omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Invisibility. In computer-aided design (CAD)/CAM, quantitative invisibility (QI) is the number of solid bodies that obscure a point in space as projected onto a plane.  Often, CAD engineers project a model into a plane (a 2D drawing) in order to denote edges that are visible with a solid line, and those that are hidden with dashed or dimmed lines.

Algorithm
Tracking the number of obscuring bodies gave rise to an algorithm that propagates the quantitative invisibility throughout the model.  This technique uses edge coherence to speed calculations in the algorithm.  However, QI really only works well when bodies are larger solids, non-interpenetrating, and not transparent.  

A technique like this falls apart when applied to soft organic tissue as found in the human body, because there is not always a clear delineation of structures.  Also, when images become too cluttered and intertwined, the contribution of this algorithm is marginal. Arthur Appel of the graphics group at IBM Watson Research coined the term quantitative invisibility  and used it in several of his papers.

External links
Vector Hidden Line Removal and Fractional Quantitative Invisibility

References

Appel, A., "The Notion of Quantitative Invisibility and the Machine Rendering of Solids," Proceedings ACM National Conference, Thompson Books, Washington, DC, 1967, pp. 387–393, pp. 214–220.

3D computer graphics
INL. INL may refer to:

Organisations 
 Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, US
 Idaho National Laboratory
 Independent Newspapers, a New Zealand company
 Indian National League, a Muslim-based political party
 Institut des nanotechnologies de Lyon, a research institute in France
 Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie ("Institute for Dutch Lexicology"), former name of the Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, part of the Dutch Language Union
 International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory

Other 
 Falls International Airport (IATA Code: INL), Minnesota, USA
 Inner nuclear layer, in the retina
 Integral nonlinearity, in electrical engineering, a measure of digital-to-analog converter or analog-to-digital converter accuracy
 Inter-National League, an ice hockey league
Dynamic compression plate. A dynamic compression plate (DCP) is a metallic plate used in orthopedics for internal fixation of bone, typically after fractures. As the name implies, it is designed to exert dynamic pressure between the bone fragments to be transfixed. Dynamic compression is achieved either by attaching a tension device to a plate or by using a special dynamic compression plate. However, compression plating requires a longer surgical incision to allow insertion of the tension device and the possibility of refracture after the plate is removed. A neutralization plate is used to bridge a comminuted fracture; it also transmits bending or torsional forces from the proximal to the distal fragment. Plates used for buttressing prevent collapse by supporting an area of thin cortex or cancellous bone graft.

When plates are used, atrophy of the bone beneath the plate may predispose the bone to fracture. After removal of plates, fractures may occur through the screw holes.

Sliding screw plate
The sliding screw plate (dynamic compression screw, dynamic hip screw) may be used to treat intertrochanteric fractures as well as other injuries. This device consists of a lag screw and a side plate with a barrel. The sliding screw telescopes and provides fixation while allowing impaction to occur at the fracture during healing and weight bearing. Among the complications of sliding screw plate fixation are "cutting out" of the nail, penetration of the screw into the joint, bending or breaking of the nail, and disengagement of the screw from the barrel and even protrusion of the screw into the vertebrae.

See also
 Orthopedic plate

References

Orthopedic implants
Orthopedic surgical procedures
Lethbridge Iron Works. Lethbridge Iron Works Co. Ltd., also known as LETH IRON, is an iron foundry based in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. Founded in 1898, it is one of the oldest businesses in Lethbridge. Initially established to serve the coal industry in southern Alberta, LETH IRON has evolved over the past century into a jobbing iron foundry, providing castings for clients in various sectors such as agriculture, automotive, construction, oil & gas, and rail across North America.

References

External links
 Official site

Companies based in Lethbridge
Manufacturing companies established in 1898
Ironworks and steel mills in Canada
1898 establishments in Alberta
Industrial buildings in Alberta
Foundries in Canada
Satellite Syndicated Systems. Satellite Syndicated Systems, Inc. (SSS) was a company founded in 1978 as a division of Southern Satellite Systems, Inc., dedicated to the exploration and development of new satellite communication opportunities, especially for the then-new industry of satellite television distribution.

Southern Satellite Systems was founded in 1976 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and was formed for the sole purpose of distributing WTCG (later WTBS), an Atlanta UHF television station (Turner Broadcasting) nationwide via satellite. 

In 1978, Satellite Syndicated Systems, Inc. was founded, and established as the parent to Southern. Southern Satellite Systems remained intact under the TEMPO Enterprises umbrella (SSS would change their name to TEMPO Enterprises in the early 1980s) as a separate wholly owned subsidiary and distributed the "Superstation WTBS" signal to cable TV systems all across the country.  

TEMPO Enterprises served as the parent and holding company to several subsidiaries, including TEMPO Television, TEMPO International, TEMPO Productions, TEMPO Cable, TEMPO Sound, TEMPO Data and TEMPO Travel.  TEMPO Enterprises (under its former name Satellite Syndicated Systems, Inc.) entered the arena of publicly traded companies in August 1983. The company was part of the NASDAQ National Market System under the stock symbol TMPO.

Satellite Syndicated Systems, its subsidiaries, and divisions were sold to cable television company Tele-Communications, Inc. (TCI) in 1989, which were either absorbed by TCI or re-sold to other communication companies. Satellite Program Network, a satellite and cable TV network founded in 1979 and acquired by Tempo in 1985 and renamed TEMPO Television, was shut down in 1989 by Tempo, with its former satellite channel space leased to NBC in 1989 to make way for their CNBC channel.

References

Telecommunications companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Oklahoma
Tulsa, Oklahoma
1976 establishments in Oklahoma
Mass media companies established in 1978
Telecommunications companies established in 1978
1980s initial public offerings
1985 mergers and acquisitions
1989 mergers and acquisitions
Mass media companies disestablished in 1989
NDT. NDT may refer to:

 National Debate Tournament, a national championship of intercollegiate policy debate
 Ndunga language, represented by ISO 639 code 
 Nederlands Dans Theater
 Neolithic discontinuity theory
 Neil deGrasse Tyson (born 1958), American astrophysicist
 Neue Deutsche Todeskunst, a music genre
 Neurodevelopmental treatment
 Newfoundland Daylight Time
 Nil ductility temperature, the temperature at which brittle fracture in a normally ductile material becomes 100 percent cleavage
 Nondestructive testing, a type of testing which does not damage or destroy the original object
 Noriko's Dinner Table (2006), a Japanese film by Sono Sion
 Normal distributions transform, a point cloud registration algorithm
 Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, a medical nephrology journal
Three laws. The Three Laws may refer to:

Science
 Kepler's laws of planetary motion, three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun
 Newton's laws of motion, three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics
 The laws of thermodynamics, originally three physical laws describing thermodynamic systems, though a fourth one was later formulated and is now counted as the zeroth law of thermodynamics

Other
 Clarke's three laws, three adages from British science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke's extensive writings about the future
 Three Laws of Robotics, a set of rules devised by the science fiction author Isaac Asimov
Iran Khodro Diesel. Iran Khodro Diesel Company () is manufacturer of commercial vehicles (trucks, buses, minibuses & vans) in the Iranian market and in the market of several other countries with political agreements in the Middle East, CIS and Africa with half a century experience under license of Daimler-Benz of Germany. Iran Khodro Diesel Company has almost 80% of bus and about 70% of the local market share.

History
Iran Khodro Diesel Company was established initially under the name of Khawar Industrial Group in early 1966. The company started its production by assembling one truck a day but after a short period due to the increase demand for commercial vehicles developed production and assembling lines.

In 1999 Iran Khodro Company merged its bus and midi-bus production lines with Khawar Industrial Group truck production lines together and the new company Iran Khodro Diesel, public joint stock was born to manufacture different types of commercial vehicles for domestic and overseas markets.

Today, Iran Khodro Diesel has a wide production site of .

Production and exports
The company's total annual productions is over 20.000 units of heavy and semi-heavy vehicles such as different types of truck chassis (Tipper, Trailers, Lorries, Cement mixers, Fuel tankers, ...), buses (city buses, [Diesel & CNG], intercity buses and coaches, luxuries VIP buses) and minibus.

Iran Khodro Diesel Company has almost 80% of bus and about 70% of the local market share and exports its products to many countries like Armenia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, Yemen, Afghanistan, Syria, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Venezuela, Egypt, Marshall Islands, Vanuatu, American Samoa and Tahiti.

Products & Concepts

Products

Concepts

Affiliated companies
Iran Khodro Diesel Company is holding by itself several affiliated companies manufacturing required components and parts for production namely as follows:
IDEM (Iran Diesel Engine Manufacturing)
Engine Manufacturer under license of Daimler-Benz Germany. From 2002 IDEM, IKD, TKC & EPCO entered to a mutual Project with overseas partners to convert Mercedes OM457 Diesel Engines to CNG dedicated Engines for buses and Hyundai D4AL Minibuses.
CHARKHESHGAR
Gearbox Manufacturer under the license of ZF Germany
VAMCO 
Axles Manufacturer
GOVAH  
After Sales and spare parts Service Company

See also
 Iran Khodro
Iranian automobile industry

References

External links
 Company website

Car manufacturers of Iran
Bus manufacturers of Iran
Truck manufacturers of Iran
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1966
Diesel engine manufacturers
Engine manufacturers of Iran
Manufacturing companies based in Tehran
Iranian companies established in 1966
Communicator. Communicator may refer to:

Computer science
 Acorn Communicator, a business computer developed by Acorn Computers in 1985
 Beonex Communicator, a separate branch of the Mozilla Application Suite
 Netscape Communicator, a suite of Internet applications
 Nokia Communicator, a brand name for a series of Nokia smartphones
 PDA with mobile phone functionality, also known as smartphone, such as Nokia Communicator mentioned above
 LIVECHAT Communicator, a business instant messenger software
 Microsoft Office Communicator, an instant messaging and VoIP client for Microsoft Windows

Fiction
 Communicator (Star Trek), a portable communication device from the Star Trek fictional universe
 Communicator, another term for universal translator, a fictional device that allows one to understand a language from another planet or an animal

See also
 Personal communicator
 The Communicator (disambiguation)
Secure access module. A Secure Access Module (SAM), also known as a Secure Application Module, is a piece of cryptographic hardware typically used by smart card card readers to perform mutual key authentication. SAMs can be used to manage access in a variety of contexts, such as public transport fare collection and point of sale devices.

Formats 

 Removable SAM: This form factor resembles a standard Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) card. It plugs into a dedicated SAM slot within the smart card reader.

 Embedded SAM: This form factor integrates the SAM functionality directly onto the printed circuit board (PCB) of the reader system. The SAM component is typically housed within a secure enclosure soldered onto the PCB.

Components 
A typical smart card reader system generally consists of the following key components:

 Microcontroller (MCU): This acts as the central processing unit (CPU) of the reader system. It manages various tasks such as protocol handling, data flow control, and data interpretation.
 Reader Integrated Circuit (Reader IC): This specialized chip facilitates communication between the SAM and the contactless smart card using radio frequency (RF) interface protocols.

Integration and functionality 
By integrating a SAM into the reader system, the security functionalities are centralized and offloaded from the MCU. The SAM assumes responsibility for:

 Key Management: Secure storage and management of cryptographic keys, including master keys and application keys derived from them.
 Cryptography: Performing various cryptographic operations such as encryption, decryption, and digital signing to ensure data confidentiality and integrity.
 Mutual Authentication: Facilitating a two-way authentication process between the smart card and the reader system to verify the legitimacy of both parties before allowing any communication to proceed.

 Secure Messaging: Enabling secure communication between the SAM and the host system by encrypting and authenticating data packets.

SAMs can be deployed in any of the following applications:

 Generate application keys based on master keys
 Store and secure master keys
 Perform cryptographic functions with smart cards
 Use as a secure encryption device
 Perform mutual authentication
 Generate session keys
 Perform secure messaging

References

Encryption devices
Burr (cutter). Burrs or burs  (sometimes called rotary files) are small cutting tools; not to be confused with small pieces of metal formed from cutting metal, used in die grinders, rotary tools, or dental drills. The name may be considered appropriate when their small-sized head (3 mm diameter shaft) is compared to a bur (fruit seed with hooks) or their teeth are compared to a metal burr.

Description
Burrs are a rotary analog to files that cut linearly (hence their alternate name, rotary files). They share many similarities with endmills and router bits, with the notable distinction that the latter typically have their toolpaths dictated by the machine, while burrs are frequently operated in a freehand manner. However, there is substantial overlap in the use and toolpath control of these various classes of cutters, and the outcomes accomplished with them. For example, endmills can be used in routers, and burrs can be used like endmills in milling by CNC or manual machine tools. These are often used in CNC machining centers for removing burrs (the small flakes of metal) after a machining process.

To achieve optimal surface speed and cutting conditions, burrs are rapidly rotated at high speeds, often in the range of thousands or tens of thousands of RPM, which is typically the maximum speed supported by a given spindle. The cutters depicted in the image, being made of tungsten carbide, can withstand and operate at these elevated speeds. This allows them to function at higher velocities compared to equivalent "HSS" (High-Speed Steel) cutters, all the while retaining the sharpness of their cutting edges.

Because the cutting edges of burrs are so small, they can often be touched when spinning by a finger without cutting the skin, which flexes out of the way, although it would not be safe to pinch or grip them from two sides. Hard metal or ceramic workpieces cannot flex beyond the cutting edges, so the tools remove material from them. This characteristic makes burrs suitable for use in dentistry, as the tool will grind the hard enamel of teeth, yet leaves soft mouth tissues unharmed if the tool should unintentionally touch them.

References 

Metalworking cutting tools
Cache poisoning. Cache poisoning refers to a computer security vulnerability where invalid entries can be placed into a cache, which are then assumed to be valid when later used.  Two common varieties are DNS cache poisoning and ARP cache poisoning. Web cache poisoning involves the poisoning of web caches (which has led to security issues in programming languages, including all Python versions at the time in 2021, and expedited security updates). Attacks on other, more specific, caches also exist.

References 

Computer security exploits
Cache (computing)
TwoOStwo. twoOStwo was a commercial software product developed by Parallels Software Studio (prior to its acquisition by SWsoft). The workstation software consisted of a virtual machine suite for Intel x86-compatible computers which allowed the creation and execution of multiple x86 virtual computers simultaneously. Each virtual machine instance could execute its own guest operating system including Windows, Linux, OS/2 and BSD variants.

Description
The computer and operating system instance that executes the twoOStwo process is referred to as the host machine. Instances of operating systems running inside a virtual machine are referred to as guest virtual machines. Like an emulator, twoOStwo provides a completely virtualized set of hardware to the guest operating system; for example, irrespective of make and model of the physical network adapter, the guest machine will see a Novell/Eagle NE2000 or Realtek RTL8029(AS) network adapter. twoOStwo virtualizes all devices within the virtual environment, including the video adapter, network adapter, and hard disk adapters. It also provides pass-through drivers for serial and parallel devices.

Because all guest virtual machines use the same hardware drivers irrespective of the actual hardware on the host computer, virtual machine instances are highly portable between computers. For example, a running virtual machine can be stopped, copied to another physical computer, and started.

Implementation
Conventional emulators like Bochs emulate the microprocessor, executing each guest CPU instruction by calling a software subroutine on the host machine that simulates the function of that CPU instruction. This level of abstraction allows the guest machine to run on host machines with a different type of microprocessor, but is also very slow.

A more efficient approach consists in software debugger technique. Some parts of the code are executed natively on the real processor; on 'bad' instructions, there are software interrupts that break execution of the guest operating system code and that particular instruction is emulated.

twoOStwo, as well as VMware Workstation, Virtual PC for Windows and QEMU with the kqemu add-on, take an even more optimized approach and run code directly when this is possible. This is the case for user mode and virtual 8086 mode code on x86.

The drawback is that the guest OS has to be compatible with the host CPU. So unlike an emulator, one cannot use twoOStwo to run classic Mac OS/PowerPC software on an Intel x86 processor. Another drawback is that it is not normally possible to efficiently nest virtual machines. Finally, although twoOStwo virtual machines run in user mode, twoOStwo itself requires installing various device drivers in the host operating system.

Features
Besides bridging to network adapters, CD-ROM readers and hard disk drives, twoOStwo also provides the ability to simulate some hardware. For example, an ISO image can be mounted as a CDROM and .hdd files can be mounted as hard disks.

See also
 Parallels Workstation
 SVISTA
 VMware
 User Mode Linux
 Xen
 Comparison of platform virtualization software

Virtualization software
SVISTA. SVISTA (Serenity Virtual Station) is a former commercial virtual machine software product marketed by Serenity Systems International. Windows, OS/2, Linux and FreeBSD hosted versions were available.

This product is no longer available nor supported.

Description
SVISTA was developed under contract with Parallels Software Studio and was based on its existing TwoOStwo software, although the OS/2 and FreeBSD hosted versions were specific to SVISTA.

Providing a virtualization product was initially part of Serenity's strategy for marketing its eComStation operating system.  When the OS/2 port of Connectix VirtualPC was discontinued following the acquisition of its creator by Microsoft, Serenity contracted Parallels to develop SVISTA as an alternative. A beta program was launched in the spring of 2004, with a general availability release in October of that year.

However, the product was discontinued shortly afterwards following the acquisition of Parallels by SWsoft.  According to Bob St. John of Serenity Systems, SWsoft was not interested in continuing the development of SVISTA, and withdrew from the OEM contract.

Although Serenity briefly expressed interest in finding another solution for an OS/2 hosted virtualization product, it was eventually deemed impractical due to increased competition in the consumer market from Microsoft and VMware.

The former product website currently indicates that SVISTA is no longer available, and suggests Virtual Bridges and VirtualBox as possible third-party alternatives.

Issues
When using SVISTA instances in an environment where MAC addresses are used as unique identifiers (UID), it is advisable to manually configure the MAC address for each virtual machine to ensure each is actually unique. One example of such an environment is one in which MAC security is enabled on switches and another example is an environment in which Altiris products are used (if configured to use the MAC address as the UID). If you are in such a situation, simply disable all networks/adapters other than bridged and edit each virtual machine's configuration (.2os) file and change the 'MAC address' to be unique.

Current status
The first and only GA release was SVISTA 2004, released on October 14, 2004.  The final release was SVISTA Feature Release 1, beta 3, which was made available to registered customers in May 2005.

See also
 TwoOStwo
 Parallels Workstation
 VMware
 User-mode Linux
 Xen
 Comparison of platform virtualization software

External links
Serenity Virtual

References

Virtualization software
Serial Data Transport Interface. Serial Data Transport Interface is a way of transmitting data packets over a serial digital interface (SDI) datastream. This means that standard SDI infrastructure can be used.

Developed to address the needs of the growing number of compressed video standards (DV, DVCPRO, BetaSX, MPEG2) it allows lossless transfer of data to other devices which have the same codec, for example DV to DV or SX to SX.

Using a standard SDI transport, the extra data is placed within normal active video, between Start of Active Video (SAV), and End of Active Video (EAV). This gives 1440 10-bit words of data at 270 Mbit/s (1920 words in the 8bit 360 Mbit/s standard).

If an SDTI stream is viewed using a standard SDI device, then the raw data can be seen as a small strip along the left-hand side (usually in purple). The DVCAM SDTI has video data at the top, control data in the middle (Timecode, etc.) and audio at the bottom just like it is organised on the tape.

Because SDTI is used for compressed data the area used is less than a full screen; this allows for faster than realtime transfers.

SDTI is standardized as SMPTE 305M. A 1.5 GBit/s version, using the high definition serial digital interface, is standardized as SMPTE 348M.

External links
Interconnectivity in the DTV Era The Emergence of SDTI

Serial digital interface
Film and video technology
Digital television