omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Quantel Mirage. The Quantel Mirage, or DVM8000/1 "Digital Video Manipulator", was a digital real-time video effects processor introduced by Quantel in 1982. It was capable of warping a live video stream by texture mapping it onto an arbitrary three-dimensional shape, around which the viewer could freely rotate or zoom in real-time. It could also interpolate, or morph, between two different shapes. It was considered the first real-time 3D video effects processor.

The Mirage was programmable - new shapes could be created by writing programs in the Pascal programming language on an attached Hewlett-Packard computer. This made the device extremely flexible, but such programming was difficult and it became a highly specialized skill known by few. The programming of the HP mini computer was so complex that only basic canned effects would be practically used by video editors in productions.

Physically, the Mirage was a large device whose processing equipment filled a full-height 19-inch rack, weighed 400 kilograms and consumed over 4 kilowatts of electrical power.

The Quantel Mirage did never-before seen effects, but required heavy math/geometrical programming via the HP computer to define the basic shapes that real-time video would be mapped onto.  One of the effects shown on the National Association of Broadcasters trade-show floor to introduce the Mirage was a flattened Coke soft-drink can on video.  The Mirage in real-time re-assembled the can on a tube, then allowed you to tumble or travel within it while it rotated with partial transparency - allowing you to see the Coke logo in reverse on the opposite side of the can as it would turn.

One famous Mirage user was Mike Oldfield, who purchased one for his extensive home music studio and video production facility. Signature Mirage effects can be seen in the Wind Chimes video album, in the form of rotating spiky spheres and granulated morphing effects.

A common spinning globe effect can be seen on the opening of USA for Africa's "We Are The World," and the Cyndi Lauper "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" music videos.

External links
 U.S. Patent 5,103,217
 Mirage demonstration, Tomorrow's World, BBC, 30 December 1982. via YouTube.
 Mirage demonstration showreel, The Moving Picture Company for Quantel, circa 1982; via YouTube. 
 Feature-Based Image Metamorphosis
 Video Statigraphy

Film and video technology
Quantel
Refinement calculus. The refinement calculus is a formalized approach to stepwise refinement for program construction. The required behaviour of the final executable program is specified as an abstract and perhaps non-executable "program", which is then refined by a series of correctness-preserving transformations into an efficiently executable program.

Proponents include Ralph-Johan Back, who originated the approach in his 1978 PhD thesis On the Correctness of Refinement Steps in Program Development, and Carroll Morgan, especially with his book Programming from Specifications (Prentice Hall, 2nd edition, 1994, ). In the latter case, the motivation was to link Abrial's specification notation Z, via a rigorous relation of behaviour-preserving program refinement, to an executable programming notation based on Dijkstra's language of guarded commands. Behaviour-preserving in this case means that any Hoare triple satisfied by a program should also be satisfied by any refinement of it, which notion leads directly to specification statements as pre- and postconditions standing, on their own, for any program that could soundly be placed between them.

References

Formal methods
Formal specification languages
Logical calculi
Inmarsat-C. Inmarsat-C is a two-way, packet data service operated by the telecommunications company Inmarsat which operates between mobile earth stations (MES) and land earth stations (LES). It became fully operational after a period of pre-operational trials in January 1991.  The advantages of Inmarsat-C compared to Inmarsat-A are low cost, smaller and uses a smaller omni-directional antenna.  The disadvantage is that voice communication is not possible with Inmarsat-C. The service is approved for use under the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), meets the requirements for Ship Security Alert Systems (SSAS) defined by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and is the most widely used service in fishing Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS).

The service works with a store-and-forward method which enables interface with data network transfer including; e-mail; SMS; telex; remote monitoring; tracking (position reporting); chart and weather updates; maritime safety information (MSI); maritime security; GMDSS; and SafetyNET and FleetNET services; two-way messaging; data reporting and polling; Safety/Emergency alerting. 

The service is operated via an Inmarsat-C Transceiver or a lower-power mini-C Transceiver. Data transfers between MES and LES at a rate of 600 bits/second. The frequencies for transmitting (TX) are 1626.5 MHz -1645.5 MHz and for receiving (RX) are 1530.0 MHz - 1545.0 MHz. 

The service is available for maritime, land mobile and aeronautical use.

This system was also used to track the BBC's project "The Box". BBC News followed a container around the world for a year to tell stories of globalization and the world economy.

Maritime Rescue Coordination Centers  
The headquarters for Inmarsat C is located in London. The four Ocean Regions that are covered by Inmarsat C are:
 the Atlantic Ocean Region East (AOR-E)
 Atlantic Ocean Region West (AOR-W)
 Pacific Ocean Region (POR)
 Indian Ocean Region (IOR). 

Within each ocean region, there are approximately four or five Maritime Rescue Coordination Centers (MRCC). In total, there are over twenty MRCC's in the world, and each MRCC station contributes to a certain MRCC area. The MRCC stations are located in:

Wellington (New Zealand)-POR
Aussaguel (France)-IOR/AOR-E/AOR-W
Beijing (China)-IOR/POR
Burum (The Netherlands)-AOR-E/AOR-W/IOR
Elk (Norway)-AOR-E/AOR-W/IOR
Emeq Haela (Israel)-AOR-E/IOR
 Fucino (Italy) AOR-E/IOR
 Ex Goonhilly @ Burum (Netherlands)
Hai Phong (Vietnam)-IOR/POR
Kumsan (S. Korea) IOR/POR
Lakhadaria (Algeria) AOR-E
 Nakhodka (Russia)-POR
Nudol (Russian Fed.)-AOR-E/IOR
Perth (Australia)-IOR/POR
Psary (Poland)-AOR-E/IOR
Pune (India)-IOR
Santa Paula (USA)-POR
Sentosa (Singapore)-IOR/POR
 Southbury (USA)-AOR-E/AOR-W
 Tangua (Brazil)-AOR-E
 Thermopylae (Greece)-AOR-E
 Yamaguchi (Japan)-IOR/POR.

References

External links
Safety communications using Inmarsat C

Emergency communication
Maritime communication
Richard H. Lathwell. Richard (Dick) Henry Lathwell was the 1973 recipient (with Larry Breed and Roger Moore) of the Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery.

"For their work in the design and implementation of APL/360, setting new standards in simplicity, efficiency, reliability and response time for interactive systems."

References

IBM employees
I. P. Sharp Associates employees
People from Alberta
Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates
APL implementers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
AEX. AEX may refer to:

 AEX index (Amsterdam Exchange index), a stock market index
 ISO 639:aex, a spurious-language code retired in 2008
 Alexandria International Airport (Louisiana), United States by IATA code

See also 
 AEX cfiXML, an automated information-exchange schema for engineered equipment
 Hexachaeta aex, a species of fruit fly
 AEXS (aromatase excess syndrome), a rare condition that results in excess estrogen
Optimal maintenance. Optimal maintenance is the discipline within operations research concerned with maintaining a system in a manner that maximizes profit or minimizes cost. Cost functions depending on the reliability, availability and maintainability characteristics of the system of interest determine the parameters to minimize. Parameters often considered are the cost of failure, the cost per time unit of "downtime" (for example: revenue losses), the cost (per time unit) of corrective maintenance, the cost per time unit of preventive maintenance and the cost of repairable system replacement [Cassady and Pohl]. The foundation of any maintenance model relies on the correct description of the underlying deterioration process and failure behavior of the component, and on the relationships between maintained components in the product breakdown (system / sub-system / assembly / sub-assembly...).

Optimal Maintenance strategies are often constructed using stochastic models and focus on finding an optimal inspection time or the optimal acceptable degree of system degradation before maintenance and/or replacement. Cost considerations on an Asset scale may also lead to select a "run-to-failure" approach for specific components.

There are four main survey papers available accomplished to cover the spectrum of optimal maintenance:

 Optimal maintenance models for systems subject to failure–a review by YS Sherif, ML Smith published in Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 1981.
 C. Valdez-Flores, R.M. Feldman, “A survey of preventive maintenance models for stochastically deteriorating single-unit systems”, Naval Research Logistics, vol 36, 1989 Aug, pp 419–446.
 J.J. McCall, “Maintenance policies for stochastically failing equipment:a survey”, Management Science, vol 11, 1965 Mar, pp 493–524.
 W.P. Pierskalla, J.A. Voelker, “A survey of maintenance models: The control and surveillance of deteriorating systems”, Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, vol 23, 1976 Sep, pp 353–388.

Operations research
Computer network diagram. A computer network diagram is a schematic depicting the nodes and connections amongst nodes in a computer network or, more generally, any telecommunications network. Computer network diagrams form an important part of network documentation.

Symbolization

Readily identifiable icons are used to depict common network appliances, e.g. routers, and the style of lines between them indicates the type of connection.  Clouds are used to represent networks external to the one pictured for the purposes of depicting connections between internal and external devices, without indicating the specifics of the outside network. For example, in the hypothetical local area network pictured to the right, three personal computers and a server are connected to a switch; the server is further connected to a printer and a gateway router, which is connected via a WAN link to the Internet.

Depending on whether the diagram is intended for formal or informal use, certain details may be lacking and must be determined from context.  For example, the sample diagram does not indicate the physical type of connection between the PCs and the switch, but since a modern LAN is depicted, Ethernet may be assumed. If the same style of line was used in a WAN (wide area network) diagram, however, it may indicate a different type of connection.

At different scales diagrams may represent various levels of network granularity. At the LAN level, individual nodes may represent individual physical devices, such as hubs or file servers, while at the WAN level, individual nodes may represent entire cities.  In addition, when the scope of a diagram crosses the common LAN/MAN/WAN boundaries, representative hypothetical devices may be depicted instead of showing all actually existing nodes.  For example, if a network appliance is intended to be connected through the Internet to many end-user mobile devices, only a single such device may be depicted for the purposes of showing the general relationship between the appliance and any such device.

Cisco symbolization
Cisco uses its own brand of networking symbols. Since Cisco has a large Internet presence and designs a broad variety of network devices, its list of symbols ("Network Topology Icons") is exhaustive.

Topology

The physical network topology can be directly represented in a network diagram, as it is simply the physical graph represented by the diagrams, with network nodes as vertices and connections as undirected or direct edges (depending on the type of connection).  The logical network topology can be inferred from the network diagram if details of the network protocols in use are also given.

Gallery

See also 

 Comparison of network diagram software
 Computer network
 Diagram
 Network diagram
 Network topology

References

Computer networking
Diagrams
Choline chloride. Choline chloride is an organic compound with the formula . It is a quaternary ammonium salt, consisting of choline cations () and chloride anions (). It is a bifunctional compound, meaning, it contains both a quaternary ammonium functional group and a hydroxyl functional group. The cation of this salt, choline, occurs in nature in living beings. Choline chloride is a white, water-soluble salt used mainly in animal feed.

Synthesis
In the laboratory, choline can be prepared by methylation of dimethylethanolamine with methyl chloride.

Choline chloride is mass-produced with world production estimated at 160 000 tons in 1999. Industrially, it is produced by the reaction of ethylene oxide, hydrogen chloride, and trimethylamine, or from the pre-formed salt:

Choline chloride can also be made by treating trimethylamine with 2-chloroethanol.

Applications
It is an important additive in feed especially for chickens where it accelerates growth. It forms a deep eutectic solvent with urea, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and many other compounds.

It is also used as a clay control additive in fluids used for hydraulic fracturing.

Related salts
Other commercial choline salts are choline hydroxide and choline bitartrate. In foodstuffs, the compound is often present as phosphatidylcholine.

References

Quaternary ammonium compounds
Primary alcohols
Monoprinting. Monoprinting is a type of printmaking where the intent is to make unique prints, that may explore an image serially. Other methods of printmaking create editioned multiples, the monoprint is editioned as 1 of 1. There are many techniques of mono-printing, in particular the monotype.  Printmaking techniques which can be used to make mono-prints include lithography, woodcut, and etching.

Types 
A monoprint is a single impression of an image made from a reprintable block. Materials such as metal plates, litho stones or wood blocks are used for etching upon. Rather than printing multiple copies of a single image, only one impression may be produced, either by painting or making a collage on the block. Etching plates may also be inked in a way that is expressive and unique in the strict sense, in that the image cannot be reproduced exactly. Monoprints may also involve elements that change, where the artist reworks the image in between impressions or after printing so that no two prints are absolutely identical. Monoprints may include collage, hand-painted additions, and a form of tracing by which thick ink is laid down on a table, paper is placed on top and is then drawn on, transferring the ink onto the paper. Monoprints can also be made by altering the type, color, and pressure of the ink used to create different prints. When you create a monoprint, it is possible to copy work from separate pieces of artwork onto one monoprint.

Monoprints are known as the most painterly method among the printmaking techniques; it is essentially a printed painting. The characteristic of this method is that no two prints are alike. The beauty of this medium is also in its spontaneity and it is a combination of printmaking, painting and also drawing media.

Technique 
Monoprinting and monotyping are similar but not identical. Both involve the transfer of ink from a plate to the paper, canvas, or other surface that will ultimately hold the work of art. In monoprinting, an artist creates a reusable template of the intended image. Templates may include stencils, metal plates and flat stones. This form of printing produces multiple prints from the same template. Monotyping, in contrast, involves the use of an impermanent image that degrades after just one print. For example, one form of monotype transfers painted images from a  gelatin plate onto a sheet of paper. Upon completion, the image no longer remains on the gelatin plate.

Monoprints can be thought of as variations on a theme, with the theme resulting from some permanent features being found on the template – lines, textures – that persist from print to print. Variations are endless, but permanent features of the template will persist from one print to the next.

Monoprinting has been used by many artists, among them Georg Baselitz.  Some old master prints, like etchings by Rembrandt with individual manipulation of ink as "surface tone", or hand-painted etchings by Degas (usually called monotypes) might be classifiable as monoprints, but they are rarely so described.

See also
 Monotyping

References 

Printmaking
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y Agrimensura (UNR). The Faculty of Exact Sciences, Engineering and Surveying (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y Agrimensura) of the National University of Rosario (UNR) is an institution of higher learning in Rosario, Argentina.

Description

The faculty consists of the Institute of Mechanical systems, Institute of Geology, Institute of Mathematics and the Institute of Physics. The faculty shares its main campus, located on Pellegrini Avenue (Rosario), with the Instituto Politécnico Superior, a high school that is also affiliated with the UNR.

Courses
As of 2019, the Faculty offers 11 graduate degree programs: six are in Engineering, Civil engineering, Electrical engineering, Electronics engineering, Industrial engineering and Mechanical engineering.
Three offer Licenciate titles in Physics, Mathematics and Computer science, and there are a Professorship of Mathematics and a Professorship of Physics. It also provides post-graduate courses and long-distance education in Surveying (agrimensura).

Laboratories
There are numerous laboratories, namely for Metallurgy, Hydraulics, Acoustics, Infomatics, Thermodynamics, Physics, Microelectronics, Chemistry and Microbiology, Electric machines, Electric material and Meteorology.

 the college's undated website listed the following 23 laboratory names:
Acoustics and Electro acoustics Laboratory,
	Standards Testing Laboratory,
	Laboratorio de ensayos, investigación y desarrollos eléctricos (LEIDE),
	Structures Laboratory,
	Extension Laboratory – School of Electrical Engineering,
	Laboratory of Extension and Research on Electrical Materials,
	Rosario Laboratory of Physics,
	Hydraulics Laboratory,
	two Computing Science laboratories,
	Electric Machines Laboratory,
	Materials Laboratory,
	Electrical Measurements Laboratory,
	Metallurgy Laboratory,
	Legal and Mechanical Metrology Laboratory,
	Microelectronics Laboratory,
	Water Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory,
	Dynamical Systems and Information Processing Laboratory,
	Soil Laboratory,
	Materials Technology Laboratory,
	Educational Technology Laboratory,
	Applied Thermodynamics Laboratory, and
	Road Materials Laboratory.

The university also has a nuclear reactor laboratory not listed with the above. The nuclear reactor, a Siemens SUR 100 for teaching/training purposes with a permanent power of 1000 milliwatt, was donated by the then Federal Republic of Germany in November 1969, and delivered by a German cargo ship with nuclear propulsion named 'Otto Hahn' in July 1971.

In 2006, the UNR Faculty received "el Premio SECyT a la Empresa Innovadora – Año 2006 por la Región Centro" (the 2006 Science and Technology Award for Business Innovation – by the Central Region, presented by the national Secretariat of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education.

References

External links
Official website

Works and sites of patrimonial value of the municipality of Rosario

Rosario
Buildings and structures in Rosario, Santa Fe
National University of Rosario
ABINIT. ABINIT is an open-source suite of programs for materials science, distributed under the GNU General Public License. ABINIT implements density functional theory, using a plane wave basis set and pseudopotentials, to compute the electronic density and derived properties of materials ranging from molecules to surfaces to solids. It is developed collaboratively by researchers throughout the world.
A web-based easy-to-use graphical version, which includes access to a limited set of ABINIT's full functionality, is available for free use through the nanohub.

The latest version 9.10.3 was released on June 24, 2023.

Overview
ABINIT implements density functional theory by solving the Kohn–Sham equations describing the electrons in a material, expanded in a plane wave basis set and using a self-consistent conjugate gradient method to determine the energy minimum. Computational efficiency is achieved through the use of fast Fourier transforms, and pseudopotentials to describe core electrons. As an alternative to standard norm-conserving pseudopotentials, the projector augmented-wave method may be used. In addition to total energy, forces and stresses are also calculated so that geometry optimizations and ab initio molecular dynamics may be carried out. Materials that can be treated by ABINIT include insulators, metals, and magnetically ordered systems including Mott-Hubbard insulators.

Derived properties
In addition to computing the electronic ground state of materials, ABINIT implements density functional perturbation theory to compute response functions including
 Phonons
 Dielectric response
 Born effective charges and IR oscillator strength tensor
 Response to strain and elastic properties
 Nonlinear responses, including piezoelectric response, Raman cross sections, and electro-optic response.

ABINIT can also compute excited state properties via 
 time-dependent density functional theory
 many-body perturbation theory, using the GW approximation and Bethe–Salpeter equation.

See also

 List of quantum chemistry and solid state physics software

References

External links
 
 Graphical version (web-based) of ABINIT

Computational chemistry software
Density functional theory software
Free physics software
Dotfuscator. Dotfuscator is a tool performing a combination of code obfuscation, optimization, shrinking, and hardening on .NET, Xamarin and Universal Windows Platform apps. Ordinarily, .NET executables can easily be reverse engineered by free tools (such as ILSpy, dotPeek and JustDecompile), potentially exposing algorithms and intellectual property (trade secrets), licensing and security mechanisms. Also, code can be run through a debugger and its data inspected. Dotfuscator can make all of these things more difficult.

Dotfuscator was developed by PreEmptive Solutions. A free version of the .NET Obfuscator, called the Dotfuscator Community Edition, is distributed as part of Microsoft's Visual Studio.  However, the current version is free for personal, non-commercial use only.

References

Further reading
"Why and how to use Obfuscation for .NET with Dotfuscator". Microsoft Visual Studio 2017 Documentation
"Obfuscation and .NET". The Journal of Object Technology. Vol. 4, No. 4, May–June 2005. pp. 79–83. 
 MSDN Magazine. Miller Freeman. pp. 11–12. 
Reversing: Secrets of Reverse Engineering. John Wiley & Sons.
 "Review: PreEmptive Way To Obfuscate .Net Apps". CRN Magazine
 Windows Developer Power Tools. O'Reilly Media.
 "Dotfuscator expands its functionality". InfoWorld.
 Visual Basic 2008 For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons.
 Professional Visual Studio 2010. John Wiley & Sons.

External links 
 https://news.microsoft.com/2004/07/19/preemptive-solutions-dotfuscator-will-ship-with-microsoft-visual-studio-2005/
 https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd551417.aspx
 http://www.dirkstrauss.com/visual-studio-2012-tips-part-5-protect-your-code-obfuscate/
 http://www.drdobbs.com/windows/enhanced-dotfuscator-ce-for-visual-stud/199901475
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110201004909/http://www.clevelandpress.com/dotfuscator2.htm

Software obfuscation
.NET programming_tools
Microsoft Visual Studio extensions