omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Supercritical. Supercritical may refer to:

Physics and technology

Condensed matter physics
 Critical temperature, TC, a temperature above which distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist for a given material
 Supercritical drying, a process used to remove liquid in a precisely controlled way, similar to freeze drying
 Supercritical fluid, a substance at a temperature and pressure above its thermodynamic critical point:
 Supercritical carbon dioxide:
 Supercritical fluid chromatography, a form of liquid chromatography using supercritical carbon dioxide as the mobile phase
Supercritical water:
 Supercritical steam generator, a steam generator operating above the critical point of water, hence having no water–steam separation
 Supercritical water oxidation or SCWO, a process that occurs in water at temperatures and pressures above a mixture's thermodynamic critical point
 Supercritical water reactor (SCWR), a Generation IV nuclear reactor concept that uses supercritical water as the working fluid

Flows
 Supercritical flow, where flow velocity is larger than wave velocity
 Supercritical airfoil, an airfoil designed to delay the onset of wave drag in the transonic speed regime

Nuclear physics
 Supercritical mass, an amount of fissile material that will undergo a sustained nuclear chain reaction at an increasing rate

Mathematics
 Hopf bifurcation, in mathematics, a local bifurcation; when the first Lyapunov coefficient is negative,  the bifurcation is called supercritical
 Pitchfork bifurcation, in mathematics, similar to Hopf bifurcation

Other uses
 Super Critical, an album by British pop/rock group The Ting Tings
Charles Augustus Goodfellow. Lieutenant General Charles Augustus Goodfellow  (27 November 1836 – 1 September 1915) was a British soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Victoria Cross
Charles Augustus Goodfellow was born in Essex on 27 November 1836. On 6 October 1859 Goodfellow was a 22 year old officer of the Bombay Engineers, serving as a lieutenant in 4 Field Company of the Bombay Sappers, during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:

Later service
Goodfellow later transferred to the Royal Engineers serving in the British Expedition to Abyssinia where he was mentioned in dispatches as follows:

Following the successful conclusion of the expedition, Goodfellow was assigned to conduct an archaeological excavation at Adulis, the ancient harbor of the Kingdom of Aksum, on behalf of the British Museum. Goodfellow uncovered the remains of a building and stone columns, fragments of marble and alabaster on which crude drawings had been made, pottery and coins. These items were later sent to the British Museum. Goodfellow later achieved the rank of lieutenant general, and was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He died at Leamington Spa on 1 September 1915, aged 78.

The medal
Goodfellow's Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Engineers Museum, Gillingham, England.

Citations

References
 
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Sapper VCs (Gerald Napier, 1998)

External links
Royal Engineers Museum Sappers VCs
Location of grave and VC medal (Warwickshire)

British recipients of the Victoria Cross
Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross
Companions of the Order of the Bath
British East India Company Army officers
People from Essex
1836 births
1915 deaths
British Army lieutenant generals
Royal Engineers officers
British military personnel of the Abyssinian War
Burials in Warwickshire
Military personnel from Essex
19th-century British Army personnel
IBM 4758. The IBM 4758 PCI Cryptographic Coprocessor is a secure cryptoprocessor implemented on a high-security, tamper resistant, programmable PCI expansion card. Specialized cryptographic electronics, microprocessor, memory, and random number generator housed within a tamper-responding environment provide a highly secure subsystem in which data processing and cryptography can be performed. 

IBM supplies two cryptographic-system implementations, and toolkits for custom application development:
 The PKCS#11, version 2.01 implementation creates a high-security solution for application programs developed for this industry-standard API. 
 The IBM Common Cryptographic Architecture implementation provides many functions of special interest in the finance industry and a base on which custom processing and cryptographic functions can be added. 

As of June 2005, the 4758 was discontinued and was replaced by an improved, faster model called the IBM 4764.

References

External links

IBM CryptoCards
How to hack one that's running an old CCA version
Satan’s Computer Revisited: API Security explains flaws 
Puff65537's IBM 4758 teardown
Teardown of an IBM 4758 that is FIPS-140 level 4 Certified

Cryptographic hardware
4758
Helmholtz machine. The Helmholtz machine (named after Hermann von Helmholtz and his concept of Helmholtz free energy) is a type of artificial neural network that can account for the hidden structure of a set of data by being trained to create a generative model of the original set of data. The hope is that by learning economical representations of the data, the underlying structure of the generative model should reasonably approximate the hidden structure of the data set. A Helmholtz machine contains two networks, a bottom-up recognition network that takes the data as input and produces a distribution over hidden variables, and a top-down "generative" network that generates values of the hidden variables and the data itself. At the time, Helmholtz machines were one of a handful of learning architectures that used feedback as well as feedforward to ensure quality of learned models.

Helmholtz machines are usually trained using an unsupervised learning algorithm, such as the wake-sleep algorithm. They are a precursor to variational autoencoders, which are instead trained using backpropagation. Helmholtz machines  may also be used in applications requiring a supervised learning algorithm (e.g. character recognition, or position-invariant recognition of an object within a field).

See also
 Autoencoder
 Boltzmann machine
 Hopfield network
 Restricted Boltzmann machine

References

External links
 http://www.cs.utoronto.ca/~hinton/helmholtz.html — Hinton's papers on Helmholtz machines
 https://www.nku.edu/~kirby/docs/HelmholtzTutorialKoeln.pdf - A tutorial on Helmholtz machines

Artificial neural networks
Hermann von Helmholtz
Dallas Semiconductor. Dallas Semiconductor, founded in 1984, acquired by Maxim Integrated in 2002, then acquired by Analog Devices in 2021, was a company that designed and manufactured analog, digital, and mixed-signal semiconductors (integrated circuits, or ICs). Its specialties included communications products (including T/E and Ethernet products), microcontrollers, battery management, thermal sensing and thermal management, non-volatile random-access memory, microprocessor supervisors, delay lines, silicon oscillators, digital potentiometers, real-time clocks, temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXOs), iButton, and 1-Wire products.

History 
The company, based in Dallas, Texas, was founded in 1984 and purchased by Maxim Integrated Products for $2.5 billion in 2001.  Both the Maxim and Dallas Semiconductor brands were actively used until 2007.  Since then, the Maxim name has been used for all new products, though the Dallas Semiconductor brand has been retained for some older products, which can be identified by "DS" at the beginning of their part numbers, for example the 1-Wire communications protocol devices. 

Notable products by the company included the DS80-series microcontrollers with 8051 instruction set.

As of June 2021, devices are still under active production by Maxim Integrated. In August 2021, Maxim was then acquired by Analog Devices.

Farmers Branch Texas building site:
 Dallas Semiconductor - 1985 to 2001
 Maxim Integrated - 2001 to 2017
 Qorvo - 2017 to 2023
 Wolfspeed - 2023 to curent

References

External links

 
 Vin Prothro (CEO & founder)

1984 establishments in Texas
2002 disestablishments in Texas
2002 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1984
American companies disestablished in 2002
Computer companies established in 1984
Computer companies disestablished in 2002
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Texas
Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
Electronics companies established in 1984
Electronics companies disestablished in 2002
Manufacturing companies based in Dallas
Manufacturing companies established in 1984
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2002
Tiny Internet Interface. The Tiny Internet Interface (known as TINI or MxTNI) is a microcontroller that includes the facilities necessary to connect to the Internet. The MxTNI platform is a microcontroller-based development platform that executes code for embedded web servers. The platform is a combination of broad-based I/O, a full TCP/IP stack, and an extensible Java runtime environment that simplifies development of network-connected equipment.

MxTNI was developed by Dallas Semiconductor, now Maxim Integrated Products. The interface was originally known as "TINI". The company renamed it MxTNI in December 2011.

References

External links 
MxTNI definition.
MxTNI Application Notes

Microcontrollers
Tini. Tini may refer to:

Tiny Internet Interface, a microcontroller that includes the facilities necessary to connect to the Internet
Titanium nitride, an extremely hard ceramic material, often used as a coating to improve surface properties
Tini, Iran, a village in Kermanshah Province, Iran
Tini (album), 2016 debut solo album by Tini
Tini Tini Tini, 2020 studio album by Tini

People
Tinì Cansino (born 1959), stage name of Photina Lappa, Greek actress and television personality, mainly active in Italy
Tini Kerei Taiaroa (1846–1934), New Zealand personality and community worker
Tini Wagner (1919-2004), Dutch freestyle swimmer
Clelia Tini (born 1992), Sammarinese swimmer
Jody Tini (born 1976), New Zealand female basketball player
Tini (singer) (born 1997), Argentine actress, singer-songwriter, dancer and model, also known for her lead role in Disney's series Violetta

Other
tini (software), alternative init included in Docker
OLS. OLS or Ols may refer to:

 Oleśnica (German: Öls), Poland
 Operation Lone Star, Texas border operation
 Optical landing system, U.S. Navy landing system 
 Order of Luthuli in Silver, a South African honour
 Ordinary least squares, a method used in regression analysis for estimating linear models
 Ottawa Linux Symposium, tech conference held annually from 1999 to 2014
 Oulun Luistinseura, a Finnish multi-sports club
 The Sims 3: Outdoor Living Stuff, the third stuff pack to The Sims 3
 Nogales International Airport, Arizona, US (IATA code)
Mimetite. Mimetite is a lead arsenate chloride mineral () which forms as a secondary mineral in lead deposits, usually by the oxidation of galena and arsenopyrite. The name derives from the Greek Μιμητής mimetes, meaning "imitator" and refers to mimetite's resemblance to the mineral pyromorphite. This resemblance is not coincidental, as mimetite forms a mineral series with pyromorphite () and with vanadinite (). Notable occurrences are Mapimi, Durango, Mexico and Tsumeb, Namibia.

Properties

Mimetite is a lead chloride arsenate mineral with the composition . It is a secondary mineral, formed by oxidation of primary lead minerals in arsenic-bearing lead deposits. It typically forms short hexagonal crystals that are yellow to brown to orange in color, very brittle, moderately hard (Mohs hardness 3.5–4), and dense (specific gravity 7.24). It is distinctive for its lack of transparency, its resinous to adamantine luster, and its solubility in nitric acid.

Mimetite forms a complete solid solution series with pyromorphite, with phosphate () substituting for arsenate (). The two minerals are almost identical in their properties and can be difficult to distinguish except by laboratory tests. Pyromorphite is the more common mineral at most locales.

Campylite is a name applied to mimetite or pyromorphite that crystallizes as distinctive barrel-shaped crystals forming curved hemispherical aggregates. Bellite is a name formerly applied to a chromium-bearing mimetite, or possibly a mixture of crocoite, mimetite and quartz, which forms attractive orange red crystals, but has been discredited as a distinct mineral species.

Occurrences
Mimetite is found in association with lead and arsenic minerals, including pyromorphite, cerussite, hemimorphite, smithsonite, vanadinite, anglesite, pyrite, mottramite, willemite, and wulfenite. Good specimens have been reported from Gila County, Arizona, US; Ojocaliente, Zacatecas, Mexico; Cumberland, England; Johanngeorgenstadt, Saxony, Germany; Namibia; and Broken Hill, Australia.

Mimetite specimen gallery

References

External links

Mineral Galleries

Lead minerals
Halide minerals
Arsenate minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 176
Luminescent minerals
Minerals described in 1835
Clintonite. Clintonite is a calcium magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate mineral. It is a member of the margarite group of micas and the subgroup often referred to as the "brittle" micas. Clintonite has the chemical formula . Like other micas and chlorites, clintonite is monoclinic in crystal form and has a perfect basal cleavage parallel to the flat surface of the plates or scales. The Mohs hardness of clintonite is 6.5, and the specific gravity is 3.0 to 3.1. It occurs as variably colored, colorless, green, yellow, red, to reddish-brown masses and radial clusters.

The brittle micas differ chemically from the micas in containing less silica and no alkalis, and from the chlorites in containing much less water; in many respects, they are intermediate between the micas and chlorites. Clintonite and its iron-rich variety xanthophyllite are sometimes considered the calcium analogues of the phlogopites.

Typical formation environment is in serpentinized dolomitic limestone and contact metamorphosed skarns. It occurs with talc, spinel, grossular, vesuvianite, clinopyroxene, monticellite, chondrodite, phlogopite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and dolomite.

Clintonite was first described in 1843 for an occurrence in Orange County, New York. It was named for De Witt Clinton (1769–1828).

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Phyllosilicates
Magnesium minerals
Calcium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Mica group
British Rail Class 424. The British Rail Class 424 "Networker Classic" was a prototype electric multiple unit (EMU) built in 1997 by Adtranz at Derby Litchurch Lane Works from a Class 421 driving trailer vehicle.

Project

The "Networker Classic" concept involved rebuilding Mark 1 design Southern Region EMUs of Classes 411, 421 and 423 to meet current crashworthiness standards and have electric sliding doors instead of slam doors. This involved building a new bodyshell on the existing chassis, but keeping the original electrical and motor equipment. Therefore, the aim was to produce a 'new' unit at one quarter the cost of manufacturing a train from scratch. The rebuilt units would have had a life of at least fifteen years, thus saving considerable amounts of money when replacing old stock. The unit is known for its similar looks with the British Rail Class 170 and the British Rail Class 357, albeit using pocket doors more similar to the subsequent classes 376 and 378, and unlike said trains used pocket doors for the driver cab doors, like those of the 1972 design and earlier Mark 3-derived units.

Prototype
One vehicle, no. 76112 from 'Phase 1' 4Cig unit 1749, was rebuilt as a prototype in 1997. This saw the original Mark 1 bodyshell removed from the chassis at Doncaster Works, and replaced with a new one at Derby Litchurch Lane Works resembling a then brand new Turbostar train installed. The controls from the 4Cig unit were retained in the driving cab. It was displayed to the public at London Victoria, paired with unrebuilt DT 76747 from 4Big unit 2256 for comparison purposes. The converted vehicle had a total capacity of 77 passengers in Standard Class only; had the full 4-car unit undergone the same conversion, then it would have had capacity for up to 310 passengers.

The prototype unit had not carried passengers throughout its life, as the electric controls were unsuitable for the Class 424.

Although Connex South Central had at one stage proposed ordering some, the train companies turned to new-build rolling stock, which saw the introduction of the Electrostar, Desiro and Juniper families. As a result, the single Class 424 vehicle was stored at Derby Litchurch Lane Works until 2012, when it was removed for disposal. The unrebuilt 4Cig trailer (unit 1399), which paired with the vehicle, was scrapped from the East Kent Railway after restoration attempts failed.

Fleet Details

References

External links
 Experimental Class 424, "Adtranz Classic" - Southern Electric Group
 
 Photograph at Derby Litchurch Lane Works in August 2011

424
Abandoned trains of the United Kingdom
Train-related introductions in 1997
750 V DC multiple units
Non-passenger multiple units
Smaltite. Smaltite is a variety of the mineral skutterudite consisting of cobalt, iron, nickel, and arsenide.  It has the chemical formula .

Smaltite crystallizes in the cubic system with the same hemihedral symmetry as pyrite; crystals have usually the form of cubes or cubo-octahedra, but are imperfectly developed and of somewhat rare occurrence. More often the mineral is found as compact or granular masses. The color is tin-white to steel-grey, with a metallic luster; the streak is greyish black. Hardness is 5.5 and the specific gravity is 6.5. The cobalt is partly replaced by iron and nickel, and as the latter increases in amount there is a passage to the isomorphous species chloanthite ().

Smaltite occurs in veins with ores of cobalt, nickel, copper and silver. The best known localities are Cobalt, Ontario and Schneeberg in Saxony, Germany. The name smaltite was given by F. S. Beudant in 1832 because the mineral was used in the preparation of smalt for producing a blue color in porcelain and glass.

Notes

References

Further reading
Mindat locality data

Cobalt minerals
Iron minerals
Nickel minerals
Arsenide minerals
Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center. The Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center (or PATAC) is a joint venture between General Motors and SAIC Motor. It is a design and engineering center in Pudong, Shanghai, China, and is involved in engineering for Shanghai GM products, but also functions as one out of six technical development and design centers worldwide of General Motors. 

Overview
PATAC has prepared several global GM vehicles for the Chinese market. From PATAC's own development come the Chevrolet Sail and the second generation Buick GL8. The facelifted Chevrolet Aveo (T200) sedan was also designed in collaboration with PATAC. The centre is also creating every two years a concept car, a total of seven until 2013. Among them two concepts of a new Buick Riviera, in 2007 and 2013.

PATAC disposes of various facilities for design and for motor vehicle development and evaluation, among them a climate wind tunnel, opened on March 27, 2012.

PATAC also manages together with Shanghai GM the 5.67-square-kilometer proving ground in Guangde County, Anhui () with 60 km test roads, opened on September 22, 2012.

The joint-venture PATAC is not to be confused with GM China's own GM China Advanced Technical Center (ATC), which is located in Shanghai next to the GM China headquarters.

See also
 SAIC-GM

Sources
 Official web site of PATAC (Adobe Flash)
 GM China web page showing GM joint-ventures in China

References

 

General Motors joint ventures
SAIC Motor joint ventures
BR standard classes. The BR Standard steam locomotives were an effort to standardise locomotives from the motley collection of older pre-grouping locos. Construction started in 1951. Due to the controversial British Railways' modernisation plan of 1955, where steam traction was abandoned in 
favour of diesel and electric traction, many of the locomotives' working lives were very short: between 7 and 17 years. Many have been preserved, mainly due to being sent to Barry Scrapyard.

Ex-WD Austerity engines 

The first BR standards were the BR ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0 and BR ex-WD Austerity 2-10-0s.  They were given the numbers 90000-732 and 90750-774 respectively. They were assigned the boiler types BR10 and BR11, and both had the tender type BR5.

Background 

Robert Riddles put his case for continuing to build steam locomotives in his presidential address to the Institution of Locomotive Engineers in November 1950. He compared capital costs to show that steam was cheaper than the alternatives, though he did not mention productivity differences, except to say fuel costs did not rank very high relative to total costs. For example, a Class 5 cost £16,000, compared to £78,100 for a 1,600 h. p. diesel, £138,700 for a gas turbine, or £37,400 for electric. He calculated the costs per drawbar horse power as £13 6s (steam), £65 (diesel), £69 7s (turbine) and £17 13s (electric). Riddles retired in 1953.

Design 
From 1951, BR started to build steam locomotives to its own standard designs, which were largely based on LMS practice but incorporating ideas and modifications from the other constituent companies, continental Europe and North America. Their design was overseen by Riddles.

Characteristic features were taper boilers, high running plates, two cylinders and streamlined cabs.

Construction 

Although more were ordered, 999 BR "Standards" were constructed: the last, 92220 Evening Star, was built in 1960. Most never achieved their potential service life and were withdrawn in working order.

Construction was split between the ex-LMS works at Crewe, Derby and Horwich, the ex-LNER works at Darlington and Doncaster, the ex-GWR works at Swindon, and the ex-SR works at Brighton.

Tenders 

The tenders used with the Standard locomotives were also new designs. There were different types due to the use of different coal-to-water ratios, weight restrictions and later improved designs.  It was standard practice for there to be fewer tenders than locomotives, as tenders took little time to overhaul compared to locomotives, locomotives entering works for overhaul would tend to lose their tenders to locomotives leaving works after overhaul.

Preservation 

A total of 46 standards have survived - of these, 38 were rescued from Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Wales.   The BR Standard Locomotive Owner's Group provides co-ordination.

New Builds 

The new build of the 'Clan' class 72010 “Hengist” is progressing steadily.
The new build of the Class 3 Tank 82045 is well underway, work continues as of 2021.

References

Further reading

 BR standard classes