omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
RAF 1. The RAF 1 is a British air-cooled, V-8 engine developed for aircraft use during World War I. Based on a French design, it was developed at the Royal Aircraft Factory, and built by six different British companies including Daimler, Rolls-Royce and Wolseley Motors Limited.

Design and development
The RAF 1 was based on the Renault 70/80 hp engine, being intended specifically to replace that engine in the B.E.2c. It featured larger cylinders () for a total displacement of 540 cubic inches (8.8 L). It was rated at 92 hp (70 kW) at 1,600 rpm. The heads were cast integrally with the cylinders, with the intake and exhaust valves set one above the other in an upside-down F-head configuration.

The engines featured a large diameter lightweight flywheel at the rear, enclosed in a cast housing. Engine oil was picked up from the bottom of the crankcase and slung into a reservoir at the top.  From there it was gravity fed, via a gallery high on the right side of the engine block, to the main bearing caps, and then to the connecting rod journals by the centrifugal effect of the turning crankshaft.  The main bearings were ball bearings and were splash fed.  Engine oil from the gallery was also supplied to the 1 : 2 reduction gearbox at the front. This drove the four-bladed propeller at one half engine speed, and the single camshaft was splined into the rear of the short propeller shaft. This arrangement meant that no mechanical oil pump was needed. Excess engine oil from the flywheel overflowed the reservoir and trickled over the large surface area of the round flywheel cover.

Two passages cast into the cover took air-fuel mixture from the carburettor mounted at the bottom to a copper U-shaped inlet manifold mounted between the banks of cylinders, and the flywheel cover acted as a heat exchanger, preheating the fuel-air mixture.   
In late 1915, the bore was increased to , leading to an increased displacement of 590 cubic inches (9.7 L) and power of 86 kW (115 hp) at 1,800 rpm.

Supercharger
In late 1915 a supercharged experimental version of the RAF 1a was developed. The engine was test flown in a B.E.2c. Climb rate improved from taking 36 minutes to reach , without the supercharger, to reaching  in the same time with the supercharger.

Variants
RAF 1
RAF 1a
Standard engine for aircraft using this powerplant.
RAF 1b
Uprated version slated for installation in the B.E.2e - reliability problems precluded production.
RAF 1c
RAF 1e

Applications

List from Lumsden 
Airco DH.6
Armstrong Whitworth F.K.2
Armstrong Whitworth F.K.3
Avro 504
Boulton Paul P.6
Boulton Paul P.9
de Havilland DH.51 (prototype)
Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2
Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9
Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 (postwar civilian conversions)

Specifications (RAF 1a)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .
 Hare, Paul R. Aeroplanes of the Royal Aircraft Factory. London: The Crowood Press, 1999. 
 Hare, Paul R. The Royal Aircraft Factory. London: Putnam, 1990. 

1910s aircraft piston engines
Microoptoelectromechanical systems. Microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), also known as optical MEMS, are integrations of mechanical, optical, and electrical systems that involve sensing or manipulating optical signals at a very small size. MOEMS includes a wide variety of devices, for example optical switch, optical cross-connect, tunable VCSEL, microbolometers. These devices are usually fabricated using micro-optics and standard micromachining technologies using materials like silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and gallium arsenide.

Merging technologies

MOEMS includes two major technologies, microelectromechanical systems and micro-optics. Both these two technologies independently involve in batch processing similar to integrated circuits, and micromachining similar to fabrication of microsensor.

History of MOEMS

During 1991-1993, Dr. M. Edward Motamedi, a former Rockwell International innovator in the areas of both microelectromechanical systems and micro-optics, used internally the acronym of MOEMS for microoptoelectromechanical systems. This was to distinguish between optical MEMS and MOEMS, where optical MEMS could include bulk optics but MOEMS is truly based on microtechnology where MOEMS devices are batch-processed exactly like integrated circuits, but this is not true in most cases for optical MEMS.

In 1993, Dr. Motamedi officially introduced MOEMS for the first time, as the powerful combination of MEMS and micro-optics, in an invited talk at the SPIE Critical Reviews of Optical Science and Technology conference in San Diego. In this talk Dr. Motamedi introduced the figure below, for showing that MOEMS is the interaction of three major microtechnologies; namely micro-optics, micromechanics, and microelectronics.

See also
 Microoptomechanical systems
 Nanoelectromechanical systems
 Microfabrication
 Microscanner

References

Bibliography

Optoelectronics
Iberavia. 
Iberavia was a Spanish aircraft manufacturing company established in Madrid in 1946. Originally, the firm built aircraft instruments, but from 1948 onwards supplied training gliders of its own design to the Spanish Air Force (the IP-2). In 1951 it flew a prototype light plane, the Iberavia I-11 which only entered production when the firm was bought by AISA shortly thereafter.

References
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Spain
Defunct companies of Spain
Manufacturing companies based in Madrid
Industrial history of Spain
Aeronáutica Industrial S.A.. Aeronáutica Industrial S.A. is a Spanish aeronautical company. The predecessor company, Talleres Loring had been founded by Jorge Loring in 1923.

History
The predecessor company was founded by Jorge Loring Martinez in Cuatro Vientos near Madrid in 1924.
Aeronáutica Industrial S.A. was established in 1934 and through the course of the 20th century manufactured a number of light aircraft designs including Cierva autogyros.

In 1954, AISA purchased Spanish manufacturer Iberavia and took over the I-11 light plane project, eventually building around 400 examples. For a time it specialised in the maintenance and upgrading of helicopters. In 1982 it attempted, unsuccessfully, to market an autogyro design of its own, the GN.

The company was bought by CASA in 1995, but continues to operate under its own name.

List of Aircraft
González Gil-Pazó No. 1 (1931), tandem two-seat low wing trainer.
González Gil-Pazó GP-1 (1934), development of No. 1 with improved fuselage and wing. 100 ordered by Spanish Republican Air Force, but only 40 built due to the Spanish Civil War.
González Gil-Pazó GP-2 (1935) GP-1 with enclosed cockpit and modified fuselage.
González Gil-Pazó GP-4
INTA HM.1 (1943), tandem two-seat low wing trainer, also known as Huarte Mendicoa HM-1 after its designer.
Iberavia I-11 (1951) - single-engine trainer/touring aircraft with fixed tricycle undercarriage and side-by-side seating. Two prototypes built
AISA I-11B (1952) AISA production version of I-11, with smaller canopy and tailwheel undercarriage used by civil aviation clubs and the Spanish Air Force.
AISA I-115 "E-6" (1950s) I-11B variant with revised fuselage for tandem seating used by the Spanish Air Force
AISA GN (1982) single-engine four-seat autogyro prototype. One built

References

External links

 Company website

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Spain
AISA GN. 

The AISA GN was a prototype four-seat autogyro developed in Spain between 1971 and 1982. it featured an extensively-glazed cabin fitted with a pusher engine and tricycle undercarriage. A separate tail fin was carried at the end of two booms mounted to stub wings. The prototype was developed with a 200 hp engine. The aircraft suffered from an extremely prolonged development, but finally took to the air on 20 July 1982. In September that year, however, it was damaged in an accident, and development was finally abandoned.

Specifications (performance estimated)

References

 
 
 
 

1980s Spanish civil utility aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros
GN
Aircraft first flown in 1982
Computational mathematics. Computational mathematics is the study of the interaction between mathematics and calculations done by a computer. 

A large part of computational mathematics consists roughly of using mathematics for allowing and improving computer computation in areas of science and engineering where mathematics are useful. This involves in particular algorithm design, computational complexity, numerical methods and computer algebra.

Computational mathematics refers also to the use of computers for mathematics itself. This includes mathematical experimentation for establishing conjectures (particularly in number theory), the use of computers for proving theorems (for example the four color theorem), and the design and use of proof assistants.

Areas of computational mathematics
Computational mathematics emerged as a distinct part of applied mathematics by the early 1950s. Currently, computational mathematics can refer to or include:
 Computational sciences, also known as scientific computation or computational engineering
 Systems sciences, for which directly requires the mathematical models from Systems engineering
 Solving mathematical problems by computer simulation as opposed to traditional engineering methods.
 Numerical methods used in scientific computation, for example numerical linear algebra and numerical solution of partial differential equations
 Stochastic methods, such as Monte Carlo methods and other representations of uncertainty in scientific computation
 The mathematics of scientific computation, in particular numerical analysis, the theory of numerical methods
 Computational complexity
 Computer algebra and computer algebra systems
 Computer-assisted research in various areas of mathematics, such as logic (automated theorem proving), discrete mathematics, combinatorics, number theory, and computational algebraic topology
 Cryptography and computer security, which involve, in particular, research on primality testing, factorization, elliptic curves, and mathematics of blockchain
 Computational linguistics, the use of mathematical and computer techniques in natural languages
 Computational algebraic geometry
 Computational group theory
 Computational geometry
 Computational number theory
 Computational topology
 Computational statistics
 Algorithmic information theory
 Algorithmic game theory
 Mathematical economics, the use of mathematics in economics, finance and, to certain extents, of accounting.
 Experimental mathematics

Journals

Journals that publish contributions from computational mathematics include
 ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software
 Mathematics of Computation
 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing
 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis

See also

References

Further reading

External links
 Foundations of Computational Mathematics, a non-profit organization
 International Journal of Computer Discovered Mathematics

 
Applied mathematics
Computational science
Wittman Tailwind. The Wittman Tailwind is a popular two-seat light aircraft for homebuilding. It is a high-wing, braced cabin monoplane of taildragger configuration. It is constructed with a steel tubing fuselage, wood wings, and fabric covering. It offers exceptional cruising speeds and is economical to operate and maintain.

Design and development  
The Tailwind is the third in a series of high-wing aircraft designed by Sylvester J. "Steve" Wittman (1904–1995), a well-known air racing pilot and race plane designer, who also played an important role in the emergence of homebuilt aircraft with the Wittman Tailwind and other designs in the United States. The first, the Wittman Buttercup two-seater, and later the Wittman Big X four-seater, which was bought by Cessna to use its spring steel landing gear. The Tailwind also inspired the last iteration, the O and O Special. A model of the 1965 Wittman Tailwind may be found in the Sun 'n Fun Museum.

Wittman developed the C-85 powered "Flying Carpet" in 1953, later renaming it to the "Tailwind". In 1953, the Tailwind became the first aircraft covered under the FAA's Experimental category to be certified to carry a passenger. While crude looking by modern standards, it outperformed many similar factory-built planes, and only with the advent of composite construction were new designs able to achieve similar speed per horsepower and range.

Steve Wittman and his wife were killed April 27, 1995 when their "O&O Special", a similar, larger and one-of-a-kind aircraft crashed. The propeller and some fabric covering from this "O&O Special" is on display in the Wittman hangar located on the Pioneer Airport, Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Aircraft Spruce & Specialty Co of Corona, California acquired the rights to the Tailwind in January 1996 and became the exclusive distributor for plans and materials.

Variants  
 
W-8 Tailwind
The W-8 (initial version) updated to a new designation, the W-10.
Overton Tailwind — One example built with a 25 ft constant taper wing with wood spar, foam and composite skin construction.
W-9 Tailwind
The W-9L was introduced in 1958 with a constant-speed propeller, 35 gallon fuel tank, and a tricycle landing gear. 

W-10 Tailwind
Tapered wingtips, Tricycle gear version options
AJEP Tailwind
Marketed in the UK by AJEP in the 1970s in both kit and ready-to-fly form.

Specifications (1953 W.8)

See also

References  

 
 Airventure Museum Web site

External links  

Wittman Tailwind Page at Aircraft Spruce

1950s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Tailwind
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Address translation. Address translation or address resolution may refer to:
Network address translation
 Address Resolution Protocol or ARP, a computer networking protocol used to find out the hardware address of a host (usually a MAC address), when only the network layer address is known
 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol or RARP, a protocol used to find the network layer address of a host, based only on the hardware address.  This protocol has been rendered obsolete by both BOOTP and DHCP
 Domain name system or DNS, which is used to translate network addresses to human-recognizable domain names
 Virtual-to-physical address translation
P-wave modulus. There are two kinds of seismic body waves in solids, pressure waves (P-waves) and shear waves. In linear elasticity, the P-wave modulus , also known as the longitudinal modulus, or the constrained modulus, is one of the elastic moduli available to describe isotropic homogeneous materials. 

It is defined as the ratio of axial stress to axial strain in a uniaxial strain state. This occurs when expansion in the transverse direction is prevented by the inertia of neighboring material, such as in an earthquake, or underwater seismic blast. 

where all the other strains  are zero.

This is equivalent to stating that

where VP is the velocity of a P-wave and ρ is the density of the material through which the wave is propagating.

References
 G. Mavko, T. Mukerji, J. Dvorkin. The Rock Physics Handbook. Cambridge University Press 2003 (paperback). 

Materials science
Elasticity (physics)
Electrostatic deflection (structural element). In molecular physics/nanotechnology, electrostatic deflection is the deformation of a beam-like structure/element bent by an electric field (Fig. 1). It can be due to interaction between electrostatic fields and net charge or electric polarization effects. The beam-like structure/element is generally 
cantilevered (fix at one of its ends). In nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are typical ones for electrostatic deflections.

Mechanisms of electric deflection due to electric polarization can be understood as follows:

As shown in Fig.2, when a material is brought into an electric field (E), the field tends to shift the positive charge (in red) and the negative charge (in blue) in opposite directions. Thus, induced dipoles are created. Fig. 3 shows a beam-like structure/element in an electric field. The interaction between the molecular dipole moment and the electric field results an induced torque (T). Then this torque tends to align the beam toward the direction of field.

In case of a cantilevered CNT (Fig. 1), it would be bent to the field direction. Meanwhile, the electrically induced torque and stiffness of the CNT compete against each other. This deformation has been observed in experiments. This property is an important characteristic for CNTs promising nanoelectromechanical systems applications, as well as for their fabrication, separation and electromanipulation. Recently, several nanoelectromechanical systems based on cantilevered CNTs have been reported such as: nanorelays, nanoswitches, nanotweezers and feedback device which are designed for memory, sensing or actuation uses. Furthermore, theoretical studies have been carried out to try to get a full understanding of the electric deflection of carbon nanotubes.

References 

Electrostatics
Chemical physics
Vale Special. The Vale Special (sometimes just Vale) was a British sports car made between 1932 and 1935 in Maida Vale, London.

History 

The Vale Motor Company was established in 1931 by Pownoll Pellew (later 9th Viscount Exmouth) as a 'gentleman's hobby' in a rented workshop behind The Warrington pub in Maida Vale. The project was initially funded by Pellew (helped by his mother and his actress girlfriend Kay Walsh) and his two business partners Allan Gaspar (with help from his bank manager father), and Robert Owen Wilcoxon (thanks to early film proceeds of his film actor brother Henry Wilcoxon). It was Henry who designed the striking Vale Motor Co. badge.

The cars were initially handmade and based on Triumph Motor Company components. What made the car 'special' was its low-slung chassis, considered a remedy to the poor road-holding of small sports cars. The first cars used the 832 cc side-valve engine from the Triumph Super 7 fitted to an 84-inch wheelbase chassis bought in from Rubery Owen, semi-elliptic leaf springs all round, and the hydraulic brakes and axles from the Triumph. The top speed was only 65 mph (105 km/h), which was too slow for serious sporting events: so from 1933 a 1098 cc, overhead-inlet, side-exhaust, four-cylinder, Coventry Climax engine was offered, followed in 1934 by the 1476 cc six-cylinder version of the same engine.

Most of the cars had lightweight two-seater open bodies with fold-flat windscreens, but a four-seat version on a long-wheelbase chassis, called the 'Tourette', was available with the larger-engined versions.

In 1933 a new model, the Vale 'Vixen', was proposed with a larger engine size, longer 102 inch wheelbase on a stronger chassis, a redesigned steering system and other improvements. The blueprint exists, but a complete car was never built.

Around 55-60 cars had been built by the company when production stopped in 1935, though some have suggested that there were more, up to 80.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Bibliography

External links 
 Dave Cox: Ave Atque Vale - the story of the Vale Special
 Hon P. I. E. Pellew, 9th Viscount Exmouth - The history of the Vale Special.
 Robert Owen Wilcoxon - an account of his last day at Dunkirk.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Vehicle manufacture in London
Float (woodworking). A woodworking float (more rarely used in silversmithing), also called a planemaker's float, is a tapered, flat, single cut file of two types: edge float and the flat sided float which are traditional woodworking tools generally used when making a wooden plane. The float is used to cut, flatten, and smooth (or float) key areas of wood by abrasion. Its woodworking uses go well beyond planemaking.

Floats are similar to rasps and files. Rasps are generally coarse and cannot be resharpened. Files have angled ridges or teeth and cannot be resharpened. Floats have parallel teeth and they can be resharpened as many times as the thickness of the blade will allow.

Edge floats resemble saw blades and are generally used to cut wedge slots in wood. Flat sided floats are more similar to a file or rasp but their cutting edges are a series of parallel teeth.

Types of woodworking floats include: joiner's float, bed float, side float.

References

Mechanical hand tools
Woodworking hand tools
Files (tool)
Sir Walter Evans, 1st Baronet. Sir Walter Harry Evans, 1st Baronet (19 May 1872 – 7 November 1954) was an English hydraulic engineer, politician, and public servant.

Evans was born in Wolverhampton, son of Joseph Evans. He was a member of Staffordshire County Council for many years. In the 1920 New Year Honours, he was created a baronet, of Wightwick, near Wolverhampton, in the County of Stafford, for his services to the war savings committees during the First World War, with the letters patent being issued on 31 January 1920.

He married Margaret Mary Dickens in 1907. They had one son and two daughters. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Anthony.

Footnotes

References
Obituary, The Times, 9 November 1954
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

1872 births
1954 deaths
People from Wolverhampton
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
English civil engineers
Hydraulic engineers
Members of Staffordshire County Council
Thomas Sterling (computing). Thomas Sterling (born December 18, 1949) is a full professor for the Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering (ISE) at Indiana University (IU) Bloomington. At IU, he is the Director of the Artificial Intelligence Computing Systems Laboratory (AICSL). He received his Ph.D in 1984 at MIT. For more than four decades, Thomas Sterling has dedicated his professional contributions to research for advancements in parallel high-performance computing. Dr. Sterling is best known as the “father of Beowulf” clusters. Among his other early accomplishments, Dr. Sterling was Principal investigator for the multi-agency multi-institution Hybrid Technology Multi-Threaded Project (HTMT) for advanced research on Petaflops computing systems. Professor Sterling currently leads advanced research in non-von Neumann parallel architecture, ParalleX execution model, and HPX+ runtime system for scalable dynamic irregular graph-based knowledge-oriented artificial intelligence applications. Thomas Sterling is also President and co-founder of Simultac LLC, an advanced computing technology engineering company. Professor Sterling is the co-author of eight books and holds seven patents. Thomas Sterling is a Fellow of the AAAS and winner of the Gordon Bell Prize.

Education
Sterling began his undergraduate studies in 1968 at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn completing his BSEE degree in 1972 (Summa Cum Laude) from the Old Dominion University. Upon separation from the US Navy in 1977, he matriculated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Thomas Sterling earned his SMEE from MIT in 1981, his EE in 1983, and his Ph.D in 1984 as a Hertz Fellow under the supervision of Prof. Robert H. Halstead.

External links
 Bio Page at Indiana University
 Bio Page at CCT
 ParalleX Website

Living people
Free software programmers
Indiana University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
American computer science educators
1949 births
Herbert L. Henkel. Herbert L. Henkel was elected chairman of the Board of Directors of Ingersoll-Rand Company in May 2000. Also, he retained his previous titles of president and chief executive officer of the company. He graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School. Henkel holds a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering and applied mechanics, and a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from Polytechnic University (now New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering). Also, he holds a master's degree in business administration from Pace University's Lubin School of Business. He is currently a board member at Allstate.

References

Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Pace University alumni
Brooklyn Technical High School alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)