omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
AHB. AHB may refer to:

 Al Hilal Bank
 Abha Airport in Abha, Saudi Arabia
 Africanized honeybee
 Air Historical Branch, the historical archive service of the Royal Air Force
 All Hallows, Bow, a church in East London
 Auckland Harbour Bridge in Auckland, New Zealand
 Axamb language
 Automatic Half Barrier, a term used in the UK for a type of level crossing
 Advanced High-performance Bus
A Happy Birthday
Fermi point. The term Fermi point has two applications but refers to the same phenomena (special relativity):
Fermi point (quantum field theory)
Fermi point (nanotechnology)

For both applications count that the symmetry between particles and anti-particles in weak interactions is violated:
At this point the particle energy  is zero.
In nanotechnology this concept can be applied to electron behavior. An electron as a single particle is a fermion obeying the Pauli exclusion principle.

Fermi point (quantum field theory)
Fermionic systems that have a Fermi surface (FS) belong to a universality class in quantum field theory. Any collection of fermions with weak repulsive interactions belongs to this class. At the Fermi point, the break of symmetry can be explained by assuming a vortex or singularity will appear as a result of the spin of a fermi particle (quasiparticle, fermion) in one dimension of the three-dimensional momentum space.

Fermi point (nanoscience)

The Fermi point is one particular electron state. The Fermi point refers to an event chirality of electrons is involved and the diameter of a carbon nanotube for which the nanotube becomes metallic. As the structure of a carbon nanotube determines the energy levels that the carbon's electrons may occupy, the structure affects macroscopic properties of the nanotube structure, most notably electrical and thermal conductivity.

Flat graphite is a conductor except when rolled up into small cylinders. This circular structure inhibits the internal flow of electrons and the graphite becomes a semiconductor; a transition point forms between the valence band and conduction band. This point is called the Fermi point. If the diameter of the carbon nanotube is sufficiently great, the necessary transition phase disappears and the nanotube may be considered a conductor.

See also 
Fermi energy
Fermi surface
Bandgap

Notes

Critical phenomena
Nanoelectronics
Condensed matter physics
Quantum field theory
Special relativity
William Poduska. John William Poduska Sr. is an American engineer and entrepreneur. He was a founder of Prime Computer, Apollo Computer, and Stellar Computer. Prior to that he headed the Electronics Research Lab at NASA's Cambridge, Massachusetts, facility and also worked at Honeywell.

Poduska has been involved in a number of other high-tech startups.  He also has served on the boards of Novell, Anadarko Petroleum, Anystream, Boston Ballet, Wang Center and the Boston Lyric Opera.

Poduska was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1986 for technical and entrepreneurial leadership in computing, including development of Prime, the first virtual memory minicomputer, and Apollo, the first distributed, co-operating workstation.

Education 
Poduska was born in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1955, he graduated from Central High School in Memphis. He went on to earn a S.B. and S.M. in electrical engineering, both in 1960, from MIT.  He also earned a Sc.D. in EECS from MIT in 1962.

Awards 
 Recipient of the McDowell Award, National Academy of Engineering, 1986

References

External links 
 

1937 births
American computer businesspeople
American scientists
Computer hardware engineers
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Central High School (Memphis, Tennessee) alumni
Malaysian Nuclear Agency. The Malaysia Nuclear Agency (Agensi Nuklear Malaysia, ANM) is a Malaysian nuclear technology research facility located in Bangi, Selangor.

ANM introduces and promotes the application of nuclear science and technology for national development.

History 
Established on 19 September 1972, ANM was then known as the Centre for Application of Nuclear Malaysia (CRANE). It was formally named Tun Ismail Atomic Research Centre (PUSPATI).

In June 1983, PUSPATI was placed under the patronage of the Prime Minister and was called Nuclear Energy Unit (UTN). It was placed under Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment in October 1990. In August 1994, its name was changed to Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT).

On 28 September 2006, following its restructuring, MINT was given a new identity, which is Malaysian Nuclear Agency. Its strategic location, near higher learning institutions. It is in close proximity to the National Administration Centre, Putrajaya, and the Multimedia Super Corridor, Cyberjaya.

The rebranding followed mass restructuring and the re-alignment of its core business towards establishing nuclear power in Malaysia as an alternative form of renewable energy.

Organisational function  
ANM functions are to:
Conduct research and development, services and training in the field of nuclear technology for national development
Encourage application, transfer and commercialisation of nuclear technology
Coordinate and manage the national and international nuclear affairs, and act as the liaison agency with International Atomic Energy Agency and Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization

External links 
- Malaysia Nuclear Agency websites

Hulu Langat District
Federal ministries, departments and agencies of Malaysia
Research institutes in Malaysia
Nuclear research institutes
Science and technology in Malaysia
Scientific organisations based in Malaysia
Ministry of Energy, Technology, Science, Climate Change and Environment (Malaysia)
2005 establishments in Malaysia
Government agencies established in 2005
Research institutes established in 1972
1972 establishments in Malaysia
Philippe Villers. Philippe Villers founded the company Computervision with Marty Allen in 1969.  In 1980 he co-founded Automatix, an early robotics company, which he led until 1986.  He later served as president of Cognition Corporation for 3 years.  He is currently (2013) president of GrainPro, Inc., and board member of a number of high-tech startups, as well as president  of Families USA Foundation, which he endowed. GrainPro makes bags and storage cocoons out of polyvinyl chloride to protect grain in third world countries, where up to 25% of harvested crops are lost to insects and rodents.

Villers was born in France and came to the United States as a child. He earned a B.A. from Harvard University and an S.M. in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1960.  He also holds an honorary doctorate from the University of Massachusetts Lowell.

References

External links
GrainPro, Inc.
Families USA Foundation
Cognition Corporation

American computer businesspeople
Businesspeople in computing
Harvard University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Kishor C. Mehta. Kishor C. Mehta is recognized worldwide as an authority on wind engineering. He is the first person from the Texas Tech University to be elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering for his systematic studies of structural damage caused by windstorms and leadership in the development of structural design standards for wind loads. Mehta has chaired the American Society of Civil Engineers' task committee on wind loads and organized the 11th International Conference on Wind Engineering, held at Lubbock, Texas in June, 2003. He is also the past chairman of the National Research Council Committee on Natural Disasters.

Mehta is a P.W. Horn Professor of Civil Engineering at Texas Tech University. He is the founder and the former director of the Wind Science and Engineering Research Center at TTU.

References

American civil engineers
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Place of birth missing (living people)
Texas Tech University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Liquid crystal thermometer. A liquid crystal thermometer, temperature strip or plastic strip thermometer is a type of thermometer that contains heat-sensitive (thermochromic) liquid crystals in a plastic strip that change colour to indicate different temperatures.
Liquid crystals possess the mechanical properties of a liquid, but have the optical properties of a single crystal. Temperature changes can affect the colour of a liquid crystal, which makes them useful for temperature measurement. The resolution of liquid crystal sensors is in the  range. Disposable liquid crystal thermometers have been developed for home and medical use. For example if the thermometer is put onto someone's forehead, it will change colour depending on the temperature of the person's body.

There are two stages in the liquid crystals:
the hot nematic stage is the closest to the liquid phase where the molecules are freely moving around and only partly ordered.
the cold smectic stage is closest to a solid phase where the molecules align themselves into tightly wound chiral matrices.

Liquid crystal thermometers portray temperatures as colors and can be used to follow temperature changes caused by heat flow. They can be used to observe that heat flows by conduction, convection, and radiation.

In medical applications, liquid crystal thermometers may be used to read body temperature by placing them against the forehead. These are safer than a mercury-in-glass thermometer, and may be advantageous in some patients, but do not always give an exact result, except for the analytic liquid crystal thermometer which shows the exact temperature between .

Liquid crystal thermometers are also commonly used in aquariums, in homebrewing, and in mood rings.

The liquid crystal thermometer was invented by Bob Parker in California, one of many of the inventor's thermochromic applications patented in the 1970s.

References

Thermometers
Thermochromism
Liquid crystals
Leigh Canham. Leigh Canham is a British scientist who has pioneered the optoelectronic and biomedical applications of porous silicon.

Leigh Canham graduated from University College London in 1979 with a BSc in Physics and completed his PhD at King's College London in 1983.

His early work in this area took place at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment in Malvern, Worcestershire. 
Canham and his colleagues showed that electrochemically etched silicon could be made porous. This porous material could emit visible light when a current was passed through it (electroluminescence).
Later the group demonstrated the biocompatibility of porous silicon.

Canham now works as Chief Scientific Officer of psiMedica (part of pSiVida). According to the pSiVida web site, Canham is the most cited author on porous silicon. In a study of most cited physicists up to 1997 Canham ranked at 771.

Bibliography

Selected papers
 Porous silicon-based scaffolds for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications, Jeffery L. Coffer, Melanie A. Whitehead, Dattatri K. Nagesha, Priyabrata Mukherjee, Giridhar Akkaraju, Mihaela Totolici, Roghieh S. Saffie, Leigh T. Canham, Physica Status Solidi A Vol. 202, Issue 8, Pages 1451 - 1455
 Gaining light from silicon, Leigh Canham, Nature vol. 408, pp. 411 – 412 (2000) 
 Progress towards silicon optoelectronics using porous silicon technology, L. T. Canham, T. I. Cox, A. Loni and A. J. Simons, Applied Surface Science, Volume 102, Pages 436-441 (1996)
Porous silicon multilayer optical waveguides, A. Loni, L. T. Canham, M. G. Berger, R. Arens-Fischer, H. Munder, H. Luth, H. F. Arrand and T. M. Benson, Thin Solid Films, Vol. 276, Issues 1-2, pages 143-146 (1996)
 The origin of efficient luminescence in highly porous silicon, K. J. Nash, P. D. J. Calcott, L. T. Canham, M. J. Kane and D. Brumhead, J. of Luminescence, Volumes 60-61, Pages 297-301 (1994)
 Electronic quality of vapour phase epitaxial Si grown at reduced temperature, W. Y. Leong, L. T. Canham, I. M. Young and D. J. Robbins, Thin Solid Films, Volume 184, Issues 1-2, pages 131-137 (1990)
 Silicon quantum wire array fabrication by electrochemical and chemical dissolution of wafers, L. T. Canham, Applied Physic Letters, Volume 57, pages 1046-1048 (1990)

Books
 Properties of Porous Silicon, Leigh Canham  (Ed.)   Inspec/IEE  (1997)  
 Biomedical Mems: Clinical Applications of Silicon Technology, Leigh Canham, Inst of Physics Pub Inc  (2003)

Selected patents
 US patent 6,322,895
 US patent 5,561,304

External links
 pSivida
 An Interview with Leigh Canham

1958 births
Living people
British physicists
Semiconductor physicists
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of King's College London
Escuadrón Fénix. The Phoenix Squadron () was a volunteers' special unit of the Argentine Air Force established during the 1982 Falklands War.

History

The Argentine Air Force reconnaissance force at that time was formed around the Grupo 1 Aerofotográfico () part of the 2nd Air Brigade equipped with two Learjet 35As and based at Parana province of Entre Rios.

In April 1982, the unit was deployed to Comodoro Rivadavia and was reinforced with several civilian planes and their civilian pilots who volunteered to fly them.

During the war, the Learjets performed 52 missions including search and reconnaissance flights, communications retransmission flights, and pathfinder flights to guide combat jets with the Learjets’ superior navigation systems.

The unit's most difficult missions were 126 sorties in which the Learjets acted as decoys, flying day and night to simulate strike aircraft preparing to attack the fleet. Many believe that most of the Argentine A-4 Skyhawks' and Daggers' successes were achieved because the British Sea Harriers had been drawn away from more important targets:

On one of these flights, on June 7, an Air Force Learjet was shot down over Pebble Island by a surface-to-air Sea Dart missile fired by HMS Exeter, killing the squadron commander, Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina, and the other four members of the crew. De La Colina became the second highest ranking Argentine officer (after Col Arévalo) to die in the war.

Civilian helicopters were also added to the unit for use in the search and rescue role in the continent, most notably the Sikorsky S-61N LV-OCN and Sikorsky S-58T LV-OCM.

Casualties

Argentine Air Force Learjet 35 T-24 crew:

Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina (pilot)
Major Juan Falconier (co-pilot)
Captain Marcelo Lotufo (photographer)
Staff Sub-Officer Francisco Luna (mechanic)
Assistant Sub-Officer Guido Marizza (mechanic).

References

Notes

External links
Escuadron Fenix (Spanish)

Argentine Air Force units and formations in the Falklands War
Viktor Dorkin. Viktor Ivanovich Dorkin (; October 3, 1953 – March 30, 2006) was a Russian politician. He served as Mayor of Dzerzhinsky, Moscow Oblast from 1991 until his death.

Biography 
Dorkin grew up in Novodevichinsky sovkhoz in Shigonsky District of Kuybyshev Oblast, Soviet Union. He obtained a degree in chemical engineering in 1976 from Kuybyshev Politechnical School.

After graduation, he was assigned to Lyubertsy Science and Research Institute of Chemical Technology. There, he worked hard, advancing from engineer to senior research officer and deputy chief of the 142nd laboratory.

In 1990, he was elected as a chairman of the Dzerzhinsky town council. In 1991, he became the head of the local government board of Dzerzhinsky. In 1996, he was elected mayor of Dzerzhinsky. In 1999, he was re-elected as the head of the local government board of Dzerzhinsky. He was married and had two children.

Death 
Dorkin was assassinated in 2006. The prosecutor's office named Dmitry Lukin, former vice-president of the local football club Orbita, as mandator in the assassination. He was arrested at Vnukovo Airport near Moscow in 2016 and acquitted by jury two years later.

References

External links
 Official website of Dzerzhinsky 
 Mayor of the town of Dzerzhinsky near Moscow shot dead 

1953 births
2006 deaths
People from Samara Oblast
Mayors of places in Russia
People from Moscow Oblast
Assassinated Russian politicians
European politicians assassinated in the 2000s
Politicians assassinated in 2006
MotorCar (trucks). MotorCar was a Greek three-wheeler truck manufacturer, in business between 1967 and 1971. It was one of the smaller in its category, although rather "professional" in its quality of design and construction. Its models (all tipper) used a chassis developed by MotorCar, in two versions using Volkswagen and German Ford engines, respectively. According to their classification, both models could legally carry only 350 kg, although in practice they were loaded with up to 2 tonnes by their users.

References
L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, 'Made in Greece', Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003).
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)
G.N. Georgano (Ed.), 'The Complete Encyclopedia of Commercial Vehicles', Krause Publication, Iola, Wisconsin (1979).

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Greece
1971 disestablishments in Greece
Three-wheeled motor vehicles
Nickel(II) iodide. Nickel(II) iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula NiI2.  This paramagnetic black solid dissolves readily in water to give bluish-green solutions, from which crystallizes the aquo complex [Ni(H2O)6]I2 (image above). This bluish-green colour is typical of hydrated nickel(II) compounds. Nickel iodides find some applications in homogeneous catalysis.


Structure and synthesis
The anhydrous material crystallizes in the CdCl2 motif, featuring octahedral coordination geometry at each Ni(II) center. NiI2 is prepared by dehydration of the pentahydrate.

NiI2 readily hydrates, and the hydrated form can be prepared by dissolution of nickel oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate in hydroiodic acid. The anhydrous form can be produced by treating powdered nickel with iodine.

Applications in catalysis
NiI2 has some industrial applications as a catalyst in carbonylation reactions.  It is also has niche uses as a reagent in organic synthesis, especially in conjunction with samarium(II) iodide.

Like many nickel complexes, those derived from hydrated nickel iodide have been used in cross coupling.

References

Inorganic compounds
Iodides
Metal halides
Nickel compounds
EBIAM. EBIAM (standing for Elliniki Biomichania Agrotikon Michanimaton, English translation: Greek Agricultural Machinery Industry) was a Greek company based in Thessaloniki that, among others, produced 4x4 trucks. It belonged to a generation that benefited from a Greek law (modified in the mid-1980s) classifying any vehicle that could be used for agricultural purposes (including "proper" trucks and jeeps) as "agricultural machinery". 

Apart from tractors, there were different categories of vehicles that were developed and produced in Greece, classified according to the aforementioned law. The most common type was a "half tractor-half truck" contraption, usually with three-wheel chassis, that has been very characteristic of the country being a very common sight in the Greek countryside, especially in the 1970s. Companies that produced this type of vehicle include Candia (by far the largest), Kronos, Minos, Minotauros and others in Crete, Demetra in Volos, and several others. Another type was a family of lighter (500 kg – 1 tn payload) 4-wheel "jeep-type" trucks that were also supposed to be used as tractors. This type was produced by companies including Demetra in Volos, Diana in Athens (not to be confused with AutoDiana of Thessaloniki), Record in Herakleion, Crete, and others. Finally, another category included more advanced designs of heavier trucks, often with 4x4 chassis. This type was produced by a number of companies including (except for EBIAM), Agroamax in Arta, Agrocar in Athens, and others. 

EBIAM produced between 1979 and 1984 two truck models on the same, robust 4x4 chassis it developed. Both models used a Land Rover 2300 cc  engine; payload was .

References 
L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, "Made in Greece", Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003)  (republished by the University of Patras Science Park, 2007).
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)

External links 
Dutch vehicle manufacturers catalog

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Greece
Truck manufacturers of Greece
Manufacturing companies based in Thessaloniki
Strafing of the Little Egg Harbor Intermediate School. The strafing of the Little Egg Harbor Intermediate School was an incident in Little Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, United States, in 2004, when a military aircraft on a training mission unintentionally discharged 27 cannon rounds while attempting to operate an aircraft mounted laser. The aircraft was within the training range, as was the target that the laser was pointed at, which was approximately 90 degrees to the side of the aircraft. However, the cannon fires to the front of the aircraft. The cannon rounds flew over , with several of them striking the school. Teachers and students were absent at the time.  No one was injured.

Incident
On Thursday, November 4, 2004, at around 9pm, an F-16 Fighting Falcon jet from the 113th Wing of the District of Columbia Air National Guard, based at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland on a training mission at the Warren Grove Bombing Range was climbing upward at . The lead pilot was on a training ride in pursuit of an upgrade to instructor pilot. A recent software change in the F-16 allowed the externally mounted targeting pod to stabilize on a spot on the earth when the avionics were in Air to Ground Mode, Strafe Sub-Mode. The pilot intended to fire a laser at a strafe target located on the range. The laser and gun share the same trigger. The pilot pulled the trigger, firing not only the laser but also the internal M61 Vulcan cannon, discharging 27 rounds of  ammunition which struck the ground, eight striking the school's roof and the rest hitting the parking lot and the side of the building. 

A janitor, who saw holes in the ceiling and had heard something on the roof, contacted the police.

Reaction
Meanwhile, in Little Egg Harbor, students had been off from school for the New Jersey Teachers' Convention. The school was repaired over the break, and there was an investigation that took over 30 days, sometimes during class times. The day the students returned to the school, there was live coverage from major news networks. 

At the time of the incident, The Little Egg Harbor Intermediate School had over 1,100 students in grades 3–6. In 2009, the school was renovated into a K-6 school and was renamed to the Frog Pond Elementary School.

Aftermath
On November 1, 2006, the district and the United States Air Force announced that a settlement had been reached, whereby the district would be paid $519,070.70 to cover damage to the roof of the school caused in the incident. This is less than the $900,000 that the superintendent had indicated would be needed to cover the costs of replacing the roof damaged in the incident and the process of evaluating the roof's condition after the incident.

References

 MSNBC, Wed., Nov. 1, 2006 – N.J. school strafed by F-16 to get $519,070. Jet hit elementary school during nighttime training exercise in 2004
By D'Vera Cohn and Allan Lengel. Washington Post. Friday, November 5, 2004; Page B01. D.C. Guard Jet Fires, Hitting N.J. School

External links
 Little Egg Harbor School District

Ocean County, New Jersey
Disasters in schools
2004 in New Jersey