omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Comte AC-1. The Comte AC-1 was a 1920s Swiss single-seat monoplane fighter aircraft produced by Flugzeugbau A. Comte.

Design and development
The Swiss company Flugzeugbau A. Comte was established in the early 1920s to build German aircraft designs under licence. The company's first original design was the Comte AC-1, developed to meet a Swiss Fliegertruppe (Swiss Air Force) requirement for a single-seat fighter.

The AC-1 was a high-wing monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage.  It was constructed of metal with fabric-covered wing and tail surfaces.  The powerplant was a Gnome et Rhône radial engine driving a fixed-pitched two-blade propeller.

The AC-1 prototype first flew on 1927.  Testing and evaluation did not result in any orders but the prototype was bought by the Swiss Fliegertrupppe.  The prototype was the only unit constructed of this type.

Operational history
The prototype was acquired by the Swiss Fliegetruppe and later had the wing replaced with a wing from a Dewoitine D.9. With the new wing the aircraft was used to establish a Swiss altitude record on 19 November 1928.

Operators

Swiss Fliegertruppe

Specifications (AC-1)

References

Further reading

1920s Swiss fighter aircraft
AC-1
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Switzerland
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Shape-memory coupling. Shape-memory coupling is a system for connecting pipes using shape-memory alloys. In its typical form the technique uses an internally ribbed sleeve of alloy such as Tinel(see Nitinol) that is slightly smaller in diameter than the pipes it is to connect. The sleeve is cooled in liquid nitrogen then, in this low-temperature state, mechanically expanded with a mandrel to fit easily over the two pipe ends to be joined. After fitting, it is allowed to rewarm, when the memory effect causes the sleeve to shrink back to its original smaller size, creating a tight joint.

It was first produced in the late 1960s or early 1970s by the Raychem Corporation under the trade name CryoFit. Manufacture of these couplings for aerospace hydraulic connections was later transferred to AMCI (Advanced Metal Components Inc.) and then later to Aerofit Products Inc. Additional products using the same shape-memory alloy technology are produced under Cryolive and CryoFlare trade names.

References
What is the shape memory effect?, Aerofit, Inc.

Metallurgical processes
Smart materials
E. C. B. Corlett. Reverend Dr Ewan Christian Brew Corlett, OBE, FREng (11 February 1923 – August 2005) was a British author, naval architect and consultant. He was pivotal to the restoration of the SS Great Britain from a sandbank in the Falklands, to Bristol. He also wrote several papers on the subject of naval architecture and books on the SS Great Britain.

He was educated at King William's College, Isle of Man. He then went on to read engineering science at Queen's College, Oxford, from 1941 to 1944 before working for the Naval Construction Department of the Admiralty. After the war he did a PhD in naval architecture at Durham University. From 1952 onwards he was with Burness, Corlett & Partners, Naval Architects and Marine Consultants.

In 1967 he wrote a letter to The Times stating that the historic ship SS Great Britain, was lying abandoned in the Falklands, and should be restored if possible. From his letter great support was created to survey and restore the ship.

In 1974 Corlett was appointed a trustee of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich. He was then subsequently made OBE, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. He was also an honorary member of the Institute of Navigation and a member of the Royal Astronomical Society.

In 1990 he was a member of the Board of Inquiry into the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster

He designed such boats as the West Marine Ltd. (Peel Engineering) Midshoreman and Offshoreman.

References
 Dumpleton, Bernard; Muriel Miller (2002): Brunel's Three Ships, Intellect Books, .
 The Times Obituary

British naval architects
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Alumni of the Queen's College, Oxford
1923 births
2005 deaths
People educated at King William's College
Alumni of King's College, Newcastle
Thermic siphon. Thermic siphons (alt. thermic syphons) are heat-exchanging elements in the firebox or combustion chamber of some steam boiler and steam locomotive designs. As they are directly exposed to the radiant heat of combustion, they have a high evaporative capacity relative to their size. By arranging them near-vertically, they also have good water circulation by means of the thermosyphon effect.

History
The concept of a self-circulating thermic syphon began with stationary boilers and relatively simple Galloway tubes. They reached their peak in steam locomotive boilers, where the complexity of a syphon was justified by the need for a compact and lightweight means of increasing boiler capacity. One of the best-known forms for locomotives was invented by the English locomotive engineer  who received a US patent. The Nicholson form combined a complex shape that provided more heating area in a given space than did the earlier tubes and funnels, yet was simple to make, being folded from a single sheet of steel.

Flued boilers

The first high-pressure boilers were a large drum with a central flue, such as the Cornish and Lancashire boilers. Simple tubes were inserted across this flue.

See also
Thermosiphon

References

External links

Photo of lower tube-sections of thermic siphons on Battle of Britain class no. 34059 Sir Archibald Sinclair

Boilers
Locomotive parts
Antimony pentasulfide. Antimony pentasulfide is an inorganic compound of antimony and sulfur, also known as antimony red. It is a nonstoichiometric compound with a variable composition. Its structure is unknown. Commercial samples are contaminated with sulfur, which may be removed by washing with carbon disulfide in a Soxhlet extractor.

Production
Antimony pentasulfide can be produced by the reaction of antimony with sulfur at a temperature from 250 to 400 °C in an inert atmosphere.

Uses
It may be used as a red pigment and is one possible precursor to Schlippe's salt, , which can be prepared according to the equation:

It is also used in the vulcanization of rubber to produce red rubber.

Physical chemistry
Like many sulfides, this compound liberates hydrogen sulfide upon treatment with strong acids such as hydrochloric acid.

Analysis by Mössbauer spectroscopy indicates that this compound is a derivative antimony(III), explaining the production of antimony(III) chloride, rather than antimony(V) chloride, upon acidification. It is, therefore, not analogous to the phosphorus(V) compound phosphorus pentasulfide.

References

Antitussives
Antimony compounds
Sulfides
Swift of Ipswich. Swift of Ipswich is a topsail schooner owned and operated by the Los Angeles Maritime Institute's TopSail Youth Program as a sail training vessel for at-risk youth.

History

Originally built in Ipswich, Massachusetts as a private yacht, Swift of Ipswich is a reduced-scale replica of Swift, an American privateer from the Revolutionary War which was captured by the Royal Navy, transported to Britain, and deconstructed.  The drawings produced from the original Swift have been used as the basis for several tall ship designs, mostly due to their completeness in an era which produced few detailed drawings (most ship designs having been scale models which have not survived intact).  Soon after completion, Swift of Ipswich was sold to actor James Cagney and transported to Newport Beach, where she served as his private yacht and appeared in numerous Hollywood films.

After being sold by Cagney in 1958, the Swift was used for various purposes, such as harbor tours, before being acquired by the Los Angeles Maritime Institute in 1991.

Swift of Ipswich participated in the Clash of the Tall Ships II in Long Beach Harbor in January, 1998.

Reconstruction

After the delivery of the twin brigantines Irving Johnson and Exy Johnson, Swift went into semi-retirement while fundraising proceeded to begin an extensive rebuilding, necessary after over 65 years of wear, tear, and exposure to salt water.  Currently, work has begun on the reconstruction, although no firm completion date has been given.
Extensive electrical and mechanical work has been completed. The main engine was started and approved for operation by John Deere technicians today 4/3/2024.
Sea trials are being scheduled for the second week of April.

References

External links
The Swift of Ipswich
TopSail Youth Program
The Los Angeles Maritime Institute
The Los Angeles Maritime Museum
Tall Ships America

Museum ships in California
Sail training ships
Tall ships of the United States
Schooners of the United States
Training ships of the United States
Replica ships
Ships built in Ipswich, Massachusetts
1939 ships
Industrial Computer Source. Industrial Computer Source was a company launched in 1985 with the publication of their first Industrial Computer Sourcebook.  Industrial Computer Source was also known as ICS.  Industrial Computer Source became notable for the volume of Sourcebooks mailed to engineers and scientists.  The company would mail two to four Sourcebooks per year with quarterly supplements.

The company was headquartered in San Diego, CA. Eventually there were satellite divisions in the UK, France and Germany.

The first Sourcebook was 52 pages long.  Included were sections on industrial computers, industrial I/O cards, monitors and printers, rack accessories, computer accessories, software and books.  The 6531, a 4U rackmount computer with a 4.77 MHz 8088 processor. 128KB of RAM, 360K floppy and 10MB hard drive sold for $7,795.00.

The products were industrial and rackmount computers, I/O cards and accessories.

Industrial Computer Source was sold to Dynatech in 1992.

In 1999, the company acquired Advent Design, Inc. and changed the name to ICS Advent.

In 2001, Kontron purchased ICS Advent from Dynatech.  While Kontron is a German firm, the US division of Kontron initially occupied the headquarters building of ICS Advent in San Diego before moving to a new building in Poway, CA., in May 2005.

Kontron allowed the trademark "Industrial Computer Source" to lapse July 20, 2002, and the trademark "Industrial Computer Sourcebook" lapsed May 31, 2003.  Chassis Plans secured the trademark "The Original Industrial Computer Source" December 27, 2005. Chassis Plans offers original equipment support for previous Industrial Computer Source customers.

Industrial Computer Source is currently a popular term used by companies in the industrial computer market with a Google search returning over 24,000 pages.  Many previous customers still search on that term looking for the company for either new equipment or support for existing systems.

Industrial Computer Source and ICS Advent systems can often be found for sale on eBay.

Industrial Computer Source started as a division of Action Instruments as created by Chuck Philyaw. The concept of Intrapreneur was popular and Industrial Computer Source fit the definition perfectly.  David Lippincott was brought in as a founder for technical and manufacturing support.  Misters Philyaw and Lippincott purchased Industrial Computer Source from Action Instruments in 1987.

References

American companies established in 1985
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Hex (climbing). A hex is an item of rock-climbing equipment used to protect climbers from falls. They are intended to be wedged into a crack or other opening in the rock, and do not require a hammer to place. They were developed as an alternative to pitons, which are hammered into cracks, damaging the rock. Most commonly, a carabiner will be used to join the hex to the climbing rope by means of a loop of webbing, cord or a cable which is part of the hex.

Hexes are a type of nut, a hollow eccentric hexagonal prism with tapered ends, usually threaded with webbing, a swaged cable, or a cord. They are manufactured by several firms, with a range of sizes varying from about  wide. Climbers select a range of sizes to use on a specific climb based on the characteristics of the cracks in the rock encountered on that particular climb. Sides may be straight or curved although the functioning principles remain the same no matter which shape is selected; the lack of sharp corners on curved models may make them easier to remove from the rock.

Hexes may be placed either as passive or active protection. When placed passively they work like chock stones in flared cracks, like other climbing nuts, just larger and with a different shape. Active protection is achieved by orienting the webbing so that a pull causes a camming action against the rock similar to Tricams, allowing for placement in parallel cracks. They are often preferred by alpine mountaineers over spring-loaded camming devices because of their lack of moving parts and overall lower weight for the same size crack.

The original hexes were invented by Yvon Chouinard and Tom Frost, and called Hexentrics. The "polycentric" hexentric was designed by Swedish–Norwegian climber Tomas Carlstrom and given to Chouinard Equipment in 1973. They applied for a U.S. patent in 1974 and it was granted on April 6, 1976. Hexes were produced by Chouinard Equipment, Ltd until 1989, when it was sold as a design to Black Diamond Equipment. They are produced and sold in much the same design today.

References

Climbing equipment
Mountaineering equipment
B77 nuclear bomb. The B77 was a nuclear bomb designed in 1974 to match the delivery capabilities of the B-1A bomber. This included the ability to be dropped from supersonic speeds at altitudes of , or in a laydown delivery at high subsonic speeds at altitudes as low as . Meant to replace the Mk 28 and Mk 43 in the strategic role, the program was cancelled in December 1977 due to rising costs and the cancellation of the bomber it had been designed to serve. Many components of the B77 including its already tested physics package (the actual bomb core) were incorporated in the B83 which was developed in its place.

The specifications for the B77 required Full Fuzing Option (FUFO) and the ability for a low altitude, transonic laydown delivery, as well as a free fall from supersonic speeds and altitudes of  delivery. To achieve the low-level delivery capability, the B77 employed a gas generator for roll control and a lifting parachute as the initial part of a two-stage parachute system. This combination would actually lift the bomb from a drop altitude of  for main parachute opening. The roll control/parachute system was tested at Mach 2.2. From a delivery altitude of  at Mach 2.2, the B77 could be slowed to  allowing the delivery aircraft to be  past ground zero. Actual detonation time could be varied after the laydown had occurred.

See also
 List of nuclear weapons

References
Hansen, Chuck. U.S. Nuclear Weapons. Arlington, Texas, Areofax, Inc., 1988. .
* Hansen, Chuck, "Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945" (CD-ROM & download available). PDF-2.67 Mb. 2,600 pages, Sunnyvale, California, Chucklea Publications, 1995, 2007.  (2nd Ed.)

Cold War aerial bombs of the United States
Nuclear bombs of the United States
Rubble masonry. Rubble masonry or rubble stone is rough, uneven building stone not laid in regular courses. It may  fill the core of a wall which is faced with unit masonry such as brick or ashlar. Some medieval cathedral walls have outer shells of ashlar with an inner backfill of mortarless rubble and dirt.

Square rubble masonry
Square rubble masonry consists of stones that are dressed (squared on all joints and beds) before laying, set in mortar, and make up the outer surface of a wall.

History 
Irregular rubble, or sack, masonry evolved from embankments covered with boards, stones or bricks. That outer surface was used to give the embankment greater strength and make it more difficult for enemies to climb. The Sadd el-Khafara dam, in Wadi Al-Garawi near Helwan in Egypt, which is 14 meters high and built in rubble masonry, dates back to 2900–2600 BC
 
The Greeks called the construction technique emplekton and made particular use of it in the construction of the defensive walls of their poleis.

The Romans made extensive use of rubble masonry, calling it opus caementicium, because caementicium was the name given to the filling between the two revetments. The technique continued to be used over the centuries, as evidenced by the constructions of defensive walls and large works during medieval times.

Modern construction frequently uses cast concrete with an internal steel reinforcement. That allows for greater elasticity, as well as providing excellent static and seismic resistance, and preserves the unity between shape and structure typical of buildings with external load-bearing walls. All the structural elements can be linked to any rubble walls thus created, freeing the internal spaces from excessive constraints.

See also 
 Gabion—Metal cages filled with stones
 Snecked masonry—Masonry made of mixed sizes of stone but in regular courses
 Wattle and daub—Conceptually analogous to rubble within ashlar in the sense that a frame is filled in with a filler material

References 

Building stone
Stonemasonry
Routing domain. In computer networking, a routing domain is a collection of networked systems that operate common routing protocols and are under the control of a single administration. For example, this might be a set of routers under the control of a single organization, some of them operating a corporate network, some others a branch office network, and the rest the data center network.

A given autonomous system can contain multiple routing domains, or a set of routing domains can be coordinated without being an Internet-participating autonomous system.

References

Computer networking
Boland brothers. Frank Edward Boland (July 31, 1873 – January 3, 1913), James Paul Boland (August 20, 1882 – December 19, 1967) and Joseph John Boland (May 27, 1879 – September 12, 1964) were early aircraft designers from Rahway, New Jersey who started the Boland Airplane and Motor Company.

Biographies
They were the children of James Francis Boland (1834–1913) and Catherine Julia Kavanaugh (1843–1925).

They had set records for bicycle racing in 1898. 
In 1904, Frank and Joseph, started a business servicing bicycles, motorcycles, and automobiles in Rahway.

Frank Boland was killed in on January 23, 1913, during an exhibition flight in Trinidad. They worked with tailless aircraft that were early predecessors of flying wings. A scale model of their plane is in the Smithsonian.

In 1914, the Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company of Avondale, New Jersey, took over the manufacturing rights of all Boland airplanes and engines.

Legacy
E.T. Wooldridge writes: "The Boland brothers were a relatively small, but extraordinary, part of early aviation history in the United States. Frank supplied the enthusiasm, ingenuity, and self-taught flying ability; Joseph provided the mechanical genius to transform ideas into some tangible, workable form; and James had the business sense so often lacking in ventures of that sort."

During the 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 contest years, the Boland Brothers team, composed of a great-grand-nephew and great-great-grandnephew of the Boland brothers, competed in the National Association of Rocketry at the regional and national levels, setting no fewer than two US model rocket performance records, and finishing in third place overall for the 1998-1999 season.

In Popular Culture
Frank Boland's ill-fated flight in Port-of-Spain is referenced in Bruce Geddes' historical novel, Chasing the Black Eagle.

Aircraft 
 Boland 1911 Tailless Biplane
 Boland 1911 Conventional Biplane
 Boland 1912 Tailless Biplane
 Boland 1913 Tailless Flying Boat
 Boland 1914 Monoplane Flying Boat
 Boland 1914 Biplane Flying Boat
 Boland 1914 Military Scout

Engines 
 Boland V-8

See also
Wright brothers
Wittemann brothers
Voisin brothers

References

People from Rahway, New Jersey
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Koolhoven F.K.43. The Koolhoven F.K.43 was a small four-seat, single-engined monoplane passenger aircraft manufactured by Koolhoven in the Netherlands. It was a direct successor of the F.K.41.

It was a quite successful design with good flying qualities. KLM purchased twelve aircraft and used it as a flying taxi and for pilot training. Two of these were built by Aviolanda.

At the outbreak of World War II, four F.K.43s were requisitioned by the Royal Netherlands Air Force. One of these escaped destruction by flying to England, where it was taken into use as a liaison aircraft by the Royal Air Force. 

After the war another eight aircraft, powered by a  Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major radial engines were manufactured by Fokker (the aircraft were called "Fokhovens"). Only one of these heavily modified aircraft has survived until today.

Specifications (F.K.43)

See also

References

1930s Dutch civil utility aircraft
F.K.43
Aircraft first flown in 1931
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Current density imaging. Current density imaging (CDI) is an extension of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), developed at the University of Toronto. It employs two techniques for spatially mapping electric current pathways through tissue: 

 LF-CDI, low-frequency CDI, the original implementation developed at the University of Toronto. In this technique, low frequency (LF) electric currents are injected into the tissue. These currents generate magnetic fields, which are then measured using MRI techniques. The current pathways are then computed and spatially mapped.
 RF-CDI, radio frequency CDI, a rotating frame of reference version of LF-CDI. This allows measurement of a single component of current density, without requiring subject rotation. The high frequency current that is injected into tissue also does not cause the muscle twitching often encountered using LF-CDI, allowing in-vivo measurements on human subjects.

See also
Magnetic resonance imaging

References

External links
Current Density Imaging page at the University of Toronto

Magnetic resonance imaging
Medical imaging
Robert L. Ketter. Robert L. Ketter (1929–1989) was an authority on earthquake engineering research and a former president of the State University of New York at Buffalo (UB).

A graduate of Lehigh University, Ketter went to the University of Buffalo to inaugurate and head the school's Department of Civil Engineering in 1958.  He went on to become the dean of UB's College of Engineering and Applied Sciences (CEAS) and became university president in 1970, after years of student unrest associated with the Vietnam War closed the campus during the spring semester.

Ketter designed the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library building and wrote several engineering texts while at UB.  In 1971, Ketter announced the termination of intercollegiate football at UB due to "insufficient financial support" and losses in funds.

In 1981, Ketter retired as UB president and took a one-year sabbatical before returning to UB's CEAS as a professor of engineering and applied sciences. Ketter received a 1986 National Science Foundation grant worth $25 million. The grant allowed for the construction of the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER), the institute which preceded the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER). Ketter received several honorary degrees, including doctorates in engineering from Lehigh University in 1986 and in science from Kyoungpook University in South Korea in 1973.

Ketter died on April 18, 1989.  Robert L. Ketter Hall, on the UB Amherst campus, is named in his honor, and houses both the Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering and the Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory (SEESL).

References

1929 births
American civil engineers
Lehigh University alumni
Leaders of the University at Buffalo
1989 deaths
People from Buffalo, New York
Engineers from New York (state)
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American academics