omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Roadworthiness. Roadworthiness or streetworthiness is a property or ability of a car, bus, truck or any kind of automobile to be in a suitable operating condition or meeting acceptable standards for safe driving and transport of people, baggage or cargo in roads or streets, being therefore street-legal.

In Europe, roadworthy inspection is regulated by:

 Directive 2014/45/EU, on periodic roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers,
 Directive 2014/46/EU, on the registration documents for vehicles,
 Directive 2014/47/EU, on the technical roadside inspection of the roadworthiness of commercial vehicles.

Certificate
A Certificate of Roadworthiness (also known as a ‘roadworthy’ or ‘RWC’) attests that a vehicle is safe enough to be used on public roads. A roadworthy is required in the selling of a vehicle in some countries. It may also be required when the vehicle is re-registered, and to clear some problematic notices.

Inspection
Roadworthy inspection is designed to check the vehicle to make sure that its important auto parts are in a good (not top) condition that is enough for safe road use. It includes:

 mirrors
 wheels and tires
 vehicle structure
 lights and reflectors
 seats and seat belts
 steering, suspensions and braking systems
 windscreen, and windows including front wipers and washers
 other safety related items on the body, chassis or engine

Roadworthy inspection in Europe
Directive 2014/45/EU regulates the periodic testing for various kind of vehicles:

 transport of people (M1, M2, M3)
 transport of good (N1, N2, N3)
 trailers of more than 3.5 tonnes (O3, O3)
 tractors of category T5
 since January 2022,  two- or three-wheel vehicles in categories L3e, L4e, L5e and L7e, with an engine displacement of more than 125 cm3.

18 of 27 EU member states have required motorcycle owners to have their vehicles checked for road-worthiness. The directive 2014/45/EU defines obligations and responsibilities,  minimum requirements concerning road-worthiness tests, administrative provisions and cooperation and exchange of information.

Minimum requirements concerning road-worthiness tests encompass date and frequency of testing, contents and methods of testing, assessment of deficiencies, road-worthiness certificate, follow-up of deficiencies and proof of test.

See also

Airworthiness
Crashworthiness
Cyberworthiness
Railworthiness
Seaworthiness
Spaceworthiness
Street-legal vehicle
Vehicle inspection

Reference list

Transport law
Mechanical engineering
Motor vehicle maintenance
Flight 120. Flight 120 may refer to the following accidents involving commercial airliners:
 TAME Flight 120, crashed on 28 January 2002
 China Airlines Flight 120, caught fire and exploded after landing on 20 August 2007
 UTair Flight 120, crashed on 2 April 2012

See also
 
 STS-120, a successful Space Shuttle mission in October–November 2007

0120
Unlooper. An unlooper is a smart card repair device intended to break the card's microcontroller out of an infinite loop that has been either accidentally or intentionally programmed into the card's internal memory.

A looped smart card is generally unusable, and may be permanently rendered nonfunctional (bricked) unless an unlooper is able to get the microcontroller out of the infinite loop.

An unlooper is a tool that has both legal and illegal purposes, for use by smart card software developers to recover from programming mistakes, and by those attempting to hack smart card security systems.

See also
Smart card

Smart cards
Stereoscape. Stereoscape Ltd. is an extended reality startup company with headquarters in Helsinki. The company designs and builds interactive and immersive 3D, AR and VR solutions for companies. The goal of the solutions is to help people learn faster and work smarter to drive productivity, sustainability and business growth.

Stereoscape's team consists of AR & VR experts working together with a network of international partners. The company tailors its solutions to the customer needs.

Solutions 
Stereoscape's solution offerings can be divided into three categories:

 Sales & Marketing
 Operations & Maintenance
 Learning & Training

In the past Stereoscape has created solutions for brands like Nokia, Valmet, Wärtsilä and F-Secure.

History 
Stereoscape was founded in 2009. The company started in the field of stereoscopic 3D conversions of films and later progressed to glasses-free 3D technologies. Stereoscape was part of the process of stereoscopic conversion of the movie Moomins and the Comet Chase. In 2015 Stereoscape started creating extended reality solutions with the focus more on the interactive content. In 2020 more solution portfolios were created to answer the changing demands on the market because of the coronavirus pandemic.

References

External links
https://www.stereoscape.com www.stereoscape.com

Finnish companies established in 2009
Companies based in Helsinki
Memistor. A memistor is a nanoelectric circuitry element used in parallel computing memory technology. Essentially, a resistor with memory able to perform logic operations and store information, it is a three-terminal implementation of the memristor.

History
While the memristor is defined in terms of a two-terminal circuit element, there was an implementation of a three-terminal device called a memistor developed by Bernard Widrow in 1960. Memistors formed basic components of a neural network architecture called ADALINE developed by Widrow. The memistor was also used in MADALINE.

Essence
In one of the technical reports the memistor was described as follows:

Since the conductance was described as being controlled by the time integral of current as in Chua's theory of the memristor, the memistor of Widrow may be considered as a form of memristor having three instead of two terminals. However, one of the main limitations of Widrow's memistors was that they were made from an electroplating cell rather than as a solid-state circuit element. Solid-state circuit elements were required to achieve the scalability of the integrated circuit which was gaining popularity around the same time as the invention of Widrow's memistor.

An article on ArXiv suggests that the floating-gate MOSFET as well as other 3-terminal "memory transistors" may be modeled using dynamical systems equations in a similar fashion to the memristive systems of memristors.

See also
Memristor
Trancitor

References

External links

 Memistor - Research at Cisco

Electrical components
Electronic circuits in computer storage
Discontinuity (geotechnical engineering). In geotechnical engineering, a  discontinuity (often referred to as a joint) is a plane or surface that marks a change in physical or chemical characteristics in a soil or rock mass. A discontinuity can be, for example, a bedding, schistosity, foliation, joint, cleavage, fracture, fissure, crack, or fault plane. A division is made between mechanical and integral discontinuities. Discontinuities may occur multiple times with broadly the same mechanical characteristics in a discontinuity set, or may be a single discontinuity. A discontinuity makes a soil or rock mass anisotropic.

Mechanical
A mechanical discontinuity is a plane of physical weakness where the tensile strength perpendicular to the discontinuity or the shear strength along the discontinuity is lower than that of the surrounding soil or rock material.

Integral
An integral discontinuity is a discontinuity that is as strong as the surrounding soil or rock material. Integral discontinuities can change into mechanical discontinuities due to physical or chemical processes (e.g. weathering) that change the mechanical characteristics of the discontinuity.

Set or family
Various geological processes create discontinuities at a broadly regular spacing. For example, bedding planes are the result of a repeated sedimentation cycle with a change of sedimentation material or change in structure and texture of the sediment at regular intervals, folding creates joints at regular separations to allow for shrinkage or expansion of the rock material, etc. Normally discontinuities with the same origin have broadly the same characteristics in terms of shear strength, spacing between discontinuities, roughness, infill, etc. The orientations of discontinuities with the same origin are related to the process that has created them and to the geological history of the rock mass. A discontinuity set or family denotes a series of discontinuities for which the geological origin (history, etc.), the orientation, spacing, and the mechanical characteristics (shear strength, roughness, infill material, etc.) are broadly the same.

Single
A discontinuity may exist as a single feature (e.g. fault, isolated joint or fracture) and in some circumstances, a discontinuity is treated as a single discontinuity although it belongs to a discontinuity set, in particular if the spacing is very wide compared to the size of the engineering application or to the size of the geotechnical unit.

Characterization
Various international standards exist to describe and characterize discontinuities in geomechanical terms, such as ISO 14689-1:2003 and ISRM.

See also

Asperity (geotechnical engineering)
Exfoliating granite
Persistence (discontinuity)
Rock mass classification
Rock mechanics
Shear strength (discontinuity)
Sliding criterion (geotechnical engineering)
Tilt test (geotechnical engineering)

References

Further reading

Soil mechanics
Mining engineering
Rock mechanics
Estevan Antonio Fuertes. Estevan Antonio Fuertes (May 10, 1838 – January 16, 1903) was a Puerto Rican-American civil engineer and professor of astronomy at Cornell University.

Biography
Born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Estevan Antonio Fuertes was the son of Estevan and Demetria Cherbonnier Fuertes. He received his education at Salamanca, Spain, and at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, New York.

From 1861 to 1863, he was assistant engineer in the Department of Public Works, Puerto Rico, and subsequently served as director of public works for the western district of that island. Coming to the United States in 1864, he was successively assistant engineer and engineer to the Croton Aqueduct Board, and prepared a valuable report on the connection of the Croton water supply with the manufactures of New York City.

From 1870 to 1871, he was chief engineer of the American Isthmian Canal expeditions to Tehuantepec and Nicaragua to investigate and report on the practicability of a ship canal connecting the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean

In 1873, he was appointed founding dean of the Civil Engineering Department of Cornell University, and from 1890 to 1902 directed the Cornell's College of Civil Engineering advancing its research and technical programs to its then "state-of-the-art" modern standard.

In 1902, he was also appointed professor of astronomy at Cornell and supervised the construction of the A. C. Barnes Observatory.

The Fuertes Observatory (completed in 1917) on North Campus was subsequently named in his honor and remains in his name to this day.

On the international plane, Fuertes also is known for his visionary design and comprehensive planning of the drainage systems of Santos, Brazil.

He was a member of many scientific societies, American and foreign, and published numerous scientific articles and reports.

Fuertes died at his home in Ithaca, New York on January 16, 1903, and was buried at Lake View Cemetery.

Family
On December 11, 1860, he married Mary Stone Perry. They had six children: Felix Juan, James Hillhouse, George Perry, Sarah Demetria, Mary Katherine  Stamford, and Louis Agassiz.

Notes

References

 
 

1838 births
1903 deaths
Immigrants to the United States
American civil engineers
American astronomers
Cornell University faculty
People from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican academics
Puerto Rican scientists
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Rex Smith Biplane. The Rex Smith Biplane was a pioneering biplane based mostly on designs of Glen Curtiss. It was built and demonstrated at College Park, Maryland, at the same airfield that the Wright Brothers trained pilots using their aircraft for the U.S. Army Signal Corps just north of Washington, D.C. This followed the initial demonstration at Fort Myer, Virginia, in 1908 and 1909, when the U.S. Army Signal Corps accepted the Wright Flyer in July 1909.  Both the Wright Brothers and Curtiss continued to demonstrate their aircraft at the College Park Airport.

Operational history
At a 1911 display in Washington, D.C., of the Smith biplane, a large crowd gathered to watch the motor started indoors, kicking dust throughout the building. On April 13, the biplane demonstrated wireless air-to-ground communications at College Park. On April 15, test pilot Tony Jannus attempted a take off from the Potomac River with new pontoons attached to the landing skids. The plane plowed into the water, nearly drowning Jannus. By the end of the year, the aircraft had demonstrated 137 flights, including takeoffs and landings during snowstorms.

Variants
An aircraft was developed with an airfoil that tapered from four feet thick to nearly flat at the wingtips. The aircraft used wing warping tips rather than ailerons. It was tested with a Hall-Scott engine by test pilot Paul Peck. A Berliner Rotary was also considered for the design.

Specifications (Rex Smith Biplane)

Notes

References

1910s United States civil utility aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1910
James Hillhouse Fuertes. James Hillhouse Fuertes (10 August 1863 in Ponce, Puerto Rico - 30 January 1932 in Brooklyn, New York) was a United States civil and sanitary engineer.

Biography
He was the son of astronomer and civil engineer Estevan Fuertes and Mary Stone Perry Fuertes, and the brother of naturalist and writer Louis Agassiz Fuertes.  Fuertes graduated from Cornell University in 1883. He constructed works for the sewerage, drainage and water supply of various cities in the United States, Canada and Brazil, and served as consulting engineer of various corporations and municipalities. He was a non-resident lecturer at Cornell.

Works
 Water and Public Health (1897)
 Water Filtration Works (1901)
 "European Sanitary Engineering Series" in the Engineering Record
He also wrote numerous monographs on engineering and sanitary subjects, etc.

Family
He married Mary Hill Cable on 10 January 1895. She died in May 1921 in Brooklyn.

References

External links
 

1863 births
1932 deaths
American civil engineers
American people of Puerto Rican descent
Cornell University alumni
Cornell University faculty
Hispanic and Latino American teachers
Educators from Ponce, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican emigrants
20th-century American engineers
International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics. The  International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics (IMPRS-UFAST) is a graduate school of the Max Planck Society. It is a joint venture of the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD), the University of Hamburg, the Center for Free Electron Laser Science, the  Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and the European XFEL GmbH. It was established in 2011 and is now based at the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter in Hamburg, Germany.

The school offers an interdisciplinary PhD programme focussing generally  on research on structural changes of atoms, molecules, condensed, biological, or warm dense matter at  femtosecond time scales, with the ultimate goal of discovering  the primary events governing these processes. Research areas include the theoretical and practical aspects of condensed matter and atomically resolved dynamics, fundamental light-matter interaction, accelerator-based light sources, coherent imaging, coherent controlled molecular and solid state dynamics, molecule imaging, extreme timescale spectroscopy, ultrafast optics, free-electron lasers and x-ray, and their applications in chemistry, biology and medicine.

The programme builds on the infrastructures and scientific expertise in the area of advanced light sources  available in the Hamburg area. The program  takes in approximately 10 students annually,  who are fully funded for the duration of their doctoral studies.

References

External links 

University of Hamburg
Particle physics facilities
Max Planck Society
Edward Zinn. Edward H. Zinn (July 30, 1877 – May 19, 1920) was an American mechanical engineer, tax assessment clerk and Socialist from Milwaukee, Wisconsin who served two terms (1913–1916) as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly representing the 7th Milwaukee County Assembly district (7th and 10th wards of the city of Milwaukee.

Background 
Zinn was born in Milwaukee, July 30, 1877. He graduated from local public schools and attended engineering school. He became a mechanical engineer apprentice for Pawling & Harnischfeger Company, moving in 1897 to Allis Chalmers company and later with other engineering concerns of Milwaukee. In 1910 he was appointed special assessment clerk in the Department of Public Works of the City of Milwaukee but in 1912 returned to engineering.

As of 1911, he was President of the North Division Neighborhood Center in the neighborhood around North Division High School.

Assembly career 
He was elected to the Assembly on the ticket of the Social Democratic Party (as the party was still known in Wisconsin) in 1912, receiving 2,215 votes to 1,794 for Democrat Frank Muench, 1,117 for Republican Edward Wunderlich, and 32 for Prohibitionist George Zinnern, succeeding fellow Socialist Arthur Kahn. He was appointed to the standing committee on taxation He was re-elected in the 1914 election, with 1889 votes to 1446 for Republican A. W. Hinkel and 775 for Democrat Charles Olbrogge; he then transferred to the Committee on Municipalities.

He did not run for re-election in 1916, and was succeeded by Republican Bernhard Gettelman.

He continued to work as an engineer until his death on May 19, 1920.

References 

1877 births
1920 deaths
American mechanical engineers
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Politicians from Milwaukee
Socialist Party of America politicians from Wisconsin
20th-century members of the Wisconsin Legislature
Bohdan Bejmuk. Bohdan Ihor Bejmuk is a Ukrainian-American aerospace consultant and former Boeing manager who was a member of the 2009 Augustine Commission and is the current chairman of the Constellation program Standing Review Board. He received his BSME (1964) and MSME (1967) from the University of Colorado.

He was the Executive Vice President and Chief Engineer on Sea Launch, an international joint venture. He was responsible for directing all aspects of development for the company, leading the effort of several thousands of American, Russian, Ukrainian and Norwegian engineers and shipyard workers. After completion of the development, he was the manager of Sea Launch operations at Home Port in Long Beach, California and at the launch region in the Pacific Ocean.

His honors include: Membership in the International Academy of Astronautics and the Lloyd V. Berkner Award.  He speaks English, Russian, Ukrainian, French, Polish, and Spanish.

Notes

References 

21st-century American engineers
Living people
American people of Ukrainian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
Vineyard Golf Club. The Vineyard Golf Club on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, opened in 2002 and uses no synthetic pesticides, fertilizers or herbicides  making it the only organic golf course in the U.S. that uses organic turf management.

History 
Fearing pollution of the island's only aquifer, community members required the Vineyard Golf Club use organic management before permitting it to open. 

The superintendent at the Vineyard Golf Club from 2002-2015, Jeff Carlson, was the recipient of the 2003 GCSAA/Golf Digest Environmental Leaders in Golf Award and is the 2008 winner of the President's Award for Environmental Stewardship. Carlson has used the course as a test site for new maintenance practices and products which have helped other courses become more environmentally friendly. 

The Vineyard Golf Club gained further press coverage in 2009 when President Barack Obama played the course, and then in 2010 when he returned to Martha's Vineyard and played the course multiple times.

Golf Magazine published a report about organic golf courses and reported that golfers have unrealistic expectations of golf course greens, which causes the use of pesticides by course superintendents. Researchers Kit Wheeler and John Nauright call this phenomenon “Augusta National Syndrome.”

Kevin Banks succeeded Carlson as superintendent.

Turf management 
To lessen pest pressure, the training employs cultural strategies like rolling. It keeps a test field where new grass varieties are tested for disease and insect resistance. The course uses biological fungicides and organic pesticides listed with the Organic Materials Review Institute.

References

External links 
 Vineyard Golf Club website
 New York Times, Organic Golf Course
 Golf Digest, The Golf Course Superintendent

2002 establishments in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Dukes County, Massachusetts
Martha's Vineyard
Golf clubs and courses in Massachusetts
Sports venues completed in 2002
Tourist attractions in Edgartown, Massachusetts
Ross RH-3. The Ross RH-3 is a single seat, mid-wing glider that was designed by Harland Ross.

Design and development
Ross designed the R-3 as simplified version of the Ross R-2 Ibis with the intention of making the aircraft type easier to construct for amateur builders. The fuselage remained similar to the R-2, but the wing was redesigned as a straight wing, in contrast to the R-2's complex gull wing. The R-3 design was intended to be of all-wooden construction and employed a NACA 23018 airfoil section. Ross never constructed an example of the R-3.

Marvin Hicks of Aurora, Colorado purchased a set of plans and built a modified version of the aircraft over a ten-year period, culminating in a first flight on 1 January 1963. Hicks' aircraft used an increased span wing with flaps and a NACA 63 (3)-618 laminar flow airfoil. He designated the aircraft as the RH-3, indicating Ross-Hicks as contributing designers. The RH-3 proved to be a good performer in soaring contests.

Variants
R-3
Original Ross design, with a NACA 23018 airfoil. None built.
RH-3
Hicks modified Ross design, with a NACA 63 (3)-618 laminar flow airfoil. One built.

Specifications (RH-3)

See also

References

1960s United States sailplanes
Harland Ross aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1963
Mid-wing aircraft
RAAF Base Nabiac. RAAF Base Nabiac was an advanced operating base for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), during the Second World War, near Nabiac, New South Wales, Australia. Constructed in 1942 by the NSW Public Works Department  to the south east of Nabiac. The aerodrome consisted of four runways, with associated bomb dumps and camouflaged hangars for the Avro Anson and Douglas Boston aircraft stationed at the aerodrome. The base was closed after the war and fell into disuse. New England Airways later commenced a passenger and freight service and later Butler Air Transport then took over operations until 1952, when Wallis Island Aerodrome at Forster was opened.

The Central North Coast Sporting Car Club, Taree now use the site and they hold regular motor sport events on the gravel runways.

See also
 List of airports in New South Wales

References

Nabiac
Nabiac
Nabiac
1942 establishments in Australia