omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Type 3 heavy machine gun. , also known as the Taishō 14 machine gun, was a Japanese air-cooled heavy machine gun. The Type 3 heavy machine gun was in a long-line of Japanese Hotchkiss machine gun variants that the Imperial Japanese Army would utilize from 1901 to 1945.

History

Starting in 1901, Japan began importing Hotchkiss MLE 1897 heavy machine guns that were compatible with belt fed 6.5mm Arisaka cartridges. Japan eventually bought a license for domestic production, with the type seeing notable service during the Russo-Japanese War 

Japanese gun designer Kijirō Nambu would later modify the domestic Hotchkiss MLE 1897 heavy machine gun to better meet Japanese requirements, to include lessons learned following the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War. This effort would result in the adoption of the domestic Type 38 heavy machine gun in 1907. The Type 38 heavy machine gun would first see action in Qingdao, China during World War I. The Type 38 heavy machine gun was still in service at the time of the 1937 Marco Polo Bridge Incident.

Kijirō Nambu would further modify the Type 38 heavy machine gun in 1909, focusing on improving dissipation and durability. This would result in the Type 3 heavy machine gun, entering service in 1914 and first seeing action in the 1919 Japanese intervention in Siberia. During the 1930s the Type 3 heavy machine gun would see wide-scale use in Manchuria and China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Type 3 tripod could be used as an anti-aircraft mounting, and special anti-aircraft sights were provided.

Users
 : Chile bought several hundred Type 3 machine guns in 7×57mm Mauser as Modelo 1920. Barrels were manufactured in France by Hotchkiss but most of the weapon was made at the Koishikawa Arsenal arsenal.
 : Purchased for Chang Tso-lin's Fengtian Army. Later used by the Collaborationist Chinese Army
 

 : It was used by the Korean People's Army during the Korean War.

Gallery

See also
Type 92 heavy machine gun
Type 1 heavy machine gun

Notes

Bibliography

External links
Japanese machineguns of WW2
 Catalog of Enemy Ordnance 

Heavy machine guns
Machine guns of Japan
World War I machine guns
World War I Japanese infantry weapons
World War II infantry weapons of Japan
World War II machine guns
Machine guns of Manchukuo
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1914
AA mine discharger. The AA mine discharger was a Japanese anti-aircraft weapon of the Second World War. The device was a simple tube like an infantry mortar of  or  caliber. Instead of a standard mortar bomb, the projectile was a tube containing seven individual mines, each approximately 11/16ths of an inch in diameter (18 mm) and  long. Each mine was equipped with its own parachute. When fired, the mortar threw the shell to a range of 3,000 to 4,000 feet (900 to 1,200 m) and a maximum altitude of approximately . The shell ejected the mines at the top of its arc. They would then float down on their parachutes. They were fused to detonate on contact or after a fixed time period, damaging nearby aircraft. The projectile could alternatively be launched using a standard Type 11 70 mm infantry mortar. 	

The weapon could also be used like a simple cluster bomb, by firing over enemy troops.

External links

 AA Weapons at plala.or.jp
 Lone Sentry: New Weapons Captured at Ormoc, Japanese (U.S. WWII Intelligence Bulletin, March 1945)
 HyperWar: Handbook on Japanese Military Forces

See also
Unrotated projectile a British rocket launched parachute aerial mine system for ship defence.
Type 4 Incendiary Rocket (RoSa), a Navy anti-aircraft rocket for ship defence.

External links

World War II anti-aircraft guns
Anti-aircraft guns of Japan
World War II weapons of Japan
9
World War II infantry weapons of Japan
Infantry mortars of Japan
Military equipment introduced in the 1940s
Type 11 75 mm AA gun. The  was an anti-aircraft gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army after World War I. The Type 11 designation was given to this gun as it was accepted in the 11th year of Emperor Taishō's reign (1922). It was the first anti-aircraft gun in Japanese service, but only a small number were produced, and it was superseded by the Type 14 10 cm gun and the Type 88 75 mm gun in active service before the start of World War II.

History and development
Due to combat experience at the Battle of Tsingtao against the Imperial German Luftstreitkräfte’s fledgling squadron of combat aircraft, planners on the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff quickly realized that this new technology posed a threat which required countermeasures. This evaluation was further reinforced by reports from military observers on the European front in World War I.

The Type 11 gun was placed into production in 1922, taking design features from a number of overseas design, including the British QF 3-inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun. However, it was expensive to produce and lacked both accuracy and range of fire. Only 44 units were completed before production was terminated.

Design
The Type 11 75 mm AA gun had a single piece gun barrel with sliding breech, mounted on a central pedestal. The firing platform was supported by five legs, each of which (along with the central pedestal) had an adjustable screwed foot for leveling. It fired a  projectile to an effective altitude of .

Combat record
The Type 11 75 mm AA gun saw limited service with Japanese combat forces during the invasion of Manchuria, Soviet-Japanese Border Wars and the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was withdrawn from active service prior to the start of the Pacific War.

Notes

References
 Bishop, Chris (eds) The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Barnes & Nobel. 1998. 
 Chant, Chris. Artillery of World War II, Zenith Press, 2001, 
 McLean, Donald B. Japanese Artillery; Weapons and Tactics. Wickenburg, Ariz.: Normount Technical Publications 1973. .
 War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944, p. 234–236 (archive.org)

External links
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army

Artillery of Japan
World War II anti-aircraft guns
1
75 mm artillery
1
Military equipment introduced in the 1920s
Type 4 75 mm AA gun. The  was an anti-aircraft gun developed by the Imperial Japanese Army. They started producing the gun in 1943. The Type 4 number was designated for the year the gun was accepted, 2604 in the Japanese imperial year calendar, or 1944 in the Gregorian calendar. Due to the lack of raw materials available and the great damage by air raids to its industrial infrastructure, only 70 units were made. These units were retained for defense of the Japanese home islands during World War II.

History and development
In 1927, the Bofors company of Sweden had designed a new 75 mm AA gun which was purchased by the Royal Swedish Navy. This was developed into a mobile anti-aircraft gun with a carriage which had wheels, and was exported to the Republic of China, Persia, and Siam.

Japanese forces captured examples of the Bofors M29 75mm AA gun from the National Revolutionary Army of the Kuomintang government of China, and the Army Technical Bureau was impressed with its performance, which was much superior to the existing Japanese Type 88 75 mm AA Gun. By reverse engineering a close copy was designed and went into production in 1943. However, Japan lacked the raw materials and its industrial infrastructure was too damaged by air raids to follow through with mass production. Only 70 units were completed before the surrender of Japan.

The Type 5 75 mm tank gun was a variant design of the Type 4 75 mm AA gun used as the main armament on the Type 4 Chi-To medium tank.

Design
The Type 4 75 mm AA gun had a single piece gun barrel with sliding breech, mounted on a central pedestal. The firing platform was supported by four legs, each of which had adjustable screwed foot for leveling.

Combat record
Coming into service towards the end of the war, all seventy Type 4s that were operational were retained on the home islands as part of the bolstering of Japan's defenses against Allied air raids and against the perceived threat of Allied invasion.

Notes

References
 Bishop, Chris (eds). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, Barnes & Nobel, 1998. .
 Chant, Chris. Artillery of World War II, Zenith Press, 2001. .
 McLean, Donald B. Japanese Artillery: Weapons and Tactics, Wickenburg, Ariz.: Normount Technical Publications, 1973. .
 Tomczyk, Andrzej. Japanese Armor Vol. 4. AJ Press, 2005. .
 US Department of War, TM 30-480, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, Louisiana State University Press, 1994. .
 War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944

External links
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army

Artillery of Japan
75 mm artillery
World War II anti-aircraft guns
4
4
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1944
ISO 2848. ISO 2848 (Building construction – Modular coordination – Principles and rules) is an international standard for the construction industry that describes the aims of modular coordination and gives the rules to be used in establishing the dimensions and positioning of buildings and their components.

Overview 
ISO 2848:1984, published by International Organization for Standardization, is an ISO standard used by the construction industry.

Adherence to the standard means that major dimensions such as grid lines on drawings, distances between wall centres or surfaces, widths of shelves and kitchen components are multiples of the basic module.

Definitions 

ISO 2848 is based on multiples of 300 mm and 600 mm. As dimensions increase, preference is given to lengths which are multiples of 3, 6, 12, 15, 30 and 60 basic modules. For smaller dimensions, the submodular increments  M and  M are preferred.

The numbers 300 and 600 were chosen because they are preferred numbers due to their large number of divisors – any multiple can be evenly divided into 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, etc., making them easy to use in mental arithmetic. This system is known as "modular coordination".

A related standard is British Standard 6750.

Basic module 

The underlying unit of size given in ISO 2848 for modular coordination is the 'basic module'. The 'basic module' is represented in the standards by the letter M, and has two standard definitions. It is primarily defined as , with the proviso that in countries using imperial units it is defined as .

Further reading 
 British Standard BS 6750: Modular coordination in building.

References

Construction standards
02848
Type 96 AA gun prime mover. The Type 96 AA gun prime mover is a Japanese 6-wheeled prime mover used during the Second World War. In entered service in 1937.

During the 1920s, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) used several types of trucks to transport Anti-aircraft guns. In 1936 the Type 96 AA "gun tractor" was developed from the Type 94 6-wheeled truck. The Type-94 was first produced in 1934 and shown to be reliable. First produced in 1937, the Type 96 was basically the same as the Type 94, but "the transmission was improved and a winch was added to the tail". The engine utilized to power the Type 96 was produced in a gasoline version (Ko engine) and a diesel version (Otsu engine). The rear platform was "modified to carry crews and equipment" for the Type 88 75 mm AA gun. During World War II, the Type 88 75 mm AA gun was deployed to virtually every anti-aircraft field artillery unit as protection against medium level aircraft attacks.

See also
Type 98 20 mm AA machine cannon carrier

Notes

References
Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa

World War II self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons
World War II vehicles of Japan
Artillery tractors
20 mm AA machine cannon carrier truck. The AA machine cannon carrier truck was a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun of the Imperial Japanese Army. It consisted of the Type 98 20 mm AA machine cannon mounted on the back of a Type 94 six-wheeled truck. The Type 94 truck was first produced in 1934 by Isuzu, and used for prototypes. It was known to be reliable and was produced in "large numbers".

The Type 98 20 mm AA autocannon was the most common light anti-aircraft gun of the Imperial Japanese Army. It had a range of 5,500 meters, altitude of 3,500 meters and could fire up to 300 rounds per minute. The gun could be fired from the rear platform of the truck or be unloaded and fired from the ground. These carrier trucks were deployed in the air defense units of the four Japanese tank divisions.

See also 
 Type 98 20 mm AA half-track vehicle
 Type 98 Ta-Se
 Type 98 20 mm AAG tank

Notes

References
Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa

World War II self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons
World War II vehicles of Japan
World War II weapons of Japan
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
Type 93 surface-to-air missile. The  or Kin-SAM is a surface-to-air missile used by the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. It is the vehicle-borne version of the Type 91 missile.

It is known in JSDF ranks as the Closed Arrow.

Description
It was first deployed in 1993, due to a need to replace L-90 35mm Anti-Aircraft Twin Cannons in JGSDF service. It is typically deployed on a modified launcher BXD10 Kōkidōsha (military version Toyota Mega Cruiser) with a total of eight missiles ready to fire.

Operation
The Type 93 is a vast improvement over the L-90 as it has the ability to track down and shoot down enemy aircraft due to infrared homing.

See also
 Type 91 surface-to-air missile

References

External links

 Official JGSDF Page

Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1993
Surface-to-air missiles of Japan
Nike J. NIKE J was the name for the Japanese version of the Nike Hercules surface-to-air missile.  It was produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.  First test firings of the missile occurred in November 1970.
The Nike J was also a different version of the usual Nike Hercules, in that way, that it could not be mated with a special (nuclear) warhead.
 Length: 12.5 m
 Diameter: 0.8 m
 Wing span: 2.1 m
 Weight: 4.5 tons
 Range: 130 km
 Speed: Mach 3
 Propulsion: two-stage solid-fuel rocket
 Guidance: radio command guidance

See also 
 MIM-14 Nike Hercules
 Nike Javelin

External links
 http://ed-thelen.org/h_mono-5.html

Surface-to-air missiles of Japan
Project Nike
Japan–United States relations
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
Oregon City-class cruiser. The Oregon City-class was a class of heavy cruisers of the United States Navy. Although ten ships of this class were planned, only four were completed – one of those as a command ship. The three ships completed as cruisers were in commission from 1946 to 1980, one having been converted to a guided missile cruiser (CG).

Design and development
The Oregon City-class cruisers were a modified version of the previous  design; the main difference was a more compact pyramidal superstructure with single trunked funnel, intended to improve the arcs of fire of the anti-aircraft (AA) guns. The same type of modification also differentiated the  and  classes, and to a lesser degree the  and  classes of light cruisers.

History
Ten ships were authorized for the class with three being completed and the fourth suspended during construction. The final six ships were cancelled, five after being laid down. Construction on the incomplete fourth ship was resumed in 1948 and the ship served as a command ship . All three completed cruisers were commissioned in 1946. Oregon City was decommissioned after only 22 months of service, one of the shortest active careers of any World War II-era cruiser. Albany was later converted into a guided missile ship, becoming the lead ship of the  and served until 1980. A similar conversion was planned for Rochester but was cancelled.

Ships in class

Gallery

See also
 Albany-class cruiser
 List of cruisers of the United States Navy

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Gardiner, Robert and Stephen Chumbley (editors). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland US: Naval Institute Press, 1995. .
 Whitley, M.J. Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Brockhampton Press, 1999. ,

External links

Global Security.org – Oregon City class cruiser
DANFS

Cruiser classes
 
1940s ships
Shaheed Udham Singh College of Engineering & Technology. Shaheed Udham Singh College of Engineering & Technology (SUSCET) is a college and center of higher technical education and research offering graduate, post-graduate, and doctoral level research programs located in Chandigarh.

The School Symbol 
The Shaheed Udham Singh College school symbol is indigo blue and golden green. The colors of the symbol represent knowledge and growth, respectively.

Programs  

The college offers undergraduate programs in the following disciplines:

 Computer Science and Engineering
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Biotechnology
 Pharmacology

The college offers post-graduate programs in the following disciplines:

 Bio-Technology
 Computer Science and Engineering
 CAD/CAM
 Master of Business Administration
 Masters of Computer Applications
 M.Sc Biotechnology
 M.Sc Microbiology
 Master of Commerce

The college offers Diploma programs in the following disciplines:
 Computer Science and Engineering
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Automobile Engineering
 Medical and Lab Technology

References

External links
 

Universities and colleges in Punjab, India
Education in Mohali
1997 establishments in Punjab, India
Educational institutions established in 2002
Duroplast. Duroplast is a composite thermosetting resin plastic developed by engineer Wolfgang Barthel in 1953 in the German Democratic Republic. Its production method places it in a similar family as Formica and Bakelite. It is reinforced with fibers (typically waste fabrics from the garment industry) making it a fiber-reinforced plastic similar to fiberglass.

Use and composition
The German Democratic Republic regularly encountered shortages of steel and had little to no iron reserves of their own. As a result, state-owned automobile manufacturer VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau instead used Duroplast to produce the body shell of the Trabant. Production lasted from 1955 until just after German Reunification in 1991. A light, yet strong material, Duroplast is made of recycled material: phenol resins and cotton waste fiber reinforcement. Because it is formed in a press, it is more easily applied to volume car production than fiberglass.

Disposal
Duroplast is difficult to dispose of responsibly, a similar problem encountered with fiberglass. As discarded Trabants began to fill junkyards after 1991, creative solutions were devised for recycling them. One was developed by a Berlin biotechnology company, which experimented with bacteria to consume the body in twenty days. Urban legends, depicted in the movie Black Cat, White Cat and described in a song by the Serbian band Atheist Rap, described recycling Duroplast by feeding the cars to pigs, sheep and other farm animals.

In the late 1990s, Sachsenring's developed a disposal solution in which the body shells were shredded and used as an aggregate in cement blocks for pavement construction. This was featured in an episode of the program Scientific American Frontiers on the American PBS TV channel.

Public perception
The use of Duroplast in Trabants and subsequent GDR jokes and mockery in western auto magazines such as Car and Driver gave rise to an urban myth that the Trabant is made of corrugated cardboard.

References

Composite materials
German inventions
Thermosetting plastics
Fibre-reinforced polymers
Cotton
Products introduced in 1953
Science and technology in East Germany
1953 in East Germany
Prototype Verification System. The Prototype Verification System (PVS) is a specification language integrated with support tools and an automated theorem prover, developed at the Computer Science Laboratory of SRI International in Menlo Park, California. 

PVS is based on a kernel consisting of an extension of Church's theory of types with dependent types, and is fundamentally a classical typed higher-order logic. The base types include uninterpreted types that may be introduced by the user, and built-in types such as the booleans, integers, reals, and the ordinals.  Type-constructors include functions, sets, tuples, records, enumerations, and abstract data types. Predicate subtypes and dependent types can be used to introduce constraints; these constrained types may incur proof obligations (called type-correctness conditions or TCCs) during typechecking.  PVS specifications are organized into parameterized theories.

The system is implemented in Common Lisp, and is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

See also
Formal methods
List of proof assistants

References
 Owre, Shankar, and Rushby, 1992.  PVS: A Prototype Verification System.  Published in the CADE 11 conference proceedings.

External links
 PVS website at SRI International's Computer Science Laboratory
 Summary of PVS by John Rushby at the Mechanized Reasoning database of Michael Kohlhase and Carolyn Talcott

Formal specification languages
Proof assistants
Dependently typed languages
Lisp (programming language)
Common Lisp (programming language) software
Free theorem provers
Free software programmed in Lisp
SRI International software
John Ramsbottom. John Ramsbottom may refer to:

John Ramsbottom (engineer) (1814–1897), English mechanical engineer who created many inventions for railways
John Ramsbottom (mycologist) (1885–1974), British mycologist
John Ramsbottom (MP), British Member of Parliament for Windsor 1810–1845 (known as John Ramsbottom, junior c.1810s)
ATRAN. Atran, LLC () is a cargo airline based in Moscow, Russia. It operates cargo charters in Europe, Russia and the CIS. Its main base is Domodedovo International Airport, Moscow.

History
The airline was established and started operations in 1942 as an Aeroflot agency under the name Moscow Aviation Enterprise. The original function of the airline was to deliver spare parts for aircraft.

In 1962 the airline had started operations of heavy freighters, and by the 1980 had a fleet of 29 covering the entire Soviet Union and changing its name to Transport Aviation. In 1990, the company was created as the first independent airline in the Soviet Union and at the same time changing its name to Aviatrans. It became a private public limited liability company in 1993. In January 1997 the name ATRAN began being used.

In September 2023 Atran restarted operations after acquiring two An-12 freighters.

Fleet

Current fleet
As of May 2024, ATRAN currently operates two Antonov An-12 aircraft: RA-11025 and RA-11371.

Historic fleet
ATRAN has previously operated the following aircraft types:

Incidents and accidents
On 29 July 2007, an Atran Antonov An-12, registration RA-93912, crashed 4 km from Domodedovo International Airport after taking off on a flight on the route Moscow-Omsk-Bratsk, killing 7 crew members.

References

External links

Official website (Russian) 

Babyflot
Companies based in Moscow
Former Aeroflot divisions
Airlines established in 1942
Cargo airlines of Russia
1942 establishments in the Soviet Union