5 ThisarticleaimstoelucidatethelatestobservationsfromJamesWebbthatdeviatefromthe 6 current understanding of the universe. To grasp the provided explanation, one may need to 7 reconsider the assumed quantization of the electromagnetic field. 8 1. Introduction 9 The generation of signals for frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) measurements 10 remainsunclear, particularlyinexplaining measurementprinciplesforvery smallsignals[1,2]. 11 A recent study has revealed that a quantized model of the electromagnetic field falls short in 12 explainingmeasurementoutcomes,emphasizingthenecessityofacknowledgingacontinuous 13 field[3]. Thefirstsectionofthispaperprovidesastraightforwardexplanationofthefoundational 14 aspects of FMCW and elucidates why it signifies the continuity of the field. 15 Upon establishing clarity in this regard, the discourse extends to the implications of this 16 newfoundunderstanding. Notably,oneimplicationisthepotentialdiscreditingoftheassumption 17 that the universe is expanding. The recognition of a continuous electromagnetic field opens the 18 doortoareconsiderationandpotentialrevalidationofthe’tiredlight’theory,originallyproposed 19 by Zwicky [4]. 20 2. The Continuity of the Electromagnetic Field 21 Proving the continuity of the electromagnetic field is straight-forward. The experimental setup is 22 illustrated in Figure 1. 23 LOLaser aenuator delay line spli er BD electrical ampli erADC, FFT, … trigger signal90 10 aenuator(2)Power meter50 3dB couplerspli er RX50 Fig. 1. Self-Heterodyne Measurement Setup for Proving the Continuity of the Electromagnetic Field In Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW), a laser dynamically varies its frequency 24 over time, serving as a local oscillator to amplify a signal that is both attenuated and delayed, 25 originating from the same laser source. In LiDAR measurements, the signal is produced by 26 reflectingthelaseroffatarget. Inthedepictedsetup,thisprocessisoptimizedbyemployingonly 27 anattenuatorandadelayline,strategicallyeliminatingspecklethatwouldtypicallyarisefrom 28 reflection in free space. 29 FMCW enables the direct measurement of incoming photons by establishing a connection 30 between the received signal and the shot noise generated by the local oscillator. In essence, 31 thecountofperceivedphotoelectronsisdirectlyderivedfromthenormalizedpowerspectrum, 32 representing the product of the number of incoming photons, the quantum efficiency of the 33 detector,its excessnoise,anda factorassociatedwiththe overlapofthelocal oscillatorandthe 34 signal at the detector. To validate and assess the sensitivity of the FMCW measurement, one can 35 cross-referencetheoutputpowerofalasersource(alongsidepreviouslymeasuredattenuators) 36 withtheobservedvalueofthemeasurementsystem. Oncethisvalidationisachieved,thelaser 37 power should be gradually reduced to levels where the perceived energy falls within the range of 38 a few photons. 39 The detected signal originates from a beat note, a consequence of the frequency disparity 40 betweenlightfromthelocaloscillatorandlightfromthedelayedsignalwhentheyinterfereat 41 the balanced detector in the measurement system. The detector, a photodetector, is sampled at a 42 highfrequency,specifically500MHzinthecurrentsetup. Themeasurementintervalforasingle 43 shot consists of 16384 samples, corresponding to a measurement time of 32.768𝜇𝑠. 44 If the electromagnetic field were quantized, interference between the signal path and the local 45 oscillatorpathwouldbeexpectedtooccuronlyduringthemeasurementtimeswhenaphoton 46 fromthesignalpatharriveswithintheintervalof16384singlemeasurements. However,contrary 47 to this expectation, interference is consistently observed during each individual measurement 48 within the interval. The energy in the time signal of the beat note, which constitutes the energy 49 observed in the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), is distributed across all 16384 measurements. 50 Consequently, when measuring, for example, 10 ’photons’, the energy associated with these 51 ’photons’ is spread across a much larger number of measurement intervals, indicating their 52 reception in fractions. This challenges the concept of indivisible photons, suggesting that only a 53 continuouselectromagneticfieldcanadequatelyexplaintheobservedmeasurementresults. Fora 54 more detailed exploration, refer to [3]. 55 3. A Not Expanding, Eternal Universe 56 Findings from the James Webb telescope’s recent measurements have unveiled discrepancies 57 that challenge our current comprehension of the universe. Distant galaxies, as observed, exhibit 58 sizesthatdefyjustificationwithintheframeworkofexistingmodelsofthecosmos. Moreover, 59 theelementalcompositionwithinthesegalaxiesappearsinconsistentwithwhatcontemporary 60 physics would predict based on their hypothesized age [5,6]. These revelations prompt a critical 61 question: What are the implications of these observations, and how might we elucidate and 62 reconcile these unexpected findings within the current scientific understanding? 63 A pivotal consideration in this context pertains to a foundational principle of quantum physics 64 – the quantization of the field. Originally introduced by Einstein in conjunction with the 65 photoelectriceffect,thisconcepthasremainedlargelyunquestionedsinceitsinception. However, 66 it is this presumedly false assumption that has unwittingly steered the interpretation of reality 67 astray in various domains. The imperative for a continuous electromagnetic field has found 68 support through frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) measurements, demonstrating 69 thelimitationsofthequantizationhypothesis. Recentexperimentsinvolvingpulsedlightalign 70 with the notion of a continuous field, as suggested by the author, offering explanations that 71 resonate with this paradigm shift [7]. 72 Physics has long grappled with the recognition that gravity at considerable distances exhibits 73 discrepancies with established equations. Similarly, abandoning the notion of quantized light 74 opens up the intriguing possibility that light may indeed lose energy during its propagation 75 over extended distances. In a non-quantized framework, this energy loss need not exclusively 76 resultfrominteractionswithmatter;itcouldalsoinvolveinteractionswiththefabricofspace 77 itself. The observed redshift in measurements may find its roots in two distinct causes: first, 78 a redshift originating from the distance traversed by light, presumably within the context of 79 spacetime; and second (together with blueshift), the relative velocity between the emitter and 80 the measurement device. This alternative perspective eliminates the necessity for positing an 81 expanding universe. Furthermore, the ubiquitous microwave radiation recognized as cosmic 82 background radiation might be reinterpreted as redshifted light from exceedingly distant objects, 83 challenging the conventional notion of it being a remnant of the Big Bang. 84 4. Conclusion 85 Thequantizationoftheelectromagneticfield,afundamentaltenetofquantumphysics,isstrongly 86 called into question, casting doubt on a cornerstone principle. The potential falsity of this 87 concepthasfar-reachingconsequences,potentiallydestabilizingnumeroustheoriesbuiltupon 88 its assumptions. This revelation could trigger a paradigm shift, with the "retired light" theory 89 emergingasaviablealternative. Embracingthisalternativemay,inturn,leadtotheconsideration 90 ofanon-expanding,eternaluniverse. Theinterconnectednessofthesepropositionsopensthe 91 door to a profound reevaluation of our understanding of the fundamental aspects of the cosmos. 92 5. Disclosure 93 The author declares no conflicts of interest. 94