omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Iyonix PC. The Iyonix PC was an Acorn-clone personal computer sold by Castle Technology and Iyonix Ltd between 2002 and 2008. According to news site Slashdot, it was the first personal computer to use Intel's XScale processor. It ran .

History 

The Iyonix originated as a secret project by Pace engineers in connection with development of set-top boxes (STBs), and has been noted as a successor to the . Pace had a licence to develop RISCOS Ltd's OS sources for use in the STB market. The Iyonix was developed under the code name Tungsten and uses , which is a version of RISC OS that supports ARM CPUs with 32-bit addressing modes. The sources and hardware design were subsequently acquired by Castle, who developed them into the final product. Castle continued to keep the project a secret, requiring developers to sign a non-disclosure agreement. Information was distributed to such developers via a confidential section of the website. Customers were occasionally able to buy the computer as a bare bones system for self-assembly.

After speculation on the usenet newsgroups, a website for the hardware was spotted in mid October 2002. Units first went on sale in December 2002. Prices started from £1249.

Castle ceased production of the Iyonix after the July 2006 introduction in the UK of the RoHS Regulations. The design was not compliant and Castle did not redesign the Iyonix. Sales continued for another two years via a newly established company, Iyonix Ltd, which enabled Castle itself to circumvent the regulations.

On 25 September 2008, Castle announced that production of the Iyonix had ceased and that new units would no longer be available to order.

Features 
Features include:

 Standard ATX motherboard and Nvidia video card
 Intel XScale 80321 600 MHz 32-bit processor
 Two 64-bit and two 32-bit PCI slots (two occupied by graphics and USB cards, two free)
 RISC OS version 5 in hardware ROM module, using 32-bit addressing mode.
 Support for the Linux operating system
 Support for "legacy" Acorn DEBI expansion cards
 USB interfacing

It was the first time substantial changes had been made to the platform since the release of the Risc PC in 1994. All interim machines had been built on the ARM7500 system on a chip, which was widely regarded as a single-chip Risc PC. (It incorporated the memory controller, video, sound, IO and CPU logic of a Risc PC, leaving only memory and disc interfacing to be added.)

The presence of PCI and USB capabilities, as well as the retained "podule" bus, attracted comparisons to Acorn's aborted Phoebe PC; however, such comparisons should be tempered with Phoebe's proposed feature set, which retained VIDC and 26-bit mode, and although Phoebe was intended to be capable of SMP configurations, its proposed shipping configuration had been for one SA110 CPU.

References

External links 
 Iyonix website
 Iyonix review by The Icon Bar
 Iyonix review 
 Announcement of end of production

RISC OS
ARM-based home computers
Bowen ratio. The Bowen ratio is used to describe the type of heat transfer for a surface that has moisture.  Heat transfer can either occur as sensible heat (differences in temperature without evapotranspiration) or latent heat (the energy required during a change of state, without a change in temperature).  The Bowen ratio is generally used to calculate heat lost (or gained) in a substance; it is the ratio of energy fluxes from one state to another by sensible heat and latent heating respectively.

The ratio was named by Harald Sverdrup after Ira Sprague Bowen (1898–1973), an astrophysicist whose theoretical work on evaporation to air from water bodies made first use of it, and it is used most commonly in meteorology and hydrology.

Formulation
The Bowen ratio is calculated by the equation: 

 , where  is sensible heating and  is latent heating.

In this context, when the magnitude of  is less than one, a greater proportion of the available energy at the surface is passed to the atmosphere as latent heat than as sensible heat, and the converse is true for values of  greater than one.  As , however,  becomes unbounded making the Bowen ratio a poor choice of variable for use in formulae, especially for arid surfaces.  For this reason the evaporative fraction is sometimes a more appropriate choice of variable representing the relative contributions of the turbulent energy fluxes to the surface energy budget.

The Bowen ratio is related to the evaporative fraction, , through the equation,

 .

The Bowen ratio is an indicator of the type of surface. The Bowen ratio, , is less than one over surfaces with abundant water supplies.

References

External links
 National Science Digital Library - Bowen Ratio

1926 introductions
Engineering ratios
Heat transfer
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Liquid water path. Liquid water path - in units of g/m2 is a measure of the total amount of liquid water present between two points in the atmosphere. 

LWP is an important quantity in understanding radiative transfer in the atmosphere. It is defined as the integral of liquid water content between two points in the atmosphere. For nadir observations and whole atmospheric column we have 

where  is the liquid water mixing ratio and  is the density of air (including water loading).

The atmosphere is in approximate hydrostatic equilibrium and hydrostatic equation for atmospheric pressure is given by
 
which gives

where  is gravitational acceleration,  is the pressure increment between two layers in the atmosphere and integration is between surface and top of the atmosphere. Liquid water path can also be defined between any two selected points.

The liquid water path can be approximately retrieved from passive and active remote sensing such as microwave radiometer instruments, for example SSM/I.

Typical values of liquid water path in marine stratocumulus can be of the order of 20-80 g/m2.

The liquid water path also contributes to important cloud properties. As the value of the liquid water path increases, so does the albedo of the cloud. This increase in albedo is seen most quickly at the lower end of the liquid water path spectrum, that is, the smaller the amount of total water, the quicker the albedo increases. The radiative absorption of clouds is also dependent on the liquid water path. An increase of liquid water path leads to an increase in absorption. Again, the largest increase is seen with lower levels of liquid water path. These connections are due to the proportionality between the liquid water path and the optical depth of the cloud.

See also
Liquid water content

References

Atmospheric thermodynamics
Coalescence. Coalesce, coalescence or coalescent can refer to:

Chemistry and physics 
 Coalescence (chemistry), the process by which two or more separate masses of miscible substances seem to "pull" each other together should they make the slightest contact
 Coalescence (physics), the merging of two or more droplets, bubbles or particles into one
 Coalescer, device which induces coalescence in a medium

Computer science 
 Coalescence (computer science), the act of merging adjacent free blocks of memory to fill gaps caused by memory deallocation
 COALESCE, an SQL function that selects the first non-null from a range of values
 Null coalescing operator, a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages
 Coalesced hashing, a strategy of hash collision resolution in computing
 Interrupt coalescing, a technique where events which would normally trigger a hardware interrupt are held back until either a certain amount of work is pending or a timeout timer triggers
 Timer coalescing, an energy-saving technique for processors

Other fields of science 
 Coalescence (genetics) or the coalescent theory, the merging of genetic lineages backwards to a most recent common ancestor, in other words a model of how alleles sampled from a population may have originated from a common ancestor
 Coalescence (linguistics), also known as fusion (phonetics) or vowel coalescence, a sound change where two or more phonological segments with distinctive features merge into a single segment
 In geography, the process by which urban sprawl produces a linear conurbation
 Microvoid coalescence (materials science), a high energy microscopic fracture mechanism observed in the majority of metallic alloys and in some engineering plastics

Popular culture 
Coalesce (band), a metalcore band from Kansas City, Missouri, active from 1994 to 1999, 2005–
Coalesce discography, a list of Coalesce's albums and songs
 Coalesce / Boysetsfire, a split music album released in 2000, by the bands Boysetsfire and Coalesce covering each other
 Coalescence (Whit Dickey album), a 2004 jazz album
 Coalescence (Andre Canniere album), a 2013 jazz album
 Coalescent, a 2003 science-fiction novel

See also 
 Coalition, when people temporarily work together to achieve a common goal
 Coalesse, a U.S. based furniture company
 Mind coalescence (disambiguation), a term related to collective intelligence
Project-X. Project-X is a horizontally scrolling shooter for the Amiga released in 1992. It was developed and published by Team17. The game resembles Konami's side-scrolling shooter games such as Gradius, Salamander and Parodius. It was ported to MS-DOS.

Plot
Taking place many years in the future in colonized space, military scientists have disposed of countless, defective military droids on an un-colonized terrestrial planet called Ryxx. The droids eventually become sentient and, by way of revenge, start an attack against mankind, using a station to continually create more war machines. It is the player's mission to undergo Project X and eliminate the droid forces.

Gameplay
Players control a spacecraft of their choice, battling hundreds of alien ships. Various power-ups, frequent in the first level, but progressively rare afterwards, permit an exponential increase of the spacecraft's seven different weapons (Guns, Buildup, Side Shots, Homing Missiles, Plasma, Magma, and Laserbeam).

The game is composed of five levels. Many players never completed the second one (which had a very difficult ending), and most of the rest never went past level three. When Team17 realized this, they released Project-X SE on Amiga CD32, a special edition with the difficulty toned down. It was released as a budget game. A hack for the original game to enable the player to skip levels by holding down the fire button and pressing the escape key was also distributed on the coverdisks of several Amiga magazines.

Reception
According to Next Generation, Project-X was highly successful in Europe, but only sold in moderate numbers in the U.S. Amiga Computing called it one of the best shooter games for that platform at the time, both for its technical excellence in graphics and sounds, and for its difficult and interesting gameplay.

Legacy
The game was followed by a PlayStation-only sequel, titled X2 in 1996. A second sequel, Project X: Light Years, is currently in development.

The game was parodied in one level of Team17's own Superfrog, as Project-F (with the 'F' presumably standing for "Frog"), even going as far as using a remixed version of the original game's theme tune.

References 

1992 video games
Amiga games
Amiga CD32 games
DOS games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Team17 games
Video games scored by Allister Brimble
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Science fiction video games
Sentient (disambiguation). Sentience is the ability to perceive subjectively.

Sentient may also refer to:

 Sentient (intelligence analysis system), a heavily classified artificial intelligence satellite intelligence analysis system operated by the National Reconnaissance Office of the United States Intelligence Community
 Sentient computing, a form of ubiquitous computing which uses sensors to perceive its environment and react accordingly
 Sentient Information Systems, a Dutch software company specialized in data mining
 Sentient diet, also referred to as Sattvic diet

Video games
 Sentient (video game), a videogame developed by Psygnosis in 1997 for the PlayStation and PC
 Sentients, an alien race from Hot Wheels Battle Force 5
 The Sentients, a faction in the online game Warframe, described as a race of terraforming machines from the Tau system

Music
 Sentience (EP), an EP by electronic music producer 1788-L.
 Sentience, an electronic music group headed by Nick Sentience.
List of aircraft by date and usage category. This is a list of aircraft by date and usage. The date shown is the introduction of the first model of a line but not the current  model. For instance, while "the most popular" aircraft, such as Boeing 737 and 747 were introduced in 1960x, their recent models were revealed in the 21st century.

Civil aircraft

Civil air transport

Civil – general aviation

Military aircraft

Fighters

Bombers

Reconnaissance, electronic warfare and Airborne Early Warning

Carrier-based aircraft

Air support/attack aircraft

Training aircraft

Transport

Helicopters and Autogyros

Racing aircraft

Experimental aircraft

Seaplanes and Amphibians

References

Date and usage category
Aircraft
Gelignite. Gelignite (), also known as blasting gelatin or simply "jelly", is an explosive material consisting of collodion-cotton (a type of nitrocellulose or guncotton) dissolved in either nitroglycerine or nitroglycol and mixed with wood pulp and saltpetre (sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate).

It was invented in 1875 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, who also invented dynamite. It is more stable than dynamite, but can still suffer from "sweating" or leaching out nitroglycerine. Its composition makes it easily moldable and safe to handle without protection, as long as it is not near anything capable of detonating it. 

One of the cheapest explosives, it burns slowly and cannot explode without a detonator, so it can be stored safely.

In the United Kingdom, an explosives certificate, issued by the local Chief Officer of Police, is required for possession of gelignite. Due to its widespread civilian use in quarries and mining, it has historically been used by rebel groups such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Ulster Volunteer Force who often used gelignite as a booster.

Frangex
In the 1970s, Irish Industrial Explosives Limited produced 6,000 tonnes annually of Frangex, a commercial gelignite intended for use in mines and quarries. It was produced at Ireland's largest explosives factory in Enfield, County Meath. The Gardaí and the Irish Army patrolled the area, preventing the IRA from gaining direct access. 

However, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) indirectly acquired amounts of the material. At the time of Patrick Magee's arrest on 22 June 1985,  was found in his possession, while  was discovered in a hijacked road tanker in January 1976. Gelignite material stolen by the IRA from quarries, farms and construction sites in the Republic was among the  of explosives detonated in Northern Ireland in the first six months of 1973 alone.

PIRA volunteer, later informer, Sean O'Callaghan estimated that planting  of Frangex would kill everyone within an  radius. The Real IRA (RIRA) also acquired Frangex, and, in December 2000, eighty sticks were discovered on a farm in Kilmacow, County Kilkenny, near Waterford.

In early 1982 the Irish National Liberation Army stole  of Frangex commercial explosives from the Tara mines in County Tipperary, enabling the organisation to intensify its bombing campaign. The INLA carried out its deadliest attack in December 1982 with the bombing of the Droppin' Well disco in Ballykelly, County Londonderry, which catered to British military personnel, in which 11 soldiers on leave and six civilians were killed. A bomb, estimated to be  of Frangex explosive, small enough to fit into a handbag, was left beside a support pillar and brought down the roof when it exploded.

References

Alfred Nobel
Explosives
Swedish inventions
Ben Day process. The Ben Day process is a printing and photoengraving technique for producing areas of gray or (with four-color printing) various colors by using fine patterns of ink on the paper. It was developed in 1879 by illustrator and printer Benjamin Henry Day Jr. (son of 19th-century publisher Benjamin Henry Day). The process is commonly described in terms of Ben Day dots, but other shapes can be used, such as parallel lines or textures.

Depending on the effect, color, or optical illusion needed, small colored dots are closely spaced, widely spaced, or overlapping. Magenta dots, for example, are widely spaced to create pink, or an interleaved pattern of cyan and yellow dots might be used to produce a medium green. The technique has been widely used in color comic books, especially in the mid 20th century, to inexpensively create shading and secondary colors.

The process differs from the halftone dots, which can vary continuously in size to produce gradations of shading or color, and are commonly produced from photographs. Ben Day dots are of equal size and distribution across a specific area, and are commonly applied to line art or graphic designs. To apply the dots, the artist would cut the appropriate shapes from transparent overlay sheets, which were available in a wide variety of dot size and distribution, to provide a range of tones to use. When photographically reproduced as a line cut for letterpress printing, the areas of Ben Day overlay provided the effect of tonal shading to the printing plate.

Ben Day dots have been used deliberately, usually to evoke their use in color comics. They were a hallmark of American artist Roy Lichtenstein, who enlarged and exaggerated them in many of his paintings and sculptures to evoke the printing technique used in the comic book illustrations he commonly copied. The animated trilogy Spider-Verse (2018–2024) uses a variety of visual styles, including illustrations with visible Ben Day dots.

See also
 Dither
 Hatching (heraldry), the representation of color by monochrome lines.
 Letratone
 Polka dot
 Pointillism

References 

Dot patterns
Engraving
Printing processes
Magna (paint). Magna is the brand name of an acrylic resin paint, developed by Leonard Bocour and sold by Bocour Artist Colors, Inc. in 1947. It is somewhat different from modern acrylic paint, as it is composed of pigments ground in an acrylic resin brought into emulsion through the use of solvents. Magna paint has more of a shine to it than most modern acrylic paint, a glossier finish. In 1960, Bocour Artist Colors developed a water-borne acrylic paint named Aqua-Tec. Modern acrylic paint is water-soluble, while Magna is miscible with turpentine or mineral spirits, though both can dry rapidly to a matte or glossy finish. It was used by artists such as Barnett Newman, Morris Louis, and Roy Lichtenstein. Roy Lichtenstein used magna with oil paints.

Modern Equivalent
Golden Artist Colors produces Mineral Spirit Acrylics as a direct replacement for Magna. Any differences between the two are small, if any, and Roy Lichtenstein used them for that purpose. If anything, he  thought the available color spectrum of MSA Conservation Color was better than Bocour's Magna.

See also
Golden Artist Colors
Sam Golden
Liquitex

References

Further reading

External links
 

Art materials brands
Visual arts materials
Replay. Replay may refer to:

Technology
 Game replay, a recording of a game session.
 Instant replay, in motion pictures and television, a showing again of part of a film
 Replay Professional, a hardware sound sampling device used by the atari ST
 ReplayTV, a digital video recorder (DVR)
 Replay attack, in cryptography, an attack involving insertion of a message that has been sent previously
 Replay system of NetBurst architecture microprocessors
 REPLAY (software), a management system for audiovisual content developed at ETH Zurich

Books
 Replay (Grimwood novel), a 1986 science fiction novel by Ken Grimwood
 Replay (Creech novel), a 2005 book by Sharon Creech
 Replay: The History of Video Games, a 2010 book by Tristan Donovan
 RE:Play, a 2006 original English-language manga by Christy Lijewski

Film and television
 Replay (2001 film), a 2001 French drama film
 Replay (2003 film), a 2003 film starring Rebecca Mader
 Replay (TV program), a Canadian sports talk show television series
 Replay (web series), a 2021 South Korean web drama
 Gatorade Replay, a Fox Sports Net series featuring alumni from two sports teams, who replay a notable game from their past
 "Replay", 2019 episode of the television series The Twilight Zone

Music

Albums
 Replay (Crosby, Stills & Nash album), a 1980 album by the rock group Crosby, Stills & Nash
 Replay (Alison Brown album), a 2002 album by American banjoist Alison Brown
 Replay (Play album), a 2003 album by Swedish girl group Play
 Replay (Iyaz album), a 2010 album by British Virgin Island singer Iyaz
 Replay (The Outfield album), a 2011 album by English rock band The Outfield
 Rush Replay X 3, a 2006 set of filmed concerts from Rush
 Replay (EP), 2008 EP by South Korean boy band Shinee

Songs
 "Replay" (Iyaz song), a 2009 song by Iyaz
 "Replay" (Mr. Children song), a 1993 song by Japanese band Mr. Children
 "Replay" (Shinee song), a 2008 song by Shinee
 "Replay" (Tamta song), a 2019 song that represented Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019
 "Replay" (Zendaya song), a 2013 song by Zendaya
 "Replay", a 1995 song by Millencolin from the album Life on a Plate
 "Replay", a 2013 song by Vamps from the single "Ahead/Replay"
 "Replay", a 2013 song by Lady Kash, remake of the 2009 Iyaz song
 "Replay", a 2020 song by Lady Gaga from Chromatica
 "Replay", a 2021 song by Senidah

Other uses
 Replay (sports), a replayed match between two sport teams
 Replay pen, the brand name in Europe and Brazil for the Papermate Erasermate pen
Briartite. Briartite is an opaque iron-grey metallic sulfide mineral,  with traces of Ga and Sn, found as inclusions in other germanium-gallium-bearing sulfides.

It was discovered at the Prince Léopold Mine, Kipushi, Shaba, Congo (Léopoldville) in 1965 by Francotte and others, and named for Gaston Briart who had studied formations at Kipushi.

Briartite is also found in Namibia, Greece, and Spain.

See also
 List of minerals
 List of minerals named after people

References

Copper minerals
Zinc minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Germanium minerals
Sulfide minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 121
Minerals described in 1965
Bisque. Bisque may refer to:
 Biscuit porcelain, unglazed porcelain as a finished product
 Bisque (pottery), a piece of partially fired, or "biscuit-fired" unglazed pottery
 Bisque doll, a doll made of bisque or biscuit porcelain
 Bisque (food), a thick, creamy soup made from puréed seafood or vegetables
 Bisque, a free turn in a handicap croquet match
 Bisque, a free point in a handicap real tennis match
 Bisque, when a number of unpaired MPs in the United Kingdom may be allowed to be absent—at specified times on a rota basis—from votes in the Houses of Parliament.
 BisQue (Bioimage Analysis and Management Platform), a computer platform for the exchange and exploration of large, complex images and datasets
 bisque, a web color