omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Blinkenlights. In computer jargon, blinkenlights are diagnostic lights on front panels of old mainframe computers. More recently the term applies to status lights of modern network hardware (modems, network hubs, etc.). Blinkenlights disappeared from more recent computers for a number of reasons, the most important being the fact that with faster CPUs a human can no longer interpret the processes in the computer on the fly. Though more sophisticated UI mechanisms have since been developed, blinkenlights may still be present as additional status indicators and familiar skeuomorphs.

Etymology 
The term has its origins in hacker humor and is taken from a famous (often blackletter-Gothic) mock warning sign written in a mangled form of German. Variants of the sign were relatively common in computer rooms in English-speaking countries from the early 1960s. One version read:

Some versions of the sign end with the word blinkenlights.

The sign dates back as far as 1955 at IBM, and a copy was reported at London University's Atlas computer facility.

Although the sign might initially appear to be in German and uses an approximation of German grammar, it is composed largely of words that are either near-homonyms of English words or (in the cases of the longer words) actual English words that are rendered in a faux-German spelling. As such, the sign is generally comprehensible by many English speakers regardless of whether they have any fluency in German, but mostly incomprehensible to German speakers with no knowledge of English. Much of the humor in these signs was their intentionally incorrect language.

Michael J. Preston relates the sign as being posted above photocopiers in offices as a warning not to mess with the machine in the first print reference from 1974. The sign is also reported to have been seen on an electron microscope at the Cavendish Laboratory in the 1950s.  Such pseudo-German parodies were common in Allied machine shops during and following World War II, and an example photocopy is shown in the Jargon File.

The Jargon File also mentions that German hackers had in turn developed their own versions of the blinkenlights poster, in broken English:

Actual blinkenlights 

The Connection Machine, a -processor parallel computer designed in the mid-1980s, was a black cube with one side covered with a grid of red blinkenlights; the sales demo had them evolving Conway's Game of Life patterns.

The two CPU load monitors on the front of BeBoxes were also called "blinkenlights".

This word gave its name to several projects, including screen savers, hardware gadgets, and other nostalgic endeavours. Notable such enterprises include, but are not limited to, the German Chaos Computer Club's Project Blinkenlights and the Blinkenlights Archaeological Institute.

See also 
 Faxlore
 Macaronic language
 Turbo encabulator

References

Further reading

External links

 DEC indicator panels

Computer jargon
Computer humour
Tech humour
Macaronic language
RT Rail. RT Rail was a small British railway spot-hire company, a subsidiary of Ealing Community Transport (ECT), that specialised in Class 08 shunting locomotives. It was sold in 2008 to British American Railway Services along with ECT's other rail assets. It is now part of the locomotive hire division of their subsidiary company, RMS Locotec. Its fleet was available to hire to both industrial and railway operators. Customers included Bombardier Transportation at Ilford EMU Depot, Freightliner, First ScotRail at Inverness, and Silverlink. The company also owned two Class 73 locomotives, and a single Class 20 locomotive which was placed on loan to the Weardale Railway.

References

External links
 

British companies disestablished in 2008
Railway companies disestablished in 2008
Golem (ILP). Golem is an inductive logic programming algorithm developed by Stephen Muggleton and Cao Feng in 1990. It uses the technique of relative least general generalisation proposed by Gordon Plotkin, leading to a bottom-up search through the subsumption lattice. In 1992, shortly after its introduction, Golem was considered the only inductive logic programming system capable of scaling to tens of thousands of examples.

Description 
Golem takes as input a definite program  as background knowledge together with sets of positive and negative examples, denoted  and  respectively. The overall idea is to construct the least general generalisation of  with respect to the background knowledge. However, if  is not merely a finite set of ground atoms, then this relative least general generalisation may not exist.
Therefore, rather than using  directly, Golem uses the set  of all ground atoms that can be resolved from   in at most  resolution steps. An additional difficulty is that if  is non-empty, the least general generalisation of  may entail a negative example. In this case, Golem generalises different subsets of  separately to obtain a program of several clauses. 
Golem also employs some restrictions on the hypothesis space, ensuring that relative least general generalisations are polynomial in the number of training examples. Golem demands that all variables in the head of a clause also appears in a literal of the clause body; that the number of substitutions needed to instantiate existentially quantified variables introduced in a literal is bounded; and that the depth of the chain of substitutions needed to instantiate such a variable is also bounded.

Example

The following example about learning definitions of family relations uses the abbreviations 
, , , , , , , , and . 
It starts from the background knowledge (cf. picture)
,
the positive examples
,
and the trivial proposition

to denote the absence of negative examples.

The relative least general generalisation is now computed as follows to obtain a definition of the daughter relation.

 Relativise each positive example literal with the complete background knowledge:
,
 Convert into clause normal form:
,
 Anti-unify each compatible  pair  of literals:
 from  and ,
 from  and ,
 from  and ,
 from  and , similar for all other background-knowledge literals 
 from  and , and many more negated literals 
 Delete all negated literals containing variables that don't occur in a positive literal:
after deleting all negated literals containing other variables than , only  remains, together with all ground literals from the background knowledge
 Convert clauses back to Horn form:
 
The resulting Horn clause is the hypothesis  obtained by Golem. Informally, the clause reads " is called a daughter of  if  is the parent of  and  is female", which is a commonly accepted definition.

References 

Inductive logic programming
Mobile (sculpture). A mobile (, ) is a type of kinetic sculpture constructed to take advantage of the principle of equilibrium. It consists of a number of rods, from which weighted objects or further rods hang. The objects hanging from the rods balance each other, so that the rods remain more or less horizontal. Each rod hangs from only one string, which gives it the freedom to rotate about the string. An ensemble of these balanced parts hang freely in space, by design without coming into contact with each other.

Mobiles are popular in the nursery, where they hang over cribs to give infants entertainment and visual stimulation. Mobiles have inspired many composers, including Morton Feldman and Earle Brown who were inspired by Alexander Calder's mobiles to create mobile-like indeterminate pieces. John Cage wrote the music for the short film Works of Calder that focused on Calder's mobiles. Frank Zappa stated that his compositions employ a principle of balance similar to Calder mobiles.

Origin 

The meaning of the term "mobile" as applied to sculpture has evolved since it was first suggested by Marcel Duchamp in 1931 to describe the early, mechanized creations of Alexander Calder.  At this point, "mobile" was synonymous with the term "kinetic art", describing sculptural works in which motion is a defining property.  While motor or crank-driven moving sculptures may have initially prompted it, the word "mobile" later came to refer more specifically to Calder's free-moving creations. Calder in many respects invented an art form where objects (typically brightly coloured, abstract shapes fashioned from sheet metal) are connected by wire much like a balance scale.  By the sequential attachment of additional objects, the final creation consists of many balanced parts joined by lengths of wire whose individual elements are capable of moving independently or as a whole when prompted by air movement or direct contact.  Thus, "mobile" has become a more well-defined term with its origin in the many such hanging constructs Calder produced in a prolific manner between the 1930s and his death in 1976.

Similar works 

Calder's work is the only one defined by the term "mobile"; however, three other notable artists worked on a similar concept. Man Ray experimented with this idea around 1920, Armando Reverón who during the 30s made a series of movable skeletons and
Bruno Munari created his "Useless Machines" in 1933, made in cardboard and playful colors. Also Julio Le Parc, Grand Prize winner at the Venice Biennale in 1966.

See also 
 Dreamcatcher
 Suncatcher
 Wind chime
 Straw mobile
 Stabile

References

External links

 Alexander Calder's Mobiles by Jean-Paul Sartre, Les Temps Modernes, 1963

Types of sculpture
1931 introductions
Motion (physics)
Rubber (disambiguation). Rubber or natural rubber is a latex material, mainly from the Para rubber tree.

Rubber may also refer to:

In science and industry 
Synthetic rubber, general term for many types of man-made rubbers
Latex, emulsions from various plants, and the major raw material in the production of natural rubber
Elastomers, or elastic (rubbery) polymers, particularly man-made rubbers

In arts and entertainment 
Rubber (1936 film), a Dutch film
Rubber (2010 film), a French film
Rubber (Gilby Clarke album), 1998
Rubber (novel), a 1990 Indian Tamil novel by Jeyamohan
Rubber, a name adopted by the band Harem Scarem from 1999–2001
Rubber (Harem Scarem album), 1999
Rubbers, a 2014 Singaporean comedy film

In recreation and sports 
Table tennis rubber, rubber used on the racket of a table tennis racket
Rubber, Rubber bridge or a two 100-point games in contract bridge
In baseball, a slab from which the pitcher throws, or at times, the pitcher's mound itself
In cricket, an individual game in a series of matches
In tennis, an individual game in a series of matches

Other uses 
Condom, in American slang
Eraser, in British and Australian English
Galoshes (rubber boots), in British English

See also

Rubber hose (disambiguation)
Massively parallel (disambiguation). Massively parallel in computing is the use of a large number of processors to perform a set of computations in parallel (simultaneously).

Massively parallel may also refer to:
Massive parallel sequencing, or massively parallel sequencing, DNA sequencing using the concept of massively parallel processing
Massively parallel signature sequencing, a procedure used to identify and quantify mRNA transcripts

See also
MPQC (Massively Parallel Quantum Chemistry), a computational chemistry software program
MSW. MSW may stand for:

Businesses and organisations
 Manatawny Still Works, a craft distillery in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, United States
 Massawa International Airport, Eritrea (by IATA code)
 Ministry of Interior (Poland) ()
 Muslim Society of Washington, a religious organization based in the United States

Science and technology
 Metres sea water, a unit of pressure
 Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect, in particle physics
 MSWLogo, an interpreted computer programming language
 Machine Status Word, a data segment in the Intel 286 LOADALL instruction set
 Microsoft Windows, an operating system

Other uses
 Mao Shan Wang, a popular cultivar of durian
 Master of Social Work, a postgraduate qualification and academic title
 Municipal solid waste
Savi Technology. Savi Technology was founded in 1989 and is based in Alexandria, Virginia.

The company was spun-off from Lockheed Martin in 2012.

The company offers a variety of hardware including tags (also called sensors) that enable governments and organizations to access real-time information on the location, condition, and security status of assets and shipments; mobile IoT sensors, fixed and mobile readers; active radio-frequency identification devices and sensors; and portable deployment kits (PDKs).

References 

Bloomberg
The Washington Post

Radio-frequency identification
Supply chain software companies
Logistics industry in the United States
Supply chain analytics
BWR. BWR or bwr may refer to:

 Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation, an equation of state used in fluid dynamics
 Black Warrior Review, a non-profit American literary magazine based at the University of Alabama
 Boiling water reactor, a type of light water nuclear reactor used for the generation of electrical power
 BWR, the Toronto Stock Exchange code for Breakwater Resources, a defunct Canadian mining company
 bwr, the ISO 639-3 code for Bura language, Nigeria
V class. V class or Class V may refer to:

Automobiles
Mercedes-Benz V-Class

Ships

V-class ferry, owned and operated by BC Ferries
V and W-class destroyer, destroyers of the Royal Navy launched in late World War I
Greek V-class destroyer
U and V-class destroyer, destroyers of the Royal Navy launched in 1942–1943
British V-class submarine
British V-class submarine (1914)
Vanguard-class submarine

Rail transport
 GNRI Class V, a 4-4-0 passenger steam locomotive of the Great Northern Railway (Ireland)
 GNoSR class V, a 4-4-0 passenger locomotive of the Great North of Scotland Railway, later LNER Class D40 
 NCC Class V, a 0-6-0 steam locomotive used by the Northern Counties Committee
 NZR V class, a 2-6-2 steam locomotive
 South Australian Railways V class
 SR V Schools class, a 4-4-0 passenger steam locomotive of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)
 WAGR V class, a 2-8-2 freight steam locomotive of the Western Australian Government Railways 
 V class, a single unit Downer EDI Rail GT46C diesel electric locomotive for Freight Australia 
 Victorian Railways V class, a steam locomotive, used on the Victorian Railways in the period 1900-1930
 Victorian Railways V class (diesel-hydraulic), a single locomotive class built as the shunter for the Jolimont Workshops
 V-class Melbourne tram

See also
 Class 5 (disambiguation)
Burton process. The Burton process is a thermal cracking process invented by William Merriam Burton and Robert E. Humphreys, both of whom held a PhD in chemistry from Johns Hopkins University. The process they developed is commonly referred to as the Burton process. However, it should be recognized as the Burton-Humphreys process, as both individuals played pivotal roles in its development. The legal dispute surrounding this matter was eventually settled, although the decision primarily recognized Burton's contributions.

The process involves the destructive distillation of crude oil, which is heated under pressure in a still. The innovative design of this still allows various products to emerge from a bubble tower at different temperatures and pressures. One crucial aspect of the process is that it significantly increased gasoline production from various types of oil, more than doubling the output. The first large-scale implementation of these towers occurred when Standard Oil of Indiana made the decision to construct 120 stills using an authorized budget of $709,000 in 1911. Notably, this decision coincided with the US Supreme Court's ruling to dissolve the Standard Oil Trust.

This thermal cracking process was patented on January 7, 1913 (Patent No. 1,049,667). The first thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking process, was invented by Vladimir Shukhov (Patent of Russian Empire No. 12926 on November 27, 1891). While the Russians contended that the Burton process was essentially a slight modification of the Shukhov process, Americans refused to concede and the Burton-Humphreys patent remained in use. Ultimately, it contributed to the development of petrochemicals.

In 1937 the Burton process was superseded by catalytic cracking, but it is still in use today to produce diesel.

See also 
 Cracking (chemistry)
 William Merriam Burton
 Robert E. Humphreys 
 Shukhov cracking process

References

Chemical processes
Petroleum technology
Explorer-class submarine. The two Explorer-class submarines were experimental vessels built for the Royal Navy to test a propulsion system based on the use of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide (high-test peroxide, HTP) and diesel fuel to achieve high underwater endurance and speeds.

Germany had started experimenting with this technology early in the Second World War and developed it into the Walter cycle. They had built some experimental boats.  One of these, the Type XVII U-1407 U-boat submarine, which had been scuttled at the end of the war, was salvaged and eventually recommissioned into the Royal Navy as .

This eventually led to the construction of the two Explorer-class experimental submarine boats, which used steam turbines, the steam being generated using heat from the catalysed interaction of HTP and diesel oil. They used the Porpoise-class hull, modified with retractable superstructure fittings to help streamlining. Being purely experimental craft they had no torpedo tubes or radar fitted, only one periscope and were equipped with backup diesel engines to recharge the batteries and propel them on the surface.

The first, Excalibur, was commissioned in March 1958. They were very fast boats, achieving a peak speed of over 30 knots, a speed record at the time for a submarine, a sustained underwater speed of around  for period up to 3 hours, and  for 15 hours on one turbine.  Because of the use of hydrogen peroxide as a hair bleach, the submarines were nicknamed the Blonde class. As well as providing experience with this type of technology, they also allowed the Royal Navy to practise against fast moving underwater targets.  However the use of HTP was not successful, and there were several explosions, which resulted in the second nickname of Exploder being applied to the class and Explorer in particular, while Excalibur had the nickname "Excruciater". The subsequent use of HTP to power torpedoes led to the loss of  and the loss of the .

When the United States developed a nuclear reactor which could be installed in a submarine, the HTP project was abandoned.  It was decided that it was not worth converting the class into normal diesel submarines. As a result, Explorer was sold for £13,500 to Thos. W. Ward for breaking up; Excalibur in turn was also subsequently sold to Thos. W. Ward.

Other countries have since developed the concept of the non-nuclear air-independent propulsion submarine to the point where it is a safe technology albeit as an auxiliary power source to a conventional diesel-electric drive, although hydrogen peroxide has long been abandoned and liquid oxygen is generally now preferred.

Boats

References

Bibliography
 

Submarine classes
Desmond King-Hele. Desmond George King-Hele FRS (3November 192725December 2019) was a British physicist, poet and author who crossed the divide between the arts and science to write extensively about the life of Erasmus Darwin, whom he linked with the romantic poets Shelley, Wordsworth, and Coleridge. In 1957, together with Doreen Gilmour, and as part of the Guided Weapons department of Royal Aircraft Establishment, he wrote a report proposing the use of the Blue Streak missile and Black Knight as a satellite launcher.  See also: Blue Streak Satellite Launch Vehicle.

Life and career
He was born in Seaford, Sussex, the son of Sidney G. and Bessie (née Sayer) King-Hele and was educated at Epsom College and Trinity College, Cambridge.

He joined the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough in 1948 and stayed there until 1988, researching the gravity of Earth and its upper atmosphere by satellite orbit determination. He was awarded the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1971 for his work on the geophysical application of the study of the orbits of artificial satellites. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in March 1966 and gave the Bakerian lecture in 1974 and the Wilkins Lecture in 1997. 2019 he was awarded a Honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Derby.

He is considered "one of the pioneers of space geodesy".
Based on satellite geodesy, King-Hele refined the estimate for Earth's pear shape, finding a 45 m difference between north and south polar radii.

He married Marie Newman in 1954; they had two daughters.

He won the Chree medal and prize in 1971.

In 1973, he correctly predicted that Skylab would re-enter Earth's atmosphere in 1979.

King-Hele died on 25 December 2019.

Publications

 Satellites and Scientific Research 1962
 Shelley: His Thought and Work 1962
 Erasmus Darwin 1963 
 Theory of Satellite Orbits in an Atmosphere 1964
 Doctor of Revolution 1977
 Observing Earth Satellites 1983
 Shelley: His Thought and Work 1984
 Erasmus Darwin and the Romantic Poets 1986
 A Tapestry of Orbits 1992, 2005
 Erasmus Darwin: A Life of Unequalled Achievement 1999
 Erasmus Darwin and Evolution 2014

He is also the author of two books of poetry, and of various articles published in journals, such as "Shelley and Science", Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Jul., 1992), pp. 253-265.

References

External links
 Text of the award speech
 Early plans for a Blue Streak-based satellite launcher
  at the British Library
 Author profile at Google Books

1927 births
2019 deaths
People from Seaford, East Sussex
British physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
People educated at Epsom College
Oral History of British Science
Weldon process. The Weldon process is a process developed in 1866 by Walter Weldon for recovering manganese dioxide for re-use in chlorine manufacture.  Commercial operations started at the Gamble works in St. Helens in 1869.  The process is described in considerable detail in the book, The Alkali Industry, by J.R. Partington,D.Sc.

The common method to manufacture chlorine at the time, was to react manganese dioxide (and related oxides) with hydrochloric acid to give chlorine:

 MnO2 + 4 HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

Weldon's contribution was to develop a process to recycle the manganese.  The waste manganese(II) chloride solution is treated with lime, steam and oxygen, producing calcium manganite(IV):

 2 MnCl2 + 3 Ca(OH)2 + O2 → CaO·2MnO2 + 3 H2O + 2 CaCl2

The resulting calcium manganite can be reacted with HCl as in related processes:

 CaO·2MnO2 + 10 HCl → CaCl2 + 2 MnCl2 + 2 Cl2 + 5 H2O

The manganese(II) chloride can be recycled, while the calcium chloride is a waste byproduct.

The Weldon process was first replaced by the Deacon process and later by the Chloralkali process.

References

Further reading

Chemical processes
Chlorine

de:Walter Weldon#Weldon-Verfahren