omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lindlar catalyst. A Lindlar catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst consisting of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate or barium sulfate then poisoned with various forms of lead or sulfur. It is used for the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes (i.e. without further reduction into alkanes). It is named after its inventor Herbert Lindlar, who discovered it in 1952.

Synthesis
Lindlar catalyst is commercially available but can also be created by reducing palladium chloride in a slurry of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and adding lead acetate. A variety of other "catalyst poisons" have been used, including lead oxide and quinoline. The palladium content of the supported catalyst is usually 5% by weight.

Catalytic properties
The catalyst is used for the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes (i.e. without further reduction into alkanes). The lead serves to deactivate the palladium sites, and further deactivation of the catalyst with quinoline or 3,6-dithia-1,8-octanediol enhances its selectivity, preventing formation of alkanes. Thus if a compound contains a double bond as well as a triple bond, only the triple bond is reduced.
An example being the reduction of phenylacetylene to styrene.

Alkyne hydrogenation is stereospecific, occurring via syn addition to give the cis-alkene. For example the hydrogenation of acetylenedicarboxylic acid using Lindlar catalyst gives maleic acid rather than fumaric acid.

An example of commercial use is the organic synthesis of vitamin A which involves an alkyne reduction with the Lindlar catalyst. These catalysts are also used in the synthesis of dihydrovitamin K1.

See also
 Rosenmund reduction, a reduction using palladium on barium sulfate, poisoned with sulfur compounds.
 Urushibara Nickel, a nickel based catalyst used to hydrogenate alkynes to alkenes.

References

Catalysts
Palladium compounds
Hydrogenation catalysts
Robert C. Seamans (ship). SSV Robert C. Seamans is a 134-foot steel sailing brigantine operated by the Sea Education Association (SEA) for oceanographic research and sail training; designed by Laurent Giles, she is named for former Secretary of the Air Force and NASA Deputy Administrator, Robert Channing Seamans, a former Chairman and Trustee of SEA's board. She is equipped with hydrographic winches, bathymetric equipment, biological and geological sampling equipment, a wet/dry laboratory, and a computer laboratory. She has a sister ship, the Corwith Cramer.

The Robert C. Seamans runs an undergraduate academic study abroad program, with intensive research in oceanography, maritime studies, and nautical science with hands-on experience aboard a traditional sailing ship.

She is based in the Pacific Ocean and typically sails between San Diego, California; Honolulu, Hawaii;  Tahiti; and San Francisco, California with occasional trips to New Zealand.

She is powered by a 3408 Caterpillar (455 HP) Marine Diesel Engine and two 40 kW Northern Lights Generators that provide 3 phase power.

See also
 SSV Corwith Cramer
 Nautical terms
 Rigging
 Robert Seamans
 Tall ship
 Woods Hole

External links
 
 Sea Education Association
 Robert C. Seamans Technical Info
 Biography of Robert C. Seamans, Jr.

2001 ships
Boats designed by Laurent Giles
Brigantines
Individual sailing vessels
Tall ships of the United States
Training ships of the United States
Sail training ships
Bloedel Reserve. The Bloedel Reserve is a  forest garden on Bainbridge Island, Washington, United States. It was created by Virginia and Prentice Bloedel, the vice-chairman of the lumber company MacMillan Bloedel Limited, under the influence of the conservation movement and Asian philosophy. The couple wished to capture the essence of the Japanese garden—the qualities of naturalness, subtlety, reverence, tranquility—and construct a Western expression of it. Although the Reserve includes a traditional Japanese garden, the Bloedels' approach for the rest of the property stands in contrast to that of 'Japanese gardens' which achieve their effects through the use of ornament. The Bloedel Reserve has both natural and highly landscaped lakes, immaculate lawns, woods, a stone garden (formerly the swimming pool where poet Theodore Roethke drowned in 1963), a moss garden, a rhododendron glen,  and a reflection garden designed with the assistance of landscape architects Richard Haag, Thomas Church, Kazimir Wall, and Danielle Stern. The Bloedels' French Chateau-style home, including many original furnishings, is preserved as a visitor center.

The Reserve opened to the public in 1988 as a family run foundation and registered as a 501(c)3 public charity in 2010. It is open year-round.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in the United States

References

External links

Bainbridge Island, Washington
Botanical gardens in Washington (state)
Gardens in Washington (state)
Parks in Kitsap County, Washington
Japanese-American culture in Washington (state)
Japanese gardens in the United States
1988 establishments in Washington (state)
University of Washington organizations
Terry Bollinger. Terry Benton Bollinger (born February 6, 1955) is an American computer scientist who works at the MITRE Corporation. In 2003 he wrote an influential report for the U.S. Department of Defense (U.S. DoD) in which he showed that free and open source software (FOSS) had already become a vital part of the United States Department of Defense software infrastructure, and that banning or restricting its use would have had serious detrimental impacts on DoD security, research capabilities, operational capabilities, and long-term cost efficiency. His report ended a debate about whether FOSS should be banned from U.S. DoD systems, and in time helped lead to the current official U.S. DoD policy of treating FOSS and proprietary software as equals. The report is referenced on the DoD CIO web site and has been influential in promoting broader recognition of the importance of free and open source software in government circles. Bollinger is also known for his activity in the IEEE Computer Society, where he was an editor for IEEE Software for six years, wrote the founding charter for IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine, and received an IEEE Third Millennium Medal for lifetime contributions to IEEE. He has written about a wide range of software issues including effective development processes, cyber security, and distributed intelligence.

Life and work 

Bollinger received Bachelor's and master's degrees in Computer Science at the Missouri University of Science and Technology (S&T), from which he also received a Professional Degree in December 2009 for lifetime accomplishments. He has had a lifelong interest in multi-component (crowd) intelligence as an aspect of artificial intelligence, as well as a strong interest in the hard sciences, including the possible relevance of quantum theory to faster but fully classical, energy-efficient information processing in biological systems. His metaphors for understanding quantum entanglement and encryption have been quoted in the Russian technical press.

From 2004 to 2010, Bollinger was the chief technology analyst for the U.S. DoD Defense Venture Catalyst Initiative (DeVenCI), an effort created by the Secretary of Defense after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. DeVenCI selects qualified applicants from leading venture capital firms to contribute voluntary time and expertise to finding emerging commercial companies and technologies that could be relevant to DoD technology needs.

Bollinger currently works full-time for the Office of Naval Research (ONR) research arm of the Marine Corps, where he helps assess and support research into the science of autonomy, robotics, and artificial intelligence.

See also
 Use of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in the U.S. Department of Defense

Publications 
 See DBLP Bibliography for Terry Bollinger

References 

1955 births
Living people
Missouri University of Science and Technology alumni
Senior members of the IEEE
American computer scientists
American artificial intelligence researchers
American cognitive scientists
Scientists from Missouri
Hankyu Arashiyama Line. The  is a railway line in Kyoto, Japan, operated by private railway operator Hankyu Railway. It connects Katsura and Arashiyama on the west side of the city, linking the area along the line to the Hankyu Kyoto Main Line that extends east to central Kyoto and south to Osaka.
The line is 4.1 km long.

Trains on the line mainly use 4-car Hankyu 6300 series electric multiple unit trains, which were originally built for limited express services on the main line from 1975 and refurbished for Arashiyama Line services from 2009.

History
The line opened as 1435mm gauge dual track electrified at 1500 VDC in November 1928.

One line of the dual track was removed in 1944 for metal collection as part of the Japanese war effort. Crossing loops at both intermediate stations were built in 1950.

Stations

All four stations on the line are in Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto. While the entire line is single track, both the intermediate stations are equipped with crossing loops.

References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

Arashiyama Line
Arashiyama Line
Rail transport in Kyoto Prefecture
Standard gauge railways in Japan
Railway lines opened in 1928
Keihan Ōtō Line. The  is a railway line in Kyoto that was opened on 5 October 1989 by the Keihan Electric Railway. The Ōtō Line re-established a rail connection between the Keihan Main Line and the Eizan Electric Railway, which had been severed when the Kyoto City streetcars ceased running in 1978. The line is operated as an extension of the Keihan Main Line. All trains continue into the Keihan Main Line and Keihan Nakanoshima Line in Osaka.

The double-track line is situated below Kawabata Street, along the left (eastern) bank of the Kamo River. Despite its length of , it serves as an important transport corridor in central Kyoto.

Overview 
The route name is derived the line's route on the east shore of Kamo River. It is constructed under Kawabata Street along the Kamo River as an underground extension of the Keihan Main Line. The line is only  long but serves as an important transport corridor in central Kyoto.

Addition fares 
To recover the cost of construction and interest payments (69 billion yen) of the line, a surcharge of 60 yen is added on top of regular fares when a trip uses the line. The recovery rate at the end of FY2016 was 31.8%; most of it recovered by the 60 yen surcharge. It is undecided whether the additional surcharge will be imposed indefinitely.

History 
August 29, 1924: Kyoto Electric Light (predecessor of the Keifuku Electric Railway) acquired a license for laying local railways between Demachiyanagi and Sanjo.

April 10, 1950: Keihan Electric Railway established the Ōtō Line Construction Preparation Committee.

July 1, 1972: Kamogawa Electric Railway was established.

February 20, 1974: Provincial railway laying licence between the Keifuku Electric Railway

February 25, 1974:  Kamogawa Electric Railway acquires a license for laying a local railway between Demachiyanagi and Sanjo.

November 30, 1984: A groundbreaking ceremony was held at the Ōtō Line construction work.

April 1, 1989: Keihan Electric Railway merges with Kamogawa Electric Railway.

October 5, 1989: Opened as Ōtō Line. The timetable revision accompanying this has been carried out ahead of September 27, until noon October 5 was operated as a forwarding train in the Ōtō Line.

October 19, 2008: Because there is a station of the same name on the Kyoto Municipal Subway Karasuma Line, the Marutamachi Station of this line is renamed to Jingu-Marutamachi Station.

December 5, 2015: ATS operation begins on the Ōtō Line.

Stations and connections

References

This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

Oto Line
Rail transport in Kyoto Prefecture
Standard gauge railways in Japan
1989 establishments in Japan
Railway lines opened in 1989
FNSS ACV-19. The ACV-19 is an infantry fighting vehicle currently offered by FNSS Defence Systems of Turkey.  The vehicle was previously known as the Armoured Combat Vehicle — Stretched.

The ACV-19 is a further development of the ACV-15, which is developed from the M113 series of armoured personnel carriers built by United Defense of the United States.  The vehicle is in service with Turkey and has obtained export orders from Jordan, Malaysia, and the United Arab Emirates.

Development

The two prototypes were completed in 1998 and 2000.

Description
The ACV-S retains the basic shape of the M113, although it is actually derived from the ACV-300, an infantry fighting vehicle derived itself from the M113.  The ACV-S retains a high number of common parts with the M113.  The primary difference is the addition of an extra roadwheel, lengthening the body, and allowing for greater weight.  This permits an increase in armour protection as well as the ability to install a larger turret.  However, the vehicle remains air-portable on many western aircraft, including the C-130 Hercules, C-5 Galaxy, C-141 Starlifter, and C-17 Globemaster III.

The hull is both longer and wider than previous versions.  Compared with the original M113, the ACV-S has 25% more internal space and can support 75% more weight.  On the infantry fighting vehicle version (the primary version of the program), the passenger compartment is fitted with bench seating along the center of the space, with access via a powered rear ramp (a door is fitted within the ramp).  The vehicle is air conditioned and fitted with an over-pressure system for NBC protection.  The driver is seated in the front left of the hull, with the engine mounted to their right.

Armor protection is sufficient to defeat rounds up to 14.5 mm.  Additional armor can be added however to increase protection against rounds up to 30 mm, as well as to defeat light rockets such as the RPG-7.  18 mm of armor as well as spall liners are provided for the floor of the vehicle to defend against mines.

References

Tracked infantry fighting vehicles
Armoured fighting vehicles of Turkey
ACV-19
Tadpole Computer. Tadpole Computer was a manufacturer of rugged, military specification, UNIX workstations, thin client laptops and lightweight servers.

History
Tadpole was founded in 1994 and originally based in Cambridge, England, then for a time in Cupertino, California.

In 1998, Tadpole acquired RDI Computer Corporation of Carlsbad, California, who produced the competing Britelite and Powerlite portable SPARC-based systems, for $6 million.

Tadpole was later acquired by defense contractor General Dynamics, in April 2005.

Production continued until March 2013 but since then, they no longer sell any systems; and support for their products is provided by Flextronics.

An anonymous US intelligence officer had stated to Reuters in 2013 that a decade earlier the US secretly created a company reselling laptops from Tadpole Computer to Asian governments. The reseller added secret software that allowed intelligence analysts to access the machines remotely.

Products
Tadpole laptops used a variety of architectures, such as SPARC, Alpha, PowerPC and x86. Although very expensive, these classic Tadpoles won favour as a method to show corporation's proprietary software (IBM/HP/DEC) on a self-contained portable device on a client site in the days before remote connectivity.

SPARC

The original SPARCbook 1 was introduced in 1992 with 8–32 MB RAM and a 25 MHz processor. It was followed by several further SPARCbooks, UltraSPARCbooks (branded as Ultrabooks) – and the Voyager IIi. These all ran the SunOS or Solaris operating systems. In 2004, Tadpole released the Viper laptop.

The SPARCLE was based on a 500-600 MHz UltraSPARC IIe or 1 GHz UltraSPARC IIIi.

DEC Alpha

An Alpha-based laptop, the ALPHAbook 1, was announced on 4 December 1995 and became available in 1996. The Alphabook 1 was manufactured in Cambridge, England. It used an Alpha 21066A microprocessor specified for a maximum clock frequency of 233 MHz. The laptop used the OpenVMS operating system.

IBM PowerPC

A PowerPC-based laptop was also produced – the IBM RISC System/6000 N40 Notebook Workstation, powered by a 50 MHz PowerPC 601 and with between 16 and 64MB RAM – and designed to run IBM AIX.

x86
Tadpole also produced a range of x86-based notebook computers, including the Tadpole P1000, and the TALIN laptops with SUSE Linux, or optionally Microsoft Windows.

See also

 Military computers
 RDI PowerLite
 Toughbook, Panasonic's rugged portable computers

References

External links 
 www.tadpolecomputer.com on the Internet Archive

1994 establishments in California
2005 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 1994
American companies disestablished in 2005
Computer companies established in 1994
Computer companies disestablished in 2005
Defunct computer companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer systems companies
SPARC microprocessor products
ArmaLite AR-50. The ArmaLite AR-50 is a .50 BMG, single-shot, bolt-action anti-materiel rifle manufactured by ArmaLite.

Design
The AR-50 rifle utilizes its weight and a large, fluted muzzle brake to reduce recoil. The AR-50 weighs approximately 34 pounds and is a single-shot bolt-action rifle. The barrel is thick and rigid to prevent it from flexing. All AR-50 barrels use 1:15 right hand rifling.

The receiver features Armalite's octagonal design, strengthening the receiver against flexing. The receiver is bedded to the V-shaped stock, while the barrel is free-floated above the forend. The three-piece AR-50 stock is constructed from aluminum. It features an extruded forend and a skeleton butt stock with a removable and vertically adjustable butt plate.

ArmaLite updated the rifle to the AR50-A1B model, which featured a smoother action and a more heavily reinforced muzzle brake. The newer bolt stop could be depressed by hand to release the bolt. The AR50-A1B was designed for long-range shooting, primarily firing the .50 BMG round.

ArmaLite manufactures the rifle in several configurations:
 AR-50A1 chambered for standard .50 BMG
 AR-50A1L, chambered for standard .50 BMG, left-handed version
 AR-50-A1BNM, chambered for standard .50 BMG with refinements for using match grade ammunition
 AR-50-A1B-416, chambered for .416 Barrett

Advertising
The Italian Minister of Culture criticized Armalite in 2014 for running an advertisement depicting Michelangelo's David holding an AR-50A1. The Minister sent a legal notice and urged Armalite to withdraw it. The Italian government holds David's copyright, and Italian law says that "the aesthetic value of the work cannot be distorted", according to the director of the Accademia Gallery. The corporate parent of Armalite, Strategic Armory Corps, issued a statement apologizing for the advertisement, which it said was in "poor taste" and had been dropped.

See also
List of ArmaLite rifles

References

Sources
 ArmaLite AR50A1-416

External links

 Armalite AR-50 Owners Manual
 (Old) Official Page
 Official Page
 A video showing a fully accessorized AR50-A1
 A video showing how little recoil this rifle has due to the muzzle brake

.416 Barrett firearms
.50 BMG sniper rifles
Single-shot bolt-action rifles
Single-shot rifles
Sniper rifles of the United States
Richard Birdsall Rogers. Richard Birdsall Rogers (15 January 1857 – 2 October 1927) was a Canadian civil and mechanical engineer whose most significant achievement was the design of the Peterborough Lift Lock, a boat lift at Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.

From 1874 to 1878, he studied at McGill College, Montreal, graduating with a degree in civil and mechanical engineering. In 1879, he was appointed a Provincial Land Surveyor and, in 1880, he became Dominion Land Surveyor, a position he retained until 1884 when he entered private practice, taking up the post of Superintending Engineer of the Trent Canal.

In this role, Rogers suggested the use of hydraulic lift locks to the Minister of Railways and Canals, John Haggart, who commissioned him to travel to Europe to study existing boat lifts in France (the Fontinettes boat lift), Belgium (Lifts on the old Canal du Centre) and England (the Anderton Boat Lift near Northwich in Cheshire).

Rogers was the grandson of a noted Provincial Land Surveyor, Richard Birdsall who had surveyed most of the lands in the Peterborough area. Named in his honour are Rogers Cove, a park on Peterborough's Little Lake, and Rogers Street, both of which are close to his lift lock.

External links
Rogers biography

1857 births
1927 deaths
Canadian mechanical engineers
Canadian civil engineers
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
20th-century Canadian engineers
19th-century Canadian engineers
Caesium iodide. Caesium iodide or cesium iodide (chemical formula CsI) is the ionic compound of caesium and iodine. It is often used as the input phosphor of an X-ray image intensifier tube found in fluoroscopy equipment.  Caesium iodide photocathodes are highly efficient at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths.

Synthesis and structure

Bulk caesium iodide crystals have the cubic CsCl crystal structure, but the structure type of nanometer-thin CsI films depends on the substrate material – it is CsCl for mica and NaCl for LiF, NaBr and NaCl substrates.

Caesium iodide atomic chains can be grown inside double-wall carbon nanotubes. In such chains I atoms appear brighter than Cs atoms in electron micrographs despite having a smaller mass. This difference was explained by the charge difference between Cs atoms (positive), inner nanotube walls (negative) and I atoms (negative). As a result, Cs atoms are attracted to the walls and vibrate more strongly than I atoms, which are pushed toward the nanotube axis.

Properties

Applications
An important application of caesium iodide crystals, which are scintillators, is electromagnetic calorimetry in experimental particle physics. Pure CsI is a fast and dense scintillating material with relatively low light yield that increases significantly with cooling, and a fairly small Molière radius is 3.5 cm. It exhibits two main emission components: one in the near ultraviolet region at the wavelength of 310 nm and one at 460 nm. The drawbacks of CsI are a high temperature gradient and a slight hygroscopicity.

Caesium iodide is used as a beamsplitter in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. It has a wider transmission range than the more common potassium bromide beamsplitters, working range into the far infrared. However, optical-quality CsI crystals are very soft and hard to cleave or polish. They should also be coated (typically with germanium) and stored in a desiccator, to minimize interaction with atmospheric water vapors.

In addition to image intensifier input phosphors, caesium iodide is often also used in medicine as the scintillating material in flat panel x-ray detectors.

References

Cited sources

Caesium compounds
Iodides
Alkali metal iodides
Metal halides
Caesium chloride crystal structure