omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Stroukoff Aircraft. Stroukoff Aircraft was an American manufacturer of experimental military transport aircraft, established in 1954 by Michael Stroukoff. Successor to Chase Aircraft, the company specialised in developing advanced variants of the C-123 Provider; however, none of the company's designs attracted a production order, and the company folded in 1959.

Founding
During the late 1940s, Ukrainian émigré Michael Stroukoff designed the XG-20 for Chase Aircraft, the largest glider ever built in the United States. Modified into the C-123 Provider, the aircraft had won a contract for production from the United States Air Force, 49% of Chase being acquired by Kaiser-Frazier to produce the aircraft at the latter company's Willow Run facility. However, a scandal involving Kaiser resulted in the C-123 contract being cancelled; with Kaiser having bought out the remainder of Chase and dissolving the company, Stroukoff acquired the company's facilities at the Trenton airport, and established his own company to continue development of the C-123 design.

YC-123D and E

Stroukoff's first advanced variant of the C-123 design was the YC-123D, modified from the XC-123A prototype - itself a modified XCG-20 - which had been the first jet transport to fly in the United States. Flying in 1954, the YC-123D was fitted with the twin piston engines of the normal C-123 family, and was equipped with a boundary layer control (BLC) system. The BLC diverted air from the engines to blow over the wing, increasing lift and reducing the aircraft's takeoff and landing distances.

The following year, Stroukoff modified a C-123B into the YC-123E, fitted with Stroukoff's own Pantobase landing gear system. The Pantobase system allowed the aircraft to land on any reasonably flat surface - land, water, or snow - and proved remarkably successful in testing.

YC-134

Following its successful trials, the YC-123E was further developed into the YC-134. Designated MS-8-1 by the company, the YC-134 featured both boundary layer control and the Pantobase landing gear; in addition, the aircraft was fitted with more powerful engines, tailplane endplates, additional wheels for the main landing gear, and an improved fuel system.

Intended for Arctic use, the YC-134's test flight program proved successful. However, its increase in performance over that of the C-123 was considered inadequate; in addition, there was simply no need for an additional piston-engined transport by that time, and the proposed production contract was cancelled. With the failure to gain any contracts for production of its designs, Stroukoff dissolved the company in 1959.

References

Footnotes

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Trenton, New Jersey
Manufacturing companies established in 1954
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1959
1954 establishments in New Jersey
1959 disestablishments in New Jersey
American companies disestablished in 1959
American companies established in 1954
Microbiofuel. Microbiofuels are biofuels produced by microorganisms like bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae, fungi, etc. The term was first defined by Asen Nenov at TEDxBG event on 9 January, 2010.

 Microbiofuels use biotechnologies for biofuel production;
 Microbiofuels technology implements production methods based microbiorefineries, i.e. micro-organisms placed in a specific environment;
 Microbiofuel technology could be used for recycling industrial waste, including gaseous waste such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide, and for producing valuable biofuels by biotransformation.

References 

Biomass
 
Bioenergy
Sustainable technologies
Microorganisms and humans
Algae fuel
Algal fuel producers
Zenith Gemini CH-620. The Zenith Gemini CH 620 is a twin engine, two seat, light aircraft, designed to be competitive in the single engine market.  The Canadian designed Gemini flew in 1996 but kit production has not been started.

Design and development

The compact Gemini is a Chris Heintz (of Zenair Co., Canada) designed twin engined two seater with a wingspan only 3 in (76 mm) greater than that of the Zenith Zodiac, with which it shares many components.  Its square tipped low wings are built around a single spar and, like the rest of the Gemini, are stressed aluminium skinned.  Most of the taper is on the trailing edges, which carry mass balanced ailerons over almost all the span outboard of the engines.  The two Jabiru 2200 flat four engines are mounted in front of the leading edge, under long over-wing cowlings; the starboard engine is toed-out by 2.5°.  The tailplane is rectangular in plan, the separate, mass balanced elevators having a cut-out for the movement of a tall, tapered, all-moving rudder.  The port elevator carries a trim tab.

The Gemini's semi-monocoque fuselage is flat sided, though rounded decking merges from behind into a smooth single piece canopy over the cabin, where two sit side-by side.  The prototype has a tailwheel undercarriage, though later aircraft could have tricycle gear.  The tailwheel is fixed but the mainwheels retract backwards into the engine nacelles, leaving the wheels slightly protruding in case of a wheels-up landing.

The Gemini first flew on 23 July 1996.  Since then the development pace has been slow, with the company's focus elsewhere.  There has been discussion of a revised airfoil section and uprated Jabiru engines. As of 2000, there was no indication of a date set for kit production.

Specifications

References

External links

1990s Canadian sport aircraft
Gemini
Gemini
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1996
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Hamilton C shell. Hamilton C shell is a clone of the Unix C shell and utilities for Microsoft Windows created by Nicole Hamilton at Hamilton Laboratories as a completely original work, not based on any prior code.  It was first released on OS/2 on December 12, 1988 and on Windows NT in July 1992.  The OS/2 version was discontinued in 2003 but the Windows version continues to be actively supported.

Design 

Hamilton C shell differs from the Unix C shell in several respects. These include its compiler architecture, its use of threads, and the decision to follow Windows rather than Unix conventions.

Parser 

The original C shell uses an ad hoc parser. This has led to complaints about its limitations.  It works well enough for the kinds of things users type interactively but not very well for the more complex commands a user might take time to write in a script.  It is not possible, for example, to pipe the output of a foreach statement into grep.  There was a limit to how complex a command it could handle.

By contrast, Hamilton uses a top-down recursive descent parser that allows it to compile statements to an internal form before running them.  As a result, statements can be nested or piped arbitrarily.  The language has also been extended with built-in and user-defined procedures, local variables, floating point and additional expression, editing and wildcarding operators, including an "indefinite directory" wildcard construct written as "..." that matches zero or more directory levels as required to make the rest of the pattern match.

Threads 

Lacking fork or a high performance way to recreate that functionality, Hamilton uses the Windows threads facilities instead.  When a new thread is created, it runs within the same process space and it shares all of the process state. If one thread changes the current directory or the contents of memory, it's changed for all the threads. It's much cheaper to create a thread than a process but there's no isolation between them.  To recreate the missing isolation of separate processes, the threads cooperate to share resources using locks.

Windows conventions 
Hamilton differs from other Unix shells in that it also directly supports Windows conventions for drive letters, filename slashes, escape characters, etc.

References

External links 
 
Hamilton C shell user guide

Unix shells
OS/2 command shells
Windows command shells
Scripting languages
Unix text processing utilities
Unix emulators
Programming tools
Programming tools for Windows
Utilities for Windows
1988 software
Programming languages created in 1988
SKU College of Engineering and Technology. Sri Krishnadevaraya University College of Engineering and Technology came into existence in 2006 to mark the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the Sri Krishnadevaraya University. It offers four engineering branches — Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communications Engineering, and Biotech initially with Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the academic year 2009-10.

Location 
The college is in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India, 10 km from Anantapur city bus stand and railway station.

References

External links 
 S K U College of Engineering and Technology Official website

Engineering colleges in Andhra Pradesh
Universities and colleges in Anantapur district
Educational institutions established in 2006
2006 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Green River Generating Station. The Green River Generating Station was a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by Kentucky Utilities, which was removed from service on 30 September 2015.  It was located in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky.

Emissions data
2006  Emissions: 1,169,616 tons 
2006  Emissions: 
2006  Emissions:  
2005 Mercury Emissions:

See also

Coal mining in Kentucky

References

External links
 Official Website

Energy infrastructure completed in 1954
Buildings and structures in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky
Ariel-class gunboat. The Ariel-class gunboat was a class of nine 4-gun composite gunboats built for the Royal Navy between 1871 and 1873.  Although most were sold by 1890, one of them survived into the 1920s as a salvage vessel in private ownership.  They were the first class of Royal Navy gunboat built of composite construction, that is, with iron keel, stem and stern posts, and iron framing, but planked with wood.

Design and construction
Designed by Sir Edward Reed, Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy, the Ariel-class gunboats were the first Royal Navy gunboats of composite construction. They were some of the first vessels to be fitted with compound-expansion engines, allowing the Royal Navy to experiment with new engine designs at little risk in small, cheap vessels. These engines were rated 60 nominal horsepower (an indicated horsepower of between  and ).  They were armed with two  64-pounder (56cwt) muzzle-loading rifles and two  20-pounder Armstrong breech loaders.  All 4 guns were mounted on traversing carriages.  Some of the class were re-armed in the 1880s with two 5-inch and two 4-inch breech loaders.  All the ships of the class carried a three-masted barquentine rig.

Ships

Notes

References

Publications

 
 Ariel
Gunboat classes
Paton Institute of Electric Welding. E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute () is a welding research institution situated in Kyiv, Ukraine.  It is named after its founder, Professor Evgeny Paton.

History
The institute was established in 1934 following the decree of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The institute was formed from the Laboratories of the State Electric Welding Committee and Electric Welding Department of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute in 1934. Until 1991 it was known as the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences Electric Welding Institute. The first leader of the institute was Evgeny Paton. 

For many years the institute was directed by Evgeny Paton's son, Borys Paton. Since 2020 following Borys Paton's death the institute is led by Ihor Krivtsun

Currently the institute research staff includes 70 Doctor of Science, 250 Kandidats of Science. The institute is the main Ukrainian research facility dealing with electric welding and electrical discharge machining.

Directors
 1934 – 1953 Yevgeniy Paton
 1953 – 2020 Borys Paton, a chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
 2020 – Ihor Krivtsun

References

External links
Paton Official Website
Springs & Wire Forming

Welding organizations
Research institutes in Kyiv
Materials science institutes
Engineering research institutes
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
NASU department of physical and technical issues of material studies
Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute
Research institutes established in 1934
Koser-Hrovat KB-1 Triglav. Triglav was a Slovenian sailplane, designed and produced by LIBIS aircraft during Yugoslavian period.

It was designed by Jaroslav Košer and Stojan Hrovat, then students of the Ljubljana Technical Faculty (Tehniška fakulteta v Ljubljani) of the University of Ljubljana. The first flight was in 1948. The detailed description was published in the Yugoslavian aviation magazine Narodna Krila (People's Wings) in 1949.

The goal of the design team was to create the new Olympic glider for OSTIV (Organisation Scientifique et Technique du Vol à Voile), in competition with the DFS Meise (which won), amongst others.

Specifications

References

External links
 "Koser-Hrovat KB-1 Triglav"

1940s Yugoslav sailplanes
LIBIS aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Glider aircraft
Aircraft with skid landing gear
Armstrongite. Armstrongite (CaZr[Si6O15]·3H2O) is a silicate mineral.

Discovery and occurrence
It was first described in 1973 from an occurrence at Dorozhnyi pegmatite, Khanbogd District, Ömnögovi Province, Mongolia.  It was named for the American astronaut Neil Armstrong.

References 

Calcium minerals
Zirconium minerals
Phyllosilicates
Trihydrate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Neil Armstrong
Minerals described in 1973
Minium (mineral). Minium is the naturally occurring form of lead tetroxide, Pb2+2Pb4+O4 also known as red lead. Minium is a light-to-vivid red and may have brown-to-yellow tints. It typically occurs in scaly-to-earthy masses. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system.

Minium is rare and occurs in lead-mineral deposits that have been subjected to severe oxidizing conditions. It also occurs as a result of mine fires. It is associated with cerussite, galena, litharge, massicot, mimetite, native lead, and wulfenite.

It occurs in relatively small amounts throughout the world: , Hesse; Badenweiler, Baden-Württemberg; Bleialf, Eifel district; Horhausen (), Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. It occurs at Mies, Slovenia; Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland; Castelberg St. Avold, Moselle, France; from Langban, Varmland, Sweden; Sarrabus, Sardinia, Italy; near Anarak, Iran; and Tsumeb, Namibia. In the US, mines include the Jay Gould mine,  Alturas County, Idaho; the Leadville district, Lake County, Colorado; and  in the Tonopah-Belmont mine, Maricopa County, Arizona. It also occurs in Eschuchapa and Guerrero, Mexico.  Good specimens were produced by a mine fire at the Broken Hill mine in New South Wales, Australia.

Minium has been identified as one of the pigments at Angkor Wat in Cambodia. 

Minium was named for the Iberian river known to the imperial Romans as Minius, now known as the Spanish Miño and the Portuguese Minho.  The name was originally applied to certain forms of cinnabar that had been coated with the minium oxide; however, once the red lead contaminant was determined to be chemically distinct from cinnabar crystals, the name, minium, was applied.

For properties and uses of minium, see lead tetroxide.

References

Lead minerals
Pigments
Inorganic pigments
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 135
Minerals described in 1806
SI-200. The SI-200 satellite bus was a model of satellite, based on the Malaysian RazakSAT, produced by the South Korean Satrec Initiative. The bus was suitable for small satellites where the accommodation of Earth observation or other scientific payloads is required, and was used on the Emirati remote sensing satellite DubaiSat-1 launched in 2009.

Features
 Three-axis stabilized, accurate and agile attitude control for precise imaging operations.
 Dual redundancies are adapted where necessary in the system architecture design to increase reliability of the satellite system.
 Dimensions: 1.2 m in diameter and 1.35 m in height.
 Deck-and-longeron type structure permitting easy assembly and disassembly. The interface with the launch vehicle is made through an adapter bolted to the bottom of the structure. The mechanical interface with the electro-optical payload is provided through three points at the satellite middle deck.

References

Satellite buses
Task analysis environment modeling simulation. Task Analysis, Environment Modeling, and Simulation (TAEMS or TÆMS) is a problem domain independent modeling language used to describe the task structures and the problem-solving activities of intelligent agents in a multi-agent environment.

The intelligent agent operates in environments where:
 responses by specific deadlines may be required
 the information required for the optimal performance of a computational task may not be available
 the results of the computations of multiple agents to interdependent subproblems may need to be aggregated together in order to solve a high-level goal
 an agent may be contributing concurrently to the solution of multiple goals

Tasks 

The modeling language represents a task structure so that an intelligent agent can reason about its potential actions in the context of its working environment. The intelligent agent needs to determine what goals can and should be achieved, and what actions are needed to achieve those goals. This includes determining the implications of those actions, and of actions performed by other agents in the environment.

The modeling language represents a task structure including the quantitative representation of complex task interrelationships, with the task structure model divided into generative, objective, and subjective viewpoints. The generative viewpoint describes the statistical characteristics required to generate the objective and subjective episodes in an environment; it is a workload generator. The objective viewpoint is the actual, real, instantiated task structures that are present in an episode. The subjective viewpoint is the view that the agents have of objective reality.

Coordination 

Coordination of agents is accomplished by the Generalized Partial Global Planning (GPGP) family of algorithms that are used to respond to particular features of the task structure. GPGP is a cooperative (team-oriented) coordination component that is built of modular mechanisms that work in conjunction with, but do not replace, a fully functional agent with a local scheduler. GPGP can be adapted to different problem domains, it allows agent heterogeneity, it exchanges global information, it communicates at multiple levels of abstraction, and it allows the use of a separate local scheduling component.

See also 
 Automated planning and scheduling
 Multi-agent planning
 Multi-agent systems
 Software agent
 Distributed artificial intelligence
 Cooperative distributed problem solving
 STRIPS
 Hierarchical task network

References 

Agent-based model
Automated planning and scheduling
Fluid dynamic gauge. A fluid dynamic gauge (FDG) is a measurement technique used to study the behaviour of soft deposit layers in a liquid environment. It employs fluid mechanics to determine the thickness of the layer, and can also be used to obtain a measure of its strength. It was inspired by the technique of pneumatic gauging, which relies on a flow of air rather than the process liquid. Fluid dynamic gauging can be conducted as an in-line measuring technique, but is more commonly used as a research tool. 

The technique was originally developed to measure the buildup or removal of the fouling layers commonly encountered in the process industry (such as in the heat treatment of dairy products). More recently, it has been applied to study cake buildup on porous membrane surfaces. Scanning versions can determine the topology of a solid/soft-solid surface immersed in a liquid environment, in an analogous manner to an atomic force microscope, but exploiting the principles of fluid mechanics.

Key features of the technique are that it can study soft deposit layers without touching them, relies on relatively simple operating principles, can be used in a completely opaque liquid, and does not rely on knowledge of the fluid or deposit properties.

References

External links 
 Fluid Dynamic Gauging

Fluid mechanics
Carl E. Grunsky. Carl Ewald Grunsky (April 4, 1855 – June 9, 1934) was a geologist and civil engineer throughout the mid 19th century.

Biography 
In 1896, Grunsky implemented the innovative gravity-based sewer channeling waste rapidly from North Point to Golden Gate or towards Oakland. He served as member on the Board of Trustees from 1898 to 1904 at the California Academy of Sciences where in 1911 he was promoted to secretary and was elected president in 1912.

Before entering the field of geology and civil engineering, Grunsky pursued a career in medicine. After entering a Realschule and Polytechnikum in Stuttgart, Germany, he switched to civil engineering. After starting his first career as a city engineer of San Francisco, from 1900 to 1904, and gaining recognition, he consequently became a member of the Panama Canal Commission from 1904 to 1905. From 1905 to 1907, he served as a consulting engineer for the US Reclamation Service.

He succeeded Dr. Barton Warren Evermann and acted as a director of Museum of Academy and the Steinhart Aquarium in 1932. Grunsky spent most of his time working to supervise the rivers. After receiving the Norman Medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1910, he was elected vice president in 1922 and president in 1924. In 1924 he was also president of the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was president of the American Engineering Council from 1930 to 1931. He played a significant role during the St. Francis Dam expedition. Grunsky and his co-worker John C. Branner announced that the dam was working properly right before the St. Francis dam broke. The breakage of the dam marked the end of William Mulholland's career.

G. D. Hanna describes Grunsky as follows: "One faculty he possessed fitted him particularly for presiding over meetings and groups of people. He was a very clear thinker and could organize his subject matter rapidly, yet he spoke with deliberation and crisp enunciation. Political science, particularly those phases dealing with rates, taxation and forms of money, fascinated him and he published extensively on the subject . He was always interested in art and during his later years found time to paint some backgrounds of the habitat groups of African animals now being installed by the academy."

Grunsky died during an accident at his home in Berkeley, California, on June 9, 1934.

Selected works

References

Sources
 
 New Series, Vol. 79, No. 2060 (Jun. 22, 1934), p. 556 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science

1855 births
1934 deaths
American civil engineers
American geologists
Engineers from California