omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thermate. Thermate is a variation of thermite and is an incendiary pyrotechnic composition that can generate short bursts of very high temperatures focused on a small area for a short period of time. It is used primarily in incendiary grenades. 

The main chemical reaction in thermate is the same as in thermite: an aluminothermic reaction between powdered aluminium and a metal oxide. Thermate can also utilize magnesium or other similar elements in place of aluminium.  In addition to thermite, thermate sometimes contains sulfur and sometimes barium nitrate, both of which increase its thermal effect, create flame in burning, and significantly reduce the ignition temperature. Various mixtures of these compounds can be called thermate, but to avoid confusion with thermate-TH3, one can refer to them as thermite variants or analogs.  The composition by weight of Thermate-TH3 (in military use) is 68.7% thermite, 29.0% barium nitrate, 2.0% sulfur and 0.3% binder (such as polybutadiene acrylonitrile (PBAN)). As both thermite and thermate are notoriously difficult to ignite, initiating the reaction normally requires supervision and sometimes persistent effort.

Because thermate burns at higher temperatures than ordinary thermite, it has military applications in cutting through tank armor or other hardened military vehicles or bunkers.  As with thermite, thermate's ability to burn without an external supply of oxygen renders it useful for underwater incendiary devices.

See also
 Nano-thermite

References

External links
Further details and photos of thermate grenades
AN-M14 TH3 Incendiary Grenade information from a US Army Field Manual

Incendiary weapons
Pyrotechnic compositions
Web Services Inspection Language. WS-Inspection is a Web service specification for "discovery documents" developed in a joint effort by Microsoft and IBM. WS-Inspection lists groups of web services and their endpoints in an XML format. Currently, other standards are being used for this purpose, such as Microsoft's DISCO. It is expected that WS-Inspection will eventually replace these standards to become the universally accepted discovery standard for Web services.

See also
Web Services Discovery
List of Web service specifications
UDDI

External links
WS-Inspection Overview

Inspection
Isa Air Base. Isa Air Base (IAB), formerly known as Shaikh Isa Air Base , is located on the island nation of Bahrain.  Isa Air Base is located on the shore of the Persian Gulf in southern Bahrain.

It hosts the Royal Bahraini Air Force (RBAF) Fighter Wing and the two squadrons that comprise it.

History

During the first Gulf War, some of the Coalition forces, having trouble with the Arab pronunciation, knew the base under the name "Shakey's Pizza".

Current use

Bahrain

The base is home to the RBAF's 1st Fighter Wing:

 1st Fighter Squadron – Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon C/D Block 40
 2nd Fighter Squadron – F-16C/D Block 40
 6th Fighter Squadron – Northrop F-5E/F
 5th Squadron – British Aerospace Hawk
 4th Squadron – Slingsby T-67 Firefly

United States

In March 2009, the United States Air Force established a camp on Isa Air Base to support aerial port operations.  The unit was designated a detachment of the 379th Air Expeditionary Wing of Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar.  This detachment's purpose was to accelerate the delivery of mine-resistant ambush-protected all-terrain vehicles to U.S. forces in Afghanistan.

As part of its operations against ISIL, the United States has deployed various aircraft there.

As of August 27, 2020, KBR is in charge of base operations support services at Isa Air Base.

See also 
 List of airports in Bahrain

References

External links
 Shaikh Isa Air Base / Sheik Isa Airbase, Bahrain - Global Security.org

Military installations of Bahrain
Airports in Bahrain
Misty (satellite program). Misty is reportedly the name of a classified project by the United States National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) to operate stealthy reconnaissance satellites. The satellites are conjectured to be photo reconnaissance satellites and the program has been the subject of atypically public debates about its worthiness in the defense budget since December 2004. The estimated project costs in 2004 were, at the time of statement, US$9.5 billion (inflation adjusted US$ billion in ).

Launches 
The first satellite (USA-53 or 1990-019B, 19,600 kg) launched for the program was deployed on 1 March 1990 by the Space Shuttle Atlantis as part of Mission STS-36. Objects associated with the satellite decayed on 31 March 1990, but the satellite was seen and tracked later that year and in the mid-1990s by amateur observers. The second satellite (USA-144 or 1999-028A ) was launched on 22 May 1999, and by 2004 the launch of a third satellite was planned for 2009. Circumstantial evidence suggested that the third satellite might be the payload of the Delta IV Heavy launch designated NROL-15, which was launched in June 2012.

Criticism 
Porter Goss, a former Congressman and former CIA director, and George Tenet, former CIA director, have both vigorously supported successors to Misty, despite several attempts by Senators Dianne Feinstein and John D. Rockefeller IV to terminate the program. The primary contractor is Lockheed Martin Space Systems.

On 21 June 2007, the Associated Press reported that Director of National Intelligence John Michael McConnell had cancelled the Misty program. A spokesperson for McConnell confirmed that McConnell has the authority to cancel projects, but declined to comment further.

See also 
 Blackjack (satellite)
 Future Imagery Architecture
 KH-11

References

External links 
 Allen Thomson. Stealth Satellite Sourcebook (from Federation of American Scientists)
 GlobalSecurity.org article
 
 The Spy Satellite So Stealthy that the Senate Couldn't Kill It (Excerpt from The Wizards of Langley on MISTY)
 

Cold War military equipment of the United States
Lockheed Martin satellites and probes
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
National Reconnaissance Office satellites
Reconnaissance satellites of the United States
Zirconic. Zirconic is a program for the development of reconnaissance satellites which have features intended to make them more difficult to detect and track, by both radar and visual observation.  The program, which is operated by the US National Reconnaissance Office, includes the Misty and Prowler spacecraft.

External links 
 Stealth Satellite Sourcebook
 Globalsecurity.org article
 "New Spy Satellite Debated on Hill", The Washington Post, 11 December 2004

National Reconnaissance Office satellites
Harold Pender. Harold Pender (13 January 1879, Tarboro, North Carolina – 6 Kennebunkport, Maine1959) was an American academic, author, and inventor. He was the first Dean of the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering, a position he held from the founding of the School in 1923 until his retirement in 1949. During his tenure, the Moore School built the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, and began construction of its successor machine, the EDVAC. Pender also proposed the Moore School Lectures, the first course in computers, which the Moore School offered by invitation in the summer of 1946.

Pender was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1913 and the American Philosophical Society in 1917.

The Harold Pender Award is named after him.

He and his wife Ailsa had one son, bridge player and figure skater Peter Pender.

References 

1879 births
1959 deaths
University of Pennsylvania faculty
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Members of the American Philosophical Society
Skew-T log-P diagram. A skew-T log-P diagram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams commonly used in weather analysis and forecasting. In 1947, N. Herlofson proposed a modification to the emagram that allows straight, horizontal isobars and provides for a large angle between isotherms and dry adiabats, similar to that in the tephigram. This made the diagram useful for analysis techniques that were then being adopted by the United States Air Force.

Such a diagram has pressure plotted on the vertical axis, with a logarithmic scale (thus the "log-P" part of the name), and the temperature plotted skewed, with isothermal lines at 45° to the plot (thus the "skew-T" part of the name). Plotting a hypothetical set of measurements with constant temperature for all altitudes would result in a line angled 45° to the right. In practice, since temperature usually drops with altitude, the graphs are usually mostly vertical (see examples linked to below).

The major use for skew-T log-P diagrams is the plotting of radiosonde soundings, which give a vertical profile of the temperature and dew point temperature throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The isopleths on the diagram can then be used to simplify many tedious calculations involved, which were previously performed by hand or not at all. Many skew-T log-P diagrams also include a vertical representation of the wind speed and direction using wind barbs. Important atmospheric characteristics such as saturation, atmospheric instability, and wind shear are critical in severe weather forecasting, by which skew-T log-P diagrams allow quick visual analysis. The diagrams are widely used by glider pilots to forecast the strength of thermals and the height of the base of the associated cumulus clouds.

See also 

 Thermodynamic diagrams
 Tephigram
 Emagram
 Stüve diagram
 Meteogram

Bibliography

External links 
 Downloadable/printable skew-T log-P diagrams in PDF format
 NOAA observed sounding archive
 Printable blank skew-T log-P diagrams in multiple densities
 on-line course about skew-T 
 NOAA Skew-T log-P page 

Diagrams
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Dresden Funicular Railway. The Dresden Funicular Railway () is a funicular in Dresden, Germany, connecting the districts of Loschwitz, near the "Blue Wonder" bridge, and Weisser Hirsch.

The railway is one of two funicular railways in Dresden, the other being the unusual Schwebebahn Dresden, a suspended monorail. Both lines are operated by the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe AG, which also operate the city's tram, bus and ferry networks.

History
Although the construction of the line had been discussed and planned since 1873, the permit to build the railway was not issued until 1893.  The railway was opened on October 26, 1895, and was originally run by a steam engine.

In 1910 the line was converted to run on electricity, and in 1912 its operation was transferred to the Dresden municipal tramways, whose successors still operate it. During the bombing of Dresden on the 13 February 1945, the lower station of the funicular was destroyed. However the cars had been moved into the line's tunnels for safety, and survived.

Major renewals took place in 1978 and 1993.  On January 6, 2014, the line was again closed for a major refurbishment of both the cars and the line.  The refurbishment was expected to be completed by April, 2014 and to cost €350,000.

Operation
The funicular operates between 06:30 and 21:00 on weekdays, and between 09:00 and 21:00 at weekends and public holidays. During operating hours there are between four and six journeys per hour in each direction.

The line has the following technical parameters:

Gallery

See also 
 List of funicular railways

References

External links
 
 Standseilbahn page from Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe web site (in German)

Transport in Dresden
Railway lines in Saxony
Tourist attractions in Dresden
Dresden, Standseilbahn
Metre gauge railways in Germany
Railway lines opened in 1895
Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe
Traditional engineering. Traditional engineering, also known as sequential engineering, is the process of marketing, engineering design, manufacturing, testing and production where each stage of the development process is carried out separately, and the next stage cannot start until the previous stage is finished.  Therefore, the information flow is only in one direction, and it is not until the end of the chain that errors, changes and corrections can be relayed to the start of the sequence, causing estimated costs to be under predicted.

This can cause many problems; such as time consumption due to many modifications being made as each stage does not take into account the next.  This method is hardly used today, as the concept of concurrent engineering is more efficient.

Traditional engineering is also known as over the wall engineering as each stage blindly throws the development to the next stage over the wall.

Lean manufacturing
Traditional manufacturing has been driven by sales forecasts that companies need to produce and stockpile inventory to support. Lean manufacturing is based on the concept that production should be driven by the actual customer demands and requirements. Instead of pushing product to the marketplace, it is pulled through by the customers' actual needs.

Sequential engineering stages
 Research
 Design
 Manufacture
 Quality Control
 Distribution
 Sales

Disadvantages of sequential engineering
 This orderly step-by-step process will bring control to complex projects but is very slow.
 In today’s highly competitive market place this can lead to product failures and lost sales.

See also
Waterfall model

References

Engineering concepts
Product management
Supply chain management
Computer-aided technologies. Computer-aided technologies (CAx) is the use of computer technology to aid in the design, analysis, and manufacture of products.

Advanced CAx tools merge many different aspects of product lifecycle management (PLM), including design, finite element analysis (FEA), manufacturing, production planning, product 
 Computer-aided design (CAD)
 Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD)
 Computer-aided engineering (CAE)
 Computer-aided fixture design (CAFD)
 Computer-aided innovation (CAI)
 Computer-aided industrial design (CAID)
 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
 Computer-aided process planning (CAPP)
 Computer-aided requirements capture (CAR)
 Computer-aided rule definition (CARD)
 Computer-aided rule execution (CARE)
 Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
 Computer-aided automation (CAA)
 Computer-assisted surgery (CAS)
 Computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS)
 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
 Component information system (CIS)
 Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
 Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC)
 Electronic design automation (EDA)
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
 Finite element analysis (FEA)
 Knowledge-based engineering (KBE)
 Knowledge Lifecylcle Management (KLM)
 Manufacturing process management (MPM)
 Manufacturing process planning (MPP)
 Material requirements planning (MRP)
 Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II)
 Product data management (PDM)
 Product lifecycle management (PLM)
 Virtual prototyping

See also 
List of CAx companies

References

External links
 LearnCAx Online Education in CAx Technologies

Computer-aided engineering
Direct material usage variance. In variance analysis, direct material usage (efficiency, quantity) variance is the difference between the standard quantity of materials that should have been used for the number of units actually produced, and the actual quantity of materials used, valued at the standard cost per unit of material. It is one of the two components (the other is direct material price variance) of direct material total variance.

Example
Let us assume that standard direct material cost of widget is as follows:
2 kg of unobtainium at € 60 per kg ( = € 120 per unit). 
Let us assume further that during given period, 100 widgets were manufactured, using 212 kg of unobtainium which cost €13,144.

Under those assumptions direct material usage variance can be calculated as:

Direct material usage variance can be reconciled to direct material total variance by way of direct material price variance:

See direct material total variance#Example and direct material price variance#Example for computations of both components.

See also
Variance analysis (accounting)

References

Management accounting
DBI. DBI may refer to:

dBi, decibel isotropic
DBI (gene), the gene encoding diazepam binding inhibitor in humans
DBI Beverage, a subsidiary of Ingram Entertainment
DBI, a company founded by David Belt which now operates as DBI Projects and DBI Construction Consultants
Beck Depression Inventory, a psychological test used to measure depression levels
Dahabshil Bank International, Somalia
Data Bus Inversion - a method of power saving in DDR4
Davies–Bouldin index, a metric for evaluating clustering algorithms
Davie-Brown Index, an independent index for brand marketers
Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, U.S.
Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, the Biographical Dictionary of the Italians
Doppelgänger brand image, Doublewalker in marketing
Dubai, a city in the United Arab Emirates
Dynamic binary instrumentation, a technique to change programs
ISO 639:dbi or Doka, a Plateau language of Nigeria
Perl DBI, a database interface for Perl
Phenformin, by the trade name DBI
Eyachtal Span. The Eyachtal Span is the crossing of the Eyach valley with a 110 kV line in Neuenbürg and Höfen an der Enz in the Black Forest in Germany. The Eyachtal Span was built in 1992. With a span of 1444 metres, it is the greatest span of a power line in Germany. The pylons on which the Eyach Span is fixed are 70 metres high and located on Heuberg and Eiberg.

External links

 

Powerline river crossings
Electric power transmission systems in Germany
Ameralik Span. The Ameralik Span is the longest span of an electrical overhead power line in the world. It is situated near Nuuk on Greenland and crosses Ameralik fjord with a span width of  at .  It was built in 1993 by the Norwegian company NTE Entreprise (Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk) and is part of a single-circuit 132 kV powerline running from Buksefjord hydroelectric power plant to Nuuk.

The span consists of four 40-millimeter diameter steel conductors, one of which is a spare. The span has a width of 190 metres and a minimum clearance of 128 metres. The pylons on each side of the span carry only one conductor each and are situated on mountains 444 metres high on the north shore and 1,013 metres high on the south shore. It is designed to withstand the cold winters of Greenland, so electricity produced can reach consumers without any disturbance.

Sites

North End 
 Tower 1: 
 Tower 2: 
 Tower 3: 
 Tower 4:

South End 
 Tower 1: 
 Tower 2: 
 Tower 3: 
 Tower 4:

See also

 List of spans

References
 
 

Towers completed in 1993
Powerline river crossings
Electric power infrastructure in Greenland
MuMATH. muMATH is a computer algebra system developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Albert D. Rich and David Stoutemyer of Soft Warehouse in Honolulu, Hawaii. It is implemented in the muSIMP programming language which is  built on top of a LISP dialect called . It supports CP/M and TRS-DOS (since muMATH-79), Apple II (since muMATH-80) and MS-DOS (in muMATH-83, the final version, which was published by Microsoft).

The Soft Warehouse later developed Derive, another computer algebra system. The company was purchased by Texas Instruments in 1999, and development of Derive ended in 2006.

Literature
 David D. Shochat, A Symbolic Mathematics System, Creative Computing, Oct. 1982, p. 26
 Gregg Williams, The muSIMP/muMATH-79 Symbolic Math system, a Review, BYTE, Nov. 1980, p. 324
 Stuart Edwards, A Computer-Algebra-Based Calculating System, BYTE 12/1983, pp- 481-494 (Describes a calculator application of muSIMP / muMATH doing automatic unit conversion.)

Computer algebra systems
CP/M software
Discontinued software
Lisp (programming language) software
Derive (computer algebra system). Derive was a computer algebra system, developed as a successor to muMATH by the Soft Warehouse in Honolulu, Hawaii, now owned by Texas Instruments. Derive was implemented in , also by Soft Warehouse. The first release was in 1988 for DOS. It was discontinued on June 29, 2007, in favor of the TI-Nspire CAS. The final version is Derive 6.1 for Windows.

Since Derive required comparably little memory, it was suitable for use on older and smaller machines. It was available for the DOS and Windows platforms and served as an inspiration for the computer algebra system in certain TI pocket calculators.

Books 
 
 Jerry Glynn, Exploring Math from Algebra to Calculus with Derive, A Mathematical Assistant, Mathware Inc, 1992, 
 Leon Magiera, General Physics Problem Solving With Cas Derive, Nova Science Pub Inc 2001, 
 Vladimir Dyakonov. Handbook on application system Derive. Moscow (Russia) 1996, Phismatlit, 320 p, 
 Vladimir Dyakonov. Computers algebra systems Derive. Moscow (Russia) 2002, SOLON-R, 320 p,

See also 
 List of computer algebra systems

References

External links 
 Derive Review at scientific-computing.com  
 Derive Newsletter from the International Derive Users Group

1988 software
Computer algebra systems
Discontinued software
Lisp (programming language) software
Science software for Windows
Lola Aylings. Lola Aylings, was a manufacturer of rowing boats.  It was formed in early 2001 when Lola Group (a racing car/composite engineering company) purchased Aylings (an existing boat manufacturer) and was based in Huntingdon, United Kingdom.

Aylings was founded in 1859, originally making rowing oars.  It began producing boats in the 1980s (after buying Carbocraft) and kayaks in 1998 (after buying Kobra Kayaks)

The company moved from Weybridge to Huntingdon in 2003. It ceased production in 2007.

External links
 Old Aylings website, thanks to Wayback Machine

Rowing equipment manufacturers
1859 establishments in England
2007 disestablishments in England
Quad helix. A quad helix (or quadhelix) is an orthodontic appliance for the upper teeth that is cemented in the mouth. It is attached to the molars by 2 bands and has two or four active helix springs that widen the arch of the mouth to make room for crowded teeth, or correct a posterior cross-bite, where lower teeth are buccal (outer) than upper teeth. It is usually made from 38 mil stainless steel wire and is primarily indicated in mixed dentition, cleft patients and those that have performed the act of thumbsucking. A variety of this appliance is inserted into attachments that are welded to the bands. In this way the orthodontist can adjust the appliance without removing the bands.

The precursor to the quad-helix was the coffin spring. Similar devices known as tri-helices and bi-helices were later developed, with three and two helix springs, respectively.

The expander works by gently pushing the teeth outwards to eventually widen the upper arch. A quad helix expander is usually given to those who have a narrow top jaw, a cross bite and/or crowded teeth.

References 

Orthodontic appliances
Dental equipment
University of Atacama. University of Atacama () or UDA is a university in Chile. It is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. UDA is in Copiapó, in the Third Region, Atacama.

The university was created in 1981, as a fusion of the old Mines School of Copiapo, founded in 1857 and very prestigious in the minerals industries. This school was integrated in 1947 in early founded Universidad Técnica del Estado, being the new U.T.E. until 1981 the most important Chilean university in applied sciences and the Normal School of Copiapó, founded in 1905.

UDA has four faculties: Humanities and Education, Law, Engineering, and Natural Sciences, as well as five institutes: the Technological Institute, the Language Institute, the Center for Technical Education (CFT), the Institute for Scientific and Technological Research (IDITEC), and INSAMIN.

The University of Atacama campus houses several historical monuments, including the first steam engine to traverse Chile, between Copiapó and the port city of Caldera, in 1851.

External links 
 Universidad de Atacama

Universities in Atacama Region
University of Atacama
Universities and colleges established in 1857
1857 establishments in Chile