omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Grubbing. Grubbing or clearing is the removal of trees, shrubs, stumps and rubbish from a site. This is often at the site where a transportation or utility corridor, a road or power line, an edifice or a garden is to be constructed. Grubbing is performed following clearance of trees to their stumps, preceding construction.

In animal behaviour grubbing is a feeding technique, referring to digging and uprooting of roots and rhizomes of plants. It is employed by geese, especially greater and lesser snow geese and Canada geese, as well as swine.

References

External links
 

Civil engineering
Van Phillips (inventor). Van Phillips (born 1954) is an American inventor of prosthetics.

Biography
He is known for the Flex-Foot brand of artificial foot and limbs that he created, and for his charity work for amputees. An amputee himself, having lost a leg below the knee at age 21, Phillips was motivated by the limitations of then-existing artificial limbs to attend the Northwestern University Medical School Prosthetic-Orthotic Center. After graduation, he worked as a biomedical design engineer at the University of Utah before starting his own company, Flex-Foot Incorporated in 1984.

Phillips ultimately created a workable artificial foot made from carbon graphite. Unlike all previous prostheses, it stored kinetic energy from the wearer's steps as potential energy, like a spring, allowing the wearer to run and jump. A prosthetic foot that he created, the Flex-Foot Cheetah, is used by double-amputee and Paralympics gold-medalist Oscar Pistorius, and about 90 percent of Paralympics participants use a variation of the original Flex-Foot design, as well as thousands of people around the world. Phillips sold Flex-Foot to Össur in 2000, which continues to manufacture the artificial foot. 

In 1999 he established Second Wind, a non-profit organization to provide inexpensive and resistant prostheses to amputees around the world, and is now working to create a prosthetic leg for land mine victims in developing countries. In 1998 he received the Brian Blatchford Memorial Prize from the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics.

See also  
 Össur#Prosthetics

References

External links 
 Van Phillips page at ossur.com
 2011 Video of Van Phillips giving a presentation on inventing his prosthetics

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American inventors
Northwestern University alumni
University of Utah staff
Sports inventors and innovators
American amputees
Prosthetics
Engineers from Utah
Midori (operating system). Midori (which means green in Japanese) was the code name for a managed code operating system (OS) being jointly developed by Microsoft and Microsoft Research. It had been reported to be a possible commercial implementation of the OS Singularity, a research project begun in 2003 to build a highly dependable OS whose kernel, device drivers, and application software would all be written in managed code. It was designed for concurrency, and would run a program spread across multiple nodes at once. It also featured a security model that sandboxes applications for increased security. Microsoft had mapped out several possible migration paths from Windows to Midori. Midori was discontinued some time in 2015, though many of its concepts were used in other Microsoft projects.

History 
The code name Midori was first discovered through the PowerPoint presentation CHESS: A systematic testing tool for concurrent software.

Another reference to Midori was found in a presentation shown during the Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications (OOPSLA) October 2012 conference, and a paper from the conference's proceedings.

References

External links
 SD Times' David Worthington on the migration away from Windows
 SD Times' David Worthington on Midori security
 Technologizer report by David Worthington on Windows Mobile's life cycle
 Microsoft sees end of Windows era, BBC News
 Joe Duffy - Blogging about Midori, 2015

Microsoft operating systems
Microsoft Research
Microkernel-based operating systems
Capability systems
Microkernels
ARM operating systems
IA-32 operating systems
X86-64 operating systems
MAN NL262. MAN NL262 (A27) is a low-floor single-decker bus made by MAN from 1992 to 1998. Although predominantly produced for Hong Kong in right-hand drive operated by Citybus, some were made in left-hand drive for the mainland European market, it was still built within the similar MAN NL202. It was succeeded by the MAN Lion's City.

Operations

Hong Kong
Citybus was the only operator to acquire new NL262s in Hong Kong. In all, 80 NL262s in total were ordered as 1501–1580. In 2000, some of them had gone to New Lantao Bus and DBTSL. All buses were scrapped in 2015 and replaced by Youngman JNP6105R and BYD K9R buses.

As such, a spiritual successor is MAN NLxx3F in the millennium.

References 

Low-floor buses
NL262
Vehicles introduced in 1992
Sterilant gas monitoring. Sterilant gas monitoring is the detection of hazardous gases used by health care and other facilities to sterilize medical supplies that cannot be sterilized by heat or steam methods. The current FDA approved sterilant gases are ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide and ozone. Other liquid sterilants, such as peracetic acid, may also be used for sterilization and may raise similar occupational health issues. Sterilization means the complete destruction of all biological life (including viruses and sporoidal forms of bacteria), and sterilization efficacy is typically considered adequate if less than one in a million microbes remain viable.

Hazards of sterilant gases 
Since sterilant gases are selected to destroy a wide range of biological life forms, any gas which is suitable for sterilization will present a hazard to personnel exposed to it. NIOSH's IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) values for the three sterilant gases are 800 ppm (ethylene oxide), 75 ppm (hydrogen peroxide) and 5 ppm (ozone). For comparison, the IDLH of cyanide gas (hydrogen cyanide) is 50 ppm. The OSHA PEL (permissible exposure limit) will be considerably lower than this; 1 ppm for ethylene oxide, or 5 ppm for a 15 minute short-term exposure limit. Thus exposure to even low levels of sterilant gas should not be treated casually and most facilities go to great lengths to adequately protect their employees. In addition to toxicity, ethylene oxide is flammable (from above 3%) and ozone is damaging to equipment not designed to resist it.

Sterilizer manufacturers go to great lengths to make their products as safe as possible but, as with any mechanical device, they can and sometimes do fail and leaks have been reported. The odor threshold for these gases is above the PELs and for ethylene oxide it is 500 ppm, approaching that of the IDLH. Odor is thus inadequate as a monitoring technique. Continuous gas monitors are used as part of an overall safety program to provide a prompt alert to nearby workers in the event that there is a leak of the sterilant gas.

Monitoring equipment
The monitor alarms are typically set to warn if the concentrations exceed the OSHA permissible exposure limits (PELs), 1.0 ppm for ethylene oxide and 1.0 and 0.1 ppm for hydrogen peroxide and ozone respectively. The PELs are calculated as 8 hour time weighted average values (i.e. the average exposure over a typical shift).

References 

Sterilization (microbiology)
Occupational safety and health
Bavarian Pt 2/4 H. The Pt 2/4 H was a class of steam locomotive built by the firm of Krauss for the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) between 1906 and 1908. They were used on routes in Bavaria to haul light, fast passenger trains.

The vehicles all had a gravity-fed firebox with a hopper over the grate for one-man operation. It was possible to access the train directly from the locomotive via doors in the front and rear walls and gangways. On several engines, the Reichsbahn later made modifications to the driver's cab.

The Deutsche Reichsbahn took all engines of this type over. The last Pt 2/4 H locomotive was retired in 1948.

See also 
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

References

2-4-2T locomotives
Pt 2 4 H
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Krauss locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1906
1′B1′ h2t locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Bavarian D IX. The D IX steam locomotive was manufactured by the firm of Maffei between 1888 and 1899 for the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn). They were used on the route from Reichenhall via Freilassing to Salzburg. After one engine had been successfully employed on the route to Berchtesgaden, the vehicles were also deployed on the suburban lines of Augsburg, Munich and Nuremberg. 

There were scarcely any differences between the various build series. Not until 1896 were minor changes made to the heating areas, the weights and the coal and water capacities. The rigid mounting of the driving and carrying wheels and the location of the cylinder just in front of the carrying wheel did not prove a success. The D IX locomotives could haul  on the flat at a speed of , on routes with a 2% incline they could manage  at .

Apart from one engine, which had already been retired by Bavaria, the Reichsbahn took on all the engines. Some were taken out of service even before 1925, the rest had followed by 1932.

No examples of the Bavarian D IX have been preserved.

See also
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

References

2-4-0T locomotives
D 09
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Maffei locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1888
Scrapped locomotives
Load factor (electrical). In electrical engineering the load factor is defined as the average load divided by the peak load in a specified time period. It is a measure of the utilization rate, or efficiency of electrical energy usage; a high load factor indicates that load is using the electric system more efficiently, whereas consumers or generators that underutilize the electric distribution will have a low load factor.

An example, using a large commercial electrical bill:

 peak demand = 
 use = 
 number of days in billing cycle = 

Hence:

 load factor = ( [  / { × } ] /  ) × 100% = 18.22%

It can be derived from the load profile of the specific device or system of devices. Its value is always less than one because maximum demand is never lower than average demand, since facilities likely never operate at full capacity for the duration of an entire 24-hour day. A high load factor means power usage is relatively constant. Low load factor shows that occasionally a high demand is set. To service that peak, capacity is sitting idle for long periods, thereby imposing higher costs on the system. Electrical rates are designed so that customers with high load factor are charged less overall per kWh. This process along with others is called load balancing or peak shaving.

The load factor is closely related to and often confused with the demand factor.

The major difference to note is that the denominator in the demand factor is fixed depending on the system. Because of this, the demand factor cannot be derived from the load profile but needs the addition of the full load of the system in question.

See also

Availability factor
Capacity factor
Demand factor
Diversity factor
Utilization factor

References

Power engineering
HeroEngine. HeroEngine is a 3D game engine and server technology platform originally developed by Simutronics Corporation specifically for building MMO-style games. At first developed for the company's own game Hero's Journey, the engine won multiple awards at tradeshows, and has since been licensed by other companies such as BioWare Austin (which used it for Star Wars: The Old Republic).

On 12 June 2010, Idea Fabrik announced that it had purchased the HeroEngine, as well as hired staff that was associated with its development and support.

Features
The engine has online creation. For example, one developer can be creating a house and the entities inside, while another works on the landscaping and terrain around it. Each sees the other's work in real time.

The simulation and rendering processes of the engine are currently run on a single-thread. However, it is planned for there to be a multi-threaded release, but the publish date has not yet been determined.

Development times vary between games. Faxion Online took 18 months to complete, and Star Wars: The Old Republic took over five years.

Integration with other technologies
HeroBlade contains integrated features such as custom scripting and collaborative project management, which allow developers to make notes directly onto the in-game levels for others to see. These notes can be attached to tasks to signal other developers that something specific needs to be worked on. HeroEngine also works with technology from third-party vendors, such as FMOD, PhysX, SpeedTree, Wwise, Scaleform, and Vivox, as well as having plugins for 3D Studio Max and Maya.

HeroCloud
HeroCloud was a version of HeroEngine that was available for $99 per year, under the license that they received 30% the money sales of any game made with it.  It included everything that a license to the HeroEngine had, except for access to the source code.

Awards
 Finalist for "Best Engine" from Game Developer magazine in 2006.

Funding Issues
The company chairman of Idea Fabrik announced on 6 November 2015 that they were having funding issues related to an unnamed 3rd party, which could cause downtime on their HeroEngine and HeroCloud services. He stated that they were attempting to resolve and were "currently in negotiations to secure [their] funding for the present and the future."

Games developed using HeroEngine

 Star Wars: The Old Republic (2011- present) - BioWare Austin(2011-2023), Broadsword Online Games (2023-present)
 The Elder Scrolls Online (used for development)
 Magic To Master (used for closed beta)

References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Video game engines
Hachinohe Institute of Technology. is a private university located in the city of Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, established in 1972.

Departments and graduate school programs

Departments
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Electric and Electronic Systems
Department of System and Information Engineering
Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Department of Kansei Design

Graduate school programs
Doctor of Engineering Program in Mechanical and Biochemical Engineering
Doctor of Engineering Program in Electronic, Electrical and Information Engineering
Doctor of Engineering Program in Civil Engineering
Doctor of Engineering Program in Architectural Engineering

References

External links
Official website  
Official website 

Universities and colleges established in 1972
Private universities and colleges in Japan
Universities and colleges in Aomori Prefecture
Engineering universities and colleges in Japan
Hachinohe
Global Solar Energy. Global Solar Energy is a US-based manufacturer of CIGS solar cells, a thin-film based photovoltaic technology, with manufacturing operations in Tucson, Arizona, United States, and Berlin, Germany. In 2013, it was bought by Chinese renewable energy company Hanergy.

Technology 

The company uses copper indium gallium diselenide to produce CIGS cells, which achieve up to 19.9% efficiency in laboratory samples, and production cells of about 10.5 to 11 percent average efficiency. This type of solar cell is ideal for portable power and is 1.5 to 2X greater in performance than comparable thin film flexible solar materials.

Mass production 

Global Solar Energy opened in 1996, and in 2008 finished another phase of development as it expanded its CIGS production to a new 40 MW facility in Tucson, Arizona and a second 35 MW facility in Berlin, Germany.

The company expects to produce 20 megawatts of the films at the plant in 2008 before ramping up to 40 megawatts of capacity in 2009 and 140 megawatts by 2010. This makes Global Solar the largest full-scale manufacturer of CIGS thin-film photovoltaics.

Installations 

Global Solar Energy operates the largest CIGS solar electric array in the world, a 750 kW system located at the company's manufacturing facility in Tucson. Part of the energy harnessed by this array is being purchased by the factory itself.

Competitors 

With the advances in conventional crystalline silicon (c-Si) technology in recent years, and the falling cost of the polysilicon feedstock, that followed after a period of severe global shortage, pressure increased on manufacturers of commercial thin-film technologies, including amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), leading to the bankruptcy of several companies. Some current competitors are:
 Siva Power, a US Department of Energy awarded company that is operating in San Jose, CA.
 GSHK Solar has noted that it can produce CIGS cells with a 12.5 percent and an average efficiency of 10 percent in full production efficiency.
 IBM has reported 12% efficiency for its CIS solar cells.

See also 
 First Solar
 Miasolé

References

External links 
 

Thin-film cell manufacturers
Companies based in Tucson, Arizona
Engineering companies of the United States
Solar energy companies of the United States
Girish Shambu. Girish Shambu is an American film blogger, cinephile, film critic and educator.

Besides maintaining an eponymous blog, which has become a popular center for the film blogging community, Shambu has contributed writing to including Senses of Cinema, Artforum, Cineaste and The Auteurs' Notebook.

Biography
Girish Shambu received a B. Tech. in chemical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India and a Ph.D. in management systems / computer science from the State University of New York at Buffalo. Shambu teaches management at Canisius College, and has been the recipient of the Donald E. Calvert Teaching Excellence Award twice.

Shambu began blogging on film in 2004, and within a few years has become one of the most popular of a growing community of devoted cinephiles writing online. In an interview for a sub-site of the film criticism website The House Next Door in 2006, Shambu named Pauline Kael's review of Brian De Palma's Dressed to Kill, James Monaco's book on the French New Wave (which he read several times before he had ever seen a French film), J. Hoberman's Vulgar Modernism and the website of cinephile Acquarello as having had a formative influence on his interest in film.

In August 2011, as co-editor with Adrian Martin, Shambu launched the film journal LOLA.

References

External links

Film review websites
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American film critics
American film review websites
Bavarian D V. The 10 examples of the Class D V (pronounced "D 5") steam engine belonging the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) were the first six-coupled tank locomotives in Bavaria. They were intended specifically for working the hilly route between Plattling and Eisenstein. Because they did not deliver the expected performance, however, they were soon relegated to shunting duties. 

That said, all 10 engines went into the Reichsbahn, where they were incorporated into the numbering plan as the Class 89.81. However, they were soon replaced by Class 89.6, the ex-Bavarian R 3/3 engines. They began to be taken out of service in 1925. The last two, numbers 89 8106 and 89 8107 were retired in 1928.

See also 
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

References

0-6-0T locomotives
D 05
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Maffei locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1877
C n2t locomotives

Freight locomotives
Blocco automatico a correnti codificate. Blocco automatico a correnti codificate (BACC or BAcc, automatic block with codified currents) is a signalling block system used in Italy on railway lines using 3 kV DC electrification.

The track circuits used to detect the presence of a train also transmit coded signals to the trains which are used for train protection and cab signaling. Train protection systems that use BAcc are RS4 Codici, RS9 Codici and SCMT.

Codes 
The information is conveyed by superposition of two amplitude-modulated alternating currents in the rails (with a carrier frequency of 50 Hz and 178 Hz, respectively). Receiver coils in front of the first axle of a locomotive or control car are used to detect the signal.

The frequency of the modulating signal encodes the signal aspect:

While RS4 Codici is a simple cab signalling system that only requires the driver to acknowledge any change in the aspect of the next signal, SSB (On board sub system) RS9 equipment also continuously monitors the train speed and computes braking curves according to the train's length, mass, and braking ability.

RS4 Codici uses a single 50 Hz alternating current. All codes that do not use the 178 Hz carrier are used identically for both RS4 and RS9 Codici. Thus, RS9 is backward-compatible to RS4 Codici.

An alarm is sounded in the cab if the train exceeds the speed setpoint by more than 3 km/h. If the train exceeds the speed setpoint by more than 5 km/h or misses the designated stopping place, the system applies emergency brakes.

References

 

Railway signalling in Italy
Electric railways in Italy
Ring protection. In a telecommunication network, a ring network affords fault tolerance to the network because there are two paths between any two nodes on the network. Ring protection is the system used to assure communication continues in the event of failure of one of the paths. There are two widely used protection architectures: 1+1 protection and 1:1 protection.

1+1 protection 

In one plus one (1+1) architecture, a single protection path is used to protect the signal. In this case the bridge at the head of the path is permanent. It is at the tail end where the switching occurs. In this architecture traffic is sent over two parallel routes, and the destination or the receiving end selects the better of these two signals.  In case of any failure, the destination switches onto the alternative path/route. This architecture is simple for implementation and results fast restoration. Its major drawback is the wastage of bandwidth, since no traffic travels through the redundant path.

1:1 protection 

In 1:1 architecture, the signal is protected by a single protection path where the bridge at the head end is not permanent. When the primary path fails it switches to the alternate path. During normal operation, no traffic or only low priority traffic is sent through the redundant path. When any failure occurs, both the source and destination switch onto the redundant or alternate path. Network utilization is better in this architecture, but it requires signaling overhead and also results in slower restoration.

See also
Optical mesh network

Further reading

Lecture paper “Computer Network” by Ion Stoica (UC Berkeley)
New optical-channel shared protection-ring architecture by MILORAD CVIJETIC (NEC),  SHINYA NAKAMURA (NEC) & BORIS FAER, (Sprint)

Network topology