omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Louis S. Cates. Louis S. Cates (20 December 1881– 29 October 1959) was an American mining engineer and businessman. He was  president  of Phelps Dodge from 1930 to 1947.

Biography
Louis Shattuck Cates was born in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1902, he received a mining engineering degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology .

At the beginning of the twentieth century, he began his career as superintendent of the Boston Consolidated operation in Utah, where he made a successful copper mine for Samuel Newhouse and his Boston backers.  In 1910, Boston Con was acquired by the adjacent Utah Copper Company, the gigantic open pit operation at Bingham, Utah.  Utah Copper Company's General Manager Daniel C. Jackling (1869–1956), was impressed with Cates and, after a short stint at Bingham Canyon, transferred Cates to manage the Ray Consolidated copper mining operation at Ray, Arizona.  Cates introduced the profitable block-caving method at Ray, one of the new porphryr copper mines being opened at a grand scale at the time.  His success during the 1910s–20s within the Jackling operations, reorganized under the 1915 formed Kennecott Corporation, proved his worth.  Known for his gruff style and limited personal skills, he was a dogged manager whose single-focus made his many operations successful.

He led the Phelps Dodge Company from 1930 to 1947.  During that time the company acquired the Nichols Copper Company, the Calumet and Arizona Mining Company, and the United Verde Copper Company. Under Cates' leadership Phelps-Dodge became an integrated copper industry operation. During his tenure the capital stock of Phelps-Dodge more than quadrupled in value, despite the Great Depression.
He expanded Phelps Dodge mining operations at Bisbee, Jerome, Ajo, and especially the opening of the world-class Clay copper ore body at Morenci, Arizona, still one of the world's largest copper producers.  He also re-invented Phelps Dodge as a vertical – integrated – copper producer, from mine pit to finished product.

Cates resigned as president of Phelps Dodge in 1947. He remained chairman of the board until his death in 1959.
Phelps Dodge would remain a copper leader until acquired by Freeport-McMoRan. At the time of its acquisition in 2007, Phelps Dodge Corporation had large copper mining operations in Bagdad, Morenci, Sahuarita, Safford and Miami, Arizona as well as holdings in New Mexico.

Honors
 William Lawrence Saunders Gold Medal – 1939
 President of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers –  1946

References

Other sources
 Cleland, Robert Glass (2012) A History of Phelps Dodge, 1834–1950  (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.) 
 Schwantes, Carlos A. (2000) Vision and Enterprise: Exploring the History of the Phelps Dodge Corporation (Tucson: University of Arizona Press) 

1881 births
1959 deaths
Businesspeople from Boston
MIT School of Engineering alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
American mining businesspeople
American mining engineers
Arizona pioneers
Fellows of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers
Aegek SA. AEGEK S.A. (http://www.aegek.gr), through its subsidiaries, engages in the development and construction of infrastructure projects in Greece.

It constructs projects covering various technical fields, such as dams, tunnels, hydroelectric and thermal power stations, large underground structures, irrigation works, building works, and works for the management of water resources. The company is also involved in the undertaking and construction of transportation works, including railway works and motorways; and electromechanical and public road projects. Furthermore, the company built a major part in Athens metro and currently builds the metro of Thessaloniki.
Apart from domestic civil works, AEGEK made several contracts in other countries for civil and private constructions.
AEGEK also got involved in self-financing projects such as Astakos Terminal (the first privatised port in Greece) and owns land throughout Greece worth several million Euros. 
 
Following the Greek post-Olympic games crisis in which all major construction companies suffered losses, AEGEK is currently selling many of its properties in order to reduce the company's debt.

Companies that are associated or merged with AEGEK Group: Efklidis SA, Astakos Terminal SA, Meton SA, Edafostatiki SA, Polispark SA, AEGEF, AEGEK GRP ROM and others.

AEGEK was founded in 1949 and is headquartered in Amarousion, Greece.
The company's shares are listed in the Athens Stock Exchange.

Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1949
Construction and civil engineering companies of Greece
Companies based in Athens
Greek companies established in 1949
Avia BH-2. 
The Avia BH-2 was a single-seat sports plane built in Czechoslovakia in 1921. Originally intended to be powered by an Indian motorcycle engine, this was found to be unsuitable and a Bristol Cherub was fitted instead. It is uncertain today whether the aircraft ever actually flew in either configuration.

Specifications

References

 
 
 Němeček, V. (1968). Československá letadla. Praha: Naše Vojsko.

1920s Czechoslovak sport aircraft
BH-02
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Avia BH-3. 

The Avia BH-3 was a fighter plane built in Czechoslovakia in 1921. Conceptually a descendant of the BH-1 sports plane, it was a braced, low-wing monoplane of conventional configuration and tailskid undercarriage. Following favourable trials in June 1921, ten examples were ordered by the Czechoslovakian Air Force. These were delivered in 1923 under the military designation B.3. The type proved temperamental in service and was soon relegated to training duties, where it served until 1927.

Units using this aircraft
 1st Airborne Regiment, Czechoslovakian Air Force

Specifications

See also

References

 
 
 
 
 airwar.ru

Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s Czechoslovak fighter aircraft
BH-03
Avia BH-4. 
The Avia BH-4 was a prototype fighter aircraft built in Czechoslovakia in 1922. It was a development of the BH-3 fitted with a Hispano-Suiza 8 engine in an attempt to improve the aircraft's performance. To accommodate the new powerplant, the forward fuselage was considerably redesigned, and the structure in general and undercarriage in particular were strengthened. Performance was found to be only marginally better than the BH-3, and development was quickly abandoned.

Specifications

See also

References

 
 
 Němeček, V. (1968). Československá letadla. Praha: Naše Vojsko.
 airwar.ru

1920s Czechoslovak fighter aircraft
BH-04
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Kinesoft. Kinesoft Development Corporation was an American video game development company founded by Peter Sills in 1991. The firm, based in Illinois, had about 22 employees as of 1997. Mark Achler joined the  company in 1994 to serve as president.  Along with Director of Technology, Andrew Glaister, Sills developed the concept which became known as Exodus, a video-game development environment for Windows 95.  Andrew Glaister took this concept and developed it.

Exodus caught the attention of IBM, Intel, Sega, and Microsoft.  Microsoft then used the basic concepts and their relationship with Kinesoft to develop a new set of technologies called DirectX which now forms the basis of all gaming under Windows. Subsequently, Kinesoft's port of Pitfall: The Mayan Adventure was the first commercial game release for Windows 95 and was touted by Bill Gates at that year's COMDEX tradeshow as the launch of the new DirectX technologies for Windows 95, but the game itself does not use DirectX technology. Other Exodus platform games included Windows ports of Earthworm Jim and Gex.

Lawsuit against SoftBank and dissolvement 

On 25 May 1995 Kinesoft and SoftBank entered into the "Game Porting Agreement". Under the terms of that agreement, SoftBank was to provide Kinesoft with a certain number of console games to be "ported" to a PC platform; the "porting" involves translating pre-existing video games from the console platform to the personal computer platform. The games were to be published by GAMEBANK Corporation, a joint venture company established by SoftBank and Microsoft to bring console titles to Windows 95 for the Japanese marketplace by using its unique talents and tool-sets to convert existing Sega Genesis titles. In the US, some of these ports were published by Interplay. These ports were later expanded to include Nintendo and some early Sony PlayStation titles as well.

Following this, Kinesoft had sued SoftBank for breach of the Game Porting Agreement, and SoftBank admitted that it had not provided Kinesoft with the agreed upon number of games. This led to a settlement agreement in 1997 where Kinesoft released all claims against SoftBank Corporation under the Game Porting Agreement. Following that, on 17 November 1999, Kinesoft Development filed a lawsuit in US District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division against its SoftBank Holdings Inc. and SoftBank Corporation for breach of SoftBank's obligations under the 1997 settlement agreement, where SoftBank was required to pay $10 million between 12 June 1997 and 10 October 1998. The case was to go forward in a trial set on 1 June 2001. Eventually it dissolved soon after the trial in 2001.

Products
In addition to games development, Kinesoft also released WinCD, a software CD player, and the film It's a Wonderful Life on CD-ROM for Windows 3.1.

References

External links
Archived company page
Peter Sills (CEO) at MobyGames

Video game development companies
Video game companies established in 1991
Defunct video game companies of the United States
1991 establishments in the United States
Robert Hamada (professor). Robert Hamada is the former Edward Eagle Brown Distinguished Service Professor of Finance and former Dean of the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

Early life
A third-generation Japanese American, Hamada was born in San Francisco, California in 1937.  He and his family were sent to the Amache internment camp during World War II due to Executive Order 9066.  Following their release, the Hamada family moved to New York.

Hamada received his B.A. in chemical engineering from Yale University and his S.M. industrial management, and Ph.D. Finance, in 1959, 1961, and 1969 respectively from the MIT Sloan School of Management.

See also
 Hamada's equation

References

External links
 Chicago GSB Bio

1937 births
Living people
Academics from San Francisco
Japanese-American internees
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Yale University alumni
American academics of Japanese descent
Place of birth missing (living people)
Educators from California
American chemical engineers
Engineers from California
Corporate finance theorists
Aniline (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
Mallinckrodt Baker
Science Stuff

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Distillation data
See also:
 m-xylene (data page)
 p-xylene (data page)

Spectral data

UV Absorbance Spectroscopy of Aniline
Aniline is a benzenoid compound. The NH2 group attached to the benzene ring means that there is a lone pair of electrons that can enter into conjugation with the benzene ring resulting in delocalization in the aniline.

Aniline absorbs in the K (220 - 250 nm) and the B (250 - 290 nm) bands exhibited by benzenoid compounds. The K and B bands arise from π to π* transitions as a result of the a group containing multiple bond being attached to the benzene ring. When dissolved in ethanol, λmax for aniline is 230 nm, but in dilute aqueous acid λmax is 203 nm.  In the latter case the anilinium cation is formed and the lone pair is no longer available for conjugation with the benzene ring.  Consequently, the absorption of the molecule shifts to the lower λmax value and behaves like benzene.

Regulatory data

References

 
 Finar, I.L. (1974); Organic Chemistry Vol.2 – Stereochemistry and the chemistry of natural products 5th. Ed. Longman

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Digital down converter. In digital signal processing, a digital down-converter (DDC) converts a digitized, band-limited signal to a lower frequency signal at a lower sampling rate in order to simplify the subsequent radio stages. The process can preserve all the information in the frequency band of interest of the original signal. The input and output signals can be real or complex samples. Often the DDC converts from the raw radio frequency or intermediate frequency down to a complex baseband signal.

Architecture 
A DDC consists of three subcomponents: a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), a low-pass filter (LPF), and a downsampler (which may be integrated into the low-pass filter).

The DDS generates a complex sinusoid at the intermediate frequency (IF).  Multiplication of the intermediate frequency with the input signal creates images centered at the sum and difference frequency (which follows from the frequency shifting properties of the Fourier transform).  The lowpass filters pass the difference (i.e. baseband) frequency while rejecting the sum frequency image, resulting in a complex baseband representation of the original signal.  Assuming judicious choice of IF and LPF bandwidth, the complex baseband signal is mathematically equivalent to the original signal.  In its new form, it can readily be downsampled and is more convenient to many DSP algorithms.

Any suitable low-pass filter can be used including FIR, IIR and CIC filters. The most common choice is a FIR filter for low amounts of decimation (less than ten) or a CIC filter followed by a FIR filter for larger downsampling ratios.

Variations on the DDC 
Several variations on the DDC are useful, including many that input a feedback signal into the DDS.  These include:
 Decision directed carrier recovery phase locked loops in which the I and Q are compared to the nearest ideal constellation point of a PSK signal, and the resulting error signal is filtered and fed back into the DDS
 A Costas loop in which the I and Q are multiplied and low pass filtered as part of a BPSK/QPSK carrier recovery loop

Implementation 
DDCs are most commonly implemented in logic in field-programmable gate arrays or application-specific integrated circuits.  While software implementations are also possible, operations in the DDS, multipliers and input stages of the lowpass filters all run at the sampling rate of the input data.  This data is commonly taken directly from analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) sampling at tens or hundreds of MHz.

CORDICs are an alternative to the use of multipliers in the implementation of digital down converters.

References

Further reading 
 National Instruments RF Resources
 Xilinx DDC Documentation
 Altera Designing Digital Down Conversion Systems
 MATLAB/MathWorks Digital down converter
 Analog Devices AD6636 DDC Datasheet
 TI GC5018 8 ch DDC Product Page 
 T. Hollis, R. Weir

Digital signal processing
Signal processing
Jules Carvallo. Jules Carvallo (1820 in Talence, Gironde – 1916) was a French engineer.

After having graduated with the highest honors at the École Polytechnique and École des Ponts et Chaussées, he was attached as engineer to the Southern Railroad; and under his direction the lines from Tech to Rivesaltes and from Tet to Perpignan were built, including the remarkable viaduct of Bouzanne. Afterward Carvallo became director of the work of canalizing the Ebro (Spain); and he established in the delta of that river a system of irrigation which permitted the cultivation of enormous tracts of land hitherto unproductive. From Spain Carvallo went to Italy, where he directed the works of the Roman railroads. On his return to Spain he was entrusted with the building of the line from Pamplona to Zaragoza, and later became the chief engineer of a Spanish water company.

Carvallo was the author of many dissertations printed in the Comptes-Rendus do l'Académic des Sciences and in many other scientific publications. Among his numerous contributions the most noteworthy were those on the piling up and solidification of embankments; on the formula of the maximum of stability and minimum of expense in public works; on the laws of oscillation of chain bridges, etc.

Amid his numerous works, Carvallo found time to devote himself to Jewish interests. He was one of the founders of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, and for many years served on the executive committee of that institution. He was a Saint-Simonian. According to M. Chouraqui, he was considered too open to Christianity, in that he considered the possibility that Jesus had a mission from providence.

References

External links
 

École Polytechnique alumni
École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
Corps des ponts
1820 births
1916 deaths
People from Talence
19th-century French Sephardi Jews
French civil engineers
French people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
Saint-Simonists
Spanish engineers
Jewish socialists
William Radcliffe. William Radcliffe (1761?, in Mellor, Derbyshire – 20 May 1842, in Stockport) was a British inventor and author of the essay Origin of the New System of Manufacture, Commonly Called Power Loom Weaving.

Biography
Radcliffe came from a modest family that had made the transition from farming to weaving. His father taught him about carding and spinning. In 1785, he purchased several spinning machines that had been developed by James Hargreaves. Hargreaves' machine, called the spinning jenny, was the first wholly successful improvement on the traditional spinning wheel. Its advantage was to multiply many times the amount of yarn that could be spun by a single operator. This development and others such as weavers being able to rely on uninterrupted supplies of yarn led to spinning being concentrated in factories.

Powerloom weaving
In 1789, Radcliffe opened a large cotton weaving factory at Mellor, in Derbyshire (now Greater Manchester). He streamlined the process by inventing a machine to improve the quality of cloth. In 1804 he invented a ratchet wheel that moved the cloth forward automatically. Radcliffe also contributed to the debate amongst entrepreneurs on what constituted profits in a capitalist system. In a letter dated 1 May 1804, which was never sent but later published in an 1811 book called Letters on the Evils of the Exportation of Cotton Yarns, Radcliffe said he regarded profit as being made up of two parts: interest on money and a sort of entrepreneurial wage.

In 1828, he wrote the essay Origin of the New System of Manufacture, Commonly Called Power Loom Weaving, later reprinted in J. F. C. Harrison's Society and Politics in England, 1780–1960 (New York: Harper & Row, 1965).

See also
Industrial Revolution
Weaving
Spinning jenny

References
Notes

Bibliography
Capital and the Cotton Industry in the Industrial Revolution, by Seymour Shapiro, 1967, Cornell University, printed in the U.S. by Kingsport Press.
The Industrial Revolution in Britain: Triumph or Disaster? By Philip A. M. Taylor, 1958, in the U.S. by D.C. Heath and Company.
The First Industrial Revolution, edited by Peter Mathias and John A. Davis, 1989, in Great Britain by Basil Blackwell Ltd.
The First Industrial Revolution, by Phyllis Deane, The First Industrial Revolution, 1965 in Great Britain, by the Cambridge University Press.
The Industrial Revolution by Arnold Toynbee, 1956, in the U.S. by The Beacon Press
British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution by N.F.R. Crafts, 1985, in Great Britain by Oxford University Press.

External links
William Radcliffe on Spartacus Educational
 Portrait of William Radcliffe

British weavers
People of the Industrial Revolution
Textile workers
English inventors
1760s births
1842 deaths
People from Mellor, Greater Manchester
Fairey Pintail. The Fairey Pintail was a British single-engine floatplane fighter of the 1920s. While it was developed by Fairey as a reconnaissance fighter for the Royal Air Force, the only orders placed were for three for the Imperial Japanese Navy.

Design and development
The Pintail was designed by F. Duncanson of Fairey Aviation to meet the requirements of the RAF Type XXI Specification, which was issued in 1919 for an amphibian reconnaissance fighter, competing with the Parnall Puffin. The Pintail was a two-bay biplane, fitted with twin floats, and with the upper wing in line with the pilot's eye line. In order to give a clear upwards field of view for the crew, the Pintail was fitted with an unusual tail unit, with the tailplane lying across the top of the rear fuselage and the rudder below the tailplane.

The first prototype, the Pintail Mark I, flew on 7 July 1920. The second prototype, the Pintail Mark II had a lengthened fuselage, while the third prototype, the Pintail Mark III had non-retractable wheels within the floats. While the Pintail was more capable as a fighter than the Possum, offering an excellent upwards field of view for the crew, it had poor downwards view for the pilot during landing.

Operational history
While the Pintail was not adopted by the RAF, three examples, similar to the Mark III, were sold to the Imperial Japanese Navy. These aircraft, known as the Pintail IV had an increased wing gap so the upper wing was situated above the fuselage, improving the downwards view for the pilot.  The first Pintail IV flew on 20 August 1924.

Variants
Pintail I
First prototype.
Pintail II
Second prototype with lengthened fuselage.
Pintail III
Third prototype with non-retractable wheels within the floats.
Pintail IV
Short series with increased wing gap and the upper wing above the fuselage, 3 built.

Operators

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

Specifications (Pintail III)

See also

References

External links

1920s British fighter aircraft
Floatplanes
Pintail
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Avia BH-5. 
The Avia BH-5 was a two-seat sport aircraft built in Czechoslovakia in 1923. It was based on the firm's experience with the BH-1 and shared that aircraft's basic design: a low-wing, braced monoplane. As a result of its L-BOSA registration, all slow flying Avia monoplanes of the BH-5 lineage (BH-5 through to BH-12) were nicknamed Boska. The BH-5 was flown competitively by Zdeněk Lhota at the Belgian Touring Aircraft Contest in Brussels in 1923, and won both the overall prize for the event and the King of Belgium Prize. The same year, it won the first prize in its class in the Czechoslovak President of the Republic Competition.

On 1 June 2007, a replica (OK-BOS) built by Marcel Sezemský and members of Historická letka Republiky československé, completed its first flight from Mladá Boleslav in the Czech Republic. The engine used is an original 1923 Walter NZ 60 five-cylinder unit.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 Němeček, V. (1968). Československá letadla. Praha: Naše Vojsko.
 Historická Letka Republiky Československé website (pdf document)
 The 2007 test flight reportage (in Czech)

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
1920s Czechoslovak sport aircraft
BH-05
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Avia BH-6. 
The Avia BH-6 was a prototype fighter aircraft built in Czechoslovakia in 1923. It was a single-bay biplane of unusual configuration, developed in tandem with the BH-7, which shared its fuselage and tail design.

Development
The BH-6 had wings of unequal span, but unusually, the top wing was the shorter of the two, and while it was braced to the bottom wing with a single I-strut on either side, these sloped inwards from bottom to top. Finally, the top wing was attached to the fuselage not by a set of cabane struts, but by a single large pylon.

The BH-6 crashed early in its test programme, and when the related BH-7 did also, both implementations of this design were abandoned.

Specifications

See also

References

 
 
 Němeček, V. (1968). Československá letadla. Praha: Naše Vojsko.
 airwar.ru

1920s Czechoslovak fighter aircraft
BH-06
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes