omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Joyce K. Reynolds. Joyce Kathleen Reynolds (March 8, 1952 – December 28, 2015) was an American computer scientist who played a significant role in developing protocols underlying the Internet. She authored or co-authored many RFCs, most notably those introducing and specifying the Telnet, FTP, and POP protocols.

Career 
Reynolds held bachelor's and master's degrees in social sciences from the University of Southern California.

From 1983 until 1998, she worked with Jon Postel to develop early functions of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, such as the global allocation of IP addresses, Autonomous System (AS) number allocation, and management of the root zone of the Domain Name System (DNS). After Postel's death in 1998, Reynolds helped supervise the transition of the IANA functions to the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. She worked with ICANN in this role until 2001, while remaining an employee of ISI.

From 1987 to 2006, she served on the editorial team of the Request for Comments series, co-leading the RFC Editor function at the ISI from 1998 until 2006.

As Area Director of the User Services area, she was a member of the Internet Engineering Steering Group of the IETF from 1990 to March 1998.

Death 
Reynolds died due to complications from cancer on December 28, 2015, at the age of 63.

Recognition 
With Bob Braden, she received the 2006 Postel Award in recognition of her services to the Internet. She is mentioned, along with a brief biography, in RFC 1336, Who's Who in the Internet (1992). Upon her death, former IETF Chairman Brian Carpenter suggested that "What would Joyce have said?" should be a guiding question for the organization.

Selected works 
 Reynolds, J. K., Postel, J. B., Katz, A. R., Finn, G. G., & DeSchon, A. L. (1985). The DARPA experimental multimedia mail system. Computer, 18(10), 82-89.
 Postel, J. B., Finn, G. G., Katz, A. R., & Reynolds, J. K. (1988). An experimental multimedia mail system. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 6(1), 63-81.
 Postel, J., & Reynolds, J. K. (1988). RFC1042: Standard for the transmission of IP datagrams over IEEE 802 networks.
 Reynolds, J. K. (1989). RFC1135: Helminthiasis of the Internet.
 Reynolds, J. K. (1991). The helminthiasis of the Internet. Computer networks and ISDN systems, 22(5), 347-361.
 Marine, A. N., Reynolds, J. K., & Malkin, G. S. (1994). FYI on Questions and Answers-Answers to Commonly asked" New Internet User" Questions. RFC, 1594, 1-44.

See also
 Internet pioneers
 Women in Technology

References

External links 
 
 Page on the ICANNWiki
 Obituary notice on IETF mailing list by Steve Crocker

1952 births
2015 deaths
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
University of Southern California alumni
Internet pioneers
Women Internet pioneers
21st-century American women
Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and Control Systems. Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and Control Systems or JINTACCS is a program of the United States Department of Defense for the development and maintenance of tactical information exchange configuration items (CIs) and operational procedures. It was originated in 1977 to ensure that the command and control (C2 and C3) and weapons systems of all US military services and NATO forces would be compatible.

It is made up of standard Message Text Formats (MTF) for man-readable and machine-processable information, a core set of common warfighting symbols, and data link standards called Tactical Data Links (TDLs).

JINTACCS was initiated by the US Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1977 as a successor to the Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and Control Systems in Support of Ground and Amphibious Military Operations (1971-1977).  As of 1982 the command was hosted at Fort Monmouth in Monmouth County, New Jersey, and employed 39 military people and 23 civilians.

References

Interoperability
Command and control in the United States Department of Defense
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted. Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (; 22 February 1879 – 17 December 1947) was a Danish physical chemist who is best known for developing the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory; he developed the theory at the same time as (but independently of) Martin Lowry.

Biography 
Brønsted was born in Varde, Denmark on 22 February 1879. His mother died shortly after his birth, and his father died when Brønsted was 14 years old; he then moved to Copenhagen with his older sister and his stepmother. In 1897, Brønsted began his studies as a chemical engineer at the Polytechnic Institute in
Copenhagen. After his first degree, Brønsted changed fields and received his magister degree in chemistry in 1902 from the University of Copenhagen. In 1905, he became an assistant at the Chemical Institute and obtained his doctoral degree in 1908. In the same year, Brønsted became a professor of physical and inorganic chemistry at the University of Copenhagen.

In 1929, Brønsted was a visiting professor at Yale University. His research gained worldwide recognition, resulting in four Nobel Prize nominations, a gold H. C. Ørsted Medal and being appointed as a fellow of the Royal Society and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Brønsted married Charlotte Warberg, whom he met during his first degree. The couple had four children. In World War II, Brønsted's opposition to the Nazis led to his election to the Danish parliament in 1947, but he was too ill to take his seat and died shortly after the election.

Research 
Early in his career, Brønsted studied chemical thermodynamics and later studied electrolyte solutions and carried out an extensive series of solubility measurements. These measurements led him to establish general laws which were later confirmed when the Debye–Hückel theory was proposed.

Brønsted is best known for his work on reaction kinetics, in particular acid–base reactions. In 1923, he recognized that acid–base reactions involved the transfer of a proton, from the acid (proton donor) to the base (proton acceptor). Almost simultaneously and independently, the British chemist Martin Lowry arrived at the same conclusion, thus the name Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory. Also in 1923, Gilbert N. Lewis proposed an electronic theory of acid–base reactions, but both theories remain commonly used.

Later in his career, Brønsted kept studying reaction kinetics, with a special focus on reactions taking place in non-aqueous solutions. He also developed some work about the effect of molecular size on the thermodynamical properties of hydrocarbons, polymers and colloids. He also worked with the Nobel prize winner George de Hevesy on isotope separation by fractional distillation.

References 

1879 births
1947 deaths
People from Varde Municipality
Danish physical chemists
University of Copenhagen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Danish chemists
Kinetics. Kinetics (, movement or to move) may refer to:

Science and medicine 
 Kinetics (physics), the study of motion and its causes
 Rigid body kinetics, the study of the motion of rigid bodies
 Chemical kinetics, the study of chemical reaction rates
 Enzyme kinetics, the study of biochemical reaction rates catalysed by an enzyme
 Michaelis–Menten kinetics, the widely accepted general model of enzyme kinetics
 Goldbeter–Koshland kinetics, describe a steady-state solution for a 2-state biological system
 Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics
 Receptor–ligand kinetics, a branch of chemical kinetics in which the kinetic species are defined by different non-covalent bindings and/or conformations of the molecules involved, which are denoted as receptor(s) and ligand(s)
 Hill kinetics
 Pharmacokinetics, the study of the processes a substance undergoes in the animal body, particularly the rates at which it is absorbed, distributed, metabolised and excreted
 One-compartment kinetics, for a chemical compound specifies that the uptake in the compartment is proportional to the concentration outside the compartment, and the elimination is proportional to the concentration inside the compartment
 Flip-flop kinetics, the pharmacokinetics of sustained-release or extended-release drug formulations
 Toxicokinetics, the branch of pharmacokinetics dealing with compounds that are toxic or can be administered in toxic doses
 Human kinetics or kinesiology, the study of human biomechanical movement
 C0t analysis, also known as DNA recombination kinetics

Companies 
 Kinetics (company), a technology company
 KinetX, an aerospace engineering company
 ST Kinetics, a weaponry and specialty vehicle manufacturer
 Color Kinetics, a former lighting company, now part of the Philips group of companies

Arts and entertainment 
 Kinetics (rapper), rapper and songwriter from New York City

Other uses 
 Kinetics Internet Protocol (KIP), an AppleTalk network protocol
 NASCAR Kinetics, a semester-long experiential program offered to several American universities
 Kinetic sculpture race, human-powered art vehicle contest started in California
 Kinetic activity (military terminology)

See also 
 Dynamics (disambiguation)
 Kinetic (disambiguation)
 Kinematics, a branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of particles (alternatively "points"), objects ("bodies"), and groups of objects ("systems of bodies") without considering the mass of each or the forces that caused the motion
 Analytical mechanics, a collection of closely related alternative formulations of classical mechanics
 Analytical dynamics, concerned about the relationship between motion of bodies and its causes, namely the forces acting on the bodies and the properties of the bodies (particularly mass and moment of inertia)
Knowledge Aided Retrieval in Activity Context. Knowledge Aided Retrieval in Activity Context (KARNAC) is a system being developed in the United States for use in profiling different categories of terrorist attacks to determine the components of possible future terrorist incidents.

Information for KARNAC is generally to be derived from structured, semi-structured and unstructured databases. This would include information derived from gun registrations, driver's licenses, residential and criminal records, as well as the Internet, newspapers and county records. For example, the system might raise an alert if someone attempted to buy components for bomb making, hired a car and rented a hotel room near the White House.

References 

2001 introductions
Counterterrorism in the United States
Counterterrorism intelligence
Terrorism databases
United States Department of Homeland Security
Kainite. Kainite ( or ) (KMg(SO4)Cl·3H2O) is an evaporite mineral in the class of "Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O" according to the Nickel–Strunz classification. It is a hydrated potassium-magnesium sulfate-chloride, naturally occurring in irregular granular masses or as crystalline coatings in cavities or fissures. This mineral is dull and soft, and is colored white, yellowish, grey, reddish, or blue to violet. Its name is derived from Greek  [kainos] ("(hitherto) unknown"), as it was the first mineral discovered that contained both sulfate and chloride as anions. Kainite forms monoclinic crystals.

Properties 

Kainite is of bitter taste and soluble in water. On recrystallization picromerite is deposited from the solution.

Genesis and occurrence 

Kainite was discovered in the Stassfurt salt mines in today's Saxony-Anhalt, Germany in 1865 by the mine official Schöne and was first described by Carl Friedrich Jacob Zincken.

Kainite is a typical secondary mineral that forms through metamorphosis in marine deposits of potassium carbonate, and is also occasionally formed through resublimation from volcanic vapours. It is often accompanied by anhydrite, carnallite, halite, and kieserite.

Kainite is only found in comparatively few places, among them in salt mines in central and northern Germany, Bad Ischl (Austria), on Pasquasia in Sicily, in Whitby (UK), and in the Carlsbad Potash District in New Mexico, in volcanic deposits in Kamchatka and in Iceland, and in salt lakes in western China. It has also been identified in Gusev Crater on Mars.

It can also be produced from bittern remaining after removal of table salt from seawater.

Uses 

Kainite is used as a source of potassium and magnesium compounds, as a fertilizer, and as gritting salt.

References

Magnesium minerals
Potassium minerals
Halide minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Evaporite
Potash
Trihydrate minerals
Minerals described in 1865
Kernite. Kernite, also known as rasorite, is a hydrated sodium borate hydroxide mineral with formula . It is a colorless to white mineral crystallizing in the monoclinic crystal system typically occurring as prismatic to acicular crystals or granular masses. It is relatively soft with Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and light with a specific gravity of 1.91. It exhibits perfect cleavage and a brittle fracture.

Kernite is soluble in cold water and alters to tincalconite when it dehydrates. It undergoes a non-reversible alteration to metakernite () when heated to above 100 °C.

Occurrence and history
The mineral occurs in sedimentary evaporite deposits in arid regions.

Kernite was discovered in 1926 in eastern Kern County, in Southern California, and later renamed after the county. The location was the US Borax Mine at Boron in the western Mojave Desert. This type material is stored at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.

The Kern County mine was the only known source of the mineral for a period of time. More recently, kernite is mined in Argentina and Turkey.

The largest documented, single crystal of kernite measured 2.44 x 0.9 x 0.9 m3 and weighed ~3.8 tons.

Uses
Kernite is used to produce borax which can be used in a variety of soaps.

References 

Sodium minerals
Inoborates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Natural history of Kern County, California
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Kalsilite. Kalsilite (KAlSiO4) is a vitreous white to grey feldspathoidal mineral that is found in some potassium-rich lavas, such as from Chamengo Crater in Uganda. It has a relative hardness of 5.5.

References 

 Webmineral.com
 Handbook of Mineralogy

Potassium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Feldspathoid
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 182
Khornerstone. In computer performance testing, Khornerstone is a multipurpose benchmark from Workstation Labs used in various periodicals such as UNIX Review.

The benchmark consists of 22 separate tests, including public domain components (such as Sieve and Dhrystone) as well as proprietary components. Since it contains proprietary components, the source is not free. The results of the 22 tests are normalized, producing a result measured in "Khornerstones".

The benchmark was introduced in 1986 and was commonly used until the mid-1990s.

References 

Benchmarks (computing)
FX-87. FX-87 is a polymorphic typed functional language based on a system for static program analysis in which every expression has two static properties: a type and an effect. In a study done by MIT, FX-87 yields similar performance results as functional languages on programs that do not contain side effects (Fibonacci, Factorial). FX-87 did yield a great performance increase when matching DNA sequences.

KFX is the kernel language of FX-87. It was described in 'Polymorphic Effect Systems', J.M. Lucassen et al., Proceedings of the 15th Annual ACM Conference POPL, ACM 1988, pp. 47–57.

References

Programming languages
Academic programming languages
Katal. The katal (symbol: kat) is that catalytic activity that will raise the rate of conversion by one mole per second in a specified assay system. It is a unit of the International System of Units (SI) used for quantifying the catalytic activity of enzymes (that is, measuring  the enzymatic activity level in enzyme catalysis) and other catalysts.

The unit "katal" is not attached to a specified measurement procedure or assay condition, but any given catalytic activity is: the value measured depends on experimental conditions that must be specified. Therefore, to define the quantity of a catalyst in katals, the catalysed rate of conversion (the rate of conversion in presence of the catalyst minus the rate of spontaneous conversion) of a defined chemical reaction is measured in moles per second. One katal of trypsin, for example, is that amount of trypsin which breaks one mole of peptide bonds in one second under the associated specified conditions.

Definition
One katal refers to an amount of enzyme that gives a catalysed rate of conversion of one mole per second. Because this is such a large unit for most enzymatic reactions, the nanokatal (nkat) is used in practice.

The katal is not used to express the rate of a reaction; that is expressed in units of concentration per second, as moles per liter per second. Rather, the katal is used to express catalytic activity, which is a property of the catalyst.

SI multiples

History 
The General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations recommend use of the katal. It replaces the non-SI enzyme unit of catalytic activity. The enzyme unit is still more commonly used than the katal, especially in biochemistry. The adoption of the katal has been slow.

Origin

The name "katal" has been used for decades. The first proposal to make it an SI unit came in 1978, and it became an official SI unit in 1999. The name comes from the Ancient Greek κατάλυσις (katalysis), meaning "dissolution"; the word "catalysis" itself is a Latinized form of the Greek word.

References

External links
 Unit "katal" for catalytic activity (IUPAC Technical Report) Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 927–931 (2001) 
 

SI derived units
Units of catalytic activity
Units of chemical measurement
Killer micro. A killer micro is a microprocessor-based machine that infringes on mini, mainframe, or supercomputer performance turf. It originally referred to the replacement of vector supercomputers built with bipolar technology by Massively Parallel Processors (MPP) assembled from a larger number of lower performing microprocessors.  These systems faced initial skepticism, based on the assumption that applications do not have significant parallelism, because of Amdahl's law, but the success of early systems such as nCUBE and the fast progress in microprocessor performance following Moore's law led to a fast replacement.

Taken from the title of Eugene Brooks' (of Lawrence Livermore Lab) talk  "Attack of the Killer Micros" at Supercomputing 1990. This title was probably chosen after the Attack of the Killer Tomatoes cult film.

External links
 The Attack of the 'Killer Micros'

Microcomputers
Supercomputers
KL1. KL1, or Kernel Language 1 is an experimental and-parallel version of KL0 developed for the ICOT Fifth Generation Computer project. KL1 is an implementation of Flat GHC (a subset of the Guarded Horn Clauses language by Kazunori Ueda), making it a parallelised Prolog variant.

See also 
 Comparison of Prolog implementations
 Prolog syntax and semantics

References

External links
 The KLIC Association, home of the KLIC KL1 to C compiler - last update circa 1999. (The klic.org domain expired and was replaced by a gift company some time between 2010 and 2012; the above link has been adjusted to point to the most recent copy at the Internet Archive.)
 UEDA Lab, who are reviving the KLIC compiler.

Further reading
"Design of the Kernel Language for the Parallel Inference Machine", U. Kazunori et al., Computer J (December 1990). 

Prolog programming language family
Japanese inventions
KL-ONE. KL-ONE (pronounced "kay ell won") is a knowledge representation system in the tradition of semantic networks and  frames; that is, it is a frame language. The system is an attempt to overcome semantic indistinctness in semantic network representations and to explicitly represent conceptual information as a structured inheritance network.

Overview
There is a whole family of KL-ONE-like systems. One of the innovations that KL-ONE initiated was the use of a deductive classifier, an automated reasoning engine that can validate a frame ontology and deduce new information about the ontology based on the initial information provided by a domain expert. 

Frames in KL-ONE are called concepts. These form hierarchies using subsume-relations; in the KL-ONE terminology a super class is said to subsume its  subclasses. 
Multiple inheritance is allowed. Actually a concept is said to be well-formed only if it inherits from more than one other concept. All concepts, except the top concept (usually THING), must have at least one super class. 

In KL-ONE descriptions are separated into two basic classes of concepts: primitive and defined. Primitives are domain concepts that are not fully defined. This means that given all the properties of a concept, this is not sufficient to classify it. They may also be viewed as incomplete definitions. Using the same view, defined concepts are complete definitions. Given the properties of a concept, these are necessary and sufficient conditions to classify the concept.

The slot-concept is called roles and the values of the roles are role-fillers. There are several different types of roles to be used in different situations. The most common and important role type is the generic RoleSet that captures the fact that the role may be filled with more than one filler.

See also
 Ontology language

References

Knowledge representation
Ontology languages
Keilhauite. Keilhauite (also known as yttrotitanite) is a variety of the mineral titanite of a brownish black color, related to titanite in form. It consists chiefly of silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, and yttrium oxide. The variety was described in 1841 and named for Baltazar Mathias Keilhau (1797–1858) a Norwegian geologist.

Keilhauite has a chemical formula of . It differs from titanite only in that calcium is substituted by up to 10 percent .

References

Calcium minerals
Titanium minerals
Yttrium minerals
Lanthanide minerals
Nesosilicates
KMS. KMS may refer to:

Organizations
 Keenie Meenie Services, private military contractor
 Korean Mathematical Society
 National Survey and Cadastre of Denmark (), former name of the Danish Geodata Agency
 Kosovar Mathematical Society

Science and technology
 Kabuki makeup syndrome, a congenital disorder
 Kasabach–Merritt syndrome, a disease involving a vascular tumor
 KMS state (Kubo–Martin–Schwinger), in quantum thermodynamics

Computing
 Kernel mode-setting, of computer display
 KMS driver, Linux kernel device driver
 KMS (hypertext), the Knowledge Management System hypertext system
 Key Management Service, a Microsoft technology
 Key management system, in cryptography

Other uses
 Kumasi Airport (IATA code KMS), Ghana
 KMS, a ship prefix sometimes attributed to vessels of the Kriegsmarine
 Kayla/KMS, aliases for former hacker Ryan Ackroyd

See also
 KMS-4, a North Korean satellite of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng program
Knowbot. A knowbot is a kind of bot that collects information by automatically gathering certain specified information from web sites.

KNOWBOT is the acronym for Knowledge-Based Object Technology.  This term, used as early as 1988 and known to have been implemented by December 1989 at the latest describes computer-based objects developed for collecting and storing specific information, to use that information to accomplish a particular task, and to enable sharing that information with other objects or processes. An early use of knowbots was to provide a computerized assistant to users to complete redundant detailed tasks without a need to train the user in computer technology.

See also
 Knowbot Information Service
 Web crawler, a program that visits Web sites and gathers information according to some generalized criteria (as opposed to user-specified criteria) and subsequently indexes it

References 

Internet bots
Computer-related introductions in 1988