omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ship Security Alert System. The Ship Security Alert System (SSAS) is provided to a ship for the purpose of transmitting a security alert to the shore to indicate to a competent authority (typically the ship's flag State) that the security of the ship is under threat or has been compromised. In case of a security incident, that may include attempted or actual piracy, terrorism, armed robbery and similar attacks, the ship's SSAS can be activated by the Master and responsible members of the crew to continuously send silent alerts to the flag State, as well as predefined recipients that include the ship's owner (company). The SSAS therefore forms an integral part of the security system for almost all merchant ships.

Requirement
The SOLAS Convention (Chapter XI-2, Regulation 6) which enforces the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code on maritime security requires all ships over 500 GT to be equipped with an SSAS. Only exception are non-passenger vessels of less than 500 GT constructed before 1 July 2004.

Operation
Technically, the SSAS consists of a GPS receiver linked to a transmitter, a power supply, software and activation buttons.

There must be at least two independent activation points on the ship, one on the navigation bridge and the other(s) in places immediately accessible by the crew. This may include the engine room, master's cabin or the crew lounge. The locations of the SSAS activation points and relevant procedure for use must be detailed in the ship's security plan (also required by the ISPS Code). The activation points must be so designed that they cannot be inadvertently activated.

When the ship is under attack, the crew can activate the SSAS beacon by pressing a button which automatically sends a message, usually SMS or email, over satellite connection to predefined recipients such as the ship owner, fleet manager and flag state. An SSAS report contains the ship name, unique identification numbers like MMSI, IMO number and call sign, the date and time, the ship's current position, speed and course. No audible or visible alarm is generated while the SSAS report is being transmitted to prevent discovery of the report by the intruders. Equally, an overt radio/phone acknowledgment of the alert is also not made in case it poses a threat to crew if they have been captured. Once the SSAS button is pressed, the alert will be continuously transmitted to the recipients unless it is reset or deactivated. An SSAS beacon operates with similar principles to the aircraft transponder emergency code 7500.

The alert receivers (the ship's flag State) are obliged to inform the national authorities of the coastal states where the ship is sailing, so that help from nearby coastal State security forces can be dispatched to the location of the ship.

See also

Cospas-Sarsat
GMDSS
Long-Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT)

References

External links

Emergency communication
Law of the sea
Maritime communication
Maritime safety
Rescue equipment
Hubert Invents the Wheel. Hubert Invents the Wheel is a historical novel about the invention of the wheel, developed by Claire and Monte Montgomery and illustrated by Jeff Shelly. It was published in 2005 by Walker & Company, and was named to the Texas Bluebonnet Masterlist. The story centers on a 15-year-old Sumerian boy, Hubert, who is trying to be an inventor, over the objections of his stodgy father, Gorp. Hubert succeeds in creating a wheel that revolutionizes life in Mesopotamia, but soon discovers that the new technology can be used for both good and evil.

School Library Journal's review indicates that the story is liberally sprinkled with modern concepts and references like road rage, a "new and certified pre-owned sledge dealership", and an "edifice complex". It further indicates that the book "[balances broad comic scenes with] wordplay and lively dialogue." Missouri teachers selected the book for their Reading Circle program and PBS TeacherSource recommended it, among others.

Footnotes

2005 American novels

Novels set in ancient Persia
Compositional pattern-producing network. Compositional pattern-producing networks (CPPNs) are a variation of artificial neural networks (ANNs) that have an architecture whose evolution is guided by genetic algorithms.

While ANNs often contain only sigmoid functions and sometimes Gaussian functions, CPPNs can include both types of functions and many others. The choice of functions for the canonical set can be biased toward specific types of patterns and regularities. For example, periodic functions such as sine produce segmented patterns with repetitions, while symmetric functions such as Gaussian produce symmetric patterns. Linear functions can be employed to produce linear or fractal-like patterns. Thus, the architect of a CPPN-based genetic art system can bias the types of patterns it generates by deciding the set of canonical functions to include.

Furthermore, unlike typical ANNs, CPPNs are applied across the entire space of possible inputs so that they can represent a complete image. Since they are compositions of functions, CPPNs in effect encode images at infinite resolution and can be sampled for a particular display at whatever resolution is optimal.

CPPNs can be evolved through neuroevolution techniques such as neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (called CPPN-NEAT).

CPPNs have been shown to be a very powerful encoding when evolving the following:
 Neural networks, via the HyperNEAT algorithm,
 2D images, on "PicBreeder.org" ,
 3D objects, on "EndlessForms.com" ,
 Robot morphologies Rigid Robots Soft Robots.

See also
 Evolutionary art
 Interactive evolutionary computation

Bibliography

References

External links
"PicBreeder.org"  – Online, collaborative art generated by CPPNs evolved with NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies.
"EndlessForms.com"  – A 3D version of Picbreeder, where you interactively evolve 3D objects that are encoded with CPPNs and evolved with NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies.

Artificial neural networks
Classification algorithms
Dolby (disambiguation). Dolby Laboratories (founded 1965) is an American company.

Dolby may also refer to:

People 
David C. Dolby (1946–2010), American soldier
Edwin Dolby (1838–1900), English architect
Hugh Dolby (1888–1964), English footballer
Peter Dolby (1940–2019), English footballer
Ray Dolby (1933–2013), American engineer
Thomas Dolby (born 1958), English musician
Tom Dolby (born 1975), American novelist
Charlotte Sainton-Dolby (1821–1885), English contralto
Craig Dolby (born 1988), British racing driver
Dagmar Dolby (born 1940s), American billionaire
Richard Dolby (born 1938), metallurgist
Sandra Stahl Dolby (born 1946), professor of Folklore and Ethnomusicology

Technology 
Dolby Cinema, a premium cinema concept
Dolby noise-reduction system (Dolby NR, invented 1965), a series of noise reduction systems for analog magnetic tape audio produced by Dolby Laboratories

Places 
Dolby Theatre (founded 2001) in USA

See also
Grafting (decision trees). Grafting is the process of adding nodes to inferred decision trees to improve the predictive accuracy. A decision tree is a graphical model that is used as a support tool for decision process.

Introduction
Once the decision tree is constructed, then the new branches that can be added productively to the tree are identified. Then they are grafted to the existing tree to improve the decision making process. Pruning and Grafting are complementary methods to improve the decision tree in supporting the decision. Pruning allows cutting parts of decision trees to give more clarity and Grafting adds nodes to the decision trees to increase the predictive accuracy. To achieve grafting new branches can be added in the place of a single leaf or graft within leaves.

Illustration

The information required is given in the form of a chart as,

The nodes and leaves can be identified from the given information and the decision trees are constructed. One such decision tree is as follows,

Here the X-axis is represented as A and Y-axis as B. There are two cuts in the decision trees – nodes at 11 and 5 respective to A.

   A > 11
   A <= 11
   |  A >= 5
   |  A < 5

Using Grafting, new branches are added to the above classification.

Here B is also taken into consideration for the nodes and leaves. There are two more cuts at B – 7 and 2.

   A > 11
   A <= 11
   |  A >= 5
   |  A < 5
      |  B > 7
      |  B <= 7
         |  B > 2
         |  B <= 2

Thus the branching has increased due to the grafting technique.

This is the simplest form of illustration to represent grafting techniques.

Conclusion
Grafting can identify regions where there are no occupancy and correct the poor class assignments which increases the accuracy. The extension to graft multiple branches at each leaf reduces the number of errors.

However, the potential new branches have to be selected carefully to avoid increasing the error and failure cases.

Future Study
Improving multicast tree construction 

Problem of missing value in decision tree grafting 
Optimal grafting and appropriate selection of branches to be added

See also
 Decision tree
 Artificial neural network

References

External links
R-tree implementation using branch-grafting method (R-tree implementation)
Deep copy and persistence of a BWidget's Tree (BWidget Trees)

Decision trees
Monocoupe Aircraft. Monocoupe Aircraft was a manufacturer of light airplanes originally produced in the late 1920s and 30s. They introduced relatively inexpensive, compact, and sporty aircraft in an era of large, maintenance intensive, open-cockpit biplanes, and the Monocoupe series was one of the first economical, closed-cabin, two-seat, light aircraft in the United States. As a result, the Monocoupe soon became a successful brand.

History

Original company
Central States Airplane Company was established in 1927 to build Don Luscombe's Monocoupe. In January 1928, the company became the Mono Aircraft Division of Velie Motor Corporation. Following Willard Velie's death in March 1929, the Velie interests were sold to Allied Aviation Industries, a holding company. By May, these interests were divided into two separate companies: the Lambert Aircraft Engine Corporation and the Mono Aircraft Company of Moline, Illinois. Both companies passed into receivership in 1931, reemerging in 1932 as the Lambert Engine and Machine Company and the Monocoupe Corporation. In July 1934, the two companies joined under the newly formed Lambert Aircraft Corporation with Monocoupe continuing to operate under its own name.

The company was dissolved in 1940 and its assets passed to the Monocoupe Aeroplane and Engine Corporation of Orlando, Florida. Later, in September 1941, Monocoupe acquired the Bristol Aircraft Corporation of Bristol, Virginia and its Canadian subsidiary Bristol Aircraft Products Ltd. The operations of these three companies were combined under the Universal Molded Products Corporation with Monocoupe forming a separate division of the company. Aircraft production halted during World War II, resuming briefly in 1948-1950 under the name Monocoupe Airplane and Engine Corporation. In 1955, the corporate assets were acquired by a West Virginia aviation group, which reorganized the company as Monocoupe Aircraft of Florida, Inc. and transferred operations to Melbourne, Florida.

Modern companies
The company name re-emerged as Mono Aircraft, Inc. briefly in 1992, in Cheney, Kansas, with the Monocoupe type certificate acquired by Saturn Aircraft & Engineering, Oxnard, California. Aviat Aircraft developed a modernized variation of the Monocoupe 110 as the 200-horsepower 110 Special, and sold a few with modern 200-horsepower engines. The Monocoupe Aeroplane Corporation was again re-established in Grantville, Pennsylvania, in late 2016, to build reproduction Monocoupe 110 Specials with Warner 185 engines and modern technology.

Aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Bell, Dana ed. The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Directory of Airplanes their Designers and Manufacturers. Stackpole Books Mechanicsburg, PA, 2002. .

External links

Monocoupe.com (archived)
Aerofiles.com: Monocoupe aircraft

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Defunct companies based in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies based in Grantville, Pennsylvania
William Chandler Roberts-Austen. Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen  (3 March 1843 in Kennington – 22 November 1902 in London) was an English metallurgist noted for his research on the physical properties of metals and their alloys. The austenite class of iron alloys is named after him.

He was born William Chandler Roberts in Kennington, Surrey, the son of George and Maria née Chandler Roberts. He later (1885) assumed the name of Roberts-Austen at the request of his uncle, Major Nathaniel Lawrence Austen, as a condition of inheritance. He was educated privately and at the Royal School of Mines (1861–1865).

He was appointed Assistant to the Master of the Mint and then Chemist of the Royal Mint (1869), Professor of Metallurgy at the School of Mines (1880) and Chemist and Assayer to the Royal Mint (1882–1902). He developed procedures for the analysis of alloy constituents and an automatic recording pyrometer used to record temperature changes in furnaces and molten materials. He became a world authority on the technical aspects of minting coins. His work had many practical and industrial applications.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1875 and was their Bakerian Lecturer in 1896. He was made CB in 1890 and knighted (KCB) in 1899. He was also a Chevalier of the Legion d'honneur.

He was largely responsible for the building of St Martin's chapel of ease, Blackheath, Surrey, in 1893. He died at his residence in the Royal Mint and was buried in St Martin's churchyard, Canterbury, Kent.

He had married Florence Maude Alldridge in London in 1876.

References

External links 

 Encyclopædia Britannica Article
 Vauxhall Society Article - link broken August 2009
 Biographical sketch on CAT.INIST (some French)
 Imperial College London Stub Bio

1843 births
1902 deaths
People from Kennington
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
British metallurgists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Northeast Alabama Regional Airport. Northeast Alabama Regional Airport  is five miles southwest of Gadsden, in Etowah County, Alabama. It is owned by Gadsden Airport Authority and it used to be Gadsden Municipal Airport.  The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013 categorized as a general aviation facility.

Facilities
The airport covers  at an elevation of 569 feet (173 m). It has two asphalt runways: 6/24 is 6,802 by 150 feet (2,073 x 46 m) and 18/36 is 4,806 by 150 feet (1,465 x 46 m).

In the year ending July 31, 2020 the airport had 23,886 aircraft operations, average 65 per day: 93% general aviation, 5% air taxi and 2% military. 36 aircraft were then based at this airport: 26 single-engine, 6 multi-engine, 3 jet, and 1 helicopter.

Former airlines 
 Air New Orleans - mid-1980s
 Atlantic Southeast Airlines - early 1990s
 Southern Airways
The first airline flights were Southern Airways DC-3s in 1949; successor Republic pulled out its Convair 580s in 1981.

Incidents and accidents 
 On April 9, 1990, a Delta Connection flight operated by Atlantic Southeast Airlines  Embraer EMB-120 (Registration N217AS) as Flight 2254, en route to William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport struck a Cessna 172 just after take-off. The Embraer was able to land, but the Cessna was unable to regain control and crashed. Of the seven on the Embraer, there were zero fatalities; the two on board the Cessna were killed.

See also
 List of airports in Alabama

References

External links 
 Airfield photos for GAD from Civil Air Patrol
 

Airports in Alabama
Transportation buildings and structures in Etowah County, Alabama
Former Essential Air Service airports
XSM-74. The Convair XSM-74 was a subsonic, jet-powered, ground-launched decoy cruise missile.

Development

In March 1953, the United States Air Force released General Operational Requirement (GOR) 16 which called for a long range decoy missile to increase the effectiveness of Strategic Air Command bombers by confusing and saturating an air defense system. Multiple XSM-74 missiles would be ground-launched from Strategic Air Command bases located in the United States. Fifty percent of the deployed XSM-74 missiles would be launched within the first hour after an alert and the remaining missiles would be launched one hour later. The requirement called for 85 percent of the decoy missiles to arrive at the target area within . The XSM-74 was to fly  at speed of at least Mach 0.85 at an operating altitude of 50,000 ft (15,240 m) with a payload of 500 lb (227 kg). After flying , the XSM-74 would simulate the performance of the B-47 Stratojet or B-52 Stratofortress over the final  of flight.

Study contracts were awarded to Convair and Fairchild in July 1954 by the United States Air Force under the project designation MX-2223. According to USAF records, the designation XSM-74 was proposed for the MX-2223 missile, but never actually approved.

The Convair MX-2223 design called for a non-metallic fuselage with swept wings and a V-tail. Radar reflectors were located in the fuselage and on pods positioned on the wing tips to simulate the radar signature of a strategic bomber.

Development of the XSM-74 was suspended in December 1955 when Fairchild was awarded a contract by the USAF to develop the XSM-73 Goose.

Variants
MX-2223: Original U.S. Air Force Project Designator.
XSM-74: Designation reserved for prototypes

Operator
 
 United States Air Force

See also

References

 SM-74, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles - Appendix 1: Early Missiles and Drones, by Andreas Parsch 

1950s United States special-purpose aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Decoy missiles of the United States
Cold War missiles of the United States
Cruise missiles of the Cold War
Cruise missiles of the United States
SM-074
Bonnie Seeman. Bonnie Seeman (born 1969, Huntington, New York) is known for her ceramic work.

Early life and education
She received a BFA in ceramics in 1991 from the University of Miami and an MFA in ceramics in 1996 from the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth.

Career
In 2006, her work was included in the exhibit One of a Kind: The Studio Craft Movement at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Her work, Teapot with One Cup, was acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C. as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign.

References

Garth Clark and Tony Cunha, The Artful Teapot, New York, Watson-Guptill Publications, 2001, 245

External links
Official website

1969 births
Living people
21st-century American women artists
21st-century American ceramists
Ceramists from New York (state)
American potters
American women academics
American women ceramists
University of Miami faculty
American women potters
People from Huntington, New York
University of Miami alumni
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth alumni
Clean Energy Trends. Clean Energy Trends is a series of reports by Clean Edge which examine markets for solar, wind, geothermal, fuel cells, biofuels, and other clean energy technologies.  Since the publication of the first Clean Energy Trends report in 2002, Clean Edge has provided an
annual snapshot of both the global and U.S. clean energy sector markets.

2006 trends

In  2006 most climate change deniers began to change their views.  Scientists, investors, business leaders, and politicians moved the agenda from whether climate change was occurring to what should be done about it. The acceptance of climate change as “real” helped to unlock latent interest in clean energy technologies on the part of corporate and political leaders.  In Washington and other capitals, clean energy became a bipartisan issue. In corporate boardrooms, it is said to be fast becoming an imperative.  And clean energy markets are growing:

"We have reached the point where the steady and rapid growth of clean energy has become an old story. Each year, it seems, brings an ever-higher plateau of success. This appears to be the future of clean energy: a rolling series of technology breakthroughs, landmark corporate investments, industry consolidation, and the not-infrequent emergence of new and sometimes surprising players entering the field."

2007 trends

Clean Energy Trends 2007 shows markets for four benchmark technologies — solar photovoltaics, wind power, biofuels, and fuel cells — continuing their steady climb. Annual revenue for these four technologies increased nearly 39% in one year — to $55 billion in 2006 up from $40 billion in 2005.  Clean Edge forecasts that this trajectory will continue to become a $226 billion market by 2016.

Several developments have helped to strengthen clean energy markets in 2007:
"a near tripling in venture investments in energy technologies in the U.S. to more than $2.4 billion"
"a new level of commitment by U.S. politicians at the regional, state, and federal levels"
"significant corporate investments in clean energy acquisitions and expansion initiatives"

2008 Trends

2009 Trends

See also 

 List of energy storage projects
 Renewable energy industry

References

External links
Climate for clean energy
Clean Energy Development Drives Job Creation

The Future Ain't What Is Used to Be

Energy development
Energy economics
Environmental reports
Technology forecasting
Renewable energy commercialization
Ammonium bisulfate. Ammonium bisulfate, also known as ammonium hydrogen sulfate, is a white, crystalline solid with the formula (NH4)HSO4. This salt is the product of the half-neutralization of sulfuric acid by ammonia.

Production
It is commonly collected as a byproduct of the "acetone cyanohydrin route" to the commodity chemical methyl methacrylate. 

It can also be obtained by hydrolysis of sulfamic acid in aqueous solution, which produces the salt in high purity:

It also arises by the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulfate:

Applications
It can be further neutralized with ammonia to form ammonium sulfate, a valuable fertilizer. It can be used as a weaker alternative to sulfuric acid, although sodium bisulfate is much more common.

Natural occurrence
A related compound of the (NH4)3H(SO4)2 formula, occurs as the rare mineral letovicite, known from coal fire environments.

References

Ammonium compounds
Sulfates