omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
N-Prize. The N-Prize (the "N" stands for "Nanosatellite" or "Negligible Resources".) is an inducement prize contest intended to "encourage creativity, originality and inventiveness in the face of severe odds and impossible financial restrictions" and thus stimulate innovation directed towards obtaining cheap access to space. The competition was launched in 2008 by Cambridge biologist Paul H. Dear, and is intended specifically to spur amateur involvement in spaceflight as it is "aimed at amateurs, enthusiasts, would-be boffins and foolhardy optimists."

Dr. Dear died on 11 March 2020, and the prize was subsequently closed.

The challenge posed by the N-Prize is to launch a satellite weighing between 9.99 and 19.99 grammes into Earth orbit, and to track it for a minimum of nine orbits. Most importantly the launch budget must be under £999.99 including the launch vehicle, all of the required non-reusable launch equipment hardware, and propellant.

In order to be eligible for the awards the challenge initially had to be completed before 19:19:09 (GMT) on 19 September 2013, however later it was decided that the prize will remain open until won. Doing so will earn the winning team a prize of £9,999.99.

List of competing teams
The official site of the N-Prize includes an animated page listing over fifty teams together with contact information and links to any team websites. Examples of teams that have entered the competition at one time or another and who also have or had web pages include:
  Nebula
  Epsilon Vee
  Vulcan
  Microlaunchers
  Cambridge University Spaceflight
  Potent Voyager
  Team Prometheus
  Team 9.99
  Kiwi 2 Space
  Qi Spacecraft
  Aerosplice
  WikiSat

See also
 Ansari X Prize
 Rockoon
 List of space technology awards

References

External links
 N-Prize main website
 N-Prize official forum
 Space Fellowship official N-Prize forum

Challenge awards
Space-related awards
Hava Siegelmann. Hava Siegelmann is an American computer scientist and Provost Professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Biography

Siegelmann earned her Ph.D. in Computer Science at Rutgers University (1993) under Eduardo Sontag. Her dissertation was on the topic of Hypercomputation. She earned an M.Sc. in Computer Science at Hebrew University (1992) and a B.A. in Computer Science at the Technion (1988).

Siegelmann was a program manager of several DARPA AI programs including Lifelong Learning Machines, Guaranteeing AI Robustness Against Deception, and Cooperative Secure Learning. DARPA/DoD awarded her with the Meritorious Public Service Medal for her research and leadership.

Selected publications

References

American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
Living people
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
American women academics
1964 births
21st-century American women
Kingspan Off-Site. Kingspan Off-Site was a manufacturer of timber and steel building systems. It was a division of the Kingspan Group plc.

History

Steel
Kingspan Off-Site’s range of steel products can be traced back to the Ward brothers’ construction company, set up in Yorkshire in 1947. Kingspan Group (based at Kingscourt, Ireland) acquired the Wards Business in 1997 and restructured it to become Kingspan Metl-con in 2004, specialising in off-site steel technologies. In 2007 Kingspan further increased its structural steel division with the acquisition of Banro, which was later rebranded as Kingspan Off-Site Profiles and Sections.

Timber frame
In 2001 Kingspan Off-Site purchased a German-based business, TEK Haus, which manufactured a Structural Insulated Panel Building System (SIPs). Incorporating SIPs technology, the Kingspan TEK Building System was launched in 2001. Kingspan Off-Site then acquired Century Homes, set up by the McCaughey brothers in Monaghan, in 2005. Kingspan Century continues to operate in Ireland offering a similar portfolio of solutions as Kingspan Off-Site in the UK. In 2006, Potton, a self-build specialist, and Pace Timber Frame also became part of the group as a result of further acquisitions. It was later rebranded as Kingspan Off-Site Profiles and Sections.

Façade
Kingspan Off-Site’s product range was extended in 2006 by the purchase of Fibrecon. Established in 2001, Fibrecon manufactures insulating wall panels consisting of a lightweight reinforced concrete face. In 2007 all business units, including Potton, Banro, Century, Pace, Fabrik and Off-Site merged to form the Kingspan Off-Site super division. It was later rebranded as Kingspan Off-Site Profiles and Sections.

References

External links
Official site

Building materials companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Bedfordshire
Manufacturing companies established in 1947
1947 establishments in England
Chromium(III) sulfide. Chromium(III) sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula Cr2S3. It is a brown-black solid. Chromium sulfides are usually nonstoichiometric compounds, with formulas ranging from CrS to Cr0.67S (corresponding to Cr2S3).

Preparation
Chromium(III) sulfide can be prepared through the reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of the elements at 1000 °C

It is a solid that is insoluble in water.  According to X-ray crystallography, its structure is a combination of that of  nickel arsenide (1:1 stoichiometry) and Cd(OH)2 (1:2 stoichiometry). Some metal-metal bonding is indicated by the short Cr-Cr distance of 2.78 Å.

See also
 Brezinaite, a mineral with the formula Cr3S4

References

Chromium(III) compounds
Sesquisulfides
Wilbur Ravel Kimball. Wilbur Ravel Kimball (January 28, 1863 – July 30, 1940) was an early aviator and pioneer of helicopter design. He was a member of the Aeronautic Society in New York City. He was also a member of the Early Birds of Aviation.

Biography
He was born on January 28, 1863, in Woburn, Massachusetts, to Maria and Wilbur F. Kimball. He married Elizabeth Norton Gurney of Brockton, Massachusetts. 

He died on July 30, 1940, at St. Luke's Hospital in Manhattan, age 77. He was buried in Woodbrook Cemetery in Woburn, Massachusetts.

References

Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
1863 births
1940 deaths
Alberton station. The Milwaukee Railroad Depot in Alberton, Montana was built by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway (a.k.a. Milwaukee Road) in 1908, during its Pacific Extension from Mobridge, South Dakota to Tacoma, Washington from 1906 to 1909. The depot is a rectangular one-story wood-frame building constructed in the Craftsman style.

When the Milwaukee Road built its transcontinental line, it placed a division point at Alberton. In addition to the depot, there were also a roundhouse, turntable and locomotive repair shops. The depot became the center of the commercial district of the town and the railroad was the town's major employer.

After the railroad was electrified in 1916, the roundhouse and turntable were removed.

When the railroad went bankrupt in the 1980s, the depot was sold to the Town of Alberton and is now used as a community center.

The depot was listed in the National Register because of its architecture and association with The Milwaukee Road and the development of railroads in Montana.

Notes

References
Historical Research Associates. . National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, 1997. On file at the National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
McDonald, James R. Milwaukee Railroad Depot (Mineral County, Montana). National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 1997. On file at the National Park Service, Washington, D.C.

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Alberton, Montana
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1908
National Register of Historic Places in Mineral County, Montana
1908 establishments in Montana
Former railway stations in Montana
American Craftsman architecture in Montana
Transportation in Mineral County, Montana
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1980
Drainage district. Drainage districts occur in England and Wales, varying in size from a few hundred acres to over , all in low-lying areas of the country where flood risk management and land drainage are sensitive issues. Most drainage districts are administered by an internal drainage board (IDB), which are single purpose local drainage authorities, dealing with the drainage and water level management of clean water only. Each drainage district has a defined area, and the IDB only has powers to deal with matters affecting that area.

British Isles

Special drainage districts
Special drainage districts could be created for the built-up parts of rural area in England, under the provisions of the Sewage Utilization Act 1865, Sewage Utilization Act 1867, Sanitary Act 1866 and Public Health Act 1872. The Public Health Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 55) consolidated this legislation. The purpose of the special drainage district was to create a tax raising body to provide works in areas where there was no sanitary authority. They were renamed "special purpose areas" when rural district councils were created in 1894. The Local Government Act 1929 permitted rural district councils to absorb the district and pay for works out of the general rate. This was enforced for all such areas by the Rural Water Supplies and Sewerage Act 1944 and those remaining were abolished.

The Netherlands
The Netherlands has long been divided into approximately 35 waterschappen, local authorities responsible for water quality and management, including dikes and drainage.  Of these, the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland, headquartered in Leiden is the largest, and recent mergers have further enlarged it.  The Dutch water boards have been democratically elected for most of the past millennium, making them some of the oldest democratic institutions in the world.

United States

Illinois
The state of Illinois established a system of drainage districts in 1871.  Drainage districts, run by drainage commissions, are able to levy property taxes to pay for the construction and maintenance drainage systems for the district.  The Chicago regional Tunnel and Reservoir Plan has created an underground reservoirs to hold stormwater; this plan combined a number of local drainage districts.

Louisiana
Article VI, Part III of the Louisiana constitution authorizes the legislature to create levee districts.  Such districts have taxation power, they may borrow money, had they have extraordinary powers of eminent domain allowing expropriation of property before paying for it.

Texas
The state of Texas authorized the formation of drainage districts in 1905.  Once formed by a 2/3 vote of the resident property-tax payers, the district may raise property taxes to construct and maintain ditches, canals and levees.

References

Land management in the United Kingdom
Land management in the United States
Annette Malm Justad. Annette Malm Justad (born 1958) is a Norwegian businessperson.

As education she has two master's degrees, one in technology management from the MIT Sloan School of Management and the Norwegian Institute of Technology, and another in chemical engineering from the Norwegian Institute of Technology. She was employed at Norsk Hydro, as vice president and Fleet Manager at Norgas Carriers and Vice President of Yara International before she became CEO of Eitzen Maritime Services.

Malm Justad is a member of the board of directors at Petroleum Geo-Services, and is a member of the board of Camillo Eitzen & Co and Aker American Shipping. She is a non-executive director of the Port of London Authority.

References
Board of Directors - Petroleum Geo-Services

1958 births
Living people
People in the petroleum industry
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century Norwegian businesswomen
20th-century Norwegian businesspeople
21st-century Norwegian businesswomen
21st-century Norwegian businesspeople
Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies. The Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies (RAF CAPS) is a Royal Air Force sponsored think tank which engages in the study of air power.

The centre was launched on 23 August 2007 by Air Chief Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy, Chief of the Air Staff. Based at the Royal Air Force College, this think tank and research centre claims to bring together academia with serving members of the RAF to analyse how air power has been used in the past and how best it might be used in a modern, complex world of increasing ambiguity. It aspires to act as the RAF’s centre for strategic and conceptual thinking about air power, to "encourage and promote the study of air power, particularly within the Service and academia, but also throughout the broader intellectual community (including the media and think-tanks)".

The centre hosts a website, runs major conferences, offers fellowships and, since 2008, publishes a journal called Air Power Review. Its board is headed by the Air Officer Commanding No. 22 (Training) Group. Its staff consists of key members of the Royal Air Force, the Air Historical Branch (RAF), and academics from King's College London's Air Power Studies Division.  In 2009 the RAF CAPS worked with a King's College team of air power experts under the direction of Dr Joel Hayward to develop the UK's first specialised master's degree in air power studies.

The Chief of the Air Staff's Air Power Workshop, sometimes known merely as the CAS Workshop, is a small working group of senior scholars and other theorists convened by the Chief of Air Staff, the professional head of the Royal Air Force. Run by the successive Directors of Defence Studies (RAF), the Workshop develops and debates cutting-edge ideas on air power and sporadically produces books containing the findings.

Notes

External links
 Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies: official website.

British defence policymaking
Education in Lincolnshire
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks based in the United Kingdom
Royal Air Force education and training
North Kesteven District
Organisations based in Lincolnshire
Royal Air Force
Ordinary watercourse. 
An ordinary watercourse is one of the two types of watercourse in statutory language in England and Wales.

Definition
Ordinary watercourses include every river, stream, ditch, drain, cut, dyke, sluice, sewer (other than a public sewer) and passage through which water flows and which does not form part of a main river. An internal drainage board where relevant, or lead local authority has permissive powers to carry out flood defence works for ordinary watercourses at their discretion.

Flood risk management
Lead Local Flood Authorities have lead responsibility for managing the risk of flooding from surface water, groundwater and ordinary watercourses.  They have permissive power to carry out flood defence works at their discretion.  This implies that a residual responsibility to maintain ordinary watercourses, and to report any issues with them to lead local flood authorities, (county councils or unitary authorities) rests in tort with riparian owners, that is owners of land adjoining such watercourses.  Such watercourses were historically defined as non-navigable watercourses however their designation has changed to those watercourses not included on a 'main rivers map' and whose bed is not owned by an authority.

Critical Ordinary Watercourse
Critical Ordinary Watercourses (COWs) are a subdivision of ordinary watercourses, certain anti-flooding responsibility for which was assumed by the Environment Agency. They were created following Defra's Flood and Coastal Defence Funding Review published in February 2003. The transfer to EA of approximately 1,800 watercourses has now been completed in three phases (1 November 2004, 1 April 2005, and 1 April 2006). In some cases the EA has assigned their requisite day-to-day operational work to internal drainage boards and local authorities and in many cases the EA reassigned this to one or both types of these organisations, having previously taken on such work before the designation of the COW.

See also
Main river
Riparian water rights
Navigation authority

References

Watercourses
Flood control in the United Kingdom
Regional flood and coastal committee. A regional flood and coastal committee (RFCC) is a type of governmental body in England and Wales through which the Environment Agency regions carry out their work on flood risk management. They were established under the provisions of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010, although details of their activities are defined by the RFCC Regulations 2011, and is informed by the National Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Strategy. They replaced regional flood defence committees, {RFDC} which had a similar function.

The committees are made up of members of local authorities, who are appointed by the lead local flood authority, a role defined by the Flood and Water Management Act 2010, together with independent members who are appointed by the Environment Agency. In England, there are twelve regional flood and coastal committees, covering the whole of the country. These are:
Anglian Eastern RFCC
Anglian Great Ouse RFCC
Anglian Northern RFCC
English Severn and Wye RFCC
North West RFCC
Northumbria RFCC
South West RFCC
Southern RFCC
Thames RFCC
Trent RFCC
Wessex RFCC
Yorkshire RFCC

References

Public bodies and task forces of the United Kingdom government
Water management authorities in the United Kingdom
Flood control in the United Kingdom
William Hughes Miller. William Hughes Miller (born March 16, 1941, Kosciusko, Mississippi) is an American professor at the University of California, Berkeley and a leading researcher in the field of theoretical chemistry.

Research and career
Miller is known for his development of semiclassical methods for treating chemical dynamics. From 1989 to 1993, he served as chair of the chemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, and since 1999 he has been the Kenneth S. Pitzer Distinguished Professor at UC Berkeley.

Awards and honors
In 2011 he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

Miller was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) of London in 2015. His nomination reads: 

Miller was the 2007 recipient of the Welch Award in Chemistry. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

References

1941 births
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty
Foreign members of the Royal Society
Harvard University alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Schweizer SGU 1-2. The Schweizer SGU 1-2 was a United States, amateur-built, single-seat,  glider that was designed by Ernest Schweizer and constructed by the Mercury Glider Club between 1930 and 1931.

The 1-2 was the second a line of 38 glider designs that the Schweizers created and the first of over 5700 aircraft built by them.

Design and development

The success of the Schweizer SGP 1-1 as a club glider in the summer of 1930 convinced the Schweizers and the Mercury Glider Club to build an improved glider with better performance for the following year.

The 1-2 was flown by the Mercury Glider Club in the summer of 1931. That club later became the Hudson Valley Soaring Club and continued to operate the glider. The HVSC used the 1-2 as a training glider while they used the prototype Schweizer SGU 1-7 for soaring

Operational history
The club named the 1-2 "The Brick", a reference to its low performance. The sole 1-2 built did not survive and there are no examples available today.

The success of the 1-1 and the 1-2 led the Schweizer brothers to continue on to design and build improved gliders, including a single SGU 1-3 the following year and to form the Schweizer Metal Aircraft Company.

Specifications

See also

References

1930s United States sailplanes
Schweizer aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Peter Eckersley. Peter Eckersley may refer to:
Peter Eckersley (engineer) (1892–1963), pioneer of British Broadcasting
Peter Eckersley (cricketer) (1904–1940), captain of Lancashire County Cricket Club and MP
Peter Eckersley (TV producer) (1936–1981), British television producer associated with Granada Television
Peter Eckersley (computer scientist) (1979–2022), Australian computer security researcher and activist
Pseudo Stirling cycle. The pseudo Stirling cycle, also known as the adiabatic Stirling cycle, is a thermodynamic cycle with an adiabatic working volume and isothermal heater and cooler, in contrast to the ideal Stirling cycle with an isothermal working space.  The working fluid has no bearing on the maximum thermal efficiencies of the pseudo Stirling cycle.

Practical Stirling engines usually use a adiabatic Stirling cycle as the ideal Stirling cycle can not be practically implemented.
Nomenclature (practical engines and ideal cycle are both named Stirling) and lack in specificity (omitting ideal or adiabatic Stirling cycle) can cause confusion.

History
The pseudo Stirling cycle was designed to address predictive shortcomings in the ideal isothermal Stirling cycle.  Specifically, the ideal cycle does not give usable figures or criteria for judging the performance of real-world Stirling engines.

See also
Stirling engine
Stirling cycle

References

External links

Abstract of "The Pseudo Stirling cycle - A suitable performance criterion"
Brief History of Stirling Machines p. 4 and on

Thermodynamic cycles
Helge Eide. Helge Eide (born 1 April 1954) is a Norwegian businessman.

He graduated from Rogaland University College (now named University of Stavanger) with a bachelor's degree in petroleum engineering.

He became managing director in DNO ASA in 2000, having first joined that company in 1996. He previously held management positions in Smedvig Group, Norsk Hydro, Read Petroleum Energy and Elf.

References

External links 
DNO

1954 births
Living people
Norwegian businesspeople
People in the petroleum industry
University of Stavanger alumni
Wim Soetaert. Wim Soetaert is a chemical and biochemical engineer who heads the Centre of Expertise for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be) at Ghent University, Faculty of BioScience Engineering. His research group is active in the development of fermentative and biocatalytic production processes.

Early education and life
Soetaert received a PhD in bioengineering from Ghent University. He worked as a research director in Germany and France, for the sugar group Pfeifer & Langen and the wheat processing company Chamtor.

He is the founder and chairman of Flanders Biobased Valley, a public-private partnership to promote the development of biobased activities in the Ghent area. Soetaert is also the director of the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant, an open innovation pilot plant for biobased products and processes based in Ghent.

External links
InBio.be
Flanders Biobased Valley
Bio Base Europe
Interreg 

Belgian biochemists
Ghent University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academic staff of Ghent University
Businesspeople from Ghent
Scientists from Ghent