omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bolt cutter. A bolt cutter, sometimes called bolt cropper, is a tool used for cutting bolts, chains, padlocks, rebar and wire mesh. It typically has long handles and short blades, with compound hinges to maximize leverage and cutting force. A typical bolt cutter yields  of cutting force for a  force on the handles.

There are different types of cutting blades for bolt cutters, including angle cut, center cut, shear cut, and clipper cut blades. Bolt cutters are usually available in 12, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36 and 42 inches (30.5, 35.6, 46, 61, 76, 91.4 and 107 cm) in length. The length is measured from the tip of the jaw to the end of the handle.

Angle cut has the cutter head angled for easier insertion.  Typical angling is 25 to 35 degrees.
Center cut has the blades equidistant from the two faces of the blade.
Shear cut has the blades inverted to each other (such as normal paper scissor blades).
Clipper cut has the blades flush against one face (for cutting against flat surfaces).

Bolt cutters with fiberglass handles can be used for cutting live electrical wires and are useful during rescue operations. The fiberglass handles have another advantage of being lighter in weight than the conventional drop forged or solid pipe handles, making it easier to carry to the place of operation.

Cultural significance
The tools became iconic at the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, where protestors used bolt cutters to remove fencing around the RAF airbase. A Greenham banner displaying bolt cutters, together with a hanging of Greenham fence wire, was displayed at the Pine Gap Women's Peace Camp in Australia.

References

Cutting tools
Mechanical hand tools
Metalworking cutting tools

fr:Pince coupe-boulon
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association. The Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association of the United States and Canada (OPCMIA) is a trade union of plasterers and cement masons in the construction industry in the United States and Canada. Members of the union finish interior walls and ceilings of buildings and apply plaster on masonry, metal, and wire lath or gypsum. Cement masons are responsible for all concrete construction, including pouring and finishing of slabs, steps, wall tops, curbs and gutters, sidewalks, and paving. The organization is a member union of the AFL–CIO and Canadian Labour Congress.

History
The union traces its roots to the era of the American Civil War, when an organization known variously as the National Plasterer's Union or the National Plasterers Organization attempted to unify the various local craft unions that represented workers in the trade.

The modern organization was formed in 1882, when a number of locals who had supported the Cincinnati, Ohio local in a strike earlier that year met in St. Louis, Missouri, to reestablish a national organization.

In 1946 the union established a program, in conjunction with the Contracting Plasterers' International Association and the Associated General Contractors, to establish national apprentice training standards. The union trained a large number of veterans of World War II in its apprenticeship programs, while curtailing the competition from non-union contractors. 

In 1960 the union followed many other U.S. unions in moving its headquarters, transferring them from Cleveland to the Washington, D.C. region. It is currently headquartered at Columbia, Maryland.

Presidents
1882: Michael Mulvihill
1883: James W. Smith
?
1908: John H. Donlin
1912: Edward J. McGivern
1927: Michael J. Colleran
1940: John E. Rooney
1959: Edward J. Leonard
1970: Joseph P. Power
1981: Melvin H. Roots
Robert J. Holton
1996: John J. Dougherty
2007: Patrick Finley
2016: Daniel Stepano

See also

 Concrete finisher

References

External links
 
 Profile of the work of plasterers and stucco masons from the Occupational Outlook Handbook

AFL-CIO affiliates
Canadian Labour Congress affiliates
Plasterers' trade unions
Trade unions established in 1882
Jikes. Jikes is an open-source Java compiler written in C++. It is no longer being updated.

The original version was developed by David L. "Dave" Shields and Philippe Charles at IBM but was quickly transformed into an open-source project contributed to by an active community of developers. Initially hosted by IBM, the project was later transferred to SourceForge. Among its accomplishments, it was much faster in compiling small projects than Sun's own compiler, and provided more helpful warnings and errors.

Project status
 the project is no longer being actively developed. The last 1.22 version was released in October 2004 and partially supports Java 5.0 (with respect to new classes, but not new language features). As no further versions were released since, Java SE 6 is not supported.

While the free software community needed free Java implementations, the GNU Compiler for Java became the most commonly used compiler.

See also

 Jikes RVM

References

External links
 
 Jikes Archives, hosted by David Shields on WordPress.com

Discontinued development tools
Free and open source compilers
Java compilers
Wake-on-ring. Wake-on-Ring (WOR) or Wake-on-Modem (WOM) is a specification that allows supported computers and devices to "wake up" or turn on from a sleeping,  hibernating or "soft off" state (e.g.  ACPI state G1 or G2), and begin operation.

The basic premise is that a special signal is sent over phone lines to the computer through its dial-up modem, telling it to fully power-on and begin operation.  Common uses were archive databases and BBSes, although hobbyist use was significant.

Fax machines use a similar system, in which they are mostly idle until receiving an incoming fax signal, which spurs operation.

This style of remote operation has mostly been supplanted by Wake-on-LAN, which is newer but works in much the same way.

See also

Additional resources
 "Wake on Modem" entry from Smart Computing Encyclopedia

Networking standards
BIOS
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
Remote control
Mike Lesk. Michael E. Lesk (born 1945) is an American computer scientist.

Biography
In the 1960s, Michael Lesk worked for the SMART Information Retrieval System project, wrote much of its retrieval code and did many of the retrieval experiments, as well as obtaining a BA degree in Physics and Chemistry from Harvard College in 1964 and a PhD from Harvard University in Chemical Physics in 1969.

From 1970 to 1984, Lesk worked at Bell Labs in the group that built Unix. Lesk wrote Unix tools for word processing (tbl, refer, and the standard ms macro package, all for troff), for compiling (Lex), and for networking (uucp). He also wrote the Portable I/O Library (the predecessor to stdio.h in C) and contributed significantly to the development of the C language preprocessor.

In 1984, he left to work for Bellcore, where he managed the computer science research group. There, Lesk worked on specific information systems applications, mostly with geography (a system for driving directions) and dictionaries (a system for disambiguating words in context).
In the 1990s, Lesk worked on a large chemical information system, the CORE project, with Cornell, Online Computer Library Center, American Chemical Society, and Chemical Abstracts Service.
From 1998 to 2002, Lesk headed the National Science Foundation's Division of Information and Intelligent Systems, where he oversaw Phase 2 of the NSF's Digital Library Initiative.
He was a professor on the faculty of the Library and Information Science Department, School of Communication & Information, Rutgers University, from 2003 to 2023.

Lesk received the Flame award for lifetime achievement from Usenix in 1994, is a Fellow of the ACM in 1996, and in 2005 was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. He has authored a number of books.

See also
 Lesk algorithm

Bibliography
Selected books by Michael Lesk:
 Practical Digital Libraries: Books, Bytes, and Bucks, 1997. .
 Understanding Digital Libraries, 2nd ed., December 2004. .

References

External links
 Michael Lesk personal website
 

1945 births
Living people
Harvard College alumni
American computer programmers
Scientists at Bell Labs
Rutgers University faculty
Unix people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
1996 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Troff
Computational linguistics researchers
Data miners
Longeron. In engineering, a longeron or stringer is a load-bearing component of a framework.

The term is commonly used in connection with aircraft fuselages and automobile chassis. Longerons are used in conjunction with stringers to form structural frameworks.

Aircraft 

In an aircraft fuselage, stringers are attached to formers (also called frames) and run in the longitudinal direction of the aircraft. They are primarily responsible for transferring the aerodynamic loads acting on the skin onto the frames and formers. In the wings or horizontal stabilizer, longerons run spanwise (from wing root to wing tip) and attach between the ribs. The primary function here also is to transfer the bending loads acting on the wings onto the ribs and spar.

The terms "longeron" and "stringer" are sometimes used interchangeably. Historically, though, there is a subtle difference between the two terms. If the longitudinal members in a fuselage are few in number (usually 4 to 8) and run all along the fuselage length, then they are called "longerons". The longeron system also requires that the fuselage frames be closely spaced (about every ). If the longitudinal members are numerous (usually 50 to 100) and are placed just between two formers/frames, then they are called "stringers". In the stringer system the longitudinal members are smaller and the frames are spaced further apart (about ). Generally, longerons are of larger cross-section when compared to stringers. On large modern aircraft the stringer system is more common because it is more weight-efficient, despite being more complex to construct and analyze. Some aircraft use a combination of both stringers and longerons.

Longerons often carry larger loads than stringers and also help to transfer skin loads to internal structure. Longerons nearly always attach to frames or ribs. Stringers are usually not attached to anything but the skin, where they carry a portion of the fuselage bending moment through axial loading. It is not uncommon to have a mixture of longerons and stringers in the same major structural component.

Space launch vehicles 
Stringers are also used in the construction of some launch vehicle propellant tanks. For example, the Falcon 9 launch vehicle uses stringers in the kerosene (RP-1) tanks, but not in the liquid oxygen tanks, on both the first and second stages.

References 

Aircraft components
Mechanical engineering
Polonia Technica. Polonia Technica, Inc., also known as Association of Polish-American Engineers
is a non-profit organization, established in 1941 in New York City, 
by a group of Polish engineers, who, after the outbreak of the World War II, found
themselves in the United States of America. The organization serves as a professional and social link for Polish engineers and technicians living in the United States.

Referenced by Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in New York, it is also related to Polish Assistance Inc. in New York.

History 
Founded in 1941. The organization contributed to initiation of Studia 4U program coordinated by PSO (Polish Student Organization).

Publications 
Polish American Engineers Association, 2006 Recognition Award Banquet

Events 
2011-09-19: Studia 4U 2011 wspolorganizowane przez Polonia Technica oraz Polish Student Organization z Nowego Jorku

2011-05-13: 70-years of Polonia Technica celebrated on May 13 through 15th, 2011

2011-01-09: Walne Zebranie Sprawozdawczo-Wyborcze

2010-12-17: Inter-organizational holiday party 2010 in Polish Consulate, NYC

 
2010-12-12: 65-lecie Naczelnej Organizacji Technicznej NOT w Warszawie

2010-10-03: Pulaski Parade 2010

2010-09-08 through 2010-09-10: World Convention of Polish Engineers in Warsaw, Poland

2009-12-03 through 2009-12-04: 10th Polish - American Conference on Science and Technology

Latest News 
 Polonia Technica, Inc. and other Polish-American engineers had a strong presence at the World Convention of Polish Engineers, Warsaw 8–10 September 2010. Odwiedzili Politechnikę po latach is a title of a video report by Piotr Rytel and Bartłomiej Kowalski  from TVPW, which shows an overview of that successful event as well as interviews with the most prominent individuals of Polish engineering industry both in Poland and internationally.
 The Kosciuszko Foundation - Petition on German Concentration Camps: Petition on German Concentration Camps

Sources 
 Archives of Polonia Technica: www.polonia-technica.org

Jan Czekajewski - supporting member

References 

Polish-American history
Tagged queuing. Tagged queuing is a method for allowing a hardware device or controller to process commands received from a device driver out of order. It requires that the device driver attaches a tag to each command which the controller or device can later use to identify the response to the command.

Tagged queueing can speed up processing considerably if a controller serves devices of very different speeds, such as an SCSI controller serving a mix of CD-ROM drives and high-speed disks. In such cases if a request to fetch data from the CD-ROM is shortly followed by a request to read from the disk, the controller doesn't have to wait for the CD-ROM to fetch the data, it can instead instruct the disk to fetch the data and return the value to the device driver, while the CD-ROM is probably still seeking.

References

Computer peripherals
Transaction Application Language. Transaction Application Language or TAL (originally "Tandem Application Language") is a block-structured, procedural language optimized for use on Tandem (and later HP NonStop) hardware. TAL resembles a cross between C and Pascal. It was the original system programming language for the Tandem Computers CISC machines, which had no assembler.

The design concept of TAL, an evolution of Hewlett-Packard's SPL, was intimately associated and optimized with a microprogrammed CISC instruction set. Each TAL statement could easily compile into a sequence of instructions that manipulated data on a transient floating register stack. The register stack itself floated at the crest of the program's memory allocation and call stack.

The language itself has the appearance of ALGOL or Pascal, with BEGIN and END statements. However, its semantics are far more like C. It does not permit indefinite levels of procedure nesting, it does not pass complex structured arguments by value, and it does not strictly type most variable references. Programming techniques are much like C using pointers to structures, occasional overlays, deliberate string handling and casts when appropriate.

Available datatypes include 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and (introduced later) 64-bit integers. Microcode level support was available for null terminated character strings. However, this is not commonly used.

Originally the Tandem NonStop operating system was written in TAL. Much of it has since been rewritten in C and TAL has been deprecated for new development.

In the migration from CISC to RISC, TAL was updated/replaced with pTAL – compilers allowed TAL to be re-compiled into Native RISC Applications. Later, the epTAL compiler was introduced for Itanium processors.

See also
 Enscribe
 NonStop SQL
 NonStop (server computers)
 TACL (Tandem Advanced Command Language)
 Tandem Computers
 List of compilers for a partial list of NonStop compilers

References

Further reading
 TAL Programmer's Guide
 NonStop Computing Home – main Nonstop Computing page at Hewlett Packard Enterprise

Systems programming languages
ASMS. ASMS may stand for:
American Society for Mass Spectrometry, a professional society, as well as the society's annual meeting
Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences, and the Arts 
Association of Salaried Medical Specialists, a New Zealand trade union.
Australian Science and Mathematics School on the campus of Flinders University.
Annie Sullivan Middle School Franklin, Massachusetts
Alabama School of Mathematics and Science
Advanced Surface Missile System – US naval combat system, predecessor of Aegis.
Alternative School for Math and Science in Corning, NY
Ronald Coifman. Ronald Raphael Coifman (born June 29, 1941) is a Sterling professor of Mathematics at Yale University. Coifman earned a doctorate from the University of Geneva in 1965, supervised by Jovan Karamata.

Coifman is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, and the National Academy of Sciences. He is a recipient of the 1996 DARPA Sustained Excellence Award, the 1996 Connecticut Science Medal, the 1999 Pioneer Award of the International Society for Industrial and Applied Science, and the 1999 National Medal of Science.

Prior to teaching at Yale, Coifman taught at Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Chicago.

In 2013, he co-founded ThetaRay, a cyber security and big data analytics company.

In 2018, he received the Rolf Schock Prize for Mathematics. In 2024 he was awarded the George David Birkhoff Prize.

References

External links 
 Scientific Data Has Become So Complex, We Have to Invent New Math to Deal With It, Wired

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Jewish Israeli musicians
Israeli mathematicians
Yale University faculty
National Medal of Science laureates
1941 births
Israeli emigrants to the United States
University of Chicago faculty
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Henry Farnam. Henry Farnam (November 9, 1803 – October 4, 1883) was an American philanthropist and railroad president.

Biography 
He was born in Scipio, New York, and grew up working on his father's farm.  By his teenage years, he had begun studying mathematics on his own and in 1820 he gained employment initially as a camp cook on the Erie Canal.  Under the wing of Benjamin Wright, America's most famous Civil Engineer at the time and a man who encouraged many young men to study Civil Engineering, Henry Farnam learned Surveying and was soon employed as a Surveyor on the Erie Canal.  In 1825 he began working for the New Haven and Northampton Canal, becoming construction superintendent in 1827.

He moved to New Haven, Connecticut, in 1839 and was instrumental in building the railroad that replaced the canal there in 1848.

In 1850 he moved to Illinois where he partnered with Joseph E. Sheffield to build the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad.  In 1854 he became that railroad's president, an office he held until his retirement in 1863.

In 1868 he moved back to New Haven where he remained until his death in 1883. His son Henry Walcott Farnam was an economist, and served as president of the American Economic Association in 1911.

References 

1803 births
1883 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad
People from Scipio, New York
Waloddi Weibull. Ernst Hjalmar Waloddi Weibull (18 June 1887 – 12 October 1979) was a Swedish civil engineer, materials scientist, and applied mathematician. The Weibull distribution is named after him.

Education and career 
Weibull joined the Swedish Coast Guard in 1905 as a midshipman. He moved up the ranks with promotion to sublieutenant in 1907, Captain in 1916 and Major in 1940. While in the coast guard he took courses at the Royal Institute of Technology. In 1924 he graduated and became a full professor. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Uppsala in 1932. He was employed in Swedish and German industry as a consulting engineer.

In 1914, while on expeditions to the Mediterranean, the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean on the research ship Albatross, Weibull wrote his first paper on the propagation of explosive waves. He developed the technique of using explosive charges to determine the type of ocean bottom sediments and their thickness. The same technique is still used today in offshore oil exploration.

Research contributions 
In 1939 he published his paper on the Weibull distribution in probability theory and statistics. In 1941 he received a personal research professorship in Engineering Physics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm from the arms producer Bofors.

Weibull published many papers on strength of materials, fatigue, rupture in solids, bearings, and of course, the Weibull distribution, as well as one book on fatigue analysis in 1961. 27 of these papers were reports to the US Air Force at Wilbur Wright Field on Weibull analysis.

In 1951 he presented his paper on the Weibull distribution to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), using seven case studies.

Legacy 
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers awarded Weibull their gold medal in 1972. The Great Gold Medal from the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences was personally presented to him by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in 1978.

Personal life 
Weibull came from a family that had strong ties to Scania. He was a cousin of the historian brothers Lauritz, Carl Gustaf and Curt Weibull. Weibull died on 12 October 1979 in Annecy, France.

References

External links
Weibull Distribution
A photograph of Weibull on the Portraits of Statisticians page.

1887 births
1979 deaths
Swedish statisticians
Swedish mechanical engineers
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Uppsala University alumni
20th-century Swedish engineers
ASME Medal recipients
People from Kristianstad Municipality
Swedish materials scientists
Materials scientists and engineers
Swedish civil engineers
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
B17. B17 or B-17 may refer to:

Aviation 

 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, an American World War II heavy bomber
 Saab B 17, series of Swedish dive bomber/reconnaissance aircraft

B-17 Flying Fortress related
B-17, Queen of the Skies, a solitaire board war-game
B-17 Bomber (game), a 1982 Mattel game made for the Intellivision console
B-17 Flying Fortress (computer game), a flight simulator
"B-17", a segment from Heavy Metal

Transportation and vehicles
B17 (New York City bus), a bus line serving Brooklyn
LNER Class B17, a British 4-6-0 steam locomotive class 
B17, a bicycle saddle line by Brooks England
 A generation of Nissan Sentra built since 2013

Other uses
Amygdalin, sometimes incorrectly referred to as vitamin B17
 Boron-17 (B-17 or 17B), an isotope of boron
HLA-B17, an HLA - B serotype gene
B17, the Steinitz variation of the Caro-Kann Defence's code from the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
"Please Mr. Please", song about a song in slot B-17 of a jukebox
Sector B17, a housing scheme project in Islamabad, Pakistan

See also

 B117 (disambiguation)
 17 (disambiguation)

no:B-17
Walter Extra. Walter Extra is a German award-winning aerobatic pilot and chief aircraft designer who founded the aerobatic aircraft manufacturer Extra Flugzeugbau (Extra Aircraft Construction).

Extra was trained as a mechanical engineer. He began his flight training in gliders, transitioning to powered aircraft to perform aerobatics. He built and flew a Pitts Special aircraft and later built his own Extra EA-230.

Extra began designing aircraft after competing in the 1982 World Aerobatic Championships. His aircraft constructions revolutionized the aerobatics flying scene and still dominate world competitions. The German pilot Klaus Schrodt won his world championship title flying an aircraft made by the Extra firm.

Walter Extra has designed a series of performance aircraft which include unlimited aerobatic aircraft and turboprop transports.

References 

1954 births
German aviators
German aerospace engineers
Aerobatic pilots
Living people
Engineers from North Rhine-Westphalia