omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Acid (disambiguation). An acid is any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH of less than 7.0.

Acid or ACID may also refer to:

Science
 Corrosive substance, commonly (though imprecisely) referred to as an acid
 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a semisynthetic, psychedelic drug commonly referred to as acid

Computing
 ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability), an initialism for the transactional properties of database management systems
 Acid1, a web browser test page
 Acid2
 Acid3
 Acid Pro, professional digital audio workstation software
 Acid (computer virus), a computer virus

Music
 "Acid-like", the sound produced by the Roland TB-303 electronic music synthesizer

Genres
 Psychedelic music, inspired by the use of psychedelic drugs including LSD
 Acid rock, originating in the mid-1960s
 Acid house, originating in the mid-1980s
 Acid jazz, originating in the mid-1980s
 Acid trance, originating in the early to mid-1990s
 Acid techno, originating in the early 1990s
 Neo-Psychedelia, originating in the early 1980s, and sometimes called acid punk
 Stoner rock, originating in the mid-1990s, and sometimes called acid metal
 Psychedelic funk, originating in the late-1960s, and sometimes called acid funk

Bands
 Acid (Belgian band), a Belgian heavy metal band
 Acid (band), a Japanese band
 Acid (hip hop group), a Burmese hip-hop group
 The Acid, an electronic music band

Songs
 "Acid", by Venom from the 1991 album Temples of Ice
 "Acid", by Red Harvest from the 1992 album Nomindsland
 "Acid", by Esham from the 1992 album Judgement Day Vol. 1: Day
 "Acid", by Toad the Wet Sprocket from the 1997 album MOM II: Music for Our Mother Ocean
 "Acid", by Emm Gryner from the 1998 album Public
 "Acid", by Gigi D'Agostino from the 1999 EP Tanzen
 "Acid", by G.G.F.H. from the 2001 album The Very Beast of G.G.F.H. Vol. 1
 "Acid", by Lil Wyte from the 2003 album Doubt Me Now
 "Acid", by Ghost Town from the 2014 album The After Party
 "Acid", by Blancmange from the 2015 album Semi Detached
 "Acid", by Power Trip from the 2018 album Opening Fire: 2008–2014
 "Acid", by Jockstrap from the 2020 EP Wicked City
 "Acidic", by Slipknot from the 2022 album The End, So Far

Other uses
 A common street name for LSD
 Acid (2018 film), a 2018 Russian drama film
 Acid (2023 film), a 2023 Franco-Belgian fantasy drama film
 Acid (novel), a 2016 novel by Sangeetha Sreenivasan
 ACiD Productions, an underground digital art group also known as ANSI Creators in Demand
 "Acid", a track on Richard Pryor's 1976 comedy album Bicentennial Nigger
 Acid Betty, Jewish-American drag queen
 Acid (YouTuber), Belgian YouTuber

See also
 Acid test (disambiguation)
 Acid attack (disambiguation)
David Florida Laboratory. The David Florida Laboratory is the Canadian Space Agency's spacecraft assembly, integration and testing centre, in Shirleys Bay, just west of central Ottawa. It is operated by the Canadian Space Agency and rented out to Canadian and foreign aerospace and telecommunications companies and organizations for qualifying space bound equipment such as communication or scientific satellites, or components made to be placed on satellites or installed in a space station. The laboratory was named to honour C. David Florida, a leading Canadian pioneer in space research.

Officially opened in September 1972, the lab has been expanded over the years to accommodate the demand for its services. There are many support facilities such as storage areas, clean rooms, electrodynamic shakers, anechoic chambers, space (thermal and vacuum) simulation chambers and in-house mechanical, electrical and electronic shops.

In the past the David Florida Laboratory has tested satellites for Brazil, Indonesia, and the European Space Agency. Inmarsat has designated it as their authorized antenna test house. It has also tested Canadian satellites such as RADARSAT-1 and previously tested the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Dextre) which now forms part of the Mobile Servicing System of the International Space Station. It completed work on the Orbiter Boom Sensor System which first flew on Shuttle Discovery during STS-114.  The Laboratory worked on RADARSAT-2 prior to launch in 2007.

Recently the David Florida Laboratory has completed the integration and environmental testing of the Maritime Monitoring and Messaging Microsatellite (M3MSat). This is a technology demonstration satellite that will be used to assess the utility of having in space an Automatic Identification System (AIS) for reading signals from vessels to better manage transport in Canadian waters. M3MSat was scheduled to be launched in 2015.

The government announced in March 2024 that the laboratory will close by March 31, 2025.

Notes

External links
 Canadian Space Agency website - David Florida Laboratory FAQ's
 Historical anecdotes of David Florida Laboratory

Space program of Canada
Science and technology in Canada
Buildings and structures in Ottawa
Research institutes in Canada
Space technology research institutes
1972 establishments in Ontario
Serviceability failure. In engineering, a serviceability failure occurs when a structure does not collapse, but rather fails to meet the required specifications. For example, severe wind may cause an excess of vibration at a pedestrian bridge making it impossible to cross it safely or comfortably. Similar excessive vibrations can be caused by pedestrians due to their walking, running, or jumping. Similarly, storm conditions may cause water to spill over a coastal structure, so that boats are not safe behind the structure.

Examples of serviceability failures include deformations, vibration, cracking, and leakages.

Engineering failures
Spatial Data Transfer Standard. Spatial Data Transfer Standard, or SDTS, is a standard used to describe earth-referenced spatial data. It was designed to easily transfer and use spatial data on different computer platforms. The FGDC has proposed to withdraw the standard. 

The USGS made an effort to promulgate the standard by making a large volume of data available at no cost and many companies supported the standard by writing translators to transform the data into different formats.

External links

 FGDC requests comment on proposal to withdraw Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS), Parts 1-7
 How are private companies implementing SDTS?
 Official USGS SDTS web site
 USGS: "What is SDTS?"
 GeoCommunity: SDTS Resources, Articles, and Features

Cartography
GIS file formats
United States Geological Survey
Business Dynamics. Business Dynamics is a book by John Sterman that applies system dynamics to business.

The book introduces systems dynamics modeling for the analysis of policy and strategy, with an emphasis on business and public policy applications. System dynamics is both a conceptual tool and a powerful modeling method.  This allows the building of computer simulations of complex systems.  These simulations can then be used to test the effectiveness of different policies on business outcomes.

References

Book website

Systems theory books
MOSIS. MOSIS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service) is multi-project wafer service that provides metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) chip design tools and related services that enable universities, government agencies, research institutes and businesses to prototype chips efficiently and cost-effectively.

Operated by the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute (ISI), MOSIS combines customers' orders onto shared multi-project wafers that speed production and reduce costs compared with underutilized single-project wafers. Customers are able to debug and adjust designs, or to commission small-volume runs, without making major production investments. Fabrication costs are also shared by combining multiple designs from a single customer onto one "mask set," or wafer template. According to MOSIS, the service has delivered more than 60,000 integrated circuit designs.

Funded by DARPA, MOSIS was created in 1981 by ISI's Danny Cohen, an Internet pioneer who also developed Voice over Internet Protocol and Video over Internet Protocol. It was based on the revolutionary VLSI design methodology of Carver Mead and Lynn Conway, who pioneered and/or popularized the use of technology-independent design rules and modular cell-based, hierarchical system design, testing this new approach to rapid prototyping and short-run fabrication at Xerox PARC. One of the first e-commerce providers, MOSIS also launched the "fabless foundry" industry, in which vendors outsource chip fabrication rather than manufacturing them in-house. Thousands of students also have learned chip design in MOSIS-associate programs.

Many early MOSIS users were students trying IC layout techniques from the seminal book  Introduction to VLSI Design () published in 1980 by Caltech professor Carver Mead and MIT professor Lynn Conway. Some early reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors such as MIPS (1984) and SPARC (1987) were run through MOSIS during their early design and testing phases.

See also 
 Mead and Conway revolution

References

External links 
 MOSIS web site
 foveon.com - Foveon - Executive Profiles (archived from 2005)

Integrated circuits
Semiconductor device fabrication
IBM 5120. The IBM 5120 Computing System (sometimes referred to as the IBM 5110 Model 3) is a 16-bit microcomputer developed by IBM and released in February 1980. Marketed as the desktop follow-on to the portable IBM 5110 Computing System, it featured two built-in 8-inch 1.2 MB floppy disk drives, an integrated 9-inch monochrome monitor, 32 KB RAM, plus an optional IBM 5114 stand-alone diskette unit with two additional 8-inch 1.2 MB floppy disk drives.

The system was sold with both APL and BASIC languages in ROM, and provided a toggle switch on the front panel to select the language. APL allowed numerous business software written on IBM minicomputers to run on the 5120.

Description
It was launched in 1980 as the lowest-priced IBM business computer to date. Depending on the options the overall system prices ranged from $9,340 to $23,990. To emphasize its office image IBM released in that same year 6 new programs: task inventory, billing, payroll, accounts payable, accounts receivable and general ledger accounting. 

Aside from larger screen size and performance benefits over its predecessor, the IBM 5120 design incorporated several usability advantages:
 Reduced 'footprint' requiring less desktop space
 Reduced glare on monitor, keytop and product surfaces
 Ease of handling/lifting based on bottom form treatment
 Reduced static loading in arms and shoulders due to keyboard palm rest

For its usability features and appearance, the IBM 5120 was recognized with two major industrial design awards and described with terms such as "clean, well thought out"; "subtle detailing shows great care in execution"; and "looks like quality.

IBM did not offer a LAN or hard disk drive for these systems. However, in 1981, Hal Prewitt, founder of Core International, Inc, invented and marketed the world's first and only hard disk subsystems and "CoreNet", a LAN used to share programs and data for the IBM 5110 and 5120 systems. In 1984, Core introduced PC51, software that allowed 5100 Series computer programs written in BASIC to run unmodified on the IBM PC and compatibles under PC DOS and share programs and data on CoreNet, the LAN for all these models.

Timeline

References

 
 
 

5120
Computer-related introductions in 1980
List of duplicating processes. This is a partial list of text and image duplicating processes used in business and government from the Industrial Revolution forward.  Some are mechanical and some are chemical.  There is naturally some overlap with printing processes and photographic processes, but the challenge of precisely duplicating business letters, forms, contracts, and other paperwork prompted some unique solutions as well.  There were many short-lived inventions along the way.

Duplicating processes
Within each type, the methods are arranged in very rough chronological order.

 Methods of copying handwritten letters
 Manifold stylographic writer, using early "carbonic paper"
 Letter copying book process
Mechanical processes
Tracing to make accurate hand-drawn copies
Pantograph, manual device for making drawn copies without tracing, can also enlarge or reduce
Printmaking, which includes engraving and etching
Relief printing including woodcut
Intaglio (printmaking) or copperplate engraving
Planographic printing
Line engraving

 Printing/Applied ink methods
 Letterpress printing (via printing press)
 Gelatin methods (also indirect method)
 Hectograph
 Collography, autocopyist
 Chromograph, Copygraph, Polygraph
 Flexography
 Spirit duplicator (also Rexograph, Ditto machine, Banda machine, or Roneo)
 Lithographic processes
 Transfer lithography
 Anastatic lithography
 Autographic process
 Offset lithography
 Photolithography
 Stencil-based copying methods
 Papyrography
 Electric pen, invented by Thomas Edison
 Trypograph (also file plate process)
 Cyclostyle, Neostyle
 Stencil-based machines
 Mimeograph (also Roneo, Gestetner)
 Digital Duplicators (also called CopyPrinters, e.g., Riso and Gestetner)
 Typewriter-based copying methods
 Carbon paper
 Blueprint typewriter ribbon
 Carbonless copy paper
 Photographic processes:
 Reflex copying process (also reflectography, reflexion copying)
 Breyertype, Playertype, Manul Process, Typon Process, Dexigraph, Linagraph
 Daguerreotype
 Salt print
 Calotype (the first photo process to use a negative, from which multiple prints could be made)
 Cyanotype
 Photostat machine
 Rectigraph
 Airgraph (also V-mail)
 Kodagraph autopositive paper
 Kodagraph repro-negative paper
 Diffusion transfer
 Verifax, Copyproof
 Photomechanical transfer (also PMT''')
 Duostat, duoprint
 Retroflex (printing process)
 Dual spectrum process
 LightJet
 Ozalid
 Chemical processes
 Aniline process
 Cyanotype (used for blueprints)
 Diazotype (also whiteprint, ammonia print, or gas print)
 Heat-sensitivity methods
 Thermofax (also thermography'')
 Eichner drycopy process
 Adherography
 Electrostatic methods
 Electrofax
 Xerography, Photocopying
 Ultraviolet-sensitivity methods
 APT process, for transferring drawings to animation cels
 Image scanning and digital printing

External links 
 
 Making Copies from Carbon to Kinkos
 Copies in Seconds (PDF)
 Antique Copying Machines at Officemuseum.com
 Office and Reprographic Printing Cheatsheet – Preservation Self-Assessment Program

Office equipment
Printing
Technology-related lists
Buzzer. A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, train and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

History

Electromechanical 
The electric buzzer was invented in 1831 by Joseph Henry. They were mainly used in early doorbells until they were phased out in the early 1930s in favor of musical chimes, which had a softer tone.

Piezoelectric 

Piezoelectric buzzers, or piezo buzzers, as they are sometimes called, were invented by Japanese manufacturers and fitted into a wide array of products during the 1970s to 1980s. This advancement mainly came about because of cooperative efforts by Japanese manufacturing companies. In 1951, they established the Barium Titanate Application Research Committee, which allowed the companies to be "competitively cooperative" and bring about several piezoelectric innovations and inventions.

Types

Electromechanical
Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz (the contacts buzz at line frequency if powered by alternating current) Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.

Mechanical
A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer and they require drivers. Other examples of them are doorbells.

Piezoelectric

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.

A piezoelectric buzzer/beeper also depends on acoustic cavity resonance or Helmholtz resonance to produce an audible beep.

Modern applications
While technological advancements have caused buzzers to be impractical and undesirable, there are still instances in which buzzers and similar circuits may be used. Present day applications include:
 Novelty uses
 Judging panels
 Educational purposes
 Annunciator panels
 Electronic metronomes
 Game show lock-out device
 Microwave ovens and other household appliances
 Sporting events such as basketball games
 Electrical alarms
 Joy buzzer (mechanical buzzer used for pranks)

See also
 Alarm clock
 Alarm management
 Klaxon
 Vibrator (mechanical)
 Joy buzzers
 UVB-76, a Russian radio station that emits a characteristic buzzing sound and is also called The Buzzer.

References

Electrical components
Bells (percussion)
Arryx. Arryx, Inc. was a company that developed tools and technology for manipulation and measurement on the micro and nano length scales. Arryx's technology and products centered around optical trapping.  They specialized in holographic optical trapping, a technique for creating and moving many optical traps at once.  Their technology was commercialized in the form of a flagship research tool, the BioRyx 200 optical trapping system.  Arryx has investigated the application of the technique to an array of problems in different fields including telecommunications, agriculture, healthcare, basic research, and forensics.

Arryx was founded in the fall of 2000, based on technology invented at the University of Chicago by Professor David G. Grier and his student Eric R. Dufresne a couple years earlier.  Their BioRyx 200 system was released in early 2002 and won an R&D 100 Award later that year.  An IR version of the system was released in 2004 for broader application to biological systems, with support of additional imaging methods including fluorescent microscopy.

In July 2006, Arryx was acquired by Haemonetics, with whom they had an ongoing partnership.  On April 30, 2013, Arryx ceased operations, although Haemonetics pledges to continue to support the service agreements for Arryx products.

References

Defunct companies based in Chicago
Biotechnology companies established in 2000
Biotechnology companies disestablished in 2013
2000 establishments in Illinois
2013 disestablishments in Illinois
2006 mergers and acquisitions
Buttress. A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall. Buttresses are fairly common on more ancient (typically Gothic) buildings, as a means of providing support to act against the lateral (sideways) forces arising out of inadequately braced roof structures.

The term counterfort can be synonymous with buttress and is often used when referring to dams, retaining walls and other structures holding back earth.

Early examples of buttresses are found on the Eanna Temple (ancient Uruk), dating to as early as the 4th millennium BC.

Terminology 
In addition to flying and ordinary buttresses, brick and masonry buttresses that support wall corners can be classified according to their ground plan. A clasping or clamped buttress has an L-shaped ground plan surrounding the corner, an angled buttress has two buttresses meeting at the corner, a setback buttress is similar to an angled buttress but the buttresses are set back from the corner, and a diagonal (or 'French') buttress bisects the angle between the walls where they meet.

The gallery below shows top-down views of various types of buttress (dark grey) supporting the corner wall of a structure (light grey).

Gallery

See also 
Cathedral architecture
Flying buttress
Strainer arch
Pilaster
Retaining wall

References

External links

Fortification (architectural elements)
Castle architecture
Columns and entablature
Architectural elements
Arches and vaults
Engineered language. Engineered languages (often abbreviated to engelangs, or, less commonly, engilangs) are constructed languages devised to test or prove some hypotheses about how languages work or might work.  There are at least three subcategories, philosophical languages (or ideal languages), logical languages (sometimes abbreviated as loglangs), and experimental languages.  Raymond Brown describes engineered languages as "languages that are designed to specified objective criteria, and modeled to meet those criteria".

Some engineered languages have been considered candidate global auxiliary languages, and some languages intended as international auxiliary languages have certain "engineered" aspects (in which they are more regular and systematic than their natural language sources).

Logical languages 

Logical languages are meant to allow (or enforce) unambiguous statements.  They are typically based on predicate logic but can also be based on any system of formal logic.  The two best-known logical languages are the predicate languages Loglan and its successor Lojban. They both aim to eliminate syntactical ambiguity and reduce semantic ambiguity to a minimum.  In particular, the grammar of Lojban is carefully engineered to express such predicate logic in an unambiguous manner. Toaq and Eberban are also logical languages.

Philosophical languages 

Philosophical languages are designed to reflect some aspect of philosophy, particularly with respect to the nature or potential of any given language. John Wilkins' Real Character and Edward Powell Foster's Ro constructed their words using a taxonomic tree. Vocabularies of oligosynthetic languages, for example Ygyde, are made of  compound words, which are coined from a small (theoretically minimal) set of morphemes. Sonja Lang's Toki Pona is based on minimalistic simplicity.

Experimental languages 

An experimental language is a constructed language designed for the purpose of exploring some element in the theory of linguistics.  Most such languages are concerned with the relation between language and thought; however, languages have been constructed to explore other aspects of language as well. In science fiction, much work has been done on the assumption popularly known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, Suzette Haden Elgin's Láadan is designed to lexicalize and grammaticalize the concepts and distinctions important to women, based on muted group theory.

Examples

See also
Controlled natural language
International auxiliary language
Artistic language
Ithkuil
Lojban

References

External links
Garrett's Links to Logical Languages
Origin of the term "engelang", by And Rosta (CONLANG mailing list post, 19 July 2007)

 
Constructed languages
Interlinguistics
TRM. 
TRM may refer to:

Government
 Technical Reference Model, for the United States' federal government
 Teleradio-Moldova, Moldovan state broadcaster

Places
 Trimley railway station, Suffolk, England (by GBR code)
 Troy Transit Center, Michigan, Amtrak station code
 Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport (IATA code TRM)

Science and technology
 Thermoremanent magnetization, in geology
 Time reversal mirror, in physics and telecommunications
 TRM cell or tissue-resident memory T cell, in biology

See also
 TRMS (disambiguation)