omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ADP. Adp or ADP  may refer to:

Aviation 
 Aéroports de Paris, airport authority for the Parisian region in France
 Aeropuertos del Perú, airport operator for airports in northern Peru
 IATA airport code for Ampara Airport  in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
 SLAF Anuradhapura, an airport in Sri Lanka

Computing 
 Acyclic dependencies principle, a software design principle
 Android Dev Phone, a device sold by Google for Android developers
 Attach Detection Protocol, a communication protocol used internally by the USB On-The-Go standard

Organizations and companies 
 AdP, a German self-help organisation for patients who have undergone pancreatectomy
 ADP (company), an American provider of human resources management software and services
 Agua del Pueblo (AdP), a non-profit, technical assistance organization, founded in Guatemala in 1972
 Alpha Delta Phi (ΑΔΦ), a fraternal organization on college campuses
 Alpha Delta Pi (ΑΔΠ), a sorority organization on college campuses
 Association for the Development of Pakistan, a Boston-based non-profit organization
 Association of Directory Publishers, an international trade organization for print and online directory publishers

People 
 Adrian Peterson (born 1985), American football player
 Alessandro Del Piero (born 1974), Italian footballer

Politics and government 
 Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)
 Alabama Democratic Party, the local branch of the Democratic Party in the state of Alabama
 Alaska Democratic Party, the local branch of the Democratic Party in the state of Alaska
 American Democracy Project (AASCU initiative), a project of the AASCU to promote understanding of civic engagement among college students
 American Democracy Project (527 group in Florida)
 Amhara Democratic Party, a former political party in Ethiopia
 Arab Democratic Party (Israel), a former political party in Israel
 Arab Democratic Party (Lebanon), a political party in Lebanon
 Arizona Democratic Party, the local branch of the Democratic Party in the state of Arizona
 Arkansas Democratic Party, the local branch of the Democratic Party in the state of Arkansas
 Assyrian Democratic Party (Syria), an Eastern Assyrian party in Syria
 Azerbaijan Democratic Party
 California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs, Californian agency dealing with substance abuse prevention and treatment

Science and technology 
 Adenosine diphosphate, an organic compound essential in metabolism, resulting from the transfer of energy from ATP
 Air displacement plethysmography, a method to determine the percentage of body fat
 Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate or monoammonium phosphate (MAP), an optical crystal
 Notation in dependency grammars for an adposition

Other uses 
 Actual deferral percentage, a 401(k) test for highly compensated employees
 Adap language, a dialect of Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan
 Andorran peseta, a former currency of Andorra
Combinational logic. In automata theory, combinational logic (also referred to as time-independent logic) is a type of digital logic that is implemented by Boolean circuits, where the output is a pure function of the present input only. This is in contrast to sequential logic, in which the output depends not only on the present input but also on the history of the input. In other words, sequential logic has memory while combinational logic does not.

Combinational logic is used in computer circuits to perform Boolean algebra on input signals and on stored data. Practical computer circuits normally contain a mixture of combinational and sequential logic. For example, the part of an arithmetic logic unit, or ALU, that does mathematical calculations is constructed using combinational logic. Other circuits used in computers, such as half adders, full adders, half subtractors, full subtractors, multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders and decoders are also made by using combinational logic.

Practical design of combinational logic systems may require consideration of the finite time required for practical logical elements to react to changes in their inputs. Where an output is the result of the combination of several different paths with differing numbers of switching elements, the output may momentarily change state before settling at the final state, as the changes propagate along different paths.

Representation
Combinational logic is used to build circuits that produce specified outputs from certain inputs. The construction of combinational logic is generally done using one of two methods: a sum of products, or a product of sums. Consider the following truth table:

Using sum of products, all logical statements which yield true results are summed, giving the result:

 

Using Boolean algebra, the result simplifies to the following equivalent of the truth table:

Logic formula minimization
Minimization (simplification) of combinational logic formulas is done using the following rules based on the laws of Boolean algebra:

 

 

 

 

 

With the use of minimization (sometimes called logic optimization), a simplified logical function or circuit may be arrived upon, and the logic combinational circuit becomes smaller, and easier to analyse, use, or build.

See also
 Asynchronous circuit
 Field-programmable gate array
 Formal verification
 Ladder logic
 Programmable logic controller
 Relay logic
 Sequential logic
 Tseytin transformation

References

External links 

Logic in computer science
Digital electronics
Nils Gabriel Sefström. Nils Gabriel Sefström (2 June 1787 – 30 November 1845) was a Swedish chemist. Sefström was a student of Berzelius and, when studying the brittleness of steel in 1830, he rediscovered a new chemical element, to which he gave the name vanadium.

Vanadium was first discovered by the Spanish-Mexican mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801.  He named it erythronium.  Friedrich Wöhler later confirmed that vanadium and erythronium were the same substance.

Sefström was member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1815. He was head teacher at the School of Mines at Falun from 1822 to 1838.

The Spitzbergen glacier Sefströmbreen, and the mountain ridge of Sefströmkammen, are named after him.

References

Further reading 

   - subscription required
   - subscription required
 Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon: Sefström, Nils Gabriel - in Swedish

1787 births
1845 deaths
Swedish chemists
Uppsala University alumni
Discoverers of chemical elements
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
19th-century Swedish scientists
19th-century Swedish chemists
Vanadium
IBM 1710. The IBM 1710 was a process control system that IBM introduced in March 1961. It used either a 1620 I or a 1620 II Computer and specialized I/O devices (e.g., IBM 1711 analog-to-digital converter and digital-to-analog converter, IBM 1712 discrete I/O and analog multiplexer, factory floor operator control panels).

The IBM 1620 used in the 1710 system was modified in several ways, the most obvious was the addition of a very primitive hardware interrupt mechanism.

The 1710 was used by paper mills, oil refineries and electric companies.

See also
IBM 1720
IBM 1800

References

External links
"Evolution of Small Real-Time IBM Computer Systems" (1.25 MB PDF file), from the IBM Journal of Research and Development.
IBM Archives:  IBM 1710 — Control system

1710
Computer-related introductions in 1961
Aerobic organism. An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. The ability to exhibit aerobic respiration may yield benefits to the aerobic organism, as aerobic respiration yields more energy than anaerobic respiration. Energy production of the cell involves the synthesis of ATP by an enzyme called ATP synthase. In aerobic respiration, ATP synthase is coupled with an electron transport chain in which oxygen acts as a terminal electron acceptor. In July 2020, marine biologists reported that aerobic microorganisms (mainly), in "quasi-suspended animation", were found in organically poor sediments, up to 101.5 million years old, 250 feet below the seafloor in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) ("the deadest spot in the ocean"), and could be the longest-living life forms ever found.

Types
Obligate aerobes need oxygen to grow. In a process known as cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize substrates (for example sugars and fats) and generate energy.
Facultative anaerobes use oxygen if it is available, but also have anaerobic methods of energy production.
Microaerophiles require oxygen for energy production, but are harmed by atmospheric concentrations of oxygen (21% O2).
Aerotolerant anaerobes do not use oxygen but are not harmed by it.

When an organism is able to survive in both oxygen and anaerobic environments, the use of the Pasteur effect can distinguish between facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant organisms. If the organism is using fermentation in an anaerobic environment, the addition of oxygen will cause facultative anaerobes to suspend fermentation and begin using oxygen for respiration. Aerotolerant organisms must continue fermentation in the presence of oxygen.
Facultative organisms grow in both oxygen rich media and oxygen free media.

Aerobic  Respiration
Aerobic organisms use a process called aerobic respiration to create ATP from ADP and a phosphate. Glucose (a monosaccharide) is oxidized to power the electron transport chain:

This equation is a summary of what happens in three series of biochemical reactions: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also known as the Citric acid cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 38 ADP + 38 phosphate →  6 CO2 + 44 H2O + 38 ATP

In Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is synthesized from ADP and a phosphate using ATP synthase. ATP synthase is powered by a proton-motive force created by using the energy generated from the electron transport chain. A hydrogen ion (H+) has a positive charge and if separated by a cellular membrane, it creates a difference in charge between the inside and outside of the membrane. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes. 

Aerobic respiration needs O2 because it acts as the terminal electron acceptor in prokaryotes' electron transport chain. Molecular Oxygen is reduced to water in this process.

See also 
Aerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion
Fermentation (biochemistry)
Aerobic vaginitis
Oxygenation (environmental)

References 

Cellular respiration
Microbiology
Biology terminology
Apache Xerces. In computing, Xerces is Apache's collection of software libraries for parsing, validating, serializing and manipulating XML. The library implements a number of standard APIs for XML parsing, including DOM, SAX and SAX2. The implementation is available in the Java, C++ and Perl programming languages.

The name "Xerces" is believed to commemorate the extinct Xerces blue butterfly (Glaucopsyche xerces).

Xerces language versions 
There are several language versions of the Xerces parser:
 Xerces2 Java, the Java reference implementation
 Xerces C++, a C++ implementation
 Xerces Perl, a Perl implementation. This implementation is a wrapper around the C++ API.

Features 
The features supported by Xerces depend on the language, the Java version having the most features.

See also
Apache License
Java XML
Apache Xalan

References

Notes
 Implemented third edition.
 Implemented second edition. Section 2.13 Normalization Checking has not been implemented.
 Implemented first edition.
 Implemented first edition.

External links
Apache Xerces Project home

Xerces
C++ libraries
Java (programming language) libraries
Java platform
Software using the Apache license
XML parsers
User space and kernel space. A modern computer operating system usually uses virtual memory to provide separate address spaces or separate regions of a single address space, called user space and kernel space. Primarily, this separation serves to provide memory protection and hardware protection from malicious or errant software behaviour.

Kernel space is strictly reserved for running a privileged operating system kernel, kernel extensions, and most device drivers. In contrast, user space is the memory area where application software and some drivers execute, typically one address space per process.

Overview 
The term user space (or userland) refers to all code that runs outside the operating system's kernel. User space usually refers to the various programs and libraries that the operating system uses to interact with the kernel: software that performs input/output, manipulates file system objects, application software, etc.

Each user space process normally runs in its own virtual memory space, and, unless explicitly allowed, cannot access the memory of other processes. This is the basis for memory protection in today's mainstream operating systems, and a building block for privilege separation. A separate user mode can also be used to build efficient virtual machines – see Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements. With enough privileges, processes can request the kernel to map part of another process's memory space to its own, as is the case for debuggers. Programs can also request shared memory regions with other processes, although other techniques are also available to allow inter-process communication.

Implementation 
The most common way of implementing a user mode separate from kernel mode involves operating system protection rings.
Protection rings, in turn, are implemented using CPU modes.
Typically, kernel space programs run in kernel mode, also called supervisor mode;
normal applications in user space run in user mode.

Some operating systems are single address space operating systems—they have a single address space for all user-mode code. (The kernel-mode code may be in the same address space, or it may be in a second address space).
Other operating systems have a per-process address space, with a separate address space for each user-mode process.

Another approach taken in experimental operating systems is to have a single address space for all software, and rely on a programming language's semantics to make sure that arbitrary memory cannot be accessed – applications cannot acquire any references to the objects that they are not allowed to access. This approach has been implemented in JXOS, Unununium as well as Microsoft's Singularity research project.

See also 
 BIOS
 CPU modes
 Early user space
 Memory protection
 OS-level virtualization

Notes

References

External links 
 Linux Kernel Space Definition
 

Operating system technology
Device drivers
COM (hardware interface). COM (communication port) is the original, yet still common, name of the serial port interface on PC-compatible computers. It can refer not only to physical ports, but also to emulated ports, such as ports created by Bluetooth or USB adapters.

History
The name for the COM port started with the original IBM PC. IBM had called the four well-defined communication RS-232 ports the "COM" ports, starting from COM1 through COM4. In BASICA and PC DOS you can open these ports as "COM1:" through "COM4:", and all PC compatibles using MS-DOS used the same denotation.  Most PC-compatible computers in the 1980s and 1990s had one or two COM ports.

By 2007, most computers shipped with only one or no physical COM ports. Today, few consumer-grade PC-compatible computers include COM ports, though some of them do still include a COM header on the motherboard.

After the RS-232 COM port was removed from most consumer-grade computers, an external USB-to-UART serial adapter cable was used to compensate for the loss. A major supplier of these chips is FTDI.

I/O addresses
The COM ports are interfaced by an integrated circuit such as 16550 UART. This IC has seven internal 8-bit registers which hold information and configuration data about which data is to be sent or was received, the baud rate, interrupt configuration and more. In the case of COM1, these registers can be accessed by writing to or reading from the I/O addresses  to . 

If the CPU, for example, wants to send information out on COM1, it writes to I/O port , as this I/O port is "connected" to the UART IC register which holds the information that is to be sent out.

The COM ports in PC-compatible computers are typically defined as:
COM1: I/O port , IRQ 4
COM2: I/O port , IRQ 3
COM3: I/O port , IRQ 4
COM4: I/O port , IRQ 3

Implementations

See also
Device file
Parallel port

References

Further reading
 Serial Port Complete: COM Ports, USB Virtual COM Ports, and Ports for Embedded Systems; 2nd Edition; Jan Axelson; Lakeview Research; 380 pages; 2007; .

External links

Computer buses
COWSEL. COWSEL (COntrolled Working SpacE Language) is a programming language designed between 1964 and 1966 by Robin Popplestone. It was based on an reverse Polish notation (RPN) form of the language Lisp, combined with some ideas from Combined Programming Language (CPL).

COWSEL was initially implemented on a Ferranti Pegasus computer at the University of Leeds and on a Stantec Zebra at the Bradford Institute of Technology. Later, Rod Burstall implemented it on an Elliot 4120 at the University of Edinburgh.

COWSEL was renamed POP-1 in 1966, during summer, and development continued under that name from then on.

Example code
 function member
 lambda x y
 comment Is x a member of list y;
 define      y atom then *0 end
             y hd x equal then *1 end
             y tl -> y repeat up

Reserved words (keywords) were also underlined in the original printouts. Popplestone performed syntax highlighting by using underscoring on a Friden Flexowriter.

See also
 POP-2 programming language
 POP-11 programming language
 Poplog programming environment

References
 Technical report: EPU-R-12, U Edinburgh (Apr 1966)

External links
 "The Early Development of POP" on The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages

Functional languages
Lisp programming language family
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Programming languages created in 1964
Programming languages
Science and technology in Edinburgh
University of Bradford
University of Edinburgh
University of Leeds
Blish lock. The Blish lock is a breech locking mechanism designed by John Bell Blish based upon his assumption that under extreme pressures, certain dissimilar metals would resist movement with a force greater than friction laws would predict. In modern engineering terminology, it is an extreme manifestation of what is now called static friction, or stiction. His locking mechanism was used first in the Thompson submachine gun. Nowadays it is discredited as a useful firearm operating principle, due to its almost nonexistent effects on the operation and functioning of a firearm; because of that, firearms which theoretically employed it operate not by the supposed Blish lock principle, but, in fact, by blowback operation.

Invention 
The Blish lock resulted from John Blish's observation of large naval guns. He noticed that the breech blocks of naval guns with interrupted thread breeches remained closed when fired with full charges, but tended to unscrew when fired with light charges. He concluded that dissimilar metals have a tendency to adhere to each other when subjected to very high pressure. This principle of metallic adhesion of dissimilar metals became known as the Blish principle. Blish put this theory to use in a delayed-blowback breech mechanism. He developed a working model that used a simple wedge as the delay mechanism, and was eventually assigned  on March 9, 1915. 

Despite the patent and use of the system in the Thompson submachine gun, the Blish principle found little scientific backing. In the simplified WWII M1 Thompson re-design, the Blish locking block was removed without substantial change to the gun's function with the .45 ACP cartridge. The Blish principle did provide delay in the Thompson prototypes using the .45 Remington–Thompson and .30 Carbine cartridges which generate higher pressure than the .45 ACP, a pistol round. With high power rifle cartridges such as .30-06 Springfield, the delay offered by the Blish principle was not enough to prevent the violent ejection of fired cartridge casings being hazardous to bystanders. The autorifles developed by Thompson, Colt, and BSA in the 1920s using the Blish principle never went beyond the prototype or trial stage.

Applications 
The most famous application of the Blish lock were the Thompson submachine gun and the Thompson Autorifle. Several engineers suspected the Autorifle functioned more as a delayed blowback than as an adhesion-locked breech action. Some authorities, such as Julian Hatcher, felt the Blish lock as employed in the submachine gun did not accomplish much in terms of actual breech locking. In fact, the submachine gun was successfully redesigned as a simple blowback weapon (the M1/M1A1). Any real advantages to the system were far outweighed by the additional cost of manufacture associated with the device. Also, in the Thompson submachine gun the H-shaped bronze lock connects the bolt actuator to the bolt body; incorrect installation of the Blish lock can render a Thompson inoperable upon firing.

References

External links 
 The Unofficial Tommy Gun Page
 Thompson Autorifle Model 1921

Firearm actions
Permeability. Permeability, permeable, and semipermeable may refer to:

Chemistry
Drug permeability
Semipermeable membrane, a membrane which will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion
Vascular permeability, the movement of fluids and molecules between the vascular and extravascular compartments
Permeation of a gas or vapor through a solid substance

Earth and soil science

Permeability (earth sciences),  a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to transmit fluids
Relative permeability, in multiphase flow in porous media
Permeability (foundry sand),  a test of the venting characteristics of a rammed foundry sand
Hydraulic conductivity, the permeability of soil for water

Electromagnetism

Permeability (electromagnetism), the degree of magnetization of a material in response to a magnetic field
Vacuum permeability, permeability of free space or magnetic constant, a physical constant, the value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum

Vehicles and transport

Permeability (nautical), in ship design, the percentage of empty space in a compartment or tank
Permeability (spatial and transport planning), the extent to which the layout of urban forms enables people or vehicles to move in different directions

Other uses
Air permeability, characteristic of textile fabrics, measuring the ease of passage of air through them
"Impermeable" (song), a song by Ha*Ash
Permeable Press, an American publishing company