omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Stowe Hill Tunnel. Stowe Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the West Coast Main Line just south of the village of Weedon, Northamptonshire, England.

Background
The tunnel was built as part of the London and Birmingham Railway and designed by its chief engineer, Robert Stephenson. Stephenson also surveyed the route. He took the line north-west from Roade Cutting, bypassing Northampton, partly because reaching it would require a gradient greater than the ruling 1:330 that Stephenson was determined to preserve. From Blisworth, at the north end of the cutting, the railway crosses the Blisworth Arch then follows much the same route as the Grand Union Canal, built a generation earlier. Stowe Hill is the sixth tunnel from London in the northbound direction.

Description
The tunnel runs in a straight line underneath the A5 main road between Weedon and Towcester from about northwest to southeast. The tunnel has a single bore with twin tracks and is  long. The next station southbound is Wolverton and northbound Rugby. It has red brick portals, of which that at the north end is more elaborately decorated. It has a heavy three-tiered cornice, brick parapets with stone copings, and stone voussoirs around the mouths. It has large, splayed abutments which meet brick wing walls, parallel to the tracks, and terminate in hexagonal pillars with square stone caps. The south portal has brick voussoirs, straight abutments. It has a plainer cornice and parapet and straight abutments which meet curved wing walls.

History
This section of line is largely as-built; south of Roade, the line has been heavily modified to accommodate a second pair of tracks but between there and Rugby the Northampton loop (built to serve Northampton in the 1870s) acts as a continuation of the second pair so no rebuilding was necessary on the original line. Overhead wires were added for electrification in the late 1950s. A short distance beyond the tunnel, the line crosses Weedon Viaduct.

During the 2000s, in preparation for the introduction of the British Rail Class 390 tilting trains, which would enable regular operating speeds of  along this section of the line, it was determined that the Stowe Hill tunnel would, without modification, cause such pressure changes to trains traversing it at high speed as to exceed passenger comfort levels. Accordingly, modifications to the tunnel were made in the form of four vertical pressure relief shafts being installed to provide sufficient mitigation; additional land around these new shafts was acquired, in some cases using compulsory purchase orders.

The tunnel was close to the site of the Weedon rail crashes in 1915 and 1951 in which a total of 25 people died, though was unconnected with the cause of either.

References

Bibliography

Footnotes

Rail transport in Northamptonshire
Buildings and structures in Northamptonshire
Railway tunnels in England
Tunnels in Northamptonshire
Tunnels completed in 1838
Technoflug Piccolo. The Technoflug Piccolo is a German high-wing, T-tailed, single-seat motor glider that was designed and produced by Technoflug of Schramberg. It first flew in 1980.

Design and development
The Piccolo motorglider was the company's premier product, followed up by the Technoflug Carat, a touring motorglider.

The Piccolo is built from composites. The pusher configuration engine is mounted behind the cockpit and above the tail boom. The propeller is a three-bladed design which folds by aerodynamic drag for soaring flight, extending by centrifugal effect on engine start. The landing gear is of tricycle configuration and features optional wheel pants to reduce drag. The  span wing is strut-braced and gives the aircraft a 23:1 glide ratio at . The wings fold for storage and ground transport.

When the Piccolo was available in 2003 the price was US$29,266 for a complete aircraft. The company no longer produces whole aircraft and now provides contracted parts manufacture, computer-aided design and engineering services to other companies.

Specifications (Piccolo)

See also

References

External links

Company website

1990s German sailplanes
Motor gliders
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1980
High-wing aircraft
Bottecchia. Bottecchia Cicli S.r.l. is a bicycle manufacturing company headquartered in Cavarzere, Italy. They offer about 70 models that include road, mountain, trekking, city, BMX, folding, cyclo-cross, and electric. Some high-end frames are produced in Italy, the rest in Asia, and all the bikes are assembled in Italy. They have distribution in Europe, Australia, Japan, and the United States. They are the technical sponsor of the Androni-Sidermec-Bottecchia professional Italian team,

History
Bottecchia is a historical bicycle company that started as a small cyclery of Carnielli and improved in 1924 by Ottavio Bottecchia. A new company with a new name "Bottecchia" was born after the death of Ottavio Bottecchia in 1926. In 1940 the work force of Bottecchia was 100 people and the company became an outstanding race firm with the historical name of Ottavio Bottecchia and under the management of the Carnielli family.

In 1951, Guido Carnielli, a son of the co-founder, built a wheel that could not fall over to facilitate rehabilitation for people with walking disabilities. He brought it under the name Cyclette (German: home trainer) on the market.

Over the years, the Bottecchia company has developed into one of the larger manufacturers of touring and racing bikes. In 2006, more than 50,000 Bottecchia bicycles were sold in Europe. They were the technical sponsor of the Acqua & Sapone professional Italian team, which rode the Giro d'Italia on Bottecchia SP9s in 2010 and on Bottecchia Emme 2s in 2011.

The company passed to the Carnielli family until 1999, when it was sold to some entrepreneurs who moved the headquarters to Cavarzere, in the Venetian area.

In July 2022 the company was bought by Fantic Motor.

Bicycle manufacture
Until now Bottecchia makes a lot of race frames. The company also produces bikes for daily purposes and bicycle parts named "BTC" used only internally. The race profile of the company, is recently imported in the trekking line ("tempo libero") by offering a carbon trekking bike for daily use.

Gallery

See also

 List of bicycle parts
 List of Italian companies

References

External links

 Bottecchia official website

Cycle manufacturers of Italy
Electric cycle manufacturers
Companies based in Veneto
Mountain bike manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1924
Italian companies established in 1924
Italian brands
Sporting goods manufacturers of Italy
Trenchard More. Trenchard More (1930 – 2019) was a mathematician and computer scientist who worked at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center and Cambridge Scientific Center after teaching at MIT and Yale. 

He was also a full professor for two years at the Technical University of Denmark.

He participated in the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. At the 50th year meeting of the Dartmouth Conference with Marvin Minsky, Ray Solomonoff, Geoffrey Hinton and Simon Osindero he presented  The Future of Network Models and also gave a lecture entitled Routes to the Summit.

More designed a theory for nested rectangular arrays that provided a formal structure used in the development of APL2 and the  Nested Interactive Array Language.

See also
AI@50
Automaton

References

External links 
 SCHLOSS DAGSTUHL Universität Trier  dblp publications

Applications of artificial intelligence
Luz (missile). The RAFAEL Luz (Hebrew: לוז, Hazelnut) was the first missile built in Israel. RAFAEL developed the missile using knowledge gained from the French MD-620 missile which was built for the Israel Defense Forces by Avions Marcel Dassault-Breguet Aviation. Originally intended to have three versions – surface-to-surface, air-to-ground and anti-ship, technical problems and budget cuts forced Rafael to produce the surface-to-surface and air-to-ground versions alone, although they never saw operational service.

Development 

The missile, with a length of about 3 meters, had a range of 27 km. It was launched from a ground vehicle carrying two missiles, and guided by an operator using a joystick and an electro-optical guidance system.

The anti-ship variant was dropped for budgetary and technical reasons, as the electro-optical guidance system and joystick performed poorly in poor lighting conditions. Ori Even-Tov, an engineer at Rafael, had already proposed alternative solutions, but these were rejected. The anti-ship version would later be developed by Israel Aerospace Industries into the successful IAI Gabriel. In 1962, the surface-to-surface and air-to-ground variants were dropped as well before becoming fully operational, with the IDF instead favoring the use of artillery due to cost-benefit reasons.

While the Luz did not see operational service, the Israeli armaments industry did eventually develop other guided missiles which became operational, such as the Popeye and the smaller Spike NLOS (aka "Tamuz"). These (as well as the Gabriel descendant of the Luz) were not only deployed by the IDF but were also widely exported for use by foreign militaries.

References

Guided missiles of Israel
Rafael Advanced Defense Systems
Collection Tree Protocol. The Collection Tree Protocol (CTP) is a routing protocol for wireless sensor networks.  It is used for transferring data from one or more sensors to one or more root nodes.

Algorithm 

The number of expected transmissions needed to send data between two nodes, ETX, is used as the routing metric. This assumes packets are retransmitted at the link layer. Routes with a lower metric are preferred.  In a route that includes multiple hops, the metric is the sum of the ETX of the individual hops.

Each node that wishes to collect data advertises itself as a tree root.  Each node sends its data to the tree root to which it is nearest, that is, the tree root from which it is separated by the smallest ETX.  A tree root always has an ETX of zero.

Each node only keeps the smallest ETX (to the nearest tree root). The collection of ETX values is known as a gradient, and messages are only sent down the gradient from nodes with higher ETX to nodes with smaller ETX. This kind of forwarding is common to many algorithms and protocols in wireless sensor networks.

Rapidly changing link qualities, for example in sensor networks with moving nodes, cause routing information to become outdated which can lead to routing loops. CTP attempts to address these issues through datapath validation and adaptive beaconing.

Datapath validation 

Each packet contains the ETX from the sender to the root. If a node receives a packet with ETX lower than its own this indicates an inconsistency in the tree. This triggers the transmission of a beacon frame. The goal is to have the sender of the packet receive the beacon frame and adjust its ETX accordingly.

Adaptive beaconing 

The interval with which nodes broadcast beacons presents a tradeoff. If beacons were sent more frequently the routing information would be up to date more often and the network would respond to changes in topology faster. However, sending beacons more frequently leaves less bandwidth for application level data and uses more energy. To get around this CTP uses adaptive beaconing. It sends beacons faster when it detects problems. If it doesn't detect problems it exponentially decreases the beacon sending rate.

References 
 
 

Routing protocols
Zeynep Çelik-Butler. Zeynep Çelik-Butler (also known as Zeynep  Çelik)  is a Turkish-American professor of electrical engineering at the Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility within the College of Engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington. She is an IEEE Fellow and a life member of Eta Kappa Nu.

Biography
Çelik-Butler received a BS in physics from Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 1982. Coming to the United States, she received a 1984 MS in electrical engineering from the University of Rochester in New York in 1984, and then a PhD in electrical engineering in 1987, also from Rochester.

Research
The research activities in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) started in the early 1990s with the development of new materials for microbolometers for room-temperature infrared detection. This work set the foundation for IR detectors on flexible substrates. The group demonstrated the first IR microbolometer array on a polyimide substrate with performance comparable to those on silicon substrates. Based on the success of this IR radiation detector work on flexible substrates, the group expanded to other sensing functionalities like flow, tactile, pressure, force and most recently acceleration. Integration of sensors on conformal substrates necessitated the group to initiate die-level encapsulation for flexible device packaging. Today, the group is focusing on multifunctional, conformal sensor arrays with integrated bias, read-out and power capabilities, the so-called Smart Skin, for aerospace, defense and medical applications.

The second thrust area is noise and reliability of nanoelectronic devices. In the early 1980s, as a graduate student under the supervision of Professor Thomas Hsiang, Celik-Butler developed one of the first 1/f noise theories based on the McWhorter Noise Model and applied to metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFETs). Most recently, the same model has been revised to account for low-frequency noise observed on multi-stack gate MOSFETs, specifically high-k dielectric gate oxides. The research group has also investigated and developed noise models for polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors, lateral pnp bipolar transistors and SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors. One of the   contributions of the research group is the demonstration of random telegraph signal (RTS) noise as a non-destructive characterization and reliability tool in nanoelectronics. Today, this research thrust area is investigating the effect of extended drain region on noise and reliability of LDMOS structures.

Butler is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

References

External links
 Celik-Butler's curriculum vitae

Living people
University of Texas at Arlington people
Turkish emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Remsoft. Remsoft is a Canadian provider of asset management and asset optimization solutions for forestry, natural resource, environmental, transportation, and infrastructure assets "to help them manage long-term priority and financial planning." The company was founded in 1992 by Andrea Feunekes, CEO, and Ugo Feunekes, CTO and is headquartered in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.It was named a Gartner Cool Vendor in 2011.

Technology
Remsoft’s technology uses a combination of Metamodeling, Business process modeling and Heuristic analysis to analyze variables and arrive at preferred outcomes.  The most recent updates to its technology platform were released in December 2018.

Management 
On 9 July 2020, Remsoft has confirmed Corinne Watson 's role as General Manager, Asia Pacific. In her position she will help on-the-ground consumer satisfaction and accelerate development in the Australasia region.

Customers
The company’s customers include:
 American Forest Management
 Department of Transportation (New Brunswick)
 Forestry Tasmania
 Washington Department of Natural Resources

Services 

 Road Optimizer Assessment Service - road planning.
 Model Integration Service - free up the time to work on more critical studies.
 Model Audit Service - offers professional feedback and suggestions on model development and opportunities for change.
 Enhanced Support Service - provides an expanded service standard that goes above that provided by Annual Maintenance and Support.

Source:

References

External links 
 

Companies based in Fredericton
Companies established in 1992
Software companies of Canada
Pilot direction indicator. A pilot direction indicator or pilot's directional indicator (PDI) is an aircraft instrument used by bombardiers to indicate heading changes to the pilot in order to direct them to the proper location to drop bombs. The PDI is used in aircraft where the pilot and bombardier are physically separated and cannot easily see each other.

PDI's typically consist of a dial that is installed in the pilot's instrument set on the main console, with an arrow pointer than can be moved to indicate how far and in what direction to correct the heading. The bombardier typically has a switch to move the pointer to the right or left, and a repeater dial so he can see the setting.

The Norden bombsight was originally designed with the idea of automatically directing a PDI and thereby simplifying the bombardier's task.

See also
Index of aviation articles

References

Aircraft instruments
Measuring instruments
Dibenzoylmethane. Dibenzoylmethane (DBM) is an organic compound with the formula (C6H5C(O))2CH2.  DBM is the name for a 1,3-diketone, but the compound exists primarily as one of two equivalent enol tautomers.  DBM is a white solid. Due UV-absorbing properties, derivatives of DBM such as avobenzone, have found applications as sunscreen products.

Synthesis and reactions
DBM is prepared by condensation of ethyl benzoate with acetophenone.

Like other 1,3-diketones (or their enols), DBM condenses with a variety of bifunctional reagents to give heterocycles.  Hydrazine gives diphenylpyrazole.  Urea and thiourea also condense to give six-membered rings.  With metal salts, the conjugate base of DBM forms complexes akin to the metal acetylacetonates.

Occurrence and medicinal properties

Dibenzoylmethane (DBM) is a minor constituent in the root extract of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra in the family Leguminosae). It is also found in Curcumin. These occurrences have led to investigations into the medicinal properties of this class of compounds.

DBM (and Trazodone) slow disease progression by preventing the cessation of protein synthesis in neurons.

Related compounds
 Benzoylacetone

References

Aromatic ketones
Chelating agents
Ligands
Phenyl compounds
Freshman Research Initiative. The Freshman Research Initiative (FRI), developed at the University of Texas at Austin, gives first-year students in the College of Natural Sciences the opportunity to conduct research in chemistry, biochemistry, nanotechnology, molecular biology, physics, astronomy and computer sciences. 

The pilot program started with 43 students in three Research Streams. Currently, about 1000 freshmen each year are enrolled in 35 different Research Streams within FRI. Each Research Stream (laboratory) is led by a faculty member who provides guidance to their respective Research Streams, set goals and directions, and develop and teach the Research Experience courses to the students within their stream. Each  Research Stream has its own dedicated lab, which is run by a research scientist dedicated to the stream. Major funding for this program was provided by National Science Foundation and Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Students who participate in the FRI are 30-35% more likely to graduate with a science degree and 23% more likely to go to graduate school. In addition the program is significantly boosting the number of underrepresented students majoring in science, and approximately 103 students have been included as authors of published research papers.

References

 http://digital.turn-page.com/i/95218/10#
 http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/may2012/features/research_courses.html
 http://the-scientist.com/2012/02/01/learning-by-doing/
 http://alcalde.texasexes.org/2011/09/research-program-boosts-student-retention-dramatically/
 http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/At-University-of-Texas-research-enhances-teaching-1684356.php
 http://www.hhmi.org/coolscience/resources/SPT--FullRecord.php?ResourceId=133

External links
 https://cns.utexas.edu/fri

University of Texas at Austin
2005 establishments in Texas
Brontes Technologies. Brontes Technologies, Inc. was a startup company that produced a digital dental impression system brought to market by 3M as The Lava Chairside Oral Scanner C.O.S.  The Lava C.O.S. provides a powerful connection and improved productivity for a doctor and their dental lab thereby enabling the needed input to mass customized lab production in the dental market.

History
Brontes Technologies, Inc. was born in 2003  out of the research of Massachusetts Institute of Technology lecturer Janos Rohaly (Chief Scientist), professor Douglas Hart, and two graduate students from the MIT Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federico Frigerio and Sheng Tan. After three years of research, the inventing team received a grant from Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation at MIT to shift the focus of its work toward commercial opportunities.

In Autumn 2002, the inventing team recruited co-founders Eric Paley as CEO and Micah Rosenbloom as COO, both Harvard Business School students, to evaluate the commercial potential of the technology, develop a business plan and raise capital. In May 2003, the combined team was selected as the runner-up in the MIT 50K and Harvard Business School Business Plan Competitions. Brontes Technologies was incorporated in June 2003 and identified the dental market as its business focus on the summer of 2003. The company was funded in 2004 by David Frankel, Flybridge Capital, Charles River Ventures, and Bain Capital Ventures.

Innovation
Brontes Technologies innovated 3D-In-Motion technology which allowed the dentist to scan the inside of the mouth by moving an instrument above the teeth and capturing accurate high resolution data in real-time.

In October 2006, Brontes Technologies was acquired by 3M Company for $95 million and the product was launched to the dental market in 2007.

See also
 Comfort Dental

References

Dental companies of the United States
Technology companies established in 2003
Medical technology companies of the United States
Health care companies based in Massachusetts
Distributed AOP. Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) presents the principle of the separation of concerns, allowing less interdependence, and more transparency. Thereby, an aspect is a module that encapsulates a crosscutting concern, and it is composed of pointcuts and advice bodies. The interception of an aspect is performed in a join point (a point in the execution flow), and defined inside a pointcut (a set of join points). Whenever the application execution reaches one pointcut, an advice (namely a callback) associated with it is executed. However, this implementation does not take into account separation of concerns in distributed settings.

In contrast, distributed AOP is a paradigm that allows distributed interception. It defines many new concepts like remote pointcuts, which are similar to traditional remote method calls, since execution is performed on a remote host. Thus, distributed AOP establishes a context where aspects can be deployed in a set of hosts. In this sense, the remote pointcut abstraction  is considered the starting point for distributed AOP. After that, some works 

 have extended this idea in some way, but all of them share the concept of remote pointcut.

A distributed aspect is defined  as a crosscutting software module that may operate in multiple remote hosts to intercept and alter the whole behaviour of a distributed application. This distributed entity is able to modify or adapt the distributed system by applying additional functionalities (remote advice) at various hooks located in different hosts (join points) and triggered via distributed connections (remote pointcuts).

References

Aspect-oriented programming