omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BrMSX. BrMSX was an MSX emulator for DOS, written by Ricardo Bittencourt. It was first released in 1997, and at the time was regarded as the fastest, most accurate MSX emulator.

History
In 1997, MSX emulation was still preliminary. The only MSX emulators available were fMSX and CJS MSX. Neither were very accurate at the time, nor were they fast enough to run all MSX software at full speed, on computers of that era.

BrMSX aimed to solve these two problems. In order to improve accuracy, the Z80 core was tested using ZEXALL, emulating every aspect of the CPU, down to the undocumented flags. Fast emulation was achieved by coding the emulator entirely in Assembly, and by using a number of hacks, the most successful being a dirty rectangles implementation known as the video cache.

Development of BrMSX started in September 1997, and the first public release was in November of the same year. The name itself, BrMSX has a double meaning. The Br in the name is an allusion to Brazil, the country where it was coded, but the characters also are the initials of the author, Ricardo Bittencourt. The logo, created by Raul Tabajara, reflects both the MSX imagery (by using a font similar to the logo of the MSX game Aleste) and the Brazilian flag (by using the round shield with the Brazilian sky). The mouse icon used in the GUI was a rendition of the keyboard of Expert (one of the Brazilian MSX models).

Eventually, interest in BrMSX faded, as fewer people used DOS-compatible systems. A Windows port came out later, but the last release (v3.0.16) was in Dec of 2003, and included the source code is dated as Mar of 2005. The DOS version stopped at Feb of 2003 (v2.10).

In 2017, the author rescued some of the history of the project with release granularity and published it on a git repository.

A number of features now common in MSX emulation were first seen in BrMSX:

 Z80 core fully compliant with ZEXALL
 Support to MegaRAM
 Support to samples generated by the PSG, PPI, and Konami Majutsushi
 MSX2+ cross-lines animation
 Disk drive emulation through I/O ports
 Dir as Disk, mount directories in the host machine
 ADVRAM, a hardware prototype that was never released commercially
 Interactive debugger
 Multiplayer games (using a serial cable)
 Fast forward button, to skip game introductions
 Save states
 TV emulation (blur filters and scanlines)
 Green monitor emulation 
 Emulation of the LEDs (Caps Lock, Kana and the Disk Drive)

References

External links
  The latest version of BrMSX (Yahoo Groups)

MSX emulators
DOS emulation software
1997 software
Center for Embedded Network Sensing. The Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) was  a research enterprise funded by the National Science Foundation based at the University of California, Los Angeles.

CENS was established at UCLA in 2002. The group conducted research primarily in the computer science subfield of embedded sensor networks. While the core research was grounded in computer science, the applications studied spanned a large range of fields including military applications,  ecology, seismology, security monitoring, and farming applications to name just a few. 

While it was headquartered at UCLA, the following universities and organizations also participated in CENS-led research:

 University of California, Merced
 University of California, Riverside
 University of Southern California
 The USC Information Sciences Institute
 California State University, Los Angeles
 The James Reserve
 NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
 Caltech

References 

University of California, Los Angeles
Treelang. Treelang is a "toy" programming language distributed with the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) to demonstrate the features of its code-generation backend. It was developed by Tim Josling, based on a language called Toy created by Richard Kenner.  During the GCC 4.3 release cycle, a patch was committed to remove the language, because of high maintenance costs outweighing its benefits and also because it was no longer considered a good front-end example by GCC developers.

Overview
Treelang is loosely based on the C programming language, but omits complex features such as pointers, arrays, and records. It has never been completed, although there were plans to gradually add more demonstrative features.

From the documentation distributed with GCC:

 Treelang is a sample language, useful only to help people understand how to implement a new language front end to GCC. It is not a useful language in itself other than as an example or basis for building a new language. Therefore only language developers are likely to have an interest in it.

Example
The following example is from the Treelang documentation, modified by adding the main function, and is included to give an impression of the Treelang syntax and semantics:

     // function prototypes
     // function 'add' taking two ints and returning an int
     external_definition int add(int arg1, int arg2);
     external_definition int subtract(int arg3, int arg4);
     external_definition int first_nonzero(int arg5, int arg6);
     external_definition int double_plus_one(int arg7);
     external_definition int main();

     // function definition
     add
     {
       // return the sum of arg1 and arg2
       return arg1 + arg2;
     }
  
     subtract
     {
       return arg3 - arg4;
     }

     double_plus_one
     {
       // aaa is a variable, of type integer and allocated at the start of the function
       automatic int aaa;
       // set aaa to the value returned from add, when passed arg7 and arg7 as the two parameters
       aaa=add(arg7, arg7);
       aaa=add(aaa, aaa);
       aaa=subtract(subtract(aaa, arg7), arg7) + 1;
       return aaa;
     }
     
     first_nonzero
     {
       // C-like if statement
       if (arg5)
         {
           return arg5;
         }
       else
         {
         }
       return arg6;
     }

     // Like C, 'gtreelang' needs the main to be defined to create an executable.
     main
     {
          return double_plus_one(5);
     }

Note that C-style comments (with the /* */ syntax) are not legal in Treelang.

Commentary
As a simple, C-like language, Treelang is interoperable with C and C++ with some minor datatype caveats. The designated filename extension for Treelang source code files is .tree. Treelang source code can be compiled by invoking gcc normally or as gtreelang. Both invocations run the Treelang frontend (internally labelled tree1) and produce machine code as output. Treelang can also issue some warning messages.

References

C programming language family
USS Farragut (DD-300). USS Farragut (DD-300) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding  although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Farragut, named for Admiral David Farragut, was laid down by the Union Iron Works Plant of the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation in San Francisco, California on 4 July 1918.

It was sponsored by Marie Charlier Potts, wife of Templin Morris Potts, and launched on 21 November 1918. On 4 June 1920, it was commissioned.

Farragut arrived at San Diego, California 3 July 1920, and was at once placed in reserve until 31 March 1922. Then she took up a regular training schedule along the west coast, from the Panama Canal Zone to Oregon. On 27 July 1923, at Seattle, Washington, she took part in a review taken by President Warren G. Harding, on his way home from a visit to Alaska. Returning to San Diego, she, with eight other ships, grounded on a foggy night on Honda Point, 8 September, in the Honda Point Disaster. Farragut and one other ship were able to get clear with only minor damage, while the others remained stranded on the rocky shore.

In both 1924 and 1927, Farragut sailed into the Caribbean for fleet concentrations for maneuvers, in 1927 continuing north to visit New York, Newport, Rhode Island, and Norfolk, Virginia. Her first visit to the Hawaiian Islands was in the summer of 1925, during which she acted as station ship during the flight of seaplanes from the west coast to Hawaii. Again in the spring of 1928 Farragut exercised in the Hawaiians.

USS Farragut was decommissioned at San Diego on 1 April 1930, stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 22 July 1930 and sold for scrap on 31 October 1930 in accordance with the London Naval Treaty.

Citations

References

External links
http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/300.htm

Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in San Francisco
1918 ships
Maritime incidents in 1923
Eth (disambiguation). Eth (Ð ð) is a letter of the Latin alphabet.

Eth or ETH may also refer to:

Language and linguistics 
 -eth, an archaic English suffix
 Ethiopian sign languages

Places 
 Eth, Nord, a commune in France
 Ethiopia

Science and technology 
 ETH Zurich, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland
 eth-, a chemical prefix
 Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis
 Electric train heating
 Ethereum, a cryptocurrency
 Ethernet
 Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW)
 Exponential time hypothesis
 Extraterrestrial hypothesis, an explanation for UFOs

Transport 
 Eilat Airport, in Israel
 Ethiopian Airlines, the national airline of Ethiopia

Business 
 Electronic trading hours (or extended trading hours)

People and organizations
 Enter the Haggis, a Canadian celtic rock band
 Erik ten Hag, Dutch association football manager
Lambertian reflectance. Lambertian reflectance is the property that defines an ideal "matte" or diffusely reflecting surface. The apparent brightness of a Lambertian surface to an observer is the same regardless of the observer's angle of view. More precisely, the reflected radiant intensity obeys Lambert's cosine law, which makes the reflected radiance the same in all directions. Lambertian reflectance is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert, who introduced the concept of perfect diffusion in his 1760 book Photometria.

Examples
Unfinished wood exhibits roughly Lambertian reflectance, but wood finished with a glossy coat of polyurethane does not, since the glossy coating creates specular highlights. Though not all rough surfaces are Lambertian, this is often a good approximation, and is frequently used when the characteristics of the surface are unknown.

Spectralon is a material which is designed to exhibit an almost perfect Lambertian reflectance.

Use in computer graphics

In computer graphics, Lambertian reflection is often used as a model for diffuse reflection. This technique causes all closed polygons (such as a triangle within a 3D mesh) to reflect light equally in all directions when rendered. The reflection decreases when the surface is tilted away from being perpendicular to the light source, however, because the area is illuminated by a smaller fraction of the incident radiation.

The reflection is calculated by taking the dot product of the surface's unit normal vector, , and a normalized light-direction vector, , pointing from the surface to the light source. This number is then multiplied by the color of the surface and the intensity of the light hitting the surface:

,

where  is the brightness of the diffusely reflected light,  is the color and  is the intensity of the incoming light. Because

,

where  is the angle between the directions of the two vectors, the brightness will be highest if the surface is perpendicular to the light vector, and lowest if the light vector intersects the surface at a grazing angle.

Lambertian reflection from polished surfaces is typically accompanied by specular reflection (gloss), where the surface luminance is highest when the observer is situated at the perfect reflection direction (i.e. where the direction of the reflected light is a reflection of the direction of the incident light in the surface), and falls off sharply.

Other waves

While Lambertian reflectance usually refers to the reflection of light by an object, it can be used to refer to the reflection of any wave.  For example, in ultrasound imaging, "rough" tissues are said to exhibit Lambertian reflectance.

See also
 List of common shading algorithms
 Gamma correction

References

Radiometry
Photometry
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
Shading
RDP. RDP may refer to:

Computing
 Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm, an algorithm for polygonal simplification
 Recombination detection program, for analysing genetic recombination
 Recursive descent parser, a type of top-down parser
 Remote Desktop Protocol, a Microsoft remote access network protocol
 Reliable Data Protocol, a transport layer network protocol

Organisations
 Rally for Democracy and Progress (disambiguation), several political parties
 Democratic and Popular Rally (), a Burkina Faso political party
 , a subsidiary of , the public service broadcasting organisation of Portugal

Other uses
 RDP (film), Fujifilm photographic films
 , a Brazilian hardcore band
 Reconstruction and Development Programme, South Africa
 Recreational Dive Planner
 Roll of Distinguished Philatelists
 Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport, Andal, West Bengal, India, IATA code
 Bus Route Development Programme
Williams International. Williams International is an American manufacturer of small gas turbine engines based in Pontiac, Michigan, United States. It produces jet engines for cruise missiles and small jet aircraft.

History 
Dr. Sam B. Williams worked at Chrysler on their automotive turbine systems, but always imagined a wider set of applications for the small gas turbine engine. He left Chrysler to form Williams Research Corporation in Birmingham, Michigan, in 1954. In 1981, the company became Williams International. It has been building small turbofan engines since the 1950s for use in cruise missiles as well as target and reconnaissance drones.

Using the missile engines, Williams developed a series of personal VTOL flying craft, including a jet-powered belt in 1969, the Williams Aerial Systems Platform (WASP), also known as the "flying pulpit" in the 1970s, and the X-Jet, which was evaluated by the United States Army in the 1980s.  The WASP platform was the only competitor to the Garrett STAMP in the United States Marine Corps STAMP (Small Tactical Aerial Mobility Platform) program of the early 1970s.

Also in the 1980s, Williams identified a need in the general aviation market for a small, light jet engine to power cost-effective personal and corporate jet aircraft. The company introduced the FJ44 engine, which in turn made possible the introduction of a number of small jet aircraft.

In 1992, NASA initiated its Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments (AGATE) program to partner with manufacturers and help develop technologies that would revitalize the sagging general aviation industry. In 1996, Williams joined AGATE's General Aviation Propulsion program to develop a fuel-efficient turbofan engine that would be even smaller than the FJ44. The result was the FJX-2 engine. Williams then contracted with Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites to design and build the Williams V-Jet II, a Very Light Jet to use as a testbed and technology demonstrator to showcase the new engine. The aircraft and engine were debuted at the 1997 Oshkosh Airshow. The production version of the engine, the EJ22 flew on the prototype Eclipse 500 VLJ (which had evolved from the V-Jet II), but was subsequently replaced by a Pratt & Whitney engine.

Products

Aircraft

Engines

See also
 EV1 Series Hybrid, a gas turbine hybrid vehicle prototype
 Chrysler turbine engines

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 

Aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Oakland County, Michigan
Privately held companies of the United States
HDA. HDA may refer to:

Computing
 Intel High Definition Audio
 OPC Historical Data Access
 , see Device file § Naming conventions
 Head and Disk Assembly of a Winchester disk

Science and mathematics
 Helicase-dependent amplification
 High density amorphous ice
 Higher-dimensional algebra

Other uses
 Dragonair
 Ein Shemer Airfield
 Hardlines Distribution Alliance, a hardware store retailers' cooperative
 Hockey Diversity Alliance
 The Holy Demon Army
 Huntington's Disease Association
 HiTeC Digital Audio, former name of Auzentech
Georgy Babakin. Georgy Nikolayevich Babakin (; 13 November 1914 – 3 August 1971) was a Soviet engineer working in the space program. He was Chief Designer at the Lavochkin Design Bureau from 1965 until his death.

Babakin's early career was spent in radio engineering, starting with a job at the Moscow telephone company in 1930, working on an urban radio network. From 1943 to 1949, Babakin worked on radar targeting systems at the Institute of Automation (VSNITO), where he became its chief engineer.

Babakin became involved in the Soviet space program in 1949, working in Boris Chertok's division of NII-88 on surface-to-air missiles and targeting systems. In 1952, he was part of a group transferred to Lavochkin's bureau OKB-301 to work on the intercontinental cruise missile Burya and the V-300 anti-aircraft missile.

In 1960, Semyon Lavochkin died at an aircraft show (literally died in Babakin's arms), and the bureau was subsumed by Vladimir Chelomei. It became independent again in 1965, with Babakin as its chief designer. At that time, the planetary probe program was taken away from Sergei Korolev's OKB-1 bureau and reassigned to OKB-301 due to its almost complete lack of success (not one Soviet planetary probe had succeeded since Luna 3 six years earlier).

Babakin's new "NPO Lavochkin" brought improved engineering, testing and systems management to this problem, including proper bench and dynamics testing of components, something Korolev had never done. The effort began to bear fruit with the successful missions of Luna 9 and Venera 4 in 1966-67.

Babakin died of a heart attack at the age of 57 shortly before the completion of the Mars 2 and Mars 3 spacecraft, during Lunokhod-1 mission. His bureau continued with a series of impressive successes, the first Lunar rovers, landings on Venus and robotic sample return of Moon rocks. A research division of NPO Lavochkin is named after Babakin, and the firm continues to design and build spacecraft.

The crater Babakin on the Moon and Babakin on Mars were named in his honor. The Babakin Space Centre is named after him.

The G.N. Babakin Medal was established by the Russian Federation of Cosmonautics on December 6, 1996.

Awards 

 Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1956)
 Lenin Prize (1966)
 Hero of Socialist Labor (1970)
 Order of Lenin (1970)

 Medal of the National Centre for Space Studies of France

Literature 
 "Rockets and people" – B. E. Chertok, M: "mechanical engineering", 1999.  
 A.I. Ostashev, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov – The Genius of the 20th Century — 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL .
 "S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity" – edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014

References

External links

 Babakin's Biography 

1914 births
1971 deaths
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Lavochkin

Soviet space program personnel
Soviet engineers
Soviet inventors
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
20th-century inventors
Russian scientists
Jules Antoine Lissajous. Jules Antoine Lissajous (; 4 March 1822 in Versailles – 24 June 1880 in Plombières-les-Dijon) was a French physicist, after whom Lissajous figures are named. Among other innovations, Lissajous invented the Lissajous apparatus, a device that creates the figures that bear his name.  In it, a beam of light is bounced off a mirror attached to a vibrating tuning fork, and then reflected off a second mirror attached to a perpendicularly oriented vibrating tuning fork (usually of a different pitch, creating a specific harmonic interval), onto a wall, resulting in a Lissajous figure. This led to the invention of other apparatus such as the harmonograph.

See also
Lissajous curve
Lissajous orbit

References

External links

1822 births
1880 deaths
19th-century French mathematicians
Lycée Hoche alumni
History and Technology. The relationship between history and technology is multifaceted and complex. History provides context for understanding the development and impact of technology, while technology can shape historical events and societal change. The role of history in understanding technology, and vice versa, is crucial for recognizing the significance of innovation, identifying patterns in technological progress, and avoiding the pitfalls of technological advancement.

Reference & External link 
WC Engineering LLC 

History and Technology is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to publishing papers on all aspects of the history of technology. It was established in 1983. One of the founding editors was Pietro Redondi. The subjects range from ancient and classical times to the present day. Previously published by Gordon & Breach, the current publisher is Taylor & Francis.

External links
 

History of technology journals
Academic journals established in 1983
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Taylor & Francis academic journals
John Barnes (computer scientist). John Gilbert Presslie Barnes is a British computer scientist best known for his role in developing and publicising the programming language Ada. He is the primary inventor of and protagonist for the Ada Rendezvous mechanism.

Barnes studied mathematics at University of Cambridge and later worked at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). He was an industrial fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford in the very late 1970s or early 1980s, most likely at the suggestion of Professor Tony Hoare.

Before working on the Ada design team, while at ICI, he designed and implemented a dialect of the language ALGOL, named Real-Time Language 2 (RTL/2) for real-time computing.

Barnes was awarded an honorary PhD from the University of York in 2006.

Publications

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British computer scientists
Imperial Chemical Industries people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford
Ada (programming language)