omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Espagnolette. An espagnolette is a locking device, normally mounted on the vertical frame of a French door or casement window. A handle or knob is connected to a metal rod mounted to the surface of the frame, about a metre above the floor. Operating the handle rotates the rod, which has hooks at each end that fit into sockets at the head and sill of the opening. This type of lock is often used on semi-trailer trucks to fasten the rear doors. It can be identified by the use of a round bar, instead of a half-round bar used on a crémone bolt.

In the photograph, the decorative lever arm (1) is hinged to rotate 90 degrees out of a metal "keeper" bracket (2), and then pull away from the surface of the door, which rotates the round metal rod (3), and also the hook at the bottom of the rod to unfasten the mechanism from the metal "stop" (4) mounted on the floor and unfasten the door leaf. The rod, hook and stop at the top door head are not pictured. The door leaf swings outward, and this kind of stop presents a tripping hazard when used at a door sill.

References

Windows
Metalith. The Metalith is a prefabricated steel barrier and the name of the product division of Infrastructure Defense Technologies of Belvidere, Illinois, which manufactures the barrier. It is used in perimeter defense against explosive penetration and ramming. It has been deployed by the US Armed Forces in their 21st century wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

A related product from IDT is the Metalith  flood control barrier, a system of prefabricated, interlocking aluminum barriers for flood defense, designed to hold ballast such as sand. Army Corps of Engineers tests have shown they can be assembled 20 times faster than sandbags and faster than any other tested flood control system, with relatively low seepage rates.

References

External links
 The Metalith website
 explosive test conducted on Metalith barrier, at Youtube

Engineering companies of the United States
Defense companies of the United States
Codexis. Codexis, Inc. is a protein engineering company that develops enzymes for pharmaceutical, food and medical applications.

History 
Codexis is based in Redwood City, CA and was incorporated in 2002. It went public in April 2010 on NASDAQ, and in October, acquired Maxygen's MolecularBreeding technology portfolio.

Pharmaceutical 
Codexis won the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2006 for its work on a building block of Lipitor. It then won a second time in 2010 for its work with Merck & Co. on the active ingredient in Januvia.

Nutrition 
In 2017, the company entered a partnership with Tate & Lyle to provide research and development for the production of new ingredients. That same year, Codexis announced a collaboration with Nestle to provide enzymes for metabolic disorders.

Biotherapeutics 
In 2017, Codexis developed a recombinant phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme, to act as a substitute phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme for people who suffer from phenylketonuria. The enzyme was in-licensed by Nestle Health Sciences.

In 2020, Takeda Pharmaceutical announced a collaboration with Codexis to research and create gene therapies for rare diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders.

Life science 
In June 2020, they announced a partnership with Molecular Assemblies to engineer enzymes for DNA synthesis.

Technology 
Codexis uses directed evolution to develop its enzymes. Using this method, scientists genetically engineer genes, then screen the enzymes produced to see if it creates the properties needed for a specific reaction. Their protein engineering platform, called CodeEvolver, uses machine learning and high-throughput experimentation to learn protein sequence changes and their impacts on protein function.

References

External links

Biotechnology companies of the United States
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
2002 establishments in California
Biotechnology companies established in 2002
Companies based in Redwood City, California
Brooks Stevens Design Associates. Brooks Stevens, Inc., also known as Brooks Stevens Design Associates and Brooks Stevens Design, is a product development firm headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Brooks Stevens's services included research, industrial design, engineering, prototyping, project management,and graphic design.

History
Brooks Stevens Design was established by Clifford Brooks Stevens in 1934. In 1954, Brooks Stevens, the founder, popularized the term "planned obsolescence"   as a cornerstone to product evolution. The phrase was not intended to refer to building things that deteriorate easily, but to "instilling in the buyer the desire to own something a little newer, a little better, a little sooner. Stevens's philosophies have been said to define the industrial design profession.
The firm has designed products from toasters to automobiles and heavy equipment, including the 1949 Twin Cities Hiawatha and Olympian Hiawatha trains with "Skytop Lounge" cars.

In 2007, the founder's son, Kipp Stevens, retired and sold Brooks Stevens to Ingenium Product Development, expanding the company's product coverage and engineering capabilities.

Today, Brooks Stevens designs and engineers both consumer and heavy industrial products.

References

Further reading
 Povletich, Bill. "Brooks Stevens: Designing the American Dream". Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 97, no. 1 (Autumn 2013): 38-49.

External links
 Industrial designer Brooks Stevens examines the effect of WWII on auto design
 Brooks Stevens archives at the Milwaukee Art Museum
 Old Milwaukee: Brooks Stevens, Wienermobiles, and High Life, from Milwaukee Record

Design companies of the United States
Engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in Milwaukee
SOCATA ST 10. The Socata ST-10 Diplomate was a French four-seat civil light aircraft. It was a development of the GY-80 Horizon, and was initially known as the Super Horizon 200, later the Provence, before finally being named the ST-10 Diplomate. The first prototype flew on 7 November 1967, production beginning in 1970. Production ended in 1974, with a total of 56 built.

Specifications (ST-10)

See also

References

External links

 Airliners.net

1960s French civil utility aircraft
ST 10
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Sindhi Mojari. Sindhi Mojari (or simply Mojari) is a type of handcrafted footwear produced in Pakistan. They are traditionally made by artisans mostly using tanned leather. The uppers are made of one piece of leather or textile embroidered and embellished with brass nails, cowry shells, mirrors, bells and ceramic beads. The bonding from the upper to the sole is done by cotton thread that is eco-friendly and enmeshes the leather fibers to strengthen the bonds. Some product range also uses bright and ornate threads.

As it evolved through the centuries and is being produced by individual artisans, products vary in designs and colours. It encapsules cultural diversity, local ethos and ethnicity.

History

It is believed that one of the earliest examples of footwear worn on the Indian subcontinent is a sandal of wood, datable to circa 200 BC. During the 3rd and 4th Centuries in the Buddhist period, it was quite common to wear strapped sandals, and Indian kings wore sandals ornamented with precious jewels. Jain literature shows that leather was used for the making of shoes, which protected the toes from getting injured. Hides of cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep and other wild animals were used.

Origin 
The Mojari originated under the Muslim rule in the Mughal Empire where it was decorated with colours, gems, and other ornaments as part of the Mughal Clothing. They are said to have been popularized under the Mughal King Saleem Shah as a result. In Pakistan, they are also commonly worn with Pakistan's national dress Shalwar Kameez.

See also
 Jutti
 Kolhapuri chappal
 Khussa
 Paduka

References

External links 
 BBC Culture - Includes image of golden mojari of a 19th-century Nizam of Hyderabad 
 Khussa Shop - One of the oldest Khussa Store  

Folk footwear
Indian footwear
Pakistani footwear
Mughal art
Sindhi culture
Indian leather industry
DOF Subsea. DOF Subsea is an international subsea operating company.  The DOF Subsea Group is a specialist subsea service business that provides subsea construction, subsea engineering, inspection, repair and maintenance and survey services. DOF Subsea owns a large fleet of modern subsea construction, intervention and survey vessels that enable it to offer differentiated positions with its clients and work in long term relationships. The company’s core business is project management, engineering, vessel operations, survey, remote intervention and diving operations, primarily for the Offshore Energy, Marine Telecommunications, and Renewables markets. The Company's main operation centers and business units are located in Norway, the UK, the USA, Singapore, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Angola, and Australia.

History and acquisition 
In 2008, DOF ASA and First Reserve Corporation, an energy-focused private equity firm, entered into an agreement whereby DOF ASA, subject to the certain conditions being satisfied, would put forward an offer to acquire all of the outstanding shares of DOF Subsea at NOK 39.00 per share in cash. 

As part of the agreement, DOF and First Reserve had also agreed to enter into several subsequent transactions if the offer was successful and certain conditions were satisfied. If the offer was successful, DOF would proceed with a compulsory acquisition of the remaining outstanding shares in DOF Subsea and delist DOF Subsea. 

Following the acquisition of the remaining shares in DOF Subsea (including the compulsory acquisition), DOF would transfer 100% of the shares in DOF Subsea to a newly incorporated private holding company (HoldCo), which would then be owned 51% by DOF and 49% by First Reserve.

See also
List of oilfield service companies

Business services companies of Norway
Shipping companies of Norway
Engineering companies of Norway
Companies based in Bergen
Year of establishment missing
Giancarlo Genta. Giancarlo Genta (born 1948 in Turin, Italy) is Professor of Machine Design and Construction at the Polytechnic University of Turin.  His areas of professional interest include vibration, vehicle design, magnetic bearings, and rotordynamics.  He has written or co-authored more than 50 articles in professional publications.  He has published extensively in the field of SETI research.

Since 2018 he is the chair of the automotive evolution class at Politecnico di Torino.

Selected publications
 Genta, G., Introduction to the Mechanics of Space Robots, Springer, 2012,  [received Engineering Science Award from International Academy of Astronautics in 2014]
 G. Genta, M. Rycroft,  Will space actually be the final frontier of humankind?, Acta Astronautica, Vol. 58, 2006, pp. 287–295.

 G. Genta,  On a Persisting Misunderstanding on the Role of Hysteretic Damping in Rotordynamics, Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 126, July 2004, 469-471.
 G. Genta, N. Amati,  Mobility on Planetary Surfaces: May Walking Machines be a Viable Alternative?, Planetary and Space Science, 52, 2004, pp. 31–40.
 Genta, G. (1997). Motor Vehicle Dynamics: Modeling and Simulation. World Scientific.  
 G. Genta, Kinetic Energy Storage, Butterworths, London, 1985

External links
Biographic Website 

1948 births
Living people
Engineers from Turin
Academic staff of the Polytechnic University of Turin
Homing. Homing may refer to:

Guidance 
Guidance system, a device or group of devices used to navigate a ship, aircraft, missile, rocket, satellite, or other craft
Homing (missile guidance)
Infrared homing, a passive missile guidance system which uses the emission from a target of infrared electromagnetic radiation
Semi-active radar homing, a common type of missile guidance system for longer-range air-to-air and surface-to-air missile systems
Active radar homing, a missile guidance method in which a guided missile uses a radar transceiver to find and track its target autonomously
Homing torpedo, "fire and forget" torpedoes can use passive or active guidance
Acoustic homing, a system which uses sound to guide a moving object
Homing (biology), the inherent ability of an animal to navigate towards an original location through unfamiliar areas
Homing pigeon, a variety of domestic pigeon bred to find its way home over extremely long distances
Homing beacon, sometimes homer, a beacon that transmits a signal to be homed on

Other uses 
Homing (hematopoietic), a process of cellular migration
Homing (horse), a racehorse
Homing (mechanical), moving a mechanical system to a reference position 
Multiple homing, two types of telephone connections of a terminal facility

See also 
Bird migration
Distress radiobeacon
Honing (disambiguation)
Photostationary state. The photostationary state of a reversible photochemical reaction is the equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation (usually a single wavelength of visible or UV radiation).

It is a property of particular importance in photochromic compounds, often used as a measure of their practical efficiency and usually quoted as a ratio or percentage.

The position of the photostationary state is primarily a function of the irradiation parameters, the absorbance spectra of the chemical species, and the quantum yields of the reactions.  The photostationary state can be very different from the composition of a mixture at thermodynamic equilibrium.  As a consequence, photochemistry can be used to produce compositions that are "contra-thermodynamic".

For instance, although cis-stilbene is "uphill" from trans-stilbene in a thermodynamic sense, irradiation of trans-stilbene results in a mixture that is predominantly the cis isomer.  As an extreme example, irradiation of benzene at 237 to 254 nm results in formation of benzvalene, an isomer of benzene that is 71 kcal/mol higher in energy than benzene itself.

Overview 

Absorption of radiation by reactants of a reaction at equilibrium increases the rate of forward reaction without directly affecting the rate of the reverse reaction.

The rate of a photochemical reaction is proportional to the absorption cross section of the reactant with respect to the excitation source (σ), the quantum yield of reaction (Φ), and the intensity of the irradiation. In a reversible photochemical reaction between compounds A and B, there will therefore be a "forwards" reaction of   at a rate proportional to   and a "backwards" reaction of  at a rate proportional to . The ratio of the rates of the forward and backwards reactions determines where the equilibrium lies, and thus the photostationary state is found at:

If (as is always the case to some extent) the compounds A and B have different absorption spectra, then there may exist wavelengths of light where σa is high and σb is low. Irradiation at these wavelengths will provide photostationary states that contain mostly B. Likewise, wavelengths that give photostationary states of predominantly A may exist. This is particularly likely in compounds such as some photochromics, where A and B have entirely different absorption bands. Compounds that may be readily switched in this way find utility in devices such as molecular switches and optical data storage.

Practical considerations 

Quantum yields of reaction (and to a lesser extent, absorption cross sections) are usually temperature and environment-dependent to some extent, and the photostationary state may therefore depend slightly on temperature and solvent as well as on the excitation.
If thermodynamic interconversion of A and B can take place on a similar timescale to the photochemical reaction, it can complicate experimental measurements. This phenomenon can be important, for example in photochromatic eyeglasses.

References 

Photochemistry
Manganese(III) acetate. Manganese(III) acetate describes a family of materials with the approximate formula Mn(O2CCH3)3.  These materials are brown solids that are soluble in acetic acid and water.  They are used in organic synthesis as oxidizing agents.

Structure
Although manganese(III) triacetate has not been reported, salts of basic manganese(III) acetate are well characterized.  Basic manganese acetate adopts the structure reminiscent of those of basic chromium acetate and basic iron acetate.   The formula is [Mn3O(O2CCH3)6Ln]X where L is a ligand and X is an anion.  The salt [Mn3O(O2CCH3)6]O2CCH3.HO2CCH3 has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography.

Preparation
It is usually used as the dihydrate, although the anhydrous form is also used in some situations. The dihydrate is prepared by combining potassium permanganate and manganese(II) acetate in acetic acid.  Addition of acetic anhydride to the reaction produces the anhydrous form. It is also synthesized by electrochemical method starting from Mn(OAc)2.

Use in organic synthesis
Manganese triacetate has been used as a one-electron oxidant. It can oxidize alkenes via addition of acetic acid to form lactones.

This process is thought to proceed via the formation of a •CH2CO2H radical intermediate, which then reacts with the alkene, followed by additional oxidation steps and finally ring closure. When the alkene is not symmetric, the major product depends on the nature of the alkene, and is consistent with initial formation of the more stable radical (among the two carbons of the alkene) followed by ring closure onto the more stable conformation of the intermediate.

When reacted with enones, the carbon on the other side of the carbonyl reacts rather than the alkene portion, leading to α'-acetoxy enones. In this process, the carbon next to the carbonyl is oxidized by the manganese, followed by transfer of acetate from the manganese to it.

It can similarly oxidize β-ketoesters at the α carbon, and this intermediate can react with various other structures, including halides and alkenes (see: manganese-mediated coupling reactions). One extension of this idea is the cyclization of the ketoester portion of the molecule with an alkene elsewhere in the same structure.

See also
Manganese(III) chloride
Manganese(II) acetate
Chromium(III) acetate
Iron(III) acetate
Zinc acetate

References

Acetates
Manganese(III) compounds
Oxidizing agents
Coordination polymers
Pehuenche Hydroelectric Plant. Pehuenche Hydroelectric Plant  is a hydroelectric power station in Maule Region, Chile. The plant uses water from Melado River and produces  of electricity. The plant was built by ENDESA in  and is owned by Pehuenche S.A.

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1991
Buildings and structures in Maule Region
Hydroelectric power stations in Chile
1991 establishments in Chile
Basant Kumar Birla. Basant Kumar Birla (12 January 1921 – 3 July 2019) was an Indian industrialist and philanthropist of the Birla family. He was chairman of the Krishnarpan Charity Trust, BK Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET) and various educational trusts and institutes.

Biography
Birla, the youngest son of philanthropist Ghanshyam Das Birla, was born on 12 January 1921. By fifteen years of age, he was already actively associated with a large number of companies and eventually became the chairman of Kesoram Industries. In this role, he concentrated on the industries of cotton, viscose, polyester and nylon yarns, refractory, paper, shipping, tyrecord, transparent paper, spun pipe, cement, tea, coffee, cardamom, chemicals, plywood, MDF Board, etc.

In 1959, he established the Indo Ethiopian Textiles Share Company, which was the first major joint venture by any Indian industrialist. In response, the Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I, awarded him the medal of the Order of Menelik II, the highest Ethiopian award.

On 13 April 1942, he married Sarala, the daughter of activist and writer Brijlal Biyani, after having been introduced to each other by Jamnalal Bajaj and Mahatma Gandhi in 1941. They had a son, Aditya Vikram Birla and two daughters, Jayashree Mohta and Manjushree Khaitan.

Birla died on 3 July 2019, at the age of 98.

Philanthropy
He was the chairman of the Krishnarpan Charity Trust, which runs an engineering college named BK Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology in Pilani, Rajasthan, the Swargashram Trust, which administers a Sanskrit school in Rishikesh. He also established Birla Public School in Qatar and the Birla College of Arts, Science & Commerce in Kalyan near Mumbai. He is the author of several books, including an autobiography entitled Svantah Sukhaya.

See also
 Birla Family
 B K Birla Centre For Education

References

1921 births
2019 deaths
Businesspeople from Kolkata
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Indian businesspeople in textiles
Rajasthani people
20th-century Indian philanthropists
Recipients of Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)
Inch pedal. An inch pedal or inching pedal is a pedal used in many models of mobile machinery with a hydraulic pilot pressure output proportional to the pedal position, or an electronic pedal with a proportional electric signal output. The pedal is used in hydrostatic transmissions to temporarily affect the preset characteristics for hydrostatic gear ratio versus diesel engine rpm. It thus allows the operator to "inch forward" or "inch backward" slowly over short distances for fine positioning of the machine. Common applications include forklift trucks (for fine positioning of the truck and hence the forks and the load) and farm tractors (for fine positioning of the tractor when preparing to hitch up to implements).

Automotive transmission technologies
Gilles Kahn. Gilles Kahn (17 April 1946 – 9 February 2006) was a French computer scientist. He notably introduced Kahn process networks as a model for parallel processing and natural semantics for describing the operational semantics of programming languages.

Gilles Kahn was born in Paris. He studied at the École polytechnique (X1964) and at Stanford. He became a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1997. He was president and director-general of INRIA from 2004 to 2006. He died in Garches.

External links
 Page at the French academy of sciences
 Page at INRIA 

1946 births
2006 deaths
French computer scientists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
École Polytechnique alumni
Belgian Railways Class 41. NMBS/SNCB Class 41 DMUs are diesel multiple-unit trains operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB). They are the standard train for Belgian internal workings which cannot be worked by EMUs. They work under the 25 kV electrification in the South of Belgium as well as on the non-electrified lines in the North.

Naming
They are often designated as "AR41" (referring to the French "Autorail") or "MW41" (for Dutch "Motorwagen") which would make them single railcars; they are always operated as (multiples of) two cars joined, with a single vehicle number.

Lines operated
 Antwerpen-Centraal – Neerpelt/Hasselt (Portions separated at Mol)
 Eeklo - Gent-Sint-Pieters - De Pinte – Oudenaarde – Ronse
 Gent-Sint-Pieters – Zottegem – Geraardsbergen
 Aalst – Burst
 Charleroi Sud – Couvin

In summer, tourist trains:
 Neerpelt-Blankenberge via Herentals, Lier, Mechelen, Dendermonde, Gent, Brugge.

See also
 AR 41

SNCB multiple units