omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Johnson bar. A Johnson bar (also Johnson corrugated bar) is a type of corrugated high-carbon steel rebar used to reinforce concrete. 

The Johnson bar was invented by A.L. Johnson of the St. Louis Expanded Metal Company. Its specific efficacy comes from having "alternate elevations and depressions to grip the concrete," with the shoulders of the corrugations having "an inclination with the axis of the bar" to prevent slipping between the bar and the concrete. The pattern of elevations and depressions aids in the stability of the structure; even if a Johnson bar no longer is bonded to the concrete (due to vibrations, for instance, or being smeared with oil as may happen during careless construction, reducing the adhesion significantly), it will have a hold on the concrete stronger than a plain smooth-sided bar.

References

Building materials
Concrete
Structural steel
Grove cell. The Grove cell was an early electric primary cell named after its inventor, Welsh physical scientist William Robert Grove, and consisted of a zinc anode in dilute sulfuric acid and a platinum cathode in concentrated nitric acid, the two separated by a porous ceramic pot.

Cell details
The Grove cell voltage is about 1.9 volts and arises from the following reaction:
 Zn + H2SO4 + 2 HNO3  ZnSO4 + 2 H2O + 2 NO2↑

Use
The Grove cell was the favored power source of the early American telegraph system in the period 1840 – 1860 because it offered a high current output and higher voltage than the earlier Daniell cell (at 1.9 volts and 1.1 volts, respectively).

Disadvantages
By the time of the American Civil War, as telegraph traffic increased, the Grove cell's tendency to discharge poisonous nitrogen dioxide (NO2) fumes proved increasingly hazardous to health, and as telegraphs became more complex, the need for constant voltage became critical. The Grove cell was limited in this respect, because as the cell discharged, voltage reduced. Eventually, Grove cells were replaced in use by Daniell cells.

See also
 List of battery types
 History of the battery
 Bunsen cell, Using cheaper carbon instead of platinum.

Notes
 
 

Disposable batteries
Semiconductor fault diagnostics. Semiconductor fault diagnostics are predictive software algorithms which are used to refine and localize the circuitry responsible for the failure of scan-based devices.

Fault Diagnostic Applications

Software-based fault diagnostics are used by semiconductor designers to provide information that can be used to improve or repair a semiconductor circuit. Fault diagnostics are used for the purpose of semiconductor yield improvement or for failure analysis.

Performing Fault Diagnosis

The input to a fault diagnostic is a tester datalog showing the failure characteristics of the device. The diagnostic algorithm uses an internal simulation of a fault model of the electrical circuit in order to compare the failure characteristics of the actual device with a set of simulated failure characteristics. Various fault types may be applied to the diagnostic model. Commonly used fault types are:
stuck-at faults, which simulates a node stuck high or low
stuck-open fault, which simulates a disconnected node
bridging faults, which simulate an unwanted connected between two nodes
transition-delay faults, which simulate slow signal switching on a node

The output produced by fault diagnostics consists of a list of potential failing nodes in the device. Software fault diagnostics only produce a list of ‘’potentially’’ failing nodes. In order to locate the specific failing node, software fault diagnosis may be followed up with some form of physical failure analysis in order to locate the specific failure node.

Some fault diagnostic algorithms estimate the likelihood that a node is responsible for the failure by including a probability rating for each fault candidate listed. This probability rating allows the device analyst to choose which of the nodes to examine first.

Notes

References

Semiconductor analysis
Ted Belytschko. Ted Bohdan Belytschko (January 13, 1943 – September 15, 2014) was an American mechanical engineer. He was Walter P. Murphy Professor and McCormick Professor of Computational Mechanics at Northwestern University. He worked in the field of computational solid mechanics and was known for development of methods like element-free Galerkin method and the Extended finite element method.

Belytschko received his B.S. in Engineering Sciences (1965) and his Ph.D. in Mechanics (1968) from the Illinois Institute of Technology. He was named in ISI Database as the fourth most cited engineering researcher in January 2004.  He was also the editor of the International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. He died at the age of 71 on September 15, 2014.

Awards and honors
 William Prager Medal, 2011.
Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2011)
Member of the National Academy of Engineering (1992)
John von Neumann Medal of the United States Association for Computational Mechanics (2001)
Timoshenko Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2001)
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2002)
Gauss Newton Medal of the International Association for Computational Mechanics (2002)
 Theodore von Karman Medal, 1999.

References

External links
Ted Belytschko's website
 

1943 births
2014 deaths
American mechanical engineers
Scientific computing researchers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Northwestern University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
USS Plainview. USS Plainview (AGEH–1) was, in its time, the world's largest hydrofoil. Named after the cities of Plainview, New York and Plainview, Texas, she was also the United States Navy's first hydrofoil research ship. Plainview was designed under project SCB 219; laid down 8 May 1964 by the Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company, Seattle, Washington; launched 28 June 1965; sponsored by Mrs. John T. Hayward; and placed in service on 3 March 1969.  She cost $21 million to construct.

Foilborne propulsion consisted of two General Electric LM1500 free-turbine turboshaft engines, derivatives of the J79 turbojets used in the F-4 Phantom aircraft, but during conventional (hull borne) operations she was driven by two diesel engines. Her homeport was Bremerton, Washington. Plainview carried out long range experimental programs to evaluate the design principles of hydrofoils and to develop and evaluate tactics and doctrine for hydrofoils, particularly in anti-submarine warfare, and helped to determine the feasibility of hydrofoil operations in high seas.

Plainview was decommissioned at 10:30 am, 22 September 1978, at Pier 7, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 30 September 1978, Plainview was sold for scrapping by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service (DRMS) on 1 July 1979 to General Metals (now Schnitzer Metals) on the Hylebos Waterway, Tacoma, Washington. She was partially scrapped in 2004. , she lies abandoned on mudflats, on private property, near Astoria, Oregon. In 2019, the Washington Department of Natural Resources expressed concerns about Plainview derelict hull leaking pollutants into the environment.

Plainview traveled on her foils for a total of 268 hours, over her entire lifetime.

See also
 List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy
 
 Boeing hydrofoils

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading
 December 1968 Popular Mechanics page 88-90-91 "The Biggest Fastest Flying Boat Yet" words by Bob Zimmerman; Technical Art Concept (cut away labeled) Fred Wolff available via Google Books.

External links
 1968 film at British Movietone Digital Archive
 1969 film at British Movietone Digital Archive
 The Ship that Flew

Experimental ships of the United States Navy
Ships built by Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company
1965 ships
Hydrofoils of the United States
Shipwrecks of the Washington coast
Earwire. An earwire is a bow of wire, looped to fasten an earring to a pierced ear. It is generally made of precious metal or hypoallergenic surgical steel. Earwires are available commercially, as jewelry findings, but some jewelers make their own. Earwires and similar forms can be made with simple wire wrap techniques. There are a variety of both commercial and homemade jigs to improve the uniformity and speed of creation. A simple homemade jig can be made with a block of wood and several nails, smooth metal pins or bolts.

Styles 
 Kidney wires pass through the earlobe and hook onto themselves and form a closed loop.
 French loops pass through the earlobe but do not fasten at the back, instead relying on gravity to hold them in the wearer's ear.
 Omega clips are a combination between earwires and posts. While a post passes through the earlobe, a hinged wire (often shaped like the Greek letter Omega) flips up from the back of the earring to the back of the earlobe in order to secure the post in place of a friction back. The Omega mechanism is similar to that used in clip-on earrings for non-pierced ears.

References
 McCreight, Tim.Complete Metalsmith. Portland: Brynmorgen Press, Inc. 

Jewellery making
Pastry blender. A pastry blender, or pastry cutter, is a device used to mix a hard (solid) fat into flour in order to make pastries. The tool is usually made of narrow metal strips or wires attached to a handle, and is used by pressing down on the items to be mixed (known as "cutting in"). It is also used to break these fats (shortening, butter, lard) into smaller pieces. The blending of fat into flour at this stage impacts the amount of water that will be needed to bind the pastry into a dough.

See also
Dough scraper
Dough blender
Whisk

References

Food preparation utensils
Lake Rosebery (Tasmania). Lake Rosebery is a man-made water reservoir located in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia. The lake is situated within the northern part of Tasmania's West Coast Range and is fed by the dammed Mackintosh and Murchison rivers.  The reservoir is owned by Hydro Tasmania.

Location and features
The Bastyan Dam across the Pieman River was built by the Hydro-Electric Commission in 1983. The dam created a  reservoir, called Lake Rosebery, with a surface area ranging from , drawn from a catchment area of .

The lake is located near the village of .

The diverted Emu Bay Railway line and the Wee Georgie Wood Railway line run close to the lake.

Oil spill
In January 2025, 5,000 to 4,000 litres of oil entered the reservoir after a tank on private property leaked in heavy rain.

See also

List of reservoirs and dams in Tasmania
List of lakes in Tasmania
List of power stations in Tasmania

References

Further reading

External links

"Lake Roseberry". Inland Fisheries Service

Rosebery
Pieman River Power Development
Rosebery
USCGC Oak. The  U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Oak (WLB 211) is a United States Coast Guard seagoing buoy tender; the second of her name and the eleventh of the Juniper class. Home ported in Newport, Rhode Island the "Maine Responder" maintains Aids to Navigation (ATON) along the rugged New England coastline, promoting economic security through navigation safety of the Marine Transportation System. A multi-mission platform, the cutter can also support search & rescue, domestic icebreaking, living marine resources maritime law enforcement, environmental protection, national defense and homeland security missions. The cutter occasionally assists with maintenance support of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Data Buoy Center's offshore weather buoys.

Construction and characteristics

USCGC Oak was built by the Marinette Marine Corporation in Wisconsin, launched on 26 January 2002 and commissioned in March 2003.  She has a length of , a beam of , and a draft of . Oak is propelled by two Caterpillar diesel engines rated at 3,100 horsepower, and has a top speed of 16 knots. She has a single controllable-pitch propeller, which along with bow and stern thrusters, allow the ship to be maneuvered to set buoys close offshore and in restricted waters. A dynamic global positioning system coupled with machinery plant controls and a chart display and information system allow station-keeping of the ship with an accuracy of within five meters of the planned position without human intervention. The cutter has a 2,875 square foot buoy deck area with a crane that is used for servicing large ocean buoys.

Mission

USCGC Oak has an area of responsibility within the First Coast Guard District which covers the northeast United States, up to the Canadian border. While her primary mission is servicing aids-to-navigation (ATON), the ship can also support search & rescue, domestic icebreaking, living marine resources maritime law enforcement, environmental protection, national defense and homeland security missions.  The crew also assists the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Data Buoy Center maintain offshore weather buoys critical to mariner safety at sea. Oak has an icebreaking capability of  at 3 knots and  backing and ramming.

History
The keel for the Oak was laid on 30 July 2001 at Marinette Marine Corporation in Marinette, Wisconsin. Oak was launched on 26 January 2002. The ship's sponsor was Mrs. Billye Brown, wife of Congressman Henry E. Brown (R-SC). Initially home ported in Charleston, South Carolina, Oak was the first Coast Guard cutter to be commissioned following the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Oak was also the first to complete a 16 month mid-life maintenance availability and homeport shift, moving to Newport in November 2016.

See also

 USCG seagoing buoy tender

Notes
Citations

References used

External links

 

2002 ships
Navigational aids
Juniper-class seagoing buoy tenders
Ships built by Marinette Marine
Ships of the United States Coast Guard
Sikorsky H-53. The Sikorsky H-53 is a family of military helicopters built by Sikorsky Aircraft. H-53 is its United States military designation; the company has several designations for it including S-65, S-80, and S-95. 

The helicopter is noted for Naval, Search and Rescue, Minesweeping, Special Operations, and Cargo. It entered service in the 1960s and has remained so with series of upgraded 2 and 3 engine models over the decades, and is still in production in the 21st century.

Variants include:

 Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion (S-65), a heavy-lift helicopter introduced in 1966 with two engines, a six bladed main rotor and a four bladed tail rotor. Developed as a transport helicopter and an assault helicopter. Some early versions covered in that article include:
YCH-53, prototype version
CH-53A, first production version
CH-53G, for the German Army
CH-53Ö, for Austria
CH-53D, upgraded version with bigger cabin and new transmission

 Sikorsky MH-53 Pave Low and Sikorsky HH-53 Super Jolly Green Giant, upgraded helicopters with more powerful engines, improved avionics and armament used for combat search and rescue and special operations. Pave Low variants were retired in 2008.
 Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion (S-80) and Sikorsky MH-53E Sea Dragon, a heavier helicopter introduced in 1981, developed from the CH-53 Sea Stallion by adding a third engine, a seventh blade to the main rotor and canting the tail rotor 20 degrees. The MH-53E Sea Dragon is used for long range mine sweeping or airborne mine countermeasures.
 Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion (S-95), an upgraded version with composite rotor blades, a wider cabin, and modernised systems that entered service in the 2020s and is in production.

 

United States helicopters
Sikorsky H-53
Diaphragm compressor. A diaphragm compressor is a variant of the classic reciprocating compressor with backup and piston rings and rod seal. The compression of gas occurs by means of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back and forth moving membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in touch with pumped gas. For this reason this construction is the best suited for pumping toxic and explosive gases. The membrane has to be reliable enough to take the strain of pumped gas. It must also have adequate chemical properties and sufficient temperature resistance.

A diaphragm compressor is the same as a membrane compressor.

Invention

In the late 19th century William Burton started a workshop building pumps and air compressors at Nogent-sur-Oise, 60km north of Paris, France. Henri Corblin, generally recognised as the inventor of the metallic diaphragm compressor, was based nearby in Paris itself and in 1923 he received a US patent for his invention and design work.

Compression of hydrogen gas
The photograph included in this section depicts a three-stage diaphragm compressor used to compress hydrogen gas to 6,000 psi (41 MPa) for use in a prototype hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station built in downtown Phoenix, Arizona by the Arizona Public Service company (an electric utilities company). Reciprocating compressors were used to compress the natural gas. The prototype alternative fueling station was built in compliance with all of the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in Phoenix to demonstrate that such fueling stations could be built in urban areas. 

Hydrogen compression can also be achieved without the use of a compressor in high pressure electrolysis, or with an ionic liquid piston compressor.

See also
 Axial compressor

References

External links
Kotech Compressor
Compressor CFM Calculator

Gas compressors
Heinrich Wild. Heinrich Wild (Mitlödi, Canton of Glarus, 15 November 1877 – Baden, Switzerland, 26 December 1951) was a Swiss businessman, industrial designer, and inventor who was the founder of Wild Heerbrugg, a Swiss optical instruments manufacturing company.

Biography

At 15 years of age, Wild became an apprentice with the engineer Legler in Glarus (hydraulic engineer for the Linth River). He bought a small theodolite, and after a short time independently made expanded measurements of the flow of the river Linth. Later Wild joined the Geometerschule (geometer school) at Winterthur and came in 1899 as a trainee to the Landestopographie (Swisstopo is a popular designation for the Swiss Federal Office of Topography) in Bern. 
Due to his bad experiences with the high mountain triangulation with a theodolite of conventional design, he tried in 1905 to design a new theodolite with rotable circle with coincidence circle-readings.

In 1907 he left the Landestopographie and moved to Jena, Germany, where he joined the company Carl Zeiss to build up a new department for producing geodetic instruments. 
He began with the development of levelling instruments and designed later also a new theodolite, the Th I.

In 1921 Wild returned to Switzerland and founded with Dr. R. Helbling, who run an office for land surveying, and with the politician Jacob Schmidheiny, the company Heinrich Wild, Werkstätte für Feinmechanik und Optik (later known as Wild Heerbrugg, Wild-Leitz AG, Leica Geosystems, Leica Microsystems, Leica Camera).

At this time he developed the first versions of the famous universal theodolite Wild T series and also the stereo autograph Wild A1 for aerial photo interpretation, besides a number of other measurement instruments.

It may be perhaps typical for the inventors like Wild that he worried little about the financial condition of his company, and this ended finally with the consequence that Wild separated in 1932 from the company he founded, in order to be able to work as a freelance technical designer and inventor. He continued designing up until his death in 1951.  Among his designs were the DK1, DKM1, DM2, DKM2, and DKM3, for Kern & Co, Aarau, besides other things.

The ETH Zurich honoured him with the title Dr. honoris causa in 1930.

His biography was published in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland as well as by the ETHZ.

References

External links
  Virtuelles Archiv von Wild Heerbrugg AG

1877 births
1951 deaths
Businesspeople in manufacturing
Leica Camera people
Swiss chief executives
Swiss company founders
Swiss industrial designers
20th-century Swiss inventors
People from the canton of Glarus
SA-C (programming language). Single Assignment C (SA-C) (pronounced "sassy") is a member of the C programming language family designed to be directly and intuitively translatable into circuits, including FPGAs. To ease translation, SA-C does not include pointers and arithmetics thereon. To retain most of the expressiveness of C, SA-C instead features true n-dimensional arrays as first-class objects of the language.

See also 

 Mitrionics

References

External links 
 SA-C homepage
 Initial paper describing SA-C

Array programming languages
C programming language family
George Coulouris (computer scientist). George F. Coulouris (15 November 1937 – 18 November 2024) was a British computer scientist and the son of actor George Coulouris.  He was an emeritus professor of Queen Mary, University of London and formerly visiting professor in residence at University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. He was co-author of a textbook on distributed systems. He was instrumental in the development of ICL's Content Addressable File Store (CAFS) and he developed em, the Unix editor, which inspired Bill Joy to write vi.

Education 
In 1960 George Coulouris graduated with an honours degree in Physics from University College London.

Career
Coulouris worked at IBM and other companies before joining the London Institute of Computer Science as a Research Assistant and then Imperial College London as a lecturer in 1965.

In 1971 he joined Queen Mary College as a lecturer. He became a reader in 1973 and a professor in 1978. He retired from Queen Mary in 1998, but continued as a visiting professor at the University of Cambridge.

Personal life and death 
Coulouris's name is of Greek heritage, as he was the son of actor George Coulouris, whose father was a Greek immigrant to Britain married to an English woman. George Coulouris's sister was artist Mary Louise Coulouris.

George Coulouris died on 18 November 2024, at the age of 87.

Publications 
See list of 101 publications on Google Scholar

References

External links
 Camden Cycling Campaign newsletter November 2024  containing an appreciation of George Coulouris.

1937 births
2024 deaths
Alumni of University College London
Academics of Imperial College London
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Academics of the University of Cambridge
English people of Greek descent
Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rouen. The Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rouen (; "Rouen National Institute for Applied Sciences") or INSA Rouen Normandie is a French Grande école, that is to say a five-year curriculum which aims to train highly skilled engineers who possess humane qualities and are well versed in the primary areas of science and engineering. Located in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, on the Madrillet technology center campus, in the suburbs of Rouen, this school accommodates more than 2000 students who specialize in 10 fields.

Departments of engineering

Chemistry and chemical engineering 
Mathematical engineering 
Mechanical engineering
Industrial and innovative Performance (cooperative training course)
Security processes performance (cooperative training course)
Structures of the information systems
Energetics and propulsion engineering
Energy performance (cooperative training course)
Civil engineering
Industrial and Environmental Risks Management

Other INSA

INSA Lyon
INSA Toulouse
INSA Rennes
INSA Strasbourg

See also
INSA

References

External links
INSA Rouen official website
Architecture of Information Systems website
Mathematical engineering official website

Grandes écoles
Educational institutions established in 1985
1985 establishments in France