omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pipestone Water Tower. The Pipestone Water Tower is a  concrete water tower in Pipestone, Minnesota, United States, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  Unreliable rainfall and a lack of glacial lakes in the area necessitate the use of a tower to pump and store water from an underground reservoir.

History
The Pipestone Water Tower is unique in that it is one of only two water towers in the United States known to have been designed by architect L.P. Wolfe; its sister, the Brainerd Water Tower, is located in Brainerd, Minnesota. It was built to replace an aged steel standpipe tower built in the late 1880s. Construction on the structure was commenced by the Campbell Construction Company in 1920 for $24,610. Water service from the tower began on October 26, 1921 and continued until it was replaced by a larger tower in 1976. A restoration of the tower was undertaken in 1990, along with the construction of a new wayside rest area.

Structure
The water tower, significant in that it is constructed of poured concrete, stands at  tall and roughly  in diameter. The  capacity tank is supported by a hollow supporting column which contains an unusual set of spiral windows and an internal staircase. The tower pumped and stored water from a  reservoir built below it at the time of its construction, releasing the water via gravity on demand.

Present day
The tower has become the center of the Water Tower Festival, a community celebration held in late June.

References

Buildings and structures in Pipestone County, Minnesota
Infrastructure completed in 1920
Towers completed in 1920
Water towers on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Pipestone County, Minnesota
1920 establishments in Minnesota
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. The Journal of Civil Engineering and Management is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering civil engineering published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. It is an official journal of the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction.

External links 
 

Civil engineering journals
Taylor & Francis academic journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1995
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
NorthConnect. The NorthConnect (also known as Scotland–Norway interconnector) was a proposed  1,400MW HVDC interconnector over the floor of the North Sea.

Interconnection
It would have been the first HVDC route to connect Scotland's electricity network directly to that of mainland Europe (though there are existing connections from England to mainland Europe), whereas Norway already has interconnectors to Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany.

Project partners
The £1.75billion project was promoted by NorthConnect, a Norwegian company specially set up by five electricity companies (Agder Energi, E-CO, Lyse, SSE plc and Vattenfall) to advance the scheme. It was hoped that the connector will assist the growth of the Norwegian and Scottish renewable energy industries.

Route
The Scottish landfall would have been at Peterhead in Aberdeenshire, where the connector will join the National Grid. The Norwegian landfall will be Simadalen at the head of the Hardangerfjord in Norway, at the Sima Kraftwerk hydroelectric plant.

Specification
The HVDC cable was proposed to be approximately  long, and have a capacity of 1,400MW.
It was expected to cost €1.7billion.

Project history
On 5 March 2013, it was announced that SSE has left the project. The Norwegian government ruled that only Statnett could own export cables. In 2016, Norway debates rules for export cables.

In June 2016, Ofgem approved NorthConnect. Other approvals were still needed.

The European Union put NorthConnect on the "Projects of Common Interest" list and supported its development with €10million.

A 2019 analysis by the Norwegian water department indicates that the connection would be economically viable despite an increase of less than half a eurocent per kWh for Norwegian consumers.

By 2019, the project had received all the most important marine and planning consents in the UK. Following detailed design work, it was hoped that the link will be constructed between 2019 and 2022.
The consortium hoped to make a final investment decision in 2020.

On 25 March 2020, NorthConnect received a letter from the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, informing them that NorthConnect's license applications would not be processed at the present time.

At the end of 2021, the Norwegian finance minister stated that there was no intention to process the application.

In March 2023, the Norwegian government rejected the project's license application.

See also

 North Sea Link (Norway-United Kingdom)
 Cross-Skagerrak (Norway-Denmark)
 HVDC Moyle (Scotland-Northern Ireland)
 Icelink (proposed Great Britain-Iceland)
 NorNed (Norway-Netherlands)
 NORD.LINK (Norway-Germany)
 NorGer (proposed Norway-Germany)
 Viking Link (Denmark-United Kingdom)

References

External links
 Official website of NorthConnect

Electrical interconnectors to and from Great Britain
2020 in Europe
Kristiansand
Proposed electric power transmission systems
Norway–Scotland relations
Proposed electric power infrastructure in Norway
Proposed electric power infrastructure in Scotland
André Koechlin. André Koechlin (1789–1875) was a French industrialist and the railroad equipment maker from the Koechlin family.

Life

André Koechlin was born in France to the Koechlin family, where he was the grandson of Samuel Koechlin, son-in-law of Daniel Dollfus-Mieg, head of the Dollfus-Mieg textile company and the first cousin once removed of structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin, who is an ancestor of actress Kalki Koechlin. Under his lead, between 1818 and 1826, the company became the leading textile company of Mulhouse. Turning in 1826 to the building of machinery for the textile industry, Koechlin became knowledgeable in the fabrication of steam machines and started making railroad equipment. The firm prospered and in 1839 already employed 1,800 people. By 1842, they were the largest French locomotive maker, having built 22 of them by then. This rose rapidly, and in 1857 alone, they made 91 locomotives. They stayed one of the six large French locomotive constructors until the merger with Elsässische Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Grafenstaden in 1872, when the company became Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques.

André Koechlin was mayor of Mulhouse from 1830 until 1843, and was elected a deputy in 1830, 1831, 1841 and 1846. He became a Knight in the Legion of Honour in 1836.

References

1789 births
1875 deaths
Politicians from Mulhouse
Mayors of places in Grand Est
Orléanists
Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
French industrialists
French railway entrepreneurs
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Businesspeople from Mulhouse
Birk Manufacturing. Birk Manufacturing is a privately owned manufacturing company based in East Lyme, Connecticut. Birk engineers and manufactures custom flexible thermal solutions and temperature sensor assemblies for multiple industries including the medical, defense, aerospace, semi-conductor, food service and commercial industries. Birk's main product offerings are Polyimide (Kapton) and Silicone Rubber flexible heating elements.

Birk specializes in engineering and manufacturing components for the most challenging applications, and performs all design and manufacturing at their headquarters in East Lyme, CT.

History 

Birk Manufacturing was formed in 1989 by Norman Birk, the current owner of Birk Manufacturing. Norman served as president of Birk Manufacturing for the company's first 21 years, guiding Birk from a "start-up" company to the industry leader it is today. Birk continues to grow and develop new products and innovations in thermal management.

Certifications 

Birk currently holds UL, CSA, AS9100, ISO 9001, ISO 13485 and ITAR certifications.

References

External links 

 birkmfg.com/homepage

Manufacturing companies based in Connecticut
Carl Junker. Carl Junker (18 June 1827 – 17 May 1882) was an Austrian engineer and architect. His construction projects include Miramare Castle in Trieste and the First Vienna Mountain Spring Pipeline.

Life 

Carl Junker was born as the son of a tenant farmer in 1827 in Saubersdorf in Lower Austria. From 1842 to 1845 he studied at the Imperial-Royal Polytechnic Institute and became an engineer.

Throughout his career he devoted himself mainly to the construction of aqueducts and water pipes. In 1847 he was involved in the construction of the Suez Canal under Alois Negrelli. In 1855 he took over the plans for the construction of the aqueduct of Aurisina in Trieste.

In 1856 he was instructed by archduke of Maximilian I of Mexico, the brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, with the construction of the Miramare Castle in Grignano near Trieste.

In 1860 he took over the supervision of a church in Bar in present-day Montenegro. Pope Pius IX granted him the Order of St. Gregory the Great for the project.

Between 1860 and 1861 he was in charge of the construction of the aqueduct of the military arsenal in Pula. In 1864 he worked on Vienna's Emperor Franz Joseph water supply system on the grounds of his experience in hydrography. He was the lead chief engineer in the design and construction management from the springs to the elevated tank at the Rosenhügel in Hietzing, the 13th municipal District of Vienna. Emperor Franz Joseph I awarded Junker the Order of Franz Joseph for his work on this project.

Junker died in Vienna on 17 May 1882.

Key construction projects 

 Miramare Castle near Trieste (1856–1860)
 First Vienna Mountain Spring Pipeline (1865)

Publications 

 Carl Junker (1873): Die Wasserversorgung der Stadt Wien, in: R. Stadler, Wien
 Carl Junker (1985): Projekt der Zuleitung des Recca Flusses von St. Canzian, Trieste

References 

 Junker Karl. In: Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950. Volume 3, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1965, p. 153 (Direct references on pages 153 and 154).

1827 births
1882 deaths
Austrian civil engineers
19th-century Austrian architects
Engineers from the Austrian Empire
Engineers from Austria-Hungary
Escher Wyss & Cie.. Escher Wyss & Cie., also known as Escher Wyss AG, was a Swiss industrial company focused on engineering and turbine construction. Its headquarters were in the Zürich quarter of Escher Wyss, which takes its name from the company.

History
The company was founded, as Escher Wyss & Cie., in 1805 by Hans Caspar Escher and Salomon von Wyss. After having originally started the company as a textile spinning business, the two expanded their enterprise to include a machine shop that manufactured textile machinery, water wheels, water turbines, power transmission equipment, and starting in 1835, ships, including boilers and steam engines.

After 1860, under the direction of Hans Zoelly, the company concentrated on hydraulic systems, steam engines and cooling systems. Between 1904 and 1929 steam turbines were produced for thermal power plants, ships and locomotives. The company also manufactured hydraulic systems for hydroelectric plants. Around this time it provided equipment for Norsk Hydro. During WWII, the company was a supplier for the German war effort manufacturing and supplying flamethrowers.  The company remained in existence until it was taken over in 1969 by Sulzer AG, then inside of the group Andritz AG, and was closed in 2014.

Notable products 
 A design of naphtha launches (1890)
 The twin Lake Zürich paddle steamers Stadt Zürich (1909) and Stadt Rapperswil (1914) built for the Dampfbootgesellschaft, both listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as Class A objects.
 Two Lake Lucerne paddle steamers Unterwalden and Gallia (1902/1913)
 Propellers for the Hispano Aviación HA-1112

See also
 Barsanti-Matteucci engine

References

Engineering companies of Switzerland
Manufacturing companies based in Zurich
Manufacturing companies established in 1805
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1969
1969 disestablishments in Switzerland
Swiss companies established in 1805
Electro precipitation. Electro precipitation is the removal of heavy metal ions, charged colloids, emulsions and microorganisms by passing direct electric current (introduced via parallel plates constructed of various metals that are selected to optimize the removal process) through contaminated water. Since the targeted contaminants are primarily held in solution by electrical charges, the addition of ions having a charge opposite of the contaminants causes them to destabilize and aggregate into larger particles. This neutralization of the ions and colloids results in a precipitate.

References 

Precipitation
Japanese target ship Hakachi. The  was a bomb target ship of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) serving during the Second World War, the only ship of her class.

Background
Project number J32. Before the pacific war, the IJN wanted to raise the training efficiency of bombers for the outbreak of war. The Yakaze was converted to a target ship for bombing training, however, her armour was thin because she was converted from a destroyer. Yakaze was able to sustain only the impact of 1 kilogram bombs. The IJN wanted the target ship top join the Combined Fleet to use it in the southern front. Hakachi was built with such a background, she was able to sustain 10 kilogram bombs dropped from  meters altitude.  Hakachi was the only purpose-built vessel in the IJN designed as a bombing target ship. Her flat steel deck gave her the appearance of an escort carrier and protected against 10 and 30 kilogram training bombs. The IJN later built the Ōhama-class as a next generation target ships, because Hakachi was the only one available for training new pilots of bomber planes.

Service
The Hakachi was commissioned on 18 November 1943 and on 1 December, she was assigned to the Combined Fleet. On 24 December, she sailed to Truk where she was used for bomber training. Two months later, she was heavily damaged by U.S. carrier aircraft during Operation Hailstone. She sheltered at Palau on 24 February 1944, and was repaired by Akashi. She was modified to serve as an escort for local convoys and rearmed with two 4.7-inch and 28 Type 96 25-mm AA guns and carried 36 depth charges. On 18 March, she sailed to the Lingga Islands. On 24 May, she sailed to Davao Gulf. She worked in each place. On 1 October, she undertook convoy escort operations. She survived the war in the Seto Inland Sea. On 1 December 1945 the ship was assigned to the Allied Repatriation Service as a special transport ship. On 11 December 1946, Hakachi arrived at Sasebo on her last repatriation voyage. In all, she transported 1,641 former military personnel back to Japan. In 1947 she was scrapped in Osaka at Fujinagata Zosensho.

Bibliography
 Ships of the World special issue Vol.47 Auxiliary Vessels of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Kaijinsha, (Japan), March 1997
 The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.34, Japanese Auxiliary ships, Ushio Shobō (Japan), December 1979
 Senshi Sōsho Vol.31, Naval armaments and war preparation (1), "Until November 1941", Asagumo Simbun (Japan), November 1969

World War II naval ships of Japan
1943 ships
Ships built by IHI Corporation
Stoddard-Hamilton T-9 Stalker. 

The Stoddard-Hamilton T-9 Stalker, Tactical Trainer, was an American military training monoplane designed and built by Stoddard-Hamilton Aircraft of Arlington, Washington and based on the Stoddard-Hamilton Glasair III.

Design and development
First flown on 24 July 1988 the Stalker  is a military training version of the Glasair III, an all-composite, cantilever, low-wing monoplane. The Stalker is powered by a  Allison 250-B17D turboprop driving a three-bladed metal tractor propeller. It has a retractable tricycle landing gear and the enclosed cockpit has two seats side-by-side with dual controls and a zero/zero pilot extraction system. The Stalker has two underwing hardpoints outboard of the landing gear for military ordnance. The prototype was destroyed in a fatal accident on 29 May 1989.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1980s United States military trainer aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
T-9 Stalker
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1988
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Stoddard-Hamilton Glasair III. 

The Stoddard-Hamilton Glasair III is an American two-seat, high performance homebuilt aircraft designed and built by Stoddard-Hamilton Aircraft of Arlington, Washington as an addition to the Glasair range of aircraft for amateur construction. Glasair II and III assets were purchased by Advanced Aero Components in September, 2017.

Design and development
The Glasair III is an all-composite cantilever low-wing monoplane. It is an improved variant of the earlier Glasair II with a retractable landing gear and powered by a  Lycoming IO-540-K1H5 engine. It has two seats side-by-side with dual controls. The aircraft can be fitted with wing tip fuel tanks. Since the purchase of Glasair II and III aircraft by Advanced Aero Components in September 2017, the Glasair II and III airframes have been substantially upgraded and are to be reproduced in all-carbon-fiber construction. The kits have been rebranded as G2 Heritage and G3 Heritage.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1980s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Glasair III
Homebuilt aircraft
Glasair III
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Abon Plastic. Abon Plastic SRL is an Italian manufacturer of thermoformed plastic packaging. The company's headquarters are located near Milan, Italy, in Gornate-Olona, Varese.

Abon Plastic's products include blister packs, clamshells, holding and display trays, and stackable takeout pizza trays. Their clients include Sony Corporation, Philips Electronics and L'Oreal Paris.  They are involved in specialty packaging for the cosmetic, electronics, and specialty lighting (L.E.D's), as well as the food and beverage industries. They invented and patented a stackable takeout pizza container called Piattopak.

References 

Plastics companies of Italy
Manufacturing companies of Italy
Companies based in Lombardy
Mikhail Atallah. Mikhail Jibrayil (Mike) Atallah is a Lebanese American computer scientist, a distinguished professor of computer science at Purdue University.

Biography
Atallah received his bachelor's degree from the American University of Beirut in 1975. He then moved to Johns Hopkins University for his graduate studies, earning a master's degree in 1980 and a Ph.D. in 1982 under the supervision of S. Rao Kosaraju. Since that time he has been a member of the Purdue University faculty.

In 2001, Atallah co-founded Arxan Technologies, Inc., a provider of internet anti-piracy and anti-tampering software, and in 2007, he became its chief technology officer.

Research
Atallah has published over 200 papers on topics in algorithms and computer security.

Atallah's thesis work was on the subject of parallel algorithms, and he continued working in that area as a faculty member.
Algorithmic research by Atallah includes papers on parallel  and dynamic computational geometry, finding the symmetries of geometric figures, divide and conquer algorithms, and efficient parallel computations of the Levenshtein distance between pairs of strings. With his student Marina Blanton, Atallah is the editor of the Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook (CRC Press, 2nd ed., 2009, ).

Atallah's more recent research has been in the area of computer security. His work in this area has included techniques for text-based digital watermarking. and the addition of multiple guard points within software as an anti-piracy measure.

Awards and honors
In 2006, Atallah was elected as a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for his "contributions to parallel and distributed computation". He has been a fellow of the IEEE since 1997. Previously he received a Presidential Young Investigator Award from the National Science Foundation in 1985.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Researchers in geometric algorithms
Computer security academics
American University of Beirut alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Purdue University faculty
2006 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the IEEE
Volmer VJ-24W SunFun. The Volmer VJ-24W SunFun is an American high-wing, strut-braced, single-seat, pod-and-boom motor glider and ultralight aircraft that was designed by Volmer Jensen and provided as plans for amateur construction by his company Volmer Aircraft of Glendale, California.

Design and development
The SunFun started as a foot-launched glider design, the VJ-24, and was developed into a wheeled undercarriage motor glider, the VJ-24W. The VJ-24 was derived from the earlier Volmer VJ-23 Swingwing and differed from that design by replacing the wooden structure with metal and employing a constant chord, strut-braced wing in place of the VJ-23's cantilever, tapered wing.

The aircraft is built from aluminium tubing covered with aircraft fabric. The  span wing is braced by V-struts, supported by triangular jury struts. The fuselage is built around a keel tube that mounts the cruciform tail at the aft end, the wing and cockpit in the center and the engine at the front. The specified engines are the Yamaha KT100  go-kart powerplant and the  McCulloch MAC-101, mounted in tractor configuration on the front of the keel tube, above the aircraft's nose. The landing gear is of conventional configuration, using spoked bicycle wheels for the main gear. Pilot weight is limited to .

The take-off and landing distances with the  engine are both .

In 1998 plans cost US$100 and the estimated cost of the materials to build the VJ-24W were US$2400. The estimated construction time is 250 hours.

Variants
VJ-24
Unpowered three axis-controlled hang glider version, foot launched and landed. Glide ratio is 9:1 at  and minimum sink is 180 fpm.
VJ-24W
Powered version with wheeled landing gear.

Specifications (VJ-24W)

See also

References

External links

Photo of a VJ-24W Cockpit
Photo of a VJ-24W Tail
Photo of a VJ-24W

1970s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Sailplanes designed for foot-launching
Motor gliders
VJ-24
High-wing aircraft
1970s United States ultralight aircraft
Universal Private Telegraph Company. The Universal Private Telegraph Company, Limited was formed in 1861 to exploit Professor Charles Wheatstone’s 1858 Universal Telegraph. The company was meant to "carry out a system by which banks, merchants, public bodies and other parties may have the means of establishing a telegraph for their own private purposes from their houses to their offices, manufactories or other places".

The company's first directors were Charles Wheatstone and William Fairbairn, CE, the Manchester ironmaster. It employed Thomas Page as the engineer, Lewis Hertslet as the secretary, and Nathaniel Holmes as the electrician.

Archives
As a nationalised company, the firm's records are now in the British Telecom Archives.

Stamps
The company issued a number of stamps which are of interest to philatelists and are still some of the most common British telegraph stamps found. It is unclear, however, whether the stamps were ever used as only unused copies are known of. The stamps mentioned the year in the corners.

See also
List of historical British telcos

References

External links
Distant Writing telegraph site.

Telegraph companies of the United Kingdom
1861 establishments in England
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
Telecommunications companies established in 1861
British companies established in 1861