omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wiring diagram. A wiring diagram is a simplified conventional pictorial representation of an electrical circuit. It shows the components of the circuit as simplified shapes, and the power and signal connections between the devices. 

A wiring diagram usually gives information about the relative position and arrangement of devices and terminals on the devices, to help in building or servicing the device.  This is unlike a schematic diagram, where the arrangement of the components' interconnections on the diagram usually does not correspond to the components' physical locations in the finished device. A pictorial diagram would show more detail of the physical appearance, whereas a wiring diagram uses a more symbolic notation to emphasize interconnections over physical appearance. 

A wiring diagram is often used to troubleshoot problems and to make sure that all the connections have been made and that everything is present.

Architectural wiring diagrams
Architectural wiring diagrams  show the approximate locations and interconnections of receptacles, lighting, and permanent electrical services in a building. Interconnecting wire routes may be shown approximately, where particular receptacles or fixtures must be on a common circuit. 
Wiring diagrams use standard symbols for wiring devices, usually different from those used on schematic diagrams. The electrical symbols not only show where something is to be installed, but also what type of device is being installed. For example, a surface ceiling light is shown by one symbol, a recessed ceiling light has a different symbol, and a surface fluorescent light has another symbol. Each type of switch has a different symbol and so do the various outlets. There are symbols that show the location of smoke detectors, the doorbell chime, and thermostat. On large projects symbols may be numbered to show, for example, the panel board and circuit to which the device connects, and also to identify which of several types of fixture are to be installed at that location. 

A set of wiring diagrams may be required by the electrical inspection authority to approve connection of the residence to the public electrical supply system. 

Wiring diagrams will also include panel schedules for circuit breaker panelboards, and riser diagrams for special services such as fire alarm or closed-circuit television or other special services.

See also 
 Electrical drawing
 Electrical wiring
 Circuit diagram
 Schematic

References
 Electrical diagnosis part 2 using the wiring diagrams (volume 71 S6-L2), The Ford Marketing Corporation, 1970

External links 

 Electrical, Pneumatic, Hydraulic and Electronic Symbols  An open-source collection of electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic and electronic symbols.

Electrical diagrams
Electrical wiring
Switches
Tin toy. A tin toy, or tin lithograph toy, is a mechanical toy made out of tinplate and colorfully painted by chromolithography to resemble primarily a character or vehicle.

History

Tinplate was used in the manufacture of toys beginning in the mid-19th century. The invention of sheet metal stamping machines in 1815 allowed for the mass production of inexpensive toys. Tin toys were made from thin sheets of steel plated with tin, hence the name tinplate. Tin toys were a cheap and durable substitute for wooden toys. The toys were originally assembled and painted by hand. Spring-activated tin toys originated in Germany in the 1850s. In the late 1880s offset lithography was used to print designs on tinplate. After the colorful designs were printed on the metal, they were formed by dies and assembled with small tabs. The lightweight nature of the toys allowed them to be shipped less expensively and easier than the heavier cast iron toys.

Germany was the major producer of tin toys in the world in the early 20th century. The most famous German manufacturer of tin toys was Ernst Paul Lehmann who is said to have exported 90% of his toys. France and England joined the fray and it wasn't long before hundreds of thousands of these penny toys were being manufactured.
Production of tin toys in the United States started earlier, but began in earnest when tin ore mines were opened in Illinois providing easily available and cheap raw materials. A number of manufactures scrambled to catch up in the beginning of the 20th century, but it wasn't until after World War I, with anti-German sentiment high, that they began to make real gains. There was a growing demand for American produced products and by the 1920s American firms had overtaken the competition. The largest and most successful firm from the 1920s to the 1960s was Louis Marx and Company. Marx produced a huge number of designs and depended on large sales volumes to keep prices down.

The production of tin toys was discontinued during World War II because of the need for raw materials in the war effort. After the war, tin toys continued to increase in popularity in England through Chad Valley toys and also were produced in large numbers in Japan. Under occupation, manufacturers in Japan were granted the right to resume production. The idea was to give Japan all of the low profit; high labor manufacturing and the US companies could sell the imported product. It worked better than they had expected and Japan became a tin toy manufacturing force until the end of the 1950s. In the 1960s cheaper plastic and new government safety regulations ended the reign of tin toys. Presently, China has taken over the role of the leading tin toy manufacturing country.

Tin toy robots

Tin toy robots are a highly collectable type of tin toy.  Classics like the Mr Atomic Robot and Robby the Robot from the movie Forbidden Planet can sell for several thousand dollars.

See also
 Metal House Robots
 Penny toy
 Toy advertising

References

Toy collecting
Traditional toys
Metal toys
Mechanical toys
Erwin Otto Marx. Erwin Otto Marx (1893–1980) was a German electrical engineer who invented the Marx generator, a device for producing high voltage electrical pulses.

He worked as an engineering scientist in Braunschweig from 1918 to 1950 where he performed research and development for electrical power distribution via long distances.

Prizes

The Erwin Marx Award is awarded for contributions by individual engineers to pulsed power technology. It was awarded for the first time in 1981 at the 3rd IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference.

The VDE local chapter Braunschweig awards an annual "Erwin-Marx-Prize" to successful graduates from the Braunschweig University of Technology and/or the Ostfalia Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften.

References

1893 births
1980 deaths
People from Riesa
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
20th-century German inventors
German electrical engineers
Engineers from Saxony
Academic staff of the Technical University of Braunschweig
Pulsed power researchers
Andy Brown (engineer). Andy Brown is a British engineer currently running his own motor sports engineering company, ACB Consultancy Ltd.

Career
Brown studied aeronautical engineering at the University of Bath graduating in 1981. He then joined British Aerospace at Filton, Bristol (now Airbus), before leaving in 1984 to join March Engineering. He was there until the end of 1990, the last three years being with the March-Leyton House Formula One team as race engineer.

In 1991, Brown joined Brabham  as chief race engineer with primary responsibility for Martin Brundle's car. Brown left the world of Formula One to join  Galmer Engineering as assistant technical director. In 1992 they won the Indy 500 with a car of their own design.

Brown later became a founding member and chief engineer for PacWest Racing, where they set a new closed course world record of  at Fontana, California in 1997. Following this he joined Panther Racing as chief engineer for the 1999 season subsequently winning back-to-back Indy Racing League series championships in 2001 and 2002.

Brown left Panther Racing at the end of 2005 to join Chip Ganassi Racing as race engineer for the No. 10 Target Honda-powered Dallara driven by 2005 IndyCar Series and Indianapolis 500 champion Dan Wheldon.  He stepped back from race engineering for the 2008 season to concentrate on R&D work, mainly aerodynamics.

For 2011, Brown returned to the UK and created ACB Consultancy Ltd., but with his Indycar background most of the company's business interests are naturally still in the USA, the main customers being Chip Ganassi Racing and Honda Performance Development. But with a shortage of such specialised knowledge in the UK, media work, reporting on Indycar activities, has been forthcoming for both magazines and television.

References 

British automotive engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Bath
Asus EeeBox PC. Asus EeeBox PC (formerly Asus Eee Box) is a nettop computer line from ASUSTeK Computer Incorporated, and a part of the Asus Eee product family. First released on August 11, 2008, the Asus EeeBox PC series is marketed as a small, light, inexpensive and energy-efficient counterpart to the Asus Eee PC netbook / subnotebook laptop series. Its motherboard employs Splashtop technology called Express Gate by Asus.

Features

"Instant-On"
The EeeBox PC motherboard features a form of embedded Linux, referred to in the user manual as Express Gate, a result of the ASUS SplashTop software. In the EeeBox PC implementation, the user is presented with a customised Linux desktop a few seconds after powering up the EeeBox PC, with the option of launching a web browser, an online chat application, a file manager, a photo browser or a Skype application, without having to load the main operating system.
If the user does not select any of these options, the main operating system (typically Windows XP Home) loads automatically.

Low power consumption

The EeeBox PC uses an external power supply, but due to the low power requirements, this unit is physically smaller than most external computer laptop power supplies. At December 2008, the supplied UK power adapter is a small rectangular "in-line" block measuring approximately 30 mm × 35 mm wide, and around 90 mm long (not including cable stress relief grommets).

"Zero footprint" option
As of December 2008, the EeeBox PC comes with two mounting options, a desktop stand, and a monitor mounting.
The monitor mounting option consists of a heavy plate with mounting holes designed to fit to the VESA 100 or VESA 75 mount area found on the back of many flat-screen monitors (Flat Display Mounting Interface). When mounted on the back of a monitor, the EeeBox PC does not require any desk space. With the addition of a compatible USB "TV tuner" dongle the EeeBox PC can be used as a digital television adapter, and add both TV reception and recording facilities to a flat computer monitor.

Robustness
The EeeBox PC hard drive has a hidden recovery partition containing an image of the factory OS installation. This allows the EeeBox PC's operating system to be reset to its initial factory state without the need for any external media or optical disc hardware (although conventional recovery discs are also included).
The permanently embedded Linux system also guarantees a working graphical user interface and a certain degree of functionality (such as web browsing) even without a separate functioning operating system; on most computer systems, the only embedded functionality in this situation would be a very limited set of menu-driven BIOS commands.

Models

See also
 Asus Eee Top – a PC integrated in a touchscreen monitor 
 Asus Eee PC – netbooks
 Acer AspireRevo
 Dell Studio Hybrid
 Mac Mini
 MSI Wind PC

References

External links
Official product page

EeeBox PC
Mini PC
Oxypnictide. In chemistry, oxypnictides are a class of materials composed of oxygen, a pnictogen (group-V, especially phosphorus and arsenic) and one or more other elements. Although this group of compounds has been recognized since 1995, 
interest in these compounds increased dramatically after the publication of the superconducting properties of LaOFeP and LaOFeAs which were discovered in 2006 
and 2008. 
In these experiments the oxide was partly replaced by fluoride.

These and related compounds (e.g. the 122 iron arsenides) form a new group of iron-based superconductors known as iron pnictides or ferropnictides since the oxygen is not essential but the iron seems to be.

Oxypnictides have been patented as magnetic semiconductors in early 2006.

The different subclasses of oxypnictides are oxynitrides, oxyphosphides, oxyarsenides, oxyantimonides, and oxybismuthides.

Structure
Many of the oxypnictides show a layered structure. For example, LaFePO with layers of La3+O2− and Fe2+P3−. This structure is similar to that of ZrCuSiAs, which is now the parent structure for most of the oxypnictide.

Superconductivity
The first superconducting iron oxypnictide was discovered in 2006, based on phosphorus. A drastic increase in the critical temperature was achieved when phosphorus was substituted by arsenic. This discovery boosted the search for similar compounds, like the search for cuprate-based superconductors after their discovery in 1986.

The superconductivity of the oxypnictides seems to depend on the iron-pnictogen layers.

Some found in 2008 to be high-temperature superconductors (up to 55 K) of composition ReOTmPn, where Re is a rare earth, Tm is a transition metal and Pn is from group V e.g. As.

Tests in magnetic fields up to 45 teslas suggest the upper critical field of LaFeAsO0.89F0.11 may be around 64 T. A different lanthanum-based material tested at 6 K predicts an upper critical field of 122 T in La0.8K0.2FeAsO0.8F0.2.

Practical use
Because of the brittleness of the oxypnictides, superconducting wires are formed using the powder-in-tube process (using iron tubes).

See also

 in quarks

References

External links
Hosono at JST Has diagram of LaO & FeAs layers in LaOFeAs

Superconductors
Pnictides
Kamov Ka-90. The Kamov Ka-90 is a projected high-speed helicopter built by Kamov, a model of which was displayed at the HeliRussia 2008 trade show in April 2008. The concept is a hybrid design, flying like a helicopter for takeoff and landing and an aeroplane in cruise flight. The company's general designer Sergei Mikheyev said that the project was started in 1985. Although not developed at that time, it was under consideration in 2008.

In December 2017, Oleg Zheltov, the head of the Kamov Design Bureau confirmed that the work on the Ka-90 is underway and that the current stage of development includes research on design models and in wind tunnels.

References

Kamov aircraft
Soviet and Russian helicopters
Proposed aircraft of Russia
Stoppable rotor helicopters
Single-rotor helicopters
Caithness Glass. Caithness Glass is a Scottish artistic glassware manufacturing company. It was established in Wick, Caithness, Scotland in 1961 by Robin Sinclair, 2nd Viscount Thurso. It was  by George Mackie, Baron Mackie of Benshie in 1966. Mackie was chairman for the next two decades. Since 2006, the company has been based in Crieff, Perthshire. The company was created to help create additional employment in the face of continuing decline in local fishing and agriculture and also to take advantage of the easy availability of sand for glassmaking in Caithness. The local sand, however, proved unsuitable for manufacturing clear glass (as its high iron content would turn the glass green). The company soon specialised in the manufacture of glass paperweights, plus some ornamental glassware. The firm also became well known for supplying the annual trophy for the BBC Mastermind television quiz programme. The company was awarded a Royal Warrant by the Queen Mother in 1968.

Manufacturing was initially solely located in Wick, with a second facility being opened in Oban in 1969 and Perth in 1979. In 1981 Caithness Glass purchased the historic London firm James Powell and Sons, also known as Whitefriars Glass, but the London factory was closed. The company headquarters and paperweight manufacturing were based in Perth from 1995, eventually resulting in the closure of the original Wick base and thus severing the physical connection with Caithness.

Caithness Glass went into receivership in 2004. It was bought by the owners of Edinburgh Crystal, but again went into receivership in 2006. It was bought (out of receivership) in October 2006 by Dartington Crystal and continues to manufacture and sell glass paperweights. The factories in Wick, Oban and Perth all closed and were replaced by a smaller operation within the Crieff Visitor Centre.

References

External links
Caithness Glass - official website
Wick Heritage Museum - glass

Glassmaking companies of the United Kingdom
Wick, Caithness
Companies based in Perth and Kinross
Crieff
Scottish brands
Shaanxi Construction Engineering Group Corporation. Shaanxi Construction Engineering Group Corporation (operating as Top International Engineering Corporation in international markets) is a Chinese construction and engineering contractor.  SCEGC was established in 1950, and is among the Top 500 Chinese Corporations.

Projects
The company in overseas operations is active across Africa and a few countries elsewhere. The main concentration of overseas branches is in West Africa with subsidiaries in Cameroon, Sao Tome & Principe, Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia, Gabon, Nigeria, Ghana, and Cape Verde.  Other offices are located in the UAE, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, and Congo.

In Ghana, it is the leading sub-contractor in a joint project with local firms to build 320 apartment blocks comprising 2,560 units designated by the government to meet an affordable housing shortfall.

Philanthropy
During the 2007 floods in the Upper East Region of Ghana, the local subsidiary of SGEGC made a cash donation to relief for flood victims.

References

External links

Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Companies based in Xi'an
Chinese companies established in 1950
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1950
Fontana bridge. A Fontana bridge is a type of bridge circuit that implements a wide frequency band voltage-to-current converter. The converter is characterized by a combination of positive and negative feedback loops, implicit in this bridge configuration. This feature allows compensation for parasitic impedance  connected in parallel with the useful load , which in turn keeps an excitation current  flowing through the useful load  independent of the instantaneous value of . This feature is of great advantage for making electromechanical transducers.

If balance condition:

is met, then:

The circuit includes two differential amplifiers. The top differential amplifier, whose output is referenced to ground potential, has unitary gain. The bottom differential amplifier, whose output is referenced to ground potential, has ideally infinite gain. Ordinary operational amplifiers can be adopted with limitations in accuracy and bandwidth.
The Fontana bridge is also called Compensated Current Injection Circuit.
It was originally discovered by Giorgio Fontana, University of Trento, Italy, in 2003 using a symbolic equation solver for Kirchhoff's circuit laws. The bridge details are available in.

References 

Bridge circuits
Charles Labelye. Charles Labelye (1705, Vevey, Switzerland – 1762) was a Swiss bridge engineer and mathematician. Moving to England in the 1720s and receiving patronage from the Duke of Bedford and Earl of Pembroke, he is best known there for his work on the original Westminster Bridge (rebuilt in 1854–62) and his invention on that project of caissons as a method of bridge-building. This was praised on its completion, though during the period of construction he received heavy criticism from ill-informed observers, which worsened his health.

Other British projects of his were Brentford Bridge (1740–42), London Bridge (his consultations were sought in 1746 but not acted upon by the corporation of London), designs for a harbour at Sandwich (engraved by Harris about 1740) and reports on the port and harbour facilities at Great Yarmouth (1747) and Sunderland (1748, also with suggested improvements to the River Wear).

A private act of parliament in 1746, the , (19 Geo. 2. c. 26 ), naturalised him as a British citizen, but in April 1752 he decided to leave England for southern France. He is known to have been in Naples in 1753, and to have later lived in Paris. In Paris he met and became friends with the fellow bridge-builder Jean-Rodolph Perronnet, bequeathing him papers and a model of Westminster Bridge.

External links

Notes 

1705 births
1762 deaths
Swiss architects
18th-century Swiss mathematicians
Bridge engineers
Structural engineers
People from Vevey
Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England
FLS Sprint. The Sprint is a light aircraft developed in the United Kingdom in the 1980s, originally known as the Trago Mills SAH-1.  It was produced by FLS Aerospace in two versions, the Club Sprint, and the Sprint 160. In both versions, it is a low wing, two seat, monoplane designed as an advanced aerobatic trainer with +6/-3 g capability. The aircraft is a fully aerobatic trainer similar to the Grob G 115 or the Slingsby Firefly, although it is of conventional riveted aluminium construction rather than the composite construction of the other two aircraft.

Development 
The Sprint was originally designed by Sydney A. Holloway while he was working for the British West country department store chain Trago Mills, which hoped to market the aircraft to Britain's armed forces as a replacement for the ageing Scottish Aviation Bulldog trainer. The original aircraft was designated the SAH-1 in honour of Mr. Holloway. The production and design of the 120 hp SAH-1 (now the FLS Club Sprint) was undertaken at Bodmin Airfield. The prototype first flew with Air Vice-Marshal Geoffrey Cairns at the controls on 23 August 1983. Two years later, on 12 December 1985, the SAH-1 gained its type certificate. In 1987, the plans were sold onto Orca Aircraft, but a slump in the world's economy left Orca Aircraft bankrupt in 1989. The plans for the SAH-1 again changed hands, this time to FLS Aerospace.

FLS Aerospace began modifying the basic SAH-1 and came up with two models, the Club Sprint, essentially the original SAH-1, and the Sprint 160, a re-engined Club Sprint, with a 160 hp aerobatic Lycoming and a Hoffman constant speed prop. FLS got as far as building a first run of 5 of these aircraft between 1993 and 1998 (of which 3 are complete and airworthy in 2008  – the others are in storage) while negotiating a building contract. However, before the Sprint could be produced FLS went bankrupt and the Sprint programme was put into storage.

In 2006, the design was sold again, this time to The British Light Aircraft Company Ltd. who subsequently had to sell the design (along with the Edgley Optica surveillance aircraft). The two designs were bought in 2007 by John Edgley, the Optica's designer. The Sprint is planned to be manufactured as a kit aircraft for the British Homebuilders' Market.

Variants 
 SAH-1 – Trago Mills prototype with Avco Lycoming O-235-L2A engine (1 built, registered G-SAHI)
 Club Sprint – FLS production version of SAH-1 (1 built registered G-BVNU, plus one incomplete in storage)
 Sprint 160 – FLS version with Textron Lycoming AEIO-320-D1B engine (1 built, plus two incomplete in storage)

Specifications (Sprint 160)

References 

1980s British military trainer aircraft