omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Korail Class 8200. The Korail Class 8200 is a South Korean electric locomotive operated by Korail. This locomotive has head-end power capabilities in place of a dynamo car, which could be used with up to 12 passenger cars.

Technical details
This locomotive is based on the Siemens EuroSprinter model ES64F, assembled by Rotem. With four 1300 kW electric motors, the total power output is 5200 kW. The maximum speed is 150 km/h, although changing the bogies would allow  220 km/h.

Running lines
After the introduction of the 8200, Korail made a trial run in Chungbuk Line, which had just been electrified. After electrifying several lines such as Jungang, Taebaek, Gyeongbu, Yeongdong and Honam Line, it is used for Mugunghwa trains with a maximum speed of 150 km/h.

HEP Issues
The head-end power feature of 8200s has caused some problems in Korea. Power generated by regenerative brake has limits, and if the locomotive has many carriages, the head-end power supply will be insufficient. Because of this problem, a dynamo car is attached when operating with 5 or more passenger cars in case of emergency.

References

Bibliography

External links

Korail 8200

Bo-Bo locomotives
Electric locomotives of South Korea
Railway locomotives introduced in 2003
Siemens locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of South Korea
25 kV AC locomotives
International Truck of the Year. The International Truck of the Year (ITOY) is an annual award made by the international transport sector.  Each year an expert jury, consisting of leading, authoritative specialist journalists, selects the International Truck of the Year from the new vehicles appearing on the European market.
At The 67th IAA Nutzfahrzeuge, IToY added new award: IToY Truck Innovation Award.

Recipients of the award

See also

 List of motor vehicle awards
 Bus & Coach of the Year

Notes

External links
 International Truck of the Year
ITOY awards 1977-2008

Commercial vehicle awards
Motor vehicle awards
Trucks
International Van of the Year. The International Van of the Year is an annual award made by the international transport sector. Each year, an expert jury consisting of leading, authoritative specialist journalists selects the International Van of the Year from the new vehicles appearing on the market in Europe.

Results
 2025 Renault Master
 2024 Ford Transit Custom
 2023 Volkswagen ID. Buzz Cargo
 2022 Renault Kangoo and Mercedes-Benz Citan
 2021 Groupe PSA (Stellantis) electric vans (Citroën e-Jumpy, Peugeot e-Expert, Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro-e and Toyota Proace Electric)
 2020 Ford Transit Custom
 2019 Groupe PSA (Peugeot Partner, Citroën Berlingo,  Opel/Vauxhall Combo Cargo and Toyota Proace City)
 2018 Iveco Daily Blue Power 
 2017 Volkswagen Crafter
 2016 Volkswagen Transporter T6
 2015 Iveco Daily
 2014 Ford Transit Connect
 2013 Ford Transit Custom
 2012 Renault Kangoo Z.E.
 2011 Fiat Doblò
 2010 Nissan NV200
 2009 Sevel/Tofaş vans (Fiat Fiorino, Peugeot Bipper and Citroën Nemo)
 2008 Sevel vans (Fiat Scudo, Peugeot Expert and Citroën Jumpy/Dispatch)
 2007 Ford Transit
 2006 Fiat Doblò
 2005 Mercedes-Benz Vito
 2004 Volkswagen Transporter T5
 2003 Ford Transit Connect
 2002 Renault Trafic, Nissan Primastar and Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro
 2001 Ford Transit
 2000 Iveco Daily
 1999 Opel/Vauxhall Movano
 1998 Renault Master
 1997 Peugeot Partner and Citroën Berlingo
 1996 Mercedes-Benz Vito
 1995 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
 1994 Sevel vans (Fiat Ducato, Peugeot Boxer and Citroën Jumper/Relay)
 1993 Nissan Sunny Van
 1992 Volkswagen Transporter T4

See also
 List of motor vehicle awards

Notes

External links 
 International Van of the Year website

Commercial vehicle awards
Motor vehicle awards
Flox. Flox may refer to:
FLOX, in chemistry, a combustion process said to reduce nitrogen oxide formation by suppressing peak flame temperatures
Floxing, in biology, a term describing the sandwiching of a DNA sequence between two lox P sites

See also
C-Flox, abrev. for Ciprofloxacin
O-Flox, abrev. for Ofloxacin
FLOX, abrev. for chemotherapy protocol used in the USA (FOLFLOX in EU), containing Fluorouracil,  Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin
Fl-Ox, a fluorine, liquid oxygen mixture (also written as FLOX), a rocket propellant
Floxx, digital media company
Phlox (disambiguation)
Cryogenic grinding. Cryogenic grinding, also known as freezer milling, freezer grinding, and cryomilling, is the act of cooling or chilling a material and then reducing it into a small particle size. For example, thermoplastics are difficult to grind to small particle sizes at ambient temperatures because they soften, adhere in lumpy masses and clog screens. When chilled by dry ice, liquid carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen, the thermoplastics can be finely ground to powders suitable for electrostatic spraying and other powder processes. Cryogenic grinding of plant and animal tissue is a technique used by microbiologists. Samples that require extraction of nucleic acids must be kept at −80 °C or lower during the entire extraction process. For samples that are soft or flexible at room temperature, cryogenic grinding may be the only viable technique for processing samples. A number of recent studies report on the processing and behavior of nanostructured materials via cryomilling.

Freezer milling
Freezer milling is a type of cryogenic milling that uses a solenoid to mill samples. The solenoid moves the grinding media back and forth inside the vial, grinding the sample down to analytical fineness. This type of milling is especially useful in milling temperature sensitive samples, as samples are milled at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The idea behind using a solenoid is that the only "moving part" in the system is the grinding media inside the vial. The reason for this is that at liquid nitrogen temperatures (–196°C) any moving part will come under huge stress leading to potentially poor reliability. Cryogenic milling using a solenoid has been used for over 50 years and has proven to be a very reliable method of processing temperature sensitive samples in the laboratory.

Cryomilling
Cryomilling is a variation of mechanical milling, in which metallic powders or other samples (e.g. temperature sensitive samples and samples with volatile components) are milled in a cryogen (usually liquid nitrogen or liquid argon) slurry or at a cryogenics temperature under processing parameters, so a nanostructured microstructure is attained. Cryomilling takes advantage of both the cryogenic temperatures and conventional mechanical milling. The extremely low milling temperature suppresses recovery and recrystallization and leads to finer grain structures and more rapid grain refinement. The embrittlement of the sample makes even elastic and soft samples grindable. Tolerances less than 5 μm can be achieved. The ground material can be analyzed by a laboratory analyzer.

Applications in biology
Cryogenic grinding (or "cryogrinding") is a method of cell disruption employed by molecular life scientists to obtain broken cell material with favorable properties for protein extraction and affinity capture. Once ground, the fine powder consisting of broken cells (or "grindate") can be stored for long periods at –80°C without obvious changes to biochemical properties – making it a very convenient source material in e.g. proteomic studies including affinity capture / mass spectrometry.

References

Cryogenics
Microbiology techniques
Grinding and lapping
Plastics industry
Data format management. Data format management (DFM) is the application of a systematic approach to the selection and use of the data formats used to encode information for storage on a computer. 

In practical terms, data format management is the analysis of data formats and their associated technical, legal or economic attributes which can either enhance or detract from the ability of a digital asset or a given information systems to meet specified objectives.

Data format management is necessary as the amount of information and number of people creating it grows. This is especially the case as the information with which users are working is difficult to generate, store, costly to acquire, or to be shared.

Data format management as an analytic tool or approach is data format neutral.    

Historically individuals, organization and businesses have been categorized by their type of computer or their operating system. Today, however, it is primarily productivity software, such as spreadsheet or word processor programs, and the way these programs store information that also defines an entity. For instance, when browsing the web it is not important which kind of computer is responsible for hosting a site, only that the information it publishes is in a format that is readable by the viewing browser. In this instance the data format of the published information has more to do with defining compatibilities than the underlying hardware or operating system. 

Several initiatives have been established to record those data formats commonly used and the software available to read them, for example the Pronom project at the UK National Archives.

See also
 Data curation
 Data preservation
 Digital preservation
 File format
 Information technology governance
 National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
 National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)

External links
The Library of Congress, Sustainability of Digital Formats

Computer data
Aminomethanol. Aminomethanol or methanolamine is the amino alcohol with the chemical formula of H2NCH2OH. With an amino group and an alcohol group on the same carbon atom, the compound is also an hemiaminal. 

In aqueous solution, methanolamine exists in equilibrium with formaldehyde and ammonia.  It is an intermediate en route to hexamethylenetetramine. The reaction can be conducted in gas phase and in solution.

References 

Primary alcohols
Amines
Organoclay. Organoclay is an organically modified phyllosilicate, derived from a naturally occurring clay mineral. By exchanging the original interlayer cations for organocations (typically quaternary alkylammonium ions) an organophilic surface is generated, consisting of covalently linked organic moieties. The lamellar structure remains analogous to the parent phyllosilicate.

Separation of the layers due to ion exchange, from the initial interlayer spacing of as little as 3 Å in the case of Na+ cations to the distances in the range of 10–40 Å as well as the change of chemical character of the clay surface, allows the in-situ polymerization or mixing with certain polymers to obtain what is known as nanocomposite. When ordered aluminosilicate sheets are lying parallel to each other, separated with polymer chains of certain type, the system is classified as intercalated nanocomposite. If separation of the layers is so significant, that they are no longer lying opposite to one another, but randomly ordered, then one get the exfoliated nanocomposite.

Applications
Owing to its large surface area together with hydrophobic chains emerging from the clay surface, organoclay can be used to remove oil from water. It is also applied as a component in paint formulations or as a viscosifier for oil-based drilling fluids.

It can be used in polymer chemistry as a nucleating agent.

References

Phyllosilicates
Condensate polisher. A condensate polisher is a device used to filter water condensed from steam as part of the steam cycle, for example in a conventional or nuclear power plant (powdered resin or deep bed system). It is frequently filled with tiny polymer resin beads which are used to remove or exchange ions so that the purity of the condensate is maintained at or near that of distilled water.


Description
Condensate polishers are important in systems using the boiling and condensing of water to transport or transform thermal energy. Using technology similar to a water softener, trace amounts of minerals or other contamination are removed from the system before such contamination becomes concentrated enough to cause problems by depositing minerals inside pipes, or within precision-engineered devices such as boilers, steam generators, heat exchangers, steam turbines, cooling towers, and condensers. The removal of minerals has the secondary effect of maintaining the pH balance of the water at or near neutral (a pH of 7.0) by removing ions that would tend to make the water more acidic. This reduces the rate of corrosion from water against metal.

Condensate polishing typically involves ion exchange technology for the removal of trace dissolved minerals and suspended matter. Commonly used as part of a power plant's condensate system, it prevents premature chemical failure and deposition within the power cycle which would have resulted in loss of unit efficiency and possible mechanical damage to key generating equipment.

During the process of steam generation in power plants, the steam cools and condensate forms. The condensate is collected and then recycled as boiler feedwater. Prior to re-use, the condensate must be purified or "polished", to remove impurities (predominantly silicon oxides and sodium hydroxide) which have the potential to cause damage to the boilers, steam generators, reactors and turbines. Both dissolved (i.e. silica) and suspended matter (ex. iron oxide particles from corrosion, also called 'crud'), as well as other contaminants which can cause corrosion and maintenance issues are effectively removed by condensate polishing treatment.

References

Tools
Industrial water treatment
Type 074 landing ship. The Type 074 landing ship (NATO reporting name: Yuhai-class) is a class of landing ship medium (LSM) of the People's Liberation Army Navy. They were built at Wuhu Shipyard of Wuhu, Anhui from 1995 to 2000. Although entering service in the mid-1990s, the origin of Type 074 dates to almost three decades earlier in the mid-1960s, and Type 074 is the result of experience learned from around half a dozen models earlier.

Background
The preceding Type 079 landing ship suffers from inherit design flaws so that in order to achieve ease of production, it could be mass-produced, the hull shape was a very simply flat bottom design, and this is not good for sailing in poor weathers. As a result, PLAN issued a request of upgrade of the Type 079 in the 1990s. However, as study progressed, it was discovered that in order to reach the requirement, major redesign is needed, and the cost would be prohibitive. The only alternative was to enlarge the successful design of the older Type 271 landing ships, hence Type 074 was borne as a cross between the Type 079 and the Type 271, with the upgraded equipment of the former installed on an enlarged hull of the latter.

Design

This class of landing ship is capable of making oceanic voyages in moderate sea states. They are used for tactical beach lodgement, and can carry up to 100 tonnes of cargo. Indicative maximum loads include either 2 main battle tanks, or 6 light amphibious tanks, or 350 fully equipped troops. The ships of this class are fitted with three Type 61 25mm AAA guns|Type 61 dual-25mm antiaircraft artillery guns. Some units are also fitted with Type 81H 122mm multiple rocket launchers. Although on board equipment of Type 074 is derived from that of Type 079, advancement in Chinese technological and industrial capability enabled the adaptation of automation, which significantly reduced the number of crew needed almost by a half, down to 56 from the original 109 of Type 079.

Displacement: 800 tonnes (full)
Length: 58.4 m
Beam: 10.4 m
Draft: 2.7 m
Speed: 18 kt
Propulsion: 2 MAN AG diesel engines or its Chinese copy @ 4,900 hp with 2 shafts
Complement: 56
Lift capacity: 2 main battle tanks plus 250 troops
Armament: Two 25 mm guns (II x 1)
Radar: One I-band navigational radar

Ships of the class

Operators

 - 2 in service.
 - Estimated to be around 12 in active service.
 - 1 in service.
 - unknown in service.

Type 074A Yubei-class landing ship

The Type 074A Yubei-class landing ship features a totally different design to the base Type 074. It has a wave-piercing catamaran hull among other changes. Eight are in active service.

See also
People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force

References

External links
Yuhai (Type 074) (worldwarships.com)

Amphibious warfare vessel classes
Amphibious warfare vessels of the People's Liberation Army Navy
Amphibious warfare vessels of the Sri Lanka Navy
Heating mantle. A heating mantle, or isomantle, is a piece of laboratory equipment used to apply heat to containers, as an alternative to other forms of heated bath.  In contrast to other heating devices, such as hotplates or Bunsen burners, glassware containers may be placed in direct contact with the heating mantle without substantially increasing the risk of the glassware shattering, because the heating element of a heating mantle is insulated from the container so as to prevent excessive temperature gradients.  
Heating mantles may have various forms.  In a common arrangement, electric wires are embedded within a strip of fabric that can be wrapped around a flask.  The current supplied to the device, and hence the temperature achieved, is regulated by a rheostat.  This type of heating mantle is quite useful for maintaining an intended temperature within a separatory funnel, for example, after the contents of a reaction have been removed from a primary heat source.

Another variety of heating mantle may resemble a paint can and is constructed as a "basket" within a cylindrical canister (often made of plastic or metal such as aluminium).  The rigid metal exterior supports a "basket" made of fabric and includes heating elements within the body of the heating mantle.  To heat an object, it is placed within the basket of the heating mantle.

In further contrast to other methods of applying heat to a flask, such as an oil bath or water bath, using a heating mantle generates no liquid residue to drip off the flask.  Also, heating mantles generally distribute heat evenly over the surface of the flask and exhibit less tendency to generate harmful hotspots.

See also 
 Heating element
 Laboratory equipment
 Wire gauze
 Double boiler

External links

Laboratory equipment
Heating
Comparison of server-side web frameworks. This is a comparison of notable web frameworks, software used to build and deploy web applications.

General
Basic information about each framework.

Systems listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development.

ASP.NET

C++

ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML)

Elixir

Haskell

Java

JavaScript

Perl

PHP

Python

Ruby

Scala

Others

Comparison of features

C++

ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML)

Java

JavaScript

Perl

PHP

Python

Ruby

Others

See also

Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks
Comparison of shopping cart software
Content management system
Java view technologies and frameworks
List of content management systems
List of rich web application frameworks
List of web service frameworks

References

 Web application frameworks
Web application frameworks
Marinisation. Marinisation (also marinization) is design, redesign, or testing of products for use in a marine environment. Most commonly, it refers to use and long-term survival in harsh, highly corrosive salt water conditions. Marinisation is done by many manufacturing industries worldwide including many military organisations, especially navies.

In some instances, cost is not a guiding force, and items may be designed from scratch with entirely non-corrosive components engineered and assembled to resist the effects of vibration and constantly changing attitude. In others, particularly in "marinising" an existing product that was not designed specifically for a marine environment for sale in the public marketplace, a balance must be found between the competing criteria.

There are three main factors that need to be considered for a product to be truly marinised.
 Resistance to corrosion.
 Resistance to vibration.
 Ability to function properly in conditions of constantly changing attitude (an object's orientation about its center of gravity).

Examples

Metals
Marinised metals include some of the following:

 Non-corrosive alloys that resist or are impervious to salt-water corrosion, e.g. 316 marine grade stainless steel; brass (an alloy of copper and zinc), or bronze (which contains copper with tin in place of zinc).

The adjectival phrase "marine grade" being used when the above alloys have all impurities removed and are suitable for exposure to a marine environment.
 Metals electroplated or dipped in a corrosion-resistant material, e.g. galvanised steel
 Metals painted with special anti rust or anti corrosion coatings
 Plastic coated metals

Electronics
Marinised electronics use one or more of the following protection methods. In most cases more than one method is used:

 Coating by a spray or dipping to protect from salt air and water.
 Full encapsulation in some form of resin or gel.
 Specialised mounting of internal parts for vibration protection.
 Use of specialised corrosion resistant solder and corrosion resistant metals.

Batteries 
Marinised batteries are usually gel batteries or sealed maintenance-free batteries. Not using marinised batteries in salt water can be deadly in an enclosed environment for many reasons:

 Sulfuric acid and salt water react to generate dangerous hydrogen chloride gas, necessitating the use of valve-regulated maintenance-free sealed batteries.
 The battery must have stronger plates and separators to withstand constant vibrations and impacts caused by large waves striking the hull. Plate collapse can cause short-circuits and electrical fires or explosions.
 A marine battery must function at any angle due to the changing attitude of the vessel it is mounted in. Gel VRLA batteries are best for this purpose.

See also
 Marine electronics

Material protection

References
Toyota ND engine. The Toyota ND is an inline-four diesel engine used for Toyota models in various markets including Japanese, Indian and European ones.

1ND-TV
The 1ND-TV (1.4 D-4D) is a compact inline-four cylinder turbocharged diesel engine used in various markets including Japanese, Indian and European markets. It was introduced into European market in 2002 with the Yaris XP10 and XP20 Yaris Verso. it was Toyota's first diesel engine to be equipped with an aluminium cylinder block. It was offered in Indian market in Toyota Corolla ( model) & Etios (68PS model) sedans. Principal aims of its development were low emissions and fuel consumption, reduction of mass (dry weight is ) and reduction of noise.

Technical specifications of the latest engine version:
 Displacement: 
 Bore x stroke: 
 Max. power:
 (FGT) at 3800 rpm
 (FGT) at 4000 rpm
 (VGT) at 3800 rpm
 (VGT) at 3800 rpm
 Max. torque:
 (FGT) at 1800 - 2400 rpm
 (FGT) at 2000 - 2800 rpm
 (VGT) at 1800 - 2800 rpm
 (VGT) at 1800 - 2800 rpm
 (VGT) at 1400 - 2800 rpm ( Euro 6 emissions with smaller turbo and increased rail pressure  )
 Fuel Supply system: direct injection
 Intake system: fixed/variable-geometry turbocharger with intercooler
 Valve mechanism: SOHC, 2 valves per cylinder
 Compression Ratio: 
 18.5:1
 17.9:1
 16.0:1
 Fuel Injection System: Common Rail at , 6 hole injectors
 Camshaft drive: timing chain
 Exhaust gas treatment: EGR, equipped with cooler and catalytic converter;
 Emission standard: Euro III (2001–2005); Euro IV, Euro V; Euro VI ( 2015 ); BS IV
 Fuel economy as per ARAI: , 
  emission combined: /km * * Toyota Corolla 1.4 D-4D, NEDC  ** /km  Toyota Yaris 
 Production: Japan

Applications
 Toyota Auris
 Toyota Corolla
 Toyota Etios
Toyota Etios Liva
Toyota Etios Cross
 Toyota iQ
 Toyota Ractis
 Toyota Urban Cruiser
 Toyota Verso-S
 Toyota Yaris
 Mini One D
 Mini Cooper D
 Toyota Probox

Notes

References

ND
Diesel engines by model
Straight-four engines