omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Fleet Requirements and Aircraft Direction Unit. The Fleet Requirements and Air Direction Unit (FRADU) was a unit of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm operated by the contractor Serco Defence and Aerospace. It was established in 1972. It was most recently equipped with 13 BAE Systems Hawk T1 advanced jet trainer aircraft on lease to the Royal Navy from the Royal Air Force, based at RNAS Culdrose in Cornwall.  Two of these aircraft were permanently detached to Naval Flying Standards Flight (fixed wing) at RNAS Yeovilton where they are flown by RN pilots, but maintained by Serco engineers.

FRADU provided training for the Royal Navy by conducting simulated attacks on Royal Navy ships during Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST), Airborne Early Warning (AEW) exercises, training air controllers and Helicopter Fighter Affiliation training.

In June 2013, FRADU was redesignated 736 Naval Air Squadron.

History
The Fleet Requirements and Air Direction Training Unit (FRADTU) was formed in 1972 by the merger of the Fleet Requirements Unit (FRU) and the Air Direction Training Unit ADTU which were operated by Airwork Services for the RN.

In 1983, the contract for FRADU was offered to competitive tender; the contract was won by Flight Refuelling Ltd, Hurn.

The FRADU moved from RNAS Yeovilton, its home since 1972, to RNAS Culdrose in December 1995.

Aircraft 

Hawker Hunter, GA.11, RNAS Yeovilton, December 1972 to May 1995
Hawker Hunter, T.7/T.8/T.8C, RNAS Yeovilton, December 1972 to May 1995
Hawker Hunter, T.8M (3 reworked Hunter T.8Cs fitted with the Sea Harrier's Blue Fox radar), RNAS Yeovilton, March 1983 to December 1994 (Note: Operated by 899NAS though still maintained by FRADU's engineers).
English Electric Canberra TT.18, RNAS Yeovilton, December 1972 to November 1992
de Havilland Sea Vixen, RNAS Yeovilton, December 1972 to February 1974 
Canberra T.4, RNAS Yeovilton, December 1972 to April 1986
Canberra T.22 (reworked Canberra PR.7), RNAS Yeovilton, November 1973 to September 1985
BAE Systems Hawk T1 advanced jet trainer, RNAS Yeovilton, April 1994-November 1995. RNAS Culdrose, December 1995-June 2013.

See also 

 Fleet Requirements Unit
 736 Naval Air Squadron

References

External links
Royal Navy FRADU page
FRADU Hunters 
History of the FRADU 

Naval aviation education

Military units and formations established in 1972
Military units and formations disestablished in 2013
Robert B. Dome. Robert B. Dome (October 12, 1905 - January 18, 1996) was an American electrical engineer credited with inventing frequency interlace color television modulation, which was compatible with existing black and white television sets.

Dome received his BSEE in 1926 from Purdue University, and worked for General Electric in Syracuse, New York. He also invented techniques for audio transmission, and received the 1951 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for many technical contributions to the profession, but notably his contributions to the inter-carrier sound system of television reception, wide band phase shift networks, and various simplifying innovations in FM receiver circuits."  He was also a licensed radio amateur and a respected technical contributor to that community as W2WAM and may have held other call signs at other times (help needed). As W2WAM, he was known throughout the Amateur community as a leading single sideband (SSB) pioneer and advocate.

Selected works 
 "Wide band phase shift networks", Electronics, vol. 19, pages 112-115. December 1946.
 "Frequency interlace color television", Electronics, pages 70–75. September 1950.
 Television principles, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1951.
 "Spectrum Utilization in Color Television", Proceedings of the IRE, volume 39, issue 10, pages 1323-1331, October 1951.
 "The delta sound system for television receivers", IRE Transactions on Audio, volume 7, issue 1, January 1959, Pages 16–21.

References 
 US Patent 2,635,140: Frequency Interlace Television System
 US Patent 2,831,916: Single-carrier Color Television Systems
 Early Days of Color Television
 Genealogical record
 Purdue - In Memoriam

1905 births
1996 deaths
American electrical engineers
20th-century American engineers
Comparison of orbital launch systems. This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all current and future individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or have attempted an orbital flight attempt as of 2024; a second list includes all upcoming rockets. For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.

Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:
 Solid-propellant rockets or solid-fuel rockets have a motor that uses solid propellants, typically a mix of powdered fuel and oxidizer held together by a polymer binder and molded into the shape of a hollow cylinder. The cylinder is ignited from the inside and burns radially outward, with the resulting expanding gases and aerosols escaping out via the nozzle.
 Liquid-propellant rockets have a motor that feeds liquid propellant(s) into a combustion chamber. Most liquid engines use a bipropellant, consisting of two liquid propellants (fuel and oxidizer) which are stored and handled separately before being mixed and burned inside the combustion chamber.
 Hybrid-propellant rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellant, typically involving a liquid oxidizer being pumped through a hollow cylinder of solid fuel.

All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.

Current rockets 
Orbits legend:

 LEO, low Earth orbit
 SSO or SSPO, near-polar Sun-synchronous orbit
 polar, polar orbit
 MEO, medium Earth orbit
 GTO, geostationary transfer orbit
 GEO, geostationary orbit (direct injection)
 HEO, high Earth orbit
 HCO, heliocentric orbit
 TLI, trans-lunar injection
 TMI, trans-Mars injection

Rockets in flight testing

Upcoming rockets 
Upcoming launch vehicles

Retired rockets

Launch systems by country 
The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.

See also 

 Comparison of orbital launchers families
 Comparison of orbital rocket engines
 Comparison of crewed space vehicles
 Comparison of retired orbital launch vehicles
 Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
 List of space launch system designs
 Reusable launch system
 List of orbital launch systems
 Lists of rockets
 List of sounding rockets
 List of upper stages
 Non-rocket spacelaunch

Notes

References 

Outer space lists
Technological comparisons
Robert R. Warnecke. Robert R. Warnecke was a noted French electrical engineer.

Warnecke was director of research at the Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil (CSF) in Paris. He received the 1954 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for his many valuable contributions and scientific advancements in the field of electron tubes, and in particular, the magnetron class of traveling wave tubes."

Selected publications 
 Warnecke, R.R., Kleen, W., Lerbs, A., Dohler, O., Huber, H., "The Magnetron-Type Traveling-Wave Amplifier Tube", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume: 38,  Issue: 5, May 1950, pages 486-495.
 R. Warnecke and P. Guénard, Les tubes électroniques à commande par modulation de vitesse, Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1951.
 US Patent 2591322: Generator of Ultra-Short Electromagnetic Waves
 US Patent 2761088: Traveling Wave Amplifying Tube
 US Patent 2995675: Traveling Wave Tube

References 
 Report on Visits to European Electron Tube Laboratories, 1953, by W. G. Dow
 IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 32, no. 3, June 2004, page 838.

French electrical engineers
Year of death missing
Arthur V. Loughren. Arthur V. Loughren (September 15, 1902 – December 14, 1993) was an American electrical engineer who played a prominent role in the development of NTSC television.

Loughren was born in Rensselaer, New York, and received his BA (1923) and EE (1925) degrees from Columbia University. He then worked at General Electric in its vacuum tube engineering department 1925–1927; radio engineering department 1927–1929; RCA engineering department 1930–1934; and radio receiver engineering section 1934–1936. In 1936 he joined Hazeltine Corporation, during World War II helped develop IFF equipment for the Navy, and afterwards directed its research on color television. He died at his home in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii.

Loughren was a fellow of the Institute of Radio Engineers, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. He received the 1953 SMPTE David Sarnoff Medal Award "for his contributions to the development of compatible color television, including his active work on the principle of constant luminance; for his participation in color video standards activities; and for his guidance in compatible color television", and the 1955 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for his leadership and technical contributions in the formulation of the signal specification for compatible color television". Loughren was president of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1956.

References

External links
 IEEE Obituary
 "Arthur V. Loughren, Director, 1953", Proceedings of the IRE, volume 41, issue 12, December 1953, pages 1698-1698.
 Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, Volume 26, Number 5, May 1938
 Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000, McFarland & Company, 2003, page 44. ISBN

1902 births
1993 deaths
American electrical engineers
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
People from Rensselaer, New York
Engineers from New York (state)
20th-century American engineers
Henryk Niewodniczański. Henryk Niewodniczański (1900–1968) was a Polish physicist, professor at the Jagiellonian University and the creator and director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kraków.

Life and career
He graduated from the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (Poland) in 1924 and in 1926 received his PhD from the same university. In 1927, he was awarded a fellowship at University of Tübingen. At that time his main field of interest was optics of metals and molecular optics. By studying the influence of the magnetic field on the fluorescence of mercury vapour he discovered magnetic dipole radiation.

In 1934, as a fellow of Rockefeller Foundation, Niewodniczański worked in the Royal Society's Mond Laboratory and in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge.

On his return to Poland in 1937, Niewodniczański worked first at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and later in Wilno where he was the Chair of Experimental Physics at the Stefan Batory University. After the war he obtained the Chair of Experimental Physics at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.

His interest in atomic optics and nuclear physics led him to a flourishing development of these branches of physics in Kraków. Niewodniczański was also an excellent organizer. In 1955 he created the Institute of Nuclear Physics, with a Soviet-made U-120 cyclotron as the main research tool.

As the director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics and of the Institute of Physics of the Jagiellonian University, Niewodniczański was the initiator of the majority of the research carried out in these two institutes. He assembled a group of young scientists who, undaunted by difficult conditions, built with him the necessary equipment and under his inspiration began research works.

In 1988, twenty years after his death, the Institute of Nuclear Physics he created was renamed The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics.

See also
Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences

References 
 Biography at the Institute of Nuclear Physics website
 Another biography
 Henryk Niewodniczański entry in

External links 
 The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kraków

20th-century Polish physicists
Scientists from Vilnius
Vilnius University alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academic staff of Vilnius University
Academic staff of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
Academic staff of Jagiellonian University
1900 births
1968 deaths
User Programmatic Interface. In computing, the User Programmatic Interface (UPI), also known as the User Program Interface, consists of a set of C-language software APIs which provide the lowest-level API-based interface to the Oracle database.

Overview
UPI offers a procedural API for not only performing certain database administration tasks (such as system startup and shutdown), but also for using PL/SQL or SQL to query, access, and manipulate data.  The UPI library, an undocumented API used internally by Oracle, deals directly with the Two-Task Common (TTC)
aspect of the Oracle Client software stack.

UPI-based applications
Several Oracle database applications depend on UPI, including:

 Oracle Forms
 SQL*Plus (also uses OCI)
 Oracle Corporation's data-import and -export (IMP/EXP) utilities

UPI-Based Libraries
Several libraries depend on UPI, including:

 Oracle's FormsAPI
 The Oracle Call Interface Library
 Oracle's SQLLIB (used by Oracle's Embedded SQL Precompilers)

External links
 Oracle SQL*Net Overview (includes basic UPI information)

References 

Oracle software
DKW Munga. The DKW Munga is a DKW-branded off-road vehicle that was built by Auto-Union in Ingolstadt, Germany. The name Munga comes from the German phrase Mehrzweck Universal Geländewagen mit Allradantrieb, which translates as "multi-purpose universal off-road car with all-wheel drive"

Development 

Production began in October 1956 and ended in December 1968. During this time 46,750 cars were built.  The 38th International Motor Show at Frankfurt in the autumn 1957 was a great success for Auto-Union. About this time the Munga was launched. The vehicle, which has extraordinary stamina, was not only adopted by the West German Bundeswehr as a vehicle unique in its class but was also bought in large numbers for the German Border Police and various foreign military formations within NATO.

The civilian version of the Munga was widely adopted in West Germany for agricultural and forestry work in particular, and also became popular abroad, especially in those countries where "go anywhere" transport was needed because of poor roads, such as large parts of South America and South Africa. Around 2000 cars were delivered to the Royal Netherlands Army, many of which were shipped to the UK in the late 1970s.

The Munga was later also available from the end of 1956 as a four-seat pan structure of steel sheet and as a six-or eight-seater platform body.
The term therefore corresponds to the body variant:
 Four seat (Munga 4)
 Pickup (Munga 6)
 Long Pick-up (Munga 8)

The Royal Netherlands Army had intended the Munga as a replacement for the 1956 M38A1 NEKAF Jeep, but the type caused so many problems that it was removed from front line  service prematurely in 1970. The M38A1 NEKAF Jeeps, that had been stored in mobilization compounds for reserve units, were re-issued to operational units  - where they remained in use until 1995.

The Munga was also built in São Paulo, Brazil, by DKW-Vemag, where it was called DKW Candango. The local production lasted from 1958 to 1963 in four-wheel drive and two-wheel drive versions.

Operators

Former operators
 : Used by the Royal Netherlands Army.

See also

Europa Jeep
Fabrique Nationale AS 24
FMC XR311
M151 ¼-ton 4×4 utility truck
Porsche 597

References 

Munga
Off-road vehicles
Cold War military vehicles of Germany
Military light utility vehicles
Cold War military equipment of the Netherlands
Military vehicles of the Netherlands
Edeleanu process. The Edeleanu process is a type of extraction process in the petroleum refining industry, whereby liquid sulfur dioxide is used to extract aromatics from kerosene. Liquid SO2 selectively dissolves the aromatics leaving behind the low aromatic content kerosene as the finished product. It is named after the Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu. The aromatic extract is then separated from SO2 through rectification and SO2 recirculation. Temperature is maintained at -20°C.

By using a blend of sulfur dioxide and benzene, some improvement can be effected, more suitable solvents such as furfural, phenol and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone are used.

References 

Oil refining
Victor H. Rumsey. Victor Henry Rumsey (November 22, 1919 – March 11, 2015) was an electrical engineer, best known for his studies of frequency-independent antennas.

Rumsey was born in Devizes, Wiltshire, England, on Saint Cecilia's day, and received his BA in mathematics (1941) and Sc.D. in physics from Cambridge University. From 1941–1945 he performed radar research at the Telecommunications Research Establishment in England and the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. After three years at the Canadian Atomic Research Laboratory he became director of the Antenna Laboratory at Ohio State University. In 1954 he moved to the University of Illinois, in 1957 to the University of California, Berkeley, and in 1966 to the University of California, San Diego where he was a professor and, later, professor emeritus.

Starting in the 1950s, Rumsey suggested the basic principles for frequency-independent antennas which culminated in the writing of a book on the topic (see selected works below).

Rumsey is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and has received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from Tohoku University, Japan, the 1962 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award, and the 2004 John Kraus Antenna Award.

Selected works 
 "Frequency-Independent Antennas", IRE National Convention Record, vol. 5, part 1, 1957, pages 114-118.
 Frequency Independent Antennas, New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1966.

References 
 IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, no. 12, December 2004, page 3168
 National Academy of Engineering entry

1919 births
2015 deaths
American electrical engineers
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Ohio State University faculty
People from Devizes
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Engineers from California
Electrical engineering academics
Microwave engineers
English emigrants to the United States
Ian Munro Ross. Ian Munro Ross FREng (15 August 1927 – 10 March 2013) was an early pioneer in transistors, and for 12 years President of Bell Labs.

Ross was born in Southport, England, and in 1948 received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University. In 1952 he received his M.A. and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from Cambridge.

In 1952 William Shockley hired him to work in semiconductors at Bell Labs, and he arrived in Murray Hill just after John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain had left. Shockley's group focused exclusively on transistor improvements, and Ross and G. C. Dacey were instrumental in the early stages of development of the field-effect transistor. In 1960 Ross and others invented epitaxy. He subsequently rose through managerial ranks, ultimately serving as the sixth President of Bell Labs 1979–1991 and overseeing its reorganization following the breakup of the Bell System.

In 1979, he was a resident of Rumson, New Jersey.

Ross was a member of the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, and Royal Academy of Engineering, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He received the 1963 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for contributions to the development of the epitaxial transistor and other semiconductor devices", the 1987 IRI Medal from the Industrial Research Institute in recognition for his contributions to technology leadership, the 1988 IEEE Founders Medal "for distinguished leadership of AT&T Bell Laboratories guiding innovation in telecommunications and information processing", and the 2001 Bueche Award "for his contributions to semiconductor development, his leadership of engineering for communications networks and the Apollo program, and his role in shaping national policies affecting the semiconductor industry."

Selected works 
 G. C. Dacey and I. M. Ross, "Unipolar field-effect transistor", Proc. IRE 41, Aug. 1953, pp. 970–979.
 J. L. Moll, I. M. Ross, "The Dependence of Transistor Parameters on the Distribution of Base Layer Resistivity", Proc. IRE., vol. 44, 1956, page 72.
 G. C. Dacey and I. M. Ross, "Field Effect Transistor", Bell System Technical Journal, 34, page 1149, 1955.

References 

 IEEE biography
 Public Broadcasting Service biography
 Bueche Award biography
 Brinkman, W.F.; Haggan, D.E.; Troutman, W.W., "A history of the invention of the transistor and where it will lead us", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Volume 32, Issue 12, Dec 1997, Pages 1858–1865.
 Alcatel-Lucent biography

1927 births
2013 deaths
People from Southport
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
British electrical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Scientists at Bell Labs
Paul K. Weimer. Dr. Paul K. Weimer (November 5, 1914 – January 6, 2005) was a noted contributor to the development of television and the thin-film transistor (TFT).

Weimer was born in Wabash, Indiana. He received a B.A. in math and physics from Manchester University (Indiana) in 1936, an M.A. in physics from the University of Kansas in 1938, and a Ph.D. in physics from Ohio State University in 1942. He then joined the RCA laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey, where he worked until retirement in 1981.

His first assignment was to develop an electron multiplier to go with the Image Orthicon. This tube, which proved to be 100 times more sensitive than its predecessors, was used for the first 20 years of television broadcasting in the United States. In 1961, Weimer began making thin-film transistors in a coplanar process on glass substrates. In a typical process, he would deposit a gold source and drain, then deposit polycrystalline semiconductor material, and place a gate on top. After he placed an insulator between the gate and semiconductor, he got excellent results, as published in his 1962 paper, "The TFT: A New Thin-Film Transistor", in the Proceedings of the IRE.

Weimer held over 90 patents, and was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and fellow of the Institute for Radio Engineers. He received the IRE Television Prize, the 1966 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award, an individual RCA David Sarnoff Outstanding Achievement Award in Science, and the 1986 Kultur Preis of the German Photographic Society. He died in Princeton, New Jersey, at age 90.

See also
CMOS

References

External links 
 New York Times obituary, January 12, 2005
 IEEE oral history
 EE Times article
 Princeton Town Topics obituary

1914 births
2005 deaths
American electrical engineers
Manchester University (Indiana) alumni
Ohio State University Graduate School alumni
University of Kansas alumni
20th-century American engineers