omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Elbert Dysart Botts. Elbert Dysart Botts (January 2, 1893 – April 10, 1962) was the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) engineer credited with overseeing the research that led to the development of Botts' dots and possibly the epoxy used to attach them to the road.

Botts was born in Missouri in 1893 and was a professor of chemistry at San Jose State College when he was recruited to Caltrans.

He is credited with leading the division of the Caltrans research laboratory (Translab) that conducted the initial research into identifying the best shapes and materials for raised pavement markers.  Much of the necessary field research was conducted by his team on a new freeway in West Sacramento in the spring of 1955. Although the initial goal was to improve lane visibility, it was at this point that the tactile feedback provided by the dots was discovered.

At Caltrans, Botts dots were developed as a way to address the problem of paint disappearing when under water.

Botts never lived to see the success of his research. He died in April 1962 and his work on the dots was filed away; it was not even mentioned in his obituary in Translab's internal newsletter. Two years later, his research was rediscovered when his division, now under the direction of Herbert Rooney, decided to conduct further research into raised pavement markers. At this time, Translab developed the modern pattern of interspersing plastic square reflectors between groups of four round polyester or epoxy dots. This pattern was first tested along Interstate 80 near Vacaville in 1965. To minimize the risk that dots would become coated with rubber scraped off tires, Translab switched to ceramic round markers in 1966.

References 

20th-century American engineers
San Jose State University faculty
Engineers from California
Engineers from Missouri
Academics from Missouri
1893 births
1962 deaths
California Department of Transportation
Aerosonde Ltd. Aerosonde Ltd, now part of Textron Systems Unmanned Systems, is an Australian-based developer and manufacturer of unmanned aerial vehicles, including the AAI Corporation Aerosonde series. The company has customers in Australia, Asia and North America who use its vehicles for reconnaissance and meteorological applications.

History
The Aerosonde platform, then the sole product of Insitu inc. gained prominence on 21 August 1998 when an Aerosonde "Laima" became the first unmanned aerial vehicle to cross the North Atlantic, covering a 3270 km route in a time of 26 hrs 45 min.

On 22 June 2006, Aerosonde Ltd was acquired by the AAI Corporation. AAI was acquired in 2007 by Textron.

Aircraft

References

External links
 Aerosonde Ltd home page

Aircraft manufacturers of Australia
Australian brands
Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers
Bastyan Power Station. The Bastyan Power Station is a conventional hydroelectric power station located in Western Tasmania, Australia.

Technical details
Part of the Pieman River scheme that comprises four hydroelectric power stations, the Bastyan Power Station is the third station in the scheme. The power station is located aboveground at the foot of the rock-filled concrete faced Bastyan Dam which forms Lake Rosebery. Water from the lake is fed to the power station near the centre of the dam wall by a  single penstock tunnel.

The power station was commissioned in 1983 by the Hydro Electric Corporation (TAS) and the station has one Fuji Francis turbine, with a generating capacity of  of electricity.  The station output, estimated to be  annually, is fed to TasNetworks' transmission grid via a 13.8 kV/220 kV Fuji generator transformer to the outdoor switchyard.

The water discharged from the Bastyan Power Station flows into Lake Pieman for use in the Reece Power Station.

See also 

 List of power stations in Tasmania

References

External links

Energy infrastructure completed in 1983
Hydroelectric power stations in Tasmania
Pieman River Power Development
University of Ruse. "Angel Kanchev" University of Ruse () is a public university in the city of Ruse, Bulgaria. The university was formed on 21 July 1995 by the dissolution of Higher Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Mechanisation and Electrification of Agriculture () which was commonly known as () with establishment date 12 November 1945. This was the first national higher technical school outside the Bulgarian capital.

The University of Ruse employs 31 professors, 177 docents and another 85 assistants with Doctor of Science qualification.

The tradition and the geography of the University of Ruse determine its mission and its strategic role of an educational, scientific and intellectual center of the Ruse region and northeast Bulgaria on the national and the international levels. The university has two subsidiaries structures in the cities of Silistra and Razgrad.

University of Ruse was selected by the European Commission for the TEMPUS program of 18 universities from 11 Central European countries that have achieved the best results in the transformation of higher education. It is a regular member of the European Universities Association (EUA) and of the Danube Rectors' Conference (DRC). It participates in CEEPUS, SOCRATES / ERASMUS and LEONARDO DA VINCI programs. International approval is to confirm that he built and developed as a modern university with European level of education. Due to the implementation of the credit system, the university has been conferred the ECTS label.

Faculties 
 Agrarian and Industrial Faculty 
 Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
 Faculty of Electrical engineering, Electronics and Automation
 Faculty of Transport
 Faculty of Business and Management
 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Education
 Faculty of Law
 Faculty of Public Health and Health care

External links 

 
 Bulgarian-Romanian Interuniversity Europe Center

Ruse
Ruse
Ruse, Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Ruse, Bulgaria
1945 establishments in Bulgaria
Telechelic polymer. A telechelic polymer or oligomer is a prepolymer capable of entering into further polymerization or other reactions through its reactive end-groups. It can be used for example to synthesize block copolymers.

By definition, a telechelic polymer is a di-end-functional polymer where both ends possess the same functionality. Where the chain-ends of the polymer are not of the same functionality they are termed di-end-functional polymers.

All polymers resulting from living polymerization are end-functional but may not necessarily be telechelic.

Telechelic polymers with different number of reactive end groups can be termed according to the number of end-groups as “hemi-” (one), “di-” (two),” and “tri-telechelic” (three) polymers. When it presents many end groups it is called “polytelechelic”.

To prepare polymers by step-growth polymerization, telechelic polymers like polymeric diols and epoxy prepolymers can be used. The main examples are:
 Polyether diols;
 Polyester diols;
 Polycarbonate diols:  Polyhexamethylene carbonate diol (PHMCD);
 Polyalcadiene diols: Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (PBHT)...

Other examples of telechelic polymers are the halato-telechelic polymers or halatopolymers. The end-groups of these polymers are ionic or ionizable like carboxylate or quaternary ammonium groups.

Synthesis 
Telechelic polymers can be synthesized by different polymerization mechanisms. From vinyl monomers, among synthetic strategies are controlled radical polymerization and anionic polymerization. In the case of olefins, that is difficult to be functionalized, recent advances in insertion polymerization and post-polymerization can be used to produce telechelic polyolefins.

Application 
Telechelic polymers are important in the preparation of block copolymers acting as building blocks for the structural design of these copolymers. Particularly, ABA triblock copolymers has received much industrial interest for development of thermoplastic elastomers.

References 

Polymers
Pressure drop. Pressure drop (often abbreviated as "dP" or "ΔP") is defined as the difference in total pressure between two points of a fluid carrying network. A pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the resistance to flow, act on a fluid as it flows through a conduit (such as a channel, pipe, or tube). This friction converts some of the fluid's hydraulic energy to thermal energy (i.e., internal energy). Since the thermal energy cannot be converted back to hydraulic energy, the fluid experiences a drop in pressure, as is required by conservation of energy.

The main determinants of resistance to fluid flow are fluid velocity through the pipe and fluid viscosity. Pressure drop increases proportionally to the frictional shear forces within the piping network. A piping network containing a high relative roughness rating as well as many pipe fittings and joints, tube convergence, divergence, turns, surface roughness, and other physical properties will affect the pressure drop. High flow velocities or high fluid viscosities result in a larger pressure drop across a pipe section, valve, or elbow joint. Low velocity will result in less (or no) pressure drop. The fluid may also be biphasic as in pneumatic conveying with a gas and a solid; in this case, the friction of the solid must also be taken into consideration for calculating the pressure drop.

Applications

Fluid in a system will always flow from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure, assuming it has a path to do so. All things being equal, a higher pressure drop will lead to a higher flow (except in cases of choked flow).

The pressure drop of a given system will determine the amount of energy needed to convey fluid through that system. For example, a larger pump could be required to move a set amount of water through smaller-diameter pipes (with higher velocity and thus higher pressure drop) as compared to a system with larger-diameter pipes (with lower velocity and thus lower pressure drop).

Calculation of pressure drop

Pressure drop is related inversely to pipe diameter to the fifth power. For example, halving a pipe's diameter would increase the pressure drop by a factor of  (e.g. from 2 psi to 64 psi), assuming no change in flow.

Pressure drop in piping is directly proportional to the length of the piping—for example, a pipe with twice the length will have twice the pressure drop, given the same flow rate. Piping fittings (such as elbow and tee joints) generally lead to greater pressure drop than straight pipe. As such, a number of correlations have been developed to calculate equivalent length of fittings.

Certain valves are provided with an associated flow coefficient, commonly known as  or . The flow coefficient relates pressure drop, flow rate, and specific gravity for a given valve.

Many empirical calculations exist for calculation of pressure drop, including:
 Darcy–Weisbach equation, to calculate pressure drop in a pipe
 Hagen–Poiseuille equation

See also
 ΔP
 head loss

References

External links
  

Mechanics
Fluid dynamics
Badr-4. Badr-4 (a.k.a. Arabsat 4B) is an EADS Astrium-built communications satellite operated by Arabsat, launched 8 November 2006 on a Proton-M/Briz-M rocket. It provides fixed satellite communications services in C- and Ku-bands from the 26° East orbital position.

The satellite is based on the Eurostar E2000+ platform. Its payload was supplied by Alcatel Alenia Space. The Badr-4-payload consists of 28 active channels in Ku band (16 in BSS and 12 in FSS). Payload power is about 6 kW. The satellite has two 2.5 m deployable antennas and one 1.35 m top floor antenna.

Due to success of the satellite, Arabsat let another agreement for an upgraded version of Badr-4 communication satellite: in June 2006, Arabsat gave the contract to EADS Astrium for construction of Badr-6, a high-power broadcast satellite to cover the Middle East and Africa. Badr-6 was launched by an Ariane 5 on 7 July 2008.

Description
This satellite carries 32 transponders in Ku band/FSS & Ku band/BSS. The spacecraft utilizes Astrium's Eurostar E2000+ platform to carry 22 C-band transponders (including eight 52 W moderate power transponders) and 12 Ku band transponders.

References

External links

IMS  Official provider's site

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 2006
Satellites using the Eurostar bus
Imagine (educational magazine). Imagine is a defunct educational periodical for 7th-12th graders that was published by the Center for Talented Youth (CTY) at Johns Hopkins University. It is intended to provide intellectual stimulus for students looking toward their college years. Each issue focuses on an academic theme such as engineering, social sciences, archaeology, or robotics, that a younger student might not be exposed to in the course of primary or secondary education. The magazine also features, among other things, student-written articles (making up the bulk of the magazine) about summer and extracurricular activities, reviews of selective colleges, book reviews, interviews with accomplished people, puzzles, college planning advice, and career options information. Contests for Imagine readers were held at times, with topics ranging from essay competitions to photo contests. In 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 Imagine was awarded the Parents' Choice Gold Award for magazines. The editor was Melissa Hartman of Johns Hopkins University, CTY.

The magazine was published five times each year, from September 1993 through June 2018. Issues are between 40 and 50 pages in length.

See also

 Gifted education
 Gifted
 U.S. children's magazines
 Center for Talented Youth

References

External links
 
 CTY homepage
 Ohs Imagine Magazine
 Imagine  at Project MUSE

1993 establishments in Maryland
2018 disestablishments in Maryland
Defunct education magazines published in the United States
Engineering magazines
Gifted education
Magazines established in 1993
Magazines disestablished in 2018
Magazines published in Baltimore
Robotics magazines
Defunct teen magazines published in the United States
Superbus (transport). The Superbus was a project lasting from 2006 to 2020 to create a prototype high speed electric coach-like limo car capable of carrying 23 passengers at speeds of up to  on specially designed segregated highway lanes. The Superbus project, which had been led by Dutch astronaut professor Wubbo Ockels of the Delft University of Technology until his death in 2014 envisaged a comfortable, demand-dependent door-to-door transportation rivaling the car and the train. The project, which encompassed infrastructure, logistics, safety, reliability and economic viability, in addition to the design of the vehicle itself, received funding of €10 million, largely provided by the Dutch State.

The vehicle

The vehicle was a 15-metre-long electric vehicle with seating for 23 passengers accessible from 16 doors with a cruising speed of  and a range of .

Super lanes
The plan required the vehicle run on special 'super lanes' -- geothermically heated in order to prevent icing during cold weather, so the infrastructure costs would be significant.

Logistics
Rather than following a timetable, the plan stated that vehicle will be routed in response to the needs of the particular passengers offering a complete journey without changes based on central routing optimization system.

References

Transport in the Netherlands
Delft University of Technology
Buses by type
Dutch inventions
Bernard Crossland. Sir Bernard Crossland (20 October 1923 – 17 January 2011) was a British professor of engineering with a career spanning some seven decades. He was made a Freeman of the City of London in 1987 and was knighted in 1990 for services to Northern Ireland.

Life
Crossland was born in London, England. Upon leaving Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys in 1940 he gained employment as an engineering apprentice with Rolls-Royce, gaining his education through part-time study culminating in the award of a PhD from the University of Bristol in 1953.

His teaching career began at Luton Technical College in 1945, and, after teaching at Bristol University he became Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Queen's University of Belfast, where he went on to act as Pro-Vice Chancellor before his retirement in 1982. He was president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1986.

After retirement, Sir Bernard became involved in the investigation of several accidents, the most noteworthy of which was the King's Cross fire where he headed up the scientific committee which established the cause of the fire and made recommendations to prevent such a tragedy from occurring again.

In his later years, Sir Bernard served as an Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering at Queen's University of Belfast, where a building, housing the Computer Science department, was named after him until March 2017.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1979, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1980 and knighted in 1990.

In 2001 he was awarded the Cunningham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy.

References

External links 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070317071327/http://www.ul.ie/vpacad/HonDocs/Cit-Bernard%20Crossland.htm

1923 births
2011 deaths
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
People from Sydenham, London
Academics of the University of Bristol
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Knights Bachelor
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Rolls-Royce people
People educated at Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys
Changeables. Changeables was a toy series produced by McDonald's and given as the prize inside a Happy Meal. The series took advantage of the transformable robot gimmick popularized in the 1980s, only the Changeables turned into popular McDonald's menu items.

There were three series produced in 1987, 1989 and 1990.

The original series featured six food items that transformed into unnamed robots. The second series included redeco versions of two series one robots (Big Mac and Large Fries) and six new molds. Series two also gave the robots names. Series three consisted of eight new toys that became dinosaurs instead of robots. This set reused food items from previous series but were new molds, with the exception of the ice cream cone, remolded from series two, and the Happy Meal that was new to the line.

Intended for use by small children, the Changeables line of toys was surprisingly sturdy as each figure was made from fairly thick plastic and typically contained only three moving parts. This made changing the individual figures from food item to robot/dinosaur and back fairly easy even for those within the intended age range. There were also some under-3 (U-3) toys in the sets that did not transform.

Two Changeables (Cheeseburger and Happy Meal-O-Don) were released as part of the Happy Meal's 40th anniversary surprise toy assortment. These were new molds based on the originals with minor color and sculpting changes. In particular, the Hamburger Changeable's food mode is new to the line, despite reusing the robot mode of the Quarter Pounder.

Series 1 (1987)
Big Mac
Large Fries
McNuggets Box
Milk Shake
Egg McMuffin
Quarter Pounder
(U-3) Pals Changeable Cube

Series 2 (1989)
Big Mac / Macro Mac (Re-color from Series 1)
Large Fries / Fry Force (Re-color from Series 1)
Small Soft Drink / Krypto Cup
Small Fries / Fry-Bot
Hot Cakes / Robo-Cakes
Quarter Pounder Box / Gallacta Burger
Cheeseburger / C2-Cheeseburger
Ice Cream / Turbo Cone
(U-3) Pals Changeable Cube

Series 3 (1990)
Happy Meal-O-Don
McDino Cone
Hot Cakes-O-Dactyl

Big Mac-O-Saurus Rex
Tri-Shake-atops
McNuggets-O-Saurus
Quarter Pounder with Cheese-O-Saur
(U-3) Bronto Cheeseburger
(U-3) Small

40th Anniversary Surprise Series (2019)
Hamburger (robot mode modeled after Quarter Pounder from Series 1)
Happy Meal-O-Don

References

External links
 Series 1 (archived version)
 Series 2 (archived version)
 Series 3 (archived version)
 History of Generation 1 toy line

1980s toys
Transforming toy robots
Layer (object-oriented design). In software object-oriented design, a layer is a group of classes that have the same set of link-time module dependencies to other modules. In other words, a layer is a group of reusable components that are reusable in similar circumstances. In programming languages, the layer distinction is often expressed as "import" dependencies between software modules.

Layers are often arranged in a tree-form hierarchy, with dependency relationships as links between the layers. Dependency relationships between layers are often either inheritance, composition or aggregation relationships, but other kinds of dependencies can also be used.

Layers is an architectural pattern described in many books, for example Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture

See also
 Abstraction layer
 Multitier architecture
 Shearing layers

References

Object-oriented programming
Software design
Baldev Raj. Baldev Raj (9 April 1947 – 6 January 2018) was an Indian scientist and director of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam, India.

Education
He had a Bachelors in Engineering (B.E.) from Government Engineering College, Raipur Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (Now National Institute of Technology, Raipur), and a PhD from IISc, Bangalore, D.Sc. (h.c.) from Sathyabama Deemed University, Chennai.

Career
He was director of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam, India. He was also the director of the National Institute of Advanced Studies.

He died on 6 January 2018 in Pune from an apparent cardiac arrest.

Awards
He was awarded one of the H K Firodia awards, padma shri award also for 2015.

References

External links
Home Page

1947 births
2018 deaths
Engineers from Jammu and Kashmir
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
Indian Institute of Science alumni
Indian metallurgists
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology alumni
20th-century Indian engineers
National Institute of Technology, Raipur alumni
Hirschlanden transmitter. The Hirschlanden transmitter was a facility of the Deutsche Telekom AG (in earlier days: Deutsche Bundespost) for mediumwave broadcasting south of Ditzingen-Hirschlanden (a village which is a part of the German city of Ditzingen) situated at 48°49'47" N and 9°02'15" E.

The Hirschlanden transmitter was inaugurated in 1963 as a transmitter for the programming of Armed Forces Network (AFN) on 1142 kHz (after 1978, 1143 kHz) with a transmission power of 10 kW. It uses as antenna a 40 metre tall guyed mast of lattice steel, which is groundfed and therefore insulated against ground. This mast, which has a rectangular cross section, was perhaps built in 1936, but used until 1963 at another site.

In 2001 the Hirschlanden transmitter was modified for simultaneous broadcasting on two mediumwave frequencies, for 1143 kHz with 10 kW output power for AFN and for 738 kHz with 5 kW output power for private radio companies. Therefore, the tuning house was replaced by a new one with a switch that allows the mast to be used for 738 kHz and 1143 kHz as well. The mast itself received a horizontal crosspiece on its top as roof capacitance, making it more efficient for 738 kHz. The second mediumwave transmitter was in use for the pop music radio station MEGARADIO from 16 January 2002 until 4 April 2003, when these transmissions ceased because MEGARADIO ran out of money. From that date only the AFN transmitter was in service until 15 August 2005, since when the second transmitter has been put back into use again for truck radio.

See also 
 List of famous transmission sites

External links 

 
 https://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&ll=48.828707,9.036684&spn=0.001568,0.003659&om=1
 http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b46639

Buildings and structures in Ludwigsburg (district)
Radio masts and towers in Germany
1963 establishments in West Germany
American Forces Network
Towers completed in 1963