omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Integrated Motor Assist. Integrated Motor Assist (commonly abbreviated as IMA) is Honda's hybrid car technology, introduced in 1999 on the Insight. It is a specific implementation of a parallel hybrid.  It uses an electric motor mounted between the internal combustion engine and transmission to act as a starter motor, power generator, engine balancer, and assist traction motor.

Overview
In its first generation, IMA could not power the car on electricity alone, and could only use the motor to assist or start the engine.  2006 Civic Hybrid, however, can activate the electric motor while the vehicle is coasting without turning on the internal combustion engine, though in contrast to Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) or General Motors and DaimlerChrysler's Global Hybrid Cooperation, the IMA has a less powerful motor/generator which allows the car to slow or stop its rate of deceleration to a lesser extent; it cannot operate without turning over the engine which is directly coupled to its electric motor.

Regenerative braking
The IMA uses regenerative braking to capture some of the energy that would otherwise be lost as heat during braking and reuse that energy later to help accelerate the vehicle. This has three effects: it increases the rate of acceleration, reduces the work required of the engine, and reduces the frequency of brake hardware replacement. The acceleration boost is important as it allows the engine to be scaled down to a smaller but more fuel-efficient variant without rendering the vehicle unacceptably slow or weak. This smaller engine is the primary reason cars equipped with IMA get better highway mileage than their more conventional counterparts.

Starting
Additionally, vehicles equipped with IMA can shut off their engine when the vehicle stops and use the electric motor to rapidly spin it back up when the driver releases the brake pedal (or in the manual transmission variant, when the shifter is placed into gear from neutral).  They also have a conventional starter as a backup, making it the only production hybrid system which can operate with its high voltage electric system disabled, using only its engine like a traditional vehicle.  However, since the IMA also acts as the vehicle's alternator, eventually the 12 volt accessory battery would require an external charge.

Other names
ISG: Integrated Starter Generator
ISA: Integrated Starter Alternator
ISAD: Integrated Starter Alternator Damper
CAS: Combined Alternator Starter
CSA: Crankshaft Starter Alternator or Combined Starter Alternator
CISG: Crank-mounted Integrated Starter Generator

List of vehicles using IMA

Honda J-VX (1997 concept car)
Honda Insight (1999-2006, 2010-2014)
Honda Dualnote (2001 concept car)
Honda Fit Hybrid (2010-2014)
Honda Fit Shuttle Hybrid (2010-2015)
Honda Civic Hybrid (2003-2015)
Honda Accord Hybrid (2005-2007)
Honda Freed Hybrid (2008-2016)
Honda CR-Z (2010-2016)
Acura ILX Hybrid (2013-2014)

References

External links
Honda Official "Green Technology - Hybrid"

Automotive technology tradenames
Engine technology
Honda
Hybrid powertrain

de: Honda Civic IMA
Pulaski (tool). The Pulaski is a specialty hand tool used in fighting fires, particularly wildfires,
which combines an axe and an adze in one head. Similar to a cutter mattock, it has a rigid handle of wood, plastic, or fiberglass. The Pulaski was developed for constructing firebreaks, able to both dig soil and chop wood. It is also well adapted for trail construction, and can be used for gardening and other outdoor work for general excavation and digging holes in root-bound or hard soil.

The invention of the Pulaski is credited to Ed Pulaski, an assistant ranger with the United States Forest Service in 1911. Similar tools were introduced in 1876 by the Collins Tool Company. A tool that serves the same purpose was used in the Alps for over 300 years for planting trees (Wiedehopfhaue) or the dolabra in ancient Rome. Pulaski was famous for taking action to save the lives of a crew of 45 firefighters during the disastrous August 1910 wildfires in Idaho. His invention (or reinvention) of a combination axe and adze may have been a result of the disaster, as he saw the need for better firefighting tools. Pulaski further refined the tool by 1913, and it came into use in the Rocky Mountain region. In 1920 the Forest Service began contracting for the tool to be commercially manufactured but its use remained regional until the tool became a national standard in the 1930s.

An initialed ("E.P.") tool, which purportedly belonged to Pulaski himself, is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution at the Wallace District Mining Museum in Wallace, Idaho.

See also
 Driptorch
 Fire flapper (tool)
 Fire rake
 Flare
 Halligan bar
 McLeod (tool)
 Pickaroon

References

External links
 

Firefighter tools
Forestry tools
Mechanical hand tools
Wildfire suppression equipment
Sylphon. A sylphon is an old name for a cylindrically symmetrical metal bellows.  When made of metal, the sylphon shape was formerly created by metal spinning onto a metal mandrel (model), and now by hydrostatic forming within a mold.   Because the mold contains the convolutions of the bellows, the mold must be constructed in parts so that it can be disassembled when the forming process is complete.  Experimental physicist John Strong makes occasional use of the term sylphon in his book Procedures in Experimental Physics.

A sylphon, or bellows, is used, among other purposes, to transfer motion through the wall of a vacuum chamber.  It can be used as a squeeze piston for simple pumps.  It can also be used as a flexible coupling to transfer rotary motion between shafts.

The sylphon was invented in the early 1900s by meteorologist Weston Fulton (1871–1946), who named it for the sylphs of Western mythology. Also, a trade name used by Johnson Controls for pneumatically operated valves and damper actuators utilizing a metal bellows, they were rendered obsolete in the 1930s and 40s.

References

Tools
Plate electrode. A plate, usually called anode in Britain,  is a type of electrode that forms part of a vacuum tube. It is usually made of sheet metal, connected to a wire which passes through the glass envelope of the tube to a terminal in the base of the tube, where it is connected to the external circuit.  The plate is given a positive potential, and its function is to attract and capture the electrons emitted by the cathode.  Although it is sometimes a flat plate, it is more often in the shape of a cylinder or flat open-ended box surrounding the other electrodes.

Construction
The plate must dissipate heat created when the electrons hit it with a high velocity after being accelerated by the voltage between the plate and cathode.   Most of the waste power used in a vacuum tube is dissipated as heat by the plate.  In low power tubes it is usually given a black coating, and often has "fins" to help it radiate heat.  In power vacuum tubes used in radio transmitters, it is often made of a refractory metal like molybdenum. and is part of a large heat sink that projects through the glass or ceramic tube envelope and is cooled by radiation cooling, forced air or water.

Secondary emission
A problem in early vacuum tubes was secondary emission; electrons striking the plate could knock other electrons out of the metal surface.  In some tubes such as tetrodes these secondary electrons could be absorbed by other electrodes such as grids in the tube, resulting in a current out of the plate.  This current could cause the plate circuit to have negative resistance, which could cause unwanted parasitic oscillations.  To prevent this most plates in modern tubes are given a chemical coating which reduces secondary emission.

See also
 Anode

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20101007201649/http://pentalabs.com/tubeworks.html – The history of vacuum tubes
The Thermionic Detector – HJ van der Bijl (October 1919)
How vacuum tubes really work – Thermionic emission and vacuum tube theory, using introductory college-level mathematics.
The Vacuum Tube FAQ – FAQ from rec.audio
 The invention of the thermionic valve. Fleming discovers the thermionic (or oscillation) valve, or 'diode'.

References

Shiers, George, "The First Electron Tube", Scientific American, March 1969, p. 104.
Tyne, Gerald,  Saga of the Vacuum Tube, Ziff Publishing, 1943,  (reprint 1994 Prompt Publications), p. 30–83.
RCA Radiotron Designer's Handbook, 1953 (4th Edition). Contains chapters on the design and application of receiving tubes.

Vacuum tubes
Electrodes
Stannate. In chemistry, the term stannate or tinnate refers to compounds of tin (Sn). Stannic acid (Sn(OH)4), the formal precursor to stannates, does not exist and is actually a hydrate of SnO2. The term is also used in naming conventions as a suffix; for example the hexachlorostannate ion is .

In materials science, two kinds of tin oxyanions are distinguished:
orthostannates contain discrete  units (e.g. K4SnO4) or have a spinel structure (e.g. Mg2SnO4)
metastannates with a stoichiometry MIISnO3, MSnO3 which may contain polymeric anions or may be sometimes better described as mixed oxides

These materials are semiconductors.

Examples
 Barium stannate, BaSnO3 (a metastannate)
 Cobalt stannate, Co2SnO4, primary constituent of the pigment cerulean blue
 Dysprosium stannate, Dy2Sn2O7
 Lead stannate, Pb2SnO4, "Type I" lead-tin yellow
 Potassium stannate, formally potassium hexahydroxostannate(IV), formula K2Sn(OH)6
 Sodium stannate, formally sodium hexahydroxostannate(IV), formula Na2Sn(OH)6

See also
Stannite
Silicate

References

 
Oxometallates
Bionic Tower. The Bionic Tower (Spanish: Torre Biónica; Chinese: 仿生塔) was an imagined vertical city, designed for human habitation by Spanish architects Eloy Celaya, María Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez. It would have a main tower  high, with 300 stories housing approximately 100,000 people. The purpose of the Bionic Tower was to utilize bionics to address the issue of the world's rising population in an eco-friendly manner. 

The Bionic Tower would be exactly 400 meters taller than the current tallest building, the Burj Khalifa.

The Bionic Tower is composed of two complexes. The first complex, Bionic Tower, is made up of twelve vertical neighborhoods, each eighty meters in height. The neighborhoods are separated by safety areas, designed to make for easier construction and evacuation in the case of emergency. Each neighborhood has two groups of buildings, one on the interior of the building and one on the exterior. Both groups of buildings are situated around large gardens and pools. The second complex, called the Base Island, is 1,000 meters in diameter, and is made up of many buildings, gardens, pools, and communication infrastructures. Foreseen uses of these complexes include hotels, offices, residential, commerce, cultural, sports and leisure.

In 1997, work on the prototype Bionic Vertical Space began. This was developed by the architects Eloy Celaya, María Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez through the beginning of 2001. Eloy Celaya, who studied at Columbia University, is developing another project similar to the Bionic Tower.

While in office, then-Shanghai mayor Xu Kuangdi expressed an interest in the concept for his city. Hong Kong also reportedly expressed interest in the project.

Specifications
 Authorship: Spanish architects Eloy Celaya, María Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez
 Urban model: Vertical city
 Inhabitants: 100,000
 Height: 
 Floors: 300
 Elevators: 368 elevators ( or ), with vertical and horizontal movement)
 Footprint:  ×  at base, expanding to  ×  max
 Area: 
 Artificial base island:  diameter
 Structure: Micro-structured high strength concrete (2 tons/cm3 or 1,372 MPa)
 Maximum sway:  lateral displacement
 Technology: Bionic vertical space
 Cost: USD $16 billion+
 Location: Shanghai or Hong Kong

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
 List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
 List of buildings with 100 floors or more
 Arcology
 Proposed tall buildings and structures

References

External links
 torrebionica.com
 you.com.au

Planned communities in China
Architecture in Spain
Proposed buildings and structures in China
Proposed skyscrapers in China
Unbuilt skyscrapers
Proposed arcologies
EMD NW3. The EMD NW3 was a  road switcher diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division of La Grange, Illinois between November 1939 and March 1942. A total of seven were built for the Great Northern Railway, the sole original purchaser; they were originally numbered #5400-5406 and later renumbered #175-181.

The locomotive fundamentally consists of an NW2 hood, prime mover (a V12 EMD 567 diesel engine) and main generator on a long frame with road trucks (Blomberg Bs). The extra length was used for a large cab and an additional, full-width hood section, which contained a steam generator for passenger service. The boiler's exhaust was in the front center of the cab, between the front windows and exiting at the middle of the roof front.

The locomotives were delivered in GN's black diesel paint scheme of the time, but were later repainted in the bright, orange and green "Empire Builder" scheme. The short exhaust stacks as delivered were at some point replaced by standard conical EMD switcher stacks.

The first four locomotives were traded in by GN to EMD on new locomotives in 1965. The remaining three locomotives were sold to other railroads: #179 was sold to A.E. Staley Co. of Morrisville, Pennsylvania, keeping the same number; then locomotive #179 was purchased by Locomotive Trouble Shooters, from Fairless Hills, PA 19030 and the engine was replaced, #180 was sold to the Clinchfield Railroad as their #361; #181 went to Anaconda Aluminum as their #100. The Clinchfield locomotive was scrapped; the Anaconda Aluminum unit is on display at the Whitefish, Montana depot in its GN "Empire Builder" colors, locomotive #179 was still in service in Morrisville, Pennsylvania until 2019 when it was scrapped.

See also
 List of GM-EMD locomotives

References

 
 Ringnalda, Ben. GN EMD NW3 Roster. Retrieved on January 24, 2005

Further reading

External links
 

B-B locomotives
NW3
Great Northern Railway (United States) locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1939
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Passenger locomotives
Shunting locomotives
Robotech: Crystal Dreams. Robotech: Crystal Dreams is a canceled Robotech video game, developed by GameTek for the Nintendo 64.

Gameplay
Crystal Dreams takes place between the first and second story arcs of the animated series. It follows the adventures of Kyle Bartley, a disgraced Robotech Defense Force veritech mecha pilot turned mercenary who fights to protect the Earth and the SDF-3 from new Zentraedi enemies. It is primarily a space fighter simulation game with some resource management elements. The protagonist works as a mercenary and obtains credits based on the type of missions completed. Between levels, the player returns to the base to interact with a variety of characters, buy upgrades, and modify his mecha. The player gets wartime reports of events through space, and can rush to the aid of those that need his help the most and receive more credits for it. The mecha can be transformed into three different forms: "Fighter mode", "Guardian mode", and "Battloid mode".

Development
After purchasing the license for Robotech video games from Activision, GameTek pitched the game to Nintendo. Nintendo approved the project, and a team of ten was assembled to work on the game. It was announced in May 1995 as a launch game for Nintendo 64 with the working title, Robotech Academy. By mid-1996, the name had changed to Robotech: Crystal Dreams.

Nintendo provided support to GameTek in learning the Nintendo 64 hardware. According to art director Mimi Doggett, "They know we're just getting used to this new hardware, so they've been patiently supportive. They're not pushing us to get the game out - they'd rather we take our time to make sure that it's good."

Originally planned for a December 1996 release, it was rescheduled to the second quarter of 1997. Following further delays, the release was pushed back again, to December 1997. GameTek filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in early December 1997, more than two years into development. The company stated that development of Robotech: Crystal Dreams would not be affected by the bankruptcy. By the end of 1997, Ocean had acquired the rights to the game and said they intended to finish and release it. However, it was canceled days after a working demo was shown at the 1998 E3 trade show. Antarctic Press produced a black and white promotional comic book that was handed out at E3. GameTek was liquidated in late 1998.

See also
 Macross: Another Dimension is the canceled Japanese conversion of Crystal Dreams.

References

External links
 
 OpusGames.com - Comic book, list of vintage magazine articles, and unfinished ROM from the developers of Crystal Dreams
 Robotech: Crystal Dreams game profile at IGN

Cancelled Nintendo 64 games
GameTek games
Crystal Dreams
Video games adapted into comics
Robotech: Battlecry. Robotech: Battlecry is a 2002 video game set in the Robotech universe, the first video game successfully released for the franchise. It was developed by Vicious Cycle Software and published by the now-defunct TDK Mediactive, in association with Harmony Gold USA. With a story focused on new characters created for the game and with guest appearances of main characters Rick Hunter, Roy Fokker, Lisa Hayes and a part of one in-game mission directly centered on Lynn Minmei, it somewhat follows the Robotech continuum.

Plot 
This game follows this story of aviator ace pilot Jack Archer. After serving as a mercenary in the Global Civil War, flying both with and against Roy Fokker impressed him enough to recommend Jack for the RDF. The early stages of the game cover Jack's final training and his fighting during the Battle of Macross Island, Jack not being close enough to the SDF-1 when it space folds to Pluto and being left behind on Earth, rejoining his friends upon their initial return home. The majority of the game is set in the Post-Rain of Death era and involves Jack and his Wolf Squadron defending various human outposts against Malcontent Zentraedi forces led by the warlord Zeraal.

The final mission has Jack going up against Zeraal at his base, which is a crashed Zentraedi Carrier. However, the ship makes a spacefold jump with him on it, and it leads him to a distant region of space. Out of contact with the RDF, he seemingly dies from a lack of energy.

Release 
Robotech: Battlecry was released in a stand-alone game version and a more expensive Collectors Edition. The latter came in a silver box with the game and included a packet of 3" X 5" cards of character concept art from the game drawn by Tommy Yune, a lenticular card depicting a Veritech fighter in action, a Battlecry T-shirt vacuum packed into a disc-shaped tin with card RDF logo on top, the game's soundtrack on CD and a specially numbered Jack Archer dogtag.

Voice cast 
 Cam Clarke as Jack Archer
 Rebecca Forstadt as Lynn Minmei, Izzy Randal
 Melora Harte as Helena Chase
 Steve Kramer as Skarrde
 Melanie MacQueen as Lisa Hayes, Kiyora
 Tony Oliver as Rick Hunter, Hiro Ishi
 Dan Woren as Roy Fokker / Zeraal

Reception 

Robotech: Battlecry received "average" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Electronic Gaming Monthly said of the Xbox version, "It does an incredible job of re-creating the show's fast-paced mech combat by combining slick animation and spot-on controls." GameSpot said "the game suffers from a number of problems that even the most ardent fans of the series will have a hard time overlooking, not the least of which are repetitive missions, sluggish controls, and empty levels."

References

External links 
 

2002 video games
GameCube games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
Battlecry
TDK Mediactive games
Vicious Cycle Software games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with cel-shaded animation
Xbox games
Toshio Mura. was a professor of engineering.

He was born in Ono, a small port village of Kanazawa Japan, on December 7, 1925.  He received a doctorate in the Department of Applied Mathematics of the University of Tokyo in 1954.  He taught at Meiji University, Japan from 1954 to 1958.  In 1958, he went to the United States to work in the Department of Materials Science at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois.  He became a professor in the Department of Civil Engineering in 1966 before his retirement in 1996, and also held an appointment in the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Dr. Mura was appointed Walter P. Murphy Professor in the McCormick School of Engineering at Northwestern, was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 1986 for his contributions to the field of micromechanics, and received many other accolades for his work.  He was as much recognized for his academic achievement as his generosity in opening his home to visiting scholars and graduate students from Japan, where weekend gatherings were a regular occurrence.

Dr. Mura was interested in the micromechanics of solids. Examples of micromechanics are theories on fracture and fatigue of materials, mathematical analysis for dislocations and inclusions in solids, mechanical characterization of thin films, ceramics and composite materials.

Professor Mura was also interested in the inverse problems. His research aimed to predict inelastic damages in solids by knowing surface displacements on the surface of the solids, including prediction of earthquake by knowing the earth surface. The inverse problems play an important role in qualitative nondestructive evaluation of materials. Most of Professor Mura's research was mathematically oriented but cooperative with experiments in mechanics and materials science.

Professor Mura died of heart related complications on August 9, 2009, at the age of 83.

Selected publications
Mura, T. 1969. Mathematical Theory of Dislocations. Proceedings of ASME Symposium, Northwestern University.
Mura, T. 1981. Mechanics of Fatigue. AMD-Vol. 47. Proceedings of ASME Symposium.
Mura, T. 1987. Micromechanics of Defects in Solids (2nd ed.). The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. 
Mura, T., and T. Koya. 1992. Variational methods in mechanics. Oxford University Press.

1925 births
People from Kanazawa, Ishikawa
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Northwestern University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
2009 deaths