omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Car Engineer of the Century. The Car Engineer of the Century was an international award given to the most influential car engineer of the twentieth century.  The election process was overseen by the Global Automotive Elections Foundation.

The winner, Ferdinand Porsche, was announced at an awards gala on December 18, 1999 in Las Vegas.

The selection process
The process for deciding the Car Engineer of the Century started with the list of candidates below.

The next step was for a jury of 132 professional automotive journalists, from 33 countries, under the presidency of Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, to reduce the list to 5, which they did, and the result was announced in November 1999.  Finally the 5 were ranked by the jury and the overall winner was selected.

See also
 Automotive engineer
 List of motor vehicle awards
 Car of the Century
 Car Designer of the Century
 Car Entrepreneur of the Century
 Car Executive of the Century

References
 

Motor vehicle awards

Awards established in 1999
Ferdinand Porsche
1999 establishments in Nevada
Adam Revo. The Adam Revo was a city car made by Adam Motor Company of Pakistan. It was the first car to be designed and assembled in Pakistan and was launched in 2005. The car was fitted with Chinese-made engines of Wuling Motors.

The name "REVO" was derived from the word revolution, which it was supposed to make. However, production stopped by September 2006 due to unavailability of funds and lack of government support. Only 600 cars were sold.

There were two variants available, equipped with two different Chinese made engines; the Revo 80 (0.8L) and Revo 105 (1.05L).

The Revo was envisaged to be between 10% and 15% cheaper than other local competitors, mainly the Mehran 800, which dominates Pakistan's automobile industry.

Specification
Engine
 Revo 80: 797 cc straight-4 OHC petrol engine with carburetor –  at 5500 rpm,  at 3000 rpm
 Revo 105: 1051 cc straight-4 OHC petrol engine with Fuel injection –  at 5500 rpm,  at 3000 rpm

Suspension
Front: Strut with Coil spring
Rear: Leaf spring with Shock absorber

Brakes
Front: Disc with booster
Rear: Drum

Drive Type
Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive (RWD).

Model ranges
 80std
 80s
 80+ (with CNG option)
 105i
 105i+ (with CNG option)
 105is
 105is+ (with CNG option)

References

External links
 Adam Motor Company Products Page

City cars
Cars of Pakistan
Cars introduced in 2005
Truth to materials. Truth to materials is a tenet of modern architecture (as opposed to postmodern architecture), which holds that any material should be used where it is most appropriate and its nature should not be hidden. Concrete, therefore, should not be painted and the means of its construction should be celebrated by, for instance, not sanding away marks left by timber shuttering (béton brut).  As another example, porcelain is infrequently used in the exterior facing of buildings, but one modern example is the Dakin Building, Brisbane, California; therefore, the porcelain panels of this building have been left uncovered by any paint or preservative.

See also 
Arts and Crafts movement
Brutalism
Functionalism (architecture)
Medium specificity

Further reading
Günter Bandmann: Der Wandel der Materialbewertung in der Kunsttheorie des 19. Jahrhunderts, in: Helmut Koopmann, J. Adolf Schmoll gen. Eisenwerth (Ed.): Beiträge zur Theorie der Künste im 19. Jahrhundert, 2 Vol., Vol. 1, Frankfurt/M. 1971, p. 129–157.
Materialstil, Materialstimmung, Materialgerechtigkeit, in: Dietmar Rübel, Monika Wagner, Vera Wolff (Ed.): Materialästhetik. Quellentexte zu Kunst, Design und Architektur, Berlin 2005 ()

Architectural theory
Modernism
RVT. RVT may refer to:

Regionalized variable theory, a geostatistical method used for interpolation in space.
Remote and virtual tower
Renal vein thrombosis
Reusable Vehicle Testing, a Japanese Space Agency project from 1998 until 2003
Royal Vauxhall Tavern
Registered Veterinary Technician in the United States
Ravensthorpe Airport, IATA airport code "RVT"
Giuseppe Pettazzi. Giuseppe Pettazzi (3 May 1907 - 8 October 2001) was an Italian Art Deco and Futurist civil engineer of the 1930s.

He built many buildings in Eritrea during Italian colonial rule. They included the Fiat Tagliero Building in Asmara, described as "probably the world's most beautiful petrol station, and also one of the world's supreme examples of Futurism". Modelled after an airplane, when it was opened in 1938, workers refused to remove the props for the building's ambitious "wings", and it is claimed Pettazzi forced them to do so at gunpoint.

References

20th-century Italian architects
Modernist architects from Italy
Art Deco architects
1907 births
2001 deaths
Futurist architects
People from Rocchetta Tanaro
Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate. Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate is the chemical compound ClSO2NCO, known as CSI.  This compound is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis.

Preparation, structure, handling
CSI is prepared by treating cyanogen chloride with sulfur trioxide, the product being distilled directly from the reaction mixture.
SO3  +  ClCN  →  ClSO2NCO
In this transformation, both the carbon and the nitrogen termini of CN are functionalized.

The structure of CSI is represented as ClS(O)2-N=C=O.  It consists of two electron-withdrawing components, the chlorosulfonyl group (SO2Cl) and the isocyanate group (-N=C=O).  Because of its resulting electrophilicity, the use of CSI in chemical synthesis requires relatively inert solvents such as chlorocarbons, acetonitrile, and ethers.

Uses
The molecule has two electrophilic sites, the carbon and the S(VI) center.

CSI has been employed for the preparation of β-lactams, some of which are medicinally important. Thus, alkenes undergo a [2+2]-cycloaddition to give the sulfonamide.  The SO2Cl group can be removed simply by hydrolysis, leaving the secondary amide.
Other reactions of CSI:
Cycloaddition to alkynes to give 1,2,3-oxathiazine-2,2-dioxide-6-chlorides.
Conversion of primary alcohols to carbamates.
Conversion of carboxylic acids and the acid chlorides into nitriles.
Preparation of N,N-disubstituted sulfamides, R2NSO2NH2
Preparation of Burgess reagent

Safety considerations
CSI is toxic, corrosive and reacts violently with water.

References

Inorganic carbon compounds
Reagents for organic chemistry
Isocyanates
Sulfuryl compounds
Digital magnetofluidics. Digital magnetofluidics is a method for moving, combining, splitting, and controlling  drops of water or biological fluids using magnetic fields.  This is accomplished by adding superparamagnetic particles to a drop placed on a superhydrophobic surface.  Normally this type of surface would exhibit a lotus effect and the drop of water would roll or slide off.  But by using magnetic fields, the drop is stabilized and its movements and structure can be controlled.

References
 A. Egatz-Gomez, S. Melle, A.A. García, S. Lindsay, M.A. Rubio, P. Domínguez, T. Picraux, J. Taraci, T. Clement, and M. Hayes, “Superhydrophobic Nanowire Surfaces for Drop Movement Using Magnetic Fields,” in Proc. NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, 2006, pp. 501–504. 

Fluid mechanics
Hochschule Wismar. The Hochschule Wismar, University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business and Design (or short: University of Wismar), is the third-biggest and third-oldest public university in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The university is situated at the Baltic coast in the very north of Germany with its campus being only  away from the harbor. The university was founded in 1908 as an engineering academy and has become an important part in the city's cultural life.

Academics
Since 2007 the university has been restructured and has now 3 faculties reflecting the three subjects in its name: technology, business and design:
Faculty of Engineering (Mechanical, Process and Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electronics and Multimedia Engineering, Maritime Studies)
Faculty of Business (Business Administration, Business Law, Business Informatics) also called Wismar Business School
Faculty of Design (Design, Architecture, Interior Architecture, Communication Design)

The university offers more than 50 courses, including distance learning courses via its subsidiary WINGS-university. Some courses in Maritime Studies are offered in cooperation with the European Cruise Academy. Most courses lead to a bachelor's degree after 3-3.5 years or a master's degree after another 1.5–2 years. Students with a master's degree (5 years of study) qualify for pursuing a PhD.

International Cooperations 
The University of Wismar collaborates with 141 partner universities from 45 countries, including:

 Northern Business School, Hamburg 
 AIDA Cruises, European Cruise Academy, Rostock 
 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Bonn 
 University of Szczecin 
 Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town
 Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia 
 European Centre for Engineering and Business Education (ECEBE) 
 Dept. of Electronic & Computer Engineering of the University of Limerick (Limerick, Ireland)
 School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences of the John Moores University (Liverpool, England)
 Tokyo University of Science (Tokyo, Japan)
 Gujarat Technological University (Ahmedabad, India)
 Centre for Management and Information Technology (CMIT) (Hyderabad, India)
 Södertörns Högskola (Stockholm, Sweden)

See also

 Education in Germany
 List of universities in Germany

References

External links

 Hochschule Wismar official website
 WINGS-university
 Student Service

 
Wismar
Buildings and structures in Nordwestmecklenburg
Universities and colleges in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Universities of Applied Sciences in Germany
Piccadilly Tower. The Piccadilly Tower (Eastgate or Inacity Tower) is a proposed development designed by Woods Bagot in Manchester city centre, England.

History 
The developer proposed to build a 58-storey,  skyscraper.

The tower would have 420 residential units and a 220-bed hotel, as well as a fitness centre, conference facilities, restaurants and bars. New public walkways would be constructed along the Ashton Canal adjacent to the site. Three underground floors would provide car parking for residents through an NCP public car park. A 17-storey "East build" section would comprise retail/commercial/residential space.

The site, a car park on a railway viaduct to the rear of Piccadilly station between Store Street and Ducie Street was purchased by Inacity for £14 million in 2003. The planning application was submitted in 2004 and was approved in March 2005. The cost of the development is around £220 million.

The project was a joint venture between Inacity and Merepark, but has been sold to Irish property developers Ballymore Group, with Inacity retaining a small share. It would be Ballymore's first development in Manchester.

Groundwork started in January 2008, to be completed in August 2008. The work consisted of demolishing eight viaduct arches, redirecting a sewer, and constructing a  deep concrete retaining wall to the north, where the site is adjacent to a canal.

On 8 September 2008, Inacity announced the project was on hold due to the financial crisis of 2007–2010, and construction would not resume until the economy stabilised. The site was converted back to a carpark.

As of 2018, the site was still owned by original developers Ballymore. The site is currently used as a car park as of 2023. Ballymore has objected to numerous developments nearby, such as the renovation of Gateway House, which would block access to Piccadilly station, suggesting the scheme is still alive – at least as a proposal.

References

Proposed buildings and structures in Manchester
Proposed skyscrapers in England
Skyscrapers in Manchester
Harry Mundy. Harry Mundy (1915–1988) was a British car engine designer and motoring magazine editor.

He was educated at King Henry VIII School in Coventry and went on to serve his apprenticeship with Alvis. He left them in 1936 to join English Racing Automobiles (ERA) in Bourne, Lincolnshire as a draughtsman. Also at ERA was Walter Hassan who became a lifelong friend; the two would work together later at Jaguar on engine development.

He left ERA in 1939 and returned to Coventry to work at the Morris Engines factory.

After World War II he moved to British Racing Motors (BRM) in 1946 as head of the design office, being involved in the design of the BRM V16 Formula One engine, before moving on again in 1950 to Coventry Climax engines as chief designer working on the FWA engine.

His career then took a change in direction and he moved into journalism becoming Technical Editor of The Autocar magazine in 1955 but while there he also worked on the design of the Ford based twin-cam engine for Lotus.

However, following Jaguar's purchase of Coventry Climax in 1963, Hassan persuaded Mundy to return to engineering where, with William Heynes, they developed the Jaguar V12 engine.

Harry Mundy stayed with Jaguar until his retirement in 1980, after which he still did some consultancy work.

References

1915 births
1988 deaths
British automotive engineers
People educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry
Formula One engine engineers
Alabama State Route 267. State Route 267 (SR 267) was a state highway in Alabama and a loop route of SR 147, bypassing downtown Auburn to the west. For its entire  length, SR 267 was known as the Shug Jordan Parkway (named for Auburn University football coach Ralph "Shug" Jordan).

Route description
With the exception of a  segment at the northern terminus, State Route 267 was routed wholly within the city limits of Auburn.  The highway made up the western half of Auburn's circumferential inner loop, University Drive.

SR 267 began at SR 147 (South College Street) at the southernmost point of the Auburn University campus.  From there, it headed north-northwest and traveled through the college's agricultural research fields for the next two miles (3 km).  At milepost 2.3, SR 267 had a one-quadrant interchange with SR 14.  SR 267 then turned to the northeast for the next  before terminating back at SR 147 (now North College Street).

History
The original designation of SR 267 was U.S. Route 29.  In 1986, the  segment in Auburn was reassigned as the present-day SR 267.

The initial planning for SR 267 began in the mid-1950s, when the City of Auburn first began planning for a perimeter road.  While the eastern half of this perimeter road (named University Drive in the early 1960s) would follow segments of existing roads, the western half would be completely new.  In addition, the western segment would cut across the property of Auburn University, a state institution over which the city had no power of eminent domain to acquire right-of-way.  As such, this western segment was turned over to the Alabama Department of Transportation for construction and maintenance.

Initial right-of-way acquisition began in 1966, with construction beginning the following year.  The original design called for a four-lane limited-access expressway, with interchanges at SR 14 and Wire Road; however, budget constraints eliminated all grade separations except for the one at SR 14.  The highway was completed in 1971 as "West University Drive" and was soon renamed "Shug Jordan Parkway", for the famed Auburn University football coach Ralph Jordan.

SR 267 ceased to exist on October 27, 2015, when SR 147 was rerouted over SR 267.

Major intersections

References

267
Transportation in Lee County, Alabama
Auburn, Alabama
U.S. Route 29
1986 establishments in Alabama
2015 disestablishments in Alabama
Ambrose Channel. Ambrose Channel is the only shipping channel in and out of the Port of New York and New Jersey. The channel is considered to be part of Lower New York Bay and is located several miles off the coasts of Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and Breezy Point, New York. Ambrose Channel terminates at Ambrose Anchorage, just south of the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge, the gateway to New York Harbor, where it becomes known as the Anchorage Channel. It is named for John Wolfe Ambrose, an engineer from New York.

The entrance to the channel was marked by Ambrose Light which doubled as a staging area for pilot boats, most notably the Sandy Hook Pilots. Prior to the construction of the light tower in 1967 the channel was marked by the Ambrose Lightship, one of a class of lightships operated and maintained by the United States Coast Guard for the express purpose of marking main shipping channels for major ports. After being struck by small boats on a number of occasions, the light tower was redesigned and relocated in 1999, and finally decommissioned and removed in 2008.

Once inside the Narrows, Ambrose becomes the Anchorage Channel which splits into channels to marine terminals. Connecting channels are the Bay Ridge, the Red Hook, the Buttermilk, the Claremont, the Port Jersey, the Kill Van Kull, the Newark Bay, the Port Newark, the Elizabeth, and the Arthur Kill. Anchorages are known as Stapleton, Bay Ridge and Gravesend.

See also 
 Ambrose Channel pilot cable
 Hudson Canyon
 New York Bight

References 
Notes

Further reading
 
 National Data Buoy Center - Station ALSN6 - Ambrose Light, NY
 New York Harbor Approaches, NOAA Chart 12326 online.

External links 
 Sandy Hook Pilots 
 South Street Seaport Museum - Current location of the Ambrose Lightship

Port of New York and New Jersey
Bodies of water of Queens, New York
Bodies of water of Monmouth County, New Jersey
Shipping channels
Henry Kolm. Henry Herbert Kolm (September 9, 1924 in Vienna – July 29, 2010 in Concord, Massachusetts) was an American physicist associated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for many years, with extensive expertise in high-power magnets and strong magnetic fields.

Senior Scientist at MIT
Henry Kolm  was a long-time associate of the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory. As such, his goal was the creation and application of high magnetic fields. He has also worked on magnetic levitation for transit applications and on various electromagnetic space launch concepts including the MIT Mass Driver 1 (1976–77), continuing into the 1980s.

Over the years, he worked with Francis Bitter, Gerard K. O'Neill, and Eric Drexler, among others.

Comment regarding interrogation methods 
In an op-ed column, Frank Rich quoted Kolm as saying, "We got more information out of a German general with a game of chess or Ping-Pong than they do today, with their torture", in recounting his experience interrogating Colonel Rudolf Hess, Hitler's personal military advisor (not to be confused with Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy) over a chessboard.

See also 
 Railgun
 Coil gun 
 Mass Driver 1
 Helical railgun
 Maglev train
 Piezoelectricity

References

Bibliography

External links 
 Personal Website
 Magplane Technology, Inc. , one of his later ventures.
 Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory website

American physicists
1924 births
2010 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology people
FBD. FBD may refer to:

Science and technology 
 Flange back distance, in mounting camera lenses
 Free body diagram, helps visualise forces on bodies
 Fully Buffered DIMM, computer memory module 
 Function block diagram, a graphical language for programmable logic controller design
 Functional block diagram, a block diagram in systems engineering

Transport 
 Braine-l'Alleud railway station, in Belgium
 Flemington Bridge railway station, in England
 Farrukhabad Junction railway station, in Uttar Pradesh, India
 Fayzabad Airport, in Afghanistan

Other uses 
 Far Beyond Driven, an album by American metal band Pantera
 FBD Holdings, an Irish insurance company
 Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, a British law firm
Joy valve gear. Joy valve gear is a type of steam locomotive valve gear, designed by David Joy (3 March 1825 – 1903), Locomotive and Marine engineer, and patented (no. 929) on 8 March 1879. The British patent has not been found but the US patent (US252224 of 10 January 1882) has. Joy's gear is similar to Hackworth valve gear but has a compensating mechanism  which corrects for "the slight inequality in the motion of the valve arising from the arc of the lever".

The drawing (right) shows the Joy gear as applied to a London and North Western Railway locomotive. The US patent shows several modifications of the gear. In figure 6 of the patent, one of the levers has been replaced by a slide.

On 10 January 1882, Mr. Joy received U.S. Patent No. 252,224 for the invention.

Operation
The movement is derived from a vertical link connected to the connecting rod. The vertical movement is translated into the horizontal movement required by the valve spindle by a die block moving in a slide which can be varied in inclination. The necessary 90 degree phase shift is obtained not from an eccentric, as with most designs, but from both the nominal 90 degree difference of the "vertical" link with respect to the horizontal connecting rod and the 90 degree phase difference between the horizontal and vertical components of the motion of the connecting rod.

Applications
Joy's valve-gear was used extensively on Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway and London and North Western Railway locomotives, and also on the Manning Wardle-built narrow gauge 2-6-2 locomotives of the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway. Joy gear was also used by John Fowler & Co. and several other steam traction engine manufacturers. The most numerous locomotive class using Joy valve gear was Russian O class, in Od and OD variants (over 4,500 built) - a letter "d" / "D" in their designations stood for Joy (in Russian phonetically: Джой - Dzhoy). Joy's valve gear was used in the Doble steam car until replaced by Stephenson's valve gear.

Preservation
The last locomotives with Joy valve gear to remain in service with British Railways were the LNWR G2 and G2A Classes, of which one of the former class is preserved.

Greenly-Joy valve gear
There is a modified Joy gear designed by Henry Greenly for miniature railway steam locomotives.

References

External links 
 U.S. Patent 252,224 for Steam-Engine Valve-Gear
 LNWR Society
 David Joy also Edward B. Wilson at steamindex.com
 David Joy's Diaries at steamindex.com
 A software simulation of Joy - and other common valve gear configurations - is available for download from: 

Locomotive valve gear
English inventions
4th Combat Engineer Battalion. The 4th Combat Engineer Battalion (4th CEB) is a combat engineer battalion of the United States Marine Corps Reserve. The headquarters is in Baltimore, Maryland and the Battalion has units in West Virginia, Alabama, Virginia, and Tennessee. They belong to the 4th Marine Division of the Marine Forces Reserve.

Organization

History

World War II
Activated 25 August 1943 at Camp Pendleton, California, as Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Marines, 4th Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force. Deployed during February 1944 to the Pacific Theater. Redesignated 31 August, as Headquarters and Service Company, 4th Engineer Battalion, 4th Marine Division. Participated in the Battle of Kwajalein, Battle of Saipan, Battle of Tinian and the Battle of Iwo Jima. Redeployed during October 1945 to Maui, Hawaii. Relocated during November 1945 to Camp Pendleton, California, where it was deactivated on 15 November 1945.

1951–2000
Reactivated on 1 November 1951 at Baltimore, Maryland, as Headquarters Company, 1st Engineer Battalion. Redesignated 1 July 1962 as 4th Engineer Battalion, 4th Marine Division.

Redesignated 1 June 1976 as 4th Combat Engineer Battalion, 4th Marine Division. Participated in numerous training exercises throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Called to Active Duty December 1990 to participate in the Persian Gulf War. Released from Active Duty May 1991.

Global War on Terror
In January 2003 the Battalion activated and deployed personnel in support of the initial invasion of the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom). December 2004 activated and deployed personnel to serve as members of the 5th Civil Affairs Group and continue to support Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Eight members of the battalion were killed while on operations in Iraq.

Notable former members
Rob Jones

See also

 List of United States Marine Corps battalions
 Organization of the United States Marine Corps

References

Web

 4th CEB's official website

4th Marine Division (United States)
CEB4