omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Copper(I) bromide. Copper(I) bromide is the chemical compound with the formula CuBr.  This white diamagnetic solid adopts a polymeric structure akin to that for zinc sulfide.  The compound is widely used in the synthesis of organic compounds and as a lasing medium in copper bromide lasers.

Preparation, basic properties, structure
The compound is white, although samples are often colored due to the presence of copper(II) impurities. The copper(I) ion also oxidizes easily in air. It is commonly prepared by the reduction of cupric salts with sulfite in the presence of bromide. For example, the reduction of copper(II) bromide with sulfite yields copper(I) bromide and hydrogen bromide:

2 CuBr2  +  H2O  +    →  2 CuBr  +    +  2 HBr

CuBr is insoluble in most solvents due to its polymeric structure, which features four-coordinated, tetrahedral Cu centers interconnected by bromide ligands (ZnS structure).  Upon treatment with Lewis bases, CuBr converts to molecular adducts.  For example, with dimethyl sulfide, the colorless complex is formed:
CuBr  +  S(CH3)2  →  CuBr(S(CH3)2)
In this coordination complex, the copper is two-coordinate, with a linear geometry.  Other soft ligands afford related complexes.  For example, triphenylphosphine gives CuBr(P(C6H5)3), although this species has a more complex structure.
Thermal excitation of copper(I) bromide vapour yields a blue-violet emission which is of greater saturation than known copper(I) chloride emission. Copper(I) bromide is hence an advantageous emitter in pyrotechnic flames.

Applications in organic chemistry
In the Sandmeyer reaction, CuBr is employed to convert diazonium salts into the corresponding aryl bromides:
 + CuBr → ArBr + N2 + Cu+
The aforementioned complex CuBr(S(CH3)2) is widely used to generate organocopper reagents. Related CuBr complexes are catalysts for atom transfer radical polymerization and copper-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative couplings (CDC).

See also
Copper(II) bromide

References

External links

Web Elements

Bromides
Metal halides
Copper(I) compounds
Zincblende crystal structure
Total acid number. The total acid number (TAN) is a measurement of acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil. It is an important quality measurement of crude oil.

The TAN value indicates to the crude oil refinery the potential of corrosion problems. It is usually the naphthenic acids in the crude oil that cause corrosion problems. This type of corrosion is referred to as naphthenic acid corrosion (NAC).

TAN values may also be useful in other industries where oils are used as lubricants to determine oxidation and the subsequent corrosion risk to machinery.

TAN value can be deduced by various methods, including
 Potentiometric titration: The sample is normally dissolved in toluene and propanol with a little water and titrated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide (if sample is acidic). A glass electrode and reference electrode is immersed in the sample and connected to a voltmeter/potentiometer. The meter reading (in millivolts) is plotted against the volume of titrant. The end point is taken at the distinct inflection of the resulting titration curve corresponding to the basic buffer solution.
 Color indicating titration: An appropriate pH color indicator e.g. phenolphthalein, is used. Titrant is added to the sample by means of a burette. The volume of titrant used to cause a permanent color change in the sample is recorded and used to calculate the TAN value.
 Spectroscopic methods: as with many chemical parameters, spectroscopy can be used to make fast, accurate measurements once calibrated by a reference method. Mid and near infrared spectroscopy are most commonly used for this purpose. Spectroscopic methods are valuable as they can also be used to simultaneously measure a number of other parameters and do away with the need for wet chemistry.

See also 
 Total base number

References

  – O'Leary describes the theory and practice of measuring Total acid number on-line in beverages.

External links

Analytical chemistry
Motor oils
Specsmanship. Specsmanship is the use of specifications or measurement results to suggest or establish putative superiority of one entity over another, especially when it is inappropriate. It is commonly found in advertising of high fidelity audio equipment, automobiles, digital cameras, electronic display devices, and other merchandise. 

Specsmanship may identify some numerical figure of merit upon which to base pride or derision, whether or not it is relevant to actual use of the device.

References

External links 
 The "Mass" of Pixels or the "Mess" of Pixels? The more pixels, the worse the image. 6MegaPixel.org/

Neologisms
Canadian Academy of Engineering. The Canadian Academy of Engineering () is a national academy of distinguished professional engineers in fields of engineering, who are elected on the basis of "their distinguished service and contribution to society, to the country and to the profession". Founded in 1987, the academy has over 750 Fellows. 
The academy's 36-year history has been published on their website.

History 
The academy held its founding meeting on 20 May 1987 in Montreal. The honour of being the first member of the academy was accorded to 98-year-old retired engineer and EIC past president, John Stirling. Robert Legget was elected the founding president of the academy, with Philip Lapp as president-elect, Larkin Kerwin as vice-president, and Léopold Nadeau as secretary-treasurer.
In September 1991 the Canadian Academy of Engineering formally joined the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS), the currently 26-member independent, non-political international forum for the discussion and communication of engineering issues.
In 2000, Micheline Bouchard was elected the first woman president of the CAE. The second, in 2005, was Kathleen Sendall, and the third was Kim Sturgess in 2011.

Membership 
The 44 founding Fellows of the academy included 12 Fellows from academia and 32 from industrial, government and non-profit organizations. Around a quarter of them were francophone.
Fellows have been inducted into the academy on the basis of having had careers, given services and made contributions to engineering, the profession and society that surpassed what would normally be considered a successful career in the candidate's field. Election has always been through nomination by existing members, verification by Committee, and voting by the membership. There has also been an underlying obligation that inductees be prepared to contribute to the life and work of the academy.
The first woman to be inducted into the academy, in 1988, was Danielle Zaikoff.

Awards
The academy announced in 2017 that, partnered with SAE Foundation Canada, it had established two annual student awards aimed at recognizing the importance of aerospace, automotive and transport design engineering. One, the CAE Bruce Aubin SAE Aerospace Design Award, valued at $800, and the other the CAE William G. Belfry Memorial SAE Scholarship, valued at $2000, would be given annually to top engineering students from across Canada.

See also
List of founding members of the Canadian Academy of Engineering
Council of Canadian Academies

References

External links
Canadian Academy of Engineering. Official site.

Non-profit organizations based in Ottawa
National academies of engineering
1987 establishments in Canada

Engineering societies based in Canada
NetDynamics Application Server. NetDynamics Application Server was an early Java-based integrated software platform. The product was developed by NetDynamics, a Silicon Valley start-up company founded in 1995 by Zack Rinat and Ofer Ben-Shachar. Unlike other early application server competitors, NetDynamics chose Java as the development language for the platform.

As Java became the dominant development language for web-based applications, NetDynamics experienced significant revenue growth in 1997 and 1998. However, the product soon encountered problems due to the relative immaturity of Java and the rush to release new product versions in a rapidly changing marketplace. Believing that the new JDBC API was too immature, NetDynamics created a proprietary database development API based on a product from Rogue Wave Software.

NetDynamics, Inc. was acquired by Sun Microsystems in July 1998. The application server software, together with the Netscape Application Server, was the basis for Sun's iPlanet Application Server offering.

Competition
NetDynamics initially competed against Bluestone, an application server based on the C Programming Language, and the Kiva application server. By mid-1998, a new competitor, WebLogic, Inc., released a Java application server that was compliant with JDBC and another emerging standard, JavaBeans. WebLogic Application Server eventually won out in the marketplace. The explosive growth of the application server business caught the attention of larger information technology companies. By 1998, the early application server start-up companies were all acquired: Hewlett-Packard purchased Bluestone, Sun Microsystems acquired NetDynamics, Netscape Communications Corporation bought out Kiva, and Weblogic was acquired by BEA Systems. Only Weblogic continues to survive as a product; Oracle Corporation acquired BEA in 2008, and the product was renamed Oracle Weblogic.

See also
 iPlanet
 Comparison of application servers

References

Sun Microsystems software
Web server software
Keyboard protector. A keyboard protector or keyboard cover is a device which is placed on top of a computer keyboard in order to reduce contact with the environment.  Keyboards are susceptible to corrosion damage from liquid spills and build up of dust and debris, requiring frequent cleaning and maintenance. The protector serves as a barrier to eliminate ingress from these materials.

Composition 
A keyboard protector is usually made from plastic, polyurethane or silicone. It is in the form of a flexible sheet, moulded to fit the key profiles and arrangements on the keyboard.

Working principle
A keyboard protector is placed on top of a keyboard, acting as a physical barrier to the environment.  When a key is depressed, the protector material deforms with the key, allowing full key travel and tactile feedback.  Some models of have the sides of the protector extend to the underside of the keyboard, which are secured with adhesive tape.  When dirty, the protector can be removed and cleaned.

Advantages and inconvenience
Computer users who are unfamiliar with keyboard protectors may take some time to become accustomed, since the keystrokes are dampened and the force needed to depress the keys is different. These factors may also affect their typing speed and accuracy.
Some applications can be a disadvantage, for example laptops and luggables. On laptops, the computer may not close properly with the protector fitted, and can transfer dirt and debris to the display.

Compatibility 
Since there are several major types of keyboards in the market, some with different layouts, the compatibility of keyboard protectors is also important in order to have the keyboard fully and well protected. Different keyboards will often feature slightly different key spacing or arrangement, leading to ill-fitting protectors.

References 

Computer keyboards
Elphinstone Place. Elphinstone Place is a cancelled skyscraper project that was scheduled to be built in Glasgow, Scotland.  The building, which had been in the planning stage since 2004 would have been a mixed-use development consisting of office, retail and residential. It was to be built on the site of the former Strathclyde Regional Council Headquarters.

In July 2008 The developers Elphinstone announced that the building had been cancelled due to the difficulties arising from the subprime mortgage crisis, with one of the main financial backers of the project being the failed Lehman Brothers. Although ground work had been completed for the tower it was indicated by the developer that a "fall-back project is not in place" for the site.

At 39-stories the structure would have been the tallest building in both Glasgow and Scotland. The building would have been situated at the western end of Blythswood Hill on the edge of Glasgow's financial district (IFSD).

In July 2012, it was announced that the site would instead be used for a new headquarters complex for the energy company, Scottish Power; that project, of more modest height (albeit still around 60 metres) was completed in 2017.

In 2024, planning permission was granted for a 36-story residential tower 100 metres to the north on the same site known as The Ard, which if constructed, will become Glasgow's tallest inhabitable structure.

See also
 List of tallest buildings and structures in Glasgow

References

External links
Official Website

Article at GlasgowArchitecture website
Summary at SkyScraperNews website

Skyscrapers in Glasgow
Unbuilt buildings and structures in the United Kingdom
Aba River (Nigeria). The Aba River is a river in southern Nigeria. A tributary of Imo river that runs through the city of Aba, Nigeria. Its headwater is in Okpu-Umuobo area (Isiala-Okpu and Mgboko-Umuette autonomous communities) Osisioma Ngwa LGA in the Ngwa heartland. This Aba River is also known as Waterside.

The river is largely ignored despite its uniqueness and importance. Activities of local sand dredges who source sharp sand for construction purposes has been keeping the river flowing.

Pollution 
The Aba River have over the years faced different level of pollution from Multinationals, Cattle farmers, and residents in neighboring communities. Residents, many of whom had previously used the river's resources, asserted that the river was teeming with aquatic life and provided drinking water and other domestic uses for the people of the communities along its banks before the emergence of various businesses that no longer discharge their wastes into the water body in the 1970s.

Even worse, the river's pollution was increased by the "Ahiaudele" (market of vultures) abattoir and cattle market, which is situated along the river's banks. The river's resources are getting scarcer.

Two localities that are home to the Nigerian Breweries PLC, Aba Plant, filed a lawsuit against the business in the Abia State High Court over what they claim is an ongoing environmental abuse matter. The locals claimed that Nigerian Breweries had continued to release waste, hazardous chemicals, and effluent water into the Aba River, popularly known as "Iyi Aza Ogbor" or "Waterside".

References 

Rivers of Nigeria
Aba, Nigeria
Tributaries by river
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology. Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), formerly KIIT, Bhubaneswar, is a private deemed university located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. It offers 34 undergraduate, 32 postgraduate, 10 integrated, 11 Ph.D and 7 postdoctoral research programmes in the fields of science and engineering, medical science, management, law, film and media, humanities and yoga and sports.

It was founded in 1992 as Industrial Training Institute in Bhubaneswar. In 2017 it was renamed Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology following the UGC order to drop the term "University" from the name for all the institutes granted the status of 'Deemed to be Universities'.

History
KIIT was established in 1992 as an Industrial Training Institute with only twelve students and two faculty. It is part of KIIT Society which is estimated to be worth US$1.3 billion as of 2020. In 1997, the School of Technology and the School of Computer Application were established. In 2004 it was conferred the status of deemed university and renamed KIIT University.

The KIIT School of Biotechnology, School of Rural Management, School of Medicine and KIIT Law School were started in 2007. It was declared as deemed university in 2004 and was conferred with Category A status in 2014.

In 2017, the institute was renamed back Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, following a request from all institutes deemed to be universities not to use "university" in their title. 

KIIT is an Institute of Eminence as declared by the Government of India

Academics
KIIT has 27,000+ students. Each academic program is functioning in different independent campuses.

Accreditation
KIIT was accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) with an A++ grade with a score of 3.48 out of 4 points.

Rankings

Internationally, KIIT  was ranked 401–500 in Asia on the QS World University Rankings of 2023. It was ranked 601–800 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2023, 201–250 in Asia in 2022 and in the same band among emerging economies.

In India, it was ranked 37th among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2024, 15th among all universities and 28th overall. NIRF also ranked it 67th in the management ranking, 25th in medical ranking and 11th in law ranking. KIIT ranked 1st in India in the 2020 ARIIA Ranking published by the MHRD under the 'Private or Self-Financed Universities' category. In the NIRF Rankings announced on 11 June 2020, KIIT's rank improved to 44th from 50th in the Overall category, while it was ranked 24th in the rank for University.

References

 
Universities in Bhubaneswar
Deemed universities in India
Educational institutions established in 1992
1992 establishments in Orissa
Froment. Froment is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Antoine Froment, Protestant reformer in Geneva
Jules Froment, French neurologist
Louis de Froment, French orchestral conductor
Nicolas Froment, fifteenth-century French painter
Paul-Gustave Froment, early French electrical engineer
Pierre de Froment, French member of the resistance during World War II and subsequently General
Gilbert Froment, Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering at Ghent University, Belgium

French-language surnames
Coker unit. A coker or coker unit is an oil refinery processing unit that converts the residual oil from the vacuum distillation column into low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases, naphtha, light and heavy gas oils, and petroleum coke. The process thermally cracks the long chain hydrocarbon molecules in the residual oil feed into shorter chain molecules leaving behind the excess carbon in the form of petroleum coke.

This petroleum coke can either be fuel grade (high in sulphur and metals) or anode grade (low in sulphur and metals).  The raw coke from the coker is often referred to as green coke.   In this context, "green" means unprocessed. The further processing of green coke by calcining in a rotary kiln removes residual volatile hydrocarbons from the coke. The calcined petroleum coke can be further processed in an anode baking oven in order to produce anode coke of the desired shape and physical properties.  The anodes are mainly used in the aluminium and steel industry.

Types 

There are three types of cokers used in oil refineries: delayed coker, fluid coker and flexicoker. The one that is by far the most commonly used is the delayed coker.

The schematic flow diagram below depicts a typical delayed coker:

See also
Delayed coker
Shukhov cracking process
Burton process
Petroleum coke

References

External links

Detailed description of cokers and related topics
Quality specifications for petroleum cokes

Oil refineries
Chemical equipment
Petroleum production
Desalter. A desalter is a process unit in an oil refinery that removes salt from the crude oil.  The salt is dissolved in the water in the crude oil, not in the crude oil itself. The desalting is usually the first process in crude oil refining. The salt content after the desalter is usually measured in PTB – pounds of salt per thousand barrels of crude oil.   Another specification is Basic sediment and water.

The term desalter may also refer to a water desalination facility used to treat brackish water from agricultural runoff.  This may be done either to produce potable water for human or animal consumption, or to reduce the salinity of river water prior to its crossing an international border, usually to comply with the terms of a treaty.  Desalters are also used to treat groundwater reservoirs in areas impacted by cattle feedlots and dairies.

Desalting crude oil
The salts that are most frequently present in crude oil are calcium, sodium and magnesium chlorides. If these compounds are not removed from the oil several problems arise in the refining process. The high temperatures that occur downstream in the process could cause water hydrolysis, which in turn allows the formation of corrosive hydrochloric acid. Sand, silts and salt cause deposits and foul heat exchangers or result in plugging.  The need to supply heat to vaporize water reduces crude pre-heat capacity. Sodium, arsenic and other metals can poison catalysts. By removing the suspended solids, they are not carried into the burner and eventually flue gas, where they would cause problems with environmental compliance such as flue gas opacity norms.

Crude oil to be desalted is heated to a temperature of 100-150 °C and mixed with 4-10% fresh water, which dilutes the salt. The mixture is then pumped into a settling tank where the salt water separates from the oil and is drawn off. An electrostatic field is applied by electrodes in the settling tank, inducing polarization of the water droplets floating in the larger volume of oil. This results in the water droplets clumping together and settling to the bottom of the tank.

See also

 Brackish water
 Water desalination

References

External links
Desalting in refinery
Desalting theory 
Desalter animation

Industrial equipment
Chemical equipment
Oil refineries