omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Open Dynamics Engine. The Open Dynamics Engine (ODE) is a physics engine written in C/C++. Its two main components are a rigid body dynamics simulation engine and a collision detection engine. It is free software licensed both under the BSD license and the LGPL.

ODE was started in 2001 and has already been used in many applications and games, such as Assetto Corsa, BloodRayne 2, Call of Juarez, S.T.A.L.K.E.R., Titan Quest, World of Goo, X-Moto and OpenSimulator.

Overview
The Open Dynamics Engine is used for simulating the dynamic interactions between bodies in space. It is not tied to any particular graphics package although it includes a basic one called drawstuff. It supports several geometries: box, sphere, capsule (cylinder capped with hemispheres), triangle mesh, cylinder and heightmap.

Simulation
Higher level environments that allow non-programmers access to ODE include Player Project, Webots, Opensimulator, anyKode Marilou and CoppeliaSim.

ODE is a popular choice for robotics simulation applications, with scenarios such as mobile robot locomotion and simple grasping. ODE has some drawbacks in this field, for example the method of approximating friction and poor support for joint-damping.

See also

 OPAL – the Open Physics Abstraction Layer, originally built on top of ODE
 Physics Abstraction Layer – The original Physics Abstraction Layer
 Newton Game Dynamics
 Bullet – another open source physics engine used in commercial games and movies
 Chipmunk – a similar physics engine intended for 2D applications
 Vortex (software)
 Project Chrono

References

External links
 Bitbucket: ODE project page
 Open Dynamics Engine (ODE) Community Wiki 
 (Old) Official ODE Homepage
 (Obsolete) Python-ODE Bindings (pyode)
 The ode4j project, a Java port of ODE
 The ODE.NET project, a C# wrapper for ODE 

Computer physics engines
Free computer libraries
Software using the BSD license
Endorphin (software). Endorphin is a dynamic motion synthesis software package developed by NaturalMotion in 2005. Endorphin can be used to generate computer simulations of large numbers of independent 
characters interacting with each other and the world according to brief scripts or 'behaviours'. It combines physics, AI, and genetic algorithms to create realistic animations. Unlike Euphoria, also developed by NaturalMotion, Endorphin is not an engine, but a 3D animation tool for Microsoft Windows. 

At the heart of the software is an adaptive behaviors module which assigns context-sensitive motions to characters based on their surroundings --- for example, football players could be programmed to automatically tackle when near another player, or a swordsman could swing to attack nearby enemies. This automatic behaviour generation differentiates the software from competitors, and reduces the burden on animators to individually select behaviours for each agent in a large scene.

Registered users on Naturalmotion's website can attain a free learning edition of Endorphin, however it lacks the feature to export the animation to popular CAD Software, a feature only available in the full version of the program.

It has been used in movies and video games such as Troy, Poseidon and Tekken 5.

Endorphin's unsupport 
As of 2014, Endorphin is no longer supported by NaturalMotion. The software is unavailable for purchase, and the user community has been removed from the company's website. There's still some archives of Learning Edition and 2.5.2.

Search for Endorphin 2.7.1 
On a Discord server owned by user HexOverride, user avtpro2024 found the files for it. It was locked with a dongle.

As of 2024, they're still trying to crack the code.

References

External links
Official Endorphin Website
Natural Motion Website
Free Endorphin Learning Edition Software
Endorphin 2.5.2 (Export included, less features)
2.7.1 uncracked version

3D graphics software
Animation software
Windows graphics-related software
Poltergeist (computer programming). In computer programming, a poltergeist (or gypsy wagon) is a short-lived, typically stateless object used to perform initialization or to invoke methods in another, more permanent class. It is considered an anti-pattern. The original definition is by Michael Akroyd at the 1996 Object World West Conference:

A poltergeist can often be identified by its name; they are often called "manager_", "controller_", "supervisor", "start_process", etc.

Sometimes, poltergeist classes are created because the programmer anticipated the need for a more complex architecture.  For example, a poltergeist arises if the same method acts as both the client and invoker in a command pattern, and the programmer anticipates separating the two phases.  However, this more complex architecture may actually never materialize.

Poltergeists should not be confused with long-lived, state-bearing objects of a pattern such as model–view–controller, or tier-separating patterns such as business delegate pattern.

To remove a poltergeist, delete the class and insert its functionality in the invoked class, possibly by inheritance or as a mixin.

There have been proposed methods in detecting poltergeists in code for refactoring.

See also
 Anti-pattern
 Factory (object-oriented programming)
 YAGNI principle

References

External links
 Development AntiPatterns

Anti-patterns
Flight information region. In aviation, a flight information region (FIR) is a specified region of airspace in which a flight information service and an alerting service (ALRS) are provided. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) delegates which country is responsible for the operational control of a given FIR. FIRs are the largest regular division of airspace in use in the world today, and have existed at least since 1947.

Smaller countries' airspace is encompassed by a single FIR; larger countries' airspace is subdivided into a number of regional FIRs.

Some FIRs encompass the territorial airspace of several countries.  Oceanic airspace is divided into oceanic information regions and delegated to a controlling authority bordering that region. The division among authorities is done by international agreement through the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

There is no standard size for FIRs–some are merely vertical extensions of their respective countries, however small they may be, while others may extend far into the open ocean–it is a matter for the administrative convenience of the country concerned. In some cases there is a vertical division of the FIR, in which case the lower portion remains named as such, whereas the airspace above is termed an upper information region (UIR).

A flight information service and an alerting service are the basic levels of air traffic service, providing information pertinent to the safe and efficient conduct of flights and alerting the different relevant authorities should an aircraft be in distress. These are available to all aircraft through an FIR. Higher levels of air traffic advisory and control services may be available within certain portions of airspace within an FIR, according to the ICAO class of that portion of airspace (with regard to national regulations), and the existence of a suitably equipped authority to provide the services.

List of flight information regions

The following table lists flight information regions alphabetically according to their ICAO code.

See also
 Area control center
 Air corridor
 Air defense identification zone
 Airspace
 Air traffic control
 Airway (aviation)
 Control area (aviation)
 Control zone
 List of area control centers
 NOTAM
 Terminal control area

References 
 Citations

External links 
 ICAO Aviation Data Service  (official site)
 ICAO World Airport and Runway Map (official site)

Air traffic control
International law
T7. T7 or T-7 may refer to:

Biology
 Thoracic vertebra 7
 Thoracic spinal nerve 7
 T7 phage, a virus used in the study of biological systems
 T7 DNA Helicase, a hexameric motor protein 
 T7 RNA polymerase, an RNA polymerase that catalyzes the formation of RNA

Transport
 Île-de-France tramway Line 7
 Olympic Park Line, a service of Sydney Trains
 Twin Jet's IATA airline code
 T7 Bristol–Chepstow, a bus route in the United Kingdom
 T7 road (Tanzania), a road in Tanzania

Vehicles
 T-7 (rocket), China's first sounding rocket
 Boeing T-7 Red Hawk, an American advanced jet trainer aircraft
 Fuji T-7, a Japanese primary trainer aircraft
 Yugoslav torpedo boat T7
 T7 Armored Car, a prototype vehicle for the US Army
 T7 Combat Car, a prototype vehicle for the US Army
 T-7 Navigator or Beechcraft Model 18, a trainer aircraft used by the United States armed forces
 T7, a model of the OS T1000 train of the Oslo Metro
 LSWR T7 class, an experimental 4-2-2-0 steam locomotive built in 1897

Other uses
 2C-T-7, a hallucinogenic phenethylamine
 7T (disambiguation)
 T7, television station in Kosovo
 Tekken 7, a 2015 fighting game
 T-Seven or Judith Hildebrandt, a singer and former member of Mr. President
 A tornado intensity rating on the TORRO scale
Abat-son. An abat-son (plural usually abat-sons) is an architectural device constructed to reflect or direct sound in a particular direction. It consists of large louvers. The term is commonly used to refer to angled louvers in a bell tower or belfry designed to redirect sound or to prevent ingress of water.

Abat-son can also refer to a louver or board used in the device. These boards or sheets are typically made of wood or metal.

The term comes from the French , literally   and  .

In the windshields 
The slats, generally of the grid type and fixed to a carpentry frame, are usually made of wood or covered with metal, slate or lead; In addition to redirecting the sound of the bells towards the ground, they prevent rain or snow from penetrating the bell tower and allow the tower's carpentry to be ventilated. «Beffroi», is an architectural technical Gallicism that appeared in the 19th century, replacing the popular name of «windscreen» (abat-vent).

Loudspeakers are often inserted into twin bays on each of the steeple faces, more rarely in the skylights of steeple arrows. These vain bell towers are typically flanked by columns with capitals and decorations, in Romanesque architecture, with archivolts, and with interlocking fretwork in Gothic architecture. Turntables developed especially from the 13th century, and were often already decorated with fretwork, serrated bottoms, or embossed in lead.

Gallery

References

Further reading 
 
   original publication

Architectural elements

External links
Winged keel. The winged keel is a sailboat keel layout first fitted on the 12-metre class yacht Australia II, 1983 America's Cup winner.

Design
This layout was adopted by Ben Lexcen, designer of Australia II. Although Ben Lexcen "had tried the winged keel idea before", there is conjecture that it was computed and designed by a Dutch aerodynamicist at the Wageningen towing tank (Netherlands Ship Model Bassin).

in May 2024 A detailed article was published by the Journal of Engineering Ethics which came to the conclusion that Lexcen should not have been credited with the invention on the patent application.  It also claimed that he had not been involved with the design because he had departed from Holland before the prototype work which evolved the winglets was carried out.

Wings
The lateral wings of Australia II are of moderate aspect ratio, forming a nearly horizontal foil, the "wing", at the bottom to provide additional effective span, in the same way as the winglets on an aircraft.  Each wing acts as a winglet, effectively increasing the keel aspect ratio therefore reducing the lift-induced drag. Because the yacht is heeled over when sailing upwind, the leeward foil attains more draft, which reduces the loss of efficiency that always occurs under heel. The wings were canted downwards at about 20 degrees, in order to  promote proper hydrodynamic loading (lift) on each wing when sailing to windward. Upwind, it offered 30% less resistance due to side force.

Upside down keel
Note that, contrary to classic configurations, the keel of this boat is "upside down" under the hull (the root chord is smaller than the tip (bottom) chord) in order to minimize the hull-keel interaction and the loss of side force due to the proximity of the water surface.  The extra low-positioned lead in the upside down keel and wings gives a very low centre of gravity, increasing the righting moment (lateral stability) and allowing to carry more sail area.

Shorter boat, more sail area
Under the 12 metre class rule, the allowed sail area is an inverse function of the boat length and weight. Her stability advantage allowed Australia II to carry more sail although the boat was lighter.  
Along with Australia IIs efficient sail design, this winged keel was one of the factors contributing to Australia IIs success. Total advantage offered by this concept on the race course was about 1 minute per upwind leg.

Application
Winged keels are generally found on high-performance sailboats if they are not prohibited by class rules. They are especially advantageous for heavy yachts with a lot of sail area (as 12-metre class boats), sailing upwind when the draft is limited by the class rule or by the requirement to be able to sail in shallow water, because in that case high righting moment and efficient side force are difficult to obtain. Downwind, the extra skin friction drag is a hindrance. Besides the performance benefits, winged keels can also be applied to pleasure boats as a way to reduce draft, allowing for greater versatility when cruising in shallow waters.

References

Australian inventions
Shipbuilding
Sailboat components
DBM. DBM or dbm may refer to:

Science and technology
 dBm, a unit for power measurement
 DBM (computing), family of key-value database engines including , , , and Berkeley DB
 Database Manager (DBM), a component of 1987's Extended Edition v1.0 release of IBM's OS/2 operating system
 Dibenzoylmethane, an aromatic diketone: 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione
 Dibromomethane, a halomethane
 Difference bound matrix, a data structure used in a field of computer science
 Dibutyl maleate, an organic chemical compound

Other uses
 Debre Marqos Airport, IATA airport code is DBM
 D. B. M. Patnaik (1925–2009), Indian lawyer, politician and communist leader
 De Bellis Multitudinis, a wargame ruleset
 Department of Budget and Management, the executive department in the Philippines
 Development Bank of Mongolia, bank of Mongolia
 D-flat minor, a theoretical musical key
 Dynamic Business Modeling, the ability to automate business models within an open framework
Wayne Rosing. Wayne Rosing (born 1946) is an American engineering manager.

Rosing was an engineering manager at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and Data General in the 1970s.
He became a director of engineering at Apple Computer in 1980. There he led the Apple Lisa project, the forerunner to the Macintosh. 
He then went on to work at Sun Microsystems in 1985. After managing hardware development for products such as the SPARCstation, he became manager of Sun Microsystems Laboratories in 1990.
From 1992 through 1996 he headed the spin-off First Person, which developed the Java Platform.
He was then chief technology officer at Caere Corporation, which developed the optical character recognition product OmniPage.

Rosing served as vice president of engineering at Google from January 2001 to May 2005.
In May 2005 he was appointed a senior fellow in mathematical and physical sciences at the University of California, Davis, and continued to serve as an advisor to Google.

As a hobby throughout his career, Rosing built telescopes, telescope control systems, and ground telescope mirrors. At Davis, Rosing consulted on the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope project (now the Vera C. Rubin Observatory).

In 2005, Rosing founded Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network. Rosing was CEO and chief engineer at the firm. The August 2007 edition of The Sky at Night covered Rosing at Las Cumbres.

In 2010, he partially endowed a professor in theoretical astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Barbara held by Lars Bildsten.

References

American computer scientists
Google employees
Living people
American chief technology officers
1946 births
Apple Inc. employees
Sun Microsystems people
American technology chief executives
University of California, Davis people
Chaitin's algorithm. Chaitin's algorithm is a bottom-up, graph coloring register allocation algorithm that uses cost/degree as its spill metric. It is named after its designer, Gregory Chaitin. Chaitin's algorithm was the first register allocation algorithm that made use of coloring of the interference graph for both register allocations and spilling. 

Chaitin's algorithm was presented on the 1982 SIGPLAN Symposium on Compiler Construction, and published in the symposium proceedings. It was extension of an earlier 1981 paper on the use of graph coloring for register allocation. Chaitin's algorithm formed the basis of a large section of research into register allocators.

References
 

Graph algorithms
Open access (disambiguation). Open access is unrestricted online access to peer-reviewed scholarly research.

Open access may also refer to:

Computing, Internet and communication
 OpenAccess, a common database initiative in electronic design automation
 Open-access network, a horizontally layered network architecture and business model
 Open Access Same-Time Information System, a policy for transmission service
 Open communication, open access to communications infrastructure and services

Other uses
 Open access (economics), non-excludable resources in economics
 Open Access (UK and Ireland TV channels), a set of commercial television channels on the Sky satellite platform operated from the United Kingdom
 Open access (infrastructure), access to infrastructure such as railways
 Open-access operator, in rail transport
 Open access, in the right of public access to the wilderness
 Open access mission, synonymous for open admissions policies in higher education
Open access (publishing), journals that gives open access to its articles
 An unjuried exhibition or festival
Fringe festival

See also
 Access rights (disambiguation)
 Open source (disambiguation)
 Public access (disambiguation)
Acetoin. Acetoin, also known as 3-hydroxybutanone or acetyl methyl carbinol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)C(O)CH3.  It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant, buttery odor. It is chiral. The form produced by bacteria is (R)-acetoin.

Production in bacteria
Acetoin is a neutral, four-carbon molecule used as an external energy store by a number of fermentative bacteria. It is produced by the decarboxylation of alpha-acetolactate, a common precursor in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Owing to its neutral nature, production and excretion of acetoin during exponential growth prevents over-acidification of the cytoplasm and the surrounding medium that would result from accumulation of acidic metabolic products, such as acetic acid and citric acid.  Once superior carbon sources are exhausted, and the culture enters stationary phase, acetoin can be used to maintain the culture density. The conversion of acetoin into acetyl-CoA is catalysed by the acetoin dehydrogenase complex, following a mechanism largely analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; however, as acetoin is not a 2-oxoacid, it does not undergo decarboxylation by the E1 enzyme; instead, a molecule of acetaldehyde is released. 
In some bacteria, acetoin can also be reduced to 2,3-butanediol by acetoin reductase/2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase.

The Voges-Proskauer test is a commonly used microbiological test for acetoin production.

Uses

Food ingredients
Acetoin, along with diacetyl, is one of the compounds that gives butter its characteristic flavor. Because of this, manufacturers of partially hydrogenated oils typically add artificial butter flavor – acetoin and diacetyl – (along with beta carotene for the yellow color) to the final product.

Acetoin can be found in apples, yogurt, asparagus, blackcurrants, blackberries, wheat, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cantaloupes, and maple syrup.

Acetoin is used as a food flavoring (in baked goods) and as a fragrance.

Electronic cigarettes
It is used in liquids for electronic cigarettes to give a buttery or caramel flavor.

See also
 Diacetyl
 Acetylpropionyl

References

Acyloins
Flavors
Perfume ingredients
AirScooter Corporation. AirScooter Corporation () is a defunct American aircraft manufacturer that was based in Henderson, Nevada. It designed and intended to manufacture an ultralight helicopter, with a coaxial rotor configuration. The company was founded in early 2000 by Elwood "Woody" Norris, who served as chairman of the board, and James "Jim" Barnes, who served as secretary of the board. The company was out of business by 2013.

Products 
The company's proposed product, perpetually under development, was the single-seat AirScooter II, which was intended to  be classified as an ultralight aircraft. It was expected to weigh 254 lbs and be powered by a single 65 hp four-stroke engine capable of carrying a load of up to 350 lb. Although its operating ceiling was to be around 10,000 ft (2 700 m), the AirScooter II has fixed pitch rotors and was incapable of an autorotative emergency descent, and was intended for recreational flying at low altitude, i.e., at or below 50 ft (15 m) above ground level (AGL).

Production of the AirScooter II was originally expected to begin in 2005, but production was pushed back to 2006 and then later targeted for 2007. As of September, 2013, production had not yet been announced and the company's website had been taken down. There have been no major press releases or other production information published since 2007.

AeroTwin Motors Corporation
Between 2002 and 2012 the company had a subsidiary, the AeroTwin Motors Corporation that developed the AeroTwin AT972T aircraft engine.

References

External links 
 AirScooter Corporation Web site archives on Archive.org
 
 CBS News, 17 April 2005: Flying Cars Ready To Take Off

Companies based in Henderson, Nevada
Helicopters