omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Briegleb BG-12. The Briegleb BG-12 is a single-seat sailplane of wooden construction developed in the United States in the 1950s. It was marketed for homebuilding in plans or kit form, with over 350 sets of plans selling by 1978. The BG-12 is a conventional sailplane design, with a high cantilever wing and a conventional empennage. Later models featured a highly revised fuselage, a swept-forward tail fin, and an all flying tailplane with balance tabs.

Variants
BG-12
prototype derived from BG-6
BG-12A
Initial market version
BG-12B
1963 version with revised wing
BG-12BD
BG-12B with revised wing and ailerons
BG-12C
Flapless 15 metre wing to meet FAI Standard Class requirements, one built.
BG-12/16
Revised, lower-drag fuselage and tail fin, all flying tailplane
Jobagy Bagyjo
BG-12 fuselage and empennage with Cherokee II Wings. Built in 1962 by John Jobagy, currently on display at the Aero Space Museum of Calgary
Niedrauer NG-1
BG-12/16 fuselage shortened 9 inches and lengthened to accommodate reclined pilot position.  BG-12B Horizontal tail. Airfoil changed to a NACA 4400 series.  L/D of 35:1 at .

Aircraft on display
US Southwest Soaring Museum
Aero Space Museum of Calgary
National Soaring Museum

Specifications (BG 12BD)

See also
Briegleb El Mirage Airfield

References

 
 sailplanedirectory.com
 plans sheet 12046

1950s United States sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
BG-12
Aircraft first flown in 1956
Amplitude adjusting. The Amplitude adjusting (also referred to as Amplitude control) enables the power control of electric loads, which are operated with AC voltage. A representative application is the heating control of industrial high temperature furnaces.

Functionality 

Contrary to the conventional phase angle or full wave control, 
during amplitude control only the Amplitude of the sinusoidal supply current is changed. The level of the amplitude only depends on the consumed power. The sinus oscillation does not change.

Because current and voltage are in phase, only real power is taken from the mains for amplitude control. So the current consumption from the mains is considerably lower than the current consumption in case of phase-angle operation.

Advantages 

The continuous current flow causes a mild operation of the used heater elements and consequently significant longer lifetimes are realized. Depending on the ambient conditions the lifetime can be twice as long.

Especially the surface damage of the heater elements at thresholds can be reduced.

The amplitude control eliminates the flicker effects and harmonics, as usual for Thyristor units, so that the standard specifications according to EN 61000-3-2 and EN 61000-3-3 are observed.

Reactive power compensation is not required, reducing equipment costs.

Applications 

Sinus units or IGBT power converters for power control of:
 Resistance heatings
 Silicon carbide (SC) - heater elements
 Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) - heater elements
 Infralight radiators

Literature 

 Manfred Schleicher, Winfried Schneider: Electronic power units. ,   (Download as PDF)

Electric power
Transmux. TRANSMUX (Transcode-Multiplexing) is a signaling format change in telecommunications signaling between synchronous optical network signals SONET and asynchronous DS3 signals.  A DS3 signal is multiplexed from 28 individual DS1 signals in a bit-interleaved fashion, with framing and overhead at determined intervals.  SONET differs from this approach by using a byte-interleaved, synchronous, multiplexing technique with several variations on payload types.

Usage
SONET payload can carry multiplexed lower rate streams (DS1, E1, DS3, etc.) as well as any octet-based format such as TCP/IP, ATM, frame relay, Ethernet, etc.

Variations
If cross-connect capability is to be maintained at the VT1.5 level, then the individual DS1 signals are extracted from a parent DS3 or electrical T1, and then transmuted individually into each VT1.5.  If a complete DS3 signal is to be delivered to a SONET drop, then the entire DS3 is transmuted intact into an STS container and no subsequent cross-connect capability exists with the SONET payload at a VT1.5 level.

Industry application
White Rock Networks Description of a product with Transmux Support:

"For applications where conversion between DS3 and VT1.5 mapped STS-1s is required, transmux allows DS3 embedded within an STS-1 circuit to be adapted to a VT1.5 mapped STS-1 without physically terminating the circuit as a DS3 or EC-1."

External links
White Rock Networks ETS2 Product Description

References
 vision2mobile.com - Transmuxing Article

Multiplexing
Sailplane Corporation of America. The Sailplane Corporation of America was a US manufacturer of sailplanes founded by Gus Briegleb at a former US Army Airfield at El Mirage Dry Lake in California to market kits and plans of his own designs. The firm's greatest success was the Briegleb BG 12 wooden sailplane, but it also sold plans for Briegleb's earlier, wartime designs.

Aircraft
Briegleb BG-6
Briegleb BG-7
Briegleb BG-8
Briegleb BG 12

See also
Briegleb El Mirage Airfield

References
 Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1977-78 edition, page 612

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Emsland Nuclear Power Plant. Emsland Nuclear Power Station was a nuclear reactor located in the district of Emsland, Germany just south of the Lingen Nuclear Power Plant. The reactor had 193 fuel elements totaling a core weight of 103 tons. It had a  type reactor. 
It was owned by RWE Power AG. 

There were no events higher than 0 in the INES scale.

As part of the nuclear power phase-out, it was taken out of service on April 15, 2023.

References 

Former nuclear power stations in Germany
RWE
Buildings and structures in Emsland
Economy of Lower Saxony
Strié. Strié is a popular form of faux painting using glaze and paint brushes to create a soft natural striped texture.  

Strié is a negative glaze technique. The glaze is generally rolled over the entire surface, and then removed with a tool such as a brush. The word strié can be used to describe this process of painting, or to describe the actual finish created.

Strié is a simple technique that can be altered and elaborated in many ways.  It can be done on its own, with the streaks directed either vertically or horizontally.  It can be brushed over a raised plaster stencil.  It is also very popular to overlap a horizontal and vertical strié, creating the look of fabrics such as linen or denim.  This is often referred to as a linen weave or burlap strié.

References

See also
 Faux finishing
 Color wash

Faux painting
Decorative arts
Artistic techniques
VMX-1. Marine Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron One (VMX-1) is a United States Marine Corps operational test squadron consisting of multiple aircraft types. The squadron is based at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona. VMX-22 stood up in August 2003 and was redesignated VMX-1 in May 2016. VMX-1 conducts operational test under the authority of the Commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force (COMOPTEVFOR) and the Director, Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity (MCOTEA) depending on the program under test.

Mission

VMX-1 is an independent test organization which conducts operational testing under the authority of COMOPTEVFOR or MCOTEA and administrative control of the Deputy Commandant for Aviation with the charter to:

 Conducts Operational Test and Evaluation of U.S. Marine Corps fixed-wing, tiltrotor, and rotary-wing aircraft, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), and aviation command and control systems under the authority of Commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force or Director, Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity 
Support concept development
Assist in creating Marine Aviation tactics, techniques, and procedures through experimentation 
Support tactical demonstrations 
Provide operational support as directed by the Deputy Commandant for Aviation

History
Flight-testing of the MV-22 Osprey was delayed in the aftermath of the two incidents in 2000 and resumed in May 2002 to address the mechanical issues raised by these accidents. Included in the now on-going testing process is a rigorous, strictly regimented inspection process to verify and validate all of the aircraft’s modifications and clearances. The Integrated Test Team at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Edwards Air Force Base, VMX-22, and the Bell Helicopter facility in Amarillo, Texas, have flown more than 4600 hours in the MV-22.

Since the MV-22 is neither a fixed-wing nor rotary-wing platform, it has a unique designation as a tiltrotor. The aeromechanics, composite structure, maintenance concepts, and concept of deployment are inherently unique and best addressed in a squadron solely focused on tiltrotor operational testing.

On 11 July 2014, Marines from VMX-22 accompanied  on her maiden voyage from Mississippi, en route to her homeport in San Diego, California.

In June 2015, the Command Element and MV-22 component relocated to Marine Corps Air Station Yuma from Marine Corps Air Station New River.

In August 2015, the Light Attack (UH-1Y, AH-1W, and AH-1Z) component and the Aviation Command and Control component relocated to Marine Corps Air Station Yuma from Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake and Camp Pendleton, CA, respectively.

On 13 May 2016 VMX-22 was re-designated as VMX-1.

In October 2019, the F-35B Testing Detachment stationed on Edwards Air Force Base, California moved to MCAS Yuma, Arizona.

See also

 List of United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons
 United States Marine Corps Aviation

References

External links
Marine Test and Evaluation Squadron 1

Photographs

Tiltrotor squadrons of the United States Marine Corps
Military units and formations established in 2003
GWR 2721 Class. The GWR 2721 Class was a class of  steam locomotives. They were designed by William Dean and built at the Swindon Works of the Great Western Railway between 1897 and 1901.

Design
They were not a new design, being a straightforward development of the 120-strong 1854 Class dating back to 1890. This lineage had begun with George Armstrong's 645 Class in 1872 and continued via the 1813 Class (in 1882), the 1854 Class, and finally ended in 1948 with the GWR 9400 Class. The differences over 76 years were undeniably a gradual evolution, with increases in boiler pressure and heating surface the more important, enclosed cabs and larger bunkers cosmetic but functional. The biggest change was the fitting of a Belpaire firebox necessitating a pair of pannier tanks, as the square-topped firebox is not compatible with a curved saddle tank. 

Highlighting the gradual nature of the changes are the subtle differences between the 1854 and 2721 classes, confined to a small increase in wheel size by , fluted rods and coil springs all round, at least when new. When later rebuilt with pannier tanks they were the direct predecessors of the GWR 5700 Class of 1929. No. 2756 was sold to the Rhondda And Swansea Bay Railway, becoming their No. 33. It regained its old number when the R&SBR was absorbed by the Great Western in 1922.

Accidents and Incidents
Pannier tank 2785 was severely damaged in an air raid at Newton Abbott in 1940, but was repaired and returned to service.

British Railways
Forty-three of them survived into British Railways (BR) ownership in 1948, by which time all had been rebuilt with pannier tanks. Their numbers were 2721–2800 (the last being renumbered 2700 in 1912 to make room for the pioneer  GWR 2800 Class). Withdrawals started in 1945 and were complete by 1950 by which time the last of the replacement 57xx's (in the 96xx series) were in service.

Models
Hornby Railways manufacture a model of the 2721 in OO gauge.

See also
 GWR 0-6-0PT – list of classes of GWR , including table of preserved locomotives

References

0-6-0ST locomotives
0-6-0PT locomotives
2721
Railway locomotives introduced in 1897
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
Panasonic Electric Works. is a Japanese company specializing in the production of industrial devices. It can trace its beginnings to a firm that was founded in 1918 by Konosuke Matsushita. Matsushita began making the flashlight components for bicycles, then progressed to making lighting fixtures.

During World War II, the company manufactured everything from airplane propellers to light sockets. At the conclusion of World War II the U.S.A. forced the company to split into two separate companies, Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. (MEW), and Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (MEI) (which became Panasonic).

MEW conducts business in automation controls, electronic materials, lighting products, information equipment, and wiring products, building products and home appliances. In 2004 MEW began a pursuit of collaborate business ties with its brother company, MEI.

In 2005, the company was renamed from Aromat to Panasonic Electric Works.

On  July 29, 2010, Panasonic reached an agreement to acquire the remaining shares of Panasonic Electric Works and Sanyo shares for $9.4 billion.

In 2007, Panasonic acquired Indian company Anchor Electricals Pvt. Ltd.

References

Panasonic
Electronics companies of Japan
Companies based in Osaka Prefecture
Defunct defense companies of Japan
Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Heavy hauler. A heavy hauler is a very large transporter for moving oversize loads too large for road travel without an escort and special permit.

A heavy hauler typically consists of a Ballast Tractor and a hydraulic modular trailer.  Some trailers may have independently steerable wheels, and several might be towed by one or more tractor units in a train.

Self-propelled modular transporters (SPMT), some featuring a dozen or more self-steering axles with scores of rubber tires to spread out a load, are increasingly being manufactured.  Working in coordinated teams, heavy haulers are able to  carry loads exceeding 100 tons.

Applications
In some cases, a heavy hauler is designed and constructed to move a particular load on a one-off or short-term basis. An example is the self-propelled antenna transporter for the ALMA radio telescope project, a  28-wheeled rigid vehicle designed to carry and place  radio telescope antennas up a mountain to an altitude of .  Girder bridge (lowboy) trailers are another specialist heavy hauler, specifically for the transport of large power transformers.

Typical loads moved by heavy haulers under escort on highways include giant boilers and pressure vessels used in the chemical industry, industrial plants, prefabricated sections for construction projects, giant power transformers, turbines, and houses (generally made of timber).

The term "heavy hauler" may also be used to refer to off-road dump trucks and ore carriers used in mining and construction with capacities up to , or an airplane that has been especially constructed for moving heavy materials.

There are some shipbuilding companies using SPMT for carrying ship parts and constructing ships in China. They have saved millions of dollars formerly spent transporting loads using gantry cranes.

See also
Ballast tractor
Construction equipment
HET
Self-propelled modular transporter
Tank transporter
Hydraulic modular trailer

References

Trucks
Engineering vehicles
List of quantum chemistry and solid-state physics software. Quantum chemistry computer programs are used in computational chemistry to implement the methods of quantum chemistry. Most include the Hartree–Fock (HF) and some post-Hartree–Fock methods. They may also include density functional theory (DFT), molecular mechanics or semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods. The programs include both open source and commercial software. Most of them are large, often containing several separate programs, and have been developed over many years.

Overview 

The following tables illustrates some of the main capabilities of notable packages:

Numerical details

Quantum chemistry and solid-state physics characteristics

Post processing packages in quantum chemistry and solid-state physics

See also

Footnotes
† "Academic": academic (no cost) license possible upon request; "Commercial": commercially distributed.

‡ Support for periodic systems (3d-crystals, 2d-slabs, 1d-rods and isolated molecules): 3d-periodic codes always allow simulating systems with lower dimensionality within a supercell. Specified here is the ability for simulating within lower periodicity.

2 QuanPol is a full spectrum and seamless (HF, MCSCF, GVB, MP2, DFT, TDDFT, CHARMM, AMBER, OPLSAA) QM/MM package integrated in GAMESS-US. 

10 Through CRYSCOR  program.

References

Further reading 
 
 
 

Density functional theory software
Computational chemistry software
Molecular modelling software
Physics software
Lists of software
Cuprom. Cuprom is the sole producer of electrolytic copper, continuous cast copper rod and enameled wire in Romania and the largest in Eastern Europe (outside Russia).

Cuprom refinery in Baia Mare has an annual production capacity of 40,000 tones of cathodes. 
Cuprom plant in Zalău, using Contirod technology, is one of the leading European wire rod producers with an annual production capacity of 70,000 tonnes of copper rod, also producing drawn, enameled and stranded (bunched) wires at the highest technological level.

Divisions

Cuprom Baia Mare
Cuprom Baia Mare was set up in the year 1907 in Ferneziu, near Baia Mare, as a private company producing sulphuric acid.
It is recognised as a unique producer in Romania of electrolytically refined copper (99.99% Cu), having a production capacity of 40,000 tones/year and of fine gold and silver respectively (min. 99.96% Au/Ag), having a production capacity of 12 tonnes/year for gold, respectively 120 tonnes/year for silver.

Cuprom Zalău
In Romania, Cuprom Zalău is the sole producer of continuous cast copper wire with an annual nominal production of 73,000 tones/year.

Ownership
Most of the Romanian copper industry was in a state of collapse when in 2003 a group of Romanian investors, two bankers (Horia Pitulea and Horia Simu) and a lawyer (Mircea Stroe), decided to buy everything.

They formed Cuprom (Romanian copper) and with this company they bought Phoenix Baia Mare and Elcond Zalău for a meager US$3.6 million .

The company also wants to buy two Romanian copper mines to have the raw material for the copper smelters, and there are talks with the Romanian government for two mines and an investment plan of US$370 million for both of them.

Controversy
In 2006 Cuprom won the bid for Serbian company RTB Bor with a total price of US$400 million  and certain investments of US$150 million but due to Cuprom's inability to pay the asking price of US$400 million for RTB Bor, the Serbian government annexed the privatization. In November 2007, RTB Bor was sold to Austrian A-TEC for an even greater price of US$466 million, with a further US$273 million in investments, who in the end could not pay the price as well.

In 2013, Daniel Boldor began selling thousands of tons of mining sludge from the then-defunct Cuprom facility in Baia Mare to international metal traders, claiming it was "gold [or copper] concentrate." After several clients claimed their shipments were worthless and that laboratory certificates had been forged, the public prosecutor's office in Constanța filed an indictment against Boldor in June 2018 on charges of money laundering, customs fraud, document forgery, improper collection and transport of hazardous waste, and tax evasion.

References

External links
Copper bankers
Cuprom makes largest bid for Serbian company RTB Bor
Cuprom invests US$ 150 million in two Romanian mines

Copper mining companies of Romania
Metal companies of Romania
Companies based in Bucharest
Thermal blanket. A thermal blanket is a device used in thermal desorption to clean soil contamination. The primary function of a thermal blanket is to heat the soil to the boiling point of the contaminants (usually 100 to 325 °C and as high as 900 °C) so that they break down. A vacuum pulls the resulting gas (along with volatilized contaminants) into a separate air cleaner that may use various methods, such as carbon filters and high-heat ovens, to completely destroy the contaminants. Aside from evaporation and volatilization, the contaminants may also be removed from the soil through other mechanisms such as steam distillation, pyrolysis, oxidation, and other chemical reactions.

Due to their placement, the thermal blanket can only be used in shallow areas, which is around 1 meter. The process can take more than 24 hours to treat 6 inches of soil and up to 4 days for contaminated areas with depths of 12 to 18 inches.

Deep contamination (contamination at depths greater than 1 meter) is handled using a similar method but with a deep penetrating heat source.  This is commonly referred to as an in situ thermal desorption (ISTD) thermal well and it uses heater elements that consist of nichrome wires in a ceramic insulator. Like the thermal blankets, the heating temperature could reach as high as 900 °C, heating adjacent regions through heat conduction. Vacuum is also applied to withdraw broken contaminants.

Concerns
It is reported that the application of the thermal blanket is limited and this could be attributed to a number of concerns. For example, as a contaminant becomes heated, it may leak outside of the area of the thermal blanket.  Therefore, the blanket must completely cover the contaminated area and have a strong enough vacuum to prohibit the spread of contamination. Incomplete destruction of contaminants may also lead to the introduction of dioxins and furans into the air.

The thermal blanket method has not been effectively tested on organic contaminants. The technology is presently commercially available. Shell Technology Ventures, Inc., for instance, has developed its own ISTD thermal blanket solution that can treat or remove contaminants on near-surface soil or pavements without excavation.

See also
Soil contamination

References

Other sources

External links
A description of thermal blankets

Environmental soil science
Grohnde Nuclear Power Plant. The former Grohnde Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant located in Grohnde in the Hamelin-Pyrmont district of Lower Saxony, Germany. Its single reactor has a nameplate capacity of 1430MWe and it was in operation from 1984 through 2021.

Basic Information 
The plant's reactor is of the pressurized water reactor type, using four water based coolant cycles, kept under high pressure. The design used for the plant's reactor is the Vor-Konvoi design, which was developed by Kraftwerk Union and used in several other power plants, such as the Brokdorf, Grafenrheinfeld and Philippsburg-2 power plants in Germany, as well as the Angra-2 power plant in Brazil.

The reactor used 193 fuel assemblies and utilized both enriched uranium and MOX fuel. In 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990 and 1998 the reactor produced more net electricity for the respective year than any other nuclear reactor in the world.

History 
Construction of the plant began in 1975. The plant was built by PreussenElektra and Gemeinschaftskraftwerk Weser GmbH, with each company having a 50% share in the project.

Construction was completed in 1984 and the reactor reached first criticality the same year. Commercial electricity generation began on February 1st, 1985.

In 2003, ownership of the plant was transferred to E.ON Energie AG and Stadtwerke Bielefeld.

In 2021 the plant exceeded 400 TWh of total low-carbon electricity output since it was connected to the grid. As such, during its period of operation, the plant has prevented 400 million tons of  emissions.

The plant ceased power operation on 31 December 2021 as part of Germany's phaseout of nuclear power.

The plant is currently undergoing decommissioning, which is expected to be completed around 2036.

Gallery

See also 

 Nuclear power in Germany

References

Former nuclear power stations in Germany
Economy of Lower Saxony