omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
DEGES. The Deutsche Einheit Fernstraßenplanungs- und -bau GmbH (DEGES) (German Unity motorway planning and construction company) is a state-owned project management institution founded on October 7, 1991, about one year after the German reunification. The intention was to support the New Länder in the planning and preparation of necessary construction work on their old and new Autobahn highways.

Organisation 

Participators and owners of DEGES are the Federal Republic of Germany (42,91%) as well as the federal states Brandenburg, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia with 8,16% each. The company resides in Berlin, there are branches in every capital of the participating federal states. As of 2006, the company employs approximately 250 people.

Order size 

The company is responsible for the improvement or construction of 1200 km of Autobahn (750 km old, 450 km new) in the New Länder, as well as the City-Tunnel in Leipzig, with a total investment of approximately 9.6 billion €,

External links 

 

Streetworks
Government-owned companies of Germany
Bee Card (game cartridge). A Bee Card (ビーカード, Bī Kādo) is a ROM cartridge developed by Hudson Soft as a software distribution medium for MSX computers. Bee Cards are approximately the size of a credit card but thicker. Compared to most game cartridges, the Bee Card is small and compact. Bee Cards were released in Japan and Europe but not North America because the MSX was unsuccessful. However, Atari Corporation adopted the Bee Card for the Atari Portfolio, a handheld PC released in 1989 in North America. Some Korg Synthesizers and workstations also used Bee Cards as external storage of user content like sound programs or song data. Even though these systems all use Bee Cards, they are incompatible.

Only a few MSX software titles were published on Bee Card: six in Japan and only two in Europe and Italy. To accept a Bee Card, the cartridge slot of the MSX had to be fitted with a removable adapter: the Hudson Soft BeePack. The first mass-produced Bee Cards, however, were EEPROM telephone cards manufactured by Mitsubishi Plastics; these were first sold in Japan in 1985. The trade names Bee Card and Bee Pack derive from Hudson Soft's corporate logo, which features a cartoon bee.

MSX software published on Bee Card

Hudson Soft and other software publishers distributed at least eleven MSX software titles on Bee Card:

HuCard

Hudson Soft later collaborated with NEC to develop a new video game console called PC Engine. The companies elected to use Hudson Soft's slim ROM cartridge technology to distribute PC Engine software. Hudson Soft adapted the design for their needs and produced the HuCard. HuCards are slightly thicker than Bee Cards; whereas a Bee Card has 32 pins, a HuCard has 38.

References

Computer-related introductions in 1985
Solid-state computer storage media
Konami
MSX hardware
Berliner Maschinenbau. Berliner Maschinenbau AG was a German manufacturer of locomotives.

The factory was founded by Louis Victor Robert Schwartzkopff on 3 October 1852 as Eisengießerei und Maschinen-Fabrik von L. Schwartzkopff in Berlin.

History 
The factory was founded on 3 October 1852 as Eisengießerei und Maschinen-Fabrik von L. Schwartzkopff in Berlin by Louis Victor Robert Schwartzkopff. After a fire in 1860 and the expansion of the factory, they started to manufacture turntables, water systems and turnouts for several railway companies. The first locomotive built by the firm was delivered on 1 February 1867 to the Lower Silesian-Mark Railway (Niederschlesisch-Märkische Eisenbahn or NME). On 1 July 1870 the firm was turned into a share company and renamed the Berliner Maschinenbau-Actien-Gesellschaft vormals L. Schwartzkopff, Berlin. In 1897 a second factory was opened in Wildau. From 1899 the company also manufactured Linotype machines for the Mergenthaler factory in Berlin. On 4 July 1907 they started a joint venture with the Munich firm of Maffei. For that purpose the Maffei-Schwartzkopff-Werke GmbH was opened next to the existing factory in Wildau. It was here that the construction of electric locomotives and their equipment began in 1910. In 1924 diesel locomotives followed. In 1932 the Maffei-Schwartzkopff-Werke went bankrupt.

In 1945, following the destruction of the factory halls during the Second World War and the dismantling of other parts of the factory in Berlin and Wildau, the construction of locomotives by the Berliner Maschinenbau finally ended. On 20 September 1945 the production of cast iron components, linotype machines and glass-blowing machines started up in the remaining parts of the factory. In 1961 the tractor firm of Moorburger Treckerwerke was bought and its production changed. In 1966 the Berliner Maschinenbau was merged into the DIAG, the Deutsche(n) Industrieanlagen Gesellschaft mbH.

Locomotive programme 
The Berliner Maschinenbau was involved in the construction of the following locomotives:
 Cepu Forest Railway "Bahagia"
 Prussian P 4
 Prussian P 6
 Prussian P 8
 Prussian S 3
 Prussian S 10
 Prussian T 16
 DRG Class 01
 DRG Class 01.10 (including its design)
 DRG Class 03
 DRG Class 41 (including its design)
 DRG Class 43
 DRG Class 52
 DRG Class 71
 DRG Class 84 (including its design)
 DRG Class 89.0
 DRG Class 99.22
 DRG Class E 77
 DRG Class E 75
 Wehrmachtslokomotive WR 200 B 14
 Wehrmachtslokomotive WR 360 C 14
 Wehrmachtslokomotive WR 550 D 14
JDŽ Class 398 (also known as JDŽ/JŽ Class 05)
Staatsspoorwegen SS Class 500 (DKA/PNKA BB10) which was the first generation of mallet locomotive operated in West Java
Staatsspoorwegen SS Class 520 (DKA CC10) as second generation of mallet locomotives

References

Manufacturing companies based in Berlin
Engineering companies of Germany
Defunct locomotive manufacturers of Germany
German companies established in 1852
 
1852 establishments in Prussia
1965 disestablishments in West Germany
Torpedo manufacturers
Programmable communicating thermostat. The term programmable communicating thermostat (PCT) is used by the  California Energy Commission to describe programmable thermostats that can receive information wirelessly. 

The first version of the PCT introduced in the 2008 building standards proceeding also required that PCTs allow temperature control during emergency events to avoid blackouts. This feature was removed after public input indicated a strong fear of the non-overrideable "big brother" feel of this feature.

A talk at the S4 SCADA security conference in January 2008 indicated adding a public key encryption scheme to the specification, giving each thermostat a random 160-bit number. The installer or homeowner would call this number in to the utility or other service provider (operator), who would then send the Operator's public key to the thermostat over RDS. Using this method, the PCT would receive messages only from the operator(s) explicitly agreed to by the homeowner. 

Thermostats can also communicate wirelessly through the Internet or via a home automation technology, such as Insteon. These advanced thermostats can be adjusted via computer or Internet capable phone to allow users to adjust the temperature in their home without being present.

See also
 Home automation

External links
 TITLE 24, PART 6 – California's Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings

Temperature control
Animation photo transfer process. The animation photo transfer process (APT process) was a photographic transfer system that can photographically transfer lines or solid blocks of colors onto acetate sheets (cels). A similar process is used in making the stencils for silk screen printing. The process relies on UV-sensitive inks that cure when exposed to light and stick to the plastic sheet, while the ink in the non-exposed areas is chemically removed from the sheet.

Advantages
Compared to the earlier xerography process used by Disney, the lines can be controlled better and multiple copies made quickly. The drawings are photographed on high-contrast sheet film, and these negatives are then exposed onto the cels. A line on an animated character can be in color instead of just black. This is known as self-colored lines. (Xerographic lines were rendered in color too, when colored toners became available.)

Examples
This process was used on Disney's animated features, such as The Black Cauldron, The Great Mouse Detective, Oliver & Company, and The Little Mermaid.

See also
The Black Cauldron
Timeline of CGI in film and television
Traditional animation

References

External links
The APT Process on the AllExperts forum
US Patent Number 4569577 on Google Patent Search

Visual effects
Animation techniques
ObjectVision. ObjectVision was a forms-based programming language and environment for Windows 3.x developed by Borland. The latest version, 2.1, was released in 1992.

An ObjectVision application is composed by forms designed in a graphic way that contains objects and events to provide interactivity. Forms are connected together with logic in the form of decision trees. ObjectVision applications also can interact with databases using multiple engines, like Paradox and dBase. A finished project is saved as an OVD file, that is executed by an interpreted runtime that can be freely distributed.

ObjectVision was not used broadly except in some niche segments, but the visual programming ideas were the basis for Borland Delphi.

References 

Programming tools
Povl Ole Fanger. Povl Ole Fanger (16 July 1934 – 20 September 2006) was an expert in the field of thermal comfort and perception of indoor environments. He was a senior professor at the International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy at the Technical University of Denmark.  He was a visiting University Professor at Syracuse University when he died at the age of 72 from an abdominal aortic aneurysm. His work is credited with demonstrating that poor air quality in homes can cause asthma in children, and that poor air quality in workplaces decreases productivity. His contribution to the research on thermal comfort still defines the state of the art in HVAC technology and the basis for international standardisation. He is also known for creating indoor air quality (IAQ) units of measurement known as the olf and decipol.

Ole Fanger had two daughters, Bine and Tone. His wife Brit died about six months before he died.  Ole is buried in Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark next to his wife.

See also
 Ralph G. Nevins

References

Further reading
Poul O. Fanger: Thermal Comfort. Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering. Krieger, Malabar, Fla. 1982, 

1934 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from abdominal aortic aneurysm
20th-century Danish engineers
Academic staff of the Technical University of Denmark
Landowner incentive program. The Landowner Incentive Program is a United States Department of the Interior program that gives grants to state wildlife agencies for restoring rare wildlife habitat in cooperation with private landowners.  The program received its first $40 million in appropriations from the U.S. Congress in 2002.  Almost every state now has a funded program and $116 million has been appropriated since 2002.  A subprogram has also been established for Native American tribes to restore wildlife habitat on tribal lands.

The program is part of the Bush Administration's "Cooperative Conservation" initiative, which focuses on voluntary partnerships between government and non-government parties like private landowners, cooperations, state government and others to achieve progress in conserving or restoring natural resources.

Program mechanics
States compete for two sets of Landowner Incentive Program dollars.  Tier I grants provide funding to states to staff and operate programs to work with landowners.  Typically, these grants pay for a state program coordinator who works for the wildlife agency and field biologists who interact with landowners and help plan projects.  Tier II grants provide funding to states which the state in turn awards to private landowners for the protection, restoration, or management of rare wildlife habitats.  States are required to have an open, transparent process through which landowners can apply for funding and to establish an advisory panel that helps to oversee the program.  Most states have advisory programs that include representation from government agencies, farmers and ranchers, environmentalists, and academia.

History
The Landowner Incentive Program began as a Texas state program funded by the Administration of then-Governor George W. Bush and by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  In 2002, the program received $40 million from the U.S. Congress, but the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was unable to set up and award funding before Congress rescinded the funding from 2002 and provided $40 million in 2003.

Since 2003, state wildlife agencies have steadily accumulated more and more successes in delivering results for rare wildlife with the conservation partnerships with private landowners.  Oregon, Nebraska, Florida, Massachusetts, Hawaii, Kentucky and Minnesota have been particularly successful, winning more than $22 million in grants from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and working with hundreds of landowners to restore wildlife.

External links
 Cooperative Conservation Initiative
 Grants for state wildlife agencies
 Grants for Native American tribes

By state
 Arizona
 California
 Colorado
 Connecticut
 Delaware
 Florida
 Hawaii
 Illinois
 Iowa
 Kansas
 Maine
 Maryland
 Massachusetts
 Minnesota
 Nebraska
 New York
 Oregon
 Texas
  Wisconsin

United States Department of the Interior
Nature conservation in the United States
Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy. The Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, also known as SASTRA, is a private and deemed university in the town of Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. SASTRA  offers undergraduate, post graduate and doctoral  courses in Engineering, Science, Education, Management, Law and the Arts.

History

SASTRA Deemed University started in 1984 in the form of Shanmugha College of Engineering, affiliated to the Bharathidasan University, Trichy. In 2001 it was renamed as Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy.  It was the first institution to get the 'Deemed University status' in Tamil Nadu. Srinivasa Ramanujam Center at Kumbakonam is attached to it.

In 2011, software company Tata Consultancy Services set a world record of recruiting 1,755 students from SASTRA, the largest recruitment by any company in the world from a single campus.

Campus 

The campus is built on  of land. The total built area is about , out of which about  are hostels, quarters and guest houses. SASTRA will provide totally 119 courses across the 10 Streams.

Ranking

Internationally, SASTRA was ranked in the 401–450 band among Asian universities by the QS World University Rankings: Asia 2024. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked it in the 1201–1500 band in the world and the 401–500 band in Asia.

In India, SASTRA was ranked 38 among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2024, 28 among universities, and 14 among law colleges and 47th overall.

Festivals
The first edition of Kuruksastra was held on 2–3 March 2007. The second edition of Kuruksastra was on 6–9 March 2008.

It started the tradition of hosting musical celebrities for a "Pro Nite" show with singers such as Shankar Mahadevan, Karthik, Mahathi, Pop Shalini, Stephen Devassy, Sid Sriram, Rajhesh Vaidhya and Suchitra. It had over 1200 participants, making it one of the largest such festivals in the country.

Land Encroachment Case 
In 1985, the Thanjavur Revenue Department accused the institution with encroachment and issued an eviction notice. The institute objected and the parties engaged in a long judicial battle. The institute was sent with an eviction notice by the Madras High Court in 2018. The institute challenged this again seeking assignment of the said lands in its name, but the High Court rejected the case and issued a Government Order preventing lands to the assigned to the institute. The Tamil Nadu government on February 25, 2022, issued an eviction notice after the court's order.

See also
 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
 SASTRA-CNR Rao Award

External links

Private engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Education in Thanjavur district
Deemed universities in Tamil Nadu
Educational institutions established in 1984
1984 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology. The Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST) is a research centre into renewable energy based in the Department of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University in England.

Profile
Established in 1993, it is recognised internationally as a centre of excellence in its field particularly in photovoltaic systems, materials and devices, wind power and integration of renewable energy into electricity grids. About fifty researchers, academics and associated staff are involved with CREST's work.

The MSc course in Renewable Energy Systems Technology, developed at CREST, is one of the longest established renewable energy masters courses globally.  It is producing a stream of graduates who are working internationally in all aspects of the renewables industry. This course can be studied full-time or part-time distance learning. As an advanced technology course, the modules in the CREST MSc include biomass, wind, solar, water/marine and electrical integration. There is a strong emphasis on electrical generation throughout.

History
The centre was initially set up through the funding of Professor Tony Marmont of Beacon Energy, who remains a mentor and advisory committee member. Other advisory members include Sir Jonathon Porritt and Dr Andrew Garrad of Garrad Hassan & Partners Ltd. Professor Phil Eames is the director of CREST and Leon Freris is a visiting professor. Professor Freris, and Dr David Sharpe, a leading British wind turbine aerodynamicist who also worked at the centre, were founding members of the British Wind Energy Association (now RenewableUK). David Sharpe has since become known for his work as the inventor of the Aerogenerator.

Associations
The Masters course is one of only sixteen programmes in the UK admitted to the Panasonic Fellowship programme  (run by the Royal Academy of Engineering). The Panasonic Fellowship programme is aimed at recent graduates who wish to embark on a full-time master's degree course in environmental studies or sustainable development.

CREST is a participating university in the EUREC European Masters Program in Renewable Energy, an initiative supported by the European Commission to expand the European renewable energy industry.

The group is located in the Holywell Park area of the Loughborough campus, adjacent to the offices of the Energies Technology Institute (ETI).

References

External links
 Official site of CREST
 Official site of Department of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering 
 European Masters in Renewable Energy 

Loughborough University
Research institutes in Leicestershire
Renewable energy organizations
Organisations based in Leicestershire
Organizations established in 1993
Buildings and structures in Leicestershire
Renewable energy in England
1993 establishments in England
Nital. Nital is a solution of nitric acid and alcohol commonly used for etching of metals. It is especially suitable for revealing the microstructure of carbon steels. The alcohol can be methanol or ethanol. 

Mixtures of ethanol and nitric acid are potentially explosive. This commonly occurs by gas evolution, although ethyl nitrate can also be formed. Methanol is not liable to explosion but it is toxic.

A solution of ethanol and nitric acid will become explosive if the concentration of nitric acid reaches over 10% (by weight). Solutions above 5% should not be stored in closed containers. Nitric acid will continue to act as an oxidant in dilute and cold conditions.

In popular culture 
Nital is a critical plot element in the Japanese manga series Dr. Stone, whose story revolves around the mysterious petrification of all mankind. Made from nitric acid that they produce from bat guano found in a cave, they produce nitric acid by using the Ostwald process (using Platinum as a catalyst and urine as an ingredient) and highly distilled alcohol with a ratio of 3:7. Nital is dubbed the revival fluid with the unique property of undoing and freeing the petrified people.

References 

Etching
Solutions
East River VFR corridor. The East River Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA), formally known as the East River class-B exclusion, is a section of airspace above the East River in New York City in which flight is permitted under visual flight rules (VFR).  Formerly, this could be done without being in contact with air traffic control. Pilots operating within the SFRA are expected to self-announce on a designated frequency of 123.075 MHz, and to maintain appropriate separation visually.

After a 2006 plane crash near the corridor, the FAA imposed a temporary flight restriction (TFR) requiring all pilots of fixed-wing aircraft to obtain permission from LaGuardia's air traffic control tower for flight in the East River VFR corridor between the southern tip of Governors Island and the northern tip of Roosevelt Island.  The pilot must remain in contact with air traffic control while in the exclusion.  An exception is granted for seaplanes landing or departing from the New York Skyports Seaplane Base located in the East River near 23rd Street.  Technically, this area remains a VFR corridor and outside of Class B airspace.  However, the TFR imposes many of the requirements of entering Class B airspace.  Significantly, cloud clearance and visibility requirements are not changed.

The rule is among many regulating aviation in the New York metropolitan area, which also includes the Hudson River SFRA. A major difference between the East River VFR and Hudson River SFRA's are that the latter route allows VFR flight along the entire length of Manhattan, whereas the East River corridor ends southwest of LaGuardia Airport. For this reason, helicopter traffic in the East River SFRA is the norm, and fixed-wing pilots tend to avoid it, as it requires a very tight turn-around in order to avoid continuing flight into the LaGuardia airspace.

References 
Ask the pilot : Should New York's famous East and Hudson River flyways be closed to small aircraft? by Patrick Smith in Salon.com
ALC-79: New York City Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) by FAA in FAASafety.gov
Foreflight Content Pack for pilots using Foreflight

Air traffic control in the United States
Aviation in New York City
East River
Y8. Y8 may refer to: 

 Shaanxi Y-8, a Chinese transport aircraft
  KJ-200, also known as by the NATO reporting name "Moth" or "Y-8 Balance Beam" is a Chinese Airborne early warning and control aircraft.
 LNER Class Y8, a class of British steam locomotives
 Yangtze River Express, a IATA airline designator
 Youth 8 summit, more commonly known as the Y8 summit, the youth counterpart to the G8 summit

See also 
 8Y (disambiguation)