omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Philip Watts (naval architect). Sir Philip Watts  (30 May 1846 – 15 March 1926) was a British naval architect, famous for designing numerous Elswick cruisers and the revolutionary battleship HMS Dreadnought.

Early life
Watts was born in Deptford, Kent and educated at the Dockyard School in Portsmouth and the Royal School of Naval Architecture in South Kensington, London.

Career
Watts became a constructor to the Admiralty from 1870 to 1885, and reached the rank of chief constructor. From 1885 to 1901 he was director of the war shipping department of Armstrong Whitworth at Elswick (subsequently returning as a director of the company in 1912); but in 1902 he was appointed Director of Naval Construction at the Admiralty. He held this post until 1912, when he was succeeded by Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt and became adviser to the Admiralty on naval construction. In this capacity he played an important part when World War I came.

Being the designer of the first dreadnought battleship, it was now up to him to see the use that was made of the fleet which he had brought into being in previous years. In 1912, he was appointed to the Royal Commission on Fuel and Engines.

Watts was a keen volunteer, and a commanding officer of the 1st Northumberland Artillery Volunteers.

In June 1900 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and was vice-president in 1915–1916. He was created KCB in 1905.

Ships designed
Armstrong Whitworth
 NMS Elisabeta,  Romanian Navy, 1887
 s,  Regia Marina, 1887–1889
 ,  Regia Marina, 1887–1889
 Republica,  Brazilian Navy, 1892
 ARA Veinticinco de Mayo,  Argentine Navy, 1890
 ARA Nueve de Julio,  Argentine Navy, 1892
 Japanese cruiser Yoshino,  Imperial Japanese Navy, 1892
 Esmeralda,  Chilean Navy, 1895
 USS New Orleans (CL-22), United States Navy, 1895
 Almirante Barroso,  Brazilian Navy
 Yashima (),  Imperial Japanese Navy, 1896
 O'Higgins,  Chilean Navy, 1897
 Asama (),  Imperial Japanese Navy, 1898
 Tokiwa (),  Imperial Japanese Navy, 1898
 USS Albany (CL-23), United States Navy, 1898
 Dom Carlos I,  Portuguese Navy, 1898
 HNoMS Norge,  Royal Norwegian Navy, 1899
 HNoMS Eidsvold,  Royal Norwegian Navy, 1899
 Hatsuse (),  Imperial Japanese Navy, 1899
 Izumo (),  Imperial Japanese Navy, 1899
 Iwate (),  Imperial Japanese Navy, 1900

Royal Navy
 
 
 Lord Nelson-class battleships

Family and later life
Watts married Elise Isabelle Simonau, daughter of Chevalier Gustave Simonau. They had two daughters.
He died in 1926 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.

Notes

External links
 
 Obituary

1846 births
1926 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
British naval architects
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Fellows of the Royal Society
Donald Campbell (engineer). Donald Campbell was a railway engineer in the 19th century.

Campbell worked on the survey of the New Brunswick section of the European and North American Railway with James Beatty.  When Peto, Brassey and Betts were commissioned to build the Grand Crimean Central Railway to transport supplies to the Allied troops in the Crimean War, Beatty was appointed as chief engineer and Campbell as his assistant.  In December 1854 Campbell left Canada for the Crimea and by the time Beatty arrived in January 1855 the survey for the first part of the line was more or less complete.  When Beatty returned to England in November 1855, unwell after having been injured in an accident, Campbell was appointed to take his place as chief engineer.

References
Citations

Sources

British people of the Crimean War
British railway civil engineers
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
British expatriates in Canada
Spartan Aircraft. Spartan Aircraft Limited was a British aircraft manufacturer from 1930 to 1935. It was formed by reinvestment in Simmonds Aircraft which had suffered financially.

History

In 1928 Oliver Simmonds designed and built a prototype aircraft, the Simmonds Spartan, in a factory at Woolston, Hampshire. The design was a success with over 50 aircraft built. Following financial difficulties and investment from Whitehall Securities Corporation Ltd Simmonds Aircraft Limited changed name in 1930 to Spartan Aircraft Limited.

The first aircraft from the renamed company was the Spartan Arrow a two-seat biplane of which 15 were built. The next design was a three-seat open-cockpit biplane the Spartan Three Seater. The company ceased to build aircraft in 1935.

In January 1931 Flight magazine revealed that Whitehall Securities had acquired a substantial holding in Saunders Roe Ltd. and arising out of this investment Spartan was effectively merged into Saunders Roe. Spartan Aircraft's final product was the Spartan Cruiser a three-engined light airliner developed from the Saro-Percival Mailplane.

Aircraft
 Simmonds Spartan
 Spartan Arrow – first flight 1930, 15 built
 Spartan Three Seater – first flight 1931, 25 built
 Spartan Cruiser – passenger, first flight 1932 17 built
 Spartan Clipper – 1 built 1932

See also
 Spartan Air Lines

Notes

References

External links

Simmonds/Spartan production

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Southampton
British companies established in 1930 
Manufacturing companies established in 1930 
1930 establishments in England
Spartan Arrow. The Spartan Arrow is a British two-seat biplane aircraft of the early 1930s, built by Spartan Aircraft Limited.

History
Built as a successor to the company's first design the Simmonds Spartan, the Arrow was a two-seat biplane with a spruce and plywood fuselage. The prototype G-AAWY first flew in May 1930 with Cirrus Hermes II engine. The 13 production aircraft that followed used mainly the de Havilland Gipsy II engine.

One aircraft, G-ABBE, was fitted with floats and evaluated as a seaplane in 1931, it was converted back to a landplane and later sold in New Zealand, where it was renumbered as ZK-ACQ.
A second aircraft, G-ABHD, was sold to Australia where it was renumbered as VH-UQD.
A third aircraft, G-ACHG, was sold to Denmark where it was renumbered as OY-DUK.

One aircraft G-ABST was built to test a new air-cooled Napier engine (later knowns as the Javelin). The second prototype G-AAWY was also used by Cirrus Aero Engines as an engine test bed. Production of the Arrow ended in 1933.

Production
Two prototypes and 13 production aircraft were built at Weston, Southampton, and after 20 February 1931 at East Cowes, Isle of Wight.

 Tail Number	    Model     Serial      Location
  G-AAWY		Spartan Arrow	51	United Kingdom
  G-AAWZ		Spartan Arrow	52	United Kingdom
  G-ABBE		Spartan Arrow	75	United Kingdom
  K-ACQ		Spartan Arrow	75	 New Zealand
  G-ABKL		Spartan Arrow	76	United Kingdom
  G-ABGW		Spartan Arrow	77	United Kingdom
  G-ABWP		Spartan Arrow	78	United Kingdom
  G-ABWR		Spartan Arrow	79	United Kingdom
  G-ABHD		Spartan Arrow	80	United Kingdom
  VH-UQD		Spartan Arrow	80	  Australia
  G-ABHR		Spartan Arrow	81	United Kingdom
  G-ABMK		Spartan Arrow	82	United Kingdom
  G-ABOB		Spartan Arrow	83	United Kingdom
  G-ACHE		Spartan Arrow	84	United Kingdom
  G-ACHF		Spartan Arrow	85	United Kingdom
  G-ACHG		Spartan Arrow	86	United Kingdom
  OY-DUK		Spartan Arrow	86	   Denmark
  G-ABST		Spartan Arrow	87	United Kingdom

Survivors
G-ABWP a Cirrus Hermes II powered Arrow (constructor's number 78) survives in flying condition based at Redhill Aerodrome in England.

Operators
The aircraft was operated by flying clubs and private individuals:

Specifications

Notes

References

External links

Simmonds/ Spartan Aircraft
The Spartan "Arrow". A New Two-Seater with Good Climb. in Flight, 7 November 1930.

1930s British civil utility aircraft
Arrow
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Rohn Industries. ROHN Products, LLC, formerly ROHN Industries, Inc. and UNR Industries, Inc., is a manufacturer of telecommunications towers, poles, utility structures, mounts, and other materials. ROHN products include support structures for antennae, private microwave, cellular telephone, personal communications systems, commercial broadcasting, and amateur radio.

History 

ROHN Manufacturing was founded in 1948 by Dwight Rohn, who at the time was manager of the Peoria Airport. The first tower he built was for airport use. ROHN first began producing antenna towers for home television reception, and subsequently expanded its product line to include the manufacturing of telecommunication towers and other communication products, including broadcast towers of up to 2,000 feet high. ROHN towers have been installed all over the world.

The company was family-owned until it was sold to UNARCO Industries in the 1971. UNARCO Industries, Inc. declared bankruptcy in 1982 and was reorganized as UNR Industries, Inc., later changing the name to ROHN Industries, Inc. In 2003, ROHN Industries, Inc. was acquired by Radian Corporation and in 2008 ROHN Products, LLC became independent again. In 2008, ROHN Products, LLC was acquired by O'Brien Steel Service Co.

References

External links 
 Official website
 Radian Acquisition of Rohn Industries
 Historical SEC data for Rohn Industries 2001.
 Slowing of American Metals Market (data) in 1998.
 Impact of 1989 IRS tax rulings on UNR Industries.
 Oversight hearing on the effect of the Manville and UNR bankruptcies on compensation of asbestos victims.

Amateur radio companies
Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1982
Tactical engagement simulation. A Tactical Engagement Simulation (TES) is a training system for using weapons. Laser transmitters are typically used instead of bullets, larger rounds, or shorter-range guided weapons such as anti-tank missiles.  A laser transmitter is mounted on the weapon and aligned with the weapon's barrel. However, some engagement simulators are capable of also utilizing live firing in order to increase the fidelity of the training simulation.

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is often used as the stimulated medium and this produces a wavelength of 904 nanometres, in the near infrared band outside the sensitivity of the human eye which is from about 400 to 700 nm (0.4 to 0.7 micrometres).

In modern TES systems the laser transmission is coded so that in a field exercise, individual weapons can be identified by exercise control (EXCON) and appropriate calculations made of gravity drop, warhead damage radius and so forth.

Weapons as small as hand guns can be part of a TES system as can larger weapons including tanks and large calibre guns.  In field exercises, the laser transmitters can trigger cartridge-based Weapon effects simulation (WES) devices mounted on potential targets such as tanks and other vehicles.  WES systems include pyrotechnic flash/bang and smoke devices that add realism to a field exercise.

All these events are recorded on the exercise computer.  After-Action Review (AAR) can include comprehensive analysis of weapon firing, accuracy and warhead effects on the targets.  Such techniques have taken much speculation out of the assessment of field exercises and have resulted in more realistic training than used to be available other than by using (dangerous) live firing.

References

External links
Cubic ITESS

Military education and training
Cam out. Cam out (also cam-out or camming out) is a process by which a screwdriver slips out of the head of a screw being driven once the torque required to turn the screw exceeds a certain amount. Repeatedly camming out damages the screw, and possibly also the screwdriver, and should normally be avoided.

Phillips screwdriver
The Phillips screwdriver design has a tendency to cam out during operation due to angled contact surfaces, which create an axial force pushing the driver out of the recess as torque is applied. Despite popular belief, there is no clear evidence that this was a deliberate design feature. When the original patent application was filed in 1933, the inventors described the key objectives as providing a screw head recess that (a) may be produced by a simple punching operation and which (b) is adapted for firm engagement with a driving tool with "no tendency of the driver to cam out".

Nevertheless, the tendency of the Phillips screw to easily cam out was found to be an advantage when driven by power tools of that time which had relatively unreliable torque limiter clutches, as cam-out protected the screw, threads, and driving bit from damage due to excessive torque. A follow-up patent refining the Phillips screw design in 1942 describes this feature and further argues that if screw drive clutches were perfect, a screw recess with zero vertical contact angles (and thus no axial cam-out force) could be utilized, but claims that where these have been tried, unsatisfactory results on assembly lines have prevailed since the driving bits would not cam out in time to prevent damage.

Several later designs derived from Phillips, like Pozidriv and Supadriv were designed to reduce or eliminate the propensity to cam-out. In recent years, power tools can more accurately control fastener torque, and it is typical for precision engineered products to be assembled with Torx or Pozidriv head screws, which have been specifically designed not to cam out.

Robertson head screws
Robertson screws are commonplace in Canada, and significantly reduce cam-out when compared to Phillips screws.

See also 
 Torx

References

External links
 When a Phillips is not a Phillips! at Instructables.com

Screws
SkyCat. SkyCat (a portmanteau of "Sky Catamaran") is a class of proposed heavy-lift hybrid airships which derive more than half of their lift by helium buoyancy and the balance via aerodynamic lift produced by aerodynamic shaping. The SkyCat design incorporates hover cushion technology in place of wheels, allowing craft to take off and land anywhere, including remote regions without need for airports or sophisticated forward based infrastructure.

The SkyKitten, a 1/6 linear scale model of a SkyCat design was built and flown by Advanced Technologies Group (ATG) (now-defunct successor to Airship Industries) in the United Kingdom at Cardington.

"SkyFreighter" is the name given by the Hybrid Air Vehicles to one of its implementations of the SkyCat design. These are proposed to carry heavy-lift and ultra-heavy-lift cargo payloads from 50 tons net payload to as heavy as 1000 tons which may be a mix of outsized and/or containerized objects.

The Skycat is almost impervious to light ordnance, such as automatic rifle or mortar fire, which will merely pass through the metallized PET film envelope without causing critical helium loss.

SkyCat air vehicle developments are being pursued by at least one major aerospace company. DARPA concluded their "WALRUS" contract with industry to explore technology options that might be employed in such vehicles as SkyCat in CY-2006.

ATG went into administration in 2005 having produced only one airship, the SkyCat. SkyCat Group was formed and bought ATG's operations. In turn Hybrid Air Vehicles of the UK was formed acquiring the assets of SkyCat Group in 2007 to continue development of the concept.

See also
EosXi
P-791 - a very similar aircraft from Lockheed-Martin

References

External links 
 (archived link)
 Webpage describing visit to site with original photos

Airship configurations
Cargo aircraft
Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate. Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) is an organic chemical, a carbonate ester of cholesterol and oleyl alcohol with carbonic acid. It is a liquid crystal material forming cholesteric liquid crystals with helical structure. It is a transparent liquid, or a soft crystalline material with melting point around 20 °C. It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl benzoate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.

It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.

It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.

References

Cholestanes
Liquid crystals
Carbonate esters
Cholesteryl benzoate. Cholesteryl benzoate, also called 5-cholesten-3-yl benzoate, is an organic chemical, an ester of cholesterol and benzoic acid. It is a liquid crystal material forming cholesteric liquid crystals with helical structure.

It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl oleyl carbonate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.

It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.

It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.

Cholesteryl benzoate was the first material in which liquid crystal properties were discovered. In the late 1880s Friedrich Reinitzer, an Austrian botanist, while studying the chemicals in plants, heated cholesteryl benzoate. At 145 °C the material melted, yielding a cloudy fluid, which changed to the originally expected clear liquid at 178.5 °C. In 1888, the German physicist Otto Lehmann concluded the cloudy fluid presents a new phase of matter, and coined the term liquid crystal.

References

Cholestanes
Liquid crystals
Benzoate esters
Snettisham hydroelectric power plant. The Snettisham hydroelectric power plant is a 78 MW power plant located 28 miles south of central Juneau, Alaska and accessible only by boat or seaplane. The power plant is fed by two lakes that are tapped from below, negating the need for a traditional dam.  As of December 2017 it supplies 78% of the electricity for Alaska Electric Light & Power.  It is connected to Juneau by a 44-mile transmission line.

It was completed in 1973.

Climate

References

Hydroelectric power plants in Alaska
Buildings and structures in Juneau, Alaska
United States local public utility dams
Dams in Alaska
Energy infrastructure completed in 1973
1973 establishments in Alaska
Amorphous metal transformer. An amorphous metal transformer (AMT) is a type of energy efficient transformer found on electric grids. The magnetic core of this transformer is made with a ferromagnetic amorphous metal.
The typical material (Metglas) is an alloy of iron with boron, silicon, and phosphorus in the form of thin (e.g. 25 μm) foils rapidly cooled from melt. These materials have high magnetic susceptibility, very low coercivity and high electrical resistance. 
The high resistance and thin foils lead to low losses by eddy currents when subjected to alternating magnetic fields. On the downside amorphous alloys have a lower saturation induction and often a higher magnetostriction compared to conventional crystalline iron-silicon electrical steel.

Core loss and copper loss
In a transformer the no-load loss is dominated by the core loss. With an amorphous core, this can be 70–80% lower than with traditional crystalline materials.
The loss under heavy load is dominated by the resistance of the copper windings and thus called copper loss. Here the lower saturation magnetization of amorphous cores tends to result in a lower efficiency at full load. Using more copper and core material it is possible to compensate for this. So high efficiency AMTs can be more efficient at low 
and high load, though at a larger size. The more expensive amorphous core material, the more difficult handling and the need for more copper windings make an AMT more expensive than a traditional transformer.

Applications
The main application of AMTs are the grid distribution transformers rated at about 50–1000 kVA. These transformers typically run 24 hours a day and at a low load factor (average load divided by nominal load). The no load loss of these transformers makes up a significant part of the loss of the whole distribution net. Amorphous iron is also used in specialized electric motors that operate at high frequencies of perhaps 350 Hz or more.

Advantages and disadvantages
More efficient transformers lead to a reduction of generation requirement and, when using electric power generated from fossil fuels, less CO2 emissions. This technology has been widely adopted by large developing countries such as China and India where labour cost is low. AMT are in fact more labour-intensive than conventional distribution transformers, a reason that explains a very low adoption in the comparable (by size) European market. These two countries can potentially save 25–30 TWh electricity annually, eliminate 6-8 GW generation investment, and reduce 20–30 million tons of CO2 emission by fully utilizing this technology.

Notes and references

External links
Amorphous Metal Transformer Information Website
Amorphous Metals in Electric-Power Distribution Applications
 Amorphous Ribbon for Transformers

Electric transformers
David Mills (solar researcher). David R. Mills (born 1946) is a researcher who has been active in solar energy research in Australia since 1975, working at the University of Sydney as a Principal Research Fellow  till 2005.

Mills specializes in solar thermal electricity development, which he believes is one cornerstone of the future sustainable energy economy. His work is predominately in the field of solar spectrum selective materials and non-imaging optics. The prime focus of his research is planning 24-hour solar plants to eliminate coal use.

In 2002 Mills became chairman of Solar Heat and Power, an Australian company he co-founded with Professor Graham Morrison (UNSW) and Peter Le Lievre. Solar Heat and Power went on to develop innovative CLFR type line focus solar thermal power systems in Australia, Europe, and North America.

Mills is a former president of the International Solar Energy Society, and was the first Chair of the International Solar Cities Initiative.

He is currently chief scientific officer and co-founder at Ausra Inc.

See also

Ausra (company)

References

External links
Solar takes off with US power supply deal (2 videos)
 Solar Thermal Power as the plausible basis of grid supply, David Mills & Robert Morgan, 2007  
Australia ignoring solar power, says pioneer
Cloudy Future for Solar Innovators
Solar Future
Solar power innovator leaves Australia
Solar Thermal Electricity
 Stanwell Solar Thermal Power Project
Tackling Global Emissions with Renewable Energy technology
Solar takes off with US power supply deal

Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Living people
People associated with solar power
1946 births
Neil D. Mathur. Neil David Mathur is a Professor in Materials Physics in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge.

Education
Mathur received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1995 for research into heavy fermion systems.

Research
Mathur's area of research is magnetic and electronic oxides, with a concentration on crystalline oxides. He has been experimenting with thin films (epitaxial films) and exploring applications for use in interfacing and imaging. He is the co-author of Mesoscopic texture in manganites with Peter Littlewood and Nanotechnology: The Third Way.

References 

British materials scientists
British science writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
Fellows of the American Physical Society
List of botanical gardens in India. A botanical garden is a place where plants, especially ferns, conifers and flowering plants, are grown and displayed for the purposes of research and education. This distinguishes them from parks and pleasure gardens where plants, usually with beautiful flowers, are grown for public amenity Botanical gardens that specialize in trees are sometimes referred to as arboreta.  They are occasionally associated with zoos. The Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Botanical Garden in West Bengal is the first of its kind in the South Asia.

List of botanical parks

See also
 Arid Forest Research Institute
 Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
 List of botanical gardens
 Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)

References

 www.chandigarhenvis.gov.in
 www.chandigarh.gov.in

External links

 Botanic Garden Conservation International's garden search database

 
India
Botanical gardens
Botanical gardens