omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Non-recurring engineering. Non-recurring engineering (NRE) cost refers to the one-time cost to research, design, develop and test a new product or product enhancement. When budgeting for a new product, NRE must be considered to analyze if a new product will be profitable. Even though a company will pay for NRE on a project only once, NRE costs can be prohibitively high and the product will need to sell well enough to produce a return on the initial investment. NRE is unlike production costs, which must be paid constantly to maintain production of a product. It is a form of fixed cost in economics terms. Once a system is designed any number of units can be manufactured without increasing NRE cost.
NRE can be also formulated and paid via another commercial term called Royalty Fee. The Royalty Fee could be a percentage of sales revenue or profit or combination of these two, which have to be incorporated in a mid to long term agreement between technology supplier and the OEM.

In a project-type (manufacturing) company, large parts (possibly all) of the project represent NRE. In this case the NRE costs are likely to be included in the first project's costs, this can also be called research and development (R&D). If the firm cannot recover these costs, it must consider funding part of these from reserves, possibly take a project loss, in the hope that the investment can be recovered from further profit on future projects.

The concept of full product NRE as described above may lead readers to believe that NRE expenses are unnecessarily high. However, focused NRE wherein small amounts of NRE money can yield large returns by making existing product changes is an option to consider as well. A small adjustment to an existing assembly may be considered, in order to use a less expensive or improved subcomponent or to replace a subcomponent which is no longer available. In the world of embedded firmware, NRE may be invested in code development to fix problems or to add features where the costs to implement are a very small percentages of an immediate return. Chrysler found such a way to repair a transmission problem by investing trivial NRE dollars into computer firmware to fix a mechanical problem to save some tens of millions of dollars in mechanical repairs to transmissions in the field.

NRE-concepts-as-financial-investments are loss control tools considered part of manufacturing profit enhancement.

References

External links 
 costs by Daniel Shefer - a short explanation of NRE

Product lifecycle management
Engineering concepts
International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading. The International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading (ISTAT) is a non-profit aviation industry association. Founded in 1983, ISTAT is dedicated to fostering and promoting interest and educational opportunities in commercial aviation, while also providing a forum for networking among those involved in the industry.

ISTAT membership
ISTAT currently has more than 1800 members worldwide involved in operating, manufacturing, maintaining, selling, purchasing, financing, leasing, appraising, insuring or otherwise engaging in activities related to commercial transport category aircraft.

ISTAT is governed by its bylaws and the volunteer ISTAT Board of Directors, which is composed of and elected by the members.

ISTAT Foundation
The ISTAT Foundation fosters interest in, creates opportunities for, and provides assistance through the global aviation community by offering scholarships, grants, internships and humanitarian aid worldwide.

The Foundation awards more than $250,000 in scholarships, grants and humanitarian efforts annually to recipients around the world. Grants are awarded to institutions involved in both elementary and higher education as well as to humanitarian organizations. Scholarships have been presented to students from the U.S., U.K., Turkey, The Netherlands, China, Germany, Australia, and Kenya. The Foundation’s most recently established internship program matches aviation-focused college students to internship positions open at ISTAT member companies.

ISTAT certified appraisers’ program
ISTAT has established rigorous testing and qualification standards for members who are engaged in appraising aircraft and support equipment. Within ISTAT is a core group of professional aircraft appraisers who work cooperatively for the elevation of the appraisal profession within the world aviation community. Each ISTAT member, who has satisfactorily demonstrated that he or she is qualified to appraise airline transport aircraft, has been granted the right to use one of the ISTAT professional designations, established by ISTAT and predicated upon a set group of criteria.

ISTAT events

Annual European Conference
The ISTAT European Conference occurs each autumn, at different European locations. The 2009 European Conference was held October 11–13 in Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Air Show Receptions
Annually, ISTAT hosts receptions at (or near) selected air shows, including Dubai (2023), Singapore (when?), Farnborough (2018), and Paris (2023).

References

External links
 ISTAT home page
 https://www.morganlewis.com/events/2024/05/istat-asia-2024

Airline trade associations
G7 howitzer. The G7 is a South African 105 mm howitzer, produced by Denel Land Systems (DLS). With a maximum range of  it outranges all existing 105 mm howitzers, as well as most current 155 mm howitzers (Denel's own 155's not included). During development, it was known as the Light Experimental Ordnance (LEO), with the G7 label being chosen later to fit in with Denel's two existing howitzer products, the G5 towed 155 mm howitzer and the G6 self-propelled 155 mm howitzer.

Potential customers
In 2004, DLS partnered with General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) to offer the gun in self-propelled form to the United States Army. GDLS provided an armoured vehicle (the LAV III), while Denel provided a G7 mounted inside a specially-designed, unmanned turret. The combined system weighs only  when fully loaded with ammunition, making it light enough to be transportable inside a C-130 Hercules transport aircraft. The combination took part in a number of tests for the US Army. Though currently unfunded, the US Army has indicated a requirement for such a system to equip its Stryker Brigade.  The Strykers cannot use current self-propelled and towed howitzers as their weight is a limiting factor on the brigade's mobility.

Interest in the system has also been exhibited by the militaries of South Africa, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia. In addition, the United States Army (USA) and United States Marine Corps (USMC) have exhibited interest in the towed version as a possible replacement for their towed 105 mm howitzer stocks.

In parallel with the G7's testing on the LAV-III Denel is also planning to fit it and its turret to a Rooikat armoured vehicle for its offer to the South African Army.

AMLAGC
In April 2007, it was reported that Armscor, the South African defence procurements agency, was about to award Denel a contract to develop a more advanced version of the G7, to be dubbed the Advanced Multirole Light Artillery Gun Capability (AMLAGC). Under the proposed contract, the G7 would see a "significant increase" in capability, including a weight reduction to  or less and the development of V-LAP ammunition to boost the range to .

See also 
 List of artillery

References

External links 
 

105 mm artillery
Howitzers
Post–Cold War artillery of South Africa
Denel
Arm DDT. Linaro DDT is a commercial C, C++ and Fortran 90 debugger. It is widely used for debugging parallel Message Passing Interface (MPI) and threaded (pthread or OpenMP) programs, including those running on clusters of Linux machines.

Debugger
It is used to find bugs on both small and large clusters, from 1 to 100,000s of processors.  It features memory debugging which detect memory leaks, or reading and writing beyond the bounds of arrays.

It was the first debugger to be able to debug petascale applications - having been used to debug applications running concurrently on 220,000 processes on a Cray XT5 at Oak Ridge National Laboratories. This is possible interactively as the debugger's control tree architecture leads to logarithmic performance for most collective operations. Linaro DDT uses the GNU Debugger as debug engine.

Linaro DDT also supports coprocessor architectures such as Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors and Nvidia CUDA GPUs.

It is part of Linaro Forge - a suite of tools for developing code in high performance computing - which also includes the performance profiler for scalar, multithreaded and parallel codes - Linaro MAP.

, 80 percent of the world's top 25 supercomputers on the TOP500 list, use Arm's tools.

Notes

External links
Linaro to Acquire Arm Forge Software Tools Business
Virtual Institute for High Productivity Supercomputing Allinea DDT guide

Debuggers
DSTO. DSTO may refer to:

Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Australia, now Defence Science and Technology Group
Defence Science and Technology Organization, Pakistan
Dual Stage To Orbit/Double Stage To Orbit, a spacecraft in which two distinct stages provide propulsion consecutively in order to achieve orbital velocity
Divisional sea transport officer, a naval officer responsible for transport.
Dwarka Sector 21 metro station, Delhi, India, by Delhi Metro station code
Railway Operating Division. The Railway Operating Division (ROD) was a division of the Royal Engineers formed in 1915 to operate railways in the many theatres of the First World War.  It was largely composed of railway employees and operated both standard gauge and narrow gauge railways.

The ROD operated their first line on a section of the Hazebrouck–Ypres line. The work was carried out by former employees of the London and North Western Railway.

The ROD requisitioned many diverse locomotives from Britain's railway companies and leased several Belgian locomotives sent to France in 1914, but as the war dragged on adopted the Great Central Railway's Robinson Class 8K 2-8-0 as its standard freight locomotive to become the ROD 2-8-0. Some locomotives were also purchased from Baldwin in the United States.

They also operated narrow-gauge engines (meter gauge or  gauge trains).

After the war, requisitioned locomotives returned to their foreign owners.

 the ROD 2-8-0 were stored in Great Britain and sold to several British companies between 1919 and 1927.
 the Baldwin locomotives were sold as military surplus; most of them ended up in Belgium and France.
During the First World War, the Railway Operating Division were assisted in their duties by other army units. The 17th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers. The Battalion, a Pals Battalion raised by the North Eastern Railway, began its life as a regular infantry battalion. It later became a Pioneer battalion and, owing to the large number of railwaymen available, became a Railway Pioneer battalion in October 1916 working under General Headquarters (GHQ) Railway Construction Troops. In September 1917, the battalion returned to an infantry battalion but returned to GHQ in November. They finally returned to an infantry battalion in May 1918, where they remained until the end of the war.

Railway Construction Companies 
A number of Railway Construction Companies existed during the great war. The companies built standard gauge railways in combat zones on multiple fronts during the war. At the start of the First World War there were two regular and three special reserve, these were:

 8th Railway Company
 10th Railway Company
 Depot Company
 Royal Anglesey (1 company)
 Royal Monmouthshire (1 company)

It was soon realised the importance of railways on the front line, several more companies were raised for the duration of the war. The last company was demobilised in 1919.

Great War companies included:

See also
 War Department Light Railways homepage

References

United Kingdom in World War I
Military railways in the United Kingdom
Military logistics of World War I
NeuRFon. The neuRFon project (named for a combination of "neuron" and "RF") was a research program begun in 1999 at Motorola Labs to develop ad hoc wireless networking for wireless sensor network applications.  The biological analogy was that, while individual neurons were not very useful, in a large network they became very powerful; the same was thought to hold true for simple, low power wireless devices.  Much of the technology developed in the neuRFon program was placed in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and in the Zigbee specification; examples are the 2.4 GHz physical layer of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and significant portions of the Zigbee multi-hop routing protocol.

References

External links
IEEE 802.15.4
ZigBee Alliance

Wireless sensor network
Thermos (disambiguation). Thermos most commonly refers to:
 Thermos L.L.C., a brand of domestic vacuum flasks
 A vacuum flask, also commonly referred to as a "thermos"

Thermos may refer to:
 Thermos (Aetolia), an ancient Greek city, the capital city of the Aetolian League
 A thermos bomb, the AR-4 anti-personnel bomb used during World War II
 A No. 73 grenade, an anti-tank hand grenade of World War II
 Thermos, a 1990 album by Bailter Space

See also 
 Thermus (disambiguation)
Roll-away computer. A roll-away computer is an idea introduced as part of a series by Toshiba in 2000, which aimed to predict the trends in personal computing five years into the future. Since its announcement, the roll-away computer has remained a theoretical device.

A roll-away computer is a computer with a flexible polymer-based display technology, measuring 1 mm thick and weighing around 200 grams.

Flexible and rollable displays started entering the market in 2006 (see electronic paper).

The R&D department of Seiko Epson has demonstrated a flexible active-matrix LCD panel (including the pixel thin film transistors and the peripheral TFT drivers), a flexible active-matrix OLED panel, the world's first flexible 8-bit asynchronous CPU (ACT11)—which uses the world's first flexible SRAM.

University of Tokyo researchers have demonstrated flexible flash memory.

LG Corporation has demonstrated an 18-inch high-definition video display panel that can roll up into a 3 cm diameter tube.

See also 
 Tablet PC
 Roll-up keyboard

References

External links 
 http://www.toshiba-europe.com/computers/tnt/visions2000/7/
 "Foldable, Stretchable Circuits" by Kate Greene 2008

Classes of computers
Fabrication. Fabrication may refer to:
 Manufacturing, specifically the crafting of individual parts as a solo product or as part of a larger combined product.

Processes in arts, crafts and manufacturing
Semiconductor device fabrication, the process used to create semiconductor devices and integrated circuits in everyday electronic devices
Art fabrication, production of large or technically difficult artworks
Metal fabrication, the building of metal structures by cutting, bending, and assembling
Prefabrication, assembling components of a structure and transporting them to the site where the structure is to be located

Falsehoods
Fabrication (lie), a type of lie
Fabrication (science), a form of scientific misconduct
Fabricator (intelligence), a source agent or officer that produces fraudulent or false information
Fable, a literary genre
Fiction

See also
Fabricator (disambiguation)
Fab (disambiguation)
 Fabric (disambiguation)
 Fabrication (optics)
Microreboot. Microrebooting is a technique used to recover from failures in crash-only software systems.  Instead of rebooting the whole system, only subsets of fine-grain components are restarted.  The granularity of components is typically finer than the process level (e.g., EJB-level in Java EE systems).

The goal of confining the reboot to fine-grain components is threefold: to reduce the amount of time it takes for the system to return to service, to minimize the failure's disruption to the system and its users, and to preserve as much in-memory application data as possible.

The concept was proposed in 2001 by George Candea and Armando Fox, while the former was a graduate student at Stanford University.  It was initially reduced to practice in systems such as a satellite ground station control system and a Java EE application server; later on it formed the basis of the design of commercial systems like Aster Data Systems nCluster.

References

Further reading 
 Microreboot paper
 Recursive restartability paper
 Crash-only software paper

Boot, Microreboot
Pascal Costanza. Pascal Costanza is a research scientist at the ExaScience Lab at Intel Belgium. He is known in the field of functional programming in LISP as well as in the aspect-oriented programming (AOP) community for contributions to this field by applying AOP through Lisp1.  More recently, he has developed Context-oriented programming, with Robert Hirschfeld.

His past involvements include specification and implementation of the languages Gilgul and Lava, and the design and application of the JMangler framework for load-time transformation of Java class files. He has also implemented ContextL, the first programming language extension for Context-oriented Programming based on CLOS, and aspect-oriented extensions for CLOS. He is furthermore the initiator and lead of Closer, an open source project that provides a compatibility layer for the CLOS MOP across multiple Common Lisp implementations. He has also co-organized numerous workshops on Unanticipated Software Evolution, Aspect-Oriented Programming, Object Technology for Ambient Intelligence, Lisp, and redefinition of computing. He has a Ph.D. degree from the University of Bonn, Germany.

Notes 
 Dynamically Scoped Functions as the Essence of AOP OOP 2003 Workshop on Object-Oriented Language Engineering for the Post-Java Era, Darmstadt, Germany, July 22, 2003; published in ACM SIGPLAN Notices Volume 38, Issue 8 (August 2003), ACM Press

Bibliography
 JMangler-A Powerful Back-End for Aspect-Oriented Programming (with Günter Kniesel and Michael Austermann),  Chapter 15  of Aspect-Oriented Software Development by Robert E. Filman, Tzilla Elrad, Siobhán Clarke, and Mehmet Aksit, Addison-Wesley, 2005, 
 Full bibliography (DBLP, University of Trier)

External links
 Home page
 A Highly Opinionated Guide to Lisp
 AspectL A library of Aspect-oriented programming extensions for Common Lisp.
 Context-oriented Programming

Living people
German computer scientists
University of Bonn alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Jared Cohon. Jared Leigh Cohon (October 7, 1947 – March 16, 2024) was an American academic administrator who served as the eighth president of Carnegie Mellon University beginning 1997 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.  he was a University Professor in the Carnegie Mellon College of Engineering.

Life and career
Jared Leigh Cohon was born in Cleveland, Ohio on October 7, 1947. He held a BS in Civil Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania and MS and PhD degrees in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earned in 1972 and 1973, respectively.

Prior to Carnegie Mellon, Cohon was the Dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and professor of environmental systems analysis at Yale University from 1992 to 1997 and was a faculty member in the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering and Assistant and Associate Dean of Engineering and Vice Provost for Research at Johns Hopkins University from 1973 to 1992.

He became President of Carnegie Mellon in 1997. During his first month of his presidency, he oversaw the removal of a stand of trees to build the Purnell Center for the Arts. He was shocked that there were no student protests against the act."I'm worried that our undergraduates can be so focused on preparing for their careers that they fail to develop a sense of and passion for what else is important to them." –Jared Cohon, 1997 copy of The Thistle, Carnegie Mellon's now defunct yearbookCohon stepped down from his position as President of Carnegie Mellon in 2013 and returned to the faculty as a University Professor in the Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering and Public Policy and director of the Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation. In 2014, Carnegie Mellon announced that the University Center would be renamed in honor of President Cohon and will be called the Cohon University Center.

Cohon was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (2012) for contributions to environmental systems analysis and national policy and leadership in higher education.

Cohon died on March 16, 2024, at the age of 76.

References

Sources

External links
 President Cohon's Bio at Carnegie Mellon
 Carnegie Mellon Piper: Interview with Jared Cohon (p. 12)
 

1947 births
2024 deaths
University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Presidents of Carnegie Mellon University
Yale University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Scientists from Cleveland
Maharashtra State Electricity Board. Maharashtra State Electricity Board (or MSEB) (Marathi:महाराष्ट्र राज्य विद्युत मंडळ) is a state government electricity regulation board operating within the state of Maharashtra in India. The MSEB was formed on 20 June 1960 under Section 5 of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948. In 1998 it was the second largest electricity generating utility in India after National Thermal Power Corporation.

History

The company's predecessor was the Bombay Electricity Board which was formed on 6 November 1954 and operated up to 31 March 1957 when it was renamed to Maharashtra State Electricity Board which operated until 19 June 1960.
The result of a collaboration between the MSEB and Enron was the Ratnagiri power plant.

Restructuring
In accordance with Electricity Act 2003 of the Government of India, the Maharashtra State Electricity Board was restructured into 4 companies in 2005. These companies were registered with Company Registrar in Mumbai on 31 May 2005 as follows:
MSEB Holding Company Limited.
Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited, Mahanirmiti or Mahagenco, MSPGCL.
Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company Limited, Mahapareshan or Mahatransco, MSETCL.
Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited, Mahavitaran or Mahadiscom, MSEDCL.

Mahavitaran−MSEDCL is responsible for distribution of electricity throughout the state by buying power from either Mahanirmiti−MSPGCL power plants, or from other state electricity boards and private sector power generation companies.

The holding company entity, MSEB Holding Company Limited, holds all the stake in the other three companies. All these 3 companies are engineers dominated.

Capacity and non-renewable resources
Maharashtra constitutes 13% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in India, which is mainly produced from non-renewable resources, using fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas.

References

External links
 Maharashtra State Electricity Board
 About us page
 M.S.E.B. Holding Co.Ltd
 Maharashtra State Generation Co. Ltd
 Maharashtra State Transmission Co. Ltd
 Maharashtra State Distribution Co. Ltd

State agencies of Maharashtra
Energy in Maharashtra
State electricity agencies of India
Energy companies established in 1960
1960 establishments in Maharashtra