omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sea Island Connector. The Sea Island Connector, is a crossing over the middle arm of the Fraser River in Metro Vancouver.

History

Project
Completed in August 2001, the concrete beams, atop the exposed steel piles driven into the river, support the concrete girders. This low-level three-lane bridge, parallel to the Moray Bridge, carries westbound traffic toward the Vancouver International Airport (YVR). The Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure for BC owns and maintains the structure. However, the joint exercise was a partnership of the Vancouver International Airport Authority, the province, the federal government, and the City of Richmond.

The $40 million project also comprised a vehicle overpass, interchanges on Sea Island to Grant McConachie Way and Russ Baker Way, and enhancements to Bridgeport Road and the Highway 99 interchange. The collaboration improved YVR access from Richmond and the highway, which includes the Oak Street Bridge.

Roadways
Formerly, Airport Rd. (north) leading to Grauer Rd., and Cessna Dr., branched at the foot of the Moray Bridge. Airport Rd. (north) became a cul-de-sac. Cessna Dr. access reconfigured to Russ Baker Way.

The Moray Bridge had been a single lane each way, subject to congestion from vehicle accidents, swing span openings for boats, or rush hour. Although commercial vessels largely avoid the middle arm, it is popular with pleasure craft. Yacht masts can clear the new bridge when travelling to the marinas immediately downstream.

During November and December 2019, the consecutive Russ Baker Way overpass experienced lane closures for concrete rehabilitation, better drainage, and bearing replacement.

See also
 List of crossings of the Fraser River
 List of BC bridges

References

Bridges in Greater Vancouver
Buildings and structures in Richmond, British Columbia
Bridges over the Fraser River
Road bridges in British Columbia
Transport in Richmond, British Columbia
Sea Island (British Columbia)
Benefield Anechoic Facility. Benefield Anechoic Facility (BAF) is an anechoic chamber located at the southwest side of the Edwards Air Force Base main base. It is currently the world's largest anechoic chamber. The BAF supports installed systems testing for avionics test programs requiring a large, shielded chamber with radio frequency (RF) absorption capability that simulates free space.

The facility is named after Rockwell test pilot and flight commander Tommie Douglas "Doug" Benefield, who was killed in a crash  northeast of Edwards Air Force Base in the desert east of Boron on August 29, 1984 during a USAF B-1 Lancer flight test.

Purpose
The BAF is a ground test facility to investigate and evaluate anomalies associated with Electronic Warfare systems, avionics, tactical missiles and their host platforms. Tactical-sized, single or multiple, or large vehicles can be operated in a controlled electromagnetic (EM) environment with emitters on and sensors stimulated while RF signals are recorded and analyzed. The largest platforms tested at the BAF have been the B-52 and C-17 aircraft. The BAF supports testing of other types of systems such as spacecraft, tanks, satellites, air defense systems, drones and armored vehicles.

The BAF equipment generates RF signals with a wide variety of characteristics, simulating red/blue/gray (unfriendly/friendly/unknown) surface-based, sea-based, and airborne systems. With the combination of signals and control functions available, a wide variety of test conditions can be emulated. Many conditions that are not available on outdoor ranges can be easily generated from the aspect of signal density, pulse density and number of simultaneous types.

Through the use of environmental monitoring systems, an independent agency captures, records, and verifies RF generated signals. These systems have the capabilities for real-time and post-test RF signal parameter measurement, instrument display recording, data analysis and test coordination, as well as providing the data for signal verification.

Some aircraft tested at the BAF include:
F-22 Raptor
C-130 Hercules
NC-130H
F-16 Fighting Falcon
B-1 Lancer
X-43A
MH-47 Chinook
V-22 Osprey
KC-46A Tanker
F-15SG Eagle
F-15SA Saudi Advanced Eagle

Special use
In 2003, BMW tested levels of electromagnetic interference on then-upcoming 2004 models of the 530i, 545i and debut model, 645i.

References

External links

Edwards AFB homepage
Satellite image on Google Maps

Avionics
Edwards Air Force Base
VF1. VF1, or similar, may refer to:
 VF-1, a deactivated fighter squadron of the United States Navy
 VF-1 (Brazil), a fighter squadron of the Brazilian Navy
 VF-1 Valkyrie, a fictional aircraft in the Macross and Robotech series
 Virtua Fighter (video game), a 1993 fighting game
 NaV1.5, an alias VF1
Mac Van Valkenburg. Mac Elwyn Van Valkenburg (October 5, 1921–March 19, 1997) was an American electrical engineer and university professor. He wrote seven textbooks and numerous scientific publications.

Early life and education
Van Valkenburg was born in Union, Utah. He graduated from the University of Utah in 1943 with a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering, received a master's degree in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1946, and a PhD in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1952, under advisor Oswald Garrison Villard, Jr.

Career
Van Valkenburg was a professor at the University of Illinois from 1955 to 1966, then joined Princeton University as professor and head of electrical engineering until 1974, when he returned to UIUC. He received an endowed position, the W. W. Grainger Professorship, in 1982, and became Dean of the College of Engineering in 1984.

Van Valkenburg was author of seven textbooks and numerous scientific publications. He died in Orem, Utah at the age of 75.

Awards and memberships
 Member of the National Academy of Engineering
 The Lamme Medal, the highest honor of the American Society for Engineering Education
 The IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984
 The ASEE George Westinghouse Award (1963)
 The IEEE Education Medal (1972)
 Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award of the College of Engineering at the University of Illinois.

The IEEE Education Society offers an annual Mac Van Valkenburg Early Career Teaching Award. UIUC established the M. E. Van Valkenburg Graduate Research Award in 1990.

His Ph.D. students have included:
 Leon O. Chua ('64; IEEE Fellow and Professor in the electrical engineering and computer sciences department at the University of California, Berkeley, considered to be the father of nonlinear circuit theory and cellular neural networks)
 Prof. VGK Murthi (Prof. and Dean at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India)
 Franklin Kuo ('58; Prof. at the University of Hawaii), who was instrumental in the development of the Aloha protocol
 Jose B. Cruz Jr. ('59; control theorist and Prof. at Ohio State University)
 King-Sun Fu ('59; founding president of the International Association for Pattern Recognition and Prof. at Purdue University)
 S. L. Hakimi ('59; mathematician at Northwestern University)
 Shlomo Karni ('60; Prof. at the University of New Mexico, founding dean of engineering at Tel Aviv University '70)
 Steven B. Sample ('65; President of University of Southern California).

References

1921 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American educators
20th-century American engineers
American people of Dutch descent
MIT School of Engineering alumni
People from Orem, Utah
Princeton University faculty
Stanford University alumni
University of Utah alumni
20th-century American writers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates
Engineering educators
Fellows of the American Society for Engineering Education
20th-century American male writers
Silicon Valley people
World Wide Molecular Matrix. The World Wide Molecular Matrix (WWMM) was a proposed electronic repository for unpublished chemical data. First introduced in 2002 by Peter Murray-Rust and his colleagues in the chemistry department at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, WWMM provided a free, easily searchable database for information about thousands of complicated molecules, data that would otherwise remain inaccessible to scientists.

Murray-Rust, a chemical informatics specialist, has estimated that 80% of the results produced by chemists around the world is never published in scientific journals. Most of this data is not ground-breaking, yet it could conceivably be of use to scientists doing related projects—if they could access it. The WWMM was proposed as a solution to this problem. It would house the results of experiments on over 100,000 molecules in physical chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry and medicinal chemistry.

In other scientific fields, the need for a similar depository to house inaccessible information could be more acute. In a presentation at the "CERN Workshop on Innovations in Scholarly Communications (OAI4)", Murray-Rust said that chemistry actually leads other fields in published data. He estimated that the majority of the data in some scientific fields never reaches publication.

Although scientific in nature, the WWMM was part of the broader open archives and open source movements, pushes to make more and more information freely available to any user via the Internet or World Wide Web. In his CERN presentation, Murray-Rust stated that the WWMM was a "response to the expense of [scientific] journals", and he asked the rhetorical question, "Can we win the war to make data open, or will it be absorbed into the publishing and pseudo-publishing world?" Murray-Rust and his colleagues are also responsible for the development of the Chemical Mark-up Language (CML), a variant of XML intended for chemists.

See also
 The open archives initiative (OAI)
 The science of Informatics
 Chemical Mark-up language (CML)

References

External links
The home page of Dr. Peter Murray-Rust at the University of Cambridge
The Cambridge Center for molecular informatics
An outline of the WWMM
CERN Workshop on Innovations in Scholarly Communication (OAI4)

Data management
Frank Baines. Sir Frank Baines,  KCVO, CBE, FRIBA (1877–1933) was chief architect at the British Office of Works from 1920 to 1927.

His most famous work was Thames House and its neighbour Imperial Chemical House (1929–30) in London. Thames House is currently the headquarters of the British Security Service (MI5) and Imperial Chemical House was built as the headquarters for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).

Much of his work involved the conservation and preservation of old buildings, on which he had  a worldwide reputation, including Tintern Abbey, Bylands Abbey, Huntingtower Castle, Jedburgh Abbey, Melrose Abbey, and Dryburgh Abbey. He was also adviser on the restoration of Westminster Hall, Eltham Palace Hall, and Caernarfon Castle in connection with the investiture of the Prince of Wales, later Edward VIII.

However, he is also known for perpetuating the arts and crafts style into the mid-20th century, particularly by his large estates at Eltham, Roe Green, Kingsbury, and Camberwell, which in turn influenced housing provision by such bodies as the London County Council. The three larger houses he designed at Loughton also follow this model.

Baines was born in Stepney, and educated at the People's Palace School and later under architect and designer Charles Robert Ashbee. He later divided his life between Clapham, St Keverne Cornwall, and Loughton, Essex, near his brother, Hubert, and sister, Ethel, where he was a keen gardener. Two of his later works were the design of a new house each for the brother and himself in Loughton.

He was found dead on Christmas Day, 25 December 1933, but the death certificate records Christmas Eve as the date of death.

A blue plaque was erected to him in the Uplands, Loughton in 2011.

References
The Times, 1 September 1927
 Chris Pond, The Buildings of Loughton and notable people of the town, 2nd ed 2010

1877 births
1933 deaths
Architects from London
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
People from Loughton
Image-based lighting. Image-based lighting (IBL) is a 3D rendering technique which involves capturing an omnidirectional representation of real-world light information as an image, typically using a 360° camera. This image is then projected onto a dome or sphere analogously to environment mapping, and this is used to simulate the lighting for the objects in the scene. This allows highly detailed real-world lighting to be used to light a scene, instead of trying to accurately model illumination using an existing rendering technique.

Image-based lighting often uses high-dynamic-range imaging for greater realism, though this is not universal.

According to Fxguide, "Almost all modern rendering software offers some type of image-based lighting, though the exact terminology used in the system may vary."

Motion picture production makes use of image-based lighting, and it can be seen in movies like 
Monsters University, The Great Gatsby, and Iron Man 2.

One reference capture technique, sometimes referred to as "wickmania" by camera technicians and VFX supervisors, involves shooting footage of two small spheres (one matte, one of a light-reflective material) on a physical set. This is used when the IBL will be later applied to an animated object or character that interacts with live objects or characters under the same lighting conditions.

Image-based lighting is also used in some video games as video game consoles and personal computers start to have the computational resources to render scenes in real time using this technique. This technique is used in: 
Forza Motorsport 4  
Rise of the Tomb Raider 
Into the Stars 
SuperTuxKart 

Image-based lighting is also a built-in feature of the Crytek CryEngine video game engine.

See also
 Ambient occlusion
 Relighting

References

External links
Real-Time HDR Image-Based Lighting Demo
Lighting models: Image-based lighting

Global illumination algorithms
Essynth. Essynth  is a mathematical model for interactive sound synthesis based on the evolutionary computation which uses genetic operators and fitness functions to create sound. In Essynth, digitally sampled sounds (waveforms) are represented as individuals within a population set that describes an evolutionary path over time in generation steps.  Here the evolution is given by the population's adaptation to another set of individuals, called here as the Target Set, which conveys all psychoacoustic features that steers the population evolution. This process is somehow similar to the “evolution pressure” that dictates the adaptation of populations in biological systems. The “best individual” within the population is the one most similar to the Target set. Unlike others deterministic sound synthesis methods such as the linear methods (i.e. additive synthesis), the non-linear (i.e. frequency modulation synthesis) and the sample-based methods (i.e. sample-based synthesis) Essynth is a non-deterministic method of sound synthesis once that its resulting sound is not fixed for the same parametric values but continuously evolves over time.

In Essynth, the group of individual's psychoacoustic features is called genotype. There are three basic models to represent the genotype in Essynth. They are: 1) digitally sampled sound segments (waveforms), 2) psychoacoustic curves of loudness, pitch and spectrum, and 3) 3D spectrogram.

The synthesized sound produced by this method is given by two processes, here called as: Reproduction and Selection. Reproduction uses the genetic operators: crossover and mutation to create new individuals by transforming its predecessor's genotype and Selection uses Hausdorff distance as the fitness evaluation methodology to select the best individuals, as well as eliminating the ones too distant from the Target set.

Since Essynth is a non-deterministic method, in addition to the convergence to the Target set, Essynth also produces a rich sound environment resulting from its dynamical behavior in time. As in nature, the evolutionary steps never repeat itself, although it may present some strong resemblance or similarity among individuals within the population.

References
 J. Fornari, J. Manzolli, A. Maia Jr., (2001). "The Evolutionary Sound Synthesis Method". Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia.

External links
  ACM Multimedia
  Manzolli's papers
  NICS

Sound synthesis types
FreePCB. FreePCB is a printed circuit board (PCB) electronic design automation program for Microsoft Windows, written by Allan Wright. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU General Public License.

Features 
The program supports up to 16 copper layers, both metric and customary units, and export of designs in RS-274X Gerber format. Boards can be partly or fully autorouted with the FreeRouting autorouter by using the FpcROUTE Specctra DSN design file translator.

Other operating systems 
FreePCB can run on Linux by using Wine and on Mac computers using Parallels Desktop for Mac, Virtual Box, or Wine via MacPorts.

See also 

 Comparison of EDA software
 List of free electronics circuit simulators

References

External links 
 
 A development branch of the program
 PCB Systems Design Community
 fpcconvert: A HPGL and G-code conversion tool for FreePCB
 The ham radio enthusiast P. Phobas has compiled this version of freePCB.exe (2,621,440 bytes instead of 3,141,632 bytes) which is still (as of 11/2024) compatible with Win10 and Win11 updates. Verbose logging is removed which bottlenecked comdlg32.dll.

Windows software
Free electronic design automation software
406 Maritime Operational Training Squadron. 406 "City of Saskatoon" Maritime Operational Training Squadron is a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) unit of the Canadian Armed Forces. Based at 12 Wing Shearwater since 1972, it is responsible for crew training on the Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone since summer of 2016. The squadron was formed during World War II as part of RAF Fighter Command.

History
The squadron was formed as No. 406 Squadron RCAF at RAF Acklington on 5 May 1941, as part of No. 12 Group of Fighter Command to operate as night fighters. The squadron was equipped with Blenheim Mk.IF heavy fighters, re-equipping with the improved Beaufighter Mk.IIF the next month.  They operated out of several airfields in the United Kingdom, changing to the Beaufighter Mk.VIF in mid-1942, and receiving the Mosquito Mk.XII night-fighter during April 1944. They upgraded to the Mosquito Mk.XXX in July 1944, and operated this aircraft for the remainder of the war. In November 1944 it was renamed No. 406 (Intruder) Squadron to carry out daylight offensive operations over mainland Europe. In June 1945 the squadron was posted to RAF Predannack in Cornwall, where it disbanded in August 1945.

The unit was reformed as a reserve unit, 406 Tactical Bomber Squadron (Auxiliary) on 1 April 1947 at RCAF Station Saskatoon. It flew B-25 Mitchell light bombers, and also Harvard and T-33 Silver Star aircraft for army co-operation duties. It was redesignated 406 (Light Bomber) Squadron on 1 April 1949, and adopted the title City of Saskatoon in September 1952.

In March 1958 under the name 406 Squadron, it was re-equipped with C-45 Expeditor and CSR-123 Otter aircraft, and assigned to a light transport and emergency rescue role. The squadron was disbanded again on 1 April 1964.

The squadron was reformed for a third time at CFB Shearwater on 12 July 1972 as the 406 Maritime Operational Training Squadron, operating the CH-124 Sea King helicopter and the CP-121 Tracker ASW aircraft. In mid-1981, the operational Tracker squadron, 880 Maritime Reconnaissance Squadron, was transferred CFB Summerside, which left 406 Squadron only responsible for Sea King training. It currently provides trained air and ground crews for 423 and 443 Maritime Helicopter squadrons. Around 200 to 300 students graduate from 406 Squadron courses each year.

References

External links
  (Official history of RCAF operations, 1944)
  (Official history of RCAF operations, 1945)
  (Account by a radar technician of life in 406 Sqn, 1941–45.)

Canadian Forces aircraft squadrons
Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons
RCAF training units
Military units and formations established in 1972
Chrysler CCV. The Chrysler CCV (CCV stands for Composite Concept Vehicle) was a concept car designed by Bryan Nesbitt to illustrate new means of construction suitable for developing nations. 

The car is a tall, fairly roomy 4-door hatchback, of modest dimensions. The designers at Chrysler note they were inspired to create a modernized Citroën 2CV. 

The Chrysler CCV featured an injection-molded plastic body with a fabric roof and an air-cooled 2-cylinder engine driving the front wheels. It was designed to be cheap and easy to manufacture in countries with poor transportation and utility infrastructure and minimal access to capital and skilled labor. The car's simplicity would have ensured longevity and reliability in harsh conditions and made it easy for owners to do their own maintenance and repair work. Despite its lightweight construction, the CCV performed well in front and rear crash tests, although its lack of structural support in the doors and side pillars would have prevented sales in first-world markets. 

The CCV was initially developed in the mid-1990s, and earmarked for production, beginning with a joint venture operation in China. However, logistical problems with the injection molding process combined with the rationalization that occurred following Chrysler's 1998 takeover by Daimler-Benz to effectively kill the project. Techniques developed to manufacture CCV bodyshells were ultimately utilized in the production of plastic hardtops for the Jeep Wrangler. 

Although the CCV project was essentially terminated in 1998, Chrysler Group continues to actively exhibit the several prototypes produced at a variety of venues, including at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 2000.

References

Chrysler's Composite Concept Vehicle (CCV) 

CCV
11:Metre One Design. The 11:Metre One Design, also called the 11 Metre or 11 Meter, is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Ron Holland and Rolf Gyhlenius as a one-design racer and first built in 1990.

The design was at one time a World Sailing international class.

Production
The design was built by Precision Boat Works in Palmetto, Florida, United States, starting in 1990. Boats was also built in Norway, Australia and Sweden. A total of around 300 boats was completed during the 1990s.

Design
The 11 Meter is a racing keelboat, built predominantly of cored fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a sharply reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel with a weighted lead bulb. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel.

The design has minimal cabin space, intended for storage space.

For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical masthead spinnaker.

Operational history
The boat is supported by a class club that organizes racing events, the International 11:Metre One Design Class Association.

External links
International 11:Metre One Design Class Association

Keelboats
Former classes of World Sailing
1990s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Ron Holland
Sailboat type designs by Rolf Gyhlenius
Sailboat types built by Precision Boat Works