omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Erskine (automobile). The Erskine was an American automobile brand produced by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana, United States, from 1926 to 1930.  The marque was named after Albert Russel Erskine (1871–1933), Studebaker's president at the time.

During his term as president, Erskine encouraged Studebaker engineers to develop advanced engines.  As a result, the company achieved numerous racing wins and a bigger share of the upper-price market. This left Studebaker without an entry-level automobile in the United States, and Erskine, who had always been fascinated by smaller European vehicles, saw market potential in a short-wheelbase compact car, especially if it could expand Studebaker's presence in the European market. The Erskine Six was therefore first launched in Paris.

When introduced in time for the American 1927 model year, the car was named after its creator, and marketed as The Little Aristocrat. To make the Erskine affordable, Studebaker fitted the cars with six-cylinder Continental engines rather than the more advanced Studebaker units and priced the cars at $995. Body design was by Ray Dietrich; the design proved to be quite a head-turner, and received numerous accolades from the British and French press.  Initially, sales demand was promising. However, within a year Ford introduced its Model A and priced it at $525, undercutting the Erskine by $470.

To remedy this, Studebaker marketing suggested that the Erskine become a larger car which, when implemented, grew the wheelbase from  to . The Erskine was no longer small, and became more like its Studebaker brethren.  Ultimately, the Erskine was absorbed into Studebaker by May 1930.  A little over a year later, Studebaker would try again with the 1931 Rockne brand automobile.

To his credit, Albert Russel Erskine successfully strengthened Studebaker’s core automobile business and helped to guide the corporation toward technical advancements that eventually would help the company through the first few years of the depression.

However, Erskine also encouraged the payment of stockholder dividends from Studebaker’s capital reserves as the depression deepened; this inflated the value of the stock, and eventually weakened the company. In addition to the two failed marques he created (Rockne and Erskine), Erskine also had purchased luxury car maker Pierce-Arrow during the high-rolling 1920s, which had to be sold off to investors as a means of improving cash flow.

Faced with loss of control of Studebaker, Albert Russel Erskine committed suicide in 1933 on the Studebaker proving grounds (now Bendix Woods Park) outside of South Bend, Indiana.

Production totals (model year) for Erskine

1927, 24,893 units 
1928, 22,275 units
1929, 25,565 units
1930, 22,371 units

Online resources
  From Horses to Horsepower, Studebaker Moves a Nation, Smithsonian Institution

References

 
 

Studebaker
Erskine (marque)
1920s cars
1930s cars
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Indiana
Cars introduced in 1927
Cars discontinued in 1930
PC/Computing. PC/Computing (later Ziff-Davis Smart Business) was a monthly Ziff Davis publication that for most of its run focused on publishing reviews of IBM-compatible (or "Wintel") hardware and software and tips and reference information for users of such software and hardware.

History and profile
Established in 1988 under the guidance of founding publisher and columnist Michael Kolowich, the magazine was known for its irreverent style and annual "Windows Superguide" and "Notebook Torture Test" features. The latter feature involved baking, freezing, shaking, dropping, and splashing notebook computers from various manufacturers and then rating the machines based on which ones survived the "torture" and which ones failed. It also featured columns by editor-in-chief Paul Somerson (formerly of PC Magazine, another Ziff-Davis publication), John C. Dvorak, Gil Schwartz, and, for a time in its first few years, Penn Jillette. For some years, the magazine ran a regular column featuring an often-silly "debate" between Dvorak and Somerson. Michael Kolowich was the publisher and columnist until 1991. At its founding, the magazine was based in Burlington and Cambridge, Massachusetts, but  relocated in 1991 to Foster City, California, near San Francisco.

The magazine changed its editorial focus from technology to Internet business in January 2000 and abandoned its original name shortly thereafter to try to capitalize on interest in the so-called "dot-com" boom of the late 1990s. When the technology bubble burst in mid-2000, the rechristened "Ziff-Davis Smart Business" in January 2000 lost its ad market. The magazine is the recipient of the National Magazine Award in the Personal Service category in 2000.  It folded in 2002.

References

Monthly magazines published in the United States
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1988
Magazines disestablished in 2002
Magazines published in San Francisco
Steve Sakoman. Steve Sakoman is an American computing executive. He retired from Apple Computer in 2005 and is now an independent consultant.

He originally worked at Hewlett-Packard as a manufacturing engineer and project manager for the industry's first battery-powered portable MS-DOS PC, the HP 110.

Sakoman moved to Apple Computer in 1984 where he would oversee the hardware groups responsible for the Apple II and Mac product lines.  In 1987 he formed the team behind the Apple Newton to realize his vision of the world's first PDA.

Sakoman left Apple in 1990 before the Newton shipped to set up Be Inc. with former Apple executive Jean-Louis Gassée. At Be, he led development of the original BeBox, personally developed BeOS's support for Brooktree video-capture devices, and eventually worked as the company's Chief Operating Officer. During this time, he ran a webcam inside Be's offices using the CodyCam application.  

In 1994 he moved to Silicon Graphics as director of Consumer Products & Technologies Group.  This included work on the Nintendo 64 graphics system. He then returned to Be in 1996. 

PalmSource acquired Be in 2001 and Sakoman took on a role there as Chief Products Officer, where he was a key member of the team behind Palm OS 5 and Palm OS 6.

Sakoman rejoined Apple in 2003 as Vice-President of Software Technology, reporting to Avie Tevanian.

Sakoman also set up GutenTalk in 2004, a site to discuss ebooks specially formatted for PDAs and other hand-held readers.

References

External links
Steve Sakoman's GutenTalk eBook discussion site

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Apple Inc. employees
Be Inc. people
Hewlett-Packard people
Silicon Graphics people
American computer businesspeople
American chief operating officers
Finish. Finish may refer to:

 Finishing (whisky), in the distillation of Scotch
 The aftertaste of an alcoholic beverage, particularly for:
 wine
 Finished good, a good that is completed as to manufacturing but not yet sold or distributed to the end-user
 Surface finishing, various industrial processes for modifying a workpiece's surface
 Mechanical finish, processes that modify a surface using mechanical means
 Wood finishing, the process of embellishing and/or protecting the surface of wooden objects

People

 Eli Finish (born 1975), Israeli comedian

Brands

 Finish, A dishwasher detergent brand owned by Reckitt and known as Calgonit in Continental Europe, formerly known as Electrasol.

See also
 Finishing (disambiguation)
 Finish line (disambiguation)
 Finnish (disambiguation)
Templer. Templer is an English surname, and may refer to:

Bernhard Templer (1865–1935), Austrian Jewish theologian
Cherie Templer (1856–1915), New Zealand painter
George Templer (1781–1843), builder of the Haytor Granite Tramway, Devon, England
Field Marshal Sir Gerald (Walter Robert) Templer (1898-1979), British Army officer who fought in WWI and WWII
James Templer (1722–1782), a British civil engineer
James Templer (canal builder) (1748–1813), builder of the Stover Canal, Devon, England
James Templer (balloon aviator) (1846–1924), early British military pioneer of balloons
John Charles Templer (1814–1874), British lawyer
Karl Templer (fl. 1994–2009), British-born New York-based fashion stylist
Pamela Templer, American ecosystem ecologist
Simon and Peggy Templer (1910s–1990s), British couple dedicated to rescuing mistreated chimpanzees in Spain

See also
 Templer (disambiguation)
 Templers (Pietist sect)
Tachyhydrite. Tachyhydrite is an unstable mineral, a hydrous chloride of calcium and magnesium with formula: CaMg2Cl6·12H2O.  It is a rare component of marine evaporite salt deposits.  Upon exposure to moist air it rapidly deliquesces and dissolves.

It forms a colorless to yellow trigonal crystal with a vitreous luster. It is soft with a Mohs hardness of 2 and has a low specific gravity of 1.66. It has good cleavage in three directions and typically occurs in crystalline masses.

It was first described in 1856 for an occurrence in Stassfurt, Saxony, Germany. Its name is from the Greek for quick water, in reference to its ready deliquescence.

According to a patent filed years ago by a Halliburton researcher, high strength hydrochloric acid treatment of magnesium containing carbonates creates tachyhydrite, which will seal the rock pores and inhibit oil flow unless washed with a light acid or water before and after the treatment.

References

Calcium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Chloride minerals
12
Deliquescent materials
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 148
Albatros D.IV. The Albatros D.IV was an experimental German fighter aircraft built and tested during World War I.

Design and development
The D.IV was designed to test a geared version of the 120 kW (160 hp) Mercedes D.III engine. Unlike the ungeared version, the geared engine was completely enclosed within the fuselage. The airframe basically combined the D.II wing cellule with the D.Va fuselage.

Three examples were ordered in November 1916, but only one was flown. It was tested with several types of propeller, but excessive vibration problems and limited performance increase precluded further development.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 Grosz, Peter M. "The Agile & Aggressive Albatros". Air Enthusiast Quarterly, No. 1, n.d., pp. 36–51.  

1910s German fighter aircraft
D.04
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined piston aircraft
Common Base Event. Common Base Event (CBE) is an IBM implementation of the Web Services Distributed Management (WSDM) Event Format standard. IBM also implemented the Common Event Infrastructure, a unified set of APIs and infrastructure for the creation, transmission, persistence and distribution of a wide range of business, system and network Common Base Event formatted events.

External links
Understanding Common Base Events Specification V1.0.1, IBM. 
Common Base Events Best Practices, IBM. 

Web services
IBM software
Grab-it. Grab-it is a brand of Corning Ware cookware products easily identifiable by their uniform distinctive shape: a bowl with vertical sides and a rounded, concave tab handle. The name was first used for a versatile product which could safely go from refrigerator to stovetop, oven, broiler, or microwave, but later, inferior products, nearly identical in appearance but unsafe for stovetop or broiler use, were also branded as Corning Ware Grab-it. Before the introduction of the stoneware look-alike product, the Grab-it line was made of Pyroceram, a glass-ceramic material, by Corning Glass Works. Grab-its are notable as being among the first cookware specifically designed for microwave use. Their original design was recognized by the Smithsonian's Cooper–Hewitt, National Design Museum. Grab-its strongly resemble porringers.

The original Grab-it (the P-150), introduced in 1976, was opaque white and had a capacity of . Later, the matching  Grab-A-Meal (P-240) was introduced, with a small handle opposite the main one. This product was discontinued in 1986. Later, Visions Grab-its were introduced in 15-oz and  sizes (V-155 and V-245, respectively), unifying the name for the two sizes. The 15-ounce Grab-it was available with a plastic cover (for storage, allowing stacking) or a Pyrex glass lid (for storage or cooking use), or both, while only a glass lid was available for the larger Grab-it and Grab-A-Meal. In addition to microwave use, Grab-its made of Pyroceram (i.e. earlier Corning Ware, and all Visions) are safe on the stovetop, in the oven, and (without cover) under a broiler.

History
Grab-its were originally produced and sold by Corning Glass Works, and made from opaque Pyroceram glass–ceramic material.

Corning introduced Grab-its under the Visions brand in 1988. These were made of transparent Pyroceram (known as Celexium in some regions) with an amber tint. A Cranberry variant was introduced in the early 1990s.

Not long after the Corning Consumer Products Company (now known as Corelle Brands) was spun off in 1998, Pyroceram Grab-its were discontinued in the U.S. with the close of the Martinsburg, WV plant in the early 2000s.

A short time later a product of inferior material was introduced with the same branding and nearly identical appearance; this stoneware product is molded to look like the earlier, superior Pyroceram product but cannot tolerate stovetop or broiler use, and in microwave use its handle becomes too hot to touch much more quickly than in the earlier product. Amber 15-ounce Visions Grab-its are still made of transparent Pyroceram in France for sales in select European and Asia-Pacific regions.

Gallery

References

External links
Cookware Information & Guide

Cooking vessels
Cookware and bakeware
John Simonton. John Stayton Simonton Jr. (June 24, 1943 – November 25, 2005) was a circuit designer, author of electronics articles, and founder of PAiA Electronics, a manufacturer of analog synthesizer kits. He lived in Arcadia, Oklahoma.

Simonton was born in Honolulu and grew up in New Orleans. In 1965 he graduated from Louisiana Tech University with degrees in electrical engineering and psychology. In 1967 he began working on the first computerized jet engine test facility in Oklahoma at the Tinker Air Force Base.  He then founded PAiA Electronics as a mail order electronics kit company. Simonton began publishing Polyphony magazine in 1975, which later became Electronic Musician.

Simonton was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in 2004 and died in 2005 at his home in Arcadia, Oklahoma

References

External links
Obituary  at PAiA Electronics home page

1943 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from esophageal cancer in the United States
Deaths from cancer in California
Louisiana Tech University alumni
20th-century American engineers
DO-219. DO-219 is a communications standard published by RTCA, Incorporated. It contains Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for aircraft equipment required for Air Traffic Control (ATC) Two-Way Data Link Communications (TWDL) services.  TWDL Services are one element of Air Traffic Services Communication (ATSC).  ATSC addressing requirements are supported by the Context Management (CM) Service.  The Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN) provides the media and protocols to conduct data link Air Traffic Services Communication.

Outline of Contents
Purpose and Scope
Performance requirements and Test Procedures
Installed Equipment Performance
Operational Characteristics
Appendix A: ATC Two-Way Data Link Communications Message Set
Appendix B: ATC Two-Way Data Link Communications Data Structures Glossary
Appendix C: An Overview of the Packed encoding Rules ISO PDIS 8825-2; PER Unaligned
Appendix D: A Guide for Encoding and Decoding the RTCA SC-169 Message Set for ATC 2-Way Data Link, According to the Packed Encoding Rules
Appendix E: ATC Two-Way Data Link Communications Sample Messages
Appendix F: State Table

See also
Air traffic control
Aeronautical Telecommunications Network
ACARS

RTCA standards
Avionics
Spike sorting. Spike sorting is a class of techniques used in the analysis of electrophysiological data. Spike sorting algorithms use the shape(s) of waveforms collected with one or more electrodes in the brain to distinguish the activity of one or more neurons from background electrical noise.

Neurons produce action potentials that are referred to as 'spikes' in laboratory jargon. Frequently this term is used for electrical signals recorded in the vicinity of individual neurons with a microelectrode (exception: 'spikes' in EEG recordings). In these recordings action potentials appear as sharp spikes (deviations from the baseline). These extracellular electrodes pick up all the components constituting the field at the point of its contact. This includes the component due to the synaptic currents and the action potentials. The synaptic currents have slower time course and the spikes have faster time course. They are thus easily separated by filtering: highpass for spikes and low pass for the synaptic mechanisms. The synaptic current contributes to the global local field potential (LFP).  Spike sorting refers to the process of assigning spikes to different neurons. The background to this is that the exact time course of a spike event as recorded by the electrode depends on the size and shape of the neuron, the position of the recording electrode relative to the neuron, etc. These electrodes, positioned outside of the cells in the tissue, however, often 'see' the spikes generated by several neurons in their vicinity. Since the spike shapes are unique and quite reproducible for each neuron they can be used to distinguish spikes produced by different neurons, i.e. to separate the activity produced by each.

Technically this is often achieved based on different sizes of the spikes (simple but inaccurate version) or more sophisticated analyses which make use of the entire waveform of the spikes. The techniques often use tools such as principal components or wavelet analysis.

Multiple electrodes record different waveforms for each individual spike elicited by the neurons in the vicinity of the electrodes. The geometric configuration of the electrodes can then be used to define additional dimensions to analyze which spikes originated from which individual cell in the recorded population of cells. Thus the spike sorting using multiple electrodes is better than sorting based simply on waveform shape.  The most popular setup involves the use of four micro electrodes, called 'tetrodes' (different from the vacuum tube Tetrode), though more electrodes may be used. Recording electrodes can be metal wires or fine print on a PCB with gold or platinum plated at their exposed tips to ensure good contact and prevent change in resistance while the experiment is going on.

Principal Component weights of spikes from two different neurons

Spike shapes colored according to their assignment to different neurons. The blue trace could not be assigned unequivocally.

References

External links
 Spike sorting article in Scholarpedia

Electrophysiology
Neurophysiology
Articles containing video clips
FAAM Airborne Laboratory. The FAAM Airborne Laboratory  is an atmospheric science research facility. It is based on the Cranfield University campus alongside Cranfield Airport in Bedfordshire, England.  It was formed by a collaboration between the Met Office and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) in 2001.

The facility
FAAM was established jointly by the Natural Environmental Research Council and the Met Office.  Initial funding was provided to prepare an aircraft for instrumentation. The main aircraft used is a modified BAe 146-301 aircraft, registration G-LUXE, owned by NERC and operated  by Airtask.

Work carried out by FAAM includes
 Radiative transfer studies in clear and cloudy air;
 Tropospheric chemistry measurements;
 Cloud physics and dynamic studies;
 Dynamics of mesoscale weather systems;
 Boundary layer and turbulence studies;
 Remote sensing: verification of ground-based instruments;
 Satellite ground truth: radiometric measurements and winds;
 Satellite instrument test-bed;

FAAM is staffed by a mixture of NERC, University of Leeds and Met Office personnel, and acts as a servant to numerous UK and occasionally overseas science organisations; primarily the Met Office itself, or UK universities funded by NERC.

It flies around 400 hours annually, most commonly on large campaigns where a team of typically 30 will spend around a month at a base location, potentially anywhere in the world, delivering a specific science campaign, although some flying from Cranfield also takes place.

An emergency response role exists, which has been used three times - at the 2005 Buncefield fire, the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption and 2012 Total Elgin gas platform leak: after  Eyjafjallajökull a new aircraft, MOCCA - the Met Office Civil Contingency Aircraft,  has been commissioned as the "first responder" to British volcanic ash emergencies.

The facility was originally established in 2001, with an intended operating base of the BAe site at Woodford, in Cheshire. However, by 2004 when the aircraft was delivered, BAe had decided to close Woodford, so eventually the facility was re-sited at Cranfield, although it initially had limited involvement with that university, the largest university customers being Manchester, Cambridge, Leeds and York.  Since 2016 FAAM has been co-located in a new dedicated building with a new department of Atmospheric Informatics of Cranfield University, and its involvement with Cranfield is becoming closer.

From 2008 - 2014 FAAM was headed by Dr. Guy Gratton, an aeronautical engineer; it is now headed by Mr Alan Woolley, an instrumentation scientist.

References

Atmospheric sounding
Climate of England
Cranfield University
Governmental meteorological agencies in Europe
Met Office
Meteorological data and networks
Meteorological organisations based in the United Kingdom
Natural Environment Research Council
Science and technology in Bedfordshire
University of Leeds
Air pollution in the United Kingdom
Centre d'Etudes Universitaires de Zahlé et de la Békaa. Centre d'Études Universitaires de Zahlé et de la Békaa or CEUZB is a university institution based in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon. It has been promoting post-secondary French education in the province for over 25 years, and is a sub-department of the USJ (Université Saint-Joseph), originally based in Beirut. It specializes in scientific subjects such as mathematics, physics, and informatics. More than a thousand students attended it in 2005.

The engineering schools École Supérieure des Ingénieurs d'Agronomie Méditerranéenne (ESIAM) and the École Supérieure des Ingénieurs Agro-alimentaires (ESIA) are sister foundations of the CEUZB.

External links 
 CEUZB homepage
 ESIAM-ESIA homepage

Universities in Lebanon
Beqaa Valley