omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Modelio. Modelio is an open-source UML tool developed by Modeliosoft, based in Paris, France. It supports the UML2, BPMN and ArchiMate standards.

Licensing
The core Modelio software was released under the GPLv3 on October 5, 2011. Key APIs are licensed under the more permissive Apache License 2.0.

Features
Modelio supports UML2 Profiles for XSD, WSDL and BPEL, SoaML for service modelling in distributed environments;, BPMN for  business process modelling and ArchiMate for Enterprise Architecture.

Interoperability
Modelio was one of six tools participating in the Interoperability Demonstration held by the OMG's Model Interchange Working Group (MIWG) on December 7, 2009. The event demonstrated XMI interoperability between the participating tools.

The MADES Project intends to use Modelio to develop new modelling annotations with relevance to avionic and surveillance applications.

Community modules
Add-on modules are available through the Modelio community Website. These add support for TOGAF business process modeling; SysML system architecture modeling (although with reduced functionality in the open source version, the requirement diagram type is not available); MARTE for specifying embedded systems, and Java code generation, reverse and roundtrip engineering.

References

External links
Modelio Website

UML tools
Free UML tools
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Cross-platform free software
Free software for Linux
Free software for Windows
Free software for macOS
Software using the GNU General Public License
Software using the Apache license
Micromixing. In pharmaceutics, micromixing is a process in which ingredient particles rearrange to form a blend.  Development of pharmaceutical formulations requires understanding how the ingredients blend with each other and how the blending progresses through different stages.  It is also important to establish in a scientific manner when the blending is considered complete, establishing the margins of blending performance, so that in production the blending is complete before the blending process stops.

Optimal blending
In order to achieve optimal blending, the micromixing process must be studied to determine mixing parameters such as blending time, blending speed, type and size of blender.  When blending is performed too long, overblending may occur, with particles re-aggregating, resulting in segregation of the previously ideal blend.

Tools
Formulation scientists and technologists need tools to select ingredients for new formulations.  Tablets contain multiple ingredients beyond the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) such as fillers, tableting agents, disintegrants, and absorption enhancers or agents that slow down and control absorption.  Choice of materials is important to assure the flow characteristics, potency, and absorption of specific formulations.  In addition, proper particle size grades of the ingredients must be selected to produce an optimum blend for capsule filling.

Methods
In order to study the rate and uniformity of blending, destructive analytical methods, such as dissolution followed by chromatographic separation and detection are often used.  These methods require samples to be pulled from the blend, followed by time-consuming laboratory analysis.  In production, such analysis delays may lengthen time required for production formulation development.

Hyperspectral imaging
Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging can show the distribution of ingredients in pharmaceutical tablets.  In addition to laboratory analysis, imaging of near line pull-samples has been used to indicate whether the mixing endpoint has been achieved.  However, such measurements were performed once blending was completed, and therefore, did not yield information about the progression of micromixing during the blending process.

References

Further reading

 Marbach, Ralf. (2007). Multivariate Calibration: A Science-Based Method

Pharmaceutics
Pharmacy
PRODIGAL. PRODIGAL (proactive discovery of insider threats using graph analysis and learning) is a computer system for predicting anomalous behavior among humans, by data mining network traffic such as emails, text messages and server log entries. It is part of DARPA's Anomaly Detection at Multiple Scales (ADAMS) project. The initial schedule is for two years and the budget $9 million.

It uses graph theory, machine learning, statistical anomaly detection, and high-performance computing to scan larger sets of data more quickly than in past systems. The amount of data analyzed is in the range of terabytes per day. The targets of the analysis are employees within the government or defense contracting organizations; specific examples of behavior the system is intended to detect include the actions of Nidal Malik Hasan and WikiLeaks source Chelsea Manning. Commercial applications may include finance. The results of the analysis, the five most serious threats per day, go to agents, analysts, and operators working in counterintelligence.

Primary participants 
 Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing
 Georgia Tech Research Institute
 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
 Army Research Office
 Science Applications International Corporation
 Oregon State University
 University of Massachusetts Amherst
 Carnegie Mellon University

See also 
 Cyber Insider Threat
 Einstein (US-CERT program)
 Threat (computer)
 Intrusion detection
 ECHELON, Thinthread, Trailblazer, Turbulence (NSA programs)
 Fusion center, Investigative Data Warehouse (FBI)

References 

Applied data mining
Georgia Tech Research Institute
DARPA
Parallel computing

Cybersecurity engineering
Anomaly Detection at Multiple Scales. Anomaly Detection at Multiple Scales, or ADAMS was a $35 million DARPA project designed to identify patterns and anomalies in very large data sets. It is under DARPA's Information Innovation office and began in 2011 and ended in August 2014

The project was intended to detect and prevent insider threats such as "a soldier in good mental health becoming homicidal or suicidal", an "innocent insider becoming malicious", or "a government employee [who] abuses access privileges to share classified information". Specific cases mentioned are Nadal Malik Hasan and WikiLeaks source Chelsea Manning. Commercial applications may include finance. The intended recipients of the system output are operators in the counterintelligence agencies.

A final report was published on May 11, 2015, detailing a system known as Anomaly Detection Engine for Networks, or ADEN, developed by the University of Maryland, College Park, whose goal was to "identify malicious users within a network." Using multiple datasets from Wikipedia, Slashdot, and others, researchers were able to identify vandals and malicious users on a website using both conventional algorithms and artificial intelligence.

The Proactive Discovery of Insider Threats Using Graph Analysis and Learning was part of the ADAMS project. The Georgia Tech team includes noted high-performance computing researcher David Bader (computer scientist).

See also 
 Cyber Insider Threat
 Einstein (US-CERT program)
 Threat (computer)
 Intrusion detection

References 

Applied data mining
Computer security
Georgia Tech Research Institute
DARPA projects
Gregor GR-1. The Gregor GR-1, also called the GR-1 Continental and the GR-1 Sportplane was a biplane with a tail-wheel undercarriage developed by Michael Gregor

Development
The Gregor GR-1 was intended to be a light, low cost, training aircraft for depression-era customers. Gregor was based at Hangar B at Roosevelt Field in New York. The aircraft was a conventional geared biplane with two open cockpits in tandem with oversize interplane struts.

Variants
Gregor GR-2

Specifications (GR-1)

References

Biplanes
DECbit. DECbit is a TCP congestion control technique implemented in routers to avoid congestion. Its utility is to predict possible congestion and prevent it.

When a router wants to signal congestion to the sender, it adds a bit in the header of packets sent.  When a packet arrives at the router, the router calculates the average queue length for the last (busy + idle) period plus the current busy period. (The router is busy when it is transmitting packets, and idle otherwise). When the average queue length exceeds 1, then the router sets the congestion indication bit in the packet header of arriving packets.

When the destination replies, the corresponding ACK includes a set congestion bit. The sender receives the ACK and calculates how many packets it received with the congestion indication bit set to one. If less than half of the packets in the last window had the congestion indication bit set, then the window is increased linearly. Otherwise, the window is decreased exponentially.

This technique dynamically manages the window to avoid congestion and increasing freight if it detects congestion and tries to balance bandwidth with respect to the delay.

Note that this technique does not allow for effective use of the line, because it fails to take advantage of the available bandwidth. Besides, the fact that the tail has increased in size from one cycle to another does not always mean there is congestion.

References 

 
 K. K. Ramakrishnan and Raj Jain, A binary feedback scheme for congestion avoidance in computer networks with a connectionless network layer, Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM '88 Symposium proceedings on Communications architectures and protocols, Pages 303-313, Stanford, California, USA — August 16 - 18, 1988

Computer networking
Elitar Sigma. The Elitar Sigma or  Elitar (Samara VVV-Avia) Sigma is a single engine light aircraft of wing and boom layout, seating two in side-by-side configuration.  It was designed and built in Russia where production continued until at least 2010.

Design and development

Design of the Sigma, then known as the Sigma-4, began in 1991 at the Sigma design bureau though it was later associated with the Albatros bureau. First flown in 2002, from 2003 it was marketed by Elitar, a bureau formed in 1997. Manufacture of the eighth and later aircraft has been at the Samara based VVV-Avia factory.

The Sigma is a metal framed aircraft with largely composite skin, though with metal on the fin and fabric covering on the ailerons, which have GRP noses.  The flaps are also GRP structures.  The wing has constant chord, 1.5° of dihedral and a full span combination of flaps and ailerons. The exposed boom aft of the wing trailing edge is slender and carries the rectangular horizontal tail surfaces, large triangular fin and parallel chord rudder, plus a small ventral fin.  A Rotax 912 ULS flat four engine is mounted above the wing position and forward of its leading edge.

The teardrop shaped pod is mounted below the wing and braced to it, with a single faired lift strut on each side from its lower part.  Access to the side-by-side seating is by large glazed doors.  There is a luggage area behind the seats and a rear transparency.  The tricycle undercarriage is short, placing the Sigma close to the ground.  All wheels are on cantilever spring legs and enclosed by fairings.  The nosewheel leg is horizontal and the wheel casters.  The Sigma can also be configured as a floatplane, the floats attached with a complex of struts.  A MVEN K-600-00 ballistic recovery parachute is standard on Russian aircraft.

Operational history
Twelve or more Sigmas had been built by 2010. One, with a civil registration, flies at a Russian experimental station, another with an aero club in Ukraine. Four kits have been delivered to New Zealand, three in 2005 and one in 2009.

The type achieved LSA compliance in the United States under the name Samara VVV-Avia	Elitar-Sigma C4E. There have been two Sigmas on the US civil register, one of them a sales demonstrator which was deregistered and returned to the manufacturers after the sales campaign was abandoned in 2006.

Specifications

References

1990s Soviet and Russian sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2002
Carbamoyl chloride. A carbamoyl chloride is the functional group with the formula R2NC(O)Cl. The parent carbamoyl chloride, H2NCOCl is unstable, but many N-substituted analogues are known.  Most examples are moisture sensitive, colourless, and soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. An example is dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (m.p. −90 °C and b.p. 93 °C). Carbamoyl chlorides are used to prepare a number of pesticides, e.g. carbofuran and aldicarb.

Production and examples
Carbamoyl chlorides are prepared by the reaction of an amine with phosgene: 
2 R2NH + COCl2 → R2NCOCl + [R2NH2]Cl

They also arise by the addition of hydrogen chloride to isocyanates:
RNCO + HCl → RNHCOCl
In this way, carbamoyl chlorides can be prepared with N-H functionality.

Reactions
In a reaction that is typically avoided, hydrolysis of carbamoyl chlorides gives carbamic acids:
R2NCOCl + H2O → R2NC(O)OH + HCl
Owing to the influence of the amino group, these compounds are less hydrolytically sensitive than the usual acid chlorides.
A related but more useful reaction is the analogous reaction with alcohols:
R2NCOCl + R'OH + C5H5N → R2NC(O)OR' + C5H5NHCl

References

Functional groups
Bearing modulus. Bearing modulus is a modulus used in journal bearing design.  It is a dimensionless number.

Formula
Bearing Modulus (C) is C = (Zn/p) where
 Z = oil viscosity
 n = speed of rotation (rpm)
 p = bearing pressure(N/MM2)

For any given bearing, there is a value for indicated by C, for which the coefficient of friction is at a minimum. The bearing should not be operated at this value of bearing modulus, since a slight decrease in speed or a slight increase in pressure will make the part of a shaft or axle that rests on bearings operate in partial lubrication state resulting in high friction, heating and wear.

To prevent this, the average value of Bearing modulus should be
 Zn/p >= 3C
or for large fluctuations and heavy impact loads
 Zn/p = 15C (approx)

References

Bearings (mechanical)
Stomatex. Stomatex is a high performance patented fabric which is inspired by the physics of transpiring plant leaves and invented by Nigel Middleton.

Production

Stomatex is made from the closed-cell foam neoprene, a synthetic rubber in a pattern of dome-shaped chambers, each with a tiny pore in the centre.

Usage
Stomatex is typically used for outdoor clothing, due to its ability to balance thermal insulation with water protection. It is also used in outdoor recreational clothing for snow sports and field sports.

See also
 Gore-Tex
 Neoprene

References

Technical fabrics
PZL.27. The P.Z.L. 27 was a prototype airliner/mail plane designed by Zbysław Ciołkosz and constructed at P.Z.L. in 1933.

Design and development
Ordered by the Polish Ministry of Transport as a fast mail-plane, the prototype flew for the first time in September 1933 and was the first P.Z.L. aircraft with a retractable landing gear. Several tests made at the Institute of Aviation in 1935–1936 showed that the plane had poor performance and was uneconomical to operate.

Technical design
Construction of the P.Z.L. 27 consisted of a welded steel tube fuselage and tail-unit covered with fabric and a wooden 2-spar wing. Three  de Havilland Gipsy Major I engines were fitted, one in the nose and two in strut-mounted nacelles under the high-set wings. The retractable landing gear retracted manually into the rear of the engine nacelles, with a non-retractable tail-skid at the extreme rear of the fuselage.

Operational history
After initial flight testing the prototype P.Z.L. 27 the aircraft was returned to P.Z.L. to have a revised wing fitted to alleviate problems with insufficient stiffness and poor lateral stability. After a second phase of testing a Certificate of Airworthiness was issued and the aircraft was equipped for use as an airliner, being delivered to P.L.L. (LOT). LOT used the aircraft for proving flights on mail routes but regarded it as obsolete, refusing to order production aircraft. The RWD 11, designed in competition with the P.Z.L. 27, was regarded as superior but this aircraft also failed to attract production orders.

After accumulating 70 hours flying with LOT, the P.Z.L. 27 was bought by the Polish Air Force for the I.T.L. ( – Technical Aviation Institute). It was used for transport, but crashed in an accident near Piaseczno in 1937, when piloted by Andrzej Włodarkiewicz.

Operators

LOT Polish Airlines operated the sole prototype.
Polish Air Force

Specifications (P.Z.L. 27)

See also

References 

27
1930s Polish aircraft
Trimotors
High-wing aircraft
Teman Mono-Fly. The Teman Mono-Fly is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed by structural engineer Bob Teman and produced by Teman Aircraft Inc. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction and later as a factory-completed aircraft.

Design and development
The Mono-Fly was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a strut-braced high-wing, a single-seat, open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing that is pop riveted together using gussets. On early examples the flying surfaces were covered in dope and aircraft fabric covering, but this was later changed to heat-shrunk Dacron sailcloth, to save weight. Its  span wing employs a modified Clark Y airfoil. The wings are supported by a single lift strut and a jury strut. The pilot is accommodated on an open seat, without a windshield. The controls are conventional three axis, but the aircraft uses a control yoke rather than the more common control stick. The landing gear features main wheel bungee suspension.

Early kit-built examples came out with empty weights too high for the FAR Part 103 limit, so the factory stopped supplying kits and produced completed aircraft instead. These factory-built examples have empty weights under , even when equipped with a Rotax 503 engine of . An Onan  four stroke industrial engine was also used, although this limited the rate of climb to 400 ft/min (2.0 m/s).

Reviewer Andre Cliche described the Mono-Fly as "well engineered". It is stressed to +10/-10g.

Specifications (version)

References

External links
Photo of a Mono-Fly with cockpit fairing fitted

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Transamidation. Transamidation is a chemical reaction in which an amide reacts with an amine to generate a new amide:
RC(O)NR'2  +  HNR"2  →   RC(O)NR"2  +  HNR'2

The reaction is typically very slow, but it can be accelerated with Lewis acid and organometallic catalysts.  Primary amides (RC(O)NH2) are more amenable to this reaction.

Ureas
In contrast to the reluctance of amides as substrates, urea is more susceptible to this exchange process. Transamidation is practiced, sometimes even on an industrial scale, to prepare a variety of N-substituted ureas:
(H2N)2CO  +  R2NH   →    (R2N)(H2N)CO  +  NH3
(R2N)(H2N)CO  +  R2NH   →    (R2N)2CO  +  NH3
Methylurea, precursor to theobromine, is produced from methylamine and urea.  Phenylurea is produced similarly but from anilinium chloride:
(H2N)2CO  +  [C6H5NH3]Cl   →    (C6H5(H)N)(H2N)CO  +  NH4Cl

Hydrazine derivatives of urea are often produced by transamidation-like reactions.  These products include carbohydrazide, semicarbazide, and biurea.

References

Amides
Chemical reactions
43rd Engineer Battalion (United States). The 43rd Engineer Battalion was a military engineer unit in the United States Army first formed in 1917.

Lineage
Formed on 3 December 1917 as the 43d Engineers (Auxiliary Forestry Battalion) and was organized on 4 January 1918, at Camp American University, Washington.

The battalion was reorganized and redesignated on 18 October 1918, and its elements were reorganized and redesignated as follows:
Headquarters, 14th Battalion and 46th, 47th, 48th and 49th Companies, 20th Engineers.

The battalion was demobilized on 26 June 1919 at Camp Lee, Virginia.

Reconstituted 1 October 1933 as the 43rd Engineers (General Service) and was activated at Fort Snelling, Minnesota on 10 February 1941, before being redesignated on 16 March 1943 as the 43rd Engineer General Service Regiment. The 1st and 2nd Battalions were disbanded on 22 April 1944 in Australia, with the remainder of the regiment reorganized and redesignated as the 43rd Engineer Construction Battalion on 9 May 1944. The battalion was reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters, Headquarters and Service Company, 43rd Engineer Construction Battalion on 15 June 1947 (organic elements concurrently reconstituted and activated). The battalion was later reorganized and redesignated as the 43rd Engineer Construction Battalion on 1 June 1949 (organic elements concurrently reconstituted and activated) in Japan before being redesignated on 28 March 1954 as the 43rd Engineer Battalion (Construction). The battalion was inactivated on 25 June 1958 in Korea.

The battalion was reactivated on 25 April 1966 at Fort Benning, Georgia, and was later inactivated on 15 July 1994.

Campaign participation credit
World War I: Streamer without inscription

World War II: East Indies; Papua; New Guinea; Luzon

Southwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait

Armed Forces Expeditions:  Somalia

Decorations
Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for PAPUA
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for PACIFIC THEATER 1944
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for PACIFIC THEATER 1945–1946
Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation for 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for SOUTHWEST ASIA for 9 AUGUST 1990 TO 2 MAY 1991
Joint Meritorious Unit Award, for SOMALIA for 5 DECEMBER 1992 TO 4 MAY 1993
Army Superior Unit Award for 1992

References

Armed Forces Expeditionary Streamer Approved for Somalia 1992-1995

Further reading

043
North American NA-35. The North American NA-35 was a training aircraft designed by North American Aviation. It was first test-flown in January 1940 by Vance Breese. Although announced for trade the month after, the project was pushed aside by plant expansions and the development of the P-51 Mustang. Further test flights were conducted and construction began on a few more aircraft, but the project remained stagnant until Vega Aircraft Corporation bought the rights to the aircraft in October 1940 to develop into the Vega 35.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

NA-35
1940s United States military trainer aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
DARwIn-OP. DARwIn-OP (Dynamic Anthropomorphic Robot with Intelligence–Open Platform) is a miniature-humanoid robot platform developed and manufactured by Korean robot manufacturer Robotis in collaboration with Virginia Tech, Purdue University, and University of Pennsylvania. It is also supported by a $1.2 million NSF grant. DARwIn-OP has twenty degrees of freedom, each controlled by a DYNAMIXEL MX-28T servo motor.

DARwIn-OP's main purpose is for research and programmers in the fields of humanoid, artificial intelligence, gait algorithm, vision, inverse kinematics, and linguistics, among others.

DARwIn-OP is also the winner of the Kid Size League in the RoboCup 2011 2012 League, and 2013 League.

See also
 Robotis Bioloid

References

External links

  
 GitHub 

Robotics at ROBOTIS
Virginia Tech
Purdue University
University of Pennsylvania
Bipedal humanoid robots
2000s robots
Soccer robots