omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CrypTool. CrypTool is an open-source project
that is a free e-learning software for illustrating cryptographic and cryptanalytic concepts.

History 
The development of CrypTool started in 1998. Originally developed by German companies and universities, it is an open-source project since 2001.

Currently 4 versions of CrypTool are maintained and developed: The CrypTool 1 (CT1) software is available in 6 languages (English, German, Polish, Spanish, Serbian, and French). CrypTool 2 (CT2), JCrypTool (JCT), and CrypTool-Online (CTO) are available in English and German.

The goal of the CrypTool project is to make users aware of how cryptography can help against network security threats and to explain the underlying concepts of cryptology.

CrypTool 1 (CT1) is written in C++ and designed for the Microsoft Windows operating system.

In 2007, development began on two additional projects, both based on a pure-plugin architecture, to serve as successors to the original CrypTool program. Both successors regularly publish new stable versions:

 CrypTool 2 (built with C#/.NET/WPF) (abbreviated CT2)
uses the concept of visual programming to clarify cryptographic processes. Currently, CT2 contains more than 150 crypto functions.

 JCrypTool 1.0 (built with Java/Eclipse/RCP/SWT) (abbreviated JCT)
runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux, and offers both a document-centric and a function-centric perspective. Currently, JCT contains more than 100 crypto functions. One of its focal points are modern digital signatures (like Merkle trees and SPHINCS).
The CrypTool project is now being developed at the research institute CODE at the Bundeswehr University Munich.

CrypTool is used in schools, universities, companies and agencies for education and awareness training.

Merger with CrypTools 
In early 2020, the CrypTool project decided to merge with a similar project of the same name, CrypTools, founded in 2017 in Australia by Luka Lafaye de Micheaux, Arthur Guiot, and Lucas Gruwez. CrypTool, much older and known, thus completely "absorbs" the project under its name.

See also

Asymmetric key algorithm
Topics in cryptography
Cryptosystem

References

External links 
 
 CrypTool-Online
 International Cipher Contest "MysteryTwister" (MTC3)
 – presentation-en.pdf Presentation about the CrypTool-1 program with more than 100 slides and many screenshots

1998 software
Free educational software
Cryptographic software
Free software programmed in C++
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Free software programmed in C Sharp
Windows-only free software
Cryptography contests
Cryptologic education
Cambridge Systems Technology. Cambridge Systems Technology (CST) was a company formed in the early 1980s by ex-Torch Computers engineers David Oliver and Martin Baines, to produce peripherals for the BBC Micro, and later, with Graham Priestley, Sinclair QL microcomputers. Products included IEEE 488, floppy disk and SCSI interfaces. 
Following the demise of the Sinclair QL in 1986, CST began producing the Thor series of QL-compatible personal computers. These had limited commercial success, and CST had ceased trading by the end of the decade.

References

See also 

 Miracle Systems
 Sinclair QL
 Sinclair Research

Defunct companies based in Cambridgeshire
Defunct computer companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct computer hardware companies
Companies established in the 1980s
Companies disestablished in the 1980s
Science and technology in Cambridgeshire
List of former automotive manufacturing plants. List of former automotive manufacturing plants. The table below lists former automotive industry manufacturing factories and facilities.

List of plants

See also
 List of automobile manufacturers
 Brownfield land
 Ford Piquette Avenue Plant
 Flint, Michigan auto industry
 List of GM factories
 List of Volkswagen Group factories

References

External links
 Production Halted at MG Rover Longbridge Plant. Steven Downes, (London) Times Online. Retrieved on 1 December 2005.
 It Takes Many Arrows to Kill an Elephant. Jerry Flint, Forbes, 29 November 2005. Retrieved on 1 December 2005. Many references to historic, closed facilities.
 Links to Early Automotive History, State of Michigan official website. Retrieved on 1 December 2005.
 Once teeming with auto plants, Detroit now home to only a few nameplates. Richard A. Wright, The Detroit News. Retrieved on 1 December 2005.
 General Motors--Brownfield Redevelopment
 Clasp Automotive

 01
.
Automotive manufacturing plants
Natterer compressor. A Natterer compressor was a type of air compression machine which was used in early experiments in making liquid oxygen (LOX) in the 1870s. A manually operated screw jack was utilized to compress air or other gases up to ~200 atm (~3000 psi).

The device was created by Johann Natterer, a student of Adolf Martin Pleischl, for experiments creating liquid carbonic acid.

References 

Gas compressors
Loadlin. loadlin is a Linux boot loader that runs under 16-bit real-mode DOS (including the MS-DOS mode of Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me startup disk). It allows the Linux system to load and replace the running DOS without altering existing DOS system files.

loadlin and the Linux kernel are both files on a file system accessible to DOS. It loads the Linux kernel into memory from a file.  It also places various configuration parameters into memory, and transfers control to the kernel. The kernel reads these parameters, initializes and runs, replacing DOS completely.

Optionally, it can be configured to supply the kernel with an initial RAM disk, loaded into memory before transferring control to the Linux kernel.  It passes to the kernel information about the RAM disk and its location.  Furthermore, parameters can be passed to the Linux kernel that make it use that RAM disk as its root file system.  The startup programs in that file system often cause Linux to mount another file system (perhaps on a fixed disk) and switch to using that as its root file system.

loadlin operates as a separate program and does not modify the master boot record, which can be useful for situations where there are concerns about modifying the MBR (which could lead to an unbootable system if done incorrectly). Due to its structure, loadlin only works on DOS-based operating systems, and will not work on NT-based versions of Windows.

See also

GNU GRUB
LILO (bootloader)
GAG (Gestor de Arranque Gráfico)
SYSLINUX
WinKExec
Win32-loader (Debian)

References

External links
HOWTO at the Linux Documentation Project
HOWTO at the Linux Documentation Project

Download
http://youpibouh.thefreecat.org/loadlin/ (archived)

Free boot loaders
Mike Shaver. Mike Shaver (born February 17, 1977) is a former Engineering Director at Facebook. He is also known for his work on several open source projects. He has been involved in the development of many of the technologies that enable interactive web pages, such as the JavaScript language.

Background 
Shaver attended high school at Lisgar Collegiate Institute in Ottawa, where he began working with Ingenia Communications Corporation, an Ottawa-area computer consultancy that later dissolved. His efforts saw him rise from a summer student who worked as a system administrator and software developer to chief systems architect and eventually Chief technical officer (CTO).

Career 
Shaver eventually left to work at Netscape Communications and later zerøknowledge, Cluster File Systems, and the Oracle Corporation. Beginning as a visiting developer, he quickly rose through the ranks and eventually gained Internet fame by becoming a founding member of the Mozilla Organization in 1998.

He served as VP of Engineering and VP of Technical Strategy for the Mozilla Corporation where he helped people understand, build, and benefit from an open Web. He became associated within the discussions of web standardization and also performed gatekeeper role. At Mozilla, Shaver worked with Mike Schroepfer, who also later began working at Facebook.

Shaver was also at the center of the "ten fucking days" imbroglio wherein he wrote on his business card "ten fucking days" referencing a recent ten-day turnaround for a security flaw from notification to releasing a fixed version of Firefox. His intent was to show confidence in Mozilla's ability to quickly address security issues, but it was misunderstood as a general or official Mozilla policy. Shaver stayed at Mozilla for six years before he transferred to Facebook, where he became the director of engineering from 2011 to 2016.

In 2016, Shaver returned to Canada and joined Real Ventures. His first investment was the startup called integrate.ai, where he also serves as CTO.

In 2022, Shaver began working for Shopify as a Distinguished Engineer.

In October 2024, Shaver joined the Ladybird Browser Initiative as a board member.

References

External links 
 Mike Shaver's Weblog, noise from signal
 Shaverman webcomic, (pg1 | pg2)

1977 births
Living people
Mozilla developers
Open source people
People from Grande Prairie
Lisgar Collegiate Institute alumni
Molybdenum disilicide. Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2, or molybdenum silicide), an intermetallic compound, a silicide of molybdenum, is a refractory ceramic with primary use in heating elements. It has moderate density, melting point 2030 °C, and is electrically conductive. At high temperatures it forms a passivation layer of silicon dioxide, protecting it from further oxidation. The thermal stability of MoSi2 alongside its high emissivity make this material, alongside WSi2 attractive for applications as a high emissivity coatings in heat shields for atmospheric entry. 
MoSi2 is a gray metallic-looking material with tetragonal crystal structure (alpha-modification); its beta-modification is hexagonal and unstable. It is insoluble in most acids but soluble in nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid.

While MoSi2 has excellent resistance to oxidation and high Young's modulus at temperatures above 1000 °C, it is brittle in lower temperatures. Also, at above 1200 °C it loses creep resistance. These properties limits its use as a structural material, but may be offset by using it together with another material as a composite material.

Molybdenum disilicide and MoSi2-based materials are usually made by sintering. Plasma spraying can be used for producing its dense monolithic and composite forms; material produced this way may contain a proportion of β-MoSi2 due to its rapid cooling.

Molybdenum disilicide heating elements can be used for temperatures up to 1800 °C, in electric furnaces used in laboratory and production environment in production of glass, steel, electronics, ceramics, and in heat treatment of materials. While the elements are brittle, they can operate at high power without aging, and their electrical resistivity does not increase with operation time. Their maximum operating temperature has to be lowered in atmospheres with low oxygen content due to breakdown of the passivation layer.

Other ceramic materials used for heating elements include silicon carbide, barium titanate, and lead titanate composite materials.

Molybdenum disilicide is used in microelectronics as a contact material. It is often used as a shunt over polysilicon lines to increase their conductivity and increase signal speed.

References

Ceramic materials
Group 6 silicides
Molybdenum(II) compounds
Refractory materials
Semiconductor materials
Materials Today. Materials Today is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal, website, and journal family. The parent journal was established in 1998 and covers all aspects of materials science. It is published by Elsevier and the editors-in-chief are Jun Lou (Rice University) and Gleb Yushin (Georgia Institute of Technology). The journal principally publishes invited review articles, but other formats are also included, such as primary research articles, news items, commentaries, and opinion pieces on subjects of interest to the field. The website publishes news, educational webinars, podcasts, and blogs, as well as a jobs and events board. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 31.041.

The journal family includes Applied Materials Today, Materials Today Chemistry, Materials Today Energy, Materials Today Physics, Materials Today Nano, Materials Today Sustainability, Materials Today Communications, Materials Today Advances and Materials Today: Proceedings; as well as an extended collection of related publications.

History
The journal was established in 1998 as a collaboration between Elsevier and the European Materials Research Society. The founding editor was Phil Mestecky. The journal was distributed free of charge to society members and to anyone else who requested a subscription. The spin-off titles Materials Today Communications, Materials Today: Proceedings, and Applied Materials Today were launched between 2014 and 2015. In October 2016, Materials Today announced plans to further develop the journal and related family: including the appointment of new editors, the inclusion of primary research articles, and the planned launch of an extended family of titles. The journal transitioned into an open access publication in 2012 but announced the introduction of subscription articles alongside open-access articles from 2017.

References

External links

European Materials Research Society

English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1998
Professional and trade magazines
Materials science journals
Monthly journals
Elsevier academic journals
Hybrid open access journals
Can seamer. A can seamer is a machine used to seal the lid to the can body. The lid or "end" is usually tinplated steel (food) or aluminum (drinks) while the body can be of metal (such as cans for beverages and soups), paperboard (whisky cans) or plastic.

The seam formed is generally leak proof, but this depends on the product being canned. The seam is made by mechanically overlapping the two layers to form a hook.

Different parameters of the hook are measured and monitored to check the integrity of the seam under different conditions.

The shape of the double seam is determined by the shape of the seamer roll profile and the relative position. During the can seaming process, the seamer chuck holds the can while the rolls rotate around it. Initially, the first operation roll folds the lid (end) and then the second operation rolls tightens the resulting seam.

The first operation seam is critical to avoid problems like wrinkles (tightness issues) and leaks. The shape of the seam is determined by the shape of the first operation roll, the second operation roll, their relative positions and distances, lifter height, lifter pressure. Any damage or problems to the seamer or seamer tools can cause severe problems to the double seam like seam bumps, wrinkles, sharp seams, and open seams.

Can seamer setup 
Seamer setup is usually done by an experienced individual, typically using a lifter height gauge, lifter height pressure gauge, and feeler gauges (small pieces of metal for go/no go testing of the distances between the roll and chuck toolings). New products like the clearance gauge are able to let even novice users adjust seamers and optimize them, as well as locate problems with broken/damaged tooling, shank/bushing issues, seamer adjustment issues, or broken bearings.

Applications 

Some common can seamer applications include, but are not limited to:

 Cans
 Automotive filters (oil and fuel)
 Capacitors
 Certain automotive mufflers (silencers)
 Drums

References

 Yam, K. L., Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, John Wiley & Sons, 2009,

External links

Can and end/lid standards
Guide to can defects
Can history timeline

Industrial processes
Packaging machinery
Fallacies of distributed computing. The fallacies of distributed computing are a set of assertions made by L Peter Deutsch and others at Sun Microsystems describing false assumptions that programmers new to distributed applications invariably make.

The fallacies
The originally listed fallacies are

 The network is reliable;
 Latency is zero;
 Bandwidth is infinite;
 The network is secure;
 Topology doesn't change;
 There is one administrator;
 Transport cost is zero;
 The network is homogeneous;

The effects of the fallacies
 Software applications are written with little error-handling on networking errors. During a network outage, such applications may stall or infinitely wait for an answer packet, permanently consuming memory or other resources. When the failed network becomes available, those applications may also fail to retry any stalled operations or require a (manual) restart.
 Ignorance of network latency, and of the packet loss it can cause, induces application- and transport-layer developers to allow unbounded traffic, greatly increasing dropped packets and wasting bandwidth.
 Ignorance of bandwidth limits on the part of traffic senders can result in bottlenecks.
 Complacency regarding network security results in being blindsided by malicious users and programs that continually adapt to security measures.
 Changes in network topology can have effects on both bandwidth and latency issues, and therefore can have similar problems.
 Multiple administrators, as with subnets for rival companies, may institute conflicting policies of which senders of network traffic must be aware in order to complete their desired paths.
 The "hidden" costs of building and maintaining a network or subnet are non-negligible and must consequently be noted in budgets to avoid vast shortfalls.
 If a system assumes a homogeneous network, then it can lead to the same problems that result from the first three fallacies.

History

The list of fallacies originated at Sun Microsystems. L. Peter Deutsch, one of the original Sun "Fellows", first created a list of seven fallacies in 1994; incorporating four fallacies Bill Joy and Dave Lyon had already identified in "The Fallacies of Networked Computing". Around 1997, James Gosling, another Sun Fellow and the inventor of Java, added the eighth fallacy.

In an episode of "Software Engineering Radio"  Peter Deutsch added a ninth fallacy: "It's really an expansion of number 4. It extends beyond the boundaries of the physical network. ... The party you are communicating with is trustworthy."

Later in 2020, Mark Richards and Neal Ford expanded upon the original "Fallacies of Distributed Computing" by introducing three additional fallacies to address contemporary challenges in distributed systems: 

 Versioning is simple
 Compensating updates always work
 Observability is optional

See also
 CAP theorem
 PACELC theorem
 Distributed computing
 Fine vs coarse grained SOA

References

External links
 
 

Distributed computing architecture
Distributed computing problems
Charles Fritts. Charles Fritts (1850 – 1903) was the American inventor credited with creating the first working selenium cell in 1883.

According to CleanTechnica, the world's first rooftop solar array, using Fritts' selenium cells, was installed in 1884 on a New York City rooftop. Bellingcat, however, attributes a photo of the cells to the roof of George Cove's laboratory.

Fritts coated the semiconductor material selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold.  The resulting cells had a conversion electrical efficiency of only about 1% owing to the properties of selenium, which in combination with the material's high cost prevented the use of such cells for energy supply.  Selenium cells found other applications however, for example as light sensors for exposure timing in photo cameras, where they were common well into the 1960s.

Solar cells later became practical for power uses after Russell Ohl's 1941 development of silicon P/N junction cells that reached efficiencies above 5% by the 1950s/1960s.

By 2006, the best silicon solar cells were over 40% efficient, with industrial average over 17%. By 2022, the average efficiency of crystalline Silicon was 21%.

See also
Timeline of solar energy
George Cove

References

Further reading
 (link)

People associated with solar power
19th-century American inventors
1850 births
1903 deaths
Flexible. Flexible may refer to:

Science and technology
 Power cord, a flexible electrical cable.
 Flexible cable, an Electrical cable as used on electrical appliances
 Flexible electronics
 Flexible response
 Flexible-fuel vehicle
 Flexible rake receiver
 Flexible AC transmission system
 Semi-flexible rod polymer
 Flexible algebra, in non-associative algebras, for example alternative algebras
 Flexible polyhedron
 Flexible single master operation

Other uses
 "Flexible", a song by Depeche Mode
 Flexible mold
 Flextime, a variable work schedule
 Flexible spending account, a tax-advantaged savings account
 Flexible baton round, fired as a shotgun shell
 Flxible, originally the Flexible Sidecar Co.

See also
 Flexibility (disambiguation)
 Bendable (disambiguation)
 Rollable (disambiguation)
 Flex (disambiguation)
BQM-90. The BQM-90 was an unmanned aircraft proposed for use as a target drone by the United States Armed Forces. Developed during the 1970s, no aircraft were built before the project was cancelled.

Overview
The BQM-90 project was begun in 1970 under the designation ZBQM-90A; the intent of the program was to create a supersonic, high-altitude target drone for use in testing air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. It was to be launched from the ground or the air, using a turbojet powerplant, and would be controlled by either ground-baser or airborne control stations. The requirements for flight performance were increased during development; eventually the specification called for the BQM-90 to simulate a sea skimming anti-ship missile at Mach 1.3 or a high altitude missile travelling at a speed of Mach 3 and an altitude of . At the end of a flight the drone was to deploy a parachute, allowing it to be recovered and re-used.

ZBQM-90A program was cancelled in 1973 due to a lack of funding.

See also
List of missiles

References

Target drones of the United States
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States