omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Zincite. Zincite is the mineral form of zinc oxide (ZnO). Its crystal form is rare in nature; a notable exception to this is at the Franklin and Sterling Hill Mines in New Jersey, an area also famed for its many fluorescent minerals. It has a hexagonal crystal structure and a color that depends on the presence of impurities. The zincite found at the Franklin Furnace is red-colored, mostly due to iron and manganese dopants, and associated with willemite and franklinite.

Zincite crystals can be grown artificially, and synthetic zincite crystals are available as a by-product of zinc smelting. Synthetic crystals can be colorless or can range in color from dark red, orange, or yellow to light green.  

Both natural and synthetic zincite crystals are significant for their early use as semiconductor crystal detectors in the early development of crystal radios before the advent of vacuum tubes.  As an early radio detector it was used in conjunction with another mineral, galena, and this device was known as the cat's-whisker detector.

See also
 List of minerals
 Oleg Losev

References

External links
Mineral galleries

Oxide minerals
Zinc minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 186
Zinc oxide
Zinkenite. Zinkenite is a steel-gray metallic sulfosalt mineral composed of lead antimony sulfide Pb9Sb22S42. Zinkenite occurs as acicular needle-like crystals.

It was first described in 1826 for an occurrence in the Harz Mountains, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany and named after its discoverer, German mineralogist and mining geologist, Johann Karl Ludwig Zinken (1790–1862).

References

Lead minerals
Antimony minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 173
Michael Davis (philosopher). Michael Davis (born 6 February 1943) is an American philosopher specializing in professional ethics. He is Professor of Philosophy at the Illinois Institute of Technology, and Senior Fellow at its Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions.

Davis is the author of several books, including Accountability in the Professions (1995), Profession, Code, and Ethics (2002), and Engineering Ethics (2005).

Background
Davis received his PhD in 1972 from the University of Michigan for a dissertation entitled "Representation and Consent: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Political Obligation." Before moving to the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1986, he taught at the University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois State University, and Case Western Reserve University.

Research interests
Davis's work in engineering ethics has won him four large grants from the National Science Foundation and an entry in Who's Who in Science and Engineering. His papers on whistleblowing and conflict of interest are often reprinted. He is the author of eight books and almost 200 articles and chapters, and editor (or co-editor) of five other books.

Bibliography
 with Frederick Elliston, Ethics and the Legal Profession (Prometheus Books, 1986)
To Make the Punishment Fit the Crime (Westview Press, 1992)
 with Elliot D. Cohen, AIDS: Crisis in Professional Ethics (Temple University Press, 1994)
Accountability in the Professions (1995)
Justice in the Shadow of Death: Rethinking Capital and Lesser Punishments (Rowman & Littlefield, 1996)
Thinking like an Engineer (Oxford University Press, 1998)
Ethics and the University (Routledge, 1999)
 with Andrew Stark, Conflict of Interest in the Professions (Oxford University Press, 2001)
Profession, Code, and Ethics (Ashgate, 2002)
Actual Social Contract and Political Obligation (Edwin Mellen Press, 2002)
Engineering Ethics (Ashgate, 2005)
Code Writing: How Software Engineering Became a Profession (Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, 2007)
 with Elliot D. Cohen and Frederick Elliston, Ethics and the Legal Profession, 2nd ed (Prometheus Book, 2009)
Thinking like an Engineer: Studies in the Ethics of a Profession (Zhejiang University Press, 2012)
The Architect’s Professional Ethics: Readings and Problems (forthcoming)

See also
 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers

Notes

External links
 IIT faculty page

1943 births
20th-century American philosophers
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
Illinois State University alumni
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
21st-century American philosophers
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Scaffold (disambiguation). A scaffold, or scaffolding, in construction, is a temporary structure that supports workers and equipment above the ground or floor.

Scaffold and scaffolding may also refer to:

Structures
 Scaffold (execution site), a raised, stage-like site for public executions
 Scaffold (barn), a raised structure on which crops are stored

Science and technology
 Scaffold (chemistry), the core structure of a compound or a class of compounds 
 Scaffold protein, a regulator of cell signalling pathways
 Scaffold, a protein that is used as a starting point for the design of antibody mimetics
 Tissue scaffold, in tissue engineering, an artificial structure capable of supporting three-dimensional tissue formation
 Nano-scaffold, a medical process
 Scaffolding (bioinformatics), a technique in bioinformatics
 Scaffold (programming), two techniques in software architecture

Arts and entertainment
 The Scaffold, an English music and comedy group
 "The Scaffold", song by Elton John from Empty Sky
 Scaffolding (film), a 2017 film

Other uses
 Instructional scaffolding, an education concept and practice
Frederick Brian Pickering. Frederick Brian Pickering, AMet, DMet, FIMMM, CEng, FREng (17 March 1927 - 27 February 2017) was an English metallurgist. His research and development activities contributed significantly to the creation of stronger and lighter steels.

His notable research and development throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s laid the foundations for much of the physical metallurgy of high strength, low alloy steels.  His Physical Metallurgy and the Design of Steels (, originally published in 1978 by Applied Science Publishers, London), continues to be recommended reading for the majority of metallurgical engineering and materials science university courses.

He was born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, in 1927, and was the cousin of footballer Jack Pickering. He joined the Central Research Department of the United Steel Companies as a junior assistant in the Physics Section in 1943 where he
progressed to research assistant, senior metallographer and research supervisor, and then head of the Physical Metallurgy Section. Following the nationalisation of the steel companies in 1967, he became Assistant Research Manager and then Research Manager in Physical Metallurgy, and finally Product Metallurgy Research Manager at the Swinden Laboratories of British Steel Corporation. 

In 1972 he was appointed Reader in Metallurgy at Sheffield City Polytechnic (now Sheffield Hallam University), becoming Emeritus Professor in 1989.

Pickering was awarded the Sidney Gilchrist Thomas Medal in 1968, and the Sir Robert Hadfield Medal in 1971, both from the Iron and Steel Institute. He was also awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal in 1994 for outstanding services to the steel industry, by the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (now IOM3). He was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1987. He authored over 160 research publications throughout his career.

He died in 2017, survived by his wife and three children.

References 

1927 births
2017 deaths
People from Sheffield
English scientists
English metallurgists
English engineers
Bessemer Gold Medal
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
F-22 Raptor (video game). F-22 Raptor is a combat flight simulation video game released by Novalogic in 1997.

Gameplay
The game involves modern air combat in several campaigns and missions. The campaigns are set around fictional wars in areas such as Angola, Jordan, Russia, Colombia, and Iran, with the player fighting for the United States.

Reception

The game received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.

References

External links

1997 video games
Combat flight simulators
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
NovaLogic games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Bdale Garbee. Bdale Garbee () is an American computer specialist who works with Linux, particularly Debian. He is also an amateur radio hobbyist (KB0G), and a member of AMSAT, Tucson Amateur Packet Radio (former vice-president), and the American Radio Relay League. As of 2023 he is the President of Amateur Radio Digital Communications.

Free software 
Garbee has been a Debian developer since October 1994, the earliest days of the project. He set up the original developer machine (named master.debian.org) in 1995. He served as a Debian Project Leader (DPL) for one year (2002–2003), and served as chairman of the Debian Technical Committee.

Garbee has served on the board of directors of Software in the Public Interest, the non-profit organization that collects donations for Debian and many other Free software projects, since July 29, 2004, and was elected president on August 1, 2006.

Garbee was formerly on the board of directors of the Linux Foundation where he represented the interests of individual members and developers.

In September 2008, he received a "Lutèce d'Or" during the French event Paris Capitale du Libre as the FLOSS personality of the year.

In March 2011, Bdale Garbee agreed to join the FreedomBox Foundation's board of directors and chair its technical advisory committee.

He retired at the end of August 2012 from long service as the Open Source & Linux Chief Technologist at Hewlett-Packard. From September to December 2013 he was a part-time Senior Adviser to the Open Source Group at Samsung.

He was hired back by HP as Fellow in the Office of the CTO in 2014, with the goal to help driving HP's open source strategy. He retired for the second time in September 2016.

Personal 

The name "Bdale" is an abbreviation of "Barksdale", given in honor of his maternal grandfather, Judge Alfred D. Barksdale.

At linux.conf.au 2009, Garbee's 27-year-old beard was removed by Linus Torvalds to raise funds for Tasmanian Devil facial tumour disease research. They raised between AU$35,000 and AU$40,000.

His house in Colorado was destroyed by the Black Forest Fire in June 2013.

References

External links 
 Bdale Garbee's homepage
 Beyond Doing Business, podcast of Garbee's keynote at OSCON, 2004.
 A conversation with Bdale Garbee, iTWire, January 2009

Debian Project leaders
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hewlett-Packard people
American computer scientists
Amateur radio people
RG-32 Scout. The RG-32 Scout is a family of mine-resistant 4×4 light armoured vehicles made by BAE Systems Land Systems South Africa (formerly Land Systems OMC) in South Africa. It is based on the RG-31, which is already deployed worldwide with peace-keeping, security and combat forces. The combat weight of the vehicle is about 7,300 kg and it has the capacity to carry a crew of 5 to 7. The vehicle crew is protected against 5.56×45mm NATO ball ammunition, grenades, firebombs, anti-personnel mines and side blasts. The five-seat version also offers protection against anti-tank mines and side blasts. Up to two RG-32Ms can be transported in a C-130 cargo aircraft.

The latest development of this vehicle is the RG-32M Galten (Swedish for "The Boar" or "The Hog"). The RG-32M has undergone "winterisation" modifications in Sweden; the RG-32M has been used in environments ranging from 49 °C (120 °F) in the deserts of Africa and the Middle East to −35 °C (-31 °F) in parts of Sweden.

Production history

Variants
 RG-32M Standard (Driver + 4)
 RG-32M Full armour (Driver + 8)
 RG-32M LTV Light Tactical Vehicle

Operators

More than 800 RG-32 vehicles are in service worldwide, including with:

Current operators
 — 180
 — 74 To be replaced by Sisu GTP in the near future.

 — 27 RG Outrider
  - 8
 — Operated in limited numbers, potential replacement for ageing fleet of BRDM-2 currently in service.
-400
 — 380

Civilian operators
 United States Used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation SWAT Teams, and by various local police forces

See also
 Buffel
 Casspir
 Mamba APC
 RCV-9
 RG-12
 RG-19
 RG-31
 RG-33
 RG-34
 RG-35

References

External links
 BAE OMC RG-32 Scout (Armoured Patrol Vehicle Alternative) at Canadian American Strategic Review

BAE Systems land vehicles
Armoured personnel carriers of South Africa
Military light utility vehicles
Wheeled armoured personnel carriers
Armoured personnel carriers of the post–Cold War period
Echo-class survey ship (2002). The Echo class was a class of multi-purpose hydrographic survey ships in commission with the Royal Navy. The ships were primarily tasked with conducting survey work in support of submarine and amphibious operations, however, the class also has a secondary role in mine countermeasures. The two vessels of the class were the most recent additions to the Royal Navy's Hydrographic Squadron. Each ship displaced approximately 3,700 tonnes, and was equipped with a state of the art suite of equipment. The lead ship of the class, HMS Echo, was retired in 2022 and her sister ship in 2023.

Design
Echo and Enterprise were the first Royal Navy ships to be fitted with azimuth thrusters. Both azimuth thrusters and the bow thruster can be controlled through the integrated navigation system by a joystick providing high manoeuvrability. Complete control and monitoring for power generation and propulsion, together with all auxiliary plant systems, tank gauging and damage control functions is provided through the integrated platform management system (IPMS), accessible through workstations around the ship. The range of equipment carried includes the following:

 Multi beam echo sounder
 Single beam echo sounder
 Survey Planning and Processing Systems
 Side-scan sonar
 Oceanographic Probe and sensors
 Undulating Oceanographic Profiler
 Doppler Current Log
 Sub-bottom Profiler
 Bottom Sampling Equipment
 Survey motor boat fitted with multi-beam sonar and sidescan sonar

The vessels were armed. They carried a GAM-B01 20 mm cannon (a naval version of the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon), two miniguns and four General Purpose Machine Guns.

Role
The vessels were designed to conduct survey tasks in support of submarines or amphibious operations. They provided almost real-time tailored environmental information, and also have a secondary role as a mine countermeasure tasking authority platform, for which they were capable of embarking a dedicated mine counter measures command team, and supporting other mine warfare vessels.

Manning
The two ships followed the same type of crew rotation pattern as , in that two-thirds of their crew was needed to keep the ship operational, with the remaining one-third ashore. This allowed each ship to be available for deployment for up to 330 days a year.

The ship's crew consisted of 72 personnel, with 48 on board at any one time, working a cycle of 75 days on, 30 days off. The ships were able to accommodate 81 personnel if necessary. In support of this high availability, all accommodation and recreational facilities were designed for an unusual (in a warship) degree of comfort. All personnel shared double cabins with private facilities, except the captain and executive officer who both had single cabins.

Ships in the class

Notes

References

External links

Mine warfare vessels of the United Kingdom
Auxiliary research ship classes
 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Water jet. Water jet may refer to:
 A jet of water under pressure, like in an ornamental fountain or drain cleaner
 Pump-jet, a marine propulsion mechanism for jetskis and other types of boats
 Water jet cutter, a tool for cutting and the machining of engineering materials
 Water-jet printer, a printer that makes use of water instead of ink
 Dental water jet, see Oral irrigator
 Jet spray, see Bidet shower
Commodore 1551. The Commodore 1551 (originally introduced as the SFS 481) is a floppy disk drive for the Commodore Plus/4 home computer. It resembles a charcoal-colored Commodore 1541 and plugs into the cartridge port, providing faster access than the C64/1541 combination. Commodore reportedly planned an interface to allow use of the 1551 with the C64, but it was never released.

Aside from faster access, the drive is very similar to the 1541. Like the 1541, it is a single-sided 170-kilobyte drive for 5¼" disks, with each disk split into 664 256-byte blocks available for user data plus 19 blocks for DOS data and directory; the file system makes each block its own cluster.

Hardware
The disk drive uses group coded recording and contains an MOS Technology 6510T processor as a disk controller. The 6510T is a specialized version of the 6510 processor used in the C64, and it is only used in the 1551. The DOS limits the number of files per disk to 144 regardless of the number of free blocks on the disk because the directory is of a fixed size, and the file system does not allow for subdirectories. Its DOS is compatible with the 1541, so disks written by one drive can be utilized in the other.

The 1551 has no DIP switches to change the drive's device number. If a user added more than one drive to a system, they had to open the case and cut a trace in the circuit board to permanently change the drive's number, or hand-wire an external switch to allow it to be changed externally. It is possible to connect a maximum of two 1551s to one computer.

References

Further reading

CBM floppy disk drives
SEAC. SEAC may refer to:

 SEAC (computer), a first-generation electronic computer built in 1950
 Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman, an advisor to the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff
 Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chiefs of Staff Committee, the senior other ranks advisor of to the British Chiefs of Staff Committee
 SESAR European Airports Consortium, a participant in the reform of the fragmented European air traffic management system
 The Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry
 Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum
 South East Asia Command, a World War II Allied military command
 South East Atlantic Conference
 Southeastern Athletic Conference, an intercollegiate athletic conference of historically black colleges and universities in the United States (1929–1961)
 Student Environmental Action Coalition, a coalition of environmental groups in the United States and Canada
 Radio SEAC, see Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation
 South Eastern Agricultural College, later Wye College
ESC/Java. ESC/Java (and more recently ESC/Java2), the "Extended Static Checker for Java," is a programming tool that attempts to find common run-time errors in Java programs at compile time.  The underlying approach used in ESC/Java is referred to as extended static checking, which is a collective name referring to a range of techniques for statically checking the correctness of various program constraints.  For example, that an integer variable is greater-than-zero, or lies between the bounds of an array.  This technique was pioneered in ESC/Java (and its predecessor, ESC/Modula-3) and can be thought of as an extended form of type checking.  Extended static checking usually involves the use of an automated theorem prover and, in ESC/Java, the Simplify theorem prover was used.

ESC/Java is neither sound nor complete.  This was intentional and aims to reduce the number of errors and/or warnings reported to the programmer, in order to make the tool more useful in practice.  However, it does mean that: firstly, there are programs that ESC/Java will erroneously consider to be incorrect (known as false-positives); secondly, there are incorrect programs it will consider to be correct (known as false-negatives).  Examples in the latter category include errors arising from modular arithmetic and/or multithreading.

ESC/Java was originally developed at the Compaq Systems Research Center (SRC).  SRC launched the project in 1997, after work on their original extended static checker, ESC/Modula-3, ended in 1996.  In 2002, SRC released the source code for ESC/Java and related tools.  Recent versions of ESC/Java are based around the Java Modeling Language (JML). Users can control the amount and kinds of checking by annotating their programs with specially formatted comments or pragmas.

The University of Nijmegen's Security of Systems group released alpha versions of ESC/Java2, an extended version of ESC/Java that processes the JML specification language through 2004.  From 2004 to 2009, ESC/Java2 development was managed by the KindSoftware Research Group at University College Dublin, which in 2009 moved to the IT University of Copenhagen, and in 2012 to the Technical University of Denmark.  Over the years, ESC/Java2 has gained many new features including the ability to reason with multiple theorem provers and integration with Eclipse.

OpenJML, the successor of ESC/Java2, is available for Java 1.8. The source is available at https://github.com/OpenJML

See also 
Java Modeling Language (JML)

References 

Notes

External links 
 Java Programming Toolkit Source Release
 
 ESC/Java2 at KindSoftware
 SRC-RR-159 Extended Static Checking. - David L. Detlefs, K. Rustan M. Leino, Greg Nelson, James B. Saxe
 
 Extended Static Checking Computer Science & Engineering Colloquia. University of Washington. 1999.

2002 software
Static program analysis tools
Formal methods tools
Formal specification languages
Free computer programming tools
Shape table. Shape tables are a feature of the Apple II ROMs which allows for manipulation of small images encoded as a series of vectors. An image (or shape) can be drawn in the high-resolution graphics mode—with scaling and rotation—via software routines in the ROM. Shape tables are supported via Applesoft BASIC and from machine code in the "Programmer's Aid" package that was bundled with the original Integer BASIC ROMs for that computer.

Applesoft's high-resolution graphics routines were not optimized for speed, so shape tables were not typically used for performance-critical software such as games, which were typically written in assembly language and used pre-shifted bitmap shapes. Shape tables were used primarily for static shapes and sometimes for fancy text; Beagle Bros offered a number of fonts in Font Mechanic as Applesoft shape tables.

Technical details
The vectors of a two-dimensional graphic, each encoding a direction from the previous pixel along with a flag indicating whether the new pixel should be illuminated or not, were encoded up to three in a byte. These were stored in a table via the Monitor or the POKE command. From there, the graphic could be referenced by number (a table could contain up to 255 shapes), and built-in Applesoft routines permitted scaling, rotating, and drawing or erasing the shape. An XOR mode was also available to allow the shape to be visible on any color background; this had the advantage, also, of allowing the shape to be easily erased by redrawing it.

Apple did not provide any utilities for creating shape tables; they had to be created by hand, usually by plotting on graph paper, then calculating the hexadecimal values and entering them into the computer.  Beagle Bros created a shape table editing program, which eliminated the "number crunching", called Apple Mechanic, and a related program, Font Mechanic.

See also 
 Sprite

References

External links 
 Atariarchives.org example, detailed instructions on assembling shape tables by hand

Computer graphics