omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Half-metal. A half-metal is any substance that acts as a conductor to electrons of one spin orientation, but as an insulator or semiconductor to those of the opposite orientation. Although all half-metals are ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic), most ferromagnets are not half-metals. Many of the known examples of half-metals are oxides, sulfides, or Heusler alloys. Types of half-metallic compounds theoretically predicted so far include some Heusler alloys, such as , NiMnSb, and PtMnSb; some Si-containing half–Heusler alloys with Curie temperatures over 600 K, such as NiCrSi and PdCrSi; some transition-metal oxides, including rutile structured ; some perovskites, such as  and ; and a few more simply structured zincblende (ZB) compounds, including CrAs and superlattices. NiMnSb and  have been experimentally determined to be half-metals at very low temperatures.

In half-metals, the valence band for one spin orientation is partially filled while there is a gap in the density of states for the other spin orientation. This results in conducting behavior for only electrons in the first spin orientation. In some half-metals, the majority spin channel is the conducting one while in others the minority channel is.

Half-metals were first described in 1983, as an explanation for the electrical properties of manganese-based Heusler alloys.

Some notable half-metals are chromium(IV) oxide, magnetite, and lanthanum strontium manganite (LSMO), as well as chromium arsenide. Half-metals have attracted some interest for their potential use in spintronics.

References

Further reading

 http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~ah566/research/half_metals.html
 http://www.tcd.ie/Physics/People/Michael.Coey/oxsen/newsletter/january98/halfmeta.htm

Metals
Spintronics
EMD DH1. The EMD DH1 was a class of experimental diesel-hydraulic switcher locomotives built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division in May 1951. It was powered by a pair of small diesel engines suspended under the frame, driving through a pair of Allison torque converter transmissions to the inside wheels on each truck. These inside wheels were substantially smaller than the outside wheels on each truck.

Over 60 examples of a three axle DHI and its derivatives were built by Clyde Engineering in Australia and used on private railways, in particular in the sugar industry in Queensland. The Clyde Engineering model was the DHI-71 and the two DHI-110s on Lakewood Firewood Company. These DHI models were built between 6/54 and 6/71.

See also
Lakewood Firewood Co/Commonwealth Railways DH1

References

https://archive.today/20130222135134/http://community-2.webtv.net/ajkristopans/CLYDEENGINEERINGCO/

DH1
Experimental locomotives
Diesel locomotives of the United States
Shunting locomotives
Golden projects. The Golden Projects are several e-government projects carried by the Government of the People's Republic of China. These projects include
The Golden Bridge Project, a project focused on commercial internet service.
The Golden Card Project, a project focused on building a national credit card network.
The Golden Custom Project, also known as Golden Gate Project, a project linking customs points through a national electronic data interchange (EDI) system, and promote paper-less trade.
The Golden Finance Project, a project to build a clearing house system.
The Golden Macro Project, a project focused on increasing sharing information between government bodies and helping decision making.
The Golden Shield Project, a project to increase central police control and responsiveness of public security.
The Golden Tax Project, a project focused on using information technology to crack down on tax evasion .

References
Governance in China By Irène Hors, Frédéric Langer, as seen in Google Book Search crazy

Politics and technology
Internet in China
Industrial Real-Time Fortran. Industrial Real-Time Fortran (IRTF) was developed, during the decade of 1970-1980, to augment the Fortran language with library bindings useful for process and device control, and I/O.  Also included in IRTF was a set of bit-manipulation functions which were eventually incorporated into MIL_STD-1753 for Fortran-77, and later into Fortran-90.

History 
The IRTF standard evolved from a series of workshops held at Purdue University in the early 1970s.  The Fortran committee created a proposal which was approved and published by the Instrument Society of America (ISA) as ISA Standard S61.1 (1972).  The paper defined library calls for controlling the state of concurrently activated programs, process I/O, and bit manipulation.  A second supplementary paper, ISA S61.2 (1973) was published a year later.  This paper defined additional calls for random unformatted files, and bit manipulation.

Additional work, including work on management of parallel tasks, was performed both in the U.S. as S61.3, and in Germany as Prozess-FORTRAN.  In 1980, a joint American/European proposal was published.

While IRTF held some influence in certain markets in the 1970s, by the early 1980s most process control systems were being built using microprocessor-based systems where Fortran was not available.  Because of this, the IRTF bindings have fallen into disuse.  Modern systems tend to use POSIX Threads instead.

References 
 ISA S61.1 (1972) Standard.  Industrial Computer System FORTRAN Procedures for Executive Functions and Process Input-Output.  Instrument Society of America, 1972
 ISA S61.2 (1973) Draft Standard: Industrial Computer System FORTRAN Procedures for Handling Random Unformatted Files, Bit Manipulation, and Date and Time Information.  Instrument Society of America, 1973
 Industrial Real-Time FORTRAN (International Purdue Workshop/European Workshop on Industrial Computer Systems Tech Committee 1, Feb 1980)
 Wilfried Kneis (October 1981). "Draft standard industrial real-time FORTRAN". ACM SIGPLAN Notices 16 (7): 45–60.
 MIL-STD-1753. DoD Supplement to X3.9-1978. U. S. Government Printing Office.

Fortran programming language family
Electrochemical migration. Electrochemical migration (ECM) is the dissolution and movement of metal ions in presence of electric potential, which results in the growth of dendritic structures between anode and cathode. The process is most commonly observed in printed circuit boards where it may significantly decrease the insulation between conductors.

The main factor facilitating the ECM is humidity. In the presence of water, ECM can go very quickly. Usually the process involves several stages: water adsorption, anode metal dissolution, ion accumulation, ion migration to cathode, and dendritic growth. The growth of the dendrite takes fraction of a second, during which time the resistance between anode and cathode drops almost to zero.

Characteristics 
In addition to the electrical potential difference, the presence of moisture is a driving factor in the ECM. If there is a sufficient film of moisture with condensation and even at low electrical voltage, the ECM can form a bridging structure between the contacts after just a few minutes.

In general, the process can be broken down into the following steps:

 Adsorption of water through condensation on the surface between the contacts (often promoted by hygroscopic ionic impurities)
 Alkalization of the water due to the applied potential difference and thus lowering of the pH value in the water film (initiates the corrosion of (contact) metallizations e.g. silver, copper, tin)
 Dissolution of the anode material (silver, copper, tin etc.)
 Migration of the metal cations to the cathode
 Reduction of the migrated cations and deposition on the cathode with the formation of a metallic dendrite
 Dendrite growth in the opposite direction, towards the anode
 Reduction of the resistance between the contacts up to a permanent short circuit
 There is also bridge formation through interaction with impurities that run from the anode to the cathode

This mechanism impairs the reliability and longevity of electronic assemblies. This means that electrochemical migration is often the focus of failure root cause analyses as a possible trigger for malfunctions in the field.

See also
Whisker (metallurgy)

References

Electrochemistry
Escape from the Planet of the Robot Monsters. Escape from the Planet of the Robot Monsters is a multidirectional shooter released in arcades by Atari Games in 1989. The game is styled after campy science fiction B movies of the 1950s. It was ported to the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, SAM Coupé, and ZX Spectrum.

Gameplay 

According to the introduction, Planet X is a synthetic industrial planetoid whose most notable feature is the research laboratory of the buxom and brainy Dr. Sarah Bellum. Evil aliens called Reptilons invade the planet, capture the good doctor, and force the rest of the humans to manufacture a robot army to take over the Earth.

Escape From The Planet Of The Robot Monsters is a one or two-player game in which the players must rescue Dr. Sarah Bellum from Planet X, where her research facility has been taken over by the evil Reptilons. The game is played from an isometric perspective where players control their avatars using Hall effect joysticks in the arcade version.

The player must shoot their way through a series of simple maze-like levels, releasing the human hostages along the way. Levers must be found and thrown to activate the escalators which allow access to new areas. Gems can be collected to increase the power of the player's ray gun, and food lockers may be broken into for a health boost. Bombs can be collected and used to damage or destroy all enemies within a certain distance of the player. 

At the end of each level the play switches to an isometric auto-scrolling sequence in which the player controls his character in a small spaceship, and must steer left or right to navigate through a maze of obstacles. If the player reaches the end of this sequence they will progress to the next level. Defeating the boss at the end of the final level awards bonus points for every bomb and life is still in reserve and ends the game.

Controllers
Players control their avatars using Hall effect joysticks, a form of analog joysticks. This allows players to aim in 16 directions (22.5° apart) instead of the 45° directional control offered by traditional 8-way joysticks. There are 3 buttons; fire, duck and jump.

Reception

References

External links 

Escape from the Planet of the Robot Monsters at Arcade History
Overview of the Amiga version of the game 

1989 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Arcade video games
Atari arcade games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
Cooperative video games
Domark games
DOS games
Multidirectional shooters
Multiplayer and single-player video games
SAM Coupé games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in outer space
Video games set on fictional planets
Video games with isometric graphics
ZX Spectrum games
Framework-specific modeling language. A framework-specific modeling language (FSML) is a kind of domain-specific modeling language which is designed for an  object-oriented application framework.

FSMLs define framework-provided abstractions as FSML concepts and decompose the abstractions into features.  The features represent implementation steps or choices.

A FSML concept can be configured by selecting features and providing values for features. 
Such a concept configuration represents how the concept should be implemented in the code.  In other words, concept configuration describes how the framework should be completed in order to create the implementation of the concept.

Applications
FSMLs are used in model-driven development for creating models or specifications of software to be built.
FSMLs enable 
 the creation of the models from the framework completion code (that is, automated reverse engineering)
 the creation of the framework completion code from the models (that is, automated forward engineering)
 code verification through constraint checking on the model
 automated round-trip engineering

Examples
Eclipse Workbench Part Interaction FSML

An example FSML for modeling Eclipse Parts (that is, editors and views) and Part Interactions (for example listens to parts, requires adapter, provides selection).
The prototype implementation supports automated round-trip engineering of Eclipse plug-ins that implement workbench parts and part interactions.

See also
General-purpose modeling (GPM)
Model-driven engineering (MDE)
Domain-specific language (DSL)
Model-driven architecture (MDA)
Meta-Object Facility (MOF)

References

Specification languages
Modeling languages
Fluidyne engine. A Fluidyne engine is an alpha or gamma type Stirling engine with one or more liquid pistons. It contains a working gas (often air), and either two liquid pistons or one liquid piston and a displacer.

The engine was invented in 1969. The engine was patented in 1973 by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.

Engine operation 
Working gas in the engine is heated, and this causes it to expand and push on the water column. This expansion cools the air which contracts, at the same time being pushed back by the weight of the displaced water column. The cycle then repeats.

The U-tube version has no moving parts in the engine other than the water and air, although there are two check valves in the pump. This engine operates at a natural resonance cycle that is "tuned" by adjusting the geometry, generally with a "tuning tube" of water.

Engine as a pump 
In the classic configuration, the work produced via the water pistons is integrated with a water pump. The simple pump is external to the engine, and consists of two check valves, one on the intake and one on the outlet. In the engine, the loop of oscillating liquid can be thought of as acting as a displacer piston. The liquid in the single tube extending to the pump acts as the power piston. Traditionally the pump is open to the atmosphere, and the hydraulic head is small, so that the absolute engine pressure is close to atmospheric pressure.

Demonstration video 

The videos show operation of a U-tube type model Fluidyne engine. Hot pipe is heated by a heat gun, and water column oscillation builds up to a steady-state level. Second video shows a detail of the actual water displacement.

See also 
 Humphrey Pump

References

Further reading

External links 

 Fluidyne Engines (link broken - 2023-June-04)
 Thermofluidics Engine 
 Article by Alejandro Romanelli

Stirling engines
Piston engines
Pistons
Articles containing video clips
Scheme Requests for Implementation. Scheme Requests for Implementation (SRFI) is an effort to coordinate libraries and extensions of standard Scheme programming language, necessitated by Scheme's minimalist design, and particularly the lack of a standard library before Scheme R6RS.  Specific SRFI documents are supported by many Scheme implementations.  This, in effect, makes SRFI an informal standards process.

History

At the Scheme Workshop held in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 26, 1998, the attendees considered several proposals for standardized feature sets to include in Scheme implementations.

Alan Bawden proposed that there be a repository for library proposals. Shriram Krishnamurthi volunteered to host the library, and Dave Mason and Mike Sperber joined him as initial editors and coordinators of the library process. The term Request for Implementation, a play on the Internet Request for Comments, was coined at the workshop, and modified to Scheme Request for Implementation by the editors.

On November 1, 1998, the srfi-discuss mailing list was established which had as subscribers many major implementors of Scheme and other contributors to the language. An archive of the discussion is kept online.

The SRFI website, along with the other SRFI procedures, was established in late December 1998.

As of 2023, 245 SRFIs have been published, and new contributions and discussion continue.

References

External links
 
 1998 talk on SRFI history ()
 2022 SRFI status report talk ()

Scheme (programming language)
Lockheed Martin CATBird. The Lockheed Martin CATBird is a highly modified Boeing 737-330 designed as an avionics flight testbed aircraft. The name is an adaptive acronym, from Cooperative Avionics Test Bed;  CATBIRD is Lockheed's ICAO-designated company callsign. The aircraft was modified in order to provide an economic means of developing and flight testing the avionics suite for the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. CATBird has a distinctive appearance, with an F-35's nose and a pair of small canards located just aft of the forward entrance doors. Inside, the aircraft is equipped with racks to hold all of F-35's avionics, as well as an F-35 cockpit.

The aircraft was modified under contract by BAE Systems Inc. at their facility at the Mojave Spaceport. Work began in December, 2003, and the aircraft began post-modification taxi tests in November 2006. First flight took place on January 23, 2007 at Mojave. After the initial flight test program conducted at Mojave, on March 2, 2007, the aircraft was ferried to Lockheed's Fort Worth facility for Phase 2 of the modification program, which would install the flight test stations and actual avionics and sensor systems to be tested.

In 2014 the CATBird's software test station was upgraded by Northrop Grumman with Tech Refresh 2 hardware which gives the CATBird capability to test F-35 Block 3 Software.

See also

References

Mojave Air and Space Port
Individual aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2007
Light Verse (short story). "Light Verse" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It was first published in the September–October 1973 issue of The Saturday Evening Post. It later appeared in the collections Buy Jupiter and Other Stories (1975), The Complete Robot (1982), and Robot Dreams (1986). The author has reported that he wrote the initial draft in one session and later had to change hardly a word in the final revision.

This story details a small portion of the life of Avis Lardner, the widow of an astronaut, William J. Lardner.

Plot summary
After her husband's death, Mrs. Lardner receives a large pension, which she invests wisely, becoming very wealthy. She buys many valuable jeweled artifacts from a number of countries, and displays them in her home. She then takes up the art of light-sculpture, which fascinates many, but she refuses to sell her works and only paints them for her parties.

Mrs. Lardner had become notable not only for the light sculptures, but for her quirky crew of robots, none of which had ever been readjusted.   These robots maintained her household and guarded her valuables.  She insisted that the maladjustments in her robots made them lovable and that it would be unspeakable cruelty to allow them to be "manhandled" at the factory to remove their maladjustments.

A roboticist with the U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men Corporation, John Travis, who has had a history of trying (and failing) to imitate her light sculptures, obtains an invitation to a party at Mrs. Lardner's home.  At the party, seeing it as an act of kindness to Mrs. Lardner, he makes an adjustment to one of her robots, known as Max, whom he considers to be maladjusted. Discovering what he's done, Mrs. Lardner is furious at him, and reveals that Max is the one who actually does the light-sculptures, through a creative process made possible by his maladjustment. By adjusting Max, Travis has irreparably destroyed that creative process.

Mrs. Lardner then picks up one of her artifacts, a jeweled knife, and kills Travis. However, after the fact, investigators note that Travis did not attempt to defend himself — after realizing he had destroyed the very thing from which he wished to learn, he had fallen into total despair and allowed Mrs. Lardner to stab him to death.

Similarities to other Asimov works
The idea of a robot having creativity would be repeated in The Bicentennial Man.
Light-sculpture was performed by Gladia Delmarre in The Naked Sun.
 The idea of an irreplaceable creation made by a malfunctioning robot and irreversibly destroyed due to a thoughtless human was explored in "Robot AL-76 Goes Astray".

References

External links
 

Robot series short stories by Isaac Asimov
1973 short stories
Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post
List of Ramsar sites in India. There are 85 Ramsar sites in India as of August 2024. These are wetlands deemed to be of "international importance" under the Ramsar Convention. For a full list of all Ramsar sites worldwide, see the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance.

According to The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules of 2017, the Indian government's definition of wetlands does not include river channels, paddy fields, or other areas utilized for commercial activities.

According To WWF-India, wetlands are one of the most threatened of all ecosystems in India. Loss of vegetation, salinization, excessive inundation, water pollution, invasive species, excessive development and road building, have all damaged the country's wetlands. The surface-area covered by Ramsar Sites are around 13,32,746.24 hectares. Tamil Nadu has the highest number of Ramsar Sites in India with 18 Ramsar Sites.

Till 2014 there were 26 Ramsar sites across India. Since 2014 till date 59 new Ramsar sites have been added across India.

Number of Ramsar sites by state 
(as of August 2024)

List of sites
(as of August 2024)

References

External links
 Ramsar Convention - Ramsar Sites in India - भारत के वेटलैंड्स
 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, "India plans 10 new Ramsar designations in WWD ceremonies" Press release (February 2, 2000)
 WWF-India, "India highlights new Ramsar sites on World Wetlands Day" (2 February 2006)
 Conservation of wetlands of India – a review{Link} by S.N. Prasad, T.V. Ramachandra, N. Ahalya, T. Sengupta, Alok Kumar, A.K. Tiwari, V.S. Vijayan & Lalitha Vijayan; Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore 641108, Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute Of Science, Bangalore 560012, Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre, Dehradun, Uttaranchal 248001; Tropical Ecology 43(1): 173-186, 2002 ISSN 0564-3295;  © International Society for Tropical Ecology. PDF 
 75 Ramsar Sites in India - GkInsights.com

Ramsar sites
India
Ramsar sites
 Z
BPE. BPE may refer to:

Businesses and organisations 
 Banco Popular Español, banking group in Spain
 Bureau of Public Enterprises, government agency in Nigeria
 Bürgerbewegung Pax Europa, counter-jihad organisation in Germany
 Bráithreachas Phoblacht na hÉireann (BPÉ), the Irish Republican Brotherhood 1858-1924

Science and technology 
 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, benign prostate enlargement
 .500 Black Powder Express (.500 BPE)
 Borated polyethylene, a lightweight neutron absorber
 Byte pair encoding
 ASME BPE, a standard published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Bioprocessing Equipment)

Other uses 
 IATA code for Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Airport, China
 Bachelor of Physical Education
 Bangi–Putrajaya Expressway, proposed link in Klang Valley, Malaysia
Sewmor. Sewmor sewing machines were designed and manufactured in post-World War II Japan (mainly using parts from miscellaneous Asian countries, though the 900 series motors are said to be manufactured in Belgium) and imported/badged by the Consolidated Sewing Machine Corporation in New York City, New York.

Numerous models existed, with many units proving to have a fairly reliable track record over the years. A few models have recently been becoming a more sought collectors item, generally due to their aesthetic similarities to American automobiles of the same era.

See also
 List of sewing machine brands

References 

Sewing machine brands
Defunct companies of Japan