omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CTQ tree. CTQ trees (critical-to-quality trees) are the key measurable characteristics of a product or process whose performance standards or specification limits must be met in order to satisfy the customer. They align improvement or design efforts with customer requirements.

CTQs are used to decompose broad customer requirements into more easily quantified elements. CTQ trees are often used as part of Six Sigma methodology to help prioritize such requirements. 

CTQs represent the product or service characteristics as defined by the customer/user. Customers may be surveyed to elicit quality, service and performance data. They may include upper and lower specification limits or any other factors. A CTQ must be an actionable, quantitative business specification.

CTQs reflect the expressed needs of the customer. The CTQ practitioner converts them to measurable terms using tools such as DFMEA. Services and products are typically not monolithic. They must be decomposed into constituent elements (tasks in the cases of services).

See also
 Business process
 Design for Six Sigma
 Total quality management
 Total productive maintenance

External links
 Six Sigma CTQ

References

 Rath & Strong Management Consultants, Six Sigma Pocket Guide, p. 18.  
 George, Michael L., Lean Six Sigma, p. 111. 

Business terms
Quality management
Design for X
Engineering failures
Reliability engineering
Systems engineering
Software quality
Wallrow. A wallrow is a combination of a field boundary, dry stone wall and the spontaneous regeneration of scrubland brought about by the shelter of that wall, often containing species of trees, woody shrubs, herbaceous growth and other flora, and coined by Dr. Marcus Collier, a landscape ecologist and field boundary specialist from Ireland paper.

Overview
Like fencerows, wallrows are distinct from hedgerows because they are not deliberately planted, nor are they as managed as hedgerows paper. The presence of a stone wall often obstructs mechanical management, thus facilitating scrub development. Woody vegetation is necessary for a field boundary to be a wallrow; a stone wall overgrown solely with herbaceous plants is not so much a wallrow as a wall. However, early stages of wallrow development generally consist of herbaceous inundation prior to the arrival of woody shrubs with animals (especially birds) and the wind as the main dispersal agents. Woody vegetation is necessary to attract seed-dispersing faunae, and for soil development, thus facilitating further the spread of woody shrubs and trees. In this way wallrows are strikingly similar to North American fencerows, though the obvious difference remains that fencerows are based along a wooden fence or under telegraph lines, and wallrows along a field boundary stone wall. Wallrows are common in Ireland, especially where fields are abandoned or under-managed.

References

Land management
Fences
Types of wall
Tour Sequoia. Tour Sequoia (previously known as tour Bull, and also known as tour SFR or tour Cegetel) is an office skyscraper located in La Défense business district just west of Paris, France.

Built in 1990, the 119-metre-tall tower represents the transition between the third and the fourth generations of buildings in La Défense. It is the first tower to be built with a semi-circular design in the business district. The design later inspired other towers such as CBC, Kupka, Pacific, Société Générale twin towers, and Tour CBX. Tour Sequoia has been built in proximity with the CNIT and the Grande Arche.

See also 
 Skyscraper
 La Défense
 List of tallest structures in Paris

External links 
  (Emporis)

Skyscraper office buildings in La Défense
Buildings and structures completed in 1990
Office buildings completed in 1990
Bohdan Kulakowski. Bohdan Kulakowski (1942 – 22 March 2006) was professor of mechanical engineering, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University. Kulakowski was an internationally recognized expert in automatic control systems, computer simulations and control of industrial processes, systems dynamics, vehicle/road dynamic interaction and transportation systems. His fuzzy logic algorithm for avoiding skidding accidents was recognized in 2000 by Discover magazine as one of its top 10 technological innovations of the year.

Kulakowski received his master's degree from Warsaw Technical University and his doctoral degree from the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw.
He held several management positions in Polish research institutions, including head of the Process Control Division in the Computer Centre for Building Industry and of the Division of Automatic Control research group, Institute of Glass and Ceramics, both in Warsaw.  He was also a lecturer in electrical engineering at Warsaw Technical University and in 1974 held a United Nations postdoctoral position at the University of York in the United Kingdom.

Kulakowski moved to Penn State in 1979 as a senior Fulbright Scholar in mechanical engineering. He became a member of the University faculty in 1982 and served as head of the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute (PTI) from 1992 to 2003.

He was highly regarded for his teaching at Penn State, winning numerous awards. His honors include the University's George W. Atherton Award for Excellence in Teaching, the Penn State Engineering Society (PSES) Outstanding Teaching Award and the PSES Premier Teaching Award.

Bohdan's leadership and scholarly activities will have a lasting effect on his many students, faculty research assistants and staff at the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute. His significant contributions to the profession, which have been recognized both nationally and internationally, will influence those in the profession for years to come.

His professional affiliations include the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Society of Automotive Engineers, the American Society for Testing and Materials and the Pi Tau Sigma mechanical engineering honor society. Kulakowski was a Fellow of ASME and secretary of the International Forum for Road Transportation Technology.

He was hit from behind while riding his bicycle and killed by a legally blind person driving a van.

References

1942 births
2006 deaths
Polish engineers
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
20th-century American engineers
Electronic Route Guidance System. Electronic Route Guidance System (ERGS) was an American government-sponsored in-vehicle navigation and guidance system developed by the United States Federal Highway Association in the 1970s. ERGS was the initial stage of a larger research and development effort called the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).  

ERGS was a destination-oriented system that required a human driver to enter a destination code into the vehicle system. The vehicle communicated with an instrument intersection where the destination code was decoded, and routing information was sent back to the vehicle.

A similar program was Japan's Comprehensive Automobile Traffic Control System (CACS), developed by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry and fielded from 1973 to 1979, which used radio frequency communication methods. Similar projects were also developed in Europe. These early route guidance programs all used central processing systems with large central computers.

External links

References

Intelligent transportation systems
Larry Yaeger. Larry Steven Yaeger (born 1950) is a former Apple Distinguished Scientist and Full Professor of Informatics at Indiana University Bloomington, currently employed at Google.  Outside of academia he is best known for designing the handwriting recognition software used in the Apple Newton and Inkwell. Yaeger's academic research focused on the evolution of true artificial intelligence through natural selection.  He is the lead developer of Polyworld.

References

External links
 Larry Yaeger's Homepage
 

Google employees
Apple Inc. employees
Researchers of artificial life
1950 births
Living people
Woodland Scenics. Woodland Scenics, along with its PineCar and Scene-A-Rama divisions, manufactures model scenery, gravity-driven pinewood racecars and educational arts and crafts.

The company was founded in 1975 by David Osment, the owner/operator of the architectural firm, Osment Models, Inc., based in Shawnee Mission, Kansas. Osment Models built commissioned architectural and engineering models for national and international corporations. Some of his work included office buildings, airports, sports stadiums, resorts, and a portion of Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Woodland Scenics sells wholesale to distributors who sell to retail hobby outlets or stores with hobby departments. Their product distribution network covers Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North and South America. Woodland Scenics is considered the prime innovator-inventor of realistic model railroad scenery and the industry leader responsible for setting the current industry standards.

History 

The 1975 recession hit the architectural modeling industry hard, and Osment researched various ways he could diversify his business by capitalizing on his modeling skills.  On a tip from an acquaintance, Osment researched the model railroad industry. He found the industry lacking in commercially available, realistic scenery material similar to the products they manufactured to landscape their architectural models.
Osment assembled a sample of his manufactured architectural landscape scenery and displayed it as a vendor at a model railroad trade show in Chicago. Osment obtained several patents and began mass-producing scenery, doing business as Woodland Scenics. The company’s first catalog featured 28 products consisting of tree kits, foliage and turf material and stumps.
Between 1976 and 1982 Woodland Scenics manufacturing output increased substantially. By 1981, Woodland Scenics had more than 100 distributors nationally and was exporting to Canada, Germany and Sweden.
As the business expanded, so did the need for more physical plant manufacturing space. In 1981, Woodland Scenics relocated to Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri, specifically, the town of Linn Creek.

References

External links
 Official web site

Model manufacturers of the United States
Newton Faller. Newton Faller (January 25, 1947–October 9, 1996) the son of Kurt Faller and Ada Faller from Rio Grande do Sul, was a Brazilian computer scientist and electrical engineer. He is credited with the discovery of adaptive Huffman codes while an employee of IBM do Brasil in Rio. He was later the head of the Brazilian UNIX development project at the Electronic Computing Center of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (NCE/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro.

He started his career working with data compression, studying the classical Huffman Codes and was the first to propose the "adaptive Huffman codes". This discovery became his Master's thesis and was later published in:

Newton Faller, "An Adaptive System for Data Compression," Record of the 7th Asilomar Conference on Circuits, Systems and Computers, pp. 593–597, 1973.

Later, Robert G. Gallager (1978) and Donald Knuth (1985) proposed some complements and the algorithm became widely known as FGK (from the initials of each of the researchers).

Later, Faller went to study in the United States from 1976 to 1981 and received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences from the University of California, Berkeley in 1981.

He was married to Maria Ester Kremer Faller and had two daughters, Maria Clara Kremer Faller and  Ana Luisa Kremer Faller. He spent his childhood in Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro, and had two younger sisters: Ana Maria Faller and Angela Faller.

Faller died in 1996 and today the Brazilian equivalent of the Turing Award is called the "Newton Faller Award".

References

D. A. Huffman, "A Method for the Construction of Minimum Redundancy Codes," Proc. IRE, Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 1098–1101, 1952.
Robert G. Gallager, "Variations on a Theme by Huffman," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 668–674, Nov. 1978.
Donald E. Knuth, "Dynamic Huffman Coding," Journal of Algorithms, Vol. 6, pp. 163–180, 1985.

1947 births
1996 deaths
Brazilian people of German descent
Brazilian computer scientists
20th-century Brazilian engineers
People associated with Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut. Johannes Lambertus Adriana van de Snepscheut (; 12 September 195323 February 1994) was a Dutch computer scientist and educator.  He was a student of Martin Rem and Edsger Dijkstra.  At the time of his death, he was a professor of Computing Science at the California Institute of Technology.  He was also developing an editor for proving theorems called "Proxac".

Biography

Van de Snepscheut graduated from the Eindhoven University of Technology as an electrical engineer in 1977, with a thesis advised by Frans E. J. Krusman Aretz from the mathematics department. During this time, he also co-founded a microprocessor company, and he would later found a second. After working for a year at the University of Twente, he returned to Eindhoven, where he earned his PhD in 1983. He then spent a year visiting the California Institute of Technology before starting as faculty at the University of Groningen. In 1988, van de Snepscheut moved with his family back to Caltech, where he continued his research career and published his book, What Computing Is All About.

In the early morning hours of February 23, 1994, van de Snepscheut attacked his sleeping wife, Terre (elsewhere given as Trees), supposedly with an axe later found at the site.  He then set their house on fire, and died as it burned around him.  Terre and their three children, aged 14, 12, and 10, escaped their burning home.

Selected bibliography
 Trace Theory and VLSI Design, PhD thesis, entirely handwritten, including the index. Later published as Volume 200 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
 What computing is all about, a survey of selected fundamental topics in computer science, described by Dijkstra as "an absolute treasure, strongly reflecting both [van de Snepscheut's] excitement as a scientist and his dedication as an educator".

References

External links
 

1953 births
1994 deaths
Van De Snepscheut, Jan L. A.
Dutch computer scientists
Eindhoven University of Technology alumni
People from Oosterhout
Software engineering researchers
Academic staff of the University of Groningen
People from La Cañada Flintridge, California
Polydioxanone. Polydioxanone (PDO, PDS) or poly-p-dioxanone is a colorless, crystalline, biodegradable synthetic polymer.

Chemistry
Chemically, polydioxanone is a polymer of multiple repeating ether-ester units. It is obtained by ring-opening polymerization of the monomer p-dioxanone. The process requires heat and an organometallic catalyst like zirconium acetylacetone or zinc L-lactate. It is characterized by a glass transition temperature in the range of −10 and 0 °C and a crystallinity of about 55%. For the production of sutures, polydioxanone is generally extruded into fibers, however care should be taken to process the polymer to the lowest possible temperature, in order to avoid its spontaneous depolymerization back to the monomer. The ether oxygen group in the backbone of the polymer chain is responsible for its flexibility.

Medical use
Polydioxanone  is used for biomedical applications, particularly in the preparation of surgical sutures. Other biomedical applications include orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, drug delivery, cardiovascular applications, and tissue engineering. For example, with the use of electrospinning, the flexible nature of PDS allows the control of its structure and can be used in applications such as tissue scaffolding.

It is degraded by hydrolysis, and the end products are mainly excreted in urine, the remainder being eliminated by the digestive system or exhaled as CO2. The biomaterial is completely reabsorbed in 6 months and can be seen only a minimal foreign body reaction tissue in the vicinity of the implant. Materials made of PDS can be sterilized with ethylene oxide.

See also
Other biodegradable polymers:

polycaprolactone
polyglycolide
polylactic acid
poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
poly-3-hydroxybutyrate

References

Biodegradable plastics
Biomaterials
Polyesters
Polyethers
Synthetic fibers
Endurance (aeronautics). In aviation, endurance is the maximum length of time that an aircraft can spend in cruising flight. In other words, it is the amount of time an aircraft can stay in the air with one load of fuel. Endurance is different from range, which is a measure of distance flown. For example, a typical sailplane exhibits high endurance characteristics but poor range characteristics.

Endurance can be defined as:

where W stands for fuel weight, F for fuel flow, and t for time.

Endurance can factor into aviation design in a number of ways. Some aircraft, such as the P-3 Orion or U-2 spy plane, require high endurance characteristics as part of their mission profile (often referred to as loiter time (on target)). Endurance plays a prime factor in finding out the fuel fraction for an aircraft.
Endurance, like range, is also related to fuel efficiency; fuel-efficient aircraft will tend to exhibit good endurance characteristics.

References

Aeronautics
Technician Ted. Technician Ted (also known as The Chip Factory: Featuring Technician Ted) is a platform game for the Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum home computers that was written by Steve Marsden and David Cooke and published in 1984 by Hewson Consultants.

Plot
Technician Ted is an enthusiastic young computer hacker who works at the chip factory. He begins his work every day at 8.30am and must complete 21 tasks before clocking off at 5.00pm, but his boss has not told him what the tasks are or where they are located. Ted speaks to his mate, who tells him that his first job is to get to his desk, and from there he must make his way to the "Silicon Slice Store".

Gameplay
Technician Ted is a flick-screen platform game made up of many different named screens. On many of these screens there are two boxes which must be touched in the correct order (the first one will be flashing) in order to complete the task. Some of these tasks must be completed within a time-limit making it important for the player to guide Ted from one box to the other as quickly as possible.

As well as the tasks, Ted must avoid the various monsters that lurk in the factory and make sure he completes all of his tasks within the game's time limit so he can finish his day.

The in-game music is an adaptation of the Radetzky March by Johann Strauss Sr.

The Spectrum and Amstrad versions feature a sprite-animated loading screen with a countdown timer, a significant technical achievement at the time.

Reception

When reviewed in Crash magazine the game scored an overall 96%. When Technician Ted was reviewed by Your Sinclair magazine in 1985 it was awarded 6/10 although a review of the re-released game by the same magazine in 1989 awarded it 8/10. In 1992, it was placed at number 84 in the "Your Sinclair official top 100" list.

Legacy
Technician Ted was followed by a sequel, Costa Capers, in 1985.

In 1986, Hewson published a special version of the game exclusively for 128K ZX Spectrums called Technician Ted - The Megamix. As well as featuring 100 extra rooms, this version also has three-channel chip music and the tasks have been numbered in order to make the order they are to be done in easier to understand.

References

External links
 

1984 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Hewson Consultants games
Platformers
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
Pac-car II. Pac-Car II  was developed as a student project at ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology). Based on a group of students and an experienced team leader, the goal was to build a vehicle that uses as little fuel as possible. By using hydrogen fuel-cell, developed at ETH/PSI (Paul Scherrer Institute), as power source, pure water is the car's only emission. Clean mobility completed therefore the educational and energy saving aspects of the project.

Features 

 Aerodynamic (, Af=0.254 m²)
 A lightweight body (total mass of 29 kg, carbon fibre materials)
 Low rolling resistance of Michelin's Radial Tyres (Cr=0.0008)
 Efficient powertrain (almost 50%)
 Use of simulation and optimization tools (CFD, FEM, MATLAB and Simulink, GESOP)

World record 

In 2005 on June 26, the PAC-Car II set a new world record in fuel-economy of 5385 km/L gasoline equivalence during the Shell Eco-Marathon in Ladoux, France. During its third race over 20.6 km the car consumed approximately 1 g of Hydrogen driving at an average speed of 30 km/h (roughly 18.6 mph). This corresponds to  gasoline equivalence. This record is certified by the Guinness Book of World Records.

References

External links 
 Pac-Car II Website

Shell Eco-marathon challengers
Concept cars
Fuel cell vehicles
Richard A. Parker. Richard A. Parker (29 January 1953 – 26 January 2024) was a mathematician and freelance computer programmer born in Surrey who lived for much of his life in Cambridge, England. He invented many of the algorithms for computing the modular character tables  of finite simple groups. He discovered the relation between Niemeier lattices and
deep holes of the Leech lattice, and  constructed Parker's Moufang loop of order 213 (which was used by John Horton Conway in his construction of the monster group).

Books
Conway, J. H.; Sloane, N. J. A. (1999).  Sphere packings, lattices and groups. (3rd ed.)  With additional contributions by E. Bannai, R. E. Borcherds, John Leech,  Simon P. Norton, A. M. Odlyzko, R. A. Parker, L. Queen and B. B. Venkov. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 290.  New York: Springer-Verlag.  .
 
An Atlas of Brauer Characters (London Mathematical Society Monographs) by Christopher Jansen, Klaus Lux, Richard Parker, Robert Wilson. Oxford University Press, U.S. (October 1, 1995)

References 

Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
20th-century English mathematicians
21st-century English mathematicians
Group theorists
1953 births
Living people
Rhino heavy armoured car. </noinclude>

The Rhino heavy armoured car, designated Car, Armoured, Heavy (Aust), was an armoured car designed in Australia during the Second World War. Due to enemy action and design problems the project never got beyond a prototype stage.

History

At the outbreak of the Second World War, the United Kingdom was unable to meet the needs of the Commonwealth for armoured fighting vehicles. This led many Commonwealth countries to develop their own AFVs.

In mid-to-late 1941 a specification for a heavy armoured car was issued by the Australian Directorate of Armoured Fighting Vehicles Production. Two prototype hulls and turrets were built and tested on the same chassis in 1942. The vehicle suffered from excessive weight and in 1943 the project was cancelled.

The vehicle utilised a Canadian Military Pattern truck chassis and engine produced by General Motors Canada, the rear-engined Model 8446 with GMC Model 270 engine. The same chassis as used for the Canadian Fox Armoured Car. To this a welded armoured body fabricated from Australian Bullet-proof Plate (ABP-3) of  thickness to the front and  to the sides and rear was fitted. The vehicle was completed by a welded turret with 30 mm all-round protection similar in design to that of the Crusader tank. The armament consisted of a QF 2-pounder Mk IX gun and a coaxial .303-inch Vickers machine gun.

A pilot model of an armoured personnel carrier with an open-topped hull and no turret was also built.

References
Notes

Bibliography

Further reading
	David Fletcher "The Dingo, the Rover & the Rhino" (February 2021) Classic Military Vehicle

External links
Australian CMP Based Armoured Vehicles
Rhino Armored Car at warwheels.net

World War II armoured cars
World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Australia