omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IGS. IGS may stand for:

Computers/Video Games 
Information Global Service, Japanese video game company
Initial Graphics Exchange Specification, file extension .igs
InteGraphics Systems a former chip manufacturer
Interactive geometry software
Internet Go server, for the game of Go
IGS Go server, Japanese Go server

Technology 
Image guided surgery
Information Gathering Satellites, Japan
Instrument guidance system

Science 
Institute of General Semantics
Intergenic spacer
International Glaciological Society
International Graphonomics Society
International GNSS Service

Schools 
Ilkley Grammar School
International Grammar School, Sydney
Ipswich Grammar School
Islington Green School

Other 
Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome
International Graduates Scheme, a UK immigration scheme
Irish Georgian Society
 Ingolstadt Manching Airport, is a military airbase with civil usage located in Manching near Ingolstadt, Germany
Peter G. Neumann. Peter Gabriel Neumann (born 1932) is a computer-science researcher who worked on the Multics operating system in the 1960s. He edits the RISKS Digest columns for ACM Software Engineering Notes and Communications of the ACM. He founded ACM SIGSOFT and is a Fellow of the ACM, IEEE, and AAAS.

Early life and education
Neumann holds three degrees from Harvard University: an A.B. (1954) in Mathematics, and an S.M. (1955) and Ph.D. (1961) in Applied Mathematics and Science. He held a Fulbright scholarship in Germany from 1958–1960.

While a student at Harvard, he had a two-hour breakfast with Albert Einstein, on 8 November 1952, discussing simplicity in design.

Career
Neumann worked at Bell Labs from 1960 to 1970. He has worked at SRI International in Menlo Park, California since 1971.

Before the RISKS mailing list, Neumann was known for the Provably Secure Operating System (PSOS).

Neumann worked with Dorothy E. Denning in the 1980s to develop a computer intrusion detection system known as IDES that was a model for later computer security software.

Memberships and awards
Neumann has long served as moderator of RISKS Digest and is a member of the ACCURATE project.

Neumann is the founding editor of ACM Software Engineering Notes (SEN), and is a Fellow of the ACM.

In 2018, Neumann received the EPIC Lifetime Achievement Award from Electronic Privacy Information Center.

Selected publications
 Neumann, Peter G., Computer-Related Risks, Addison-Wesley/ACM Press, , 1995.

References

External links
 Home page
 Short biography
 RISKS Forum archive
 Peter G. Neumann oral history, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota
 

1932 births
Living people
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
American computer scientists
1994 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Multics people
Computer security specialists
Scientists at Bell Labs
SRI International people
Computer science writers
Chaos model. In computing, the chaos model is a structure of software development. Its creator, who used the pseudonym L.B.S. Raccoon, noted that project management models such as the spiral model and waterfall model, while good at managing schedules and staff, didn't provide methods to fix bugs or solve other technical problems. At the same time, programming methodologies, while effective at fixing bugs and solving technical problems, do not help in managing deadlines or responding to customer requests. The structure attempts to bridge this gap. Chaos theory was used as a tool to help understand these issues.

Software development life cycle
The chaos model notes that the phases of the life cycle apply to all levels of projects, from the whole project to individual lines of code.

 The whole project must be defined, implemented, and integrated.
 Systems must be defined, implemented, and integrated.
 Modules must be defined, implemented, and integrated.
 Functions must be defined, implemented, and integrated.
 Lines of code are defined, implemented and integrated.

One important change in perspective is whether projects can be thought of as whole units, or must be thought of in pieces. Nobody writes tens of thousands of lines of code in one sitting. They write small pieces, one line at a time, verifying that the small pieces work. Then they build up from there. The behavior of a complex system emerges from the combined behavior of the smaller building blocks.

Chaos strategy
The chaos strategy is a strategy of software development based on the chaos model. The main rule is always resolve the most important issue first.

 An issue is an incomplete programming task.
 The most important issue is a combination of big, urgent,  and robust.
 Big issues provide value to users as working functionality.
 Urgent issues are timely in that they would otherwise hold up other work.
 Robust issues are trusted and tested when resolved. Developers can then safely focus their attention elsewhere.
 To resolve means to bring it to a point of stability.

The chaos strategy resembles the way that programmers work toward the end of a project, when they have a list of bugs to fix and features to create. Usually someone prioritizes the remaining tasks, and the programmers fix them one at a time. The chaos strategy states that this is the only valid
way to do the work.

The chaos strategy was inspired by Go strategy.

Connections with chaos theory
There are several tie-ins with chaos theory.

 The chaos model may help explain why software tends to be so unpredictable.
 It explains why high-level concepts like architecture cannot be treated independently of low-level lines of code.
 It provides a hook for explaining what to do next, in terms of the chaos strategy.

See also

V-model

References

Further reading
 Roger Pressman (1997) Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach 4th edition, pages 29–30, McGraw Hill.
 Raccoon (1995) The Chaos Model and the Chaos Life Cycle, in ACM Software Engineering Notes, Volume 20, Number 1, Pages 55 to 66, January 1995, ACM Press.

Software development process
Saab Quantum. SAAB Quantum was a series of five privately designed and built automobiles using various Saab components. The earliest used Saab 93 two-stroke engines, transmissions and suspension. The later used Saab 96 drivetrains and suspension parts.  All were built in the United States. 

The Quantum I was built in 1959, with a chassis computer engineered by Walter Kern at IBM in his spare time. It wore only the most basic bodywork at first. After initial testing and a race or two, it was replaced with moderately more complete bodywork which it still wears to this day. The Quantum II was nearly identical in every way, though built later. Both Quantums I and II were raced in the SCCA H-Modified class. They were pure prototypes and racing cars, never intended for production.

The Quantum III was designed to be a production car and was first presented in 1962. Only a few copies were built. Due to a lack of quality it was turned down by Saab in Sweden and never went into production.

 Quantum I (1959) - 1st iteration was with a very basic aluminum body. Second iteration of the bodywork was only slightly more finished. This is the version it wears today.
 Quantum II - Nearly identical to the Quantum I in every way. Both use a water-cooled, three-cylinder Saab two-stroke engine.
 Quantum III - Completely new design. Two built.
 Quantum IV (1963) - Single seater formula car sold as a kit car. Intended for Sports Car Club of America's (SCCA) "Formula S" series.
 Quantum V (1965) - Ginetta body. Saab two-stroke engine and transmission. One built.

External links

 New England Saab Association: The Quantum Series
 Formula S register
 George Vapaa's Quantum Formula S restoration scrapbook
 A Quantum IV restoration website
 La prima Saab Quantum I

Pictures
 Quantum III,
 Walter Kern (right)
 1959 Quantum I

Quantum
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Front-wheel-drive sports cars
LGA (disambiguation). LGA may refer to:

 Labor–Green Accord, 1989, between political parties in Tasmania, Australia
 LaGuardia Airport, New York City, US, IATA code
 Land grid array, a microprocessor surface-mount package
 Landesgewerbeanstalt Bayern, a German certification company
 Lansing Grand River Assembly, a General Motors automobile assembly plant
 Large for gestational age
 Lattice gas automaton, a type of cellular automaton
 Liptako–Gourma Authority, a regional development organization in Africa
 Local government area, in several countries
 Local Government Association, England and Wales
 Local government areas of Nigeria, 2nd level administrative division of Nigeria
Robotron. Robotron may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
Robotron: 2084, an arcade video game (1982)
Robotron X, a PlayStation 1 video game (1996)
Robotron 64, a Nintendo 64 video game (1998)
Robotron, a planet from The Robo Machines (comics)
"Robotron 2000", a 2000 song by Freezepop from Freezepop Forever
"Robotron 2002", a 2002 remix on Fashion Impression Function
The monsters of the week from Power Rangers Beast Morphers

Companies
 VEB Robotron, an East German computer company, part of which is now Robotron Datenbank-Software GmbH
 Robotron Group, an Australian high technology company
INSYS. INSYS was formed in October 2001 by a management buy-out of Hunting Engineering and was subsequently acquired by Lockheed Martin UK Holdings, Ltd., a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation in October 2005.

INSYS's products included lightweight anti-tank weapons such as the LAW 80 or the BL755 cluster bombs. As part of Lockheed Martin UK it undertakes the certification and supply of the WAH-64 Apache helicopter munitions. Support equipment includes the in-service and future Biological Detection Systems,  field hospitals, power generation and supply.

References

External links
 Lockheed Martin UK

British companies established in 2001
Companies based in Bedfordshire
Defence companies of the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Bedfordshire
Madhu Sudan. Madhu Sudan (born 12 September 1966) is an Indian-American computer scientist. He has been a Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences since 2015.

Career
He received his bachelor's degree in computer science from IIT Delhi in 1987 and his doctoral degree in computer science at the University of California, Berkeley in 1992. The dissertation he wrote at the University of California, Berkeley is titled Efficient Checking of Polynomials and Proofs and the Hardness of Approximation Problems. He was a research staff member at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York from 1992 to 1997 and became a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) after that. From 2009 to 2015 he was a permanent researcher at Microsoft Research New England before joining the Harvard University faculty in 2015.

Research contribution and awards
In 1998, he received the Sloan Research Fellowship. He was awarded the Rolf Nevanlinna Prize at the 24th International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in 2002. The prize recognizes outstanding work in the mathematical aspects of computer science. Sudan was honored for his work in advancing the theory of probabilistically checkable proofs—a way to recast a mathematical proof in computer language for additional checks on its validity—and developing error-correcting codes. For the same work, he received the ACM's Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Award in 1993 and the Gödel Prize in 2001 and was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1998. He is a Fellow of the ACM (2008). In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 2014 he won the Infosys Prize in the mathematical sciences.
In 2017 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
In 2021, he was awarded the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal for 2022.

Sudan has made important contributions to several areas of theoretical computer science, including probabilistically checkable proofs, non-approximability of optimization problems, list decoding, and error-correcting codes.

References

External links
DBLP: Madhu Sudan
Madhu Sudan's Home Page
Bio from the Microsoft Research New England page

1966 births
Living people
Indian computer scientists
Indian emigrants to the United States
American computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
20th-century Indian mathematicians
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Gödel Prize laureates
Nevanlinna Prize laureates
American people of Indian Tamil descent
2008 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
IIT Delhi alumni
Scientists from Chennai
American academics of Indian descent
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences faculty
Simons Investigator
Sloan Research Fellows
ESER. ESER is an abbreviation for Einheitliches System Elektronischer Rechenmaschinen (German for  standardized system of electronic computers), a term used in the GDR for ES EVM computers produced according to a treaty between the members of Comecon signed on 23 December 1968 covering the development of a standardized computing system.

ESER was also the name for computers developed by this standard. Most ESER Computers were named ЕС (which is Cyrillic for "ES") followed by a four digit number, e.g., EC 1055, often also called ESER (e.g., ESER 1055). Robotron also produced minicomputers, whose names started with "K" (Kleinrechner for "minicomputer").

The ESER systems were in operation in GDR and later in the new states of Germany until 1995.

GDR manufacturing
 Robotron
 EC 1834, 1835 (IBM PC XT compatibles)
 EC 1040, 1055, 1055M, 1056, 1057
 EC 7927
 K 1001, 1002, 1003, K 1510, K 1520, K 1820, K 5103, K 5201, K 8913, K 8915, K 8924
 CM 1910

Hungarian manufacturing
Videoton
 EC 1010, 1011, 1012

See also
History of computer hardware in Eastern Bloc countries

External links
Technical data of some ESER computers by Robotron
Technical data of some ESER computers by Videoton
Some photos of a ESER Mainframe
Overview of different ESER Mainframes in German (page 6, PDF)
Overview of different ESER Computers in Russian (with pictures)

Computer standards
Eastern Bloc
Comecon
Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant. Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant () is a Russian designer and producer of helicopters headquartered in Tomilino. It is a subsidiary of Russian Helicopters.

The Moscow Mil Helicopter Plant includes a design bureau and an experimental production plant. The Mil Design Bureau is one of the world's leading developers of helicopters, with particular expertise in heavy-lift helicopters. It has developed both civil and military versions in a wide range of payload capacities, including the world's largest in serial production, the Mi-26.

Ninety-five percent of the helicopters in the former Soviet Union were built to Mil designs. Series production facilities for Mil-designed helicopters include Rostvertol in Rostov-on-Don, the Kazan Helicopter Production Association, and the Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant. Mil participates in the Euromil joint venture with Eurocopter.

History
Mil was established in 1947 under the guidance of Mikhail Mil as the helicopter laboratory of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute in Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast. 

The Mil Mi-1 became the first mass-produced Soviet helicopter. The Mi-8 helicopter, designed in the early 1960s, was a successful design in both military and civil applications, with over 12,000 units being produced.

Mil merged with Kamov and Rostvertol to form Russian Helicopters in 2006. The Mil brand name has been retained, although the new company eliminated overlapping product lines.

See also
 List of Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant aircraft

References

Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Moscow Oblast
Russian Helicopters
Companies established in 1947
Helicopter manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Russian brands
Companies formerly listed on the Moscow Exchange
Ministry of the Aviation Industry (Soviet Union)
Design bureaus
Lilith (computer). The DISER Lilith is a custom built workstation computer based on the Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) 2901 bit slicing processor, created by a group led by Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zurich. The project began in 1977, and by 1984 several hundred workstations were in use. It has a high resolution full page portrait oriented cathode-ray tube display, a mouse, a laser printer interface, and a computer networking interface. Its software is written fully in Modula-2 and includes a relational database program named Lidas.

The Lilith processor architecture is a stack machine. Citing from Sven Erik Knudsen's contribution to "The Art of Simplicity": "Lilith's clock speed was around 7 MHz and enabled Lilith to execute between 1 and 2 million instructions (called M-code) per second. (...) Initially, the main memory was planned to have 65,536 16-bit words memory, but soon after its first version, it was enlarged to twice that capacity. For regular Modula-2 programs however, only the initial 65,536 words were usable for storage of variables."

History
The development of Lilith was influenced by the Xerox Alto from the Xerox PARC (1973) where Niklaus Wirth spent a sabbatical from 1976 to 1977. Unable to bring back one of the Alto systems to Europe, Wirth decided to build a new system from scratch between 1978 and 1980, selling it under the company name DISER (Data Image Sound Processor and Emitter Receiver System). In 1985, he had a second sabbatical leave to PARC, which led to the design of the Oberon System. Ceres, the follow-up to Lilith, was released in 1987.

Operating system

The Lilith operating system (OS), named Medos-2, was developed at ETH Zurich, by Svend Erik Knudsen with advice from Wirth. It is a single user, object-oriented operating system built from modules of Modula-2.

Its design influenced the design of the OS Excelsior, developed for the Soviet Kronos workstation (see below), by the Kronos Research Group (KRG).

Soviet variants
From 1986 into the early 1990s, Soviet Union technologists created and produced a line of printed circuit board systems, and workstations based on them, all named Kronos. The workstations were based on Lilith, and made in small numbers.

Mouse
The computer mouse of the Lilith was custom-designed, and later used with the Smaky computers. It then inspired the first mice produced by Logitech.

Gallery

References

External links

 Documentation on BitSavers
 Geissman, L et al. (August 1982) Lilith Handbook
 Wirth, N (1981) The Personal Computer Lilith
 Emulith emulator for the Lilith, homepage and documentation
 Lilith and Modula-2
 ETHistory - Lilith Workstation
 AMD AM2901DC entry on CPU World

Computer workstations
Computers using bit-slice designs
High-level language computer architecture
Accelerated-X. Accelerated-X is a proprietary port of the X Window System to Intel x86 machines.

History
The Accelerated-X server is built on top of the X386 X server that was created by Thomas Roell for X11 Release 5. He founded a company in Colorado named Xi Graphics which still provides the Accelerated-X server.
The XFree86 project was created as a free alternative to what became the Accelerated-X server.

Features
Accelerated-X server provides an "overlay mode" on several graphics cards which allows running ancient, 256 color mode-only Unix alongside more modern applications on truecolor 24-bit displays.

It used to provide much better driver support (hardware acceleration, 3D and compatibility, especially on integrated graphics) than XFree86, at a time when the major graphics chipset vendors were not supporting Linux officially.

References

External links 
Xi Graphics and Accelerated-X

Windowing systems
1994 software
Dennis Hayes (businessman). Dennis C. Hayes (born 1950) is the inventor of PC modem and founder of Hayes Microcomputer Products, a manufacturer of modems mostly known for introducing the Hayes AT command set, which has subsequently been used in most modems produced to this day.

Background
Hayes had a student job at AT&T Long Lines, in an engineering group, while attending Georgia Institute of Technology.

He left Georgia Tech in the mid-1970s to work at an early data communications company, National Data Corporation in Atlanta, a company that handled electronic money transfers and credit card authorizations. Hayes's job was to set up modem connections for NDC's customers. In 1977, Hayes started his company "by assembling modems by hand on a borrowed kitchen table." He met Dale Heatherington (born 1948) at National Data Corporation and together they developed and marketed the first high-quality IBM PC modem, and built the company named Hayes Communications around it. While Heatherington left the company early (in 1985) to retire, Hayes ran the company until it filed for bankruptcy in 1998 when the technology was incorporated into the products of competitors.

In 1994, Hayes's share of the modem market was 20% and still "the market leader in modems", but a decline in relation to its previous market share of over 50%.

Personal life
In 1982, Hayes married Melita Easters. They divorced in 1987 with an estimated $40 million divorce settlement, one of the largest ever in Georgia. The same year of his divorce, Hayes married Mina Chan with whom, according to Georgia Trend magazine, he had an affair in 1986 while still married to Easters. Chan was a director of Hayes's company. From two marriages he has four children.

References

1950 births
20th-century American businesspeople
American computer businesspeople
Businesspeople in information technology
American company founders
Georgia Tech alumni
Living people
Hayes Microcomputer Products