omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Isophthalic acid. Isophthalic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO2H)2.  This colorless solid is an isomer of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid.  The main industrial uses of purified isophthalic acid (PIA) are for the production of polyethylene terephthalate  (PET) resin and for the production of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and other types of coating resins.

Isophthalic acid is one of three isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic acid and terephthalic acid.

Crystalline isophthalic acid is built up from molecules connected by hydrogen bonds, forming infinite chains.

Preparation
Isophthalic acid is produced on the billion kilogram per year scale by oxidizing meta-xylene using oxygen.  The process employs a cobalt-manganese catalyst.  The world's largest producer of isophthalic acid is Lotte Chemical Corporation. 

In the laboratory, chromic acid can be used as the oxidant. It also arises by fusing potassium meta-sulfobenzoate, or meta-bromobenzoate with potassium formate (terephthalic acid is also formed in the last case).

The barium salt, as its hexahydrate, is very soluble in water (a distinction between phthalic and terephthalic acids). Uvitic acid, 5-methylisophthalic acid, is obtained by oxidizing mesitylene or by condensing pyroracemic acid with baryta water.

Applications
Aromatic dicarboxylic acids are used as precursors (in the form of acyl chlorides) to commercially important polymers, e.g. the fire-resistant material Nomex. Mixed with terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid is used in the production of PET resins for drink plastic bottles and food packaging.  The high-performance polymer polybenzimidazole is produced from isophthalic acid. Also, the acid is used as an important input to produce insulation materials.

References

Note: reference 2 refers to the ortho isomer. Accurate cites for the meta isomer not available.

External links
International Chemical Safety Card 0500

Dicarboxylic acids
Monomers
Benzoic acids
Piano wire. Piano wire, or "music wire", is a specialized type of wire made for use in piano strings but also in other applications as springs. It is made from tempered high-carbon steel, also known as spring steel, which replaced iron as the material starting in 1834.

Piano wire has a very high tensile strength to cope with the heavy demands placed upon piano strings; accordingly, piano wire is also used for a number of other purposes, including springs, surgical uses, and in special effects.

History
The oldest record of wire being made for musical instruments is from Augsburg in 1351.

Starting around 1800, the piano began to be built ever more ambitiously, with sturdier (eventually, iron) framing and greater string tension.  This led to innovations in making tougher piano wire.  In 1834, the Webster & Horsfal firm of Birmingham, United Kingdom brought out a form of piano wire made from cast steel; according to Dolge it was "so superior to the iron wire that the English firm soon had a monopoly."  But a better steel wire was soon created in 1840 by the Viennese firm of Martin Miller, and a period of innovation and intense competition ensued, with rival brands of piano wire being tested against one another at international competitions, leading ultimately to the modern form of piano wire.

Manufacture and use
The tensile strength of one popular brand of piano wire is listed as 26202930 MPa (380425 ksi).

Piano Wire Sizes

Other applications
Piano wire is also used in the fabrication of springs, fishing lures, special effects in the movie industry, scaffold cross-bracing, orthodontic and pharyngeal surgery, and for the cutting of cheese and soap.  It is also commonly used in hobby applications such as model railroading, both control line and  radio-controlled aircraft, and knitting. It has also been employed by assassins as a garrote.

See also
 Piano acoustics
 Wire wheel another application of high tensile strength wire

Notes

References
 Dolge, Alfred (1911) Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano from the Monochord to the Concert Grand Player Piano.  Covina Publishing Company.
 Louchet, Jean (2013) The Keyboard Stringing Guide — for the restoration of pianos, harpsichords and clavichords. Published by Lulu.com.

External links
 Jean Louchet, Stringing gauge table and equivalents
 Edward Swenson, Chronologically arranged wire tests.
 Stephen Birkett & Paul Poletti, Reproduction of Authentic Historical Soft Iron Wire for Musical Instruments
 "Steel Music Wire". Report of the Tests of Metals and Other Materials for Industrial Purposes, made with the United States Testing Machine at Watertown Arsenal, Massachusetts, during the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1894. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 1895

Piano
wire
Windows Pioneers. The Windows Pioneers are the seven individuals who received awards from Microsoft in 1994 in recognition of their contributions to Microsoft Windows. Bill Gates presented each pioneer with an award.

The seven Windows Pioneers were:

 Alan Cooper – the "father of Visual Basic"
 Lyle Griffin – created Micrografx Designer, the earliest graphics application for Windows
 Joe Guthridge – led the development of Samna Amí, the first Windows word processor, later renamed Lotus Word Pro
 Ted Johnson – led the development of PageMaker desktop publishing software. Co-founder of Visio Corporation
 Ian Koenig – led the development of the Reuters Terminal financial information software
 Ray Ozzie – created Lotus Notes. Would later (2005–2010) serve as Microsoft's Chief Software Architect
 Charles Petzold – author of Programming Windows series from Microsoft Press, as well as many other programming books for Microsoft

References

External links
Ted Johnson bio on Microsoft's site 

History of Microsoft
Riser. Riser may refer to:

Engineering
 Stair riser, the vertical elements in a set of stairs
 Riser, another name for a theatre platform
 Riser, a length of vertically oriented piping used to deliver fluid, gas, or electrical signals or power upward
 Drilling riser, a device used on a ship or offshore drilling rig
 Dry riser, a pipe used to deliver water to firefighting systems that is normally kept empty (dry)
 Riser cable, a type of communications cable used to connect multiple floors in a building 
 Riser card, a printed circuit board which extends connectors away from another board
 Riser, a skateboard component which increases the space between the wheels and the deck
 Riser, the center section of a recurve bow
 Parachute riser, strip of webbing joining the harness to the rigging lines
 Riser (casting), a reservoir in a manufacturing mold

People
 Larkin T. Riser (born 1949), Louisiana sheriff
 Matt Riser (born 1984), American college baseball coach
 Neil Riser (born 1962), a member of the Louisiana State Senate (United States)

Other uses
 Riser, side of a terrace (geology)
 Early riser, a person who wakes up early in the day
 Riser (album), a 2014 studio album by Dierks Bentley
 "Riser" (song), the title track
Ion beam deposition. Ion beam deposition (IBD) is a process of applying materials to a target through the application of an ion beam.

An ion beam deposition apparatus typically consists of an ion source, ion optics, and the deposition target. Optionally a mass analyzer can be incorporated.

In the ion source source materials in the form of a gas, an evaporated solid, or a solution (liquid) are ionized. For atomic IBD, electron ionization, field ionization (Penning ion source) or cathodic arc sources are employed. Cathodic arc sources are used particularly for carbon ion deposition. Molecular ion beam deposition employs electrospray ionization or MALDI sources.

The ions are then accelerated, focused or deflected using high voltages or magnetic fields. Optional deceleration at the substrate can be employed to define the deposition energy. This energy usually ranges from a few eV up to a few keV. At low energy molecular ion beams are deposited intact (ion soft landing), while at a high deposition energy molecular ions fragment and atomic ions can penetrate further into the material, a process known as ion implantation.

Ion optics (such as radio frequency quadrupoles) can be mass selective. In IBD they are used to select a single, or a range of ion species for deposition in order to avoid contamination. For organic materials in particular, this process is often monitored by a mass spectrometer.

The ion beam current, which is quantitative measure for the deposited amount of material, can be monitored during the deposition process. Switching of the selected mass range can be used to define a stoichiometry.

The main disadvantages of ion beam sputtering are its small target area, low deposition rate, and difficulty in depositing large-area films with uniform thickness. Additionally, the equipment is complex and has high operating costs. These limitations make ion beam sputtering less efficient for large-scale applications.

See also
Cathodic arc deposition
Sputter deposition
Ion beam assisted deposition
Ion beam induced deposition

References

Thin film deposition
Product/process distinction. The product/process distinction is the distinction between the product information and the process information of a consumer good. Product information is information that pertains to a consumer good, namely to its price, quality, and safety (its proximate attributes). Process information is information that pertains to the means by which the consumer good is made i.e. the working conditions under which it comes into being, as well as the treatment of animals involved in its production chain (its peripheral attributes).

The product/process distinction is used by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a way to determine whether or not a complaint filed by an importing nation is valid and warrants trade barriers against the exporting nation. Under WTO rules, an importing nation can lodge a complaint with the WTO that the exporting nation uses methods for obtaining or producing the good in question that the importing nation finds to be immoral or unethical. If the independent World Trade Organization Advisory Board, made up of a panel of international law and trade experts, finds that the importing nation has a legitimate complaint, enforces said ethical standards for domestic production, and isn't trying to merely skirt its free trade obligations, then the Board will rule that trade barriers are justified. Despite what World Trade Organization officials have said, in practice the World Trade Organization finds these complaints illegitimate the vast majority of the time.

For example, if the European Union (EU) wants to ban imports of cosmetics that were tested on laboratory animals on grounds that such testing is unethical, it can file a complaint with the World Trade Organization and, in theory, the WTO would allow the EU to enact trade barriers provided that the EU bans its own domestic cosmetic producers from testing on laboratory animals. 
In these cases, however, the World Trade Organization has consistently ruled that such barriers are illegal because only the process is different, while the final product itself is not. Therefore, the WTO has made the product/process distinction an important factor in determining whether trade barriers are justified.

The World Trade Organization has stated that if nations were able to enact barriers merely because the importing nation's standards differ from their own, control could be lost and barriers could be enacted around the world for frivolous reasons.{{|date=May 2013}} However, many complain that these rulings go against the stated intentions of the World Trade Organization, and prove that the organization often puts commercial interests above environmental, ethical, and  human rights issues.

References

World Trade Organization
Conceptual distinctions
Spin welding. Spin welding is a friction welding technique used on thermoplastic materials, in which the parts to be welded are heated by friction. The heat may be generated by turning on a lathe, a drill press, or a milling machine, where one part is driven by the chuck, and the other is held stationary with the spinning part driven against it. This is continued until the heat of friction between the parts reaches a sufficient level for the parts to weld. The stationary part is then released to spin as well, while pressure is applied along the axis of rotation, holding the parts together as they cool.

In the 1970s, Mattel sold a toy called "Spinwelder", which consisted of a high-speed motor in a handle that spun a small plastic welding rod against a plastic joint to form a bond. Mattel sold construction kits sold for the purpose of assembling with the Spinwelder.

References

Plastic welding
Voile. (; French for veil) is a soft, sheer fabric, usually made of 99% cotton or cotton blended with linen or polyester. Named for its light weight, the fabric is mostly used in soft furnishing. In tropical climates, voile is used for window treatments and mosquito nets. When used as curtain material, voile is similar to net curtains.

Voiles are available in a range of patterns and colours. Because of their semitransparent quality, voile curtains are made using heading tape that is less easily noticeable through the fabric. Voile fabric is also used in dressmaking, either in multiple layers or laid over a second material. It is similar to chiffon.

Material types
Light-penetrable sheer fabrics include voile, muslin, and lace.  These can be broadly divided into two groups based on method of production.  The first are the natural fibers such as cotton and silk.  The second group is prepared from a man-made fiber. This kind of synthetic sheer is extracted from raw material such as wood pulp or petroleum. They are robust and sturdy, yet still delicate looking, and tend to take dye well.  They are often used as window dressing as they fall into soft folds that are appropriate for scarf swags. In music, a voile refers to the cloth used to muffle a drum.

See also 
Marquisette
Organza

References

External links 
 

Net fabrics
Woven fabrics
LLD (disambiguation). LLD usually refers to Legum Doctor (LL.D.), a doctorate-level academic degree in law. LLD may also refer to:

 Ladin language, ISO 639-3 code lld
 Leg length discrepancy
 lld, the subproject of the LLVM compiler infrastructure project
 Loan Level Data, collected by the ABS Loan Level Initiative
 Low-level design of software components
Moisture sensitivity level. Moisture sensitivity level (MSL) is a rating that shows a device's susceptibility to damage due to absorbed moisture when subjected to reflow soldering as defined in J-STD-020.
It relates to the packaging and handling precautions for some semiconductors. The MSL is an electronic standard for the time period in which a moisture sensitive device can be exposed to ambient room conditions (30 °C/85%RH at Level 1; 30 °C/60%RH at all other levels).

Increasingly, semiconductors have been manufactured in smaller sizes. Components such as thin fine-pitch devices and ball grid arrays could be damaged during SMT reflow when moisture trapped inside the component expands.

The expansion of trapped moisture can result in internal separation (delamination) of the plastic from the die or lead-frame, wire bond damage, die damage, and internal cracks. Most of this damage is not visible on the component surface. In extreme cases, cracks will extend to the component surface. In the most severe cases, the component will bulge and pop. This is known as the "popcorn" effect. This occurs when part temperature rises rapidly to a high maximum during the soldering (assembly) process. This does not occur when part temperature rises slowly and to a low maximum during a baking (preheating) process.

Moisture sensitive devices are packaged in a moisture barrier antistatic bag with a desiccant and a moisture indicator card which is sealed.

Moisture sensitivity levels are specified in technical standard IPC/JEDEC Moisture/reflow Sensitivity Classification for Nonhermetic Surface-Mount Devices. The times indicate how long components can be outside of dry storage before they have to be baked to remove any absorbed moisture.

 MSL 6  – Mandatory bake before use
 MSL 5A – 24 hours
 MSL 5  – 48 hours
 MSL 4  – 72 hours
 MSL 3  – 168 hours
 MSL 2A – 4 weeks
 MSL 2  – 1 year
 MSL 1  – Unlimited floor life

Practical 

MSL-specified parts must be baked before assembly if their exposure has exceeded the rating. Once assembled, moisture sensitivity is generally no longer a factor.

References

External links 
 https://www.ipc.org/TOC/IPC-JEDEC-J-STD-020E.pdf
 https://www.bourns.com/docs/RoHS-MSL/msl_mf.pdf
 https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/23044/ics-with-humidity-or-moisture-sensitivity-bake-recommendations

Integrated circuits
Semiconductors
Cross Sound Cable. The Cross-Sound Cable is a 25-mile (40 km) long bipolar high-voltage direct current (HVDC) submarine power cable between New Haven, Connecticut and Shoreham, on Long Island, in New York, United States.

Description 
The Cross-Sound Cable can transmit a maximum power of 330 MW at a voltage of +/- 150 kV DC. The maximum current for Cross-Sound Cable is 1175 amperes. The Cross-Sound Cable is not simply a pair of underwater HVDC cables; rather it is a bundle of cables that includes the HVDC transmission lines and fiber-optic cables for phone and Internet data transfer.

Construction of the Cross-Sound Cable was started in 2002 from the former site of the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant.  The cable was first laid on the floor of Long Island Sound; then a machine known as a jet plow tool used high-pressure water to fluidize the sea bed directly under the cable.  The cable then fell into the liquidized trench.

Concern over possible environmental impact of the buried underwater cables caused significant delay in operation. Commercial operation of the cable was delayed until after the August 14, 2003 blackout of much of the eastern North American power system.  Immediately after the blackout, emergency permission was secured to operate the cable.  The cable has since been operating and, generally, sells electricity from the New England power grid to the New York power grid.

The builders and first operators of the project, TransÉnergie HQ, a subsidiary of Hydro-Québec, and the United Illuminating Company, sold their interests in the cable to Babcock & Brown for approximately US $213 million in February 2006.

The converters of Cross-Sound Cable are examples  of HVDC light technology. Power can flow in either direction between New Haven and Shoreham terminals.

See also 

 Y-49 Cable – A transmission cable between Westchester County and Long Island, via the Long Island Sound.

References

External links 
Description by the ABB Group
 

Energy infrastructure completed in 2003
Submarine power cables
HVDC transmission lines
Energy infrastructure in Connecticut
Energy infrastructure in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in New Haven, Connecticut
Hydro-Québec
Energy infrastructure on Long Island, New York
Henry G. Shirley. Henry Garnett Shirley (1874 – July 16, 1941) was Commissioner of the Virginia Department of Highways. He was a leader in national highway policy and oversaw the development of an extensive state highway system in Virginia.

Early life
Henry Garnett Shirley was born in Locust Dale in Jefferson County, West Virginia, the son of Robert Vinson Shirley and Julia Moore Baylor. He attended Charles Town Academy. He graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 1896 with a civil engineering degree and later earned a doctorate degree from the University of Maryland. He played on the football team at the Virginia Military Institute.

Career
From 1898 to 1900, Shirley served as commandant of cadets and professor of military science at Horner Military School in Oxford, North Carolina. He then served in the United States Volunteers during the Spanish–American War. After the war, Shirley worked for the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad and other railroad companies and for the engineering department of the District of Columbia. He was roads engineer for Baltimore County, Maryland from 1904 to 1912, and chief engineer of the Maryland State Roads Commission. During World War I, he served on the Highway Transport Committee, Council of National Defense, helping keep the roads of the nation in shape to handle military traffic. In 1918, he became executive secretary of the Federal Highway Council. Around 1920, Shirley worked again as a roads engineer for Baltimore County.

In 1922, Shirley was appointed as State Highway Commissioner by Virginia Governor E. Lee Trinkle. He continued to serve under Governors Harry F. Byrd, John Garland Pollard, George C. Peery, and James H. Price until his death. The Department of Highways was created as a state agency in 1927. He was a founder and served as the first president of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. He approved and promoted plans for the first limited access highway in Virginia, extending from Route 1 in Northern Virginia to the 14th Street Bridge in Washington, D.C. Construction on the highway began shortly after his death. This road was named as the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway in his honor, and now is part of I-95 and I-395.

Personal life
Shirley married twice. Shirley married Alice Robertson Graham, of Oxford, North Carolina and daughter of Judge A. W. Graham Sr., in 1904. She died in 1916 and they had five children. He later married Sara Anne Berkeley in 1930.

Shirley was first cousins with James William Shirley who was a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates, representing Jefferson County.

Shirley died on July 16, 1941, at his home in Richmond. He was buried at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.

References

 

1874 births
1941 deaths
People from Jefferson County, West Virginia
People from Richmond, Virginia
Virginia Military Institute alumni
VMI Keydets football players
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Council of National Defense
Burials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
VLM. VLM can refer to:

Veículo Lançador de Microssatélites, a Brazilian launcher of satellites
Very large memory computers
Vic Lee Motorsport, a British motor racing team
Virgin London Marathon
 Virginia Lee Montgomery, American artist
Virtual Light Machine
Virtual Loadable Module, modular drivers of Novell's 16-bit NetWare client for DOS/Windows
Visceral larva migrans (human toxocarosis), a parasitary human disease due by Toxocara cati or Toxocara canis
Visible light microscope, a type of microscope to magnify images by means of visible light
VLM Airlines Slovenia, a sister airline to the Belgian VLM Airlines
VLM Airlines, a defunct Belgian regional airline
vorarlberg museum, the former Vorarlberger Landesmuseum in Bregez, Austria
Vortex lattice method, a numerical method used in computational fluid dynamics
PhoX. In automated theorem proving, PhoX is a proof assistant based on higher-order logic which is eXtensible. The user gives PhoX an initial goal and guides it through subgoals and evidence to prove that goal; internally, it constructs natural deduction trees. Each previously proven formula can become a rule for later proofs.

PhoX was originally designed and implemented by Christophe Raffalli in the OCaml programming language. He has continued to lead the current development team, a joint effort of University of Savoy and University Paris VII.

The primary aim of the PhoX project creating a user friendly proof checker using the type system developed by Jean-Louis Krivine at University Paris VII. It is meant to be more intuitive than other systems while remaining extensible, efficient, and expressive. Compared to other systems, the proof-building syntax is simplified and closer to natural language. Other features include GUI-driven proof construction, rendering formatted output, and proof of correctness of programs in the ML programming language.

PhoX is currently used to teach logic at Savoy University. It is in an experimental but usable state. It is released under CeCILL 2.0.

External links
Phox website

Free theorem provers
Proof assistants