as well as in slender prismatic crystals. It is related to beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) and other beryllium minerals. It is a product of the decomposition of beryl in pegmatites.

Euclase crystals are noted for their blue color, ranging from very pale to dark blue. The mineral may also be colorless, white, or light green. Cleavage is perfect, parallel to the clinopinacoid, and this suggested to René Just Haüy the name euclase, from the Greek , easily, and , fracture. The ready cleavage renders the crystals fragile with a tendency to chip, and thus detracts from its use for personal ornament. When cut, it resembles certain kinds of beryl and topaz, from which it may be distinguished by its specific gravity (3.1). Its hardness (7.5) is similar to beryl (7.5 - 8), and a bit less than that of topaz (8).
It was first reported in 1792 from the Orenburg district in the southern Urals, Russia, where it is found with topaz and chrysoberyl in the gold-bearing gravels of the Sanarka (nowadays probably, Sakmara River, Mednogorsk district, Orenburgskaya Oblast'). Its type locality is Ouro Prêto, Minas Gerais, Southeast Region, Brazil, where it occurs with topaz. It is found rarely in the mica-schist of the Rauris in the Austrian Alps.

References

Nesosilicates
Beryllium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Minerals described in 1792
Thermonatrite. Thermonatrite is a naturally occurring evaporite mineral form of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3·H2O.

It was first described in 1845. Its name is from the Greek θερμός thermos, "heat", plus natron, because it may be a dehydration product of natron.

Typical occurrence is in dry saline lake beds and as soil encrustations. It has been reported from volcanic fumaroles and in association with carbonatite-related veins. Common associated minerals include trona, natron and halite.

See also 
 Nahcolite
 Natron
 Niter 
 Potassium nitrate
 Shortite
 Soda (disambiguation)
 Sodium sesquicarbonate
 Trona

References

Carbonate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 29
Aphthitalite. Aphthitalite is a potassium sulfate mineral with the chemical formula: (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2.

It was first described in 1835 for an occurrence on Mount Vesuvius, Italy. The name is from the Greek άφθητος, "unalterable", and άλας, "salt", for its stability in air. It occurs as fumarolic incrustations in volcanic environments, as small crystals and masses in evaporite deposits and in guano deposits. It occurs associated with thenardite, jarosite, sylvite and hematite in fumaroles; with blödite, syngenite, mirabilite, picromerite, borax and halite in evaporites; and with syngenite, whitlockite, monetite, niter and gypsum in guano deposits.

References

Sulfate minerals
Potassium minerals
Sodium minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 164
ICEE. ICEE may refer to:

Conferences
International Conference on Electrical Engineering organized by the International Association of Engineers
International Conference on Emerging Electronics organized by the IEEE
International Conference on Emission Electronics organized by the IEEE
 Fourth International Conference on Environmental Education (ICEE), an environmental conference held in Ahmedabad, India in November 2007
International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics organized by the International Society of Environmental Ergonomics
International Conference on Environmental Enrichment organized by the volunteer organization Shape of Enrichment, Inc.
Fourth International Conference on Environmental Education

Companies and other organizations
The Icee Company - The Icee Company (previously Western Icee and Icee USA) is an American beverage company located in La Vergne, Tennessee, United States.
The Innovation Cluster for Entrepreneurship Education of the Erasmus+ Programme
The Institute for Community and Economic Engagement at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro
The International Committee for Exhibitions and Exchanges of the International Council of Museums

Other uses
The Innovation, Collaboration and Exchange Environment of the Defence Research and Development Canada government agency
Instrument Concepts for Europa Exploration of the Europa Multiple-Flyby Mission (also known as the Europa Clipper)
Ice-E, a character originating in the video game Undertale, and reappearing in its successor Deltarune
Geometry pipelines. Geometric manipulation of modelling primitives, such as that performed by a geometry pipeline, is the first stage in computer graphics systems which perform image generation based on geometric models. While geometry pipelines were originally implemented in software, they have become highly amenable to hardware implementation, particularly since the advent of very-large-scale integration (VLSI) in the early 1980s.  A device called the Geometry Engine developed by Jim Clark and Marc Hannah at Stanford University in about 1981 was the watershed for what has since become an increasingly commoditized function in contemporary image-synthetic raster display systems.

Geometric transformations are applied to the vertices of polygons, or other geometric objects used as modelling primitives, as part of the first stage in a classical geometry-based graphic image rendering pipeline.  Geometric computations may also be applied to transform polygon or repair surface normals, and then to perform the lighting and shading computations used in their subsequent rendering.

History

Hardware implementations of the geometry pipeline were introduced in the early Evans & Sutherland Picture System, but perhaps received broader recognition when later applied in the broad range of graphics systems products introduced by Silicon Graphics (SGI). Initially the SGI geometry hardware performed simple model space to screen space viewing transformations with all the lighting and shading handled by a separate hardware implementation stage. In later, much higher performance applications, such as the RealityEngine, they began to be applied to perform part of the rendering support as well.

More recently, perhaps dating from the late 1990s, the hardware support required to perform the manipulation and rendering of quite complex scenes has become accessible to the consumer market. 
Companies such as Nvidia and AMD Graphics (formerly ATI) are two current leading representatives of hardware vendors in this space.  The GeForce line of graphics cards from Nvidia was the first to support full OpenGL and Direct3D hardware geometry processing in the consumer PC market, while some earlier products such as Rendition Verite incorporated hardware geometry processing through proprietary programming interfaces. On the whole, earlier graphics accelerators by 3Dfx, Matrox and others relied on the CPU for geometry processing.

This subject matter is part of the technical foundation for modern computer graphics, and is a comprehensive topic taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels as part of a computer science education.

See also 
 Vertex pipeline
 Graphics pipeline (include Pixel pipeline)
 Rasterisation
 Open Graphics Project

References

3D computer graphics
Jacob Millman. Jacob Millman (1911 in Novohrad-Volynskyi, Russian Empire – May 22, 1991 in Longboat Key, Florida) was a professor of electrical engineering at Columbia University. He immigrated to the United States in 1913 with his mother, Gertrude (Nachshen) Millman and sister Rebecca.

Millman received a PhD from MIT in 1935.  He joined Columbia University in 1951, and retired in 1975. From 1941 to 1987, Millman wrote eight textbooks on electronics, and he helped develop radar systems. Millman's theorem (otherwise known as the parallel generator theorem) is named after him. He received in 1970 the IEEE Education Medal.

Millman died of pneumonia at his home in Longboat Key, Florida in 1991.

References

External links
NY Times Obituary

1911 births
1991 deaths
People from Zviahel
People from Novograd-Volynsky Uyezd
People from Longboat Key, Florida
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Columbia University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
SLI. SLI may refer to:

Science and technology
 Safe Load Indicator, in cranes
 SLI battery, used in automotives
 Space Launch Initiative, a US project
 Specific language impairment, a medical diagnosis
 Symmetric level-index arithmetic, in mathematics

Computing
 Scalable Link Interface, for connecting multiple Nvidia video cards
 Scan-Line Interleave, for connecting multiple 3dfx video cards
 Service level indicator, a measure of the service level

Organizations
 SAP Labs India, the Indian subsidiary of SAP AG
 SLI Systems, a software company in New Zealand
 Sylvania Lighting International
 Southwestern Louisiana Institute, of Liberal and Technical Learning, US
 Somerset Light Infantry, a former regiment in the British Army

Other uses
 Sensory Logical Introvert, a type in the socionics pseudoscientific theory
 Swiss Leader Index, a market index
 Street light interference, a pseudoscientific idea
 Supplemental Liability Insurance, for car rental
OWC. OWC can refer to:

 Office Web Components, a type of programmable control in Microsoft Office
 Oil-water contact, the interface between layers of oil and water in hydrocarbon reservoirs
 Open-wheel car, a car with its wheels outside of its main body
 Open Windrow Composting, composting of waste in open-air windrows
 Optical wireless communications
 Oscillating water column, a wave power technology
 Other World Computing, a computer hardware company specializing in Apple components
 Overwatch Contenders, a professional esports league
Fischer indole synthesis. The Fischer indole synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces the aromatic heterocycle indole from a (substituted) phenylhydrazine and an aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions. The reaction was discovered in 1883 by Emil Fischer. Today antimigraine drugs of the triptan class are often synthesized by this method.

This reaction can be catalyzed by Brønsted acids such as HCl, H2SO4, polyphosphoric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid or Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride, zinc chloride, and aluminium chloride.

Several reviews have been published.

Reaction mechanism
The reaction of a (substituted) phenylhydrazine with a carbonyl (aldehyde or ketone) initially forms a phenylhydrazone which isomerizes to the respective enamine (or 'ene-hydrazine'). After protonation, a cyclic [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement occurs producing a diimine. The resulting diimine forms a cyclic aminoacetal (or aminal), which under acid catalysis eliminates NH3, resulting in the energetically favorable aromatic indole.

Isotopic labelling studies show that the aryl nitrogen (N1) of the starting phenylhydrazine is incorporated into the resulting indole.

Buchwald modification
Via a palladium-catalyzed reaction, the Fischer indole synthesis can be effected by cross-coupling aryl bromides and hydrazones. This result supports the previously proposed intermediacy as hydrazone intermediates in the classical Fischer indole synthesis. These N-arylhydrazones undergo exchange with other ketones, expanding the scope of this method.

Application
A variant of the Fischer indolization reaction, termed the interrupted Fischer indolization by Garg and coworkers, has been used in the total synthesis of akuammiline natural products. The method has also been used in medicinal chemistry.
Indometacin preparation.
Triptan synthesis
Iprindole synthesis (phenylhydrazine + suberone → 2,3-Cycloheptenoindole).

See also
Bartoli indole synthesis
Japp–Klingemann indole synthesis
Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis
Larock indole synthesis

Related reactions
Madelung synthesis
Reissert synthesis
Gassman synthesis
Nenitzescu synthesis

References

Indole forming reactions
Name reactions
Emil Fischer
George S. Griggs. George S. Griggs (1805-1870) was a pioneer master mechanic in the earliest days of railroading in the United States.

Griggs, like other mechanics of his age, learned the art of machining at Locks and Canals Machine Shop. In 1834 the Boston and Providence (B&P) railroad hired Griggs as their master mechanic, where he spent the remainder of his career.

1845 saw Griggs building his first locomotive, a 4-4-0 named Norfolk, at the railroad shops where he worked in Roxbury. Griggs oversaw the construction of nearly twenty more locomotives that used designs and technology from Norfolk.

While employed at the railroad, Griggs filed several patents of his own design for items as varied as brake systems, driving wheels, and the firebrick arch.  His designs were so successful that the B&P continued building locomotives to his designs for a few years after his death in 1870.

See also
Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company

References

External links 
  - improved fire arch.

1805 births
1870 deaths
American railroad mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
American railroad pioneers
Dan A. Kimball. Dan Able Kimball (March 1, 1896 – July 30, 1970) was the 51st U.S. Secretary of the Navy.

Biography
Kimball was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on March 1, 1896. He was an Army Air Service pilot during the First World War and maintained an intense interest in aviation thereafter. Beginning in 1920, he was employed by the General Tire and Rubber Company, rising to Vice President of that firm in 1942. He subsequently was an executive of the rocket engine producer Aerojet Engineering Company, a division of General Tire. He was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air in February 1949 and became Under Secretary of the Navy the following May.

Kimball assumed the post of Secretary of the Navy in July 1951 and held that position until the end of the Truman Administration in January 1953. His tenure was marked by the continuation of the Korean War, the resulting expansion of the nation's defense establishment and considerable technological progress in aviation, naval engineering and other defense-related fields. Returning to business after leaving office, he was President and later Chairman of the Board of the Aerojet General Corporation until 1969. He died on July 30, 1970.

See also

References

1896 births
1970 deaths
Military personnel from St. Louis
United States secretaries of the navy
United States Army officers
United States Army Air Service pilots of World War I
American Congregationalists
United States Under Secretaries of the Navy
United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy
Substation (disambiguation). A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substation may also refer to:

Traction substation, a type of electrical substation
Police substation, a mini police station with limited services
The Substation, a Singaporean contemporary arts centre
SubStation Alpha, a subtitle file format
Substation (video game), a 1995 first-person shooter for the Atari STe
Krafft temperature. In colloidal chemistry, the  Krafft temperature (or Krafft point, after German chemist Friedrich Krafft) is defined as the minimum temperature at which the formation of micelles occurs in a solution of dissolved surfactant. It has been found that solubility at the Krafft point is nearly equal to critical micelle concentration (CMC). Below the Krafft temperature, the maximum solubility of the surfactant will be lower than the critical micelle concentration, meaning micelles will not form.  The Krafft temperature is a point of phase change below which the surfactant remains in crystalline form, even in an aqueous solution. Visually the effect of going below the Krafft point is similar to that of going above the cloud point, with the solution becoming cloudy or opaque due to the surfactant molecules undergoing flocculation.

Surfactants in such a crystalline state will only solubilize and form micelles if another surfactant assists it in overcoming the forces that keep it crystallized, or if the temperature increases, thus causing entropy to increase and encouraging the crystalline structure to break apart.

Structural effects

Surfactants are usually composed of a hydrocarbon chain and a polar head group.

Increasing the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases the Krafft temperature because it improves Van der Waals forces.

Moreover, since Krafft point is related to solid-liquid transition, better-packed polar heads within surfactant crystals increase Krafft temperature.

References

External links
IUPAC Gold book - Krafft temperature

Colloidal chemistry
Physical chemistry
NCR 304. The NCR 304 computer, announced in 1957, first delivered in 1959, was National Cash Register (NCR)'s first transistor-based computer. The 304 was developed and manufactured in cooperation with General Electric, where it was also used internally. 

Its follow-on was the NCR 315.

See also

 Computer architecture
 Electronic hardware
 Glossary of computer hardware terms
 History of computing hardware
 List of computer hardware manufacturers
 Transistor

References

Transistorized computers
NCR Corporation products
Decimal computers