omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chrysene. Chrysene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with the molecular formula  that consists of four fused benzene rings.  It is a natural constituent of coal tar, from which it was first isolated and characterized.  It is also found in creosote at levels of 0.5–6 mg/kg.

The name "chrysene" originates from Greek Χρύσoς (chrysos), meaning "gold", and is due to the golden-yellow color of the crystals of the hydrocarbon, thought to be the proper color of the compound at the time of its isolation and characterization. However, high purity chrysene is colorless, the yellow hue being due to the traces of its yellow-orange isomer tetracene, which cannot be separated easily.

Occurrence

Chrysene is a constituent of tobacco smoke.

Safety
As with other PAHs, chrysene is suspected to be a human carcinogen. Some evidence suggests that it causes cancer in laboratory animals, but chrysene is often contaminated with more strongly carcinogenic compounds. Chrysene is estimated to have about 1% of the toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene.

Derivatives
Derivatives of chrysene include tetrahydrochrysene and 2,8-dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene, which are estrogenic compounds.  The experimental cancer drug crisnatol is a derivative of chrysene.

See also
 Phenanthrene

References

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Tetracyclic compounds
PBT substances
Hamilton Castner. Hamilton Young Castner (September 11, 1858 – October 11, 1899) was an American industrial chemist.

Biography
He was born in Brooklyn, New York and educated at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, then at the Columbia University School of Mines. He left without a degree and in 1879 joined his brother, E. B. Castner, as a consulting chemist.  He left this business around 1884 and worked to devise a process for manufacturing aluminium by reducing aluminium chloride with sodium. Sodium was relatively expensive at that time and Castner devised a process of producing it by the reduction of caustic soda with carbon, a much cheaper process.  He failed to interest American industrialists and travelled to England in 1886.

In 1887 his process helped to lead to the formation of the Aluminium Company in England which produced aluminium of high purity.  However, in 1889 it was rendered obsolete by a much cheaper electrochemical process.  Castner's only asset then was his cheap sodium and he worked to develop uses for this, including the manufacture of sodium peroxide, a bleaching agent, and sodium cyanide which was used in the gold mining industry.

In 1890 Castner devised a new method for producing very pure caustic soda by the electrolysis of brine in a rocking cell containing mercury.  This process also produced the useful by-products, chlorine and hydrogen.  When Castner came to patent his process he found that a similar patent had been lodged by Karl Kellner in Germany and that this had been made over to the Solvay Company in Belgium.  In order to avoid litigation, Castner's Aluminium Company combined with the Solvay Company to form the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company and they built a large works in Runcorn, Cheshire.  The Castner-Kellner process is still in operation in Runcorn today.

Castner suffered from tuberculosis and died in 1899 in Saranac Lake, Franklin county, New York state.  He left his estate to his wife, Cora Marion Richter, and his sister, Mary Albaugh.  He did not have any children.

See also
 Castner Medal

References

1858 births
1889 deaths
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
19th-century American chemists
19th-century American inventors
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
People from Runcorn
Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)
MANIAC III. The MANIAC III (Mathematical Analyzer Numerical Integrator and Automatic Computer Model III) was a second-generation electronic computer (i.e., using solid-state electronics rather than vacuum tubes), built in 1961 for use at the Institute for Computer Research at the University of Chicago.

It was designed by Nicholas Metropolis and constructed by the staff of the Institute for Computer Research. Its design was changed to eliminate vacuum tubes, thus it occupied a very small part of a very large and powerfully air-conditioned room. It used 20,000 diodes, 12,000 transistors, and had 16K 48-bit words of magnetic-core memory. Its floating-point multiplication time was 71 microseconds, and division time was 81 microseconds.

The MANIAC III's most novel feature was unnormalized significance arithmetic floating point. This allowed users to determine the change in precision of results due to the nature of the computation.

It weighed about .

References 
1961 BRL report

See also
MANIAC I
MANIAC II

One-of-a-kind computers
48-bit computers
Transistorized computers
Beel (disambiguation). Beel is a term for a pond (wetland) with static water.

Beel may also refer to:
Chalan Beel - a wetland in Bangladesh
Louis Beel (1902–1977), Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1946-1948, 1958–1959)

See also 
 Beal (disambiguation)
 Bheel (disambiguation)
 BIL (disambiguation)
Polyiodide. The polyiodides are a class of polyhalogen anions composed entirely of iodine atoms. The most common member is the triiodide ion, . Other known larger polyiodides include [I4]2−, [I5]−, [I6]2−, [I7]−, [I8]2−, [I9]−, [I10]2−, [I10]4−, [I11]3−, [I12]2−, [I13]3−, [I14]4-, [I16]2−, [I22]4−, [I26]3−, [I26]4−, [I28]4− and [I29]3−. All these can be considered as formed from the interaction of the I–, I2, and  building blocks.

Preparation

The polyiodides can be made by addition of stoichiometric amounts of I2 to solutions containing I− and , with the presence of large countercations to stabilize them. For example, KI3·H2O can be crystallized from a saturated solution of KI when a stoichiometric amount of I2 is added and cooled.

Structure
]
]
Polyiodides adopt diverse structures.  Most can be considered as associations of I2, I−, and  units. Discrete polyiodides are usually linear. The more complex two- or three-dimensional network structures of chains and cages are formed as the ions interact with each other, with their shapes depending on their associated cations quite strongly, a phenomenon named dimensional caging. The table below lists the polyiodide salts which have been structurally characterized, along with their counter-cation.

Reactivity
Polyiodide compounds are generally sensitive to light.

Triiodide, , undergoes unimolecular photodissociation. Polyiodide has been used to improve the scalability in the synthesis of halide perovskite photovoltaic materials.

Conductivity
Solid state compounds containing linear-chain polyiodide ions exhibit enhanced conductivity than their simple iodide counterparts. The conductivity can be drastically modified by external pressure, which changes the interatomic distances between iodine moieties and the charge distribution.

See also
 Triiodide
 Polyhalogen ions
 Iodine–starch test
 Dye-sensitized solar cell
 Halogen bond
 Catenation
 Inorganic polymer

References

Anions
Iodides
Polyhalides
Middle East Airlines Flight 438. Middle East Airlines Flight 438 was an international passenger flight operated by a Boeing 720 from Beirut, Lebanon, to Muscat, Oman, with a stopover in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. On 1 January 1976, the aircraft operating the flight was destroyed by a bomb, killing all 81 people on board. The bombers were never identified.

Aircraft 
The aircraft involved was a Boeing 720-023B (serial number 18020 and serial 165). It first flew on 23 September 1960. The aircraft was registered as N7534A and was delivered to American Airlines on 10 October. In July 1971, American Airlines sold the aircraft back to lessor. On 3 March 1972, the aircraft was sold to Middle East Airlines where it was re-registered as OD-AFT. The aircraft was powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT3D-1-MC7 turbofan engines with water cooling and a thrust of  each.

Bombing 
Flight 438 was an international passenger flight from Beirut, Lebanon to Muscat, Oman, with a stopover in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. With 15 crew members and 66 passengers (other sources stated that there were 67 passengers) on board, flight 438 departed from Beirut. In the predawn twilight, the airliner was en route from Beirut to Dubai when at 05:30, 1 hour and 40 minutes after departure, a bomb exploded in the front section of the cargo hold. The aircraft broke up at an altitude of  and crashed 37 km (23 mi) northwest of Qaisumah, Saudi Arabia. The crash was the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in Saudi Arabia at the time, and is now the sixth-deadliest. It is also the second-deadliest aviation disaster involving the Boeing 720, behind Pakistan International Airlines Flight 705.

Investigation 

According to several reports, the bomb was planted on board by Omani militants. The bomb timer was set so that the bomb would explode after landing at Muscat airport. Killing the passengers was not the goal of the militants. Flight 438 was originally going to be operated by a Boeing 747, but a technical malfunction was discovered, requiring a Boeing 720 to be used instead. Boarding and baggage loading delayed the flight, causing the bomb to explode early while the aircraft was still cruising.

References

External links 
 
 UK CAA Document CAA 429 World Airline Accident Summary (ICAO Summary 4/76)

Mass murder in 1976
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1976
Middle East Airlines
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1976
1976 in Lebanon
1976 in Saudi Arabia
Unsolved airliner bombings
Aviation accidents and incidents in Saudi Arabia
Airliner bombings
January 1976 events in Asia
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707
1976 disasters in Saudi Arabia
Aviation accidents and incidents in Lebanon
Brainstorm machine. In the philosophy of mind, the Brainstorm machine is a thought experiment described by Daniel Dennett, to show that it is not possible to intersubjectively compare any two individuals' personal experiences, or qualia, even with perfect technology. It is based on a device described in the film Brainstorm, in which the visual experience of one individual is fed into the brain of another. According to Dennett in Quining Qualia:

References 

Thought experiments in philosophy of mind
Mitsubishi SUW. The Mitsubishi SUW (Smart Utility Wagon) is a series of concept cars sharing a common design theme, and first exhibited by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors at the 1999 Frankfurt and Tokyo Motor Shows.

The Smart Utility Wagon theme was introduced late in 1998 as a demonstration of the company's corporate slogan of the time, "Innovation in Motion", which was itself to represent "smart design" and "ecology conscious[ness]". Specifically, SUWs shared the company's gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine technology, a taller roofline for easier entry and exit, and interior space competitive with larger vehicles. The three individual vehicles Mitsubishi produced were the SUW Advance, a five-door hatchback family car, the SUW Compact a three-door hatchback small car, and the SUW Active sport utility vehicle.

SUW Advance
The SUW Advance hatchback was designed with accommodation for five adults and high fuel economy as its highest priorities. Externally, it measured ,  wide, and  high, while suicide doors at the rear and no central vertical pillar allowed easier entry and egress. The car was powered by a  GDI-HEV hybrid electric powertrain; a 1.5-litre internal combustion engine using gasoline direct injection and an array of lithium ion batteries, mated to a continuously variable transmission. With a lightweight  body and a drag coefficient of 0.28, Mitsubishi claimed it to be capable of .

SUW Compact
The SUW Compact was designed for urban environments, so compactness and manoeuvrability were prioritised alongside fuel economy. The Compact was  long,  wide and  high, and it benefited from a turning circle of . The powertrain also utilised GDI technology, this time as a  1.1-litre with ASG (Automatic Stop-Go), a system which turns off the engine when it is idling and restarts it on demand. Combined with its drag coefficient of 0.30, the Compact claimed fuel consumption of .

SUW Active
The SUW Active did not appear alongside its siblings at Frankfurt, debuting instead in Tokyo in October. Another GDI powertrain was used, this time fitted with a turbocharger. The car measured  long,  wide and  high.

Notes

Suw
ViEWER. ViEWER, the Virtual Environment Workbench for Education and Research, is a proprietary, freeware computer program for Microsoft Windows written by researchers at the University of Idaho for the study of visual perception and complex immersive three-dimensional environments.

It was created using C++ and OpenGL, and has been used by Dr. Brian Dyre, Dr. Steffen Werner, Dr. Ernesto Bustamante, Dr. Ben Barton, and their undergraduate and graduate researchers in visual perception, signal detection, and child-safety experiments.

References

External links
, Archived

Graphics software
Scientific simulation software
Windows graphics-related software
Science software for Windows
Mechanomyogram. The mechanomyogram (MMG) is the mechanical signal observable from the surface of a muscle when the muscle is contracted. At the onset of muscle contraction, gross changes in the muscle shape cause a large peak in the MMG. Subsequent vibrations are due to oscillations of the muscle fibres at the resonance frequency of the muscle. The mechanomyogram is also known as the phonomyogram, acoustic myogram, sound myogram, vibromyogram or muscle sound.

Signal characteristics 

The MMG is a low frequency vibration that may be observed when a muscle is contracted using suitable measuring techniques.

Measurement techniques 

It can be measured using an accelerometer or a microphone placed on the skin over the belly of the muscle. When measured using a microphone is may be termed the acoustic myogram.

Uses 
The MMG may provide a useful alternative to the electromyogram (EMG) for monitoring muscle activity. It has a higher signal-to-noise ratio  than the surface EMG and thus can be used to monitor muscle activity from deeper muscles without using invasive measurement techniques.
It is currently the subject of research activity into prosthetic control and assistive technologies for the disabled.

History 

Muscle sounds were first described in print by the Jesuit scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi in a posthumous publication of 1665, which influenced the work of the English physician William Hyde Wollaston and the German physicist Paul Erman. The latter enlisted the aid of René Laennec. Mechanical amplification was first employed by Hermann von Helmholtz. The past two centuries of repeated rediscovery and neglect of the phenomenon were summarised by Stokes and Blythe in 2001.

References 

Medical tests
Lightning switch. Lightning switch is a wireless and batteryless remote control switch technology manufactured by PulseSwitch Systems, a member of The Face Companies Group of Norfolk, Virginia.  It is most commonly used as a wireless light switch.

Energy harvesting 
The Lightning Switch transmitter requires no outside source of electricity.  Each time the transmitter button is pressed, the transmitter converts the mechanical energy supplied by the user's finger into electricity to power a radio transmission to a receiver/relay through the use of a piezoelectric generator (brand name: Lightning) originally invented by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.  This technology is described in the 2005 issue of NASA Spinoff magazine.

Technology 
The Lightning Switch is featured in the 2007 Concept Home in Omaha, Nebraska, part of the Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) coordinated by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.  

Lightning products were studied by HUD consultant Newport Partners, LLC of Davidsonville, Maryland USA.

Lightning Switch won a 2006 NOVA Award, the highest international honor for innovation in the construction industry.

In October 2007, NASA cited the employment of the Lightning piezoelectric generator in the Lightning Switch as one of the top 20 spinoff technologies produced over the previous five years, based on factors such as quality of life, economic benefit, and value back to NASA.

In March 2008, the Lightning Switch was chosen as the winner of the 2008 SPIE Smart Structures Product Implementation Award.

In 2012, the Lightning Switch was "Space Certified" by the Space Foundation.

External links
 Lightning Switch Website 
 NASA Spinoff 2005
 Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) Website 
 Newport Partners Case Study on Lightning Switch
 Construction Innovation Forum's NOVA Award Website
 NOVA Award Description of the Lightning Switch Technology
 Constructor magazine article on Lightning Switch, November/December 2006
 Electronic Design article on Lightning piezo, June 21, 2007
 Fine Homebuilding article on the PATH Concept Home and The Lightning Switch, February/March 2008

References 
Switches
Remote control
American inventions
Microfactory. A microfactory either refers to a capital-light facility used for the local assembly of a complex product or system or a small (normally automated) factory for producing small quantities of products. The term was proposed by the Mechanical Engineer Laboratory (MEL) of Japan in 1990 and has recently been used to describe the approach of manufacturers like Local Motors and Arrival. 

A microfactory can also refer to a factory designed for flexible small batch production that can produce a wide variety of products as opposed to a single monolithic mass production type approach. Typically the manufacturing processes of microfactories take advantage of digital fabrication technology such as 3D printing and CNC machines in order to accomplish this.  For example, Local Motors had microfactories in Phoenix, Ariz. and Knoxville, Tenn. The company built products, like the Rally Fighter prerunner sports car, in its microfactories.

At least one proposed microfactory is being designed to make many of its own parts, i.e., a partially self-replicating machine.

Advantages 
The microfactory's main advantages are saving a substantial amount of space, energy, materials, time, and upfront capital costs.

Due to their reduced dimensions, microfactories are normally highly automated. They might contain automatic machine tools, assembly systems, quality inspection systems, material feed systems, waste elimination systems, a system to evaluate tool deterioration and a system to replace tools.

See also
Automation
Numerical control
3D printing
Digital modeling and fabrication
Flexible manufacturing system
Distributed manufacturing
Agile manufacturing

References

External links
Japanese microfactory project
Microfactory picture
MicroManufacturing Conference

Manufacturing plants
Rastra. Rastra is a registered tradename for a particular insulating concrete form (ICF) construction system, Rastra created the name Insulating COMPOUND Concrete Form (ICCF), used to make walls for buildings. It is one of the earliest such products, first patented in 1965 in Austria. Rastra is in production since 1972, and is composed of concrete and Thastyron.  Thastyron is a mixture of plastic foam and cementitious binder that is composed of eighty-five percent recycled post consumer polystyrene waste that is molded into blocks and panels.

Production
Rastra is sustainable in its production because no energy is used in the curing process, and only one to three kilowatt hour (kWh) are required to make each >10sqft block.  After the blocks are trimmed to exact size, the remaining debris is recycled to create new blocks. No byproducts are released in the production process that are considered a burden to the environment.

Building
Rastra blocks come in different sizes, and can be easily cut with woodworking tools to form the desired shape. These blocks are commonly attached together with clamps or glue to form a grid-like system inside. Rebar is then run through the grid, which is then filled with concrete.

History
Polystyrene concrete was invented in 1960.  BASF, a German chemical conglomerate, originally created this product, but found no successful applications.  An Austrian-Swiss-based company modified the product and created what is known as Rastra.

Fire rating
As a thermal barrier, Rastra has a four-hour fire rating with no flame spread and no smoke development.  A five-hour fire endurance test of a ten-inch-thick wall with temperatures exceeding two thousand degrees Fahrenheit on the face of the wall showed that the wall did not conduct heat.  This lowers the risk of health hazards during a fire and also makes building repairs easier afterwards.

Physical properties
Thastyron has a compressive strength of 56 pound-force per square inch (psi) and a tensile strength of 43 psi.  Rastra has a low toxicity level.  Rastra is highly frost, fungus, and mildew-resistant.  The sound insulation is greater than 50 decibel(dB).

Insulation
As a heat insulation, Rastra keeps a room at a constant temperature and evens out temperature changes, both of which can lower energy use.  It also has a low heat penetration depth, meaning the wall surface keeps a constant temperature.

References

Building materials
Concrete
Preprocessor (CAE). In computer aided engineering (CAE) a preprocessor is a program which provides a graphical user interface (GUI) to define boundary conditions, materials, other physical properties and simulation control settings.
This data is used by the subsequent computer simulation.

Steps that are followed in Pre-Processing

1> The geometry (physical bounds) of the problem is defined

2> The volume occupied by the fluid is divided into discrete cells (meshing)

3> The physical modeling is defined - E.g. equations of motion + enthalpy + radiation + species conservation

4> Boundary conditions are defined. This involves specifying the fluid behavior and properties at the boundaries of the problem. For transient problems, the initial conditions are also defined.

5> The simulation is started and the equations are solved iteratively as a steady state or transient

6> Finally a post-processor is used for the analysis and visualization of the resting solution

References

Computer graphics
TrigML. TrigML is an XML mark-up language for user interfaces owned by Qualcomm and part of the BREW Platform. It was procured on October 12, 2004 when Qualcomm bought out a UK based company called Trigenix.  Following the acquisition, TrigML, and its accompanying integrated development environment (IDE) were rebranded by Qualcomm as uiOne.

All development on uiOne was stopped in 2009 when Qualcomm made all the Engineering staff working on uiOne redundant.

References 

 PDF document on uiOne and TrigML
 Qualcomm related patent

Animation software
Graphics file formats
Qualcomm