omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EconMult. EconMult is a general fleet model to be used in fisheries modelling. EconMult has been developed since 1991 as a part of the Multispecies management programme by the Norwegian Research Council at the Norwegian College of Fishery Science (University of Tromsø, Norway).

Model resolution and key variables
EconMult is a discrete time simulation model where the fleet activity is controlled by two variables: Number of vessels (v) (within each fleet segment) and Number of fishing days d) (within each time interval). The biomass units (x) are exogenous variables. The model resolution is determined by four structural variables: Number of fleet groups j), Number of targeted species n), Number of biomass units i) (which may be more than one within each targeted species) and Period length (time step in the simulation). The number of vessels and fishing days therefore are presented in fleet (columns)-targeted species (rows) matrices, while the biomass units is presented in a column vector (X):

Catch production
A fishery is in EconMult defined as a unique fleet/targeted species combination. The total catch within each fishery may include all biomass units defined in the model. Each biomass unit vessel catch is computed by Cobb–Douglas production function, applying two input variables: number of fishing days d) and biomass unit x). In the matrix below each column represents a fleet group and each row a targeted species so each element in the matrix is a fishery and gives the vessel catch of the biomass units represented. The biomass units represent all the targeted species. Each catch is represented a Cobb–Douglas production equation as shown in the vessel yield matrix (Y):

The corresponding fleet catches are

α β and q are parameters, the first two known as output elasticities of effort and biomass respectively, q is often referred to as the catchability coefficient. All the three parameters have the same dimension as the matrix above, e.g. the catchability coefficient:

See also
EconSimp

References

Downloads
Mathematica packages related to EconMult:
Download EconMult.m and PopulationGrowth.m

External links
Manual
Project Home Page (not updated)

Fisheries science
Conceptual models
Natural resource management
Open Services Access. The Open Service Access or OSA is part of the third generation mobile telecommunications network or UMTS. OSA describes how services are designed in a UMTS network.

The standards for OSA are being developed as part of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The standards for OSA are published by ETSI and 3GPP.

The API for OSA is called Parlay, (or Parlay/OSA or OSA/Parlay) as the APIs are developed jointly in collaboration by 3GPP, ETSI, and the Parlay Group. These APIs can be freely downloaded from the web. Sometimes OSA would be misspelled as Open Services Architecture or even confused with Open systems architecture.

See also
 Parlay Group
 CAMEL
 IP Multimedia Subsystem
 Multitier architecture
 Service layer

External links
 Download APIs
 The joint 3GPP/ETSI/Parlay work group

UMTS
Catch That Rabbit. "Catch that Rabbit" is a science fiction short story by American writer  Isaac Asimov. It was first published in the February 1944 issue of Astounding Science Fiction and reprinted in the collections I, Robot (1950) and The Complete Robot (1982).

Plot summary
The recurring team of Powell and Donovan are testing a new model of robot on an asteroid mining station. This DV-5 (Dave)  has six subsidiary robots, described as "fingers", which it controls via positronic fields, a means of transmission not yet fully understood by roboticists. When the humans are not in contact, the robot stops producing ore. It cannot recall the time periods when it stops mining, and states that it finds this just as puzzling as the humans do.

Powell and Donovan secretly observe the robot without its knowledge. It starts performing strange marches and dances with its subsidiaries whenever something unexpected happens—an early example of a Heisenbug (software problem). To learn more, the humans try to create an emergency situation around the robot in order to observe the precise moment of malfunction, but accidentally trap themselves in a cave-in. They eventually figure that the main robot has too many subsidiaries. The "fingers" function independently until there is a serious need of decisiveness, when the main brain has to assume 6-way-control of all "fingers", which requires an excess of initiative and causes overload. When the humans were watching, their presence reduced the initiative placed on the robot's mind, and it would not break down. To get themselves rescued, the humans shoot and destroy one of the subsidiaries. The main robotic brain can cope with five-way control, hence the robots stop dancing and the First Law takes over.

Powell anthropomorphises the error as the robot twiddling its "fingers" whenever it becomes overwhelmed by its job. This is another example of Asimov's writing of robopsychology—personified by Susan Calvin—as running parallel to human psychology. At this point in I, Robot, the reader has already seen hysteria and religious mania.

External links
 

Robot series short stories by Isaac Asimov
1944 short stories
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Fiction about asteroid mining
Liar! (short story). "Liar!" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It first appeared in the May 1941 issue of Astounding Science Fiction and was reprinted in the collections I, Robot (1950) and The Complete Robot (1982). It was Asimov's third published positronic robot story. Although the word "robot" was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), Asimov's story "Liar!" contains the first recorded use of the word "robotics" according to the Oxford English Dictionary. The events of this short story are also mentioned in the novel The Robots of Dawn written by the same author.

Plot summary
Through a fault in manufacturing, a robot, RB-34 (also known as Herbie), is created that possesses telepathic abilities. While the roboticists at U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men investigate how this occurred, the robot tells them what other people are thinking. But the First Law still applies to this robot, and so it deliberately lies when necessary to avoid hurting their feelings and to make people happy, especially in terms of romance.

However, by lying, it is hurting them anyway. When it is confronted with this fact by Susan Calvin (to whom it falsely claimed her coworker was infatuated with her – a particularly painful lie), the robot experiences an insoluble logical conflict and becomes catatonic.

Adaptations

 In 1958, "Liar" was adapted into an episode of the radio show Exploring Tomorrow. 
 El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán
 In 1969, "Liar" was adapted into an episode of the British television series Out of the Unknown, although only a few short clips of this episode are known to exist. 
 The story was adapted in 1987 as part of episode 12 of the Soviet anthology series This Fantastic World ("Этот фантастический мир"). It featured Boris Plotnikov as RB-34 and Natalya Nazarova as Susan Calvin.
 The story was broadcast as episode four of a five-part 15 Minute Drama radio adaptation of Asimov's I, Robot on BBC Radio 4 in February 2017.

See also
Liar paradox
Does not compute
HAL 9000, who confronted a similar paradox when told to keep a secret, while being "hardwired" to return information truthfully and without concealment.

References

External links
 
 "Liar!" on the Internet Archive
 

Robot series short stories by Isaac Asimov
1941 short stories
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Escape!. "Escape!" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov.  It was first published as "Paradoxical Escape" (a publisher's change in the title) in the August 1945 issue of Astounding Science Fiction and reprinted as "Escape!" (Asimov's choice of title) in the collections I, Robot (1950) and The Complete Robot (1982).

Plot summary
Many research organizations are working to develop the hyperspatial drive. The company U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men, Inc., is approached by its biggest competitor that has plans for a working hyperspace engine that allows humans to survive the jump (a theme which would be further developed in future Asimov stories). But the staff of U.S. Robots is wary, because, in performing the calculations, their rival's (non-positronic) supercomputer has destroyed itself.

U.S. Robots finds a way to feed the information to its own positronic computer known as The Brain (which is not a robot in the strictest sense of the word, since it does not move, although it does obey the Three Laws of Robotics), without the same thing happening.

The Brain then directs the building of a hyperspace ship. Powell and Donovan board the spaceship, which takes off without them being initially aware of it. They find that The Brain has become a practical joker: the ship lacks manual controls, amenities such as showers and beds, and food aside from canned beans and milk.

Shortly after their journey begins, and after many strange visions by the crew, the ship safely returns to Base after two hyperspace jumps. By then, Dr. Susan Calvin has discovered what happened: any hyperspace jump causes the crew of the ship to cease existing for a brief moment, effectively dying, which is a violation of the First Law of Robotics (albeit a temporary one); the only reason the artificial intelligence of The Brain survived is because Susan reduced the importance of the potential deaths, and descending into irrational, childish behavior (as a means of coping) allows it to find a means for ensuring the survival of the crew.

References

External links
 
 "Paradoxical Escape" at the Internet Archive

Robot series short stories by Isaac Asimov
1945 short stories
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
The Rest of the Robots. The Rest of the Robots is a collection of eight short stories and two full-length novels by American writer Isaac Asimov, published in 1964. The stories, centred on positronic robots, are all part of the Robot series, most of which take place in the Foundation universe. Another collection of short stories about robots, I, Robot, was re-published in the previous year, which is why Asimov chose to title the collection as The Rest of the Robots. None of the short stories in this collection were in I, Robot, however all of them were later included in The Complete Robot, and both novels about Elijah Baley were also published separately.

The texts in the collection were grouped into four chapters, differentiating their central themes. The first chapter, "The Coming of the Robots", included some of Asimov's earliest robot stories, where the Three Laws of Robotics were not yet explicitly defined.

The following chapter, "The Laws of Robotics", included stories that were written after the explicit formulation of the three laws, however both stories include elements that place them outside the Foundation universe. In the story "First Law", aliens and direct disobedience of the First Law of Robotics are described, while in the other story, "Let's Get Together", robots are used as weapons in the Cold War. The story "Victory Unintentional" in the first chapter also falls outside the Foundation canon, due to the mention of aliens.

The third chapter, "Susan Calvin" includes stories where robopsychologist Dr. Susan Calvin makes an appearance. These four stories are representative of Asimov's robot short stories, following his traditional themes of aversion and distrust of robots by the general public and issues arising from the robots' interpretation of the Three Laws. The final chapter, titled "Lije Baley", consists of the two novels with detective Elijah Baley, whom Asimov affectionately calls Lije.

While the original hardcover edition of this book included the two novels, some paperback editions have included only the eight short stories. Some of these shorter paperback editions, but not all, have been called Eight Stories from the Rest of the Robots.

Contents 
 The Coming of the Robots:
 "Robot AL-76 Goes Astray"  (1942)
 "Victory Unintentional" (1942), Jovians series #2
 The Laws of Robotics:
 "First Law" (1956)
 "Let's Get Together" (1957)
 Susan Calvin:
 "Satisfaction Guaranteed" (1951)
 "Risk" (1955), novelette
 "Lenny" (1958)
 "Galley Slave" (1957), novelette
 Lije Baley:
 The Caves of Steel (1953), novel
 The Naked Sun (1956), novel

Reception
Algis Budrys of Galaxy Science Fiction in June 1965 praised the collection as "a fine book of entertainment," but faulted Asimov's extensive annotations, saying they "[suck] the juice out of some very vivacious writing indeed, and [embalm] one of science fiction's most ebullient personalities." In February 1966 he named the book "the single most useful publishing idea of the year".

References

External links
 
 

Foundation universe books
1964 short story collections
Science fiction short story collections by Isaac Asimov
Doubleday (publisher) books
Robots in literature
OPS5. OPS5 is a rule-based or production system computer language, notable as the first such language to be used in a successful expert system, the R1/XCON system used to configure VAX computers.

The OPS (said to be short for "Official Production System") family was developed in the late 1970s by Charles Forgy while at Carnegie Mellon University. Allen Newell's research group in artificial intelligence had been working on production systems for some time, but Forgy's implementation, based on his Rete algorithm, was especially efficient, sufficiently so that it was possible to scale up to larger problems involving hundreds or thousands of rules.

OPS5 uses a forward chaining inference engine; programs execute by scanning "working memory elements" (which are vaguely object-like, with classes and attributes) looking for matches with the rules in "production memory". Rules have actions that may modify or remove the matched element, create new ones, perform side effects such as output, and so forth. Execution continues until no more matches can be found.

In this sense, OPS5 is an execution engine for a Petri net extended with inhibitor arcs.

The OPS5 forward chaining process makes it extremely parallelizeable during the matching phase, and several automatic parallelizing compilers were created.

OPS4 was an early version, while OPS83 came later.

The first implementation of OPS5 was written in Lisp, and later rewritten in BLISS for speed.

DEC OPS5 is an extended implementation of the OPS5 language definition, developed for use with the OpenVMS, RISC ULTRIX, and DEC OSF/1 operating systems.

References 

 Charles Forgy, OPS5 User's Manual, Technical Report CMU-CS-81-135 (Carnegie Mellon University, 1981)
 Lee Brownston, Robert Farrell, Elaine Kant, Nancy Martin, Programming Expert Systems in OPS5 (Addison-Wesley, 1985) 
 Anoop Gupta, Miland Tambe, Dirk Kalp, Charles Forgy, and Allen Newell, Parallel Implementation of OPS5 on the Encore Multiprocessor: Results and Analysis
 Rob Lewis, OPS5 Revisited (Amazon 2016)

External links 

 OPS5 overview
 OPS5 Reference manual
 RuleWorks  - Open-sourced language based on OPS5, with added modularity constructs.
 OPS5: RETE-based expert system shell - CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository
 source code - OPS5 source code on GitHub
 Free OPS5 implementation in .Net Core

Functional languages
Common Lisp (programming language) software
Fluid parcel. In fluid dynamics, a fluid parcel, also known as a fluid element or material element, is an infinitesimal volume of fluid, identifiable throughout its dynamic history while moving with the fluid flow. As it moves, the mass of a fluid parcel remains constant, while—in a compressible flow—its volume may change, and its shape changes due to distortion by the flow. In an incompressible flow, the volume of the fluid parcel is also a constant (isochoric flow).

Material surfaces and material lines are the corresponding notions for surfaces and lines, respectively.

The mathematical concept of a fluid parcel is closely related to the description of fluid motion—its kinematics and dynamics—in a Lagrangian frame of reference. In this reference frame, fluid parcels are labelled and followed through space and time. But also in the Eulerian frame of reference the notion of fluid parcels can be advantageous, for instance in defining the material derivative, streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines; or for determining the Stokes drift.

The fluid parcels, as used in continuum mechanics, are to be distinguished from microscopic particles (molecules and atoms) in physics. Fluid parcels describe the average velocity and other properties of fluid particles, averaged over a length scale which is large compared to the mean free path, but small compared to the typical length scales of the specific flow under consideration. This requires the Knudsen number to be small, as is also a pre-requisite for the continuum hypothesis to be a valid one. Further note, that unlike the mathematical concept of a fluid parcel which can be uniquely identified—as well as exclusively distinguished from its direct neighbouring parcels—in a real fluid such a parcel would not always consist of the same particles. Molecular diffusion will slowly evolve the parcel properties.

References

Bibliography 
 
 
 
 
 

Fluid dynamics
Continuum mechanics
IRIS GL. IRIS GL (Integrated Raster Imaging System Graphics Library) is a proprietary graphics API created by Silicon Graphics (SGI) in the early 1980s for producing 2D and 3D computer graphics on their IRIX-based IRIS graphical workstations. Later SGI removed their proprietary code, reworked various system calls, and released IRIS GL as the industry standard OpenGL.

See also
 Silicon Graphics Image for file extension .iris
 SGI IRIS
 IrisVision - first port to PCs

References

External links 
 Official OpenGL website
 SGI's OpenGL website

3D graphics software
Application programming interfaces
Graphics libraries
Graphics standards
SGI graphics
Video game development software
F7. F7, F.VII, F07, F 7 or F-7 may refer to:

Aircraft
 Ambrosini F.7 Rondone II, an Italian light touring monoplane that first flew in 1954
 Caproni Vizzola F.7, an Italian fighter design of the 1940s
 Chengdu J-7, also called "F-7"
 F-7 Liberator, a U.S. reconnaissance version of the B-24 bomber
 F-7 Sea Dart, American experimental hydro-ski seaplane fighter
 F-7 Skybolt/Airguard, the export version of the Chinese Chengdu J-7 fighter
 Fokker F.VII, a 1924 Dutch airliner
 F7U Cutlass, a fighter plane used by the US Navy
 Grumman F7F Tigercat, a heavy fighter used by the US Navy
 F-7, a hypothetical light fighter variant of the U.S. Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk jet trainer

Locomotives
 EMD F7, a diesel locomotive
 LNER Class F7, a class of twelve steam locomotives transferred from the GER
 Milwaukee Road class F7, a steam locomotive

Ships
 F 7, a Kriegsmarine F-class escort ship of the late 1930s
 HMAS Yarra (F07), a 1958 Royal Australian Navy River class destroyer escort
 HMS Afridi (F07), a 1937 British Royal Navy Tribal-class destroyer
 HMS Vidette (F07), 1918 British Royal Navy V class destroyer

Automobiles
 BMW 5 Series GT (F07) a 2009—2017 5-door fastback produced by BMW.

Other
 F 7 Såtenäs, a Swedish Air Force wing
 F7 (video game character), a Street Fighter character
 IHI Corporation F7, a small Japanese turbofan
 Flybaboo, IATA airline designator
 A standard white point for narrow band daylight fluorescent lamps
 F7, a note of high altitude in the seventh octave and the whistle register
 Factor VII, a coagulation factor
 F7 (classification), a wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level S1-S2
 A function key on a computer keyboard
 F-7, Islamabad, a residential sector in Islamabad, Pakistan
 Double Bay ferry services, numbered F7, a ferry route in Sydney, Australia
 F7: an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system.
Furious 7, colloquially known as F7, 2015 film

See also
 7F (disambiguation)
1645 in science. The year 1645 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 The Solar cycle enters the 70-year Maunder Minimum.
 First published map of the Moon produced by Michael van Langren.
 A version of the law of gravitation is suggested by Ismaël Bullialdus in his .

Medicine
 October 18 – English physician Daniel Whistler presents the first printed pediatric text on rickets, , as his MD thesis at Leiden University.

Technology
 A magic lantern is invented by Althanasius Kircher; like a slide projector, it could project enlarged drawings onto a wall.

Publications
 Publication of Robert Dudley's Dell'Arcano del Mare begins in Italian at Florence. A comprehensive work on navigation, shipbuilding and astronomy, it includes an original maritime atlas of the entire world, which is the first such in print, the first made by an Englishman, and the first to use the Mercator projection.

Births
 September 21 – Louis Jolliet, French Canadian explorer (died 1700)
 November 17 – Nicolas Lemery, French chemist (died 1715)

Deaths
 approx. date – Jean de Chastelet, French mining engineer (born c. 1578)

References

 
17th century in science
1640s in science
HMAS Lithgow (J206). HMAS Lithgow (J206/M206), named for the city of Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of  The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a  top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype  did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including Lithgow) ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.

Lithgow was laid down by Morts Dock & Engineering Co at Mort's Dock in Balmain, New South Wales on 19 August 1940. She was  launched on 21 December 1940, and commissioned into the RAN on 14 June 1941.

Operational history
Lithgow, in company with , , and , sank the enemy Japanese submarine I-124 off Darwin, the first enemy submarine sunk in Australian waters, on 20 January 1942.

In May 1943, Lithgow was one of several ships to search for survivors following the torpedoing of AHS Centaur, with no success.

The corvette received three battle honours for her wartime service: "Darwin 1942", "Pacific 1941–45", and "New Guinea 1942–44".

Fate
Lithgow paid off to reserve on 8 June 1948 and was sold for scrap to the Hong Kong Delta Shipping Company on 8 August 1956.

Citations

References
Books

Journal and news articles

External links

Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in New South Wales
1940 ships
World War II corvettes of Australia