omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rudolph Pariser. Rudolph Israel Pariser (December 8, 1923 – February 2, 2021) was an American physical and polymer chemist.

Biography
Rudolph Israel Pariser was born in Harbin, China to merchant parents, Ludwig Jacob Pariser and Lia Rubinstein. He attended the Von Hindenburg Schule in Harbin, an American Missionary School in Beijing and American School in Japan in Tokyo. He left for the United States just before World War II broke out.

Pariser received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1944, and his Ph. D. degree from the University of Minnesota in physical chemistry in 1950. From 1944 to 1946, during World War II and shortly afterward, he served in the United States Army. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1944.

Pariser spent most of his career as a polymer chemist working for DuPont in the Central Research Department at the Experimental Station. He rose to the level of Director of Polymer Sciences, leading it during a time of great innovation. After retiring from DuPont, he formed his own consulting company.

Pariser is best known for his work with Robert G. Parr on the method of molecular orbital computation now known (because it was independently developed by John A. Pople) as the Pariser–Parr–Pople method (PPP method), published both by Pariser and Parr and by Pople in almost simultaneous papers in 1953.

On July 31, 1972, Pariser married Margaret Louise Marsh. He died on February 2, 2021, at the age of 97.

References

External links
 

1923 births
2021 deaths
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
American physical chemists
DuPont people
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
American School in Japan alumni
Computational chemists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Scanner. Scanner may refer to:

Technology

For invisible radiation
 Scanner (radio), for searching for and receiving radio broadcasts
 Scanner, a rotating radar antenna
 Neutron scanner,  a scanner which utilizes neutrons to analyze objects

For (near) light
 Image scanner, which digitizes a two-dimensional image
 3D scanner,  which digitizes the three-dimensional shape of a real object
 Motion picture film scanner, which scans original film for storage as a digital file
 Barcode reader,  which reads the data encoded in a barcode
 Laser scanner, which guides a laser beam along a path, sometimes combined with a measurement
 Stepper, a part of the photolithography process
 Scanner, an automated stage light

Security
 Biometric device, a security identification and authentication device
 Face scanner
 Iris scanner
 Retinal scanner
 Fingerprint scanner
 Full body scanner

Computing
 Port scanner, in computer networking
 Virus scanner
 Vulnerability scanner, a computer program that probes for weaknesses
 Lexical analyzer, a computer program
 Scanner (software), a disk space analyzing and management tool for Microsoft Windows

Medical
 CT scanner
 MRI scanner
 PET scanner
 X-ray scanner

Other
 Scan tool, an automotive electronic control unit diagnostic tool

Arts and entertainment
 Scanner (band), a German speed metal band
 Scanners (band), an alternative band from London
 "Scanners Live in Vain", science fiction story written in 1945 by Cordwainer Smith
 Scanner, the stage name of British electronic musician Robin Rimbaud
 Scanner (Code Lyoko), a fictional teleportation device
 Scanner (Half-Life), a floating enemy in the Half-Life video game series
 Scanners, a 1981 science fiction horror film
 "Scanners" (Superstore), an episode of the television series Superstore

See also
 WikiScanner, a tool that provided a searchable database of anonymous Wikipedia edits
 Scan (disambiguation)
Social engineering. Social engineering may refer to:

 Social engineering (political science), a means of influencing particular attitudes and social behaviors on a large scale
 Social engineering (security), obtaining confidential information by manipulating or deceiving people

See also 
 Walden Two#Cultural engineering
 Manufacturing Consent (disambiguation)
 Mass media
 Noble lie
 Propaganda
 Social dynamics
 Social software
 Social technology
 Urban planning

Social science disambiguation pages
Substance. Substance may refer to:
 Matter, anything that has mass and takes up space

Chemistry
 Chemical substance, a material with a definite chemical composition
 Drug, a chemical agent affecting an organism

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music
 Substance (Blank & Jones album), 2002
 Substance (Joy Division album), 1988
 Substance 1987, a New Order album
 "Substance", a song by Haste the Day on the album Burning Bridges
 "Substance" (song), a 2022 song by Demi Lovato

Other media
 The Substance, 2024 film
 SubStance, an interdisciplinary journal on literature published by the University of Wisconsin Press
 Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance, an update of the video game Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty

Religion and philosophy
 Dravya, a term used in Jainism to refer a substance
 Ousia, term for substance in ancient Greek philosophy and Christian theology
 Substance theory, an ontological theory positing that a substance is distinct from its properties

See also
 Substance use (disambiguation)
 Substance control (disambiguation)
 Substantial (rapper)
Software crisis. Software crisis is a term used in the early days of computing science for the difficulty of writing useful and efficient computer programs in the required time. The software crisis was due to the rapid increases in computer power and the complexity of the problems that could be tackled. With the increase in the complexity of the software, many software problems arose because existing methods were inadequate.

History 
The term "software crisis" was coined by some attendees at the first NATO Software Engineering Conference in 1968 at Garmisch, Germany. Edsger Dijkstra's 1972 Turing Award Lecture makes reference to this same problem:

Causes 
The causes of the software crisis were linked to the overall complexity of hardware and the software development process. The crisis manifested itself in several ways:
 Projects running over-budget
 Projects running over-time
 Software was very inefficient
 Software was of low quality
 Software often did not meet requirements
 Projects were unmanageable and code difficult to maintain
 Software was never delivered

The main cause is that improvements in computing power had outpaced the ability of programmers to effectively use those capabilities. Various processes and methodologies have been developed over the last few decades to improve software quality management such as procedural programming and object-oriented programming. However, software projects that are large, complicated, poorly specified, or involve unfamiliar aspects, are still vulnerable to large, unanticipated problems.

See also 
 AI winter
 List of failed and overbudget custom software projects
 Fred Brooks
 System accident
 Technological singularity

References

External links 
 Edsger Dijkstra: The Humble Programmer (PDF file, 473kB)
 Brian Randell: The NATO Software Engineering Conferences
 Markus Bautsch: Cycles of Software Crises in: ENISA Quarterly on Secure Software (PDF file; 1,86MB)
 Hoare 1996, "How Did Software Get So Reliable Without Proof?"

Software quality
History of software
1968 neologisms
SPD (disambiguation). SPD is the Social Democratic Party of Germany, a political party.

SPD may also refer to:

Science and technology
 Suspended Particle Device, glass or plastic with electrically variable light transmission
 Shimano Pedaling Dynamics, clipless bicycle pedals
 Spectral power distribution, of light
 Surge protection device, for electrical voltages
 Severe plastic deformation
 Symmetric positive definite, in linear algebra
 Short-path distillation
 Spin Physics Detector, a component of the planned NICA particle accelerator near Moscow, Russia

Computing 
 Security Policy Database, rules in an IPsec implementation, for example in a High Assurance Internet Protocol Encryptor
 Serial presence detect, a method to access memory module information
 SharePoint Designer, an interface for designing in Microsoft SharePoint
 Short Payment Descriptor, a compact textual data format (a MIME/file type) for an easy exchange of a payment information, using smart phones or NFC devices; a standard for QR code payments
 SPD (Systems Product Division) bus, an I/O bus used in the IBM 9370 and IBM AS/400 systems.

Medicine
 Schizoid personality disorder, a personality disorder
 Sadistic personality disorder, a personality disorder
 Split personality disorder, an alternative name for dissociative identity disorder, a mental disorder.
 Semantic pragmatic disorder, a pervasive developmental disorder
 Symphysis pubis dysfunction, pelvic joint pain during pregnancy or childbirth
 Sensory processing disorder, a neurological disorder
 Sterile processing department, where surgical instruments are sterilized
 Salmon poisoning disease

Organisations
 Freedom and Direct Democracy, a Czech political party
 Social Democratic Party of Germany, a German political party
 Serbian Movement Dveri (Srpski pokret Dveri), a political party in Serbia
 Nintendo Software Planning & Development
 Salym Petroleum Development, a petroleum company in Russia
 Scuola Politecnica di Design, a Milan-based postgraduate design school
 Small Press Distribution, distributor for literary publishers, Berkeley, California, US
 Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, or SPD Bank, China

Police
 Sacramento Police Department
Sanford Police Department
 Sarasota Police Department
 Seattle Police Department
 Springfield Police Department (disambiguation)
 Southern Police District

Fiction
 Space Patrol Delta, an organization in Power Rangers S.P.D.
 Special Police Dekaranger, an organization in Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger

Other uses
 Saidpur Airport (IATA code), Bangladesh
 Supplementary planning document, in UK local development framework

See also
 Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD)
 SDP (disambiguation)
Slow fire. A slow fire is a term used in library and information science to describe paper embrittlement resulting from acid decay. The term is taken from the title of Terry Sanders's 1987 film Slow Fires: On the preservation of the human record.

Solutions to this problem include the use of acid-free paper stocks, format shifting brittle books by microfilming, photocopying or digitization, and a variety of deacidification techniques.

See also
Acidic paper
Acid-free paper
Double Fold
Wood-pulp paper
Preservation: Library and Archival Science

External links
 International Journal of Library Science 
Extinguishing slow fires: cooperative preservation efforts
 Slow fires: on the preservation of the human record
 Slow fires at IMDB

Preservation (library and archival science)
Solid state. Solid state, or solid matter, is one of the four fundamental states of matter.

Solid state may also refer to:

Electronics 
 Solid-state electronics, using semiconductors
 Solid state ionics
 Solid-state drive, a data storage device

Music 
 Solid State Records, a Christian music label
 Solid State Records (jazz label), active in the 1960s
 Solid State, a musical trio with DJ Dextrous
 Solid State (Leon Russell album), 1984
 Solid State (Jonathan Coulton album), 2017
 Solid State, an album by  Sam Phillips

Science 
 Solid-state chemistry, the chemistry of solids
 Solid-state physics, the study of how atomic-scale properties lead to large-scale properties

See also
STM. STM may refer to:

Technology
 Scanning tunneling microscope, a non-optical microscope
 Signature-tagged mutagenesis, a genetic technique to create random mutants
 STMicroelectronics, a manufacturer of electronics and semiconductors
 STM (Turkish company) (), a military technology company in Turkey
 STM-1, Synchronous Transport Module, the basic rate of transmission of the SDH ITU-T fiber optic network
 STM32, a family of 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits by STMicroelectronics
 Software transactional memory, a method of handling concurrency in multithreaded systems
 Stepper motor, a type of electric motor
 Canon autofocus lenses that use stepper motor technology which makes them especially quiet
 .stm, a filename extension used by:
 Web administration panel, of Belkin routers 
 Streaming Media File, in Microsoft Exchange Server
 Scream Tracker, music tracker software

Transportation
 Société de transport de Montréal, the public transport provider in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 Amtrak ticketing code for Stamford Transportation Center, a railway station in Stamford, Connecticut, US
 National Rail for St Michaels railway station in Liverpool, England, UK
 Sea traffic management, a set of systems and procedures to guide and monitor sea traffic in a manner similar to air traffic management
 Space traffic management
 Strategic Traffic Manager, a Bus Priority application designed to work as part of an intelligent transportation system
 Santarém-Maestro Wilson Fonseca Airport, Santarém, Pará|Santarém, Brazil, by IATA airport code
 St. Thomas Mount railway station, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, by station code
 Sydney Tramway Museum, New South Wales, Australia

Publishing
 International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers, an association of publishers
 Science, technology, and medical publishing, a market segment of academic publishing
 Science Translational Medicine, an American medical journal

Other uses
 Sacrae Theologiae Magister, or Master of Sacred Theology, an academic degree
 St Thomas College of Engineering and Technology, Kannur, Kerala, India
 St. Thomas More College, a Catholic, undergraduate, liberal arts college located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
 St. Thomas More Collegiate, a Catholic secondary school in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
 Short-term memory, the capacity for holding a small amount of information for a short period of time
 Small Tactical Munition, a weapon developed by Raytheon
 Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism, the mirror instrument of the Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) for Kosovo
 ST"M, a Hebrew acronym meaning a scribe

See also
 STM200, a pseudonym for Takeshi Matsumoto, musician featured in the music video game Dance Dance Revolution 5thMix
 STEM fields, an education and publishing classification
 ST1M a.k.a. Billy Milligan, real name Nikita Legostev, a Russian rapper
Star network. A star network is an implementation of a spoke–hub distribution paradigm in computer networks. In a star network, every host is connected to a central hub. In its simplest form, one central hub acts as a conduit to transmit messages.  The star network is one of the most common computer network topologies.

The hub and hosts, and the transmission lines between them, form a graph with the topology of a star. Data on a star network passes through the hub before continuing to its destination. The hub manages and controls all functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. In a typical network the hub can be a network switch, ethernet hub, wireless access point or a router 

The star topology reduces the impact of a transmission line failure by independently connecting each host to the hub. Each host may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the hub. The failure of a transmission line linking any host to the hub will result in the isolation of that host from all others, but the rest of the network will be unaffected.

The star configuration is commonly used with twisted pair cable and optical fiber cable. However, it can also be used with coaxial cable as in, for example, a video router.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages
 If one node or its connection fails, it does not affect the other nodes.
 Devices can be added or removed without disturbing the network
Works well under heavy load
Appropriate for a large network

Disadvantages
 Expensive due to the number and length of cables needed to wire each host to the central hub
 The central hub is a single point of failure for the network

References 

Network topology
Sysop. A sysop (; an abbreviation of system operator) is an administrator of a multi-user computer system, such as a bulletin board system (BBS) or an online service virtual community. The phrase may also be used to refer to administrators of other Internet-based network services. Sysops typically do not earn money, but donate their activity to the community.

Co-sysops are users who may be granted certain admin privileges on a BBS. Generally, they help validate users and monitor discussion forums. Some co-sysops serve as file clerks, reviewing, describing, and publishing newly uploaded files into appropriate download directories.

Historically, the term system operator applied to operators of any computer system, especially a mainframe computer. In general, a sysop is a person who oversees the operation of a server, typically in a large computer system. Usage of the term became popular in the late 1980s and 1990s, originally in reference to BBS operators. A person with equivalent functions on a network host or server is typically called a sysadmin, short for system administrator.

Because such duties were often shared with that of the sysadmin prior to the advent of the World Wide Web, the term sysop is often used more generally to refer to an administrator or moderator, such as a forum administrator. Hence, the term sysadmin is technically used to distinguish the professional position of a network operator.

See also
Internet slang
Jargon
Jargon File
Network administrator
Online service provider
Virtual community

References 

Bulletin board systems
Internet slang
System administration
List of synthetic polymers. Some familiar household synthetic polymers include: Nylons in textiles and fabrics, Teflon in non-stick pans, Bakelite for electrical switches, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in pipes, etc. The common PET bottles are made of a synthetic polymer, polyethylene terephthalate. The plastic kits and covers are mostly made of synthetic polymers like polythene, and tires are manufactured from polybutadienes. However, due to the environmental issues created by these synthetic polymers which are mostly non-biodegradable and often synthesized from petroleum, alternatives like bioplastics are also being considered. They are however expensive when compared to the synthetic polymers.

Inorganic polymers 

Polysiloxane
Polyphosphazene
Polyborazyline

Organic polymers 

The eight most common types of synthetic organic polymers, which are commonly found in households are:
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
Polypropylene (PP)
polyethylene (PP)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polystyrene (PS)
formaldehyde.
Nylon, nylon 6, nylon 6,6
Teflon (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU)

Brand names 

These polymers are often better known through their brand names, for instance:

Summary Chart

Plastic identification codes

See also 
Polymerization
RAFT (chemistry)

References 

Polymers
Artificial materials
Session Announcement Protocol. The Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) is an experimental protocol for advertising multicast session information. SAP typically uses Session Description Protocol (SDP) as the format for Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) session descriptions. Announcement data is sent using IP multicast and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Under SAP, senders periodically transmit SDP descriptions to a well-known multicast address and port number (9875). A listening application constructs a guide of all advertised multicast sessions.

SAP was published by the IETF as RFC 2974.

Announcement interval
The announcement interval is cooperatively modulated such that all SAP announcements in the multicast delivery scope, by default, consume 4000 bits per second. Regardless, the maximum announce interval is 300 seconds (5 minutes). Announcements automatically expire after 10 times the announcement interval or one hour, whichever is greater. Announcements may also be explicitly withdrawn by the original issuer.

Authentication, encryption and compression
SAP features separate methods for authenticating and encrypting announcements. Use of encryption is not recommended. Authentication prevents unauthorized modification and other DoS attacks. Authentication is optional. Two authentication schemes are supported:
Pretty Good Privacy as defined in RFC 2440
Cryptographic Message Syntax as defined in RFC 5652

The message body may optionally be compressed using the zlib format as defined in RFC 1950.

Applications and implementations
VLC media player monitors SAP announcements and presents the user a list of available streams.

SAP is one of the optional discovery and connection management techniques described in the AES67 audio-over-Ethernet interoperability standard.

References

External links
Session Announcement Protocol (SAP)
SAP/SDP Listener

Internet protocols
Internet Standards
Semaphore (disambiguation). Semaphore is the use of an apparatus with telegraphy to create a visual signal transmitted over long-distances. 

It may refer more specifically to:
 Flag semaphore
 Semaphore telegraph, a system of long-distance communication based on towers with moving arms
 Railway semaphore signal for railway traffic control
 Traffic semaphore, another name for automotive traffic lights based on their early resemblance to railway semaphores
 Turning semaphore or trafficators, retractable arms to indicate turns on automobiles from the 1920s to 1950s

Other
 Semaphore (programming), in computer science, a mechanism for supporting mutual exclusion in concurrent programs
 Semaphore (software), a continuous integration testing utility
 Semaphore, South Australia, a historic seaside suburb of Adelaide
 Semaphore railway line, Adelaide, a closed railway line in South Australia
 Semaphore Corporation (company), a software and publishing firm that operated from 1982 to 2017
 Semaphore (album), a 1998 album by Fridge
 "Semaphore" (song), a 2004 single by the New Zealand band Jakob
 Semaphore, fictional professor in Cubitus comic strips or Wowser cartoons

See also
 International maritime signal flags, one system of flag signals representing individual letters of the alphabet in signals to or from ships
 Semafor (website), news website
 Telegraphy, the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of written letters
SLD. SLD may refer to:

Computers and technology
 Second-level domain, an Internet domain directly beneath the top-level domain
 Simple learning design 2.0, a specification used to express learning activities
 SLD resolution, the basic inference rule used in logic programming
 Stanford Large Detector (1992–1998), for the Stanford Linear Collider
 Superluminescent diode, a light source
 Soft laser desorption, a laser desorption of large molecules that results in ionization without fragmentation

Graphics
 Single-line diagram, of a 3-phase power system
 Straight-line diagram of a road
 Styled Layer Descriptor of map layers

Politics and law
 Democratic Left Alliance (Poland) (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej), a political party in Poland
 Statute law database, UK

Transport
 Salford Crescent railway station, Greater Manchester, England, National Rail station code SLD
 Sliač Airport, Slovakia, IATA code
 Sutherland railway station, Sydney Sutherland, Australia, station code SLD

Other uses
 SLD glass, with low dispersion
 Severe Learning Difficulties, a UK term for a level of Special Educational Needs (SEN)
 Specific learning disability, disorders intrinsic to an individual
 Supercooled Large Droplet, a type of atmospheric icing condition
 Delta8-fatty-acid desaturase, an enzyme
 Social and liberal Democrats Former name of the Uk Liberal democrats