omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CCD. CCD may refer to:

Science and technology
 Charge-coupled device, an electronic light sensor used in various devices including digital cameras
 .ccd, the filename extension for CloneCD's CD image file

 Carbonate compensation depth, a property of oceans
 Colony collapse disorder, a phenomenon involving the abrupt disappearance of honey bees in a beehive or Western honey bee colony
 centicandela (ccd), an SI unit of luminous intensity denoting one hundredth of a candela
 Central composite design, an experimental design in response surface methodology for building a second order model for a response variable without a complete three-level factorial

 Complementary cumulative distribution function
 Continuous collision detection, especially in rigid-body dynamics
 Countercurrent distribution, used for separating mixtures
 Core complex die, an element of AMD Zen 2 and later microprocessor architectures

Medicine
 Canine compulsive disorder, a behavioral condition in dogs, similar to human obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
 Caput-collum-diaphyseal angle, the angle between the neck and the shaft of the femur in the hip
 Cleidocranial dysostosis (also called cleidocranial dysplasia), a genetic abnormality in humans
 Central core disease, a rare neuromuscular disorder
 Congenital chloride diarrhea, a rare disorder in babies
 Continuity of Care Document, an XML-based markup standard for patient medical document exchange
 Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants, protein-linked carbohydrate structures that have a role in the phenomenon of cross-reactivity in allergic patients
Cortical collecting duct, a segment of the kidney

Politics and government
 Census county division, a term used by the US Census Bureau
 Center City District, an economic development agency for the Center City area of Philadelphia
 Consular Consolidated Database, a database used for visa processing by the Bureau of Consular Affairs, US Department of State

Religion
 Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, a religious instruction program of the Catholic Church

Organizations
 Café Coffee Day, a chain of coffee shops in India
 Country Club of Detroit
 Centre of Cricket Development, a cricket team; see Namibia Cricket Board
 Cricket Club of Dhakuria; see Gopal Bose

Education
 Community College of Denver, a public college in Denver, Colorado
 Cincinnati Country Day School, a non-parochial, private school in Indian Hill, Ohio

Non-governmental
 Christian Care Foundation for Children with Disabilities, in Thailand
 Council for a Community of Democracies, in the US
 Canadian Coalition for Democracies, a former advocacy organization in Canada

Politics and government
 Centro Cristiano Democratico (Christian Democratic Centre), a defunct Italian political party

Other uses
 Convention Centre Dublin, Ireland
Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow. Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow (, CRESU) is an experiment investigating chemical reactions taking place at very low temperatures.

The technique involves the expansion of a gas or mixture of gases through a de Laval nozzle from a high-pressure reservoir into a vacuum chamber. As it expands, the nozzle collimates the gas into a uniform supersonic beam, which is essentially collision-free and has a temperature that, in the centre-of-mass frame, can be significantly below that of the reservoir gas. Each nozzle produces a characteristic temperature. This way, any temperature between room temperature and about 10 K can be achieved.

Apparatus
There are relatively few CRESU apparatuses in existence for the simple reason that the gas throughput and pumping requirements are huge, which makes them expensive to run. Two of the leading centres have been the University of Rennes (France) and the University of Birmingham (UK). A more recent development has been a pulsed version of the CRESU, which requires far less gas and therefore smaller pumps.

Kinetics
Most species have a negligible vapour pressure at such low temperatures, and this means that they quickly condense on the sides of the apparatus. Essentially, the CRESU technique provides a "wall-less flow tube", which allows the kinetics of gas-phase reactions to be investigated at much lower temperatures than otherwise possible.

Chemical kinetics experiments can then be carried out in a pump–probe fashion, using a laser to initiate the reaction (for example, by preparing one of the reagents by photolysis of a precursor), followed by observation of that same species (for example, by laser-induced fluorescence) after a known time delay. The fluorescence signal is captured by a photomultiplier a known distance downstream of the de Laval nozzle. The time delay can be varied up to the maximum corresponding to the flow time over that known distance. By studying how quickly the reagent species disappears in the presence of differing concentrations of a (usually stable) co-reagent species, the reaction rate constant at the low temperature of the CRESU flow can be determined.

Reactions studied by the CRESU technique typically have no significant activation energy barrier. In the case of neutral–neutral reactions (i.e., not involving any charged species, ions), these type of barrier-free reactions usually involve free radical species, such as molecular oxygen (O2), the cyanide radical (CN) or the hydroxyl radical (OH). The energetic driving force for these reactions is typically an attractive long-range intermolecular potential.

CRESU experiments have been used to show deviations from Arrhenius kinetics at low temperatures: as the temperature is reduced, the rate constant actually increases. They can explain why chemistry is so prevalent in the interstellar medium, where many different polyatomic species have been detected (by radio astronomy).

See also
 Cryochemistry

References

Chemistry experiments
Chemical kinetics
Conditioning. Conditioning may refer to:

Science, computing, and technology
 Air conditioning, the removal of heat from indoor air for thermal comfort
 Automobile air conditioning, air conditioning in a vehicle
 Ice storage air conditioning, air conditioning using ice storage
 Solar air conditioning, air conditioning using solar power
 Beer conditioning, maturation, clarification, and stabilisation of beer
 Bottle conditioning, above conditioning after bottling 
 Chemical conditioning, improvement and stabilization chemical components
 Data conditioning, the use of data management techniques in a computer system
 Flow conditioning, the study of the movement of fluids in pipes
 Signal conditioning, manipulating an analog signal in such a way that it meets the requirements of the next stage

Biology and physical fitness
 Aerobic conditioning, exercise which trains the heart and lungs to pump blood more efficiently
Body conditioning via physical exercise

Learning
 Classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning, a behavioral mechanism in which one stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus
 Eyeblink conditioning, classical conditioning involving pairing of a stimulus with an eyeblink-eliciting stimulus 
 Fear conditioning, classical conditioning involving aversive stimuli 
 Second-order conditioning, a two-step process in classical conditioning
 Covert conditioning, classical and operant conditioning in mental health treatment 
 Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning, a form of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences
 Social conditioning, operant conditioning training individuals to act in a society
 Evaluative conditioning, a form of learning in which attitude towards one stimulus is learnt by its pairing with a second stimulus

Mathematics
 Condition number also known as Conditioning (numerical analysis), a quantity describing whether or not a numerical problem is well-behaved
 Conditioning (probability), a concept in probability theory

See also
 Conditioning regimens in transplantation
Commodore 1570. The Commodore 1570 is a 5¼" floppy disk drive for the Commodore 128 home/personal computer. It is a single-sided, 170 kB version of the Commodore 1571, released as a stopgap measure when Commodore International was unable to provide sufficient quantities of 1571s due to a shortage of double-sided drive mechanisms (which were supplied by an outside manufacturer). Like the 1571, it can read and write both GCR and MFM disk formats.
The 1570 utilizes a 1571 logic board in a cream-colored original-1541-like case with a drive mechanism similar to the 1541's except that it was equipped with track-zero detection. Like the 1571, its built-in DOS provides a data burst mode for transferring data to the C128 computer at a faster speed than a 1541 can. Its ROM also contains some DOS bug fixes that didn't appear in the 1571 until much later. The 1570 can read and write all single-sided CP/M-format disks that the 1571 can access.

Although the 1570 is compatible with the Commodore 64, the C64 isn't capable of taking advantage of the drive's higher-speed operation, and when used with the C64 it is little more than a pricier 1541. Also, many early buyers of the C128 chose to temporarily make do with a 1541 drive, perhaps owned as part of a previous C64 setup, until the 1571 became more widely available.

The drive uses the CPU MOS 6502, floppy controller WD1770 or WD1772, I/O controllers 2x MOS Technology 6522 and 1x MOS Technology 6526.

References

Commodore 64
CBM floppy disk drives
Domino effect. A domino effect is the cumulative effect produced when one event sets off a series of similar or related events, a form of chain reaction. The term is an analogy to a falling row of dominoes. It typically refers to a linked sequence of events where the time between successive events is relatively short. The term can be used literally (about a series of actual collisions) or metaphorically (about causal linkages within systems such as global finance or politics). 

The literal, mechanical domino effect is exploited in Rube Goldberg machines. In chemistry, the principle applies to a domino reaction, in which one chemical reaction sets up the conditions necessary for a subsequent one that soon follows. In the realm of process safety, a domino-effect accident is an initial undesirable event triggering additional ones in related equipment or facilities, leading to a total incident effect more severe than the primary accident alone.

The metaphorical usage implies that an outcome is inevitable or highly likely (as it has already started to happen) – a form of slippery slope argument. When this outcome is actually unlikely (the argument is fallacious), it has also been called the domino fallacy.

See also

References

Further reading

Metaphors referring to objects
Causality
DSL (disambiguation). DSL or digital subscriber line is a family of technologies that provide digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network.

DSL may also refer to:
Damn Small Linux, a very small Linux distribution
Danish Sign Language
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China
Definitive software library
Design Science License, a copyleft license for intellectual property
Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, a company now part of Beckman-Coulter
Dictionary of the Scots Language
Doctor of Strategic Leadership
Discovering Sky at the Longest wavelength, a  lunar orbit array mission for low frequency radio astronomy, see Hongmeng Project
Domain-specific language, a specialized computer language
Digital subscriber line, a device used to connect a computer or router to a telephone line
Dominican Summer League of baseball 
DSL, a musical artist signed to Ed Banger Records
Deutsche Schule Lagos, or the German School Lagos
"Don't Say Love", a 2023 song by Leigh-Anne
Digital Site License
Dyne. The dyne (symbol: dyn; ) is a derived unit of force specified in the centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units, a predecessor of the modern SI.

History 
The name dyne was first proposed as a CGS unit of force in 1873 by a Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

Definition
The dyne is defined as "the force required to accelerate a mass of one gram at a rate of one centimetre per second squared". An equivalent definition of the dyne is "that force which, acting for one second, will produce a change of velocity of one centimetre per second in a mass of one gram".  

One dyne is equal to 10 micronewtons, 10−5 N or to 10 nsn (nanosthenes) in the old metre–tonne–second system of units. 
 1 dyn = 1 g⋅cm/s2 = 10−5 kg⋅m/s2 = 10−5 N
 1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s2 = 105 g⋅cm/s2 = 105 dyn

Use
The dyne per centimetre is a unit traditionally used to measure surface tension. For example, the surface tension of distilled water is 71.99 dyn/cm at 25 °C (77 °F). (In SI units this is  or .)

See also
 Centimetre–gram–second system of units
 Erg

References 

Centimetre–gram–second system of units
DCM. DCM may refer to:

Science and technology
 Dichloromethane, a common solvent in organic chemistry
 Deep chlorophyll maximum, subsurface maximum in the concentration of chlorophyll
 Dynamic causal modelling, a method for the interpretation of functional neuroimaging data
 Docking Cargo Module, A Russian module of the International Space Station
 Dilated cardiomyopathy, a heart condition

Computing
 Digital clock manager, in field-programmable gate arrays
 .dcm, a filename extension for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine  
 Desired Configuration Management, in Microsoft's System Center Configuration Manager

Organisations
 DCM textiles, formerly Delhi Cloth & General Mills
 DCM Ventures, a venture capital company
 Digital Cinema Media, an advertising company
NTT DoCoMo (NYSE symbol), a mobile phone operator in Japan
 Doll Capital Management, a US venture capital firm which funded SandForce, BitTorrent and others
 Dunbee-Combex-Marx, a former British toy manufacturer which purchased Lines Bros and Schuco Modell
 DoubleClick Campaign Manager, online ad management and ad serving solution.

Other uses
 IATA code for Castres–Mazamet Airport, an airport in France
 Demand Chain Management
 Deputy Chief of Mission
 Director of Civilian Marksmanship, by U.S. Civilian Marksmanship Program
 Debt capital markets in finance
 Distinguished Conduct Medal, British and Commonwealth medal for extreme bravery
Design pattern. A design pattern is the re-usable form of a solution to a design problem. The idea was introduced by the architect Christopher Alexander and has been adapted for various other disciplines, particularly software engineering.

Details 

An organized collection of design patterns that relate to a particular field is called a pattern language. This language gives a common terminology for discussing the situations designers are faced with.

Documenting a pattern requires explaining why a particular situation causes problems, and how the components of the pattern relate to each other to give the solution. Christopher Alexander describes common design problems as arising from "conflicting forces"—such as the conflict between wanting a room to be sunny and wanting it not to overheat on summer afternoons. A pattern would not tell the designer how many windows to put in the room; instead, it would propose a set of values to guide the designer toward a decision that is best for their particular application. Alexander, for example, suggests that enough windows should be included to direct light all around the room. He considers this a good solution because he believes it increases the enjoyment of the room by its occupants. Other authors might come to different conclusions, if they place higher value on heating costs, or material costs. These values, used by the pattern's author to determine which solution is "best", must also be documented within the pattern.

Pattern documentation should also explain when it is applicable. Since two houses may be very different from one another, a design pattern for houses must be broad enough to apply to both of them, but not so vague that it doesn't help the designer make decisions. The range of situations in which a pattern can be used is called its context. Some examples might be "all houses", "all two-story houses", or "all places where people spend time".

For instance, in Christopher Alexander's work, bus stops and waiting rooms in a surgery center are both within the context for the pattern "A PLACE TO WAIT".

Examples 

 Software design pattern, in software design
 Architectural pattern, for software architecture
 Interaction design pattern, used in interaction design / human–computer interaction
 Pedagogical patterns, in teaching
 Pattern gardening, in gardening

Business models also have design patterns. See .

See also 
 Style guide
 Design paradigm
 Anti-pattern
 Dark pattern

References

Further reading 

 
 
 
 
 

 

ja:デザインパターン
pl:Wzorzec projektowy
tr:Tasarım örüntüsü
vi:Mẫu thiết kế
zh:设计模式
Digital Access Signalling System 1. Digital Access Signalling System 1 (DASS1) is a proprietary protocol defined by British Telecom to provide ISDN services in the United Kingdom. It is now obsolete, having been replaced by DASS2. This too will become obsolete over the coming years as Q.931, a European standard, becomes widely adopted in the EU.

References

BT Group
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Integrated Services Digital Network
Digital Access Signalling System 2. Digital Access Signalling System 2 (DASS2) is an obsolescent protocol defined by British Telecom (BT) for digital links to PSTN based on ISDN. Although still available on request, it has been superseded by ETS 300 102 ("EuroISDN").

DASS2 is an improved version over DASS1, based on experiences with DPNSS. 

In the UK, the ISDN concept was first introduced to customers by BT with their
DASS2 connections. DASS2 (Digital Access Signalling System) is a BT-designed
signalling standard, and was introduced before the Q.931 standard was finalised
by the international community. British Telecom used the term ISDN when
describing their DASS2 lines.

DASS2 lines are provided to customers on a 2 Mbit/s link and can handle 30 simultaneous calls (64 kbit/s each). DASS2 is still offered by BT and other UK carriers. Q.931 is the name of the CCITT document that describes the agreed signalling format for International ISDN. CCITT had previously been known as International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee. The organisation set out the internationally agreed standards for telecommunications, and subsequently evolved into the ITU. In the United Kingdom, the Q.931-based protocol is ETS 300 102 (also known as EuroISDN). This is a very close implementation of the original CCITT specification. It is a 2 Mbit/s service as
with DASS2, but the feature capability is far greater and has negated the problems associated with DASS2, including echo problems and circuit spikes. In the UK, both DASS 2 and EuroISDN (ETS 300 102) lines are available to customers with EuroISDN as the preferred signalling type. Customers normally choose the desired signalling system, as this will be dictated by their CPE (Customer Premises Equipment),
usually a PABX.

Most modern PABXs can handle many different types of signalling system, however
the trend seems to be away from the DASS2 (which is no longer being developed by
BT and has been known to deny problems with their DASS2 circuits), and towards the internationally recognised Q.931 standard, which is utilised by many countries' telephony service providers.

The CCITT specify the standards for the layers 1, 2 and 3 signalling messages. Layer 3 messages are the messages which actually control the call setup, teardown, and routing.

The layer 3 messages or call control messages are the minimum messages that must be understood by the interfacing equipment. Individual service providers may
publish their own documentation which details further messages that will be
transported in addition to Q.931 messages. There are a number of additional
European documents that cover supplementary services. These cover features that may be instigated by exchanges via the ISDN and require a higher degree of layer 3 implementation.

See also
DSS1 (ETSI "Euro-ISDN", also used in many non-European countries)
DSS2 (Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 2) - enhanced DSS1.

References

BT Group
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Integrated Services Digital Network
Discharge. The word discharge has a number of applications, including:

 The act of firing a gun
 Termination of employment, the end of an employee's duration with an employer
 Military discharge, the release of a member of the armed forces from service

Flow
 Discharge (hydrology), the amount of water flowing through the channel
 Effluent released into a river or sea
 Groundwater discharge, the volumetric flow rate of groundwater through an aquifer
 Discharging method (discrete mathematics) is a proof technique in discrete mathematics
 Electric discharge:
 Corona discharge, a type of electric current
 Direct-current discharge, a plasma
 Discharger, an electrical device that releases stored energy
 Battery discharging
 Static discharger, a device used on airplanes to maintain use of electrical equipment
 Electrostatic discharge, sudden and momentary electric current flows between two objects
 Dielectric barrier discharge, the electrical discharge between two electrodes separated by an insulating dielectric barrier
 Gas-discharge lamp, a light bulb that includes a discharge gas
 Partial discharge, a temporary breakdown of electrical insulation

Government and law
 Discharge (sentence), a criminal sentence where no punishment is imposed
 Bankruptcy discharge, the injunction that bars acts to enforce certain debts
 Discharge petition, the process of bringing a bill out of committee to the floor for a vote without the cooperation of leadership

Healthcare
 Discharge, the flow of fluids from certain parts of the body:
 Menstruation or other vaginal discharge
 Mucopurulent discharge, the emission or secretion of fluid containing mucus and pus
 Nipple discharge, the release of fluid from the nipples of the breasts
 Rectal discharge, fluid released from the anus
 Emotional discharge, in co-counselling, the ways in which pent-up emotional hurt can be released, e.g. via crying, laughter, etc.
 Patient discharge, the formal ending of inpatient care

Music
 Discharge (album), a self-titled album by Discharge released in 2002
 Discharge (band), British hardcore punk band
 "Discharge", a song by Anthrax from Persistence of Time
Electronic. Electronic may refer to:

Electronics, the science of how to control electric energy in semiconductor
Electronics (magazine), a defunct American trade journal
Electronic storage, the storage of data using an electronic device
Electronic commerce or e-commerce, the trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet
Electronic publishing or e-publishing, the digital publication of books and magazines using computer networks, such as the Internet
Electronic engineering, an electrical engineering discipline

Entertainment
Electronic (band), an English alternative dance band
Electronic (album), the self-titled debut album by British band Electronic
Electronic music, a music genre
Electronic musical instrument
Electronic game, a game that employs electronics

See also
Electronica, an electronic music genre
Consumer electronics, devices including active (amplifying) electrical components