omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ludwig Bölkow. Ludwig Bölkow (30 June 1912 – 25 July 2003) was one of the aeronautical pioneers of Germany.

Background
Born in Schwerin, in then north-central Germany, in 1912, Bölkow was the son of a foreman employed by Fokker, one of the leading aircraft constructors of that time.

Early career
Bölkow's first job was with Heinkel, the aircraft company, before studying aero-engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin). On graduation, in 1939, he joined the project office of Messerschmitt AG in Augsburg, where he served initially as a clerk, later as a group leader for high-speed aerodynamics, especially for the Messerschmitt Me 262 and its successors. In January 1943, he was appointed head of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 development office in Vienna. A year later, Bölkow returned to the Messerschmitt project office, which had meanwhile moved to Oberammergau. There he set up a program for the development of the Messerschmitt P.1101 jet fighter.

Later career
After the war he created the Bölkow GmbH in Ottobrunn, which with time grew to the biggest aeronautics and spaceflight company, MBB (Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm). In the early 1990s it was bought by DASA.

He carried out the construction of the first German satellite, Azur, launched in 1969.

Bölkow was awarded the Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics) for "outstanding contribution in the field of aerospace engineering" in 1972. He was awarded a Gold Medal by the British Royal Aeronautical Society in 1978.

See also
Messerschmitt Me 262
Messerschmitt

References

1912 births
2003 deaths
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
German aerospace engineers
German aerospace businesspeople
German company founders
Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring recipients
Messerschmitt Me 262
People from Schwerin
Werner von Siemens Ring laureates
Engineers from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
AWG (disambiguation). AWG is an abbreviation for American wire gauge.

AWG may also refer to:

In science and technology:
 Arbitrary waveform generator, a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate electrical waveforms
 Arrayed waveguide grating, in telecommunications, an optical (de)multiplexing device
 Atmospheric water generator, a device that extracts water from humid air
Anthropocene Working Group, a research group dedicated to the study of the Anthropocene as a geological time unit

Businesses and organizations:
 Anglian Water Group, a British water company
 Association for Women Geoscientists
 Associated Wholesale Grocers
 Australian Writers' Guild

Other uses:
 American Winery Guide, a compendium of wineries in the United States
 Arctic Winter Games, an international biennial sports competition
 Aruban guilder, the currency of Aruba by ISO 4217 code
 Asymmetric Warfare Group, a unit of the United States Army which crafts doctrine for asymmetric warfare
RF probe. An RF probe is a device which allows electronic test equipment to measure radio frequency (RF) signal in an electronic circuit.

History
In 1980 Reed Gleason and Eric Strid invented the first high frequency wafer probe while working at Tektronix. They later went on to found Cascade Microtech in 1983.

RF energy may be challenging to measure for one or more reasons, depending on the nature of the circuit to be measured and the measuring equipment at hand.

The first kind of difficulty arises when the RF energy to be measured is at a frequency too high for available test equipment, such as a low-bandwidth oscilloscope, to process directly. In that case, the RF has to be converted to a DC or near-DC signal.

In this situation, a simple probe type sometimes called an RF detector can be used to convert the RF signal to DC. Such device will work as a RF rectifier and give a pulsed DC voltage.

The second kind of difficulty arises when RF energy has to be measured in a circuit which is sensitive to small changes in its electrical environment. For example, with some oscillator circuits, the presence of an ordinary wire within a few centimeters of the active components may change the amplitude or frequency of oscillations, or even prevent the circuit from oscillating at all. In that case, the signal has to be acquired by a measurement probe which extracts very little energy from the circuit. This can be achieved by employing very thin conductors, or tiny coils kept at some minimum separation from the active elements of the circuit.

In a situation, where circuit loading rather than high frequency is the real problem, a variety of small-geometry, high impedance probes can be used, sometimes including an amplifier to boost the tiny amount of energy extracted from the circuit to a level that allows it to be measured by available high-frequency test equipment.

Coaxial structures with spring-loaded inner and outer conductors can serve as an RF probe for modern communication electronics. Such probes are for instance being used in mass-production, in-line testing of communication electronics such as mobile phone industry. RF probes are especially relevant for switches and RF traces in printed circuit boards as well as terminations of RF components. In such systems, like many other RF circuits, there is a higher requirement of matching probe impedance with that of the DUT. Efficient matching avoids reflection which in turn leads to efficient power transfer. The second challenge to keep the power transfer efficient, is to keep the insertion loss as low as possible. Optimizing these parameters generally gets more challenging as the frequency increases.

References 

 The Encyclopedia of Electronic Circuits by Rudolf F. Graf, William Sheets. Published by McGraw-Hill Professional, 1996 - ,

External links 
 Post to sci.electronics.design

Radio electronics
Electronic circuits
Electronic test equipment
AMR. Amr or AMR may refer to:

Science, environment and medicine
 Antimicrobial resistance, of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites) to antimicrobials
 Anisotropic magnetoresistance, resistance varying with magnetic field
 Accelerating Moment Release, an earthquake precursor
 Advanced Modular Reactor, a proposed Small modular reactor design

Information technology
 Abstract Meaning Representation, a semantic annotation framework for natural language text
 Audio/modem riser, on a computer motherboard
 Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec for speech coding
 Adaptive mesh refinement in numerical analysis
 AMR radiotelephone network (Czechoslovakia) (in Czech, Automatizovaný městský radiotelefon)
 Automatic meter reading, for utility meters
 Autonomous mobile robot, portable robots used in industrial applications

Companies
 Abbingdon Music Research, a UK audio manufacturer
 American Medical Response, a private ambulance operator
 AMR Corporation, former parent company of American Airlines
 Arcata and Mad River Railroad

Financial 
 Applicable Margin Reset, a procedure for changing the interest rate on CLOs

People
 Amr (name), an Arabic male given name

Military
 AMR 35, a French light tank
 Andrew Mlangeni Regiment, an infantry regiment of the South African Army
 Anti-materiel rifle, high caliber rifle

Other uses
 Advanced meat recovery or mechanically recovered meat
 amr, ISO 639-3 code for the Amarakaeri language of Peru
 Amersham station, UK National Rail Code
 Àmr, the seventh solo album by progressive black metal musician Ihsahn
 Aston Martin Racing, UK motor racing team
 Revolutionary Marxist Alliance (Alliance marxiste révolutionnaire), a 1969–1974 French political party

See also

 
 
 
 
 Amri (disambiguation)
 Amer (disambiguation)
 Amir (disambiguation)
 AMRS (disambiguation)
Audio/modem riser. The audio/modem riser (AMR) is a riser expansion slot found on the motherboards of some Pentium III, Pentium 4, Duron, and Athlon personal computers. It was designed by Intel to interface with chipsets and provide analog functionality, such as sound cards and modems, on an expansion card.

Technology
Physically, it has two rows of 23 pins, making 46 pins total. Three drawbacks of AMR are that it eliminates one PCI slot, it is not plug and play, and it does not allow for hardware accelerated cards (only software-based).

Technologically, it has been superseded by the Advanced Communications Riser (ACR) and Intel's own communications and networking riser (CNR). However, riser technologies in general never really took off. Modems generally remained as PCI cards while audio and network interfaces were integrated on to motherboards.

See also
 Advanced Communications Riser (ACR)
 GeoPort
 Mobile Daughter Card

References

Further reading
 

Motherboard expansion slot
Basanite. Basanite () is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. It is composed mostly of feldspathoids, pyroxenes, olivine, and calcic plagioclase and forms from magma low in silica and enriched in alkali metal oxides that solidifies rapidly close to the Earth's surface.

Description

Basanite is an aphanitic (fine-grained) igneous rock that is low in silica and enriched in alkali metals. Of its total content of quartz, feldspar, and feldspathoid (QAPF), between 10% and 60% by volume is feldspathoid and over 90% of the feldspar is plagioclase. Quartz is never present. This places basanite in the basanite/tephrite field of the QAPF diagram. Basanite is further distinguished from tephrite by having a normative olivine content greater than 10%. While the IUGS recommends classification by mineral content whenever possible, volcanic rock can be glassy or so fine-grained that this is impractical, and then the rock is classified chemically using the TAS classification. Basanite then falls into the U1 (basanite-tephrite) field of the TAS diagram. Basanite is again distinguished from tephrite by its normative olivine content and from nephelinite by a normative albite content of over 5% and a normative nepheline content under 20%.

The mineral assembly in basanite is usually abundant feldspathoids (nepheline or leucite), plagioclase, and augite, together with olivine and lesser iron-titanium oxides such as ilmenite and magnetite-ulvospinel; minor alkali feldspar may be present. Clinopyroxene (augite) and olivine are common as phenocrysts and in the matrix. The augite contains significantly greater titanium, aluminium and sodium than that in typical tholeiitic basalt. Quartz is absent, as are orthopyroxene and pigeonite.

Chemically, basanites are mafic. They are low in silica (42 to 45% SiO2) and high in alkalis (3 to 5.5% Na2O and K2O) compared to basalt, which typically contains more SiO2, as evident on the diagram used for TAS classification. Nephelinite is yet richer in Na2O plus K2O compared to SiO2.

Occurrences

Basanite appears early in the alkaline magma series and basanites are found wherever alkaline magma is erupted. This includes both continental and ocean island settings. Together with basalts, they are produced by hotspot volcanism, for example in the Hawaiian Islands, the Comoros Islands and the Canary Islands. They are particularly common in areas of rifting.

During eruption of the Laacher See caldera some 12,900 years ago, the final phase of the eruption, which tapped the deepest part of the magma chamber, produced basanite lapilli mixed with phonolite lapilli. This has been interpreted as fresh magma injected into the magma chamber that may have helped trigger the eruption.

Eruption of basanite and other alkaline magmas characterizes the late alkaline phase (rejuvenation phase) of volcanic islands, which often comes 3 to 5 million years after the main shield-building phase.

See also

References

External links

Aphanitic rocks
Porphyritic rocks
Mafic rocks
Volcanic rocks

fr:Basalte#La basanite
Tonalite. Tonalite is an igneous, plutonic (intrusive) rock, of felsic composition, with phaneritic (coarse-grained) texture. Feldspar is present as plagioclase (typically oligoclase or andesine) with alkali feldspar making up less than 10% of the total feldspar content. Quartz (SiO2) is present as more than 20% of the total quartz-alkali feldspar-plagioclase-feldspathoid (QAPF) content of the rock. Amphiboles and biotite are common in lesser quantities, while accessory minerals include apatite, magnetite and zircon.

In older references tonalite is sometimes used as a synonym for quartz diorite. However the current IUGS classification defines tonalite as having greater than 20% quartz, while quartz diorite varies its quartz content from 5 to 20%.

The name is derived from the type locality of tonalites, adjacent to the Tonale Line, a major structural lineament and mountain pass, Tonale Pass, in the Italian and Austrian Alps. The name was first applied by Gerhard vom Rath in 1864. The term adamellite was originally applied by A. Cathrein in 1890 to orthoclase-bearing tonalite (likely a granodiorite) at Monte Adamello, Italy, in 1890, but later came to refer to quartz monzonite, and is now a deprecated term.

Trondhjemite is an orthoclase-deficient variety of sodium-rich tonalite with minor biotite as the only mafic mineral, named after Norway's third largest city, Trondheim.

Tonalites, together with granodiorites, are characteristic of calc-alkaline batholiths formed above subduction zones.

References

External links

Felsic rocks
Granitic rocks
Hypertext Editing System. The Hypertext Editing System, or HES, was an early hypertext research project conducted at Brown University in 1967 by Andries van Dam, Ted Nelson, and several Brown students. It was the first hypertext system available on commercial equipment that novices could use.

HES organized data into two main types: links and branching text. The branching text could automatically be arranged into menus, and a point within a given area could also have an assigned name, called a label, and be accessed later by that name from the screen. Although HES pioneered many modern hypertext concepts, its emphasis was on text formatting and printing.

HES required an IBM 2250 display console and a large memory partition on Brown's IBM System/360 Model 50 campus mainframe computer which limited its use: "Although it was shared with others, it was a multi-million-dollar piece of technology housed in a large machine room that van Dam’s team was able to use as essentially a personal computer between midnight and 4 AM." The program was used by NASA's Houston Manned Spacecraft Center for documentation on the Apollo space program. The project's research was funded by IBM but the program was stopped around 1969, and replaced by the FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System) project.

Ted Nelson claims credit for inventing the “back” button (“undo”) with regard to hypertext, as the Hypertext Editing System was the first system that contained one.

The HES editor was followed by another editing system called the File Retrieval and Editing System (FRESS).

References 

Hypertext
Brown University
History of human–computer interaction
Universal Chess Interface. The Universal Chess Interface (UCI) is an open communication protocol that enables chess engines to communicate with user interfaces.

History
In November 2000, the UCI protocol was released. Designed by Rudolf Huber and Stefan Meyer-Kahlen, the author of Shredder, UCI rivals the older "Chess Engine Communication Protocol" introduced with XBoard/WinBoard.

In 2002, Chessbase, the chess software company which markets Fritz, began to support UCI, which had previously been supported by only a few interfaces and engines.

, well over 300 engines are known to directly support UCI.

Design
By design, UCI assigns some tasks to the user interface (i.e., presentation layer) which have traditionally been handled by the engine (at the business layer) itself.

Most notably, the opening book is usually expected to be handled by the UI, by simply selecting moves to play until it is out of book, and only then starting up the engine for calculation in the resulting position. UCI does not specify any on-disk format for the opening book. Different UIs usually have their own proprietary formats.

While the UI can also take responsibility for handling endgame tablebases, this is arguably better handled in the engine itself, as having tablebase information can be useful for considering possible future positions.

Stefan-Meyer Kahlen's UCI protocol in Shredder uses a variation of long algebraic notation for moves. A "nullmove" from an engine to a GUI should be sent as 0000.

Examples
e2e4
e7e5
e1g1 (white short castling)
e7e8q (for promotion)

Features
The uci_limitstrength parameter tells engines with this feature to play at a lower level.  The uci_elo parameter specifies the Elo rating at which the engine will aim to play.  Engines that have implemented uci_elo include Delfi, Fritz, Hiarcs, Houdini, Junior, Rybka, Shredder, Sjeng and Stockfish.

Variants
The UCI has been modified to play some chess variants. Some of these are:
 Universal Shogi Interface (USI), a dialect for shogi;
 Universal Chinese Chess Interface (UCCI), a dialect for xiangqi.

Each of these protocols may also define variants of Portable Game Notation (PGN) and Forsyth–Edwards Notation (FEN). The XBoard CECP is said to require far fewer changes to support variants.

See also 
Chess Engine Communication Protocol (XBoard protocol)
Shredder
XBoard

References

External links 
List of UCI Engines (continuously updated)
UCI technical specification download page

Computer chess
Flotation. Flotation (also spelled floatation) involves phenomena related to the relative buoyancy of objects.

The term may also refer to:

Flotation (archaeology), a method for recovering very small artefacts from excavated sediments
Flotation (shares), an initial public offering of stocks or shares in a company
Floating exchange rate – changing policy to make a fixed currency have a floating rate may be called 'flotation'.
Flotation, any material added to the hull of a watercraft to keep the hull afloat
Flotation, the ability (as of a tire or snowshoes) to stay on the surface of soft ground or snow 
"Floatation", a 1990 electronic music song by The Grid
Flotation process, in process engineering, a method for the separation of mixtures
Dissolved air flotation (DAF), a water treatment process
Froth flotation, a process for separating hydrophobic from hydrophilic materials
Induced gas flotation, a water treatment process that clarifies wastewaters (or other waters) by the removal of suspended matter such as oil or solids
Flotation therapy, a technique whereby users 'float' in an isolation tank

See also
Float (disambiguation)
ZOG (hypertext). ZOG was an early hypertext system developed at Carnegie Mellon University during the 1970s by Donald McCracken and Robert Akscyn.  ZOG was first developed by Allen Newell and George G. Robertson to serve as the front end for AI and Cognitive Science programs brought together at CMU for a summer workshop. The ZOG project was as an outgrowth of long-term artificial intelligence research led by Allen Newell and funded by the Office of Naval Research. A second version of ZOG was installed as the key interface between users and logistics on the Nimitz class carrier USS Carl Vinson in 1983.

Composition
ZOG consisted of "frames" that contained a title, a description, a line containing ZOG system commands, and selections (menu items) that led to other frames. ZOG pioneered the "frame" or "card" model of hypertext later popularized by HyperCard. In such systems, the frames or cards cannot scroll to show content that is part of the same document but held offscreen.  Instead, text that exceeds the capacity of one screen must be placed in another (which then constitutes a separate frame or card)

The ZOG database became fully functional around 1977. Beginning in 1980, ZOG was ported from DEC VAX version (written in an experimental language called "L*") to the  Pascal-based Three Rivers PERQ workstation and was used for a shipwide local area network on the American aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson. In 1981, Rob Akscyn and Donald McCracken, two principals from the ZOG project, founded Knowledge Systems to develop and market a commercial follow-on to ZOG called KMS ("Knowledge Management System").

Syntax
An example of syntax from one dialect of ZOG:
This TITLE line summarizes the frame's contents

This TEXT expands the frame's main point of information, but is sometimes omitted.
The OPTIONS below are used to point to subordinate sections or to provide an
enumerated expansion of the main topic. LOCAL PADS do not have the connotation of
leading to deeper detail, but rather to tangential points such as related material
in another document or database. Invoking programs is another function typically
reserved for LOCAL PADS. At the bottom of the frame is a set of general functions
called GLOBAL PADS, which are available in every frame.

1. This OPTION leads to another frame
2. Options are often used like subpoints in an outline
3. -This option leads nowhere (indicated by the minus sign at the front)

References

Hypertext
1970s in the United States
1970s software
Carnegie Mellon University software
RCI. RCI may refer to one of the following.
RCI (company), a Timeshare Exchange Company
RCI Engineering, a manufacturer of agricultural equipment, including the Ag-Bag product line
Racer's Choice Inc., a manufacturer of racing automotive products, Texas, USA
Radio Canada International, international broadcasting service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 
Radio Caraïbes International, a radio station in Martinique and Guadeloupe
Radio Caribbean International, a radio station in St. Lucia
Random coil index, a predictor of protein flexibility
Rapid Continuous Improvement, a process improvement practice based on the Japanese concept of Kaizen
Rehabilitation Council of India, an Indian council for the disabled
Renault Crédit International, former name of the French company RCI Banque
Research Centre Imarat, an Indian defence laboratory under DRDO responsible for the development of missiles. (See IGMDP)
Residential/Commercial/Industrial Meter - a common metric in City Building computer games
Revival Centres International,  a Pentecostal church founded in Australia
Revolutionary Communist International, a network of Trotskyist parties in several dozen countries 
Riverside College, Inc., a medical college in the Philippines
Roadway Characteristics Inventory, a database containing information on roads
Rogers Communications Inc., a Canadian communications company
Royal Canadian Institute, an organization dedicated to the advancement of science.
Royal Caribbean International, a cruise line based in Florida, USA
ETL. ETL may refer to:

Telecommunications 
 Econet Telecom Lesotho
 Ericsson Telephones Limited, a defunct British telephone equipment manufacture
 Eutelsat, a European satellite operator

Transport 
 ETL, National Rail station code for East Tilbury railway station, in Essex, England
 Electric Traction Limited, a British rolling stock leasing company
 ETL, reporting code for Essex Terminal Railway, in Ontario, Canada
 Express toll lane, similar to a High-occupancy toll lane, expressway lane reserved for toll-paying vehicles

Other uses 
 Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, a theological journal
 ETL Group, a German management consultancy firm
 ETL SEMKO, an electrical certification company
 European Transport Law, a scholarly journal
 Expected tail loss, a measure of financial risk
 Extract, transform, load, a data processing concept