omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Peter Garrison. Peter Garrison is an American journalist and amateur aircraft designer/builder. He was born in Los Angeles, California, in 1943, and received a BA in English from Harvard College in 1965.

In 1968–1973, while living in Tarzana, California, he designed and built an all-metal, two-seat, single-engine low-wing monoplane. The design was influenced by the T-18 of John Thorp and the PL-2 of Ladislao Pazmany, both California airplane designer/builders. Garrison called the plane Melmoth after an 1820 Gothic novel, Melmoth the Wanderer. It was notable for unusually long range and for Mr. Garrison's lack of academic qualifications for designing it.  With his companion, television documentary producer Nancy Salter, Mr. Garrison used the aircraft to fly to Europe, Japan and South America.  The 1976 Pacific crossing was the first nonstop flight from the United States to Japan by a homebuilt aircraft.

In 1981 he began design work on an enlarged fuselage for Melmoth. In 1982, however, the original airplane was destroyed at Orange County (California) Airport (now John Wayne) when a landing Cessna collided with it.  The completely redesigned Melmoth 2 first flew in 2002. It is constructed of glass- and carbon-fiber-reinforced composites and has four seats; the rear seats face aft, an arrangement that reduces the required cabin size and center-of-gravity range. The airplane, which has retractable landing gear, large hydraulically operated Fowler flaps and a 200 hp turbocharged Continental engine salvaged from the first Melmoth, is based at Whiteman Airport in Los Angeles. Like its predecessor, it has a cruising range of more than 3,000 miles.

Peter Garrison is a free-lance writer. He contributes two monthly columns, Aftermath and Technicalities, to Flying magazine, for which he has written since 1968. With David Pinella, he co-founded AeroLogic, a company that creates and sells computer software programs to analyze fluid dynamics.

, Mr. Garrison had 4,000 hours of flight time. He holds a single-/multi-engine commercial pilot license with instrument, Learjet, helicopter, seaplane, glider, gyroplane and hot-air balloon ratings.

He is the great-grandson of the Armenian author Muratsan. He and Ms. Salter have a son, Nicholas, born in 1981, and a daughter, Lily, born in 1988.

Mr. Garrison has no connection to Craig Shaw Gardner, a prolific science-fiction writer, born in 1949, who writes under the pseudonym "Peter Garrison."

Bibliography

References

External links
Aerologic software
Melmoth airplane page

1943 births
Living people
People from Tarzana, Los Angeles
American male journalists
Journalists from California
American aviation writers
Harvard College alumni
American commercial aviators
Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology. The Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology is an award given by the Foresight Institute for significant advances in nanotechnology.  Two prizes are awarded annually, in the categories of experimental and theoretical work. There is also a separate challenge award for making a nanoscale robotic arm and 8-bit adder.

Overview 
The Feynman Prize consists of annual prizes in experimental and theory categories, as well as a one-time challenge award.  They are awarded by the Foresight Institute, a nanotechnology advocacy organization.  The prizes are named in honor of physicist Richard Feynman, whose 1959 talk There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom is considered by nanotechnology advocates to have inspired and informed the start of the field of nanotechnology.

The annual Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology is awarded for pioneering work in nanotechnology, towards the goal of constructing atomically precise products through molecular machine systems.  Input on prize candidates comes from both Foresight Institute personnel and outside academic and commercial organizations.  The awardees are selected mainly by an annually changing body of former winners and other academics.  The prize is considered prestigious, and authors of one study considered it to be reasonably representative of notable research in the parts of nanotechnology under its scope.

The separate Feynman Grand Prize is a $250,000 challenge award to the first persons to create both a nanoscale robotic arm capable of precise positional control, and a nanoscale 8-bit adder, conforming to given specifications. It is intended to stimulate the field of molecular nanotechnology.

History 
The Feynman Prize was instituted in the context of Foresight Institute co-founder K. Eric Drexler's advocacy of funding for molecular manufacturing. The prize was first given in 1993.  Before 1997, one prize was given biennially.  From 1997 on, two prizes were given each year in theory and experimental categories.  By awarding these prizes early in the history of the field, the prize increased awareness of nanotechnology and influenced its direction.

The Grand Prize was announced in 1995 at the Fourth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology and was sponsored by James Von Ehr and Marc Arnold.   In 2004, X-Prize Foundation founder Peter Diamandis was selected to chair the Feynman Grand Prize committee.

Recipients

Single prize

Experimental category

Theory category

See also 

 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience
 IEEE Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology
 ISNSCE Nanoscience Award
 UPenn NBIC Award for Research Excellence in Nanotechnology
 List of physics awards

References

External links
 

Nanotechnology
Awards established in 1993
Academic awards
Challenge awards
Science and technology awards
American science and technology awards
Moseley Wrought Iron Arch Bridge. The Moseley Wrought Iron Arch Bridge, also known as the Upper Pacific Mills Bridge, is a historic, riveted, wrought iron bowstring arch bridge now located on the campus of Merrimack College in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was added to the National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark list in 1998 and was originally part of the North Canal Historic District on the National Register of Historic Place. It is the oldest iron bridge in Massachusetts, and one of the oldest iron bridges in the United States. It was the first bridge in the United States to use riveted wrought iron plates for the triangular-shaped top chord.

The bridge was completed in 1864 as Moseley Truss Bridge built by the Moseley Iron Building Works of Boston, to connect the Pacific Mills with Canal Street in Lawrence, Massachusetts, by spanning the North Canal. It partially collapsed in the late 1980s, but in 1989 it was removed to the Merrimack College campus in North Andover and was rehabilitated under the direction of Francis E. Griggs, Jr., Professor of Civil Engineering. It was placed over a campus pond as a footbridge, and was rededicated in this new location on October 23, 1995.

See also
Hares Hill Road Bridge
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Massachusetts
Zenas King

References

Sources

External links

 

Wrought iron bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 1864
Former road bridges in the United States
Pedestrian bridges in Massachusetts
Relocated buildings and structures in Massachusetts
Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United States
Tied arch bridges in the United States
Historic American Engineering Record in Massachusetts
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Buildings and structures in North Andover, Massachusetts
Bridges in Essex County, Massachusetts
Road bridges in Massachusetts
Merrimack College
Periphere Computer Systeme. Periphere Computer Systeme (PCS) was founded in Munich by the brothers Georg and Eberhard Färber in 1969. In the 1980s and 1990s it was a manufacturer of a line of UNIX-based workstations called "". Their flavor of System V was called ; it was the first port of System V performed in Germany. They also developed a networking protocol that was based on the Newcastle Connection ("UNIXes of the World Unite!") and dubbed MUNIX/net, at the time competing with Sun Microsystems' NFS.

In addition to UNIX computers, PCS also manufactured industrial terminals.

In 1985, PCS founded a US daughter company named Cadmus Computer Systems to distribute the workstations in the US.

Eventually, PCS was bought out by Mannesmann-Kienzle, which in turn was bought out by Ken Olsen to become part of DEC, Digital Equipment Corporation. The main driver for the buyouts was a client/server ERP product developed by a dynamic young team at Mannesmann Kienzle Software, competing with SAP R/3. Ken Olson had planned to diversify the corporation, but was ousted by shareholders who did not share his vision of no longer relying on the more and more commoditized computer systems sale and rather jump on the ERP bandwagon early on. One of the reasons for naming DECs last line of CPUs (AlphaAXP) was that they were intended to be sold as the Alpha and the Omega (codename for the ERP system).

As a result, Digital-Kienzle, including its PCS subsidiary, entered into a staff buy-out of the company, in part sponsored by some of the German states. The timing of this decision pulled the financial bottom out of the whole setup in terms of the ERP system that was just getting a decent foothold in the market. As a result, there is not much left to be said or heard about said ERP system. In the late 1980s, whenever Mannesmann-Kienzle's representatives were speaking at conferences prior to SAP's presenters, SAP during Q&A usually had to state that they were planning to be in their development of R/3 where the "Omega"-team already had arrived at.

One of the more prominent figures of the former PCS might be Jürgen Gulbins, who authored several books on Unix and related tools, as well as Jordan Hubbard, who spent several years at PCS (in the X11 group) before departing for Ireland, where he co-founded the FreeBSD project.

See also
 Super-root (a feature of MUNIX)
 Karlsruhe Accurate Arithmetic (for Cadmus computer)
 Pascal-SC (for Cadmus computer)

References

Defunct computer companies of Germany
Securities Industry Automation Corporation. The Securities Industry Automation Corporation (SIAC) is a subsidiary of the NYSE Euronext.  Its purpose is to provide technical services for the exchanges themselves, members and other financial institutions.  In this role, SIAC provides the computers and other systems required to run the exchanges. It also owns communication lines and hardware to provide real-time quotes and transaction information to all market participants from the Consolidated Tape/Ticker System (CTS), Consolidated Quotation System (CQS), and Options Price Reporting Authority (OPRA).

History 

SIAC was created on July 17, 1972, as a wholly owned subsidiary of the NYSE and American Stock Exchange. The NYSE owned two thirds of SIAC, while the AMEX owned one third.  SIAC initially provided processing services for both NYSE and AMEX's clearing corporations, and continued to do so when these merged into the National Securities Clearing Corporation.  As of 2002, the three remained SIAC's main sources of revenue.

On November 1, 2006, NYSE Euronext purchased AMEX's stake for $40 million.

See also
 Options Price Reporting Authority
 Consolidated Tape Association
 Consolidated Quotation System
 Consolidated Tape System
 Securities information processor
 National market system plan

References

Companies based in New York City
Intercontinental Exchange
Soft energy technology. Soft energy technologies may be seen as appropriate renewable technologies. Soft energy technologies are not simply renewable energy technologies, as there are many renewable energy technologies which are not regarded as "soft".
The character string including "Soft Energy" is a registered trademark of Soft Energy Controls Inc. in Japan (JP (Japan), 28.12.2018, 6110341.).

Definition 
More specifically, soft energy technologies have five defining characteristics.  They rely on renewable energy resources, are diverse and designed for maximum effectiveness in particular circumstances, are flexible and relatively simple to understand, are matched to end-use needs in terms of scale, and are matched to end-use needs in terms of quality. An energy technology must satisfy all five of these criteria to be soft.

Residential solar energy technologies are prime examples of soft energy technologies and rapid deployment of simple, energy conserving, residential solar energy technologies is fundamental to a soft energy strategy.  Active residential solar technologies use special devices to collect and convert the sun's rays to useful energy and are located near the users they supply.  Passive residential solar technologies involve the natural transfer (by radiation, convection and conduction) of solar energy without the use of mechanical (active) devices.

Sociological definition 
The term soft is not meant to be vague, speculative, or ephemeral, but rather sustainable, flexible, resilient, and benign.  Soft technology impacts are generally seen to be more "gentle, pleasant and manageable" than high technology impacts. These impacts range from the individual and household level to those affecting the very fabric of society at the national and international level.  More specifically, favourable socio-political impacts include:
 reduction in social conflicts and inequalities;
 reduction in population concentration;
 increase in employment, especially for the lower social classes;
 increase in the satisfaction of basic human needs;
 increase in consumer self-sufficiency; and
 increase in social participation and democratic processes.

The use of soft energy technologies, in conjunction with energy efficiency, and the transitional use of fossil fuel technology, comprise the soft energy path.

Traditional technologies 
 Badgirs or Windcatcher
 Ksars
 Jaali
 Patio
 Riad

See also

 Community wind energy
 Energy conservation
 Renewable energy
 Renewable energy commercialization
 Efficient energy use

References

Bibliography

Lovins, Amory B., (1977). Soft Energy Paths: Toward a Durable Peace, Penguin Books.
Morrison, D.E., and Lodwick D.G. (1981). "The social impacts of soft and hard energy systems", Annual Review of Energy, 6, 357–378.

External links
Amory Lovins on the Soft Energy Path
American energy: The renewable path to energy security
Distributed Energy -- The Journal for Onsite Power Solutions
Renewable Energy Courses

Appropriate technology
Renewable energy technology
Sustainable technologies
Technology in society
Active Setup. Active Setup is a mechanism for executing commands once per user early during login. Active Setup is used by some Microsoft Windows operating system components like Internet Explorer to set up an initial configuration for new users logging on for the first time. Active Setup is also used in some corporations’ software distribution systems to create an initial customized user environment.

Active Setup uses both machine-specific data and user-specific data. The machine part consists of a list of components identified by a GUID each. The user part is basically a mirror of the machine data, but it does not initially exist in new user profiles. Whenever a user logs on, Active Setup checks if each machine part component GUID is present in the user part. If not, the component’s command is executed and the component's GUID is added in the user part. If it is already present, the current user profile has already been modified and no further action is taken.

Active Setup is executed by explorer.exe. For that reason it does not run in Citrix XenApp / Microsoft RDS published applications.

References

External links

AppDeploy: Articles: ActiveSetup

Windows components
Economy of Luton. Over the centuries, due to technological and economic change, Luton's economy has changed and developed to keep pace with the rest of the UK. Major industries that are related to Luton include Brickmaking, Millinery or Hat making, Automobile production and its airport, London Luton Airport.

Automotive
Luton has a long history of automotive manufacturing. Many firms have used Luton as a base for production including Commer, Marcos Engineering and General Motors.

Vauxhall came to Luton in 1905, just two years after the company had started to make cars. The company was taken over by GM in 1925 but continued to develop and build its own vehicles in Luton. In 1931 the truck and bus arm Bedford was created, the first Bedford vehicles were reworked Chevrolet vehicles but Bedford soon became a unique marque in its own right. During the Second World War, Vauxhall became a major supplier of lorries and also produced the Churchill Tank which were tested in the grounds of nearby Luton Hoo. The lake at Wardown Park was even used for testing vehicles to be used on D-Day. 

During the 1960s the factory in Luton employed 37,000 people but from the end of the 1960s production and employment in the town was reduced, due to advances in production methods, as well as the opening of a second Vauxhall factory at Ellesmere Port in Cheshire, and the fact that General Motors was importing Vauxhall-badged cars from its West German Opel factories from them in the 1970s, as well as a new factory in Spain from 1982, as part of the integration of its Vauxhall and Opel ranges.

In 2000 the company announced that car production would end and the factory finally closed in March 2002, leaving the Ellesmere Port plant in Cheshire as the company's only remaining car plant in Britain; the remaining Vauxhall-badged models are imported from Opel factories in the rest of Europe. IBC Vehicles still has a factory in the town, producing the Vauxhall Vivaro, Peugeot Expert and Citroen Jumpy vans.

Principal employers
According to the Luton Borough Council, the principal employers in the town are:

Trends
This table shows regional gross value added of Luton at current basic prices published with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Notes

References

Luton
Luton
Hyperpolarizability. The hyperpolarizability, a nonlinear-optical property of a molecule, is the second order electric susceptibility per unit volume.  The hyperpolarizability can be calculated using quantum chemical calculations developed in several software packages. See nonlinear optics.

Definition and higher orders
The linear electric polarizability  in isotropic media is defined as the ratio of the induced dipole moment  of an atom to the electric field  that produces this dipole moment.

Therefore, the dipole moment is:

In an isotropic medium  is in the same direction as , i.e.   is a scalar. In an anisotropic medium  and  can be in different directions and the polarisability is now a tensor. 

The total density of induced polarization is the product of the number density of molecules multiplied by the dipole moment of each molecule, i.e.:

where  is the concentration,  is the vacuum permittivity, and  is the electric susceptibility. 
 
In a nonlinear optical medium, the polarization density is written as a series expansion in powers of the applied electric field, and the coefficients are termed the non-linear susceptibility:

where the coefficients χ(n) are the n-th-order susceptibilities of the medium, and the presence of such a term is generally referred to as an n-th-order nonlinearity. In isotropic media  is zero for even n, and is a scalar for odd n. In general, χ(n) is an (n + 1)-th-rank tensor. It is natural to perform the same expansion for the non-linear molecular dipole moment:

i.e. the n-th-order susceptibility for an ensemble of molecules is simply related to the n-th-order hyperpolarizability for a single molecule by:

With this definition  is equal to  defined above for the linear polarizability. Often  is given the symbol  and  is given the symbol .  However, care is needed because some authors take out the factor  from , so that  and hence , which is convenient because then the (hyper-)polarizability may be accurately called the (nonlinear-)susceptibility per molecule, but at the same time inconvenient because of the inconsistency with the usual linear polarisability definition above.

See also
 Intrinsic hyperpolarizability

References

External links
 The Nonlinear Optics Web Site

Nonlinear optics
Dichlorosilane. Dichlorosilane, or DCS as it is commonly known, is a chemical compound with the formula H2SiCl2.  In its major use, it is mixed with ammonia (NH3) in LPCVD chambers to grow silicon nitride in semiconductor processing.  A higher concentration of DCS·NH3 (i.e. 16:1), usually results in lower stress nitride films.

History
Dichlorosilane was originally prepared by Stock and Somieski by the reaction of SiH4 with hydrogen chloride. Dichlorosilane reacts with water vapor to initially give monomeric prosiloxane: 
Monomeric polymerizes rapidly upon condensation or in solution.

Reactions and formation
Most dichlorosilane results as a byproduct of the reaction of HCl with silicon, a reaction intended to give trichlorosilane.

Disproportionation of trichlorosilane is the preferred route.
2 SiHCl3  SiCl4 + SiH2Cl2

Hydrolysis
Stock and Somieski completed the hydrolysis of dichlorosilane by putting the solution of H2SiCl2 in benzene in brief contact with a large excess of water. A large-scale hydrolysis was done in a mixed ether/alkane solvent system at 0 °C, which gave a mixture of volatile and nonvolatile [H2SiO]n. Fischer and Kiegsmann attempted the hydrolysis of dichlorosilane in hexane, using NiCl2⋅6H2O as the water source, but the system failed. They did, however, complete the hydrolysis using dilute Et2O/CCl4 at -10 °C. The purpose of completing the hydrolysis of dichlorosilane is to collect the concentrated hydrolysis products, distill the solution, and retrieve a solution of [H2SiO]n oligomers in dichloromethane. These methods were used to obtain cyclic polysiloxanes.

Another purpose for hydrolyzing dichlorosilane is to obtain linear polysiloxanes, and can be done by many different complex methods. The hydrolysis of dichlorosilane in diethyl ether, dichloromethane, or pentane gives cyclic and linear polysiloxanes.

Decomposition 
Su and Schlegal studied the decomposition of dichlorosilane using transition state theory (TST) using calculations at the G2 level. Wittbrodt and Schlegel worked with these calculations and improved them using the QCISD(T) method. The primary decomposition products were determined by this method to be SiCl2 and SiClH.

Ultrapurification 
Dichlorosilane must be ultrapurified and concentrated in order to be used for the manufacturing of semiconducting epitaxial silicon layers, which are used for microelectronics. The buildup of the silicon layers produces thick epitaxial layers, which creates a strong structure.

Advantage of use
Dichlorosilane is used as a starting material for semiconducting silicon layers found in microelectronics. It is used because it decomposes at a lower temperature and has a higher growth rate of silicon crystals.

Safety hazards
It is a chemically active gas, which will readily hydrolyze and self ignite in air. Dichlorosilane is also very toxic, and preventative measures must be used for any experiment involving the use of the chemical. Safety hazards also includes skin and eye irritation and inhalation.

References

External links
 Safety data sheet for dichlorosilane from Praxair®

Chlorosilanes
Inorganic silicon compounds
Toroflux. The Toroflux or Torofluxus is a toy that was invented in the mid-1990s by Jochen Valett. It is a  ribbon of steel which is woven into a torus spring. It is often sold pre-attached to a larger plastic ring. The spring flows downwards along the plastic ring, creating a shimmering effect like a silver bubble. The spring tension in the steel tightens the inner spiral core, causing it to cling to the plastic ring — just like a silver bubble.

In 2010, California-based company "Flowtoys" purchased the rights to the Toroflux and began manufacturing it as a consumer item. There are different brands who manufacture the Toroflux under a different name. It is now purchasable on multiple websites.

References

External links
 Description of the mechanical properties of the Toroflux
 A "Mathologer" video, featuring the mathematical properties of the Toroflux
 YouTube video of the Toroflux with plastic ring
 YouTube video of the Toroflux used as a toy
 Product website

Educational toys
Springs (mechanical)