omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Unit interval (data transmission). The unit interval is the minimum time interval between condition changes of a data transmission signal, also known as the pulse time or symbol duration time. A unit interval (UI) is the time taken in a data stream by each subsequent pulse (or symbol).

When UI is used as a measurement unit of a time interval, the resulting measure of such time interval is dimensionless. It expresses the time interval in terms of UI. Very often, but not always, the UI coincides with the bit time, i.e. with the time interval taken to transmit one bit (binary information digit). 

The two coincide in fact  in NRZ transmission; they do not coincide in a 2B1Q transmission, where one pulse takes the time of two bits. For example, in a serial line with a baud rate of 2.5 Gbit/s, a unit interval is 1/(2.5 Gbit/s) = 0.4 ns/baud.

Jitter measurement
Jitter is often measured as a fraction of UI. For example, jitter of 0.01 UI is jitter that moves a signal edge by 1% of the UI duration.

The widespread use of UI in jitter measurements comes from the need to apply the same requirements or results to cases of different symbol rates. This can be done when the phenomena investigated are not independent from the symbol duration time but closely related to it. For example, UI is used to measure timing jitter in serial communications or in on-chip clock distributions.

This measurement unit is extensively used in jitter literature. Examples can be found in various ITU-T Recommendations, or in the tutorial from Ransom Stephens.

See also
 Baud
 Symbol rate
 Frequency
 Telecommunications

References

Data transmission
Ettingshausen effect. The Ettingshausen effect (also known as second Nernst–Ettingshausen effect) is a thermoelectric (or thermomagnetic) phenomenon that affects the electric current in a conductor when a magnetic field is present.

Albert von Ettingshausen and his PhD student Walther Nernst were studying the Hall effect in bismuth, and noticed an unexpected perpendicular current flow when one side of the sample was heated. This is known as the Nernst effect. Conversely, when applying a current (along the y-axis) and a perpendicular magnetic field (along the z-axis) a temperature gradient appears along the x-axis. This is known as the Ettingshausen effect. Because of the Hall effect, electrons are forced to move perpendicular to the applied current. Due to the accumulation of electrons on one side of the sample, the number of collisions increases and a heating of the material occurs.
This effect is quantified by the Ettingshausen coefficient P, which is defined as:

where  is the temperature gradient that results from the y-component Jy of an electric current density (in ) and the z-component Bz of a magnetic field.

In most metals like copper, silver and gold P is on the order of  and thus difficult to observe in common magnetic fields. In bismuth  the Ettingshausen coefficient is several orders of magnitude larger because of its poor thermal conductivity, .

See also
Hall effect

References

Walther Nernst
Thermoelectricity
Electrodynamics
MIL-STD-1234. MIL-STD-1234 (Military-Standard-1234) is a United States Military Standard that describes the general methods of sampling, inspection, and testing pyrotechnics for conformance with the material requirements of various pyrotechnic specifications. 

MIL-STD-1234 was originally approved and published on June 22, 1962 by the Department of Defense.  Later, it was revised in 1965, 1967, and 1973.

External links
DLA ASSIST Quick Search U.S. Defense Logistics Agency Acquisition Streamlining and Standardization Information System
 

Military of the United States standards
TADIL-J. TADIL-J refers to the system of standardized J-series messages which are known by NATO as Link 16.  These are defined by U.S. military standard (MIL-STD) 6016.  It is used by the U.S. Navy, U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Coast Guard, the NSA, several NATO countries, and Japan as part of the Multi-Tactical Data Link Network, a Tactical Data Link.

TADIL J was designed as an improved data link used to exchange near real-time (NRT) information. It is a communication, navigation, and identification system that supports information exchange between tactical command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I) systems.

The radio transmission and reception component of TADIL J is the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) or its successor, the Multifunctional Information Distribution System (MIDS). These high-capacity, ultra high frequency (UHF), line of sight (LOS), frequency-hopping data communications terminals provide secure, jam-resistant voice and digital data exchange. JTIDS/MIDS terminals operate on the principle of time division multiple access (TDMA), wherein time slots are allocated among all TADIL J network participants for the transmission and reception of data. TDMA eliminates the requirement for a net control station (NCS) by providing a nodeless communications network architecture.

Other TADILs included TADIL-A, TADIL-B, and TADIL-C, which were known by NATO as Link 11, Link 11B, and Link 4 respectively.

J-series messages can also be exchanged over IP-based bearers using the NATO-defined SIMPLE protocol, JREAP and via satellite by S-TADIL J.

Change of terminology 
TADIL is no longer an official US Department of Defense term (per DISA guidance).  Instead it has officially been replaced by the generic term Tactical Data Link (TDL).  However, the term "TADIL" is a legacy holdover and still used in the vernacular.

See also
Tactical data link

References

Military equipment of NATO
Military radio systems
Rodinal. Rodinal is the trade name of a black and white developing agent produced originally by the German company Agfa based on the chemical 4-aminophenol. Rodinal is a popular high acutance black and white developer and is used at different dilutions for development in rotary machines, by agitation, as well as for stand development.

History 
Rodinal was patented on 27 January 1891, making it the oldest film developer which is still commercially available. Novel at the time of its invention was that it is delivered as a liquid concentrate and not as a powder.

During the division of Germany the original manufacturer Agfa was split, becoming the ORWO company in East Germany, where Rodinal was sold under the name ORWO R09.

After the insolvency of Agfa in 2004, production was taken over by the re-formed ADOX, which also purchased the trademark rights in the name in Europe (excluding France) and continues to sell the product under this name.

See also

 Film development

References

External links
 Ed Buffaloe's "Appreciating Rodinal" Article
 ADOX Rodinal
 An introduction to Rodinal
 Film developing with Rodinal
 Historic Rodinal Formulae
Photographic chemicals
Agfa
Neutron-induced swelling. Neutron-induced swelling is the increase of volume and decrease of density of materials subjected to intense neutron radiation. Neutrons impacting the material's lattice rearrange its atoms, causing buildup of dislocations, voids, and Wigner energy. Together with the resulting strength reduction and embrittlement, it is a major concern for materials for nuclear reactors.

Materials show significant differences in their swelling resistance.

References

Radiation effects
Nuclear technology
Materials degradation
Smolensk Aviation Plant. The Smolensk Aviation Plant (SmAZ) is a Russian aircraft production and servicing company. Founded in 1926, since 1993 it has been a Joint stock company. It is located southeast of the Smolensk North Airport.

History
The facility was founded in 1926 as "Aviation Repair Plant No.3", in 1928 it was redesignated "Plant No.35". Between 1941 and 1944 it was relocated to Kuybyshev as part of "Plant #1". Until 1966, it was known as "Plant #475" of the NKAP (Narodny Kommissariat Aviatsionnoy Promyshlennosti, People's Commissariat for Aviation Industry). It was renamed again in 1967 as the "Smolensk Machine Building Plant" of MAP (Ministerstvo Aviatsionnoy Promyshlennosti, Ministry for the Aviation Industry). It received its present name in 1974.

During the 1960s and 1970s SmAZ primarily produced aircraft and aircraft parts designed by the Yakovlev Design Bureau. During the 1980s production at Smolensk included the Myasishchev-designed high-altitude M-55 Geofizika aircraft, cruise missiles like the Kh-55 Granat and parts for the Buran space shuttle. In addition, SmAZ produces medical and light industry equipment. On July 1, 1993 it was privatized, and has since operated as a joint stock company.

In October and November 2023, the plant was attacked by aerial drones as part of the Russo-Ukrainian War. In january 2025 the plant was again attacked by Ukrainian drones. Seven explosions were reported and air defence was activated according to locals.

Operation 
On May 26, 2009, a joint Russian-Czech company CONSUL GROUP OF COMPANIES S.R.O was established with the participation of the company Orbis Avia, Czech (SM92 Finist aircraft production).

For constant participation in International Aviation and Space Show (MAKS) in 2013 JSC "SmAZ" was awarded the diploma and the jubilee medal "MAKS 20 years".

The company continues to work on the development of small aircraft and ensuring the state defense order.

List of production/serviced aircraft
Grigorovich I-2 (full name was I-7(I-2)) I-2 page
Polikarpov R-1, I-3, R-5, Po-2, I-15, I-16
Tupolev TB-1/ANT-4, R-6/ANT-7, SB/ANT-40
Bureau of Special Developments (БОК) of Chizhevski BOK-1 (stratospheric), BOK-5 (flying wing), BOK-7 (high altitude), BOK-15 (record setting)
Ilyushin Il-2
Lavochkin La-5, La-7
 cruise missiles like Kh-55
Yakovlev Yak-3, Yak-7, Yak-9, Yak-11, Yak-18T, Yak-42, Yak-112
Bakshaev A-2, VA-3/48, PM gliders
Myasishchev M-55
Technoavia SM92 Finist, SM-94-1, SM-2000, SP-55M
Sukhoi Su-38

Famous employees 
In 1956-1985 Hero of Socialist Labour Anatoly Romanov Denisovich (a plumber) worked at the factory.

References

External links
Official website
Federation of American Scientists

Tactical Missiles Corporation
Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Manufacturing companies established in 1926
Aerospace companies of Russia
Aircraft manufacturers of Russia
Russian brands
Companies based in Smolensk Oblast
Occam-π. In computer science, occam-π (or occam-pi) is the name of a variant of the programming language occam developed by the Kent Retargetable occam Compiler (KRoC) team at the University of Kent. The name reflects the introduction of elements of π-calculus (pi-calculus) into occam, especially concepts involving mobile agents (processes) and data. The language contains several extensions to occam 2.1, including:

Nested protocols
Run-time process creation
Mobile channels, data, and processes
Recursion
Protocol inheritance
Array constructors
Extended rendezvous

See also
 occam (programming language)
 Transputer
 KRoC
 Transterpreter

References

External links 
 
 University of Kent Occam-pi project page
 Tock Occam compiler
 Parallel programming users group on Occam-pi

Concurrent programming languages
University of Kent
Ethanol (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethanol.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

External MSDS

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

Vapor pressure of liquid

Density of ethanol at various temperatures
Data obtained from 

These data correlate as ρ [g/cm3] = −8.461834 T [°C] + 0.8063372 with an R2 = 0.99999.

Properties of aqueous ethanol solutions
Data obtained from

Boiling points of aqueous solutions
Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry (Page 2117)

‡Azeotropic mixture

Charts

References

Chemical data pages
Data page
Chemical data pages cleanup
DShield. DShield is a community-based collaborative firewall log correlation system. It receives logs from volunteers worldwide and uses them to analyze attack trends. It is used as the data collection engine behind the SANS Internet Storm Center (ISC). DShield was officially launched end of November 2000 by Johannes Ullrich. Since then, it has grown to be a dominating attack correlation engine with worldwide coverage.

DShield is regularly used by the media to cover current events. Analysis provided by DShield has been used in the early detection of several worms, like "Ramen", Code Red, "Leaves", "SQL Snake" and more. DShield data is regularly used by researchers to analyze attack patterns.

The goal of the DShield project is to allow access to its correlated information to the public at no charge to raise awareness and provide accurate and current snapshots of internet attacks. Several data feeds are provided to users to either include in their own web sites or to use as an aide to analyze events.


See also 
 SANS Institute (SysAdmin, Audit, Network and Security – SANS)
 Comparison of network monitoring systems
 ShieldsUP
 SPEWS

References

Further reading

External links 
 

Alert measurement systems
Computer security procedures
Internet properties established in 2000
Internet safety
Web log analysis software
F15. F15 or F-15 may refer to:

Aircraft
 Boeing F-15EX Eagle II, a development of the F-15E Strike Eagle
 McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, an American-designed air-superiority fighter aircraft
 McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD, a technology demonstrator based on the F-15 Eagle
 McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle, an all weather strike fighter derived from the F-15 Eagle
 Northrop F-15 Reporter, a photo-reconnaissance variant of the P-61 Black Widow

Video games
 F-15 City Wars, a 1990 video game developed by American Video Entertainment on Nintendo
 F-15 Strike Eagle (video game), a 1984 video game
 F-15 Strike Eagle II, a 1989 video game
 F-15 Strike Eagle III, a 1993 video game
 Jane's F-15, a 1998 video game

Other uses
 BMW X5 (F15), a mid-size luxury crossover SUV
 F15 and F15A, the two Ford 15-hundredweight versions of the World War II Canadian Military Pattern trucks
 February 15, 2003 anti-war protest
 Fluorine-15 (F-15 or 15F), an isotope of fluorine
 F15, a function key
GWR 2884 Class. The Great Western Railway (GWR) 2884 Class is a class of 2-8-0 steam locomotive. They were Collett's development of Churchward's earlier 2800 Class and are sometimes regarded as belonging to that class.

History 
The 2884s were designed for heavy freight work and differed from the original Class 2800 engines (Nos. 2800-2883) in a number of respects, the most obvious being that a more modern Collett side window cab was provided and that they were built with outside steam pipes.

Production 
83 of the 2884 class were built between 1938 and 1941. Those built during the Second World War did not have the side window to the cab, and the side window on the others was plated over. This was to reduce glare, as a precaution against enemy air attacks. The windows were reinstated after the war.

The locomotives were so popular with the ex-Great Western crews that the British Railways Western Region operating authorities wanted more of the class built after nationalisation in 1948; however, this request was turned down in favour of BR Standard Class 9Fs.

Oil firing 

Between 1945 and 1947, coal shortages caused GWR to experiment with oil fired 2800 locomotives. Eight of the 2884 class were converted and renumbered from 4850. The experiment, encouraged by the government was abandoned in 1948 once the extra maintenance costs were calculated and the bill had arrived for the imported oil.

1948 Locomotive Exchange Trials 
The year 1948 also saw one of the 2884 class, No.3803 (now preserved), emerge remarkably successfully from the 1948 Locomotive Exchange Trials against more modern engines including the LMS Stanier Class 8F and the WD Austerity 2-8-0 and WD Austerity 2-10-0. It took the appearance in 1954 of the British Railways BR Standard Class 9F 2-10-0 to displace the 2800s from their main role of mineral haulage. Nevertheless, there was still work for them right up to the end of steam on the Western region in 1965. Six decades of service testify to the fundamental excellence of Churchward's original conception.

Withdrawal

Preservation 
Nine examples of the 2884, were saved from Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales and four of these engines have operated in preservation.

Models
Hornby Railways manufacture a model of the 2884 Class in OO gauge.

In 2013, Dapol introduced a British N gauge model of locomotive 2892 in GWR green livery.

See also 
 List of GWR standard classes with two outside cylinders

References

External links 

 The Story of the GWR 28XX 2-8-0s 
 No. 3862 under restoration at Northampton and Lamport Railway
 Dinmore Manor Locomotive Ltd

2-8-0 locomotives
2884 Class
Railway locomotives introduced in 1938
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
GWR 5205 Class. The Great Western Railway (GWR) 5205 Class is a class of 2-8-0T steam locomotives.

History

5205 Class
They were designed for short-haul coal trips from coal mines to ports in South Wales. They were based on the 4200 Class which had been introduced by the Great Western Railway in 1910. The 5205 series were of the same general design and 70 of the 5205 class were built, 5205-5274. They retained the straight frames of the 4200s, but had outside steam pipes and 19" diameter cylinders so were slightly more powerful than their predecessors.

Twenty 5205s, 5255-5274 were converted to the 7200 Class in 1934/6.

5275 Class
Twenty more locomotives to the same general design were built from 1930. This series had curved frames at the front with a raised section of frame over cylinders which were of the same size as the 5205 series. These were 5275 to 5294. These were all rebuilt as 7200 Class in 1934 without seeing significant use.  Ten more, 5255-5264 were built in 1940, reusing numbers from 5205 class members which had also been rebuilt as 7200 Class.

Preservation
Three examples of the 5205 class have been preserved with two of them 5224 and 5239 having run in preservation. No members of the 5275 class have been preserved in their original form, but two survive in rebuilt form in the 7200 class.

Models

In 2012, Hornby released models of the 5205 class in both BR black and GWR green.

See also 
 List of GWR standard classes with two outside cylinders

References

5205
2-8-0T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1923
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
1′D h2t locomotives
Wireworld. Wireworld, alternatively WireWorld, is a cellular automaton first proposed by Brian Silverman in 1987, as part of his program Phantom Fish Tank. It subsequently became more widely known as a result of an article in the "Computer Recreations" column of Scientific American. Wireworld is particularly suited to simulating transistors, and is Turing-complete.

Rules

A Wireworld cell can be in one of four different states, usually numbered 0–3 in software, modeled by colors in the examples here:
empty (black),
electron head (blue),
electron tail (red),
conductor (yellow).

As in all cellular automata, time proceeds in discrete steps called generations (sometimes "gens" or "ticks"). Cells behave as follows:
 empty → empty,
 electron head → electron tail,
 electron tail → conductor,
 conductor → electron head if exactly one or two of the neighbouring cells are electron heads, otherwise remains conductor.

Wireworld uses what is called the Moore neighborhood, which means that in the rules above, neighbouring means one cell away (range value of one) in any direction, both orthogonal and diagonal.

These simple rules can be used to construct logic gates (see below).

Applications
Entities built within Wireworld universes include Langton's ant (allowing any Langton's ant pattern to be built within Wireworld) and the Wireworld computer, a Turing-complete computer implemented as a cellular automaton.

See also
von Neumann's cellular automaton

References

External links
 Wireworld on Rosetta Code
 The Wireworld computer in Java
 No Wires (contains an interactive Wireworld widget)

Cellular automaton rules
Edmund Ward Poor. Edmund Ward Poor (1904–1966) was a co-founder of the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, serving as its treasurer and director. He was a wealthy accountant working as treasurer for the aviation pioneers Grover and Albert Loening who had agreed to invest in the company and invested $100,000 of his own money when the company was created.

The New York City native was the son of astronomer Charles Lane Poor and Anna Louise Easton and studied at both Williams College and Columbia University, obtaining his B.A. in 1927.

He was the treasurer of the village of Dering Harbor on Shelter Island. He and wife Catharine B. Wynkoop of Bath, New York, were the parents of Edmund W. Poor Jr. of the Boston Computer Society and Professor Henry W. Poor of the University of Miami in Florida.  He subsequently married Fannie B. Moore in West Islip in December 1950.

Poor was an accomplished sailor, active in one design and offshore classes throughout his life. In 1961 he purchased a Block Island 40 yawl, which he named Starward. The name was created by combining his then wife Fannie's middle name, Starbird, with his own middle name. He campaigned Starward actively, with a crew of friends and family, including his sons Edmund and Henry, and his stepson and stepdaughter, John and Sally, and Sally's husband, Dr. Pier Mancusi-Ungaro. Poor fulfilled a lifelong dream when he skippered Starward in the 1962 Bermuda Race.

He drowned on the night of January 16, 1966 in the canal behind his home at 28 Garner Lane in Bay Shore on Long Island.

References

External links
Notable people of Long Island

1904 births
1966 deaths
People from Bay Shore, New York
20th-century American businesspeople
Deaths by drowning in New York (state)