omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Panel saw. A panel saw is any type of sawing machine that cuts sheets into sized parts.

Types
Panel saws can be vertical or horizontal. Typically, vertical saws take up less floor space.  

Horizontal machines are typically large table saws with a sliding feed table that pushes the material through the blade. Table saws without the sliding feed table can also cut sheet goods.

Vertical saws have two cost types, low cost and higher cost.  Both types have the saw traveling  through the short side of the sheet called cross cutting.  For cutting lengthwise (rip) cut, the lower cost models, have the user slide the material through the saw while the higher cost models have the saw travel through the stationary material.

History
A sliding panel saw was invented by Wilhelm Altendorf in 1906 in Germany. Its invention set a new standard in woodworking, with dramatic differences from traditional machines. Up to that time, a conventional table saw had no mechanism for edging, meaning that for the first and second longitudinal cut on untreated massive wood, the lumber always had to be fed manually through the saw blade. The new system accomplished the task more elegantly by allowing the work piece to be fed through the saw blade while lying on a sliding table. Thus cutting becomes faster, accurate and effortless.  

Panel saws are used by cabinet shops to easily cut panels, profiles, solid wood, plywood, MDF, laminates, plastic sheets and melamine sheets into sizes or cabinet components. They are also used by sign shops to cut sheets of aluminum, plastic and wood for their sign blanks. Some higher end panel saws feature computer controls that move the blade and fence systems to preset values. Other lower end machines offer simplicity and ease of use, including full scale hobbyist level panel saws at a mere fraction of the cost. While the entry level machines are designed for light duty usage, they offer home DIYers a cheap alternative for infrequent cutting when accuracy and clean cuts are not required.

Panel saws can have one main saw blade, or a scoring along with a main saw blade. Scoring is used to create a groove, especially in double side laminate before the main saw rips the piece in two, to avoid chipping. The scoring saw rotates in an opposite direction, as the main saw to avoid chipping.

References

Saws
Woodworking machines
IBM ViaVoice. IBM ViaVoice was a range of language-specific continuous speech recognition software products offered by IBM. The current version is designed primarily for use in embedded devices. The latest stable version of IBM Via Voice was 9.0 and was able to transfer text directly into Microsoft Word.

The most important process for the correct use of this software is the so-called  'quick training', and 'enrollment': it consists of reading many specific words and sentences in order to make the software adapt itself to the specific users' sound and intonation features. It lasts for one hour or more and can be divided in many parts. Users are able to improve decoding accuracy, by reading prepared texts of a few hundred sentences.  The recorded data was used to tune the acoustic model to that specific user.  In addition, user specific text files could be parsed to tune the language model.  Correction of mis-recognised words was also used to improve subsequent decode accuracy.

Editions
Individual language editions may have different features, specifications, technical support, and microphone support. Some of the products or editions available are:
 Advanced Edition,
 Standard Edition,
 Personal Edition,
 ViaVoice for Mac OS X Edition,
 Pro USB Edition,
 Simple Dictation for Mac.

The IBM Via Voice 98™ has been available in the Home, Office and Executive Edition in the following languages:

Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Spanish, UK English, US English. The Executive Edition allows you to dictate into most Windows applications and control them using your voice.

Designed for Windows 95, 98 and NT 4.0, it has been working very well with Windows 7.

In the Executive package are included:
 original software and user guide on CD-ROM;
 quality headset with microphone by Andrea Electronics Corporation™ with a converter plug for Sound Blaster™ sound cards and ThinkPad™;
 printed voice command reference card;
telephone support for one month.

History
Prior to the development of ViaVoice, IBM launched a product in 1993 named the IBM Personal Dictation System (later renamed to VoiceType) which ran on Windows, AIX, and OS/2. In 1997, ViaVoice was first introduced to the general public. Two years later, in 1999, IBM released a free of charge version of ViaVoice.

In 2003, IBM awarded ScanSoft, which owned the competitive product Dragon NaturallySpeaking, exclusive global distribution rights to ViaVoice Desktop products for Windows and Mac OS X. Two years later, Nuance merged with ScanSoft.

See also
 List of speech recognition software

References

External links
 at IBM 

ViaVoice
Speech recognition software
1997 software
Products and services discontinued in 2005
Discontinued software
General Electric F101. The General Electric F101 is an afterburning turbofan jet engine. It powers the Rockwell B-1 Lancer strategic bomber fleet of the USAF. In full afterburner it produces a thrust of more than . The F101 was GE's first turbofan with an afterburner.

Development
The F101 was developed specifically for the Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft, which became the B-1A. The F101 powered the four development aircraft from 1970 to 1981. The B-1A was officially cancelled in 1977. However the flight test program continued. General Electric was awarded a contract to further develop the F101-102 engine variant. This turbofan eventually powered the B-1B from 1984, entering service in 1986. The B-1's four F101 engines helped the aircraft win 61 world records for speed, time-to-climb, payload and range.

The GE F110 turbofan fighter jet engine is a derivative of the F101, designed using data from the F101-powered variant of the F-16 Fighting Falcon tested in the early 1980s. The F101 also became the basis for the highly successful CFM56 series of civil turbofans.

Applications
 F-16/101
 Rockwell B-1B Lancer

Specifications (F101-GE-102)

See also

References

External links

F101 on GE Aviation's site
F101 page on GlobalSecurity.org

Low-bypass turbofan engines
F101
1970s turbofan engines
George Bates Nichols Tower. George Bates Nichols Tower (1834–1889) was an American civil and mechanical engineer and Union naval officer during the American Civil War. He served for at least part of his term of service on the  as chief engineer. He was also a Chandler Instructor in civil engineering at Dartmouth College.

In 1874, he wrote Instructions on Modern American Bridge Building.

References

External links
 
 
 Making of America page images of Instructions on Modern American Bridge Building

1834 births
1889 deaths
American civil engineers
Dartmouth College faculty
Union Navy officers
UX. UX, Ux, or ux may refer to:

Astronomical objects
 UX Antliae, a post-AGB star in Corona Borealis
 UX Arietis, a triple star system
 UX Lyncis, a dim, red-hued star in Lynx
 UX Tauri, a binary star system

Computing

Software
 LG UX
 Unix, an operating system family
 A/UX, by Apple Computer  (1988–1995)
 DG/UX, by Data General (1985–2001)
 HP-UX, by Hewlett-Packard   (1982–)

Other uses in computing
 User experience, a person's behaviors, attitudes, and emotions about using a product, system, or service
 Sony Vaio UX Micro PC, a 2006 laptop brand
 iHub UX Lab, Nairobi, Kenya

Language
 Ux., legal shorthand for 'wife'; see Et uxor
 Ux or ux, a digraph substitute for Ŭ or ŭ in Esperanto's X-system ASCII transliteration

Transportation

Businesses
 Air Europa (IATA code: UX)
 United Express, a brand of United Airlines

Vehicles
 Lexus UX, a Japanese subcompact SUV
 LF-UX, a concept preview of the car
 SM U-10 (Austria-Hungary) (or U-X), the lead boat of the U-10 class of submarines of the Austro-Hungarian Navy

Other uses
 les UX, an underground organization that improves parts of Paris
 Uranium-X, historical name for the chemical element protactinium
 Niigata Television Network 21, a Japanese commercial broadcaster
Reynolds 531. Reynolds 531 (pronounced 'five-three-one') is a brand name, registered to Reynolds Technology of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, for a manganese–molybdenum, medium-carbon steel tubing that was used in many quality applications, including race car chassis, aircraft components and, most famously, bicycle frame tubing. It is one of a number of tubing types developed by Reynolds.

Reynolds 531 "was the standard of excellence for many decades" among bicycle frame-building materials. And because of the availability of a wide range of butting, diameters and thicknesses of tubes, along with different stays and fork blades, it became the tubing of choice for most frame builders.

Details

Introduced in 1935 and for many years at the forefront of alloy steel tubing technology, 531 cycle tubing has been superseded by more complex alloys and heat-treatment/cold-forming cycles as Reynolds continues to compete with other manufacturers of steel for the bicycle industry.

531 tubing became the tubing-of-choice for most framebuilders at least partly because of the huge range of butting, diameters and thicknesses of tubes along with different stays and fork blades available – helped by the willingness of Reynolds to make special tubes for certain manufacturers. Reynolds also made up complete 'sets' of tubing for different cycling applications – for example 531c (Competition), 531st (Super Tourist), 531ATB (All Terrain Bike) and so-on. This flexibility made 531 still competitive even after the introduction of more advanced alloys. The widespread use of TIG and MIG welding in cycle manufacture became a problem as 531 reacted poorly to the higher temperatures produced and 531 has been gradually phased out as a result.

The most common like-for-like replacements for 531 are Reynolds 520 and 525 – a chrome-molybdenum tubing with very similar characteristics, but in addition to brazing, can also be welded.  The 520 and 525 tubing are essentially the same thing. The difference being that 525 is made at Reynolds headquarters in Birmingham, England while 520 is made to the same specifications in Taiwan, saving transportation costs when supplying Taiwanese frame builders.

The approximate alloying composition of 531 tubing is 1.5% Mn, 0.25% Mo, 0.35% C, and is similar to the old British BS970 En 16/18 steel (EN 16 is similar to grade BS970 605M36). Its mechanical properties and response to heat treatment are broadly similar to the AISI 4130 standard alloy steel, also used for bicycle frames, motorcycles, as well as aviation and motor-sport. This material was used to form the front subframes on the Jaguar E-Type of the 1960s.

Reynolds 531 is now only available by special order. The nearest available stock material is BS4t45 to Bs5T100 in accordance with BS6S100 conditions. (T45) Reynolds has superseded this tube set with a number of innovations such as Reynolds 753 and the more current 853. Reynolds also produces stainless steel tube sets for bicycle frame building – these are 925 and 953.

References

Bicycle parts
Steels
History of science and technology in the United Kingdom
Specularity. Specularity is the visual appearance of specular reflections.

In computer graphics
In computer graphics, it means the quantity used in three-dimensional (3D) rendering which represents the amount of reflectivity a surface has. It is a key component in determining the brightness of specular highlights, along with shininess to determine the size of the highlights.

It is frequently used in real-time computer graphics and ray tracing, where the mirror-like specular reflection of light from other surfaces is often ignored (due to the more intensive computations required to calculate it), and the specular reflection of light directly from point light sources is modeled as specular highlights.

Specular mapping 

A materials system may allow specularity to vary across a surface, controlled by additional layers of texture maps.

The early misinterpretation of "Specularity" in computer graphics

Early shaders included a parameter called "Specularity". CG Artists, confused by this term discovered by experimentation that the manipulation of this parameter would cause a reflected highlight from a light source to appear and disappear and therefore misinterpreted "specularity" to mean "light highlights". In fact "Specular" is defined in optics as Optics. (of reflected light) directed, as from a smooth, polished surface (opposed to diffuse ). A specular surface is a highly smooth surface.  When the surface is very smooth, the reflected highlight is easy to see.  As the surface becomes rougher, the reflected highlights gets broader and dimmer.  This is a more "diffused" reflection.

In seismology
In the context of seismic migration, specularity is defined as the cosine of the angle made by the surface normal vector and the angle bisector of the angle defined by the directions of the incident and diffracted rays. For a purely specular seismic event the value of specularity should be equal to unity, as the angle between the surface normal vector and the angle bisector should be zero, according to Snell's Law. For a diffractive seismic event, the specularity can be sub-unitary. During the seismic migration, one can filter each seismic event according to the value of specularity, in order to enhance the contribution of diffractions in the seismic image. Alternatively, the events can be separated in different sub-images according to the value of specularity to produce a specularity gather.

See also
 Specular holography
 Reflection mapping

References

3D computer graphics
Geophysics
MDL. MDL may refer to:

Computing
 Fayyad & Irani's MDL method, a discretization method
 MDL (programming language), derived from LISP
 The extension for Valve's Source, Source 2 and ID Software's IDTech game engines proprietary model file format
 Microsoft Design Language, a design language created by Microsoft
 Minimum description length, a principle for inductive inference in information theory

Locations
 Mazagon Dock Limited, an Indian shipyard
 Military Demarcation Line, a truce border line between North and South Korea
 Museum of Dartmoor Life, Oakhampton, Devon, England
 IATA airport code for Mandalay International Airport

Other
 Method Detection limit of a chemical substance
 Mobile driver's license, a mobile app that replaces a physical driver's license
 MDL Information Systems, company formerly named "Molecular Design Limited"
 Moldovan leu, the currency of Moldova
 Multidistrict Litigation, US consolidation of complex litigation
 Roman numeral for 1550
 Might Delete Later, 2024 mixtape by J. Cole
Som. Som, SOM or Søm may refer to:

Computing
 System Object Model (file format), of the HP-UX operating system
 Simulation Object Model, in computer high-level architecture (simulation)
 System on module, in computer embedded systems
 Self-organizing map, neural network in machine learning
 IBM System Object Model, a programming tool

Organizations
 SOM Biotech
 SOM Foundation
 SOM Institute
 SOM (architectural firm)
 Yale SOM, the Yale School of Management

Places 
 Som, Somogy, Hungary
 Som, Uttar Pradesh, India
 Søm, Kristiansand, Norway
 Somalia, ISO 3166 three-letter code
 IOC Olympic country code for Somalia
 Somerset, county in England, Chapman code

Transport
 SOM (missile), of the Turkish Air Force
 Som-class submarine, Russia
 Somerset Railroad (New York), reporting mark
 South Milford railway station, North Yorkshire, England (National Rail station code SOM)
 SOM Center Road, name of a portion of Ohio State Route 91

Other uses
 Soum (currency) (also spelled "som") unit of currency in some Turkic-speaking countries
 Som (grape), or Furmint
 Somali language, ISO 539 three-letter code
 Som language, of Papua New Guinea
 Serviceable obtainable market, an alternate business term for target market
 Soundman (rank), or SoM, a former rank of the U.S. Navy
 Saskatchewan Order of Merit, Canada, post-nominal letters
 Seine–Oise–Marne culture, an ancient culture in northern France
 Serious otitis media, a disease of the ear
 Soil organic matter

People with the name 
 Preah Botumthera Som (1852–1932), Cambodian writer
 Som Sereyvuth, Cambodian judge
 Som Wardner, British musician
Adapter. An adapter or adaptor is a device that converts attributes of one electrical device or system to those of an otherwise incompatible device or system. Some modify power or signal attributes, while others merely adapt the physical form of one connector to another.

Travel adapters
Many countries with ties to Europe use 230-volt, 50 Hz AC mains electricity, using a variety of power plugs and sockets. Difficulty arises when moving an electrical device between countries that use different sockets. A passive electric power adapter, sometimes called a travel plug or travel adapter, allows using a plug from one region with a foreign socket. As other countries supply 120-volt, 60 Hz AC, using a travel adapter in a country with a different supply poses a safety hazard if the connected device does not support both input voltages.

AC-to-DC adapters

An AC-to-DC power supply adapts electricity from household mains voltage (either 120 or 230 volts AC) to low-voltage DC suitable for powering consumer electronics. Small, detached power supplies for consumer electronics are called AC adapters, or variously power bricks, wall warts, or chargers.

Computer adapters

A host controller connects a computer to a peripheral device, such as a storage device, network, or human interface device. As a host controller can also be viewed as bridging the protocols used on the buses between peripheral and computer, and internally to the computer, it is also called a host bus adapter. Likewise, specific types may be called adapters: a network interface controller may be called a network adapter, and a graphics card a display adapter.

Adapters (sometimes called dongles) allow connecting a peripheral device with one plug to a different jack on the computer. They are often used to connect modern devices to a legacy port on an old system, or legacy devices to a modern port. Such adapters may be entirely passive, or contain active circuitry.

A common type is a USB adapter.

One kind of serial port adapter enables connections between 25-contact and nine-contact connectors, but does not affect electrical power- and signalling-related attributes.

Software adapters

In software, an adapter is a piece of code that complies with an interface of an existing component while actually using another implementation.

See also 

AC power plugs and sockets
Dongle (includes all sorts of adapters)
Europlug
Power strip
Repurposing

References

Electrical components
Hydrogenolysis. Hydrogenolysis is a chemical reaction whereby a carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom single bond is cleaved or undergoes lysis (breakdown) by hydrogen. The heteroatom may vary, but it usually is oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. A related reaction is hydrogenation, where hydrogen is added to the molecule, without cleaving bonds. Usually hydrogenolysis is conducted catalytically using hydrogen gas.

History
The term "hydrogenolysis" was coined by Carleton Ellis in reference to hydrogenolysis of carbon–carbon bonds. Earlier, Paul Sabatier had already observed the hydrogenolysis of benzyl alcohol to toluene, and as early as 1906, Padoa and Ponti had observed the hydrogenolysis of furfuryl alcohol. Homer Burton Adkins and Ralph Connor were the first to call the carbon–oxygen bond cleavage "hydrogenolysis".

In the petrochemical industry

In petroleum refineries, catalytic hydrogenolysis of feedstocks is conducted on a large scale to remove sulfur from feedstocks, releasing gaseous hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The hydrogen sulfide is subsequently recovered in an amine treater and finally converted to elemental sulfur in a Claus process unit. In those industries, desulfurization process units are often referred to as hydrodesulfurizers (HDS) or hydrotreaters (HDT). Catalysts are based on molybdenum sulfide containing smaller amounts of cobalt or nickel. Hydrogenolysis is accompanied by hydrogenation.

Another hydrogenolysis reaction of commercial importance is the hydrogenolysis of esters into alcohols by catalysts such as copper chromite.

The hydrodeoxygenation reaction used in the Neste Renewable Diesel process, the vegetable oil refining process of largest production capacity, is a hydrogenolysis of triglycerides into alkanes.

In the laboratory
In the laboratory, hydrogenolysis is used in organic synthesis.  Debenzylation is most common and involves the cleavage of benzyl ethers:

Thioketals undergo hydrogenolysis using Raney nickel in the Mozingo reduction.

Laboratory hydrogenolysis is operationally similar to hydrogenation, and may be accomplished at atmospheric pressure by stirring the reaction mixture under a slight positive pressure of hydrogen gas, having flushed the apparatus with more of this gas. The hydrogen may be provided by attaching a balloon to a needle, filling it from a bottle, and inserting the needle into the reaction flask via a rubber septum. At high pressure, a hydrogenation autoclave (i.e., a Buchi or Parr hydrogenator) or similar piece of equipment is required.

References

Organic redox reactions
Hydrogen
AURA. AURA may refer to:

 Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy
 Atlas of UTR Regulatory Activity
 AURA (United Artists for African Rap), a collective of hip hop artists
 Automated User-Centered Reasoning and Acquisition System, sponsored by Vulcan Inc.
 DRDO AURA, an unmanned combat air vehicle being developed by India

See also
 Aura (disambiguation)
List of miscellaneous ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. This is a list of miscellaneous ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom.

Active
Littoral Strike/Primary Casualty Receiving Ship

Multi-Role Ocean Surveillance Ship

Autonomous Minehunting Mothership

Decommissioned

Forward Repair Ship 

Diligence was initially chartered for service during the Falklands War. She became a fleet maintenance vessel and was used in multiple forward deployments, including during both Gulf conflicts: Gulf War and Iraq War.

Aviation Support / Training Ship

Aviation Support Ship

Salvage Vessels

King Salvor class 
The King Salvor-class salvage vessel was a series of twelve ocean salvage vessels operated by the RFA.

Hospital Ships

Notes and references

United Kingdom
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous