omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Blocking (construction). Blocking (dwang, nog, noggin, and nogging) is the use of short pieces of dimensional lumber in wood framed construction to brace longer members or to provide grounds for fixings.

Uses
The primary purpose of blocking is to brace longer frame members to help resist buckling under vertical compression.  The intervals for the blocks are specified in the building code or as calculated by a structural engineer.

Blocking also resists the rotational movement, or twisting, of floor joists as they deflect under load.  This may take the form of diagonal cross bracing, or herringbone, bracing between floor joists. When solid blocks are used instead of diagonals it is called bridging, block bridging, solid bridging or solid strutting.  The illustration, right, shows solid blocking.  Note how they are displaced alternately to allow nailing through their ends.

Blocking may also provide spacers or attachment points between adjoining stud walls, for example, where an interior and exterior wall meets, or at a corner where techniques such as the "three-stud corner with blocking" are used.

When correctly placed, blocking also provides grounds (also backing or back blocking) for supporting the cut ends of wall claddings and linings or for attaching items such as cabinets, shelving, handrails, vanity tops and backsplashes, towel bars, decorative mouldings, etc. Properly placed grounds make the second fixings easier once the walls are lined and they distribute the weight of heavy items across structural members.  However, the locations required for use as grounds are dictated by the needs of the fittings and these often do not coincide with the locations required by the engineering specifications for use as bracing, consequently, the two forms may be present in the wall acting independently.  When used only as grounds rather than as bracing, they are typically shallower. 

Blocking is typically made from short off-cuts or to make use of defective, warped, pieces unsuited for use in longer lengths.

References

Building engineering
Carpentry
Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project. The Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project (YKFP) is a salmon supplementation project in the Yakima and Klickitat river basins in Washington state designed to use artificial propagation in an attempt to maintain or increase natural production while maintaining long-term fitness of the target population and keeping ecological and genetic impacts to non-target species within specified limits. The project is also designed to provide harvest opportunities. The framework developed by the Regional Assessment of Supplementation Project (RASP 1991) guides the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the Project. YKFP is a collaboration of the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Bonneville Power Administration, and the Yakama Indian Nation. 

The purposes of the YKFP are to:

 enhance existing stocks of anadromous fish in the Yakima and Klickitat river basins while maintaining genetic resources;
 reintroduce stocks formerly present in the basins; and
 apply knowledge gained about supplementation throughout the Columbia River Basin.

External links
 ykfp.org

Conservation projects in the United States
Fisheries conservation organizations
Non-profit organizations based in Washington (state)
Salmon
Yakama
Théophile de Donder. Théophile Ernest de Donder (; 19 August 1872 – 11 May 1957) was a Belgian mathematician, physicist and chemist famous for his work (published in 1923) in developing correlations between the Newtonian concept of chemical affinity and the Gibbsian concept of free energy.

Education
He received his doctorate in physics and mathematics from the Université Libre de Bruxelles in 1899, for a thesis entitled Sur la Théorie des Invariants Intégraux (On the Theory of Integral Invariants).

Career
He was professor between 1911 and 1942, at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. Initially he continued the work of Henri Poincaré and Élie Cartan. From 1914 on, he was influenced by the work of Albert Einstein and was an enthusiastic proponent of the theory of relativity. He gained significant reputation in 1923, when he developed his definition of chemical affinity. He pointed out a connection between the chemical affinity and the Gibbs free energy.

He is considered the father of thermodynamics of irreversible processes.  De Donder's work was later developed further by Ilya Prigogine. De Donder was an associate and friend of Albert Einstein.
He was in 1927, one of the participants of the fifth Solvay Conference on Physics, that took place at the International Solvay Institute for Physics in Belgium.

Books by De Donder
 Thermodynamic Theory of Affinity: A Book of Principles. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press (1936)
 The Mathematical Theory of Relativity. Cambridge, MA: MIT (1927)
 Sur la théorie des invariants intégraux (thesis) (1899).
 Théorie du champ électromagnétique de Maxwell-Lorentz et du champ gravifique d'Einstein (1917)
 La gravifique Einsteinienne (1921)
 Introduction à la gravifique einsteinienne (1925)
 Théorie mathématique de l'électricité (1925)
 Théorie des champs gravifiques (1926)
 Application de la gravifique einsteinienne (1930)
 Théorie invariantive du calcul des variations (1931)

See also
Klein–Gordon equation
Schrödinger equation

References

External links

Theophile de Donder - Science World at Wolfram.com
Prigogine on de Donder
De Donder's math genealogy
De Donder's academic tree

1872 births
1957 deaths
Belgian physicists
Belgian mathematicians
Belgian chemists
Thermodynamicists
Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
Champion Aircraft. Champion Aircraft Corporation was formed in 1954 by Robert Brown.  Headquartered in Osceola, Wisconsin airport, it began production in 1954 of the 7EC design which it had purchased from Aeronca Aircraft Corporation. Through the 1950s and the 1960s Champion introduced variations on the 7-series design.  Champion also developed and began production of the significantly upgraded follow-on to the 7-series, the 8KCAB Decathlon, as well as the twin-engined Lancer.  Champion was acquired in 1970 by Bellanca Aircraft Corporation, which continued to produce most of the Champion designs in production at the time of acquisition.

Aircraft
Champion, as the name suggests, was formed to produce the design which Aeronca had introduced in 1946 as the 7AC Champion.  By the time Aeronca ceased production in 1951, they had advanced the design through the 7BCM, 7CCM, and 7DC, reaching the 7EC.  It was this model with which Champion commenced production in 1954, giving it the name "Traveler" to go along with the alphanumeric model designation.  (Champion assigned both alphanumeric designations and names to most of its designs.)  Though there was a great variety, all of the aircraft which Champion introduced were in one way or another related to the original Aeronca design.
Champion's aircraft, by date of FAA approval or Champion introduction are:

References

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Wisconsin
Polk County, Wisconsin
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1954
S1000-class submarine. The S1000-class submarine was a joint development by Russia and Italy, said to be an advanced version of the . The joint development was between Rubin Design Bureau of Russia and Fincantieri of Italy. The project was suspended in 2014.

History
It was reported in 2005 that Fincantieri of Italy had entered into a partnership with Russia's Rubin Design Bureau to design a new diesel-electric submarine based on the Russian  and featuring air independent propulsion (AIP) technology. In October 2006 at the Euronaval international arms show in France, Russia and Italy presented a mock-up model of a new-generation diesel submarine called S1000.

In July 2014 it was reported that Fincantieri requested indefinite postponement of the project, citing political situation resulting from Russia's involvement in Ukraine crisis. , the project is likely still suspended.

The project may not continue as Russia is moving forward with their Lada-class submarine and Italy is building two additional German Type 212 submarines in addition to the four already completed.

Design
The submarine was designed for anti-submarine and anti-ship warfare, reconnaissance missions, and transportation of up to 12 troops. It would have been  long, have a top speed of  and be equipped with a new fuel cell-powered AIP system developed by Italy.

Designed primarily for exports to third countries, the new submarine was to feature Italian heavyweight, wire-guided Black Shark torpedoes and the Russian Club-S cruise missile system capable of hitting underwater, surface and land targets.

Exports
Both Fincantieri and Rubin gave a joint presentation to the Indian Navy offering to build six S1000 boats for $8.1 billion for its Project 75I-class submarine programme.  The other contenders for the project included the  of France, the Type 214 submarine of Germany, and the Amur class from Russia.

See also 
 Project 75I-class submarine

References

External links
 The S1000 on Fincantieri's website

Submarine classes
Attack submarines
Submarines of Italy
Submarines of Russia
Proposed ships
Abandoned military projects of Russia
Gerald Gentleman Station. Gerald Gentleman Station is the largest electricity generating plant in Nebraska, USA. It is located at , approximately  south of Sutherland. The plant, owned and operated by Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD), consists of two coal-fired generating units launched into service in 1979 and 1982, which together have the capability to generate 1,365 megawatts of power.

History
The construction of the station began in May 1973 and the first unit entered commercial service in April 1979 at a cost of $335 million. The construction of the second unit began in June 1977 and it began its commercial service in January 1982 with an additional expenditure of $287 million. The facility is named after Gerald Gentleman, a Platte Center, Nebraska, native.

Coal supply
Coal comes from Powder River Basin in Wyoming by railroad, using Union Pacific and BNSF Railway lines as well as tracks that were built for this purpose by NPPD. At full capacity, the station burns 800 tons () of coal per hour.

Water use
The waste heat is dumped into man-made Sutherland Reservoir, fed by the Sutherland Canal which originates at Kingsley Dam on the North Platte River.

References

External links

 Nebraska Public Power District - Gerald Gentleman Station

Energy infrastructure completed in 1979
Energy infrastructure completed in 1982
Coal-fired power stations in Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Lincoln County, Nebraska
1979 establishments in Nebraska
Ian Cullimore. Ian H. S. Cullimore is an English-born mathematician and computer scientist who has been influential in the pocket PC arena.

Biography
Cullimore has a degree in mathematics from King's College London, and a PhD in cognitive and computer science from the University of Sussex.

He was the original founder (in 1985) and main inventor of the pocket PC which became the Atari Portfolio (originally known as the "DIP Pocket PC") in 1989. DIP Research Ltd. was acquired by Phoenix Technologies in 1994.

In 1988 Cullimore was also one of the founders and Vice President of Software at Poqet Computer Corporation in Silicon Valley, where he developed the Poqet PC.

His interest in PDAs was sparked from his early times at Psion, working on the first Organiser products.

He was also the original instigator of the PC Card (formerly "PCMCIA Card") movement. This came about from his decision to use the then-emerging credit card memories in the design of the Atari Portfolio. On founding Poqet, and with major investment from Fujitsu, a decision was made to use the 68-pin JEIDA card. He successfully persuaded the board of Poqet to set up an industry standards organization, PCMCIA, to promote this as a standard.

Cullimore wrote parts of the PCMCIA driver stack for (NetWare) PalmDOS 1.0, a variant of Digital Research's DR DOS, tailored specifically at battery powered mobile PCs in 1992.

Publications

References

English computer scientists
Computer hardware researchers
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Living people
People educated at The College of Richard Collyer
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pierre Pflimlin Bridge. The Pierre Pflimlin Bridge () is a  long motorway cantilever bridge over the river Rhine, with a main span measuring . It connects Germany and France, at Kehl and Strasbourg. It is named after Pierre Pflimlin, a former French prime minister, and was opened in 2002. It was funded by France, Germany and the European Union.

Construction

Planned for several decades, it was built during the late 1990s and early 2000s by the construction companies Bilfinger Berger and Max Früh.
The central segments (located over the river) were built in balanced cantilever, cast-in-place fashion, extending outwards from each of the two pylon islands constructed in the stream. A concrete volume of 18.000 m3, 760 t of prestressing steel, and 2.700 t of reinforcing steel were used in total.
The pylons were constructed on caissons floated into place and secured with 50 m deep foundation piles, and are designed to withstand earthquakes and ship impacts.
The approach bridge on the French side was built in segments, and then pushed horizontally onto the approach pylons, while the approach bridge section on the German side was built by another German company and was cast in place with standard formwork.
The hollow construction of all bridge segments has both pre-stressed and post-stressed components, realized by the French specialist construction company Freyssinet. The formwork was provided by PERI.

The funding for its construction was provided 55.5% by France, 38.6% by Germany and 5.9% by the European Union.

Function

The bridge's main purpose is to reduce pressure on the only other Rhine bridge in the vicinity, the Europe bridge ( or ), also located at Strasbourg-Kehl, to the north. The Pierre Pflimlin Bridge links the motorway Lauterbourg–Strasbourg–Saint-Louis–Basle from France to the A5 Hamburg–Frankfurt–Basel motorway in Germany.

It has two lanes to carry cars and other motor vehicles and two lanes reserved for pedestrian and cycle traffic.
Due to the Schengen Agreement, there are no border controls on the bridge, despite it spanning the French–German border.

See also 
 List of bridges in France
 List of bridges in Germany

References

External links
 

Cantilever bridges
Bridges over the Rhine
Bridges completed in 2002
International bridges in France
International bridges in Germany
Road bridges in Germany
Buildings and structures in Bas-Rhin
Transport in Grand Est
Bridges in Baden-Württemberg
2002 establishments in France
2002 establishments in Germany
France–Germany border crossings
21st-century architecture in France
Transpression. In geology, transpression is a type of strike-slip deformation that deviates from simple shear because of a simultaneous component of shortening perpendicular to the fault plane. This movement ends up resulting in oblique shear. It is generally very unlikely that a deforming body will experience "pure" shortening or "pure" strike-slip. The relative amounts of shortening and strike-slip can be expressed in the convergence angle alpha which ranges from zero (ideal strike-slip) to 90 degrees (ideal convergence). During shortening, unless material is lost, transpression produces vertical thickening in the crust. Transpression that occurs on a regional scale along plate boundaries is characterized by oblique convergence. More locally, transpression occurs within restraining bends in strike-slip fault zones.

Transpressional structures 
Transpressional shear zones are characterized by an association of structures that suggest zone-normal shortening and zone-parallel shearing. Commonly developed features include transposition foliations, lineations, stylolites, folds, and reverse faults. Pure shear-dominated transpression usually gives steep lineations, while simple shear-dominated transpression favors horizontal lineations. It is also common for non-vertical transpressional zones to have a significant component of shearing parallel to the dipline of the zone boundary. In these zones, the lineations are between horizontal and vertical. The complete geometry presented by all structural elements in the zone is used to constrain the actual boundary displacements.

Restraining bend

A fault bend, or fault stepover, forms when individual segments of the fault overlap and link together. The type of structures which form along the strike-slip fault depend on the sense of slip relative to the sense of stepping. When a sinistral fault steps to the right or a dextral fault steps to the left, a restraining bend is formed. Geologists may also refer to a restraining bend as a left bend. These are areas of positive relief (topographic uplift), crustal shortening, and exhumation of crystalline basement. As seen in deeply eroded outcrop exposures or from subsurface geophysical surveys, restraining bends commonly define positive flower structures. In plan view we see them form contractional strike-slip duplexes, subparallel reverse or oblique-slip contractional faults that are bounded by two strike-slip segments. Restraining bends are widespread on the Earth's surface, from sub-outcrop-scale examples to large scale mountain ranges. They have been theorized to occur on extraterrestrial bodies, like Jupiter's icy moon Europa and on Venus.

Transpressional regions
 Altai Mountains (Western Mongolia and Southern Siberia, Russia)
 Western Aleutian Subduction Zone
 Gobi Altai (Mongolia)
 "Big Bend" of the San Andreas Fault Zone, (California, USA)
 Alpine Fault in New Zealand
 Galeh–Doz pluton (Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, Iran)

See also
 Strike-slip tectonics
 Structural geology
 Transtension

References

Structural geology
Nominal level. Nominal level is the operating level at which an electronic signal processing device is designed to operate. The electronic circuits that make up such equipment are limited in the maximum signal they can handle and the low-level internally generated electronic noise they add to the signal. The difference between the internal noise and the maximum level is the device's dynamic range. The nominal level is the level that these devices were designed to operate at, for best dynamic range and adequate headroom. When a signal is chained with improper gain staging through many devices, clipping may occur or the system may operate with reduced dynamic range. 

In audio, a related measurement, signal-to-noise ratio, is usually defined as the difference between the nominal level and the noise floor, leaving the headroom as the difference between nominal and maximum output. The measured level is a time average, meaning that the peaks of audio signals regularly exceed the measured average level. The headroom measurement defines how far the peak levels can stray from the nominal measured level before clipping. The difference between the peaks and the average for a given signal is the crest factor.

Standards 

VU meters are designed to represent the perceived loudness of a passage of music, or other audio content, measuring in volume units. Devices are designed so that the best signal quality is obtained when the meter rarely goes above nominal. The markings are often in dB instead of "VU", and the reference level should be defined in the device's manual. In most professional recording and sound reinforcement equipment, the nominal level is  . In semi-professional and domestic equipment, the nominal level is usually −10 dBV. This difference is due to the cost required to create larger power supplies and output higher levels.

In broadcasting equipment, this is termed the Maximum Permitted Level, which is defined by European Broadcasting Union standards. These devices use peak programme meters instead of VU meters, which gives the reading a different meaning.

"Mic level" is sometimes defined as −60 dBV, though levels from microphones vary widely.

In video systems, nominal levels are 1 VP-P for synched systems, such as baseband composite video, and 0.7 VP-P for systems without sync. Note that these levels are measured peak-to-peak, while audio levels are time averages.

See also 

 Alignment level
 Transmission level point

References

External links 

 Nominal Level — Sweetwater glossary
 Level Headed — Nominal Level (explained) plus an SV-3700 modification

Signal processing
Sound
Hydraulic exercise equipment. Hydraulic exercise equipment is a form of strength training equipment based on fluid dynamics to provide motion resistance by use of hydraulic cylinders. They can be used in a number of strength training programs, and are most often found in circuit training gyms.

Hydraulic circuit training machines were first developed for The Henley Corporation in the 1970s, and are now becoming an increasingly popular form of exercise. 

The fundamental principles behind these designs are based on fluid dynamics: Force that is applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid known as hydraulic oil.

For circuit training applications, each piece of equipment is specifically designed for a given exercise. The effort is applied through the range of motion of the exercise acts on a lever against a piston which moves linearly within a hydraulic cylinder. The cylinder is filled with hydraulic oil which is displaced by the motion of the piston, and is allowed to flow to the opposite side of the piston through an adjustable orifice.

Resistance to the motion is determined by the amount of effort applied and the adjustment size of the orifice. This is a key feature of this design and allows the resistance to be adjusted to an individual's strength level.

See also 
 Cable machine
 Free weight (equipment), for example dumbbells or barbells
 Pneumatic exercise equipment

References

Exercise equipment
TH-dimer. TH-dimer, also called tetrahydromethylcyclopentadiene dimer or RJ-4, is a synthetic jet fuel used in jet engines for missiles. RJ-4 was originaly developed for the ramjet engine on RIM-8 Talos naval surface-to-air missile.

The fuel is non-volatile, so it is safe to use on ships or submarines. It has a high flash point minimum of .

Chemically, TH-dimer is a mixture of isomeric saturated hydrocarbons derived from hydrogenation of the dimer of methylcyclopentadiene.

References

Bibliography 

Aviation fuels
Hydrocarbons
Tricyclic compounds
Grotrian diagram. A Grotrian diagram, or term diagram, shows the allowed electronic transitions between the energy levels of atoms.  They can be used for one-electron and multi-electron atoms.  They take into account the specific selection rules related to changes in angular momentum of the electron. The diagrams are named after Walter Grotrian, who introduced them in his 1928 book Graphische Darstellung der Spektren von Atomen und Ionen mit ein, zwei und drei Valenzelektronen ("Graphical representation of the spectra of atoms and ions with one, two and three valence electrons").

See also
Jablonski diagram (for molecules)

References

External links
 Hyperphysics: Atomic Energy Level Diagrams

Volumes with Grotrian diagrams of most elements
Atomic energy-level and Grotrian diagrams by Stanley Bashkin and John O. Stoner Jr.
 Volume I: Hydrogen - Phosphorus
 Volume I: Hydrogen - Phosphorus (Addenda)
 Volume III
 Volume IV

Grotrian diagrams 
 Electronic structure of atoms
 NIST Atomic Spectra Database Lines Form
 Grotrian Diagrams

Diagrams
Spectroscopy
Atomic physics
Photochemistry
R-110. R-110, R110, R.110, R 110 or variant may refer to:

Road 110
Route 110 (highway 110)
R110 road (Ireland)
Freon R-110 (hexachloroethane), see List of refrigerants
R110, designation for the prototype New Technology Train on the New York City Subway, specifically:
R110A (New York City Subway car)
R110B (New York City Subway car)
R110, the fictional robot, see TimeSplitters

See also
 Škoda 110 R