omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Enfield Cables. Enfield Cables Ltd was a British manufacturer of electric cables.

The company was founded in 1913 by James Grimston as the Enfield Electric Cable Manufacturing Co Ltd, located on the River Lea in Enfield Lock. In 1959, as Enfield Cables Ltd, it was acquired by Enfield Rolling Mills Ltd (ERM) and a new company, Enfield Standard Power Cables Ltd (ESPC) was formed jointly owned with STC. In 1963 the Delta Group acquired ERM together with its interest in ESPC, and in 1964 it acquired STC's and Tube Investments' interest in ESPC. The company was then known as Delta Enfield Cables Ltd

References

Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Cable manufacture in London
History of the London Borough of Enfield
Manufacturing companies based in London
Manufacturing companies established in 1913
Wire and cable manufacturers
1913 establishments in England
No. 360 Squadron RAF. No. 360 Squadron RAF was an electronic countermeasures (ECM) squadron of the Royal Air Force.

History
The squadron was created from the merger of the personnel of 831 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm (previously operating the Fairey Gannet ECM.6) and 'B' Flight, No. 97 Squadron RAF (flying English Electric Canberras) at RAF Watton on 1 April 1966. Initially it was known as Joint Electronic Warfare Trials and Training Force before being given its official designation of No. 360 [RN/RAF] Squadron on 23 September 1966. The squadron flew a number of Canberra types: B.2s, T.4s (for pilot training); a B.6; PR.7s and E.17s. The first Canberra T.17 was delivered just before Christmas 1966 and this type soldiered on until disbandment in 1994.

A sister squadron, No. 361 Squadron RAF was also formed in January 1967 for deployment to the Far East. However, following the 1967 Defence Review, 361 Squadron became redundant and was officially disbanded in July the same year.

No. 360 Squadron moved to RAF Cottesmore in April 1969. The official squadron badge was awarded in 1973: the trident represents the Royal Navy involvement, whilst the moth (of the species Melese laodamia) depicts the unique role of the Squadron (this particular moth avoids predatory bats by jamming their prey-finding "radar" system). 360 Squadron moved again in September 1975 to RAF Wyton where it remained until being disbanded in October 1994, its work being taken over by Flight Refuelling Ltd.

In 1991 360 Squadron achieved 25 years of service, and was presented with a Squadron Standard. No. 360 Squadron had many unique aspects: its role, its number had not been previously issued, and it is the only squadron to have been formed, awarded a Standard, and disbanded during Queen Elizabeth II's reign.

Aircraft operated

Squadron bases

See also
list of RAF squadrons

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 
 

360 Squadron
Electronic warfare units and formations
Military units and formations established in 1966
Military units and formations disestablished in 1994
Lightweight Presentation Protocol. Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP) is a protocol used to provide ISO presentation services on top of TCP/IP based protocol stacks. It is defined in RFC 1085.
The Lightweight Presentation Protocol describes an approach for providing "streamlined" support of OSI model-conforming application services on top of TCP/IP-based network for some constrained environments. It was initially derived from a requirement to run the ISO Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) in TCP/IP-based networks.

References 
 IETF RFC 1085

Computer networking
Castaibert aircraft. The Castaibert series of monoplane aeroplanes were designed and built by Pablo (Paul) Castaibert, a Frenchman living in Argentina, in the years before and during World War I. His designs were inspired by aircraft he had seen in France.

Variants 
 Castaibert I – Built in 1910, not capable of flight.
 Castaibert II – Built in 1911.
 Castaibert III – Built in 1912.
 Castaibert IV – Built in 1913. Four delivered to the Escuela Militar de Aeronáutica in Uruguay.
 Castaibert V – Built in 1914. One delivered to Uruguay.
 Castaibert VI – Built in 1915.
 Castaibert VII – Built in 1915.

Operators
Argentine Air Force
Uruguayan Air Force

See also
 Raúl Pateras Pescara
 IMPA Tu-Sa
 Tucán T-1

References

Notes

Bibliography 
 Bell, Dana ed. The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Directory of Airplanes, Their Designers and Manufacturers. Smithsonian Institution. 
 "Shoestring Top Cover...The Uruguayan Air Force". Air International, Vol. 39 No. 2, August 1990. pp. 65–73.

External links
 Airliners.net photo of a Castaibert aeroplane.
 (spanish) History and pictures of the Castaibert III/912 in service with the Urugyayan Air Force

1910s Argentine aircraft
TeraText. TeraText is a non-relational text database. It is used to store and search through large amounts of textual data. It was originally developed at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.

TeraText operation utilises a heavy client server model. A basic setup can consist of a Content Server (CS), Administration Interface, Application Server (AS), Security Server (SLS) and a Boot Server (boots).

Individual servers communicate with each other using the standard Z39.50 protocol. Administration is through the HTTP interface.

References

Proprietary database management systems
Micropipe. A micropipe, also called a micropore, microtube, capillary defect or pinhole defect, is a crystallographic defect in a single crystal substrate. Minimizing the presence of micropipes is important in semiconductor manufacturing, as their presence on a wafer can result in the failure of integrated circuits made from that wafer. 

Micropipes are also relevant to makers of silicon carbide (SiC) substrates, used in a variety of industries such as power semiconductor devices for vehicles and high frequency communication devices; during the production of these materials, the crystal undergoes internal and external stresses causing growth of defects, or dislocations, within the atomic lattice.

A screw dislocation is a common dislocation that transforms successive atomic planes within a crystal lattice into the shape of a helix. Once a screw dislocation propagates through the bulk of a sample during the wafer growth process, a micropipe is formed.

Micropipes and screw dislocations in epitaxial layers are normally derived from the substrates on which the epitaxy is performed. Micropipes are considered to be empty-core screw dislocations with large strain energy (i.e. they have large Burgers vector); they follow the growth direction (c-axis) in silicon carbide boules and substrates propagating into the deposited epitaxial layers.

Factors which influence formation of micropipes (and other defects) are such growth parameters as temperature, supersaturation, vapor phase stoichiometry, impurities and the polarity of the seed crystal surface.

References

  United States Patent  7,201,799, V Velidandla, KLA-Tencor Technologies Corporation  (Milpitas, CA), April 10, 2007, System and method for classifying, detecting, and counting micropipes.
 Performance Limiting Micropipe Defects in Silicon Carbide Wafers by Philip G. Neudeck and J. Anthony Powell of NASA Lewis Research Center.
 Cree Demonstrates 100-mm Zero-Micropipe Silicon Carbide Substrates.

Crystallographic defects
Semiconductor device fabrication
AirTrack. AirTrack may refer to:

 Air track, a piece of scientific equipment for measuring uniformly accelerated motion
 Heathrow Airtrack, the original name for the proposed new UK rail links from Heathrow Airport's Terminal 5
 AirTrack in-flight entertainment system; see SimiGon
 Antonov AirTrack; see Antonov An-124
 An object in Japan animation and comic Air Gear
SemanticGov. SemanticGov  was a European Union-funded research and development project that lasted from 2006 to 2009, aimed at building the infrastructure (software, models, services, etc.) necessary for enabling the offering of Semantic Web Services by public administration (PA). SemanticGov aimed to address longstanding challenges faced by public administrations such as achieving interoperability amongst PA agencies both within a country as well as amongst countries, easing the discovery of PA services by its customers, facilitating the execution of complex services often involving multiple PA agencies in interworkflows.

The SemanticGov project aimed at capitalizing on the Service Oriented Architectures paradigm, implemented through state-of-the-art Semantic Web Services  technology and supported by rigorous and reusable public administration domain analysis and modelling, while being in line with all major European programmes and initiatives in the field e.g. the European Interoperability Framework and the previous work conducted by the EU IDABC Programme, the i2010 group of Member States representatives and the Competitiveness & Innovation (CIP) Programme.

Objectives 

The SemanticGov project objectives were: 
I.	To support the PA client to: 
a.	Identify the needed services by providing an infrastructure for mapping client needs to PA services;
b.	Discover the service of interest through a Federal/National PA Service Directory; 
c.	Execute and monitor the service workflow by providing an infrastructure for on-the-fly, semi-automated composition, execution and monitoring of complex PA Services.
II.	To support European citizens and businesses to access pan-European eGovernment services (PEGS) by providing a Communal Semantic Gateway to resolve semantic incompatibilities amongst different administration systems.

The SemanticGov project was meant not simply provide new electronic government solutions, but to:
a.	enhance the administrative capacity of national public administration systems by providing a new paradigm for service provision, and
b.	pave the way to the administrative dimension of the European unification (aka “Common European Administrative Space”) by facilitating the communication amongst EU national administrative systems.

Consortium partners 

A list of consortium partners follows:
 Centre of Research and Technology Hellas
 National University of Ireland, Galway
 Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck
 Ontotext Lab, Sirma Group Corp.
 CAPGEMINI
 SOFTWARE AG
 University of Rome "La Sapienza"
 ALTEC S.A 
 Region of Central Macedonia
 City of Torino
 Ministry of Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization

References

External links
 SemanticGov project website 

Information technology organizations based in Europe
Semantic Web
Web services
No. 1439 Flight RAF. There is unconfirmed evidence that a No. 1439 (Strategic Reconnaissance) Flight RAF was formed during the Western Desert Campaign ca. June 1942, flying Bristol Blenheim aircraft.

The flight was reformed as No. 1439 (Communication Support) Flight at RAF Hemswell on 8 May 1957 to support the Nuclear Weapons Task Force during the Operation Grapple nuclear weapon tests on or near Christmas Island (Kiritimati) in a remote Pacific region. Flying continued for six months until the Flight was dis-banded on 20 November 1957.

Aircraft operated

Flight bases

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Lake, Alan. Flying Units of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1999. .
 Sturtivant, Ray, ISO and John Hamlin. RAF Flying Training And Support Units since 1912. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2007. .

Military units and formations established in 1957
1439 Flight
Military units and formations disestablished in 1957
Differential capacitance. Differential capacitance in physics, electronics, and electrochemistry is a measure of the voltage-dependent capacitance of a nonlinear capacitor, such as an electrical double layer or a semiconductor diode.  It is defined as the derivative of charge with respect to potential.

Description 

In electrochemistry differential capacitance is a parameter introduced for characterizing electrical double layers:
 
where  is surface charge and  is electric surface potential.

Capacitance is usually defined as the stored charge between two conducting surfaces separated by a dielectric divided by the voltage between the surfaces. Another definition is the rate of change of the stored charge or surface charge () divided by the rate of change of the voltage between the surfaces or the electric surface potential (). The latter is called the "differential capacitance", but usually the stored charge is directly proportional to the voltage, making the capacitances given by the two definitions equal.

This type of differential capacitance may be called "parallel plate capacitance", after the usual form of the capacitor. However, the term is meaningful when applied to any two conducting bodies such as spheres, and not necessarily ones of the same size, for example, the elevated terminals of a Tesla wireless system and the earth. These are widely spaced insulated conducting bodies positioned over a spherically conducting ground plane.

"The differential capacitance between the spheres is obtained by assuming opposite charges  on them ..."

Another form of differential capacitance refers to single isolated conducting bodies.  It is usually discussed in books under the topic of "electrostatics". This capacitance is best defined as the rate of change of charge stored in the body divided by the rate of change of the potential of the body. The definition of the absolute potential of the body depends on what is selected as a reference. This is sometimes referred to as the "self-capacitance" of a body. If the body is a conducting sphere, the self-capacitance is proportional to its radius, and is roughly 1 pF per centimetre of radius.

See also 

 Capacitive coupling
 Electric displacement field

References

External links 
 McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms definition of "differential capacitance"

Electrochemistry
Colloidal chemistry
Telecommunications engineering
Power electronics
Double layer (biology). In biological systems, a double layer is the surface where two different phases of matter are in contact. Biological double layers are much like their interfacial counterparts, but with several notable distinctions.

The surface of biological cells carry many different types of chemical groups, each with a different dissociation constant, causing them to have varying electric charges at a physiological pH. This indicates that biosurfaces are chemically heterogeneous. This biospecific feature is typical for all biosurfaces, including proteins, macromolecules and biological cells.

In certain organisms, cells are covered with the glycocalyx layer, which can be modeled as a polyelectrolyte layer with a volume spread electric charge. This means that the notion of a surface charge is located on certain flat surfaces. This does not apply; instead, the cell surface is a finite thickness polyelectrolyte layer with a volume charge. At equilibrium, the relationship between these polyelectrolyte layers and a fluid bulk is called the Donnan equilibrium. The polyelectrolyte volume charge creates an equilibrated electric potential known as the Donnan potential. Part of the Donnan potential is located inside of the polyelectrolyte layer, while the other part is associated with the external double layer located in the dispersion medium.

In another feature, the cells are not in an equilibrium with the fluid bulk. There is a constant ion exchange between living cells and a fluid. Consequently, there is a difference in electric potentials between the cell interior and a fluid bulk, known as the transmembrane potential. This non-equilibrium potential affects the structure of the double layer.

Notes

General references
 Ohshima, H. (2006). Theory of Colloid and Interfacial Electric Phenomena, Elsevier.
 Duval, J.F.L. et al. (2005). Langmuir, 21, 11268–11282.

Physical chemistry
Colloidal chemistry
Personal supercomputer. A personal supercomputer (PSC) is a marketing ploy used by computer manufacturers for high-performance computer systems and was a popular term in the mid 2000s to early 2010s. There is no exact definition for what a personal supercomputer is. Many systems have had that label put on them like the Cray CX1 and the Apple Power Mac G4. Generally, though the label is used on computers that are high end workstations and servers and have multiple processors and is small enough to fit on a desk or to the side. Other terms like PSC are Desktop/deskside supercomputers and supercomputers in a box.

Deskside clusters 
This is the closest thing to a formal definition of a personal supercomputer as most Computers marketed as personal supercomputers are Deskside clusters like the Cray CX1. A Deskside cluster is as defined by insideHPC.com “Deskside clusters come in a chassis that you can plug into the wall of your office, and they are designed to sit on the floor next to your desk. The chassis can hold a relatively small number of computers that are on blades, trays, or in enclosures that slide into the chassis and bundle everything together.” The Blade or node are equipped with CPU/s and RAM also it may be equipped with GPU/s so that it may be used for CAD or for computation and the blade may have bays for hard drives built in.

Applications
They can be used in medical applications for processing brain and body scans, resulting in faster diagnosis. Another application is persistent aerial surveillance where large amounts of video data need to be processed and stored. Also they are used in AI for deep learning and machine learning. One more use is in the field of data analysis which requires large amounts of computational power.

Computers marketed as personal supercomputers

Deskside clusters 

 TyanPSC
 Cray CX1
 SGI Octane III

High End Workstations 

 Nvidia Tesla Personal Supercomputer
 Nvidia DGX Station

Other computers 

 Intel iPSC

References

External links 

 Nvidia.com
 insideHPC.com

Classes of computers
Personal computers
Hunter Wheel. The Hunter Wheel was a device intended to improve the propulsion of steam-powered ships and evaluated in the middle 1840s. At the time, as ships were transitioning from sail to steam engine power, the understanding of the principles of hydrodynamics and efficient use of steam was in its infancy.

Concept 
The vertically mounted paddle wheel, at side or at the stern, was the first propulsion scheme used with steam power, but naval authorities were concerned about the vulnerability of the wheels to damage, whether in combat or peacetime use, and sought to increase the efficiency of ship designs, as the navies of the world began to switch from wooden hulls to iron ones. The only competition to wheel designs was John Ericsson's patent screw, which was just then entering its first trials on 

Lt. William W. Hunter and Benjamin Harris proposed a new wheel design, which consisted of a conventional paddle wheel drum placed horizontally within the vessel, below the water-line. The paddles were so arranged as to project from a suitable opening in the side of the ship, at right angles to the keel. Water was kept from entering by a cofferdam placed around the paddle wheel drum and against the side of the ship.

USS Union evaluation, 1843
The Hunter wheel was tested in 1843 on the  which had been modified to accept the device. It was discovered that Union’s  engines wasted too much energy uselessly driving the paddle wheels through the water-filled cofferdam inside the ship.

In USS Water Witch, 1845 
Hunter's wheel was also tested in ; again, the wheels lost much of their power pushing water through the encased area inside the hull, forfeiting between 50 and 70 percent of their potential power.

Revenue cutter George M. Bibb, 1845
Also in 1845, the Revenue Marine ordered a cutter from Knapp's Fort Pitt Foundry with Hunter's wheel, the , which sank at her moorings in Cincinnati on her trials and was converted to side wheels before entering service.

Final evaluation on USS Allegheny, 1847
The Hunter design was also used in the construction of  but it was confirmed as being unreliable and inefficient, and Allegheny was later converted to screw propulsion. This appears to have been the last test of Hunter's wheel.

See also 

 Paddle steamer

References 

Marine propulsion
.
Systempunkt. A systempunkt ("system point") is a type of critical, vulnerable point in a system. The system may be a physical system (such as computer network) but the term is usually used when referring to a market (e. g., the French steel market, international flax market, etc.)

A systempunkt is a point in such a system vulnerable to disruption by many small interactions, such that a swarm of disruptions and attacks will cascade through the system and collapse it, possibly resulting in financial loss, supply shortages, or destabilization.

Examples
A systempunkt may be vulnerable to operational failure, but it is not vulnerable because of its own operation or location. Rather, its operation interacts through communication, exchange or movement of objects and these disrupted dependencies of flows – of data or goods – will be the failure when it is no longer operating. The effects on the network are more significant than those on the specific object.

Computer servers that fail from a Denial of service attack may no longer support the application or user base that depends on them; this is an example of an attack on a systempunkt.

A Systempunkt attack can be related to simple sabotage. But has a more grandiose objective: collapse of a dependent network or state social order.

A theoretical example might be if coal miners of a country went out on strike. This could cause a coal shortage which, cascading through the economy, could force a partial collapse, ultimately forcing desired major social changes.

Etymology
The term was coined by John Robb.

The etymology is modern and is a portmanteau word derived from the German term 'schwerpunkt' and the English language word 'system'. The German term from Blitzkrieg warfare's schwerpunkt literally means 'heavy point' and is often translated as centre of gravity or focal point. It is used here in relation to its military context of use, in which it describes the focal point of an attack against an enemy line, usually at some vulnerable part of that line, which will lead to the collapse in the enemy line of defense. But whereas a schwerpunkt focuses on a single object of attack, the Systempunkt is representative of network effects. A link may fail, not necessarily the weakest, but the effects on the network may continue to cascade, as an avalanche effect that spreads throughout the system. Repercussions may be continuous, and exhibit repeating failures that have aftershocks for the whole network.

Descriptively, systempunkt has some similarities to Heinz Guderian's adage "Nicht kleckern, klotzen!" ("Don't fiddle, smash!") though it reverses the intent and effect and intends to actualize cascading events through domino type dependencies. In practice, "Fiddle [with the systempunkt] until it [the system] smashes".

References

External links
A US Phone Systempunkt, another theoretical systempunkt attack scenario

Hacking (computer security)
Economic warfare
Strategy