omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
6063 aluminium alloy. AA 6063 is an aluminium alloy, with magnesium and silicon as the alloying elements. The standard controlling its composition is maintained by The Aluminum Association. It has generally good mechanical properties and is heat treatable and weldable. It is similar to the British aluminium alloy HE9.

6063 is the most common alloy used for aluminium extrusion.  It allows complex shapes to be formed with very smooth surfaces fit for anodizing and is popular for visible architectural applications such as window frames, door frames, roofs, and sign frames. Applications requiring higher strength typically use 6061 or 6082 instead.

Chemical composition 
The alloy composition of 6063 is:

Mechanical properties 
The mechanical properties of 6063 depend greatly on the temper, or heat treatment, of the material.

6063-O 
Un-heat-treated 6063 has maximum tensile strength no more than , and no specified maximum yield strength. The material has elongation (stretch before ultimate failure) of 18%.

6063-T1 
T1 temper 6063 has an ultimate tensile strength of at least  in thicknesses up to , and  from  thick, and yield strength of at least  in thickness up to  and  from  thick. It has elongation of 12%.

6063-T4

6063-T5 
T5 temper 6063 has an ultimate tensile strength of at least  in thicknesses up to , and  from  thick, and yield strength of at least  up to  and  from.  It has elongation of 8%.

6063-T6 
T6 temper 6063 has an ultimate tensile strength of at least  and yield strength of at least .  In thicknesses of  or less, it has elongation of 8% or more; in thicker sections, it has elongation of 10%.

Other tempers 
6063 is also produced in tempers T52, T53, T54, T55, and T832, with various improved  desired
properties.

Uses 
6063 is used for architectural fabrication, window and door frames, pipe and tubing, and aluminium furniture.

Welding 
6063 is highly weldable, using tungsten inert gas welding.  Typically, after welding, the properties near the weld are those of 6063-0, a loss of strength of up to 30%.  The material can be re-heat-treated to restore a higher temper for the whole piece.

References

Further reading
 "Properties of Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys: 6063", Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p. 103-104.

Aluminum alloy table 

Aluminium alloys
Aluminium–magnesium–silicon alloys
Incipient wetness impregnation. Incipient wetness impregnation (IW or IWI), also called capillary impregnation or dry impregnation, is a commonly used technique for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. Typically, the active metal precursor is dissolved in an aqueous or organic solution. Then the metal-containing solution is added to a catalyst support containing the same pore volume as the volume of the solution that was added. Capillary action draws the solution into the pores. Solution added in excess of the support pore volume causes the solution transport to change from a capillary action process to a diffusion process, which is much slower. The catalyst can then be dried and calcined to drive off the volatile components within the solution, depositing the metal on the catalyst surface. The maximum loading is limited by the solubility of the precursor in the solution. The concentration profile of the impregnated compound depends on the mass transfer conditions within the pores during impregnation and drying.

References

 
 
 

Catalysts
Materials science
Hervé Biausser. Hervé Biausser (; born 17 February 1951) is the former director of two French engineering schools,  and Supélec, positions he has held since 2003 and 2013, respectively. He was the director of CentraleSupélec from 1 January 2015, date when the fusion of the two schools was effective, until 31 August 2018 when he was replaced by Romain Soubeyran.

Career
Biausser studied engineering at . He began his PhD studies at  and, before defending, joined IRSID, the research institute of the French steel industry group Usinor in 1977. There, he researched steel processing and steel products, held several managerial positions, and was responsible for the Mechanical Metallurgy Department. He then became a professor at his alma mater. He was promoted to the head of the Materials Development laboratory, a position he held from 1998 to 2001. In July 2001, he became Director of the Research Centre of the institution, head of the Graduate School, and director of the sister company Centrale Recherche SA. In 2003, he became the director of , replacing Daniel Gourisse, who had been director for twenty years.

During his tenure as director,  organized a renovation of the Centralien curriculum. Biausser has been a strong advocate for the partnership with another engineering school, Supélec, and for the move from the Châtenay-Malabry campus to the Paris-Saclay one, which is underway. At the same time, the Centrale Graduate School expanded by opening a new school in Beijing, . Another  is expected to open soon in Casablanca, and it was announced that another school should open in India in the near future.

In 2013, Biausser was selected as the new General Director of Supélec. He continues as director of .

Biausser is a member of the board of the Conference des Grandes Écoles, where, after being secretary, he became vice-president in June 2009. He was president of CESAER, a European association of engineering schools, in 2009 and 2010. He has also been president of the TIME network, which promotes the exchange of engineering students.

Education
 Engineering degree at the , 1973
 Bachelor of Economics (Licencié ès sciences économiques, Paris I), 1975

Awards
 Jean Rist Award from the "Société Française de Métallurgie et des Matériaux" (SF2M, French Society for Metallurgy and Materials), 1985
 Grande Médaille (highest award) from the Société Française de Métallurgie et des Matériaux (SF2M), 2005
 Knight of the Légion d'Honneur, 2006
 Officer of the Ordre National du Mérite
 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Mons, Belgium, 2012

Personal life
His father was Breton and his mother from Réunion. He likes yoga, opera, and classical Greek authors, and is a former handball player.

References

External links
 Video interview with Biausser by Energies de Demain (in French)

1951 births
Living people
French academic administrators
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
École Centrale Paris alumni
20th-century French engineers
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
People from Charenton-le-Pont
Concept development and experimentation. Concept development and experimentation (CD&E) is the application of the structure and methods of experimental science to the challenge of developing future military capability.

CD&E is a forward-looking process for developing and evaluating new concepts, before committing extensive resources. It helps identify the best solution not only from a technical perspective, but also for possible solutions for challenges involving doctrine, organization, training, and material to achieve significant advances in future operations.  

Developing and identifying future-oriented concepts allows one to:
 test their validity/feasibility;
 take advantage of other studies/experiments conducted and
 save resources and avoid duplication.

The potential impacts on interoperability and increased capabilities by emerging concepts must be captured by some process and exploited.

Concept development gives broad and sometimes ill-defined ideas a chance to be examined by groups of experts in a logical process. These ideas can come from different sources: e.g. ministry of defense, industry, servicemen organizations or partners. They can be generated by staff processes, operational experience, formal analytical work, or published proposals. There need be no boundaries on the types of ideas that enter the concept development process, although some simpler ones that modify techniques or procedures might be ‘fast-tracked’ into practice because they are intuitively sound. 

Typically, promising ideas with a broader scope are explored and refined through workshops and larger seminars to the point where more mature concepts are formed. These concepts are further debated in committees or working groups and, if accepted, are submitted to the experimental process.

Kinds of experiments 

Different kinds of experiments can be conducted: 
 Discovery experiments [a questionable scientific practice] reveal more details of the scrutinized problem.
 Hypothesis experiments validate specific thesis and
 Demonstration experiments provide an insight into the realization of the a concept.

Once validated and accepted, concepts are incorporated into military organizations – for example, through doctrine and capability development processes.

Literature 
NATO Code of Best Practice for C2 Assessment, CCRP Publication Series, 2002 ()
Alberts, David S., Hayes, Richard E: Code of Best Practice for Experimentation, CCRP Publication Series, 2002 ()
Alberts, David S., Hayes, Richard E: Campaigns of Experimentation, CCRP Publication Series, 2005 ()
 Guide for Understanding and Implementing Defense Experimentation (GUIDEx), The Technical Cooperation Program, 2006, () GUIDEx Book () GUIDEx Pocketbook () GUIDEx Triptych ()

External links 
 NATO Concept Development and Experimentation Working Group
 NATO Concept Development and Experimentation Conference
 NATO Concept Development and Experimentation Handbook

United States defense procurement
NATO
Urban Bioscope. The Urban Bioscope, also known as the Warwick Bioscope was a film projector developed by Walter Isaacs in 1897 for Charles Urban of the Warwick Trading Company. The projector used a beater movement. It has two names because it was created by Charles Urban and Walter Isaacs.  It was a 35mm fast-pull-down-beater-movement machine allegedly based on Georges Demenÿ patents.  In 1897, Urban joined Warwick Trading in the UK.  At that time he brought with him the Bioscope from America for resale.  Earlier versions of the scope projected both slides and films.  These versions came with a "spoolbank" attachment that made it possible for very short films to be repeated without pause.

References

History of film
Film and video technology
Luke McKernan, Charles Urban: Pioneering the Non-Fiction Film in Britain and America, 1897-1925 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2013),
Power.org. Power.org was a global computer industry organization from 2004 to 2013, then succeeded by OpenPOWER Foundation, to develop and promote POWER Architecture technology by establishing its open standards, guidelines, best practices, and certifications.

It was founded in 2004 by IBM and 15 other companies. Freescale (later bought by NXP Semiconductors) joined in 2006 as an honorary founding member and was given similar status as IBM. One year later, it announced a landmark technology development deal with IBM. Power.org had over 40 paying members as corporations, governmental, and educational institutions.

History
In December 2004, Power.org was founded. In February 2006, Freescale joined. In July 2006, the Power Architecture brand was established to unify products based on Power, PowerPC, PowerQUICC and Cell. In November 2006, Power ISA v2.03 was released as the unified instruction set for POWER Architecture processors, to unify 15 years of development on POWER and PowerPC. In November 2006, Power Architecture Platform Reference was released as the foundation for development of standard Power Architecture computers running the Linux operating system. In September 2007, Power Architecture Developer Conference was held. In December 2008, the Common Debug API Specification was released. In December 2008, the ePAPR specification for embedded systems was released.

Power.org introduced and promoted Power Architecture, a collective marketing term for any specification, hardware, and software related to the POWER, PowerPC, and Power ISA architectures.

In 2013, Power.org was disestablished and succeeded by OpenPOWER Consortium, since renamed OpenPOWER Foundation, which is responsible for developing and releasing open documentation.

Organization
Power.org's board of directors consisted of founding members and others. Several committees and subcommittees governed and managed the organization's goals, projects, and responsibilities. Members had no veto rights in the decision processes of what defined the Power ISA, which was IBM's and Freescale's responsibility. Power.org had a tiered membership model, with four levels: Founder, Sponsor, Participant, Associate and Developer. Developer membership was free of charge. Members included these:
  
 IBM (founder)
 Freescale (founder, later bought by NXP)
 Cadence (founder)
 Synopsys (founder)
 Airbus
 AMCC
 Barcelona Supercomputing Center
 Broadcom
 Bull
 Chartered
 Curtiss-Wright
 Denali

 ENEA
 Ericsson
 Genesi
 Green Hills Software
 HCL Technologies
 Kyocera
 Lauterbach
 LynuxWorks
 Mentor Graphics
 Mercury Computer Systems
 National Instruments
 OKI
 P.A. Semi
 
 Rapport
 Sony
 Terra Soft
 Thales Group
 Tundra Semiconductor
 University of Mannheim
 University of Tennessee, Knoxville
 Virage Logic
 Virtutech
 Wind River
 Xilinx
 XGI Technology

References

External links
  
  
  

Technology consortia
IBM
Bombardier Aerospace Emergency Services (Toronto). Bombardier Aerospace Emergency Services (Toronto) is responsible for fire and emergency services at Bombardier Aerospace's assembly and testing facility at Downsview Airport.

Station

There is one station that is located at the airport with apparatus stored in a shed near the end of Hanover Road.

Fleet

 2 Oshkosh Truck Corporation T-1500 airport crash tenders (1250/1250/210F)
 Dodge RAM fire prevention unit
 GMC Safari van fire marshall unit
 2 Toyota FJ Cruiser mobile response units
 Ford Windstar fire marshall van

See also

 Toronto City Centre Airport Emergency Response Services

References

 Bombardier Toronto
 Dehavilland Toronto

Fire departments in Ontario
Aircraft rescue and firefighting
Bombardier Aerospace
North York
Split nut. A split nut is a nut that is split lengthwise into two pieces (opposed halves) so that its female thread may be opened and closed over the male thread of a bolt or leadscrew. This allows the nut, when open, to move along the screw without the screw turning (or, vice versa, to allow the screw to pass through the nut without turning). Then, when the nut is closed, it resumes the normal movement of a nut on a screw (in which axial travel is linked to rotational travel)

A split nut assembly is often used in positioning systems, for example in the leadscrew of a lathe. It is one of the machine elements that makes single-point threading practical on manual (non-CNC) lathes. The very earliest screw-cutting lathes (in the late 18th and early 19th centuries) did not have them, but within a few decades, split nuts were common on lathes.

The two halves of the nut have chamfered ends (60° to the axis), which helps the threads to find engagement during the closing action. Usually, the screw and nut are also oiled for lubrication. Such provisions prolong the service life of the threads by minimizing wear.

Split nuts work best with trapezoidal threads.

Split nuts may not engage and disengage with multi start threads due to the overlapping leads.

References 

Nuts (hardware)
Automation and Remote Control. Automation and Remote Control () is a Russian scientific journal published by MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica Press and distributed in English by Springer Science+Business Media.

The journal was established in April 1936 by the USSR Academy of Sciences Department of Control Processes Problems. Cofounders were the Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences and the Institute of Information Transmission Problems. The journal covers research on control theory problems and applications. The editor-in-chief is Andrey A. Galyaev. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 0.7.

History
The journal was established in April 1936 and published bimonthly. Since 1956 the journal has been a monthly publication and was translated into English and published in the United States under the title Automation and Remote Control by Plenum Publishing Corporation. During its existence, the scope of the journal substantially evolved and expanded to reflect virtually all subjects concerned in one way or another with the current science of automation and control systems. The journal publishes surveys, original papers, and short communications.

References

External links

  
 Institute of Control Sciences
 Journal page at MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica Press

Systems journals
Engineering journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Nauka academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1936
1936 establishments in the Soviet Union
Control theory journals
Echo-class survey ship (1957). The Echo class was a class of inshore survey vessels built for the British Royal Navy in 1958–1959. The class was designed to operate in close waters such as harbour approaches, shipping lanes, rivers and estuaries. Together, the ships of this class formed the Royal Navy's Inshore Survey Squadron.

Description
The class consisted of three ships, and were of composite (wood on metal frames) construction. They were based on the same basic hull as the  and the . They had a large superstructure with an open bridge on top. The engines were up-rated to . They were crewed by 5 officers and 34 ratings, with accommodation on board for 4 officers and 18 rates.

Service history
In the late 1960s, two Ham-class minesweepers,  and  were rebuilt as inshore survey vessels very similar to the Echos, although they could be identified by having an enclosed wheelhouse and a tripod mast. They were renamed HMS Waterwitch and , respectively.

All ships were sold out of service in 1985. The Marine Society acquired two of the three vessels circa 1985 and converted them to training vessels. They were modified, from plans loaned by the Port of London Authority who had already purchased HMS Polsham in 1967 and converted her to a survey vessel, Maplin. The two vessels were renamed, Jonas Hanway and Earl of Romney, and were initially based and operated in conjunction with the Gravesend Sea School on the Thames at Denton. The third vessel is thought to have been included within the disposal package by the Ministry of Defence and acted as a spare parts source for the two operational vessels. Jonas Hanway was sold to a private owner in 1998 and  is moored near Southend-on-Sea.

Ships
 , built by J Samuel White, Cowes, commissioned 12 September 1958, sold 1985 (scrapped for spares)
 , built by WM Blackmore & Sons, Bideford, commissioned 1959, sold 1985 (renamed Earl of Romney)
 , built by William Weatherhead & Sons, Cockenzie, commissioned 1959, sold 1985 (renamed Jonas Hanway)

See also
 , the Royal Navy's latest survey vessels, launched in 2002.

References

 Warships of the Royal Navy, Captain John. E. Moore RN, Jane's Publishing, 1979

Auxiliary research ship classes
 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Suez Canal Bridge. The Suez Canal Bridge, also known as the Egyptian–Japanese Friendship Bridge, Al Salam Bridge, Al Salam Peace Bridge or Mubarak Peace Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Suez Canal at El-Qantara, whose name means "the peace" in Egyptian Arabic. The bridge links the continents of Africa and Asia.

Design and construction

The bridge was built with assistance from the Japanese government.  The main contractor was Kajima Corporation.

The Japanese grant, accounting for 60% of the construction cost (or 13.5 billion yen), was agreed to during the visit of then-President Hosni Mubarak to Japan in March 1995, as part of a larger project to develop the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt bore the remaining 40% (9 billion yen). The bridge was opened in October 2001.

The bridge, which has a  clearance over the canal and is  long, consists of a  cable-stayed main span and two  long approach spans.

The height of the two main pylons supporting the main span is  each. The towers were designed in the shape of Pharaonic obelisks.

The clearance under the bridge is . Therefore, the maximum height of ships that can pass through the Suez Canal (Suezmax) is  above the waterline.

Significant developments in the region

The Suez Canal Bridge was part of a major drive to develop the areas surrounding the Suez Canal, including other projects such as the Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel under the Suez Canal (completed in 1981), the El Ferdan Railway Bridge, and the Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing.

References

External links

Embassy of Japan in Egypt: Economic Cooperation ( Official Development Assistance, ODA )
Planning, design and construction aspects of the Suez Canal cable stayed bridge

Cable-stayed bridges in Egypt
Bridge, Suez Canal Bridge
Bridges completed in 2001
21st-century architecture in Egypt
Interactive Picture Systems. Interactive Picture Systems, or IPS, was a software developer located in Philadelphia from 1982 to 1985. The company was run by partners Guy Nouri of NYC and Eric Podietz of Philadelphia. Staff included Jimmy Snyder, Mark Scott, Ken Appleman, Bob Svihovec, and Chip Kaye. IPS developed educational and creativity software initially for the Atari 8-bit computers, then for the Apple II, and Commodore 64. Movie Maker (1984) allows users to build elaborate animated sequences for the Atari 8-bit computers which can then be distributed as standalone files. It was initially released by Reston Publishing, then later by Electronic Arts along with Commodore 64 port.

Software

Creativity
PAINT! (1982, Atari 8-bit, Reston)
Movie Maker (1984, Atari 8-bit, Reston) also published by Electronic Arts in 1985

Educational
Trains (1983, Atari 8-bit, Spinnaker)
Aerobics (1984, Atari 8-bit, Spinnaker)
Grandma's House (1984, Atari 8-bit, Spinnaker)
Operation Frog (1984, Apple II & C64, Scholastic) virtual-dissection software; introduced at the 1984 Summer CES

References 

Software companies established in 1982
Companies disestablished in 1985
1982 establishments in Pennsylvania
Atari 8-bit computers
Defunct software companies of the United States
John Tojeiro. John Tojeiro (3 December 1923, Estoril, Portugal – 16 March 2005, Cambridge, England), affectionately known as Toj, was an engineer and racing car designer whose innovations helped to revolutionise car design in the 1950s and 1960s.

Born in Estoril, Portugal, the son of a Portuguese father and English mother, the young John was brought to England in 1924 after the death of his father. Following service as an engineer in the Fleet Air Arm during World War II, he made his name in automotive engineering. Best known as a chassis engineer, he produced a long line of successful racing cars, most famously in conjunction with the Ecurie Ecosse team, using engines supplied by Jaguar, Buick, Bristol, Scirocco-Powell and Climax, among many. The Ecurie Ecosse Tojeiro EE was one of the first sports racing cars to use a mid-engine layout to enhance handling and traction. Perhaps his lasting legacy was in producing a design which AC Cars developed into the AC Ace. From the Ace, Carroll Shelby in turn developed the AC Cobra, marrying a thunderous American V8 engine with the lightweight British chassis.

References

http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1985/36/tojeiro

http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/person/john-tojeiro

http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20934/lot/10/

1923 births
2005 deaths
British automobile designers
English people of Portuguese descent
Formula One designers
People from Cascais
Portuguese people of English descent