omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aeros Stalker. The Aeros Stalker is the name given to two families of Ukrainian high-wing, single-place, hang gliders, that were designed and produced by Aeros of Kyiv and introduced in 1991 and 1999 respectively. Neither line is in production.

Design and development
The original Stalker series was conceived as a single-place intermediate hang glider for recreational cross country flying. It was the company's first product after splitting from Antonov, with the prototype introduced in 1991. With over 100 flying, the design received British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association (BHPA) certification in 1994. Production ended when the Stalker was replaced by the Aeros Stealth in production in 1995.

In 1999 Aeros decided to produce a rigid wing hang glider and revived the Stalker name for the new design. In 2001 the glider received German DHV certification. The type was still in production in 2003.

The 2003 model Stalker was noted as being unique among rigid wing hang gliders in that its wing mounts ailerons in place of the more common spoilers. Its  span wing has a nose angle of 146° and an aspect ratio of 11:1. The pilot hook-in weight range is .

Specifications (Stalker rigid wing 2003 model)

References

External links

Photos of the Stalker rigid wing

Hang gliders
Stalker
Kanggye Line. The Kanggye Line is an electrified narrow-gauge line of the Korean State Railway in North Korea running from Kanggye on the Manp'o Line to Rangrim, primarily hauling forest products.  An interesting feature of the line is a significant switchback west of Rangrim.

History
The Kanggye Line was built by the Korean State Railway in the late 1940s to aid in the construction of a hydroelectric dam on the Changjin River in the Rangrim mountains; construction of the dam had been started by the Japanese in 1937. Following an order issued in September 1999 by Kim Jong-il, electrification of the line at 1500 V DC was completed on 5 October 2000.

Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified; a pink background indicates that section is  narrow gauge; an orange background indicates that section is non-electrified narrow gauge.

References

Railway lines in North Korea
2 ft 6 in gauge railways in North Korea
Railways with Zig Zags
Alexander Black (surveyor). Alexander Black (25 May 1827 – 13 March 1897) was a Scottish-born surveyor who worked for most of career in Victoria, Australia and was Surveyor General of Victoria for six years from 1886.

Black was born at Arndilly, Banffshire, Scotland.  After training as a land surveyor in Aberdeen and working locally, he migrated to Victoria in 1852.  He worked in the Castlemaine goldfields then returned to Melbourne and joined the Victorian government survey office.  His work included the survey of the Black-Allan Line—the eastern "straight-edge" portion of the border between the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria.

Black was appointed Surveyor General of Victoria on 1 July 1886 and held the position until his retirement in May 1892. He was elected a member of the Victorian Institute of Surveyors (the Institution of Surveyors Victoria) in 1877 and was president 1878 to 1880. He died in St Kilda, Victoria on 13 March 1897.

References

1827 births
1897 deaths
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
People from Banffshire
Surveyors General of Victoria
Lockheed Martin X-56. The Lockheed Martin X-56 is an American modular unmanned aerial vehicle that is being designed to explore High-Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) flight technologies for use in future military unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.

Design and development
Designed by Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Programs, known informally as the Skunk Works, the aircraft was first revealed by Aviation Week, and is intended to research active flutter suppression and gust-load alleviation technologies. The X-56A is based on Lockheed's earlier UAV work, showing influence from the Polecat, Sentinel and DarkStar UAVs. The program calls for the construction of two -long fuselages and a wingspan of 27.5 ft, with four sets of wings being constructed for flight testing.

Operational history
The X-56A first flew on 26 July 2013, flying from Edwards Air Force Base; twenty flights were to be flown on behalf of the Air Force Research Laboratory before the aircraft would be handed over to NASA for further testing.

The first X-56A unmanned aircraft was severely damaged in a crash shortly after takeoff from the dry lakebed at Edwards AFB, California, on 19 November 2015, on its first flexible-wing flight to test active flutter suppression. The aircraft had previously made 16 flights with stiff wings to prove its operating envelope.

The second X-56A unmanned aircraft flew for the first time on 9 April 2015 while under operation by NASA. The aircraft flew eight flights with the stiff wings to clear its operating envelope. The vehicle then completed its first flight with the highly flexible wings on 31 August 2017.

One instability mode, body freedom flutter, was shown to be actively suppressed by the digital flight control at , within its normal flight envelope.
Slender, flexible and lighter low-drag wings would be enabled by flutter suppression.

X-56B was destroyed in a crash on 9 July 2021 after suffering an "anomaly in flight".

Specifications (X-56A)

See also

References

External links

 Lockheed Martin X-56 page 
 Lockheed Martin X-56 (2012): Active Flutter Suppression  Aviation Week I& Space Technology

X-056
2010s United States experimental aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Twinjets
Blended wing body
NASA aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2013
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
IT++. IT++ is a C++ library of classes and functions for linear algebra, numerical optimization, signal processing, communications, and statistics. It is being developed by researchers in these areas and is widely used by researchers, both in the communications industry and universities. The IT++ library originates from the former Department of Information Theory at the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.

The kernel of the IT++ library is templated vector and matrix classes, and a set of accompanying functions. Such a kernel makes IT++ library similar to Matlab/Octave. For increased functionality, speed and accuracy, IT++ can make extensive use of existing free and open source libraries, especially BLAS, LAPACK and FFTW libraries. Instead of BLAS and LAPACK, some optimized platform-specific libraries can be used as well, i.e.:
 ATLAS (Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software) - includes optimised BLAS, CBLAS and a limited set of LAPACK routines;
 MKL (Intel Math Kernel Library) - includes all required BLAS, CBLAS, LAPACK and FFT routines (FFTW not required);
 ACML (AMD Core Math Library) - includes BLAS, LAPACK and FFT routines (FFTW not required).

It is possible to compile and use IT++ without any of the above-listed libraries, but the functionality will be reduced. IT++ works on Linux, Solaris, Windows (with Cygwin, MinGW/MSYS, or Microsoft Visual C++) and OS X operating systems.

Example 
Here is a trivial example demonstrating the IT++ functionality similar to Matlab/Octave,
#include <iostream>
#include <itpp/itbase.h>
using namespace std;
using namespace itpp;

int main()
{
  vec a = linspace(0.0, 2.0, 2);
  vec b = "1.0 2.0";
  vec c = 2*a + 3*b;
  cout << "c =\n" << c << endl;

  mat A = "1.0 2.0; 3.0 4.0";
  mat B = "0.0 1.0; 1.0 0.0";
  mat C = A*B + 2*A;
  cout << "C =\n" << C << endl;
  cout << "inverse of B =\n" << inv(B) << endl;

  return 0;
}

See also

 List of numerical analysis software
 List of numerical libraries
 Numerical linear algebra
 Scientific computing

References

External links
 

C++ numerical libraries
Chalmers University of Technology
Free science software
Software using the GNU General Public License
Fritz Langbein. Fritz Langbein (15 March 1891 – 28 April 1967) was a New Zealand civil engineer, engineering administrator and company director.

Langbein was born on 15 March 1891 in Nelson, the son of Frederick John Langbein, a commercial traveller and farmer, and his wife, Mary Ross. He was educated at Nelson College from 1904 to 1908. During World War I, Langbein served with the New Zealand Tunnelling Company of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force on the Western Front in France.

Langbein was responsible for the design of many highway bridges in New Zealand, including the Rakaia Bridge.

References

1891 births
1967 deaths
New Zealand civil engineers
20th-century New Zealand businesspeople
People from Nelson, New Zealand
People educated at Nelson College
Military personnel from Nelson, New Zealand
New Zealand military personnel of World War I
New Zealand Army soldiers
ConcurTaskTrees. ConcurTaskTrees (CTT) is a notation for task model specifications useful to support design of interactive applications specifically tailored for user interface model-based design.

The main features of ConcurTaskTrees are:
 Hierarchical structure, which provides a large range of granularity in describing large and small task structures; 
 Graphical syntax, which reflects the logical structure in a tree-like form;
 Concurrent notation, which supports flexible ordering of the tasks to perform.

In human–computer interaction, task models indicate the logical activities that an application should support to reach users’ goals. There are also methods that indicate how to derive user interfaces for different platforms from ConcurTaskTrees specifications  The last evolution has been the introduction of preconditions.

It has been used both in academia and industry, especially by companies with an interest in enterprise resource planning (ERP) and safety-critical systems (e.g. air traffic control systems). . It has been considered in the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for standardization  of task models .

Some studies have investigated its usability 

ConcurTaskTrees has been mapped into Unified Modeling Language (UML).

Tool support 
The editing and analysis of task models is supported by the ConcurTaskTrees Environment (CTTE).
The executable code is publicly available and free to download.

References

External links 
 Leonel Nobrega, Jardim Nunes Nunes, Helder Coelho: "Mapping ConcurTaskTrees into UML 2.0", Interactive Systems Design Specification and Verification (2006), Volume 33, Issue 228. Springer. Pages: 237–248.
 Model-based User Interfaces Incubator Group: ConcurTaskTrees.
Fabio Paternò: "Using ConcurTaskTrees for Designing New Interactive Applications in an Industrial Context", ERCIM News No.31 - October 1997.
 
 Fabio Paternò: Publications Reporting Work in which ConcurTaskTrees (CTT) has been used.
 Ana Barbosa, Ana C.R. Paiva, José Creissac Campos: "Test case generation from mutated task models", EICS '11 Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems, pages 175–184.
http://www.cubeos.org/lectures/W/ln_9.pdf
 D. Reichart, A. Dittmar, P. Forbrig, M. Wurdel: Tool Support for Representing Task Models, Dialog Models and User-Interface Specifications", Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 5136, 2008, pp 92-95.
 Josefina Guerrero García, Jean Vanderdonckt, Juan Manuel González Calleros, Marco Winckler : "Towards a Library of Workflow User Interface Patterns". Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 5136, 2008, pp 96-101.
 Marco Blumendorf, Grzegorz Lehmann, Sebastian Feuerstack, Sahin Albayrak: "Executable Models for Human-Computer Interaction", Executable Models for Human-Computer Interaction. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 5136, 2008, pp 238–251.
 Dan Diaper, Neville E. Stanton, eds.: The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-computer Interaction, 2004.

Software design
Protective Action Criteria. In the United States, the Emergency Management Issues Special Interest Group (EMI SIG) state that "Protective Action Criteria (PACs) are essential components for planning and response to uncontrolled releases of hazardous chemicals. These criteria, combined with estimates of exposure, provide the information necessary to evaluate chemical release events for the purpose of taking appropriate protective actions. During an emergency response, these criteria may be used to evaluate the severity of the event, to identify potential outcomes, and to decide what protective actions should be taken".

PAC values are based on the following exposure limit values:
 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL) values published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 Emergency Response Planning Guideline (ERPG) values produced by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)
 Temporary Emergency Exposure Limit (TEEL) values developed by SCAPA

AEGL, ERPG and TEEL benchmark values are not available for all chemicals as the clinical effects are still an active research area.  Consequently, when defining PAC values the following procedure is followed.

 Use AEGLs (including final or interim values) if they are available.
 If AEGLs are not available, use ERPGs.
 If neither AEGLs or ERPGs are available, use TEELs.

There are three levels of PAC value (1 to 3) where each successive value is associated with an increasingly severe effect from a higher level of exposure.  Each level is defined as follows:

 PAC-1 : Mild, transient health effects.
 PAC-2 : Irreversible or other serious health effects that could impair the ability to take protective action.
 PAC-3 : Life-threatening health effects.

References

Disaster preparedness in the United States
Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation. 
The Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation (VCSI) is a nonprofit research and development organization based in Huntsville, Alabama and is named for pioneering aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun. VCSI is affiliated with NASA, United States Department of Defense and other federal government agencies.

The center facilitates transfer of intellectual property between government agencies and private companies, also known as "spinoff" technologies. The center has also coordinated university research and development efforts in the Gulf of Mexico on behalf of NOAA

VCSI is a contributor to the Rocket City Space Pioneers efforts towards the Google Lunar X Prize.

Members

Corporate 
 Dynetics
 AZ Technology
 Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)
 Alliant Techsystems
 Gray Research
 Lockheed Martin
 Polaris Sensor Technologies
 Sirote & Permutt
 Beason & Nalley
 Draper Laboratory

Government
 Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center
 NASA
 Missile Defense Agency
 Tennessee Valley Authority

University
 Alabama A&M University
 Auburn University
 Tuskegee University
 University of Alabama
 University of Alabama at Birmingham
 University of Alabama in Huntsville
 University of South Alabama

References

External links
 

Non-profit organizations based in Alabama
Organizations based in Huntsville, Alabama
Science and technology in Alabama
Aeros Target. The Aeros Target is a family of Ukrainian high-wing, single and two-place hang gliders, designed and produced by Aeros of Kyiv and introduced in 1995. The two-place Target 21 Tandem remains in production in 2012.

Design and development
The Target series was conceived as a single-place beginner's hang glider for flight training and recreational flying and as such it has gentle flying characteristics. The design received British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association (BHPA) certification in 1995. Over time the line has been refined and in 2012 the Target 21 Tandem was the last of the line still in production.

The 2003 model Target 162 was typical of the line. It is constructed from bolted together aluminium tubing with its single-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. The wing is supported by cables suspended from a kingpost. The aircraft has weight-shift controls, actuated though an "A" frame control bar. Its  span wing has an area of , a nose angle of 120° and an aspect ratio of 5.7:1. The pilot hook-in weight range is . The Target 162 sold for £1790 in 2003.

The single-place versions of the Target were replaced in the company's line by the Aeros Fox.

Variants
Target 13
Initial small-wing area version, introduced in 1995, certified by BHPA.
Target 16
Initial large-wing area version, introduced in 1995, certified by BHPA. Re-designed in 2007 to reduce empty weight to .
Target 132
Circa 2003 single-place model with  span wing, wing area of , a nose angle of 118° and an aspect ratio of 5.6:1. The pilot hook-in weight range is . BHPA certified.
Target 162
Circa 2003 single-place model with  span wing, wing area of , a nose angle of 120° and an aspect ratio of 5.7:1. The pilot hook-in weight range is . BHPA certified.
Target 192 Bi
Two-place model introduced in 1999, with  span wing, wing area of , a nose angle of 120° and an aspect ratio of 5.7:1. The pilot hook-in minimum weight is .
Target 21 Tandem
Two-place model introduced in 2006, BHPA certified in 2007 and still in production in 2012, made from 7075-T6 aluminium tubing. Has optional fixed wheeled landing gear with bungee suspension.

Specifications (2003 model Target 132)

References

External links

Hang gliders
Target
Hoeam Line. The Hoeam Line is a  non-electrified secondary line of the Korean State Railway in Kyŏnghŭng County, North Hamgyŏng province, North Korea, running from Haksong on the Hambuk Line to Obong.

History
After the Chosen Synthetic Oil Company opened a large factory in Aoji-ri (now Haksong-ri) in 1937 to produce synthetic oil from the bituminous coal mined in the area, the Chosen Coal Industry Company built a railway line, called the Ao Line, to connect its mines to the chemical factory and to the South Manchuria Railway's North Chosen East Line, opening the first  section from Aoji to Hoeam for passenger and freight service on 9 September 1938. The line was then extended, with a new  section from Hoeam to Sinaoji (now called Ŭndŏk) and Obong opened on 14 September 1942.

Following the partition of Korea, the entirety of the Ao Line was located in the Soviet zone of occupation. The Provisional People’s Committee for North Korea nationalised all railways in the northern half of the country on 10 August 1946, and following the establishment of North Korea, the Korean State Railway was created. After the town of Aoji was renamed to Haksong, the line was given its current name.

Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.

References

Railway lines in North Korea
Standard gauge railways in North Korea
Frederick Kissel. Frederick Templeton Manheim Kissel  (27 March 188115 July 1962) was a New Zealand engineer and engineering administrator. He was born in Templeton, New Zealand, on 27 March 1881.

In the 1948 King's Birthday Honours, Kissel was appointed a Companion of the Imperial Service Order.

References

1881 births
1962 deaths
People from North Canterbury
20th-century New Zealand engineers
New Zealand mechanical engineers
20th-century New Zealand public servants
New Zealand Companions of the Imperial Service Order
Mission control (disambiguation). A Mission control center is an entity that manages aerospace vehicle flights.

Mission control may also refer to:
 Mission control centre (Cospas-Sarsat), clearinghouse responsible for receiving and distributing distress signals from radiobeacons
 Mission Control (album) an album by rock band The Whigs
 Mission: Control!, a 1999 album from rock band Burning Airlines
 Mission Control (video game), a 2001 educational platform game
 Mission Control, a grappling position also known as the rubber guard
 Mission Control (macOS), a feature of macOS
 Mission Control Space Services, a Canadian space technology company located in Ottawa, ON
 JDK Mission Control, an open source production time profiling and diagnostics tools suite for Java

See also 
 Flight control
Tetranitratoxycarbon. Tetranitratoxycarbon, systematic name tetra ( nitrato- O,O,O -methyl ) methane ( often shortened to tetrakis ( nitratoxycarbon ) methane ), is a hypothetical molecule that was proposed by Clara Lazen, a fifth-grader in Kansas City, Missouri, who conceived of its structure and built a model in 2012. She is credited as co-author of a scientific paper on the molecule, which uses computational chemistry to predict that the molecule could actually exist.

Prediction 

Science teacher Kenneth Boehr was using ball-and-stick models to represent simple molecules during a  fifth-grade class, when ten-year-old Clara Lazen assembled a complex model and asked whether it was a real molecule. It is unclear if Lazen randomly or deliberately assembled this particular molecule.

Unsure if the molecule existed, Boehr sent a picture of the model to a chemist friend, Robert Zoellner at Humboldt State University. Zoellner checked the molecule against the Chemical Abstracts database and confirmed that Lazen's model was of a structural type that had not been reported before. 

Zoellner wrote a paper on the molecule, published in Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, crediting Lazen and Boehr as co-authors.

Properties
Tetranitratoxycarbon consists of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, with molecular structure . Its oxygen-rich formula, in particular, a positive oxygen balance, means it does not require any external oxidizer to undergo complete oxidation, and may thus have explosive or other high-energy properties. However, it is expected to be too thermally unstable for practical use.

The nitratoxycarbon functional group itself—a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom linked by three oxygen-atom bridges—has yet to be observed in any chemical compound. Computational chemistry studies indicate that it is only metastable, with other structural isomers such as the carboxylic nitroso-ester (C(=O)ONO) being more stable. As such this functional group is likely to remain purely hypothetical and no method for its synthesis has yet been proposed. Compounds containing the general connective motif of two atoms connected by three one-atom linkers have been synthesized, including the all-carbon bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane and derivatives thereof, and several other elemental analogs have been mentioned in patents.

Possible reactions 

Several reactions of tetranitratoxycarbon have been investigated computationally. For example, one possible equation for its decomposition is:
C(CO3N)4 → 5 CO2 + O2 + 2 N2
that is predicted to have a standard enthalpy change of −1326 kJ/mol based on bond-energy calculation methods. Another potential reaction is its combustion in the presence of oxygen:
C(CO3N)4 + O2 → 5 CO2 + 2 NO2 + N2
that is predicted to have a standard enthalpy change of −1144 kJ/mol.

References

Further reading 

  

Nitrates
Hypothetical chemical compounds
Samuel Jickell. Samuel Jickell (18 August 1856–8 May 1939) was a New Zealand civil engineer. He was born in Stockton-on-Tees, Durham, England on 18 August 1856.
Jickell worked in Nelson and Petone before arriving in Palmerston North in 1904. He settled in Cook Street with his wife and family. 

He was a fully qualified borough engineer and had had experience in water systems in Australia and other parts of New Zealand. He designed the first two concrete gravity dams in New Zealand on the Korokoro Stream in what is now the Belmont Regional Park.  In Palmerston North he installed earthenware sewer pipes running throughout all main borough streets except the low-lying Hokowhitu area. Before then people had to dump their night soil where Palmerston North Girls High School is today. He stayed with the council till his retirement in 1919.

References

1856 births
1939 deaths
New Zealand civil engineers
People from Stockton-on-Tees
British emigrants to New Zealand