omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Amiot (car manufacturer). The Amiot, later known as the Amiot-Péneau, was a French tractor-type vehicle manufactured in Asnières-sur-Seine from 1897 to 1902.  It was not an automobile per se; rather, it was a front-wheel-drive power pack used to convert horse-drawn carriages into motor cars. These devices were quite popular  at the time in France and were known as "avant-train", and the Amiot was one of the first on the market.

The original Amiot was a four-wheeled unit with a  Cyclope or Augé engine; an electric version was also manufactured. The Amiot-Péneau was two-wheeled.

See also
 Latil
 Ponsard-Ansaloni
 Ponts-Moteurs

External reference
 Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Editor Nick Georgano. Stationery Office, London. 

1890s cars
Cars introduced in 1897
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1897
Cars discontinued in 1902
Ampère (car). The Ampère was a French combustion automobile built at Billancourt from 1906 to 1909. The car featured a 10/16 hp four-cylinder engine driving through an electric clutch; according to the advertising material, this made for "variation of speed by electric transmission, with neither dynamo nor accumulators".

References

Cars introduced in 1906
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Cars discontinued in 1909
Italian American Motor Engineering. Italian American Motor Engineering (IAME) is an Italian company founded in 1968. It is the parent company of the "Parilla", "Komet" and "Sirio" brand names and is the largest kart engines manufacturer. Its factory is located in the province of Bergamo, Italy, near the city of Milan.

The company has won 25 Karting World Championships.

The manufacturer won the European Formula A championship in 2000 with Lewis Hamilton, in 2001 with Carlo Van Dam and in 2004 with Nick De Bruijn.

2005 and 2006 Formula One World Champion, Fernando Alonso, won the karting Junior World Cup in 1996 with a Parilla engine made by IAME.

In 2011, F1 GP winner Max Verstappen won the WSK Euro Series in an Parilla-powered CRG.

Aircraft engines
Aircraft engines produced by the Komet Flight Motor division of IAME include:
KFM 107 -  two cylinder, two stroke engine
KFM 112M -  four cylinder, four stroke engine

References

External links
IAME Official website

Kart manufacturers of Italy
Companies based in Bergamo
Two-stroke gasoline engines
Manufacturing companies established in 1968
United States Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. The Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences was a standing committee of the United States Senate from 1958 until 1977, when it was folded into the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. It was preceded by the Special Committee on Space and Astronautics, which operated from February 6, 1958, to March 11, 1959.

History
The Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences was established July 24, 1958, when the Senate adopted S. Res. 327, introduced by Senator Lyndon Johnson. The resolution also extended the term of the Special Committee on Space and Astronautics until March 11, 1959, so it could complete its final report. Many of the members of the special committee joined the new standing committee.

Jurisdiction
The standing committee was given jurisdiction over the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and all aeronautical and space sciences generally. However, matters concerning the development of weapons systems or military operations were reserved for the Senate Armed Services Committee. However, the Space Committee was permitted to survey, review, and report on both military and civilian space activities of the United States. According to Senate Rule 25, as amended at the time, the committee was to consist of 16 Senators.

Chairmen

Special Committee on Space and Astronautics
Lyndon B. Johnson (D-TX) February 6, 1958March 11, 1959

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences
Lyndon B. Johnson (D-TX) 1958-1961
Robert S. Kerr (D-OK) 1961-1963
Clinton P. Anderson (D-NM) 1963-1973
Frank E. Moss (D-UT) 1973-1977
Wendell H. Ford (D-KY) January 10February 11, 1977

References

Aeronautical and Space Sciences
1958 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1977 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
NASA oversight
Anasagasti. The Anasagasti was the first automobile to be built in Argentina; it was manufactured by Horacio Anasagasti of Buenos Aires from 1912 to 1914.

History 
Horacio Anasagasti was a student of Argentine engineer Otto Krause. Shortly after creating his own workshop, he founded the Anasagasti company in 1909, where he repaired automobile, aviation and agricultural engines. In 1910 he presented his first prototype at the Exposición Internacional de Ferrocarriles y Transportes Terrestres (International Exhibition of Railways and Land Transportation): a 4-cylinder in-line engine and a 4-speed gearbox and recoil, which won the Grand Prize Diploma of the exhibition.

After a trip to Europe to find suppliers, in 1911 he finally created his first vehicle, a 15 horsepower (11 kW) Ballot-engined car, with a French engine and Argentine body, being presented on September 17 in the Rosario-Córdoba-Rosario race. It began selling in 1912 for $ 6500. The first versions were equipped with the French engine of 2125 cm3 and were offered with double phaeton bodies and a single door on the left side.

In 1912-13 he entered cars built to his design in Europe. He sent three cars to Europe to participate in different races: a team of the cars competed in the 1912 Tour de France, while a lone Picker-engined racer was entered in the 1913 Coupe de l'Auto. The "Anasagasti" was winner of the 1515 km Paris-Madrid race.

Anasagasti then returned home to Argentina, where he is believed to have built about 50 touring models. With the outbreak of World War I it was very difficult to get supplies and the company closed in 1915. At the close of Anasagasti & Cia there were approximately 50 units, most of which continued to work as a taxi in Buenos Aires.

Survivors 
An example of a 1914 Anasagasti car, previously used by the Argentine Air Force, is preserved at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina, located at Morón, Buenos Aires. This vehicle was personally donated by Anasagasti to his friend Engineer Jorge Newbery on September 8, 1912. Newbery used it to transport mail to the Aeroparque. Another one is held and used by the "Club de Automóviles Clásicos de la República Argentina" CAC.

References

Brass Era vehicles
Cars of Argentina

Cars introduced in 1912
Cars discontinued in 1914
Anderheggen. The Anderheggen was a Dutch automobile; the short-lived light 4hp four-seater vis-à-vis, powered by a water-cooled Abeille engine, was manufactured in Amsterdam from 1899 to 1902. Its transmission was a flat belt from the engine to a system of fast and loose pulleys giving two speeds. Total production was fewer than 10 cars.

The car was built by Ferdinant Anderheggen, a former cyclist, who later worked for Konings. Negotiations with a French manufacturer in Swalmen, Limburg, (probably Abeille) didn't work out.

References

Veteran vehicles
Car manufacturers of the Netherlands
Dutch companies established in 1899
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1899
Anderson (automobile). The Anderson was a United States automobile; considered the most successful automobile ever built in the Southern United States, it was manufactured  by a carriage works from 1916 to 1925 in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Started by John Gary Anderson, the company sold cars through a national dealer network. The company used Continental 7R flathead six engines in its vehicles, which were noted for their attractive body styles and color combinations. Andersons were the first cars to be built with headlight foot dimmers and powered convertible tops. Production reached nearly 2,000 units in 1923 and in all 7,000 vehicles were produced during the life of the company.

There are a number of reasons why the Anderson Automobile Co. failed. According to Edward Lee, who wrote the 2007 book John Gary Anderson and His Maverick Motor Company: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford's Rock Hill Rival, the vehicle suffered from a defective engine. Anderson bought most of the components from other manufacturers. During the later years of production, Anderson used a Continental engine with an aluminum head and it warped at high temperatures.

Price was also an issue, Lee believes. Model T Fords were selling for as little as $290 in the 1920s, making the cars affordable to the majority of Americans. Andersons cost about $1,650 for a five-passenger touring car and $2,550 for a sedan. Anderson's slogan was a "A little Higher in Price but made in Dixie." Anderson's strategy was to invest in the opulence of his vehicles, hoping that consumers would be willing to pay a higher price in return. The strategy failed because customers were more price-sensitive than Anderson anticipated.

In addition, by the early 1920s, the economy of South Carolina and other Southern states were already declining, well ahead of the Great Depression, because of plummeting cotton prices following World War I. The Anderson Automobile Co. was liquidated in 1926. Later in life, John Gary Anderson criticized the city of Rock Hill for failing to give his company financial assistance.

Today, there are just 13 remaining examples of Anderson vehicles in existence. Of those Anderson cars known to exist, four are owned by the Anderson family, one is at the South Carolina State Museum in Columbia and one is in the possession of the Museum of York County, where Rock Hill is located.

Notes

References
The Anderson Automobile
John Gary Anderson and His Maverick Motor Company: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford's Rock Hill Rival, J. Edward Lee, The History Press, February 27, 2007

Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in South Carolina
Anderson Electric. The Anderson Electric was a French electric car manufactured only in 1912. The car featured five speeds along with Edison batteries. The 3/9 hp model cost Fr 13,500, while the 4/12 hp model cost Fr 18,500. It was shown at the 1912 Paris Salon.

See also
 Robert Anderson

References

Cars introduced in 1912
Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
André (car). André was a lightweight English two-seater sports car manufactured from 1933 to 1934 in London W11 by T. B. André.

The cars
Only six of the automobiles, called the V6, which confusingly used a V-twin ohv JAP engine of 728cc, were ever built. Drive to the rear wheels was via a four speed gearbox. The floor pan acted also as the chassis and the suspension was by transverse leaf spring at the front and cantilevered springs at the rear. The car weighed 1170 pounds (531 kg) and was said to be able to achieve  with an economy of .

T. B. André
Theodore Bernard André had previously been involved in the manufacture of the Marlborough car produced by Malicet et Blin between 1909 and 1926, having taken over the UK dealership in 1909. He was also involved in the manufacture of Silent-bloc rubber bushed bearings; Hartford shock absorbers; Len Brake Co brake shoes; plus the Marlborough-Thomas from 1923-24.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Sports cars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Cars introduced in 1933
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1933
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in London
Anglo-Dane. The Anglo-Dane was a Danish automobile manufactured by H. C. Fredriksen of Copenhagen from 1902 to 1917. Fredriksen began by building bicycles in the 1890s; for these, he used British parts - hence the hyphenated name.

The first cars were light trucks with single-cylinder Belgian Kelecom engines. Later cars were produced with their own design single-cylinder 4-5 hp engines; these featured friction drive using double discs to give an equivalent 12-speed transmission. A few passenger cars were also built with twin-cylinder engines before the company merged with automobile makers Jan and Thrige, which made Triangel commercial vehicles until 1945. About 70 Anglo-Danes were made.

References

Cars introduced in 1902
Car manufacturers of Denmark
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Denmark
Goods manufactured in Denmark
1902 establishments in Denmark
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1902
Defunct manufacturing companies of Denmark
Cars discontinued in 1917
Structural pattern. In software engineering, structural design patterns are design patterns that ease the design by identifying a simple way to realize relationships among entities.

Examples of Structural Patterns include:

 Adapter pattern: 'adapts' one interface for a class into one that a client expects
 Adapter pipeline: Use multiple adapters for debugging purposes.
 Retrofit Interface Pattern: An adapter used as a new interface for multiple classes at the same time.
 Aggregate pattern: a version of the Composite pattern with methods for aggregation of children
 Bridge pattern: decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently
 Tombstone: An intermediate "lookup" object contains the real location of an object.
 Composite pattern: a tree structure of objects where every object has the same interface
 Decorator pattern: add additional functionality to an object at runtime where subclassing would result in an exponential rise of new classes
 Extensibility pattern: a.k.a. Framework - hide complex code behind a simple interface
 Facade pattern: create a simplified interface of an existing interface to ease usage for common tasks
 Flyweight pattern: a large quantity of objects share a common properties object to save space
 Marker pattern: an empty interface to associate metadata with a class.
 Pipes and filters: a chain of processes where the output of each process is the input of the next
 Opaque pointer: a pointer to an undeclared or private type, to hide implementation details
 Proxy pattern: a class functioning as an interface to another thing

See also
 Abstract Document Pattern
 Behavioral pattern
 Concurrency pattern
 Creational pattern

References

Software design patterns
Articles with example Java code
Articles with example C Sharp code
Behavioral pattern. In software engineering, behavioral design patterns are design patterns that identify common communication patterns among objects. By doing so, these patterns increase flexibility in carrying out communication.

Design patterns 
Examples of this type of design pattern include:

Blackboard design pattern
 Provides a computational framework for the design and implementation of systems that integrate large and diverse specialized modules, and implement complex, non-deterministic control strategies
Chain-of-responsibility pattern
 Command objects are handled or passed on to other objects by logic-containing processing objects
Command pattern
 Command objects encapsulate an action and its parameters
"Externalize the stack"
 Turn a recursive function into an iterative function that uses a stack
Interpreter pattern
 Implement a specialized computer language to rapidly solve a specific set of problems
Iterator pattern
 Iterators are used to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation
Mediator pattern
 Provides a unified interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem
Memento pattern
 Provides the ability to restore an object to its previous state (rollback)
Null object pattern
 Designed to act as a default value of an object
Observer pattern
a.k.a. Publish/Subscribe or Event Listener. Objects register to observe an event that may be raised by another object
 Weak reference pattern
 De-couple an observer from an observable
 
Protocol stack
 Communications are handled by multiple layers, which form an encapsulation hierarchy
Scheduled-task pattern
 A task is scheduled to be performed at a particular interval or clock time (used in real-time computing)
Single-serving visitor pattern
 Optimise the implementation of a visitor that is allocated, used only once, and then deleted
Specification pattern
 Recombinable business logic in a boolean fashion
State pattern
 A clean way for an object to partially change its type at runtime
Strategy pattern
 Algorithms can be selected on the fly, using composition
Template method pattern
 Describes the skeleton of a program; algorithms can be selected on the fly, using inheritance
Visitor pattern
 A way to separate an algorithm from an object

See also
 Concurrency pattern
 Creational pattern
 Structural pattern

References

Software design patterns
Concurrency pattern. In software engineering, concurrency patterns are those types of design patterns that deal with the multi-threaded programming paradigm. 

Examples of this class of patterns include:

 Active object
 Balking pattern
 Barrier
 Double-checked locking
 Guarded suspension
 Leaders/followers pattern
 Monitor Object
 Nuclear reaction
 Reactor pattern
 Read write lock pattern
 Scheduler pattern
 Thread pool pattern
 Thread-local storage

See also 
 Design Patterns (book)
 Behavioral pattern
 Creational pattern
 Structural pattern

References

External links 
 ScaleConf Presentation about concurrency patterns
 GopherCon Rethinking Classical Concurrency Patterns slides
 GoWiki: Learn Concurrency

Recordings about concurrency patterns from Software Engineering Radio:
 Episode 12: Concurrency Pt. 1
 Episode 19: Concurrency Pt. 2
 Episode 29: Concurrency Pt. 3

Concurrent computing
Software design patterns
Concurrency (computer science)
Cray Operating System. The Cray Operating System (COS) is a Cray Research operating system for its now-discontinued Cray-1 (1976) and Cray X-MP supercomputers. It succeeded the Chippewa Operating System (shipped with earlier Control Data Corporation CDC 6000 series and 7600 computer systems), and was the Cray main OS until replaced by UNICOS in the late 1980s. COS was delivered with Cray Assembly Language (CAL), Cray FORTRAN (CFT), and Pascal.

Design
As COS was written by ex-Control Data employees, its command language and internal organization bore strong resemblance to the CDC SCOPE operating system on the CDC 7600 and before that EXEC*8 from CDC's earlier ERA/Univac pedigree.  User jobs were submitted to COS via front-end computers via a high-speed channel interface, and so-called station software.  Front end stations were typically large IBM or Control Data mainframes.  However the DEC VAX was also a very popular front-end.  Interactive use of COS was possible through the stations, but most users simply submitted batch jobs.

Disk-resident datasets used by a user program were 'local' to the individual job.  Once a job completed, its local datasets would be released and space reclaimed.  In order to retain the data between jobs, datasets had to be explicitly made 'permanent'.  Magnetic tape datasets were also supported on Cray systems which were equipped with an I/O Subsystem.

COS also provided job scheduling and checkpoint/restart facilities to manage large workloads, even across system downtimes (both scheduled and unscheduled.)

Internally, COS was divided into a very small message-passing EXEC, and a number of System Task Processors (STP tasks).  Each STP task was similar in nature to the peripheral processor programs in earlier Control Data operating systems, but since the Cray machines did not have peripheral processors, the main central processor executed the operating system code.

List of STP tasks

While the source for version 1.13 was released as public domain, 1.17 is available at archive.org.

See also

 Cray Time Sharing System
 Timeline of operating systems

References

1975 software
Cray software
Discontinued operating systems
Supercomputer operating systems
Lead ship. The lead ship, name ship, or class leader is the first of a series or class of ships that are all constructed according to the same general design. The term is applicable to naval ships and large civilian vessels.

Large ships are very complex and may take five to ten years to build. Improvements based on experience with building and operating the lead ship are likely to be incorporated into the design or construction of later ships in the class, so it is rare to have vessels that are identical.

The second and later ships are often started before the first one is completed, launched and tested. Nevertheless, building copies is still more efficient and cost effective than building prototypes, and the lead ship will usually be followed by copies with some improvements rather than radically different versions. The improvements will sometimes be retrofitted to the lead ship. Occasionally, the lead ship will be launched and commissioned for shakedown testing before following ships are completed, making the lead ship a combination of template and prototype, rather than expending resources on a prototype that will never see actual use.

Naming
Ship classes are typically named in one of two ways; echoing the name of the lead ship, such as the s, whose lead ship was , and the , whose lead ship was , or defining a theme by which vessels in the class are named, as in the Royal Navy's s, named after tribes of the world, such as . If a ship class is produced for another navy, the first active unit will become the lead ship for that navy; for example, the s are known as the  in Royal Australian Navy service.

References

External links
 Example of a lead ship announcement from US Navy 
 USS Pennsylvania BB-38 

Ship types
Sartaj Sahni. Professor Sartaj Kumar Sahni (born July 22, 1949, in Pune, India) is a computer scientist based in the United States, and is one of the pioneers in the field of data structures. He is a distinguished professor in the Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering at the University of Florida.

Education
Sahni received his BTech degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. Following this, he undertook his graduate studies at Cornell University in the USA, earning a PhD degree in 1973, under the supervision of Ellis Horowitz.

Research and publications
Sahni has published over 280 research papers and written 15 textbooks. His research publications are on the design and analysis of efficient algorithms, data structures, parallel computing, interconnection networks, design automation, and medical algorithms.

With his advisor Ellis Horowitz, Sahni wrote two widely used textbooks, Fundamentals of Computer Algorithms and Fundamentals of Data Structures. He has also written highly cited research papers on the NP-completeness of approximately solving certain optimization problems, on open shop scheduling, on parallel algorithms for matrix multiplication and their application in graph theory, and on improved exponential time exact algorithms for the subset sum problem, among his many other research results.

Awards and honors
In 1997, Sahni was awarded the IEEE Computer Society's Taylor L. Booth Education Award and in 2003 he was awarded the IEEE Computer Society McDowell Award. Sahni was also awarded the 2003 Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award of the Association for Computing Machinery.

Professor Sahni is a member of the European Academy of Sciences. He was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1988, and of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1996; he is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, elected in 1995. He is a Distinguished Alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.

Sahni was given the Honorary Professor Award of Asia University in 2009.

Volunteer activities
He has served as editor-in-chief of ACM Computing Surveys.

References

External links
 Sartaj K. Sahni home page
 

1949 births
Living people
IIT Kanpur alumni
Cornell University alumni
Indian computer scientists
American computer scientists
American theoretical computer scientists
Computer science writers
Indian emigrants to the United States
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1996 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the IEEE
University of Florida faculty