omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Armatron. The Armatron is a toy robot which was made by TOMY and distributed by Radio Shack in the United States since 1984. It consists of a crane-like arm which picks up small objects by the user manipulating two attached joysticks. Its shape resembles industrial robots of the 1980s, though it is strictly user-controlled, with no automation built in.
The arm has six degrees of freedom: wrist rotation (unlimited), vertical wrist flexing, horizontal elbow bending, shoulder horizontal rotation (unlimited), shoulder elevation, and the opening (releasing) and closing (grasping) of the two-fingered end-effector.

The module pack of plastic items to be lifted and moved, consists of two stepped cones, two spheres, two cylinders, a flat base module, and a hinged lidded box module. The modules have molded positions for the six objects, with the spheres resting on top of the cones when they are on the box module.  The user is challenged to use the arm to move the spheres and cones from the top of the box to their positions on the flat module, open the lid of the box, and then remove the cylinders from the box and place them in position on the flat module.  It is possible to do all of this with the arm alone.  The Armatron includes an "energy level" indicator, actually a countdown timer, above the joysticks. This can be set by the user to an initial level from 1 to 10 "energy" units and it will shut off the arm when the set time runs out.  The challenge is to move the objects in limited time.

Models with alternate decals or coloring were marketed under slightly different names, including the Super Armatron and the Armatron II.  The original stationary version was succeeded by a mobile version with a wired remote.

The arm is almost purely mechanical and with no electronic components. The only electrical components are the DC motor, switch contacts in the countdown timer, on/off switch, and the batteries.  The two joysticks selectively engage or disengage gears on a set of rotating drums to control the arm's movement.

See also
Waldo (Heinlein)
Waldo

References

External links

Photograph of an Armatron
Photograph of an Armatron
Photo set of an Armatron
Part list for the Super Armatron
Armatron color/model variants
Patent drawings and other detailed info
Description of internal components

Toy robots
Takara Tomy
1980s toys
Electronic toys
Geothermal. Geothermal is related to energy and may refer to:
 Geothermal energy, useful energy generated and stored in the Earth
 Geothermal activity, the range of natural phenomena at or near the surface, associated with release of the Earth's internal heat.
 Earth's internal heat budget, accounting of the flows of energy at and below the surface of the planet's crust
 Geothermal gradient, down which heat flows within the Earth
 Geothermal exploration, the search for commercially usable geothermal energy

Uses of geothermal energy 
 Earth sheltering, constructing a building into a hill side or Earth berm to reduce heating and cooling requirements
 Earth cooling tubes, using ambient Earth temperature to cool and dehumidify air
 Geothermal desalination, the production of fresh water using heat energy extracted from underground rocks
 Geothermal heating, methods of heating and cooling a building using underground heat
 Geothermal power, electricity generated from naturally occurring geological heat sources
 Ground source heat pump, a device used for heating and cooling using the earth as a heat reservoir
 Direct exchange geothermal heat pump, a method of heating and cooling with the energy of the earth using direct exchange of heat
 Hot dry rock geothermal energy, heating water in hot deep rock
Charles Rosen (scientist). Charles Rosen (December 7, 1917 – December 8, 2002) was a pioneer in artificial intelligence and founder of SRI International's Artificial Intelligence Center. He led the project that led to the development of Shakey the Robot, "who" now resides in a glass case at the Computer History Museum, in Mountain View, California.

Early life and education
Raised in Montreal, Rosen became a student at Cooper Union and received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1940; he returned to Montreal to study at McGill University, where he received his M. Eng. (in communications) in 1950.

Career
While working at the General Electric Research Laboratory, in 1953 Rosen co-authored one of the first textbooks on transistor circuits. In 1956, Rosen received a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Syracuse University (with a minor in solid state physics).

In 1957, Rosen joined the Stanford Research Institute, where he did much of his artificial intelligence work.

In 1959, Rosen co-founded Ridge Vineyards with SRI colleagues Hewitt Crane and David Bennion. Under their ownership, Ridge would go on to place fifth in the Judgment of Paris wine tasting.

In 1978, Rosen co-founded Machine Intelligence Corporation (MIC) with colleagues from SRI and elsewhere. He served as its first CEO. MIC developed the first commercially available industrial machine vision system, the VS-100, in his garage. MIC later spun out Symantec Corporation in 1982. He was founding Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence in 1990.

References

1917 births
2002 deaths
Scientists from Montreal
Cooper Union alumni
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
Syracuse University alumni
Canadian computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
Viticulturists
SRI International people
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Danubit. Danubit was an industrial plastic explosive produced by the Slovak company .
It had been used for many decades intended primarily as a rock blasting explosive for surface and underground mass mining of mineral raw materials. Underwater blasting applications were possible as well.

The producer of Danubit, Istrochem, is a chemical company founded in 1847 by Alfred Nobel in Bratislava, Slovakia. The production of explosives ceased, when part of the company was acquired by the Czech company Explosia a.s., the producer of Semtex in 2009.

Characteristics

See also
 Dynamite

External links
 Istrochem (producer)

Explosives
Mosaic gold. Mosaic gold or bronze powder refers to tin(IV) sulfide as used as a pigment in bronzing and gilding wood and metal work. It is obtained as a yellow scaly crystalline powder. The alchemists referred to it as aurum musivum, or aurum mosaicum. The term mosaic gold has also been used to refer to ormolu and to cut shapes of gold leaf, some darkened for contrast, arranged as a mosaic. The term bronze powder may also refer to powdered bronze alloy.

A recipe for mosaic gold is already provided in the 3th century A.D. treatise Baopuzi, composed by the Chinese alchemist Ge Hong. The earliest sources for its preparation in Europe, under the name porporina or purpurina, are the late 13th-century North Italian Liber colorum secundum Magistrum Bernardum and Cennino Cennini's Libro dell'arte from the 1420s. Instructions became more widespread and varied thereafter, the around 1500 recipe collection Liber illuministarum from Tegernsee Abbey in Bavaria alone offering six different methods for its preparation. Alchemists prepared it by combining mercury, tin, sal ammoniac, and sublimated sulfur (fleur de soufre), grinding, mixing, then setting them for three hours in a sand heat. The dirty sublimate being taken off, aurum mosaicum was found at the bottom of the matrass.

In the past it was used for medical purposes in most chronic and nervous ailments, and particularly convulsions of children; however, it is no longer recommended for any medical uses.

See also
 List of inorganic pigments

References 

Inorganic pigments
Visual arts materials
Alchemical substances
Tin(IV) compounds
Powders
Sulfides
CD publishing. CD publishing is the use of CD duplication systems to create a large number of unique discs.  For instance, storing a unique serial number on each copy of a software application disc would be considered CD publishing.

The term CD publishing is believed to have been coined by the Rimage Corporation as part of a marketing program which referred to CD-R discs as "digital paper."  Automated disc production and printing systems, such as those made by Rimage, can be shared on a computer network much like an office printer to facilitate the creation of unique discs.  This is the root of both the digital paper and CD publishing terms.

The extension into CD publishing is a distinct advantage of CD duplication systems over traditional CD replication - where large quantities of identical discs must be made.

External links
 Understanding CD-R & CD-RW: Duplication, Replication, and Publishing @ the Optical Storage Technology Association

Computer storage media
Optical disc authoring
3D Fax. 3D Fax is a computer program, developed for Microsoft Windows by InfoImaging Technologies in the mid-1990s, for file transfer via fax. The program encodes a file into an image, which the user would then print and send via a fax machine or transmit directly from the computer using a fax modem. The recipient would then scan the transmitted image or receive it via a fax modem, and use 3D Fax to decode it back to its original binary form.

InfoImaging claimed a capacity of 40kB per sheet of paper using its image encoding of files, extended to 110kB (between two fax modems) in the 2.0 version. InfoWorld's reviewer found that the 1.0 version could compress both a 90kB Word document and a 302kB image file to less than 40kB, so the files could each be faxed as a single page.

References

Fax software
Robotech (disambiguation). Robotech is a shortened version of robotechnology, in context of a science fiction media franchise that includes:
 Robotech (TV series), the 1985 animated television series that debuted in North America
 Robotech: The Movie, the 1986 Cannon film that was shelved after poor test screenings
 Robotech art books, published by Starblaze Graphics and Stonebridge Press
 Robotech Collectible Card Game, published by Hero Factory
 Robotech comics, from various publishers ranging from Comico to DC Comics
 Robotech music, created by Ulpio Minucci and other composers
 Robotech (novels), written by Jack McKinney
 Robotech (role-playing game), first published by Palladium Books in 1986
 Robotech live-action film, see Robotech#Proposed live-action film
Dave Lavery. Dave Lavery (born May 28, 1959) is an American scientist and roboticist who is the Program Executive for Solar System Exploration at NASA Headquarters. He also is a member of the FIRST Executive Advisory Board, and is well-known among participants of the FIRST Robotics Competition as a mentor of Team 116.

Early life and education
From an early age, Lavery was obsessed with space exploration. With his eyesight being too poor to become an astronaut, he set about to use machines as his proxy for exploring the solar system. He attended Virginia Tech, where he obtained a bachelor's degree in Computer Science.

Career
Lavery led NASA's Telerobotics Technology Development Program, responsible for the direction and oversight of robotics and planetary exploration within the organization. He and the program was responsible for the likes of the Mars Sojourner rover, which was the first rover he worked on, and the National Robotics Engineering Consortium.

Lavery currently works at the NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., as the program executive for solar system explorations. He oversees and is heavily involved with the Mars Exploration Rovers. Notably, he oversaw the mission of the Curiosity rover in 2012.

Lavery is also the project manager for NASAs' Robotics Alliance Project, a position he shared with fellow NASA scientist and FIRST Robotics participant Mark Leon.

FIRST Robotics
Lavery is very active within the FIRST Robotics Competition, and currently sits on the Executive Advisory Board of FIRST. He is responsible for NASA's vast involvement in the competitions, having brought the organization to the attention of NASA in 1995. NASA now sponsors over 300 teams, and hosts teams at each of its research centers in the United States. He is a mentor for FRC Team 116 (Epsilon Delta (εΔ) "From small changes come big differences", from Herndon High School in Herndon. He was also a member of the FRC Game Design Committee until January 2011.

Lavery is also known for his work in creating the original game animations for the FIRST Robotics Competition. The Competition's Dave Lavery Animation Award for Excellence in Animation is named in honor of him.

References

External links
 Dave Lavery at NASA.gov

NASA people
Living people
For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology
1959 births
American computer scientists
American roboticists
Mars Exploration Rover mission
Guwahati Refinery. Guwahati Refinery was set up at Noonmati in Guwahati on 1 January 1962. Guwahati Refinery is the first Public Sector refinery of India and belongs to Indian Oil Corporation Limited. The refinery was inaugurated by Late Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. The refinery was built with Romanian Collaboration and has a capacity of 1.0 million metric tonnes per annum. This refinery process crude oil from Upper Assam Oil Fields, India and helps cater energy need of the region.
Major Products of this refinery are

 LPG,
 Motor Spirit (Petrol),
 Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF),
 Kerosene,
 High Speed Diesel,
 Light Diesel Oil and
 Raw Petroleum Coke.

With growing environmental consciousness, Guwahati Refinery, Indian Oil Corporation Limited has also ventured into ecologically friendly fuel and subsequently installed 3 new units: the ISOSIV, the Hydrotreater and the INDMAX. The ISOSIV unit produces Lead Free Petrol by the Molecular Sieve Technology, which separates Octane rich MS components from feed naphtha. The Hydrotreater Unit (HDT) enables the Refinery to produce High Speed Diesel of very low sulphur and cetane number conforming to BIS specifications. The HDT also produces ATF, Superior Kerosene Oil with high smoke point and low sulphur. The Indane Maximization (INDMAX) technology developed by R&D Centre of Indian Oil installed at the Refinery is designed to achieve LPG yield as high as 44% through Fluidized Catalytic Cracking of residual feed stocks like Reduced Crude Oil, Coker Fuel Oil and Coker Gasolene. The INDMAX unit also enables Guwahati Refinery to upgrade all its residual products to high value distillate products and make it a zero residue Refinery.

References

Further reading

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/22979919.cms

Energy in Assam
Oil refineries in India
Economy of Guwahati
Companies based in Assam
Indian Oil Corporation
India–Romania relations
Indian Oil Corporation buildings and structures
1962 establishments in Assam
Barauni Refinery. Barauni Refinery is an oil refinery located in Begusarai city in the state of Bihar, operated by Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL). It was the dream project of Shri Krishna Singh the first chief minister of Bihar. It was built in collaboration with the Soviet Union, with limited participation from Romania, at a cost of Rs. 49.4 crores and went on stream in July 1964. The initial capacity of 1 million tonnes per year was expanded to 3 million tonnes per year by 1969. The present capacity of this refinery is 6.100 million tonnes per year. Indian Oil Corporation has been constructing to expand its capacity from 6 million tonnes per year to 9 million tonnes per year at the cost of $1.94 billion.

Moving to green fuel 
Barauni Refinery was earmarked for its operational excellence in 2009 after winning the TPM excellence award in Category A. State-of-art eco-friendly technologies enabled the Refinery to produce environment-friendly green fuels complying with international standards. Barauni Refinery fully switched over to BS-III diesel w.e.f 1 June 2010. 1st batch of BS-III petrol was dispatched through Barauni Kanpur Pipeline (BKPL) on 13 August 2010. Bihar & Jharkhand was declared BS-III compliant since September 2010. New units like NHDT and ISOM for Motor Spirit Quality up-gradation were added in 2010.

Product profile 
Barauni Refinery is primarily a diesel producing Refinery with over 54% of its product mix as HSD. Other products include kerosene, petrol, LPG, Naptha, Raw Petroleum Coke (RPC), sulphur and bitumen. It caters to fuel demands of the states of Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh. Nepal Oil Corporation also sources its fuel including, LPG from Barauni Refinery. Currently, over 42% of the dispatch of products at Barauni Refinery is through road followed by pipelines and rail.

See also
 Barauni IOC Township
Indian Oil

References

External links
 Barauni Refinery in IOC 

Oil refineries in India
Energy in Bihar
Barauni
India–Soviet Union relations
Soviet foreign aid
India–Romania relations
Indian Oil Corporation buildings and structures
Energy infrastructure completed in 1964
1964 establishments in Bihar
20th-century architecture in India
Mathura Refinery. The Mathura Refinery, owned by Indian Oil Corporation, is the sixth oil refinery of IndianOil located in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India. The refinery processes low sulphur crude from Bombay High, imported low sulphur crude from Nigeria, and high sulphur crude from
the Middle East.

History
The refinery, which cost Rs.253.92 crores to build, was commissioned on 19 January 1982. Construction began on the refinery in October 1972. The foundation stone was laid by Indira Gandhi, the former prime minister of India. The FCCU and Sulphur Recovery Units were commissioned in January, 1983. The refinery was commissioned with a refining capacity of 6.0 million tonnes per year and The refining capacity of this refinery was expanded to 7.5 million tonnes per year in 1989 by debottlenecking and revamping. A DHDS Unit was commissioned in 1989 for production of HSD with low sulphur content of 0.25% wt. ( max.). The present refining capacity of this refinery is 8.00 million tonnes per year.

In January 2009, the plant shut down for a period of time due to a strike.

In 1998 the plant was awarded the "Best of all" Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award.
Presently Mathura Refinery is producing BS VI standard fuels and supplying to Delhi NCR. A corporate MyStamp of the refinery has also been published by the Postal Department for recognising the contributions of the refinery towards environment conscience.

Environmental issues
It is located about 50 kilometers away from the Taj Mahal. It is currently asking the Indian government to allow an expansion, raising the capacity to 11 million tonnes. The refinery also wants to create a new garbage disposal site, which has garnered new outrage from environmental activists because the site will be located even closer to the Taj Mahal and Mathura. The Indian government hired a panel to examine the effects of the refinery on the Taj Mahal. The panel found that the air has high levels of suspended particulate matter, caused by factory emissions, dust, construction, and exhaust from automobiles. These are causing the Taj Mahal to change color. However, contribution of Mathura Refinery for causing pollution has not been established.

Accident
On November 12, 2024, an explosion took place at the atmospheric vacuum unit of the refinery which led to fire, injuring 8 workers.

See also
 Panipat Refinery

References

Oil refineries in India
Mathura
Indian Oil Corporation
Energy in Uttar Pradesh
India–Soviet Union relations
Soviet foreign aid
Indian Oil Corporation buildings and structures
1982 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Energy infrastructure completed in 1982
20th-century architecture in India
Digboi Refinery. Digboi Oil Refinery was set up at Digboi in 1901 by Assam Oil Company Ltd. The Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOC) took over the refinery and marketing management of Assam Oil Company Ltd. with effect from 1981 and created a separate division. This division has both refinery and marketing operations.  The refinery at Digboi had an installed capacity 0.5 million tonnes per year. The refining capacity of the refinery was increased to 0.65 million tonnes per year by modernization of refinery in July, 1996.  A new delayed Coking Unit of 170,000 tonnes per year capacity was commissioned in 1999.  A new Solvent Dewaxing Unit for maximizing production of microcrystalline wax was installed and commissioned in 2003.  The refinery has also installed Hydrotreater-UOP in 2002 to improve the quality of diesel. The MSQ Upgradation unit has been commissioned. A new terminal was expected to be completed by 2016. It is one of the best oil fields in Assam. Certified

The small town of Digboi in the remote north eastern corner of the country is the birth place of the Oil Industry in India. Digboi Refinery, commissioned on 1901. It is India's oldest operating refinery and one of the oldest operating refineries in the world and termed as the "Gangotri of the Indian Hydrocarbon sector." Earlier owned and operated by the Assam Oil Company Limited/Burmah Oil Company, it came into the fold of the Indian Oil Corporation Limited and became the Assam Oil Division of Indian Oil Corporation Limited.

History 
Digboi refinery is known as birthplace of the oil Industry in India. It was  commissioned on 11 December 1901. It has the distinction of being Asia's first refinery and one of oldest still in operation. Oil was accidentally discovered in 1867 while laying a railway line in Digboi area. It was just found seeping out in dense jungles in Tinsukia district. Digging for oil was started in 1889 and the refinery set up in 1901 at Digboi.

See also 

 Bongaigaon Refinery
 Guwahati Refinery

References

External links
Digboi Refinery - Our Second Century
Article on Discover Far East

Energy in Assam
Oil refineries in India
Tinsukia
Companies based in Assam
Indian Oil Corporation buildings and structures
1901 establishments in India
Mumbai Refinery (HPCL). The HPCL Mumbai refinery is one of the most complex refineries in the country, is constructed on an area of 321 acres. This versatile refinery which is the first of India's modern refineries, symbolizes the country's industrial strength and progress in the oil industry. Mumbai Refinery has grown over the years as the main hub of petroleum products. The refinery has reached to present level through several upgradation and restructuring processes.

History
The Mumbai Refinery was commissioned by Esso Standard in 1954, with an installed capacity of 1.25 million tonnes per year. The lube refinery, Lube India Ltd, was commissioned in 1969 with a capacity of 165 million tonnes per year of Lube Oil Base Stock (LOBS) production.

Crude processing capacity increased to 3.5 million tonnes per year during 1969. In 1974, the Government of India took over Esso and Lube India by the Esso (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act 1974 and formed HPCL.

Expansion of the fuels block was carried out by installing new 2 million tonnes per year crude units in 1985. A second expansion of Lube Refinery took place to increase the capacity of the refinery to 335 million tonnes per year, so far the largest in India. The installed capacity of the refinery was later enhanced to 6.5 million tonnes per year.

The current installed capacity of the refinery is 9.5 million tonnes per year.

References

Buildings and structures in Mumbai
Oil refineries in India
1954 establishments in Bombay State
Economy of Mumbai
Energy in Maharashtra
Hindustan Petroleum
Hindustan Petroleum buildings and structures