omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mack Titan. The Mack Titan is a heavy-duty truck produced by Mack Trucks. Two variants are produced: one for the Australian market, introduced in 1995 aimed at heavy road train operators, and a 2008 version introduced in North America. The Titan can haul loads up to 200 tonnes GCWR and comes with many heavy-duty options that are not usually found on highway trucks.

Australia

A raised cab and taller hood allows for larger radiators for improved engine cooling in the hot Australian climates.
Heavy duty double and triple frame rails handle the high loads and stress of driving on unpaved dirt roads.
Rear axles offered include tri-drive options and planetary hub reduction axles from Renault Trucks.
Air brake system has high flow air compressor and large air tanks to provide air for 2 or more trailers and the air starter (if fitted).
Integrated vertical air intake snorkels keep dust and dirt out of the filters prolonging their life.
High power engines from Cummins (ISX & Signature) and Caterpillar (C-16). Until 2000/2001, the Mack 16.4 litre E9 V8 was offered at  and  of torque.
The Mack 18 speed transmission is standard, with an Eaton 18 speed option. Eaton two and four speed auxiliary transmissions are also available to provide extra gears and an optional Power Tower.

United States
In March 2008, Titan was introduced in Bulldog magazine. The target markets are the heavy-haul applications of: construction, logging, mining, oil field, and heavy equipment hauling. A Heavy Duty model uses the 16-litre big-block MP10, the largest ever 6-cylinder engine from Mack, with 515, 565, and  models. The 605 has a torque rating of  at 1,200 rpm.

It will replace the now retired CL model which served as Mack's "big bore" truck which was powered by the Cummins ISX. It will feature the MP10 which is Mack's version of the Volvo D16C. In mid 2017 the Mack Titan was discontinued for sale in the US.

See also
Mack Trucks
List of Mack Trucks Products

References

External links
 Australia:
Mack Titan Homepage -  Mack Trucks Australia
Titan Info - BigMackTrucks.com
 United States:
Titan series - Mack Trucks
Titan Product Brochure - Mack Trucks - (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document)

Titan
Trucks of Australia
Vehicles introduced in 1995
Tractor units
Legacy of Parks. Legacy of Parks was a 1970s New Federalism style program promoted by the Nixon administration that turned federal land over to the states for historical, cultural and recreational purposes.

In 1972, the U.S. Congress appropriated $200 million from the Federal Land and Water Conservation Fund to support the program with the goal of conserving wild areas and saving the disappearing open spaces around the country's urban areas.  Local governments were able to obtain 50–50 matching funds for new parks, playgrounds, and open spaces with priority given to the development and improvement of land already in public ownership.  Special attention was given to projects that featured increasing the recreational use of the land.  

The program's guiding principle was rooted on the idea that America's highly diversified population deserved a variety of natural areas to enjoy; from parks with modern conveniences to areas featuring the solitude of wilderness. Families, priests, casual tourists and avid outdoorsmen were viewed as having equal stakes in the parks.

To support the initiative, President Nixon asked for increases in funding for open space programs of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and established the Federal Property Review Board which evaluated federally owned land to determine if the parcels could be converted into parks.

By the late 1970s, over 700,000,000 acres of land had been purchased under the Legacy of Parks program.  Playgrounds, forests, environmental education areas, bike trails, and jogging paths were all strong candidates for funding. Many of the urban sites were less than .  Some parks were larger such as Michigan's 3,000 acre Fort Custer Recreation Area or New York and New Jersey's 26,600 acre Gateway National Recreation Area.

References

John Woolley and Gerhard Peters.  The American Presidency Project. Santa Barbara, CA.
Gordon L. Goodman. Land as a Resource for Terrestrial Ecology and/or Public Parks: A Case Study. BioScience, Vol. 24, No. 9 (Sep., 1974), pp. 521–525
Rolf Dismant. Gateways to Nowhere: A Recent History of Federal Urban Parks. 1973.

Parks in the United States
Government programs
Horace Stansel. Horace Sylvan Stansel (November 5, 1888 – April 4, 1936) was an American civil engineer and politician, remembered chiefly as the original architect of Mississippi's highway system. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives including as Speaker. He was succeeded in office by his wife Dovie Stansel after his death.

Biography
Horace Stansel was born in 1888 in Ruleville, Sunflower County, in the Mississippi Delta. He attended Franklin Academy in Columbus as a child. While working as a laborer to help construct Mississippi A&M (now Mississippi State University), he supposedly overheard from a co-worker that labor could be used to earn a man's way through college. According to his later statements, he immediately presented himself to the office of the university president for admission. Stansel earned a degree in civil engineering after studying from 1911 to 1915.

Stansel was first elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1923. In 1928, Stansel was appointed by then-Governor Theodore G. Bilbo as the head of a committee to investigate the state's highway needs. The committee's conclusions resulted in Stansel authoring the Stansel Act of 1930, which established Mississippi's system of paved highways. Stansel placed his own touch on the system: the intersection of the state highways in Ruleville is at the site of his family home.

Stansel's success in Jackson led him to run, and win, election in the Mississippi House of Representatives. He progressed rapidly in prestige during the Great Depression and was elected Speaker of the House in 1936, shortly before his death from a heart attack. His widow, Pearl Stansel, took his seat and was later elected in her own right, serving from 1936 to 1944.

Horace Stansel Memorial Library in Ruleville was named in his honor in 1938.

References

1936 deaths
American civil engineers
Members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
Speakers of the Mississippi House of Representatives
People from Ruleville, Mississippi
1888 births
20th-century American engineers
20th-century members of the Mississippi Legislature
Regular solution. In chemistry, a regular solution is a solution whose entropy of mixing is equal to that of an ideal solution with the same composition, but is non-ideal due to a nonzero enthalpy of mixing. Such a solution is formed by random mixing of components of similar molar volume and without strong specific interactions, and its behavior diverges from that of an ideal solution by showing phase separation at intermediate compositions and temperatures (a miscibility gap). Its entropy of mixing is equal to that of an ideal solution with the same composition, due to random mixing without strong specific interactions. For two components 

where  is the gas constant,  the total number of moles, and  the mole fraction of each component. Only the enthalpy of mixing is non-zero, unlike for an ideal solution, while the volume of the solution equals the sum of volumes of components.

Features 
A regular solution can also be described by Raoult's law modified with a Margules function with only one parameter :

where the Margules function is

Notice that the Margules function for each component contains the mole fraction of the other component. It can also be shown using the Gibbs-Duhem relation that if the first Margules expression holds, then the other one must have the same shape. A regular solutions internal energy will vary during mixing or during process.

The value of  can be interpreted as W/RT, where W = 2U12 - U11 - U22 represents the difference in interaction energy between like and unlike neighbors.

In contrast to ideal solutions, regular solutions do possess a non-zero enthalpy of mixing, due to the W term. If the unlike interactions are more unfavorable than the like ones, we get competition between an entropy of mixing term that produces a minimum in the Gibbs free energy at x1 = 0.5 and the enthalpy term that has a maximum there. At high temperatures, the entropic term in the free energy of mixing dominates and the system is fully miscible, but at lower temperatures the G(x1) curve will have two minima and a maximum in between. This results in phase separation. In general there will be a temperature where the three extremes coalesce and the system becomes fully miscible. This point is known as the upper critical solution temperature or the upper consolute temperature.

In contrast to ideal solutions, the volumes in the case of regular solutions are no longer strictly additive but must be calculated from partial molar volumes that are a function of x1.

The term was introduced in 1927 by the American physical chemist Joel Henry Hildebrand.

See also
 Solid solution

References

Thermodynamics
Chemical thermodynamics
James Aspnes. James Aspnes is a professor in Computer Science at Yale University. He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1992. His main research interest is distributed algorithms.

In 1989, he wrote and operated TinyMUD, one of the first "social" MUDs that allowed players to build a shared virtual world.

He is the son of David E. Aspnes, Distinguished University Professor at North Carolina State University.

Awards
 Dijkstra Prize, 2020.
 Dylan Hixon '88 Prize for Teaching Excellence in the Natural Sciences, Yale College, 2000.
 IBM Graduate Fellowship, 1991–1992.
 NSF Graduate Fellowship, 1987–1990.
 Phi Beta Kappa, 1987.

References

External links
 James Aspnes's Home Page at Yale

Year of birth missing (living people)
MUD developers
Living people
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Yale University faculty
Raffaello MPLM. The Raffaello MPLM, also known as MPLM-2, was one of three Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules which were operated by NASA to transfer supplies and equipment to and from the International Space Station. Raffaello was used for four of twelve MPLM flights to the space station, with Leonardo being used for the remainder. It was first launched on 19 April 2001, aboard the STS-100 mission flown by , and made its third flight in July 2005, aboard Discovery on STS-114. Raffaellos final flight was aboard  on the STS-135 mission, the last flight of the Space Shuttle.

In April 2023, Raffaello was transferred to Axiom Space to be repurposed and flown as part of Axiom Station.

Construction
Like the other Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules, Raffaello was constructed by the Italian Space Agency, who chose to name it after the painter and architect Raffaello Sanzio. The module was constructed in the late 1990s, and delivered to NASA at the Kennedy Space Center in August 1999.

Flights

See also

Permanent Multipurpose Module
Leonardo MPLM

References

MPLM-2
Space hardware returned to Earth intact
Spacecraft launched in 2011
Raphael
Microplane. Microplane is a registered trademark of Grace Manufacturing Inc., a company that makes photo etched steel tools (surform tools) for grating, grinding and sanding. It was created by brothers Richard & Jeff Grace in the mid-1990s. The Grace brothers set out to make a wood-carving rasper and ended up with a new invention, which in 1991 would come to be called Microplane.

Kitchen graters

Microplane graters are used for the grating of various food items, such as nutmeg and cheese, and also as zesters for citrus fruit.

Wood rasps
Microplane originally made wood rasps and shaving disks, and they still do.

Further reading

References

External links
 Microplane Official Website
 Grace Manufacturing Inc. Official Website

Food preparation utensils
Woodworking hand tools
Kitchenware brands
Jet blast. Jet blast is the phenomenon of rapid air movement produced by the jet engines of aircraft, particularly on or before takeoff. A large jet-engine aircraft can produce winds of up to  as far away as  behind it at 40% maximum rated power. Jet blast can be a hazard to people or other unsecured objects, and can reach wind speeds comparable to those of a Category 5 hurricane, causing roof failure or total collapse in buildings, and severely damaging or destroying things like mobile homes, utility buildings, and trees.

Despite the power and potentially destructive nature of jet blast, there are relatively few jet blast incidents. Due to the invisible nature of jet blast and the aerodynamic properties of light aircraft, light aircraft moving about airports are particularly vulnerable.  Pilots of light aircraft frequently stay off to the side of the runway, rather than follow in the centre, to negate the effect of the blast. Occasionally, when the ground surface is badly chosen, jet blast from aircraft can rip up sections of asphalt weighing up to tens of kilograms (double-digits of pounds), damaging the aircraft.

Maho Beach in Sint Maarten is famous for its unique proximity to the runway of Princess Juliana International Airport, allowing people to experience jet blast, a practice that is discouraged by the local authorities. A tourist was killed on 12 July 2017 when she was blown away by jet blast, which caused her head to smash into concrete. Skiathos Airport in Greece similarly allows people to experience jet blast, as its runway is located near a public road.

Propeller planes are also capable of generating significant rearwards winds, known as prop wash.

See also
 Maho Beach, a beach in Saint Maarten popular for experiencing jet blast
 Air Moorea Flight 1121, a plane crash in 2007 that investigators suspect jet blast was a factor

References

Aircraft aerodynamics
Aircraft engines
Aviation safety
Aviation risks
Jet engines
Greenhouse (disambiguation). A greenhouse is an indoor covered place where plants are grown and cultivated. It may also refer to:

Greenhouse effect, the atmospheric phenomenon causing planetary warming
Greenhouse and icehouse Earth, periods when the greenhouse effect is dominant or absent
Greenhouse effect (United States Supreme Court), postulated effect whereby conservative Supreme Court Justices drift liberal for favorable press
Greenhouse debt, the measure to which an entity exceeds its permitted greenhouse footprint

Name 
Greenhouse (surname)

Music 
Greenhouse (Leo Kottke album), an album by Leo Kottke released in 1973
Greenhouse (Brotherhood of Man album), a 1997 album by Brotherhood of Man
Greenhouse (Yellowjackets album), 1991
Greenhouse Music, a record label
Greenhouse Studios, a music recording facility in Vancouver, Canada
Greenhouse (music group), also known as Greenhouse Effect, an American hip hop duo

Other 
Operation Greenhouse, a 1951 series of nuclear tests
Greenhouse (automotive), an automotive term
Greenhouse Software, a technology company that provides a recruiting software as a service
Greenhouse (restaurant), in Perth, Western Australia
 The Greenhouse (novel), a novel by Susan Hillmore
 Nash Block, also known as The Greenhouse, a building in Omaha, Nebraska
 The Greenhouse (TV series), an Israeli television series
Greenhouse (Leeds), a block of flats in Beeston, Leeds

See also
Green House (disambiguation)
Greene House (disambiguation)
Hothouse (disambiguation)
Passive daytime radiative cooling, method of reducing temperature using an inverse greenhouse effect
Automated optical inspection. Automated optical inspection (AOI) is an automated visual inspection of printed circuit board (PCB) (or LCD, transistor) manufacture where a camera autonomously scans the device under test for both catastrophic failure (e.g. missing component) and quality defects (e.g. fillet size or shape or component skew). It is commonly used in the manufacturing process because it is a non-contact test method. It is implemented at many stages through the manufacturing process including bare board inspection, solder paste inspection (SPI), pre-reflow and post-re-flow as well as other stages.

Historically, the primary place for AOI systems has been after solder re-flow or "post-production." Mainly because, post-re-flow AOI systems can inspect for most types of defects (component placement, solder shorts, missing solder, etc.) at one place in the line with one single system. In this way the faulty boards are reworked and the other boards are sent to the next process stage.

SMT inspection 
AOIs for a PCB board with components may inspect the following features:
 Area defects
 Billboarding  
 Component offset
 Component polarity
 Component presence or absence
 Component Skew
 Excessive Solder Joints
 Flipped component
 Height Defects
 Insufficient Paste around Leads
 Insufficient Solder Joints
 Lifted Leads
 No Population tests
 Paste Registration
 Severely Damaged Components  
 Tombstoning
 Volume Defects
 Wrong Part
 Solder Bridging
 Presence of Foreign Material on the board

AOI can be used in the following locations in the SMT lines: post paste, pre-reflow, post-reflow, or wave areas.

Bare PCB inspection 

AOI for a bare PCB board inspection may detect these features:
 Line width violations
 Spacing violation
 Excess copper
 Missing pad – a feature that should be on the board is missing
 Short circuits
 Gold Finger damage
 Cuts
 Hole breakage – a drilled hole (via) is outside of its landing pad
 Wrong mounting components identified

The triggering of a defects report may be either rule-based (e.g. no lines on the board should be smaller than 50μ) or CAD based in which the board is locally compared with the intended design.

This inspection is much more reliable and repeatable than manual visual inspection.

In many cases, smaller circuit board designs are driving up the demand for AOI vs in-circuit testing.

Related technologies
The following are related technologies and are also used in electronic production to test for the correct operation of electronics printed circuit boards:
 Automated x-ray inspection (AXI)
 Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)
 In-circuit test (ICT)
 Functional testing

See also
Object recognition
Machine vision
Automated X-ray inspection
Under vehicle inspection

References

Hardware testing4. Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Equipment List
Applications of computer vision
Printed circuit board manufacturing
Nondestructive testing
Arado E.555. The Arado E.555 was a long range strategic bomber proposed by the German Arado company during World War II in response to the RLM's Amerikabomber project. The E.555 designation was applied to a series of long range jet bomber designs of various sizes, powerplant, crew and weapon load configurations. As design studies only, no aircraft were developed or constructed and the entire E.555 project was cancelled at the end of 1944.

Project request
In 1942, the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Reich Air Ministry, RLM) put forward an initiative to obtain a long-range bomber for the Luftwaffe that would be capable of striking the continental United States from Germany. Requests for designs were made to the major German aircraft manufacturers early in World War II, long before the U.S. had entered the war. Arado had begun its own independent project design work for a future jet flying wing bomber in late 1943; up until that time other manufacturers, such as Heinkel (by the February 1943 timeframe), Messerschmitt, Focke-Wulf and Junkers had piston-engined intercontinental bomber designs under various stages of consideration and initial prototype testing per the RLM's request. Arado had also developed its own small, shorter-range jet bomber, the Ar 234 Blitz, which first flew in June 1943. By early 1944, Arado was asked to compile design studies for a long-range jet-powered bomber.

Designs
Several different E.555 design configurations were proposed and considered; the Arado team's overall goal for the project was an aircraft with high speed, long range and capable of carrying a four-ton (4,000 kg) bomb load. Perhaps the most striking was the E.555 I, a six-jet, angular flying wing design with remotely-operated defensive turrets. The trijet E.555 VI had the  longest wingspan of all the proposals at  and range (carrying supplementary fuel tanks) of . The aircraft were to be powered using a jet engine which had not completed development as of 1944, the  thrust BMW 018; from two to six of these powerplants in each of the proposed E.555 designs.

All of the E.555 projects were abandoned, following a 22 December 1944 order by the Reich Air Ministry.

Arado E.555 I
Six-engine flying wing bomber
Arado E.555 II
Four-engine flying wing bomber
Arado E.555 III
Twin-engine flying wing bomber
Arado E.555 IV
Three-engine flying wing bomber
Arado E.555 VI
Three-engine flying wing bomber
Arado E.555 VII
Three-engine flying wing bomber
Arado E.555 VIII
Three-engine flying wing bomber
Arado E.555 IX
Three-engine flying wing bomber
Arado E.555 X
Three-engine flying wing bomber
Arado E.555 XI
Four-engine bomber

Specifications (E.555-6)

References

External links

 Arado E 555-10
 The flying wing of the Luftwaffe

E.555
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Flying wings
Mars Surface Exploration. Mars Surface Exploration (MSE) is a systems engineering tool for the design of rover missions originally developed in 2003 by the Space Systems Engineering graduate class at MIT. It has since been further enhanced by the MIT Space Systems Laboratory with the support of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The tool is intended to help designers during pre-phase A rover mission design. MSE enables designers to model and analyze very rapidly a wide range of design options for a mission whose science goals have been defined. The emphasis is on breadth rather than on in-depth modeling of specific designs. Other rover modeling tools exist at NASA’s and ESA’s concurrent engineering facilities that take the approach of interconnecting sophisticated software design environments to conduct detailed analyses of a particular mission. MSE's approach complements in-depth modeling techniques which, in return, assist in the validation of MSE's models at various points of the design space.

Analyses
MSE has been used to analyze various types of missions ranging from traditional rover missions (e.g. Mars Science Laboratory and ExoMars) to Mars Sample Return-type missions and Lunar missions.

See also
Exploration of Mars
Sojourner
Mars Exploration Rovers
Mars Science Laboratory
ExoMars
Rover Mission Analysis and Design (RoMAD)

References

External links
MIT Space Systems Laboratory
Other research at the MIT Space Systems Laboratory EMFF

Aerospace engineering
Big Sandy Subdivision (CSX Transportation). The Big Sandy Subdivision is a railroad line owned and operated by CSX Transportation in the U.S. state of Kentucky. The line runs from Catlettsburg south to Elkhorn City along a former Chesapeake and Ohio Railway line. 

At its north end, the Big Sandy Subdivision junctions with the Kanawha Subdivision, which heads east to West Virginia and Virginia and northwest to Ohio. The line continues from the south end as the Kingsport Subdivision; this was the historic change between the C&O and Clinchfield Railroad. From north to south, the following lines branch off, most to dead ends:
Dawkins Subdivision
Middle Creek Subdivision
E&BV Subdivision (part of a continuous line to Winchester)
Coal Run Subdivision
SV&E Subdivision

References

CSX Transportation lines
Rail infrastructure in Kentucky
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Transportation in Johnson County, Kentucky
Transportation in Boyd County, Kentucky
Transportation in Pike County, Kentucky