omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thermal expansivities of the elements. 

Thermal expansion

Notes 
All values refer to 25 °C unless noted.

References

CRC
As quoted from this source in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 12, Properties of Solids; Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals
 Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1975.

CR2
As quoted in an online version of:
 David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals
which further refers to:
 Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A. Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A. Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173.
 McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A. Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411.

LNG
As quoted from this source in an online version of: J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4; Table 4.1, Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements
 Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, Plenum, New York, 1975.

WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
 D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
 A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
 G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
 J.A. Dean (ed) in Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 14th edition, 1992.

Properties of chemical elements
Chemical element data pages
Speeds of sound of the elements. The speed of sound in any chemical element in the fluid phase has one temperature-dependent value. In the solid phase, different types of sound wave may be propagated, each with its own speed: among these types of wave are longitudinal (as in fluids), transversal, and (along a surface or plate) extensional.

Speed of sound, solid phase

Speed of sound, fluid phases

See also

Notes
 Ref. CRC: Values are "at room temperature" unless noted, and "for normal atmospheric pressure" ("at 1 atm" for gases).
 Ref. WEL: Values refer to  "where possible". Midpoint values are substituted if ranges were given in their original reference. Not specified further, it is assumed from the values that all (except fluids) are for the speed of sound in a thin rod.

References

Sources

WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from this source:
 G.V. Samsonov (Ed.) in Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements, IFI-Plenum, New York, USA, 1968.

CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
 David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Speed of Sound in Various Media

CR2
As quoted from this source in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Thermal Properties of Mercury
 Vukalovich, M. P., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Moscow Standard Press, 1971.

APIH
Dwight E. Gray (ed), American Institute of Physics Handbook. McGraw-Hill. Boca Raton, Florida, New York, 1957.

Other
 88RAB: V.A. Rabinovich, et al. Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon. Selover (Eng. ed.) Hemisphere, Washington DC, 1988.
 Zuckerwar: A. J. Zuckerwar, Handbook of the Speed of Sound in Real Gases. Academic Press, 2002.

Properties of chemical elements
Chemical element data pages
Sound
Hung-Chang Lin. Hung Chang Lin (Jimmy Lin) (; August 8, 1919 – March 5, 2009) was a Chinese-American inventor and a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Maryland.

Early life and education 
Lin was born in Shanghai, China. He attended Shanghai Jiaotong University, China on a tennis scholarship. Lin graduated with B.S. in electrical engineering in 1941. In 1948 he received the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan. In 1956 he received the Doctor of Electrical Engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn.

Career 
After graduating from Shanghai Jiaotong University, Lin worked for the Central Radio Works and Central Broadcasting Administration as an engineer. He left China in 1947 to begin his graduate work.

After he earned his master's and doctorate degrees, Lin was worked at RCA Laboratories and was one of the first scientists to work on transistor circuit development. Lin was the first inventor to incorporate p-n-p or complementary integrated circuits. He later worked for CBS and Westinghouse Electric Corporation, researching and developing electrical engineering practices.

In 1969, Lin began teaching at the University of Maryland. He worked at the university until his retirement in 1990. While a professor, Lin supervised and mentored 26 PhD students. He also worked part-time as an adjunct and visiting professor at the University of Pittsburgh and University of California, Berkeley, respectively.

Hung C. Lin held more than 60 U.S. patents. Among his inventions is the quasi-complementary (transistor) amplifier circuit, which has been used in many commercial audio amplifiers. Another of his inventions is the lateral transistor which is used in linear integrated circuits and TTL digital integrated circuits. He also invented the wireless microphone.

He has published more than 170 professional papers mostly on transistors and integrated circuits.

In 1978 he was presented with the J J Ebers Award from the IEEE. In 1990, Lin was inducted into the A. James Clark School of Engineering Innovation Hall of Fame at the University of Maryland. In 2000 he was elected to be academician of Academia Sinica.

Death and legacy

Lin died in Silver Spring, Maryland of lung cancer at the age of 89. He is interred at Columbia Gardens Cemetery.

In 2011, his wife Anchen Lin donated to the University of Maryland School of Engineering to fund the Jimmy Lin Endowment for Entrepreneurship. The goal of the endowment was "to provide annual awards to students, staff, and faculty who transform their ideas into innovations through invention and technology commercialization."

References

External links

20th-century American inventors
20th-century Chinese inventors
American technology writers
Chinese technology writers
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
1919 births
2009 deaths
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Edison Illuminating Company. The Edison Illuminating Company was established by Thomas Edison on December 17, 1880, to construct electrical generating stations, initially in New York City. The company was the prototype for other local illuminating companies that were established in the United States during the 1880s.

History

Pearl Street Station 

On September 4, 1882, Edison's first central station, the Pearl Street Station, opened at 257 Pearl Street in Manhattan. The station was the first commercial power plant in the United States, and was the world's first cogeneration plant. The plant burned down on January 2 1890. Only 1 dynamo (or generator) survived; it is currently displayed at the Henry Ford Museum. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers designated it as a milestone in 2011.

Other stations 

In November 1882, the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Shamokin, Pennsylvania was established. In 1883, it became only the second three-wire electrical station in the world. The first was Edison's plant in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, which opened on July 4, 1883. The opening ceremony was attended by Edison himself. Even today, Edison's presence is remembered throughout the town, with the Edison Hotel and a monument just outside Sunbury. On October 1, 1883, the Brockton Edison Electric Illuminating Company Power Station, another three-wire plant, opened in Brockton, Massachusetts and was capable of supplying about 1600 lamps. The Brockton station is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
On November 17, 1883, the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania was founded.  This was the first isolated electrical plant in the world, meaning that the entirety of Mount Carmel was powered by electricity. 38 arc lamps and 50 incandescent light bulbs were erected in the downtown business district. Edison also opened plants in Fall River, Massachusetts (1883), Cumberland, Maryland (1884), Tamaqua, Pennsylvania (1885), and Boston (1886).

Fate 
The Edison Illuminating Company was purchased by Consolidated Gas in 1901.  In 1936, with electricity sales far outpacing gas sales, the company changed its name to Consolidated Edison. Today, Con Ed is a multi-billion dollar company that provides power to around 3.3 million people. Occasionally, it is misreported that the Edison Illuminating Company later became General Electric; however, they were never related aside from their common founder.

Notable employees 
In 1891, Henry Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company, and was promoted to chief engineer in 1893. He left the company on August 15, 1899 to focus on automobile manufacturing. James Hood Wright was a board member of the company.

References

Sources 

Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York City
Consolidated Edison
1880 establishments in New York (state)
Yokosuka R2Y. The Yokosuka R2Y Keiun (景雲 - "Cirrus Cloud") was a prototype reconnaissance aircraft built in Japan late in World War II.

Design and development
Commissioned for the Imperial Japanese Navy, after the R1Y design was cancelled due to its disappointing performance estimates, the R2Y used coupled engines driving a single propeller and also featured a tricycle undercarriage.

Completed in April 1945, the prototype made a short flight on 8 May but was destroyed in a US air raid only a few days later, thus ending development.

A proposal was also made to develop the R2Y into a turbojet-powered light bomber by replacing its piston engines with two Mitsubishi Ne-330s. Designated the R2Y2 Keiun Kai, it was not constructed before the end of the War.

Specifications (R2Y1)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

1940s Japanese experimental aircraft
1940s Japanese military reconnaissance aircraft
Yokosuka aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Mid-engined aircraft
Paul Kunz. Paul Kunz (December 20, 1942 – September 12, 2018) was an American particle physicist and software developer, who initiated the deployment of the first web server outside of Europe. After a meeting in September 1991 with Tim Berners-Lee of CERN, he returned to the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) with word of the World Wide Web. By Thursday, December 12, 1991, there was an active Web server installed and operational at SLAC, establishing the first Web server in the US, the SPIRES HEP, connected to the SPIRES High Energy Physics database, thanks to the efforts of Kunz, Louise Addis, and Terry Hung.

He was also the originator of the free/open source GNUstep implementation of the NeXTSTEP framework and also at the basis of the idea for objcX (objective-C for the X Window System). He was the chief developer of HippoDraw, a statistical analysis software, primarily intended for the analysis and presentation of particle physics and astrophysics data at SLAC.

External links 
 "GNUstep: Who's Who Developers"
 "Early World Wide Web at SLAC"

References 

1942 births
2018 deaths
American particle physicists
Ease (programming language). Ease is a general purpose parallel programming language. It is designed by Steven Ericsson-Zenith, a researcher at Yale University, the Institute for Advanced Science & Engineering in Silicon Valley, California, the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, and the Pierre and Marie Curie University, the science department of the Sorbonne.

The book Process Interaction Models is the Ease language specification. Ease combines the process constructs of communicating sequential processes (CSP) with logically shared data structures called contexts. Contexts are parallel data types that are constructed by processes and provide a way for processes to interact.

The language includes two process constructors.

A cooperation includes an explicit barrier synchronization and is written:

If one process finishes before the other, then it will wait until the other processes are finished.

A subordination creates a process that shares the contexts that are in scope when created and finishes when complete (it does not wait for other processes) and is written:

Subordinate processes stop if they attempt to interact with a context that  has completed because the parent process has stopped. This enables speculative processes to be created that will finish if their result is not needed.

Powerful replication syntax allows multiple processes to be created. For example,

creates n synchronized processes each with a local constant i.

Processes cannot share local variables and cooperate in the construction of shared contexts. Certain context types, called resources, ensure call-reply semantics.

There are four functions upon contexts:

  – copies a value from the shared context to the variable.
  – copies the value of expression to the shared context.
  – moves the value bound to name to the shared context. The value of name is subsequently undefined.
  – moves a value from context and binds it to name. The value is removed from the context.

Context types are Singletons, Bags or Streams and can be subscripted arrays.

Ease has a semiotic definition. This means that it accounts for the effect the language has on the programmer and how they develop algorithms. The language was designed to ease the developing of parallel programs.

References

Bibliography 
 John Redman, An Implementation of the Ease Programming Language, University of Western Australia, 1991
 T.H. MacKenzie, T.I. Dix, "A distributed memory multiprocessor implementation of C-with-Ease," IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2002
 T.H. MacKenzie, T.I. Dix, "Object-Oriented Ease-Based Parallel Primitives in C++," icpads, p. 623,  1998 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS'98),  1998

Concurrent programming languages
Concurrency control
IMSS. IMSS may refer to:
 Mexican Social Security Institute, (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, its Spanish acronym)
 Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, now the Museo Galileo, a museum in Florence, Italy
 Integrated Maritime Surveillance Systems, an integrated network of coast-line radars by the Indonesian Navy
 International Museum of Surgical Science, a museum in Chicago, US
 InterScan Messaging Security Suite, an enterprise e-mail antivirus software, by Trend Micro
Gene Kan. Gene Kan (September 6, 1976 — June 29, 2002) was a British-born Chinese American peer-to-peer file-sharing programmer who was among the first programmers to produce an open-source version of the file-sharing application that implemented the Gnutella protocol. Kan worked together with Spencer Kimball on the program called "gnubile" licensed under the GNU General Public License. Kan graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1997 with a major in electrical engineering and computer science , and was a member of the student club the eXperimental Computing Facility (XCF).

In June 2000, when Kan was 24, he formed a distributed search engine known as InfraSearch.com with Steve Waterhouse and another friend. Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen was an investor in the start-up. InfraSearch was purchased by Sun Microsystems on March 6, 2001 for $12.5M USD in Sun stock options. The acquisition became part of the JXTA project at Sun. Kan joined Sun as an employee, and continued to work with the technology.

Kan was relatively well known in internet circles for a testimony he gave in July 2000 at the Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on "Intellectual Property in the Digital Age". Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich, Sony CEO Fred Ehrlich, and others also gave testimony at the hearing. In his account, as the United States Senate decides the fate of companies like Napster, he stressed that "technology moves forward and leaves the stragglers behind," and that "the adopters always win, and the stalwarts always lose". Kan was advocate of peer-to-peer (P2P) computing and some credit him, along with other Gnutella pioneers, as its originator. He argued that it is part of an emergent technological area called distributive computing.

On June 29, 2002, he committed suicide. The cause of death was a single gunshot wound to the head. Kan was 25 years old. Prior to taking his life, Kan updated an electronic copy of his resume hosted on a University of California, Berkeley server to read "Summary: Sad example of a human being. Specializing in failure." An independent documentary film was planned for Gene Kan after he died, but it never started production.

References

External links
 Wired News: Quiet, Sad Death of Net Pioneer
 Time.com: The digital dozen
 MercuryNews.com:Life of highs and lows ends in suicide for Net visionary
 cNet News.com:Gnutella pioneer Gene Kan dies
 Yahoo links
  Spanish version

1977 births
2002 deaths
British people of Chinese descent
American people of Chinese descent
Suicides by firearm in California
British emigrants to the United States
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
2002 suicides
But-2-ene. But-2-ene is an acyclic alkene with four carbon atoms. It is the simplest alkene exhibiting cis/trans-isomerism (also known as (E/Z)-isomerism); that is, it exists as two geometric isomers cis-but-2-ene ((Z)-but-2-ene) and trans-but-2-ene ((E)-but-2-ene).

It is a petrochemical, produced by the catalytic cracking of crude oil or the dimerization of ethylene. Its main uses are in the production of high-octane gasoline (petrol) on alkylation units and butadiene, although some but-2-ene is also used to produce the solvent butanone via hydration reaction to butan-2-ol followed by oxidation.

The two isomers are extremely difficult to separate by distillation because of the proximity of their boiling points (~4 °C for cis and ~1 °C for trans). However, separation is unnecessary in most industrial settings, as both isomers behave similarly in most of the desired reactions. A typical industrial but-2-ene mixture is 70% (Z)-but-2-ene (cis-isomer) and 30% (E)-but-2-ene (trans-isomer). Butane and but-1-ene are common impurities, present at 1% or more in industrial mixtures, which also contain smaller amounts of isobutene, butadiene and butyne.

References

External links

Alkenes
Wire wool. Wire wool is a generic term for products made of filaments entwined, woven or otherwise agglomerated into a sort of felt pad or belt that is often rolled for convenience. Typical dimensions for most domestic wire-wool might be about 1 cm/¼" thick by 8cm/3" broad and cut to various lengths.

Although "wire wool" and "steel wool" have become almost synonymous in general use, in engineering terms this is a misnomer as other metals, plastics and even natural fibers such as bristles may be incorporated singly or in combination within the wire-wool  mesh according to purpose.

Most wire–wool products are intended for cleaning and polishing, but some are also occasionally used for binding, as a scaffolding, for casting or molding stabilization. Most common varieties of wire-wool are:
 
 Steel wool is generally made of low-grade carbon steel extruded wire but also synthetic steel wool contains steel filaments that have been deliberately modified in profile or chemistry for some specific application. Unlike earlier designs that tended to oxidize modern products tend to be "rustless"
 Lead wool (Pb) which can be packed into joints of rigid tubing to make a tight and slightly flexible joint especially suitable for wet or  underwater conduits
 Copper wool (Cu) used where steel is too coarse
Bronze wool filaments are less likely to break and so used for finishing and polishing with less risk of scratching.
Brass wool (Cu+Zn) is used where copper wool is too harsh including  glass grinding, bright metal and fine marquetry
 Aluminum wool (Al) is for heat shielding, sound damping specialist insulation as well as final air filtration for clean rooms and operating theatres.

See also
 Abrasive
 Air filtration in operating rooms
 HEPA high-efficiency particulate air filtration
 Polishing (metalworking)
 Scouring pad
 Scrubber
 Surface finishing

References

Abrasives
Cleaning products
Alan Grodzinsky. Alan J. Grodzinsky is an American scientist and Professor of Electrical, Mechanical and Biological Engineering and Director of the Center for Biomedical Engineering at MIT. He graduated in Electrical Engineering from MIT in 1971, obtaining a doctorate three years later under the supervision of James Melcher, with a thesis on membrane electromechanics.

Grodzinsky is widely recognized for his research investigating the mechanical, chemical and electrical properties of connective tissue, including studies on cartilage tissue engineering, with implications for understanding and curing diseases such as osteoarthritis. He has published over 315 peer reviewed papers which have been cited almost 30,000 times in Google Scholar. He has supervised 25 post-doctoral candidates, 52 Ph.D./Sc.D. students, 2 M.D. students, 52 M.S. students and 63 B.S students. He has been honored with the 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society Outstanding Achievement in Mentoring Award for his lifelong commitment to excellence in mentoring trainees both in his lab and around the world.

Grodzinsky was a founding Fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering in 1993. He has served as the President of the Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (1986–87), Chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on Musculoskeletal Biology & Bioengineering (1990), President of the International Cartilage Repair Society (1998-2000) and President of the Orthopaedic Research Society (2007–08). He received a NIH Merit Award in 1994.

Grodzinsky is married to Gail Grodzinsky (née Meyer) and has a son Michael Grodzinsky and lives in Massachusetts.

References

External links
MIT press release, NIH merit award 1994
MIT probes cartilage on nanoscale
 http://meche.mit.edu/people/index.html?id=34

Living people
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni