omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Luke the Spook. Luke the Spook was the name of a Boeing B-29-50-MO Superfortress (serial 44-86346, Victor number 94) configured to carry the atomic bomb in World War II.

History
Luke the Spook was one of the fifteen Silverplate B-29s delivered to the 509th Composite Group for use in the atomic bomb operation and assigned to the 393d Bomb Squadron. Built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft plant at Omaha, Nebraska, it was accepted by the USAAF on June 15, 1945, after most of the 509th CG had already left Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, for North Field, Tinian. Assigned to Crew C-12 (Capt. Herman S. Zahn, Aircraft Commander), it was flown to Wendover in early July and briefly used in training and practice bombing missions.

On July 27, 1945, Zahn and his crew flew the airplane from Wendover to Kirtland Army Air Field, Albuquerque, New Mexico, accompanied by another 509th B-29 and one from the Manhattan Project test unit at Wendover (216th Base Unit). There each loaded one of three Fat Man atomic bomb assemblies (without the plutonium core, which had left the day before by courier on one of the 509th CG's C-54 Skymaster transports) in its bomb bay for conveyance to Tinian.

The three bombers flew to Mather Army Air Field, California, on July 28, and took off for Hawaii on July 29, finally reaching Tinian on August 2. It was assigned the square P tail identifier of the 39th Bomb Group as a security measure and given Victor (unit-assigned identification) number 94 to avoid misidentification with actual 39th BG aircraft.

The airplane was not given a name or nose art. It arrived too late to participate in any training, practice, or combat operations. After only a week on Tinian, 44-86346 was reassigned to the group deputy commander, Lt.Col. Thomas J. Classen, and his crew A-5. It left Tinian on August 9, 1945, and returned to Wendover accompanied by the B-29 Jabit III, with the maintenance crews for both airplanes aboard, to await orders to transport components of the third bomb.

The airplane flew to Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico, in November 1945, where it rejoined the 509th CG. There its crew gave it the name Luke the Spook. Between April and August 1946 it was part of the Operation Crossroads task force based on Kwajalein.

In June 1949 it was transferred to the 97th Bomb Group at Biggs Air Force Base, Texas, and in April 1950 was converted to a TB-29 trainer at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, and the Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area at Tinker Air Force Base.

It was subsequently assigned to:
10th Radar Calibration Squadron, Yokota Air Base, Japan (August 1952),
6023rd Radar Evaluation Flight, Yokota AB (March 1954), Johnson Air Base, Japan (May 1957), and Naha AB (November 1958),
6431st Air Base Group, Naha Air Base, Okinawa (December 1959),
51st Air Base Group, Naha AB (July 1960), where it was dropped from inventory and scrapped.

Sources
 Campbell, Richard H., The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs (2005),

External links
 509th CG Aircraft Page, MPHPA
 Color image of Luke the Spook nose art

Luke the Spook(B-29)
Saturn V-Centaur. Studied by Marshall Space Flight Center in 1968, the Saturn V-Centaur booster would have been used for deep space missions if it had flown. It consisted of an ordinary Saturn V launch vehicle, except that the Apollo spacecraft would be replaced with a Centaur upper stage (known as the S-V in the plans), as a high-energy liquid-fueled fourth stage, which would provide a 30% performance improvement over Saturn V-A/Saturn INT-20. This combination never flew.

History 
The Centaur upper stage was initially a proposal by the United States Air Force (USAF) which was accepted by the Advanced Research Products Agency (ARPA, who would later go on to be renamed as DARPA in 1972) in August 1958 as a way to respond to the USSR's successful Sputnik 1 mission the year before by ramping up their launch capabilities. The proposal, studied by the USAF with General Dynamics/Convair had the intention to develop a new high energy rocket stage to launch heavy payloads in the shortest possible time. It would use either one or two RL10 liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen engines, with a specific impulse of 425 seconds, and would operate as the upper stage of the Atlas and Titan rockets.

In the same year, NASA took control of the Centaur program and designated it for use as the third stage of the Saturn 1 rocket with the designation S-V. However, it only every carried water as a test for Project Highwater an was never active nor carried propellant. Centaur was only ever present on the SA-2, SA-3, and SA-4 missions. It never flew on a Saturn again.

According to a 1959 report on Saturn development, the vehicle A-1 configuration, which has a modified Titan stage 1 and a Centaur upper stage as upper stages, was considered due to have early flight availability and low costs. How, it fails to meet the mission requirements for lunar and 24 hour missions. The slender 3.05m diameter would also have made the A-1 a structurally marginal configuration. The success of the Centaur engine program did encourage the addition of liquid hydrogen to the upper stages of the Saturn launch vehicle.

References

Saturn V
Saturn V-B. Studied in 1968 by Marshall Space Flight Center, the Saturn V-B was considered an interesting vehicle concept because it nearly represents a single-stage to orbit booster, but is actually a stage and a half booster just like the Atlas. The booster would achieve liftoff via five regular F-1 engines; four of the five engines on the Saturn V-B would be jettisoned and could be fully recoverable, with the sustainer stage on the rocket continuing the flight into orbit. The rocket could have had a good launch capability similar to that of the Space Shuttle if it was constructed, but it never flew.

Concept

With use of the Saturn V vehicle during Apollo, NASA began considering plans for a hypothesized evolutionary Saturn V family concept that spans the earth orbital payload spectrum from 50,000 to over 500,000 lbs. The "B" derivative of the Saturn V was a stage and one- half version of the then current S-IC stage and would become the first stage in an effective and economical assembly of upper stages of the evolutionary Saturn family.

The booster would achieve liftoff via five regular F-1 engines; four of the five engines on the Saturn V-B would be jettisoned and could be fully recoverable, with the sustainer stage on the rocket continuing the flight into orbit. The vehicle would be capable of a LEO payload of 50,000 lb with a standard S-IC stage length of 138 ft. Increases in the length of the stage could significantly increase this capability.

See also 
 Saturn-Shuttle

References

Further reading 
 Saturn V-B refers to Boeing study

Saturn V
Summertime on Icarus. "Summertime on Icarus" is a science fiction short story by British writer Arthur C. Clarke, first published in Vogue in 1960. It was also published under the title "The Hottest Piece of Real Estate in the Solar System".

Plot summary
This story tells of engineer Colin Sherrard on an expedition as part of the International Astrophysical Decade, which is intended to get a research spaceship within seventeen million miles of the Sun, shielded by the asteroid Icarus.

Travelling in his one-man mechanical pod, he suffers an accident and loses consciousness. When he comes to, he is not sure where he is - nor are the explorers in the mother ship. His pod is damaged and his communications are unreliable. Just as he is about to fry in the heat of the sun, he finds that he cannot even commit suicide as the controls do not respond.  With seconds to go, he is spotted by a two-man capsule sent out by the expedition, and which is shielding him from the sun's heat in its shadow. He is rescued in the nick of time, but admits that, even on Earth, he will never enjoy summer again.

Sources
Clarke, Arthur C. The Best of Arthur C Clarke; 1956 - 1972. Published 1973

External links 
 

1960 short stories
Fiction about the Apollo asteroids
Short stories by Arthur C. Clarke
Works originally published in Vogue (magazine)
Astra C. The Astra C was a 1912 French single engine biplane, manufactured by Société Astra at Villacoublay. In 1913, the Astra CM Hydro-avion three-seat floatplane version was used to make the world's first scheduled passenger-carrying flights.

Design and development
The Astra C was initially designed as a single seat biplane, powered by a single 50 hp Renault engine in tractor configuration. It was constructed primarily as wooden framework sections, covered in canvas and wire-braced. The fuselage was of triangular cross section, with a wheeled main undercarriage plus nose skid and tail skid. The wings were of unequal span, and employed wing-warping for roll control.

The Astra CM was developed from the Astra C, with a more powerful engine and added accommodation for two observers, for military reconnaissance.

The Astra Hydro, (an Astra CM 'Hydro-avion' (seaplane)), was a further development in 1913, with a  Renault V-12 engine and 3 Tellier floats (2 main floats , and one small tail float). The wooden frame elements were largely replaced by steel tubes, and the wing ribs and floats were the principal remaining wooden components. at least two were built and an order for two from the Royal Navy (RN), serialled 106 and 107, was not completed.

Operational history
During the St. Malo races, 14-26 August 1912, the first CM Hydro was flown to first place by Labouret. The second CM Hydro, powered by  a horizontally mounted  Salmson M.9 water-cooled radial engine, flew at Monaco but crashed.

On 22 March 1913, using at least one Astra CM Hydro-avion, French operator Compagnie générale transaérienne started the world's first scheduled passenger-carrying flights, operating from Cannes to Nice. Two passengers could be carried. On 29 March 1913, the service was extended to Monte Carlo.

Variants
Astra C
Civil version, with 50 hp Renault engine.
Astra CM
Military version, with 75 hp Renault or 75 hp Chenu engine.
Astra Hydro
Floatplane version of the Astra CM, with 100 hp Renault engine.

Operators

Compagnie générale transaérienne

Royal Hellenic Navy
Hellenic Naval Air Service

Specifications (Astra CM)

References

Bibliography
 Thomas, Andrew. "In the Footsteps of Daedulus: Early Greek Naval Aviation". Air Enthusiast, No. 94, July–August 2001, pp. 8–9.

Further reading

External links

 Photo Astra CM, Motor 75 hk Renault, Norsk Luftfartsmuseum
 Astra seaplane with Renault V-12 engine (Canada Aviation & Space Museum/Corbis via Getty Images)
 EADS.com - bad link

1910s French sport aircraft
1910s French military reconnaissance aircraft
C
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1912
Branch trace. Branch trace is a computer program debugging tool or analysis technique. It is an abbreviated instruction trace in which only the successful branch instructions are recorded. On IBM System/360 this was implemented as part of Program-Event Recording (PER) but was seldom used at the application programming level. Program Event Recording hardware was used and due to the overhead of this tool, it was removed from customer-available MVS systems. 

Branch tracing is also available for Pentium 4, Xeon and later Intel processors. There are dedicated processor commands to enable branch tracing and save executed branches into special Intel Branch Trace Store (BTS) area of resident memory. The Branch Trace Store can be also configured to be a circular buffer, so that last executed branches are recorded. Branch tracing on Intel processors using the Branch Trace Store can cause 40x application run-time slow down. For the Intel Core M and the 5th Generation of Intel Processors, Intel PT (Processor Trace) has been introduced, which aims to provide a full control flow trace. Intel PT is said to have only a minimum impact on the program's execution (< 5%).

Use
With the availability and reference to a compiler listing of the program together with a branch trace, the full path of executed instructions can be reconstructed. With a lot more effort, the full path can even be reconstructed with a memory dump (containing the program storage) and a branch trace.

Alternatives
A more comprehensive trace of all the instructions (including instructions between branches) can be obtained by the use of an instruction set simulator (where available on some platforms). A full instruction trace can provide additional information such as address/length and value of memory alterations.

See also
 Basic block
 Instruction set simulator
 Program animation
 Trace cache

References

External links
 Introduce new branch tracer 'perf branch' by Akihiro Nagai.

Debugging
Trace theory
École nationale d'ingénieurs des techniques des industries agro-alimentaires. The École nationale d'ingénieurs des techniques des industries agro-alimentaires (ENITIAA) is a public institution of higher education and research located in Nantes.

Structure
ENITIAA is a national graduate institute created in 1974 and affiliated with the French Ministry of Agriculture. There are about 500 students, 50 teachers and 80 administrative staff and technicians.

Students may enter ENITIAA after two or three years of university-level studies. The course lasts three years. Fields of instruction are the food industry, agribusiness, biotechnology, the chemical industry, the environment, the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, business services and logistics

Three recommended courses of study are:
 Design and optimization of foodstuffs
 Food-processing engineering and production management
 Quality, safety and environmental management

The school has several research laboratories and a workshop with production tools from the agribusiness sector.

External links
 Official website 

Nantes
Educational institutions established in 1974
1974 establishments in France
Adacel. Adacel Technologies Limited is a global technology company that develops and implements air traffic management systems, air traffic control simulation and training. The company was established in 1987. Its major customers include Federal Aviation Administration, United States Air Force, United States Department of Defense, and civil air navigation service providers.

The company's Air Traffic Management (ATM) and International Simulation & Training business is located in Montreal, Quebec. US Simulation & Training, along with customer support is located in Orlando, Florida. The company also maintains an office in Melbourne, Australia.

The two main systems Adacel markets are: The Aurora Air Traffic Management System and MaxSim Air Traffic Management Simulation and Training. The Aurora Air Traffic Management System is used to manage over 21% of the world's airspace. Aurora supports oceanic, en route, approach, and tower control. It also features advanced flight and surveillance data processing, advanced conflict prediction, clearance processing and coordination capabilities, as well as electronic flight strips. MaxSim Air Traffic Control Simulation and Training can be scaled from a 360-degree display to a mobile resolution.

References

 Company Profile
 Press Releases
 Industry Capabilities: Adacel Technologies Limited
 Aurora Air Traffic Management
 MaxSim Air Traffic Control Simulation and Training
 Support Services
 Investor Information

External links
 Air-traffic tech company Adacel boosts profit guidance amid travel slump

Software companies of Australia
Manufacturing companies based in Melbourne
Companies established in 1987
Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Film temperature. In fluid thermodynamics, the film temperature () is an approximation of the temperature of a fluid inside a convection boundary layer. It is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the temperature at the surface of the solid boundary wall () and the free-stream temperature ():

The film temperature is often used as the temperature at which fluid properties are calculated when using the Prandtl number, Nusselt number, Reynolds number or Grashof number to calculate a heat transfer coefficient, because it is a reasonable first approximation to the temperature within the convection boundary layer.

Somewhat confusing terminology may be encountered in relation to boilers and heat exchangers, where the same term is used to refer to the limit (hot) temperature of a fluid in contact with a hot surface.

References 

Fluid dynamics
Heat transfer
Hansa-Brandenburg W.12. The Hansa-Brandenburg W.12 was a German biplane fighter floatplane of World War I. Ernst Heinkel's KDW was redesigned, with a rear cockpit, reshaped tailfin, and rudder.

The W.12s (under the Naval designation C3MG) served on the Western Front, based at the Naval air bases at Ostend and Zeebrugge. The aircraft had some success, and one shot down the British airship C.27.

In April 1918, a W.12 made an emergency landing in the neutral territory of the Netherlands, where it was interned and flight tested by the Dutch. In 1919 the government of the Netherlands bought a licence to build the aircraft. 35 W.12s were subsequently manufactured by the Van Berkel company of Rotterdam as the W-A, serving with the Dutch Naval Air Service until 1933.

Variants
 W.12 : German Navy model. 146 built.
 Van Berkel W-A : Dutch licence-built W.12, with Benz engine. 35 built.

Operators
 
 Kaiserliche Marine
 
 Dutch Naval Aviation Service

Specifications (W.12)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

 airwar.ru
 earlyaviator.com photo

1910s German fighter aircraft
W.12
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Leam. Leam or LEAM may refer to:

Places
 River Leam, a river in Warwickshire, England
 Leam, Derbyshire, a hamlet in Derbyshire, England
 Leam Lane Estate, a housing estate in Gateshead, England
 Royal Leamington Spa, a town in Warwickshire, England
 Leam, a townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland
 Leam West Bog, a national nature reserve in County Galway, Ireland
 Bevill's Leam, an artificial drainage cutting at Pondersbridge, England
 Morton's Leam, a large artificial drainage channel in the Fens, England

People with the given name
 Leam Richardson (born 1979), English footballer

Other uses
 Land Use Evolution and Impact Assessment Model, a computer model
 Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites, a lunar science experiment
 Almería Airport, Spain, by ICAO code
Industrial Railway Society. The Industrial Railway Society was founded in the United Kingdom in 1949 as the "Birmingham Locomotive Club – Industrial Locomotive Information Section".

It is devoted to the study of all aspects, and all gauges, of privately owned industrial railways and locomotives, both in the UK and overseas.

Examples include railways at collieries, opencast coal pits, steel works, gas works, peat bogs, Ministry of Defence depots, engineering works, docks, electric power stations; and locomotives powered by steam, diesel, petrol, battery, and electricity.

The society has published many handbooks on industrial railways and their locomotives and, for members, issues two regular magazines: The Industrial Railway Record (giving historical information) and the Bulletin (giving current information).

References

External links
 Industrial Railway Society website

Railway societies
James Warren. James Warren may refer to:

 James Warren (actor) (1913–2001), American film actor and artist
 James Warren (engineer) (1806–1908), British engineer who patented the Warren-type truss bridge in 1848
 James Warren (journalist) (born 1953), Huffington Post blogger, former Chicago Tribune managing editor
 James Warren (judoka) (born 1974), British judoka
 James Warren, member of bands Stackridge and The Korgis
 James Warren (politician) (1726–1808), Provincial Congress of Massachusetts President; general in American Revolution
 James Warren (presidential candidate), Socialist Workers Party candidate for United States President in 1988 and 1992
 James Warren (publisher) (born 1930), magazine publisher and founder of Warren Publishing
 James D. Warren, American newspaper publisher and politician from New York
 James Ronald Warren (1925–2012), Seattle historian
 James S. Warren, former director-general of the counter-terrorism branch of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service
 Jamie Warren (born 1961), country music singer-songwriter
 Jimmy Warren (1939–2006), American college and professional football cornerback

See also
 Jim Warren (disambiguation)
 Warren James (1792–1841), English miners' leader
Automated exception handling. Automated exception handling is a computing term referring to the computerized handling of errors. Runtime systems (engines) such as those for the Java programming language or .NET Framework lend themselves to an automated mode of exception or error handling. In these environments, software errors do not crash the operating system or runtime engine, but rather generate exceptions. Recent advances in these runtime engines enables specialized runtime engine add-on products to provide automated exception handling that is independent of the source code and provides root-cause information for every exception of interest.

How it works
Upon exception, the runtime engine calls an error interception tool that is attached to the runtime engine (e.g., Java virtual machine (JVM)). Based on the nature of the exception, such as its type and the class and method in which it occurred, and based on user preferences, an exception can be either handled or ignored.

If the preference is to handle the exception, then based on handling preferences such as memory search depth, the error interception utility extracts memory values from heap and stack memories. This snapshot then produces the equivalent of a debugger screen (as if there had been a debugger) at the moment of the exception.

Effects
This mechanism enables the automated handling of software errors independent of the application source code and of its developers. It is a direct artifact of the runtime engine paradigm and it enables unique advantages to the software life cycle that were unavailable before.

References

Java (programming language)