omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Magnetic marker monitoring. Magnetic marker monitoring is a method to monitor the passage of an orally applied drug (tablet, capsule, etc.) through the intestinal tract. The dosage form is enriched with a small amount (0.1 – 2 mg) of magnetite (Fe3O4), which then is magnetized by a high-energy magnetic field. After application the path of the dosage form can be monitored with special detectors, which contain Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). Due to the very low magnetic field of the iron oxide a specially shielded room is necessary in order to eliminate environmental magnetic interference. The method should be able to yield information about why tablets dissolve unequally before or after meals, which may be important for the bioavailability of drugs.

A more developed method, Advanced Magnetic Marker Monitoring, uses the magnetic capsule, a segmented capsule held together by magnetic forces. The magnetic capsule delivers drugs to any targeted location in the gastrointestinal tract.

The way the capsule takes is monitored on a PC screen. As soon as the capsule has reached its destination, the magnetic field is destroyed by pressing a button and the drug is released for resorption within milliseconds.

The method is used during development or optimization of drug products and contributes significantly to the reduction in development time and costs.

Areas of use include the determination of resorption windows, early proof of concept studies, interaction studies, and optimization of pharmaceutical formulations.

References
 W. Weitschies, J. Wedemeyer, R. Stehr, L. Trahms, Magnetically marked pharmaceutical dosage forms to monitor gastrointestinal transit by biomagnetic measurements, Pharm. Pharmacol. Lett. 1 (1991), pp. 45-48

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100515102838/http://magnetic-capsule.com/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100515103013/http://magnetic-marker-monitoring.com/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070714064918/http://www.uni-greifswald.de/~pharma/techno.html

Pharmacokinetics
Virtual Storage Personal Computing. Virtual Storage Personal Computing (VSPC) was a service offered by IBM in the late 1970s and early 1980s. From a data terminal, users could run both interactive processes and batch jobs on remote computing hardware (located in IBM service centres, or in organisations' machine rooms) to which they were connected e.g. by telephone lines using modems. Among the programming languages offered were VSPC variants of BASIC, FORTRAN, APL and PL/I. VSPC became obsolete following the invention of the Personal Computer as computing power became available to the individual user locally.

VSPC offered users the ability to create and submit programs to an IBM (or compatible) mainframe without using punched cards, though the programs were still submitted as card images, and programs so submitted needed all the usual IBM Job Control Language (JCL) statements to access the mainframe batch submission and resource allocation processes.  Output from a job submitted through VSPC could be routed to a printer, or back to the user's VSPC account, though in general the output would be too wide to be viewed easily on a VSPC terminal.

Although IBM Selectric terminals were supported (with special typeballs for APL programming), most VSPC interaction was through half-duplex IBM 3270 (and compatible) terminals.  Using VSPC for APL programming required a special terminal which implemented APL symbols in addition to the usual EBCDIC characters.

References

IBM services
AeroVironment SkyTote. The SkyTote is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), tail-sitter Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL)-fixed wing hybrid plane, which attains the advantages of both airplane designs (respectively VTOL takeoff capability and decreased energy usage).  In order to control the vehicle when transitioning between vertical take-off to forward flight, an adaptive neural network controller was designed by Guided Systems Technologies and used on the vehicle.  The vehicle was developed by AeroVironment, under a contract given by the Air Force Research Laboratory, and its primary purpose is cargo-delivery.

The SkyTote is special as it features a fly-by-wire system with remote control.

As of August 2010, the SkyTote appears as a past product on the company websites, not as a current.

See also
 NASA Puffin; a similar vehicle

References

External links 

 Aerovironment SkyTote
 SkyTote to demonstrate high-speed flight with vertical takeoff
 Guided Systems Technologies

SkyTote
Mid-wing aircraft
2000s United States experimental aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Tailsitter aircraft
X-tail aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with contra-rotating propellers
Aircraft with fixed quad landing gear
Besta (computer). Besta (Беста) is a Soviet Unix-based graphics workstation. Starting in 1988, more than 1,000 were produced.

There were several versions of the computer. Besta-88 has a Motorola 68020 CPU and VME bus.

The Bestix operating system is a legally ported version of AT&T UNIX System V Release 3.2.

External links
 «Беста-88», Natalia Dubova (in russian)
 Linux in Russia (in russian) - contains a citation of M. Moshkov on Besta

68k-based computers
Soviet computer systems
 
Unix distributions
DUT Icarus 001. 

The DUT Icarus 001 is a concept human powered aircraft, to be built from the cooperation between the Delft University of Technology and the Movement Science Faculty of the University of Maastricht.

This new HPA is innovative as two pilots are used instead of one to control the plane and as an embedded software system, as well as efficient composite materials and moving parts (wings, propeller and drivetrain) are used.

See also
 List of human-powered aircraft

References

External links 
 Icarus 001 Website
 Icarus 001 concept picture

Human-powered aircraft
Software effect processor. A software effect processor is a computer program that alters the sound from a digital source through audio signal processing in real time. It is a digital analog of hardware effects processors. It is an integral part of audio editing software, such as in Adobe Audition

Principle of operation
The digital audio signal, whose origin may be analog (by conversion to digital) or be in an already digital source (such as an audio file, or a software synthesizer), is stored in temporary allotments of computer memory called buffers. Once there, the software effect processor modifies the signal according to a specific algorithm, which creates the desired effect. After this operation, the signal may be transformed from digital to analog and sent to an audible output, stored in digital form for later reproduction or editing, or sent to other software effect processors for additional processing.

The larger the buffer is, the more time it takes to play the audio data sent for playback. Large buffers increase the time required before the next buffer can be played, this delay is usually called latency. Every system has certain limitations - too small buffers involving negligible latencies cannot be smoothly processed by computer, so the reasonable size starts at about 32 samples. The processor load does not affect latency (it means, once you set certain buffer size, the latency is constant). But with very high processor loads, the buffer isn't filled with new sound in time for playback, and the sound drops out. Increasing buffer size or quitting other applications helps to keep playback smooth.

Support in operating systems 
The default Windows drivers are not optimized for low latency effect processing. As a solution, Audio Stream Input/Output (ASIO) was created. ASIO is supported by most professional music applications. Most sound cards directed at this market support ASIO. If the hardware manufacturer doesn't provide ASIO drivers, there are other ASIO free alternatives, which can be used for any audio interface. ASIO drivers can be emulated, in this case the driver name is ASIO Multimedia. However, the latency when using these drivers is very high.

All the Mac compatible hardware uses CoreAudio drivers, so the software effects processors can work with small latency and good performance.

See also 
 Audio plug-in

References

External links
 Software effect processor demo in companion with Refining Sound: A Practical Guide to Synthesis and Synthesizers 

Music software
Pitch modification software
Cauchy number. The Cauchy number (Ca) is a dimensionless number in continuum mechanics used in the study of compressible flows. It is named after the French mathematician Augustin Louis Cauchy.  When the compressibility is important the elastic forces must be considered along with inertial forces for dynamic similarity. Thus, the Cauchy Number is defined as the ratio between inertial and the compressibility force (elastic force) in a flow and can be expressed as

,

where

  = density of fluid, (SI units: kg/m3)
 u = local flow velocity, (SI units: m/s) 
 K = bulk modulus of elasticity, (SI units: Pa)

Relation between Cauchy number and Mach number 

For isentropic processes, the Cauchy number may be expressed in terms of Mach number. The isentropic bulk modulus , where  is the specific heat capacity ratio and p is the fluid pressure.
If the fluid obeys the ideal gas law, we have

,

where

  = speed of sound, (SI units: m/s) 
 R = characteristic gas constant, (SI units: J/(kg K) )
 T = temperature, (SI units: K)

Substituting K (Ks) in the equation for Ca yields

.

Thus, the Cauchy number is square of the Mach number for isentropic flow of a perfect gas.

References

Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Continuum mechanics
Rulon (plastic). Rulon is the trade name for a family of PTFE plastics produced by Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics. Rulon plastics are known for their low coefficient of friction, excellent abrasion resistance, wide range of operating temperatures, and chemical inertness. Common applications for Rulon include seals, piston rings, bearings, and electrical insulation.

History
Rulon, not to be confused with Mulon, was produced by Dixon Industries Corporation in 1952 and named after its then President, Robert Rulon-Miller. This first type of Rulon was dubbed "Rulon A" (which was later replaced with type AR). Dixon was then bought by the Furon company. Furon was purchased by Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics.

Properties and types
There are many different types of Rulon produced for specific applications. These include:

Rulon A, obsolete
Rulon AR, maroon, used for seals & stronger than Rulon LR
Rulon LR, maroon, has low deformation characteristics
Rulon J, gold, polymer filled for more abrasion resistance and softer mating surface
Rulon 641, white, U.S. Food and Drug Administration compliant
Rulon W2, used in fresh water applications
Rulon 123, FDA compliant with low and consistent friction characteristics
Rulon 488, inorganic filler used for compatibility with most surfaces
Rulon 957, green speckled, bearing grade with noise dampening characteristics
Rulon XL, tan, low friction; suitable for aluminium; excellent outgassing characteristics for use in vacuums
Rulon F, green, polymer filled with excellent anti-abrasion characteristics
Rulon 142, aqua, low deformation material for used in linear bearings and slides
Rulon 945, black, very low deformation characteristics for use in high heat and impact applications
Rulon 1045, gold, highly elastic and moderately deformable for use as bearings, rings and seals
Rulon 1337, tan, FDA compliant with low coefficient of friction and excellent chemical resistance
Rulon 1410, gold, highly elastic
Rulon 1439, white, FDA compliant for use in submerged applications with low wear characteristics

Rulon A has a 1000 fold increase in wear resistance as compared to PTFE. However, it machines much like PTFE. It can also be moulded, extruded, skived, stamped, and hot and cold formed. Below is a table of properties pertaining to Rulon AR, but note that the other types of Rulon have similar properties.

References

Plastic brands
Fluoropolymers
Wu Jin. Wu Jin (; 9 April 1934 – 14 January 2008) was a Taiwanese engineer, educator, and politician who served as Minister for Education between 1996 and 1998 under president Lee Teng-hui.

Early life and career
Wu was born in Nanjing on 9 April 1934, and earned a bachelor's degree from National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan in 1956. Wu obtained his Ph.D. in mechanics and hydraulics from the University of Iowa, in Iowa City, Iowa, U.S. He was a research fellow at the Academia Sinica in 1986 and elected to membership of the Academia Sinica in the same year. In 1995, Wu was elected to the United States National Academy of Engineering.

Upon graduating from the University of Iowa, Wu worked for Hydronautics, Inc. as a research scientist within the Fluid Motions Division, and in 1966, became head of that division. In 1972, Wu was promoted again, to lead the Hawaii-based Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Division. Wu joined the University of Delaware faculty in 1974, and held the H. Fletcher Brown Professorship in Marine Studies and Civil Engineering from 1980 to 1998. In Taiwan, he served as the first president of Tainan's National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) from 1994 to 1996.

Minister for Education
Wu was selected by President Lee Teng-hui to serve as Taiwan's education minister in June 1996.
He was known for his progressive views on the reforms needed in Taiwan's educational system.

Wu stepped down as Minister for Education in February 1998. His resignation was due to a difference of opinion dispute between himself and the president of Academia Sinica, Lee Yuan-tseh, over the pace and types of educational reforms needed. (Lee Yuan-tseh had previously chaired a panel force in the 1980s which had led to a number of changes concerning education in Taiwan.)

Death
Wu Jin was diagnosed with cancer of the ampulla of Vater, a rare form of the disease, in 2006. 
He received treatment at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital in Taiwan and the United States.

Wu's health began to deteriorate in December 2007 following a trip to Mainland China. He died on 14 January 2008 at National Cheng Kung University Hospital in Tainan, Taiwan, at the age of 74. Wu was survived by his wife, Tzu-Chen C. Wu.  His funeral took place in Tainan on 27 January 2008.

References

1934 births
2008 deaths
Taiwanese educators
University of Iowa alumni
Ministers of education of Taiwan
Deaths from cancer in Taiwan
Politicians from Nanjing
Members of Academia Sinica
Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
Academic staff of the National Cheng Kung University
Educators from Zhenjiang
Presidents of universities and colleges in Taiwan
Taiwanese people from Jiangsu
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering
National Cheng Kung University alumni
Alexandr Panfierov. Alexandr Panfierov is a Russian glider aerobatic pilot who
won the FAI World Glider Aerobatic Championships and World Air Games Glider Aerobatics Championships 2001.

References

External links
 2nd World Air Games 2001 - Glider Aerobatics

Aerobatic pilots
Russian aviators
Russian glider pilots
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Radio Research Laboratory (Harvard). The Radio Research Laboratory (RRL), located on the campus of Harvard University, was an 800-person secret research laboratory during World War II. Under the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), it was a spinoff of the Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab) at MIT and set up to develop electronic countermeasures to enemy radars and communications, as well as electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) to circumvent enemy ECM. The RRL was directed by Frederick E. Terman and operated between 1942 and 1946.

The RRL was engaged in both analysis and hardware development. They made significant contributions to the basic understanding of methods, theories, and circuits at very-high and ultra-high frequencies for radio systems, particularly in signals intelligence gear and statistical communications techniques. However, unlike the Rad Lab, the RRL never released significant details on its accomplishments; ECM and ECCM have always been closely guarded secrets by all nations.

The RRL conducted considerable work on chaff, light-weight aluminum strips dropped in clouds from aircraft to confuse enemy radars. Fred L. Whipple, an astronomer, made detailed analytical studies of this and devised a formula giving radar cross-section at a given wavelength per kilogram of chaff.

An example of RRL hardware development was Tuba (aka 'Project Tuba'), a giant ECM system generating continuous 80-kW signals in the range of 300-600 MHz to jam German Lichtenstein radars. The power tube (called Resnatron) for Tuba was developed at the RRL by David H. Shone and Lauritsen C. Marshall. Tuba used a horn antenna built of mesh wire 150 feet long and driven through 22- by 6- inch waveguides, possibly the largest ever built. Tuba was placed in operation in mid-1944 on the south coast of England. The radiated energy was such that it lit fluorescent bulbs a mile away and jammed radars throughout Europe.

The RRL staff did document some of the general theory that they developed. After the war, this was released in a two-volume publication Very High-Frequency Techniques, edited by Herbert J. Reich (McGraw-Hill, 1947).

References
 Louis Brown, A Radar History of World War II, Inst. of Physics Publishing, p. 293, 1999
 Steve Blank, Google Tech Talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFSPHfZQpIQ
 Raymond C. Watson Jr.; Radar Origins Worldwide, Trafford Publishing, pp. 203–205, 2009
 United States. Radio Research Laboratory, Harvard University. Records of the Radio Research Laboratory : an inventory, Harvard University Archives

Harvard University
University and college laboratories in the United States
Radiation
Radar
ČSD Class E 458.1. ČSD Class E 458.1 is a class of electric locomotive were used for shunting and local trip working in former Czechoslovakia. Locomotives which passed to České dráhy, rail operator in the Czech Republic are now classified as Class 111. E 458.1 locomotives operate solely on the 3,000 V DC electrification system. They are fitted with thyristor control. ČSD Class S 458.0 and ČSD Class E 458.0 are similar locomotives operating on 25 kV AC and 3,000 V DC respectively.

See also
List of České dráhy locomotive classes

References

External links 
Lokomotivní řada 111 ČD (E 458.1 ČSD) in Czech

Škoda locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
3000 V DC locomotives 
Electric locomotives of Czechoslovakia
Electric locomotives of the Czech Republic
Railway locomotives introduced in 1979
Standard gauge locomotives of Czechoslovakia
Standard gauge locomotives of the Czech Republic

Bo′Bo′ electric locomotives of Europe
Shunting locomotives
Sharpshooter Turret. The Sharpshooter Turret was developed by BAE Systems (FMC and later United Defense) in 1980. In  1995–1997 it was updated for production by BAE Systems and FNSS Defence Systems. The turret is a one-man stabilized turret and can be equipped with one of three configurations: dual-weapon system incorporating a rapid-firing M242 Bushmaster 25 mm cannon, or 40 mm grenade launcher, or 12.7 mm machine gun, along with a coaxially mounted 7.62 mm machine gun. These weapons are mechanically linked to a gunner’s day/night sighting system incorporating a thermal imager and laser rangefinder.

The turret is fitted with an all-electrical drive system, which incorporates a 2 axis stabilization for firing on the move.

The Sharpshooter’s main armament has two primary functions: defeat lightly armored threat vehicles and provide responsive fire support. Fire support not only aids dismounted infantry, but also allows pockets of enemy resistance to be suppressed quickly, permitting the infantry to remain mounted and the momentum of mechanized operations to be sustained. It is also very effective in urban operations where single-shot precision firing is required to engage targets in upper floors of buildings.

Users

Sources

External links
FNSS website

Vehicle-mounted weapons
Military equipment of Turkey
FNSS Defence Systems products
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Rochette bridge. A Rochette bridge is a type of dental prosthesis popular in the 1970s, and described by Alain Rochette in 1973 as a form of resin retained bridge that relied on countersunk holes perforating the metal abutment wing. These would be filled with composite cement on seating the restoration, providing macromechanical retention for the prosthesis.

This type of bridge fell out of fashion as modern cements and treatments of the retainer intaglio enabled better retention without the loss of strength inherent in perforation of the retainer wing. Nonetheless, some Rochette bridges remain in service even today.

References

Prosthodontology
Restorative dentistry
French Island Generating Plant. French Island Generating Plant is a waste fired electrical power station located on French Island in La Crosse, Wisconsin. Unit 1 and 2 are boiler / steam turbine units originally constructed in the 1940s operating on coal. They were converted to burn oil  in the early 1970s. When oil became too costly, alternative fuels were used. Unit 2 was converted to burn waste wood in an Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion Boiler in the early 1980s with unit 1 following in 1987.

RDF
The two boiler units also burn Refuse derived fuel (RDF) diverting solid waste from the municipal landfill. The facility normally burns 50/50 mix of RDF and wood waste. The result of burning RDF is the release of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds into the air. Excessive dioxin releases have forced the shutdown of the boilers as recently as October 2007.

Units

See also
List of power stations in Wisconsin

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20100205103011/http://xcelenergy.com/Minnesota/Company/About_Energy_and_Rates/Power%20Generation/WisconsinPlants/Pages/FrenchIslandGeneratingPlant.aspx
https://web.archive.org/web/20110521083614/http://dnr.wi.gov/air/PermitZIP/632022820-P01.zip
http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/facility.tcl?tri_id=54603NRTHR200SB

Energy infrastructure completed in 1941
Buildings and structures in La Crosse County, Wisconsin
Oil-fired power stations in Wisconsin
Xcel Energy