omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Samyukta electronic warfare system. Samyukta () is a  mobile integrated electronic warfare system. Touted to be the largest electronic warfare system in India, it was developed jointly by DRDO, Bharat Electronics Limited, Electronics Corporation of India Limited, and Corps of Signals of Indian Army. The System is fully mobile and is meant for tactical battlefield use. It covers wide range of frequencies and coverage of electromagnetic spectrum is handled by the communication segment and the non-communication segment. Its functions include various ELINT, COMINT and electronic attack (ECM) activities.

Description
Each system operates on 145 ground mobile vehicles which has three communication and two non-communication segments and can cover an area of 150 km by 70 km. System has the capability for surveillance, analysis, interception, direction finding, and position fixing, listing, prioritising and jamming of all communication and radar signals from HF to MMW.

Development
The development of the system was led by Defence Electronics Research Laboratory, Bharat Electronics Limited, Electronics Corporation of India Limited, Corps of Signals of Indian Army and private companies like Data Patterns India Ltd (Chennai), CMC and Tata Power Company Ltd. Strategic Electronics Division (Tata Power SED). Around 40 companies also contributed by producing various components indigenously. Aatre said that the challenge was to tackle the sanctions imposed by the United States after 1998 nuclear tests conducted by India which banned the import of advanced electronic components. CMC and Tata Power SED jointly developed Command and Control Software having 10 million lines of code even though project was not attractive commercially.

References

External links
Samyukta: Adding Sheen to EW System
TataPowerSED Electronics Warfare

Electronic warfare
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Military equipment of India
Electronic warfare equipment
Linen tester. A linen tester is a strong magnifier with a measuring scale and a built-in stand.

The linen tester was invented to check the quality of woven fabrics. It is used in the textile industry to measure the number of weft and warp threads within a certain area of fabric. Today, it is more commonly used to measure the line width and check the registration of color separations in the field of printing and publishing.

It consists of a strong magnifier and a glass disc which has a measuring scale engraved in it. Nowadays, the scale is usually divided into millimetres; older linen testers had an inch scale. Simpler models have a square opening in the foot, with a scale applied to one or more edges of the opening.

Linen testers are also used in other branches of industry. For example, they can be used to measure the line weight of barcodes.

References

Magnifiers
Linen industry
Printing
Quality control

nl:Loep#Dradenteller
Overflow (software). OVERFLOW - the OVERset grid FLOW solver - is a software package for simulating fluid flow around solid bodies using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is a compressible 3-D flow solver that solves the time-dependent, Reynolds-averaged, Navier–Stokes equations using multiple overset structured grids.

History

OVERFLOW was developed as part of a collaborative effort between NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas and NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) in Moffett Field, California. The driving force behind this work was the need for evaluating the flow about the Space Shuttle launch vehicle. Originally developed in the early 1990s by NASA's Pieter Buning, Dennis Jespersen and others, the code is an outgrowth of earlier codes F3D and ARC3D, and a result of ARC's long history of flow-solver development.

Usage

Scientists use OVERFLOW to better understand the aerodynamic forces on a vehicle by evaluating the flowfield surrounding the vehicle. While wind tunnel testing provides limited data at many flow conditions, CFD simulations provide detailed information about selected conditions, and also provide a distribution of forces on the vehicle, aiding in structural design.

OVERFLOW has also been used to simulate the effect of debris on the space shuttle launch vehicle.

See also

 Computational fluid dynamics

References

External links
 Official NASA OVERFLOW CFD Code web site
 Article on OVERFLOW from NASA Insights

Computational fluid dynamics
Fluid dynamics
Messerschmitt P.1112. The Messerschmitt P.1112 was a proposed German jet fighter, developed by Messerschmitt AG during the closing stages of World War II, and intended for use by the Luftwaffe. The progress of the war prevented the completion of a prototype before the fall of Nazi Germany. Its design, however, had a direct influence on postwar US Navy carrier fighters.

Design and development
The work on the Me P.1112 started on 25 February 1945 after Willy Messerschmitt decided to halt the development of the Messerschmitt P.1111, which would have required, as standard equipment, a pressurized cockpit and ejection seat. Designed by the head of the Messerschmitt Project Office Woldemar Voigt (1907–1980), between 3 and 30 March 1945 as an alternative to the Me P.1111, the Me P.1112 design was less radical than the P.1111 and incorporated the lessons learned from the development of the Messerschmitt P.1110 design. Voigt estimated that the Me P.1112 would commence flight testing by mid-1946.

Intended to be powered by a single Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet, three design concepts of the Me P.1112 were developed. The last proposed design was the Me P.1112/V1 using a V-tail design and fuselage lateral intakes; the two first were the Me P.1112 S/1, with wing root air intakes, and the Me P.1112 S/2, with fuselage lateral intakes, both with a larger, single fin; both designs lacked conventional horizontal stabilizers. All three had a fuselage maximum diameter of .  The aircraft's wing design was similar in appearance to that of Messerschmitt's Me 163 Komet rocket fighter. The pilot was seated in a semi-reclined position, and was equipped with an ejection seat.

A partial mockup of the Me P.1112 V/1, consisting of the aircraft's forward fuselage section, was constructed in the "Conrad von Hötzendorf" Kaserne at Oberammergau, but the Messerschmitt facilities there were occupied by American troops in April 1945, before construction of the prototype could begin.

Although the Me P.1112 was never completed, follow-on designs were already proposed, even as design work on the type itself was done. These included a proposed night fighter version, which was intended to be fitted with twin engines mounted in the wing roots of the aircraft.

Following the war, Voigt's experience in tailless aircraft design was put to use by the Chance Vought company  in the United States, where he was involved in the design of the F7U Cutlass fighter.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References
Citations

Bibliography

External links

 . Source Air Force Museum Collection ()

P.1112
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
V-tail aircraft
Tailless aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
World War II jet aircraft of Germany
Voice interface card. A voice interface card or VIC is a hardware interface that simulates a FXS on a router or network switch.  This device port is used to interface telephone voice or other audio-based FXS devices.

Typically, a VIC contains one or more RJ-11 ports, allowing connections to basic telephone service (POTS), equipment, keysets, and PBXes.

References

External links
Understanding Foreign Exchange Office (FXO) Voice Interface Cards

Telephony signals
Biox. Biox is an American medical technology company known for the development of the first widely used pulse oximeter.

History
Michael Hickey, Scott Wilber, and Bill Moe founded Biox Technology in 1979. Hickey served as the company's CEO, Wilber was the company's Chief Engineer and Scientist, and Moe was the company's Executive Vice President. Enervest, a Denver-based venture fund, funded the company.

Wilber invented the company's technology and developed the first oximeter patent.  Wilber's development of a "normalization circuitry" proved to be a significant, long-lasting innovation in pulse oximetry.

Wilber led the company's product development for the Biox II, Biox IIa and Biox III product lines. He led the team of pulse oximeter engineers which later developed the Ohmeda Biox 3700 which was widely used in the anesthesia market in the mid-1980s.

The first commercially available oximeters were produced by Hewlett-Packard, and were large, cumbersome, and expensive. These devices were of limited value because they were largely focused on research in the respiratory care field. Biox introduced the first pulse oximeter to commercial distribution in 1980. Initially, the company focused its marketing on the respiratory care market. Later the company established a national, independent distribution network market of respiratory care physicians.

Unbeknownst to the company, the pulse oximeter was also being used to monitor oxygen deprivation in patients under anesthesia in operating rooms.  Reports of this application reached the company's management in late 1982, and the company began to focus time and resources in developing operating room applications to help anesthesiologists monitor oxygenation levels in patients on the operating table.

The company began to experience competition in the anesthesia market from a new entry into the field, Nellcor. In order to enter the anesthesia market and to mitigate competitive pressures, the company retained Kidder Peabody to assist it in developing a strategic alliance with large corporations in the medical field. As a result of this effort, the BOC Group purchased Biox Technology in the summer of 1984. The company became a business unit of BOC's Medical Group, Ohmeda. The product was renamed to Ohmeda Biox 3700.

At the time of acquisition, Hickey, Moe, and Evans stayed on with the company as managers of the business unit; Wilber left the corporation. Under BOC management, the pulse oximeter market expanded significantly.  The Ohmeda business unit remains in Boulder, Colorado as a medical device manufacturer. It is currently under the ownership of GE Healthcare.

References

External links
Ohmeda business unit

Companies based in Boulder, Colorado
Medical technology companies of the United States
Technology companies established in 1979
1979 establishments in Colorado
Thermal emittance. Thermal emittance or thermal emissivity () is the ratio of the radiant emittance of heat of a specific object or surface to that of a standard black body. Emissivity and emittivity are both dimensionless quantities given in the range of 0 to 1, representing the comparative/relative emittance with respect to a blackbody operating in similar conditions, but emissivity refers to a material property (of a homogeneous material), while emittivity refers to specific samples or objects.

For building products, thermal emittance measurements are taken for wavelengths in the infrared. Determining the thermal emittance and solar reflectance of building materials, especially roofing materials, can be very useful for reducing heating and cooling energy costs in buildings. Combined index Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is often used to determine the overall ability to reflect solar heat and release thermal heat. A roofing surface with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance will reflect solar heat and release absorbed heat readily. High thermal emittance material radiates thermal heat back into the atmosphere more readily than one with a low thermal emittance. In common construction applications, the thermal emittance of a surface is usually higher than 0.8–0.85.

High thermal emittance materials are essential to passive daytime radiative cooling, which uses surfaces high in thermal emittance and solar reflectance to lower surface temperatures by dissipating heat to outer space. It has been proposed as a solution to energy crises and global warming.

References 

Physical quantities
Topo Soft. Topo Soft was a Spanish software house for 8-bit home computers that emerged during the eighties. They were part of the golden era of Spanish software. It dissolved in 1994 due to economic problems related with the late arrival of 16-bit computers in Spain. Some of its workers founded Pyro Studios in 1998. However, there are also criticisms, and in 2019 Eugenio Barahona and Cancho acknowledged that sometimes the planning to produce a certain number of video games affected the quality, leaving no time to "finish them off in conditions, or simply test them in order to balance their playability before releasing them for sale".

The eighties, 8-bits 
Topo Soft published multiple games for the MSX and PC such as Survivor, Stardust, Gremlins 2: The New Batch, and Desperado (published in England as Gun.Smoke).

16-bits 
 Quickit, a graphical system to handle MS-DOS

References

External links 
 Topo Soft at mobygames.com
 Topo Soft advertisements at amstrad.es

Defunct video game companies of Spain
Video game companies disestablished in 1994
1994 disestablishments in Spain
ČSD Class ES 499.1. ČSD Class ES 499.1 is a  class of electric locomotives used primarily for passenger trains in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Now classified as Class 363, these locomotives passed to České dráhy, rail operator in the Czech Republic, and to ZSSK, rail operator in Slovakia. Class 363 is also used by ČD Cargo and ZSSK Cargo for hauling freight trains.

ES 499.1 locomotives operate both on the 3,000 V DC system and the 25 kV 50 Hz AC system.

History
In 1980 Škoda produced ES 499.1001 and 1002 as prototype locomotives for the replacement of the existing ČSD fleet. Production series locomotives started to be delivered in 1984. Two single system derivatives were also created S 499.2 (AC) and E 499.3 (DC). During 1990 further development to run at 140 km/h lead to the ČD Class 362, but an order for 30 locos was canceled due to financial problems. Some ČD Class 363 and ŽSR Class 363 locomotives are being rebuilt as 362s. Since 2011, they have also been operated with control trailers.

Power regulation
In 1980, these locomotives were the world's first multi-system locomotives with power thyristor pulse regulation. This regulation has minimal losses compared to older resistive regulation with much higher losses. This gave the locomotive its characteristic sound in three frequencies (the first is 33,3 Hz, the second is 100 Hz and the third is 300 Hz) when the locomotive is accelerating.

Usage
363s are currently used to haul these services 
ČD 
Prague - Břeclav
Prague - České Budějovice
Prague - Plzeň
Ústí nad Labem - Cheb
Břeclav - Petrovice u Karviné
Brno - Bohumín
Brno - Olomouc (- Šumperk)
ZSSK 
Bratislava - Žilina - Košice

Disposition

As of June 23, 2008, 12 363s remained in service with ZSSK, 23 with ZSSK Cargo, 63 with ČD and 47 with ČD Cargo.

See also
List of České dráhy locomotive classes

References

External links

Lokomotivní řada 363 ČD (ES 499.1 ČSD) in Czech
Prototypy.cz about the locomotive in Czech
VLAKY.NET forum
Czech and Slovak Railway Group in English
video of this locomotive class

25 kV AC locomotives
3000 V DC locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Electric locomotives of Czechoslovakia
Electric locomotives of Slovakia
Electric locomotives of the Czech Republic
Railway locomotives introduced in 1980
Standard gauge locomotives of Czechoslovakia
Standard gauge locomotives of Slovakia
Standard gauge locomotives of the Czech Republic
Škoda locomotives
Bo′Bo′ electric locomotives of Europe
Radisson Substation. Radisson Substation is a large electrical substation located near Radisson on the Route de la Baie James highway. The switching station, owned by Hydro-Québec, is the largest substation in its power grid, covering an area of a massive 100 football fields. Electrical power heading into the switchyard is collected via several relatively short alternating current (AC) 735 kilovolt (kV) and  AC 315 kV power lines coming from hydroelectric plants like the Robert-Bourassa power station, part of the James Bay Project, located  away. The power from these lines is either raised to AC 735 kV from AC 315 kV, statically inverted to high-voltage direct current (HVDC) +/- 450 kV, or unchanged (735 kV to 735 kV). The amount of electrical energy passing through the substation is 6,600 megawatts (MW). Two AC 735 kV lines and one HVDC +/- 450 kV line, part of the James Bay transmission system, transfer this electrical energy over a distance of  to Montreal and Northeast United States.

See also
Hydro-Québec
Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system
Quebec - New England Transmission

References

Converter stations
James Bay Project
Firelog. A firelog is a manufactured log constructed to be used as wood fuel. Firelogs are designed to be inexpensive, whilst being easier to ignite, burn longer, and burn more efficiently than firewood. Firelogs are traditionally manufactured using two methods; the first method is involves compressing sawdust into logs, while the second combines sawdust with paraffin or other binding agents, which is mixed and extruded into a log shape. The extruded firelogs are individually wrapped in paper packaging which can be ignited to start burning the firelog as the paraffin is readily combustible.

Types
A new cleaner firelog has now been developed using waste fibre from the oil palm fruit bunches of South East Asia. Unlike sawdust logs, these burn with zero sulfur emissions. Also unlike sawdust logs, no trees need to be felled to produce these firelogs. Other new types of firelogs include one made from waste wax-cardboard such as that used in the packing of perishable foods for shipment, which is used to create a compressed cardboard firelog, and another made from renewable Greek cotton plants, offering a high energy content.

The materials used for a traditional firelog are variable, the sawdust used is often commercial wood waste from manufacturers, or waste agricultural biomass (nut shells, fruit pits, etc.); additionally bio-wax may be used in lieu of paraffin (petroleum-based wax). 

There are wood and wax firelogs made using renewable materials. These are made using plant or animal based renewable waxes such as palm oil. These logs can be considered to be carbon neutral firelogs, as during combustion the carbon released is the same carbon absorbed when the plants are growing. Sulphur emissions are virtually eliminated with renewable firelogs as they do not contain paraffin waxes.

Energy content

See also
 Firewood
 Wood fuel
 Wood briquette
 Wood pellet

References

Fuels
Wood fuel
Terrell Croft. Terrell Croft (1880–1967) was an American engineer and author of technical books on electrical and mechanical subjects, most or all of which were published by McGraw-Hill. Titles include Wiring of Finished Buildings (1915), Electrical Machinery; Principles, Operations, and Management (1917), and Steam Engine Principles and Practice (1922).

Between 1913 and 1924, Croft appears to have resided in University City, Missouri.
He was a consulting engineer, operating his own firm, Terrell Croft Engineering Company. He was a member of ASME, AIEE, ASTM, and ASHVE.

Croft's most successful book is the American Electricians' Handbook (1913). This book is still in print, in its sixteenth edition (2013), by McGraw-Hill. The 16th edition is edited by Wilford I. Summers and Ferederic P. Hartwell. Croft's name still appears on the cover, and several illustrations from the first edition are retained.

CIRCA 1930, Mr. Croft went into semi-retirement in Mexico City, Mexico, founding a small bookbindery managed with the assistance of his second Spouse, Jane. He died there in 1967.

References

External links 
 

1880 births
1967 deaths
Central East African Railways. Central East African Railways is a consortium formed in 1999, led by the Railroad Development Corporation, which won the right to operate the Malawi Railways network.  The company was sold in September 2008 to INSITEC, an investment group based in Mozambique.

Operations 
It mainly manages the Sena railway line, which currently links the railway stations of Blantyre/Limbe, Nkaya, Chipoka, Salima, Lilongwe and Mchinji. Its concession also includes the sections between Marka, Nsanje, Bangula, Luchenza and Blantyre/Limbe stations, which are currently inoperative.

In 2010, a multinational mining company Vale (with CEAR and Mozambique Ports and Railways) managed to sew the formation of the joint venture "Integrated Northern Logistical Corridor Society", for the administration of the Nacala railway, having permission to build the railway extension to the coal belt of Benga-Moatize, where the mining company has mineral exploration concessions. The extension departed from the Nkaya interconnection station and continued to Moatize, being completed in 2017. The project includes an export terminal and a coal storage yard at the port of Nacala-a-Velha. 
This subsidiary therefore manages the Malawian sections of the Nacala railway line between Nayuchi, Liwonde, Nkaya (junction railway station) and Mwanza stations.

See also 
 Rail transport in Malawi
 Transport in Malawi

References 

Transport in Malawi
Zigurat (company). Zigurat was a Spanish software house for 8-bit home computers very popular in the eighties. Its origin is in the company Made in Spain, founded in 1983, which would know massive success in Spain with Fred, commercialized in the United Kingdom as Roland on the Ropes (only the Amstrad CPC version). When the programmers and owners of Made in Spain could not go on alone on the task of distribution, they decided to create in 1986 another company, Zigurat, which would be entirely dedicated to distribution, and would distribute all the titles by Made in Spain, which became an internal producer seal under Zigurat. They would also distribute games by independent programmers or companies and would allow Made in Spain to concretate solely on programming. Later on, Made in Spain would completely merge into Zigurat, creating a single producer and distributor company. When the 8-bit market disappeared, the company turned to develop games for arcade machines.

Games published 
 Fred
 Sir Fred
 El Misterio del Nilo
 Humphrey
 París-Dakar
 Poder Oscuro
 Comando Quatro
 Emilio Sánchez Vicario Grand Slam
 Arkos
 Poder Oscuro
 Curro Jiménez
 Power Magic
 Senda Salvaje
 Jungle Warrior
 Piso Zero
 Don Kin Kong
 Sito Pons 500cc Grand Prix
 Carlos Sainz: World Rally Championship

Developing groups 
The company had several developing groups associated:
 Made in Spain
 Arcadia
 Gamesoft
 Truesoft
 Turbo 16

References

External links 
 Official website
 Zigurat videogames at thelegacy.de 
 
 Zigurat at worldofspectrum.org
 El Misterio del Nilo at ysrnry.co.uk 

Defunct video game companies of Spain
NATO Eurofighter and Tornado Management Agency. The NATO Eurofighter 2000 and Tornado Management Agency (NETMA) is the prime customer and management body for two European multinational fighter jet programmes: the Eurofighter Typhoon and Panavia Tornado. Its offices are located in Hallbergmoos, Germany and it is staffed by civilian and military secondees from the participating states – the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Spain.

History 
NETMA was established in 1996 to replace two former organisations – the NATO Multirole Combat Aircraft Development and Production Management Agency (NAMMA) and the NATO EFA Development Production and Logistics Management Agency (NEFMA).

Miguel Ángel Martín Pérez was appointed the General Manager of NETMA in mid-2020. Previous General Managers include Air Vice-Marshal Graham Farnell of the British Royal Air Force and Lt. General Gabriele Salvestroni of the Italian Air Force.

References

Organizations established in 1996
Eurofighter aircraft
Panavia Tornado
NATO agencies
Organisations based in Munich