omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ASSIST (computing). ASSIST (the Assembler System for Student Instruction and Systems Teaching) is an IBM System/370-compatible assembler and interpreter developed in the early 1970s at Penn State University by Graham Campbell and John Mashey along with student assistants.

In the late 1960s, computer science education expanded rapidly and university computer centers were faced with a large growth in usage by students, whose needs sometimes differed from professionals in batch processing environments. They needed to run short programs on decks of Punched cards with fast turnaround (minutes, not overnight) as their programs more often included syntax errors. Once they compiled, they would often fault quickly, so optimization and flexibility were far less important than low overhead.

WATFIV was a successful pioneering effort to build a FORTRAN compiler tuned for student use. Universities began running it in a dedicated "fast-batch" memory partition with a small run-time limit, such as 5 seconds on an IBM System/360 Model 67). The low limit enabled fast turnaround and avoided waste of time by programs stuck in infinite loops. WATFIV's success helped inspire development of ASSIST, PL/C and other student-oriented programs that fit the "fast-batch" model that became widely used among universities.

ASSIST was enhanced and promoted by others, such as Northern Illinois University's Wilson Singletary & Ross Overbeek and 
University of Tennessee's Charles Hughes and Charles Pfleeger who reported in 1978 that ASSIST was being used in 200+ universities.

In the 1980s, NIU did a new implementation on IBM PCs, ASSIST/I (Interactive), used by computer scientist John Ehrman to teach a "boot camp" course in assembly programming at SHARE (computing) meetings, at least through 2011, but perhaps for several years after.

On March 1, 1998, Penn State declared that ASSIST was no longer copyrighted and that the program was freely available as per the last release notes.

The original ASSIST code seems to still get some use, as seen in 2017 demonstration video assembling its source and running it in MVS 3.8 emulation on a laptop. IBM System/360 and /370 computers used 24-bit addressing and ignored the high-order 8 bits. Assembly programmers of the era, including those who wrote ASSIST, often saved precious memory by using the high-order 8 bits for flags, which required a compatibility mode when  IBM introduced 31-bit and then 64-bit addressing.

References

External links
 ASSIST Introductory Assembler User's Manual
 ASSIST - Assembler System for Student Instruction & Systems Teaching (IBM System /370 Reference Summary)
 Assist distribution archive maintained by NIU's Michael Stack

Interpreters (computing)
IBM mainframe software
Poise (unit). The poise (symbol P; ) is the unit of dynamic viscosity (absolute viscosity) in the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). It is named after Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (see Hagen–Poiseuille equation). The centipoise (1 cP = 0.01 P) is more commonly used than the poise itself.

Dynamic viscosity has dimensions of , that is, .

The analogous unit in the International System of Units is the pascal-second (Pa⋅s):

The poise is often used with the metric prefix centi- because the viscosity of water at 20 °C (standard conditions for temperature and pressure) is almost exactly 1 centipoise. A centipoise is one hundredth of a poise, or one millipascal-second (mPa⋅s) in SI units (1 cP = 10−3 Pa⋅s = 1 mPa⋅s).

The CGS symbol for the centipoise is cP. The abbreviations cps, cp, and cPs are sometimes seen.

Liquid water has a viscosity of 0.00890 P at 25 °C at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (0.00890 P = 0.890 cP = 0.890 mPa⋅s).

See also

 Poiseuille
 Viscosity

References

Centimetre–gram–second system of units
Units of dynamic viscosity

et:Poise
Service pack. In computing, a service pack comprises a collection of updates, fixes, or enhancements to a software program delivered in the form of a single installable package. Companies often release a service pack when the number of individual patches to a given program reaches a certain (arbitrary) limit, or the software release has shown to be stabilized with a limited number of remaining issues based on users' feedback and bug reports. In large software applications such as office suites, operating systems, database software, or network management, it is not uncommon to have a service pack issued within the first year or two of a product's release. Installing a service pack is easier and less error-prone than installing many individual patches, even more so when updating multiple computers over a network, where service packs are common. 

Service packs are usually numbered, and thus shortly referred to as SP1, SP2, SP3 etc. They may also bring, besides bug fixes, entirely new features, as is the case of SP2 of Windows XP (e.g. Windows Security Center), or SP3 and SP4 of the heavily database dependent Trainz 2009: World Builder Edition.

Incremental and cumulative SPs

Service Packs for Microsoft Windows were cumulative through Windows XP. This means that the problems that are fixed in a service pack are also fixed in later service packs. For example, Windows XP SP3 contains all the fixes that are included in Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2). Windows Vista SP2 was not cumulative, however, but incremental, requiring that SP1 be installed first.

Office XP, Office 2003, Office 2007,  Office 2010 and Office 2013 service packs have been cumulative.

Impact on installation of additional software components
Application service packs replace existing files with updated versions that typically fix bugs or close security holes. If, at a later time, additional components are added to the software using the original media, there is a risk of accidentally mixing older and updated components. Depending on the operating system and deployment methods, it may then be necessary to manually reinstall the service pack after each such change to the software. This was, for example, necessary for Windows NT service packs; however, from Windows 2000 onwards, Microsoft redirected setup programs to use updated service pack files instead of files from the original installation media in order to prevent manual reinstall.

See also
 Adaptation Kit Update
 Apple Software Update
 Hotfix
 IBM Program temporary fix
 Point release
 Slipstream (computing)
 Software release life cycle
 Windows Update

References

External links
 Microsoft Support Lifecycle (includes Microsoft's service pack policy)
 Windows Service Packs
  List of fixes that are included in Windows XP Service Pack 3

Windows administration
System administration
Patch utilities
Software release
Electroencephalophone. An electroencephalophone or encephalophone is an experimental musical instrument and diagnostic tool which uses brain waves (measured in the same way as an EEG) to generate or modulate sounds.

Dr. R. Furth, a mathematical physicist, and Dr. E.A. Bevers, a physiologist, invented the encephalophone in the early 1940s at the University of Edinburgh.  The cross between an electroencephalograph (EEG) and sonar technology, it was meant to be a way for ordinary physicians to diagnose neuropathologies.

In 1973, one was designed by Erkki Kurenniemi, a Finnish electronic musician and artificial intelligence researcher. In the summer of 1968 Kurenniemi visited an electroacoustic music conference organized by Teatro Comunale in Florence, Italy. During the conference Kurenniemi was introduced to Manford L. Eaton’s ideas of biofeedback as a source of musical or composition material. Two of Kurenniemi’s instruments - Dimi-S and Dimi-T - are loosely based on these ideas.

In the 1970s, David Rosenboom and Richard Teitelbaum used EEG based devices to enable performers to create sound and music with their brain waves.

Eduardo Reck Miranda is currently (~2004) involved in research which uses neural networks and brain interfaces to create music.

James Fung, Ariel Garten, and Steve Mann (~2003) have created brainwave systems to control different musical variables in an interactive way, including underwater brainwave concerts.

The electroencephalophone is a quintephone in the sense that it creates sound from the "5th classical element" (i.e. from beyond the world of matter).

Related concepts

In addition to sound-production, regenerative brainwave musical performances use brainwave interfaces to modify or manipulate or play along with sounds of other instruments in a live performance context.

See also
Electrocardiophone

References

Experimental musical instruments
Quintephones
Flettner. Anton Flettner, Flugzeugbau GmbH was a German helicopter and autogyro manufacturer during World War II, founded by Anton Flettner.

Flettner aircraft included:
Flettner Fl 184 - Reconnaissance autogyro, prototype
Flettner Fl 185 - Reconnaissance helicopter, prototype
Flettner Fl 265 - Reconnaissance helicopter, prototype
Flettner Fl 282 Kolibri (Hummingbird) - Reconnaissance helicopter
Flettner Fl 339 - Reconnaissance helicopter, project
Flettner Gigant - Experimental helicopter

Anton Flettner's interest in aerodynamics (specifically the Magnus effect, which produces a force from a cylinder rotating in a fluid flow) also led him to invent the Flettner rotor which he used to power a Flettner ship which crossed the Atlantic, and the Flettner ventilator which is still widely used as a cooling device for buses, vans and other commercial vehicles and which is based upon the Savonius principle.

See also
 Gyrodyne
 List of RLM aircraft designations

References 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Helicopter manufacturers of Germany
Defunct helicopter manufacturers of Germany
Siebel. Siebel was a German aircraft manufacturer founded in 1937 in Halle an der Saale.

History 
It originated in the Klemm-Flugzeugwerke Halle that had been founded in 1934 as a branch of Leichtflugzeugbau Klemm in Böblingen. Its name changed to Siebel Flugzeugwerke when it was taken over by Friedrich Siebel in December 1937.

After World War II the company was revived as Siebel Flugzeugwerke ATG (SIAT) in West Germany in 1948, with its headquarters in Munich. In 1956, its headquarters were moved to Donauwörth and the company became WMD-Siebelwerke ATG (WMD/SIAT) in 1958 in cooperation with Waggon- und Maschinenbau GmbH Donauwörth (WMD). In 1968 the company was absorbed by Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm after MBB became the major shareholder.

Products 
Siebel
 Siebel Fh 104 Hallore, medium transport
 Siebel Si 201, STOL reconnaissance aircraft (prototype)
 Siebel Si 202 "Hummel"  sportplane + trainer, 1938
 Siebel Si 204, transport + aircrew trainer
 DFS 346, research aircraft
 Siebel ferry, landing craft

SIAT
 SIAT 222
 SIAT 223 Flamingo

See also 
List of RLM aircraft designations

References

External links 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Udi Manber. Udi Manber () is an Israeli computer scientist. He is one of the authors of agrep and GLIMPSE. After a career in engineering and management, he worked on medical research.

Education
He earned both his bachelor's degree in 1975 in mathematics and his master's degree in 1978 from the Technion in Israel.  At the University of Washington, he earned another master's degree in 1981 and his PhD in computer science in 1982.

Career

He has won a Presidential Young Investigator Award in 1985, 3 best-paper
awards, and the Usenix annual Software Tools User Group Award software award in 1999. Together with Gene Myers he developed the suffix array, a data structure for string matching.

He was a professor at the University of Arizona and authored several articles while there, including "Using Induction to Design Algorithms" summarizing his textbook (which remains in print) Introduction to Algorithms: A Creative Approach.

He became the chief scientist at Yahoo! in 1998.

In 2002, he joined Amazon.com, where he became "chief algorithms officer" and a vice president. He later was appointed CEO of the Amazon subsidiary company A9.com. He filed a patent on behalf of Amazon. In 2004, Google promoted sponsored listings for its own recruiting whenever someone searched for his name on Google's search engine.

In 2006, he was hired by Google as one of their vice presidents of engineering. In December 2007, he announced Knol, Google's project to create a knowledge repository.

In October 2010, he was responsible for all the search products at Google.

In October 2014, Manber was named the vice president of engineering at YouTube.

In February 2015, Manber announced that he was leaving YouTube for the National Institutes of Health. He left the role in 2016.

In February 2017, Manber went to work for the Department of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco and a technical advisor to UCSF's Institute for Computational Health Sciences.

In October 2018, it was reported that Manber was joining Anthem as its chief AI officer.

Manber served on the board of directors for Twiggle and is an advisor to Amino Health.

References

External links
 IT Conversations  podcast about Google search

Google employees
American male non-fiction writers
American technology chief executives
American computer businesspeople
American computer scientists
Israeli computer scientists
Jewish American non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Arizona faculty
University of Washington alumni
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, San Francisco staff
21st-century American Jews
Ball Aerospace & Technologies. Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., commonly Ball Aerospace, was an American manufacturer of spacecraft, components and instruments for national defense, civil space and commercial space applications.

Until 2024, the firm was a wholly owned subsidiary of Ball Corporation, with primary offices in Boulder, Colorado, and facilities in Broomfield and Westminster in Colorado, with smaller offices in New Mexico, Ohio, northern Virginia, Missouri and Maryland. It was acquired by BAE Systems Inc. in 2024, and is operated as a new division within BAE called Space & Mission systems.

History 
Ball Aerospace began building pointing controls for military rockets in 1956. The aerospace part of the Ball Corporation was then known as Ball Brothers Research Corporation, and later won a contract to build some of NASA's first spacecraft, the Orbiting Solar Observatory satellites. The company has been responsible for numerous technological and scientific projects and continues to provide aerospace technology to NASA and related industries.

Other products and services for the aerospace industry include lubricants, optical systems, star trackers and antennas. As a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Ball Corporation, Ball Aerospace was cited in 2023 as the 54th largest defense contractor in the world.  Both parent and subsidiary headquarters are co-located in Broomfield, Colorado.

In August 2023, Ball Corporation agreed to divest Ball Aerospace to BAE Systems Inc.   for $5.6 billion in cash. On February 14, 2024 The companies announced that all regulatory approvals were in place to allow the deal to complete. The deal was closed on February 16, 2024.

Participating projects 
 The Orbital Express autonomous satellite servicing mission
 The WorldView-2 Earth observation satellite.
 AEROS (satellite)
 Ralph (New Horizons instrument)
 Chandra X-ray Observatory aspect camera (star tracker) and SIM (science instrument module)
 Hubble Space Telescope: seven science instruments (COS, WFC3, ACS, NICMOS, STIS, COSTAR, and GHRS), two star trackers, five major equipment subsystems, and custom tools to support service missions
 James Webb Space Telescope optical mirror system
 Kepler space telescope

See also

Ball Corporation

References

External links 

 Ball Aerospace website

Ball Corporation
Aerospace companies of the United States
Defense companies of the United States
Spacecraft manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Colorado
Companies based in Boulder, Colorado
Companies based in Broomfield, Colorado
Manufacturing companies established in 1956
1956 establishments in Colorado
Science and technology in Colorado
American companies established in 1956
2024 mergers and acquisitions
Program derivation. In computer science, program derivation is the derivation of a program from its specification, by mathematical means.

To derive a program means to write a formal specification, which is usually non-executable, and then apply mathematically correct rules in order to obtain an executable program satisfying that specification. The program thus obtained is then correct by construction.  Program and correctness proof are constructed together.

The approach usually taken in formal verification is to first write a program, and then provide a proof that it conforms to a given specification.  The main problems with this are that:
 the resulting proof is often long and cumbersome;
 no insight is given as to how the program was developed; it appears "like a rabbit out of a hat";
 should the program happen to be incorrect in some subtle way, the attempt to verify it is likely to be long and certain to be fruitless.

Program derivation tries to remedy these shortcomings by:
 keeping proofs shorter, by development of appropriate mathematical notations;
 making design decisions through formal manipulation of the specification.

Terms that are roughly synonymous with program derivation are: transformational programming, algorithmics, deductive programming.

The Bird-Meertens Formalism is an approach to program derivation.

Approaches to achieving correctness in Distributed computing include research languages such as the P programming language.

See also
 Automatic programming
 Hoare logic
 Program refinement
 Design by contract
 Program synthesis
 Proof-carrying code

References
  Edsger W. Dijkstra, Wim H. J. Feijen, A Method of Programming, Addison-Wesley, 1988, 188 pages
 Edward Cohen, Programming in the 1990s, Springer-Verlag, 1990
 Anne Kaldewaij, Programming: The Derivation of Algorithms, Prentice-Hall, 1990, 216 pages
  David Gries, The Science of Programming, Springer-Verlag, 1981, 350 pages
 Carroll Morgan (computer scientist), Programming from Specifications,  International Series in Computer Science (2nd ed.), Prentice-Hall, 1998.
 Eric C.R. Hehner, a Practical Theory of Programming, 2008, 235 pages
 A.J.M. van Gasteren. On the Shape of Mathematical Arguments. Lecture Notes in Computer Science #445, Springer-Verlag, 1990. Teaches how to write proofs with clarity and precision.
 Martin Rem. "Small Programming Exercises", appeared in Science of Computer Programming, Vol.3 (1983) through Vol.14 (1990).
 Roland Backhouse. Program Construction: Calculating Implementations from Specifications. Wiley, 2003.  .
 Derrick G. Kourie, Bruce W. Watson. The Correctness-by-Construction Approach to Programming. Springer-Verlag, 2012. . Provides a step-by-step explanation of how to derive mathematically correct algorithms using small and tractable refinements.
The Complete Robot. The Complete Robot (1982) is a collection of 31 of the 37 science fiction short stories about robots by American writer Isaac Asimov, written between 1939 and 1977. Most of the stories had been previously collected in the books I, Robot and The Rest of the Robots, while four had previously been uncollected and the rest had been scattered across five other anthologies. They share a theme of the interaction of humans, robots and morality, and put together tell a larger story of Asimov's fictional history of robotics. The stories are grouped into categories.

Contents
 Introduction
 Some Non-human Robots
 "A Boy's Best Friend" (1975)
 "Sally" (1953)
 "Someday" (1956), also Multivac series
 Some Immobile Robots
 "Point of View" (1975), also Multivac series
 "Think!" (1977)
 "True Love" (1977), also Multivac series
 Some Metallic Robots
 "Robot AL-76 Goes Astray" (1942)
 "Victory Unintentional" (1942)
 "Stranger in Paradise" (1973–74), novelette
 "Light Verse" (1973)
 "Segregationist" (1967)
 "Robbie" (1940)
 Some Humanoid Robots
 "Let's Get Together" (1957)
 "Mirror Image" (1972)
 "The Tercentenary Incident" (1976)
 Powell and Donovan
 "First Law" (1956)
 "Runaround" (1941–42), novelette
 "Reason" (1941)
 "Catch That Rabbit" (1944)
 Susan Calvin
 "Liar!" (1941)
 "Satisfaction Guaranteed" (1951)
 "Lenny" (1958)
 "Galley Slave" (1957), novelette
 "Little Lost Robot" (1947), novelette
 "Risk" (1955), novelette
 "Escape!" (1945)
 "Evidence" (1946), novelette
 "The Evitable Conflict" (1950), novelette
 "Feminine Intuition" (1969), novelette
 Two Climaxes
 ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him" (1974), novelette
 "The Bicentennial Man" (1976), novelette
 A Last Word

Stories not involving the Three Laws of Robotics
Stories that are about Asimov's positronic robots that do not obey the Three Laws of Robotics are:

"Let's Get Together" robots are used as parts of a bomb that will explode when they get together.
In "Someday" there are non-positronic computers which tell stories and do not obey the Three Laws.
In "Sally" there are positronic brain cars who can damage men or disobey without problems.  No other kinds of robots are seen, and there is no mention of the Three Laws.
In ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him" robots are created with a very flexible Three Laws management, and these create little, simplified robots with no laws that actually act against the Three Laws of Robotics.

Robot stories not included
This collection includes most of Asimov's robot short stories. Missing ones were either written after its publication, or formed the text connecting the stories in I, Robot.

The six Asimov robot short stories not included in this book are:
 "Robot Dreams" (found in the anthology of the same title)
 "Robot Visions" (found in the anthology of the same title)
 "Too Bad!" (found in Robot Visions)
 "Christmas Without Rodney" (found in Robot Visions)
 "Cal" (found in Gold)
 "Kid Brother" (found in Gold)

References

External links

 Comparative Table of the Main Robot Stories Collections

Foundation universe books
Science fiction short story collections by Isaac Asimov
1982 short story collections
Doubleday (publisher) books