omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Layer 8. Layer 8 is a term used to refer to user or political layer on top of the 7-layer OSI model of computer networking.

The OSI model is a 7-layer abstract model that describes an architecture of data communications for networked computers. The layers build upon each other, allowing for the abstraction of specific functions in each one. The top (7th) layer is the Application Layer describing methods and protocols of software applications. It is then held that the user is the 8th layer.

Layers, defined 
According to Bruce Schneier and RSA:

 Layer 8: The individual person.
 Layer 9: The organization.
 Layer 10: Government or legal compliance

Network World readers humorously report:

 Layer 8: Money - Provides network corruption by inspiring increased interference from the upper layer.
 Layer 9: Politics - Consists of technically ignorant management that negatively impacts network performance and development.

and:

 Layer 9: Politics. "Where the most difficult problems live."
 Layer 8: The user factor. "It turned out to be another Layer-8 problem."
 7 through 1:  The usual OSI layers
 Layer 0: Funding. "Because we should always start troubleshooting from the lowest layer, and nothing can exist before the funding."

Since the OSI layer numbers are commonly used to discuss networking topics, a troubleshooter may describe an issue caused by a user to be a layer 8 issue, similar to the PEBKAC acronym, the ID-Ten-T Error and also PICNIC.

Political economic theory holds that the 8th layer is important to understanding the OSI Model. Political policies such as network neutrality, spectrum management, and digital inclusion all shape the technologies comprising layers 1–7 of the OSI Model.

An 8th layer has also been referenced to physical (real-world) controllers containing an external hardware device which interacts with an OSI model network.  An example of this is ALI in Profibus.

A network guru T-shirt from the 1980s shows Layer 8 as the "financial" layer, and Layer 9 as the "political" layer. The design was credited to Evi Nemeth.

Similar pseudo-layers for TCP/IP
In the TCP/IP model, the four-layer model of the Internet, a fifth layer is sometimes analogously described as the political layer, and the sixth as the religious layer. This appears in a humorous April Fools' Day RFC, , published in 1998.

Other uses
 Linux Gazette carries a regular column called Layer 8 Linux Security.
 Layers 8, 9, and 10 are sometimes used to represent individuals, organizations, and governments for the user layer of service-oriented architectures. See OSI User Layers figure for details.
 User-in-the-loop is a serious concept including Layer 8 as a system-level model.
 In 2016, a company shipped a product called Layer8 to "bridge the universal divide between PC users and IT managers".
 Layer 8 Conference & Podcast is a professional conference focusing on social engineering and OSINT. The podcast features experts in the fields of social engineering and OSINT.

See also
 IRL
 Liveware

References

Network architecture
Computer humour
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhaddal. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhaddal is a private college located in Rupnagar, the newly created divisional headquarter of the state of Punjab, with academic and student facilities in an integrated technical campus. The institute was established in July 1998 by founder Er. Gurcharan Singh. The Institute  is a privately  good owned, accredited institution, approved by the University Grants Commission.

References

Engineering colleges in Punjab, India
Rupnagar
Private engineering colleges in India
1998 establishments in Punjab, India
Educational institutions established in 1998
Pravara Rural Engineering College. Pravara Rural Engineering College (PREC), a private college in India, is affiliated to the University of Pune, India and is recognized by All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi. The institute provides simulating academic environment for new technology. Academic study combined with industrial graduate research projects prepare the student for professional practice in engineering.

Admissions
Admissions to the undergraduate course are granted collectively on the basis of Common Entrance Test for Engineering (CET) and marks obtained in subjects Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics of the Higher Secondary Certificate Examination or Equivalent.

References

External links
 Pravara Rural Engineering College Loni - Official Website
 PREC - South Campus on Wikimapia
 PREC - North Campus on Wikimapia
 video of silver jubilee celebration

Engineering colleges in Maharashtra
Colleges affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University
All India Council for Technical Education
Education in Ahmednagar district
Educational institutions established in 1983
1983 establishments in Maharashtra
Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering. Dwarkadas Jivanlal Sanghvi College of Engineering, also known as D. J. Sanghvi, is an engineering college in Vile Parle, Mumbai.  The college was established by Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal in 1994.

History
D. J. Sanghvi College of Engineering was established in 1994. It was named after Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi, an industrialist and pioneer in the pen industry. He manufactured Wilson Fountain Pens. It has been granted autonomous status effective from the academic year 2018–19.

Departments

The college has an intake of 600 students in eight branches for Bachelor of Engineering. The admissions are done on Merit basis, and there's a separate list for Gujarati linguistics minority, based on a lower merit criteria. The admission are done by DTE( Directorate of Technical Education,Maharashtra),this process is online.

 Biomedical Engineering
 Chemical Engineering
 Electronics Engineering
 Production Engineering
 Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
 Information Technology
 Computer Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science)

The college has Masters programs in the following branches:-
 Mechanical Engineering
 Computer Engineering
 Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Library

The Manubhai P. Knowledge Centre library is situated on the first floor of the college building. It is facilitated with reprography and Wi-Fi network connection. There are about 17,000 books, 70 printed journals and magazines (national and international) with four online databases: IEEE, IEL Online, ASME, ACM, and Springer Link.

Festivals
The annual sports, technical and cultural festival of the college is known as Trinity. It is held in February or March and is attended by engineering students from colleges all over Mumbai. It has various events like Flex and Mascot Dance, Inter-departmental Dances, Inter-departmental Sports, Talent Competition, Fashion Show, Mono Act, Classroom Decoration, Street Play, Traditional Day, Gaming Events and Department Wars.

See also
List of Mumbai Colleges

References

External links

Engineering colleges in Mumbai
Jain universities and colleges
Probabilistic CTL. Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic (PCTL) is an extension of computation tree logic (CTL) that allows for probabilistic quantification of described properties. It has been defined in the paper by Hansson and Jonsson.

PCTL is a useful logic for stating soft deadline properties, e.g. "after a request for a service, there is at least a 98% probability that the service will be carried out within 2 seconds". Akin CTL suitability for model-checking PCTL extension is widely used as a property specification language for probabilistic model checkers.

PCTL syntax 
A possible syntax of PCTL can be defined as follows:

Therein,  is a comparison operator and  is a probability threshold.

Formulas of PCTL are interpreted over discrete Markov chains. An interpretation structure
is a quadruple , where 
 is a finite set of states, 
 is an initial state, 
 is a transition probability function, , such that for all  we have , and
 is a labeling function, , assigning atomic propositions to states.

A path  from a state  is an infinite sequence of states 
. The n-th state of the path is denoted as 
and the prefix of  of length  is denoted as .

Probability measure 
A probability measure  on the set of paths with a common prefix of length  is given by the product of transition probabilities along the prefix of the path:

For  the probability measure is equal to .

Satisfaction relation 
The satisfaction relation  is inductively defined as follows:
  if and only if ,
  if and only if not ,
  if and only if  or ,
  if and only if  and ,
  if and only if , and
  if and only if .

See also 
 Computation tree logic
 Temporal logic

References

Temporal logic
Gearhead Garage. Snap-On Gearhead Garage: The Virtual Mechanic is a PC game in which players repair and customize late model cars and trucks. It was created by Mekada, endorsed by Snap-on Tools, and published in 1999 by Head Games (subsequently acquired by Activision). There is no feature for driving the cars but Gearhead Garage introduced an entirely new "bolt-em up" paradigm. The appeal is reminiscent of taking things apart in real life—players can completely disassemble the engine, repair the individual parts, reassemble them, and then exhibit the completed result in their 3D "car lot". The game also features a series of "jobs", wherein the player fixes vehicles owned by fictional characters. This allows them to earn money to buy custom items from the catalog, auction, or junkyard.

Popularity
Gearhead Garage sold well given its unusual design. It received generally excellent reviews, for example an average score of 4.5 out of 5 stars at Amazon.com and 9.5 out of 10 points at ReviewCentre.com. The GearheadGarage web site attracted a community of fans who eventually reverse-engineered the game file formats and began creating entirely new vehicles using tools such as 3D Studio Max. The community contributed over 30 complete car models that can be downloaded from various third-party websites dedicated to the game.

Gearhead Garage's constructive, non-violent gameplay made it popular with parents and educators as well. In 2002, it received an "All Star Award" from Children's Software Review magazine in the "Logic" category.

Sequel
Gearhead Garage 2 was discussed, but according to sources within the company, no publishers were willing to finance it. The developers considered self-publishing, however no information is currently available.

Nintendo Game Boy Advance
Mekada released a playable demo for what was going to be Gearhead Garage Adventure on the GBA, but due to the Nintendo DS coming out and pricing issues with Nintendo's cartridges, the port was later dropped.

References

External links
 Gearhead Garage official web site
 Mekada web site

1999 video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
UDcast. UDcast was a company that provided products for Internet Protocol (IP) over broadcast media. It developed technology for IP networks over satellite and servers to provide  television on mobile networks.

History
UDcast was involved in international standards organisations such as ETSI and the Internet Engineering Task Force.
UDcast was founded in June 2000 by members of the INRIA research center who had helped develop Unidirectional Link Routing (the UD stands for unidirectional, and the cast for broadcast). The mechanism was published in 2001 as number 3077 in the Request for Comments series.
Founders included Antoine Clerget, Patrick Cipière, Emmanuel Duros, and Luc Ottavj.
From at least 2003 through 2007, Hubert Zimmermann served as chief executive officer.

UDcast marketed wide-area network optimization appliances optimized for satellite infrastructures, with optimizations targeted at some specific satellite markets. They used acronyms such as DVB-H, DVB-SH, ATSC and WiMAX.

On 3 February 2011 OneAccess Networks announced they completed the acquisition of UDCast.

References

Satellite Internet access
Telecommunications companies of France
French companies established in 2000
Eclipse Modeling Framework. Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) is an Eclipse-based modeling framework and code generation facility for building tools and other applications based on a structured data model.

From a model specification described in XML Metadata Interchange (XMI), EMF provides tools and runtime support to produce a set of Java classes for the model, a set of adapter classes that enable viewing and command-based editing of the model, and a basic editor. Models can be specified using annotated Java, UML, XML documents, or modeling tools, then imported into EMF. Most important of all, EMF provides the foundation for interoperability with other EMF-based tools and applications.

Ecore
Ecore is the core (meta-)model at the heart of EMF.  It allows expressing other models by leveraging its constructs.  Ecore is also its own metamodel (i.e.: Ecore is defined in terms of itself).

According to Ed Merks, EMF project lead, "Ecore is the defacto reference implementation of OMG's EMOF" (Essential Meta-Object Facility).  Still according to Merks, EMOF was actually defined by OMG as a simplified version of the more comprehensive 'C'MOF by drawing on the experience of the successful simplification of Ecore's original implementation.

Using Ecore as a foundational meta-model allows a modeler to take advantage of the entire EMF ecosystem and tooling - in as much as it's then reasonably easy to map application-level models back to Ecore.  This isn't to say that it's best practice for applications to directly leverage Ecore as their metamodel; rather they might consider defining their own metamodels based on Ecore.

See also
Acceleo, a code generator using EMF models in input
ATL, a model transformation language
Connected Data Objects (CDO), a free implementation of a Distributed Shared Model on top of EMF
Generic Eclipse Modeling System (GEMS)
Graphical Modeling Framework (GMF)
List of EMF based software
Model-driven architecture
Xtext

References

External links
EMF project page

Eclipse (software)
Surveyor (magazine). Surveyor is a British professional weekly magazine for those in the public and private sectors providing technical services in local government.

The magazine has a history of more than one hundred years. It contains news and full-length articles on areas such as highways, traffic and transportation, planning, waste management and environmental control. It also carries recruitment advertising for the sector.

Despite its name,  'Surveyor'  does not actually refer to the surveyors in the construction industry, but took its name from the old title of county surveyor, which is now referred to as Director of Technical Services in UK local authorities.

The magazine has close link to the County Surveyors Society, which was established officially at a meeting of eleven county surveyors for England on 19 November 1885.

References

External links
 The Surveyor's official site
 HathiTrust

1882 establishments in the United Kingdom
Business magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1882
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Sysjail. sysjail is a defunct user-land virtualiser for systems supporting the systrace library - as of version 1.0 limited to OpenBSD, NetBSD and MirOS.  Its original design was inspired by FreeBSD jail, a similar utility (although part of the kernel) for FreeBSD. sysjail was developed and released in 2006 by Kristaps Dzonsons (aka Johnson), a research assistant in Game theory at the Stockholm School of Economics, and Maikls Deksters. 

sysjail was re-written from scratch in 2007 to support emulated processes in jails, limited (initially) to Linux emulation.

The project was officially discontinued on 3 March 2009 due to flaws inherent to syscall wrapper-based security architectures. The restrictions of sysjail could be evaded by exploiting race conditions between the wrapper's security checks and kernel's execution of the syscalls.

References

External links
 sysjail: systrace user-land virtualisation
 sysjail (NYCBSDCON2006 presentation)

BSD software
Virtualization software
Computer security software
Ballotechnics. In chemistry, ballotechnics are a class of materials that undergo a chemical reaction when quickly subjected to extreme pressures. These pressures are of the order of tens of thousands of atmospheres, and the chemical reactions are initiated by shock waves transmitted through the material. The reaction progresses with little change in volume, and are therefore not "explosive", i.e. the energy is released in the form of heat, rather than work.

Research 

While most of the research performed on ballotechnics originates from Sandia National Laboratories, the researchers involved primarily focus on chemical and simulation research, not nuclear weapons research. Other research has been performed at the Georgia Institute of Technology. A critical reevaluation was written in 1995, concluding that shock compression data do not provide evidence for strong exothermic reactions, but this report was not publicly released by Sandia until 2017.

References

Chemical processes
Very high-speed Backbone Network Service. The very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF.

NSF support was available to organizations that could demonstrate a need for very high speed networking capabilities and wished to connect to the vBNS or later to the Abilene Network, the high speed network operated by the University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development (UCAID, which operates Internet2).

By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3 (45 Mbit/s), OC-3c (155 Mbit/s), and OC-12c (622 Mbit/s) links on an all OC-12c, a substantial engineering feat for that time. The vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999, and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c.

In June 1999 MCI WorldCom introduced vBNS+ which allowed attachments to the vBNS network by organizations that were not approved by or receiving support from NSF.

The vBNS pioneered the production deployment of many novel network technologies including Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), IP multicasting, quality of service, and IPv6.

After the expiration of the NSF agreement, the vBNS largely transitioned to providing service to the government. Most universities and research centers migrated to the Internet2 educational backbone.

In January 2006 MCI and Verizon merged. The vBNS+ is now a service of Verizon Business.

References

History of the Internet
Academic computer network organizations
Science and technology in the United States
National Science Foundation
Boriding. Boriding, also called boronizing, is the process by which boron is added to a metal or alloy.  It is a type of surface hardening.  In this process boron atoms are diffused into the surface of a metal component. The resulting surface contains metal borides, such as iron borides, nickel borides, and cobalt borides, As pure materials, these borides have extremely high hardness and wear resistance.  Their favorable properties are manifested even when they are a small fraction of the bulk solid.  Boronized metal parts are extremely wear resistant and will often last two to five times longer than components treated with conventional heat treatments such as hardening, carburizing, nitriding, nitrocarburizing or induction hardening. Most borided steel surfaces will have iron boride layer hardnesses ranging from 1200-1600 HV. Nickel-based superalloys such as Inconel and Hastalloys will typically have nickel boride layer hardnesses of 1700-2300 HV.

Methods 
Boriding can be achieved in several ways, but commonly the metal piece is packed with a boriding mixture and heating at 900 °C.  Typical boriding mixture consists of boron carbide powder diluted with other refractory materials. The process converts some of the Fe to iron boride, consisting of two phases: FeB concentrated near the surface, and diiron boride (Fe2B).  Boride layer depths can range from 0.001 - 0.015 inches (25.4 - 380 μm) depending on base material selection and treatment.

Materials
It is often used on steel, but is applicable to a variety of alloys and cermet materials. A wide range of materials suitable for treatment including plain carbon steels, alloy steels, tool steels, nickel-based super alloys, cobalt alloys, and stellite.

Properties conferred
Boriding gives the material the following desirable properties: wear resistance, improved hardness (1300-2000HV is possible), thermal stability,  resistance to corrosion by acids, reduced coefficient of friction, and increased galling/cold-welding resistance. It is possible to combine boriding with other heat treatments such as carburizing, hardening or induction hardening to create deeper wear layers or high core hardness.

See also
Boron steel

References

Further reading

Metal heat treatments
Advanced Materials. Advanced Materials is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering materials science. It includes communications, reviews, and feature articles on topics in chemistry, physics, nanotechnology, ceramics, metallurgy, and biomaterials. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 27.4.

History
The journal was established in 1988 as a supplement to the general chemistry journal Angewandte Chemie and remained part of that journal for the first eighteen months of its existence. Founder and editor-in-chief was Peter Goelitz (then editor of Angewandte Chemie). The current editors-in-chief are Irem Bayindir-Buchhalter and Esther Levy.

Originally the journal appeared monthly; it switched to fifteen issues in 1997, eighteen issues in 1998, and twenty-four issues in 2000. In 2009, it started to publish weekly, with forty-eight issues per year. Since 2018, it publishes fifty-two issues per year.

Sister journals
As the volume of research in materials science increased significantly since the 1990s, several journals have been spun off, including:
Advanced Engineering Materials, 1999
Advanced Functional Materials, 2001
Small, 2005
Advanced Energy Materials, 2011
Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2012
Advanced Optical Materials, 2013
Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2014
Advanced Electronic Materials, 2015
Advanced Materials Technologies, 2016
Small Methods, 2017
Solar RRL, 2017
Advanced Therapeutics, 2018
Advanced Intelligent Systems, 2019

References

External links

Materials science journals
Academic journals established in 1989
English-language journals
Weekly journals
Wiley-VCH academic journals
Nanotechnology journals