omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Omega (TeX). Omega is an extension of the TeX typesetting system that uses the Basic Multilingual Plane of Unicode. It was authored by John Plaice and Yannis Haralambous after TeX development was frozen in 1991, primarily to enhance TeX's multilingual typesetting abilities. It includes a new 16-bit font encoding for TeX, as well as fonts (omlgc and omah) covering a wide range of alphabets.

At the 2004 TeX Users Group conference, Plaice announced his decision to split off a new project (not yet public), while Haralambous continued to work on Omega proper.

LaTeX for Omega is invoked as lambda.

Aleph and LuaTeX 
Although the project seemed very promising from the beginning, the development has been slow and the functionality rather unstable. A separate project was started with the goal of stabilizing the code and extending it with e-TeX functionality, known as Aleph, and led by Giuseppe Bilotta.

The LaTeX for Aleph is known as Lamed.

Aleph alone is not being developed any more, but most of its functionality has been integrated into LuaTeX, a new project initially funded by Colorado State University (through the Oriental TeX Project by Idris Samawi Hamid) and NTG. LuaTeX started in 2006 and released the first beta version in Summer 2007. It will be a successor of both Aleph and pdfTeX, using Lua as an integrated lightweight programming language. It is developed primarily by Taco Hoekwater.

See also 

 XeTeX and LuaTeX for recent Unicode capable TeX extensions.
 List of TeX extensions

External links  

 Omega home page
 TeX FAQ entry on Aleph and Omega
 Mailing list for Omega
 Mailing list for Aleph

TeX
Unicode
Weapons platform. A weapons platform is generally any structure, vehicle or mechanism on which a weapon can be installed (via various mounting mechanisms) for optimal stability and performance. The mounted weapons, the platform and all other associated supporting equipments together form the weapon system.

In more general use, a weapons platform could be structured around a gun, such as a gun turret on a ship, or bracing on an aircraft. For example, a jet aircraft is a weapons platform for missiles, bombs or autocannons, and the resultant weapon system is the fighter jet; a motorboat can serve as a weapons platform for automatic weapons, torpedoes and flamethrowers, resulting in weapon systems such as gunboats and fast attack crafts. Land vehicles, either wheeled, tracked or mixed, are also considered weapons platforms for grenade launchers, machine guns, recoilless guns and some missile launchers, which transform the vehicles into weapon systems such as armored cars (such as the Humvee), IFVs and technicals (improvised from civilian pickup trucks). In addition, artificial satellites have been proposed as potential space weapon platforms. These satellites could carry an arsenal of weapons, such as to threaten other countries with the possibility of an orbital nuclear strike (see Rods from God).

The earliest weapons platforms were chariots, followed by war wagons. The ancient Greek Helepolis, a massive siege tower which mounted catapults, could also be considered a weapons platform. The next attempt to mount weapons on platforms was made at sea, with catapults and eventually cannon mounted on their final form as ships of the line before the advent of ironclad warships mounting turrets.

On land, the attempt to mount weapons on mobile platforms in the modern period was first made with railway guns. These, as forms of artillery, were the last vestiges of development of the super-weapon thinking before the advent of the tanks that changed the use of weapons platforms in warfare, although the largest railway guns were still used during the Second World War on the Eastern Front.

References
FBO. FBO may refer to:

 Film Booking Offices of America, a former American film studio
 Fixed-base operator, provider of ground services to general aviation at an airport
 Forest beat officer, subordinate of a Forest Range Officer in India

 Foxtel Box Office, an Australian pay-per-view television channel
Faith-based organization
 Framebuffer object, an architectural element of OpenGL image processing
 Office of Foreign Building Operations, now the Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations, in the United States Department of State
 Chemical formula for boron monofluoride monoxide
Duane G. Carey. Duane Gene "Digger" Carey (born April 30, 1957) is a retired lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force and a former NASA astronaut. He piloted the space shuttle Columbia on March 1, 2002, during a Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission.

Education
Carey graduated from Highland Park High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota, in 1975. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, and a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1981 and 1982, respectively.

Flying career
Carey received his commission from the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps in 1981 and graduated from Undergraduate Pilot Training in 1983. He flew the A-10A Thunderbolt II during tours at England Air Force Base, Louisiana, and Suwon Air Base, Republic of Korea. He completed F-16 Fighting Falcon training in 1988 and was assigned to Torrejon Air Base, Spain.

In 1991, he was selected to attend the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. After graduation in 1992, he worked as an F-16 experimental test pilot and System Safety Officer at Edwards. He has logged over 4,300 hours in more than 35 types of aircraft.

NASA career
Carey was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in April 1996. He reported to the NASA Johnson Space Center in August 1996. After the completion of two years of training and evaluation, he was qualified for flight assignment as a pilot. Initially, he was assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Spacecraft Systems/Operations Branch.

In 2002, he served as the pilot of Columbia on STS-109, logging over 10 days in space. STS-109  (March 1–12, 2002). STS-109 was the fourth Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing mission. The crew of STS-109 successfully upgraded the Hubble Space Telescope, leaving it with a new power unit, a new camera and new solar arrays. HST servicing and upgrade was accomplished by four crew members during five EVAs on five consecutive days. Carey also helped document the EVA activities with video and still images. STS-109 orbited the Earth 165 times, and covered 3.9 million miles in over 262 hours.

Carey retired from NASA in October 2004.

Personal life
He is married to Cheryl Ann Tobritzhofer, also of Saint Paul, Minnesota. They have two children.

He is a member of the National Space Society and American Motorcyclist Association, and the Air Force Association.

Honors
Carey has been awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with Valor Device and three Air Medals, as well as the American Motorcyclist Association Hazel Kolb Brighter Image Award.

References

External links

  Duane Carey personal website
 
Spacefacts biography of Duane G. Carey

1957 births
Living people
American test pilots
Aviators from Minnesota
Military personnel from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Air Force astronauts
United States Air Force officers
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Military personnel from Minnesota
TDP. TDP or tdp may refer to:

Computing
 Thermal design power, a value describing the thermal limits of a computer system
 Transparent Distributed Processing, network distributed architecture in the QNX operating system

Politics
Telugu Desam Party, a political party in India
Territoires de progrès, a political movement in France
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, the ruling party of Turkmenistan since its independence
Socialist Democratic Party (Turkey), a former political party
Communal Democracy Party, a political party in Northern Cyprus
Democratic Party of Turks, a political party in North Macedonia

Science and medicine
TDaP, tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis vaccine
Thermal depolymerization, a process for converting biomass into oil
Thymidine diphosphate, a nucleotide
Thiamine pyrophosphate (thiamine diphosphate), an enzyme cofactor
Torsades de pointes, a form of cardiac arrhythmia
One or more isoforms of TARDBP, a TAR DNA-binding protein

Other uses
Tour de Pologne (TdP), annual men's multiple-stage bicycle race held in Poland
Thames Discovery Programme, a community archaeology project, focusing on the tidal Thames
Trans-Dimensional Police, a fictional agency from the comic book Grimjack
Teledeporte, a Spanish TV sports channel
TSP. TSP or tsp may refer to:

Medicine 
 Tropical spastic paraparesis, weakness due to T-lymphotropic virus infection

Science and technology 
 Team software process, for producing software
 Telecommunications service provider
 .tsp, for telephony service provider, file extension for a Microsoft API
 Thiele/Small parameters, of a loudspeaker driver
 Thrombospondin, protein
 Time stamp protocol in cryptography
 Titanium sublimation pump, a type of vacuum pump
 Trailer stability program on Opel vehicles
 Transit signal priority, for buses
 Travelling salesman problem, optimization problem
 Trimethylsilyl-2,2,3,3-tetradeuteropropionic acid, derivative of tetramethylsilane
 Trisodium phosphate, cleaning agent
 TSP (econometrics software), programming language
 Tunnel Setup Protocol, in networking
 Time Synchronization Protocol, see timed
 Type Set Page, in E-publishing

Food and cooking 
 Teaspoonful, abbreviation
 Textured soy protein

Governmental 
 Taconic State Parkway, New York State, USA
 Telecommunications Service Priority in an emergency, USA
 Texas Student Publications, USA
 Threatened Species Protection Act 1995, Tasmania, Australia
 Thrift Savings Plan, USA
 Trust service provider

Internationally 
 Tajikistan Support Project, supporting healthcare
 Texas Star Party for astronomers
 TSP, IATA airport code for Tehachapi Municipal Airport, California, USA
 TSP, MTR station code for Tuen Mun Swimming Pool stop, Hong Kong

Political parties 
 National Harmony Party, former party in Latvia
 Taiwan Statebuilding Party
 Third Society Party, Taiwan

Other 
 The Stanley Parable, a 2013 video game developed by Galactic Cafe
 Toronto St. Patricks, an early name for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League
1850 in architecture. The year 1850 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Events
 November 1 – Foundation stone laid for church of All Saints, Margaret Street, London, designed by William Butterfield. supervised by Beresford Hope for the Cambridge Camden Society as a model of the High Victorian Gothic ecclesiological style.

Buildings and structures

Buildings completed

 Bratsberg Church, Trondheim, Norway.
 Hillsgrove Covered Bridge, Pennsylvania, USA.
 Britannia Bridge in North Wales, engineered by Robert Stephenson, is opened.
 Newcastle railway station in the north-east of England, designed by John Dobson, is opened.
 Sainte-Geneviève Library in Paris, designed by Henri Labrouste, is completed, the first major public building with an exposed cast-iron frame.
 Château de Boursault, France, designed by Jean-Jacques Arveuf-Fransquin.
 Peckforton Castle, England, designed by Anthony Salvin.
 Vĩnh Tràng Temple, Mỹ Tho, Vietnam.

Awards
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture – Victor Louvet
 RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Charles Barry

Births
 January 10 – John Wellborn Root, Chicago-based US architect (died 1891)
 February 17 – Frank Darling, Canadian architect associated with Toronto (died 1923)
 November 15 – Victor Laloux, French Beaux-Arts architect and teacher (died 1937)
 December 21 – Lluís Domènech i Montaner, Spanish-Catalan architect, a leader of Modernisme català, the Catalan Art Nouveau/Jugendstil movement (died 1927)
 Robert Worley, English architect (died 1930)

Deaths
 February 19 – François Debret, French architect (born 1777)
 March 2 – Auguste-Henri-Victor Grandjean de Montigny, French architect influential in Brazil (born 1776)
 May 8 – Antonio Niccolini, Italian architect, scenic designer, and engraver (born 1772)
 July 12 – Robert Stevenson, Scottish lighthouse engineer (born 1772)
 September 5 — John Holden Greene, American architect based in Providence, Rhode Island (born 1777)

References

Architecture
Years in architecture
19th-century architecture
DIBOL. DIBOL or Digital's Business Oriented Language is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language that was designed for use in Management Information Systems (MIS) software development. It was developed from 1970 to 1993.

DIBOL has a syntax similar to FORTRAN and BASIC, along with BCD arithmetic. It shares the COBOL program structure of separate data and procedure divisions. Unlike Fortran's numeric labels (for GOTO), DIBOL's were alphanumeric; the language supported a counterpart to computed goto.

History
DIBOL was originally marketed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1970.

The original version, DIBOL-8, was produced for PDP-8 systems running COS-300. The PDP-8-like DECmate II, supports the COS-310 Commercial Operating System, featuring DIBOL.

DIBOL-11 was developed for the PDP-11 running COS-350 operating system. It also ran on RSX-11, RT-11, and from 1978 on RSTS/E. DIBOL-32 runs on VMS systems, although it can also be used on other systems through emulators.

ANSI Standards were released in 1983, 1988 and 1992 (ANSI X3.165-1992). The 1992 standard was revised in 2002.

DIBOL compilers were developed by several other companies, including DBL from DISC (later Synergex), Softbol from Omtool, and Unibol from Software Ireland, Ltd. Development of DIBOL effectively ceased after 1993, when an agreement between DEC and DISC replaced DIBOL with DBL on OpenVMS, Digital UNIX, and SCO Unix.

See also
 Timeline of programming languages

References

Reading
 
 

Procedural programming languages
OpenVMS software
Programming languages created in 1970
Programming languages
Digital Equipment Corporation
Léopold Eyharts. Léopold "Leo" Eyharts (born 28 April 1957) is a French Brigadier General in the French Air Force, an engineer and ESA astronaut. He has flown to space two times as part of a Mir expedition and an International Space Station expedition.

Eyharts was born on 28 April 1957 in Biarritz, Basque Country, France. He graduated as an engineer from the French Air Force Academy of Salon-de-Provence in 1979, and graduated from the École du personnel navigant d'essais et de réception (EPNER) French test pilot school in Istres in 1988.

He launched on board Space Shuttle mission STS-122 to the International Space Station on 7 February 2008, where he joined Expedition 16. He participated in the installation and configuration of the Columbus European laboratory module. He returned to Earth aboard mission STS-123 in March 2008.

Awards and honors
 Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur
 Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite
 Médaille d'Outre-Mer
 Silver National Defence Medal
 Cavalier of the Order of Courage (Russia)
 Cavalier of the Order of Friendship (Russia)
 The medal "For merits in development of space" (12 April 2011) for his outstanding contribution to the development of international cooperation in crewed space flight

References

External links
 ESA profile page
 Spacefacts biography of Léopold Eyharts

1957 births
Living people
People from Biarritz
French-Basque people
French aviators
French spationauts
ESA astronauts
Crew members of the International Space Station
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite
École de l'air alumni
French Air Force generals
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Mir crew members
Recipients of the Order of Courage (Russia)
CNES personnel
Product cipher. In cryptography, a product cipher combines two or more transformations in a manner intending that the resulting cipher is more secure than the individual components to make it resistant to cryptanalysis. The product cipher combines a sequence of simple transformations such as substitution (S-box), permutation (P-box), and modular arithmetic.  The concept of product ciphers is due to Claude Shannon, who presented the idea in his foundational paper, Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems. A particular product cipher design where all the constituting transformation functions have the same structure is called an iterative cipher with the term "rounds" applied to the functions themselves.

For transformation involving reasonable number of n message symbols, both of the foregoing cipher systems (the S-box and P-box) are by themselves wanting. Shannon suggested using a combination of S-box and P-box transformation—a product cipher. The combination could yield a cipher system more powerful than either one alone. This approach of alternatively applying substitution and permutation transformation has been used by IBM  in the Lucifer cipher system, and has become the standard for national data encryption standards such as the Data Encryption Standard and the Advanced Encryption Standard. A product cipher that uses only substitutions and permutations is called a SP-network. Feistel ciphers are an important class of product ciphers.

References

Sources

External links 
 The Cryptography FAQ

Block ciphers
Wings 3D. Wings 3D is a free and open-source subdivision modeler inspired by Nendo and Mirai from Izware. Wings 3D is named after the winged-edge data structure it uses internally to store coordinate and adjacency data, and is commonly referred to by its users simply as Wings.

Wings 3D is available for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X, using the Erlang environment.

Overview
Wings 3D can be used to model and texture low to mid-range polygon models. Wings does not support animations and has only basic OpenGL rendering facilities, although it can export to external rendering software such as POV-Ray and YafRay. Wings is often used in combination with other software, whereby models made in Wings are exported to applications more specialized in rendering and animation such as Blender.

Interface
Wings 3D uses context-sensitive menus as opposed to a highly graphical, icon-oriented interface. Modeling is done using the mouse and keyboard to select and modify different aspects of a model's geometry in four different selection modes: Vertex, Edge, Face and Body. Because of Wings's context-sensitive design, each selection mode has its own set of mesh tools. Many of these tools offer both basic and advanced uses, allowing users to specify vectors and points to change how a tool will affect their model. Wings also allows users to add textures and materials to models, and has built-in AutoUV mapping facilities.

Features
 A wide variety of Selection and Modeling Tools
 Modeling Tool support for Magnets and Vector Operations
 Customizable Hotkeys and Interface
 Tweak Mode lets you make quick adjustments to a mesh
 Assign and edit Lighting, Materials, Textures, and Vertex Colours
 AutoUV Mapping
 Ngon mesh support
 A Plugin Manager for adding and removing plugins
 Import and Export in many popular formats

Supported file formats
Wings loads and saves models in its own format (.wings), but also supports several standard 3D formats.

Import
 Nendo (.ndo)
 3D Studio (.3ds)
 Adobe Illustrator (.ai)
 Lightwave/Modo (.lwo/.lxo)
 Wavefront (.obj)
 PostScript (Inkscape) (.ps)
 Encapsulated PostScript (.eps)
 Stereolithography (.stl)
 Paths (.svg)

Export
 Nendo (.ndo)
 3D Studio (.3ds)
 Adobe Illustrator (.ai)
 BZFlag (.bzw)
 Kerkythea (.xml)
 Lightwave/Modo (.lwo/.lxo)
 Wavefront (.obj)
 POV-Ray (.pov)
 Cartoon Edges (.eps/.svg)
 Stereolithography (.stl)
 Renderware (.rwx)
 VRML 2.0 (.wrl)
 DirectX (.x)
 Collada (.dae)

See also

 Blender (software)
 3D modelling

References

External links

 
  (The old Wings 3D source code repository)
 The Wings 3D Official Development Forum (The best place to get help with Wings 3D)
 The OLD Wings 3D Forum
 Wings3d.es | The Spanish language Wings 3D Community
 Wings3d.de | The German language Wings 3D Community
 The Brazilian Portuguese language Wings 3D Community 
 Video Tutorials in the YouTube wings3dchannel

3D graphics software
Free 3D graphics software
3D modeling software for Linux
Free computer-aided design software
Computer-aided design software for Linux
Erlang (programming language)
Free software that uses SDL
Free software programmed in Erlang
Integrated circuit layout. In integrated circuit design, integrated circuit (IC) layout, also known IC mask layout or mask design, is the representation of an integrated circuit in terms of planar geometric shapes which correspond to the patterns of metal, oxide, or semiconductor layers that make up the components of the integrated circuit.  Originally the overall process was called tapeout, as historically early ICs used graphical black crepe tape on mylar media for photo imaging (erroneously believed to reference magnetic data—the photo process greatly predated magnetic media).  

When using a standard process—where the interaction of the many chemical, thermal, and photographic variables is known and carefully controlled—the behaviour of the final integrated circuit depends largely on the positions and interconnections of the geometric shapes. Using a computer-aided layout tool, the layout engineer—or layout technician—places and connects all of the components that make up the chip such that they meet certain criteria—typically: performance, size, density, and manufacturability. This practice is often subdivided between two primary layout disciplines: analog and digital.

The generated layout must pass a series of checks in a process known as physical verification. The most common checks in this verification process are

 Design rule checking (DRC), 
 Layout versus schematic (LVS),
 parasitic extraction, 
 antenna rule checking, and 
 electrical rule checking (ERC).

When all verification is complete, layout post processing is applied where the data is also translated into an industry-standard format, typically GDSII, and sent to a semiconductor foundry. The milestone completion of the layout process of sending this data to the foundry is now colloquially called "tapeout". The foundry converts the data into mask data and uses it to generate the photomasks used in a photolithographic process of semiconductor device fabrication.

In the earlier, simpler, days of IC design, layout was done by hand using opaque tapes and films, an evolution derived from early days of printed circuit board (PCB) design -- tape-out.

Modern IC layout is done with the aid of IC layout editor software, mostly automatically using EDA tools, including place and route tools or schematic-driven layout tools.
Typically this involves a library of standard cells.

The manual operation of choosing and positioning the geometric shapes is informally known as "polygon pushing".

See also 
 Interconnects (integrated circuits)
 Physical design (electronics)
 Printed circuit board
 Integrated circuit design
 Floorplan (microelectronics)

References

Further reading 
Clein, D. (2000). CMOS IC Layout. Newnes.  
Hastings, A. (2005). The Art of Analog Layout. Prentice Hall.  
 
Saint, Ch. and J. (2002). IC Layout Basics. McGraw-Hill.  

Electronic design
Electronic design automation
Integrated circuits