omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IBM Scalable POWERparallel. Scalable POWERparallel (SP) is a series of supercomputers from IBM. SP systems were part of the IBM RISC System/6000 (RS/6000) family, and were also called the RS/6000 SP. The first model, the SP1, was introduced in February 1993, and new models were introduced throughout the 1990s until the RS/6000 was succeeded by eServer pSeries in October 2000. The SP is a distributed memory system, consisting of multiple RS/6000-based nodes interconnected by an IBM-proprietary switch called the High Performance Switch (HPS). The nodes are clustered using software called PSSP, which is mainly written in Perl.

Computer scientist Marc Snir was awarded the Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2013 for his contributions to supercomputing, which included his work on the SP.

Notable systems
 The Cornell Theory Center had a 512-node system that was ranked as the sixth fastest supercomputer in the world by the November 1995 edition of the Top500 List. From a peak performance of 136.19GFLOPS, it obtained 88.40GFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark.
 Deep Blue, the first computer to win a chess game against a reigning world champion in a match with Garry Kasparov in 1996.
 ASCI Blue Pacific is a PowerPC 604-based system with a peak performance of 3.9TFLOPS. It was installed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1998 as part of the Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI).
 ASCI White is a 512-node system with a peak performance of 12.3TFLOPS. It was installed at the LLNL in 2001 as part of ASCI, and was ranked #1 in the Top500 List from November 2000 to November 2001.
 Seaborg, at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, was ranked as the fifth fastest supercomputer in the world when it debuted in the June 2003 edition of the Top500 List. From a peak performance of 9.98TFLOPS, it obtained 7.30TFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark.

Nodes

POWER1-based

POWER2-based

PowerPC 604-based

P2SC-based

POWER3-based

See also

 Blue Gene

References

External links
 Architectural overview

Scalable POWERparallel
Parallel computing
PowerPC computers
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (INN: sodium troclosene, troclosenum natricum or NaDCC or SDIC) is a chemical compound widely used as a cleansing agent and disinfectant.  It is a colorless, water-soluble solid, produced as a result of reaction of cyanuric acid with chlorine. The dihydrate is also known () as is the potassium salt ().

Uses 
It is mainly used as a disinfectant, biocide and industrial deodorant. It is found in some modern water purification tablets/filters. It is more efficient than the formerly used halazone water disinfectant. In these applications, it is a slow-release source of chlorine in low concentrations at a relatively constant rate.  As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize drinking water, swimming pools, tableware and air, and to fight against infectious diseases as a routine disinfection agent.

It can be used for disinfection and environmental sterilization, for example in  livestock, poultry, fish and  silkworm raising, for bleaching textiles, for cleaning industrial circulating water, and to prevent wool from shrinking. 

The reaction between NaDCC and a dilute solution of copper (II) sulfate produces an intense lilac precipitate of the complex salt sodium copper dichloroisocyanurate. The reactions between dichloroisocyanurate salts (Na, K, Li, Ba, Ca) and transition metal salts (Ni, Cu, Cd) are described in patent US 3,055,889. The overall reaction is:

 CuSO4  +  4 Na(C3N3O3Cl2)  →  Na2[Cu(C3N3O3Cl2)4]  +  Na2SO4

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate reacts with concentrated (130 vol, 35%) hydrogen peroxide to create singlet oxygen which emits red light upon decomposition . 

It is considered hazardous according to OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200. High level exposure can cause reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS)

See also 
 Comet (cleanser)
 Dichloroisocyanuric acid (dichlor)
 Trichloroisocyanuric acid (trichlor)
 Calcium hypochlorite

References 

Disinfectants
Organochlorides
Sodium compounds
Bleaches
Triazines
National nature reserve. Nature reserves deemed to be of national importance, or controlled by a national-level body may be known as national nature reserves.

China
Zhalong Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang province is designated as a national nature reserve by the Chinese government.

Czech Republic
Soos National Nature Reserve was designated as a nature reserve by the government of the Czech Republic.

Falkland Islands
Beauchêne Island was designated as a national nature reserve by the government of the Falkland Islands in 1964.

France

In France, national nature reserves have been designated since 1976, and are designated by a decree from either a minister or the Conseil d'Etat.  there are 168 natural nature reserves in France.

 Néouvielle National Nature Reserve

Isle of Man
Point of Ayre is designated as a national nature reserve by the Manx government.

Russia
The North-Ossetian National Nature Reserve in the Caucasus Mountains is designated as a national nature reserve by the Russian government.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, "national nature reserves" are those designed by one of the national conservancy bodies, Natural England, Natural Resources Wales, NatureScot, or the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. In total, there are 386 national nature reserves in the UK.

References

Nature reserves
CADPAC. CADPAC, the Cambridge Analytic Derivatives Package, is a suite of programs for ab initio computational chemistry calculations. It has been developed by R. D. Amos with contributions from I. L. Alberts, J. S. Andrews, S. M. Colwell, N. C. Handy, D. Jayatilaka, P. J. Knowles, R. Kobayashi, K. E. Laidig, G. Laming, A. M. Lee, P. E. Maslen, C. W. Murray, J. E. Rice, E. D. Simandiras, A. J. Stone, M.-D. Su and D. J. Tozer. at the University of Cambridge since 1981. It is capable of molecular Hartree–Fock calculations, Møller–Plesset calculations, various other correlated calculations and density functional theory calculations.

See also 
 Quantum chemistry computer programs

External links 
 

Computational chemistry software
Asperity (materials science). In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough"), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology. Smooth surfaces, even those polished to a mirror finish, are not truly smooth on a microscopic scale. They are rough, with sharp, rough or rugged projections, termed "asperities". Surface asperities exist across multiple scales, often in a self affine or fractal geometry. The fractal dimension of these structures has been correlated with the contact mechanics exhibited at an interface in terms of friction and  contact stiffness.

When two macroscopically smooth surfaces come into contact, initially they only touch at a few of these asperity points. These cover only a very small portion of the surface area. Friction and wear originate at these points, and thus understanding their behavior becomes important when studying materials in contact. When the surfaces are subjected to a compressive load, the asperities deform through elastic and plastic modes, increasing the contact area between the two surfaces until the contact area is sufficient to support the load.

The relationship between frictional interactions and asperity geometry is complex and poorly understood. It has been reported that an increased roughness may under certain circumstances result in weaker frictional interactions while smoother surfaces may in fact exhibit high levels of friction owing to high levels of true contact.

The Archard equation provides a simplified model of asperity deformation when materials in contact are subject to a force. Due to the ubiquitous presence of deformable asperities in self affine hierarchical structures, the true contact area at an interface exhibits a linear relationship with the applied normal load.

See also
 Surface roughness
 Burnishing (metal)

References

External links 
 

Materials science
Surfaces
Tribology
Internal Coordinate Mechanics. Internal Coordinate Mechanics (ICM) is a software program and algorithm to predict low-energy conformations of molecules by sampling the space of internal coordinates (bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles) defining molecular geometry. In ICM each molecule is constructed as a tree from an entry atom where each next atom is built iteratively from the preceding three atoms via three internal variables. The rings kept rigid or imposed via additional restraints. ICM is used for modelling peptides and interactions with substrates and coenzymes.

Software
ICM also is a programming environment for various tasks in computational chemistry and computational structural biology, sequence analysis and rational drug design. The original goal was to develop algorithms for energy optimization of several biopolymers with respect to an arbitrary subset of internal coordinates such as bond lengths, bond angles torsion angles and phase angles. The efficient and general global optimization method which evolved from the original ICM method is still the central piece of the program. It is this basic algorithm which is used for peptide prediction, homology modeling and loop simulations, flexible macromolecular docking and energy refinement. However the complexity of problems related to structure prediction and analysis, as well as the desire for perfection, compactness and consistency, led to the program's expansion into neighboring areas such as graphics, chemistry, sequence analysis and database searches, mathematics, statistics and plotting.

The original meaning became too narrow, but the name was kept. The current integrated ICM shell contains hundreds of variables, functions, commands, database and web tools, novel algorithms for structure prediction and analysis into a powerful, yet compact program which is still called ICM. The seven principal areas are centered on a general core of shell-language and data analysis and visualization.

References 

 Abagyan, R.A. and Totrov, M.M. Biased Probability Monte Carlo Conformational Searches and Electrostatic Calculations For Peptides and Proteins J. Mol. Biol., 235, 983–1002, 1994. 
 Abagyan, R.A., Totrov, M.M., and Kuznetsov, D.A. ICM: A New Method For Protein Modeling and Design: Applications To Docking and Structure Prediction From The Distorted Native Conformation. J. Comput. Chem., 15, 488–506, 1994. 
Totrov, M.M. and Abagyan, R.A. Efficient Parallelization of The Energy, Surface and Derivative Calculations For internal Coordinate Mechanics. J. Comput. Chem., 15, 1105–1112, 1994.

External links 
 The NERF algorithm for efficient conversion of sequential torsion angles to Cartesian coordinates
 www.molsoft.com
 iSee (interactive Structurally enhanced experience)
 EDS (Electron Density Server)  (ICM supports electron density visualization)

Computational chemistry software
Port7Alliance. Port7Alliance was a North American hacker group responsible for production of the internet based magazine Radical Future. Radical Future's presence as an online magazine was of cultural significance to the online American hacker community. The e-zine was freely distributed online as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file and consisted of five issues.

History
Port7Alliance was thought of by a 14-year-old computer enthusiast named Darien, on January 13, 2001 after watching an IBM commercial featuring Avery Brooks. Avery Brooks explains the definition of an epiphany in the commercial.

Darien then took on the hacker handle of 'Epiphany'. To promote the Port7alliance, Epiphany wrote his own manifesto concerning the significance of the term computer hacker. The manifesto, simply titled Epiphany has been archived by textfiles.com.

Radical Future ezine
In the Spring of 2002, Port7alliance released their first issue of Radical Future.

Radical Future ran intermittently from the Spring of 2002 to the Spring of 2004 and was briefly available for sale in printed form.

Present time
Port7Alliance has disbanded. However, its site is still live. Certain members of Port7alliance can still be found at hacker cons such as DEF CON or H.O.P.E.

See also
 AnonCoders

References

External links
Are you hacked? How to Check!

Hacker groups
Beryllium telluride. Beryllium telluride (BeTe) is a chemical compound of beryllium and tellurium. It is a crystalline solid with the lattice constant of 0.5615 nm. It is a semiconductor with a large energy gap of around 3 eV. 
Toxicity is unknown. Toxic hydrogen telluride gas is evolved on exposure to water.

References

Beryllium compounds
Tellurides
II-VI semiconductors
Zincblende crystal structure
SubTropolis. SubTropolis is a business complex located inside of a ,  mine in the bluffs north of the Missouri River in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It was developed by late Kansas City Chiefs owner Lamar Hunt via Hunt Midwest Real Estate Development, Inc., with the trademarked phrase World's Largest Underground Business Complex.

Dug into the Bethany Falls limestone mine, SubTropolis is up to  beneath the surface. It has a grid of ,  tunnels separated by  limestone pillars created by the room and pillar method of hard rock mining. The complex contains almost  of illuminated, paved roads and several miles of railroad track.

The mine naturally maintains year-round temperatures between . The United States Postal Service and the United States Environmental Protection Agency lease spaces within SubTropolis, the United States Postal Service for its collectible stamp operations and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for its Region-7 Training and Logistics Center. The National Archives and Records Administration leases space for a Federal Records Center.

On the surface of the north edge of the complex, Hunt developed the Worlds of Fun/Oceans of Fun amusement park complex. His extensive business dealings in Clay County contributed to the Chiefs establishing a training camp site as Liberty's William Jewell College from the franchise's relocation from Dallas in 1963, until 1991.

Other facilities like SubTropolis exist, although not on the same scale, such as the abandoned mine in Butler, Pennsylvania used by Corbis and the US Federal Government for secure storage.  As the room and pillar mining method is used to extract limestone throughout the Midwest, many companies are looking at ways to utilize the hundreds of millions of square feet created in this manner, such as for mushroom farming and crude oil stockpiling.

See also
 Mega Cavern, a similar and smaller cavern in Louisville, Kentucky

References

Bibliography

External links
 SubTropolis home site (Hunt Midwest)
 SubTropolis Technology Center home site (Hunt Midwest)
 

Buildings and structures in Kansas City, Missouri
Landforms of Clay County, Missouri
Economy of Kansas City, Missouri
Subterranea of the United States
Warehouses in the United States
Buildings and structures in Missouri
Limestone industry
Terlinguaite. Terlinguaite is the naturally occurring mineral with formula Hg2ClO.  It is formed by the weathering of other mercury-containing minerals.  It was discovered in 1900 in the Terlingua District of Brewster County, Texas, for which it is named.  Its color is yellow, greenish yellow, brown, or olive green.

References

Mercury minerals
Halide minerals
Geology of Texas
Oxychlorides
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Cosmos Engineering. Cosmos Engineering was a company that manufactured aero-engines in a factory in Fishponds, Bristol during World War I. Sir Roy Fedden, the company's principal designer, developed the 14-cylinder radial Mercury engine during this period. The company was taken over by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1920.

Company origins
In 1918 the Anglo-American company Cosmos bought Straker-Squire (also known as Brazil Straker), a car and bus manufacturing firm which had branched out into aircraft engine repair and manufacture. This began by first reconditioning, then substantially redesigning and re-manufacturing Curtiss OX-5 engines. Due to the quality of this work, they were the only company permitted to manufacture Rolls-Royce aircraft engines under licence, building Hawk and Falcon engines, major components for the Eagle engine and also 600 Renault 80hp 8Ca engines. Over 1,500 engines were produced in total. The company was one of the first to be brought under Admiralty control, and Fedden and his draughtsman Leonard Butler designed two engines during the war; the 14-cylinder Mercury and the larger, 9-cylinder Jupiter.

Aero-engine range

In 1919 the range consisted of the 450 hp Jupiter, the 300 hp Mercury and the smaller 100 hp Lucifer. On 9 April 1919 a Bristol Scout F fitted with a Mercury engine set two British records at Farnborough achieving the time to 10,000 ft and 20,000 ft records.

Car production

Despite selling off the engineering side of Brazil Straker, which continued to successfully build cars, Cosmos Engineering also produced a small number of Fedden-designed cars. The Cosmos 10.5 of 1919, featured an air-cooled 3-cylinder radial layout 994-cc engine of 16 hp and pressed-steel wobbly-web wheels, and was significantly innovative for its time. Only a limited number were made, and it was followed up by the larger 10.5 CAR which never got beyond prototype stage.

Fate
Soon afterwards the company went into liquidation and was taken over by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1920. Operations then moved to a former flying school located on the northern edge of Filton Aerodrome. The factory on Lodge Causeway was subsequently taken over by Parnall & Sons for shop and ship fitting and aircraft component manufacturing.

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Bartlett, John Images of England, Fishponds Tempus 2004 
 Culshaw, David & Horrobin, Peter The Complete Catalogue of British Cars Veloce 1997 
 Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .

Defunct companies based in Bristol
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Bristol Aeroplane Company
Gustavo Colonnetti. Gustavo Colonnetti (8 November 1886 – 20 March 1968) was an Italian mathematician and engineer who made important contributions to continuum mechanics and strength of materials. He was a Rector of the Politecnico di Torino and President of CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche). His theories found important applications in modern techniques of construction, such as pre-stressed concrete.

He is remembered for Colonnetti's theorem (or Colonnetti's minimum principle) which states that in equilibrium the potential energy function  is minimized.

Life

Honours
He was nominated member of the Pontificial Academy of Sciences on October 28, 1936. In 1947, during the first meeting of the RILEM in Sorrento, he was elected the first president of the society, and began its mandate in 1948. The same year, on 27 August 1947, he was elected corresponding member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei: nearly a year later, on 15 July 1948, he was elected full member.

Work

Research activity

Teaching activity

Selected publications

.
.

Notes

References

Biographical references

. The "Yearbook" of the renowned Italian scientific institution, including an historical sketch of its history, the list of all past and present members as well as a wealth of information about its academic and scientific activities.
.
. The text of the address of Gaetano Fichera given on the occasion of the conferment of the laurea honoris causa in civil engineering: he describes the history of the theory of elasticity detailing particularly the contributions of Italian scientists.
. A work dealing with the contributions of Gustavo Colonnetti and Arturo Danusso to the development of Italian  engineering science, presented at the Second National Conference on the History of Engineering, organized by the Associazione Italiana di Storia dell'Ingegneria (A.I.S.I.), the Italian Association for the History of Engineering, and held in Napoli on April 7–8, 2008.
.
. The biographical entry about Gustavo Colonnetti in the "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Biographical Dictionary of Italians)" section of the Enciclopedia Treccani.

References describing his research work

 .

External links 
Brief biography
Gustavo Colonnetti e le origini dell'ingegneria in Italia, Fausto Giovannardi

1886 births
1968 deaths
Scientists from Turin
Members of the National Council (Italy)
Italian civil engineers
Mathematical physicists
19th-century Italian mathematicians
20th-century Italian mathematicians
Engineers from Turin
National Research Council (Italy) people
Sankey diagram. Sankey diagrams are a data visualisation technique or flow diagram that emphasizes flow/movement/change from one state to another or one time to another, in which the width of the arrows is proportional to the flow rate of the depicted extensive property.

Sankey diagrams can also visualize the energy accounts, material flow accounts on a regional or national level, and cost breakdowns. The diagrams are often used in the visualization of material flow analysis.

Sankey diagrams emphasize the major transfers or flows within a system. They help locate the most important contributions to a flow. They often show conserved quantities within defined system boundaries.

History 
Sankey diagrams are named after Irish Captain Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey, who used this type of diagram in 1898 in a classic figure  (see diagram) showing the energy efficiency of a steam engine. The original charts in black and white displayed just one type of flow (e.g. steam); using colors for different types of flows lets the diagram express additional variables.

Over time, it became a standard model used in science and engineering to represent heat balance, energy flows, material flows, and since the 1990s this visual model has been used in life-cycle assessment of products.

One of the most famous Sankey diagrams is Charles Minard's Map of Napoleon's Russian Campaign of 1812. It is a flow map, overlaying a Sankey diagram onto a geographical map. It was created in 1869, predating Sankey's first Sankey diagram of 1898. Minard had used this form of diagram for visualising flow of goods and transport of people from at least since 1844.

Science 

Sankey diagrams are often used in fields of science, especially physics. They are used to represent energy inputs, useful output, and wasted output.

Active examples 
The United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) produces numerous Sankey diagrams annually in its Annual Energy Review which illustrate the production and consumption of various forms of energy.

The US Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore Laboratory maintains a site of Sankey diagrams, including US energy flow and carbon flow.

Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Union, has developed an interactive Sankey web tool to visualise energy data by means of flow diagrams. The tool allows the building and customisation of diagrams by playing with different options (country, year, fuel, level of detail).

The International Energy Agency (IEA) created an interactive Sankey web application that details the flow of energy for the entire planet. Users can select specific countries, points of time back to 1973, and modify the arrangement of various flows within the Sankey diagram.

See also
Alluvial diagrama type of Sankey diagram that uses the same kind of representation to depict how items re-group
Material flow management
Parallel coordinates
Time geography

References

External links
 

Diagrams
Irish inventions
British inventions