omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Microgravity University. Microgravity University, also known as the Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program (RGSFOP), was a program run by NASA which enables undergraduate university students to perform microgravity experiments aboard NASA's reduced-gravity aircraft at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.

Acceptance into the program requires a team of four fliers (and any number of ground crew) and was done through the writing and submission (during late Fall) of a technical proposal which details among other things what the experiment was about, safety considerations, and outreach plans. In the 2007 campaign, 34 of the proposals submitted were accepted. Upon acceptance, a flight date was assigned and the team must design and build the planned experiment by then. Prior to flight, submission of a TEDP (an in-depth description of apparatus) was also required, as were FAA approved physical examinations for all fliers and the optional alternate flier.

Flight week 

The flight week began with an introduction to the facility, the crew, and a description of what was planned overall. The rest of the week involved training, tours, setup, and flights.

Setup of the experiment was done at Ellington Field's hangar 990 concurrently for all teams in the flight week. The hangar houses the C-9 as well as NASA's two WB-57 high altitude research aircraft; the setup period typically goes for three days, after which the experiment was loaded onto the C-9, strapped into place, and finalized. Microgravity flights were performed during the next two days: two of the fliers on one day and the other two on the other day.

The flight day begins with a briefing which involves last minute instructions and advice, and also the administration of anti motion sickness medicine.

Each microgravity flight contains 30 zero gravity sessions, called parabolas, lasting 20 to 25 seconds each. Additionally, Lunar and Martian parabolas were done (one each).

Transportation and housing for the flight week and the trip to Houston were not provided by NASA and must be arranged by the students.

References

External links 
 Official site
 Campaign photos

NASA groups, organizations, and centers
Gravity 
 
United States educational programs
Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor. Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) is a project led by the European Space Agency to place cameras and X-ray/γ-ray detectors on the International Space Station to observe the upper atmosphere in order to study sprites, jets and elves and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes in connection with thunderstorms. It is hoped that measurements of these phenomena from space will contribute to the understanding of Earth's upper atmosphere.

The ASIM components, originally planned to be completed in 2014, were launched on 2 April 2018 and mounted on the Columbus External Payload Facility on 13 April 2018. Danish tech company Terma A/S is running the technical part of the project for ESA and DTU Space (National Space Institute) from the Technical University of Denmark provides the scientific leadership of the project. Mission operations will be performed by the Belgian User Support and Operations Centre (B.USOC) in Uccle, Belgium.

First results from the measurements revealed that gamma ray bursts form when powerful electric fields course through the atmosphere, just before a lightning bolt travels along the same path. These results were published in July 2019.

Instruments 
The ASIM payload has a mass of  and consists of sub-systems CEPA and DHPU, and two scientific instruments called MXGS and MMIA:
 The Columbus External Payload Adapter (CEPA) and Data Handling and Power Unit (DHPU) form the structural and electrical connections, respectively, to the Columbus module.
 The Modular X and Gamma Ray Instrument (MXGS) is a pair of terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF) detectors. The low-energy detector is sensitive from 15 keV to 400 keV, and the high-energy detector is sensitive from 200 keV to 40 MeV.
 The Modular Multi-Imaging Assembly (MMIA) is an optical imaging system capable of observing 12 frames per second continuously in the 777.4 nm and 337 nm bands at 5 nm wide intervals.

See also 
 European contribution to the International Space Station
 Scientific research on the International Space Station
Spacecraft Atmosphere Monitor

References

External links 
 ASIM.dk
 ASIM webpage at the European Space Agency's Human Spaceflight Research portal
 ASIM webpage by Terma A/S
 ASIM webpage at NASA's Space Station Research & Technology portal

Spacecraft instruments
International Space Station experiments
Satellite meteorology
2018 in spaceflight
Piggyback mission
AAU CubeSat. AAU CubeSat was a CubeSat built and operated by students from Aalborg University in Denmark. AAU CubeSat was launched on 30 June 2003 from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome on a Russian Rockot launch vehicle.

The satellite was alive for two and a half months, during which some data was received on Earth; however, it was never possible to establish a solid communication link. It is thought that there was a problem with the on-board transmitter.

Spacecraft 
The aluminium frame was milled from a solid block to ensure that a strong and lightweight frame was created. There are four rails to allow the satellite to slide in and out of the frame. The four rails are connected by other aluminium pieces. The subsystem circuit boards are screwed onto these pieces. Carbon-fiber plates are then glued onto the outside of the frame to support the solar panels and attitude control coils. The solar panels and attitude control coils are glued to the plates.

Payload 
AAU CubeSat's payload is a CMOS digital camera. It has a resolution of 1.3 megapixels and has a color depth of 24 bit. From the satellite's  altitude, the camera will capture pictures with a resolution of  per pixel. The camera-chip was provided by a company called Devitech which is in Aalborg. The Copenhagen Optical Group and the mechanical group developed the lens system. The structure for the lens system is made out of titanium.

Communications 
The communications systems on the satellite are composed of a modem and a radio. The radio is a SX450 type radio from Wood and Douglas. It broadcasts at 500 mW. The modem is a MX909 chip. It runs at 9600 baud and has many features such as:
 GMSK
 Scrambling
 Checksums
 Forward Error Correction
 Interleaving

Attitude Determination and Control System 
The ADCS aims the camera in the right direction, (away from the Sun) and positions all three sides with solar panels to be facing the Sun for maximum power output. The satellite is positioned by three coils of wire that generate a magnetic field that interacts with Earth's magnetic field. These interactions change the attitude and orientation of the satellite. The sensor array that determines attitude is made up of a magnetometer and a Sun sensor. The magnetometer was provided by Honeywell and determines the direction of Earth's magnetic field. The Sun sensors are planar photo diodes that detect the intensity of incoming sunlight.

Specifications 
 Size: 
 Mass: 
 Power: Batteries, solar panels

See also 

 List of CubeSats

References

External links 
 AAU CubeSat 

Student satellites
Aalborg University
CubeSats
Spacecraft launched by Rokot rockets
Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers. The Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers (IBR, I=B=R), in the United States, is currently incorporated into the Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association (GAMA).  The merger of GAMA and IBR occurred on April 18, 2004.  Under the IBR name, GAMA continues to offer regular classes on hydronic heat installation in the Northeastern United States.  The IBR is a nationally recognized boiler and radiator certification organization.  The IBR was formerly also known as the Hydronics Institute.

References

Trade associations based in the United States
IBR. IBR may refer to:

Science and technology
 Image-based modeling and rendering
 Internet background radiation
 Integrally bladed rotor, a turbomachinery component
 Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, a herpes-type viral disease of cattle
 Iodine monobromide (IBr)
 Inverter-based resource (IBR), a generator connected to the electrical grid through a power converter

Organisations
 Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers
 Institute of Biomedical Research, at the University of Birmingham, UK

Other uses
 Income-based repayment, a method of student loan repayment in the US

 International Bibliography of Book Reviews of Scholarly Literature and Social Sciences
 Inverted Box Rib, a type of metal roof
 Ivey Business Review, an undergraduate business publication of Ivey Business School
 Ibaraki Airport (IATA airport code)
 Internet's Best Reactions by WTF1
Incorporation by reference, the act of including a second document within another document by only mentioning the second document

See also
 IBRS (disambiguation)
Beare-head engine. The Beare-head engine internal combustion engine technology combines a four-stroke engine bottom end and piston, with a ported cylinder head closely resembling that of a two-stroke engine. The head piston is smaller and moves at half cycling of the bottom piston. Functionally, the cylinder-head piston replaces part of the valve mechanism of a conventional four-stroke engine, and protects the remainder from the higher pressures. This configuration has been described as a six-stroke engine based on adding together the four strokes per cycle of the bottom piston and the two strokes of the cylinder head piston, but there are essentially only 4 strokes, just with an alternative form of valving.

References

External links
 www.six-stroke.com
 Australian Federal Court judgment — .
 Costs judgment — .

Internal combustion engine
Challenge 67. The Challenge 67 is a steel-hulled yacht. It is  from bow to stern, and this is where it gets its name. There were 14 of these yachts built, for the purpose of racing in the BT Global Challenge.

The yachts were designed by David Thomas and Thanos Condylis, and built by Devonport Management Limited.

Specifications 
 Mast Height     –    85 ft 3 in    (25.98 m)
 Sail Area Upwind   – 2454 sqft   (228sq m)
 Sail Area Downwind – 4754 sqft   (441sq m)
 Overall length   –   67'    (20.42 m)
 Beam          –      17 ft 3 in    (5.26 m)
 Draught       –      9 ft 6 in   (2.82 m)
 Displacement    –    40 tons
 Hull             –   50B mild steel
 Deck              –  316 Stainless steel
 Keel weight        – 12 Tons
 Engine           –   Perkins 130 HP
 Generator         –  Perkins 27 HP
 Fuel         –       385 gallons (1600 litres)
 Water         –      242 gallons (1100 litres)
 Berths         –     14 in six cabins

References

Sailing yachts
1990s sailboat type designs
76th Maintenance Wing. The 76th Maintenance Wing is a wing of the United States Air Force based out of Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma.

Subordinate Organizations
76th Aircraft Maintenance Group (76 AMXG)
76th Propulsion Maintenance Group (76 PMXG)
76th Commodities Maintenance Group (76 CMXG)
76th Software Maintenance Group (76 SMXG) - The Group is a major software development and production organizations for the United States Air Force. Personnel provide expert software support for the B-1, B-2, B-52 and E-3 aircraft. In addition, the group provides software maintenance for all cruise missiles. In support of the depot mission and warfighter shops, the group provides software design and maintenance for all assigned engines and a variety of individual components and systems.
76th Maintenance Support Group (76 MXSG)

History
The Wing furnished administrative and logistical support for the San Antonio Air Materiel Area (later, San Antonio Air Logistics Center) and numerous tenant organizations on the base.  It became host wing of Kelly Air Force Base on 17 August 1959.  The wing has frequently supported humanitarian and disaster relief missions and deployed personnel in support of operations in Southwest Asia in 1990 and 1991.

On 1 October 2012, the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center was redesignated as the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Complex and leadership of the complex was transferred from the former 76th Maintenance Wing. (https://www.tinker.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/384764/oklahoma-city-air-logistics-complex/)

Lineage
 Designated as the 2851st Air Base Wing and organized on 1 August 1953
 Redesignated 2851st Air Base Group on 16 October 1964
 Redesignated 651st Support Group on 1 October 1992
 Redesignated 651st Air Base Group on 1 October 1993
 Redesignated 76th Air Base Wing on 1 October 1994
 Inactivated on 30 May 2001
 Redesignated 76th Maintenance Wing
 Activated on 18 February 2005
 Inactivated on 1 October 2012

Assignments
San Antonio Air Materiel Area (later San Antonio Air Logistics Center): 1 August 1953 – 30 May 2001
Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center: 18 February 2005 - 1 October 2012 (attached to Air Force Sustainment Center after 10 July 2012)

Stations
Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, 1 August 1953 – 30 May 2001
Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma, 18 February 2005 - 1 October 2012

References

External links
Tinker AFB Home Page

Military units and formations in Oklahoma
0076
1942 establishments in the United States
International Journal of Wireless Information Networks. The International Journal of Wireless Information Networks is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on wireless networks, including sensor networks, mobile ad hoc networks, wireless personal area networks, wireless LANs, indoor positioning systems, wireless health, body area networking, cyber-physical systems, and RFID techniques. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus.

References

External links
 

Wireless networking
Computer science journals
Engineering journals
Academic journals established in 1994
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Predictive state representation. In computer science, a predictive state representation (PSR) is a way to model a state of controlled dynamical system from a history of actions taken and resulting observations. PSR captures the state of a system as a vector of predictions for future tests (experiments) that can be done on the system. A test is a sequence of action-observation pairs and its prediction is the probability of the test's observation-sequence happening if the test's action-sequence were to be executed on the system. One of the advantage of using PSR is that the predictions are directly related to observable quantities.  This is in contrast to other models of dynamical systems, such as partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) where the state of the system is represented as a probability distribution over unobserved nominal states.

References

 

 

 

Machine learning
Dynamical systems
Avia BH-29. 
The Avia BH-29 was a trainer aircraft built in Czechoslovakia in 1927, in the hope of marketing it to both the Czechoslovakian Army, and to Czechoslovakian Airlines as a primary trainer. It was an conventional design, an unequal-span biplane of wooden construction and with tailskid undercarriage. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem open cockpits. A more powerful version was built, powered by a  Walter NZ-120 radial engine.

When no interest was shown in the aircraft domestically, Avia undertook a promotional tour where the aircraft was demonstrated in eighteen European countries, but this did not result in any sales either and only a few were built.

Specifications (NZ-85 engine)

References

Further reading
 
 

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1920s Czechoslovak civil trainer aircraft
1920s Czechoslovak military trainer aircraft
BH-29
SIAI S.8. The SIAI S.8 was an Italian 1910s two-seat reconnaissance flying boat.

Design and development
The Societa Idrovolanti Alta Italia (SIAI) was formed in 1915 initially to build French flying boats under license. The company employed Raffaele Conflenti as chief designer and his first design was the SIAI S.8, a two-seat equal-span biplane flying boat, first flown in 1917. The Royal Italian Navy ordered 800 S.8s, to be built by SIAI and subcontractors. With the end of the war, production was stopped when 172 aircraft had been delivered. Early aircraft were powered by an Isotta Fraschini V4B engine, later aircraft had the more powerful 220 hp (164 kW) Hispano-Suiza 44.

Operational history
The aircraft equipped five squadrons of the Regia Marina. By 1920 only 63 aircraft survived, mostly in storage.

Operators

Regia Marina

Specifications (S.8)

See also

References

S.08
1910s Italian military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Human Powered Flight Group. The Royal Aeronautical Society's Human Powered Flight Group is the governing body responsible for the administration of the Kremer Prizes founded by the late British industrialist Henry Kremer.  It was founded in 1959 when the "Man Powered Group" at the College of Aeronautics at Cranfield University became members of the Royal Aeronautical Society.  The original title for the group was "Man Powered Group," a moniker that persisted until 1988, when it was revised to "Human Powered Aircraft Group.", and subsequently the Human Powered Flight Group.

Currently, there are three outstanding competitions the Human Powered Aircraft Group governs: a 26 mile Marathon course in less than an hour, a sporting aircraft challenge stressing maneuverability, and a challenge that is limited to those aged under 18 in the UK.

The Human Powered Aircraft Group has spawned several other groups, including the Human Powered Aircraft Group at Virginia Tech, founded by Chris Emory and unmanned aerial vehicle designer Imraan Faruque.

References

Human-powered aircraft
Royal Aeronautical Society
Elias Mudzuri. Elias Mudzuri is a Zimbabwean engineer and politician. Mudzuri was elected to a four-year term as Mayor of Harare, Zimbabwe, a city of 1.8 million, in March 2002. He was Acting president of Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-T). 

Trained in Sierre Leone as a civil engineer, Mudzuri is a Fellow of the Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers. Before becoming mayor, he had worked in local government for 14 years. He is married to Jabu Mudzuri, a Swazi national, and the couple have five children. Mudzuri was a Mason Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University and also holds Masters in Public Administration from the university.

Mudzuri is a member of the Movement for Democratic Change, the opposition party led by Morgan Tsvangirai. His election as mayor came about after Harare's citizens sued the national government for autonomous elections, required by the nation's constitution but never held. From 1999 forward, President Mugabe had appointed ministers of the national government to run local government in Harare, which was illegal under the constitution.

On 15 September 2020, Mudzuri tested positive for COVID-19.

Power struggle with the Mugabe administration
Mudzuri defeated ZANU-PF candidate Amos Midzi in the March 2002 mayoral election by a large margin, receiving 262,275 votes against 56,796 votes for Midzi.

Almost immediately after that election, a power struggle between Minister of Local Government Ignatius Chombo and Mudzuri ensued. Chombo blocked badly needed funds for local improvements and development. In March 2003, young Zanu-PF supporters toyi-toyi'd around Town House – Harare's city hall – chanting: "Mudzuri should be beaten up, he must be killed and he must be removed."

On 11 January 2003 the national police assaulted and arrested Mudzuri while he met with Harare residents. More than 20 city officials and residents were held at that time.

At the end of April 2003 the national government suspended Mudzuri from his position as Executive Mayor without pay, and locked him out of his office. His deputy mayor, Sekesai Makwavarara, was appointed as acting mayor by the central government.

Appointment to Unity cabinet
On 10 February 2009, Mudzuri was selected by Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai to sit as minister of Energy and Power Development in the unity coalition cabinet.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mayors of Harare
Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai politicians
Government ministers of Zimbabwe
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
21st-century Zimbabwean engineers
20th-century engineers
Mason Fellows
HLT (x86 instruction). In the x86 computer architecture, HLT (halt) is an assembly language instruction which halts the central processing unit (CPU) until the next external interrupt is fired. Interrupts are signals sent by hardware devices to the CPU alerting it that an event occurred to which it should react. For example, hardware timers send interrupts to the CPU at regular intervals.

Most operating systems execute a HLT instruction when there is no immediate work to be done, putting the processor into an idle state. In Windows NT, for example, this instruction is run in the "System Idle Process". On x86 processors, the opcode of HLT is 0xF4.

On ARM processors, the similar instructions are WFI (Wait For Interrupt) and WFE (Wait For Event).

History on x86
All x86 processors from the 8086 onward had the HLT instruction, but it was not used by MS-DOS prior to 6.0 and was not specifically designed to reduce power consumption until the release of the Intel DX4 processor in 1994. MS-DOS 6.0 provided a POWER.EXE that could be installed in CONFIG.SYS and in Microsoft's tests it saved 5%. Some of the first 100 MHz DX chips had a buggy HLT state, prompting the developers of Linux to implement a "no-hlt" option for use when running on those chips, but this was fixed in later chips.

Intel has since introduced additional processor-yielding instructions. These include:
  in SSE2 intended for spin loops. Available to userspace (low-privilege rings).
 / in SSE3 for thread synchronization.
  (timed pause) and / (userspace monitor/mwait). Available to userspace.

Process
Almost every modern processor instruction set includes an instruction or sleep mode which halts the processor until more work needs to be done. In interrupt-driven processors, this instruction halts the CPU until an external interrupt is received. On most architectures, executing such an instruction allows the processor to significantly reduce its power usage and heat output, which is why it is commonly used instead of busy waiting for sleeping and idling. In most processors, halting (instead of looping) also reduces the latency of the next interrupt.

Use in operating systems

Since issuing the HLT instruction requires ring 0 access, it can only be run by privileged system software such as the kernel. Because of this, it is often best practice in application programming to use the application programming interface (API) provided for that purpose by the operating system when no more work can be done, such as Linux's sched_yield(). This is referred to as "yielding" the processor. This allows the operating system's scheduler to decide whether other processes are runnable; if not. If every process is sleeping or waiting, it will normally execute a HLT instruction to cut power usage until the next hardware interrupt.

See also
 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
 Advanced Power Management (APM)
 Computer architecture
 Halt and Catch Fire
 Idle (CPU)
 Instruction set architecture
 NOP (code)

References

Machine code
X86 instructions