omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IBM CPC. The IBM Card-Programmed Electronic Calculator or CPC was announced by IBM in May 1949. Later that year an improved machine, the CPC-II, was also announced.

IBM's electronic (vacuum tube) calculators could perform multiple calulations, including division.

The card-programmed calculators used fields on punched cards not to specify the actual operations to be performed on data, but which "microprogram" hard-coded onto the plugboard of the IBM 604 or 605 calculator machine; a set of cards produced different results when used with different plugboards.  The units could be configured to retain up to 10 instructions in memory and perform them in a loop.

The original CPC Calculator has the following units interconnected by cables:
Electronic Calculating Punch
IBM 604 with reader/punch unit IBM 521
Accounting Machine
IBM 402 or
IBM 417

The CPC-II Calculator has the following units interconnected by cables:
Electronic Calculating Punch
IBM 605 with punch unit IBM 527
Accounting Machine
IBM 407 or
IBM 412 or
IBM 418
Optional Auxiliary Storage Units (up to 3)
IBM 941, each could store 16 decimal numbers with ten digits plus sign.

From the IBM Archives:
The IBM Card-Programmed Electronic Calculator was announced in May 1949 as a versatile general purpose computer designed to perform any predetermined sequence of arithmetical operations coded on standard 80-column punched cards. It was also capable of selecting and following one of several sequences of instructions as a result of operations already performed, and it could store instructions for self-programmed operation. The Calculator consisted of a Type 605 Electronic Calculating Punch and a Type 412 or 418 Accounting Machine. A Type 941 Auxiliary Storage Unit was available as an optional feature. All units composing the Calculator were interconnected by flexible cables. If desired, the Type 412 or 418, with or without the Type 941, could be operated independently of the other machines. The Type 605 could be used as a Calculating Punch and the punch unit (Type 527) could be operated as an independent gang punch.

Customer deliveries of the CPC began in late 1949, at which time more than 20 had been ordered by government agencies and laboratories and aircraft manufacturers. Nearly 700 CPC systems were delivered during the first-half of the 1950s.

See also
 Unit record equipment
 List of vacuum tube computers

References

 Includes a 2-page listing Program Card Codings

 Many articles about the IBM CPC and 604.

External links
IBM Archives: Card-Programmed Electronic Calculator (CPC)
 History of the IBM CPC at Stanford University 
 "IBM Card Programmed Computer (CPC)" photograph at the Computer History Museum

CPC
Electro-mechanical computers
IBM vacuum tube computers
Programmable calculators
Computer-related introductions in 1949
1940s computers
PERM (computer). PERM () is a stored-program-controlled electronic computer, built in Munich under the auspices of Hans Piloty and Robert Sauer 1952–1956. Some jokingly called it Pilotys erstes RechenMonster ('Piloty's first calculating monster'). It weighed several tons.

The machine is now displayed in the informatics (computer science) exhibition of the Deutsches Museum München.

References

External links
 Google translation (may not show pictures)

Early computers
Computers designed in Germany
H.245. H.245 is a control channel protocol used with[in] e.g. H.323 and H.324 communication sessions, and involves the line transmission of non-telephone signals. It also offers the possibility to be tunneled within H.225.0 call signaling messages. This eases firewall traversing.

H.245 is capable of conveying information needed for multimedia communication, such as encryption, flow control, jitter management, preference requests, as well as the opening and closing of logical channels used to carry media streams. It also defines separate send and receive capabilities and the means to send these details to other devices that support H.323.

Handshake issues
One major drawback within the initial version of H.323 was the lengthy, four-way H.245 protocol handshake required during the opening up of the logical channels of a telephony session. Later versions of H.323 introduced the Fast Connect procedure, using the fastStart element of an H.225.0 message. Fast Connect brought the negotiation down to a two-way handshake. Another recommendation, H.460.6, Extended Fast Connect Feature, exists that defines a one-way handshake.

External links
 ITU-T H.245 Recommendation

ITU-T recommendations
Videotelephony
SpaceShipOne flight 11P. Flight 11P of SpaceShipOne was its eighth independent flight, its first powered flight, and the first privately funded crewed flight to reach supersonic speeds. It occurred on December 17, 2003.

The date of the test flight was 100 years to the day (and almost to the hour) since the Wright Brothers made the first powered flight. It followed several months of glide tests. The pilot was Brian Binnie.

Details
White Knight, piloted by Peter Siebold, carried SpaceShipOne to launch altitude. At 08:15 PDT at an altitude of 47,900 feet (14.6 km) and a speed of 112 knots (58 m/s), SpaceShipOne was released from White Knight. After gliding to 44,400 feet (13.5 km) and accelerating to Mach 0.55, the rocket was lit for a 15 second burn.

Nine seconds into the burn, SpaceShipOne exceeded the speed of sound. The craft climbed at a 70-degree angle, accelerating at 3 g (30 m/s²). At burn-out the Mach number was 1.2. The craft coasted to an apogee altitude of 67,800 feet (20.7 km).

The craft was reconfigured into high-drag ("feathered") mode to begin descent. After about a minute of descent, it switched to glider configuration at 35,000 feet (10.7 km). It then glided for 12 minutes back to Mojave Airport.

During landing a roll oscillation caused the left main gear to collapse. The craft made a runway excursion rolling to a stop in soft sand. The craft sustained minor damage, later repaired, and the pilot was uninjured.

References

External links
Scaled Composites' public flight log 
X Prize page about Scaled Composites 
SpaceShipOne breaks the sound barrier  — press release from Scaled Composites

SpaceShipOne
Scaled Composites Tier One program
2003 in spaceflight
SpaceShipOne flight 13P. Flight 13P of SpaceShipOne was its second powered flight, which occurred on April 8, 2004.  The pilot was Peter Siebold.

Details
SpaceShipOne was released from White Knight at an altitude of 45,600 ft (13,900 m).  Ignition was delayed by about two minutes to evaluate a shock-induced stall buffet.  The rocket was lit at an altitude of 38,300 feet (11.7 km) for a 40-second burn.

At burn-out, the Mach number was 1.6.  The craft coasted to an apogee altitude of 105,000 feet (32.0 km).

During reentry the craft attained Mach 0.9.  The craft switched to glider configuration at 40,000 feet (12.2 km). The craft returned to the Mojave Airport and landed safely.

External links
SPACE.com article
Scaled Composites' public flight log 
X Prize page about Scaled Composites 

SpaceShipOne
Scaled Composites Tier One program
2004 in spaceflight
SpaceShipOne flight 14P. Flight 14P of SpaceShipOne was its third powered flight, which occurred on May 13, 2004.  The pilot was Mike Melvill.

Details
SpaceShipOne was released from White Knight at an altitude of  and a speed of 120 knots (62 m/s).  After ten seconds the rocket was lit, for a 55 second burn.

At burn-out the altitude was  and the Mach number was 2.5.  The craft then coasted to an apogee altitude of  .

At one point during the flight, the avionics computer froze up and had to be rebooted. Melvill flew the aircraft manually until the computer became operable again.

During reentry, the craft attained Mach 1.9 and deceleration of 3.5 g (34 m/s²).  The craft switched to glider configuration at 55,000 feet (17.4 km). The craft returned to the spaceport and landed safely.

External links
 SpaceShipOne video footage (RealVideo)

SpaceShipOne
Scaled Composites Tier One program
2004 in spaceflight
UniSoft. UniSoft Corporation is an American software developer established in 1981, originally focused on the development of Unix ports for various computer architectures. Based in Millbrae, California, it now builds standardization and conformance testing applications for the digital television market.

History 
UniSoft was founded on October 5, 1981, in Emeryville, California. Their original business was Unix development, and they were soon recognized as one of the early implementers of Unix for the emerging 16-bit microcomputer market. By 1989, they had completed over 225 Unix implementations on various hardware platforms, which was estimated to have been about 65% of all such ports. UniSoft's port of Version 7 Unix was the first operating system for Sun Microsystems' Sun-1 workstations and servers. It also developed Apple Inc.'s Unix variant, A/UX, for the Apple Macintosh II. UniSoft UniPlus System V served as the basis of Silicon Graphics' GL2 operating system, which eventually evolved into IRIX.

In 1991, the company moved to its current offices in Millbrae, California. UniSoft shifted its focus to the television industry in 1997, in order to address standards compliant software in that market. It now works solely in development, testing, and broadcast tools for digital television.

See also 
 Callan Data Systems

References

External links 
 

1981 establishments in California
A/UX
American companies established in 1981
Unix history
Software companies of the United States
Frosted glass. Frosted glass is produced by the sandblasting or acid etching of clear sheet glass. This creates a pitted surface on one side of the glass pane and has the effect of rendering the glass translucent by scattering the light which passes through, thus blurring images while still transmitting light. It has 10–20% opacity.

General applications include:

 To achieve visual privacy while still allowing light to pass through.
 To create decorative patterns on plain glass by using wax or other inhibitors to retain transparent areas. 
 To distribute light uniformly in a photographic contact printer.
 To create an airtight seal in tubes.
 Decorative, aesthetic, or artistic intent.

The frosted glass effect can also be achieved by the application of vinyl film, used as a sort of stencil on the glass surface. "Photo-resist", or photo-resistant film is also available, which can be produced to mask off the area surrounding a decorative design, or logo on the glass surface. A similar effect may also be accomplished with the use of canned frosted glass sprays.

Recycling issue 

As a rule, frosted glass is not suitable for recycling through glass bins. This is because the etchants used to produce some frosted glass can leave chemical residue, which can interfere with the recycling process and spoil a whole batch. Frosted glass that was not acid-etched but rather produced by sandblasting is recyclable in principle, however, since it can be hard to tell how a given piece of frosted glass was manufactured, most recyclers will reject frosted glass absent a contract with specific assurances.

See also
 Cesia (visual appearance)
 Ground glass
 Ground glass joint
 Smart glass, of which some types are able to turn frosting on and off

References

Glass coating and surface modification
Glass types
1912 in architecture. The year 1912 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Events
 Clough Williams-Ellis receives his first major architectural commission, for the remodelling of Llangoed Hall in Wales.

Buildings and structures

Buildings opened

 Electric Tower, in Buffalo, New York, designed by Esenwein & Johnson
 April 19 – Bridges in Constantine, Algeria:
 Sidi M'Cid Bridge, designed by Ferdinand Arnodin.
 Sidi Rached Bridge, designed by Paul Séjourné.
 April 25 – Rebuilt St Mark's Campanile in Venice inaugurated.
 May – Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts opens in Moscow, Russia.
 June – Government Conference Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (opened by the Grand Trunk Railway as Ottawa's railway station)
 October 12 – Quarr Abbey on the Isle of Wight (England), designed by Dom Paul Bellot, consecrated.
 December 26 – Opening of:
 Manchester Opera House, in Manchester, England, as the New Theatre, designed by Richardson & Gill with Farquarson.
 St. James Theatre, Wellington, New Zealand, designed by Henry Eli White.

Buildings completed

 Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria.
 Mysore Palace, India, designed by Henry Irwin.
 El Centro Español de Tampa, Florida, USA.
 Mawson's Huts, Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, Australian Antarctic Territory
 Šaloun's Villa in Prague, designed by and for sculptor Ladislav Šaloun.
 The Salutation, Sandwich, Kent, England, designed by Edwin Lutyens with garden by Gertrude Jekyll.
 Sons of Norway Hall, Petersburg, Alaska, USA.
 Glamorgan County Hall, Cardiff, Wales, designed by Vincent Harris and T. A. Moodie.
 Chengyang Bridge, China.
 Jackson Tower in Portland, Oregon
 The Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts
 Sun Tower in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 Ritz-Carlton Montreal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Awards
 Olympic gold medal – Eugène Monod & Alphone Laverrière of Switzerland for Building plan of a modern stadium.
 RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Basil Champneys.
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Jacques Debat-Ponsan.

Births

 January 9 – Ralph Tubbs, British architect associated with the Festival of Britain (died 1996)
 January 30 – Finn Juhl, Danish architect, interior and industrial designer (died 1989)
 February 21 – Henry Bernard, French architect, designer of the Palace of Europe (died 1994)
 March 12 – Gordon Tait, British architect (died 1999)
 June 11 – Rosemary Stjernstedt, British architect (died 1998)
 December 1 – Minoru Yamasaki, American World Trade Center architect (died 1986)
 December 15 – Ray Eames, American designer, 2nd wife of Charles Eames (died 1988)

Deaths
 February 8 – Constant-Désiré Despradelle, French architect and professor of architecture (born 1862)
 June 1 – Daniel Burnham, American architect and urban planner (born 1846)
 June 27 – Frank Furness, Philadelphia-based American architect (born 1839)
 November 17 – Richard Norman Shaw, British architect (born 1831)

References
Brushed metal. Brushed stainless steel or dull polished metal is metal with a unidirectional satin finish. It is produced by polishing the metal with a 120–180 grit belt or wheel then softening with an 80–120 grit greaseless compound or a medium non-woven abrasive belt or pad.

Commonly brushed metals include stainless steel, aluminium and nickel. Brushed finishes are popular in both small appliances and whiteware, and feature in architecture and automotive design. The Gateway Arch and DMC DeLorean are both clad in brushed stainless steel. The intensity of the brushed finish is specified as a surface roughness and is typically 0.5–1.5 micrometres Ra.

Characteristics 

Brushing gives metal a distinctive look, as it retains some but not all of its metallic lustre and is given a pattern of very fine lines parallel to the brushing direction. For this reason, it is commonly used for decorative items like jewellery and watches.

A brushed finish is susceptible to damage. Brushed finishes also typically have a detrimental effect on corrosion resistance. In particular the brushed texture limits the ability of fluid to bead on the material surface. In the case of stainless steel the grooves of the finish can accumulate chloride ions which break down the chromium oxide passivation layer, enabling rusting to occur.

References 

Metalworking
Computerized system validation. Computerized system validation (CSV) (Computerised system validation in European countries, and usually referred to as "Computer Systems Validation") is the process of testing/validating/qualifying a regulated (e.g., US FDA 21 CFR Part 11) computerized system to ensure that it does exactly what it is designed to do in a consistent and reproducible manner that is as safe, secure and reliable as paper-based records. This is widely used in the Pharmaceutical, Life Sciences and BioTech industries and is a cousin of Software Testing but with a more formal and documented approach. 
The validation process begins with validation planning, system requirements definition, testing and verification activities, and validation reporting. The system lifecycle then enters the operational phase and continues until system retirement and retention of system data based on regulatory rules.

Similarly, The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union, Volume 4, Annex 11: Computerised Systems applies to all forms of computerized systems used as part of a GMP regulated activities and defines Computer System Validation Elements

System requirement
Documented system requirements are required for CSV as they clearly stipulate the intended use of a computer system application. System requirements are gathered and documented in the system definition phase. System definition artifacts that reflect these requirements can include, but are not limited to, the following:
 User Requirements Specification: Specifies required aims of the system. As opposed to specifying nice-to-have aims of the system.
 Hardware Requirements Specification: Minimum hardware required to support the system.

See also
 Software testing
 Software engineering
 List of software engineering topics
 Quality assurance

References

External links
 Guidance Compliance Regulatory Information

EU GMP Annex 11: Computerised Systems

Quality control
Software quality
Inclusion (mineral). In mineralogy, an inclusion is any material trapped inside a mineral during its formation. In gemology, it is an object enclosed within a gemstone or reaching its surface from the interior. According to James Hutton's law of inclusions, fragments included in a host rock are older than the host rock itself.

Mineralogy
Inclusions are usually rocks or other minerals, less often water, gas or petroleum. Liquid and vapor create fluid inclusions. In amber, insects and plants are common inclusions.

The analysis of atmospheric gas bubbles as inclusions in ice cores is an important tool in the study of climate change.

A xenolith is a preexisting rock which has been picked up by a lava flow. Melt inclusions form when bits of melt become trapped inside crystals as they form in the melt.

Gemology

Inclusions are one of the most important factors when it comes to gem valuation. They diminish the clarity and value of many gemstones, such as diamonds, and increase the value of others, such as star sapphires.

Many colored gemstones are expected to have inclusions which do not greatly affect their values. They are categorized into three types:

Type I colored gems, such as aquamarines, topaz and zircon, have very few or no inclusions.
Type II colored gems, such as sapphire, ruby, garnet and spinel, often have a few inclusions.
Type III colored gems, such as emerald and tourmaline, almost always have inclusions.

Metallurgy

The term "inclusion" is also used in the context of metallurgy and metals processing. During the melt stage of processing particles such as oxides can enter or form in the liquid metal which are subsequently trapped when the melt solidifies. The term is usually used negatively such as when the particle could act as a fatigue crack nucleator or as an area of high stress intensity.

See also
Diamond inclusions

References

Mineralogy
Petrology
Gemology
Metallurgy
Bridging. Bridging may refer to:

Construction
 Building of bridges across a gap
 Cross bracing used between joists to stabilize them

Electronics and computing
 In electronics, using a low source impedance to drive a large load impedance for maximum voltage transfer, called impedance bridging
 In electronics, a method of connecting a load to two amplifiers to increase available voltage, called a bridged amplifier
 Bridging (networking), a packet forwarding technique used in computer networks
 Bridging (programming), a system that allows different programming languages to share common resources
 Communication protocol bridge, 
 In electronic assembly, a solder bridge is an (unintended) electrical connection between two conductors by means of a small blob of solder. PCB's use solder masks to prevent this from happening.

Transport
 The procedure by which oil products such as diesel or petrol are moved ("bridged") by road tanker from one oil depot to another.
 Using a transport ship to move infantry or armor across bodies of water in one turn in the board game Axis and Allies.

Medicine
 The binding of an antigen molecule by two IgE antibodies bound to a mast cell or basophil granulocyte, leading to degranulation.
 Bridging vein

Education
 The bridging between international training and a country's requisites through a bridge program (higher education)
 The bridging between secondary and post-secondary studies at a university, such as the Academic Bridging Program at Woodsworth College, Toronto.

Sport
 Bridge (exercise)
 In grappling, the technique of pushing the hips upwards to offbalance a top opponent, for instance by trying to escape the mount.
 Supporting the cue stick near its tip for a shot in billiards either by hand or sometimes with the help of a mechanical bridge.
 A climbing technique, used for climbing corners.
 In basketball, the act of trying to box out an airborne opponent (while shooting or rebounding, for example), getting under the opponent's legs and causing him or her to become unbalanced and topple to the ground
 In bench pressing, the technique of pushing the hips upward to gain a mechanical advantage allowing for favorable angling and synergy among the pectorals, deltoids, and triceps to press the weight upward while decreasing the distance the bar must travel to complete the lift.

Other uses
 A technique used in animal training
 Bridged molecules (chemistry)
 A compaction of material at the base of a storage silo which can interfere with the flow of the silo contents
 In Unitarian Universalist communities, the passing from one age range and its group(s), on into another age range and the group(s) for those occupying it
 In Girl Scouts of the USA, the move from one age grouping to another (Brownies to Juniors to Cadettes to Seniors) and completion of specific requirements

See also
 Bridge (disambiguation).