omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
WDDX. WDDX (Web Distributed Data eXchange) is a programming language-, platform- and transport-neutral data interchange mechanism designed to pass data between different environments and different computers.

History
WDDX was created by Simeon Simeonov of Allaire Corporation in 1998, initially for the ColdFusion server environment. 
WDDX was open-sourced later that year.

Usage
WDDX is functionally comparable to XML-RPC and WIDL. The specification supports simple data types such as number, string, boolean, etc., and complex aggregates of these in forms such as structures, arrays and recordsets (row/column data, typically coming from database queries).

The data is encoded into XML using an XML 1.0 DTD, producing a platform-independent but relatively bulky representation. The  XML-encoded data can then be sent to another computer using HTTP, FTP, or other transmission mechanism.  The receiving computer must have WDDX-aware software to translate the encoded data into the receiver's native data representation.  WDDX can also be used to serialize data structures to storage (file system or database). Many applications use WDDX to pass complex data to browsers where it can be manipulated with JavaScript, as an alternative to JSON.

Example from  php.net:
<wddxPacket version='1.0'>
  <header comment='PHP'/>
  <data>
    <struct>
      <var name='pi'>
        <number>3.1415926</number>
      </var>
      <var name='cities'>
        <array length='3'>
          <string>Austin</string>
          <string>Novato</string>
          <string>Seattle</string>
        </array>
      </var>
    </struct>
  </data>
</wddxPacket>

Adoption
WDDX is mainly used by ColdFusion and, as February 2022, still supported by Adobe.

Outside ColdFusion, libraries exist to read or write this format, Ruby, Python, PHP, Java, C++, .NET, Actionscript, lisp, Haskell, Perl.

PHP used to offer a comprehensive support for WDDX, which could be used as a format to store session information until the version 7.4. It has been removed since from the base language, but still available through PECL. The rationale was a lack of standardization of the  format, and new formats like JSON more mainstream. A vulnerability was fixed in 2007.

Notes

External links
GCA98 WDDX Presentation
Using WDDX with Flash

XML-based standards
Markup languages
Data serialization formats
Franklinite. Franklinite is an oxide mineral belonging to the normal spinel subgroup's iron (Fe) series, with the formula Zn2+Fe23+O4.  

As with another spinel member magnetite, both ferrous (2+) and ferric (3+) iron may be present in franklinite samples. Divalent iron and/or manganese (Mn) may commonly accompany zinc (Zn) and trivalent manganese may substitute for some ferric iron.

At its type locality, franklinite can be found with a wide array of minerals, many of which are fluorescent. More commonly, it occurs with willemite, calcite, and zincite. In these rocks, it forms as disseminated small black crystals with their octahedral faces visible at times. It may rarely be found as a single large euhedral crystal.

Franklinite is a major ore of the element zinc. It is named after its local discovery at the Franklin Mine and Sterling Hill Mines in New Jersey.

In 2023, Franklinite was designated the state mineral of New Jersey.

See also

 Classification of minerals
 List of minerals
 Spinel

References

 Mindat page for franklinite

External links

Spinel group
Iron(III) minerals
Zinc minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 227
Minerals described in 1819
Acro Sport. Acro Sport Inc was an aircraft manufacturer based in Hales Corners, Wisconsin that marketed plans for homebuilt aircraft.

The company sold plans for the Acro Sport I and Acro Sport II aerobatic biplanes, but also owned the rights to a number of other designs, including the Nesmith Cougar, Pober Pixie, Pober Junior Ace, and Pober Super Ace. All except the Cougar are designs of Paul Poberezny. The company is not affiliated with either Poberezny or the Experimental Aircraft Association.

Aircraft designs

References

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Wisconsin
Acro Sport I. The Acro Sport is a single-seat aerobatic sportsplane designed by US aviation enthusiast Paul Poberezny in the early 1970s for homebuilding. Plans are marketed by Acro Sport Inc.

The Acro Sport is a short-span biplane of conventional taildragger configuration, typically built with an open cockpit and spatted main undercarriage. Its structure is a fabric-covered, steel tube fuselage and tail group, with a wood wing structure.

Variants

The Acro Sport II is the two place version of the Acro Sport I

Specifications

References

Further reading

 Schultheis, Robert (November 2, 1974). EAA Acro-Sport (with plan). American Aircraft Modeler. Academy of Model Aeronautics. 74 (11): pp. 20–26.
 Davisson, Budd (February 1978). Akrosport - homebuilt from EAA's Think Tank. Air Progress. Challenge Publications. 40 (2). 
 Curds, Gerald (November 1983). EAA 'Acro-Sport': Biplane Plans Feature. RCM&E. Mortons Media Group Ltd. 24 (11).
 Bedřich, Zdenék (January 1989). EAA Acrosport. Modelář. Prague: Naše vojsko. 40 (1): pp. 18–19.

External links
 Acro Sport I & Super Acro Sport I (EAA Aircraft Building Kits & Plans)
 Acro Sport Newsletter (all volumes digitized from Neil Sidders' collection)

Acro Sport aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
1970s United States sport aircraft
Poberezny aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1972
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Acro Sport II. The Acro II is a two-seat aerobatic sportsplane  designed by US aviation enthusiast Paul Poberezny in the 1970s for amateur construction.  It is an enlarged version of his previous Acro Sport I, sized up to carry two persons.  Plans are available through Acro Sport in Wisconsin and material kits are supplied by Aircraft Spruce and Specialty.

Design and development
The Acro Sport II is a short-span biplane of conventional taildragger configuration, typically built with open cockpits and spatted main undercarriage.  Its structure is fabric-covered, steel tube fuselage and tail group, with wood wing structure.

Operational history
In March 2017, 83 examples were on the Federal Aviation Administration aircraft registry in the United States, although 129 had at one time been registered. In Canada in March 2017 there were 11 registered with Transport Canada.

Variants
Acro Sport I
Single place version of the Acro Sport

Specifications

See also

References

External links

Acro Sport II
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
1970s United States sport aircraft
Poberezny aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
SRL. SRL or S.R.L. may refer to:

 a designation equivalent to limited liability company, that may be appended to the end of company names:
 Società a responsabilità limitata (Italian)
 Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (Spanish)
 Societate cu răspundere limitată (Romanian)
 Société à responsabilité limitée (French)
 Semantic role labeling, an activity of natural language processing
 Sarcalumenin, human protein that regulates calcium transport
 Shift register lookup table, a component in digital circuitry
 Student Rugby League, UK
 Semiconductor ring laser, a type of laser
 Statistical relational learning, a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence
 Suburban Rail Loop, a proposed rail line in Melbourne, Australia
 Survival Research Laboratories, a machine performance art group from San Francisco, California
 Self-regulated learning, a psychological concept related to metacognition
 Spaced repetition learning, a flashcard-based technique for learning and memorization
  (see Irish orthography#Abbreviations)
 Stimulated Raman Loss, a sub-type of Stimulated Raman spectroscopy
 Palo Verde Airport IATA code
Martin XB-27. The Martin XB-27 (Martin Model 182) was an aircraft proposed by the Glenn L. Martin Company to fill a strong need in the United States Army Air Corps for a high-altitude medium bomber. Its design was based approximately on that of Martin's own B-26 Marauder. The XB-27 remained on paper, and no prototypes were built.

Specifications (as designed)

See also

References

B-27
Martin B-27
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Beal Aerospace. Beal Aerospace was a launch vehicle development company founded in February 1997 by Andrew Beal, president of Beal Bank in Dallas, Texas. Headquartered in Frisco, Texas, the goal of the company was to build and operate a privately developed heavy lift orbital launch vehicle. It ceased operations on October 23, 2000.

Company history
After being founded in 1997, employment grew to approximately 200 people at the company's peak in late 1999. A rocket engine test facility was successfully established in McGregor, Texas. There, the company conducted liquid-fueled engine tests, added several buildings, and built a vertical test stand. Ambitious plans were made to establish a launch pad on Sombrero Island in Anguilla, and to mass-produce launch vehicles in the Virgin Islands, but environmentalists were fiercely opposed to these development plans.

On March 4, 2000, Beal Aerospace conducted a successful test firing of the BA-2 rocket engine, the largest since the NASA Apollo program.

Following NASA's announcement that they would fund research and development of competing launch vehicles under the Space Launch Initiative (SLI), Andrew Beal announced on October 23, 2000, that Beal Aerospace would cease operations. Beal cited NASA's commercial practices as the primary reason for closing.

Launch vehicles
Beal Aerospace initially considered a rocket that used kerosene and liquid oxygen, but soon switched to kerosene fuel in combination with high  concentration hydrogen peroxide oxidizer. This combination was selected in order to avoid the expense and complexity of cryogenic storage, and to reduce development costs. Kerosene was injected into the hot steam and oxygen exhaust products of catalytically decomposed hydrogen peroxide, resulting in spontaneous ignition. The original BA-1 launch vehicle design was intended to service the LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellite constellation launch market, but was replaced by the much larger BA-2 design when it was decided to concentrate on the more stable Geostationary satellite launch market as the LEO constellations became financially unsound. All three stages of the BA-2 vehicle were to be pressure-fed using high-pressure helium storage to replace the expense and complexity of turbopumps. All of the BA-2 propellant tanks and primary structures were to be manufactured from lightweight composite materials. The engines were self-cooled with ablative materials.

Subsequent history
After the dissolution of Beal Aerospace, its McGregor, Texas test site was acquired by SpaceX to become its McGregor test site in late 2002.

See also
 List of private spaceflight companies - A compiled list of private spaceflight companies

References

 Associated Press, Aerospace company failed to get the needed U.S. approval for Guyana launches , 23 July 1999

External links
 Homepage: Beal Aerospace
 Encyclopedia Astronautica, Beal Aerospace

Private spaceflight companies
Space companies in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Defunct companies based in Texas
Defunct spaceflight companies
Ensemble (fluid mechanics). In continuum mechanics, an ensemble is an imaginary collection of notionally identical experiments.

Each member of the ensemble will have nominally identical boundary conditions and fluid properties. If the flow is turbulent, the details of the fluid motion will differ from member to member because the experimental setup will be microscopically different, and these slight differences become magnified as time progresses. Members of an ensemble are, by definition, statistically independent of one another. The concept of ensemble is useful in thought experiments and to improve theoretical understanding of turbulence.

A good image to have in mind is a typical fluid mechanics experiment such as a mixing box. Imagine a million mixing boxes, distributed over the earth; at a predetermined time, a million fluid mechanics engineers each start one experiment, and monitor the flow. Each engineer then sends his or her results to a central database. Such a process would give results that are close to the theoretical ideal of an ensemble.

It is common to speak of ensemble average or ensemble averaging when considering a fluid mechanical ensemble.

For a completely unrelated type of averaging, see Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (the two types of averaging are often confused).

See also
 Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)

References

Continuum mechanics
Thermos bomb. Thermos bomb was the informal name for the AR-4, an air dropped anti-personnel mine used by the Italian Air Force during World War II.  Large numbers were used against Malta and in the Middle East. It was named for its superficial appearance to a Thermos bottle, a popular brand of vacuum flask. The bomb was a cylinder  long and weighing . It could be fitted with a very sensitive motion-sensitive fuze that would detonate if any attempt was made to move it. It could be lethal in the open to approximately . Because of this, unexploded Thermos bombs were normally destroyed where they fell, either by attaching a long piece of string to them and giving it a jerk, or detonating a small explosive charge near them.

A later variant of the fuze introduced a long time delay, which triggered between 60 and 80 hours after the fuze had armed.

References
 

Area denial weapons
Anti-personnel weapons
Italian inventions
World War II aerial bombs of Italy
Military equipment introduced from 1940 to 1944
Organic computing. Organic computing is computing that behaves and interacts with humans in an organic manner. The term "organic" is used to describe the system's behavior, and does not imply that they are constructed from organic materials. It is based on the insight that we will soon be surrounded by large collections of autonomous systems, which are equipped with sensors and actuators, aware of their environment, communicate freely, and organize themselves in order to perform the actions and services that seem to be required.

The goal is to construct such systems as robust, safe, flexible, and trustworthy as possible. In particular, a strong orientation towards human needs as opposed to a pure implementation of the technologically possible seems absolutely central. In order to achieve these goals, our technical systems will have to act more independently, flexibly, and autonomously, i.e. they will have to exhibit lifelike properties. We call such systems "organic". Hence, an "Organic Computing System" is a technical system which adapts dynamically to exogenous and endogenous change. It is characterized by the properties of self-organization, self-configuration, self-optimization, self-healing, self-protection, self-explaining, and context awareness. It can be seen as an extension of the Autonomic computing vision of IBM.

In a variety of research projects the priority research program SPP 1183 of the German Research Foundation (DFG) addresses fundamental challenges in the design of Organic Computing systems; its objective is a deeper understanding of emergent global behavior in self-organizing systems and the design of specific concepts and tools to support the construction of Organic Computing systems for technical applications.

See also
Biologically inspired computing
Autonomic computing

References

 Müller-Schloer, Christian; v.d. Malsburg, Christoph and Würtz, Rolf P. Organic Computing. Aktuelles Schlagwort in Informatik Spektrum (2004) pp. 332–336.
 Müller-Schloer, Christian. Organic Computing – On the Feasibility of Controlled Emergence. CODES + ISSS 2004 Proceedings (2004) pp 2–5, ACM Press, . 
 Rochner, Fabian and Müller-Schloer, Christian. Emergence in Technical Systems. it Special Issue on Organic Computing (2005) pp. 188–200, Oldenbourg Verlag, Jahrgang 47, ISSN 1611-2776.
 Schmeck, Hartmut. Organic Computing – A New Vision for Distributed Embedded Systems. Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC’05) (2005) pp. 201–203, IEEE, IEEE Computer Society 2005.
 Würtz, Rolf P. (Editor): Organic Computing (Understanding Complex Systems). Springer, 2008. .

External links
 DFG SPP 1183 Organic Computing
 Position Paper Organic Computing (German)
 Self-Organising Systems (SOS) FAQ
 The PUPS/P3 Organic Computing Environment for Linux (Free Software)
 SeSAm Multiagent simulator and graphical modelling environment. (Free Software)

Programming paradigms
Aachen Flugzeugbau. Aachen Flugzeugbau was a German aircraft manufacturer of the early 20th century, established around the time of World War I. With the end of the war, the prohibition on powered flight in Germany, the firm began to specialize in sailplane construction, and in 1921 became known as Aachener Segelflugzeugbau, producing designs by Wolfgang Klemperer. It was purchased by Junkers in 1923. In 1923 the K. F. glider-related light airplane (also a Klemperer design) was in production. In 1924 a two-seat low-wing monoplane was also flown.

References
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Ateliers Aéronautiques de Suresnes. Ateliers Aéronautiques de Suresnes (AAS) was a French aircraft manufacturer that existed for a short while after World War II.  Operating from the Farman Aviation Works factory near Paris, its most notable achievement was completing the two examples of the Heinkel He 274 left unfinished by the Germans.

Later in its history, AAS was combined with other French aeronautical firms into the government-sponsored SNCASO aerospace conglomerate.

References 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
CRRT. The abbreviation CRRT may refer to:

Christopher Reuel Tolkien
Carrier Route mail sorting system for the United States Postal Service
Continuous renal replacement therapy
Chemical-Biological-Radiological Rapid Response Team
Commuter Rail Real Time data from the MBTA, providing train locations and arrival predictions for the MBTA Commuter Rail system
Cyber Rapid Response Team - EU countries (Lithuania, Estonia, Croatia, Poland, the Netherlands and Romania) cooperation in cyber area
Spaceliner. Spaceliner may refer to:
 SpaceLiner, a suborbital spaceplane developed by DLR
 Mitsubishi Space Liner car
 Spacecraft in general
 Starship analogs of oceanliners or airliners
 Intercontinental Earth-to-Earth spaceflight that enters outer space on the journey, such as is proposed for the SpaceX BFR spaceship

See also
 Spaceline (disambiguation)
 Starliner (disambiguation)
Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile. The Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP) was a specification that profiled open networking products for procurement by governments in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Timeline
 1988 - GOSIP: Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile published by CCTA, an agency of UK government
 1988 - UK's CCTA commences work with France and West Germany on European Procurement Handbook (EPHOS)
 1990 - The US specification requiring Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols was first published as Federal Information Processing Standards document FIPS 146-1.  The requirement for US Government vendors to demonstrate their support for this profile led them to join the formal interoperability and conformance testing for networking products, which had been done by industry professionals at the annual InterOp show since 1980.
 1990 - Publication of European Procurement Handbook (EPHOS), intended to be a European GOSIP
 1991 - 4th and final version of UK GOSIP released
 1993 - Australia and New Zealand GOSIP Version 3 - 1993 Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile
 1995 - FIPS 146-2 allowed "...other specifications based on open, voluntary standards such as those cited in paragraph 3 ("...such as those developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)... and the International Telecommunications Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU–T))"

In practice, from 1995 interest in OSI implementations declined, and worldwide the deployment of standards-based networking services since have been predominantly based on the Internet protocol suite.  However, the Defense Messaging System continued to be based on the OSI protocols X.400 and X.500, due to their integrated security capabilities.

See also 
OSI model
 ISO Development Environment (ISODE)
Protocol Wars

References

Computer standards
Spark chamber. A spark chamber is a particle detector: a device used in particle physics for detecting electrically charged particles. They were most widely used as research tools from the 1930s to the 1960s and have since been superseded by other technologies such as drift chambers and silicon detectors. Today, working spark chambers are mostly found in science museums and educational organisations, where they are used to demonstrate aspects of particle physics and astrophysics.

Spark chambers consist of a stack of metal plates placed in a sealed box filled with a gas such as helium, neon or a mixture of the two. When a charged particle from a cosmic ray travels through the box, it ionises the gas between the plates. Ordinarily this ionisation would remain invisible. However, if a high enough voltage can be applied between each adjacent pair of plates before that ionisation disappears, then sparks can be made to form along the trajectory taken by the ray, and the cosmic ray in effect becomes visible as a line of sparks. In order to control when this voltage is applied, a separate detector (often containing a pair of scintillators placed above and below the box) is needed. When this trigger senses that a cosmic ray has just passed, it fires a fast switch to connect the high voltage to the plates. The high voltage cannot be connected to the plates permanently, as this would lead to arc formation and continuous discharging.

As research devices, spark chamber detectors have lower resolution than bubble chamber detectors. However they can be made highly selective with the help of auxiliary detectors, making them useful in searching for very rare events.

Related devices

A streamer chamber is a type of detector closely related to the spark chamber.  In a spark chamber one looks at a stack of parallel plates edge-on.  For this reason, best viewing is afforded when the particle comes in perpendicularly to the plates. A streamer chamber, in contrast, typically has only two plates, at least one of which is transparent (e.g. wire mesh or a conductive glass). Particles come in roughly parallel to the plane of these plates. A much shorter high-voltage pulse is used than with a spark chamber, so there is insufficient time for sparks to form. Instead very dim streamers of ionised gas are formed. These can be seen when image enhancement is applied.

See also
 Electric spark
 Cloud chamber
 Bubble chamber

External links
 University of Cambridge Spark Chambers
 Spark Chamber Project - McGill University
 "How does a spark chamber work?" - From an exhibitor at the 2011 Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition.
 "How does a spark chamber work?" - University of Birmingham
 Enhanced image of streamers taken in a steamer chamber

Particle detectors