omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CTR. CTR may refer to:

Engineering, science and technology
 Counter mode (CTR mode), a cryptographic mode of operation for block ciphers
 X-ray crystal truncation rod, a technique to measure properties of crystal surfaces
 Current transfer ratio, in an opto-isolator device
 Content Threat Removal, a cyber security technology that defeats content threats

Government
 Cooperative Threat Reduction, an initiative to secure and dismantle weapons of mass destruction in former Soviet Union states
 Currency transaction report, a report about transactions that the Bank Secrecy Act requires U.S. financial institutions to file with the Internal Revenue Service

Media, arts and entertainment
 Contemporary Theatre Review, a British academic journal of performing arts
 Crash Team Racing, Naughty Dog's 1999 video game for the Sony PlayStation
 Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled, its 2019 remake

Medicine
 Cardiac resynchronization therapy
 Cardio-thoracic ratio, a measure of the size of heart
 Carpal tunnel release, surgery for treating carpal tunnel syndrome
 Cervico-thoracic ratio, a measure of segmental mobility in the spine
 Clinical trials registry, an official catalog for studies about health interventions, such as drugs

Organizations
 Center for Transportation Research UT Austin, a research center at the University of Texas at Austin, US
 Center for Turbulence Research, a research institute at Stanford University, US
 Correct the Record, an American political action committee which supported Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign
 Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, a company that was renamed IBM in 1924

Transport
 Aerolíneas Centauro (ICAO airline designator: CTR), an airline in Mexico
 Cattle Creek Airport (IATA airport code: CTR), an airport in Australia
 Controlled traffic region, a controlled airspace zone, typically around airports
 Carlton Trail Railway, a Saskatchewan, US shortline railway
 Chester railway station (station code), England

Automobile models
 Honda Civic Type R, a car manufactured by Honda
 Ruf CTR, a car by Ruf Automobile of Germany

Other uses
 Click-through rate, a measure of the success of an online advertising campaign
 "Choose the right", a common Latter Day Saint saying, often found on a CTR ring
 Close target reconnaissance, a military term for scouting in extremely close proximity to the target
 Competitive trail riding, an equestrian sport
 Costa Rica, ITU country code

See also

 Center (disambiguation) (Center or Centre) for which CTR is an abbreviation of several values 
 Control (disambiguation) for which CTR is an abbreviation of several values
 
 
 
 CTRS
BRR. BRR may refer to:

 Balanced repeated replication, a statistical technique for estimating sampling variability
 Barra Airport (Scotland) (IATA airport code)
 Barrhead railway station, a Scottish railway station
 Binary Revolution Radio, a hacker internet radio show
 Bedroom Rat Records, UK garage record label
 Binary Revolution Radio, a hacker internet radio show
 Bit-rate reduction, another term for data compression
 Bit Rate Reduction, a name given to an audio compression scheme used in the SNES
 Blenheim Riverside Railway, a narrow gauge railway in Blenheim, New Zealand
 BMW Rolls-Royce AeroEngines GmbH, in short form BMW Rolls-Royce, a former joint venture company of BMW AG and Rolls-Royce plc
 Book Rights Registry, disburses revenue from Google Book Search
 Brazilian cruzeiro real, the short-lived currency between August 1993 and June 1994, that had ISO 4217 code BRR
 BRR dances
 Business Readiness Rating
 Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi or BRR NAD-Nias, an Agency for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias
 Black Rose Rollers, a roller derby league from Hanover, Pennsylvania

See also
Brrr (disambiguation)
Bir (disambiguation)
Thermal fluids. Thermofluids is a branch of science and engineering encompassing four intersecting fields:
Heat transfer
Thermodynamics
Fluid mechanics
Combustion

The term is a combination of "thermo", referring to heat, and "fluids", which refers to liquids, gases and vapors. Temperature, pressure, equations of state, and transport laws all play an important role in thermofluid problems.  Phase transition and chemical reactions may also be important in a thermofluid context.  The subject is sometimes also referred to as "thermal fluids".

Heat transfer
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the transfer of thermal energy from one physical system to another. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as heat conduction, convection, thermal radiation, and phase-change transfer. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer.  

Sections include :
Energy transfer by heat, work and mass
Laws of thermodynamics
Entropy
Refrigeration Techniques
Properties and nature of pure substances

Applications
Engineering : Predicting and analysing the performance of machines

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy, most notably mechanical work. It studies and interrelates the macroscopic variables, such as temperature, volume and pressure, which describe physical, thermodynamic systems.

Fluid mechanics
Fluid Mechanics the study of the physical forces at work during fluid flow. Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid kinematics, the study of fluid motion, and fluid kinetics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. Fluid mechanics can further be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. Some of its more interesting concepts include momentum and reactive forces in fluid flow and fluid machinery theory and performance.

Sections include:
Fluid flow and continuity
Momentum in fluids
Static and dynamic forces on a boundary
Laminar and turbulent flow
Metacentric height and vessel stability

Applications
Pump Design.
Hydro-Electric Power Generation.
Naval Architecture.

Combustion
Combustion is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species. The release of heat can result in the production of light  in the form of either glowing or a flame. Fuels of interest often include organic compounds (especially hydrocarbons) in the gas, liquid or solid phase.

References

External links
 Thermal-Fluids Central

Continuum mechanics
Branches of thermodynamics
Netscape Portable Runtime. The Netscape Portable Runtime, or NSPR, is a cross-platform abstraction layer library for the C programming language. It provides a uniform API for various operating system functions.

History 
NSPR was originally designed to provide a base for the Java virtual machine in Netscape 5. Over time it was extended to allow support for additional functionality used for Netscape's server and client software. NSPR continues to be used today by Firefox as well as many of Oracle and Red Hat's server products.

Features

Threads 
NSPR provides a thread API. It uses the OS's threading capabilities where possible. It also provides support for sharing memory between threads, as well as creating and using thread pools.
Locks, atomics, semaphores, and both cached and uncached monitors are provided.

I/O 
NSPR provides functions for working with files, directories, anonymous pipes and network sockets.

Network addresses 
NSPR defines an IP-centric network address object. Functions are provided to translate ASCII strings (DNS names) into NSPR's network address structures, regardless of whether the addressing technology uses IPv4 or IPv6.

Time 
NSPR makes timing facilities available in two forms: interval timing and calendar functions.

Interval timers are based on a free running 32-bit resolution timer. Their epoch and interval can be set as needed.

Calendar times are represented using 64-bit signed Unix time. NSPR provides functions for manipulating and converting timestamps.

Memory management 
NSPR provides API to perform the basic malloc, calloc, realloc and free functions. Depending on the platform, the functions may be implemented almost entirely in the NSPR runtime or simply shims that call immediately into the host operating system's offerings.

Linking 
Support for linking (shared library loading and unloading) forms part of NSPR's feature set. In most cases this is simply a smoothing over of the facilities offered by the various platform providers.

Data structures 
NSPR provides implementations of a circular linked list and a hash table.

See also 

 Apache Portable Runtime
 Adaptive Communication Environment
 Cross-platform support middleware

References

External links
 Official website
 NSPR source code

Application programming interfaces
Mozilla
Netscape
Service discovery. Service discovery is the process of automatically detecting devices and services on a computer network. It aims to reduce the manual configuration effort required from users and administrators. A service discovery protocol (SDP) is a network protocol that helps accomplish service discovery. 

Service discovery requires a common language to allow software agents to make use of one another's services without the need for continuous user intervention.

Protocols
There are many service discovery protocols, including:
 Bluetooth Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
 Bonjour, e.g., Apple AirPrint
 DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD), a component of zero-configuration networking
 DNS, as used for example in Kubernetes
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
 Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)
 Jini for Java objects.
 Lightweight Service Discovery (LSD), for mobile ad hoc networks 
 Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) standards-based neighbor discovery protocol similar to vendor-specific protocols which find each other by advertising to vendor-specific broadcast addresses (versus all-1's), such Cabletron (Enterasys) and Cisco Discovery Protocol (both referred to as CDP but different formats). 
 Local Peer Discovery, or Local Service Discovery
 Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP), usually used for unicast exchange of multicast source information between anycast Rendez-Vous Points (RPs) to service mcast clients. 
 Service Location Protocol (SLP)
 Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) used to discover RTP sessions
 Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP), a component of Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
 Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) for web services
 Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol (WPAD)
 WS-Discovery (Web Services Dynamic Discovery)
 XMPP Service Discovery (XEP-0030)
 XRDS (eXtensible Resource Descriptor Sequence) used by XRI, OpenID, OAuth, etc.

See also 
 Discoverability
 Semantic web

References

External links
 Service Discovery S-Cube Knowledge Model
 Dong, H., Hussain, F.K., Chang, E.: Semantic Web Service matchmakers: State of the art and challenges[Online]. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 25(7) (May 2013) pp. 961–988. Accessed on June 16, 2015.
 Sun, L., Dong, H., Hussain, F.K., Hussain, O.K., Chang, E.: Cloud service selection: State-of-the-art and future research directions. Journal of Network and Computer Applications[Online] 45 (October 2014) pp. 134–150. Date accessed: 16 June 2015.

Internet protocols
Application layer protocols
Computer configuration
Service-oriented (business computing)
Colin McKay Grierson. Air Commodore Colin McKay Grierson CBE (16 June 19061991) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force during and after World War II.

He joined the Royal Air Force (RAF) as an Aircraft Apprentice in 1921. In 1925 he became a Flight Cadet Sergeant. In 1927 he was on the staff of RAF Calshot with the rank of Pilot Officer. During the 1930s he held a number of different positions in the RAF as Armament and Engineering Officer. On 1 January 1941 he worked on the Air Staff in the Directorate of Plans.

On 20 May 1944 he became Assistant Chief of Staff A2 (Intelligence), Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) with the rank of Acting Air Commodore. At a press briefing two days after the Dresden raid on 14 February 1945, Grierson told journalists:

One of the journalists asked whether the principal aim of bombing of Dresden would be to cause confusion among the refugees or to blast communications carrying military supplies. Grierson answered that the primary aim was communications to prevent them moving military supplies, and to stop movement in all directions if possible. He then added in an offhand remark that the raid also helped destroying "what is left of German morale". Howard Cowan, an Associated Press war correspondent, subsequently filed a story saying that the Allies had resorted to terror bombing.  This set in train a number of embarrassing questions on both sides of the Atlantic on the morality of this form of attack.

He retired from the RAF on 31 August 1950 with the rank of Air Commodore.

References
Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Cdre Grierson
 Taylor, Frederick; Dresden: Tuesday, 13 February 1945; Pub (Lon): Bloomsbury. .

Footnotes

Royal Air Force air commodores
1906 births
1991 deaths
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Trenchard Brats
List of canal engineers. A canal engineer is a civil engineer responsible for planning (architectural and otherwise) related to the construction of a canal.

Canal engineers include:

China
 Yu the Great (c.2200BCE-c.2100BCE), first Dynast of China, founder of the first dynasty, who dedicated his life establishing flood control structures across the Chinese Hegemony, including canals, establishing the new hegemony in the process, across flood ruined competing kingdoms.
 Ximen Bao
 Li Bing (c. 3rd century BC), Dujiangyan

France
 Barnabé Brisson, Canal de la Marne au Rhin
 Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds (1799-1883), Suez Canal
 Philippe Bertrand, Canal du Rhône au Rhin
 Guy Bouessel, Canal de Nantes à Brest
 Pierre du Buat, Philippe Bertrand.Canal de Neufossé
 Joseph Cachin,Canal de Caen à la mer 
 Jean-Antoine Chaptal, Canal des Ardennes
 Charles-Étienne Collignon, Canal de la Marne au Rhin
 Pierre-Simon Girard, Canal Saint-Martin
 Louis Didier Jousselin, Grand Canal du Nord, Canal latéral à la Loire
 Anne Pierre Nicolas de Lapisse, Canal de la Sambre à l'Oise
 Joseph Liard, Canal du Rhône au Rhin
 Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805-1894), Suez Canal and the failed first attempt at a canal in Panama
 Louis de Règemortes, Canal de l'Ourcq, Canal de Saint-Quentin
 Pierre-Paul Riquet (1609-1680), Canal du Midi, Canal de l'Ourcq
 Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, Canal de Bourbourg

See also, List of canals in france

Hungary
 István Türr (1825-1908), Corinth Canal

United Kingdom
 James Brindley
 James Dadford
 John Dadford
 Thomas Dadford
 Thomas Dadford, Jr.
 Hugh Henshall
 John Hore
 Josias Jessop
 William Jessop
 Benjamin Outram
 John Rennie the Elder
 Thomas Sheasby
 John Smeaton
 William Smith
 Thomas Telford

United States
 James Geddes, Ohio and Erie Canal
 John B. Jervis, Delaware and Hudson Canal
 Loammi Baldwin, Middlesex Canal to Boston
 Orlando Metcalfe Poe, Poe Lock at Soo Locks
 William Weston
 Benjamin Wright, Erie Canal and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
 George Washington, Potomac Canal
 Canvass White, Erie Canal
 Sylvanus Thayer, West Point
 Horatio Allen

See also
 List of civil engineers
 Lists of canals

References

Lists of engineers
Sergey Chaplygin. Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin (; 5 April 1869 – 8 October 1942) was a Russian and Soviet physicist, mathematician, and mechanical engineer. He is known for mathematical formulas such as Chaplygin's equation and for a hypothetical substance in cosmology called Chaplygin gas, named after him.

He graduated in 1890 from Moscow University, and later became a professor. He taught mechanical engineering at Moscow Higher Courses for Women in 1901, and of applied mathematics at Moscow School of Technology, 1903. He was appointed Director of the courses in 1905. Leonid I. Sedov was one of his students.

Chaplygin's theories were greatly inspired by N. Ye. Zhukovsky, who founded the Central Institute of Aerodynamics. His early research focused on hydromechanics. His "Collected Works", consisting of 4 volumes, were published in 1948.

Biography

Early life 
Chaplygin was born to Aleksei Timofeevich Chaplygin, a shop assistant, and Anna Petrovna in Ranenburg (present day Chaplygin), Russia. After his father died when he was 2 years old, his mother remarried a tradesman and they moved to Voronezh. There, he attended the Voronezh Gymnasium, which he graduated in 1886.

Soon after, he attended the Moscow University, specializing in Physics and Mathematics, which he graduated from in 1890. There he met and was strongly influenced by Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky. In 1893, he published his first work, On certain cases of the motion of a solid body in a fluid, for which he received the N. D. Brashman Award.

After graduating from the university, he went on to become a professor there. In 1897, he published On the motion of a heavy body of revolution in a horizontal plane, which was the first to present the general equation of motion of a nonholonomic system. This equation is a generalisation of Lagrange's equation. In 1899, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Death 

Chaplygin died of a brain haemorrhage in October 1942.

Honours and awards
 Hero of Socialist Labour (February 1, 1941)
 Two Orders of Lenin (February 1, 1941 and December 22, 1933)
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice (July 10, 1927 and ?)
 Zhukovsky Prize (1925)
 N. D. Brashman Prize (1897)

Chaplygin was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences (the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1925-1991) in 1924.

The lunar crater Chaplygin and town Chaplygin are named in his honour.

See also
Chaplygin gas
Chaplygin problem
Chaplygin's equation
Chaplygin's theorem
Lamb–Chaplygin dipole
Chaplygin sleigh
Chaplygin's top

References

External links

1869 births
1942 deaths
People from Chaplygin
Mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Moscow State University alumni
Physicists from the Russian Empire
Soviet mathematicians
Soviet physicists
Mechanical engineers from the Russian Empire
Soviet mechanical engineers
Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees
Russian scientists
Retort. In a chemistry laboratory, a retort is a device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a  spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser, allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath.

In the chemical industry, a retort is an airtight vessel in which substances are heated for a chemical reaction producing gaseous products to be collected in a collection vessel or for further processing.  Such industrial-scale retorts are used in  shale-oil extraction, in the production of charcoal and in the recovery of mercury in gold-mining processes or from hazardous waste.  A process of heating oil shale to produce shale oil, oil shale gas, and spent shale is commonly called retorting. Airtight vessels to apply pressure as well as heat are called autoclaves.

In the food industry, pressure cookers are often referred to as "retorts", meaning "canning retorts" for sterilization under high temperature (116–130 °C).

History
Retorts were widely used by alchemists, and images of retorts appear in many drawings and sketches of their laboratories. Before the advent of modern condensers, retorts were used by many prominent chemists, such as Antoine Lavoisier and Jöns Berzelius.

An early method for producing phosphorus starts by roasting bones, and uses clay retorts encased in a very hot brick furnace to distill out the highly toxic product.

The term retort comes by way of Middle French, but ultimately from Latin retortus, twisted back, for the shape of the neck.

Role in analytical chemistry
In laboratory use, due to advances in technology, especially the invention of the Liebig condenser, retorts were largely considered to have been rendered obsolete as early as the beginning of the 20th century. However, some laboratory techniques that involve simple distillation and do not require sophisticated apparatus may use a retort as a substitute for more complex distillation equipment.

In biochar-pyrolysis industry
A retort is a reactor that has the ability to pyrolyze pile-wood, or wood logs over  long and up to  in diameter.

See also
Alembic
Retort pouch
Retort stand

References

External links 

 

Alchemical tools
Laboratory glassware
Percy Pennybacker. Percy V. Pennybacker Jr. (1895–1963) was a Texas civil engineer who pioneered the technology of welded structures, particularly for bridges.

Professional success

Pennybacker worked for the Texas Highway Department in the early 1900s designing bridges. He earned his civil engineering degree from the University of Texas at Austin. He served as a captain in the Army Air Service during World War I. After the war, he worked in Kansas and Texas. During World War II, he became interested in welded construction as an alternative to rivets. By promoting the use of welding for heavy stress bridge design, he is credited with saving the state of Texas millions of dollars.

When he retired from the Texas Highway Department, he worked another three years for the city of Austin as a civil engineer.

He was honored as "Outstanding Engineer" by the Texas Society of Professional Engineers, was a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and brought the American Welding Society to Austin.

Childhood

His father, also Percy V. Pennybacker, and mother Anna (née Hardwicke) Pennybacker married in Tyler, Texas in 1884. Percy junior was born in Palestine, Texas and was one of four children. His father, a school superintendent, suffered from diabetes and died of the disease in 1899 while Percy was young. Like his father, Percy too suffered from diabetes. After spending a year in the hospital as a young civil engineer, he became one of the first patients treated with insulin. His mother Anna, an educator and activist wrote and published A New History of Texas for Schools, which was adopted by the Texas Legislature for use in public schools from 1898 through 1913.  The family moved from Palestine to Austin in 1900.

Non-professional life

He married Mary Alice. An Episcopalian, he helped found St. George's Episcopal Church in Austin.

Recognition

The iconic Pennybacker Bridge (a.k.a. the "360 bridge") in Austin, Texas is named in his honor.

References

External links

1895 births
1963 deaths
American civil engineers
20th-century American engineers
Silverstone (plastic). SilverStone is a non-stick plastic coating made by DuPont. Released in 1976, this three-coat (primer/midcoat/topcoat) fluoropolymer system formulated with PTFE and PFA produces a more durable finish than Teflon coating.

As of 1980 Dupont required that the pans carrying the brand be a heavier weight than others on the market. After the coating was applied the cookware was subsequently "baked" in a 700-800 degree oven to affix the coating.

The process for creating Silverstone cookware begins by sandblasting the products which creates an uneven surface that encourages adherence. Then a primer layer of Teflon is sprayed on and after it is baked at high heat to "a secure mechanical grip." Gizmodo reported in 2014 that one or two more additional layers were applied after the initial layer.

References

External links
 DuPont history of Silverstone
 If nothing sticks to Teflon, how does it stick to pans?

Plastics
Lubricants
DuPont products
Fluoropolymers
Brand name materials