omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Managed DirectX. Managed DirectX (MDX) is Microsoft's deprecated API for DirectX programming on .NET Framework. MDX can be used from any language on .NET Framework (via the Common Language Runtime). MDX can be used to develop multimedia and interactive applications (e.g. games, compiled only to x86), enabling high performance graphical representation and enabling the programmer to make use of modern graphical hardware while working inside the .NET Framework.

Overview
Managed DirectX was first released in 2002 to allow less complicated access to the DirectX API through the .NET framework. The Managed DirectX SDK allows developers access to numerous classes which allow the rendering of 3D graphics (Direct3D) and the other DirectX API's in a much easier, object-oriented manner. MDX, however, does not support the newer APIs such as Direct3D 10, XInput, and XAudio 2.

MDX is deprecated in favor of XNA Game Studio Express. It is, however, possible to use some other, more direct APIs to the DirectX framework such as the open-source SlimDX and SharpDX project.

Versions

MDX 1.1
 This was the first version available and still is the current stable version.
 Can be used under .NET Framework versions 1.1 and 2.0.
 Provides an object-oriented API that implements functionality very similar to DirectX 9.

MDX 2.0 beta
 Was canceled while still in beta. Is no longer available.
 MDX 2.0 was replaced by Microsoft XNA (DirectX New Architecture).
 The API differed from MDX 1.1 in a number of places.

External links
Microsoft Development Centre DirectX
Managed DirectX with IronPython tutorial 

Video game development software
DirectX
Microsoft development tools
2002 software
Abadan Ayatollah Jami International Airport. Abadan International Airport  is situated 12 kilometers away from the city of Abadan, Iran.

History

During World War II, Abadan Airport was a major logistics center for Lend-Lease aircraft being sent to the Soviet Union by the United States. Beginning in May 1942, the United States Army Air Forces Air Technical Service Command and the Douglas Aircraft Company established a plant here, with the 17th Air Depot Group assembling newly arrived aircraft and flight-testing them. Once prepared, they were flown to Mehrabad Airport, Tehran, for delivery to the Soviets. The airport was designated as Station #3, by the Air Transport Command North African Wing, with connecting routes to Mehrabad Airport, Tehran; RAF Habbaniya, Iraq, and Bahrain Airport, Bahrain.

Airlines and destinations

The following airlines offer scheduled passenger service:

Incidents and accidents
 On 10 September 1958, Mariner P-303 was being ferried to the Netherlands from Biak, Indonesia. Due to technical problems, a forced landing was carried out at Abadan, Iran. About two weeks later, repairs had been accomplished, and the aircraft took off. Shortly after takeoff, an oil leak was observed on engine number one. While on finals for landing at Abadan, the aircraft suddenly lost height and crashed, killing all aboard. It appeared that the remaining propeller reversed thrust, causing the crew to lose control.
 On 24 January 2010, Taban Air Flight 6437, a Tupolev Tu-154M, crashed whilst making an emergency landing at Mashhad International Airport due to a medical emergency; all 157 and 13 crew survived the accident with 42 receiving minor injuries. The flight originated from Abadan the day before but had to overnight stop in Isfahan due to weather in Mashhad.

References

External links

Airports in Iran
Abadan, Iran
World War II airfields in Iran
Inertial footpod. An inertial footpod is a device used to track running measurements such as speed, distance travelled, pace, etc., which would generally only be available on treadmills or with a GPS unit.

This device is usually small and attaches to a runner's foot.  It uses one or more accelerometers and processes several times a second to compute speed.

One example is the foot pod employed by the Polar S625x running computer.

See also
 Musgrave Footprint
 Pedometer

References

Further reading

Sport of athletics equipment
Helitrans. Helitrans is a Norwegian helicopter and maintenance company based at Trondheim Airport, Værnes established in 1990. The airline also has bases in Lillestrøm Kjeller Airport, Ås Municipality, Mo i Rana Airport, Røssvoll, Narvik, Langnes Airport, Alta Airport, Stavanger Airport, Ljosland, and Sauda in Norway.

The airline offers services within construction, fire fighting, charter and sightseeing, surveillance exercises and other areas.

In April 2010, Helitrans received approval to fly to London City Airport, in the business center of London, one of Europe's most demanding airports.

History
The company started helicopter services from Trondheim Airport in 1990 providing general services, including work for mobile telephone network operators, power grid operators and reindeer farmers. In 1997 the company started a fixed-wing division, with a Dornier Do-228. Services included charter flights from Trondheim Airport with Rosenborg BK and with Statoil to Brønnøysund. The fixed-wing division was sold to Kato Airline in 1998.

In 2004 Helitrans made two large purchases: the aerial photography company Fjellanger Widerøe and the domestic division of NorCopter. Later they also have bought the Swedish aircraft maintenance company Air Service Torsby based at Torsby Airport and the Ålesund Airport, Vigra based airline Classic Norway Air that operated a BAe Jetstream 31.

In 2007 Helitrans purchased HelikopterDrift AS, a helicopter company based in Kjeller Airport, Lillestrøm, and later merged into Helitrans AS in 2011.

In December 2012 Helitrans ended the fixed wing operation and continued to only operate helicopters.

In 2016 Investor Oddvar Røysi buys 13 brand new Airbus-helicopter close to 300 million NOK, which he pays cash.

In march 2017 Investor Røysi Invest buys Helitrans from BOA

February 27, 2018 – Kopter is proud to announce the signature of a firm contract for twelve units plus six options with Helitrans AS, one of Norway’s largest helicopter operators.

May 2019 Helitrans has taken delivery of two Airbus H125 helicopters with digital logcards, becoming the first H125 operator able to manage the maintenance history of its aircraft components digitally, resulting in better data quality, time savings, and simpler processes, thereby reinforcing flight safety.

On 31 August 2019, an Airbus AS350 operated by a contracted Helitrans worker crashed in the mountains of Skoddevarre in Alta Municipality, Norway, during a sightseeing tour, killing all 6 occupants.

In June of 2021, the board of Helitrans appointed Ole Christian Melhus as acting CEO.

Fleet
As of August 2021:

Helicopters:
 1 Bell 205
 24 Airbus Helicopters H125

Financials
In 2014, Helitrans had an annual revenue of NOK 90 million ($10,785,160 USD), with a net profit of $409,000 USD.

In 2018, Helitrans had an annual revenue of NOK 248 million.

References

External links
 Helitrans web site

Airlines of Norway
Airlines established in 1990
1990 establishments in Norway
Transport companies of Trøndelag
Helicopter airlines
Floating hinge. A floating hinge is a hinge that, while able to behave as a normal hinge, enables one of the objects to move away from the other - hence "float". In effect, the hinge allows for two parallel axes of rotation – one for each object joined by the hinge – and each axis can be moved relative to the position of the other.

Uses 

Floating hinges are used in flatbed scanners designed to scan thick objects such as books. If a regular sheet of paper is placed on the glass and the cover is lowered over it, the glass, the paper, and the cover are very close together. If a thicker object is placed on the glass, an ordinary hinge would leave the cover at an angle to the glass; a floating hinge raises the hinged edge of the cover to the level of the book so that the cover remains parallel to the glass, but raised above it. 

Floating hinges are also used in two-plate electric cooking grills, as they allow for even heating of both sides of a thick piece of food without crushing it.

See also

References

External links

Hinges
Hardware (mechanical)
Mason equation. The Mason equation is an approximate analytical expression for the growth (due to condensation) or evaporation of a water droplet—it is due to the meteorologist B. J. Mason. The expression is found by recognising that mass diffusion towards the water drop in a supersaturated environment transports energy as latent heat, and this has to be balanced by the diffusion of sensible heat back across the boundary layer, (and the energy of heatup of the drop, but for a cloud-sized drop this last term is usually small).

Equation 

In Mason's formulation the changes in temperature across the boundary layer can be related to the changes in saturated vapour pressure by the Clausius–Clapeyron relation; the two energy transport terms must be nearly equal but opposite in sign and so this sets the interface temperature of the drop. The resulting expression for the growth rate is significantly lower than that expected if the drop were not warmed by the latent heat.

Thus if the drop has a size r, the inward mass flow rate is given by

and the sensible heat flux by

and the final expression for the growth rate is

 

where
 S is the supersaturation far from the drop
 L is the latent heat
 K is the vapour thermal conductivity
 D is the binary diffusion coefficient
 R is the gas constant

References

Thermodynamic equations
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Equations
DX10. DX10 was a general purpose international, multitasking operating system designed to operate
with the Texas Instruments 990/10, 990/10A and 990/12 minicomputers using the memory mapping feature.

The Disk Executive Operating System (DX10)

DX10 was a versatile disk-based operating system capable of supporting a wide
range of commercial and industrial applications.
DX10 was also a multiterminal system capable of making each of several users
appear to have exclusive control of the system.

DX10 was an international operating system designed to meet the commercial
requirements of the United States, most European countries, and Japan.
DX10 supported several models of video display terminals (VDTs), most of which
permit users to enter, view, and process data in their own language.

DX10 Capabilities

DX10 required a basic hardware configuration, but allows additional members of
an extensive group of peripherals to be included in the configuration.
During system generation, the user could configure DX10 to support peripheral devices
that are not members of the 990 family and devices that require realtime
support.
This capability required that the user also provide software control for these
devices.

The user communicated with DX10 easily through the System Command Interpreter (SCI).
SCI was designed to provide simple, convenient interaction between the user and
DX10 in a conversational format.
Through SCI the user had access to complete control of DX10.
SCI was flexible in its mode of communication.
While SCI is convenient for interactive communication through a data terminal,
SCI can be accessed in batch mode as well.

DX10 was capable of extensive file management.
The built-in file structures include key indexed files, relative record files,
and sequential files.
A group of file control utilities exists for copying and modifying files, and
controlling file parameters.

DX10 Features

DX10 offered a number of features that provide convenient use of the minicomputers system capabilities:
Easy system generation for systems with custom device configurations.  With proper preparation, peripheral devices that are not part of the 990 computer family can be interfaced through DX10.
A macro assembler for translating assembly language programs into executable machine code.
A text editor for entering source code or data into accessible files.
Support of high-level languages, including Fortran, COBOL, Pascal, RPG II, and BASIC.
A link editor and extended debugging facilities are provided to further support program development.

References

External links
 Dave Pitts' TI 990 page — Includes a simulator and DX10 Operating System images.
 

Proprietary operating systems
Texas Instruments
Electronic warfare officer. In the U.S. Air Force, an electronic warfare officer (EWO) is a trained aerial navigator who has received training in enemy threat systems, electronic warfare principles and overcoming enemy air defense systems. These officers are specialists in finding, identifying and countering air defense systems and also radar-, infrared- and optically guided surface-to-air missiles, anti-aircraft artillery as well as enemy fighter planes. In aircraft that could penetrate enemy airspace EWOs protect their aircraft using radar jamming, chaff and flares to deceive potential threats. In other aircraft EWOs work to gather intelligence information on potential enemy air defense systems and communication systems.

For decades the U.S. Air Force used fully-trained navigator officers as EWO trainees, or EWOT. Their primary training was carried out by the 453d Flying Training Squadron at the former Mather AFB, California near Sacramento. Their follow-on training as EWOs, called "Combat Crew Training School" (CCTS), was usually carried out at the units to which they had been assigned. The B-52 Stratofortress CCTS was conducted at Castle AFB, California in B-52G models. B-52H model differential training was conducted at the gaining Unit location. EWOs could also be assigned to F-105G Thunderchief Wild Weasels,  F-4 Phantom II, F-111 Aardvark, C-130 Hercules versions (MC-130, EC-130, etc.), B-1 Lancer or a number of versions of the RC-135.

As an example, the EWO in a B-52 is trained in the use of a variety of active and passive electronic countermeasures (ECM) techniques and equipment. Active jammers include the AN/ALQ-155 Power Management System, AN/ALQ-117, AN/ALQ-172, AN/ALT-16, AN/ALQ-122, AN/ALQ-153 Tail Warning System and the low-band communications jammer set AN/ALT-32.  The EWO monitors the electromagnetic environment through the use of radar receivers such as the AN/ALR-46 and AN/ALR-20A. Additionally, the EWO has command of AN/ALE-24 chaff and AN/ALE-20 flare set for self-protection.

The EWO basic course training was conducted at the 563d Flying Training Squadron at Randolph AFB, Texas. It was a 12-week program for B-52, AC/MC/EC-130, U-28 and RC-135 EWOs. Selected F-15E and B-1 WSOs also attended the 12-week program. Students went from undergraduate navigator training at the 562d FTS and from WSO to their follow-on training. Upon completion the EWOs were presented with their wings and the WSOs achieved their upgrades. The school was relocated, redesigned and reopened as a CSO school at NAS Pensacola, Fl. The last class to graduate from Randolph AFB was in October 2010.

Currently all Navigator, Electronic Warfare Officer and Weapons Systems Officer Training is located at the Naval Air Station Pensacola. The training period is 12 months not including initial flight screening. Beginning in 2009, U.S. Air Force candidates for Electronic Warfare Officer and Weapons Systems Officer were trained alongside traditional navigators in a new career field, the "Combat Systems Officer".

See also 
Association of Old Crows

References

Combat support occupations
United States Air Force specialisms
Mesonic molecule. A mesonic molecule is a set of two or more mesons bound together by the strong force. Unlike baryonic molecules, which form the nuclei of all elements in nature save hydrogen-1, a mesonic molecule has yet to be definitively observed. The X(3872) discovered in 2003 and the Z(4430) discovered in 2007 by the Belle experiment are the best candidates for such an observation.

See also
Meson
Pionium
Tetraquark

References

Hypothetical composite particles
Andrew Freeman (inventor). Andrew Freeman (March 10, 1909 – January 17, 1996) was an American electrical engineer and the inventor of the electric block heater for automobiles.

Andrew L. Freeman was born in Upham, North Dakota. He attended the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota, where he majored in electrical engineering. He served as general manager of Minnkota Power Cooperative from 1940 to 1982. Since 2004, Minnkota Power Cooperative, Inc. has sponsored the Andrew Freeman Design Innovation Competition at the University of North Dakota College of Engineering and Mines.

Freeman first developed a block heater around 1947, and received U.S. Patent #2487326 on November 8, 1949.

In 1947, Freeman co-founded and served as president of Five Star Manufacturing Company of East Grand Forks, MN to manufacture headbolt heaters.

References

External links
 UND Center for Innovation North Dakota Entrepreneur Hall of Fame

American electrical engineers
University of North Dakota alumni
Inventors from North Dakota
1909 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Engineers from North Dakota
Weissenberg effect. In fluid dynamics, the Weissenberg effect is a phenomenon that occurs when a spinning rod is inserted into a solution of elastic liquid. Instead of being thrown outward, the solution is drawn towards the rod and rises up around it.  This is a direct consequence of the normal stress that acts like a hoop stress around  the rod. The effect is a common example of non-Newtonian fluid dynamics, which has been shown to occur for polystyrene.
The effect is named after Karl Weissenberg who published about it in 1947.

References

External links
The Isolation of, and the Initial Measurements of the Weissenberg Effect

Viscosity
Rheology
IBM M44/44X. The IBM M44/44X was an experimental computer system from the mid-1960s, designed and operated at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center at Yorktown Heights, New York. It was based on a modified IBM 7044 (the 'M44'), and simulated multiple 7044 virtual machines (the '44X'), using both hardware and software. Key team members were Dave Sayre and Rob Nelson. This was a groundbreaking machine, used to explore paging, the virtual machine concept, and computer performance measurement. It was purely a research system, and was cited in 1981 by Peter Denning as an outstanding example of experimental computer science.

The term virtual machine probably originated with the M44/44X project, from which it was later appropriated by the CP-40 team to replace their earlier term pseudo machine.

Unlike CP-40 and later CP/CMS control programs, M44/44X did not implement a complete simulation of the underlying hardware (i.e. full virtualization). CP-40 project leader Robert Creasy observed:

The M44/44X "was about as much of a virtual machine system as CTSS – which is to say that it was close enough to a virtual machine system to show that 'close enough' did not count. I never heard a more eloquent argument for virtual machines than from Dave Sayre."

M44/44X "implanted the idea that the virtual machine concept is not necessarily less efficient than more conventional approaches" – a core assumption in the CP/CMS architecture, and one that ultimately proved very successful.

References
 R. J. Creasy, "The origin of the VM/370 time-sharing system", IBM Journal of Research & Development, Vol. 25, No. 5 (September 1981), pp. 483-490,– perspective on CP/CMS and VM history by the CP-40 project lead, also a CTSS author
 Peter J. Denning, "Performance Modeling: Experimental Computer Science at its Best", Communications of the ACM, President's Letter (November 1981) – an influential survey paper, citing the following M44/44X papers:

 L. Belady, "A study of replacement algorithms for virtual storage computers," IBM Systems Journal Vol. 5, No. 2 (1966), pp. 78-101

 L. Belady and C. J. Kuehner, "Dynamic space sharing in computer systems," Communications of ACM Vol. 12 No. 5 (May 1969), pp. 282-288

 L. Belady, R. A. Nelson, and G. S. Shedler, "An anomaly in the space-time characteristics of certain programs running in paging machines," Communications of the ACM Vol. 12, No. 6 (June 1969), pp. 349-353

 – describes the M44/44X, reports performance measurements related to memory and paging, and discusses performance impact of multiprogramming and time-sharing
 R. A. Nelson, "Mapping Devices and the M44 Data Processing System," Research Report RC 1303, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center (1964)– about the M44/44X
 D. Sayre, On Virtual Systems, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center (April 15, 1966)– an early virtual machine paper describing multiprogramming with the M44/44X.
 Melinda Varian, VM and the VM community, past present, and future, SHARE 89 Sessions 9059-9061, 1997– the outstanding source for CP/CMS and VM history

Citations

M44 44X
Virtualization software
VM (operating system)
Alf Hjort. Alf Hjort (12 October 1877 – 12 December 1944) was a Norwegian born, American electrical engineer. He played a leading part in the planning and construction of the underground and underwater railroad and car tunnels of New York City, as well as the extensions of the city's metropolitan subway system.

Background
Alf Hjort was born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was a younger brother of Norwegian oceanographer and marine zoologist Johan Hjort. Their parents were Johan S.A. Hjort (1835-1905), a professor of ophthalmology, and Elisabeth Falsen (1849-1922) of the Falsen family. After graduating from Oslo Gymnasium, he went to Hannover in Germany to study mechanical and electrical engineering. After work periods in Berlin and London, Hjort came to the United States in 1904.

Career
From 1904 to 1909 he served as chief engineer of Pearson & Sons, one of the largest and best known  contracting and construction firms at the time. Hjort's task was to oversee the planning and construction of the Pennsylvania Railroads Tunnels under the Hudson River, and the Long Island Rail Road Tunnels under the East River. This was one of the greatest engineering and construction enterprises ever undertaken anywhere in the world up to that time.

After the completion of these projects, Hjort was engaged with the Degnon Contracting Company of New York City, in the task of building part of the Catskill Water Supply Project, which was used to supply New York City with water. In 1911, Hjort went to  Flinn-O'Rourke Construction Company and served as this firm's chief engineer from 1929 until his death in New York during 1944. Under his watch a string of New York City Subway tunnel projects were planned and completed, most notably the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel between the southern tip of Manhattan and Brooklyn.

In 1911, Hjort was among the founders of The American-Scandinavian Foundation in New York City.  He also maintained close links to his native Norway during his 40 years in the United States.

References

Primary sources
Bjork, Kenneth  Saga In Steel And Concrete - Norwegian Engineers In America (Northfield, Minnesota: Norwegian-American Historical Association. 1947)
Pfeiffer, Henry  Prominent Men of New York: Individual Biographic Studies with Character Portraits. Volume 1 (New York City: Historical Records, Inc.  1940)

External links
American Scandinavian Society

Norwegian electrical engineers
1877 births
1944 deaths
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Engineers from Oslo