omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sol (colloid). A sol is a colloidal suspension made out of tiny solid particles in a continuous liquid medium. Sols are stable, so that they do not settle down when left undisturbed, and exhibit the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by the particles in the colloid. The size of the particles can vary from 1 nm - 100 nm. Examples include amongst others blood, pigmented ink, cell fluids, paint, antacids and mud.

Artificial sols can be prepared by two main methods: dispersion and condensation. In the dispersion method, solid particles are reduced to colloidal dimensions through techniques such as ball milling and Bredig's arc method. In the condensation method, small particles are formed from larger molecules through a chemical reaction.

The stability of sols can be maintained through the use of dispersing agents, which prevent the particles from clumping together or settling out of the suspension. Sols are often used in the sol-gel process, in which a sol is converted into a gel through the addition of a crosslinking agent.

In a sol, solid particles are dispersed in a liquid continuous phase, while in an emulsion, liquid droplets are dispersed in a liquid or semi-solid continuous phase.

References

Colloids
Colloidal chemistry
Line driver. A line driver is an electronic amplifier circuit designed for driving a load such as a transmission line.  The amplifier's output impedance may be matched to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.

Line drivers are commonly used within digital systems, e.g. to communicate digital signals across circuit-board traces and cables.

In analog audio, a line driver is typically used to drive line-level analog signal outputs, for example to connect a CD player to an amplified speaker system.

References

Electronic amplifiers
Barium carbonate. Barium carbonate is the inorganic compound with the formula BaCO3.  Like most alkaline earth metal carbonates, it is a white salt that is poorly soluble in water. It occurs as the mineral known as witherite.  In a commercial sense, it is one of the most important barium compounds.

Preparation
Barium carbonate is made commercially from barium sulfide by treatment with sodium carbonate at 60 to 70 °C (soda ash method) or, more commonly carbon dioxide at 40 to 90 °C:

In the soda ash process, an aqueous solution of barium sulfide is treated with sodium carbonate:

Reactions
Barium carbonate reacts with acids such as hydrochloric acid to form soluble barium salts, such as barium chloride:

Pyrolysis of barium carbonate gives barium oxide.

Uses
It is mainly used to remove sulfate impurities from feedstock of the chlor-alkali process.  Otherwise it is a common precursor to barium-containing compounds such as ferrites.

Other uses
Barium carbonate is widely used in the ceramics industry as an ingredient in glazes. It acts as a flux, a matting and crystallizing agent and combines with certain colouring oxides to produce unique colours not easily attainable by other means. Its use is somewhat controversial since it can leach from glazes into food and drink. To reduce toxicity concerns, it is often substituted with strontium carbonate, which behaves in a similar way in glazes but is of lower toxicity.

In the brick, tile, earthenware and pottery industries barium carbonate is added to clays to precipitate soluble salts (calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfate) that cause efflorescence.

It is sometimes used as an "energiser" in the Case-hardening process.

References

External links

Barium compounds
Carbonates
Pyrotechnic colorants
Fibre Channel switch. In the computer storage field, a Fibre Channel switch is a network switch compatible with the Fibre Channel (FC) protocol. It allows the creation of a Fibre Channel fabric, that is the core component of a storage area network (SAN). The fabric is a network of Fibre Channel devices which allows many-to-many communication, device name lookup, security, and redundancy. FC switches implement zoning, a mechanism that disables unwanted traffic between certain fabric nodes.

Fibre Channel switches may be deployed one at a time or in larger multi-switch configurations. SAN administrators typically add new switches as their server and storage needs grow, connecting switches together via fiber optic cable using the standard device ports. Some switch vendors offer dedicated high-speed stacking ports to handle inter-switch connections (similar to existing stackable Ethernet switches), allowing high-performance multi-switch configurations to be created using fewer switches overall.

Major manufacturers of Fibre Channel switches include Brocade(Broadcom), Cisco Systems, and QLogic(Marvell).

Fibre Channel Director 
A special variety of a FC switch is the Fibre Channel Director, a switch meant to provide backbone infrastructure in a fabric usually featuring at least 128 ports and high-availability attributes, however the term is loose and varies among to manufacturers. It does not differ from a switch in core FC protocol functionality. The director term itself is derived from legacy ESCON Directors such as the IBM 9032-005.

See also
 List of Fibre Channel switches
 Host Bus Adapter (HBA)

References 

Fibre Channel
Hopper crystal. A hopper crystal is a form of crystal, the shape of which resembles that of a pyramidal hopper container.

The edges of hopper crystals are fully developed, but the interior spaces are not filled in. This results in what appears to be a hollowed out step lattice formation, as if someone had removed interior sections of the individual crystals. In fact, the "removed" sections never filled in, because the crystal was growing so rapidly that there was not enough time (or material) to fill in the gaps. The interior edges of a hopper crystal still show the crystal form characteristic to the specific mineral, and so appear to be a series of smaller and smaller stepped down miniature versions of the original crystal.

Hoppering occurs when electrical attraction is higher along the edges of the crystal; this causes faster growth at the edges than near the face centers.  This attraction draws the mineral molecules more strongly than the interior sections of the crystal, thus the edges develop more quickly.  However, the basic physics of this type of growth is the same as that of dendrites but, because the anisotropy in the solid–liquid inter-facial energy is so large, the dendrite so produced exhibits a faceted morphology.

Hoppering is common in many minerals, including lab-grown bismuth, galena, quartz (called skeletal or fenster crystals), gold, calcite, halite (salt), and water (ice).

In 2017, Frito-Lay filed for (and later received) a patent for a salt cube hopper crystal. Because the shape increases surface area to volume, it allows people to taste more salt compared to the amount actually consumed.

References

"Hopper crystals" in A New Kind of Science by Stephen Wolfram, p. 993.

External links
 Images of hopper crystals, Glendale Community College Earth Science Image Archive

Crystals
Roger Balian. Roger Balian (born 18 January 1933) is a French-Armenian physicist who has worked on quantum field theory, quantum thermodynamics, and theory of measurement.
Balian is a member of the French Academy of Sciences. His important works include the Balian-Low theorem. He teaches statistical physics at the École polytechnique.

Works
 

A. Aspect, R. Balian, G. Bastard, J.P. Bouchaud, B. Cabane, F. Combes, T. Encrenaz, S. Fauve, A. Fert, M. Fink, A. Georges, J.F. Joanny, D. Kaplan, D. Le Bihan, P. Léna, H. Le Treut, J-P Poirier, J. Prost et J.L. Puget, Demain la physique, (Odile Jacob, 2009)  ()

See also 

 Save the Climate

References

École Polytechnique alumni
Mines Paris - PSL alumni
Corps des mines
1933 births
Living people
20th-century French physicists
Armenian physicists
French people of Armenian descent
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Hose. A hose is a flexible hollow tube or pipe designed to carry fluids from one location to another, often from a faucet or hydrant. 

Early hoses were made of leather, although modern hoses are typically made of rubber, canvas, and helically wound wire. Hoses may also be made from plastics such as polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate, or from metals such as stainless steel.

See also

Heated hose

References

Further reading 

 
Hydraulics
Class driver. In computing, a class driver is a type of hardware device driver that can operate a large number of different devices of a broadly similar type. Class drivers are very often used with USB based devices, which share the essential USB protocol in common, and devices with similar functionality can easily adopt common protocols.

Instead of having a separate driver for every kind of CD-ROM device, a class driver can operate a wide variety of CD-ROMs from different manufacturers. To accomplish this the manufacturers make their products compatible with a standardized protocol.

In technical terms, a class driver is used as a base or ancestor class for specific drivers which need to have slightly different or extended functionality, but which can take advantage of the majority of the functionality provided by the class driver. This concept is a key aspect of object oriented programming, which when extended to drivers makes it much easier for hardware vendors to provide driver support for their products.

Some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, and Linux distributions in x86 platforms, have included a large number of class drivers.

See also
 Windows Driver Model
 USB video device class
 USB device classes

External links
 Microsoft USB class driver discussion
 Mac OS X class driver information from Apple
 Linux gadget drivers

Device drivers
British Rail Class 108. The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles.

Overview

The 108 was formed as a 2-, 3-, or 4-car unit. Its aluminium body led the type to be classed as a lightweight unit. These units stayed in regular service until 1990, when they began to be withdrawn from traffic. They were replaced on regional services by the new Sprinter derivative units, or by Turbo units on services around London. The final units lasted in traffic until October 1993, although many saw further use in departmental service, as sandite or route-learner units. Good condition on withdrawal and lack of asbestos have ensured that many of this class are now used on preserved railway lines.

Orders

Accidents and incidents
On 19 October 1987, after the Glanrhyd Bridge over the River Towy at Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire, was washed away by floodwater, a passenger train operated by a Class 108 unit fell into the river. Four people were killed.
On 22 August 1990, a two-car Class 108 unit overran a signal and was in a head-on collision with a three-car unit majority-composed of Class 108 cars at Hyde Junction, Greater Manchester. Twenty-eight people were injured. The accident report noted the poor structural condition of the Class 108 vehicles compared to that of the Class 101 vehicle involved in the accident, and called for the 108 class to be withdrawn "as quickly as is practicable".

Preservation

Many vehicles have been preserved on heritage railways. None are currently certified for use on the main line – although the Swanage Railway's set was hauled from the railway to Eastleigh and back, for overhaul – and is believed to be the first class 108 to have been seen on main lines for a very long time.

Model railways
In 2007, Bachmann introduced OO gauge models of the Class 108 in BR green, BR blue and grey, and Network SouthEast liveries.

References

General references

Further reading

External links

Class 108 Derby 2,3 & 4-car DMUs - on Railcar.co.uk
Llangollen Railcar Group - owners of preserved DMUs on Llangollen Railway.
The Railcar Association
The DMU Group (West Midlands)

108
Train-related introductions in 1958
Aero A.100. The Aero A.100 was a biplane light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft built in Czechoslovakia during the 1930s. It was the final step in a design lineage that extended back to the Aero A.11 a decade earlier. A.100s remained in service throughout World War II and for a few years postwar.

Design and development
Development of the A.100 was in response to a Czechoslovak Air Force requirement of 1932 for a uniform replacement for the A.11s, Aero Ap.32s, and Letov Š.16s then in service. Work began with a revision of the Aero A.430 that quickly became quite a different aircraft. Of standard biplane configuration, the A.100 was a somewhat ungainly-looking aircraft which was obsolescent by the time of its first flight in 1933, becoming a member of the final generation of biplane military aircraft to be designed in Europe.

Operational history
Nevertheless, since the only other competitor for the air force contract, the Praga E.36, had not flown by the close of tenders, the A.100 was ordered for production. A total of 44 were built, in two batches.

Further development
The Aero A.100 was later developed into Aero A.101  with Praga Isotta Fraschini Asso 1000 RV engine (800 h.p.), first flying in December 1934, this type served in the Spanish Civil War curiously on both sides of the conflict. Further development led to Aero Ab.101 (enlarged hull and wings plus Avia Hispano Suiza HS 12 Ydrs engine rated 860 h.p.) produced from 1936 to 1937 and serving in the Czechoslovak Air Force up to its dissolution in March 1939. Final stage of the development was Aero A.104, where Ab.101 was converted to a high-wing monoplane with enclosed cockpit, only one prototype was built in 1937.

Specifications (A.100)

Operators

Czechoslovakian Air Force

Luftwaffe (small numbers) 

Slovak Air Force (1939-1945)

See also

References

Bibliography

 Ketley, Barry and Mark Rolfe. Luftwaffe Fledglings 1935-1945: Luftwaffe Training Units and their Aircraft. Aldershot, UK: Hikoki Publications, 1996.  .
 Sharpe, Michael. Biplanes, Triplanes, and Seaplanes. London: Friedman/Fairfax Books, 2000. . 
 Taylor, John W. R. and Jean Alexander. Combat Aircraft of the World. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .
 Taylor, Michael J.H., ed. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation (2nd ed.). New York: Portland House, 1989. . 

1930s Czechoslovak bomber aircraft
1930s Czechoslovak military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
A100
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Mystic River Bascule Bridge. The Mystic River Bascule Bridge is a bascule bridge spanning the Mystic River in Mystic, Connecticut in the United States. It carries vehicle and foot traffic directly into the tourist district of town via  Main Street (U.S. Route 1).

History
The counterweighted four bar linkage type bascule bridge was designed by former Otis Elevator Company Chief Engineer Thomas Ellis Brown of New York and built in 1922 by the J. E. FitzGerald Construction Company of New London, Connecticut, according to its historical marker. Its movable span is  wide,  long, weighs , and employs two  concrete-filled counterweights. Until 1928, the bridge carried streetcars of the Groton and Stonington Street Railway.

It is operated by the Connecticut Department of Transportation and opens for approximately five minutes around 2,200 times per year, carrying an average daily traffic of 11,800. It is driven by two   direct current motors, and its span is greased and inspected every one hundred openings or two weeks during the winter. From May 1 to October 31, the bridge opens hourly during daylight at 40 minutes past the hour and on demand.  It usually raises to let sailboats and yachts pass under.

Pictures

See also
List of bascule bridges
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Connecticut
List of movable bridges in Connecticut
Mystic Pizza

References

External links

Webcam showing bascule bridge in Mystic

Bridges completed in 1922
Bascule bridges in the United States
Mystic, Connecticut
Groton, Connecticut
Historic American Engineering Record in Connecticut
Bridges in New London County, Connecticut
Road bridges in Connecticut
Aero A.102. The Aero A.102 was a Czechoslovakian fighter aircraft that flew in prototype form in 1934. It was developed in response to a Czech Air Force requirement of that year, but was passed over in favour of the Avia B.35.

The A.102 was of gull winged monoplane configuration with tailwheel undercarriage, and was perhaps inspired by the successful PZL P.11.

Specifications (A.102)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. .

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Gull-wing aircraft
1930s Czechoslovak fighter aircraft
A102
Aircraft first flown in 1934
WDS. WDS may refer to:

Computing
 Webpack dev server
 Wireless distribution system, a wireless network bridging technology
 Windows Desktop Search, the implementation of Windows Search for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003
 Windows Desktop Sharing, a Microsoft screen-sharing technology
 Windows Deployment Services, a technology from Microsoft for network-based installation of Windows operating systems.
 World Data System, a system for preserving scientific data
 Worldwide Diagnostic System, a service tool for Ford trustmark automobile dealerships worldwide
 Wide-area data services, a feature of StorTrends iTX

Other uses
 Shiyan Wudangshan Airport (IATA code)
 Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, a materials analysis method
 Washington Double Star Catalog, an astronomical publication
 Wet dog shakes, a rat behavioral test of psychedelic-like effects
Aero A.104. The Aero A.104 was a parasol monoplane light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft built in Czechoslovakia during the 1930s. It was the final derivative of the Aero A.100, and was essentially an Aero Ab.101 with an enclosed cockpit and without the lower wing. Although two different prototypes flew in 1937, it was not mass-produced.

Specifications (A.104)

See also

References

External links 
  Aero A-104

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
1930s Czechoslovak bomber aircraft
1930s Czechoslovak military reconnaissance aircraft
A104
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Aero A.200. The Aero A.200 was a sportsplane of Czechoslovakia, designed and built specifically to compete in Challenge 1934, the European touring plane championships. It was a four-seater low-wing  monoplane.

Operational service
Flown in competition by Ján Ambruš, the A.200 took fourth place, beaten by the RWD-9 (that took both first and second places for Poland) and the Fieseler Fi 97 (from Germany). The other A.200, flown by Vojtěch Žaček, took the 14th place for 34 competitors. They carried registrations OK-AMA and OK-AMB.

In a technical evaluation, A.200s scored the 4th result from among aircraft types taking part in the Challenge. They had the best short take-off capabilities in the contest – A.200s needed 74.5-77.6 m to take off and fly over 8-m high gate, although they needed some 118 m to land from above the gate.

Description
Mixed construction low-wing monoplane, braced with wire. Fuselage of a steel frame, covered with wood and canvas, elliptical in cross-section. Rectangular wings of wooden construction, canvas covered, fitted with all-span slats and with flaps. Wings were folding rearwards. Cab had two seats side by side in front, with twin controls, and two seats in the rear, under a common multi-part canopy. Fixed landing gear with a rear skid. Radial engine in fuselage nose, with NACA cowling. Two-blade propeller.

Specifications (A.200)

See also

References

 
 
 

Marian Krzyżan: "Międzynarodowe turnieje lotnicze 1929-1934", Warsaw 1988,   (Polish language)

External links

Photo on Challenge 1934 page

1930s Czechoslovak sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
A200
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aero A.204. The Aero A.204 was a Czechoslovak airliner that flew in prototype form in 1936. It was developed specifically for ČSA, but much to Aero's surprise and disappointment, the national airline selected a British product instead, the Airspeed Envoy. Unable to find a customer, Aero began to develop a military version instead, as the A.304.

Whilst Czechoslovakia was under occupation by Nazi Germany, Aero manufactured the Siebel Si 204 under licence. Similar in configuration to the A.204, these two aircraft are occasionally confused, but the correct Czech designation for the Siebel product is C-3.

Specifications

References

See also

A.204
1930s Czechoslovak airliners
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Traunreut. Traunreut (; Central Bavarian: Traunreit) is a town in southeastern Bavaria, Germany in the Traunstein district. It is located at . Traunreut lies in the heart of the Chiemgau region between Munich and Salzburg, approximately 10 km east of the Chiemsee, 25 km north of the Alps, and 35 km west of Salzburg. Its population is approximately 21,000. Companies present in the area include Siteco Beleuchtungstechnik GmbH (lighting fixtures), Dr. Johannes Heidenhain GmbH (linear and rotary encoders, gaging systems, CNC controls), Bosch and Siemens Household Appliances, BSH (household equipment, high-tech stoves and microwaves), and other midsize firms.

History

In 1938 an ordnance factory, known as "MUNA St. Georgen", was built on the outskirts of the village of St. Georgen, at the present location of Traunreut.
After World War II, with the factory closed, ethnic German expellees from their settlements in Central and Eastern Europe settled in the abandoned grounds, and toxic material was removed from the area.

The municipality of Traunreut was founded in 1950. In 1960, Traunreut became a town, and in 1978, after the German local government reform, the then independent neighboring villages of Traunwalchen, Stein - Sankt Georgen and Pierling came under the administration of Traunreut. In 2008 Traunreut is the largest town in the Traunstein district.

Notable people 
 Alois Glück (born 1940), CSU politician
 Ralph Möbius (1950–1996), (= Rio Reiser) composer, singer and actor lived in Traunreut from 1951 to 1956, his father was an engineer at Siemens
 Peter Ramsauer (born 1954), German politician (CSU), Member of the Bundestag since 1990

References

External links
 Municipality of Traunreut (German)

Traunstein (district)