omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
School of Mathematics and Naval Construction. The Central School of Mathematics and Naval Construction was a short-lived shipbuilding college at Portsmouth Dockyard on the south coast of England. It was founded in 1848 but only lasted five years, until 1853. The first Principal was Joseph Woolley, who in 1864 would found the Royal School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering in South Kensington that became part of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich in 1873.

Building
The school was sited in the dockyard at Portsea, Portsmouth in the building formerly used by the School of Naval Architecture (1816–1832), facing the Commissioner’s house and Old Naval Academy. It is  long by  wide and  high, to a design by Edward/Edmund Hall. Construction began in 1815 and was completed in 1817. The building has since seen use as a residence, Port Admirals Office, Tactical School, War College, NATO and Naval HQ and C in C Western Fleet Offices.

Education
The School of Mathematics and Naval Construction was intended as a finishing school for a select number of shipwright apprentices, to prepare them as officers in the dockyards.  They were sent to the school for the final three years of their seven-year apprenticeship, to be taught mathematics by Wooley and shipbuilding by the master shipwright of the dockyard. Unusually, they were also taught chemistry in a laboratory created at the back of the school for the use of W.J. Hay, the chemical assistant of the dockyard.

Alumni
 Sir Edward James Reed - Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy from 1863 until 1870
 Sir Nathaniel Barnaby - Reed's successor and brother-in-law
 Frederick Kynaston Barnes - Naval Architect

References

 Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Volume 16 (1853) p 210

Further reading 
 H. W.Dickinson, 'Joseph Woolley - Pioneer of British Naval Education; 1848 - 1873', Education Research and Perspectives (2007) 34(1) pages 1–26

External links

1848 establishments in England
Marine engineering organizations
History of the Royal Navy
Education in Portsmouth
Former training establishments of the Royal Navy
EZ Industries. EZ Industries, formerly the Electrolytic Zinc Company, was a zinc miner and refiner in Australia.

History
EZ Industries was established in 1916 by Amalgamated Zinc as the Electrolytic Zinc Company to operate the Risdon Zinc Works on the banks of the Derwent River in Risdon, Tasmania. It was renamed EZ Industries in February 1957. In 1967, EZ purchased the Emu Bay Railway.

In February 1983, EZ opened the Elura Nine near Cobar, New South Wales. It built a 45 kilometre railway line to connect with the Main Western railway line to move zinc to Newcastle for shipping to Risdon. In 1984, EZ was taken over by North Broken Hill Peko.

EZ owned a 31% stake in the Ranger Uranium Mine through its Energy Resources of Australia shareholding.

References

Companies based in Melbourne
Metal companies of Australia
Zinc companies
1916 establishments in Australia
1984 disestablishments in Australia
Fokker V.39. The Fokker V.39 was a prototype sports aircraft built by Fokker shortly after World War I based on a scaled-down version of the Fokker D.VIII fighter design and powered by an 82 kW (110 hp) Le Rhône engine. 

An even smaller and lighter version was built as the V.40, powered by a 26 kW (35 hp) Anzani. Neither the V.39 nor the V.40 entered production.

Bibliography

1910s German sport aircraft
V.39
Rotary-engined aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Jalan Semambu. Jalan Semambu, Federal Route 3486 (formerly Pahang and Terengganu state route C15 or T15), is an industrial federal road in Pahang and Terengganu state, Malaysia.

At most sections, the Federal Route 3486 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.

List of junctions

References

Malaysian Federal Roads
James Atkinson (inventor). James Atkinson (1846 – 1914) of Hampstead was a British engineer who invented several engines with greater efficiency than the Otto cycle. The Atkinson cycle engines were named the "Differential 1882", "Cycle 1887" and "Utilite 1892". The most well-known of Atkinson's engines is the "Cycle 1887", patented in 1887. By use of variable engine strokes from a complex crankshaft, Atkinson was able to increase the efficiency of his engine, at the cost of some power, over traditional Otto-cycle engines.  He was awarded the John Scott Medal of The Franklin Institute in 1889.

See also
History of the internal combustion engine

Notes

Further reading

External links
 James Atkinson at Find A Grave - personal details

1846 births
1914 deaths
People from Hampstead
Engineers from London
Allen curve. In communication theory, the Allen curve is a graphical representation that  reveals the exponential drop in frequency of communication between engineers as the distance between them increases. It was discovered by Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor Thomas J. Allen in the late 1970s.

A related and highly significant finding of Allen's was his identification of the key role of information gatekeepers. Often such interlocutors were poorly recognized by management and yet conveyed vital concepts from just the right people to just the right other people in the organization.

Discovery 

During the late 1970s, Allen undertook a project to determine how the distance between engineers’ offices affects the frequency of technical communication between them. The result of that research produced what is now known as the Allen Curve, revealing a strong negative correlation between physical distance and the frequency of communication between work stations. The finding also revealed the critical distance of 50 meters for weekly technical communication.

This finding was originally documented in Allen’s book, Managing the Flow of Technology.

Recent development 
With the fast advancement of internet and sharp drop of telecommunication cost, some wonder about the application of the Allen Curve in today's corporate environment. In 2007, Allen examined this question and the effects of frequency still holds true, citing a 1986 study of email and his own 1989 study of frequency of communication between "sites of a geographically dispersed computer manufacturer". He says

"For example, rather than finding that the probability of telephone communication increases with distance, as face-to-face probability decays, our data show a decay in the use of all communication media with distance (following a "near-field" rise)." [p. 58]

He further explains
"We do not keep separate sets of people, some of whom we communicate with by one medium and some by another. The more often we see someone face-to-face, the more likely it is that we will also telephone that person or communicate by another medium." [p. 58]

Significance 

With the wide acknowledgment of importance of communication to innovation, the Allen Curve is frequently taught and cited in management literature about innovation.

In the business world, this principle has had a very strong influence in many areas, such as commercial architecture designs (See for example the Decker Engineering Building in New York, the Steelcase Corporate Development Center in Michigan, the BMW Research Center in Munich, and the Volkswagen assembly and delivery center in Dresden), and project management.

References

External links 
 
 

Communication theory
Blue Ribbon Network. The Blue Ribbon Network is a policy element of the London Plan relating to the waterways of London, England.

Aside from the River Thames, the major components of the network are:

Grand Union Canal
Regent's Canal
River Lee Navigation
River Brent
River Roding
River Rom
River Crane
Beverley Brook
River Wandle
Ravensbourne River
Silk Stream
Pymmes Brook
Salmons Brook
Moselle Brook
Ingrebourne River
River Cray

The network also includes docks, reservoirs and lakes and covered over sections of rivers. The London Plan promotes the use of the waterways for leisure, passenger and tourist traffic, and the transport of freight and general goods. The canal part of the network makes up  of waterway. The London Waterways Commission advises the Mayor of London on the implementation of the waterways policies.

References

Rivers of London
Lee Navigation
Regent's Canal
Water in London
Metal Powder Company. The Metal Powder Company Limited (MEPCO) is situated at Thirumangalam in Madurai district in southern part of Tamil Nadu, India. Established in 1961 and commercial production started in 1965. It is engaged in manufacture of non-ferrous metal powders of various kinds like aluminium, copper, zinc, cobalt, tungsten, tin etc. Also they manufacture alloys of copper, zinc etc.

They sell to a wide range of industries like fireworks, paint, printing ink, mining explosives, ordnance, space, cutting tools, brake linings etc.

The turnover exceeded Rs.200cr in the financial year 2007 - 08.

The Mepco Schlenk trust is the social welfare trust of this company which has formed the prestigious Mepco Schlenk Engineering College at Sivakasi.

References

 The Economics Times, 9 May 2002, 1353 hrs IST, PTI, Mepco buys back shares from IDBI

External links
 Metal Powder Company Limited (MEPCO) Official site

Metal companies of India
Companies based in Tamil Nadu
Economy of Madurai
Manufacturing companies established in 1961
Indian companies established in 1961
1961 establishments in Madras State
List of launch service providers. A launch service provider is a type of company that uses launch vehicles and related services provided by a Launch Agency, including furnishing the launch vehicles, launch support, equipment and facilities, for the purpose of launching satellites into orbits or deep space. There are over 100 launch companies from all over the world. These companies and their launch vehicles are in various stages of development, with some (such as SpaceX, RocketLab, and ULA) already in regular operation, while others are not. 

In 2018, the launch services sector accounted for $5.5 billion out of a total $344.5 billion "global space economy". It is responsible for the ordering, conversion or construction of the carrier rocket, assembly and stacking, payload integration, and ultimately conducting the launch itself. Some of these tasks may be delegated or sub-contracted to other companies. For example, United Launch Alliance formally subcontracted the production of GEM solid rocket motors for their Delta II and Delta IV (Medium version) rockets to Alliant Techsystems. (Both vehicles are now retired.) An LSP does not necessarily build all the rockets it launches.

A document central to successful launch service provision is the Interface Control Document (ICD), a contract that specifies the integration and mission requirements responsibilities across the service provider and the service solicitor.

In some cases, an LSP is not required to launch a rocket. Government organizations such as the military and defense forces may conduct the launch themselves.

Current launch service providers

Corporate

Former Corporate 

 Orbital ATK (United States)
 Orbital Sciences Corporation (United States)
 Stratolaunch Systems (United States)
 Virgin Orbit (United States)

Governmental and State-owned 
 CALT (China)
 DARPA (United States)
 ExPace (China)
 Glavkosmos (Russia)
 ISA (Iran)
 JAXA (Japan)

 NADA (North Korea)
 NASA (United States)
 NSIL (India)

References

Commercial spaceflight
Rocketry
KnowledgeBench. KnowledgeBench is a proprietary software suite which is used in the development of new products such as pharmaceuticals, food and drink, speciality chemicals, paint, oil, and plastics.  It has modules to support formulation, management and reporting, expert systems, knowledge management, and Product Lifecycle Management.  The software is used by companies including AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Wrigley.  It is built using methods from the field of artificial intelligence that include rule based systems and case based reasoning.

History

In 2005 KnowledgeBench acquired the rights to the Formulogic Expert Systems Product from Logica. This is an expert system suite originally known as PFES (Product Formulation Expert System) which was developed by Logica under the Government sponsored Alvey Programme in 1989.

The author is KnowledgeBench Ltd, which was founded in August 2003 by Jason Smith, the Chief Executive and Denis Howlett, the Chief Technical Officer and product architect.

Application details

A KnowledgeBench application consists of three parts:
 An underlying knowledgebase containing background information about ingredients, their properties, past formulations, and anything else required by the application
 A collection of rulesets to provide the functionality and decision processing
 A set of web pages to solicit input from the user and display the results and reports

KnowledgeBench is compatible with industry standard Java application server platforms, including Apache Tomcat, IBM WebSphere, Oracle WebLogic Server, Jetty and other Java EE platforms. The web front end can be hosted by the application server or fronted by an Apache web server or Microsoft's IIS web server.

References 
KnowledgeBench acquires rights to LogicaCMG's Formulogic

External links 
 Intelligent Product Development

Business software
Planar projection. Planar projections are the subset of 3D graphical projections constructed by linearly mapping points in three-dimensional space to points on a two-dimensional projection plane. The projected point on the plane is chosen such that it is collinear with the corresponding three-dimensional point and the centre of projection. The lines connecting these points are commonly referred to as projectors. 

The centre of projection can be thought of as the location of the observer, while the plane of projection is the surface on which the two dimensional projected image of the scene is recorded or from which it is viewed (e.g., photographic negative, photographic print, computer monitor). When the centre of projection is at a finite distance from the projection plane, a perspective projection is obtained. When the centre of projection is at infinity, all the projectors are parallel, and the corresponding subset of planar projections are referred to as parallel projections.

Mathematical formulation
Mathematically, planar projections are linear transformations acting on a point in three-dimensional space  to give a point  on the projection plane. These transformations consist of various compositions of the five transformations: orthographic projection, rotation, shear, translation and perspective.

Map uses
It is also used in maps to show the planet Earth and other planets or objects in space. This is good for maps of close-up areas.

Graphical projections
Planes (geometry)
18-bit computing. Eighteen binary digits have 262,144 (1000000 octal, 40000 hexadecimal) distinct combinations.

Eighteen bits was a common word size for smaller computers in the 1960s, when large computers often using 36 bit words and 6-bit character sets, sometimes implemented as extensions of BCD, were the norm. There were also 18-bit teletypes experimented with in the 1940s.

Example computer architectures
Possibly the most well-known 18-bit computer architectures are the PDP-1, PDP-4, PDP-7, PDP-9 and PDP-15 minicomputers produced by Digital Equipment Corporation from 1960 to 1975. Digital's PDP-10 used 36-bit words but had 18-bit addresses.

The UNIVAC division of Remington Rand produced several 18-bit computers, including the UNIVAC 418 and several military systems.

The IBM 7700 Data Acquisition System was announced by IBM on December 2, 1963.

The BCL Molecular 18 was a group of systems designed and manufactured in the UK in the 1970s and 1980s.

The NASA Standard Spacecraft Computer NSSC-1 was developed as a standard component for the MultiMission Modular Spacecraft at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in 1974.

The flying-spot store digital memory in the first experimental electronic switching systems used nine plates of optical memory that were read and written two bits at a time, producing a word size of 18 bits.

Character encoding
Eighteen-bit machines use a variety of character encodings.

The DEC Radix-50, called Radix 508 format, packs three characters plus two bits in each 18-bit word.

The Teletype packs three characters in each 18-bit word; each character a 5-bit Baudot code and an upper-case bit.

The DEC SIXBIT format packs three characters in each 18-bit word, each 6-bit character obtained by stripping the high bits from the 7-bit ASCII code, which folds lowercase to uppercase letters.

References

 DIGITAL Computing Timelime: 18-bit architecture
 Architectural Evolution in DEC’s 18b Computers, Bob Supnik, 2006.

Computer data
LoPresti Fury. The LoPresti Fury is a prototype sports plane built in the United States in the late 1980s. It is a fast two-seat low wing tail dragger, based on the Globe Swift and made of sheet aluminum. The current engine is a Lycoming IO-360-A1B6, giving the Fury a max speed of 222 mph. The aircraft will carry two adults with up to 100 pounds of baggage and has a range of 1000 miles.

Originally designed by Roy LoPresti while working at LoPresti Piper Aircraft Engineering Company, he eventually secured rights to the design following the bankruptcy of the company.

Operational history
The aircraft was displayed at Sun 'n Fun in 1989 as the SwiftFury. Over 500 orders were placed for the aircraft prior to Piper's bankruptcy in 1991.

Specifications (prototype, converted Swift)

References

 
 
 
  
 

1980s United States sport aircraft
Dexter electron transfer. Dexter electron transfer (also called Dexter electron exchange and Dexter energy transfer) is a fluorescence quenching mechanism in which an excited electron is transferred from one molecule (a donor) to a second molecule (an acceptor) via a non radiative path. This process requires a wavefunction overlap between the donor and acceptor, which means it can only occur at short distances; typically within 10 Å (1 nm). The excited state may be exchanged in a single step, or in two separate charge exchange steps.

History
This short range energy transfer process was first theoretically proposed by D. L. Dexter in 1953.

Rate expression
The Dexter energy transfer rate, , is indicated by the formula:

where  is the separation of the donor from the acceptor,  is the sum of the Van der Waals radii of the donor and the acceptor, and  is the normalized spectral overlap integral, where normalized means that both emission intensity and extinction coefficient have been adjusted to unit area.
It is important noticed that , because it is normalized, does not depend on the actual magnitude of extinction coefficient nor on the donor fluorescence quantum yield. This difference is an important distinction from the situation for dipole-dipole energy transfer.
The overlap integral  simply derives from the density of degenerate states that couple donor and acceptor (from Fermi's golden rule), i.e. is a measure of the number of states that are capable of satisfying the resonance condition. 
Because  is a constant that is not related to any spectroscopic data, it is difficult to characterize the exchange mechanism experimentally.

See also 
 Fluorescence
 Quenching
 Förster resonance energy transfer
Surface energy transfer

References

Atomic physics
Fluorescence

Energy transfer
Charge exchange. Charge exchange (or charge exchange collision) is a process in which a neutral atom or molecule collides with an ion, resulting in the neutral atom acquiring the charge of the ion. The reaction is typically expressed as

A+ + B -> A + B+.
This reaction has various diagnostic applications, such as in plasma physics and mass spectrometry.

Theory
When a neutral atom collides with an ion in a gas or a plasma, the ion can acquire an electron from the neutral atom as both electron shells overlap in the course of the collision. This can be used in various applications, such as the issues discovered in the quantum area as regards light ions developed by the Brinkman-Kramers theory.

Applications

Charge-exchange spectroscopy 
Charge-exchange spectroscopy (abbreviated CES or CXS) is a technique commonly used in plasma diagnostics to analyze high-temperature controlled fusion plasmas. In fusion plasmas, the light elements tend to become fully ionized during operation, which makes it challenging to diagnose their properties using conventional optical diagnostics. To address this, a method was developed in the 1970s which involves the injection of a beam of neutral atoms, such as hydrogen or deuterium, into the plasma. This process results in the ionization of hydrogenic atoms the excitation of ions through charge exchange, as represented by the reaction:

{H^0} + A^{+q} -> {H+} + [A^{+(q-1)}]^\star,

where A^{+q} represents the various possible charged states of the ions in the plasma.

Optical fibers are then strategically positioned to create "chords", lines of sight along which the measurements are taken. These chords pass through regions both with and without the neutral beam. By subtracting the signals from these two chords, emissions not generated by the neutral beam can be inferred. This allows for the determination of ion properties, such as its temperature and density. 

The technique can also be extended to include multiple chords to build spatial profiles of the plasma, such as its toroidal and poloidal rotation. This provides insights into how ions conduct heat and transport momentum within the plasma.

Charge-exchange spectroscopy is often referred to as charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy, which is acronymized as CXRS or CER.

See also
 Electron capture

References

Further reading
 

Plasma phenomena
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Applied and interdisciplinary physics