omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gotha WD.3. The Gotha WD.3 (for Wasser Doppeldecker - "Water Biplane") was a prototype maritime reconnaissance floatplane developed during World War I by  (Gotha) for the Imperial German Navy's () Naval Air Service (). The three-seat aircraft used the pusher configuration with the engine behind the crew. It was lacking in performance compared to aircraft with the more common tractor configuration with the engine in the nose and was not approved for production. The single prototype completed was used as a training aircraft; its ultimate fate is unknown.

Development and description
Gotha had built a series of single-engine maritime reconnaissance floatplanes for the Naval Air Service since 1913, initially patterned on the British Avro 503. These were unarmed scouts, but the German Imperial Naval Office () decided to arm this type of aircraft. In the days before the development of the interrupter gear that allowed a machinegun to fire through the propeller, the most effective way to mount a gun with a forward firing arc was to dispense with a conventional fuselage, relocate the engine to the rear of a nacelle that also carried the cockpit(s), weapons, and wings, and carry the tail structure on booms stretching back either side of the engine and its propeller.

The WD.3 was a three-seat biplane with twin floats that connected to the wings and nacelle via multiple struts. While Gotha had license-built the French tractor-engined, twin-boom Caudron G.3 as the LD.3 and LD.4, the WD.3 used molded-plywood booms instead of a lattice frame like the G.3. The booms incorporated the inner struts connecting the wings and were also attached to the lower wing. They were connected at their ends by the horizontal stabilizer; in its middle was a small vertical stabilizer. Also at the end of each boom was a rudder. The fuselage nacelle had two cockpits, the forward one for the two observers and the rear one for the pilot. One observer operated the  Parabellum MG14 machinegun and the other worked the wireless telegraph. The rear of the nacelle contained the water-cooled  Mercedes D.III straight-six engine.

Operational history
Karl Rösner, chief designer of Gotha's seaplane department, began work on the WD.3 in August 1914, the same month that World War I began. The prototype was not delivered until 14 September 1915, which lengthy development time showed that the project was not a high priority. Testing by the Seaplane Experimental Command () at Warnemünde revealed that the WD.3 was overweight and had mediocre performance. The command therefore ruled out the possibility of any further pusher-configuration aircraft. It used the prototype for training before transferring it to the bases at Stralsund and Wiek where it is known to have made a training flight on 2 August 1916. No WD.3 was located when the Allies inspected the German seaplane bases in December 1918.

Operators

Kaiserliche Marine

Specifications (WD.3)

References

Bibliography

 

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
WD.03
Floatplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915
KBR Tower. KBR Tower (formerly the M. W. Kellogg Tower) is a 550 ft (167.6 m) tall skyscraper in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States; it is a part of the Cullen Center complex. The KBR Tower has the headquarters of KBR, Inc., an engineering, procurement, and construction company.

The 40 story building has about  of rentable office space. The design architect was Neuhaus & Taylor, the general contractor was Linbeck Construction Company, the mechanical engineer was Sam P. Wallace, and the structural engineer was Ellisor Engineering, Inc. The building was completed in 1973.

History
By 1991, Dresser Industries and its subsidiary, M. W. Kellogg, switched office buildings. Kellogg took over  of space on 16 floors of the Houston skyscraper formerly occupied by its parent firm. The skyscraper was renamed the M. W. Kellogg Tower. In exchange Dresser took over space at 3 Greenway Plaza, which had been renamed to the Dresser Tower. The building swap satisfied Kellogg's need for more space.

In 1998, Exxon announced that it was forming a new subsidiary, Exxon Upstream Development Co. The company planned to initially house the company in the Kellogg Tower before moving it to the Greenspoint business district.

By 2001, Halliburton owned the tower in a joint venture with TrizecHahn. In August of that year, Halliburton announced that it would consolidate 8,000 local employees to office space in Westchase. Halliburton planned to vacate about  of Class B office space in the Kellogg Tower. In December 2001 Halliburton canceled its plans to relocate employees to Westchase. Nancy Sarnoff of the Houston Business Journal said that it made more sense for the company to lease existing space instead of constructing new office space in times of economic downturns.

In 2004, Jeanneret & Associates renewed its lease of  space in the KBR Tower for 10 years.

In 2009, at the KBR Tower, Brookfield Properties began offering office suites from  to  to small businesses and laid off individuals seeking to start their own businesses.

In 2010, KBR signed a 20-year lease for  at the KBR Tower and 500 Jefferson. In 2011 Brookfield Properties Corp. offered a 50% interest in the KBR Tower for sale. Paul Layne, Suresh Brookfield's Houston area executive vice president, said that the KBR lease made the building a major candidate for the sale of its interest. KBR owns the other 50% interest. Layne did not state whether KBR had the right of first refusal on Brookfield's interest. Layne said that confidentiality concerns were why he did not reveal the information.

In 2012 an affiliate of W.P. Carey purchased the KBR Tower.

Gallery

See also

List of tallest buildings in Houston

References

External links

Skyscraperpage
Brookfield Properties

Skyscraper office buildings in Houston
Office buildings completed in 1973
Brookfield Properties buildings
Buildings and structures in Houston
1973 establishments in Texas
Downtown Houston
Gotha WD.8. The Gotha WD.8 ( - "Water Biplane") was a single-engine maritime patrol floatplane developed during World War I by  for the Imperial German Navy's () Naval Air Service (). The WD.8 was a single-engine version of the WD.7 developed for comparative purposes. The single prototype built was deemed "totally unsuitable" by the Naval Air Service and was later sold to the Ottoman Empire.

Design and description
The airframe of the WD.7 was used to create the WD.8 reconnaissance floatplane, substituting a single water-cooled  Maybach Mb.IVa straight-six engine in the nose for the two wing-mounted  engines of the earlier aircraft.

History

Specifications

References

Bibliography

 

 
 

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
WD.08
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Class 35. Class 35 may refer to:

 British Rail Class 35, a class of British diesel locomotive
 DRB Class 35, a class of German passenger locomotives with a 2-6-2 wheel arrangement operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn which comprised:
 Class 35.0: BBÖ 110
 Class 35.1: BBÖ 329, PKP Class Ol11
 Class 35.1: BBÖ 429.9, ČSD Class 354.7
 Class 35.2: BBÖ 429, ČSD Class 354.7, PKP Class Ol12
 Class 35.3: PKP Class Ol12
 Class 35.4: ČSD Class 354.8
 Class 35.5: ČSD Class 364.0
 Class 35.7: PKP Class Ol103
 Class 35.8: PKP Class Ol12
Gotha WD.14. The Gotha WD.14, WD.20, and WD.22 (Wasser Doppeldecker - "Water Biplane") were a family of biplane torpedo bomber floatplanes developed in Germany during World War I.

Development
They were conventional biplanes, essentially enlarged versions of the WD.11 and like it they had twin engines mounted tractor-fashion on the lower wing. The wider fuselage of these aircraft allowed the pilot and observer to sit side-by-side in the open cockpit, and a second 7.92 mm (.312 in) machine gun was added in an open dorsal position. Hinges were added to the wings, allowing them to be folded for storage.

69 WD.14s were built, but were found to be ineffective in their intended role of torpedo bomber, since their low speed made them extremely vulnerable to defensive fire. Many were subsequently converted into mine layers, and some were even used as transports, landing machine gun detachments during Operation Albion in October 1917. The WD.20 differed from the WD.14 only in having large auxiliary fuel tanks for long-range reconnaissance and having no torpedo- or mine-carrying capability.

A small number of generally similar WD.22 prototypes were built, these differing from the WD.20 in having two extra engines added, creating two tractor-pusher pairs, one on each wing.

Variants
WD.14 Twin-engined torpedo bomber
WD.20 Twin-engined long-range reconnaissance aircraft; three built.
WD.22 Four-engined long-range reconnaissance aircraft, powered by 2 x  Mercedes D.III tractor engines and 2 x  Mercedes D.I pusher engines in tandem nacelles; two built.

Specifications (WD.14)

References

Further reading

 

 

1910s German bomber aircraft
Floatplanes
WD.14
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Gotha WD.27. The Gotha WD.27 (for ( - "Water Biplane")) was a long-range maritime patrol floatplane developed during World War I by  (Gotha) for the Imperial German Navy's () Naval Air Service (). It was a large, four-engine aircraft with the same general layout as the WD.22; a conventional floatplane with engines grouped in tractor-pusher pairs on the lower wings. Three aircraft were ordered in early 1918, but the first prototype was not completed until after the end of the war in November. It may not have flown before it was ordered to be destroyed by the victorious Allies.

Background and description
By late 1916, the vulnerability of the Zeppelins on reconnaissance missions over the North Sea had been recognized by the Naval Air Service and Rear Admiral () Philipp, commander of the Naval Air Service, outlined requirements for three types of multi-engine seaplanes to replace the Zeppelins. The highest priority was for a four-engine maritime patrol aircraft with an endurance of 10–12 hours, capable of maintaining altitude on two engines, in a memorandum on 26 December. Philipp clarified on 10 February 1917 that the reconnaissance aircraft's task would be mine spotting, anti-submarine duties, and shipping control. The Naval Air Service placed an order for three improved versions of the WD.22 in 1918 to compare them with the very large floatplanes like the Zeppelin-Staaken L.

Designed by Karl Rösner, the WD.27 was a four-bay biplane with a wooden fuselage. In the nose of the aircraft was the forward gunner's position; behind it was the cockpit for the pilot and copilot. In the middle of the fuselage was the wireless compartment which was equipped with a dorsal machine gun position. The wooden wings were hinged outboard of the engine nacelles and could be folded to the rear, which reduced the width of the aircraft to . The biplane tail structure was built from steel tubing. The tail structure consisted of two each horizontal stabilizers and vertical stabilizers fitted with two rudders forming a box shape. The two floats were connected by multiple struts to both the lower wing and the fuselage.

The four straight-six,  Mercedes D.IIIa engines were mounted back-to-back in two streamlined nacelles located on the lower wing. Each nacelle was provided with a radiator suspended from the upper wing above it. Piping connected the radiator to each engine in the nacelle. The WD.27 could be fitted with a drop tank underneath the fuselage; the total fuel capacity with internal and external tanks was .

History
The first prototype was ready for factory engine tests in December 1918 and was reportedly compete the following month. It is not known if it ever flew or what the status was of the other two prototypes. Gotha's plans to convert the aircraft into an airliner or cargo aircraft were thwarted by the Allies who ordered its destruction.

Specifications

References

Bibliography
 

 

1910s German patrol aircraft
Floatplanes
WD.27
Four-engined push-pull aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Osumilite. Osumilite is a very rare potassium-sodium-iron-magnesium-aluminium silicate mineral. Osumilite is part of the milarite group (also known as the milarite-osumilite group) of cyclosilicates.

Characteristics

Osumilite chemical formula is . It is translucent and the typical coloring is either blue, black, brown, or gray. It displays no cleavage and has a vitreous luster. Osumilite has a hardness between 5-6 on the Mohs hardness scale. 

The hexagonal crystal structure of osumilite is an unusual molecular make-up. The primary unit is a double ring, with a formula of . Normal cyclosilicate have rings composed of six silicate tetrahedrons; . In a double ring structure, two normal rings are linked by sharing six oxygens, one from each tetrahedron in each six membered ring.

Occurrence

Osumilite, was first discovered as grains in volcanic rocks near Osumi, Japan. It was confused with a similar mineral cordierite because of their similar coloring. It can be found in high-grade metamorphic rocks, xenoliths and in the groundmass of rhyolite and dacite.

Osumilite is found in the Obsidian Cliffs, Oregon; Sardinia, Italy; Kagoshima and Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan; and the Eifel district in Germany. Osumilite pseudomorphs are known from a number of ultrahigh-temperature rocks, including those of southern Madagascar.

See also
List of minerals

References

Magnesium minerals
Iron minerals
Potassium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Cyclosilicates
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 192
Immobilized pH gradient. Within chemistry for acid–base reactions, Immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels are the acrylamide gel matrix co-polymerized with the pH gradient, which result in completely stable gradients except the most alkaline (>12) pH values. The immobilized pH gradient is obtained by the continuous change in the ratio of Immobilines. 
An Immobiline is a weak acid or base defined by its pK value. Immobilized pH gradients (IPG) are made by mixing two kinds of acrylamide mixture, one with Immobiline having acidic buffering property and other with basic buffering property. The concentrations of the  buffers in the two solutions define the range and shape of the pH gradient produced. Both solutions contain acrylamide monomers and catalysts. During polymerization, the acrylamide portion of the buffers co polymerize with the acrylamide and bisacrylamide monomers to form a polyacrylamide gel. These polymerised gels are backed with plastic based backing that allow ease in handling and improve IPG's performance. The gel is then washed to remove catalysts and unpolymerized monomers, which interfere with isoelectric separation. IPG increased reproducibility of isoelectric focusing and 2D-gel electrophoresis. Other advantages are increased resolution, reproducible separation of alkaline proteins and increased loading capacity (up to 10 mg).

This alternative method eliminates the problems of gradient instability and poor sample loading capacity associated with carrier ampholyte pH gradient. Commercial precast IPG gels are available.

References 

Acid–base chemistry
Thermal capillary wave. Thermal motion is able to produce capillary waves at the molecular scale. At this scale,
gravity and hydrodynamics can be neglected, and only the surface tension contribution is
relevant.

Capillary wave theory (CWT) is a classic account of how thermal fluctuations distort an interface.
It starts from some intrinsic surface  that is distorted. Its energy will be
proportional to its area:

where the first equality is the area in this (de Monge) representation, and the second
applies for small values of the derivatives (surfaces not too rough). The constant of proportionality, , is the surface tension.

By performing a Fourier analysis treatment, normal modes are easily found. Each contributes an energy proportional to the square of its amplitude; therefore, according to classical statistical mechanics, equipartition holds, and the mean energy of each mode will be . Surprisingly, this result leads to a divergent surface (the width of the interface is bound to diverge with its area). This divergence is nevertheless very mild: even for displacements on the order of meters the deviation of the surface is comparable to the size of the molecules. Moreover, the introduction of an external field removes the divergence: the action of gravity is sufficient to keep the width fluctuation on the order of one molecular diameter for areas larger than about 1 mm2 (Ref. 2).

References

See also
 Capillary wave

Statistical mechanics
Waves
Oak (programming language). Oak is a discontinued programming language created by James Gosling in 1989, initially for Sun Microsystems' set-top box project. The language later evolved to become Java.

History

In 1985, Sun Microsystems was attempting to develop a new technology for programming next generation smart appliances, which Sun expected to be a major new opportunity.

The team originally considered using C++, but rejected the idea for several reasons (see Java history).

Initially, Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++  but soon abandoned that in favor of creating a new platform called Green and an entirely new language, which he called Oak, after the oak tree that stood just outside his office.

By the summer of 1992, they were able to demonstrate portions of the new platform including the Green OS, the Oak language, the libraries, and the hardware.  Their first attempt, demonstrated on September 3, 1992, focused on building a PDA device named Star7 which had a graphical interface and a smart agent called "Duke" to assist the user.

Oak was renamed Java in 1994 after a trademark search revealed that Oak was used by Oak Technology. Java 1.0 was finally shipped in 1996.

Differences with Java
Oak was the basis for what Java 1.0 became later, but there were also some differences:
Several concepts were planned in the Oak specification but were not implemented in the original language because of time constraints:
Unsigned primitive types turned out never to be implemented in Java.
 The enum keyword for enumerated types was implemented in Java for Java 5.0.
 The assert keyword was implemented in Java for Java 1.4

Other concepts were different from, or improved later, for Java:
 Abstract methods were defined as in C++.
 While the Oak default access level was the same as Java's (default) package private access level, it was called "private". Oak did not have an equivalent to Java's private access modifier.

And finally some concepts were later scraped out:
 All exceptions were unchecked.
 It was possible by the unprotect keyword to write code that would not signal asynchronous exceptions.
 There was some support for Design by Contract: Oak had assertions whereby Class variable could be constrained and the constraints were enforced at entry and exit of every public and protected method of the class. Methods could also have their own pre-conditions and post-conditions, which were inherited but not redefinable in a subclass.

See also
Java (programming language)
Java version history

References

External links
Oak language specification
Java early history

Java (programming language)
C programming language family
Sun Microsystems
Class-based programming languages
Object-oriented programming languages
Cross-platform software
Programming languages created in 1991
FMSLogo. FMSLogo is a free implementation of a computing environment called Logo, which is an educational interpreter language. GUI and Extensions were developed by George Mills at MIT. Its core is the same as UCBLogo by Brian Harvey. It is free software, with source available, written with Borland C++ and WxWidgets.

FMSLogo supports multiple turtles, and 3D Graphics. FMSLogo allows input from COM ports and LPT ports. FMSLogo also supports a windows interface thus I/O is available through this GUI- and keyboard and mouse events can trigger interrupts. Simple GIF animations may also be produced with the GIFSAVE command. Jim Muller wrote The Great Logo Adventure, a complete Logo manual using MSWLogo as the demonstration language.

FMSLogo evolved from MSWLogo: An Educational Programming Environment, a free, open source implementation of the Logo programming language for Microsoft Windows. It is released under the GPL and is mainly developed and maintained by David Costanzo.

Features 
FMSLogo has following support of various functionality:
 "Standard" Logo parsing
 Turtle Graphics
 Exception handling
 TCP/IP networking
 Text in all available system fonts
 1024 independent turtles
 Bitmapped turtles
 MIDI devices
 Direct I/O for controlling external hardware (must be admin)
 Serial and parallel port communications
 Saving and loading images in BMP format
 Calling into native DLLs
 Creating windows dialog boxes
 Event driven programming (mouse, keyboard, timer)

References 

Interpreters (computing)
Educational programming languages
Logo programming language family
Waxwing (rocket motor). Waxwing was a British solid rocket motor used for apogee kick as the 3rd (upper) stage of the Black Arrow satellite launch vehicles. It was also known as Black Arrow-3. 
Waxwing was used to successfully place the Prospero X-3 satellite into low Earth orbit on 28 October 1971, Britain's only satellite launched on an indigenously developed launch vehicle. Before being separated from the Black Arrow launch vehicle, it would be spun on a turntable using six radial 'Imp' solid rocket motors to spin stabilise the satellite. This means that any discrepancy in thrust in any direction would be cancelled out. The Waxwing motor is now out of production.

Another possible use of Waxwing was to increase the velocity of test re-entry vehicles on Black Knight during tests for the Blue Streak missile. However, this is disputed by other sources.

Design and development
Design was by the Rocket Propulsion Establishment (RPE) at Westcott and it was manufactured by Bristol Aerojet, with four units for the Black Arrow program with their first flight 1969. The casing was spherical and the propellant grain used an internal star profile to control the initial burn rate.

Specifications
Thrust (sea level): 25.9 kN (5823 lbf)
Thrust (vacuum): 29.4 kN (6609 lbf)
Specific impulse (sea level): 245 s
Specific impulse (vacuum): 278 s
Burn time: 28 s
Weight:
Gross mass: 
Unfuelled mass: 87 kg (191lb)
Dimensions:
Diameter: 0.69 m (2.26 ft)
Height: 1.22 m (4.00 ft)
Nozzle length: 
Nozzle diameter:

References

 Astronautix Page

Rocket engines of the United Kingdom
Rocket engines
Solid-fuel rockets