omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lublin R-XII. The Lublin R-XII was a Polish three-seat sports and touring aircraft, designed in 1930 in the Plage i Laśkiewicz factory in Lublin, that remained a prototype.

Design and development
Plage i Laśkiewicz works was among factories, that developed sports aircraft for an order of the LOPP paramilitary organization. Its design, the Lublin R-XII, was basically a scaled down passenger aircraft Lublin R-XI. The main designer was Jerzy Rudlicki. The only prototype was flown in autumn 1930 (registration SP-AFB). It was not built in series.

The aircraft was not successful and its performance was not satisfactory because of too much weight. It did not take part in the 3rd Polish Light Aircraft contest because of a weight limit. It was owned by the factory and little used, after a few years it was scrapped. The R-XII was the only sports aircraft of Plage i Laśkiewicz.

Description
A mixed construction cantilever high-wing monoplane, single-engine, conventional in layout. It had a steel framed, canvas covered fuselage (engine part covered with duralumin) and a single-piece, plywood-covered, two-spar elliptical wing of wooden construction. The empennage was of steel construction, canvas covered. In a closed cabin under the wing there were two places side-by-side, with double controls, behind them was the third seat or a place for baggage. The cabin had single door on the left and front and rear doors on the right. It had a conventional fixed landing gear, with a rear skid, the main gear was joined with wings by vertical struts with oil and air shock absorbers. It had a single 5-cylinder air-cooled Armstrong-Siddeley Genet uncovered radial engine in front, delivering  take-off power and  nominal power, driving a two-blade propeller. A fuel tank was in the fuselage. The cruise fuel consumption was .

Specifications

See also

References

External links

Photos and drawings at Ugolok Neba page

R12
1930s Polish sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Grob G103. The Grob G103 is a family of glass-reinforced plastic two-seat sailplanes developed in Germany by Grob Aircraft AG. The aircraft are of T-tail configuration and fitted with upper surface air brakes. They are designed for training, high performance soaring and basic aerobatic flying (Twin II Acro and Twin III Acro).

 Grob G103 Twin Astir Built since 1976, with retractable or fixed undercarriage in front of the center of gravity and water ballast.
 Grob G103a Twin II a new and unrelated design that replaced the Twin Astir from 1980, with fixed undercarriage behind the center of gravity and nose wheel.
 Grob G103c Twin III Replaced the Twin II from 1989, with a new triple-trapezoidal wing, lower control forces and higher airspeed limitations.

Sailplanes
1970s German sailplanes
T-tail aircraft
Technology journalism. Technology journalism is the activity, or product, of journalists engaged in the preparation of written, visual, audio or multi-media material intended for dissemination through public  media, focusing on technology-related subjects. Technology journalism includes genres such as news, reports, and analysis covering a wide variety of topics, including communications technologies, artificial intelligence, the Internet, social media, the IT industry, scientific research, robotics, and laws and policy regarding the digital world. They also report and cover inventions on the tech field as well as products of technology. In order to produce newsworthy articles, they interview the developers of these technology products and then they go ahead to report them in understandable concepts to their audience. One common genre of technology journalism, the product review, may involve the journalist experimenting with and expressing opinions about specific devices or applications, often accompanied by a score in percentage or number out of 5.

See also 

 Environmental journalism
 Public awareness of science
 Scientific literature

Journalism by field
Gakutensoku. Gakutensoku (學天則, Japanese for "learning from the laws of nature"), the first robot to be built in the East, was created in Osaka in the late 1920s. The robot was designed and manufactured by biologist Makoto Nishimura (1883–1956, father of actor Kō Nishimura). Nishimura had served as a professor at Hokkaido Imperial University, studied Marimo and was an editorial adviser to the Osaka Mainichi newspaper (now the Mainichi Shimbun).

History 
Concerned about the idea of robots seen as slaves to humans, particularly as portrayed in the play R.U.R., written by Karel Čapek, Nishimura set out to build a different kind of robot, or as he called it, an "artificial human". The robot he wanted to build would celebrate nature and humanity, and rather than a slave, it would be a friend, and even an inspirational model, to people.

In 1926, Nishimura resigned from Hokkaido Imperial University, moved to Osaka, and started building his robot, with help from a small team of assistants. He named his robot Gakutensoku. Gakutensoku was first displayed in September 1928 in Kyoto, and the following year it was exhibited in Tokyo, Osaka, and Hiroshima, and later in Korea and China as well. Not long after, Gakutensoku disappeared. No records appear to exist describing how and where Gakutensoku disappeared.

Description
Gakutensoku could change its facial expression and move its head and hands via an air pressure mechanism. It had a pen-shaped signal arrow in its right hand and a lamp named Reikantō (靈感燈, Japanese for "inspiration light") in its left hand. Perched on top of Gakutensoku was a bird-shaped robot named Kokukyōchō (告曉鳥, Japanese for "bird informing dawn"). When Kokukyōchō cried, Gakutensoku's eyes closed and its expression became pensive. When the lamp shone, Gakutensoku started to write words with the pen.

Gakutensoku was displayed at some expositions in Japan, the Chosun Exhibition and one other in Korea but was lost while touring Germany in the 1930s.

Legacy
An asteroid, 9786 Gakutensoku, was named after the robot.

A modern version of Gakutensoku was produced in 2008 by the Osaka Science Museum, where it is now on display.

Cultural references
Gakutensoku and its creator, Makoto Nishimura, appear in Hiroshi Aramata's novel Teito Monogatari and the subsequent film based on the novel. In the film Makoto is portrayed by his real life son Kō Nishimura.
A similar robot named Hisoutensoku is the main feature of the fighting game Touhou Hisōtensoku and was inspired from the Gakutensoku.
The names of three characters in Murasakiiro no Qualia are based on each of the three kanji in "Gakutensoku".
Gakutensoku is mentioned in the manga series Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken! and the subsequent anime adaptation.

See also
Karakuri puppet

References

 "Japan's first-ever robot, version 2.0", Daily Yomiuri Online, May 15, 2008

History of science and technology in Japan
Historical robots
Robots of Japan
1929 robots
1929 in Japan
Humanoid robots
Japanese inventions
Ely's Stone Bridge. Ely's Stone Bridge is a bridge that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The bridge was built across Deer Creek in 1893 by Reuben Ely, Sr., a farmer, and his son Reuben Ely, Jr. The bridge is a three-span arch bridge made of stone from the stream bed and quarries in Anamosa, Iowa.

There are no bridges like it in the area, and it seems to have been a "personal expression" of the stonemasons.  The bridge was maintained by four generations of stonemasons in the family.

The bridge had been tuckpointed in 1933 and 1957 and was assessed to be in excellent condition in 1979.  As of 2008, the foundation of the bridge had recently been reinforced with concrete.

References

Arch bridges in Iowa
Bridges completed in 1893
Bridges in Jones County, Iowa
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Jones County, Iowa
Stone arch bridges in the United States
Exocet (disambiguation). Exocet is a type of anti-ship missile. Exocet may also mean:
In older English literature there are some uses of "exocet" to mean "flying fish"
Exocet (typeface) is a typeface
Exocet (car) is a kit car produced by MEV Ltd
Ellyas Pical (boxer) is nicknamed "the Exocet" referring to his strong left hand compared to the missile popular at his era

In biology 
Biological names for flying-fish:
Exocoetus
Exocoetidae

See also
XOC or xoc
An exosuit is a powered exoskeleton
BSA A50 Royal Star. The BSA Royal Star was a Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) motorcycle whose new engine design paved the way for a range of successful unit construction twins. As well as giving a clean look to the engine, with the pushrod passages part of the cylinder block casting, unit construction reduced the number of places oil could leak from.

Development

The decision by Lucas in the late 1950s to switch production of motorcycle electrical components (from magneto/dynamo systems to alternator/coil systems) forced British motorcycle manufacturers to completely redesign their engines.  Triumph and BSA took the opportunity to move from pre-unit and semi-unit construction to full unit construction, that is, with the engine and gearbox together in an integrated casting.  At the same time, Bob Fearon, managing director and General Manager of BSA recognised the need for an updated look that built on the best features of the A10 but which would succeed in the potentially lucrative but competitive United States market.  Working with Chief Development Engineer Bert Perrigo they developed the unit construction Star twins. Launched in 1962 as the 500 cc BSA A50 Star, the model was widely exported to the US and Australia as well as becoming a top seller in the UK in the early 1960s. The model was known as the Royal Star in export markets and Star or Star Twin in the UK. From 1966 it was known as the Royal Star in all markets.

The Royal Star had a relatively small 1" single Amal Monobloc carburettor, and later Concentric carburettor, but in 1964 new 8.5:1 pistons and a new gearbox improved performance. The machine had a top speed of about 90 mph and was relatively free of vibration. Sharing common engine and cycle parts with the larger BSA A65 Star 650 twin, it was an over-engineered machine and proved very robust. The only major fault with the engine design was a plain crankshaft bearing on the timing side which, when worn, would cause a drop in oil pressure. In 1965, BSA addressed the bearing issues with a roller bearing on the drive side, as it had been on the pre-unit engines, with an improved bronze bushing on the timing side.

The Cyclone was the same basic machine as the Royal Star except fitted for high performance.  The A50CC Cyclone Competition built for the US market model year 1964 had dual 1 1/16" carburettors, higher 10.5:1 engine compression, magneto ignition, larger front brake, 2 gallon fuel tank and upswept open exhaust.  Built for scrambles, this model had no road lights.  The A50C Cyclone Road built for the US market model years 1964 and 1965 had 1 1/16" dual carburettors, higher 9:1 compression engine and larger front brake. This model had battery ignition, full road lighting and the same 2 gallon fuel tank.  Both models were available for the UK market with 9:1 engine compression, battery ignition and 4 gallon fuel tanks.[1]

Notes

References
 Bacon, Roy "BSA Twins and Triples"

Royal Star
Standard motorcycles
Motorcycles powered by straight-twin engines
Linear diode array. A Linear diode array is used for digitizing x-ray images.  The LDA system consists of an array of photodiode modules. The diodes are laminated with a scintillation screen to create x-ray sensitive diodes. The scintillation screen converts the photon energy emitted by the x-ray tube into visible light on the diodes. The diodes produce a voltage when the light energy is received.  This voltage is amplified, multiplexed, and converted to a digital signal.

Use
One of the unique characteristics of the LDA is that it has an excellent dynamic range.  This means that it is capable of generating useful data when x-raying both very thick (tread) and thin (sidewall) sections of a tire simultaneously.  However, the human eye is capable of visualizing only a small fraction of the LDA's full dynamic range.  To compensate for the limitations of the human eye while still taking advantage of this feature of the LDA, a variety of selectable contrast and brightness enhancing tables are available.

References

X-ray instrumentation
Optical diodes
Hartmut Surmann. Hartmut Surmann (born 1963 in Dülmen,  West Germany) is a roboticist and Professor for Autonomous Systems at Applied University of Gelsenkirchen and Researcher at the Fraunhofer Society's Institut Intelligente Analyse- und Informationssystem (IAIS). His primary research interests are autonomous mobile robotics and
computational intelligence. He received several awards, e.g., the FUZZ-IEEE/IFES'95 robot intelligence award, NC2001 best presentation award,
SSRR 2005 best paper award and the Ph.D. award for his thesis from the German AI institutes in 1996.
His robot KURT3D won the second place in the RoboCup rescue robot league at the world championship in Lisbon in 2004. He leads the international
rescue robotic team during collapse of the historical archive of the city of cologne in March 2009.

Biography

Education
Surmann received his diploma in Computer Science and his PhD in Electrical Engineering from the
University of Dortmund, Germany, in 1989 and 1995, respectively.

External links
 Hartmut Surmann's IAIS homepage.
 Hartmut Surmann's homepage.

1963 births
Living people
German roboticists
German computer scientists
People from Coesfeld
USS Auburn (ID-3842). The first USS Auburn (ID-3842) was a steam turbine cargo ship of the United States Shipping Board that was built in 1919 and scrapped in 1934. In 1919 she briefly served in the United States Navy.

Building
The Chester Shipbuilding Company at Chester, Pennsylvania built Auburn for the United States Shipping Board (USSB). She was launched in 1918 and completed in 1919.

Auburns registered length was , her beam was  and her depth was . Her tonnages were  and . She had a single screw, driven by a pair of Westinghouse steam turbines via double reduction gearing. The USSB registered her at Philadelphia. Her US official number was 217438 and her code letters were LPKN.

Career
The USSB delivered Auburn to the US Navy for service in the Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS). Assigned the identification number 3842, Auburn was commissioned at Philadelphia on the afternoon of 24 January 1919.

Two days later, the cargo ship got underway for New York harbor, proceeded down Delaware Bay, and dropped anchor off Tompkinsville, Staten Island, on the morning of 27 January. After initially shifting to Bush Terminal pier, South Brooklyn, on the 29th, she moored at pier 61, North River, New York City, on 2 February. There, she loaded 5,236 tons of general cargo (including a large quantity of wheat flour) and prepared for her maiden voyage. However, her engineers discovered several split condenser tubes in her boilers before the trip could begin, and an inspection board convened and visited the ship on 15 February.

After a brief period of repairs, Auburn moved to pier 16, South Brooklyn, on the 17th. By that time, the Navy had apparently decided to demobilize her, and, on the afternoon of 22 February 1919, representatives of the USSB accepted custody of the ship when she was decommissioned.

Auburn'''s subsequent career, like hers under the aegis of NOTS, was brief. She remained in the USSB fleet into the early 1930s, very probably laid up due to postwar austerity measures in the American merchant marine."Auburn'' was recorded as "broken up" in 1934.

References

Bibliography

External links

1918 ships
Cargo ships of the United States Navy
Ships built in Chester, Pennsylvania
Steamships of the United States Navy
World War I cargo ships of the United States
Critical Air Medicine. Critical Air Medicine is a charter air ambulance service operating from San Diego, California. Critical Air, Inc, the Texas-based rotor-wing operations division of Critical Air Medicine was sold to Air Evac Lifeteam.  

The remaining fleet consists of 2 CE-421C Golden Eagle prop aircraft operated by 3 full-time pilots.

Incidents
A Critical Air Medicine aircraft crashed on February 10, 1994, killing two people after 60 gallons of jet fuel was added by Nayak Aviation of San Antonio instead of the required aviation fuel.

In 1996, the airline was sued for medical malpractice by a patient's family after being airlifted to a hospital following an automobile accident.

References

Air ambulance services in the United States
Airlines established in 1981
Companies based in San Diego
Airlines based in California
Hyderabad–Lingampalli route. The Hyderabad–Lingampalli route (HL) is a rapid transit service of the Multi-Modal Transport System of Hyderabad, India. Spanning 13 stations, it runs between Hyderabad and  24 times a day.

Stations

External links
MMTS Timings as per South Central Railway
 Latest MMTS Train Timings

Rail transport in Telangana
Hyderabad MMTS
Beatles-Platz. The Beatles-Platz () is a plaza in the St. Pauli quarter in Hamburg, Germany, at the crossroads of Reeperbahn and Große Freiheit. It is circular, with a diameter of  and paved black to make it look like a vinyl record. Surrounding the place are five statues, representing The Beatles:  John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Stuart Sutcliffe, George Harrison, and a hybrid of drummers Pete Best and Ringo Starr each of whom played with The Beatles at times during their Hamburg engagements.

This plaza was built to commemorate Hamburg's importance in The Beatles' history. The draft design was by architects Dohse & Stich during a common tendering. Building the project cost about €500,000 and was split among donations, sponsors and the city of Hamburg.

The project's initiator was the Hamburg radio station Oldie 95. On the station's instigation the community of interest IG Beat City was founded, which considers The Beatles-Platz as a prelude for more projects targeting The Beatles' memorization in Hamburg's cityscape. 

After Hamburg's First Mayor Ole von Beust and Minister of Culture Karin von Welck gave the senate's consent for the project, construction began. The first drawing saw the construction started around December 2005–January 2006, with overall costs of €100,000 and completion in May 2006, in time for the Football World Cup.

On 29 May 2008 at 13:00, construction began with the symbolic groundbreaking, which was done by the initiator Stephan Heller. Uriz von Oertzen (Hi-Life Entertainment), Frank Otto, Dr. Karin von Welck (minister of culture), Markus Schreiber (head of borough exchange Hamburg-Mitte) and Prof. Jörn Walter (construction supervisor).

Construction continued for approximately three months, and a ceremonial opening took place on 11 September 2008 presided over by the city's First Mayor. The Beatles memorial consists of metal statues of the band members as well as song names of successful songs. The initial engravings held some spelling mistakes such as Drive me car, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band and Can't Buy Melove , which could not be corrected before completion. By now the incorrect plates have been exchanged.

References

External links

 www.beatles-platz.tv
 Pictures of the Beatles-Platz

Squares in Hamburg
Buildings and structures in Hamburg-Mitte
Monuments and memorials to the Beatles
2008 establishments in Germany
Tourist attractions in Hamburg
Outdoor sculptures in Hamburg
Engineering Institute. The Engineering Institute is the research institute of the UNAM in Mexico City which focuses on engineering-related topics. It operates the postgraduate programs of the Faculty of Engineering (UNAM).

It is Mexico's most productive research center for diverse branches of engineering.

The institute's policy has always been to solve general engineering problems, to collaborate with government and private entities to improve the national engineering practice and to supply engineering services. The institute has focused on disseminating the result of its research projects to contribute to the national development and the well-being of society.

History 

The institute was created in 1959.

Ex-directors 

January 1956 - January 1959 Fernando Hiriart Balderrama

February 1959 - July 1966 Emilio Rosenblueth Deutsch

August 1966 - June 1970 Roger Díaz de Cossío

June 1970 - June 1974 Daniel Ruiz Fernández

June 1974 - September 1982 Daniel Resendiz Nuñez

September 1982 - February 1991 Luis Esteva Maraboto

February 1991 - April 1991 Roberto Magallanes Negrete (Interino)

April 1991 - May 1999 José Luis Fernández Zayas

May 1999 - April 2003 Francisco José Sánchez Sesms

May 2003 - October 2007 Sergio Manuel Alcocer Martínez de Castro

November 2007 - February 2008 José Alberto Escobar Sánchez (Interino)

February 2008 - Adalberto Noyola Robles

Staff 

The staff comprises 93 researchers, 95 academic technicians, 409 scholarship holders at the bachelor's, master's and doctoral levels and 184 clerical workers.

Facilities 

The institute is located in Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City, inside the Faculty of Engineering area.

Its facilities include 13 buildings on the UNAM campus, in Mexico City, occupying  in laboratories, cubicles and common areas, along with an auditorium.

Graduate studies 

The institute offers graduate programs in engineering, computer science, applied mathematics, or Earth sciences, conjointly with the schools of science and engineering, as well as with the Earth Sciences Institute.

References

External links 
  
 Official website (English)

1959 establishments in Mexico
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Research institutes established in 1959
Petroleum Building (Tulsa). The Petroleum Building is a 50-meter/10-floor building at 420 South Boulder in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It was built in 1921, and is a steel and reinforced concrete structure faced with buff brick. The name was given because most of the early tenants were associated with the petroleum industry. Later, it housed the Mayo Brothers Furniture Company. It was identified as one of the supporting structures during the creation of the Oil Capital Historic District.

The simple facade is said to be typical of the pre-Art Deco designs used in many downtown Tulsa buildings.

References

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Commercial buildings completed in 1921
Buildings and structures in Tulsa, Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Tulsa, Oklahoma
Loening PW-2. The Loening PW-2 was a 1920s American single-seat monoplane fighter designed by Grover Loening and built by his Loening Aeronautical Engineering Company.

Development
Based on the earlier two-seat braced-wing monoplane fighter, the M-8, the PW-2 was a single-seat variant for the United States Army Air Corps. It had a fixed tailskid landing gear and was powered by a nose-mounted Wright-Hispano H engine with a tractor propeller. The pilot had an open cockpit. The company built three prototypes designated the PW-2 and a production order for 10 aircraft designated the PW-2A followed. The PW-2As were similar to the PW-2 but had a revised tail unit. After four aircraft had been delivered, one aircraft crashed when the wings separated from the aircraft; the contract was canceled. One of the PW-2As was modified with shorter-span wings and a  Packard 1A-1237 engine as the PW-2B.

Variants
PW-2
Prototype, three built one of which had twin rudders and was not flown and used for static testing.
PW-2A
Production variant with revised tail unit, four built and six cancelled.
PW-2B
PW-2A variant with shorter span wings and a 350hp (261kW) Packard 1A-1237

Operators

United States Army Air Corps

Specifications (PW-2A)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

  

1920s United States fighter aircraft
PW-2