omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Terne ASW. Terne is a Norwegian anti-submarine rocket system, which uses rocket-thrown depth charges. It was developed by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) in cooperation with the U.S. Navy in the late 1940s-early 1960s. The Terne development project consisted of three phases:

Terne I  : Development of a rocketborn depth charge.

Terne II: Development and construction of a landbased ASW for naval defense.

Terne III: Development and construction of a shipborne ASW.

A Terne III weapon system consists of a search & track sonar, a fire-control system and the rocket launchers, which can store six salvos of six rockets each. The rocket itself, is a depth charge with multiple fusing modes (preset time after water entry, proximity, or contact), which is propelled through the air by a solid-fueled rocket motor. When the sonar detects a target, the fire-control system can fire a rocket salvo to place a string of depth charges  apart, perpendicular to the target's course.

User countries
  (Phased out)
  (Phased out)
  (Phased out)

See also
Anti-submarine warfare

References

Weapons of Norway
Cold War anti-submarine weapons of the United States
Cold War weapons of Germany
Naval weapons of Germany
Anti-submarine rockets
SMTC Corporation. SMTC Corporation (Surface Mount Technology Centre), founded in 1985, is a mid-size provider of end-to-end electronics manufacturing services (EMS) including PCBA production, systems integration and comprehensive testing services, enclosure fabrication, as well as product design, sustaining engineering and supply chain management services. SMTC facilities span a broad footprint in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and China, with more than 2,300 employees. SMTC services extend over the entire electronic product life cycle from the development and introduction of new products through to the growth, maturity and end-of-life phases. SMTC offers fully integrated contract manufacturing services with a distinctive approach to global original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and emerging technology companies primarily within industrial, computing and communication market segments. SMTC was recognized in 2012 by Frost & Sullivan with the Global EMS Award for Product Quality Leadership and 2013 with the North American Growth Leadership Award in the EMS industry, as one of the fastest growth companies in 2012.

History
 1985 - Surface Mount founded in Toronto, Ontario
 1990 - HTM established in Denver, Colorado
 1997 - acquires Ogden Atlantic Design in Charlotte, North Carolina
 July 1999 - merger of Surface Mount and HTM
 1999 - purchased Zenith Electronics' facility in Chihuahua, Mexico, SMTC's only site with unionized employees
 September 1999 - acquired W. F. Wood of Boston, Massachusetts
 July 2000 - acquired EMS company, Pensar Electronic Solutions of Appleton, Wisconsin
 July 21, 2000 - IPO
 November 2000 - acquired Qualtron Teoranta of Donegal, Ireland, and subsidiary in Haverhill, Massachusetts
 March 2002 - Closed down its Cork City, Ireland manufacturing plant with the loss of 200 jobs due to its main customer going into administration. 
 August 2003 - Sold EMS company, Pensar Electronics Solutions of Appleton, Wisconsin back to the original owners. The original owners decided to buy the company back after hearing plans that SMTC was planning on shutting the plant down.
February 2010 - SMTC regained compliance with Nasdaq requirements, after Nasdaq notified the company for failing to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 on September 15, 2009.
November 8, 2018 - acquires contract manufacturer MC Assembly 
April 2021 - H.I.G. Capital acquired SMTC for US $172 million and its stock was delisted from Nasdaq.

External links
 Company website

References

Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Electronics companies of Canada
Companies based in Markham, Ontario
Electronics manufacturing companies
Materion. Materion Corp. is a multinational company specializing in high-performance engineered materials. Among their products are precious and non-precious metals, inorganic chemicals, specialty coatings, beryllium, specialty engineered beryllium, beryllium copper alloys, ceramics, and engineered clad and plated metal systems.

The company's engineered materials are used in the telecommunications, consumer electronics, automotive medical, industrial components, aerospace, defense, and optical coating industries.

History
Beginning in the 1940s, Brush Wellman Inc. produced large amounts of beryllium for the United States government.

Brush Engineered Materials Inc. changed its name to Materion Corporation on March 8, 2011, and now trades under the symbol MTRN.

In March, 2017 Jugal K. Vijayvargiya was appointed president and chief executive officer of Materion Corporation, replacing Richard J. Hipple, who had served in that position for 11 years. Vijayvargiya was also named a director of the corporation. A graduate of the Ohio State University, Vijayvargiya spent 26 years at Delphi Corporation in a variety of management positions. Hipple will become executive chairman.

References

External links
Materion Stock and Shareholder Information
Materion SEC Filings

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Beryllium alloys
Automated truck loading systems. Automated truck loading systems (ATLS) is an automation system for trucking. They are used in the material handling industry to refer to the automation of loading or unloading trucks and trailers with product either on or without pallets, slip sheets, racks, containers, using several different types of automated guided vehicle systems (AGV) or engineered conveyor belt systems that are integrated into vehicles, automating the shipping / receiving and logistics operations.

These conveyor systems are commonly referred to as

Roller beds
Slip chains
T-Bars
Live Floors
Roller Tracks
Belt Floors
Trailer Skates
Skate & Tracks
Slat Floors
Chain Floors
Cable Floors
Powered Cargo Rollers

Some of these systems are used to handle bulk products such as garbage, agriculture products, recycled tires, cotton, bark or sawdust. Manufacturing industries such as automotive, food & beverage, paper, consumer products, appliance manufacturers and uses ATLS systems for incoming materials and outgoing product to increase throughput and streamline production. The transportation industry relies heavily on ATLS material handling systems to rapidly move product via land, sea, and air.

The major advantages of ATLS are:

 Increased trailer loading capacity with 200% to 300% (no wheeled containers needed)
 Trailer unloading time reduced, which results in better trailer utilization
 Reduced manpower
 Increased ergonomics for workforce
 Fewer docks needed (due to higher trailer loading capacity)
 Maximizing sorting machines utilization
 No forklifts needed, which means safer working environment

ATLS vehicle loading technologies significantly reduce the manpower required on the shipping and receiving docks, eliminate product damage, accidents, and ergonomic injuries related to lift-truck operation. Generally, products can be loaded quicker and product density is increased resulting in more payload per shipment which reduces shipping cost, using a loading automation system. Loading automation is often the key component to achieve complete plant automation.

Elder systems need to modify the load zone or the trailer to use these types of systems. Nevertheless, companies like Duro Felguera provides a solution where there is no need of modification. This factor is really important to reduce Capex investments.

See also
Material handling equipment

References

Vehicle technology
Dornier Do 317. The Dornier Do 317 was a prototype German medium bomber of World War II.

Design and development
In 1939, Dornier produced plans for a further development of the Do 217, which would have a pressurized cabin and more powerful engines (DB 604, BMW 802 or Jumo 222). Designated Do 317, it was one of the four proposals submitted to the RLM for the "Bomber B" project. Two versions of the Do 317 were proposed: the simplified Do 317A, powered by two DB 603A engines and featuring conventional defensive armament, and the more advanced Do 317B with the heavy, 1.5 tonnes apiece, counter-rotating DB 610A/B "power system" engines, remotely aimed Fernbedienbare Drehlafette (FDL)-style gun turrets, higher bombload, and an extended wing. The "Bomber B" project was partially based on improved engines, however its engines such as the DB 604 and Jumo 222 failed to reach full production. As a result, the Do 317 had to use the less powerful engines.

Six prototypes of the Do 317A were ordered, and the first of these, the Do 317 V1, commenced its flight test program on 8 September 1943. The Do 317 V1 was very similar in appearance to the Do 217K and M models, with a visually reframed slight variation of its multiple glazed-panel "stepless cockpit", fully glazed nose design that accommodated a pressurized cabin provision, and triangular tailfins. Trials with the Do 317 V1 revealed no real performance advance over the Do 217, and before long the Do 317B variant was shelved and the other five Do 317 prototypes were completed as unpressurised Do 217Rs. They were issued to III./KG 100 in Autumn 1944, but saw little or no operational service.

Specifications (Do 317A)

See also

Notes

References

 Griehl, M. Dornier Do 217-317-417: an Operation History. Airlife, 1991.
 Green, W. Warplanes of the Third Reich. Galahad Books, 1986.
 D. Herwig & H. Rode Luftwaffe Secret Projects - Ground Attack & Special Purpose Aircraft. 
 
 

Do 317
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
1940s German bomber aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Grand Cru (cipher). In cryptography, Grand Cru is a block cipher invented in 2000 by Johan Borst. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.

Grand Cru is a 10-round substitution–permutation network based largely on Rijndael (or AES). It replaces a number of Rijndael's unkeyed operations with key-dependent ones, in a way consistent with the security purposes of each operation. The intent is to produce a cipher at least as secure as Rijndael, and perhaps much more secure. The block size and key size are both 128 bits, and the key schedule is the same as Rijndael's.

Grand Cru is designed on the principle of multiple layered security. It is equivalent to a chain of 4 subciphers with independent keys, such that if 3 of the keys are known, the remaining cipher should still be secure.

References

Block ciphers
Lyrtech. LYRtech inc. () is a digital signal processing development company based in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Lyrtech designs and produces electronics systems for audio processing, video processing, networking, voice over IP processing, and wireless communications.  Lyrtech also develops aerospace and military electronics for  applications including geolocation, missile warning systems, and laser warning receivers.

In November 2006, Lyrtech released a small form factor software-defined radio development platform in partnership with Texas Instruments and Xilinx. Its Innovator division, acquired in 2006, for nearly $3M, was sold back for roughly $300,000 in late 2007 as part of a restructuring plan designed to save the company.

Lyrtech was ranked 43 in the 2007 Canadian Technology Fast 50 by Deloitte.

In November 2011, the company's assets were taken as repayment by one of the main creditors, Finex Corp. Following this move, Lyrtech was left without assets and operations and has been delisted from TSX-V.  Last trades were at 0.005 (1/2 cent) per share, giving the company valuation at about $200,000.

External links

References

Companies listed on the NEX Exchange
Electronics companies of Canada
Electronic design automation companies
Companies established in 1983
1983 establishments in Quebec
Companies based in Quebec City
Air Pennsylvania. Air Pennsylvania was a commuter airline active from 1976 to 1982 and based in Reading, Pennsylvania. It was owned by Eugene F. Plum II, whose family also operated a flight school and other airlines as Perkiomen Airways based in Reading, Pennsylvania and Sun International Airways in Puerto Rico.

Fleet
 Beech 18
 Britten Norman Islander
 Cessna 152
 Cessna 172
 Cessna 182
 Convair 240
 DC-3 (N2VM)
 Fairchild Hiller FH-227
 Piper Apache
 Piper Arrow
 Piper Navajo
 Piper Trainer

Destinations
New Jersey
Atlantic City (Atlantic City International Airport)
Pennsylvania
Allentown/Bethlehem/Easton (Lehigh Valley International Airport) 
Hazleton (Hazleton Municipal Airport)*
Philadelphia (Philadelphia International Airport)
Reading (Reading Regional Airport)*
Cumberland Regional Airport (Cumberland, Maryland)*
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Greater Pittsburgh International Airport)**
Those airports marked with an asterisk (*) are no longer served by commercial air service.
Greater Pittsburgh International Airport was replaced by Pittsburgh International Airport, which is commercially serviced.

See also 
 List of defunct airlines of the United States

External links
Entry in Flight International Magazine

References

1976 establishments in Pennsylvania
Airlines based in Pennsylvania
Airlines disestablished in 1982
Airlines established in 1976
Companies based in Reading, Pennsylvania
National Center for High-Performance Computing. The National Center for High-Performance Computing (NCHC; ) is one of ten national-level research laboratories under National Applied Research Laboratories (NARL), headquartered at Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan.

History
The research center was opened in 1993. In November 2018 the National Center for High-Performance Computing owned supercomputer Taiwania 2 debuted at number 20 on the TOP500 list of fastest supercomputers.

Operations
The NCHC is Taiwan's primary facility for high-performance computing (HPC) resources including large-scale computational science and engineering, cluster and grid computing, middleware development, visualization and virtual reality, data storage, networking, and HPC-related training. The NCHC is also responsible for the operation of the 20 Gbit/s Taiwan Advanced Research and Education Network (TWAREN), the national education and research network of Taiwan. The NCHC supports academia and industry with hardware and software, advanced research and application development, and professional training. Its Free Software Lab developed and maintains the free disk cloning utility Clonezilla.

List of supercomputers 
 Formosa 4
 Formosa 5
 ALPS
 Taiwania (supercomputer)
 Taiwania 2
 Taiwania 3
 Taiwania 4
 Forerunner 1

Branches
 Hsinchu (HQ)
 Taichung
 Tainan

See also
 National Science and Technology Council (Taiwan)
 Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute
 Industrial Technology Research Institute

References

External links
 
 

1993 establishments in Taiwan
Research institutes in Taiwan
Supercomputer sites
Internet mirror services
Davidite. Davidite is a rare earth oxide mineral with chemical end members Lanthanum (La) and Cerium (Ce). It exists in two forms:
Davidite-(La)  discovered at Radium Hill mine, South Australia in 1906 and named by Douglas Mawson for Australian geologist Tannatt William Edgeworth David (1858-1934).
Davidite-(Ce)  first described in 1960 from Vemork, Iveland, Norway.

References

Uranium minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 148
Daniel G. Bobrow. Daniel Gureasko Bobrow (29 November 1935 – 20 March 2017) was an American computer scientist who created an oft-cited artificial intelligence program STUDENT, with which he earned his PhD., worked at BBN Technologies (BBN), then was a Research Fellow in the Intelligent Systems Laboratory of the Palo Alto Research Center.

Born in New York City, he earned his BS from RPI in 1957, SM from Harvard in 1958, and PhD in mathematics from MIT under the supervision of Marvin Minsky in 1964. At BBN, he was a developer of TENEX.

Bobrow was the president of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), chair of the Cognitive Science Society, Editor-in-chief of the journal Artificial Intelligence.  He shared the 1992 ACM Software System Award with five other PARC scientists (Richard R. Burton, L. Peter Deutsch, Ronald Kaplan, Larry Masinter, and Warren Teitelman)  for his work on Interlisp. He was an ACM Fellow and a AAAI fellow.

Further reading

 Rusty Bobrow (Daniel's brother), "Danny Bobrow: A Personal Recollection", AI Magazine 38:4:85-86 (2017) full text

References

1935 births
2017 deaths
American computer scientists
Harvard University alumni
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Scientists at PARC (company)
1994 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Presidents of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Lisp (programming language) people
Predictive failure analysis. Predictive Failure Analysis (PFA) refers to methods intended to predict imminent failure of systems or components (software or hardware), and potentially enable mechanisms to avoid or counteract failure issues, or recommend maintenance of systems prior to failure.

For example, computer mechanisms that analyze trends in corrected errors to predict future failures of hardware/memory components and proactively enabling mechanisms to avoid them.  Predictive Failure Analysis was originally used as term for a proprietary IBM technology for monitoring the likelihood of hard disk drives to fail, although the term is now used generically for a variety of technologies for judging the imminent failure of CPU's, memory and I/O devices. See also first failure data capture.

Disks
IBM introduced the term PFA and its technology in 1992 with reference to its 0662-S1x drive (1052 MB Fast-Wide SCSI-2 disk which operated at 5400 rpm).

The technology relies on measuring several key (mainly mechanical) parameters of the drive unit, for example the flying height of heads. The drive firmware compares the measured parameters against predefined thresholds and evaluates the health status of the drive. If the drive appears likely to fail soon, the system sends notification to the disk controller.

The major drawbacks of the technology included:

 the binary result - the only status visible to the host was presence or absence of a notification
 the unidirectional communications - the drive firmware sending notification

The technology merged with IntelliSafe to form the Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART).

Processor and Memory
High counts of corrected RAM intermittent errors by ECC can be predictive of future DIMM failures  and so automatic offlining for memory and CPU caches can be used to avoid future errors, for example under the Linux operating system the mcelog daemon will automatically remove from usage memory pages showing excessive corrections, and will remove from usage processor cores showing excessive cache correctable memory errors.

Optical media 

On optical media (CD, DVD and Blu-ray), failures caused by degradation of media can be predicted and media of low manufacturing quality can be detected prior to data loss occurring by measuring the rate of correctable data errors using software such as QpxTool or Nero DiscSpeed. However, not all vendors and models of optical drives allow error scanning.

References

See also
 MCELog- Linux daemon for processing of x86 machine checks for predictive failure analysis

Hard disk computer storage
IBM storage devices
Moving shock. In fluid dynamics, a moving shock is a shock wave that is travelling through a fluid (often gaseous) medium with a velocity relative to the velocity of the fluid already making up the medium.  As such, the normal shock relations require modification to calculate the properties before and after the moving shock.  A knowledge of moving shocks is important for studying the phenomena surrounding detonation, among other applications.

Theory

To derive the theoretical equations for a moving shock, one may start by denoting the region in front of the shock as subscript 1, with the subscript 2 defining the region behind the shock.  This is shown in the figure, with the shock wave propagating to the right. 
The velocity of the gas is denoted by u, pressure by p, and the local speed of sound by a.
The speed of the shock wave relative to the gas is W, making the total velocity equal to u1 + W.  

Next, suppose a reference frame is then fixed to the shock so it appears stationary as the gas in regions 1 and 2 move with a velocity relative to it.  Redefining region 1 as x and region 2 as y leads to the following shock-relative velocities:

With these shock-relative velocities, the properties of the regions before and after the shock can be defined below introducing the temperature as T, the density as ρ, and the Mach number as M:

Introducing the heat capacity ratio as γ, the speed of sound, density, and pressure ratios can be derived:

One must keep in mind that the above equations are for a shock wave moving towards the right.  For a shock moving towards the left, the x and y subscripts must be switched and:

See also
Shock wave
Oblique shock
Normal shock
Gas dynamics
Compressible flow
Bow shock (aerodynamics)
Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan

References

External links
 NASA Beginner's Guide to Compressible Aerodynamics

Fluid dynamics
Aerodynamics
Shock waves
Gate dielectric. A gate dielectric is a dielectric used between the gate and substrate of a field-effect transistor (such as a MOSFET). In state-of-the-art processes, the gate dielectric is subject to many constraints, including:

 Electrically clean interface to the substrate (low density of quantum states for electrons)
 High capacitance, to increase the FET transconductance
 High thickness, to avoid dielectric breakdown and leakage by quantum tunneling.

The capacitance and thickness constraints are almost directly opposed to each other.  For silicon-substrate FETs, the gate dielectric is almost always silicon dioxide (called "gate oxide"), since thermal oxide has a very clean interface.  However, the semiconductor industry is interested in finding alternative materials with higher dielectric constants, which would allow higher capacitance with the same thickness.

History
In 1955, Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derrick accidentally grew a layer of silicon dioxide over the silicon wafer, for which they observed surface passivation effects. By 1957 Frosch and Derrick, using masking and predeposition, were able to manufacture silicon dioxide transistors and showed that silicon dioxide insulated, protected silicon wafers and prevented dopants from diffusing into the wafer. Silicon dioxide remains the standard gate dielectric in MOSFET technology.

See also
 QBD (electronics)
 Gate oxide

References

Dielectrics
Semiconductor structures
Arab inventions
Egyptian inventions
Field-effect transistors
MOSFETs