omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Short Type 827. The Short Type 827 was a 1910s British two-seat reconnaissance floatplane. It was also known as the Short Admiralty Type 827.

Design and development
The Short Type 827 was a two-bay biplane with unswept unequal-span wings, a slightly smaller development of the Short Type 166. It had a box-section fuselage mounted on the lower wing. It had twin floats under the forward fuselage, plus small floats fitted at the wingtips and tail. It was powered by a nose-mounted 155 hp (116 kW) Sunbeam Nubian engine, with a two-bladed tractor propeller. The crew of two sat in open cockpits in tandem.

The aircraft was built by Short Brothers (36 aircraft,) and also produced by different contractors around the United Kingdom, i.e. Brush Electrical (20), Parnall (20), Fairey (12) and Sunbeam (20).

The Short Type 830 was a variant, powered by a 135 hp (101 kW) Salmson water-cooled radial engine.

Variants
Type 827
Production aircraft with a Sunbeam Nubian engine, 108 built.
Type 830
Variant powered by a 135 hp (100 kW) Salmson 18 built. 
S.301
A batch of ten tractor seaplanes, officially listed as Type 830s, with a 140 hp (104 kW) Salmson-Canton-Unné engine, are sometimes described as Short S.301s after the sequence/construction number of the first aircraft. It was a hybrid design, with the wings and fuselage of the Short Type 166, and the straight-edged ailerons and forward observer's position of the Type 830.

Operators

Belgian Air Force

Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications (Type 827)

See also

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Short 827 – British Aircraft Directory

1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Biplanes
Type 827
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Knowledge compilation. Knowledge compilation is a family of approaches for addressing the intractability of
a number of artificial intelligence problems.

A propositional model is compiled in an off-line phase in order to support some queries in polynomial time. Many ways of compiling a propositional model exist.

Different compiled representations have different properties.
The three main properties are:
 The compactness of the representation
 The queries that are supported in polynomial time
 The transformations of the representations that can be performed in polynomial time

Classes of representations 

Some examples of diagram classes include OBDDs, FBDDs, and non-deterministic OBDDs, as well as MDD.

Some examples of formula classes include DNF and CNF.

Examples of circuit classes include NNF, DNNF, d-DNNF, and SDD.

Knowledge compilers 

 c2d: supports compilation to d-DNNF
 d4: supports compilation to d-DNNF
 miniC2D: supports compilation to SDD
 KCBox: supports compilation to OBDD, OBDD[AND], and CCDD

References 

Artificial intelligence
Tamper-resistant security module. A tamper-resistant security module (TRSM) is a device that incorporates physical protections to prevent compromise of cryptographic security parameters that it contains.

There are varying levels of protection afforded by TRSMs:
  Tamper-resistance:  make intrusion difficult, usually by employing hardened casing
  Tamper-evident:  make intrusion attempts evident to subsequent viewers, often by employing seals which must be broken during intrusion
  Tamper-responsive: detect the intrusion attempt and destroy the contents in the process

A TRSM is usually also a hardware security module (HSM).

Cryptographic hardware
VDA. VDA may refer to:

Science and technology
 VDA-FS, CAD data exchange format
 Vascular disrupting agent, a class of pharmaceutical drugs
 Video Distribution Amplifier

Organizations
 Verband der Automobilindustrie, a special interest group representing the German automobile industry
 VDA 6.1, one of their quality management system standards
 Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland, a German cultural organisation

Other
 Ovda Airport, Eilat, Israel, by IATA code
 Villa Dolores Airport, serving Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
 Voluntary disclosure agreement, a program in United States taxation
 Viewer discretion advised, in the context of television content rating systems
Color image pipeline. An image pipeline or video pipeline is the set of components commonly used between an image source (such as a camera, a scanner, or the rendering engine in a computer game), and an image renderer (such as a television set, a computer screen, a computer printer or cinema screen), or for performing any intermediate digital image processing consisting of two or more separate processing blocks. An image/video pipeline may be implemented as computer software, in a digital signal processor, on an FPGA, or as fixed-function ASIC. In addition, analog circuits can be used to do many of the same functions.

Typical components include image sensor corrections (including debayering or applying a Bayer filter), noise reduction, image scaling, gamma correction, image enhancement, colorspace conversion (between formats such as RGB, YUV or YCbCr), chroma subsampling, framerate conversion, image compression/video compression (such as JPEG), and computer data storage/data transmission.

Typical goals of an imaging pipeline may be perceptually pleasing end-results, colorimetric precision, a high degree of flexibility, low cost/low CPU utilization/long battery life, or reduction in bandwidth/file size.

Some functions may be algorithmically linear. Mathematically, those elements can be connected in any order without changing the end-result. As digital computers use a finite approximation to numerical computing, this is in practice not true. Other elements may be non-linear or time-variant. For both cases, there is often one or a few sequences of components that makes sense for optimum precision and minimum hardware-cost/CPU-load.

See also 
 Image processing

References 

Image processing
SNCAC Martinet. The SNCAC Martinet was a German-designed but French-built twin-engined military trainer and light transport monoplane. It was operated by the French military and in small numbers by French airlines from the late 1940s.

Development
To aide the German war effort the SNCAC factory at Bourges was ordered to produce 455 Siebel Si 204s light transports for the Luftwaffe. Production started in 1942 and 168 had been delivered before the Liberation stopped production. The French decided to continue producing the aircraft and designated the aircraft NC.700. Only a prototype NC.700 was built powered by Renault 12S-00 engines (derived from the German AS-411) although the designation was also used for a small number of aircraft originally intended for the Luftwaffe and diverted to the French Air Force.

The company then produced two variants; the NC.701 Martinet based on the Si 204D with a glazed unstepped nose and powered by two Renault 12S engines, and the NC.702 Martinet with a conventional stepped windscreen nose based on the Si 204A.

Operational history
The Martinet was used by both the French Air Force and Navy and the final example did not retire until 1963. A small number were used by commercial operators including Air France but were soon replaced by larger aircraft like the Douglas DC-3. A number were used by the French Postal Service but they were grounded following an accident to F-BBFA is July 1946. The aircraft was used by the IGN for photo-survey work and a few aircraft were also exported to Poland and Sweden for use on photo-mapping duties.

Variants
NC.700
A Renault 12S powered Si-204, one prototype.
NC.701
Trainer version with dual controls and transparent nose based on the Si-204D. Room for five students as a radio trainer.
NC.702
Eight-seat transport version based on the Si-204A.

Operators

Air France
French Air Force
French Navy

 LOT Polish Airlines operated 6 NC.701 for aerial photography in 1947–1948.
 Polish Air Forces operated 6 aircraft taken from LOT airlines in 1948 for aerial photography until the 1950s.

 Rikets Allmänna Kartverk operated five aircraft for aerial photography and survey.

Survivors
NC.702 282 with the Conservatoire de l'Air et de l'Espace d'Aquitaine, France
NC.702 331 with the Deutsches Technikmuseum, Berlin, Germany
NC.701 SE-KAL on display at the Air and Space Museum, Arlanda, Stockholm, Sweden.

Specifications (NC.701)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Siebel Si 204

1940s French military trainer aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
SNCAC aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Twin-tail aircraft
Vickers F.B.14. 

The Vickers F.B.14 was a British two-seat fighter/reconnaissance biplane designed and built by Vickers Limited. About 100 were built for the Royal Flying Corps but saw only limited use as it was designed for a larger engine which was not available when production commenced and it did not meet performance expectations.

Design and development
The F.B.14 was a conventional single-bay biplane with two tandem open cockpits and a fixed tailskid landing gear. It was designed to use a new engine, the 230 hp (170 kW) BHP inline engine (later to become the Siddeley Puma). The steel-tube airframe was completed in mid-1916, but the engine was not ready and it was fitted with a 160 hp (120 kW) Beardmore engine instead. The aircraft was underpowered with the Beardmore engine and suffered reliability problems and over 50 production aircraft were delivered to the Royal Flying Corps without engines. A more reliable engine was tested, but the 120 hp (90 kW) Beardmore did not help meet the performance required. Attempts to fit alternate engines resulted in a number of variants with the most successful being a Rolls-Royce Eagle IV Vee engine. The aircraft performance was inferior to the contemporary Bristol F.2B, however, and further development of the F.B.14 was abandoned.

The F.B.14 saw limited operational use, with some being sent to Mesopotamia, with seven being used in home defence squadrons. The Rolls-Royce powered F.B.14D, while being used for testing of an experimental gunsight at Orfordness on 22 July 1917, engaged in a German air raid and claimed an unconfirmed shoot-down of a Gotha bomber off Zeebrugge.

Variants
F.B.14
Production aircraft powered by a 160 hp (120 kW) Beardmore engine, 104 built by Vickers at Weybridge.
F.B.14A
Re-engined with a 150 hp (110 kW) Lorraine-Dietrich Vee engine, one built.
F.B.14D
Re-engined with a 250 hp (190 kW) Rolls-Royce Eagle IV engine and fitted with increased span two-bay wings.
F.B.14F
Re-engined with a 150 hp (112 kW) RAF 4a air-cooled V-12 engine.

Operators

Royal Flying Corps

Specifications (F.B.14)

See also

References

External links

1910s British fighter aircraft
F.B.14
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Victrex. Victrex plc is a British-based supplier of high performance polymers. It is a constituent of the FTSE 250. The company's headquarters and manufacturing facilities are based in the UK with technical and customer support facilities in multiple markets, serving more than 40 countries. Victrex serves a diverse range of industries including aerospace, automotive, electronics, oil and gas and medical.

History

The company was established in 1993 by way of a management buyout of the PEEK polymer business of Imperial Chemical Industries plc. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1995. Based in Cleveleys near Blackpool in Lancashire Victrex has historically invested heavily to increase its capacity, most recently investing £90 million to increase production capacity by around 70%. By 2015 the production capacity of its polymer will be over 7,000 MT per annum (current capacity of 4,250 MT per annum).

Operations
The company is a manufacturer of high-performance polyaryletherketones, including VICTREX PEEK polymer, VICTREX pipes and PEEK-OPTIMA. Its business is organized as two business units:
Victrex Polymer Solutions (VPS) - that focuses on transport, industrial, oil and gas and the electronics markets
Invibio Biomaterial Solutions (Invibio) - that focuses on implantable PEEK bio-material solutions

References

External links
  Official site

Chemical companies established in 1993
Companies based in Lancashire
Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies established in 1993
Manufacturing companies established in 1993
Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom
List of U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni. The U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (TPS) graduated the following notable alumni who made significant contributions to the aerospace field. The school's mission is to produce experimental test pilots, flight test engineers, and flight test navigators to lead and conduct test and evaluation of aerospace weapon systems. The school was established on September 9, 1944, as the Flight Test Training Unit at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (AFB) in Dayton, Ohio. To take advantage of the uncongested skies and superb flying weather, the school was moved on February 4, 1951, to its present location at Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. Edwards AFB is the home of the Air Force Test Center and has been an integral part of flight testing since June 25, 1951.

Between 1962 and 1972, the Test Pilot School expanded its role to include astronaut training for military test pilots. Thirty-seven TPS graduates of this era were selected for the U.S. space program, and twenty-six went on to earn astronaut's wings by flying in the X-15, Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle programs. Although the school no longer trains astronauts, many TPS graduates since 1972 have been selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for duties in space. The school encourages applications from civilians, personnel from other U.S. military services, and individuals from foreign countries. An exchange program allows selected students to attend other test pilot schools including the United States Naval Test Pilot School, the United Kingdom's Empire Test Pilots' School, and France's EPNER.

Famous alumni
The following graduates of the USAF Test Pilot School are listed in the roles for which they are most notable. These roles include:
 Astronaut – Alumni who were trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.
 Flight test – Alumni notable for their work in flight testing including the "Golden Age" of jet flight testing: 1948 to 1968.
 Military commander – Alumni who achieved notability as the commanding officer of a military unit.
 Author – Alumni who have authored books on flight test.

Key

Astronauts 

 Individual was killed in a work-related (aviation) accident.

Flight test 

 Individual was killed in a work-related (aviation) accident.

Military commanders

Authors

Notes

References

External links 

United States Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
United States Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
Test Pilot School alumni
Memory model (programming). In computing, a memory model describes the interactions of threads through memory and their shared use of the data.

History and significance
A memory model allows a compiler to perform many important optimizations. Compiler optimizations like loop fusion move statements in the program, which can influence the order of read and write operations of potentially shared variables. Changes in the ordering of reads and writes can cause race conditions. Without a memory model, a compiler may not apply such optimizations to multi-threaded programs at all, or it may apply optimizations that are incompatible with multi-threading, leading to bugs.

Modern programming languages like Java therefore implement a memory model. The memory model specifies synchronization barriers that are established via special, well-defined synchronization operations such as acquiring a lock by entering a synchronized block or method. The memory model stipulates that changes to the values of shared variables only need to be made visible to other threads when such a synchronization barrier is reached. Moreover, the entire notion of a race condition is  defined over the order of operations with respect to these memory barriers.

These semantics then give optimizing compilers a higher degree of freedom when applying optimizations: the compiler needs to make sure  that the values of (potentially shared) variables at synchronization barriers are guaranteed to be the same in both the optimized and unoptimized code. In particular, reordering statements in a block of code that contains no synchronization barrier is assumed to be safe by the compiler.

Most research in the area of memory models revolves around:

 Designing a memory model that allows a maximal degree of freedom for compiler optimizations while still giving sufficient guarantees about race-free and (perhaps more importantly) race-containing programs.
 Proving program optimizations that are correct with respect to such a memory model.

The Java memory model was the first attempt to provide a comprehensive threading memory model for a popular programming language. After it was established that threads could not be implemented safely as a library without placing certain restrictions on the implementation and, in particular, that the C and C++ standards (C99 and C++03) lacked necessary restrictions, the C++ threading subcommittee set to work on suitable memory model; in 2005, they submitted C working document n1131 to get the C Committee on board with their efforts. The final revision of the proposed memory model, C++ n2429, was accepted into the C++ draft standard at the October 2007 meeting in Kona. The memory model was then included in the next C++ and C standards, C++11 and C11. The Rust programming language inherited most of C/C++'s memory model.

See also
Memory ordering
Memory barrier
Consistency model
Shared memory (interprocess communication)

References

Computer memory
Consistency models
Compiler construction
Programming language design
Run-time systems
Concurrency (computer science)
Code Saturne. code_saturne is a general-purpose computational fluid dynamics free computer software package. Developed since 1997 at Électricité de France R&D, code_saturne is distributed under the GNU GPL licence.
It is based on a co-located finite-volume approach that accepts meshes with any type of cell (tetrahedral, hexahedral, prismatic, pyramidal, polyhedral...) and any type of grid structure (unstructured, block structured, hybrid, conforming or with hanging nodes...).

Its basic capabilities enable the handling of either incompressible or expandable flows with or without heat transfer and turbulence (mixing length, 2-equation models, v2f, Reynolds stress models, Large eddy simulation...).
Dedicated modules are available for specific physics such as radiative heat transfer, combustion (gas, coal, ...), magneto-hydro dynamics, compressible flows, two-phase flows (Euler-Lagrange approach with two-way coupling), extensions to specific applications (e.g. for atmospheric environment).

The current production version is 8.0 (2023-06-30).

code saturne install 

code_saturne may be installed on a Linux or other Unix-like system by downloading and building it. No system files are changed, so administrator privileges are not required if the code is installed in a user's directory. Packages for code_saturne are also available on Debian and Ubuntu. Alternatively, CAE Linux (latest version ), includes code_saturne pre-installed.

The code also works well in the Windows subsystem for Linux.

Interoperability 

code saturne supports multiple mesh formats. The following formats, from open source or commercial tools, are currently supported by Code Saturne:

Supported mesh input formats (source):
 SIMAIL (NOPO) – (INRIA/Distene)
 I-DEAS universal
 MED
 CGNS
 EnSight 6
 EnSight Gold
 GAMBIT neutral
 Gmsh
 Simcenter STAR-CCM+

Supported post-processing output formats
 EnSight Gold
 MED
 CGNS

Alternative software 
 Advanced Simulation Library (open source software AGPL)
 ANSYS CFX (proprietary software)
 ANSYS Fluent (proprietary software)
 Basilisk
 COMSOL Multiphysics
 FEATool Multiphysics
 Gerris Flow Solver (GPL)
 OpenFOAM (GPL)
 Palabos Flow Solver (AGPL)
 STAR-CCM+ (proprietary software)
 SU2 code (LGPL)

See also 

 SALOME

References

External links 
  Official English website
  Official french website
  Code Saturne Installation on Mandriva Linux
  Code_Saturne Overview (pdf, 2 pages)
  Overview of EDF's Open Source initiative (pdf, 2 pages)
  code-saturne.blogspot.com : Independent user's Blog about SALOME, Code_Saturne, ParaView and Numerical Modelling
  CAE Linux : LiveDVD with Code_Saturne, Code_Aster and the Salomé platform
  Website at the University of Manchester

Computational fluid dynamics
Free science software
Engineering software that uses Qt
Computer-aided design software for Linux
Computer-aided engineering software for Linux
Articles with underscores in the title
Ye Peijian. Ye Peijian (; born January 1945) is a Chinese aerospace engineer. He is the Chief Commander and Chief Designer of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program.

Early life and education

Ye was born in Huzhuang Village, Taixing, Jiangsu, China, in January 1945. In 1962, he graduated from Huzhou Middle School in Huzhou, Zhejiang province. 

Ye completed his undergraduate education in radio science and graduated from Zhejiang University in 1967. Taking the advice of Chinese aerospace engineer Yang Jiachi to avoid the United States because of American restrictions on sensitive technology, he studied at University of Neuchâtel in Switzerland and received a Doctor of Science in 1985.

Career 
Ye is a professor both at the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Harbin Institute of Technology. He is a research fellow and Chief Engineer at the Chinese Academy of Space Technology.

Ye joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1986. He became an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003.

Ye speaks English and French fluently. The inner main-belt asteroid 456677 Yepeijian, discovered by the PMO NEO Survey Program at XuYi Station in 2007, was named in his honor. Naming citation was published on 12 January 2017 ().

References 
 

1945 births
Living people
Academic staff of Beihang University
Chinese aerospace engineers
Chinese expatriates in Switzerland
Engineers from Jiangsu
Academic staff of Harbin Institute of Technology
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
People from Taixing
Scientists from Taizhou, Jiangsu
University of Neuchâtel alumni
Zhejiang University alumni
Shao Xianghua. Shao Xianghua, (; February 22, 1913 – March 21, 2012) was a Chinese materials engineer and metallurgist. He was considered as a pioneer of modern Chinese metallurgical engineering.

Career
Shao was born on February 22, 1913, in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Shao graduated from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University in 1932.  He studied in the Britain and received bachelor and M.Sc degrees from the University of London (current Imperial College London) in 1938.

1949, he became the Chief Engineer of the newly founded Anshan Iron and Steel Group, which is one of the most important steel producer in China. In 1958, he was transferred to the prestigious China Iron & Steel Research Institute (CISRI, 钢铁研究总院) and became a research fellow there.

Shao played an important role in both Chinese rare earths and rare metal industries. He was an academician of both the Chinese Academy of Sciences (1955 election) and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (1995 election), which is rare among Chinese scientists and engineers.

References

External links
 Chinese Academy of Engineering - Shao Xianghua 
 CV of Shao Xianghua

1913 births
2012 deaths
Chinese metallurgists
Engineers from Zhejiang
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Hangzhou
Zhejiang University alumni