omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hafner Rotabuggy. The Hafner Rotabuggy (formally known as the Malcolm Rotaplane and as the "M.L. 10/42 Flying Jeep") was a British experimental aircraft that was essentially a Willys MB combined with a rotor kite, developed with the intention of producing a way of air-dropping off-road vehicles.

Design and development
It was designed by Raoul Hafner of the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment (AFEE) after their development of the Rotachute enjoyed some success.

The prototype was built by the R. Malcolm & Co. Ltd (also producer of the Malcolm hood) at White Waltham in 1942. Air Ministry specification 10/42 for a "Special Rotating Wing Glider" was used to identify the project.

Initial testing showed that a Willys MB could be dropped from heights up to  without damage to the vehicle. A  diameter rotor was attached, along with a tail fairing and fins, but no rudders. Two men were required to pilot the aircraft: one to drive it as an automobile, and one to pilot it in the air using a control column. Initially it was named the "Blitz Buggy", but that was soon dropped for the "Rotabuggy".

The first trial was conducted on 16 November 1943, with the unit being towed behind a Diamond T lorry, but the lorry could not get enough speed to put the Rotabuggy in the air. A more powerful vehicle, a supercharged 4.5-litre Bentley automobile, was used on 27 November to finally allow the machine to become airborne and in test could obtain glide speeds of 45 mph. Later tests were made towed behind an Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley bomber.

Although initial tests showed that the Rotabuggy was prone to severe vibration at speeds greater than , with improvements the Rotabuggy achieved a flight speed of  on 1 February 1944. The last test flight occurred in September 1944, where the unit flew for 10 minutes at an altitude of  and a speed of , after being released by a Whitley bomber, and was described as "highly satisfactory". However, the introduction of gliders that could carry vehicles (such as the Waco Hadrian and Airspeed Horsa) made the Rotabuggy superfluous and further development was cancelled.

A replica of the Rotabuggy is displayed at the Museum of Army Flying in Middle Wallop. Hafner also came up with the idea of a similarly outfitted "Rotatank" using a Valentine tank, but that was never built.

Specifications

See also
Baynes Bat
Flying tank

Postwar equivalents
Ryan XV-8

References
Notes

Sources

Bibliography

External links
Museum of Army Flying exhibit
Unrealaircraft.com

Autogyros
Rotor kites
1940s British experimental aircraft
Roadable aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Curling (metalworking). Curling is a sheet metal forming process used to form the edges into a hollow ring. Curling can be performed to eliminate sharp edges and increase the moment of inertia near the curled end. Other parts are curled to perform their primary function, such as door hinges.

Operation
In the curling operation, the flare, or burr, should always be turned away from the die. This will help prolong the life of the die by avoiding unnecessary damage due to scratching. The stroke of the die must be as long as the curl. Curling is often performed as part of a high production, multiple operation progressive forming.

Tooling
The curling die is designed to curl a material of specific thickness. Dies are generally made of hardened tool steel because of the amount of wear caused by the operation. Their smooth, rounded cavities are often lapped and polished to help curl the material uniformly.

See also
 Tailored blank

References

Further reading
 Handbook of Die Design. Ivana Suchy.
 Punches and Dies: Layout, Construction and Use. Frank Arthur Stanley

External links
Wire Forming
Metal Fabrication

Fabrication (metal)
Filing (metalworking). Filing is a material removal process in manufacturing. Similar, depending on use, to both sawing and grinding in effect, it is functionally versatile, but used mostly for finishing operations, namely in deburring operations. Filing operations can be used on a wide range of materials as a finishing operation. Filing helps achieve workpiece function by removing some excess material and deburring the surface. Sandpaper may be used as a filing tool for other materials, such as wood.

Band filing
Band Filing takes place on a machine similar to a belt sander or band saw. Band files are sectioned similarly to a saw chain so that they can be made from stiff material, as they need to be to effectively remove material yet still work in a constant feed. A band filing operation can be used to remove small amounts of material with good accuracy. The cutting teeth of the file are arranged closely on the file and are used as part of a finishing process.

Reciprocating filing
Reciprocating filing takes place on a flat surface where workpieces are fed into the file. The file teeth are angled so that material is removed on each downstroke of the tool. Chips removed from the workpiece fall through a cavity in front of the file.

See also
 File (tool)

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Manufacturing Engineering and Technology: Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid

Metalworking
Sludging. Sludging is a very simple well drilling method developed in ancient India but still used extensively in developing countries, where capital is scarce, but manpower abundant.

A pipe is moved up and down in a hole filled with water (mud).  Every time the pipe hits the bottom, some soil material is loosened and suspended into the drilling mud, which is continuously pumped out of the borehole by a valve, taking advantage of the same reciprocating movement.  

In its basic form, a bamboo pipe (internal knots removed) is used, and the operator uses his hand on top of this pipe as a valve.  On upstroke, a vacuum is created in the pipe under the operator's hand and the column of mud in the pipe is lifted.  On downstroke, new mud enters the pipe from beneath and the upper portion is expulsed.

For wells deeper than about 10 metres, and especially when heavier metal drill pipe is used, a lifting device is installed.  This ranges from a rope over a pulley or a pole, attached to the drill pipe with a rope and used as a lever.  In this case, the driller only acts on downstroke, giving an extra push to the drill stem, while the upward movement is assured by other workers, pulling the rope or pushing down the lever, or by a small motor.

The basic method will work only in loose (clay, silt, sand and light gravel) soils, but adaptations of the principle are applied in a number of modern hand drilling methods, with valves either at the top or at the bottom of the pipe and with various models of drill bits for different soil conditions.  Well documented examples are the Rota-sludge, Baptist and some variants of the EMAS drilling methods.

Perhaps the simplest and cheapest of them all is the Baptist well drilling method, which uses lightweight and cheap PVC pipe for most of the drill stem and in which the drill bit doubles as a foot valve.  Wells over 100 metres deep have been drilled this way.

References

External links
Video on pure sludging with a PVC pipe
Video on Rota-sludge drilling
Hand drilling in sub-Saharan Africa
EMAS rural water and sanitation systems
Practica Foundation

Appropriate technology

Water
Helio Aircraft Company. The Helio Aircraft Company was an American aircraft manufacturer founded in 1948.

History
The Koppen-Bollinger Aircraft Corporation was founded by Otto Koppen and Lynn Bollinger in Massachusetts in 1948 to develop a light STOL utility aircraft. Initially located at Boston Metropolitan Airport in Canton, Massachusetts, it was renamed the Helio Aircraft Corporation by the time manufacture of the Helio Courier commenced in the early 1950s at a plant in Pittsburg, Kansas. The plant, located at the Atkinson Municipal Airport was acquired by Helio from Mid-States Manufacturing Company in July 1956 and was almost destroyed by a wildfire in March 1966. In 1959, the company announced it was moving its factory to Tucson, Arizona.

The business was bought by the General Aircraft Corporation in 1969, was renamed Helio Aircraft Company and continued production until 1974, when General Aircraft commenced legal proceedings against the CIA, alleging that the agency had planned to ruin the business through organizing unlicensed production of the Courier.

The production rights were sold by General Aircraft to Helio Aircraft Ltd in 1977. Despite an abortive attempt to restart production, the company remained essentially inactive until 1980. The Courier was returned to production, but only 18 aircraft were built. In 1984, the company was forced to lay off 100 workers and the following February it was evicted from its factory.

The rights to the Courier and Stallion were bought and sold a number of times more before being purchased by Helio Aircraft LLC of Prescott, Arizona, which announced plans in 2004 to return both types to production.

Aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Helio Aircraft LLC website

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies established in 1948
1948 establishments in Massachusetts
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts
70th Squadron (Iraq). The 70th Squadron is one of the two reconnaissance squadrons of the Iraqi Air Force. As of 2016, it was based at Ali Air Base. The other reconnaissance unit is the 3rd Squadron based at Kirkuk Air Base.

Pre-2003 era
No. 70 Squadron was established in 1973. At the time of the October War, it was working up on MiG-21M/MFs at Rasheed Air Base. Additionally, in 1976 the squadron received four MiG-21R reconnaissance fighters. These were operated by a dedicated flight. During the period between their arrival and the beginning of the Iran-Iraq War, these aircraft flew reconnaissance missions near the border with Iran. These missions were intensified starting in April 1980, but were performed by single aircraft only, staying inside Iraqi airspace. This changed in early June, when two MiG-21Rs deliberately violated Iranian airspace while conducting photo reconnaissance. The MiG-21Rs from No. 70 Squadron performed dozens more such missions inside Iran without getting caught, until 11 September. That day, a MiG-21R was shot down by an F-14 Tomcat, using an AIM-54 Phoenix missile.

Post-2003 era
The squadron was reformed in July 2004. In August 2004, nine pilots and five engineers began operations, having been trained in Jordan on Seabird Seekers. The two Seekers that were assigned to the 70th Squadron were the first aircraft to enter service with the reformed Iraqi Air Force; at that time, the squadron was based at Basrah. To assist the squadron had four coalition pilot instructors, one engineer instructor, and a systems instructor. The 70th Squadron's missions included monitoring supply routes and oil pipelines susceptible of being targeted by insurgents.

In addition to its two Seabird Seekers, the 70th Squadron received four SAMA CH2000s in 2006-2007. In 2008, Cessna 208s were delivered to the other Iraqi Air Force reconnaissance unit, the 3rd Squadron. These replaced the CH2000s formerly operated by that unit, which passed them on to the 70th Squadron. In October 2010, the 70th Squadron relocated to Ali Air Base.

During the Iraqi Army offensive against the Mahdi Army in March 2008, the squadron flew 53 missions over Basra, providing 91 hours of intelligence and reconnaissance to Iraqi Army forces on the ground, including information about enemy troop concentration and bomb damage assessments.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Squadrons of Iraq
Air force reconnaissance units and formations
Military units and formations established in 2004
Ceramic molding. Ceramic molding is a versatile and precise manufacturing process that transforms clay or porcelain into intricate shapes. Employing techniques like slip casting or press molding, artisans create precise replicas of original models. After molding, the ceramics are fired at high temperatures, ensuring durability and aesthetic appeal. This method is favored for producing intricate pottery, decorative tiles, and even complex industrial components. With its ability to capture fine details and yield consistent results, ceramic molding remains a cornerstone in the world of artistic and functional ceramic production.

History & Archaeology 
Ceramic molding, an ancient practice dating back centuries, emerged following humanity's discovery of fire. The experimentation with clay and fire marked the inception of the technique now known as ceramic molding or pottery. Archaeologists have unearthed various types of pottery, each intricately connected to the historical context of the locations where they were discovered. Historians, leveraging the examination of pottery and clay, have pinpointed specific dates and times of significant events. Through meticulous analysis of these artifacts, historians can precisely determine their age, enabling accurate estimations of when historical events transpired.

Process
1. Pattern Creation

   Craft the pattern using versatile materials such as plastic, wood, or metal. These materials should withstand extreme temperatures.

2. Binder Injection

   Inject the mix into a binder to form a base for the molding process.

3. Refractory Ceramic Powder Addition

   Extract a portion of refractory ceramic powder to enhance the molding mixture.

4. Special Gelling Incorporation

   Introduce a specialized gelling agent into the binder, ensuring thorough mixing.

5. Slurry Placement

   Place the slurry mixture into the pattern, forming the desired shape for the ceramic mold.

6. High-Temperature Heating

   Subject the slurry-filled pattern to high temperatures, allowing for proper curing and shaping of the ceramic mold.

7. Cooling Phase

   Cool the molded slurry to finalize the ceramic casting process.

See also
 Ceramic forming techniques
 Ceramic mold casting

Sources
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110717162640/http://www.unicastdev.com/process.htm
 http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5266252.html

Ceramic materials
Pottery
Bernhard Grill. Bernhard Grill (born January 5, 1961)  is one of the developers of the MP3 technology.

Grill was born in Schwabach and studied Electrical Engineering at the Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg. From 1988 to 1995 he engaged in the development and implementation of audio coding algorithms at the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS in Erlangen. In 1992 he received, together with Jürgen Herre and Ernst Eberlein, the "Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Award" for his contributions to the mp3 technology. In 2001,  he received the German Future Prize jointly with Karlheinz Brandenburg and Harald Popp for their role as inventors of the mp3 compression format.

Grill was the original author of L3enc and WinPlay3, which were the first MP3 encoder and player for personal computers, respectively. He worked closely with Karlheinz Brandenburg in their development. This work was chronicled in the book "How Music Got Free".

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071226191959/http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/EN/bf/amm/mp3history/mp3teame.jsp

1961 births
Living people
German electrical engineers
People from Schwabach
Engineers from Bavaria
Virtual application. A virtual application is an application that has been optimized to run on virtual infrastructure. The application software along with just enough operating system (JeOS or "juice") is combined inside a virtual machine container in a manner that maximizes the performance of the application. By minimizing the system software to the smallest set of packages required to support the application, the maintenance and administration burden of the virtual application is greatly reduced.

By including Application streaming in the design of an application server capable of hosting a Virtual Application, no application specific code need reside on the server at all. Packages of code reside on the server, but the details on how they are to be invoked in order to create the functionality that adds up to the application, gets passed to the server as and when needed. 
In effect the application does not exist on the server at all. Though clients can still invoke it almost as if it did. 
The difference being that the incoming request must either include application logic ( exploiting the code packages on the server), or information on where to locate such logic in a repository.

Virtual appliances are a category of virtual applications which are 
further optimized for simplified setup and configuration by the customer 
and remote management by the application vendor.

See also
 Application virtualization
 Microsoft App-V
 Turbo (software)
 Just enough operating system
 Virtual appliance
 rPath
 Application streaming
 Green computing

References

Virtualization
Injun (satellite). The Injun program was a series of six satellites designed and built by researchers at the University of Iowa to observe various radiation and magnetic phenomena in the ionosphere and beyond.

The design specifics of the satellites had little in common, though all were solar-powered and the first five used magnetic stabilization to control spacecraft attitude. (The last in the series was spin-stabilized.) Instruments included particle detectors of varying types, magnetometers, and photometers for observing auroras. The last three satellites were launched as part of the Explorer program of the NASA.

In spite of various hardware difficulties and the loss of Injun 2 due to an upper stage failure, the program was generally successful. In particular, they produced data on the Van Allen radiation belts including electrical convection in the magnetosphere, and the radiation after effects of the Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test.

Launch

See also 

 Donald Gurnett

References

External links 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Derelict satellites orbiting Earth
Explorers Program
University of Iowa
New Limpopo Bridge Ltd. New Limpopo Bridge (Pvt) Ltd., is a private company, incorporated and registered in Zimbabwe, and is a subsidiary of NLPI Ltd, an investment holding company whose main investment focus is infrastructure projects in Africa. Under a build–operate–transfer (BOT) concession agreement—one of the first BOT schemes in Africa—New Limpopo Bridge (Pvt) Ltd constructed the Alfred Beit Road Bridge over the Limpopo River between Musina, South Africa, and Beitbridge, Zimbabwe, in 1994.

New Limpopo Bridge Ltd recovered costs by charging user tolls, and upon the expiry of the twenty-year BOT agreement in mid-2014, the Zimbabwean government took ownership of the bridge.

References

Construction and civil engineering companies of Zimbabwe
Financial services companies of Zimbabwe
Kazan National Research Technical University. The Kazan National Research Technical University (KNRTU-KAI, full name in Russian: Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет имени А. Н. Туполева, or Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev) was established in 1932. Until recently, it was known as Kazan Aviation Institute (Казанский авиационный институт). In 1973, the institute was named after Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev, the aircraft designer. In 1992, it got the status of State Technical University. The Kazan National Research Technical University teaches about 25,000 students on 65 majors in Engineering, Business and Humanitarian Sciences by the university faculty body of 1,800 persons, including 150 Full Professors & Doctor of Science degree holders, 600 Associate Professors & Ph.D. degree holders.

Education 
The university includes the following institutes and faculties:

 Institute of Aviation, Land Vehicles & Energetics
 Institute of Automation & Electronic Instrument-Making
 Institute of Technical Cybernetics & Informatics
 Institute of Radio-Engineering & Telecommunications
 Institute of Engineering & Economics
 Institute of Social Technologies
 Physics & Mathematics Faculty
 Institute of Business & Innovative Technologies

KNRTU-KAI includes 11 associated branch institutes outside Kazan in the towns of Almetyevsk, Chistopol, Leninogorsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, and Zelenodolsk.

On September 2, 2014, German-Russian Institute of Advanced Technologies (GRIAT) opened as a result of cooperation between the KNRTU-KAI and two universities in Germany - The Technische Universität Ilmenau (TU Ilmenau) and the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg in Magdeburg.

Educational buildings 
The university is housed in eight buildings. It has six student dormitories and a hostel. A sports complex includes five indoor sports halls. The university also has a sports camp near to the Volga river, 40 km from Kazan.

Activities 
The sport complex includes 5 indoor sports halls.

Notable alumni
Mikhail Simonov (1929 – 2011), Russian aircraft designer
Ivan Silayev (1930 – 2023), Soviet and Russian politician, Prime Minister of the Soviet Union in 1991

References

External links

 Kazan National Research Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev official website , , , 

1932 establishments in the Soviet Union
Aviation in the Soviet Union
 
National research universities in Russia
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Technical universities and colleges in Russia
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Universities in Kazan
Tetramethyltin. Tetramethyltin is an organometallic compound with the formula (CH3)4Sn. This liquid, one of the simplest organotin compounds, is useful for transition-metal mediated conversion of acid chlorides to methyl ketones and aryl halides to aryl methyl ketones.  It is volatile and toxic, so care should be taken when using it in the laboratory.

Synthesis and structure
Tetramethyltin is synthesized by reaction of the Grignard reagent methylmagnesium iodide, with tin tetrachloride, which is synthesized by reacting tin metal with chlorine gas.
4 CH3MgI  +  SnCl4  →  (CH3)4Sn  +  4 MgICl
In tetramethyltin, the metal surrounded by four methyl groups in a tetrahedral structure is a heavy analogue of neopentane.

Applications

Precursor to methyltin compounds
Tetramethyltin is a precursor to trimethyltin chloride (and related methyltin halides), which are precursors to other organotin compounds. These methyltin chlorides are prepared via the so-called Kocheshkov redistribution reaction.  Thus, (CH3)4Sn and SnCl4 are allowed to react at temperatures between 100 °C and 200 °C to give (CH3)3SnCl as a product:
SnCl4  +  3 (CH3)4Sn   →   4 (CH3)3SnCl

A second route to trimethyltin chloride utilizing tetramethyltin involves the reaction of mercury(II) chloride to react with (CH3)4Sn. 
4 HgCl2  +  4 (CH3)4Sn   →   4 Me3SnCl  +  4 MeHgCl

A variety of methyltin compounds are used as precursors for stabilizers in PVC. Di- and trimercaptotin compounds are used to inhibit the dehydrochlorination, which is the pathway for photolytic and thermal degradation of PVC.

Surface functionalization
Tetramethyltin decomposes in the gas phase at about 277 °C; (CH3)4Sn vapor reacts with silica to give a (CH3)3Sn-grafted solid.

(CH3)4Sn  +  ≡SiOH   →    ≡SiOSn(CH3)3  +  MeH

This reaction is also possible with other alkyl substituents. In a similar process, tetramethyltin has been used to functionalize certain zeolites at temperatures as low as −90 °C.

Applications in organic synthesis
In organic synthesis, tetramethyltin undergoes palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions with acid chlorides to give methyl ketones:
SnMe4  +  RCOCl  →  RCOMe  + Me3SnCl

References

Organotin compounds
Tin(IV) compounds
Methyl complexes