omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EGS (program). 

The EGS (Electron Gamma Shower) computer code system is a general purpose package for the Monte Carlo simulation of the coupled transport of electrons and photons in an arbitrary geometry for particles with energies from a few keV up to several hundreds of GeV. It originated at SLAC but National Research Council of Canada and KEK have been involved in its development since the early 80s.

Development of the original EGS code ended with version EGS4. Since then two groups have re-written the code with new physics:
 EGSnrc, maintained by the Ionizing Radiation Standards Group, Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council of Canada
 EGS5, maintained by KEK, the Japanese particle physics research facility.

EGSnrc

EGSnrc is a general-purpose software toolkit that can be applied to build Monte Carlo simulations of coupled electron-photon transport, for particle energies ranging from 1 keV to 10 GeV. It is widely used internationally in a variety of radiation-related fields. The EGSnrc implementation improves the accuracy and precision of the charged particle transport mechanics and the atomic scattering cross-section data. The charged particle multiple scattering algorithm allows for large step sizes without sacrificing accuracy - a key feature of the toolkit that leads to fast simulation speeds. EGSnrc also includes a C++ class library called egs++ that can be used to model elaborate geometries and particle sources.

EGSnrc is open source and distributed on GitHub under the GNU Affero General Public License. Download EGSnrc for free, submit bug reports, and contribute pull requests on a group GitHub page. The documentation for EGSnrc is also available online.

EGSnrc is distributed with a wide range of applications that utilize the radiation transport physics to calculate specific quantities. These codes have been developed by numerous authors over the lifetime of EGSnrc to support the large user community. It is possible to calculate quantities such as absorbed dose, kerma, particle fluence, and much more, with complex geometrical conditions. One of the most well-known EGSnrc applications is BEAMnrc, which was developed as part of the OMEGA project. This was a collaboration between the National Research Council of Canada and a research group at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. All types of medical linear accelerators can be modelled using the BEAMnrc's component module system.

See also
 GEANT (program)
 Geant4

References

External links
 NRC-CNRC page for EGSnrc
 KEK page for EGS5
 EGSnrc Github page
 EGSnrc online documentation
 EGSnrc subreddit

Monte Carlo software
Physics software
Medical physics
Radiation therapy
Monte Carlo particle physics software
Free science software
Mihajlo Pupin Institute. Mihajlo Pupin Institute () is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin and is part of the University of Belgrade.

It is notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in SFR Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers.

Departments
The institute is well known in wide range of fields. In the science community, it is known for early work in humanoid robotics.

The institute and companies owned by it compete in fields such as:
 System integration and networking, 
 Information systems for government and industry, Internet/Intranet IS
 E-commerce, e-government applications
 Decision support systems, expert systems, intelligent Internet applications, 
 Power systems control, supervision and optimization
 Process control and supervision,
 Traffic control, GPS
 Telecommunications
 Digital signal processing
 Simulators, training aids, specialised H/S systems
 Image processing 
 Real-time systems (large scale and embedded)
 Turn-key engineering solutions
 Robotics

Subsidiaries
 IMP-Automatika d.o.o. Belgrade
 IMP-Računarski sistemi d.o.o. Belgrade
 IMP-Telekomunikacije d.o.o. Belgrade
 Idvorski laboratorije d.o.o. Belgrade
 IMP-Piezotehnologija d.o.o. Belgrade
 IMP-Poslovne usluge d.o.o. Belgrade
 IMP-Naučnotehnološki park d.o.o. Belgrade

See also

 CER Computers
 HRS-100 computer
 TIM-100 and TIM-011
 Michael I. Pupin - Serbian scientist after whom this institute is named.
 History of computer hardware in the SFRY
 Rajko Tomović
 Miomir Vukobratović

References

External links
 

 
1946 establishments in Serbia
Defense companies of Serbia
Economy of Belgrade
Science and technology in Serbia
University of Belgrade
Zvezdara
Computer hardware companies
Computer systems companies
Computer companies of Serbia
O-Matrix. O-Matrix is a matrix programming language for mathematics, engineering, science, and financial analysis, marketed by Harmonic Software.   The language is designed for use in high-performance computing.

O-Matrix provides an integrated development environment  and a matrix-based scripting language. The environment includes mathematical, statistical, engineering and visualization functions. The set of analysis functions is designed for development of complex, computationally intensive scientific, mathematical and engineering applications.

The integrated environment provides a mode that is largely compatible with version 4 of the MATLAB language in the commercial product from MathWorks. Certain features of MATLAB, such as non-numeric data types (structures, cell arrays and objects), error handling with try/catch, and nested and anonymous functions, are missing in O-Matrix.

The O-Matrix environment includes a virtual machine of the O-Matrix language to enable re-distribution of applications.

External links
 

Array programming languages
Numerical programming languages
Inside–outside algorithm. For parsing algorithms in computer science, the inside–outside algorithm is a way of re-estimating production probabilities in a probabilistic context-free grammar. It was introduced by James K. Baker in 1979 as a generalization of the forward–backward algorithm for parameter estimation on hidden Markov models to stochastic context-free grammars. It is used to compute expectations, for example as part of the expectation–maximization algorithm (an unsupervised learning algorithm).

Inside and outside probabilities
The inside probability  is the total probability of generating words , given the root nonterminal  and a grammar :

The outside probability  is the total probability of beginning with the start symbol  and generating the nonterminal  and all the words outside , given a grammar :

Computing inside probabilities
Base Case:

General case:

Suppose there is a rule  in the grammar, then the probability of generating  starting with a subtree rooted at  is:

The inside probability  is just the sum over all such possible rules:

Computing outside probabilities
Base Case:

Here the start symbol is .

General case:

Suppose there is a rule  in the grammar that generates .
Then the left contribution of that rule to the outside probability  is:

Now suppose there is a rule  in the grammar. Then the right
contribution of that rule to the outside probability  is:

The outside probability  is the sum of the left and right
contributions over all such rules:

References

 J. Baker (1979): Trainable grammars for speech recognition. In J. J. Wolf and D. H. Klatt, editors, Speech communication papers presented at the 97th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, pages 547–550, Cambridge, MA, June 1979. MIT.
 Karim Lari, Steve J. Young (1990): The estimation of stochastic context-free grammars using the inside–outside algorithm. Computer Speech and Language, 4:35–56.
 Karim Lari, Steve J. Young (1991): Applications of stochastic context-free grammars using the Inside–Outside algorithm. Computer Speech and Language, 5:237–257.
 Fernando Pereira, Yves Schabes (1992): Inside–outside reestimation from partially bracketed corpora. Proceedings of the 30th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, 128–135.

External links
 Inside-outside algorithm - Fei Xia
 The Inside-Outside Algorithm - Michael Collins

Parsing algorithms
Harold F. Dodge. Harold French Dodge (January 23, 1893 in Lowell, Massachusetts – December 10, 1976) was one of the principal architects of the science of statistical quality control. His father was the photographer  William H. Dodge. Harold Dodge is universally known for his work in originating acceptance sampling plans for putting inspection operations on a scientific basis in terms of controllable risks.  Dodge earned his B.S. in electrical engineering from M.I.T. in 1916 and his A.B. (master's degree) in physics from Columbia University in 1917.

From 1917 to 1958 worked at quality assurance department at Bell Laboratories with Walter Shewhart, George Edwards, Harry Romig, R. L. Jones, Paul Olmstead, E.G.D. Paterson, and Mary N. Torrey. At that time the basic concepts of acceptance sampling was developed, such as:
Consumer's risk
Producer's risk
Double sampling
Lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD)
Average outgoing quality limit (AOQL)

Also he originated several types of:
Acceptance sampling schemes
CSP type continuous sampling plans
Chain sampling plans
Skip-lot sampling plans

During World War II, Dodge had an office in the Pentagon and served as a consultant to the Secretary of War, to NASA and the Sandia Corporation. He was also chairman of the American Standards Association (now the American National Standards Institute) War Committee Z1, which prepared the Z1.1, Z1.2, and Zl.3 quality control standards.

After he retired from Bell Labs in 1958, Dodge became a professor of applied mathematical statistics at Rutgers. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials honors Harold Dodge's memory with the Harold F. Dodge Award.

References

http://www.asq.org/about-asq/who-we-are/bio_dodge.html

Quality experts
1893 births
1976 deaths
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Sandia National Laboratories people
CBP. CBP may refer to:

Business parks
 Cebu Business Park, a central business district in Cebu City, Philippines
 Changi Business Park, an eco-friendly industrial park in Singapore
 Chiswick Business Park, a business park in Gunnersbury, West London

Science and technology
 Contention based protocol
 CREB-binding protein a protein used in human transcriptional coactivation
 Calcium-binding protein
 Coded Block Pattern, a term used in video compression
 Constrained Baseline Profile, the simplest of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC profiles

Transport
 Cangzhou West railway station, China Railway telegraph code CBP
 Castle Bar Park railway station, National Rail station code CBP

Other uses
 Captive bolt pistol
 Certified Benefits Professional, a certification for human-resource personnel
 Chorleywood bread process
 Citizens Bank Park, a baseball stadium used by the Philadelphia Phillies
 Columbia Basin Project, a large irrigation network in central Washington
 Compost bedded pack barn, a type of housing for dairy cattle
 Crippled Black Phoenix, a British rock band
 U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security
 Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia) (, Sluzhba vneshney razvedki, SVR in Latin Script) is a Russian abbreviation for the Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia) (FIS).
Printer cable. Printer cable refers to the cable that carries data between a computer and a printer.

There are many different types of cables, for example:

Serial: RS-232, EIA-422
Parallel
FireWire
USB

Parallel port printers have been slowly phased out, and are now difficult to find for the most part, being considered as an obsolete legacy port on most new computers. Those who have printers and scanners with only parallel port may still be able to connect the devices via the use of USB adapters a.k.a. Parallel-to-USB cable, or use a PCI parallel printer port card.

References 

Computer printers
Signal cables
NEC SX-8. The SX-8 is a supercomputer built by NEC Corporation.  The SX-8 Series implements an eight-way SMP system in a compact node module and uses an enhanced version of the single chip vector processor that was introduced with the SX-6.  The NEC SX-8 processors run at 2 GHz for vectors and 1 GHz for scalar operations.  The SX-8 CPU operates at 16 GFLOPS and can address up to 128 GB of memory. Up to 8 CPUs may be used in a single node, and a complete system may have up to 512 nodes.  The SX-8 series ranges from the single-CPU SX-8b system to the SX-8/4096M512, with 512 nodes, 4,096 CPUs, and a peak performance of 65 TFLOPS.  There is up to 512 GB/s bandwidth per node (64 GB/s per processor).  The SX-8 runs SUPER-UX, a Unix-like operating system developed by NEC.

The first production SX-8 was installed at the UK Met Office in early 2005. In October 2006, an upgraded SX-8 was announced, the SX-8R. The NEC SX-8R processors run at 2.2 GHz for vectors and 1.1 GHz for scalar operations. The SX-8R can process double the number of vector operations per clock compared to the SX-8.  The SX-8R CPU has a peak vector performance 35.2 GFLOPS (10% frequency increase and double the number of vector operations) and can address up to 256 GB of memory in a single node (up from 128 GB).

The French national meteorological service, Météo-France, rents a SX-8R for 3.7 million euros a year.

NEC published product highlights
16 GFLOPS peak vector performance, with eight operations per clock running at 2 GHz or 0.5 ns (1 GHz for scalar)
88 million transistors per CPU, 1.0 V, 8,210 pins (1,923 signal pins)
Up to 8 CPUs per node, manufactured in 90 nm Cu technology, 9 copper layers, bare chip packaging
Up to 16 GB of memory per CPU, 128 GB in a single node
Up to 512 GB/s bandwidth per node, 64 GB/s per CPU
IXS Super-Switch between nodes, up to 512 nodes supported, 32 GB/s per node (16 GB/s for each direction)
Air cooled
Runs SUPER-UX, System V port, 4.3 BSD with enhancements for multinode systems; ease of use; support for new languages and standards; and operation improvements

See also
SX architecture

References

Sx-8
Vector supercomputers
Hot-wire barretter. The hot-wire barretter was a demodulating detector, invented in 1902 by Reginald Fessenden, that found limited use in early radio receivers. In effect, it was a highly sensitive thermoresistor, which could demodulate amplitude-modulated signals, something that the coherer (the standard detector of the time) could not do.

The first device used to demodulate amplitude modulated signals, it was later superseded by the electrolytic detector, also generally attributed to Fessenden. The barretter principle is still used as a detector for microwave radiation, similar to a bolometer.

Description and construction
Fessenden's 1902 patent describes the construction of the device. A fine platinum wire, about  in diameter, is embedded in the middle of a silver tube having a diameter of about . This compound wire is then drawn until the silver wire has a diameter of about ; as the platinum wire within it is reduced in the same ratio, it is drawn down to a final diameter of . The result is called Wollaston wire.

The silver cladding is etched off a short piece of the composite wire, leaving an extremely fine platinum wire;  this is supported, on two heavier silver wires, in a loop inside a glass bulb. The leads are taken out through the glass envelope, and the whole device is put under vacuum and then sealed.

Operation 
The hot-wire barretter depends upon the increase of a metal resistivity with increasing temperature.  The device is biased by a direct current adjusted to heat the wire to its most sensitive temperature.  When there is an oscillating current from the antenna through the extremely fine platinum wire loop, the wire is further heated as the current increases and cools as the current decreases again. As the wire heats and cools, it varies its resistance in response to the signals passing through it. Because of the low thermal mass of the wire, it is capable of responding quickly enough to vary its resistance in response to audio signals. However, it cannot vary its resistance fast enough to respond to the much higher radio frequencies. The signal is demodulated because the current supplied by the biasing source varies with the changing wire resistance. Headphones are connected in series with the DC circuit, and the variations in the current are rendered as sound.

See also

 Electrolytic detector a development of the  barretter detector.
 Iron-hydrogen resistor

References

External links

Patents
 , "Current Actuated Wave Responsive Device" – August, 1902 ("barretter" detector)
 , "Receiver for Electromagnetic Waves" – May, 1903 (improved "barretter")

Other
Detectors of electrical oscillations
Tech Definitions – Radio Concepts
United States Early Radio History 
Secor, H. Winfield (January, 1917). Radio Detector Development. The Electrical Experimenter, pages 652+, accessed 2007-12-20.

History of radio
Radio electronics
Detectors
Canadian inventions
Malaysian Highway Authority. The Malaysian Highway Authority (, LLM) is a statutory body under the Malaysian Ministry of Works (MOW). The agency was founded on 24 October 1980 by the Highway Authority of Malaysia (Incorporation) Act 1980 to monitor the works and administration of expressways. The establishment of the agency coincided with the construction of the North-South Expressway.

Offices
 Gelugor, Penang (Northern Region)
 Bangi, Selangor (HQ)
 Kuantan, Pahang and Ajil, Terengganu (East Coast)
 Senai, Johor (Southern Region)

External links
 Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA) website

Malaysian Public Works Department
Malaysian Expressway System
Federal ministries, departments and agencies of Malaysia
1980 establishments in Malaysia
Government agencies established in 1980
Ministry of Works (Malaysia)
LTX. Xcerra Corporation (formerly LTX-Credence Corporation) was an American semiconductor Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) vendor, founded in 1976 in (co-founder) Sol Max's basement, later moving to the Balco building in Newton & GTE building 3 in Needham, then the KLH building on University Ave. in Westwood and currently headquartered on University Ave. in Norwood, Massachusetts (Greater Boston area).

The focus of the company was the design and development of ATE for the semiconductor marketplace, but it distinguished itself in the early days as a provider of functional and parametric testers for discrete component RF products. LTX offered test platforms capable of testing mixed signal (analog & digital) devices.

History 

LTX was founded by Graham Miller, Dick Boltrus, Sol Max, Phil Perkins, Bill Kerr, (future CEO & COB) Roger Blethen, Bob Valentine and Mary Parent. Joined later by 1st employee Dave Windsor and a slew of Northeastern Co-op Students. All of the  founders left nearby competitor, Teradyne. Although never verified, corporate lore holds that the name LTX was an abbreviation for the clarion call of its founders: "Leave Teradyne by Christmas (Xmas)" or possibly "Left Teradyne at Christmas." Others believe that LTX stands for "Linear Test eXcellence", "Linear Test eXperts", or is simply an abbreviation of the word "Electronics".

On June 22, 2008, LTX signed a merger agreement with one of its principal competitors: Credence Systems Corporation. LTX CEO and President David Tacelli became CEO of the merged company.

On August 29, 2008, LTX and Credence Systems Corporation completed a merger to form LTX-Credence Corporation.

Xcerra Corporation was formed in 2014 following the LTX-Credence acquisition of Everett Charles Technologies (ECT) and Multitest from Dover Corporation in December 2013. Xcerra Corporation is the parent company of four brands that have been supplying innovative products and services to the semiconductor and electronics manufacturing industry for more than 30 years. Xcerra's four brands are atg-Luther & Maelzer, Everett Charles Technologies, LTX-Credence, and Multitest.

Unic Capital Management, an affiliate of Chinese private equity fund Sino IC Capital, announced plans to purchase Xcerra in April 2017 for approximately $580 million. However, in February 2018 Xcerra terminated the deal due to difficulties securing approval from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S., which oversees deals with the potential for national-security concerns.

In October 2018, Cohu, Inc. completed its acquisition of Xcerra Corporation.

External links
Company homepage

References

Equipment semiconductor companies
Flyak. The Flyak is a hydrofoil adaptation to the conventional kayak. It uses twin hydrofoils designed to raise the hull out of the water to increase the speed. Speeds of up to 27.2 km/h (7.6 m·s−1, 16.9 mph) can be achieved on calm water.

Design
The Flyak has two hydrofoil fins below the surface of the water to create lift. At high speeds the entire hull is lifted 15 cm (5.9 in) from the water, reducing the drag and allows greater speeds – reportedly more than twice the speed of a conventional kayak.

History
The Flyak was designed by Einar Rasmussen and Peter Ribe in Norway and released in 2005. The hydrofoil lift method is well established for motor- and man-powered water craft, but the Flyak is the first to incorporate the design into a commercially marketed kayak. Initial price estimate is US$2500.

Comparisons and records 
A 200 m sprint was performed pitting Olympic athlete Andreas Gjersøe in a Flyak against the four-man Norwegian National Team in a K4 kayak November 13, 2005. This race was featured on "Beyond Tomorrow" broadcast on February 8, 2006. It was reported that the Flyak won by a boat length and a half. A K1 sprint specialist in a conventional kayak would expect to be some five seconds slower than a four-man boat over 200 m.

See also
Kayak
Human-powered hydrofoil
Human-powered watercraft
Hydrofoil

References

External links
 YouTube video of Flyak in motion
 Human-Powered-Hydrofoils.com
 The International Hydrofoil Society 

Kayaks
Hydrofoils
Battle of Nanos. The Battle of Nanos () took place on Nanos.

Plateau on 18 April 1942, when 800 Italian soldiers laid siege to 54 Slovene Partisans during World War II. Ten Partisans were killed and eleven captured, while the rest escaped the encirclement. This was one of the first battles between the Partisan insurgence in the Slovene Littoral, led by Janko Premrl, and the Italian Army.

References

Nanos
Nanos
Slovene Partisans
Nanos
Nanos
Nanos
1942 in Yugoslavia
April 1942 in Europe