omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dioxirane. In chemistry, dioxirane (systematically named dioxacyclopropane, also known as methylene peroxide or peroxymethane) is an organic compound with formula .  The molecule consists of a ring with one methylene and two oxygen atoms.  It is of interest as the smallest cyclic organic peroxide, but otherwise it is of little practical value.

Synthesis

Dioxirane is highly unstable and the majority of studies of it have been computational; it has been detected during the low temperature (–196 °C) reaction of ethylene and ozone, although even at these temperatures such a mixture can be explosive. Its formation is thought to be radical in nature, preceding via a Criegee intermediate. Microwave analysis has indicated C-H, C-O and O-O bond lengths of 1.090, 1.388 and 1.516 Å respectively. The very long and weak O-O bond (c.f. hydrogen peroxide O-O = 1.47 Å) is the origin of its instability.

Other dioxiranes
Beyond the parent dioxirane, which is mainly of theoretical interest, more common dioxiranes are dimethyldioxirane (DMD or DMDO) and trifluoromethyl-methyldioxirane (TFD). DMDO and the still more reactive methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane have seen some use in organic synthesis, These dioxiranes may be produced through the action of KHSO5 on carbonyl compounds. Because of their low-lying σ*O-O orbital, they are highly electrophilic oxidants and react with unsaturated functional groups, Y-H bonds (yielding oxygen insertion products), and heteroatoms. (1)

Dioxiranes are intermediate in the Shi epoxidation reaction.
The latter is effective for chemoselective oxidations of C-H and Si-H bonds. Although this class of reagents is most famous for the epoxidation of alkenes, dioxiranes have been used extensively for other kinds of oxidations as well.

Difluorodioxirane, which boils at about –80 to –90 °C, is one of the very few dioxirane derivatives that is stable in pure form at room temperature and is thermodynamically stable (ΔH° = –104 kcal/mol).  Dimesityldioxirane is another relatively stable derivative which has been characterized by X-ray crystallography.

See also
 Oxaziridine
 Ethylene oxide
 1,2-Dioxetane
 1,3-Dioxetane

References

Dioxiranes
Functional groups
Toyota IMV platform. The Toyota IMV platform is an automobile platform for SUVs, pickups/light trucks and passenger cars from Toyota. The name "IMV" stands for "Innovative International Multi-purpose Vehicle". It uses a ladder frame chassis construction.

IMV platform-based vehicles are either rear-wheel drive or four-wheel drive (can be either full-time or rear-based part-time). The front suspension is independent double-wishbone, while the rear suspension is half-dependent. Engines are mounted longitudinally.

History 
The IMV Project was first announced by Toyota in 2002. The project aimed to develop and produce pickup trucks, a minivan and an SUV outside Japan to reduce costs. The vehicles were released in 2004 as the seventh-generation Hilux, first-generation Innova and first-generation Fortuner respectively.

Initial production of IMV vehicles were centered in Thailand, Indonesia, Argentina and South Africa, which would supply vehicles to countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania, Latin America and the Middle East in a complete form or by knock-down kits. The production of major components were divided, for example diesel engine production were centered in Thailand, petrol engines in Indonesia and manual transmissions in the Philippines and India.

Cumulative sales reached 1 million vehicles in 2006, 2 million in 2008, 3 million in 2009, 4 million in 2010, and 5 million in March 2012.

Applications 
 Toyota Hilux
 AN10/AN20/AN30 (2004–2015, also referred to as "IMV1"/"IMV2"/"IMV3")
 AN120/AN130 (2015–present)
 Toyota Fortuner / SW4 / Hilux SW4
 AN50/AN60 (2005–2015, also referred to as "IMV4")
 AN150/AN160 (2015–present)
 Toyota Innova
 AN40 (2004–2015, also referred to as "IMV5")
 AN140 (2015–present)
Toyota Hilux Champ/Rangga/Tamaraw/Stout
 AN110/AN120 (2023–present)

References 

IMV
Citrique Belge. Citrique Belge or Citric Belge, located in Tienen is a Belgian biotech company and one of the biggest producers of citric acid. The company has a production capacity of 120,000 tonnes of citric acid per year. In 2020 it employed 340 people.

History
  In 1916, Alphonse Cappuyns and Arsène Smeets, both students from Leuven, started searching for the biological production of citric acid. First, they tried by letting random microorganisms ferment sugar into citric acid. Later they proceeded by selecting the Aspergillus niger fungus after which they achieved a productivity which allowed for industrial exploitation. This led to the foundation of the Belgian-Italian company La Citrique Belge in 1929. The Belgian know-how in fermentation was combined with the Italian know-how in refining citric acid. In 1947, the basic substrate sugar was changed with the cheaper by-product molasses and the production and profitability increased steadily. In 1977, Citrique Belge was acquired by Hoffmann–La Roche and after the acquisition, the production capacity of citric acid was more than doubled. In 2003, DSM took over the vitamin division of Roche, including Citrique Belge. In 2010, Citrique Belge was acquired by Adcuram, a german industrial holding. Subsequently, in 2016 Adcuram sold Citrique Belgique to Riflebird Capital from Brussels. Clema Capital from Luxembourg announced a takeover of Citrique Belge in November 2020.

See also
 Sugar refinery of Tienen

References

Sources
 F. Smeets, Microbial production of citric acid, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Volume 49, Number 1, January, 1983, pp. 86–87

External links
S.A. Citrique Belge N.V.

Biotechnology companies of Belgium
Tienen
Companies based in Flemish Brabant
Barford & Perkins. Barford & Perkins were road roller and agricultural machinery manufacturers in Peterborough, England. The original business began in 1840.  Their machinery was distributed internationally.

In 1920 it joined the engineering combine Agricultural & General Engineers (AGE) which failed in 1932. Barford & Perkins relocated from Peterborough at the end of the 1920s into part of the Aveling & Porter works in Rochester. Both companies made road rollers but the ranges were complementary, the Barford rollers were petrol-powered —the engines were made by Peter Brotherhood— and smaller than Aveling's steam-powered rollers.

At the instigation of chairman Edward Barford, Barford & Perkins's profitable business was bought from the AGE receiver along with Aveling & Porter with the support of Ruston & Hornsby, Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies and RA Lister & Company. 

Barford & Perkins and Aveling & Porter were combined in 1933 and moved to Grantham in 1934 and Aveling & Porter was renamed Aveling-Barford that same year.

References

External links

Manufacturing companies established in 1840
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1934
1840 establishments in England
1932 mergers and acquisitions
1934 disestablishments in England
DRYOS. DRYOS (also stylized as DryOS) is a proprietary real-time operating system made by Canon and is used in their digital cameras and camcorders.

Since late 2007, DIGIC-based cameras are shipped using DRYOS. It replaces VxWorks from Wind River Systems which has been used before on DIGIC II and some DIGIC III equipped cameras. DRYOS had existed before and was in use in other Canon hardware, such as digital video cameras and high-end webcams.

DRYOS has a 16-kilobyte kernel module at its core and is currently compatible with more than 10 CPU types. It provides a simulation-based development environment for debugging. Canon also developed a USB- and middleware-compatible device driver for file systems and network devices, e.g. video server.

DRYOS aims to be compatible with μITRON 4.0 and with POSIX.

Cameras with DRYOS 
The following cameras are known to run DRYOS:
 Canon PowerShot SX1 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX10 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX20 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX30 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX40 HS
 Canon PowerShot SX50 HS
 Canon PowerShot SX60 HS
 Canon PowerShot S5 IS
 Canon PowerShot S90
 Canon PowerShot S95
 Canon PowerShot G9
 Canon PowerShot G10
 Canon PowerShot G11
 Canon PowerShot G12
 Canon PowerShot A470
 Canon PowerShot A480
 Canon PowerShot A580
 Canon PowerShot A590 IS
 Canon PowerShot A650 IS
 Canon PowerShot A720 IS
 Canon PowerShot A810
 Canon PowerShot A1100 IS
 Canon PowerShot A2200 IS
 Canon PowerShot A2300 IS
 Canon PowerShot A3000 IS
 Canon PowerShot A3100 IS
 Canon PowerShot SD1100 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX100 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX110 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX120 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX130 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX160 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX200 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX230 IS
 Canon PowerShot SX230 HS
 Canon PowerShot SD780 IS
 Canon PowerShot SD880 IS
 Canon PowerShot SD990 IS (IXUS 980 IS)
 Canon PowerShot SD1400 IS
 Canon PowerShot ELPH100 HS (IXUS 115 HS)
 Canon EOS 5D Mark IV
 Canon EOS 80D
 Canon EOS 90D
 Canon EOS 650D
 Canon EOS 700D
 Canon EOS 750D
 Canon EOS 1100D
 Canon EOS 1200D
 Canon EOS 1300D
 Canon EOS 5D Mark III
 Canon EOS 7D Mark II
 Canon EOS M
 Canon EOS M2
 Canon EOS M3
 Canon EOS M10
 Canon EOS M50
 Canon EOS M100
 Canon EOS R-series

References

External links 
 Canon DRYOS technology explanation page (Archived January 16, 2008)
 Canon technology explanation page covering many Canon technologies, including DRYOS (Archived February 14, 2019)

Real-time operating systems
Camera firmware
Persistent luminescence. Commonly referred to as phosphorescence, persistent luminescence is the emission of light by a phosphorescent material after an excitation by ultraviolet or visible light.

Mechanism
The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not fully understood. It is neither fluorescence not phosphorescence. In fluorescence, the lifetime of the excited state lasts a few nanoseconds. In phosphorescence, even if the emission lives several seconds, this is due to deexcitation between two electronic states of different spin multiplicity. Persistent luminescence involves energy traps (such as electron or hole traps) in a material, which are filled during the excitation. Afterward, the stored energy is gradually released to light emitter centers, usually by a fluorescence-like mechanism.

Examples of use
Persistent luminescence materials are mainly used in safety signs, watch dials, decorative objects and toys. They have also been used as nanoprobes in small animal optical imaging.

References

See also
 Luminous paint
 Strontium aluminate

Luminescence
Ferenc Anisits. Ferenc Anisits (born December 23, 1938) is a Hungarian engineer, engine developer. He founded the BMW Diesel Development Center in Steyr, Austria.

He was born in Szolnok, Hungary. He graduated in 1962 from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. He got a job on 1964 in Szolnok at a local engineer office; a few years later he moved to Germany, and there he finished his PhD in Braunschweig in 1973 after learning German in only a few months. Besides cars he developed diesel engines for trucks and ships too. In October 1965 he started to work for M.A.N. and he developed ship engines and he made a lot of experiment with Rudolf Diesel's  bench of experimental. At the latter from his office at the Lake of Constance he could see three countries at once. He was developing the diesel engines of FIAT there.

At the Zurich University they already tested the common rail engines even though they didn't know at the time that would be the injection system of the future. That was the time when one of his colleagues called him back first to Mannheim, then asked him to lead the diesel development of BMW in Steyr. The new 4-cylinder engine was as powerful as the older 6-cylinder, was less in size with better fuel mileage. That engine made the engineer world famous. Under his leadership, the electronically controlled diesel injection system was introduced in 1993 for which Dr. Anisits received the Ernst Blickle Innovation Award in 1995. This development laid the foundation to the modern direct injection diesel engine. In 1998 at the 24 Hours Nürburgring race the world saw the first victory of a diesel-powered car. The 3 Series BMW outperformed its petrol driven rivals.

The most exciting part of his life when he started to work than BMW in Steyr, where he spent 19 years and developed the world's first direct injection diesel, a V8. This one and a 6-cylinder version became the "International Engine of the Year" in 1999 and 2000. He has developed three generations of Diesel engines for BMW.  Hungarian journalists jokingly asked him at one Munich Technik Tag around 2000 why the otherwise exceptionally well-designed BMW 320d is so noisy. He answered: "Our diesels from Graz suddenly became too good for the Munich petrol engines to compete with. You think the headquarters would allow them to be quiet as well? Who would buy cars with petrol engines then?"

In 2001 he became the Freeman of Szolnok, his town of birth.

In 2006 40% of all sold BMWs were diesel powered. In 2007 and 2008 BMW spends 14 million euros on the expansion of the Diesel Development Center at the Steyr factory.

In 2008 BMW enters the North American market with a diesel-powered car.

References 

1938 births
Living people
Hungarian automotive engineers
Hungarian inventors
Hungarian expatriates in Germany
Hungarian expatriates in Austria
People from Szolnok
Automation World. Launched in 2003 by PMMI Media Group (formerly Summit Media Group, Inc.), Automation World is a monthly publication which covers the latest developments in the automation field. Each issue contains articles in the following departments: Operations & Engineering Skills, Managers & Executives Skills, IT & Networking Skills. Feature articles, safety and security issues, industry news and a monthly Product World roundup are also included with monthly issues, along with one of three quarterly supplements - Industrial Ethernet Review, Packaging Automation Review, and Wireless World Review.

History and profile
The first issue of Automation World was published in June 2003.

Director of Content and Editor-in-Chief David Greenfield and his editorial team cover the success of manufacturing through the implementation of automation, showcasing best practices and solutions for systems, software, networks and control products at the highest level. 

As of December 2010, the audited BPA circulation of Automation World was 56,336 subscribers.

References

External links
Automation World website
Optimized Automation, related site

Business magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2003
Magazines published in Chicago
Professional and trade magazines
Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002. DSEAR, the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002, is the United Kingdom's implementation of the European Union-wide ATEX directive.

The intention of the Regulations is to reduce the risk of a fatality or serious injury resulting from a "dangerous substance" igniting and potentially exploding. Examples of a "dangerous substance", as defined by DSEAR, include sawdust, ethanol vapours, and hydrogen gas. The regulation is enforceable by the HSE or local authorities.

From June 2015, DSEAR incorporated changes in the EU Chemical Agents Directive and now also covers gases under pressure and substances that are corrosive to metals.

See also
Health and safety regulations in the United Kingdom
Area classification
Electrical equipment in hazardous areas
Equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
Intrinsic safety
HSEQ

References

External links
DSEAR legislation
UK HSE DSEAR page

Chemical industry in the United Kingdom
Electrical safety in the United Kingdom
Explosion protection
Health and safety in the United Kingdom
Natural gas safety
Regulation of chemicals in the United Kingdom
Safety codes
Statutory instruments of the United Kingdom
Bréguet 730. The Bréguet 730 was a French flying boat of the 1930s. Built to meet the requirements of the French Navy, it was ordered into production but no aircraft were delivered before France surrendered to Germany in June 1940. Four remaining incomplete airframes were completed after the end of World War II, serving with the French Navy until 1954.

Development

The French Navy issued a specification for a new long-range flying boat to replace the obsolete 521 Bizerte in May 1935. Bréguet designed a large four engined flying boat to meet the requirement, the Breguet 730, competing against designs by Latécoère (the Latécoère 611), Lioré et Olivier (the LeO H-440) and Potez-CAMS (the Potez-CAMS 141).

The first prototype, the Br.730-01, powered by  Gnome-Rhône 14N-2 and Gnome-Rhône 14N-3 engines, flew on 4 April 1938 at Le Havre. The N-2 engines were fitted at No.1 and No.3 positions and the N-3s at No.2 and No.4 positions, rotating in opposite directions. It was wrecked, however, on 16 July 1938 when it attempted to land in shallow water. Despite this setback, however, an order for four production aircraft was placed, followed by a contract for unlimited production on the outbreak of World War II in September 1939. This order was cut in early 1940 when it realised that attrition of maritime patrol aircraft was very low.

Operational history
No production aircraft had been completed when France surrendered on 22 June 1940, when production was suspended. It was restarted by the Vichy government, with the wing of the wrecked prototype being combined with the hull of the first production machine to produce the Br. 730 No.1, which was ready to fly when the German invasion of Vichy France prevented testing. Production of the remaining 11 aircraft continued extremely slowly under German occupation, with eight being destroyed in an Allied air raid on 6 April 1944.

The Br.730 No.1 was finally flown for the first time in December 1944, after the Germans retreated from the South of France. This aircraft, named Véga, was delivered to the French Navy, who used it as a long-range transport in April 1945, with a second Br.730 (Sirius) completed in May 1946. The remaining two aircraft (Altair and Bellatrix) were completed with redesigned nose, new floats and more powerful engines, and were designated Br.731.

Véga was destroyed in a crash in January 1949, with a second aircraft being destroyed in 1951. The last Br.731 was retired on 20 January 1954.

Variants
Br.730-01
Prototype. Powered by four 753 kW (1,010 hp) Gnome-Rhône 14N 2/3 engines.
Br.730
Production version. Powered by four 835 kW (1,120 hp) Gnome-Rhône 14N 44/45 engines. Two built.
Br.731
Modified nose and floats. Powered by 1,010 kW (1,350 hp) Gnome-Rhône 14R 200/201 engines. Two built.

Operators

 French Navy

Specifications (Br.730)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

 Breguet Br 730
 Breguet Br 731

 0730
1930s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
Four-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Four-engined piston aircraft
Packaging World. Launched in 1994 by Summit Media Group, Inc., Packaging World is a monthly publication which covers the latest developments in packaging. Packaging World reports on packaging machinery and materials and technologies and applications. Monthly coverage includes case histories, news, products, and articles on environmental, regulatory and global packaging issues. Special features on controls and line integration strategies, sustainable packaging, marketing and design, packaging-related Web sites, exclusive packaging surveys and trade shows appear regularly.

The first issue of Packaging World was published in January 1994.

President/Publisher Joseph L. Angel has over 22 years experience in the packaging press and serves on the board of the Clemson University Department of Packaging Science. He is a member of the Institute of Packaging Professionals, the Business Marketing Association, the American Business Media, and the Chicago Area Publisher's Group.

As of November 2017, print circulation of Packaging World was 60,000 subscribers .

Related titles from PMMI Media Group, Inc. include Healthcare Packaging, Contract Packaging (Packaging World sister publication) Automation World and OEM.

In November 2014 PMMI purchased Summit Media Group.

References

External links

Business magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1994
Magazines published in Chicago
Packaging magazines and journals
Aviation Applied Technology Directorate. The United States Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate (AATD) is a tenant activity located at Fort Eustis, Virginia. It is a directorate of the Aviation Development Directorate under the Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC), a part of the Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM). Circa 2019 AATD was renamed the Technology Development Directorate - Aviation.

History

The predecessor organization of AATD was established as the Transportation Corps Board on 16 December 1944 at Fort Monroe, Virginia. The original mission of the organization was research and development of all modes of transportation for the newly formed Transportation Corp. In 1946 it was transferred to the Brooklyn Army Base, Brooklyn, New York. The Directorate has been located at Fort Eustis since 1950.

The technology base pioneered for the UH-60 Black Hawk and the AH-64 Apache was established by AATD in the late 60s and 70s, and much of technological advancements have been developed and applied since then. These include elastomeric bearings, elastic pitch beam tail rotor blade, crashworthy subsystems (e.g., fuel systems, landing gear, seating, structure), vibration reduction, aircrew and passenger restraint systems, Cockpit Air Bag System (CABS), wire strike protection system (WSPS), the General Electric T700 and LHTEC T800 engines.

References

External links
 AATD Home Page
 AMRDEC Home Page
 RDECOM Home Page
 US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation and Missile Center

Military simulation
United States Army aviation
United States Army Materiel Command
Research installations of the United States Army