omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Native copper. Native copper is an uncombined form of copper that occurs as a natural mineral. Copper is one of the few metallic elements to occur in native form, although it most commonly occurs in oxidized states and mixed with other elements. Native copper was an important ore of copper in historic times and was used by pre-historic peoples.

Native copper occurs rarely as isometric cubic and octahedral crystals, but more typically as irregular masses and fracture fillings. It has a reddish, orangish, and/or brownish color on fresh surfaces, but typically is weathered and coated with a green tarnish of copper(II) carbonate (also known as patina or verdigris). Its specific gravity is 8.9 and its hardness is 2.5–3.

The mines of the Keweenaw native copper deposits of Upper Michigan were major copper producers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and are the largest deposits of native copper in the world.  Native Americans mined copper on a small scale at this and many other locations,  and evidence exists of copper trading routes throughout North America among native peoples, proven by isotopic analysis.  The first commercial mines in the Keweenaw Peninsula (which is nicknamed the "Copper Country" and "Copper Island") opened in the 1840s. Isle Royale in western Lake Superior was also a site of many tons of native copper. Some of it was extracted by native peoples, but only one of several commercial attempts at mining turned a profit there. An archived record of native copper originally found up river from Lake Superior, on the west branch of the Ontonagon River, via being dragged by a glacier is seen in the Ontonagon Boulder now in the possession of the Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. 

Another major native copper deposit is in Coro Coro, Bolivia.

The name copper comes from the Greek kyprios, "of Cyprus", the location of copper mines since pre-historic times.

Gallery

See also

References

Further reading
Thurner, Arthur W.  Strangers and Sojourners - A History of Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula  (Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.: Wayne State University Press, 1994) .B

External links 

Native element minerals
Copper
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225
Shinano Kenshi. was founded in 1918 as Shinano Spun Silk Spinning Co., Ltd. to manufacture spun silk yarn, which at that time was one of the most high-tech industries in the world. As the years passed, the company expanded to other industrial markets while maintaining its silk operations. In 1962 the company established an Electrical Department and, in 1971 the company introduced a fan motor for air conditioning machines. The company started the production of tape decks in 1972 and, in 1973, the company introduced a gear motor for copying machines and changed the company name to Shinano Kenshi Co., Ltd.

In 1985 Hanaoka Hosei Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Shinano Kenshi, changed its name to Texel Corporation. It developed the Plextor brand in 1993.

Products

Precision Electric Motor
Industrial System Equipment(Image/High speed camera/Printer/Audio)
Welfare & Life Assist equipment
Spun Silk Yarn

External links
 Shinano Kenshi
 PLEXLOGGER

Electronics companies of Japan
Companies based in Nagano Prefecture
Electronics companies established in 1918
Japanese brands
Dirt road. A dirt road or track is a type of unpaved road not paved with asphalt, concrete, brick, or stone; made from the native material of the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as subgrade material.

Terminology

Similar terms 
Terms similar to dirt road are dry-weather road, earth road, or the "Class Four Highway" designation used in China. A track, dirt track, or earth track would normally be similar but less suitable for larger vehicles—the distinction is not well-defined. Laterite and murram roads, depending on material used, may be dirt roads or improved roads.

Improved road 
Unpaved roads with a harder surface made by the addition of material such as gravel and aggregate (stones), might be referred to as dirt roads in common usage but are distinguished as improved roads by highway engineers. Improved unpaved roads include gravel roads and macadamized roads.

Characteristics 
Compared to a gravel road, a dirt road is not usually graded regularly to produce an enhanced camber to encourage rainwater to drain off the road, and drainage ditches at the sides may be absent. They are unlikely to have embankments through low-lying areas. This leads to greater waterlogging and erosion, and after heavy rain the road may be impassable even to off-road vehicles. For this reason, in some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand and Finland, they are known as dry-weather roads.

Dirt roads take on different characteristics according to the soils and geology where they pass, and may be sandy, stony, rocky or have a bare earth surface, which could be extremely muddy and slippery when wet, and baked hard when dry. They are likely to become impassable after rain. They are common in rural areas of many countries, often very narrow and infrequently used, and are also found in metropolitan areas of many developing countries, where they may also be used as major highways and have considerable width.

Dirt roads almost always form a washboard-like surface with ridges. The reason for this is that dirt roads have tiny irregularities; a wheel hitting a bump pushes it forward, making it bigger, while a wheel pushing over a bump pushes dirt into the next bump. However, the surface can remain flat for velocities less than .

Driving on dirt roads 
While most gravel roads are all-weather roads and can be used by ordinary cars, dirt roads may only be passable by trucks or four-wheel drive vehicles, especially in wet weather, or on rocky or very sandy sections. It is as easy to become bogged in sand as it is in mud; a high clearance under the vehicle may be required for rocky sections.

Driving on dirt roads requires great attention to variations in the surface and it is easier to lose control than on a gravel road.

Image gallery

References

See also 

 Byway (road)
 Country lane
 Green lane (road)
 Trail

Types of roads
Mulshi Dam. Mulshi is the name of a major dam on the Mula River in India. It is located in the Mulshi taluka administrative division of the Pune district of Maharashtra State.

Water from the dam is used for irrigation as well as for generating electricity at the Bhira hydroelectric power plant, operated by Tata Power. The station operates six 25MW Pelton turbines installed in 1927 and one 150MW Pumped Storage Unit. Water from this reservoir located in the Krishna River basin is diverted to the Bhira power house for generating Hydro electricity.

In 1920–21, during the construction of the dam and power station, Pandurang Mahadev Bapat led Mulshi Satyagrah, a movement to represent farmers whose land had been taken to build the project. He was dubbed Senapati (commander) in recognition of his leadership.

Tourism
In recent years Mulshi and adjoining areas have been developed as a tourist destination, adding accommodation for leisure guests. The place is around 2 hours drive from Pune and is a major attraction over the weekends. The best time of the year to visit Mulshi is from August to October.

References

External links

 Tata Hydro Power Plants Tata Power's hydro power projects in India, including photos of Muslhi Dam and Bhira Power Station

Dams in Pune district
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in India
1927 establishments in India
Dams completed in 1927
20th-century architecture in India
Stealth ATF. Stealth ATF is a stealth fighter video game released by Activision in 1989 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The object of the game is to take out aircraft that are trying to destroy the player's stealth fighter. The game supports up to two players.

Gameplay

The player is in full control of their Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk stealth attack aircraft; controlling every aspect of the military flight experience from exiting the runway and battling other fighters while airborne to landing the plane after the battle is over. The fighter is equipped with machine guns and missiles to take out enemy aircraft. Each level has different scenery and varying types of runways; for example, some levels will have a very long runway on solid ground, while others may have a very short one on a carrier out in the ocean. The player must also be aware of the damage the fighter has taken, the number of missiles it has remaining, and the altitude of the fighter (so it will not crash into the ground).

Missions take place in the potential military hot spots of the late 1980s. These locations are: such as the Middle East, Alaska, and the Pacific.

Controls
Control Pad – steer plane
A button – fire machine guns
B button – fire missile
Start – Stealth Mode
Select – turn sound on/off

Reception
Allgame gave the video game a score of 2.5 stars out of a possible 5 in their overview. The Video Game Critic gave Stealth ATF a letter grade of F (less than 5 out of 10) in their April 8, 2001 overview.

References

1989 video games
Activision games
Imagineering (company) games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Video games scored by Russell Lieblich
Video games set in the 1980s
Video games set in Alaska
Video games set in Asia
Video games set in Central America
Video games set in Libya
Video games set in the Middle East
Video games set in Russia
Video games developed in the United States
Electrical wiring in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, the main electrical wiring system used is BS 1363. In old buildings, the BS 546 system is also common.

Due to its proximity to mainland China, electrical products from there are present in Hong Kong, especially those as a result of cross-border purchase carried out by mainland Chinese immigrants. Nevertheless, even if the product meets the safety requirements in China, they are not necessarily confirmed to BS 1363 standard, thus may have plug and socket compatibility issues when using them in Hong Kong.

Before the enforcement of the Electrical Products (Safety) Regulation, many types of plugs could be found in Hong Kong. Using this old equipment sometimes leads to plug and socket mating problems. Nowadays, virtually all plugs fitted in equipment sold in Hong Kong are BS 1363 compatible.

Case specific analysis

Mainland China two-pin plugs
The 2-pin plugs (with round or flat pins) in mainland China are compatible with the British converter plugs sold in Hong Kong. For shavers and electric toothbrushes that take less than 1A of current, British shaver adaptors can be also used.

Mainland China three-pin plugs
Mainland China three-pin plugs cannot be converted with a British standard adaptors, which are commonly sold in Hong Kong. One can replace the plug or the power cord as appropriate. This is also the case for Australian three-pin plugs.

Schuko

Special attention is to be paid to the earthing of Schuko plugs. Though British converter plugs for Schuko are occasionally found; they are not common. Plug replacement is often necessary. This problem is common for special equipment in optical shops and among the residents of European origin.

Old plugs
There are old electrical plugs that can be inserted into the British sockets BS 1363 or BS 546, but they do not meet the British Standards. Standards "BS 1363" or "BS546" are not marked on such old quasi-UK plugs. Some of them are missing the BS1362 plug fuse or the pins are lacking insulating sleeves, among other problems.

Old sockets

Sockets of BS546 are incompatible with BS 1363 plugs. Compliant adaptors are not available to convert a BS546 5Amp socket to a BS 1363 13Amp one.

See also
BS 1363
Common electrical adaptors in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom
Domestic AC power plugs and sockets
Double insulated
Extension cable
Ground and neutral
Electrical wiring (UK)
Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong

References 

Mains power connectors
Electrical standards
Science and technology in Hong Kong
Electrical wiring
Standards of the People's Republic of China
Industry standard. An industry standard is a technical standard used in technical contexts throughout an industry. It may also refer to:
 Industry Standard Architecture, the 16-bit internal bus of IBM Personal Computer/AT
 Industry Standard Coding Identification, a standard created to identify commercials that aired on U.S. TV
 The Industry Standard, a news website and former magazine

Music
 Industry Standard, a 1982 album by the Dregs
 Industry Standard, a UK garage duo (Clayton Mitchell and Dave Deller) known for the 1997 song "Vol. 1 (What You Want What You Need)"
 Industry Standard, an alias used by Orbital in 1992 for the single "Rave On"; after this, Orbital would go on to use the phrase "industry standard" to mean a radio edit of a song

See also
 Standard (disambiguation)
Edwin Davis (executioner). Edwin F. Davis (May 28, 1846 – May 26, 1923), of Corning, Steuben County, New York, was the first "state electrical engineer” (executioner) for the state of New York. In 1890, Davis finalized many features of the first electric chair used. Davis performed 240 executions between 1890 and 1914, including the first person to be executed by electric chair, William Kemmler, and the first woman, Martha M. Place, as well as William McKinley's assassin, Leon F. Czolgosz.

Davis held a patent on certain features of the electric chair. He received U.S. Patent No. 587,649 for his "Electrocution-Chair" on August 3, 1897.

He died two days before his 77th birthday, and is buried in Barnard Cemetery in Corning, New York.

See also
List of executioners

References

1846 births
1923 deaths
American executioners
People from Corning, New York
19th-century American inventors
American electrical engineers
X-ray fluorescence holography. X-ray fluorescence holography (XFH) is a holography method with atomic resolution based on atomic fluorescence. It is a relatively new technique that benefits greatly from the coherent high-power X-rays available from synchrotron sources, such as the Japanese SPring-8 facility.

Imaging
Fluorescent X-rays are scattered by atoms in a sample and provide the object wave, which is referenced to non-scattered X-rays. A holographic pattern is recorded by scanning a detector around the sample, which allows researchers to investigate the local 3D structure around a specific element in a sample.

Applications
It is useful for investigating the effects of irradiation on high temperature superconductors.

Twin picture
One of the criticisms for this method is that it suffers from twin images. D. Gabor. Barton proposed that reconstructed phased images of holograms will suppress twin images effects.

References

X-ray spectroscopy
Holography
Language Interface Pack. In Microsoft terminology, a Language Interface Pack (LIP) is a skin for localizing a Windows operating system in languages such as Lithuanian, Serbian, Hindi, Marathi, Kannada, Tamil, and Thai. Based on Multilingual User Interface (MUI) "technology", a LIP also requires the software to have a base installed language and provides users with an approximately 80 percent localized user experience by translating a reduced set of user interface elements. Unlike MUI packs which are available only to Microsoft volume license customers and for specific SKUs of Windows Vista, a Language Interface Pack is available for free and can be installed on a licensed copy of Microsoft Windows or Office and a fixed "base language". In other words, if the desired additional language has incomplete localization, users may add it for free, while if the language has complete localization, the user must pay for it by licensing a premium version of Windows. (In Windows Vista and Windows 7, only the Enterprise and Ultimate editions are "multilingual".)

Typically, a Language Interface Pack is designed for regional markets that do not have full MUI packs or fully localized versions of a product. It is an intermediate localized solution that enables computer users to adapt their software to display many commonly used features in their native language. Each new Language Interface Pack is built using the glossary created by the Community Glossary Project in cooperation with the local government, academia, and local linguistic experts.

References

Software add-ons
AGM-63. The AGM-63 was a missile design produced by the United States. It was conceived in March 1962 when the U.S. Navy issued two requirements for long-range Anti-Radiation Missiles (ARMs) to complement the short-range AGM-45 Shrike. The first was to operate over ranges of up to 50 nmi (90 km), while the second would be capable of operating out to 100 nmi (180 km). Development of the ARM I was approved in 1963; the missile was given the designation ZAGM-63A. However no funds were made available as other ARM programs such as the improved AGM-45 Shrike, and the development of the AGM-78 Standard ARM and AGM-88 HARM were given a higher priority.

The AGM-63 continued on for several years as a purely theoretical missile. No design or configuration was ever settled on, and the project was cancelled in the late 1960s.

Operators 
 :  The United States Navy cancelled the AGM-63 before any examples were produced.

External links
 AGM-63 - Designation Systems

AGM-063
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
AGM-64 Hornet. The AGM-64 Hornet was a missile produced by the United States.

In the early 1960s, North American Aviation produced a missile design for the U.S. Air Force's Anti-Tank Guided Aircraft Rocket (ATGAR) project. The ATGAR was ultimately not produced, but the Air Force was impressed enough that in 1963 it awarded North American a development contract for the ZAGM-64A Hornet missile. The Hornet was planned as a battlefield missile for use against armored vehicles which would mount an electro-optical guidance system.

The first test firing of the prototype XAGM-64A occurred in December 1964. It was powered by a fast-burning solid rocket motor. The electro-optical guidance system provided a live TV image to the cockpit; the operator would lock the missile onto the desired target before launch and the missile would home in on it automatically.

The Air Force ultimately stopped development of the AGM-64, judging that the similar AGM-65 Maverick had more potential. Although not produced as a weapon, the Hornet became a testbed for various guidance systems including different varieties of electro-optical systems and a magnetic guidance system. The program was terminated in 1968.

The XAGM-64 was briefly revived in the early 1970s, again to test missile guidance systems. The propulsion system of the missile was upgraded, increasing the range to as much as 2.5 miles (4 km). In this configuration the Hornet tested laser guidance packages, the electro-optical system designed for the GBU-8/B and GBU-9/B Homing Bomb System (HOBOS) glide bombs, and the terminal guidance system for the AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank missile.

Operators
The United States Air Force canceled the AGM-64 before service entry.

Citations

References
Rockwell AGM-64 Hornet
AGM-64 Hornet
Bill Gunston: "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rockets and Missiles", Salamander Books Ltd, 1979

AGM-064
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
AGM-064
AGM-83 Bulldog. The AGM-83 Bulldog was a missile produced by the United States.

The missile had its origins in the AGM-12 Bullpup. The Bullpup used a manual guidance system which required the launching aircraft to continue flying towards the target throughout the missile flight time, making it highly vulnerable to counterattack. The U.S. Navy and Air Force requested a pilot-independent guidance system for the Bullpup which would let the launching aircraft turn away after firing. In 1970, Texas Instruments was given a Navy contract to create a laser-guidance system for the Bullpup that homed in on the reflection of a laser beam. The new missile was designated AGM-83 Bulldog; it was developed in cooperation with the Naval Weapons Center (NWC). The Bulldog was heavily based on the AGM-12B Bullpup A, but used a new 113 kg (250 lb) MK 19 blast-fragmentation warhead.

Firing trials of the AGM-83A took place in 1971–1972, with successful results. The Navy planned to get the Bulldog into service by 1974. A version for ground handling training known as the ATM-83A was also planned. However, in 1972 it was decided that the Navy should instead procure a laser-guided version of the Air Force's AGM-65 Maverick, the AGM-65C—which itself was later cancelled in favour of the AGM-65E.

Operators
 :  The United States Navy cancelled the AGM-83 prior to service entry.

Citations

Bibliography

AGM-083
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Trevorite. Trevorite is a rare nickel iron oxide mineral belonging to the spinel group. It has the chemical formula NiFe3+2O4. It is a black mineral with the typical spinel properties of crystallising in the cubic system, black streaked, infusible and insoluble in most acids.

There is at least partial solid solution between trevorite and magnetite, with many magnetites from ultramafic rocks containing at least trace amounts of Ni. Fe2+ and Mg2+ may substitute for Ni in trevorite.

Discovery and occurrence
It was first described for an occurrence in the	Bon Accord Nickel Deposit, Bon Accord, Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa, in 1921 and was named for Major Tudor Gryffydd Trevor (1865–1954) who was a mining inspector in South Africa.

In the Bon Accord deposit it occurred as a contact deposit between an ultramafic intrusion and a quartzite. In an occurrence at Mount Clifford, Australia, it occurs associated with a nickel sulfide orebody adjacent to a gabbro which intruded peridotite. Associated minerals include nimite, willemseite, nickeloan talc, violarite, millerite, reevesite and goethite at Bon Accord; and with native nickel, heazlewoodite and millerite at Mt. Clifford.

It has also been reported from the Logatchev-1 hydrothermal field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; in the Hatrurim Formation in the Negev Desert in Israel; the Josephine Creek District, Josephine County, Oregon and the Gabbs District of Nye County, Nevada.

References

Iron(III) minerals
Nickel minerals
Spinel group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 227
Magnetic minerals
Raymond DeWalt. Raymond Elmer DeWalt (October 9, 1885 – May 8, 1961) was an American inventor and entrepreneur, who invented the radial arm saw in 1922. In 1924, he founded DeWALT Products Company in Leola, Pennsylvania, to manufacture and sell the “Wonder-Worker” (his name for the radial arm saw). As the company was reaching an early pinnacle of success, he sold it to found a religious communal order. He later went on to become a shop teacher at Mechanicsburg Highschool. He was born in Oakville Cumberland County, Pennsylvania and died in Mechanicsburg.

References

History of DeWalt

1885 births
1961 deaths
20th-century American inventors