omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thrush Aircraft. Thrush Aircraft, LLC is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Albany, Georgia. It manufactures the Thrush series of agricultural, firefighting and special mission aircraft.

History
Rockwell International originally built the facility in 1965 and operated it until it was purchased by Ayres Corporation on 23 November 1977.  In July 2001, Ayres filed for bankruptcy and the rights to the S-2 aircraft were passed to Quality Aerospace. In 2003, the factory was purchased by Larry Bays and Payne Hughes, and one month later Quality Aerospace transferred the type certificates of the S-2 to Thrush Aircraft. In 2005, the company had 150 employees. By 2013, this had increased to 185.

The 510 was introduced in 2009. The first two examples of the 510G Switchback, a variant designed for firefighting were delivered to the Georgia Forestry Commission in 2017.

The company entered bankruptcy protection in September 2019, intending to restructure and emerge in a better financial position. The company laid-off 113 employees as part of the process. As a result of the restructuring, Mark McDonald was named CEO.

Aircraft

See also
 Snow Aeronautical

References

External links
 

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Dougherty County, Georgia
Ayres Corporation. Ayres Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer owned and run by Fred Ayres.

History
In 1977, Ayres bought the Albany, Georgia division of Rockwell International, which made the S2R Thrush Commander agricultural aircraft. Before this, Ayres had been a distributor of Thrush Commanders. After the acquisition, Ayres developed two-seat and turboprop-powered versions of the Thrush Commander. 

By 1981, the company was operating a crop-dusting training school. A special V-1-A Vigilante version of the Thrush Commander was developed in 1989 for anti-drug operations in South America. The company attempted to sell 10 Turbo Thrush aircraft to Iran in 1993, but was unable to receive an exemption from U.S. government sanctions.

In 1996, urged on by Federal Express, development was begun on the Ayres LM200 Loadmaster, designed to carry 7,500 pounds of cargo. The aircraft was to be powered by  two 1350 hp LHTEC TP800 driving a single five-bladed Hamilton-Standard propeller through a combining gearbox. To support this development effort, Ayres acquired the LET aircraft manufacturing company in the Czech Republic in September 1998. 

In 2001, the company was forced into bankruptcy when creditors foreclosed on it and the Loadmaster program was terminated.

In 2003, the company's assets were bought by Thrush Aircraft.

Aircraft

See also
 Snow Aeronautical

References

External links

 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Dougherty County, Georgia
Defunct companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Snow Aeronautical. Snow Aeronautical was an American aircraft manufacturer established in 1956 in Olney, Texas by Leland Snow to manufacture and market agricultural aircraft of his design.

History
Leland Snow, a graduate of the aeronautical engineering program at Texas A&M University, had designed and flown his S-1 in 1953. Originally working at Harlingen, Texas, he moved to Olney, Texas in 1958 where production of the S-2 began. 

The British aviation company of Britten-Norman acted as distributors for Snow's aircraft and later took a 17% equity stake in the company. In 1965 Snow Aeronautical was purchased by the Aero Commander division of North American Rockwell, who refined and marketed the S-2 design as the Rockwell S2R Thrush Commander.

Aircraft

See also
 Air Tractor
 Ayres Corporation
 Call Aircraft Company
 Thrush Aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography 

 
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
ABIT BP6. The ABIT BP6 is an ATX motherboard released by ABIT in 1999. It was the first motherboard to allow the use of two unmodified Intel Celeron processors in dual symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) configuration. This combined with its overclocking capabilities made it a popular option among computer enthusiasts. The BP6 has been credited as the product that made multi-processor systems affordable for mainstream users, because prior to its release the expense of any multi-processor configuration made it a feature only to be considered for workstation-class systems.

The BP6 was based on the Intel Seattle 440BX chipset, consisting of the 82443BX Northbridge and the 82371AB Southbridge.

Processors that are supported by the BP6 in SMP configuration are the PPGA Socket 370 Celeron processors (300–533 MHz). Later Pentium III and Celeron Coppermine models can also operate on the BP6, albeit only in single processor configuration with the use of aftermarket socket adaptors. Intel never intended the Celeron to be able to operate in SMP, and later-generation Celeron processors had their SMP interface disabled, restricting the feature to the higher-end Pentium III and Xeon product lines.

The motherboard also features two extra HDD ports, one with the HPT366 Ultra DMA/66 adapter fitted on the mainboard itself. This allows up to eight IDE compatible drives to operate at the interface's maximum speed.

The motherboard features ABIT SoftMenu BIOS extension which allow for jumper-less adjustment of system parameters such as system bus speed, CPU & AGP bridge multipliers, voltages from inside the BIOS and PC-99 coloring.

The BP6, and many other of ABIT's motherboards produced between 1999 and 2005, were victims of the capacitor plague.

References

External links

 
 

Computer-related introductions in 1999
Motherboard
Parallel computing
British Rail Class 402. The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2-HAL to the electric multiple-unit passenger trains built during the late 1930s to work long-distance semi-fast services on the newly electrified lines from London Victoria to Maidstone and Gillingham (Kent). This type of unit survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS Class 402.

Construction
A development of the earlier 2-BIL units, the 2-HAL units (2-car Half Lavatory stock) were so-called because only one car in each unit had a lavatory. They were built in three batches:

The handful of post-war units were of completely different appearance, of all-steel construction, and looked very like the standard 4-SUB units being built at the same time, with flat ends, whereas the main 2-HAL units had the domed end appearance of the first 10 prototype "Queen Mary" 4-SUB units.

In the early 1960s the Eastern Division was fully changed over to EP-braked electric stock, and the 2-HAL units operating from Victoria to Maidstone/Gillingham etc. were removed to the Central and Western Divisions, being replaced by the large new build of 2-HAP units. The units then remained in service on these divisions until replaced at the end of their life by new 4-VEP units.

Formations
The original formations of these units are set out in the table below:

Departmental service

De-icing units
In 1967, three units were converted for de-icing the 3rd rail and were renumbered 001 - 003. These units operated from depots at Eastleigh and Bournemouth.

Stores units
In 1970, two units were converted for use transporting stores between depots. Renumbered 022 and 023 these units linked Eastleigh Works and other depots on the Southern Region and followed a set route on a weekly schedule. Unit 022 was allocated to Slade Green and served Stewarts Lane, Hither Green, Ashford, Ramsgate and Slade Green while Unit 023 was allocated to Brighton and served Wimbledon, Selhurst, New Cross Gate, Brighton and Fratton.

2-PAN
In 1971, six units were converted for use conveying parcels and newspaper traffic. They were renumbered 061-066 and designated 2-PAN (2-car Parcels and Newspapers stock), reusing the PAN code originally allocated to 6-PAN (Pantry) stock. Their life was not extended by long; within two years, all had been withdrawn.

Withdrawal
After withdrawal in 1971, various 2-HAL units in company with 2-BIL units were noted at Stratford in east London destined for scrapping by Kings of Norwich, or being hauled west for scrapping in the Newport area.

References

Citations

Sources

2HAL
402
Train-related introductions in 1939
750 V DC multiple units
SR Class 4DD. The SR Class 4DD was an experimental double-decker electric multiple unit built in 1949 and operated by the Southern Railway until 1971. Conceived by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway's commuter line from London Charing Cross to Dartford, the two trains were the only double-decker trains to be used on the mainline railway network in Britain. Whilst commonly used in continental Europe and North America, the restrictive railway loading gauge in the United Kingdom prohibits normal double-decker trains with two fully separated decks.

History
The 4DD was more split-level than truly double-deck because the compartments were alternately high and low to ensure that the overall height of the train was exactly within the clearances necessary to safely pass through tunnels and under bridges. A mock-up was displayed at London Marylebone in 1949 shortly before it was first introduced into service, but an assessment after one year in service revealed that the design would not be the optimum solution to the problems of overcrowding, nor would it help increase capacity, and the decision was made to extend trains from eight coaches to ten coaches by using regular, single-decker multiple units.

The intention to carry more passengers in a train of the same length as other contemporary stock was met, with the two 4-DD units having 1,104 seats compared to 800 in other units of similar age. However it was found that the additional number of passengers meant longer time spent at stations to allow passengers to get on and off.  In practice, the upper compartments were cramped and poorly ventilated because the upper-level windows were impossible to open due to tight clearance. To resolve this problem, the compartments were pressure-ventilated, but the equipment proved to be unreliable.

Near the end, they were renumbered 4901 and 4902. 4001 and 4002 were reassigned to another pair of prototype Southern Region four-coach EMUs, the 4-PEPs.

Unusually for an "experiment" they lasted in traffic from 1949 to 1971, undergoing routine maintenance and repaints with no hiccups in their life. The two units were finally withdrawn on 1 October 1971 having travelled approximately 700,000 miles in service.

Formations

Preservation
Driving motor cars 13003 and 13004 survive, the former at Kent Locomotives Ltd - Sellindge, Kent, and the latter at the Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust. 13004 was moved to Kent by the Bulleid 4DD group to join 13003 in May 2023. One trailer was also preserved, but it was scrapped when Ashford Steam Centre closed in 1984, in lieu of rent owed. Driving motor cars 13003 and 13004 are now (May 2023) both in the care of Bulleid 4-DD Group,  which plans to restore them.

References

Further reading

External links
 Bulleid Double Decker Society
 1949 British Pathe newsreel footage of the pre-production mockup

4DD
SR 4DD
Train-related introductions in 1949
Double-decker EMUs
750 V DC multiple units
Riebeckite. Riebeckite is a sodium-rich member of the amphibole group of silicate minerals, chemical formula Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2. It forms a solid solution series with magnesioriebeckite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, usually as long prismatic crystals showing a diamond-shaped cross section, but also in fibrous, bladed, acicular, columnar, and radiating forms. Its Mohs hardness is 5.0–6.0, and its specific gravity is 3.0–3.4. Cleavage is perfect, two directions in the shape of a diamond; fracture is uneven, splintery. It is often translucent to nearly opaque.

Name and discovery
Riebeckite was first described in 1888 for an occurrence on Socotra Island, Aden Governorate, Yemen, and named for German explorer Emil Riebeck (1853–1885).

The mineral is also known as crocidolite.

Occurrence
Riebeckite typically forms dark-blue elongated to fibrous crystals in highly alkali granites, syenites, rarely in felsic volcanics, granite pegmatites and schist. It occurs in banded iron formations as the asbestiform variety crocidolite (blue asbestos). It occurs in association with aegirine, nepheline, albite, arfvedsonite in igneous rocks; with tremolite, ferro-actinolite in metamorphic rocks; and with grunerite, magnetite, hematite, stilpnomelane, ankerite, siderite, calcite, chalcedonic quartz in iron formations.

Riebeckite granite

The riebeckite granite known as ailsite, found on the island of Ailsa Craig in western Scotland, is prized for its use in the manufacture of curling stones.

Riebeckite granite was used for the facing stones of the Canton Viaduct from Moyles Quarry (a.k.a. Canton Viaduct Quarry) now part of Borderland State Park in Massachusetts, US. The commonwealth's name is even taken from an Algonquian word for the Great Blue Hill, which got its color from this form of granite.

Crocidolite (fibrous riebeckite) 

The fibrous forms of riebeckite are known as crocidolite and are one of the six recognised types of asbestos. Often referred to as blue asbestos, it is considered the most hazardous. The association between blue asbestos and mesothelioma was established by J. C. Wagner, C. A. Sleggs, and P. Marchand by 1960.

Crocidolite asbestos was mined in South Africa, Bolivia, and Wittenoom, Western Australia. Bolivian crocidolite was used in approximately 13 billion Kent Micronite cigarette filters, manufactured from March 1952 until at least May 1956 by the Lorillard Tobacco Company (now part of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company). Blue asbestos was also used to similar effect, and hazard, in early gas masks.

See also

References

External links

 

Amphibole group
Asbestos
Iron(II,III) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Sodium minerals
RKKY interaction. In the physical theory of spin glass magnetization, the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) interaction models the coupling of nuclear magnetic moments or localized inner d- or f-shell electron spins through conduction electrons. It is named after Malvin Ruderman, Charles Kittel, Tadao Kasuya, and Kei Yosida, the physicists who first proposed and developed the model.    

Malvin Ruderman and Charles Kittel of the University of California, Berkeley first proposed the model to explain unusually broad nuclear spin resonance lines in natural metallic silver. The theory is an indirect exchange coupling: the hyperfine interaction couples the nuclear spin of one atom to a conduction electron also coupled to the spin of a different nucleus. The assumption of hyperfine interaction turns out to be unnecessary, and can be replaced equally well with the exchange interaction. 

The simplest treatment assumes a Bloch wavefunction basis and therefore only applies to crystalline systems; the resulting correlation energy, computed with perturbation theory, takes the following form:  where  represents the Hamiltonian,  is the distance between the nuclei  and ,  is the nuclear spin of atom ,  is a matrix element that represents the strength of the hyperfine interaction,  is the effective mass of the electrons in the crystal, and  is the Fermi momentum. Intuitively, we may picture this as when one magnetic atom scatters an electron wave, which then scatters off another magnetic atom many atoms away, thus coupling the two atoms' spins.

Tadao Kasuya from Nagoya University later proposed that a similar indirect exchange coupling could occur with localized inner d-electron spins instead of nuclei. This theory was expanded more completely by Kei Yosida of the UC Berkeley, to give a Hamiltonian that describes (d-electron spin)–(d-electron spin), (nuclear spin)–(nuclear spin), and (d-electron spin)–(nuclear spin) interactions. J.H. Van Vleck clarified some subtleties of the theory, particularly the relationship between the first- and second-order perturbative contributions.

Perhaps the most significant application of the RKKY theory has been to the theory of giant magnetoresistance (GMR). GMR was discovered when the coupling between thin layers of magnetic materials separated by a non-magnetic spacer material was found to oscillate between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic as a function of the distance between the layers. This ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic oscillation is one prediction of the RKKY theory.

References

Further reading
 

Magnetic exchange interactions
Decomposition (disambiguation). 

Biology and ecology
 Decomposition is the process through which organic matter is broken down into simpler molecules.
 Biodegradation

Decomposition, decompose may also refer to:

Chemistry
 Chemical decomposition or analysis, in chemistry, is the fragmentation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds
 Thermal decomposition, chemical decomposition caused by heat

Econometrics
 Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition, a statistical method that explains the difference in the means of a dependent variable between two groups.

Mathematics
 Decomposition of time series, a statistical task that deconstructs a time series into several components
 Doob decomposition theorem of an integrable, discrete-time stochastic process
 Doob–Meyer decomposition theorem of a continuous-time sub- or supermartingale
 Fourier decomposition, re-expressing a given periodic function as the sum of a series of trigonometric functions
 Hahn decomposition theorem of a measure space
 Jordan decomposition theorem of a signed measure
 Helmholtz decomposition, decomposition of a vector field
 Indecomposable continuum
 Lebesgue's decomposition theorem, decomposition of a measure
 Lie group decomposition, used to analyse the structure of Lie groups and associated objects
 Manifold decomposition, decomposition of manifolds
 JSJ decomposition, or toral decomposition, a decomposition of 3-manifolds
 Matrix decomposition, a factorization of a matrix into a product of matrices
 LU decomposition, a type of matrix factorization
 Permutation decomposition, decomposition of a permutation into disjoint cycles
 Primary decomposition, decomposition of ideals into primary ideals
 Vector decomposition, decomposition of vectors into components or coordinates of basis vectors
 Wavelet decomposition, re-expressing a given function as the sum of a series of wavelet functions

Physics
 Spinodal decomposition, phase separation mechanism

Other uses
 Decomposition (computer science), or factoring; the process of breaking a complex problem down into easily understood and achievable parts
 Decomposition method (disambiguation), solutions of various problems and design of algorithms
 Functional decomposition, expressing a function as the composition of two functions
 Semantic decomposition (natural language processing)
 Decompositions: Volume Number One, the second studio album by American screamo band Circle Takes the Square
 Zersetzung, or decomposition, a debilitative psychological warfare technique utilised by the Stasi intelligence agency in East Germany

See also
 Breakdown (disambiguation)
 Component (disambiguation)
 Composite (disambiguation)
 Composition (disambiguation)
 Compound (disambiguation)
 Decay (disambiguation)
 Food spoilage
 Indecomposability (disambiguation)
Turing (cipher). 
Turing is a stream cipher developed by Gregory G. Rose and Philip Hawkes at Qualcomm for CDMA. 

Turing generates 160 bits of output in each round by applying a non-linear filter to the internal state of an LFSR. It is named after Alan Turing. It was developed based on the SOBER cipher introduced by Rose in 1998. This is evident in its major component, the Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR), which is the same technology found in the family of SOBER machines. Turing, however, is distinguished from its predecessors by the way it produces five words (five times more) of output for every internal update. It also provides up to 256-bit key strength and is designed to be fast in software, achieving around 5.5 cycles/byte on some x86 processors.

There are experts who found that the Turing stream cipher has a number of weaknesses when faced with chosen IV attacks. For instance, its key scheduling algorithm has the same secret key for different initialization vectors and this is found to lower the system's security.

See also
 SOBER-128
 Helix

References

Bibliography
 Antoine Joux and Frédéric Muller, A Chosen IV Attack Against Turing, Selected Areas in Cryptography 2003, pp. 194–207 (PDF).

External links
 Optimized Java implementation of Turing algorithm
 Java Implementation of Turing Algorithm
 Turing: a Fast Stream Cipher
 Slides and C reference implementation at Qualcomm 

2003 introductions
Stream ciphers
Qualcomm
Alan Turing
Soar. Soar or SOAR may refer to:

Acronyms
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), US Army regiment
Safe operating area ratings in electronics
Security orchestration, automation, and response, a set of applications that collect data from disparate sources and automatically respond to security events
Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope, optical and near-infrared telescope located on Cerro Pachón, Chile
Special Operations Assault Rifle, primary assault rifle for the special forces unit of the Philippine National Police
Student orientation and Registration
Surgical Outcomes Analysis and Research, a research collaborative in the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Geography

Scotland
Intu Braehead Soar, a shopping centre in Braehead, Renfrewshire

England
River Soar, a river in Leicestershire/Midlands England
Soar, South Hams, a settlement in South Hams
Old Soar Manor, an English Heritage property near Plaxtol, Kent

Wales
Soar, Anglesey
Soar, Gwynedd
Soar, Ceredigion, location of chapel near Llangynfelyn
Soar, Powys, former village

Chapels
Soar Chapel, Cwmaman, Rhondda Cynon Taf
Soar Chapel, Hirwaun, Rhondda Cynon Taf
Soar Chapel, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire
Soar Chapel, Llwydcoed, Rhondda Cynon Taf
Soar y mynydd, Llanddewi Brefi, Ceredigion
Canolfan Soar (arts centre in a former chapel), Merthyr Tydfil

Music
"Soar", a song by Christina Aguilera from the album Stripped (2002)
Soar, a 1991 album by the American band Samiam
Soar (Mari Hamada album), 2023
S.O.A.R. (Devour The Day album), 2016

Other uses
Soar (cognitive architecture), a symbolic cognitive architecture
SOAR (spaceplane), air-space system under development for launch of satellites and suborbital space tourism from Swiss Space Systems company, Switzerland

See also
Soaring (disambiguation)
Soares, a surname
Șoarș, a commune in Brașov County, Romania
Zoar (disambiguation), of which Soar is the Welsh spelling
Lift jet. A lift jet is a lightweight jet engine installed only for upward thrust.

An early experimental program using lift engines was the Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig (TMR), nicknamed the "Flying Bedstead", first run in 1955.

In the early 1960s both the Soviet Union and Western nations considered lift engines to provide STOL or even VTOL capability to combat aircraft. The Soviet Union did concurrent testing of versions of combat aircraft using variable geometry wings or lift jets but ruled out lift jets. Problems associated with lift engines include high fuel consumption, extra weight (which is simply dead weight when the engines are not needed for lift), and taking up fuselage volume that could be used for fuel or other systems. It was decided that variable-geometry wings provided comparable advantages in take-off performance without as many penalties and the Mikoyan MiG-23 and Sukhoi Su-24 entered service.

An operational military aircraft which used lift engines was the Soviet Yakovlev Yak-38, a VTOL fighter used by the AVMF's small aircraft carriers, which were not large enough to support conventional fixed-wing aircraft.

An alternative to the lift jet for vertical thrust is the lift fan used on the STOVL Lockheed F-35B version of the U.S. Joint Strike Fighter.

See also
 Lift fan
 VTOL

References 

 
Jet engines
VTOL aircraft