omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lindos Electronics. Lindos Electronics is a British manufacturer of test equipment for audio quality measurement.

History 
Founded in 1979, by Peter J Skirrow, the business was named after the home where development and manufacture began, as is so often the case, in garage and spare rooms. Since then it has gone on to become a well-known name in audio and broadcasting, supplying test equipment to broadcasters and studios worldwide, and represented at many professional audio exhibitions.

The LA1 was the first product to be manufactured, and this was rapidly adopted by engineers at Independent Local Radio stations who needed quality testing equipment to ensure that their studios and transmitters met the IBA Code of Practice before they went on-air. It went on to be widely used by the BBC and other broadcasters and studios worldwide. Manufacture of the LA1 ceased with the introduction of the LA100 but it continues to be a sought-after product second hand.

The LA100, launched in 1984, introduced microprocessor controlled 'Sequence testing', with LCD graphic display. A policy of free software upgrades based on feedback from customers resulted in the LA100 becoming a well known and highly regarded product throughout the Broadcast and Professional Audio community. It continues to be manufactured in 2022 and is unusual in that all LA100 units ever made (some  now 38 years old!) can still be upgraded to the latest design, even to the point of a 'style upgrade' which replaces the outdated brown and cream case and panel with modern silver and grey versions. In this sense it demonstrated an early approach to the principles of the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) that took effect in Europe in 2006.

The MiniSonic MS10, introduced in 2005, is a small low-cost unit with many of the features of the LA100, including sequence testing.

The DigiSonic DS10 provides all the features of the MS10 and LA100 in a software package that runs in Windows on a PC. This requires a sound card, for testing in the analog domain.

The Lindos Test Sheet Database is a web-site that encourages users of Lindos test sets to upload their results for others to see. It is becoming a major source of independent results, for popular devices like the iPod as well as professional equipment.

Lindos Electronics is currently run by the son of the founder, Chris Skirrow, and in addition to making measuring equipment it also specialises in producing accurately calibrated low-cost omnidirectional electret microphones, as well as a low noise preamp and a selection of camera interfaces for both measurement and recording purposes.

External links 
 Lindos Electronics Lindos Electronics website

Electronics companies of the United Kingdom
Traffic mix. Traffic mix is a traffic model in telecommunication engineering and teletraffic theory.

Definitions
A traffic mix is a modelisation of user behaviour. In telecommunications, user behaviour activities may be described by a number of systems, ranging from simple to complex. For example, for plain old telephone service (POTS), a sequence of connection requests to an exchange can be modelled by fitting negative exponential distributions to the average time between requests and the average duration of a connection. This in turn can be used to work out the utilisation of the line for the purposes of network planning and dimensioning.

Objectives
Traffic mix has two goals:
 Network links dimensioning
 Network equipment dimensioning

Both these functions are extremely important to network operators. If insufficient capability is deployed at a node (for example, if a backbone router has 1 gigabit/sec of switching capacity and more than this is offered) then the risk of equipment failure increases, and customers experience poor service. However, if the network is overprovisioned the cost in equipment can be high. Most providers therefore seek to maximise the effect of their spending by maintaining an unused overhead capacity for growth, and expanding key nodes to relieve problem areas. Identification of these areas is accomplished by network dimensioning.

Traffic mix type

Telephony traffic mix
 Call attempts per day
 Call holding time
 Mean holding time

Mobile telephony traffic mix
 Call attempts
 Call holding time
 Mean holding time
 Mean number of SMS send
 Mean number of SMS received
 User mobility

Internet traffic mix
 UL/DL acknowledged Kbs
 Packet Data Channel allocation successes
 User throughput
 Session/Packet interarrival time/Latency

See also
 A. K. Erlang
 Call center
 Engset calculation
 Erlang distribution
 Poisson distribution

External links
 Competitive ISP - Scientific treatment of internet Traffic

Teletraffic
Telecommunications engineering
GINAF. GINAF (legally GINAF Trucks Nederland BV) is a Dutch truck manufacturer which produces trucks mainly for heavy duty off-road transport, construction and agricultural work. About 250 trucks are made each year in the company's factory in Veenendaal in the Netherlands. The company also has a service center for their trucks in the small Dutch town Ederveen.

History
The company was founded in 1948 by Wuf and Adrie van Ginkel and started out as a truck dealer. Modifications to trucks left over from the US Army such as the GMC Diamond were also done and these trucks were then sold. In the early 1960s the company became a true truck manufacturer and changed name to Van Ginkels Automobiel Fabriek, or GINAF for short. The company started producing their own trucks using mainly DAF components. Because of this GINAF trucks often look similar to DAF trucks as the cabin used is usually the same as the ones used by DAF.

Since 1986 GINAF uses a hydropneumatic suspension system for many of its trucks, which functions better under heavy loads and rough terrain compared to conventional suspension systems and also has a longer lifespan.

GINAF was declared bankrupt in December 2011; it was then taken over by Chinese CHTC. In October 2020, CHTC divested itself from the company through a management buy-out.

Special trucks
Special custom made trucks include firetrucks, riot control trucks, military trucks, garbage trucks and airport fuel bowsers. Several GINAF trucks also participate in the annual Dakar Rally as both rally and service trucks, having done so since 1987, though the first GINAF to participate in the rally was labelled as being a DAF for marketing purposes. The number of GINAF trucks participating in the rally has been on the rise since Dutch driver Hans Bekx entered a newly constructed GINAF truck in 2000.

References

External links

Official GINAF website

Truck manufacturers of the Netherlands
Dutch companies established in 1948
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1948
Companies based in Utrecht (province)
Organisations based in Ede, Netherlands
Veenendaal
Rigid frame. In structural engineering, a rigid frame is the load-resisting skeleton constructed with straight or curved members interconnected by predominantly rigid connections, which resist movements induced at the joints of members. Its members can resist bending moment, shear, and axial loads.

The two common assumptions as to the behavior of a building frame are (1) that its beams are free to rotate at their connections or (2) that its members are so connected that the angles they make with each other do not change under load.  Frameworks with connections of intermediate stiffness will be intermediate between these two extremes. They are commonly called semirigid frames. The AISC specifications recognize three basic frame types: rigid frame, simple frame, and partially restrained frame.

AISC standard
The AISC Steel Specification Commentary on Section B3 provides guidance for the classification of a connection in terms of its rigidity. The secant stiffness of the connection Ks is taken as an index property of connection stiffness. Specifically,
                                      Ks = Ms/θs
         where
            Ms = moment at service loads, kip-in (N-mm)
            θs = rotation at service loads, rads 

The secant stiffness of the connection is compared to the rotational stiffness of the connected member as follows, in which L and EI are the length and bending rigidity, respectively, of the beam.

Notes

References
 

Structural system
Construction
Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron. Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (; LNLS) is the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, a research institution on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences. It is located in the city of Campinas, sub-district of Barão Geraldo, state of São Paulo, Brazil.

The Center, which is operated by the Brazilian Center of Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) under a contract with the National Research Council (CNPq) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Brazil, has the only particle accelerator (a synchrotron) in Latin America, which was designed and built in Brazil by a team of physicists, technicians and engineers.

Currently, the Brazilian Synchrotron has 6 different beamlines in operation for its user community, covering energies ranging from a few electronvolts to tens of kiloelectronvolts. The uses include:
X-Ray Nanoscopy 
Coherent and Time-resolsed X-ray Scattering 
X-ray Spectroscopy e Diffraction in Extreme Conditions 
Infrared Micro and Nanospectroscopy 
Resonant Inelastic X-ray scattering and Photoelectron spectroscopy  
Macromolecular Micro and Nanocrystallography 
These beamlines are part of Sirius, a 3 GeV synchrotron light source. The plan includes an initial 13 beamlines, with a final goal of 40, ranging from 10 eV to 100 keV. It was inaugurated in 2018.

References

External links
Official LNLS Home Page
Lightsources.org
Sirius Project - LNLS

Research institutes in Brazil
Organisations based in Campinas
Synchrotron radiation facilities
Gimbaled thrust. Gimbaled thrust is the system of thrust vectoring used in most rockets, including the Space Shuttle, the Saturn V lunar rockets, and the Falcon 9.

Operation
In a gimbaled thrust system, the engine or just the exhaust nozzle of the rocket can be swiveled on two axes (pitch and yaw) from side to side. As the nozzle is moved, the direction of the thrust is changed relative to the center of gravity of the rocket.

The diagram illustrates three cases. The middle rocket shows the straight-line flight configuration in which the direction of thrust is along the center line of the rocket and through the center of gravity of the rocket. On the rocket at the left, the nozzle has been deflected to the left and the thrust line is now inclined to the rocket center line at an angle called the gimbal angle. Since the thrust no longer passes through the center of gravity, a torque is generated about the center of gravity and the nose of the rocket turns to the left. If the nozzle is gimbaled back along the center line, the rocket will move to the left. On the rocket at the right, the nozzle has been deflected to the right and the nose is moved to the right.

Details and examples
Thrust vectoring for many liquid rockets is achieved by gimbaling the whole engine.  This involves moving the entire combustion chamber and outer engine bell as on the Titan II's twin first-stage motors, or even the entire engine assembly including the related fuel and oxidizer pumps.  The Saturn V and the Space Shuttle used gimbaled engines.

A later method developed for solid propellant ballistic missiles achieves thrust vectoring by deflecting only the nozzle of the rocket using electric actuators or hydraulic cylinders. The nozzle is attached to the missile via a ball joint with a hole in the centre, or a flexible seal made of a thermally resistant material, the latter generally requiring more torque and a higher power actuation system.  The Trident C4 and D5 systems are controlled via hydraulically actuated nozzle. The STS SRBs used gimbaled nozzles.

References

 Public domain source.

Rocket engines
Emmett Leith. Emmett Norman Leith (March 12, 1927 in Detroit, Michigan – December 23, 2005 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Michigan and, with Juris Upatnieks of the University of Michigan, the co-inventor of three-dimensional holography.

Leith received his B.S. in physics from Wayne State University in 1949 and his M.S. in physics in 1952.  He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Wayne State in 1978. Much of Leith's holographic work was an outgrowth of his research on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) performed while a member of the Radar Laboratory of the University of Michigan's Willow Run Laboratory beginning in 1952.  Leith joined the University of Michigan as a research assistant and was promoted to graduate research assistant in 1955, research associate in 1956, research engineer in 1960, associate professor in 1965, and full professor in 1968.

Professor Leith and his coworker Juris Upatnieks at the University of Michigan displayed three-dimensional hologram at a conference of the Optical Society of America in 1964.

Honors and awards

He received the 1960 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award and the Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1969. In 1975 he was awarded the William F. Meggers Award by the Optical Society. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter awarded Leith with the National Medal of Science for his research.  He was awarded the 1985 Frederic Ives Medal by the OSA.

In popular culture 
Two members of the Benton family from the animated TV series Jem and The Holograms were named after Emmett Leith: Emmett Benton and his adopted daughter, Aja Leith.

References

 Schwartz, John.  "Emmett Leith, 78, a Pioneer in the Development of Holography, Dies", The New York Times.  January 6, 2006.  Retrieved January 8, 2006.
 Emmett N. Leith Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.

American electrical engineers
1927 births
2005 deaths
3D imaging
Holography
Synthetic aperture radar
Fellows of Optica (society)
National Medal of Science laureates
University of Michigan faculty
Wayne State University alumni
Engineers from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Scientists from Detroit
Scientists from Michigan
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American scientists
List of chemistry journals. This is a list of scientific journals in chemistry and its various subfields. For journals mainly about materials science, see List of materials science journals.

A

B
 Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
 Biochemical Journal
 Bioconjugate Chemistry
 Biomacromolecules
 Biomedical Chromatography
 Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
 Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
 Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan

C

D
 Dalton Transactions

E
 Education in Chemistry
 Energy and Environmental Science
 Energy & Fuels
 Environmental Chemistry
 European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
 European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
 European Journal of Organic Chemistry

F
 Faraday Discussions
 Faraday Transactions

G
 Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research
 Green Chemistry

H
 Helvetica Chimica Acta

I
 Inorganic Chemistry
 International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
 International Journal of Quantum Chemistry
 Ion Exchange Letters

J

L
 Lab on a Chip
 Langmuir
 Liebigs Annalen

M
Macromolecules
Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry
 MedChemComm
Metallomics
Methods in Organic Synthesis
Microchimica Acta
Molbank
Molecular BioSystems
Molecular Diversity
Molecular Physics
Molecules

N
 Nano Letters
 Natural Product Reports
 Nature Chemical Biology
 Nature Chemistry
 Nature Materials
 Nature Protocols
 New Journal of Chemistry

O
 Open Chemistry
 Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
 Organic Letters
 Organometallics

P
 PeerJ Analytical Chemistry
PeerJ Inorganic Chemistry
PeerJ Materials Science
PeerJ Organic Chemistry
PeerJ Physical Chemistry
Perkin Transactions
 Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences
 Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
 Polish Journal of Chemistry
 Polyhedron
 Proceedings of the Chemical Society

R
 RSC Advances
 Revista Boliviana de Quimica
 Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana Química

S
 Scientia Pharmaceutica
 Soft Matter
 Spectroscopy Letters
 Surface Science Reports
 Synlett
 Synthesis
 Science China Chemistry

T
 Talanta
 Tetrahedron
 Tetrahedron Letters
 Theoretical Chemistry Accounts
 Trends in Analytical Chemistry
 Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Z
 Zeitschrift für Naturforschung
 Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B
 Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie

See also
Chemistry
List of scientific journals
Open access journal
Scientific journal
 Scientific literature

External links

Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index Search Tool search journal titles, abbreviations, CODENs, and ISSNs
Beyond CASSI compilation of historical journal abbreviations from A., B., C. to Z.; includes CASSI abbreviations used for these journals
List of chemistry journal publishers

 
Chemistry
Journals
Carbonyl iron. Carbonyl iron is a highly pure (97.5% for grade S, 99.5+% for grade R) iron, prepared by chemical decomposition of purified iron pentacarbonyl. It usually has the appearance of grey powder, composed of spherical microparticles. Most of the impurities are carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.

History 
BASF invented carbonyl iron powder in 1925 and claims to be the world's leading producer. In 1934, BASF was also involved in the development of the very first magnetic tapes used by the AEG Magnetophon tape recorder. Carbonyl iron became the first magnetic recording oxide (although quickly replaced in 1936 by iron oxide).

Applications 
In electronics, carbonyl iron is used to manufacture magnetic cores for high-frequency coils and in production of some ferrites. Spherical particles manufactured of carbonyl iron are used as a component of the radar absorbing materials used by the military, in stealth vehicles, for example. Carbonyl iron powder was used in Germany during World War II in the manufacture of radio frequency equipment, including radio transmitters and receivers, low hysteresis induction coils, filter and choke coils: higher grades were found to be especially suitable for carrier wave frequencies over 100 MHz.

Powdered cores made of carbonyl iron have high stability of parameters across a wide range of temperatures and magnetic flux levels, with excellent Q factors between 50 kHz and 200 MHz. A popular application is in broadband inductors, especially in high-power applications. Due to its high permeability and low core losses, Carbonyl iron powder cores are utilized in high-frequency switching circuit output chokes and resonant inductors. It can efficiently handle alternating current (AC) signals at high frequencies, improving performance in power supplies, RF applications, and telecommunications. Their fine particle size also helps reduce eddy current losses, enhancing overall efficiency.

Carbonyl iron powder has been used for human ingestion, similarly to other food-grade iron powders like direct reduced iron. One iron supplement from India uses this kind of powder to treat iron deficiency.

In 2017 carbonyl iron powder was reported as an effective reductant for aromatic nitro groups in water, an important reaction used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.

Particles of carbonyl iron (20–40%) suspended in a carrier fluid (60–80%) are used as a magnetorheological fluid.

Other uses are in powder metallurgy, metal injection molding, and in various specialty products. Nazi German scientists also found it to have anti-knock properties similar to lead tetraethyl.

See also
 Carbonyl nickel, a pure nickel prepared by decomposition of nickel carbonyl

References

Iron
Hinge joint. A  hinge joint (ginglymus or ginglymoid) is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane. According to one classification system they are said to be uniaxial (having one degree of freedom). 

The direction which the distal bone takes in this motion is seldom in the same plane as that of the axis of the proximal bone; there is usually a certain amount of deviation from the straight line during flexion.

The articular surfaces of the bones are connected by strong collateral ligaments.

Examples of ginglymoid joints are the interphalangeal joints of the hand and those of the foot and the joint between the humerus and ulna. The knee joints and ankle joints are less typical, as they allow a slight degree of rotation or side-to-side movement in certain positions of the limb. The knee is the largest hinge joint in the human body.

Hinge and pivot joints are both types of synovial joint. A hinge joint can be considered a modified sellar/saddle joint, with reduced movement.

References

External links
 
 Diagram at ntu.edu.tw

Joints
Ficron. A ficron handaxe is the name given to a type of prehistoric stone tool biface with long, curved sides and a pointed, well-made tip. They are found in Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic and Acheulean contexts, and are some of the oldest tools ever created by humans. The tool was named by the French archaeologist François Bordes.

Like other types of handaxes, ficrons are created through a process called flint-knapping or lithic reduction. This involves a process of percussing the stone with a hard hammer such as a stone, a soft hammer such as a bone or antler, and pressure flaking using a punch made of bone or antler.

Unsurprisingly, Acheulean tools such as ficrons can be found in the rift valley of Kenya, and sites such as Gona and Bouri in Ethiopia, where early humans and others evolved. As these groups found their way out of Africa, the tools went with them.

However, Great Britain has also yielded its share of ficrons, found in gravel pits and fluvial deposits. Swanscombe Heritage Park is famous for its many archaeological discoveries, including ficrons. Because Britain was often covered in ice during the Paleolithic Age, it was only inhabitable between glacial periods. As glaciers melted, tools were swept into gravels where they are discovered today.

References
 

Archaeological artefact types
GNUstep Renaissance. GNUstep Renaissance is a development framework that reads XML descriptions of graphical user interfaces from an application bundle and converts them into native widgets and connections at runtime under either GNUstep or Mac OS X.

GNUstep Renaissance was written by Nicola Pero as an alternative to the NIB and gorm files used by Interface Builder and Gorm, respectively. Unlike the aforementioned formats, Renaissance can generate interfaces that can be run without modification on either GNUstep or Mac OS X. It also uses a feature called AutoLayout, which means that localized strings do not have to be manually resized.

As of January 2006, GNUstep Renaissance is beta software. A graphical frontend to Renaissance does not yet exist. A stable release has not been made since 2008, though the downloadable binary has not been rebuilt and is still the previous version.

Example
A simple example of an interface specification:
<gsmarkup>
  <objects>
    <menu type="main">
      <menuItem title="Quit" action="terminate:" key="q"/>
    </menu>
    <window id="myWindow" title="Hello, World">
      <vbox>
        <label>Hello, World</label>
        <button title="OK" action="performClose:" target="#myWindow"/>
      </vbox>
    </window>
  </objects>
</gsmarkup>
Assuming this file is in the application bundle and named , it can be loaded with the following Objective-C code:
[NSBundle loadGSMarkupNamed:@"Sample" owner:self];

Software using Renaissance
 Zipper

See also

 Gorm - GNUstep Graphical Object Relationship Manager (also UI builder)
 Interface Builder - Mac OS X and former NextStep Graphical Object Relationship Manager and UI builder

References

External links
 GNUstep Renaissance home web site

NeXT
GNU Project software
GNUstep
AHX. AHX may refer to:

 .AHX, a module file format originating on Amiga computers
 Amakusa Airlines (ICAO:AHX), a Japanese airline
 American History X, a 1998 film
 Aminohexanoic acid (Ahx), also known as Aminocaproic acid
 Renault AHx, a range of light/medium trucks
 , in Middlesex, England
 A file format sister to ADX