omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Best current practice. A best current practice, abbreviated as BCP, is a de facto level of performance in engineering and information technology. It is more flexible than a standard, since techniques and tools are continually evolving. The Internet Engineering Task Force publishes Best Current Practice documents in a numbered document series.  Each document in this series is paired with the currently valid Request for Comments (RFC) document. BCP was introduced in RFC-1818.

BCPs are document guidelines, processes, methods, and other matters not suitable for standardization. The Internet standards process itself is defined in a series of BCPs, as is the formal organizational structure of the IETF, Internet Engineering Steering Group, Internet Architecture Board, and other groups involved in that process. IETF's separate Standard Track (STD) document series defines the fully standardized network protocols of the Internet, such as the Internet Protocol, the Transmission Control Protocol, and the Domain Name System.  

Each RFC number refers to a specific version of a document Standard Track, but the BCP number refers to the most recent revision of the document. Thus, citations often reference both the BCP number and the RFC number. Example citations for BCPs are: BCP 38, RFC 2827.

Significant fields of application

BCP related to IPv6

BCP related to DNS

BCP related to security

BCP related to globalization

See also
 Benchmarking
 Best practice
 Gold standard (test) 
 Prior art

References

External links
 IETF's BCP Index

Organizational performance management
Standards
Augustus Braun Kinzel. Augustus Braun Kinzel (July 26, 1900 – October 23, 1987) was a noted American metallurgist and first president of the National Academy of Engineering.

Biography
Kinzel was born in New York City. He received his A.B. in mathematics from Columbia University (1919), B.S. in engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1921), and D. Met. Ing. and Sc.D. from the University of Nancy, France (1922, 1933). His employment started in 1919 at the General Electric Laboratories in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He joined Union Carbide Research Laboratories in 1926 as a research metallurgist, where he subsequently served as chief metallurgist starting in 1931, vice-president (1945), and president (1948). He subsequently served as director of research for the Union Carbide Corporation (starting 1954), and vice-president of research (1955). In later years he was president and chief executive officer the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.

During World War II he held key advisory posts for ordnance, and led the metals branch of the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee in Europe. After the war, he served on the Defense Science Board and the Naval Research Advisory Committee, and as consultant to the Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Argonne, and Brookhaven National Laboratories, and the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory.

Kinzel was active in professional organizations, notably as the president of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (1958) and chairman of the Division of Engineering and Industrial Research of the National Research Council (1960). He was a founding member of the National Academy of Engineering, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the MIT Corporation. He was a trustee of the California Institute of Technology, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and a member of the board of System Development Corporation, Beckman Instrument Company, etc. He was also the recipient of many distinguished service awards such as the illustrious IRI Medal from the Industrial Research Institute.

References 

 Walker L. Cisler and Harvey A. Wagner, "Augustus Braun Kinzel", Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, Volume 6 (1993).

20th-century American engineers
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Founding members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
1900 births
1987 deaths
American metallurgists
Nancy-Université alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Cyril Bence. Cyril Raymond Bence (26 November 1902 – 7 September 1992) was a Welsh toolmaker, part-time lecturer and politician.

Earlier career
Bence was born near Bristol, the son of a farmer and meat purveyor. He went to school in Newport, Monmouthshire, but left school when he was 14. After working at first as an articled clerk to a solicitor, he moved into engineering with an apprenticeship at Ashworth, Son and Company, a weighing machine company. He later became a weighing machine manager. During the depression of the 1930s, he went into farming, but in 1938 he moved to Birmingham to go back into the skilled engineering trade.

Wartime work
He made a name for himself during the Second World War (he was in a 'reserved occupation' not liable to call-up, but was also a pacifist), leading increased production and lecturing to other factories on how to contribute to the war effort. He also served on the Birmingham Trades Council from 1942 to 1945. He was a member of the National Union of Scalemakers, and later joined the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers.

Politics
At the 1945 general election, Bence was the Labour Party candidate in Birmingham Handsworth. He fought the same seat in the 1950 general election and at a by-election in November 1950, but could not defeat the Conservatives.

Parliament
For the 1951 general election, Bence was chosen as candidate by the Labour Party in East Dunbartonshire, a constituency in two parts which included some heavy industry on the north bank of the River Clyde. He kept the seat for Labour, and represented it until he retired at the 1970 general election.

Always on the back-benches, Bence served as a member of the Estimates Committee in the 1964-1966 Parliament, and was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Patrick Gordon Walker from 1964 and to Anthony Crosland from 1965 to 1967. He played a key role in securing government subsidy for the building of the Queen Elizabeth 2 ocean liner.

Family
Bence was the father of Valerie Pearl, the historian and President of New Hall, Cambridge.

References

M. Stenton and S. Lees, "Who's Who of British MPs" Vol. IV (Harvester Press, 1981)
Obituary, "The Times", 10 September 1992.
Obituary in the Independent, 8 September 1992

External links 
 

1902 births
1992 deaths
Amalgamated Engineering Union-sponsored MPs
Scottish Labour MPs
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
People educated at Newport High School
Software metering. Software metering is the monitoring and controlling of software for analytics and enforcing of agreements. It can be either passive data collection, or active restriction.

Types 
Software metering can take different forms:
 Tracking and maintaining software licenses. Making sure that the number of concurrent users of the software do not exceed the terms of the license. This can include monitoring of concurrent usage of software for real-time enforcement of license limits.
 Real-time monitoring of all (or selected) applications running on the computers within the organization in order to detect unregistered or unlicensed software and prevent their execution, or limit their execution to within certain hours. The system administrator can configure the software metering agent on each computer in the organization.
 Fixed planning to allocate software usage to computers according to the policies a company specifies and to maintain a record of usage and attempted usage. A company can check out and check in licenses for mobile users, and can also keep a record of all licenses in use. This is often used when limited license counts are available to avoid violating strict license controls.
 A method of software licensing where the licensed software automatically records how many times,  or for how long one or more functions in the software are used, and the user pays fees based on this actual usage (also known as 'pay-per-use')

References

See also 
 License manager
 Product activation
 Software license
 Systems management
 System administration
 Key server (software licensing)

System administration
Computer systems
Michael Kelly (physicist). Michael Joseph Kelly (born 14 May 1949) is a New Zealand-British physicist.  He was Prince Philip Professor of Technology in the Department of Engineering of the University of Cambridge from 2002 to 2016.

Education
Born in New Plymouth, New Zealand, Kelly went to Francis Douglas Memorial College in his High-school years, graduating he then went on to study at the Victoria University of Wellington for a BSc and MSc. He came to England in 1971 to study for a PhD at Cambridge under Volker Heine.

Career
After finishing his PhD in 1974, he worked for seven years on the electronic structure of metals and semiconductors as a post-doc researcher. Kelly joined the GEC Hirst Research Centre in 1981, working on the development of microwave devices. From 1992 to 2002 he was Professor of Physics and Electronics at the University of Surrey. From 2003 to 2005 he was the Executive Director of the Cambridge–MIT Institute.

He was Prince Philip Professor of Technology working in the Solid State Electronics and Nanoscale Science group in the Electrical Engineering division of the Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge from 2002 to 2016. He is an Emeritus Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge.

In 2018 Kelly became trustee of the Renewable Energy Foundation and in 2019 a trustee of the Global Warming Policy Foundation.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1993 and won its Hughes Medal in 2006.  He was formerly the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Department for Communities and Local Government. He was elected in 1998 as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

Climatic Research Unit investigation 
In 2010, Kelly was named by the Royal Society and the University of East Anglia to an independent scientific assessment panel to investigate the Climatic Research Unit email controversy. The panel concluded that there was "no evidence of any deliberate scientific malpractice in any of the work of the Climatic Research Unit."

Bibliography 
 Low-Dimensional Semiconductors: Materials, Physics, Technology, Devices, Oxford University Press 2002,

References

External links
 Professor Michael J Kelly, University of Cambridge

1949 births
Living people
New Zealand fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of the University of Surrey
People from New Plymouth
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
People educated at Francis Douglas Memorial College
James Nobel Landis. James Nobel Landis (August 15, 1899 – April 29, 1989) was an American power engineer, at the Brooklyn Edison Company, and later the Bechtel Corporation. He is known as a founding member of the National Academy of Engineering, and as president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the year 1958–59.

Biography

Youth, education and early career 
Landis was born in Champaign, Illinois, received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan (1922), and after graduating began employment at the Brooklyn Edison Company as a mechanical engineer.

From 1929 to 1932, he administered the civil, structural, and mechanical engineering of all Brooklyn Edison generating stations, which at that time included the world's largest generating plant. In 1932 he was put in charge of all civil, structural, and mechanical design for the company, and when it combined with Metropolitan Electric Utilities to form Consolidated Edison, he carried over these duties plus those for electrical crafting of all power installations in the combined system. Under his direction, the company converted from older direct current and 25-cycle alternating current to the modern American 60-cycle alternating current, and adopted high-pressure steam turbines.

Later career 
In 1948 Landis joined the Bechtel Corporation as chief power engineer, and in 1951 when Bechtel and several utility companies created a preliminary power plant design, Landis was a key participant. In 1953 he became a vice-president of Bechtel.

In 1955 construction began on a Commonwealth Edison plant with General Electric reactor and Bechtel supplying the remainder of the installation. Landis retired from active management in 1964 but continued consulting until 1974.

Landis was active in professional societies, published a number of papers, and received honors including the American Society of Mechanical Engineers's James N. Landis Medal (1977), named in his honor; and the Franklin Institute's Newcomen Medal (1978).

References

External links 
 James N. Landis Medal, ASME

1989 deaths
1899 births
Engineers from Illinois
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
People from Champaign, Illinois
Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Founding members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American engineers
Security bug. A security bug or security defect is a software bug that can be exploited to gain unauthorized access or privileges on a computer system. Security bugs introduce security vulnerabilities by compromising one or more of:
 Authentication of users and other entities 
 Authorization of access rights and privileges 
 Data confidentiality
 Data integrity

Security bugs do not need be identified nor exploited to be qualified as such and are assumed to be much more common than known vulnerabilities in almost any system.

Causes

Security bugs, like all other software bugs, stem from root causes that can generally be traced to either absent or inadequate:
 Software developer training
 Use case analysis
 Software engineering methodology
 Quality assurance testing
 and other best practices

Taxonomy
Security bugs generally fall into a fairly small number of broad categories that include:
 Memory safety (e.g. buffer overflow and dangling pointer bugs)
 Race condition
 Secure input and output handling
 Faulty use of an API
 Improper use case handling
 Improper exception handling
 Resource leaks, often but not always due to improper exception handling
 Preprocessing input strings before they are checked for being acceptable

Mitigation
See software security assurance.

See also 

 Computer security
 Hacking: The Art of Exploitation
 IT risk
 Threat (computer)
 Vulnerability (computing)
 Hardware bug
 Secure coding

References

Further reading
 
 

Computer security
Software bugs
Software testing
Linter SQL RDBMS. Linter SQL RDBMS is the main product of RELEX Group. Linter is a Russian DBMS compliant with the SQL:2003 standard and supporting the majority of operating systems, among them Windows, various versions of Unix, QNX, and others. The system enables transparent interaction between the client applications and the database server functioning in different hardware and software environments. DBMS Linter includes program interfaces for the majority of popular development tools. The system provides a high data security level allowing the user to work with secret information. Linter is the only DBMS certified by FSTEC of Russia as compliant with Class 2 data security requirements and Level 2 of undeclared feature absence control. For many years Linter has been used by Russian Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other government bodies.

History
The history of Linter dates back to 1980. The system has domestic predecessors whose developers later took direct part in the creation of Linter. By 1983, according to a state order, the Voronezh construction design office "Systemprogramm" had successfully completed the relational DBMS "BARS" under the real-time operating system "RAFOS" (RT-11 prototype) for computers of the SM set. Since 1985, the system developers accepted the mobility, compatibility and openness concept. As a result, DBMS "INTEREAL" was implemented. 

The system covered a wide spectrum of hardware and software platforms, from "Electronika-85" and Intel 8086 control modules to SM1702 and "Electronika-82" computer complexes and their VAX prototypes. In 1990, the DBMS development team founded the research-and-production company "RELEX" ("Relational Expert Systems"). At this time DBMS Linter was launched. 

In the late 1990s, Linter-VS 6.0 was developed as part of a project performed by RELEX for the Russian Ministry of Defense. The prototype of the system was Linter 5.7 (1999) developed by RELEX. Linter-VS 6.0 is available only for OS MSVS (mobile system of the armed forces). There also exists Linter-VS 6.0.1 developed in VNIINS based on PostgreSQL 7.2 This system is also available for OS MSVS.RelX Embedded, a compact American/Japanese-developed version of Linter is implemented in Sony products, including a Linter phone (Sony Ericsson SO903i), as well as a Kenwood Navigation System ("HDD[Smá:t]Navi Emotional Sound" HDV-990 and HDV-790).

References

External links
  Linter Official Website in English
  Linter Official Website in Russian
  Linter Japanese Website 
 RDBMS Linter SQL at SAL (Scientific Applications on Linux), MSU
 RELEX Group 

Proprietary database management systems
OS/2 software
MacOS database-related software
Solaris software
Unix software
Relational database management software for Linux
Windows database-related software
George W. Hart. George William Hart (born 1955) is an American sculptor and geometer.  Before retiring, he was an associate professor of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University in New York City and then an interdepartmental research professor at Stony Brook University.  His work includes both academic and artistic approaches to mathematics.

He is the father of mathematics popularizer and YouTuber Vi Hart.

Education and career
Hart received a B.S. in Mathematics from MIT (1977), an M.A. in Linguistics from Indiana University (1979), and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT (1987).

His academic work includes the online publication Encyclopedia of Polyhedra, the textbook Multidimensional Analysis, and the instruction book Zome Geometry.  He has also published over sixty academic articles.  His artistic work includes sculpture, computer images, toys (e.g. Zome) and puzzles.

He worked with John H. Conway to promote and standardize the Conway polyhedron notation.

Sculptures
Hart's public sculptures can be seen at locations around the world, including MIT, U.C. Berkeley, Stony Brook University, Princeton University, Duke University, The University of Arizona, Queen's University at Kingston, Macalester College,  Pratt Institute, Albion College, Middlesex University, Aalto University, and The Polytechnic University of Valencia.

Inventions
Hart is a coinventor on two US patents,  Digital ac monitor and  Non-intrusive appliance monitor apparatus. These patents cover, in part, an improved electrical meter for homes called nonintrusive load monitors.  These meters track changes in voltage and current usage by a given household and then deduce which appliances are using how much electricity and when.

Museum of Mathematics
Hart is a co-founder of North America's only Museum of Mathematics, MoMath, in New York City. As chief of content, he set the "Math is Cool!" tone of the museum and spent five years designing original exhibits and workshop activities for it.

Bibliography
 Multidimensional Analysis: Algebras and Systems for Science and Engineering, 1995, 
 Zome Geometry - Hands-on Learning with Zome Models, 2001,

Gallery

References

External links

 
 Geometric sculpture
 The Incompatible Food Triad
 

1955 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American geometers
Stony Brook University faculty
Indiana University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Mathematical artists
Recreational cryptographers
Mathematics popularizers
Puzzle designers
Western Institute of Technology (Philippines). The Western Institute of Technology (WIT) is an engineering college located in La Paz, Iloilo City, Philippines. It was established in 1964 with the primary goal of addressing the increasing demand for skilled manpower in the field of engineering in the Western Visayas region.

History 
The institution traces its origins to the College of Engineering of the former Iloilo City Colleges (now University of Iloilo-PHINMA), where faculty members, led by Dean Retogo A. Aldeguer, entered into an agreement with the school's administration to manage the College of Engineering. Following the expiration of this agreement in 1963 and the closure of Iloilo Rizal College (IRC), the faculty and staff behind the College of Engineering established WIT.

In 1962, a group of faculty members, led by Engr. Ricardo T. Salas, formed the WIT corporation with an initial paid-up capital of P75,000. After securing the necessary resources, WIT acquired the assets of IRC in September 1963 and officially launched the institution in 1964. The school initially offered engineering courses, including Civil, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering, as well as a two-year BS Chemistry program.

WIT has expanded its academic offerings and facilities in 1966. It introduced a program in Education, followed by courses in Marine Engineering, Liberal Arts, and Graduate School programs in the 1970s. The school continued to evolve with the integration of computer subjects into its curriculum in the 1980s and the subsequent introduction of computer-related degree programs such as Computer Engineering and Information Technology in the 1990s and 2000s.

WIT is now also offering programs in fields such as Hotel and Restaurant Management and Political Science.

References

External links

Universities and colleges in Iloilo City
Pipeline stall. In the design of pipelined computer processors, a pipeline stall is a delay in execution of an instruction in order to resolve a hazard.

Details
In a standard five-stage pipeline, during the decoding stage, the control unit will determine whether the decoded instruction reads from a register to which the currently executed instruction writes. If this condition holds, the control unit will stall the instruction by one clock cycle. It also stalls the instruction in the fetch stage, to prevent the instruction in that stage from being overwritten by the next instruction in the program. 

In a Von Neumann architecture which uses the program counter (PC) register to determine the current instruction being fetched in the pipeline, to prevent new instructions from being fetched when an instruction in the decoding stage has been stalled, the value in the PC register and the instruction in the fetch stage are preserved to prevent changes. The values are preserved until the instruction causing the conflict has passed through the execution stage.  Such an event is often called a bubble, by analogy with an air bubble in a fluid pipe.

In some architectures, the execution stage of the pipeline must always be performing an action at every cycle.  In that case, the bubble is implemented by feeding NOP ("no operation") instructions to the execution stage, until the bubble is flushed past it.

Examples

Timeline
The following is two executions of the same four instructions through a 4-stage pipeline but, for whatever reason, a delay in fetching of the purple instruction in cycle #2 leads to a bubble being created delaying all instructions after it as well.

Classic RISC pipeline

The below example shows a bubble being inserted into a classic RISC pipeline, with five stages (IF = Instruction Fetch, ID = Instruction Decode, EX = Execute, MEM = Memory access, WB = Register write back). In this example, data available after the MEM stage (4th stage) of the first instruction is required as input by the EX stage (3rd stage) of the second instruction. Without a bubble, the EX stage (3rd stage) only has access to the output of the previous EX stage. Thus adding a bubble resolves the time dependence without needing to propagate data backwards in time (which is impossible).

See also 
 Branch predication
 Delay slot
 Pipeline flush
 Wait state

References 

Instruction processing