omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
J & J Ultralights Seawing. The J & J Ultralights Seawing is an American amphibious ultralight trike that was designed and produced by J & J Ultralights of Live Oak, Florida. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete aircraft.

J & J Ultralights is no longer in business and the design out of production.

Design and development
When equipped with two seats, the Seawing complies with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of . In its single-seat configuration and when equipped with a lightweight engine, it complies with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat or two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit, floats and retractable tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together anodized 6061-T6 aluminum and 4130 steel tubing, with its single-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame control bar. Buoyancy is provided by two  Full Lotus inflatable floats. The wheels retract above the floats for water operations and in ground operations the nosewheel is fully steerable. The wing uses a unique hand crank mechanism to fold the wing in place on the frame and then to fold it down for storage or ground transportation.

The standard factory-supplied engine was the twin-cylinder, two-stroke, air-cooled Rotax 503 of , with the liquid-cooled Rotax 582 of  as an option. Standard fuel capacity is  with an additional tank available for optional installation to bring total capacity to .

Two examples had been completed and flown by February 2005, when the price was listed as US$16,500.

Specifications (Seawing)

See also

References

External links
J & J website archives on Archive.org
Photo of a Seawing

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Seawing
Parasol-wing aircraft
ShelXle. The program ShelXle is a graphical user interface for the structure refinement program SHELXL. ShelXle combines an editor with syntax highlighting for the SHELXL-associated  (input) and  (output) files with an interactive graphical display for visualization of a three-dimensional structure including the electron density (Fo) and difference density (Fo-Fc) maps.

Overview 

ShelXle can display electron density maps like the macromolecular program Coot but is more intended for smaller molecules.
A number of excellent graphical user interfaces (GUIs) exist for small molecule crystal structure refinement with SHELX (e.g., WINGX, Olex2, XSEED, PLATON and SYSTEM-S, and the Bruker programs XP and XSHELL)

ShelXle is free software, distributed under the GNU LGPL. It is available from the ShelXle website or from SourceForge. Binaries are available for Windows, macOS  and the Linux distributions SuSE, Debian and Ubuntu.
The Windows binary is distributed with the NSIS Installer.

Features 

 Editor featuring syntax highlighting and code completion for the SHELX instructions.
 Clicking on an atom in the structure view sets the text cursor to the line that contains this atom.
 Locating atoms in structure view from the editor.
 Rename mode with support of residues and disordered parts and free variables.

Program architecture 

ShelXle uses the Qt (framework). It is written entirely in C++ and does not use any scripting language. For the refinement it calls the external binary of SHELXL which might also be SHELXH, SHELXLMP from George M. Sheldrick or XL from Bruker.

SHELX 

SHELX is developed by George M. Sheldrick since the late 1960s. Important releases are SHELX76 and SHELX97. It is still developed but releases are usually after ten years of testing.
Academic users can download the SHELX programs freely after registration.

External links
ShelXle web site
ShelXle support forum at xrayforum.co.uk
ShelXle at Sourceforge

References 

Crystallography software
Molecular modelling software
Free science software
Lookout Mountain SkyCycle. The Lookout Mountain SkyCycle, also marketed as The Freedom Machine, is an American ultralight trike that was designed by Matt Taber, produced by Lookout Mountain Flight Park of Rising Fawn, Georgia and introduced in 1997. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction and also as plans.

Design and development
The SkyCycle was designed to be a minimalist nanotrike, capable of using the builder's existing hang glider wing. The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a cable-braced hang glider high-wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double-surface Pulse 11 wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame control bar. The standard engine supplied by the factory was the Zenoah G-25, , single cylinder, two-stroke, air-cooled aircraft engine

The SkyCycle was intended to be constructed by people who were already hang glider pilots and, in fact, the manufacturer is a large hang gliding school. By keeping the weight down to a minimum the designer envisioned that the builder could use his or her existing hang glider wing for the aircraft. The manufacturer also supplied the Pulse 11 wing for those builders who did not own a hang glider wing. In 2005 the complete aircraft sold for US$7995 with plans selling for US$75. A total of 225 examples had been completed and flown by February 2005.

The aircraft could be quickly dismantled for ground transportation or storage.

Specifications (Skycycle)

See also

References

External links
Photo of SkyCycle

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Lookout Mountain
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering. 9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering was a series of performances from October 13–23, 1966, where artists and engineers from Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey collaborated on what was to be the first event in a series of projects that would become known as E.A.T. or Experiments in Art and Technology. 9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering was conjured up by Robert Rauschenberg and Billy Klüver and was originally intended to be presented as part of the Stockholm Festival of Art and Technology in 1966. But when the festival's negotiations fell through, Billy Klüver and the whole group moved the event to the 69th Regiment Armory and called it 9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering. The participants consisted of 10 artists and some 30 engineers to create a blend of avant-garde theatre, dance and new technologies.

9 Evenings was the first large-scale collaboration between artists and engineers and scientists. The two groups worked together for 10 months to develop technical equipment and systems that were used as an integral part of the artists’ performances. Their collaboration produced many "firsts" in the use of new technology for the theater, both with specially-designed systems and equipment and with innovative use of existing equipment. Closed-circuit television and television projection was used on stage for the first time; a fiber-optics camera picked up objects in a performer's pocket; an infrared television camera captured action in total darkness; a Doppler sonar device translated movement into sound; and portable wireless FM transmitters and amplifiers transmitted speech and body sounds to Armory loudspeakers.

Artists involved with 9 Evenings include: John Cage, Lucinda Childs, Öyvind Fahlström, Alex Hay, Deborah Hay, Steve Paxton, Yvonne Rainer, Robert Rauschenberg, David Tudor, and Robert Whitman. Cage's Variations VII, the next to last in his series of indeterminate works that Cage had begun in 1958 which made increasing use of electronic equipment and systems, was performed at 9 Evenings.

Notable engineers involved include: Bela Julesz, Billy Klüver, Max Mathews, John Pierce, Manfred Schroeder, and Fred Waldhauer.

Documentation

The 9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering DVD Series (director: Barbro Schultz Lundestam) is an important documentation of the collaborations between the artists and engineers that produced innovative works using these emerging technologies.
The Swedish journalist and movie/documentary director Barbro Schultz Lundestam visited Billy Klüver and his wife, Julie Martin, in New Jersey in 1993. The couple showed her their archives of the E.A.T. projects, including manuscripts, photographs and 16mm film recordings on 9 Evenings. (Julie Martin and Billy Klüver had met during rehearsals for 9 Evenings, since she was an assistant to Robert Whitman for his performance.) Robert Rauschenberg asked Schultz Lundestam to work on the old film material. She completed 10 documentaries.

References

Bell Labs
Technology organizations
American artist groups and collectives
Contemporary art
Conceptual art
Culture of New York City
Theatrical organizations in the United States
Cheltenham and District Light Railway. The Cheltenham and District Light Railway operated an electric tramway service in Cheltenham between 1901 and 1930.

History

Construction began in February 1901 promoted by Nevins and Son. The work of construction involved around 120 men and a steam 'devil' was used to break up the road surface.  Track was laid from Lansdown Castle to the south west of Cheltenham along Gloucester Road to the Calcutta Inn, St George's Rd, St. George's Place, St. James’ Square to the Great Western Railway station, Clarence Street, North Street, Albion Street, Winchcombe Street, Prestbury Road then through Prestbury and Southam to the top of Cleeve Hill, a route of . Electricity was drawn from the Corporation Electricity Company Manchester Street sub-station.

During construction two employees, Mr. Jackson and Mr. Wells, were killed on a test run when the brakes failed on Cleeve Hill.  The initial line on the tramway was inspected by Colonel von Donop R.E on 15 August 1901. Services started on the initial route from Lansdown to Cleeve Hill on 22 August 1901.

The extension works to Charlton Kings and Leckhampton started on 28 September 1904 and were completed in April 1905 when they were inspected by Major J.W. Pringle of the Board of Trade. The construction had involved 1,600 tons of granite setts from Scotland, up to 1,000 tons of rails from Leeds, electrification poles from Wednesbury, 15,500 yards of copper wire and 50 tons of fish-plates, tiebars and bolts. This produced 4.5 route miles of tramway of mixed single and double tracks. Eight new cars were obtained from the British Thomson-Houston Co of Rugby. The extension cost around £60,000,) of which £5,000 was the eight new tramcars.

The last surviving Cheltenham tram (No 21) is conserved by The Cheltenham Trust but not on public display. It was built by English Electric in Preston in 1921 but withdrawn from service in 1931 when the tram system was abandoned.

Routes were operated from Cheltenham Spa railway station to Cleeve Hill, Prestbury, Charlton Kings and Leckhampton.

The depot was located 300m north of Cheltenham Spa railway station at .

Closure

As part of a programme of replacing the tramway services with buses, the final trams ran on 31 December 1930.

References

External links
 Cheltenham and District Light Railway at the British Tramway Company Badges and Buttons website.

Tram transport in England
1901 establishments in England
Transport in Cheltenham
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in England
Hu-Go Craft. The Hu-Go Craft is a homebuilt biplane that was designed by Adolph B. Hugo, first flying on 19 April 1965.

Design and development
Hugo designed the biplane incorporating elements of popular homebuilt aircraft of the time. The aircraft was based loosely around the Great Lakes 2T-1E, with features from the Rose Parakeet and Waco Aircraft Company biplanes. Plans were sold for amateur construction.

The aircraft is a conventional landing gear equipped, single seat, open cockpit biplane, with a fuselage constructed from welded steel tubing with aircraft fabric covering and spruce wing spars. The tail surfaces are wire braced. The upper wing is swept, while only the lower wings have dihedral.

Construction of the prototype took 4 1/2 years and 2500 hours of time.

Specifications (Hu-Go Craft)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Carl F. Prutton. Dr. Carl Frederick Prutton (July 30, 1898 – July 15, 1970)  was an American chemist, chemical engineer, inventor, industrial executive, philanthropist and educator.
Prutton held more than a hundred patents on lubricants and chemical processes known in the chemical industry as "the Prutton patents".
Prutton was the head of the department of chemistry and chemical engineering at the Case Institute of Technology,
a director of research and a vice president at Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation,
an executive vice president of the Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation,
and a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

He received several notable awards and distinctions, including the Perkin Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry,
the Modern Pioneer Award of the National Association of Manufacturers, and an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Manhattan College.

Chronology 
 1898: born in Cleveland, Ohio on July 30
 1920: B.S., Chemical Engineering, Case Institute of Technology
 1923: M.S., Case Institute of Technology
 1928: Ph.D., physical chemistry, Western Reserve University
 1929: associate professor in 1929, Case Institute of Technology
 1936-1948: full professor and chairman of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Case Institute of Technology
 1948: director of research, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, Baltimore
 1949: vice-president, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation
 1952: president of a division, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation
 1954: vice president and director of the chemical division, the Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation
 1956: executive vice president, the Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation

References 

1898 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American chemists
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Scientists from Cleveland
Engineers from Ohio
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Leon Lapidus. Leon Lapidus (September 26, 1924 – May 5, 1977) was an American chemist and chemical engineer, the chairman of the department of chemical engineering at Princeton University, a member of the National Academy of Engineering,
an author of over 100 technical publications.

Lapidus was noted for his work in the application of computer techniques to chemical engineering for which he was honored with William H. Walker Award of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
His distinctions included the William N. Lacey Lectureship, a membership in the American Chemical Society and in the American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
Professional Progress Award in Chemical Engineering of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

References 

1924 births
1977 deaths
20th-century American chemists
American chemical engineers
University of Minnesota alumni
Princeton University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American engineers
Syracuse University alumni
SimGrid. SimGrid is a framework designed for developing simulators of distributed applications targeting distributed platforms, used to prototype, evaluate and compare relevant platform configurations, system designs, and algorithmic approaches. It aims to provide ready to use models and APIs to simulate popular distributed computing platforms. 

As an open-source project, SimGrid benefits mainly from community contributions and provides a variety of documentation and tutorials to ease new users in the utilization of this software.

See also
 BIGSIM

References

External links
 SimGrid – official project homepage
 Reference publication: H. Casanova, A. Giersch, A. Legrand, M. Quinson, and F. Suter, “Versatile, Scalable, and Accurate Simulation of Distributed Applications and Platforms,” Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, vol. 74, no. 10, pp. 2899 – 2917, 2014.
Distributed computing
Sodium silicide. Sodium silicide (NaSi, Na4Si4) is a binary inorganic compound consisting of sodium and silicon. It is a solid black or grey crystalline material.

Sodium silicide reacts readily with water yielding gaseous hydrogen and aqueous sodium silicate in an exothermic reaction (~175 kJ·mol−1):
 2 NaSi + 5 H2O → 5 H2 + Na2Si2O5

This is used in hydrogen technologies to generate hydrogen as a fuel. And is also used as high energy dense storage for hydrogen under low pressure.

See also 
 Silicide
 Binary compounds of silicon

External links 
 SiGNa Chemistry, Inc.

References 

Silicides
Sodium compounds
Ra'ad (anti-ship missile). Ra'ad () is an Iranian designed and built subsonic anti-ship cruise missile. The missile is a reverse engineered and upgraded variant of China's Silkworm anti-ship missile. The missile was developed by the state-run Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO). Iran reportedly began full production of the Ra’ad in January 2004 and went into service in 2007. The missile is equipped for ground and ship-launched platforms.

Development 

During the Iran-Iraq War, China supplied Iran with numerous types of missile which included two variants of the Silkworm anti-ship missile, the HY-2 and HY-4. Prior to the post-war period, Iran's military was heavily dependent on foreign weaponry supplied mainly by the United Kingdom and the United States. In order to achieve independence and reduce foreign expenditure in the arms sphere, Iran engaged in a campaign of reverse engineering and producing any weaponry it possessed. The Ra'ad was one of the weapons which Iran reverse engineered.

The Silkworm variant which the Ra'ad is based on exactly is unknown and disputed. However, some sources state that it is based on the HY-2 and others stating that it is based on the HY-4.

It is unknown when the development stage began but it is known that the full production of the missile began in January 2004.

The Ra’ad was successfully test fired on 7 February 2007. This was confirmed by then Deputy Air Force Commander Ali Fadavi who said: "We have successfully test fired a cruise missile called SSN4, or Raad, hitting targets 300 kilometres away in the Sea of Oman and northern Indian Ocean".

Features 

The Ra'ad is an anti-ship cruise missile that is capable of being launched from both surface and sea platforms. The engine of the Ra'ad utilizes a solid-propellant booster with a turbojet engine and employs an inertial navigation system and terminal guidance, the exact type of terminal guidance is unknown but IHS Jane's Weapons states that it is "likely infared imaging or an active radar system." The missile also has sea-skimming capabilities, with the ability to fly at low-altitudes to evade radar detection and missile defences.

Operators 
- The missile was tested in a naval exercise in April 2010, flying 300 km. The Ra'ad is currently in active service and is primarily deployed along the Persian Gulf and on various naval vessels.

See also 

Noor

References

External links 
CSIS Missile Threat – Ra'ad

Post–Cold War weapons of Iran
Surface-to-surface missiles of Iran
Anti-ship cruise missiles of Iran
Catpac. Catpac is a computer program that analyzes text samples to identify key concepts contained within the sample.  It was conceived chiefly by Richard Holmes, a Michigan State computer programmer and Dr. Joseph Woelfel, a University at Albany and University at Buffalo sociologist for the analysis of attitude formation and change in the sociological context.  Contributions by Rob Zimmelman, an undergraduate and graduate student at the University of Albany, from 1981 to 1984 on the Univac 1100 mainframe, included the inclusion of the CATPAC software in the Galileo*Telegal system, text-labeling and porting of CATPAC output for the Galileo system of paired-comparison conceptual visualization.  CATPAC and the Galileo system are still in commercial use today, and with recent data capture and visualization contributions, continues to grow.  Contributions by other students at the university resulted in the software that is still in commercial use today.  It uses text files as input and produces output such as word and alphabetical frequencies as well as various types of cluster analysis.

Design
Catpac is a self-organizing, i.e. unsupervised, interactive activation and competition (IAC) artificial neural network used for text analysis. The program generates a multidimensional scalar output organizing words throughout the text by creating a weighted word-by-word matrix that establishes the eigenvector centralities of concepts. The word-by-word matrix represents the relationship between one word and the occurrence of another. Catpac identifies important words and patterns based on the organization of the text. This process mimics the connections between neurons in a human brain, strengthening connections through conditioning to generate a pattern of similarities among all words within a body of text.

Use
Catpac has been used in commercial studies, in academic scholarship to investigate massive textual data sets, as a strong semantic network analysis tool, for longitudinal analyses, for multilingual analyses, as a predictor of media usage and as a powerful content analysis tool.

Availability
Catpac, conceived as an improvement to simple word-count software more than 30 years ago, is currently available in windows 32 bit format.

References

External links
 Bibliography of research using Catpac

Data analysis software
CP Class 2500. Série 2500 were the first 15 electric locomotives built for the Portuguese Railways (CP). They entered service in 1956, for the newly electrified 25 kV line running north from Lisbon. They had a maximum speed of 120 km/h. They were withdrawn from service in 2009; all but one have been sold for scrap.

References

Electric locomotives of Portugal
Railway locomotives introduced in 1956
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Alstom locomotives
Henschel locomotives
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
50 c/s Group locomotives
Personal Flight Sky-Tender. The Personal Flight Sky-Tender is an American ultralight trike flying boat that was designed and produced by Personal Flight of Chelan, Washington. Production is complete and the aircraft is no longer available.

Design and development
The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem, open cockpit, a hull made from an inflatable boat and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its large area  single surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame control bar. An off-the-shelf commercial inflatable boat hull is used. A water rudder is fitted at the rear of the boat hull. The standard engine supplied was the twin cylinder, two-stroke, liquid-cooled Rotax 582 of , including an electric starter.

The large wing area was employed to keep the stall speed low to avoid porpoising problems while conducting water operations. The weight shift nature of the wing means that hull pitch angle cannot be controlled and loss of control is a risk when higher take-off and landing speeds are required.

The Sky-Tender was assembled in the United States by Personal Flight from aircraft and marine components from Italy, France and Austria. The price in 2000 was US$20,000.

Specifications (Sky-Tender)

References

Sky-Tender
1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes