omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hewitt-Lindstrom (automobile). Hewitt-Lindstrom was a United States automobile manufacturer which produced electric stanhope style automobiles from 1900 to 1901.  The company was based in Chicago, Illinois.

See also
 Brass Era car
 List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles

1900s cars
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Illinois
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
History of Chicago
Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century
Vintage vehicles
Electric vehicle industry
Dissipator (building design). A dissipator is a device mounted among some sections of a building to reduce strains during an earthquake by slowing down the shaking of the building. During an earthquake, the sections of the building are subjected to movements which are relative to each other (for instance, the relative movement between two different floors). When the structures oscillate, the dissipator devices, some of which are similar to pistons, slow down the vibration by dissipating viscous or friction energy, thus increasing the equivalent viscous coefficient and then reducing the strains on the structure itself.

References

Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation
Earthquake engineering
William Emery Merrill. William Emery Merrill (11 October 1837 – 14 December 1891) was an American soldier and military engineer. He was born at Fort Howard, Wisconsin to Captain Moses Merrill, who was killed in the Battle of Molino del Rey. He graduated first in his class at West Point in 1859, and from September, 1860, to July, 1861, was assistant professor of engineering there.

In the Civil War, he served as assistant engineer in the Army of the Potomac during the Peninsular campaign and in the northern Virginia campaign, and from July, 1864, to September, 1865, commanded as colonel, the 1st U.S. Veteran Volunteer Engineer Regiment. During the war he received the successive brevets of captain, major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel for gallant services.

In March, 1867, he was raised to the regular rank of major and in February, 1883, to that of lieutenant colonel. From 1867 to 1870, he was chief engineer on the staff of General Sherman, then commanding the Military Division of the Missouri, and thereafter until his death he was engaged on engineering work for the government. One of the most notable engineering works of its kind in America was the Chanoine wicket movable dam constructed by him at Davis's Island, 5½ miles below Pittsburgh. In 1889, he represented the United States Engineering Corps at the International Congress of Engineers in Paris.

He published Iron Truss Bridges for Railroads (1870) and Improvement of Non-Tidal Rivers (1881).

He died of heart failure near Enfield, Illinois on a train while en route to a government project in Shawneetown, Illinois.

Notes

References

External links
Davis Island Movable Wicket Dam
Service profile
Captain William E. Merrill's Rail Road Bridges and Tunnels Document This is a lithograph broadside listing of railroad bridges and tunnels in Georgia and Tennessee compiled by Merrill for the Army of the Cumberland in 1864.

Writers from Green Bay, Wisconsin
Union army colonels
American non-fiction writers
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
1837 births
1891 deaths
Military personnel from Wisconsin
Skyboard (glider). Skyboard is a one-person glider that offers a highly manoeuvrable alternative to skydiving. It was invented by the New Zealander Bob Harris. The Skyboard is a  long capsule, in which a pilot lies face down with hands on controls that offer full flying functions. On being launched from between 10,000 ft and 35,000 ft from either a fixed-wing aircraft or a helicopter Skyboard's front and rear wings, and tail plane are electronically deployed. The pilot, using aileron and elevator control surfaces can then fly the glider before making a wheels-down or parachute-assisted landing.

See also
List of gliders

References

External links
Skyboard NZ Ltd
Movie: Skyboard first flight September 2007

Parachuting
Blériot-SPAD S.34. The Blériot-SPAD S.34 was a French twin-seat, single-engine biplane flight training aircraft designed in 1920.  The side-by-side seating arrangement was unique for its time. 150 aircraft were built, 125 for the French Air Force, who used them until 1936.

The Finnish Air Force purchased two S.34s in 1921. Due to inadequate maintenance they did not last long and were withdrawn from service by 1925.

Variants
 Bleriot-SPAD S.34-1
 First Bleriot-SPAD S.34 prototype.
 Bleriot-SPAD S.34-2
 Second Bleriot-SPAD S.34 prototype.
 Bleriot-SPAD S.34-3
 Third Bleriot-SPAD S.34 prototype.
 Bleriot-SPAD S.34
 Two-seat primary trainer biplane. 
 Bleriot-SPAD S.34 bis 
 Improved variant, powered by a 130-hp (97-kW) Clêrget 9B rotary piston engine. Three were built for the Aéronavale.

Operators
 
 Aéronautique Militaire - (119 aircraft)
 Aéronavale - (6 S.34-bis aircraft)
 Blériot flying school - (16 aircraft)
 
 (6 aircraft)
  
 Finnish Air Force - (2 aircraft)
 
 Bolivian Air Force (1 aircraft)

Specification (S.34)

References

 
 Keskinen, Kalevi; Partonen, Kyösti and Stenman, Kari: Suomen Ilmavoimat I 1918-27, 2005. .
 Keskinen, Kalevi; Stenman, Kari and Niska, Klaus: Suomen ilmavoimien lentokoneet 1918-1939, Tietoteos, 1976.

External links

 "1921 Paris Air Salon: SPAD 34" FLIGHT, November 24, 1921, page 778 for photo and page 779 for description

Blériot aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1920s French military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Rotary-engined aircraft
Mansfield Merriman. Mansfield Merriman (March 27, 1848  June 7, 1925) was an American civil engineer, born in Southington, Connecticut.

He graduated from Yale's Sheffield Scientific School in 1871, was an assistant in the United States Corps of Engineers in 187273, and was an instructor in civil engineering at Sheffield from 1875 to 1878.  He was professor of civil engineering at Lehigh University from 1878 to 1907 and, thereafter, a consulting civil and hydraulic engineer.

From 1880 to 1885, Merriman was also an assistant at the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.  His research in hydraulics, bridges, strength of materials, and pure mathematics are important. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1881.

Merriman's chief publications, many of them widely used as textbooks, are:
  
 Method of Least Squares (1884; eighth edition, 1901)
 Mechanics of Materials (1885; tenth edition, 1912)
 with Jacoby, A Text-Book on Roofs and Bridges (four volumes, 1888–98; fifth edition, 1912)
 Treatise on Hydraulics (1889; ninth edition, 1914)
 Handbook for Surveyors (1895; third edition, 1903)
 Strength of Materials (1897; sixth edition, 1913)
 Precise Sanitary Engineering (1898; third edition, 1906)
 The solution of equations (1906) 
 Elements of Hydraulics (1912)
 "American Civil Engineers' Handbook", Mansfield Merriman, Editor-In-Chief (fourth edition, 1920)
 Recreations in Mathematics (1917), under the pseudonym of H. E. Licks

In addition, he was editor-in-chief of the American Civil Engineers' Pocket Book (1911).

He published Recreations in Mathematics in 1917 under the pseudonym H. E. Licks, which included a story, "The Diaphote Hoax", a republication of a detailed newspaper report from February 10, 1880 which purported to describe the scientific demonstration of a device that transmitted images by electricity.  The report is peppered throughout with scientific jokes including mentions of "Dr. H. E. Licks" ('helix'), "Prof. M. E. Kannick" ('mechanic'), "Col. A. D. A. Biatic" ('adiabatic'), and "Prof. L. M. Niscate" ('lemniscate').

References

External links 

 Merriman, Mansfield at Lehigh University. 
 A web page (in French) about Merriman and the Diaphote Hoax, with much biographical information.
 The text of the Diaphote Hoax.

Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science alumni
American civil engineers
American non-fiction writers
People from Southington, Connecticut
Lehigh University faculty
1848 births
1925 deaths
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel
Senster. The Senster
was a work of robotic art created by Edward Ihnatowicz.
 It was commissioned by Philips to be exhibited in the Evoluon, in Eindhoven, the Netherlands and was on display from 1970 to 1974, when it was dismantled.

It was the first work of robotic sculpture to be controlled by a digital computer.
It was about 8 feet (2.5m) high "at the shoulder" and about 15 feet (4 m) long, constructed of welded steel tubing and actuated by hydraulic rams. There were four microphones and two Doppler radar sensors mounted on its "head", which were used to sense the sound and movement of the people around it.  A computer system (Philips P9201 - a clone of the more common Honeywell 416) controlled the robot and implemented a behavioural system so that the Senster was attracted to sound and low level movement, but repelled by loud sounds and violent movements.  The complicated acoustics of the hall and the completely unpredictable behaviour of the public made the Senster's movements seem a lot more sophisticated than the software would suggest.

After it was decommissioned, the steel structure was on display outside the firm that originally had built it on Colijnsplaat (the Netherlands). In 2017 the frame was purchased by the AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow. After a lengthy restoration the Senster was reactivated as part of the 100th inauguration of the Academic Year.

References

External links 
 Detailed information about the Senster and Edward Ihnatowicz's other works at www.senster.com
 Information about the Philips P9201 and P9202 rebadged Honeywell minicomputers, pages 101-108

Culture in Eindhoven
History of Eindhoven
Robotic art
1970s robots
Robots of the Netherlands
Individual robots
Burn-in oven. Burn-in ovens in electronics device fabrication, are designed for dynamic and static burn-in of integrated circuits and other electronic devices, including laser diodes. Typical sizes are from under ten to over , with air or nitrogen configurations. Operating temperatures can go over , and can use both single and multiple temperature settings.

Burn-in oven applications can be used in numerous different applications such as high-dissipation forward bias, high-temperature reverse bias, dynamic and static burn-in of microprocessors and other semiconductor devices.

Burn-in ovens are considered a type of batch oven. Other types of batch ovens are bench/laboratory, reach-in, walk in/truck in, and clean process.

One company builds systems designed for burn-in of low power laser diodes up to 1A and high power laser diodes up to 300A.

References

Industrial ovens
Semiconductor fabrication equipment
Environmental testing
Association for Retail Technology Standards. The Association for Retail Technology Standards (ARTS) is an international standards organization dedicated to reducing the costs of technology through standards. Since 1993, ARTS has been delivering application standards exclusively to the retail industry. ARTS has four standards
 The Standard Relational Data Model, UnifiedPOS, ARTS XML and the Standard RFPs. It is a division of the National Retail Federation. These standards enable the rapid implementation of technology within the retail industry by developing standards to ease integration of software applications and hardware devices.  ARTS offers testing services to verify that applications accurately incorporate these standards.

Hundreds of leading retailers and vendors worldwide contribute in shaping the ARTS Data Model. The ARTS Data Model is known as the information standard in the retail industry and provides a comprehensive design document containing all data elements and definitions required to support retail applications.

UnifiedPOS is a platform-neutral specification for connecting POS peripherals such as printers, scanners, and scales to the POS terminal, allowing retailers freedom of choice in the selection of hardware integration.

ARTS XML (formerly IXRetail) builds on the ARTS Data Model to develop standard XML schemas and message sets to ease application-to-application integration within a retail enterprise.  There are currently 11 schemas available.

Standard RFPs (Requests for Proposal) were developed to help retailers choose the right applications for their specific business requirements. There are currently seven standardized template RFPs available for download.

Membership is open to all members of the international technology community, retailers from all industry segments, application developers and hardware companies. Membership requires a small fee, which is waived to those already members of the National Retail Federation, and an agreement to adhere to policies and standards regarding the licensing of any ARTS property.

Notes

External links 
 Association for Retail Technology Standards
 National Retail Federation
 UnifiedPOS

Retail point of sale systems
Retailing organizations
Henry Sylvester Jacoby. Henry Sylvester Jacoby (born 1857, died 1955) was an American educator, born at Springtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, He was graduated from Lehigh University in 1877 and during the season of 1878 was connected with the topographical corps of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey.  During 1879–85, he was chief draftsman in the United States Engineer's Office in Memphis, Tenn.  In 1886, he returned to Lehigh, where until 1890 he was instructor of civil engineering;  he then accepted a call to Cornell University, where in 1897 he became professor of bridge engineering.  Professor Jacoby was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and in 1901 presided over the Section on Engineering, with the rank of vice-president, and was president of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education in 1915–16.  Besides numerous papers on his specialty of bridge engineering, he was the author of:  
 Notes and Problems in Descriptive Geometry (1892)
 Outlines of Descriptive Geometry (Part I, 1895; 2, 1896; 3, 1897)
 Text-Book in Plain Lettering (1897) with Mansfield Merriman
 Text Book on Roofs and Bridges (1890-8) with R. P. Davis
 Foundations of Bridges and Buildings (1914) with Roland Parker Davis
 Structural Details, or Elements of Design in Timber Framing (1919)

References

1857 births
1955 deaths
Lehigh University alumni
American civil engineers
American instructional writers
American textbook writers
American male non-fiction writers
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Cornell University faculty
People from Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Nieuport 21. The Nieuport 21 (or Nieuport XXI C.1 in contemporary sources) was a French single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft used during World War I. The aircraft was used by the French, Russian, British and American air forces. After the war, the Nieuport 21 was a popular civil aircraft.

Design and development

The Nieuport 21 was designed by Gustave Delage and it made its maiden flight in 1916. While it had a similar airframe to the Nieuport 17, it was equipped with a less powerful Le Rhône 9C engine as it was originally intended as a long range escort fighter. As the  engine was fitted with a horseshoe shaped cowling, the Nieuport 21 was often mistaken for the slightly smaller Nieuport 11, which used the same cowling.

Operational history

The Nieuport 21 served alongside the more powerful Nieuport 17, where its lower weight helped boost its already impressive climb rate. Although initially intended as a bomber escort, this role was abandoned when the bombers were withdrawn from daylight operations. Large numbers were also built for training duties. Nieuport 21s were sold to Russia, and to the United States for use as trainers. The Nieuport 21 was license manufactured in Russia by Dux Factory. Examples were also used in limited numbers by the Royal Naval Air Service. 
A small number were used by a number of air arms in the early post war period, including the Finnish Air Force (the Whites) which had captured a Russian aircraft in Tampere in 1918 and which was used until 1923. The French Navy used one example for carrier trials in 1919 and 1920. Due to its similarity to the Nieuport 11, many operated by air forces post-war have been misidentified in the past as Nieuport 11s, few of which survived that long.

Operators

Argentine Navy

Brazilian Air Force

Estonian Air Force - Postwar

Armee de l'Air
French Navy

Finnish Air Force
 Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
Red Guards (ex-Russian examples)

Luchtvaartafdeling - operated 5 Nieuport 21s as 80 HP Nieuports.

Portuguese Air Force

Romanian Air Corps

Imperial Russian Air Service

Soviet Air Forces operated ex-Imperial Russian Air Service.

Royal Thai Air Force

Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet

Royal Naval Air Service
 Five aircraft only.

United States Army Air Service

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1910s French fighter aircraft
 021
Sesquiplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
1910s French military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
K. Mani Chandy. Kanianthra Mani Chandy (born 25 October 1944) is the Simon Ramo Professor of Computer Science at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He has been the Executive Officer of the Computer Science Department twice, and he has been a professor at Caltech since 1989. He also served as Chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at the California Institute of Technology.

Early life and education
Chandy received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Electrical Engineering with a thesis in operations research. He also earned a Master's from the New York University, and a Bachelor's from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.

Career
He has worked for Honeywell and IBM. From 1970 to 1989, he was in the Computer Science Department of the University of Texas at Austin, serving as chair in 1978–79 and 1983–85. He has served as a consultant to a number of companies including IBM and Bell Labs. He also served on the Engineering and Computer Science jury for the Infosys Prize in 2019.

Research
In 1984, along with J Misra, Chandy proposed a new solution to the dining-philosophers problem.

Chandy does research in distributed computing. He has published three books and over a hundred papers on distributed computing, verification of concurrent programs, parallel programming languages and performance models of computing and communication systems, including the eponymous BCMP networks. He described the Chandy–Lamport algorithm together with Leslie Lamport.

Recognition
He received the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Award for Computers and Communication in 1987, the A.A. Michelson Award from the Computer Measurement Group in 1985, and the IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award in 1993.

Chandy was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1995 for contributions to computer performance modeling, parallel discrete-event simulation, and systematic development of concurrent programs.

He was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2019 "for contributions to queueing networks, performance analysis, distributed and parallel programming, and distributed simulation".

References

External links
 Homepage and Bio at Caltech
 Another Bio and discussion of his work

Indian emigrants to the United States
MIT School of Engineering alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
American people of Malayali descent
American computer scientists
20th-century Indian mathematicians
California Institute of Technology faculty
IBM employees
2019 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Living people
IIT Madras alumni
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Scientists from Kottayam
1944 births
American people of Indian descent
OPOS. OPOS, full name OLE for Retail POS, a platform specific implementation of UnifiedPOS, is a point of sale device standard for Microsoft Windows operating systems that was initiated by Microsoft, NCR, Epson, and  Fujitsu-ICL and is managed by the Association for Retail Technology Standards. The OPOS API was first published in January 1996. The standard uses component object model and, because of that, all languages that support COM controls (i.e. Visual C++, Visual Basic, and C#) can be used to write applications.

The OPOS standard specifies two levels for an OPOS control, the control object which presents an abstract hardware interface to a family of devices such as receipt printer and the service object which handles the interface between the control object and the actual physical device such as a specific model of receipt printer. This division of functionality provides a way for the application development to write to an abstract hardware interface while allowing the application to work with a variety of different hardware. The only requirement is that a hardware vendor supplies an OPOS compatible service object with their particular hardware offering.

Typically a manufacturer of point of sale terminals will provide along with a terminal operating system an OPOS control object package with a software utility that is used to configure OPOS settings. Such a utility will specify the settings for an OPOS control object and indicate the service object to be used with a particular OPOS profile. When the point of sale application starts up, it loads the OPOS control object and the OPOS control object in turn loads the service object specified by the current OPOS profile. The Windows Registry is typically used as the persistent store for device settings. The hardware device manufacturer will normally provide a utility for device specific settings used by the service object.

Operating systems
OPOS can be deployed on the following operating systems:
Microsoft Windows 95
Microsoft Windows 98
Microsoft Windows ME
Microsoft Windows NT
Microsoft Windows 2000
Microsoft Windows XP
Microsoft Windows Vista
Microsoft Windows CE
Microsoft Windows 7
Microsoft Windows 8
Microsoft Windows 10

See also
Windows Embedded

References

Microsoft application programming interfaces
Retail point of sale systems
Standards
Restrictions on the import of cryptography. A number of countries have attempted to restrict the import of cryptography tools.

Rationale
Countries may wish to restrict import of cryptography technologies for a number of reasons:
 Imported cryptography may have backdoors or security holes (e.g. the FREAK vulnerability), intentional or not, which allows the country or group who created the backdoor technology, for example the National Security Agency (NSA), to spy on persons using the imported cryptography; therefore the use of cryptography is restricted to that which the government thinks is safe, or which it develops itself.
 Citizens can anonymously communicate with each other, preventing any external party from monitoring them.
 Encrypted transactions may impede external entities to control the conducting of business.
 Cryptography may sometimes increase levels of privacy within the country beyond what the government wishes.

Status by country
The Electronic Privacy Information Center and Global Internet Liberty Campaign reports use a color code to indicate the level of restriction, with the following meanings:
 Green: No restriction
 Yellow: License required for importation
 Red: Total ban

See also

 Export of cryptography

External links
 Cryptography and Liberty 1998, GILC Report
 Crypto-Law survey 2013

Export and import control of cryptography