omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Vital theory. According to the vital force theory, the conduction of water up the xylem vessel is a result of vital action of the living cells in the xylem tissue. These living cells are involved in ascent of sap. Relay pump theory and Pulsation theory support the active theory of ascent of sap.

Emil Godlewski (senior) (1884) proposed Relay pump or Clamberinh force theory (through xylem parenchyma) and Jagadish Chandra Bose(1923) proposed pulsation theory (due to pulsatory activities of innermost cortical cells just outside endodermis).

Jagadish Chandra Bose suggested a mechanism for the ascent of sap in 1927. His theory can be explained with the help of galvanometer of electric probes. He found electrical ‘pulsations’ or oscillations in electric potentials, and came to believe these were coupled with rhythmic movements in the telegraph plant Codariocalyx motorius (then Desmodium). On the basis of this Bose theorized that regular wave-like ‘pulsations’ in cell electric potential and turgor pressure were an endogenous form of cell signaling. According to him the living cells in the inner lining of the xylem tissue pump water by contractive and expulsive movements similar to the animal heart circulating blood.

This mechanism has not been well supported, and in spite of some ongoing debate, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the cohesion-tension theory for the ascent of sap.

See also 
Cohesion-tension theory

External links
 Bioelectricity and the rhythms of sensitive plants – The biophysical research of Jagadis Chandra Bose

Botany
British Rail Class 107. The British Rail Class 107 diesel multiple units were built by the Derby Works of British Railways and were introduced in 1960. The class looked similar to the later Class 108 units, but were heavier, being built from steel.

Usage
The Class 107s were initially built for suburban workings on the south side of Glasgow and the Class remained in BR's Scottish Region for its service life. When new, a number were used on Dundee/Arbroath services. In later years, they were used almost exclusively on services radiating from Glasgow Central to such destinations as Barrhead, East Kilbride, and Kilmacolm, and - prior to electrification - on Glasgow/Ayrshire services (especially Largs). Most were withdrawn from service by 1991.

Many of the units went into departmental use after being withdrawn from passenger use.  The class suffered from a structural problem, however, which could result in the bodies separating from the chassis under heavy braking.

Orders

Originally, there were no fixed set formations, but eventually, sets were numbered as 107425-449 in DMBS order (the DMCLs & TSLs were formed into the sets at random). Renumbered to 107725-749 in 1988 to avoid confusion of set numbers with new 156 units which also had 4xx numbers. Renumbered again to 107025-049 about 1990 to avoid similar confusion with new class 158s numbered in 7xx series.

Other technical details
 Coupling Code: Blue Square
 Transmission: Standard mechanical

For coupling codes see British United Traction

Preservation
Several examples of the class have entered preservation.

References

Notes

Sources
Motive Power Recognition: 3 DMUs. Colin J. Marsden
British Railway Pictorial: First Generation DMUs.  Kevin Robertson
British Rail Fleet Survey 8: Diesel Multiple Units- The First Generation.  Brian Haresnape
A Pictorial Record of British Railways Diesel Multiple Units.  Brian Golding

External links

 Class 107 Derby 3-car DMUs on Railcar.co.uk
 Mikes Trains

107
Train-related introductions in 1960
Groep T. Group T (Groep T) is a college (formerly hogeschool (college)) in Leuven, Belgium.  The school was formed by a fusion of an existing school for technical (industrial) engineers and the Provinciale Normaalschool. Nowadays the school offers two main branches:
 The Engineering College: a Bachelor and Master in industrial sciences.
 The Teacher's College: a Bachelor of education.
Apart from this, Group T has built a considerable reputation for adult education (social promotion).
The school has always emphasized its independence from other educational institutions in Belgium. This is the main reason it has not joined the KHL (Katholieke Hogeschool Leuven) when that was formed.

Group T is especially active in international cooperations with universities in China (Tsinghua University, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing Normal University, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University and more).

Group T is a member of the association (grouping of universities and hogescholen) formed by the KU Leuven.

In the academic year of 2013-2014 the Engineering studies at Group T was integrated in the KU Leuven.

Study possibilities
The faculty offers both a bachelor and a master's degree in industrial sciences with following specifications: 
 Electromechanics
 Electronics-ICT
 Chemistry
 Biochemistry

Solar Team 
Group T has had a participant solar powered car in the World Solar Challenge races of 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011. This team (the Umicore Solar Team) finished 11th, 2nd, DNF and 10th respectively.

References

External links
 Groep T 
 CORE CVBA-so

Education in Leuven
Colleges in Belgium
Driver circuit. In electronics, a driver is a circuit or component used to control another circuit or component, such as a high-power transistor, liquid crystal display (LCD), stepper motors, SRAM memory, and numerous others.

They are usually used to regulate current flowing through a circuit or to control other factors such as other components and some other devices in the circuit. The term is often used, for example, for a specialized integrated circuit that controls high-power switches in switched-mode power converters. An amplifier can also be considered a driver for loudspeakers, or a voltage regulator that keeps an attached component operating within a broad range of input voltages.

Typically the driver stage(s) of a circuit requires different characteristics to other circuit stages. For example, in a transistor power amplifier circuit, typically the driver circuit requires current gain, often the ability to discharge the following transistor bases rapidly, and low output impedance to avoid or minimize distortion.

In SRAM memory driver circuits are used to rapidly discharge necessary bit lines from a precharge level to the write margin or below.

See also
 Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller

References

External links 
ADP3418
Driver Circuits

Analog circuits
Synchronizer (algorithm). In computer science, a synchronizer is an algorithm that can be used to run a synchronous algorithm on top of an asynchronous processor network, so enabling the asynchronous system to run as a synchronous network.

The concept was originally proposed in (Awerbuch, 1985) along with three synchronizer algorithms named alpha, beta and gamma which provided different tradeoffs in terms of time and message complexity. Essentially, they are a solution to the problem of asynchronous algorithms (which operate in a network with no global clock) being harder to design and often less efficient than the equivalent synchronous algorithms. By using a synchronizer, algorithm designers can deal with the simplified "ideal network" and then later mechanically produce a version that operates in more realistic asynchronous cases.

Available synchronizer algorithms 

The three algorithms that Awerbuch provided in his original paper are as follows:

 Alpha synchronizer: This has low time complexity but high message complexity.
 Beta synchronizer: This has high time complexity but low message complexity.
 Gamma synchronizer: This provides a reasonable tradeoff between alpha and beta by providing fairly low time and message complexity.

Since the original paper, other synchronizer algorithms have been proposed in the literature.

References 

 

Distributed algorithms
Bristol Thor. The Bristol Thor, latterly Bristol Siddeley BS.1009 Thor, was a  diameter ramjet engine developed by Bristol Aero Engines (later Bristol Siddeley Engines) for the Bristol Bloodhound anti-aircraft missile.

Although Bristol Aero Engines acquired ramjet technology from the US company Marquardt, BAE put considerable effort into developing the Thor unit, including the construction of a high altitude test plant (HATP) at their Patchway site, with a supersonic test cell.

The Bloodhound Mk.1 could attain a speed of Mach 2.2, while the Mk.2 was capable of just over Mach 2.7.

Variants
BT.1 Thor
BT.2 Thor
BT.4 Thor
BS.1009 Thor

Specifications (BT.2 Thor)

Notes

References

Ramjet engines
Thor
Saturn Curve. The Saturn Curve was a roadster concept by Saturn designed by Michael Mauer who was the former head of design at Saab Automobile. It was shown at the 2004 North American International Auto Show along with the Saturn Sky concept.

This project would also evolve to a new "Saab Sonett", with a different front styling, but ultimately Saab's intentions to make it an AWD car did not come true, and Saturn opted to go with the Opel project   giving birth to the Saturn Sky.

References

External links
Photo of the Saturn Curve

Curve
General Motors concept cars
Gazelle (disambiguation). A gazelle is an antelope. 

Gazelle may also refer to:

Military
 Gazelle-class cruiser, a light cruiser class of the Imperial German Navy
 SMS Gazelle, the lead ship of the class
 SMS Gazelle (1859), a screw-driven frigate of the Prussian Navy
 USS Gazelle, three United States Navy ships
 HMS Gazelle (J342), Royal Navy Catherine-class minesweeper during the Second World War
 Gazelle FRV, a scouting vehicle developed by Zimbabwe
 Aérospatiale Gazelle, a French-designed helicopter
 Operation Gazelle, an Israeli offensive in the Yom Kippur War
 53T6 (NATO reporting name: ABM-3 Gazelle), a Russian anti-ballistic missile deployed in the Moscow area
 Gazelle Force, a battalion-size force in the East African Campaign of the Second World War

Places
 Gazelle, California, a census-designated place
 Gazelle District, Papua New Guinea
 Gazelle Peninsula, Papua New Guinea
 Cape Gazelle, Papua New Guinea
 Gazelle Valley, an open space in Jerusalem

Computing
 Gazelle (Internet company), an e-commerce company for electronic devices 
 Gazelle (software company), a Japanese arcade game developer founded in 1994
 Gazelle (web browser), a web browser project by Microsoft
 Seattle Computer Products Gazelle, a computer

Transportation
 Gazelle (bicycle), the largest bicycle manufacturer in the Netherlands
 Gazelle (motor vessel), a launch that operated in Oregon, US, 1905–1929
 Gazelle (sidewheeler 1854), a steamboat that operated in Oregon, US
 GAZelle, a series of mid-sized trucks, vans and buses made by Russian manufacturer GAZ
 Nissan Gazelle, a compact three-door hatchback produced by Nissan
 De Havilland DH.15 Gazelle, an engine test bed
 Hillman Gazelle, an automobile produced by Chrysler Australia
 Napier Gazelle, an aircraft engine
 Singer Gazelle, two generations of British motor cars
 Stutz Defender, later named Gazelle, an armored SUV
 Gazelle, a South Devon Railway Eagle class steam locomotive
 La Gazelle, a train service operated by the Congo–Ocean Railway

Sports
 Gazelle FC, a football club in Chad
 Gazelle Stakes, an annual American Thoroughbred horse race at Aqueduct Racetrack in New York, US
 Willem II–Gazelle, a Dutch professional cycling team known as Gazelle in 1971

Fictional characters
 Gazelle (DC Comics), a DC Comics character
 Gazelle (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics character
 Gazelle (New-Gen), another Marvel Comics character
 Gazelle, a character from Zootopia
 The Gazelles, three characters in Peppa Pig

See also
 Gazell, a Swedish jazz record label
 Gazzelle (born 1989), Italian singer-songwriter
 HaZvi (also Hatzevi, meaning The Gazelle), a Hebrew-language newspaper published in Jerusalem from 1884 to 1914
Phthalocyanine Green G. Phthalocyanine green G, which has many commercial names, is a synthetic green pigment from the group of phthalocyanine dyes, a complex of copper(II) with chlorinated phthalocyanine. It is a soft green powder, which is insoluble in water. It is a bright, high intensity colour used in oil and acrylic based artist's paints, and in other applications.

Synthesis, properties, and production
Phthalocyanine green is derived from phthalocyanine blue by chlorination in the presence of aluminium trichloride. The stoichiometry for the complete chlorination is shown:
Cu(C32H16N8)  +  16 Cl2   →   Cu(C32N8Cl16)  +  16 HCl

In practice, this pigment is a mixture of isomers and degrees of chlorination.  The 15th and 16th chlorides are difficult to install.  The chemical formula usually ranges from C32H3Cl13CuN8 to  C32HCl15CuN8.

Due to the presence of strongly electronegative chlorine substituents, the absorption spectrum is shifted from that of the parent copper phthalocyanine. Phthalo green is highly stable and resistant to alkali, acids, solvents, heat, and ultraviolet radiation.

Uses
Due to its stability, phthalo green is used in inks, oil paint, coatings, and many plastics. In application it is transparent. Being insoluble, it has no tendency to migrate in the material. It is a standard pigment used in printing ink and packaging industry. It is also legal in all cosmetics except those used around the eyes. It is used in some tattoos.

Related compounds
Copper phthalocyanine green 36 is a variant where some of the chlorine atoms are replaced with bromine.  Bromination is less efficient than chlorination.  Consequently, the degree of bromination is lower.

See also
 The Joy of Painting - oil paint based on the pigment was frequently used on the show.
 Copper phthalocyanine (blue)
 Lists of colors

References

Pigments
Organic pigments
Phthalocyanines
Shades of green

es:Ftalocianina
Neasden Power Station. Neasden Power Station was a coal-fired power station built by the Metropolitan Railway for its electrification project. It was opened in December 1904. It was within the site of the current London Underground Neasden Depot.

The station was commissioned in 1904 with three British Westinghouse turbo-generators rated at 3,500 kW each. Two 5,000 kW sets were added five years later. The station was further upgraded in 1912 when the original turbines were replaced.

Along with Lots Road Power Station and Greenwich power station, Neasden power station supplied the whole London Passenger Transport Board network from its formation in 1933.

Coal for the power station was brought in by trains, initially by the Metropolitan Railway using its fleet of steam locomotives, from June 1935 by the London & North Eastern Railway, and from 1948 British Rail.

By 1957 the plant comprised eleven boilers, five were chain grate stokers and six were heavy fuel oil. The total evaporative capacity was 880,000 lb/hr (111 kg/s). These supplied 3 × 20 MW, 1 × 16.5 MW and 1 × 13.2 MW generating sets, a total capacity of 89.7 MW. Electricity was generated at 11 kV, 33.33 Hz.

Condenser cooling was undertaken in nine wooden cooling towers, their cooling capacity was 2.627 million gallons per hour (0.33 m3/s).

The power station ceased generating in 1968.

References

External links

 Photo - London Transport Museum

Coal-fired power stations in England
Former power stations in London
Demolished power stations in the United Kingdom
London Underground infrastructure
1904 establishments in England
1968 disestablishments in England
Santa Fe class 3460. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway's 3460 class comprised six 4-6-4 "Super Hudson" type steam locomotives built in 1937 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for service between La Junta, Colorado and Chicago, Illinois, a fairly flat division of the railroad suited for the 4-6-4 type. They were substantially larger than the road's earlier 3450 class locomotives, and all were built oil-fired, although in a manner that would allow for easy conversion to coal firing. All were fitted with SKF roller bearings on every axle.

They had much in common with the Milwaukee Road's class F7 and the Chicago and North Western Railway's class E-4, all three types being fast, 84-inch drivered 4-6-4s for Midwestern service with 300 lb/in2 boiler pressures.

In December 1937, locomotive #3461 set a world record for the longest single run by a steam locomotive by completing the  from Los Angeles, California to Chicago without maintenance other than five refuelling stops en route, hauling Train #8, the Fast Mail Express. An average speed of  was obtained, including stops; maximum speed during the run was . During steeply graded portions of the run it was assisted by helper locomotives. Such long distance runs were a goal of railway operating departments to reduce locomotive numbers and through increased locomotive usage, reduce overall costs.

The first locomotive, #3460, was built streamlined; painted light, robin's egg blue and silver, it became known as the "Blue Goose". It was the Santa Fe's only streamlined steam locomotive, featuring extensively in railroad publicity.

Locomotive #3461 was fitted with a streamlined "skyline" casing along the top of the boiler, encasing stack and domes, in an experiment to see if it helped clear smoke away from the locomotive. It was not retained. All of the locomotives otherwise had a Santa Fe-style telescoping stack extension fitted, which elongated the stack to clear smoke better and could be lowered to pass under low bridges and tunnels.

The 3460 class 4-6-4s, the 3765 class 4-8-4s, and the 5001 class 2-10-4s were designed and ordered around the same time and had much in common in their designs; in addition, they used the same six-axle tender design. The classes together were often called the "Big Three".

Only one of this class survives, #3463 is on static display on the grounds to the Southeast of the Kansas Expocentre in Topeka, Kansas. It was initially planned to be restored to operating condition by the Coalition for Sustainable Rail (CSR), but after several years of delay and negotiations, the group was renamed to the Kaw Valley Rail Heritage Conservancy (KVRHC). The group's new intentions are to move #3463 to a more visible and protected site, build a shelter over the locomotive to protect it from the elements and cosmetically restore it to its 1956 appearance.

References 

 
 

3460 class
Baldwin locomotives
4-6-4 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1937
Steam locomotives of the United States
Passenger locomotives
Streamlined steam locomotives
SpareMiNT. SpareMiNT is a software distribution based on FreeMiNT, which consists of a MiNT-like operating system (OS) and kernel plus GEM compatible AES (Application Environment Services).

Features and compatibility 
The English language distribution is intended for the Atari ST and derivative m68k computers, clones and emulators, such as the FireBee project or Hatari and ARAnyM. The MiNT itself, also once called MultiTOS, provided an Atari TOS compatible OS replacement with multitasking and multi-user switching capabilities and Unix-like operation, all of which the original TOS lacked.

The distribution comes with Red Hat's rpm utility for managing the source- and binary packages. Unix/Linux-style software can be used, if ported, GEM-programs for TOS can run concurrently. The TOS clone EmuTOS, instead of Atari's original, can be used as a base to boot a MiNT, and e.g. XaAES, a modern AES derivate, as essential part of the GEM-GUI (Graphical user interface). 

FreeMiNT, and therefore SpareMiNT, is basically the enhanced and greatly improved derivate, and can be used on today's computers, even on different hardware platforms via emulation or Virtual Machines, thanks to the flexibility of the original MiNT and its components that made further development possible.

Comparable Distributions

EasyMiNT 
Derived from SpareMiNT is EasyMiNT, using its software repository and a GEM based installer, providing a folder system similar to the UNIX Filesystem Hierarchy Standard and German language translations to programs.

AFROS 
AFROS (Atari FRee Operating System) comes as a set of files, creating a TOS compatible operating system; there exists a Live-CD to test. Its key components all consist of Free Software:
EmuTOS and FreeMiNT; fVDI (free Virtual Device Interface), clone of GEM's VDI; XaAES; TeraDesk (Tera Desktop), clone of the original Desktop Filemanager and "shell"

AFROS software is available to all Atari and/or TOS compatible platforms, but is optimized to be used with the ARAnyM (Atari Running on Any Machine) emulator.

Historical Distributions 

Amongst other efforts, there also was a basic build of a Debian GNU/MiNT distribution, with a FreeMiNT kernel, GNU based userland software plus DEB package management. It should have provided commonly used programs and was based on Debian Linux. Similar, more successful projects are Debian GNU/kFreeBSD, Debian GNU/Hurd and, most important, the Linux version. SpareMiNT follows the idea to use a Unix/Linux-like package management and software repository.

See also
 Atari TOS
 EmuTOS
 MiNT
 Graphics Environment Manager
 XaAES
 TeraDesk
 AFROS

External links
The SpareMiNT Homepage
massi Soft's EasyMiNT
The AFROS Homepage
NoCrew Debian GNU/MiNT Homepage, historical, archived via Web Archive

Atari ST software
Eli Beeding. Eli Lackland Beeding Jr. (December 17, 1928 – December 21, 2013) was a U.S. Air Force captain and rocket test subject. In 1958, a series experiments using a miniature rocket sled began at Holloman AFB under the supervision of Colonel John Stapp and Captain Beeding. Participants rode the "Daisy Sled" (so-called because it was originally designed to be air, and not rocket, powered) at various speeds and in many different positions — even head first — in an attempt to learn more about the g-force limits of the human body.

On May 16, Capt. Eli Beeding prepared to make a 40 g run. The Daisy shot down the track, reached a top speed around 632 mph, and came to a screeching halt in less than a tenth of a second.
"When I hit the water brake," Beeding recalled in a recent interview, "It felt like Ted Williams had hit me on the back, about lumbar five, with a baseball bat." Beeding had barely informed flight surgeon Capt. Les Eason of his troubles when he began to experience tunnel vision and passed out.

It was a scary moment, since the standard protocol for shock would be to elevate Beeding's feet. Yet there was a chance his back was broken, in which case he shouldn't be touched.  Taking a calculated risk, Eason and Tech. Sgt. Roy Gatewood gently moved Beeding onto the side of the sled and elevated his feet. Ten minutes later, Beeding emerged from shock and was rushed to the base hospital. Doctors determined his back was only badly bruised. "I thought that was the big excitement of the day,” Beeding recalls. "But later my boss came to me and said, ‘The chest accelerometer tracing shows you got 82.6 g!’"

Subsequent tests with bears showed that the reading was not a fluke, and that Beeding had indeed endured a massive g load.  When word got out, the young captain made headlines as the man who had topped John Stapp's g-force record.  Beeding however is quick to point out that he rode the sled backwards, and that his time at 83 gs was “infinitesimal” compared to the 1.1 second durations Stapp faced during his own tests.  “That doesn’t sound like much (time),” Beeding notes, “But I guarantee you, having been through it at lesser durations, one second is an eternity.”

Still, the incident was wholly remarkable and made Beeding a hero and, for several decades thereafter, his name appeared in the Guinness Book of World Records. Guinness and many other sources incorrectly reported that Beeding endured 82.6 gs for 0.04 seconds. Beeding's sled in fact deccelerated at 40.4 gs for 0.04 seconds as it slowed from 35 mph to a stop over a distance of one foot. 82.6 gs was a brief peak acceleration measured by a sensor on his chest due to elastic response of his rib cage. 

Beeding retired from the Air Force in 1971, later moving to Colorado where he died in 2013 at the age of 85.

References

United States Air Force officers
American test pilots
1928 births
2013 deaths