omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tonpilz. The term tonpilz or "acoustic mushroom" may refer to a certain type of underwater electro-acoustic transducer. By sandwiching active (i.e. piezoelectric or magnetostrictive) materials between a light, stiff radiating head mass and a heavy tail mass, the transducer can effectively operate as either a projector (source) or a hydrophone (underwater acoustic receiver). The transducer's size, odd shape, and acoustic projection capabilities have earned it the moniker "tonpilz", from the German words Ton (tone) and  Pilz (mushroom) and from the figurative similarity.

Typically, tonpilz transducers are used in sonar applications. To maximize efficiency, transducers are often placed in arrays: a grid of sometimes hundreds of transducers. This arrangement also allows beamforming and steering.

Transducers of this form also lend themselves to compensation against the hydrostatic pressures encountered in sonar, particularly for submarine applications.

"Acoustic mushroom" may also refer to a passive ceiling or wall treatment applied to the insides of concert auditoria, such as the Royal Albert Hall.

References

Bibliography

Sonar
Tatau Nishinaga. is the fifth president of Toyohashi University of Technology.

Academic career 
He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering at Nagoya University in 1967. He became a professor at the engineering faculty of Toyohashi University of Technology in 1977, the engineering faculty of Nagoya University in 1980, the engineering faculty of University of Tokyo in 1983, and the engineering and science faculty of Meijo University in 2000. In April 2002, he became the president of Toyohashi University of Technology.

He is a member of American Association for Crystal Growth.

Awards 
2002 Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize in Semiconductor & Semiconductor Device

References
学長紹介（西永　頌）：国立大学法人　豊橋技術科学大学 Retrieved on July 5, 2007.

Japanese scientists
Japanese electrical engineers
Living people
Toyohashi University of Technology people
Nagoya University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hiero 6. In 1914 Otto Hieronimus manufactured the six-cylinder Hiero E, also known as the Hiero 6 engine which was derived from earlier 4-cylinder engines.  The Hiero engine like the Austro-Daimler powered many of Austria's World War I aircraft. Hiero aircraft engines were designed by Otto Hieronimus, a famous Austrian auto racer of the early 1900s. His initial designs were liquid-cooled inline engines built by the Laurin & Klement Automobile Works of Austria.

Design and development
The Hiero E had a 135 mm x 180 mm bore/stroke (15.46L / 943.4cuin) and delivered 200-230 hp.  The engine had the typical features of an inline vertical 6-cylinder: aluminum crankcase, cast iron cylinders, one inlet and one exhaust valve per cylinder controlled by bars and rockers, as part of a "SOHC" (single overhead camshaft) valvetrain like the Mercedes D-series aviation engines of the German Empire, and dual ignition with two Bosch magnetos.  During World War I, the highly regarded Hiero engines were built under license by Essler, Warschalowski & Company of Vienna and the Breitfeld-Daněk company of Czechoslovakia.  A point of recognition of Hiero engines compared with other Central Powers OHC inlines is that the intake was on the right and the exhaust on the left.  After World War I, production was continued by the Avia company and powered a number of their early aircraft.

Variants
Hiero 145 hp  (probably designated Hiero B or Hiero C  )
Hiero 185 hp  (probably designated Hiero D)
Hiero B
Hiero C
Hiero D
Hiero E  - 
Hiero L
Hiero N

Applications
 Aero A.14
 Letov Š-1
 Hansa-Brandenburg C.I
 Phönix D.I
 Ufag C.I
 Lloyd C.II

Specifications (Hiero E)

See also

References

Further reading

 Gunston, Bill. (1986). World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Patrick Stephens: Wellingborough. p. 23

1910s aircraft piston engines
Straight-six engines
2-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene. 2-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene is a fluorescent dye used in lightsticks. It emits green light, used in 12-hour low-intensity Cyalume sticks.

See also
9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene
1-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene

Fluorescent dyes
Organic semiconductors
Anthracenes
Alkyne derivatives
Chloroarenes
International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics. The book International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics is an authoritative encyclopedia for systems theory, cybernetics, the complex systems science, which covers both theories and applications in areas as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences. This book first published in 1997 aimed to give an overview over more than 40 years developments in the field of Systems and Cybernetics.

This book offers a collection of more than 3000 keywords and articles of Systems and Cybernetics. Many items contain quotes from authors from the field.

The book is edited by Belgian systems scientist and diplomat Charles François with an Academic board including members such as John N. Warfield, Robert Trappl, Ranulph Glanville, G. A. Swanson, Nicholas Paritsis, Daniel Dubois, Heiner Benking, Francisco Parra Luna, Anthony Judge,Markus Schwaninger, Gerhard Chroust, G. A. Swanson, Matjaž Mulej and Stuart Umpleby.

The first edition was published in 1997 in one volume with 450 pages by publisher K.G. Saur in Munich. The second edition was published in 2004, in two volumes and 741 pages by the same publisher. This update consisted of 1700 articles, some of them with figures, tables and diagrams, and 1500 bibliographical references. The genesis of the Encyclopedia was published by Anthony Judge in the Wall Street Journal and as Festschrift in 2001: UIA - Saur Relations: Sharing a Documentary Pilgrimage.

References

External links 
 International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics short intro. 
 Book review: International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics, by: John P. van Gigch.  
 Some general references and terms in the 2nd edition

1997 non-fiction books
Systems theory books
USS Graham County. USS Graham County (LST-1176/AGP-1176) was a  built for the United States Navy during the late 1950s. Named after counties in Arizona, Kansas, and North Carolina, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

Graham County was designed under project SCB 119 and laid down by Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company of Newport News, Virginia 4 February 1957; launched 9 September; sponsored by Mrs. Ralph Otis Davis; and commissioned 17 April 1958.

Service history

After shakedown Graham County continued tests and repairs throughout 1958. Assigned to the Atlantic amphibious force, the LST engaged in training exercises along the Atlantic coast until late November, 1960 when she embarked a detachment of marines and sailed for her first extended deployment. Touching ports in the Caribbean and Brazil, she sailed on to Africa, arriving Monrovia, Liberia 5 January 1961. She stopped at other ports in Africa including the Congo, where she embarked 500 Guinean troops of the U.N. peacekeeping force for transport to their country. Graham County returned to Little Creek, Virginia 17 May. Following the assassination of Dominican Republic President Rafael Trujillo on 30 May  1961 the LST, together with units of the fleet, steamed toward the Caribbean ready to assist if needed. Returning in early July, she resumed training operations for the next two years.

On 10 January 1964, Graham County with 170 marines on board departed Little Creek for amphibious exercises in the Mediterranean. Training was postponed, however, when the Cyprus crisis erupted; and Graham County, along with other units of Amphibious Squadron 4, rushed to the scene prepared for any mission. After 78 consecutive days in the area, she resumed her training exercises with the fleet. Returning home 21 June, Graham County resumed amphibious operations in the Atlantic and Caribbean for the rest of the year. Assigned to the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet, Graham County conducted operations off the east coast of the United States and in the Caribbean and Mediterranean for the next 14 years. Redesignated USS Graham County (AGP-1176) in 1972, her primary mission became the support of patrol gunboats, and her home port was changed to Naples, Italy.

Decommissioned on 1 March 1977 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register that same day, Graham County was sold by MARAD 1 March 1978 and subsequently scrapped.

See also
 Graham County, Arizona
 Graham County, Kansas
 Graham County, North Carolina

References

External links
 

De Soto County-class tank landing ships
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
1957 ships
Resource-oriented architecture. In software engineering, a resource-oriented architecture (ROA) is a style of software architecture and programming paradigm for supportive designing and developing software in the form of Internetworking of resources with "RESTful" interfaces. These resources are software components (discrete pieces of code and/or data structures) which can be reused for different purposes. ROA design principles and guidelines are used during the phases of software development and system integration.

REST, or Representational State Transfer, describes a series of architectural constraints that exemplify how the web's design emerged. Various concrete implementations of these ideas have been created throughout time, but it has been difficult to discuss the REST architectural style without blurring the lines between actual software and the architectural principles behind it.

In Chapter 5 of his thesis, Roy Fielding documents how the World Wide Web is designed to be constrained by the REST series of limitations. These are still fairly abstract and have been interpreted in various ways in designing new frameworks, systems, and websites. In the past, heated exchanges have been made about whether RPC-style REST architectures are RESTful.

Guidelines for clarification 
The Resource Oriented Architecture, as documented by Leonard Richardson and Sam Ruby in their 2007 book RESTful Web Services, gives concrete advice on specific technical details. Naming these collections of guidelines "Resource Oriented Architecture" may allow developers to discuss the benefits of an architecture in the context of ROA.

Some guidelines are already common within the larger REST communities such as: that an application should expose many URIs, one for each resource; and that processing cookies representing IDs in a server-side session is not RESTful.

Existing frameworks 
Richardson and Ruby also discuss many software frameworks that provide some or many features of the ROA. These include
/db,
Django,
TurboGears,
Flask,
EverRest,
JBoss RESTEasy,
JBoss Seam,
Spring,
Apache Wink,
Jersey,
NetKernel,
Recess,
Ruby on Rails,
Symfony,
Yii2, 
Play Framework, and API Platform.

Web infrastructure
While REST is a set of architectural guidelines applicable to various types of computing infrastructures, Resource Oriented Architecture (ROA) is only coupled with the web. This architecture is therefore useful mostly to businesses that consider the web as the computing/publishing platform of choice.

The power of the web seems to mostly reside in its ability to lower the barriers to entry for human users who may not be highly trained in using computing machinery. As such, the web widens the market reach for any business that decides to publish some of its content in electronic format.
On the web, such published content is regarded as a web resource.

References

Bibliography 
 

Software architecture
International Armoring Corporation. International Armoring Corporation (IAC) is a designer and manufacturer of armoured cars using light weight synthetic fiber armor laminates. Established in Ogden, Utah, United States on May 6, 1993
International Armoring Corporation uses light weight synthetic armor laminates called Armormax (a material designed and developed by IAC). IAC designs and molds the armor to fit the vehicle rather than modifying the vehicle to fit the armor. IAC has sold 4,000 and 5,000 vehicles annually.

All design and material preparation is done in the company’s headquarters in Ogden, Utah and then shipped to its foreign facilities for installation.

The Mexican Drug War has increased demand for armored vehicles. Corporate executives and political leaders, have ordered armored cars for protection.

The company IAC has been named one of the winners in 2003 - 2013 (19 awards. In 2009 IAC was honored with the best of state statue "BOSS" trophy for their contributions in community development. It also received an award in the FY 2006 Small Business Subcontractor Awards Program of UT-Battelle, LLC, operator of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

IAC won "Manufacturer of the Year" in 2012 and "Automotive / Transportation Company of the Year" in 2013 International Stevie Award for “The best Multinational Company in North America” in the 2008 and "The Best International Satellite Facility" in 2007. International Business Awards.

In 2006, Mark F. Burton, Founder and CEO of IAC, was recognized by Ernst & Young as “Entrepreneur of the Year.”

IAC were selected as the 2006 recipients of the “Contractor Small Business of the Year”. This award recognizes businesses that excel in contract performance that service and supply the U.S. Government. 

Other awards for IAC include Entrepreneur magazine’s “100 Hottest Companies in America” and Inc. magazine’s “Inc. 500 - #6.”

In May 2021 an cash-in-transit vehicle, armored by ArmorMax, was subject to an attempted heist in South Africa. The resulting video went viral.

See also
Vehicle armour

References

Companies established in 1993
Privately held companies based in Utah
Manufacturing companies based in Utah
1993 establishments in Utah
Companies based in Ogden, Utah
Superconducting camera. The superconducting camera, SCAM, is an ultra-fast photon-counting camera developed by the European Space Agency. It is cooled to just 0.3 K (three-tenths of a degree Celsius above absolute zero). This enables its sensitive electronic detectors, known as superconducting tunnel junction detectors, to register almost every photon of light that falls onto it.

Its advantage over a charge-coupled device (CCD) is that it can measure both the brightness (rate) of the incoming photon stream and the color (wavelength or energy) of each individual photon.

The number of free primary electrons generated per photon event is proportional to the photon energy and amounts to ~18,000 per electronvolt. As a result, if the device is operated in single-photon count mode the energy of each captured photon can be calculated in the visible-light range, where photons have energies of a few electronvolts, each generating >20,000 electrons. In a normal CCD, only one primary electron is generated per photon, except for very energetic photons, like X-rays, where a normal CCD can operate in a similar way to a SCAM.

In 2006 the SCAM instrument was mounted on the ESA's Optical Ground Station telescope in order to observe the disintegration of Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3.

References

 European Space Agency: ESA's new camera will revolutionise the way astronomers observe the Universe
 S-Cam 3, the detector

Infrared imaging
Infrared telescopes
Astronomy image sensors
Armstrong Siddeley Genet. The Armstrong Siddeley Genet  is a five-cylinder, air-cooled, radial engine for aircraft use built in the UK, first run in 1926. It developed 80 hp at 2,200 rpm in its final form and was a popular light aircraft powerplant. Following the company tradition with a slight deviation the engine was named after the Genet, a catlike animal of the same order but different family.

Variants and applications

Genet I
Genet I producing 65 hp.
 Avro 618 Ten
 Avro Avian prototype
 Blackburn Bluebird I
 BFW M.23
 Cierva autogyros.  C.9 and C.10
 Drzewiecki JD-2
 Fleet Fawn
 Junkers A50 Junior
 Medwecki and Nowakowski M.N.5
 Saro Cutty Sark
 Southern Martlet
 Westland-Hill Pterodactyl

Genet II

The Genet II produced 80 hp due to an increased compression ratio of 5.25:1.
 ANEC IV
 Avro Avian
 Blackburn Bluebird II
 Cierva C.19 autogyro
 Darmstadt D-18
 de Havilland DH.60 Moth
 Fairchild 21
 Klemm Kl 25
 Nicholas-Beazley NB-8G
 Parnall Imp
 Robinson Redwing II
 Southern Martlet
 Westland Widgeon

Genet IIA
Also 80 hp and with minor differences to the Mark I.
 Robinson Redwing II

Engines on display
Two preserved Armstrong Siddeley Genets are on static display at the Shuttleworth Collection, Old Warden, Bedfordshire.

A preserved Genet is on display at the Australian National Aviation Museum, Moorabbin, Victoria, Australia

There is a restored Genet at the New England Air Museum, Bradley Int'l Airport, Windsor Locks, CT.

A Genet is on display at the Aviation Heritage Museum (Western Australia).

Specifications (Genet I)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .

External links

 Armstrong Siddeley Genet at the Australian National Aviation Museum
 

1920s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Genet
CoWord. CoWord is a software add-on to Microsoft Word to enable multiple users to edit the same document over the Internet with MS Word. It is a part of the CoOffice suite of collaboration tools for Microsoft Office.

CoWord can be considered as a collaborative real-time editor, with the editor being MS Word (which is not distributed with CoWord). To use CoWord, users need to supply their own copies of MS Word.

As of August 2010, CoWord has become CodoxWord, released by CodoxWare.

Technology 
One of the main challenges in building collaborative real-time editors is in concurrency control. The concurrency control technology used by CoWord is Operational transformation. Operational transformation (OT) can incorporate concurrent changes made to replicas of the same document. This means systems built with OT allow multiple users to make concurrent changes to the document, and all changes will be incorporated. Other known systems based on Operational transformation are: ACE, Gobby, and Subethaedit.

In CoWord, OT is implemented in a module called Generic Collaborative Engine (GCE). GCE is also provided as a library package, allowing other developers to create real-time collaborative editing systems without having to implement OT.

External links 
 CodoxWord Home page
 Adaption technology used build CoWord
 The operational transformation algorithm used by CoWord
 OTFAQ: Operational Transformation Frequently Asked Questions and Answers
 Presentation of CoWord technology to Microsoft Research (Video)
 CodoxWord and CodoxWare

References 

Microsoft Office
Collaborative real-time editors
Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire. 

Description  

The Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire (CECAM), is the longest standing European Institute for the promotion of fundamental research on advanced computational methods and their application to problems in frontier areas of science and technology. Its current headquarters is based on the EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) campus in Lausanne, Switzerland. 

Past

Activities to create CECAM begun in 1967, but its date of birth was set to October 1969 by its founding father, Carl Moser.

Present

CECAM has evolved from a single focal point for simulation and modelling into a network of 17 nodes across Europe and in Israel, with its headquarters (HQ) at EPFL. It is governed by a convention signed by 26 member organizations located in 13 European countries, Israel, China and the United States, which include National Research Councils, Research and HPC Centres, and Universities, from which it receives funding for ordinary activities. The CECAM nodes are, for the most part, consortia of more than one institution, constituting a network of academic and research partners located in 10 European countries and Israel.

Activities
CECAM activities, across all of the nodes, include the organization of scientific workshops in emerging areas; specialist schools to train at the graduate and postdoctoral level; workshops on software development; brain-storming and problem solving events; the development of collaborative research projects for Europe and beyond; and the sponsorship of an international visitors programs. We welcome applications to organize events and to establish networks through CECAM from everybody interested in computational science.

Member Organizations
CECAM is supported by member organizations from 13 European countries, Israel, China and the United States. These Organizations are listed in Table 1. Each Member Organization nominates two representatives to the Cecam Council, the governing body that has the ultimate responsibility for all strategy and operations of the Center.

Nodes
Nodes contribute to CECAM activities by organising and hosting workshops and schools at the level of the network (Flagship events) and locally (Node events). They initiate or participate in CECAM research and training activities, host a visitor program and promote research in computational science in their region. A CECAM node is a research structure inside a larger Institution, or a consortium of such Institutions whose activities and relationships are regulated by a formal agreement. The Directors of the nodes administer the program taking place at their respective locations, possibly in collaboration with other nodes or the Headquarters. The Directors constitute the CECAM Board of Directors, working towards a coordinated optimal selection and distribution of activities throughout the network.

References 

1969 establishments in Switzerland
International scientific organizations based in Europe
Organisations based in Lausanne
Scientific organisations based in Switzerland