omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aenigmatite. Aenigmatite, also known as cossyrite after Cossyra, the ancient name of Pantelleria, is a sodium, iron, titanium inosilicate mineral. The chemical formula is Na2Fe2+5TiSi6O20 and its structure consists of single tetrahedral chains with a repeat unit of four and complex side branches. It forms brown to black triclinic lamellar crystals. It has Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6 and specific gravity of 3.74 to 3.85. Aenigmatite forms a solid-solution series with wilkinsonite, Na2Fe2+4Fe3+2Si6O20.

Aenigmatite is primarily found in peralkaline volcanic rocks, pegmatites, and granites as well as silica-poor intrusive rocks. It was first described by August Breithaupt in 1865 for an occurrence in the Ilimaussaq intrusive complex of southwest Greenland. Its name comes from αίνιγμα, the Greek word for "riddle".

It was also reported from the Kaidun meteorite, possibly a Mars meteorite, which landed in March 1980 in South Yemen. Other notable studied occurrences include: 
 Narsaarsuk and elsewhere in Greenland. 
 The Khibiny and Lovozero alkaline massifs on Kola Peninsula, Russia.
 The Yenisei Range, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia.  
 The volcanic island of Pantelleria, Italy. 
 In the United States, from Granite Mountain, near Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas, and Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, California.
 In Australia, from Warrumbungle volcano, Nandewar volcano, and the Mount Warning complex, New South Wales; and the Peak Range Province, Queensland. 
 In Canada, from Mount Edziza, the Ilgachuz and Rainbow Range shield complexes.
 From Logan Point quarry, Dunedin Volcano, New Zealand.

See also
 List of minerals

References

Sodium minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Titanium minerals
Inosilicates
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
Aerinite. Aerinite () is a bluish-purple inosilicate mineral. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system and occurs as fibrous or compact masses and coatings. It has a dark, vitreous luster, a specific gravity of 2.48 and a Mohs hardness of 3.

It is a low-temperature hydrothermal phase occurring in zeolite facies alteration of  dolerites. Associated minerals include prehnite, scolecite and mesolite.

Its name comes from a Greek root "aerinos," meaning "atmosphere" or "sky blue". It was first described by Lasaulx (1876) from a specimen in the Wrocław museum that was obtained in Aragon, Spain. In 1882, the geologist Luis Mariano Vidal found the mineral in situ in Caserras del Castillo, a locality that currently belongs to the municipality of Estopiñán del Castillo, in Huesca (Spain).

Deposits and uses 

Aerinite is a rare mineral. It has been found in several deposits in the Spanish Pyrenees of Huesca and Lleida, as in Estopiñán del Castillo, Camporrélls, Juseu and Tartareu. In France, the site is important from St. Pendelon, in the Landes. Aerinite was used as a blue pigment in Romanesque paintings in many churches in the Spain, and also in some French, including the most famous of them, the Pantocrator in the church of San Clemente de Tahull.

See also
 List of minerals

References

Calcium minerals
Iron minerals
Magnesium minerals
Inosilicates
Carbonate minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 158
John Cunningham McLennan. Sir John Cunningham McLennan,  (October 14, 1867 – October 9, 1935) was a Canadian physicist.

Born in Ingersoll, Ontario, the son of David McLennan and Barbara Cunningham, he was the director of the physics laboratory at the University of Toronto from 1906 until 1932.

McLennan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1915. McLennan delivered the Guthrie lecture to the Physical Society in 1918. With his graduate student, Gordon Merritt Shrum, he built a helium liquefier at the University of Toronto.  In 1923, they became the second group of physicists in the world to successfully produce liquid helium, 15 years after Heike Kammerlingh Onnes. In 1926, McLennan was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Flavelle Medal and in 1927 a Royal Medal.

He died in 1935 near Abbeville in France on a train from Paris to London of a heart attack. He is buried beside his wife in Stow of Wedale, Scotland.

References

Further reading
 University of Toronto biography
 John Cunningham McLennan at The Canadian Encyclopedia
John Cunningham McLennan archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

1867 births
1935 deaths
Canadian physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Royal Medal winners
People from Ingersoll, Ontario
Aerugite. Aerugite is a rare complex nickel arsenate mineral with a variably reported formula: Ni9(AsO4)2AsO6. It forms green to deep blue-green trigonal crystals. It has a Mohs hardness of 4 and a specific gravity of 5.85 to 5.95. 

It was first described in 1858 in either the South Terres mine of Cornwall, England or in the Ore Mountains, Saxony, Germany. The origin is disputed. The most common occurrence is as an incrustation on furnace walls in which ores are roasted. Its name comes from the Latin word aerugo for copper rust.

See also
 List of minerals

References

Nickel minerals
Arsenate minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166
Aeschynite-(Ce). Aeschynite-(Ce) (or Aschynite, Eschinite, Eschynite) is a rare earth mineral of cerium, calcium, iron, thorium, titanium, niobium, oxygen, and hydrogen with chemical formula .  Its name comes from the Greek word αισχύνη ("aeschyne") for "shame" because early chemists had difficulty with separations of titanium from zirconium.

The "-(Ce)" means it has more cerium than the yttrium variety aeschynite-(Y). Its Mohs scale rating is 5–6.

See also
 List of minerals

References

Lanthanide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Aeschynite-(Nd). Aeschynite-(Nd) is a rare earth mineral of neodymium, cerium, calcium, thorium, titanium, niobium, oxygen, and hydrogen with the chemical formula .  Its name comes from the Greek word for "shame".  Its Mohs scale rating is 5 to 6. It is a member of the hydroxide minerals.

It was first reported for an occurrence in Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia in 1982. In that rare earth mining deposit it occurs in veins within metamorphosed dolomite and slate. It occurs associated with aegirine, riebeckite, barite, fluorite, albite, phlogopite and magnetite. The IMA symbol is Aes-Nd.

See also
 List of minerals

References

Mindat.org
Webmineral.org

Neodymium minerals
Calcium minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Minerals described in 1982
Aeschynite-(Y). Aeschynite-(Y) (or Aeschinite-(Y), Aeschynite-(Yt), Blomstrandine, Priorite) is a rare earth mineral of yttrium, calcium, iron, thorium, titanium, niobium, oxygen, and hydrogen with the chemical formula .  Its name comes from the Greek word for "shame".  Its Mohs scale rating is 5 to 6.

See also
 List of minerals

References

Mindat.org
Webmineral.org

Lanthanide minerals
Yttrium minerals
Calcium minerals
Iron minerals
Thorium minerals
Titanium minerals
Niobium minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Afghanite. Afghanite, (Na,K)22Ca10[Si24Al24O96](SO4)6Cl6, is a hydrous sodium, calcium, potassium, sulfate, chloride, carbonate alumino-silicate mineral. Afghanite is a feldspathoid of the cancrinite group and typically occurs with sodalite group minerals. It forms blue to colorless, typically massive crystals in the trigonal crystal system. The lowering of the symmetry from typical (for cancrinite group) hexagonal one is due to ordering of Si and Al.  It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6 and a specific gravity of 2.55 to 2.65. It has refractive index values of nω = 1.523 and nε = 1.529. It has one direction of perfect cleavage and exhibits conchoidal fracture. It fluoresces a bright orange.

It was discovered in 1968 in the Lapis-lazuli Mine, Sar-i Sang, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan and takes its name from that country. It has also been described from localities in Germany, Italy, the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan, near Lake Baikal in Siberia, New York and Newfoundland. It occurs as veinlets in lazurite crystals in the Afghan location and in altered limestone xenoliths within pumice in Pitigliano, Tuscany, Italy.

It is used as a gemstone.

See also
 List of gemstones
 List of minerals

References

Sodium minerals
Potassium minerals
Calcium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Feldspathoid
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 159
Gemstones
Minerals described in 1968
Flaperon. A flaperon (a portmanteau of flap and aileron) on an aircraft's wing is a type of control surface that combines the functions of both flaps and ailerons.  Some smaller kitplanes have flaperons for reasons of simplicity of manufacture, while some large commercial aircraft such as the Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787 may have a flaperon between the flaps and aileron. The 787 has a configuration known as a SpoileFlaperon that combines the action of spoilers, flaps and ailerons into one control surface.

Operation
In addition to controlling the roll or bank of an aircraft, as do conventional ailerons, both flaperons can be lowered together to reduce stall speed, similarly to a set of flaps.

On a plane with flaperons, the pilot still has the standard separate controls for ailerons and flaps, but the flap control also varies the flaperon's range of movement. A mechanical device called a "mixer" is used to combine the pilot's input into the flaperons. While the use of flaperons rather than ailerons and flaps might seem to be a simplification, some complexity remains through the intricacies of the mixer.

Some aircraft, such as the Denney Kitfox, suspend the flaperons below the wing (rather in the manner of slotted flaps) to provide undisturbed airflow at high angles of attack or low airspeeds.  When the flaperon surface is hinged below the trailing edge of a wing, they are sometimes named "Junkers flaperons", from the doppelflügel (lit., "double wing") type of trailing edge surfaces used on a number of Junkers aircraft of the 1930s, such as the Junkers Ju 52 airliner, and the iconic Junkers Ju 87 Stuka  World War II dive bomber.

Research 
Research seeks to coordinate the functions of aircraft flight control surfaces (ailerons, elevators, elevons, flaps, and flaperons) so as to reduce weight, cost, drag, and inertia, and thereby achieve improved control response, reduced complexity, and reduced radar visibility for stealth purposes. Beneficiaries of such research might include drones (UAVs) and the latest fighter aircraft. 

These research approaches include flexible wings and fluidics:

Flexible wings
In flexible wings, much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow. The X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing is a NASA effort. The Adaptive Compliant Wing is a military and commercial effort.  This may be seen as a return to the wing warping used and patented by the Wright brothers.

Fluidics
In fluidics, forces in vehicles occur via circulation control, in which larger, more complex mechanical parts are replaced by smaller simpler fluidic systems (slots which emit air flows), where larger forces in fluids are diverted by smaller jets or flows of fluid intermittently, to change the direction of vehicles. In this use, fluidics promises lower mass and costs (as little as half), and very low inertia and response times, as well as simplicity.

See also 

 Aileron
 Spoileron

References 

Aircraft controls
Aircraft wing design
The Tin Man (novel). The Tin Man is a 1998 novel by American writer Dale Brown.

In the novel, Patrick McLanahan, a recurring character in Brown's books, returns from overseas conflict to his hometown, Sacramento, California. There he encounters an old enemy whose evil plot forces McLanahan to take a terrible chance as he employs experimental technology to make himself a human weapon. Using BERP armor, and (chiefly) nonlethal weapons, he attacks methamphetamine-producing biker gangs, after his brother (a rookie cop) is severely injured.

The chief technology is a high-tech battlesuit that utilizes the newly developed BERP armor. This stands for Ballistic Electro-Reactive Process and was developed by Doctor Jon Masters, another recurring character in the McLanahan series of books. This technology essentially harnesses electricity to instantly harden whatever surface it is applied to, in this case-the fabric of a combat suit. This allows it to stop bullets or other attacks as if the suit were made of steel. The only requirement is that the item being stopped must be moving at high speed. Jet thrusters in the boots also allow the wearer to jump hundreds of feet in a single leap, or to break a high fall.

In later novels of the McLanahan series, the men who use this battle armor are called Tin Men. These novels include Warrior Class, Wings of Fire, Air Battle Force, and Plan of Attack. In these later novels, other additions are made to the suit such as a powered exoskeleton, a magnetic railgun, targeting systems and so on.

Reception
Bill Roach, reviewing in the Virginian-Pilot, said the turn of hero McLanahan from hero military pilot to murdering vigilante was "too much of a change for a dependable, heroic character," and that the novel "lacks Brown's usual authority." Calvin Bass, reviewing for the Tulsa World, called the novel "an enthralling techno-adventure," and one of Brown's best works.  Reviewer Rankin Armstrong in the Belfast News Letter (Northern Ireland) called the Tin Man "the ultimate warrior using cutting-edge technology." He praised Brown's "descriptive powers," and "his knowledge of military aircraft and sophisticated weaponry," and recommended the book for fans of military adventure. John Birmingham in The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) praised the crime fighting hero for his kicking of "a whole heap of white supremacist butt," even though bystanders get killed and the hero gets "tagged as a violent psychopath." The Putnam hard cover edition reached number 28 on The New York Times Best Seller list in June, 1998. The Bantam paperback edition debuted at number 13 on The New York Times Best Seller List for paperback fiction in May, 1999.

References

1998 American novels
Novels by Dale Brown
American thriller novels
Novels set in California
Culture of Sacramento, California
NSM. NSM may refer to:

Businesses
 New Seasons Market, a chain of grocery stores
 Nack, Schulze und Menke, a German manufacturer of jukeboxes
 NASDAQ Stock Market
 Nederlandsche Stoomboot Maatschappij, a Dutch shipping line
 Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij, a Dutch shipbuilder

Computing
 N-ary storage model, of database management systems
 Network and Systems Management, software made by Computer Associates
 Network security monitor or intrusion detection system
 Network Status Monitor protocol, of the Network File System

Military
 Nasjonal Sikkerhetsmyndighet, the Norwegian National Security Authority
 Naval Strike Missile, a cruise missile developed by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace 1997–2007
 Nausena Medal, an Indian military award

Politics
 National Socialist Movement (disambiguation), various neo-Nazi organizations
 New social movements, which depart from conventional paradigms
 New Socialist Movement, an Indian political party in Gujarat

Science and medicine
 National Science Museum of Japan's collection code
 Natural semantic metalanguage, in linguistics
 Neurogenic stunned myocardium
 New Smoking Material, tobacco substitutes
 Nipple-sparing mastectomy, a type of surgery

Other uses
 Norseman Airport, Western Australia (IATA code:NSM)
 Non-Stipendiary Minister, an unpaid priest
 New Sector Movements, a British music project
Ballbarrow. The Ballbarrow was a variation of the wheelbarrow design, by James Dyson released in 1974 in the UK. It featured a moulded plastic hopper on a steel frame and a spherical plastic wheel, allowing increased manoeuvrability. Dyson said that the surface area of the ball, larger than that of a conventional design, made the ballbarrow easier to use in soft soil and more laterally stable with heavy loads on uneven ground.

The original design featured a galvanised steel or copper hopper, forming integral rear legs. Conventional barrows use a bend in the frame to form these legs. Later the design was changed to a plastic hopper, with an optional clip on height-extension piece.

The Ballbarrow won the Building Design Innovation Award in 1977. Dyson continued with the ball-wheel concept in his design for the Trolleyball boat launcher in 1978, and the DC15 vacuum cleaner in 2005.

Dyson claimed his failure to maintain control of his invention by assigning the patent for the Ballbarrow to the company, and subsequently losing control over the company in the early 1970s, marked his biggest mistake in business.

References

Dyson products
English inventions
Products introduced in 1974
Secure Web SmartFilter EDU. Secure Web SmartFilter EDU, formerly known as Bess, is a brand of content-control software made by Secure Computing Corporation, which acquired maker N2H2 in 2003; it is usually used in libraries and schools.  The main purpose of the system is as an Internet filter, blocking minors using the public computers from accessing web content deemed inappropriate by the local administrators of the system based on the Acceptable Use Policy of the organization.   The system is not installed locally (on each individual computer workstation), but installs on the server between the users and the open Internet.  This feature makes it harder to bypass, though it is not uncommon for students with more extensive computer knowledge to attempt to bypass the system.  The system allows for teachers or administrators to temporarily bypass the system if they need to access blocked sites for educational purposes.

The system is compliant with the Children's Internet Protection Act.  Like other similar filters, Secure Web SmartFilter EDU has come under attack for unnecessarily impeding school research (false positives), being too aggressive in its filtering procedures or not being aggressive enough in its filtering procedures. Other critics believe that the imposition of Internet filtering software without the consent of the user constitutes a violation of the First Amendment.

See also
 Censorship
 Content-control software
 Internet censorship
 List of parental control software

References

External links
Official Secure Web SmartFilter EDU homepage

Content-control software
EMD SD40A. The EMD SD40A is a model of diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1969 and 1970. 18 locomotives were built for the Illinois Central Railroad.

History 
A total of 18 units were built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division exclusively for the Illinois Central Railroad between 1969 and 1970. The SD40A was designed as an EMD SD40 built on a frame of an EMD SDP45. The longer SDP45 frame allowed for a larger, 5000 gallon fuel tank.

This locomotive is powered by a 16-cylinder EMD 645E3 diesel engine, which could provide . Illinois Central Railroad used the SD40A as a long-range road-switcher, utilizing the larger fuel tank found on the SDP45.

In 1972, the Illinois Central Railroad merged with the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad to form the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad, this resulted in all of the units being repainted into the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad's paint scheme between 1984 and 1986 but kept the "Illinois Central" lettering. They would be repainted again between 1986 and 1989, but were patched with the "ICG" lettering.

Illinois Central sold six of its SD40As to locomotive leasing companies Helm Leasing and National Railway Equipment in 1992. The rest of the fleet were rebuilt as SD40-2R locomotives, during which their dynamic brakes were uninstalled and the locomotive cabs modified. Illinois Central's successor Canadian National Railway retired its remaining SD40As for scrapping in 2010. Locomotives 6009 and 6014 were acquired by Indiana Boxcar Corporation.

Preservation 

 Illinois Central 6014 is preserved by Railexco, and is currently undergoing restoration. The unit was purchased by Railexco in 2023 and are planning to operate the unit by the end of 2025.

References

Further reading 
 

SD40A
C-C locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1969
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Freight locomotives
DG/UX. DG/UX is a discontinued Unix operating system developed by Data General for its Eclipse MV minicomputer line, and later the AViiON workstation and server line (both Motorola 88000 and Intel IA-32-based variants).

Overview
DG/UX 1.00, released in March, 1985, was based on UNIX System V Release 2 with additions from 4.1BSD. By 1987, DG/UX 3.10 had been released, with 4.2BSD TCP/IP networking, NFS and the X Window System included. DG/UX 4.00, in 1988, was a comprehensive re-design of the system, based on System V Release 3, and supporting symmetric multiprocessing on the Eclipse MV. The 4.00 filesystem was based on the AOS/VS II filesystem and, using the logical disk facility, could span multiple disks. DG/UX 5.4, released around 1991, replaced the legacy Unix file buffer cache with unified, demand paged virtual memory management. Later versions were based on System V Release 4.

On the AViiON, DG/UX supported multiprocessor machines at a time when most variants of Unix did not. The operating system was also more complete than some other Unix variants; for example, the operating system included a full C compiler (gcc) and also a logical volume manager. The OS was small and compact, but rich in features. It was simple and easy to install and did not require vast resources of memory or processing power. For example, a six-way Pentium Pro-based AViiON would support several hundred users using text terminals.

The volume manager built into the OS was simple, but very powerful. All disk administration could be performed online, without taking any file system offline. This included extending, relocating, mirroring or shrinking. The same functions could be performed on the swap area, allowing in-place migrations of disk storage without downtime. DG/UX 5.4 supported filesystem shrinking, "split mirror" online backup, filesystems up to 2 TB, and filesystem journaling in 1991.  Few vendors offered similar features at that time.

DG/UX had a high-performance and stable clustered filesystem. The Clariion storage nas was connected by high-voltage scsi controllers, and scsi-hubs. Each server had double scsi-controllers for failover reasons. Both controllers where master on the same bus, at the same time these filesystems where NFS-mounted form the cluster-master's floating ip. The data was written from each cluster node directly by the scsi bus, but the orchestration, the i-node tables, where written by the NFS-mount from each cluster members.

Later versions added support for processor and memory affinity to support their high-end multiprocessor NUMA AViiON system.

References

Data General
UNIX System V
1985 software
Discontinued operating systems
X86 operating systems