omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Parisite-(Ce). Parisite is a rare mineral consisting of cerium, lanthanum and calcium fluoro-carbonate, . Parisite is mostly parisite-(Ce), but when neodymium is present in the structure the mineral becomes parisite-(Nd).

It is found only as crystals, which belong to the trigonal or monoclinic pseudo-hexagonal system and usually have the form of acute double pyramids terminated by the basal planes; the faces of the hexagonal pyramids are striated horizontally, and parallel to the basal plane there is a perfect cleavage. The crystals are hair-brown in color and are translucent. The hardness is 4.5 and the specific gravity is 4.36. Light which has traversed a crystal of parisite exhibits a characteristic absorption spectrum. 

At first, the only known occurrence of this mineral was in the famous emerald mine at Muzo in Colombia, South America, where it was found by J.J. Paris, who rediscovered and worked the mine in the early part of the 19th century; here it is associated with emerald in a bituminous limestone of Cretaceous age. 

Closely allied to parisite, and indeed first described as such, is a mineral from the nepheline-syenite district of Julianehaab in south Greenland. To this the name synchysite has been given. The crystals are rhombohedral (as distinct from hexagonal; they have the composition , and specific gravity of 2.90. At the same locality there is also found a barium-parisite, which differs from the Colombian parisite in containing barium in place of calcium, the formula being : this is named cordylite on account of the club-shaped form of its hexagonal crystals. Bastnasite is a cerium lanthanum and neodymium fluoro-carbonate , from Bastnas, near Riddarhyttan, in Vestmanland, Sweden, and the Pikes Peak region in Colorado, United States.

References

External links

Calcium minerals
Lanthanide minerals
Carbonate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 9
Fairey Seal. The Fairey Seal was a British carrier-borne spotter-reconnaissance aircraft, operated in the 1930s. The Seal was derived – like the Gordon – from the IIIF. To enable the Fairey Seal to be launched by catapult from warships, it could be fitted with floats.

Service life and operations
The Seal was designed and built by Fairey Aviation. It first flew in 1930 and entered squadron service with the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) in 1933. Ninety-one aircraft were produced.

The FAA started to replace it with the Swordfish Mk1 from 1936. By 1938 all FAA torpedo squadrons had been entirely re-equipped with the Swordfish. The Seal was removed from front-line service by 1938, but remained in secondary and support roles. By the outbreak of the Second World War, only four remained in service. The type was retired fully by 1943. The type was last used in India as an instructional airframe from the Royal Navy Photographic Unit.

The RAF also operated the Seal as a target tug. Twelve aircraft were part of the RAF's No 10 Bombing and Gunnery School until 1940. A further four aircraft were used by 273 Squadron in Ceylon. These aircraft were used on coastal patrols, some as floatplanes. By May 1942, the type had been retired from RAF service.

In 1934 Latvia ordered four Seal floatplanes for its naval aviation (factory numbers F.2112 – 2115, tactical numbers 26 – 29, later 98 – 101). Between 22 June and 5 July 1936 three floatplanes under Colonel Janis Indans undertook a 6000 km long journey from Liepāja through Baltic and North European countries to England and back. In autumn 1940, after Latvia's annexation, the aircraft were taken by the Soviets, but they were not used by them, and they remained stored on Kisezers lake. On 28 June 1941 they were destroyed there by German planes.

Variants
 Fairey IIIF Mk VI : The first prototype was converted from a Fairey IIIF MK IIIB. 
 Fairey Seal : Three-seat spotter-reconnaissance aircraft for the Royal Navy.

Operators
 
Argentine Navy
 
 Chilean Navy
 Chilean Air Force
 
 Latvian Navy
 Latvian Air Force (from 1936)
 
 Peruvian Air Force
 Peruvian Navy
 
 Royal Air Force
 Fleet Air Arm
701 Naval Air Squadron
702 Naval Air Squadron
753 Naval Air Squadron
820 Naval Air Squadron
821 Naval Air Squadron
822 Naval Air Squadron
823 Naval Air Squadron
824 Naval Air Squadron

Specifications (Landplane)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Fairey Seal – British Aircraft of World War II
Latvian Aviation 

1930s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Seal
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Durland–Rathbone–Fiedler-Engineering Hall. Durland Hall, Rathbone Hall, Fiedler Hall and Engineering Hall are the names of four wings of the main building in the engineering complex on the campus of Kansas State University. The building is set on the old football practice field.

Additional engineering building include Ward Hall and the "Architecture" wing of Seaton Hall.

In 2016, an expansion to the original wings of the engineering complex was completed.

Construction and Naming 
Durland Hall was the first wing constructed in 1976 at a cost of over $3 million. The building is named after Dean Merrill A. Durland, a Kansas State College graduate, professor, and Dean of the School of Engineering and Architecture, and Director of the Engineering Experiment Station.

Rathbone Hall was added on the north end of Durland Hall in 1982 at a cost of $8 million. The building is named after former dean of Engineering, Donald E. Rathbone.

Fiedler Hall was added onto the west end of Rathbone Hall and was completed in 2000. The building was dedicated on September 9, 2000 to George and Alice Fiedler.  George was an inductee into the Kansas State Engineering Hall of Fame.

Other Complex History 
In the winter of 2007 the second floor Student Study Room was built and replaced the former All Student Lounge area.  This opened in the Spring of 2008 along with the Cafe-Q on the first floor that had been constructed the previous fall.

Fiedler and Rathbone Halls were heavily damaged, suffering broken windows and collapsed roofing structures due to an EF4 tornado on June 11, 2008.

Facilities 

The Chemical Engineering computer laboratory located within the Durland wing is a common meeting ground for many chemical engineers to discuss class developments, as well as to converse with members of the faculty.

The three Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering computer laboratories located within Rathbone and Ward Halls are a common meeting ground for many Mechanical and Nuclear engineers, as well as members of the faculty.  These labs are often considered among the best on campus.

Fiedler Hall is also home to Fiedler Library, which is an offshoot of Hale, the main campus library.  In addition to serving as a "sub-library" it provides the students with a more focused line of literature that is more aligned with the overall nature of the Engineering complex.

References

External links
 Durland Hall
 Rathbone Hall
 Fiedler Hall

Kansas State University academic buildings
1976 establishments in Kansas
University and college buildings completed in 1976
Orbitoclast. An orbitoclast was a surgical instrument used for performing transorbital lobotomies. 

Because actual ice picks were used in initial experimentation and because of continued close resemblance to ice pick shafts, the procedure was dubbed "ice pick lobotomy".

History and description
It was invented by Dr. Walter Freeman in 1948 to replace  the unique form of leucotome used up until that point for the transorbital lobotomy procedure. This instrument is, essentially, an ice pick with some gradation marks etched onto the shaft. The operation involved placing the pick behind the eye socket of the patient and breaking through the thin layer of bone found there by applying a hammer to the end of the pick and driving the instrument into the frontal lobes. The pick would then be swung medially and laterally to separate the frontal lobes from the thalamus. In 1948, Freeman embellished the procedure by adding the deep frontal cut, an additional swing of the pick deep into the lobe which placed such an increase of strain on the instrument that it occasionally snapped off while in the patient's head, necessitating surgical retrieval. Thus, Freeman had the orbitoclast specially commissioned as a more durable and reliable replacement.

The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine of 1949 was awarded to Egas Moniz "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses."

See also
Lobotomy
Leucotome
Instruments used in general surgery

References

Surgical instruments
Lobotomy
ScriptX. ScriptX is a discontinued multimedia-oriented development environment created in 1990 by Kaleida Labs. Unlike packages such as Macromedia Director, ScriptX is not an authoring tool for creating multimedia titles, although it does come with a built-in authoring tool. Rather, it is a general-purpose, object-oriented, multiplatform development environment that includes a dynamic language and a class library. 

The program was applicable for implementing client–server applications, as well as for authoring multimedia titles. ScriptX was designed in an integrated fashion, making it smaller, more consistent, and easier to learn than equivalent traditional systems available at the time (for example a C++ environment and class library).

Software components
ScriptX is meant to be a complete platform for interactive multimedia. It has three major components: the Kaleida Media Player, the ScriptX Language Kit, and application development and authoring tools. ScriptX was designed to work across multiple hardware platforms and operating systems. Version 1.0 was released for Microsoft's Windows 3.1 and Apple's System 7.

The Kaleida Media Player allows developers to target a single application for the Kaleida Media Player instead of targeting specific operating systems like the classic Mac OS and Microsoft Windows. The Kaleida Media Player is used to play back ScriptX titles and it must be installed on a user's computer to run a ScriptX title.

History
In December of 1993, DARPA and NSF awarded a research grant to a consortium formed from American universities, publishing companies, and the Apple Computer company. This consortium was called East/West Group because its members were drawn from both the East and West Coasts of the United States and it aimed to develop a new multimedia CD-ROM-based authoring environment for computer-based instructional material, based on ScriptX. However, the project soon encountered technical issues with the ScriptX technology, which exceeded the system requirements of many low-end machines which were expected to be used to consume the authored content; at the same time, it was increasingly becoming clear that the future was the Internet not CD-ROMs and Java had emerged as a commercially-available environment for producing cross-platform applications which met the project's requirements, without the technical issues the ScriptX-based solution had encountered. Therefore, in December 1996, the research project was relaunched using Java as a platform and further development using ScriptX was abandoned.

References

External links
 ScriptX overview page
 ScriptX and the World Wide Web (circa 1995)

Integrated development environments
Multimedia frameworks
Discontinued software
Gas turbine modular helium reactor. The Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) is a class of nuclear fission power reactor designed that was under development by a group of Russian enterprises (OKBM Afrikantov, Kurchatov Institute, VNIINM and others), an American group headed by General Atomics, French Framatome and Japanese Fuji Electric. It is a helium cooled, graphite moderated reactor and uses TRISO fuel compacts in a prismatic core design. The power is generated via a gas turbine rather than via the more common steam turbine.

A conceptual design was produced by 1997, and it was hoped to have a final design by 2005, and a prototype plant commissioning by 2010.

Construction
The core consists of a graphite cylinder with a radius of  and a height of  which includes  axial reflectors at top and bottom. The cylinder allocates three or four concentric rings, each of 36 hexagonal blocks with an interstitial gap of . Each hexagonal block contains 108 helium coolant channels and 216 fuel pins. Each fuel pin contains a random lattice of TRISO particles dispersed into a graphite matrix. The reactor exhibits a thermal spectrum with a peak neutron energy located at about 0.2 eV. The TRISO fuel concept allows the reactor to be inherently safe. The reactor and containment structure is located below grade and in contact with the ground, which serves as a passive safety measure to conduct heat away from the reactor in the event of a coolant failure.

Advantages
The Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor utilizes the Brayton cycle turbine arrangement, which gives it an efficiency of up to 48% – higher than any other reactor, as of 1995. Commercial light water reactors (LWRs) generally use the Rankine cycle, which is what coal-fired power plants use.  Commercial LWRs average 32% efficiency, again as of 1995.

Legacy

Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)

In 2010 General Atomics conceptualized a new reactor that utilizes the power conversion features of the GT-MHR, the Energy Multiplier Module (EM2). The EM2 uses fast neutrons and is a gas-cooled fast reactor, enabling it to reduce nuclear waste considerably by transmutation.

See also
 Gas-cooled fast reactor
 Pebble bed reactor
 Very high temperature reactor

References

External links
 

Nuclear power reactor types
Gas turbines
Mellitic acid. Mellitic acid, also called graphitic acid or benzenehexacarboxylic acid, is an acid first discovered in 1799 by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in the mineral mellite (honeystone), which is the aluminium salt of the acid. It crystallizes in fine silky needles and is soluble in water and alcohol.

Structure
The stable conformation of this molecule has the carboxylic acid groups rotated out of the plane of the central benzene ring. The molecule adopts a propeller-like conformation in which the tilt of each carboxylic acid group relative to the central benzene ring varies due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

Preparation 
Mellitic acid may be prepared by warming mellite with ammonium carbonate, boiling off the excess of the ammonium salt, and adding ammonia to the solution. The precipitated alumina is filtered off, the filtrate evaporated, and the ammonium salt of the acid purified by recrystallization. The ammonium salt is then converted into the lead salt by precipitation with lead acetate, and the lead salt is then decomposed by hydrogen sulfide. The acid may also be prepared by the oxidation of pure carbon, graphite or hexamethylbenzene, by alkaline potassium permanganate in the cold, or by hot concentrated nitric acid.

Reactions 
It is a very stable compound; chlorine, concentrated nitric acid and hydroiodic acid do not react with it. It is decomposed, on dry distillation, into carbon dioxide and pyromellitic acid, C10H6O8; when distilled with lime it gives carbon dioxide and benzene. Long digestion of the acid with an excess of phosphorus pentachloride forms the acid chloride, which crystallizes in needles, and melts at 190 °C. By heating the ammonium salt of the acid to 150–160 °C while ammonia is evolved, a mixture of paramide (mellimide, molecular formula ), and ammonium euchroate is obtained. The mixture may be separated by dissolving out the ammonium euchroate with water. Paramide is a white amorphous powder, insoluble in water and alcohol.

The high stability of mellitic acid salts and their presence as an endproduct of the oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are present in the solar system, make them a possible organic substance in Martian soil.

Mellitates (and salts of other benzene polycarboxylic acids) of iron and cobalt have interesting magnetic properties.

See also 
 Mellitic anhydride

References

Further reading 
Henry Enfield Roscoe, Carl Scholemmer, "Mellitene Group", "A Treatise on Chemistry: V.III: The Chemistry of the Hydrocarbons and their Derivatives on Organic Chemistry: P.V:529. D. Appleton and Co. (1889).

Benzoic acids
1,1-Dichloroethane. 1,1-Dichloroethane is a chlorinated hydrocarbon.  It is a colorless oily liquid with a chloroform-like odor.  It is not easily soluble in water, but miscible with most organic solvents.

Large volumes of 1,1-dichloroethane are manufactured, with annual production exceeding 1 million pounds in the United States. It is mainly used as a feedstock in chemical synthesis, chiefly of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. It is also used as a solvent for plastics, oils and fats, as a degreaser, as a fumigant in insecticide sprays, in halon fire extinguishers, and in cementing of rubber. It is used in manufacturing of high-vacuum resistant rubber and for extraction of temperature-sensitive substances.  Thermal cracking at 400–500 °C and 10 MPa yields vinyl chloride.  In the past, 1,1-dichloroethane was used as a surgical inhalational anesthetic.

Safety
1,1-dichloroethane has been on the California Proposition 65 list of known carcinogens since 1990.

In the atmosphere, 1,1-dichloroethane decomposes with half-life of 62 days, chiefly by reaction of photolytically produced hydroxyl radicals.

See also
 Dichloromethane 
 Dichloroethene
 1,2-Dichloroethane

References

External links
Dichloroethane and Dichloroethene on members.optushome.com.au
ATSDR - Toxic Substances Portal
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Chloroalkanes
Organochloride insecticides
Halogenated solvents
Fire suppression agents
Corey–Fuchs reaction. The Corey–Fuchs reaction, also known as the Ramirez–Corey–Fuchs reaction, is a series of chemical reactions designed to transform an aldehyde into an alkyne.  The formation of the 1,1-dibromoolefins via phosphine-dibromomethylenes was originally discovered by Desai, McKelvie and Ramirez. The phosphine can be partially substituted by zinc dust, which can improve yields and simplify product separation. The second step of the reaction to convert dibromoolefins to alkynes is known as Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement. The overall combined transformation of an aldehyde to an alkyne by this method is named after its developers, American chemists Elias James Corey and Philip L. Fuchs.

By suitable choice of base, it is often possible to stop the reaction at the 1-bromoalkyne, a useful functional group for further transformation.

Reaction mechanism
The Corey–Fuchs reaction is based on a special case of the Wittig reaction, where two equivalents of triphenylphosphine are used with carbon tetrabromide to produce the triphenylphosphine-dibromomethylene ylide. 

This ylide undergoes a Wittig reaction when exposed to an aldehyde. Alternatively, using a ketone generates a gem-dibromoalkene. 

The second part of the reaction converts the isolable gem-dibromoalkene intermediate to the alkyne. Deuterium-labelling studies show that this step proceeds through a carbene mechanism. Lithium-Bromide exchange is followed by α-elimination to afford the carbene. 1,2-shift then affords the deuterium-labelled terminal alkyne. The 50% H-incorporation could be explained by deprotonation of the (acidic) terminal deuterium with excess BuLi.

See also
Appel reaction
Fritsch-Buttenberg-Wiechell rearrangement
Seyferth-Gilbert homologation
Wittig reaction

References

  Corey, E. J.; Fuchs, P. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1972, 13, 3769–3772. 
  Mori, M.; Tonogaki, K.; Kinoshita, A. Organic Syntheses, Vol. 81, p. 1 (2005). (Article )
  Marshall, J. A.; Yanik, M. M.; Adams, N. D.; Ellis, K. C.; Chobanian, H. R. Organic Syntheses, Vol. 81, p. 157 (2005). (Article )
  N. B. Desai, N. McKelvie, F. Ramirez JACS, Vol. 84, p. 1745-1747 (1962).

External links
Corey-Fuchs Alkyne Synthesis

Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions
Phil Moorby. Phil Moorby () was a British engineer and computer scientist. Moorby was born and brought up in Birmingham, England, and studied Mathematics at Southampton University, England. Moorby received his master's degree in computer science from Manchester University, England, in 1974. He moved to the United States in 1983.

While working in Gateway Design Automation, in 1984 he invented the Verilog hardware description language, and developed the first and industry standard simulator Verilog-XL. In 1990 Gateway was purchased by Cadence Design Systems.

In 1997, Moorby joined startup company SynaPix, where he worked on match moving and video tracking algorithms for automatically extracting 3D models from video frames, using techniques such as optical flow, motion field and point clouds.

Moorby joined Co-Design Automation in 1999, and in 2002 he joined Synopsys to work on SystemVerilog verification language.

On October 10, 2005, Moorby became the recipient of the 2005 Phil Kaufman Award for his contributions to the EDA industry, specifically for development and popularization of Verilog, one of the world's most popular tools of electronic design automation.

In April 2016, Moorby was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum, "for his invention and promotion of the Verilog hardware description language."

Philip Raymond Moorby died on September 15, 2022 at the age of 69 in Rockport, MA.

References

American computer scientists
Electronic design automation people
People associated with the Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Impedance. Impedance is the complex-valued generalization of resistance. It may refer to:

Acoustic impedance, a constant related to the propagation of sound waves in an acoustic medium
Electrical impedance, the ratio of the voltage phasor to the electric current phasor, a measure of the opposition to time-varying electric current in an electric circuit
High impedance, when only a small amount of current is allowed through
Characteristic impedance of a transmission line
Impedance (accelerator physics), a characterization of the self interaction of a charged particle beam
Nominal impedance, approximate designed impedance
Impedance matching, the adjustment of input impedance and output impedance
Mechanical impedance, a measure of opposition to motion of a structure subjected to a force
Wave impedance, a constant related to electromagnetic wave propagation in a medium
Impedance of free space, a universal constant and the simplest case of a wave impedance

See also
Isosafrole. Isosafrole is an organic compound that is used in the fragrance industry.  Structurally, the molecule is related to allylbenzene, a type of aromatic organic chemical.  Its fragrance is reminiscent of anise or licorice.  It is found in small amounts in various essential oils, but is most commonly obtained by isomerizing the plant oil safrole. It exists as two geometric isomers, cis-isosafrole and trans-isosafrole.

Isosafrole is a precursor to the important fragrance piperonal. It can also be converted via the intermediate compound MDP2P into the psychoactive drug MDMA ('ecstasy'). As such it requires permits to purchase or sell in any significant quantity in the US.

References

Phenylpropenes
Benzodioxoles
Haidingerite. Haidingerite is a calcium arsenate mineral with formula Ca(AsO3OH)·H2O. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system as short prismatic to equant
crystals. It typically occurs as scaly, botryoidal or fibrous coatings. It is soft, Mohs hardness of 2 to 2.5, and has a specific gravity of 2.95. It has refractive indices of nα = 1.590, nβ = 1.602 and nγ = 1.638.

It was originally discovered in 1827 in Jáchymov, Czech Republic. It was named to honor Austrian mineralogist Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger (1795–1871). It occurs as a dehydration product of pharmacolite in the Getchell Mine, Nevada.

See also
 List of minerals named after people

References

 Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1951) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. II, pp.708–709.

Calcium minerals
Arsenate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 60