omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Operation Tremor. Operation Tremor was a joint operation between British Transport Police, Lancashire Constabulary and Network Rail to combat thieves who had been stealing copper boilers, cables and piping from train tracks, which could disable signalling equipment and safety devices. Some of the wire was used to carry information for automatic signalling and safety equipment.

The police circulated pictures of known thieves to scrap metal merchants and taxi drivers after a dramatic rise in thefts from railway property and homes. Part of the blame was put on the rise in price of copper which had tripled in the three years leading to 2006.

Equipment used in targeting offenders included CCTV and Automatic number-plate recognition (ANPR).

See also 
 British Transport Police
 Route Crime

External links 
 Railway thieves risking their lives. www.trackoff.org (accessed:21/12/2006
 British Transport Police
 British Transport Police Special Constabulary website
 BBC Crimefighters: British Transport Police

References

 

British Transport Police
Metal theft
Tremor
Batang Ai Dam. The Batang Ai Dam () is a concrete-face rock-fill dam in Batang Ai National Park in Sarawak, Malaysia. The power station comprises four  turbines, totalling the installed capacity to . The station is operated by Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation. Preparations for the dam began in 1975, before the design was published in 1977. Construction started in 1982 with the river diversion work and the last turbine completed in 1985. The Batang Ai project, a relatively modest dam financed by the Asian Development Bank, caused the displacement of approximately 3,000 people from 26 longhouses. These people have since been accommodated in the Batang Ai Resettlement Scheme to cultivate cocoa and rubber but the programme has not been successful.

See also 

 List of power stations in Malaysia
 National Grid, Malaysia

References

Notes 
 . Page 14 Table 2-1 Batang Ai Dam.
Kaur, Amarhit. "A History of Forestry in Sarawak." Modern Asian Studies 32.1 (1998): 117–47.

External links 
 Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation

Hydroelectric power stations in Malaysia
Dams in Sarawak
Concrete-face rock-fill dams
Dams completed in 1985
Datastorm Technologies. Datastorm Technologies, Inc., was a computer software company that existed from 1986 until 1996. Bruce Barkelew and Thomas Smith founded the company to develop and publish ProComm, a general-purpose communications program for personal computers. 
ProComm flourished in the pre-World Wide Web world, when personal computers used modems to connect over telephone lines with other individual computers, online services such as CompuServe, bulletin board systems (BBSs), Telnet and Gopher sites, and the like. Datastorm was the first company to grow from a shareware publisher into a large commercial software publisher. ProComm 2.4.3 for MS-DOS is still available as shareware.

History
The death of Andrew Fluegelman, creator of PC-Talk, left a gap in the offerings of dial-up communications and terminal emulation software. Bruce Barkelew and Tom Smith, computer science students at the University of Missouri, formed PIL Software Systems in 1985 to develop ProComm. They distributed the program as shareware through bulletin board systems.

Based on the program's popularity, Barkelew and Smith founded Datastorm Technologies Inc. in 1986 to build a full-fledged company around the product. The founders chose Columbia, Missouri, as the company's headquarters because of the relatively low cost of living and to tap into the pool of programmers graduating from the University of Missouri's computer science department. Datastorm financed its growth by reinvesting its earnings rather than through outside investors. In 1992, they were ranked 376 in the Inc. 500.

The company produced a combination 16/32-bit Procomm Plus for Windows, which included an early web browser called Web Zeppelin. Procomm Plus for Windows supported the remote imaging protocol (RIP) graphic terminal language. This enabled display of higher-resolution images than the ANSI escape codes that most bulletin board systems used at the time. In November 1993, the data transmission program reached the number one ranking on PC Magazine's list of top retail software.

In 1995, Datastorm sued Excalibur Communications over software infringement. Datastorm became the first company to sue a vendor for infringement of its software using the shareware model.

Datastorm grew through 40 consecutive profitable quarters, then was acquired by Quarterdeck in 1996 for over US$70 million. Quarterdeck was later purchased by Symantec. Support for the last release of Procomm, version 4.8, was discontinued in 2002.

Awards
 1989: BYTE "Distinction" Award
 1992: Dvorak PC Telecommunications Excellence Award
 1997: Shareware Industry Awards Shareware Hall of Fame

References

Defunct software companies of the United States
Communication software
Terminal emulators
Companies based in Columbia, Missouri
Software companies established in 1986
Software companies disestablished in 1996
1986 establishments in Missouri
1996 disestablishments in Missouri
Spacecom. Spacecom, or Space Communication (), is an Israeli communications satellite operator in the Middle East, European Union and North America headquartered in the city of Ramat Gan, Israel. Spacecom operates two satellites at orbital position 4° West – AMOS-3 and AMOS-7, one satellite at orbital position 65° East – AMOS-4, and one satellite at orbital position 17° East – AMOS-5.

History 
Spacecom was established in 1993 with the defined goal of marketing AMOS-1, a newly built communication satellite manufactured by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). In 2003, Spacecom launched its second satellite, AMOS-2, owned entirely by the company. In 2008, the AMOS-3 satellite was launched to replace AMOS-1 and increase coverage and traffic abilities.

Until 2005, Spacecom was a private company controlled by four companies, including IAI and Eurocom Group. It went public on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange in 2005.

In August 2016, Spacecom shareholders agreed to sell the company for US$500 million to Beijing Xinwei Technology Group (China) via a Luxembourg business entity. The deal, announced 24 August 2016, was pending the successful entry into service of AMOS-6 after the launch. On 1 September 2016, two days before the scheduled launch date, the satellite was destroyed during the run-up to a static fire test of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle. Later statements from both companies stated that negotiations were ongoing, but that the purchase price was likely to be reduced. However, by April 2017 talks between Spacecom and Xinwei had failed, and Spacecom began a new search for buyers. In October 2021 Spacecom and 4iG Plc., a Hungarian information technology and telecommunications company, signed an agreement in which 4iG is acquiring a majority stake (51%) in Spacecom.

Coverage 
Spacecom satellites provide coverage to most of the Middle East, Europe, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Services 
 Direct-to-Home broadcasting (DTH)
 Broadband telephony
 Satellite Internet
 VSAT
 Radio

Fleet 

Former
 AMOS-1
 AMOS-2 (4° West)
 AMOS-5 (17° East) – Israeli satellite launched from Kazakhstan in 2011 by Russia's Proton-M launch vehicle to provide services to customers in Africa. AMOS-5 initiated commercial operations in early 2012 with C-band and Ku-band beams. On 21 November 2015, all communications with the AMOS-5 satellite were lost.

In orbit
 AMOS-3 (4° West)
 AMOS-4 (65° East) – was successfully launched on 31 August 2013 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. It will offer coverage across Southeast Asia along with high power coverage beams offering communication links from East Asia to the Middle East.
 AMOS-7 (4° West) – Lease of AsiaSat 8

See also 
 List of companies of Israel

References

External links 
 Eurocom Group

Communications satellite operators
Telecommunications companies of Israel
Israeli brands
AMOS-1 (satellite). AMOS-1, then Intelsat 24, was a commercial communications satellite which was operated by Spacecom as AMOS-1, for Affordable Modular Optimized Satellite and formed part of the AMOS series of satellites. It was the first Israeli civilian communications satellite, and was initially positioned at 4° West longitude in geostationary orbit. Then in September 2011, it was moved to 31° East.

Satellite description 
Its development was based on experience from Ofeq reconnaissance satellites in association with DASA and Alcatel Espace. It was used for home television services (DTH/DBS by "Yes" company in Israel and by HBO and others in Europe). Spacecom succeeded quickly to fill all transmission abilities of AMOS-1 and accumulated additional requests. Therefore, Spacecom decided to build AMOS-2, which replaced AMOS-1 on orbit at 4° West. AMOS-1 carries nine Ku-band transponders.

Weighing 970 kg at launch, AMOS-1 incorporated a 400 newtons liquid apogee motor and fourteen reaction control thrusters, each delivering ten newtons of thrust for raising the satellite's orbit from geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) to its final geostationary orbit as well as for its attitude control. It carried 450 kg of propellant (Monomethylhydrazine and MON-3). AMOS-1 measures 10.55 m in length in its final in-orbit configuration. It is 3-axis body stabilised using Sun and Earth sensors, momentum and reaction wheels. Its solar array generates 1380 watts power, backed up by 24 A·h nickel–cadmium batteries. Cost: US$250 million. The Israeli government supports the program since 1991 with US$15 million per year.

Launch 
It was launched on 16 May 1996 from Centre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou in French Guiana, aboard an Ariane 4 launch vehicle flying in the 44L configuration, which launched together with Indonesian Palapa-C2 satellite using Ariane 4's SPELDA system that can launch two satellites stacked on top of another. After its launch, it was raised to its final geostationary orbit by firing the apogee boost motor in phases. After it reached the geostationary orbit, its antennae and solar panels were deployed and the satellite was placed in its allocated slot at 4° West longitude. AMOS-1 and AMOS-2 were placed near each other to enable satellite users to aim once and reach either satellite from the same antenna. Launch was insured for over US$145 million. The satellite AMOS-1 was operational on 1 July 1996.

Intelsat 24 
In 2009, AMOS-1 was sold to Intelsat, and became Intelsat 24 (IS-24). Intelsat moved it over the Middle East, put it into an inclined orbit to conserve fuel, and rented its capacity to Tachyon Networks for U.S. military communications.

See also 

 List of Intelsat satellites
 List of satellites in geosynchronous orbit

References 

Satellite television
AMOS-1
Communications satellites of Israel
Spacecraft launched in 1996
Intelsat satellites
1996 in Israel
Andrew Coburn (catastrophe modeller). Andrew William Coburn (born 1956 in Chester, England) is known in the discipline of catastrophe modeling and is the director of the external advisory board for the Centre for Risk Studies at the University of Cambridge. He is a senior vice president at Risk Management Solutions and oversees the model development carried out in the RMS LifeRisks team.

After training in architecture at Christ's College at the University of Cambridge, Coburn completed a PhD thesis in July 1987 on Seismic vulnerability and risk reduction strategies for housing in Eastern Turkey. Coburn has also worked extensively with Robert Spence (engineer), the director of CURBE (the Cambridge University Centre for Risk in the Built Environment).

Coburn has studied many natural and man-made catastrophe events, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, terrorist attacks and disease pandemics. He is one of the leading contributors to the creation of the class of catastrophe models that over the past 20 years has come to be an accepted part both of business management in financial services and of public policy making for societal risk.

Coburn's field damage surveys include Irpinia in Italy, the Spitak in Armenia, Mexico City, Erzurum-Kars in Turkey, San‘ā' () in Yemen, Luzon, Philippines, Gujarat in India, Kobe in Japan, and New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

Personal life
Coburn married Helen Mulligan in 1987; they have a son and a daughter and lives near Cambridge, England.

Publications
 Earthquake Protection with Robin Spence, 
 Technical principles of building for safety with Richard Hughes, Antonios Pomonis and Robin Spence, 
 Gypsum Plaster: Its manufacture and use with Eric Dudley and Robin Spence,

Consultations
 How to Survive Bird Flu,

Children's books
 Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 
 Earthquake!, 
 Hurricane!,

References

External links
 RMS website
 Andrew Coburn's website

1956 births
Living people
Disaster preparedness
People from Chester
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Leeds Model Company. The Leeds Model Company was a model railway company.

The company made o gauge wooden coaches and wagons with lithograph sides and a very large range of model locomotives as well as track and railway accessories.  Their quality was equal to that of most other companies at the time, including Bassett Lowke and Hornby Trains, which in the UK were widely accepted as the leading model train companies of the 1920s and 1930s. Just before World War II they started manufacturing their coaches and wagons out of bakelite.

History
Rex Stedman founded the Leeds Model Company (LMC) in 1912 but left it in 1928 to found a new company under the name of R.F. Stedman & Co. He later purchased the LMC company, continuing to trade under the R.F. Stedman name. Stedman finally left in 1931, when the name reverted to LMC. In 1953, LMC became Ellemsee Accessories and the company survived until 1966. The Leeds Stedman Trust was established in 1983 to keep the archives of the Leeds Model Company and R. F. Stedman & Company. Today the Trust provides a service of spares, repairs and technical advice to LMC enthusiasts and continues to promote interest in and appreciation of the products of The Leeds Model Company.

References

External links 
 Leeds Model Company collector
 Leeds Model Company catalogue archive
 Leeds StedmanTrust

Model railroad manufacturers
Toy train manufacturers
Model manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Landing ship logistics. Landing ship logistics (LSL) was a term used by the United Kingdom armed forces to describe the Round Table class of landing ship used in the support of amphibious warfare missions. These ships were operated by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. The last ship in service sailed home for the last time in 2008 and the class has been replaced by the new Bay class ships, which are described as landing ship dock (LSD).

References

Bibliography

Ship types
Amphibious warfare vessels of the United Kingdom
Royal Fleet Auxiliary
Organisation Scientifique et Technique du Vol à Voile. Organisation Scientifique et Technique du Vol à Voile (OSTIV) is a body associated with the FAI Gliding Commission (IGC).  The FAI IGC oversees the sport of gliding worldwide and is a department of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).

In 1930 the first international soaring organization, ISTUS, (Internationale Studienkommission für den motorlosen Flug) was formed with the objective of the furtherance of development of soaring in science and technical aspects by "exchanging experience and friendly cooperation among the specialists and pilots of all nations engaged in soaring". This objective was continued after World War II by the formation of OSTIV.

OSTIV's aim is also the furtherance of the technical development of soaring by the sharing of experience by glider manufacturers and glider pilots.  It was formed as the successor of ISTUS on 27 July 1948 at Samedan, Switzerland. Its sections include the Meterorological Panel, the Sailplane Development Panel and the Training & Safety Panel. It publishes the scientific journal Technical Soaring.

OSTIV has the right to send observers to the meetings of the FAI Gliding Commission and vice versa. OSTIV's Congresses generally take place at the same time and place as the World Gliding Championships.

See also
National gliding associations

References

External links
Official OSTIV site
OSTIV Meteorological Panel
Technical Soaring

Gliding associations
International sports governing bodies
Sports organizations established in 1930
Latent internal energy. The latent internal energy of a system is the internal energy a system requires to undergo a phase transition. Its value is specific to the substance or mix of substances in question. The value can also vary with temperature and pressure. Generally speaking the value is different for the type of phase change being accomplished. Examples can include Latent internal energy of vaporization (liquid to vapor), Latent internal energy of crystallization (liquid to solid) Latent internal energy of sublimation (solid to vapor). These values are usually expressed in units of energy per mole or per mass such as J/mol or BTU/lb. Often a negative sign will be used to represent energy being withdrawn from the system, while a positive value represents energy being added to the system.

For every type of latent internal energy there is an opposite. For example, the latent internal energy of Freezing (liquid to solid) is equal to the negative of the Latent internal energy of melting (solid to liquid)

References

Phase transitions
Thermodynamic properties
NEXTSat. NEXTSat, or Next Generation Satellite and Commodities Spacecraft (NEXTSat/CSC) was an American technology demonstration satellite which was operated as part of the Orbital Express programme. It was used as a target spacecraft for a demonstration of autonomous servicing and refueling operations performed by the ASTRO satellite. Launched in March 2007, it was operated for four months, and then deactivated in orbit.

NEXTSat was launched by United Launch Alliance on an Atlas V 401 rocket; serial number AV-013. The launch occurred at 03:10 UTC on 9 March 2007, from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch was contracted by the Space Test Program to launch the STPSat-1 spacecraft, and was named STP-1. It also deployed ASTRO; as well as FalconSAT-3, CFESat and MidSTAR-1. The launch marked the first time United Launch Alliance had launched an Atlas V, the type having previously been operated by International Launch Services.

NEXTSat was a  spacecraft, which was built by Ball Aerospace around the RS-300 satellite bus. It was operated in low Earth orbit; on 9 March 2007, it had a perigee of , an apogee of , 46.0 degrees of inclination, and an orbital period of 94.49 minutes. After completing operations, the ASTRO and NEXTSat spacecraft were separated, and ASTRO performed a separation burn. On 21 July 2007, NEXTSat was deactivated. , it was expected to remain in orbit until around 2012. The satellite decayed from orbit on 21 April 2023.

References

Spacecraft launched in 2007
Derelict satellites orbiting Earth
Tetraazidomethane. Tetraazidomethane, , is a colorless, highly explosive liquid. Its chemical structure consists of a carbon atom covalently bonded to four azide functional groups.

Synthesis
It was first prepared by Klaus Banert in 2006 by reaction of trichloroacetonitrile with sodium azide.

Uses
As with other polyazides, tetraazidomethane has interest as a high-energy-density material with potential uses in explosives, propellants, or fireworks. Silicon tetraazide is also a known compound.

Reactions
Banert has reported that tetraazidomethane participates in a number of reactions including hydrolysis, cycloaddition reactions with alkenes and alkynes, and reaction with phosphines to form phosphazenes.

References

Organoazides
Explosive chemicals
August Musger. Professor August Musger (February 10, 1868 in Eisenerz, Duchy of Styria, Austria-Hungary – October 30, 1929 in Graz, Styria, Austria) was an Austrian priest and physicist who is best remembered for his invention of slow motion.

Invention
Musger invented the slow motion technique using a mirrored drum as a synchronizing mechanism.  The device he used was patented in 1904 and was first presented in Graz, Styria in 1907 using a projector made by K. Löffler, owner of a cinema.

Notes and references

Austrian inventors
Austrian physicists
Cinema pioneers
1868 births
1929 deaths
Vector Foiltec. Vector Foiltec is a  business using transparent plastic (ETFE) cushions filled with air as an architectural cladding technology. This solution can be better than glass panels in applications such as roofs over aggressive environments where chemicals would attack a metal window frame, or where the transparent panels have to accommodate deformation due to changing thermal conditions.

History
The Company was founded by Stefan Lehnert in 1982 in Bremen, Germany. Its first structure was the roof of a small pavilion at Burgers' Zoo in 1982.

Operations
The Texlon ETFE cladding system developed by the company consists of a number of layers of the UV stable copolymer ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) welded into cushions or foils. The cushions are restrained around their perimeter by aluminium extrusions, which are in turn fastened to a supporting primary structure. The cushions are inflated with air at low pressure to provide insulation and to resist wear caused by wind.

A Texlon ETFE cushion typically consists of two layers, although more layers can be added to enhance the cladding's insulation properties. Each layer can be modified with a variety of treatments to alter its aesthetic quality, its apparent transparency, and the level of solar gain. The material's innate toughness, resistance to tearing, and ability to work harden over a 300-400% elongation range allow Texlon to endure significant deformation of its support structure. A Texlon ETFE system even can be a single-layer system.

Major projects

Major projects include:
Eden Project, UK, completed 2001
Art Center College of Design, California, completed 2004
Southern Cross station, Australia, completed 2006
Beijing National Aquatics Centre, China, completed 2007
Eden Park, Auckland, New Zealand, completed 2010
Gondwanaland at Zoo Leipzig, completed 2010
Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin, New Zealand, completed 2011
San Mamés Stadium, Bilbao, Spain, completed 2014
Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center, Anaheim, California, completed 2014
Singapore Sports Hub, Singapore, completed 2014
U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, completed 2016
The Avenues (Kuwait), Kuwait, 74,500 m² of Texlon ETFE, completed 2018
Allegiant Stadium, Las Vegas, completed 2020
Surbana Jurong Campus, Singapore, completed 2023

References

External links
Official site

Construction and civil engineering companies of Germany
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1982
German  companies established in 1982
Copper(II) azide. Copper(II) azide is a medium density explosive with the molecular formula .



Uses
Copper azide is very explosive and is too sensitive for any practical use unless handled in solution.

Preparation
Copper azide can be prepared by a metathesis reaction between water-soluble sources of  and azide ions. (Spectator ions omitted in reaction below).

It can be destroyed by concentrated nitric acid to form non-explosive products, these being nitrogen, nitrogen oxides and copper(II) nitrate.

References

Azides
Copper(II) compounds
Explosive chemicals