omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Polyinstantiation. Polyinstantiation in computer science is the concept of type (class, database row or otherwise) being instantiated into multiple independent instances (objects, copies). It may also indicate, such as in the case of database polyinstantiation, that two different instances have the same name (identifier, primary key).

Operating system security 
In Operating system security, polyinstantiation is the concept of creating a user or process specific view of a shared resource. I.e. Process A cannot affect process B by writing malicious code to a shared resource, such as UNIX directory /tmp.

Polyinstantiation of shared resources have similar goals as process isolation, an application of virtual memory, where processes are assigned their own isolated virtual address space to prevent process A writing into the memory space of process B.

Database 
In databases, polyinstantiation is database-related SQL (structured query language) terminology. It allows a relation to contain multiple rows with the same primary key; the multiple instances are distinguished by their security levels. It occurs because of mandatory policy. Depending on the security level established, one record contains sensitive information, and the other one does not, that is, a user will see the record's information depending on his/her level of confidentiality previously dictated by the company's policy

Consider the following table, where the primary key is Name and λ(x) is the security level:

Although useful from a security standpoint, polyinstantiation raises several problems:
 Moral scrutiny, since it involves lying
 Providing consistent views
 Explosion in the number of rows

Cryptography 
In cryptography, polyinstantiation is the existence of a cryptographic key in more than one secure physical location.

References 

Object-oriented database management systems
FILECOMP. 

BBN Filecomp 

FILECOMP was a programming language developed at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN).  It was one of the three variants of JOSS II (along with TELCOMP and STRINGCOMP) that were developed by BBN.

The language was developed by Jordan Baruch specifically for the GE MEDINET project (Ed Yourdon's first "Death March” project).  It added implicit file handling capabilities and was influential on MUMPS.

RCA FileComp
Filecomp or FileComp was a type composition language that ran on the RCA 1600 computer attached to the RCA Graphic Services Division (GSD) VideoComp CRT typesetter.

The VideoComp was developed by Dr. Rudolf Hell of Kiel, Germany, as the Digiset, and marketed by RCA GSD in the U.S. in the late 1960s and early 1970s as the VideoComp. When RCA got out of the computer business, support of the VideoComp was taken over by Information International, Inc. or Triple I.

Filecomp resembled an odd mix of Fortran, Cobol, Assembly and RCA GSD Page-1 Composition Languages. The user would write a program in Filecomp to read a computer data base or text file and compose it for typeset output.

References

JOSS programming language family
Donald Gotterbarn. Donald William Gotterbarn is a computer ethics researcher.  Gotterbarn received his Ph.D. in Philosophy in 1971 from the University of Rochester.  He also earned his M. Div. from the Colgate Rochester Divinity School.

Professional career
Gotterbarn is an author of the Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice which promotes ethics among software engineers.  He is the chair of the Association for Computing Machinery Committee on Professional Ethics.

Gotterbarn is a Professor Emeritus at East Tennessee State University in Johnson City, TN.

Awards
 ACM SIGCAS Making a Difference Award, 2002
 For research and work regarding computer and software engineering ethics.
 Outstanding Contribution to the ACM Award, 2005
 "for exceptional accomplishments and leadership as both an educator and practitioner, in establishing the ACM's Codes of Ethics and promoting the ethical behavior of computing professionals and organizations."
 Weizenbaum Award, 2010
 "for his role in developing the moral consciousness of the profession."

See also
Computer ethics

References

External links
Donald Gotterbarn's personal web site

University of Rochester alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
East Tennessee State University faculty
Living people
Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School alumni
Robert Carr (programmer). Robert Carr (born 1956) is credited as the architect of GO Corporation's PenPoint OS. He subsequently served as Vice President of the AutoCAD Market Group at Autodesk, Inc., where he led Internet work, managed 330 staff and was responsible for its flagship product, AutoCAD. He also created the Framework integrated office suite.

References

Further reading

 Susan Lammers: Programmers at Work - Interviews (), Microsoft Press 1986. In depth interviews with PC Software pioneers including Dan Bricklin, Robert Carr, Bill Gates and Andy Hertzfeld.
 Robert Carr, Dan Shafer: The Power of PenPoint (), Addison-Wesley 1991. Outlines a vision for pen computing and provides a detailed description of the unique user interface and architecture of the PenPoint operating system.
Tapping the SaaS Potential
Interview of Robert Carr about framework
 Robert's current startup, Keep and Share

Stanford University alumni
American software engineers
1956 births
Living people
Scientists at PARC (company)
Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works. Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (German Schweizerische Lokomotiv- und Maschinenfabrik; French Société Suisse pour la Construction de Locomotives et de Machines; or for both, SLM) was a railway equipment manufacturer based in Winterthur in Switzerland. Much of the world's mountain railway equipment was constructed by the company.

History
The company was founded in 1871 by the British engineer Charles Brown. SLM built both steam and electric locomotives, including the crocodile type.

From 1992, SLM returned to producing steam locomotives designed around advanced steam technology principles. This included rebuilding DR Class 52.80 locomotive number 52 8055.

In 1998, the cog-railway division was sold to Stadler Rail, and the engineering division, via Adtranz, to Bombardier Transportation. The remaining business was renamed Sulzer-Winpro AG and as part of a management buyout in 2001, was renamed Winpro AG.

The advanced steam division was sold in 2000 to Dampflokomotiv- und Maschinenfabrik AG (Steam Locomotive and Machine Works Ltd), or DLM AG.

In October 2001, the measurement division was sold to PROSE AG.

Winpro AG was sold on 7 September 2005 to Stadler Rail.

Preserved SLM Locomotives

Finland

France

India

Indonesia

Switzerland

United Kingdom

See also
 SLM factories
 Jakob Buchli - a railway pioneer with the SLM

Gallery

References

Companies based in Winterthur
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Zurich
Locomotive manufacturers of Switzerland
 
Swiss companies established in 1871
Manufacturing companies established in 1871
Acetyl chloride. Acetyl chloride () is an acyl chloride derived from acetic acid (). It belongs to the class of organic compounds called acid halides. It is a colorless, corrosive, volatile liquid. Its formula is commonly abbreviated to AcCl.

Synthesis
On an industrial scale, the reaction of acetic anhydride with hydrogen chloride produces a mixture of acetyl chloride and acetic acid:

Laboratory routes
Acetyl chloride was first prepared in 1852 by French chemist Charles Gerhardt by treating potassium acetate with phosphoryl chloride.

Acetyl chloride is produced in the laboratory by the reaction of acetic acid with chlorodehydrating agents such as phosphorus trichloride (), phosphorus pentachloride (), sulfuryl chloride (), phosgene, or thionyl chloride (). However, these methods usually give acetyl chloride contaminated by phosphorus or sulfur impurities, which may interfere with the organic reactions.

Other methods
When heated, a mixture of dichloroacetyl chloride and acetic acid gives acetyl chloride.  It can also be synthesized from the catalytic carbonylation of methyl chloride.

Occurrence
Acetyl chloride is not expected to exist in nature, because contact with water would hydrolyze it into acetic acid and hydrogen chloride. In fact, if handled in open air it releases white "smoke" resulting from hydrolysis due to the moisture in the air. The smoke is actually small droplets of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid formed by hydrolysis.

Uses
Acetyl chloride is used for acetylation reactions, i.e., the introduction of an acetyl group.  Acetyl is an acyl group having the formula .  For further information on the types of chemical reactions compounds such as acetyl chloride can undergo, see acyl halide. Two major classes of acetylations include esterification and the Friedel-Crafts reaction.

Acetic acid esters and amide
Acetyl chloride is a reagent for the preparation of esters and amides of acetic acid, used in the derivatization of alcohols and amines.  One class of acetylation reactions are esterification, for example the reaction with ethanol to produce ethyl acetate and hydrogen chloride:

Frequently such acylations are carried out in the presence of a base such as pyridine, triethylamine, or DMAP, which act as catalysts to help promote the reaction and as bases neutralize the resulting HCl. Such reactions will often proceed via ketene.

Friedel-Crafts acetylations
A second major class of acetylation reactions are the Friedel-Crafts reactions.

See also
Acetic acid
Acetyl bromide
Acetyl fluoride
Acetyl iodide

References

External links

Acyl chlorides
Acetylating agents
Organic compounds with 2 carbon atoms
Acetyl compounds
AES. AES most often refers to:
 Advanced Encryption Standard, or Rijndael, a specification for the encryption of electronic data
 Advanced Encryption Standard process, the process used in choosing an algorithm for standardization as AES
 AES instruction set, an x86 microprocessor architecture addition improving Advanced Encryption Standard implementation

AES may also refer to:

Aviation
 IATA airport code for Ålesund Airport, Vigra in Møre og Romsdal County, Norway

Businesses and organizations

Companies
 AES Andes, formerly AES Gener, a Chilean electricity company
 AES Corporation, an American electricity company
 AES Data, former owner of Daisy Systems Holland
 AES Eletropaulo, a former Brazilian electricity company
 AES Hawaii, an American electricity company
 American Education Services, part of the Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency
 Asian Educational Services, an Indian publisher

Schools
 Academy of Environmental Science, in Crystal River, Florida, U.S.
 AES Algiers, in Algeria
 American Embassy School, in New Delhi, India
 Ascension Episcopal School, in Louisiana, U.S.
 Assumption English School, in Bukit Panjang, Singapore
 Ayden Elementary School, school in Ayden, North Carolina

Other organizations
 Academic Evaluation Services, a global organization that provides evaluations of foreign academic credential and translation services
 AES Group, now AES+F, a Russian artist collective
 Amateur Entomologists' Society, a British organisation 
 American Elasmobranch Society, a professional society 
 American Epilepsy Society, an American professional society for epilepsy
 Association of European Sommeliers, a non-profit organization to promote the profession of sommelier in Europe
 Audio Engineering Society, an American professional society

Science and technology
 Acoustic echo suppression, in telephony
 Advanced electronic signature, an EU-compliant electronic signature system (alternatively AdES)
 AES (Advanced Entertainment System), a version of the Neo Geo
 Agricultural experiment station, a scientific research center 
 Algebraic entry system, a calculator input method
 Alkaline earth silicate, a mineral wool
 Application Environment Services, a component of GEM (desktop environment)
 Atomic emission spectroscopy, a method of chemical analysis
 Auger electron spectroscopy, in surface chemistry and materials science
 Automated Enforcement System, a road safety enforcement system in Malaysia
 Automated essay scoring, the use of computers to assign grades 
 Automated Export System, an American exports information system
 Automatic Extinguishing System Automatic fire suppression

Other uses
 Actually existing socialism, a catchphrase coined by Leonid Brezhnev to refer to Soviet-style economic planning
 "Aes", a 1999 song by Skepticism
 AES Railcar, a Chilean railcar 
 Alliance of Sahel States (French: l'Alliance des États du Sahel), an intergovernmental military alliance between Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso
 Alsea language, ISO 639-3 code aes
 Alternative Economic Strategy, an economic strategy proposed in the 1970s by British politician Tony Benn
 Hainai, a Native American tribe sometimes also called the Aes

See also
SUnit. SUnit is an automated testing framework written by Kent Beck in 1989; originally intended and often used for unit testing. It supports testing Smalltalk code via test code also written in Smalltalk.

SUnit was adapted for Java as JUnit which was notably popular. Subsequently, adaptations were created for many other languages; many also popular.

Frameworks with similar design are labeled xUnit.

History 

SUnit was originally described by Beck in "Simple Smalltalk Testing: With Patterns" (1989), then published as chapter 30 "Simple Smalltalk Testing", in the book Kent Beck's Guide to Better Smalltalk by Kent Beck, Donald G. Firesmith (Editor) (Publisher: Cambridge University Press, Pub. Date: December 1998, , 408pp)

External links 
  @ Camp Smalltalk
 SUnit @ Ward Cunningham's Wiki

Extreme programming
Unit testing frameworks
Unit testing
International Material Data System. The International Material Data System (IMDS) is a global data repository that contains information on materials used by the automotive industry. Several leading auto manufacturers use the IMDS to maintain data for various reporting requirements.

In the IMDS, all materials present in finished automobile manufacturing are collected, maintained, analysed and archived. IMDS facilitates meeting the obligations placed on automobile manufacturers, and thus on their suppliers, by national and international standards, laws and regulations.

Introduction
The IMDS was originally a collaboration of Audi, BMW, Daimler, EDS (now part of DXC Technology, the system administrator), Ford, Opel, Porsche, VW and Volvo. Since inception the list of participating vehicle manufacturers and suppliers has grown greatly.

Usage
Because it is a computer-based system, IMDS highlights hazardous and controlled substances by comparing entered data with regulatory-originated lists of prohibited substances (GADSL, REACH, ELV, etc...). Hence OEMs can trace hazardous substances back to the individual part and work with suppliers to reduce, control, or eliminate the hazard.

All substances must be declared in the material data sheet (MDS) of the IMDS to a resolution of 1 gram or better – not just declarable and prohibited substances (e.g. Cr VI / Hg / Pb / Cd). Substances and materials of products must be known in detail so that it may be delivered by the OEMs to dismantler companies in order to achieve the goals of the ELV Directive.

The basic workflow model of the system is for each supplier to submit data about the parts they sell to their direct customer.   When each link in the supply chain submits data per this method, it mimics actual supply chain part flow, preserving customer-to-supplier relations.  Data entry in IMDS is frequently a contractual requirement of PPAP which is one part of standard automotive quality systems.

Access and costs
The IMDS is easily accessed through the internet.  The basic web browser version of the system is supported by the OEM sponsor's group and provided free of charge to suppliers in the automotive supply chain.

There are several vendors that provide systems allowing compatible IMDS interaction with product lifecycle management, download and upload, data format translation, and other reporting systems.

Changes in 2013 and 2014
 2013 – IMDS NT for Design Changes
 2014 – IMDS 2020 for New Functions

References

External links

Training Homepage for new IMDS NT Design
GADSL Homepage
End of Life Vehicles Directive 2000/53/EC
REACh
IMDS at AIAG
IMDS Suppliers Group at CLEPA, European Automotive Suppliers' Association
US American Automotive Suppliers' Associations
About IMDS (Brazil)

Automotive standards
Material handling
Automotive industry
European Union directives
Vehicle recycling
Space Shuttle Project. Space Shuttle Project is an action video game released in 1991 by Absolute Entertainment for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was one of the few vehicle simulators not to be released for the personal computer.

Gameplay

The object of Space Shuttle Project is to successfully launch and fly one of NASA's historic Space Shuttles as a shuttle commander. Gameplay is composed of several different types of missions, each broken up into short mini-games.

Players are first required to activate oxygen and hydrogen pumps in addition to getting additional crew members into the shuttle within a strict time limit. Crew members are transported to certain parts of the ship by moving an elevator up and down while avoiding moving bumpers. Then, the player must successfully launch the shuttle into space by performing quick time events that correspond to particular shuttle launch maneuvers such as booster rocket separation. Once in space, one of several missions will be played where the player must control the astronaut by maneuvering him/her around hazards, replenish his air supply before the timer runs out, and deliver components for the International Space Station to their correct locations. A cosmonaut from the Soviet Union must also be rescued in the game.

Players that fail to maintain a flawlessly working space shuttle will see the entire shuttle mission fail. Every mission has a lengthy list of secondary objectives that require speed, patience in addition to pure trial and error.

A complete shuttle guidance system is included in the game's instruction manual. Finally, the player must land the shuttle by again performing Quick Time Events that correspond to landing maneuvers before finally landing at Edwards Air Force Base. Players get a congratulations screen featuring then-US president George H. W. Bush after finishing all six missions.

Reception
Allgame gave Space Shuttle Project a score of 2.5 points out of a possible 5.

References

1991 video games
Absolute Entertainment games
Imagineering (company) games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
North America-exclusive video games
Side-scrolling video games
Single-player video games
Space flight simulator games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the 1990s
Pixelation. In computer graphics, pixelation (also spelled pixellation in British English) is caused by displaying a bitmap or a section of a bitmap at such a large size that individual pixels, small single-colored square display elements that comprise the bitmap, are visible. Such an image is said to be pixelated (pixellated in the UK).

Early graphical applications such as video games ran at very low resolutions with a small number of colors, resulting in easily visible pixels. The resulting sharp edges gave curved objects and diagonal lines an unnatural appearance. However, when the number of available colors increased to 256, it was possible to gainfully employ anti-aliasing to smooth the appearance of low-resolution objects, not eliminating pixelation but making it less jarring to the eye. Higher resolutions would soon make this type of pixelation all but invisible on the screen, but pixelation is still visible if a low-resolution image is printed on paper. 

In the realm of real-time 3D computer graphics, pixelation can be a problem. Here, bitmaps are applied to polygons as textures. As a camera approaches a textured polygon, simplistic nearest neighbor texture filtering would simply zoom in on the bitmap, creating drastic pixelation. The most common solution is a technique called pixel interpolation that smoothly blends or interpolates the color of one pixel into the color of the next adjacent pixel at high levels of zoom. This creates a more organic, but also much blurrier image.

Pixelation is a problem unique to bitmaps. Alternatives such as vector graphics or purely geometric polygon models can scale to any level of detail. This is one reason vector graphics are popular for printing most modern computer monitors have a resolution of about 100 dots per inch, and at 300 dots per inch printed documents have about nine times as many pixels per unit of area as a screen. Another solution sometimes used is procedural textures, textures such as fractals that can be generated on-the-fly at arbitrary levels of detail.

Deliberate pixelation
In some cases, the resolution of an image or a portion of an image is lowered to introduce pixelation deliberately. This effect is commonly used on television news shows to obscure a person's face in order to protect their privacy or to censor nudity or vulgar gestures, and is also used for artistic effect. This effect is called pixelization. Making pixels easily visible is also a main feature in pixel art which is where the graphics are made in low resolutions for effect.

Depixelization
Depixelization removes pixelization from images, attempting to reconstruct the appearance of the original (unpixelated) image.

See also 
 Colour banding
 Macroblocking
 Posterization
 Pixel art

References

Further reading

External links 
 Zooming Without Pixelation, digital camera advice by Mark Coffman
 Pixelization of a Font by Stephen Wolfram, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.

Computer graphic artifacts