omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Biohydrometallurgy. Biohydrometallurgy is a technique in the world of metallurgy that utilizes biological agents (bacteria) to recover and treat metals such as copper. Modern biohydrometallurgy advances started with the bioleaching of copper more efficiently in the 1950s

Important Definitions 
Bio: Shortened form of Biology; refers to usage of bacteria. 
Hydro: Term referring to the usage of water; process occurs in aqueous environments
Metallurgy: A process involving the separating and refining of metals from other substances; 
Bioleaching: Using biological agents (bacteria) to extract metals or soils; general term used to encompass all forms biotechnological forms of extraction (hydrometallurgy, biohydrometallurgy, biomining, etc)

General Information 
 Interdisciplinary field involving processes that
 make use of microbes, usually bacteria and archaea 
 mainly take place in aqueous environment  
 deal with metal production and treatment of metal containing materials and solutions 
"Biohydrometallurgy may generally referred to as the branch of biotechnology dealing with the study and application of the economic potential of the interactions between microbes and minerals. It concerns, thus, all those engaged, directly or indirectly, in the exploitation of mineral resources and in environmental protection: geologists, economic geologists, mining engineers, metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, chemists and chemical engineers. In addition to these specialists, there are the microbiologists whose work is indispensable in the design, implementation and running of biohydrometallurgical processes."
Biohydrometallurgy was first used more than 300 years ago to recover copper. The uses have evolved to extracting gold, uranium, and other metals.

Hydrometallurgy 
Hydrometallurgy refers to a specific process involving the chemical properties of water to create an aqueous solution for metal extraction through a series of chemical reactions

Biohydrometallurgy as a Science 
Biohydrometallurgy represents the overlap of the world of microorganisms to the process of hydrometallurgy. The usage of microorganisms can be used for recovery and extraction of metals.

Applications 
Biohydrometallurgy is used to perform processes involving metals, for example, microbial mining, oil recovery, bioleaching, water-treatment and others. Biohydrometallurgy is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. It is usually utilized when conventional mining procedures are too expensive or ineffective in recovering a metal such as copper, cobalt, gold, lead, nickel, uranium and zinc.

See also 
 Bacterial oxidation
 metallurgy     
 hydrometallurgy 
 biotechnology  
 Bacteria

References

External links 
 BioMineWiki –a wiki on biohydrometallurgy 

Metallurgy
Biotechnology
Confirm Project. CONFIRM was an ambitious IT project supposed to create a single computer reservations system/global distribution system used by airline, rental car, and hotel companies. It is often used as a case study as an example of a major failure in project management.

History

The system was pursued to develop in order to create synergies between AMR, Marriott, Hilton Hotels Corporation and Budget Rent-A-Car and fully integrate and unify the reservation systems of the companies involved.

In 1988 the four large corporations made contracts to complete the system by June 1992 project at a cost of $55 million. Unfortunately, the project turned out to be much more complex to finish than the partners had anticipated. They all had high hopes based that AMR would expand on the extremely successful SABRE computer reservation system that had helped American Airlines create a sustainable competitive advantage after the deregulation of the airline industry. In April 1992, just three months before the system was intended to go live, Confirm failed tests at Los Angeles-based Hilton. AMR also told its partners that it needed another 15 to 18 months to complete the system. The project was never completed. In the process more than 500 technical personnel worked on the project; when the partners disbanded the project in July 1992 they had spent three and a half years and $125 million on the project.

The technical complexity of this project was extreme. CONFIRM runs on two IBM 3090 mainframes. One houses the central reservations system, which runs under Transaction Processing Facility. The other mainframe houses a DB2 relational database in an MVS (an IBM mainframe operating system) environment. The database contains decision-support information such as customer histories and pricing data. The system required application-to-application bridging between the two mainframes (CPUs/IBM 3090) for some 60 applications. The main problem was to tie CONFIRM's transaction-processing facility-based central reservation system with its decision support system. Hilton users found that the system's user interface, mainframe transaction processing and mainframe database did not adequately communicate with one another. Other problems included different programming languages and difficulties with recovering databases in event of crashes. These problems were not insurmountable, but they would delay the project for about two extra years.

In September 1992, AMR (American Airlines) sued Marriott, Hilton and Budget, alleging they caused CONFIRM's failure by withholding funds, making poor staffing assignment and withdrawing prematurely. The three partners countersued.

In January 1994, American Airlines reached out-of court settlements with all of its partners for undisclosed amounts.

See also
 Real-time operating system - SABRE was one of the first such systems

Further reading

References

Travel technology
Computer reservation systems
Bessemer Park. Bessemer Park is a public park in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Created in 1904, it was named for Henry Bessemer, the inventor of the eponymous steelmaking process. The name is appropriate, since Chicago's most productive steel mill, the U.S. Steel Southworks, was located just a mile away.

The park was created by the South Park Commission as part of a new neighborhood park system in Chicago. Living conditions for immigrants in search of the "American dream" had become intolerable because of overcrowding. Most people didn't own cars. Other parks were too far away. Park superintendent J. Frank Foster conceived a new type of parkland for population-dense areas—parks providing "breathing spaces" and a host of other amenities, from public bathing to organized recreation. The Olmsted Brothers and the architects Daniel H. Burnham and Co. were engaged to design the entire park system, including Bessemer Park.

Bessemer Park boasts a gated and beautifully landscaped nature garden planted with a wide variety of native flowering trees, shrubs and forbs.

References

Parks in Chicago
1904 establishments in Illinois
Protected areas established in 1904
Wheeltapper. A wheeltapper is a railway worker employed to check the structural integrity of train wheels and that axle boxes are not overheating.

Typically employed at large urban railway stations and in goods yards, they tap wheels with a long-handled hammer and listen to the sound made to determine the integrity of the wheel; cracked wheels, like cracked bells, do not sound the same as their intact counterparts (they do not "ring true").

Wheeltappers also check that the axle boxes are not too hot by using the back of their hand.

Although wheeltappers still operate in some eastern European countries, in countries with modern planned maintenance procedures and line-side defect detectors, such as hot box detectors, wheeltappers are redundant. The job is mostly associated with the steam age. Wheeltappers were vital to the smooth running of the railways as a cracked wheel or overheated axle bearing would lead to delays and the loss of revenue. These were particularly common in the 19th century, when axle bearings were lubricated by grease. At this time, metallurgy was a more haphazard science and thus it was impossible to test steel wheels for cracks: the role of the wheeltapper was of crucial importance.

Anecdote
There is an anecdote of a wheeltapper who had worked diligently for years wheeltapping without ever questioning or understanding the purpose. This originated with Rudyard Kipling in Delhi, and is referenced in his work Captains Courageous of 1897, although it had spread to the United States by 1932. Another version of the tale is told in the 1937 Will Hay British comedy film Oh, Mr Porter! A German version of the story was told by the German humourist Sigismund von Radecki.

In Tolstoy's Anna Karenina, a railway worker is accidentally killed. He is probably a wheeltapper, and the man's gruesome death anticipates Anna's eventual suicide.

See also

 Oh, Mr Porter!, a 1937 film in which Will Hay plays a wheeltapper at the start of the story
 The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club, a 1970s British television programme for which the set was a Working Men's Club

References

Railway occupations
UML-based Web Engineering. UWE (UML-based Web Engineering) is a software engineering approach for the development of Web applications. UWE provides a UML profile (UML extension), a metamodel, model-driven development process and tool support for the systematic design of Web applications (MagicUWE). UWE follows the separation of concerns building separate models for requirements, content, navigation, presentation, process, adaptation and architecture.

The key aspects that distinguish UWE are reliance on OMG standards.

Other possibilities
 WebML (Web Modeling Language)
 HDM
 RMM
 EORM
 OOHDM
 WSDM
 Araneus
 OO-H
 UML WAE
 Hera

See also
 Web engineering
 Web modeling

External links
 UWE site

Web development software
Charge-induced voltage alteration. Charge-induced voltage alteration (CIVA) is a technique which uses a scanning electron microscope to locate open conductors on CMOS integrated circuits. This technique is used in semiconductor failure analysis.

Theory of operation
The scanning of an electron beam across the surface of the device may result in additional charge buildup on conductors which are disconnected from the remainder of the circuit (floating conductors). If a CMOS device is under active bias, the presence of open conductors may not prevent the circuit from operating at low clock frequencies as the result of quantum tunneling effects. By injecting charge into floating conductors that are operating in this tunneling mode, it is possible to produce additional loading which can be detected by monitoring the power supply current. These changes in supply current may be associated with the visual image of the device at the coordinates at which the change was detected. The result is a scanning electron microscope image which has an overlay of the floating conductors superimposed on it.

References
 

Semiconductor analysis
Schleicher ASG 29. The Schleicher ASG 29 is a German sailplane manufactured by Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co since 2006. It can be flown as an 18 metre Class glider or as a 15 metre Class glider. The 'G' indicates a design by Michael Greiner. It is a refinement of the popular ASW-27 and for certification purposes it is designated the ASW-27-18. It has been replaced by the Schleicher AS 33.

Development
The ASG 29 has plain flaps and winglets.  The structure is a complex composite of carbon, aramid and polyethylene fibre reinforced plastic. This permits a light structure with the strength to carry up to 170 liters (322 pounds) of water ballast, thus permitting the widest possible range of wing loadings for weak and strong soaring weather.

The unmotorised version made its first flight on 9 November 2005.  The 'E' version has a self-sustaining engine (SOLO 2350, 18 hp 2-stroke) and was certified in February 2008.

By August 2014 the numbers of ASG29 produced had reached 163 turbos and 87 pure gliders.

Specifications (with 18m wings)

See also

References

Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co
Sailplane Directory

2000s German sailplanes
Schleicher aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2005
Shoulder-wing aircraft
List of software for the TRS-80. The TRS-80 series of computers were sold via Radio Shack & Tandy dealers in North America and Europe in the early 1980s.  Much software was developed for these computers, particularly the relatively successful Color Computer I, II & III models, which were designed for both home office and entertainment (gaming) uses.

A list of software for the TRS-80 computer series appears below.  This list includes software that was sold labelled as a Radio Shack or Tandy product.#

Note: This List is by no means complete, especially with regards to the earlier non-color computer models.

Model I

Model II

VideoTex

Color Computer
TRS-80 Color Computer

Color Computer 1 & 2

Color Computer 3

Model III
Many of these titles also ran on the Model I, as the Model III was designed to be backward-compatible with the Model I.

Model 16 & 16B

Model 4, 4D & 4P

Model 12

MC-10

Model 100 & 102 

TRS-80 software
EXtensible Server Pages. eXtensible Server Pages (XSP) is an XML-based language, which offers the possibility of dynamically arranged Java code into XML documents.

It was developed by the Apache Software Foundation for the Web Publishing Framework Cocoon. The focus of XSP is the separation of content, logic and presentation. The Java program code is in its own XML section <xsp:logic> that can either occur within or outside of the root element (<xsp:page>).

The Java code is compiled with the first call.  These directives are replaced by the generated content so that the resulting, augmented XML document can be subject to further processing with XSL Transformations.

XSP pages are transformed into Cocoon producers, typically as Java classes, though any scripting language for which a Java-based processor exists could also be used.

Directives can be either XSP built-in processing tags or user-defined library tags. XSP built-in tags are used to embed procedural logic, substitute expressions and dynamically build XML nodes. User-defined library tags act as templates that dictate how program code is generated from information encoded in each dynamic tag.

External links
 Cocoon XSP 2.1
 XSP 1.x - Working Draft

XML
User interface markup languages
Java platform software
Ubbelohde viscometer. An Ubbelohde type viscometer or suspended-level viscometer is a measuring instrument which uses a capillary based method of measuring viscosity.  It is recommended for higher viscosity cellulosic polymer solutions. The advantage of this instrument is that the values obtained are independent of the total volume. The device was developed by the German chemist Leo Ubbelohde (1877-1964). 

ASTM and other test methods are: ISO 3104, ISO 3105, ASTM D445, ASTM D446, ASTM D4020, IP 71, BS 188.

The Ubbelohde viscometer is closely related to the Ostwald viscometer. Both are u-shaped pieces of glassware with a reservoir on one side and a measuring bulb with a capillary on the other. A liquid is introduced into the reservoir then sucked through the capillary and measuring bulb. The liquid is allowed to travel back through the measuring bulb and the time it takes for the liquid to pass through two calibrated marks is a measure for viscosity. The Ubbelohde device has a third arm extending from the end of the capillary and open to the atmosphere. In this way the pressure head only depends on a fixed height and no longer on the total volume of liquid.

Determination of viscosity

The determination of viscosity is based on Poiseuille's law:

where t is the time it takes for a volume V to elute. The ratio  depends on R as the capillary radius, on the average applied pressure P, on its length L and on the dynamic viscosity η.

The average pressure head is given by:

with ρ the density of the liquid, g the Standard gravity and H the average head of the liquid.  In this way the viscosity of a fluid can be determined.

Usually the viscosity of a liquid is compared to a liquid with an analyte for example a polymer dissolved in it. The relative viscosity is given by:

where t0 and ρ0 are the elution time and density of the pure liquid. When the solution is very diluted 

the so-called specific viscosity becomes:

This specific viscosity is related to the concentration of the analyte through the Intrinsic viscosity [η] by the power series:

or 

where  is called the viscosity number.

The intrinsic viscosity can be determined experimentally by measuring the viscosity number as function of concentration as the Y-axis intercept.

References 

Laboratory glassware
Polymer chemistry
Viscosity meters
Mickey Hot Springs. Mickey Hot Springs is a small hot spring system in southeastern Oregon, United States. The hot springs are located at the north end of the Alvord Desert just east of Steens Mountain and north of the 2-6 Hot Springs which are much larger but less known. There are several natural bubbling mudpots and steam vents. The system contains at least 60 vents, 11 of which are dry. The hydrothermal system may be in its waning stages of existence.

Each vent has a characteristic temperature ranging from  to  with the average about . The majority of the vents are far too hot for bathing. The water pH is neutral to slightly alkaline.
An ecosystem of thermophilic organisms exist in the springs, separated by temperature strata.

References

External links 
 Extent and location of the geothermal aquifer in the Alvord Basin, Harney County, Oregon: A study based on Strontium Isotope Geochemistry of rocks and fluids

Hot springs of Oregon
Bodies of water of Harney County, Oregon
Transport in New South Wales. An extensive multi-modal transport system serves the state of New South Wales, Australia. The lead government agency responsible for the network's operation and development is Transport for NSW.

Road
Transport for NSW is the main New South Wales Government agency responsible for major road infrastructure, licensing of drivers, and registration of motor vehicles. It directly manages State roads and provides funding to local councils for regional and local roads. In addition, with assistance from the Federal Government, Transport for NSW also manages the NSW national highway system.

Across the state, the RMS manages 4,787 bridges and 17,623 km of state roads and highways including 3,105 km of National Highways.

Rail

During the 20th century the railways were run by state-owned entity the New South Wales Government Railways and its successors. The current entity responsible for running the railways is Transport for New South Wales (TfNSW), with NSW TrainLink and Sydney Trains responsible for service provision and Transport Asset Holding Entity being the infrastructure owner. Freight services were operated by the state government through FreightCorp until 2001, when this business was sold to Pacific National. Since 2003, the NSW interstate and Hunter Valley rail corridors, and the dedicated metropolitan freight lines to the Sydney ports have been under the control of the Australian Rail Track Corporation. The rest of the network outside of Sydney is maintained under contract by John Holland.

Public transport

According to the New South Wales State Plan, the state has Australia's largest public transport system. Indeed, in the 1920s, Sydney also boasted the southern hemisphere's largest tram network. Public transport in Sydney accounts for almost double the share of commuter journeys in other state capitals. The network is regulated by TfNSW, which is working towards an integrated network serving Sydney, Newcastle, the Central Coast, the Blue Mountains, Wollongong and the Illawarra.

Taxis

New South Wales is served by a fleet of around 6,000 taxis. The industry employs over 22,000 taxi drivers. The network is the largest in Australia. Most taxis are Ford Falcons, Holden Commodores and Toyota Camrys, although a smaller number of Ford Fairlanes, Holden Statesman/Caprices and Toyota Priuses are in service. In general, taxis are required to run on liquid petroleum gas. In general, individual taxis are owned by small-scale operators who pay membership fees to regional or citywide radio communication networks. These networks provide branding as well as telephone and internet booking services to operators and drivers.

Air
The major airport is Sydney Airport. The Western Sydney Airport is scheduled to open in 2026.

Sea
Major seaport facilities are located at
Port Jackson, in central Sydney
Port Botany, in Sydney's south
Port Kembla, south of Wollongong
Port of Newcastle, at Newcastle, north of Sydney

Regional ports at Eden and Yamba are administered by Transport for NSW.

References

External links
Transport for New South Wales
Slum networking. Slum networking is a holistic approach to improving urban infrastructure, developed by Himanshu Parikh

It addresses a range of facilities needed by slum dwellers:
 roads and footpaths
 storm drainage
 sanitation and sewerage
 water supply
 earthworks and soft landscaping
 street lighting
 solid waste management

This is achieved minimal donor funding by maximizing community participation and using microcredit systems.

Technical aspects

Drainage and sewerage are made lower cost by making them follow the topography. Thus sewers do not need to be buried deeply, digging is reduced, and pumping of sewage is avoided as the sewers follow the natural drainage paths.

In a lecture for Engineers Without Borders (UK), Himanshu Parikh explained that his research into the growth of slums had led to the realisation that slums always develop along natural drainage paths. Therefore, the cheapest way to provide sewerage to a city is to build major sewers through the slums and connect the higher (and usually richer) areas of the city to them. This then provides sewerage to the whole city for lower costs than just providing sewerage for the rich areas.

This approach opens up funding from local and national governments, which can then be matched by donor funding if necessary to construct sewerage and water supply systems. The cost savings provide leverage to get the local government to provide tenure to slum dwellers. The slum dwellers, once given tenure, are willing to spend their own money on developing the slums as the risk of losing their investment is removed. Microcredit schemes mobilise this funding and allow slum housing to be connected to sewers and water systems and for slums to be landscaped and lit.

The evidence from Indore City is that two years after the upgrade programme the slums are no longer recognisable as slums.

Awards
The scheme has won several awards, including the Dubai Award, the 1994 World Habitat Award and the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.

References

External links
 Slum Networking - A Holistic Approach for Improvement of Urban Infrastructure and Environment
 The magic of slums, by Priya Florence Shah, Humanscape, VOL VI, 1 January 1999. Focuses on Himanshu Parikh.
 Talk by Priti Parikh, November 2004. (MP3 format, 44.39 MB) - Engineers Without Borders (UK) site.

Slums
Urban planning
Sewerage
Automoblox. Automoblox is a brand name of a wooden car construction toy designed by Patrick Calello and produced by Automoblox Company, LLC of Cranford, New Jersey. The toy consists of wooden car body sections with patented plastic interconnects, polycarbonate wheels and rubber tires, plastic passengers and polycarbonate screens. Each car can be disassembled into its component parts and re-assembled, parts from different cars can be combined to let children design their own models. It is very commonly used to teach CAD They have also been noted for their extensive use in the PLTW program.

References

Toy cars and trucks