Object file. An object file is a file that contains machine code or bytecode, as well as other data and metadata, generated by a compiler or assembler from source code during the compilation or assembly process. The machine code that is generated is known as object code.

The object code is usually relocatable, and not usually directly executable. There are various formats for object files, and the same machine code can be packaged in different object file formats. An object file may also work like a shared library.

The metadata that object files may include can be used for linking or debugging; it includes information to resolve symbolic cross-references between different modules, relocation information, stack unwinding information, comments, program symbols, and debugging or profiling information. Other metadata may include the date and time of compilation, the compiler name and version, and other identifying information.

The term "object program" dates from at least the 1950s: 

A linker is used to combine the object code into one executable program or library pulling in precompiled system libraries as needed.

Object file formats 
There are many different object file formats; originally each type of computer had its own unique format, but with the advent of Unix and other portable operating systems, some formats, such as ELF and COFF, have been defined and used on different kinds of systems.

Some systems make a distinction between formats which are directly executable and formats which require processing by the linker. For example, OS/360 and successors call the first format a load module and the second an object module. In this case the files have entirely different formats.  DOS and Windows also have different file formats for executable files and object files, such as Portable Executable for executables and COFF for object files in 32-bit and 64-bit Windows.

Unix and Unix-like systems have used the same format for executable and object files, starting with the original a.out format. Some formats can contain machine code for different processors, with the correct one chosen by the operating system when the program is loaded.

The design and/or choice of an object file format is a key part of overall system design.  It affects the performance of the linker and thus programmer turnaround while a program is being developed. If the format is used for executables, the design also affects the time programs take to begin running, and thus the responsiveness for users.

The GNU Project's Binary File Descriptor library (BFD library) provides a common API for the manipulation of object files in a variety of formats.

Absolute files
Many early computers, or small microcomputers, support only an absolute object format. Programs are not relocatable; they need to be assembled or compiled to execute at specific, predefined addresses. The file contains no relocation or linkage information. These files can be loaded into read/write memory, or stored in read-only memory. For example, the Motorola 6800 MIKBUG monitor contains a routine to read an absolute object file (SREC Format) from paper tape. DOS COM files are a more recent example of absolute object files.

Segmentation 
Most object file formats are structured as separate sections of data, each section containing a certain type of data. These sections are known as "segments" due to the term "memory segment", which was previously a common form of memory management. When a program is loaded into memory by a loader, the loader allocates various regions of memory to the program. Some of these regions correspond to sections of the object file, and thus are usually known by the same names. Others, such as the stack,  only exist at run time. In some cases, relocation is done by the loader (or linker) to specify the actual memory addresses. However, for many programs or architectures, relocation is not necessary, due to being handled by the memory management unit or by position-independent code. On some systems the segments of the object file can then be copied (paged) into memory and executed, without needing further processing. On these systems, this may be done lazily, that is, only when the segments are referenced during execution, for example via a memory-mapped file backed by the object file.

Types of data supported by typical object file formats:
 Header (descriptive and control information)
 Code segment ("text segment", executable code)
 Data segment (initialized static variables)
 Read-only data segment (rodata, initialized static constants)
 BSS segment (uninitialized static data, both variables and constants)
 External definitions and references for linking
 Relocation information
 Dynamic linking information
 Debugging information

Segments in different object files may be combined by the linker according to rules specified when the segments are defined. Conventions exist for segments shared between object files; for instance, in DOS there are different memory models that specify the names of special segments and whether or not they may be combined.

The debugging data format of debugging information may either be an integral part of the object file format, as in COFF, or a semi-independent format which may be used with several object formats, such as stabs or DWARF.

See also 
 OS/360 Object File Format
 Intel hexadecimal object file format (typically with file extension .HEX, but sometimes also with .OBJ)
 Object Module Format (ICL) (OMF for ICL VME)
 Object Module Format (Intel) (OMF for Intel 8080/8085, OBJ for Intel 8086)

 Mach-O

References

Further reading
  Code:  Errata: 
 
  (NB. Description of the Microsoft REL file format for relocatable objects, also used by Digital Research.)
  
  (16 pages)
  (1+23 pages)
 
  (1 page) (NB. Describes the history and relationship of IEEE 695 with CUFOM and MUFOM.)
  (NB. Superseeds IEEE 695-1985 (1985-09-09)).

Executable file formats
Compiler construction
Computer libraries
Programming language implementation