omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Forney algorithm. In coding theory, the Forney algorithm (or Forney's algorithm) calculates the error values at known error locations.  It is used as one of the steps in decoding BCH codes and Reed–Solomon codes (a subclass of BCH codes).  George David Forney Jr. developed the algorithm.

Procedure
Need to introduce terminology and the setup...

Code words look like polynomials. By design, the generator polynomial has consecutive roots αc, αc+1, ..., αc+d−2.

Syndromes

Error location polynomial

The zeros of Λ(x) are X1−1, ..., Xν−1. The zeros are the reciprocals of the error locations .

Once the error locations are known, the next step is to determine the error values at those locations. The error values are then used to correct the received values at those locations to recover the original codeword.

In the more general case, the error weights  can be determined by solving the linear system

However, there is a more efficient method known as the Forney algorithm, which is based on Lagrange interpolation. First calculate the error evaluator polynomial

Where  is the partial syndrome polynomial:

Then evaluate the error values:

The value  is often called the "first consecutive root" or "fcr". Some codes select , so the expression simplifies to:

Formal derivative

Λ'(x) is the formal derivative of the error locator polynomial Λ(x):

In the above expression, note that i is an integer, and λi would be an element of the finite field. The operator ⋅ represents ordinary multiplication (repeated addition in the finite field) which is the same as the finite field's multiplication operator, i.e.

For instance, in characteristic 2,  according as i is even or odd.

Derivation
Lagrange interpolation

 gives a derivation of the Forney algorithm.

Erasures
Define the erasure locator polynomial

Where the erasure locations are given by ji. Apply the procedure described above, substituting Γ for Λ.

If both errors and erasures are present, use the error-and-erasure locator polynomial

See also
BCH code
Reed–Solomon error correction

References

 W. Wesley Peterson's book

Error detection and correction
Coding theory
Whitcraft Model 165. 

The Whitcraft Model 165 was an American single-seat homebuilt sporting aircraft designed by Mickey Whittenburg and built by him over a ten-year period, first flying in 1965.

Design
The Model 165 is a strut-braced, low-wing monoplane made with welded steel-tube fuselage along with a fabric covering. The wing is a conventional light alloy structure with a fabric covering with vee-bracing strut on each side, ailerons but no flaps. The aircraft is powered by a  Continental A-65 air-cooled engine driving a two-bladed fixed-pitch tractor propeller. The pilot has an enclosed cockpit with a rearward-sliding transparent canopy, the landing gear is a fixed tailwheel type.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1960s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Wendt WH-1 Traveler. 

The Wendt WH-1 Traveler is an American two-seat homebuilt sporting aircraft designed by Harold Wendt and built by his company Wendt Aircraft Engineering. Plans for the Traveler were available for amateur construction.

Design
The WH-1 Traveler is a cantilever low-wing monoplane with a conventional wooden fuselage, the wing is a constant-cord two-spar structure with ailerons but no flaps. The prototype aircraft is powered by a  Continental A-75 air-cooled engine driving a metal two-bladed fixed pitch tractor propeller. The Traveler has a fixed tricycle landing gear with a steerable nose-wheel and glassfibre wheel fairings. The pilot and passenger sit in tandem in an enclosed cockpit with a port-hinged canopy with transparent panels at each side, it also had stowage behind the rear-seat for 50 lb (23 kg) of baggage.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Traveler
Aircraft first flown in 1972
CSIR Sara II. 

The CSIR SARA II (SARA - South African Research Autogyro) is a South African two-seat experimental autogyro designed and built by the Aeronautics Research Unit of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.

Development
As part of the support to South African aircraft manufacturing industry the ARU developed a single-seat autogyro as a research vehicle. Design of the autogyro was started in 1965 and construction followed in April 1967, by 1972 the autogyro, registered ZS-UGL, was ready for tethered tests mounted on a lorry-platform, it made its first free flight on 30 November 1972 at Swartkop Air Force Base. Following the test flights the autogyro was modified.

Design
The autogyro had a box-like fuselage structure made from light-alloy and was fitted with twin fins and rudders with a fixed incidence tail-plane mounted between them. It was fitted with a two-bladed teetering rotor, the rotor could be spun up using a shaft drive through a clutch from the engine. The engine located at the rear was a  Continental O-360-A air-cooled engine driving a two-bladed constant-speed pusher propeller. The crew sat side by side in the enclosed fuselage with dual controls, entrance is through a forward-opening glazed door on each side. The landing gear was a fixed tricycle type with a self-centering and steerable nosewheel.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1970s South African experimental aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros
Aircraft first flown in 1972
S2TC. S2TC (short for Super Simple Texture Compression) is a texture compression algorithm based on Color Cell Compression. It is designed to be compatible with existing patented S3TC decompressors while avoiding any need for patent licensing fees.

According to the authors, compressed textures produced by a good S2TC implementation are similar in quality to compressed textures produced by a bad S3TC implementation. The S2TC reference implementation is also capable of decompressing S3TC compressed textures, but instead of implementing the patented aspects of the algorithm, the S2TC decompressor picks colors at random. S2TC was created to provide an alternative to S3TC for open source OpenGL implementations which were legally constrained from implementing patented algorithms.

Note, the patent expired on October 2, 2017. S3TC support has landed in Mesa since then.

References

External links 
 The S2TC wiki

Lossy compression algorithms
Texture compression
Engineering brick. Engineering bricks are a type of brick used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed. Engineering bricks can be used for damp-proof courses.

Clay engineering bricks are defined in § 6.4.51 of British Standard BS ISO 6707-1;2014 (buildings & civil engineering works - vocabulary - general terms) as "fire-clay brick that has a dense and strong semi-vitreous body and which conforms to defined limits for water absorption and compressive strength".

Stronger and less porous engineering bricks (UK Class A) are usually blue due to the higher firing temperature whilst class B bricks are usually red. Class A bricks have a strength of  and water absorption of less than 4.5%; Class B bricks have a strength greater than  and water absorption of less than 7%.

Accrington brick is a type of engineering brick that was used in the construction of the foundations in the Empire State Building in New York City.

See also
Staffordshire blue brick

References

Bricks
Oil Spill Eater II. Oil Spill Eater II is a biocatalytic system of multi-enzyme liquid concentrate used to treat oil spills.  When combined with fresh or salt water and oxygen, it will cause crude oil and other organic substances to rapidly decompose, eventually biodegrading them to carbon dioxide and water. As the biosurfactants do their job, the enzymes attach themselves to broken-down hydrocarbon structures, forming digestive binding sites.

References

External links 
 Company website
 OSE II listed on the United States Environmental Protection Agency NCP List

Oil spill remediation technologies
Minaudière. A minaudière is a women's fashion accessory, generally considered a jewellery piece, intended to substitute for an evening bag. A case with compartments, it allows storage for several items in a small space, such as a makeup compact, lipstick, watch, reading glasses, or keys.

The minaudière appeared during the 1930s. Its invention is attributed to Charles Arpels, of Van Cleef & Arpels, but many jewellers and haute couture designers have created their own models.

Description 
Generally metal plated and oblong, sized small enough to be held within the hand, a minaudière is a dainty accessory. The materials used to make it are most frequently rigid, with a metallic finish such as gold or silver. The exterior may be detailed with precious or semi-precious stones, or decorated with lacquer or mother of pearl. However, textile designs also exist, with cloth overlaying a frame or flexible and supple, using velour, silk or brocade fabric, embroidered or not.

Some minaudières include a lanyard or chain to place over the wrist. Other designs have a satin or velour pouch to hold the minaudière.

The interior can reveal the ingenuity of the designer. A minaudière may contain several small compartments, carefully designed to organize the owner's personal items for maximum utility.

According to fashion journalist Lloyd Boston, a minaudière constitutes an "essential" part of an evening wardrobe, a small object with no limit to its usefulness, and a "fabulous character".

Invention 
According to press articles of the time the minaudière was invented by Van Cleef & Arpels in 1934. Charles Arpels was inspired by watching Florence Gould, third wife of philanthropist Frank Jay Gould, toss several small, loose makeup items into a tin box.

The word "minaudière" was a French term for a coquettish woman, from the word "minauder" (to flirt or simper).

See also 

 Étui
 Compact

References

Bags
Jewellery
1930s introductions
Steel Express. The 12813 / 12814 Steel Express  is a Superfast class train operated by Indian Railways connecting Kolkata with the steel-producing city Jamshedpur in Jharkhand state.

It has a Single Dedicated Rake whose Primary Maintenance is done at Tatanagar coaching depot.

Rake Composition 

It is running with LHB coach from 11 June 2018. Advance Reservation Period is of 30 days. Coach composition (22 coaches) is as follows-
 1 Seating cum Luggage coach
 1 Power Generator Car (EOG)
 3 Unreserved accommodation
 12 Second Sitting Coaches
 4 AC Chair Car
 1 Executive Chair Car

Route & halts

Traction

It is hauled by a Tatanagar based WAP-7 locomotive from end to end.

Time Table
From Tatanagar to Howrah- 12814. The train starts from Tatanagar every day

From Howrah to Tatanagar – 12813. The train starts from Howrah every day.

External links
 Indian Rail information site
https://indiarailinfo.com/train/steel-express-12813/1588
https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1589

References

Named passenger trains of India
Rail transport in Howrah
Transport in Jamshedpur
Rail transport in Jharkhand
Express trains in India
Fowkes hypothesis. The Fowkes hypothesis (after F. M. Fowkes) is a first order approximation for surface energy. It states the surface energy is the sum of each component's forces:
 
γ=γd+γp+γi+...
where γd is the dispersion component, γp is the polar, γi is the dipole and so on.

The Fowkes hypothesis goes further making the approximation that the interface between an apolar liquid and apolar solid where there are only dispersive interactions acting across the interface can be estimated using the geometric mean of the contributions from each surface i.e.

γSL=γS+γL-2(γSp x γLp)1/2

References 
 
 A. V. Pocius, Adhesion and adhesives: an introduction, 2002 ()

Related articles 
 Sessile drop technique: The Fowkes Theory

Surface science
Freiberger Ron's 1. 

The Freiberger Ron's 1 is an American two-seat homebuilt aerobatic monoplane designed and built by Ronald D. Freiberger, it was highly modified aerobatic variant of the Spezio Tuholer.

Design and development
Freiberger, a design engineer at General Motors and Rose-Hulman graduate flew Ron's 1 in November 1971, it was a braced low-wing monoplane with a welded steel-tube fuselage covered with Ceconite. The two-spar wing had vee-bracing struts and was made of wood with a Ceconite covering. Ron's 1 had a fixed tailwheel type landing gear with fairings over the main wheels, the pilot and passenger sat in tandem open cockpits. Powered by a  Lycoming O-320-B1B flat-four air-cooled engine driving a two-bladed metal fixed pitch propeller, Freiberger enclosed the engine in a radial-style cowling to give the aircraft a look of the early 1930s racing aircraft.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Ron's 1
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1971
ProFe D-8 Moby Dick. The ProFe D-8 Moby Dick is a family of Czech pusher configuration, parasol wing, strut-braced, V-tailed, motor gliders that was designed by Oldřich Olšanský, M.Sc, and produced by ProFe as well by several amateur builders according to available plans. The aircraft is named for the great white whale of Herman Melville's novel of the same name and was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The first glider in the series was the single seat Mini Straton D-7, which was designed in 1988 and first shown in the United States at AirVenture in 1992. This was followed by the improved single seat Straton D-8 and the D-8 Moby Dick two seater. All aircraft in the series share the same unusual configuration.

The aircraft are built around a predominantly aluminium frame, with use of fibreglass and aircraft fabric covering. The Moby Dick model also incorporates wood in the structure. The fuselage is of conventional sailplane type in appearance, but the semi-tapered wing is suspended above the fuselage on cabane struts, supported by lift struts, with the pusher engine mounted at the rear of the wing. The Straton D-8 has a monowheel landing gear, while the Moby Dick has two closely spaced, fuselage-mounted wheels. All models have optional outrigger wing tip wheels.

Variants
Mini Straton D-7
Single seat original model
Straton D-8
Improved single seat model with a  wingspan. developed for the American market. It incorporates many improvements in both construction and performance and can be powered with Trabant or Rotax engines. There were 118 reported flying in 1998.
D-8 Moby Dick
Two seat development of the Straton D-8, with a  wingspan,  wing area, empty weight , gross weight , stressed to +4/-2 g. Standard engine is the  Rotax 447 two stroke aircraft engine. It was reported that 37 were flying in 1998.

Specifications (Straton D-8)

See also

References

External links

Photo of a D-8 Moby Dick
Photo of Straton D-8

1980s Czechoslovak sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Motor gliders
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Moby Dick
Supply chain engineering. Supply chain engineering is the engineering discipline that concerns the planning, design, and operation of supply chains. Some of its main areas include logistics, production, and pricing. It involves various areas in mathematical modelling such as operations research, machine learning, and optimization, which are usually implemented using software.

Comparison with other disciplines
Supply chain engineering draws heavily from, and overlaps with other engineering disciplines such as industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, systems engineering, information engineering, and software engineering. Although supply chain engineering and supply chain management have the same goals, the former is focused on a mathematical model-based approach, whereas the latter is focused on a more traditional management and business-based one. Supply chain engineering can be seen as including supply chain optimization, although this can also be undertaken using more qualitative management-based approaches which are less of a focus in supply chain engineering.

Applications 
Supply chain engineering is applied to all parts of supply chains, including:
 Authentication and tracking, such as via RFID technology
 Financing
 Demand forecasting
 Facility location
 Logistics for both goods and people
 Transportation
 Warehousing and inventory management
 Pricing
 Production and manufacturing

Techniques 
Supply chain engineering uses a wide variety of mathematical techniques such as:
 Control theory, and particularly optimal control
 Optimization
 Forecasting
 Time series analysis
 Machine learning and artificial intelligence
 Operations research
 Flow network analysis
 Inventory management
 Routing

See also 
 Supply chain finance

References 

Supply chains
Engineering disciplines
Transport operations
Kaman KSA-100 SAVER. 

The Kaman KSA-100 SAVER (Stowable Aircrew Vehicle Escape Rotorseat) is an American aircraft-stowable gyroplane escape device designed and built by the Kaman Aerospace Corporation for the United States Navy. Designed to be used in naval combat aircraft to deploy as part of the ejection sequence, only one was built and it did not enter service. It was the first jet-powered gyroplane.

Design and development
The United States Navy Air Development Center awarded a number of contracts to aerospace companies to find a method for ejected aircrew to escape from the scene of the crash. Kaman proposed a turbofan powered gyroplane it called the Stowable Aircrew Vehicle Escape Rotorseat or SAVER. The SAVER was an aircraft ejection seat with a Williams WRC-19 turbofan engine and a two-bladed non-powered rotor attached to the seat structure, the blades being telescopic and folded into the seat during normal use. When the pilot ejected, the seat would leave the aircraft and a drogue parachute would slow the seat and deploy the blades within four seconds. After an additional two seconds, the turbofan would run up to full power and the seat would fly as a gyroplane. Kaman made over 1500 air drops to test the self-deploying rotor system and a full-scale un-powered SAVER was tested by NASA in the Ames Research Laboratory wind tunnel in 1970. For flight testing, the SAVER was equipped with a ground handling frame which was a tricycle landing gear and support frame as well as basic flight instrumentation. The SAVER first flew in a towed flight on 28 December 1971 and the following day made a free flight, although it was fitted with a 16 ft non-telescoping rotor. Fitted with the 14 ft telescopic rotor, it first flew 10 January 1972. The SAVER used a Williams WRC-19 turbofan which was too powerful for the seat but was available "off the shelf." The program was to test the seat unmanned in an air launch but the program was cancelled as the military did not think the idea was a viable proposition.

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Popular Science, July 1972

1970s United States experimental aircraft
KSA-100
Autogyros
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft emergency systems
Ejection seats
Single-rotor helicopters
Pioneer Aerospace Corporation. Pioneer Aerospace Corporation is one of the largest aerodynamic deceleration manufacturers in the world. Since 1938, the company has designed and manufactured parachutes and parafoils for use by the military, leisure use and numerous NASA missions.  Pioneer's main factory and distribution centers are located in Columbia, Mississippi and Bloomfield, Connecticut.

History
The Pioneer Parachute Company was formed in 1938, by Connecticut silk manufacturers Cheney Mills. 
James Floyd Smith, inventor of the modern parachute, was one of the founders of the new company.

Pioneer partnered with DuPont to use the recently developed Nylon as an alternative to silk, and experimented with chute properties and optimised packing over the next 4 years.  In June 1942, Adeline Grey was the first person to successfully test the human-rated parachute. This led to Pioneer becoming the world's leading manufacturer of parachutes, producing 300 per day at the height of WWII.

A Canadian subsidiary The Pioneer Parachute Company of Canada Ltd operated in Smiths Falls, Ontario. Canada from 1954 until 1962.

Aerospace
After the war, the company started to develop applications for the growing aerospace sector.  In 1962, Pioneer bought the rights to the newly invented "Parasail", and tested this as a landing method for the Gemini spacecraft.  

Pioneer subsequently produced chutes for many NASA spaceflight programmes, including Mercury, Gemini, the Galileo probe, the Space Shuttle, the  Mars Pathfinder missions, the Genesis solar-sample mission, the Stardust Comet Intercept Probe, and the Mars Exploration Rovers.

In 1999, Pioneer manufactured, at the time, the world's largest parafoil (7,500 square ft.) for the X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, an emergency return capsule for the crew of the International Space Station.

In 2020, it was revealed that Pioneer manufactured the drogue parachutes for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft.

Company transfers

The company was subsequently renamed Pioneer Aerodynamic Systems and Pioneer Systems, and by 1988 was known as Pioneer Aerospace 

In 1988, Pioneer become a part of Zodiac's Aerosafety Systems Group. On December 1, 2018 Safran acquired Zodiac Aerospace as Safran Aerosystems.

In June 2022, Aviation Safety Resource acquired Pioneer from Safran.

On November 1, 2023, Pioneer Aerospace Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. A week later, the company filed a purchase agreement for SpaceX to buy all assets of Pioneer, including intellectual property relating to drogue chutes, and specifically those produced for SpaceX under contract.

On November 22, 2023, the $2.2 million acquisition by SpaceX was approved by the bankruptcy court.

References

Aerospace companies of the United States
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2023
2023 mergers and acquisitions
SpaceX
Holmes KH-1. 

The Holmes KH-1  is a British single-seat high-performance homebuilt sailplane designed and built by Kenneth Holmes and first flown on 27 November 1971.

Design
The KH-1 is a shoulder-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional all-wood semi-monocoque fuselage and tail unit with an all-moving tailplane, the wings have small-span flaps for control during approach but no airbrakes or spoilers. The pilot has a semi-reclined seat in an enclosed cockpit under a two-piece transparent canopy. The KH-1 landing gear is a retractable monowheel gear and a tailskid, it is also fitted with a tail drag chute to control speed during approach.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Image of Holmes KH-1 in 1971

1970s British sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Glider aircraft
Computer-based interlocking. Computer-based interlocking is railway signal interlocking implemented with computers, rather than using older technologies such as relays or mechanics.

General 

CBIs are mostly implemented in two parts; a section that implements the safety and failsafe requirements, and a second section that implements "non-vital" controls and indications.
The European Union is working towards an EU standard within this area, called ERTMS.

Brands 

Different manufacturers have their own brands of CBI such as

 SSI (Solid State Interlocking) - BR, Invensys, GEC-General Signal
 Microlok II
 Smartlock
 Westlock
 Germany - Alister CBI from Funkwerk IT

Interface between different brands 

When interfacing different brands of CBI equipment, it may be necessary to use relays of each regime, which are then hardwired from one to the other.  This happens in the middle of the Channel Tunnel where French and British signalling equipment meet.

Competition Rules 

Since only some of the major signalling organisations make CBI equipment, it was agreed that to prevent other players being left out in the cold, CBI equipment would be made available to those players at cost.

References 

Interlocking systems
Rail infrastructure