omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rock bolt. A rock bolt is a long anchor bolt, for stabilizing rock excavations, which may be used in tunnels or rock cuts.  It transfers load from the unstable exterior to the confined (and much stronger) interior of the rock mass.

Rock bolts were first used in mining in the 1890s, with systematic use documented at the St Joseph Lead Mine in the U.S. in the 1920s. Rock bolts were applied to civil tunneling support in the U.S. and in Australia starting in the late 1940s. Rock bolts were used and further developed starting in 1947 by Australian engineers who began experimenting with four-meter-long expanding anchor rock bolts while working on the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

As shown in the figure, rock bolts are almost always installed in a pattern, the design of which depends on the rock quality designation and the type of excavation. Rock bolts are an essential component of the New Austrian Tunneling method.  As with anchor bolts, there are many proprietary rock bolt designs, with either a mechanical or epoxy means of establishing the set.  There are also fiberglass bolts which can be cut through again by subsequent excavation. Many papers have been written on methods of rock bolt design.

Rock bolts work by 'knitting' the rock mass together sufficiently before it can move enough to loosen and fail by unraveling (piece by piece).  As shown in the photo, rock bolts may be used to support wire mesh, but this is usually a small part of their function.  Unlike common anchor bolts, rock bolts can become 'seized' throughout their length by small shears in the rock mass, so they are not fully dependent on their pull-out strength.  This has become an item of controversy in the Big Dig project, which used the much lighter pull-out tests for rock bolts rather than the proper tests for concrete anchor bolts.

Rock bolts can also be used to prevent rockfall.

References

Tunnel construction
Franz Grashof. Franz Grashof (11 July 1826 – 26 October 1893) was a German engineer. He was a professor of Applied Mechanics at the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe.

Biography
Born in Düsseldorf, Germany, as the son of Elisabeth Brüggemann and Karl Grashof, who taught at an upper secondary school, Franz Grashof visited the elementary and lower secondary school in Düsseldorf and the industrial school in Hagen.

Motivated by the rise of steamers and the railway, he started working at a locksmith's shop. In October 1844 Franz Grashof quit school to start studying metallurgy at the royal vocational institute in Berlin, where he studied mathematics, physics and mechanical engineering. From 1847 to 1848 he interrupted his studies to voluntarily serve for the military. To serve his country he aimed at becoming a marine officer. Therefore, he had to start working as a simple sailor on a sailing ship called “Esmeralda”. Until December 1851 he sailed around the world and realized that practical work was not his main professional skill. On his journey he decided to teach at a technical school. That's why he carried on studying in Berlin in 1852.
In 1854 Franz Grashof concluded his studies and became a teacher in mathematics and mechanics at the royal vocational institute in Berlin.
In 1855 he got the leadership of the royal gauging office in Berlin. In the following year he was involved in the establishment of the Association of German Engineers and became its managing director until 1890.

From 1863 to 1891 he was a professor of General and Theoretical Machine Science at the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe. He developed some early steam-flow formulas but made significant contribution to free convection.

On October 26, 1893, he died after his second stroke.

Honors
In Karlsruhe (Germany) on October 26, 1896, a memorial was inaugurated to honor his efforts.
The Grashof Number was named after him. It is a very important dimensionless parameter in analyzing natural or free convection. The Grashof Condition was also named after him. It is a test used often when analysing kinematic chains.

After Grashof's death, the Association of German Engineers (VDI) honored his memory by instituting the Grashof Commemorative Medal as the highest distinction that the society could bestow for merit in the engineering skills.

References

External links
 Franz Grashof at the University of Texas
 Grashof's criterion wiki

1826 births
1893 deaths
Engineers from North Rhine-Westphalia
Academic staff of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
German fluid dynamicists
Relay (disambiguation). A relay is an electric switch operated by a signal in one circuit to control another circuit.

Relay may also refer to:

Electrical engineering
 Protective relay, a device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected.

Historical
 Stage station, a place where exhausted horses being used for transport could be exchanged for fresh ones
 Cursus publicus, a courier service in the Roman Empire
 Relay league, a chain of message-forwarding stations

Computer networking
 BITNET Relay, a 1980s online chat system
 Mail relay, a server used for forwarding e-mail
 Open mail relay, such a server that can be used by anyone

Other telecommunication 
 Relay (satellite)
 Broadcast relay station, a transmitter which repeats or transponds the signal of another
 Microwave radio relay
 Relay channel, in information theory, a communications probability modeling system
 Telecommunications Relay Service, a telephone accessibility service for the deaf
 Repeater, an electronic device that receives and retransmits a signal

Automobiles
 Citroën Relay, a marketing name for the Fiat Ducato van
 Saturn Relay, a 2005-2007 minivan

Other uses
 Relay (shop), a France-based chain of convenience stores
 Relay (company), a peer-to-peer political texting platform
 "Relay" (song), 1972, by The Who
 Relay bid, in contract bridge
 Relay race, completed in parts by several participants of a team
 Relay neuron, in anatomy
 Relay box, a piece of postal infrastructure.
 Relay (podcast network)

See also
 Retransmission (disambiguation)
 Relais
WS-CAF. Web Services Composite Application Framework (WS-CAF) is an open framework developed by OASIS. Its purpose is to define a generic and open framework for applications that contain multiple services used together, which are sometimes referred to as composite applications. WS-CAF characteristics include interoperability, ease of implementation and ease of use.

Scope 

The scope of WS-CAF includes:

 Provision of WSDL definitions for context, coordination and transactions.
 Message formats will be specified as SOAP headers and/or body content.
 The specification is to be programming language-neutral and platform-neutral.
 Demonstrated composability with other Web Service specifications that are being developed as open, recognized standards
 The goals of promoting convergence, consistent use, and a coherent architecture.
 Support composability as a critical architectural characteristic of Web service specifications. WS-CAF and WS-Context are targeted to become building blocks for other Web service specifications and standards.

Input specifications 

The WS-CAF accepts the following Web services specifications as input:

 WS-Context: its purpose is to provide a means to reference a shared context, which relates a set of interactions between web services (termed an activity). This context provides details of the application-specific execution environment for these services, and is typically included in the header of SOAP message.  Contexts may be passed by value, or by reference, in which case they are retrieved using a Context Manager service.  A Context Service is described, which allows management of activities by means of the begin and complete operations, which create and destroy the context respectively.
 WS-Coordination Framework (WS-CF)
 WS-Transaction Management (WS-TXM)

Benefits 

The benefits and results of CAF are intended to be standard and interoperable ways to:

 Demarcate and coordinate web service activities
 Propagate and coordinate context information
 Notify participants of changes in an activity
 Define the relationship of coordinators to each other
 Recover transactions predictably and consistently in a business process execution.
 Interact across multiple transaction models (such as are used in CORBA, CICS, Enterprise JavaBeans or .NET environments).

See also
 WS-Coordination - an alternative transaction standard
 Enterprise service bus

External links
 NetBeans SOA Composite Application Project Home
 camelse
 Running Apache Camel in OpenESB

References 

Web service specifications
Web services
Enterprise application integration
Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory. The Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (NGPDL) at the Aerospace Engineering Department of the University of Colorado Boulder is headed by Professor Iain D. Boyd and performs research of nonequilibrium gases and plasmas involving the development of physical models for various gas systems of interest, numerical algorithms on the latest supercomputers, and the application of challenging flows for several exciting projects. The lab places a great deal of emphasis on comparison of simulation with external experimental and theoretical results, having ongoing collaborative studies with colleagues at the University of Michigan such as the Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory, other universities, and government laboratories such as NASA, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, and the United States Department of Defense.

Current research areas of the NGPDL include electric propulsion, hypersonic aerothermodynamics, flows involving very small length scales (MEMS devices), and materials processing (jets used in deposition thin films for advanced materials). Due to nonequilibrium effects, these flows cannot always be computed accurately with the macroscopic equations of gas dynamics and plasma physics. Instead, the lab has adopted a microscopic approach in which the atoms/molecules in a gas and the ions/electrons in a plasma are simulated on computationally using a large number of model particles within sophisticated Monte Carlo methods. The lab has developed a general 2D/axi-symmetric/3D code, MONACO, for simulating nonequilibrium neutral flows that can run either on scalar workstations or in a parallel computing environment.

The lab also has developed a general 2D/axi-symmetric/3D code, LeMANS, to numerically solve the Navier-Stokes equations using computational fluid dynamics when the Knudsen number is sufficiently small. This allows lab members to explore flows that would otherwise be too computationally expensive with a particle method. Work is currently being done to combine the two codes into a hybrid that uses MONACO when the flow is in the collisional nonequilibrium regime and LeMANS when the flow can be considered continuous.

Current and past plasma and nonequilibrium flow projects include simulation of ion thrusters, Hall effect thrusters, and pulsed plasma thrusters) as well as numerous NASA contracts to study reentry aerothermodynamics for space vehicles, including the Crew Exploration Vehicle. Other plasma research includes modeling wall ablation from directed energy weapons and the plasma-propellant interaction in electrothermal chemical guns.

Official website
https://www.colorado.edu/lab/ngpdl/

University of Michigan
Aerospace engineering organizations
Plasma physics facilities
Plasma processing
Computational fluid dynamics
AACE International. AACE International (Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering) was founded in 1956 by 59 cost estimators and cost engineers during the organizational meeting of the American Association of Cost Engineering at the University of New Hampshire in Durham, New Hampshire.  AACE International Headquarters is located in Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. AACE is a 501(c)(3) non-profit professional association. AACE International is a member of the Board of the Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards (CESB).

Activities 
AACE is a non-profit   organization with about 15 employees at its headquarters in Morgantown, WV.    A variety of other organizations  in the United States provide similar certifications,  often specialized for particular industries, such as power, manufacturing, gas and oil.

AACE is the publisher of Cost Engineering, a bi-monthly technical journal, Skills and Knowledge of Cost Engineering (currently in its 6th edition), Source magazine (a bi-monthly magazine), 20 different AACE International Professional Practice Guides, approximately 120 Recommended Practices, and its most comprehensive publication, the Total Cost Management Framework: An Integrated Approach to Portfolio, Program and Project Management.

Certification programs
AACE currently manages eight certification programs, as  listed below. All require agreeing to adhere to canons of ethics, and passing an examination. Most require prior industry experience, and also involve recertification by continuing education or reexamination.

Certified Cost Technician (formerly known as Interim Cost Consultant), an entry-level certification and is not eligible for renewal
Certified Scheduling Technician, an entry-level certification
Certified Cost Professional (formerly Certified Cost Consultant / Certified Cost Engineer), which additionally requires a technical paper submission 
Certified Estimating Professional 
Certified Forensic Claims Consultant, which has additional requirements, including submission of a publication
Decision & Risk Management Professional
Earned Value Professional
Planning & Scheduling Professional

Since becoming a charter member of the Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards in 1990, six of its certification programs (CCP, CCT, CEP, CST, EVP and PSP) have been accredited by the CESB.

Membership
As of 2012, AACE reported over 8,000 members. To network in local areas, there are over 80 local sections located in 80 countries. There are also 11 technical subcommittees and 17 special interest groups.

References

Further reading 
 "Total Cost Management Framework: An Integrated Approach to Portfolio, Program and Project Management," 2nd Edition, AACE International, Morgantown, West Virginia, 2016
 "Skills and Knowledge of Cost Engineering," 6th Edition, AACE International, Morgantown, West Virginia, 2016.

External links 
AACE International
What is cost engineering? - a white paper
The Total Cost Management Framework; An Integrate Approach to Portfolio, Program and Project Management

Professional associations based in the United States
Cost engineering
Engineering societies based in the United States
Bhavanisagar Dam. Bhavanisagar Dam or Lower Bhavani Dam, is located in Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India. The dam is constructed on the Bhavani river. It is one of the world's largest earthen dams. Thyagi M.A. Eswaran, the Erode MLA was instrumental in bringing the  Bhavanisagar Dam Project.  M. A. Eswaran, was born to Muthukaruppan Pillai and Venkatalakshmi on 25 October 1895 at Karungalpalayam in Erode. The first major irrigation project executed in Tamil Nadu after Independence, it turned Erode, Tiruppur, and Karur districts into a fertile landscape, irrigating 2,47,247 acres for the cultivation of paddy and other crops, besides generating 18 MW through two power generation houses. M.A.Eswaran was unanimously elected as MLA for Erode area in the Madras Provincial Assembly in 1946. Apart from his contribution to the freedom struggle, he worked for the implementation of the Lower Bhavani Project. Until his death in 22.05.1978, he sacrificed his entire life for the welfare of the people. The dam is situated some  west of Sathyamangalam, is 17 km (11 mi) North of Punjai Puliampatti, is  from Gobichettipalayam and is  north-east to Mettupalayam.

History
The Lower Bhavani Project was the first major irrigation project initiated in India, after independence, in 1948. It was completed by 1955 and opened for use in 1956. The dam was constructed at a cost of .

Dimensions
The dam is  long by  high. The full reservoir level is  and the dam has a capacity of .

Hydrography
Bhavanisagar dam is constructed on the Bhavani River. The dam receives water from two main catchment areas in the Western Ghats. The water is fed into the Bhavani river known as Upper Bhavani. The eastern catchment area includes the Upper Bhavani, Avalanche and Emerald lakes, Kundha, Gedhai, Pillur and Nellithurai . The western catchment area includes Portimund, Parson's valley, Pykara, Glenmorgan, Singara, Maravakandy, Moyar and Thengumarahada. The dam is fed by both Southwest and Northeast monsoons.

The dam feeds water into two canals, Lower Bhavani Project Canal and Kalingarayan Canal. The Kalingarayan canal feeds Thadapalli and Arakkankottai channels and the LBP canal feeds the Thadapalli and Arakankottai channels.

Power generation
The dam has two hydroelectric power stations, one on the east bank canal and the other on the Bhavani river. Each has a capacity of  for a total capacity of .

See also 
 List of dams and reservoirs in India

References

Dams in Tamil Nadu
Dams completed in 1955
Buildings and structures in Erode district
Earth-filled dams
Hydroelectric power stations in Tamil Nadu
20th-century architecture in India
Continuous descent approach. Continuous descent approach (CDA), also known as optimized profile descent (OPD), is a method by which aircraft approach airports prior to landing. It is designed to reduce fuel consumption and noise compared to other conventional descents. Instead of approaching an airport in a stairstep fashion, throttling down, and requesting permission to descend to each new (lower) altitude, CDA allows for a smooth, constant-angle descent to landing.

A continuous descent approach starts from the top of descent, i.e., at cruise altitude, and allows the aircraft to fly its individual optimal vertical profile down to runway threshold. Some airports apply constraints to this individual optimal profile.

United Kingdom
The approach to London Heathrow Airport uses CDA, particularly at night, to minimize noise pollution. It is also used at Gatwick Airport.

See also
List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations
Index of aviation articles
QTOL
Nap-of-the-earth

References

Air traffic control
Bookmaking software. Bookmaking software provides a start-to-finish, self-publishing solution for end users. It combines the design capabilities of desktop publishing software applications with the connectivity of Web-based applications to seamlessly link desktop computers to remote digital printers, as well as online and offline distribution channels and commerce platforms.

This type of software application is made possible by digital printing, which enables smaller numbers of books to be printed on demand, as well as broadband and Web-based technology, which make it possible for larger amounts of data (e.g., software programs, files) to be distributed over a network.

While self-publishing is not new, the trend is being fueled by growing popularity of “participatory media” (such as social networking sites and blogs), which enable people to increasingly contribute to the media they consume.

See also
 Desktop publishing
BookSmart

References 

Desktop publishing software
Victor Insulator Company. Victor Insulators, Inc. based in Victor, New York (founded 1893 by Fred M. Locke) is the oldest insulator company in North America. They originally made glass insulators for electrical lines. They suspended operations during the Great Depression, but resumed operations in 1935 as Victor Insulators. In 1984, the managers purchased the company from Brown Boveri and resumed operating under the name.  They also made diner coffee mugs in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. They are still making insulators at the same location to this day.

Coffee mugs 
During World War II, the Victor Insulator Company responded to a request from the military to develop dining ware that was sturdy, and wouldn't slide easily on tables. The company developed a bowl and a dual-wall coffee mug using the same materials they use to make insulators. They won the government contract, but their coffee mug design quickly caught on in restaurants and diners.

The popular American off-white colored diner-style coffee mug would soon be copied by companies as far away as China. When Victor Insulator Company couldn't compete with the counterfeits on the market, they decided to close their coffee mug manufacturing in the late 1980s.

External links
 Victor Insulators, Inc. official company home page
 Fred M. Locke web page

References

Electronics companies of the United States
Companies based in Ontario County, New York
Disk'O. The Disk'O (also known as Skater or Surf's Up) is a type of flat ride manufactured by Zamperla of Italy. The ride is a larger version of a Rockin' Tug, also manufactured by Zamperla.

Versions

Ride
On a traditional Disk'O, Mega Disk'O or Disk'O Coaster, riders sit on a circular platform with outward-facing seats. On a Skater or a Skater Coaster, riders sit on a rectangular platform with inwards facing seats. On a Surf's Up, riders stand on a rectangular platform. Regardless of the model, the ride experience is very similar. The platform moves back and forth along a halfpipe track while spinning. A Disk'O Coaster or a Skater Coaster both feature a small hill in the middle of the halfpipe.

Installations

References

External links

Zamperla Rides

Amusement rides
Zamperla
Italian inventions
Space Integrated GPS/INS. Space Integrated GPS/INS (SIGI) is a strapdown Inertial Navigation Unit (INU) developed and built by Honeywell International to control and stabilize spacecraft during flight.

SIGI has integrated global positioning and inertial navigation technology to provide three navigation solutions : Pure inertial, GPS-only and blended GPS/INS.

Current and Future Usage
SIGI have been employed on the International Space Station, the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) the Boeing X-37, CST-100 Starliner and X-40.

SIGI is also proposed as the primary navigation system for Orion, which is scheduled to replace the Space Shuttle.

See also 

 Air navigation
 Spherical trigonometry
 Miniature Inertial Measurement Unit (MIMU)

References

External links
Relative Navigation and Attitude Determination Near the International Space Station

Avionics
Radio navigation
Navigational equipment
Spacecraft communication