omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Highway beautification. Highway beautification is landscaping intended to enhance the attractiveness of roads, preserve scenic beauty, and control of the usage of the land near highways. This may include vegetation, irrigation, street furniture, decorative pavings, fences, and lighting. Benefits from highway beautification include reduction in driving stress, improved visual quality, and improved roadway safety, with cities citing decreases in total number of crashes after beautification projects. However, in some places, objects that may become hazards to erratic vehicles may be banned in projects, such as trees, large shrubs, boulders, dirt mounds, or concrete sections as improper landscaping can reduce visibility or increase roadway debris. Highway beautification may occur in urban, semi-urban, or rural areas.  

In the United States, highway beautification is subject the Highway Beautification Act, Section 131 of Title 23, United States Code (1965), commonly referred to as "Title I of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965, as Amended". The act placed restrictions on billboard advertising along highways and the removal or screening of junkyards.

Ongoing maintenance of adjacent landscaping usually falls to local governments. However, organizations can be registered to ensure long-term maintenance as well.  Adopt a Highway or Sponsor-a-Highway programs or campaigns are often used by municipalities to carry out many highway beautification projects by offering volunteers from organizations or individual groups to do activities such as, carrying out litter pick-ups, invasive plant spotting, reporting, or landscape maintenance.

References

Highways
Puch Maxi. The Puch Maxi is a moped that was manufactured by the Austrian manufacturing company Puch through the 1970s and 1980s that is well known for its reliability, ease of maintenance, and fuel economy (up to 120 mpg). These mopeds gained wide acceptance during the 1973 oil crisis and are still widely available for aftermarkets, and mint examples are still valued by collectors today. It is started using a pedal start mechanism where the user provides the force needed to start the 48cc two stroke engine, or can be ridden like a bicycle when the engine is disengaged. The later models feature a kick start mechanism.

Models

The Puch Maxi comes in several models:

 Maxi S: this is the full suspension model with the single speed E50 (one speed) engine/transmission.
 Maxi D or LS: same as the S, but with a longer seat for a passenger.
 Maxi Luxe: A Maxi with a stock Hi-Torque head and mudflaps.
 Maxi N: A rigid frame lacking a speedometer that was the cheapest model, and dubbed the "Poor man's maxi".
 Maxi Sport MKII: Has a full suspension, mag wheels, the ZA50 (two speed) engine/transmission, a longer seat (but not long enough for passengers like the maxi D or LS model).
 Maxi Nostalgia: was only available in 1976. It is a black/gold Maxi with decals styled after Puch's turn-of-the-century motorcycle logo. Its predecessor is the Newport.
 Newport: Same as a Maxi S, but has different decals and hand pinstriping and sometimes a brown saddle, and comes with reflective whitewalls.
 Newport L: An updated Newport with swoop decals instead of pinstriping, a black transmission and flywheel cover, and a puffy saddle.
 Newport Auto-start/Oil Inject: A newport that features metallic paint, oil injection, and lacks a clutch lever.
 Newport II: Newport that features the ZA50 (two speed) engine/transmission.
 Maxi Guam Edition: a few Maxis that showed up in the United States that claimed to be manufactured in Guam. These have Honda-style controls where the switches integrate into the lever/throttle housings and come stock with turn signals and sidecovers that enclose a battery. Guam built Maxis are claimed to be built better than the USA models.
 Maxi BMX Special: Produced as a limited run in 1976 to celebrate the success of the company's BMX bicycles, production lasted only three months due to poor public reception. It featured the single speed E50 engine/transmission.

Engine

The Puch Maxi uses a 2 stroke 48cc two stroke gasoline engine of 38mm bore 42mm stroke that comes in three horsepower ratings: 1.0, 1.5, and 2 HP that limits the speed to 20 mph (32kmh), 25 mph (40 kmh) and 30 mph (48 kmh) respectively. However, these can be modified by de-restricting the airbox, carburetor, exhaust manifold, pipe, and the use of aftermarket and performance parts.

Transmission

The engine is coupled to either a single speed E50 or a two speed ZA50 transmission. The versions of the transmissions can be identified by the shape of the gearboxes: The E50 has a round gearbox whereas the two speed has a rectangular gearbox. Both transmissions use a centrifugal clutch, the E50 has one, while the ZA50 has two. (one for each gear)

References

Mopeds
William A. Matheny. Brigadier General William Albert Matheny, (June 5, 1902 – August 8, 1973) a native of Carrington, North Dakota, entered the Army Air Corps as a flying cadet in February 1928, two years after his graduation from Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with a degree in electrical engineering.

He was awarded the William H. Cheney Award in 1929 following his graduation from pilot training and commissioning as a second lieutenant in the Air Corps. The Cheney Award is presented by the chief of staff annually for an act of valor, extreme fortitude or self-sacrifice and humanitarian interest, performed during the preceding year in connection with aircraft.

General Matheny served with distinction during World War II in the Asiatic-Pacific theater of operations, taking part in the Central Pacific campaigns. He was decorated by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Pacific Fleet commander, for his outstanding service in the Pacific theater during World War II. In early 1948 he assumed command of the U.S. Air Force Advisory Group in Greece.

General Matheny entered the Air Defense Command in June 1950, with his assignment as commanding officer of the 28th Air Division of the Western Air Defense Force at Hamilton Air Force Base, California, and subsequent reassignment to the command of the 34th Air Division, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.

Prior to his assignment as chief of staff Allied Air Forces Northern Europe with headquarters at Kolsas, Norway, General Matheny commanded the 31st Air Division, Fort Snelling, Minnesota.

He was rated as a command pilot and aircraft observer. He was a graduate of the National War College in Washington, D.C., attended by high level military officers of all branches of the service and their counterparts in government service. General Matheny's decorations included the Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, the Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, the Soldier's Medal for heroism and numerous campaign and service ribbons.

He was a member of the first group of Air Corps pilots to ever attempt to fly military aircraft (Keystone Bombers) from the United States (Langley Field) to Panama. While the flight was successful, Lieutenant Matheny's plane did crash in the jungle on the last leg of the flight to France Field, Panama; it was during this incident that he received the Cheney Award.

Matheny died on August 8, 1973.

Citations

References

 “North Atlantic Treaty Organization.” International Organization 12, no. 2 (1958): 241–45. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2704946. Accessed March 8, 2024.

United States Air Force generals
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
People from Foster County, North Dakota
1973 deaths
Recipients of the Soldier's Medal
Air Corps Tactical School alumni
Marquette University alumni
1902 births
United States Army Air Forces generals
Aerial crane. An aerial crane or flying crane is a helicopter used to lift heavy or awkward loads. As aerial cranes, helicopters carry loads connected to long cables or slings in order to place heavy equipment when other methods are not available or economically feasible, or when the job must be accomplished in remote or inaccessible areas, such as the tops of tall buildings or the top of a hill or mountain, far from the nearest road. Helicopters were first used as aerial cranes in the 1950s, but it was not until the 1960s that their popularity in construction and other industries began to catch on. The most consistent use of helicopters as aerial cranes is in the logging industry to lift large trees out of rugged terrain where vehicles are not able to reach, or where environmental concerns prohibit roadbuilding. These operations are referred to as longline because of the long, single sling line used to carry the load.

History

Bell 47 helicopters were the first, lightweight aerial cranes to be used in the early 1950s. It was never capable of carrying more than a few hundred pounds of cargo. In the 1960s, the Sikorsky S-58 replaced the Bell 47 because of its larger power margin. Even today, S-58s can be found carrying medium-size loads. The 1960s also brought the Bell 211 HueyTug, a specially produced commercial version of the UH-1C for  lifting medium loads, and even the popular Bell 206 was used for light loads. But there continued to be a demand for aircraft able to lift even larger loads

Larger helicopters became commercially available after the Vietnam War as helicopter manufacturers focused on selling commercial versions of their military aircraft. For instance, Boeing Vertol Model 107 and Model 234 aircraft have been used to carry even heavier payloads than their lighter predecessors. But the heaviest loads required a pure aerial crane. The answer came from Sikorsky's S-64 Skycrane. Originally produced for the military as the CH-54 Tarhe for heavy lifting of downed aircraft and artillery pieces, the S-64 Skycrane was nothing more than just enough airframe to attach two powerful engines, the main and tail rotors and transmissions, a cockpit, and a cargo hook and winch system.

Skycranes were used in 1972 when the Chesapeake Bay Bridge connecting Maryland and the Eastern Shore was being built to bring concrete and other supplies to the construction site. In 1993, an Erickson aerial Skycrane, normally used for hauling lumber in Oregon, was used to remove the “Statue of Freedom” from the top of the Capitol dome in Washington, D.C. The statue was placed on the ground while it was being cleaned and restored before being gently returned to the top of the dome, once again with a Skycrane.

Purpose-designed aircraft 

 Boeing Vertol XCH-62
 Kaman K-MAX
 Kamov Ka-27
 Mil Mi-10
 Sikorsky CH-37 Mojave
 Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe
 Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane

References 

 Day, Dwayne A. "Skycranes". (web essay). Centennial of Flight Commission. Accessed on 12 October 2008. 

Helicopters
Middlings purifier. A middlings purifier is a device used in the production of flour to remove the husks from the kernels of wheat.  
It was developed in Minnesota by Edmund LaCroix, a French inventor hired by Cadwallader C. Washburn and George Christian of the Washburn "A" Mill. It was developed to complement the emerging roller mill technique of the late 19th century, which used corrugated metal rollers instead of abrasive grindstones to grind wheat into flour.  The middlings purifier was used to separate the bran from the usable part of the flour.  The machine developed by LaCroix passed the partially ground middlings over a screen, and a stream of air blew away the particles of bran.

This process was used because winter wheat, sown in the fall and harvested early the next summer was not feasible to grow in Minnesota.  Spring wheat was sown in the spring and harvested in late summer.  This could be grown by Minnesota farmers, but the conventional techniques of grinding grain between millstones ended up producing a darker flour than consumers desired.  It was also difficult to mix the gluten and the starch completely.  After Washburn's company developed the roller-milling technique with the use of a middlings purifier, they tried to monopolize the method, but the Pillsbury Company and other competitors were able to duplicate the process thanks to employees who left Washburn and passed along trade secrets.

The development of the middling purifier may have been based on the invention of the purifier by Ignaz Paul, an Austrian miller and inventor (1778–1842) early in the 19th century.

Washburn later teamed up with John Crosby to form the Washburn-Crosby Company, which eventually became General Mills.

References

History of Minnesota
Flour
Food technology
Bristol Braemar. The Bristol Braemar was a British heavy bomber aircraft developed at the end of the First World War for the Royal Air Force. Only two prototypes were constructed.

Development
The prototype Braemar was developed in response to the establishment of the Independent Air Force in October 1917, as a bomber capable of the long-range bombing of Berlin if necessary. A large triplane, it had internal stowage for up to six 250 lb (110 kg) bombs.

The initial design featured an unusual engine installation with a central engine room housing all four engines. These were to be geared in pairs and power taken from the engines to the four propellers by power shafts. This design was abandoned early in development, and both the completed Braemars had a conventional engine installation, with the engines in inline tandem pairs, driving pusher and tractor propellers. However, the engine-room design was resurrected later in the Braemar's development life, for the proposed steam-powered Tramp.

A contract from the Air Board for three prototypes was awarded to Bristol & Colonial on 26 February 1918. The first prototype Braemar flew on 13 August 1918, with four  Siddeley Puma engines. The prototype showed generally good performance with a top speed of , but there were complaints from the test pilots about the view from the cockpit and the controls, and so the next aircraft produced was an improved version designated Braemar Mk.II. The Mk.II received considerably more power from its four  Liberty L-12 engines, which gave it an improved speed of .

The Braemar never entered service with the RAF, and the two prototypes were the only Braemars built. The third prototype was completed as a Pullman 14-passenger civil transport.

Variants

Type 24 Braemar I
Prototype with four  Siddeley Puma engines, one built first flown 13 March 1918.
Type 25 Braemar II
Prototype with four  Liberty L-12 engines, one built first flown 18 February 1919.
 Type 26 Pullman
14-passenger civil transport variant with Liberty L-12 engines, one built first flown in May 1920.

Specifications (Braemar Mk.II)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography
 
 

Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Braemar
1910s British bomber aircraft
Four-engined push-pull aircraft
Triplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Bristol Pullman. The Bristol Pullman was a British prototype passenger aircraft developed from the Braemar triplane heavy bomber.

Design and development
The Pullman was developed as a 14-passenger variant of the Braemar bomber. The third prototype Braemar was completed as the prototype and sole Pullman and first flew early in May 1920. It was shown at the International Aero Show at Olympia in July of that year, where its great size and interior fittings were much admired. The Pullman was one of the earliest British aircraft to have a fully enclosed crew cabin, and this feature was disliked by service pilots, who often carried fireman's axes with them to enable them to escape in an emergency.

Operational history
Ultimately the Pullman was not accepted for squadron use by the Royal Air Force, nor was it selected for use by any civil operator. The prototype was the sole example of the type constructed or configured.

Variants
Type 26 Pullman
Passenger variant of the Braemar bomber powered by four Liberty L-12 engines, one built and first flown in May 1920, sometimes known as the Pullman 14.
Type 33 Pullman 40
Proposed upscaled 40-passenger variant, it was to be powered from a central engine room, at first with four  Siddeley Tiger engines and later by two  steam turbines. A smaller testbed for the central engine room concept was built as the Tramp.

Operators

Royal Air Force

Specifications

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography
 
 
 

Pullman
1920s British airliners
Four-engined push-pull aircraft
Triplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
I7. I7, i7, or I-7 may refer to:

 Intel Core i7, a brand of Intel processors
 BMW i7, an electric luxury sedan
 Inline-seven engine or straight-seven engine
 Interstate 7, a proposed Interstate highway in California
 I7, in music tonic, the secondary supertonic chord of IV
 i7, the former web portal for Seven Network, replaced by Yahoo7
 , an Imperial Japanese Navy submarine launched in 1935 and wrecked in 1943
 Paramount Airways' IATA code
Nakajima A2N. The Nakajima A2N or Navy Type 90 Carrier Fighter was a Japanese carrier-borne fighter of the 1930s. It was a single-engined biplane of mixed construction with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage.

Design and development
The A2N was originally developed as a private venture by Nakajima for the Imperial Japanese Navy. It was based loosely on the Boeing Model 69 and Boeing Model 100, examples of both having been imported in 1928 and 1929 respectively. Takao Yoshida led the design team, and two prototypes, designated Navy Type 90 Carrier Fighter in anticipation of Navy acceptance, were ready by December 1929. Powered by Bristol Jupiter VI engines, these were rejected as not being regarded as offering a significant improvement over the Nakajima A1N.

Jingo Kurihara carried out a major redesign, and another prototype, the A2N1, powered by a  Nakajima Kotobuki 2, was completed in May 1931. The type was adopted by the Navy in April 1932.

A two-seat trainer, the A3N3-1 (Navy Type 90 Training Fighter), was later developed from the Navy Type 90 Carrier Fighter, and sixty-six of these were built between 1936-39.

The A4N was developed from this aircraft, which entered service later in the 1930s.

Operational history
In 1932, Minoru Genda formed a flight demonstration team known as "Genda's Flying Circus" to promote naval aviation and flew this type. The Navy Type 90 Carrier-based fighter flew from the ,  and . On what would become the first air battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War-Second World War for the air-combat units of these aircraft carriers, A2N fighter pilot Akio Matsuba from Kaga, flying air-cover in support of Japanese troop-landings in the Battle of Shanghai on 16 August 1937, shot-down a Chinese Air Force Douglas O-2M on an attack mission against Japanese forces in Shanghai. A2Ns were soon completely superseded by the A4Ns and A5Ms fighters.

Variants

A2N1(Navy Type 90-I Carrier Fighter) - Guns located in both sides of the nose, but few produced.
A2N2(Navy Type 90-II Carrier Fighter) - Guns transferred to the upper surface of the nose, the fuel tanks mounted on the fuselage sides.
A2N3(Navy Type 90-III Carrier Fighter) - principal production variant. 5° of dihedral on upper mainplane.
A3N3-1 (Navy Type 90 Training Fighter) two-seat trainer

Specifications (A2N1)

See also

Notes

Bibliography

External links

A02N, Nakajima
Biplanes
A02N
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Video Content Protection System. The Video Content Protection System (VCPS) is a standard for digital rights management, intended to enforce protection or DVD+R/+RW content and related media.
It was designed to protect video recordings broadcast terrestrially with the broadcast flag used for
digital high-definition programming, but its use has been expanded to 
cover programming obtained in other ways, such as via cable and satellite delivery. This standard is promoted by Philips and is included in latest Scsi MMC-6 specification.

The system makes use of three different classes of encryption key, one type stored on the media
in a  "Disc Key Block", one stored in player software, and one in any hardware device
that will be used to play (and hence decrypt) the media.

HP and Phillips Proposal 
Hewlett-Packard and Philips have "discussed how they are trying to develop a content-protection system for DVDs, designed to protect users from burning 'protected' DTV broadcasts." Existing DVD players would not be able to read DVDs which incorporate the technology.

References

External links
 Philips VCPS page, includes VCPS specification
 SCSI MultiMedia Command Set - 6 (MMC-6), includes VCPS-specific commands

Compact Disc and DVD copy protection
Digital rights management standards
High-definition television
Philips
Magnetocapacitance. Magnetocapacitance is a property of some dielectric, insulating materials, and metal–insulator–metal heterostructures that exhibit a change in the value of their capacitance when an external magnetic field is applied to them. Magnetocapacitance can be an intrinsic property of some dielectric materials, such as multiferroic compounds like BiMnO3, or can be a manifest of properties extrinsic to the dielectric but present in capacitance structures like Pd, Al2O3, and Al.

References 

Condensed matter physics
Quantum electronics
Spintronics
SOTP. SOTP may refer to:

Saturn Orbiter/Titan Probe, later officially named Cassini-Huygens
Sex Offender Treatment Program, a program used to prevent recidivism in sex offenders
"Scared of the Police", a song by the British rock band Reuben
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, a book series and later a film franchise
State of the Province address, a speech given by a provincial commander-in-chief; similar to the State of the State address for a state's commander-in-chief
Sum-of-the-parts analysis, a method of company valuation

See also

 
 STP (disambiguation)
 SOP (disambiguation)
 SP (disambiguation)