omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hideo Itokawa. was a pioneer of Japanese rocketry, popularly known as "Dr. Rocket," and described in the media as the father of Japan's space development.

The near-Earth asteroid 25143 Itokawa was named in honor of Itokawa, and is notable as the target of the Hayabusa mission.

Biography
Born in Tokyo, Itokawa skipped grades in school and graduated from the Tokyo Imperial University (University of Tokyo) in 1935, having majored in aeronautical engineering. In 1941, he became an assistant professor at the university. During World War II, he was involved in designing aircraft at the Nakajima Aircraft Company and designed the Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa ("peregrine falcon"; Allied reporting name "Oscar") fighter. 

Itokawa became a full professor at his alma mater in 1948. In 1955, Itokawa worked on the Pencil Rocket for Japan's space program. He retired from his post at the university in 1967 and established an institute.

On 11 February 1970, a team formerly led by him at the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science at the University of Tokyo succeeded in launching Japan's first satellite, Ohsumi, making the country the fourth nation in the world to have the capability to send objects into orbit with their own launch vehicles. The satellite was carried on a Lambda 4S rocket, a joint project by the Institute of Industrial Science at the university and Nissan.

Itokawa wrote 49 books, and was a best-selling author. Topics that Itokawa became interested in or took as a hobby, include such sports as basketball, golf and swimming, as well as orchestral arrangements and such instruments as cello, harmonica, organ, piano, violin and taishōgoto (a string instrument invented in Japan). He was also interested in baton twirling, brain waves, English language plays, Mah Jong, philosophy,  rocket engineering and novel writing.

Bibliography
 Gyakuten no Hasso
 Hachijussai no Aria
 Koya wo Yuku

References

1912 births
1999 deaths
Scientists from Tokyo
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
Aircraft designers
Early spaceflight scientists
Japanese aerospace engineers
University of Tokyo alumni
Noise floor. In signal theory, the noise floor is the measure of the signal created from the sum of all the noise sources and unwanted signals within a measurement system, where noise is defined as any signal other than the one being monitored.

In radio communication and electronics, this may include thermal noise, black body, cosmic noise  as well as atmospheric noise from distant thunderstorms and similar and any other unwanted man-made signals, sometimes referred to as incidental noise. If the dominant noise is generated within the measuring equipment (for example by a receiver with a poor noise figure) then this is an example of an instrumentation noise floor, as opposed to a physical noise floor. These terms are not always clearly defined, and are sometimes confused.

Avoiding interference between electrical systems is the distinct subject of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). 

In a measurement system such as a seismograph, the physical noise floor may be set by the incidental noise, and may include nearby foot traffic or a nearby road. The noise floor limits the smallest measurement that can be taken with certainty since any measured amplitude can on average be no less than the noise floor.

A common way to lower the noise floor in electronics systems is to cool the system to reduce thermal noise, when this is the major noise source.  In special circumstances, the noise floor can also be artificially lowered with digital signal processing techniques.

Signals that are below the noise floor can be detected by using different techniques of spread spectrum communications, where signal of a particular information bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency domain resulting in a signal with a wider occupied bandwidth.

Every additional 6.02 dB of noise floor corresponds to a 1-bit reduction of the effective number of bits of an analog-to-digital converter or digital-to-analog converter.

See also 
 Atmospheric noise
 Blackbody
 Cosmic noise
 Noise
 Noise (electronic)
 Signal-to-noise ratio
 Thermal noise

References 

Noise (electronics)

fr:Bruit de fond
Acoustics
Sound
Alenia Marconi Systems. Alenia Marconi Systems (AMS) was a major European integrated defence electronics company and an equal shares joint venture between BAE Systems and Finmeccanica (now Leonardo S.p.A.) until its dissolution on 3 May 2005.

AMS was formed in 1998 by the merger of GEC-Marconi Radar and Defence Systems and Alenia Difesa. Equal shares in the resulting company were then held by Finmeccanica, and GEC-Marconi (later Marconi Electronic Systems (MES)), a division of The General Electric Company (GEC).

With the demerger and subsequent sale of its MES division in 1999, GEC's interest in AMS passed to BAE Systems.

In 2001 AMS' missile systems division was merged with Aerospatiale Matra Missiles and Matra BAe Dynamics to form MBDA.

On 7 October 2003 the UK holding company for AMS changed its registered name from Alenia Marconi Systems Limited to AMS Limited to comply with the agreements reached regarding use of the name "Marconi" following the sale of Marconi Electronic Systems by GEC (later Marconi plc). This name change was reflected in rebranding across the company, although the Italian holding company retained the name Alenia Marconi Systems SpA.

On 28 January 2005 BAE Systems and Finmeccanica announced the intention to dissolve their partnership in the AMS joint venture with AMS' UK and Italian operations taken over by the respective partners as arranged through the Eurosystems Transaction. On 3 May 2005 the Eurosystems Transaction was finalised:
The UK operations of AMS (minus air traffic control and communication systems) brought together with the C4ISR division of BAE Systems (minus communication systems) to form the new BAE Systems Integrated System Technologies (Insyte) division of BAE Systems.
The Italian operations of AMS (Alenia Marconi Systems SpA) became SELEX Sistemi Integrati which in turn became Selex ES in January 2013.

Products 
Air traffic control
Air defence systems
Airport infrastructure
Lighting
Meteorological systems
Command and control (C²)
Communication systems
Data links
Simulators etc.
Aerospace
Military
Radar - Civil and military
Ground
Naval

See also 
Alenia Aeronautica
Alenia Difesa
Alenia Spazio

References

External links 
BBC News: Defence merger on the radar (formation)
BAE Systems website
Leonardo website
"Forty Years of Marconi Radar from 1946 to 1986", GEC Review, Volume 13, No. 3, 1998

Defence companies of Italy
Defence companies of the United Kingdom
Guglielmo Marconi
Guided missile manufacturers
Technology companies established in 1998
Technology companies disestablished in 2005

it:Alenia Marconi Systems
Ghulam Sediq Wardak. Ghulam Sediq Wardak (born 1942) is an Afghan inventor, credited with 344 inventions to solve everyday problems, none of which are patented. He is a local hero, despite being only semi-literate, and having no formal higher education. His inventions tend to be practical devices, inspired by needs he perceives in his daily life. His first, made when he was seventeen, was a radio powered by the wearer's bodily electricity. 

His single-minded attention to coming up with his inventions has led to him being called mad by many in his community. "Even if major companies have got there first, Ghulam still pushes ahead although he struggles to make a living." He has devoted himself to inventing full-time, being supported financially by his four sons.

List of some inventions 

 automatic cradle rocker
 solar-powered water pump
 solar-powered car
 electric teakettle with an automatic safety shutoff
 burglar alarm that photographs the intruder
 automatic hand-washing system
 flood warning system
 auto-rotating sprinkler
 oil paint

References

1942 births
Living people
Pashtun people
Afghan inventors
X-Seed 4000. The X-Seed 4000 was a concept for a megatall skyscraper.  Its proposed  height,  sea-base, and 800-floor capacity could accommodate 500,000-1,000,000 inhabitants. This structure would have been composed of over  of steel.

It was designed for Tokyo, Japan, by the Taisei Corporation in 1995 as a futuristic environment combining ultra-modern and technological living and interaction with wildlife and nature. Methods of transportation within the X-seed would most likely include Maglev trains.

Georges Binder, managing director of Buildings & Data, a firm which compiles data banks on buildings worldwide, said the X-Seed 4000 "is never meant to be built[...] the purpose of the plan was to earn some recognition for the firm, and it worked."

Unlike conventional skyscrapers, to remain habitable the X-Seed 4000 would have been forced to actively protect its occupants from considerable internal air pressure and external air pressure gradations and weather fluctuations that its massive elevation would cause. Its design called for the use of solar power to maintain internal environmental conditions. As the proposed site for the structure is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, the most active volcano range in the world, the X-Seed 4000 would have been vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis.

A sea-based location and a Mount Fuji shape were some of this building's other major design features—Mount Fuji itself is  high, making it  shorter than the X-Seed 4000.

The X-Seed 4000 was projected to be twice the height of the Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid at . 
The Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid (also planned for Tokyo, Japan) faces most of the same problems as the X-Seed. Other projects that, if built, could be in the top five human-made structures are the Ultima Tower of  in San Francisco, Dubai City Tower of  and the Bionic Tower of  in either Hong Kong or Shanghai.

See also 
 Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid
 List of records of Japan
 List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
 List of tallest structures in Japan
 List of visionary tall buildings and structures

References

External links 
 

Skyscrapers in Tokyo
Unbuilt buildings and structures in Japan
Megastructures
Unbuilt skyscrapers
Proposed arcologies
Head–body pattern. The head–body pattern is a common XML design pattern, used for example in the SOAP protocol. This pattern is useful when a message, or parcel of data, requires considerable metadata. While mixing the meta-data with the data could be done it makes the whole confusing. In this pattern the meta-data or meta-information are structured as the header, sometimes known as the envelope. The ordinary data or information are structured as the body, sometimes known as the payload. XML is employed for both head and body (see also XML Protocol).

The pattern can be illustrated as:

<head>
    <!--metadata-->
</head>
<body>
    <!--main content-->
</body>

References

XML
Software design patterns
Electron (disambiguation). An electron is a subatomic particle.

Electron may also refer to:

Science
 Elementary charge or electron
 Electron (bird), a small genus of motmots

Places
 Electron, Gauteng, a community in Gauteng province, South Africa
 Electron, Washington, a community in Washington, US

People
 Electron (computer hacker) or Richard Jones (born 1969), member of an Australian hacking group
 Lou Fine or E Lectron (1914–1971), American comic book artist

Organisations
 Tokyo Electron, an electronics and semiconductor company
 Electron, a tram builder based in Lviv, Ukraine

Other uses
 Electron (comics), a fictional Marvel Comics character
 Rocket Lab Electron, a small orbital rocket in use by Rocket Lab
 Teignmouth Electron, a trimaran entered in the 1968 Sunday Times Golden Globe Race 
 Electron (software framework), an open-source framework for writing desktop apps with web technologies, originally authored by GitHub
 AMC Electron, a re-branding of AMC Amitron, the electric urban vehicle concept by AMC
 Acorn Electron, an 8-bit computer by Acorn Computers
 BlackBerry Electron, a line of smartphones
 Visa Electron, a brand of credit or debit cards
 Electron engine, a video game engine by Obsidian Entertainment
 L-188W "Electron", an Argentine Navy version of the Lockheed L-188 Electra
 Electron Lahar, a mudflow that came from Mount Rainier 500 years ago.

See also
 Elektron (resin), an ancient Greek name for Amber, a fossilized resin
 Elektron (disambiguation)
 Electro (disambiguation)
 Electrum, an alloy of gold and silver
 Tron (disambiguation)
Kerrighed. Kerrighed is an open source single-system image (SSI) cluster software project. The project started in October 1998 at the Paris research group The French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control. From 2006 to 2011, the project was mainly developed by Kerlabs. In January, 2012 the Linux clustering mission of Kerlabs was adopted by a new company: We Cluster, Inc. headquartered in Pacific Grove, California.  January 18, 2012: Kerrighed 3.0 has been ported to Ubuntu 12.04 with Linux Kernel v3.2.

Background
Kerrighed is implemented as an extension to the Linux operating system. It helps scientific applications such as numerical simulations to use more power. Such applications may be using OpenMP, Message Passing Interface, and/or a Posix multithreaded programming model.

Kerrighed implements a set of global resource management services that aim at making resource distribution transparent to the applications, at managing resource sharing in and between applications and at taking benefit of the whole cluster resources for demanding applications.  Kerrighed provides a development framework allowing to easily implement dynamic scheduling policies without kernel modification.

Kerrighed provides several features such as a distributed shared memory with a sequential consistency model, processes migration from one cluster node to another, and to a limited extent checkpointing. 

Kerrighed uses a "container" concept: this entity is an abstraction of both files and memory.  Each Kerrighed node starts a root container in which only local resources are available. To access resources globally, one
must start the Kerrighed container on one node then add other nodes to the Kerrighed container.

See also
LinuxPMI
OpenMosix
OpenSSI

External links
 DIPC
 Kerrighed website
 OpenMosix, OpenSSI and Kerrighed: A Comparative Study (2004)

References

Internet Protocol based network software
Cluster computing
John Sargrove. John Sargrove (1906–1974) was a British engineer and automation pioneer.

Life and career 

His parents were ethnically Hungarian, and  he was originally named John Adolphe Szabadi, but changed his name to Sargrove in 1938.

While employed at British Tungsram Radio Works Ltd (originally British Tungsram Electric Lamps Ltd) he experimented with the idea of creating circuits by spraying metal onto bakelite. He was able to create resistors, capacitors, and inductors, as well as the electrical connections between them, on a single bakelite blank by this process. This work was carried out around 1936 and 1937, several years prior to the development of the printed circuit board by Paul Eisler in 1943. Sargrove also experimented with the development of a 'universal' vacuum tube. His long-term goal, however, was automating the production of radios by the development of what he termed Electronic Circuit Making Equipment (ECME).

By 1947 Sargrove had completed the design of all the ECME, and formed a company, Sargrove Electronics Ltd, to build the equipment and then produce radios. The ECME built by Sargrove  produced all of the radio circuitry by the sprayed-circuit process, and assembled all of the radio parts except for inserting the vacuum tubes into their sockets and attaching the speaker, thus greatly reducing the amount of human labour required and thereby lowering the cost of the radios. An ECME device could produce three radios a minute, and even test the radio circuitry.

Sargrove continued to design increasingly sophisticated ECME to produce more complex radios, and began work on ECME for the production of televisions. However, a large order of radios by the Indian government was cancelled in 1947 following Indian self-governance, and investors withdrew their backing of Sargrove Electronics Ltd, which then went into liquidation.

References 

 Popular Science article on Sargrove's ECME
 
  : Method of manufacturing electrical network circuits 1949-07-05

1906 births
1974 deaths
British electronics engineers
WTI. WTI or wti may refer to:

Organizations
 Western Transportation Institute, in the College of Engineering at Montana State University in Bozeman, MT, US
 Wildlife Trust of India, a conservation organisation based in New Delhi, India
 Witness to Innocence, to abolish the death penalty in the US
 World Trade Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
 World Tribunal on Iraq, a people's court

Other uses
 Berta language (ISO 639-3 code: wti), spoken in Sudan and Ethiopia
 Ward–Takahashi identity, in quantum field theory
 Waterloo station (Indiana) (Amtrak code: WTI), Indiana, US
 Weapons and Tactics Instructor, a training course supervised by the United States Marine Corps Training and Education Command
 West Texas Intermediate, a crude oil used as a pricing benchmark
 Winnersh Triangle railway station (National Rail code: WTI), Berkshire, England

See also

 
 
 WT (disambiguation)
 WT1 (disambiguation)
 WTL (disambiguation)
Digital Speech Standard. Digital Speech Standard (DSS) is a proprietary compressed digital audio file format defined by the International Voice Association, a consortium of Olympus, Philips and Grundig Business Systems.

DSS was originally developed in 1994 by Grundig with the University of Nuremberg. In 1997, the digital speech standard was released, which was based on the previous codec. It is commonly used on digital dictation recorders. Modern psychoacoustical codecs that perform nearly as well at only slightly higher bitrates have led to this speech coding standard being less used in modern voice recording equipment.

Operation 
The DSS file format stores voice audio data in a highly compressed format that allows basic recording functionality (such as recording, playing, rewinding, etc.) as well as the ability to record in either insert or overwrite mode making it ideal for dictation. This along with ability to include additional information in the file header for the transcriptionist including priority mark, author, job type, etc.

DSS is a format designed specifically for speech, equivalent to MP3 for music. In contrast with MP3, however, the quality usually is as low as possible, to minimize the size of the file.

See also
Speech Processing Solutions
Philips
Olympus
Grundig Business Systems

External links
Philips Dictation Systems- Website of Philips Dictation Systems
Olympus Professional Dictation- Website of Olympus Professional Dictation
Olympus.
Grundig Business Systems - Website of Grundig Business Systems

 
Digital dictation
Speech codecs
Philippe Kruchten. Philippe Kruchten (born 1952) is a Canadian software engineer, and Professor of Software Engineering at University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, known as Director of Process Development (RUP) at Rational Software, and developer of the 4+1 Architectural View Model.

Biography 
In 1975, Kruchten received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering at the Ecole Centrale de Lyon in France, an MA in Software Engineering in 1978 at the École nationale supérieure des télécommunications in Paris, and a PhD in computer science from the French Institute of Telecommunications in 1986. In the new millennium in Canada he received a Certificate in Intercultural Studies from the University of British Columbia in 2002.

In 1974, Kruchten started working as a FORTRAN programmer in a French computer firm, stationed for three months at IBM in London. In 1976, he became an assistant professor at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications, Paris for years, and has kept switching between the academic world and the computer industry ever since. In that time, he experienced the development of large, software-intensive systems in the areas such as telecommunication, defense, aerospace, transportation, and software development tools.

From 1996, he was Director of Process Development (RUP) at Rational Software, and kept this position when Rational was acquired by IBM in 2003. Since 2004, he holds a position as Professor of Software Engineering at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Since 2009 he holds an NSERC Chair in Design Engineering.

See also 
 Artifact (software development)

Publications
Books:
 Kruchten, Philippe. The Rational Unified Process-An Introduction, Addison-Wesley, 1998; 3rd ed. in 2003;
 Kruchten, Philippe, and Per Kroll. Rational Unified Process Made Easy-A Practitioner's Guide to the RUP, Addison-Wesley, 2003.
 Kruchten, Philippe and Pierre Robillard, UPEDU: Unified Process for Education, Addison-Wesley, 2003.

Articles, a selection:
 Kruchten, Philippe. "Agile Architecture", https://philippe.kruchten.com/2013/12/11/agile-architecture/ (related presentation: http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/assets/presentations/Kruchten%20100519%20agility%20architecture%20Saturn.pdf) 
 Kruchten, Philippe, Patricia Lago, and Hans Van Vliet. "Building up and reasoning about architectural knowledge." Quality of Software Architectures. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 43-58.
 Hofmeister, C., Kruchten, P., Nord, R. L., Obbink, H., Ran, A., & America, P. (2007). "A general model of software architecture design derived from five industrial approaches." Journal of Systems and Software, 80(1), 106-126.
 Kruchten, Philippe. "Voyage in the agile memeplex." Queue 5.5 (2007): 1.
 Kruchten, Philippe (1995, November). Architectural Blueprints — The “4+1” View Model of Software Architecture. IEEE Software 12 (6), pp. 42–50.

References

External links
 
 Kruchten Engineering Services, Ltd.
 UBC page

1952 births
Living people
People from Alsace
Canadian software engineers
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
École Centrale de Lyon alumni