omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Membrane emulsification. Membrane emulsification (ME) is a relatively novel technique for producing all types of single and multiple emulsions for DDS (drug delivery systems), solid micro carriers for encapsulation of drug or nutrient, solder particles for surface-mount technology, mono dispersed polymer microspheres (for analytical column packing, enzyme carriers, liquid crystal display spacers, toner core particles). Membrane emulsification was introduced by Nakashima and Shimizu in the late 1980s in Japan.

Description
In this process, the dispersed phase is forced through the pores of a microporous membrane directly into the continuous phase. Emulsified droplets are formed and detached at the end of the pores with a drop-by-drop mechanism. The advantages of membrane emulsification over conventional emulsification processes are that it enables one to obtain very fine emulsions of controlled droplet sizes and narrow droplet size distributions. Successful emulsification can be carried out with much less consumption of emulsifier and energy, and because of the lowered shear stress effect, membrane emulsification allows the use of shear-sensitive ingredients, such as starch and proteins. The membrane emulsification process is generally carried out in cross-flow (continuous or batch) mode or in a stirred cell (batch).

A major limiting factor of ME was the low dispersed phase flux. In order to expand the industrial applications, the productivity of this method had to be increased. Some research has been aimed at solving this problem and others, such as membrane fouling.

High dispersed phase flux has now been shown to be possible using single-pass annular gap crossflow membranes.

References

External links
 Membrane Emulsification: Process Principles by Anneke Gijsbertsen-Abrahamse
 CFD Analysis of generation of Oil-in-water Emulsion using Rectangular Straight-through Microchannel by Kobayashi et. al.
 Membrane Emulsification video by Richard G. Holdich
 ITM-CNR, Calabria, Italy
 Micropre Technologies, UK
 SPG Technology Co, Japan

Physical chemistry
Membrane technology
Eric Scott Raymond. Eric Raymond (born October 27, 1956, in Tacoma, Washington) is an American Certified Flight Instructor, Glider (sailplane) pilot, hang gliding pilot and designer of solar-powered airplanes.

Biography
Raymond was born in the US state of Washington. After completing his public education, he studied photography at Rochester Institute of Technology and aerospace engineering at University of California San Diego, California. He is living now in Europe.

Aeronautic career
Raymond starting flying model airplanes as a child, designing and building his own model airplanes.
In his teenage years he started flying sailplanes, but switched to hang gliding. He won the 1979 US Hang Gliding Championship. He also set world hang gliding records and in 1983 and 1984 became world aerobatic champion.

Working for Paul MacCready on unmanned aircraft, he met Günther Rochelt, and had occasion to pilot Rochelt's Musculair II human-powered aircraft. From this experience, and with help from Rochelt, Raymond determined to design a solar-powered aircraft. He founded Solar Flight and began construction of his design in 1986. Sunseeker I was test flown in 1989 as a glider. In early 1990 solar-powered flights were made with two brush motors driving a variable-pitch propeller and then with a brushless motor driving a folding propeller.
In 1990 Raymond flew Sunseeker I across the US, and in 2009 he flew Sunseeker II all over southern Europe. From 2006 to 2009 he worked for Bertrand Piccard, building the solar panels for the Solar Impulse airplane.
In 2009 Solar Flight began construction of a new solar-powered airplane, the Sunseeker Duo. Raymond has received considerable press coverage for his efforts advancing both solar-powered and electric aircraft, notably in 2011 as a team leader of the e-Genius team in the CAFE Foundation Green Flight Challenge.

On March 30, 2014, two Solar Flight test pilots flew the Sunseeker Duo from Milan, thus becoming the first solely-solar-powered aircraft to fly while carrying two people. The Duo has 1,510 solar cells on its 72-ft span wing and on its empennage surfaces, driving a tail-mounted 25KW electric motor.

References

External links
 solar-flight.com

1956 births
Living people
Manufacturers Aircraft Association. The Manufacturer's Aircraft Association (MAA) was a trade association and patent pool of U.S. aircraft manufacturers formed in 1917.

The U.S. military and other elements of the U.S. federal government pressured the Wright Company, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, and other manufacturers to form the association to break a patent logjam that was preventing U.S. manufacturers from making airplanes that the U.S. military could use in World War I. Legally, the MAA was a private corporation which had an agreement with the airplane manufacturers to cross-license their patents without substantial royalties.

The MAA was dissolved in 1977.

History and records 
The U.S. entered World War I in 1917. The two major U.S. companies holding aviation patents, the Wright Company and the Curtiss Company, had effectively blocked the building of new airplanes, which were desired for the war effort. The U.S. government, as a result of a recommendation from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, formed by then Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, pressured the industry to form a cross-licensing organization, the MAA, in 1917. The association was designed as a patent pool which drew up a cross-licensing agreement to allow manufacturers to have unrestrained use of airplane patents in order to produce airplanes for the government's war effort. Early members included aviation pioneers Orville Wright and Glenn Curtiss, as well as representatives of major aircraft manufacturing units in the United States.

Frank Henry Russell participated in the MAA's formation and was elected its president, which he remained until his death in 1947.

Records of the MAA are archived among the Transportation Collections of the University of Wyoming's American Heritage Center, in Laramie, Wyoming. Those records reportedly document the history of aircraft, and document the relationships of the MAA with its various members, the military, and the U.S. Congress. They include records related to the aircraft manufacturing industry's principal trade associations: the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America, Inc. (1920-1943), and the Aerospace Industries Association, Inc. (AIA) (1952-1975). The online inventory of those MAA records provides an introductory section with additional information on the history of the MAA.

See also 
 The Wright brothers patent war—which led to the creation of the MAA
 Aerospace Industries Association—a parallel organization that took over some of the same roles after the MAA ended

References

External links 
Manufacturers Aircraft Association records at the American Heritage Center
 History in Flight at the American Heritage Center at AHC blogs

Aerospace
Trade associations based in the United States
Patent pools
Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide. Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide () is a semiconductor material.

InAsSbP has been used as blocking layers for semiconductor laser structures, as well as for the mid-infrared light-emitting diodes and lasers, photodetectors and thermophotovoltaic cells.

InAsSbP layers can be grown by heteroepitaxy on indium arsenide, gallium antimonide and other materials.

See also
 Aluminium gallium indium phosphide
 Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide

References

III-V semiconductors
Indium compounds
Arsenides
Antimonides
Phosphides
III-V compounds
Edwin Airey. Sir Edwin Airey (7 February 1878 – 14 March 1955) was a British civil engineer and industrialist responsible for the Airey prefabricated houses constructed in the UK after the Second World War.

Life

Airey was born in 1878, the son of William Airey.  His older brother, John Robinson Airey (1868–1937) became a prominent mathematician. He attended Leeds Central High School and the Yorkshire College, and in 1904 married Edith Greaves: they had one son and four daughters. He took over his father's building business, W. M. Airey & Sons.  During the First World War he was a transport advisor to the Ministry of Food. He and his company were very much involved with construction for the Ministry of Munitions, and then the Ministry of Health afterwards. It was for this and his work in social welfare that he was knighted in the King's Birthday Honours in 1922.

During the Second World War the company produced huts for American troops stationed in the UK.  This led to the development of concrete slab units which could be quickly assembled into houses to replace those destroyed during the war.  Prototypes were put up in Seacroft, Leeds in 1945, followed by hundreds in the London County Council area. A total of 20,000 Airey houses were ordered: they were two storey semi-detached houses, initially to be used as two flats, then to be converted into single family homes once the post-war housing crisis was over.  They were intended to be permanent dwellings rather than temporary ones.

He lived in Oakwood Grange where Louis Le Prince filmed the Roundhay Garden Scene in 1888, credited as the first motion picture.

Airey contributed to sports in Yorkshire in several ways. He was chairman of the Leeds Cricket, Football and Athletic Company, and was responsible for the development of Headingley Stadium and its establishment of a major cricketing venue.

Airey was an active member of the Conservative Party and became Lord Mayor of Leeds 1923–1924.  Other high offices included High Sheriff of Yorkshire 1944–1945;  Chairman of the Rugby Football League 1951–1952, Chairman of the Yorkshire Branch of the Institution of Structural Engineers 1944–1945.

He died 14 March 1955.

References

External links
www.leodis.org Picture of Sir Edwin Airey accompanying Princess Mary at Headingley Cricket Ground, 1927
www.leodis.org Picture of Edwin Airey with Princess Mary at Headingley Cricket Ground, 1927
www.britishpathe.com Sir Edwin Airey, Lord Mayor of Leeds, opens the National Rose Show at Roundhay Park 15 July 1920

20th-century English businesspeople
British construction businesspeople
1878 births
1955 deaths
Lord mayors of Leeds
High sheriffs of Yorkshire
British structural engineers
Knights Bachelor
20th-century British engineers
Joseph Hale (MP). Joseph Hale (28 October 1913 – 7 February 1985) was a British engineer and politician.

Born in Waterloo, Lancashire, Hale became an engineer, serving with the Merchant Navy until 1939, when he joined a company making plastics.  He also joined the Labour Party, serving on Bolton Borough Council from 1946 until 1950, and was also active in the Amalgamated Engineering Union.

Hale was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale in 1950, but was defeated in 1951.

References

External links 
 

1913 births
1985 deaths
Amalgamated Engineering Union-sponsored MPs
UK MPs 1950–1951
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Rochdale
Francesco Iachello. Francesco Iachello  (; born 11 January 1942) is an Italian nuclear engineer and theoretical physicist, who works mainly on nuclear and molecular physics. He and his collaborator Akito Arima are the creators of the "interacting boson model".

Biography
Iachello attained a doctorate 1964 as a nuclear technology engineer at the polytechnic institute in Turin and 1969 a doctorate in physics at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics. Since 1978 he has been at Yale University, where he is at present J. W. Gibbs professor for physics and chemistry.

Iachello received the Chiaudano prize in 1968  and was a Fulbright Fellow in 1964. He was awarded in 1990 the Wigner Medal, in 1991 both the Taormina Prize and the Dutch AKZO Prize, and in 1993, along with Akito Arima, the Tom W. Bonner Prize of the American Physical Society. Iachello became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996. He is also member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences. In 1997 he received the Centennial Prize of the Italian Physical Society. In 2002 he received the Meitner Prize of the European Physical Society. He has honorary doctorates from the University of Ferrara, the University of Seville, and Chung Yuan University in China.

Iachello is famous for the application of algebraic methods (Lie algebras) to the investigation of the spectra of atomic nuclei and molecules. In 1974 with Akito Arima he introduced the "Interacting Boson Model" into nuclear physics. This important model describes collective nuclear states with the help of the unitary group U(6). The underlying concept is to derive a model with pairs of neutrons and protons instead of unpaired nucleons. The pairs are treated as bosons with different quantum spin (s- and d- bosons, as named according to spin 0 and 2). In an extension of the model, the analogous effect with unpaired fermions has a description using supersymmetrical algebras.

In recent times he has worked mainly on the investigation of the quantum mechanical dynamics of molecules (e.g. quantum phase transitions, polymer dynamics) with algebraic methods, on which Iachello already began to work in 1981 (Vibron Model).

Works

 (1st edition 1987)

Arima; Iachello "Interacting boson model of collective states", Part 1 (the vibrational limit) Annals of physics Vol. 99, 1976, pp. 253–317, Part 2 (the rotational limit) ibid. Vol. 111, 1978, pp. 201–38, Part 3 with Scholten (the transition from SU(5) to SU(3)), ibid. Vol. 115, 1978, pp. 325–66, Part 4 (the O(6) limit) ibid. Vol. 123, 1979, pp. 468–92

References

External links
Homepage at Yale
Biography from APS

1942 births
Living people
21st-century Italian engineers
Italian expatriates in the United States
20th-century Italian physicists
Scientists from Sicily
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Italian nuclear physicists
People from Francofonte
Italian theoretical physicists
Yale University faculty
MIT Center for Theoretical Physics people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century Italian physicists
Kojo (learning environment). Kojo is a programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) for computer programming and learning. It has many different features that enable playing, exploring, creating, and learning in the areas of computer programming, mental skills, (interactive) math, graphics, art, music, science, animation, games, and electronics. Kojo draws ideas from the programming languages Logo and Processing.

Kojo is open-source software. It was created, and is actively developed, by Lalit Pant, a computer programmer and teacher living in Dehradun, India. Kojo provides domain-specific languages (DSLs) for its different areas of learning, and as such can be considered an educational programming language.

Kojo is written in, and its approach is based on, the programming language Scala, where users begin with a simple subset of the language and progress in steps. Its graphical user interface is based on Java Swing; a former version was based on the Java NetBeans platform.

Lalit chose Scala as the underlying language for Kojo because of its low barrier to entry and potential power.

Kojo has been used in schools and classes around the world. Some of these include:
 The State of Goa, within its ICT/coding curriculum.
 Himjyoti School, Dehradun, India.
 Mondrian House School, Dehradun, India.
 Rishi Valley School, Madanapalle, India.
 Cardinal Forest Elementary School, Springfield, Virginia, USA.
 Diablo Valley College, Pleasant Hill, California, USA.
 Our Lady's Catholic High School, Preston, England.
 A Swedish 4th grade class consisting of 10-year-old children. Kojo has been featured by Dagens Nyheter (DN) and Computer Sweden as a result of the work done by this class.
 Events like Silicon Valley Code Camp, CoderDojo, Hack The Future, and Meetups.

The development of Kojo is partly sponsored by Lightbend, formerly TypeSafe, and Lund University, Computer Science Department, where Kojo is used to introduce children and teachers to computer programming. Professor Björn Regnell of Lund University has an informative presentation on the subject. Professor Regnell writes, in translation: "Kojo is the best tool, with a low barrier of entry, I have seen for making real text based programming available for children, that is also usable all the way up to university level".

Kojo provides rich support for programming and learning in the Turkish language as of the latest release in 2021 and beyond.

See also 
Thonny
Microsoft Small Basic
BASIC-256
Toolbox
JUDO

References 

Java platform
Free software programmed in Scala
Programming languages
Pedagogic integrated development environments
Educational software
Indian inventions
Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology. Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moga (commonly known as LLRIET) is a private college in Moga, Punjab. The institute was set up in 1998, under the supervision of Shiva Educational Trust. It started functioning with the session 1998–1999 after approval from the Punjab government and All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi.

Campus
The LLRIET is at Ghal Kalan which is 8 km from Moga. The campus is spread over 6 acres of land. It is divided into clusters of buildings with state-of-the-art classrooms, labs and a library. There are three boys and two girls hostels. The institution has a cricket ground and volleyball and basketball courts.

Academics

Undergraduate courses
LLRIET Moga offers full-time, four-year undergraduate (Bachelor's degree) program in the following disciplines:
Mechanical Engineering
Computer Science Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Civil Engineering
Information Technology

Postgraduate courses
Master of Technology (M.Tech.) degrees are offered with the following specializations:
Master of Computer Applications (MCA)
Masters in Business Administration (MBA)
Master of Technology (M.Tech.)

Festivals

 Astron is the annual techno-cultural fest of LLRIET held to give the students exposure to technical expects. It is generally organised in the even semester, in the month of February. It is three days long and it features events that are technical, cultural, literary, and fun.
 Vibrations, an annual function of LLRIET, is an event where students perform cultural activities. 
 Aghaaz is the annual Freshers party organized to celebrate the new students taking admission in the college.

References

External links
  – official website
 PTU official website

All India Council for Technical Education
Engineering colleges in Punjab, India
Moga, Punjab
Memorials to Lala Lajpat Rai
1998 establishments in Punjab, India
Educational institutions established in 1998
Michael J. Karels. Michael J. Karels (August 2, 1956 – June 2, 2024) was an American software engineer and one of the key figures in history of BSD UNIX.

Biography 
Karels graduated from the University of Notre Dame with a degree in microbiology and from the University of California, Berkeley with a graduate degree.

In 1993, the USENIX Association gave a Lifetime Achievement Award (Flame) to the Computer Systems Research Group at University of California, Berkeley, honoring 180 individuals, including Karels, who contributed to the CSRG's 4.4BSD-Lite release. His face appears on the 7 of Spades on the USENIX 1994 Playing Card Deck.

In February 1992 Karels moved to BSDI (Berkeley Software Design) and designed BSD/OS, which, for years, was the only commercially available BSD style Unix on Intel platform. BSDi's software assets were bought by Wind River in April 2001, and Karels joined Wind River as the Principal Technologist for the BSD/OS platform.

Following his time at Wind River, Karels joined Secure Computing Corporation in 2003 as a Sr. Principal Engineer. Secure Computing used BSD/OS as the basis for SecureOS, the operating system of its Sidewinder firewall, later known as McAfee Firewall Enterprise. However, BSD/OS development had ceased, so Karels was involved in transitioning SecureOS to use FreeBSD as its base, and porting its unique features over to the new kernel. Secure Computing and the Sidewinder firewall team went through a series of acquisitions and spinoffs, including McAfee, Intel, and Forcepoint, so while Karels appeared to have several different jobs from that point onward, he had remained in roughly the same role from 2003 until his retirement in 2021.

The Sidewinder product was eventually discontinued, though Karels fed some SecureOS changes back into the main FreeBSD codebase. Karels officially became a FreeBSD committer in 2017. He continued working on FreeBSD in his spare time following retirement.

Karels died in Ottawa on June 2, 2024, at the age of 67.

Bibliography 
 S. Leffler, M. McKusick, M. Karels, J. Quarterman: The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System, Addison-Wesley, January 1989, . German translation published June 1990, . Japanese translation published June 1991,  (out of print).
 S. Leffler, M. McKusick: The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System Answer Book, Addison-Wesley, April 1991, . Japanese translation published January 1992, 
 M. McKusick, K. Bostic, M. Karels, J. Quarterman: The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System, Addison-Wesley, April 1996, . French translation published 1997, International Thomson Publishing, Paris, France, .

References

External links 
 Mike Karels at Unix Guru Universe's Unix Contributors
 Mike Karels Linkedin Page
 

1956 births
2024 deaths
American computer programmers
American computer scientists
BSD people
Arnet Pereyra Sabre II. The Arnet Pereyra Sabre II is an American, two-seats in side-by-side configuration, conventional landing gear-equipped, strut-braced, high-wing ultralight trainer that was produced by Arnet Pereyra Inc of Rockledge, Florida in kit form for amateur construction.

Design and development
First flown in July 1992, the Sabre II is a land version of the highly successful 1984-vintage Arnet Pereyra Buccaneer, which the company produced at the same time. The Sabre II was developed from the two seat Buccaneer II by removing the wing-tip floats, replacing the retractable landing gear with leaf-spring fixed landing gear, shortening the wing by  and replacing the boat-hull with a new fiberglass lower fuselage. The lower fuselage was more streamlined than the boat-hull and was lighter as well. Overall the Sabre II is more than  lighter than the Buccaneer II, with an empty weight of .

The Sabre is constructed from bolted aluminium tubing, covered in pre-sewn Dacron sailcloth envelopes. Standard aircraft dope and fabric is optional. The standard engine is the  liquid-cooled two-stroke Rotax 582 and the acceptable power range is . When in production a Ballistic Recovery Systems parachute was standard.

The Sabre II was not a commercial success, with only three reported delivered by 2001 and the aircraft was dropped from the company line when the company was renamed Aero Adventure Aviation circa 2003.

Specifications (version)

References

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Sabre
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Aircraft first flown in 1992
Single-engined tractor aircraft