omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Arsenal O.101. The Arsenal O.101 was a French research aircraft that flew shortly after World War II. It was a low-wing monoplane of conventional configuration with fixed tailwheel undercarriage, but incorporated several novel features for its role as an airborne testbed for evaluating airfoil sections and control surface designs. It was designed to accommodate a pilot and an observer in tandem cockpits. However, since the observer was to be watching the aircraft's wings, this cockpit was sunken fully into the fuselage, affording no fore-and-aft view at all. The pilot's cockpit was set well back along the fuselage, near the tail.

The O.101 was fitted with extensive instrumentation to measure pressures and loads throughout the aircraft, and was given dimensions such that the entire aircraft could be placed inside the wind tunnel at Chalais-Meudon without any disassembly required.

Specifications

References

 
 
 

1940s French experimental aircraft
O101
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Arsenal de l'Aéronautique. Arsenal de l'Aéronautique (commonly named Arsenal) was a national military aircraft manufacturer established by the French Government in 1936 at Villacoublay. In the years before World War II, it developed a range of technically advanced fighter aircraft, but none of these were manufactured in sufficient quantities to be of any use against the German invasion. Following the war, Arsenal was relocated to Châtillon-sous-Bagneux, where it was privatised as SFECMAS (la Société Française d’Etude et de Constructions de Matériel Aéronautiques Spéciaux) in 1952. In 1955 SFECMAS joined SNCAN to create Nord Aviation.

Aircraft
Arsenal VG 30(1938) Single-engine one-seat low-wing monoplane propeller-engine fighter aircraft.  One prototype built
Arsenal VG 31VG-30 variant powered by Hispano-Suiza engine.  One built
Arsenal VG 32VG-30 variant powered by Allison engine.  One built
Arsenal VG-33Production version of VG-32
Arsenal VG-34VG-33 variant with newer engine.  One built
Arsenal VG-35VG-33 variant with newer engine.  One built
Arsenal VG-36VG-33 variant with newer engine and modified radiator housing.  One built
Arsenal VG-37Proposed VG-33 variant with longer range.  Not built
Arsenal VG-38Proposed VG-33 variant with newer engine.  Not built
Arsenal VG-39VG-36 variant with more streamlined nose and larger engine.  One built
Arsenal VG-40VG-39 variant with Rolls-Royce engine.  Not built
Arsenal VG-50VG-39 variant with Allison engine.  Not built
Arsenal VB 10(1945) Two-engine single-seat propeller fighter aircraft with fore-and-aft engines.  Six built
Arsenal O.101(1947) Single-engine two-seat low-wing aerodynamic research aircraft.  One built
Arsenal VG 70(1948) Single-engine one-seat high-wing swept-wing jet experimental aircraft.  One built
Arsenal VG 80
Arsenal VG 90(1949) Single-engine one-seat high-wing swept-wing carrier-based jet fighter.  Three built; two completed
Arsenal-Delanne 10

Aero engines

Arsaéro
Arsenal 12HPostwar French development of the Junkers Jumo 213 V-12 engine.
Arsenal 12H-Tandem 2x 12H engines in tandem driving co-axial propellers.
Arsenal 12KFurther development of the 12H.
Arsenal 24HA 24-cylinder H-24 engine utilising 12H cylinder blocks, crankshafts and pistons mounted on a new crankcase driving a single propeller.
Arsenal 24H-Tandem2x 24H engines in tandem driving co-axial propellers.

Gliders
Arsenal O.101
Air 100
Air 101
Air 102
Air 4111
Arsenal Emouchet
Arsenal 1301supersonic research glider
Arsenal 2301supersonic research glider

Targets and missiles

Arsenal 5201(SS 10 (sol-sol))
Arsenal AS 10(ALAT (AAM))
Arsenal 5501(CT 10 target)
Arsenal 5510(CT 20 target)
Nord SM 20(sol-mer anti-shipping)
Nord CT 41(supersonic target)

See also 
French space program
CNES

References
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1936
Defence companies of France
French companies established in 1936
1952 disestablishments in France
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1952
Companies based in Île-de-France
Arsenal VB 10. 
The Arsenal VB 10 was a French fighter-interceptor aircraft developed during and shortly after World War II. It was a low-wing monoplane with retractable tailwheel undercarriage and of largely orthodox configuration. The ultimate product of a design that began with the Arsenal VG 10 prior to the war, the VB 10 added a second engine behind the cockpit which drove a second propeller, coaxial with and contra-rotating to the propeller driven by the engine in the nose.

In January 1937 Arsenal were given a contract to develop a twin-engined heavy interceptor built from wood, powered by two 590 hp Hispano-Suiza 12X engines mounted in tandem inside the fuselage, driving co-axial propellers in the nose. Work on the VG 10 was abandoned in June 1937 in favour of the VG 20, which was essentially similar but powered by two 900 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Y engines. The VG 20 was abandoned in turn in January 1938, but the design work and studies were used for the design of the all-metal VB 10. For research in the development of the VG 10 and VG 20, Arsenal designed and built the VG 30 powered by a single 690 hp Hispano-Suiza 12X engine, which in turn led to the high-performance fighter prototypes of the VG 30 series.

Although the aircraft was first designed (and indeed ordered) in 1940, little progress was made during France's occupation, and the prototype did not fly until after VE day. By then, it was already apparent that the future of the fighter lay with jet power, but development of the VB 10 continued as a safety net for France's nascent jet fighter programmes. In December 1945, a contract for 200 machines was placed by the French government, the first of which flew on 3 November 1947. By the time the fourth had been delivered in September 1948, the entire order was cancelled, with the French Air Force relying on surplus British and American fighters to tide it over until domestically produced jet fighters appeared shortly thereafter.

Specifications (production version)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links
 

VB10
1940s French fighter aircraft
Twin-engined single-prop tractor aircraft
Aircraft with contra-rotating propellers
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Arsenal VG 70. The Arsenal VG 70 was a single-seat monoplane research aircraft flown in France shortly after World War II to assist in the development of high-speed jet fighters. Lacking an indigenous turbojet engine, the aircraft was fitted with a German Junkers Jumo 004. Unlike most jet-powered aircraft of the period, the swept wing was wooden as was the tail structure. The under-powered VG 70 made its maiden flight in 1948, but only flew five times before the program was terminated the following year.

Development and description
Jean Galtier, chief designer at Arsenal de l'Aéronautique, decided to build a turbojet-powered research aircraft in late 1945. He wished to investigate the aerodynamics of swept wings at high speeds to take advantage of captured German data to better understand how they might impact future fighter designs. Its all-metal fuselage was derived from the VG-30 prewar series of piston-engined fighters and Galtier took advantage of the company's experience of wooden construction to build the wing and empennage out of wood. The leading edge of the shoulder-mounted wing was swept back at an angle of 43° and the wing itself was given a dihedral of 6°. Seven fuel tanks were housed in the two-spar wing and dive brakes were positioned on its upper surface. The main wheels of the tricycle landing gear retracted into the wings while the nose gear retracted into the lower part of the nose.

The Jumo 004 turbojet, captured from the Germans, had  of thrust. It was positioned in the aft fuselage, together with three additional fuel tanks, and used air provided by a prominent semi-circular ventral intake underneath the cockpit. Wind-tunnel testing showed that it was not as effective as had been hoped, although the airframe was deemed capable of reaching a speed of  and Mach 0.9 in a shallow dive given enough thrust.

Construction and flight testing
Construction of the aircraft was completed in 1947 and it had begun taxiing tests in October, but wind-tunnel testing revealed some potential aerodynamic problems that delayed its first flight by over six months. It finally flew on 23 June 1948 and achieved a speed of  despite its unreliable engine. The program was cancelled in early 1949 after only five flights as the engine's lack of thrust imposed tight limits on the types of test flying that it could do and Arsenal had refocused on the follow-on VG 90 carrier-based fighter.

Variants

VG 70
Research aircraft powered by a Jumo 004 turbojet, one built
VG 71
Research aircraft with a Rolls-Royce Derwent 5 turbojet, proposal only.
VG 80
Carrier-based fighter aircraft powered by a Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet, never built, but developed into the VG 90.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

 

VG 70
1940s French experimental aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Wheel chock. Wheel chocks (or chocks) are wedges of sturdy material placed closely against a vehicle's wheels to prevent accidental movement. Chocks are placed for safety in addition to setting the brakes. The bottom surface is sometimes coated in rubber to enhance grip with the ground. For ease of removal, a rope may be tied to the chock or a set of two chocks. One edge of the wedge has a concave profile to contour to the wheel and increase the force necessary to overrun the chock. Most commonly, chocks are seen on aircraft and train cars.

Automobiles usually have parking brakes on the rear wheels. If the rear axle is jacked off the ground with only the parking brake set, the vehicle may roll on the front wheels and fall. Chocking the front wheels prevents this mishap. Motorcycle and bicycle chocks are bifurcated and fit around the wheel, supporting the bike and preventing its movement.

The mining industry uses wheel chocks to protect lubrication trucks and heavy maintenance vehicles from slipping on off-road terrain when placed in Park. The huge haul trucks, which can weigh up to , require a much larger wheel chock that itself will weigh almost . These circumstances will benefit from urethane wheel chocks that are lightweight enough to be maneuvered, yet can withstand the responsibility of holding a truck if a brake should fail. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) has established standards that wheel chocks are used when a vehicle is parked on a grade, and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has guidelines that require wheel chocks during loading or unloading of a heavy truck.

The wheel chock was invented by Canadian engineer Robert B. Winsor (1939-2021).

Parking chocks
A parking space commonly contains a parking chock (also known as a parking curb, parking bumper, wheel stop, parking chock, curb stop, bumper block, and turtarrier), a barrier which is used to prevent cars from pulling too far into the space and obstructing an adjacent parking space, curb, or sidewalk.

This barrier is usually made of concrete or recycled plastic and will normally be a horizontal bar to prevent the tires from moving forward or a vertical bar that may cause damage to the vehicle if contact is made. In a parking garage, the barrier will often be a concrete wall. The recycled plastic parking stops are lighter weight than concrete and will not crack or chip. This lighter version can be installed by one person and will resist auto oils and fuels and will never need maintenance such as repainting.

Gallery

See also 
 Railway wheel stop

References

External links
 

Aviation ground support equipment
Tools
Cumberland Dam. The Cumberland Dam was a dam that was built across North Branch of the Potomac River in Cumberland, Maryland, for the purpose of diverting water from the river into the head of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company began construction of Dam No. 8 in 1837 and work proceeded intermittently, finally concluding in 1850. The dam impounded water over a distance of a mile, causing back water for about  up the river.  Above the dam is the mouth of Wills Creek.

Environmental impact

In the early 1900s Wills Creek received a large quantity of industrial sewage and refuse from a paper mill, a brewery, a distillery, a cement works, a tannery, dye works, a gas plant, and a number of coal mines.  Furthermore, in the early 1900s the city of Cumberland supplied  of water and discharged  per day into Wills Creek.  As expected, these pollutants accumulated in the pond above the dam as if in a settling basin, especially during seasons of low water when no water passed over the crest of the dam.

About  above the dam was the intake of the Cumberland waterworks, where the city's water was pumped from the river directly into the water mains and was served to the inhabitants without being purified through filter beds or other artificial means.  Complaints arose yearly prior to 1900 during the dry season, when the water, besides being unpalatable, was scarcely clean enough for laundering purposes.  Of the large percentage of impurities which the water contained at such times, a portion was composed of sewage from the city that had backed up to the point of intake of the dam.

Much has changed since 1900 to eliminate these problems. The city's economy has made a significant transition away from manufacturing and coal production.  The city's water is filtered and obtained from other water supplies.  The city’s sewage is now treated before being discharged.

References

Buildings and structures in Allegany County, Maryland
Buildings and structures in Cumberland, Maryland
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
Dams in Maryland
Dams in West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Mineral County, West Virginia
Dams completed in the 19th century
United States privately owned dams
Tint, shade and tone. In color theory, a tint is a mixture of a color with white, which increases lightness, while a shade is a mixture with black, which increases darkness. Both processes affect the resulting color mixture's relative saturation. A tone is produced either by mixing a color with gray, or by both tinting and shading. Mixing a color with any neutral color (including black, gray, and white) reduces the chroma, or colorfulness, while the hue (the relative mixture of red, green, blue, etc., depending on the colorspace) remains unchanged.

In the graphic arts, especially printmaking and drawing, "tone" has a different meaning, referring to areas of continuous color, produced by various means, as opposed to the linear marks made by an engraved or drawn line.    

In common language, the term shade can be generalized to encompass any varieties of a particular color, whether technically they are shades, tints, tones, or slightly different hues. Meanwhile, the term tint can be generalized to refer to any lighter or darker variation of a color (e.g. "tinted windows").

When mixing colored light (additive color models), the achromatic mixture of spectrally balanced red, green, and blue (RGB) is always white, not gray or black. When we mix colorants, such as the pigments in paint mixtures, a color is produced which is always darker and lower in chroma, or saturation, than the parent colors. This moves the mixed color toward a neutral color—a gray or near-black. Lights are made brighter or dimmer by adjusting their brightness, i.e., energy level; in painting, lightness is adjusted through mixture with white, black, or a color's complement.

The Color Triangle depicting tint, shade, and tone was proposed in 1937 by Faber Birren.

In art
It is common among some artistic painters to darken a paint color by adding black paint—producing colors called shades—or to lighten a color by adding white—producing colors called tints. However, this is not always the best way for representational painting, since one result is for colors to also shift in their hues. For instance, darkening a color by adding black can cause colors such as yellows, reds and oranges to shift toward the greenish or bluish part of the spectrum. Lightening a color by adding white can cause a shift towards blue when mixed with reds and oranges (see Abney effect).

Another practice when darkening a color is to use its opposite, or complementary, color (e.g. violet-purple added to yellowish-green) in order to neutralize it without a shift in hue, and darken it if the additive color is darker than the parent color. When lightening a color this hue shift can be corrected with the addition of a small amount of an adjacent color to bring the hue of the mixture back in line with the parent color (e.g. adding a small amount of orange to a mixture of red and white will correct the tendency of this mixture to shift slightly towards the blue end of the spectrum).

See also
 Ambient light
 Contrast (vision)
 Earth tone
 Image gradient
 Lightness
 Pastel (color)

References

Color
Oceanic-Creations. Oceanic-Creations AB was a company based in Sweden, founded in 1986 around the so-called Oceanic-Creations Composite Technology (OCCT), a special process for producing a carbon fibre based construction material. The company had a production plant in Varna, Bulgaria. Media reported about a floating, pyramid shaped Hotel Maya being constructed there for deployment in Cancún, Mexico. 

The OCCT process was originally developed for navy stealth ships (including the Visby class corvette) at Kockums shipyards in Karlskrona, Sweden, and treated as a military secret. After the innovation was declassified in 2002, Oceanic-Creations AB started to explore other markets. The OCCT process is not patented, but kept as a trade secret on a 20-year license from Kockums.

The company went bankrupt in 2011.

References

External links
Corporate website
 Holidaying in a floating pyramid, article in CNN Science & Space on February 16, 2007
Bygger flytende pyramidehotell, article (with video) published on March 9, 2007, in Teknisk Ukeblad, Norway's engineering weekly

Manufacturing companies of Sweden
Economy of Varna, Bulgaria
List of military aircraft of Sri Lanka. This is a list of aircraft of the Sri Lanka Air Force and the Sri Lanka Navy Fleet Air Arm (FAA).

List of aircraft alphabetically by manufacturer

A
AAI/IAI RQ-2 Pioneer
Aerospatiale SA 365 Dauphin
Airspeed Oxford
Antonov An-32

B 
BAC Jet Provost
Beechcraft 200
Beechcraft Model 18 (transferred from the Surveyor General's Department)
Bell 47 Sioux
Bell 206 Jet Ranger
Bell 212
Bell 412
Boulton Paul Balliol

C
Cessna 150
Cessna 336 Skymaster
Cessna 421 Golden Eagle
F-7 Skybolt
FT-7M Skybolt
Convair 240

D
de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk
de Havilland DH.104 Dove
de Havilland Heron
de Havilland Tiger Moth (Transferred from the Ratmalana Civil Flying Training School)
de Havilland Vampire
Douglas Dakota

F
FMA IA 58 Pucará

H
HAL Chetak (FAA)
Harbin Y-12
Hawker Siddeley HS 748
Hiller UH-12B

I
IAI Kfir
IAI Scout
IAI Searcher Mk II

K
Kamov Ka-26

L
Lockheed Hercules
Lihiniya MK I

M
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15UTI
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17F
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23UB
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-27
Mil Mi-17
Mil Mi-24

N
Nanchang CJ-6 (PT-6)
K-8 Karakorum
North American P-51 Mustang

P
Pazmany PL-

S
Scottish Aviation Pioneer
Shaanxi Y-8
Shenyang F-5
Sikorsky H-5 Dragonfly
SIAI Marchetti SF.260TP
SIAI Marchetti SF.260W

T
Taylorcraft Auster

Current aircraft

Attack and Offensive Support Aircraft

IAI Kfir
F-7 Skybolt

Reconnaissance and Maritime Patrol Aircraft

Beechcraft 200
Lihiniya MK I

Transport Aircraft

C-130 Hercules
Antonov 32
Harbin Y-12

Attack helicopters

Mil Mi-24

Support and Transport Helicopters

Mil Mi-16
Bell 412
Bell 212
Bell 206

Training Aircraft
K-8 Karakorum
Nanchang CJ-6 (PT-6)
Cessna 150
Chengdu FT-7

Weapons

Air to Air Missiles

 PL-5 Thunderbolt

General-Purpose Bombs

 Mark 83
 Mark 82

Surface to Air Missiles

 SA-16 Gimlet

Air Defense Artillery

 Bofors L40/70 40 mm AA guns 
 ZSU-23-2 twin 23 mm AA guns
 TCM-20  twin 20 mm AA guns

Equipment
INDRA low altitude 2D radar 
CETC YLC-18 3D Radar.
JY-11 Radar low/medium altitude 3D surveillance radar

Surviving SLAF aircraft
Aircraft that have been preserved by the SLAF. A few of these fly but most are held by SLAF Museum.
Airspeed Oxford
Hawker Siddeley HS 748
Sikorsky H-5 Dragonfly
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17F
FMA IA 58 Pucará
BAC Jet Provost
Boulton Paul Balliol
de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk
de Havilland Heron
de Havilland Tiger Moth

See also 
 List of aircraft losses of the Sri Lankan Civil War

References

External links
Sri Lankan Air Force
Little known museums of Sri Lanka:A rich collection of artefact's

Sri Lanka Air Force
Sri Lanka
Military equipment of Sri Lanka
Military history of Sri Lanka
Aircraft
Yatağan power station. Yatağan Power Station is a coal-fired power station in Turkey in Yatağan, Muğla Province in the south-west of the country.
Currently owned by Aydem Enerji it has a 120m chimney. Yatağan thermal power plant consumes 5.4 million tons of coal from mines such as Turgut and can produce 3,780 GWh annually, the least productive power station in Turkey. The area is a sulfur dioxide air pollution hotspot and  the air pollution caused by Yatağan and neighboring Kemerköy power station and Yeniköy power station is estimated to have caused 45,000 premature deaths. It is estimated that closing the plant by 2030, instead of when its licence ends in 2063, would prevent over 9000 premature deaths. Two workers were killed in 2018 and the plant's safety has been criticized by the Chamber of Engineers. 

In 2018 the plant received 70 million lira capacity payments, and 94 million lira in 2019. In 2019 local people protested against 48 villages being destroyed by expansion of the mine feeding the plant. Opponents of the coal mining also claim it threatens the ancient city of Lagina. İklim Değişikliği Politika ve Araştırma Derneği (Climate Change Policy and Research Association) said that the plant was given a 5 year licence despite not having rehabilitated former ash storage landfill.

References

External links 
 Yatağan power station on Global Energy Monitor
 Yatağan coal mine on Global Energy Monitor

Coal-fired power stations in Turkey
Juno V. The Juno V series of rockets were a design that was proposed in the late 1950s but cancelled. The rockets were multi-stage and, although they failed to reach production, their sections were used in other designs.

Juno V-A 
Juno V-A was studied in 1958, as a new name for the Super-Jupiter rocket. Super-Jupiter planned on using four Rocketdyne E-1 engines in its second stage, but this project was cancelled so V-A would use the first stage of a Saturn I launcher to propel it into space and a whole Titan I ICBM to continue the journey. Juno V-A was never developed, but all its stages were used on different launch vehicles, now retired as of today.

Juno V-B 
Juno V-B, studied in the same year as Juno V-A, was proposed for lunar and interplanetary missions into space. It was just like the Juno V-A, except the third stage, originally the second stage of a Titan I booster, would be replaced with a Centaur C high-energy third stage. A year after Juno V-B's study, the booster received a new name: the Saturn A-1, which, like the Juno series of rockets was never built in its original planned form, but all its stages were used on different launch vehicles.

References 
 Bilstein, Roger E, Stages to Saturn, US Government Printing Office, 1980.
 Lowther, Scott, Saturn: Development, Details, Derivatives and Descendants, Work in progress. Available chapters may be ordered directly from Scott Lowther at web site indicated. Web Address when accessed: https://web.archive.org/web/20070521083808/http://www.webcreations.com/ptm.

Cancelled space launch vehicles
Saturn A