omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EMX. EMX or EmX may refer to:
 emx+gcc, a DOS extender and DOS and OS/2 programming environment
 Emerald Express (EmX), a bus rapid transit system in Lane County, Oregon
 EuroManx, a defunct airline which held ICAO airline designator EMX
 El Maitén Airport, an airport in Argentina which has IATA airport code EMX
 Electribe EMX, music production station by Korg

See also 
EMX1, a human gene
EMX2, a human gene
Charles Bruce (physicist). Charles Edward Rhodes Bruce (C.E.R. Bruce)  (19 Apr 1902 in Shettleston – 30 Dec 1979) was a Scottish electrical engineer and amateur astrophysicist.

Education and career
Bruce was the son of a tailor. His family moved soon after his birth from Glasgow to Newport-on-Tay, where he went to primary school. At the age of 14, he went to Dundee to be educated at the High School of Dundee. He then matriculated at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated MA and BSc in 1924 with First Class Honours in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy.

He then started training at the Moray House Teachers Training College, and was offered teaching positions at the High School of Dundee and Daniel Stewart's College, where he had carried out his practical teacher training; instead, he joined the Electrical Research Association (now ERA Technology Ltd) in Leatherhead, England, on the recommendation of his former professor, E. T. Whittaker.

Bruce was elected as a fellow of the  Institute of Physics in 1946 and of the Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1947. In 1952, he submitted his papers on electrical discharges to Edinburgh University and was subsequently awarded a Doctorate of Science in 1953.

Bruce retired from ERA in 1967. He married in 1971, late in his life, Jenny Davidson, a childhood friend to whom he had been briefly engaged while he was a university student. He died in 1979, after a long illness.

Electrical work
Bruce's first years at ERA were spent working on the analysis of oil-based circuit breakers. He published a sequence of papers on the subject including one that won the Institute of Electrical Engineers' Kelvin Premium award, and helped keep ERA on top of the then-rapid growth in circuit breaker technology. In 1939, still at ERA, he shifted his attention to lightning. His 1941 paper "The lightning discharge" is heavily cited, and was again the winner of the Kelvin premium. His contributions included a significant strengthening of the electrical gradients known to occur in lightning strikes, and a demonstration that grounding of transmission lines may be counterproductive.

Astrophysics
Beginning in 1941, when he attended a lecture on astrophysics at Edinburgh University, Bruce's own interests headed in the same direction. He immediately developed a theory that solar prominences consisted of electrical discharges in plasma, rather than of moving solar matter, and he eventually published over 100 papers concerning the electrical basis of various cosmological phenomena. However, his work in this area has been largely ignored by mainstream science.

Notes

External links
 Bibliography
 Electrical Discharge Theory
 Papers of Dr. Charles Edward Rhodes Bruce
 SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1902 births
1979 deaths
Scientists from Glasgow
Scottish electrical engineers
Scottish astronomers
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People from Newport-on-Tay
Rebatching. Rebatching, or hand milling, is a soapmaking technique used by hobbyists and artisan soapmakers. The commercial equivalent is French milling.

In rebatching, commercially purchased or previously made soap (a soap base) is shredded or diced finely and mixed with a liquid, into which the soap shreds begin to dissolve. It is then heated at a fairly low temperature until the mass is more or less homogeneous. When it becomes translucent and reaches a thick, gel-like consistency, it is spooned or piped into molds and allowed to harden.

Soapmakers frequently use rebatching as a way of adding substances that could not withstand the high temperatures or caustic chemical environment of cold process or hot process soapmaking, such as certain essential oils (for example, those with a very low flash point). The choice of liquid affects the character of the finished soap; milk is frequently used to give the soap a smooth, creamy consistency. Rebatching can also be used as a way of salvaging soap that cracked, curdled or separated while being made.

As with the melt and pour process, rebatching does not necessarily involve saponification, and as such it is a misnomer to refer to it as soap-"making".

Soaps
Handicrafts
Özdemir Sabancı. Özdemir Sabancı (1941 – January 9, 1996) was a Turkish businessman and a second generation member of the Sabancı family.

Biography
He was born in Adana, Turkey. After finishing high school at the Tarsus American College in Tarsus, province Mersin, he received his B.A. degree in chemical engineering from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), UK. Later, he obtained a master's degree in the same discipline in Switzerland.

Returning to Turkey, he worked in the Sabancı Holding and soon founded and further developed the synthetic fibres producer Sasa, one of the biggest industrial companies of the group. Under his leadership, Sabancı Holding entered into the automotive sector. He established several joint-venture projects with major Japanese companies including production of Mitsubishi coaches and trucks, Komatsu construction equipment, loaders and forklifts. In 1990, he paved the way to produce Toyota cars in Turkey as a consequence of the largest Turkish-Japanese partnership.

In the board of directors of the holding, he was responsible for the Group of Synthetic Fibers, Automotive and Plastics.

Özdemir Sabancı was gunned down on January 9, 1996, in his office in the strongly guarded Sabancı Towers in Levent, Istanbul, along with the general manager of ToyotaSA and a secretary, by assassins hired by the leftist armed group DHKP-C. They had been given access to the building by Fehriye Erdal, a female member of DHKP-C, who was an employee at that time. Recently released information has suggested that the assassination of Özdemir Sabancı's assassin Mustafa Duyar was planned by retired general Veli Küçük, who was detained in the Ergenekon investigation.

Özdemir Sabancı was laid to rest at the Adana Asri Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Sevda, their son Demir and daughter Serra (1975).

See also
 List of assassinated people from Turkey

References

1941 births
People from Talas, Turkey
Murder in Istanbul
Tarsus American College alumni
Ozdemir Sabanci
1996 deaths
Assassinated Turkish businesspeople
20th-century Turkish businesspeople
Deaths by firearm in Turkey
People murdered in Turkey
Terrorism deaths in Turkey
Turkish terrorism victims
Burials at Adana Asri Cemetery
1996 murders in Turkey
REC. REC or Rec is a shortening of recording, the process of capturing data onto a storage medium.

REC may also refer to:

Educational institutes
 Regional Engineering College, colleges of engineering and technology education in India
 Rajalakshmi Engineering College (), Thandalam, Chennai, India

Organizations
 Railway Executive Committee, in Britain
 REC Limited, an infrastructure finance company in India
 Reformed Episcopal Church, an Anglican church in the United States and Canada
 Regional Economic Communities, in Africa
 Regional electricity companies, the fourteen companies created when the electricity market in the UK was privatised
 Renewable Energy Corporation, a solar power company with headquarters in Norway
 REC Silicon (no)
 Research Ethics Committee, a type of ethics committee
 Rock Eisteddfod Challenge, an Australian abstinence program
 Rural Electrification Corporation

Television, film, and fiction
 Rec (film series), a Spanish horror film series
 Rec (film), the first film in the series
 Rec (manga), a Japanese manga series; also refers to anime based on it

Places
 Reç, a settlement in Albania
 Reč, a town in Montenegro
 Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport, of which the IATA code is REC
 Rectory Road railway station, of which the National Rail station code is REC

Other uses
rec.*, a newsgroup hierarchy
Recitation, as abbreviated on course schedules
 Renewable Energy Certificate (United States), tradable environmental commodities
 Rec., the debut extended play by South Korean singer Yuju
Karapet Chobanyan. Karapet Chobanyan (; born 25 February 1927 in Karzakh, Akhalkalaki, Georgia and died on 15 October 1978) was an Armenian scientist and engineer who discovered the phenomenon of Low-Stress in mechanics and developed a new method of welding.

Biography
Karapet Chobanyan was born in February 1927, as the first child of Armenuhi and Sirakan Chobanyan.

Education
Karapet Chobanyan graduated from Yerevan State University in 1948 and completed his PhD in physics in 1951.

Scientific activity
In 1954 Karapet Chobanyan joined as a scientist to Armenian National Academy's Institute of Mechanics and Institute of Mathematics. He became the head of the Department of Durability of Compounds of Armenian National Academy's Institute of Mechanics in 1972.

Discovery of phenomenon of low-stress
In 1966, while studying the effect of material inhomogeneity on stress distribution, he discovered a previously unknown phenomenon in the theory of elasticity, which he later called the phenomenon of Low-Stress. This discovery became an important progress in the science which allowed to significantly increase the strength of welded structures and to change the perceptions of limited abilities of welding.

Karapet Chobanyan made the first discovery in Armenia and Transcaucasus which was registered in the Soviet Union's discovery registry under number 102 after 7 years of applying for registration in 1978.

Impact of discovery
The discovery of Chobanyan and the further studies made on its basis have opened wide prospects for the calculation of new constructive schemes for gluing, and welding of metals and plastics, for making more durable and precise devices, constructions, etc.

References

External links 
 ЭССЕ О МАТЕМАТИКЕ И НЕ ТОЛЬКО О НЕМ, Григор Апоян. Article about Sergey Mergelyan and Karapet Chobanyan in Russian
 THIS DAY IN ARMENIAN HISTORY, CHRONOLOGICAL SORT, American University of Armenia
 Напряжения в составных упругих телах, К. С. Чобанян; АН АрмССР, Ин-т механики Ереван : Изд-во АН АрмССР, 1987, K. Chobanyan's book in Russian

1927 births
1978 deaths
Soviet Armenians
Soviet engineers
Armenian engineers
Georgian people of Armenian descent
Shared graphics memory. In computer architecture, shared graphics memory refers to a design where the graphics chip does not have its own dedicated memory, and instead shares the main system RAM with the CPU and other components. 

This design is used with many integrated graphics solutions to reduce the cost and complexity of the motherboard design, as no additional memory chips are required on the board. There is usually some mechanism (via the BIOS or a jumper setting) to select the amount of system memory to use for graphics, which means that the graphics system can be tailored to only use as much RAM as is actually required, leaving the rest free for applications. A side effect of this is that when some RAM is allocated for graphics, it becomes effectively unavailable for anything else, so an example computer with 512 MiB RAM set up with 64 MiB graphics RAM will appear to the operating system and user to only have 448 MiB RAM installed.

The disadvantage of this design is lower performance because system RAM usually runs slower than dedicated graphics RAM, and there is more contention as the memory bus has to be shared with the rest of the system. It may also cause performance issues with the rest of the system if it is not designed with the fact in mind that some RAM will be 'taken away' by graphics.  

A similar approach that gave similar results is the boost up of graphics used in some SGi computers, most notably the O2/O2+. The memory in these machines is simply one fast pool (2.1 GB per second in 1996) shared between system and graphics.  Sharing is performed on demand, including pointer redirection communication between main system and graphics subsystem. This is called Unified Memory Architecture (UMA).

History 
Most early personal computers used a shared memory design with graphics hardware sharing memory with the CPU. Such designs saved money as a single bank of DRAM could be used for both display and program. Examples of this include the Apple II computer, the Commodore 64, the Radio Shack Color Computer, the Atari ST, and the Apple Macintosh.

A notable exception was the IBM PC. Graphics display was facilitated by the use of an expansion card with its own memory plugged into an ISA slot. 

The first IBM PC to use the SMA was the IBM PCjr, released in 1984. Video memory was shared with the first 128 KiB of RAM. The exact size of the video memory could be reconfigured by software to meet the needs of the current program.

An early hybrid system was the Commodore Amiga which could run as a shared memory system, but would load executable code preferentially into non-shared "fast RAM" if it was available.

See also 
 IBM PCjr
 Video memory
 Shared memory, in general, other than graphics

External links 
 PC Magazine Definition for SMA
 IBM PCjr information

Memory management

ro:Arhitectură cu memorie partajată
ru:SMA
USCGC Bertholf. USCGC Bertholf (WMSL-750) is the first  maritime security cutter of the United States Coast Guard. She is named for Commodore Ellsworth P. Bertholf, fourth commandant of both the Revenue Cutter Service and Coast Guard.

In 2005, construction began at Northrop Grumman's Ship Systems Ingalls Shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was launched on September 29, 2006, christened November 11, 2006, and commissioned on August 4, 2008. The cutter's home port is Alameda, California. Bertholf was the first to fire the Bofors 57 mm gun aboard a U.S. vessel on 11 February 2008.

Operational history
On March 3, 2016, Bertholf responded to a sighting off the Pacific Coast of Panama of a semi-submersible narco-submarine, reported by a P-3 Orion. The semi-submersible surrendered to a boarding party launched from Bertholf, and four suspects were captured along with 6 tons of cocaine.  The boarding party then sank the semi-submersible. During the 2012 RIMPAC exercises Bertholf detected and tracked missile threats and also provided naval gunfire support for troops ashore during the training exercise, demonstrating the capability of moving with other naval forces and being able to perform other defense operations.

On 25 March 2019, USS Curtis Wilbur (DDG-54), in concert with Bertholf transited the contested Taiwan Strait. On 15 April of same year, the ship visited Hong Kong, the first Coast Guard vessel to do so in seventeen years.

Legend-class cutter
Bertholf is the lead ship of the  design and the first large ship to be built under the Coast Guard's multi-year Deepwater acquisitions project. The NSCs replaced the fleet's aging 1960s-era 378-foot s.

Features
Automated weapon systems
Medium-caliber deck gun (57 mm) capable of stopping rogue merchant vessels far from shore
Helicopter launch and recovery pad with rail-based aircraft retrieval system and two aircraft hangars
Stern launching ramp for small boat launch and recovery
Bow thruster
State-of-the-art C4ISR improving interoperability between Coast Guard and Department of Defense assets
Detection and defense capabilities against chemical, biological, or radiological attack
Advanced sensors for intelligence collection and sharing
Real-time tracking and seamless common operational picture/maritime domain awareness via integration with Rescue 21
Advanced state-of-the-art Ships Integrated Control System (machinery control, steering, navigation) for reduced manpower requirements and improved automation
Cassidian (EADS) TRS-3D/16-ES air search radar for area surveillance
The cutter can have an anti-terrorism/force protection suite that will include underwater sonar that will allow the cutter to scan ports, approaches, facilities and high-value assets for underwater mines and mine-like devices and detect swimmers.

Gallery

References

External links

Bertholf home page
Deepwater Official site about USCGS Bertholf
National Security Cutter Home
Team Deepwater NSC Home
Bertholf intercepting drug boats in her first action (video)

Legend-class cutters
Ships of the United States Coast Guard
2006 ships
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
Richard Vaughan (robotics). Richard Vaughan (born 28 July 1971) is a robotics and artificial intelligence researcher at Simon Fraser University in Canada.  Since 2018, Vaughan is on leave from SFU and is working at Apple. He is the founder and director of the SFU Autonomy Laboratory. In 1998, Vaughan demonstrated the first robot to interact with animals and in 2000 co-founded the Player Project, a robot control and simulation system.

References

1971 births
Living people
Canadian roboticists
Proprietary hardware. Proprietary hardware is computer hardware whose interface is controlled by the proprietor, often under patent or trade-secret protection.

Historically, most early computer hardware was designed as proprietary until the 1980s, when IBM PC changed this paradigm. Earlier, in the 1970s, many vendors tried to challenge IBM's monopoly in the mainframe computer market by reverse engineering and producing hardware components electrically compatible with expensive equipment and (usually) able to run the same software. Those vendors were nicknamed plug compatible manufacturers (PCMs).

See also
Micro Channel architecture, a commonly cited historical example of proprietary hardware
Vendor lock-in
Proprietary device drivers
Proprietary firmware
Proprietary software

References

 
Computer peripherals
Airforce Delta Strike. Airforce Delta Strike, known as  in Japan and Deadly Skies III in Europe, is the third installment in the Konami Airforce Delta series. It was released in 2004 exclusively on the PlayStation 2. It plays very similarly to the previous Airforce Delta games.

Story

The game plot occurs in an unspecified time in the future, featuring sci-fi weapons, planes and environments. When OCC (Orbital Citizen Community), a space colony set on Earth's orbit, rebels and launches an invasion of Earth, EDAF (Earth Defense Allied Forces) launches a defensive campaign. EDAF is overwhelmed by the OCC's superior weapons and numbers early in the war, losing a majority of its conventional forces and is forced to enlist any militia forces to help, including the Delta Squadron, an ill-famed aerial strike group known as a "dumping ground" for disgraced or misfit pilots. Despite their differences, Delta Squadron's efforts allow the EDAF to turn the tide and liberate portions of Earth occupied by the OCC, earning them the attention and rivalry of the OCC's elite experimental squadron. As the tide starts to turn and as the Earth forces advance, they find out that OCC is not the major threat - an organization from Mars is planning to destroy Earth with the help of the orbital colony.

Gameplay

AFDS features a large selection of planes to choose from and a series of missions to play through. However, unlike the previous installments, AFDS features an all new cast of anime-style characters illustrated by Jun Tsukasa. Some can be played as and others are just for support. Each character has a unique selection of planes to fly and has a different branch of missions to complete. Completion of some missions unlocks secret missions and hidden planes for replays.

After the game is once completed, a secret hangar becomes available. As the game is completed and medals are earned, more secret planes become available.

Reception

The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one seven, two eights, and one six for a total of 29 out of 40. Henry Ernst from GamePro Germany criticised that the game does not make fun and that the "multi-million dollar jet handles like a wild goose that has had a load of buckshot thrown at it in the belly - extremely reluctantly."

References

External links
 

2004 video games
Airforce Delta
Combat flight simulators
Crossover video games
Konami games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Single-player video games
Space combat simulators
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in the future
Maximum term method. The maximum-term method is a consequence of the large numbers encountered in statistical mechanics. It states that under appropriate conditions the logarithm of a summation is essentially equal to the logarithm of the maximum term in the summation.

These conditions are (see also proof below) that (1) the number of terms in the sum is large and (2) the terms themselves scale exponentially with this number. A typical application is the calculation of a thermodynamic potential from a partition function. These functions often contain terms with factorials  which scale as  (Stirling's approximation).

Example

Proof
Consider the sum

where >0 for all N. Since all the terms are positive, the value of S must be greater than the value of the largest term, , and less than the product of the number of terms and the value of the largest term. So we have

Taking logarithm gives

As frequently happens in statistical mechanics, we assume that  will be : see Big O notation.

Here we have

For large M,  is negligible with respect to M itself, and so . Then, we can see that ln S is bounded from above and below by , and so

References
D.A. McQuarrie, Statistical Mechanics. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
T.L. Hill, An Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics. New York: Dover Publications, 1987

Physical chemistry
Statistical mechanics
Kadowaki–Woods ratio. The Kadowaki–Woods ratio is the ratio of A, the quadratic term of the resistivity and γ2, the square of the linear term of the specific heat. This ratio is found to be a constant for transition metals, and for heavy-fermion compounds, although at different values.

In 1968 M. J. Rice pointed out that the coefficient A should vary predominantly as the square of the linear electronic specific heat coefficient γ; in particular he showed that the ratio A/γ2  is material independent for the pure 3d, 4d and 5d transition metals. Heavy-fermion compounds are characterized by very large values of A and γ. Kadowaki and Woods showed that A/γ2 is material-independent within the heavy-fermion compounds, and that it is about 25 times larger than in aforementioned transition metals. 

It was shown by K. Miyake, T. Matsuura and C.M. Varma that local Fermi liquids, quasiparticle mass and lifetime are linked consistent with the A/γ2 ratio. This suggest that the Kadowaki-Woods ratio reflects a relation between quasiparticle mass and lifetime renormalisation as a function of electron-electron interaction strength.

According to the theory of electron-electron scattering the ratio A/γ2 contains indeed several non-universal factors, including the square of the strength of the effective electron-electron interaction. Since in general the interactions differ in nature from one group of materials to another, the same values of A/γ2 are only  expected within a particular group.  In 2005 Hussey proposed a re-scaling of A/γ2 to account for unit cell volume, dimensionality, carrier density and multi-band effects. In 2009 Jacko, Fjaerestad, and Powell demonstrated fdx(n)A/γ2 to have the same value in transition metals, heavy fermions, organics and oxides with A varying over 10 orders of magnitude, where fdx(n) may be written in terms of the dimensionality of the system, the electron density and, in layered systems, the interlayer spacing or the interlayer hopping integral.

See also

 Wilson ratio

References

Correlated electrons
Condensed matter physics
Fermions