omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Efferent coupling. Efferent coupling is a coupling metric in software development. It measures the number of data types a class knows about.

This includes inheritance, interface implementation, parameter types, variable types, and exceptions.

This has also been referred to by Robert C. Martin as the Fan-out stability metric which in his book Clean Architecture he describes as Outgoing dependencies. This metric identifies the number of classes inside this component that depend on classes outside the component.

This metric is often used to calculate instability of a component in software architecture as I = Fan-out / (Fan-in + Fan-out). This metric has a range [0,1]. I = 0 is maximally stable while I = 1 is maximally unstable.

References

Software metrics
Arsenic trichloride. Arsenic trichloride is an inorganic compound with the formula AsCl3, also known as arsenous chloride or butter of arsenic.  This poisonous oil is colourless, although impure samples may appear yellow.  It is an intermediate in the manufacture of organoarsenic compounds.

Structure
AsCl3 is a pyramidal molecule with C3v symmetry.  The As-Cl bond is 2.161 Å and the angle Cl-As-Cl is 98° 25'±30.  AsCl3 has four normal modes of vibration: ν1(A1) 416, ν2(A1) 192, ν3 393, and ν4(E) 152 cm−1.

Synthesis
This colourless liquid is prepared by treatment of arsenic(III) oxide with hydrogen chloride followed by distillation:
 As2O3 +  6 HCl  →  2 AsCl3  + 3 H2O

It can also be prepared by chlorination of arsenic at 80–85 °C, but this method requires elemental arsenic.
 2 As +  3 Cl2   →   2 AsCl3
Arsenic trichloride can be prepared by the reaction of arsenic oxide and sulfur monochloride. This method requires simple apparatus and proceeds efficiently:
 2 As2O3  +  6 S2Cl2   →   4 AsCl3  +  3 SO2  +  9 S
A convenient laboratory method is refluxing arsenic(III) oxide with thionyl chloride:
 2 As2O3 +  3 SOCl2   →   2 AsCl3 +  3 SO2
Arsenic trichloride can also be prepared by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and arsenic(III) sulfide.
As2S3 + 6 HCl   →  2 AsCl3 + 3 H2S

Reactions
Hydrolysis gives arsenous acid and hydrochloric acid:
 AsCl3 + 3 H2O  →  As(OH)3 + 3 HCl
Although AsCl3 is less moisture sensitive than PCl3, it still fumes in moist air.

AsCl3 undergoes redistribution upon treatment with As2O3 to give the inorganic polymer AsOCl. With chloride sources, AsCl3 also forms salts containing the anion [AsCl4]−. Reaction with potassium bromide and potassium iodide give arsenic tribromide and arsenic triiodide, respectively.

AsCl3 is useful in organoarsenic chemistry, for example triphenylarsine is derived from AsCl3:
AsCl3  +  6 Na  + C6H5Cl   → As(C6H5)3  +  6 NaCl

The chemical weapons called Lewisites are prepared by the addition of arsenic trichloride to acetylene:

Safety
Inorganic arsenic compounds are highly toxic, and AsCl3 especially so because of its volatility and solubility (in water). 

It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

References

Arsenic(III) compounds
Arsenic halides
Chlorides
Sally Ride Science. Sally Ride Science at UC San Diego is a nonprofit run by the University of California, San Diego. It was founded as a company in 2001 by Sally Ride, America's first woman in space, along with Tam O'Shaughnessy, Karen Flammer, Terry McEntee, and Alann Lopes to inspire young people in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) and to promote STEM literacy. Sally Ride Science was relaunched as a non-profit at UC San Diego on October 1, 2015. It is based at UC San Diego Extension, and its programs are coordinated jointly by UC San Diego Extension, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and San Diego Supercomputer Center. O'Shaughnessy is executive director and Flammer is director of education for Sally Ride Science at UC San Diego.

Programs 
Sally Ride Science at UC San Diego focuses on professional development for teachers; K-12 STEM + Arts (STEAM) education, including courses, lectures, and camps; and online programs through UCTV. The goal is to help educators build students’ STEM literacy and make connections between what students are learning and the STEM fields that are expected to experience rapid job growth in the coming decades. The nonprofit will create new programs and make use of existing Sally Ride Science programs.

Existing programs include Cool Careers in STEM, which provides professional development for teachers and classroom resources (student books, teacher guides, and a STEM Career Connections Teacher Activity Guide) to awaken students’ interest in STEM topics and careers. Research shows that learning about STEM careers and the diverse people working in these fields inspires students and makes the study of science, technology, engineering, and math more meaningful to them.

Another major existing program is Key Concepts in Science. This integrated standards-based program provides professional development for educators on how to teach science using the 5E instructional model, along with classroom resources (student books, hands-on investigations, teacher guides, and assessments) that educators can use to build students’ STEM literacy and college and career readiness. The program reflects research showing that teaching fewer science concepts in greater depth gives students a solid foundation to develop STEM literacy.

Activities

Before its acquisition by UC San Diego, Sally Ride Science implemented a variety of STEM-related educational initiatives.

References

Sally Ride
Education literature
Books about education
Women and education
Science education in the United States
Popular science books
Educational materials
United States educational programs
University of California, San Diego
Organizations established in 2001
2001 establishments in California
Women's education in the United States
Type 3 aircraft machine gun. The Type 3 13 mm fixed aircraft machine gun () was a Japanese Navy aircraft machine gun used during World War II. It was based on the American M2 Browning machine gun but used the 13.2x99mm Hotchkiss cartridge.

History 
The Type 3 was derived from the  M2 Browning but chambered for the slightly larger 13.2×99mm Hotchkiss round, the same cartridge as the Hotchkiss M1929 machine gun and the Imperial Japanese military's licensed version, the Type 93 heavy machine gun. Despite the small difference in calibers, it was possible to use M2 Browning cartridges in the Japanese machine gun, which ostensibly occurred during World War II. The machine gun was produced from 1943 to 1945.

The fixed version was used on later models of the Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter and prototypes of the Kawanishi N1K Shiden Kai.

The Type 3 was trialled for flexible defensive fixtures as well as fixed offensive ones. The flexible version featured a longer barrel. It was ultimately determined to be unsuitable in a flexible defensive role due to its weight compared to existing alternatives; the 13.2mm Type 3 weighed almost , heavier than the 20mm Type 99-1 Mod.1 autocannon at . The flexible version was ultimately rejected in favour of the lighter Type 2 machine gun.

See also 
 List of Japanese military equipment of World War II
 13 mm caliber
 List of machine guns

Notes

Literature 
 René J. Francillon: Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. Londyn: Putnam, 1979. .
 Robert C. Mikesh: Japanese Aircraft Equipment 1940-1945. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2004. .
 Anthony G. Williams: Rapid Fire: The Development of Automatic Cannon and Heavy Machine Guns for Armies, Navies, and Air Forces. Airlife Publishing, Ltd, 2000. .

References

Aircraft guns
Heavy machine guns
Machine guns of Japan
World War II weapons of Japan
World War II machine guns
Zinc stearate. Zinc stearate is a "zinc soap" that is widely used industrially. In this context, soap is used in its formal sense, a metal salt of a fatty acid: in this case stearic acid. It is a white solid that repels water. It is insoluble in polar solvents such as alcohol and ether but soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene) and chlorinated hydrocarbons when heated. It is the most powerful mold release agent among all metal soaps. It contains no electrolyte and has a hydrophobic effect. Its main application areas are the plastics and rubber industry, where it is used as a releasing agent and lubricant which can be easily incorporated.

Zinc carboxylates, e.g. basic zinc acetate, adopt complex formulas, and are not simply dicarboxylates of zinc. Instead the formula for most zinc carboxylates is Zn4O(O2CR)6, consisting of a Zn4O6+ core with carboxylate ligands spanning the edges.

Applications
It is widely used as a release agent for the production of many kinds of objects: rubber, polyurethane, polyester processing system, powder metallurgy.  These applications exploit its "non-stick" properties. In cosmetics, zinc stearate is a lubricant and thickening agent used to improve texture.

It is an "activator" for accelerated rubber sulfur vulcanization.  As discovered in the early days of vulcanization, zinc has a beneficial effect on the reaction of the sulfur with the polyolefin.  The stearate is a form of zinc that is highly soluble in the nonpolar medium of the polyolefins.

Being lipophilic, it functions as a phase transfer catalyst for the saponification of fats.

Niche uses
It is a component of some paints, imparting  gloss.  As a chief ingredient in "fanning powder", it is used by magicians performing card manipulation to decrease the friction between playing cards.

References

Stearates
stearate
Vicarious. Vicarious may refer to:
 Vicariousness, experiencing through another person
 Vicarious learning, observational learning

In law
 Vicarious liability, a term in common law
 Vicarious liability (criminal), a term in criminal law

Religion
 Vicarious atonement, Christian doctrine
 Vicarious baptism, baptism for the dead

Science and technology
 Vicarious (company), an artificial intelligence company
 Vicarious Visions, a video game developer
 Vicarious problem-solving, a rational approach to economic theory
 Vicarious traumatization, transformation in the self of a trauma worker or helper that results from empathic  engagement with traumatized clients and their reports of traumatic experiences.

Entertainment
 "Vicarious," a song by Cadence Weapon from the album Breaking Kayfabe
 Vicarious (album), an album by New Zealand band Strawpeople
 Vicarious (song), a single by the progressive metal band Tool

See also
 Proxy (disambiguation)
 Surrogate (disambiguation)
 Passive (disambiguation)
 Avatar (disambiguation)
Sun StorageTek 5800 System. The Sun StorageTek 5800 System (codename: Honeycomb) is an object-based storage system from Sun Microsystems that uses a symmetric clustered design with both processing and storage functions within a system cell.  It is designed for data archive, repository, and distribution applications used by institutions to store large amounts of digital information such as medical information, e-Research, rich media, and digitized historical records.

With a customer-definable metadata schema, the system offers the ability to program the entire indexing schema used to tag and search data. This solution combines a fully native design with systems expertise to create a storage system that runs the Solaris operating system and leverages Java development tools to drive a closer integration between compute and store assets in a data center.

References

External links
 Sun StorageTek 5800 System - Overview
 White Paper: Sun StorageTek 5800 System Architecture
 Honeycomb: Sun StorageTek 5800 at SC07 (YouTube video)
 HoneyComb Fixed Content Storage at OpenSolaris.org

Sun Microsystems hardware
Fragrance lamp. Also known as a "perfume lamp", "effusion lamp," or "catalytic lamp", a fragrance lamp is a lamp that disperses scented alcohol using a catalytic combustion wick consisting of a cotton wick threaded through a natural, porous stone. The catalytic combustion wick was developed and patented by Maurice Berger, a French pharmaceutical dispenser, in 1898 as a means of purifying the air in hospitals and mortuaries.  It is claimed that this catalytic oxidation process destroys bacteria in the air and increases oxygen levels.

The fragrance lamp's process is initiated by igniting the stone burner seated at the mouth of the lamp. After two minutes the flame is extinguished by blowing it out. The heated burner remains active as the flame-less catalytic combustion process and diffuses the combusted alcohol and any added aromatics throughout the room. The lamp does not operate with an open flame, making it much safer to operate than scented candles. Its lower operating temperature also means that, unlike scented candles, the aromatics are diffused very efficiently into the ambient air without being burned.

Hazard warning

The original Berger lamp used methyl alcohol, while modern lamps use isopropyl alcohol (90% or more). Perfumes or essential oils may be added.   To start the catalytic process it is necessary to allow the wick to thoroughly absorb the fuel and then to light the catalytic burner with a flame and let it burn for approximately two minutes until the catalytic stone reaches the correct operating temperature. At this point the flame should be extinguished in order for the oil to be diffused through the catalytic process. Precautions should be taken to avoid any possible hazards:
 Make sure the fuel container is in perfect condition, perfectly tight and not leaking.
 When not in use, make sure the airtight cap is on at all times to prevent evaporation (alcohol vapour/air mixture is highly flammable).
 Do not leave unattended during operation.
 Do not use in an unventilated room.
 Do not inhale, ingest, or use the lamp fuel in any other manner.
 Take extreme caution while refilling the fragrance lamp. Make sure there is ventilation, and that there is no open flame.
 In case of any spillage, wipe the area carefully before lighting the lamp.
 Do not fill lamps on wooden furniture or use a lamp without a dish underneath it. The fuel will damage furniture.

References

 6. The Fascinating History and Function of Fragrance Lamps from Love Ria. Published 2024

External links
 Isopropyl Alcohol Hazard and Care

Types of lamp
SYMPL. SYMPL is an obsolete programming language developed by the Control Data Corporation (CDC) for use on the CDC 6000 series computer systems in the 1970s and 1980s.  It was based on a subset of CDC's version of JOVIAL, as an alternative to assembly language.  A number of important CDC software products were implemented in SYMPL, including compilers, libraries, a full-screen editor, and major subsystems.

SYMPL is a compiled, imperative, and procedural language.  Compared to the Fortran of the day, SYMPL supports:

 Strong data typing: All variables must be declared before use
 Boolean variables
 Variable bit width integers (both signed and unsigned)
 "Status" (enumerated integer) variables
 Data structures - Including "based" dynamically allocated structures
 Structured programming constructs
 Nested procedures
 In-fix "bead" (bit) and character manipulation
 A simple macro facility

A distinct feature of SYMPL, also found in JOVIAL tables, is that arrays of multi-item variables can be specified with either a "serial" or "parallel" memory layout.  A "serial" layout has array entries following one another in memory as is usual in most computer languages.  A "parallel" layout groups each of the individual items within each of the array entries together.  For example, if each array entry has items x, y, and z, a parallel layout would group x[0]...x[n] together in memory, followed by y[0]...y[n], and then z[0]...z[n].  This has the effect of potentially speeding up access to all the same items across the array - as they are all contiguous with one another.

Simplifications compared to JOVIAL include: no fixed point data type, no table structures, and no COMPOOL concept.  Though in lieu of COMPOOLs, a CDC-specific system text capability allows encapsulation of common data declarations.

External links
 Ninety-nine Bottles of Beer program - written in SYMPL
 SYMPL coding standard
 SYMPL Reference Manual
 SYMPL Users Guide

Procedural programming languages
Systems programming languages
Control Data Corporation mainframe software
Programming languages created in the 1970s
Fabrique Nationale AS 24. The AS 24, also known as Véhicule Aeroporte or Tricar Parachutable was a military motorized tricycle produced by Fabrique Nationale de Herstal during the 1960s. A single vehicle was evaluated by the US Army in 1963. 460 were produced, with the majority being used by Belgian parachute troops, notably during Operation Dragon Rouge.

130 returned to service in the French paratrooper units. They were withdrawn from service in 1984, replaced by Lohr Fardier..

Specifications
 Passengers: 4 including Driver
 Weight: 374 lb (170 kg)
 Cargo: 770 lb (350 kg) of men and equipment.
 Height: 2 ft 10 in (85 cm)
 Engine:  Two-cylinder, two-stroke, 15 cubic inch (0.245 litres, 245cc) model FN 24
 Speed:

References

 Fabrique National Model A.S. 24
 Fabrique Nationale d’Armes de Guerre  3-Wheelers.com
 AS24 Schwimmwagen.free.fr

Military vehicles of Belgium
Three-wheeled motor vehicles
Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s
Barnsley and District Tramway. The Barnsley and District Electric Traction Co was an electric tramway network serving the town of Barnsley, South Yorkshire.

The tramway was a subsidiary of the British Electric Traction and services begun on 31 October 1902. In early 1898, three companies had applied for local tramway systems, the Barnsley Corporation applied in 1900 for a larger network than it finally built. In 1913, the company began to run motor buses to Hoyland and other points, Electric was dropped form the company name in 1919. the Barnsley company changed its name to Yorkshire Traction Co. in 1928 and abandoned tramway operation in 1930.

Ignoring Oxford and Bristol, YTC is the largest bus operator to have originated from a tramway company in England.

The network

The Barnsley electric tramway was a standard gauge  line, running from Smithies (near Monk Bretton Colliery) to the south of Barnsley, 2 miles south of the town centre to two termini, at Worsbrough Bridge and Worsbough Dale with a junction at the crossroads of Upper Sheffield Road and Kingwell Road at the Cutting End by the present day Cutting Edge public house. The line ran from the level crossing on Old Mill Lane, down the Barnsley town centre to Sheffield Road and split in two termini down Park Road (Worsbrough) and High Street. At the road junction south of Market Place, the left fork was occupied by the Dearne & District. Both networks were virtually next to each other at this point but never connected.

Extensions
The Barnsley tramway was to be larger than it actually was, but the Great Central Railway company refused the passing of tramway tracks of its own network, and prevented authorised lines to be built. One of these lines was to push the tramway away from Barnsley towards Carlton Road to the North. Other extensions were to extend the tramway into a loop on Park Road (Barnsley) in Locke Park and south from Worsborough Bridge down Park Road (Worsbrough) to Hoyland Common, this extension was also blocked by the GCR.

Tram depots

Sheffield Road shed
The shed stood next to the 1920s bus garage of the same company to the south of Barnsley town centre. The shed had four running tracks and an extensive yard. Overhaul workshops were situated to the back of the shed.

At the end of tramway operations the depot became a bus depot exclusively, passing to Stagecoach Yorkshire and finally closing for housing development on 20 October 2008.  Demolition work started in April 2009.

Very little of the system survives today apart from a few sawn off overhead wire poles in the cutting of Upper Sheffield Road and the occasional piece of track unearthed during roadworks.

Rolling stock
The Barnsley & District used two types of vehicle:
13 four-wheeled double-deck tramcars.
1 demi-car.

References 

Tram transport in England
Barnsley
Rail transport in South Yorkshire
Whitedamp. Whitedamp is a noxious mixture of gases formed by the combustion of coal, usually in an enclosed environment such as a coal mine. The main, most toxic constituent is carbon monoxide, which causes carbon monoxide poisoning. Hydrogen sulfide, also called stinkdamp, may co-occur. Coal frequently starts to burn slowly in mines when it is exposed to the atmosphere; partial combustion produces carbon monoxide. The term is etymologically and practically related to terms for other underground mine gases such as firedamp, black damp, stink damp, and afterdamp.

Etymology
The meaning of "damp" in this term, while most commonly understood to imply humidity, presents evidence of having been separated from that newer, irrelevant meaning at least by the first decade of the 18th century, where the original relevant meaning of "vapor" derives from a Proto-Germanic origin, dampaz, which gave rise to its immediate English predecessor, the Middle Low German damp (with no record of an Old English intermediary). The proto-Germanic dampaz gave rise to many other cognates, including the Old High German damph, the Old Norse dampi, and the modern German Dampf, the last of which still translates as "vapor".

Detection
Historically, whitedamp (specifically carbon monoxide) was detected by its effect on canaries, who succumb much more quickly than humans. However, there are now gas detectors available; these detect toxic gases at very low levels. The levels of gas detection depend on the gas and methods used. Carbon monoxide detectors are common in homes.

See also
Firedamp
Blackdamp
Stinkdamp
Afterdamp
Glossary of coal mining terminology

References

JS Haldane and JG Priestley, Respiration, Oxford University Press, 2nd Ed (1935)

Coal mining
Waveform buffer. In computing, a waveform buffer is a technique for digital synthesis of repeating waveforms. It is common in PC sound cards.

The waveform amplitude values are stored in a buffer memory, which is addressed from a phase generator, with the retrieved value then used as the basis of the synthesized signal. In the phase generator, a value proportional to the desired signal frequence is periodically added to an accumulator. The high order bits of the accumulator form the output address, while the typically larger number of bits in the accumulator and addition value results in an arbitrarily high frequency resolution.

References 

Digital signal processing
DWR. DWR may stand for:

Businesses and organisations
 California Department of Water Resources, a department of the California Natural Resources Agency
 Duke of Wellington's Regiment, a former regiment of the British Army
 Design Within Reach, a retail subsidiary of American furniture maker Herman Miller (manufacturer)

People
 D. W. Robertson Jr. (1914–1992), American medieval literature scholar

Technology
 Direct Web Remoting, a Java open source library
 Durable water repellent, a type of fabric coating