omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aerfer Sagittario 2. The Aerfer Sagittario 2 (Italian for sagittarius) was a prototype all-metal single-seat lightweight fighter aircraft built in Italy by Aerfer, intended to serve as an interceptor or light tactical support aircraft. First flown in 1956, it became the first Italian aircraft to break the sound barrier in controlled flight when it reached Mach 1.1 during a dive from 13,725 m (45,000 ft).

Design and development
The Sagittario 2 was based on the earlier Sagittario, which was itself a development of the S.7 piston-engined training aircraft that went into service with the Italian Air Force in small numbers.

A small all-metal aircraft, the Sagittario 2 had its jet engine mounted in the nose, with the exhaust underneath the mid-fuselage. The wing and tail surfaces were highly-swept. 
The cockpit was moved forward of its position on the Sagittario's predecessors, and equipped with a bubble canopy. A tricycle undercarriage was fitted, with the nose gear retracting under the engine.

Development continued as the Ariete.

Operators

 Italian Air Force  operated two aircraft for evaluation test

Specifications (Sagittario 2)

See also

References

Bibliography

 The Aeroplane, December 21, 1956, p. 924
 Buttler, Tony. X-Planes of Europe II: Military Prototype Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946–1974. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2015. 
 Giuseppe Ciampaglia, Dal SAI Ambrosini Sagittario all'AERFER Leone, January 2004, IBN editore, with English translation by Stephen Richards

Sagittario 2
1950s Italian fighter aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1956
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Fermentation lock. A fermentation lock or fermentation airlock is a device used in beer brewing and wine making that allows carbon dioxide released during fermentation to escape the fermenter, while not allowing air to enter the fermenter, thus avoiding oxidation.

There are two main designs for the fermentation lock. These designs work when half filled with water. When the pressure of the gas inside the fermentation vessel exceeds the prevailing atmospheric pressure the gas will push its way through the water as individual bubbles into the outside air. A sanitizing solution, sulphur dioxide or alcohol is sometimes placed in the fermentation lock to prevent contamination of the beverage in case the water is inadvertently drawn into the fermenter.

This device may take the form of a tube connected to the headspace of the fermenting vessel into a tub of sanitized liquid or a simpler device mounted directly on top of the fermentation vessel.

Currently, a popular fermentation lock that mounts on top of the fermentation vessel is the three-piece fermentation lock.  Other models contain three bulbous chambers allowing for a broader range of pressure equalization.  These bulbous fermentation locks were generally made of hand blown glass and are nowadays often made of clear plastic.

The use of perforated rubber balloons offers an easy and inexpensive alternative to conventional airlocks: as used primarily in homebrewing, the balloon is stretched over the orifice of the fermentation vessel and, if necessary, tightened with rubber bands. The balloon is then perforated with a needle. These punctures, while not completely airtight, sufficiently protect the vessel's contents from contamination and allow the gases produced by fermentation to evacuate from the vessel as the pressure rises and the balloon inflates.

See also 
Fermentation (wine)

Harsch crock
Gas bubbler

References

Homebrewing
Aerfer Ariete. The Aerfer Ariete (Italian for Ram or Aries) was a prototype fighter aircraft built in Italy in 1958. It was a refined derivative of the Aerfer Sagittario 2, and was an attempt to bring that aircraft up to a standard where it could be mass-produced as a viable combat aircraft.

Retaining most of the Sagittario 2's layout with a nose intake and ventral exhaust for the main Derwent engine, the Ariete added a Rolls-Royce Soar RS.2 auxiliary turbojet engine to provide additional power for climbing and sprinting. This used a dorsal, retractable intake with its exhaust at the tail.

No production ensued; a proposed version with a de Havilland Spectre rocket engine instead of the auxiliary turbojet, the Aerfer Leone (Lion or Leo), was abandoned before a prototype could be built.

Operators

 Italian Air Force  operated two aircraft for evaluation test

Specifications (Ariete)

See also

References

Bibliography

 Buttler, Tony. X-Planes of Europe II: Military Prototype Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946–1974. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2015. 
 Swanborough, Gordon. Air Enthusiast, Volume One. London: Pilot Press, 1971. .

Ariete
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Italy
1950s Italian fighter aircraft
Twinjets
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Aircraft with auxiliary jet engines
Aerial Distributors Distributor Wing. The Distributor Wing DW-1 was a prototype agricultural aircraft of unorthodox design, designed by Ken Razak in the United States and marketed by Aerial Distributors in the 1960s.

Design
Developed with assistance from NASA, the University of Wichita and the University of Robbins, California, the aircraft was unusual in that it had a second engine mounted directly below its main powerplant, using this second motor to power a distribution system that used compressed air to carry dry chemicals from a hopper and blow them out of the trailing edges of its wings, over the flaps. Varying the power of this blower engine also provided lift control.

Flight testing and cancellation
First flown on January 30, 1965, the DW-1 was flight tested over several years, with the cowling being revised during testing. Development was terminated by economic conditions in the fertilizer market.

Specifications (Production DW-1)

See also

References

External links

 Photo at aerofiles

DW-1
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
1960s United States agricultural aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965
National Engineering College. National Engineering College (NEC) is an educational institution in Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu. It is an autonomous institution affiliated with Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and was established in 1984 by Kalvithanthai Thiru. K. Ramasamy. The institute was approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi, India. It offers seven undergraduate degree programmes and five post-graduate degree programmes in Engineering and Technology. The institution runs under the National Educational Charitable Trust, founded by the chairman.

Location 
The college is located in the municipality of Kovilpatti, an industrial city in the Thoothukudi District, of Tamil Nadu. It's situated near Nalattinputhur, off of or closer to National Highway 44 (India), the longest-running, major north-south National Highway that runs from Srinagar to Kanyakumari. Madurai is the closest metropolitan city, around  away, while Tirunelveli (), Thoothukudi () and Kanyakumari () are the other major cities that are close by. The nearest railway station is in Kovilpatti. Thoothukudi Airport is possibly the closest commercial, and domestic airport, while Madurai Airport is the closest international airport. V. O. Chidambaranar Port Authority is the closest major port.

Courses offered

Ranking and accreditations

NEC is ranked 169 in the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), 2022.

Academics 
The curriculum and syllabus are designed based on the current developments in engineering and technology. NEC has its own learning management system (LMS), which effectively facilitates the teaching-learning process. To instill innovative culture among students, project-based learning is being practiced.

Research 
National Engineering College (NEC) has a well-defined policy to promote research, consultancy, and IPR. NEC has research centers recognized by Anna University to carry out Ph.D. Institution Research Fellowship Scheme is implemented for full-time PhD Scholars. To date, 34 Funded projects worth Rs.5 crores granted by various research boards have been completed successfully. 4 projects worth Rs.1.5 crores are going on. 1500+ Publications are successfully published, and 50+ Patents are successfully filed to date.

References 

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Stephen Tweedie. Stephen C. Tweedie is a Scottish software developer who is known for his work on the Linux kernel, in particular his work on filesystems.

After becoming involved with the development of the ext2 filesystem working on performance issues, he led the development of the ext3 filesystem which involved adding a journaling layer (JBD) to the ext2 filesystem. For his work on the journaling layer, he has been described by fellow Linux developer Andrew Morton as "a true artisan".

Born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1969, Tweedie studied computer science at Churchill College, Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh, where he did his thesis on Contention and Achieved Performance in Multicomputer Wormhole Routing Networks. After contributing to the Linux kernel in his spare time since the early nineties and working on VMS filesystem support for DEC for two years, Tweedie was employed by Linux distributor Red Hat where he continues to work on the Linux kernel.

Tweedie has published a number of papers on Linux, including Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem in 1994, Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem in 1998, and Planned Extensions to the Linux Ext2/Ext3 Filesystem in 2002.

Tweedie is also a frequent speaker on the subject of Linux kernel development at technical conferences. Amongst others, he has given talks on Linux kernel development at the 1997 and 1998 USENIX Annual Technical Conferences, the 2000 UKUUG conference in London, and he gave the keynote speech at the Ottawa Linux Symposium in 2002.

References 

1969 births
Living people
Linux kernel programmers
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Greeble. Greebles, also greeblies (singular: greebly), or "nurnies", are parts harvested from plastic modeling kits to be applied to an original model as a detail element. The practice of using parts in this manner is called "kitbashing".

Etymology
The term "greeblies" was first used by effects artists at Industrial Light & Magic in the 1970s to refer to small details added to models. According to model designer and fabricator Adam Savage, George Lucas, Industrial Light & Magic's founder, coined the term "greeblies". 

Ron Thornton is widely believed to have coined the term "nurnies" referring to CGI technical detail that his company Foundation Imaging produced for the Babylon 5 series, while the model-making team of 2001: A Space Odyssey referred to them as "wiggets".

See also

 Bump mapping
 Diapering
 Fractal art
 Horror vacui
 Kitbashing

References

External links
 Staffan Norling's comments about greebling

Computer graphic techniques
Film and video technology
Scale modeling
Special effects
Tom Miller (computer programmer). Tom Miller (born 1950) is a software developer who was employed by Microsoft.

Miller worked as a member of the original team of developers who followed Dave Cutler from DEC to Microsoft, where he initially started working in the networking group.

After less than two years, Miller moved to the Windows NT team, where he worked with John Nelson on file systems and wrote the original 50 page specification document for the NT File System.

References

American computer programmers
Microsoft employees
Microsoft Windows people
Living people
1950 births
Rémy Card. Rémy Card is a French software developer who is credited as one of the primary developers of the Extended file system (ext) and Second Extended file system (ext2) for Linux.

References

Bibliography
 Card, Rémy. (1997) Programmation Linux 2.0. Gestion 2000. .
 Card, Rémy; Dumas, Éric; & Mével, Franck. (1998). The Linux Kernel Book. John Wiley & Sons. .

External links
 Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem - written by Rémy Card, Theodore Ts'o and Stephen Tweedie, published at the First Dutch International Symposium on Linux (December 1994)
 Rémy Card Interview - in French (April 1998)

French computer programmers
Free software programmers
Linux kernel programmers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academic staff of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University
Rutan Boomerang. 

The Rutan Model 202 Boomerang is an aircraft designed and built by Burt Rutan, with the first prototype taking flight in 1996. The design was intended to be a multi-engine aircraft that in the event of failure of a single engine would not become dangerously difficult to control due to asymmetric thrust. The result is an asymmetrical aircraft with a very distinct appearance.

Design and development

The Boomerang was designed around the specifications of the Beechcraft Baron 58, one of the best known and most numerous twin-engine civilian aircraft. The use of the asymmetrical design allows the Boomerang to fly faster and farther than the Baron using smaller engines, and seating the same number of occupants.
The Boomerang is powered by two engines, with the right engine producing 10 hp (8 kW) more power than the left one (the engines are in fact the same model, just rated differently). The wings are forward-swept.

A single prototype was completed in 1996, registered as N24BT. It was operated by Rutan for six years.

Rutan's Boomerang was restored to flying condition in 2011 and made an appearance at Oshkosh that year as part of the Tribute to Rutan.

Morrow Aircraft Corporation MB-300
In 1997, avionics entrepreneur Ray Morrow and his son, Neil, founded an air taxi company, Skytaxi. Initially they used Cessna 414s as interim aircraft, but in the long term they planned to use a modified version of Rutan's Boomerang design, which they designated the MB-300, and founded Morrow Aircraft Corporation in order to design and manufacture the MB-300.
In 1999, Morrow applied to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the United States for a type certificate for the MB-300, however development was suspended in 2002 before the prototype was completed, and was not resumed.

Specifications (Boomerang)

See also
 Blohm & Voss BV 141 - asymmetric German design of World War II

References

External links

Autopia - Burt Rutan’s Boomerang: Safety Through Asymmetry - July 29, 2011
SCALED and RAF Manned Research Projects - April 2011

1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Boomerang
Asymmetrical aircraft
Twin-fuselage aircraft
Forward-swept-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1996
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Denel Dynamics. Denel Dynamics, formerly Kentron, is a division of Denel SOC Ltd, a South African armaments development and manufacturing company wholly owned by the South African Government. It underwent a name change from Kentron to Denel Aerospace Systems in early 2004 and later to Denel Dynamics. Denel Dynamics is located in Centurion, South Africa. Several sites are operating according to ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 certified.

Key products

Kentron developed the ARD-10 loitering drone for the South African Defence Force in the 1980s, however with the end of the South African Border Wars it did not enter service. Kentron sold the designs to Israel Aerospace Industries which used them to develop the IAI Harpy which was first tested in 1989. The designs were sold to Iran Aviation Industries Organization in 2004/5 and used by Shahed Aviation Industries to develop the Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones.

UN arms embargo violation

Four South Africans working for Kentron were arrested in March 1984 in Coventry and charged with violation of the UN arms embargo – which outlawed the export of arms and military equipment to apartheid South Africa.

The Coventry Four were granted bail against a deposit of £200,000 and a guarantee by a diplomat from the South African embassy who waived his diplomatic immunity. They were allowed to return to South Africa on condition that they appeared at their trial in England in August 1984. In the event, South African foreign minister, Pik Botha, refused to allow them to return for their trial.

See also
 Armscor (South Africa)
 Military of South Africa
 Military history of South Africa
 South African Air Force
 List of aircraft of the South African Air Force
 Advena (formerly Kentron Circle)

References

External links
 Denel Dynamics Official Site

Aircraft engineering companies
Defence companies of South Africa
Aerospace companies of South Africa
Guided missile manufacturers
Denel
Dodecane. Dodecane (also known as dihexyl, bihexyl, adakane 12, or duodecane) is an oily liquid n-alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C12H26 (which has 355 isomers).

It is used as a solvent, distillation chaser, and scintillator component. It is used as a diluent for tributyl phosphate (TBP) in nuclear reprocessing plants.

Combustion reaction
The combustion reaction of dodecane is as follows:

C12H26(l) + 18.5 O2(g) → 12 CO2(g) + 13 H2O(g)

ΔH° = −7513 kJ

One litre of fuel needs about 15 kg of air to burn (2.6 kg of oxygen), and generates 2.3 kg (or 1.2 m3) of CO2 upon complete combustion.

Jet fuel surrogate
In recent years, n-dodecane has garnered attention as a possible surrogate for kerosene-based fuels such as Jet-A, S-8, and other conventional aviation fuels. It is considered a second-generation fuel surrogate designed to emulate the laminar flame speed, largely supplanting n-decane, primarily due to its higher molecular mass and lower hydrogen-to-carbon ratio which better reflect the n-alkane content of jet fuels.

See also
Higher alkanes
Kerosene
List of isomers of dodecane

References

External links

Material Safety Data Sheet for Dodecane
Dodecane, Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Alkanes
Hydrocarbon solvents
Sound server. A sound server is software that manages the use of and access to audio devices (usually a sound card). It commonly runs as a background process.

Sound server in an operating system

In a Unix-like operating system, a sound server mixes different data streams (usually raw PCM audio) and sends out a single unified audio to an output device. The mixing is usually done by software, or by hardware if there is a supported sound card.

Layers

The "sound stack" can be visualized as follows, with programs in the upper layers calling elements in the lower layers:

 Applications (e.g. mp3 player, web video)
 Sound server (e.g. aRts, ESD, JACK, PulseAudio)
 Sound subsystem (described as kernel modules or drivers; e.g. OSS, ALSA)
 Operating system kernel (e.g. Linux, Unix)

Motivation 

Sound servers appeared in Unix-like operating systems after limitations in Open Sound System were recognized. OSS is a basic sound interface that was incapable of playing multiple streams simultaneously, dealing with multiple sound cards, or streaming sound over the network. 

A sound server can provide these features by running as a daemon. It receives calls from different programs and sound flows, mixes the streams, and sends raw audio out to the audio device.

With a sound server, users can also configure global and per-application sound preferences.

Diversification and problems 

 there are multiple sound servers; some focus on providing very low latency, while others concentrate on features suitable for general desktop systems. While diversification allows a user to choose just the features that are important to a particular application, it also forces developers to accommodate these options by necessitating code that is compatible with the various sound servers available. Consequently, this variety has resulted in a desire for a standard API to unify efforts.

List of sound servers
 aRts
 Enlightened Sound Daemon
 JACK
 Network Audio System
 PipeWire
 PulseAudio
 sndio - OpenBSD audio and MIDI framework

Streaming 
 Icecast
 SHOUTcast

References

External links

 Introduction to Linux Audio
 RFC: GNOME 2.0 Multimedia strategy

Servers (computing)
Tetradecane. Tetradecane  is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)12CH3.

Tetradecane has 1858 structural isomers.

See also
 Higher alkanes
 List of isomers of tetradecane

References

External links
 Material Safety Data Sheet for Tetradecane 
 http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/chemical.pl?TETRADECANE

Alkanes
Hexadecane. Hexadecane (also called cetane) is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C16H34.  Hexadecane consists of a chain of 16 carbon atoms, with three hydrogen atoms bonded to the two end carbon atoms, and two hydrogens bonded to each of the 14 other carbon atoms.

Cetane number

Cetane is often used as a shorthand for cetane number, a measure of the combustion of diesel fuel. Cetane ignites very easily under compression; for this reason, it is assigned a cetane number of 100, and serves as a reference for other fuel mixtures.

Hexadecyl radical

Hexadecyl is an alkyl radical of carbon and hydrogen derived from hexadecane, with formula C16H33 and with mass 225.433, occurring especially in cetyl alcohol. It confers strong hydrophobicity on molecules containing it. Carboplatin modified with hexadecyl and polyethylene glycol has increased liposolubility and PEGylation, proposed to useful in chemotherapy, specifically non-small-cell lung cancer.

Hexadecyl was used from 1982 for radiolabelling, and this continues to be useful, for example for radiolabelling exosomes and hydrogels,
and for positron emission tomography.

Hexadecyl platelet-activating factor has profound effects on the lung, and hexadecyl glyceryl ether participates in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens.

See also
Cetane index
Isocetane
Higher alkanes

References

Cited sources

External links
 Vapor pressure  and liquid density calculation
 Technique to determine hexadecane transfer

Alkanes
Nonadecane. Nonadecane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)17CH3, simplified to C19H40.

Occurrence in nature 
Nonadecane is found in Rosa × damascena (8%-15%), Rosa × alba (7%-13%) and n-Paraffin rich high altitude hybrids of both (20%-55%).

See also 
 Rose oil
 Paraffin

References

External links 
 Material Safety Data Sheet for Nonadecane
 Activities of a Specific Chemical Query

Alkanes
Icosane. Icosane (alternative spelling eicosane and eichosane) is an alkane with the chemical formula C20H42. It has 366,319 constitutional isomers.

n-Icosane (the straight-chain structural isomer of icosane) is the shortest compound found in paraffin waxes used to form candles.

Icosane's size, state or chemical inactivity does not exclude it from the traits its smaller alkane counterparts have. It is a colorless, non-polar molecule, nearly unreactive except when it burns. It is less dense than and insoluble in water. Its non-polar trait means it can only perform weak intermolecular bonding (hydrophobic/van der Waals forces).

Icosane's phase transition at a moderate temperature makes it a candidate phase change material, or PCM which can be used to store thermal energy and control temperature. 

It can be detected in the body odor of persons suffering from Parkinson's disease.

Naming
IUPAC currently recommends icosane, whereas Chemical Abstracts Service and Beilstein use eicosane.

See also 

 Perillaldehyde

References

External links
 Icosane at Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Alkanes