omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Found FBA-2. The Found FBA-2 is a 1960s Canadian four/five-seat cabin monoplane that was produced by Found Aircraft.

Design and development
The Found FBA-2 is an all-metal development of the company's first design, the Found FBA-1. The prototype first flew on 11 August 1960. It is a high-wing monoplane with a fixed tricycle undercarriage. The production version was to be the Found FBA-2B but the aircraft was produced with a conventional tail-wheel landing gear as the Found FBA-2C. The first production FBA-2C first flew on 9 May 1962. It is powered by an Avco Lycoming O-540-A1D engine and had a slightly longer cabin and enlarged cabin doors than the prototype. Originally, float or ski landing gear was available through third parties, and later became a factory option. Production ended in 1965 to concentrate on building the newer and larger Centennial 100. Thirty-four had been built.

Bush Hawk-XP
In 1996 the design was acquired by Found Aircraft Development who developed an improved model the  FBA-2C2 Bush Hawk-XP. This model was certified by Transport Canada in March, 1999 and by the Federal Aviation Administration in March, 2000. This version was manufactured between 2000-2007, after which it was replaced by a new version of the same basic airframe designated the Expedition E350 and the Expedition E350XC.

Expedition E350

The E350 is an evolutionary development of the basic FBA-2 aimed at the personal use market. The Expedition E350 was FAA type certified in December 2008.  The aircraft can be equipped with four or five seats and has a full fuel payload in excess of 900 pounds. It has a range of  at a cruise speed of  and is powered by a Lycoming IO-580 powerplant producing  . The E350 has been designed with rugged landing gear for operating from unprepared surfaces and has STOL performance.

Pacific Aerospace acquired the E-350 program in early 2016 from Found Aircraft. In September 2016, the E-350 Expedition tooling was shipped to its Hamilton, New Zealand plant. Pacific Aerospace planned to relaunch production of the five-seat type in the first half of 2017, but this date was not achieved. It is also planned to produce the E-350 in its joint venture plant in China with Beijing General Aviation Company. The joint venture will be known as Beijing Pan-Pacific Aerospace Technology.

Variants
FBA-2
Prototype, one built.
FBA-2C
Initial production variant, 26 built.
FBA-2C1 Bush Hawk 300
Improved variant with a 300hp Lycoming IO-540L, one built.
FBA-2C1 Bush Hawk XP
Production variant of the Bush Hawk 300, 31 built.
FBA-2C2 Bush Hawk 300XP
Minor changes, 6 built.
FBA-2C3 Expedition E350
Tricycle landing gear first flown in 2006, 3 built.
FBA-2C4 Expedition E350XC
Tail-wheel, one built.
FBA-2D
Proposed variant powered by a 290hp Lycoming engine, not built.

Specifications (FBA-2C)

References

Citations

Bibliography
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing.

1960s Canadian civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1960
FBA-2
E350
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Found Centennial 100. The Found Centennial 100 is a Canadian six-seat cabin monoplane produced by Found Brothers Aviation.

Design and development
The Centennial 100 was developed as an improved version of the Found FBA-2. Design work started in October 1966 and the prototype first flew on 7 April 1967. The aircraft is powered by a 290 hp (216 kW) Avco Lycoming IO-540-G1D5 engine. Three prototypes and two production aircraft were built and were used to gain certification for the type in July 1968. No further aircraft were built as the company went out of business.

Specifications (Centennial)

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Taylor, John W.R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1969-70. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1969.
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing.

See also

Found Aircraft
Found FBA-2

1960s Canadian civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Centennial
Found Brothers Aviation. Found Brothers Aviation was a Canadian aircraft manufacturer from its formation in 1948 to its closure in 1968. The company was succeeded by Found Aircraft.

History 
The company was formed at Malton, Ontario in 1948 to produce the Found FBA-1, a four-seat cabin monoplane designed by Captain S.R. Found. The aircraft was developed into an all-metal version, the FBA-2C. The aircraft entered production and 34 were built. A further improved version the Centennial was developed, this had just gained type certification in July 1968 when the company went out of business.

Aircraft designs 

 1949 - Found FBA-1
 1960 - Found FBA-2
 1967 - Found Centennial

References 

Notes

Bibliography

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing.

Aviation history of Canada
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Canada
Defunct manufacturing companies of Canada
History of manufacturing in Ontario
Stiffening. Stiffening is any process that increases the rigidity and structural integrity of objects. Stiffening is used in crafts, art, industry, architecture, sports, aerospace, object construction, bookbinding, etc.

Mechanics 
In mechanics, "stiffening" beams brings anti-buckling, anti-wrinkling, desired shaping, reinforcement, repair, strength, enhanced function, extended utility, longer beam life, safety, etc.  Stiffening of fluid or rigid beams is used in medical arts, aerospace, aviation, sports, bookbinding, art, architecture, natural plants and trees, construction industry, bridge building, and more. Mechanical methods for stiffening include tension stiffening, centrifugal stiffening, bracing, superstructure bracing, substructure bracing, straightening, strain stiffening, stress stiffening, damping vibrations, swelling, pressure increasing, drying, cooling, interior reinforcing, exterior reinforcing, wrapping, surface treating, or combinations of these and other methods. Beams under bending loads or compression invite stiffening to stop buckling or collapse while fulfilling desired functions, purposes, and benefits.

Bookbinding 
In bookbinding, stiffening is a process whereby paperback books are reinforced for use in libraries, without change to their fundamental binding structure.  It is in use at several academic libraries in the United States, including those at Cornell University and Johns Hopkins University.

During the stiffening process, a cloth or Tyvek strip is glued down on the inside joints of a paperback to reinforce the attachment of the book's covers.  A thin but stiff board is then glued to the inside of both the front and back cover of the book, and the entire book is trimmed slightly on the head, tail, and fore edge, often with an electric guillotine.

Stiffening provides an in-house, inexpensive alternative to commercial library binding for paperbacks.  While it does not involve (re-)sewing a book as in a library binding, stiffening does significantly prolong the usable life of a paperback, and allows paperbacks to stand upright on library shelves.  The stiffening process was invented in 1974 by John Dean, who was Head of Preservation at Johns Hopkins at the time.

References

Citations 

Mechanics
Bookbinding
Brditschka HB-3. The Brditschka HB-3, HB-21 and HB-23 are a family of motor gliders of unorthodox configuration developed in Austria in the early 1970s.

Design and development
The unusual design was based on work done by Fritz Raab in Germany in the 1960s. The pilot and passengers sit in a fuselage pod with the engine and propeller behind them. The pod also carries the fixed tricycle undercarriage and the high cantilever wing. The tail is carried on a pair of booms that emerge from the top and bottom of the fuselage pod, the upper of which passes through the propeller hub. The HB-21 has a conventional tail and has two seats in tandem accessed by a sidewards-hinged canopy, while the HB-23 has a T-tail and side-by-side seating accessed via gull-wing doors in the canopy.

The Militky MB-E1 was a modified HB-3 with an 8-10 kW (11-13 hp) Bosch KM77 electric motor.  It was the first full-sized, manned aircraft to be solely electrically powered.  Flights of 12 minutes duration at up to an altitude of  were just within the Ni-Cd battery's capacity. Its first flight was on 23 October 1973.

Variants
Brditschka HB-3Single seat powered sailplane, powered by  Rotax 642 engine,  wingspan.
HB-Flugtechnik HB 21Tandem two-seat derivative of HB-3 with longer span () wings.
HB-Flugtechnik HB 21/2400
HB-Flugtechnik HB 21/2400 B
HB-Flugtechnik HB 21/2400 V1
HB-Flugtechnik HB 21/2400 V2
HB-Flugtechnik HB 23/2400
HB-Flugtechnik HB 23/2400 SP
HB-Flugtechnik HB 23/2400 Scanliner Observation version of HB-23 with bubble canopy and provision to carry FLIR or LLTV pods under the wings.
HB-Flugtechnik HB 23/2400 V2

Militky MB-E1 electrically powered version.

Specifications (HB-23/2400 Hobbyliner)

See also

References

External links

 fsg-grimming.at
 www.lokh.at - HB23 Daten

1970s Austrian sailplanes
HB-3
High-wing aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Motor gliders
Aircraft first flown in 1971
HB-Flugtechnik. HB-Flugtechnik GmbH (originally HB-Aircraft Industries Luftfahrtzeug) is an Austrian aircraft manufacturer established in the early 1970s by Heino Brditschka to produce light aircraft of his own design, originally the HB-21 motorglider.

The company started in flight training and light aircraft maintenance and then building light aircraft. From there it progressed to building microlights, with the introduction of the HB-Flugtechnik HB-208 Amigo.

Products

 HB-Flugtechnik HB-202
 HB-Flugtechnik HB-207 Alfa
 HB-Flugtechnik HB-208 Amigo
 HB-Flugtechnik HB-400
 HB-Flugtechnik Cubby
 HB-Flugtechnik Dandy
 HB-Flugtechnik Tornado
 HB-Flugtechnik HB 21
 HB-Flugtechnik HB 23/2400

References

External links

 

Aircraft manufacturers of Austria
Breda A.4. The Breda A.4 was a biplane trainer produced in Italy in the mid-1920s. It was of conventional configuration with a two-bay unstaggered wing cellule and seating for the pilot and instructor in tandem open cockpits. Apart from civil use, the A.4 was also adopted by the Regia Aeronautica as a trainer. At least some examples were produced in floatplane configuration as the A.4idro.

Variants
A.4 Two-seat primary training biplane, powered by a  Colombo D.110 6-cylinder water-cooled in-line engine.
A.4 HS Similar to the A.4, powered by a  Hispano-Suiza 8 V-8 water-cooled piston engine.
A.4idro Floatplane version of A.4 HS.

Operators

 Regia Aeronautica

Specifications (A.4 HS landplane)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 Уголок неба

A.4
1920s Italian civil trainer aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Friedrichshafen FF.31. The Friedrichshafen FF.31 was a two-seat prototype German maritime reconnaissance floatplane built by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen during the First World War. Although primarily intended for reconnaissance duties, the aircraft was provided with a machine gun to engage other aircraft. Although it was satisfactory for its intended mission, it lacked the performance necessary for use as a fighter. A pair of aircraft were built in 1915 and it was not accepted for production by the Imperial German Navy's () Naval Air Service ().

Background and description
Developed from the prewar Friedrichshafen FF.27 maritime reconnaissance floatplane, the FF.31 was fitted with a machine gun for the observer who had an excellent field of fire from his position in the front cockpit. The aircraft was intended by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen to be able to intercept enemy aircraft in addition to its primary reconnaissance mission, but its lack of speed and poor rate of climb made this difficult at best. Furthermore, by this time, the vulnerability of pusher-configuration aircraft to attacks from the rear had been realized. The first prototype flew on 12 April 1915 and was deemed an acceptable maritime patrol aircraft, but its poor performance as a fighter caused the Naval Air Service to reject it for service.

The FF.31 was a twin-boom biplane with a central nacelle with the  Maybach Mb.III straight-six engine mounted at its rear. Two open-frame booms extended aft from the wings to carry the tail structure. It was fitted with two open cockpits in the nacelle. The observer was armed with a  Parabellum MG14 machine gun on a flexible mount. The two forward floats were attached to the lower wing by four pairs of V-shaped struts while the third float was connected directly to the tail. To speed construction of the aircraft, the wings and floats from the Friedrichshafen FF.29 reconnaissance aircraft were used. A version of the FF.31 with conventional landing gear and a  Benz Bz.III engine was designated the FF.37, but it was also rejected for service.

Variants
FF.31: Two prototypes built.
FF.37: FF.31 with conventional landing gear and a Benz Bz.III engine. One prototype built.

Specifications (FF.31)

See also

References

Bibliography

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Twin-boom aircraft
FF.31
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Friedrichshafen FF.34. The Friedrichshafen FF.34 was a German biplane floatplane of the 1910s produced by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen.

Development and design
The FF.34 was similar to the earlier FF.31 as it was a pusher configuration twin-boom floatplane. It had a central nacelle with two open cockpits. The engine (a Maybach Mb.IV) with a pusher propeller was mounted at the back of the nacelle. The twin tail booms were fitted to a rear tailplane/elevator assembly. The aircraft was later modified with a conventional fuselage and tail unit and re-designated the FF.44

Variants
FF.34
Prototype twin-boom pusher floatplane.
FF.44
FF.34 converted with a conventional fuselage and tail unit.

Operators

Imperial German Navy

Specifications (FF.34)

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
FF.34
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Friedrichshafen FF.40. The Friedrichshafen FF.40 was a German three-seat floatplane of the 1910s produced by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen.

Development and design
The FF.40 was designed to meet a German Imperial Navy requirement for a three-seat patrol seaplane. It was a biplane but had an unusual powerplant design. The Maybach Mb.IV was fitted in the fuselage and drove two tractor propellers mounted just forward of and between the wings on each side. Only one aircraft was built.

Operators

German Imperial Navy

Specifications (FF.40)

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

FF.40
1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Single-engined twin-prop tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Photoionisation cross section. Photoionisation cross section in the context of condensed matter physics refers to the probability of a particle (usually an electron) being emitted from its electronic state.

Cross section in photoemission 

The photoemission is a useful experimental method for the determination and the study of the electronic states. Sometimes the small amount of deposited material over a surface has a weak contribution to the photoemission spectra, which makes its identification very difficult. 
The knowledge of the cross section of a material can help to detect thin layers or 1D nanowires over a substrate. A right choice of the photon energy can enhance a small amount of material deposited over a surface, otherwise the display of the different spectra won't be possible.

See also
Gamma ray cross section
ARPES
Synchrotron radiation
Cross section (physics)
Absorption cross section
Nuclear cross section

References

External links 
Elettra's photoemission cross sections calculations

Electromagnetism
Condensed matter physics
Swell filter. The term swell filter in high resolution seismics (reflection seismology) or sub bottom profiling refers to the static correction that restores the coherence of a high resolution seismic profile.  The coherence of the image got lost because of the relative movement (a function of the wavelength of the signal and the swell) of the source and receiver during the recording.  In normal seismic recordings, the term swell filter refers to filtering the acoustic noise, created by waves, out of the seismic recording.

High resolution seismics and subbottom profiling

Very high resolution seismics (reflection seismology) is applied to make detailed acoustic profiles of a sea floor or lake floor.  Acoustic sources used include: air gun, water gun, sleeve gun, sparker and boomer.  The frequency used in this field ranges from 100 Hz to 10.000 Hz.

Subbottom profiling is a technique used in acoustical oceanography.  Sonars or echo sounder are typical sources for very high resolution imaging. Also used in this field are parametric echosounders.  The main difference with the high resolution seismics is the type of source used.

Problematic swell

When the movement of the platform and equipment due to swell is too heavy during a seismic recording, the coherence of the image gets lost.  The reason why it gets lost is because the movement of source and receiver is larger than the wavelength of the signal produced by the source.  As such the seismic reflectors do not line up.

A detail of a seismic profile recorded during heavy weather.

The same profile swell filtered.

More examples can be found in the seismic image gallery of delph.ixsea.com

See also

Deconvolution
SEG Y - a popular file format for seismic reflection data
Depth conversion - the conversion of acoustic waves two-way travel time to actual depth
Seismic waves
Seismic refraction
Swell (ocean)

References

Seismology measurement
Petroleum geology

de:Reflexionsseismik
fr:Sismique
pl:Sejsmika refleksyjna
Petkim. Petkim Petrokimya Holding A.Ş. is the leading petrochemical company of Turkey. Founded on April 3, 1965, by Turkish Petroleum in 1965 in Izmir and privatized in 2008 and transferred to SOCAR. The main plant complex is located in Yarımca, Izmit. From 1985 on, a second complex has been constructed in Aliağa, İzmir.

Specializing in petrochemical manufacturing, the company produces ethylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and other chemical building blocks for use in the manufacture of plastics, textiles, and other consumer and industrial products. The company has 14 manufacturing plants, supplying a significant portion of petrochemicals used in Turkey. The company also exports products to the United States, and countries in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.

Petkim is listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange.

Petlim is a container port currently being built near the town of Aliağa.

References

External links
Petkim Aliağa Port

Chemical companies of Turkey
Petrochemical companies
Companies based in İzmir
Chemical companies established in 1965
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1965
Companies listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange
Companies in the BIST 100
Turkish brands
Turkish companies established in 1965
Aksa (company). Aksa () is a Turkish company manufacturing carbon fiber, natural white and solution dyed acrylic staple fiber, tow and tops for yarn spinning and nonwovens. Established in 1968 in Yalova, Turkey, the company is the world's largest producer under one roof, with an annual production capacity of 308,000 tons.

Aksa is listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange. Together with Dow Chemical, the DowAksa joint venture was established in 2012 to produce carbon fibers. The company was given the Environment Award of 2005 by Istanbul Industrial Association (İSO). This was considered ironic by some because of the company's controversial past with a large environmental disaster.

Greenhouse gas emissions 
In 2022 scope 1 emissions were 1.2 million tonnes CO2eq, partly from generating 3.4 TWh of electricity by burning coal.

Controversies

1999 Acrylonitrile spill
Approximately, 6500 tons of acrylonitrile leaked from an industrial polymer plant owned by Aksa Akrilik, due to pipes of storage units rupturing from the impact of the violent 17 August earthquake. Over 5000 people were affected, and the exposed animals had died. The leak was only noticed by Aksa 8 hours after the incident. Healthcare workers did not know about the health effects of acrylonitrile and tried to treat the victims with painkillers and IV fluids. One lawyer, Ayşe Akdemir, sued the company with 44 families as the plaintiffs. Aksa Akrilik was sued by 200 residents who were affected by acrylonitrile, a known human carcinogen. As of 2001, this is the largest acrylonitrile leak known.

Aftermath
Acrylamide, a decomposition production of acrylonitrile, was detected in the seawater, months after the disaster.
The catalyst 2,2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile), with the solvents dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylsulphone were detected in the sea waters of the affected area. Chloroform of unknown origin was also detected. Some of these compounds are toxic to the aquatic life.

In 2003, Selçuk Ergin, the manager of Aksa Akrilik at the time of the incident, has died from lung cancer related to acrylonitrile exposure. An increase in cancer cases in the area was confirmed by the Turkish Medical Association, as the cancer rate in the affected area has increased by 80%, from 1999 to April 2002.

2013 Fire
In January 2013, a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibre storage set on fire. The fire was not responded quickly and the toxic fumes spread. The combustion products included hydrogen cyanide. No deaths or injuries were reported.

See also 
List of companies of Turkey

External links 
 Aksa Akrilik power station on Global Energy Monitor

References

Manufacturing companies of Turkey
Chemical companies established in 1968
Companies listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange
Companies in the BIST 100
Turkish companies established in 1968
Coal companies of Turkey
Felici's law. In physics, Felici's law states that the net charge through a circuit induced by a changing magnetic field is directly proportional to the difference between the initial and final magnetic flux. The proportionality constant is the electrical conductance . This law is a predecessor of the modern Faraday's law of induction.

For a circuit with resistance , the total charge passing through the circuit from time 0 to time t is

,
where  is the magnetic flux.

History 

Felici's Law is named after Riccardo Felici, an Italian physicist and rector of the University of Pisa between 1851 and 1859. His research was primarily focused on induction and magnetic effects.

Derivation from Faraday's law of induction
Faraday's law of induction states that the induced electromotive force is,

By charge conservation, the charge passing through the circuit is,

where I is the electric current.

Applications 
Since the charge depends only on the total change in magnetic flux during the time, and not any instantaneous result, we can apply Felici's law to measure the magnetic flux and thus a constant magnetic field. In the flip-coil method, we wind 'n' overlapping loops in a small ring. We first insert the coil perpendicular to the field and then rotate it 180°. Thus the end magnetic flux is exactly opposite the initial flux since the magnetic field is constant. By Felici's law, for area A and resistance R, we can find the magnetic field B

Thus, we can calculate the magnetic field based on the measured charge that flows through the coil.

References 

Circuit theorems