omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sublogic. Sublogic Corporation (stylized as subLOGIC) is an American software development company. It was formed in 1977 by Bruce Artwick, and incorporated in 1978 by Artwick's partner Stu Moment as Sublogic Communications Corporation. Sublogic is best known as the creator of the Flight Simulator series, later known as Microsoft Flight Simulator, but it also created other video games such as Night Mission Pinball, Football, and Adventure on a Boat; educational software; and an Apple II graphics library.

History
Sublogic released the flight simulation program FS1 Flight Simulator for the Apple II and the TRS-80 in 1979, followed by the more popular and widely ported Flight Simulator II in 1983, and Jet in 1985.

In 1982, Flight Simulator was licensed to Microsoft, and through 2006 Microsoft released major updates to Microsoft Flight Simulator approximately every three years. A reboot of the series was announced in 2019, simply titled Microsoft Flight Simulator, released in 2020.

Sublogic also produced software other than flight simulators, including children's educational software, 3D graphics software for CP/M, the A2-3D1 animation library for the Apple II, the X-1 video card and 3D graphics software for IBM PC compatibles, and Night Mission Pinball (1982) which was originally for the Apple II and ported to the Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, and MS-DOS.

Denouement
Bruce Artwick left Sublogic in 1988 to form BAO Ltd. (Bruce Artwick Organization), retaining the copyright to Flight Simulator, which they continued to develop. BAO and the copyright to Flight Simulator were acquired by Microsoft in December 1995.

After Artwick's departure, Sublogic continued under the ownership of Stu Moment, who produced Flight Assignment: A.T.P. in 1990. It specializes in simulating passenger airliners, using a scoring method to determine the performance of the user. Sublogic began a new flight simulator, but in late 1995 was acquired by Sierra, which completed the program and released it as Pro Pilot in 1997.

Moment continues to run the present Sublogic Corporation as a generic simulation company, in addition to being an airshow display pilot with his Classic Airshow company.

Games developed

See also
 History of Microsoft Flight Simulator

References

External links
 
 Sublogic at MobyGames

Microsoft Flight Simulator
American companies established in 1977
Software companies established in 1977
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Video game development companies
Video game publishers
Rasp. A rasp is a coarse form of file used for coarsely shaping wood or other material. Typically a hand tool, it consists of a generally tapered rectangular, round, or half-round sectioned bar of case hardened steel with distinct, individually cut teeth. A narrow, pointed tang is common at one end, to which a handle may be fitted.

Use
Rasps come in a variety of shapes—rectangular, round, and half-round—and vary in coarseness from finest, "cabinet", to most aggressive, "wood". Farriers, for example, commonly use rasps to remove excess wall from a horse's hoof. They are also used in woodworking for rapidly removing material and are easier to control than a drawknife. The rough surfaces they leave may be smoothed with finer tools, such as single- or double-cut files. Rasps are used in shaping alabaster. Saws and chisels are used to rough out alabaster work.

See also

Surform

References

Woodworking hand tools
Files (tool)
Alabaster
Bow saw. A modern bow saw is a metal-framed crosscut saw in the shape of a bow with a coarse wide blade. This type of saw is also known as a Swede saw, bushman saw, Finn saw or bucksaw. It is a rough tool that can be used for cross-cutting branches or firewood, up to a log diameter of half the blade length, limited by the height of the frame above the blade. Bow saws are typically available with blades of 320mm, 535mm, 610mm, 750mm or 950mm lengths (14, 21, 24, 30 or 36 inches). The name 'Swede saw' probably derived from the ovate metal tubular frame version, invented in the 1920s by the Swedish company Sandvikens Jernverk, and additional patents by two Swedish immigrants to the US. Modern versions all share those common features.

Traditionally, a bow saw is a woodworking tool used for straight or curved cuts. A bow saw is a type of frame saw. Its thin blade is held in tension by a frame. In English and American vocabulary it denotes a toothed blade suspended between two long narrow handles called "cheeks" that are supported and separated by a thin stretcher in the center of the handles, making a wide H shape (the cheeks form the uprights of the H, the stretcher the crossbar of the H). The blade is kept in tension with a turnbuckle or a twisted cord that runs parallel to the blade between the two cheeks but on the opposite side of the stretcher. If a cord is used, the cord is twisted with a toggle attached to one loop of the cord, adding tension. The toggle hits the stretcher, which keeps the cord from untwisting. A finer version of the saw uses a narrow blade of a  or less, with handles that allow the user to hold the saw and turn the blade. In this context it is also known as a turning saw, which is larger than a coping or fret saw.

The bow saw was used both in ancient China and the Hellenistic period, and developed from earlier saws.

The term 'bow saw' has also been applied to a type of chainsaw with a large, circular guide bar.

See also
 Hacksaw

References

External links
  A tool company's article on bow saw design
 DIY bow saw design
 A 1920s bow saw design 
 A bushcraft bow saw tutorial
 American Bucksaws Reference Publications
 , Bow Saw

Saws
Woodworking hand tools
Swedish inventions
Wedell-Williams XP-34. The Wedell-Williams XP-34 was a fighter aircraft design submitted to the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) before World War II by Marguerite Clark Williams, widow of millionaire Harry P. Williams, former owner and co-founder of the Wedell-Williams Air Service Corporation.

Design and development
Derived from an original proposal made in 1932, the XP-34 was based on a design by air racer Jimmy Wedell, who was considered, "one of the most noted race plane designers of its day". The aircraft was a direct result of the development of Wedell's most successful designs, the Model 44 and Model 45. The forward fuselage was intended to be metal, the after part and control surfaces covered in fabric.

The interest expressed from the USAAC was based on the success of the private racing aircraft in the 1930s that were reaching 300 mph speeds in competition, a performance level not achieved by standard aircraft types in service in the U.S. military.

On 1 October 1935, the USAAC ordered a full set of drawings and issued the XP-34 designation. It soon became apparent, however, with its original 700 hp (522 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior engine, the anticipated performance of the XP-34 would be insufficient compared to designs already in production.

Wedell-Williams suggested substituting the 900 hp (671 kW) Pratt & Whitney XR-1830 instead. Although the promise of high speed was still there, other considerations such as the complete redesign of the airframe to accommodate a heavier and more powerful engine were considered impractical with the new design subsequently rejected by the Air Corps before any aircraft were built.

Specifications (proposed)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Dorr, Robert F. and Donald, David. Fighters of the United States Air Force. London: Temple, 1990. .
 Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Fighters, Army-Air Force: 1925 to 1980s. Los Angeles: Aero Publishers Incorporated, 1975. .

XP-34
Wedell-Williams P-34
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
EMD NW2. The EMD NW2 is a , B-B switcher locomotive manufactured by General Motors Electro-Motive Division of La Grange, Illinois. From February 1939 to December 1949, EMD produced 1,145 NW2s: 1,121 for U.S. and 24 for Canadian railroads. Starting in late 1948, the NW2s were manufactured in EMD's Plant #3 in Cleveland, Ohio. The locomotives were powered by a 12-cylinder model 567 engine and later a model 567A engine. In addition, EMD built three TR cow–calf paired sets, 36 TR2 cow–calf paired sets, and two TR3 cow–calf–calf sets. The TR sets were built before World War II; the TR2 and TR3 sets afterward.

Identification

Distinguishing features include two stacks in the middle of the hood, a half-height radiator grille, no sand box on the front platform, and no small louvers at the top front corners of the sides of the hood. The predecessor of the NW2 was the NW1. The "N" in NW1 stands for the nine in . The "W" in both models stands for "welded frame".

Original owners

NW2

TR

TR2 (cow–calf)

TR3 (cow–calf–calf)

See also
 List of GM-EMD locomotives

References

 
 
 
 

B-B locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
NW2
Locomotives with cabless variants
Railway locomotives introduced in 1939
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Shunting locomotives
Artinite. Artinite is a hydrated basic magnesium carbonate mineral with formula: . It forms white silky monoclinic prismatic crystals that are often in radial arrays or encrustations. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 and a specific gravity of 2. 

It occurs in low-temperature hydrothermal veins and in serpentinized ultramafic rocks. Associated minerals include brucite, hydromagnesite, pyroaurite, chrysotile, aragonite, calcite, dolomite and magnesite.

It was first reported in 1902 in Lombardy, Italy. It was named for Italian mineralogist, Ettore Artini (1866–1928).

References

Magnesium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Trihydrate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Minerals described in 1902
Lechatelierite. Lechatelierite is silica glass, amorphous SiO2, non-crystalline mineraloid. It is named for Henry Louis Le Chatelier.

Structure
Lechatelierite is a mineraloid as it does not have a crystal structure. Although not a true mineral, it is often classified in the quartz mineral group.

Formation
One common way in which lechatelierite forms naturally is by very-high-temperature melting of quartz sand during a lightning strike. The result is an irregular, branching, often foamy hollow tube of silica glass called a fulgurite.  Not all fulgurites are lechatelierite; the original sand must be nearly pure silica.

Lechatelierite also forms as the result of high pressure shock metamorphism during meteorite impact cratering and is a common component of a type of glassy ejecta called tektites. Most tektites are blobs of impure glassy material, but tektites from the Sahara Desert in Libya and Egypt, known as Libyan desert glass, are composed of almost pure silica that is almost pure lechatelierite. High pressure experiments have shown that shock pressures of 85 GPa are needed to produce lechatelierite in quartz grains embedded in granite.

Lechatelierite was formed during the impact of a meteorite into a layer of Coconino Sandstone at Meteor Crater in Arizona. During the rapid pressure reduction following the impact, steam expanded the newly formed lechatelierite. The shattered and expanded glass has a density less than that of water.

Lechatelierite may also form artificially, a unique example being the trinitite produced by melting of quartz sand at the first nuclear bomb explosion at Trinity Flats, White Sands, New Mexico.

References

Impact event minerals
Glass in nature
Tourville-class frigate. The F67 type, also known as the Tourville class was a class of large high-sea (blue water) Frigates of the French Navy specialised in anti-submarine warfare. They had anti-air and anti-surface capabilities.

Between 1994 and 1996, Tourville and De Grasse were refitted with the modern SLASM anti-submarine system, and active Very Low Frequency (VLF) sonar.

Design

The ships are an enlarged version of the frigate Aconit. They have two shaft steam turbine machinery and a double hangar for two Lynx WG13 helicopters. They were the first ships fitted with the marine version of the Crotale surface-to-air missile system. A Malafon anti-submarine missile system was fitted when the ships were built but this was removed during refits in the late 1980s.

Optimized for anti-submarine warfare, and carrying towed as well as hull-mounted sonar arrays, the Tourvilles were typically placed in the destroyer category of warship and carry destroyer pennant numbers. Similar in many regards to the unmodified  destroyers, they carried a similar combination of sensors, naval guns, anti-ship and anti-submarine weapons, aircraft and surface-to-air missiles. Additionally, they were well-regarded for their seakeeping, serving much of their careers in the Atlantic rather than with France's Mediterranean fleet.

Ships

The three ships of the class, D612 De Grasse, D611 Duguay-Trouin and D610 Tourville, are named major figures from French naval history. De Grasse and Tourville were French admirals and Duguay-Trouin coming to fame as a privateer.

The three ships of the class were all constructed by Arsenal de Lorient.

Notes

References

 Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. .

Destroyer classes
Frigate classes
 
 
Ship classes of the French Navy
Johan Jensen (mathematician). Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen, mostly known as Johan Jensen (8 May 1859 – 5 March 1925), was a Danish mathematician and engineer. He was the president of the Danish Mathematical Society from 1892 to 1903.

Biography
Jensen was born in Nakskov, Denmark, but spent much of his childhood in northern Sweden, because his father obtained a job there as the manager of an estate. Their family returned to Denmark before 1876, when Jensen enrolled to the College of Advanced Technology. Although he studied mathematics among various subjects at college, and even published a research paper in mathematics, he learned advanced maths topics later by himself and never held any academic position. Instead, he was a successful engineer for the Copenhagen Telephone Company between 1881 and 1924, and became head of the technical department in 1890. All his mathematics research was carried out in his spare time. Jensen is mostly renowned for his famous inequality, Jensen's inequality. In 1915, Jensen also proved Jensen's formula in complex analysis.

References

1859 births
1925 deaths
19th-century Danish engineers
20th-century Danish engineers
19th-century Danish mathematicians
20th-century Danish mathematicians
Number theorists
People from Nakskov
BGI. BGI may refer to:

 Bainbridge Graduate Institute, an MBA program based in Washington State
 Bagnoles-Gaussen Index, or Gaussen Index, a climatological measure of aridity
 Barclays Global Investors, an asset management business
 Basic Ground Instructor, a class of Ground Instructor certificate issued in the United States by the Federal Aviation Administration
 BGI Genomics, a genome sequencing company in China
 Borland Graphics Interface, a graphics library included with many Borland compiler products in the 1990s
 Grantley Adams International Airport, an airport in Barbados (IATA airport code)
Minicom. Minicom is a text-based modem control and terminal emulator program for Unix-like operating systems including Cygwin, originally written by Miquel van Smoorenburg, and modeled somewhat after the popular MS-DOS program Telix but is open source. Minicom includes a dialing directory, ANSI and VT100 emulation, an (external) scripting language, and other features. Minicom is a menu-driven communications program. It also has an auto ZMODEM download. It now comes packaged in most major Linux distribution repositories such as Debian, Ubuntu and Arch Linux.

A common use for Minicom is when setting up a remote serial console, perhaps as a last resort to access a computer if the LAN is down. This can be done using nothing more than a 386 laptop with a Minicom floppy distribution such as Pitux or Serial Terminal Linux.  For this purpose, though, one may use Kermit on DOS, such as FreeDOS, does not need Linux so can use a 286 or possibly an 8086 or 8088.

Minicom is useful to create console for devices having no display such as switches, routers or server blade enclosure. It is also useful for data logging output from serial devices such as Arduino Uno. Minicom has some beneficial features that are not available in all terminal based serial communication programs such as adding operating system timestamp to serial data.

See also 
 tip (Unix utility)
 PuTTY
 Tera Term
 List of Terminal Emulators

References

External links 
 minicom(1) – Linux User Commands Manual
 

Free communication software
Free software programmed in C
Free terminal emulators
Rock Abrasion Tool. The Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) is a grinding and brushing installation on NASA’s twin Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit (MER-A) and Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on Mars in January 2004. It was designed, developed and continues to be operated by Honeybee Robotics LTD, a developer of specialized robots, automated technologies and related systems.

The RAT was the first machine to gain access to the interior of rocks on another planet. The RAT has a mass of , is  in diameter and  long, about the size of a soda can. It uses a diamond dust and resin wheel spinning at 3000 rpm to drill a 45 mm diameter by 5 mm deep bore hole in martian rocks. The RAT then uses two brushes to sweep dust from the bore holes for closer scientific inspection. Its average power consumption is 30 watts.

There are five other instruments aboard both rovers, these are the Pancam (a camera), Mini-TES (an infrared spectrometer) for sensing targets at a distance, a microscopic imager, a Mössbauer spectrometer and an alpha particle X-ray spectrometer. The RAT provides these instruments with a smooth, clean surface from which they make more accurate observations.

The RAT was first used by Spirit on its 34th sol (February 6, 2004). It was held up to the rock Adirondack, whereby it scraped to a depth of  over the course of three hours. Since then it has been used on numerous Martian rocks by both MER rovers.

The RAT was originally controlled from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, but is now run by Honeybee Robotics LTD from their New York headquarters. The RAT is the first product of Honeybee Robotics LTD's to be sent into space by NASA.

The cable shield of each RAT is made from aluminum recovered from the World Trade Center site after the September 11 attacks.

References

Mars Exploration Rover mission
Spacecraft instruments
Eumel. EUMEL (pronounced oimel for Extendable Multi User Microprocessor ELAN System and also known as L2 for Liedtke 2) is an operating system (OS) which began as a runtime system (environment) for the programming language ELAN. It was created in 1979 by Jochen Liedtke at the Bielefeld University. EUMEL initially ran on the 8-bit Zilog Z80 processor. It later was ported to many different computer architectures.

More than 2000 Eumel systems shipped, mostly to schools and also to legal practices as a text processing platform.

EUMEL is based on a virtual machine using a bitcode and achieves remarkable performance and function. Z80-based EUMEL systems provide full multi-user multi-tasking operation with virtual memory management and complete isolation of one process against all others. These systems usually execute ELAN programs faster than equivalent programs written in languages such as COBOL, BASIC, or Pascal, and compiled into Z80 machine code on other operating systems.

One of the main features of EUMEL is that it is persistent, using a fixpoint/restart logic. This means that if the OS crashes, or the power fails, a user loses only a few minutes of work: on restart they continue working from the prior fixpoint with all program state intact fully. This is also termed orthogonal persistence. 

EUMEL was followed by the L3 microkernel, and later the L4 microkernel family.

References

Discontinued operating systems
Microkernels
Mils. Mils may refer to:
Mils (band), a French electronic band
Mils, Austria, a town in the district Innsbruck Land, Tyrol, Austria
Mils bei Imst, a municipality in the district of Imst, Tyrol, Austria
Missile Impact Location System, an acoustic system to locate test missile nose cone impacts
  or "Interministerial Mission in the Fight Against Cults", a French government agency
Multiple Independent Levels of Security, a high-assurance security architecture
Mils, a unit of angle based on the milliradian

See also
 Mil (disambiguation)
 Mill (disambiguation)
Rubber cement. Rubber cement (cow gum in British English) is an adhesive made from elastic polymers (typically latex) mixed in a solvent such as acetone, hexane, heptane or toluene to keep it fluid enough to be used. This makes it part of the class of drying adhesives: as the solvents quickly evaporate, the rubber solidifies, forming a strong yet flexible bond.

Composition  
Rubber cement is simply a mixture of solid rubber in a volatile solvent that will dissolve it. When the cement is applied, the solvent evaporates, leaving the rubber as the adhesive. Almost any rubber (pre-vulcanized or not) can be used. The rubbers used might be natural rubber, gum mastic or gum arabic. Early solvents used included chloroform and benzene. A small percentage of alcohol is often added to the mix.

In the United States, current formulations include n-heptane. In the United Kingdom, a product called Marabu-Fixogum uses acetone, while a product called Copydex uses ammonia.

Many special compositions include hardeners and/or vulcanizing agents designed to improve the cohesion of the rubber. Water-based formulae, often stabilised by ammonia, are also available.

Usage 
Rubber cement is favoured in handicrafts applications, where easy and damage-free removal of adhesive is desired. For example, rubber cement is used as the marking fluid in erasable pens.

Because rubber cements are designed to peel easily or rub off without damaging the paper or leaving any trace of adhesive behind, they are ideal for use in paste-up work where excess cement might need to be removed. It also does not become brittle like paste does. Older formula rubber cements are not considered an archivally sound adhesive because of their low pH value (making them acidic) and will cause deterioration of photographs and paper over time. Modern rubber cements are acid-free, making them ideal for archival purposes.

Rubber cement thinners are also available, and are used to replace the solvent that evaporates from the container or to remove residual adhesive.

Hazards 
The solvents used in rubber cement present some hazards, including flammability and potential for abuse as inhalants. Therefore, as with any adhesive containing solvents, rubber cement should be used in an open area. Also, care needs be taken to avoid heat sources, as n-heptane and n-hexane are highly flammable. Rubber cement and rubber cement thinners that contain acetone will damage polished surfaces and many plastics.

References

Adhesives