omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
William Charles Kernot. William Charles Kernot (16 June 1845 – 14 March 1909), was an Australian engineer, first professor of engineering at the University of Melbourne and president of the Royal Society of Victoria.

Early life and family
William Charles Kernot, eldest son of Charles Kernot, chemist, formerly member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Geelong, was born at Rochford, Essex, England. Kernot migrated to Australia with his family in 1851 and was educated at the National Grammar School, Geelong, and matriculated at the University of Melbourne in 1861. He qualified for the degree of M.A. in 1864 and entered the Victorian mining department in 1865. He also qualified as a civil engineer in 1866.

Commercial career
In 1867 joined the water-supply department, and in 1868 was appointed a lecturer in civil engineering at the University of Melbourne. He left the water-supply department in 1875, and during the next three years acted as consulting engineer to Louis Brennan in connexion with his torpedo. In 1882 Kernot became chairman of directors of the first company to introduce electric lighting to Melbourne.

Academic career
From 1 January 1883, Kernot was the first professor of engineering at the University of Melbourne. When he started there was little in the way of either buildings or equipment, but during the following 26 years he worked up a fine engineering school, and was an inspiring teacher and friend to the many students who qualified for engineering degrees during this period. In 1887 he gave £2,000 to the university to found scholarships in natural philosophy and chemistry, and in 1893 gave £1,000 for the fittings for the metallurgical laboratory.

Kernot also assisted Francis Ormond in the organization of the Working Men's College of Melbourne, and was president of this institution from 1889 to 1899. Kernot was president of the Royal Society of Victoria 1895-1900 and of the Victorian Society of Engineers in 1897-8 and 1906-7.

Kernot wrote many papers for technical journals; an important work was On Some Common Errors in Iron Bridge Design, which appeared in 1898, an enlarged second edition was published in 1906. A younger brother, Wilfred Noyce Kernot, born in 1868, was for many years a lecturer at the University of Melbourne, and from 1932 to 1936 was professor of engineering.

Personal life
Kernot was president of the Wallaby Club in 1901.  He was also interested in astronomy, member of the British Astronomical Association from 26 May 1897 until his death.

Late life and legacy
Kernot died at Parkville, Victoria on 14 March 1909. He never married.

The Kernot Memorial Medal, awarded to Australian engineers, was instituted in his honour.

References

External links
 Kernot, William Charles in the Bright Sparcs Biographical Database.
 Work in Open Library

Australian civil engineers
Engineers from Melbourne
19th-century Australian engineers
People from the Colony of Victoria
1845 births
1909 deaths
Australian Baptists
19th-century Baptists
Proto:87. Proto:87 is a model railroad special interest group founded in 1978, providing a finescale alternative to traditional HO gauge.

Due to manufacturing restrictions and considerations such as durability, ease of operation and price, most model railroad products feature significant compromises that inhibit their viability as accurate scale models of their prototypes. The most visible of these are wheels and track, which can be significantly thicker than the prototype. The desirability of realistic wheel dimensions among some modelers helped spawn the Proto:87 movement, which is backed by many manufacturers such as Northwest Short Line.

Proto:87 has its own online store that offers various components and kits to help correct these scale inaccuracies, such as kits for assembling accurate, to-scale trackwork and switches, finescale wheels for locomotives and rolling stock, etc.

Similarly, the Proto:48 group is dedicated to finescale modeling in O scale.

See also
 Rail transport modelling scales
 Model railway scales

References

External links
Proto:87 SIG Official website
Club Proto 87 
Proto:87 International Team 

Model railroad scales
Soilmec. Soilmec S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of construction equipment belonging to the Trevi Group established in 1969 in Cesena. Soilmec is distributed in more than 70 countries worldwide.

Soilmec manufactures drilling machinery to be used in the construction of pile foundations, and the drilling and servicing of oil, gas and water wells. The company has expanded into the manufacture of crawler cranes and tunnel boring machines.

The machinery produced by Soilmec is typically white with blue trim and the name SOILMEC is written in yellow text with a black outline.

Gallery

See also

List of Italian companies

External links
 
 Soilmec S.p.A website

Construction equipment manufacturers of Italy
Mining equipment companies
Engineering companies of Italy
Manufacturing companies established in 1969
Italian companies established in 1969
Italian brands
Armstrong Siddeley Whitley 18. The Armstrong Siddeley Whitley is a large post-war sports saloon automobile and a version of the 16/18 hp series made between 1946 and 1954 by the British company of Armstrong Siddeley. The Whitley was the last of the range to enter production, first appearing in 1949.

The Whitley only used the larger 2309 cc overhead valve engine with a tax rating of 18 hp that had first appeared on export versions of the Tempest coupled with a choice of synchromesh or pre-selector gearbox. The front suspension was independent using torsion bars, while at the rear was a live axle and leaf springs. A Girling hydro-mechanical braking system was fitted, with the front drums hydraulically operated, while those at the rear were cable.

A variety of body styles were made.  Most common are the 4 or 6 light saloons, but limousines were also made on a long-wheelbase chassis from 1950 to 1952.

The Utility Coupe and Station Coupe were coupé utility versions made for the export market and in particular for Australia. The former had a conventional front seat only and the latter had an extended cabin with a small additional seat at the rear.

References

A-Z of Cars 1945–1970. Bay View Books 1986. Michael Sedgwick and Mark Gillies. 

Whitley
1950s cars
Cars introduced in 1949
Lixiviant. A lixiviant is a chemical used in hydrometallurgy to extract  elements from its ore.  One of the most famous lixiviants is cyanide, which is used in extracting 90% of mined gold.  The combination of cyanide and air converts gold particles into a soluble salt.  Once separated from the bulk gangue, the solution is processed in a series of steps to give the metal.

Etymology
The origin is the word lixiviate, meaning to leach or to dissolve out, deriving from the Latin lixivium. A lixiviant assists in rapid and complete leaching, for example during in situ leaching. The metal can be recovered from it in a concentrated form after leaching.

Further reading

References

Metallurgical processes
Sorting (sediment). Sorting describes the distribution of grain size of sediments, either in unconsolidated deposits or in sedimentary rocks. The degree of sorting is determined by the range of grain sizes in a sediment deposit and is the result of various transport processes (rivers, debris flow, wind, glaciers, etc.). This should not be confused with crystallite size, which refers to the individual size of a crystal in a solid. Crystallite is the building block of a grain.

Sorting parameters 
The terms describing sorting in sediments – very poorly sorted, poorly sorted, moderately sorted, well sorted, very well sorted – have technical definitions and semi-quantitatively describe the amount of variance seen in particle sizes.Very poorly sorted indicates that the sediment sizes are mixed (large variance); whereas well sorted indicates that the sediment sizes are similar (low variance). In the field, sedimentologists use graphical charts to accurately describe the sorting of a sediment using one of these terms.

Tangential sorting is the result of sediment being deposited in same direction as flow. Normal tangential sorting results in a gradient of sediment sizes deposited from largest to finest as they travel downstream. When sediments are deposited from smallest to largest as they travel downstream, this is referred to as reverse sorting.

Rocks derived from well sorted sediments are commonly both porous and permeable, while poorly sorted rocks have low porosity and low permeability, particularly when fine grained.

Processes involved in sorting 
Sediment sorting is influenced by: grain sizes of sediment, processes involved in grain transport, deposition, and post-deposition processes such as winnowing. As a result, studying the degree of sorting in deposits of sediment can give insight into the energy, rate, and/or duration of deposition, as well as the transport process responsible for laying down the sediment.

Aeolian processes 
In reference to windblown sediment, a wide range of conditions such as distance and height of transport and varying wind patterns at the sediment source can affect grain size, rate of transport and distribution of sediment. Windblown sediment travels one of three ways--rolling, saltation or suspension in the air.

Loess that is reworked by fluvial processes tends to have more poorly sorted sediment as compared to sediment sorted by only Aeolian processes because loess particles become mixed with preexisting sediment of varying grain sizes within bodies of water.

See also
Graded bedding
Rounding
Porosity
Soil texture
Deposition
Fluvial processes
Aeolian transport
Grain size

References

Sedimentary rocks
Jean Laherrère. Jean H. Laherrère (born 30 May 1931) is a French petroleum engineer and consultant, best known as the co-author of an influential 1998 Scientific American article entitled The End of Cheap Oil.

Career
Laherrère studied at the Ecole Polytechnique and Ecole Nationale du Pétrole in Paris and worked for 37 years with Total S.A., a French petroleum company. His work on seismic refraction surveys contributed to the discovery of Africa's largest oil field. Since retiring from Total in 1991, Laherrère has consulted worldwide on the future of exploration and production of oil and natural gas.

He is the co-founder and an active member of the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, and continues to contribute detailed analyses and projections of the future of world energy production. Laherrère is an advisor for the Oil Depletion Analysis Centre.

Peak predictions
In 1998, with co-author Colin J. Campbell, Laherrere predicted that most likely "world production of conventional oil will peak during the first decade of the 21st century". While unconventional oil production from tar sands and tight oil kept growing, conventional crude oil has entered a plateau phase since 2005.

In 2003, Laherrere predicted that the combined natural gas production of Canada and the United States had peaked in 2001, and would continue to decline, falling approximately in half by 2020. He wrote: "It means that the future gas production is fairly settled for the next 30 years, except miracles!"

In 2007, Laherrere predicted that United States marketed natural gas production, including unconventional gas, had already peaked in 2001, at 20.6 tcf per year, and would continue to fall, to about 12 tcf by 2020. Instead, US marketed gas production has continued to rise through 2017, when it reached 28.8 tcf.

Notes

External links
 Laherrere at OilCrisis.com

See also
 Marion King Hubbert, and the Hubbert curve.
 Colin Campbell (geologist)

1931 births
Living people
20th-century French geologists
Multiscale European Soil Information System. The Multi-Scale Soil Information System (MEUSIS) is a data analysis method introduced late 2010 as part of the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme, under the INSPIRE directive. It was proposed as a solution to the lack of a singular approach to soil data aggregation across the European Union accessible through the European Soil Portal.

It applies upscaling methods to allow data which was produced at a certain scale to be coalesced into coarser, bigger cells. It applies a variety of calculations (eg. average, median, mean, etc.) to the blocks that fit inside the upscaled block size, then labels that larger block with the value of your selection. It has 3 spatial resolution levels that are recommended for use, 1 km², 5 km², and 10 km².

References

External links
MEUSIS description
MEUSIS in Italy, SIAS Project
 MEUSIS in SoilTrEK Project

Pedology
Viper-class destroyer. The Viper class was a group of two torpedo boat destroyers (or "TBDs") built for the British Royal Navy in 1899.

They were notable for being the first warships to use steam turbine propulsion. They had Parsons turbines on four shafts, with two propellers on each, one inboard and one outboard of the shaft A-bracket.

 was ordered and built for the Royal Navy in 1899 by Hawthorn Leslie and Company at Hebburn on the River Tyne. Python was built as a speculative venture by Hawthorns and was purchased in 1902.

Viper and another turbine-powered ship, the Vickers special-type  were both lost to accidents in 1901: Viper foundered on rocks in fog during naval manoeuvres near Alderney on 3 August 1901, while Cobra broke her back in a storm in the North Sea on 18 September 1901. Since then the Royal Navy has not used snake names for destroyers; Python was renamed Velox soon after. Velox was rated as a C-class destroyer in 1913, that is, one of a heterogeneous group of 30-knot torpedo boat destroyer with three funnels.

The ships were considered successes when acquired, achieving speeds of up to 36 knots on trials.  All subsequent British destroyers from the River or E class of 1903 (only 3 of which employed turbines) to the County class of 1960 used steam turbine machinery.

Ships
 , launched 6 September 1899, wrecked near Alderney on 3 August 1901.
Python, later renamed  , launched 11 February 1902, mined and sunk off Nab light vessel, 25 October 1915.

Citations

References
 

Destroyer classes
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
 

de:HMS Viper
TC0. {{DISPLAYTITLE:TC0}}
TC0 is a complexity class used in circuit complexity.  It is the first class in the hierarchy of TC classes.

TC0 contains all languages which are decided by Boolean circuits with constant depth and polynomial size, containing only unbounded fan-in AND gates, OR gates, NOT gates, and majority gates.  Equivalently, threshold gates can be used instead of majority gates.

TC0 contains several important problems, such as sorting n n-bit numbers, multiplying two n-bit numbers, integer division or recognizing the Dyck language with two types of parentheses.

Complexity class relations
We can relate TC0 to other circuit classes, including AC0 and NC1; Vollmer 1999 p. 126 states:

Vollmer states that the question of whether the last inclusion above is strict is "one of the main open problems in circuit complexity" (ibid.).

We also have that uniform . (Allender 1996, as cited in Burtschick 1999).

Basis for uniform TC0

The functional version of the uniform  coincides with the closure with respect to composition of the projections and one of the following function sets , . Here ,  is a bitwise AND of  and . By functional version one means the set of all functions  over non-negative integers that are bounded by functions of FP and  is in the uniform .

References

External links

Circuit complexity
Complexity classes
Host Media Processing. Host Media Processing or HMP is a design model in telecommunications systems that involves the use of software solutions to perform voice processing functions where dedicated digital signal processors (DSPs) were previously required.

In the age of voice over IP (VoIP), components are connected via Ethernet or broadband links and use TCP/IP as the transport for voice as well as for data.  In this environment, it becomes possible to make voice calls without specialized DSP hardware by instead using PC-based software.  This software, or protocol driver functionality is often referred to as Host Media Processing, since it is using the central processor in the host PC to do all the telecom work.

HMP can be just software that you load into a PC, though in some situations HMP products work in conjunction with hardware (such as a board equipped with DSP processors) in order to offload computationally expensive operations such as echo cancellation and transcoding. This allows speech applications to scale to large numbers of concurrent calls, without bogging down the host CPU.

There are a significant number of voice, speech, conferencing and fax applications that have been written over the last decade.  This often means that backward-compatibility is a big issue, since if possible users want the applications to migrate seamlessly to the VoIP environment.  This usually means that HMP products expose one or more standard APIs that historically has been used to write telecom apps in the past.

References

Voice over IP
AC (complexity). In circuit complexity, AC is a complexity class hierarchy.  Each class, ACi, consists of the languages recognized by Boolean circuits with depth  and a polynomial number of unlimited fan-in AND and OR gates.

The name "AC" was chosen by analogy to NC, with the "A" in the name standing for "alternating" and referring both to the alternation between the AND and OR gates in the circuits and to alternating Turing machines.

The smallest AC class is AC0, consisting of constant-depth unlimited fan-in circuits.

The total hierarchy of AC classes is defined as

Relation to NC
The AC classes are related to the NC classes, which are defined similarly, but with gates having only constant fanin.  For each i, we have

As an immediate consequence of this, we have that NC = AC.

It is known that inclusion is strict for i = 0.

Variations

The power of the AC classes can be affected by adding additional gates.  If we add gates which calculate the modulo operation for some modulus m, we have the classes ACCi[m].

Notes

References

.

Circuit complexity
Complexity classes
Dry contact. Dry contact may mean any of the following in electronics:

 No current:  A dry contact is the synonym of volt free — it is not "wetted" by a voltage source.  Dry contact can refer to a secondary set of contacts of a relay circuit which does not make or break the primary current being controlled by the relay.  Usually some other contacts or devices have the job of starting or stopping the primary current being controlled.  For example, a reed relay matrix switch is normally switched with all contacts dry.  After the contacts are all connected, a wire spring relay is energized and connects a supervisory scan point, or main switch, through which the primary current being controlled then flows.  Dry contacts are primarily employed in extra-low voltage (less than 50 V AC) distribution circuits. 
 No mercury: The wet contact of a mercury-wetted relay gives certain operational advantages. Dry contacts means a relay that does not use mercury-wetted contacts.
 Dry joint: A dry contact can be confused with a dry joint, which is a type of poorly soldered joint in which the solder failed to wet the metal. These are liable to fail electrically. The term dry joint is also used less precisely to mean any sort of unsatisfactorily soldered joint.

See also
Cold contact (disambiguation)

Switches
ENV. The ENV (Emission Neutral Vehicle) is an electric motorcycle prototype powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. It was developed by Intelligent Energy, a British company.

Specifications

The vehicle and the fuel cell centre respectively weigh approximately 80 and 20 kilograms. It uses a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell to generate about 8 hp or 6 kilowatts. The Discovery Channel has indicated it can reach approximately 80 km/h and, on a full tank may ride continuously for about 4 hours and travel a distance of 160 kilometres. The motorcycle is a preproduction prototype, which was targeted to sell for approximately $6000.

See also
 Hydrogen vehicle

References

External links
Intelligent Energy
Business Week article
 Fuel cell motorcycle, The Discovery Channel, reproduced at youtube.com, Oct 11, 2006

Hydrogen motorcycles
Bead (woodworking). A bead is a woodworking decorative treatment applied to various elements of wooden furniture, boxes and other items.

A bead is typically a rounded shape cut into a square edge to soften the edge and provide some protection against splitting. Beads can be simple round shapes, or more complex patterns.

A bead may be created with an electric router, a special moulding handplane or a scratch stock. Beads are usually cut directly into the edge of the item to which the bead is being applied. However, beads applied across the grain are usually cut into a separate piece, which is then fixed in position.

A bead is also an important design element in wood turning, a ring-shape or convex curve incised into a piece by the use of a chisel or skew.

Types of beads
 Angle bead, a projecting wood moulding at the corner of a plastered wall
 Corner bead is similar, but is usually fully embedded in plaster or drywall, and usually plastic or metal
 Nosing bead, the rounded projection of a stair tread over the riser below
 Parting bead, or parting strip, the feature that separates two sashes in a sash window

References

Woodworking
Scratch stock. A scratch stock is a woodworking tool used for applying decorative treatments, such as beads to furniture and other wooden items.

Scratch stocks consist of a handle, either wood or metal, with provision to clamp a steel blade into which the profile of the shape to be cut has been filed. Scratch stocks work best in wood which has a dense grain. They work by using a scraping action which gradually cuts away fibers from the wood. The scratch stock is drawn along the wood repeatedly until the desired shape is formed. Scratch stocks may be used to apply edge treatments and may also be used to apply decorative elements to the face of board.

References

Woodworking hand tools
Kugelrohr. A Kugelrohr (German for "ball tube") is a short-path vacuum distillation apparatus typically used to distill relatively small amounts of compounds with high boiling points (usually greater than 300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.

Design
"Short path" refers to the short distance that the vapors of the distillate need to travel, which helps reduce loss and speed up collection of the distillate. This type of distillation is generally performed under vacuum to prevent the compound from charring due to atmospheric oxygen, as well as to allow the distillation to proceed at a lower temperature.

The apparatus consists of a tube furnace or other electric heater controlled by a thermostat, and two or more bulbs connected with ground glass joints. The compound to be distilled is placed in the terminal bulb. The other bulbs can be used to collect the distillates sequentially, when the desired fraction is being collected the bulb is cooled with water or ice to aid condensation. A motor drive is often used to rotate the string of bulbs to reduce bumping, give even heating, and increase the surface area for evaporation.

See also
 Distillation
 Short path distillation
 Vacuum distillation

References

Gallery

Distillation
Laboratory equipment
Laboratory techniques