omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
1749 in architecture. 

Buildings and structures

Buildings
 April 12 – The Radcliffe Camera in Oxford, England, designed by James Gibbs, is opened as a library.
 Mathematical Bridge at Queens' College, Cambridge, England, designed by William Etheridge, is built by James Essex.
 La Vieille Charité almshouses in Marseille completed to the designs of Pierre Puget.
 Work begins on King's Chapel, in Boston, Massachusetts, designed by Peter Harrison.
 Work begins on Reales Astilleros de Esteiro in Ferrol, Spain.

Births
 June 9 – Andreas Kirkerup, Danish architect (died 1810)
 Louis Montoyer, Austrian Netherlands architect (died 1811)
 Angelo Venturoli, Italian architect (died 1821)

Deaths
 January 9 – Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke, English courtier and architect (born 1693)
 January 31 – Roger Morris, English architect (born 1695)

References

Architecture
Years in architecture
1740s architecture
Javier Barros Sierra. Javier Barros Sierra (25 February 1915 – 5 May 1971) was a Mexican engineer and rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico during the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre.

Career

Born in Mexico City, he studied civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He became president of the student society of the Faculty of Sciences in 1936 and University Counsellor in 1938. He taught for more than 20 years in the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (a high school of UNAM) and the National School of Engineering (later Faculty of Engineering), of whom he was director from 1955 to 1958. He became Rector on May 5, 1966. During his rectorship, the government and the army entered Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM's main campus. In protest of these actions and the indiscriminate beating of UNAM's students, he resigned his post on September 23, 9 days before the massacre in Tlatelolco. He was reinstated as Rector after the liberation of CU, a post he held until May 5, 1970.

References

1915 births
1971 deaths
Mexican civil engineers
Engineers from Mexico City
Remote data entry. A remote data entry (RDE) system is a computerized system designed for the collection of data in electronic format. The term is most commonly applied to a class of software used in the life sciences industry for collecting patient data from participants in clinical research studies—research of new drugs and/or medical devices.

Typically, RDE systems provide:
 a graphical user interface component for data entry
 a validation component to check user data
 a reporting tool for analysis of the collected data

The development of RDE systems started in the mid- to late-1980s as software installed locally on portable computers with modems.  It has largely been replaced by a newer generation of software called electronic data capture, or EDC, that provides the same type of functionality over the Internet using web pages.

See also
 Clinical data acquisition
 Electronic data capture, provides a brief history of the RDE and EDC software landscape, remote jobs.

References

Clinical research
Pharmaceutical industry
Clinical data management
Tabular-grain film. Tabular-grain film is a type of photographic film that includes nearly all color films, and many black and white films like T-MAX films from Kodak (with Kodak's T-grain emulsion), Delta films from Ilford Photo and the Fujifilm Neopan films. The silver halide crystals in the film emulsion are flatter and more tabular (hence T-Grain).

Tabular crystals
In panchromatic emulsions, the sensitivity of the silver halide crystal is enhanced by sensitizing dyes that adsorb on the crystal surface. Therefore, sensitivity can be increased by adsorbing more sensitizing dye. This requires increasing the surface area of the crystal, and also improving the dye molecules to form a dense assembly. Tabular grain emulsion solves the first part of this problem.

Tabular crystals tend to lie along the film's surface when coated and dried. This reduces scattering of light and increases resolution.

Tabular crystals usually have two twinned planes parallel to each other. They are formed at the very beginning of the crystallization. The crystal tends to grow at the edges and not on the main planes, forming very thin crystals of very large surface areas. Tabular crystals probably existed from very early days of silver-gelatin photography. However, it took until roughly 1970 for emulsion engineers to be able to make emulsions that consisted mainly of tabular crystals. Moreover, it was not until the 1980s that tabular crystals began to be used in production emulsions.

Tabular grain technology brought significant improvements to the image quality of the film, particularly in the improvement of resolution and granularity. However, several more key technologies were implemented into tabular grain products. Many of these concurrent improvements were applied to non-tabular grain products to improve image quality. Therefore, when tabular grain technology is described by uninformed writers, its advantage tends to be overemphasized. For example, excellent reciprocity law is not an inherent property of tabular crystals but rather the result of other techniques introduced at about the same time.

Fixing tabular crystals
Tabular crystals grow along the edges and not on the main planes. Similarly, tabular crystals dissolve mainly along the edges and this causes the crystals to be more difficult and slow to fix in the fixing stage. Users of tabular grain films are advised to ensure sufficient fixing time, at least twice the clearing time in rapid fixer.

References

Further reading
 
 
 

Photographic film types
Relay attack. A relay attack (also known as the two-thief attack) in computer security is a type of hacking technique related to man-in-the-middle and replay attacks.  In a classic man-in-the-middle attack, an attacker intercepts and manipulates communications between two parties initiated by one of the parties.  In a classic relay attack, communication with both parties is initiated by the attacker who then merely relays messages between the two parties without manipulating them or even necessarily reading them.

Example attack

Peggy works in a high-security building that she accesses using a smart card in her purse.  When she approaches the door of the building, the building detects the presence of a smart card and initiates an exchange of messages that constitute a zero-knowledge password proof that the card is Peggy's.  The building then allows Peggy to enter.

Mallory wants to break into the building.

 Mallory approaches the building with a device that simulates a smart card, and the building responds by initiating the exchange of messages.
 Mallory forwards the message to her accomplice Evelyn who is tailing Peggy as she runs errands in another part of town. 
 Evelyn relays the message to Peggy's smart card, listens for the answer, and forwards the answer to Mallory, who relays it to the building.  Continuing in this way, Mallory and Evelyn relay messages between the building and Peggy's smart card until the building is satisfied that it is communicating with Peggy's smart card. 
 The building opens and Mallory enters.

References

External links
Academic Survey on Relay Attacks
Detailed Practical Example of Relay Attack on RFID system
Relay Attack Demonstration (and related Software and Paper)
Practical Relay Attack on Contactless Transactions by Using NFC Mobile Phones

Hacking (computer security)
Computer security exploits
Rotoshop. Rotoshop is a proprietary graphics editing program created by Bob Sabiston.

Rotoshop uses an animation technique called interpolated rotoscoping, which was used in Richard Linklater's films Waking Life and A Scanner Darkly, as well as the Talk to Chuck advertising campaign for Charles Schwab. The software is not currently available for use outside Flat Black Films, the developer of Rotoshop.

Aims
The software was developed to allow the user to create animation using techniques reminiscent of hand-drawn animation, yet preserving nuanced expressions and gestures that would not generally appear using traditional animation methods.

Use

Interpolation
Like Fantavision and Adobe Flash, Rotoshop allows for interpolation between keyframes. Once the artist has drawn key frames at the start and end of a time period, the program automatically generates intermediate frames. It is a simple form of "automatic tweening". Interpolated lines and shapes have a very smooth, fluid motion that is extremely difficult to achieve by hand-drawing each line.

Freezing
In order to manage different objects in the scene, the user can break the drawing into layers. A layer can be "frozen" so that a single drawing remains visible throughout the entire scene. This feature is useful for backgrounds and other elements that do not change over time. This frees the user from having to repeatedly draw these elements for every frame in the sequence.

References

External links
Flat Black Films
Rotoshop Feature at TechTV Vault

Animation software
Transitive dependency. A transitive dependency is an indirect dependency relationship between software components. This kind of dependency is held by virtue of a transitive relation from a component that the software depends on directly.

Computer programs
In a computer program a direct dependency is functionality from a library, or API, or any software component that is referenced directly by the program itself. A transitive dependency is any dependency induced by a different component, that in turn is directly or indirectly referenced by the program. E.g. a call to a log() function may induce a transitive dependency to a library that manages the I/O of writing a message to a log file.

Dependencies and transitive dependencies can be resolved at different times, depending on how the computer program is assembled and/or executed: e.g. a compiler can have a link phase where the dependencies are resolved. Sometimes the build system even allows management of the transitive dependencies.

Similarly, when a computer uses services, a computer program can depend on a service that should be started before to execute the program. 
A transitive dependency in such case is any other service that the service we depend directly on depends on, e.g. a web browser depends on a Domain Name Resolution service to convert a web URL in an IP address; the DNS will depend on a networking service to access a remote name server.
The Linux boot system  is based on a set of configurations that declare the dependencies of the modules to be started: at boot time  analyzes all the transitive dependencies to decide the execution order of each module to start.

Database management systems
Suppose entities A, B, and C exist such that the following statements hold:

 A → B direct dependency relationship exists.
 There is no B → A relationship.
 B → C direct dependency relationship exists.

Then the functional dependency A → C is a transitive dependency (which follows the axiom of transitivity).

In database normalization, one of the important features of third normal form is that it excludes certain types of transitive dependencies. E.F. Codd, the inventor of the relational model, introduced the concepts of transitive dependence and third normal form in 1971.

Example
A transitive dependency occurs in the following relation:

The functional dependency {Book} → {Author nationality} emerges; that is, if we know the book, we can know the author's nationality.  Furthermore:

 {Book} → {Author}
 {Author} does not → {Book}
 {Author} → {Author nationality}

Therefore {Book} → {Author nationality} is a transitive dependency.

Notes

Database constraints
Database theory
Rolls-Royce Submarines. Rolls-Royce Submarines, a subsidiary of Rolls-Royce, operates three sites licensed to handle nuclear material, two of which are at Raynesway in Derby, and the other at Vulcan Nuclear Reactor Testing Establishment (NRTE), Dounreay, UK.

The Manufacturing Site was licensed in August 1960 and deals with processing of uranium fuel and the fabrication of Rolls-Royce PWR nuclear reactor cores for Royal Navy submarines such as the new .

The Neptune/Radioactive Components Facility Site was licensed in November 1961 and houses the Neptune test reactor which is used to conduct experiments on reactor cores.

It was created as a joint company in 1954 with the name Rolls-Royce and Associates; the associates being Vickers, Foster Wheeler and later Babcock & Wilcox.  It changed its name on 15 January 1999 to Rolls-Royce Marine Power Operations Limited and is part of the marine business of Rolls-Royce plc. It changed its name again on 1 August 2018 to Rolls-Royce Submarines Limited.

References

External links

HSE Nuclear Safety Review
Rolls-Royce History Lecture (pdf)
Scottish CND article about Raynesway nuclear safety
Bird's Eye aerial photo of Raynesway's Neptune reactor test facility on UK Secret Bases website

Submarines
Companies based in Derby
Marine engine manufacturers
Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom
Rolls-Royce
Oxford Ecohouse. Oxford Ecohouse is a house in Oxford designed to maximise energy efficiency. It is equipped with the first photovoltaic cell roof installed in Britain (in 1995). Situated in a suburban street in North Oxford, it was designed by Susan Roaf, a professor at Heriot-Watt University.

A six-bedroom family home, it produces only 130 kg /annum per metre square, in contrast to comparable UK houses that produce 5000 kg /annum m². It has 4 kW peak of photovoltaic output, 5m² of solar hot water panels and additional heating from a passive solar sun space. It was designed using low energy construction techniques, high thermal mass and a wood-burning stove to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by over 95%. The house has featured in a number of architecture books and is used as a research source in sustainable design.

See also
Energy efficiency in British housing

References

Further reading
 Sue Roaf, Manuel Fuentes, Stephanie Thomas - Ecohouse 2 (Architectural Press, 2003)

External links
 Oxford Solar Initiative

Buildings and structures in Oxford
Low-energy building in the United Kingdom
Energy conservation in the United Kingdom
Sustainable buildings in the United Kingdom
Elektronorgtechnica. Elektronorgtechnica (also spelled Electronorgtechnica, ), better known abbreviated as ELORG (Элорг), was a state-owned organization with a monopoly on the import and export of computer support and hardware and software in the Soviet Union. It was controlled by the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR from 1971 to 1989.

The company was associated with the export of Soviet design calculators, Electronika being one brand that was exported, rebranding them as ELORG products. Elorg also marketed the Agat computer, and imported IBM computers into the Soviet Union, starting with the IBM System/360 Model 50 in 1971.

Robert Maxwell pressured Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev to cancel the contract between Elorg and Nintendo concerning the rights to the game Tetris.

In 1991, as the Soviet Union was being dissolved, Elorg was turned into a private business by its director, Nikolai Belikov. Elorg was sold to The Tetris Company in January 2005 for $15 million.

Tetris

ELORG was responsible for the licensing of the popular video game Tetris. Tetris was written by salaried programmers at the Soviet Academy of Sciences, which was not allowed to carry out commercial activities directly. As the game was owned by the state, all rights to the game worldwide were handled by ELORG. In 1996 ELORG was reportedly a privatised Russian company which retained the rights to the Tetris trademark.

ELORG was a partner in The Tetris Company which licenses the Tetris name to game companies, along with Tetris creator Alexey Pajitnov and businessman Henk Rogers. Elorg was a 50 percent owner in the company until Rogers and Pajitnov bought ELORG's remaining rights around 2005.

References

Service companies of the Soviet Union
Computing in the Soviet Union
Computer companies of Russia
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer systems companies
Companies based in Moscow
Defunct companies of Russia
Electronics companies disestablished in 2005
Electronics companies established in 1971
Ministry of Foreign Trade (Soviet Union)
1971 establishments in the Soviet Union
2005 disestablishments in Russia
Systema Engineering. Systema Engineering is a Japanese manufacturer of airsoft internal parts, and airsoft gun replicas of real firearms for use as a safe, low cost substitute in simulated live fire training.

Products
 M16A1
 M16A2
 M16A3
 M16A3 Burst
 M16A4
 M4A1
 M4A1 CQBR
 M4 Burst
 M733 Limited Edition
 PTW89 (Based on Howa Type 89)
 PTW5A4 (Based on HK MP5A4)

See also
 Jing Gong

References

External links
 Systema PTW Webpage
 Airsoft Guns, Pistols & Snipers
 Systema MIL/LE PTW SHOT SHOW 2009
 Systema PTW Club, Thailand User Group, Systema PTW Thailand User Group.
 Systema PTW Club, Russian User Group, Systema PTW Russian User Group.

Manufacturing companies of Japan
Airsoft
Vadim Gerasimov. Vadim Viktorovich Gerasimov () is an engineer at Google. From 1994 to 2003, Vadim worked and studied at the MIT Media Lab. Vadim earned a BS/MS in applied mathematics from Moscow State University in 1992 and a Ph.D. from MIT in 2003.

At age 16 he was one of the original co-developers of the famous video game Tetris: he ported Alexey Pajitnov's original game to the IBM PC architecture and the two later added features to the game.

References

External links
Vadim Gerasimov personal webpage

Russian video game designers
Russian computer programmers
Russian inventors
Google employees
Moscow State University alumni
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Business-driven development. Business-driven development is a meta-methodology for developing IT solutions that directly satisfy business requirements. This is achieved by adopting a model-driven approach that starts with the business strategy, requirements, and goals, and then refines and transforms them into an IT solution. The transformation is partially achieved by applying model transformations. Due to the alignment of the business layer and the IT layer, it is possible to propagate changes in the business automatically to the IT systems. This leads to increased flexibility and shorter turnaround times when changing the business and adapting the IT systems.

Business-driven development goes further than the simple development of delivered requirements in that the implementing resource seeks to  completely understand the business side during the iterative gathering and implementing of requirements and drives to, once acquiring that information, improve business processes itself during the development of the actual solution. 

The applicability of automatic model transformations to align business and IT has been criticized and partially replaced by agile practices and methods such as behavior-driven development (BDD) and domain-driven design (DDD).

See also
 Behavior-driven development (BDD)
 Business process automation
 Business process management (BPM)
 Domain-driven design (DDD)
 Domain-specific modeling (DSM)
 Model-driven engineering (MDE)
 Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
 Service-oriented modeling Framework (SOMF)
 Workflow

References

Software development process
Charles Osmond Frederick. Charles Osmond Frederick is a British engineer who worked on interaction of rails and wheels at the British Railway Technical Centre, Derby.

Together with P.J. Armstrong he developed the Armstrong-Frederick plasticity models, which are applied in the theory of inelastic deformations. In the early 60's, he investigated stress phenomena in nuclear fuel elements for the UK Atomic Energy Authority. Since around 1970, he was employed by the research centre of British Rail.

In 2006, patent-spotters rediscovered a patent attributed in 1973 to the British Railways Board on a nuclear driven space vehicle, dubbed the British Rail flying saucer. The patent was based on work performed by Frederick, which originally was directed towards a lifting platform and finally culminated in a nuclear fusion powered passenger craft for interplanetary travel.

Publications 
 C.O. Frederick and J.D. Waters: Bowing behaviour of experimental fuel elements in the Windscale AGR, Report to United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority; 1963
 C.O. Frederick: Model correlations for investigating creep deform and stress relaxation in structure, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 7 No. 1 
 P.J. Armstrong and C.O. Frederick: A mathematical representation of the multiaxial Bauschinger effect. Technical Report RD/B/N 731, C.E.G.B, 1966.
 C.O. Frederick: Heat resistant and flexible pads for the support of rails; London, British Railways Board, Research and Development Division, 1972  
 C. O. Frederick and G.W. Morland:  Device for applying a massless load to a rail; London, British Railways Board, 1973  
 Rail technology: Proceedings of a seminar organised by British Rail Research & Development Division & American Association of Railroads held at Nottingham University 21–26 September 1981; edited by Charles Osmond Frederick & David John Round; 1983,   
 C.O. Frederick and J.C. Sinclair:  A rail corrugation theory which allows for contact patch size, Tech. Univ. Berlin, Rail Corrugations p 1-27 (SEE N94-23581 06-31), 1992
 C.O. Frederick: The railways - Challenges to science and technology - A conference sponsored by the Royal Academy of Engineering, The Royal Society, and British Rail, 26 April 1995; PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS: TRANSPORT 117 (2): 157-158 MAY 1996
 C.O. Frederick and A.P. Young: Infrarail seminars, Manchester, September 1994; PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS: TRANSPORT 117 (1): 63-66 FEB 1996

See also 
 Project Daedalus of the British Interplanetary Society

External links 
 Space Vehicles Patent number: GB1310990, 1973-03-21

British Rail people
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Data redundancy. In computer main memory, auxiliary storage and computer buses, data redundancy is the existence of data that is additional to the actual data and permits correction of errors in stored or transmitted data. The additional data can simply be a complete copy of the actual data (a type of repetition code), or only select pieces of data that allow detection of errors and reconstruction of lost or damaged data up to a certain level.

For example, by including computed check bits, ECC memory is capable of detecting and correcting single-bit errors within each memory word, while RAID 1 combines two hard disk drives (HDDs) into a logical storage unit that allows stored data to survive a complete failure of one drive.  Data redundancy can also be used as a measure against silent data corruption; for example, file systems such as Btrfs and ZFS use data and metadata checksumming in combination with copies of stored data to detect silent data corruption and repair its effects.

In database systems 
While different in nature, data redundancy also occurs in database systems that have values repeated unnecessarily in one or more records or fields, within a table, or where the field is replicated/repeated in two or more tables. Often this is found in unnormalized database designs and results in the complication of database management, introducing the risk of corrupting the data, and increasing the required amount of storage.  When done on purpose from a previously normalized database schema, it may be considered a form of database denormalization; used to improve performance of database queries (shorten the database response time).

For instance, when customer data are duplicated and attached with each product bought, then redundancy of data is a known source of inconsistency since a given customer might appear with different values for one or more of their attributes. Data redundancy leads to data anomalies and corruption and generally should be avoided by design; applying database normalization prevents redundancy and makes the best possible usage of storage.

See also 

 Data maintenance
 Data deduplication
 Data scrubbing
 End-to-end data protection
 Redundancy (engineering)
 Redundancy (information theory)

References 

Computer memory
Data
Data modeling
Databases
Fault-tolerant computer systems