omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Transparency (telecommunication). In telecommunications, transparency can refer to: 
The property of an entity that allows another entity to pass through it without altering either of the entities. 
The property that allows a transmission system or channel to accept, at its input, unmodified user information, and deliver corresponding user information at its output, unchanged in form or information content. The user information may be changed internally within the transmission system, but it is restored to its original form prior to the output without the involvement of the user.
The quality of a data communications system or device that uses a bit-oriented link protocol that does not depend on the bit sequence structure used by the data source.

Some communication systems are not transparent.
Non-transparent communication systems have one or both of the following problems:
 user data may be incorrectly interpreted as internal commands. For example, modems with a Time Independent Escape Sequence or 20th century Signaling System No. 5 and R2 signalling telephone systems, which occasionally incorrectly interpreted user data (from a "blue box") as commands.
 output "user data" may not always be the same as input user data. For example, many early email systems were not 8-bit clean; they seemed to transfer typical short text messages properly, but converted "unusual" characters (the control characters, the "high ASCII" characters) in an irreversible way into some other "usual" character. Many of these systems also changed user data in other irreversible ways – such as inserting linefeeds to make sure each line is less than some maximum length, and inserting a ">" at the beginning of every line that begins with "From ". Until 8BITMIME, a variety of binary-to-text encoding techniques have been overlaid on top of such systems to restore transparency – to make sure that any possible file can be transferred so that the final output "user data" is actually identical to the original user data.

References

See also 
 In-band signaling
 out-of-band communication

Telecommunications engineering
Toyota Central R&D Labs. Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. (TCRDL) (in Japanese: 豊田中央研究所, Toyota Chuou Kenkyuusho) is the research institute of the Toyota Group. It cooperates with Toyota Group and Toyota Technological Institute (TTI). The facility is located in Nagakute, near Nagoya in Aichi, Japan. The facility was established in November 1960 with a capital of 500 million Yen.  Currently, there are about 1000 employees conducting both fundamental and applied research in a large variety of topics for the Toyota group and other partners.  The current president is Ishikawa, and the current capital is 3 billion yen.

Related Companies

Stockholders
Toyota Industries Corporation
Toyota Motor Corporation
Aichi Steel Corporation
JTEKT Corporation
Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd
Toyota Tsusho Corporation
Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd
DENSO CORPORATION
Toyota Boshoku Corporation

Technical Cooperation Contracted Companies
Kanto Auto Works, Ltd
Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd

See also
Toyota Group

External links
Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc

Laboratories in Japan
Toyota
Research and development organizations
Toyota Group
1960 establishments in Japan
James Mansergh. James Mansergh FRS (29 April 1834 – 15 June 1905) was an English civil engineer.

Mansergh was born in Lancaster. He started his career in railway work and then designed many sewerage schemes and fresh water schemes.

His most famous projects were:
Elan Valley Dam and Elan aqueduct for Birmingham Corporation Water Department, England (water supply).
Hury Reservoir for Stockton and Middlesbrough, England (water supply).
Abbeystead Dam, one of the first stone-faced concrete dams.
Werribee sewage works and farm for Melbourne, Australia.
Claymills Pumping Station for Burton upon Trent, England (sewage disposal).
Laid out parts of Ramsey, Isle of Man (drainage).

Biography
He became a member of the council of the  Institution of Civil Engineers in 1884, vice-president in 1895 and was elected to the chair of the institution from November 1900 to November 1901.

He became the elected chairman of the Engineering Standards Committee, when it was formed in 1901 from a combination of organizations, which later became the British Standards Institution. He served as High Sheriff of Radnorshire for 1901.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1901. His candidature citation read:
President of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Author of 'Lectures on Water Supply, Prospecting for Water, Prospecting and Boring' delivered at the School of Military Engineering, Chatham, also of 'The Supply of Water to Towns,' and other works. The designer of the waterworks and sewerage of Lancaster, Lincoln, Stockton, Middlesbrough, Rotherham, Southport, Burton-on-Trent, Melbourne (Australia), Birmingham, and many other towns. These designs include some of the largest schemes of water supply, sewerage or sewage disposal for Halifax, Hereford, St Helens, Darlington, Whitby, the Potteries, Derby, Southampton, Durham, Shrewsbury, Malvern, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Plymouth, York, Antigua, Philadelphia (US), and other places. Was a member of the Royal Commission on Metropolitan Water Supply. Eminent as a hydraulic engineer.

In March 1903 he received the honorary freedom of his native town of Lancaster.

He died at 51 Fitzjohns Avenue, Hampstead, London and was buried in Hampstead Cemetery.

References

External links
Elan Valley
Claymills Archives
Report of a 1901 lecture by James Mansergh, on the Elan Valley scheme

        
        
        
        
        
        

1834 births
1905 deaths
People from Lancaster, Lancashire
English civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society
High sheriffs of Radnorshire
Timber slide. A timber slide is a device for moving timber past rapids and waterfalls.  Their use in Canada was widespread in the 18th and 19th century timber trade.  At this time, cut timber would be floated down rivers in large timber rafts from logging camps to ports such as Montreal and Saint John, New Brunswick.  Rapids and waterfalls would, however, damage the wood and could potentially cause log jams.  Thus at these locations timber slides were constructed.  These were thin water filled chutes that would run parallel to the river.  They would usually only be wide enough for a single log and one at a time the logs would be directed down it.  The idea is attributed to Ruggles Wright who introduced the first one in 1829 not far from what is today down-town Hull, Quebec, Canada. Later, the slides could often be up to a kilometre in length. They were most commonly found on the Ottawa River system. The Bonnechere River in Eastern Ontario had five chutes along the waterway before emptying into the Ottawa River.

In some areas the timber slide became a tourist attraction, the most notable being the 1.2 km chute bypassing the Chaudière Falls on the Ottawa River in Ottawa. Its most notable visitors are the Duke of York, who later became King George V, and his wife, the Duchess of York Mary of Teck.

Timber slides disappeared after the construction of canal networks and the decline of the timber trade. They were almost all out of service by the First World War.

See also
 Log flume
 Ottawa River timber trade
  is the term for a timber slide in Norway, where they were also common.

References 

 Lee, David. "Lumber Kings and Shantymen: Logging, Lumber and Timber in the Ottawa Valley." Ottawa: Canada, 2006.

Wood
Water transport
Log transport
Forestry in Canada
History of forestry
Chloromethyl chloroformate. Chloromethyl chloroformate (CClO2CH2Cl), also known as palite gas, is a chemical compound developed into gas form and used for chemical warfare during World War I. It is a tearing agent designed to cause temporary blindness. It is a colorless liquid with a penetrating, irritating odor.

Industrially, chloromethyl chloroformate is used to manufacture other chemicals.

References

Lachrymatory agents
Chloroformates
Diphosgene. Diphosgene is an organic chemical compound with the formula ClCO2CCl3.  This colorless liquid is a valuable reagent in the synthesis of organic compounds. Diphosgene is related to phosgene and has comparable toxicity, but is more conveniently handled because it is a liquid, whereas phosgene is a gas.

Production and uses
Diphosgene is prepared by radical chlorination of methyl chloroformate under UV light:

Cl-CO-OCH3 + 3 Cl2 —(hv)→ Cl-CO-OCCl3 + 3 HCl
Another method is the radical chlorination of methyl formate:

H-CO-OCH3 + 4 Cl2 —(hv)→ Cl-CO-OCCl3 + 4 HCl

Diphosgene converts to phosgene upon heating or upon catalysis with charcoal. It is thus useful for reactions traditionally relying on phosgene. For example, it convert amines into isocyanates, secondary amines into carbamoyl chlorides, carboxylic acids into acid chlorides, and formamides into isocyanides. Diphosgene serves as a source of two equivalents of phosgene:
2 RNH2 + ClCO2CCl3 → 2 RNCO + 4 HCl

With α-amino acids diphosgene gives the acid chloride-isocyanates, OCNCHRCOCl, or N-carboxy-amino acid anhydrides depending on the conditions.

It hydrolyzes to release HCl in humid air.

Diphosgene is used in some laboratory preparations because it is easier to handle than phosgene.

Role in warfare
Diphosgene was originally developed as a pulmonary agent for chemical warfare, a few months after the first use of phosgene. It was used as a poison gas in artillery shells by Germany during World War I. The first recorded battlefield use was in May 1916. Diphosgene was developed because the vapors could destroy the filters of the gas masks in use at the time.

Safety
Diphosgene has a relatively high vapor pressure of 10 mm Hg (1.3 kPa) at 20 °C and decomposes to phosgene around 300 °C. Exposure to diphosgene is similar in hazard to phosgene.

See also
 Phosgene
 Triphosgene 
 Carbonyldiimidazole

References

External links
medical care guide.
NATO guide, includes treatment advice
material safety data sheet (PDF, for phosgene and diphosgene treated as one).
MSDS for diphosgene specifically

Pulmonary agents
Chloroformates
Trichloromethyl esters
Carbon oxohalides
Oscar Kjellberg. Oscar Kjellberg (21 September 1870 – 5 July 1931) was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He founded Elektriska Svetsnings-Aktiebolaget (ESAB) in 1904 and Kjellberg Finsterwalde in 1922. He invented the coated electrode used in manual metal arc welding (Swedish Patent: 27152, June 29, 1907), by dipping a bare iron wire in a thick mixture of carbonates and silicates.  The purpose of the coating is to generate a fume cloud that protects the molten metal from reacting with the oxygen and nitrogen (as is present in the ambient atmosphere) during the brief period of time that the metal requires to cool and solidify.  His pioneering work in covered electrode development paved the road during the next twenty years in the research of reliable flux-coated welding electrodes.

External links 
Esab - Company founded by Oscar Kjellberg in 1922 Official site
Kjellberg Finsterwalde - Official site

20th-century Swedish inventors
1870 births
1931 deaths
Visual flight. Visual flight or visual attitude flying is the control of an aircraft via outside references (such as the sky or the runway in takeoff). For aircraft, the primary visual reference used is usually the relationship between the aircraft's "nose" or cowling against the natural horizon. Regulations for visual flights are under a separate set of visual flight rules.

The pilot can maintain or change the airspeed, altitude, and direction of flight (heading) as well as the rate of climb or rate of descent and rate of turn (bank angle) through the use of the aircraft flight controls and aircraft engine controls to adjust the "sight picture". Some reference to flight instruments is usually necessary to determine exact airspeed, altitude, heading, bank angle and rate of climb/descent.

References 

Aircraft operations
M7. M7, M-7, or M.7 may refer to:

Transportation

Air
 M7 Aerospace, a United States aerospace company
 Macchi M.7, an Italian flying boat fighter in service from 1923 to 1930
 Miles M.7 Nighthawk, a 1930s British training and communications monoplane
 Maule M-7, an American single-engine light aircraft
 Marsland Aviation (IATA code), a Sudanese airline
 Tropical Airways (IATA code), a defunct small airline based in Haiti

Rail
 M7 (Istanbul Metro), a metro line in Istanbul, Turkey
 LSWR M7 class, a steam locomotive
 M7 (railcar), a Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North Railroad railcar
 NMBS/SNCB M7 railcar, a National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB) railcar

Road

 M7 (New York City bus), a New York City Bus route in Manhattan
 Westlink M7, an urban motorway in the Sydney, Australia area
 Metroad 7 (Brisbane) (M7), an urban motorway in Brisbane, Australia
 M-7 (Michigan highway), the former designation of M-86, a state highway in Michigan
 M7 (East London), a Metropolitan Route in East London, South Africa
 M7 (Cape Town), a Metropolitan Route in Cape Town, South Africa
 M7 (Johannesburg), a Metropolitan Route in Johannesburg, South Africa
 M7 (Pretoria), a Metropolitan Route in Pretoria, South Africa
 M7 (Durban), a Metropolitan Route in Durban, South Africa
 M7 (Port Elizabeth), a Metropolitan Route in Port Elizabeth, South Africa
 M7 motorway (Ireland), a motorway in Ireland
 M7 motorway (Hungary), a motorway in Hungary
 M7 highway (Russia), the Volga Highway in Russia
 Highway M07 (Ukraine)
 M7 road (Malawi), a road in Malawi
 M7 road (Zambia), a road in Zambia
 Chery Arrizo M7, a minivan
 AITO M7, an electric SUV

Military
 M7 grenade launcher, an American World War II era rifle grenade launcher
 M7 Priest, an American self-propelled artillery vehicle
 M7 bayonet, a United States military bayonet
 M7 mine, a United States anti-tank mine
 M7 snow tractor
 M-7, a Chinese tactical ballistic missile; See S-75 Dvina
 Medium Tank M7, a tank design project conceived as an up-gunned replacement for the M3/M5 Stuart
 XM7 rifle, a U.S. Army assault rifle

Technology
 Apple M7, a dedicated motion co-processor accompanying the Apple A7 SoC
 HTC One (2013) or HTC M7, HTC's 2013 high-end flagship smartphone
 Intel m7, a brand of microprocessors
 Leica M7, a Leica rangefinder camera
 SPARC M7, an upcoming computer chip by Oracle
 M7, one of the 1N400x general-purpose diodes

Other uses
 "M7", a shorthand reference to Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda
 Messier 7, an open star cluster in the constellation Scorpius
 Major seventh
 Major seventh chord
 M7 (perfume), a men's fragrance produced by Yves Saint Laurent
 M7 Group, a Luxembourg-based satellite TV provider for several European countries
 M7, a difficulty grade in mixed climbing
 M7 Education, charity co-founded by Miniminter

See also
 7M (disambiguation)
 M1907 (disambiguation)
Wells Dam. Wells Dam is a hydroelectric embankment dam located on the Columbia River, downstream from the confluence of the Okanogan River, Methow River, and the Columbia River in Washington state. The dam, associated structures, and machinery make up the Wells Hydroelectric Project. It is owned and operated by Douglas County Public Utility District.

It has produced electricity since August 22, 1967. Its operating license from the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is next up for renewal in 2052. The Wells project has ten generating units rated at a combined 840 megawatts. In addition to the Douglas County and Okanogan County public utility districts, the project provides electricity to Puget Sound Energy, Portland General Electric, PacifiCorp, Avista Corporation, and the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation.

Its reservoir is named Lake Pateros. Just below and adjacent is Carpenter Island boat launch and fish hatchery river access. Lake Pateros is not deep but a high volume of water moves through it. Thus, low-head, high-volume Kaplan turbine runners drive generation.

See also

List of dams in the Columbia River watershed

References

Buildings and structures in Chelan County, Washington
Dams on the Columbia River
Dams in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Douglas County, Washington
Hydroelectric power plants in Washington (state)
United States local public utility dams
Dams completed in 1967
Energy infrastructure completed in 1967
Gravity dams
1967 establishments in Washington (state)
Moldmaker. A moldmaker (mouldmaker in English-speaking countries other than the US) or molder (moulder) is a skilled tradesperson who fabricates molds (or moulds) for use in casting metal products. 

Moldmakers are generally employed in foundries, where molds are used to cast products from metals such as aluminium and cast iron.

Injection molding 
The term moldmaker may also be used to describe workers employed in fabricating dies and metal moulds for use in injection molding and die-casting, such as in the plastics, rubber or ceramics industries, in which case it is sometimes regarded as a branch of the trade of toolmaker. The process of manufacturing molds is often highly automated.

Although many of the machining processes involved in mold making use computer-controlled equipment for the manufacturing of molds (particularly plastic and rubber injection and transfer), moldmaking remains a highly skilled trade, requiring expertise in manual machining, CNC machining, CNC wire EDM, CNC Ram EDM, surface grinding, hand polishing and more. Because of the skill and intense labor involved, a lot of mold making in the US has been outsourced to low-wage countries. The majority of plastic and rubber parts are made using injection or transfer molds, requiring a mold to be manufactured by a moldmaker.

See also 
 Molding (process)
 Tool and die maker

References 

Metalworking occupations

de:Werkzeugmacher
Sebakh. Sebakh (, less commonly transliterated as sebbakh) is an Arabic word that translates to "fertilizer". In English, the term is primarily used to describe decomposed mudbricks from archaeological sites, which is an organic material that can be employed both as an agricultural fertilizer and as a fuel for fires.

Composition
Most sebakh consists of ancient, deteriorated mudbrick, a primary building material in ancient Egypt. This material is composed of ancient mud mixed with the nitrous compost of the hay and stubble that the bricks were originally formulated with to give added strength before being baked in the sun.

Affecting archaeology
A common practice in Egypt, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, was for farmers to obtain government permits to remove this material from ancient mounds; such farmers were known as sebakhin. Mounds indicating the location of ancient cities are also known as a tell, or tel.

An archaeological site could provide an excellent source of sebakh because decomposed organic debris creates a soil very rich in nitrogen. Nitrogen is an essential component in fertilizers used for plant crops.

Numerous potentially valuable archaeological finds were destroyed by farmers in this way. Sebakh digging also led to the discovery of archaeological finds that might otherwise have gone undetected.

Amarna
Sebakh is most commonly associated with the finding of the site of Amarna (). In 1887, a local inhabitant who was delving into sebakh deposits accidentally discovered more than 300 cuneiform tablets that turned out to be pharaonic records of correspondence. These tablet letters, known as the Amarna Letters, have provided much valuable historical and chronological data, as well as information bearing on Egyptian diplomatic relations with her neighbors at that time.

References
 Egyptology Online (sebakh used as fertilizer)
 Hierakonpolis Online (archaeological sebakh digging)

External links
 University of Southampton, 2002 - Sebakh Excavations and the Written Material (examples of sebakh diggings)

Composting
Ancient Egypt
HMS Engadine. Two warships of the Royal Navy have been called HMS Engadine.

 was a seaplane tender which served in the First World War and was present at the Battle of Jutland. She was originally a merchant ship named after the Engadine valley in Switzerland, and the name was retained.
 was an aircraft transport ship launched in May 1941.
 was a Royal Fleet Auxiliary helicopter support ship that took part in the Falklands War.

Battle honours
 Jutland, 1916
 Atlantic 1943
Falkland Islands, 1982

Royal Navy ship names
Graphical Kernel System. The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was the first ISO standard for low-level computer graphics, introduced in 1977. A draft international standard was circulated for review in September 1983.
Final ratification of the standard was achieved in 1985.

Overview
GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional vector graphics suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different programming languages, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.

GKS was fairly common on computer workstations in the 1980s and early 1990s.
GKS formed the basis of Digital Research's GSX which evolved into VDI, one of the core components of GEM. GEM was the native GUI on the Atari ST and was occasionally seen on PCs, particularly in conjunction with Ventura Publisher. GKS was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying API defining the Computer Graphics Metafile. A descendant of GKS was PHIGS. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework, a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among Julia users.

A main developer and promoter of the GKS was José Luis Encarnação, formerly director of the Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics (IGD) in Darmstadt, Germany.

GKS has been standardized in the following documents:
 ANSI standard ANSI X3.124 of 1985.
 ISO 7942:1985 standard, revised as ISO 7942:1985/Amd 1:1991 and ISO/IEC 7942-1:1994, as well as ISO/IEC 7942-2:1997, ISO/IEC 7942-3:1999 and ISO/IEC 7942-4:1998
 The language bindings are ISO standard ISO 8651.
 GKS-3D (Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions) functional definition is ISO standard ISO 8805, and the corresponding C bindings are ISO/IEC 8806.

The functionality of GKS is wrapped up as a data model standard in the STEP standard, section ISO 10303-46.

See also 
 General Graphics Interface
 GSS-KERNEL
 IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
 NAPLPS

References

Further reading

External links 
 Unofficial source of current implementation information
 GKS at FOLDOC

Computer graphics
Application programming interfaces
Graphics standards
Graphical Kernel System