omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Adam Kolawa. Adam Kazimierz Kolawa (June 25, 1957 – April 26, 2011) was CEO and co-founder of Parasoft, a software company in Monrovia, CA that makes software development tools.

History 

Kolawa received a M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the AGH University of Science and Technology in 1981 and a M.Sc. in physics from Jagiellonian University in 1982. After Kolawa emigrated from Poland to the United States, he earned a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from the California Institute of Technology. While at Caltech, he worked with Geoffrey Fox and helped design and implement the Intel hypercube parallel computer known as the Cosmic Cube.

In 1987, he founded Parasoft with four friends from Caltech. Initially, the company focused on parallel processing technologies. Kolawa co-authored two books on development testing and software testing. In 2001, Kolawa was awarded the Los Angeles Ernst & Young's Entrepreneur of the Year Award in the Software category.

Kolawa was granted 20 patents for software technologies he has invented. His patents include runtime memory error detection technology (Patent  and   – granted in 1998), statically analyzing source code quality using rules (Patent  – granted in 1999), and automated unit test case generation technology  (Patent  and   – granted in 1998).

Kolawa died suddenly on April 26, 2011.

Publications

Books

References

External links
 Parasoft Executive Biographies
 Exclusive JDJ Industry Profile: Dr Adam Kolawa, CEO, Parasoft
 Unlocking the Power of Automation: Exclusive Q&A with Dr Adam Kolawa, Co-founder & CEO of Parasoft

Businesspeople in software
American computer businesspeople
American technology chief executives
California Institute of Technology alumni
American technology writers
1957 births
2011 deaths
Sodium bicarbonate rocket. A sodium bicarbonate rocket (sometimes called an Alka-Seltzer rocket) is a model rocket fashioned from a 35mm film canister and propelled by the pressure of a gas, often carbon dioxide, generated from the reaction of an acid with sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate rockets are often used in science classes to demonstrate principles of chemistry and physics.

In the experiment, a film canister is filled with water, an effervescent tablet (commonly Alka-Seltzer) is added and the canister tightly sealed. After a short time, the pressure of the carbon dioxide is great enough to cause the body of the canister to be launched into the air with a popping sound. The canister may be embellished with paper fins to resemble more closely a real rocket.

Various experiments and lessons can center around the use of a bicarbonate rocket. For example, students are sometimes asked to experiment with the amounts of water and Alka-Seltzer to find the combination which propels the rocket the greatest distance. Alternatively they may derive equations to calculate the speed and velocity of the rocket from the distance it travels.

In rocketry, a chemical reaction rapidly creates gas that is expelled in one direction from its container (the rocket engine); momentum forces the rocket in the opposite direction. The alka-seltzer rocket experiment demonstrates Newton's third law. The film canister rocket has a buildup of gas that wants to come out of the weakest spot making all the gas come out at once through the hole at the bottom. The gas comes out from the underside and pushes the rocket up. After it gets pushed up, air resistance slows it down and gravity pulls it down to earth. The film canister accelerates quickly because it has very little mass.
The film canister rocket uses a solid fuel mixed with a liquid fuel to create a gas that escapes out of the bottom. The gas is carbon dioxide (CO2), the liquid is water (H2O), and the solid is an effervescent tablet. When the H2O is mixed with an effervescent tablet, it produces the gas CO2. The reaction time depends on the surface area of the tablet.

See also
 Water rocket
 Diet Coke and Mentos eruption

References

External links 
 Video of rocket and instructions

Model rockets
Physics experiments
Chemistry experiments
Armstrong Whitworth AW.171. 

The Armstrong Whitworth AW.171 was a British project of the 1950s to develop a supersonic VTOL flying wing aircraft. It was planned to investigate the extremely low aspect ratio delta wings proposed by Professor A.A. Griffith for supersonic transports. The A.W.171 design was a very slender delta flying wing powered by two Bristol Orpheus turbojets mounted at the wingtips, with 10 Rolls-Royce RB.108 lift jets. The pilot was to lie in a prone position to minimise drag. Work was cancelled in 1957 before a prototype was completed.

Specification

See also

References

Williams, Ray. "Paper Planes:Armstrong Whitworth's unbuilt projects". Air Enthusiast, Forty-three, 1991. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 60–79.

External links
 Armstrong Whitworth AW.171

1950s British experimental aircraft
AW.171
Flying wings
VTOL aircraft
Cancelled aircraft projects
Prone pilot aircraft
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
Twelve-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft with auxiliary jet engines
Unflown aircraft
External memory interface. An external memory  interface is a bus protocol for communication from an integrated circuit, such as a microprocessor, to an external memory device located on a circuit board.  The memory is referred to as external because it is not contained within the internal circuitry of the integrated circuit and thus is externally located on the circuit board.

The external memory interface enables the processor to interface with third level caches, peripherals, and external memory.

Some common external memory interfaces include:
 DDR
 DDR2
 GDDR

References 

Computer memory
Staircase voltammetry. Staircase voltammetry is a derivative of linear sweep voltammetry.  In linear sweep voltammetry the current at a working electrode is measured while the potential between the working electrode and a reference electrode is swept linearly in time. Oxidation or reduction of species is registered as a peak or trough in the current signal at the potential at which the species begins to be oxidized or reduced.

In staircase voltammetry, the potential sweep is a series of stair steps.  The current is measured at the end of each potential change, right before the next, so that the contribution to the current signal from the capacitive charging current is reduced.

See also
 Voltammetry
 Electroanalytical methods
 Squarewave voltammetry

References

Electroanalytical methods
Working electrode. In electrochemistry, the working electrode is the electrode in an electrochemical system on which the reaction of interest is occurring.  The working electrode is often used in conjunction with an auxiliary electrode, and a reference electrode in a three-electrode system.  Depending on whether the reaction on the electrode is a reduction or an oxidation, the working electrode is called cathodic or anodic, respectively.  Common working electrodes can consist of materials ranging from noble metals such as gold or platinum, to inert carbon such as glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond or pyrolytic carbon, and mercury drop and film electrodes. Chemically modified electrodes are employed for the analysis of both organic and inorganic samples.

Special types
 Ultramicroelectrode (UME)
 Rotating disk electrode (RDE)
 Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) 
 Hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE)
 Dropping mercury electrode (DME)

See also

 Auxiliary electrode
 Electrochemical cell
 Electrochemistry
 Electrode potential
 Electrosynthesis
 Reference electrode
 Voltammetry

References

External links
 

Electroanalytical chemistry devices
Electrodes
Queue automaton. A queue machine, queue automaton, or pullup automaton (PUA) is a finite-state machine with the ability to store and retrieve data from an infinite-memory queue. Its design is similar to a pushdown automaton but differs by replacing the stack with this queue. A queue machine is a model of computation equivalent to a Turing machine, and therefore it can process the same class of formal languages.

Theory 
A queue machine can be defined as a six-tuple

 where

  is a finite set of states;
  is the finite set of the input alphabet;
  is the finite queue alphabet;
  is the initial queue symbol;
  is the start state;
  is the transition function.

A machine configuration is an ordered pair of its state and queue contents , where  denotes the Kleene closure of . The starting configuration on an input string  is defined as , and the transition  from one configuration to the next is defined as:

where  is a symbol from the queue alphabet,  is a sequence of queue symbols (), and . Note the "first-in-first-out" property of the queue in the relation.

The machine accepts a string  if after a finite number of transitions the starting configuration evolves to exhaust the string (reaching the null string ), or otherwise stated, if

Turing completeness 
We can prove that a queue machine is equivalent to a Turing machine by showing that a queue machine can simulate a Turing machine and vice versa.

A Turing machine can be simulated by a queue machine that keeps a copy of the Turing machine's contents in its queue at all times, with two special markers: one for the Turing machine's head position, and one for the end of the tape; its transitions simulate those of the Turing machine by running through the whole queue, popping off each of its symbols and re-enqueing either the popped symbol, or, near the head position, the equivalent of the Turing machine transition's effect.

A queue machine can be simulated by a Turing machine, but more easily by a multi-tape Turing machine, which is known to be equivalent to a normal single-tape machine.
The simulating queue machine reads input on one tape and stores the queue on the second, with pushes and pops defined by simple transitions to the beginning and end symbols of the tape. A formal proof of this is often an exercise in theoretical computer science courses.

Applications 
Queue machines offer a simple model on which to base computer architectures, programming languages, or algorithms.

See also 
 Computability
 Turing machine equivalents
 Deterministic finite automaton
 Tag system
 Manufactoria, a browser flash game tasking the player with implementation of various algorithms using a queue machine model.

References 

Automata (computation)
Models of computation
DSP/BIOS Link. DSP/BIOS Link or DSPLINK is an interprocessor or inter-process communication (IPC) scheme to pass messages and data in multiprocessing systems. In the case of the DaVinci digital signal processor (DSP) family from Texas Instruments, this scheme allows passing messages and data between an ARM client and a DSP server. DSPLINK can be used to implement a layer of software abstraction called a remote procedure call (RPC) that allows a remote function on the DSP to appear as local function calls in the ARM application code. The Codec Engine IPC communication layer is implemented using a RPC call scheme built on DSP/BIOS LINK.

Overview
DSP/BIOS LINK is implemented using shared memory and internal interrupts from the ARM to the DSP and vice versa.

The shared memory protocol for IPC is implemented as follows:

The ARM and DSP are programmed to a predetermined memory address where a message will be sent from the ARM to the DSP; and another for messages sent from the DSP to the ARM. 
One processor sends messages to the other by writing the message into the pre-determined address and then sending an interrupt to signal the other processor that a new message is available. When transferring data buffers, only a pointer to a given buffer needs to be passed since the buffer resides in shared memory that is accessible to both the processors.  ARM buffer addresses must be translated into physical addresses when being presented to the DSP, as the DSP does not have an MMU or a concept of virtual addressing. 
Once the processor receiving the message has read it, it marks a flag in shared memory to indicate that the message memory is now available to be rewritten with another message.

The DSP included in many DaVinci-based devices generally runs TI's DSP/BIOS RTOS. When multiple, heterogeneous cores are included in the device (e.g. DM644x), DSP/BIOS Link drivers run on both the ARM processor and the DSP to provide communication between the two.

Operating systems

A number of ARM9 operating systems support DSP/BIOS Link drivers:
Montavista Linux
TimeSys Linux
Mentor Graphics Nucleus OS
Green Hills Software Integrity RTOS
QNX Neutrino
Windows CE
LEOs (RTOS)

See also
TI-RTOS

External links
 Programming Details of Codec Engine for DaVinciTechnology (Whitepaper)
 Using a multicore RTOS for DSP applications
 DSP/BIOS Link WebEx Presentations

References 

Inter-process communication
Digital signal processors
Texas Instruments
Bonded Fibre Matrix. Bonded Fibre Matrix (BFM) mulch is a type of hydroseeding erosion control product.

The matrix is a continuous layer of elongated fibre strands held together by a water-resistant bonding agent. It keeps raindrops from hitting the soil because it has no holes larger than one millimetre. It allows no gaps between the product and the soil. It has a high water-holding capacity. It will not form a water-insensitive crust that can inhibit plant growth. It biodegrades into materials that help plant growth.

Gardening aids
Landscape architecture
Lawn care

References
Enthusiast System Architecture. The Enthusiast System Architecture (ESA) specification is a royalty-free protocol for two-way communication of PC components. Announced in 2007, ESA is used for monitoring temperature of computer hardware components such as the computer case and power supply unit. The first and last official release of the ESA specification is version 1.0, released in 2007. The ESA USB specification was created by a joint venture between Microsoft, Nvidia, Logitech and several other companies.  The protocol remains open and royalty-free; but, no manufacturers are currently utilizing its specification at this time.  The last known devices to utilize the ESA specifications were the Dell XPS 730x and Alienware Area-51 ALX computer systems that utilized the ESA specification to control its fans, LEDs, and motorized doors as well as the monitoring of available Water cooling systems such as the Dell XPS 730x's Dell H2Ceramic Cooling System.

The ESA specification is built around the current USB human interface device class specification and ESA was sent to the USB Implementers Forum HID subcommittee for discussion and approval in early 2007.  The USBIF approved and inserted the ESA specification into the USB HID specifications as an extension in late 2007 (reference paper needed).  All ESA-certified devices must pass USB 2.0 logo compliance. Readings of temperature, voltage, current, power, activity level, water level, status, position and so on can be monitored via USB Implementers Forum specifications.  At the time of release, these devices could be controlled and monitored via the nTune application, while operating mode, voltages, rpm while also allowing these devices to be adjusted in the utility.

ESA devices have a microcontroller that integrates a USB 2.0-compliant full-speed device controller and ESA-compliant hardware components connects to the motherboard via a USB cable. ESA-compliant hardware components are seen as 'Collections'. Within the collections there are 'Zones'. Sensors and controls are organized into zones.

Only one software implementation exists; it is Nvidia's proprietary "System Tools with ESA Support" which only works on nForce-based motherboards and only runs on Windows.

See also 
 System monitor
 Nvidia System Tools

References

External links 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071018025526/http://www.nvidia.com/esa (Page no longer exists)
 Tech Brief
 Certification Requirements
 Press Release November 5, 2007
 Press Release March 13, 2008

Computer-related introductions in 2007
Nvidia
Open standards
USB
Communications protocols
XDAIS algorithms. XDAIS or eXpressDsp Algorithm Interoperability Standard is a standard for algorithm development by Texas Instruments for the TMS320 DSP family.  The standard was first introduced in 1999 and was created to facilitate integration of DSP algorithms into systems without re-engineering cost. The XDAIS standard address the issues of algorithm resource allocation and consumption on a DSP.  Algorithms that comply with the standard are tested and awarded an "eXpressDSP-compliant" mark upon successful completion of the test.

The standard consists of a set of general rules and guidelines that should be applied to all algorithms.  For instance, all XDAIS compliant algorithms must implement an Algorithm Interface, called IALG.  For those algorithms utilizing DMA, the IDMA interface must be implemented.  Further, specific rules are provided for each family of TI DSP.

Problems are often caused in algorithm by hard-coding access to system resources that are used by other algorithms. XDAIS prohibits the use of this type of hard-coding.  Instead, XDAIS requires a standard API for the application to call a particular algorithm class.  This API is defined in the xDM standard, also referred to as the VISA APIs (video, imaging, speech and audio).

A XDAIS developer's kit provides the standard itself, example code, and a demonstration.

Benefits of XDAIS over non-standardised approaches include:

 Significant reduction in integration time as algorithms do not trash each other's resources
 Easy comparison of algorithms from multiple different sources in the same application
 Access to broad range of compliant algorithms available from multiple TI DSP Third Parties eliminates need to custom develop complex algorithms
 Algorithms work out-of-the-box with eXpressDSP Multimedia Framework Products, such as Codec Engine (TI)

See also
eXpressDsp

External links
 XpressDSP Algorithm Standard – xDAIS Developer’s Kit and xDM
 TMS320 DSP Algorithm Standard Developer’s Guide

Texas Instruments
Digital signal processing
Pagoda (data structure). In computer science, a pagoda is a priority queue implemented with a variant of a binary tree. The root points to its children, as in a binary tree. Every other node points back to its parent and down to its leftmost (if it is a right child) or rightmost (if it is a left child) descendant leaf. The basic operation is merge or meld, which maintains the heap property. An element is inserted by merging it as a singleton. The root is removed by merging its right and left children. Merging is bottom-up, merging the leftmost edge of one with the rightmost edge of the other.

References 
 J. Francon, G. Viennot, and J. Vuillemin, Description and analysis of an efficient priority queue representation, Proc. 19th Annual Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science. IEEE, 1978, pages 1–7.
 R. Nix, An Evaluation of Pagodas, Res. Rep. 164, Dept. of Computer Science, Yale Univ. 1988?
 

Priority queues
Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium. Tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium (TDMAT), also known as Titanium(IV) dimethylamide, is a chemical compound. The compound is generally classified as a metalorganic species, meaning that its properties are strongly influenced by the organic ligands but the compound lacks metal-carbon bonds. It is used in chemical vapor deposition to prepare titanium nitride (TiN) surfaces and in atomic layer deposition as a titanium dioxide precursor. The prefix "tetrakis" refers the presence of four of the same ligand, in this case dimethylamides.

Preparation and properties
Tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium is a conventional Ti(IV) compound in the sense that it is tetrahedral and diamagnetic. Unlike the many alkoxides, the diorganoamides of titanium are monomeric and thus at least somewhat volatile.  It is prepared from titanium tetrachloride (which is also tetrahedral, diamagnetic, and volatile) by treatment with lithium dimethylamide:
TiCl4  +  4 LiNMe2   →   Ti(NMe2)4  +  4 LiCl
Like many amido complexes, TDMAT is quite sensitive toward water, and its handling requires air-free techniques. The ultimate products of its hydrolysis is titanium dioxide and dimethylamine:
Ti(NMe2)4  +  2 H2O   →   TiO2  +  4 HNMe2
In a related reaction, the compound undergoes exchange with other amines, evolving dimethylamine.

TMAT has been used in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).

Related compounds
Tetrakis(dimethylamido)vanadium (registry number 19824-56-7)

References

Semiconductor device fabrication
Titanium(IV) compounds
Metal amides
Passive seismic. Passive seismic is the detection of natural low frequency earth movements, usually with the purpose of discerning geological structure and locate underground oil, gas, or other resources. Usually the data listening is done in multiple measurement points that are separated by several hundred meters, over periods of several hours to several days, using portable seismometers. The conclusions about the geological structure are based on the spectral analysis or on the mathematical reconstruction of the propagation and possible sources of the observed seismic waves. If the latter is planned, data are usually acquired in multiple (in the ideal case – all) points simultaneously, using so called synchronized lines. Reliability of the time reverse modelling can be further increased using results of reflection seismology about the distribution of the sound speed in the underground volume.

Passive seismic usually focuses on a low frequency signals (0 to 10 Hz) and is sometimes called the "low frequency" seismology. The seismometers record movements in all 3 possible directions independently (such devices also have other application areas like long-term measurement stations). When needed, data acquisition is also done under water, using waterproof devices that measure earth movements at the bottom of the sea. Geophones are almost never used due to their limited sensitivity.

The survey using this method is very different from the conventional survey that is usually based on reflection seismology. The conventional survey consists of numerous measurements that are spatially very close together and relatively short (often lasting in the order of minutes). The passive seismic survey has much less measurements but they are frequently recorded for days. Local time must be taken into consideration, picking intervals with less human induced noise. Even relatively distant earthquakes are visible in the recorded spectrograms and must also be excluded from analysis.

The similar method have been also applied in another planets. For instance, during Apollo missions, the Passive Seismic Experiment sensors were deployed that detected lunar "moonquakes" and provided information about the internal structure of the Moon.

Passive seismic is much less expensive than well drilling. It is also cheaper and more environmentally friendly than active seismic, which requires a strong source of the seismic waves (like an underground explosion) to predict the structure. In some cases it may be the only method for which land access is granted by the land owner. Despite the method having been successfully applied in many parts of the world, this approach is currently less reliable, as the scientific methods are still largely under development.

See also
 Reflection seismology

References 

Seismology measurement