omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NS Class 1500. The Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) Class 1500 were built by Metropolitan-Vickers in 1953–1955. They were originally built for British Railways (BR) as Class EM2 (later Class 77) for use on the Woodhead Route between Manchester and Sheffield. They were withdrawn by BR in 1969 and acquired by NS in 1969 following a locomotive shortage.

Description
Seven locomotives of this type were constructed. Construction took place at Gorton Works, Manchester with electrical equipment supplied by Metropolitan-Vickers. They had been withdrawn en masse in September 1968 by BR, and were stored at Bury in the hope of sale to a foreign railway. Around this time, NS had been suffering from a shortage of electric locomotives. In August 1969, Dutch officials inspected no. E27002, which then performed a test run between Sheffield and Reddish. NS were so impressed that they purchased all seven locomotives.

The class was shipped to the Netherlands in September 1969 by ferry from Harwich to Zeebrugge. They were then tripped to Tilburg workshops for assessment and repairs. One locomotive, no. E27005 Minerva was considered to be beyond economical repair and consequently broken up for spare parts. The remaining six locomotives entered the workshops for various modifications, including the fitting of Dutch headlight clusters, new pantographs and a new braking system. Driving controls were also relocated from the left side of the cab to the right. They were renumbered in the 1500 series (1500 representing 1,500 V DC overhead) in the order they left their workshops, starting with E27003 as 1501 in May 1970 and ending with E27002 as 1506 in June 1971.

The 1500s were primarily used on services in the southern part of the Netherlands. Typical passenger duty was Den Haag to Venlo. Freight duties were mainly operated at night and included Rotterdam Kijfhoek (freightyard) to Roosendaal.

By the early 1980s, new electric locomotives in the form of Class 1600 were being introduced. The 1500s were therefore made obsolete and withdrawals started in 1985. The final locomotives were withdrawn in 1986.

Fleet details

Modelling the NS 1500 Class 
 
Dutch manufacturer Philotrain offered a high quality certified small series brass model in the 1980s, which sold out fairly quickly. These models rarely appear for sale and consequently fetch premium prices. The model is in H0 scale.

Another Dutch manufacturer, KleiNSpoor, offered a resin and plastic based model, based on Athearn parts, as kits and ready-to-run versions, starting in the late 1990s. The model has been temporarily out of production as Athearn ceased delivery of parts, but it has now re-appeared in the KleiNSpoor catalogue as partially complete kit only. The model is in H0 scale.

References

External links 

 Description of the class
 Website of the EM2 Society
 Website of the Werkgroep Loc 1501

1500
1500 V DC locomotives
Co′Co′ locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
Metropolitan-Vickers locomotives
Electric locomotives of the Netherlands
Preserved electric locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the Netherlands
Railway locomotives introduced in 1953
Co′Co′ electric locomotives of Europe
Glycerin soap. Glycerin soaps are soaps that contain glycerol, a component of fat or oil. They are recognizably different from other soaps because they are translucent. The clarity is due to the alignment of the soap molecules, which can be induced through the addition of alcohol and sugar. This is usually done for homemade glycerin soaps that are not remeltable.

The process for making glycerin soaps was well known as of 1857 in the Western world. In modern industrial soap-making, the glycerin is usually separated from the soap to be resold and used in a wide variety of areas such as for personal care products, pharmaceuticals, chemical intermediates, and food processing.

Production
Glycerin soap is made by melting and continuously heating soap that has been partially dissolved in a high-percentage alcohol solution until the mixture reaches a clear, jelly-like consistency. The alcohol is added to a slow cooked hot-processed soap and then simmered with a sugar solution until the soap is clear or translucent, and then the simmered soap is chilled in a freezer. With home- and hand-made soaps that still contain glycerin left over from saponification, the grating, melting and cooking can proceed without the addition of anything to the mixture, though sugar or more glycerin is sometimes added. Glycerin soap can also be produced without remelting soap through directly cooking raw home-made soap.

Modern clear glycerin soaps bases are produced by combining various glycerol and polyols with soap and other surfactants in a manner similar to traditional glycerin soap-making methods. These modern clear soaps have the benefit of being easily re-meltable and are often sold in bulk to customers for melt-and-pour soap crafting.

See also
Vegan soap

References

Soaps
Dornier Aviation Nigeria. Dornier Aviation Nigeria is an airline based in Kaduna, Nigeria. It operates Dornier aircraft in Nigeria on a charter basis, as well as running a fixed-base and maintenance operation. It also undertakes agricultural flying, aerial photography and emergency medical evacuation services. Its main base is Old Kaduna Airport. Dornier Aviation Nigeria also participated in the 2015 Hajj airlift led by the National Hajj Commission of Nigeria, the airlift was financed by Nigerian Businessman Babangida Inuwa.

History
It was established in 1979 and has 207 employees (at March 2007).

The Nigerian government set a deadline of April 30, 2007 for all airlines operating in the country to re-capitalise or be grounded, in an effort to ensure better services and safety. The airline satisfied the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA)’s criteria in terms of re-capitalization and was re-registered for operation.

Destinations 
Dornier Aviation Nigeria operates no scheduled services.

Fleet

Current fleet
The Dornier Aviation Nigeria fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of August 2019):

Former fleet
The airline fleet previously included the following aircraft (at March 2007):
 14 Dornier 228-212

References

External links

Official website

Airlines of Nigeria
Airlines established in 1979
Kaduna
Sørensen formol titration. The Sørensen formol titration(SFT) invented by S. P. L. Sørensen in 1907  is a titration of an amino acid with potassium hydroxide in the presence of formaldehyde. It is used in the determination of protein content in samples.

If instead of an amino acid an ammonium salt is used the reaction product with formaldehyde is hexamethylenetetramine:

The liberated hydrochloric acid is then titrated with the base and the amount of ammonium salt used can be determined.

With an amino acid the formaldehyde reacts with the amino group to form a methylene amino (R-N=CH2) group. The remaining acidic carboxylic acid group can then again be titrated with base.

In winemaking
Formol titration is one of the methods used in winemaking to measure yeast assimilable nitrogen needed by wine yeast in order to successfully complete fermentation.

Accuracy in formol titration 
There has been some inaccuracies of the SFT caused by the differences in the basicity of the nitrogen in different amino acids which were explained by S. L. Jodidi. For instances, proline(an amino acid), histidine, and lysine yields too low values compared to the theory. Unlike alpha, monobasic (containing one amino group per molecule) amino acids, these amino (or imino) acids' nitrogens have inconstant basicity, which results in partial reaction with formaldehyde.

In case of tyrosine, the actual results are too high due to the negative hydroxyl group (-OH), which acts as a base. This explanation is supported by the fact that phenylalanine can be accurately titrated.

References

Biochemistry methods
Titration
Berlina. Berlina may refer to:

Sedan (automobile), a style of passenger car
Alfa Romeo 1750 Berlina, an automobile produced from 1968 to 1977
Holden Berlina, an automobile produced by the Holden subsidiary of General Motors since 1984
Opel Rekord Berlina, a specification level of the Opel Rekord automobile produced by the Opel subsidiary of General Motors
Phillips Berlina, a neo-classic car produced from 1980 to 1983
Sour crude oil. Sour crude oil is crude oil containing a high amount of the impurity sulfur. It is common to find crude oil containing some impurities. When the total sulfur level in the oil is more than 0.5% (by weight), the oil is called "sour".

The impurities need to be removed before this lower-quality crude can be refined into petrol, thereby increasing the cost of processing. This results in a higher-priced gasoline than that made from sweet crude oil.

Current environmental regulations in the United States strictly limit the sulfur content in refined fuels such as diesel and gasoline.

The majority of the sulfur in crude oil occurs bonded to carbon atoms, with a small amount occurring as elemental sulfur in solution and as hydrogen sulfide gas. Sour oil can be toxic and corrosive, especially when the oil contains higher levels of hydrogen sulfide, which is a breathing hazard. At low concentrations the gas gives the oil the smell of rotting eggs. For safety reasons, sour crude oil needs to be stabilized by having hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) removed from it before being transported by oil tankers.

Since sour crude is more common than sweet crude in the U.S. part of the Gulf of Mexico, Platts has come out in March 2009 with a new sour crude benchmark (oil marker) called "Americas Crude Marker (ACM)". Dubai Crude and Oman Crude, both sour crude oils, have been used as a benchmark (crude oil) oil marker for Middle East crude oils for some time.

The major producers of sour crude oil include:
North America: Alberta (Canada), United States' portion of the Gulf of Mexico, Alaska and Mexico.
South America: Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.
Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Syria, and Egypt.
Europe: Russian Volga region and the Urals

See also

References

Petroleum
Claude E. Shannon Award. The Claude E. Shannon Award of the IEEE Information Theory Society was created to honor consistent and profound contributions to the field of information theory. Each Shannon Award winner is expected to present a Shannon Lecture at the following IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. It is a prestigious prize in information theory, covering technical contributions at the intersection of mathematics, communication engineering, and theoretical computer science. It is the highest honor given by the IEEE Information Theory Society and is also regarded as the highest award in the entire field of information theory.

It is named for Claude E. Shannon, who was also the first recipient in 1973.

Recipients
The following people have received the Claude E. Shannon Award:

 1973 – Claude E. Shannon
 1974 – David S. Slepian
 1976 – Robert M. Fano
 1977 – Peter Elias
 1978 – Mark Semenovich Pinsker
 1979 – Jacob Wolfowitz
 1981 – W. Wesley Peterson
 1982 – Irving S. Reed
 1983 – Robert G. Gallager
 1985 – Solomon W. Golomb
 1986 – William Lucas Root
 1988 – James Massey
 1990 – Thomas M. Cover
 1991 – Andrew Viterbi
 1993 – Elwyn Berlekamp
 1994 – Aaron D. Wyner
 1995 – George David Forney
 1996 – Imre Csiszár
 1997 – Jacob Ziv
 1998 – Neil Sloane
 1999 – Tadao Kasami
 2000 – Thomas Kailath
 2001 – Jack Keil Wolf
 2002 – Toby Berger
 2003 – Lloyd R. Welch
 2004 – Robert McEliece
 2005 – Richard Blahut
 2006 – Rudolf Ahlswede
 2007 – Sergio Verdú
 2008 – Robert M. Gray
 2009 – Jorma Rissanen
 2010 – Te Sun Han
 2011 – Shlomo Shamai (Shitz)
 2012 – Abbas El Gamal
 2013 – Katalin Marton
 2014 – János Körner
 2015 – Robert Calderbank
 2016 – Alexander Holevo
 2017 – David Tse
 2018 – Gottfried Ungerboeck
 2019 – Erdal Arıkan
 2020 – Charles Bennett
 2021 – Alon Orlitsky
 2022 – Raymond W. Yeung
 2023 – Rüdiger Urbanke
 2024 – Andrew Barron
 2025 – Peter Shor

See also 

 List of computer science awards

References

External links 
 IEEE Information Theory Society page
 Claude E. Shannon Award & recipients

Information science awards
Awards established in 1972
IEEE society and council awards
Su-27 Flanker (video game). Su-27 Flanker is a combat flight simulator released for the PC (DOS and Microsoft Windows) in 1995 on CD. Developed in Russia by Eagle Dynamics and published by Strategic Simulations, Inc (SSI), the game takes place in Crimea and allows players to fly the Sukhoi Su-27 in various combat roles. The game also includes a mission editor, allowing the player to create custom gameplay scenarios.

The Windows 95 version was released first, with the DOS version being developed later.

Version history
 Su-27 Flanker: released 1995
 Su-27 Flanker Mission Disk: released 1997
 Su-27 Flanker: Squadron Commander's Edition: released 1997, compilation that includes the main game and expansion

Reception

Reviewing the Windows 95 version, a Next Generation critic summarized the game as being "designed for realism over ease of use." He noted that the notations in the cockpit are in Russian, and that the game has no introduction of any sort when it boots up, instead simply presenting a long list of files with undescriptive names, leaving the player with no idea of where to start. He concluded that serious flight sim enthusiasts should consider getting the game for its "unsurpassed" realistic modeling of the Su-27, but that anyone else would be completely lost. He scored it two out of five stars.

Su-27 Flanker was a runner-up for Computer Gaming Worlds 1995 "Simulation of the Year" award, which ultimately went to EF2000. The editors wrote that Su-27 Flanker features "an astonishing variety of allies and targets in the air and on the ground, as well as extremely challenging computer pilot AI."

Sequels 

 Flanker 2.0: is a direct sequel to Su-27 Flanker.
 Lock On: Modern Air Combat is a continuation of the Flanker series.
 Digital Combat Simulator includes Su-27, Su-33 and J-11 simulations descended from the Flanker and Lock On versions.

References

External links

 Eagle Dynamics
 Gamespot.com's review of Su-27 Flanker

1995 video games
Combat flight simulators
DOS games
Eagle Dynamics games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Strategic Simulations games
Video games developed in Russia
Windows games
Works set in Crimea
Dakeyne hydraulic disc engine. The Dakeyne hydraulic disc engine was a high-pressure hydraulic engine built in the 19th century to power a flax mill in Ladygrove, Derbyshire, England.

History
In the 1820s mill owners Edward and James Dakeyne designed and constructed a disc engine known locally as "The Romping Lion" to make use of the high-pressure water available near their mill. The Dakeyne brothers had previously invented  "The Equalinium", a machine for the preparation of flax for spinning, and their father Daniel Dakeyne (1733–1819) was granted a patent for this device in 1794. It is often said that Edward and James did not take out the patent themselves because they were minors at the time, but in fact they were 23 and 21 respectively.

Little is known of their engine other than from the somewhat unclear description accompanying the patent, which was granted in 1830. Its main castings were made at the Morley Park foundry near Heage, and it weighed 7 tons and generated 35 horsepower at a head of 96 feet of water. Stephen Glover, in his gazetteer of Derbyshire, was enthusiastic about the prospects for the disc engine, foreseeing its use in all manner of applications, domestic as well as industrial, not only as a prime mover but also as a pump. He stated that John Dakeyne had also commissioned a disc engine to drive the bellows of an organ in the family's residence, Knabb House. A larger model was constructed to drain lead mines at Alport near Youlgreave and many steam versions were subsequently built by other people.

The machine itself is difficult to describe. Frank Nixon, in his book The Industrial Archaeology of Derbyshire (1969), commented that:The most striking characteristic of this ingenious machine is perhaps the difficulty experienced by those trying to describe it; the patentees and Stephen Glover only succeeded in producing descriptions of monumental incomprehensibility.

See also
 Nutating disc engine

Notes

References
 

1820s introductions
Engines
Industrial archaeology
English inventions
Dado set. A dado set or dado blade is a type of circular saw blade, typically used with a table saw or radial arm saw, which is used to cut dadoes or grooves in woodworking. There are two common kinds of dado sets, stacked dado set and wobble blade.

Stacked dado set consists of two circular saw blades fixed on either side of a set of removable chippers. As the dado set spins, the two outside blades cut the dado walls and the chippers remove the waste material in between and smooth the bottom of the dado. The chippers are added or removed to the set as required to make a dado of the desired width. Chippers can also be interspersed with spacers to finely adjust the dado width. Consequently, changing the dado width requires the complete removal of the dado blade set from the arbor. After disassembly, chippers and/or spacers are used to achieve the desired width of the dado set.

Wobble blade or wobble dado or adjustable dado consists of a circular blade mounted on an adjustable multi-piece hub, that varies the angle of the blade to the arbor shaft. The width of the dado cut increases as the angle gets further from the radial normal (90°) to the arbor. While it is possible to adjust the thickness of the cut when the saw is mounted on the arbor, accurate adjustment is usually difficult because tightening the arbor nut often changes the adjustment. Also, because of their inherent geometry, wobble blades can only produce a flat-bottomed dado at one width setting, which may be a disadvantage in certain joinery operations. Another disadvantage of a wobble dado over stacked dado is undesirable vibrations. The magnitude of these vibrations varies with the blade's angular offset. In other words, the wider the dado, the stronger the vibrations. Dado cuts are also less likely to wear down over time, given that they are primarily designed to hold an inserted workpiece entirely still.

References

Saws
Woodworking
S. L. Kirloskar. Shantanurao Laxmanrao Kirloskar (28 May 1903 – 24 April 1994) was an Indian businessman who was instrumental in the rapid growth of the Kirloskar Group.

S.L. Kirloskar was the son of Laxmanrao Kirloskar, who established the Kirloskar Group and the township of Kirloskarwadi. S. L. Kirloskar earned a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was among the first Indians to graduate from MIT. He also became a reserve officer in the US Army at the same time.

1940 S.L. Kirloskar founded Mysore Kirloskar Ltd. to manufacture machine tools.

After the end of World War II, the Kirloskar Group grew rapidly under the leadership of S.L. Kirloskar. In 1946 he established Kirloskar Electric Company and Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited at Bangalore and Pune, respectively. He is credited with developing the manufacture of the diesel engine indigenously as an import substitute after India attained independence. He penned an autobiography under the title Cactus and Roses.

Kirloskar was awarded Padma Bhushan in the year 1965 for his contribution to trade and industry.

On 26 February 2003 Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India, released a commemorative postage stamp marking the 100th anniversary of Kirloskar's birth.

Awards
Rashtrabhushan Award of FIE Foundation, Ichalkaranji

References

External links
india.gov.in
Kirloskar Group
Kirloskar Brothers Limited, Kirloskar Group Flagship Company
Time Magazine article on Mr. S.L. Kirloskar
A write-up on 100 years of Kirloskar Group on the occasion of release of a commemorative postal stamp
Director's report – Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited
Speech by the President of India on occasion of S. L. Kirloskar's birth centenary
Birthdate of S. L. Kirloskar

1903 births
1994 deaths
Businesspeople from Pune
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry
Marathi people
Kirloskar Group
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Tom Mandel (futurist). Tom Mandel (1946 – April 6, 1995) was an American futurologist. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He dropped out of college twice and served in the United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War for nine months in 1969. In 1972, he was the first graduate of the "Futures program" at the University of Hawaii. He then did some graduate work in cybernetics at San Jose State University and was hired as a futurologist by SRI International (formerly the Stanford Research Institute) in Menlo Park, California, in 1975.

Mandel's consulting practice focused on social trend analysis and forecasting for a wide range of consumer products and technology companies, and he published several scenarios reports in collaboration with the Values and Lifestyles (VALS) program at SRI and as a senior consultant in SRI's Business Intelligence Center.

In addition to his work at SRI, Mandel was an editor of Time Online and "one of the most prolific citizens of the on-line community known as the Well," where he was considered "a central figure." His experiences in that community became the basis of a magazine article and a book  by Katie Hafner.

Mandel was "one of the first (if not the first) to share on-line, with a wide audience, his own experience of dying." On March 25, 1995, he posted on The Well that he was dying of lung cancer. He died eleven days later on April 6, 1995, at Stanford University Hospital, listening to Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with his wife Nana. He was 49.

References

External links
 Obituary by William H. Calvin
 Gerard van der Leun - Memorial
 Mandel & van der Leun Rules of the Net

1946 births
1995 deaths
American futurologists
Deaths from lung cancer in Calabria
San Jose State University alumni
Schleicher ASK 13. The ASK 13 is a two-seater glider that was built by German sailplane manufacturer Alexander Schleicher Gmbh & Co. It was and still is widely used for basic training of glider pilots.

Design and development 
In 1965 Rudolf Kaiser continued development of the two-seat Ka 2 and Schleicher Ka 7 by introducing the ASK 13, using a mixture of materials including metal, wood and fibreglass. It has swept-forward single-spar wings, positioned lower than in the Ka 7, which allows for a large blown canopy providing a good all-round view for both pilots.

The 6 degree forward sweep of the wing allows the rear pilot to be seated near the centres of gravity and lift.  The glider therefore maintains the same trim whether flown single seated or dual seated. The D-type leading edge torsion box is of plywood and the whole wing is fabric-covered. There are metal Schempp-Hirth air brakes above and below the wing, and the wooden ailerons are fabric-covered. The fuselage is a welded steel tube structure with spruce stringers and fabric-covered overall, except for the nose, which is fibreglass. The tail unit is plywood-covered, except for the rear part of the rudder and elevators, which are fabric-covered, and there is a trim tab in the starboard elevator.

Landing gear consists of a non-retractable sprung wheel, mounted aft of the centre of gravity. The original design featured a skid under the nose and tail, although on many K13s these have been replaced with wheels to make handling on hard surfaces easier.

It first flew in prototype form in July 1966 and by January 1978 a total of approximately 700 ASK 13s had been built by Schleicher.  They are superb training gliders because they stall and spin well but these manoeuvres are easy to recover from.  Their construction also gives them great strength and yet they are easily repairable.

The aircraft was succeeded by the ASK 21.

Specifications

See also

References

Schleicher Web Site
Sailplane Directory

1960s German sailplanes
Schleicher aircraft
Forward-swept-wing aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1966