omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Louis Curchod. Louis Curchod (7 October 1826 – 18 October 1889) Swiss engineer, telegraph specialist, Director of the Swiss Telegraph Service, and first head of the International Telegraph Bureau (today known as the ITU).

Early life

Curchod was born in 1826, to a pastor in Crissier, in the Vaud canton of Switzerland. He studied engineering at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in Paris, from which he graduated in 1849. For a short period he worked in railway construction; then, in 1852, he became the service inspector of Lausanne’s telegraphic system. In 1857 the Swiss government (Federal Council) elevated him to become Director of Switzerland’s Federal Administration of Telegraphs.

International Telegraph Union

Curchod represented Switzerland at the first International Telegraph Conference, held in Paris in 1865, which saw the birth of ITU. The second International Telegraph Conference in 1868 created a permanent central secretariat for the Union in Bern. Originally called the Bureau international des Administrations télégraphiques, the secretariat was supervised by the Swiss government and which also appointed its director. Louis Curchod was the first person in that post, which he held for some twenty years until his death in 1889 with a brief interruption of 1870-1873 during the tenure of Charles Lendi, while Curchod served as director of French transatlantic cable project. 

The ITU secretariat in Bern started with just three members of staff, who had to turn their hands to every task. For instance, the precursor of today’s ITU News (the Journal Télégraphique) was initially produced in Curchod’s own home with the help of his household. He oversaw the International Telegraph Conferences of 1871 in Rome, 1875 in St Petersburg, 1879 in London and 1885 in Berlin. 

Curchod received many honours from member governments of ITU, including admittance to the French Légion d'honneur.

References

 Obituary - The Electrician November 1, 1889

Swiss engineers
École Centrale Paris alumni
1826 births
1889 deaths
International Telecommunication Union people
CP Class 1900. The Série 1900 locomotives of Portuguese Railways are 13 diesel-electric locomotives built in 1981 for freight duties. Prior to electrification, coal trains were hauled by triple-headed Série 1900 locomotives inland from the Port of Sines. The locomotives were built by Sorefame under licence from the French company Alsthom and are visually similar to SNCF Class CC 72000. They have a top speed of .

References 

Railway locomotives introduced in 1981
Alstom locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of Portugal
Freight locomotives
Open-Sankoré. Open-Sankoré is a free and open-source interactive whiteboard software compatible with any projector and pointing device.

Open-Sankoré development stopped but the fork OpenBoard remains active.

History
Open-Sankoré is based on the Uniboard software originally developed at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland. The software started to be developed in 2003 and was first used by the teachers of the University in October 2003. The project was later spun off to a local startup company, Mnemis SA. It was subsequently sold to the French Public Interest Grouping for Digital Education in Africa (GIP ENA) which bought the intellectual property of the software in order to make it an open source project under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL-2.0-only). The DIENA was founded to share the software in African countries and develop free educational material

Since November 2015 neither DIENA nor Open-Sankoré respond to emails. The source of Open-Sankoré was last changed in January 2015. A new version should be developed for 2017.

It should be an Open-Sankoré 2.5.2 in 2017 (current version 2.5.1). The French education administration is building a new concept until June 2016 with the Direction du numérique pour l'éducation (DNE).

Fork 
In 2013 The GIP ENA would be dissolved.
Since 2013 the Open-Sankoré support, contact, bug report don't answer. The DIENA responsible for the project don't answer.

In September 2014 a fork, OpenBoard, was started by the education administration of Geneva, écoles-médias (SEM). It is based on Open-Sankoré 2.0 version 2.0 and the license was upgraded to GPL-3.0-only.

Innovations
Open-Sankoré is the first feature-complete open-source interactive whiteboard. In contrast to other similar software, its file format is text-based and uses a W3C web standard, allowing to be displayed in a modern web browser and enabling lessons to be distributed online without additional software. Second, the software can be extended using W3C-compliant widgets, allowing user flexibility.

Impact
The French government has set up an Interministerial Delegation for Digital Education in Africa (DIENA) and a Public Interest Grouping for Digital Education in Africa (GIP ENA) in order to implement a multi-year program for developing digital education in many African partner countries. Open-Sankoré is one of the strategies of this group to try to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for education in Africa, an initiative of the United Nations.

See also
 Educational software
 Educational technology
 Smart Board
OpenBoard

Notes

References

External links
 Official website of the Open-Sankoré software
 Official website of the Sankoré program
 Open Sankoré github repositories

Educational software
Free educational software
Software for teachers
Educational software for macOS
Educational software for Windows
Educational software for Linux
Educational software that uses Qt
Formerly proprietary software
Kriéger Company of Electric Vehicles. Kriéger Company of Electric Vehicles (Société des Voitures Électriques Système Kriéger) manufactured electric vehicles in Paris, France from 1898 to 1909.

History 

In 1894  (1868–1951) of Paris, France began designing and building electric automobiles. By 1898, when electric powered vehicle interest increased in France, Kriéger organized the Kriéger Company of Electric Vehicles.

Brougham, Landaulette and Electrolette were three of the models produced. In 1901 43 electric vehicles were produced. In 1902 at least 65 were produced. Kriéger produced or assisted in several racing vehicles including one called 'Powerful' in 1900.

The Electrolette was a two-person vehicle. Next to each front wheel was an electric motor of  each. The pinion comes out at the side next the wheel and engages with a large gear wheel which is fixed against it. The gear and pinion are enclosed in a tight case, thus each wheel is turned independently by its own motor.  The  of Fulmen batteries are contained in a box which is fixed in the vehicle below the carriage body and is arranged so that it may be easily slid out from the rear. Kriéger claimed at least  on a single charge.  The   Electrolette on a level grade could do , or  over an average road.

Kriéger automobiles were pioneers of regenerative electric brakes.  In 1903 Kriéger produced an early hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with front wheel drive,  power steering and a petrol engine that supplemented the battery pack.

The Kriéger Company manufactured electric vehicles until 1909. Louis Antoine Kriéger continued design work for some time, including the use of the Electrolette name.

Gallery

See also

 List of French cars
 Timeline of motor vehicle brands

References

External links

Electric vehicles introduced in the 19th century
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
1900s cars
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1898
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1909
1898 establishments in France
1909 disestablishments in France
Veteran vehicles
1890s cars
Electric vehicles in France
Electric vehicle industry
List of bridges in South Korea. This is a list of bridges and viaducts in South Korea, including those for pedestrians and vehicular traffic.

Historical and architectural interest bridges

Major road and railway bridges 
This table presents the structures with spans greater than 200 meters (non-exhaustive list).

Han River bridges in Seoul 
This list present all bridges from the mouth of the Han River to the end of Seoul Special City.

Notes and references 
 Notes

 "National Treasure of South Korea". heritage.go.kr (in Korean).

 

 

 Others references

See also 

 Transport in South Korea
 Rail transport in South Korea
 Highway system in South Korea
 Geography of South Korea
 Korean architecture

External links 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

South Korea
 
Bridges
Bridges
HMS Cordella. HMS Cordella was a Royal Navy auxiliary mine countermeasures vessel that served during the Falklands War as part of 11th MCM Squadron.

Service history
F/V Cordella was a 1,238 ton fishing trawler built in 1973 by Clelands Shipbuilding Company at Wallsend, England.

Cordella was one of five Hull-based trawlers that were taken up from trade by the Royal Navy in 1982 for service as naval trawlers (auxiliary MCM vessels) during the Falklands War. The trawlers were fitted with Oropesa towed minesweeping equipment and Extra Deep Armed Team Sweep (EDATS) equipment at HMNB Rosyth and crewed by Royal Navy personnel prior to operational deployment.

During night of 10 June 1982, Cordella supported her sister ship HMS Pict while the latter influence swept Berkeley Sound. No mines were found thus reducing the risk to ships engaging in naval bombardment of Argentine positions.

During nights of 12, 13, and 14 June, she conducted covert operations resupplying SAS and SBS patrols deployed variously along the coast. Following the Argentine surrender Cordella and the other four ships of the 11 MCM cleared the minefields off Port Stanley.

Post-war
After the war she returned to the United Kingdom and returned to her peacetime role as a fishing vessel.

She returned to the Falkland Islands in the early 1990s and was used as a Fishery Protection vessel under charter to the Falkland Islands Government,  occasionally making trips to patrol South Georgia waters too.

In 2000 Cordella was sold to a Latvian owner as F/V Olga. Renamed as F/V Gideon, she was lost off Newfoundland in 2005.

See also
 11th MCM Squadron
 British naval forces in the Falklands War

References

External links
 Merchant Navy Ships serving in the Falklands War

Cold War minesweepers of the United Kingdom
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
Ships built on the River Tyne
1967 ships
Sabre 340. The Sabre 340 is an American ultralight trike that was designed and produced by Sabre Aircraft of Buckeye, Arizona. The aircraft was supplied fully assembled.

The 340 was introduced in 1991. Sabre Aircraft ceased operations in 2008.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed with a focus on low cost, to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of  with the Sabre 14 wing. It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from tubing, with its single-surface Sabre 14 wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame control bar. As a budget design the basic aircraft has no cockpit fairing or windshield, but does feature nosewheel suspension and heavy-duty main landing gear struts as standard equipment. The standard engine supplied was the twin cylinder, two-stroke, air-cooled Kawasaki 340 snowmobile engine, which produces . Available factory options included a fiberglass cockpit fairing, nosewheel brakes, wheel pants, ballistic parachute and an aero-tow kit. Optional engines included the  Rotax 447 and the  Rotax 503. The standard wing supplied was Sabre Aircraft's own Sabre 14 single-surface wing, with the double-surface Ukrainian-built Aeros Stranger 15 wing optional.

The design achieved a very low price point and in its basic configuration sold for US$6,000, complete and ready to fly, in the late 1990s. It was the least expensive complete aircraft available at that time.

Specifications (340)

References

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Vehicles introduced in 1991
Sabre Wildcat. The Sabre Wildcat is one of a series of American two-seat ultralight trikes that was designed by Richard Helm and produced by Sabre Aircraft. The aircraft were all supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Sabre Aircraft ceased operations in 2008.

Design and development
The aircraft features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration. The aircraft is made from tubing, with its double-surface Stream 16 wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame control bar.

Like the single-seat Sabre 340 the basic models of the two-seater were intended to be economical to purchase. The Elite model cost US$10,800 in 2000, making it the least expensive complete two-seat aircraft available at the time.

Variants
Trike
Initial version, named just the Sabre Trike. Standard engine was the  Kawasaki 340, with the  Rotax 447 and  Rotax 503 optional. Price US$6,995 in 1998.
Aeros 503
Model offered in 2000, with the Aeros Stranger wing and  Rotax 503 engine. Price US$9,190 in 2000.
Elite
Base model offered circa 2000 with standard  Rotax 447 two-stroke powerplant or optional  Kawasaki 340. Optional cockpit fairing, tundra tires and wheel pants.
Venture
Fully equipped model introduced in 2000 with standard  Rotax 503 two-stroke powerplant and a redesigned titanium carriage frame made in Ukraine. Optional engines include the  Rotax 582 and the  Kawasaki 340.
Wildcat
Redesigned two-seat model with standard Zanzottera MZ 202  engine, Ivoprop propeller, electric starter and saddle bags. Optional engines include the  Rotax 447,  Rotax 503 and the  Kawasaki 340. The wings available included the Sabre single-surface and Puma double-surface wings. Price US$14,995 in 2005.

Specifications (Wildcat)

References

External links

Archive of Sabre Wildcat official website from March 2008 on Archive.org

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Sabre Aircraft. Sabre Aircraft was an American aircraft manufacturer, specializing in ultralight trikes and their hang glider-style wings. It was located in Buckeye, Arizona.

In circa 2000 the company was noted for producing the least expensive single and two-seat completed, ready-to-fly aircraft available. By 2000 they had sold more than 200 aircraft. The company claimed that it was the "largest and oldest Trike manufacturer in the United States".

The company wound up operations in 2008, stating on their website "Sabre is no longer in the business of building ultralight trikes. We felt that it was time to move on."

Aircraft

Gallery

References

External links

 Sabre Aircraft website archives on Archive.org

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Ultralight trikes
CT Value. CT Values are an important part of calculating disinfectant dosage for the chlorination of drinking water. A CT value is the product of the concentration of a disinfectant (e.g. free chlorine) and the contact time with the water being disinfected. It is typically expressed in units of mg-min/L.

The goal of disinfection is the inactivation of microorganisms. This depends on: the microorganism, the disinfectant being used, the concentration of the disinfectant, the contact time, and the temperature and pH of the water.

Kinetics
The disinfection kinetics are conventionally calculated via the Chick-Watson model, named for the work of Harriette Chick and H. E. Watson. This model is expressed by the following equation:

 

Where:
   is the survival ratio for the microorganisms being killed
   is the Chick-Watson coefficient of specific lethality
  is the concentration of the disinfectant (typically in mg/L)
  is the coefficient of dilution, frequently assumed to be 1
  is the contact time (typically in minutes or seconds)

The survival ratio is commonly expressed as an inactivation ratio (in %) or as the number of reductions in the order of magnitude of the microorganism concentration. For example, a situation where N0=107 CFU/L and N=104 CFU/L would be reported as a 99.9% inactivation or "3-log10" removal.

In water treatment practice, tables of the product C×t are used to calculate disinfection dosages. The calculated CT value is the product of the disinfectant residual (in mg/L) and the detention time (in minutes), through the section at peak hourly flow. These tables express the required CT values to achieve a desired removal of microorganisms of interest in drinking water (e.g. Giardia lamblia cysts) for a given disinfectant under constant temperature and pH conditions. A portion of such a table is reproduced below.

Example CT Table
CT Values for the Inactivation of Giardia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 5 °C and pH ≈ 7.0:

Full tables are much larger than this example and should be obtained from the regulatory agency for a particular jurisdiction.

See also
 Chlorination
 Disinfectant

References

External links
 

Water treatment
Chlorine
Rickey B. Cotton. Rickey Bryan Cotton (July 1, 1957 - November 29, 2007) was a researcher in electromagnetism and radar-related fields at the Georgia Tech Research Institute's Sensors and Electromagnetic Applications Laboratory from 1980 until 2007.

Education
Cotton received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering at Auburn University in 1980 and also received a Master of Science in electrical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1983.

Career
Cotton joined the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) as a research engineer in 1980 and quickly became instrumental in the expansion of the Sensors and Electromagnetic Applications Laboratory (SEAL) by forging a strong relationship with the Office of Naval Intelligence. A protégé of Richard C. Johnson, Cotton helped oversee GTRI's installation of the compact radar range at Fort Huachuca in 1989. He was named a division chief at SEAL in 2000.

Legacy
GTRI named the Rickey B. Cotton Electromagnetic Phenomenology Laboratory at the Cobb County Research Facility in his honor in 2011.

References

2007 deaths
Georgia Tech Research Institute people
Georgia Tech alumni
Auburn University alumni
1957 births
Donald L. Katz. Donald Laverne Katz (August 1, 1907 – May 29, 1989) was an American chemist and chemical engineer.

Education 

He received his B.S.E in 1931, his M.S. in 1932 and his Ph.D. in 1933; all in Chemical Engineering from University of Michigan.

Life

Katz was born near Jackson, Michigan in 1907.

The 1983 National Medal of Science was presented to Katz by President Ronald Reagan "for solving many practical engineering problems by delving into a wide group of sciences and making their synergistic effects evident."

 Katz was also noted for developing a hazard rating system for dangerous bulk cargoes. The New York Times  called Katz an "oil expert". The National Academy of Engineering called him a "world leader" in reservoir engineering.

Katz was chairman of the Chemical Engineering Department and A. H. White University Professor at the University of Michigan. He was also a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Katz died in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1989. He was a father to Marvin L. Katz and Linda Katz.

Notable awards and honors 
Katz received the following distinctions and honors:
 1950 	Hanlon Award, Gas Processors Association
 1959 	President, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
 1959 	Michigan Engineer of the Year, Society of Petroleum Engineers
 1962 	Distinguished Lecturer, Society of Petroleum Engineers
 1963 	Visiting Professor, National School of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro
 1964 	John Franklin Carll Award, Society of Petroleum Engineers
 1964 	Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award, University of Michigan
 1964 	Founders Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
 1967 	Warren K. Lewis Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
 1968 	Member, National Academy of Engineering
 1968 	William H. Walker Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
 1969 	Honorary Member, Phi Lambda Upsilon
 1970 	Mineral Industries Award, American Institute of Mining Engineers
 1972 	Distinguished Public Service Award, U.S. Coast Guard
 1975 	E. V. Murphree Award, American Chemical Society
 1977 	Gas Industry Research Award, American Gas Association
 1978 	Lucas Gold Medal, American Institute of Mining Engineers
 1979 	Award of Merit, Michigan Historical Society
 1983 	Selected as an Eminent Chemical Engineer, 75th Anniversary of American Institute of Chemical Engineers
 1983 	National Medal of Science
 1984 	Designated Distinguished Member, Society of Petroleum Engineers
 1986 	Honorary Member, American Institute of Mining Engineers

References 

1907 births
1989 deaths
20th-century American chemists
20th-century American engineers
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
People from Jackson County, Michigan
University of Michigan faculty
Scientists from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Application-release automation. Application-release automation (ARA) refers to the process of packaging and deploying an application or update of an application from development, across various environments, and ultimately to production. ARA solutions must combine the capabilities of deployment automation, environment management and modeling, and release coordination.

Relationship with DevOps 

ARA tools help cultivate DevOps best practices by providing a combination of automation, environment modeling and workflow-management capabilities. These practices help teams deliver software rapidly, reliably and responsibly. ARA tools achieve a key DevOps goal of implementing continuous delivery with a large quantity of releases quickly.

Relationship with deployment 
ARA is more than just software-deployment automation – it deploys applications using structured release-automation techniques that allow for an increase in visibility for the whole team. It combines workload automation and release-management tools as they relate to release packages, as well as movement through different environments within the DevOps pipeline. ARA tools help regulate deployments, how environments are created and deployed, and how and when releases are deployed.

ARA Solutions 
All ARA solutions must include capabilities in automation, environment modeling, and release coordination. Additionally, the solution must provide this functionality without reliance on other tools.

References

Application software
Software release
Well engineering. Well engineering consists of engineering facilitating the design and construction of a well. It is based on pore pressure, kick tolerance, casing functions, casing design and cementing. It is sometimes related to drilling and petroleum engineering.

Overview
Study of formation pressures is important for the safe planning of a well. Values of formation pressures are used to design safe mud weights to overcome fracturing the formation and prevent well kicks.

See also
 Petroleum engineering
 Drilling
 Oil well
 Well logging

References

Drilling technology