omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Brute Force: Cracking the Data Encryption Standard. Brute Force: Cracking the Data Encryption Standard (2005, Copernicus Books ) is a book by Matt Curtin about cryptography.

In this book, Curtin recounts his involvement in the DESCHALL Project, mobilizing thousands of personal computers in 1997 in order to meet the challenge to crack a single message encrypted with DES.

This was and remains one of the largest collaborations of any kind on a single project in history.

The message was unencrypted on June 18 and was found to be "Strong cryptography makes the world a safer place."

This is also the message of Curtin's book where he uses a personal account to reveal to the uninitiated reader some insight into a topic of growing importance which is both technically and politically complicated.

References

External links
Archive of project material 
Archive of DESCHALL home page

2005 non-fiction books
Cryptography books
PC Conectado. PC Conectado, or Computador para Todos, is a tax-free computer initiative launched by the Brazilian government, since 2003.

PCs available through the project are relatively low-end, but therefore are cheap enough to satisfy most of the population, at R$ 1200 (or about US$ 500). Most PCs available have:
 128 or 256 MB RAM
 A low end processor, usually a Celeron processor.
 40 or 80 GB hard disk
 Linux, usually Insigne Linux, a Fedora based distribution fully compatible with software repositories.

In the initial phases of the project, Microsoft offered the Brazilian government the use of its MS Windows XP Starter Edition, a cut down version of their popular OS for developing countries. The offer was rejected due to the severe limitations of the Starter Edition. Since then, the project has used only free and open source software for general work, like Inkscape, OpenOffice, GIMP and Amarok.

The Brazilian government's decision to reject Microsoft's proprietary and limited (i.e. cut-down) version of MS Windows XP in favor of a full featured and free Linux operating system was widely reported in the US media and IT periodicals. This decision could be interpreted as a severe, humiliating and embarrassing rejection for Microsoft. The president of the Brazilian agency in charge of the governments technology initiatives, Sérgio Amadeu, unequivocally stated that he was against spending Brazilian tax-payers money on furthering Microsoft's monopoly:

An option providing cheap dial-up access to the Internet may be available soon, costing R$7 (about US$2.50). Also, a project to offer a popular broadband internet access (512 kbit/s), charging a monthly fee between 15 and 35 reais (between 8.5 and 20 US dollars).

Availability

PC Conectado can be acquired in many major Brazilian department stores. Many Brazilian stores have an independent Linux vendor on site from whom a user can choose the hardware configuration and distro.

See also
 FIC Conectado
 $100 laptop

References

External links
Official website 

Information technology in Brazil
Digital divide
Robot AL-76 Goes Astray. "Robot AL-76 Goes Astray" is a humorous science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, originally published in the February 1942 issue of Amazing Stories and included in the collections The Rest of the Robots (1964) and The Complete Robot (1982). Asimov selected the story for inclusion in the 1949 anthology My Best Science Fiction Story.

Plot summary
AL-76 (also known as Al) is a robot designed for mining work on the Moon, but as a result of an accident after leaving the factory of US Robots and Mechanical Men, it gets lost and finds itself in rural Virginia. It cannot comprehend the unfamiliar environment and the people it meets are scared of it. When it comes across a shed full of spare parts and junk, it is moved to reprogram itself and builds a powerful mining tool of the kind it was designed to use on the Moon - but since it does not have the proper parts, it improvises and produces a better model, requiring less power. Al then proceeds to disintegrate half of a mountainside with it, in no time at all: much to the alarm of a country "antique dealer" who had hoped to use the lost robot in his business. When angrily told to destroy the tool and forget all about it, AL-76 obeys, and the secret of the reprogramming and the improved tool is lost.

References

External links
 

Robot series short stories by Isaac Asimov
1942 short stories
Fictional robots
Works originally published in Amazing Stories
Virginia in fiction
Comic short stories
GE U33C. The GE U33C is a 6-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by GE Transportation Systems between January 1968 and January 1975. 375 examples of this locomotive were built for 11 North American railroads and one construction contractor.

Original owners

Three former Conrail (née Erie Lackawanna) units were rebuilt by GE in 1987 and sold to Island Creek Coal for the Antaibao surface mine in China.

A cab built from numerous GE locomotive parts representing D&H #757 is preserved at the Toronto Railway Museum and is currently in use as a locomotive simulator.

References

External links

 Thompson, J. David. GE U33C Original Owners.

U33C
C-C locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1968
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Southern Pacific Railroad locomotives
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway locomotives
Milwaukee Road locomotives
Great Northern Railway (United States) locomotives
Northern Pacific Railway locomotives
Locomotives of Southern Railway (U.S.)
Edward Lawry Norton. Edward Lawry Norton (July 28, 1898 – January 28, 1983) was an accomplished engineer and scientist. He worked at Bell Labs  and is known for Norton's theorem.  

His areas of active research included network theory, acoustical systems, electromagnetic apparatus, and data transmission. A graduate of MIT and Columbia University, he held nineteen patents on his work.

Edward L. Norton is best remembered for development of the dual of Thevenin's equivalent circuit, currently referred to as Norton's equivalent Circuit. 

He was interested in communications circuit theory and the transmission of data at high speeds over telephone lines. Norton began his telephone career in 1922 with the western Electric Company's Engineering Department (which later became Bell Laboratories).

Biography
He attended the University of Maine for two years before transferring to M.I.T. and received a S.B. degree (electrical engineering) in 1922. He received an M.A. degree from Columbia University in 1925.

Work 
Norton and his associates at AT&T in the early 1920s are recognized as some of the first to perform pioneering work applying Thevenin's equivalent circuit and who referred to this concept simply as Thévenin's theorem. 

In 1926, he proposed the equivalent circuit using a current source and parallel resistor to assist in the design of recording instrumentation that was primarily current driven. 

Edward Lawry Norton is one of the founders of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). with other renowned acousticians, at the Bell headquarters in New York City, on December 27, 1928.

Death
Norton died on January 28, 1983, in King James Nursing Home, Chatham, New Jersey.

References

External links

Edward L. Norton Short biographical sketch.  Includes photographs and quotations.
Origins of the Equivalent Circuit Concept by Don H. Johnson Includes photos and biographical sketches of Norton and other inventors of the "equivalent circuit" concept.

1898 births
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
1983 deaths
Scientists at Bell Labs
People from Rockland, Maine
20th-century American engineers

Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
List of least carbon efficient power stations. This is a list of least carbon efficient power stations in selected countries. Lists were created by the WWF and lists the most polluting power stations in terms of the level of carbon dioxide produced per unit of electricity generated.  In general lignite burning coal-fired power stations with subcritical boilers (in which bubbles form in contrast to the newer supercritical steam generator) emit the most. The Chinese national carbon trading scheme may follow the European Union Emission Trading Scheme in making such power stations uneconomic to run. However some companies such as NLC India Limited and Electricity Generation Company (Turkey) generate in countries without a carbon price. Lignite power stations built or retrofitted before 1995 often also emit local air pollution. In early 2021 the EU carbon price rose above 50 euros per tonne, causing many of the European plants listed below to become unprofitable, and close down. However, because many countries outside Europe and the USA do not publish plant level emissions data it was difficult to make up to date lists. Public information from space-based measurements of carbon dioxide by Climate Trace is expected to quantify  from individual large plants before the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, thus enabling large polluters to be identified.

2015 report - companies 
In 2015 the Stranded Assets Programme at the University of Oxford’s Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment published Stranded Assets and Subcritical Coal report analyzing inter alia carbon intensity of subcritical coal-fired power stations of 100 largest companies having these power stations.

2005 report - power station from 30 industrialised countries

2007 list - Europe

2018 - largest emitters 
The table lists the largest emitters, regardless of their carbon efficiency.

Other 
At over 1.34 tCO2-e/MWh Yallourn is the most carbon intense in Australia.

In the very unlikely event of being built, the proposed Afşin-Elbistan C power station would become the least carbon efficient coal-fired power station.

External links 
 Europe Beyond Coal

Sources

References 

Lists of power stations
Power stations
Pollution
Economy-related lists of superlatives
Lists of coal-fired power stations
Jeff Greason. Jeff Greason is a co-founder and the Chief Technologist of Electric Sky, a company developing the ability to wirelessly transmit power to moving vehicles.  He also serves as chairman of the board of the Tau Zero Foundation.

Career 

Greason has been active in the development of the regulatory environment for the commercial space flight industry. He has worked with the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST) since 1998, has served on the advisory group to AST, COMSTAC as a member of the working group on reusable launch vehicles (RLV) since 2000, and as an invited full member of COMSTAC since 2005. He was one of the leaders of the development of the Commercial Space Launch Amendment Act of 2004. He co-founded the Commercial Spaceflight Federation (formerly Personal Spaceflight Federation).

Previously, he was the team lead at Rotary Rocket for engine development, and earlier worked at Intel.

Greason was named a member of the Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee on May 7, 2009. Since then he has given a number of speeches on space policy and space settlement.

In July 2003, Greason testified before the joint House/Senate subcommittee hearings on Commercial Human Spaceflight that addressed the transition from aircraft regulation to launch vehicle regulation for suborbital vehicles.

He is one of the founders of XCOR Aerospace and was its CEO from 1999 through February 2015, after which he served as chief technologist. In November 2015 Greason left XCOR with two other founders to form Agile Aero. He was a member of the XCOR board of directors until he resigned in March 2016 and no longer has any connection with XCOR Aerospace. In 2017, XCOR Aerospace went out of business after bankruptcy.

From November 2015 through July 2019 he served as CEO of Agile Aero, a company developing rapid prototyping capabilities for aerospace vehicles, which has since been acquired by Electric Sky.

He publishes occasional articles explaining space issues at the Tau Zero Foundation blog. An article summarizing the field of interstellar propulsion and the work of the Tau Zero Foundation cites him.

In May 2019 he authored an article on a new approach to space propulsion, exchanging momentum with surrounding space plasma such as the solar wind or interstellar medium to expel reaction mass while retaining the kinetic energy, to accelerate a vehicle.

Starting in the summer of 2020, Greason teaches an online course through the Kepler Space Institute on advanced space propulsion.

Honors and patents 

Time magazine named Greason an Inventor of the Year in 2002 for his team's work on the EZ-Rocket rocketplane. Greason holds 28 U.S. patents.

References

External links
Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee website 
 Electric Sky official bio
 2014 Address to INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR PERSONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACEFLIGHT

Living people
American aerospace businesspeople
People in the space industry
XCOR Aerospace
Year of birth missing (living people)
Gary Hudson (engineer). Gary Hudson (born 1949/1950) has been involved in private spaceflight development since 1970, for over 40 years.

Biography

Gary Hudson is currently Co-Founder and Chief Architect of Gravitics, Inc. a space station manufacturing company. Mr. hudson is also Executive Chairman of Oisin Biotechnologies, Inc. & President/Trustee of the Space Studies Institute. is Previously, Hudson was the founder of Rotary Rocket Company, which in spending ~$30 Million attempted to build a unique single stage to orbit launch vehicle known as the Roton.  Rotary Rocket built a landing test simulator (the Roton ATV) which flew three successful test flights in 1999. The book "They All Laughed at Christopher Columbus - An Incurable Dreamer Builds the First Civilian Spaceship" by Elizabeth Weil is about the Roton project and Gary Hudson.

He also helped found Transformational Space T/Space in 2004.

He also helped found AirLaunch LLC which was awarded the DARPA/USAF FALCON project in 2003.

Previous projects included designs of the Phoenix SSTO, the Percheron, and other rockets, founder of Pacific American Launch Systems, and various consulting projects.

Currently, he is the President and CEO of the Space Studies Institute.

Hudson appears as a character in the novel Fallen Angels, along with his Phoenix SSTO.

Hudson is also a founding partner of Oisin Biotechnologies, which is developing a liposomally-delivered suicide gene senolytic therapy (a treatment that removes senescent cells from the body). Hudson provided an initial seed donation to help fund the creation of the SENS Research Foundation.

See also
 Roton SSTO
 T/space
 Ansari X Prize
 Percheron (rocket)

References

External links
 T/Space 
 Gary Hudson entry in Spacefuture Who's Who
 
  They also laughed at Christopher Columbus

American aerospace engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Single-stage-to-orbit
Fishplate. A fishplate, splice bar or joint bar is a metal or composites connecting plate used to bolt the ends of two rails into a continuous track. The name is derived from fish, a wooden reinforcement of a "built-up" ship's mast that helped round out its desired profile. The top and bottom faces taper inwards along their short dimensions to create an even alignment between the two rails when the fish plate is wedged into place by tightening its bolts during installation. 

In rail transport modelling, a fishplate is often a small copper or nickel silver plate that slips onto both rails to provide the functions of maintaining alignment and electrical continuity.

History 

The device was invented by William Bridges Adams in May 1842, because of his dissatisfaction with the scarf joints and other systems of joining rails then in use. He noted that to form the scarf joint the rail was halved in thickness at its ends, where the stress was greatest. It was first deployed on the Eastern Counties Railway in 1844, but only as a wedge between the adjoining rails. Adams and Robert Richardson patented the invention in 1847, but in 1849 James Samuel, the engineer of the ECR, developed fishplates that could be bolted to the rails.

In rail switches 
The moving blades of a railroad switch can be connected to the closure rails by looser-than-normal fishplates. This is called a heeled switch. Alternatively, the blade and closure rail can be a one-piece heel-less switch, with a flexible thinned section to create the moving heel.

Electrical bonding 

When railway lines are equipped with track circuits, or where the line is electrified for electric traction, the electrical connection provided by fishplates is poor and unreliable and has to be supplemented by bonding wire spanning the joined rails fixed by spot welding or other means.

Welded joints 

An improvement over fishplate rail connectors is directly bonding rails together using thermite or flash butt welding. In 1967, the Hither Green rail crash occurred on the Southern Region of British Railways when a rail fractured at its fishplate joint. The crash accelerated welded rail connections, with strict procedures on concrete and wooden sleepers.

See also 
 Rail lengths
 Tie plate

References

External links 

 
 Henry Williams Limited

Permanent way
Metallic objects

ja:軌条#継ぎ目
Circular dependency. In software engineering, a circular dependency is a relation between two or more modules which either directly or indirectly depend on each other to function properly. Such modules are also known as mutually recursive.

Overview
Circular dependencies are natural in many domain models where certain objects of the same domain depend on each other. However, in software design, circular dependencies between larger software modules are considered an anti-pattern because of their negative effects. Despite this, such circular (or cyclic) dependencies have been found to be widespread among the source files of real-world software. Mutually recursive modules are, however, somewhat common in functional programming, where inductive and recursive definitions are often encouraged.

Problems
Circular dependencies can cause many unwanted effects in software programs. Most problematic from a software design point of view is the tight coupling of the mutually dependent modules which reduces or makes impossible the separate re-use of a single module.

Circular dependencies can cause a domino effect when a small local change in one module spreads into other modules and has unwanted global effects (program errors, compile errors). Circular dependencies can also result in infinite recursions or other unexpected failures.

Circular dependencies may also cause memory leaks by preventing certain automatic garbage collectors (those that use reference counting) from deallocating unused objects.

Causes and solutions
In very large software designs, software engineers may lose the context and inadvertently introduce circular dependencies. There are tools to analyze software and find unwanted circular dependencies.

Circular dependencies can be introduced when implementing callback functionality. This can be avoided by applying design patterns like the observer pattern.

See also 
 Acyclic dependencies principle
 Dependency hell

References

Programming language topics
C++
Articles with example C++ code
Diploma of Imperial College. The Diploma of the Imperial College (DIC) is an academic certificate awarded by Imperial College London to its doctoral and master's students upon graduation. DIC is a post-nominal award that is issued by Imperial College London to postgraduate students who successfully complete the PhD, EngD, MD(Res), MSc, MRes, MBA, MPH, MEd or MPhil degree. For example, Brian May PhD DIC implies that the student was awarded a PhD from the University of London / Imperial College and the DIC from the Imperial College London.

The DIC is typically jointly awarded to degree students satisfactorily completing a minimum of one year's postgraduate work consisting of research and advanced study. Imperial was part of the University of London until 2007 and Imperial College bestowed the University of London's degrees as well as its own diplomas. Now Imperial College degrees are awarded, although the award may be studied for on its own. 

To be awarded a DIC by research, the student needs to be registered as a student of the college and apply for registration on the appropriate form within three months of entering upon the course. Imperial also hosts visiting students from institutions outside the UK who attend classes and complete courses at the college. Although visiting students are not awarded a degree by Imperial and the final degree is awarded by the overseas institution the student is affiliated with, visiting students working at the college for at least a year are eligible for the Imperial College International Diploma. For example, students from the French engineering school Centrale Paris are eligible for the diploma, granted they pass all the modules.

References

Imperial College London

de:Diploma of the Imperial College
Program Design Language. Program Design Language (or PDL, for short) is a method for designing and documenting methods and procedures in software. It is related to pseudocode, but unlike pseudocode, it is written in plain language without any terms that could suggest the use of any programming language or library.

PDL was originally developed by the company Caine, Farber & Gordon and has been modified substantially since they published their initial paper on it in 1975. It has been described in some detail by Steve McConnell in his book Code Complete.

See also
Pseudocode
FLOW CHART

External links
Using PDL for Code Design and Documentation
PDL/81 Home Page by Caine, Farber & Gordon, Inc.
C STYLE GUIDE from Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Algorithm description languages
Applied physics. Applied physics is the application of physics to solve scientific or engineering problems. It is usually considered a bridge or a connection between physics and engineering.
"Applied" is distinguished from "pure" by a subtle combination of factors, such as the motivation and attitude of researchers and the nature of the relationship to the technology or science that may be affected by the work. Applied physics is rooted in the fundamental truths and basic concepts of the physical sciences but is concerned with the utilization of scientific principles in practical devices and systems and with the application of physics in other areas of science and high technology.

Examples of research and development areas
Accelerator physics
Acoustics
Atmospheric physics
Biophysics
Brain–computer interfacing
Chemistry
Chemical physics
Differentiable programming
Artificial intelligence
Scientific computing
Engineering physics
Chemical engineering
Electrical engineering
Electronics
Sensors
Transistors
Materials science and engineering
Metamaterials
Nanotechnology
Semiconductors
Thin films
Mechanical engineering
Aerospace engineering
Astrodynamics
Electromagnetic propulsion
Fluid mechanics
Military engineering
Lidar
Radar
Sonar
Stealth technology
Nuclear engineering
Fission reactors
Fusion reactors
Optical engineering
Photonics
Cavity optomechanics
Lasers
Photonic crystals
Geophysics
Materials physics
Medical physics
Health physics
Radiation dosimetry
Medical imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging
Radiation therapy
Microscopy
Scanning probe microscopy
Atomic force microscopy
Scanning tunneling microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy
Nuclear physics
Fission
Fusion
Optical physics
Nonlinear optics
Quantum optics
Plasma physics
Quantum technology
Quantum computing
Quantum cryptography
Renewable energy
Space physics
Spectroscopy

See also
Applied science
Applied mathematics
Engineering
Engineering Physics
High Technology

References

 
Engineering disciplines