omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Peroxyacetyl nitrate. Peroxyacetyl nitrate is a peroxyacyl nitrate.  It is a secondary pollutant present in photochemical smog. It is thermally unstable and decomposes into peroxyethanoyl radicals and nitrogen dioxide gas. It is a lachrymatory substance, meaning that it irritates the lungs and eyes.

Peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN, is an oxidant that is more stable than ozone. Hence, it is more capable of long-range transport than ozone. It serves as a carrier for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) into rural regions and causes ozone formation in the global troposphere.

Atmospheric chemistry 
PAN is produced in the atmosphere via photochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons to peroxyacetic acid radicals, which react reversibly with nitrogen dioxide () to form PAN. Night-time reaction of acetaldehyde with nitrogen trioxide is another possible source. Since there are no direct emissions, it is a secondary pollutant. Next to ozone and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), it is an important component of photochemical smog.

Further peroxyacyl nitrates in the atmosphere are peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN), peroxybutyryl nitrate (PBN), and peroxybenzoyl nitrate (PBzN). Chlorinated forms have also been observed. PAN is the most important peroxyacyl nitrate. PAN and its homologues reach about 5 to 20 percent of the concentration of ozone in urban areas. At lower temperatures, it is stable and can be transported over long distances, providing nitrogen oxides to otherwise unpolluted areas. At higher temperatures, it decomposes into NO2 and the peroxyacetyl radical.

The decay of PAN in the atmosphere is mainly thermal. Thus, the long-range transport occurs through cold regions of the atmosphere, whereas the decomposition takes place at warmer levels. PAN can also be photolysed by UV radiation. It is a reservoir gas that serves both as a source and a sink of ROx- and NOx radicals. Nitrogen oxides from PAN decomposition enhance ozone production in the lower troposphere.

The natural concentration of PAN in the atmosphere is below 0.1 μg/m3. Measurements in German cities showed values up to 25 μg/m3. Peak values above 200 μg/m3 have been measured in Los Angeles in the second half of the 20th century (1 ppm of PAN corresponds to 4370 μg/m3). Due to the complexity of the measurement setup, only sporadic measurements are available.

PAN is a greenhouse gas.

Synthesis 
PAN can be produced in a lipophilic solvent from peroxyacetic acid. For the synthesis, concentrated sulfuric acid is added to degassed n-tridecane and peroxyacetic acid in an ice bath. Next, concentrated nitric acid is added.

As an alternative, PAN can also be synthesized in the gas phase via photolysis of acetone and NO2 with a mercury lamp. Methyl nitrate (CH3ONO2) is created as a by-product.

Toxicity 
The toxicity of PAN is higher than that of ozone. Eye irritation from photochemical smog is caused more by PAN and other trace gases than by ozone, which is only sparingly soluble. PAN is a mutagen, and is considered a potential contributor to the development of skin cancer.

References

Organic peroxides
Nitrate esters
Organic peroxide explosives
Explosive chemicals
Acetyl compounds
Pollutants
Smog
Methylene. Methylene may refer to:

 Methylene group or methylene bridge (CH2< or equivalently -CH2-), a part of a molecule connected to the rest of the molecule by two single bonds.
 An older name for methylidene (=CH2), a part of a molecule connected to another atom by a double bond.
 Methylene (compound) (CH2), an organic compound.

See also
 Bichloride of methylene (30% methanol and 70% chloroform), a variant of the old anesthetic A.C.E. mixture
 Methyl group
 Methylenedioxy
 Mytilene, a city in Greece
 Methanol

de:Methylengruppe
sv:Metylengrupp
IAU (disambiguation). IAU may refer to:
Immersion gold plating (IAu), a surface finish process in PCB manufacturing
International Astronomical Union
International American University
International American University College of Medicine
International Association of Universities
International Association of Ultrarunners (IAU) is the governing body for ultra running
Islamic American University
Islamic Azad University
Italian Actors Union, former name of the Guild of Italian American Actors, United States
5000 IAU, an asteroid
Is Anyone Up?
International Crossbow Shooting Union or International Armbrustschützen Union (IAU)
Interamerican University of Puerto Rico

Iau is:
The Iau language
An occasional spelling for Eiao
RCP. RCP may refer to:

Architecture 
 Reinforced concrete pipe
 Reflected ceiling plan

Computer technology 
 RCP (chip), a co-processor chip designed by Silicon Graphics for use in the Nintendo 64 gaming system
 rcp (Unix), a command on the Unix operating systems that is used to remote copy a file
 Rapid control prototyping, a process that lets engineers quickly test and iterate their control strategies
 Restore Cursor Position (ANSI), an ANSI X3.64 escape sequence
 Rich Client Platform, a software development platform helping software developers to rapidly build new applications
 Remote Control Protocol, a protocol that allows CEC enabled TVs to control MHL compatible devices

Medicine 
 Respiratory Care Practitioner
 Retrograde cholangiopancreatography
 Royal College of Physicians, located in London, Edinburgh, and Ireland

Organizations 
 Radio Club Paraguayo, an amateur radio organization in Paraguay
 Radio Club Peruano, an amateur radio organization in Peru
 Radio Corporation of the Philippines, the oldest radio network in the Philippines
 Rochester Community Players, a theatrical company in Rochester, NY

Businesses
 RCP Design Global, a French design agency
 RIT Capital Partners, a large UK investment trust

Political groups 
 Revolutionary Communist Party (disambiguation), the name of several revolutionary communist parties worldwide
 Romanian Communist Party
 Russian Communist Party, the second of four names used at different times by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Science 
 Reactor Coolant Pumps in International Reactor Innovative and Secure nuclear reactors
 Representative Concentration Pathways, scenarios of greenhouse gas trajectories
 Right circular polarization, in radio communications/radio astronomy
 Rapid crack propagation, in testing of plastic pipes
 Radiochemical purity, % radiodetected peak area of the intact radiolabeled peptide vs all radio peaks measured during the same analyses

Other uses
 Radio College Park, a Persian podcast
 Random close pack, packing method for objects
 RealClearPolitics, a political website
 Retention Control Point, high year tenure in the United States Army
 Rose City Park, Portland, Oregon, United States
 Royal Commonwealth Pool in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Newton-metre. The newton-metre or newton-meter (also non-hyphenated, newton metre or newton meter; symbol N⋅m or N m) is the unit of torque (also called ) in the International System of Units (SI). One newton-metre is equal to the torque resulting from a force of one newton applied perpendicularly to the end of a moment arm that is one metre long.

The unit is also used less commonly as a unit of work, or energy, in which case it is equivalent to the more common and standard SI unit of energy, the joule. In this usage the metre term represents the distance travelled or displacement in the direction of the force, and not the perpendicular distance from a fulcrum (i.e. the lever arm length) as it does when used to express torque. This usage is generally discouraged, since it can lead to confusion as to whether a given quantity expressed in newton-metres is a torque or a quantity of energy. "Even though torque has the same dimension as energy (SI unit joule), the joule is never used for expressing torque".

Newton-metres and joules are dimensionally equivalent in the sense that they have the same expression in SI base units,

but are distinguished in terms of applicable kind of quantity, to avoid misunderstandings when a torque is mistaken for an energy or vice versa. Similar examples of dimensionally equivalent units include Pa versus J/m3, Bq versus Hz, and ohm versus ohm per square.

Conversion factors
1 kilogram-force metre = 9.80665 N⋅m

1 newton-metre ≈ 0.73756215 pound-force-feet
1 pound-foot ≡ 1 pound-force-foot ≈ 1.35581795 N⋅m
1 ounce-inch ≡ 1 ounce-force-inch ≈ 7.06155181 mN⋅m (millinewton-metres)
1 dyne-centimetre = 10−7 N⋅m

See also

Bending moment
Spring scale
Torque tester
Newton-second, the derived SI unit of impulse

Notes

References

Units of torque
SI derived units
Hemimorphite. Hemimorphite is the chemical compound Zn4(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O, a component of mineral calamine. It is a silicate mineral which, together with smithsonite (ZnCO3), has been historically mined from the upper parts of zinc and lead ores. Both compounds were originally believed to be the same mineral and classified as calamine. In the second half of the 18th century, it was discovered that these two different compounds were both present in calamine. They closely resemble one another.

The silicate was the rarer of the two and was named hemimorphite because of the hemimorph development of its crystals. This unusual form, which is typical of only a few minerals, means that the crystals are terminated by dissimilar faces. Hemimorphite most commonly forms crystalline crusts and layers, also massive, granular, rounded and reniform aggregates, concentrically striated, or finely needle-shaped, fibrous or stalactitic, and rarely fan-shaped clusters of crystals.

Some specimens show strong green fluorescence in shortwave ultraviolet light (253.7 nm) and weak light pink fluorescence in longwave UV.

Occurrence

Hemimorphite most frequently occurs as the product of the oxidation of the upper parts of sphalerite bearing ore bodies, accompanied by other secondary minerals which form the so-called iron cap or gossan. Hemimorphite is an important ore of zinc and contains up to 54.2% of the metal, together with silicon, oxygen and hydrogen. The crystals are blunt at one end and sharp at the other.

The regions on the Belgian-German border are well known for their deposits of hemimorphite of metasomatic origin, especially Vieille Montagne in Belgium and Aachen in Germany. Other deposits are in Tarnowskie Góry area in Upper Silesia, Poland; near Phoenixville, Pennsylvania; the Missouri lead-zinc district; Elkhorn, Montana; Leadville, Colorado; and Organ Mountains, New Mexico in the United States; and in several localities in North Africa. Further hemimorphite occurrences are the Padaeng deposit near Mae Sod in western Thailand; Sardinia; Nerchinsk, Siberia; Cave del Predil, Italy; Bleiberg, Carinthia, Austria; Matlock, Derbyshire, England.

References

Further reading 

Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., 
Boni, M., Gilg, H.A., Aversa, G., and Balassone, G., 2003, The "Calamine" of southwest Sardinia: Geology, mineralogy, and stable isotope geochemistry of supergene Zn mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 731-748.
Reynolds, N.A., Chisnall, T.W., Kaewsang, K., Keesaneyabutr, C., and Taksavasu, T., 2003, The Padaeng supergene nonsulfide zinc deposit, Mae Sod, Thailand: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 773-785.
Mineral galleries

Sorosilicates
Zinc minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 44
Minerals described in 1853
Elasticity. Elasticity often refers to:

Elasticity (physics), continuum mechanics of bodies that deform reversibly under stress

Elasticity may also refer to:

Information technology 
 Elasticity (data store), the flexibility of the data model and the clustering
 Elasticity (system resource), a defining feature of distributed system

Economics 
Elasticity (economics), a general term for a ratio of change. For more specific economic forms of elasticity, see:
Cross elasticity of demand
Elasticity of substitution
Frisch elasticity of labor supply
Income elasticity of demand
Output elasticity
Price elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of supply
Yield elasticity of bond value

Mathematics 
Elasticity of a function, a mathematical definition of point elasticity
Arc elasticity

Molecular and Cell Biology 
 Elasticity coefficient, a biochemical term used in metabolic control analysis

Other uses 
 Elasticity, a 2021 EP by Serj Tankian

See also 
 Elastic (disambiguation)
Vampire tap. A vampire tap (also called a piercing tap) is a device for physically connecting a station, typically a computer, to a network that used 10BASE5 cabling. This device clamped onto and "bit" into the cable (hence the name "vampire"), inserting a probe through a hole drilled using a special tool through the outer shielding to contact the inner conductor, while other spikes bit into the outer conductor.

The vampire tap usually had an integrated AUI (Attachment Unit Interface) in the form of a DA-15 connector, from which a short multicore cable connected to the network card in the station (host computer).

Vampire taps allowed new connections to be made on a given physical cable while the cable was in use.  This allowed administrators to expand bus topology network sections without interrupting communications. Without a vampire tap, the cable had to be cut and connectors had to be attached to both ends.

See also 

 Network tap
 Insulation-displacement connector

References 

Ethernet cables
Networking hardware
Network information system. A network information system (NIS) is an information system for managing networks, such as electricity network, water supply network, gas supply network, telecommunications network., or street light network

NIS may manage all data relevant to the network, e.g.- all components and their attributes, the connectivity between them and other information, relating to the operation, design and construction of such networks.

NIS for electricity may manage any, some or all voltage levels- Extra High, High, Medium and low voltage. It may support only the distribution network or also the transmission network.

Telecom NIS typically consists of the physical network inventory and logical network inventory. Physical network inventory is used to manage outside plant components, such as cables, splices, ducts, trenches, nodes and inside plant components such as active and passive devices. The most differentiating factor of telecom NIS from traditional GIS is the capability of recording thread level connectivity. The logical network inventory is used to manage the logical connections and circuits utilizing the logical connections. Traditionally, the logical network inventory has been a separate product but in most modern systems the functionality is built in the GIS serving both the functionality of the physical network and logical network.

Water network information system typically manages the water network components, such as ducts, branches, valves, hydrants, reservoirs and pumping stations. Some systems such as include the water consumers as well as water meters and their readings in the NIS. Sewage and stormwater components are typically included in the NIS. By adding sensors as well as analysis and calculations based on the measured values the concept of Smart water system is included in the NIS. By adding actuators into the network the concept of SCADA can be included in the NIS.

NIS may be built on top of a GIS (Geographical information system).

Private Cloud based NIS is gaining in functionality and popularity. As much of the changes to the network are conducted on the field, this approach has significant benefits compared to traditional GIS. The as-builts can be documented on site using mobile connectivity to the NIS. Many of the products in this category, such as  by Keypro offer easy to use web interface which requires no installations at the client workstation.

References

External links
 
 
 
 
 
 Resources on how to replace NIS can be found at the NIS Migration Resource Site

Computer networking
EDA. EDA or Eda may refer to:

Computing 
 Electronic design automation
 Enterprise Desktop Alliance, a computer technology consortium
 Enterprise digital assistant
 Estimation of distribution algorithm
 Event-driven architecture
 Exploratory data analysis

Government and politics 
 Economic Development Administration, an agency of the United States government
 Election Defense Alliance, an American voting integrity organization
 European Defence Agency, a branch of the European Union
 Excess Defense Articles, an American arms distribution program
 European Democratic Alliance, a former political group in the European Parliament
  (Federal Department of Foreign Affairs), a branch of the government of Switzerland
  (Spanish Air Force), the air force of Spain
  (United Democratic Left) (1951–1967, 1977–1985), a former Greek political party
 Electoral District Association, a local unit of a political party in Canada

People 
 Eda (given name), a given name
 Eda (surname), a Japanese surname

Places 
 Eda, Sweden
 Eda (building), a residential high-rise building in Salford Quays, England
 Eda glasbruk, Sweden
 Eda Station (disambiguation)

Science and medicine  
 3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine, an amphetamine drug
 Ectodysplasin A, a protein
 Electrodermal activity
 Electron donor acceptor complexes, a type of Charge-transfer complex
 European Delirium Association
 Exploratory data analysis
 Extreme demand avoidance, a behavioral profile associated with severe anxiety and autism

Other uses 
 EDA Awards, American film awards
 Eda IF, a Swedish sport club
 Eighth Doctor Adventures, a series of novels based on the television series Doctor Who
The Institute of Technology at Linköping University. The Institute of Technology at Linköping University, or Tekniska högskolan vid Linköpings universitet (formerly Linköpings tekniska högskola, LiTH), is the faculty of science and engineering of Linköping University, located in Linköping and Norrköping in Sweden. Since its start in 1969, LiTH has had close ties with the Swedish transport and electronics industry in general and with Ericsson and SAAB in particular.  The faculty has 1,400 staff members, out of whom 125 are professors, and 470 are lecturers with a PhD.  The total number of students exceeds 12,000, with more than half being in post-graduate programs.

LiTH focuses its research and education in the areas of information technology, industrial engineering and management, materials technology, biomedical engineering, applied physics, production engineering and electronics. Interdisciplinary approaches and applied science are conducted in cooperation with the industry.

Notable alumni

Carl-Henric Svanberg, chairman BP, former CEO Ericsson, (Applied physics and Electrical Engineering)
Mikael Ohlsson, CEO IKEA, (Industrial engineering and Management)
Magnus Hall, President and CEO Holmen, (Industrial Engineering and Management)
Håkan Eriksson, chief scientific officer Ericsson, (Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering)
Åke Svensson, former CEO Saab, (Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering)
Mats Oretorp, CEO Dell Sweden, Dell AB, (Industrial Engineering and Management)
Björn Blomberg, CEO Swedfund, (Industrial Engineering and Management)
Jan-Eric Sundgren, former rector Chalmers, (Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering)
Mille Millnert, former rector Linköping University, (Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering)
Founders of Configura Sverige AB, (Computer science engineering)
Founders of Intentia (part of Lawson Software), (Industrial Engineering and Management)
Founders of Industrial and Financial Systems, (Industrial Engineering and Management)

Educational programmes
Master of Science programmes at Campus Valla:
Aeronautical Engineering
Industrial Engineering and Management
Sustainability Engineering and Management 
Socware (System-On-Chip)
Computer Science
Computer Science and Engineering
Information Technology
Chemical Biology
Engineering Biology
Mechanical Engineering
Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering
Design and Product Development

Master of Science programmes at Campus Norrköping
Electronics Design Engineering
Communication and Transport Engineering
Media Technology and Engineering

See also
 Chalmers University of Technology
 Royal Institute of Technology
 Luleå University of Technology
 Lund Institute of Technology
 Umeå Institute of Technology
 List of universities in Sweden
 List of test pilot schools

Notes

External links

 

University departments in Sweden
Engineering universities and colleges in Sweden
Linköping University
Wastewater. Wastewater (or waste water) is water generated after the use of freshwater, raw water, drinking water or saline water in a variety of deliberate applications or processes. Another definition of wastewater is "Used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff / storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration". In everyday usage, wastewater is commonly a synonym for sewage (also called domestic wastewater or municipal wastewater), which is wastewater that is produced by a community of people.

As a generic term, wastewater may also describe water containing contaminants accumulated in other settings, such as:
 Industrial wastewater: waterborne waste generated from a variety of industrial processes, such as manufacturing operations, mineral extraction, power generation, or water and wastewater treatment.
 Cooling water, is released with potential thermal pollution after use to condense steam or reduce machinery temperatures by conduction or evaporation.
 Leachate: precipitation containing pollutants dissolved while percolating through ores, raw materials, products, or solid waste.
 Return flow: the flow of water carrying suspended soil, pesticide residues, or dissolved minerals and nutrients from irrigated cropland.
 Surface runoff: the flow of water occurring on the ground surface when excess rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate the soil. 
 Urban runoff, including water used for outdoor cleaning activity and landscape irrigation in densely populated areas created by urbanization.
 Agricultural wastewater: animal husbandry wastewater generated from confined animal operations.

References
Chalmers Lindholmen University College. The Chalmers Lindholmen University College or Chalmers Lindholmen was a university college, and an affiliate of Chalmers University of Technology, located in Gothenburg, Sweden. The campus is located at Lindholmen on the island Hisingen. As of 2005, Chalmers Lindholmen no longer exists as a separate organisation. Campus Lindholmen is now one of Chalmers' two campuses.

Schools 
The organization is divided into schools.

School of Engineering
School of Maritime Studies
School of Continuing and Professional Learning
Centre of Research and Development

Students
Around 2,700 undergraduate students are attending Chalmers Lindholmen University College.

Bachelor's degrees
Building and Civil Engineering
Building Technology, Business Development and Entrepreneurship
Computer Engineering
Design Engineering
Electrical and Electronical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Mechatronics Engineering
Marine Engineering
Nautical Science
Shipping and Logistics

Master's degrees
 Interaction Design and Technologies
 Software Engineering and Technology

See also
Chalmers Students' Union
Lindholmen Science Park

External links
Chalmers Lindholmen University College – Official site

Lindholmen University College
Universities and colleges in Sweden
Higher education in Gothenburg
Hisingen
Mobile submarine simulator. The mobile submarine simulator (MOSS) MK70 is a sonar decoy used by submarines of the United States Navy.  It was a 10-inch vehicle, without an explosive warhead, but able to generate both an active sonar echo and a passive sound signature recorded to be extremely similar to that of the launching submarine. The purpose of MOSS was to create multiple targets all with the same acoustic signature.

MOSS was originally developed by Gould until Westinghouse acquired that division. Some current underwater training targets are modeled after MOSS's design.

The MOSS first entered service in 1976 and was deployed on all American ballistic missile submarines from the 1980s until it was withdrawn in the mid 1990s.

See also 

 ADM-160 MALD

Unmanned underwater vehicles
Sonar decoys