omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aviat. Aviat Aircraft Inc. is an American manufacturer of sport and utility aircraft based in Afton, Wyoming.

History 

The company was founded in 1991 based on the history of the Call Aircraft Company and the product lines of the Pitts and Christen companies. In 1995, the company was purchased by Stuart Horn and renamed Aviat Aircraft Incorporated.

In 1999, Aviat purchased the rights to the Globe Swift with the intent on bringing the example back into production. A lawsuit between LoPresti's use of the design for the LoPresti Fury delayed entry of both aircraft from the market.

The company also produces the Aviat 150 and Aviat 152. These are overhauled, rebuilt and painted Cessna 150 and Cessna 152s.

Aircraft

References

External links 

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Wyoming
C Scow. The C Scow is an American sailing dinghy that was designed by John O. Johnson as a one-design racer and first built as early as 1905. Sources disagree as to the first-built date, with claims of 1905, 1906 and 1923.

Production
The design was in initially built by Johnson Boat Works of White Bear Lake, Minnesota, United States and, starting in 1945 by Melges Performance Sailboats of Zenda, Wisconsin. It remains in  production, with 2,000 boats reported as completed by 1994.

Design
The C Scow is a recreational sailboat, with the early examples built predominantly of wood and later ones from fiberglass. It has a catboat rig with wooden or aluminum spars. The hull has a scow hull with a plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller, twin retractable centerboards and polystyrene foam flotation for safety. It displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with one centerboard extended and  with both retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

For sailing the design is equipped with running backstays, a raked mast and a boom that is very low to the deck, necessitating a recessed radial track for the boom vang. The boat's forestays can be adjusted while sailing, controlled by a lever mounted aft of the boom vang's recessed radial track. There are quick-releases for the backstays and turnbuckle adjustments for the shrouds. Class rules prohibit pulling the mast to the windward side, however. The design has a ballbearing-equipped mainsheet traveler. The boat has a double-ended outhaul with a 6:1 mechanical advantage, plus a Cunningham, to control mainsail shape.

The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 79.7 and is normally raced with a crew of two or three sailors, with a class-imposed maximum crew racing weight of .

Operational history
The design is regulated and racing organized by a class club, the National C Scow Sailing Association.

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "As may be seen from the rating, this cat-rigged scow is fast. Scows were developed in the Midwest, but the C-Scow can also be found in Texas and California. There is extensive control ... These boats are one-design, with strict control of hull shape."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Dinghies
1900s sailboat type designs
1920s sailboat type designs
Two-person sailboats
Scows
Sailboat type designs by John O. Johnson
Sailboat type designs by Johnson Boat Works
Sailboat types built by Melges Performance Sailboats
S. Rao Kosaraju. Sambasiva Rao Kosaraju is an Indian-American professor of computer science at Johns Hopkins University, and division director for Computing & Communication Foundations at the National Science Foundation. He has done extensive work in the design and analysis of parallel and sequential algorithms.

Education 
He was born in India, and he did his bachelor's degree in engineering from Andhra University, Masters from IIT Kharagpur, and holds a PhD from University of Pennsylvania.

Career 
In 1978, he wrote a paper describing a method to efficiently compute strongly connected members of a directed graph, a method later called Kosaraju's algorithm. Along with Paul Callahan, he published many articles on efficient algorithms for computing the well-separated pair decomposition of a point set. His research efforts include efficient algorithms for pattern matching, data structure simulations, universal graphs, DNA sequence assembly, derandomization and investigations of immune system responses.

In 1995, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He is also a fellow of the IEEE. A common saying at Johns Hopkins University, "At some point, the learning stops and the pain begins." has been attributed to him. There used to be a shrine in the CS Undergraduate Lab in his honour.

References

External links 
.

Johns Hopkins University faculty
American computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
1995 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Indian emigrants to the United States
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the IEEE
Andhra University alumni
IIT Kharagpur alumni
Avi Rubin. Aviel David "Avi" Rubin (born November 8, 1967) is an expert in systems and networking security. He is a graduate of the University of Michigan and Professor of Computer Science at Johns Hopkins University, Technical Director of the Information Security Institute at Johns Hopkins, Director of ACCURATE, and President and co-founder of Independent Security Evaluators. In 2002, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the USENIX Association for a two-year term.

Rubin is credited with bringing to light vulnerabilities in Premier Election Solutions' (formerly Diebold Election Systems) AccuVote electronic voting machines. In 2006, he published a book on his experiences since this event.

In 2012, drawing on his experience as an expert witness in high-tech litigation, Rubin founded the consultancy Harbor Labs "to provide expertise in legal cases, including testimony, reports, source code review and analysis."

As of 2015, Rubin is Director of the Health and Medical Security Lab at Johns Hopkins.

Rubin is a self-professed "poker fanatic" and has competed against professional players on the Poker Night in America television show.

Education
 1994, Ph.D., Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
 1991, M.S.E., Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
 1989, B.S., Computer Science (Honors), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

References

External links 
 
 Avi Rubin's JHU home page
 Avi Rubin's research papers
 

Living people
Johns Hopkins University faculty
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Computer security academics
Election technology people
1967 births
International Union of Elevator Constructors. The International Union of Elevator Constructors (IUEC) is a trade union in the United States and Canada that represents members who construct, modernize, repair, and service elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and other conveyances. The IUEC claims a membership of over 25,000.

The IUEC is a bargaining unit for its members who in turn pay quarterly dues to compensate for the representation. There are various locals throughout the United States and Canada made up of members from the same geographic areas. In conjunction with union employers, the union administers the National Elevator Industry Health Benefit Plans to offer pension benefits and healthcare.

The IUEC forbids modular construction of elevators, preventing the kind of preassembly and prefabrication that have become standard in elevators in the rest of the world, leading to higher elevator costs in the United States. The union limits entry of new workers into the field, and has constrained the ability of firms to use new technology to streamline elevator production in the United States.

Data indicates that elevator-related work is the highest paid trade in the United States, with a median wage $47.60 per hour in 2021.

History
In 1932, the union threatened a strike, which prompted the Elevator Manufacturers Association to raise wages.

In 1972, the union was involved in a major elevator strike.

Historically, the union has excluded black members. In 1963, the head of the New York local of the union said it had "maybe three" black members and argued that this was because black people were "afraid of heights." In 1974, the union entered into an agreement with the Labor Department where it pledged to make a "good faith effort" to hire more minority workers.

In 1977, 1,500 union members went on strike against the Westinghouse Elevator Company.

In the early 2000s, Local 1 of the union, which represented 2,900 members, was subject to a federal labor racketeering investigation, leading to the indictment of several union leaders.

In 2005, the union was embroiled in a labor dispute with New York's elevator companies over wage increases and over proposals by the companies to streamline elevator construction guidelines. The union also sought to prevent companies from using what it said was unskilled people to make elevator repairs.

The union has lobbied for New York state legislation to require all elevator repairmen to be licensed.

Presidents
1904: Frank Feeney
1905: William Havenstrite
1906: P. E. Cryder (acting)
1907: Joseph Murphy
1916: Frank Feeney
1938: John C. MacDonald
1955: Edward A. Smith
1959: Thomas Allen
1962: John Proctor
1966: R. Wayne Williams
1976: Everett A. Treadway
1991: John N. Russell
1998: Ed Sullivan
2000: Dana Brigham
2012: Frank J. Christensen

See also
 Montanile v. Board of Trustees of Nat. Elevator Industry Health Benefit Plan

Notes

External links
 
 

Elevators
Trade unions in the United States
Trade unions in Canada
AFL-CIO
Building and construction trade unions
Columbia, Maryland
Manganese heptoxide. Manganese(VII) oxide (manganese heptoxide) is an inorganic compound with the formula . Manganese heptoxide is a volatile liquid with an oily consistency. It is a highly reactive and powerful oxidizer that reacts explosively with nearly any organic compound. It was first described in 1860. It is the acid anhydride of permanganic acid.

Properties 
The crystalline form of this chemical compound is dark green. The liquid is green by reflected light and red by transmitted light. It is soluble in carbon tetrachloride, and decomposes when in contact with water.

Structure
Its solubility properties indicate a nonpolar molecular species, which is confirmed by its structure. The molecules consist of a pair of tetrahedra that share a common vertex. The vertices are occupied by oxygen atoms and at the centers of the tetrahedra are the Mn(VII) centers. The connectivity is indicated by the formula O3Mn−O−MnO3. The terminal Mn−O distances are 1.585 Å and the bridging oxygen is 1.77 Å distant from the two Mn atoms. The Mn−O−Mn angle is 120.7°.

Pyrosulfate, pyrophosphate, and dichromate adopt structures similar to that of . Probably the most similar main group species is . Focusing on comparisons within the transition metal series,  and  are structurally similar but the Tc−O−Tc angle is 180°. Solid  is not molecular but consists of crosslinked Re centers with both tetrahedral and octahedral sites; in the vapour phase it is molecular with a similar structure to Tc2O7.

Synthesis and reactions 
 arises as a dark green oil by the addition of cold concentrated  to solid . The reaction initially produces permanganic acid,  (structurally, ), which is dehydrated by cold sulfuric acid to form its anhydride, :

 can react further with sulfuric acid to give the remarkable manganyl(VII) cation , which is isoelectronic with :

 decomposes near room temperature, explosively so above . The explosion can be initiated by striking the sample or by its exposure to oxidizable organic compounds. The products are  and . Ozone is also produced, giving a strong smell to the substance. The ozone can spontaneously ignite a piece of paper impregnated with an alcohol solution.

Manganese heptoxide reacts with hydrogen peroxide in presence of sulfuric acid, liberating oxygen and ozone:

References 

Explosive chemicals
Manganese(VII) compounds
Acid anhydrides
Acidic oxides
Substances discovered in the 19th century
Henri Ziegler. Henri Ziegler CVO, CBE (18 November 1906 in Limoges – 24 July 1998, in Paris) was one of the founders of Airbus and its first president.

An engineer, he was a graduate of the École Polytechnique and of "Sup'Aéro" (the national aerospace engineering school) as well as a French air force officer and test pilot. he was a founding father of Airbus Industrie, along with Roger Béteille and Felix Kracht, and was appointed as the first chief executive officer of Airbus Industrie. He was the driving force behind the development of the Airbus A300B, the original aircraft that started Airbus on its road to global success, by obtaining French government backing for the programme in 1969.

Early life
Following his appointment as assistant director of the Centre d'Essais en Vol (government flight test centre) in 1938, he fought for the French Resistance during World War II. In 1944 he was made commander of the Free French air forces in London, going on to become chief of staff of the French Forces of the Interior under General Koenig. He was awarded the Croix de guerre 1939–1945 with three palms, the Médaille de la Résistance with rosette and appointed officer on the US Legion of Merit.

Aerospace career
While acting as a special representative of the French government in Britain and the United States, Ziegler was also managing director of Air France from 1946 to 1954. In subsequent years he was the founder of Air Alpes, a member of several cabinet ministries, president of Avions Breguet; president of Sud Aviation (1968), leader of the Franco-British supersonic airliner project Concorde, and president and CEO (1970–1973) of SNIAS (Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale), which was renamed Aérospatiale in 1984. 

From 1971 to 1973, Ziegler was also managing director of the French Aerospace industries trade organisation (Usias), retiring from Airbus in 1975. In 1973, Ziegler received the Tony Jannus Award, along with Geoffrey Knight, for distinguished contributions to commercial aviation. Ziegler was the father of Bernard Ziegler, the former Airbus Director of Engineering.

Honours
During his career, Ziegler was the recipient of several honours, including Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur, honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) and honorary Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO).

"There would be no Airbus without Henri Ziegler," Airbus CEO Gustav Humbert declared on 11 April 2006 at the dedication of the new Airbus delivery centre in Toulouse named in his honour.

1906 births
1998 deaths
Airbus people
French aviation pioneers
Concorde
Corps de l'armement
École Polytechnique alumni
French aerospace engineers
French chief executives
French test pilots
Officers of the Legion of Merit
Supaéro alumni
Charles Atherton. Charles Atherton may refer to:

 Charles Atherton (civil engineer) (1805–1875), British civil engineer 
 Charles G. Atherton (1804–1853), Democratic Representative and Senator from New Hampshire
Charles Henry Atherton, (1932–2005), FAIA, was an American architect and former secretary of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts from 1960 to 2004
 Charles Humphrey Atherton (1773–1853), American lawyer, banker and politician from New Hampshire
  Charles Morgan Herbert Atherton (1874–1935), a Major League Baseball third baseman nicknamed "Prexy"
Champagne flow model. A champagne flow is an astrophysical event whereby an HII region inside a molecular cloud expands outward until it reaches the interstellar medium. At that point, the ionized hydrogen gas bursts outward like an uncorked champagne bottle. This event is also sometimes called a Blister. An HII region is created by ionization from a recently formed star (usually an O-star) inside a molecular cloud.

The champagne model is perhaps one of the first numerical calculations of the propagation of ionisation fronts and of the expansion of HII regions that 
did not assume a constant density medium around the massive exciting star. The model assumes that 
star formation takes place in a dense cloud, surrounded and in pressure equilibrium with a low density inter-cloud gas.
The ample supply of UV photons generated by the star rapidly establishes an HII region and the expansion of this, sooner or later 
allows also for the ionisation of the inter cloud gas. Ionisation disrupts then the former pressure balance between the 
cloud and the inter-cloud gas as under the stellar radiation field all photo-ionised gas acquires a temperature of the order of 10000 K.
In this way, the ionised cloud material acquires an excess pressure, a pressure larger than the ionised low density inter cloud gas and this 
provoques the supersonic expansion of the ionised cloud matter into the surrounding gas (the champagne flow). The streaming of matter out of the cloud allows 
for the ionisation of a larger portion of the original cloud sustaining in this way the pressure imbalance which eventually leads to the complete disruption
of the parent cloud.   The terms champagne model and champagne flow were coined by Mexican astrophysicist Guillermo Tenorio-Tagle in a paper in 1979 (Astronomy and Astrophysics 1979A&A....71...59T).
The model focus on the  size, velocity field and the large density variations observed in HII regions.  This article was followed by further hydrodynamical 
calculations  in one and two dimensions, in collaboration with Drs. Peter Bodenheimer, Harold W. Yorke and Piet Bedijn see:1979ApJ...233…85B.1983A&A...127..313Y,  1979A&A....80..110T,  1982ASSL...93….1T,  1984A&A...138..325Y,  1981A&A....98…85B

References

Further reading

 
 

Astrophysics
M Scow. The M Scow, also called the M-Scow and the M-16 Scow,  is a Canadian/American sailing dinghy that was designed by Johnson Boat Works and Melges Boat Works as a one-design racer and first built in 1950.

Production
The design was built by Tanzer Industries in Dorion, Quebec, Canada as well as by Windward Boatworks in Middleton, Wisconsin United States and Melges Performance Sailboats in Zenda, Wisconsin, also in the United States, but it is now out of production.

Design
The M Scow is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig with tapered or untapered aluminum or wooden spars. The hull is a reverse sheer scow design, with dual internally-mounted rudders controlled by a tiller and a dual retractable bilgeboards. It displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with a bilgeboard extended. It can be transported on a trailer.

For sailing the design was originally equipped with end-boom sheeting to a mainsheet traveler, mainsail and jib windows for improved visibility. It also has a boom vang and Cunningham, barber haulers, and a jib traveler.

The dual rudders, rotating mast and the mainsheet traveler were done away with in a 1999 redesign. The hull and rigging were also changed to the MC Scow hull and rigging designs. In the 2020 the MC Scow remained in production, while the M Scow was no longer offered for sale.

The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 89.3 and is normally raced with a crew of two sailors.

Operational history
In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "the M-16 scow is raced on the East Coast, in the Southeast,
and in the Southwest, but most boats are found in the Midwest ... limiting specifications are issued by the Inland Lake Yachting Association, which holds a championship regatta with 60 to 90 competitors."

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar boats
Melges 17

References

External links

Dinghies
Scows
1950s sailboat type designs
Two-person sailboats
Sailboat type designs by Johnson Boat Works
Sailboat type designs by Melges Boat Works
Sailboat types built by Tanzer Industries
Sailboat types built by Windward Boatworks
Sailboat types built by Melges Performance Sailboats
Polycide. Polycide is a silicide formed over polysilicon. Widely used in DRAMs. In a polycide MOSFET transistor process, the silicide is formed only over the polysilicon film as formation occurs prior to any polysilicon etch. Polycide processes contrast with salicide processes in which silicide is formed after the polysilicon etch. Thus, with a salicide process, silicide is formed over both the polysilicon gate and the exposed monocrystalline terminal regions of the transistor in a self-aligned fashion.

References

Semiconductor device fabrication
Silicon
Meanings of minor-planet names: 62001–63000. 

62001–62100 

|-id=071
| 62071 Voegtli ||  || Christian Voegtli (born 1959), also spelt Vögtli, is a Swiss physicist who studied theoretical physics in Basel. For many years he has been interested in evolutionary processes and he is very happy now to watch his two funny daughters developing their fitness for the next generation. || 
|}

62101–62200 

|-id=190
| 62190 Augusthorch ||  || August Horch (1868–1951), German engineer and automobile pioneer. The first Horch automobile was built in 1901. || 
|}

62201–62300 

|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center | 
|}

62301–62400 

|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
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62401–62500 

|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center | 
|}

62501–62600 

|-id=503
| 62503 Tomcave ||  || Thomas Roland Cave III (1923–2003) was an American amateur astronomer and persistent observer with a special interest in Mars. His planetary observations covered more than half a century. He shared his observatory in California willingly and helped numerous astronomy enthusiasts in the building of their own telescopes (Src). || 
|}

62601–62700 

|-id=666
| 62666 Rainawessen || 2000 TA || Raina Wessen (born 1994) has been the Key Club Treasurer and Associated Student Body Treasurer at Marshall Fundamental High School. She has held positions in her community for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Huntington Memorial Hospital and the Pasadena Humane Society. || 
|}

62701–62800 

|-
| 62701 Davidrankin ||  || David Rankin (born 1984) is an American amateur astronomer and observer of near-Earth objects, who reports his follow-up observations to the MPC. || 
|-id=794
| 62794 Scheirich ||  || Petr Scheirich (born 1979), a Czech astronomer at the Ondřejov Observatory, who is an expert in the modeling of binary and tumbling asteroids from photometric observations. He also engages in meteorite field searches. || 
|}

62801–62900 

|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center | 
|}

62901–63000 

|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center | 
|}

References 

062001-063000
Dissociative recombination. Dissociative recombination is a chemical process in which a positive polyatomic ion recombines with an electron, and as a result, the neutral molecule dissociates. This reaction is important for interstellar and atmospheric chemistry. On Earth, dissociative recombination rarely occurs naturally, as free electrons react with any molecule (even neutral molecules) they encounter. Even in the best laboratory conditions, dissociative recombination is hard to observe, but it is an important reaction in systems which have large populations of ionized molecules such as atmospheric-pressure plasmas.

In astrophysics, dissociative recombination is one of the main mechanisms by which molecules are broken down, and other molecules are formed. The existence of dissociative recombination is possible due to the vacuum of the interstellar medium. A typical example of dissociative recombination in astrophysics is:

CH3+ + e- -> CH2 + H

See also
Astrochemistry
Ionization

References

Astrophysics