omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Multiple-effect evaporator. In chemical engineering, a multiple-effect evaporator is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water. Water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a lower pressure than the last.  Because the boiling temperature of water decreases as pressure decreases, the vapor boiled off in one vessel can be used to heat the next, and only the first vessel (at the highest pressure) requires an external source of heat.  The multiple-effect evaporator was invented by the American (Louisiana Creole) engineer Norbert Rillieux.  Although he may have designed the apparatus during the 1820s and constructed a prototype in 1834, he did not build the first industrially practical evaporator until 1845.  Originally designed for concentrating sugar in sugar cane juice, it has since become widely used in all industrial applications where large volumes of water must be evaporated, such as salt production and water desalination.

Multiple-effect evaporation commonly uses sensible heat in the condensate to preheat liquor to be flashed.  In practice the design liquid flow paths can be somewhat complicated in order to extract the most recoverable heat and to obtain the highest evaporation rates from the equipment. While in theory, evaporators may be built with an arbitrarily large number of stages, evaporators with more than four stages are rarely practical except in certain applications. Multiple-effect evaporation plants in sugar beet factories have up to eight effects; sextuple-effect evaporators are common in the recovery of black liquor in the kraft process for making wood pulp.

Entrainment of the product in the solvent causes a number of issues including firstly decrease in the amount of product recovered, secondly potential damage or fouling of the evaporation lines and steam chest of the next stage, and thirdly problems dealing or disposing of the solvent.

Types

Forward feed
In forward feed the condensate and the feed-concentrate move in the same direction.  In this case the vacuum pressure can be sufficient to pull the feed through the system.

Backward feed
Here the concentrate flows in the opposite direction to the condensate.  Pumps are required between stages, however the design has less heating costs.

Parallel feed
In the simplest version of this design the feed goes to each stage.

See also
 Marine use of compound evaporators
 Multi-stage flash distillation
 Multi-effect distillation

References

External links
 YASA introduction to  multiple effect evaporators

Evaporators
Industrial equipment
Nanika. Nanika is an ukagaka developed by Sagawa Toyoaki, a Japanese programmer.

Nanika is composed of three parts: 'materia', which is the basic foundation of Nanika system; 'shell', which can be described as a skin; 'ghost', which is a pseudo-AI engine.

Nanika is heavily influenced by Japanese anime, such as Kanon and Ghost in the Shell.

Nanika can: check e-mail, set computer time, watch for website headlines, sing along MP3 files, use a plug-in to enhance its ability, learn words, 'talk' using pseudo-AI engine, and more.

External links
Nanika materia (Japanese)

Desktop environments
Traction powerstation. A traction power station is a power station that produces only traction current, that is, electric current used for railways, trams, trolleybuses or other conveyances.  Pure traction power stations are rare and there are many more power stations that generate current for other purposes, such as standard three-phase alternating current (AC), in addition to traction current.

Examples

Australia
 Former Newport A Power Station, operated by the Victorian Railways in Melbourne.

Germany
 Muldenstein Bahnkraftwerk Muldenstein (German), in the former East Germany
 Nuclear power station Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant (GKN Block 1) The only nuclear power station that produces traction current directly with the world's largest generator for single phase AC.
 Walchensee Hydroelectric Power Station, Bavaria.
 Pump storage power station Langenprozelten.
 Großkraftwerk Power Station in Mannheim.

Norway
 Hakavik Power Station
 Kjofossen Power Station

United Kingdom
 Former Lots Road Power Station in Chelsea, London.  Provided power to London Underground from 1905 to 2002.

United States
 Conowingo Dam, and Holtwood Dam on the Susquehanna River provide 25 Hz traction power for the Northeast Corridor in the United States

See also
Railway electrification system
Traction substation
Traction power network

References

Power station technology
Electric rail transport
Traction power networks
Mr. Bucket. Mr. Bucket is a tabletop game and toy published by Milton Bradley and released in 1991, which was discontinued but re-released in 2007. It was discontinued again and re-released again in 2017. The game features a plastic, motorized bucket which ejects differently-colored balls from its mouth. The players use plastic shovels to scoop up the balls and place them back inside Mr. Bucket.

Gameplay
The objective of the game is for a player to get all of their balls into Mr. Bucket before he pops them out of his mouth. To set up the game, blue, green, yellow, and red plastic balls are scattered across the floor. Each player chooses a shovel that corresponds to the ball color they need to collect. To start the game, one player switches on Mr. Bucket. Once Mr. Bucket is switched on, players scoop up the balls that match their shovel's color and drop them into the top of Mr. Bucket. While the players collect their balls, at regular intervals Mr. Bucket spits out one of the balls that are inside him.  The winner is the first player to get all three of their balls in Mr. Bucket at the same time.

Awards
Oa Therapy Associates, a clinic in the treatment for sensory problems, included "Mr. Bucket" in 2005's list of toys that helps hand/eye coordination.

References

Tabletop games
Children's games
1990s toys
Milton Bradley Company games
Games and sports introduced in 1992
Controller. Controller may refer to:

Occupations 
 Controller or financial controller, or in government accounting comptroller, a senior accounting position
 Controller, someone who performs agent handling in espionage
 Air traffic controller, a person who directs aircraft

Computing and electronics 
 Model–view–controller, an architectural pattern used in software engineering
 Controller (computing) (disambiguation)
 Microcontroller, a small computer on a single integrated circuit
 Game controller, an input device used for playing video games

Control engineering 
 Control theory, control of continuously operating dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines
 Irrigation controller, a device to automate irrigation systems
 PID controller, a control loop feedback mechanism
 Control loop, contains all the control elements for controlling a process variable
 Anti-lock brake controller, in an anti-lock braking system
 Industrial control system, a general term used in industrial process control
 Proportional control, a type of linear feedback control system

Biomedical 
 Elite controllers, individuals who do not develop AIDS after exposure to HIV

Fiction 
 Controller (comics), multiple characters
 Controller (Marvel Comics), a fictional character in Marvel Comics
 Controllers (DC Comics), a fictional extraterrestrial race in the DC Universe
 The Fat Controller (Sir Topham Hatt), the head of the railway in The Railway Series of books written by the Reverend W.V. Awdry, also The Thin Controller and The Small Controller on other railway lines in those books
 Controller, a being controlled by a Yeerk in the Animorphs series by K.A. Applegate
 The Controller, an AI system in the Armored Core 3 video game

Music 
 The Controllers (Los Angeles band), a punk rock band
 The Controllers (R&B band), a 1980s rhythm-and-blues band
 Controller (Misery Signals album), 2008
 Controller (British India album), 2013
 "Controller" (song), a 2017 song by New Zealand L.A.B.
 MIDI controller, a device which generates MIDI data
 Nick Rhodes (born 1962), English keyboardist and producer
 "Controller", a song from the 1981 album Only a Lad by the new-wave band Oingo Boingo

See also 
 Control (disambiguation)
 Control unit (disambiguation)
 Comptroller general (disambiguation)
 "Controlla", 2016 single by Drake
Controller (computing). In computer hardware, a controller may refer to:

 Memory controller, a unit that manages access to memory
 Game controller, a device by which the user controls the operation of the computer
 Host controller
 Network controller
 Graphics controller or video display controller
 SCSI host bus adapter
 Parallel port controller
 Microcontroller unit (MCU)
 Keyboard controller
 Programmable Interrupt Controller
 Northbridge (computing)
 Southbridge (computing)
 Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) communications controller chip
 Peripheral DMA controller
 Disk controller
 Floppy disk controller
 Disk array controller, also known as a RAID controller, a type of storage controller
 Flash controller, or SSD controller, which manages flash memory
 Terminal Access Controller
 IBM 2821 Control Unit, used to attach card readers, punches and line printers to IBM System/360 and IBM System/370 computers
 IBM 270x and IBM 37xx, used for telecommunications
 IBM 3271, 3272, 3271, and 3174, used to attach terminals (display devices)
 MIDI controller
 Programmable logic controller
Starfighter. Starfighter, star fighter or starfighters may refer to:

Film
 The Last Starfighter, a 1984 science fiction film
 The Starfighters, a 1964 film about F-104 pilots
, a 2015 German film about the investigation of F-104's accidents in mid 1960s in West Germany

Video games
Starfighter (video game), 1979
Star Fighter (video game), 1994
 Star Wars: Starfighter, 2001

Vehicles and transportation
 Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, a combat aircraft of the U.S. Air Force
 Canadair CF-104 Starfighter, a variant of the Lockheed F-104
 Starfighters Inc, a civilian organization that flies F-104 Starfighters
 VF-33 "Starfighters", a disestablished US Navy fighter squadron

Fictional
 A fighter spacecraft in science fiction
 List of Star Wars starfighters
 X-wing starfighter

Other uses
 Starfighters (band), a musical group
 Sailor Star Fighter, a character in Sailor Moon

See also

 
 
 Fighter (disambiguation)
 Star (disambiguation)
Densities of the elements (data page). 

Density, solid phase

In the following table, the use row is the value recommended for use in other Wikipedia pages in order to maintain consistency across content.

Density, liquid phase

Density, gas phase

Notes 
 The suggested values for solid densities refer to "near room temperature (r.t.)" by default.
 The suggested values for liquid densities refer to "at the melting point (m.p.)" by default.

See also
 Hardnesses of the elements (data page)

References

WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 77th edition, 1996.
J.A. Dean (ed) in Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 14th edition, 1992.
G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.

CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

CR2
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts

LNG
As quoted from an online version of:
J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

VDW
The following molar volumes and densities for the majority of the gaseous elements were calculated from the van der Waals equation of state, using the quoted values of the van der Waals constants. The source for the van der Waals constants and for the literature densities was: R. C. Weast (Ed.), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (53rd Edn.), Cleveland:Chemical Rubber Co., 1972.

Donnelly et al.

Hoffer et al.

Other
KCH: Kuchling, Horst, Taschenbuch der Physik, 13. Auflage, Verlag Harri Deutsch, Thun und Frankfurt/Main, German edition, 1991. 
 (a) Gray and Ramsay, Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 84: 536; (1911)

Properties of chemical elements
Chemical element data pages
Theory of operation. A theory of operation is a description of how a device or system should work.  It is often included in documentation, especially maintenance/service documentation, or a user manual.  It aids troubleshooting by providing the troubleshooter with a mental model of how the system is supposed to work.  The troubleshooter can then more easily identify discrepancies, to aid diagnosis of problem.

IBM Redbooks are "Theories of operation" of their products.

References

See also

 Concept of operations

Technical communication
Draw plate. A draw plate is type of die consisting of a hardened steel plate with one or more tapered holes through which wire is drawn to make it thinner. A typical plate will have twenty to thirty holes, so a wide range of diameters can be drawn.

Drawing wire

Before drawing, the draw plate is held securely in a vise or other fixture. The plate is oriented so that the wider end of a tapered opening can receive a metal wire which is to be pulled through it.

Annealed soft, ductile wire is filed at one end to give it an initial taper. The tapered end is inserted into a tapered hole with a final diameter just smaller than its current width. Special pliers, called draw tongs are used to hold the tip of the wire and pull it through, sometimes with the aid of grease or wax as a lubricant. Small-diameter wire may be drawn manually, while very thick wire may require a drawing bench with a crank to produce enough force.

Typically, a wire can be drawn three times in sequence before it needs to be re-annealed. This must be done because drawing wire hardens it, which causes the wire to become brittle. Brittle wire that has not been annealed may snap during the drawing process (or develop microscopic or macroscopic cracks, which may weaken the piece or "grow" with further working).

With a mandrel, a draw plate can be used to draw tubes of metal. Plates are available in many different sizes and shapes for drawing different shapes of wire, including round, square, oval, half-round, and hexagonal.

History

The origins of wire-drawing are uncertain. One of the earliest known written references to wire-making is Exodus 39:3, which suggests that gold was hammered into sheets, cut into strips, and then these strips were made into gold wire, but the precise technique is not clear. The oldest clear written descriptions of the method are the twelfth-century De diversis artibus by Theophilus Presbyter and the sixteenth-century De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio. As of 2023, the earliest known draw plates dated to around the sixth century.

See also
Tube drawing
Cold working
Die (manufacturing)

References

Jewellery making
Metal forming
Sine bar. A sine bar consists of a hardened, precision ground body with two precision ground cylinders fixed at the ends. The distance between the centers of the cylinders is precisely controlled, and the top of the bar is parallel to a line through the centers of the two rollers.  The dimension between the two rollers is chosen to be a whole number (for ease of later calculations) and forms the hypotenuse of a triangle when in use.

When a sine bar is placed on a level surface the top edge will be parallel to that surface. If one roller is raised by a known distance, usually using gauge blocks, then the top edge of the bar will be tilted by the same amount forming an angle that may be calculated by the application of the sine rule.

 The hypotenuse is a constant dimension—(100 mm or 10 inches in the examples shown).
 The height is obtained from the dimension between the bottom of one roller and the table's surface.
 The angle is calculated by using the sine rule (a trigonometric function from mathematics). Some engineering and metalworking reference books contain tables showing the dimension required to obtain an angle from 0-90 degrees, incremented by 1 minute intervals.

Angles may be measured or set with this tool.

Principle

Angles are measured using a sine bar with the help of gauge blocks and a dial gauge or a spirit level. The aim of a measurement is to measure the surface on which the dial gauge or spirit level is placed horizontally. For example, to measure the angle of a wedge, the wedge is placed on a horizontal table. The sine bar is placed over the inclined surface of the wedge. At this position, the top surface of the sine bar is inclined the same amount as the wedge. Using gauge blocks, the top surface is made horizontal. The sine of the angle of inclination of the wedge is the ratio of the height of the gauge blocks used and the distance between the centers of the cylinders.

Types
The simplest type consists of a lapped steel bar, at each end of which is attached an accurate cylinder, the axes of the cylinders being mutually parallel and parallel to the upper surface of the bar.  In the advanced type some holes are drilled in the body of the bar to reduce the weight and facilitate handling.

Sine centre
A special type of sine bar is sine center which is used for conical objects having male and female parts.  It cannot measure the angle more than 60 degrees.

Sine table
A sine table (or sine plate) is a large and wide sine bar, typically equipped with a mechanism for locking it in place after positioning, which is used to hold workpieces during operations.

Compound sine table
It is used to measure compound angles of large workpiece. In this case, two sine tables are mounted one over the other at right angles. The tables can be twisted to get the required alignment.

References 

Metalworking measuring instruments
USS Arlington (LPD-24). USS Arlington (LPD-24), a , is the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for Arlington County, Virginia, the location of the Pentagon and the crash site of American Airlines Flight 77 during the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001. Like her sister ships,  and , she is named in commemoration of the attacks. Steel taken from the Pentagon after the attacks is displayed aboard in the ship's museum.

Construction
Arlingtons keel was laid down on 26 May 2008, at Northrop Grumman's Ingalls shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. Builder's Trials of the ship started on 21 August 2012. These were completed on 30 August 2012. She completed Navy acceptance sea trials on 2 November 2012. The US Navy formally accepted the ship on 7 December 2012. Arlington arrived at her homeport of Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia on 22 March 2013 in preparation for commissioning. Officially, she was commissioned on 8 February 2013, but her ceremonial commissioning occurred on 6 April 2013 at Naval Station Norfolk. Originally scheduled as the third ship of the San Antonio class, she was the eighth to be commissioned. Mrs. Joyce Rumsfeld, wife of former United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, is the ship's sponsor.

Operational history

In August 2013, Arlington conducted trials with NASA's Orion spacecraft.

In October 2015, Arlington embarked upon her maiden deployment to the 5th and 6th Fleet Areas of Responsibility as part of the  Amphibious Ready Group, along with the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit. During the deployment, Arlington transited 36,740 nautical miles and conducted port visits in Lisbon, Portugal, Souda Bay, Greece, Eilate, Israel, Aqaba, Jordan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. and Marseille, France.

Arlington provided assistance to a disabled vessel while transiting the Gulf of Aden 23rd December, 2015. Embarked personnel included the Marines with Combat Logistics Battalion 26, Fox Company and Echo Battery, Battalion Landing Team 2/6, 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit (26th MEU). In March 2016 Battery E, 2nd Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, 26th MEU disembarked Arlington to provide counter battery support during Operation Inherent Resolve. 

In May 2019 she was deployed to the Persian Gulf due to reported concerns about Iranian activities. In April 2022 Arlington was deployed to Icelandic waters to take part in the NATO exercise Northern Viking 2022.

References

External links 

Official USS Arlington (LPD-24) website

San Antonio-class amphibious transport docks
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
2010 ships
Ships of the United States Navy
Peirce Mill. The Peirce Mill is a historic mill building located in Rock Creek Park, at Tilden Street and Beach Drive, Northwest, Washington, D.C., United States.

History

Issac Peirce, a millwright, built the mill either in 1820 or 1829.
Peirce rebuilt this mill according to Oliver Evans's ideas for milling, with much of the automated machinery on the upper floors. During the 1860s, as many as 12 wagonloads of wheat arrived for grinding. It was possible to grind 70 bushels per day per set of millstones. The last commercial load was ground in 1897, when the main shaft broke while Alcibiades P. White was grinding a load of rye. The building served as a public teahouse until the 1930s.

The United States Government bought the mill as part of Rock Creek Park in 1892.
Peirce Mill was restored as a Public Works Administration project, completed in March 1936, at a cost of $26,614.
Operation began on October 27, 1936, under the supervision of miller Robert A. Little. The mill was used from December 1, 1936 until 1958 to provide flour for government cafeterias, whereupon because of lack of trained millwrights and lack of water in the millrace, it was used only as a historical site.

The mill was shut down in April, 1993. In 1997, a restoration effort was begun by the Friends of Peirce Mill (FOPM). The mill was restored with the support of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). The mill officially reopened in October, 2011. The NPS typically runs mill operation demonstrations on the 2nd and 4th Saturday of each month, April through October.

Facts
The mill has three pairs of millstones. The millstones are 4 1/2 feet across and weigh about 2,400 lbs, and rotate at about 125 rpm. About 60% of the power is used to turn the millstones, the rest for the remaining machinery. The Peirce family themselves were not millers and did not operate the mill, but instead had other millers do so.

Pierce Mill vs. Peirce Mill
There was a "Pierce" (note spelling) mill on the Potomac River, not to be confused with Peirce mill. The other mill (Pierce Mill) is listed in the NPS records and was near Fletcher's Boathouse.

See also
Rock Creek Park

References

External links

Friends of Peirce Mill

Flour mills in the United States
Forest Hills (Washington, D.C.)
Industrial buildings completed in 1820
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Grinding mills in Washington, D.C.
Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places
Rock Creek Park