omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Type 01 LMAT. The  is a Japanese man-portable fire-and-forget anti-tank missile. Development began in 1993 at Kawasaki Heavy Industries and was accepted into service in 2001. During development, the missile was designated with the codename XATM-5. Later it was known briefly as the: ATM-5.

In the 1st Airborne Brigade, it is used as its main anti-armor weapon.

History

As a replacement was needed for the Sumitomo FT-84 recoilless rifle in front-line service with the Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces, plans to replace it with an Infrared homing anti-tank missile was commissioned by the Defense Agency's Technical Research and Development Institute. In 1993, Kawasaki Heavy Industries was selected to create the said anti-tank missile system. In trials conducted by the JGSDF, the system was known as the XATM-5. The system was created in the same year with live testing in 1996.

Requirements for the system included portability, usage by a single soldier and design-to-cost technology.

In 2001, after 11 years, it was finally placed into service with the Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces as the Type 01 LMAT which translates from Japanese to Type 01 light anti-tank guided missile. A report filed by the Ministry of Defense in 2005 called for acquisition of an unknown number of 01 LMAT missile systems among various military items purchased from Kawasaki Heavy Industries for 129,700,000,000 Yen.

Design
This weapon employs a sophisticated Command Launch Unit (CLU) that is re-loaded for multiple firings. It is not of the disposable (one-shot) type.

The LMAT's missile warhead is tandem HEAT, its two-stage warhead making it effective against ERA protected vehicles.

Application
The Type 01 LMAT, while used for infantry in anti-tank roles, can be mounted on the Komatsu LAV for a mobile anti-tank platform.

Operators
: 1073 Sets (2010)

Similar weapons

See also
 Type 64 MAT
 Type 79 Jyu-MAT
 Type 87 Chu-MAT

References

Notes 
  Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991,

External links

 Official JGSDF Page
 Type 01 LAMAT vs FGM-48 JAVELIN high quality video

Post–Cold War anti-tank missiles of Japan
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
Fire-and-forget weapons
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Isis Bridge. Isis Bridge is a modern road bridge across the River Thames just south of Oxford, England.  It carries the Oxford Ring Road, part of the A423 road,  across the Thames on the reach between Sandford Lock and Iffley Lock. 

The bridge was built in the 1960s and opened to road traffic in 1965 when the section of the ring road between South Hinksey and Heyford Hill was opened.  It is a single arch structure, built of 5,000m² steel by British Constructional Steelwork Association for Oxfordshire County Council who are responsible for its maintenance. The bridge required a full wet and dry blast and coating system to the steelwork in 2003 when it was also strengthened.

See also
Crossings of the River Thames

References

Bridges across the River Thames
Bridges completed in 1965
Bridges in Oxford
Serial computer. A serial computer is a computer typified by bit-serial architecture i.e., internally operating on one bit or digit for each clock cycle. Machines with serial main storage devices such as acoustic or magnetostrictive delay lines and rotating magnetic devices were usually serial computers.

Serial computers require much less hardware than their bit-parallel counterparts which exploit bit-level parallelism to do more computation per clock cycle. There are modern variants of the serial computer available as a soft microprocessor which can serve niche purposes where size of the CPU is the main constraint.

The first computer that was not serial and used a parallel bus was the Whirlwind in 1951.

A serial computer is not necessarily the same as a computer with a 1-bit architecture, which is a subset of the serial computer class. 1-bit computer instructions operate on data consisting of single bits, whereas a serial computer can operate on N-bit data widths, but does so a single bit at a time.

Serial machines 
 EDVAC (1949)
 BINAC (1949)
 SEAC (1950)
 UNIVAC I (1951)
 Elliott Brothers Elliott 152 (1954)
 Bendix G-15 (1956)
 LGP-30 (1956)
 Elliott Brothers Elliott 803 (1958)
 ZEBRA (1958)
 D-17B guidance computer (1962)
 PDP-8/S (1966)
 General Electric GE-PAC 4040 process control computer
 F14 CADC (1970)  transferred all data serially, but internally operated on many bits in parallel
 Kenbak-1 (1971)
 Datapoint 2200 (1971)
 HP-35 (1972)
 Digit-serial HP Saturn-based calculators from the HP-71B (1974) to the HP 50g (2006–2015)
 National Semiconductor SC/MP (1976)
 Ferranti F100-L (1977)  16-bit, but uses a bit-serial arithmetic logic unit

Massively parallel 
Most of the early massive parallel processing machines were built out of individual serial processors, including:
 ICL Distributed Array Processor (1979)
 Goodyear MPP (1983)
 Connection Machine CM-1 (1985)
 Connection Machine CM-2 (1987)
 MasPar MP-1 (1990)  32-bit architecture, internally processed 4 bits at a time
 VIRAM1 computational RAM (2003)

See also 
 1-bit computing
 BKM algorithm
 CORDIC algorithm

References

Further reading 
  (xiv+306 pages)
  (8 pages)

Classes of computers
Serial computers
Keel effect. In aeronautics, the keel effect (also known as the pendulum effect or pendulum stability) is the result of the sideforce-generating surfaces being above or below the center of gravity of the aircraft. Along with dihedral, sweepback, and weight distribution, keel effect is one of the four main design considerations in aircraft lateral stability.

Mechanism

Examples of sideforce-generating surfaces are the vertical stabilizer, rudder, and parts of the fuselage.  When an aircraft is in a sideslip, these surfaces generate sidewards lift forces. If the surface is above or below the center of gravity, the sidewards forces generate a rolling moment.  This rolling moment caused by sideslip is dihedral effect.  Keel effect is the contribution of these side forces to rolling moment as sideslip increases.  Sideforce-producing surfaces above the center of gravity will increase dihedral effect, while sideforce-producing surfaces below the center of gravity will decrease dihedral effect.

Increased dihedral effect (helped or hindered by keel effect) results in a greater tendency for the aircraft to return to level flight after the aircraft is put into a bank. It reduces the tendency to diverge to a greater bank angle when the aircraft starts wings-level.

Keel effect is also called pendulum effect because a lower center of gravity increases the effect of sideways forces (above the center of gravity) in producing a rolling moment.  This is because the moment arm is longer, not because of gravitational forces.  A low center of gravity is like a pendulum.

The effect is an important consideration in seaplane design where pontoon floats generate strong sideforces with a long moment arm.

References

 Illman, Paul; The Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; Fig 2.34

Aerodynamics
Bazzite. Bazzite is a beryllium scandium cyclosilicate mineral with chemical formula  ( or ). It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system typically as small blue hexagonal crystals up to 2 cm length. It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7 and a specific gravity of 2.77 to 2.85.

It is hard to distinguish from blue beryl.

Occurs in miarolitic cavities in granite, in alpine veins and in scandium bearing granitic pegmatites. It occurs associated with quartz, orthoclase, muscovite, laumontite, albite, hematite, calcite, chlorite, fluorite, beryl and bavenite.

It was first described from an occurrence in Baveno, Italy. Named after the discoverer, the Italian engineer Alessandro E. Bazzi.

References

Cyclosilicates
Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski. Rafal Edward Dunin-Borkowski HonFRMS (born 3 August 1969) is a British experimental physicist.  He is currently co-Director of the Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C) in Forschungszentrum Jülich and Professor of Experimental Physics in RWTH Aachen University.

Education
Rafal Dunin-Borkowski was educated at the University of Cambridge where he was awarded a PhD in 1994 for research into semiconductors.

Research
His research involves the development of quantitative techniques in electron microscopy and has recently focused on the use of off-axis electron holography to study magnetic and electrostatic fields in nanoscale materials, thin films and devices.

Awards and honours
 Honorary Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society 2023.
 European Research Council Synergy Grant 2019, jointly with S Blügel, M Kläui and T Rasing.
 Fellow of the Microscopy Society of America 2015.
 European Research Council Advanced Grant 2012.
 Ernst Ruska Prize 2009, jointly with M R McCartney and T Kasama.
 Royal Society University Research Fellowship 2000.
 Several awards for Science as Art.

Family
 His maternal grandfather was Stefan Soboniewski.
 His paternal grandfather was Sławomir Dunin-Borkowski.
 His first cousin once removed is Marek Trombski.

References

Living people
1969 births
British physicists
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society
Microscopists
Academic staff of RWTH Aachen University
Venturi Eclectic. The Venturi Eclectic is a zero emission car, running on solar sourced electric power, from the French/ Monegasque car manufacturer Venturi owned by Gildo Pastor. It functions as a small renewable energy production and storage plant (with a roof mounted solar panel and it's wind turbine) and can be recharged at any outlet of the power grid. It was designed by Sacha Lakic.

The Eclectic concept appeared at the Paris Motor Show in 2006, and was mentioned in Time Magazine's Best Inventions of 2007.

It is designed with 3 seats in a V-formation, with the driver at the apex, and has open sides. It is an urban car and has a range of  and a maximum speed of .

Eclectic 2.0

The Eclectic 2.0 is designed on similar principles but is more compact. It has more limited accommodation but would be more readily driven (and parked) in a crowded urban environment. The Eclectic 2.0 was first revealed at the 2008 Paris Motor Show.

Production

2010 was a strategic year for Venturi with the launch of construction of an assembly plant for its electric vehicles in Sablé-sur-Sarthe. However, despite the planned production here of three types of electric vehicle (the Eclectic, the Voxan Wattman electric motorcycle, and a three-wheeler utility vehicle) the factory closed in 2015. The Eclectic nevertheless remains noteworthy as the first solar-powered car developed with mass production in mind.

References

External links 
 Venturi Eclectic listed at  Electric Vehicle Info: Electric Car Model, Accessed 25 April 2018

Electric city cars
Venturi vehicles
Comparison of machine translation applications. Machine translation is an algorithm which attempts to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.

General information 
Basic general information for popular machine translation applications.

Languages features comparison 

The following table compares the number of languages which the following machine translation programs can translate between.
(Moses and Moses for Mere Mortals allow you to train translation models for any language pair, though collections of translated texts (parallel corpus) need to be provided by the user. The Moses site provides links to training corpora.)

This is not an all-encompassing list. Some applications have many more language pairs than those listed below. This is a general comparison of key languages only. A full and accurate list of language pairs supported by each product should be found on each of the product's websites.

Multi-pair translations

Paired translations

See also 
 Machine translation
 Machine translation software usability
 Computer-assisted translation
 Comparison of computer-assisted translation tools

References

External links 
 Apertium wiki (list of language pairs and licence information)
 Xerox Easy Translator Service (list of language pairs)
 Bing Translator Language List
 Haitian Creole support in Bing/Microsoft Translator
 Microsoft Research: Syntactically Informed Phrasal SMT
 List of supported languages in Google Translate

Evaluation of machine translation

Natural language processing software
Machine translation applications
Automatic box-opening technology. Automatic box-opening technology is designed to automatically open boxes on a conveyor or other "pass through" environment. The process was invented due to a gap in automation technology that exists in large distribution centers and warehouses. This trend has continued to develop as some manufacturing companies have gone overseas and leaving United States more as a mass distribution network rather than a manufacturer.

Conveyors, in-motion scales, sorting equipment, and high visibility software have contributed to automation of distribution center for years. However, the simple process of opening a box has safety issues and Automatic Box Cutters reduce high labor costs, processing over 500 boxes an hour. Such Automatic Box Cutting Technology is able to perform the work of up to 8 people by fully automating the box opening process, with only requiring manual interaction when changing cutting blades. This technology is able to increase overall efficiency through the entire operation, find the solution at CASI USA.

References

Industrial automation
Containers
Chelex 100. Chelex 100 is a chelating material from Bio-Rad used to purify other compounds via ion exchange. It is noteworthy for its ability to bind transition metal ions.

It is a styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymer containing iminodiacetic acid groups.

A concentrated solution of metals is obtained by eluting the resin with a small volume of 2 M nitric acid, which protonates the iminodiacetate groups.

Chelex resin is often used for DNA extraction in preparation for polymerase chain reaction by binding to cations including Mg2+, which is an essential cofactor for DNases. Chelex protects the sample from DNases that might remain active after the boiling and could subsequently degrade the DNA, rendering it unsuitable for PCR. After boiling, the Chelex-DNA preparation is stable and can be stored at 4°C for 3–4 months.  Polar resin beads bind polar cellular components after breaking open cells, while DNA and RNA remain in water solution above the Chelex resin.

However, the heating steps do denature the double helix, and the resulting single-stranded DNA is less stable in storage.

References 

 Daniel Harris. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, seventh edition, 2007. . Page 594.

External links
 Official site

Chelating agents
Type 87 Chu-MAT. The  Chū-MAT is a Japanese laser guided anti-tank missile in service with the Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces. Intended as a front-line replacement for the Type 64 MAT, it has entered into service alongside the SACLOS guided Type 79 Jyu-MAT.

History
Development of the system began in 1976, missile trials were conducted in 1982, and a complete prototype system delivered in 1985. The first units entered service with the JGSDF in 1989. The system consists of a launcher, and a laser designator mounted on a heavy tripod.

Description
The unit is situated on a tripod unit with the missile launcher and laser designator on it. The designator and launcher can be separated from each other by up to 200 meters, or can be mounted together on the same tripod, although Jane's notes that the exhaust gas from the missile may interrupt the designator laser.

Like the Type 64 MAT and the Type 79 Jyu-MAT, it can be mounted onto a Mitsubishi Type 73 jeep or the Komatsu LAV for anti-armor roles.

Future Plans

The Defense Agency's Technical Research and Developmental Institute has begun conducting tests on a new anti-tank missile that will eventually replace the Type 87 in front-line service. The project's code name is known in the JSDF as the Shin Chu-MAT.

See also

References

  Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991,

External links

 Official JGSDF Page

Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War
Post–Cold War anti-tank missiles of Japan
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Ceramic decal. A ceramic decal is a transfer system that is used to apply pre-printed images or designs to ceramic tableware, ornamental ware and tiles, and glass containers.

A decal typically comprises three layers: the color, or image, layer which comprises the decorative design; the covercoat, a clear protective layer, which may incorporate a low-melting glass; and the backing paper on which the design is printed by screen printing or lithography. There are various methods of transferring the design while removing the backing-paper, some of which are suited to machine application.

The decal method is often used for the decoration of pottery. A special paper is used but the ceramic colours cannot be printed directly and the actual printing is done in varnish and the color then dusted on. The decal is placed colored side-down on the sized ware, rubbed firmly, and the paper then sponged off.

Equivalent terms
The term "ceramic decal" is an American equivalent to the British English terms "transfer" or "litho".

See also
Transferware

References

ceradecal

Ceramic art
Ceramic materials
Project Unigauge. Project Unigauge, started on 1 April 1992, is an ongoing effort by Indian Railways to convert and unify almost all rail gauges in India to  broad gauge.

Progress

Lines that were scrapped 

These lines were dismantled without a broad-gauge replacement. These were mostly industrial railways, forest railways, etc.

  – Pani Mines 
  – Lunavada 
  – Velavadar 
 Than – Chotila 
 Victor – Dungar Junction 
  – Toda Rai Singh 
  – Agar 
  – Singhana 
  – Chandan Chauki 
  – Gauri Phanta

Lines which are to be preserved (will not be converted) 

These lines have their original gauge preserved as these are identified as heritage railways. Some of these are also among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India.

 Darjeeling Himalayan Railway  (Narrow Gauge - 610 mm)
 Kalka–Shimla Railway  (Narrow Gauge - 762 mm)
 Kangra Valley Railway  (Narrow Gauge - 762 mm)
 Matheran Hill Railway  (Narrow Gauge - 610 mm)
 Nilgiri Mountain Railway  (Meter Gauge - 1000 mm)

See also 

 Future of rail transport in India
 List of gauge conversions
 Zones and divisions of Indian Railways

References 

History of rail transport in India
Irtishad Ahmad. Irishad Ahmad is professor and head of the Department of Civil Engineering at the American University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates. He was formerly professor and the Director of the Florida International University Moss School of Construction in Miami, Florida, and the former editor in chief of the Journal of Management in Engineering (ASCE).

He received the 2016 W.A. Klinger Construction Education Award from the American Institute of Constructors.

Books
Tang, S.L. I. Ahmad, S.M. Ahmed and M. Lu, “Quantitative Techniques for Decision Making in Construction.” Hong Kong Polytechnic University Press. 2004.

Edited Proceedings
Ahmad, I., S.M. Ahmed, and S. Azhar, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction in the Twenty First Century, held in Miami, April, 2002.
Ahmed, S.M., I. Ahmad, S.L. Tang, and S. Azhar, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Construction in the Twenty First Century, held in Hong Kong, December, 2003.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Florida International University faculty
People from Miami
Academic staff of the American University of Sharjah
MODS. MODS may refer to:

 Metadata Object Description Schema, a bibliographic description schema
 Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay
 Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
 Microsoft Office Document Scanning
 Military Orbital Development System, created by the US Air Force Space System Division
 Multiplexed Optical Data Storage
 Museum of Discovery and Science, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, US
 Model Organism Databases, databases that house and disseminate organism-specific biological knowledge

See also 

Mod (disambiguation)

nl:Mods
Miyajima Ropeway. The  refers to Japanese aerial lift lines in Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima. This is the only route  operates. The company is a subsidiary of Hiroshima Electric Railway. The route, consisted of two lines, climbs Mount Misen of Miyajima Island. It opened in 1959. The route accepts PASPY, a smart card ticketing system.

Basic data

Momijidani Line
System: Gondola lift, 3 cables
Distance: 
Vertical interval: 
Maximum gradient: 26°24′
Operational speed: 2.0 m/s
Passenger capacity per a cabin: 8
Cabins: 22
Stations: 2
Time required for single ride: 10 minutes

Shishiiwa Line
System: Aerial tramway, 3 cables
Distance: 
Vertical interval: 
Maximum gradient: 15°13′
Operational speed: 3.6 m/s
Passenger capacity per a cabin: 30
Cabins: 2
Stations: 2
Time required for single ride: 3.5 minutes

See also
List of aerial lifts in Japan

External links
  Official Website (English)

Aerial tramways in Japan
Transport in Hiroshima Prefecture
Tourist attractions in Hiroshima Prefecture
1959 establishments in Japan
Itsukushima
Giovanni Battista Piatti. Giovanni Battista Piatti (Milan, February 10, 1812 - Milan, September 4, 1867) was an Italian civil engineer from Milan.

Life
He invented a pneumatic rock-drilling machine that, with small modifications, was used in the Mont Cenis Tunnel.  On 12 February 1853, he conceived how to carry out the excavation work, using compressed air, and published: 
"Proposal for the railroad between Susa and Modane of a new system of propulsion with air compressed hydraulic motors (system experimented in England) and first draft of plan for excavation of the Alps".

He did not achieve fame during his life, since the invention was patented by Germain Sommeiller, but his work was recognized, especially by the architect Luca Beltrami, and admirers constructed a monument dedicated to him in Milan, at Largo La Foppa, remembering that:
"In February 1853 he was the first to propose for the Mont Cenis Tunnel original and practical applications of compressed air, [thus] distinguishing himself in that demanding enterprise".

Bibliography
Giovanni Battista Piatti, Proposta per la strada ferrata tra Susa e Modane di un nuovo sistema di propulsione ad aria compressa da motori idraulici (sistema esperimentato in Inghilterra) e abbozzo di progetto pel traforamento delle Alpi, Turin, Castellazzo e Gabetti, 1853 (52 p., with 3 tables)

1812 births
1867 deaths
Engineers from the Austrian Empire
Engineers from Milan
Italian civil engineers
Airship (disambiguation). An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power.

Airship or The Airship may also refer to:
 A law-enforcement helicopter in American English
 Airship (ballad), an 1840 ballad
 Airship (band), a British indie rock band
 Airship (company), an American company that provides marketing and branding services
 The Airship, or 100 Years Hence, a 1908 short film by J. Stuart Blackton
 The Airship, a 1982 film by Rainer Simon
 The Airship (Port Blue album), album by Port Blue 2007
The Airship, a map in the social deduction game, Among Us

See also
 
 
 Balloon (aeronautics), any unpowered aircraft that remains aloft using lighter than air gas