omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Theophilus Van Kannel. Theophilus Van Kannel (1841 – December 24, 1919) was an American inventor, known for inventing the revolving door, patented on August 7, 1888.

Biography
He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Van Kannel, who was recognized for his invention with the John Scott Medal by the Franklin Institute in 1889, founded the Van Kannel Revolving Door Company, which eventually was bought out by the International Steel Company in 1907.  International Steel Company is the parent company of International Revolving Door Company.

He invented and owned  Witching Waves, an amusement ride introduced at Luna Park, Coney Island, in 1907.

Van Kannel died in New York City of heart failure and was buried in West Park Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio.

References 

1841 births
1919 deaths
American inventors
American people of Swiss descent
People from Philadelphia
Engineers from Pennsylvania
System Design Review. A System Design Review (SDR) is a scheduled review of many government-contractor relations, which ensures continuous involvement throughout a program.  The SDR was originally defined in the Air Force's MIL-STD-1521.

The SDR is a technical review conducted to evaluate the manner in which a project's system requirements have been allocated to configuration items, manufacturing considerations, next phase planning, production plans, and the engineering process that produced the allocation.
This review is conducted when the system definition is at a point where system characteristics and configuration items are defined.  A successful SDR establishes a 'functional baseline'.

The MIL-STD-1521 was cancelled in 1995 without replacement for the SDR material.  Since that time, the DoD 5000 system has been created which uses technical reviews as described in Chapter 4 of the Defense Acquisition Guide discussions on their role  or shown in the diagram of the Integrated Defense Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Life Cycle Management Framework  wallchart.  There is no identical replacement for the previous SDR, but the System Functional Review (SFR) is similar.

See also
 Design review (U.S. government)
 Functional requirement

References

External links
 DoD Integrated Framework Chart IFC (front, back)  

United States Department of Defense
Military terminology of the United States
Procurement
Decision Support Systems. Decision Support Systems is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on theoretical and technical advancements in decision support systems, including topics such as foundations, functionality, interfaces, implementation, impacts, and evaluation. It is published by Elsevier and the editors-in-chief are Andrew N. K. Chen (University of Kansas) and Victoria Y. Yoon (Virginia Commonwealth University), while James R. Marsden (University of Connecticut) is an emeritus editor.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

Reception
The journal received an A* ranking (the highest) from the Australian Council of Professors and Heads of Information Systems. It is also included in the 2023 "Senior Scholars’ List of Premier Journals" by the Association for Information Systems. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 6.7.

References

External links

Information systems journals
Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1985
Surroundings. Surroundings, or environs is an area around a given physical or geographical point or place.  The exact definition depends on the field. Surroundings can also be used in geography (when it is more precisely known as vicinity, or vicinage) and mathematics, as well as philosophy, with the literal or metaphorically extended definition.

In thermodynamics, the term (and its synonym, environment) is used in a more restricted sense, meaning everything outside the thermodynamic system. Often, the simplifying assumptions are that energy and matter may move freely within the surroundings, and that the surroundings have a uniform composition.

See also 

Distance
Environment (biophysical)
Environment (systems)
Neighbourhood (mathematics)
Social environment
Proxemics

Geography
Thermodynamics
Robin Popplestone. Robin John Popplestone (9 December 1938 in Bristol – 14 April 2004 in Glasgow) was a pioneer in the fields of machine intelligence and robotics. He is known for developing the POP programming languages COWSEL (renamed POP-1), POP-2, POP-11, the related multi-language integrated development environment Poplog, and for his work on the Freddy II robot with Pat Ambler at the University of Edinburgh Artificial Intelligence laboratory.

Biography
Robin Popplestone was born in Bristol in 1938. After World War II his family moved to Belfast. He received an honours degree in mathematics from Queen's University Belfast in 1960. He started a PhD at the University of Manchester before moving to the University of Leeds. His project was to develop a program for automated theorem proving, but he got caught up in using the university computer to design a boat. He built the boat and set sail for the University of Edinburgh, where he had been offered a research position. A storm hit while crossing the North Sea, and the boat sank. A widely believed story about Popplestone was that he never completed his PhD in mathematics because he lost his thesis manuscript in the boat, although Popplestone refused to corroborate this. The early part of his professional career was spent at the University of Edinburgh (1965–1985) and the later part at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (1985–2001). In 1990, he was elected a Founding Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. Due to illness, he retired in 2001 to the Glasgow area. He died in 2004 after a 10-year illness with prostate cancer.

References

External links
 
 A remembrance of Robin Popplestone
 Popplestones' books at archive.org

Scientists from Bristol
1938 births
2004 deaths
English computer scientists
Programming language researchers
Programming language designers
English computer programmers
British roboticists
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
History of computing in the United Kingdom
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
British sailors
Deaths from prostate cancer in the United Kingdom
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Single-handed sailors
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Hexanitrostilbene. Hexanitrostilbene (HNS), also called JD-X, is an organic compound with the formula [(O2N)3C6H2CH]2.  It is a yellow-orange solid. It is used as a heat-resistant high explosive.  It is slightly soluble (0.1 - 5 g/100 mL) in butyrolactone, DMF, DMSO, and N-methylpyrrolidone.

Production and use
It is produced by oxidizing trinitrotoluene (TNT) with a solution of sodium hypochlorite. HNS boasts a higher insensitivity to heat than TNT, and like TNT it is insensitive to impact. When casting TNT, HNS is added at 0.5% to form erratic micro-crystals within the TNT, which prevent cracking.  Because of its insensitivity but high explosive properties, HNS is used in space missions.  It was the main explosive fill in the seismic source generating mortar ammunition canisters used as part of the Apollo Lunar Active Seismic Experiments.

Its heat of detonation is 4 kJ/g.

It was developed by Kathryn Grove Shipp at the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory in the 1960s and has been improved on since then.

See also

 TNT equivalent
 RE factor

References

Explosive chemicals
Nitrobenzene derivatives
Stilbenoids
PBW. PBW  may refer to:

 Philadelphia-Baltimore-Washington Stock Exchange
 Peanut Butter Wolf, American hip hop record producer
 Proton beam writing, a lithography process
 Play by Web, Play-by-post role-playing game
 Prosopography of the Byzantine World, a prosopographical database project
 Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem, a result in mathematics
Repair permissions. Repairing disk permissions is a troubleshooting activity commonly associated with the macOS operating system by Apple. The efficacy of repairing permissions to troubleshoot application errors has been debated.

Overview
The BSD layer in macOS is responsible for file-system security, including the management of the Unix (POSIX) permissions model. Applications depend on the correct assignment and interpretation of permissions in order to function properly.

Repairing permissions involves checking the permissions of a set of files and folders on a volume with macOS installed against a list of correct POSIX permissions and correcting any discrepancies. The list of correct permissions is compiled by consulting the various bill-of-materials (.bom) files. Typically, these files are stored within reduced-size Installer package (.pkg) files in the Receipts folder in the local Library directory () on the volume being checked. Whenever a user installs software that uses the macOS Installer package format, a bill-of-materials file is created which can be consulted for future permission repair.

Files whose permissions have been incorrectly altered by an administrator, an administrator operating with root privileges, or a poorly designed installer package (installed with similar privileges) can cause a wide array of problems ranging from application errors to the inability to boot macOS. Repairing permissions can become necessary, but has become increasingly less so for versions after Panther (10.3).

In OS X El Capitan, Apple introduced a security feature called System Integrity Protection. With it enabled, root privileges are no longer able to change system files and folders, including their permissions. Permissions repairs are instead performed automatically upon system installs and updates. To that end, Disk Utility as well as the corresponding  command-line utility lost the ability to repair permissions.

Usage
In systems prior to OS X El Capitan, a permissions repair can be performed by selecting a startup volume and clicking the "Repair Disk Permissions" button in the "First Aid" section of Disk Utility. The operation can also be performed by using the  command-line utility. In El Capitan, the user can instead use two command-line utilities:  to repair particular packages or  to repair a standard set of system packages. In both cases, the user has to disable System Integrity Protection to change permissions of system files and directories. In macOS Sierra,  is not available.

Permissions can also be repaired using third-party utilities such as The Apotek's AppleJack or Prosoft Engineering's Drive Genius.

References

Apple Inc. software
MacOS
Vector WX-3. The Avtech WX-3 is a prototype sports car engineered, developed and manufactured by Vector Motors of Wilmington, California in 1992. Conceived by Vector Motors founder and chief designer Gerald Wiegert as a successor to the W8. Production plans for the WX-3 included a range of three engine configurations ranging from  up to  1200 hp (895 kW) from a proprietary 7.0L DOHC V8 engine. Originally painted silver, the WX-3 coupé prototype was later re-painted teal by Wiegert to match the teal-blue and purple logo of his Aquajet jet-ski company. The teal-blue coupé and purple roadster are featured as promotional vehicles on the Aquajet website. The single finished prototype is powered by the same twin-turbocharged V8 engine as the W8, with an improved flow dual plenum and throttle-body intake tract rather than the Chevrolet Corvette-based system used on the W8 production cars. At high boost levels the engine was capable of a power output of . The WX-3 prototypes used a three-across seating arrangement that was an option on W8 export models although Vector stated that a production model would have used more conventional bucket seats.

Wiegert had also planned a roadster version of the WX-3, named the WX-3R; both vehicles shared mechanical components from the W8. Like the model it was based on, the WX-3R did not pass the prototype stage. Both versions were shown at the 1993 Geneva Auto Show.

Wiegert planned for the WX-3 to enter production in the 1990s, but after a hostile takeover initiated by Megatech, Wiegert was fired from his own company. The car was never produced and later removed from future plans of the company when Wiegert initiated lawsuits and copyrighted the designs, preventing Megatech from building and selling the car without his approval.

Both cars were auctioned off to fund the development of the Vector WX-8; development of the WX-8 was incomplete by the time of founder Gerald Wiegert's death in early 2021.

See also 
 Vector W8
Vector M12
 Vector WX-8

References 

Vector Motors
Concept cars

Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1993
Cars of the United States
DLE. DLE or Dle may refer to:

 An ISO 269 envelope size
 DLE (company), a Japanese animation studio
 The IATA code for Dole–Jura Airport, France

Abbreviations
 Discoid lupus erythematosus, a chronic skin condition
 Data Link Escape, one of the C0 and C1 control codes
 Dry Low Emission, an emission reduction technology used in gas turbines
 Diccionario de la lengua española (Dictionary of the Spanish language)

Education
 District Level Examination, basic level final examination in Nepal

See also
"Dle Yaman", a traditional Armenian song rearranged by Komitas
E-plane and H-plane. The E-plane and H-plane are reference planes for linearly polarized waveguides, antennas and other microwave devices.

In waveguide systems, as in the electric circuits, it is often desirable to be able to split the circuit power into two or more fractions. In a waveguide system, an element called a junction is used for power division.

In a low frequency electrical network, it is possible to combine circuit elements in series or in parallel, thereby dividing the source power among several circuit components.
In microwave circuits, a waveguide with three independent ports is called a TEE junction. The output of E-Plane Tee is 180° out of phase where the output of H-plane Tee is in phase.

E-Plane 

For a linearly-polarized antenna, this is the plane containing the electric field vector (sometimes called the E aperture) and the direction of maximum radiation. The electric field or "E" plane determines the polarization or orientation of the radio wave.  For a vertically polarized antenna, the E-plane usually coincides with the vertical/elevation plane.  For a horizontally polarized antenna, the E-Plane usually coincides with the horizontal/azimuth plane.
E- plane and H-plane should be 90 degrees apart.

H-plane 

In the case of the same linearly polarized antenna, this is the plane containing the magnetic field vector (sometimes called the H aperture) and the direction of maximum radiation. The magnetizing field or "H" plane lies at a right angle to the "E" plane.  For a vertically polarized antenna, the H-plane usually coincides with the horizontal/azimuth plane.  For a horizontally polarized antenna, the H-plane usually coincides with the vertical/elevation plane.

Illustrations

Co- and cross-polarizations 
Co-polarization (co-pol) and cross-polarization (cross-pol) are defined for the radiating E and H planes. These directions are defined in spherical coordinates corresponding to the spherical wavefronts of the propagating wave. By convention, the co-pol direction is the direction of the E field while the cross-pol direction is the direction of the H field. Receive power for a co-pol oriented antenna is maximum while receive power is minimum for cross-pol orientation.

See also 
 Polarization plane
 Radiation pattern

References 

Telecommunications equipment
Planes (geometry)
CYPRIS (microchip). CYPRIS (cryptographic RISC microprocessor) was a cryptographic processor developed by the Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Laboratories. The device was designed to implement NSA encryption algorithms and had a similar intent to the AIM and Sierra crypto modules. However, the principal references date back to the late 1990s and it does not appear that the CYPRIS ever earned NSA's Type 1 certification, without which it could not be used to protect classified government traffic.

According to a manufacturer presentation,

References 

Cryptographic hardware
Waterbed theory. Waterbed theory is the observation, ascribed to Larry Wall, that some systems, such as human and computer languages, contain a minimum amount of complexity, and that attempting to "push down" the complexity of such a system in one place will invariably cause complexity to "pop up" elsewhere. This behavior is likened to a waterbed mattress which contains a certain amount of water; it is possible to push down the mattress in one place, but the displaced water will always cause the mattress to rise elsewhere, because water does not compress. It is impossible to push down the waterbed everywhere at once, because the volume of the water remains a constant.

Waterbed theory has been cited as a significant part of the design philosophy of Raku.

See also
 Variety (cybernetics)

References

Programming language design
Perl
Hydraulic manifold. A hydraulic manifold is a component that regulates fluid flow between pumps and actuators and other components in a hydraulic system. It is like a switchboard in an electrical circuit because it lets the operator control how much fluid flows between which components of a hydraulic machinery. For example, in a backhoe loader a manifold turns on or shuts off or diverts flow to the telescopic arms of the front bucket and the back bucket. The manifold is connected to the levers in the operator's cabin which the operator uses to achieve the desired manifold behaviour.

A manifold is composed of assorted hydraulic valves connected to each other. It is the various combinations of states of these valves that allow complex control behaviour in a manifold. A hydraulic manifold is a block of metal with flow paths drilled through it, connecting various ports. Hydraulic manifolds consist of one or more relative large pipes called a "barrel" or "main", with numerous junctions connecting smaller pipes and ports.

See also
Block and bleed manifold

References

Fluid mechanics
Manifold, Hydraulic
Toadmoor Tunnel. Toadmoor Tunnel (originally called Hag Wood Tunnel) was built at Ambergate in Derbyshire, England, as part of the North Midland Railway, which opened in 1840.

128 yards long, it was cut through an unstable hillside on a notoriously difficult line of route. What had initially been expected to be acceptably strong coal-bearing rock turned out to be wet shale. On beginning excavation a landslide occurred, the effects of which can still be seen further up the bank in Thatcher's Wood.

The engineer Frederick Swanwick decided to proceed using the cut-and- cover method, with stone retaining walls and invert, and a brick-built masonry arch over the top, which gives it its unusual elliptical shape. Because of this, it took 15 months to build, instead of the planned two.

It is thought that a second landslip may have occurred sometime later, so that it was braced with steel hoops at its southern end.

Because of the tunnel cross section the depth of ballast under the track is adequate in the centre but almost nothing close to the walls, which produces settlement in the middle and crushed ballast at the edges.

Other problems arise with a need for increased line speed and the arrival of electrification, not least because it is grade 2 listed and part of the Derwent Valley World Heritage Site.

External links

"Picture the Past" Toadmoor Tunnel c.1957

References

Rail transport in Derbyshire
Railway tunnels in England
History of Derbyshire
Tunnels in Derbyshire
Tunnels completed in 1839
Dwang. In construction, a dwang (Scotland and New Zealand), nogging piece, nogging, noggin or nog (England and Australia; all derived from brick nog), or blocking (North America), is a horizontal bracing piece used between wall studs to give rigidity to the wall frames of a building. Noggings may be made of timber, steel, or aluminium. If made of timber they are cut slightly longer than the space they fit into and are driven tightly into place or rabbeted into the wall stud. Although noggings between vertical studs brace the studs against buckling in compression they provide no bracing effect in shear, which is resisted by diagonal bracing to stop the frame racking.

The interval between noggings is dictated by local building codes and by the type of timber used; a typical timber-framed house in a non-cyclonic area will have two or three noggings per storey between studs.  Additional noggings may be added as grounds for later fixings and are supplemented by lintels, sills and jack studs to form openings.

Joist bridging, or blocking, is used between floor or ceiling joists, but this is to prevent the joists from (twisting or rotating under load) rather than to prevent buckling in compression. Herringbone strutting may replace blocking with smaller, timber battens fixed diagonally, in pairs, between joists.

References

See also
 Blocking (construction)
Carpentry

Building engineering
Structural system
Carpentry
Flying Heavy Metal. Flying Heavy Metal is a five-part British television series produced by Ricochet and originally broadcast in the UK and Europe on the Discovery Channel, premiered on 19 January 2005, and subsequently repeated on Discovery Wings in the UK. It is presented by commercial Boeing 757 pilot and Iron Maiden frontman, Bruce Dickinson.

In the series, Dickinson looks at, and often flies, a number of aircraft from across the history of commercial aviation. There are some quite "surprising" aerobatics done in rather large aircraft.

Flying Heavy Metal is now repeated on the new channel from Discovery Networks UK called Discovery Turbo.

Episodes

Episode 1 - "Jet Race"
Air date: 19 January 2005

The development of the de Havilland Comet and the Boeing 707 herald the end of an era for propeller-driven airliners such as the Douglas DC-3.

Episode 2 - "Jet Set"
Air date: 26 January 2005

Jet travel becomes available to the masses with the development of the Hawker Siddeley Trident and the Boeing 727.

Episode 3 - "Size Matters"
Air date: 2 February 2005

Europe develops Concorde while Boeing develops the 747 jumbo jet.

Episode 4 - "Safer Skies"
Air date: 9 February 2005

Jetliner safety enhancements, including the automatic landing capabilities of the Hawker Siddeley Trident, the fly-by-wire capabilities of the Airbus A320 (and lack thereof in the Boeing 737) as well as other safety features currently in development.

Episode 5 - "Watch This Space"
Air date: 16 February 2005

New records in airliner size, fuel economy, and passenger comfort with the Airbus A380 and the Boeing 787 (known as the 7E7 at the time). Also explores the wisdom of space airliner travel.

Programme credits
Series Producer - James Bates

Producer - Dan Peirson

Assistant Producer - Greg Chivers

Production Manager - Amanda Rohan

Flying Heavy Metal - Najam Ul Saqib

External links
 
 Flying Heavy Metal at discoverychannel.co.uk

Bruce Dickinson
Discovery Channel original programming
Documentary television series about aviation
British aviation television series
2005 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
2000s British documentary television series
British English-language television shows