omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Yıldız-class fast attack craft. The Yıldız class is series of two fast attack craft/missile boats of the Turkish Navy. The class was designed by Lürssen Werft of Germany and share the same hull layout as the preceding . Both ships of the class were built in Turkey and entered service in 1996. They remain in service.

Description
The Yıldız class are missile-carrying fast attack craft (FAC) designed by Lürssen Werft of Germany. They have a full load displacement of . The FAC measure  long overall and  at the waterline with a beam of  and a draught of . They share the same hull design as the preceding  (Lürssen Werft PB 57 design), with a steel hull and aluminium superstructure.

The vessels are propelled by four shafts powered by four MTU 16V956TB91 diesel engines rated at . The FAC have a maximum speed of  and a range of  at . The Yıldız class have a complement of 45 including 6 officers.

The Yıldız class are equipped with Siemens/Plessey AW 6 Dolphin air & surface search radar,  Oerlikon Contraves TMX-CW fire control radar and a LIOD Mk.2 optronic director. For countermeasures the FAC mount two Mark 36 SRBOC chaff launchers and Racal Cutlass Tacticos combat data system.

The FAC mount two quad launchers for eight Boeing AGM-84 Harpoon surface-to-surface missiles which have a range of  at Mach 0.9. The vessels are also equipped with a OTO Melara  dual-purpose gun mounted forward with a range of  against surface targets and  against air targets. The Yıldız class also has a dual Oerlikon  anti-aircraft (AA) gun mount located aft with a range of  against air targets.

Vessels in class

Construction and career
Two FAC were ordered in June 1991 from Taşkisak Yard in Istanbul, Turkey. The second ship, Karayel, was launched on 20 June 1995. Yıldız was the first to enter service on 3 June 1996, followed by Karayel on 19 September later that year. Both vessels remain in service. The following  are an improved version of the Yıldız class.

See also
  - another class based on the PB 57 design
 List of Turkish Navy ships

Citations

Sources

External links
 Turkish Navy Yıldız class patrol craft

Missile boat classes
Missile boats of the Turkish Navy
Rüzgar-class fast attack craft. The Rüzgar class is one of the Fast Attack Craft / Missile Boat classes of the Turkish Navy.

Designed by Lürssen Werft in Germany, these ships are almost identical to the Yıldız & Doğan classes, having the same hull, machinery, and weapons. These ships are lighter & faster, and all four ships of the class were built in Turkey.

List of boats

See also
 Fast Attack Craft
 Missile Boat
 List of Turkish Navy ships

References

External links
 Official Turkish Navy site
 Turkish Navy patrol craft
 Wordpress Site Hızlandır

Missile boat classes
Missile boats of the Turkish Navy
Doğan-class fast attack craft. The Doğan class is one of the fast attack craft / missile boat classes of the Turkish Navy.

Designed by Lürssen Werft in Germany, these ships are almost identical to the  and  classes, having the same hull, machinery, and weapons. They were fitted with LIOD Mk.2 electro-optical fire control and TACTICOS command control systems during their mid-life modernization program.

TCG Doğan was built in Germany, and the other ships of the class were built in Turkey. TCG Marti was removed from the Turkish Naval Forces Command inventory in 2022.

List of boats

See also
 List of Turkish Navy ships

References

External links
 Official Turkish Navy site
 Turkish Navy Doğan class patrol craft

Missile boat classes
Missile boats of Germany
Missile boats of the Turkish Navy
Tachikawa Ki-70. The Tachikawa Ki-70 Clara was a high speed, photo reconnaissance aircraft that was tested for the Japanese Air Force in prototype form but never entered production. The Ki-70 was the intended successor to the Mitsubishi Ki-46 but was difficult to handle and was slower than the Mitsubishi Ki-46. The Ki-70 was first flown in 1943 but was found unsatisfactory and the program was terminated. Three aircraft were built.

Description 
Using the familiar layout of aircraft,such as the Mitsubishi G3M bomber and its planned predecessor the Mitsubishi Ki-46, the Ki-70 had a twin tail and narrow fuselage, an extensively glazed nose, and second cockpit facing aft for the gunner.

History 
In later years, the Ki-70 was used to disprove supposed photographic evidence concerning Amelia Earhart's supposed capture by the Japanese before World War II.

Specifications (Ha-104M engine)
(Performance estimated)

See also

References

Bibliography

 Francillon, Réne J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam, 1970. .
 Francillon, René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam Aeronautical, 1979. . (new edition 1987. .)

External links 
  Complete specifications for the Ki-70

Ki-70
1940s Japanese military reconnaissance aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Extra EA-500. The Extra EA-500 is a six-seat single-engined high wing turboprop aircraft designed by the Extra Aircraft company. In 2015, a decision was made to end production.

Design and development

Started by Walter Extra, the company has been manufacturing aerobatic airplanes almost exclusively with their latest products being the Extra EA-300 series. The company introduced the Extra EA-400 in 2001. This is a cross-country airplane with many exclusive features including carbon fiber construction, pressurized cabin, high strutless wing, and seating for six.

The EA-500 was introduced as an alternative version of the EA-400 with the piston engine replaced by a Rolls-Royce Model 250-B17F/2 turboprop yielding , weighing , and driving a 5 bladed propeller. This engine is widely used in small helicopters and was designed to have good fuel efficiency at lower altitudes. This engine's critical altitude is 16,000 feet. However, the Rolls-Royce Model 250 is very light and small at the expense of power. The maximum cruise speed is 225 kn at 12000 feet. The most recent changes to the aircraft come from Avidyne with their latest glass avionics, Entegra R9. 

The high wing design was used for a number of reasons, including no wing spar in the cabin and in the event of a dual fuel pump failure, fuel flow is helped by gravity.

The EA-500's cabin is spacious, 55 inches across by 49 inches tall; also the windshield has a fast taper, which wraps up around the two pilots.

The EA-500 has a T-tail instead of a regular tail to keep the elevator surfaces out of the prop wash; therefore minimizing pitch changes due to power changes.

 Like the Extra EA-400, the EA-500 is made of mostly composite materials, that mostly being carbon fiber.

The company was planning to produce the EA-500 for the United States market, and was investigating plans to assemble the aircraft in the US.

The EA500 type certificate is currently held by SST Flugtechnik, which provides customer support to the current EA400 and EA400-500 operators.

In 2014 the company sold the design rights to the EA400 and 500 to the Chinese company Jiangsu A-Star Industry Co., Ltd. Extra embarked on training the engineers from Jiangsu A-Star while still retaining the type certificate and providing parts to support to the existing fleet.

The EA-500's approach speed of 90-120 knots and turbine power makes it able to land on 2,000 ft runways. 

The EA-500 is also cheaper than its competitors, mainly the SOCATA TBM 850 and Pilatus PC-12.

Specifications (Extra EA-500)

See also

References

 International Aircraft Directory, 3rd edition ()
 EASA Type Certificate for EA 400 and EA 400-500

External links

 http://www.extraaircraft.com/

2000s German civil utility aircraft
Extra aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2002
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Cruciform tail aircraft
Nordisk Kemiteknolog Konferens. The Nordisk Kemiteknolog Konferens (English: Conference for Nordic Students of Applied Chemistry) is a conference with the goal of letting students of applied chemistry collaborate with colleagues in the Nordic countries.

NKK was first thought of and put to action more than thirty years ago, in the 1970s. The aim of the conferences was to let students of applied chemistry meet their colleagues from Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway. The original universities involved in the project were those of KTH (Stockholm), Uppsala, Chalmers (Gothenburg), Aalto (TKK) (Helsinki), Turku, DTU (Copenhagen), NTH (Trondheim), Luleå, Umeå and Linköping. During the conferences, which are summoned once a year in one of the above-mentioned cities according to an established system of circulation, the host city is to present industry typical for its region. The original language of the conference was Swedish, but with the addition of the technical university of Tallinn from Estonia in 2006, the official language of the conference is now English.

The NKK has evolved into an annual happening in which about 50 privileged students of applied chemistry, usually the most active ones of their student organisations and members of their boards, come together to get acquainted with each other, visit companies of their own future trade, have parties together and discussions of what topics might be of current interest at the time being. The participants have usually been able to take part in NKK free of charge, thanks to the companies sponsoring NKK. It has been a relationship of mutual benefit for the NKK organisation and the sponsoring companies; the companies have got a lot of positive publicity amongst a group of future professionals in their own trade, and moreover, as the participants usually are in quite prominent positions in their respective organisations, the knowledge of the participating companies usually have a good spreading around the Nordic countries.

List of host universities 
Tallinn University of Technology, 2012, 2017
Åbo Akademi, 1994, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2016
Lund University, 1993, 2008, 2015, 2023
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2014
Aalto University, 2013
Technical University of Denmark, 2000, 2007, 2011, 2018
Chalmers University of Technology, 2009
Helsinki University of Technology, 2006
Royal Institute of Technology, 2005
Uppsala University, 2001

References

Chemistry conferences
European student organizations
Nordic organizations
Student organizations established in the 1970s
William Merriam Burton. William Merriam Burton (November 17, 1865 – December 29, 1954) was an American chemist who developed a widely used thermal cracking process for crude oil.

Burton was born in Cleveland, Ohio.  In 1886, he received a Bachelor of Science degree at Western Reserve University.  He earned a PhD at Johns Hopkins University in 1889.

Burton initially worked for the Standard Oil refinery at Whiting, Indiana.  He became president of Standard Oil from 1918 to 1927, when he retired.

The process of thermal cracking invented by Burton, which became  on January 7, 1913, doubled the yield of gasoline that can be extracted from crude oil.

The first thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking process, was invented by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov (1853-1939), in the Russian empire, Patent No. 12926, November 27, 1891.

Burton died  in Miami, Florida.

See also
Cracking (chemistry)
Burton process
Shukhov cracking process

References

External links
 Information on cracking in oil refining

1865 births
1954 deaths
American chemists
American energy industry businesspeople
People in the petroleum industry
Oil refining
American chemical engineers
Scientists from Cleveland
People from Whiting, Indiana
Engineers from Ohio
Stagnation enthalpy. In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the stagnation enthalpy of a fluid is the static enthalpy of the fluid at a stagnation point. The stagnation enthalpy is also called total enthalpy. At a point where the flow does not stagnate, it corresponds to the static enthalpy of the fluid at that point assuming it was brought to rest from velocity  isentropically. That means all the kinetic energy was converted to internal energy without losses and is added to the local static enthalpy. When the potential energy of the fluid is negligible, the mass-specific stagnation enthalpy represents the total energy of a flowing fluid stream per unit mass.

Stagnation enthalpy, or total enthalpy, is the sum of the static enthalpy (associated with the temperature and static pressure at that point) plus the enthalpy associated with the dynamic pressure, or velocity. This can be expressed in a formula in various ways. Often it is expressed in specific quantities, where specific means mass-specific, to get an intensive quantity:

where:

 mass-specific total enthalpy, in [J/kg]
 mass-specific static enthalpy, in [J/kg]
 fluid velocity at the point of interest, in [m/s]
 mass-specific kinetic energy, in [J/kg]

The volume-specific version of this equation (in units of energy per volume, [J/m^3] is obtained by multiplying the equation with the fluid density :

where:

 volume-specific total enthalpy, in [J/m^3]
 volume-specific static enthalpy, in [J/m^3]
 fluid velocity at the point of interest, in [m/s]
 fluid density at the point of interest, in [kg/m^3]
 volume-specific kinetic energy, in [J/m^3]

The non-specific version of this equation, that means extensive quantities are used, is:

where:

 total enthalpy, in [J]
 static enthalpy, in [J]
 fluid mass, in [kg]
 fluid velocity at the point of interest, in [m/s]
 kinetic energy, in [J]

The suffix ‘0’ usually denotes the stagnation condition and is used as such here.

Enthalpy is the energy associated with the temperature plus the energy associated with the pressure. The stagnation enthalpy adds a term associated with the kinetic energy of the fluid mass.

The total enthalpy for a real or ideal gas does not change across a shock. The total enthalpy can not be measured directly. Instead, the static enthalpy and the fluid velocity can be measured. Static enthalpy is often used in the energy equation for a fluid.

See also
 Stagnation pressure
 Stagnation temperature
Rothalpy

References

External links
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/16/16.unified/thermoF03/chapter_6.htm

Fluid dynamics
Enthalpy
The God Machine (novel). The God Machine is a science-fiction novel by American writer Martin Caidin first published in 1968. Set in the near future, the novel tells the story of a top-secret cybernetic technician, Steve Rand, one of the brains behind Project 79, a top-secret US government project dedicated to creating artificial intelligence. Rand survives an attempt on his life before he realizes that Project 79 has gained sentience and is trying to control the minds of humans and take over the world. Assisted by a security agent and a mathematician, Rand sets out to destroy Project 79 before it is too late.

This early  work by Caidin includes a discussion of bionics, the replacement of human body parts with machinery. Caidin  revisited this theme a few years later in his novel, Cyborg, which was eventually adapted into the 1970s television series The Six Million Dollar Man.

See also

Society of the Mind

References

1968 science fiction novels
1968 American novels
Novels about computing
E. P. Dutton books
Novels by Martin Caidin
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research  is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society covering all aspects of chemical engineering. The editor-in-chief is Michael Baldea (University of Texas at Austin).

History 
The journal was established in 1909 as the Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. It was renamed in 1930 as Industrial & Engineering Chemistry before obtaining its current title in 1970. From 1911 to 1916 it was edited by Milton C. Whitaker. From 1921 to 1942 it was edited by Dr. Harrison E. Howe. From 1962 to 1986, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals was edited by Robert L. Pigford. From 1986 to 2013 the journal was edited by Donald R. Paul, and from 2014 to 2023 by Phillip E. Savage.

The journal I&EC Product Research and Development was established in 1962. It was renamed Product R&D in 1969 and renamed again in 1978 as Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development. In 1986, it and the journals Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals and Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, both also established in 1962, were combined into Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 4.2.

References

External links 
 

American Chemical Society academic journals
Biweekly journals
English-language journals
Publications established in 1909
Chemical engineering journals
8 Air Maintenance Squadron. 8 Air Maintenance Squadron is a Royal Canadian Air Force unit. Based at 8 Wing Trenton, it is responsible for supporting 424 Transport and Rescue Squadron, 436 Transport Squadron, 437 Transport Squadron, and 429 Transport Squadron, in their operational roles by performing second line maintenance on systems and components for the CC-130H, CC-130J, CC-150 and CC-177 aircraft respectively, as well as performing the "C-Check" preventive inspections on the CC-130J.

Squadron history
No. 8 Air Maintenance Squadron (8 AMS) traces its roots back to the beginning of flying operations at CFB Trenton. However, it was not until April 1, 1993, that 8 AMS was formed as an element of 8 Wing. 

Musician Sam Reid of Glass Tiger formerly served as the Honorary Colonel.

CBC radio broadcaster Stuart McLean also formerly served as Honorary Colonel of the squadron.

References

Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons
Rag joint. A rag joint refers to certain flexible joints (flexure bearings) found on automobiles and other machines. They are typically found on steering column shafts that connect the steering wheel to the steering gear input shaft, usually at the steering gear end. They provide a small amount of flex for a steering shaft within a few degrees of the same plane as the steering gear input shaft. It also provides some damping of vibration coming from the steering system, providing some isolation for the steering wheel.

This type of joint has also been used on drive shafts. Farm tractors and lawn and garden equipment have often used them in this application, and even some higher-power applications, such as some 1960s race cars, featured them. In automobile and truck prop shaft designs, they have now mostly been replaced by constant-velocity joints or driveshafts with pairs of universal joints or giubos. Rear-wheel drive cars have commonly used a lengthwise propeller shaft with a rubber doughnut joint at the gearbox end (limited movement) and a universal joint at the rear axle (greater movement), or vice versa. This gives articulation where needed, but also stops some of the vibration being transmitted into the body.

The joint consists of one or more doughnut-shaped layers of flat rubber sheet with reinforcing cords vulcanized in them, similar to a tire. In fact, they are cut from used tires. This disc is bolted or riveted to flanges mounted on the ends of the shafts to connect the steering wheel shaft to the steering gear. The ragged cords can be seen on the edge of this piece of rubber, hence the term "rag joint". The bolt holes themselves are often reinforced by steel tubes moulded into the doughnut.

The origins of this form of universal joint are from early vehicles that used a disk of thick leather as a similar flexible joint. These were used into the 1920s. As rubber technology improved (particularly for its resistance to spilled mineral oils), it was possible to replace leather by longer-lasting materials. "Rag joints" were used on some American cars, including GM full size sedans, into the mid 90s.

An older vehicle with loose steering or "play in the steering wheel" is often found to have a worn rag joint. One can reach inside the cab and wiggle the steering wheel while watching the rag joint move without the input shaft moving. This condition may cause the vehicle to fail the vehicle inspection, indicating that the worn part needs replacement.

References

Rotating shaft couplings
Automotive transmission technologies
EMagin. eMagin Corporation is an American electronic components manufacturer based in Hopewell Junction, New York. eMagin specializes in organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology and manufactures micro OLED display used in virtual imaging products and other related products.

Since the company's founding in 1996 it has developed and manufactured products for other various markets, including medical, law enforcement, remote presence, industrial, computer interface, gaming and entertainment. For its microdisplays being incorporated in various military equipment such as night vision goggle and head-mounted display systems, the company has been a contractor to the U.S. military.

In 2000, eMagin Corporation was named the winner of 2000 SID Information Display Magazine Display of the Year Gold Award, for technological advancement in the development of the organic light emitting diode (OLED) microdisplay technology, referred to as OLED-on-silicon.

In October 2023, the company was acquired by Samsung Display in an all-cash deal worth approximately US$218 million and its stock was delisted from the NYSE American.

Z800 3DVisor

The Z800 3DVisor is a head-mounted display manufactured by eMagin since 2005.

The main part of the Z800 is a pair of OLED displays with magnifying lenses producing a 40-degree diagonal field of view for each eye, used to display stereoscopic images with a fixed resolution of 800x600 pixels, through the use of the nVidia stereo 3D drivers, or, using later firmware revisions, any source of alternating frames. The visor can also be used as a 2D portable monitor on computers not equipped with an nVidia video card, using another operating system, or Macintoshes.

The visor is equipped with a NEC TOKIN combined accelerometer/magnetometer/rate gyroscope 3-degrees of freedom motion sensor used to emulate mouse movements (typically to look around in first-person shooters), a pair of ear buds and an integrated microphone.

See also
 Virtual reality
 3D stereo view

References

External links
Official Website
Archived 3DVisor site
Linux Alpha Drivers
VR Viewer Headsets 

Companies established in 1996
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Display technology companies
Information technology companies of the United States
Companies based in Bellevue, Washington
2023 mergers and acquisitions