omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Airborne gun. Airborne guns are airborne artillery pieces, designed for use by paratroopers. They are generally specific or specialised types of infantry support guns, being in the traditional sense capable of being broken down into smaller loads for transport by aircraft and soldiers, thus also suitable as mountain guns.  The historical concept of the "airborne guns" is to some degree outdated, their role being filled by mortars, wire-guided missiles, and/or light anti-tank weapons. As it has been many decades since two industrialized great powers engaged directly in warfare, the concept of the "airborne gun" allowing paratroopers to maintain an airhead against an armored force is in that sense non-functional, but currently, all three of the U.S. Army's howitzers (for example), are air-mobile.

Airborne guns by country

China 
Chinese airborne forces have mounted 105mm recoilless rifles on jeeps but otherwise conform to the Warsaw Pact doctrine of light armored vehicles.

Germany (historical) 
7.5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18

Italy 
OTO Melara Mod 56 The Mod 56 was quite popular among mountain and airborne units, as it could be broken down into 12 components.

Soviet Union / Russia 
Soviet (and Russian) military doctrine calls for its airborne forces to be fully mechanized (via the BMD series) and hence its artillery to be self-propelled. Turretless AT gun carriers like the ASU-57 and ASU-85 equipped Warsaw Pact airborne forces as well. The older 2S9 Nona and the newer 2S25 Sprut-SD heavily resemble light tanks, and are armed with a 120 mm gun-howitzer-mortar and a 125 mm autoloaded tank gun, respectively. The BM-21V (no longer in service) was a lightened variant of the BM-21 Grad MLRS. Additionally, the VDV employs a range of more traditional towed guns, namely the 2B16 Nona non-self-propelled variant, the D-30 122 mm howitzer, and the ZU-23 23 mm twin AA autocannon.

Turkey 

 MKE launched the 105 mm air transportable light towed howitzer (Boran) project to fulfill the operational requests of the Commando and Infantry units for Airborne Operations. The system can calculate its own position and identify targets without usual deployment procedures thanks to its modern command and fire control systems. It has a minimum range of  and 6400 NATO mils (360°) firing capability. The howitzer weights around  and can be airlifted with a medium-lift utility helicopter and deployed in a short time for fire missions. Based on L118.

United Kingdom 
Ordnance QF 6 pounder- antitank gun (~1960)

United States
M119 air mobile / air assault (slingload/parachute) is based on the UK L118 Light Gun, firing a 105mm shell that is useful against light vehicles and/or fixed emplacements but would be ineffective against a main battle tank
the medium M198 can be dropped by parachute or transported by heavy-lift cargo helicopter, will be replaced by the even lighter titanium M777, firing 155 mm shells with significant anti-personnel capabilities. Can achieve anti-armor capability with specialised shells, e.g. SADARM

See also
Mountain gun, also known as "pack howitzer"

References 

Artillery by type
Form factor. Form factor or form-factor may refer to:

Manufacturing 
 Form factor (design), an aspect of design which defines and prescribes the size, shape, and other physical specifications of hardware components, particularly in electronics and electronic packaging
 Form factor (mobile phones)
 Motherboard form factor
 Hard disk drive form factor
 FormFactor (company), a semiconductor test and measurement company,  acquired Cascade Microtech in 2016

Scattering theory 
 Form factor (quantum field theory), a semi-empirical formula used in effective quantum field theories
 Atomic form factor, or atomic scattering factor, a measure of the amplitude of a wave scattered from an isolated atom
 Electric form factor, the Fourier transform of electric charge distribution in space
 Magnetic form factor, the Fourier transform of an electric current distribution in space

Other sciences 
 Form factor (electronics), characterizing the functional form of oscillating signals
 Form factor (radiative transfer) or view factor, the proportion of energy transmitted by that object which can be transferred to another object
 Form factor in timber metrics, referring to tree shape

See also 
Structure factor
Eldon C. Hall. Eldon Hall was the leader of hardware design efforts for the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) at MIT, and advocated the use of integrated circuits for this task. He wrote extensively of the development of the AGC, culminating in his 1996 book, Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer ()

He pursued his undergraduate education at the Eastern Nazarene College in Quincy, Massachusetts, his graduate education at Boston University, and his doctoral degree at Harvard University (though he did not complete the PhD).

Awards
1997: Stibitz-Wilson Award from the American Computer & Robotics Museum

Publications
Eldon C. Hall (2000). From the Farm to Pioneering with Digital Computers: An Autobiography.
Eldon C. Hall (1996). Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer

References

1923 births
2022 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
American computer scientists
American technology writers
Eastern Nazarene College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Boston University alumni
People from Payette, Idaho
Black Shoals. Black Shoals is an artificial ecosystem linked to the real time dynamics of the stock market. It was first shown at the Tate Gallery in 2001, and nominated for an Alternative Turner Prize in 2002.  A more sophisticated Black Shoals was exhibited at the Nikolaj gallery in Copenhagen in the spring of 2004.

Stars representing companies and creatures representing speculators are projected into a domed ceiling in a dark room, creating an artificial night sky which visualises the dynamics of the world stock markets. 

Within this world, a creature's survival depends upon the strategies it uses to explore its world. The more a company is traded, the richer the food source for the creatures. Consequently, changes in trading patterns can be seen in the planetarium as explosions of life surrounding specific clusters of stars. 

For this project, Cefn Hoile designed a population of articulated creatures which reproduce and evolve both their morphology and behaviour in real time in a planetarium style display. The project was conceived by Lise Autogena  and Joshua Portway of Stain. Tom Riley was the lead software developer during the second showing of Black Shoals in 2004.

The name of the project is a pun on Black–Scholes, a widely used equation in financial derivatives pricing which earned two of its three inventors a Nobel Prize in Economics and provided the key assumptions underlying the 2007–2008 financial crisis.

See also
Evolutionary art
Artificial Life
Natural Selection
Joshua Portway
Lise Autogena

External links
The official Black Shoals website
Creature code open sourced
Lise Autogena's website
Cefn Hoile's Website
A paper on the creatures in Black Shoals
Tom Riley's photos taken during the installation of Black Shoals in the Nikolaj gallery in Copenhagen

Computer art
Planetarium shows
Transverse. Transverse may refer to:

Transverse engine, an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the wheels of the vehicle
Transverse flute, a flute that is held horizontally
Transverse force (or Euler force), the tangential force that is felt in reaction to any angular acceleration
Transverse mass, a particle physics quantity
Transverse plane, the plane orthogonal to the anteroposterior or oral-aboral axis
Transverse rotors, a type of rotorcraft in which there are two rotors mounted side by side
Transverse wave, a wave that causes a disturbance in the medium perpendicular to the direction it advances
Transverse Island, an island on the east side of Stefansson Bay, off the coast of Enderby Land

See also 
Transversal (disambiguation)
Transversality (disambiguation)
Dimethylaniline. N,N-Dimethylaniline (DMA) is an organic chemical compound, a substituted derivative of aniline. It is a tertiary amine, featuring a dimethylamino group attached to a phenyl group.  This oily liquid is colourless when pure, but commercial samples are often yellow.  It is an important precursor to dyes such as crystal violet.

Preparation
DMA was first reported in 1850 by the German chemist A. W. Hofmann, who prepared it by heating aniline and iodomethane:
C6H5NH2  +  2 CH3I   →   C6H5N(CH3)2 + 2 HI 
DMA is produced industrially by alkylation of aniline with methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst:
C6H5NH2  +  2 CH3OH  →  C6H5N(CH3)2  +  2 H2O
Similarly, it is also prepared using dimethyl ether as the methylating agent.

Reactions
Dimethylaniline undergoes many of the reactions expected for an aniline, being weakly basic and reactive toward electrophiles. 

It is nitrated to produce tetryl, a derivative with four nitro groups which was once used as explosive.  In acidic solution, the initial nitration gives 3-nitrodimethylaniline.  It reacts with butyllithium to give the 2-lithio derivative. Electrophilic methylating agents like dimethyl sulfate attack the amine to give the quaternary ammonium salt:
C6H5N(CH3)2  +(CH3O)2SO2  →  C6H5N(CH3)3CH3OSO3

Diethylaniline and dimethylaniline are both used as acid-absorbing bases.

Applications
DMA is a key precursor to commercially important triarylmethane dyes such as malachite green and crystal violet.  DMA serves as a promoter in the curing of polyester and vinyl ester resins.  DMA is also used as a precursor to other organic compounds. A study of the in vitro metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline using guinea pig and rabbit preparations and GLC techniques has confirmed N-demethylation and N-oxidation as metabolic pathways, and has also established ring hydroxylation as a metabolic route.

References

Anilines
Dimethylamino compounds
tertiary amines
Enthalpy of neutralization. In chemistry and thermodynamics, the enthalpy of neutralization () is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one equivalent of an acid and a base undergo a neutralization reaction to form water and a salt. It is a special case of the enthalpy of reaction. It is defined as the energy released with the formation of 1 mole of water.
When a reaction is carried out under standard conditions at the temperature of 298 K (25 degrees Celsius) and 1 atm of pressure and one mole of water is formed, the heat released by the reaction is called the standard enthalpy of neutralization ().

The heat () released during a reaction is

where  is the mass of the solution,  is the specific heat capacity of the solution, and  is the temperature change observed during the reaction. From this, the standard enthalpy change () is obtained by division with the amount of substance (in moles) involved.

When a strong acid, HA, reacts with a strong base, BOH, the reaction that occurs is
H+ + OH^- -> H2O    
as the acid and the base are fully dissociated and neither the cation  nor the anion  are involved in the neutralization reaction. The enthalpy change for this reaction  is -57.62 kJ/mol at 25 °C.

For weak acids or bases, the heat of neutralization is pH-dependent. In the absence of any added mineral acid or alkali, some heat is required for complete dissociation. The total heat evolved during neutralization will be smaller.

e.g.  at 25°C

The heat of ionization for this reaction is equal to (–12 + 57.3) = 45.3 kJ/mol at 25 °C.

References

Enthalpy
Thermochemistry
Acid–base chemistry
James Swinburne. Sir James Swinburne, 9th Baronet, FRS (28 February 1858 – 30 March 1958) was a British electrical engineer and manufacturer. He was born in Inverness in 1858 into a well-known Northumbrian family. Educated at Clifton College, he went to work at a locomotive works in Manchester and later to a Tyneside firm where he became interested in electrical work. Often called the "Father of British Plastics", Swinburne revolutionized the plastics industry throughout Europe and his native Britain.

Swinburne was a prominent engineer in the electrical industry. He worked on the first electric lightbulb and coined many new electrical words. Swinburne was a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) for a record-breaking 73 years, serving as president from 1902 to 1903. He was named a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1906. He soon joined the Faraday Society, serving as its president from 1909 to 1911. He briefly explored thermodynamics.

His involvement with plastic began with his introduction to phenol formaldehyde. Swinburne was so impressed with the possibilities of the product that he formed a company called Fireproof Celluloid Syndicate Limited, which was dedicated to research and marketing of the product. Swinburne and Leo Baekeland later founded the Damard Lacquer Company, which eventually became Bakelite Limited, which Swinburne served as chairman and, in 1948, as honorary president.

In 1934, Swinburne succeeded his kinsman as 9th Baronet of Capheaton, Northumberland.

Sir James Swinburne died a month after his 100th birthday.

Family
Swinburne had four children, two from his first marriage and two from his second;
Anthony Swinburne, born 1887
Spearman Charles Swinburne, born 1893
Ida Swinburne, born 1899
Marjorie Swinburne, born 1904

Writings
Swinburne authored a number of books, including: 
 Practical electrical units popularly explained : with numerous illustrations and remarks (London: E. & F.N. Spon, 1883).
 Entropy; or, Thermodynamics from an engineer's standpoint, and the reversibility of thermodynamics (Westminster: Constable, 1904).

References

General references

Further reading
 Freeth, F.A. "James Swinburne. 1858–1958." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 5. (Feb., 1960), pp. 253–268.

External links
 Swinburne biography at IEE website
 Swinburne biography at Plastiquarian (Plastics Historical Society
 

1858 births
1958 deaths
People educated at Clifton College
British men centenarians
English electrical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
Emergent algorithm. An emergent algorithm is an algorithm that exhibits emergent behavior.  In essence an emergent algorithm implements a set of simple building block behaviors that when combined exhibit more complex behaviors.  One example of this is the implementation of fuzzy motion controllers used to adapt robot movement in response to environmental obstacles.

An emergent algorithm has the following characteristics: 

 it achieves predictable global effects
 it does not require global visibility
 it does not assume any kind of centralized control
 it is self-stabilizing

Other examples of emergent algorithms and models include cellular automata, artificial neural networks and swarm intelligence systems (ant colony optimization, bees algorithm, etc.).

See also 
 Emergence
 Evolutionary computation
 Fuzzy logic
 Genetic algorithm
 Heuristic

References

Artificial intelligence engineering
Algorithm
Heuristic algorithms
Algorithms
Cybernetics
Stress testing (computing). In computing, stress testing (sometimes called torture testing) can be applied to either hardware or software. It is used to determine the maximum capability of a computer system and is often used for purposes such as scaling for production use and ensuring reliability and stability. Stress tests typically involve running a large amount of resource-intensive processes until the system either crashes or nearly does

Hardware

Software

See also
 Burn-in
 Destructive testing
 Load and performance test tools
 Black box testing
 Load testing
 Software performance testing
 Scenario analysis
 Simulation
 Software testing
 White box testing
 Technischer Überwachungsverein (TÜV) – product testing and certification
 Concurrency testing using the CHESS model checker
 Jinx automates stress testing by automatically exploring unlikely execution scenarios.
 Highly accelerated life test

References

Software testing
Product testing
MLM. MLM or mlm may refer to:

Organizations
 Multi-level marketing
 The NYSE stock symbol of Martin Marietta Materials
 Military liaison missions of the victors of World War II
 Missouri Lumber and Mining Company

Science and technology
 Medical logic module, of a healthcare knowledge base
 Millilumen (mlm), a unit of luminous flux
 Multi-layer mask, in multi-project wafer service in semiconductor fabrication  
 Multipurpose Laboratory Module or Nauka, a Russian module of the International Space Station.

Transportation
 Morelia International Airport's IATA airport code
 Millom railway station, England (station code)

See also
 Marxism–Leninism–Maoism, a communist political philosophy
 Man loving men (MLM)
Catabolism. Catabolism () is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions. Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively). Catabolism is the breaking-down aspect of metabolism, whereas anabolism is the building-up aspect.

Cells use the monomers released from breaking down polymers to either construct new polymer molecules or degrade the monomers further to simple waste products, releasing energy. Cellular wastes include lactic acid, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and urea. The formation of these wastes is usually an oxidation process involving a release of chemical free energy, some of which is lost as heat, but the rest of which is used to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This molecule acts as a way for the cell to transfer the energy released by catabolism to the energy-requiring reactions that make up anabolism.

Catabolism is a destructive metabolism and anabolism is a constructive metabolism. Catabolism, therefore, provides the chemical energy necessary for the maintenance and growth of cells. Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino acids as substrates for gluconeogenesis, the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids, and oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidase.

Catabolic hormones 
There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormones and the molecules involved in metabolism itself. Endocrinologists have traditionally classified many of the hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The so-called classic catabolic hormones known since the early 20th century are cortisol, glucagon, and adrenaline (and other catecholamines). In recent decades, many more hormones with at least some catabolic effects have been discovered, including cytokines, orexin (known as hypocretin), and melatonin.

Etymology 
The word catabolism is from Neo-Latin, which got the roots from Greek: κάτω kato, "downward" and βάλλειν ballein, "to throw".

See also 
 Autophagy
 Dehydration synthesis
 Hydrolysis
 Nocturnal post absorptive catabolism
 Psilacetin § Pharmacology
 Sarcopenia

References

External links 
 

Metabolism
Substrate. Substrate may refer to:

Physical layers

Substrate (biology), the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached
Substrate (aquatic environment), the earthy material that exists in the bottom of an aquatic habitat, like dirt, rocks, sand, or gravel
Substrate (vivarium), the material used in the bottom of a vivarium or terrarium
Substrate (aquarium), the material used in the bottom of an aquarium
Substrate (building), natural stone, masonry surface, ceramic and porcelain tiles
Substrate (chemistry), the reactant which is consumed during a catalytic or enzymatic reaction
Substrate (materials science), the material on which a process is conducted
Substrate (printing), the base material that images will be printed onto
Printed circuit board (PCB), or more specifically, the electrically insulating portion of a PCB structure, such as fiberglass bound together with epoxy cement
Substrate (geology), a stratum on which another geologic stratum lies
Wafer (electronics), sometimes called a substrate for deposition or growth processes

Other uses
Substratum (linguistics), in linguistics, a language that influences but is supplanted by a second language
Neural substrate, in neuroscience, the set of brain structures that underlies a specific behavior or psychological state
Substrate (blockchain framework) is a framework for developing blockchains on the Polkadot network

See also
Substrata (disambiguation)
Monism, for the concept of the universal substrate in philosophy
Reagent
Reactant
Subjectile
Superstrate
Donald B. Duncan. This is about the American naval officer. For others, see Donald Duncan (disambiguation).

Donald Bradley Duncan (1896–1975) was an admiral in the United States Navy, who played an important role in aircraft-carrier operations during World War II.

Duncan graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1917, and was assigned to the USS Oklahoma (BB-37). He received a master's degree in radio engineering from Harvard University in 1925.

In July 1935, Duncan assumed command of Scouting Squadron 3B (VS-3B) assigned to USS Lexington (CV-2).

In 1941, he was the first commander of the USS Long Island, the Navy's first escort aircraft carrier.

As the air operations officer to Admiral Ernest J. King, Duncan assisted with the planning for the Doolittle Raid, and was the one who proposed the use of both the B-25 Mitchell bombers and the Hornet (CV-8) for the raid.  He was then appointed to be the first commanding officer of the carrier Essex (CV-9).

Duncan held several important staff and operational positions following the war.  He served as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air) from March 6, 1947, to January 20, 1948.  He commanded the 2nd Task Fleet after 1948, and was the Vice Chief of Naval Operations from 1951 to 1956.

Following his retirement from the navy on March 1, 1957, he served as Governor of the Naval Home until May 1962. He died on September 8, 1975.

Awards
 Naval Aviator insignia
 Legion of Merit
 Navy Presidential Unit Citation with one bronze service star
 National Defense Service Medal
 Order of the British Empire, Military Division

See also

References
An oral history recorded in 1964 is in the Butler Library at Columbia University.

1896 births
1975 deaths
United States Navy admirals
Vice chiefs of Naval Operations
United States Navy World War II admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit