omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Immingham engine shed. Immingham engine shed, also known as Immingham depot, or more recently as Immingham TMD and  is a railway maintenance depot (traction maintenance depot) located on the Immingham Dock estate, in North East Lincolnshire, England. The depot code is IM.

In 2015 the depot was operated by DB Schenker. A separate TMD also known as Immingham TMD, but with the depot code IN, is operated by Freightliner.

History 

The engine shed was built by the Humber Commercial Dock and Railway company in the southeastern corner of the Immingham Dock estate. As initially built the engine shed had twelve "roads" (tracks) providing facilities for 60 locomotives.

The railways at Immingham were worked by the Great Central Railway, the developer of the Port. In 1923 it was taken over by the LNER and then became part of the Eastern Region of British Railways in 1948.

During the LNER period (1930s) a concrete automatic coaling stage was added to the facilities.

During the British Railways period the facility had a shed code of 40B and had two sub-sheds: New Holland and Grimsby.

At its peak the shed had an allotment of over 120 locomotives, with 12 stabling roads – part of the building was demolished in the 1950s and a diesel depot constructed.

Soon after opening a dormitory block was built near the turntable for use by visiting crews on lodging turns.

A new  x  diesel shed was built in 1966 south east of the steam shed, which was converted to wagon repair. In 1966 it had 90 diesels, plus 35 shunters.

Steam locomotive types deployed include LNER Thompson Class B1, LMS Stanier Class 8F, and BR standard class 9F.

The last steam locomotive worked from the shed was No.61058 (LNER B1) on 7 February 1966, which hauled a train of empty wagons to Markham Colliery.

Following the splitting up of the former BR Trainload business into three companies in 1994, the depot came briefly under the control of "shadow privatisation company" Loadhaul. Loadhaul was acquired and merged into English Welsh & Scottish in 1995.

The TOPS depot code for the EWS/DB Schenker depot at Immingham is IM, and for the Freightliner Traction Maintenance Depot at Immingham, IN.

As a result of centralisation of maintenance activities by EWS to Toton TMD the shed was used only for storage of out of service locomotives.

See also
List of British Railways shed codes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Immingham Engine Shed on an OS map surveyed in 1930 National Library of Scotland
The shed DavesRailPics
Steam on shed DavesRailPics
Steam on shed flickr
Diesel on shed flickr
On shed RailScot
Diesels on shed YouTube
On shed Yahoo
The shed, coaling tower and Barracks from the air Britain from Above

Railway depots in England
Rail transport in Lincolnshire
Immingham
Hall Road TMD. Hall Road TMD was a railway traction maintenance depot situated adjacent to Hall Road railway station, Merseyside, England. The depot was a facility for storage and servicing of Merseyrail multiple units and rolling stock. It had two shed roads and four additional siding tracks; each road had capacity for three Class 507 or Class 508 electric multiple unit (EMU) sets (9 carriages).
The depot code was HR.

History
The depot was built in 1939 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway to provide additional capacity for the new fleet of Class 502 EMUs then being delivered. From 1978 it began to house the new Merseyrail Class 507 and, later, Class 508 units. The Class 507 EMUs were far more regularly seen at the depot until its final years of use when the Class 508s began to be used interchangeably with the Wirral Line. A Class 936 departmental train, used for Sandite and de-icing duties, was often stabled in the shed.

The depot was taken out of use in 1997; from then on all stock on the Northern Line was serviced at Kirkdale or Birkenhead North depots. Some of the tracks to the depot and the local signal were removed during summer 2006.

Demolition
A plan had been drawn up by the 502 Group to use Hall Road TMD as a base for their train and for its restoration. However, the building had become unsafe and was demolished in April 2009. Nothing remains of the depot as of 2013.

References

Sources

Railway depots in England
Rail transport in Merseyside
1939 establishments in England
1997 disestablishments in England
Buildings and structures demolished in 2009
Demolished buildings and structures in Merseyside
Vitro Corporation. Vitro Corporation was a major United States defense contractor which became part of BAE Systems Inc. in 1999.

History
Vitro was incorporated in 1950 as the Vitro Manufacturing Company. Its main product was slide transparencies for overhead projectors. For some time prior to incorporation, the founders had produced tinted lighting gels for the theater and stage industry, and were known for their leadership in the production of gels used to replicate the lighting characteristics of the outdoors on a sunny day. These gels had this quality because of the admixture of salts of uranium, which are bright yellow. This business had positioned Vitro as a ready source of uranium during US military and scientific research efforts into nuclear energy during the Second World War. It seems likely that the confidential relationships developed in this time-frame with US government entities led to later contracting and development business arrangements.

In 1950 Vitro acquired the Kellex Corporation, a company involved in the development of the nuclear bomb. In 1953 the company reorganised as the Vitro Corporation of America. One of Vitro's earliest customers was the United States Navy, a relationship which continued into the 1990s.

In 1968 Vitro was acquired by Automation Industries Inc and renamed Vitro Engineering Corp. In 1978 Automation Industries and its Vitro subsidiary were acquired by General Cable Corp, which renamed the new company GK Technologies. In 1981 GK Technologies (including Vitro) was acquired by the Penn Central Corporation. Penn Central had emerged from bankruptcy without its failing rail businesses (acquired by Federal government) and diversified into defense and other businesses. By the early 1990s Penn Central had begun to focus on financial services and in 1992 announced it was divesting Vitro. In 1993 Tracor completed its purchased of Vitro for $94 million. The Vitro acquisition almost doubled the size of Tracor. Vitro merged with Tracor Applied Sciences to form Tracor Systems Technologies, Tracor's largest subsidiary.

In July 1998 the British electronics conglomerate GEC plc purchased Tracor. In November 1999 GEC merged its defense arm (including Tracor) with British Aerospace to form BAE Systems.

References

Former defense companies of the United States
Vitro. Vitro is the largest glass producer in Mexico and one of the world's largest organizations in the glass industry. Founded in 1909 in Monterrey, Mexico, this corporation has 30 subsidiaries in Mexico, United States, Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Panama.

Its companies produce, distribute, and market a wide range of glass articles, which are part of the daily life of millions of people in 34 countries in the Americas, Europe and Asia. It was founded by Roberto Sada Muguerza in 1909. It is one of the world's largest glass producers. In 2015 it sold its part of glass bottles to Owens Illinois for $2.15 billion. Vitro now focuses on producing flat glass.

References

Companies based in Mexico City
Manufacturing companies established in 1909
Mexican companies established in 1909
Mexican brands
General-purpose modeling. General-purpose modeling (GPM) is the systematic use of a general-purpose modeling language to represent the various facets of an object or a system. Examples of GPM languages are:
 The Unified Modeling Language (UML), an industry standard for modeling software-intensive systems
 EXPRESS, a data modeling language for product data, standardized as ISO 10303-11
 IDEF, a group of languages from the 1970s that aimed to be neutral, generic and reusable
 Gellish, an industry standard natural language oriented modeling language for storage and exchange of data and knowledge, published in 2005
 XML, a data modeling language now beginning to be used to model code (MetaL, Microsoft .Net )

GPM languages are in contrast with domain-specific modeling languages (DSMs).

See also
Model-driven engineering (MDE)

Specification languages
Modeling languages
EAD socket. EAD (German: Ethernet-Anschlussdose) is an obsolete connection standard for network plugs and sockets used in the early 1990s.

Ethernet networking of this period (mid 1980s to mid 1990s) used "thin coax" or 10BASE2. All devices on a network segment connected to the same electrical section of RG-58 coaxial cable. Intermediate devices were connected via a T piece. The two ends of the segment were terminated with a resistive network terminator. Although these networks were reliable when connected, they were prone to accidental misconnection by non-technical office staff. This was particularly an issue when devices, such as desktop computers, were being added or removed from the network. Although a rare need at this time, the situation was even worse for portable laptops. 

To avoid some of the drawbacks with 10BASE2 over BNC connectors, the EAD socket was one of several alternatives developed to give an "office friendly" network connector that could easily be connected and disconnected, and avoided the risk of making misconnections.

With the obsolescence of 10BASE2 networks, from the mid 1990s, in favour of Ethernet over twisted pair, EAD sockets became obsolete.

It was developed from TAE connectors for telephony applications but were intended for connecting coaxial network cables like 10BASE2. A different mechanical encoding (Type E) prevented mix-up with phone plugs. 

EAD cables were duplex connections replacing two thin-wire cables, with the T-connector integrated into the BNC end. The contacts of an EAD outlet are closed if no connector is plugged in. When a cable is plugged in, the normally-closed contacts in the socket are opened so that signals pass through the loop cable. Worn out connectors or outlets can cause the same problems that haunted the simpler connectors but user errors are largely reduced.

External links
Description of the EAD system at itwissen.info (in German) 

RF connectors
Ethernet cables
Blendo. Blendo is a combat robot designed and built by Jamie Hyneman. Adam Savage handled the electronics and control systems.

Blendo pioneered the full-body kinetic energy spinner weapon, which later became common in BattleBots. The robot featured a shell constructed from a wok and was powered by a  5hp lawnmower engine. Blades attached to the shell inflicted damage on its opponents, often removing bodywork and, in some cases, propelling them over the polycarbonate safety shields into the audience.

Combat performance

Robot Wars
Blendo made its debut in the second Robot Wars competition in San Francisco (1995). After two matches against the robots Namreko and DoMore, it was deemed too hazardous to continue by the event supervisors and the insurance company, due to pieces of its opponents being thrown over the arena walls. Blendo was granted co-champion status in exchange for withdrawing from the competition. It returned in the fourth Robot Wars in 1997, after the height of the arena walls had been increased to prevent debris from reaching the audience. In this competition, Blendo once again faced off against two robots (Hercules and Punjar) and swiftly defeated both. However, after causing damage to the arena walls in both matches, Blendo was again asked to withdraw in exchange for co-champion status.

BattleBots
Blendo participated in a total of four BattleBots competitions. Despite its reputation for extreme violence, Blendo experienced limited success in BattleBots. Factors contributing to its lack of success included a stronger arena design capable of containing Blendo's energy, more resilient opponents capable of withstanding multiple hits, similar spinner designs in other robots, and Blendo's tendency to self-destruct, leading to its defeat in the first match in all four BattleBots events in which it competed.

After BattleBots
Following its time on BattleBots, Jamie Hyneman and Adam Savage went on to host the Discovery Channel series MythBusters, which also featured fellow combat robot competitor Grant Imahara and his robot, Deadblow.

Blendo is an inaugural member of the Combat Robot Hall of Fame.

References

External links
Account of the match between Hercules and Blendo at RobotCombat.com
Jamie Hyneman on Killer Death Robots and Robot Bloodsport, video interview with Jamie Hyneman, 17 July 2013, YouTube
How Lethal Was Blendo REALLY?, Adam explains the construction and usage of Blendo, Adam Savage’s Tested, 15 July 2023, YouTube

BattleBots competitors
Robot Wars (TV series) competitors
Robots of the United States
1995 robots
Rolling robots
Virial stress. In mechanics, virial stress is a measure of stress on an atomic scale for homogeneous systems.  The name is derived : "Virial is then derived from Latin as well, stemming from the word  (plural of ) meaning forces." The expression of the (local) virial stress can be derived as the functional derivative of the free energy of a molecular system with respect to the deformation tensor.

Volume averaged Definition 
The instantaneous volume averaged virial stress is given by

where 
  and  are atoms in the domain,
  is the volume of the domain,
  is the mass of atom ,
  is the -th component of the velocity of atom ,
  is the -th component of the average velocity of atoms in the volume,
  is the -th component of the position of atom , and
  is the -th component of the force applied on atom   by atom .

At zero kelvin, all velocities are zero so we have

This can be thought of as follows. The  component of stress is the force in the -direction divided by the area of a plane perpendicular to that direction. Consider two adjacent volumes separated by such a plane. The 11-component of stress on that interface is the sum of all pairwise forces between atoms on the two sides.

The volume averaged virial stress is then the ensemble average of the instantaneous volume averaged virial stress.

In a three dimensional, isotropic system, at equilibrium the "instantaneous" atomic pressure is usually defined as the average over the diagonals of the negative stress tensor:

The pressure then is the ensemble average of the instantaneous pressure

This pressure is the average pressure in the volume .

Equivalent Definition 
It's worth noting that some articles and textbook use a slightly different but equivalent version of the equation

where  is the -th component of the vector oriented from the -th  atoms to the -th calculated via the difference

Both equation being strictly equivalent, the definition of the vector can still lead to confusion.

Derivation 
The virial pressure can be derived, using the virial theorem and splitting forces between particles and the container or, alternatively, via direct application of the defining equation  and using scaled coordinates in the calculation.

Inhomogeneous Systems 
If the system is not homogeneous in a given volume the above (volume averaged) pressure is not a good measure for the pressure. In inhomogeneous systems the pressure depends on the position and orientation of the surface on which the pressure acts. Therefore, in inhomogeneous systems a definition of a local pressure is needed. As a general example for a system with inhomogeneous pressure you can think of the pressure in the atmosphere of the earth which varies with height.

Instantaneous local virial stress 
The (local) instantaneous virial stress is given by:

Measuring the virial pressure in molecular simulations 
The virial pressure can be measured via the formulas above or using volume rescaling trial moves.

See also
 Virial theorem

References

External links
 Physical Interpretation of the volume averaged Virial Stress
 
 2017 edition (second): 
 Python and Fortran code examples for Computer Simulation of Liquids
 

Continuum mechanics
PLX. PLX, abbreviation of Picatinny Liquid Explosive, is a liquid binary explosive. It is a mixture of 95% nitromethane (NM) along with 5% ethylene diamine (EDA) as a sensitizer. Other amine compounds can be used instead of ethylene diamine, such as triethylene tetramine, diethylenetriamine or ethanolamine, but EDA has been found to be the most effective amine additive. PLX is a fairly powerful high explosive, marginally exceeding the destructive yield of TNT.

Properties
PLX, when mixed, is a transparent liquid with a yellow-orange tint. Ethylene diamine is very volatile, requiring the contents to be sealed if any storage is intended. Generally, for safety purposes, the contents are transported separately and mixed on site. PLX is known to have a velocity of detonation (VoD) of anywhere between 6,000 and 7,000 m/s, depending on diameter. Although greatly sensitized by the addition of EDA, PLX still requires a powerful blasting cap or a small booster charge to successfully detonate.

Uses and discovery
PLX was invented during World War II by the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey. It was originally designed to clear minefields by being spread via plane over the targeted area or poured from a safe distance and detonated by troops on the ground.

This explosive can also be gelled through the addition of nitrocellulose, ETN, or any number of soluble nitrate esters or gelling agents. This allows for powdered metals, such as aluminum or magnesium, to be suspended in the mixture. The metal powders act as fuel, increasing heat and energy output but lowering the brisance and velocity of detonation. The result is a  more sustained blast wave and a "push and heave" effect, desirable for thermobaric purposes. Trzciński reports that 200 grams of a mixture of NM with PMMA as gelling agent and AlMg (45:55, mean particle size = 63 microns) as fuel, in a ratio of 67.2/2.8/30 by mass, has a peak overpressure of 120 kPa 2 m from the(open air) blast site, a 1.65 TNT equivalency in peak pressure, and a 1.62 equivalency in shockwave impulse. As a reference, 104 kPa is widely regarded as a pressure where 50% of eardrums fail. This is still 3 - 5 times less than the pressure needed to achieve a 50% fatality rate via pulmonary injury as per the Bass/Bowen equations (standing adult, facing any direction).

PLX has been implicated as one of the materials capable of being used in catastrophic terrorism, as most steel core columns can not withstand the detonation of 10 – 30 kg PLX in direct contact (explosive on bare steel). Nitromethane and its gelling agents are freely sold to the public in the US, though. Its sale to the public was banned in the EU in September 2014.

It was the supposed explosive used in the film Die Hard with a Vengeance. However, the film grossly exaggerated the sensitivity of this explosive mixture.

PLX was one of the explosives used to down Korean Air Flight 858 along with C-4.

References

Binary explosives
Liquid explosives
Panclastite. Panclastites are a class of Sprengel explosives similar to oxyliquits. They were first suggested in 1881 by Eugène Turpin, a French chemist. They are a mixture of liquid dinitrogen tetroxide serving as oxidizer with a suitable fuel, e.g. carbon disulfide, in the 3:2 volume ratio.   Other fuel being used is nitrobenzene.  Possible alternative fuels are e.g. nitrotoluene, gasoline, nitromethane, or halocarbons.

Panclastites are shock-sensitive and difficult to handle, requiring their mixing immediately before use; also the dinitrogen tetroxide is highly corrosive and explodes in contact with some chemicals. Despite their brisance and detonation velocity being comparable with TNT, panclastites have virtually no use today.

During World War I, due to shortages of other explosives, French used some panclastite-class mixtures, which they called anilites, in small aircraft bombs. The mixing of the chemicals was triggered by airflow spinning a propeller on the nose of the bomb after it was dropped, mixing the previously separated chemicals inside. The resulting mixture was so sensitive the bombs did not need a fuze to explode on impact.

In the 1880s, Germans were testing torpedoes with panclastite warhead. Carbon disulfide and nitrogen tetroxide were stored in separate glass compartments, which were broken when the torpedo was launched and the chemicals mixed, and later were detonated by a contact fuse.

References

External links
 The Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. April 29, 1886: NOTE ON SO-CALLED "PANCLASTITE." BY H. SPRENGEL, PH.D., F.R.S. 

Explosives
Liquid explosives
Tincalconite. Tincalconite is a hydrous sodium borate mineral closely related to borax, and is a secondary mineral that forms as a dehydration product of borax. Its formula is Na2B4O7·5H2O or Na2[B4O5(OH)4]·3H2O.

Tincalconite typically occurs as a fine grained white powder. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system and has been found as primary euhedral di-rhombohedral, pseudo-octahedral crystals. It is also found pseudomorphically replacing borax crystals. It has a specific gravity of 1.88 and a Mohs hardness of 2. Refractive index values are nω=1.460 and nε=1.470.

While most tincalconite is created by man through exposing borax to dry air, there are natural occurrences of tincalconite, as in Searles Lake, California where it was first described in 1878. In addition to several California and Nevada locations it is reported from Argentina, Italy, Turkey and Ukraine.

The name comes from  "tincal", Sanskrit for borax, and Greek, "konis", meaning powder, for its composition and typical powdery nature.

Gallery

References 

 Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1951) Dana’s system of Mineralogy, (7th edition), v. II, pp. 337–339.
 Mineral Data Publishing, PDF
 Mindat with location data
 Webmineral data
 Mineral Galleries

Sodium minerals
Nesoborates
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 155

et:Booraks
pl:Tetraboran sodu
ru:Тетраборат натрия
Eugène Turpin. François Eugène Turpin (30 September 1848 – 24 January 1927) was a French chemist involved in research of explosive materials. He lived in Colombes.

Biography
In 1881 Turpin proposed panclastites, a class of Sprengel explosives based on a mixture of a suitable fuel with dinitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer.

In 1885, based on research of Hermann Sprengel, Turpin patented the use of pressed and cast picric acid in blasting charges and artillery shells. In 1887 the French government adopted it under the name Melinite, with addition of gun cotton. Since 1888, Britain started manufacturing a very similar mixture in Lydd, Kent, under the name Lyddite. Japan followed with an improved formula known as Schimose.

In 1889 a Captain Tripone stole his secret and sold it to Germany. Turpin was falsely accused of the treason and imprisoned. He was pardoned in 1893 after a campaign led by Le Petit Journal, and exonerated in 1901.

In 1897, Turpin sued Jules Verne for basing Thomas Roch from the Facing the Flag novel on him and the Melinite explosive. Verne, defended by Raymond Poincaré, was found innocent; his letter to his brother Paul however confirms the character was indeed based on Turpin.

After World War I, investigation of turpinite confirmed it to be a fictional war gas allegedly developed Eugène Turpin.

Notes

1848 births
1927 deaths
19th-century French chemists
Scientists from Paris
20th-century French chemists
S0. S0 may refer to:
 S0 Truss, an element of the International Space Station
 S0, elemental sulfur
 IATA airline designator for Aerolíneas Sosa
 Previously, IATA airline designator for Slok Air Gambia (disestablished)
 the representation of the number 1 in Peano arithmetic
 ACPI S0 power state in computing
 S0 galaxy, an astronomical code for barless lenticular galaxy
 S0, part of the name of certain stars within one arc-second of Sagittarius A*
 S0 (DIN 43864), an output from electricity meters that give pulses proportional to the amount of consumed energy
 the S0 interface bus used in ISDN BRI in telephony

See also
SO (disambiguation)
0S (disambiguation)