omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Error-tolerant design. An error-tolerant design (or human-error-tolerant design) is one that does not unduly penalize user or human errors.  It is the human equivalent of fault tolerant design that allows equipment to continue functioning in the presence of hardware faults, such as a "limp-in" mode for an automobile electronics unit that would be employed if something like the oxygen sensor failed.

Use of behavior shaping constraints to prevent errors
Use of forcing functions or behavior-shaping constraints is one technique in error-tolerant design.  An example is the interlock or lockout of reverse in the transmission of a moving car.  This prevents errors, and prevention of errors is the most effective technique in error-tolerant design.  The practice is known as poka-yoke in Japan where it was introduced by Shigeo Shingo as part of the Toyota Production System.

Mitigation of the effects of errors
The next most effective technique in error-tolerant design is the mitigation or limitation of the effects of errors after they have been made.   An example is a checking or confirmation function such as an "Are you sure" dialog box with the harmless option preselected in computer software for an action that could have severe consequences if made in error, such as deleting or overwriting files (although the consequence of inadvertent file deletion has been reduced from the DOS days by a concept like the trash can in Mac OS, which has been introduced in most GUI interfaces). Adding too great a mitigating factor in some circumstances can become a hindrance, where the confirmation becomes mechanical this may become detrimental - for example, if a prompt is asked for every file in a batch delete, one may be tempted to simply agree to each prompt, even if a file is deleted accidentally.

Another example is Google's use of spell checking on searches performed through their search engine.  The spell checking minimises the problems caused by incorrect spelling by not only highlighting the error to the user, but by also providing a link to search using the correct spelling instead.  Searches like this are commonly performed using a combination of edit distance, soundex, and metaphone calculations.

See also
Human factors
Human reliability
Murphy's law

References

 To Err is Human, Chapter Five in Donald A. Norman (2002), The Design of Everyday Things.

External links
Modeling Human Error for Experimentation, Training, and Error-tolerant Design
Making reliable distributed systems in the presence of software errors

Error
Fault-tolerant computer systems
Computer errors
Toyota Production System
User interface techniques
C*Base. C*Base is a popular bulletin board system software for the Commodore 64.

History

C*Base was originally programmed by Gunther Birznieks of Bethesda, Maryland.  It was written in Commodore BASIC 2.0, with some speed-critical routines hand-coded in 6502 machine language; the BASIC portion was compiled with the Blitz! compiler.  Birznieks cites CMBBS, Color64, and C-Net as his influences.

After Birznieks stopped working with Commodore computers some time after the release of C*Base 3.1, he transferred control of the program to Jerome P. Yoner living in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada at the time.  Copyright and maintenance of C*Base were later entrusted to David Weinehall of Tavelsjö, Sweden, who rereleased the project under the GNU GPL-2.0-or-later.

, the current version is 3.3.8

Features

C*Base proved popular for a number of reasons, not least of which was its almost limitless configurability and its support for a wide range of standard and third-party peripherals.

Hardware
A Commodore 64 (or Commodore 128 in 64 mode) is required to run C*Base.  All CBM and CMD floppy and hard drives are supported, as well as the Lt. Kernal hard drive.  Modem baud rates up to 2400 are supported through the user port, and up to 9600 through the cartridge port.  The program is fully compatible with CPU and disk accelerators such as TurboMaster and JiffyDOS.

Communication
The program interoperates well with both Commodore and non-Commodore terminal programs; it supports ASCII, ANSI, and PETSCII output in 40 or 80 columns.  Punter and XMODEM protocols are used for file transfers.

In version 3.1, full networking support for message bases was introduced, making C*Base one of the only Commodore bulletin boards capable of networking.

External links

C*Base official web page
Review of C*Base by Bo Zimmerman

Bulletin board system software
Commodore 64 software
Adventure Game Toolkit. The Adventure Game Toolkit (AGT) is a development system for text based adventure games.

Description
It was written in 1987 by David Malmberg, based on Mark J. Welch's 1985 Generic Adventure Game System (GAGS). AGT was produced until 1992, after which time it was released as freeware (the final version is AGT 1.7). AGT was originally built for DOS but has also been compiled for Microsoft Windows, Macintosh, Amiga, and others.

Numerous games were created using AGT, mostly in the interactive fiction genre but also at least one serious game in the form of an experimental medical simulation. From 1989 until 1993, Malmberg ran an annual contest for AGT games, a predecessor to the Interactive Fiction Competition. Two games that won the AGT contest, CosmoServe in 1991 and Shades of Gray in 1992, written by IF author, Judith Pintar, are canonical in the early history of IF. The Internet Archive maintains an extensive collection of AGT games.

Reception
Scorpia of Computer Gaming World called it, "essentially, a sophisticated compiler", lamenting its lack of an in-game editor while praising the meta-language which allows a user to create "remarkably complex and sophisticated games in a fairly simple way".

See also
 Interactive fiction
 Inform
 TADS
 Hugo

References

External links
Mark J. Welch's site
Graham Nelson, A short history of interactive fiction
Nick Montfort and Emily Short, Interactive Fiction Communities From Preservation through Promotion and Beyond
Nick Montfort, Twisty Little Passages

Interactive fiction engines
Video game development software
M2 Hyde. The Hyde-Inland M2 was a United States submachine gun design submitted for trials at Aberdeen Proving Ground in February 1941. Work was undertaken by General Motors Inland Manufacturing Division to develop workable prototypes of George Hyde's design patented in 1935 (). The model first submitted for trials in April 1942 was designated the Hyde-Inland 1. Trials revealed the design was superior to the M1 submachine gun in mud and dirt tests, and its accuracy in full-automatic firing was better than any other submachine gun tested at the time.  An improved Hyde-Inland 2 was designated U.S. Submachine gun, Caliber .45, M2 as a substitute standard for the M1 Thompson in April 1942.  As Inland's manufacturing capacity became focused on M1 carbine production, the US Army contracted M2 production to Marlin Firearms in July 1942. Marlin began production in May 1943. Marlin's production failed to match the trials prototype performance; and Marlin's original contract for 164,450 M2s was canceled in 1943 upon adoption of the M3 submachine gun. The M2 is chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge and used the same 20- or 30-round magazine as the Thompson. Its cyclic rate of fire is 570 rounds per minute. None of the approximately 400 manufactured were issued by any branches of the United States military.

Design
The M2 is a simple blowback operated design, although it was difficult to make. The receiver was built from a steel forging and a seamless tubular section, which took extra time and effort to machine and finish, causing the US Army to adopt the M3 with a simple stamped sheet metal receiver instead. Like the American Thompson and Finnish Suomi designs, the M2 bolt was shaped with large diameter rear and slender front sections. Unlike the all metal M3 with a collapsing wire stock, the M2 had a fixed wooden stock with wooden handgrip and handguard.

See also
List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation SNL A-52
List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces
M3 submachine gun
United Defense M42

References

External links
Springfield Armory Collection: M2 submachine gun
The Unofficial Tommy Gun Page - Obsolescence
 
The Great Arsenal of Democracy

.45 ACP submachine guns
World War II submachine guns
Submachine guns of the United States
World War II infantry weapons of the United States
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1942
Sugaring (epilation). Sugaring, sugar waxing, or Persian waxing is a method of hair removal that has been in use since 1900 BC. Historically, sugar was confined to the regions surrounding Persia until the first millennium AD. As a result, it is speculated that honey was the first sugaring agent.  Sugaring was also known as sukkar or ḥalawa in the Middle East, as ağda in Turkey, and as moum in Iran.

Sugaring is often compared to standard waxing. During the process, a sugaring substrate sticks to and essentially removes hair without attaching to the skin, making it far less painful than waxing. The substrate can be applied at room temperature or heated to a lukewarm temperature, minimizing the risk of burns. For this reason, sugaring is generally preferred over waxing when it comes to removing hair from larger areas of skin. If someone has sensitive skin, sugaring can nevertheless result in skin irritation and reaction.  However, this can sometimes be prevented by taking an antihistamine. Sugar itself is otherwise hypoallergenic.

There are some distinct differences between home and professional-use sugar paste. The majority of store-bought products contain wax, while homemade pastes often utilize sugar and other natural ingredients.

Sugaring paste

Sugaring paste can be prepared with common household food items such as water, sugar, lemon juice, cornstarch, honey and molasses. Lemon juice is added for its acidity, which breaks up the sucrose into fructose and glucose. As in candy making, this gives the finished sugaring wax a non-crystalline, or amorphous, structure. Getting the correct consistency takes practice for most users. Pre-made sugar paste is also sold. This includes professional and retail versions, which may contain guar gum for texture or essential oils to condition skin. Since sugaring paste is water-based and water-soluble, the substance can be easily cleaned up with warm water.  Sugaring is sometimes preferable to waxing because it has no resins, except for guar.

Process

With the strip method, known as sugar waxing, the area to be epilated is typically dusted with powder (commercial or corn starch) prior to application of the sugaring solution, which is spread on with a spatula or tongue depressor.  After the sticky paste is applied to the skin in the same direction of hair growth, a strip of porous cloth or paper is pressed into the preparation and quickly removed, with the strip taking hairs along with it. In contrast to traditional waxing, any sugaring paste residue left can be washed off with water. The process can be repeated after 8–10 days of hair growth, unlike the 3–4 weeks worth of hair growth traditional waxing requires.

Traditional sugaring is done with only a ball of sugar paste and no strips are needed. This method includes applying the paste to the area against the direction of hair growth and removing the sugar paste in the direction of hair growth. This produces less pressure on the hair shaft, leading to less breakage, and resulting in smoother skin than traditional wax or sugar waxing.

References

External links
 wikibooks:Body Hair Removal/Equipment#Sugar

 Laser Hair Removal

Hair removal
Lippisch P.13. The Lippisch P.13 was a 1942 design for a high-speed bomber aircraft by Josef Hubert. Of highly unconventional configuration, it was a tail-less, swept-wing design with an engine and propeller mounted at both the front and rear of the aircraft. A large ventral fin gave it an almost cruciform cross-section.

At the time of the P.13's design, Hubert was working in Dr Alexander Lippisch's department at Messerschmitt; when Lippisch left the firm in April 1943, the department was dissolved and its designs (including the P.13) were abandoned.

The similarly named Lippisch P.13a and P.13b were completely unrelated projects, undertaken after Lippisch's relocation to Vienna.

Specifications (P.13, as designed)

See also

References
 Nowarra, Heniz J. (1983). Die deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag.

External links

1940s German bomber aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Tailless aircraft
P.13
1K. 1K  or 1-K may refer to:
Astra 1K satellite
Astra 1KR satellite
1K ZX Chess computer program
Southern Cross Distribution (IATA code)
Sutra (air company) (IATA code)
BMP-1K, see BMP-1
BRM-1K, see BMP-1 variants
HH-1K, see Bell UH-1 Iroquois variants
XMODEM-1K, a model of XMODEM
YMODEM-1K, a model of YMODEM
GSXR 1K, or Suzuki GSX-R1000
Typ 1K, a chassis code of Volkswagen Golf Mk5
SSH 1K (WA), see Washington State Route 509
Premier 1K, a membership level of United Airlines MileagePlus program
1k as one thousand

See also

Kelvin
Kilobyte
K (disambiguation)
K1 (disambiguation)
IK (disambiguation)
lK (disambiguation)
 1000 (disambiguation)
Teuvo Kohonen. Teuvo Kalevi Kohonen (11 July 1934 – 13 December 2021) was a Finnish computer scientist. He was professor emeritus of the Academy of Finland.

Career 
Kohonen studied at the Helsinki University of Technology and graduated with a master's degree in engineering in 1957. He received his doctorate in 1962 and stayed at the university with a faculty position until 1993. He was an academy professor of the Academy of Finland between 1975 and 1999.

During doctorate, he worked on the quantum electrodynamics of the scattering of polarized electrons and positrons, and measured the lifetime of positrons to accuracy of .

During most of his career, Kohonen conducted research at Helsinki University of Technology (TKK). The Neural Networks Research Centre of TKK, a center of excellence appointed by Academy of Finland was founded to conduct research related to Kohonen's innovations. After Kohonen's retirement, the center was led by Erkki Oja and later renamed to Adaptive Informatics Research Centre with widened foci of research.

Kohonen made contributions to the field of artificial neural networks, including the Learning Vector Quantization algorithm, fundamental theories of distributed associative memory and optimal associative mappings, the learning subspace method and novel algorithms for symbol processing like redundant hash addressing. He  published several books and over 300 peer-reviewed papers.

Kohonen's most famous contribution is the self-organizing map, or "SOM" (also known as the "Kohonen map" or "Kohonen artificial neural network"; Kohonen himself prefers "SOM"). Due to the popularity of the SOM algorithm in research and in practical applications, Kohonen is often considered to be the most cited Finnish scientist. The current version of the SOM bibliography contains close to 8,000 entries.

Kohonen died on 13 December 2021, at the age of 87.

Honors and awards 
Kohonen was elected the First Vice President of the International Association for Pattern Recognition from 1982 to 1984, and acted as the first president of the European Neural Network Society from 1991 to 1992.

For his scientific achievements, Kohonen received a number of prizes including the following:

 IEEE Neural Networks Council Pioneer Award, 1991
 Technical Achievement Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society, 1995
 IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award, 2008

Bibliography

Books

References

External links 
 Kohonen, Teuvo (2014): MATLAB Implementations and Applications of the Self-Organizing Map, a text book.
 Interview with Teuvo Kohonen, by CIM Editorial Officer. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, August 2008, Volume 3, Number 3, pages 4–5. 

1934 births
2021 deaths
Academic staff of the Helsinki University of Technology
Finnish computer scientists
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Machine learning researchers
Members of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters
Fellows of the IEEE
People from Lauritsala
Telstar 301. Telstar 301 is an American communications satellite launched in July 1983 and operated by AT&T.  It was one of three Telstar 3 satellites, followed by Telstar 302 in 1984 and Telstar 303 in 1985.

The satellite served as the east coast home satellite for the ABC network from 1984 to 1993. The CBS network also used the satellite from 1985 to 1993. It also served as the first home of Fox Broadcasting Company until the late 1980s.

Other entities that also used the satellite included Group W, Wold/Keystone Communications (which used the satellite to feed Paramount Television's syndicated output including Entertainment Tonight, Star Trek: The Next Generation, and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), Compact Video, Lorimar-Telepictures, and Warner Bros. Television.

The satellite was retired in 1993 and replaced by Telstar 401.  As of June 2009, Telstar 301 (along with Telstar 302 and Telstar 303) was still in orbit.

References

External links

 Gunter's Space Page - Telstar 301, 302, 303

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 1983
Satellites using the HS-376 bus
Telstar satellites
Samuel Untermyer II. Samuel Untermyer II, (25 November 1912 – 26 January 2001) was an American nuclear scientist. He was the son of notable New York City jurist Irwin Untermyer and grandson of attorney Samuel Untermyer.

Samuel Untermyer II theorized that steam bubble formation in a nuclear reactor core would not produce unstable reactions, but would instead result in an inherently stable and self-controlling reactor design. This was  eventually proved in the BORAX experiments, which led to the design of the Boiling water reactor. In recognition of his fundamental development work on  water-cooled reactors, the American Nuclear Society now has an award named after him for work in this field.

Untermyer was awarded the Newcomen Medal in 1980.

External links
Samuel Untermyer II Award page at American Nuclear Society
Paid Notice: Deaths Untermyer, Samuel II (The New York Times)
"Boiling Water Reactor Simulator with Passive Safety Systems - IAEA" On page 14 there is a brief summary of Samuel Untermyer's work at Argonne National Laboratory on the BORAX experiments; (PDF, 11 MB).
Chapter on Untermyer and the BORAX experiments in the Idaho National Laboratory's history Proving the Principle.

1912 births
2001 deaths
American nuclear physicists
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish American scientists
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American Jews
USR. USR may refer to:

 USRobotics, a technology firm
 USR (Guadeloupe football club), in Sainte-Rose, Guadeloupe
 U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men, a fictional robot manufacturer
 /usr, directory in Unix systems, see Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
 A variant of the Steyr AUG, assault rifle
 Save Romania Union, a Romanian political party
 Union of Serbs of Romania, a Romanian political party
 USR (BASIC) ("User Serviceable Routine"), a common BASIC instruction to execute native machine code
 Upward Sun River site, archaeological site in Alaska
 Uxbridge and South Ruislip, a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom
 Unión Santafesina de Rugby, body that rules the game of rugby union in Santa Fe, Argentina

See also
 μSR, Muon Spin Rotation or muon spin spectroscopy
Blaster (flamethrower). The Blaster (also called the "BMW Flamethrower") was a 1998 invention by South African inventor Charl Fourie that functioned as a car-mounted, laterally-firing flamethrower designed to provide a defence against carjackings.

The Blaster was a liquefied petroleum gas flamethrower installed along the sides of the vehicle under the doors. Should a group of carjackers suddenly attack the vehicle while it is stopped in traffic (the typical scenario), the occupant could flip a switch and direct  plumes of flame upward into the facial area of anyone trying to enter the vehicle through the doors or windows. Fourie claimed it was unlikely to kill but would "definitely blind" the assailant. In South Africa, it is legal to use lethal force in self-defence if in fear of one's life, and ownership of flamethrowers is unrestricted.

The invention came in response to the increasingly severe violent crime situation in South Africa, which in 1998 had already made the country (particularly Johannesburg) the per capita murder, assault, rape and carjacking capital of the world. 

The device was controversial in South Africa, with some, including the Automobile Association of South Africa, speculating that the device might cause more carjackers to simply murder drivers with gunfire as a precautionary measure before approaching the vehicle, a tactic which was already fairly common.

The device was not banned (as is sometimes reported), but the high price tag at 3,900 rand ($655) limited its market and made it unprofitable. By 2001, only a few hundred had been sold, and the device was taken off the market by Fourie, who instead started marketing a less expensive pocket-sized "personal flamethrower". 

The Blaster received ample (and often satirical) media coverage from abroad. In particular, it earned its inventor the 1999 Ig Nobel Peace Prize (a parody of the real Nobel Prizes).

See also 
List of flamethrowers

References

External links 
 BBC News report

Automotive accessories
Firearms of South Africa
Flamethrowers
South African inventions
Joanne Pransky. Joanne Pransky (1959 – May 2023) was an American robotics journalist, mainly writing on human–robot interaction.

Early life and education
Born 1959, Pransky graduated from Tufts University in 1981 with a degree in psychology.

Career
In 1996, she became the U.S. Associate Editor for 'Industrial Robot Journal' published by Emerald Group Publishing. She formerly served as the U.S. Associate Editor for Emerald's journals Assembly Automation and  Sensor Review. Since its founding in April 2004 she was associate editor of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery.

She worked as a judge on the television series BattleBots when it was aired by Comedy Central and was a judge for the First Robot/Human Arm Wrestling Competition.

References

External links
 

1960 births
2023 deaths
American futurologists
American television personalities
American women television personalities
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
American academic journal editors