omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tagged architecture. In computer science, a tagged architecture is a type of computer architecture where every word of memory constitutes a tagged union, being divided into a number of bits of data, and a tag section that describes the type of the data: how it is to be interpreted, and, if it is a reference, the type of the object that it points to.

Precursors
Some early systems use tagging of data in memory but do not have all of the characteristics now consider to be part of tagged architectures.

RCA 601
The RCA 601 has a 3-bit tag register and a 3-bit tag for every 24-bit half-word. Every instruction can request a test for equal or unequal tag, and cause a maskable interrupt if the specified match fails. There is no architectural connection between the tag and the contents of the half-word; it is strictly determined by the software.

Burroughs B5000, B5500 and B5700 

The Burroughs B5000, B5500 and B5700 have 48-bit words with no appended tag field. However, while there are no tag fields for character, instruction or numeric (floating point) words, all of the control word formats include a 3-bit tag. However, the replacement architecture, starting with the B6500, does have a tag for every word.

Architecture
In contrast, program and data memory are indistinguishable in the von Neumann architecture, making the way the memory is referenced critical to interpret the correct meaning.

Notable examples of American tagged architectures were the Lisp machines, which had tagged pointer support at the hardware and opcode level, the Burroughs B6500 and successors, which have a data-driven tagged and descriptor-based architecture, and the non-commercial Rice Computer. Both the Burroughs and Lisp machine are examples of high-level language computer architectures, where the tagging is used to support types from a high-level language at the hardware level.

In addition to this, the original Xerox Smalltalk implementation used the least-significant bit of each 16-bit word as a tag bit: if it was clear then the hardware would accept it as an aligned memory address while if it was set it was treated as a (shifted) 15-bit integer. Current Intel documentation mentions that the lower bits of a memory address might be similarly used by some interpreter-based systems.

In the Soviet Union, the Elbrus series of supercomputers pioneered the use of tagged architectures in 1973.

See also
 Executable-space protection
 Harvard architecture

References

Computer architecture
National Supercomputing Center for Energy and the Environment. The National Supercomputing Center for Energy and the Environment (NSCEE), is a supercomputing facility housed at UNLV in Las Vegas, Nevada.  It was established in 1989 by an act of Congress, PL-101.  The facility is used to address a wide variety of scientific studies and applications.

Supercomputers 
Silicon Graphics
Sun Microsystems

References

External links 
NSCEE
National Science Foundation

University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Supercomputer sites
AMPS. AMPS, Amps may refer to:

Amps
 Abbreviation of the plural for ampere, a unit of electric current
 Abbreviation of the plural for amplifier, a circuit or device that amplifies electrical signals
 The Amps, an American rock band
 Advanced Mobile Phone System

AMPS
 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, an acidic monomer
 Advanced Mobile Phone System, a mobile phone systems technology
 Advanced Modular Processing System, the original implementation of flow-based programming
 Amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome, in which excessive, acute, and chronic pain is observed for which no overt primary cause can be found or surmised.
 The Assessment of Motor and Process  (AMPS) developed by Fisher (1999), is an outcome measure used to evaluate the quality of motor and process skills necessary for effective engagement in activity of daily living (ADL) tasks (Sellers, Fisher, & Duran, 2001).
 Armor Modeling and Preservation Society, an international hobby club based in the United States
 Association Medicine / Pharmacy Sciences, a French association of students enrolled in PharmD/PhD or MD/PhD curriculum
 Association of Motion Picture Sound, a UK association of film and television sound professionals
 AMPS firewall, a black hole firewall proposed in 2012 by Ahmed Almheiri, Donald Marolf, Joseph Polchinski, and James Sully

See also

 ampere-second (As), the coulomb (C); amp-sec
 Amp (disambiguation)
 Amped (disambiguation)
 Ampere (disambiguation)
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny (English: Electrotechnical Review) is a monthly  scientific journal covering electrical engineering and the oldest Polish journal in this field. It was established in 1919 by Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT. Initially it only covered electrical engineering in a narrow sense, but nowadays it also covers related topics, such as electronics, power systems, power electronics, traction, metrology, machines, transformers, and material engineering.

References

External links 
  

Multilingual journals
Academic journals established in 1919
Engineering journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals published in Poland
OxMetrics. OxMetrics is an econometric software including the  Ox programming language for econometrics and statistics, developed by Jurgen Doornik and David Hendry. OxMetrics originates from PcGive, one of the first econometric software for personal computers, initiated by David Hendry in the 1980s at the London School of Economics.

OxMetrics builds on the Ox programming language of Jurgen Doornik developed at University of Oxford.  describes the history of econometric software packages.

OxMetrics is a family of software packages for the econometric and financial analysis of time series, forecasting, econometric model selection and for the statistical analysis of  cross-sectional data  and panel data.

The main modules apart from PcGive for dynamic econometric models (ARDL, VAR, GARCH, Switching, Autometrics), panel data models (DPD), limited dependent models,  are STAMP for structural time series modelling, "SsfPack" for State space methods and "G@RCH" for financial volatility modelling.  present many empirical examples in PcGive for OxMetrics in their econometrics textbook.  give modern examples in their time series analysis textbook.

See also 
 Econometric software
 Comparison of statistical packages

References

External links 
 OxMetrics Homepage
PcGive
STAMP software
G@RCH software
 Comparison of mathematical programs for data analysis ScientificWeb

Support 
 Ox mailing list

Econometrics software
Statistical programming languages
Proprietary commercial software for Linux
Henrik Kreüger. Henrik Kreüger (1882–1953) was born in Kalmar, Sweden, and obtained his M.Sc. in civil engineering in 1904 at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.

After graduating, he worked for the construction company Fritz Söderbergh in Stockholm until 1908, when he went back to the university to work as an employed teacher at the faculty for civil engineering. In parallel he also worked as a consulting engineer for the construction company Kreuger & Toll that started their business in 1908, a couple of months after Ivar Kreuger had returned from America. Henrik Kreüger and Ivar Kreuger formed an affiliate to the US company Trussed Concrete Steel Company in Sweden early 1908, but later Ivar decided to form his own construction company to become independent of the US company. However, Ivar preferred to form this new company (Kreuger & Toll) together with engineer Paul Toll that had several years of practical experience in the construction business. Henrik Kreüger then came to work as a consulting engineer responsible for the basic design work and calculations. The three partners Ivar, Paul and Henrik, won several prestigious contracts such as the construction of the Stockholm Olympic Stadium (1911–12), the foundation work for the new Stockholm City Hall (1912–13) and the department store NK (1913–14) in Stockholm.

Kreüger made important contributions in the area of ventilation and insulation at the faculty of civil engineering, where he was a professor from 1914 to 1943. Kreüger served as Rector of the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm from 1931 to 1943. Henrik Kreüger was a first cousin of Ivar Kreuger.

His parents were Oscar Lorentz Kreuger (born 1848), married in 1874 to Ebba Sparre af Söfdeborg (born 1855). Oscar Lorentz Kreuger was a brother to Ernst August Kreuger, the father to Ivar Kreuger.

References and notes
"Kreüger, Henrik", Nationalencyklopedin, on-line edition. (requires subscription). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
"Henrik Kreüger", Nordisk familjebok, Volume 36 (Supplement, Globe - Kövess), 1924, column 1202.
Toll, Magnus: Paul Toll 1882-1946, ingeniör-entreprenör. 1996. 

1882 births
1953 deaths
People from Kalmar
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Rectors of KTH Royal Institute of Technology
20th-century Swedish engineers
EN 62262. The European Standard EN 62262 — the equivalent of international standard IEC 62262 (2002) — relates to IK (impact protection) ratings. This is an international numeric classification for the degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts. It provides a means of specifying the capacity of an enclosure to protect its contents from external impacts. The IK Code was originally defined in European Standard BS EN 50102 (1995, amended 1998). Following its adoption as an international standard in 2002, the European standard was renumbered EN 62262.

Before the advent of the IK code, a third numeral had been occasionally added to the closely related IP Code on ingress protection, to indicate the level of impact protection — e.g. IP66(9). Nonstandard use of this system was one of the factors leading to the development of this standard, which uses a separate two numeral code to distinguish it from the old differing systems. The standard came into effect in October 1995 and conflicting national standards had to be withdrawn by April 1997.

IK ratings help to classify products by its resistance to impacts by kinetic energy, while EN 62262 specifies the way enclosures should be mounted when tests are carried out, the atmospheric conditions that should prevail, the number of impacts (5) and their (even) distribution, and the size, style, material, dimensions etc. of the various types of hammer designed to produce the energy levels required.

In 2021 an additional IK code 11 representing the impact energy value of 50 joules was added.

* not protected according to the standard

 HR 100 Rockwell hardness according to ISO 2039/2
 Fe 490-2 according to ISO 1052, Rockwell hardness HR 50 to HR 58 according to ISO 6508

References

External links 
 BS EN 62262:2002
 IEC 62262 Ed. 1.0 b:2002
 DIN IEC 50102:1999

Electrical safety
62262
Hardness tests
TransBot. TransBot, known in Japan as , is a video game for the Master System originally released in 1985. It is a sci-fi-themed shoot 'em up inspired by Transformers.

Plot
Back in the solar year 2000 there was a nuclear war, and people are finally now emerging from underground to build a new society. But something is still wrong. DALAUS, a leftover computer from the old world is creating its own empire, and it is up to the player to stop it.

Gameplay
TransBot is a side scrolling shooter for one or two players, with players piloting the CA-214, a starfighter that can transform into a robot, the TransBot. The game features only two levels and beating the boss loops the game back to the first one, thus this is a never-ending game; it is impossible to finish.

The CA-214 features a number of weapons. Players start out with a basic, default gun, but after collecting a ? symbol they can choose a new weapon to use. There are six choices which will scroll past at the top of the screen, and the TransBot will be powered with whatever selection they make. Powered up weapons will only last until all the ammo is exhausted, which will cause TransBot to revert to the basic weapon.

HD Remake

In 2018, retro video gaming website RetroGameGeeks.co.uk published an unofficial fan-remake built with Unity (game engine) by Kristian 'CVGZ' Hawkinson. It is available as a free to play release.

References

External links

1985 video games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Master System games
Master System-only games
Sega video games
Single-player video games
Video games about shapeshifting
Video games developed in Japan
Pont de l'Archevêché. The Pont de l'Archevêché (, Archbishop's Bridge) is a bridge crossing the Seine river in Paris, France.

Location

The bridge links the 4th Arrondissement, at the Île de la Cité, to the 5th Arrondissement, between the quai de Montebello and the quai de la Tournelle.

Access

History 
The Pont de l'Archevêché is the narrowest road bridge in Paris. It was built in 1828, by the engineer Plouard, for the society Pont des Invalides after the demolition of the suspension bridge at Les Invalides.

The bridge is  long. It is composed of three arches of stone measuring lengths of , , and .
The bridge commonly seen in the background of the set on Highlander when the show was set in Paris.
After the Pont des Arts was cleared of its display of padlocks in 2010, and similarly the Passerelle Léopold-Sédar-Senghor, lovers started to place their 'love padlocks' on this bridge. The original two bridges for this were footbridges, but this one, a bit narrower, is a road bridge.

Characteristics 
 Type of construction : Arch bridge
 Construction : 1828
 Architect : 	Plouard
 Material : stone
 Total Length : 
 Width : 
 Usable width :

References

External links 

  Mayor of Paris' website
  Structurae
 Satellite View from Google Map
  http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2008/09/14/01016-20080914ARTFIG00013-une-vedette-de-plaisance-sombre-sur-la-seine-.php

Buildings and structures in the 4th arrondissement of Paris
Buildings and structures in the 5th arrondissement of Paris
Archeveche
Archeveche
Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs. Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs is a 1976 book written by Niklaus Wirth covering some of the fundamental topics of system engineering, computer programming, particularly that algorithms and data structures are inherently related. For example, if one has a sorted list one will use a search algorithm optimal for sorted lists.

The book is one of the most influential computer science books of its time and, like Wirth's other work, has been used extensively in education.

The Turbo Pascal compiler written by Anders Hejlsberg was largely inspired by the Tiny Pascal compiler in Niklaus Wirth's book.

Chapter outline
Chapter 1 - Fundamental Data Structures
Chapter 2 - Sorting
Chapter 3 - Recursive Algorithms
Chapter 4 - Dynamic Information Structures
Chapter 5 - Language Structures and Compilers
Appendix A - the ASCII character set
Appendix B - Pascal syntax diagrams

See also 

 Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software

References

External links
ETH Zurich / N. Wirth / Books / Compilerbau: Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs (archive.org link)
N. Wirth, Algorithms and Data Structures (1985 edition, updated for Oberon in August 2004. Pdf at ETH Zurich) (archive.org link)
 

Computer programming books
History of computing
Computer science books
1976 non-fiction books
Prentice Hall books
Caudron C.690. 

The Caudron C.690 was a single-seat training aircraft developed in France in the late 1930s to train fighter pilots to handle high-performance aircraft. It was a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane that bore a strong resemblance to designer Marcel Riffard's racer designs of the same period. Caudron attempted to attract overseas sales for the aircraft, but this resulted in orders for only two machines - one from Japan, and the other from the USSR. In the meantime, the first of two prototypes was destroyed in a crash that killed René Paulhan, Caudron's chief test pilot.

Despite this, the Armée de l'Air eventually showed interest in the type, and ordered a batch of a slightly refined design. The first of these was not delivered until April 1939, and only 15 C.690Ms were supplied before the outbreak of war.

Variants
C.690 Single-seat fighter trainer aircraft. Four aircraft built.
C.690M Slightly refined version for the Armee de l'Air. Only 15 aircraft were built.

Operators

Armee de l'Air

Imperial Japanese Air Force - One aircraft only (KXC1) .

soviet Air Force - One aircraft only.

Specifications (C.690M)

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 
 

1930s French military trainer aircraft
C.690
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Caudron G.6. The Caudron G.6 was a French reconnaissance aircraft of World War I. It married the wings and engine layout of the unorthodox Caudron G.4 to an all-new fuselage of conventional design. Over 500 of these aircraft were used by the French military for reconnaissance and artillery-spotting duties in 1917 and 1918.

Operators

Aviation Militaire

Specifications

Bibliography

Further reading

 
 

G.6
1910s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Rotary-engined aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Airheart. Airheart is an action game designed and programmed by Dan Gorlin for the Apple II and published by Broderbund in 1986. It requires a 128K Apple IIe (or later) to run, as it uses the 16-color double hi-res graphics mode. After three years of development, the game was technically advanced at its time of release, using scaled sprites for 3D effects, but did not include all of the planned features. Gorlin reworked the game as Typhoon Thompson in Search for the Sea Child for the Atari ST (1988), and later the Amiga (1990), which is closer to what he originally envisioned.

Gameplay
The name Airheart is the title the player aspires to earn.  The user controls a jet-propelled flotation device. They must navigate their craft and fight robotic defenders. Spirit guardians instruct the player to collect certain items, such as a sword or a goblet, which are needed for a final battle to free an infant boy prince.

Development
Gorlin had great success with his first title, Choplifter, which he developed in six months. Airheart took about three years to develop.  This is in large part because he also developed other games which he lost interest in and never completed and also because he did a lot of research and built a number of tools to help in game development.

Gorlin was unable to include all the features he planned. At one point, for example, he had tunnel and underwater levels working, but was unable to complete them due to time constraints.  Tunnels and islands, in fact, were key elements of his original vision for the game, but had to be scrapped, being too ambitious for the time.

The largest version of each sprite was created by hand, then Gorlin used proprietary tools to create the roughly twenty smaller versions.  Storing these sprites in RAM, he was able to simulate scaling in realtime. Though the sprites used a lot of memory, it was the only method that satisfied Gorlin since he hated the low-polygon look of other contemporary games.

Reception
Jordan Mechner visited Gorlin in 1986 and saw the final version of the game. He wrote in his journal "It’s got some staggering special effects and it’s no 
fun at all to play."

References

1986 video games
Action games
Apple II games
Apple II-only games
Broderbund games
North America-exclusive video games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games
Tandy 10 Business Computer System. The Tandy 10 Business Computer System was a short-lived product developed by Radio Shack in the late 1970s as a business-oriented complement to their TRS-80 Model I desktop computer. Released in 1978, the Tandy 10 was built for Radio Shack by Applied Digital Data Systems (ADDS), and was only sold by Radio Shack's dedicated computer center stores.

The computer itself was about the size of a two-drawer filing cabinet, with a monitor and keyboard built into a desk-shaped console, along with two 8-inch floppy drives vertically mounted in the pedestal.   Its features included:

 8080 CPU
 48K memory
 24x80 video display
 Two dual-sided 8" diskette drives
 Dartmouth BASIC
 ADOS Disk Operating System

Optional:
 Fortran IV language
 Assembly Language program language

The original ADDS machine, the System 50, was intended to be used as a data entry system and not as a standalone computer.  The original "language" it contained was actually a form designer; data was then entered into the form and then "sent" via RS-232 to a mainframe.  Since it had a microprocessor, Tandy matched it up with Peachtree Accounting software in an attempt to market it as a business computer.

The system did not sell in large numbers. Radio Shack's next business system was an extension of the TRS-80 product line, the TRS-80 Model II, released in May 1979. The Tandy 10 was discontinued in late 1980.

References

External links 
Tandy 10 at the Computer History Museum
ADDS System 50 advertisement, Computerworld, Mar 27, 1978

Early microcomputers
RadioShack
Robot Wars: Arenas of Destruction. Robot Wars: Arenas Of Destruction is a 2001 action game published by BBC Multimedia and released for the PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows, based on the BBC television series, Robot Wars. It was the first of the company's titles to be released under the "Gamezlab" core brand.

In this game, players can fight as their own created robots, or leading robots from the series, such as Razer, in arenas around the world in order to earn money to unlock new levels and buy better robots and parts.

Gameplay

The player begins the game with 2000 credits and a robot called "My First Bot". The player is then advised to sell this robot and buy a new one, with a profit or 1350 credits from the old robot. A range of parts, armor, weapons and extras can be bought at different prices in the shop, or a smaller range at the scrapyard. The games system controls are highly customizable with a wide range of features for the ultimate personal robot experience.

The player fights robots in championships  around the world, starting at Robot Wars London studio, in order to gain prize money to unlock new levels. In the later tournaments, they need to pay money in order to go into the tournament.

The House Robots cannot be played as, won, or bought by the player, but can be pitted-against them in a one-to-one training confrontation. The RefBot is not included in this largely-Series 4 based game, but appears in the subsequent title Extreme Destruction.

Craig Charles does not appear in the game, even though he had been the presenter of the series since its second series, but the show's commentator, Jonathan Pearce, provides commentary on statistics of the battle, the information relative to the arena and a description of the robots competing.

In the game there is a total of 57 custom built robots (including My First Bot) to use in competition and arcade mode. Only 4 out of 57 of these are capable of self righting. There are only a handful of competitor robots that actually appeared in the televised series, including Razer, Chaos 2 and Hypno-Disc.

Reception

Robot Wars: Arenas Of Destruction received mixed to negative reviews. It has a GameRankings score of 41.00% and 50.50% for the PC and PlayStation 2 versions respectively. CVG awarded the game 56 out of 100, citing unresponsive controls and lack of difficulty as the reasons for the low score.

References

External links
 

2001 video games
Action games
BBC Multimedia games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
Robot combat video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Matthew Simmonds
Windows games