omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ARX (operating system). ARX was an unreleased Mach-like operating system written in Modula-2+ developed by Acorn Computers Ltd in the Acorn Research Centre (ARC) United Kingdom (UK) and later by Olivetti—which purchased Acorn—for Acorn's new Archimedes personal computers based on the ARM architecture reduced instruction set computer (RISC) central processing unit (CPUs).

Overview
According to the project Application Manager Richard Cownie, during the project, while Acorn was developing the kernel, it used the C and Acorn Modula Execution Library (CAMEL) in the  Acorn Extended Modula-2 (AEM2) compiler (ported from Modula-2 ETH Zurich (ETH) using Econet hardware). Though never released externally, CAMEL was ported to use on Sun Microsystems Unix computers. In an effort to port Sun's workstations Sun NeWS to the Archimedes, David Chase developed a compiler based on AEM2 for the programming language Modula-3.

ARX was a preemptive multitasking, multithreading, multi-user operating system. Much of the OS ran in user mode and as a result suffered performance problems due to switches into kernel mode to perform mutexes, which led to the introduction of the SWP instruction to the instruction set of the ARMv2a version of the ARM processor. It had support of a file system for optical (write once read many (WORM)) disks and featured a window system, a window toolkit (and a direct manipulation user interface (UI) editor) and an Interscript-based text editor, for enriched documents written in Interpress (a HTML precursor). The OS had to be fitted in a 512 KB read-only memory (ROM) ROM image. This suggests that ARX had a microkernel-type design.

It was not finished in time to be used in the Acorn Archimedes range of computers, which shipped in 1987 with an operating system named Arthur, later renamed RISC OS, derived from the earlier Machine Operating System (MOS) from Acorn's earlier 8-bit BBC Micro range. Confusion persisted about the nature of ARX amongst the wider public and press, with some believing that ARX was Acorn's own Unix variant, with this view being refined in time to accommodate ARX as Acorn's own attempt to deliver a "UNIX look-alike" whose development had been abandoned in favour of a traditional Unix version for the Archimedes, which ultimately emerged as RISC iX.

The Acorn Research Centre was acquired by Olivetti.

See also
 RISC iX

References

External links
 ARX features
 History of the addition of the SWP instruction to the ARM3 instruction set

Acorn Computers operating systems
ARM operating systems
Discontinued operating systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
Microkernels
Artificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability. Artificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability (ARIES) is an international non-profit research project hosted by the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) headquartered in Bilbao, Spain. It was created to integrate scientific computational models for environmental sustainability assessment and policy-making, through ecoinformatics.

Technology and applications
ARIES seeks to integrate scientific data and models that simulate environmental and socioeconomic systems to address linked scientific modelling problems, through semantics (computer science), FAIR data and models, and an open-source software infrastructure called Knowledge Laboratory (k.LAB) to semantically describe, code, and distribute data and models for end-users, modellers, and network administrators.

ARIES currently includes two web-based applications: the k.Explorer and the ARIES for SEEA Explorer. Released in Fall 2018, k.Explorer is an interface that allows non-technical users to run sophisticated models. The ARIES for SEEA Explorer was released in April 2021 by BC3 in collaboration with the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for rapid, standardized and customizable natural capital accounting. Shortly following the adoption of the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) Ecosystem Accounting standard by United Nations in March 2021, the ARIES for SEEA Explorer was made available on the UN Global Platform in order to accelerate SEEA's implementation worldwide.

History and partners
The ARIES Project started in April 2007 at the Gund Institute for Ecological Economics of the University of Vermont, United States, sponsored by a $1M grant from the U.S. government's National Science Foundation. A prototype of the model building system was developed over the following year, and a functional prototype was made available online in 2012. Since 2010, the project has been based at BC3, where the technology has continued developing ever since. Since 2013, the ARIES team has held the International Spring University (ISU) on Ecosystem Services Modelling, an annual intensive modelling school for scientists and policy analysts working in the environmental sustainability field.

ARIES is led from a global hub at BC3 in collaboration with Ca' Foscari University of Venice, the Global Change Research Centre, HydroloGIS Environmental Engineering, IHCantabria, the Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability of Nagoya University, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), UN DESA, the University of Udine, and the United States Geological Survey (USGS).

References

External links 
 ARIES website

Environmental organisations based in Spain
Knowledge representation software
Maxwell (unit). The maxwell (symbol: Mx) is the CGS (centimetre–gram–second)  unit of magnetic flux ().

History
The unit name honours James Clerk Maxwell, who presented a unified theory of electromagnetism. The maxwell was recommended as a CGS unit at the International Electrical Congress held in 1900 at Paris. This practical unit was previously called a line, reflecting  Faraday's conception of the magnetic field as curved lines of magnetic force, which he designated as line of magnetic induction. Kiloline (103 line) and megaline (106 line) were sometimes used because 1 line was very small relative to the phenomena that it was used to measure.

The maxwell was affirmed again unanimously as the unit name for magnetic flux at the Plenary Meeting of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in July 1930 at Oslo. In 1933, the Electric and Magnetic Magnitudes and Units committee of the IEC recommended to adopt the metre–kilogram–second (MKS) system (Giorgi system), and the name weber was proposed for the practical unit of magnetic flux (), subject to approval of various national committees, which was achieved in 1935. The weber was thus adopted as a practical unit of magnetic flux  by the IEC.

Definition
The maxwell is a non-SI unit.

1 maxwell = 1 gauss × (centimetre)2

That is, one maxwell is the total flux across a surface of one square centimetre perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength one gauss.

The weber is the related SI unit of magnetic flux, which was defined in 1946. 
 1 maxwell ≘ 10−4 tesla × (10−2 metre)2 = 10−8 weber

See also
Centimetre–gram–second system of units
Gaussian units
Maxwell's equations

References 

Units of magnetic flux
Centimetre–gram–second system of units
James Clerk Maxwell
MMS. MMS may refer to:

Science and technology

Network communication protocols 
 Multimedia Messaging Service for mobile phones
 Microsoft Media Server, a content-streaming  protocol (mms://)
 Manufacturing Message Specification for real time process data

Other 
 Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission, NASA
 Massachusetts Medical Society
 Methyl methanesulfonate
 Moment magnitude scale of earthquake energy
Multiscale Modeling and Simulation journal

Schools

Modern Montessori School, Amman, Jordan
Marshall Middle School (Pittsburgh), US
Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, US, formerly Mayo Medical School
Margaret Mace School, the only school of the North Wildwood School District

Government and politics
Minerals Management Service, former U.S. agency
Movimento Mérito e Sociedade (Merit and Society Movement), Portuguese political party

Other uses
 Machinist's mate (shop mechanic), US Navy
 Master of Management, a postgraduate academic degree course.
 Medical Mission Sisters, a religious congregation
 Methodist Missionary Society of Australasia, a former division of the Methodist Church in Australia
 Metro Manila Subway, an under-construction rapid transit line in Philippines
 Metropolitan mountaineering society, Philippines
 Miracle Mineral Supplement, bleach fraudulently sold as medicine
 M.M.S. (Mobile Missile System), a G.I. Joe playset
 MMS-class minesweeper, a class of British warships

See also 
 M&M's
Starlink (disambiguation). Starlink is a very large satellite constellation by SpaceX.

Starlink may also refer to:

Science and technology
 StarLink corn, a strain of genetically modified maize
 Starlink Project, an astronomical computing project
 STARLINK, a brand of automotive connectivity systems by Subaru

Other uses
 Starlink Aviation, a Canadian charter airline
 Starlink: Battle for Atlas, a 2018 video game
 St Andrews Rail Link (StARLink), a proposed railway project in St Andrews, Scotland

See also
 Star topology, in computer networking
 Starnet (disambiguation)
Ads. ADS or Ads may refer to:

 Advertising

Arts and entertainment
 ADS (TV station), Adelaide, South Australia
 "Aiming Down Sights",  video game term

Aviation
 Air Defence Ship, Indian aircraft carrier designation
 Air defence system, anti-aircraft weapon
 Automatic dependent surveillance for tracking aircraft
 IATA airport code for Addison Airport in State of Texas, USA

Science and technology

Computing 
 Advanced Design System, electronic design automation software
 Alternate data stream in Microsoft NTFS
 Automated decision support, rule-based systems for management

Military use 
 Active Denial System, US non-lethal weapon
 ADS amphibious rifle

Other uses in science and technology
 Accelerator-driven system, a type of subcritical reactor
 Adaptive Damping System, Mercedes  vehicle suspension
 Aitken Double Star Catalogue
 Anti–de Sitter space, a manifold in mathematics and physics
 Archaeology Data Service
 Astrophysics Data System
 Atmospheric diving suit
 Automated driving system
 Autonomous Detection System for biohazards

Other uses 
 Adamorobe Sign Language, Ghana
 Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary, a dolphin sanctuary in Adelaide, South Australia
 ADS Group, a British trade organisation
 ADS (motorcycle), a Belgian manufacturer
 Advanced Drainage Systems, a US manufacturer of plastic pipes and other drainage products
 Agrarian Democratic Party, Czech Republic
 Alliance Data Systems, NYSE code
 American depositary share
 American Dialect Society, a learned society dedicated to languages in the US
 Ardrossan Harbour railway station, North Ayrshire, Scotland, station code

See also 
 AD (disambiguation)
IBM 1720. The IBM 1720 was a pilot project to create a real-time process control computer based on the IBM 1620 Model I.

Only three 1720 systems were ever built: one for the Amoco oil refinery in Whiting, Indiana; one for the Socal oil refinery in El Segundo, California; and one for E. I. du Pont in Wilmington, Delaware.  All were installed in 1961.  The Amoco and Socal systems ran for many years.

The 1720 led to the IBM 1710 Process Control systems that IBM introduced in March 1961; these were cheaper and less elaborate than the 1720.

See also
IBM 1710
IBM 1800

External links
"Evolution of Small Real-Time IBM Computer Systems" (1.25 MB PDF file), from the IBM Journal of Research and Development.

1720
Computer-related introductions in 1961
Amoco
Weissenberg number. The Weissenberg number (Wi) is a dimensionless number used in the study of viscoelastic flows. It is named after Karl Weissenberg. The dimensionless number compares the elastic forces to the viscous forces. It can be variously defined, but it is usually given by the relation of stress relaxation time of the fluid and a specific process time. For instance, in simple steady shear, the Weissenberg number, often abbreviated as Wi or We, is defined as the shear rate  times the relaxation time . Using the Maxwell model and the Oldroyd-B model, the elastic forces can be written as the first Normal force (N1).

Since this number is obtained from scaling the evolution of the stress, it contains choices for the shear or elongation rate, and the length-scale. Therefore the exact definition of all non dimensional numbers should be given as well as the number itself.

While Wi is similar to the Deborah number and is often confused with it in technical literature, they have different physical interpretations. The Weissenberg number indicates the degree of anisotropy or orientation generated by the deformation, and is appropriate to describe flows with a constant stretch history, such as simple shear. In contrast, the Deborah number should be used to describe flows with a non-constant stretch history, and physically represents the rate at which elastic energy is stored or released.

References

Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics
Non-Newtonian fluids
Rheology
TDD. TDD may refer to:

Science and technology
 Telecommunications device for the deaf, a device for text communication along a telephone line
 Test-driven development, a type of software development methodology
 Time-division duplex, the application of time-division multiplexing to separate outward and return signals
 LTE-TDD, a 4G telecommunications technology and standard
 Transdermal drug delivery, a method of delivering drugs through the skin and into the bloodstream

Other uses
 Transportation development district, a special-purpose district created in some US states
 Teniente Jorge Henrich Arauz Airport (IATA airport code), Trinidad, Bolivia
 Tai Nüa language (ISO639-3 code: tdd)
Hibonite. Hibonite is a mineral with the chemical formula , occurring in various colours, with a hardness of 7.5–8.0 and a hexagonal crystal structure. It is rare, but is found in high-grade metamorphic rocks on Madagascar. Some presolar grains in primitive meteorites consist of hibonite. Hibonite also is a common mineral in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions found in some chondritic meteorites. Hibonite is closely related to hibonite-Fe (IMA 2009-027, ) an alteration mineral from the Allende meteorite. Hibonites were among the first minerals to form as the disk of gas and dust swirling around the young sun cooled.

A very rare gem, hibonite was discovered in 1953 in Madagascar by Paul Hibon, a French prospector.

Colour
Hibonite can vary in colour, from a bright blue, to green, to orange, to a nearly black deep brown. The colour is related to the degree of oxidation; meteoritic hibonite tends to be blue.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References
Webmineral

Calcium minerals
Lanthanide minerals
Aluminium minerals
Oxide minerals
Meteorite minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 194
Cambridge Ring (computer network). The Cambridge Ring was an experimental local area network architecture developed at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge starting in 1974 and continuing into the 1980s. It was a ring network with a theoretical limit of 255 nodes (though such a large number would have badly affected performance), around which cycled a fixed number of packets. Free packets would be "loaded" with data by a sending machine, marked as received by the destination machine, and "unloaded" on return to the sender; thus in principle, there could be as many simultaneous senders as packets.

The network ran over twin twisted-pair cabling (plus a fibre-optic section) at a raw data rate of 10 megabits/sec.
There are strong similarities between the Cambridge Ring and an earlier ring network developed at Bell Labs based on a design by John R. Pierce.  That network used T1 lines at bit rate of 1.544 MHz and accommodating 522 bit messages (data plus address).

People associated with the project include Andy Hopper, David Wheeler, Maurice Wilkes, and Roger Needham.
A 1980 study by Peter Cowley reported several commercial implementors of elements of the network, ranging from Ferranti (producing gate arrays), Inmos (a semiconductor manufacturer), Linotype Paul, Logica VTS, MDB Systems, and Toltec Data (a design company who manufactured interface boards).

In 2002, the Computer Laboratory launched a graduate society called the Cambridge Computer Lab Ring named after the Cambridge Ring.

See also
 Cambridge Distributed Computing System
 Internet in the United Kingdom § History
 JANET
 NPL network
 Packet switching
 Token Ring
 University of London Computer Centre

References

External links
 Cambridge Ring Hardware
 Cambridge Fast Ring
 Cambridge Backbone Ring Hardware
 Cambridge Computer Lab Ring
 

1974 introductions
Experimental computer networks
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Local area networks
Network topology
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
Open Source Development Labs. Open Source Development Labs (OSDL) was a non-profit organization supported by a consortium to promote Linux for enterprise computing. Founded in 2000, OSDL positioned itself as an independent, non-profit lab for developers who are adding enterprise capabilities to Linux. The headquarters was first incorporated in San Francisco but later relocated to Beaverton in Oregon with second facility in Yokohama, Japan.

On January 22, 2007, OSDL and the Free Standards Group merged to form the Linux Foundation, narrowing their respective focuses to that of promoting Linux.

Activities
OSDL sponsored  projects, including industry initiatives to enhance Linux for use in corporate data centres, in telecommunications networks, and on desktop computers.  It also:
 provided hardware resources to the free software community and the open source community
 tested and reported on open source software
 employed a number of Linux developers.

Its employees included Linus Torvalds, the first OSDL fellow, and Bryce Harrington. In 2005, Andrew "Tridge" Tridgell was the second OSDL fellow for a year.

It had data centers in Beaverton (Oregon, United States) and Yokohama (Japan).

OSDL had investment backers that included: 7 funders of Computer Associates, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Ltd., Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel Corporation, Nippon Electric Corporation, as well as a large collection of independent software vendors, end-user companies and educational institutions.  A steering committee composed of representatives from the investment backers directed OSDL, which also had a significant staff of its own.

Working groups
OSDL had established five Working Groups since 2002:
 Mobile Linux Initiative
 Carrier Grade Linux
 Data Center Linux
 Desktop Linux
User Advisory Council

See also

 Patent Commons, a project launched in November 2005 by the OSDL

References

Free and open-source software organizations
Organizations disestablished in 2007
Defunct companies based in Oregon
Linux Foundation
Buildings and structures in Beaverton, Oregon
Companies established in 2000
Laboratories in Oregon
2007 disestablishments in Oregon
Setun. Setun  () was a computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University. It was built under the leadership of Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov. It was the most modern ternary computer, using the balanced ternary numeral system and three-valued ternary logic instead of the two-valued binary logic prevalent in other computers.

Overview
The computer was built to fulfill the needs of Moscow State University. It was manufactured at the Kazan Mathematical plant. Fifty computers were built from 1959 until 1965, when production was halted. The characteristic operating memory consisted of 81 words of memory, each word composed of 18 trits (ternary digits) with additional 1944 words on magnetic drum (total of about 7 KB). Between 1965 and 1970, a regular binary computer was used at Moscow State University to replace it. Although this replacement binary computer performed equally well, it was 2.5 times the cost of the Setun.

In 1970, a new ternary computer architecture, the Setun-70, was developed. Edsger W. Dijkstra's ideas of structured programming were implemented in the hardware of this computer. The short instructions set was developed and implemented by Nikolay Brusentsov independently from RISC architecture principles.

The Setun-70 hardware architecture was transformed into the Dialogue System of Structured Programming (DSSP). DSSP emulates the "Setun 70" architecture on binary computers, thus it fulfills the advantages of structured programming. DSSP programming language has similar syntax to the Forth programming language but has a different sequence of base instructions, especially conditional jump instructions. DSSP was developed by Nikolay Brusentsov and doctoral students in the 1980s at Moscow State University. A 32-bit version was implemented in 1989.

See also 

 History of computing in the Soviet Union

References

Early computers
Soviet computer systems
Soviet inventions
Herapathite. Herapathite, or iodoquinine sulfate, is a chemical compound whose crystals are dichroic and thus can be used for polarizing light.

It was discovered in 1852 by William Bird Herapath, a Bristol surgeon and chemist. One of his pupils found that adding iodine to the urine of a dog that had been fed quinine produced unusual green crystals. Herapath noticed while studying the crystals under a microscope that they appeared to polarize light.

In the 1930s,  invented a process to grow single herapathite crystals large enough to be sandwiched between two sheets of glass to create a polarizing filter; these were sold under brand name "Bernotar" by Carl Zeiss. Herapathite can be formed by precipitation by dissolving quinine sulfate in acetic acid and adding iodine tincture.

Herapathite's dichroic properties came to the attention of Sir David Brewster, and were later used by Edwin H. Land in 1929 to construct the first type of Polaroid sheet polarizer. He did this by embedding herapathite crystals in a polymer instead of growing a single large crystal.

Structurally, herapathite consists of quinine (in a cationic doubly-protonated ammonium form), sulfate counterions, and triiodide units, all as a hydrate. They combine as 4C20H26N2O2•3SO4•2I3•6H2O, or sometimes other ratios and higher polyiodides.

References

Further reading
 Bernauer, F. (1935). "Neue Wege zur Herstellung von Polarisatoren". Forschritte der Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Petrographie Neunzehnter Band.
 
 

Nitrogen heterocycles
Organoiodides
Polyhalides
Polarization (waves)
Vinyl compounds