omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bismuth chloride. Bismuth chloride (or butter of bismuth) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula BiCl3.  It is a covalent compound and is the common source of the Bi3+ ion.  In the gas phase and in the crystal, the species adopts a pyramidal structure, in accord with VSEPR theory.

Preparation
Bismuth chloride can be synthesized directly by passing chlorine over bismuth.

2 Bi + 3 Cl2 → 2 BiCl3
or by dissolving bismuth metal in aqua regia, evaporating the mixture to give BiCl3·2H2O, which can be distilled to form the anhydrous trichloride.

Alternatively, it may be prepared by adding hydrochloric acid to bismuth oxide and evaporating the solution.

Bi2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 BiCl3 + 3 H2O

Also, the compound can be prepared by dissolving bismuth in concentrated nitric acid and then adding solid sodium chloride into this solution.

Bi + 6 HNO3 → Bi(NO3)3 + 3 H2O  + 3 NO2
Bi(NO3)3 + 3 NaCl → BiCl3 + 3 NaNO3

Structure 
In the gas phase BiCl3 is pyramidal with a Cl–Bi–Cl angle of 97.5° and a bond length of 242 pm. In the solid state, each Bi atom has three near neighbors at 250 pm, two at 324 pm and three at a mean of 336 pm, the image above highlights the three closest neighbours. This structure is similar to that of AsCl3, AsBr3, SbCl3 and SbBr3.

Chemistry

Bismuth chloride is hydrolyzed readily to bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl:

(aq) + (aq) + (l) ⇌ BiOCl (s) + 2 (aq)

This reaction can be reversed by adding an acid, such as hydrochloric acid.

Reaction of solid BiCl3 with water vapour below 50 °C has been shown to produce the intermediate monohydrate, BiCl3·H2O.

Bismuth chloride is an oxidizing agent, being readily reduced to metallic bismuth by reducing agents.

Chloro complexes
In contrast to the usual expectation by consistency with periodic trends, BiCl3 is a Lewis acid, forming a variety of chloro complexes such as [BiCl6]3− that strongly violates the octet rule.  Furthermore, the octahedral structure of this coordination complex does not follow the predictions of VSEPR theory, since the lone pair on bismuth is unexpectedly stereochemically inactive.  The dianionic complex [BiCl5]2− does however adopt the expected square pyramidal structure.

Organic catalysis

Bismuth chloride is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis. In particular, it catalyzes the Michael reaction and the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. The addition of other metal iodides increases its catalytic activity.

References

Bismuth compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
USCGC Seneca (WMEC-906). USCGC Seneca (WMEC-906) is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter. Her keel was laid on September 16, 1982 at Robert Derecktor Shipyard Incorporated, Middletown, Rhode Island. She was launched June 16, 1984 and commissioned active August 4, 1986 and formally commissioned May 9, 1987. Her namesake is the first revenue cutter  active from 1908–1936.

Seneca is the sixth of thirteen 270' Famous-class cutters designed to take the Coast Guard past the year 2000. The advanced technology used in her construction gives her the potential of being an effective Search and rescue (SAR) and Maritime Law Enforcement (MLE) platform. Advanced technology is only one way to describe Senecas primary operating computer system, SCCS (Shipboard Command and Control System). SCCS allows operators to view or act upon information from any of the ship's sensors, radar sources, or radio transceivers. Also included in SCCS is a Low Level Light TV (LLLTV) camera and an optical sight. Images from both the LLLTV and optical sight, can be displayed to any of SCCS position or the ship's entertainment system.

The Seneca serves as a platform for Operation New Frontier; the Coast Guard's operation to employ armed helicopters and non-lethal use of force technology to stop drug laden go-fast vessels.  Seneca's actions contributed to the one hundred percent interdiction rate during Operation New Frontier, making it the most successful counter-drug operation in Coast Guard history.  Six drug smuggling go-fasts were stopped, 4,475 pounds of cocaine and 11,710 pounds of marijuana with a street value of over 125 million dollars seized, and 18 drug trafficking suspects arrested. The success of Operation New Frontier, marked a new era in Coast Guard law enforcement and maritime security efforts, and achieved a principal milestone in the Coast Guard's successful execution of the President's National Drug Control Strategy.

External links
 Seneca home page

Ships of the United States Coast Guard
Famous-class cutters
1984 ships
Ships built in Middletown, Rhode Island
Intel MCS-296. The Intel MCS-296 is a family of microcontrollers (MCU), an improved version of the Intel MCS-96, while remaining compatible. The family is often referred to as the 80296. The MCU has improved math performance making it practical in embedded digital signal processing (DSP) and feedback control systems. It can perform 12.5 DSP MIPS and general performance MIPS.  

The main features of the MCS-296 family is 50 MHz operation, MCS-96 compatibility, pipeline architecture, 6 MB addressable space, 2 KB code/data RAM, 40-bit accumulator, fast hardware multiplier and accumulator, and 512 Byte register RAM.

References 
 http://www.intel.com/design/support/faq/microcontrollers/supportform.htm

Intel microcontrollers
IrcII. ircII (pronounced i-r-c-two or irk-two, and sometimes referred to as IRC client, second edition) is a free, open-source Unix IRC and ICB client written in C. Initially released in the late 1980s, it is the oldest IRC client still maintained.

History
Several other UNIX IRC clients, including  BitchX, EPIC, and ScrollZ, were originally forks of ircII. It was the first client to implement file transfer capabilities over IRC. The CTCP protocol was implemented by Michael Sandrof in 1990 for version 2.1. The DCC protocol was implemented by Troy Rollo in 1991 for version 2.1.2, and was never intended to be portable to other IRC clients.

Features
ircII is written in the C programming language and implements a termcap, text-mode, user interface. Encrypted Transport Layer Security connections to IRC servers are established with the OpenSSL library.
   The concept of file transfers over IRC networks was first implemented by the authors of ircII. The client was the first to implement both the Client-to-client protocol (CTCP) and the Direct Client-to-Client (DCC) protocol. The application has been promoted as being "fast, stable, lightweight, portable, and easily backgrounded."

See also 

Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients
Internet Citizen's Band (ICB)
List of Internet Relay Chat commands

References

External links

IRC clients
Free IRC clients
Unix IRC clients
Lolabé. Lolabé is a small coastal town in Cameroon.  It lies on the Atlantic Ocean, about halfway between Kribi and the border with Equatorial Guinea.

Port 

The town has been chosen as the site for a port serving an iron ore railway (or slurry pipeline) from Mbalam.  There will be a causeway about 700m long followed by a jetty 400m long.  An area will be dredged to 22m to take 250,000 DWT Capesize ships or 24m to take 300,000 DWT Chinamax ships.
 In September 2010, Sundance signed an MoU with China Harbour Engineering Co Ltd (CHEC) for construction of the port, which would be able to handle 35 million tons of iron ore per year for 25 years. Contracts for construction of port, railway and mine, signed in June 2014.

The location of the port has no natural outcroppings, so the port will consist of a long pier extending out to sea, with suitable dredging.

Timeline

2014 
 Contracts signed to build mine, railway and Chinamax port for iron ore traffic.

See also 

 Transport in Cameroon
 Railway stations in Cameroon
 Iron ore in Africa
 List of Panamax ports

References

External links 
 Map

Populated coastal places in Cameroon
Port cities in Africa
MG WA. The MG WA is a sporting saloon that was produced by MG between 1938 and 1939 and was at the time the largest and heaviest car the company had built. Although similar to the SA the car had a wider track at the rear allowing a larger body to be fitted.

The car used a tuned version of the six-cylinder Morris QPHG engine enlarged to 2561 cc. The compression ratio was increased to 7.25 to 1 and a new balanced crankshaft was fitted.  Drive was to the live rear axle via a four-speed manual gearbox with synchromesh on the top three ratios and a divided propshaft.  Wire wheels were fitted and the 14 inch drum brakes were hydraulically operated using a Lockheed system. 

The saloon body was made in-house by Morris and was a spacious four-door with traditional MG grille flanked by two large chrome plated headlights. It can be distinguished from the outwardly similar SA by the front bumper which has a dip in the centre and the spare wheel was carried on the front wing as opposed to the boot lid.  Inside there were individual seats in front and a bench seat with folding centre arm rest at the rear, all with leather covering and a return was made to the traditional octagonal framed instruments.

The factory could also supply the car from their catalogue as a Tickford drophead coupé built by Salmons and Son or four-door tourer by Charlesworth and some chassis went to other coachbuilders including Kellner of Paris and Reinbolt of Switzerland.  The saloon was priced at GBP442, the four-seat tourer GBP450 and the Tickford coupé GBP468.

Production stopped with the outbreak of World War II in 1939 and the car was not re-introduced in 1945.

References

 Abingdon's Jaguar Beater. Jonathan Wood. The Automobile. November 2006. ISSN 0955-1328
 MG Sportscars. Malcolm Green. CLB International. 1997 

WA
Cars introduced in 1938
Convertibles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans

sv:MG SA/VA/WA
Education for Chemical Engineers. Education for Chemical Engineers is a peer-reviewed academic journal published quarterly by Elsevier on behalf of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. The journal's scope covers all aspects of chemical engineering education. The journal was established in 2006 and publishes educational research papers, teaching and learning notes, and resource reviews. It is an official Journal of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in EBSCOHost, Gale Database of Publications & Broadcast Media, and Scopus.

External links 
 

Chemical industry in the United Kingdom
Chemical engineering journals
Chemical education journals
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Academic journals established in 2006
Elsevier academic journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Institution of Chemical Engineers
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies of the United Kingdom
2006 establishments in England
System 8. System 8 may refer to:

Computing 
 Copland, an unreleased operating system
 Mac OS 8, a late 1990s version of the Macintosh operating system
 Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8 operating systems:
 OS/8, released in 1971
 TSS/8, released in 1968
 MS/8, released in 1966
 PDP-8 4K Disk Monitor System, released in 1965
 Exec 8, the Unisys operating system
 WPS-8 (Word Processing System-8) - Digital Equipment Corporation word processor

Other uses 
 STS-8 (Space Transportation System-8), the Space Shuttle mission
 Base-8 number system
 Roland System-8, the Roland Corporation synthesizer

See also
 OS8 (disambiguation)
System 9. System 9 or System IX may refer to:

Computing
 IBM System z9, the mainframe line
 Plan 9 from Bell Labs, the operating system
 Mac OS 9, latest release of Classic Mac OS operating system
 OS-9, the Unix-like real time operating system
 SYSTEM POWER 9, line of power supplies by be quiet!

Other
 STS-9 (Space Transportation System-9), the Space Shuttle mission

See also
 Series 9
 OS9 (disambiguation)
COSMOS (telecommunications). COSMOS (Computer System for Main Frame Operations) was a record-keeping system for main distribution frames (MDFs) in the Bell System, the American Bell Telephone Company and then, subsequently, AT&T–led system which provided telephone services to much of the United States and Canada from 1977 to 1984. 

COSMOS was introduced in the 1970s after MDFs were found to be congested in large urban telephone exchanges.  It assigns terminals so jumpers need not be so long, thus leaving more space on the shelves.  COSMOS also converts customer service orders into printed work orders for staff who connect the jumpers.  COSMOS orders are usually coordinated with RCMAC to ensure that translations match wiring.  With good computer records, jumpers are often left in place for reuse when one customer replaces another, resulting in a great reduction in labor.

More modern modular MDFs were developed around the same time called COSMIC (Common System Main Interconnecting) frames.

See also
 Operations support systems

Telephony
Orbital Corporation. Orbital Corporation Limited (), formerly Orbital Engine Corporation Limited pioneered by Ralph Sarich, is an Australian company based in Balcatta, Western Australia, that aims to provide clean engine technologies and alternative fuel systems with reduced environmental impact from gas emissions and improved fuel economy.

Consulting services 
Design, manufacturing, development and testing facilities have been established at the Balcatta facility. Orbital has developed infrastructure in engine design and modelling, numerical analysis, computational fluid dynamics, combustion and fuel system development, rapid-turn-around prototyping, and engine-management system software and hardware design.

Autogas systems 
Orbital Autogas Systems, a former subsidiary of Orbital Corporation, used to produce a retrofit LPG system applicable to a range of vehicles. Orbital Liquid LPG injection (LLi) is claimed to be the latest generation in automotive LPG fuel systems, promising substantial fuel savings, improved fuel consumption and reduced pollution. Injection of LPG into the engine as a liquid rather than a vapour is claimed to improve engine volumetric efficiency, producing more power from less fuel. Due to falling demand for automotive LPG conversions, and the resulting decline in profitability, the business was closed in December 2015. The assets and ongoing customer and supplier contracts were sold to Sprint Gas (Aust) Pty. Ltd. for approximately A$500,000

Variable-fuel engine 
A technology named FlexDI purports to improve emissions and fuel consumption in internal combustion engines designed to accept any common fuel type. The invention is being promoted to marine, recreational and light commercial vehicle markets including autorickshaws.

In 2003, the company was awarded a Banksia Award for its innovative combustion technology—winning in the category 'Leadership in Sustainable Product Design'.

The Orbital Redback heavy fuel engine using FlexDI was chosen in 2012 to power an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)  manufactured by AAIs Australian division Aerosonde.

See also
 Orbital engine

References

Further reading
Sydney Morning Herald, October 26, 2005. Orbital turns to its next big hope – rickshaws. By Matt O'Sullivan
Powersports Business,  December, 2004    Orbital expects improvement in 2005.
Hoover's – Factsheet on Orbital Corporation Limited
Scootering USA – December 10, 2007. Bajaj Provides Update on the Launch of the Direct Injection Autorickshaw

Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Engineering companies of Australia
Fuel injection systems
Two-stroke gasoline engines
Companies based in Perth, Western Australia
Companies established in 1989
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing. The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (), or BAM, is a German research institute in the field of materials science.

History
Its historical origins start in 1871, a year in which Germany was unified, as the Mechanisch-Technische Versuchsanstalt. From 1904–19 there was the Königliches Materialprüfungsamt. From 1920–45 there was the Staatliches Materialprüfungsamt (MPA) and from 1919–45 there was the Chemisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (CTR).

In 1954 the Bundesanstalt für mechanische und chemische Materialprüfung was formed, becoming the Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung in 1956. In 1969 it became a government agency (Bundesoberbehörde). In 1986 the name changed to Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und .

Function
Within the interconnected fields of materials, chemistry, environment, and safety, the main areas are:
 Statutory functions relating to technical safety in the public domain, especially as regards dangerous materials and substances
 Collaboration in developing statutory regulations, for example on safety standards and threshold values
 Advising the Federal Government and industry on safety aspects of materials and chemical technology
 The development and supply of reference materials and methods, in particular for chemical analysis and materials testing
 Assisting in the development of standards and technical regulations for the evaluation of substances, materials, structures, and processes with reference to damage prediction and preservation of national economic values.

Structure
It is owned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. Its competences are to improve safety in technology and chemistry through research and development, testing, analysis, approvals, advice, and information.

The headquarters in Berlin are near the Berlin Botanischer Garten station.

Departments
The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing is subdivided into departments and divisions. The staff sums up to about 1700 members.
 Department 1: Analytical chemistry, Reference materials
 Department 2: Chemical safety engineering
 Department 3: Containment systems for dangerous goods; Energy storage
 Department 4: Materials and the environment
 Department 5: Materials engineering
 Department 6: Materials chemistry
 Department 7: Safety of structures
 Department 8: Non-destructive testing
 Department 9: Component safety
 Department S: Quality infrastructure
 Department Z: Central services

See also
 Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements
 VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards)

References

External links
  Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing

Chemical safety
Chemistry organizations
Explosive detection
German federal agencies
Government agencies established in 1954
Materials testing institutes
Nondestructive testing
Organisations based in Berlin
Research institutes established in 1954
Research institutes in Berlin
Scientific organizations established in 1954
Standards organisations in Germany
1871 in Germany
1954 establishments in West Germany
Weapon technology organizations
Lorain Assembly. Lorain Assembly was a Ford Motor Company factory in Lorain, Ohio.  The plant opened in 1958 and closed in 2005, having produced approximately 8,000,000 vehicles under 13 model names. Production of the plant's final product, the E-Series, moved to Ohio Assembly in Avon Lake.

Products:
 1958–1959 Ford Galaxie
 1958–1965 Ford F-Series
 1958–1979 Ford Ranchero
 1960–1967 Ford Falcon/Mercury Comet
 1961–2005 Ford Econoline
 1964–1971 Mercury Cyclone
 1966–1970 Ford Fairlane
 1968–1976 Mercury Montego
 1971–1976 Ford Torino / Gran Torino
 1974–1976 Ford Elite
 1977–1979 Ford LTD II
 1977–1997 Mercury Cougar
 1980–1997 Ford Thunderbird

Sources
 

Ford factories
Former motor vehicle assembly plants
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Lorain, Ohio
Workflow technology. Workflow technology is a field of software products designed to improve the design of information systems. It involves use of workflow engine, also known as an orchestration engine, to execute models of processes.
The models can be edited by persons not experienced in programming (e.g. managers) using workflow editors.

See also
 Workflow
 Workflow engine
 Workflow management system
 Workflow application
 Bioinformatics workflow management system
 Scientific workflow system

References

External links
Doc Analyzer (Workflow Automation)
Antonis Volanis. Antonis Volanis (also known as Antoine Volanis; ) is a Greek industrial designer, born in Thessaloniki in 1948. He has mainly worked in France (since 1968), where he cooperated with Peugeot, Matra (he is the designer of the Bagheera, Rancho and Murena), Renault (designer of the Espace), Aérospatiale, Tefal, Donnay (sports goods) and many others. He was also instrumental in the design development of the revolutionary LOOK KG196, a French  carbon monocoque racing bicycle, on which his trademark decal appears. He established Design Volanis S.A. in Paris which has also cooperated with a number of other European carmakers and industrial corporations.

References 
L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, "Made in Greece", Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003).
Car Styling Magazine, "Design Volanis - Design That Anticipate Consumer Demands", Vol. 113 (July 1996).

1948 births
Living people
Greek automobile designers
Engineers from Thessaloniki
Workflow engine. A workflow engine is a software application that manages business processes. It is a key component in workflow technology and typically makes use of a database server.

A workflow engine manages and monitors the state of activities in a workflow, such as the processing and approval of a loan application form, and determines which new activity to transition to according to defined processes (workflows). The actions may be anything from saving an application form in a document management system to sending a reminder e-mail to users or escalating overdue items to management. A workflow engine facilitates the flow of information, tasks, and events. Workflow engines may also be referred to as Workflow Orchestration Engines.

Workflow engines mainly have three functions:
Verification of the current process status: Check whether it is valid executing a task, given current status.
Determine the authority of users: Check if the current user is permitted to execute the task.
Executing condition script: After passing the previous two steps, the workflow engine executes the task, and if the execution successfully completes, it returns the success, if not, it reports the error to trigger and roll back the change.

A workflow engine is a core technique for task allocation software, such as business process management, in which the workflow engine allocates tasks to different executors while communicating data among participants. A workflow engine can execute any arbitrary sequence of steps, for example, a healthcare data analysis.

See also 
Business rules engine
Business rule management system
Comparison of BPEL engines
Inference engine
Java Rules Engine API
Rete algorithm
Ripple down rules
Semantic reasoner
Business Process Execution Language
Production system
Workflow management system
Joget Workflow
Conductor (software)

References 

Data management
Servers (computing)
Workflow technology
Workflow applications