omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Robert Harper (computer scientist). Robert William Harper, Jr. (born 1957) is a computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University who works in programming language research. Prior to his position at Carnegie Mellon, Harper was a research fellow at the University of Edinburgh.

Career 
Harper made major contributions to the design of the Standard ML programming language and the LF logical framework.

Harper was named an ACM Fellow in 2005 for his contributions to type systems for programming languages. In 2021, he received the ACM SIGPLAN Programming Languages Achievement Award for his "foundational contributions to our understanding of type theory and its use in the design, specification, implementation, and verification of modern programming languages".

Awards 
 Herbert A. Simon Award for Teaching Excellence in Computer Science, CMU.

 Allen Newell Award for Research Excellence, CMU. for research on type-directed compilation. (2001)

 ACM Fellow, for contributions to type systems. (2005)

 ACM SIGPLAN Most Influential PLDI Paper Award, for the paper TIL: a type-directed optimizing compiler for ML. (2006)

 LICS Test-of-Time Award Winner, for the paper A Framework for defining logics. (2007)

 ACM SIGPLAN Programming Languages Achievement Award, for foundational contributions to type theory and its use. (2021)

Books 
Robin Milner, Mads Tofte, Robert Harper, and David MacQueen. The Definition of Standard ML (Revised). MIT Press, 1997.
Robert Harper (editor). Types in Compilation. Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 2071, 2001.
Robert Harper. Type Systems for Programming Languages. Draft, 2000.
Robert Harper. Programming in Standard ML. Working Draft, 2013.
Robert Harper.  Practical Foundations for Programming Languages, 2007 draft. 2nd edition: , 2016.

Personal life 

In 2003–2008, Harper hosted the progressive talk show Left Out on WRCT-FM with fellow host and Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science faculty member Danny Sleator.

References

External links 
 Robert Harper's Homepage
 Existential Type, Robert Harper's blog
 Robert Harper's xArchiv site
 Robert Harper's Google scholar page
 Robert Harper's orchid id

Programming language researchers
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Lippisch P.15. 

The Lippisch P.15 was a proposed World War II German fighter aircraft.

Development
Alexander Lippisch designed it after inspecting the new Heinkel He 162 which he thought could be improved. The redesigned He 162 composed of the nose section of the Heinkel 162, the wings and tail of the Me 163C, a newly designed rear fuselage, and landing gear adapted from the Bf 109.

Power was to be supplied by a single Heinkel HeS 011 A turbojet contained within the rear fuselage, which was fed by two intakes buried in the wing roots.

Though the full-scale plane was never actually built, modelers can purchase a Radio Control model version.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

External links

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
P.15
Cartesian skyscraper. The Cartesian sky-scraper, designed by Le Corbusier in 1938, is a type of tower known for its modern and rational design.   This type of modern administration building has its origin in the first sketches for the Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau in 1919, which proposed a cruciform shape for skyscrapers, radiating light and stability. In principle, the cruciform plan (with two axes) does not adapt itself to the path of the sun, which has only one axis.  Studying further, it was seen that with this symmetrical form about two axes, the cruciform skyscraper does not receive sunlight on its north-facing sides.

References

External links

 L'Esprit Nouveau_Biblioteca di Area delle Arti sezione Architettura "Enrico Mattiello"

Urban studies and planning terminology
Le Corbusier buildings
Ionithermie. Ionithermie is a cosmetology treatment performed in spas, intended to remove cellulite using electrical muscle stimulation combined with a lotion made of algae, seaweed extracts and amino acids. The lotion is mixed with clay, and electrodes are placed on the clay to enact iontophoresis. The specific materials vary from treatment provider, such as including guarana extract, and the results are generally small. It uses direct current and is similar to another cellulite electrotherapy treatment called galvanization.

Ionthermie was invented by French biochemist Olivier Fouche in 1978, although a separate source claims it was invented in 1979.

While it has been described as pseudoscientific, one study in 2006 reported modest results.

References

Alternative detoxification
Electrotherapy
Pe (text editor). Pe, short for Programmer's Editor, is an open source text editor for the Be Operating System (BeOS), Haiku and other BeOS-like operating systems, targeted towards source-code editing. It is conceptually based on the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop and BBEdit, both of which are editing programs for the Mac OS.

It can work as a basic source-level HTML editor, with some HTML auto-completion support, automatic updating of files included within other files, and direct FTP integration. 

Pe was written by the Dutch programmer Maarten Hekkelman, who also wrote BDB, the source-level debugger for the BeOS, and the spreadsheet Sum-It!, first for classic Mac OS and later BeOS where it was packaged by Beatware as half of BeBasics. Originally it was a commercial product sold on BeDepot for $50. Later after being open sourced, it came preloaded with the first alpha release of Haiku in 2009. Hekkelman also ported Pe to Macintosh under the name Pepper, until he ended development in 2002. 

Pe was used to write the BeOS Bible, as well as In the Beginning... Was the Command Line by Neal Stephenson, both of which mention it.

References

External links
Pe at Haiku

BeOS text editors
Free software programmed in C++
Free text editors
Software using the MIT license
Unorganized machine. An unorganized machine is a concept mentioned in a 1948 report by Alan Turing titled "Intelligent Machinery", in which he suggested that the infant human cortex was what he called an "unorganised machine".

Overview
Turing defined the class of unorganized machines as largely random in their initial construction, but capable of being trained to perform particular tasks. Turing's unorganized machines were in fact very early examples of randomly connected, binary neural networks, and Turing claimed that these were the simplest possible model of the nervous system. 

Turing had been interested in the possibility of simulating neural systems for at least the previous two years.  In correspondence with William Ross Ashby in 1946 he writes:

In his 1948 paper Turing defined two examples of his unorganized machines. The first were A-type machines — these being essentially randomly connected networks of NAND logic gates. The second were called B-type machines, which could be created by taking an A-type machine and replacing every inter-node connection with a structure called a connection modifier — which itself is made from A-type nodes. The purpose of the connection modifiers were to allow the B-type machine to undergo "appropriate interference, mimicking education" in order to organize the behaviour of the network to perform useful work. Before the term genetic algorithm was coined, Turing even proposed the use of what he called a genetical search to configure his unorganized machines. Turing claimed that the behaviour of B-type machines could be very complex when the number of nodes in the network was large, and stated that the "picture of the cortex as an unorganized machine is very satisfactory from the point of view of evolution and genetics".

Notes

External links 
 Turing's correspondence regarding simulation of neural systems

Alan Turing
Vinylacetylene. Vinylacetylene is the organic compound with the formula C4H4.  The colourless gas was once used in the polymer industry.  It is composed of both alkyne and alkene groups and is the simplest enyne.

Vinylacetylene is extremely dangerous because in high enough concentrations (typically > 30 mole percent, but pressure dependent) it can auto-detonate (explode without air being present) especially at elevated pressures, such as those seen in chemical plants processing C4 hydrocarbons. An example of such an explosion occurred at a Union Carbide plant in Texas City in 1969.

Synthesis 
Vinylacetylene was first synthesized by Hofmann elimination of the related quaternary ammonium salt:
[(CH3)3NCH2CH=CHCH2N(CH3)3]I2  →  2 [(CH3)3NH]I  +  HC≡C-CH=CH2
It is usually synthesized by dehydrohalogenation of 1,3-dichloro-2-butene. 

It also arises via the dimerization of acetylene, which is catalyzed by copper(I) chloride.

Dehydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene is yet another route.

Application 
At one time, chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene), an industrially important monomer,  was produced via the intermediacy of vinyl acetylene.  In this process, acetylene is dimerized to give vinyl acetylene, which is then combined with hydrogen chloride to give 4-chloro-1,2-butadiene via 1,4-addition. This allene derivative which, in the presence of cuprous chloride, rearranges to 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene:
H2C=CH-C≡CH  +  HCl   →   H2ClC-CH=C=CH2
H2ClC-CH=C=CH2   →   H2C=CH-CCl=CH2

References 

Conjugated enynes
Vinyl compounds
Ethynyl compounds
Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering. Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering (VVCE) is a premier autonomous institute under VTU  situated in Gokulam, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. As an autonomous institution, it follows the guidelines set by Visvesvaraya Technological University. It offers courses on Computer science, Information science, Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning, Electronics and Communication, Electrical and Electronics, Civil engineering, Mechanical engineering.

Description 

Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering is recognized by the Government of Karnataka and the All India Council for Technical Education. Programs of study offered include bachelor's degrees in mechanical, electronics, computer science, information sciences, Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning and electrical engineering. Six programs, IS&E, E&EE, CS&E, E&CE, ME and CV of VVCE have been accredited by National Board of Accreditation for three years i.e. academic years 2020-2021 to 2022-2023 of date up to 30 June 2023. The college is also accredited with 'A' Grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) for five Years from the year 2018.  The college was founded by the Vidyavardhaka Sangha in 1997.

The college is located in Gokulam, a residential suburb,  north of the central bus station and  from the Mysuru railway station.

Academic programs 

Courses offered:

Undergraduate programs
 Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
 Civil Engineering
 Computer Science & Engineering
 Electrical & Electronics Engineering
 Electronics & Communication Engineering
 Information Science & Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering

Postgraduate programs
 Master of Business Administration
 M.Tech
 Machine Design
 Computer Science & Engineering

Campus 
The campus is designed with the main preference to the Computer Science and Electrical Engineering departments, both of which are close to the main gate of the building. The mechanical department is offset for some distance from the main building.

It has a basketball court, Indoor sports complex and large ground which acts as a stadium for cricket, football and concerts. Concerts for various college festivals are held in the same ground.

External links 

 Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering Website
 

Engineering colleges in Karnataka
1997 establishments in Karnataka
Educational institutions established in 1997
François Loos. François Loos (born 24 December 1953) was appointed Minister Delegate for Industry on 2 June 2005, following a term as Minister Delegate for Foreign Trade (June 2002 to May 2005). He was Minister Delegate for Higher Education & Research in the first Raffarin government.

François Loos is a graduate from the Ecole Polytechnique, the prestigious state-run industrial and engineering school and has an engineering diploma from the Ecole des Mines. He also holds a postgraduate diploma (diplôme d'études approfondies – DEA) in mathematics.

After starting his career as an engineer with various firms in France and Germany, François Loos became a technical advisor to Pierre Pflimlin, President of the European Parliament (1984), and subsequently to Hubert Curien, French Minister of Research & Technology (1984–1985). He next joined Rhône Poulenc as Managing Director of the Thann plant, which  he ran for two years before being appointed Executive Secretary for Research (1987–1989). From 1990 to 1993, he was Chief Executive of the Lohr SA group.

In 1992 François Loos was elected Conseiller Régional (regional government representative) for the Alsace region and deputy of the Bas-Rhin département in 1993. He has been Vice-Chairman of the Conseil Régional (regional government) of Alsace since 1996. He was re-elected as a deputy in 1997 and again on 9 June 2002 (after the first election round). He chaired the Parliamentary Board of Enquiry into Industrial Hazards in France following the Toulouse disaster in 2001.

In 1994 and 1995 he was the Deputy General Secretary of the Parti Radical Valoisien, a centre-right political party. He was then promoted to National Secretary and in 1997 to National Delegate for International Affairs, followed by a term as party chairman from 1999 to October 2003. He is a founding member and a member of the political bureau of the Union for a Popular Movement, a right-wing political party.

References
French Ministry of Industry

1953 births
Living people
École Polytechnique alumni
Mines Paris - PSL alumni
Corps des mines
Radical Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Union of Democrats and Independents politicians
Politicians from Strasbourg
Starling (structure). In architecture, a starling (or sterling) is a defensive bulwark, usually built with pilings or bricks or blocks of stone, surrounding the supports (or piers) of a bridge or similar construction. 

Starlings may be shaped to ease the flow of the water around the bridge, reducing the damage caused by erosion or collisions with flood-borne debris or river traffic. They may also form an important part of the structure of the bridge, spreading the weight of the piers.

The term cutwater is used for such a structure shaped with water flow in mind, as a pier or starling with a diamond point. A starkwater is a bulwark against ice floes.

Depending on their shape and location, some starlings may accumulate river debris, mud and other objects, potentially creating navigational hazards or hindering downstream water flow.

Shape

Starlings may form part of a buttress for the vertical load of the bridge piers, so would typically be symmetrical. Other symmetrical starlings may be used on tidal stretches of rivers because of bi-directional flow, requiring dual cutwaters; at low tide, Old Wye Bridge, Chepstow, on the Welsh border, can be seen to have cutwaters on both ends of the piers and their foundations. Cutwaters may also be provided downstream to reduce riverbed scour. Other starlings may be asymmetrical, with only an upstream cutwater, the downstream end being flat or rounded.

The starling has a sharpened or curved extreme, sometimes called the nose. The cutwater may be of concrete or masonry, but is often capped with a steel angle to resist abrasion, focusing force at a single point to fracture floating pieces of ice striking the pier. In cold climates, the starling is typically sloped by about 20 to 45° from vertical, so current pushing against part-submerged ice tends to lift and shear it; this can be known as a starkwater. This is distinct from a sloping top to shed the rain.

On a narrow bridge, a cutwater shape can be carried up to the top of the parapet, to provide a pedestrian refuge.

See also 
 Dolphin (structure)
 Breakwater
 Icebreaker

References 

Bridge components
Hydraulic engineering
Optimum programming. In the history of computing, optimum programming, or optimum coding is the practice of arranging a computer program's instructions in memory so as to minimize the time the machine spends waiting for instructions. It is of historical interest mainly due to the design of many early digital computers.

Most early computers used some form of serial memory, primarily delay-line memory or magnetic drums. Unlike the random-access memory of modern computers, words in serial memory are made available one at a time; the time required to access a particular word depends on the "distance" between it and the word currently being read. If a given delay line held n words, the average time to read a word would be n/2 word times. Without optimum coding, such a machine would spend most of its time idly waiting for instructions and data.

To circumvent this problem, many machines, particularly Alan Turing's ACE and its descendants, included a field specifying the address of the next instruction to be executed in their instruction format. A programmer employing optimum coding would look up the time needed to perform the current instruction, calculate how far the memory system would move in that time, and then place the next instruction for the program at that location. Thus when the current instruction completed and the computer looked for the next one as specified in the instruction, that memory location would just be arriving and would be able to be read in immediately. For example, if a programmer had just coded an ADD instruction at address 400, and the ADD instruction required 4 word-times to execute, the programmer would set the "next address" field of the instruction to 404, and would place the next instruction there.

In the United States, optimum coding was most commonly employed on the IBM 650 and the Bendix G-15. Both machines had optimizing assemblers (SOAP for the IBM, POGO for Bendix) that could automate this task.

See also
 Mel Kaye, who authored one particularly clever bit of optimum programming that has entered computer lore, is described in The Story of Mel.

References

Software optimization
Mechannibals. Mechannibals is a television game show aired on the British television channel BBC Two in 2005. It was made by the independent production company IWC Media. The host was Louise Brady.

The show was sometimes likened to Channel 4's Scrapheap Challenge or the earlier BBC series The Great Egg Race, it centres on taking two families from the same area and setting them a task to create some form of machine. The contestant families were required to create it using only parts found in their home. Machines created include a shed destroyer, a beer chiller and a food cooking and preparing machine. The finished creations were then judged by people who have some knowledge about the subject. The winning family is then given enough money to replace all their used equipment with top-of-the-range alternatives. The other family, however, was left merely with a toolbox.

References

External links

2005 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
BBC television game shows
2000s British game shows
Engineering competitions
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
British English-language television shows
NER 66 Aerolite. North Eastern Railway (NER) No. 66 Aerolite is a preserved British steam locomotive. It was classified X1 by the LNER. It was capable of reaching 55 mph (89 km/h).

History
Aerolite was built in 1869 as a replacement for an engine of the same name built by Kitson's for the Great Exhibition in 1851 and which was destroyed in a collision in 1868. The engine, like its predecessor, was used to haul the Mechanical Engineer's saloon. Originally a , side tanks were added 1886, and around this time it received the number 66.

In 1892 Aerolite was rebuilt into a , destroying much of the original engine. The well tank was removed, the side tanks expanded, and the two-cylinder Worsdell-von Borries compounding system applied.  In 1902 it was again rebuilt into a .

Aerolite was withdrawn in 1933 and preserved in 1934 at the LNER's York museum. It was moved to Shildon Locomotion Museum from National Railway Museum in 2023 due to renovations at an engine shed. It is a static exhibit at Shildon Locomotion Museum in Shildon, County Durham as of 2024.

In popular culture 
Aerolite is the basis for the Thomas & Friends character named Whiff, an industrial rubbish engine whose job is to shunt rubbish to the Sodor rubbish dump, which was renamed to the Sodor Recycling Plant.

References

External links

 The Wilson Worsdell X1 2-2-4T Locomotive 'Aerolite' LNER Encyclopedia

2-2-4T locomotives
4-2-2 locomotives
2-2-2 locomotives
0066
Preserved steam locomotives of Great Britain
Compound locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1869
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Passenger locomotives
Unique locomotives
Laser Hawk. Laser Hawk is a horizontally scrolling shooter for Atari 8-bit computers published by UK-based Red Rat Software. It was created in Dunedin, New Zealand by programmer Andrew Bradfield and artist Harvey A. Kong Tin.

A sequel, HawkQuest, also from Bradfield and Kong Tin, was released in 1989. Andrew Bradfield died in 2001 at age 35.

Development

Work on Laser Hawk started in 1985 and took about a year to complete.  
Laser Hawk was originally called Hot Copter by Bradfield. Red Rat Software came up with the name Laser Hawk.

Reception
A review of Laser Hawk in the January 1987 issue of Atari User concluded, "While the game concept is perhaps getting a little long in the tooth, Red Rat has tweaked it nicely, treating it in a thoughtful and refreshing way. What it may lack in originality it makes up for in finesse." The overall score was 8 out of 10.

Legacy
Laser Hawk was later included in the 4 Star Compilation, Volume 1 published by Red Rat, along with Escape from Doomworld, Domain of the Undead, and Panic Express.

The same team created the sequel, HawkQuest, released in 1989. Harvey Kong Tin was responsible for the overall design. Development started in 1986 with the finished game using four floppy disk sides at 90K apiece.

References

External links

Laser Hawk and HawkQuest at Harvey Kong Tin's site

1986 video games
Atari 8-bit computer games
Atari 8-bit computer-only games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Video games developed in New Zealand
Red Rat Software games
Mail plane. A mail plane is an aircraft used for carrying mail.

Aircraft that were purely mail planes existed almost exclusively prior to World War II. Because early aircraft were too underpowered to carry cargoes and too costly to run any "economy class" passenger-carrying service, the main civilian role for aircraft was to carry letters faster than previously possible. In 1934, some mail services in the USA were operated by the United States Army Air Corps, soon ending in the Air Mail scandal.

In the past, mail-carrying aircraft had to carry a special official emblem on the fuselages; in case of British-registered aircraft, a special Royal Air Mail pennant (a blue triangular flag with a crowned bugle emblem in yellow and the letters "ROYAL AIR MAIL" in white) would sometimes be flown as well.

From the late 1940s, mail planes became increasingly rare, as the increasing size of aircraft and economics dictated a move towards bulk carriage of mail onboard airline flights, and this remains the primary method today. Parcel mail, overnight mail and priority mail, however, are still carried aboard what may be considered the spiritual successors of classic, pre-war mail planes; small, general aviation aircraft that have been adapted to the role, with the Cessna 208 and Piper PA-31 Navajo being among the most popular. Cargo airline operators, such as UPS and FedEx, also carry mail along with bulk cargo, aboard converted airliners.

See also
 Airmail
 Volumetric weight
 Short Mayo Composite

References

 
Plane