omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
FAST protocol. The FAST protocol (FIX Adapted for STreaming) is a technology standard developed by FIX Protocol Ltd., specifically aimed at optimizing data representation on the network. It is used to support high-throughput, low latency data communications between financial institutions. 

In particular, it is a technology standard that offers significant compression capabilities for the transport of high-volume market data feeds and ultra low latency applications.

History

Timeline
 2004          Market Data optimization Working Group (“mdowg”) was formed
 2005          Proof of Concept (“POC”) project
 2006          FAST 1.0 released
 2007          FAST 1.1 released
 2009          FAST 1.2 proposed

In November 2004, Mike Cormack (then CEO Archipelago Holding) spoke at the FPL (FIX Protocol Ltd) conference in New York regarding a call for action to meet the challenges of the increased market data volumes. The increasing volumes of market data were causing delays, preventing market data from reaching traders in a timely fashion, thus disrupting their ability to trade. The classic FIX tag value format was considered to be too verbose and had a high processing overhead. A working group was formed within FPL shortly after the conference.

Current version of FAST
The approved standard is currently at version 5.0, and is used in commercially available products.  There are Open Source implementations of the Protocol available.

Exchanges that have adopted FAST
NYSE Archipelago
CME Group (CME)
International Securities Exchange (ISE)
NasdaqOMX
Eurex
Xetra
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE Ltd, India)
BATS
ICAP
OPRA
B3
Nordic Growth Market (NGM)
Moscow Exchange (MOEX)
Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE, China)

Open source implementations
Source code for implementations of the FAST Specification are available from the following sources:

See also
 Simple Binary Encoding is considered to be the successor to the FAST protocol
 List of electronic trading protocols

References

External links
FAST protocol's official homepage and list of proof of concept sponsors.

Internet Protocol based network software
Constant air volume. Constant air volume (CAV) is a type of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system.  In a simple CAV system, the supply air flow rate is constant, but the supply air temperature is varied to meet the thermal loads of a space.

Most CAV systems are small, and serve a single thermal zone.  However, variations such as CAV with reheat, CAV multizone, and CAV primary-secondary systems can serve multiple zones and larger buildings.

In mid- to large-size buildings, new central CAV systems are somewhat rare.  Due to fan energy savings potential, variable air volume (VAV) systems are more common.  However, in small buildings and residences, CAV systems are often the system of choice due to their simplicity, low cost, and reliability.  Such small CAV systems often have on/off control, rather than supply air temperature modulation, to vary their heating or cooling capacities.

There are two types of CAV systems that are commonly in use to modify the supply air temperature: the terminal reheat system and the mixed air system.

The terminal reheat system cools the air in the air handling unit down to the lowest possible needed temperature within its zone of spaces. This supplies a comfortable quality to the space, but wastes energy.

The mixed air system has two air streams, typically one for the coldest and one for the hottest needed air temperature in the zone.  The two air streams are strategically combined to offset the space's load.  The mixed air system option is not as proficient at controlling the humidity, yet it does do well at controlling the temperature.

References

Mechanical engineering
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
MicroWorlds JR. MicroWorlds JR is a computer program using a simplified version of the Logo programming language to teach non-readers or early readers to program in Logo. It was first launched in 2004 by Logo Computer Systems, Inc. (LCSI), and as in their original line of MicroWorlds programs, the object on the screen begins as a turtle and can be controlled with basic commands to make it move. Differing from the Logo syntax developed by Seymour Papert and teams at MIT, MicroWorlds JR uses images to replace the command names, which are selected by the child to create turtle graphics. The turtle object can be given a variety of shapes that act as a costume for the turtle, and therefore lends itself to a variety of animations and creative stories and projects for younger students.

Constructionism and the Spirit of Logo
Seymour Papert and Idit Harel have developed Constructionist learning theory, based upon the premise that children learn best by making things, not just by doing.  Being involved in the creation of that which is new enables the teacher to join students as an authentic co-learner, thereby modelling the strategies of expert learners.  Working through problems enhances a child's ability to see transfer in the knowledge they have acquired, and when creating with Logo much of the learning has to do with 'debugging' the programs to see intended results,  as well as the understanding of what is relevant and efficient in deciphering and creating the code (Skillen, 2003).

References
Skillen, P. (2003). Transferring Knowledge with Technology. Learning and Leading With Technology. ISTE.Volume 30, (4) p.22-27.

External links
LCSI 

Educational programming languages
Logo programming language family
National Amalgamated Union of Enginemen, Firemen, Mechanics, Motormen and Electrical Workers. The National Amalgamated Union of Enginemen, Firemen, Mechanics, Motormen and Electrical Workers was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It represented stationary engine drivers and cranemen in a wide variety of industries, as well as less skilled workers in the electrical industry and miscellaneous workers.

The union was founded in 1895 as the National Amalgamated Union of Enginemen, Cranemen, Hammer Drivers and Boiler Firemen of Great Britain, before changing its name to the National Amalgamated Enginemen, Cranemen, Hammer, Steam and Electric Tram Drivers and Boiler Firemen in 1901. It was affiliated to the Federation of General Workers.

The union was the largest of its day catering for stationary engine drivers and cranemen, but it long faced competition for members from two older unions: the Amalgamated Protective Union of Engine Drivers, Crane Drivers, Hydraulic and Boiler Attendants, based in London, and the Amalgamated Society of Enginemen, Cranemen, Boilermen and Firemen, based in North East England.  Both of these had merged into larger general unions by 1920, leaving the National Amalgamated as the only union dedicated to workers in these trades.  Some small unions also existed, such as the National Amalgamated Enginemen's and Firemen's Association, based in Manchester, which joined the National Amalgamated Union in 1908, and the Northern Union Enginemen's Association, which joined in 1921.

The union affiliated to the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU) in 1926.  It remained a distinct section of the TGWU for many years, its general secretary also serving as national secretary of the TGWU Power Group.  In 1945, its members who worked in collieries transferred to the new Power Group of the National Union of Mineworkers.

General Secretaries
1895: G. H. Copley
1905: George Parker
1928: Samuel Hall
1938: Isaac Hayward
1946: William Tudor

See also
 TGWU amalgamations

References

Engine operators' trade unions
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Trade unions established in 1895
Trade unions disestablished in 1926
Transport and General Workers' Union amalgamations
1895 establishments in the United Kingdom
Trade unions based in South Yorkshire
Humber Amalgamated Steam Trawler Engineers and Firemen's Union. The Humber Amalgamated Steam Trawler Engineers and Firemen's Union was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It reached a peak membership of 1,222 in 1926. The secretary of the union in 1919 was H. Gibbons. The union had its offices in West Dock Avenue, Hull. Hull was a major centre for the British fishing industry up to the 1970s. The union merged with the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1938.

See also
 Transport and General Workers' Union
 TGWU amalgamations

References

Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Fishing industry trade unions
Transport and General Workers' Union amalgamations
Trade unions disestablished in 1938
Trade unions based in the East Riding of Yorkshire
North of England Engineers' and Firemen's Amalgamation. The North of England Engineers' and Firemen's Amalgamation was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It merged with the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1939.

See also

 List of trade unions
 Transport and General Workers' Union
 TGWU amalgamations

References
Arthur Ivor Marsh, Victoria Ryan. Historical Directory of Trade Unions, Volume 5 Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Jan 1, 2006 pg. 435

Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Transport and General Workers' Union amalgamations
Northern England
Trade unions disestablished in 1939
Trade unions based in Greater Manchester
Dynamic instability. Dynamic instability may refer to any of several scientific phenomena:

Aircraft dynamic modes, including aircraft dynamic instability
Atmospheric instability, in meteorology
Dynamic instability of microtubules, in biology
Firehose instability, in astrophysics
Flutter, in aeroelasticity, a branch of mechanics
Hydrodynamic instability, in fluid dynamics
Speed wobble, in mechanical engineering
Others in :Category:Fluid dynamic instabilities
Congruent melting. Congruent melting occurs during melting of a compound when the composition of the liquid that forms is the same as the composition of the solid. It can be contrasted with incongruent melting. This generally happens in two-component systems. To take a general case, let A and B be the two components and AB a stable solid compound formed by their chemical combination. If we draw a phase diagram for the system, we notice that there are three solid phases, namely A, B and compound AB. Accordingly, there will be three fusion or freezing point curves AC, BE and CDE for the three solid phases. In the phase diagram, we can notice that the top point D of the phase diagram is the congruent melting point of the compound AB because the solid and liquid phases now have the same composition. Evidently, at this temperature, the two-component system has become a one-component system because both solid and liquid phases contains only the compound AB.

Congruent melting point represents a definite temperature just like the melting points of pure components. In some phase diagrams, the congruent melting point of a compound AB may lie above the melting points of pure components A and B. But it is not always necessarily the case. There are different types of systems known in which the congruent melting point is observed below the melting points of the pure components. This happens for inter-metallic compounds, for example, for .

See also
 Congruent transition
 Incongruent melting
 Phase diagram
 Phase rule

References

Phase transitions
Materials science
Potential determining ion. When placed into solution, salts begin to dissolve and form ions. This is not always in equal proportion, due to the preference of an ion to be dissolved in a given solution. The ability of an ion to preferentially dissolve (as a result of unequal activities) over its counterion is classified as the potential determining ion. The properties of this ion are strongly related to the surface potential present on a corresponding solid.

This unequal property between corresponding ions results in a net surface charge. In some cases this arises because one of the ions freely leaves a corresponding solid and the other does not or it is bound to the solid by some other means. Adsorption of an ion to the solid may result in the solid acting as an electrode. (e.g., H+ and OH− on the surfaces of clays).

In a colloidal dispersed system, ion dissolution arises, where the dispersed particles exist in equilibrium with their saturated counterpart, for example:

NaCl(s)  Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

The behavior of this system is characterised by the components activity coefficients and solubility product:

aNa+ · aCl− = Ksp

In clay-aqueous systems the potential of the surface is determined by the activity of ions  which react with the mineral surface. Frequently this is the hydrogen ion H+ in which case the important activity is determined by pH.

The simultaneous adsorption of protons and hydroxyls as well as other potential determining cations and anions, leads to the concept of point of zero charge or PZC, where the total charge from the cations and anions at the surface is equal to zero.

The charge must be zero, and this does not necessarily mean the number of cations versus anions in the solution are equal. For clay minerals the potential determining ions are H+ and OH− and complex ions formed by bonding with H+ and OH−.

References

Further reading
 
 
 

Colloidal chemistry
Dispersion (geology). Dispersion is a process that occurs in soils that are particularly vulnerable to erosion by water. In soil layers where clays are saturated with sodium ions ("sodic soils"), soil can break down very easily into fine particles and wash away. This can lead to a variety of soil and water quality problems, including:
 large soil losses by gully erosion and tunnel erosion
 Soil structural degradation, clogging and sealing where dispersed particles settle
 Suspended soil causing turbidity in water and transporting nutrients off the land.

Identifying dispersive soils
Dispersive soils are more common in older landscapes where leaching and illuviation processes have had more time to work. A source of sodium is also required. Possible sources can include weathering from soil parent materials or wind-blown salt deposition. Sodium ions are highly mobile in the soil solution and so they accumulate in the lower parts of the landscape.

The dispersive portion of a soil profile is generally confined to the subsoil, where soil-forming processes concentrate clay minerals and sodium. This means that dispersive soils may not be identified until they are disturbed in a way that exposes the subsoil to running water.

When observed in situ, dispersive soil textures may feel 'soapy', and in many cases the physical structure of subsoil layers will be prismatic or columnar. A simplified version of the Emerson soil dispersion test can be completed in the field on a 20-minute to two-hour timescale.

Laboratory tests used to diagnose a soil as dispersive focus on the cation exchange capacity of a soil sample and its cation breakdown. Soil cations are dominated by Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+, as well as H+ in acidic soils. The exchangeable sodium percentage ( "ESP", (sodium / (total cations)) * 100 ) is a key indicator derived from these measurements. Where ESP exceeds 5%, dispersive behaviour becomes possible, and is highly likely where ESP exceeds 15%.

Managing dispersive soils
The best management approach to these soils is simply to avoid their disturbance. Maintaining vegetation cover of the soil is also important to minimize soil dispersion. In agricultural systems, this may mean making an effort to prevent surface soil loss and/or damage, as the surface soil and ground cover form a protective barrier. Landscape-scale management of excess salt is also important, as secondary salinisation can induce dispersive behaviour in soil.

In places where disturbance has occurred, amelioration with gypsum can be helpful. Other options include:
 Re-covering disturbed subsoil and re-vegetating the land
 Diverting concentrated surface water flows away from the eroded area.

See also
Sodication

References

Geochemistry
Soil
Soil physics
Nathpa Jhakri Dam. The Nathpa Jhakri Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Sutlej river in Himachal Pradesh, India. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production and it supplies a  underground power station with water. Before reaching the power station, water is diverted through a  headrace tunnel. Construction on the project began in 1993 and it was complete in 2004. The last two of the  Francis turbine-generators went online in March 2004. It is owned by SJVN.

Scheduling and generation despatch
The scheduling and despatch of the Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power plant is done by Northern Regional Load Despatch Centre which is the apex body to ensure the integrated operation of the power system grid in the Northern region and comes under Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO).

Sponsors and investors 
 Sponsor Nathpa Jhakri Power Corporation 
 Kvaerner / ABB / Siemens / Sulzer Escher Wyss 
 Foundation Continental Construction Corporation 
 BHEL
 Jaiprakash Associates Limited

See also 

 Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant – situated upstream
List of dams and reservoirs in India

References 

Dams completed in 2004
Energy infrastructure completed in 2004
Hydroelectric power stations in Himachal Pradesh
Dams in Himachal Pradesh
Gravity dams
Underground power stations
2004 establishments in Himachal Pradesh
Dams on the Sutlej River
Buildings and structures in Kinnaur district
RMAS Colonel Templer (A229). SD Colonel Templer (previously RMAS Colonel Templer (A229)) is an acoustic research vessel, renamed Seaway Endeavour in 2011 after she was sold to a Swedish shipping company. Between 1980 and 2011, she was in the service of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service and Serco Marine Services in support of the United Kingdom's Naval Service. Before 1980, Colonel Templer was known as MV Criscilla and worked as a stern trawler.

Her displacement is 1,300 tonnes and dimensions 56 m by 11 m by 5.6 m. Her complement is 14 and speed 12 knots. Twelve scientists can be carried.

Ships history
The ship was built in 1966 by Hall, Russell & Company for J Marr and Sons of Hull. At the time she served as a stern trawler named MV Criscilla.

In 1980, she was sold to the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough and renamed Colonel Templer after Colonel James Templer, an early British military pioneer of balloons and superintendent of the Aldershot balloon factory. By the late 80s she was converted into an acoustic research vessel, mainly for sonar work by the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency.

After a serious fire in 1990, the ship underwent a major rebuild and in November 2000, Colonel Templer was handed over to the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service (RMAS) and operated under contract by Serco Denholm, based at HMNB Clyde. In 2001, she was converted to support diving training with the Royal Navy. Following the disbandment of the RMAS in March 2008, Colonel Templer was transferred to Serco Marine Services and received the ship prefix 'SD'.

In July 2011, she was sold to a Swedish firm and renamed Seaway Endeavour with a blue and white livery.

See also
Naval Service (United Kingdom)
List of ships of Serco Marine Services

References

Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service
Serco Marine Services (ships)
Ships built in Aberdeen
1966 ships
Ships built by Hall, Russell & Company
Maurice Leblanc (engineer). Maurice Leblanc (1857 – 1923) was a French engineer and industrialist.

Born in Paris, Leblanc worked primarily in improving induction motors and alternators, where he invented the damper winding. He also invented an improved vacuum pump and worked in the area of refrigeration.

The December 1, 1880 French publication "La Lumière électrique", published an article by Leblanc entitled "Etude sur la transmission électrique des impressions lumineuses". In this article Leblanc outlined five functions required for a television system.

 a transducer to convert light into electricity
 a scanner to break up a picture into its constituent parts
 a method of synchronising the receiver and the transmitter
 a means of converting electrical signals back into light 
 a screen for viewing the image

Leblanc was awarded the Prix Poncelet for 1913 by the French Academy of Sciences.

References

Sources

External links
 Maurice Leblanc biography at ADVENTURES in CYBERSOUND
 Leblanc's television system - article in French

19th-century French inventors
Television pioneers
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1857 births
1923 deaths
Engineers from Paris
Mechanoluminescence. Mechanoluminescence is light emission resulting from any mechanical action on a solid.  It can be produced through ultrasound, or through other means.
 Electrochemiluminescence is the emission induced by an electrochemical stimulus.
 Fractoluminescence is caused by stress that results in the formation of fractures, that in turn yield light.
 Piezoluminescence is caused by pressure that results in elastic deformation and large polarization from the piezoelectric effect.

 Sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound.
 Triboluminescence is nominally caused by rubbing, but sometimes occurs because of resulting fractoluminescence. It is often used as a synonym.

See also
List of light sources

References

External links 
 Ultrasound Generates Intense Mechanoluminescence

Luminescence
Light sources
Highway Encounter. Highway Encounter is a video game published for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, MSX, Commodore 64, Sharp MZ, and Tatung Einstein by Vortex Software in 1985. It was written by Costa Panayi who also coded Android, Android Two, TLL, Cyclone, and Revolution.

Summary
Highway Encounter is a strategy/action game played from a 3D isometric perspective in which the players must successfully chaperone a bomb along a long, straight stretch of highway and into the alien base at the end of it. There are thirty screens to pass through and most are filled with hazards that threaten to block player's progress (such as barrels) or destroy the player (aliens and explosive mines).

Players control a robotic "Vorton" (resembling a dalek from Doctor Who) and one of the features that provides Highway Encounter with its unique appeal is that the bomb is constantly being pushed onwards by player's extra lives - four more Vortons, who accompany the player along the highway. A key strategic element to the game is for the player character to travel several screens ahead of the bomb to clear a safe path for it; normally this would be done by temporarily blocking the bomb's forward motion, but if the bomb is left in an unsafe location, it is possible for all your extra lives to be lost without the player character being destroyed once. Once all spare lives are lost, the player character must manually push the bomb.

Reception

The Spectrum version of the game was voted number 40 in the Your Sinclair Official Top 100 Games of All Time.

Legacy
There is an unfinished and officially unreleased, but available to download version for Atari ST made by Mark Haigh-Hutchinson and graphics by Costa Panayi, from 1990. Versions for Amiga and Sega Mega Drive were also planned but Hutchinson stated that the Mega Drive version was left unpublished.

Highway Encounter was followed by a sequel, Alien Highway, in 1986.

References

External links
 
 Highway Encounter at CPC Wiki

1985 video games
Action games
Amstrad CPC games
Cancelled Amiga games
Cancelled Atari ST games
Cancelled Sega Genesis games
Commodore 64 games
MSX games
Single-player video games
Tatung Einstein games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Fred Gray
Video games with isometric graphics
Vortex Software games
ZX Spectrum games