omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ExtendSim. ExtendSim is a simulation program for modeling discrete event, continuous, agent-based, discrete rate, and mixed-mode processes. There are three main ExtendSim simulation model building packages: CP for modeling continuous processes; DE which adds discrete event technology; and Pro which adds discrete rate and reliability block diagramming modules. ExtendSim Analysis RunTime is for model analysis and ExtendSim Cloud which provides access to models located on self-hosted servers for analysis by internal or external users.

History

Model construction
Models are created by placing blocks from a library into a model worksheet. Blocks are connected together to create the logical flow of the model. Data for the model resides in the parameters of the blocks and in a proprietary database. New blocks can be created by combining existing blocks into a single hierarchical block or by programming a block in ExtendSim's C-based language, ModL. The major libraries in ExtendSim are:

Application areas

Sample applications include resource optimization for food logistics, six sigma process improvement for a hospital emergency department, communication systems,  and manufacturing facility design

See also 
 Discrete event simulation
 Discrete rate simulation
 Computer model
 Process optimization
 Simulation software
 list of discrete event simulation software

References

External links
 
 ExtendSim blog
 MASH-Pandemics - a portal to support Models for Assessing Strategies for Hospitals
 SPICOSA page on ExtendSim

Simulation software
Eiiti Wada. Eiiti Wada (和田英一, 1 June 1931) is a computer scientist and emeritus professor at the University of Tokyo and the Research Director of Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ), a computer network technology company. He is one of the creators of the Happy Hacking Keyboard.

He was involved with developing international standards in programming and informatics.

In 1968, the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi (WG2.1) solicited a new version of the programming language ALGOL to succeed ALGOL 60. Iwamura, Kakehi, Simauti, Wada, and Nobuo Yoneda were members of the design team of a Japanese candidate language named ALGOL N, but it was not chosen for what became ALGOL 68.

In 1972, he became a member of IFIP WG2.1, which specified, maintains, and supports ALGOL 60 and 68.

He was a member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and chairperson of its National Member Body of ISO/TC97, now JTC1/SC2. There, he contributed much, especially for character encoding set standards. Later, he helped create the related Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) X 0208, 0212.

, he works on computer graphics for the Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ) Innovation Institute.

References

External links

Japanese computer scientists
Living people
1931 births
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
McDonnell Doodlebug. The McDonnell Doodlebug is a light aircraft that was built to win a 1927 safety contest by McDonnell Aircraft founder, James Smith McDonnell.

Design and development
The Doodlebug was built in response to a 1927 safety contest sponsored by the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics with a prize of $100,000. The aircraft was built at the Hamilton Aero Manufacturing factory in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
l
The Doodlebug is a tandem-seat low wing taildragger with a fabric covered steel tube fuselage. The landing gear featured widely spaced main wheels. The wings featured full-length leading-edge slats.

Operational history
The Doodlebug was produced too late to compete, but was granted an exemption. The aircraft's tail folded upward in initial demonstrations at Mitchel Field in New York, and allowed more extensions to repair damages. After a forced landing due to engine failure, the Doodlebug missed the opportunity to be judged in the competition. The winner of the competition was a Curtiss Tanager. The forced landing caused McDonnell a back injury, but he still drove the aircraft to demonstrate in various air shows throughout the start of the Great Depression. In 1931 the Doodlebug was sold to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) as a demonstrator for leading edge slats.

Specifications (McDonnell Doodlebug)

References

External links

1920s United States experimental aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Oneida Street Station. Oneida Street Station, also known as the East Wells Power Plant, was a power plant operated by The Milwaukee Electric Railway & Light Company. Constructed from 1898 to 1900, it was designed by architect Herman Esser in neoclassical revival style. The building is located in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin, at the Milwaukee River and Wells Street, which was once known as Oneida Street. The company began operating electric street cars in 1890. Their expanding network of streetcar and interurban railway lines were powered by several of their own power plants. As the company generated more power than they used, they sold the excess electricity, and, as Wisconsin Energy Corporation, eventually became the major supplier of power to eastern Wisconsin. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) describes the plant as the "first central power station in the United States to be equipped and successfully operated with pulverized coal."

The oldest building of the complex is the machine shop and boiler room #2, designed by E. Townsend Mix and built in 1890 for the Edison Illuminating Company. In 1896 the company and building were merged into the Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company. In 1900 TMER&L built the Oneida Street Plant just south of the old Edison building. Boiler room #3 was added north of the Edison building in 1923 and 1925. Boiler room #4 was added in 1938.

From 1918 to 1920, the plant was the site of pioneering experiments into the use of pulverized coal-fired boilers. The chief engineer for the company directed experiments to determine whether pulverized coal would conserve fuel and reduced the cost of electrical power. This change was seen as controversial, and was opposed by many engineers. However, pulverized coal was determined to be much more efficient than stoker firing in the central station boilers. In addition to the change in the coal, a "water screen" was developed to reduce the temperature of the waste ash, to prevent it from fusing as slag on the floor of the boiler. Soon, boilers all over the country began using pulverized coal, due to the greater efficiency of the process. For this, the site is recognized as a National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark, in 1980, by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic places in 1984. However, the power plant was decommissioned and the building was renovated in 1987. The building currently houses the Patty and Jay Baker Theater Complex and the Milwaukee Repertory Theater.

References

Industrial buildings completed in 1900
Buildings and structures in Milwaukee
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Neoclassical architecture in Wisconsin
Railway buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Milwaukee
1900 in rail transport
Coreflood. Coreflood is a trojan horse and botnet created by a group of Russian hackers and released in 2010. The FBI included on its list of infected systems "approximately 17 state or local government agencies, including one police department; three airports; two defense contractors; five banks or financial institutions; approximately 30 colleges or universities; approximately 20 hospital or health care companies; and hundreds of businesses." It is present on more than 2.3 million computers worldwide and as of May 2011 remains a threat.

Background
BackdoorCoreflood is a trojan horse that opens a back door on the compromised computer.
It acts as a keylogger and gathers user information. http://www.youtube.com

Status
 the FBI has the capability, and recently authorization from the courts, to delete Coreflood from infected computers after receiving written consent. The FBI has reduced the size of the botnet by 90% in the United States and 75% around the world.

References

Botnets
Windows trojans
Magnetic chip detector. A magnetic chip detector is an electronic instrument that attracts ferromagnetic particles (mostly iron chips). It is mainly used in aircraft engine oil and helicopter gearbox chip detection systems. Chip detectors can provide an early warning of an impending engine failure and thus greatly reduce the cost of an engine overhaul.

Operation
Chip Detectors consist of small plugs which can be installed in an engine oil filter, oil sump or aircraft drivetrain gear boxes. Over a period of time, engine wear and tear causes small metal chips to break loose from engine parts and circulate in the engine oil.

The detector houses magnets incorporated into an electric circuit. Magnetic lines of force attract ferrous particles. Collection of these particles continues until the insulated air gap between the magnets (two magnet configuration) or between the magnet and housing (one magnet configuration) is bridged, effectively closing the circuit. The result is an electronic signal for remote indication. Thus, a warning light on the instrument panel illuminates, indicating the presence of metal chips.

Chip detectors may be positioned in the application with a self-closing valve/adapter through either a bayonet or threaded interface. As the chip detector is disengaged from the valve, the valve closes minimizing any fluid loss from the system.

The chip detectors used on aircraft are inspected in every 'A check' and higher. They may also be specified intervals such as every 30–40 hours for an engine unit and 100 hours for an APU unit.

References 

Aircraft instruments
Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system or adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is a kind of artificial neural network that is based on Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy inference system. The technique was developed in the early 1990s. Since it integrates both neural networks and fuzzy logic principles, it has potential to capture the benefits of both in a single framework.

Its inference system corresponds to a set of fuzzy IF–THEN rules that have learning capability to approximate nonlinear functions. Hence, ANFIS is considered to be a universal estimator. For using the ANFIS in a more efficient and optimal way, one can use the best parameters obtained by genetic algorithm. It has uses in intelligent situational aware energy management system.

ANFIS architecture
It is possible to identify two parts in the network structure, namely premise and consequence parts. In more details, the architecture is composed by five layers.

 The first layer takes the input values and determines the membership functions belonging to them. It is commonly called fuzzification layer. The membership degrees of each function are computed by using the premise parameter set, namely {a,b,c}.
 The second layer is responsible of generating the firing strengths for the rules. Due to its task, the second layer is denoted as "rule layer".
 The role of the third layer is to normalize the computed firing strengths, by dividing each value for the total firing strength.
 The fourth layer takes as input the normalized values and the consequence parameter set {p,q,r}.
 The values returned by this layer are the defuzzificated ones and those values are passed to the last layer to return the final output.

Fuzzification layer
The first layer of an ANFIS network describes the difference to a vanilla neural network. Neural networks in general are operating with a data pre-processing step, in which the features are converted into normalized values between 0 and 1. An ANFIS neural network doesn't need a sigmoid function, but it's doing the preprocessing step by converting numeric values into fuzzy values.

Here is an example: Suppose, the network gets as input the distance between two points in the 2d space. The distance is measured in pixels and it can have values from 0 up to 500 pixels. Converting the numerical values into fuzzy numbers is done with the membership function which consists of semantic descriptions like near, middle and far. Each possible linguistic value is given by an individual neuron. The neuron “near” fires with a value from 0 until 1, if the distance is located within the category "near". While the neuron “middle” fires, if the distance in that category. The input value “distance in pixels” is split into three different neurons for near, middle and far.

References

Fuzzy logic
Artificial neural networks
Disparate system. In information technology, a disparate system or a disparate data system is a computer data processing system that was designed to operate as a fundamentally distinct  data processing system without exchanging data or interacting with other computer data processing systems.  Legacy systems are examples of disparate data systems, as are heterogeneous database data systems.  A disparate system is often characterized as an information silo because of the data system's isolation from or incompatibility with any other data systems.

Overview
Each data system may be envisioned as being composed of a software layer or applications architecture, a data layer or data architecture, and a data processing environment layer or technical architecture.   Any of these three layers may contribute to forming a disparate data system.

See also

References

Information technology
Information systems
Data partitioning
Octane Render. Octane Render is an unbiased rendering application with real-time capability developed by graphics software company OTOY Inc. 

Octane render was the first commercially available unbiased path-tracer that fully utilized the GPU, allowing users to modify scenes close to real time without the speed malus of CPU rendering. 

Octane Render runs on Nvidia's CUDA technology using Nvidia GPU video cards; Octane X for macOS Big Sur, and runs on Metal on AMD, Intel Skylake and Apple Silicon graphics cards.

References

External links
Official Octane Render site

Rendering systems
2009 software
3D rendering software for Linux
Bock 1. The Bock 1 is an American high-wing, strut-braced single-seat glider that was designed by John W. Bock of Long Beach, California.

Design and development
Bock started design of the Bock 1 in the mid-1950s, the work taking him many years to complete. His prototype first flew in 1960.

The aircraft is constructed predominantly from aluminium with some surfaces finished with doped aircraft fabric covering. The wing is a constant-chord design with a single strut and end-plates. The  wing employs a NACA 63(3)-618 laminar flow airfoil. The landing gear is a monowheel arrangement.

Only the prototype was ever completed.

Operational history
By 1973 the prototype had flown over 300 hours, including a flight of 7:50 and another flight to  altitude.

In 1983 it was reported that the prototype had not flown in ten years, was permanently stored and required restoration. In May 2011 it was still registered with the Federal Aviation Administration to the designer.

Specifications (Bock 1)

See also

References

1960s United States sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1960
2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid. 2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid (PDTC) is an organosulfur compound that is produced by some bacteria. It functions as a , a low molecular weight compound that scavenges iron. Siderophores solubilize compounds by forming strong complexes. PDTC is secreted by the soil bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas putida.

Synthesis and biosynthesis
PDTC can be synthesized in the laboratory by treating the diacid dichloride of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic with H2S in pyridine:

This route produces the pyridinium salt of pyridinium-2,6-dicarbothioate. Treatment of this orange-colored salt with sulfuric acid gives colorless PDTC, which can then be extracted with dichloromethane.

The biosynthesis of PDTC remains unclear although some insights can be deduced from the genetics.  It is suggested that Pseudomonas stutzeri may have acquired at least one of the genes by lateral transfer from mycobacteria. In a proposed biosynthetic sequence pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, a known bacterial metabolite, is activated as its bis-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) derivative. The sulfur donor and its activation remain uncertain.

Coordination chemistry

PDTC binds to both Fe2+ and Fe3+. The ferric complex is brown, whereas the ferrous complex is blue. In the presence of air, the ferrous complex oxidizes to the ferric compound. It is iron selective as only the Fe complex is soluble in water. PDTC is produced mainly during the exponential phase of bacterial growth. The conditions at which Pseudomonas produces PDTC is 25 °C, pH=8 and sufficient aeration.

See also 
 Dipicolinic acid

References

Thiocarboxylic acids
Pyridines
Cenpes. The Centro de Pesquisas Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello known as Cenpes is the unit of Research Center of Petrobras responsible for research and development (R & D) and basic engineering of the company. It was formed on 4 December 1963 and aims to provide technological solutions to anticipate and vision of innovation and sustainability for the company.

Currently under construction is the expansion of the current headquarters of Cenpes and that is the largest center of research on oil from the southern hemisphere.

Operation 

Cenpes aims to plan, coordinate, implement, promote and monitor the activities of R & D and basic engineering related to the oil industry and other energy sources. Besides these activities, Cenpes is responsible for:

 Establish and maintain relationships with the community of science and technology (S & T), by universities and research centers in the country;
 Provide technical assistance and perform centralized services in the areas of technical information and industrial property (trademarks and patents);
 Propose guidelines on technology and innovation to Petrobras.

Research and development 
Cenpes carries out research and technological development in energy, fulfilling the needs of the areas of end-Petrobras: exploration, production and refining of oil and natural gas, in addition to research on renewable energy and sustainable development.

Basic engineering 
The area of basic engineering is responsible for three major activities: the production of basic design (set of technical documents that define a fully operational unit and aims to hire the subsequent phases of development), technical evaluations and economic provision of assistance technique.

See also 
 Petrobras
 Petroleum

References

External links 
 Petrobras

Research institutes in Brazil
Petrobras
Spreeta. Spreeta is an electro-optical device utilizing surface plasmon resonance to detect small changes in refractive index of liquids.  The Spreeta device was developed by Texas Instruments, Inc. in the 1990s.  Device design incorporates a light-emitting diode (LED) illuminating a thin metal film (usually gold) in the Kretchmann geometry (needed to excite surface plasmons).  The reflected light is detected by a photodiode linear array (which translates angle of reflection to pixel position) and the resonance (a dip in the reflectivity at a specific angle of incidence) denotes the refractive index on the outer surface of the metal film.  Applications include real-time measurement of binding of antigens to antibodies attached to the sensor surface, monitoring changes in oil quality, and measuring sugar content in drinks (Brix level).

The term "Spreeta" is an anglic derivative of SPR-ITA, which combines SPR (for Surface Plasmon Resonance) with "ita" (a Spanish suffix meaning "small").

References 
 U.S. Patent Number 5912456 - Filed Mar 19, 1997 - Texas Instruments Incorporated 

Sensors
Texas Instruments hardware
Plasmonics
114th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States). The 114th Engineer Battalion was an engineer battalion of the United States Army. The battalion was activated on 4 April 1942, at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, and was inactivated on 28 February 1946 in Japan. 

During World War II, the battalion was attached to the 32nd Infantry Division to replace the 107th Engineer Combat Battalion, which was bound for Ireland.
They fought with the 32nd Infantry Division in Papua New Guinea, and in the Philippines.

References

External links
 Rutgers Oral History interview with replacement soldier Michael A. Catera

Engineer battalions of the United States Army
Military units and formations established in 1943
Spring system. In engineering and physics, a spring system or spring network is a model of physics described as a graph with a position at each vertex and a spring of given stiffness and length along each edge. This generalizes Hooke's law to higher dimensions. This simple model can be used to solve the pose of static systems from crystal lattice to springs. A spring system can be thought of as the simplest case of the finite element method for solving problems in statics. Assuming linear springs and small deformation (or restricting to one-dimensional motion) a spring system can be cast as a (possibly overdetermined) system of linear equations or equivalently as an energy minimization problem.

Known spring lengths 
Consider the simple case of three nodes, in one dimension , connected by two springs. If the nominal lengths, L, of the springs are known to be 1 and 2 units respectively, i.e. , then the system can be solved as follows:

 The stretching of the two springs is given as a function of the positions of the nodes by
 
where  is the matrix transpose of the oriented incidence matrix
 
relating each degree of freedom to the direction each spring pulls on it.
The forces on the springs are

where W is a diagonal matrix giving the stiffness of every spring. Then the force on the nodes is given by left multiplying by , which we set to zero to find equilibrium:
 
which gives the linear equation:
 .
Now, the matrix  is singular, because all solutions are equivalent up to rigid-body translation. Let us prescribe a Dirichlet boundary condition, e.g., . 

As an example, let W be the identity matrix then 

is the Laplacian matrix. Plugging in  we have
.
Incorporating the 2 to the left-hand side gives
.
and removing rows of the system that we already know, and simplifying, leaves us with
.
.
so we can then solve
.
That is, , as prescribed, and , leaving the first spring slack, and , leaving the second spring slack.

See also 
 Gaussian network model
 Anisotropic Network Model
 Stiffness matrix
 Spring-mass system
 Laplacian matrix

External links 
 The Physics of Springs

Springs (mechanical)
Elasticity (physics)
Solid mechanics
Island Park Dam. Island Park Dam is operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in Fremont County, Idaho, United States.  The dam lies in Targhee National Forest near Island Park. The zoned earthfill dam was built between 1937 and 1939 as part of the Minidoka Project, which provides water to irrigate farmland in Idaho's Snake River Plain.

The dam provides only water storage, impounding , which is distributed by the Cross Cut Canal to farms in Fremont and Madison counties in Idaho, and Teton County in Wyoming. The Island Park and Grassy Lake reservoirs were built as an alternative to construction of a larger project that would have flooded the Falls River area of Yellowstone National Park.

Climate
Island Park Dam has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) bordering upon a subalpine climate (Dfc). Summers feature very warm afternoons and chilly mornings, whilst winters are freezing and very snowy with an annual snowfall averaging  and reaching  between July 1974 and June 1975. The dam's weather recording site holds the record for the eighth-lowest temperature recorded in the United States (and lowest temperature recorded in Idaho) at .

References

External links
 Island Park Dam  at the Bureau of Reclamation

Dams in Idaho
Buildings and structures in Fremont County, Idaho
Minidoka Project
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
Dams completed in 1939
1939 establishments in Idaho