omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Duluth Vessel Yard. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Duluth Vessel Yard is a federal port facility in Duluth, Minnesota, United States.  It houses the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) resources used to maintain the harbors of the Twin Ports of Duluth and Superior, Wisconsin.  It was established on Minnesota Point in 1903, though most of its present configuration dates to a flurry of construction in 1941.

The Duluth Vessel Yard was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for its local significance in the themes of community planning and development, conservation, engineering, maritime history, politics/government, and transportation.  It was nominated for its significant role in developing and maintaining the harbor that underpins the Twin Ports economy and for encapsulating federal involvement in local transportation infrastructure.

History
After the construction of the St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal was completed at Sault Ste. Marie, ships carrying grain, lumber, coal, and iron ore could carry the natural resources of the Midwestern United States to East Coast ports.  By the late 19th century the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was tasked to create a bustling harbor at the western end of Lake Superior.  For several years they created breakwaters, dredged channels, and built docks to accommodate ever-larger cargo-hauling ships.  By the turn of the 20th century, the Vermilion and Mesabi Iron Ranges were producing nearly 8 million long tons (8,100,000 Mg) of ore per year.  The Corps was busy—between 1897 and 1902 they dredged 22 million cubic yards (17,000,000 cubic metres) out of the Duluth and Superior harbors, creating a  harbor with  of ship channels.  By 1906, the quantity of material shipped through the harbors was superseded only by that of New York and Philadelphia.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis County, Minnesota

References

1903 establishments in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Duluth, Minnesota
Duluth–Superior metropolitan area
Government buildings completed in 1941
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis County, Minnesota
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Smart ligand. Smart ligands are affinity ligands selected with pre-defined equilibrium (), kinetic (, ) and thermodynamic (ΔH, ΔS) parameters of biomolecular interaction.

Ligands with desired parameters can be selected from large combinatorial libraries of biopolymers using instrumental separation techniques with well-described kinetic behaviour, such as kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), microscale thermophoresis (MST), etc. Known examples of smart ligands include DNA smart aptamers; however, RNA and peptide smart aptamers can also be developed.

Smart ligands can find a set of unique applications in biomedical research, drug discovery and proteomic studies. For example, a panel of DNA smart aptamers has been recently used to develop affinity analysis of proteins with ultra-wide dynamic range of measured concentrations.

References

External links
 Extending Protein Detection 

Biotechnology
Ligands (biochemistry)
Nucleic acids
Proteomics
Ronald Adrian. Ronald J. Adrian is the Ira A. Fulton Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Arizona State University's Fulton School of Engineering and heads the Laboratory for Energetic Flow and Turbulence. He is well known for his contributions to the field of fluid dynamics in the areas of wall turbulence, thermal convection, coherent structures in turbulence and laser instrumentation. He is the Associate editor of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Co-editor of the Springer Series in Experimental Fluid Mechanics and Co-founder and editor of eFluids.com.

External links
 Ronald Adrian Homepage

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Arizona State University faculty
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Gwynt y Môr. is a 576-megawatt (MW) offshore wind farm located off the coast of north Wales and is the fifth largest operating offshore windfarm in the world. The farm has 160 wind turbines of  tip height above mean sea level.

Planning consent for the project was granted on 3 December 2008. The project has a value of 2 billion Euros, of which 1.2 billion Euros were spent on turbines and electrical connections. Construction began in 2012, power production started in September 2013, construction phase ended in November 2014, and final commissioning occurred in June 2015.

In May 2020 plans to add up to 107 new turbines were submitted to Flintshire Council, increasing the windfarm by an extra 41 square miles, with a generating capacity of at least 100 megawatts.

Design and planning
As with all offshore wind farms in the UK the Crown Estate owns the seabed at Gwynt y Môr. It has agreed to lease the land to RWE npower renewables. The wind farm is located close to the existing North Hoyle and Rhyl Flats offshore wind farms. These projects are wholly or partly owned by RWE npower renewables, a subsidiary of German company RWE. In the case of Gwynt y Môr, RWE holds 50%, Stadtwerke München holds 30%, Siemens holds 10% and UK Green Investment Bank holds 10%.

With 160 turbines of 3.6MW Siemens SWT-3.6-107, Gwynt y Môr will be Wales' largest wind farm. The output of 1,950 GWh per year is capable of powering around 400,000 homes, or 30% of the homes in Wales. This prevents the release of about 1.7 million tonnes of carbon dioxide every year.

Planning consent for the project was granted on 3 December 2008. The project has a value of 2 billion Euros. 1.2 billion Euros will go to Siemens for turbines and electrical connections.

Two floating experimental LIDAR wind measurement stations have been tested at the site for two years.

Construction
Construction work began offshore in January 2011 when pieces of rock were laid on softer parts of the seabed to secure the foundations of the turbines. Work began on laying undersea cables from the windfarm to the shore in August 2012. The project uses four 132 kV subsea cables manufactured by NKT. In order to feed electricity into the national grid, a substation was built near St Asaph in Denbighshire.

Power production started in September 2013. Final commissioning was completed on 18 June 2015.

Its levelised cost has been estimated at £179/MWh.

See also

 Wind power in the United Kingdom
List of offshore wind farms
List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom
List of offshore wind farms in the Irish Sea
 npower (UK)

References

External links

Gwynt y Môr , RWE Innogy

2015 establishments in Wales
Energy infrastructure completed in 2015
Offshore wind farms in the Irish Sea
Round 2 offshore wind farms
RWE
Wind farms in Wales
Larry Reithmaier. Larry Reithmaier (May 28, 1921 – January 31, 2015) was an American engineer and author. His book, "Private Pilot's Guide" won the top award presented by the Aviation/Space Writers Association for excellence in writing on the subject of general aviation in 1974.  Larry graduated from the University of Illinois in 1944 with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. During a long career as an aerospace engineer, Larry worked on the design and development of the F2H, F-3, F-86H, F-100, F-101, and F-4 fighter planes, the B-1B bomber, and Apollo and Skylab spacecraft. He also held various licenses for flying including commercial pilot rating, instrument rating, instructor rating and mechanic rating. Larry is included in the 1982 editions of Who's Who in California, Who's Who in the West, and Who's Who in Aviation and Aerospace. Beginning in 1985, Larry was listed in Who's Who in America.

Selected publications
Standard Aircraft Handbook for Mechanics and Technicians  
Aviation Mechanics Certification Guide  
Aircraft Mechanics Digest  
Aircraft Mechanics Shop Manual  
Aircraft Repair Manual  
Aviation-Space Dictionary  
Computer Guide for Pilots  
Controlling Pilot Error: Maintenance & Mechanics  
Flight Planning Guide for Pilots  
Mach 1 and Beyond: The Illustrated Guide to High-Speed Flight  
Pilot's Handbook of Instrument Flying  
Pilot's Handbook of Weather  
Private Pilots Guide  
Radar Guide for Pilots  
Weather Briefing Guide for Pilots

References

Writers from Chicago
American aerospace engineers
American mechanical engineers
1921 births
2015 deaths
Engineers from Illinois
American commercial aviators
University of Illinois alumni
Jacques Rosay. Jacques Rosay was Vice President Chief Test Pilot of the aircraft manufacturer Airbus.  He has piloted the maiden flights of several Airbus airliners, including the A318, A340-500, and A380 Superjumbo. He was born in 1949 in Valréas (Vaucluse), France, and died on 12 June 2015.

Career

Prior to his work for Airbus, Rosay was a test pilot at the flight test center in Istres Air Base in southern France, where he flew almost 150 different aircraft models including the Rafale A and the Mirage 2000. Rosay then worked for the Joint Aviation Authorities in the course of certification efforts for various civil aircraft.  He joined Airbus in 1995, and achieved the position of chief test pilot in 2000.

Rosay had some 10,000 flight hours of experience, including 6,000 hours of test flights.

References

1949 births
2015 deaths
French aviators
French test pilots
Airbus people
People from Vaucluse
École de l'air alumni
Elasterell. Elasterell (officially "elasterell-p") is an alternative to the generic term "polyester" for a specific subgroup of inherently elastic, multicomponent textile fibers.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in November 2002 issued a final rule which establishes the name. Elasterell was originally manufactured by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company and previously referred to as "T400". The FTC states that because this material is arguably comparable to other multicomponent polyester fibers, other companies that manufacture fibers satisfying the definition of "elasterell-p" may use that name in making required fiber content disclosures on labels.

The FTC defines "elasterell-p" as fiber formed by the interaction of two or more chemically distinct polymers (of which none exceeds 85% by weight) which contains ester groups as the dominant functional unit (at least 85% by weight of the total polymer content of the fiber) and which, if stretched at least 100%, durably and rapidly reverts substantially to its unstretched length when the tension is removed.

References

Synthetic fibers
Co-modality. Co-modality is a notion introduced by the European Commission in 2006 in the field of the transport policy to define an approach of the globality of the transport modes and of their combinations.

Description 
For the European Commission co-modality refers to a "use of different modes on their own and in combination" in the aim to obtain "an optimal and sustainable utilisation of resources".

This notion introduces a new approach to the European transport policy in which one do not seek, like in the 2001 white paper, to oppose transport modes one to another, i.e. opposing roads to its alternatives, but rather to find an optimum exploiting the domains of relevance of the various transport modes and of their combinations.

Controversy 
The transition from the support of intermodality and multimodality as exposed in the 2001 white paper to the notion of co-modality has been seen by many observers of the sector of transport as the sign of the abandonment of a policy oriented towards the development of the alternatives to the road mode.

See also
Cycle lane

References

External links 
 White paper European transport policy for 2010 : time to decide
 Mid-term review of the 2001 Transport White Paper Keep Europe Moving
Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on the mid-term review of the European Commission's 2001 transport white paper

Transportation planning
Intermodal transport
William Symes Andrews. William Symes Andrews (September 10, 1847 – July 1, 1929) was an Edison Pioneer, electrical engineer, and one of the first employees of the General Electric Company.

Biography
He was born in England in 1847. He started working at Edison's Menlo Park in 1879. He died on July 1, 1929, in Schenectady, New York.

References

Edison Pioneers
1847 births
1929 deaths
English electrical engineers
American electrical engineers
International Skydiving Commission. The International Skydiving Commission (ISC) of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) conducts the FAI's parachuting and skydiving activities, particularly the World Records and International Competitions. The commission was formerly known as the International Parachuting Commission, and changed its name on 6 December 2019, at the FAI General Conference in Lausanne.

References

External links
 
 Old International Parachuting Commission website

Parachuting organizations
Organisations based in Lausanne
Norsk (marque). Norsk was the brand name of cars built by  in Oslo, Norway between 1908 and 1911. Models produced included a small automobile with a single-cylinder 8 hp engine and a heavier touring car with 4-cylinder engine. A total of around 10 cars were built.

References
 David Burgess-Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles, Quarto, London (1979).

Car manufacturers of Norway
Cars introduced in 1908
Banded waveguide synthesis. Banded Waveguides Synthesis is a physical modeling synthesis method to simulate sounds of dispersive sounding objects, or objects with strongly inharmonic resonant frequencies efficiently. It can be used to model the sound of instruments based on elastic solids such as vibraphone and marimba bars, singing bowls and bells. It can also be used for other instruments with inharmonic partials, such as membranes or plates. For example, simulations of tabla drums and cymbals have been implemented using this method. Because banded waveguides retain the dynamics of the system, complex non-linear excitations can be implemented. The method was originally invented in 1999 by Georg Essl and Perry Cook to synthesize the sound of bowed vibraphone bars.

In the case of the standard one-dimensional wave equation  disturbances of all frequencies travel with the same constant speed . In dispersive media, the traveling speed of disturbances depends on their frequency and we get  where  is the frequency of the disturbance. Many physical systems are dispersive, for example the elastic beams described by the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation  where  is a  material constant.

Banded waveguides model dispersive behavior by splitting the propagation of disturbances into frequency bands. Each frequency band is modeled using a band-limited version of the standard digital waveguide method. Each frequency band is tuned to the resonant frequencies of the sounding object to be modeled to avoid any discretization error at the dominant and audible frequencies.

Banded waveguide synthesis is implemented in most available sound synthesis libraries and programs such as:

 STK
 ChucK
 pd and Max/MSP via PerCoLate
 RTCMix
 SuperCollider
 CSound
 Common Lisp Music

Citations

Sources 
 
 

Sound synthesis types
Sound production technology
Digital signal processing
Slesarev Svyatogor. The Svyatogor () was a large experimental Russian aircraft, constructed by Vasily Slesarev in 1916. The aircraft was named after the mythological hero Svyatogor.

Development

The work on the Svyatogor began in 1913. It was a large wooden biplane, with wings and fuselage covered in fabric. The aircraft was propelled by two large propellers, 6 meters in diameter. Everything on the aircraft was oversized, the nose wheel was 1.5 meter in diameter and the four rear wheels were 2 meters in diameter. The engines were placed inside the fuselage to allow access during flight.

The aircraft awoke much interest, but failed to receive funding before World War I. In desperate need of aircraft, the project was given a 100,000 rubles funding by E.M. Malynsky and production started in December 1914.

As suitable engines were hard to come by, Slesarev tried to mount some that had been taken from a downed Zeppelin. He contacted the French when this did not work out, and received some Renault engines, which could produce 220 hp. These arrived in January 1916. Despite being without money, the construction of the revised design continued. The project stalled, however, with the transmission problems and the death of Slesarev in 1921. The Slesarev Svyatogor never flew.

Specifications

References

Notes

1910s Russian bomber aircraft
Twin piston-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Unflown aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Svyatogor
Decorrelation theory. In cryptography, decorrelation theory is a system developed by Serge Vaudenay in 1998 for designing block ciphers to be provably secure against differential cryptanalysis, linear cryptanalysis, and even undiscovered cryptanalytic attacks meeting certain broad criteria. Ciphers designed using these principles include COCONUT98 and the AES candidate DFC, both of which have been shown to be vulnerable to some forms of cryptanalysis not covered by the theory.

According to Vaudenay, the decorrelation theory has four tasks: 1) the definition of a measurement for the decorrelation, which usually relies on a matrix norm; 2) the construction of simple primitive or "decorrelation module" with a quite good decorrelation; 3) the construction of cryptographic algorithms with decorrelation modules so that the primitive can be inherited by the algorithm; and, 4) proving that the decorrelation provides security against attacks.

References

External links 
 Introduction to Decorrelation Theory  Online manual by Serge Vaudenay

Theory of cryptography
Kentucky Transportation Center. The Kentucky Transportation Center (or KTC) is a university transportation research center within the University of Kentucky College of Engineering. Founded in 1941 as the Division of Research of the Kentucky Department of Highways, KTC became part of the university in 1981.

KTC is a hub of applied multidisciplinary transportation research. KTC has built a strong partnership with the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, and also works with other clients and transportation agencies across the United States.

KTC has 14 program areas including:

 Bridge Preservation
 Business Office
 Construction Engineering & Project Development
 Education Planning & Decision Analytics
 Intelligent Transportation Systems
 Marketing, Media, & Technical Review
 Occupational Safety & Health
 Pavements, Materials, Geotechnology, & Infrastructure Assessment
 Policy, Finance, & Economics
 Project Development
 Special Projects & Initiatives
 Structures
 Technology Transfer
 Traffic & Safety

KTC is housed on the University of Kentucky campus with their main office located in the Oliver H. Raymond building. KTC shares this space with and enjoys a strong relationship with the Department of Civil Engineering at UK.

External links
 Official site
 UKnowledge - Repository of Research Reports

References

 
 
 Home | University of Kentucky Transportation Center
 
 
 
 


University of Kentucky
UMM 4x4. 

Early history
The French-built UMM 4x4 Cournil was launched in Portugal by Portuguese car maker UMM in 1977. It was designed by the French engineer, Bernard Cournil mainly for agricultural and industrial issues. It was powered by an Indenor-Peugeot 2.1 l diesel engine matched to a 4-speed manual gearbox made also by Peugeot. The transfer case was built in-house. It was available in three versions: Randonneur (only 4 or 5 are known to exist in Portugal), Tracteur (pick-up version of the Randonneur) and the much more common Entrepreneur stretched larger version. UMM had the sales rights to the Cournil outside of France, and later took over production entirely.

UMM is born
In 1979 UMM began Portuguese production of a gently restyled UMM 4x4 Cournil with a 2.1 Litre Diesel engine. It dropped the Cournil designation and was available with new equipment. There was only one trim: the Entrepreneur. 

In 1981, plastic rear view mirrors were introduced. In 1982, it featured bigger doors and a new Indenor-Peugeot 2.3 Litre Diesel engine. In 1983, the transmission was switched to a four-speed ZF unit.

External links
 UMM's Official Website
 UMM's Unofficial French Site
 Portuguese UMM forum
 UK UMM forum

Off-road vehicles
Cars of Portugal
Cars introduced in 1979
1980s cars
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars discontinued in 1984
German Naval Grid System. German Naval Grid Reference (German:Gradnetzmeldeverfahren), was a system for referencing a location on a map. Introduced initially by the German Luftwaffe just before World War II, it was used widely in the German armed forces until 1943. Each armed force had its own version of this reference.

The reference used in the ’Gradnetzmeldeverfahren’ can be viewed as a short form of the position in full, without a real translation or encoding.

In the Kriegsmarine version, the entire globe was divided into large square sectors (assuming a Mercator projection), each with its unique two-letter designation (e.g. AE, AF, BA, BB, etc.) with each square called a quadrant 486 nautical miles to a side. E.g CA covered the East Coast of the United States from about Portsmouth, Hampshire south to Cape Fear, North Carolina. Each such sector was further sub-divided into a 3 x 3 matrix, so that there were nine squares. Each of the nine squares were again divided into nine smaller squares.

This was known as a Grid, so that there were now 81 total grid squares within a sector. Each grid was given a two-digit designation, so the Grid System would now have two alphabets and two digits. Each of these Grids were again divided in the same manner – first into a 3 x 3 matrix, and then each matrix was divided into nine squares, so that a further 81 squares were formed within the Grid. Each newly formed square was again given a two digit designation. The complete Grid System would now read as two alphabets with four digits. This can be referred to as the patrol zone. Thus the Kriegsmarine could pinpoint any location on the globe using six characters, a very useful tool when using radio. Its precision was to the level of six nautical miles within a grid. This was how locations were communicated to naval units, particularly U-boats. Thus grid location AN1879 denoted a location east of Northern Scotland, just below Scapa Flow.

For example, major grid AJ is located south of Greenland. Each submarine was equipped with an Adressbuch to decipher the locations.

As the war advanced, the Germans suspected that the Allies were deciphering their patrol reports. As a precautionary measure they transmitted patrol zones by using coded sectors.

Thus instead of transmitting the actual patrol zone, they would use an offset, so that any zone that was transmitted over the waves would be an offset of a secret location. This secret location was changed at random intervals, and U-boat captains would calculate the new patrol zone based on the offset.

References

External links

Further reading
 Bray, Jeffrey K. Ultra in the Atlantic: The German Naval Grid and Its Ciphers, Aegean Park Printers, 1996, 

Geographic coordinate systems
Kriegsmarine