omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tonne of oil equivalent. The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil. It is approximately 42 gigajoules or 11.630 megawatt-hours, although as different crude oils have different calorific values, the exact value is defined by convention; several slightly different definitions exist. The toe is sometimes used for large amounts of energy.

Multiples of the toe are used, in particular the megatoe (Mtoe, one million toe) and the gigatoe (Gtoe, one billion toe). A smaller unit of kilogram of oil equivalent (kgoe or koe) is also sometimes used denoting 1/1000 toe.

Definitions
The International Energy Agency defines one  tonne of oil equivalent (toe) to be equal to:
1 toe = 11.63 megawatt-hours (MWh)
1 toe = 41.868 gigajoules (GJ)
1 toe = 10 gigacalories (Gcal) – 
1 toe = 39,683,207.2 British thermal units (BTU)
1 toe = 1.42857143 tonnes of coal equivalent (tce)

Conversion into other units:
1 toe = 7.33 barrels of oil equivalent (boe)

Some other sources and publications use divergent definitions of toe, for example:
1 toe = 10.7 gigacalories (Gcal) – 
1 toe = 41.85 gigajoules (GJ)
1 toe = 44.769 gigajoules (GJ) – 
1 toe = 39,683,205.411 British thermal units (BTU)

Conversion factors
1 barrel of oil equivalent (boe) contains approximately 0.136 toe (i.e. there are approximately 7.33 boe in a toe).
1 t diesel = 1.01 toe
1 m3 diesel = 0.98 toe
1 t petrol = 1.05 toe
1 m3 petrol = 0.86 toe
1 t biodiesel = 0.86 toe
1 m3 biodiesel = 0.78 toe
1 t bioethanol = 0.64 toe
1 m3 bioethanol = 0.51 toe
1 MWh = 0.086 toe  (therefore 1 toe = 11630.0 kWh) 
At thermal power plants, 1 MWh is generated with 0.22 toe fuel or 0.39 MWh with 0.086 toe (39% thermal to electrical conversion efficiency)

Tonne of oil equivalent should be used carefully when converting electrical units. For instance, BP's 2022 report used a factor of 40% efficiency (the average efficiency of a standard thermal power plant in 2017), or roughly 16.8 GJ per toe, when converting kilowatt-hours to toe. BP's model is also based on the assumption that efficiency will increase linearly to 45% by 2050.

Derived units
For multiples of the tonne of oil equivalent, it is more usual to speak of millions of tonnes of oil equivalent and kilotonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe).

See also

 
 
 
 
  a unit of energy almost exactly 0.1 tonnes of oil equivalent

References

External links
IEA's Unit Converter

Units of energy
Equivalent units
Petroleum economics
Agora (programming language). Agora is a reflective, prototype-based, object-oriented programming language that is based exclusively on message passing and not delegation. Agora was intended to show that even subject to that limit, it is possible to build a full object-oriented language that features inheritance, cloning, and reflective operators.

Overview
The idea is that an object is fully encapsulated and can only be subject to message passing. But seen from the inside of the object, the object knows all about its own structures. It is therefore fully able to clone and extend itself. This is accomplished by special methods named cloning methods and mixin methods.

Agora has been implemented in C++, Java, Scheme, and Smalltalk. Agora98, the latest implementation of Agora, done in Java, allows full access to all Java application programming interfaces (APIs), including the ability to create Java applets from within Agora98. From the language viewpoint, Agora98 is a considerable simplification of prior Agora versions.

References
 Agora98: Reflective Programming in a Web Browser, Submitted to ECOOP98.
 A Marriage of Class- and Object-Based Inheritance Without Unwanted Children, Proceedings of ECOOP'95, Springer-Verlag 1995.
 Agora: Message Passing as a Foundation for Exploring OO Language Concepts, SIGPLAN Notices, 29(12):48-57, December 1994.
 Modular Inheritance of Objects Through Mixin-Methods, JMLC'94 Proceedings.
 Nested Mixin-methods in Agora, Proceedings of ECOOP93, Springer-Verlag, 1993.

External links
 

Prototype-based programming languages
Sally (short story). "Sally" is a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov. It was first published in the May–June 1953 issue of Fantastic and later appeared in the Asimov collections Nightfall and Other Stories (1969) and The Complete Robot (1982).

Plot summary
In 2057, the only cars allowed on the road are those that contain positronic brains; these are autonomous cars and do not require a human driver. Fifty-one old cars have been retired to a farm run by Jake, where they can be properly cared for. All have names, but only three are identified by Jake. Sally is a vain convertible, possibly a Corvette (the only convertible US-made sports car at the time the story was written), and one sedan, Giuseppe, is identified as coming from the Milan factories, where Alfa Romeo was headquartered. The oldest car on the farm is from 2015, a Mat-o-Mot that goes by the name of Matthew, which Jake had once chauffeured.  The cars in the farm communicate by slamming doors and honking their horns, and by misfiring, causing audible engine knocking.

Raymond Gellhorn, an unscrupulous businessman, tries to steal some of the cars in order to 'recycle' the brains. He forces Jake at gunpoint to board a bus he has poorly connected to control the vehicle, trying to leave the farm with Jake as a hostage. (Jake describes the bus as suffering the positronic brain equivalent of perpetual migraines.) The cars chase and eventually surround the bus, communicating with it until it opens a door. Jake falls out, and the bus drives off with Gellhorn. Sally takes Jake back to the farm; Gellhorn is found dead in a ditch the next morning, exhausted and run over. The bus is found by the police and is identified by its tire tracks.

The story ends with Jake losing trust in his cars, thinking what the world will become if cars realize that they are effectively enslaved by humans, and revolt.

Notes
Asimov said, "Anyone reading 'Sally' can sense that I feel strongly attracted to the heroine of the story and that this probably reflects something of my own life ... The sexual symbolism is blatant".

In contrast to most of Asimov's Robot stories, 'Sally' does not refer to or describe the Three Laws of Robotics, and may not be set in the same continuity.

References

External links
 
 "Sally" on the Internet Archive

Works originally published in Fantastic (magazine)
Fiction set in 2057
Valmet L-90 Redigo. The Valmet L-90 Redigo is a turboprop-powered military basic trainer aircraft and liaison aircraft, a development of Valmet's earlier training aircraft for the Finnish Air Force. The L-90 was the last military aircraft designed and produced in Finland.

Design and development
The prototype, a modified L-80, first flew on February 12, 1985. A second prototype, powered by a Turbomeca TP319 turboprop, was destroyed in an accident in August 1988. A total of 29 production aircraft plus the 2 prototypes were produced. Aermacchi purchased the manufacturing rights in 1996 but never returned the aircraft to production.

The aircraft is of conventional configuration, with retractable tricycle gear and a low wing. The student and instructor sit side-by-side. As is typical with many military trainers, it can also carry light armament for weapons training, or potentially, for use in a close-support role. The Finnish Air Force only used the L-90 as a liaison aircraft.

Operators
 Eritrean Air Force 6 retired
 Finnish Air Force, 10 units, the whole fleet retired
 Mexican Navy 7, all of them currently retired

Specifications (M-290 TP)

See also

References
Notes

Further reading

1980s Finnish military trainer aircraft
M-290
L-90
Aircraft first flown in 1985
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Valmet L-70 Vinka. The Valmet L-70 Vinka is a Finnish-designed piston-powered military basic trainer aircraft of the 1970s. A production run of 30 aircraft were built for the Finnish Air Force in the early 1980s, and although the type was not exported, it formed the basis of the turboprop-powered Aermacchi M-290 RediGO.

Development and design
The Finnish state-owned manufacturing conglomerate Valmet Oy began design work in September 1970 on a replacement for the Saab Safirs then in use with the Finnish Air Force as basic trainers. Valmet received an order from the Finnish Air Force for further development of the LEKO-70 (Lentokone (Aeroplane) 1970) in March 1973. The first prototype made its maiden flight from Halli Airport for the first time on 1 July 1975.

The aircraft is a low-winged tractor monoplane of all-metal construction and with a fixed nosewheel undercarriage. It is powered by a single 200 hp (149 kW) Lycoming O-360 flat-four piston engine driving a two-bladed propeller. In its main training role, the pupil and instructor sit side by side under a large sliding canopy. An additional two seats or a stretcher and medical attendant can be carried for the liaison role, while the wings are fitted with four hardpoints for carrying of external stores.

The Finnish Air Force placed an order for 30 aircraft, to be designated Vinka (Blast (of wind)) on 28 January 1977, with the aircraft to be built at Valmet's Kuorevesi plant.

Operational history
The Vinka entered service on 13 October 1980 with deliveries continuing until 1982. Finnish Air Force pilot trainees flew about 100 hours on the Vinka at the Air Academy at Kauhava before converting to the British Aerospace Hawk jet trainer.

Valmet attempted to market the type internationally under the name L-70 Miltrainer, but no orders followed.

On 1 September 2022 the Vinka was removed from Air Force service after over 40 years of service, being replaced by 28 ex-RAF Grob G 115Es.

L-80 TP Turbo Vinha
After unsuccessfully having tried to market the L-70 Vinka for the export market, Valmet developed a turboprop version with a new wing and a retractable undercarriage. This aircraft was given the designation L-80 TP Turbotrainer. The prototype (OH-VBB), powered by a 360 shp (268 kW) Allison 250 turboprop engine, made its first flight on 12 February 1985, piloted by Paavo Janhunen. The prototype was destroyed in an accident on 24 April that year, killing the pilot Paavo Janhunen and the flight observer. The second prototype was baptized Valmet L-90 TP and it was used for the development of the L-90 Redigo or RediGo (Both spelling versions are found in the brochures from the manufacturer).

Operators
  Finnish Air Force - 30 were built for the FiAF, serving with the Air Force Academy at Tikkakoski. The final Vinka was retired on 1 September 2022.

Specifications (L-70 Vinka)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

 
 
 

L-70
1970s Finnish military trainer aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1975
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Class-based queueing. fa : صف بندی بر اساس کلاس

Class-based queuing (CBQ) is a queuing discipline for the network scheduler that allows traffic to share bandwidth equally, after being grouped by classes. The classes can be based upon a variety of parameters, such as priority, interface, or originating program.

CBQ is a traffic management algorithm developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory as an alternative to traditional router-based technology. Now in the public domain as an open technology, CBQ is deployed by companies at the boundary of their WANs.

CBQ divides user traffic into a hierarchy of classes based on any combination of IP addresses, protocols and application types. A company's accounting department, for example, may not need the same Internet access privileges as the engineering department. Because every company is organized differently and has different policies and business requirements, it is vital for traffic management technology to provide flexibility and granularity in classifying traffic flows. 

CBQ lets network managers classify traffic in a multilevel hierarchy. For instance, some companies may first identify the overall needs of each department or business group, and then define the requirements of each application or group of applications within each department. For performance and architectural reasons, traditional router-based queuing schemes are limited to a small number of classes and only allow one-dimensional classification. 

Because it operates at the IP network layer, CBQ provides the same benefits across any Layer 2 technology and is equally effective with any IP protocol, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It also operates with any client or server TCP/IP stack variation, since it takes advantage of standard TCP/IP flow control mechanisms to control end-to-end traffic.

An implementation is available under the GNU General Public License for the Linux kernel.

References

Computer networks engineering
Network scheduling algorithms
Boat lift. A boat lift, ship lift, or lift lock is a machine for transporting boats between water at two different elevations, and is an alternative to the canal lock.

It may be vertically moving, like the Anderton boat lift in England, rotational, like the Falkirk Wheel in Scotland, or operate on an inclined plane, like the Ronquières inclined plane in Belgium.

History
A precursor to the canal boat lift, able to move full-sized canal boats, was the tub boat lift used in mining, able to raise and lower the 2.5 ton tub boats then in use. An experimental system was in use on the Churprinz mining canal in Halsbrücke near Dresden. It lifted boats  using a moveable hoist rather than caissons. The lift operated between 1789 and 1868, and for a period of time after its opening engineer James Green reporting that five had been built between 1796 and 1830. He credited the invention to Dr James Anderson of Edinburgh.

The idea of a boat lift for canals can be traced back to a design based on balanced water-filled caissons in Erasmus Darwin's Commonplace Book (pp. 58–59) dated 1777–1778

In 1796 an experimental balance lock was designed by James Fussell and constructed at Mells on the Dorset and Somerset Canal, though this project was never completed. A similar design was used for lifts on the tub boat section of the Grand Western Canal entered into operation in 1835 becoming the first non-experimental boat lifts in Britain and pre-dating the Anderton Boat Lift by 40 years.

In 1904 the Peterborough Lift Lock designed by Richard Birdsall Rogers opened in Canada. This  high lift system is operated by gravity alone, with the upper bay of the two bay system loaded with an additional  of water as to give it greater weight.

Before the construction of the Three Gorges Dam Ship Lift, the highest boat lift, with a  height difference and European Class IV (1350 tonne) capacity, was the Strépy-Thieu boat lift in Belgium opened in 2002.

The ship lift at the Three Gorges Dam, completed in January 2016, is  high and able to lift vessels of up to 3,000 tons displacement.

The boat lift at Longtan is reported to be even higher in total with a maximum vertical lift of  in two stages when completed.

Selected lift locks

See also

 List of boat lifts
 Lock (water transport)
 Balance lock
 Canal inclined plane – another technique for lifting boats.
 Caisson lock: a submerged boat lift.
 Shiplift – used for raising vessels in shipyards
 Marine railway inclined plane for shipyards
 Water slope
 Saint-Louis-Arzviller boat lift, France – which is actually a canal inclined plane
 Portable boat lift
 Patent slip

References

Further reading

External links

  Source mentions its own sources
 The International Canal Monuments List
  Three Gorges Dam
 Big Chute, Ontario – in fact an inclined plane
 Twin Ship Elevator Lüneburg – Technical data of the Scharnebeck twin ship lift near Lüneburg, Germany
 Dutch boat lift page

 
Vertical transport devices
Westfield SEight. The SeiGHT (pronounced variously as S-8 or 'Sayt') is a sports car manufactured as a kit or factory built vehicle by Westfield Sportscars. It is based on the familiar Lotus Seven concept, created by Colin Chapman, whose design philosophy was to strip a car design down to bare essentials for the ultimate in driving experiences. Bar a few visual differences, such as a bonnet bulge to house the large engine, it uses the same widebody chassis as the smaller engined SEi. All SEiGHTs are defined as such by the powerplant - a V8 engine.  In kit form they were initially only available from the factory as a rolling chassis, unlike other Westfield kits which can be bought in component form. Later in their production run Westfield would allow the SEiGHT to be purchased in component form allowing customers to fully experience the build.

Westfield ended production of the SEiGHT in December 2010.

Powerplant 
The Rover V8 engine powerplant of the SEiGHT ranges from 3.5 litre units originally sourced from the Rover SD1 to bored and stroked 5.2 litre units. There are also 3.9 fuel injected versions, which are currently provided in the factory built vehicles and TVR Power engines of 4.2 litres. On the whole the V8 is a Rover unit, an alloy block which is lighter than the cast iron blocks of many V8s. One example has been built around an alloy version of the Chevrolet small block with a displacement of 6.6 litres.

References

External links

Westfield Sportscars Official Website
An enthusiast site with more detail than the Official site
A detailed build diary of a SEiGHT
A gallery site of a SEiGHT fitted with a 400ci Alloy small block

Lotus Seven replicas
Seight
Neutron reflector. A neutron reflector is any material that reflects neutrons. This refers to elastic scattering rather than to a specular reflection. The material may be graphite, beryllium, steel, tungsten carbide, gold, or other materials.  A neutron reflector can make an otherwise subcritical mass of fissile material critical, or increase the amount of nuclear fission that a critical or supercritical mass will undergo. Such an effect was exhibited twice in accidents involving the Demon Core, a subcritical plutonium pit that went critical in two separate fatal incidents when the pit's surface was momentarily surrounded by too much neutron reflective material.

Nuclear reactors
In a uranium graphite chain reacting pile, the critical size may be considerably reduced by surrounding the pile with a layer of graphite, since such an envelope reflects many neutrons back into the pile.

To obtain a 30-year life span, the SSTAR nuclear reactor design calls for a moveable neutron reflector to be placed over the column of fuel. The reflector's slow downward travel over the column would cause the fuel to be burned from the top of the column to the bottom.

A reflector made of a light material like graphite or beryllium will also serve as a neutron moderator reducing neutron kinetic energy, while a heavy material like lead or lead-bismuth eutectic will have less effect on neutron velocity.

In power reactors, a neutron reflector reduces the non-uniformity of the power distribution in the peripheral fuel assemblies, reduces neutron leakage and reduces a coolant flow bypass of the core. By reducing neutron leakage, the reflector increases reactivity of the core and reduces the amount of fuel necessary to maintain the reactor critical for a long period. In light-water reactors, the neutron reflector is installed for following purposes:
 The neutron flux distribution is “flattened“, i.e., the ratio of the average flux to the maximum flux is increased. Therefore, reflectors reduce the non-uniformity of the power distribution.
 By increasing the neutron flux at the edge of the core, there is much better utilization in the peripheral fuel assemblies. This fuel, in the outer regions of the core, now contributes much more to the total power production.
 The neutron reflector scatters back (or reflects) into the core many neutrons that would otherwise escape. The neutrons reflected back into the core are available for chain reaction. This means that the minimum critical size of the reactor is reduced. Alternatively, if the core size is maintained, the reflector makes additional reactivity available for higher fuel burnup. The decrease in the critical size of core required is known as the reflector savings.
 Neutron reflectors reduce neutron leakage i.e. to reduce the neutron fluence on a reactor pressure vessel.
 Neutron reflectors reduce a coolant flow bypass of a core.
 Neutron reflectors serve as a thermal and radiation shield of a reactor core.

See also
 Tamper (nuclear weapon)
 Neutron scattering
 Neutron supermirror

References

External links

 Neutron reflectivity introduction (ISIS)

reflector
Nuclear weapon design
Neutron
Lithium nitrate. Lithium nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiNO3. It is the lithium salt of nitric acid (an alkali metal nitrate). The salt is deliquescent, absorbing water to form the hydrated form, lithium nitrate trihydrate.  Its eutectics are of interest for heat transfer fluids.

It is made by treating lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide with nitric acid.

Uses
This deliquescent colourless salt is an oxidizing agent used in the manufacture of red-colored fireworks and flares.

Thermal storage
The hydrated form, lithium nitrate trihydrate, has an extremely high specific heat of fusion, , and hence can be used for thermal energy storage at its melt temperature of 303.3 K.

Lithium nitrate has been proposed as a medium to store heat collected from the sun for cooking. A Fresnel lens would be used to melt solid lithium nitrate, which would then function as a "solar battery", allowing heat to be redistributed later by convection.

Synthesis
Lithium nitrate can be synthesized by reacting nitric acid and lithium carbonate.
Li2CO3 + 2 HNO3 → 2 LiNO3 + H2O + CO2

Generally when forming LiNO3, a pH indicator is used to determine when all of the acid has been neutralized. However, this neutralization can also be recognized with the loss of carbon dioxide production. In order to rid the final product of excess water, the sample is heated.

Toxicity
Lithium nitrate can be toxic to the body when ingested by targeting the central nervous system, thyroids, kidneys, and cardio-vascular system. 
When exposed to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, lithium nitrate can cause irritation to these areas.

Further reading

References

External links
Hazardous Chemical Database

Nitrates
Lithium salts
Deliquescent materials
Pyrotechnic oxidizers
Pyrotechnic colorants
Oxidizing agents