omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CASA C-207 Azor. The CASA C-207 Azor was a transport aircraft produced by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA). It was a scaled-up version of the CASA C-202 Halcón and was designed for the domestic civil market. The C-207 received no civil orders, but the Spanish Air Force ordered ten. The first model, designated T.7A entered service in 1960. Ten more aircraft were ordered and configured for paratroop or cargo transport, designated CASA 207C(T.7B). The CASA 207 was one of the first aircraft to be designed by CASA in order to replace the transports in current service at the time, like the CASA 2.111 (Heinkel He 111) and the CASA 352 (Junkers Ju 52).

The two prototypes and 20 production aircraft served in the military until the early 1980s. Additionally, most of the aircraft were delivered to the 35th Transport wing.

Development
The CASA 207 was developed as an airline-suited aircraft, for the short- to mid-range routes that were common in Spain and Europe. The Azor was deemed to be obsolete and uneconomical for its time and standards, for which better aircraft were available for its role. So, CASA turned its marketing attention to the Spanish Air Force, which had interest in a "modern" transport aircraft. CASA had previously experimented with transport aircraft to replace types already in service, such as the CASA C-201 and CASA C-202. They were plagued with underpowered engines and were cancelled. CASA decided to make a version of the 207 for the Spanish Air Force that would follow up to the C-201 and 202. The CASA 207A was built for the Air Force with a capacity of 40 passengers plus a crew of four. A batch of ten C-207C (or T.7B) were built with large doors and capacity for 37 Paratroopers.

The Hamburger Flugzeugbau and CASA offered a version driven by turboprop engines, but this plan was dropped due to the availability of the CASA 212 Aviocar.

Variants
C-207A/Prototypes – Used in military service; two built.
C-207B – Capacity for 40 passengers or 400 kg of cargo. two of the batch of ten were fitted experimentally with the Pratt and Whitney Double Wasp engine. ten built. 
C-207C – Large cargo doors at the rear fuselage and space for 37 paratroopers. ten built.

Surviving aircraft
Out of the 22 built, five are known to have escaped the scrapping that the other C-207 aircraft were subjected to upon their retirement. Of those, two are at the Spanish Air Force museum, one is at Getafe Air Base, one is preserved in the exterior in Sevilla after a 2015 restoration, and one is a derelict, ex-fire trainer at Seville, albeit a fuselage.

Operators

  Spanish Air Force

Specifications (207B)

See also

References

 
 

1950s Spanish military transport aircraft
CASA aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1955
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
OpenSimulator. OpenSimulator is an open-source server platform originally launched in 2007 for hosting virtual worlds and metaverse environments. It is largely compatible with the virtual world Second Life but full compatibility is not a design goal.

Features
OpenSimulator is written in C# and is designed to be easily expanded through the use of plugin modules. OpenSimulator can operate in one of two modes: standalone or grid mode. In standalone mode, a single process handles the entire simulation. In grid mode, various aspects of the simulation are separated among multiple processes, which can exist on different machines.

OpenSimulator uses loadable modules for most of its functionality. These loadable modules can be independently developed to add functionality to the server.

OpenSimulator currently uses a modified Second Life protocol for client to server communication, and requires retrofitting to a suitable virtual world viewer (client) in order to connect. Interoperability with Second Life protocols was initially a design goal. During the OpenSimulator Community Conference 2018, the core developers announced they may not always seek to maintain compatibility with Linden Lab's Second Life Protocols, and may change or add facilities in line with differing aims.

OpenSim has a number of features not available in Second Life. These include virtual world content (OAR) and avatar inventory (IAR) save and load capabilities, extensions to the scripting language that enable saving and retrieval of text data to avatar inventory in notecard format and the creation and management of non-player characters (NPCs).

OpenSim also uses an architecture known as "Hypergrid", which allows users to teleport between multiple OpenSim-based virtual worlds by providing a hyperlinked map which indexes public grids. This allows for public grids to retain teleportation links to each other without having to be on the same grid. The number of hypergrid-enabled OpenSimulator grids fluctuates. As of February 2023, there were just over 400 active hypergrid-enabled services.

See also

Open Wonderland – A Java-based open source 3D toolkit for creating collaborative virtual worlds.
IBM Virtual Universe Community – One of the largest contributors to the OpenSim project.
Open Cobalt – A decentralized open source virtual world architecture.
High Fidelity Inc - A "next-generation" social virtual reality platform.
JanusVR - Immersive web browsing software support VR and loading worlds via web content

References

Further reading

External links

Free game engines
Free server software
Second Life
Software using the BSD license
IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Systems Award. The IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Systems Award is  a Technical Field Award of the IEEE given each year to an individual, multiple recipients, or team up to three in number that has made outstanding contributions to information storage systems. The award is named in honor of Reynold B. Johnson. 

The award was established in 1991. The award includes a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. It was last awarded in 2015.

Recipients 

 2015: Dov Moran and Amir Ban and Simon Litsyn
 2014: John K. Ousterhout and Mendel Rosenblum
 2013: Michael L. Kazar
 2012: Naoya Takahashi
 2011: (no award)
 2010: Moshe Yanai
 2009: Marshall Kirk McKusick
 2008: Alan Jay Smith
 2007: David Hitz and James Lau
 2006: Jaishankar Menon
 2005: François B. Dolivo
 2004: Bruce Gurney and Virgil S. Speriosu
 2003: Neal Bertram
 2002: Christopher Henry Bajorek
 2001: Tu Chen
 2000: Mark Kryder
 1999: David Patterson and Randy Katz and Garth Gibson
 1998: Jean-Pierre Lazzari
 1997: Alan Shugart
 1996: Nobutake Imamura
 1995: James U. Lemke
 1994: Charles Denis Mee
 1993: John M. Harker

See also

 List of computer-related awards
 List of computer science awards

External links
Biographies of recipients from 2002-2015

References

Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Systems Award
Computer-related awards
Information science awards
Bubble point. In thermodynamics, the bubble point is the temperature (at a given  pressure) where the first bubble of vapor is formed when heating a liquid consisting of two or more components. Given that vapor will probably have a different composition than the liquid, the bubble point (along with the dew point) at different compositions are useful data when designing distillation systems.

For a single component the bubble point and the dew point are the same and are referred to as the boiling point.

Calculating the bubble point
At the bubble point, the following relationship holds:

where
.
K is the distribution coefficient or K factor, defined as the ratio of mole fraction in the vapor phase  to the mole fraction in the liquid phase  at equilibrium.

When Raoult's law and Dalton's law hold for the mixture, the K factor is defined as the ratio of the vapor pressure to the total pressure of the system:

Given either of  or  and either the temperature or pressure of a two-component system, calculations can be performed to determine the unknown information.

See also
 Phase diagram
 Azeotrope
 Dew point

References

Temperature
Phase transitions
Gases
Institute for Materials Research. , abbreviated IMR or , is a research institute for materials science in the Tohoku University, Japan. It consistently ranks as one of the top in ISI citations on materials research. In 2001, it ranked first in the field of materials science by ISI, Philadelphia .

Outline
The institute is the oldest of the five research institutes of Tohoku University. It was started 90 years ago by the late Professor Kotaro Honda for research on KS steel. In 1987, it was reorganized into its present form, a national collaborative research institute, and designated as a Center of Excellence (COE) for materials science.

IMR's research field is diverse materials as well as metals. Some of its recent creations include new types of materials, including high-performance, high-quality and multifunctional materials such as amorphous alloys with complex structures, and bulk metallic glasses developed from them. The institute also specialises in multicomponent intermetallic compounds, quasicrystals, oxides, ceramics, nanostructural controlled metals, semiconductors, crystals for solar cells, biomaterials, organic materials, hydrogen storage alloys, and shaped crystals, among others.

Former names
The present name of the institute is the Institute for Materials Research (IMR).

April 1, 1916: the 2nd Division of the Provisional Institute of Physical and Chemical Research(東北帝国大学理科大学臨時理化学研究所第2部)
May 21, 1919: the Iron and Steel Research Institute (ISRI)(東北帝国大学附属鉄鋼研究所)
August 8, 1922: the Research Institute for Iron, Steel and Other Metals (RIISOM)(東北帝国大学金属材料研究所, 東北大学金属材料研究所1947)
May 21, 1987: Institute for Materials Research (IMR)

Research results
Refer to this page.

People

Presidents

Researchers
Refer to this page.

The institute has produced many world-famous researchers. Akihisa Inoue, the 18th president of Tohoku University, is well-known for his work on bulk metallic glasses. The Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) has named him as one of the most cited researchers in materials science and engineering, with just two of his publications being the 2nd and 8th most highly-cited in the field. Inoue was awarded the 2006 Prime Minister's Prize for this research, and the 2009 James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials from the American Physical Society.

Facilities and laboratories
Refer to this page.

Address
1-1-2-chome, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577 JAPAN

See also
Tohoku University
Research Institute of Electronic Communication
Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer

External links
IMR official website

References

Tohoku University website

Tohoku University
Research institutes in Japan
Materials science institutes
1916 establishments in Japan
Julius Popp. Julius Popp (born 1973, Nuremberg) is an artist based in Leipzig.

His work often uses technology, resulting in interdisciplinary ventures which reach across the boundaries of art and science.  An example of Popp's work is Bitfall (2005):  a machine which displays words selected from the internet via drops of falling water in precise configuration, each word visible only for a second. A bit.fall installation was at the London 2012 Olympic Park under the footbridge between the main entrance and stadium, the words generated using water from the Waterworks River were chosen at random from internet news feeds.

Popp studied at the Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst in Leipzig and he won the Robot Choice Award in 2003.  The Fraunhofer Institute IAIS, Bonn, and the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT have both studied elements of Popp's work which made unique advances in the field of artificial intelligence.

Bit.Flow 
Bit.Flow is one project done by Julius Popp between 2004 and 2008 in Leipzig. Navigating through the modern world is no longer linear: the thread can no longer serve as a model to describe it. In Bit.flow dozens of small particles make up a chaotic swarm of bits, which are the smallest pieces of information. This installation illustrates how each of the individual elements has no significance in itself but acquires it only in terms of the group, within the framework of swarm interaction.

Selected exhibitions 
 2017 "BIT.FALL" Pacific Place, Hong Kong
 2011 I/O/I. The senses of machines (Interaction Laboratory) Disseny Hub Barcelona
 2009 Moscow bienalle of contemporary art
 2007 Oboro, Montreal
 2005 Psychoscape, Kunsthalle, Budapest
 2005 D-Haus, Tokyo
 2005 ICHIM, Transmissions, Paris
 2005 Union Gallery, London (with Oliver Kossack, Julia Schmidt)
 2004 50% Realität, Kunstraum B/2, Leipzig
 2004 Artexpo, New York
 2003 Artbots - The Robot Talent Show, Eyebeam Gallery, New York City
 2002 Paradies, Halle/Saale
 2001 Heimat L.E., organised by Galerie für zeitgenössische Kunst and HGB, Leipzig

Awards 
 2009 - LVZ Kunstpreis, Leipzig

References

External links 
Short documentary about Julius Popp's BitFall project
Julius Popp at UNION Gallery
Official site
The 2003 Robot Talent Show

1973 births
Living people
Artists from Leipzig
Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig alumni
LifeSaver bottle. The LifeSaver bottle is a portable water purification device. The bottle filters out objects larger than 15 nanometres.

Development
After the 2004 Asian tsunami and Hurricane Katrina disaster in the U.S., Michael Pritchard, a water-treatment expert in Ipswich, England began to develop the LifeSaver bottle after seeing that it took multiple days for water to reach refugees. Pritchard presented a prototype of the LifeSaver at 2007's DSEi London, where the product was named "Best Technological Development". Pritchard's entire stock of 1,000 bottles sold out within four hours of the presentation.

Speaking at TED in 2009, Pritchard estimated that by using the LifeSaver bottle, reaching the Millennium Development Goals of halving the number of people without drinking water will cost $8 billion; while $20 billion would provide drinking water for everyone on Earth.

Independent test results 

In 2007, the LifeSaver bottle was tested by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and the results found it to completely filter out all bacteria and viruses.

Use
The bottle's interchangeable filter can purify between 4,000 and 6,000 litres (1,050 to 1,585 gallons) before it stops working and needs to be replaced. It filters out objects bigger than 15 Nanometres—including viruses, bacteria, and cysts. The carbon filter does not require chemicals. The process of filtering the water takes 20 seconds, allowing for 0.71 litres (1.5 pints) of water to be filtered. Once a filter has reached its limit, it will not allow contaminated water to be drunk. The LiveSaver bottle has been used by soldiers for drinking water as well as cleaning wounds.

To filter the water, one puts contaminated water in the back of the bottle, then screws the lid on. The lid has a built in pump which is operated manually with a hand; the pumping action forces the contaminated water through the nano-filter and safe drinking water collects in another chamber in the bottle. The drinker then opens the top of the bottle from which safe drinking water comes out.

A much larger version of the LifeSaver bottle, called the LifeSaver Jerrycan, has the same filtering technology. The can allows for the filtration of 10,000 to 20,000 litres (2,650 to 5,300 gallons). One jerrycan filter can provide water for four people over a three-year span.

Limits 
The bottle can be used to filter urine and will remove all microbiological contamination. However, there will be an amount of dissolved salts that can not be removed. Metals such as iron, and salt from salt water cannot be removed effectively, either.

See also

 Tata Swach
 Slingshot (water vapor distillation system)
 Millbank bag

References

External links

LifeSaver Official Website
Michael Pritchard speaking at TED

Drinking water
Waterborne diseases
Water filters
Nuclebrás Equipamentos Pesados. The Nuclebrás Equipamentos Pesados S.A., commonly shortned to NUCLEP, is a Brazilian state-owned nuclear company specialized in nuclear engineering and heavy equipment for nuclear, defense, oil and gas industries, founded on 12 April 1975.

See also
 Goiânia accident (Nuclebrás aided in response effort)
 National Nuclear Energy Commission

References

Manufacturing companies of Brazil
Companies based in Rio de Janeiro (state)
Manufacturing companies established in 1975
Engineering companies of Brazil
Defence companies of Brazil
Nuclear technology companies of Brazil
Brazilian companies established in 1975
Sobha Hi-tech city. Sobha Hi-tech city is a planned industry township for knowledge-based companies to be constructed in Kochi, India. The project, being constructed by Sobha Developers Ltd, will come up at Maradu. With an initial investment of Rs. 50 billion, the project also has the single highest investment in Kerala. On completion, the project is expected to have  of developed space for research, trade and development in Information technology, biotechnology, electronic hardware and other knowledge based services. The project would be among the largest such ventures in the country, and is expected to generate over 75,000 direct jobs.

There were major opposition to the project from parties in the ruling Left Democratic Front and environmental activists alleging massive destruction to the environment.  Despite the delays due to this, the government recently gave permission to this proposed project. More bureaucratic formalities need to be completed before the construction begins. The current status of this project looks bleak as the proposed land comes under the purview Coastal regulatory zone(CRZ)law, which forbids any massive construction.

See also
 Economy of Kochi

External links
 Sobha Developers inks MoU with Kerala for Rs5,000 cr township
 Valanthakad constitutes a mangrove ecosystem comprising 644 acres. The proposed project would violate a series of national and state laws..
  The Sobha Hitech City at Valanthakad in Maradu will be an environment-friendly project...

Buildings and structures in Kochi
Proposed buildings and structures in India
Swiftsure-class ship of the line. The Swiftsure-class ships of the line were a class of two 74-gun third rates, designed for the Royal Navy by Sir John Henslow.

Ships

Builder: Adams, Bucklers Hard
Ordered: 1800
Launched: 23 July 1804
Fate: Sold, 1845

Builder: Adams, Bucklers Hard
Ordered: 21 December 1803
Launched: 20 October 1808
Fate: Sold, 1862

References

Lavery, Brian (1983) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .

 
Ship of the line classes
Angel Balevski. Angel Balevski () (4 March 1910 – 15 September 1997) was a Bulgarian engineer, inventor, and politician. He has been a member of the State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria for the whole duration of its existence (1971-1989). Balevski was president of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1968-1988), Co-president of the International Academy of Science, Munich (1988-1997) and chairman of the Bulgarian Pugwash Group.

Life
He graduated from a technical school in Brno in the Czech Republic in 1934 and started his professional career as a metallurgical engineer. Later he was a professor at numerous universities across Europe. Balevski was the founder of the Bulgarian academic school in the field of metal sciences and technologies. He was successful in designing a hot pressing machine for non-ferrous metals. He developed an original method for cast iron production from Bulgarian raw materials in a rotating drum furnace. Together with Ivan Dimov, he developed a counter-pressure casting method which was a novelty in world foundry technology and was protected by over 100 patent documents in Bulgaria and abroad. He was the author or co-author of more than seven monographs and academic textbooks.

Awards
Balevski was elected honorary and foreign member of the academies and research societies in many countries. He was the Co-president of the International Academy of Science, Munich (1988) and a member of the Board of the Pugwash Movement of Scientists for Peace (1971).

He was presented with the highest Bulgarian and foreign awards for his contribution to science and inventions, including two Dimitrov Prizes, the French Palmes académiques, the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences and others. He was also awarded the honorary title of People's Scientist. He was Doctor h.c. of the Technical University, Sofia.

References

See also
Bulgarian Academy of Science
International Academy of Science (History)

1910 births
1997 deaths
People from Troyan
Bulgarian inventors
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
Bulgarian mechanical engineers
Technical University, Sofia
20th-century inventors
MARTI Electronics. Marti Electronics, a division of BE, manufactures RF Remote Pick-Up equipment for the broadcast industry. Marti has been supplying such hardware since 1960 with few competitors in its very vertical market. Because this equipment was so ubiquitous for so many years, the words "Marti" and "RPU" have become almost synonymous among broadcast engineers.

Marti is headquartered in Quincy, Illinois.

References

Defunct electronics companies of the United States
Electronics companies established in 1960
Manufacturing companies established in 1960
Quincy, Illinois
Broadcast Electronics. Broadcast Electronics (BE) is a manufacturer of AM and FM transmitters, Marti Electronics STL and RPU equipment, developer of the AudioVAULT radio automation system and parent company to Commotion - a social media company for radio.

Founded in 1959 in Silver Spring, Maryland, BE initially manufactured endless loop cartridge "cart" machines. Through the years, BE also manufactured turntables, audio consoles, and program automation equipment which was the precursor to today’s automation systems for radio stations.

In 1977, BE relocated to Quincy, Illinois and it was there that BE began designing and manufacturing FM and AM transmitters. Initially the offering was for tube transmitters but their line also expanded to solid state broadcast transmitters.

The AudioVAULT automation system was one of the first digital audio storage and playout solutions for radio. AudioVAULT compensated for the slow PC processing speeds at the time by manufacturing their own sound cards and using off-bus technology. Today, AudioVAUL is in its 4th generation architecture since the time the technology was known as a "cart" machine replacement product.

In 1994, BE acquired MARTI Electronics. Today, Marti Electronics equipment is also manufactured in Quincy, Illinois.

BE is the largest radio only equipment manufacturer in the United States.

In December 2017, BE was acquired by Italian manufacturer Elenos.

Footnotes

Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
Electronics companies established in 1959
Manufacturing companies established in 1959
1959 establishments in Maryland
1994 mergers and acquisitions
2017 mergers and acquisitions
Quincy, Illinois