omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ultra-Efficient Products Invader. The Ultra-Efficient Products Invader is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed by Nick Leighty and Rick Berstling, produced by Ultra-Efficient Products and introduced in 1982.

Design and development
The Invader was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a cantilever mid-wing, pod-and-boom layout, a V-tail, a single-seat, open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft has unusual construction. The fuselage pod is made from gas tungsten arc welded aluminum tubing and composite, attached to a partially double-sleeved aluminum irrigation pipe. Its  span wing is constructed from wood, with foam ribs and one third span ailerons. The V-tail is all-flying and is made from foam ribs glued to the aluminum tubular spar. The flying surfaces are covered in either Mylar or doped aircraft fabric covering. On early models the control system is two-axis, all controlled by the control stick, while later ones incorporate rudder pedals.

The standard powerplant supplied was a Yamaha engine of  which provides the Invader with a cruise speed of , but limits the ceiling to . The very aerodynamically clean design produces a glide ratio of 14:1.

Operational history
In operational service the aircraft proved to have problems with the ribs deteriorating and separating from the spar after only four years, even when the aircraft was stored indoors. This problem has affected used aircraft prices, as most surviving examples require repairs.

Variants
Invader Mk II
Conventional landing gear model.
Invader Mk III
Tricycle landing gear model.

Specifications (Invader Mk III)

References

External links
Photo of an Invader Mk III

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Molecular Playground. Molecular Playground is a project initiated in 2009 by researchers at University of Massachusetts Amherst whose goal is to expose the molecular aspect of nature to the public by the use of a system which displays interactive molecule simulations in public areas.

The exhibits have been displayed at University of Massachusetts, Springfield Science Museum, St Olaf College in Minnesota, Okinawa Institute of Technology in Japan, Gilead Sciences offices, University of Alcalá School of Pharmacy in Spain, Eastern Kentucky University, and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia in France.

External links
 Official project website
University of Massachusetts Amherst

References 

Molecular modelling software
Visualization (graphics)
PC-Flight Pretty Flight. The PC-Flight Pretty Flight is a single-engined, two-seat ultralight aircraft, designed in Germany and built in Romania in the 1990s. Few have been built.

In 2011 the aircraft was listed as back in production as the GM&T International Pretty Flight.

Design and development
Production rights to the Pretty Flight have been held by several companies. It was designed by Calin Gologan and test flown by Peter Maderitch, whose first initials formed the original company name, PC-Flight.  This company ceased trading in 2005 but reformed as PCH-Flugzeubau to continue marketing the design. Production rights went to PC-Aero in Germany but PC-Aero signed an agreement in 2002 with GM&T International of Romania giving them the right to produce the design.

The Pretty Flight is a conventionally laid out, high-wing monoplane of all-metal construction, fitted with a single engine and seating two in side by side. The wing is braced with a single, faired lift strut on either side. Its skin is mostly metal apart from the rear part of the wings and the control surfaces. The wing tips are upturned and the fin swept. The wing carries full span flaperons, later replaced with conventional ailerons and flaps. It has a horn-balanced rudder. The cabin seats two in side-by-side configuration. Its tricycle landing gear has cantilever spring main legs and a cantilever nose leg, with wheels in fairings. The Pretty Flight has a ballistic recovery parachute.

While it has been built with the Rotax 912iS  aircraft engine, in 2015 it was also advertised with the  Walter Mikron III.

The first flight was in November 1996. Pretty Flight parts were originally produced by Star Tech Impex of Romania and assembled by Nitsche Flugzeubau in Germany. One  prototype, one production aircraft and three pre-series aircraft had been built when German certification was achieved in September 1998. A batch of ten production aircraft was established in November 1998 but later suspended at least until the rights change to GM&T; it is not known how many production Pretty Flights were completed. The GM&T demonstrator D-MNPF was the 1996 first prototype.

Operational history
The GM&T aircraft was exhibited at AERO Friedrichshafen, in April 2005, but was not present in 2007. By mid-2010 there were 5 Pretty Flights on the German civil aviation register but none elsewhere in Europe.

Specifications

References

External links

1990s German sport aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1996
Royal Australian Air Force Experimental Section. The Experimental Section was an experimental aircraft design and testing section of the Royal Australian Air Force. The section was formed in January 1924 at Randwick, Sydney and produced a number of aircraft designs before closing in 1930. The Commanding Officer of the Station was Lawrence Wackett who was an early trainee pilot at Point Cook and became the leading figure in Australian aircraft design and construction.

Wackett moved his unit to Cockatoo Island in 1930 after the section at Randwick was closed.

See also

Notes
Citations

Royal Australian Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1924
Military units and formations disestablished in 1930
Lydia Kavraki. Lydia E. Kavraki () is a Greek-American computer scientist, the Noah Harding Professor of Computer Science, a professor of bioengineering, electrical and computer engineering, and mechanical engineering at Rice University. She is also the director of the Ken Kennedy Institute at Rice University. She is known for her work on robotics/AI and bioinformatics/computational biology and in particular for the probabilistic roadmap method for robot motion planning and biomolecular configuration analysis.

Biography
Kavraki was born in Heraklion  and did her undergraduate studies at the University of Crete. She then moved to Stanford University for her graduate studies, earning a Ph.D. in 1995 under the supervision of Jean-Claude Latombe.

Awards and honors
In 2000, Kavraki won the Grace Murray Hopper Award for her work on probabilistic roadmaps. In 2002, Popular Science magazine listed her in their "Brilliant 10" awards, and in the same year MIT Technology Review listed her in their annual list of 35 innovators under the age of 35.
 In 2010, she was elected as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to robotic motion planning and its application to computational biology." She is also a fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, a fellow of IEEE, a fellow of AIMBE  and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2015, she was the winner of the ABIE Award for Technical Leadership from the Anita Borg Institute. In 2017, Kavraki was honored with the ACM Athena Lecturer award from the Association for Computing Machinery, which celebrates women researchers who have made fundamental contributions to the field of Computer Science. In 2020, she was awarded the ACM IEEE Allen Newell Award.

Kavraki is  a member of the National Academy of Medicine (formerly Institute of Medicine (IoM)), the Academy of Athens, the Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas (TAMEST), the Academia Europaea, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Greek computer scientists
Greek emigrants to the United States
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Greek women computer scientists
University of Crete alumni
Stanford University alumni
Rice University faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
2010 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Members of Academia Europaea
Researchers in geometric algorithms
Women systems scientists
Scientists from Heraklion
American women academics
21st-century American women
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Monatomic gas. In physics and chemistry, "monatomic" is a combination of the words "mono" and "atomic", and means "single atom". It is usually applied to gases: a monatomic gas is a gas in which atoms are not bound to each other. Examples at standard conditions of temperature and pressure include all the noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon), though all chemical elements will be monatomic in the gas phase at sufficiently high temperature (or very low pressure). The thermodynamic behavior of a monatomic gas is much simpler when compared to polyatomic gases because it is free of any rotational or vibrational energy.

Noble gases 
The only chemical elements that are stable single atoms (so they are not molecules) at standard temperature and pressure (STP) are the noble gases.  These are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Noble gases have a full outer valence shell making them rather non-reactive species. While these elements have been described historically as completely inert, chemical compounds have been synthesized with all but neon and helium.

When grouped together with the homonuclear diatomic gases such as nitrogen (N2), the noble gases are called "elemental gases" to distinguish them from molecules that are also chemical compounds.

Thermodynamic properties 
The only possible motion of an atom in a monatomic gas is translation (electronic excitation is not important at room temperature). Thus by the equipartition theorem, the kinetic energy of a single atom of a monatomic gas at thermodynamic temperature T is given by , where kB is the Boltzmann constant. One mole of atoms contains an Avogadro number () of atoms, so that the energy of one mole of atoms of a monatomic gas is , where R is the gas constant. 

In an adiabatic process, monatomic gases have an idealised γ-factor (Cp/Cv) of 5/3, as opposed to 7/5 for ideal diatomic gases where rotation (but not vibration at room temperature) also contributes. Also, for ideal monatomic gases:

References 

Gases
IEC 61162. IEC 61162 is a collection of IEC standards for "Digital interfaces for navigational equipment within a ship".

The 61162 standards are developed in Working Group 6 (WG6) of Technical Committee 80 (TC80) of the IEC.

Sections of IEC 61162
Standard IEC 61162 is divided into the following parts:
 Part 1: Single talker and multiple listeners (Also known as NMEA 0183)
 Part 2: Single talker and multiple listeners, high-speed transmission
 Part 3: Serial data instrument network (Also known as NMEA 2000)
 Part 450:  Multiple talkers and multiple listeners–Ethernet interconnection (Also known as Lightweight Ethernet)
 Part 460:  Multiple talkers and multiple listeners - Ethernet interconnection - Safety and security

The 61162 standards are all concerning the transport of NMEA sentences, but the IEC
does not define any of these. This is left to the NMEA Organization.

IEC 61162-1
Single talker and multiple listeners.

IEC 61162-2
Single talker and multiple listeners, high-speed transmission.

IEC 61162-3
Serial data instrument network, multiple talker-multiple listener, prioritized data.

IEC 61162-450
Multiple talkers and multiple listeners.

This subgroup of TC80/WG6 has specified the use of Ethernet for shipboard navigational networks. The specification describes the transport of NMEA sentences as defined in 61162-1 over IPv4. Due to the low amount of protocol complexity it has been nicknamed Lightweight Ethernet or LWE in short.

There are three revision: the original published in 2011, and updates in 2018 and 2024.

IEC 61162-450/460
IEC 61162-460:2015(E) is an add-on to the IEC 61162-450 standard. This standard extends the informative guidance given in Annex D of IEC 61162-450:2011. The first edition was published in August 2015.

State May 2016 is the first bridge and system manufacturers beginning with the implementation of IEC 61162-450 and IEC 61162-460.

IEC 61162-460:2024 (also referred to as IEC 61162-460 Edition 3.0) is an updated add-on to IEC 61162-450. This standard extends the informative guidance given in Annex D of IEC 61162-450:2011. The third edition was published in April 2024.

Known devices with -450 implementation:
Cobham SAILOR AIS 
Cobham SAILOR GNSS 
Cobham SAILOR NAVTEX 
Cobham SAILOR 7222 VHF DSC Class A
Danelec VDR 
Furuno GPS
Furuno ECDIS 
Furuno VDR 
Ixblue ECDIS
Ixblue Netans (Full Naval Data Distribution solution)
Navmaster ECDIS
Netwave NW6000 SOLAS Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) 
Saab AIS
Totem Plus ECDIS
Totem Plus VDR 2014
Veinland NMEA Matrix ( bidirectional 8 Port Multiplexer / Converter )
Inclinometer
SATURN Gyrocompass
Norwegian Electric Systems RAVEN INS
Weidmueller modular I/O system u-remote
RH Marine ECDIS

Known devices/systems with -460 implementation:
Robustel MG460 Maritime Cyber Security Gateway  ( IEC 61162-460:2024 Gateway/Wireless-Gateway)
Veinland marine approved network switch MagicNet  ( IEC 61162-460 Switch/Forwarder)
Veinland marine approved network gateway MagicNet-GWR (IEC 61162-460 Gateway)
Chartworld eChart Secure (IEC 61162-460 Gateway)

References

External links 
 Official IEC website
 TC80
 

61162
Electronic engineering
Wuhan Vocational College of Software and Engineering. The Wuhan Vocational College of Software and Engineering () is a municipal public vocational college in Wuhan, Hubei, China. It is affiliated with and sponsored by the Wuhan City People's Government.

There are more than 700 faculty staff and more than 14,000 students.

History
WHVCSE was founded by combining two vocational colleges, Wuhan Vocational College of Software () and Wuhan Vocational College of Industry and Traffic (), in 2007.

Departments
School of Computer and Software
Department of Mechanical Manufacture Engineering
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
Department of Photoelectron and Communication Engineering
Department of Automobile Application Engineering
Department of Economics and Management
Department of Art and Design
Department of Environmental and Bio-chemical Engineering
Department of Fundamental Courses and Department of Physical Education

Notes

External links

Universities and colleges in Wuhan
Educational institutions established in 1979
1979 in Wuhan
Sulfur tetrachloride. Sulfur tetrachloride is an inorganic compound with chemical formula SCl4. It has only been obtained as an unstable pale yellow solid.  The corresponding SF4 is a stable, useful reagent.

Preparation and structure
It is obtained by treating sulfur dichloride with chlorine at 193 K:

It melts with simultaneous decomposition above −20 °C.

Its solid structure is uncertain. It is probably the salt SCl3+Cl−, since related salts are known with noncoordinating anions.  In contrast to this tetrachloride, SF4 is a neutral molecule.

Reactions
It decomposes above −30 °C (242 K) to sulfur dichloride and chlorine.

It hydrolyzes readily:

Sulfur tetrachloride reacts with water, producing hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide through the hydrolysis process.  Thionyl chloride is an implied intermediate.

It can  be oxidized by nitric acid:

References 

Sulfur chlorides
Hypervalent molecules
Bridge in Snake Spring Township. Bridge in Snake Spring Township, also known as the Narrows Bridge, is a historic concrete arch bridge located at The Narrows in Snake Spring Township in Bedford County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1934, and is a , open spandrel concrete arch bridge with five arches.  The roadway is skewed and carries US 30, the Lincoln Highway, over the Raystown Branch Juniata River.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania

References

External links

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Bridges completed in 1934
Bridges in Bedford County, Pennsylvania
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Bedford County, Pennsylvania
Concrete bridges in the United States
Open-spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States
1934 establishments in Pennsylvania
WonderBorg. The  is a programmable consumer robot kit first released for the Bandai WonderSwan and Microsoft Windows PCs in 2000. It is intended to match both the external appearance and mode of transport of a beetle, with functioning antennae and a six-legged design.

History
The prototype for what would eventually become the WonderBorg was produced in cooperation between the Japan Science and Technology Agency and toy manufacturer Bandai. Initially, the WonderBorg was available only as an accessory for the WonderSwan, with a version for Windows PCs released later. Outside Asia, the PC-compatible WonderBorg was licensed and marketed by Tiger Electronics from 2001.

The WonderBorg was designed with education in mind, with a view to use in classrooms. To this end, an associated game, dubbed simply "JST Robot Game", was developed, in which students are required to clear an obstacle course by programming the robot to navigate a given maze correctly.

Hardware
The WonderBorg was available in two retail configurations, with compatible tools for WonderSwan and PC, respectively. The WonderSwan version included a special cartridge with the software necessary to program the WonderBorg and an embedded infra-red transmitter, while the PC version shipped with a software CD for Windows and an infra-red transmitter to connect to a PC via serial port.

The WonderBorg itself requires assembly, and can be customised somewhat, with possible configurations involving differently sized gears favouring torque or speed, and wheels to replace the robot's usual six-legged design. Decal stickers were also included, to allow superficial decoration. Once assembled, the WonderBorg is powered by three AAA batteries and reacts to its environment using seven sensors:

 infrared receiver
 antennae: independent left and right tactile sensors
 eyes: independent left and right infrared LEDs
 light sensor
 floor sensor: detects the presence or absence of ground ahead
 internal clock sensor
 steps sensor

Using its two independent motors (left and right), the WonderBorg is able to move forward, reverse, turn while moving forward or backward, and rotate in place. Its main processor is an Elan EM78P451AQ (RISC-like 8-bit microprocessor).

Software
Both the WonderSwan and PC versions are bundled with specialized WonderBorg programming software known as Robot Works. Rather than requiring the user to learn a complex programming language, the WonderBorg program is written using a graphical user interface, in which instructions for the robot are laid out in a grid. On one side of the grid the WonderBorg's various sensors can be laid out, with those higher on the grid taking priority. The robot is then given instructions on how to react to each trigger. The WonderSwan version additionally included a "pet" program, in which the WonderBorg would behave similarly to Bandai's prior Tamagotchi, a mode omitted from the PC version.

See also
 AIBO, a robotic dog manufactured by Sony
 Furby, a previous Tiger Electronics robot toy
 LAURON, a more recent six-legged insectoid robot
 Poo-Chi, a Tiger robot dog toy

References

2000s robots
Hasbro products
Robot kits
CodeBook. CodeBook is an interoperable CAD overlay Building information modeling (BIM) software suite for Microsoft Windows. The software is currently developed by UK company, Codebook International Ltd.

The software allows the user to design using the conventional design tools (for example: Autodesk Revit, Bentley Microstation, Graphisoft ArchiCAD) and elements, and to create and interrogate a separate BIM database. CodeBook's BIM database contains information gathered during the building's full life cycle, from scoping and concept stages through detailed design and construction to CMMS/FM handover.

External links
 CodeBook International.

Revit
Building information modeling
Computer-aided design software
The Crystal, Copenhagen. The Crystal (Danish: Krystallen) is a free-standing, environmentally friendly extension of Nykredit headquarters at the Kalvebod Brygge waterfront in Copenhagen, Denmark. Designed by Schmidt Hammer Lassen, it takes its name from its light, crystalline form which rests on only a single point and a single line, allowing for unhindered views as well as passage underneath the building.

Design

Sustainability
The building has a low energy-consumption of only 70 kWh per sqm, or 25 per cent less than the requirements of the existing energy legislation in Denmark. This is obtained with the highly effective insulating triple-layered inner glass façade which has a U-value of only 0.7 Wh per sqm. The roof is covered with photovoltaic panels generating 80,000 kWh per year.

Plaza
The plaza next to the building is designed by Stig L. Andersson in collaboration with Schmidt Hammer Lassen. Its light-coloured slate paving continues into the ground floor of the building, integrating the exterior and interior spaces. The plaza is dominated by a waterfeature, Denmark's largest fountain, consisting of a circular water basin and 2,000 valves arranged in long straight lines which spray water in varying heights of up to 2.5 metres. The water feature is illuminated at night. There are benches and a single row of trees along one side of the space.

Awards
 2011 LEAF Award ('structural design' category)

Gallery

References

External links
 Under Krystallen, Architectural overview

Office buildings completed in 2011
Office buildings in Copenhagen
Schmidt Hammer Lassen buildings
2010s architecture in Denmark
Codebook (disambiguation). A codebook is a type of document used for gathering and storing codes.

Codebook may also refer to:
CodeBook, software used in building information modeling
The Code Book, a 1999 book by Simon Singh
 Codebook algorithm, an algorithm used in cryptography
 Codebook, a password management software by Zetetic LLC
 Codebook excited linear prediction, a speech coding algorithm
 Electronic codebook (ECB), a mode of encryption in cryptography