omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Missing Link (puzzle). Missing Link is a mechanical puzzle invented in 1981 by Steven P. Hanson and Jeffrey D. Breslow.

The puzzle has four sides, each depicting a chain of a different color. Each side contains four tiles, except one which contains three tiles and a gap. The top and bottom rows can be rotated, and tiles can slide up or down into the gap. The objective is to scramble the tiles and then restore them to their original configuration.

The two middle rows cannot be rotated. To move tiles in these rows, you need to loop the tiles from one row to another, up and down.

There are 15 tiles and a gap, giving a maximum of 16! arrangements. However, the middle tiles of each four-tile chain are identical, and each position is equivalent to seven other positions obtained by rotating the entire puzzle (about its axis or upside-down), reducing the number of arrangements to 16! / 8 / 8  = 326,918,592,000. If the three long chains are also considered interchangeable, then the number of arrangements is further reduced to 16! / 8 / 8 / 6 = 54,486,432,000.

Reception
Games magazine included Inner Circle in their "Top 100 Games of 1981", expecting it to be "the torture of the season" but instead found it was "solvable by ordinary human beings and will not provoke a rash of how-to books".

See also
Combination puzzles
Mechanical puzzles

References

External links
Picture and solution

1980s toys
1981 introductions
1981 works
Combination puzzles
Mechanical puzzles
Compatibility testing. Compatibility testing is a part of non-functional testing conducted on application software to ensure the application's compatibility with different computing environment.

The ISO 25010 standard, (System and Software Quality Models) defines compatibility as a characteristic or degree to which a software system can exchange information with other systems whilst sharing the same software and hardware. The degree to which a product can perform its required functions efficiently while sharing a common environment and resources with other products, without detrimental impact on any other product is known as co-existence while interoperability is the degree to which two or more systems, products, or components can exchange information and use the information that has been exchanged. In these contexts, compatibility testing would be information gathering about a product or software system to determine the extent of coexistence and interoperability exhibited in the system under test.

See also
 List of International Organization for Standardization standards, 24000-25999
 ISO/IEC 25010:2011 Systems and software engineering - Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - System and software quality models

References

Software testing
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT. The Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT is an engineering department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.It offers degrees of Master of Science, Master of Engineering, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doctor of Science.

History
The curriculum for the electrical engineering program was created in 1882, and was the first such program in the country. It was initially taught by the physics faculty.  In 1902, the Institute set up a separate Electrical Engineering department. The department was renamed to Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1975, to highlight the new addition of computer science to the program.

Current faculty

Professors
 Silvio Micali
 Harold Abelson
 Anant Agarwal
 Akintunde I. Akinwande
 Dimitri A. Antoniadis
 Arvind
 Arthur B. Baggeroer
 Hari Balakrishnan
 Dimitri P. Bertsekas
 Robert C. Berwick
 Duane S. Boning
 Louis D. Braida
 Rodney A. Brooks
 Vincent W. S. Chan
 Anantha P. Chandrakasan
 Shafira Goldwasser
 Paul E. Gray (S.B. 1954, S.M. 1955, Ph.D. 1960)
 Pablo A. Parrilo
 L. Rafael Reif
 Jerome H. Saltzer (Sc.D. 1966)
 Kenneth N. Stevens (Sc.D. 1952)
 Gerald J. Sussman (S.B. 1968, Ph.D. 1973, both in Mathematics)
 Patrick H. Winston
 Regina Barzilay (website)

Associate professors
 Saman P. Amarasinghe
 Krste Asanovic
 Marc Baldo
 Sangeeta Bhatia
 Vladimir Bulovic
 Isaac L. Chuang
 Michael Collins
 Karl K. Berggren
 Elfar Adalsteinsson
 Tomas Palacios

Professors emeriti
 Michael Anthans
 Abraham Bers
 Amar Bose (S.B. 1951, S.M. 1952, Sc.D. 1956)
 James D. Bruce
 Fernando J. Corbató
 Shaoul Ezekiel
 Robert Fano (S.B. 1941, Sc.D. 1947)

Former faculty
 Leo Beranek
 Gordon S. Brown (S.B. 1931, S.M. 1934, Ph.D. 1938)
 Vannevar Bush (Eng.D. 1916)
 Jack Dennis (S.B. 1953, S.M. 1954, Sc.D. 1958)
 Harold Edgerton (S.M. 1927, Sc.D. 1931)
 Jay Wright Forrester (S.M. 1945)
 Irwin M. Jacobs (S.M. 1957, Sc.D. 1959)
 William B. Lenoir (S.B. 1961, S.M. 1962, Ph.D. 1965)
 John McCarthy
 Marvin Minsky
 Julius Stratton (S.B. 1923, S.M. 1926)

Notable alumni

References

External links
 MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department
Computer science departments in the United States
Science and technology in Massachusetts
Electrical and computer engineering departments
Phenyl salicylate. Phenyl salicylate, or salol, is the organic compound with the formula C6H5O2C6H4OH.  It is a white solid. It is occasionally used in sunscreens and as an antiseptic.

Production and reactions
The title compound was synthesized first in 1883 by the Polish chemist and doctor Marceli Nencki (who didn't publish his findings) and then independently in 1885 by the German chemist Richard Seifert (de) (1861–1919) (who did publish his findings).  It is synthesized by heating salicylic acid with phenol in the presence of phosphoryl chloride. It also arises from heating salicylic acid:
2HOC6H4CO2H  →  C6H5O2C6H4OH  +  CO2  +  H2O
The conversion entails dehydration and decarboxylation.  Heating phenyl salicylate in turn gives xanthone.
2C6H5O2C6H4OH  →  2C6H5OH  +  O[C6H4]2CO +  CO2
In this conversion, phenol is produced as well as carbon dioxide.

Salol reaction
In the salol reaction, phenyl salicylate reacts with o-toluidine in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at elevated temperatures to the corresponding amide o-salicylotoluide. Salicylamides are a type of drug.

Medical
It has been used as an antiseptic based on the antibacterial activity upon hydrolysis in the small intestine.

It acts as a mild analgesic.

History 
The Swiss physician Hermann Sahli (sometimes spelled "Saly") (1856–1933) sought a substitute for sodium salicylate, which was used as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis but which wasn't tolerated by some patients.  So Dr. Sahli asked the Polish chemist and doctor Marceli Nencki of Bern, Switzerland, if he knew of a salicylate compound that lacked sodium salicylate's side effects.  Nencki recommended phenyl salicylate, which he had synthesized circa 1883.  While Nencki had been investigating how phenyl salicylate behaved in the body, he hadn't published his findings.  Meanwhile, the German chemist Richard Seifert (de) (1861–1919), a student of the German chemist Rudolf Wilhelm Schmitt (de) (1830–1898), independently synthesized phenyl salicylate in 1885.  In 1885, Seifert accepted a position at the Heyden chemical corporation (de)  of Radebeul, Germany, which manufactured salicylic acid.  The United States granted to Nencki and Seifert a patent for the production of phenyl salicylate, whereas Germany granted a patent for its production to Nencki and the Heyden corporation.  The Heyden company subsequently sold phenyl salicylate as a pharmaceutical, under the commercial name "Salol", a contraction of "SALicylate of phenOL".  Among other applications, Salol was used as an orally administered antiseptic for the small intestine, where the compound is hydrolyzed into salicylic acid and phenol.

See also
Phenyl salicylate is used in school laboratory demonstrations on how cooling rates affect crystal size in igneous rocks, and can be used to demonstrate seed crystal selectiveness.

References

Phenol esters
Salicylate esters
1886 introductions
3-Hydroxypropenals
Substances discovered in the 19th century
M. Anthony Lewis. M. Anthony Lewis is an American robotics researcher and currently serves as the Vice President of Hewlett-Packard and the head of Hewlett-Packard's Compute Lab for disruptive edge technologies. Formerly, he served as the Head of was the former Senior Director of Technology at Qualcomm Technologies and was the creator of Zeroth neural processing unit and its software API. He is past CEO of Iguana Robotics, a company specializing in the development of biomorphic robotics technologies.

Lewis received his Ph.D. at the University of Southern California under the guidance of Michael Arbib and George Bekey. He has served on the faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles and the University of Illinois and is currently on the faculty of the University of Arizona.

He is known for his work in evolutionary and biomorphic robotics, formation control of robotic systems, and investigations into the basis of movement control in humans and robots. He collaborated on a project to help paralyzed people, using studies of an eel's nerve circuitry.

In recent work, Lewis and colleagues have demonstrated a robot that claimed to be  the most biologically accurate model of human locomotion to date.  This robotic uses a muscle architecture much like a human being, a simplified neural circuit meant to mimic neurons in the spinal cord, and sensory feedback mimicking the primary sensory pathways found in human.

References

External links
M. Anthony Lewis' page at the University of Arizona

American roboticists
Living people
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
University of Arizona faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
American technology chief executives
SA Power Networks. SA Power Networks is the principal electricity distributor in the state of South Australia, delivering electricity from high voltage transmission network connection points operated by ElectraNet. It is the successor to the Electricity Trust of South Australia.

Ownership
SA Power Networks arose from the split up of the generation, transmission, distribution and retail responsibilities of the former SA Government-owned Electricity Trust of South Australia and its subsequent privatisation in 1999. The distribution business is owned by the Hong Kong–based Cheung Kong Infrastructure Holdings (51%), and Spark Infrastructure (49%). SA Power Networks is structured as a partnership of CKI Utilities Development Limited, PAI Utilities Development Limited, each incorporated in the Bahamas; and 
Spark Infrastructure SA (No. 1) Pty Ltd,
Spark Infrastructure SA (No. 2) Pty Ltd, and
Spark Infrastructure SA (No. 3) Pty Ltd, each incorporated in Australia.

Regulated electricity distribution
SA Power Networks operates its electricity distribution business under a licence granted by the Government of South Australia.

The business is subject to regulation by the Australian Energy Regulator and Essential Services Commission of South Australia. Regulation of the business primarily relates to establishing service standards and setting the revenue required to meet those standards cost efficiently.

SA Power Networks is the fifth largest electricity distributor in the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM).

Other business activities
SA Power Networks also competes in the un-regulated energy market through its wholly owned business Enerven, which provides infrastructure construction and maintenance services to industry and government. 

SA Power Networks has employed former politician Nick Bolkus as their lobbyist in South Australia.

See also
 Australian Energy Market Operator
 Electricity Trust of South Australia
 National Electricity Market
 Spark Infrastructure

References

External links
 SA Power Networks website
 Spark Infrastructure website
 SA Power Networks inverters promise flexible solar exports, 7 Oct 2020

Companies based in Adelaide
Electric power distribution network operators in Australia
Site enhancement oil. Site enhancement oil are compounds injected into muscles to increase their size. Synthol is injected into muscles to create larger bulges, or injecting PMMA into muscles to shape them. Use of PMMA to shape muscles is prohibited in the United States. However, it is not illegal to use synthol.

Site enhancement oil, often called santol or synthol (no relation to the Synthol mouthwash brand), refers to oils injected into muscles to increase the size or change the shape. Some bodybuilders, particularly at the professional level, inject their muscles with such mixtures to mimic the appearance of developed muscle where it may otherwise be disproportionate or lacking. This is known as "fluffing". Synthol is 85% oil, 7.5% lidocaine, and 7.5% alcohol. It is not restricted, and many brands are available on the Internet. The use of injected oil to enhance muscle appearance is common among bodybuilders, despite the fact that synthol can cause pulmonary embolisms, nerve damage, infections, sclerosing lipogranuloma, stroke, and the formation of oil-filled granulomas, cysts or ulcers in the muscle. Rare cases might require surgical intervention to avoid further damage to the muscle and/or to prevent loss of life.

Sesame oil is often used in such mixtures, which can cause allergic reactions such as vasculitis.

As the injected muscle is not actually well-developed, it might droop under gravity.

References

Further reading

Bodybuilding
The Flying Machine (short story). "The Flying Machine" is a short story written by Ray Bradbury in 1953. Bradbury also adapted the tale into a short play that same year.

Plot
China, 400 AD. The Emperor Yuan notices a man who has created a contraption for flying. Emperor Yuan is not at all happy when he asks the inventor his purpose in creating such a device and the inventor replies that his motivation was merely the desire for innovation. Thus Yuan orders that the inventor shall be executed because, while his flying machine may be a beautiful creation, the emperor sees the devastating potential for those who "have an evil face and an evil heart" and will seek to use it for purposes other than the enjoyment of flight, namely flying over the Great Wall of China and destroying it. For this reason, the inventor is executed, the flying machine is burned, and all who saw it are silenced. But in the last line the Emperor mourns the loss of the machine, the marvel of which he appreciates but the danger of which is too great to allow its survival.

External links

Golden Apples of the Sun, a short story collection by Ray Bradbury
The Flying Machine: A One-Act Play for Three Men by Ray Bradbury

1953 short stories
Historical short stories
Short stories about aviation
Short stories by Ray Bradbury
Short stories set in Imperial China
Short stories set in the 4th century
Northern and Southern dynasties in fiction
North China in fiction
Thermal immersion circulator. A thermal immersion circulator is an electrically powered device that circulates and heats a warm fluid kept at an accurate and stable temperature. It is used in process, environmental, microbiological, hazardous waste, and other laboratories. Since 2005 they have also been used for sous-vide food cooking, a method that uses airtight plastic bags in a water bath at accurately regulated temperatures much lower than usually used for cooking.

A thermal immersion circulator comprises a circulator pump or motorized impeller to move the fluid, a heating element immersed in the fluid, an accurate temperature probe, and control circuitry which compares the measured temperature with the desired value and supplies power to the heater as required to stabilize the temperature.

One of the laboratory brands, Huber, states in their user manuals that the laboratory circulators should not be used for food or medical uses. A food-grade, rather than laboratory, circulator is advised for culinary use, even if unused.

References

See also
 Laboratory water bath
 Bain-marie

Cooking appliances
Laboratory equipment
Electronics Letters. Electronics Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published biweekly by the Institution of Engineering and Technology. It specializes in the rapid publication of short communications on all areas of electronic engineering, including optical, communication, and biomedical engineering, as well as electronic circuits and signal processing.

In 2010 Electronics Letters was relaunched with a new section at the start of each issue. This section focuses on selected papers within the issue, providing expanded context and background to the research reported, through magazine-style news articles and interviews with the researchers behind the work. The articles are designed to be accessible to a general engineering audience and were made available free of charge, without a subscription, from the journal's website.

In 2013 a hybrid open-access model was introduced providing authors whose papers have been accepted for publication with an open access publication option.

History
In 1965, the British engineer and professor Peter Clarricoats, along with the association of Institution of Electrical Engineers, pioneered a peer-reviewed platform out of the necessity to quickly disseminate the latest researches in the field of electrical and electronic engineering. He became the first editor-in-chief of Electronics Letters. At present, professor Ian H. White, Head of Photonics Research at the University of Cambridge and professor Chris Toumazou of Imperial College London are the editors-in-chief of Electronics Letters.

References

External links 
 

Electrical and electronic engineering journals
Biweekly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1965
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies of the United Kingdom
Institution of Engineering and Technology academic journals
Electronics journals
Forging temperature. Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature, such that it can be reshaped by forging. Bringing a metal to its forging temperature allows the metal's shape to be changed by applying a relatively small force, without creating cracks. For most metals, forging temperature is approximately 70% of the absolute temperature (usually measured in kelvins) of its melting point.

Selecting the maximum forging temperature allows metals to be forged more easily, lowering the forging pressure and thus the wear on metal-forming dies. The temperature at which a metal is forged can affect the homogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties of forged products, which can highly affect the performance of products used in manufacturing.

See also
 Plasticity

Notes

References

Thermodynamics
Plasticity (physics)
Metals
 Zinc
Tachikawa Ki-17. The  was a basic training aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force built by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd in the 1930s. It was known to the Allies under the nickname of Cedar during World War II.

Design and development
The Ki-9 was originally planned to be manufactured in two versions using the same basic airframe but with different engines for service as either a primary or intermediate trainer. However, when the lower-powered form proved to be unsuitable due a center of gravity issue, design of a new airframe was ordered for the basic trainer version, and it was given the new designation of Ki-17.

Compared to the Ki-9, the Ki-17 had equal-span wings, a slimmer fuselage, and a revised tailplane. It was powered by a  Hitachi Ha-13a radial engine. The first prototype flew in July 1935.

The only major change made to subsequent production aircraft was the deletion of the upper-wing ailerons to eliminate oversensitive control inputs.

Operational history
The Ki-17 was introduced to service as the Army Type 95-3 Basic Grade Trainer Model A under the former aircraft naming nomenclature system. Tachikawa manufactured 560 Ki-17s between 1936 and 1943, and the type saw service with the Army Air Academy and flight training schools.

Operators

 Kumagaya Army Flying Training School
 Mito Army Flying Training School
 Tachiari Army Flying Training School
 Utsonomiya Army Flying Training School
 Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Academy (Rikugun Kōku Shikan Gakkō)

 Manchukuo Imperial Air Force

 Royal Thai Air Force

Specifications (Ki-17)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

  (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, .)

Biplanes
Ki-17, Tachikawa
Ki-17
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Spectr-H64. In cryptography, Spectr-H64 is a block cipher designed in 2001 by N. D. Goots, A. A. Moldovyan and N. A. Moldovyan. It relies heavily on the permutation of individual bits, so  is much better suited to implementation in hardware than in software.

The algorithm has a block size of 64 bits and key size of 256 bits. It uses a 12-round structure in which half of the block determines the transformation of the other half in each round, similar to a Feistel cipher or RC5. This same basic design was repeated in its successor, CIKS-1.

Cryptanalysis

An analysis of Spectr-H64 was presented in 2002 by Selçuk Kavut and Melek D Yücel of the Middle East Technical University, showing a method of using a differential attack to retrieve half of the key bits when a single round is used. Using this method, they then presented a slide attack that requires 217 chosen plaintexts to return all key bits on the full 12 rounds.

References

Further reading 
 
 

Broken block ciphers
Darien Graham-Smith. Darien Graham-Smith is a British journalist, scholar and thespian. He was born in London in 1975.

Graham-Smith holds the title of Deputy Editor at the British periodical PC Pro, published monthly by Dennis Publishing, where he is responsible for coverage of technical issues ranging from microprocessor architecture to operating systems. He is an occasional contributor to the news media, appearing on the BBC News channel in December 2008 to discuss security weaknesses in Internet Explorer.

Graham-Smith is also a co-presenter of the Open University's 2010 introduction to computing module, entitled "Inside the Box", alongside the BBC's Spencer Kelly.

Prior to entering journalism, Graham-Smith studied English literature at Trinity College, Cambridge before progressing to specialise in Victorian literature at the University of Wales, Bangor, where he holds his doctorate and where he was, from 2000 to 2002, editor in chief of University newspaper Seren. While at the University of Cambridge, he was also the assistant editor of Graduate Varsity.

Academically he is best known for his research into the works and ideas of Lewis Carroll in the context of the broader Victorian intellectual tradition. His Ph.D. thesis Contextualising Carroll was published by the University of Wales.

He is also notable for his involvement in independent theatre: Achievements include co-writing The Cat Must Die, which The Times named critics' choice at the 2002 Edinburgh Fringe Festival, and directing the South London Theatre's 2005 production of A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen.

External links
 
BBC review of The Cat Must Die
Seren newspaper website

1975 births
Living people
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Alumni of Bangor University