omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
George Dowty. Sir George Herbert Dowty (27 March 1901 – 7 December 1975) was an English inventor and businessman.

He founded Dowty Aviation in the 1930s producing aircraft components such as hydraulic systems, undercarriage units, and warning devices.

Early life
Dowty was born in Pershore, Worcestershire in 1901. He was sent to the Royal Grammar School Worcester after losing his right eye at the age of 12 making a firework.

He left in 1916 to take up a job as an apprentice for Heenan & Froude at a factory in Worcester. He later moved to Cheltenham to become a draughtsman for the same company. In 1918 Dowty became a draughtsman with the British Aerial Transport Company in London. He then joined the design office of the A. V. Roe & Company at Hamble near Southampton. In 1924 he went to the Gloster Aircraft Company where he worked on undercarriage design.

Aircraft equipment
In 1931 he set up his own company in Cheltenham making aircraft equipment: for this purpose he leased a factory and bought Arle Court in Cheltenham. Dowty invented the first internally sprung aircraft wheel (used on the Gloster Gladiator) and by the time World War II had broken out the company was known as Dowty Aviation and was making the hydraulic systems in planes in Britain, Canada and the United States. His equipment was also used in the Concorde supersonic airliners.

Dowty retarder  

He also invented the "Dowty retarder" for use in railway classification yards, a hydraulic device that regulates the speed of rail cars as they roll down an inclined track.  The devices are built for a specified speed, set at the factory. If the rail car is below the set speed, the device offers no resistance. If the car speed is at or greater than the speed setting, an internal valve is activated to provide a resistance to the wheel, thus slowing the car. This keeps cars rolling within a relatively narrow range of speeds.

Honours
In 1956 he was knighted for his services to the industry.

In 1961 he became the President of the Worcester Old Elizabethans' Association and amongst his other awards he was President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, winning the RAeS "British Gold Medal" in 1955, and President of the Worcestershire County Cricket Club. He was given the Freedom of the Borough of Cheltenham and Tewkesbury and was a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He received an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) from the University of Bath in 1966.

He died in 1975 in the Isle of Man and although his company was acquired by TI Group in 1992, an element of it still remains as Messier-Dowty, a subsidiary of the Safran Group and Dowty Propellers, a subsidiary of GE Aviation.

Family
His first wife was Edith Dowty.
In 1948 he married Marguerite Anne Gowans.  She died on March 24, 2012, at age 87.

See also
Dowty Group
Dowty Rotol
Messier-Dowty
 Retarder (railroad)

References

External links
Messier-Dowty
"Dowty Deeds" a 1952 Flight article

1901 births
1975 deaths
People from Pershore
People from Cheltenham
Knights Bachelor
People educated at the Royal Grammar School Worcester
20th-century British inventors
Orchestration (computing). In system administration, orchestration is the  automated configuration, coordination,  deployment,  development, and management of computer systems and software.
Many tools exist to automate server configuration and management.

Usage
Orchestration is often discussed in the context of service-oriented architecture, virtualization, provisioning, converged infrastructure and dynamic data center topics. Orchestration in this sense is about aligning the business request with the applications, data, and infrastructure.

In the context of cloud computing, the main difference between workflow automation and orchestration is that workflows are processed and completed as processes within a single domain for automation purposes, whereas orchestration includes a workflow and provides a directed action towards larger goals and objectives.

In this context, and with the overall aim to achieve specific goals and objectives (described through the quality of service parameters), for example, meet application performance goals using minimized cost and maximize application performance within budget constraints, cloud management solutions also encompass frameworks for workflow mapping and management.

See also
 Job Control Language
 System management
 Web service choreography
 Configuration management
 Infrastructure as code
 Server provisioning
 Service-oriented architecture
 Kubernetes
 Job scheduler

References 

Enterprise application integration
Business intelligence terms
Computing terminology
Orchestration software
IFS. IFS may refer to:

Companies
 Industrial and Financial Systems (IFS AB), a Swedish company and creator of enterprise software
 International Film Service, a short-lived animation studio owned by Hearst Communication.

Computer Science
 Iterated function system, a method of constructing fractals in mathematics and computer science
 Internal field separator, a special set of characters in Unix shells
 Interference (intensity) fluctuation spectroscopy, related to dynamic light scattering
 Interframe spacing, a pause which may be required between network packets or network frames
 Installable File System, a filesystem API in IBM OS/2 and Microsoft Windows NT
 InfoPath Forms Services, a component of SharePoint Server that allows Microsoft Office InfoPath forms to be hosted in a SharePoint web site and serve and fill them using a browser-based interface

Geographical
 Integrated Forecast System a global meteorological model developed by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
 Irish Free State, a state in Ireland which existed in the early part of the 20th century
 Ifs, Calvados, a commune of the département of Calvados, in the Normandie région, in France

Organisations
 ifs University College, a UK-based, non profit making body providing financial education
 Indian Forest Service, an All India Service with the cadre controlling authority as Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
 Indian Foreign Service
 Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
 Institute for Fiscal Studies, a UK-based independent economic research institute
 Institutt for Forsvarsstudier, the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies
 Institut für Sozialforschung, the University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research
 International Foundation for Science
 International French School Singapore
 International Futures
 International Sumo Federation 
 Internationale Filmschule Köln, a filmschool in Cologne, Germany
 Islamic Foundation School

Science
 Integral field spectroscopy, a technique for astronomical observations
 Isoflavonoid synthase, an enzyme

Technology
 Independent Front Suspension, an early type of front-end independent suspension on many passenger vehicles
 Initial Flight Screening, flight screening used as a prerequisite for Air Force Flight School
Intelligent Front-lighting System is a technology to ensure the visibility of the driver on the road ahead without blinding oncoming drivers with the partial light control capability.

Other
 Internal Family Systems Model, a school of psychotherapy
 International Financial Statistics, a database maintained by the International Monetary Fund
 A retired US Navy hull classification symbol: Inshore fire support ship (IFS)
Synthetic crude. Synthetic crude is the output from a bitumen/extra heavy oil upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production. It may also refer to shale oil, an output from an oil shale pyrolysis. The properties of the synthetic crude depend on the processes used in the upgrading. Typically, it is low in sulfur and has an API gravity of around 30. It is also known as "upgraded crude".

Synthetic crude is an intermediate product produced when an extra-heavy or unconventional oil source is upgraded into a transportable form. Synthetic crude is then shipped to oil refineries where it is refined into finished products. Synthetic crude may also be mixed, as a diluent, with heavy oil to create synbit. Synbit is more viscous than synthetic crude, but can also be a less expensive alternative for transporting heavy oil to a conventional refinery.

Syncrude Canada, Suncor Energy Inc., and Canadian Natural Resources Limited are the three largest worldwide producers of synthetic crude with a cumulative production of approximately . The NewGrade Energy Upgrader became operational in 1988, and was the first upgrader in Canada, now part of the CCRL Refinery Complex. 

"Synthetic crude" may also refer to crude-like hydrocarbon mixes generated from other processes. Examples are manure-derived synthetic crude oil and greencrude.

See also 
 Albian Sands
 Canadian Centre for Energy Information
 History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)
 Scotford Upgrader
 Suncor
 Syncrude

References

External links 
 Scotford Upgrader (Shell Canada website) 
 Scotford Complex (Shell Canada website) 
 Muskeg River Mine (Shell Canada website) 
 Scientists find bugs that eat waste and excrete petrol - Times Online

Synthetic fuels
Bituminous sands
Petroleum industry in Canada
Ingo Molnár. Ingo Molnár, employed by Red Hat as of May 2013, is a Hungarian Linux hacker. He is known for his contributions to the operating system in terms of security and performance.

Life and career 
Molnár studied at Eötvös Loránd University.

Work
Some of his additions to the Linux kernel include the O(1) scheduler of Linux-2.6.0 and the Completely Fair Scheduler of Linux-2.6.23, the in-kernel TUX HTTP / FTP server, as well as his work to enhance thread handling. He also wrote a kernel security feature called "Exec Shield", which prevents stack-based buffer overflow exploits in the x86 architecture by disabling the execute permission for the stack.

Together with Thomas Gleixner, he worked on the real-time preemption (PREEMPT_RT) patch set, which aims to reduce the maximum thread switching latency of the Linux kernel from an unbounded number of milliseconds to down to bounded values in the order of tens of microseconds (depending on the system). As of 2011, Thomas Gleixner is working on further improving the patch and getting important infrastructure patches of the patch set merged into the Mainline Linux kernel.

Between Linux 2.6.21 and Linux 2.6.24, he worked on the Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) which was inspired by the scheduler work of Con Kolivas.
CFS replaced the previous process scheduler of the Linux kernel with Linux-2.6.23.

In 2012 Molnar criticized the Linux desktop as "not free enough" for the users with respect to the applications. He argues that the typically used system of software distribution and deployment by a centrally organized Linux distributions is not fast and flexible enough to satisfy the requirements of users and application producers alike. Molnár suggests a decentral deployment method (similar to Autopackage, Zero Install, or the Klik-successor AppImage) which allows a more flexible application infrastructure formed by a stable platform and independent software providers.

In early 2022, he submitted an RFC on a set of about 2300 patches, called "Fast Kernel Headers", that are intended to improve kernel compile times by 50-80% and at the same time significantly reduce the problems created by the hierarchy and dependencies of include files, the so-called "dependency hell".

Quotes
On the question, why the Linux desktop has not been adopted by the mainstream users yet:

References

External links
 Ingo Molnár's homepage at Red Hat 
 Ingo Molnár's RT-kernel homepage
 The RT-kernel Wiki
 Ingo LKML activity

Linux kernel programmers
Living people
Hungarian computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Free software programmers
Hungarian computer programmers
Red Hat employees
Stresslinux. Stresslinux is a light-weight Linux distribution designed to test a computer's hardware by running the components at high load while monitoring their health. It is designed to be booted from CD-ROM or via PXE.

See also

 Inquisitor (hardware testing software) — Linux distribution for hardware stress testing
 Phoronix Test Suite — Linux distribution for benchmarking purposes

References

External links
 Home page

Light-weight Linux distributions
Linux distributions
Safe Corridor. For the concept of safe passage in wartime, see Humanitarian corridor.
The Safe Corridor initiative is part of an effort by the New Jersey Department of Transportation, and departments from other states, to improve the safety of its roads. Roads with accident and fatality rates above the average may have some of their lengths designated as "Safe Corridor" areas. In these areas, traffic fines are doubled.

At the program's inception, there were thirteen roads with Safe Corridors: U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 9, Route 10, Route 17, U.S. Route 22, Route 23, U.S. Route 30, U.S. Route 40, U.S. Route 46, Route 47, Route 73, U.S. Route 130, and U.S. Route 206.

The Safe Corridors Program is a part of New Jersey's "Safety First" initiative, which combines $20 million in highway improvements over five years with stricter police enforcement, increased fines for unsafe equipment and hazardous driving, and enhanced driver education for all motorists. New Jersey's Safe Corridors Program focuses on improving safety along the State's most crash-prone corridors – nearly  of state roadway.

External links
Safe Corridors Program

Road safety organizations
Transportation in New Jersey
List of EMD locomotives. The following is a list of locomotives produced by the Electro-Motive Corporation (EMC), and its successors General Motors Electro-Motive Division (GM-EMD) and Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD).

Streamlined power cars and early experimental locomotives 

EMC participated in the construction of a number of motorized railcars, integrated streamliner trainsets, and experimental locomotives in the 1930s. Most of these were short production runs (one, two, or four units) that were used by a single railroad. These consisted of Winton prime movers and General Electric generating, control, and transmission components inside a carbody whose assembly was subcontracted to another manufacturer, since EMC did not commence regular road locomotive production until 1937.

Switchers (SW/NW/SC/NC/MP)
The "S" designation originally stood for six hundred horsepower and the "N" designation for nine hundred horsepower, although they were used for the more general designation of smaller and larger engine models after the more powerful 567 model engines replaced the Winton engines. The "C" designation stood for cast frame locomotives and the "W" designation for welded frame locomotives. EMC standardized on welded frames after 1939. The "TR" designation stood for transfer locomotives.

The SC and SW switchers were the first locomotives produced in EMC's new factory after its completion in 1936. The pre-SC and Model 90 switchers were development design locomotives outshopped in 1935.

Passenger cab units (E)

Freight cab units (F)

Industrial locomotives

Military locomotives

Four-axle "Branch Line" series roadswitchers (BL)

Four-axle roadswitchers or General Purpose Locomotives (GP)

Six-axle roadswitchers or Special Duty Locomotives (SD)

Six-axle road switcher production timeline

Eight-axle roadswitchers

Cowl units

Electric locomotives

Export and narrow gauge locomotives

Aftermarket conversions

Proposed, never built

See also 

 List of preserved EMD locomotives

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 The History of EMD Diesel Engines

!
GM-EMD locomotives
Articles which contain graphical timelines
!
Emme (river). The Emme () is a river in Switzerland. It rises in the Alps between the peaks of Hohgant and Augstmatthorn in the canton of Bern. The Emme is  long and flows through the Emmental and between Zuchwil and Luterbach into the Aare. The drainage area is . The average discharge at the mouth is approximately . The maximum discharge can be up to .

The Emme is known for its sudden variations in water discharge. The narration Die Wassernot im Emmental (The Water Crisis in the Emmen Valley) by Jeremias Gotthelf impressively describes a very large and destructive, and therefore well-known, flood which occurred August 13, 1837. This and other floods led to the building of numerous canals and dams in the 19th century.

The tributaries of the Emme are the Ilfis and the Limpach.

See also
Emmental
Kleine Emme
 List of rivers of Switzerland

Rivers of Switzerland
Rivers of the canton of Bern
Security-focused operating system. This is a list of operating systems specifically focused on security. Similar concepts include security-evaluated operating systems that have achieved certification from an auditing organization, and trusted operating systems that provide sufficient support for multilevel security and evidence of correctness to meet a particular set of requirements.

Linux

Android-based 

 GrapheneOS is a privacy and security-focused mobile operating system for selected Google Pixel smartphones and tablets.

Debian-based 

 Tails is aimed at preserving privacy and anonymity.
 Whonix consists of two virtual machines. All communications are forced through Tor.
 Linux Kodachi is a security-focused operating system.

Other Linux distributions 
 Alpine Linux is designed to be small, simple, and secure. It uses musl, BusyBox, and OpenRC instead of the more commonly used glibc, GNU Core Utilities, and systemd.
 Owl - Openwall GNU/Linux, a security-enhanced Linux distribution for servers.

BSD 

 OpenBSD is a Unix-like operating system that emphasizes portability, standardization, correctness, proactive security, and integrated cryptography.

Xen 

 Qubes OS aims to provide security through isolation. Isolation is provided through the use of virtualization technology. This allows the segmentation of applications into secure virtual machines.

See also

References 

Computer security
Operating system security
Liquid cooling. Liquid cooling refers to cooling by means of the convection or circulation of a liquid. 

Examples of liquid cooling technologies include:

 Cooling by convection or circulation of coolant, including water cooling
 Liquid cooling and ventilation garments, worn by astronauts
 Liquid metal cooled reactors
 Radiators (engine cooling)
 Cooling towers

Applications

Computing

In computing and electronics, liquid cooling involves the technology that uses a special water block to conduct heat away from the processor as well as the chipset. This method can also be used in combination with other traditional cooling methods such as those that use air. The application to microelectronics is either indirect or direct. The former pertains to the category that utilizes cold plate cooling, which uses water as coolant while, in the latter (also referred to as liquid immersion cooling), the surface of the chips comes in contact with the liquid since there is no wall separating the heat source from the coolant. This immersion cooling also offer a higher transfer coefficient, although this depends on the specific coolant used and mode of convective heat transfer. 
One of the main benefits achieved is the reduction of noise and it is also more efficient. Some of the drawbacks include the risk entailed with the close proximity of liquid to electronics as well as its cost. Liquid cooling systems are more expensive than fan sets, which require fewer components such as reservoir, pump, water blocks, hose, and radiator.

HVAC 

Liquid cooling is also used to remove heat from large buildings by using chillers which transfer the coolant from the evaporator to air handling units, chilled beams and fan coil units inside the building, and to the cooling towers from the condenser if the condenser is liquid-cooled. Some buildings are directly cooled by the cooling towers using plate heat exchangers transferring the heat from the chiller condenser loop to the evaporator loop. Convective heat transfer is used to cool the coolant if the building uses dry or closed-circuit cooling towers.

Liquid cooling garments 

Liquid Cooling Garments (LCG) are used to decrease the wearer’s bodily temperature and keep them comfortable. Generally, an LCG uses a series of coolant-filled tubes and a refrigeration unit and a pump to move the coolant throughout the system. These parts are usually encased inside of a normal garment, usually a vest. Since the coolant is so close to human skin, water tends to be the preferred coolant, as it is both safe for skin contact and effective at transferring heat. Due to their portable and versatile nature, LCGs have been proposed as a solution to overheating in areas where a standard air conditioning system would not be feasible or where the cooling would need to be under protective gear.

References

broad-concept articles
Cooling technology
August Penguin. August Penguin is an annual gathering (since 2002) of the Israeli Free Software community, organized by Hamakor. The conference is held on the first Friday in August (hence its name), usually in the Tel Aviv area. It lasts one day and includes technical talks, projects' status updates, social meetings and followed by a keysigning party.

During the conference, the winner of Hamakor Prize for free software-related achievements is announced.

See also

 List of computer-related awards

External links
 August Penguin’s Homepage (mostly in Hebrew with an English page)
 Hamakor homepage (in Hebrew)

Free and open-source software awards

he:המקור (עמותה)#כנס "אוגוסט פינגווין"
Club soda. Club soda is a form of carbonated water manufactured in North America, commonly used as a drink mixer. Sodium bicarbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, or sodium citrate is added to artificially replicate constituents commonly found in natural mineral waters and offset the acidity of introducing carbon dioxide gas (which creates low 3–4 pH carbonic acid when dissolved in water).

Naturally effervescent Selters water from Germany gave rise to the generic use of the term for carbonated water, particularly from a soda siphon, in the United States as seltzer water. Seltzer water is artificially carbonated but lacks added minerals.

History
English chemist Joseph Priestley discovered an artificial method for producing carbonated water, described in a pamphlet called Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air, published in 1772. The pamphlet explained the process of dripping sulfuric acid onto chalk, which produced carbon dioxide (CO2) that was captured in a bowl of agitated water. Priestley thought such carbonated water was a cure for scurvy and proposed the process to Captain James Cook to prevent scurvy during his second voyage to the South Seas. Priestley never realized the commercial potential of his product, though he did refer to it as his "happiest discovery."

In 1783, Johann Jacob Schweppe, a jeweler and amateur scientist of Geneva, began the commercial production of carbonated mineral water by dissolving the CO2 under pressure. In 1807, Benjamin Silliman, a Yale chemistry professor, began producing carbonated water under pressure and selling it in New Haven, Connecticut. In the 1830s, Anyos Jedlik of Hungary opened a large-scale carbonated water factory. The original trademarked club soda was made by Cantrell & Cochrane of Dublin, Ireland in 1877. The 'club' refers to the Kildare Street Club in Dublin, which commissioned them to produce it.

As stain remover
The dissolved gas in carbonated water acts as a temporary surfactant, causing it to be recommended as a household remedy for removing stains, particularly those of red wine.

See also

 Tonic water

References

Carbonated drinks
Carbonated water
Soft drinks