omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Compression member. A compression member is a structural element that primarily resists forces, which act to shorten or compress the member along its length. Commonly found in engineering and architectural structures, such as columns, struts, and braces, compression members are designed to withstand loads that push or press on them without buckling or failing. The behavior and strength of a compression member depends on factors like material properties, cross-sectional shape, length, and the type of loading applied. These components are critical in frameworks like bridges, buildings, and towers, where they provide stability and support against vertical and lateral forces.In buildings, posts and columns are almost always compression members, as are the top chord of trusses in bridges, etc.

Design
For a compression member, such as a column, the principal stress primarily arises from axial forces, which act along a single axis, typically through the centroid of the member cross section. As detailed in the article on buckling, the slenderness of a compression member, which is defined as the ratio of its effective length to its radius of gyration (), has a critical role in determining its strength and behavior with axial loading:

 The load capacity of low slenderness (stocky) members is governed by their material compressive strength;

 Both material strength and buckling influence the load capacity of intermediate members; and
 The strength of slender (long) members is dominated by their buckling load.

Formulas for calculating the buckling strength of slender members were first developed by Euler, while equations like the Perry-Robertson formula are commonly applied to describe the behavior of intermediate members. The Eurocodes published by the Comité Européen de Normalisation provide guidance of the calculation of strength for compression members in concrete, masonry, steel and timber. There are other codes for steel compression members only.

See also
Arch
Brown truss
List of structural elements
Strut

Notes

External links
Columns and other compression members
Bicycle compression members
Numerical load numbers for reinforced concrete compression members

Columns and entablature
Shadow Hand. The Shadow Dexterous Hand is a humanoid robot hand system developed by The Shadow Robot Company in London. The hand is comparable to a human hand in size and shape, and reproduces all of its degrees of freedom. The Hand is commercially available in pneumatic- and electric-actuated models and currently used in a wide range of institutions including NASA, Bielefeld University and Carnegie Mellon University, and EU research projects such as HANDLE.

The Shadow Dexterous Robot Hand is the first commercially available robot hand from the company, and follows a series of prototype humanoid hand and arm systems.

Design
The Shadow Dexterous Hand has been designed to be similar to the average hand of a human male. The forearm structure is slightly wider than a human forearm.

The Shadow Dexterous Hand has 24 joints. It has 20 degrees of freedom, greater than that of a human hand. It has been designed to have a range of movement equivalent to that of a typical human being. The four fingers of the hand contain two one-axis joints connecting the distal phalanx, middle phalanx and proximal phalanx and one universal joint connecting the finger to the metacarpal. The little finger has an extra one-axis joint on the metacarpal to provide the Hand with a palm curl movement. The thumb contains one one-axis joint connecting the distal phalanx to the proximal phalanx, one universal joint connecting the thumb to the metacarpal and one one-axis joint on the bottom of the metacarpal to provide a palm curl movement. The wrist contains two joints, providing flex/extend and adduct/abduct.

The hand is available in both electric motor driven and pneumatic muscle driven models. The motor hand is driven by 20 DC motors in the forearm, whereas the muscle hand is powered by 20 antagonistic pairs of Air Muscles in the forearm.

All hands have Hall effect sensors integrated into every joint to provide precise positional feedback. The motor hand includes force sensors for each degree of freedom and the muscle hand includes pressure sensors for each muscle. There are also several options for tactile sensing on the hand from basic pressure sensors to the BioTac multimodal tactile sensor from Syntouch Inc..

The Shadow Hand software system is based on Robot Operating System, through which configuration, calibration, simulation and control of the hand is implemented. A simulation of the Shadow hand can be downloaded and installed in ROS.

See also
 Robonaut

Further reading
Transformation of Shadow Dextrous Hand and Shadow Finger Test Unit from Prototype to Product for Intelligent Manipulation and Grasping, Marco Reichel, The Shadow Robot Company, Intelligent Manipulation and Grasping, International Conference, July 1–2, 2004, Genova - Italy
 Learning Dexterity, OpenAI

References

External links

 Shadow Dexterous Robot Hand home page
 Dungchuot79 Shadow Dexterous Robot Hand Technical Specification 
 A to Z of Robotics Article
 The Shadow Hand on Robotnik.es
 The Future of Things Article
 BioTac multimodal tactile sensor from Syntouch LLC

Robot hands
Robots of the United Kingdom
2000s robots
Ranorex Studio. Ranorex Studio is a GUI test automation framework provided by Ranorex GmbH, a software development company. The framework is used for the testing of desktop, web-based and mobile applications.

Overview 
Ranorex Studio supports development of automated test modules using standard programming languages such as C# and VB.NET.

Main features
 GUI object recognition, filtering GUI elements using the company's proprietary technology RanoreXPath. 
 Object-based record and replay, using Ranorex Recorder, which records the user's interaction with a desktop or web-based application and creates user-maintainable scripts that can be edited with the Ranorex Studio action editor. The recorded actions are available as both C# and VB.NET code. Record and replay is supported on mobile devices for actions such as key presses and touch gestures.

Supported technologies
 Windows desktop client applications such as .NET, WPF, Win32, VB6, Java, MFC, Embarcadero Delphi.
 Web technologies such as HTML, HTML5, JavaScript Frameworks, Ajax, Silverlight, Flash, and Flex.
 Cross-browser testing for Chrome, Safari, Microsoft Edge, Internet Explorer, and Firefox
 Mobile Apps
 native iOS apps
 native Android apps

System environment
Ranorex Studio runs on Microsoft Windows and Windows Server. As of version 10.2, Ranorex Studio supports Windows 11

See also 

 Test automation
 GUI software testing
 Web testing
 List of web testing tools
 List of GUI testing tools

References

External links
 

Graphical user interface testing
Software testing tools
Imagine (3D modeling software). Imagine was the name of a cutting-edge 3D modeling and ray tracing program, originally for the Amiga computer and later also for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows.

It was created by Impulse, Inc. It used the .iob extension for its objects. Imagine was a derivative of the software TurboSilver, which was also for the Amiga and written by Impulse.  

CAD-Technologies continued the distribution of the Amiga version. Starting with version 5.1, new updates were available for free for current customers as part of the Amiga Constant Upgrade Program (ACUP) up until presumed Imagine 6.0 release.

Versions

Amiga 
 1990 - Imagine
 1992 - Imagine 2.0
 1993 - Imagine 2.9
 1994 - Imagine 3.0
 1995 - Imagine 3.1
 1995 - Imagine 3.2
 1995 - Imagine 3.3
 1995 - Imagine 4.0
 1996 - Imagine 5.0
 1998 - Imagine 5.1 and 5.1a (first ACUP release)
1998 - Imagine 5.13
 2000 - Imagine 5.17
 2006 - Imagine 5.19 (last public release)

MS-DOS 
 1993 - Imagine 2.0
 1994 - Imagine 3.0
 1995 - Imagine 4.0

Windows 
1996 - Imagine 1.0
1997 - Imagine 1.3.4 (first CUP release)
1999 - Imagine 1.9
 1999 - Imagine 2.0
1999 - Imagine 2.1.2
2000 - Imagine 2.1.3
2000 - Imagine 2.1.4 (no bones)
2002 - Imagine 2.1.5
2002 - Imagine 2.1.6 (additional effects (*.ifx files))
2002 - Imagine 2.1.7
2002 - Imagine 2.1.8 (additional effect (FireRing.ifx file))
2004 - Imagine 2.1.9 (last public release, added Volumetric)

See also 

Sculpt 3D

References

External links 
Program for reading IOB files 
Aminet Imagine traces
Imagine 3D fan site

1990 software
3D graphics software
Amiga raytracers
Amiga software
Southwest Windpower. Southwest Windpower (SWWP) was a wind turbine manufacturer established in 1987 based in Flagstaff, Arizona, United States. The company specialized in small, reliable battery charging wind generators that complement photovoltaics (solar energy or PV) in supplying energy to rural areas.

Southwest Windpower closed for business in the first quarter of 2013.

The remaining Skystream assets were acquired by Xzeres wind in July 2013.  Xzeres CEO Frank Greco had been the CEO of Southwest Windpower.

Certifications

In 2000, SWWP became the first wind turbine manufacturer to receive Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) certification, for its AIR series wind turbines. Southwest Windpower’s latest turbine, the Skystream 3.7, has a rotor diameter of about  and can generate up to half an average U.S. home's energy in optimal winds. It is the first residential-scale wind generator designed specifically for the grid-connected home or small business. 

Skystream was the first device to be spun out of the U.S. Department of Energy's Wind Energy Program. That program includes the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Wind Technology Center in Boulder CO. Andrew Kruse estimates that one Skystream will produce about 100 MWh of energy over its 20-year design life. At a typical total installed cost of $15,000, that gives an average energy cost of 9 cents per kilowatthour.

In 2011 the company received a Statement of Compliance from Germanischer Lloyd which confirms that Skystream 3.7 meets the requirements of the IEC Standard 61400-2:2006, Edition 2, "Design requirements for Small wind turbines," which addresses safety philosophy, quality assurance and engineering integrity of the turbine.

The Small Wind Certification Council (SWCC) issued a consumer label and certification in 2011 that validated manufacturer claims for Skystream 3.7 performance, reliability and safety were accurate.

A Skystream 3.7 has been tested as an airborne wind turbine in an Altaeros helium-filled balloon.

References

External links 
 
 Wind Energy Manufacturers

Wind turbine manufacturers
Engineering companies of the United States
Buildings and structures in Flagstaff, Arizona
Wind power companies of the United States
Schleicher ASH 30. The ASH 30 is a two-seater Open Class glider manufactured by Alexander Schleicher, developed as a replacement for the ASH 25. The Mi version is powered by a  Wankel engine. The prototype made its maiden flight on 7 April 2011 from Wasserkuppe.

Design and development
The improvements over the ASH 25 are given as:
 a larger span
 new wing sections with a coefficient of lift that is about 0.2 higher
 a maximum take-off weight of 850 kg for the Mi version
 automatic control surface connections for the entire aircraft
 enlarged cockpits 
 larger canopies to improve visibility and to allow easier entry and exit for the rear pilot

Variants
ASH 30The un-powered prototype glider.
ASH 30 Mi The motor-glider production aircraft, capable of self launching with a retractable engine and propeller.

Specifications (ASH 30 Mi)

See also

Notes

References

External links

Schleicher website

2010s German sailplanes
Schleicher aircraft
Motor gliders
T-tail aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2011
Rexon. Rexon Business Machines, later Rexon, Inc., was a manufacturer of small business computer systems founded by Ben C. Wang in 1978 in Culver City, California.  It also became a major manufacturer of tape drives and related products.  At its height, it played a significant role in the development and sale of magnetic tape data storage products.  It traded on the NASDAQ under the symbol REXN until it filed for bankruptcy in 1995 and was acquired by Legacy Storage Systems, a Canadian company. It was last headquartered in Longmont, Colorado.

Computers and software
Rexon computer systems were based on the proprietary RECAP operating system and ran Thoroughbred Basic a superset of  Business Basic with operating system primitives right in the language. As of April 2013, there are still functional Rexon computers in use in various places worldwide. encompassIT.ca, a Canadian company, specializes in converting Rexon / RECAP software to a Microsoft Windows environment.

Divisions
 Scientific Solutions part of the Tecmar acquisition.  Spun off in 1995 as part of the bankruptcy.  Focused on data acquisition products for scientific work.
 SyTron - Backup software vendor.  Based in Westboro, MA. Sold to Arcada Software July 28, 1995.
 Tecmar - Acquired in 1986. Based near Cleveland, Ohio.
 WangDAT - DAT/DDS tape drive Manufacturer.  Independently founded in 1988.  Acquired by Rexon in 1991.  Based in Irvine, California.
 WangTek - QIC tape drive manufacturer.  Based in Simi Valley, California.  Founded as a subsidiary of Rexon in 1982.
 Factory in Ponce, Puerto Rico.
 Factory in Singapore.

Demise
Prior to its bankruptcy filing, Rexon closed the Solon, OH and Ponce, Puerto Rico facilities. and moved its operations to Longmont, CO.  When Legacy acquired Rexon (out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy), it was renamed Tecmar Technologies, Inc. (TTInc) and operated as an independent subsidiary.  In 1997, Legacy changed its name to Tecmar Technologies International (TTIntl).   In 2000, the assets of TTInc were sold to Overland Data, but as of 2007, the Tecmar, WangTek, and WangDAT brands are no longer in use.

References

Computer storage companies
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Tape-based computer storage
Lectromec. Lectromec Design Co. is a Dulles, Virginia-based engineering firm specializing in aircraft electrical wiring interconnection system certification and testing.  Lectromec’s ISO 17025 accredited laboratory is equipped to test and analyze electrical systems of various types for a variety of industries. Lectromec’s research focuses on understanding the electrical and physical properties of wiring insulation and the ill effects of damaged wiring.

History 

Lectromec was founded in 1984 by Dr. Armin Bruning and initially worked with the United States Navy to evaluate problems with the wiring on several of its aircraft.  As the company has grown, Lectromec has worked with a diverse host of customers including foreign and domestic militaries, private sector businesses, wire manufacturers, and government agencies.  As the aging wire issue became more visible and increasingly critical, Lectromec has responded by offering solutions to help minimize wiring-related problems.

Personnel from Lectromec were among the experts that were called before the United States Congress to testify about the fatal accident involving TWA 800 and brought to the attention of the representatives how damaging flawed wire on aircraft could be.

Lectromec has consulted and tested wiring for the aerospace industry for over 30 years. Currently, Lectromec employs a diverse staff trained to perform tasks such as wire testing, evaluation, and risk assessment.  Lectromec owns several wire related patents, and works on developing wire maintenance technology in the fields of Electrical Wire Interconnection Systems (EWIS) on aircraft.

References

Aircraft engineering companies
Single Window Admissions System. The Single Window Admissions System is used in Anna University for TNEA (Tamil Nadu Engineering Admission). It is popularly known as Anna University Counselling. It is part of the process through which students completing 12th standard apply and gain admission to engineering colleges within Tamil Nadu, India.

The important strategy is that counselling will be conducted based on rank list, if a student is present for counselling then without allocating college and course for that student next rank cannot be allocated with a seat. So it ensure all the students are allocated based on rank.

Process
Students are graded for a total score of 200. This score is a weighted average combination of mathematics (100), physics (50), chemistry (50) scores in the Plus 2 (XII Std) examinations. A student's score determines their rank. Students are then invited, by the Department of Directorate of Education, Anna University, for an Engineering Admissions Counseling Process (also called Single Window Admissions System), according to their rank. The counseling process is held in the months of June and July every year. Students are invited to participate in this counselling process to elect the college they want to join. This is a highly visible process and is given close media attention and scrutiny.

References

Education in Tamil Nadu
Engineering education in India
Stick and Rudder. Stick and Rudder: An Explanation of the Art of Flying () is a book written in 1944 by Wolfgang Langewiesche, describing how airplanes fly and how they should be flown by pilots. It has become a standard reference text for aviators. Written well before the proliferation of cockpit electronics, navigational aids, and air traffic control radio, the book focuses primarily on fundamental skills specific to flying the aircraft in its stripped-down basic form.

References

Handbooks and manuals
Flight training
1944 non-fiction books
Aviation books
Sukhoi Su-1. The Sukhoi Su-1 or I-330 () was a prototype Soviet high-altitude fighter aircraft built at the beginning of World War II. An improved version, designated Su-3 (I-360), was also built and tested the following year. Neither version was mass-produced.

Development
In 1939, Sukhoi was tasked with designing a high-altitude fighter, the resulting Su-1 was a conventional monoplane with a streamlined wooden semi-monocoque fuselage, low-set all-metal wing made of duralumin and un-pressurized cockpit. The key feature of the aircraft was a pair of TK-2 turbochargers driven by exhaust gases from the Klimov M-105P engine. The prototype was completed at the Sukhoi plant in Kharkov in May 1940, flying for the first time, on 15 June 1940, with A.P. Chernyavsky at the controls. Testing continued until 3 August, when Chernavskii mistakenly landed with the landing gear retracted. After the completion of repairs in mid-September, testing resumed, but an in-flight engine failure on 2 October resulted in a deadstick landing. Limited flight testing continued until April 1941, with the Su-1 reaching a top speed of 641 km/h (345 kn, 400 mph) at 10,000 m (32,810 ft). However, the turbochargers proved unreliable and without them the aircraft was inferior in performance to the Yakovlev Yak-1.

Su-3
The second Su-1 prototype, built as the Su-3, differed in having a revised wing section with wing area reduced to 17 m² (183 ft²). Completed in 1941, the Su-3 demonstrated better performance than the Su-1, but suffered from continuing problems with the TK-2 turbochargers. Further development was cancelled on 16 April 1941, when production of reliable TK-2 turbo-chargers was delayed.

The fate of the two prototype aircraft is uncertain. According to some reports, the Su-1 was destroyed during the bombing of a train near Novosibirsk, while the Su-3 was destroyed within the city of Novosibirsk during the Great Patriotic War.

Operators

Soviet Air Force

Specifications (Su-1)

See also

References

Su-01
1940s Soviet fighter aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1940
Sukhoi Su-5. The Sukhoi Su-5 or I-107 was a Soviet mixed-power (propeller and motorjet) prototype fighter aircraft built toward the end of World War II.

Development
The appearance of the German turbojet-powered Messerschmitt Me 262 near the end of World War II prompted the Soviet Union to develop faster fighter aircraft. Since the USSR lacked a production-ready turbojet engine, development efforts were directed toward mixed-power aircraft utilizing a conventional piston engine-driven propeller for the majority of propulsion with a small rocket or jet engine for bursts of speed.

The Su-5 (initially I-107) and the conceptually similar Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250 were designed in 1944. The aircraft first flew on 6 April 1945 and underwent limited flight testing. It was subsequently fitted with a laminar flow wing and attained 793 km/h (428 kn, 493 mph) at 4,350 m (14,270 ft) with the motorjet functioning. On 15 June 1945, the Klimov VK-107A piston engine was damaged beyond repair in flight. Following acquisition of another VK-107A, flight testing continued until 18 October when the engine reached the end of its service life. No further VK-107As could be procured and the project was canceled.

The Su-5 was a conventional monoplane of all-metal construction. The VRDK () motorjet in the rear of the fuselage was powered by a driveshaft from the VK-107 piston engine and could provide an additional 100 km/h (54 kn, 62 mph) of speed for three minutes.

Specifications (Su-5)

See also

References

Mixed-power aircraft
Motorjet-powered aircraft
1940s Soviet fighter aircraft
Su-05
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Integrated Geo Systems. Integrated Geo Systems (IGS) is a computational architecture system developed for managing geoscientific data through systems and data integration.

Geosciences often involve large volumes of diverse data which have to be processed by computer and graphics intensive applications. The processes involved in processing these large datasets are often so complex that no single applications software can perform all the required tasks. Specialized applications have emerged for specific tasks. To get the required results, it is necessary that all applications software involved in various stages of data processing, analysis and interpretation effectively communicate with each other by sharing data.

IGS provides a framework for maintaining an electronic workflow between various geoscience software applications through data connectivity.

The main components of IGS are:

 Geographic information systems as a front end. 
 Format engine for data connectivity link between various geoscience software applications. The format engine uses Output Input Language (OIL), an interpreted language, to define various data formats.
 An array of geoscience relational databases for data integration.
 Data highways as internal data formats for each data type.
 Specialized geoscience applications software as processing modules.
 Geoscientific processing libraries

External links 
 Geological Society Books
 American Association of Petroleum Geologists Book Store
 Integrated Geo Systems Research Paper

Computer systems