omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Heiligenschein. (; ) is an optical phenomenon in which a bright spot appears around the shadow of the viewer's head in the presence of dew. In photogrammetry and remote sensing, it is more commonly known as the hotspot. It is also occasionally known as Cellini's halo after the Italian artist and writer Benvenuto Cellini (15001571), who described the phenomenon in his memoirs in 1562.

Nearly spherical dew droplets act as lenses to focus the light onto the surface behind them. When this light scatters or reflects off that surface, the same lens re-focuses that light into the direction from which it came. This configuration is similar to a cat's eye retroreflector. However a cat's eye retroreflector needs a refractive index of around 2, while water has a much smaller refractive index of approximately 1.33. This means that the water droplets focus the light about 20% to 50% of the diameter beyond the rear surface of the droplet. When dew droplets are suspended on trichomes at approximately this distance away from the surface of a plant, the combination of droplet and plant acts as a retroreflector. Any retroreflective surface is brightest around the antisolar point.

Opposition surge by other particles than water and the glory in water vapour are similar effects caused by different mechanisms.

See also
 Aureole effect
 Brocken spectre, the magnified shadow of an observer cast upon the upper surfaces of clouds opposite the Sun
 Gegenschein, a faint spot of dust lit by sunlight focused by Earth's atmosphere, visible in the night sky toward the antisolar point
 Retroreflector
 Subparhelic circle
 Sylvanshine

References

External links

A site showing examples of a Heiligenschein
What causes heiligenschein

Atmospheric optical phenomena
Air Experience Flight. An Air Experience Flight (AEF) is a training unit of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training Branch) whose main purpose is to give introductory flying experience to cadets from the Air Training Corps and the Combined Cadet Force. As of 2019, thirteen AEFs are active.

History
The AEFs, numbered from 1 to 13, were formed across the United Kingdom in 1958, all but two forming on the same day, 8 September. All were equipped with the de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk T.10 trainer. An exception was No. 5 AEF, which also operated a single Beagle Husky (XW635) from 1969 to 1989.

In the mid-1990s they were merged with co-located University Air Squadrons (UASs), the Chipmunks being replaced by the existing UAS Scottish Aviation Bulldog T.1s.  No. 13 AEF at RAF Aldergrove was disbanded in 1996.  In 1999, the Grob Tutor T.1 began to replace the Bulldog.

On 10 March 2016, Julian Brazier, Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Ministry of Defence), announced the return of 13 AEF and a new 14 AEF.

Role and operations 
The Royal Air Force (RAF) Air Experience Flights (AEF) are co-located with University Air Squadron (UAS) units; the co-located AEF and UAS units pool resources and share aircraft.  Air Experience Flights provide basic flying experience, and aerobatics to eligible members of Royal Air Force Air Cadets (RAFAC), otherwise known as the Air Training Corps (ATC), along with the RAF section of the Combined Cadet Force (CCF-RAF), and other air-minded youth groups such as Air Scouts and the Girls Venture Corps Air Cadets (GVC-AC).

When two separate AEFs are co-located at the same airfield, such as No. 9 Air Experience Flight ( 9AEF) and No. 11 Air Experience Flight (11 AEF) at RAF Leeming, the two individual AEFs share the same fleet of aircraft.  Just like the University Air Squadrons, all Air Experience Flights are currently commanded by No. 6 Flying Training School RAF (6 FTS).

Current flights
No. 1 Air Experience Flight RAF – MoD St Athan
No. 2 Air Experience Flight RAF – MoD Boscombe Down
No. 3 Air Experience Flight RAF – MoD Boscombe Down
No. 4 Air Experience Flight RAF – Glasgow Airport
No. 5 Air Experience Flight RAF – RAF Wittering
No. 6 Air Experience Flight RAF – RAF Benson
No. 7 Air Experience Flight RAF – RAF Cranwell
No. 8 Air Experience Flight RAF – RAF Cosford
No. 9 Air Experience Flight RAF – RAF Leeming
No. 10 Air Experience Flight RAF – RAF Woodvale
No. 11 Air Experience Flight RAF – RAF Leeming
No. 12 Air Experience Flight RAF – Leuchars Station
No. 13 Air Experience Flight RAF – Aldergrove Flying Station

Aircraft

Previously operated:
Scottish Aviation Bulldog T.1
Beagle Husky
de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk T.10

References

External links
 RAF Air Experience Flights

 *
Royal Air Force
Air Cadet organisations
British Cadet organisations
Youth organisations based in the United Kingdom
Seiko Instruments. (SII) is a Japanese company, which develops and commercializes semiconductor, micromechatronics, and precision machining technologies. It is one of the business units of Seiko Group Corporation (f/k/a Seiko Holdings).

Headquartered in the Makuhari business district, Mihama-ku, Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, the company manufactures and sells electronic components (crystal oscillators, micromechatronics devices, piezo inkjet printheads, microbatteries, supercapacitors), precision parts, analysis and measurement instruments, machine tools, factory automation systems, printers, etc.

History 
In 1937, , literally the second workshop for manufacturing Seiko timepieces, was established in Kamedo, Kōtō, Tokyo as a spin-off of the watch manufacturing division from , so had been making the Seiko watches until 2020. The company changed its name to Seiko Instruments & Electronics Ltd. in 1983 and to the current name in 1997. Its Suwa Plant in Suwa, Nagano Prefecture spun off as  in 1959 is now known as .

On January 26, 2009, Seiko Instruments and Seiko Holdings announced that the two companies will be merged on October 1, 2009 through a share swap. Seiko Instruments became a wholly owned subsidiary of Seiko Holdings on the date that had been announced before.

Seiko had delegated a large portion of the manufacturing in its watch business to SII. Watches manufactured by SII were sold through the Seiko Watch Corporation, a subsidiary of Seiko Holdings Corporation. On April 1, 2020, the company transferred its watch business including its watch manufacturing subsidiaries Morioka Seiko Instruments, Ninohe Tokei Kogyo, Seiko Instruments Singapore, etc. to Seiko Watch.

References

External links 
 

Watch brands
Electronics companies of Japan
Companies based in Chiba Prefecture
Seiko
Watch movement manufacturers
Cooper vane. A Cooper vane (also sometimes called a Dan Cooper switch or D.B. Cooper device) is a mechanical aerodynamic wedge that prevents the ventral airstair of an aircraft from being lowered in flight.

History
In the United States, following three hijackings in 1972, the Federal Aviation Administration ordered that Boeing 727 aircraft be fitted with Cooper vanes. The device was named for an unidentified airplane hijacker dubbed D. B. Cooper, who used the rear airstair to exit a Boeing 727 in flight and make a parachute escape.

Design
The Cooper vane is a very simple device: It consists of a spring-loaded paddle connected to a plate that prevents the ventral airstair of an aircraft from being lowered in flight. When the aircraft is on the ramp, the spring keeps the paddle perpendicular to the fuselage, and the attached plate does not block the stairway. As the aircraft takes off, the airflow pushes the paddle parallel to the fuselage and the plate is moved underneath the stairway, preventing it from being lowered. Once the airflow decreases on landing, the spring-loaded paddle returns to its initial position, thereby allowing the stairs to be lowered again. 

McDonnell Douglas DC-9 aircraft with ventral stairs were also equipped with Cooper vanes.

References
 

Aircraft doors
Locks (security device)
Denel Dynamics Bateleur. 

The Bateleur (named for the bateleur eagle) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) prototype designed and built by Denel Dynamics (formerly Kentron). It has been designed as a MALE (medium-altitude - long endurance) UAV, with its primary role being surveillance, with a secondary signals intelligence capability.

Development began in 2003 as a totally in-house and private-venture project, being developed with internal company funds. The first prototype was expected to fly in early 2006 but  this has not yet happened. The aircraft was included in a Brazilian Air Force RFP for UAVs in early 2009, though  the competition has not been concluded. The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) has expressed interest in the system, but requested in 2006 that the cost of the system be reduced before an acquisition could be considered. In 2008, the South African Air Force announced a project, named Itambo, to acquire a MALE UAV in the 2008-2012 timeframe, with the Bateleur presumed to be a front-runner.

The entire aircraft is constructed using a modular construction system, making future adaptations of the airframe for increased range or larger payloads simpler than would be possible with a rigid airframe. It also makes it possible for the aircraft, once disassembled, to fit inside a 6 m ISO shipping container.

It is able to carry a variety of payloads, with a maximum payload mass of 200 kg (440 lb).

Initially, proposed payloads include the Denel Optronics Argos-410 electro-optical (E/O) and infrared (IR) system (with optional laser rangefinder), the Denel Optronics Goshawk-350 E/O and IR system (also with optional laser rangefinder), a laser designator, an Avitronics Emitter Locating System, electronic intelligence equipment, and/or a synthetic aperture radar.

Though at present it has a maximum "action radius" of only , a Ku-band satellite datalink was proposed which will allow the Bateleur to extend its range to around 3 500 km (2 175 miles), making it suitable for missions requiring longer ranges such as maritime patrol.

The Bateleur takes off and lands conventionally, on a runway, and has retractable undercarriage.

It is also completely autonomous, allowing it to take off, conduct its mission, and land all without human control being required.

Roles and missions

Roles and Missions

 Real-time day and night (E/O and IR) surveillance
 Electronic and Communications Intelligence gathering (ELINT and COMINT)
 Airborne communications relay
 Military and paramilitary photo reconnaissance
 Target location and laser designation
 Maritime and coastal patrol
 Border patrol
 Search and rescue
 Battlefield surveillance
 Artillery fire support
 Damage assessment

Specifications

See also

References

External links 

Unmanned military aircraft of South Africa
Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles
Bateleur
Proposed aircraft of South Africa
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Synthetic aperture radar
Andreas Stihl. Andreas Stihl (10 November 1896 – 14 January 1973) was a Swiss-born German engineer and important inventor in the area of chainsaws, and the founder of Andreas Stihl AG & Company KG. He is often hailed as the "Father of the chainsaw".

Early life 
Stihl went to the Volksschule in Zürich, before moving to relatives in Germany. He attended the Realschule in Singen (Baden-Württemberg) and the Gymnasium in Düsseldorf-Oberkassel. From 1915 until his dismissal by injuries in 1917, Stihl fought in the First World War in the German Army. From 1917 until 1920, he studied mechanical engineering in Eisenach.

Invention of the chainsaw 
In 1923, together with his friend Carl Hohl, he founded an engineering firm in Stuttgart, which was dissolved in 1926. Stihl founded a new company, for steam boiler pre-firing systems, in the same year. 

He also patented the "Cutoff Chainsaw for Electric Power" in 1926, which weighed a hefty 64 kilograms and had a one-inch gauge chain with handles at either end. Due to its bulk, it required two people to operate. It was, however, the first electric chainsaw worldwide. In 1929, Stihl built a petrol powered chainsaw, named the "tree-felling machine", two years after fellow German Emil Lerp had built the first one worldwide. The following year, Stihl created the first ever chainsaw that could be operated by only one person. The company continued to grow and in 1931 it became the first European company to export chainsaws to the United States and the Soviet Union. Stihl has been the biggest chainsaw manufacturing company in the world since 1971.

Nazi Party membership 
Stihl was a member of the Nazi Party from 1933 and of the Allgemeine SS from 1935. He was not called for military service during the war, and instead ran his company as the "A. Stihl Maschinenfabrik" in Bad Canstatt. After the factory was badly damaged in bombings in 1943-1944, it was moved to Neustadt (now Waiblingen). The company employed about 250 people in 1939, and during the war it also employed some number of slave labourers. At the end of the war he was arrested by Allied troops and his company was seized. After three years' detention, he was classified as a Mitläufer, released, and had his company returned.

Personal life 
In 1929, Andreas Stihl married Mia Giersch (1903-2002), with whom he had four children, among them Hans Peter Stihl (born 1932) and Eva Mayr-Stihl (born 1935), who succeeded her father in managing the company and remaining Vorstand until 2002. Stihl divorced his first wife in 1960, and married Hannelore Wegener-Doberg (1927-2009) the same year.

References

External links 
 Industry Leader in Quality & Innovation

1896 births
1973 deaths
Businesspeople from Stuttgart
Swiss emigrants to Germany
20th-century German inventors
Chainsaws
German Army personnel of World War I
German casualties of World War I
German company founders
SS personnel
German prisoners and detainees
Circuit bending. Circuit bending is the creative customization of the circuits within electronic devices such as children's toys and digital synthesizers to create new musical or visual instruments and sound generators. Circuit bending is manipulating a circuit to get an output that was not intended by the manufacturer.

Emphasizing spontaneity and randomness, the techniques of circuit bending have been commonly associated with noise music, though many more conventional contemporary musicians and musical groups have been known to experiment with "bent" instruments. Circuit bending usually involves dismantling the machine and adding components such as switches and potentiometers that alter the circuit.

Experimental process 

The process of circuit bending involves experimenting with inexpensive second-hand electronics that produce sounds, such as toys, keyboards, drum machines, and electronic learning products.

Innovators
While Ghazala says that he was not the first circuit bender, he coined the term Circuit Bending in 1992.

Serge Tcherepnin, designer of the Serge modular synthesizers, discussed his early experiments in the 1950s, with the transistor radio, in which he found sensitive circuit points in those simple electronic devices and brought them out to "body contacts" on the plastic chassis. Prior to Mark's and Reed's experiments other pioneers also explored the body-contact idea, one of the earliest being Thaddeus Cahill (1897) whose telharmonium, it is reported, was also touch-sensitive.

Since 1984, Swiss duo Voice Crack created music by manipulating common electronic devices in a practice they termed "cracked everyday electronics".

See also 

 Atari Punk Console
 Chiptunes
 Data bending
 Electronic art music
 Glitch (music)
 Glitching
 Kraakdoos (CrackleBox)
 MIDIbox
 MOS Technology SID
 Music Tech Fest
 NIME
 No-Fi
 Noise music
 List of music software

References

Further reading

External links 
 oddmusic.com's circuit bending section - Gallery of some of Reed Ghazala's work, facts, history, tutorial, benders guide, tools of the trade and more
 GetLoFi a circuit bending blog with a lot of circuit bending tips and resources
 Interview on Circuit Bending with Igor Amokian Part I

Electronics and society
Electronic musical instruments
DIY culture
Underground culture
ABC Motors. ABC Motors Limited ("All British (Engine) Company") of Hersham, Surrey, England was a manufacturer of cars, aircraft, motor scooters, and engines for road and air. Established by Ronald Charteris in Hersham, Surrey in 1912, its chief designer was the young and talented Granville Bradshaw. It was absorbed into Vickers in 1951 and the factory finally closed in the 1970s. Last occupied by Ian Allan Publishing as Hersham's Riverdene Industrial Estate, the factory was demolished around 2017-2018 and redeveloped as a Lidl supermarket (opened February 2019) with flats above.

Products

The ABC radial aero engines of the World War I period were extremely advanced for their time, and were initially thought to be very promising indeed. Unfortunately they were all more or less plagued by problems – and although a number of types for the Royal Air Force were designed around ABC engines (especially the ill-fated Dragonfly) none saw squadron service with the RAF.

ABC also made a large number of engines for electrical generators and other purposes – mostly with a flat twin cylinder layout and unusual exhaust-over-inlet valve configuration. These smaller ABC engine have the distinction of being possibly the first airborne APUs- the Coastal class blimp (first flown in 1916) had a 1.5-horsepower unit installed to provide electricity for the onboard wireless set, whilst a similar engine was used to power the searchlight of the Supermarine Nighthawk 'Zeppelin killer' of 1917.

Aero engines

 ABC 6 hp Midge (1951)  National Archives Kew (AIR 10/7172)
 ABC 8 hp (1923)
 ABC 30 hp (1912)
 ABC 60 hp (1912)
 ABC 100 hp (1912)
 ABC Dragonfly (1918)
 ABC Gadfly (1920)
 ABC Gnat (1916)
 ABC Mosquito (1916)
 ABC Hornet (1929)
 ABC Scorpion (1923)
 ABC Wasp (1918)

Aircraft
 ABC Robin

Automotive
 ABC (1920 automobile)
 ABC Supersports
 ABC Skootamota 
 ABC motorcycles

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Lumsden, Alec (1994) 'British Piston Aero Engines and Their Aircraft' (Airlife, Shrewsbury)

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct companies based in Surrey
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1912
1912 establishments in England
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1951
1951 disestablishments in England
1951 mergers and acquisitions
British companies disestablished in 1951
British companies established in 1912
Railroad speeder. A speeder (also known as a section car, railway motor car, putt-putt, track-maintenance car, crew car, jigger, trike, quad, trolley, inspection car, or draisine) is a small railcar used around the world by track inspectors and work crews to move quickly to and from work sites. Although slow compared to a train or car, it is called speeder because it is faster than a human-powered vehicle such as a handcar. Motorized inspection cars date back to at least 1895, when the Kalamazoo Manufacturing Company started building gasoline-engined inspection cars.

In the 1990s, many speeders were replaced by pickup trucks or sport utility vehicles with additional flanged wheels that could be lowered for travelling on rails, called "road–rail vehicles" or hi-rails for "highway-railroad". Speeders are collected by hobbyists, who refurbish them for excursions organized by the North American Railcar Operators Association in the U.S. and Canada and the Australian Society of Section Car Operators, Inc. in Australia.

Motorcar manufacturers and models 

Various railways and their workshops also manufactured speeders. Often these were a copy of commercially available cars, such as Wickham and Fairmont.

Dimensions 
Approximate dimensions of a common speeder car are given below. Due to the variety of base models and customization these are not fixed numbers. These values are from a Fairmont A4-D.
Rail gauge:  (56.5 inches)
Weight: 
Width:  
Height:   
Length:  (~110 inches)
Wheel diameter: 
Floor height: 80–120% of the wheel diameter; -

Gallery

See also 

 Cater MetroTrolley
 Draisine
 Handcar
 North American Railcar Operators Association
 Railbus
 Railcar
 Road-rail vehicle
 The Railrodder

Notes

References

External links 

 Motorcars, Speeders & Handcars
 NARCOA
 CVRTC - New England Speeder Group
 Wickham of Ware Discussion Group

Maintenance of way equipment
COMIT. COMIT was the first string processing language (compare SNOBOL, TRAC, and Perl), developed on the IBM 700/7000 series computers by Victor Yngve, University of Chicago, and collaborators at MIT from 1957 to 1965.  Yngve created the language for supporting computerized research in the field of linguistics, and more specifically, the area of machine translation for natural language processing. The creation of COMIT led to the creation of SNOBOL, which stand out apart from other programming languages of the era (during the 50s and 60s) for having patterns as first class data type.

Bob Fabry, University of Chicago, was responsible for COMIT II on Compatible Time Sharing System.

References

Sammet, J.E. "String and list processing languages", in Programming Languages:  History and Fundamentals. . Prentice-Hall. 1969.

Text-oriented programming languages
Pattern matching programming languages
Programming languages created in 1957
ABC Robin. The ABC Robin was a British single-seat light aircraft designed by A. A. (Tony) Fletcher in 1929. It was a high-wing, single-seat monoplane of conventional taildragger configuration. The cockpit was fully enclosed, the first lightplane to be so equipped in Britain. It was designed at the request of T. A. Dennis (managing director) specifically to use the firm's 30–40 h.p. Scorpion engine.

Construction was primarily of wood with metal confined to fittings and a few highly stressed parts. The fuselage was constructed as a wooden box consisting of four spruce longerons with thin plywood covering with light internal bulkheads. The wood-framed wings, of RAF 34 section, were hinged at their inner rear corners to the top of the fuselage and supported by tubular struts in 'Vee' formation to the lower longerons of the fuselage. The tail was also wood-framed and both wings and tail were covered with doped fabric.

The Robin, registered G-AAID, was built by ABC Motors Limited at Hersham in 1929. Its first flight was made at Brooklands in June and it was displayed at the Olympia Aero Show in July. ABC had no aircraft manufacturing facilities, so production aircraft were intended to be made by S. E. Saunders at East Cowes, Isle of Wight. Marketing was taken seriously, with the aircraft painted in the colours of National Flying Services (NFS) from whom an order was anticipated, and it was featured in the NFS 1929 Annual.

The aircraft was modified later in 1929 with the windscreen moved back to allow access to the fuel filler caps from the outside, and with an enlarged fin and rudder. It was granted its certificate of airworthiness in June 1930 and a week later took part in the King's Cup Air Race, but it dropped out with engine problems, which were common with the Scorpion engine. Unfortunately, due to the Great Depression, there was no demand for the aircraft and the sole Robin built was scrapped at Brooklands in 1932.

Specifications

Notes

References

High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s British civil utility aircraft
Robin
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Abrams Air Craft. The Abrams Air Craft Corporation was an aircraft manufacturer established in Lansing, Michigan, USA, in 1937 as an offshoot of Talbert Abrams' Aerial Survey Corporation. Abrams had founded an airline (ABC Airline) in 1929 but found himself increasingly interested in aerial photography.
The new company was created for the purpose of designing and producing a dedicated survey aircraft. The result was the P-1 Explorer, designed by Abrams with assistance from Kenneth Ronan of Ronan & Kunzl.

World War II interrupted further work.

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
1937 establishments in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Lansing, Michigan