omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Edwin Thompson Jaynes. Edwin Thompson Jaynes (July 5, 1922 – April 30, 1998) was the Wayman Crow Distinguished Professor of Physics at Washington University in St. Louis. He wrote extensively on statistical mechanics and on foundations of probability and statistical inference, initiating in 1957 the maximum entropy interpretation of thermodynamics as being a particular application of more general Bayesian/information theory techniques (although he argued this was already implicit in the works of Josiah Willard Gibbs). Jaynes strongly promoted the interpretation of probability theory as an extension of logic.

In 1963, together with his doctoral student Fred Cummings, he modeled the evolution of a two-level atom in an electromagnetic field, in a fully quantized way. This model is known as the Jaynes–Cummings model.

A particular focus of his work was the construction of logical principles for assigning prior probability distributions; see the principle of maximum entropy, the principle of maximum caliber, the principle of transformation groups and Laplace's principle of indifference. Other contributions include the mind projection fallacy.

Jaynes' book, Probability Theory: The Logic of Science (2003) gathers various threads of modern thinking about Bayesian probability and statistical inference, develops the notion of probability theory as extended logic, and contrasts the advantages of Bayesian techniques with the results of other approaches. This book, which he dedicated to Harold Jeffreys, was published posthumously in 2003 (from an incomplete manuscript that was edited by Larry Bretthorst).

Other of his doctoral students included Joseph H. Eberly and Douglas James Scalapino.

See also
Differential entropy
Limiting density of discrete points

References

External links

 
 Edwin Thompson Jaynes. Probability Theory: The Logic of Science. Cambridge University Press, (2003).  .
 Early (1994) version (fragmentary) of Probability Theory: The Logic of Science. Book no longer downloadable for copyright reasons.
 A comprehensive web page on E. T. Jaynes's life and work.
 ET Jaynes' obituary at Washington University
 http://bayes.wustl.edu/etj/articles/entropy.concentration.pdf Jaynes' analysis of Rudolph Wolf's dice data

1922 births
1998 deaths
American agnostics
20th-century American physicists
American statisticians
Washington University in St. Louis mathematicians
Washington University in St. Louis physicists
Scientists from Missouri
20th-century American mathematicians
Statistical physicists
Information theorists
American probability theorists
Cornell College alumni
Bayesian statisticians
Philosophers of probability
Cooper A-2 jacket. The Cooper A-2 (flight jacket or flying jacket) is a leather jacket, made by Cooper Sportswear, from sheepskin worn by United States Army Air Forces and United States Air Force pilots, during World War II. It was replaced after World War Two by nylon versions of the jacket, though it continued to be worn operationally during the Korean War by World War II veterans called back into service.  It was re-introduced by the military just prior to Operation Desert Shield, with a modification to allow for modern insignia on the front of the jacket, and has been in service ever since.

Key features of a military-specification jacket (as opposed to a civilian version) are one-piece back (some knock-off jackets have a seam across the shoulder blades; this seam causes discomfort during long flights in a confined position) and lack of side-entry hand-warmer pockets under the large snap-down patch pockets (apparently, the military designers did not want their pilots to be seen standing around with their hands in their pockets and believed that a lack of hand-warmer pockets would force pilots to be more productive and appear more professional) and no interior pocket.

Other key features include horsehide or goatskin leather for the shell, dual-knit waist and wrist cuffs, full-length brass zipper, two brass grommets under each armpit for ventilation, a metal hook under the collar to fasten the top of the opening, and a snap-down collar, so the tips won't blow around from propwash and jetwash. Seams on the arms of the jacket run along the backside of the pattern so as not to interfere with the movement of the arms along the sides of the torso in confined spaces. Military specifications did not provide for insulation of the A-2 model.

New-build A-2s for USAF members include a velcro patch on the left breast for removable insignia, whereas World War Two models had a thin 1-inch high by 4-inch long leather name tag sewn or glued directly to the leather jacket.

Cooper Sportswear ceased production in the late 1990s, and retailer inventories were exhausted some time afterwards. Even though the A-2 is still a military-requisitioned item and contracts have been awarded to other USA suppliers using the A-2 pattern, the Cooper label is considered collectible and highly sought after by World War II re-enactors and historians. A vintage Cooper A-2 in excellent condition can be worth more than the market rate of a new-build A-2 from a current manufacturer. While original Cooper jackets are no longer in production, reproductions of Cooper jackets are being manufactured by Ohio-based US Wings Inc. US Wings was partnered with Cooper Sportswear from the 1980s until Cooper ceased production in the 1990s and now owns the rights to the Cooper name. US Wings is reproducing Cooper A-2s, G-1s and Indy Jackets under their Cooper Originals line with a label reminiscent of the original Cooper Sportswear label.

See also

A-2 jacket
G-1 military flight jacket
MA-1 bomber jacket
Flight jacket

References

Jackets
United States military uniforms
Military equipment introduced from 1940 to 1944
Performance Rating. The PR (performance rating, P-rating, or Pentium rating) system was a figure of merit developed by AMD, Cyrix, IBM Microelectronics and SGS-Thomson in the mid-1990s as a method of comparing their x86 processors to those of rival Intel. The idea was to consider instructions per cycle (IPC) in addition to the clock speed, so that the processors become comparable with Intel's Pentium that had a higher clock speed with overall lower IPC.

Branding 
The first use of the PR system was in 1995, when AMD used it to assert that their AMD 5x86 processor was as fast as a Pentium running at 75 MHz. The designation "P75" was added to the chip to denote this.  Later that year, Cyrix also adopted the PR system for its 6x86 and 6x86MX line of processors. These processors were faster than Pentiums of the same speed in some benchmarks, so Cyrix gave them a Performance Rating faster than their clock speed. Some AMD K5 models also use the PR system. 

AMD initially branded its AMD K6 processors with a "PR2" rating but dropped this after consumer confusion.  AMD revived the branding for its Athlon XP, which was released in 2001.  The efficient Athlon XP chips could perform better than similarly-clocked chips from Intel's competing Pentium 4 line-up, which depended on high clock speeds to overcome their low IPC.  As a result, AMD believed consumers would be swayed by the megahertz myth.  These chips were rated against the Athlon Thunderbird but were popularly compared to the Pentium 4.  As a result, the branding became colloquially known as a "Pentium Rating".  Maximum PC criticized this as making it more difficult for power users to differentiate between the various Athlon XP chips.  For example, two chips could be given the same "PR" branding but have much different engineering (cache size, bus speed, etc), which would affect their performance at different tasks.

See also
 iCOMP (index)

References

External links 
 Processor Performance Rating (P-rating) Specification, February 1996. Uses Winstone 96.
 P-rating on wikichip

AMD
Rating systems
Computer performance
Greenockite. Greenockite, also cadmium blende or cadmium ochre (obsolete) is a rare cadmium bearing metal sulfide mineral  consisting of cadmium sulfide (CdS) in crystalline form. Greenockite crystallizes in the hexagonal system. It occurs as massive encrustations and as hemimorphic six-sided pyramidal crystals which vary in color from a honey yellow through shades of red to brown. The Mohs hardness is 3 to 3.5 and the specific gravity is 4.8 to 4.9.

Greenockite belongs to the wurtzite group  and is isostructural with it at high temperatures. It is also isostructural with sphalerite at low temperatures. It occurs with other sulfide minerals such as sphalerite and galena, and is the only ore mineral of cadmium. Most cadmium is recovered as a byproduct of copper, zinc, and lead mining. It is also known from the lead-zinc districts of the central United States.

It was first recognized in 1840 in Bishopton, Scotland, during the cutting of a tunnel for the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway. The mineral was named after the land owner Lord Greenock (1783–1859).

Use
Greenockite, also known as "cadmium ochre", was used as a yellow pigment prior to cadmium being recognized as a toxic element. The extracted cadmium has various industrial use, such as electrical nickel-cadmium (NiCd) rechargeable batteries, electroplating, high temp alloys, plating steel and other metals that corrode easily, and use in control rods for some nuclear reactors.

References

Mineral galleries

External links

Cadmium minerals
Sulfide minerals
Renfrewshire
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 186
Blendes
DSM. DSM or dsm may refer to:

Science and technology
 Deep space maneuver
 Deep sea mining
 Design structure matrix or dependency structure matrix, a representation of a system or project
 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
 DSM-5, the fifth edition of the DSM
 Digital Standard MUMPS, a version of the MUMPS programming language created by Digital Equipment Corporation
 Digital surface model, another term for digital elevation model, used to digitally map topography
 DiskStation Manager, a Linux-based operating system used by Synology
 Distributed shared memory, software and hardware implementations in which each cluster node accesses a large shared memory
 Door status monitor, a device that reads whether a door is open or closed
 Dynamic scattering mode, a principle used by the first operational liquid-crystal display
 Dynamic spectrum management, a technique to increase bandwidth over DSL
 Doctor of Medicine, awarded as specialized or surgical medicine (D.SM)

Organisations and economics
 DSM (company), a Dutch multinational life sciences and materials sciences company
 Demand side management, actions that influence energy use by consumers
 Diamond-Star Motors, a former automobile-manufacturing venture
 Doha Securities Market, former name of the Qatar Exchange stock market
 Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, an organization that collects microorganisms

Politics
 Democratic Socialist Movement (Nigeria), a political organisation in Nigeria
 Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa), a political organisation in South Africa

Education
 Deutsche Schule Madrid (Colegio Alemán Madrid), a German international school in Madrid, Spain
 Deutsche Schule Montevideo (Colegio Alemán de Montevideo), a German international school in Montevideo, Uruguay
 German School of Milan (Deutsche Schule Mailand), a German international school in Milan, Italy

Other uses
 Des Moines International Airport (IATA code)
 Distinguished Service Medal (disambiguation)
 Deputy Stage Manager, a position in theatre production
 Team DSM (men's team), a professional cycling team

See also
Alexander Mitchell (engineer). Alexander Mitchell  (13 April 1780 – 25 June 1868) was an Irish engineer who from 1802 was blind. He is known as the inventor of the screw-pile lighthouse.

Early life
Born in Dublin, his family moved to Belfast while he was a child, and he received his formal education at Belfast Royal Academy, where he excelled in mathematics.

Career

Originally working in brickmaking in Belfast, he invented machines used in that trade, before patenting the screw-pile in 1833, for which he would later gain some fame. The screw-pile was used for the erection of lighthouses and other structures on mudbanks and shifting sands, including bridges and piers. Mitchell's designs and methods were employed all over the world from Portland breakwater to Bombay bridges. Initially it was used for the construction of lighthouses on Maplin Sands in the Thames Estuary (the first light application, in 1838), the Wyre Light at Fleetwood in Lancashire (the first such beacon lit) completed, in 1839), and at Belfast Lough where his lighthouse was finished in July 1844.

In May 1851 he moved to Cobh to lay the foundation for a lighthouse on the Spit Bank; the success of these undertakings led to the use of his invention on the breakwater at Portland, the viaduct and bridges on the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway and a broad system of Indian telegraphs.

While in Cork, Mitchell became friendly with astronomer John Thomas Romney Robinson, and mathematician George Boole.

Awards and honours
In 1848, he was elected a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and received the Telford Medal the same year for a paper on his invention.

Death
Mitchell died at Glen Devis near Belfast on 25 June 1868. His wife and daughter had predeceased him.

References

External links

 Mitchell, Alexander - Dictionary of Irish Biography - 2009 

1780 births
1868 deaths
Engineers from County Dublin
Irish engineers
Irish inventors
Lighthouse builders
People educated at the Belfast Royal Academy
Irish blind people
Scientists with disabilities
Engineers from Belfast
Imhoff tank. The Imhoff tank, named for German engineer Karl Imhoff (1876–1965), is a chamber suitable for the reception and processing of sewage. It may be used for the clarification of sewage by simple settling and sedimentation, along with anaerobic digestion of the settled sludge. It consists of an upper chamber in which sedimentation takes place, from which settled solids slide down on the inclined bottom slopes towards a lower chamber in which the sludge accumulates. The two chambers are otherwise unconnected, with the more liquid sewage flowing only through the upper sedimentation chamber and only a slow flow of sludge in the lower digestion chamber. The lower chamber requires separate biogas vents and pipes for the removal of digested sludge, typically after 6–9 months of digestion. The Imhoff tank is in effect a two-story septic tank and retains the septic tank's simplicity while eliminating many of its drawbacks, which largely result from the mixing of fresh sewage and septic sludge in the same chamber.

Typically, well-designed and operated Imhoff tanks are expected to remove suspended solids with an efficiency between 50-70%. Effluent coming out from Imhoff tanks can be either discharged in the environment, sent to a centralized wastewater treatment facility, or sent to constructed wetlands for disinfection and nutrient removal.

As a result of anaerobic digestion of settled sludge, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide are typically formed. While in the past this gas mix used to be exploited for energy production given the relatively high methane content, nowadays gas from Imhoff tanks is typically vented out in the environment. This wastes the energy potential recovery of the technology and increases its carbon footprint, given the high content of methane which has a global warming potential about 25 times larger than the one of carbon dioxide.

Imhoff tanks are being superseded in sewage treatment by plain sedimentation tanks using mechanical methods for continuously collecting the sludge, which is moved to separate digestion tanks. This arrangement permits both improved sedimentation results and better temperature control in the digestion process, leading to a more rapid and complete digestion of the sludge.

A test for settleable solids in water, wastewater and stormwater uses an Imhoff cone, with or without stopcock.  The volume of solids is measured after a specified time period at the bottom of a one-liter cone using graduated markings.

See also 
Anaerobic digester types
List of waste water treatment technologies

References

External links 
 Imhoff Tank implications
 Imhoff OM guide, Texas

Anaerobic digester types
Sewerage infrastructure
Håkan Lans. Anders Håkan Lans (born 2 November 1947 in Enskede) is a Swedish inventor. He holds two patents:
 a memory controller for a framebuffer: "Data processing system and apparatus for color graphics display". Framebuffer with memory controllers had been in common use for years at the time of this 1979 patent filing.
 a calligraphic display "Arrangement for producing a pattern on a light-sensitive surface"

STDMA 
Håkan Lans is the designer of a tracking system which makes use of a Self-Organized Time Division Multiple Access (STDMA) datalink. The STDMA datalink is currently in use in Automatic Identification System (AIS). AIS is a short range coastal tracking system which is mandatory aboard international voyaging ships with gross tonnage (GT) of 300 or more tons, and all passenger ships regardless of size.

STDMA is also in use as one of the three physical layer models proposed for Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B), a cooperative surveillance technique for air traffic control which is in the process of implementation.

Lans has his own company, GP&C Systems International AB, which is focused on marketing STDMA.

Legal disputes 
Concerning the patent on the framebuffer controller, in 1997 Lans as an individual sued several companies, including Compaq, Gateway and Hewlett-Packard, for not paying royalties, and allegedly infringing on his patent. The defendants counterclaimed that the patent was assigned to Uniboard AB, a company wholly owned by Lans. The judge ruled that this was the case and thus Lans lost the case. This has led to a dispute between Lans and his attorneys, who Lans has sued for misconduct. This suit was settled in April 2012. An allegation was presented on Swedish National Television that an attorney's conduct was due to alleged connections with The Pentagon, in order to stop Lans' progress on his STDMA patent.

Another debate is regarding STDMA. There was a patent application for the system, but a US patent ex-parte reexamination certificate was issued in 2010 canceling all claims.

See also 
 Automatic Identification System (AIS)
 ADS-B#VDL mode 4

References

External links 
 GP&C Systems International AB
 The story as told from Lans side

1947 births
Living people
20th-century Swedish inventors
Gauche (Scheme implementation). Gauche is an R7RS Scheme implementation.  It is designed for scripting in a production environment.  It is intended to allow programmers and system administrators to write scripts in support of daily operations. Quick startup, built-in system interface, native multilingual support are some of its key design goals.

Gauche is free software under the BSD License.  It is primarily developed by Shiro Kawai.

Features
Quick startup - Gauche includes common features in its executable, while less common functions are in libraries which are loaded on demand.
Module system - A simple module system, API compatible to STklos.
Object system - CLOS-like object system with metaobject protocol. Almost API compatible to STklos. It is also similar to Guile's object system.
Native multilingual support - Strings are represented by multibyte string internally. You can use UTF-8, EUC-JP, Shift-JIS or no multibyte encoding.  Conversion between native coding system and external coding system is supported by port objects.
Multibyte regexp - Regular expression matcher is aware of multibyte string; you can use multibyte characters both in patterns and matched strings.
Built-in system interface - Gauche has built-in support for most POSIX.1 system calls.
Network interface - Has API for socket-based network interface, including IPv6 if the OS supports it.
Multithreading - Multithreading is supported on top of pthreads. Scheme-level API conforms to SRFI-18.
DBM interface - Interfaces to dbm, ndbm and/or gdbm.
XML parsing - Oleg Kiselyov's SXML tools are included.

References

Notes
R. Kelsey, W. Clinger, J. Rees (eds.), Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme, Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation, 11(1), September, 1998 and ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 33(9), October, 1998. 
Carl Bruggeman, Oscar Waddell and R. Kent Dybvig, Representing control in the presence of one-shot continuations, in Proceedings of SIGPLAN '96, pp. 99-107, 1996.
Eugene Myers, An O(ND) Difference Algorithm and Its Variations, Algorithmica Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 251-266, 1986.
Gregor Kiczales, Jim Des Rivieres, Daniel Bobrow, The Art of Metaobject Protocol, The MIT Press. 
Kim Barrett, Bob Cassels, Paul Haahr, David A. Moon, Keith Playford, P. Tucker Withington, A Monotonic Superclass Linearization for Dylan, in Proceedings of OOPSLA 96, October 1996.

External links
Gauche home page
Gauche reference manual
Gauche development progress & plan
Standards conformance and platform list
Shooting A Moving Target - An Experience in Developing a Production Tracking Database
Tracking Assets in the Production of 'Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within'
Gluing Things Together - Scheme in a Real-time CG Content Production

Scheme (programming language) interpreters
Scheme (programming language) implementations
Free and open source interpreters
Cross-platform free software
Software using the BSD license
ANDOS. ANDOS is a Russian operating system for Electronika BK series computers: BK-0010, BK-0011, and BK-0011M. They were based on the PDP-11 architecture by Digital Equipment Corporation. ANDOS was created in 1990 and released first in 1992. Initially it was developed by Alexey Nadezhin (by whose name the system is named) and later also by Sergey Kamnev, who joined the project. It was the only widespread system on BK series computers that used MS-DOS-compatible file system format. ANDOS used the FAT12 file system on 800 Kb floppy disks. For Electronika BK-0011M and BK-0011, ANDOS could emulate a BK-0010 by loading a BK-0010 read-only memory (ROM) image into BK-0011(M) random-access memory (RAM). In minimal configuration, the system could occupy less than 4 Kb of RAM.

The system was able to support up to 64 disk drives (or hard disk drive partitions), and RAM disks in the computer's memory and tape recording. It could also have read-only access to MicroDOS file system format disks, although in the last version, this function was transferred from system core to the file manager and became optional.

References
 

Elektronika BK operating systems
Assembly language software
Object (computer science). In software development, an object is an entity that has state, behavior, and identity. An object can model some part of reality or can be an invention of the design process whose collaborations with other such objects serve as the mechanisms that provide some higher-level behavior. Put another way, an object represents an individual, identifiable item, unit, or entity, either real or abstract, with a well-defined role in the problem domain.

A programming language can be classified based on its support for objects. A language that provides an encapsulation construct for state, behavior, and identity is classified as object-based. If the language also provides polymorphism and inheritance it is classified as object-oriented. A language that supports creating an object from a class is classified as class-based. A language that supports object creation via a template object is classified as prototype-based.

The concept of object is used in many different software contexts, including:

 Possibly the most common use is in-memory objects in a computer program written in an object-based language.

 Information systems can be modeled with objects representing their components and interfaces.
 
 In the relational model of database management, aspects such as table and column may act as objects.

 Objects of a distributed computing system tend to be larger grained, longer lasting, and more service-oriented than programming objects.

See also

References

External links
What Is an Object? from The Java Tutorials

 
Object-oriented programming
Data types
Composite data types