omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Built up edge. In machining, specifically cutting operations, a built-up edge (BUE) is an accumulation of material against the rake face that seizes to the tool tip, separating it from the chip.

Formation

Because shear is strongest at the initial contact surface with the cutting tool, the first layer of metal impacting  and seizing on it work-hardens more than the rest of the volume of metal.  As a consequence of this work hardening, this first layer of metal is stronger than the adjacent metal moving away from the workpiece.  Effectively, said first layer becomes part of the tool.  The process repeats itself and, after some time, a built up edge (which could be several hundred micrometres thick) forms.

The conditions necessary for a noticeable edge to build up are that:

 the cutting speed is low.  This is because at high cutting speeds the metal moving away from the workpiece becomes hot enough to recover before seizing onto the tool, preventing the formation of a BUE.
 the metal being cut is one that work-hardens and is reluctant to recover.  A BUE will not form with pure metals since they do not work-harden much.  Conversely, alloys, such as steel, do work-harden and recover less so they are prone to forming a BUE.

Effects on the cutting process

The built up edge effectively changes tool geometry and rake steepness.  It also reduces the contact area between the chip and the cutting tool, leading to:

 A reduction in the power demand of the cutting operation.
 Slight increase in tool life, since the cutting is partly being done by the built up edge rather than the tool itself.

However, the formation of BUEs have negative effects on the quality of the workpiece, specifically:

 Excessive work hardening at the surface of the workpiece.
 Poor surface finish, since bits of the BUE eventually break off and stick to the workpiece.  These bits tend to be problematic since, due to the work-hardening they underwent, they are very hard and so become abrasive.
 A reduction in the dimensional control of the process, due to the dynamically changing geometry of the cutting tool.

See also

References

Metalworking terminology
EDLUT. EDLUT (Event-Driven LookUp Table) is a computer application for simulating networks of spiking neurons.
It was developed in the University of Granada and source code was released under GNU GPL version 3.

EDLUT uses event-driven simulation scheme and lookup tables to efficiently simulate medium or large spiking neural networks.
This allows this application to simulate detailed biological neuron models and to interface with experimental setups (such as a robotic arm) in real time.

References

Neuroscience software
Neural network software
Software using the GNU General Public License
University of Granada
Robon. Robon is a clone of Berzerk for the ZX Spectrum written by Andrew Beale and released by Softek in 1983. The game's documentation refers to it as a "version of the popular arcade game".

Reception
Crash magazine said: "This Frenzy / Berserk game, unlike most of Softek’s other programs, is not very good. At the slowest of the nine skill levels it's a bit boring, and at the fastest it's quite meaningless. The usual format is followed; electrified walls, robots, unkillable 'Raboks' which leave exploding mines behind".

See also
 Robot Attack
 K-Razy Shoot-Out
 Thief

References

External links 
 
 

1983 video games
Multidirectional shooters
Softek Software games
Video game clones
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
ZX Spectrum-only games
Technoavia. LLC SCF Technoavia, or Scientific Commercial Firm Technoavia, is a Russian aircraft manufacturer. It was established in 1991 by Vyacheslav Kondratiev. The main production facility is located at the Smolensk Aviation Plant.

Products

 Intracom GM-17 Viper
 Technoavia SM92 Finist
 SM-92T 
 SMG-92
 SM-92P patrol military version of the aircraft 
 Technoavia SM-94 and SM-94-1, modifications of the Yak-18T
 SP-91 aerobatic aircraft
 SP-95 high performance aerobatic monoplane 
 SM-2000 single-engine, 4 passenger, light turboprop aircraft 
 SP-55M, a heavily modified Yak-55
 Technoavia Rysachok - a twin-engine aircraft under development

References

External links

 TRACE delivers Goodrich de-ice system for Technoavia SM-2000 light turboprop, November, 2001

Aircraft manufacturers of Russia
Manufacturing companies established in 1991
1991 establishments in Russia
Russian brands
Taiga Plains Ecozone (CEC). The Taiga Plain Ecozone, as defined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), is a Canadian terrestrial ecozone that covers most of the western Northwest Territories, extending to northwest Alberta, northeast British Columbia and slightly overlapping northeastern Yukon.

It is the site of the Peace-Athabasca Delta, a globally significant wetland in Wood Buffalo National Park, and Nahanni National Park Reserve.

Geography
Its eastern boundary is located by Great Bear and Great Slave lakes in the Taiga Shield, site of the world's oldest known rock formations. To its south are the Boreal Plains, a vast forest of spruce and other timber with numerous wetland habitats. Portions of Wood Buffalo National Park and Whooping Crane Summer Range, the only nesting area for the critically endangered whooping crane, overlap onto the Taiga Plains from the Boreal Plains. To the west it abuts the foothills of the Boreal Cordillera in British Columbia and southern Yukon, and the Taiga Cordillera further north. These two ecozones comprise the Mackenzie Mountains. Its northern borders are with the Southern Arctic ecozone in northeastern Northwest Territories, and the Arctic Archipelago Marine ecozone at the delta of Canada's largest river, the Mackenzie.

The ecozone consists primarily of strata of limestone, shale, and sandstone sedimentary rocks, and has formed wide flat plains with rolling terrain throughout. The sedimentary layers contain 
some "rich natural reservoirs of oil and gas". The western portion, dominated by the Mackenzie, is more rugged with deep canyons and trenches cut by the river and tributaries.

Ecoprovinces
This ecozone can be further subdivided into three ecoprovinces:
Great Bear Lowlands
Hay-Slave Lowlands
Mackenzie Foothills

Climate
Summers are cool and short in this sub-arctic climate, with mean temperatures ranging from 7 °C in the north to 14 °C in the south. Winters are long and very cold in the Mackenzie Delta, with a typical January mean of -26 °C, but are somewhat milder in the southern extent, with a mean January temperature of -15 °C. Little precipitation falls here, an annual average of 250 to 500 mm throughout the zone. Snow and ice cover lasts at least six months, and it is not unusual for it to persist for eight months.

Conservation
A number of protected areas have been established to protect representative and/or significant portions of this ecozone. These include the Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary, Nahanni National Park Reserve, and Wood Buffalo National Park.

References

Ecozones of Canada
Ecozones and ecoregions of Alberta
Ecozones and ecoregions of British Columbia
Ecozones and ecoregions of the Northwest Territories
Ecozones and ecoregions of Yukon
CPM S30V steel. CPM S30V is a martensitic (hardened) powder-made (sintered) wear and corrosion-resistant stainless steel developed by Dick Barber of Crucible Industries in collaboration with knifemaker Chris Reeve.  Its chemistry promotes the formation and even distribution of vanadium carbides, which are harder and more resistant to abrasion than chromium carbides. The powdered metallurgy process reduces the size of the carbides and gives the steel a very refined grain, further improving toughness. It contains carbon 1.45%, chromium 14.00%, vanadium 4.00%, and molybdenum 2.00%. Barber received feedback from a number of other knife users and knifemakers such as Sal Glesser, Ernest Emerson, Tony Marfione, Phil Wilson, William Harsey Jr., Tom Mayo, Jerry Hossom, and Paul Bos in the development of CPM S30V.

CPM S30V is considered a premium-grade knife steel. Buck Knives calls it "the absolute best blade steel available".   Joe Talmadge claims it may be the ultimate high-end all-around stainless steel, for its high performance coupled with easier machinability than the other steels in this class.

Properties

Composition

Physical properties 

Coefficient of thermal expansion

CPM-S35VN
In 2009, Crucible Steel introduced an update to CPM-S30V to meet the needs of renowned knife maker Chris Reeve that they called CPM-S35VN. The addition of 0.5% Niobium, and reductions in both Carbon (from 1.45% to 1.40%) and Vanadium (from 4% to 3%) produced an alloy with 25% increase in measured Charpy V-notch toughness over S30V (Crucible claims 15-20% improvement). Working chefs and outdoor survivalists laud the improved toughness of S35VN, which greatly reduces the micro-bevel chipping that tends to plague S30V in rough use. In these kinds of applications the advantage of an S35VN blade over S30V is quick honing  with a strop or steel stick in lieu of needing to remove metal and reform the edge. In light use, edge-holding and stainless properties between S35VN versus S30V are thought to be roughly the same, and performance will often be affected nearly as much by the applied heat treatment, blade design, and the edge geometry as the differences in metal chemistry.

Around this same time period, Carpenter CTS-XHP and Uddeholm Elmax became more widely available for cutlery usage. These powdered steels use a different process than Crucible, but they are also high-end stainless steels (with high-chromium and high-vanadium levels similar to S30V and S35VN) intended to compete with CPM-S30V and CPM-S35VN.

References 

Ferrous alloys
Stainless steel
Dimensional Markup language. Dimensional Markup language (DML) is an XML format definition tailored to the needs of dimensional results for Discrete manufacturing.  The purpose is to haul the results between applications that generate or use dimensional information.

A typical scenario is where an inspection device collects dimensional data and sends the information to an SPC package for process analysis or a database for long term storage.

If properly used, DML can be extremely useful by enabling once disparate systems to work together easily.
This document describes the fundamentals of a well formatted DML data set.

Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20110710141257/http://www.dmisstandard.com/DML/

XML markup languages
Valentin Rumyantsev. Valentin Vitalyevich Rumyantsev (; 19 July 1921 – 10 June 2007) was a Russian engineer who played a crucial role in Soviet space program, mainly working on robotics and controls. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992), Department of Engineering, Mechanics and Control.

Career 
Rumyantsev was professor in the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics in the Department of Theoretical Mechanics and Mecatronics at Moscow State University. He was editor of the Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (). Rumyantsev was also a corresponding member (1995) and member (2000) of the International Academy of Astronautics (France, Paris).

References

1921 births
2007 deaths
People from Saratovsky Uyezd
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Saratov State University alumni
Humboldt Research Award recipients
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of the October Revolution
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Control theorists
Early spaceflight scientists
Russian aerospace engineers
Soviet aerospace engineers
Soviet space program personnel

Burials at Vostryakovskoye Cemetery
Piaggio Ciao. The Piaggio Ciao (ciao means "hi" or "bye" in Italian) is a family of moped produced by Piaggio from 1967 through 2006.

Specification
It has a rigid rear, and a leading-link front suspension. Some models include a sprung seat-post. The engine and drive-train are cleanly enclosed, similar to Piaggio's scooters. The Ciao uses a belt drive, unlike most other mopeds which are chain driven. Some models have an automatic continuously variable transmission. Braking is by front and rear drums. Power for the lamps, horn, and ignition is from a magneto; there is no battery. However, models with turning signal lights were equipped with a 6-volt battery for the blinkers to function. On newer models, the plastic fuel cap also serves as a measuring cup for the 2% oil-fuel mixture.

In some countries, such as Canada in the 1970s, it was branded as the Vespa Ciao.

Model variants include:
 Ciao SC (round saddle rack, saddle and suspension seatpost; light at the rear fender; racks are not removable; chrome fenders)
 Ciao L (square saddle rack, and only semi-suspension; light at the rear fender; racks removable)
 Ciao P (square saddle rack, and only semi-suspension; light at the rear rack; racks removable)
 Ciao Px (round saddle rack, saddle and suspension seatpost; light at the rear rack; luggage racks are not removable)
 Ciao Mix (round saddle rack, saddle and suspension seatpost; light at the rear rack; luggage racks are not removable; oil tank in the luggage racks)

Derivatives
Piaggio also produced some stablemates to the Ciao: The Piaggio Si, with a telescopic front fork suspension, the Piaggio Grillo, with 14-inch wheel, Piaggio Boxer, the Si's ancestor, the Piaggio Boss, with kick starter, mass button and speedometer and the Piaggio Bravo with a telescopic front fork and a shock absorber rear suspension.

References

 Infobox specifications from:
 Vintage Model Repair Manual - Ciao, Bravo, Si - Multiple Languages

External links

 Gallery of 1967 - 1979 Ciao
 

Motorcycles introduced in 1967
Mopeds
Ciao
Two-stroke motorcycles
Single-cylinder_motorcycles
SpaceTurk. SpaceTurk, founded in 1998 as the Turkish Space Research Group, is a non-profit and volunteer group dedicated to working on space research. The group's activities so far are:

 Execution of the Middle East and Turkey representative of the United Nations Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC).
 Establishment of Space Association of Turkic States (SATS).
 Yuri's Night organizations in several cities including Ankara and Istanbul.
 World Space Week organizations in several cities with a high participation rate in primary schools.
 Detection of environmental pollution due to the oil spills from the tankers with satellite views.
 Detection of the deforestation in Burundi with remote sensing.
 System design for a civilian, peace, and science-aimed launcher (ATA1 project).

See also
 List of astronomical societies

References

External links
 SpaceTurk official website
 UNSGAC 2002-2003 Annual Report 
 World Space Week 2001 Annual Report 

Space organizations
Astronomy organizations
1998 establishments in Turkey
Scientific organizations established in 1998
USS California (SSN-781). USS California (SSN-781), is the eighth , and the seventh United States Navy ship named for the state of California. The contract to build her was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding  (then called Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co.) in Newport News, Virginia, on 14 August 2003. Construction began in December 2006. Californias keel was laid down on 1 May 2009.
She was christened on 6 November 2010, sponsored by Donna Willard, wife of Admiral Robert F. Willard.
She was launched eight days later, on 14 November 2010.

California is the first Virginia-class submarine built with the advanced electromagnetic signature reduction system; although it will be retrofitted into older submarines of the class.

California was delivered to the Navy on 7 August 2011, eight and a half months ahead of schedule. The $2.3 billion ship was commissioned on 29 October 2011 in Norfolk, Virginia.

References

External links 

 
 

Virginia-class submarines
Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
2010 ships
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
D'Apuzzo Senior Aero Sport. 

The Parsons-Jocelyn PJ-260 was an aerobatic biplane aircraft built in the United States to participate in the 1962 World Aerobatic Championships in Budapest. It served as the prototype for a family of closely related aircraft produced under designer Nick D'Apuzzo's name as the D-260 and D-295 Senior Aero Sport', D-200 Junior Aero Sport and the D-201 Sportwing which were marketed for homebuilding. The original PJ-260 was named for the pilots who commissioned the aircraft and hoped to compete with it, Lindsey Parsons and Rod Jocelyn. The PJ-260 and its derivatives were conventional short-coupled biplanes with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. The single-bay, equal-span wings (unequal-span on D-295) were staggered and braced with N-struts, and the outer panels of the upper wing were swept back. The fuselage construction was of fabric over a steel-tube framework, and the wings were of fabric-covered wooden spars and metal ribs.

Variants
PJ-260

D-295 Senior Aero Sport A two-seat derivative of the original PJ-260 that was marketed to home builders from the mid-1960s onwards. Early examples were distinguished as D-260 for those powered by the same 260 hp Lycoming O-435 engine that powered the PJ-260, while D-295 indicated those powered by the 295 hp Lycoming O-480. Later, this distinction became less meaningful, with D-260s produced with engines of up to 300 hp.

D-200 Junior Aero Sport A slightly scaled-down version of the PJ-260, designed to use a 180 hp Lycoming O-360. Work on two prototypes commenced in 1964, but was not completed by the time the more complete of the machines was damaged in a fire in 1973. Work resumed in 1975, but was suspended in favour of the D-201 Sportwing.

D-260

D-201 Sportwing Like the D-260, a two-seater. It was developed in 1977 with the intention of simplifying construction of the aircraft for homebuilders, as well as reducing the weight of the design. The prototype flew in or around 1981, and five sets of plans had sold by 1984.

Specifications (typical D-260)

See also

References
Notes

Sources

External links

1960s United States sport aircraft
Senior
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1962
Usability inspection. Usability inspection is the name for a set of methods where an evaluator inspects a user interface. This is in contrast to usability testing where the usability of the interface is evaluated by testing it on real users. Usability inspections can generally be used early in the development process by evaluating prototypes or specifications for the system that can't be tested on users. Usability inspection methods are generally considered to be less costly to implement than testing on users.

Usability inspection methods include:

 Cognitive walkthrough (task-specific)
 Pluralistic walkthrough
 Heuristic evaluation (general), or (domain or culture-specific)
Action Analysis
 Guideline scoring or testing

See also
 Heuristic evaluation
 Comparison of usability evaluation methods

References
Cheng Kaijia. Cheng Kaijia (; 3 August 1918 – 17 November 2018), also known as Kai Chia Cheng, was a Chinese nuclear engineer and nuclear physicist. He was a pioneer and key figure in Chinese nuclear weapon development. He is known as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.

Life
Cheng was born in Wujiang, Jiangsu in 1918. He graduated from the Department of Physics of Zhejiang University in 1941. In 1946, he went to the United Kingdom to study at the University of Edinburgh, obtaining a PhD in 1948 under advisor Max Born. He then became a researcher in the UK.

Cheng returned to the People's Republic of China in 1950. He was an associate professor at Zhejiang University, he then went to Nanjing in 1952, where he became an associate professor in Nanjing University, and was later promoted to full professorship.

Cheng was a pioneer of Chinese nuclear technology and played an important role in the development of the first Chinese atomic bomb. He first calculated out the inner temperature and pressure for an atomic bomb blast in China. His calculation was an extremely heavy task and nearly manual, because during that time China did not have any computer or even calculator. He also solved the mechanism of the inner explosion, which could support the design of the bomb. He was the chief director for many nuclear weapon test fields/bases and their explosion processes.

Cheng was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980. He was also a standing member of the Science and Technology Committee, Chinese National Nuclear Industry Corporation. He was former vice-president of the Nuclear Weapons Research Institute, and the deputy chief director of the Nuclear Weapons Research Institute, People's Republic of China.

In 1999, he was awarded "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Award" by President Jiang Zemin for his contribution on atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb. In July 2017, Chairman Xi Jinping awarded Cheng the Order of August First, the highest military award of People's Republic of China.

He died on 17 November 2018, three months after his 100th birthday.

See also
 Project 596 – China's first nuclear weapons test

References

External links
 ChinaVitae - the biography highlight of Cheng Kaijia
 Holeung Ho Lee Foundation (HHLF) AWARDEE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES PRIZE - CHENG KAIJIA (Abstract)
 两弹一星功勋：核武器专家程开甲院士  Nuclear weapon pioneer - Academician Cheng Kaijia 

1918 births
2018 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Chinese men centenarians
Chinese nuclear engineers
Chinese nuclear physicists
Educators from Suzhou
Engineers from Jiangsu
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of Nanjing University
Physicists from Jiangsu
Scientists from Suzhou
Zhejiang University alumni
Highest Science and Technology Award winners
Nick D'Apuzzo. Nicholas E. D'Apuzzo was an American aircraft designer. He worked at the Naval Air Development Center as a project manager until his retirement in 1973. His most noteworthy projects were racing and aerobatic aircraft that he developed privately, in particular the Parsons-Jocelyn PJ-260 and its various derivatives that were marketed for homebuilding.

References
 
 

American aircraft designers
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing