omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EMD SD75M/SD75I. The EMD SD75M and EMD SD75I are a series of similar diesel-electric locomotives produced by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1994 and 1996. The series is an improvement and extension to the EMD SD70 series, which further is an extension to the EMD SD60. These locomotives were built as a response to General Electric's Dash 9-44CW, where as their cousins, the SD70MAC, were built in response to General Electric's AC4400CW. By increasing the output of the 16-710-G3 engine from , the SD75 was a reality. The "M" in the model designation is the style of the cab, in this case the North American style cab.

The "I" model has an "Isolated Cab", or a "WhisperCab" in EMD speak, which reduces noise and vibration in the cab. This type of cab is recognized by a seam separating the nose and cab components. This seam is the rubber that damps vibration and cuts down on noise, because the cab is not attached directly to the frame on the unit. This was the last model that used the "I" designation in the model name; all further units had the isolated cab, but the model designation continued to use the "M". Buyers included Canadian National, the largest buyer with 175 units (now 173), Burlington Northern Santa Fe with 26 (now 24), and Ontario Northland Railway with 6 (now 5).

Both models use the HTCR radial truck and are mounted on the  frame.  This M model only sold 76 units and was not as popular as the SD70.  The biggest buyer of this model was the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, now Burlington Northern Santa Fe, with 51 units; an additional 25 were delivered in early 1996, during the merger process. The Santa Fe's SD75Ms were the railroad's last new locomotives, with the last new unit, number 250, built in August 1995.

Mainly built for a special request from Santa Fe/BNSF, the SD75Ms are slightly more powerful than SD70Ms, having horsepower ratings between  & 4500 hp. They are almost identical to SD70Ms, but can be distinguished by the added bulge below the inertial air-intake on the right side of the unit.

In September 2014, Norfolk Southern purchased 7 SD75Ms via National Railway Equipment Company. They were retired by 2020.

SD75M operators

SD75I operators

SD75IACC operators

SD75I gallery

References

External links

 EMD SD75I Operator's Manual – Canadian National Nos. 5626 thru 5730
 Locomotive Truck EMD HTCR

SD75M
C-C locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Freight locomotives
Allis-Chalmers Model B. The Allis-Chalmers model B was a small agricultural  tractor produced by the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing company from 1937 to 1957. With over 125,000 units produced, the model B became one of the best selling and longest-produced tractors for Allis-Chalmers.  The B came in several different variations including the Asparagus B, Potato Special, and the IB industrial tractor, and gave rise to the larger Allis-Chalmers Model C. The Model B was styled by Brooks Stevens, an industrial designer and graphic designer.

Description and production 

In the early 1930s, Allis-Chalmers tractor division manager Harry Merritt's study of farm census figures showed that-they have a lot of potential in the field and even in the yard, of the nearly seven million farms in America, some four million were of  or less. Furthermore, the million or so tractors used on American farms were generally unsuitably large for such acreage. Although the Fordson tractor and then the first-generation row-crop tractors, including the Farmall, Allis-Chalmers's own Model WC, and others, had been gaining significant market penetration and making mechanised agriculture ever more popular, Merritt concluded that there was a need for four million small, inexpensive tractors to fill the needs of the small farmers still using horses.

In common with other tractors of the time, the Model B received a styled body, designed by industrial designer Brooks Stevens.

The Model B was initially powered by a Waukesha  four-cylinder engine, then from 1938 by an Allis-Chalmers  engine. This was increased to  in 1943, all with three-speed transmissions. The Model B was adapted for a variety of specialty crops, with variants including a high-clearance Asparagus Special and a narrow-track Potato Special. As a row-crop tractor the rear and wide front axles were adjustable. A standard tractor version, the IB, with fixed axles, was produced as an industrial tractor, often used as a mower.

A total of 120,783 Model Bs were built at Allis-Chalmers factories in West Allis, Wisconsin and in Southampton, England. Selling price in 1958 was about $1,500.

Model RC
The Model RC was adapted from the Allis-Chalmers Model WC as a two-plow row-crop tractor using Model B components. It was an expensive stopgap, and in 1939 the more powerful Allis-Chalmers Model C was introduced, based on the Model B, as a more efficient upgrade.

See also
List of Allis-Chalmers tractors
List of tractor manufacturers

References

The Allis Chalmers Story. C.H Wendel 
Antique Power Magazine July/August 1996
Allis Chalmers Model B, Antiquefarming.com

Allis-Chalmers tractors
IWR. IWR may be:   

 Interactive Web Response, similar to Interactive Voice Response (IVR)
 Intelligent word recognition
 Iraq Resolution or Iraq War Resolution, enacted by the United States in 2002
 Information World Review, an information industry trade newspaper
 iShares Russell Midcap (ticker symbol IWR), an exchange-traded fund of U.S. stocks
 Institute for Water Resources, part of the United States Army Corps of Engineers
 Isle of Wight Railway
 In-water recompression, a treatment for decompression sickness
 Independent Wrestling Revolution, a company that promotes professional wrestling
 The Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (in German: Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für wissenschaftliches Rechnen, short IWR), a scientific research institute of the University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Zénobe Gramme. Zénobe Théophile Gramme (; 4 April 1826 – 20 January 1901) was a Belgian electrical engineer. He was born at Jehay-Bodegnée on 4 April 1826, the sixth child of Mathieu-Joseph Gramme, and died at Bois-Colombes on 20 January 1901. He invented the Gramme machine, a type of direct current dynamo capable of generating smoother (less AC) and much higher voltages than the dynamos known to that point.

Career
Gramme was poorly educated and semi-literate throughout his life. His talent was in handicraft and when he left school he became a joiner. After moving to Paris he took a job as a model maker at a company that manufactured electrical equipment and there became interested in technology.

Having built an improved dynamo, Gramme, in association with Hippolyte Fontaine, opened a factory to develop the device. The business, called Société des Machines Magnéto-Électriques Gramme, manufactured the Gramme dynamo, Gramme ring, Gramme armature and other devices. In 1873 a Gramme dynamo was exhibited at the Vienna exhibition.

He was made an officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour in 1877. In 1888 he was awarded the last of the valuable Volta Prizes by the French government.

Gramme machine as motor
In 1873 he and Hippolyte Fontaine accidentally discovered that the device was reversible and would spin when connected to any DC power supply.  The Gramme machine was the first usefully powerful electrical motor that was successful industrially.  Before Gramme's inventions, electric motors attained only low power and were mainly used as toys or laboratory curiosities.

In 1875, Nikola Tesla observed a Gramme machine at the Graz University of Technology. He conceived the idea of using it for alternating current but was unable to develop the idea at this time.

Family
In 1857 he married Hortense Nysten who was a widow and mother of a daughter, Héloïse. Hortense died in 1890.

On 17 August 1891 he married Antonie Schentur in Bois-Colombes.

Death and tributes
Gramme died at Bois-Colombes, France, on 20 January 1901 and was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery.

In the town where his second wife grew up and that Gramme visited every year for a few months, he donated the construction of an avenue to cool the underground water pipe built in 1898. It was named Gramme-Allee in 1902.

In the city of Liège there is a graduate school of engineering, l'Institut Gramme, named after him.

In 2005 he ended up at the 23rd place in the election of Le plus grand Belge (The Greatest Belgian), the television show broadcast by the French-speaking RTBF and based on the BBC show 100 Greatest Britons.

A958 Zenobe Gramme, (1961–), a sailing ship of the Belgian Navy used for training, is named after him.

Honours 
 Commander in the Order of Leopold.
 Officer in the Legion of Honour.
 1888 Volta Prize

Picture gallery

See also
 Antonio Pacinotti

References

External links

1826 births
1901 deaths
People from Liège Province
19th-century Belgian engineers
19th-century Belgian inventors
Belgian physicists
Belgian electrical engineers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Keycap. A keycap is a small cover of plastic, metal, or other material placed over the keyswitch of a computer keyboard.  Keycaps are often illustrated to indicate the key function or alphanumeric character they correspond to. Early keyboards were manufactured with the keyswitch and keycap integrated in one unit; keycaps separate from the switch were introduced to facilitate the production of different keyboard layouts.

History 
Typical keycaps in the 1970s and 1980s were produced using two-shot molding, with the markings molded into each keycap in a different color of plastic. This eventually fell out of favor, as it was more expensive (particularly in tooling costs), and tended to produce keycaps more durable than the equipment on which they were mounted. Modern keycaps are usually labelled by stamping or laser engraving. However, two-shot molding ("doubleshot") keycaps are still available today, known for their feel and general durability.

Modern keycaps 
Keycaps can be bought in replacement sets for a keyboard. Notably, replacement sets are frequently sold for keyboards that use Cherry MX-style stems. Custom sets are bought and sold within the enthusiast communities, and artisan keycaps can be purchased individually. Artisan keycaps are unique or produced in small batches, and can feature intricate designs; they are often made with malleable materials like resin or silicone.

Keycaps are sold in printed and unprinted varieties. The unprinted variety, known as "blank keycaps," is said to promote touch typing and help build muscle memory because the user is forced to rely on motion rather than visuals. However, within the modern mechanical keyboard community, unprinted caps are typically chosen for their visual appeal. There are many designs a user may choose: from anime, bi-color and video game-based to custom-made keycaps.

The most common plastics used are ABS, PBT and POM (see the  materials section).
The top of most keycaps may be described as cylinder-shaped (curving to the sides as if a fat cylinder was resting on it), flat or spherical (curving to the top, bottom and sides as if a large sphere was resting on it). The modern preference is for cylinder-shaped keycaps rather than spherical ones, but laptop keys are often flat.

Construction

Materials

Keycaps materials vary among the brands and provide different feels, durability, damage resistance, and other properties.

Printing of characters
Printing of numbers, letters, and symbols on the keycaps is done using pad printing, laser etching, or dye sublimation.

Key profile 
As its name suggests, the easiest way to compare key profiles is to look at them from the side. The keyboard profile refers to the profile shapes of each row of keycaps. With different profiles, keys can vary in size, shape, and thickness. When (most) modern key sets vary in profile from row to row, this is called a sculpted profile. 

 OEM
 Cherry
 Apple
 Tai Hao
 Alps
 Laser
 DCS
 SA
 SA-P
 DSA
 HSA
 XDA
 MT3

Further reading

References

Computer keyboards
Matthew Koss. Matthew B. Koss (born September 16, 1961, in Boston, Massachusetts) is a widely published solid-state physicist.

Biography
Koss received his A.B. degree from Vassar College in 1983 and a Ph.D. in experimental condensed matter physics from Tufts University in 1989.

From 1990 to 2000, Koss worked at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute as Lead Scientist for the Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE), a basic microgravity research project on dendritic solidification that conducted Space Shuttle flight experiments on STS-62, -75 and -87. He also worked as the principal investigator of the Transient Dendritic Solidification Experiment (TDSE), a flight experiment intended for use on the International Space Station in 2006.

In June 2003, Koss created controversy via an editorial published in The New York Times, in which he wrote that scientists bore partial responsibility for the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. He argued that most microgravity scientific experiments did not require crewed space missions, but were used to promote the space program. The article drew widespread attention, and Koss later appeared at a congressional hearing before the House Science Committee.

In 2000, Koss started working at College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, where he continued his isothermal dendritic growth research. As of April 2008, Koss was an associate professor of physics at Holy Cross. He remains listed as a professor in the Holy Cross physics department .

In 2005, Koss began research on the physics of baseball. He collected data on a baseball in flight to create his own Reynolds number vs. drag coefficient plot, to compare against other models.  He also created a hybrid model of the flight path that a baseball will take, given all of the initial conditions. He also worked to add other factors that would affect the flight, such as the spin decay rate of a baseball in flight.

References

1961 births
Living people
Scientists from Boston
Vassar College alumni
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
21st-century American physicists
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
College of the Holy Cross faculty
Wax carving. Wax carving is the shaping of wax using tools usually associated with machining: rotary tools, saws, files and burins or gravers.  Actual knives can be used and most certainly are, but the hardness of the material is such that they are not the ideal tool, generally.

To carve wax, the proper size and shape of block or tube is chosen, in the preferred hardness, and cut to a rough size, as needed.  Then the design is generally drawn or laid out on that, and saws, files or machine tools are used to work the wax into a finished product.  The wax is easily taken to a fine finish in the end using a bit of nylon stocking or steel wool.  After the wax product is finished, it may be molded or used in the lost wax casting process to create a final cast product.

Casting waxes
There are a wide variety of wax types used in the lost wax casting process.  Generally they fall into three main types, soft, hard and injection waxes. Injection waxes are made and intended to be used for injecting wax under pressure into rubber or other types of molds.  They can be carved and worked otherwise, but they are not specifically designed for that use.  Their properties more often target good injection properties: flow, low shrinkage, pot life etc.

Soft waxes are sometimes called sculpting waxes, and generally have a consistency resembling clay.  Generally the techniques used in working soft waxes are similar to those used with clay and involve the use of wooden or metal spatulas, direct molding with the fingers and the like.

Carving wax
Carving wax is a smooth, non-brittle wax designed for carving and/or machining. Although the formulas for most commercial waxes are proprietary, most suppliers will state that hard waxes are some blend of waxes and plastics.  This family of waxes has a hardness and consistency of plastic or softer wood. They can be cut or carved with knives, files and rotary or machine tools.  To illustrate the usefulness of this type of wax, if one were to get a candle, mount it on a lathe and feed a tool into it, the wax would slough off like butter, stick to the tool and make a mess.  Hard wax, on the other hand, will machine more like soft aluminum, giving fine edges and a fine finish if worked properly.

Waxes come in a wide variety of shapes: blocks, sheets, rods and tubes, and in recent times there are even extruded shapes available.  The rods are useful for lathe turning, among other things, and the tubes are useful for making rings in jewelry work.  The tubes are available in various sizes, and also with a flat top, which is useful for signet rings.

Waxes
Sculpture materials
Casting (manufacturing)
Apple Advanced Technology Group. The Advanced Technology Group (ATG) was a corporate research laboratory at Apple Computer from 1986 to 1997. ATG was an evolution of Apple's Education Research Group (ERG) and was started by Larry Tesler in October 1986 to study long-term research into future technologies that were beyond the time frame or organizational scope of any individual product group. Over the next decade, it was led by David Nagel, Richard LeFaivre, and Donald Norman.  It was known as Apple Research Labs during Norman's tenure as VP of the organization.  Steve Jobs closed the group when he returned to Apple in 1997.

ATG had research efforts in both hardware and software, with groups focused on such areas as Human-Computer Interaction, Speech Recognition (by Kai-Fu Lee), Educational Technology, Networking, Information Access, Distributed Operating systems, Collaborative Computing, Computer Graphics, and Language/action perspective.  Many of these efforts are described in a special issue of the ACM SIGCHI Bulletin which provided a retrospective of the ATG work after the lab was shut down.  ATG was also home to four Apple Fellows: Al Alcorn, object-oriented software pioneer; Alan Kay; Bill Atkinson; Donald Norman; and laser printer inventor Gary Starkweather.  Further, ATG funded university research and, starting in 1992, held an annual design competition for teams of students.

Apple's ATG was the birthplace of Color QuickDraw, QuickTime, QuickTime VR, QuickDraw 3D, QuickRing, 3DMF the 3D metafile graphics format, ColorSync, HyperCard, Apple events, SK8, AppleScript, Apple's PlainTalk speech recognition software, the 1986 Möbius ARM based computer prototype, Apple Data Detectors, the V-Twin software for indexing, storing, and searching text documents, Macintalk Pro Speech Synthesis, the Newton handwriting recognizer, the component software technology leading to OpenDoc, MCF, HotSauce, Squeak, and the children's programming environment Cocoa (a trademark Apple later reused for its otherwise unrelated Cocoa application frameworks).

References

External links 
SIGCHI: The Apple Advanced Technology Group

Advanced Technology Group
Research institutes in California
Information technology research institutes
Research institutes established in 1986
1986 establishments in the United States
Canceled Space Shuttle missions. During NASA's Space Shuttle program, several missions were canceled. Many were canceled as a result of the Challenger and the Columbia disasters or due to delays in the development of the shuttle. Others were canceled because of changes in payload and mission requirements.

Canceled due to the late development of the Space Shuttle 
In 1972, NASA's planners had projected for 570 Space Shuttle missions between 1980 and 1991. Later, this estimate was lowered to 487 launches between 1980 and 1992. The details of the first 23 projected missions, listed in the third edition of Manned Spaceflight (Reginald Turnill, 1978) and the first edition of the STS Flight Assignment Baseline, an internal NASA document published in October 1977, are presented below.

Later in the development process, NASA suggested using the first crewed Space Shuttle mission, STS-1, as a sub-orbital test of the Return to Launch Site (RTLS) flight profile devised for emergency abort scenarios. Columbia would have launched from Kennedy Space Center, then executed a 180-degree turn at a speed of , or 6.7 times the speed of sound, in order to land at the Kennedy Space Center runway. The mission was canceled when astronauts refused to fly it, having deemed the plan to be too dangerous. STS-1 commander John W. Young recalled that "I said no. I said let's not practice Russian roulette, because you may have a loaded gun there. So we didn't."

Canceled between the first flight of the Space Shuttle (1981) and the Challenger disaster (1986)

Canceled due to the Challenger disaster

Canceled between 1988 and the Columbia disaster (2003)

Canceled due to the Columbia disaster

References 

 
Space Shuttle program
Space Shuttle
Basal sliding. Basal sliding is the act of a glacier sliding over the bed due to meltwater under the ice acting as a lubricant. This movement very much depends on the temperature of the area, the slope of the glacier, the bed roughness, the amount of meltwater from the glacier, and the glacier's size.

The movement that happens to these glaciers as they slide is that of a jerky motion where any seismic events, especially at the base of glacier, can cause movement. Most movement is found to be caused by pressured meltwater or very small water-saturated sediments underneath the glacier. This gives the glacier a much smoother surface on which to move as opposed to a harsh surface that tends to slow the speed of the sliding. Although meltwater is the most common source of basal sliding, it has been shown that water-saturated sediment can also play up to 90% of the basal movement these glaciers make.

Most activity seen from basal sliding is within thin glacier  that are resting on a steep slope, and this most commonly happens during the summer seasons when surface meltwater runoff peaks. Factors that can slow or stop basal sliding relate to the glacier's composition and also the surrounding environment. Glacier movement is resisted by debris, whether it is inside the glacier or under the glacier. This can affect the amount of movement that is made by the glacier by a large percentage especially if the slope on which it lies is low. The traction caused by this sediment can halt a steadily moving glacier if it interferes with the underlying sediment or water that was helping to carry it.

The Great Lakes were created due to basal erosion as a result of sliding over relatively weak bedrock.

References

 Easterbrook, Jason. 1999. “Surface Processes and Landforms,” 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 297-300.

Glaciology
Carl H. J. Schenck. Carl Heinrich Johann Schenck was a German technology pioneer and businessman who established Carl Schenck Eisengießerei & Waagenfabrik in 1881, in Darmstadt, Germany. The company was the first manufacturer of the industrial balancing machine. It is known today as Carl Schenck AG, and has been a subsidiary of the global technology conglomerate, Dürr AG, since 1999.

Memoriam
The Carl Schenck Award, offered annually by the Technical University in Darmstadt, is dedicated to him. The TU campus houses two units of Dürr's Measuring and Process Systems division: the Balancing and Assembly Products unit (BAP); and the Schenck Technologie und Industriepark.

References

Businesspeople from Darmstadt
Glossary of textile manufacturing. The manufacture of textiles is one of the oldest of human technologies. To make textiles, the first requirement is a source of fiber from which a yarn can be made, primarily by spinning. The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving, with color and patterns, which turns it into cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. For decoration, the process of coloring yarn or the finished material is dyeing. For more information of the various steps, see textile manufacturing.

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Notes

References

External links
Spinning techniques and textile terminology
Carr's Corner Glossary 

Weaving
Textile industry
Textile manufacturing
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists