omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
AS-103. AS-103 was the third orbital flight test of a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft, and the first flight of a Pegasus micrometeoroid detection satellite. Also known as SA-9, it was the third operational launch of a two-stage Saturn I launch vehicle.

Objectives
Of 12 flight objectives assigned, two were concerned with the operation of the Pegasus satellite, eight with launch vehicle systems performance, one with jettisoning the launch escape system, and one with separation of the boilerplate spacecraft. The satellite objectives were (1) demonstration of the functional operations of the mechanical, structural, and electronic systems and (2) evaluation of meteoroid data sampling in near-Earth orbit. Since the launch trajectory was designed to insert the Pegasus satellite into the proper orbit, it differed substantially from the trajectory used in missions AS-101 and AS-102.

Launch

The launch vehicle consisted of an S-I first stage, an S-IV second stage, and an instrument unit. The spacecraft consisted of a boilerplate command and service module, a launch escape system, and a service module/launch vehicle adapter (BP-16). The Pegasus 1 satellite was enclosed within the service module, attached to the S-IV stage. The orbital configuration consisted of the satellite mounted on the adapter, which remained attached to the instrument unit and the expended S-IV stage.

The vehicle was launched from Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 37B at 9:37:03 a.m. EST (14:37:03 GMT) on February 16, 1965. A hold of 1 hour and 7 minutes was caused by a power failure in the Eastern Test Range flight safety computer. A built-in hold of 30 minutes was also used to discharge and recharge a battery in the Pegasus satellite as a check that it was functioning properly.

The launch was normal, and the spacecraft was inserted into orbit approximately 10.5 minutes after launch. The launch escape system was jettisoned during launch and the command module was jettisoned after orbital insertion. The Pegasus satellite weighed approximately  and was . The width of the deployed wings was . The total mass placed in orbit was . The perigee was , the apogee was , and the orbital inclination was 31.76°.

Results
The trajectory and space-fixed velocity were very nearly as planned. The Apollo shroud separated from the Pegasus satellite about 804 seconds after lift-off, and deployment of two meteoroid detection panel wings of the Pegasus satellite commenced about 1 minute later. The predicted useful lifetime of Pegasus A in orbit was 1188 days. The satellite was commanded off (decommissioned) on August 29, 1968. Although minor malfunctions occurred in both the launch vehicle and the Pegasus A satellite, mission AS-103 was a success in that all objectives were met. The spacecraft remained in orbit until July 10, 1985, when it re-entered the atmosphere and landed in the ocean.

References

External links

NSSDC: SA-9
SA-9/Apollo firing test report
Saturn SA-9/Pegasus A Postflight Trajectory

Apollo program
Spacecraft launched in 1965
1965 in the United States
Test spaceflights
Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets
Saturn I
Lineman's handset. A lineman's handset is a special type of telephone used by technicians for installing and testing local loop telephone lines.  It is also called a test set, butt set, or buttinski.

Components
A typical lineman's handset integrates an earpiece, a mouthpiece, a dialing interface, and a set of test leads for connecting to the telephone circuit.  Originally, lineman's handsets featured a rotary dial, but modern sets use some variant of the standard 12-button DTMF keypad and also employ an amplifier for speaker use.  Most handsets are designed to be used with analog "POTS" lines, and have limited or no function with digital circuits. Older telephone linemen also referred to the handset as a "Goat".

In addition to the basic features listed above, handsets often include one or more of:
 Speakerphone
 Redial
 A talk/monitor toggle switch
 Mute
 Hook flash button
 Tone/pulse dialing selection switch
 Low-pass filtering to prevent disruption of data communications (such as DSL)
 A mechanical hook for hanging the set from a tool belt.  On some sets, it may be moved to the receiver side, mouthpiece side, or removed altogether.

Typical use
A lineman's handset typically connects via a pair of test leads, not the modular connector found on most consumer telephone equipment. The test leads will feature some combination of alligator clips (to connect to bare wires), a piercing spike or "bed-of-nails" (for insulated wires), and something designed to fit a punch block. Adapters designed to fit other punch block types, heat coil sockets, or modular jacks may also be used.

A butt set can be connected wherever there is a line appearance—anywhere the wires are accessible. Inside the central office, this would be at a main or intermediate distribution frame.  For outside plant work, this would include any serving area interface, such as a cross-connect box or aerial splice enclosure. At subscriber sites (e.g., residence), this could be inside or behind the housing of a modular connector or at the network interface.

When connected to a line, a lineman's handset is essentially indistinguishable from regular subscriber equipment. The technician can monitor an active call, answer incoming calls, and make outgoing calls. Common tests include checking for dial tone, using ANAC to identify the line, and using a ringback number.

See also
 Beige box (phreaking)

References

External links 

Telephony equipment
AS-105. AS-105 was the fifth and final orbital flight of a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft, and the third and final launch of a Pegasus micrometeoroid detection satellite. It was launched by SA-10, the tenth and final Saturn I rocket, in 1965.

Overview 
AS-105 was an Apollo boilerplate spacecraft; boilerplate BP-9A was used for the flight. The spacecraft reentered on November 22, 1975. The Saturn launch vehicle (SA-10) was similar to those of missions AS-103 and AS-104.  As on the previous mission, the boilerplate service module was equipped with a test installation of a reaction control engine package.

The primary flight objective was to continue demonstration of the launch vehicle's iterative guidance mode and evaluation of system accuracy.

Launch 
AS-105 was launched from Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 37B at 08:00 EST (13:00 GMT) on July 30, 1965, on the last Saturn I rocket, SA-10. A planned thirty-minute hold ensured that launch time coincided with the opening of the Pegasus launch window. The launch was normal and the payload was inserted into orbit approximately 10.7 minutes after lift-off. The total mass placed in orbit, including the spacecraft, Pegasus spacecraft, adapter, instrument unit, and S-IV stage, was 34,438 pounds (15,621 kg).

The spacecraft was separated 812 seconds after lift-off and the separation and ejection system operated as planned. The Pegasus 3 spacecraft, which was attached to the S-IV stage of the Saturn I and stowed inside the boilerplate service module, was deployed 40 seconds after command initiation at 872 seconds. Pegasus 3 was a 1423.6 kilogram (3138.6 pound) micrometeoroid detection satellite, which was bolted to the S-IV.

References

External links

NSSDC: SA-10
Range safety data for Saturn SA-10
SA-10 flight mechanical summary technical memorandum, Jul. 13, 1965
Vibration and acoustic analyzes, Saturn SA-10 flight
Saturn SA-10/Pegasus C postflight trajectory

Apollo program
Spacecraft launched in 1965
1965 in the United States
Test spaceflights
Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets
Saturn I
TTCN. TTCN is a programming language used for testing of communication protocols and web services. A TTCN test suite consists of many test cases written in the TTCN programming language.
Until version 2 the language was written in tables and called Tree and Tabular Combined Notation. Reading and editing this language required special TTCN editors. Beginning with version 3 TTCN was renamed to Testing and Test Control Notation. It is now closer to current programming languages and can be edited with traditional editors. TTCN-3 is more flexible than TTCN-2 in that it can be used for protocol testing as well as testing traditional software. 

All versions of TTCN need dedicated compilers or interpreters for execution.

TTCN is widely used, for example; ETSI, ITU for the testing of telecommunication protocols. Conformance test cases of  ETSI standards like ISDN, DECT, GSM, EDGE, 3G, DSRC have also been written in TTCN. Recently it has also been used for testing various protocol standards e.g. Bluetooth, IP. 

Execution of those test cases against products (e.g. phones, mobile phones, service enablers or network elements) is used to verify that the protocol implementation in those products meet the requirements defined by telecommunication standards.

TTCN is often combined with ASN.1.

Versions

TTCN-1: Standardized in 1992 by ISO and CCITT as ISO/IEC 9646-3 and CCITT X.292 for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) conformance testing methodology and framework.
TTCN-2: Standardized in 1998 by ISO and ITU, adding concurrency and multiple modules support to TTCN-1.
TTCN-3: Written by ETSI and standardized in 2000 by ITU under reference Z.140. It aimed at being a more generic testing language than TTCN-2. In 2007 the recommendation moved from Z.140 to Z.160.

Background information

Conformance testing means a test execution against a well-defined test case, e.g. a test written in TTCN. Plug-tests, also called interoperability testing, are test cases executed with a client - server model; e.g. Mail-Client against Mail-server, phone against network, Bluetooth headset against Bluetooth phone. Plug-tests are e.g. often executed at so-called unplug-tests.

Conformance-tests and plug-tests complement each other. If properly done, interoperability errors found with plug-tests should lead to definition of new conformance test cases that cover the failed test.

External links 
ITU TTCN Studygroup
ETSI TTCN-3 web site
TTCN-3 Quick Reference Card

ITU-T recommendations
Interfacing. Interfacing is a textile used on the unseen or "wrong" side of fabrics to make an area of a garment more rigid.

Interfacings can be used to: 
stiffen or add body to fabric, such as the interfacing used in shirt collars and cuffs
strengthen a certain area of the fabric, for instance where buttonholes will be sewn
keep fabrics from stretching out of shape, particularly knit fabrics

Interfacings come in a variety of weights and stiffnesses to suit different purposes. They are also available in different colours, although typically interfacing is white. Generally, the heavier weight a fabric is, the heavier weight an interfacing it will use. Interfacing is sold at fabric stores by the yard or metre from bolts, similar to cutting fabric. Sewing patterns specify if interfacing is needed, the weight of interfacing that is required, and the amount. Some patterns use the same fabric as the garment to create an interfacing, as with sheer fabrics.

Interfacing has three main 'types': woven, non-woven and knit. Each is designed to behave differently. 
Some interfacings are loosely-woven muslin-type fabrics, often stiffened with a layer of chemical additive or starch. A woven interfacing can match the grain of the fashion fabric, enabling it to retain a similar handle and drape.
Non-woven interfacings are made from fibres that are bonded or felted together. 

Historically, hair canvas, Wigan and Buckram have been used for interfacing. Most are made from cotton or cotton-polyester blends. They tend to be very inexpensive.

Fusible interfacing
Most modern interfacings have heat-activated adhesive on one or both sides.  They are affixed to a garment piece using heat and moderate pressure, from a hand iron for example.  This type of interfacing is known as "fusible" interfacing. Non-fusible interfacings do not have adhesive and must be sewn by hand or machine.

References

Notions (sewing)
Sewing
MILNET. In computer networking, MILNET (fully Military Network) was the name given to the part of the ARPANET internetwork designated for unclassified United States Department of Defense traffic.

MILNET was physically separated from the ARPANET in 1983. The ARPANET remained in service for the academic research community, but direct connectivity between the networks was severed for security reasons. Gateways relayed electronic mail between the two networks. BBN Technologies built and managed both the MILNET and the ARPANET and the two networks used very similar technology. It is also known as "Military Net."

During the 1980s the MILNET expanded as part of the Defense Data Network, a worldwide set of military networks running at different security levels. In the 1990s, MILNET became the NIPRNET.

References

Wide area networks
History of telecommunications in the United States
DARPA
Military communications
Newcomen Society. The Newcomen Society is an international learned society that promotes and celebrates the history of engineering and technology. It was founded in London in 1920, and takes its name from Thomas Newcomen, one of the inventors associated with the early development of the steam engine and who is widely considered the "father of the Industrial Revolution". An early president was Loughnan St. L. Pendred.

The society is concerned with all branches of engineering: civil, mechanical, electrical, electronic, structural, aeronautical, marine, chemical and manufacturing as well as biography and invention.

The Newcomen Society is based at the Science Museum in London. There are regional branches in England: Midlands (Birmingham), North West (Manchester), North East (Newcastle), Western (Bristol) and Southern (Portsmouth), South Yorkshire (Sheffield) and one in Scotland (Glasgow and Edinburgh).

It publishes the International Journal for the History of Engineering and Technology (formerly the Transactions of the Newcomen Society) and Newcomen Links, a quarterly newsletter. An online archive of previous Transactions is available to members. The society also has a  YouTube Channel with videos of meetings, conferences and online lectures.

The motto of the Society is the Latin actorum memores simul affectamus agenda, meaning "mindful of things that have taken place, at the same time we strive after things yet to be done". The choice of a griffin regardant for the logo was to symbolise vigilance and looking backward while going forward.

The Newcomen Society is a registered charity and a limited company.

An American branch was established in 1923, but the Newcomen Society of the United States was entirely separate from its UK counterpart. The American group disbanded in 2007.

Notable members
 Henry Winram Dickinson (1870–1952) (co-founder, president 1932–34, editor of Transactions)
 L. T. C. Rolt
 Alec Skempton
 Hugh Pembroke Vowles
 Rex Wailes
 Paul Wilson, Baron Wilson of High Wray (president, 1973–1975)

References

Further reading
F. S. Marvin (1924). The History of Technology. Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 113, pages 40–41

External links
The Newcomen Society
International Journal for the History of Engineering and Technology archive
Newcomen Links
Society YouTube channel

Organizations established in 1920
Engineering societies based in the United Kingdom
History of science organizations
History of technology
1920 establishments in the United Kingdom
Thomas Newcomen
DOP. DOP may stand for:

Science-related 

 Data-oriented parsing
 Degree of parallelism
 Degree of polarization
 Delta-opioid receptor
 Dermo-optical perception
 Dilution of precision (navigation), a term used in geomatics engineering to describe the geometric strength of satellite configuration
 Dioctyl phthalate, alternate name of Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, a PVC plasticizer
 Discrete oriented polytope or polyhedron in computer graphics
 DSD over PCM, a protocol for Direct Stream Digital audio
 Paul Louis Amans Dop (1876–1954) (standard author abbreviation Dop), French botanist

Other 
 Declaration of Performance, a document issued by a manufacturer of a construction product required by EU regulations to attach the CE marking
 Declaration of Principles, an agreement between Israel and Palestine, also known as the Oslo Accords
 Denominazione di Origine Protetta, the Italian equivalent of protected designation of origin
 Dingzhou East railway station, China Railway telegraph code DOP
 Diocese of Parañaque
 Director of photography, alternative name for cinematographer
 Dolpa Airport, IATA airport code
 Dominican peso, by ISO 4217 currency code
 dOP (band), an electronic music group
 Dop (surname)
 Dumbarton Oaks Papers, an academic journal founded in 1941

See also

 
 
 Doop (disambiguation)
 Dopp (disambiguation)
 dops
 Doping (disambiguation)
 Dopping (disambiguation)
Treen. Treen (literally "of a tree") is a generic name for small handmade functional household objects made of wood. Treen is distinct from furniture, such as chairs, and cabinetry, as well as clocks and cupboards. Before the late 17th century, when silver, pewter, and ceramics were introduced for tableware, most small household items, boxes and tableware were carved from wood. Today, treen is highly collectable for its patina and tactile appeal.

Anything from wooden plates and bowls, snuff boxes and needle cases, spoons and stay busks to shoehorns and chopping boards can be classed as treen. Domestic and agricultural wooden tools are also usually classed with treen.

Before the advent of cheap metal wares in industrialized societies, and later plastic, wood played a much greater part as the raw material for common objects. Turning and carving were the key manufacturing techniques. The selection of wood species was important, and close-grained hardwoods such as box, beech and sycamore were particularly favoured, with occasional use of exotics, such as lignum vitae for mallet heads.

Wooden objects have survived relatively less well than those of metal or stone, and their study by archaeologists and historians has been somewhat neglected until recently. Their functional and undecorated forms have, however, been highly regarded by designers and collectors.

Burl treen 

In North America, Native Americans carved tree burls into durable wooden objects with uniquely marbled grain. Burls were rare in Europe because the old-growth forests where they are commonly found had largely been logged out of existence. Burl treen was found in Europe occasionally, particularly in objects intended for celebration or the upper class, but was not in wide-scale use.

In contrast, burls were widely available in the virgin forests of North America. Native Americans worked these burls into domestic objects like bowls and ladles with tools such as stone blades, hot coals, and beaver teeth. Native Americans traded these wooden items with European colonists, who later learned to harvest burl and carve them into treen in the style of their home countries. Burl treen is considered an indigenous North American craft, and examples are found in museums and private collections of Americana.

The snarled and interlaced grain of a burl makes the resulting objects stronger and less likely to split. They were strong enough to be passed down over generations.  A variety of trees produce burls, but almost all North American burl treen (upwards of ninety percent) is made from black ash. Another five percent is made from maple, with other woods such as cherry wood, white cedar, oak, and birch making up the remainder. Woodworker Michael Combs has speculated that black ash burl was favored because it is easy to work on a lathe.

See also
 Lovespoon
 Wooden spoon

References

Further reading 

 
 
 
 
 

Woodworking
Antiques
C37. C37 or C-37 may refer to:

Vehicles 
Aircraft
 Caudron C.37, a French passenger biplane
 Cessna C-37, an American civil utility aircraft
 Gulfstream Aerospace C-37A Gulfstream V, an American military VIP passenger jet
 Gulfstream Aerospace C-37B Gulfstream G550, an American military VIP passenger jet
 Lockheed C-37 Electra, an American military transport

Automobiles
 Dongfeng Sokon C37, a Chinese van
 Marshall C37, a British bus
 Sauber C37, a Swiss Formula One car

Ships
 Corsair 37, an American trimaran sailboat
 , a C-class submarine of the Royal Navy
 Catalina 37, a yacht produced by Catalina Yachts

Other uses 
 C37 road (Namibia)
 Caldwell 37, an open cluster
 King's Gambit, a chess opening
 Route C37 (Massachusetts), a street in Boston
 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant, also known as lineage C.37
Albert Cameron Hunt. Albert Cameron Hunt (3 April 1857 – 2 October 1915) was an American electrician who invented the wigwag, a grade crossing signal used in transportation. Hunt was a mechanical engineer from Southern California. He invented the wigwag in the early 1900s out of the necessity for a safer railroad grade crossing. Hunt was associated with the Pacific Electric interurban streetcar railroad.

Hunt was born in Freeport, Illinois, the son of Alexander Cameron Hunt, governor of the Territory of Colorado from 1867–69, and Ellen Kellogg. He died of neurosyphilis in 1915.

References

1858 births
1915 deaths
20th-century American inventors
American people in rail transportation
American mechanical engineers
People from Freeport, Illinois
American electricians
Steve Russell (computer scientist). Stephen Russell (born 1937), also nicknamed "Slug", is an American computer scientist most famous for creating Spacewar!, well known for being the first widely distributed video game.

Biography
Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Russell attended Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, from 1954 to 1958.

Russell wrote the first two implementations of the programming language Lisp for the IBM 704 mainframe computer. It was Russell who realized that the concept of universal functions could be applied to the language. By implementing the Lisp universal evaluator in a lower-level language, it became possible to create the Lisp interpreter; prior development work on the language had focused on compiling the language. He invented the continuation to solve a double recursion problem for one of the users of his Lisp implementation.

In 1962, Russell created and designed Spacewar!, with the fellow members of the Tech Model Railroad Club at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), working on a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-1 minicomputer. Spacewar! is widely considered to be the first digital video game and served as a foundation for the entire video game industry.

He later served as an executive of Computer Center Corporation (nicknamed C-Cubed), a small time-sharing company in Washington (state). In 1968, he mentored Bill Gates and Paul Allen on the use of the DEC PDP-10 mainframe, while they were part of the programming group of Lakeside School (Seattle).

See also
Early history of video games

References

External links

American video game programmers
Living people
Dartmouth College alumni
1937 births
American computer scientists
Lisp (programming language) people
Scientists from Hartford, Connecticut
Game Developers Conference Pioneer Award recipients
Bill Gates
Lakeside School (Seattle) alumni
Early history of video games