omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
System testing. System testing, a.k.a. end-to-end (E2E) testing, is testing conducted on a complete software system.

System testing describes testing as at the system level to contrast to testing at the integration or unit level.

System testing often serves the purpose of evaluating the system's compliance with its specified requirements   often from a functional requirement specification (FRS), a system requirement specification (SRS), another type of specification or multiple. 

System testing can detect defects in the system as a whole. 

System testing can verify the design, the behavior and even the believed expectations of the customer. It is also intended to test up to and beyond the bounds of specified software and hardware requirements.

Approaches
 Destructive testing: tests are carried out to the specimen's failure, in order to understand a specimen's performance or material behaviour under different loads.
 Nondestructive testing: analysis techniques to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage.
Fault injection: A testing technique which stress the system in an unusual way to examine the system behavior.

See also
Automated testing
Automatic test equipment
Mobile-device testing
Quality control
Software testing
Test case
Test fixture
Test plan

Notes

References
 

Software testing
Hardware testing
Systems engineering

de:Softwaretest#Systemtest
Scanning voltage microscopy. Scanning voltage microscopy (SVM), sometimes also called nanopotentiometry, is a scientific experimental technique based on atomic force microscopy. A conductive probe, usually only a few nanometers wide at the tip, is placed in full contact with an operational electronic or optoelectronic sample. By connecting the probe to a high-impedance voltmeter and rastering over the sample's surface, a map of the electric potential can be acquired. SVM is generally nondestructive to the sample although some damage may occur to the sample or the probe if the pressure required to maintain good electrical contact is too high. If the input impedance of the voltmeter is sufficiently large, the SVM probe should not perturb the operation of the operational sample.

Applications
SVM is particularly well suited to analyzing microelectronic devices (such as transistors or diodes) or quantum electronic devices (such as quantum well diode lasers) directly because nanometer spatial resolution is possible. SVM can also be used to verify theoretical simulation of complex electronic devices.

For example, the potential profile across the quantum well structure of a diode laser can be mapped and analyzed; such a profile could indicate the electron and hole distributions where light is generated and could lead to improved laser designs.

Scanning gate microscopy
In a similar technique, scanning gate microscopy (SGM), the probe is oscillated at some natural frequency some fixed distance above the sample with an applied voltage relative to the sample. The image is constructed from the X,Y position of the probe and the conductance of the sample, with no significant current passing through the probe, which acts as a local gate. The image is interpreted as a map of the sample's sensitivity to gate voltage. A lock-in amplifier aids noise reduction by filtering through only the amplitude oscillations that match the probe's vibration frequency. Applications include imaging defect sites in carbon nanotubes and doping profiles in nanowires.

References

Scanning probe microscopy
The Pragmatic Programmer. The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master is a book about computer programming and software engineering, written by Andrew Hunt and David Thomas and published in October 1999. It is used as a textbook in related university courses. It was the first in a series of books under the label The Pragmatic Bookshelf. A second edition, The Pragmatic Programmer: Your Journey to Mastery was released in 2019 for the book's 20th anniversary, with major revisions and new material which reflects new technology and other changes in the software engineering industry over the last twenty years.

The book does not present a systematic theory, but rather a collection of tips to improve the development process in a pragmatic way. The main qualities of what the authors refer to as a pragmatic programmer are being an early adopter, to have fast adaptation, inquisitiveness and critical thinking, realism, and being a jack-of-all-trades.

The book uses analogies and short stories to present development methodologies and caveats, for example the broken windows theory, the story of the stone soup, or the boiling frog. Some concepts were named or popularized in the book, such as DRY (or don't repeat yourself) and rubber duck debugging, a method of debugging whose name is a reference to a story in the book.

Publication history
 The Pragmatic Programmer, Andrew Hunt and David Thomas, 1999, Addison Wesley, .
 The Pragmatic Programmer, 20th Anniversary Edition, David Thomas and Andrew Hunt, 2019, Addison Wesley, .

References

External links
 

Computer programming books
Book series
1999 non-fiction books
Addison-Wesley books
Software engineering books
Collaborative non-fiction books
Figure of Insensitivity. Figure of Insensitivity (F of I) is an inverse scale of measure of the impact sensitivity of an explosive substance.  In this particular context the term 'Insensitivity' refers to the likelihood of initiation/detonation by impact, friction, electrostatic discharge, application of flame, etc. It is a quantitative measure of the level of stimulus required to cause explosive decomposition. 

The figure of insensitivity is determined from impact testing, typically using a drop-weight tower. In this test, a small sample of the explosive is placed on a small steel anvil which is slotted into a recess in the base of the drop tower. A cylindrical, 1 kilogram steel weight (mounted inside a tube to accurately guide its descent to the impact point in the centre of the anvil) is then dropped onto the test specimen from a measured height. The specimen is monitored both during and after this process to determine whether initiation occurs. This test is repeated many times, varying the drop height according to a prescribed method. Various heights are used, starting with a small distance (e.g. 10  cm) and then progressively increasing it to as high as 3 metres. The series of drop heights and whether initiation occurred are analysed statistically to determine the drop height which has a 50% likelihood of initiating the explosives. The intention of these tests is to develop safety policies/rules that will govern the design, manufacturing, handling and storage of the explosive and any munitions containing it.

A reference standard sample of RDX is currently used to calibrate the drop tower, so that the drop height to produce 50% likelihood of initiation in this material is measured and recorded. The drop height required to initiate other explosives can then be related to the RDX standard so that a ready comparison of impact sensitivity between different explosives can be made.  By convention, explosives having a 50% initiation drop height equal to that of RDX are given a F of I of 80.

The scale was originally defined using TNT as the reference standard, with TNT having, by definition, an F of I of exactly 100. On this original scale, RDX yielded an F of I of around 80.  Following World War II, when more complex explosive compositions replaced pure TNT as the most common energetic component of weapon systems, RDX was adopted as the reference standard.

Sensitivity should not be confused with Sensitiveness which is a measure of how easy it is to detonate an explosive.  In this context an explosive with more sensitiveness requires a smaller detonator or gayne to detonate it.

See also
 Safety testing of explosives

External links
 "Safety Cases for Explosive Sites" by Robert D. Wilcox, 2003. (This paper states that TNT has a defined F of I equal to 100.)

Explosives engineering
ISO/IEC 8802-5. ISO/IEC 8802-5 is a joint ISO/IEC standard that defines Token Ring access methods and physical layer specifications. The ISO/IEC 8802-5:1998 standard, part of the Local and Metropolitan Area Network (LAN) series, aligns with the ISO/IEC Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model, focusing on the physical and data link layers. Its primary goal is to facilitate seamless interconnection of data processing equipment through a LAN employing the token-passing ring access method. The standard delineates the frame format, encompassing delimiters, addressing, and priority stacks. Additionally, it outlines the medium access control (MAC) protocol, supplemented by finite state machines and state tables, accompanied by algorithmic descriptions. The physical layer (PHY) functionalities, such as symbol encoding/decoding, symbol time, and latency buffering, are clearly defined. The standard elucidates the services offered by MAC to station management (SMT) and the reciprocal services provided by PHY to both SMT and MAC. Specifically tailored for commercial and light industrial applications, the LAN standard establishes guidelines for 4 and 16 Mbit/s shielded twisted pair attachments, including the medium interface connector (MIC). Notably, while token ring LANs in home and heavy industrial settings are not precluded, their consideration was not central to the standard's development. The document includes a Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma in its annex.

References 

ISO/IEC 8820
08820-5
IKL. IKL may refer to:
 Concentration Camps Inspectorate, the agency that oversaw Nazi concentration camps, German acronym ()
The Patriotic People's Movement, whose Finnish language name had the initials IKL.
The Patriotic People's Movement (1993), also with initials IKL
The Ingolstadt–Kralupy–Litvínov pipeline, a crude oil pipeline in Germany and the Czech Republic
Ikela Airport, an airport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with this IATA code
Ingenieurkontor Lübeck, a German shipbuilding company
Mobility (video game). Mobility: A City in Motion is a city-building simulation video game developed by Glamus as an initiative of DaimlerChrysler, with scientific data done by the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. It is similar to SimCity, in that the game involves successfully developing a town into a larger metropolis; however, the focus is more on the ability of the citizens to use transportation to get around the area (hence the name).

Very fine control of traffic flow is given to the player — details all the way down to speed limits and right-of-way at intersections are options that can be selected in-game. Due to Mobility's focus on getting around, most of the structures that can be built are dedicated to transportation, such as bus stops, parking decks, and train stations, although there are other basic gameplay items such as zones.

Development 
Mobility was released for Windows in 1999, according to the updates log in the download page in the game's official German language website. The Linux version was released in May 9, 2001.

The current Microsoft Windows version is 3.02, released on 26 October 2012. The Linux version is still limited to 2.00. It is released as shareware, available on the Mobility web site. The cost of registration varies by country.

External links 
Official website

General References
 
 
 

City-building games
Linux games
2001 video games
Video games developed in Germany
Windows games
Business simulation games
MCAD. MCAD may refer to:

Science and technology
 ACADM or MCAD, a gene
 Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme used in lipid metabolism
 Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD deficiency or MCADD), caused by mutations in the ACADM gene
 Mast cell activation disorder, a disease
 Microsoft Certified Application Developer
 Mechanical computer-aided design

Organizations
 Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination, US
 Minneapolis College of Art and Design, US
Christian Otto Mohr. Christian Otto Mohr (8 October 1835 – 2 October 1918) was a German civil engineer. He is renowned for his contributions to the field of structural engineering, such as Mohr's circle, and for his study of stress.

Biography
He was born on 8 October 1835 to a landowning family in Wesselburen in the Holstein region. At the age of 16 attended the Polytechnic School in Hannover.

Starting in 1855, his early working life was spent in railroad engineering for the Hanover and Oldenburg state railways, designing some famous bridges and making some of the earliest uses of steel trusses.

Even during his early railway years, Mohr had developed an interest in the theories of mechanics and the strength of materials. In 1867, he became professor of mechanics at Stuttgart Polytechnic, and in 1873 at Dresden Polytechnic. Mohr had a direct and unpretentious lecturing style that was popular with his students. In addition to a lone textbook, Mohr published many research papers on the theory of structures and strength of materials.

In 1874, Mohr formalised the idea of a statically indeterminate structure.

Mohr was an enthusiast for graphical tools and developed the method, for visually representing stress in three dimensions, previously proposed by Carl Culmann. In 1882, he famously developed the graphical method for analysing stress known as Mohr's circle and used it to propose an early theory of strength based on shear stress. He also developed the Williot-Mohr diagram for truss displacements and the Maxwell-Mohr method for analysing statically indeterminate structures, it can also be used to determine the displacement of truss nodes and forces acting on each member. The Maxwell-Mohr method is also referred to as the virtual force method for redundant trusses.

He retired in 1900, yet continued his scientific work in Dresden until his death on 2 October 1918.

See also
Slope deflection method

Bibliography
Timoshenko, S. P. (1953), History of Strength of Materials 
George A. Lesieutre academic lineage at www.personal.psu.edu

                   

1835 births
1918 deaths
People from the Duchy of Holstein
Burials at Johannisfriedhof, Dresden
People from Wesselburen
German civil engineers
Engineers from Schleswig-Holstein
Deep Thought (chess computer). Deep Thought was a computer designed to play chess. Deep Thought was initially developed at Carnegie Mellon University and later at IBM.  It was second in the line of chess computers developed by Feng-hsiung Hsu, starting with ChipTest and culminating in Deep Blue. In addition to Hsu, the Deep Thought team included Thomas Anantharaman, Mike Browne, Murray Campbell and Andreas Nowatzyk. Deep Thought became the first computer to beat a grandmaster in a regular tournament game when it beat Bent Larsen in 1988, but was easily defeated in both games of a two-game match with Garry Kasparov in 1989 as well as in a correspondence match with Michael Valvo.

It was named after Deep Thought, a fictional computer in Douglas Adams' series, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The naming of chess computers has continued in this vein with Deep Blue, Deep Fritz, Deep Junior, etc.

Deep Thought won the North American Computer Chess Championship in 1988 and the World Computer Chess Championship in the year 1989, and its rating, according to the USCF was 2551.  In 1994, Deep Thought 2 won the North American Computer Chess Championship for the fifth time, with its rating estimated at around 2600. It was sponsored by IBM. Some engineers who designed Deep Thought also worked in the design of Deep Thought 2. Its algorithms were quite simple evaluation functions, but it could examine half a billion chess positions per move in tournament games, which is sufficient to reach depth of 10 or 11 moves ahead in complex positions. Despite that, using the technique of singular extensions it could also follow lines of forced moves that reach even further, which is how it once found a checkmate in 18 moves.

See also 
 Computer chess
 Deep Thought, a fictional computer in Douglas Adams's series, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 ChipTest, the first in the line of chess computers developed by Feng-hsiung Hsu
 Deep Blue, another chess computer co-developed by Feng-hsiung Hsu, being the first computer to win a chess match against the world champion
 HAL

Notes

References

External links

Chess computers
One-of-a-kind computers
Carnegie Mellon University
IBM computers
Carl Culmann. Carl Culmann (10 July 1821 – 9 December 1881) was a German structural engineer.

Born in Bad Bergzabern, Rhenish Palatinate, in modern-day Germany, Culmann's father, a pastor, tutored him at home before enrolling him at the military engineering school at Metz to prepare for entry to the École Polytechnique. Culmann's ambitions were frustrated by an attack of typhoid and, after a long convalescence, he attended the Karlsruhe Polytechnic School. He joined the Bavarian civil service in 1841 as an apprentice engineer in the design of railroad bridges.

Continuing his mathematical studies, in particular under L. C. Schnürlein, in 1847 Culmann transferred to Munich so that he could improve his English in anticipation of a study tour to the United Kingdom and the United States. His tour lasted from 1849 to 1851, studying the comparative designs of truss bridges and developing new analytical techniques to facilitate his investigations.

In 1855, he took up the chair of engineering sciences at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, holding the post until his death.

Inspired by the work of Jean-Victor Poncelet, Culmann was a pioneer of graphical methods in engineering ("graphic statics"), publishing his seminal book on the topic, Die graphische Statik  in 1865. A French language translation was prepared in 1879.

Culmann had a profound influence on a generation of engineers including Maurice Koechlin, Otto Mohr and Luigi Cremona. He died in Zürich, Switzerland.

See also
Biomechanics
Mechanostat
Mohr's circle
Truss

References

Bibliography
[Anon.] "Culmann, Carl", Encyclopædia Britannica, Deluxe CDROM edition
Crystal, David (ed.) (1998) "Culmann, Karl (1821-1881)" The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia (2nd ed.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 
Hartenberg, R. S. (1981) "Cullman, Karl" in

External links
 

1821 births
1881 deaths
People from Bad Bergzabern
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Structural engineers
German civil engineers
People from the Palatinate (region)
Engineers from Rhineland-Palatinate
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
VTS. VTS can refer to:

Vanishing testes syndrome, another name for anorchia
Vanishing twin syndrome, a complication of multiple pregnancy
Vehicle Telematics System, remote control, monitoring, and navigation of road vehicles
Vehicle tracking system, equipment and programs for monitoring road vehicle locations
Vessel traffic service, maritime traffic control system for a port or harbor
Vertical Tabulation Set, character code 0x8A in the C0 and C1 control codes
Virginia Theological Seminary, an Episcopal seminary in Alexandria, Virginia
Video Title Set, a directory element on a DVD-Video disk
Virtual Tape Server, an IBM Virtual tape library system
VTS, an ICAO airline code for Everts Air

See also

 
 VT (disambiguation)
 VT 5 (disambiguation)
Tatsuo Endo (engineer). was a Japanese engineer. In 1968, while a visiting professor at the University of Illinois, he developed the rainflow-counting algorithm for fatigue analysis of structures, along with M. Matsuishi.

Bibliography
Matsuishi, M.; Endo, T. (1968). "Fatigue of metals subjected to varying stress". Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering.

References

1925 births
1989 deaths
Japanese civil engineers
Japanese metallurgists
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Japanese expatriates in the United States
Genome@home. Genome@home was a volunteer computing project run by Stefan Larson of Stanford University, and a sister project to Folding@home. Its goal was protein design and its applications, which had implications in many fields including medicine. Genome@home was run by the Pande Lab.

Function
Following the Human Genome Project, scientists needed to know the biological and medical implications of the resulting wealth of genetic information. Genome@home used spare processing power on personal computers to virtually design genes that match existing proteins, although it can also design new proteins that have not been found in nature. This process is computationally demanding, so distributed computing is a viable option. Researchers can use the results from the project to gain a better understanding of the evolution of natural genomes and proteins, and their functionality. This project had applications in medical therapy, new pharmaceuticals, and assigning functions to newly sequenced genes.

Genome@home directly studied genomes and proteins by virtually designing new sequences for existing 3-D protein structures, which other scientists obtained through X-ray crystallography or NMR techniques. By understanding the relationship between the sequences and specific protein structures, the Pande lab tackled contemporary issues in structural biology, genetics, and medicine.

Specifically, the Genome@home project aided the understanding of why thousands of different amino acid sequences all form the same structures and assisted the fields of proteomics and structural genomics by predicting the functions of newly discovered genes and proteins. It also had implications in medical therapy by designing and virtually creating new versions of existing proteins. Genome@home's software was designed for uniprocessor systems. It begins with a large set of potential sequences, and repeatedly searches through and refines these sequences until a well-designed sequence is found. It then sends this sequence to the server, and repeats the process.

Conclusion
For financial reasons, the project was officially concluded on March 8, 2004, although data was still collected until April 15. Following its completion, users were asked to donate to Folding@home instead.

Results
It accumulated a large database of protein sequences, which will be used for important scientific purposes for years by the Pande Lab and other scientists across the world.

Four peer-reviewed scientific publications have resulted from Genome@home.

See also
List of volunteer computing projects

References

Bioinformatics
volunteer computing projects
EFI. EFI may refer to:

People

Given name 
 Efi Arazi (1937–2013), Israeli businessman and high-tech entrepreneur
 Efi Foufoula-Georgiou (born 1957), Greek-American environmental engineer
 Efi Oshaya (born 1956), Israeli politician
 Efi Thodi (born 1934), Greek singer

Surname 
 Andrey Efi (born 1960), Russian artist
 Tufuga Efi (born 1937), Samoan politician

Technology
 Electronic fuel injection
 Exploding foil initiator
 Extensible Firmware Interface, a computer firmware standard
 EFI system partition

Other uses 
 École Française d'Islamabad, a French international school in Pakistan
 EFI Automotive, a French automotive company
 Efik language
 Electronics for Imaging, an American digital printing company
 Enrico Fermi Institute, at the University of Chicago
 Enterprise Florida, an American economic development organization
 Environmentalist Foundation of India, a wildlife conservation group
 Enzyme Function Initiative, a computational biology project
 Equestrian Federation of India
 Equestrian Federation of Ireland, now Horse Sport Ireland
 European Federation for Immunogenetics, a scientific society
 European Forest Institute, an international organisation
 European Friends of Israel, a political organization
 Evangelical Friends International, a Christian religious organization
 Expeditionary Forces Institute, of the British Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes

See also 
 Effie