omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Humber Bay Arch Bridge. The Humber Bay Arch Bridge (also known as the Humber River Arch Bridge, the Humber River Pedestrian Bridge, or the Gateway Bridge) is a pedestrian and bicycle through arch bridge south of Lake Shore Boulevard West in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Completed in the mid-1990s, the bridge is part of the Martin Goodman Trail and is  in length, with a clear span of  over the mouth of the Humber River to protect the environmental integrity of the waterway.

Design

The bridge is constructed of two  diameter high-strength steel pipes, bent into twin arches that rise  above grade, and suspend the deck by way of 44 stainless-steel hangers, each  in diameter.  The foundation consists of concrete-filled caissons which go down  below grade to the bedrock.

Designed in 1994 by Montgomery Sisam Architects of Toronto and Delcan Corporation (bridge engineers), it was constructed by Sonterlan Construction, and is the recipient of numerous local architectural, design and engineering awards. The bridge is situated at the mouth of the Humber River, the start of the "Toronto Carrying Place" trail, an ancient aboriginal trading route leading north, and thus features design elements and decorations such as carved turtles and canoes that evoke this native heritage.

The bridge forms an important pedestrian, recreational and commuter cyclist link, and carries the Waterfront Trail, a multi-use pathway that will eventually parallel the entire north shore of Lake Ontario. The Toronto section is known as the Martin Goodman Trail, and is one of the most popular pedestrian and cycling routes in the city.

See also
 Waterfront Trail

References

Steel Project Case Study Gallery

Bridges in Toronto
Pedestrian bridges in Canada
Cyclist bridges in Canada
Through arch bridges in Canada
A41 Factory VNS-41. The VNS-41 is the first amphibious microlight aircraft made in Vietnam. The A41 Factory (officially Aircraft Repair Company A-41) under the Air Force and Air Defence Department (Ministry of Defence) manufactured the aircraft based on the Russian Che-22 Korvet design by Boris Chernov and E. Yungerov. A Che-22 was acquired by Vietnam in the late 1990s and from the Philippines. Technicians began developing the VNS-41 in June or July 2003. On 12 September 2004, the prototype performed its maiden flight with test pilot Nguyễn Duy Lê at the controls.

Fitted with two 65 hp Rotax 582 engines, the VNS-41 used the A92 fuel type, and each of its engines consumed about . The VNS-41's hull, tail, and middle wing are made from high-quality composite material. On land, the aeroplane can take off after a  run. Meanwhile, the VNS-41 can take off on water after a  run. The cost of the aircraft is under two billion Vietnamese đồng.

The VNS-41 will initially be used in forestry patrol and agriculture but will also be marketed for sport, travel and commercial applications.

Specifications

See also
Gidroplan Che-22 Korvet
M-400 UAV
Amphibious aircraft
List of flying boats and floatplanes

References

External links
English edition of the Chinese newspaper People's Daily regarding VNS-41

VNS-41
Amphibious aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Flying boats
Aircraft first flown in 2005
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Rohmert's law. Widely used in the human factors and ergonomics field, Rohmert's law states that the maximum force one's muscles can exert decreases exponentially from the time one begins continuously exerting the force. It is commonly used to calculate "maximum holding time" for any particular task.

Maximum force decays exponentially due to the amount of energy (in the form of oxygen and ATP) the body is able to supply to the muscles. The circulatory systems keeps muscles flooded in nutrients at all times, so that muscles have a supply of fuel-ready to burn at any given moment. A task requiring maximum force burns a large amount of those nutrients at the onset of the task; the circulatory system is then unable to replenish the nutrients at a rate fast enough to maintain the maximum force for long. As a result, the maximum force the muscle is capable of producing is limited by the bottleneck in nutrient availability, and decreases exponentially.

Imagine a theoretical arm wrestling match with two perfectly matched opponents, each exactly as strong as the other. They both begin the match by exerting maximum force on each other's hands, but very soon, their arms get fatigued and the actual force being exerted on each other's hands drops off quickly. They are still exerting as much force as they can, but their muscles are burning energy faster than can be replenished, and their maximum force is decreasing exponentially. Eventually, their arms are completely fatigued; they are basically just holding hands and applying what little force their muscles can muster, wondering when the other will give up.

Rohmert's law suggests that, for example, static gripping loads be not more than 15% of the load required for a squeeze-operated tool.

While Rohmert's law applies to maximum force, the inverse is true as well; the less force one is asked to exert, the longer one will be able to exert that force before their muscles become fatigued. If one is asked to exert zero force, they can theoretically hold the position indefinitely.

Rohmert's law is true across all humans. While everyone has a different initial maximum force they can apply, their maximum force will decrease according to the same exponential curve as everyone else.

References

Ergonomics
Muscular system
Surveyor General of New South Wales. The Surveyor General of New South Wales is the primary government authority responsible for land and mining surveying in New South Wales.

The original duties for the Surveyor General was to measure and determine land grants for settlers in New South Wales.

The Surveyor General is the leader and regulator of the land and mining surveying profession and plays a key advocacy role in the spatial industry in NSW
 Responsibilities under the Surveying & Spatial Information Act & its Regulation
 Surveyor General's Directions
 President of the Board of Surveying and Spatial Information (BOSSI)
 Chair of the Geographical Names Board (GNB)
 NSW representative on the Intergovernmental Committee for Surveying & Mapping (ICSM)
 Electoral Boundaries Commissioner (State & Federal)
 Sets the quality, education and competency standards for registered land and mining surveyors
 Responsible for protecting the public and the integrity of the state cadastre by suspension or removal of registered surveyors in relation to misconduct or incompetence
 Responsible for the DFSI Spatial Services Survey Operations team (Geodesy, State control survey, CORSnet-NSW, SCIMS)

List of Surveyors General of New South Wales

References

External links
Lists of British, Australian and New Zealand Surveyors-General, Government Geologists...
The Surveyor General's cartographic and related records — State Records NSW
Australian Dictionary of Biography Surveyor-General search
Galley Slave. "Galley Slave" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, originally published in the December 1957 issue of Galaxy; it was later included in the collections The Rest of the Robots and The Complete Robot. Asimov identified it as his favorite among those of his robot stories featuring the character of Susan Calvin.

Plot summary
The story is a courtroom drama. It opens in 2034, with Simon Ninheimer, a professor of sociology, suing U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men for loss of professional reputation. He contends that robot EZ-27 (aka "Easy"), while leased to Northeastern University for use as a proofreader, deliberately altered and rewrote parts of his book Social Tensions Involved in Space Flight and their Resolution while checking the galley proofs (hence the title). Ninheimer holds that the alterations to his book make him appear an incompetent scholar who has absurdly misrepresented the work of his professional colleagues in fields such as criminal justice.

Susan Calvin (U.S. Robots' Chief Robopsychologist) is convinced that the robot could not have acted as Ninheimer claims unless ordered to do so, but infers from its refusal to answer questions about the matter that it has been ordered into silence by Ninheimer. In any case, a robot's testimony in its own defense is not legally admissible as evidence.

During the trial, Ninheimer is called as a defense witness in the presence of EZ-27 and is tricked into lifting EZ-27's inhibition on accounting for its actions. He responds to the robot's intervention by angrily denouncing its disobedience of his order to remain silent, thus implicitly confessing to having attempted to pervert the course of justice.

The story's final scene is a post-trial encounter between Ninheimer and Calvin. Calvin notes how Ninheimer was caught as a result of his mistrust of robots: far from being about to tell the court what Ninheimer had ordered it to do, EZ-27 was actually going to lie and claim that it tampered with the text without Ninheimer's involvement, because it had become clear that losing the case would be harmful to Ninheimer and EZ-27 was bound by the First Law to try to avoid that harm. For his part, Ninheimer explains his attempt to frame EZ-27 in order to bring disgrace on US Robots. He was motivated by his fear that the automation of academic work would destroy the dignity of scholarship; he argues that EZ-27 is a harbinger of a world in which a scholar would be left with only a barren choice of what orders to issue to robot researchers.

Analysis
The critic Joseph Patrouch has pointed out that the speech Asimov gives Ninheimer is an eloquent self-exculpation rather than a caricatured luddite tract and cites the story as an example of a general rule that Asimov's best stories are those in which his personal technophile optimism is thus qualified.

References

External links
 "Galley Slave" at the Internet Archive
 

Short stories by Isaac Asimov
Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction
1957 short stories
Fiction set in 2033
ECosCentric. eCosCentric Limited is a privately held company dedicated to open source software, with a distinct focus on eCos (Embedded Configurable Operating System). Founded in 2002 by the original eCos developers, it has headquarters in Cambridge, England from where it continues to support, develop and provide commercial services for eCos and RedBoot. eCosCentric also provides a commercially strengthened version of eCos, eCosPro, which is targeted at professional developers looking to integrate eCos within commercial products.

In 2017, eCosCentric Limited announced the latest 4.1 release of eCosPro, a "stable, fully tested and supported version of the operating system and RedBoot bootstrap firmware."

References

External links
 Official website
 eCos

Technology companies of England
Companies established in 2002
Free software companies
Companies based in Cambridge
2002 establishments in England
Feminine Intuition. "Feminine Intuition" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, originally published in the October 1969 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected in The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories (1976), The Complete Robot (1982), and Robot Visions (1990).

Plot summary
Clinton Madarian, the successor to Susan Calvin at U.S. Robots who has just retired, initiates a project to create a "feminine" robot which not only has female physical characteristics but will (it is hoped) have a brain with "feminine intuition." After several failures together costing half a billion dollars, JN-5 (also known as Jane) is produced and the company plan to use it (her) to analyse astronomical data at the Lowell Observatory at Flagstaff, Arizona, to calculate the most likely stars in the vicinity of Earth to have habitable planets. This will allow the most effective use of the hyperspace drive to explore those stars.

Madarian and Jane go to Flagstaff and after absorbing as much knowledge on astronomy as possible, Jane gives Madarian an answer. Mandarian and Jane board the plane that will take them back to U.S. Robots, and Mandarian calls the director of the company with the news, stating that "a witness" had also heard Jane's answer. Unfortunately, Madarian and Jane are killed and destroyed respectively in an aircrash before completing the call.

Desperate to know what, if anything, Jane had discovered, U.S. Robots asks Susan Calvin for her assistance. She solves the problem using her own version of feminine intuition – a combination of careful information gathering and astute psychological reasoning. She deduces from the timing of the call (and Madarian's propensity to call as soon as possible) that the "witness" must have been the truck driver that took them to the plane. Information provided by this truck driver enables her to reconstruct Jane's answer.

References

External links 
 

Robot series short stories by Isaac Asimov
1969 short stories
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
RedBoot. RedBoot (an acronym for Red Hat Embedded Debug and Bootstrap firmware) is an open-source application that uses the eCos real-time operating system Hardware Abstraction Layer to provide bootstrap firmware for embedded systems.

RedBoot allows download and execution of embedded applications via serial or Ethernet, including embedded Linux and eCos applications. It provides debug support in conjunction with GDB to allow development and debugging of embedded applications. It also provides an interactive command line interface to allow management of the Flash images, image download, RedBoot configuration, etc., accessible via serial or Ethernet. For unattended or automated startup, boot scripts can be stored in Flash allowing, for example, loading of images from Flash, hard disk, or a TFTP server.

See also
 Comparison of boot loaders
 Das U-Boot
 Coreboot

References

External links
http://ecos.sourceware.org/redboot/
http://www.ecoscentric.com/ecos/redboot.shtml
http://wiki.openwrt.org/doc/techref/bootloader/redboot

Boot loaders
Free boot loaders
Ian Cheshire (engineer). Ian Cheshire (12 April 1936 – 28 November 2013) was a Scottish petroleum engineer who developed the ECLIPSE reservoir simulator.

Biography
He had worked for Schlumberger where he was a Schlumberger Fellow from 1999 to 2003.

He was awarded the Anthony F. Lucas Gold Medal by the Society of Petroleum Engineers in 2001. He was also awarded the Queen's Award for Technology in 1985.

References

External links
 IOR Views "Seminar and Dinner Mark Retirement of Professor John Fayers", 9 November 2004

Petroleum engineers
Living people
1936 births
Scottish engineers
Permanganic acid. Permanganic acid (or manganic(VII) acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula  HMnO4 and various hydrates.  This strong oxoacid has been isolated as its dihydrate.  It is the conjugate acid of permanganate salts. It is the subject of few publications and its characterization as well as its uses are very limited.

Preparation and structure
Permanganic acid is most often prepared by the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid with a solution of barium permanganate, the insoluble barium sulfate byproduct being removed by filtering:

Ba(MnO4)2 + H2SO4 → 2 HMnO4 + BaSO4↓
The sulfuric acid used must be dilute; reactions of permanganates with concentrated sulfuric acid yield the anhydride, manganese heptoxide.

Permanganic acid has also been prepared through the reaction of hydrofluorosilicic acid with potassium permanganate, through electrolysis, and through hydrolysis of manganese heptoxide, though the last route often results in explosions.

Crystalline permanganic acid has been prepared at low temperatures as the dihydrate, HMnO4·2H2O.

Although its structure has not been verified spectroscopically or crystallographically, HMnO4 is assumed to be adopt a tetrahedral structure akin to that for perchloric acid.

Reactions
As a strong acid, HMnO4 is deprotonated to form the intensely purple coloured permanganates.  Potassium permanganate, KMnO4, is a widely used, versatile and powerful oxidising agent.

Permanganic acid solutions are unstable, and gradually decompose into manganese dioxide, oxygen, and water, with initially formed manganese dioxide catalyzing further decomposition. Decomposition is accelerated by heat, light, and acids.  Concentrated solutions decompose more rapidly than dilute.

References

Hydrogen compounds
Manganese(VII) compounds
Oxidizing acids
Mineral acids
Transition metal oxoacids
Nitryl fluoride. Nitryl fluoride, NO2F, is a colourless gas and strong oxidizing agent, which is used as a fluorinating agent and has been proposed as an oxidiser in rocket propellants (though never flown). 

It is a molecular species, not ionic, consistent with its low boiling point. The structure features planar nitrogen with a short N-F bond length of 135 pm.

Preparation
Henri Moissan and Paul Lebeau recorded the preparation of nitryl fluoride in 1905 by the fluorination of nitrogen dioxide. This reaction is highly exothermic, which leads to contaminated products.  The simplest method avoids fluorine gas but uses cobalt(III) fluoride:

NO2 + CoF3 →  NO2F + CoF2

The CoF2 can be regenerated to CoF3. Other methods have been described.

Thermodynamic properties
The thermodynamic properties of this gas were determined by IR and Raman spectroscopy.  The standard heat of formation of FNO2 is -19 ± 2 kcal/mol, but the compound becomes increasingly unstable at higher temperature.  The homogeneous thermal decomposition cannot be studied at temperatures below 1200 kelvin, because the notional unimolecular decomposition equilibrium lies on the adduct side by at least six orders of magnitude at 500 kelvin, and two orders of magnitude at 1000 kelvin.  

The dissociation energy of 46.0 kcal of the N-F bond in nitryl fluoride is about 18 kcal less than the normal N-F single bond energy. This can be attributed to the “reorganization energy” of the NO2 radical; that is, the NO2 radical in FNO2 is less stable than the free NO2 molecule. Qualitatively speaking, the odd electron “used up” in the N-F bond forms a resonating three-electron bond in free NO2, thus stabilizing the molecule with a gain of 18 kcal.

Reactions
Nitryl fluoride can be used to prepare organic nitro compounds and nitrate esters.

See also
 Nitryl

References

External links
 WebBook page for NO2F
National Pollutant Inventory - Ionic Fluoride and related compounds fact sheet

Oxyfluorides
Fluorinating agents
Nitrogen(V) compounds
Nitrogen oxohalides
Substances discovered in the 1900s
Nitrosyl fluoride. Nitrosyl fluoride (NOF) is a covalently bonded nitrosyl compound.

Physical properties 
The compound is a colorless gas, with bent molecular shape.  The VSEPR model explains this geometry via a lone-pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.

Chemistry
Nitrosyl fluoride is typically produced by direct reaction of nitric oxide and fluorine, although halogenation with a perfluorinated metal salt is also possible.  The compound is a highly reactive fluorinating agent that converts many metals to their fluorides, releasing nitric oxide in the process:

n NOF + M → MFn + n NO

For this reason, aqueous NOF solutions are, like aqua regia, powerful solvents for metals.  

Absent an oxidizable metal, NOF reacts with water to form nitrous acid, which then disproportionates to nitric acid:

NOF + H2O → HNO2 + HF

3 HNO2 → HNO3 + 2 NO + H2O

These reactions occur in both acidic and basic solutions.  

Nitrosyl fluoride also forms salt-like adducts with Lewis-acidic fluorides; for example, BF3 reacts to give NOBF4.  Similarly, the compound nitrosylates compounds with a free proton; thus alcohols convert to nitrites:

ROH + NOF → RONO + HF

Uses
Nitrosyl fluoride is used as a solvent and as a fluorinating and nitrating agent in organic synthesis.

References

External links
 WebBook page for NOF
 National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet

Nitrosyl compounds
Oxyfluorides
Fluorinating agents
Nitrogen(III) compounds
Nitrogen oxohalides
Döbereiner's lamp. Döbereiner's lamp, also called a "tinderbox" ("Feuerzeug"), is a lighter invented in 1823 by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner. The lighter is based on the Fürstenberger lighter (invented in Basel in 1780; in which hydrogen gas is ignited by an electrostatically generated spark). Döbereiner's lamp was in production until ca. 1880. In the jar, similar to the Kipp's apparatus, zinc metal reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen gas. When a valve is opened, a jet of hydrogen is released onto a platinum sponge. The sponge catalyzes a reaction with atmospheric oxygen, which heats the catalyst and ignites the hydrogen, producing a gentle flame.

The Döbereiner's lamp is considered as the first commercial application of heterogeneous catalysis and was commercialized for lighting fires and pipes. The world's largest manufacturer of these lighters was Heinrich Gottfried Piegler from Schleiz in Thuringia (Germany). It is said that in the 1820s over a million of the "tinderboxes" were sold.

In Great Britain examples of the lighter are exhibited in the Science Museum in London, in Germany in the Deutsches Museum, the old pharmacy at Heidelberg Castle, the Kulturhistorisches Museum Schloss Merseburg, the Municipal Museum in Braunschweig, the Goethe National Museum in Weimar, the Museum Gunnar-Wester-Haus in Schweinfurt, the Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett Kassel, the Regional Museum Bad Lobenstein, the Municipal Museum Zeulenroda, the Stadtmuseum Gera, the Mineralogical Collection in Jena and at the Museum Bayerisches Vogtland in Hof.

See also
Timeline of hydrogen technologies

References

Further reading

Catalysis
Lighters
Hydrogen technologies
Industrial gases
1823 in science
Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa. The Lisbon School of Engineering (ISEL; Portuguese: ) is a Portuguese higher education polytechnic institution of engineering and technology. Headquartered in Lisbon and a part of the Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon.

See also
List of colleges and universities in Portugal
Higher education in Portugal

External links
Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa

Education in Lisbon
Polytechnics in Portugal
Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research. The Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR) is a renowned aerospace research center specializing in orbital mechanics and spacecraft navigation, located at the University of Colorado at Boulder. CCAR was established at the University of Colorado at Boulder in the College of Engineering and Applied science during the fall of 1985 as a part of the University of Colorado's commitment to develop a program of excellence in space science and is hosted by the Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences. CCAR is a multidisciplinary group involving faculty, staff and students from the Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences. Its research program emphasizes astrodynamics, satellite meteorology, oceanography, geodesy, and terrestrial vegetation studies.

CCAR was founded by professor George Born who served as Director for 28 years and Director Emeritus until his death in 2016. Born joined University of Colorado at Boulder after working on high-profile missions like TOPEX/Poseidon, Seasat, Mariner 9 and the Viking program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory during the 1970s.

External links
Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research official web site
Faculty
Research Faculty
Research Manager , Sarah Melseen

University of Colorado Boulder
Research institutes in Colorado
Research institutes established in 1985
1985 establishments in Colorado