omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Junipero Serra Landfill. The Junipero Serra Landfill was a solid waste disposal site in Colma, California, United States.  The site was closed in 1983 and ultimately developed by commercial land uses, collectively known as the Metro Center. The original commercial use built on the closed landfill site was a Home Depot retail store and parking lot constructed over 1,348 piles, each driven approximately  deep into the landfill (Bay Area Rapid Transit District, 2006). The site also required the engineering of a landfill gas control system, since, when organic solid waste aerobically decomposes, it produces methane gas, which is explosive and toxic in large concentrations. SCS Engineers was presented an award by the Solid Waste Association of North America for the design of the closure methane capture system at this landfill. (SCS Engineers, 2002).

The Junipero Serra Landfill is situated on the San Francisco Peninsula in the eastern foothills of the northwest trending Santa Cruz Mountain Range.  The foothills and eastern flanks of the range are composed largely of poorly consolidated Pliocene-Quaternary freshwater and shallow marine sediments that include the Colma and Merced Formations. (Earth Metrics, 1989) (Hart, 1985)  The Junipero Serra Landfill began operations in the year 1956 and accepted primarily commercial solid wastes.

See also
Landfill in the United States

References	

		
 Bay Area Rapid Transit District, Virtual art tour on the BART system, 2006
Earth Metrics Inc., Marc. Papineau, Ballard. George, Jill Buxton et al., Environmental Impact Report for the Metro Center, Colma, California,  Report  #10062, published by city of Colma  Planning Department and the California State Clearinghouse,  December, 1989 
Hart, E.W., Fault-Rupture Hazard Zones in California:  California Division of Mines and Geology, Special Publication #42 (1985)
SCS Engineers, Solid Waste Association of North America, 2002

Landfills in California
Geography of San Mateo County, California
History of San Mateo County, California
Former landfills in California
1956 establishments in California
1983 disestablishments in California
Townsend (unit). The townsend (symbol Td) is a physical unit of the reduced electric field (ratio E/N), where  is electric field and  is concentration of neutral particles.

It is named after John Sealy Townsend, who conducted early research into gas ionisation.

Definition
It is defined by the relation

For example, an electric field of

in a medium with the density of an ideal gas at 1 atm, the Loschmidt constant

gives

,

which corresponds to .

Uses
This unit is important in gas discharge physics, where it serves as scaling parameter because the mean energy of electrons (and therefore many other properties of discharge) is typically a function of  over broad range of  and .

The concentration , which is in ideal gas simply related to pressure and temperature, controls the mean free path and collision frequency. The electric field  governs the energy gained between two successive collisions.

Reduced electric field being a scaling factor effectively means, that increasing the electric field intensity E by some factor q has the same consequences as lowering gas density N by factor q.

See also

Electric glow discharge
Vacuum arc

References

 A Bankovic´, S Dujko, R D White, J P Marler, S J Buckman, S Marjanovic´, G Malovic´, G Garc´ıa and Z Lj Petrovic, Positron transport in water vapour.  2012 New J. Phys. 14 035003.

Electrical breakdown
School of Technology and Management of Oliveira do Hospital. The School of Technology and Management of Oliveira do Hospital (Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Oliveira do Hospital - ESTGOH) is a Higher Education School in Portugal, an organic unit of the Polytechnical Institute of Coimbra. Is located in Oliveira do Hospital, and offers courses in management and engineering.

Higher education in Portugal
Educational institutions with year of establishment missing
Buildings and structures in Coimbra District
Hammer (American automobile). The Hammer was an American automobile built in Detroit, Michigan by the Hammer Motor Company from 1905 to 1906. The Hammer was a light car built with a two-cylinder, 12 hp engine in 1905. This was replaced with a 24 hp, four-cylinder engine for 1906. The five-seater tonneau weighed , and came with a choice of a planetary or sliding-gear transmission, with a shaft final drive. The Hammer Motor Company was integrated as part of Hammer-Sommer when they went defunct in 1905.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Cars introduced in 1905
Cars discontinued in 1906
Hammer-Sommer. The Hammer-Sommer was an automobile built in Detroit, Michigan by the Hammer-Sommer Auto Carriage Company Ltd. from 1902 to 1904.  The Hammer-Sommer came only as a five-seater, detachable tonneau model.  The vehicle came equipped with a 12 hp opposed two-cylinder engine, mounted beneath the body, and had a planetary transmission.  The company claimed the vehicle would reach .  The company was eventually split separately into the Hammer and Sommers companies.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Cars powered by boxer engines
Defunct companies based in Michigan
Peter L. Hagelstein. Peter L. Hagelstein is an associate professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), affiliated with the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE).

Hagelstein received a B.S. and M.S. in 1976 and Ph.D. in electrical engineering in 1981, from MIT.

Hagelstein began his career at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, working on high-energy laser and plasma physics from 1981 to 1985. While working in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, he pioneered the work that later produced the first X-ray laser, which would later become important for the US Strategic Defense Initiative, popularly referred to as the "Star Wars" program. His work on X-ray lasers was honored with the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1984. Following this time, he took up an academic appointment at MIT in 1986.

In 1989, he started investigating cold fusion (also called low-energy nuclear reactions) with the hope of making a breakthrough similar to the X-ray laser. In the period between 1989 and 2004, the field became discredited in the eyes of many scientists. Hagelstein continued his research activity in the field, chairing the Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion in 2003. On November 14, 2017, he gave a 90 minute presentation reviewing relevant experiments and describing possible mechanisms.

Following the cold fusion episode, his primary research has shifted to solid-state physics, including the development of new thermoelectric materials. In addition, he is active in education, writing a textbook on quantum and statistical mechanics.

References

Bibliography
 Hagelstein's profile at MIT
 

Living people
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Cold fusion
American electrical engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Engineering Leadership Award. The Engineering Leadership Award Scheme was created by the Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) and comprises two types of national award for engineering undergraduates: the Standard Award and the Advanced Award.

Up to forty Engineering Leadership Advanced Awards and a few hundred Standard Awards are distributed each year. Holders of the advanced award must be engineering undergraduates studying for an MEng at British universities with outstanding academic ability and marked leadership potential. Standard award holders must be engineering students who are UK nationals, or who have participated in the following pre-university schemes: Young Engineers, Headstart, the Engineering EducationScheme, The Smallpeice Trust, and the Year in Industry.

The scheme is predominantly sponsored by Department for Business, Innovation & Skills and engineering firms, and aims to guide and accelerate the personal development of Britain's future engineering leaders.

History
The award scheme was started in 1996. Each year's advanced award holders are collectively known as a “Cohort”. Cohort 18 was announced in April 2013.

Selection
The selection procedure for the advanced award consists of two stages:

1) Complete a written application, which must be supported by an academic and an industrial reference. This must be received by the RAEng by early December.

2) If the application is successful, the applicant will be asked to attend a two-day selection event in March. During the selection event applicants are interviewed by a fellow of the RAEng and a Sainsbury's Management Fellow.

The award winners are usually announced a fortnight after the selection event.

Benefits
Advanced award holders receive the following benefits:
Up to £5,000 over three years for activities that develop their leadership potential
Seminars and workshops which provide management training and career development advice.
Access to a mentor panel of Sainsbury Management Fellows.
Standard award holders have the opportunity to take part in a number of development activities and course free of charge.

See also

 List of engineering awards

External links
 Royal Academy of Engineering website
 Engineering Leadership Award website 
 Royal Academy of Engineering's BEST Programme website

Awards established in 1996
British science and technology awards
Engineering awards
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Royal Academy of Engineering
Avia B.35. The Avia B-35 was a fighter aircraft built in Czechoslovakia shortly before World War II.

Design and development
The B.35 was designed to meet a 1935 requirement by the Czechoslovakian Air Force for a replacement for their B-534 fighter biplanes. The B.35 was an elegant, low-wing monoplane with an elliptical wing. The fuselage was constructed from welded steel tube, covered in metal ahead of and including the cockpit and fabric aft of the cockpit, while the wing was of entirely wooden construction. Rather anachronistically, the Air Force specified a fixed tailwheel undercarriage for the aircraft, in the hope that this would speed development, as the mechanism for retracting the undercarriage was not yet available.

The first prototype, the B-35/1, displayed excellent flying characteristics and high speed and was originally powered by a Hispano-Suiza 12Ydrs piston engine. The powerplant was later changed to a 12Ycrs with an identical power output, but with provision for an autocannon to be fitted between the cylinder banks to fire through the propeller hub. Testing continued until 22 November 1938, when the aircraft was destroyed in a crash that killed the Military Technical and Aeronautical Institute test pilot Arnošt Kavalec. Nevertheless, a second prototype, B-35/2, was already reaching completion, and was fitted with redesigned ailerons and flaps. It first flew on 30 December with testing beginning in earnest in February 1939. A preproduction series of ten aircraft was ordered, but before these could be built, Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in March 1939.

Development however was resumed under German control, with the substantially revised B.35/3 flying in August 1939. The elliptical leading edges of the wings had been replaced with straight ones, and an outward-retracting main undercarriage was fitted. This prototype was the first to actually carry its intended armament. With German markings and the registration D-IBPP, it was displayed at the Salon de l'Aéronautique in Brussels, where enough interest was generated to spur development of an improved version of the aircraft as the B.135.

Variants
 B-35/1: First prototype.
 B-35/2: Second prototype.
 B-35/3: Third prototype.

Specifications (B.35/1)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 .
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Fighters, Volume One. London: Macdonald & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1960 (10th impression 1972). .
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989.
 World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing. (pages=File 889 Sheet 85)

External links

 Article from Flying Review International, April 1968 
 History (in Russian) and photographs of the B.35
 Text and photographs of accident of B.35/1

Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1930s Czechoslovak fighter aircraft
B.035
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Uzel (computer). Uzel was the Soviet Union's first  digital computer used on submarines, to assist in tracking multiple targets and calculate torpedo solutions.  Uzel's design team was headed by two American defectors to the Soviet Union, Alfred Sarant (a.k.a. Philip Staros) and Joel Barr (a.k.a. Joseph Berg).  An upgraded version of the Uzel computer is still in use on the Kilo class submarine today.

References

History of computing
Soviet computer systems
Soviet Union–United States relations
Military computers
Avia B-135. The Avia B.135 was a Czechoslovak cantilever monoplane fighter aircraft. It was the production version of the Avia B.35 developed shortly before the war, based on the B.35/3 prototype (with a retracting main undercarriage) but featuring a new all-metal wing.

History 
The B.135/1 prototype attracted the attention of Bulgarian Air Force officers visiting the Avia plant, and a production contract for 12 aircraft and 62 engines was signed, as well as a license to allow an additional 50 airframes to be constructed by DAR as the DAR 11 Lyastovitsa (Bulgarian: ""; "Swallow"). However, the DAR facilities proved to be incapable of producing the aircraft, and only the 12 Czech-built examples were ever made. Plans for further production were stopped by the RLM, which also interrupted engine deliveries after 35 units, and the Bulgarian Air Force was encouraged to purchase the Messerschmitt Bf 109 instead.

Operational history 
In service, the B.135s had continual engine problems and were soon relegated to training roles. Four aircraft did, however, see combat on 30 March 1944 when they intercepted USAAF bomber formations encroaching on Bulgarian airspace after attacking Ploieşti. Some (Bulgarian) sources credit Lieutenant Yordan Ferdinandov with a B-24 Liberator kill that morning. According to Bílý, all four Avias, led by Captain Atanasov, took part in the possible shooting down of a four-engined bomber that day. The downed aircraft crashed in the area of Tran and Breznik, according to the log of Lieutenant Yordan Ferdinandov.

Operators 
 
 Czechoslovak Air Force
 
 Bulgarian Air Force

Specifications (B.135)

See also

Notes

Bibliography 
 
 
 
 
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989.
 World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing. (pages=File 889 Sheet 85)

External links 

 The Great Planes: Avia B-135 on www.tgplanes.com

Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1930s Czechoslovak fighter aircraft
B-135
DAR aircraft
Ammeline. Ammeline (4,6-diamino-2-hydroxy-1,3,5-triazine) is a triazine derivative. It is the hydrolysis product of melamine.

Synthesis
Ammeline can be synthesized by the pyrolysis of urea or the condensation reaction among 2 moles of dicyandiamide and 1 mole of biuret.
 2 C2H4N4 + C2H5N3O2 → 2C3H5N5O + NH3

Chemical properties

Ammeline is weakly acidic with pKa ~9.  It can form nitrate, sulfate, chromate, and oxalate salts.  Ammeline reacts with boiling dilute hydrochloric acid to form melem and ammonia.

Ammeline is the first step in melamine hydrolysis.  Further hydrolysis (e.g. boiling ammeline with dilute alkali) yields ammelide.

References

Triazines
Aromatic amines
Ripley Wind Power Project. The Ripley Wind Power Project is a 76 megawatt (MW) wind power project near Ripley, Ontario.

The wind farm includes 38 Enercon E-82 wind turbines, each with two megawatt rated power, 82m rotor diameter and 79m hub height as well as a transmission line and two electrical sub-stations. The wind farm is located on the shores of Lake Huron in Huron-Kinloss Township, approximately 220 kilometres west of Toronto and 140 kilometres north of London.  

The project is expected to have the capacity to generate enough zero-emission electricity to power 24,000 homes and offset approximately 66,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually. Project cost is estimated at $176 million Canadian dollars.

See also

List of wind farms in Canada
List of offshore wind farms

References

External links
 Canadian Wind Energy Association website
 Wind Energy Programs of Natural Resources Canada
 ENERCON homepage
  System Impact Assessment, Aug 2006
 Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) website
Power Being Generated in Ontario by Site
"Where is my Electricity Coming From at this Hour? (if I lived in Ontario)" (Canadian Nuclear Society, with data from IESO)

Wind farms in Ontario
Buildings and structures in Bruce County
NCAR LSM 1.0. The National Center for Atmospheric Research Land Surface Model (LSM) is a unidimensional computational model developed by Gordon Bonan that describes ecological processes joined in many ecosystem models, hydrological processes found in hydrological models and flow of surface common in surface models using atmospheric models.

In this way, the model examines interactions especially biogeophysics (sensible and latent heat, momentum, albedo, emission of long waves) and biogeochemistry (CO2) of the land-atmosphere the effect of surface of the land in the climate and composition of the atmosphere.

This model has a simplified treatment of the surface flows that reproduce at the very least computational cost the essential characteristics of the important interactions of the land-atmosphere for climatic simulations.

As the types of surface vegetated for some species are several, have a standardization of types of covering being enclosed surfaces covered with water as lakes (amongst others); thus the model wheel for each point of independent form, with the same average of the atmospheric interactions. The model functions in a space grating that can vary of a point until global.

References
 Bonan, G.B. (1996). A land surface model (LSM version 1.0) for ecological, hydrological, and atmospheric studies: technical description and user's guide. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-417+STR. National Center for Atmospheric Research 1-150.
 Bonan, G.B. (1996). Model Documentation: copy technical note

Computational science
Ecosystems
Systems ecology
Schlick's approximation. In 3D computer graphics, Schlick’s approximation, named after Christophe Schlick, is a formula for approximating the contribution of the Fresnel factor in the specular reflection of light from a non-conducting interface (surface) between two media.

According to Schlick’s model, the specular reflection coefficient R can be approximated by:
 where 
where  is half the angle between the incoming and outgoing light directions. And  are the indices of refraction of the two media at the interface and  is the reflection coefficient for light incoming parallel to the normal (i.e., the value of the Fresnel term when  or minimal reflection). In computer graphics, one of the interfaces is usually air, meaning that  very well can be approximated as 1.

In microfacet models it is assumed that there is always a perfect reflection, but the normal changes according to a certain distribution, resulting in a non-perfect overall reflection. When using Schlick’s approximation, the normal in the above computation is replaced by the halfway vector. Either the viewing or light direction can be used as the second vector.

See also

 Phong reflection model
 Blinn-Phong shading model
 Fresnel equations

References

3D computer graphics
Randy Sweeney. William Randolph 'Randy' Sweeney (born January 7, 1956) is an American research scientist and director for R&D at  Altria/Philip Morris USA. After retirement in 2010, Sweeney then founded a consultant group working in the "internet of things", later becoming Chief Engineer for Critical Power Systems Inc, and more recently a technology startup entrepreneur.

Biography
Sweeney was born in Richmond, Virginia and educated at the Virginia Tech. He graduated with a BS in electrical engineering in 1978.

Sweeney joined Philip Morris in 1978 directly after graduating, he began work in advanced digital process control, became a leader in human-machine interface, distributed network-centric control systems, artificial intelligence, machine vision systems and later was the principal technical lead in Digital Marketing Technology and the Identification Technologies R&D effort at Philip Morris USA. He has obtained over 60 patents in his field while working at Philip Morris.

He was also a member of the R&D staffs of Kraft Foods and the Miller Brewing Company, working in advanced digital marketing and technology enhanced product development.

Sweeney was one of the founders of the Wonderware International Users Group and served as its first president. He also served as an organizing chairman of the 1999 Usenix Embedded Systems Conference. Sweeney was also a founding board member of MIT's "AutoID Center," which centered on RFID technology and created the Electronic Product Code (EPC).

Following retirement in 2010, he served as a consultant to several companies in the areas of embedded "internet of things" technology and digital precision agriculture for Syngenta in Basel, Switzerland.

He became Chief Engineer of Critical Power Systems Inc. in 2014, supervising development of smart power systems for military and civilian use. In 2015, Sweeney was a founder and equity partner of GenUPS International, a smart power systems startup, where he also served as Director of Product Development.

Sweeney is a former adjunct professor of digital technology at Virginia Commonwealth University, and has previously been a speaker at the IEEE Richmond Section. In addition, Sweeney has spoken at workshops across the nation, including the RFID workshop at the University of Washington.

Personal
Sweeney is retired once more and currently lives in Richmond, Virginia with his wife.

References

American scientists
Living people
1956 births
Porsche 005. The Porsche 005 (full RLM designation 109-005) was a small, single-use turbojet design intended to power a long-range version of the V-1 flying bomb. At the end of World War II, the design of the Porsche 005 turbojet had not been finalised and no parts had been constructed.

Design and development
The Argus As 014 pulsejet used in production V-1 flying bombs was simple to build but relatively fuel inefficient. Design of the Porsche 005 began in late 1944 with the aim of providing a more fuel efficient engine for the V-1 allowing for greater ranges. The use of the Porsche 005 turbojet was projected to increase the range of the V-1 from  to  and allow launching without ramps.

During the last months of World War II the Porsche 005 project was being led by Dr Max Adolf Mueller, who had worked on jet engine projects for both Junkers and Heinkel. Dr Mueller was taken into captivity at the end of the war, and later prepared a drawing of the Porsche 005 for American investigators. Post-war, Porsche did not continue work on gas turbines or jet engines.

Specifications
Note that only limited progress on the Porsche 005 design had been made by the end of World War II. Known engine data and targeted performance is shown:

References

1940s turbojet engines
Porsche