omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Boston-class cruiser. The United States Navy's Boston class were the first guided missile cruisers in the world.  Both ships in this experimental class were originally  heavy cruisers that had been decommissioned after World War II, but were redesignated as guided missile heavy cruisers (CAGs) and entered refit in 1952.  The lengthy conversion and modernization project (aka SCB 48) involved replacing the aft triple 8-inch gun turret and its supporting structure with two twin launchers for Terrier anti-aircraft guided missiles.  The forward two 8-inch gun turrets remained unchanged.  The forward superstructure was modified to include the Terrier's associated radars and electronics, the aft superstructure was completely replaced, and the Baltimore class's two funnels were trunked to one.

Owing to the Boston class's experimental nature, the ships were only partially converted, with a full conversion to be carried out if the new weapon systems were successful. Had the ships been fully converted, the forward 8-inch turrets would have been replaced with additional Terrier launchers.

In 1968 both Boston-class guided missile heavy cruisers were reclassified back to heavy cruisers (CAs), in part due to the extensive use of their 8-inch guns for shore bombardment during the Vietnam War.  While they had retained their Terrier missiles, the swift advance of technology had made these pioneering weapons obsolete after little more than a dozen years' service, and the ships' main battery was once again their six remaining 8-inch guns in the forward turrets.

Various proposals for limited modernization or complete reconstruction (including SCB 003.68) were considered but ultimately rejected.  In 1970 both Boston class ships were decommissioned for the final time, eventually struck from the Naval Vessel Register, and sold for scrap.

Ships in class

See also 
 List of cruisers of the United States Navy

References

Notes

Sources

External links

hazegray.org
US Naval Historical Center

Cruiser classes
Jim Knopf. Jim Knopf, nicknamed Jim Button ("Knopf" meaning "button" in German) (October 20, 1942 – October 1, 2013), was considered by many to be one of the "fathers" of shareware (so named by fellow software veteran Peter Norton). As an IBM employee, he wrote a program to help with a local church congregation. When demand for his program consumed too much of his time, he quit IBM and created Buttonware. He released his first program, PC-File (a flat file database), in late 1982 as "user supported software".  He has been quoted as saying this expression not only reflected the optional payment model, but also that comments from users drove the development of later releases.

He collaborated with PC-Talk (communications software) developer Andrew Fluegelman to adopt similar names (PC-File was originally "Easy-File"), and prices, for their initial shareware offerings; they also agreed to mention each other's products in their program's documentation. Fluegelman referred to this distribution method as "freeware".

A few months later (early 1983), Bob Wallace followed suit, coining the term "shareware" for his similarly marketed product, PC-Write, a word processor.

Knopf had a near-death experience in 1992, when his heart stopped beating briefly while experiencing a heart attack. Shortly thereafter, he sold all his business assets and retired to the Pacific Northwest.  He died on October 1, 2013, after suffering for several years from heart disease and Crohn's disease.

See also
 List of programmers
 Shareware
 Free Software

References

External links
The beginnings of shareware
Interview with Jim "Button" Knopf
An article by Jim Knopf
Article about Jim "Button" Knopf, from Dr. Dobb's Journal
Interview for the 20th anniversary of ASP

IBM employees
1942 births
2013 deaths
PC-File. PC-File was a flat-file database computer application most often run under MS-DOS.

Software
It was one of the first of three widely popular software products sold via the marketing method that became known as shareware. It was originally written by Jim "Button" Knopf in late 1982, and he formed the company Buttonware to develop, market, and support it.

The program was usually distributed for the cost of diskettes by local user groups. There was no copy protection and a manual was distributed as a file on the same diskettes as the program. It was extremely simple to use and extremely stable. It ran on just about any PC, while competing commercial products costing hundreds of dollars were often picky and full of bugs.

Knopf originally wrote the software for his own use to manage a church mailing list, on an Apple II. Later, he ported it to CP/M, and then to MS-DOS. Other people heard about it, and started requesting copies. Eventually, the cost of sending out update disks inspired Knopf to include a note requesting a small cash donation to offset the expenses. The response was overwhelming, and when his income from PC-File exceeded "ten times" what he was making from his job at IBM, he decided to turn Buttonware into a full-time business.

After PC-File version 3.0, Buttonware released PC-File/R, which had limited "relational" capabilities. In 1987, PC-File+ was rewritten to use the popular dBASE III file format.

PC-File for Microsoft Windows v8 was published by Outlook Software / Ace Software (previously Good Software) in 1994. This version works on Windows 3.1, 95, 98, and XP, but uses the 8.3 file naming convention. PC File will not run on Windows 7 64 bit, even in the XP compatibility mode, but will run in 'XP Mode'.

Reception
In a 1984 review of databases, PC Magazine found that "quite a few ... rough edges" existed, but concluded that "on a performance/price basis, [PC-File III] may be the best money you'll ever spend".

See also
PC-Write
Bob Wallace
PC-Talk
Andrew Fluegelman

References

External links
Article about Jim "Button" Knopf, from Dr. Dobb's Journal

Shareware
1980s software
A12. A12, A.12 or A-12 may refer to:

Aviation
 A-12 Shrike, a World War 2–era American attack aircraft
 Abrial A-12 Bagoas, a French experimental glider of the 1930s
 Aero A.12, a Czechoslovak light bomber built after World War I
 Lockheed A-12, codenamed Oxcart, a high-altitude, high-speed reconnaissance aircraft, manufactured for the CIA
 McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II, an early attempt by the United States to develop stealth aircraft, cancelled due to cost overruns

Military
 Aggregate 12, a German rocket design in World War II that was never constructed
 , a French-built aircraft carrier in use by the Brazilian Navy
 , a British A-class submarine of the Royal Navy
 Matilda II (tank), built to General Staff specification A12, a British tank of World War 2

Science and technology
 A12 Authentication, a CHAP-based mechanism used by a CDMA2000 Access Network to authenticate a 1xEV-DO Access Terminal 
 ARM Cortex-A12, a 32-bit multicore processor
 Apple A12, a 7-nanometer 64-bit ARM SoC
 ATC code A12 Mineral supplements, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 British NVC community A12 (Potamogeton pectinatus community), a British Isles plant community
 A Rhodopsin-like receptors subfamily
 Samsung Galaxy A12, an Android phone

Other uses
 A12 road, in several countries
 Fiat A.12, a 1916 Italian, 6–cylinder, liquid-cooled in-line engine 
 LSWR A12 class, an 1887 British steam locomotive model
 Route A12 (WMATA), a bus route in Washington, USA
 A12 scale, musical tuning based on the 4:7:10 triad
 One of the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings codes for the English Opening
 Unite the Right rally, referred to as "A12" locally, a white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, which took place on August 12, 2017
 X Æ A-12, the son of Elon Musk
 A highly desirable performance option for the 1969 Plymouth Road Runner and Dodge Super Bee with a 440 engine and special transmission and differential features.
Xitami. Xitami is a Web and FTP server, originally developed by iMatix Corporation as a free, open-source product from 1996 to 2000. It ran as a single process with a small footprint. It was not as fast as the fastest servers but scaled well.  It supported several web application protocols and was very portable. It also had a web interface to configure the web/FTP server.

In 2009, iMatix launched a new version of Xitami, called X5 (Xitami/5).

iMatix, developer of Xitami 
iMatix is a firm that produced free software applications, such as the ZeroMQ high performance message library, the OpenAMQ AMQP messaging service, Libero, the GSL code generator. Hintjens served as CEO and chief software designer for it.

History 
iMatix started the original Xitami server in 1996 as a demonstration of its "SMT" multithreading technology for building protocol servers. The name was chosen at the last minute when the developers realized that their original choice ("Cosmos") had already been taken by another web server that no longer exists. "Xitami" is "iMatix" spelled backwards.

Xitami was featured in an April 1997 article in Dr. Dobb's Journal.
The web server attracted people looking for a fast but simple web/FTP server, mainly on Microsoft Windows.

Xitami was designed to be portable, and was ported to Windows, Linux and other Unices, OpenVMS, BeOS, and OS/2.  All non-portable functionality was encapsulated in a library layer called SFL (the "standard function library").  SFL was a free and open source project and was used fairly widely in other such projects. In 1999, the Apache web server adopted a similar approach to portability for Apache2, building the Apache Portable Runtime (APR).

The Xitami team continued to add features until mid-2000 when development of the server stopped except for security updates.  In 2008 multiple printf vulnerabilities were reported in the final release of Xitami/2.5.

X5 
In January 2009 iMatix announced the start of a new Xitami project, version 5, called X5. This uses the latest generation of iMatix's multithreading technology (Base2), making Xitami scalable to multiple cores, while remaining small, and simple. iMatix has stated that it is "designed to handle thousands of connections without difficulty" which makes it ready for long polling, in which client connections remain open for extended durations.
Windows binaries for X5 were released in February 2009 and X5 was used for the first time to run the iMatix Live Zyre website.
X5 shares the same technical framework as iMatix's OpenAMQ message service.

X5 is written in ANSI C99, using a meta-programming approach called "Model Oriented Programming". X5 was presented at FOSDEM 2009 as consisting of 3,457 lines of meta-meta code.
X5 uses APR in place of SFL, and has been run on Windows, Linux, AIX, Solaris, and OpenVMS.

See also 
 Comparison of web servers
 ØMQ

References

External links 

Xitami legacy web site
Xitami FAQ with pronunciation of the name
ServerWatch review of Xitami
Implications of RestMS protocol on X5 design

Free web server software
Software using the BSD license
Steady state (disambiguation). Steady state may refer to:
Steady state (systems) an operating condition in thermodynamic and other systems or processes when variables stay constant as time passes.
Steady-state economy, an economy made up of a constant population size and a constant stock of physical wealth (capital).
Steady-state equilibrium (monetary theory), an economic situation where neutrality of money coincides with zero population growth.
Steady-state rate of growth (neoclassical growth theory), an economy featuring an equi-proportionate increase in capital and labour
Steady state (electronics), a state existing in a circuit or network when all transients have died away.
Steady state (chemistry), a term in chemical kinetics meaning the situation in which all state variables of an open system are constant in time.
Steady state (biochemistry), a situation in which certain parameters of cells or organs, usually concentrations of molecules, are constant in time
Steady state (physiology), also known as homeostasis, a system in which a particular variable is not changing but energy must be continuously added to maintain this variable constant.
Dynamic equilibrium commonly observed in dynamical systems.

It may also refer to:

Steady-state model, a non-standard cosmological view developed in 1949 by Fred Hoyle and others as an alternative to the Big Bang theory.
 Steady state engine test stand, a type of application for engine testing.
Microsoft Windows SteadyState, an imaging program for Microsoft operating systems.
British Rail Class 05. The British Rail Class 05 is a class of 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunters built by Hunslet Engine Company from 1955 to 1961. They were used on the Eastern and Scottish Regions of British Railways. The first two batches were delivered as 11136-11143 (later renumbered D2550-D2557) and 11161-11176 (later renumbered D2558-D2573). Subsequent locomotives were delivered, new, as D2574-D2618.

The British Rail Class D2/5 built by Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. were reported in several sources as having received the TOPS class number 05, though this was in error, and they are not listed as such in the latest works by Marsden, 2011.

Overview

Most were withdrawn early (due to a surplus of shunting locomotives, resulting from the network cuts of the 1960s) and replaced by classes 03 and 04, with the exception of D2554, which was transferred to the Isle of Wight, in 1966, to aid the electrification of the Island Line. Owing to its apparent suitability for working on the island, it was retained in working order and given the TOPS number 05001. It was transferred to departmental stock in 1981, being given the number 97803, and remained in service until 1985, when it was withdrawn and sold to the Isle of Wight Steam Railway.

Didcot Railway Centre has a similar-looking industrial example numbered DL26, but it is not a BR class 05. It is one of a batch of four built by Hunslet in 1958 with a 264 hp National Gas engine and a higher bonnet line. DL26 and its sister DL25 worked in the NCB East Midlands area at Pleasley Pit, from where it was acquired for preservation. It is currently painted in original green livery but with an early BR emblem on the cab sides. It was the main shunter on the site until the arrival of a Class 08, and it still sees occasional use for shunting. It cannot be used on passenger trains due to its lack of vacuum brakes. The Isle of Wight Steam Railway's own 05 001/D2554 can be seen frequently but it cannot run passenger trains, due to the Island's unique vintage air braked rolling stock.

Technical details
The engine is a Gardner 8-cylinder, 4 stroke 8L3 of 204 hp (152 kW) connected to a Hunslet 4-speed gearbox through a Hunslet patent friction clutch.  Final drive is via a Hunslet reversing gearbox and jackshaft.

Preservation 

Four class 05 locomotives have been preserved:
 D2554 "Nuclear Fred" at Isle of Wight Steam Railway. This engine has, at various times, carried the numbers 11140, 05001 and 97803
 D2578 "Cider Queen", privately preserved by the D2578 Locomotive Group at Moreton Business Park, Herefordshire.
 D2587 by Heritage Shunters Trust
 D2595 at Ribble Steam Railway

Models 
Class 05 is being made as a ready-to-run model in OO gauge by Silver Fox Models, 4mm OO gauge by Heljan (August 2015) and in 7mm O gauge in September 2017.

References

Sources

Further reading

External links 

   Images of 05001 at Sandown in 1976
 
   Picture of 05001 at Ryde Pier Head during a rare trip out from Sandown in 1983.
  Picture of 05001 at Sandown

05
Hunslet locomotives
C locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1955
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Shunting locomotives
Tranny (disambiguation). Tranny is a derogatory term for a trans person.

Tranny or trannie may also refer to:

Technology
Transformer, an electrical device
Transistor radio, a small portable radio receiver using transistor-based circuitry
Transmission (mechanics), a component of a motor vehicle
Ford Transit, a range of Ford panel vans, minibuses, and pickup trucks
Photographic transparency, made using reversal film

Other uses
Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge, a bridge across the River Tees, England
 Transition, the rounded section of the sidewall of a half-pipe used for skating, skiing, snowboarding, telemarking
 Tranny: Confessions of Punk Rock's Most Infamous Anarchist Sellout, a 2016 book by Laura Jane Grace
 Tranny Lee Gaddy (1894–1975), American football player and coach
 Vert skateboarding, sometimes called tranny, short for transitional skateboarding

See also
British Rail Class 06. The British Rail Class 06 is a class of 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical shunters built by Andrew Barclay Sons and Company from 1958 to 1960 for use on the Scottish Region of British Railways. They were originally numbered D2410–D2444 and survivors after 1973 were given the TOPS numbers 06001–06010.

Technical details
The engine is a Gardner 8-cylinder 4 stroke "8L3" connected to a Wilson-Drewry CA5 5-speed epicyclic gearbox with a Vulcan-Sinclair type 23 fluid coupling and a Wiseman type 15 RLGB gearbox.

While all technically similar, the locomotives had two different designs for the back of the cab, the first 15 locomotives having three windows, the remaining 20, having two.

Numbering
They were originally numbered D2410–D2444. The ten still in service in January 1973, nos. D2413/14/20–23/26/37/40/44, were given the TOPS numbers 06001–06010.

Withdrawal
With a decline in shunting, BR was forced to reduce its shunter fleet in the 1960s and 70s, resulting in mass withdrawals. The first class 06 locomotive to be withdrawn was D2441 in March 1967 and the last was 06002 (formerly D2414) in September 1981.

Preservation

A single locomotive survives, number 06003 (formerly D2420). It was the second last locomotive of the class in service when it was withdrawn in February 1981. It was transferred to the departmental fleet following withdrawal and renumbered 97804, and used at the Reading Signal Works where it replaced 97020. After being withdrawn again in 1984, it was sold to Booth's scrapyard in Rotherham (date unknown) before being saved for preservation by the local South Yorkshire Railway based at Meadowhall in Sheffield. Later owned by HNRC and visited several locations before being stored at the Museum of Science and Industry, Liverpool Road, Manchester, and in 2013 was moved into the Heritage Shunters Trust collection at Peak Rail, Rowsley.

One locomotive, D2432, was sold to P. Wood Shipbreakers of Queenborough, Kent in 1969. It was exported to Italy in 1977, but its subsequent fate is unrecorded.

Model Railways
In 1963 Hornby Railways launched its first version of the BR Class 06 in OO gauge. Since 2011 Hornby have produced a basic representation of the prototype as part of their Railroad range in BR Blue, whilst past examples have carried a variety of liveries.

An etched brass kit of the 06 is in the range of Judith Edge Kits.

References

Further reading

External links
   Image of 06005 at Dundee in 1980

06
Andrew Barclay locomotives
B locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1958
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Shunting locomotives
Spacecraft Event Time. Spacecraft Event Time (SCET) is the spacecraft-local time for events that happen at the spacecraft.  SCET is used for command programs that control the timing of spacecraft operations and to identify when specific events occur on the spacecraft relative to Earth time.

SCET versus Earth time

Since signals between the spacecraft and Earth are limited to the speed of light, there is a delay between the time an event happens on the spacecraft (such as the transmission of data taken from an instrument reading) and the time that a signal reporting the event reaches Earth.  Similarly, there is a delay between when instructions are sent from Earth and when the spacecraft receives the instructions.  The length of delay is related to the distance between the sending and receiving points.  Failure to take this delay into account could result in inaccurate data or mistakes in spacecraft control.

Calculating SCET

Determining the Spacecraft Event Time involves taking the time at Earth and adding or subtracting the signal travel time, depending on whether the signal is being sent to or received from the spacecraft.  For events transmitted from the spacecraft to Earth, the SCET of an event on the spacecraft can be defined as equal to the ERT (Earth-Received Time) minus the OWLT (One-Way Light Time).  For events transmitted from Earth to the spacecraft, the calculation is TRM (transmission time) plus OWLT.  For example, if a signal were received on Earth at exactly 11:00 UTC from a spacecraft showing that it had just completed a maneuvering thrust, but the spacecraft was four light-hours away from Earth (the distance of the New Horizons spacecraft at one point as it approaches Pluto), the SCET time of the thrust maneuver would have been four hours earlier, at 07:00.

Spacecraft Event Time in UTC is also known as Orbiter UTC, and Earth-received time as Ground UTC.

Spacecraft control

Since it takes time for a radio transmission to reach a spacecraft from Earth, the usual operation of a spacecraft is controlled with an uploaded command script containing SCET markers to ensure a certain timeline of events. Because of the delay between the sending of instructions from Earth and their receipt and execution by the spacecraft, real-time commanding of robotic spacecraft is done rarely: usually only in response to an emergency event, when changes in spacecraft operations must be made as soon as possible.  For example, a spacecraft could be instructed to go into safe mode to protect it during a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the Sun.

Presentation format 

Spacecraft event times stored in relation to instrument data from spacecraft events (e.g. images) are generally presented in ISO 8601 using one of the following formats:
 CCYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.sssZ (preferred format)
 CCYY-DDDTHH:MM:SS.sssZ 
However, the trailing Z (which indicates that the time is given in UTC) is often assumed/omitted.

Notes

References 
 Basics of Space Flight Glossary, JPL/NASA
 Data Standards, PDS/NASA

Spaceflight concepts
Time scales
List of schools of mines. A school of mines (or mining school) is an engineering school, often established in the 18th and 19th centuries, that originally focused on mining engineering and applied science. Most have been integrated within larger constructs such as mineral engineering, some no longer focusing primarily on mining subjects, while retaining the name.

Universities offering degrees in mining engineering

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

South America

See also 
 List of colleges of natural resources
 Ranking QS 2019, Subject: Engineering - Mineral and Mining.

References

 
Mine
Sc