omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Claire J. Tomlin. Claire Jennifer Tomlin (born 1969) is a British researcher in hybrid systems, distributed and decentralized optimization and control theory and holds the Charles A. Desoer Chair at the University of California,  at Berkeley.

Career
Claire J. Tomlin was born in Southampton, England in 1969. She graduated from the University of Waterloo with a B.A.Sc. in electrical engineering in 1992, from Imperial College London with a M.Sc. in electrical engineering in 1993, and from the University of California, Berkeley with a PhD in electrical engineering and computer sciences in 1998. She held the positions of assistant, associate, and full professor at the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University from 1998 to 2007, where she was a director of the Hybrid Systems Laboratory. She currently holds the Charles A. Desoer Chair in Engineering at UC Berkeley.

Prof. Tomlin's research focuses on applications, unmanned aerial vehicles, air traffic control and modeling of biological processes. She was named a MacArthur Fellow in September 2006.

Honours
She received the Erlander Professorship of the Swedish Research Council in 2009, a MacArthur Fellowship in 2006, and the Eckman Award of the American Automatic Control Council in 2003. In 2003, she was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

She became a Fellow of the IEEE in 2010. She was awarded the IEEE Transportation Technologies Award in 2017 "for contributions to air transportation systems, focusing on collision avoidance protocol design and avionics safety verification." She was elected a fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) in 2016 for "outstanding contributions to the development of mathematical models that link molecular networks to the cellular processes they control."
She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2019. In 2020 she was named a Fellow of the International Federation of Automatic Control.

Works

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links
 Personal website
 Hybrid Systems Laboratory

Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
American electrical engineers
MacArthur Fellows
1969 births
Living people
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
Alumni of Imperial College London
American control theorists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the International Federation of Automatic Control
Uranium tailings. Uranium tailings or uranium tails are a radioactive waste byproduct (tailings) of conventional uranium mining and uranium enrichment. They contain the radioactive decay products from the uranium decay chains, mainly the U-238 chain, and heavy metals. Long-term storage or disposal of tailings may pose a danger for public health and safety.

Production 
Uranium mill tailings are primarily the sandy process waste material from a conventional uranium mill. Milling is the first step in making fuel for nuclear reactors from natural uranium ore. The uranium extract is transformed into yellowcake.
  

The raw uranium ore is brought to the surface and crushed into a fine sand. The valuable uranium-bearing minerals are then removed via heap leaching with the use of acids or bases, and the remaining radioactive sludge, called "uranium tailings", is stored in huge impoundments. A short ton (907 kg) of ore yields one to five pounds (0.45 to 2.3 kg) of uranium depending on the uranium content of the mineral. Uranium tailings can retain up to 85% of the ore's original radioactivity.

Composition 
The tailings contain mainly decay products from the decay chain involving Uranium-238. Uranium tailings contain over a dozen radioactive nuclides, which are the primary hazard posed by the tailings. The most important of these are thorium-230, radium-226, radon-222 (radon gas) and the daughter isotopes of radon decay, including polonium-210. All of those are naturally occurring radioactive materials or "NORM".

Health risks 
Tailings contain heavy metals and radioactive radium. Radium then decays over thousands of years and radioactive radon gas is produced. Tailings are kept in piles for long-term storage or disposal and need to be maintained and monitored for leaks over the long term.

If uranium tailings are stored aboveground and allowed to dry out, the radioactive sand can be carried great distances by the wind, entering the food chain and bodies of water. The danger posed by such sand dispersal is uncertain at best given the dilution effect of dispersal. The majority of tailing mass will be inert rock, just as it was in the raw ore before the extraction of the uranium, but physically altered, ground up, mixed with large amounts of water and exposed to atmospheric oxygen, which can substantially alter chemical behaviour.

An EPA estimate of risk based on uranium tailings deposits existing in the United States in 1983 gave the figure of 500 lung cancer deaths per century if no countermeasures are taken.

See also
List of uranium mines
Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act

References 

Radioactive waste
Uranium mining
John Ockendon. John Richard Ockendon  (born  1940) is an applied mathematician noted especially for his contribution to fluid dynamics and novel applications of mathematics to real world problems.  He is a professor at the University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow at St Catherine's College, Oxford, served as the first director of the Oxford Centre for Collaborative Applied Mathematics (OCCAM) and a former director of the Smith Institute for Industrial Mathematics and System Engineering.

Education
Ockendon was privately educated at Dulwich College and the University of Oxford where he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1965 for research on fluid dynamics supervised by Alan B. Tayler.

Research and career
His initial fluid mechanics interests included hypersonic aerodynamics, creeping flow, sloshing and channel flows and leading to flows in porous media, ship hydrodynamics and models for flow separation.

He moved on to free and moving boundary problems. He pioneered the study of diffusion-controlled moving boundary problems in the  1970s his involvement centring  on models for phase changes and elastic contact problems all built around the paradigm of the Hele-Shaw free boundary problem. Other industrial collaboration has led to new ideas for lens design, fibre manufacture, extensional and surface-tension- driven flows and glass manufacture, fluidised-bed models, semiconductor device modelling and a range of other problems in mechanics and heat and mass transfer, especially scattering and ray theory, nonlinear wave propagation, nonlinear oscillations, nonlinear diffusion and impact in solids and liquids.

His efforts to promote mathematical collaboration with industry led him to organise annual meetings of the Study Groups with Industry from 1972 to 1989.

Awards and honours
Ockendon was elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1999, and awarded the IMA Gold Medal by the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications in 2006.

Personal life
Ockendon is married to his coauthor and colleague Hilary Ockendon (née Mason).
His Who's Who entry lists his recreations as mathematical modelling, bird watching, Hornby-Dublo model trains and old sports cars.

References

Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
1940s births
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Fellows of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Fluid dynamicists
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Gas thermometer. A gas thermometer is a thermometer that measures temperature by the variation in volume or pressure of a gas.

Volume Thermometer
This thermometer functions by Charles's Law. Charles's Law states that when the temperature of a gas increases, so does the volume. 

Using Charles's Law, the temperature can be measured by knowing  the volume of gas at a certain temperature by using the formula, written below. Translating it to the correct levels of the device that is holding the gas. This works on the same principle as mercury thermometers. 

or

 is the volume,

 is the thermodynamic temperature,

 is the constant for the system. 

 is not a fixed constant across all systems and therefore needs to be found experimentally for a given system through testing with known temperature values.

Pressure Thermometer and Absolute Zero

The constant volume gas thermometer plays a crucial role in understanding how absolute zero could be discovered long before the advent of cryogenics.  Consider a graph of pressure versus temperature made not far from standard conditions (well above absolute zero) for three different samples of any ideal gas (a, b, c). To the extent that the gas is ideal, the pressure depends linearly on temperature, and the extrapolation to zero pressure occurs at absolute zero. Note that data could have been collected with three different amounts of the same gas, which would have rendered this experiment easy to do in the eighteenth century.

History

See also 
 Thermodynamic instruments
 Boyle's law
 Combined gas law
 Gay-Lussac's law
 Avogadro's law
 Ideal gas law

References

Thermometers
Gases

fr:Thermomètre#Thermomètre à gaz
Air Power Park. The Air Power Park is an outdoor, roadside museum in Hampton, Virginia which recognizes Hampton's role in America's early space exploration and aircraft testing. The outdoor park is open year-round, seven days a week from sunrise to sunset. Several vintage aircraft and experimental space launch vehicles from the 1950s and 1960s are displayed out of doors. The park is on a  plot and includes a children's playground.

The indoor museum at the center of the park was reopened after a 2011 renovation (with hours more limited than the outdoor part of the park). There are eight themed rooms containing over 325 models of aircraft, space craft, and nautical vessels representing all the U.S. branches of service as well as various model craft from other nations.  The park also has a time capsule

Indoor museum
 
NASA Room
United States Air Force Aviation Room- Including items highlighting nearby Langley Air Force Base's contribution to the USAF.
General Aviation Room
Library
Cold War Era Room
International Plastic Modellers' Society Room- containing periodically rotating display of local IPMS member's models.
United States Navy Room
United States Army Aviation Branch Room

On display

The following are listed as on display:

 P.1127 Kestrel
 F-86L Sabre
 Mercury capsule
 A-7E Corsair II
 F-101F Voodoo
 F-89J Scorpion
 RF-4C Phantom II
 F-105D Thunderchief
 T-33A Trainer
 Jupiter IRBM
 Nike SAM
 Nike Ajax SAM
 Nike Hercules SAM
 F-100D Super Sabre
 Polaris A-2 SLBM
 Corporal IRBM
 Little Joe/Mercury, booster used in testing for the Mercury program.  Launched from Wallops Flight Facility, 90 miles north.

See also
 List of aerospace museums
 Rocket garden

References

External links 

 Air Power Park - City of Hampton
 RF-4c Phantom II – Aviation Enthusiast Corner
 Roadside America
 Air Power Park on Aviation Museum Locator
 wikimapia.org - satellite map view (with clickable aircraft info)

Aerospace museums in Virginia
Crewed spacecraft
Military and war museums in Virginia
Virginia municipal and county parks
Museums in Hampton, Virginia
Parks in Hampton, Virginia
Open-air museums in Virginia
Time capsules
Helicopter AirStair. The Helicopter AirStair, designed in house at Hydro One Inc, Ontario, Canada, can be attached to a Eurocopter AS 350 B2 helicopter.

It enables safe access to the top of high voltage transmission towers for power line technicians. These towers range in height from 50 feet to over 350 feet high.

Overview
The helicopter hovers in very close proximity to the top of the structure. The power line technician transfers from the hovering helicopter to the structure. Various safety procedures are employed during the transfer.

The AirStair is a framework that attaches to the undercarriage of the helicopter. It comprises a middle step and a lower step, with two hand rails on each side. Both doors on the pilot's side of the helicopter are removed, as well as the co-pilot seat being removed and replaced with a storage/utility box.

The use of an AirStair-equipped helicopter removes the need to access a tower from the ground. This has many advantages, as ground access often requires off-road travel across difficult terrain (mountains, rivers, farm crops, etc.). Furthermore, aerial access limits the amount of climbing required, with its inherent potential for fatigue and injury. With no land vehicles required, significant financial gains can be realized, as well as further safety increases due to the hazards of traveling by off-road vehicles being eliminated.

See also
 Hydro One
 Helicopter

References

Helicopter components
MyEclipse. MyEclipse is a commercially available Java EE IDE created and maintained by the company Genuitec, a founding member of the Eclipse Foundation.

MyEclipse is built upon the Eclipse platform, and integrates both proprietary and open source code into the development environment.

MyEclipse has two primary versions (apart from the Blue Edition, Spring Edition,  and Bling Edition referred to below): a Professional and a Standard edition. The Standard edition adds database tools, a visual web designer, persistence tools, Spring tools, Struts and JSF tooling, and a number of other features to the basic Eclipse Java Developer profile. It competes with the Web Tools Project, which is a part of Eclipse itself, but MyEclipse is a separate project entirely and offers a different feature set.

MyEclipse is available via two production-grade streams. The Continuous Integration (CI) stream includes the latest features and fixes, while the Stable stream has less frequent updates and includes only time-tested CI stream updates. 

MyEclipse has also been made available via Secure Delivery Center, a technology that grew from its Pulse (ALM), brand, a provisioning tool that maintains Eclipse software profiles, including those that use MyEclipse. Additionally, MyEclipse is offering a customized version for IBM products, "MyEclipse Blue Edition", that adds specific support for Rational Software and WebSphere development. Currently, MyEclipse Blue Edition is available for Windows and Linux, though Mac is unsupported.

In July 2011, Genuitec released MyEclipse "Bling," which combines the MyEclipse Blue Edition and MyEclipse for Spring product lines into a unified offering.

In January 2015, Genuitec launched the MyEclipse China site (www.myeclipsecn.com) to provide genuine MyEclipse software to large user base in China.

See also
Eclipse
Comparison of integrated development environments (IDEs)

References

External links
 

Integrated development environments
Java development tools
Linux integrated development environments
System Fault Tolerance. (DELETE) This text describes "product name", is not an encyclopedic entry.

In computing, System Fault Tolerance (SFT) is a fault tolerant system built into NetWare operating systems. Three levels of fault tolerance exist:

 SFT I 'Hot Fix' maps out bad disk blocks on the file system level to help ensure data integrity (fault tolerance on the disk-block level)
 SFT II provides a disk mirroring or duplexing system based on RAID 1; mirroring refers to two disk drives holding the same data, duplexing uses two data channels/controllers to connect the disks (fault tolerance on the disk level and optionally on the data-channel level).
 SFT III is a server duplexing scheme where if a server fails, a constantly synchronized server seamlessly takes its place (fault tolerance on the system level).

References 
Novell NetWare 4.2 documentation

Novell NetWare
KIAC. KIAC, an abbreviation of Key Information for Air Cargo, is a computer reservations system owned and used by FedEx for booking cargo space on their freighter aircraft. It is an old IBM PO4 system and was brought to FedEx with the purchase of Flying Tigers in 1989.

History
KIAC was initially designed as a tracking/tracing system with Unit Load Device (ULD) control and shipment movement data appended to each airbill/air waybill, but subsequently grew to include several other facets in order to remain competitive with growing automation in the industry. Flying Tigers played a major role in the development and implementation of interfaces with Customs systems worldwide, and with many other aspects of developments in the airline cargo world through its participation in IATA and ATA.

Support
KIAC is supported by the company's KIAC System Support Group (KSSG) based in Los Angeles. Mainframe support is operated by Network Operations Control (NOC) in Memphis, Tennessee.

Future
KIAC is due to be replaced in the near future by a server-based system and taken off of the mainframe. It will be more user friendly by using English commands as opposed to the present three-letter acronyms.

References

FedEx
A514 steel. A514 is a particular type of high strength steel, which is quenched and tempered alloy steel, with a yield strength of 100,000 psi (100 ksi or approximately 700 MPa). The ArcelorMittal trademarked name is T-1. A514 is primarily used as a structural steel for building construction. A517 is a closely related alloy that is used for the production of high-strength pressure vessels.

This is a standard set by the standards organization ASTM International, a voluntary standards development organization that sets technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services.

Specifications

A514
The tensile yield strength of A514 alloys is specified as at least  for thicknesses up to  thick plate, and at least  ultimate tensile strength, with a specified ultimate range of .  Plates from  thick have specified strength of  (yield) and  (ultimate).

A517
A517 steel has equal tensile yield strength, but slightly higher specified ultimate strength of  for thicknesses up to  and  for thicknesses .

Usage
A514 steels are used where a weldable, machinable, very high strength steel is required to save weight or meet ultimate strength requirements.  It is normally used as a structural steel in building construction, cranes, or other large machines supporting high loads.

In addition, A514 steels are specified by military standards (ETL 18-11) for use as small-arms firing range baffles and deflector plates.

References

Steels
Structural steel
Sample preparation equipment. Sample preparation equipment refers to equipment used for the preparation of physical specimens for subsequent microscopy or related disciplines - including failure analysis and quality control. The equipment includes the following types of machinery:

 Precision cross-sectioning saws
 Precision lapping & polishing machines
 Selected Area Preparation Systems
 Decapsulation machinery (using mechanical, chemical/ 'jet etching' acid, laser and plasma methodologies)
 Focused ion beam (FIB) systems
 Anti-reflective coating systems
 Dimpling equipment
 Sputter coating equipment 
 Carbon and metal evaporation systems

Each of these system types incorporates a wealth of accessories and consumable items which fit the particular system for a specific application.

External links
Article from MATERIALS WORLD Journal discussing the various sample preparation disciplines that allow for failure analysis of electronic materials and components
Article from ULTRA TEC Web-site discussing the backside sample preparation of a packaged electronic device that allow for (through silicon) backside analysis
Article discussing the applications of jet etch equipment

Industrial equipment
Metal-induced crystallization. Combined with certain metallic species, amorphous films can crystallize in a process known as metal-induced crystallization (MIC). The effect was discovered in 1969, when amorphous germanium (a-Ge) films crystallized at surprisingly low temperatures when in contact with Al, Ag, Cu, or Sn. The effect was also verified in amorphous silicon (a-Si) films, as well as in amorphous carbon and various metal-oxide films.

Likewise, the MIC evolved from simple temperature-driven annealing approaches to others involving laser  or microwave radiation,  for example. 

A very common variant of the MIC procedure is the metal-induced lateral crystallization (MILC). In this case, the metal is deposited (onto the top or at the bottom) of some selected areas of the desired amorphous film. Upon annealing, crystallization starts from the portion of the amorphous film that is in contact with the metal species, and the MIC proceeds laterally. 

So far, lots of studies have been carried out to investigate the MIC phenomenon -- invariably by applying different sample production methods and characterization tools. According to them, the MIC process is highly susceptible to the type and amount of the metallic species, the sample history (production method, geometry and annealing details), as well as to the methodology to determine crystallization. Besides, the MIC process is well beyond the mere diffusion of species (as it is usually discussed in studies involving layered sample structures) and involves many complex atomic-thermodynamic processes at the microscopic level.

References

Semiconductor device fabrication
Inorganic chemistry
Chemical processes
Crystallography