omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ChipWits. ChipWits is a programming game for the Macintosh written by Doug Sharp and Mike Johnston and published by BrainPower software in 1984. Ports to the Apple II and Commodore 64 were published by Epyx in 1985.

The player uses a visual programming language to teach a virtual robot how to navigate various mazes of varying difficulty. The game straddles the line between entertainment and programming education.

Development
The game was developed using the MacFORTH implementation of the Forth programming language for the Macintosh 128K.

Reception
Computer Gaming World preferred Robot Odyssey to ChipWits but stated that both were "incredibly vivid simulation experiences". The magazine criticized ChipWits inability to save more than 16 robots or copy a robot to a new save slot, and cautioned that it "may be too simple for people familiar with programming". The magazine added that the criticism was "more a cry for a more complex Chipwits II game than condemnation of the current product".

ChipWits won multiple awards, including MACazine Best of '85 and MacUser's Editor's Choice 1985 Award, as well as being named The 8th Best Apple Game of All Time by Maclife.

Reviews
 Games #66

Legacy
From 2006 to 2008, Mike Johnston and Doug Sharp developed and released ChipWits II, written in Adobe AIR. That version featured several innovations including an in-game tutorial, updated graphics, a soundtrack, isometric and 3D rendering, several new chips, and new missions.

In September 2021, ChipWits, Inc. was formed by Doug Sharp and Mark Roth to create a modern reboot of the game. The new version is being written in Unity and has a free demo with the final release expected next year.

In November 2024, in celebration of the game's 40th anniversary, ChipWits, Inc. recovered and open sourced the game's original Forth source code for the Macintosh and Commodore 64. The source code can be found at https://github.com/chipwits/chipwits-forth

See also

 Armored Core: Formula Front
 Armored Core: Verdict Day, featuring UNACs, AI controlled Armored Cores which players can create and customize
 BASIC STUDIO Powerful Game Koubou, a 2001 PS2 game creation title by Artdink featuring a sample game based on their title Carnage Heart
 Breeder, a 1986 Famicom algorithm-based simulation combat game by SoftPro
 COMSIGHT, a 1987 PC88, X1, and X68000 algorithm-based simulation combat game by Technosoft
 MindRover
 Omega (video game)
 Pandora Project: The Logic Master, a 1996 PS1 algorithm-based simulation combat game by Team Bughouse similar to Carnage Heart
 Robot Odyssey
 Robot X Robot, a 1999 PS1 algorithm-based simulation combat game by Nemesys
 RoboSport
 Logic simulation

References

External links
 
 ChipWits II official website (archive)

1984 video games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
Classic Mac OS games
Programming games
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games
Independence Power Plant. Independence Power Plant is a 1,678-megawatt coal-fired base load power plant near Newark, Arkansas. The plant has two units, rated at 850 MWe each, that came online in 1983 and 1984. The plant is owned in part by Entergy Arkansas. It has a 305-meter chimney built in 1983.

Emissions
In 2013, Environment America ranked the plant 35th on its list of the 100 dirtiest coal-fired power stations in the U.S., reporting that its 2011 emissions were equivalent to 2.3 million passenger vehicles.

The plant released 10,787,400 metric tons of greenhouse gases in 2012 according to the EPA. The emissions in metric tons comprised:
Carbon dioxide: 10,705,646
Methane: 25,974
Nitrous oxide: 55,780

Phase-out plan 
In 2018, the owner Entergy announced a plan to close the plant by 2030.

See also

 List of power stations in Arkansas
 Global warming

References

External links
 tower diagram 
 Data on generation and fuel consumption from the Energy Information Administration Electricity Data Browser

Energy infrastructure completed in 1983
Towers completed in 1983
Energy infrastructure completed in 1984
Coal-fired power stations in Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Independence County, Arkansas
Towers in Arkansas
Chimneys in the United States
Entergy
Hexamethyldisiloxane. Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO or MM) is an organosilicon compound with the formula O[Si(CH3)3]2.  This volatile colourless liquid is used as a solvent and as a reagent in organic synthesis.  It is prepared by the hydrolysis of trimethylsilyl chloride.  The molecule is the protypical disiloxane and resembles a subunit of polydimethylsiloxane.

Synthesis and reactions
Hexamethyldisiloxane can be produced by the addition of trimethylsilyl chloride to purified water:

 2 Me3SiCl + H2O → 2 HCl + O[Si(CH3)3]2

It also results from the hydrolysis of silyl ethers and other silyl-protected functional groups. HMDSO can be converted back to the chloride by reaction with Me2SiCl2.

Hexamethyldisiloxane is mainly used as source of the trimethylsilyl functional group (-Si(CH3)3) in organic synthesis. For example, in the presence of acid catalyst, it converts alcohols and carboxylic acids into the silyl ethers and silyl esters, respectively.

It reacts with rhenium(VII) oxide to give a siloxide:
 Re2O7 + O[Si(CH3)3]2 → 2 O3ReOSi(CH3)3

Niche uses
HMDSO is used as an internal standard for calibrating chemical shift in1H NMR spectroscopy. It is more easily handled since it is less volatile than the usual standard tetramethylsilane but still displays only a singlet near 0ppm.

HMDSO has even poorer solvating power than alkanes. It is therefore sometimes employed to crystallise highly lipophilic compounds.

It is used in liquid bandages (spray-on plasters) such as cavilon spray, to protect damaged skin from irritation from other bodily fluids. It is also used to soften and remove adhesive residues left by medical tape and bandages, without causing further skin irritation.

HMDSO is being studied for making low-k dielectric materials for the semiconductor industries by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD).

HMDSO has been used as a reporter molecule to measure tissue oxygen tension (pO). HMDSO is highly hydrophobic and exhibits high gas solubility, and hence strong nuclear magnetic resonance spin lattice relaxation rate (R1) response to changes in pO. Molecular symmetry provides a single NMR signal. Following direct injection into tissues it has been used to generate maps of tumour and muscle oxygenation dynamics with respect to hyperoxic gas breathing challenge.

References

Siloxanes
Trimethylsilyl compounds
Basler Electric. Basler Electric is a manufacturer of power systems products based in Highland, Illinois. The company was founded in 1942 by Carl Basler. 
In 1945, they began producing custom transformers. In 1959, Basler released the SRA voltage regulator.
They also manufacture solid-state and multifunction digital protective relays, generator and engine controls, and static excitation systems.

History
1942 - The company was founded by Carl Basler. 
1945 - start of producing custom transformers.
1947 - Basler Electric Company incorporation.
1959 - Basler introduced the first solid-state voltage regulator, the SRA.
1961 - Basler developed its first Static Excitation System.
1972 - Basler’s first solid-state relay was developed.
1990 - Basler International Group found in Wasselonne, France
early 1990s - Basler started development of a Digital Excitation Control System (DECS range)
2004 - Basler opened facility in Suzhou China 
2006 - Basler acquired the Cutler-Hammer Excitation Control Product Line
2009 - Basler opened facility in Singapore
2012 - Basler acquires a full-service injection molding company - Basler Plastics, LLC.
2017 - Basler acquires E2 Power Systems, LLC and expands it service capabilities to include turnkey engineering.

See also
Electrical generators
Relay
Transformer
Voltage regulator

Notes and references
1. Facilities / Capabilities Report - Basler Electric Company 03-2010

2. Basler Electric Company - https://www.balser.com/About-Us/Company-History

External links
Basler Electric Corporate web site
Authorized representative Basler Electric for Czechia and Slovakia
Basler AG Corporate web site (Unrelated to Basler Electric)
Basler GmbH (Unrelated to Basler Electric)
Basler Versicherungen(Unrelated to Basler Electric)
The Professional Service Providers
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Controls Lab

Electrical equipment manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
Companies based in Madison County, Illinois
Sundarbans Tiger Project. The Sundarban Tiger project is a Bangladesh Forest Department initiative that effectively started its field activities in February 2005. The idea for this project was first developed during a field survey in 2001 conducted by Md. Osman Gani, Ishtiaq U. Ahmad, James L. D. Smith and K. Ullas Karanth. They realized that the Sundarbans mangrove forest at the mouth of the Ganges River contained one of the largest populations of wild tigers in the world. As such, there was an urgent need to start measures that would ensure the protection of this precious area.

The Save the Tiger Fund and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service generously donated funds to support the initial phase of research that aims to collect data on tiger ecology using telemetry and study the tiger's environment by assessing its habitat and prey.

But management of a wilderness area needs more than just information on the species to be protected. Personnel with skills and resources to implement conservation strategies and the general support of the country are also required. From the research base, the project is evolving rapidly to encompass capacity building and conservation awareness activities. It has been able to do so through the forward thinking approach to management taken by the Forest Department and the incredible support of the Bangladeshi people.

From 2004 to 2008, the project was administered by the Forest Department and used wildlife consultants from the University of Minnesota to advise on research strategies and train staff. From 2008 to 2012 the project was coordinated by the Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh, with advisory support from the Zoological Society of London. From 2013 the project has changed its name to "TigerTeam" under the coordination of the Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh, which in 2013 changed its name to "WildTeam".

References

External links

WildTeam  Research and conservation of tigers in the largest remaining mangrove forest in the world.
Tiger Missing Link Foundation Genetic testing data base of tigers, Saving Tigers One By One.
Tiger Widows Serving the People to Save the Tiger.
Tigers in Crisis Information about the Earth's vanishing Tigers.
BBC Wildfacts: Tiger
 Can India's tigers survive extinction? Author Valmik Thapar on the tiger crisis
 Why India's tigers may yet survive Scientist Ullas Karanth on the road ahead
Save The Tiger Fund
ARKive: images and movies of the tiger (Panthera tigris)

Tiger
Nature conservation in Bangladesh
Tigers in India
Process.h. process.h is the C header file which contains function declarations and macros used in working with threads and processes. Most C compilers that target DOS, Windows 3.1x, Win32, OS/2, Novell NetWare or DOS extenders supply this header and the library functions in their C library. Neither the header file nor most of the functions are defined by either the ANSI/ISO C standard or by POSIX.

History
Microsoft's version of the file dates back to at least 1985, according to its copyright statement. An early reference to the file was in a post on the net.micro.pc usenet on Oct-26-1986. The compiler used was Microsoft C compiler version 3.0.
The Lattice C compiler version 3.30 (Aug-24-1988) did not have such a header file, but offered similar functions.
Borland provided the header in their Turbo C compiler version 2.01.
The C Ware-Personal C compiler version 1.2c (June 1989) had only the ANSI headers.

Functions

Constants

Implementations 
Given the fact there is no standard on which to base the implementation, the functions declared by process.h differ, depending on the compiler in use. Below is a list of compilers which provide process.h.

 DJGPP
 OpenWatcom,
 Digital Mars
 MinGW
 Microsoft Visual C++
 Borland Turbo C, 2.0 and later
 Lcc32
 QNX Neutrino QCC 6.x

Differences 
Another aspect that might vary is the combined length of exec* and spawn* parameters.
 Delorie DJGPP: does not have such a limit.
 Digital Mars: the maximum is 128 bytes; nothing is stated about the ending '\0' character.
 Microsoft cl: the argument list for the new process must not exceed 1024 bytes.

References

External links
Digital Mars _exec reference

 
C (programming language) headers
Cray XT3. The Cray XT3, also known by codename Red Storm, is a distributed memory massively parallel MIMD supercomputer designed by Cray Inc.. Cray collaborated with and delivered to Sandia National Laboratories in 2004. The XT3 derives much of its architecture from the previous Cray T3E system, and also from the Intel ASCI Red supercomputer.

History
Red Storm was developed in response to the request for information by Sandia's in 2001, Clay delivered on an approximately $90 million budget by 2004. In the same year, a commercial version called Cray XT3 was released, achieving a technical balance between computing, memory, network, and I/O operations. XT3 was superseded in 2006 by the Cray XT4 as the second iterations of XT.

Architecture
Targeted to achieve long-running mathematical analysis, the system architecture was focused on high performance and fault tolerance. Red Storm was developed to offering customizable components and to scale by networking multiple cabinets together, each houses 96 processing elements, arranged in a 3-dimensional torus topology. This arrangement is optimized for shared tasks between neighboring processing elements, or nodes. Each set of cabinets forms a system which performs two primary tasks of either computation or service management.

Each element comprises a 2.4 or 2.6 GHz AMD Opteron processor with up to two cores, a custom "SeaStar" communications chip, and between 1 and 8 GB of RAM. The PowerPC 440 based SeaStar device provides a 6.4 GB/s connection to the processor across HyperTransport, as well as six 7.6 GB/s links to neighboring elements.

The XT3 system runs an operating system called UNICOS/lc, and with the file system leveraging Lustre. In UNICOS/lc 1.x, the Compute PEs run a Sandia developed microkernel called Catamount, which is descended from the SUNMOS OS of the Intel Paragon; in UNICOS/lc 2.0, Catamount was replaced by a specially tuned version of Linux called Compute Node Linux (CNL). Service and IO PEs run the full version of SuSE Linux and are used for interactive logins, systems management, application compiling and job launch. I/O PEs use physically distinct hardware, in that the node boards include PCI-X slots for connections to Ethernet and Fibre Channel networks. 

Though the performance of each XT3 model will vary with the speed and number of processors installed, the November 2007 Top500 results for the Red Storm machine, the largest XT3 machine installed at Sandia, measured 102.7 teraflops on the Linpack benchmark, placing it at #6 on the list.  After upgrades in 2008 to install some XT4 nodes with quad-core Opterons, Red Storm achieved 248 teraflops to place at #9 on the November 2008 Top500.

References

Xt3
X86 supercomputers
Computer-related introductions in 2004
Internet Technical Committee. The Internet Technical Committee (ITC) is a joint committee of the Internet Society (ISOC) and the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc). The Internet Technical Committee was officially created in December 1994.

Vision and Goals 
The Internet Society stimulates interdisciplinary technical exchange and the application of state of the art communications and related technologies to Internet infrastructure and services. The Committee seeks to generate new technical insights from interaction between the Internet and public network communities, contributing to the worldwide emergence of a ubiquitous, multimedia, and high-performance Internet. The Committee sponsors and cosponsors workshops, organizes sessions at conferences of both Societies, and encourages submission of articles to their publications. The scope of the Committee includes evolution of the IP protocol; architectural and scaling issues; addressing, routing, and directory services; protocols and technologies in support of real-time media; dynamic control of quality of service; congestion control and admission policies; signaling and network management; access via diverse local and metropolitan networks; information retrieval and sharing; and international interoperability of services and applications.

The committee meets at the major IEEE Communications Society conferences such as Infocom, Globecom and ICC.

Leaders of the Internet Technical Committee include Henning Schulzrinne, Joe Touch, Charles Kalmanek, Markus Hofmann, and Dinesh Verma.

See also 
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 IEEE Communications Society

References

External links 
 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Computer science organizations
Internet governance organizations
Organizations established in 1994
Bitumen-based fuel. Bitumen-based fuel is fuel specifically developed for industrial use.  Raw bitumen, processed from Bituminous rocks, has an extremely high viscosity.

Properties
Bitumen has an extremely high viscosity, between 8 and 10 API degrees (at ambient temperatures), rendering it unusable for use in electric power stations.  Bitumen can be modified by mixing it with fresh water and a small amount of phenol-based surfactant. The resulting mixture has properties similar to conventional fuel oil.

A newer version of bitumen-based fuel has replaced the original version with an alcohol-based surfactant, making it easier to transport the fuel and eliminating the health concerns associated with the phenol group of surfactants.

Industrial exploitation
The most well known bitumen-based fuel has been developed by Intevep, the Research and Development Affiliate of Petroleos de Venezuela SA (PDVSA), in a collaboration with BP, and is branded "Orimulsion."  It is an emulsion of natural bitumen mined from the Orinoco Belt and fresh water. 

Bitumen-based fuel is currently used as a commercial boiler fuel in power plants in Canada, Japan, Lithuania, and China. Commonly available air pollutant control technology can limit emissions from Orimulsion to levels considered Best Available Control Technology, as defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

See also
 Bituminous coal

References

Further reading 

 

Petroleum products
Fuels
Repeating waveforms. Repeating waveforms is a technique for digital synthesis  common in PC sound cards.

The waveform amplitude values are stored in a buffer memory, which is stored in a phase generator. When addressed, the retrieved value is used as the basis of the synthesized sound.

In the phase generator, a value proportional to the desired signal frequency is periodically added to an accumulator. The high order bits of the accumulator form the output address, while the typically larger number of bits in the accumulator and addition value results in an arbitrarily high frequency resolution.

References

Digital audio
Arthur Marshall (engineer). Sir Arthur Gregory George Marshall, OBE, (4 December 1903 – 16 March 2007) was a British aviation pioneer and businessman, who served as the chairman of Marshall Aerospace between 1942 and 1989.

Early life and education 

Arthur Marshall was born in Cambridge, England and was educated at The Perse School in Cambridge and at Tonbridge School in Kent, completing his education at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he earned a first-class degree in engineering.

He learned to fly in 1928, and shortly thereafter created an airstrip near his family's Cambridge home, which by 1929 had turned into a full-fledged airfield. Six years later, Marshall and his father, David, bought the land where the present Cambridge Airport now stands and started Marshall Aerospace.

During World War II, Marshall's played a key role in training over 20,000 pilots and flying instructors.

Under Sir Arthur's guidance, the firm became the UK's largest aircraft repairer, fixing or converting 5,000 planes during the war. Over the years, such major airplane manufacturers as De Havilland, Bristol, Vickers and English Electric have entrusted Marshall's with the servicing of their aircraft.

Marshall's company built under subcontract the famous droop nose for Concorde.

Sport 

In addition to his interest in aeronautics, Marshall also became a gifted sportsman early in his life and tried out for a place on the British team at the 1924 Olympics in Paris, a team which was depicted in the 1981 Oscar-winning film Chariots of Fire. He helped to stage the "Chariots of Fire" charity run through Cambridge for a trophy named in his honour.

Honours 

Marshall was appointed an OBE in 1948, and was knighted in 1974. In 1931, he married Rosemary Dimsdale. The couple had three children, including Michael Marshall, who took over the running of the company upon Sir Arthur's retirement. Lady Marshall died on 24 June 1988.

On the death of James Stillman Rockefeller in August 2004 he became the oldest living Olympic athlete.

Death 

He died in the early hours of 16 March 2007 at his home near Linton in Cambridgeshire, aged 103.
 
To commemorate Sir Arthur's lifelong interest in aviation, the Marshall family donated a trophy to the Air Training Corps to be presented to "The Most Improved Squadron in the ATC over a Protracted Period of Time".

References

External links
Article from Marshall Web Site on Sir Arthur's 100th Birthday Celebration
Article from Air-Scene UK
Obituary, The Guardian, 26 March 2007
The Papers of Sir Arthur Marshall held at Churchill Archives Centre

1903 births
2007 deaths
English aerospace engineers
British men centenarians
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at The Perse School
People educated at Tonbridge School
People from Cambridge
People from Linton, Cambridgeshire
20th-century English businesspeople
Hydrocarbon mixtures. Hydrocarbon mixtures are a group of various volatile, highly flammable, mixtures used chiefly  as nonpolar solvents.

Composition
Hydrocarbon mixtures are composed of petroleum ethers and other hydrocarbons. Petroleum ether should not be confused with the class of organic compounds called ethers; and equally, going under its alternative name of benzine, it should not be confused with benzene. (Benzine is a mixture of alkanes, such as pentane, hexane, and heptane; whereas benzene is a cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon.)

A hydrocarbon is any chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). They all contain a carbon frame, and have hydrogen atoms attached to the frame. Often the term is used as a shortened form of the term aliphatic hydrocarbon. Most hydrocarbons are combustible.

Petroleum ether is obtained from petroleum refineries as the portion of the distillate which is intermediate between the lighter naphtha and the heavier kerosene.  It has a specific gravity of between 0.6 and 0.8 depending on its composition.

References

Alkanes
Hydrocarbon solvents