omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Squire Whipple. Squire Whipple (September 16, 1804 – March 15, 1888) was an American civil engineer.

Biography
Squire Whipple was born in Hardwick, Massachusetts on September 16, 1804. His family moved to New York when he was thirteen. He received his secondary education at the Fairfield Academy in Herkimer, New York, and graduated from Union College in New York after only one year. He has become known as the father of iron bridge building in America.

He died March 15, 1888, at his home in Albany, New York, US and was buried in Albany Rural Cemetery, Menands, New York.

Bridges
The Whipple Cast and Wrought Iron Bowstring Truss Bridge over Norman's Kill in Albany, New York, is a very well preserved example of a Whipple Bowstring Arch Truss.  Constructed by S. DeGraff of Syracuse, New York, 1867–69, it is still in daily use, with no posted weight limits. Due to the sleek appearance, many users think it is a modern bridge. (The Delaware Turnpike once ran through both neighborhoods until 1929 with the construction of a new much higher, longer, and wider Delaware Avenue Bridge over the Normans Kill. This allowed commuters to and from Albany to bypass both Normansvilles. The original Whipple Bowstring bridge still stands, though it has been closed to vehicular traffic since January 1990.)  Another example stands on the campus of Union College in Schenectady, New York, where it serves as a pedestrian walkway.

Whipple's patented designs were implemented in numerous bridges, both Whipple truss and prefabricated bowstring arch truss bridges, which became the standard design for Erie Canal crossings; using an economical mix of wrought iron for tension members and cast iron in compression. Another such bowstring arch is the Shaw Bridge, the only known Whipple design at its original location and the only known "double" believed extant.  Consisting of two identical spans sharing a common pier, it has been described as "a structure of outstanding importance to the history of American engineering and transportation technology." There are at least four other Whipple bowstrings standing in Central New York state, and one in Newark, Ohio.

Patents
  – Bowstring iron-bridge truss (1841)
  – Lift draw bridge

Books
A Work on Bridge-Building: Consisting of Two Essays, the One Elementary and General, the Other Giving Original Plans, and Practical Details, for Iron and Wooden Bridges (1847)
An elementary and practical treatise on bridge building (1899)

References

External links
 Genealogy Squire Whipple, Whipple.org
 Squire Whipple essay, Whipple.org
 ASCE – History and Heritage of Civil Engineering
 
 Survey number HAER NY-4 – Whipple Cast & Wrought Iron Bowstring Truss Bridge, Normans Kill Vicinity, Albany, Albany County, NY (Biography on page 3)
 Photo of an all-wood Whipple bowstring arch truss bridge built in 1882 in Santa Cruz, California (Santa Cruz Public Library collection)

1804 births
1888 deaths
American bridge engineers
American civil engineers
People from Albany, New York
People from Hardwick, Massachusetts
Union College (New York) alumni
Burials at Albany Rural Cemetery
Engineers from New York (state)
Ahrens AR 404. 

The Ahrens AR 404 was a prototype American civil transport aircraft first flown in 1976, a high-wing monoplane powered by four turboprop engines. In order to facilitate the loading and unloading of cargo, the fuselage was of constant rectangular section along almost its entire length, the main undercarriage was retracted into sponsons on the fuselage sides, and the tail included a loading ramp. As a regional airliner, the AR 404 was designed to carry 30 passengers, or in its cargo configuration, to accommodate four standard D3 freight containers.

Ahrens secured a production deal with the government of Puerto Rico, which agreed to finance the type certification of the aircraft if Ahrens would establish its production facilities there. The first production aircraft was built and flown there on October 26, 1979, but no more were constructed after financing was withdrawn.

Specifications

See also

References

 
 

AR 404
1970s United States airliners
1970s United States cargo aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Four-engined turboprop aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Aircraft first flown in 1976
Ahrens Aircraft Corporation. Ahrens Aircraft Corporation was an aircraft manufacturer established at Oxnard, California in 1975 to develop a STOL regional airliner and cargo aircraft, the AR 404. The firm secured a deal with the Government of Puerto Rico to assist with development costs if the aircraft could be produced there. A prototype was actually constructed in that country, and plans were underway to build a factory at Ramey, Puerto Rico, but financial backing was withdrawn and the project was abandoned.

Aircraft
1974 Ahrens AR 124
1976 Ahrens AR 404

References

 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Type 2 machine gun. The Type 2 machine gun was developed for aerial use for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. It was a license-built copy of the German MG 131 machine gun.

Installations
 Aichi B7A
 Aichi E16A
 Mitsubishi A6M5c
 Mitsubishi G4M
 Nakajima B6N
 Yokosuka P1Y

References

Aircraft guns
Heavy machine guns
Machine guns of Japan
World War II weapons of Japan
World War II machine guns
Type 92 machine gun. The  was developed for aerial use for the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1932. The Type 92 is a light machine gun and not to be confused with the similarly named Type 92 heavy machine gun.

Description
It was the standard hand-held machine gun in multi-place IJN aircraft during the most part of the Pacific War. It proved to be seriously inadequate. Aircraft produced in the later part of the conflict often were equipped with weapons such as Type 1 and Type 2 machine guns or Type 99 cannon.

Essentially a copy of the shroudless post-World War I aircraft-mounted version of the British Lewis gun, the Type 92 was fed with a 97-round drum magazine and used on a flexible mount. It was chambered in a Japanese copy of the .303 British cartridge. The main external difference between the two models was the trigger guard, and cooling fins around the barrel and gas piston tube. Neither the post-World War I British aircraft Lewis nor the Japanese copy featured the distinctive thick barrel shroud of the original gun (although ground-based versions generally retained it). It was removed as it was found that the airflow past the aircraft was sufficient for cooling the barrel and eliminating the shroud reduced the mass.

Installations
 Aichi D1A
 Aichi D3A
 Kawanishi E7K2
 Kawanishi H6K
 Kawanishi H8K
 Kyūshū Q1W
 Mitsubishi F1M2
 Mitsubishi G3M
 Mitsubishi G4M
 Nakajima B5N
 Nakajima B6N
 Yokosuka B4Y
 Yokosuka K5Y
 Various others

See also
 Type 89 machine gun (the Imperial Japanese Army equivalent to the Type 92))
 MG 15 machine gun
 MG 81 machine gun
 Vickers VGO

Notes

References

 
 McNab, Chris. Twentieth-century Small Arms 

Aircraft guns
Machine guns of Japan
World War II machine guns
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
Nakajima Hikari. The Nakajima Hikari (Japanese: 光 "Light") was a nine-cylinder, air-cooled, radial aircraft engine developed in Japan for Navy use during World War II by the Nakajima Aircraft Company. It was a development of the Nakajima Kotobuki and Wright Cyclone. In Army use it was known as the Ha8.

Variants
Hikari 1
Hikari 1 kai
Hikari 2
Hikari 3

Applications
 Aichi D1A2 
 Aichi D3A (first prototype)
 Kawasaki Ki-45 (first prototype)
 Mitsubishi F1M1
 Nakajima A4N
 Nakajima B5N1
 Nakajima C3N
 Yokosuka B4Y (B4Y1 fourth plane onward)

Specifications

See also

References

External links
 Classic Aeroplane Museum Nihon Koukuuki Jiten

Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
Nakajima aircraft engines
Thermostatic mixing valve. A thermostatic mixing valve (TMV) is a valve that blends hot water with cold water to ensure constant, safe shower and bath outlet temperatures to prevent scalding.

The storage of water at high temperature removes one possible breeding ground for Legionella; the use of a thermostat, rather than a static mixing valve, provides increased safety against scalding, and increased user comfort, because the hot-water temperature remains constant.

Many TMVs use a wax thermostat for regulation. They also shut off rapidly in the event of a hot or cold supply failure to prevent scalding or thermal shock. 

It is increasingly common practice around the world to regulate the storage water temperature to above , and to circulate or distribute water at a temperature less than . Water above these temperatures can cause scald injuries. Many countries, states, or municipalities now require that the temperature of all bath water in newly built and extensively refurbished domestic properties be controlled to a maximum of . Installing thermostatic mixing valves can ensure that water is delivered at the required temperature, thereby reducing the risk of scalding accidents; it also reduces hot water consumption from a supply that is maintained at a higher temperature.

There are three main categories for water temperature controlling devices: Heat Source, Group Control, and Point-of-Use.  

Heat Source
These are used with central heating systems that use water as a medium.
 Tempering valves for use on hot water heat distribution systems
 High flow rates suitable for use in under floor (radiant) heating applications 
 Allows water to be stored at a higher temperature

Group Control
These provide a uniform distribution temperature for all hot water outlets in a household.
 Designed for multi-point applications
 High flow rates (from  at )
 Temperature stability

Point-of-Use
These are single Outlet Thermostatic Mixing Valves, often called "thermostatic faucets", "thermostat taps" or "thermostat valves".
 Designed for single point applications, such as individual showering, hand wash basin mixers, bath or tub fillers
 High level protection against scalding and thermal shock

Although other temperature regulating valves exist, thermostatic mixing valves are the preferred type in health care facilities, as they limit maximum outlet temperature, regardless of pressure or flow.

See also 

 Thermostatic radiator valve
 Pressure-balanced valve

References
Thermostatic mixing valve patent

External links 
Thermostatic Mixing Valve Manufacturers Association

Plumbing
Temperature control
Boankra Inland Port. The Boankra Inland Port is an Inland port-Dry port  near the Ghanaian city of Kumasi.

Timeline 
 The project started sometime in late 2007 and stalled in 2008. It was revived in 2018 and as at 2024, the first phase was 70% complete.Boankra Inland Port Threatened | The Ghanaian Journal</ref>

See also 
 Transport in Ghana
 Ghana Railway Corporation

References 

Dry ports
Buildings and structures in Kumasi
Ports and harbours of Ghana
Road transport in Ghana
Hiro Naval Arsenal. The Hiro Naval Arsenal (Hiro Kaigun Kōshō or Dai-Jūichi Kaigun Kōkū-shō (11th Naval Arsenal), often abbreviated as Hiroshō) at Kure (呉), Hiroshima prefecture, was a production facility for seaplanes, flying boats, and aero engines for the Imperial Japanese Navy before and during World War II. It was largely destroyed in a raid by B-29 Superfortresses on 5 May 1945.

Aircraft

Designed and produced:

 Hiro G2H - long-range bomber
 Hiro H1H - biplane flying boat developed from the Felixstowe F.5
 Hiro H2H - biplane flying boat developed from the Supermarine Southampton II
 Hiro H4H - flying boat

Prototypes and experimental aircraft:

 Hiro R-3 - flying boat, 1 example built
 Hiro H3H1 - flying boat, 1 example built
 Hiro H10H - project only, never completed

Aircraft designed by other manufacturers produced at Hiro:

 Yokosuka B3Y
 Nakajima B5N "Kate"
 Aichi E13A "Jake"
 Yokosuka D4Y "Judy"

Engines

 Hiro Type 14
 Hiro Type 61
 Hiro Type 91
 Hiro Type 94

References
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Japan
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of Japan
History of Hiroshima Prefecture
Imperial Japanese Navy arsenals
Mechanical overload. The failure or fracture of a product or component as a result of a single event is known as mechanical overload. It is a common failure mode. The terms are used in forensic engineering and structural engineering when analysing product failure. Failure may occur because either the product is weaker than expected owing to a stress concentration, or the applied load is greater than expected and exceeds the normal tensile strength, shear strength or compressive strength of the product.

See also
 Forensic engineering
 Stress analysis
 Structural engineering

References

 Strength of Materials, 3rd edition, Krieger Publishing Company, 1976, by Timoshenko S.,
 Forensic Materials Engineering: Case Studies by Peter Rhys Lewis, Colin Gagg, Ken Reynolds, CRC Press (2004).

Engineering failures
Reliability engineering
Institute of Biological Engineering. The Institute of Biological Engineering or IBE is a non-profit professional organization which encourages inquiry and interest in the field of biological engineering.

Overview
IBE promotes the view that biological engineering is a science-based, application-independent discipline that is aligned with the perspective and foundation of biology. IBE espouses the view that biological engineers should possess the scientific knowledge of biology, including its philosophical views, be proficient in the principles and practices of engineering, and be capable of integrating discoveries from multiple disciplines to design sustainable solutions.

IBE supports:
Scholarship in education, research and service.
Professional standards for engineering practices.
Professional and technical development of biological engineering.
Interactions among academia, industry and government.
Public understanding and responsible uses of biological engineering products.

Through publications, meetings, distribution of information and services, IBE encourages:
Cooperation among engineers, scientists, technologists and allied professionals.
Timely availability of new knowledge and technology.
Collaboration in education, research and economic activities worldwide 
Active promotion and growth of its members.

History
The IBE was established in 1995 to encourage inquiry and interest in biological engineering in the broadest and most liberal manner and promote the professional development of its members.  The organization was proposed on May 20, 1995 by ten individuals who met in Atlanta, Georgia to discuss the creation of a new professional organization and who became the first council of IBE:  Susan Blanchard, Susan Capps, Mike Delwiche, Mark Eiteman, Kathrine Flechter, Belinda Roettger, Jonathan Scott, Tim Taylor, John Henry Wells, and Brahm Verma, who served as the first president of IBE.  The first annual meeting of IBE was held July 13–15, 1996 in Phoenix, Arizona.

Sources

External links
Official website

Engineering societies based in the United States
Ernest E. Baguley. Ernest E. Baguley (1863–1948) was a British engineer.

Career

Employment

Baguley served an apprenticeship with R & W Hawthorn Leslie, initially at their Tyneside shipyard and later at their Forth Bank, Newcastle, locomotive works.  In 1890 he moved to Stafford and became Chief Draughtsman for W G Bagnall Ltd.  While at Bagnalls, he invented the Baguley valve gear for steam locomotives.

Baguley became interested in motor vehicles and, in 1901, he joined the Ryknield Engine Co Ltd of Burton-on-Trent.  This company failed in 1905 and Baguley became Manager of its successor, the Ryknield Motor Company.

In 1907 Baguley moved to Birmingham as Manager of the newly formed Motor Division of the Birmingham Small Arms Company.

Baguley Cars Ltd

In 1911 he set up Baguley Cars Ltd which took over the assets of the (then defunct) Ryknield Motor Company. The new company started out manufacturing road vehicles, but branched out into locomotive manufacturing just before the First World War.

War Service 
In the years leading up to the First World War, Baguley served in the Territorial Army and became Second-in-Command, 6th Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment, rising to the rank of Major. He served in France from 1914 to 1915.

Baguley (Engineers) Ltd

After the War there was a decline in the production of road vehicles (probably due to competition from other manufacturers) and an increase in the production of railway equipment. The name of the company was changed from Baguley Cars Ltd to Baguley (Engineers) Ltd on 10 April 1923. Following a dispute with their partners Drewry Cars. Ltd, Baguley (Engineers) Ltd went into decline and entered liquidation in 1931.  Most of the plant and effects, including Major Baguley's own Baguley car, were sold at auction on 10 November 1931.

E. E. Baguley Ltd

Major Baguley was a great survivor and, he set up a small repair business for Baguley products at Clarence Street, Burton-on-Trent.  A new company, E. E. Baguley Ltd, was registered on 30 April 1932 and was soon building locomotives again.  In 1934 E. E. Baguley Ltd moved to larger premises at Uxbridge Street, Burton-on-Trent.  The company merged with Drewry to form Baguley-Drewry Ltd in 1962.

Personal life

In June 1921, Baguley married E.G.M. Coussmaker, the daughter of the Rector of Hamstall Ridware in Staffordshire.

He retired in 1946, and died on 14 November 1948.

Sources

 Baguley Locomotives 1914-1931 by Rodney Weaver, published by the Industrial Railway Society in 1975, 
 The Railway Products of Baguley-Drewry Ltd by Alan Civil and Roy Etherington, published by the Industrial Railway Society in 2008,

References

External links
 Baguley Petrol Locomotive No. 680
 Baguley Petrol Locomotive No. 774
 Abbey Light railway, Leeds has the only working 10 hp Baguley in the world

British mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
1863 births
1948 deaths
Analogic Corporation. Analogic Corporation is an American multinational corporation specialized in healthcare technology and aviation security industries. Primarily producing CT scan, digital mammography and MRI equipments for health facilities, the company also develops baggage screening, checkpoint and motion control technologies for airports.

History

Bernard M. Gordon founded Gordon Engineering in 1963. The company is later renamed to Analogic Corporation in 1967. While at Analogic, Gordon and his engineering team conceived and developed the first digital waveform analyzing and computing instrumentation; "instant imaging" Computed Tomography (CT) system; portable, mobile CT scanner; and the first three-dimensional, multi-slice, dual-energy explosive detection CT system, among many other pioneering products. 

The company opened a manufacturing facility in Shanghai, China, in December 2009.

Analogic Corporation was acquired in 2018 by an affiliate of private equity firm Altaris Capital Partners.

Company

As of April 2018, the company employs 1,500 employees worldwide with approximately 800 working at the main facility and headquarters in Peabody, Massachusetts.

Jim Green, who had been CEO for nine years, stepped down from his position in 2016. He was succeeded by Fred B. Parks. Tom Ripp is the current CEO.

Analogic was included in Electronic Design's list for the Top 50 Employers in Electronic Design in 2012. It was also selected by the Boston Globe as one of the top 100 companies in Massachusetts in 2013.

Acquisitions 

Ultrasonix Medical Corporation

Ultrasonix Medical Corporation was a Vancouver, Canada-based sonography equipment company founded in 2000 which Analogic acquired in 2013 as a strategic expansion of its own ultrasound imaging product line and customer base, including an installed base of 5,000 systems globally. At the time of its acquisition, Ultrasonix had at least two manufacturing plants, in Englewood, Colorado and Vancouver, British Columbia, both of which were closed following the acquisition.

Copley Controls

In 2008, Analogic acquired Copley Controls, a Canton, Mass.-based supplier of gradient amplifiers for MRI Systems.

Products
Analogic provides imaging systems and technology that enable computed tomography (CT), digital mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The company's CT, MRI, and digital mammography products are sold to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).

References 

Electronics companies of the United States
Companies based in Peabody, Massachusetts
American companies established in 1967
1967 establishments in Massachusetts
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
AIMStar. AIMStar was a proposed antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion craft that uses clouds of antiprotons to initiate fission and fusion within fuel pellets. A magnetic nozzle derives motive force from the resulting explosions. The design was studied during the 1990s by Penn State University. The craft was designed to reach a distance on the order of 10,000 AU from the Sun, with a travel time of 50 years, and a coasting velocity of approximately 960 km/s after the boost phase (roughly 1/300th of the speed of light). The probe would be able to study the interstellar medium as well as reach Alpha Centauri. The project would require more antimatter than we are capable of producing. In addition, some technical hurdles need to be surpassed before it would be feasible.

See also
ICAN-II - A similar concept that uses less antimatter but more fission propellant
Nuclear pulse propulsion

References

External links
Antimatter (PSU)

Alpha Centauri
Cancelled spacecraft
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion
Interstellar travel
Fritz Ursell. Fritz Joseph Ursell FRS (28 April 1923 – 11 May 2012) was a British mathematician noted for his contributions to fluid mechanics, especially in the area of wave-structure interactions. He held the Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics at the University of Manchester from 1961 to 1990, was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1972 and retired in 1990.

Education
Ursell came to England as a Jewish refugee in 1937 from Germany. From 1941 to 1943 he studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with a bachelor degree in mathematics.

Career
At the end of 1943 Ursell joined the Admiralty as a part of a team—headed by George Deacon —whose task was to formulate rules for forecasting waves for the allied landings in Japan. Their findings have become the basis of modern wave-forecasting. Ursell stayed in the Admiralty until 1947. In 1947 he was appointed to a post-doctoral fellowship in applied mathematics
at Manchester University without a doctorate. In 1950 he returned to Cambridge as lecturer. There he met G. I. Taylor. In 1957 he spent a year at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, having been invited by Arthur Ippen. In 1961 Ursell moved back to Manchester.

In 1994 Ursell was awarded the Gold Medal of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications in recognition of his "outstanding contributions to mathematics and its applications over a period of years".

Scientific work 
In 1957 he published together with Clive R. Chester and Bernard Friedman a classic paper that introduced a method to find asymptotic expansions for contour integrals with coalescing saddle points. The method is now called method of Chester–Friedman–Ursell.

Personal life
Fritz Ursell was married to Katharina Renate Zander in 1959. They had two daughters. Susie and Ruth, Susie is married and has two children. Following his death on 11 May, in hospital, Ursell's funeral took place on 15 May 2012 at Manchester Crematorium.

References

Academics of the University of Manchester
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
British fluid dynamicists
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
1923 births
2012 deaths