omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CIÉ 611 Class. The Córas Iompair Éireann 611 class locomotives were delivered from the manufacturers, Motorenfabrik Deutz at Cologne, Germany. They were delivered between December 1961 and February 1962, entering revenue earning service in the following August after receiving the new tan / black paint job at Inchicore.

History
Nos. 611 to 617 were a larger development of the earlier 601 class locomotives. They were fitted with a Deutz F/A8L 714 engine of , with Voith hydraulic transmission, weighed  and had a maximum speed of .
They went into traffic in various parts of the country, as shunting engines at smaller depots such as Dublin's North City Mills siding, and branch line duties such as the Loughrea branch line between Attymon and Loughrea. They briefly appeared on the Limerick - Foynes mixed train service for a few months until that line was closed in 1963. Unlike the earlier 601 class, these locomotives were fitted with brake connections enabling them to work passenger trains. Apart from their journeys on the Foynes and Loughrea lines, they never hauled passengers anywhere else until preservation in Downpatrick, where all three preserved have served on public passenger trains.

With their original lightweight branch line haunts all closed, and therefore little to do, they were withdrawn from service between 1967 and 1977. Nos. 611, 613, 615, 616 and 617 were sold to Cómhlucht Siúicre Éireann (Irish Sugar Co., now known as Greencore) in 1977. Four of these locomotives have been preserved, with the remaining three scrapped.

Fleet list

Model
The 611 Class has been made as a 00 gauge brass kit by Worsley Works Models .

References

External links

Downpatrick & County Down Railway Preserved G611 Class 
Irish Traction Group webpage for preserved G611
Irish Traction Group webpage for preserved G616
Irish Traction Group webpage for preserved G617*

Iarnród Éireann locomotives
Deutz locomotives
B locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Diesel locomotives of Ireland
Railway locomotives introduced in 1962
Shunting locomotives
Langley (unit). The langley (Ly) is a unit of heat transmission, especially used to express the rate of solar radiation (or insolation) received by the earth. The unit was proposed by Franz Linke in 1942 and named after Samuel Langley (1834–1906) in 1947.

Definition
One langley is 
1 thermochemical calorie per square centimetre,
41 840 J/m2 (joules per square metre)

See also 
 Solar constant
 Radiant exposure

References

Units of measurement
Non-SI metric units
Cray T3D. The T3D (Torus, 3-Dimensional) was Cray Research's first attempt at a massively parallel supercomputer architecture. Launched in 1993, it also marked Cray's first use of another company's microprocessor.  The T3D consisted of between 32 and 2048 Processing Elements (PEs), each comprising  a 150 MHz DEC Alpha 21064 (EV4) microprocessor and either 16 or 64 MB of DRAM. PEs were grouped in pairs, or nodes, which incorporated a 6-way processor interconnect switch. These switches had a peak bandwidth of 300 MB/second in each direction and were connected to form a three-dimensional torus network topology.

The T3D was designed to be hosted by a Cray Y-MP Model E, M90 or C90-series "front-end" system and rely on it and its UNICOS operating system for all I/O and most system services. The T3D PEs ran a simple microkernel called UNICOS MAX.

Several different configurations of T3D were available. The SC (Single Cabinet) models shared a cabinet with a host Y-MP system and were available with either 128 or 256 PEs. The MC (Multi-Cabinet) models were housed in one or more liquid-cooled cabinet(s) separately from the host, while the MCA models were smaller (32 to 128 PEs) air-cooled multi-cabinet configurations. There was also a liquid-cooled MCN model which had an alternative interconnect wire mat allowing non-power-of-2 numbers of PEs.

The Cray T3D MC cabinet had an Apple Macintosh PowerBook laptop built into its front. Its only purpose was to display animated Cray Research and T3D logos on its color LCD screen.

The first T3D delivered was a prototype installed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center in early September 1993. The supercomputer was formally introduced on 27 September 1993.

The T3D was superseded in 1995 by the faster and more sophisticated Cray T3E.

Gallery

References

External links
CRAY T3D System Architecture Overview Manual

Computer-related introductions in 1993
T3d
Supercomputers
General Problem Solver. General Problem Solver (GPS) is a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert A. Simon, J. C. Shaw, and Allen Newell (RAND Corporation) intended to work as a universal problem solver machine. In contrast to the former Logic Theorist project, the GPS  works with means–ends analysis.

Overview
Any problem that can be expressed as a set of well-formed formulas (WFFs) or Horn clauses, and that constitutes a directed graph with one or more sources (that is, hypotheses) and sinks (that is, desired conclusions), can be solved, in principle, by GPS. Proofs in the predicate logic and Euclidean geometry problem spaces are prime examples of the domain of applicability of GPS. It was based on Simon and Newell's theoretical work on logic machines. GPS was the first computer program that separated its knowledge of problems (rules represented as input data) from its strategy of how to solve problems (a generic solver engine). GPS was implemented in the third-order programming language, IPL.

While GPS solved simple problems such as the Towers of Hanoi that could be sufficiently formalized, it could not solve any real-world problems because the search was easily lost in the combinatorial explosion. Put another way, the number of "walks" through the inferential digraph became computationally untenable. (In practice, even a straightforward state space search such as the Towers of Hanoi can become computationally infeasible, albeit judicious prunings of the state space can be achieved by such elementary AI techniques as A* and IDA*).

The user defined objects and operations that could be done on the objects, and GPS generated heuristics by means–ends analysis in order to solve problems.  It focused on the available operations, finding what inputs were acceptable and what outputs were generated.  It then created subgoals to get closer and closer to the goal.

The GPS paradigm eventually evolved into the Soar architecture for artificial intelligence.

See also
 Logic Theorist

References

 Newell, A.; Shaw, J.C.; Simon, H.A. (1959). Report on a general problem-solving program.  Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing.  pp. 256–264.
 Newell, A. (1963). A Guide to the General Problem-Solver Program GPS-2-2. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.  Technical Report No. RM-3337-PR.
 Ernst, G.W. and Newell, A. (1969). GPS: a case study in generality and problem solving.  Academic Press. (Revised version of Ernst's 1966 dissertation, Carnegie Institute of Technology.)
 Newell, A., and Simon, H. A. (1972) Human problem solving Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
 

History of artificial intelligence
STS-61-H. STS-61-H was a NASA Space Shuttle mission planned to launch on 24 June 1986 using Columbia. However, it was canceled after the Challenger disaster.

Crew

Backup crew

Crew notes 
Before Buchli was assigned to STS-61-H, Norman E. Thagard was the potential Mission Specialist 3 for this flight.

Mission objectives 
The main task of the mission was to bring two commercial satellites into orbit – Palapa B3 and Westar-6S, and military communication satellite - Skynet-4A, The British Skynet and the Indonesian Palapa were supposed to be accompanied by an astronaut from the two countries.

After the Challenger disaster, the deployment of commercial satellites by the Space Shuttle was stopped, and for several years no international astronauts were nominated. Thus, neither the British nor the Indonesian payload specialists got a second chance for a spaceflight. The NASA crew however stayed together and participated in a 56-hour-long simulated mission known as STS-61-M(T) in 1987. The crew finally flew on STS-29, with Anna L. Fisher being replaced by James P. Bagian.

Skynet 4A was launched on 1 January 1990 with a Titan III, Westar-6S was renamed Galaxy-6 and launched on 12 October 1992 by an Ariane 44L. Palapa-B3 was renamed to Palapa B2P and was launched on 20 March 1987 with a Delta-3920.

See also 
 Cancelled Space Shuttle missions
 STS-29

References

External links 
 http://www.mach25.nl/~jacques/shuttle/STS61H.html

Cancelled Space Shuttle missions
Severo Ornstein. Severo M. Ornstein (born 1930) is an American retired computer scientist and the son of composer Leo Ornstein. In 1955, he joined MIT's Lincoln Laboratory as a programmer and designer for the SAGE air-defense system. He later joined the TX-2 group and became a member of the team that designed the LINC. He moved with the team to Washington University in St. Louis where he was one of the principal designers of macromodules.

Returning to Boston he joined Bolt, Beranek and Newman. When ARPA issued a Request for Proposal for the ARPANET, he joined the group that wrote the winning proposal. He was responsible for the design of the communication interfaces and other special hardware for the Interface Message Processor. In 1972 he headed the first delegation of U.S. computer scientists to the People's Republic of China.

In 1976, he joined Xerox PARC where he implemented a computer interface to an early laser printer. Later he co-led (with Ed McCreight) the team that built the Dorado computer.
Ornstein co-designed Mockingbird, the first interactive computer-based music-score editor, and oversaw its programming.

In 1980 he was instrumental in starting Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR). He wrote an autobiography describing his experiences in computer science, published in 2002.

See also 

 Frank Heart
 Robert Kahn (computer scientist)
 William Crowther (programmer)

References

Further reading
Oral history interview with Severo Ornstein, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Ornstein describes his experience at Lincoln Laboratory which included work on the SAGE, TX-2 and LINC computers. He discusses his move to Washington University, and the later work there on DARPA/IPTO sponsored macromodule project. As the principal hardware designer of the Interface Message Processor (IMP) for the ARPANET, Ornstein describes the IMP design work at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), the working environment of the group at BBN, his relationship with Lawrence Roberts, his interactions with Honeywell, and his work on the Pluribus multi-processor IMP. Ornstein also discusses the contributions of Wesley Clark and Norman Abramson, his involvement with the Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, and his views on artificial intelligence and time-sharing.
Oral history interview with Severo Ornstein and Laura Gould, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Oral history interview by Bruce Bruemmer, November 17, 1994, Woodside, California, discussing the formation and activities of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.
A Brief History of ARPANET, mentioning Ornstein
Severo's website on the composer Leo Ornstein, his father

American computer scientists
Computer systems researchers
Living people
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Scientists at PARC (company)
MIT Lincoln Laboratory people
1930 births
Washington University in St. Louis staff
Apple Pascal. Apple Pascal is an implementation of Pascal for the Apple II and Apple III computer series, based on UCSD Pascal.
Just like other UCSD Pascal implementations, it ran on its own operating system (Apple Pascal Operating System, a derivative of UCSD p-System with graphical extensions).

Originally released for the Apple II in August 1979, just after Apple DOS 3.2, Apple Pascal  pioneered a number of features that would later be incorporated into DOS 3.3, as well as others that would not be seen again until the introduction of ProDOS.

The Apple Pascal software package also included disk maintenance utilities, and an assembler meant to complement Apple's built-in "monitor" assembler. A FORTRAN compiler  (written by Silicon Valley Software of Sunnyvale, California) compiling to the same p-code as Pascal was also available.

Comparison of Pascal OS with DOS 3.2
Apple Pascal Operating System introduced a new disk format. Instead of dividing the disk into 256-byte sectors as in DOS 3.2, Apple Pascal divides it into "blocks" of 512 bytes each. The p-System also introduced  a different method for saving and retrieving files. Under Apple DOS, files were saved to any available sector that the OS could find, regardless of location. Over time, this could lead to file system fragmentation, slowing access to the disk. Apple Pascal attempted to rectify this by saving only to consecutive blocks on the disk.

Other innovations introduced in the file system included the introduction of a timestamp feature.  Previously only a file's name, basic type, and size would be shown.  Disks could also be named for the first time.

Limitations of the p-System included new restrictions on the naming of files. 
Writing files only on consecutive blocks also created problems, because over time free space tended to become too fragmented to store new files.  A utility called KRUNCH was included in the package to consolidate free space.

The biggest problem with the Apple Pascal system was that it was too big to fit on one floppy disk. This meant that on a system with only one floppy disk drive, frequent disk swapping was needed. A system needed at least two disk drives in order to use the operating system properly.

Release history

Sources

Notes

External links 
 The History of Apple's Pascal "Syntax" Poster, 1979-80.
 Pascal Syntax Poster 

Pascal
Pascal
Disk operating systems
Pascal programming language family
Discontinued operating systems
Charles Richards. Charles Richards may refer to:

Charles Brinckerhoff Richards (1833–1919), engineer, designer of the Colt Single action army revolver, and Yale professor
Charles Dow Richards (1879–1956), Canadian judge and New Brunswick politician
Charles L. Richards (1877–1953), American Representative from Nevada
Charles Richards (pentathlete) (born 1945), American modern pentathlete
Red Richards (1912–1998), American jazz pianist
Charles Richards (NASA engineer) (fl. 1960s), American NASA engineer, Rogallo manned kite-glider designer
Charles Foster Richards (1866–1944), stamp collector
Charles S. Richards (1878–1971), justice of the Delaware Supreme Court
Charlie Richards (1875–?), footballer
Charlie Richards (Australian footballer) (1910–1990)

See also
Chuck Richards (1913–1984), American radio DJ
Charles Richard (disambiguation)
Richards (surname)
Piper PA-15 Vagabond. The Piper PA-15 Vagabond and PA-17 Vagabond are both two-seat, high-wing, conventional gear light aircraft that were designed for personal use and for flight training and built by Piper Aircraft starting in 1948.

Development
The PA-15 was the first post-World War II Piper aircraft design.  It utilized much of the same production tooling that created the famous Piper Cub, as well as many of the Cub structural components (tail surfaces, landing gear, most of the wing parts).  The Vagabond has a wing that is one bay shorter ( versus ) than that on the Cub, which led to the unofficial term describing the type: Short Wing Piper. This allowed the aircraft to be built with minimal material, design and development costs, and is credited with saving Piper Aircraft from bankruptcy after the war.

The prototype PA-15 made its first flight on 3 November 1947, with deliveries of production aircraft beginning in January 1948.
 
Vagabonds used a new fuselage with side-by-side seating for two instead of the Cub's tandem seating.

The PA-17 Vagabond version features dual controls, enabling it to be used for pilot training. It has a bungee cord shock-absorbed landing gear (solid gear on the PA-15), and a  Continental A-65 engine. There was a small increase in climb rate and useful load over the  PA-15, despite an increase in empty weight.

The Vagabond was followed by the Piper PA-16 Clipper, which is essentially a Vagabond with a  longer fuselage, Lycoming O-235 engine of , extra wing fuel tank, and four seats. The Pacer, Tri-Pacer and Colt are all variations of the Vagabond design and thus all Short Wing Pipers.

Operational history

In March 2018 there were still 167 PA-15s and 101 PA-17s registered in the USA.

There were 13 PA-15s and 12 PA-17s registered in Canada in March 2018.

Variants

PA-15 Vagabond
Side-by-side two-seater powered by one  Lycoming O-145 engine. 387 built, plus one converted from a PA-17.
PA-17 Vagabond
Also known as the Vagabond Trainer a variant of the PA-15 with dual-controls, shock-cord suspension and powered by one  Continental A-65-8 engine. 214 built.

Specifications (PA-15)

See also
1948 in aviation (first flight)
Related development:
Piper Pacer

Comparable aircraft:
Cessna 120/140
RagWing RW11 Rag-A-Bond
Wag-Aero Wag-a-Bond

References

External links

High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Vagabond
1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Polymer substrate. Polymers and plastics known as polymer substrates are used for banknotes and other everyday products. The banknote is more durable than paper, won't become soaked in liquids and is harder to counterfeit, though not impossible. Countries whose whole banknote production is in polymer are: Australia, Romania, Vietnam, United Kingdom and New Zealand. Other countries that have partial polymer and paper issue include Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Mexico, Zambia, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Nigeria, Chile, and Nepal. The material is also used in commemorative notes in some other countries. The process of polymer substrate creation was developed by the Australia CSIRO.
Countries like Bulgaria have issued a combination of paper and polymer as the 200 Lev banknote.

References

Polymers
Stone Soupercomputer. The Stone Soupercomputer was a Beowulf-style computer cluster built at the US Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the late 1990s.

A group of lab employees including William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman applied for a grant to build a cluster in 1996, but it was rejected.  
They decided to build a cluster anyway, using desktop personal computers that had been discarded as being too slow.  The name was derived from the story of stone soup.
The developers used freely available and open source software such as Linux operating system, the Parallel Virtual Machine toolkit, and the Message Passing Interface library.

By early 1997 the first applications were running on the cluster. By May 2001 it had 133 nodes. They included Intel 80486 and Pentium-based machines as well as a few DEC Alpha workstations. Low-cost Ethernet networking was used for interconnection instead of any special-purpose network. The cluster was the subject of an article in Scientific American magazine in 2001. Many applications were developed on this system that could then be deployed on other, faster clusters.  The stone cluster was no longer in use by August 2003.
This approach was used as a model for other educational cluster projects.

References 

Parallel computing
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Content Protection for Recordable Media. Content Protection for Recordable Media and Pre-Recorded Media (CPRM / CPPM) is a mechanism for restricting the copying, moving, and deletion of digital media on a host device, such as a personal computer, or other player. It is a form of digital rights management (DRM) developed by The 4C Entity, LLC (consisting of IBM, Intel, Matsushita and Toshiba).

The CPRM / CPPM specification defines a renewable cryptographic method for restricting content when recorded on physical media. The currently implemented method utilizes the Cryptomeria cipher (C2) algorithm for symmetric encryption. The types of physical media supported include, but are not limited to, recordable DVD media and flash memory. The most widespread use of CPRM is arguably in Secure Digital cards such as the SD-Audio standard. Note that the available 0.9 revision includes only the portions of the specification covering DVD media.

The CPRM / CPPM specification was designed to meet the requirements of intellectual property owners while balancing the implementation requirements of manufacturers. To accomplish these requirements, the system defined by the specification relies on public-key cryptography's key management for interchangeable media, content encryption, and "media-based renewability."

The use of the CPRM specification and access to the cryptographic materials required to implement it requires a license from 4C Entity, LLC. The license includes a facsimile  key for the product which uses CPRM / CPPM technology.

A controversial proposal to add generic key exchange commands (that could be utilized by CPRM and other content restriction technologies) to ATA specifications for removable hard drives was abandoned after outcry in 2001.
CPRM is widely deployed in the popular Secure Digital card consumer-electronics flash memory format.

Notes and references

External links 

 2001 The Register article on CPRM in ATA drives

Digital rights management standards
Compact Disc and DVD copy protection
OFB. OFB  may refer to:

 Original Fila Brasileiro, a working farm dog breed from Brazil
 Ordnance Factories Board, an Indian industrial setup engaged in the production of arms, ammunition and other equipment for military and civilian applications
 Austrian Football Association (German: Österreichischer Fußball-Bund, ÖFB)
 Outflow boundary, in meteorology, the leading edge of precipitation-cooled air emanating from a thunderstorm
 Output feedback, a mode of operation for block ciphers in cryptography
 Overseas Filipino Bank, a state-owned bank in the Philippines
 Oklahoma Farm Bureau
 Open for Business (blog), an online general interest publication with a technology focus
 The Sims 2: Open for Business
 Oregon Food Bank
 OFB (rap group), or Original Farm Boys, a UK drill music group
Operation Forth Bridge, the national plan for handling the death of Prince Philip