omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kymograph. A kymograph (from Greek κῦμα, swell or wave + γραφή, writing; also called a kymographion) is an analog device that draws a graphical representation of spatial position over time. The graphical representation is a graph in which the y axis shows position and the x axis shows time. A kymograph consists of a revolving drum wrapped in paper on which a stylus draws to record measured changes of phenomena such as motion or pressure.

The kymograph was initially a mechanical and hydraulic device, invented by German physiologist Carl Ludwig in the 1840s, and found its first use as a means to monitor blood pressure. The blood pressure was conveyed by hydraulics and levers to move a stylus that scratched a white trace into soot-covered paper on the revolving drum. Time is represented by the drum's rotation rate, and was recorded by a second stylus driven by a clock or tuning fork. The kymograph almost immediately became the central instrument in physiology and physiology education. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, researchers and technicians devised many improvements to the device, plus numerous new sensory components to measure a wide range of physiological phenomena such as breathing, muscle movement, and speech. New detection and registration systems included electrical and electronic methods, and plotted in ink.
 
Kymographs were also used outside medical science to measure atmospheric pressure, tuning fork vibrations, the functioning of steam engines, animal habits, and the movement of molecules in cells.

Kymography in experimental physiology 
The kymograph is generally used to study the effects of xenobiotics on tissue preparations. It is a standalone recording apparatus used alongside other apparatuses such as organ baths. Writing levers are used to trace the recording from muscle contractions. Some of the commonly used writing levers are the simple lever, the frontal writing lever and the starling heart lever. These writing levers are connected to a fulcrum which is found on a secondary apparatus.

See also
 Videokymography
 Depth kymography

References

Medical imaging
Ozone depletion potential. The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause, with trichlorofluoromethane (R-11 or CFC-11) being fixed at an ODP of 1.0.  Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), for example, has an ODP of 0.05. CFC 11, or R-11 has the maximum potential amongst chlorocarbons because of the presence of three chlorine atoms in the molecule.

The first proposal of ODP came from Wuebbles in 1983. It was defined as a measure of destructive effects of a substance compared to a reference substance.

Precisely, ODP of a given substance is defined as the ratio of global loss of ozone due to the given substance to the global loss of ozone due to CFC-11 of the same mass.

ODP can be estimated from the molecular structure of a given substance. Chlorofluorocarbons have ODPs roughly equal to 1. Brominated substances have usually higher ODPs in range 5–15, because of the more aggressive bromine reaction with ozone. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons have ODPs mostly in range 0.005 - 0.2 due to the presence of the hydrogen which causes them to react readily in the troposphere, therefore reducing their chance to reach the stratosphere where the ozone layer is present. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) have no chlorine content, so their ODP is essentially zero. ODP is often used in conjunction with a compound's global warming potential (GWP) as a measure of how environmentally detrimental it can be.

In a broad sense, haloalkanes that contain no hydrogen are stable in the troposphere and decompose only in the stratosphere. Those compounds that contain hydrogen also react with OH radicals and can therefore be decomposed in the troposphere, as well.  The ozone depletion potential increases with the heavier halogens since the C-X bond strength is lower. Note the trend of the CClF2-X series in the table below.

Ozone depleting potential of common compounds

References

External links
 List of ozone depleting substances with their ODPs
 Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1991

Ozone depletion
Spacers and standoffs. In general, a spacer is a solid material used to separate two parts in an assembly.  Spacers can vary in size from microns to centimeters.  They can be made of metal, plastic, glass, and other materials.  Shapes include flat sheet, cylindrical and spherical.

A standoff is a threaded separator of defined length used to raise one part in an assembly above another. They are usually round or hex (for wrench tightening), often made of stainless steel, aluminum, brass, or nylon, and come in male-female or female-female forms. In electronics they are frequently used to raise a printed-circuit board above a surface. Insulating standoffs keep two parts from touching each other, thereby preventing electrical shorts. In some cases (e.g., D-subminiature connectors), short standoffs may be used to receive the jackscrews that lock the connection together.

In contrast, some spacers may look similar to standoffs but are unthreaded pieces of tubing which let the entire bolt pass through. Since they cannot be tightened, they are usually round.

Audio visual equipment (e.g., AV amplifiers) can utilise extra space above or below their mounting in order to achieve extra cooling in the way of better airflow. AV spacers are made for this purpose.

Usage in home computers
Size 4-40 is used to receive jackscrews securing cable connectors to external computer ports, and size 6-32 is used for motherboard mounts.

Dell, Inc. refers to standoffs that receive thumbscrews as "hex nut screws" and measures them with the metric system.

See also
 Star filler
 Strut
 Screw

References

Hardware (mechanical)
Jewellery cleaning. Jewelry cleaning is the practice of removing dirt or tarnish from jewelry to improve its appearance.

Methods and risks 

Some kinds of jewelry can be cleaned at home while others are suggested to be done by a professional. Jewelry made from gold and sterling silver are examples of jewelry that can be cleaned at home, while platinum should not be due to how at-risk platinum is of scratching. Jewelry with gemstones such as diamonds or sapphires can be cleaned at home as well using mild soap and warm water. However, gemstones such as opals and pearls should be done professionally. Another issue is the age of jewelry, as certain materials or build strategies of older jewelry (such as from the Georgian era) may have restrictions, such as not being able to get wet without damage. Keeping your jewelry clean gives the gemstone(s) a good shiny appearance by removing dirt and grease (among others) from loosening them. Dirty jewelry may also cause skin irritation.

A professional cleaning may take anywhere from a few minutes to a few days depending on the circumstances. The cleaner would first inspect the jewelry to ensure that the gemstones are accounted for and secured. Materials that can handle it are often placed in an ultrasonic bath using a cleaning solution and later put through a steam cleaner, while more sensitive materials will go through light brushing in soapy water. Following this, they are rinsed, dried, and inspected. A jeweler may provide their customers with sudsy ammonia cleaning kits, while another may sell small ultrasonic cleaners. Some gemstones, such as white topaz, have an overlay to produce certain colors. Ultrasonic cleaning can remove this coating.

Ultrasonic jewellery cleaning 

Ultrasonic cleaners are useful for jewelry cleaning and removing tarnish. They use ultrasound waves and chemicals combined to create bubbles that "cling" to the foreign particles such as dirt, oil, and unknown substances. The high frequency waves are sent out and pull the contaminants off the object. The bubbles collapse after they attach to the contaminants and move to the surface of the chemical solution creating what appears to be a boiling solution.

Cleanliness of gems 

Colored dye or smudges can affect the perceived color of a gem. Historically, some jewelers' diamonds were mis-graded due to smudges on the girdle, or dye on the culet. Current practice is to thoroughly clean a gem before grading its color as well as clarity.

How a gem can be safely cleaned depends upon its individual characteristics and therefore its susceptibility to damage.

See also 
 Art jewelry
 Jewellery

References 

Jewellery
Types of jewellery
Fashion accessories
Wolseley 4/44. The Wolseley 4/44 is an automobile that was introduced by the British Motor Corporation in 1952 and manufactured from 1953 until 1956. It was designed under the Nuffield Organization, but by the time it was released, Wolseley was part of BMC. Much of the design was shared with the MG Magnette ZA, which was released later in the same year.

Unlike the MG, the 4/44 used the  XPAW engine, a version of the XPAG engine previously seen in the later MG T-type series of cars but detuned by only having a single carburettor. The power output was  at 4800 rpm. The four-speed manual transmission had a column change.

The construction was monocoque, with independent suspension at the front by coil springs and a live rear axle.

The car had upmarket trim, with wooden dashboard and leather seats and a traditional Wolseley radiator grille with illuminated badge, but was expensive at £997 on the home market.

An example tested by The Motor magazine had a top speed of  and could accelerate from 0– in 29.9 seconds. A fuel consumption of  was recorded.

The 4/44 was replaced in 1956 by the similar Wolseley 15/50.

References

4 44
Cars introduced in 1952
Sports sedans
Compact executive cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Wolseley 18/85. Wolseley 18/85 may refer to:

 Wolseley 18/85 (1938 to 1948), an automobile produced in the United Kingdom from 1938 to 1948
 Wolseley 18/85 (1967 to 1971), an automobile produced in the United Kingdom from 1967 to 1971 as a variant of the BMC ADO17
Center for Advanced Research and Technology. The Center for Advanced Research and Technology (CART) is a high tech high school in Clovis, California, United States.

The CART facility is about . It offers classes in professional sciences, engineering, advanced communications, and global economics. Within each cluster are career-specific laboratories in which students complete industry-based projects and receive academic credit for advanced English, science, math, and technology.

Approach
After going through an application process, eleventh- and twelfth-grade students from the Clovis and Fresno Unified School Districts are bused to CART, where they attend three-hour classes in one of the many laboratories taught by teams of instructors covering a variety of educational courses that provide real-life career insight and personal expertise-.

Unlike most local public high schools where students move from one class to another for different subjects, the CART program implements a different technique in that each lab is taught by a minimum of three teachers each teaching a branch-off subject related to the main subject. The make-up of the course differs between the lab chosen by the student. Each teacher in the lab has a specialty. Over the course the required high school education is more than covered by each teacher in a way to encompass the main topic of the lab with the same lesson.

Courses
In addition to teaching the material from courses offered at other traditional high schools, CART offers education and experience in forensic research, biomedicine, environmental science, cybersecurity, psychology, law and policy, game design, multimedia, robotics, biotechnology, business and finance, marketing and advertising, hospitality and event management.

History
Completed in May 2000, students began classes in August 2000. Purchase of the grounds for the new school was done in January 1997. Purchased property price to date is $1,894,867, the developer granted CART 5% interest in their project.

References

External links
CART website

Education in Fresno County, California
2000 establishments in California
Boyd Conservation Area. Boyd Conservation Area is a suburban land preserve owned and operated by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority in the city of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario, Canada. It also overlaps a life science Area of Natural and Scientific Interest of the same name.

It is a moderate-size park that offers facilities for numerous outdoor activities. The park is situated in the Humber River valley. Public operations run between late April and early October, and are funded in part by nominal fees to access the park.  Optionally, individuals or families may acquire a membership, which provides access to a number of parks operated by the Conservation Authority.  A little known fact concerning the park is that, upon its creation, it was given the unofficial motto "Natura exorno omnis nos postulo".

In September and October, the park is used as the venue for cross country running events, the most prominent being the OFSAA (Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations) meet which brings together the best runners in the province, a yearly event it hosted from 1960 to 1965, 1968 to 1972, 1981, 1989, and 2009.

In the summer, it is a popular destination for local residents to enjoy a picnic; businesses may also reserve one of 19 well-groomed sites in the park for corporate picnics, including a few which have sheltered areas. Bocce courts, volleyball and basketball courts, soccer fields, and children's playgrounds are found within the park for the benefit of families and youth groups.

Bird watching and nature hiking are very popular. Outdoor musical concerts are also frequent in Boyd Conservation Area throughout the summer, partly due to the sheltered outdoor sites.

The Boyd staff uniform consists of powder blue shirts bearing the TRCA crest, dark blue work pants, steel-toed boots and TRCA caps or cowboy hats.  The Boyd Staff have consistently received very positive reviews on their service from patrons to the park.

Boyd Park is affiliated with the Kortright Centre and all full-time Boyd staff take up work at Kortright over the winter season.  Due to limited funding, Boyd only retains a few full-time staff.  The rest of their staff is made up of summer students and those who wish to complete community service outdoors, aiding in keeping the grounds clean.

References

External links
 

Vaughan
Conservation areas in Ontario
Protected areas of the Regional Municipality of York
Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest
Robert Fletcher Shaw. Robert Fletcher Shaw  (16 February 1910 – 22 March 2001) was a Canadian businessman, academic, civil servant and deputy commissioner general of the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967.

Born in Montreal, Quebec, he was raised in Revelstoke, British Columbia. He received a degree in engineering from McGill University in 1933. In 1937 he started as an engineer with the Foundation Company of Canada, rising to become its president.

After Expo, he was vice-principal of administration at McGill University until 1971. He then became Canada's first deputy minister of the environment. In 1975 he became president of the Engineering Institute of Canada. He retired in 1985.

In 1967 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.

In 1935 he married Johann MacInnes. Their only son, Robert Jr., a commercial airline pilot, was killed in a plane crash in 1966.

References 
 

1910 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Companions of the Order of Canada
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
Anglophone Quebec people
Expo 67
Businesspeople from Montreal
People from Revelstoke, British Columbia
Canadian federal deputy ministers
Operational data store. An operational data store (ODS) is used for operational reporting and as a source of data for the enterprise data warehouse (EDW). It is a complementary element to an EDW in a decision support environment, and is used for operational reporting, controls, and decision making, as opposed to the EDW, which is used for tactical and strategic decision support. 

An ODS  is a database designed to integrate data from multiple sources for additional operations on the data, for reporting, controls and operational decision support. Unlike a production master data store, the data is not passed back to operational systems. It may be passed for further operations and to the data warehouse for reporting.

An ODS should not be confused with an enterprise data hub (EDH). An operational data store will take transactional data from one or more production systems and loosely integrate it, in some respects it is still subject oriented, integrated and time variant, but without the volatility constraints. This integration is mainly achieved through the use of EDW structures and content.

An ODS is not an intrinsic part of an EDH solution, although an EDH may be used to subsume some of the processing performed by an ODS and the EDW. An EDH is a broker of data. An ODS is certainly not.

Because the data originates from multiple sources, the integration often involves cleaning, resolving redundancy and checking against business rules for integrity.  An ODS is usually designed to contain low-level or atomic (indivisible) data (such as transactions and prices) with limited history that is captured "real time" or "near real time" as opposed to the much greater volumes of data stored in the data warehouse generally on a less-frequent basis.

General use
The general purpose of an ODS is to integrate data from disparate source systems in a single structure, using data integration technologies like data virtualization, data federation, or extract, transform, and load (ETL). This will allow operational access to the data for operational reporting, master data or reference data management.

An ODS is not a replacement or substitute for a data warehouse or for a data hub but in turn could become a source.

See also
 Some examples of ODS architecture patterns can be found in the article Architecture patterns.
 Enterprise architecture
 Third normal form (3NF)

Further reading

External links
 Bill Inmon Information Management article on the five classes of ODS
 

Data management
Data warehousing
Management cybernetics
USA Jet Airlines. USA Jet Airlines is an American cargo airline with its headquarters on the grounds of Willow Run Airport, and in Van Buren Township, Michigan. USA Jet operates on-demand air charter freight, and formerly passenger flights out of Willow Run Airport. USA Jet Airlines is a division of Ascent Global Logistics (formerly Active Aero Group).

History 
In August 2013, USA Jet Airlines became the world's first operator of an MD-80 Passenger-to-Freighter conversion. The aircraft, converted by Aeronautical Engineers, Inc., competes against the Boeing 727 in the cargo market. In February 2023, USA Jet retired the last three of their McDonnell Douglas DC-9 fleet.

Fleet

Current fleet
As of March 2023, the USA Jet Airlines fleet included the following aircraft:

Historic fleet
USA Jet Airlines previously also operated the following aircraft:

Accidents and incidents
On July 8, 2008, a DC-9-15F (N199US) crashed onto a roadway while approaching the Plan de Guadalupe International Airport in Saltillo, Mexico while on a scheduled cargo flight from the U.S. The National Transportation Safety Board, which confirmed the death of the pilot, reported no one was injured on the ground. The co-pilot suffered severe burns. Flight 199 departed Detroit-Willow Run Airport, MI (YIP) on July 5 for Hamilton (YHM), Canada to pick up cargo. Automotive parts were loaded on board and the flight continued to Shreveport (SHV) where it arrived at 23:19 CDT. After clearing customs it took off again at 23:48 CDT, bound for Saltillo (SLW), Mexico. The DC-9 crashed in an industrial area 800 m north of the airport. The airplane broke up and burned.

On September 1, 2005, a Falcon 20 struck a flock of mourning doves shortly after rotation at Lorain County, Ohio, causing both engines to flame out. As the gear was retracted, the plane crashed beyond the runway and was destroyed after impact. The crew suffered minor injuries.

Trivia 
A USA Jet Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-9 was used for the filming of the movie Cedar Rapids and another painted for We Are Marshall.

References

External links

 
 USA Jet Airlines archived website

American companies established in 1994
Airlines established in 1994
Cargo airlines of the United States
Companies based in Michigan
Charter airlines of the United States
1994 establishments in Michigan
Airlines based in Michigan
Degree of parallelism. The degree of parallelism (DOP) is a metric which indicates how many operations can be or are being simultaneously executed by a computer. It is used as an indicator of the complexity of algorithms, and is especially useful for describing the performance of parallel programs and multi-processor systems.

A program running on a parallel computer may utilize different numbers of processors at different times. For each time period, the number of processors used to execute a program is defined as the degree of parallelism. The plot of the DOP as a function of time for a given program is called the parallelism profile.

See also
Optical Multi-Tree with Shuffle Exchange

References

Instruction processing
Parallel computing
Trustworthy computing. The term Trustworthy Computing (TwC) has been applied to computing systems that are inherently secure, available, and reliable. It is particularly associated with the Microsoft initiative of the same name, launched in 2002.

History 
Until 1995, there were restrictions on commercial traffic over the Internet.

On, May 26, 1995, Bill Gates sent the "Internet Tidal Wave" memorandum to Microsoft executives assigning "...the Internet this highest level of importance..." but Microsoft's Windows 95 was released without a web browser as Microsoft had not yet developed one. The success of the web had caught them by surprise but by mid 1995, they were testing their own web server, and on August 24, 1995, launched a major online service, MSN.

The National Research Council recognized that the rise of the Internet simultaneously increased societal reliance on computer systems while increasing the vulnerability of such systems to failure and produced an important report in 1999, "Trust in Cyberspace". This report reviews the cost of un-trustworthy systems and identifies actions required for improvement.

Microsoft and Trustworthy Computing 
Bill Gates launched Microsoft's "Trustworthy Computing" initiative with a January 15, 2002 memo, referencing an internal whitepaper by Microsoft CTO and Senior Vice President Craig Mundie. The move was reportedly prompted by the fact that they "...had been under fire from some of its larger customers–government agencies, financial companies and others–about the security problems in Windows, issues that were being brought front and center by a series of self-replicating worms and embarrassing attacks." such as Code Red, Nimda, Klez and Slammer.

Four areas were identified as the initiative's key areas: Security, Privacy, Reliability, and Business Integrity, and despite some initial scepticism, at its 10-year anniversary it was generally accepted as having "...made a positive impact on the industry...".
The Trustworthy Computing campaign was the main reason why Easter eggs disappeared from Windows, Office and other Microsoft products.

See also 
 Security Development Lifecycle

References

External links 
Trusted Computing Group
Wave Systems Corp. Managing Trusted Computing Platforms (TPM)
The Age of Corporate Open Source Enlightenment, Paul Ferris, ACM Press
The Controversy over Trusted Computing, Catherine Flick, University of Sydney
Email from Bill Gates to Microsoft Employees, Wired News, January, 2002
Trust in Cyberspace, Committee on Information Systems Trustworthiness
Trustworthy Computing, Microsoft
Trustworthy Computing, Craig Mundie, Microsoft

Computer security
Information technology management
Microsoft initiatives
Cybersecurity engineering