omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Korail Class 8000. The Korail Class 8000 locomotive is a series of South Korean electric locomotives operated by Korail. This locomotive was introduced from 1972 to 1990, after electrification of several industrial lines. It was assigned both passenger and freight duty until the introduction of the 8200 series, which restricted the older locomotives to solely freight service. 94 were built (numbered 8001-8094), but many have been retired as new replacements enter service.

Technical details 
The locomotive was designed by the 50- Hertz Group, which consisted of European manufacturers Alstom, Siemens, MTE, Brown, Boveri & Cie, ACEC, and AEG, and was led by Alstom. The locomotive has three bogies in Bo-Bo-Bo arrangement. With six  DC motors, the total power is . The gear ratio is 15:96, and top speed , optimized for mountain lines with steep grades and short radius curves. The design was inspired by contemporary French locomotives, such as SNCF Class BB 15000 and SNCF Class CC 6500.

Accidents 
On November 3, 1975, units 8056 and 8058 fell off the Seonam bridge, on the Taebaek Line. 8056 was refurbished in KNR Seoul Factory in January 1977, 8058 was rebuilt by Hanjin Heavy Industry in January 1979.

Retirement 
As the Class 8000 locomotives neared the end of their 30-year lifespans, Korail found the need to order replacement locomotives. The replacements came to be known as the Korail 8500 locomotives, and have been steadily entering service since 2012. The majority of the Class 8000 locomotives have been retired by the new Class 8500 locomotives; only units 8091-8094 remain in service up to this day (from the entire order of 8001-8094).

Units 8001 and 8091 are expected to be preserved at this time. They are currently stored out of service.

References

Bibliography 

 

Bo-Bo-Bo locomotives
Electric locomotives of South Korea
Railway locomotives introduced in 1972
25 kV AC locomotives
50 c/s Group locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of South Korea
Advanced Inertial Reference Sphere. The Advanced Inertial Reference Sphere (AIRS) is a highly accurate inertial navigation system designed for use in the LGM-118 Peacekeeper ICBM, which was intended for precision nuclear strikes against Soviet missile silos.

Details
AIRS is a fluid-suspended gyrostabilized platform system, as opposed to one using a gimballed gyrostabilized platform. It consists of a beryllium sphere floating in fluid. Jet nozzles are used to stabilize the inertial platform as commanded from the sensors to increase accuracy. This design not only eliminates the problem of gimbal lock, but also makes it extremely accurate (drift less than 1.5×10−5 °/h), to the point that any further improvement would give a negligible benefit to the missile's CEP.

The sensors used in AIRS are floated gas bearing gyroscopes and SFIR accelerometers, which are derivatives of PIGA accelerometers. Although this type of accelerometer is most accurate, it contains many precise parts, making it very expensive to build (approximately $6,000,000 per AIRS unit in 1987, not including development costs). PIGA/SFIR accelerometers are also very susceptible to failure due to the complex design.

Usage
The AIRS was originally developed for the LGM-118A Peacekeeper. The first AIRS units were manufactured by Northrop.

References

External links
Detailed description

Military electronics of the United States
Missile guidance
Navigational equipment
Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch. The Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch (also known as Azad University of Lahijan) is a branch of the Islamic Azad University system.

The university was established in 1988 by some professors of Tehran University of Medical Sciences include Dr. Mir Mozafar Masoumi who was the first President of the university.
So far 16000 students graduated from university.

Faculties
Faculty of Engineering
Architecture Engineering (B.Sc. & A.Sc.)
Architecture Technology (B.Ac)
Auto Mechanics - Vehicle Engineering (B.Ac.)
Cartography Technology (B.Ac)
Cartography - Geodesy (A.Sc.)
Chemical Engineering (B.Sc.)
Civil Engineering (M.Sc., B.Sc. & A.Sc.)
Civil Technology (B.Ac. & A.Sc.)
Computer Engineering (B.Sc. & A.Sc. & PhD)
Computer Technology (B.Ac. & A.Sc.)
Control Engineering (B.Sc.) 
Electronics Engineering (M.Sc., B.Sc. & A.Sc. & PhD)
Electronics Technology (B.Ac. & A.Sc.)
Electrical Power Technology (M.Sc., B.Sc. & A.Sc.)
Mechanical Engineering (A.Sc., M.Sc., B.Sc. & PhD)
Mechatronics Engineering (M.Sc.)
Medical Radiation Engineering (B.Sc.)
Mining Engineering - Extraction (B.Sc. & A.Sc.)
Mining Engineering - Exploration (B.Sc. & A.Sc.)
Metallurgy Engineering (B.Sc.)
Optics Engineering - Laser (B.Sc.)
Robotic Engineering (B.Sc.)
 Faculty of Math & Science
Applied Math (M.Sc & B.Sc)
Computer Science (B.Sc)
Math Science (B.Sc)
 Faculty of Basic Science
Applied Chemistry (B.Sc)
Cell Biology - Molecular - Bio-tech (B.Sc)
Cell Biology - Molecular (B.Sc)
Chemistry (B.Sc)
Geology (B.Sc)
Geology - Petrology (M.Sc)
Geology - Economic Geology (M.Sc)
Marine Biology (B.Sc)
Microbiology (M.Sc)
Physics (B.Sc)
 Faculty of Natural Resources
Forestry (M.Sc & B.Sc)
Environmental Science (M.Sc & B.Ac)
Fisheries Science (B.Ac)
Natural Resources - Fisheries Science (M.Sc & B.Sc)
Natural Resources - Forestry (B.Sc)
Natural Resources - Environmental Engineering (B.Sc)
Natural Resources - Aquatic Reproduction and Aquaculture (M.Sc)
Processed Fishery Products (M.Sc)
 Faculty of Agriculture
Agriculture Engineering - Food Science and Technology (B.Sc)
Agriculture - Medic Plants (B.Sc)
Agriculture Engineering - Cultivation (M.Sc)
Agricultural Engineering - Water (B.Sc)
Engineering Agriculture - Agronomy (B.Sc)
Food Science and Technology (B.Ac)
Food Technology (A.Sc)
Other departments
Accounting
English - Literature
Islamic Education
Jurisprudence
Nursing
Persian Literature
Physical Education
Psychology
Teacher Education

External links
 Official website 
 Official website - English Version

Universities and colleges established in 1988
lahijan|Lahijan
Education in Gilan province
1988 establishments in Iran
Buildings and structures in Gilan province
Monroe County Airport (Alabama). Monroe County Airport  is a county-owned public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) south of the central business district of Monroeville, in Monroe County, Alabama, United States. According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, it is categorized as a general aviation facility.

Facilities and aircraft 
Monroe County Airport covers an area of  at an elevation of 419 feet (128 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 3/21 with an asphalt surface measuring 6,028 by 100 feet (1,837 x 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending July 14, 2009, the airport had 20,100 aircraft operations, an average of 55 per day: 95% general aviation and 5% military. At that time there were 16 aircraft based at this airport: 75% single-engine, 13% multi-engine, 6% jet and 6% helicopter.

See also
 List of airports in Alabama

References

External links 
 Aerial image as of 4 March 1997 from USGS The National Map
 Airfield photos for MVC from Civil Air Patrol
 

Airports in Alabama
County airports in the United States
Transportation in Monroe County, Alabama
Buildings and structures in Monroe County, Alabama
Clean fuel. Clean fuel may refer to type of fuel used for transport or a type of fuel used for cooking and lighting. With regards to cooking, the Sustainable Development Goal 7 aims to "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all." Clean fuel there is defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e. against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality. Clean fuel is one component of sustainable energy.

Transport 
Clean fuels used for transport can be biofuels that have lower greenhouse gas emission rates, such as ethanol or biodiesel biogas. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is another example.

Cooking and lighting 
Clean fuels used for cooking and lighting can include biogas, LPG, electricity, ethanol, natural gas. Furthermore, clean-burning stoves, solar cookers and alcohol-fuel stoves are cooking solutions that typically deliver high performance in terms of reducing indoor air pollution. This is often the case even regardless of the type of cookstove used. These cooking solutions are often considered “modern” or “clean” solutions and are collectively called BLEENS.

Sustainable Development Goal 7 is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. It aims to "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all." One of its indicators is: "Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology" (Indicator 7.1.2). The indicator is calculated as the number of people using clean fuels and technologies for cooking, heating and lighting divided by total population reporting that any cooking, heating or lighting, expressed as percentage. "Clean fuel" is defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e. against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality.

There remain some 2.8 billion people who rely on unclean, polluting fuels and technologies for cooking. This includes traditional stoves paired with charcoal, coal, crop waste, dung, kerosene and wood. The World Health Organization estimates that air pollution from cooking causes 3.8 million deaths annually. These fuels also emit significant amounts of black carbon and methane, which are potent contributors to climate change, in addition to carbon dioxide.

See also
Climate change
Natural gas vehicle
Particulate matter

References

External 
 Washington Environmental Council Clean Fuel Standard

Fuels
Sustainable energy
Energy development
Methylecgonidine. Methylecgonidine (anhydromethylecgonine; anhydroecgonine methyl ester; AEME) is a chemical intermediate derived from ecgonine or cocaine.

Methylecgonidine is a pyrolysis product formed when crack cocaine is smoked, making this substance a useful biomarker to specifically test for use of crack cocaine, as opposed to powder cocaine which does not form methylecgonidine as a metabolite. Methylecgonidine has a relatively short half-life of 18–21 minutes, after which it is metabolised to ecgonidine, meaning that the relative concentrations of the two compounds can be used to estimate how recently crack cocaine has been smoked. Methylecgonidine has been shown to be specifically more harmful to the body than other byproducts of cocaine; for example to the heart, lungs &  liver. The toxicity is due to a partial agonist effect at M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors, leading to DNA fragmentation and neuronal death by apoptosis.

AEME is also used in scientific research for the manufacture of phenyltropane analogues such as troparil, dichloropane, iometopane, and CFT. Methylecgonidine could also theoretically be used to produce cocaine and so may be a controlled substance in some countries.

Synthesis

Methylecgonidine can be synthesized non pyrolytically from cocaine via hydrolysis/dehydration followed by esterification with methanol.

The scheme by Kline is based on the reaction of 2,4,6-cycloheptatriene-7-carboxylic acid with methylamine. This is a modified version of  by Grundmann and Ottmann. In the accompanying patent  these same authors react their methylecgonidine with two equivalents of PhLi to form a tertiary alcohol by "hard" addition to the ester and not "soft" Michael addition. However, the product is only one tenth the potency of atropine. The methyl 2,4,6-cycloheptatriene-1-carboxylate can be made synthetically.

Davies et al. synthesized (R/S)-methylecgonidine by a tandem cyclopropanation/Cope rearrangement. Thus, reaction of methyldiazobutenoate (2) with 5 equiv of N-((2-(TMS)ethoxy)carbonyl)pyrrole (1) in the presence of rhodium(II) hexanoate/hexane gave the [3.2.1]-azabicyclic system (R/S)-8 in 62% yield. The unsubstituted double bond was selectively reduced using Wilkinson catalyst to provide N-protected anhydroecgonine methyl ester ((R/S)-4). Following deprotection of N8 nitrogen with TBAF and reductive methylation with formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride, (R/S)-5 was obtained in overall good yield.

See also 
 Arecoline
 Anatoxin-a
 Tropacocaine

References 

Tropane alkaloids
Cycloalkenes
Methyl esters
Art Westerberg. Art Westerberg is an emeritus professor at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He has been a major contributor to the field of numerical methods for solving chemical engineering problems, and has been involved since the 1980s with a mathematical modelling package named ASCEND.

He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1987 for "pioneering research and educational development in computer-aided design methods, including simulation, optimization, and dynamics of chemical processes".

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091008203456/http://www.cheme.cmu.edu/people/faculty/aw0a.htm

Carnegie Mellon University faculty
American chemical engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
COP3. COP3 or COP 3 may refer to:
 1997 United Nations Climate Change conference, the third session of the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 3) in Kyoto, Japan, where the Kyoto Protocol was adopted
 Alpha-muurolene synthase, an enzyme
 Gamma-muurolene synthase, an enzyme
 Lake Rosseau/Onnalinda Point Water Aerodrome, the Transport Canada LID for the aerodrome in Ontario
Fab Lab Barcelona. Fab Lab Barcelona (Fab Lab BCN) is a pioneering entity in the global Fab Labs network, established in 2007 as the first Fab Lab in the European Union by the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC). Located in Barcelona's Poblenou district, this former factory has transformed into a hub of ideas, innovation, and education. It quickly became a leader in the maker culture and digital fabrication, contributing significantly to the global network of Fab Labs. The lab is renowned for blending digital fabrication technologies with community-driven and pedagogical innovation. It is home of the Distributed Design platform, the exchange and networking hub for the European maker movement, promoting the connection between designers, makers, and the market.

Prizes and awards 
 The Remix El Barrio project won the STARTS Grand Prize by the European Commission for the most Innovative Collaboration in 2021.
 The Distributed Design platform led by Fab Lab Barcelona is an official member of the New European Bauhaus initiative in 2020.
 The Making Sense Toolkit co-developed as part of the [Making Sense] project received a STARTS Prize honourable mention in 2018.
 Recognized by the Financial Times, Google and leading European policymakers as one of 100 digital pioneers in Europe in 2017.
 The Smart Citizen project won Most Innovative Initiative prize at Smart City Expo World Congress 2013.

See also

 Fab lab

References

External links
 . Consulted on 13 October 2024.
 
 

Technical universities and colleges
Universities in Catalonia
Education in Barcelona
Barcelona
International schools in Spain
Industrial design
ASA Aluminium Body. ASA Aluminium Body is an Argentinian company that produces exact re-builds of racing cars from the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. The company is headquartered in Don Torcuato, a city in Tigre Partido.

History 
In 1969 a company named Lotus Argentina started producing licensed Lotus Seven roadsters. In 1985 Néstor Salerno, an Argentinian racing driver, bought the company, changing its name to ASA ("Automóvil Sport Argentino").

Current models
The company offers standard replicas of Lotus Seven and Porsche 550. Also offered are special order replicas of cars like: Maserati 300S, Lancia D24, Ferrari 375 MM, Alfa Romeo 3000 CM, Frazer Nash Le Mans and other racing cars from the period. All of the cars have aluminium bodies.

References

External links
 
 Néstor Salerno interview on ElTreceTV.com

1969 establishments in Argentina
Car manufacturers of Argentina
Privately held companies of Argentina
Digital Systems Resources. Digital System Resources was a provider of advanced systems for the United States Department of Defense and became a success story for the military's SBIR program. From 1991 to 1997 it had been funded to the amount of $52,000,000, As of 2003 it was 75th on the Top 100 Federal Prime Contractors.

Projects
Acoustic Rapid COTS Insertion (A-RCI)
Multi-Purpose Processor MPP
SQQ-89 A(V)15
Surface Ship CS (CNI)
Photonics Mast Workstation
SURTASS

Financials
Digital System Resources had 2001 Revenues of ~$90 million according to Mr. Carrolls Testimony before Congress. Digital System Resources had 2003 Revenues of ~$120 million before being purchased by General Dynamics.

History
Digital System Resources was started in 1982 with 2 employees. Its first contracts were with IBM's Manassas Virginia site. In 2001, DSR was successfully using the DoDs SBIR program and had grown to 170 employees. By 2003, DSR had grown to a company of over 450 employees. Digital System Resources was acquired by General Dynamics on September 10, 2003 for an undisclosed amount and merged with General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems.

References

Defunct software companies of the United States
Defense companies of the United States
Software companies based in Virginia
Software companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in Virginia
General Dynamics
Replication (microscopy). Replication, in metallography, is the use of thin plastic films to nondestructively duplicate the microstructure of a component. The film is then examined at high magnifications.

Replication is a method of copying the topography of a surface by casting or impressing material onto the surface. It is the commonly used technique to duplicate surfaces that are inaccessible in metrology to other forms of nondestructive testing. Replicas can be used in biology as well:

The replicas may be imaged in the light microscope or coated with heavy metals, the replicating film melted away, and the heavy metal replica imaged in a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).

The same materials, cellulose acetate films, are used for creating replicas of biological materials such as bacteria.

Metallurgy
Nondestructive testing

Field Metallurgical Replication (FMR), in field metallography, is the use of metallurgical preparation on surfaces in the field, by polishing to a mirror image, along with application of acetate or other thin plastic films designed to nondestructively duplicate the microstructure of a part or structure in-situ. The FMR replica is then transferred to a glass slide for examination by optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and other methods.
Steel casing pipe. Steel casing pipe, also known as encasement pipe, is most commonly used in underground construction to protect utility lines of various types from getting damaged.  Such damage might occur due to the elements of nature or human activity.

Steel casing pipe is used in different types of horizontal underground boring, where the pipe is jacked into an augered hole in segments and then connected together by welding or by threaded and coupled ends, or other proprietary pipe connectors such as interference-fit interlocking push-on joints. The steel casing pipe can also be set up and welded into a "ribbon" and then directionally pulled through a previously drilled hole under highways, railroads, lakes and rivers.

Uses

Steel casing pipe protects one or many of various types of utilities such as water mains, gas pipes, electrical power cables, fiber-optic cables, etc. The utility lines that are run through the steel casing pipe are most commonly mounted and spaced within the steel casing pipe by using "casing spacers" that are made of various materials, including stainless steel or carbon steel and the more economical plastic versions.  The ends of a steel casing pipe "run" are normally sealed with "casing end seals", which can be of the "pull-on" or "wrap-around" rubber varieties. Steel casing pipe is also used in the construction of deep foundations.

Specification
Steel casing pipe generally has no specific specifications, other than the need for the material to be extremely straight and round. In some areas A.S.T.M. specifications may be required by project engineers. The specification most commonly called for is A.S.T.M. 139 Grade B. This specification gives parameters for minimum yield and tensile strength of the steel pipe being used for casing, and tolerances of straightness and concentricity.

Steel casing pipe is often specified as ASTM A-252 which is a structural grade material that does not require hydrostatic testing and the inspection requirements are not stringent and it usually costs less than other grades such as A-53, A-139 or API 5L. Used natural gas line pipe is also used as casing on many projects because it is often reclaimed in very good condition and can offer a significant cost savings when compared to new steel pipe.  Used pipe is most likely to not have any testing data associated with it and is generally used when the only required specification is a given diameter and wall thickness of steel casing pipe.

See also
 Microtunneling
 Trenchless technology

References

Piping
Aneesur Rahman Prize. The Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society since 1993. The recipient is chosen for "outstanding achievement in computational physics research" and it is the highest award given by the APS for work in computational physics. The prize is named after Aneesur Rahman (1927–1987), pioneer of the molecular dynamics simulation method. The prize was valued at $5,000 from 2007 to 2014, and is currently valued at $10,000.

Recipients 

Source: American Physical Society
 2025 Chris G. Van de Walle
 2024 Gustavo E. Scuseria
 2023 Pablo G. Debenedetti
 2022 Giulia Galli
 2021 Anders W. Sandvik
 2020 Antoine Georges and Gabriel Kotliar
 2019 Sharon C. Glotzer
 2018 
 2017 Sauro Succi
 2016 Matthias Troyer
 2015 John D. Joannopoulos
 2014 Robert Swendsen
 2013 James R. Chelikowsky
 2012 Kai-Ming Ho
 2011 James M. Stone
 2010 Frans Pretorius
 2009 
 2008 Gary S. Grest
 2007 Daan Frenkel
 2006 David Vanderbilt
 2005 Uzi Landman
 2004 Farid Abraham
 2003 Steven R. White
 2002 David P. Landau
 2001 Alex Zunger
 2000 Michael John Creutz
 1999 Michael L. Klein
 1998 David Matthew Ceperley
 1997 Donald H. Weingarten
 1996 Steven Gwon Sheng Louie
 1995 Roberto Car and Michele Parrinello
 1994 John M. Dawson
 1993 Kenneth G. Wilson

See also
 List of American Physical Society prizes and awards
 List of physics awards

References

Awards of the American Physical Society
Computational physics
Viper-class patrol craft. Viper class is a Type PC-40 fiberglass patrol craft of the Indonesian Navy. It was commissioned from 20 October 2006 by Indonesian National Armed Forces Commander Marshal Djoko Suyanto.

There are a total of six craft in this class, Viper, Piton, Weling, Matacora, Tedung Selar, Boiga.As 2018 four craft remained in service while two craft were decommissioned.

Armaments
The vessel is equipped with Russian-made 25 mm and 12.7 mm calibre machine guns. It also has a combat information room, a communication room and an ammunition store room.

Notable deployments
 KAL Viper helped recover some of the bodies from the ferry .

References

2006 ships
Patrol vessels of the Indonesian Navy
Naval ships of Indonesia