omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Partial evaluation. In computing, partial evaluation is a technique for several different types of program optimization by specialization. The most straightforward application is to produce new programs that run faster than the originals while being guaranteed to behave in the same way.

A computer program prog is seen as a mapping of input data into output data:

where , the static data, is the part of the input data known at compile time.

The partial evaluator transforms  into  by precomputing all static input at compile time.  is called the "residual program" and should run more efficiently than the original program. The act of partial evaluation is said to "residualize"  to .

Futamura projections
A particularly interesting example of the use of partial evaluation, first described in the 1970s by Yoshihiko Futamura, is when prog is an interpreter for a programming language.

If Istatic is source code designed to run inside that interpreter, then partial evaluation of the interpreter with respect to this data/program produces prog*, a version of the interpreter that only runs that source code, is written in the implementation language of the interpreter, does not require the source code to be resupplied, and runs faster than the original combination of the interpreter and the source. In this case prog* is effectively a compiled version of Istatic.

This technique is known as the first Futamura projection, of which there are three:
 Specializing an interpreter for given source code, yielding an executable.
 Specializing the specializer for the interpreter (as applied in #1), yielding a compiler.
 Specializing the specializer for itself (as applied in #2), yielding a tool that can convert any interpreter to an equivalent compiler.

They were described by Futamura in Japanese in 1971 and in English in 1983.

See also
 Compile-time function execution
 Memoization
 Partial application
 Run-time algorithm specialisation
 smn theorem
 Strength reduction
 Template metaprogramming

References

General references

External links

 Applying Dynamic Partial Evaluation to dynamic, reflective programming languages

Compiler optimizations
Evaluation strategy
PDF (disambiguation). PDF often refers to the Portable Document Format in computing.

PDF, pdf, Pdf, PdF or similar may also refer to:

Computing and telecommunications
 Pop Directional Formatting (Unicode character U+202C), a formatting character in bi-directional formatting
 Printer description file, describing capabilities of PostScript printers
 Profile-directed feedback, a compiler optimization better known as Profile-Guided Optimization (PGO)
 Program Development Facility, in the IBM z/OS operating system
 Pair distribution function
 Powder Diffraction File
 Probability density function

Mathematics
 Probability density function
 Probability distribution function (disambiguation)

Organisations
 Parkinson's Disease Foundation, a medical foundation
 PDF Solutions, a company based in San Jose, California
 Peace Development Fund, a non-profit public foundation based in Amherst, Massachusetts

Military
 Panama Defense Forces
 People's Defence Force (Myanmar), armed wing of the Burmese government-in-exile since 2021
 People's Defence Force (Singapore)
 Permanent Defence Forces, the standing branches of Ireland's military
 Puntland Dervish Force, Armed force of Puntland

Politics
 Parti de la France
 People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad), a political party that existed in India during the early 1950s
 Progressive Democratic Front (Andhra Pradesh), a political party in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh
 Party of Progress (Germany) (Partei des Fortschritts), a political party in Germany founded in 2020
 People's Democratic Front (Burma)
 People's Democratic Front (Indonesia)
 People's Democratic Front (Iran)
 People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya), India
 People's Democratic Front (Romania)
 Popular Democratic Front (Italy)

Other uses
 PDF (gene), a gene that in humans encodes the enzyme peptide deformylase
 Palladium fluoride (PdF), a series of chemical compounds
Parton distribution function, in particle physics
 Peak draw force, in a compound bow in archery
 Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art
 Pigment dispersing factor, in biology
 Planar deformation features, in geology
 Playa del Fuego, a Delaware art festival
 Post-Doctoral Fellowship
 PDF file, a euphemism of pedophile

See also
 KPDF-CD, a television station in Phoenix, Arizona
 PDF417, or "portable data file 417", a two-dimensional barcode
Don Lancaster. Donald E. Lancaster was an American author, inventor, and microcomputer pioneer.

Background
Don graduated from North Allegheny High School in Wexford, Pennsylvania.  He received a BSEE degree from Lafayette College in 1961, and a MSEE from Arizona State University in 1967.

Lancaster was a writer and engineer, who wrote multiple articles for computer and electronics magazines of the 1970s, including Popular Electronics, Radio-Electronics, Dr. Dobb's Journal, 73 Magazine, and Byte. He has written books on electronics, computers, and entrepreneurship, both commercially published and self-published.

One of his early projects was "TV Typewriter" serial terminal. The design was accepted by early microcomputer users as it used an ordinary television set for the display and could be built for around USD$200 in parts, at a time when commercial terminals were selling for over $1,000.

Lancaster was an early advocate and developer of what is now known as print-on-demand technology. Lancaster produced his self-published books by re-purposing the game port of an Apple II to transfer PostScript code directly to a laser printer, rather than using a Macintosh running PageMaker. This enabled continuous book production using an inexpensive Apple II, rather than tying up an expensive Macintosh until the print run was complete.

He formerly held a ham radio license (K3BYG).

Publications
IC books
 RTL Cookbook (1ed, 1969) (3ed, 2010, , archive)
 TTL Cookbook (1ed, 1974, , archive)
 CMOS Cookbook (1ed, 1977) (4ed, 2019, , archive)
 Active Filter Cookbook (1ed, 1975) (2ed, 1995, , archive)

Project books
 TV Typewriter Cookbook (1ed, 1976) (3ed, 2010, , archive)
 Cheap Video Cookbook (1ed, 1978, , archive)
 Son of Cheap Video (1ed, 1980, , archive)

Apple books
 Assembly Cookbook for Apple II/IIe (1ed, 1984) (3ed, 2011, )
 Enhancing Your Apple II - Volume 1 (1ed, 1985, )
 Enhancing Your Apple II and IIe - Volume 2 (1ed, 1985, )
 Applewriter Cookbook (1ed, 1986, )

Programming books
 The Hexadecimal Chronicles (1981) 
 Don Lancaster's Micro Cookbook (Sams, 1982) 

Other
 The Incredible Secret Money Machine (1978) 
 The Incredible Secret Money Machine II (1978) 
 Book-On-Demand Resource Kit
 The Case Against Patents: Selected Reprints from "Midnight Engineering" & "Nuts & Volts" Magazines (Synergetics Press, January 1996). Paperback

References

External links
 Don Lancaster's Guru's Lair (official site)
 List of Don's magazine articles

American technology writers
Amateur radio people

2023 deaths
Year of birth missing
Basic Rate Interface. Basic Rate Interface (BRI, 2B+D, 2B1D) or Basic Rate Access is an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) configuration intended primarily for use in subscriber lines similar to those that have long been used for voice-grade telephone service.
As such, an ISDN BRI connection can use the existing telephone infrastructure at a business.

The BRI configuration provides 2 data (bearer) channels (B channels) at 64 kbit/s each and 1 control (delta) channel (D channel) at 16 kbit/s. The B channels are used for voice or user data, and the D channel is used for any combination of data, control signaling, and X.25 packet networking. The 2 B channels can be aggregated by channel bonding providing a total data rate of 128 kbit/s. The BRI ISDN service is commonly installed for residential or small business service (ISDN PABX) in many countries.

In contrast to the BRI, the Primary Rate Interface (PRI) configuration provides more B channels and operates at a higher bit rate.

Physical interfaces
The BRI is split in two sections:
a) in-house cabling (S/T reference point or S-bus) from the ISDN terminal up to the network termination 1 (NT1) and
b) transmission from the NT1 to the central office (U reference point).

 The in-house part is defined in I.430 produced by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The S/T-interface (S0) uses four wires; one pair for the uplink and another pair for the downlink. It offers a full-duplex mode of operation. The I.430 protocol defines 48-bit packets comprising 16 bits from the B1 channel, 16 bits from B2 channel, 4 bits from the D channel, and 12 bits used for synchronization purposes. These packets are sent at a rate of , resulting in a gross bit rate of 192 kbit/s andgiving the data rates listed abovea maximum possible throughput of . The S0 offers point-to-point or point-to-multipoint operation; Max length:  (point-to-point),  (point-to-multipoint).
 The Up Interface uses two wires. The gross bit rate is 160 kbit/s; 144 kbit/s throughput, 12 kbit/s sync and 4 kbit/s maintenance. The signals on the U reference point are encoded by two modulation techniques: 2B1Q in North America, Italy and Switzerland, and 4B3T elsewhere. Depending on the applicable cable length, two varieties are implemented, UpN and Up0. The Uk0 interface uses one wire pair with echo cancellation for the long last mile cable between the telephone exchange and the network terminator. The maximum length of this BRI section is between .

References

External links

Integrated Services Digital Network
Hallway. A hallway (also passage, passageway, corridor or hall) is an interior space in a building that is used to connect other rooms. Hallways are generally long and narrow.

Hallways must be sufficiently wide to ensure buildings can be evacuated during a fire, and to allow people in wheelchairs to navigate them. The minimum width of a hallway is governed by building codes. Minimum widths in residences are  in the United States.  Hallways are wider in higher-traffic settings, such as schools and hospitals.

In 1597 John Thorpe is the first recorded architect to replace multiple connected rooms with rooms along a corridor each accessed by a separate door.

References

External links

Rooms
Computer language. A computer language is a formal language used to communicate with a computer. Types of computer languages include:

 Construction language – all forms of communication by which a human can specify an executable problem solution to a computer
 Command language – a language used to control the tasks of the computer itself, such as starting programs
 Configuration language – a language used to write configuration files
 Programming language – a formal language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer
Scripting language – a type of programming language which typically is interpreted at runtime rather than being compiled
 Query language – a language used to make queries in databases and information systems
 Transformation language – designed to transform some input text in a certain formal language into a modified output text that meets some specific goal
 Data exchange language – a language that is domain-independent and can be used for data from any kind of discipline; examples: JSON, XML
 Markup language – a grammar for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text, such as HTML
 Modeling language – an artificial language used to express information or knowledge, often for use in computer system design
 Architecture description language – used as a language (or a conceptual model) to describe and represent system architectures
 Hardware description language – used to model integrated circuits
 Page description language – describes the appearance of a printed page in a higher level than an actual output bitmap
 Simulation language – a language used to describe simulations
 Specification language – a language used to describe what a system should do
 Style sheet language – a computer language that expresses the presentation of structured documents, such as CSS

See also
 Serialization
 Domain-specific language – a language specialized to a particular application domain
 Expression language
 General-purpose language – a language that is broadly applicable across application domains and lacks specialized features for a particular domain
 Lists of programming languages
 Natural language processing – the use of computers to process text or speech in human language

External links
DLL. DLL may refer to:
 Baraboo–Wisconsin Dells Airport (FAA ID), an airport near Baraboo, Wisconsin, U.S.
 Data link layer, a layer in the OSI network architecture model
 Davis–Putnam–Logemann–Loveland algorithm, an algorithm for deciding the satisfiability of propositional logic formulae in conjunctive normal form
 Delay-locked loop, a device to reduce clock skew in digital circuits
 Dillon County Airport (IATA code), an airport near Dillon, South Carolina, U.S.
 Distal-less (Dll) gene that controls development of limbs or other appendages in many animals
 DLL Group, a global financial solutions company
 Doubly linked list, a data structure in computer programming
 Dynamic-link library, or a DLL file, as implemented in Microsoft Windows and OS/2
Utva Aviation Industry. Utva Aviation Industry (), commonly known as UTVA is a Serbian manufacturer of general aviation aircraft, subsidiary of Yugoimport SDPR, headquartered in Pančevo.

History

Utva was founded on 5 June 1937 in Zemun, since 1940 located in Pančevo, produced simple gliders. In 1939 Utva began manufacturing light piston engine aircraft. During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, the factory was heavily damaged.

In 2017, Serbian defence company Yugoimport SDPR became the majority stakeholder of Utva with around 96% of total shares.

Products

Aircraft

Gliders

Unmanned aerial vehicles

See also
 Aero East Europe Sila
 Defense industry of Serbia
 Aircraft industry of Serbia

References

Footnotes

Notes

External links

 
 An unofficial information website 

1937 establishments in Serbia
2017 mergers and acquisitions
Aircraft manufacturers of Serbia
Aircraft manufacturers of Yugoslavia
Companies based in Pančevo
Defense companies of Serbia
Defense industry of Serbia
Serbian brands
Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1937
Bidirectional. Bidirectional may refer to:

 Bidirectional, a roadway that carries traffic moving in opposite directions
 Bi-directional vehicle, a tram or train or any other vehicle that can be controlled from either end and can move forward or backward with equal ease without any need to be turned around
 Bidirectional text, text containing text in both text directionalities
 Duplex (telecommunications), communication in both directions
 Bidirectionalization, a process in computer science
 Bidirectional railway signalling; see Application of railway signals#Bidirectional signalling
 Bidirectional learning/process refers to two way learning. In terms of socialization, the process helps both novices and experts learn from each other. 
 Bidirectional LED
Photoplotter. A photoplotter is a specialized electro-opto-mechanical machine that exposes a latent image on a medium, usually high-contrast monochromatic (black-and-white) photographic film, using a light source being controlled by a computer. Once the film has been exposed, it must be processed before it is ready for use. Photoplotters are used primarily for industrial production of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and integrated circuit (IC) packaging.

In the PCB industry, photoplotting is the first step of making photolithography masks for printed circuit boards.  These masks are called photoplots and are limited in resolution by the technology in use; in 1998, photoplots with resolvable details of 2.5 μm or more were possible. Integrated circuits are made in a similar fashion utilizing photomasks with sub-micrometer feature sizes; photomasks are traditionally made by photoreducing photoplotter output. 

Other application of photoplotters include chemical milling and specialized graphic arts.

History
The first photoplotter was introduced by Gerber Scientific, Inc. in the 1960s. The company's file standard, the Gerber format for PCB files, eventually became an industry standard for describing the printed circuit board images such as the copper layers, solder mask and legend.

Early machines used a xenon flash lamp, and projected an image mounted in a rotating aperture wheel onto the photosensitive surface of the film or glass plate. The imaging head assembly traversed over the surface of the media without touching it to produce draws and flashes. Draws are vectors or arcs created by continuous illumination as the imaging head moves over the photosensitive surface. A flash creates a single simple graphic in a location by shining light through an aperture of the appropriate shape at a fixed location.

Modern photoplotters are generally raster-scan devices that use a laser beam focused to one or more spots, modulated at multi-megahertz rates to form the image.

The most recent development related to photoplotting is laser direct imaging (LDI) which utilizes a high-power laser or xenon lamp to directly expose photoresist on a coated substrate instead of exposing photographic film. This eliminates the handling of photographic film.

The input of photoplotters is a vector graphics file, typically in Gerber format.

Manufacturers of photoplotters include Gerber Scientific, Orbotech and Ucamco.

References

External links
 Ronald B. Webster, Variable Aperture Photoexposure Device, 15 September 1970, 3 October 1972. Gerber variable shutter patent.

Electronics manufacturing
Plotters
Kent Pitman. Kent M. Pitman (KMP) is a programmer who has been involved for many years in the design, implementation, and use of systems based on the programming languages Lisp and Scheme. , he has been President of HyperMeta, Inc.

Pitman was chair of the ad hoc group (part of X3J13) that designed the Common Lisp Error and Condition System and is author of the proposal document that was ultimately adopted, and many papers on Lisp programming and computer programming in general.

While in high school, he saw output from one of the guess the animal pseudo-artificial intelligence (AI) games then popular. He considered implementing a version of the program in BASIC, but once at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), instead he implemented it in several dialects of Lisp, including Maclisp.

He was a technical contributor to X3J13, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) subcommittee that standardized Common Lisp and contributed to the design of the programming language. He prepared the document that became ANSI Common Lisp, the Common Lisp HyperSpec (a hypertext conversion of the standard), and the document that became International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISLISP. He can often be found on the Usenet newsgroup comp.lang.lisp, where he is involved in discussions about Lisp and computer programming, and insider perspectives on Lisp evolution and Common Lisp standardization. In some posts there, he has expressed his opinion on open-source software, including open source implementations of Lisp and Scheme, as something that should be judged individually on its essential merits, rather than automatically considered good merely by being free or open.

References

External links 
 

Lisp (programming language) people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Homesteading the Noosphere. "Homesteading the Noosphere" (abbreviated HtN) is an essay written by Eric S. Raymond about the social workings of open-source software development. It follows his previous piece "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" (1997).

The essay examines issues of project ownership and transfer, as well as investigating possible anthropological roots of the gift culture in open source as contrasted with the exchange culture of closed source software. Raymond also investigates the nature of the spread of open source into the untamed frontier of ideas he terms the noosphere, postulating that projects that range too far ahead of their time fail because they are too far out in the wilderness, and that successful projects tend to relate to existing projects.

Raymond delves into the contrast between the stated aims of open source and observed behaviors, and also explores the underlying motivations of people involved in the open-source movement. He notes that a key motivation for open-source practitioners is their membership of and reputation within each project's "tribe". In contrast, Microsoft's "embrace and extend" policy complexified and closed up Internet protocols with "protocol pollution."

Citations 

"Homesteading the Noosphere" has been referenced in various papers, including:

 The impact of ideology on effectiveness in open source software development teams
 An Overview of the Software Engineering Process and Tools in the Mozilla Project
 From Planning to Mature: on the Determinants of Open Source Take Off, Discussion paper 2005-17, Università degli Studi di Trento
 Open borders? Immigration in open source projects
 Public commons of geographic data: research and development challenges

In popular culture 

 In the Japanese novel series Log Horizon and its manga and anime adaptations, 300,000 Japanese players of a massively multiplayer online role-playing game suddenly find themselves transported into the game's world right as the game was being updated with an expansion pack by the name of , which the author named after Raymond's essay. The first chapter of the novel series also bears the same name.

See also 

 Calculation in kind, also known as a money-free economy

References
   — also includes "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", "The Magic Cauldron" and "Revenge of the Hackers"

External links 

 The essay readable on the web, including a revision-history, 1998–2000.

1998 essays
American essays
Computer science books
Books about free software
Essays about computing
O'Reilly Media books
Software development philosophies
Software engineering papers
Software project management
Essays by Eric S. Raymond
Works about the information economy
Dalton's law. Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total  pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. This empirical law was observed by John Dalton in 1801 and published in 1802. Dalton's law is related to the ideal gas laws.

Formula
Mathematically, the pressure of a mixture of non-reactive gases can be defined as the summation:

where , , ...,  represent the partial pressures of each component.

where  is the mole fraction of the ith component in the total mixture of n components .

Volume-based concentration
The relationship below provides a way to determine the volume-based concentration of any individual gaseous component

where ci is the concentration of component i.

Dalton's law is not strictly followed by real gases, with the deviation increasing with pressure. Under such conditions the volume occupied by the molecules becomes significant compared to the free space between them. In particular, the short average distances between molecules increases intermolecular forces between gas molecules enough to substantially change the pressure exerted by them, an effect not included in the ideal gas model.

See also

References

Gas laws
Physical chemistry
Engineering thermodynamics

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