omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
DRG Class 98.11. The Class 98.11 steam locomotives of the Deutsche Reichsbahn were rebuilds of the Bavarian Class GtL 4/4 (DRG Class 98.8-9). 

Because the riding qualities of the Class 98.10 were still not good enough to raise the speed of branch line (Lokalbahn) trains in Bavaria significantly, the Reichsbahn decided in 1934 to rebuild a Class GtL 4/4 engine (no. 98 906). Amongst other things, it was given an additional leading axle. As a result, the boiler and driver's cab had to be moved forward, which resulted in their having to be raised by 250 mm. 

After trials with the locomotive had proved successful, it was decided to modify another 26 engines by 1939 and to allocate them to a new locomotive class. A further engine followed in each of the years 1940 and 1941. The rebuilds were given numbers 98 1101 - 98 1129.

The permitted top speed of the rebuilds could be raised to 55 km/h, compared with 40 km/h for the GtL 4/4 and 45 km/h for the Class 98.10.

All 29 locomotives survived the Second World War. Apart from 98 1108, which went to the DR in East Germany, they all went into the Deutsche Bundesbahn. The East German engine was retired in 1967; those in the West between 1960 and 1968.

See also
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses
 List of DRG locomotives and railbuses

References

98.11
2-8-0T locomotives
98.11
Railway locomotives introduced in 1934
Locomotives of Bavaria
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
1′D h2t locomotives
Rebuilt locomotives
Freight locomotives
Spicule (glass manufacture). Spicules are tiny glass flakes which are formed during the manufacture of glass vials. A glass tube is extruded at a constant rate and a jet of water applied to the hot glass is used to cut the blank tube to length. The bottom and lip of the vial are formed by swagging or upset forming while the glass is still hot.

Spicules are formed in a cloud when the glass explodes from the contact of the cold jet. These are held to the glass blank during forming, and if the vial is not reheated or cleaned after manufacture, these spicules can drift off into the mixture subsequently placed in the vial. This is a serious problem in the manufacture of soft contact lenses or pharmaceutical products.

References

Glass engineering and science
Emil Kessler. Emil Julius Carl Kessler (20 August 1813 – 16 March 1867) was a German businessman and founder of the Maschinenfabrik Esslingen ('Esslingen Engineering Works').

Biography
Kessler was born in Baden-Baden, attended school there and later studied constructional and mechanical engineering in  Karlsruhe. In 1837 he founded an engineering works with Theodor Martiensen in Karlsruhe, where tools, small machines and railway equipment were manufactured. In 1840/1841 the Royal Württemberg Railway Commission tendered for railway construction and the production of rolling stock to pave the way for the Royal Württemberg State Railways (Königlich Württembergische Staats-Eisenbahnen). Kessler's bid was successful and in 1841 he built his first steam locomotive, the Badenia for the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway (Großherzoglich Badische Staatsbahn).

From 1842 Kessler was the sole owner of the new firm Kesslers Maschinenfabrik ('Kessler's Engineering Works'). In 1848 it was converted into a public limited company, but liquidated on 30 October 1851 and acquired in 1852 by the Baden government. One year later he founded a new company under the name of Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe ('Karlsruhe Engineering Works'), that again took up locomotive building and delivered its first engine in 1854. Because Württemberg also wanted to have its own production facility for the emerging railways, Emil Kessler founded the Maschinenfabrik Esslingen that delivered its first engine in 1847.

Emil Kessler died on 16 March 1867 in Esslingen am Neckar from a heart attack.

Literature 
 Max Mayer: "Lokomotiven, Wagen und Bergbahnen - Geschichtliche Entwicklung in der Maschinenfabrik Eßlingen seit dem Jahre 1846", VDI-Verlag G.M.B.H. Berlin SW 19, 1924
 Ludwig Keßler: "Aus den Anfängen der Maschinenfabrik Eßlingen. Emil Keßler, sein Leben sein Werk". Erinnerungsschrift zur 125. Wiederkehr des Geburtstags von Emil Keßler, 1938

People from Baden-Baden
1813 births
1867 deaths
German railway mechanical engineers
German railway entrepreneurs
German railway pioneers
Engineers from Baden-Württemberg
Healy Clean Coal Project. Healy Clean Coal Project was a clean coal technology demonstration program consisting of a coal fired electrical power station located in Healy, Alaska in Denali Borough. The project was a demonstration of the TRW Clean Coal Combustion System and the Babcock & Wilcox/Joy Spray Dryer Absorber (SDA) System designed to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions while burning a variety of coal types, including waste coal. The plant still operates as Healy Unit 2 but without the emissions-reduction technology.

The project constructed a plant adjacent to Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA) 25 MW coal plant Healy Unit 1. Construction occurred from 1995 to 1997 at a cost of around $300 million. The facility operated briefly following its construction as part of the demonstration program, but has been shut down since 2000. The research project is considered "complete" by the Department of Energy. The plant was sold in 2012 to the GVEA to resume power production. It restarted in 2015, only to close the next year after an explosion. It resumed commercial operation in November 2018.

Healy Unit 2 will be shut down in 2024 and Unit 1 will receive an emissions control system.

Costs
According to Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA) the facility cost around $300 million, with the United States Department of Energy contributing $120 million, the Alaska Legislature contributing $25 million, the Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority (AIDEA) contributing $150 million and both GVEA & Usibelli Coal Mine contributing $10 million in addition to in-kind contributions.

See also
Clean coal technology

References

External links
 US DOE Clean Coal Demonstrations - Healy Clean Coal Project
 Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA) HCCP page
 Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority (AIDEA) HCCP page
 Data on generation and fuel consumption from the Energy Information Administration Electricity Data Browser

1997 establishments in Alaska
Buildings and structures in Denali Borough, Alaska
Coal-fired power stations in Alaska
Energy infrastructure completed in 1997
Judith Howard. Judith Ann Kathleen Howard  (née Duckworth; 21 October 1945 in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire) is a British chemist, crystallographer and Professor of Chemistry at Durham University.

Early life and education 
Judith Howard attended Salisbury Grammar School for girls, and later attended University of Bristol in 1963 to study chemistry.

As a final year undergraduate, Howard worked on the structure of the compound, tin tetra-iron-tetra carbonyl, which was the basis of her very first published work.

She graduated from University of Bristol with a Bachelor of Science degree and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Oxford where she was a student at Somerville College, Oxford and studied the structure of insulin supervised by Dorothy Hodgkin.

Career and research
In 1991, Howard moved to become Professor of Crystallography at Durham University. She has co-authored over 1,500 scientific publications, resulting in a H-index of 82.

Howard's research is in X-ray crystallography. Her interests include in-situ crystallisation of liquids, ultra-low temperature crystallography, high pressure crystallography, experimental charge density analysis, solid-state reactions the study of non-linear optical materials and magnetically interesting materials.

Howard has created instruments that allow scientists to help advance and prove theories in the field of X-ray crystallography. She is the chairperson of the Olexsys software for refinement of crystallographic data.

Prolific in her contributions to science, with over 1,500 publications to her name, Judith actively participates in committees and conferences worldwide. She was the first woman to head a five-star chemistry department (at the University of Durham). She was one of the founder members of the British Crystallographic Association where she served as Secretary from 1985-1987 and President from 1992-1996.

Awards and honours
She was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science degree at the University of Bristol in 1986.
In 2005, she received an Honorary Degree from the University of Bath. In 2016 she received an Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from the University of East Anglia. Other awards include:

 1996 Appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
 1999 Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Prize for Structural Chemistry 
 2002 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)

References

British chemists
British crystallographers
Female fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
1945 births
People from Cleethorpes
Academics of Durham University
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
British women scientists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
Presidents of the British Crystallographic Association
Alan West Brewer. Alan West Brewer (1915 – 21 November 2007) was a Britanno-Canadian physicist and climatologist. Born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and raised in Derby, England, he earned a scholarship to study physics at the University College London. He received his M.Sc. there, and began to work for the Met Office in 1937. During World War II, he researched contrails for the Royal Air Force, making the discovery that the stratosphere is much drier than had been presumed. Later this observation led to the development of Brewer-Dobson circulation. Brewer worked at the Subdepartment of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford from 1948 until 1962, when he became a professor at University of Toronto. In 1977, Brewer retired from the University of Toronto, returning to England, in Devon, where he farmed until nearly 80 years old.

In late 1959, he and James Milford developed the Oxford-Kew ozone sonde. He also developed the Brewer ozone spectrophotometer with Dave Wardle which is currently the most accurate instrument for measuring ozone.

Brewer married Iris, another UCL physicist, in 1939. They had three children.

References 

1915 births
2007 deaths
British climatologists
Scientists from Montreal
Scientists from Derby
English physicists
Alumni of University College London
Academics of the University of Oxford
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Canadian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Atmospheric physicists
Scott Amron. Scott Amron, born January 15th, 1994, is an American conceptual artist and electrical engineer.

Amron studied electrical and mechanical engineering in Europe and the United States, earning a B.E. in Electrical Engineering from Stony Brook University.  In 2007, he started Amron Experimental, his one-man design firm  and engineering atelier  known for selling original proof-of-concept prototypes as limited edition design-art. He has exhibited in London, the Netherlands, Germany, Singapore, and New York City. Amron's clients and stockists include OXO International, Polder, Whitney Museum of American Art, MoMA, NASA, and Target Corporation.

Amron is best known for his Brush & Rinse Toothbrush  (voted best concept of 2007 by I.D. Magazine), Die Electric OFF Switch, Endo Magnet, and Cash Money Clip.    His work has been praised for dismissing preconceived notions of how we are "supposed" to interact with basic objects. His experimental product designs promote sustainability and change perspectives.

Awards and recognitions
 2008 iF Material Award
 2007 I.D. Annual Design Review, Best Concept
 Netdiver Magazine Best of 2007
 2007 Red Dot Design Award
 Graphis Award (2) 2009

External links
Amron Experimental
Interview

References

Living people
1980 births
American industrial designers
Stony Brook University alumni
IBM Elastic Interface. Elastic interface buses, abbreviated as EI bus connections, can be generalized as bus connections which are high speed interfaces that send clock signals with data.

Description
The data bits that are sent through EI bus connections are aligned to the clock so that they latch to the data at the high speeds. EI bus connections require that the net topology and timing characteristics for each net on the bus are at least similar to each other in order to make lining up the edges of the data to the clock signals possible. In this environment, re-working connections in the connection module was not easily possible because all nets needed to have similar topology and timing characteristics. This increased the difficulty of a re-work solution or made it impossible and increased the modules that needed to be scrapped as unusable.

Repair
Elastic Interface repair involves a spare wire that is built into the bus interface in the connection module that has the same topology and characteristics of the rest of the nets in the bus. It includes hardware that is able to switch from the bad net in the interface to the spare net (as of now, this operation must be supported by the original manufacturer of the EI bus connector). The connection module is tested at several different process corners such as low and high temperature and low and high voltages. When a net on the interface is known to be bad, the spare net is used on the bus for testing and the bad net is not tested. When the bus does not have a defect, the spare net is tested with the functional nets. In the original design specification for the EI spare, the wire was driven with a constant zero when not used.

Applications
 IBM, inventor of the elastic interface bus, uses it in many high end processors:
Elastic Interface (EI-1): POWER4, PowerPC 970 and Z900
Elastic Interface 2 (EI-2): POWER5 and Z9
Elastic Interface 3 (EI-3): POWER6, Z10, POWER7, PowerEN
 Mai Logic was a licensee of the Elastic Interface technology for PowerPC 970 applications.

See also
 HyperTransport

References

IBM computer hardware
Computer buses
Motherboard
Penang Sentral. {
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  "service": "geoshape",
  "ids": "Q7162240",
  "properties": {
    "title": "Penang Sentral",
    "description": "none",
  }
}

Penang Sentral is an intermodal transit-oriented development in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia. Proposed as the main transportation hub for the State of Penang, and by extension, Greater Penang, the first phase of the Penang Sentral project opened on 22 November 2018.

Modeled after KL Sentral in Kuala Lumpur, the first phase of Penang Sentral will serve as the terminal for both public and intercity buses, and is physically connected to the adjacent Butterworth railway station and the Penang Ferry terminal. The project will eventually comprise an integrated terminal for all bus, rail and sea transportation services within Penang. Future phases of the project also include commercial, retail and residential developments.

History 

Touted as the gateway to northern Malaysia by its developers, the Penang Sentral project was announced by the then Malaysian Prime Minister, Abdullah Badawi in 2007. The project, covering a  site in the heart of Butterworth, was to be jointly undertaken by Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad (MRCB) and Perlaburan Hartanah Bumiputera Berhad.

Veritas Architects was put in charge of the design works of the proposed transit-oriented development, while the construction of Phase 1 was allocated to a subsidiary of MRCB, Penang Sentral Sdn Bhd. Penang Sentral was modeled after KL Sentral, which also incorporated commercial and residential elements. The entire project was divided into eight phases, of which the second, third and fourth phases comprised a shopping complex, three office blocks and a 36-storey hotel respectively.

However, since its launch in 2007, the Penang Sentral project has suffered repeated delays. Land acquisition became the main stumbling block, as the parcels of land earmarked for the development were owned by several parties, namely the Malaysian federal government, the Penang state government, highway concessionaires and Keretapi Tanah Melayu, the national railway operator. As a result, construction of Phase 1 of Penang Sentral only began in earnest in 2015.

Station layout

Routes

Gallery

See also 

 Sungai Nibong bus terminal

References

External links 
Penang Sentral Website

North Seberang Perai District
Transport in Penang
22.5 cm Minenwerfer M 15. The 22.5 cm Minenwerfer M 15 was a heavy mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by Böhler as an alternative to the German Ehrhardt 25 cm schwere Minenwerfer which Böhler was having problems building under license. It was a muzzle-loading, smooth-bore mortar that had no recoil system whatsoever. The entire mortar had to be levered around to aim at new targets. It was not particularly accurate and bombs often fell over in flight and landed on their sides so they used time instead of contact fuzes. It fired high-explosive and gas shells. For transport two wheels from the Gebirgsgechütz M 99 were used.

The M 17 version of this weapon had an elevation screw with a double thread and reinforced trunnion bearings. It's unclear how the M 16 differed from the earlier model.

References

Bibliography
 Ortner, M. Christian. The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and Tactics. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007

External links

 M 15 on Landships

Mortars of Austria-Hungary
225 mm artillery
Laboratoire d'Automatique, Génie Informatique et Signal. The Laboratoire d'Automatique, Génie Informatique et Signal (LAGIS) is a French research laboratory (UMR CNRS 8146) located on the Science campus of the University of Lille. It is hosted in the premises of École centrale de Lille. Since January 2015, the LAGIS has merged with another laboratory, the Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille (LIFL). The resulting laboratory is now CRIStAL.

Research history
LAGIS roots date back to year 1957 when the University of Lille started a research laboratory on command and control. Simultaneously, a curriculum was established for students from Lille faculty of sciences and a curriculum elective item on servomechanism for engineer students from École centrale de Lille. These curricula items were later transformed into a control science curriculum.

Historically, research area in Lille were focused on control systems and computer engineering for large scale systems, and the laboratory was named LAIL (Laboratoire d'automatique et d'informatique industrielle) at that time. This was due to funding for applied research such as optimal command for ironworks processes,  job-shop scheduling and control for manufacturing systems in automobile industry and automated logistic centres, control systems for terrestrial transport systems (especially for rail transportation systems and automated metro such as VAL).
Mecatronics applications have been considered later as expanding control and computer engineering applications wherein the know-how developed in LAGIS laboratory is useful.

Research area
Today, LAGIS academic and applied research roadmap include the following area:
 Bond graph
 Decision engineering
 Continuous and discreet event Dynamical system ; Petri net
 Non linear systems
 System Safety engineering
 Vision and image processing

External links
 LAGIS labs site 
CRIStAL

See also
 Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille
 IFSTTAR Lille-Villeneuve d'Ascq - Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur sécurité
 VAL metro research area

University of Lille Nord de France
Computer science institutes in France
1957 establishments in France
Computationally Advanced Infrastructure Partnerships Center. The Computationally Advanced Infrastructure Partnerships (CAIP) Center (formerly the Center for Advanced Information Processing) is an advanced technology center at Rutgers University.  The center was established in 1985 with the support of the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology to build upon research in computer-oriented disciplines and to foster collaboration between the university and industry.

The center conducts ongoing research in such fields as VLSI, machine vision, virtual reality, robotics, and software engineering.  Much of the research produced by the center is of international significance.  The Man-Machine Interface Laboratory has received international recognition in the academic and popular literature for its achievements in virtual rehabilitation The center has collaborated with the Department of Homeland Security and other agencies in developing algorithms for machine-assisted baggage searches, weapons detection and identification, and emergency communications.

References

External links

Rutgers University
Lille Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Power Electronics. Lille Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Power Electronics (L2EP - ) is a French research laboratory (CNRS EA 2697) focused on electrical engineering. It is located in Lille and is a part of Institut Carnot ARTS and COMUE Lille Nord de France.

L2EP research teams support academic activities in the following institutes of the COMUE Lille Nord de France :
 Arts et Métiers ParisTech
 École centrale de Lille
 HEI
 University of Lille

It supports doctoral researches and hosts PhD doctoral candidates in relationship with the European Doctoral College Lille Nord de France.

Research area
Research area focuses on :
 Power electronics, converters, energy storage
 modeling and control
 power electronics optimisation
 modeling electrical grids
 electromagnetic simulations

L2EP Labs are the core of the Centre national de recherche technologique de Lille FUTURELEC « Réseaux et machines électriques du futur ».

External links
 L2EP labs site
 Institut CARNOT ARTS

University of Lille Nord de France
Laboratories of Arts et Métiers ParisTech
Laboratories in France
French National Centre for Scientific Research
Unité de catalyse et de chimie du solide de Lille. Unité de catalyse et de chimie du solide de Lille (Laboratory of Catalysis and Solid State Chemistry - UCCS) is a French research laboratory (UMR CNRS 8181) focused on process engineering and chemical engineering.

It is located in Lille, Lens and Béthune and is a part of COMUE Lille Nord de France. It is affiliated to the Institut des molécules et de la matière condensée de Lille (IMMCL-Chevreul).
UCCS research teams support academic activities in the following sites of the COMUE Lille Nord de France :
 École centrale de Lille
 École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille
 University of Lille
 Artois University

It supports doctoral researches and hosts PhD doctoral candidates in relationship with the European Doctoral College Lille Nord de France.

Research area
Research area are focused on :
 Catalysis
 Solid-state chemistry
 Process engineering
and are supported by large experimental installations in the research lab.

External links
 Institut des Molécules et de la Matière Condensée de Lille
 Laboratoire de catalyse de Lille
 Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide

Chemical industry in France
University of Lille Nord de France
Stave (wood). A stave is a narrow length of wood with a slightly bevelled edge to form the sides of barrels, tanks, tubs, vats and pipelines, originally handmade by coopers. They have been used in the construction of large holding tanks and penstocks at hydro power developments.
They are also used in the construction of certain musical instruments with rounded bodies or backs.

See also
Rubicon Hydroelectric Scheme, which has wood stave penstocks on operating power stations
Lake Margaret Power Station, which had a wood stave penstock replaced in 2010

References

Structural engineering
Woodworking