omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid methyl ester. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are a type of fatty acid ester that are derived by transesterification of fats with methanol.  The molecules in biodiesel are primarily FAME, usually obtained from vegetable oils by transesterification. They are used to produce detergents and biodiesel. FAME are typically produced by an alkali-catalyzed reaction between fats and methanol in the presence of base such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide or potassium hydroxide. One reason for using FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) in biodiesel production, rather than free fatty acids, is to mitigate the potential corrosion they can cause to metals of engines, production facilities, and related infrastructure. While free fatty acids are only mildly acidic, over time they can lead to cumulative corrosion. In contrast, their esters, such as FAME, are less corrosive and therefore preferred for biodiesel production. As an improved quality, FAMEs also usually have about 12-15 units higher cetane number than their unesterified counterparts.

Selected FAMEs
FAMEs are colorless compounds with melting points near room temperature.

FAME profiling
Microorganisms have diverse and sometimes distinctive FAME profiles, the basis of "microbial fingerprinting". After triglycerides, fatty acids and certain other lipids of some cultured microbes are transesterified or esterified, the resulting FAMEs can be analyzed with gas chromatography. These profiles can be used as a tool for microbial source tracking (MST) to identify pathological bacteria strains and for characterizing new species of bacteria.

For example, a profile created from cultured bacteria from some water sample can be compared to a profile of known pathological bacteria to find out if the water is polluted by feces or not.

Unusual FAMEs
In June 2022, Polycyclopropanated fatty acid methyl ester (POP-FAME) fuels were biosynthesized from Streptomyces coelicolor bacteria, which have energy densities of more than 50MJ/L larger than the most widely used aviation and rocket fuels.

See also
 Biodiesel production
 Oleochemicals

References

Fatty acid esters
Biodiesel
Methyl esters
European VLBI Network. The European VLBI Network (EVN) is a network of radio telescopes located primarily in Europe and Asia, with additional antennas in South Africa and Puerto Rico, which performs very high angular resolution observations of cosmic radio sources using very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI). The EVN is the most sensitive VLBI array in the world, and the only one capable of real-time observations. The Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE) acts as the central organisation in the EVN, providing both scientific user support and a correlator facility. Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) achieves ultra-high angular resolution and is a multi-disciplinary technique used in astronomy, geodesy and astrometry.

The EVN operates an open-sky policy, allowing anyone to propose an observation using the network

EVN Telescopes 
The EVN network comprises 22 telescope facilities:

Additionally the EVN often links with the UK-based 7-element Jodrell Bank MERLIN interferometer. It can also be connected to the US Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), achieving a global VLBI, obtaining sub-milliarcsecond resolution at frequencies higher than 5 GHz.

e-EVN 
Since 2004, the EVN has started to be linked together using international fibre optic networks, through a technique known as e-VLBI. The EXPReS project was designed to connect telescopes at Gigabit per second links via their National Research Networks and the Pan-European research network GÉANT2, and make the first astronomical experiments using this new technique. This allows researchers to take advantage of the e-EVN's Targets of Opportunity for conducting follow-on observations of transient events such as X-ray binary flares, supernova explosions and gamma-ray bursts.

EXPReS's objectives are to connect up to 16 of the world's most sensitive radio telescopes on six continents to the central data processor of the European VLBI Network at the Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE). Specific activities involve securing "last-mile connections" and upgrading existing connections to the telescopes, updating the correlator to process up to 16 data streams at 1 Gbit/s each in real time and research possibilities for distributed computing to replace the centralized data processor.

History 
The EVN was formed in 1980 by a consortium of five of the major radio astronomy institutes in Europe (the European Consortium for VLBI). Since 1980, the EVN and the Consortium has grown to include many institutes with numerous radio telescopes in several western European countries as well as associated institutes with telescopes in Russia, Ukraine, China and South Africa. Proposals for an additional telescope in Spain are under consideration.

Observations using the EVN have contributed to scientific research on Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), gravitational lensing, and supermassive black holes.

See also 
 Northern Extended Millimeter Array

References

External links 

The European VLBI Network on the internet
Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC on the internet

Astronomy in Europe
Interferometric telescopes
Radio telescopes
My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla. My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla is a book compiled and edited by Ben Johnston detailing the work of Nikola Tesla. The content was largely drawn from a series of articles that Nikola Tesla had written for Electrical Experimenter magazine in 1919, when he was 63 years old. Tesla's personal account is divided into six chapters covering different periods of his life: My Early Life, My First Efforts At Invention, My Later Endeavors, The Discovery of the Rotating Magnetic Field, The Discovery of the Tesla Coil and Transformer, The Magnifying Transmitter, and The Art of Telautomatics.

Publication history 
Tesla's autobiography was first published as a six-part 1919 series in the Electrical Experimenter magazine, in the February – June, and October issues.  The series was republished as Moji Pronalasci – My Inventions, Školska Knjiga, Zagreb, 1977, on the occasion of Tesla's 120th anniversary, with side-by-side English and Serbo-Croatian translations by Tomo Bosanac and Vanja Aljinović, Branimira Valić, ed.  It is presently available in book form, My Inventions : The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, Hart Brothers, Williston, Vermont, 1982,
giovanni Herran. Figures with an 18-page introduction by Ben Johnston.
Hugo Gernsback also wrote his own introduction to the series which was published in the January 1919 issue.

The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla   
The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla is the renamed Part One, The Life of Tesla by Tesla. The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla was published by Kolmogorov-Smirnov Publishing, and subsequently became the first online version of Nikola Tesla's Autobiography. It was transcribed by John Rolad Penner in 1994  from a small typed booklet, then photocopied and stapled. The booklet includes no means of contacting the publisher, although the name 'Kolmogorov-Smirnov Publishing' appears after the title page. The only form of date identification is the hand-written purchase date: April 29, 1978. The text was first made available on GEnie in 1995 under the GNU General Public License, and from there, soon began to propagate onto the Internet.

Although it is the first electronic version of Tesla's autobiography available online it contains many significant errors carried over from the original photocopied text.  Online Internet scrutiny has subsequently revealed numerous omissions and additions that did not appear in the original serial text published in Electrical Experimenter magazine. 

The original six-part series published in Electrical Experimenter Magazine in 1919 has been republished in book form as: My Inventions, The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (Hart Brothers, Williston, 1983).  A nearly unabridged version of My Inventions in various file formats is also freely available in electronic form at www.tfcbooks.com/special/mi_link.htm.  It supersedes the earlier corrupted text.

References

External links 
 My Inventions : The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla
 My Inventions on the World Wide Web

1919 non-fiction books
1982 non-fiction books
Science autobiographies
Books about Nikola Tesla
Antonov An-218. The Antonov An-218 was a proposal by the Antonov Design Bureau for a widebody commercial airliner. A twin-engined design, it was intended to carry approximately 350 passengers.

The first flight was initially scheduled for 1994. Due to severe economic conditions the project was abandoned.
Only a full-scale wooden replica of the An-218 was built, but eventually it was disassembled.

Specifications (An-218-100, as designed)

See also

References

External links

 Aircraft facts (translated) (original page)
 An-218 airliner by Antonov ANTK 

An-218
1990s Ukrainian airliners
Cessna T303 Crusader. The Cessna T303 Crusader is an American six-place light twin-engined aircraft built by Cessna Aircraft Company. Production ceased in 1986.

Design and development
The original Cessna 303 Clipper was first flown on February 14, 1978; it was a low-wing four-seat Lycoming-powered twin-engined aircraft that would have competed with the Piper Seminole, Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar, and Beechcraft Duchess. After market demand for four-place light twins declined, only one 303 Clipper was built before Cessna redesigned the aircraft as a six-seat twin. They also renamed the aircraft out of legal concern, since Pan Am Airlines held the trademark on the name "Clipper" in reference to their fleet aircraft.

The new model, designated the T303 Crusader first flew on October 17, 1979, with the first deliveries being made in October, 1981. The T303 is an all-metal low-wing six-seat twin-engined aircraft with a retractable tricycle undercarriage. At the time, it was the first all-new production twin built by Cessna in over a decade. With a declining market, only 297 were built.

Examples were exported to Europe, with several still operating in the United Kingdom in 2012 and two flying in Goondiwindi, Queensland, Australia. Many are still flying in Colombia in air taxi and private operations.

Operators

Military operators
Haiti Air Corps
 Armed Forces of Guatemala

Specifications (T303)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Taylor, John W.R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. .

External links

303
1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Cruciform tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1978
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Rieter. Rieter is a producer of textile machinery based in Winterthur, Switzerland.

History
Founded in 1795 by Johann Jacob Rieter (1762–1826), the company initially produced textile products. In 1806, as Napoleon imposed the Continental Blockade to prevent trade between Continental Europe and the United Kingdom, it became impossible for Rieter to get spare parts for its British textile machinery. As a consequence, the company started to produce spare parts themselves, and in 1810 the first self-designed textile machine left its workshop.

In 1982, Rieter acquired the British textile machinery company Ernest Scragg & Sons Ltd. The group took over Automatik (founded in 1947) in 1992.

In 2011, the automotive products division, formerly Rieter Automotive, separated from Rieter and became a new corporation; Autoneum. The two Board Members of Rieter, Peter Spuhler and Michael Pieper, agreed to keep their shares in Autoneum for a certain agreed time period and to grant the new company a subordinated loan of 12.5 million CHF each.

On 30 June 2017, Rieter acquired SSM Textile Machinery Division (SSM) from Schweiter Technologies AG, Horgen (Switzerland) which now functions under the Rieter Component division. SSM deals in yarn winding equipment. SSM was formed by the merger of Schärer, Schweiter and Mettler companies in 1989. SSM took over Giudici S.p.A., Galbiate, Italy in February 2012 which is involved in false-twist texturing field machinery (fine count Nylon yarns). SSM also has a subsidiary in Zhongshan, China under the name of  SSM (Zhongshan) Ltd, which helps in sales/support/service operations and also handles, manufacturing & assembling of machines for asian markets 

In 2021, Rieter acquired three businesses from Saurer. On August 13, 2021, Rieter Holding Ltd., Winterthur (Switzerland), and Saurer Intelligent Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai (China) listed and signed an agreement by which Rieter would acquire three businesses from Saurer Netherlands Machinery Company B.V., Amsterdam (Netherlands), the parent company of Saurer Spinning Solutions GmbH & Co. KG, Uebach-Palenberg (Germany) and Saurer Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Krefeld (Germany). With this acquisition, Rieter completed the offering of ring- and compact spinning systems by acquiring the Schlafhorst automatic winder business. Additionally, Rieter invested in two component businesses: Accotex (elastomer components for spinning machines) and Temco (bearing solutions for filament machines).

References

External links
Rieter official site

1795 establishments in Europe
18th-century establishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy
Manufacturing companies of Switzerland
Spinning
Textile machinery manufacturers
Companies based in Winterthur
Companies established in 1795
Companies listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange
Swiss brands
XBC. The XBC, or the Xport Botball Controller, is a robot based on  Charmed Labs' Xport hardware.  It was built specifically for the Botball competition and uses a Game Boy Advance for its display and for high-level processing; a field-programmable gate array is used to offload low-level processing of motors and sensors from the Game Boy Advance.  The XBC is programmed using Interactive C, which is a variant of the C programming language.  The XBC replaced the RCX in 2005 as Botball's official processor.  The RCX can be programmed using Interactive C, Not Quite C, or Lego's simple GUI interface.  Both robots can have bases built with Lego pieces.

Sensors 
The XBC has ports for LEDs/light sensors, IR reflection/color sensors, SONAR, and touch sensors. A camera can also be connected via a header pin array on the front of the XBC; it can blob-track or serve as a color sensor. The camera's live feed can be displayed on the GBA's screen.

Servos and Motors 
The XBC has 4 motor ports and 4 servo ports, each labeled 0-3, respectively. Each motor can be independently programmed to go either backwards or forwards and each servo can be independently changed and controlled with precision.  Servos and motors are powered by a separate battery pack from the Game Boy Advance.

Programming 
The XBC can be programmed using either Interactive C (IC) or the Xport Development Kit (Xport DK).  IC is a simplified variant of C, which is intended to be as easy as possible to use.  The Xport DK, in contrast, is a full-blown C/C++ cross-compiler.  IC has many feature limitations that are not present in the Xport DK; this is in part a result of the fact that IC was originally written for the Handy Board (which had much fewer features), not the XBC.  Some limitations of IC include a 16KiB compiled program size limit, and the lack of features for graphics and sound.  The Xport DK was originally designed to program the Xport Robot Controller (XRC - the predecessor of the XBC), and supports the XBC as well.  The Xport DK does not have the same limitations of IC, but has its own problem - an almost complete lack of documentation.  Because IC is significantly easier to use, has extensive documentation for most features, and is still powerful enough for most uses, the vast majority of XBC users program in IC.

References

External links 
Charmed Lab's Xport
Interactive C

Hobbyist robots
2000s robots
Computational cybernetics. Computational cybernetics is the integration of cybernetics and computational intelligence techniques. Though the term Cybernetics entered the technical lexicon in the 1940s and 1950s, it was first used informally as a popular noun in the 1960s, when it became associated with computers, robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Science fiction.

The initial promise of cybernetics was that it would revolutionise the mathematical biologies (a blanket term that includes some kinds of AI) by its use of closed loop semantics rather than open loop mathematics to describe and control living systems and biological process behaviours. It is fair to say that this idealistic program goal remains generally unrealised.
While ‘philosophical’ treatments of  cybernetics are common, especially in the biosciences, computational cybernetics has failed to gain traction in mainstream engineering and graduate education. This makes its specific achievements all the more remarkable. Feldman and Dyer (independently) discovered the true mechanism of somatic motor governance. This theory, called ‘equilibrium point theory’ by Feldman [1], and ‘neocybernetics’ by Dyer [2] debunks the concept of efference copy completely. 

While Cybernetics is primarily concerned with the study of control systems, computational cybernetics focuses on their automatic (complex, autonomic, flexible, adaptive) operation. Furthermore, computational cybernetics covers not only mechanical, but biological (living), social and economical systems. To achieve this goal, it uses research from the fields of communication theory, signal processing, information technology, control theory, the theory of adaptive systems, the theory of complex systems (game theory, and operational research).  

IEEE, a professional organization for the advancement of technology, has organized two international conferences focusing on computational cybernetics in 2008 and 2013.

See also
 Cybercognition
 Computational Heuristic Intelligence

References

Cybernetics
Artificial neural networks
A2 (operating system). A2 (formerly named Active Object System (AOS), and then Bluebottle) is a modular, object-oriented operating system with unconventional features including automatic garbage-collected memory management, and a zooming user interface. It was developed originally at ETH Zurich in 2002. It is free and open-source software under a BSD-like license.

History 
A2 is the next generation of Native Oberon, the x86 PC version of Niklaus Wirth's operating system Oberon. It is small, fast, supports multiprocessing computers, and provides soft real-time computing operation. It is entirely written in an upward-compatible dialect of the programming language Oberon named Active Oberon. Both languages are members of the Pascal family, along with Modula-2.

A2's design allows developing efficient systems based on active objects which run directly on hardware, with no mediating interpreter or virtual machine. Active objects represent a combination of the traditional object-oriented programming (OOP) model of an object, combined with a thread that executes in the context of that object. In the Active Oberon implementation, an active object may include activity of its own, and of its ancestor objects. 

Other differences between A2 and more mainstream operating systems is a very minimalist design, completely implemented in a type-safe language, with automatic memory management, combined with a powerful and flexible set of primitives (at the level of programming language and runtime system) for synchronising access to the internal properties of objects in competing execution contexts.

Above the kernel layer, A2 provides a flexible set of modules providing unified abstractions for devices and services, such as file systems, user interfaces, computer network connections, media codecs, etc.

User interface 
Bluebottle replaced the older Oberon OS's unique text-based user interface (TUI) with a zooming user interface (ZUI), which is significantly more like a conventional graphical user interface (GUI). Like Oberon, though, its user interface supports a point and click interface metaphor to execute commands directly from text, similar to clicking hyperlinks in a web browser.

See also
 Active Oberon
 Oberon (operating system)
 Oberon (programming language)
 Oberon-2 programming language
 Minimalism (computing)

References

External links

 Main Project Page
 A2 Operating System & Active Oberon community in Telegram
 An application in industrial control at Radiar
 A2 user guide and applications description
 A short movie showing a programming technique and the Bluebottle OS
 Archived , ETH Zürich
 Archived Oberon Language Genealogy
 Archived Oberon Community Platform - Wiki & Forum

Free software operating systems
ARM operating systems
IA-32 operating systems
X86-64 operating systems
RISKS Digest. The RISKS Digest or Forum On Risks to the Public in Computers and Related Systems is an online periodical published since 1985 by the Committee on Computers and Public Policy of the Association for Computing Machinery. The editor is Peter G. Neumann.

It is a moderated forum concerned with the security and safety of computers, software, and technological systems. Security, and risk, here are taken broadly; RISKS is concerned not merely with so-called security holes in software, but with unintended consequences and hazards stemming from the design (or lack thereof) of automated systems. Other recurring subjects include cryptography and the effects of technically ill-considered public policies. RISKS also publishes announcements and Calls for Papers from various technical conferences, and technical book reviews (usually by Rob Slade, though occasionally by others).

Although RISKS is a forum of a computer science association, most contributions are readable and informative to anyone with an interest in the subject. It is heavily read by system administrators, and computer security managers, as well as computer scientists and engineers.

The RISKS Digest is published on a frequent but irregular schedule through the moderated Usenet newsgroup comp.risks, which exists solely to carry the Digest.

Summaries of the forum appear as columns edited by Neumann in the ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes (SEN) and the Communications of the ACM (CACM).

References

External links
 RISKS Digest web archive
 RISKS Digest (Usenet newsgroup comp.risks)
 Google groups interface to comp.risks

Risk
Safety engineering
Computer security procedures
Magazines established in 1985
Association for Computing Machinery magazines
Professional and trade magazines
SRI International
Engineering magazines
Irregularly published magazines published in the United States
1985 establishments in the United States