omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Flood Control Act of 1936. The Flood Control Act of 1936, ,  (FCA 1936) was an Act of the United States Congress signed into law by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 22 June 1936. It authorized civil engineering projects such as dams, levees, dikes, and other flood control measures through the United States Army Corps of Engineers and other Federal agencies.  It is one of a number of Flood Control Acts passed on a regular basis by the United States Congress.  FCA 1936 was introduced in Congress by Riley J. Wilson (D, LA).

FCA 1936 dictated that Federal investigations and improvements of rivers and other waterways for flood control and allied purposes shall be under the jurisdiction of the War Department (precursor of the Department of Defense) under the supervision of the Chief of Engineers.  It further put watersheds, waterflow retardation, and soil erosion prevention under the U.S. Department of Agriculture.  Further, those authorities were not to interfere with reclamation projects by the Bureau of Reclamation of the Interior Department.

FCA 1936 was part of the profusion of important Depression Era legislation enacted by the 74th Congress in 1935–1936, including the Social Security Act, the National Labor Relations Act, the Banking Act of 1935, the Wealth Tax Act, the Public Utility Holding Company Act, the Rural Electrification Act, the Soil Conservation Service Act, and the $4.8 billion Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935.

Significance
According to Joseph Arnold, author of The Evolution of the Flood Control Act of 1936, 

FCA 1936 declared that flood control was a national priority since floods constituted a menace to the national welfare.

Authorization
FCA 1936 authorized the expenditure of $310 million for flood control projects with no more than $50 million being expended in fiscal year 1937. Expenditure was conditioned on local interests participating by providing all lands, easements, and rights-of-way necessary for the construction of the projects, local interests holding and saving the Federal Government free from damages due to the construction works, and that local interests maintain and operate the projects after completion.

Projects covered by the Act

Dams
Kinzua Dam (begun in 1960, completed in 1965)
Optima Lake Dam (begun in 1966, completed in 1978)
 Summersville Dam
 others

Levees
Mississippi River Levee near between Baton Rouge, LA and New Orleans, LA.

See also
For related legislation which sometime also implement flood control provisions, see the following:
Flood Control Act
Flood Control Act of 1937 - follow-on legislation
Water Resources Development Act
Rivers and Harbors Act

References

1936 in the environment
1936 in American law
1936
Mani Subramanian. Mani Subramanian was the chairman of Keane International, Inc.

Education
Mani holds a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai and a post-graduate diploma in business administration (PGDBA) from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.

Career
Mani founded the company IT Solutions, subsequently re-branded as Caritor, as a one-man operation in 1993. In 2007, Caritor achieved yet another milestone by combining with Keane. The company operated under the Keane brand name. In December 2010, Keane signed a definitive merger agreement with NTT Data, Japan. NTT Data is the subsidiary of NTT and it bought over Keane. Mani Subramanian moved out of Keane post this merger to form a venture in data analytics.

Mani has experience in the global information technology industry, managing divisions and businesses in the UK, India, and the United States. Prior to starting Caritor, Mani was the president of Wipro Systems and was responsible for leading Wipro through a period of significant growth in its IT offshoring business. Before joining Wipro, Mani was part of the management team at Tata Consultancy Services and was instrumental in growing their UK operation.

Mani has made several business-related contributions in the field of computer software.

References 

NTT DATA Completes Acquisition of Keane International, Inc 

Living people
Businesspeople from Chennai
Businesspeople in software
IIT Madras alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bus functional model. A bus functional model (BFM), also known as a transaction verification model (TVM) is a non-synthesizable software model of an integrated circuit component having one or more external buses.  The emphasis of the model is on simulating system bus transactions prior to building and testing the actual hardware. BFMs are usually defined as tasks in Hardware description languages (HDLs), which apply stimuli to the design under verification via complex waveforms and protocols. A BFM is typically implemented using hardware description languages such as Verilog, VHDL, SystemC, or SystemVerilog.

Typically, BFMs offer a two-sided interface: One interface side drives and samples low-level signals according to the bus protocol. On its other side, tasks are available to create and respond to bus transactions. BFMs are often used as reusable building blocks to create simulation test benches, in which the bus interface ports of a design under test are connected to appropriate BFMs.

Another common application of BFMs is the provision of substitute models for IP components: Instead of a netlist or RTL design of an IP component, a 3rd party IP supplier might provide only a BFM suitable for verification purposes. The actual IP component in the form of  a gate-level netlist can be directly provided to the foundry by the IP provider. 

In the past, BFM were treated as a non-synthesizable entity, however recently BFMs are becoming available as synthesizable models as well.

Transaction verification models
BFMs are sometimes referred to as TVMs or Transaction Verification Models.  This is to emphasize that bus operations of the model have been bundled into atomic bus transactions to make it easier to issue and view bus transactions. Visualizations of the bus transactions modeled by TVMs are similar to the output of a protocol analyzer or bus sniffer.

References
 
 

Logic design
Kurt Berger. Kurt Volmar Berger (1896–1977) was an aviation engineer and the chief designer at the Finnish aircraft manufacturing company Valtion Lentokonetehtaat.

K. V. Berger's father, Arnold Berger, was a minister and his mother was Fanny Berger. He became an abiturient from Helsingin Uusi Yhteiskoulu in 1916 and began studies as an electrical engineer at the Helsinki University of Technology the same autumn, but volunteered for service with the Helsinki Jaeger Brigade.

In 1918 he traveled to Libau in Germany, to start pilot training with floater-equipped aircraft. However, his studies were interrupted by the end of World War I and Germany's loss. Berger managed to receive his international civil pilot papers in 1921.

In order to continue with his studies, he enrolled in the East London College in 1919 (nowadays called Queen Mary, University of London), graduating on 5 September 1922. He was appointed Engineer at the Finnish Air Force Headquarters at Santahamina on 1 November 1923, and later Chief Engineer on 1 March 1924. He was therefore sent to the Finnish Air Force Aircraft Manufacturers company (Ilmavoimien Lentokonetehdas), where he would design the IVL C.24, IVL Haukka I, IVL Haukka II, IVL Sääski and IVL Kotka aircraft.

Berger also participated in the Finnish Air Force's purchases of foreign fighters from  Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Italy and France in the late 1920s and 1930s.

Berger was acquitted from his position at the VL during a company restructuring in 1933 and he continued to work as aircraft inspector at Lentoasema I and Flight Regiment 2. After the Soviet-Finnish Winter War 1939–40 he supervised the assembly of the Brewster Buffalo fighters in Sweden, as well as served as Chief Engineer of Maintenance and Office Engineer at the Finnish Air Force Headquarters. After the wars he continued as a private entrepreneur.

References
 Raunio, Jukka: Valtion lentokonetehtaan historia Osa 1: Pioneerivuodet 1921-1932. Halli: Jukka Raunio, 2005. .
 Heinonen, Timo: Thulinista Hornetiin - 75 vuotta Suomen ilmavoimien lentokoneita. Tikkakoski: Keski-Suomen ilmailumuseo, 1992. .

1896 births
1977 deaths
Alumni of East London College
Lehr (glassmaking). In the manufacture of float glass, a lehr oven is a long kiln with an end-to-end temperature gradient, which is used for annealing newly made glass objects that are transported through the temperature gradient either on rollers or on a conveyor belt. The annealing renders glass into a stronger material with fewer internal stresses, and with a lower probability of breaking.

The rapid cooling of molten glass results in an uneven temperature distribution throughout the material. This temperature differential results in mechanical stresses throughout the molten glass, which may be sufficient to cause the material to crack as it cools to ambient temperature or to make it susceptible to cracking during later use, either spontaneously or due to mechanical or thermal shock. To prevent such material weaknesses, objects made from molten glass are annealed by gradual cooling in a lehr oven, from the annealing point, a temperature just below the solidification temperature of the glass. In the process of annealing glass, the temperature is first equalised by holding or "soaking" the glass at the annealing point for a period of time that depends on the maximum thickness of the glass. The glass is then slowly cooled at a rate that depends upon the maximum thickness of the glass, ranging from tens of degrees Celsius per hour (for thin slabs of glass) to fractions of a degree Celsius per hour (for thick slabs of glass).

See also
Annealing (glass)

References

Glass engineering and science
Glass art
Kilns
William Thorold (engineer). William Thorold (9 October 1798 – 17 December 1878)
was a 19th-century millwright, architect and civil engineer in Norwich, Norfolk, England.

He was born in 1798 in Methwold, Norfolk, the son of a farmer. Apprenticed to George Shafto and later to John Fisher Gurling in St Martin's Lane, Norwich, he was in business as a millwright from 1828 until his death at his home in Thorpe Hamlet, Norwich, in 1878.

Millwright 

William Thorold built a post mill at Felthorpe in 1830, and a tower drainage windmill at Limpenhoe in 1831. He was involved with refitting watermills at Bawburgh in 1829, Taverham in 1842 and Oxnead in 1849. He was also involved with the steam-powered St James' Yarn Mill, Norwich in 1836 but it is not known whether he was the architect, millwright or both.

Architect 

William Thorold designed workhouses built at Thetford, Pulham Market, Rockland All Saints, Kenninghall, Hindringham and Great Snoring all in Norfolk between 1836 and 1837. He also designed a workhouse built at Rochford, Essex in 1837. As mentioned above, he may have also designed the St James' Yarn Mill, Norwich in 1836.

Civil Engineer 

Thorold was the contractor who built the Acle Straight between Acle and Great Yarmouth in 1830–31. He also cut the New Cut of the River Yare at Thorpe St Andrew in 1843 which enabled the Norwich and Yarmouth Railway to avoid the expense and inconvenience of building and operating two swing bridges. William Thorold was elected as a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers sometime before 1845, being member number 321. He was also involved in drainage schemes at Ten Mile Bank, Hilgay and Middle Level, Kings Lynn in the early 1860s.

In 1868, he presented a paper titled "Railways on Turnpike Roads" to the British Association, proposing a monorail system that could be laid at ground level, and able to negotiate curves of 20 feet radius and gradients of 1 in 12. The proposed motive power was either animal or steam. One of the countries he thought would be suitable was India and there were two systems built in that country, in Kharagpur and Patiala. The Kharagpur system used mules as motive power. The Patiala system used steam locomotives with an almost unique 0-3-0 wheel arrangement, having double-flanged driving wheels and the locomotives having a single outrigger wheel which ran on the road. Four such locomotives were built by Orenstein & Koppel of Berlin. One locomotive is preserved in working order at the Indian National Railway Museum in New Delhi, where a section of the monorail has been reconstructed.

References

External links
 Indian National Railway Museum webpage

1798 births
1878 deaths
People of the Industrial Revolution
19th-century English architects
Millwrights
Architects from Norwich
People from King's Lynn and West Norfolk (district)
People from Thorpe Hamlet
19th-century English businesspeople
Rubidium silver iodide. Rubidium silver iodide is a ternary inorganic compound with the formula RbAg4I5. Its conductivity involves the movement of silver ions within the crystal lattice. It was discovered by Dr. Boone Owens while searching for chemicals which had the ionic conductivity properties of alpha-phase silver iodide at temperatures below 146 °C for AgI.

RbAg4I5 can be formed by melting together or grinding together stoichiometric quantities of rubidium iodide and silver(I) iodide. The reported conductivity is 25 siemens per metre (that is a 1×1×10 mm bar would have a resistance of 400 ohms along the long axis).

The crystal structure is composed of sets of iodine tetrahedra; they share faces through which the silver ions diffuse.

RbAg4I5 was proposed around 1970 as a solid electrolyte for batteries, and has been used in conjunction with electrodes of silver and of RbI3.  Its conductivity does not exhibit substantial variation with changes in relative humidity.

Rubidium silver iodide family is a group of compounds and solid solutions that are isostructural with the RbAg4I5 alpha modification. Examples of such advanced superionic conductors with mobile Ag+ and Cu+ cations include KAg4I5, NH4Ag4I5, K1−xCsxAg4I5, Rb1−xCsxAg4I5, CsAg4Br1−xI2+x, CsAg4ClBr2I2, CsAg4Cl3I2, RbCu4Cl3I2 and KCu4I5.

References

Metal halides
Iodides
Rubidium compounds
Silver compounds
Alkali metal iodides
Sodium alum. Sodium aluminium sulfate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaAl(SO4)2·12H2O  (sometimes written Na2SO4·Al2(SO4)3·24H2O).  Also known as soda alum, sodium alum, or SAS, this white solid is used in the manufacture of baking powder and as a food additive. Its official mineral name is alum-Na (IMA symbol: Aum-Na).

Properties
Like its potassium analog, sodium aluminum sulfate crystallizes as the dodecahydrate in the classical cubic alum structure.

Sodium alum is very soluble in water, and is extremely difficult to purify. In the preparation of this salt, it is preferable to mix the component solutions in the cold, and to evaporate them at a temperature not exceeding 60 °C. 100 parts of water dissolve 110 parts of sodium alum at 0 °C, and 51 parts at 16 °C.

Production and natural occurrence
Sodium aluminum sulfate is produced by combining sodium sulfate and aluminium sulfate.  An estimated 3000 ton/y (2003) are produced worldwide.

The dodecahydrate is known in mineralogy as alum-(Na). Two other rare mineral forms are known: mendozite (undecahydrate) and tamarugite (hexahydrate).

Uses
In the US, some brands combine sodium aluminum sulfate with sodium bicarbonate and monocalcium phosphate in formulations of double acting baking powder. Kawahara et al. 1994 noted that aluminum is “a suspected risk factor in Alzheimer's disease” and that “aluminum directly influences the process of Alzheimer′s disease”. More recent research however disputes the alleged link between aluminum and Alzheimer's disease  and The Alzheimer’s Society concluded that “No convincing relationship between aluminium and the development of Alzheimer's disease has been established.”

Sodium alum is also used as an acidity regulator in food, with E number E521.

Sodium alum is also a common mordant for the preparation of hematoxylin solutions for staining cell nuclei in histopathology.

It is also used as a flocculant in water treatment and disinfection, but its relatively crude, caustic action makes it more suitable for industrial applications.

References

Works cited
 

Aluminium compounds
Sodium compounds
Sulfates
Double salts
E-number additives
Operation Eisenhammer. Operation Eisenhammer (German; in English Operation Iron Hammer) was a planned strategic bombing operation against power generators near Moscow and Gorky in the Soviet Union which was planned by Nazi Germany during World War II but eventually abandoned.

The plan of the operation was created in 1943 by Professor Heinrich Steinmann (1899–1969), an official at the Reich Air Ministry. A bombing raid was to destroy twelve turbines in water and steam power-plants near Moscow, Gorky, Tula, Stalinogorsk and under the Rybinsk Reservoir, as well as to attack certain substations, transmission lines and factories. If the attack were to succeed in destroying just two thirds of the turbines it would have knocked out about 75 percent of the power used by the Soviet defence industry. Only two smaller energy centers behind the Urals and in the Soviet Far East would have been left intact. At this time, the Soviet Union had no turbine manufacturing capabilities and the only repair facility (in Leningrad) had been heavily damaged.

To accomplish the goal Mistel long-range bombers were to be employed. To destroy water turbines, special floating mines called Sommerballon ("summer balloon") were to be dropped into the water and then pulled by the current straight into the turbines.

Due to the shortage of bombers and fuel, technical problems with the floating mine, and the Red Army overrunning advance bases, the plan was postponed repeatedly. In February 1945, however, Eisenhammer was resurrected, and Kampfgeschwader 200 assembled scout planes and about 100 Mistels near Berlin and waited for favourable weather to attack the plants around Moscow. After a US air raid on the primary Rechlin Erprobungstelle military aviation test headquarters facility, which destroyed 18 Mistels, the plan was postponed again and shortly afterwards finally dropped.

Sources

 Von Rhoden Collection of Research Materials on the Role of the German Air Force in World War II lists captured German records about Operation Eisenhammer:online (PDF).
 James Lucas: Kommando: German Special Forces of World War Two, 2003, . The book provides a detailed account of the planning of the operation.

Eisenhammer
Cancelled military operations of World War II
Cancelled military operations involving Germany
Catecholborane. Catecholborane (abbreviated HBcat) is an organoboron compound that is useful in organic synthesis. This colourless liquid is a derivative of catechol and a borane, having the formula C6H4O2BH.

Synthesis and structure
Traditionally catecholborane is produced by treating catechol with borane (BH3) in a cooled solution of THF. However, this method results in a loss of 2 mole equivalents of the hydride. Nöth and Männig described the reaction of alkali-metal boron hydride (LiBH4, NaBH4, KBH4) with tris(catecholato)bisborane in an ethereal solvent such as diethyl ether. In 2001, Herbert Brown and coworkers prepared catecholborane by treatment of tri-o-phenylene bis-borate with diborane.

Unlike borane itself or alkylboranes, catechol borane exists as a monomer. This behavior is a consequence of the electronic influence of the aryloxy groups that diminish the Lewis acidity of the boron centre.  Pinacolborane adopts a similar structure.

Reactions
Catecholborane is less reactive in hydroborations than borane-THF or borane-dimethylsulfide.

When catecholborane is treated with a terminal alkyne, a trans vinylborane is formed:
C6H4O2BH + HC2R → C6H4O2B-CHCHR
The product is a precursor to the Suzuki reaction and is the only borane which stops at the alkene instead of reacting further to the alkane. 

Catecholborane may be used as a stereoselective reducing agent when converting β-hydroxy ketones to syn 1,3-diols.

Catecholborane oxidatively adds to low valent metal complexes, affording boryl complexes.
C6H4O2BH  +  Pt(PR3)2 →  (C6H4O2B)Pt(PR3)2H

References

Benzene derivatives
Organoboron compounds
Boranes
NetWare Link Services Protocol. NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) is a routing protocol for Internetwork Packet Exchange based on the Intermediate-System-to-Intermediate-System (IS-IS) protocol developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).  NLSP enables NetWare servers to exchange routing and service information without the high broadcast overhead generated by Routing Information Protocol and Service Advertising Protocol.  Instead of periodically retransmitting its information every few minutes like RIP and SAP, NLSP only transmits every two hours, or when there is a change in a route or service, making it much more suitable for use over a wide area network.

See also
IS-IS
Routing Information Protocol
Service Advertising Protocol
NetWare

References

External links
NetWare Link Services Protocol: Link-State Routing in a NetWare Environment
NetWare Link-Services Protocol
Tag Archives: IPX
The Network Layer - Layer 3

Network protocols
Novell NetWare
EDP Renewables North America. EDP Renewables North America (former names: Zilkha Renewable Energy and Horizon Wind Energy) and its subsidiaries develop, construct, own, and operate wind farms and solar parks throughout North America.

Headquartered in Houston, Texas, with 58 wind farms and 9 solar parks, EDP Renewables North America (EDPR NA) operates more than 8,200 megawatts (MW) of renewable energy projects in 14 U.S. states (Arizona, California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, South Carolina, Washington, and Wisconsin) as well as in Canada and Mexico.

EDPR NA is owned by EDP Renewables (EDPR), a company that develops, constructs, owns, and operates renewable electricity generation facilities. EDPR has grown significantly in recent years and is currently present in 14 countries (Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, France, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States). EDPR is the world’s fourth-largest wind energy producer, and EDPR NA represents EDPR’s largest market in terms of installed capacity and production.

History
In 2005, the company (then called Zilkha Renewable Energy, and owned by Selim Zilkha and Michael Zilkha) was purchased by investment bank Goldman Sachs for an undisclosed sum and renamed Horizon Wind Energy. In 2007, the company was acquired by Energias de Portugal for $2.15 billion and later renamed EDP Renewables North America.

References 

Wind power companies of the United States
NCSim. Incisive is a suite of tools from Cadence Design Systems related to the design and verification of ASICs, SoCs, and FPGAs. Incisive is commonly referred to by the name NCSim in reference to the core simulation engine. In the late 1990s, the tool suite was known as ldv (logic design and verification).

Depending on the design requirements, Incisive has many different bundling options of the following tools:

See also 

 List of HDL simulators

Electronic design automation software
Logic design