omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
OCR. OCR may refer to:

Science and technology
 Optical character recognition, conversion of images of text into characters
 Organically moderated and cooled reactor, a type of nuclear reactor
 Oxidizable carbon ratio dating, a method of absolute dating
 Transvaginal oocyte retrieval, a technique used in vitro fertilization
 Oil control ring, a piston ring
 Over consolidation ratio, a consolidation measurement in geotechnical engineering

Offices of civil rights
 Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education
 State Office of Civil Rights, United States Department of State
 GSA Office of Civil Rights, General Services Administration
 HHS Office for Civil Rights, United States Department of Health and Human Services
 DOJ Office for Civil Rights, Office of Justice Programs

Economics
 Official cash rate, the interest rate paid by banks in the overnight money market
 Optimum currency region, a theoretical optimal area where one currency would make most benefit

Other uses
 Original cast recording, a recording of a stage musical featuring the show's original cast
 Otago Central Railway, now a heritage railway in Otago, New Zealand
 Ottawa Central Railway a Canadian Shortline owned by CN Rail
 OverClocked ReMix, an organization and website dedicated to preserving and paying tribute to video game music through re-orchestration and reinterpretation
 Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations, an exam board in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
 Obstacle course racing

See also
 OCR-A, a font designed to simplify character recognition
 OCR-B
List of object-oriented programming languages. This is a list of notable programming languages with features designed for object-oriented programming (OOP).

The listed languages are designed with varying degrees of OOP support. Some are highly focused in OOP while others support multiple paradigms including OOP.  For example, C++ is a multi-paradigm language including OOP; however, it is less object-oriented than other languages such as Python and Ruby.

Languages with object-oriented features

ABAP
Ada 95
AmigaE
Apex
BETA
Boo
C++
C#
Ceylon
Chapel
Clarion
CLU
COBOL
Cobra
ColdFusion
Common Lisp
CorbaScript
Curl
D
Dart
DataFlex
Dylan
E
Eiffel
Sather
Elixir
Fortran 2003
FPr
FreeBASIC
F#
Gambas
GDScript
Go
Gura (programming language)
Graphtalk
IDLscript
J
J#
JADE
Java
Groovy
Join Java
X10
Julia
Kotlin
Lasso
Lingo
LISP
Logtalk
MATLAB
Modula-3
Nemerle
NetRexx
Nim
Noop
Oberon (Oberon-1)
Oberon-2
Object Pascal
Delphi
Free Pascal
Turbo Pascal
Object REXX
Objective-C
OCaml
Omnis Studio
OpenEdge Advanced Business Language
Oz, Mozart Programming System
Perl since v5
PHP since v4, greatly enhanced in v5
Power Builder
Prototype-based languages
Actor-Based Concurrent Languages: ABCL/1, ABCL/R, ABCL/R2, ABCL/c+
Agora
Cecil
ECMAScript
ActionScript
JavaScript
JScript
Etoys (in Squeak)
Io
Lua
Lisaac
MOO
NewtonScript
Obliq
REBOL
Self
Python
REALbasic
Ruby
Rust
S
R
Scala
Scriptol
Seed7
SenseTalk
Simula
Smalltalk
Self
Bistro
Squeak
Pharo
Newspeak
Squirrel
Swift
TADS
Tcl
Xotcl (similar to CLOS)
incr Tcl (itcl; similar to C++)
Transcript
TypeScript
Ubercode
Vala
Verse
Visual Basic
Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET)
VBScript
Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
Visual FoxPro
Visual Prolog
XBase++ (extends xBase standard language)
Xojo
ZZT-oop

See also
  :Category:Object-oriented programming languages

References

External links

 
Object oriented
OOP. OOP, Oop, or oop  may refer to:

Science and technology

 Object-oriented positioning, another name for feature-oriented positioning in microscopy
 Object-oriented programming, a computer programming paradigm.
 Order of operations, in mathematics, rules for which parts of an expression are evaluated first
 Out of position (crash testing)

Others

 Order of play, schedule of contests in a tennis event
 Out-of-pocket expenses, in health care, are expenses that the insured party must pay directly to the health care provider
 Out of position, in poker a disadvantageous poker position in the order of play
 Out of print, a term referring to a book or other work that is no longer being published
 Oop!, a software idea in Douglas Coupland's novel Microserfs
 Restraining order, also known as an order of protection or OOP

See also
 Alley Oop (disambiguation)
 Objectives Oriented Project Planning, in project management
 OOPP, out-of-process plug-ins in computer software applications
 Oops (disambiguation)
Printer (publishing). In publishing, printers are both companies providing printing services and individuals who directly operate printing presses.

Origins of printing 
The history of printers in publishing in Western Europe dates back to the mid-15th century with the invention of the printing press. Johannes Gutenberg, a German goldsmith, is credited with developing movable type in the 1450s. His printing press incorporated various innovative techniques, such as individual metal letter blocks and an oil-based ink, enabling faster and more efficient book production.

Evolution of printing presses

The Gutenberg Press 
Gutenberg's press set the foundation for subsequent developments in printing technology. It comprised a heavy wooden frame with a screw mechanism, enabling the even application of pressure to inked type and paper. Gutenberg's printing press accelerated the production of books, leading to the spread of knowledge and the democratization of information.

Mechanical and industrial advances 
In the following centuries, printing presses underwent significant advancements. In the 18th century, the steam-powered press was introduced, enabling higher print volumes. Subsequently, the Industrial Revolution brought forth the development of cylinder presses, powered by steam or mechanized systems. These presses could print thousands of pages per hour, marking a substantial leap in production capabilities.

Offset Lithography 
In the late 19th century, the introduction of offset lithography revolutionized the printing industry. This technique used a flat metal plate with an image to transfer ink to a rubber blanket, which, in turn, printed the image onto the paper. Offset lithography offered more efficient and cost-effective printing, enabling high-quality reproductions and color printing on a large scale.

Types 
Printers can include:

Newspaper printers, often owned by newspaper publishers
Magazine printers, usually independent of magazine publishers
Book printers, often not directly connected with book publishers
Postcard printers
Stationery printers
Packaging printers
Trade printers, who offer wholesale rates within the printing industry
Wide-format printers, who specialize in wide format prints, such as signs and banners
Printmakers, artists who create their artworks using printing

References

External links
Printing and publishing – Law Insider

Printing
Printing terminology
Publishing
Paul Héroult. Paul (Louis-Toussaint) Héroult (10 April  1863 – 9 May 1914) was a French scientist. He was one of the inventors of the Hall-Héroult process for smelting aluminium, and developed the first successful commercial electric arc furnace. He lived in Thury-Harcourt, Normandy.

Life and career 
Paul Héroult read Henri Sainte-Claire Deville's treatise on aluminium, when he was 15 years old. At that time, aluminium was as expensive as silver and was used mostly for luxury items and jewellery. Héroult wanted to make it cheaper.
He succeeded in doing so when he discovered the electrolytic aluminium process in 1886.
The same year, in the United States, Charles Martin Hall (1863–1914) was discovering the same process. Because of this, the process was called the Hall–Heroult process.

Héroult's second most important contribution is the first commercially successful electric arc furnace (EAF) for steel in 1900. The Héroult furnace gradually replaced the giant smelters for the production of a variety of steels. In 1905, Paul Héroult was invited to the United States as a technical adviser to several companies, and in particular to the United States Steel Corporation and the Halcomb Steel Company. Halcomb installed the first Héroult furnace in the US.

The invention of the electric arc furnace probably began when Humphry Davy discovered the carbon arc in 1800. Then in 1878 Carl Wilhelm Siemens patented, constructed and operated both direct and indirect EAFs. Commercial use still needed to wait for larger supplies of electricity and better carbon electrodes.

Paul Héroult is renowned for other major inventions, among them a
self-supporting conduit still used to bring water down from mountain heights and across rivers to hydraulic power plants, avoiding the need to build expensive bridges.

Christian Bickert said of him 

Héroult's death on 9 May 1914 followed his reaching the age of 51 by twenty-nine days.

Footnotes and references

See also
 Crucible Industries, Halcomb merged into Crucible in 1900
 Methods of steel production:
 Metallurgy cementation process 
 Crucible steel processes
 Open-hearth furnace process, the Siemens-Martin process
 Steel industry
 Crucible steel
 Blast furnace
 Steel mill or Steelworks
 History of aluminium

External links

Images and history at pagesperso-orange.fr
Michel Caron, Paul Héroult (1863-1914): un grand inventeur original, La Vie des Sciences, Comptes Rendus, t.5, no. 1, pp. 39–57

1863 births
1914 deaths
People from Thury-Harcourt
19th-century French inventors
PCM (disambiguation). PCM or pulse-code modulation is a digital representation of an analog signal.

PCM may also refer to:

Computing 
 Performance Counter Monitor, Intel's technology for monitoring performance levels of CPUs
 Personal Computer Magazine, a Dutch computer magazine
 Phase-change memory, a type of non-volatile computer memory
 Plug-compatible machine (or plug-compatible manufacturer), a computer system (or its manufacturer) designed to be operationally compatible with a computer made by a different manufacturer 
 Process control monitoring, in computing, a procedure follower to obtain detailed information about the process use

Science and technology 
 Perchloromethane, a solvent 
 Perchloromethyl mercaptan, a synthetic intermediate
 Phase-change material, a chemical substance with a high heat of fusion
 Phase conjugate mirror, a type of mirror, that conjugates the phase of the light while reflecting it
 Photochemical machining, a process for machining thin materials with chemicals and UV light
 Phylogenetic comparative methods, a method for historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses in biology
 Polarizable continuum model, used to model solvent in physical chemistry computation
 Powertrain control module, an on-board vehicle computer designed to minimize its emissions and increase fuel economy
 Principal chiral model, a quantum field theory which is integrable in two dimensions
 Protection circuit module, used in battery packs

Organizations 
 Paralympic Council of Malaysia, the National Paralympic Committee of Malaysia
 Partido Comunista Mexicano (Mexican Communist Party), a former communist political party in Mexico
 Partidul Civic Maghiar (Hungarian Civic Party), an ethnic Hungarian political party in Romania
 Pacific Cyber/Metrix, a defunct American computer company
 PCM, Inc., a U.S. computer retailing company
 PCM Uitgevers, a Dutch publishing company
 Private Capital Management, a Florida-based wealth-management firm co-founded by Bruce Sherman
 Pop Culture Media, a Tennessee-based entertainment company owned by Savage Ventures that operates ComicBook.com

Other 
 pcm, the ISO language code for Nigerian pidgin
 Per calendar month, an abbreviation used in legal agreements
 Per cent mille (pcm), one one-thousandth of a percent
 Pomona College Magazine, alumni magazine of Pomona College
 Pro Cycling Manager, a cycling game by Cyanide Studios
 Project cycle management, the process of planning and managing projects, programmes and organisations 
 Process Communication Model, a non-clinical personality assessment, communication and management methodology in the work of Taibi Kahler
 Psychological continuum model, a framework to classify sport and event consumers, in order of their psychological connection towards the object
 Paracoccidioidomycosis, an acute to chronic fungal infection
 r/PoliticalCompassMemes, a subreddit dedicated towards memes relating to the Political Compass test
Parallelism. Parallelism may refer to:

 Angle of parallelism, in hyperbolic geometry, the angle at one vertex of a right hyperbolic triangle that has two hyperparallel sides
 Axial parallelism, a type of motion characteristic of a gyroscope and astronomical bodies
 Conscious parallelism or also tacit parallelism, price-fixing between competitors that occurs without any communication between the parties
 Parallel computing, the simultaneous execution on multiple processors of different parts of a program
 In the analysis of parallel algorithms, the maximum possible speedup of a computation
 Parallel evolution, the independent emergence of a similar trait in different unrelated species
 Parallel (geometry), the property of parallel lines
 Parallelism (grammar), a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses
 Parallelism (rhetoric), the chief rhetorical device of Biblical poetry in Hebrew
 Psychophysical parallelism, the theory that the conscious and nervous processes vary concomitantly
 Parallel harmony/doubling, or harmonic parallelism, in music

See also
 Parallel (disambiguation)
Timeline of programming languages. This is a record of notable programming languages, by decade.

Pre-1950

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

See also
 History of computing hardware
 History of programming languages
 Programming language
 Timeline of computing
 Timeline of programming language theory

References

External links
 Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages
 Diagram & history of programming languages
 Eric Levenez's timeline diagram of computer languages history

Programming
Lists of programming languages
History of computer science
Plasma ashing. In semiconductor manufacturing plasma ashing is the process of removing the photoresist (light sensitive coating) from an etched wafer. Using a plasma source, a monatomic (single atom) substance known as a reactive species is generated. Oxygen or fluorine are the most common reactive species. Other gases used are N2/H2 where the H2 portion is 2%. The reactive species combines with the photoresist to form ash which is removed with a vacuum pump.

Typically, monatomic oxygen plasma is created by exposing oxygen gas (O2) at a low pressure to high power radio waves, which ionise it. This process is done under vacuum in order to create a plasma. As the plasma is formed, many free radicals and also oxygen ions are created. These ions could damage the wafer due to the electric field build up between the plasma and the wafer surface. Newer, smaller circuitry is increasingly susceptible to these charged particles that can get implanted into the surface. Originally, plasma was generated in the process chamber, but as the need to get rid of the ions has increased, many machines now use a downstream plasma configuration, where plasma is formed remotely and the desired particles are channeled to the wafer. This allows electrically charged particles time to recombine before they reach the wafer surface, and prevents damage to the wafer surface.

Types 
Two forms of plasma ashing are typically performed on wafers. High temperature ashing, or stripping, is performed to remove as much photo resist as possible, while the "descum" process is used to remove residual photo resist in trenches. The main difference between the two processes is the temperature the wafer is exposed to while in an ashing chamber. Typical issues arise when this photoresist has undergone an implant step previously and heavy metal are embedded in the photoresist and it has experienced high temperatures causing it to be resistant to oxidizing. 

Monatomic oxygen is electrically neutral and although it does recombine during the channeling, it does so at a slower rate than the positively or negatively charged free radicals, which attract one another. This means that when all of the free radicals have recombined, there is still a portion of the active species available for process. Because a large portion of the active species is lost to recombination, process times may take longer. To some extent, these longer process times can be mitigated by increasing the temperature of the reaction area. This also contribute to the observation of the spectral optical traces, these can be what is normally expected when the emission declines, the process is over; it can also mean that spectral lines increase in illuminance as the available reactants are consumed causing a rise in certain spectral lines representing the available ionic species.

See also 

 Plasma etching

Semiconductor device fabrication
Plasma processing

References
Perfect crystal. Crystalline materials (mainly metals and alloys, but also stoichiometric salts and other materials) are made up of solid regions of ordered matter (atoms placed in one of a number of ordered formations called Bravais lattices). These regions are known as crystals. A perfect crystal is a crystal that contains no point, line, or planar defects. There are a wide variety of crystallographic defects.

The hypothetical concept of a perfect crystal is important in the basic formulation of the third law of thermodynamics.

In crystallography, the phrase 'perfect crystal' can be used to mean "no linear or planar imperfections", as it is difficult to measure small quantities of point imperfections in an otherwise defect-free crystal.

Imperfections are created by various thermodynamic processes.

References

Crystals

cs:Ideální krystal
PET. A pet is an animal kept primarily for company, protection or entertainment.

Pet or PET may also refer to:

Science and technology

Science
 Polyethylene terephthalate, a common plastic material in the polyester family
 Paired-end tag, a short sequence at the end of a DNA fragment
 Photoinduced electron transfer, a process of electron transfer under action of light
 Pólya enumeration theorem, a mathematical theorem in enumerative combinatorics
 Potential evapotranspiration, a measure of the atmospheric demand for water vapour from evaporation and transpiration
 pET, a series of cloning expression vectors

Medicine
 Patulous Eustachian tube, a medical disorder affecting the middle ear 
 Positron emission tomography, a medical imaging technique
 Pre-eclampsia, a medical complication of pregnancy

Technology
 Commodore PET (Personal Electronic Transactor), a 1970s era personal computer
 Personal Energy Transportation, a mobility device for disabled individuals
 Privacy-enhancing technologies, a general term for a set of computer tools, applications and mechanisms

Organizations and businesses
 Politiets Efterretningstjeneste, the national intelligence security agency of Denmark
 PET International, non-profit organization that promotes and supports Personal Energy Transportation
 Pet, Inc., a former American producer of evaporated milk and other food products
 Pet Airways, an American company specializing in the transportation of pets

Arts and entertainment
 Personal Electronic Thing, part of the player-computer persona communications system in the Starship Titanic video game
 Personal Terminal (Mega Man), a handheld device used in the Mega Man Battle Network video games
 Pet (album), an album by Fur Patrol
 Pet (film), a 2016 American/Spanish psychological thriller
 Pet (manga), a manga series by Ranjō Miyake
 Pet (novel), a 2019 young adult speculative fiction novel by Nigerian author Akwaeke Emezi
 Penthouse Pet, a feature of Penthouse magazine

Education
 Parent Effectiveness Training, a parent education program developed by Thomas Gordon
 Preliminary English Test, former name of the B1 Preliminary, an examination of English proficiency provided by Cambridge English
 Psychometric Entrance Test, an Israeli standardized university entrance exam

Transport
 Petts Wood railway station, London, England (National Rail station code)

Other uses
 Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1919–2000), nicknamed PET, former Prime Minister of Canada
 PET (time), the time zone for Peru
 Potentially Exempt Transfer, a concept in the inheritance tax code of the United Kingdom
 Presidential Electoral Tribunal, an electoral tribunal in the Philippines
 Pet., abbreviation of Petitioner, a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances
 Pet., abbreviation for reports by Richard Peters (reporter) (1780–1848), reporter of decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States

See also
 Pets (disambiguation)
 Peta (disambiguation)
Plasticity. Plasticity  may refer to:

Science
 Plasticity (physics), in engineering and physics, the propensity of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation under load
 Behavioral plasticity, change in an organism's behavior in response to exposure to stimuli
 Neuroplasticity, in neuroscience, how entire brain structures, and the brain itself, can change as a result of experience
 Synaptic plasticity, the property of a neuron or synapse to change its internal parameters in response to its history
 Metaplasticity, the plasticity of synapses
 Phenotypic plasticity, in biology, describes the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment

Art and entertainment
 Plastic arts, such as clay sculpture, in which material is formed or deformed into a new, permanent shape
 Plasticity, an album by Cabaret Voltaire
 "Plasticities", a song by Andrew Bird, from the album Armchair Apocrypha
 Plasticity (software) - 3D modeling program

Events
 Plasticity Forum is a conference on the future of plastic and how to reduce impacts on the environment.

See also
 Plastic (disambiguation)
 Neo-Plasticism
PVC (disambiguation). PVC is polyvinyl chloride, a plastic.

PVC also may refer to:

Science and technology
 Peripheral venous catheter, intravenous tube 
 Permanent virtual circuit, in electronic networks
 Personal Voter Code, used by the INEC card reader in Nigerian national elections
 Pixel Visual Core, a programmable image processor used in mobile devices 
 Premature ventricular contraction, an abnormal heart beat
 PVC superphylum, a bacterial clade

Other uses
 Pro-vice-chancellor, a senior academic in a managerial role
 Param Vir Chakra, the highest military wartime award in India.
 Provincetown Municipal Airport, (IATA airport code)

See also
 PCV (disambiguation)