omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome c nitrite reductase. Cytochrome c nitrite reductase (ccNiR) () is a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the six electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia; an important step in the biological nitrogen cycle. The enzyme catalyses the second step in the two step conversion of nitrate to ammonia, which allows certain bacteria to use nitrite as a terminal electron acceptor, rather than oxygen, during anaerobic conditions. During this process, ccNiR draws electrons from the quinol pool, which are ultimately provided by a dehydrogenase such as formate dehydrogenase or hydrogenase. These dehydrogenases are responsible for generating a proton motive force.

Cytochrome c Nitrite Reductase is a homodimer which contains five c-type heme cofactors per monomer. Four of the heme centers are bis-histidine ligated and presumably serve to shuttle electrons to the active site. The active site heme, however, is uniquely ligated by a single lysine residue.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors with a cytochrome as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is ammonia:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase.

References

Further reading 

 

EC 1.7.2
Enzymes of known structure
1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone. 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) is a cyclic urea used as a high-boiling polar aprotic solvent. This colourless, highly polar solvent has high thermal and chemical stability. Together with homologous solvent DMPU, since the 1970s it serves as an analog of tetramethylurea. It can be prepared from 1,2-dimethylethylenediamine by reaction with phosgene.

History 
In 1940 Du Pont applied for a patent on acetylene storage in many polar organic solvents, one of which was 1,3-dimethyl-2-imid azolidone. The company filed another patent on a method of synthesizing the same compound, albeit called s-dimethylethyleneurea, in 1944.

Soon thereafter William Boon from the Imperial Chemical Industries published a different synthesis method of what he called 1:3-dimethyliminazolid-2-one. The compound was more closely studied in the 1960s, with its adoption as a solvent starting in the 1970s.

Solvent
DMI has excellent solvating ability for both inorganic and organic compounds. In many applications, DMI (as well as DMPU) can be used as a substitute or replacement for the carcinogenic solvent HMPA. Compared to the 6-atom ring analog, it has an advantage of lower viscosity (1.9 vs. 2.9 cP at 25°C).

DMI is used in a variety of applications including detergents, dyestuffs, electronic materials and in the manufacture of polymers.

DMI is toxic in contact with skin.

References

Solvents
Amide solvents
Imidazolidinones
Methyl compounds
SigmaScan. SigmaScan Pro is an Image analysis package for scientists, engineers, and technicians that provides a method to measure distances across any object that can be photographed or scanned.

SigmaScan was originally developed by Jandel Scientific Software in the late 1980s which was later acquired by SPSS Inc. in October 1996.

In January 2004, SYSTAT Software further acquired the exclusive worldwide rights from SPSS Inc. Systat Software is now based in San Jose, California.

External links 
 Systat Webpage
 SigmaScan Support Webpage

Computer vision software
Master of Engineering Management. Master of Engineering Management (MEM), Master of Management Engineering (MME), or Master of Science in Engineering Management (MSEM) is a professional master's degree that bridges the gap between the field of engineering or technology and the field of business management. Engineering management (Management Engineering) is a multidisciplinary field that seeks to address problems associated with complex engineering operations or systems along with the business. MEM, MME or MSEM graduate programs are grounded in principles such as data analytics, machine learning, product management, product design, operations, and supply chain management. Harvard Business Review found that in 2018 more of the top-performing 100 global CEOs have engineering degrees than have MBAs.

Courses
Core courses that make up a MEM program can be found in an MBA program as well; courses such as Marketing, Intellectual Property, Business Law, Finance, Accounting and Management are examples of courses that are utilized within both an MBA program and a MEM program. The focus of students engaged in a Master of Business Administration graduate program is business-centric: teaching students how to make informed decisions that would impact business (large and small), but with little or no emphasis on the technological aspects of the business.

Accreditation 

Until recently, there has not been an extensive amount of collaboration among different colleges and universities. However, that has begun to change with two major accreditation bodies that have sought to bring rigor and structure to the Engineering Management graduate degree programs: American Society of Engineering Management (ASEM), and Master of Engineering Management Programs Consortium (MEMPC).

American Society of Engineering Management (ASEM) 
ASEM states that "program is designed to provide recognition to those programs that excel in offering education at the Master’s level that meet the rigorous standards of ASEM. It also provides an excellent mechanism to assess the state of an existing Master’s program relative to ASEM standards and is especially useful for new Master’s programs just getting started."

Master of Engineering Management Programs Consortium (MEMPC) 
The Master of Engineering Management Programs Consortium (MEMPC) is a dedicated group of forward-thinking universities working together to promote engineering management programs to students and organizations.

Based on US News University Rankings 2025, the national rankings for these universities in the consortium are as follows:

 Massachusetts Institute of Technology - 2nd
 Northwestern University - 6th
 Duke University - 6th
Johns Hopkins University - 6th
 Cornell University - 11th
 Dartmouth College - 15th
University of Southern California - 27th
 Tufts University - 37th
Purdue University - 46rd

References

External links
 Master of Engineering Management Consortium

Engineering Management, Master of Science
Business qualifications
Raymond A. Heising. Raymond Alphonsus Heising (August 10, 1888 – January 1965) was an American radio and telephone pioneer.

Heising was born in Albert Lea, Minnesota, graduated in 1912 in electrical engineering from the University of North Dakota, and in 1914 received his master's degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. From 1914 until his retirement in 1953, Dr. Heising worked for the Western Electric Company and Bell Labs, and subsequently as a consulting engineer and patent agent.

Heising played a major role in the development of military radio telephone systems during World War I, and for transoceanic and ship-to-shore public communications. He also conducted research on ultra-short waves, electronics, and piezoelectric devices, and invented important modulation systems including the constant potential system, the grid modulation system, the rectifier modulation system used in carrier telephony, and the constant-current or Heising modulation system, which was standard on most early radio telephone transceivers.

Heising held over 100 patents, including those on Class C amplifiers and diode-triode detector amplifier circuits, and was a Fellow of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and American Physical Society. He was awarded the 1921 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award, the Modern Pioneer Award from the National Association of Manufacturers in 1940, an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of North Dakota in 1947, and the Radio Club of America's Armstrong Medal in 1954.

References 

 IEEE History Center biography
 Encyclopædia Britannica article
 Lewis Coe, Wireless Radio: A Brief History, McFarland & Company, 1996, Page 178. .
 D.G. Messerschmitt, "Introduction to the Classic Paper By R A. Heising", Proceedings of the IEEE, volume 85, issue 5, May 1997,pages 747-751.

Radio pioneers
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of North Dakota alumni
1965 deaths
1888 births
People from Albert Lea, Minnesota
Industrial Press. Industrial Press, Inc., is a privately held corporation headquartered in South Norwalk, Connecticut. Its primary areas of business are publishing technical books for engineering, technology, and manufacturing.

The company was founded in New York City in 1883, and moved to Connecticut in 2013.

Industrial Press's flagship title is the Machinery's Handbook. It is a reference for mechanical and manufacturing engineers, designers, draftsmen, toolmakers, and machinists.

External links

Book publishing companies based in Connecticut
Companies based in Norwalk, Connecticut
Publishing companies based in New York City
Publishing companies established in 1880
1880 establishments in New York (state)
Privately held companies based in Connecticut
Armstrong Tunnel. The Armstrong Tunnel in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, connects Second Avenue at the South Tenth Street Bridge, under the Bluff where Duquesne University is located, to Forbes Avenue between Boyd Street and Chatham Square.

Construction
The tunnel was constructed between 1926 and 1927. The chief engineer was Vernon R. Covell of the Allegheny County Public Works Department. The tunnel portals were designed by a city architect, Stanley L. Roush, who is also noted for the Smithfield Street Bridge portals, the Pittsburgh City-County Building, the Corliss Tunnel, and many other municipal projects.

Characteristics
The tunnel itself is characterized by twin bores of horseshoe cross-section, and bends halfway through. It also has a pedestrian walkway on the western side.

A legend mentioned by the site involves a notion that the bend in the tunnel was a mistake, and whoever was responsible committed suicide in shame. Chief engineer Covell did not kill himself, invalidating this legend. Author Bruce S. Cridlebaugh suspects the bend was related to mines or other geological factors, property rights (including Duquesne University), or alignments with existing or proposed roads.

Since August 1987 the tunnels have provided cellular phone reception.

Name
The tunnels were named in honor of Joseph G. Armstrong, County Director of Public Works. Most of the bridges over the Pittsburgh's three rivers were replaced between 1910 and 1940, years which included Mr. Armstrong's terms as Mayor of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County Commissioner.

References

External links

Tunnels in Pittsburgh
Duquesne University
Road tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Tunnels completed in 1926
Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks
1926 establishments in Pennsylvania
Road tunnels in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh
Martin & King. Martin & King was a manufacturing company based in Clayton, Victoria, Australia. The company originally specialised in making motor vehicle bodies and railway locomotives and rolling stock.

History
The company was initially based in the Melbourne suburb of Armadale from at least 1948, later opening a plant to manufacture railway rolling stock at Clayton in the 1950s. In 1959, a new plant was opened at Somerton, which was provided with its own railway siding. Clyde Engineering acquired a controlling interest in the company in 1954. The Somerton plant is today occupied by Downer Rail.

Products

Bodywork for Buick cars (late 1930s)
Body for the Reo Speed Tanker trucks (1937)
Assembly of Jowett Javelins (1952)
Assembly of Volkswagen Beetles (1954)
Ford 103E utility (1955)
Melbourne's Harris suburban trains ('T' car bodies) (1950s)
Victorian Railways 102hp Walker railmotors (1948)
Victorian Railways 153hp Walker railmotors (1948)
Victorian Railways 280hp Walker railmotors (1950)
Melbourne's Hitachi suburban trains (fitting out of 'M' and 'D' cars) (1970s)
V/Line N class diesel locomotives (1985)
V/Line P class diesel locomotive rebuilds (from flat top T classes) (1980s)

References

Engineering companies of Australia
Defunct locomotive manufacturers of Australia
Defunct rolling stock manufacturers of Australia
Auxiliary electrode. In electrochemistry, the auxiliary electrode, often also called the counter electrode, is an electrode used in a three-electrode electrochemical cell for voltammetric analysis or other reactions in which an electric current is expected to flow.  The auxiliary electrode is distinct from the reference electrode, which establishes the electrical potential against which other potentials may be measured, and the working electrode, at which the cell reaction takes place.

In a two-electrode system, either a known current or potential is applied between the working and auxiliary electrodes and the other variable may be measured. The auxiliary electrode functions as a cathode whenever the working electrode is operating as an anode and vice versa. The auxiliary electrode often has a surface area much larger than that of the working electrode to ensure that the half-reaction occurring at the auxiliary electrode can occur fast enough so as not to limit the process at the working electrode.

When a three-electrode cell is used to perform electroanalytical chemistry, the auxiliary electrode, along with the working electrode, provides a circuit over which current is either applied or measured. Here, the potential of the auxiliary electrode is usually not measured and is adjusted so as to balance the reaction occurring at the working electrode. This configuration allows the potential of the working electrode to be measured against a known reference electrode without compromising the stability of that reference electrode by passing current over it.

The auxiliary electrode may be isolated from the working electrode using a glass frit.  Such isolation prevents any byproducts generated at the auxiliary electrode from contaminating the main test solution: for example, if a reduction is being performed at the working electrode in aqueous solution, oxygen may be evolved from the auxiliary electrode. Such isolation is crucial during the bulk electrolysis of a species which exhibits reversible redox behavior.

Auxiliary electrodes are often fabricated from electrochemically active materials such as gold, platinum, or carbon, with a much higher surface area than the working electrode.

See also
 Electrochemical cell
 Electrochemistry
 Reference electrode
 Voltammetry
 Working electrode

References

Further reading
 

Electroanalytical chemistry devices
Electrodes
Sacramento-class fast combat support ship. The Sacramento-class fast combat support ships were a class of four United States Navy supply ships used to refuel, rearm, and restock ships in the United States Navy in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

History
The idea of combining the capabilities of a fleet oiler (AO), ammunition ship (AE), and refrigerated stores ship (AF) had been conceived during the Second World War by Admiral Arleigh Burke, later Chief of Naval Operations, who sought to create a single ship that would perform the functions of three vessels while simultaneously integrating into a carrier battle group. This was deemed necessary because World War II replenishments had to be scheduled well in advance due to communications problems and were subject to change due to weather or combat related reasons. On top of that the Underway Replenishment Groups of that time were slow and unwieldy. After experimenting with this "replenishment oiler" concept with the German war prize  (placed in service as ), the US Navy's solution to these problems was to create a multi-product station ship, which resulted in the construction of the Sacramento class. The Sacramentos had been designed to carry more fuel and ammunition than the largest ammunition ships then in service with the US Navy. The AOEs were also designed to be much faster than previous auxiliaries at 26 knots, giving them the ability to operate in company with a carrier battle group rather than in a separate, slower replenishment group.  The first two ships each received one-half of the powerplants removed from the unfinished  , while the remaining two received new construction machinery. All four had General Electric turbines.

To fulfill the same role in the less demanding Anti-Submarine Support Aircraft Carrier (CVS) groups, the navy built the similar, but smaller and slower,  AORs.

Construction of the unnamed AOE-5 was cancelled in 1968. There are no Sacramento-class ships in service with the Navy, the last one being retired in 2005.

The ships that now fulfill this role for the U.S. Navy are the s. Those ships are not commissioned ships of the Navy; rather they are operated by the Military Sealift Command.

Ships

Notes

External links
Federation of American Scientists: AOE-1 Sacramento Fast Combat Support Ship

Auxiliary replenishment ship classes
Waveform viewer. A waveform viewer is a software tool for viewing the signal levels of either a digital or analog circuit design.

Waveform viewers comes in two varieties:
 simulation waveform viewers for displaying signal levels of simulated design models, and
 in-circuit waveform viewers for displaying signal levels captured in-circuit while debugging or testing hardware boards (see also waveform monitor)

Simulation waveform viewers
In integrated circuit design, waveform viewers are typically used in conjunction with a simulation.  A waveform view allows an IC designer to see the signal transitions over time and the relation of those signals with other signals in an IC design, which is typically written in a hardware description language. Simulators can be used to interactively capture wave data for immediate viewing on a waveform viewer; however, for integrated circuit design the usage model is typically to save the output of simulation runs by running batch jobs and to view the waveforms off-line as a static database.

Waveform viewers allow you to zoom in and out over a time sequence, and take measurements between two cursor points.  In addition, the waveform view has many ways of displaying signal information, such as in hexadecimal, binary, or a symbolic value.

Most waveform viewers can read an industrial standard waveform database known as Value Change Dump (VCD) or a proprietary wave format.  The proprietary wave formats usually have faster record and playback speeds or require smaller memory store space, or save additional signal information for viewing, such as bus transactions.

In-circuit waveform viewers
These are built into most logic analyzer, data acquisition cards, and automatic test equipment. In-circuit waveform viewers are included with products from:

 Tektronix
 LabWindows/CVI
 Teradyne

See also
 List of HDL simulators, such as such as VHDL, Verilog, SystemVerilog

References

Logic design
European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register. The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) is a Pollutant Release and Transfer Register providing access to information on the annual emissions of industrial facilities in the Member States of the European Union (EU), as well as Norway.

EPER collects data about the emissions of 12,000 facilities in the 25 EU Member States. Data are available by country, by pollutant, by activity (sector), air and water (direct or via a sewerage system).

References

External links
 European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) 
 European Pollutant Emission Register
 EPER in Google Earth
 Centre for PRTR Data (OECD)
 Resource Centre for PRTR Release Estimation Techniques (OECD)
 PRTR Virtual Classroom (UNITAR)
 PRTR Capacity Building Library (UNITAR)

Pollutant release inventories and registers
European Union and the environment
Government databases of the European Union
Giovanni Lombardi (engineer). Giovanni Lombardi, (born 28 May 1926 in Sorengo, Switzerland; died 22 May 2017 in Fontvieille, Monaco) was a Swiss engineer specialized in civil works and tunnel construction.

Lombardi was educated at the Institut auf dem Rosenberg and studied civil engineering at university. In late 2006 his company Lombardi Engineering Ltd, a Swiss engineering and design company, was retained to build the Gibraltar Tunnel railway tunnel.

References

1926 births
2017 deaths
People from Sorengo
Swiss engineers
Institut auf dem Rosenberg alumni
Stuart Ballantine. Charles Stuart Ballantine (September 22, 1897May 7, 1944) was an American electronic engineer and inventor.

Ballantine was born in the Germantown section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was an amateur radio enthusiast by 1908 and served as a ship radio operator during the summers of 1913-1915. He was employed in 1916 by H. K. Mulford Company, biochemists, and in 1917 by the Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania.

From 1917 to 1920 Ballantine attended Drexel Institute and worked as a radio expert at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, where he led design of the Navy coil-type radio compasses. He discovered the "antenna effect" in such systems and invented the capacity compensator for its control. In 1920-1921 he undertook graduate studies in mathematical physics at Harvard University, then spent a year at the Radio Frequency Laboratories in Boonton, New Jersey, where he worked on radio receivers and made inventions for stabilization of radio-frequency amplifiers via a Wheatstone bridge, linear detection at high signal levels, and automatic volume control. He returned to Harvard 1923-1924 as a John Tyndall scholar in physics.

From 1924 to 1927 Ballantine carried out independent studies of radio propagation in White Haven, Pennsylvania, then was briefly research director at the Radio Frequency Laboratories, and in 1929 collaborated with F. M. Huntoon in studying the effects of high pressure on bacteria. From 1929 to 1934 he was President of the Boonton Research Laboratories investigating errors in microphones due to diffraction and cavity resonance, and developing new devices including an electrostethoscope, automatic optical recorder for frequency-response measurements, and logarithmic voltmeter. In 1934 he founded Ballantine Laboratories, which he led until his death. There he developed improved techniques for measuring the performance of microphones and loudspeakers, and most notably, the first throat microphone for aircraft pilots.

Ballantine held more than 30 patents, and was a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the Acoustical Society of America, and the Institute of Radio Engineers, as well as a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Franklin Institute. He received the 1931 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award, the 1934 Elliott Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute, and the Radio Club of America's 1946 Armstrong Medal (posthumously). The Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal is named in his honor. Ballantine was president of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1935.

Selected works 
 Radio Telephony for Amateurs, 1922

References

External links
 Obituary, Proceedings of the I.R.E.
 Proceedings of the IRE, Morris Liebmann Memorial Award
 Biography by James E. Brittain
 Obituary, New York Times, May 8, 1944

1897 births
1944 deaths
Drexel University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Engineers from Philadelphia
American acoustical engineers
Radio pioneers
20th-century American inventors
Section beam. Section Beams are made of steel and they have a specific lengths and shapes like -beam, 'L', C-channel and I flanged beam.  These types of section are usually used in steel structures and it is common to connect them with plates of steel.

Joints 
There are three connection types:

 Rivets
 Bolts
 Welding

Rivets are the strongest and most common type.

Safety 
There are some calculation methods to determine whether the design and construction of the truss is safe.

References 

Structural system