omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Explosive device. An explosive device is a device that relies on the exothermic reaction of an explosive material to provide a violent release of energy.

Applications of explosive devices include:
Building implosion (demolition)
Excavation
Explosive forming
Explosive welding
Mining of minerals
Murder
Assassination
Riot control
Terrorism
War

Types of explosive devices include:
Explosive weapon
Anti-personnel mine
Artillery shells
Bomb
Grenade
Improvised explosive device
Land mine
Nuclear explosive device
Unexploded ordnance
Naval mine
Car bomb
Letter bomb
Stun grenade
Smoke grenade
Some pyrotechnics
Fireworks
Explosively pumped flux compression generator
Explosive-driven ferroelectric generator

References

Demolition
Leed (disambiguation). Leed is a former soft drink.

LEED is Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, a standard for green building design.

Leed or LEED may also refer to:

 Leed Publishing, a Japanese company
 Rick Leed (1955–2017), American television and film producer
 Melveen Leed (born 1943), Hawaiian singer

Acronyms
 Low-energy electron diffraction, a characterization technique in crystallography

See also
 Leeds (disambiguation)
 Lead (disambiguation)
1772 in science. The year 1772 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 Lagrange finds the special-case solution to the three-body problem that becomes known as the Lagrangian points.

Cartography
 Johann Heinrich Lambert publishes seven new map projections, including the Lambert conformal conic, transverse Mercator and Lambert azimuthal equal area.

Chemistry
 Daniel Rutherford isolates nitrogen.
 Joseph Priestley synthesizes nitrous oxide as phlogisticated nitrous air. Antoine Lavoisier privately presents his own views on phlogiston theory to the French Academy of Sciences.
 Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau demonstrates that metals gain weight on calcination.

Earth sciences
  The Central England temperature (CET) record begins daily measurements of mean surface air temperatures in the Midlands region of England.
 William Hamilton publishes Observations on Mount Vesuvius, Mount Etna, and Other Volcano's: in a series of letters addressed to the Royal Society from the Honorable Sir William Hamilton (London).

Mathematics
 Euler confirms that  is a Mersenne prime.
 The Marquis de Condorcet publishes his second significant paper on integral calculus.

Technology
 May 28 – The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal opens for traffic throughout in England from a junction with the Trent and Mersey Canal to the River Severn at Stourport. Engineered by James Brindley, this is the first British trunk canal completed and its dimensions determine the size of boat used throughout the narrow canal network ( by ).
 Andrew Meikle invents spring sails for windmills.

Publications
 Joseph Priestley – The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and Colours ("Optics")

Awards
 Copley Medal: Joseph Priestley

Births
 February 11 – Thomas Webster, Scottish geologist (died 1844)
 June 8 – Robert Stevenson, Scottish lighthouse engineer (died 1850)
 April 15 – Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, French naturalist (died 1844)
 October 29 – Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire, French botanist (died 1845)
 November 22 - Pierre Amable Jean-Baptiste Trannoy,  French physician, hygienist and botanist (died 1831)
 November 28 – Luke Howard, English meteorologist and manufacturing chemist (died 1864)
 December 25 – John Mackay, Scottish botanist (died 1802)

Deaths
 March 22 – John Canton, English physicist (born 1718)
 March 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist and theologian (born 1688)
 September 30 – James Brindley, English canal builder (born 1716)

References

 
18th century in science
1770s in science
1764 in science. The year 1764 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 Lagrange publishes on the libration of the Moon, and an explanation as to why the same face is always turned to the Earth, a problem which he treats with the aid of virtual work, containing the germ of his idea of generalized equations of motion.

Physics
 Specific and latent heats are described by Joseph Black.

Technology
 The spinning jenny, a multi-spool spinning wheel, is invented by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire, England.

Awards
 Copley Medal: John Canton

Births
 Early – James Smithson, British mineralogist, chemist and benefactor (died 1829)
 April 3 – John Abernethy, English surgeon (died 1831)
 May 4 – Joseph Carpue, English surgeon (died 1846)
 September 17 – John Goodricke, English astronomer (died 1786)
 October – William Symington, Scottish mechanical engineer and steamboat pioneer (died 1831)
 November 10 – Andrés Manuel del Río, Spanish chemist (died 1849)
 Maria Medina Coeli, Italian physician (died 1846)
 Approx. date – Alexander Mackenzie, Scottish explorer (died 1820)

Deaths
 March 17
 William Oliver, English physician (born 1695)
 George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield, English astronomer (born c. 1696)
 September 2 – Rev. Nathaniel Bliss, English Astronomer Royal (born 1700)
 November 20 – Christian Goldbach, Prussian mathematician (born 1690)

References

 
18th century in science
1760s in science
RMA. RMA may refer to:

Business and technology 
 Rogue Music Alliance, American independent record label
 Radio Manufacturers Association, standards and trades association from 1924–1950
 Regionalmedien Austria, Austrian media company
 Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability analysis, in reliability and systems engineering
 Return merchandise authorization, returning goods to the supplier for repair or replacement
 Relationship Management Application, a service offered by SWIFT
 Rate-Monotonic Analysis, the qualitative method used to prepare a system for Rate-monotonic scheduling
 U.S. Rubber Manufacturers Association

Education 
 Randolph-Macon Academy, a preparatory school in Virginia, United States 
 Rubin Museum of Art, a museum in New York City
 Riverside Museum Associates, a non-profit that supports the Riverside Metropolitan Museum, California 
 Royal Musical Association, British musicological organization

Government and law 
 Resource Management Act 1991, an Act of Parliament in New Zealand
 Respect for Marriage Act, a 2022 United States federal law that protects same-sex and interracial marriages. 
 Richmond Metropolitan Authority, an authority in Richmond, Virginia
 Regional Mobility Authority, an independent local government transportation agency in the U.S. state of Texas
 Risk Management Agency, an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture
 Reedley Municipal Airport, a public airport in Reedley, California

Medicine 
 Refusal of medical assistance, where a patient or their medical power of attorney refuses treatment or transport to a hospital by emergency medical services.
 Registered medical assistant, in jurisdictions where "medical assistant" is a protected title

Military 
 Rocky Mountain Arsenal, near Denver, Colorado
 Royal Marine Artillery, formerly a part of the Royal Marines
 Royal Military Academy (disambiguation), several military institutions
 Reichsmarineamt, the Admiralty of Imperial Germany's navy (historic)
 Revolution in Military Affairs, the recent rapid development of military technology and its corresponding impact on warfare

Other
 Contracted form of Real Madrid CF, a football club in Spain
 MTV Russian Music Awards
 Roma Airport, IATA airport code "RMA"
 Rma, known as Qiang language, a Sino-Tibetan language cluster
Alexander Schleicher. Alexander Schleicher (May 22, 1901 – April 26, 1968) was a German pioneer of sailplane design. The company that he founded and which bears his name - Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co - is today one of the world's leading sailplane manufacturers.

Schleicher was born in Huhnrain, the son of a joiner. From the time he was fourteen years old, he worked with his father and learned his trade. As an apprentice, he worked at a furniture factory before commencing work at the Weltensegler aircraft factory in Baden-Baden in 1923. Two years later, he arrived at the Wasserkuppe and worked in the workshop of the Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft building sailplanes. He also learned to fly, and in 1926 won a major prize in the annual gliding championships held on the Wasserkuppe. He used this money to found his own company, beginning in the Huhnrain dance hall, and later at a rented workshop in Remmerz.

Schleicher continued to design aircraft for the firm until the outbreak of World War II, and again when German civil aviation resumed in 1951. During the years of the Allied occupation, he returned to his roots and designed furniture for the company to manufacture.

He personally managed the firm until his death in Fulda in 1968.

References

External links 
 Official Website [in English].
 Official Website

1901 births
1968 deaths
German aerospace engineers
German glider pilots
People from Fulda (district)
Engineers from Hesse
UTM. UTM may refer to:

Computing
 Unified threat management, an approach to network security
 Universal Turing machine, a theoretical computer
 Urchin Tracking Module parameters, used in Urchin, a Web analytics package that served as the base for Google Analytics and other analytics
 Usability testing method, in interaction design
 Unbounded transactional memory, transactional memory without bounds on transaction size or time
 Universeller Transaktionsmonitor, transaction system for Fujitsu-Siemens BS2000/OSD mainframe

Universities
 Technical University of Moldova
 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, also known as University of Technology, Malaysia
 University of Technology, Mauritius
 University of Tennessee at Martin
 University of Toronto Mississauga
 University of Toulouse II – Le Mirail, France
 Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, the Spanish name of Mexican public university Technological University of the Mixteca
 Technical University of Manabi, higher technical level university located in the city of Portoviejo, province of Manabí, Ecuador.

Other
 Ultrasonic thickness measurement, using ultrasound waves to determine thickness of metals
 Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, a series of books published by Springer-Verlag
 Universal testing machine, a machine used to test the tensile and compressive stresses in materials
 Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system, a grid-based method of mapping locations on the surface of the Earth
 Unmanned aircraft system traffic management, a system for cooperative control of unmanned aerial vehicles
 Union des travailleurs de Mauritanie (Union of Mauritanian Workers), a national trade union center in Mauritania
 Uniunea Tineretului Muncitoresc (Union of Communist Youth), Romania's former communist youth party organisation
UTS. UTS or Uts may refer to:

Organizations
 University of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia
 University of Technology Sydney, Australia
 Unification Theological Seminary, of the Unification Church, New York, US
 Union Theological Seminary (Philippines), Protestant seminary
 Union Theological Seminary (New York City), US
 University of Toronto Schools, Canada
 Universal Technical Systems, the current developer of mathematical modeling software TK Solver

Science and technology
 Ultimate tensile strength, of a material
 Uner Tan syndrome
 Unified Thread Standard, a standard for threaded fasteners
 Untriseptium, symbol Uts, a hypothetical chemical element 
 UTAS UTS-15, a Turkish pump-action shotgun

Computing
 Unicode Technical Standard
 Universal Time-Sharing System, an operating system for XDS Sigma computers
 UNIX Time-Sharing System, an alternative name used for Research Unix
 UTS, one type of namespace in Linux
 Amdahl UTS, a Unix operating system for IBM-compatible mainframes

Transportation
 Huntsville Regional Airport in Huntsville, Texas (FAA ID)
 Ust-Tsilma Airport, IATA: UTS
 University Transit Service, a transportation operator of the University of Virginia
 Underground Ticketing System, as used in the London Underground

Other uses
 Uts (river), a river in Belarus
 Ultimate Tennis Showdown
Wound ballistics. The field of wound ballistics largely comprises the study of the physical and physiological effects of ballistic trauma by projectiles (primarily, but not exclusively, bullets) on living humans or animals.  It can be considered the interdisciplinary intersection of trauma medicine and terminal ballistics.

See also
 Bullet hit squibs
 Gunshot injury
 Hydrostatic shock
 Penetrating trauma
 Sniper
 Stopping power

Ballistics

pl:Rana postrzałowa
Hans Jacobs. Hans Jacobs (30 April 1907 in Hamburg – 24 October 1994) was a German sailplane designer and pioneer.  He had been taught sailplane design by Alexander Lippisch, designer of many gliders during the 1920s and the  1930s. As the head of the  Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS - German Research Institute for Sailplane Flight) at Darmstadt in the years before World War II, he was responsible for a number of highly successful designs, including the DFS Rhönsperber, DFS Rhönadler, DFS Habicht, DFS Weihe, DFS Kranich, and the DFS 230 assault glider. Hans also designed a glider-seaplane, the "Sea Eagle", test flown by Hanna Reitsch. In 1936, Hans developed self-operating dive brakes, on the upper and lower surface of each wing, for gliders. He designed the DFS 230 used in the Battle of Fort Eben-Emael.

The DFS Olympia Meise was selected in 1939 as the glider for the 1940 Summer Olympics, but the games were cancelled.  The design was taken up after the war and produced in large numbers in the UK by Elliotts of Newbury, in France by Nord Aviation, in the Netherlands and in Switzerland.

When the prohibition on German aviation under the Allied occupation ended in 1951, Jacobs designed and marketed a significantly different, updated version of the Kranich.

In 1932 Jacobs authored a seminal work on sailplane design, Werkstattpraxis für den Bau von Gleit- und Segelflugzeugen ("Workshop Practice for the Construction of Gliders and Sailplanes").  Updated in several editions, this "became and remains the standard work" on the construction of wooden gliders. In July 2016 the Vintage Sailplane Association published an English translation of this work.

Jacob's glider designs

From Sailplanes 1920-1945
Hols der Teufel (1928-9)
Poppenhausen (1929)
Rhönadler (1932)
Rhönbussard (1933)
Rhönsperber (1935)
Kranich (1935)
Sperber Senior (1936)
Sperber Junior (1936)
Habicht (1936)
Seeadler (1936)
Reiher (1937)
DFS 230 (1937)
Weihe (1938)
Meise (Olympia) (1939)
DFS 331 (1942)
Kranich 3 (1952)

References

German aerospace engineers
1907 births
1994 deaths
Engineers from Hamburg
System X (supercomputer). System X (pronounced "System Ten") was a supercomputer assembled by Virginia Tech's Advanced Research Computing facility in the summer of 2003. Costing US$5.2 million, it was originally composed of 1,100 Apple Power Mac G5 computers with dual 2.0 GHz processors. System X was decommissioned on May 21, 2012. The supercomputer is also known as Big Mac or Terascale Cluster.

System X ran at 12.25 Teraflops, (20.24 peak), and was ranked #3 on November 16, 2003  and #280 in the July 2008 edition of the TOP500 list of the world's most powerful supercomputers. The system used error-correcting (ECC) RAM, which is important for accuracy due to the rate of bits flipped by cosmic rays or other interference sources in its vast number of RAM chips.

Background 
The supercomputer's name originates from the use of the Mac OS X operating system for each node, and because it was the first university computer to achieve 10 teraflops on the high performance LINPACK benchmark. In 2003 it was also touted as "the world's most powerful and cheapest homebuilt supercomputer." System X was constructed with a relatively low budget of just $5.2 million, in the span of only three months, thanks in large part to using off-the-shelf Power Mac G5 computers.  By comparison, the Earth Simulator, the fastest supercomputer at the time, cost approximately $400 million to build.

Upgrade to Server-Grade Parts 
In 2004, Virginia Tech upgraded its computer to Apple's newly released, Xserve G5 servers. The upgraded version ranked #7 in the 2004 TOP500 list and its server-grade error-correcting memory solved the problem of cosmic ray interference. In October 2004, Virginia Tech partially rebuilt System X at a cost of about $600,000.  These improvements brought the computer's speed up to 12.25 Teraflops, which placed System X #14 on the 2005 TOP500 list.

Similar Projects 
Virginia Tech's system was the model for Xseed, a smaller system also made from Xserve servers and built by Bowie State University in Maryland. Xseed was ranked #166 in the 2005 TOP500.

System G has 324 Mac Pros (2592 processor cores) with QDR InfiniBand in Virginia Tech's Center for High-End Computing Systems.

See also
 History of supercomputing

References

External links 
 Virginia Tech - System X (via Internet Archive)
 CHECS Computing Resources: Experimental Facilities - System G, Production Computing Facilities - System X (via Internet Archive)
 Virginia Tech - Advanced Research Computing
 TOP500 website
 Film about System X, YouTube

One-of-a-kind computers
Supercomputers
Virginia Tech
Kassite (mineral). Kassite is a rare mineral whose chemical formula is CaTi2O4(OH)2. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system and forms radiating rosettes and pseudo-hexagonal tabular crystals which are commonly twinned. Kassite crystals are brownish pink to pale yellow in color, are translucent, and have an adamantine luster. Cleavage is distinctly visible, and the crystals are very brittle. 

It was first described in 1965 in the Afrikanda pyroxenite massif, a formation on Russia's Kola Peninsula and was named for Nikolai Grigorievich Kassin (1885–1949), a prominent Russian geologist. It occurs as miarolytic cavity fillings of alkalic pegmatites in the Kola occurrence and in nepheline syenite in the Magnet Cove igneous complex of Arkansas, US. Its mineral association includes cafetite (which with it is also polymorphous), perovskite, titanite, rutile and ilmenite.

References

Oxide minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
List of submarine classes of the United States Navy. Submarines of the United States Navy are built in classes, using a single design for a number of boats. Minor variations occur as improvements are incorporated into the design, so later boats of a class may be more capable than earlier. Also, boats are modified, sometimes extensively, while in service, creating departures from the class standard. However, in general, all boats of a class are noticeably similar.

Experimental use: an example is , which used an unprecedented hull design. In this list such single boat "classes" are marked with "(unique)".

Pre–World War I

World War I

Interwar

World War II

Cold War

Diesel-Electric Submarines (SSs, SSKs, and SSGs)

Nuclear Attack Submarines (SSNs)

Nuclear Cruise Missile Submarines (SSGNs)

Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBNs)

Deep-submergence vehicles (DSVs)

Miscellaneous Submarines (SSTs, SSRs, AGSSs & SSRNs)

Post–Cold War

See also
Submarines in the United States Navy
List of submarines of the United States Navy
 List of Gato class submarines
 List of Balao class submarines
 List of Tench class submarines
 List of Sturgeon class submarines
 List of Los Angeles class submarines
 List of most successful American submarines in World War II
 Allied submarines in the Pacific War
 List of submarines of the Second World War
 List of ship classes of the Second World War
 List of United States Navy ships

External links
youtube.com USS Holland 
youtube.com Submarine #1

References

External links
 
 

 
 
Submarine classes
United States Navy
Peter Checkland. Peter Checkland (born 18 December 1930, in Birmingham, UK) is a British management scientist and emeritus professor of systems at Lancaster University. He is the developer of soft systems methodology (SSM): a methodology based on a way of systems thinking systems practice. Systems practice is the idea of uncovering an optimal solution within complex environments, thus leading to a thorough understanding of the system, analysing and adapting to change in the environment. In an important way his work preceded data science and change management disciplines in the next century.

Biography 
Checkland attended George Dixon's Grammar School, and in 1954 received a M.A. degree in chemistry at St John's College, Oxford, where he graduated with 1st class honours.

He worked in the industry for 15 years as a manager in ICI's chemicals business. At the end of the 1960s he joined the pioneering department of Systems Engineering at Lancaster University, where he became professor of Systems. At Lancaster he led a programme of action research. This research team developed a new way of tackling problem situations faced by managers – Soft Systems Methodology. The SSM approach is now used and taught worldwide. Since the 1990s he is Professor Emeritus of Systems in Lancaster University Management School.

Peter Checkland worked on the editorial board of journals such as European Journal of Information Systems; the International Journal of Information Management; the International Journal of General Systems; the Systems Practice; and the Systems Research journal.

In 1986 Peter Checkland was president of the Society for General Systems Research, now International Society for the Systems Sciences. In May 1996 he was awarded an honorary degree from the Open University as Doctor of the University. In 2004 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Economics, Prague. In 2007 he was awarded the Beale Medal by the OR Society, in recognition of his sustained and significant contribution to the philosophy, theory and practice of operational research. In 2008 he received the INCOSE Pioneer Award.

See also 
 Brian Wilson
 Rich picture

Publications 
Checkland wrote four books on Soft Systems Methodology and several articles and papers:

 1981, Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, Wiley [rev 1999 ed] 
 1990, Soft Systems in Action, Wiley (with Jim Scholes) [rev 1999 ed] 
 1998, Information, Systems and Information Systems, Wiley (with Sue Holwell) 
 2006, Learning For Action: A Short Definitive Account of Soft Systems Methodology, and its use Practitioners, Teachers and Students, Wiley (with John Poulter)

References

External links

 Professor Peter Checkland at Lancaster University, UK.
 Peter Checkland  introduction by the Open University, UK.

1930 births
Academics of Lancaster University
Systems engineers
British systems scientists
Living people
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
People educated at George Dixon Academy
Presidents of the International Society for the Systems Sciences
MRV. MRV can refer to:

 Mammalian orthoreovirus
 Merovingian Music, a record label
 Mini-rotary viscometer
 Multiple reentry vehicle
 MRV Communications, an American company
 MRV Engenharia, a Brazilian homebuilder company
 The IATA code for Mineralnye Vody Airport
 Magnetic resonance venography, a variation of magnetic resonance angiography
 Magnetic resonance velocimetry, an experimental method to obtain velocity fields in fluid mechanics 
 Medium reconnaissance vehicle, an Australian M113 armored personnel carrier variant
 "Measurable, reportable, verifiable" – a term qualifying carbon emissions reductions in contexts such as deforestation (REDD)
 Roll Flight MR V, a German powered parachute design
BS2. BS2 may refer to:

 NHK BS 2, a former TV channel
 BS2, a BS postcode area for Bristol, England
 BS2, a center drill bit size
 BS/2, the original German name of the OS/2 operating system
 BASIC Stamp 2, a microcontroller
 Blake Snyder Beat Sheet, a storytelling structure; see Save the Cat!: The Last Book on Screenwriting You'll Ever Need
 Brave Saint Saturn, an American Christian rock band 
 Brigade Spéciale N°2, a group related to Geheime Feldpolizei, the German secret military police during World War II
Brilliance BS2, a car
BS 2, Specification and Sections of Tramway Rails and Fishplates, a British Standard
 BS-II Bharat Stage emission standards in India
 , a Brazilian bank

See also
BS-2A and BS-2B, a Yuri (satellite)