omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cessna 160. The Cessna 160 was an American single-engine, four-seater, high wing, strut-braced, prototype monoplane designed in 1962 by Cessna.

Development beyond the prototype stage was not pursued and only one example was constructed.

Development
Cessna thought that a less expensive four-seater aircraft than the existing Cessna 172 would have good market potential. The company designed a simplified four-seat high-wing aircraft using non-tapering wings, extensive use of heavily beaded wing and fuselage skins as well as free-castering nose gear to save weight and decrease the man-hours required for construction.

The aircraft was intended to be sold for US$8,450, which would have been just US$955 more than the 1962 model two-place Cessna 150B and far below the cost of the 1962 model Cessna 172C, which was US$9895.

The prototype aircraft was registered as N5419E and first flew in 1962, powered by a Franklin engine of . The intention was to use a  Continental O-300 engine for the production model.

The aircraft was subjected to a flight test program in 1962 and 1963. The Franklin engine gave the aircraft a top speed of , while the proposed O-300 powered version was forecast to have a top speed of . A proposed military version, tentatively designated Cessna 160M and powered by a  Continental IO-360, would have had a top speed of .

The flight test program showed that, while the aircraft met its goals, it did not offer enough cost advantages to proceed to production when tooling costs were accounted for. As a result, the project was abandoned.

The sole prototype Cessna 160 was retained by the company until 1974, when it was sold as scrap. The scrap yard did not complete the destruction of the airframe and it was later offered for sale.

See also

 Cessna 150
 Cessna 172

References

External links
 Photo of the completed Cessna 160 prototype and two photos of the abandoned fuselage in a scrapyard

Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
160
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1960s United States civil aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1962
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Cessna 620. The Cessna Model 620 was a prototype American pressurized eight to 10 seat business airplane powered by four piston engines and built by Cessna. The first flight was on 11 August 1956. Only one example (c/n 620, N620E) was built.

The airplane's model number is an inside joke, as it indicates the 620 is twice the airplane that a Cessna 310 is.

Development
The Cessna 620 was conceived as an executive transport with design goals that included all-weather capabilities, a pressurized and air-conditioned cabin, a multi-engine layout for safety, a reasonable price and 8 to 10 seats. The project commenced in September 1953, with first flight of the prototype, registered N620E (construction number 620) on 11 August 1956, the test pilots reporting that the aircraft had met its goals.

With the airlines set to re-equip with the then-new jet airliners, Cessna management identified that surplus propeller-driven airliners would soon flood the used aircraft market, driving prices down. A cost analysis indicated that the model 620 would be smaller and cost more than the surplus airliners and thus was not economically viable. The project was cancelled in October 1957, one aircraft having been completed. The airplane was eventually sold for scrap.

A promotional film titled Eye to the Sky was produced as a recruiting tool for new engineers. The 620 was canceled the day after it was first shown to students at Wichita State University.

Specifications

See also
 de Havilland Heron

References

External links
 
Photo of the 620

Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
620
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
1950s United States business aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1956
Four-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Cessna 187. The Cessna 187 was a prototype light aircraft built by American manufacturer Cessna in the late 1960s. As the newer Model 177 had been intended to replace the 172, so the 187 was intended to replace the 182.

Design
The Model 187 shape was similar to the 177, with a high cantilever wing similar to that of the Model 210, an all-moving tailplane, and tubular main landing gear struts.  The 187's stabilator was mounted atop the vertical tail in a T-tail configuration, though a conventional configuration was also tested.

Cabin doors on the 187 resembled the wide doors of the 177, and since there was no wing strut to impede its movement, the door opened to more than 90°.  The windshield was more highly sloped than that of the 182, similar to the deep slope of the 177 windshield.  The aft fuselage included a rear window with slope similar to that of the 177.  There was room for four people, and a baggage area, with a separate access door on the pilot's (left) side.  The 187 was powered by a single Continental O-470-R which delivered .

Development

Prototype stage
The program entered initial design as the Model 343 in 1965, before the Model 177 had been officially introduced.  The Model 343 was renamed to Model 187 in 1968 after its intended powerplant was changed from the  Continental GIO-336 to the Continental O-470.  Construction of the first prototype began in early 1968.  Only one flying aircraft, with serial number 666 and tail number N7167C, was completed. Static test articles were also constructed, but were not tested to their full strength before the program was canceled.

First flight was on 22 April 1968.

Program cancellation
There were a few problems during flight testing, such as blanking and partial stalling of the stabilator during stalls, an empty weight greater than that of the airplane it was intended to replace, and noseheaviness.  However, the greatest obstacle to the program's acceptance was that the more complex wing's manufacturing cost would have pushed the aircraft price out of the acceptable marketing niche.  The program was ultimately canceled after flight testing showed no significant improvements over the Model 182.

See also

References

Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
187
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1960s United States civil aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1968
Single-engined piston aircraft
Compact Model Coalition. The Compact Model Coalition (formerly the Compact Model Council) is a working group in the electronic design automation (EDA) industry formed to choose, maintain and promote the use of standard semiconductor device models.  Commercial and industrial analog simulators (such as SPICE) need to add device models as technology advances (see Moore's law) and earlier models become inaccurate.   Before this group was formed, new transistor models were largely proprietary, which severely limited the choice of simulators that could be used.

It was formed in August, 1996, for the purpose developing and standardizing the use and implementation of SPICE models and the model interfaces. In May 2013, the Silicon Integration Initiative (Si2) and TechAmerica announced the transfer of the Compact Model Council to Si2 and a renaming to Compact Model Coalition.

New models are submitted to the Coalition, where their technical merits are discussed, and then potential standard models are voted on.

Some of the models supported by the Compact Modeling Coalition include:
BSIM3, a MOSFET model from UC Berkeley (see BSIM).
BSIM4, a more modern MOSFET model, also from UC Berkeley.
PSP, another MOSFET model.  PSP originally stood for Penn State-Philips, but one author moved to ASU, and Philips spun off their semiconductor group as NXP Semiconductors. PSP is now developed and supported at CEA-Leti.
BSIMSOI, a model for silicon on insulator MOSFETs.
L-UTSOI, a model for fully-depleted silicon on insulator MOSFETs, developed and supported by CEA-Leti.
HICUM or HIgh CUrrent Model for bipolar transistors, from CEDIC, Dresden University of Technology, Germany, and UC San Diego, USA.
MEXTRAM, a compact model for bipolar transistors that aims to support the design of bipolar transistor circuits at high frequencies in Si and SiGe based process technologies. MEXTRAM was originally developed at NXP Semiconductors and is now developed and supported at Auburn University.
ASM-HEMT, and MVSG, the newest standard models for Gallium Nitride (GaN) transistors.

To address the increasing need for Reliability (ageing) simulation the CMC nominated the OMI Interface as the new EDA vendor independent solution for ageing simulations. Technically the Interface is very close the TMI2 Interface developed by TSMC. The standardization will allow Silicon Foundries to develop a common set of aging models that will work with all significant analog simulators.

See also 
 Electronic circuit simulation

References

External links 
 Member list at CMC website
 Site map of CMC website including links to working groups

Transistor modeling
Electronic engineering
Self-propelled. Self-propelled may refer to

 Human-powered transport, humans moving themselves (and their cargo) via their own muscle energy
 Machines that power their own movement: 
 Automobile (from auto- + mobile, "self-moving")
 Locomotive (from loco- + motive, "moving from its current place")
 Mechanized vehicle, armoured self-propelled platform for use in mechanized warfare
 Multiple units, self-propelled train carriages
 Self-propelled artillery
 Self-propelled gun
 Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon
 Self-propelled anti-tank gun (aka tank destroyer)
 Anti-tank missile carrier, a self-propelled anti-tank missile system
 Assault gun, a self-propelled infantry support gun
 Mortar carrier, a self-propelled mortar
 Self-propelled modular transporter
 Leonardo's self-propelled cart
 Self-propelled barge T-36
 Self-propelled particles, a model for studying the motion of swarms
Rex Garrod. Rex Garrod (10 September 1943 – 8 April 2019) was an inventor and roboteer notable for building the radio controlled car that starred in Brum, and co-presenting The Secret Life of Machines.
He also entered several successful robots into the early series of British TV series Robot Wars.

Early and personal life
Garrod grew up in Mickfield, Suffolk. He was a speedway rider for the Ipswich Witches (1971) and Scunthorpe Saints (1972–74). He and former motocross racer Dave Bickers then moved into special effects.

Garrod married Sally in 1992, and they had two daughters. He had Alzheimer's disease for the last eight years of his life, and died on 8 April 2019, aged 75.

Television work

Brum was a British television series which ran intermittently between 1991 and 2002. It told the story of a small car called Brum, which in reality was a giant remote control car. Garrod is credited with both designing and building Brum. He also made devices on the children's programme Teletubbies.

Garrod co-presented Channel 4's The Secret Life of Machines with Tim Hunkin, another inventor from the same county.

Robot Wars
Garrod was Team Leader of Team Cassius, a team of roboteers which entered several robots into Series 1, 2 and 3 of Robot Wars. In addition to the performances of his robots, he was known for his generosity in helping other teams fix their robots.

In Series 1, Team Cassius entered "Recyclopse", which reached the Grand Final but lost to Roadblock.

In Series 2, Team Cassius entered 5th seeded "Cassius", a wedge-shaped robot armed with a front-pivoted flipper. Cassius was the first competitor in the show's history to "self right" (i.e. to turn itself over when it was upside down), and as such Garrod is often credited with inventing the so-called "srimech". Cassius also reached the Grand Final, but lost to Panic Attack.

In Series 3, Team Cassius entered 2nd seeded "Cassius 2", a similar robot to its predecessor "Cassius", which lost to Series 4 runner-up Pussycat in the 2nd round of the heats. His team then quit and never returned to the show, as their complaints about insufficient health and safety precautions were not listened to by the producers.

References

External links 
 We Love Rex Garrod on Facebook
 Interview on YouTube

1943 births
2019 deaths
British inventors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in England
Deaths from dementia in England
People from Mid Suffolk District
British speedway riders
Ipswich Witches riders
Scunthorpe Scorpions riders
Gel point. In polymer chemistry, the gel point is an abrupt change in the viscosity of a solution containing polymerizable components. At the gel point, a solution undergoes gelation, as reflected in a loss in fluidity. After the monomer/polymer solution has passed the gel point, internal stress builds up in the gel phase, which can lead to volume shrinkage. Gelation is characteristic of polymerizations that include crosslinkers that can form 2- or 3-dimensional networks. For example, the condensation of a dicarboxylic acid and a triol will give rise to a gel whereas the same dicarboxylic acid and a diol will not. The gel is often a small percentage of the mixture, even though it greatly influences the properties of the bulk.

Mathematical definition
An infinite polymer network appears at the gel point. Assuming that it is possible to measure the extent of reaction, , defined as the fraction of monomers that appear in cross-links, the gel point can be determined.
The critical extent of reaction   for the gel point to be formed is given by:

For example, a polymer with N≈200 is able to reach the gel point with only 0.5% of monomers reacting. This shows the ease at which polymers are able to form infinite networks.
The critical extent of reaction for gelation can be determined as a function of the properties of the monomer mixture, , , and :

See also
Pour point
Cold filter plugging point
Petroleum

References

Further reading

Polymer physics
Chemical properties
Oil megaprojects (2014). This page summarizes projects that propose to bring more than  of new liquid fuel capacity to market with the first production of fuel beginning in 2014.  This is part of the Wikipedia summary of Oil Megaprojects.

Quick links to other years

Detailed list of projects for 2014 
Terminology
 Year Startup: year of first oil. put specific date if available.
 Operator: company undertaking the project.
 Area: onshore (LAND), offshore (OFF), offshore deep water (ODW), tar sands (TAR).
 Type: liquid category (i.e. Natural Gas Liquids, Natural gas condensate, Crude oil)
 Grade: oil quality (light, medium, heavy, sour) or API gravity
 2P resvs: 2P (proven + probable) oil reserves in giga barrels (Gb).
 GOR: The ratio of produced gas to produced oil, commonly abbreviated GOR.
 Peak year: year of the production plateau/peak.
 Peak: maximum production expected (thousand barrels/day).
 Discovery: year of discovery.
 Capital investment: expected capital cost; FID (Final Investment Decision) - If no FID, then normally no project development contracts can be awarded.  For many projects, a FEED stage (Front End Engineering Design) precedes the FID.
 Notes: comments about the project (footnotes).
 Ref: list of sources.

References 

2014
Oil fields
Proposed energy projects
Projects established in 2014
2014 in the environment
2014 in technology
Oil megaprojects (2015). This page summarizes projects that propose to bring more than  of new liquid fuel capacity to market with the first production of fuel beginning in 2015.  This is part of the Wikipedia summary of Oil Megaprojects.

Quick links to other years

Detailed list of projects for 2015 
Terminology
 Year Startup: year of first oil. put specific date if available.
 Operator: company undertaking the project.
 Area: onshore (LAND), offshore (OFF), offshore deep water (ODW), tar sands (TAR).
 Type: liquid category (i.e. Natural Gas Liquids, Natural gas condensate, Crude oil)
 Grade: oil quality (light, medium, heavy, sour) or API gravity
 2P resvs: 2P (proven + probable) oil reserves in giga barrels (Gb).
 GOR: The ratio of produced gas to produced oil, commonly abbreviated GOR.
 Peak year: year of the production plateau/peak.
 Peak: maximum production expected (thousand barrels/day).
 Discovery: year of discovery.
 Capital investment: expected capital cost; FID (Final Investment Decision) - If no FID, then normally no project development contracts can be awarded.  For many projects, a FEED stage (Front End Engineering Design) precedes the FID.
 Notes: comments about the project (footnotes).
 Ref: list of sources.

References 

2015
Oil fields
Proposed energy projects
Projects established in 2015
2015 in the environment
2015 in technology
Oil megaprojects (2016). This page summarizes projects that propose to bring more than  of new liquid fuel capacity to market with the first production of fuel beginning in 2016.  This is part of the Wikipedia summary of Oil Megaprojects.

Quick links to other years

Detailed list of projects for 2016 
Terminology
 Year Startup: year of first oil. put specific date if available.
 Operator: company undertaking the project.
 Area: onshore (LAND), offshore (OFF), offshore deep water (ODW), tar sands (TAR).
 Type: liquid category (i.e. Natural Gas Liquids, Natural gas condensate, Crude oil)
 Grade: oil quality (light, medium, heavy, sour) or API gravity
 2P resvs: 2P (proven + probable) oil reserves in giga barrels (Gb).
 GOR: The ratio of produced gas to produced oil, commonly abbreviated GOR.
 Peak year: year of the production plateau/peak.
 Peak: maximum production expected (thousand barrels/day).
 Discovery: year of discovery.
 Capital investment: expected capital cost; FID (Final Investment Decision) - If no FID, then normally no project development contracts can be awarded.  For many projects, a FEED stage (Front End Engineering Design) precedes the FID.
 Notes: comments about the project (footnotes).
 Ref: list of sources.

References 

2016
Oil fields
Proposed energy projects
Projects established in 2016
2016 in the environment
2016 in technology
Neotia Institute of Technology Management and Science. The Neotia Institute of Technology Management and Science or NITMAS. is a private engineering college in the state of West Bengal, India. Situated on Diamond Harbor Road  on the south western fringes of Kolkata, the institute is affiliated to the
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology formerly Known as West Bengal University of Technology  and approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) and Directorate General of Shipping, India.

About
The institute was established in 2002. Neotia Institute of Technology Management and Science was previously known as Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering(ITME). From 2006 the college started a three-year graduate program in Bachelor of Nautical Science. As of 2010, the institute comes under the Ambuja Neotia Group.

Campus

The college is entirely residential. There is a residential arrangement for some of the professors, faculty lecturers, and other staff members. A medical health center is situated inside the campus. There are seven hostels:

 Hostel 4 - boys of all the streams (except for the marine engineering and B.N.S.) from 2nd year onwards
 Hostel 3 - Girls of all depts.

The campus is spread over a  area, with outdoor and indoor sports facilities like cricket, soccer, basketball, table tennis, carrom etc.
The campus has a Tea Junction, Cyber Cafe and a cafeteria along with stationary shops. The campus is Wi-Fi enabled and has a swimming pool. There is a gym and a beauty salon.

The institute has a model ship on campus for training marine engineers.

Academics
The college offers undergraduate bachelor's degree courses under West Bengal University of Technology in the following disciplines :
 Bio-technology
 Computer Science & Engineering
 Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Electronics and communication Engineering
 Marine Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 B.Sc in Nautical Science (three years)

master's degree courses are offered for
 M.Tech in VLSI Design

See also

References

External links
 www.nitmas.edu.in
 www.wbut.net
 infinitecourses
 WBUT affiliated college list
 ambuja group
 website
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology

Maritime colleges in India
Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology
Engineering colleges in Kolkata
2002 establishments in West Bengal
Educational institutions established in 2002
Mark–Houwink equation. The Mark–Houwink equation, also known as the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Kuhn–Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Landau–Kuhn–Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Mark-Chrystian equation gives a relation between intrinsic viscosity  and molecular weight :

From this equation the molecular weight of a polymer can be determined from data on the intrinsic viscosity and vice versa.

The values of the Mark–Houwink parameters,  and , depend on the particular polymer-solvent system as well as temperature. For solvents, a value of  is indicative of a theta solvent. A value of  is typical for good solvents. For most flexible polymers, . For semi-flexible polymers, . For polymers with an absolute rigid rod, such as Tobacco mosaic virus, .

It is named after Herman F. Mark and Roelof Houwink.

Applications
The Mark-Houwink equation is used in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to construct the so called universal calibration curve which can be used to determine the molecular weight of a polymer A using a calibration done with polymer B.

In SEC molecules are separated based on hydrodynamic volume, i.e. the size of the coil a given polymer forms in solution. The hydrodynamic volume, however, cannot simply be related to molecular weight (compare comb-like polystyrene vs. linear polystyrene). This means that the molecular weight associated with a given retention volume is substance specific and that in order to determine the molecular weight of a given polymer a molecular-weight size marker of the same substance must be available.
However, the product of the intrinsic viscosity and the molecular weight, , is proportional to the hydrodynamic radius and therefore independent of substance. It follows that

is true at any given retention volume. Substitution of   using the Mark-Houwink equation gives:

which can be used to relate the molecular weight of any two polymers using their Mark-Houwink constants (i.e. "universally" applicable for calibration).

For example, if narrow molar mass distribution standards are available for polystyrene, these can be used to construct a calibration curve (typically  vs. retention volume ) in eg. toluene at 40 °C. This calibration can then be used to determine the "polystyrene equivalent" molecular weight of a polyethylene sample if the Mark-Houwink parameters for both substances are known in this solvent at this temperature.

References

Polymer chemistry
Hexachlorocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one. Hexachlorocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one, sometimes informally called hexachlorophenol (HCP), is an organochlorine compound. It can be prepared from phenol. Despite the informal name, the compound is not a phenol but is a ketone. The informal name is derived from its method of preparation which includes phenol as a reagent.

Preparation
HCP is normally produced by chlorination of phenol by chlorine in the presence of metal chloride catalyst, such as ferric chloride. It can also be produced by alkaline hydrolysis of polychlorinated benzenes at high temperature and pressure, by conversion of diazonium salts of chlorinated anilines, or by chlorination of phenolsulfonic acids and benzenesulfonic acids followed by removal of the sulfonic acid group.  The hydrolysis of HCP gives chloranil.

References

See also
 Pentachlorophenol
 Hexachlorobenzene

Disinfectants
Fungicides
Organochlorides
Ketones