omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Physical Review B. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics (also known as PRB) is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal, published by the American Physical Society (APS). The Editor of PRB is Stephen E. Nagler. It is part of the Physical Review family of journals. The current Editor in Chief is Randall Kamien. PRB currently publishes over 4500 papers a year, making it one of the largest physics journals in the world.

Scope
The focus of this journal is on new results in condensed matter physics, which includes a wide variety of subject areas, such as semiconductors, superconductivity, magnetism, structure, phase transitions, ferroelectrics, nonordered systems, liquids, quantum solids, superfluidity, electronic structure, photonic crystals, mesoscopic systems, surfaces, clusters, fullerenes, graphene, nanoscience, etc.

History
PRB was created in 1970 when the original Physical Review (founded in 1893) was subdivided into Physical Review A, B, C, and D, based on subject matter. Peter D. Adams was the Editor from inception until 2012 when Laurens W. Molenkamp took over. In 2023 Stephen E. Nagler replaced Molenkamp. Anthony M. Begley is currently the Managing Editor.

Features
PRB has a reputation among professional physicists for publishing useful, comprehensive long papers in physics. It also contains short (four page) papers in its Letters section, previously named Rapid Communications, designed for research important enough to deserve special handling and speedy publication. The journal can be searched for free via PROLA. Titles and abstracts can be freely viewed but a journal subscription is needed to read the full text of papers. PRB and the other APS journals are available entirely free at many US public libraries.

PRB is rare among physics journals in that it has a staff of 12 full-time professional editors, and does not employ the more common model of using part-time editors who are active researchers. The journal is available in print format (at University libraries) but the archival version is the online one. Authors can pay extra charges to make their papers open access. Such papers are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (CC-BY), the most permissive of the CC licenses, which permits authors and others to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work, provided that proper credit is given. A small percentage of the PRB papers published are chosen (highlighted) as an Editors' Suggestions. Artistic images from papers in the journal are published as a feature named Kaleidoscope.

Abstracting and Indexing
Physical Review B is indexed in the following bibliographic databases:

Chemical Abstracts
Computer & Control Abstracts
Current Physics Index
Electrical & Electronics Index
Energy Research Abstracts
INSPEC
Mathematical Reviews
Metals Abstracts
Physics Abstracts
PubSCIENCE
SPIN

See also

References

External links
PRB home page

Academic journals established in 1970
Physics journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals
American Physical Society academic journals
Optics journals
Avro Andover. The Avro Andover was a 1920s British military transport aircraft built by Avro for the Royal Air Force. Four aircraft were built, in two versions. Three aircraft, the Type 561, were used as flying ambulances. The sole example of the Type 563 was used as a 12-seater transport.

Design
At the beginning of the 1920s the Royal Air Force required a successor for the outdated Airco DH.10 Amiens on the Cairo to Baghdad "Desert Air Route". In response Avro designed and constructed the Avro Andover, a single-engined biplane designed to serve as a passenger plane and also as an air ambulance.

The fuselage was a steel tube frame covered with canvas and plywood. While the fuselage was a completely new design, the wings, undercarriage and the tail unit were taken from the Avro Aldershot bomber. The pilot and navigator sat in an open cockpit directly under the leading edge of the upper wing; a passageway led from the cockpit to the passenger cabin. The aircraft held twelve passengers (six on each side of the centre aisle) or six stretchers.

The most obvious characteristics of the Andover were the two large fuel tanks on the upper wings and the dual exhaust pipes of the Rolls-Royce Condor III engine.

Operations
The first flight of the Andover was on 28 June 1924. Because the "Desert Air Route" was transferred to Imperial Airways, no order was placed by the RAF, so Avro manufactured only three Type 561, which were transferred to RAF Halton, location of Princess Mary's RAF Hospital. In spite of the lack of commercial success, a single Type 563 variant was developed by Avro, which had an additional washroom and a baggage compartment.

After test flights in March 1925 in Hamble and Gosport, this passenger aircraft was lent to Imperial Airways and made cross-channel trial flights in the summer of 1925. This was the first Avro aircraft to be used in airline service. Imperial Airways returned the aircraft to the RAF in January 1927.

Operators

Royal Air Force
No. 99 Squadron RAF
Imperial Airways

Specifications (Type 561)

References

 Jackson, A.J. Avro Aircraft since 1908. London:Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990.

External links

 Avro Andover – British Aircraft Directory
 Century of Flight

1920s British military transport aircraft
Andover
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Aircraft first flown in 1924
NRS process. The NRS process (New Regeneration System) is a process to reduce calcium from beet-root thin-juice. It is used in beet-sugar factories to improve the capacity and operating time of evaporators and to produce soft molasses that can be further de-sugarised with chromatography.

The original technology was invented by AKZO for a different application. It was first used in French sugar factories, starting in the 1970s. Plants may have a capacity of 100-1000 m3/h or greater.
The system is often used in the US, France, and Britain. German sugar makers traditionally prefer to invest into bigger evaporation capacity.

The NRS-installation will consist of a number of columns filled with strong-acid-cationic resin. It is installed after carbonatation and filtration and before evaporation.
The resin is loaded with sodium Na+ ions, that are exchanged for calcium Ca++. The softened juice will then be evaporated.

For the regeneration of the resin softened juice will be mixed with caustic-soda (NaOH) and will be sent to the columns to transform the resin back into Na-form. The calcium-rich juice with high pH is sent in several fractions to the beginning of the clarification process, where alkalinisation is needed and the calcium is absorbed by the solid organic matter.

Features of the process
It is effluent free and uses the product for regeneration.
Chemicals are consumed in about the same amount as in traditional technology.
The resin is robust, stable and not expensive.
The control technology is simple.

Effects of the process
Reduces the calcium content.
Less soda needed.
Reduces possible turbidity.

References
Lancrenon, X. (1991). American Society of Sugar Beet Technology, annual conference, NC1109
Lancrenon, X. (1991). Sugar y Azucar 86(8): 13-14, 16, 18-20, 22-23

Food processing
Nguyễn Xuân Vinh. Nguyễn Xuân Vinh (January 1, 1930 – July 23, 2022) was a Vietnamese-American aerospace scientist and educator. Vinh was Professor Emeritus of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan, where he taught for nearly thirty years. His seminal work on the guidance, dynamics and optimal control of space vehicles and their interaction with the atmosphere played a fundamental role in space exploration and technological development.<ref>Optimal Trajectories in Atmospheric Flight 1981. Vinh N. X., Studies in Astronautics 2, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.</ref>

Education
Xuân Vinh attended the French Air Force Academy at Salon de Provence where he specialized in Aeronautical Engineering. In 1954, he graduated from the nearby Aix-Marseille University in Mathematics and was commissioned as an officer. The following year, he qualified as a French Air Force multi-engine pilot.

In 1965, Vinh was the recipient of the first PhD in Aerospace Engineering conferred by the University of Colorado at Boulder supervised by Adolf Busemann. In 1972, he was awarded a national doctorate in mathematics by the University of Paris, France.

Career and research
Following his return to Vietnam, Vinh was appointed Chief of Staff in the Republic of Vietnam Air Force in October 1957. In 1958, Vinh became the Commander and first Air Marshal of the Vietnam Air Force at the age of 28. He served as Air Force Commander until 1962 when he resigned and emigrated to the United States.

He joined the University of Michigan in 1968 as an associate professor of Aerospace Engineering and was promoted to the rank of professor in 1972. During his tenure at Michigan, Vinh chaired more than 20 doctoral committees. It is estimated that over 1,000 aerospace engineers studied under him.

Publications
As a scientist and educator, he has published three books and more than 100 papers in mathematics, astrodynamics and trajectory optimization.

In 1960, to promote a cadet recruitment program for the newly created Air Force Academy in Vietnam, he wrote a novel: Pilot’s Life'', which became a best-seller (now in its sixth printing) and he was awarded the Republic of Vietnam’s National Literature Prize. The novel is in the form of a series of letters written by a pilot to his sweetheart.

Awards and honors
In 1994, he was given the Mechanics and Control of Flight Award by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He was a member of the International Academy of Astronautics and a foreign member of the French National Academy of Air and Space.

In 2006, he won the Dirk Brouwer Award, awarded by the American Astronautical Society, for outstanding lifetime achievement in the field of space flight mechanics and astrodynamics.

Death
Vinh died at 2:39 p.m. Saturday, July 23, at his home in Costa Mesa, California, at the age of 92.

References

 

1930 births
2022 deaths
People from Yên Bái province
People of the Tonkin Protectorate
South Vietnam Air Force generals and air marshals
Vietnamese anti-communists
South Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War
Vietnamese emigrants to the United States
University of Michigan faculty
Thermo-hygrograph. A thermo-hygrograph or hygrothermograph is a chart recorder that measures and records both temperature and humidity (or dew point). Similar devices that record only one parameter are a thermograph for temperature and hygrograph for humidity.

Thermographs where the variations are recorded using photography were described by several scientists as early as 1845, including Francis Ronalds who was Honorary Director of the Kew Observatory.  An updated model of the initial machine was deployed across the national observational network set up by the new UK Met Office in 1867 and coordinated by Kew Observatory.    These instruments then saw extended use around the world.

An alternative thermograph configuration has a pen that records temperature on a revolving cylinder. The pen is at the end of a lever that is controlled by a bi-metal strip of temperature-sensitive metal which bends as the temperature changes.  A human hair bundle can be used for humidity in such machines.

References

Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
Change ringing software. Change ringing software encompasses the several different types of software in use today in connection with change ringing.

Modern
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers maintains a list of change ringing software.
There are four general types of software used in connection with change ringing: tools for composition, simulation, record keeping, and maintaining up-to-date bell tower directories.

Composing tools
The most common use of software in change ringing is composition proving. This type of software is used to take the tedium out of proving change ringing compositions: that is, checking that no change within the composition is repeated. The software will perform the checks required to prove a composition in milliseconds, rather than the hours or days required for paper based proving methods. Often these programs can also analyse compositions to determine the musical rows that they contain.

In recent years, more advanced tools have emerged which can assist the human composer in other ways. These range from pure composition-generation programs such as BYROC and Elf, to more sophisticated programs such as SMC32, which can work alongside the human composer, for instance by linking together existing musical blocks which the composer has created.

The main examples of proving software are:
 Trident
 Beltower

Some examples of composition generation tools:
 BYROC
 Elf

Simulator
The original use of simulators was to allow the practising of change ringing in the tower, but nowadays is perhaps used more in the home, using a dumbbell or keyboard. Many different scenarios can now be accommodated by the software. Sensors are used to give temporal information to the computer.
 Single or multiple learner silent practise with computer producing sound of the bell
 Whole band silent practise with computer producing sound of all the bells
 Practise on more bells than you have with the computer adding in the extra bells
 Practice methods that are more advanced that your band is capable with the computer filling in all the bells

The main examples of simulator software are:
 Abel
 Beltower
 Virtual Belfry

Recordkeeping
Keeping records is very important to some change ringers. Records are often kept in the following areas: 
 Grabs (towers visited)
 Peals
 Quarter peals
The main examples of record keeping software are:
 WinRK
 Duco

Tower directory
An up-to-date directory of towers is often used to plan outings and, used in conjunction with the record keeping software to decide what towers still need to be grabbed.
 
The main examples of tower directory software are:
 TowerBase

History
The earliest known change ringing programs can be traced back to the 1950s. Some of this history is traced in this article on software firsts.

See also
Campanology

References

External links
Bell Conductor software to help to achieve harmony and melody through visualization of a ringing sequence from text and midi files
"Abel" simulator software
Excalibur composition proving software

Campanology
Electronic musical instruments
Culture of England
Costa Panayi. Costa Panayi is a former computer game programmer active during the 1980s. He founded Vortex Software with Paul Canter, publishing games for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC.

He is of Greek Cypriot descent, and studied engineering at the University of Salford. After graduation, he started to work as a mechanical engineer for British Aerospace, when he got into programming games business from his hobby interests.

In 1982, he studied Sinclair BASIC and subsequently formed his company Vortex Software along with Luke Andrews and Mark Haigh-Hutchinson. They wrote a variety of games, including Gunlaw, Deflektor , the Android series, and Tornado Low Level for the ZX Spectrum.

His games achieved critical success; Tornado Low Level and Highway Encounter appeared in the "Your Sinclair official top 100", for example, and in them he developed original 3D interfaces.

In 1995, he was working as a design consultant for Fisher Price.

List of games
ZX81 Othello (1981)
Word Mastermind (1981)
Pontoon (1981)
Crash (1981)
Cosmos (1982), Abbex Electronics
Astral Convoy (1982), Vortex Software

Android One: The Reactor Run (1983), Vortex Software
Android Two (1983), Vortex Software
Tornado Low Level (1984), Vortex Software
Cyclone (1985), Vortex Software
Highway Encounter (1985), Vortex Software
Revolution (1986), U.S. Gold
Deflektor (1987), Gremlin Graphics
Hostile All Terrain Encounter (1989), Gremlin Graphics

References
World of Spectrum entry.
Interview from Sinclair User issue 32.

External links
History of Vortex Software by Mark Haigh-Hutchinson

1957 births
Living people
People from Stretford
Video game programmers
British people of Greek Cypriot descent
Alumni of the University of Salford
British mechanical engineers
Artificial Minds. Artificial Minds: An Exploration of the Mechanisms of Mind is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press.

The book is a wide-ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written. As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers to be the most promising examples of the era.

References
 Causey, Robert L. (1998) Review of Artificial Minds by Stan Franklin. ACM SIGART Bulletin 9(1): 35–39.
 da Fontoura Costa, Luciano. (1999) "Franklin's New Infant Theory of Mind: Review of Artificial Minds: An Exploration of the Mechanisms of Mind by Stan Franklin." Psyche 5(29): n. pag.
 Wolpert, Seth. (1997) Review of Artificial Minds by Stan Franklin. Computers in Physics 11(3): 258–259.

1995 non-fiction books
Non-fiction books about artificial intelligence
Fixed Bed Nuclear Reactor. The Fixed Bed Nuclear Reactor (FBNR) is a simple, small, proliferation resistant, inherently safe and passively cooled nuclear reactor with reduced environmental impact. The reactor is being developed under the auspice of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Its science and technology is in the public domain.

The main developer of the Fixed Bed Nuclear Reactor is the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Several international institutions have shown interest in participating in this project, including Imperial College of the University of London, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) and the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE) in the Russian Federation.

The design underwent 3D analysis and testing and results were published in 2020.

References

External links
FBNR website

Nuclear reactors
Flood gun. A flood gun is an electromechanical device that provides a steady flow of low-energy electrons to a desired target or "flood area". 

Typically, the target is an area on an insulator or semiconductor where another "writing gun" has just left a net positive charge. 

If the energy of a flood gun's electrons is properly balanced, each impinging flood gun electron knocks out one secondary electron from the target, thus preserving the net charge in the target area. This is called "charge neutralization".

Flood guns are typically used in photoelectron spectroscopy, oscilloscopes and ion beam implanters as their secondary electron gun.

References 
 Barnard, B. R. "Flood Gun for Charge Neutralization", 2005

Vacuum tube displays
Messerschmitt Bf 163. The Messerschmitt Bf 163 was an STOL aircraft designed by BFW and built by Weser Flugzeugbau before World War II.

Design and development 

During the autumn of 1935, the considerable potential of the Fieseler Fi 156 project for the tasks of short-range reconnaissance and aerial observation had prompted the RLM to draw up a requirement for an army cooperation and observation aircraft with its performance parameters. The requirement stipulated the use of the Argus As 10 or the Hirth HM 508 engine and placed emphasis on short field performance, maximum possible allround view for the two crew members, and a wide range of speed. It was intended that the resultant aircraft, which the Siebel Si 201 was also designed to compete for, would be evaluated in competition with the Fi 156.

The Bf 163 closely followed the formula established by the Fi 156 by being a high-wing braced monoplane with a metal structure, automatic leading edge wing slots, double slotted flaps, and an exceptionally tall undercarriage. The aircraft's most interesting feature was the provision for varying the incidence of the entire wing which swivelled on its mainspar, the bracing struts being attached to the fuselage by ball joints and changing their angle with movement of the wing. Construction of the sole prototype was entrusted to Weserflug, though due to its origin with the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke before mid-July 1938, it retained the Bf RLM prefix for the earlier firm.

Operational history
First flown on 19 February 1938 and powered by the Argus As 10C, the Bf 163 V1 proved to have similar performance characteristics to those of the Fi 156 but was more complex and expensive. Although some components for a second prototype were manufactured, the Bf 163 V2 was not completed and further work on the Bf 163 was terminated in favor of the Fieseler Fi 156.

Specifications (Bf 163 V1)

See also

Sources 

 Green, William Warplanes of the Third Reich. Galahad Books, 1986.  .

Bf 163
1930s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Herbert William Heinrich. Herbert William Heinrich (Bennington, Vermont, October 6, 1886 – June 22, 1962) was an American industrial safety pioneer from the 1930s.

Biography
He was born on October 6, 1886, in Bennington, Vermont.

He was an assistant superintendent of the Engineering and Inspection Division of Travelers Insurance Company when he published his book Industrial Accident Prevention, A Scientific Approach in 1931. One empirical finding from his 1931 book became known as Heinrich's law: that in a workplace, for every accident that causes a major injury, there are 29 accidents that cause minor injuries and 300 accidents that cause no injuries.

Heinrich died on June 22, 1962, at the age of 76.

Heinrich's law

Heinrich's work is claimed as the basis for the theory of behavior-based safety by some experts of this field, which holds that as many as 95 percent of all workplace accidents are caused by unsafe acts. Heinrich came to this conclusion after reviewing thousands of accident reports completed by supervisors, who generally blamed workers for causing accidents without conducting detailed investigations into the root causes.

While Heinrich's figure that 88 percent of all workplace accidents and injuries/illnesses are caused by "man-failure" is perhaps his most oft-cited conclusion, his book actually encouraged employers to control hazards, not merely focus on worker behaviors. "No matter how strongly the statistical records emphasize personal faults or how imperatively the need for educational activity is shown, no safety procedure is complete or satisfactory that does not provide for the ... correction or elimination of ... physical hazards", Heinrich wrote in his book. Emphasizing this aspect of workplace safety, Heinrich devoted 100 pages of his work to the subject of machine guarding. His research is criticized by some, such as Bruce Main and William Edwards Deming, for being outdated and unscientific. Main thinks that Heinrich's law should be replaced by a model that emphasizes safety in design, compared to the former's emphasis on behavior.

Legacy

Heinrich's classic work was refuted by a 1980 book Industrial Accident Prevention, by Nestor Roos, H Heinrich, Julienne Brown and Dan Petersen.

Heinrich Revisited: Truisms or Myths by Fred A. Manuele, CSP, PE [2002,  published by National Safety Council offers the following in the last chapter.

The later book, "On the Practice of Safety, Third Edition," by Fred Manuele [2003,  published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc] further discusses Heinrich and compares and contrasts his finding with those of W. Edwards Deming.

References

1886 births
1962 deaths
Occupational safety and health
American business writers
John Robert Anderson (chemist). John Robert Anderson (5 March 1928 – 26 February 2007) was an Australian chemist whose research specialised on materials science. Anderson served as Chief of the Division of Material Sciences at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation from 1970 to 1978. He attended Sydney Boys High School from 1940 to 1944.

References

Bright Sparcs. 2006. Anderson, John Robert (1928 - ).

1928 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Australian chemists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
People educated at Sydney Boys High School