omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hallmarking Act 1973. The Hallmarking Act 1973 (c. 43) makes up the bulk of modern law regarding the assaying and hallmarking of metals in the United Kingdom.  Hallmarking is a way to guarantee the purity of precious metals.  Metals are tested and, if they meet a certain minimal purity requirement, are marked with a specified seal. In the United Kingdom, this is done by the assay offices in London, Birmingham, Sheffield, and Edinburgh.  The act made business transactions involving unmarked metals illegal.  Trading Standards departments are responsible for enforcing the act.

Another notable consequence of the act was the formation of the British Hallmarking Council (BHC).  This council is responsible for advising the Secretary of State in matters of hallmarking, making certain the UK has acceptable hallmarking facilities, and overseeing the assay offices so they follow the legal hallmarking standards. The council has made many important contributions concerning UK hallmarking procedures.  In 1992, the European Commission proposed a directive meant to cover hallmarking. The BHC examined the document and found multiple areas of ambiguity and deficiency.  When the European Parliament voted on the council's recommendations, many were approved.

The Hallmarking Regulations 1998 and the Hallmarking Order 1998 caused the legitimisation of hallmarks of other member states (those countries that ratified the Convention on the Control of Articles of Precious Metals of 1972).  The council was responsible for clearing up ambiguous statements in the regulations and for extending its definition to deal with other problems in the hallmarking law.  Some of these changes include seven additional standards of fineness, a change in the standard mark, and the dropping of the date requirement on marked metals.

References 

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1973
Future Spa. Future Spa is a solid state, wide body, pinball machine produced in 1979 by Bally Manufacturing. It was Bally's first machine with continuous background sound and in-line drop targets.  Notable game features include: Flippers (2), Pop bumpers (5), Slingshot (1), Spinning targets (2), Kick-out hole (1), Star rollover (1), 4-in-line drop targets, Left kicker lane, Left out-lane detour gate.

It was unique in the fact that it had recessed back-box lighting and prismatic diffuser behind the "Future Spa" logo for a holographic effect.  The holographic effect was an idea of Norm Clark. He wanted to do this already on Magic Town / Magic City while working at Williams but it was regarded to be too expensive.  The marketing slogan from the Bally flyer read: "Future Spa will awaken your pinball senses"

References

External links 
 

Bally pinball machines
1979 pinball machines
Hybrid ternary code. In telecommunications, the hybrid (H-) ternary line code is a line code that operates on a hybrid principle combining the binary non-return-to-zero-level (NRZL) and the polar return-to-zero (RZ) codes.

The H-ternary code has three levels for signal representation; these are positive (+), zero (0), and negative (−). These three levels are represented by three states. The state of the line code could be in any one of these three states. A transition takes place to the next state as a result of a binary input 1 or 0 and the encoder's present output state. The encoding procedure is as follows.

 In general, the encoder outputs + level for a binary 1 input and a − level for a binary 0 input.
 However, if this would result in the same output level as the previous bit time, a 0 level is output instead.
 Initially, the encoder output present state is assumed at 0 level when the first bit arrives at the encoder input.

The new line-coding scheme violates the encoding rule of NRZ-L when a sequence of 1s or 0s arrives and hence, it overcomes some of their deficiencies. During the violation period for a run of 1s or 0s, it operates on the same encoding rule of the polar RZ but with pulse occupancy of full period.

NRZ-L and polar RZ codes have deficiencies compared to the proposed H-ternary encoding scheme. NRZ-L code lacks sufficient timing information when the binary signal remains at one level in of either 1 or 0. This has direct influence on synchronising the receiver clock with that of the transmitter and, as a result, has impact on the detection of the received digital signal.

The H-ternary code has also timing superiority compared to similar ternary codes.  Other ternary line code such as alternate mark inversion (AMI) also lacks the timing information when a run of zeros needs to be transmitted. This drawback is partly overcome by its modified version the high density bipolar with three zeros substitution (HDB3).

On the other hand, the new code has a smaller bandwidth in comparison with the polar RZ code. The latter has its frequency spectral components concentrated at twice the original binary data rate because the polar RZ code has a pulse duty cycle of 50 percent.

See also
Other line codes that have three states:

 Bipolar encoding
 MLT-3 encoding
 Manchester encoding
 B3ZS
 4B3T

References

Line codes
Zebra analysis. Zebra analysis, or zebra striping, is a diagnostic shading technique used in computer graphics to visualize curvature on smooth surfaces. It is primarily used for computer-aided design (CAD), where it helps checking that surfaces meet smoothly. It is a simulation of the visual effect of placing an object in a tunnel lit by parallel rows of lights, or a perfectly reflecting object in a room with striped walls.

Implementation 
Zebra striping has been implemented in a number of CAD and non-CAD products, including (but not limited to) Fusion 360, Autodesk Inventor, AutoCAD, Rhinoceros 3D, and SolidWorks. It can be implemented as an environment map using radiating pie wedges as the source texture.

See also 
 Level-set method

References 

Shading
Kim Young-gil. Dr. Young-Gil Kim (born October 3, 1939) founded and chartered Handong Global University in Pohang, Korea in 1995, and he served as its president from 1995 - 2014. Since then, he nurtured HGU to what it is today with his new educational philosophy based on cross-border, multidisciplinary and whole-person education with global perspective commensurate with the 21st century.

Life
Prior to becoming the president of HGU, Dr. Kim was a professor of material science and engineering at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) for 15 years. While Dr. Kim was in the United States, he worked at NASA-Lewis Research Center (Glenn Research Center) in Cleveland, Ohio, on high-temperature alloys for aerospace applications. He also worked at US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL--U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, and at the Research and Development Center of the International Nickel Company (INCO), in Suffern, New York.

Due to his scientific achievements in the States, he received NASA-Tech Brief Awards (1976, 1981) and also US Industrial Research "IR-100" award (1981). 
Since he became the president of HGU, Dr. Kim pioneered a new educational curriculum for this global, technology-driven market place of the 21st century. 
For those innovative programs, HGU received awards of excellence for education reforms from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea for three consecutive years in 1996–1998 as a model university for 21st century. 
In 2006, HGU received a grant of US $16 Million, spread over four years, as a part of the "NURI" (New University for Regional Innovation) project for the global education of integrating biotechnology and mechatronics, from the Ministry of Education of the Korean Government. In 1986, Dr. Kim received the King Sejong Award in the field of science & technology from the Korean government, and was selected to receive the Scientist of the Year Award in 1987 in Korea. In 2005, he also received the "Christian Academy Award" for his contribution to Creation Science in Korea. In 2006, Dr. Kim published his autobiography entitled, See the Invisible, Change the World in the USA.

Dr. Kim received a B.S. in metallurgical engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1964; an M.S. in metallurgical engineering from the University of Missouri–Rolla in 1969; and a PhD in material science & engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, in 1972. Dr. Kim also received a PhD in International Management Honoris Causa from the Institute of Finance and Economics (IFE) of Mongolia in 2003.

Dr. Young-Gil Kim served as a member of the Advisory Commission for International Higher Education to the President of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU) in Washington, D.C.

References

External links
"Young Gil Kim", DBLP Bibliography Server 

Living people
Academic staff of KAIST
Missouri University of Science and Technology alumni
People from Pohang
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Presidents of universities and colleges in South Korea
1939 births
Academic staff of Handong Global University
Silica (disambiguation). Silica or silicon dioxide is a chemical compound.

Silica may also refer to:
 Silica gel, a desiccant
 Silica, Rožňava District, Slovakia
 Silica, Kansas, United States
 Silica, Minnesota, United States
 Silica, West Virginia
 Silica, Wisconsin, United States
 USS Silica (IX-151), a boat
 Silica, a character from the light novel and anime series Sword Art Online

See also
 Siliqua (disambiguation)
Chill (casting). A chill is an object used to promote solidification in a specific portion of a metal casting mold. Normally the metal in the mould cools at a certain rate relative to thickness of the casting.  When the geometry of the molding cavity prevents directional solidification from occurring naturally, a chill can be strategically placed to help promote it. There are two types of chills: internal and external chills.

Types
Internal chills are pieces of metal that are placed inside the molding cavity. When the cavity is filled, part of the chill will melt and ultimately become part of the casting, thus the chill must be the same material as the casting. Note that internal chills will absorb both heat capacity and heat of fusion energy.

External chills are masses of material that have a high heat capacity and thermal conductivity. They are placed on the edge of the molding cavity, and effectively become part of the wall of the molding cavity. This type of chill can be used to increase the feeding distance of a riser or reduce the number of risers required.

Materials
Chills can be made of many materials, including iron, copper, bronze, aluminium, graphite, and silicon carbide. Other sand materials with higher densities, thermal conductivity or thermal capacity can also be used as a chill.  For example, chromite sand or zircon sand can be used when molding with silica sand.

References

Notes

Bibliography
.

Casting (manufacturing)
Event condition action. Event condition action (ECA) is a short-cut for referring to the structure of active rules in event-driven architecture and active database systems.

Such a rule traditionally consisted of three parts:
The event part specifies the signal that triggers the invocation of the rule
The condition part is a logical test that, if satisfied or evaluates to true, causes the action to be carried out
The action part consists of updates or invocations on the local data

This structure was used by the early research in active databases which started to use the term ECA. Current state of the art ECA rule engines use many variations on rule structure. Also other features not considered by the early research is introduced, such as strategies for event selection into the event part.

In a memory-based rule engine, the condition could be some tests on local data and actions could be updates to object attributes. In a database system, the condition could simply be a query to the database, with the result set (if not null) being passed to the action part for changes to the database. In either case, actions could also be calls to external programs or remote procedures.

Note that for database usage, updates to the database are regarded as internal events. As a consequence, the execution of the action part of an active rule can match the event part of the same or another active rule, thus triggering it. The equivalent in a memory-based rule engine would be to invoke an external method that caused an external event to trigger another ECA rule. 

ECA rules can also be used in rule engines that use variants of the Rete algorithm for rule processing.

ECA rule engines
Rulecore
Concurrent Rules
Apart Database 
Detect Invocation Rules
ConceptBase ECArules

References

Klaus R. Dittrich, Stella Gatziu, Andreas Geppert: The Active Database Management System Manifesto: A Rulebase of ADBMS Features. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 985, Springer 1995, , pages 3–20.

Databases
Rule engines
Parallel I/O. Parallel I/O, in the context of a computer, means the performance of multiple input/output operations at the same time, for instance simultaneously outputs to storage devices and display devices.  It is a fundamental feature of operating systems.

One particular instance is parallel writing of data to disk; when file data is spread across multiple disks, for example in a RAID array, one can store multiple parts of the data at the same time, thereby achieving higher write speeds than with a single device.

Other ways of parallel access to data include: Parallel Virtual File System, Lustre, GFS etc.

Features

Scientific computing
It is used for scientific computing and not for databases. It breaks up support into multiple layers including High level I/O library, Middleware layer and Parallel file system. Parallel File System manages the single view, maintains logical space and provides access to data files.

Storage
A single file may be stripped across one or more object storage target, which increases the bandwidth while accessing the file and available disk space. The caches are larger in Parallel I/O and shared through distributed memory systems.

Breakthroughs
Companies have been running Parallel I/O on their servers to achieve results with regard to price and performance. Parallel processing is especially critical for scientific calculations where applications are not only CPU but also are I/O bound.

See also
 Converged infrastructure
 Dynamic infrastructure

References

Concurrency (computer science)
Input/output
MDMX. The MDMX (MIPS Digital Media eXtension), also known as MaDMaX, is an extension to the MIPS architecture released in October 1996 at the Microprocessor Forum.

History 
MDMX was developed to accelerate multimedia applications that were becoming more popular and common in the 1990s on RISC and CISC systems.

Functionality 
MDMX defines a new set of thirty-two 64-bit registers called media registers, which are mapped onto the existing floating-point registers to save hardware; and a 192-bit extended product accumulator.

The media registers hold two new data types: octo byte (OB) and quad half (QH) that contain eight bytes (8-bit) and four halfwords (16-bit) integers.

Variants of existing instructions operate on these data types, performing saturating arithmetic, logical, shift, compare and align operations.

MDMX also introduced 19 instructions for permutation, manipulating bytes in registers, performing arithmetic with the accumulator, and accumulator access.

References

 Gwennap, Linley (18 November 1996). "Digital, MIPS Add Multimedia Extensions". Microprocessor Report.

External links
 Silicon Graphics Introduces Enhanced MIPS Architecture 

MIPS architecture
SIMD computing
Gloster F.9/37. The Gloster F.9/37, also known as the Gloster G.39, was a British twin-engined design from the Gloster Aircraft Company for a cannon-armed heavy fighter to serve with the Royal Air Force, planned before the Second World War. The F.9/37 was rejected in favour of other designs.

A development of the F.9/37 as a night fighter, for a new Air Ministry Specifications F.29/40 – known unofficially as the Gloster Reaper – was dropped so that Gloster could concentrate on existing work and on the nascent British jet projects.

Design and development
Gloster had designed a twin-engined turret-fighter for specification F.34/35 but the single-engined Boulton Paul Defiant for F.9/35 was seen to cover both requirements and the F.34/35 design dropped. Less than two years later, F.9/37 for a "twin-engined single-seat fighter with fixed armament" was issued. The F.9/37 was designed under the direction of George Carter, his first for Gloster, to  F.9/37 (hence the name) as a single-seat fighter carrying an armament of four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns and two 20 mm Hispano cannon in the nose. Intended for dispersed production by semi-skilled labour, the structure broke down into sub-assemblies.

A prototype (military serial L7999) with 1,060 hp Bristol Taurus T-S(a) radial engines flew on 3 April 1939 and demonstrated excellent performance, its maximum speed of  being the best recorded by a British fighter at the time. Test flights revealed that the prototype was very manoeuvrable and "a delight to fly". After being badly damaged in a landing accident in July 1939, it was re-engined with 900 hp Taurus T-S(a)-IIIs in 1940, which reduced its performance. A second prototype (L8002) with 880 hp Rolls-Royce Peregrine I liquid-cooled, inline engines flew on 22 February 1940; it proved capable of  at .

F.18/40 and F.29/40
Specification F.18/40, for a specialist night fighter, with nose- and turret-mounted guns, led to Gloster submitting a design based on the F.9/37, fitted with Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, a dorsal four-gun turret and Airborne Interception (AI) radar. This received support from the Air Staff who saw it as superior to the Bristol Beaufighter and the Air Ministry ordered one of the F.9/37 prototypes to be converted to the new specification as F.29/40. Unofficially known as the Gloster Reaper, it inherited the admirable handling characteristics of the F.9/37 and despite being judged superior to other designs, including turreted variants of the Beaufighter and de Havilland Mosquito, the Reaper was terminated in May 1941, for Gloster to concentrate on other work, especially the Gloster E.28/39 jet aircraft.

Specifications (L7999: Taurus engine)

See also

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Gloster F.9/37 – British Aircraft Directory
 "Mars to Javelin" by H. F. King, Flight, pp. 713–731.

F.9 37
1930s British fighter aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Oracle SOA Suite. In computing, Oracle SOA Suite is a part of the Oracle Fusion Middleware family of software products.

Features

Features include deploying, and managing SOAs. Oracle SOA Suite enables system developers to set up and manage services and to orchestrate them into composite applications and business processes. With Oracle SOA Suite's hot-pluggable components, organizations can easily extend and evolve their architectures instead of replacing existing investments.

Oracle Corporation publishes product strategy, product details and customer stories relating to the SOA Suite at https://www.oracle.com/integration/products.

As of November 2010 Oracle Corporation markets Oracle SOA Suite version 11g Release 1 Patchset 2 (11.1.1.3).
As of January 2011 Oracle Corporation markets Oracle SOA Suite version 11g Release 1 Patchset 3 (11.1.1.4).
As of April 2013 Oracle Corporation markets Oracle SOA Suite version 11g Release 1 Patchset 6 (11.1.1.7).

In June 2014 Oracle announced the release of SOA Suite 12c, promising "simplified cloud, mobile, on-premises, and Internet of Things (IoT) integration capabilities".

Components
 Oracle BPEL Process Manager
 Oracle Service Bus (OSB)
 Oracle Event Processing
 Oracle Web Services Manager, a security and monitoring product for web services
 Oracle Business Rules, contains a JSR 94 Business rules engine 
 Oracle Business Activity Monitoring
 Oracle Enterprise Service Bus (now known as the Mediator component)
 Oracle JDeveloper

NOTE: * Oracle Service Registry is commonly associated with SOA Suite installations, but is not licensed as part of SOA Suite. Typically, it is purchased as a component of the SOA Governance Suite.

References

External links
 Product page

SOA Suite
Enterprise application integration
Service-oriented architecture-related products
W48 (telephone). The W48 (from ) was a version of a desktop telephone lineage developed in the mid-1930s in Germany by Siemens & Halske for the German telephone and postal administration.

Overview
The W48 was approved by the Deutsche Bundespost for use on the German telephone network in 1948.  Various manufacturers were licensed to produce the large quantities of this type until ca. 1961, when it was replaced with the FeTAp 611.

Because of its former ubiquity, robustness, and elegant industrial design it is regarded in Germany as the classic telephone. It is still produced in small quantities using the original moulds.

Predecessors
The W48 is the successor of the pre-war Modell 36 and the W38, with only a few modifications. The principle design features were based on the "classic" W28, the first widely distributed desktop telephone developed by the Siemens & Halske company and built in license for the German Reichspost from 1928 by several manufacturers. 

In the mid 1930s, Siemens & Halske developed the Modell 36 successor, presented at the 1936 Leipzig Trade Fair, but it was rejected for use by the Reichspost, until modifications achieved certification for the 1938 variant (W38).

See also
 Courtesy telephone

References

External links
Telephone Malfunctions

Telephony equipment
Fernando Lizzi. Fernando Lizzi (January 2, 1914 – August 28, 2003) was an Italian civil engineer. He is considered the father of micropile technology.

He was born in Castelnuovo di Porto, Lazio, Italy on January 2, 1914 and lived in Naples for most of his childhood. At the age of 18 he went to Turin Military Academy where he graduated as a lieutenant by the age of 22. After graduation, he was sent to serve in Tripoli. He was wounded and taken as a prisoner of war during the World War II, studying civil engineering during his captivity. In 1946 he returned to Naples and got his diploma with summa cum laude.

Dr. Lizzi started to work for the company SACIF in 1947, but shortly afterwards was the first (and for some time, the only) civil engineer of the newly formed company, Fondedile, where he remained as Technical Director for nearly 50 years. During this time while, Italy specifically, and Europe generally, were being reconstructed, he developed the technology later named pali radice (root pile, micropile) for the restoration of damaged monuments and buildings at the Scuola Angiulli in Naples. The first international application of micropiles was seen in Germany in 1952 for the underpinning of Krupp, in Essen-Bochum and then the Kerkini Dam in Greece. The technique was later applied in hundreds of works by Fondedile in various countries. Pali radice have been used extensively in the restoration of monuments, e.g. Ponte Vecchio in Florence in 1966 and the stabilization of the Leaning Tower of Burano in Venice. He died in Naples on August 28, 2003.

References

Sources
Restauro statico dei Monumenti (1981), The static restoration of monuments (1982) 
Il consolidamento del terreno e dei fabbricati (1989), Editor Dario Flaccovio

1914 births
2003 deaths
People from the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
Italian civil engineers