omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ATHLETE. ATHLETE (All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra-Terrestrial Explorer) is a six-legged robotic lunar rover under development by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). ATHLETE is a testbed for systems, and is designed for use on the Moon.

The system is in development along with NASA's Johnson and Ames Centers, Stanford University and Boeing.
ATHLETE is designed, for maximum efficiency, to be able to both roll and walk over a wide range of terrains.

Systems
The project aims to develop a multi-purpose system capable of docking or mating with special-purpose devices including refueling stations, excavation implements and/or special end effectors. The legs have six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) for generalized robotic manipulation. Each ATHLETE is intended to have a payload capacity of , in Earth's gravity with the capability of docking multiple ATHLETE vehicles together to support larger loads.

The ATHLETE is much larger than robotic systems previously used and has a diameter of around  and a reach of around . Even with this larger size the project has allowed the facility for multiple units to be stowed and docked compactly for launch into an annular ring. This would mean that many vehicles can be efficiently stacked around a main payload on a single lander.

The six 6-DOF legs allow more capabilities than other robotic systems such as Sojourner or the Mars Exploration Rovers. These mean that the slopes it could climb would be up to 35° on solid surfaces and 25° on soft surfaces, such as the soft deposits of dust found on the Moon. Plans are to develop the system's capability of travel over rougher terrain and to increase the speed of ATHLETE to  per hour, 100 times faster than the Spirit and Opportunity rovers.

Goals
The JPL is aiming for a 10-year life span, and the capability for re-usable delivery vehicles would mean that the goal of "an affordable lunar-surface flight experiment that demonstrates this technology on the Moon and subsequently uses it as part of the Human Lunar Return campaign to perform the needed robotic or human vehicle functions on the lunar surface."

ATHLETE's purpose is to support lunar exploration operations. One hypothetical mission scenario features a mobile, crewed "base" supported by ATHLETEs capable of traversing thousands of kilometers and setting down temporarily to study interesting features along the way.

Future improvements

Planning for the future of the ATHLETE includes the ability to scale difficult obstacles by means of employing a launchable/releasable grappling hook and line which it will use to haul itself up even vertical slopes. There are also plans to introduce provisions for voice and gesture commands from suited astronauts in proximity to the ATHLETE, the ability to self-deploy from their storage facilities and the capability for "autonomous footfall placement". Work was also done to adapt the Tweel technology for use with the rover.

Gallery

References

External links

 JPL Robotics: System: The ATHLETE Rover
 ATHLETE Rover Fact Sheet

2000s robots
Hexapod robots
Lunar rovers
NASA vehicles
Robots of the United States
Six-wheeled robots
Bridges No. L-5853 and 92247. Bridges No. L-5853 and 92247 are two side-by-side bridges in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. They were built in 1904 over the Como-Harriet streetcar line, connecting the nearby Twin City Rapid Transit Company station to the line running west to Minneapolis; Bridge No. 92247 carries traffic on Lexington Avenue over the tracks and Bridge No. L-5853 carried pedestrians; the latter is an example of an early reinforced concrete arch bridge, using the Melan reinforcing system by the William S. Hewett & Company of Minneapolis.

The bridges were evaluated as part of the Reinforced-Concrete Highway Bridges in Minnesota MPS, and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

References

See also
 Interlachen Bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, built by the same engineer and also using the Melan reinforcing system

Arch bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 1904
Bridges in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Concrete bridges in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Open-spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States
Pedestrian bridges in Minnesota
Pedestrian bridges on the National Register of Historic Places
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Zighen Aym. Zighen Aym (born 1957 in Kabylie in Algeria) is an Algerian writer and engineer. After graduating with an engineering degree in the United States in 1982, he went back to his native Algeria and worked as a maintenance engineer in the Sahara for Sonatrach, the Algerian National Oil and Gas Company. He returned to the US in 1990 to pursue graduate studies and obtained a PhD in Mechanical Engineering.

In his first book Still Moments: A Story about Faded Dreams and Forbidden Pictures, he writes of his experience of ethnic profiling in the aftermath of 9/11.
Zighen stopped along Route 66 to photograph the railroad tracks one day in October 2002.
An Illinois State Police officer stopped and questioned him, asking for identification and what he was doing. What followed several months later was an FBI interrogation.
The reader experiences Zighen's reflections on his life in Algeria, his move to the United States, his reaction to being suspected of terrorist activities in the innocence of a photography hobby, the ethnic profiling he experienced and the traumatic FBI interrogation.

Works 
"ALGERIA'S AMNESTY AND THE KABYLIA QUESTION", World War 4 Report, Nov. 1, 2005
"Cultural Apartheid in North Africa", The Amazigh Voice, December 1995
 Still Moments: A Story about Faded Dreams and Forbidden Pictures, 2005 ()

Reviews 
In his review of Still Moments, Irfan Yusuf wrote
Aym’s book provides a context to the Algerian conflict rarely discussed by Muslimphobic pundits and supporters of political Islamist groups such as the Algerian FIS. Aym provides us with a glimpse of how many ordinary Algerians viewed the political situation in their country – critical of the incumbent FLN regime’s corruption and despotism but ill-disposed to ex-FLN officials who aligned themselves with a modernist form of political Islam.

References

External links 
Author's blog

1957 births
Living people
Algerian writers
Kabyle people
Algerian engineers
21st-century Algerian people
Robb Engineering. Robb Engineering was a metals manufacturer that was located in Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada in the early 1900s. Originally started as a tinsmithy, the factory eventually expanded to the manufacture of boilers, electric engines and small generator plants. Some evidence exists that attempts were also made by the company to design and manufacture locomotive engines as well as a small venture into shipwork.

In 1964 Robb Engineering was acquired by the Dominion Bridge Company.  Its assets were merged into Dominion's Canada Car and Foundry subsidiary. These corporate changes saw the workforce at Dominion Bridge Company's operations in Amherst undergo major changes following the dissolution of Robb Engineering.

Robb Engineering gained notoriety during the 1990s after being blamed as the maker of faulty open web steel joists. Poor welds weakened the joists. In some cases the roof joists have experienced catastrophic failure, resulting in at least 1 roof collapse. With the collapse of 3 joists in 3 separate buildings confirmed, an inspection of all governmental structures was conducted in eastern Canada surveying how many of Robb Engineering's joists were being used. Inspections costing into the millions of dollars, found that several thousand government buildings, in several provinces across eastern Canada, were involved. An unknown number of private buildings could also be involved, however no statistical information was recorded reflecting this data.

References

CBC coverage (references)
CBC News story
Dozens of schools under repair
PEI Government finishes building inspections

External links
Open Web Steel Joist Information Package from Province of Nova Scotia 
THE OWSJ TASK REVIEW BOARD Warning 
Historical essay  company profile (circa 1967)

Companies based in Nova Scotia
Foundries in Canada
Amherst, Nova Scotia
Roofs
Construction and civil engineering companies of Canada
Engineering failures
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1903
Canadian companies established in 1903
LX-14. LX-14 and LX-14-0 are polymer-bonded explosives developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and used in nuclear weapons in the United States.

Ingredients 
LX-14 is made of HMX explosive powder (95.5%) and Estane and 5702-Fl plastic binders (4.5%).

Properties 
LX-14-0 has a density of 1830 kg/m3, detonation velocity of 8,830 m/s and detonation pressure of 37 GPa.

References 

Explosives
Polymer-bonded explosives
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Packstone. Under the Dunham classification (Dunham, 1962) system of limestones, a packstone is defined as a grain-supported carbonate rock that contains 1% or more mud-grade fraction. This definition has been clarified by Lokier and Al Junaibi (2016) as a carbonate-dominated lithology containing carbonate mud (<63 μm) in a fabric supported by a sand grade (63 μm to 2 mm) grain-size fraction and where less than 10% of the volume consists of grains >2 mm.

The identification of packstone 

A study of the adoption and use of carbonate classification systems by Lokier and Al Junaibi (2016) identified three common problems encountered when describing a packstone:
 Failure to identify the fabric as supported by the sand grade grain-size fraction - resulting in misidentification as wackestone.
 Packstones with very small volumes of carbonate mud may be misclassified as grainstone.
 Incorrectly estimating the volume of the component grains >2 mm.

References 

Limestone
Experiment (locomotive). Experiment was a steam locomotive designed and built by Richard Roberts in 1833 for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR). The locomotive had vertical cylinders driving via bell cranks.

History
L&MR No.32 Experiment was built in 1833 with vertical cylinders mounted just behind the chimney, driving the wheels via a bell crank. The locomotive also had piston valves. These valves were probably the reason that the design was not a success, rather than the bell crank transmission, which was used successfully in other locomotives. Another reason that the locomotive was not successful was steam leakage from the cylinders. Experiment was withdrawn after a few months.

Three similar locomotives were built for the Dublin and Kingstown Railway. Locomotives to this design were built for the Dundee and Newtyle Railway, but they were soon altered.

References

Sources

2-2-0 locomotives
Early steam locomotives
Liverpool and Manchester Railway locomotives
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1833
Frederick Warner (engineer). Sir Frederick Edward Warner FRS, FREng (31 March 1910 – 3 July 2010) was a British chemical engineer.

He was knighted in 1968, FRS 1976, Leverhulme Medal 1978, Buchanan Medal 1982. He was a founding Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. Warner also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1978.

In 1986, Warner assembled a group of experts, all aged over 65, to visit the stricken Chernobyl reactor. On returning to Britain he proposed the formation of a permanent task force made up of older scientists who would be on hand to enter contaminated areas after serious nuclear accidents to make initial damage assessments.  As a result, Volunteers for Ionising Radiation (VIR) was formed and incorporated into the emergency provisions of the Order of St John.
 
Warner died on 3 July 2010 at the age of 100.

Legacy 
Warner's chemical engineering legacy is remembered through the Sir Frederick Warner prize, a biennial award presented by IChemE (the Institution of Chemical Engineers) to recognise an individual in the early stages of their career that has shown exceptional promise in the field of sustainable chemical process technology, nuclear technology or in making chemical engineering more accessible to a wider scientific community.

References 

Papers and Correspondence of Sir Frederick Warner
Notice of Sir Frederick Warner's 98th birthday
Obituary in The Guardian
Notice of the Sir Frederick Warner prize

British chemical engineers
1910 births
2010 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Knights Bachelor
Alumni of University College London
British men centenarians
Nakajima Ki-12. The  was a private development Nakajima Aircraft Company after its failure to meet the 1935 requirement issued by the Japanese government for a modern single-seat monoplane fighter with the Ki-11 design.

Design & Development
Design work on the Ki-12 was a collaboration between engineers Roger Robert and Jean Beziaud from the French Dewoitine firm and Shigenobu Mori, a Nakajima engineer, and was heavily influenced by the Dewoitine D.510 design. Nakajima wanted the new design to be the most technically advanced in Japan.
Based on the Ki-11 airframe, the engine was replaced by a liquid-cooled  Hispano-Suiza 12Xcrs V engine. The landing gear were fully retractable (the first Japanese design to have this feature), and the design introduced the use of slotted flaps. Proposed armament consisted of a 20 mm cannon firing from between the engine cylinders and twin 7.7 mm (.303 in) machine guns.

The Ki-12 was tested against the Mitsubishi Ki-18. Although technically advanced and with advantages in speed, range and firepower over the other contemporary Japanese fighter designs, the Ki-12 was deemed too heavy and complex by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. The IJAAF also felt that the design was lacking in maneuverability, and would not want to rely on the manufacturing licence for the Hispano-Suiza engine.

Although the Army declined to pursue the project, Nakajima continued to refine the design, introducing a simpler version styled the Nakajima Type P.E., which evolved into the successful Ki-27 "Nate" several years later.

Variants
 Nakajima Ki-12: initial prototype
 Nakajima Type P.E.: simplified prototype with a fixed landing gear and a radial engine

Specifications (Ki-12)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Pacific Storm on development of Nakajima fighters 

Low-wing aircraft
Ki-12, Nakajima
1930s Japanese experimental aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Japan
Ki-012
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Rubidium iodide. Rubidium iodide is a salt of rubidium and iodine, with the chemical formula RbI. It is a white solid  with a melting point of 642 °C.

Preparation 

Rubidium iodide can be synthesized in several ways. One is to use a mixed reaction of rubidium hydroxide and hydriodic acid/hydrogen iodide:

Another method is to neutralize rubidium carbonate with hydriodic acid:

Another method is to use rubidium metal to react directly with iodine, but because rubidium metal is very expensive, it is the least commonly used method. In addition, rubidium reacts violently with halogens and burns:

Properties 

Rubidium iodide forms colorless crystals, and has a red-violet flame color. The refractive index of the crystals is nD = 1.6474. It reacts with halogens to form polyhalides: RbI3, RbICl2, RbICl4.  It is easily soluble in water, liquid ammonia, sulfuric acid, RbI·6NH3 and RbI·3SO2. Rubidium iodide is soluble only in the following solvents:

The standard enthalpy of formation of rubidium iodide is ΔfH0298 = −328.7 kJ mol−1, the standard free enthalpy of formation ΔG0298 = −325.7 kJ mol−1, and the standard molar entropy S0298 = 118.11 J K−1·mol−1.

Rubidium iodide has a sodium chloride structure; its lattice constant is a = 7.326 Å, and the Rb–I bond length is 3.66 Å.

Applications 

Rubidium iodide is used as a component of eye drops, in which it is sold in Romania under the name Rubjovit® (containing 8 mg/ml RbI). Another product is Polijodurato®. However, there are studies that show that rubidium iodide has allergy-triggering and inflammation-causing side effects. Homeopathic products containing rubidium iodide are available under the name 'Rubidium iodatum'. In the past, towards the end of the 19th century, it was used to treat syphilis.

It found isolated use in organic synthesis, for example for the targeted saponification of a polymethylated phosphate.

References

Bibliography 
 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th edition

Rubidium compounds
Iodides
Metal halides
Alkali metal iodides
Rock salt crystal structure
Edge mill. An edge mill is a mill used for crushing or grinding in which stones roll around on their edges on a level circular bed.  They were developed in China in the third century and are still used today in remote villages around the world.  When the millstones were replaced with iron or steel disks in the 19th century, the mills were known as Chilean mills.

It is used for milling ore and as an oil mill. Horse or oxen-driven versions were used in pre–Industrial Revolution America as bark mills to shred tree bark to derive tannins for the leather industry.

References

Grinding mills
Dieter Fox. Dieter Fox is a German-American roboticist and a Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Engineering at the University of Washington, Seattle. He is also the Senior Director of Robotics Research at Nvidia. He received his PhD in Computer Science at the University of Bonn in 1998 on mobile robot localization and navigation. He is most notable for his contributions to several fields including robotics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and ubiquitous computing. Together with Wolfram Burgard and Sebastian Thrun he is a co-author of the book Probabilistic Robotics. He was elected an AAAI Fellow in 2011.

References

External links
 Home page

1966 births
Living people
German roboticists
German computer scientists
German artificial intelligence researchers
University of Bonn alumni
University of Washington Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering faculty
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Auto-Mixte. Auto-Mixte built cars between 1906 and 1912 using a hybrid-technology under license from Pieper, after Henri Pieper died. From 1912 to 1914 the cars were made as Pescatore, named after the owner. The outbreak of World War I marked the end of the car. The workshop was eventually taken over by a motorcycle manufacturer Gillet Herstal. Auto-Mixte made buses for the City of London as well; one electric engine driving each wheel, therefore creating one single walkway without obstructions.

External links

History of hybrid vehicles

References 

Hybrid vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Belgium
Maule M-4. The Maule M-4 is an American four-seat cabin monoplane designed by Belford Maule and built by the Maule Aircraft Company.

Design and development
The design of the M-4 was started in 1956 by Belford Maule and the prototype Bee Dee first flew in February 1957. Maule started the Maule Aircraft Company to develop and build the aircraft in Napoleon, Michigan as the Maule M-4. The first M-4 flew on September 8, 1960. The M-4 is a steel-tube and fabric high-wing braced-monoplane with a cantilever tailplane with a single fin and rudder. It has a fixed tailwheel landing gear, and the prototype was powered by a nose-mounted 145 hp (108 kW) Continental O-300 engine. It has an enclosed cabin with two rows of side-by-side seating for a pilot and three passengers. The prototype first flew on September 8, 1961 and production started in 1963. Other variants were introduced including the Rocket which is powered by a 210 hp (157 kW) Continental IO-360-A engine, a deluxe Franklin-powered M-4 Astro-Rocket and a Franklin-powered Rocket which is known as the M-4 Strata-Rocket.

A STOL variant of the Strata Rocket was developed as the Maule M-5 Lunar Rocket.

Variants
Bee Dee
Prototype with a  Continental O-300-A piston engine, 11 built.
M-4 Jetasen
Production version of the earlier Maule Bee Dee with  Continental O-300A piston engine, 94 built.
M-4C Jetasen
Fitted with a cargo door, 11 built.
M-4S
Upgraded equipment, three built.
M-4T
Dual-control trainer without rear-seats or rear-entry door, three built.
M-4-180C Astro-Rocket
M-4C with a  Franklin 6A-335-1A engine, seven built.
M-4-210 Rocket
M-4 with a  Continental IO-360-A engine, 45 built.
M-4-210C Rocket
M-4-210 fitted with a cargo door, 117 built.
M-4-220C Strata Rocket
M-4C with a  Franklin 6A-350-C1 engine, 190 built.
M-4-220S
M-4S with a  Franklin 6A-350-C1 engine, one built.
SADASA Cuahtemoc M-1
License-built M-4 with a  Lycoming O-360 engine, three built.

Specifications (M-4-220C Strata Rocket)

References

Citations

Bibliography
 
 

1950s United States sport aircraft
M-04
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1960
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Infiltration basin. An infiltration basin (or recharge basin) is a form of engineered sump or percolation pond that is used to manage stormwater runoff, prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay. It is essentially a shallow artificial pond that is designed to infiltrate stormwater through permeable soils into the groundwater aquifer.  Infiltration basins do not release water except by infiltration, evaporation or emergency overflow during flood conditions.

It is distinguished from a detention basin, sometimes called a dry pond, which is designed to discharge to a downstream water body (although it may incidentally infiltrate some of its volume to groundwater); and from a retention basin, which is designed to include a permanent pool of water.

Design considerations
Infiltration basins must be carefully designed to infiltrate the soil on a given site at a rate that will not cause flooding.  They may be less effective in areas with:
 High groundwater levels, close to the infiltrating surface
 Compacted soils
 High levels of sediment in stormwater
 High clay soil content.

At some sites infiltration basins have worked effectively where the installation also includes an extended detention basin as a pretreatment stage, to remove sediment. The basins may fail where they cannot be frequently maintained, and their use is discouraged in some areas of the United States. For example, they are not recommended for use in the U.S. state of Georgia, which has many areas with high clay soil content, unless soil on the particular site is modified ("engineered soil") during construction, to improve the infiltration characteristics.

See also
Dry well
French drain
Percolation trench
Rain garden
Sustainable urban drainage systems
Septic drain field
Tree box filter
Semicircular bund

References

External links
Maryland Stormwater Design Manual - See Section 3.3 for Infiltration Feasibility Criteria & Design Diagrams
International Stormwater BMP Database - Performance Data on Urban Stormwater Best Management Practices
Stormwater management Tools:
Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualisation (MUSIC)

Environmental engineering
Hydrology
Infrastructure
Stormwater management
Hydraulic structures
Drainage