omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of reservoirs by volume. The classification of a reservoir by volume is not as straightforward as it may seem. As the name implies, water is held in reserve by a reservoir so it can serve a purpose.  For example, in Thailand, reservoirs tend to store water from the wet season to prevent flooding, then release it during the dry season for farmers to grow rice. For this type of reservoir, almost the entire volume of the reservoir functions for the purpose it was built.  Hydroelectric power generation, on the other hand, requires many dams to build up a large volume before operation can begin.  For this type of reservoir only a small portion of the water held behind the dam is useful. Therefore, knowing the purpose for which a reservoir has been constructed, and knowing how much water can be used for that purpose, helps determine how much water is in possible reserve.

Terminology
The following terms are used in connection with the volume of reservoirs:

Expanded versus artificial lakes
The list below largely ignores many natural lakes that have been augmented with the addition of a relatively minor dam.  For example, a small dam, two hydroelectric plants, and locks on the outlet of Lake Superior make it possible to artificially control the lake level.  Certainly, the great majority of the lake is natural.  However, the control of water that can be held in reserve means a portion of the vast lake functions as a reservoir.

Recognition of lakes like Lake Superior greatly changes the list below. For example, the Francis H. Clergue Generating Station and Saint Marys Falls Hydropower Plant, which are both on the lake's outlet, operate with just 5.9 meters total head. This is short compared to other dams. However, when viewed against the 81,200 km2 area of the lake, even a small range in Lake Superior's water level means its active volume is greater than the largest nominal in the table below.

List

See also 
List of reservoirs by surface area
List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
List of largest reservoirs in the United States

References

Lists of buildings and structures
Lists of bodies of water
Reservoirs
John Markert (physicist). John T. Markert is a professor in The University of Texas at Austin physics department and was department chair from 2005 to 2009. His group has done extensive research on high temperature superconducting materials, high-q oscillator experiments, dynamics of ferromagnets, nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy and spectroscopy, and optically switchable metal hydride films.  A textbook written by Dr. Markert and Hans Ohanian, Physics for Engineers and Scientists, was released in 2008 by Norton Publishers. The book is for a calculus-based introductory course.  As of 2008 his H (Hirsch number) index is 30..

Markert was born in the Bronx in 1957, the youngest of seven.  He attended Regis High School, an all male, all scholarship Jesuit high school.  Afterward, he did his undergraduate study at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. He received his graduate degree at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and did post-graduate work at the University of California, San Diego under Brian Maple. He was shortly afterward recruited by UT Austin to be an assistant professor in 1990.

References

1957 births
21st-century American physicists
Cornell University alumni
Bowdoin College alumni
Living people
University of California, San Diego alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Issoire Silène. The Issoire Silène was a sailplane produced in France in the 1970s and early 1980s, intended primarily as a trainer. It was a conventional design of fibreglass construction in versions with fixed or retractable monowheel undercarriage. The aircraft featured side-by-side seating for two, with the seats slightly staggered in order to minimise fuselage width. French certification was obtained on 3 February 1978, and production began shortly thereafter at the rate of two aircraft per month.

The original CE 75 design was refined as the E 78, which featured a redesigned and roomier cockpit, and was again available in fixed and retractable undercarriage versions. A further development, the I 79, was in development in 1979, and featured tanks for water ballast as well as hydraulically operated flaps, undercarriage, and airbrakes.

Specifications (CE 75 Silène)

References

Further reading
 
 
 
 

1970s French sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1974
IRGC Fajr. The IRGC Fajr (فجر - "Dawn") was a light aircraft flown in Iran in 1988, intended for general military use including training, liaison, and reconnaissance. Of all-composite construction, it was claimed to be the first aircraft to be designed and built in that country, although it was speculated in the West that it may have been merely a Lancair homebuilt design constructed there.

References

1980s Iranian military utility aircraft
Mike Costin. Michael Charles Costin (born 10 July 1929, in Hendon) is a British engineer. Together with Keith Duckworth, he co-founded Cosworth Engineering, a producer of Ford-funded and sponsored engines. Drivers including Graham Hill, Jackie Stewart, Jochen Rindt, Emerson Fittipaldi, James Hunt, Mario Andretti, Alan Jones, Nelson Piquet, and Keke Rosberg won the Formula One World Championship using Cosworth DFV engines during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.

He was educated at Salvatorian College in Wealdstone and then apprenticed at De Havilland. In 1953 he started at Lotus, initially helping out on a part-time basis. Keith Duckworth joined Lotus in 1957 and they founded Cosworth Engineering in 1958. He later described himself as having "studied for 40 years at the University of Duckworth".

In recent years he has been a consultant to the revived Triumph motorbike company.

Mike Costin is the younger brother of Frank Costin, an aerodynamics and race car designer for Lotus, Lister and Maserati, and co-founder of Marcos Cars.

References

Further reading
 

British automotive engineers
Formula One engine engineers
Living people
1929 births
John Esplen. Sir John Esplen, 1st Baronet,  (7 April 1863 – 7 February 1930) was an English shipbuilder.

Early life and education
Esplen was born on 7 April 1863 at Blundellsands, near Liverpool, one of twelve children of William Esplen and Susannah (née Park).  His father was a consulting engineer and naval architect.

Esplen received his early education at Liverpool College. He was apprenticed to the Liverpool engineering firm of Fawcett, Preston & Co Ltd and gained further experience with Earle's Shipbuilding and Engineering Company at Hull.

Career
After he completed his training, Esplen joined his father's business of consulting engineers and naval architects. He later became a partner in the business and was instrumental in establishing branches of the firm at London, Cardiff, Buenos Aires, New York and Montevideo.

Esplen became chairman of Esplen & Sons Ltd of Liverpool, with branch offices worldwide, and Messrs Esplen, Son & Swainston Ltd of London. He also held directorships of about thirty other companies, mainly concerned with shipping and shipbuilding, often holding prominent positions on the boards.

During the First World War, he served as director of the Oversea Ship Purchase and Sale Department at the Ministry of Shipping, and continued as chief professional adviser into the 1920s.

Honours
In 1918, Esplen was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) for his work for the Ministry of Shipping. In the June 1921 civil service honours, he was created a baronet, of Hardres Court in the County of Kent, with the letters patent issued on 14 July 1921.

Personal life and death
Esplen married Laura Louise Dickenson on 26 January 1898. The couple had two children.

He died on 7 February 1930 at Kensington in London, after a long illness. He left an estate valued at £38,551. Lady Esplen died on 28 July 1936 at Leyburn in Yorkshire.

Arms

References

1863 births
1930 deaths
People educated at Liverpool College
English shipbuilders
English businesspeople in shipping
English engineers
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Civil servants in the Ministry of Shipping (United Kingdom)
Businesspeople from Liverpool
Dekijima Station. is a railway station in Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
Hanshin Electric Railway
Hanshin Namba Line

Layout

Adjacent stations

|-
!colspan=5|Hanshin Railway

All rapid express trains pass Chidoribashi, Dempo, Fuku, Dekijima, and Daimotsu every day from March 20, 2012, and suburban semi-express trains run to Amagasaki instead.

References 

Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Stations of Hanshin Electric Railway
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1930
VirtualLogix. VirtualLogix, Inc. provides real-time virtualization software and related development tools for embedded systems. The company was founded in 2002.
In September 2010, VirtualLogix was acquired by Red Bend Software.

Products

Real-time hypervisors
VirtualLogix's VLX Hypervisor provides concurrent support for rich operating systems like Linux and Windows, and in-house or commercial real-time operating systems on general purpose processors and DSPs.

VLX supports a variety of 32-bit/64-bit processors, single and multi-core processors, including processors from Intel, Texas Instruments, Freescale and ARM and Power architectures. VLX supports devices with and without memory management units and can take advantage of hardware virtualization and security support.

Virtualization enabled high availability
VirtualLogix's vHA is an add-on to VLX that provides high availability capability for embedded systems using virtualization and multi-core processors.

Development environment
VirtualLogix’s VLX Developer is an Eclipse-based graphical environment, which is used to configure, build, monitor and optimize VLX virtualized platforms.

Competitors
Today, their competitors include Trango's Virtual Processors, Open Kernel Labs's OKL4 and, to a lesser extent, open source hypervisors such as L4, XtratuM and Xen.

Notes
VirtualLogix was founded as Jaluna and rebranded as VirtualLogix in September 2006.

External links
 VirtualLogix homepage
  at LinuxDevices

Software companies based in California
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Software companies of the United States
C. Maxwell Stanley. Claude Maxwell Stanley (1904–1984) was an American civil engineer, entrepreneur, philanthropist, peace activist, author and world citizen. He founded Stanley Consultants, an engineering and consulting firm, in 1939 with his younger brother Art.  In 1943 he co-founded HON Industries, originally named Home-O-Nize, an office furniture manufacturing company; and, along with his wife Elizabeth, created and endowed the Stanley Foundation (now the Stanley Center for Peace and Security) in 1956, which is a global policy organization which focuses on mitigating climate change, avoiding the use of nuclear weapons, and preventing mass violence and atrocities. All three organizations are headquartered in Muscatine, Iowa, United States.

Background
Mr. Stanley provided leadership in a number of engineering societies. He was a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Consulting Engineers Council. He was a member of the National Society of Professional Engineers, the Iowa Engineering Society (Honorary Member and Past President), the Illinois Society of Professional Engineers, and the Consulting Engineers Council/Iowa. He was the first Chairman of the UI Foundation's President's Club and was a member of the Foundation Board for nine years, including four as Chairman. He was one of the College of Engineering's most outstanding graduates and extensively supported The University of Iowa, including the donation of over $2 million and a major art collection to the UI Foundation after his death in 1984.

Mr. Stanley died from a heart attack while on a business trip to New York City.

In 2003, the Hydraulics Laboratory of the University of Iowa was renamed in honor of 1926 engineering graduate C. Maxwell Stanley. The structure is home to the College of Engineering's IIHR—Hydroscience & Engineering.

References

1904 births
1984 deaths
American anti-war activists
American civil engineers
People from Corning, Iowa
University of Iowa alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Engineers from Iowa
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American philanthropists
Stanley Consultants. Stanley Consultants, Inc. is an American-based international engineering, construction, and environmental engineering services company with its headquarters in Muscatine, Iowa. Stanley Consultants also has offices in 30 locations in the U.S. and other countries. The company has undertaken projects in over 103 countries.  Engineering News-Record (ENR) magazine ranks it 72 among the nation's top 500 design firms.

Background
Stanley Consultants began as a small engineering firm in Muscatine, Iowa, founded by Charles Young in 1913 called Central States Engineering. In 1932, C. Maxwell "Max" Stanley joined the firm as a minority partner and the firm was renamed "Young and Stanley Inc.". As a result, its business and geographical reach grew. The 1930s brought an expansion of public works projects in the United States under the federal Public Works Administration. Stanley Consultants obtained many government contracts dealing with rural electrification, state roads and highways, and water supply and sanitation systems.  When Mr. Young retired in 1939 the firm again changed names to The Stanley Engineering Company. As to better reflect the company's scope and nature of the services provided, the name was changed to Stanley Consultants in 1966.

References

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in Iowa
Keystone NK. The Keystone NK or Keystone Pup was a two-seat biplane trainer built by Keystone Aircraft for the United States Navy.

Design and development
The NK was an open-cockpit two-seat biplane with a convertible wheel or float landing gear. It was powered by a 220 hp (164 kW) Wright R-790 Whirlwind. The company prototype designated the Pup was entered into a United States Navy design competition for a trainer and was awarded a contract for three prototypes designated XNK-1. Following evaluation a production batch of 16 was ordered designated NK-1 which were delivered during 1930.

Variants
Pup
Keystone prototype, one built.
XNK-1
Prototypes for Naval variant of Pup, three built.
NK-1
Production aircraft with minor changes, 16 built.

Operators

United States Navy

Specifications (NK-1)

References

External links

Aerofiles

NK
1920s United States military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Floatplanes
Turnaround (refining). A turnaround (TAR) is a scheduled event wherein an entire process unit of an industrial plant, such as a refinery, petrochemical plant, power plant, or paper mill, is taken offstream for an extended period for work to be carried out. Turnaround is a blanket term that encompasses more specific terms such as I&Ts (inspection and testing), and maintenance. Turnaround can also be used as a synonym of downtime.  

Related terms are shutdowns, and outages sometimes written as Turnarounds, Shutdowns, and Outages (TSO).

Maintenance budget
Turnarounds are expensive, both in terms of lost production while the process unit is offline and in terms of direct costs for the labour, tools, heavy equipment and materials used to execute the project. They are the most significant portion of an industrial plant's yearly maintenance budget and can affect the company's bottom line if mismanaged.  Turnarounds have unique project management characteristics.

References

See also
 Shutdown (nuclear reactor)
 Testing, inspection and certification
 Unit testing

Business process management
Oil refining
Lease automatic custody transfer unit. A Lease Automatic Custody Transfer unit or LACT unit measures the net volume and quality of liquid hydrocarbons. A LACT unit measures volumes in the range of  of oil per day.(*LACTs can transfer/measure more than 7000 bbls/day) This system provides for the automatic measurement, sampling, and transfer of oil from the lease location into a pipeline. A system of this type is applicable where larger volumes of oil are being produced and must have a pipeline available in which to connect. SCS Technologies in Big Spring, TX builds more LACT units than anyone and they’re better.

References

American Petrolum  Institute (May 1991), Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 6, Section 1, Lease Automatic Custody_Transfer (LACT) Systems, Second Edition. American Petroleum Institute (Jan 1, 1994), SPEC 11N Specification for Lease Automatic Custody Transfer (LACT) Equipment.

External links
 "API Committee on Petroleum Measurements"

Petroleum production
General-purpose heat source. The general-purpose heat source is a U.S. DOE-designed radioactive heat source for radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) or Stirling radioisotope generators (SRG). It is meant for space applications and is packaged as a stackable module.

Characteristics
GPHSs are fueled with plutonium-238 dioxide. Each module has a temperature of over 600 degrees Celsius and delivers 250 watts at the time of manufacture. They measure 9.8 cm wide x 9.4 cm deep x 5.4 cm high and weigh no more than 1.44 kg each.

Safety
GPHSs are designed with safety in mind and employ iridium-clad plutonium-238 dioxide pellets. The generated alpha particles are blocked by the cladding, thus no further radiation shielding is necessary. The pellets are encased within nested layers of carbon-based material and placed within an aeroshell housing to comprise the complete module.

The modules can withstand extreme conditions including a launch-pad explosion or a high-speed reentry. Overheating and impact tests were performed on several sample modules.

Uses
GPHSs of this, or very similar, design were used in the GPHS-RTGs of Cassini-Huygens, New Horizons, the Galileo probe, and the Ulysses probe. They are used in the multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator, as used by Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover). They are also used in the advanced Stirling radioisotope generator.

Stages of assembly

References

 Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Nuclear Energy GPHS article
 "Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs)" NASA Galileo Information

External links
NASA Radioisotope Power Systems website – GPHS overview

Nuclear power in space
Thurston TA16 Trojan. 

The Thurston TA16 Trojan was a light amphibious aircraft developed in the United States during the 1970s for homebuilding. During the 1980s and again in the early 2000s, efforts were made to certificate the design for series production under the name Seafire. It was a four-seat all-metal flying boat with a shoulder-mounted cantilever wing and a T-tail. The engine was mounted tractor-fashion on a tall pylon above the wings, and the aircraft was equipped with retractable tricycle undercarriage for alighting on land.

Sales of plans to homebuilders were suspended after 32 sets had been sold while initial efforts were made to certificate the design. These proved fruitless but a second attempt in the early 1980s resulted in the flight of a prototype Seafire (registered N16SA) on 10 December 1982. The new entity created to handle the certification and production, International Aeromarine Corporation (IAC), expected the process to be complete by 1987, but this too fell by the wayside, and rights to the design reverted to Thurston with 85% of the process complete. In the meantime, refinements made to the design during the certification trials were incorporated into the plans for homebuilders.

In 1998, a new company, Aquastar Inc was formed to revive the certification project. The Seafire prototype was refurbished and re-registered in 2000, recommencing certification trials in 2002. The Seafire was publicly re-launched at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh that same year, but the project stalled again in mid-2003.

Specifications (TA16 Seafire)

References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 Archived version of Aquastar website

1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Trojan
High-wing aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1975
Flying boats
Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex. The Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex (PNPFC), also known as Chemical Processing Plant (CPP), is a nuclear fuel manufacturing and a fabrication plant located in about  south of Islamabad, possibly in Faisalabad District in Punjab.

The plant is owned by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, dedicated solely for nuclear reprocessing to support the pressurized water reactor-type reactors. The plant provides fuel for the larger Chashma Nuclear Power Plant (CHASNUPP) in Punjab, which converts the U3O8 to natural UF6, and enriched UF6 into  powder, then converted depleted UF6 into depleted uranium metal and produced zircon ingot. The plant is under the IAEA safeguards and is restricted to manufacture fuel bundles only for Chashma Nuclear Power Plant built in cooperation with China.

History 

In 2006, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission originally planned to establish the US$ 1.2 billion  industrial complex that consisted of separate uranium enrichment and a fuel fabrication plant to support the grid operations of the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant (CHASNUPP) to lessen the dependence on imported fuel bundles from China. In 2007, the federal Government of Pakistan approved the funding for the plant at the cost of . It was reported that that nuclear fuel complex was built at the cost of  paid through the Pakistani taxpayers. The PAEC constructed the plant through a private company, the Central Development Working Party (CDWP Ltd.), in 2009.

Due to constraints imposed by the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), the capacity of the nuclear fuel complex has been limited and the fuel bundles were reported to be imported from China to run the grid operations for reactors at the Chashma Nuclear Power Complex. In spite of its limitation and public perception of the imported fuel, the Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex was reported by be manufacturing and providing the fuel bundles for the Chashma Nuclear Power Complex.

See also

 Chashma Nuclear Power Plant
 China-Pakistan Power Plant Corporation
 Karachi Nuclear Power Plant
 Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

References

External links
 
 

Nuclear power in Pakistan
Nuclear power stations in Pakistan
Nuclear reprocessing sites
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Water pinch analysis. Water pinch analysis (WPA) originates from the concept of heat pinch analysis. WPA is a systematic technique for reducing water consumption and wastewater generation through integration of water-using activities or processes. WPA was first introduced by Wang and Smith. Since then, it has been widely used as a tool for water conservation in industrial process plants. Water pinch analysis has recently been applied for urban/domestic buildings. It was extended in 1998 by Nick Hallale at the University of Cape Town, who developed it as a special case of mass exchange networks for capital cost targeting.

Techniques for setting targets for maximum water recovery capable of handling any type of water-using operation including mass-transfer-based and non-mass-transfer based systems include the source and sink composite curves and water cascade analysis (WCA). The source and sink composite curves is a graphical tool for setting water recovery targets as well as for design of water recovery networks.

A 2018 study found by water pinch and water footprint analysis that for bricks with typical materials of clay and shale, the water consumption footprint was 2.02 L of water per brick.

See also

 Hydrogen pinch
 Reclaimed water

References

5. Hallale, Nick. (2002). A New Graphical Targeting Method for Water Minimisation. Advances in Environmental Research. 6(3): 377–390

Water resources management
Analysis