omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Saudi Council of Engineers. The Saudi Council of Engineers (SCE; ) is a professional body intended to promote the engineering profession and develop and upgrade its standards and those practicing it. It operates under the supervision of Ministry of Commerce and Investment with headquarters in Riyadh.

Overview and responsibilities
The council was established by a royal decree issued by the King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud in 2002. The organization's stated responsibilities are:

 Setting criteria and standards
 Professional development
 Setting license terms and conditions
 Setting rules and regulations
 Conducting examinations for obtaining professional status

See also 

Saudi Commission for Health Specialties

External links 
 SCE official website
 English version

Professional associations based in Saudi Arabia
Engineering organizations
Zhang Zhixiang. Zhang Zhixiang (; born 1967 in Shangyu, Shaoxing, Zhejiang), is a Chinese entrepreneur. He's regarded as the Magnate of Steel in China.

Career
He studied both at Zhejiang University (ZJU) and Zhejiang University of Technology (ZJUT), and graduated from the Department of Chemical Engineering at ZJUT in 1989.

1994, he founded his own company, the Zhongxiang Industry Corp.(忠祥實業公司/忠祥实业公司) in his hometown Shaoxing. He dramatically expanded his business not only within Zhejiang Province but also to Shanghai, Nanjing, Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, etc., including 13 different regions in China. 1999, he started investing in steel industry, he bought in the factory of Zunhua Steel (遵化市鋼鐵廠/遵化市钢铁厂), further developed it into the current famous Jianlong Steel (建龍鋼鐵/建龙钢铁), which is the largest private steel producer in China.

Zhang is the current President of Tangshan Jianlong Industrial Co., LTD. (唐山建龍實業有限公司/唐山建龙实业有限公司), whose headquarters are located in Tangshan.

In 2013's Hurun Report, he was ranked as 59th richest in China with an estimated fortune of $2.8 billion. In 2006's Hurun Report, Zhang was regarded as the Magnate of Steel in China. In 2007's Hurun Report, Zhang was ranked as one of the top three richest individuals in China's steel industry. In 2007's Forbes Mainland China Rich List (福佈斯中國富豪榜/福布斯中国富豪榜)- The China's Richest People, Zhang was ranked No.41 with 9.75 billion Chinese Yuan (approximately 1.4 billion US$).

Zhang is also an Executive Director of the China Steel Industry Association(CSIA, 中國鋼鐵工業協會/中国钢铁工业协会).

Zhang is also linked to be a part of Peter Storrie's consortium to buy the Portsmouth Football Club

See also
 List of people by net worth of the People's Republic of China
 Forbes Mainland China Rich List 2007(Chinese)
 Zhang Zhixiang's biography at Sina Finance (Chinese)
 ZHANG ZHIXIANG, CHINA'S NO.1 PRIVATE STEEL MAGNATE (English)

References

1967 births
Living people
Billionaires from Zhejiang
Businesspeople from Shaoxing
Zhejiang University alumni
Zhejiang University of Technology alumni
Northeastern University (China) alumni
FS Class D.341. The FS Class D.341 is a class of diesel-electric locomotive used in Italy, introduced in the 1950s and still in service. Most of the remaining units are in service with La Ferroviaria Italiana (LFI).

History
The D.341 were part of a post-World War II effort from the Italian state railways FS to replace their steam locomotives on non-electrified lines. They were designed in collaboration with Fiat and Breda and were produced in two series with different engines, depending from the manufacturer. The second series had a slightly different appearance. Two prototypes were also built by Ansaldo and Reggiane.

Description
D.341 has two small cabs, one at each end, separated by a large compartment including the engine, the cooling devices and the transmission. The two engines were each V-12 engines coupled to a DC 450/700 V generator provided by Magneti Marelli for the FIAT locomotives, and by Breda or Ocren in the others. Power is fed to four electric motors having a maximum power of  each in the first series, and  in the second one.

References

D.341
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1957
Gio. Ansaldo & C. locomotives
Breda locomotives
Reggiane locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
Freight locomotives
Holbrook Superconductor Project. The Holbrook Superconductor Project is the world's first production superconducting transmission power cable.  The lines were commissioned in 2008. The suburban Long Island electrical substation is fed by a 600 meter long tunnel containing approximately 155,000 meters of high-temperature superconductor wire manufactured by American Superconductor, installed underground and chilled to superconducting temperature with liquid nitrogen.

Project
The project was funded by the United States Department of Energy, and operates as part of the Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) power grid. The project team comprised American Superconductor, Nexans, Air Liquide and LIPA. It broke ground on July 4, 2006, was first energized April 22, 2008, and was commissioned on June 25, 2008. Between commissioning and March 2009 refrigeration events impacted normal operation.

The superconductor is bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO) which superconducts at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Other parts of the system include a  liquid nitrogen storage tank, a Brayton cycle Helium refrigerator, and a number of cryostats which manage the transition between cryogenic and ambient temperatures. The system capacity is 574 MVA with an operating voltage of 138 kV at a maximum current of 2400 A.

See also 
 Technological applications of superconductivity

References 

Superconductivity
Electric power transmission systems in the United States
Electric power distribution
Energy infrastructure on Long Island, New York
SkyHook JHL-40. The SkyHook JHL-40 was a proposed hybrid airship/helicopter. On July 9, 2008, Boeing announced that it had teamed up with SkyHook International, a Canadian company, to develop this aircraft.  No further press releases appear after 2009 and Skyhook International has abandoned its domain name registration since 2010 as shown by the Internet Archive.

According to company spokespeople, the aircraft would combine the best features of a blimp and a helicopter, and would be capable of carrying a 40 ton load up to  without refueling. At  long, it would classify as the largest helicopter in the world, and would be capable of flying up to  without a load. The craft would use helium to provide enough lift to carry its own weight, and would use four helicopter rotors to lift the load and to propel the aircraft. By using both helium and helicopter rotors, the aircraft can avoid having to jettison helium after unloading.

In comparison, the CH-47 Chinook helicopter can carry a load the same distance, but can only lift a maximum of 10 tons.

SkyHook claimed that the aircraft will provide environmental benefits over traditional methods of delivering heavy loads, as it would require less fuel than a helicopter and will not require building big roads for construction equipment.

The JHL-40, or Jess Heavy Lifter, is named after Pete Jess, the President and Chief operating officer of SkyHook International, the company that owns the patent for the aircraft.

The planned aircraft has yet to be certified by Transport Canada and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Currently the aircraft's overall performance and layout have been established. The next major program milestone, never reached, was to be Detailed Design in 2011, which would have centered on the design, analysis and specification of all hardware, software and related aircraft and ground support systems interfaces. Boeing planned to design and fabricate a production SkyHook HLV prototype at its Rotorcraft Systems facility in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania. The new aircraft will enter commercial service after it is certified by Transport Canada and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. The first SkyHook HLV aircraft was scheduled to fly in 2014. On September 13, 2010 however, Financial Times Deutschland revealed that development was halted until an infusion of 100 million dollar in public funding would be available.

See also

References

External links
 Boeing news release

Airships
Quadrotors
Boeing aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Shift-invariant system. In signal processing, a shift invariant system is the discrete equivalent of a time-invariant system, defined such that if  is the response of the system to , then  is the response of the system to . That is, in a shift-invariant system, the contemporaneous  response of the output variable to a given value of the input variable does not depend on when the input occurs; time shifts are irrelevant in this regard.

Applications
Because digital systems need not be causal, some operations can be implemented in the digital domain that cannot be implemented using discrete analog components. Digital filters that require finite numbers of future values can be implemented while the analog counterparts cannot.

Notes

References
 Oppenheim, Schafer, Digital Signal Processing, Prentice Hall, 1975,

See also
 LTI system theory

Control theory
Chalk line. A chalk line or chalk box is a tool for marking long, straight lines on relatively flat surfaces, much further than is practical by hand or with a straightedge. They may be used to lay out straight lines between two points, or vertical lines by using the weight of the line reel as a plumb line.

It is an important tool in carpentry, and the working of timber in a rough and unplaned state, as it does not require the timber to have a straight or squared edge formed onto it beforehand.

Use 
A chalk line creates straight lines by the action of a taut string that has been previously coated with a loose, powdered dye, usually chalk. The string is then laid across the surface to be marked and pulled tight. Next, the string is plucked or snapped sharply, causing it to strike the surface, which then transfers its chalk to the surface along the straight line where it struck.

Chalk lines are typically used to mark relatively flat surfaces. However, as long as the line is taut and the two ends of the chalk line are almost in the same plane, the chalk line will mark all points the string touches on or near that plane once snapped. The objects to be marked do not need to be continuous along the line. Chalk lines can also be used across irregular surfaces and holey surfaces, for example on an unfinished stud wall.

The primary problems associated with improper maintenance of a chalk line are string breakage due to excessive tension on the line, and degradation of the line associated with moisture contamination.

Chalk lines and plumb-bobs are often sold as a single tool.

History 

Chalk lines were used in ancient Egypt, are mentioned in Homer's Illiad, and have been used continuously by builders in various cultures since.

Continuing development of this simple-but-effective tool focuses on the coloration for the chalk or marking compound, as well as the outer case and method of handling.

Ink lines 

In East Asia, an ink line is used in preference to a chalk line. This is a silken cord, stored on a combined reel and inkpot which was invented by Chinese master craftsman Lu Ban.

In Japan, it is called a sumitsubo. Alongside the line reel is a cavity filled with ink-soaked cotton fibres, which the line is drawn through as it is unreeled. These sumitsubo are highly decorated and much-prized by their owners. As with many such tools, they are often made by their users while apprentices.

Upon the completion of a major building, a large celebration or topping-out ceremony is held. As part of this event, a set of symbolic carpenter's tools are freshly made and presented to the new building. A sumitsubo is a traditional tool included with them.

See also 
Measuring tape
Skirret (tool)

References 

Woodworking measuring instruments
Carpentry tools
Stonemasonry tools
Innovia APM 200. The Innovia APM 200 is an automated people mover system (APM) manufactured and marketed by Bombardier Transportation (later Alstom). It was second generation of Innovia APM offered and is part of Alstom's Innovia series of fully automated transportation systems.

The Innovia APM 200 was the successor to the Innovia APM 100 and was succeeded by Innovia APM 300. Designed in response to the growing popularity of the Crystal Mover, the advancements the Innovia APM 200 made over the Innovia APM 100 included a new aerodynamic design, allowing for greater speeds and tighter turns. The Innovia APM 200 also featured full composite construction, and multiple end cap options.

Specifications 
Each individual Innovia APM 200 car weighs  empty, with a weight of  with passengers. The car is configured to allow eight passengers to sit down, while 92 additional passengers can stand at a density of  per passenger. If there is enough room two wheelchairs can fit in each Innovia APM 200 car, in addition to sitting and standing room. A maximum of four cars can be coupled together in a single train. Each car is air-conditioned, lit, and includes tinted windows attached to the composite shell body.

Implementations 

 DFW Skylink (2005) – , 10 stations, 64 vehicles
 Heathrow Terminal 5 Transit (2008) – airside system, , 3 stations, 10 vehicles
 PHX Sky Train (2013) – Built in three phases. Phase 1 opened April 2013, connecting the Valley Metro Rail station to the East Economy Parking Garage and Terminal 4. Phase 1A opened December 2013 extending the line to Terminal 3, with a covered walkway to Terminal 2. Phase 2 extended the line to the Rental Car Center, and opened in 2022. Now fully completed, the length of the line is , serves 5 stations, and has a total of 18 vehicles.

References

External links 

 Bombardier Transportation – Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport
 Bombardier Transportation – London Heathrow Airport

Bombardier Transportation people movers
Innovia APM 200
Bombardier Transportation multiple units
Electric multiple units of the United States
Electric multiple units of Great Britain
Chelating resin. Chelating resins are a class of ion-exchange resins. They are almost always used to bind cations, and utilize chelating agents covalently attached to a polymer matrix. Chelating resins have the same bead form and polymer matrix as usual ion exchangers. Their main use is for pre-concentration of metal ions in a dilute solution. Chelating ion-exchange resins are used for brine decalcification in the chlor-alkali industry, the removal of boron from potable water, and the recovery of precious metals in solutions.

Properties and structure
Chelating resins operate similarly to ordinary ion-exchange resins.

Most chelating resins are polymers (copolymers to be precise) with reactive functional groups that chelate to metal ions. The variation in chelating resins arises from the nature of the chelating agents pendant from the polymer backbone. Dowex chelating resin A-1, also known as Chelex 100, is based on iminodiacetic acid in a styrene-divinylbenzene matrix. Dowex A-1 is available commercially and is widely used to determine general properties of chelating resins such as rate determining step and pH dependence, etc.  Dowex A-1 is produced from chloromethylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer via amination with aminodiacetic acid.

Poly metal chelating resin has almost negligible affinity to both alkali and alkaline earth metals; small quantities of resin can be utilized to concentrate trace metals in natural water systems or biological fluids, in which there are three or four orders of magnitude greater alkali and alkaline earth metal concentration than the trace metal concentrations.

Other functional groups bound to chelating resins are aminophosphonic acids, thiourea, and 2-picolylamine.

Application in heavy metal remediation 
Soil contaminated with heavy metals including radionuclides is mitigated primarily using chelating resins.

Chelating polymers (ion-exchange resins) were proposed for maintenance therapy of pathologies accompanied by iron accumulation, such as hereditary hemochromatosis (iron overload) or Wilson's disease (copper overload), by chelating the metal ions in GIT and thus limiting its biological availability.

References

Additional resources 
 Yang, Dong, Xijun Chang, Yongwen Liu, and Sui Wang. "Synthesis and Efficiency of a Spherical Macroporous Epoxy-Polyamide Chelating Resin for Preconcentrating and Separating Trace Noble Metal Ions." Annali di Chimica 95.1-2 (2005): 111-14.
 Zougagh, Mohammed, J. M. Cano Pav N, and A. Garcia De Torres. "Chelating Sorbents Based on Silica Gel and Their Application in Atomic Spectrometry." Anal Bioanal Chem Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 381.6 (2005): 1103-113.
 R. R. Greenberg" and H. M. Kingston. “Trace Element Analysis of Natural Water Samples by Neutron Activation Analysis with Chelating Resin.” Center for Analytical Chemistry, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.
.

Analytical chemistry
Polymers
Resins
Chelating agents
Light clay. Light clay (also light straw clay, light clay straw, slipstraw) is a natural building material used to infill between a wooden frame in a timber framed building using a combination of clay and straw, woodchips or some other lighter material.

History
A mixture of clay and straw was used as an infill material for timber framed building from at least the 12th century in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. The term "light clay" or "light straw-clay" derives from the German name  . Renewed interest in traditional building methods developed from the 1980s after which various natural building architects and builders started promoting the use of light clay. An appendix for light straw-clay was added to the International Residential Code beginning with the 2015 edition.

Usage

Local clay, often local subsoil, is mixed into a slurry with water and then combined with straw or wood chip or other similar material. Wood chips can vary in size from sawdust to  in diameter. The ratio of clay to other ingredients can be adapted to either increase thermal mass or insulation properties. The mixture is provided with additional structural strength using wattles. When used externally it can be protected with a Lime render or a clay render. A plaster or render yields a smooth, finished appearance.

See also
 Adobe
 Cob
 Wattle and daub
 Wychert

References

Soil-based building materials
Sustainable building
Appropriate technology
Natural materials
Sustainable products
Johann Borenstein. Johann Borenstein is an Israeli roboticist and Professor at the University of Michigan. Borenstein is well known for his work in autonomous obstacle avoidance, and is credited with the development of the Vector Field Histogram.

Borenstein received his B.Sc., M.Sc., and D.Sc. degrees in mechanical engineering from the Technion in 1981, 1983, and 1987, respectively.

References

External links
 Home page

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Israeli roboticists
University of Michigan faculty
Imperial College Press. Imperial College Press (ICP) was formed in 1995 as a partnership between Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London and World Scientific publishing.

This publishing house was awarded the rights, by The Nobel Foundation, Sweden, to publish The Nobel Prize: The First 100 years, edited by Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz.

They publish areas of teaching and research at Imperial College: Chemistry, Computer Science, Economics, Finance & Management, Engineering, Environmental Science, Life Sciences, Mathematics, Medicine & Healthcare, and Physics.

As of August 2016, ICP has been fully incorporated into World Scientific under the new imprint, World Scientific Europe.

Selected journals 

 Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
 Journal of Integrative Neuroscience
 International Journal of Innovation Management
 Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management

References

Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom
University presses of the United Kingdom
History of Imperial College London
Publishing companies established in 1995
Organisations associated with Imperial College London
Badami Oil Field. The Badami oil field is an oil field in the Alaska North Slope. The field is about  east of Prudhoe Bay and about  west of the western border of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area. Badami was discovered by Conoco in 1990 at the Badami Number 1 well. The Badami pipeline was constructed to connect the field with the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, more than  away. The oil field is described as a complex and discontinuous reservoir containing heavy weight oil gravity ranging from 21 to 30 degrees API. Initial cost of development was approximately $300 million.

BPXA began production in 1998, but production was suspended in August 2003. BP cited the field's poor performance producing only  saying it was not sufficient to offset costs. Production resumed in September 2005 on 6 month production and 6 month recharge cycles using technique's BP developed specifically for Badami.

Landing strip
Badami has a  x  landing strip located at the oil field near the Badami Central Processing Unit. There is also a dock along the shoreline nearby.

Savant takeover
In 2010 due to poor oil production and reservoir complications BP sold the field to Savant Alaska LLC, a Denver-based private company.  Miller Energy Resources, Inc. acquired Savant Alaska in February 2015.

See also
Prudhoe Bay oil field
Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

References

External links
Unit Map
Map

Geography of North Slope Borough, Alaska
Oil fields in Alaska
BP oil and gas fields
Renmark Airport. Renmark Airport  is an airport serving Renmark, South Australia. It is located  southwest of Renmark and operated by the Renmark Paringa Council.

Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of  above sea level. It has two main runways: 07/25 with an asphalt surface measuring  and 18/36 with a gravel surface measuring . There are two other runways, 12/30  and a parallel 07/25. Both of these are marked as being for gliders only.

Accidents and incidents
The 2017 South Australia Cessna Conquest crash occurred near Renmark airport on 30 May 2017, when a practice flight performed on a Cessna 441 Conquest II plane by charter airline Rossair crashed, killing its three occupants.

See also
 List of airports in South Australia

References

External links
 

Airports in South Australia
Pfaffian constraint. In dynamics, a Pfaffian constraint is a way to describe a dynamical system in the form:

 
where  is the number of equations in a system of constraints.

Holonomic systems can always be written in Pfaffian constraint form.

Derivation
Given a holonomic system described by a set of holonomic constraint equations

where  are the n generalized coordinates that describe the system, and where  is the number of equations in a system of constraints, we can differentiate by the chain rule for each equation:
 

By a simple substitution of nomenclature we arrive at:

Examples

Pendulum

Consider a pendulum. Because of how the motion of the weight is constrained by the arm, the velocity vector  of the weight must be perpendicular at all times to the position vector . Because these vectors are always orthogonal, their dot product must be zero. Both position and velocity of the mass can be defined in terms of an - coordinate system:
 

Simplifying the dot product yields:
 

We multiply both sides by . This results in the Pfaffian form of the constraint equation:
 

This Pfaffian form is useful, as we may integrate it to solve for the holonomic constraint equation of the system, if one exists. In this case, the integration is rather trivial:
 
Where C is the constant of integration.

And conventionally, we may write:
 

The term  is squared simply because it must be a positive number; being a physical system, dimensions must all be real numbers. Indeed,  is the length of the pendulum arm.

Robotics
In robot motion planning, a Pfaffian constraint is a set of k linearly independent constraints linear in velocity, i.e., of the form 

One source of Pfaffian constraints is rolling without slipping in wheeled robots.

References

Robot kinematics
Control theory