omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hosford yield criterion. The Hosford yield criterion is a function that is used to determine whether a material has undergone plastic yielding under the action of stress.

Hosford yield criterion for isotropic plasticity 

The Hosford yield criterion for isotropic materials is a generalization of the von Mises yield criterion.  It has the form

where , i=1,2,3 are the principal stresses,  is a material-dependent exponent and  is the yield stress in uniaxial tension/compression.

Alternatively, the yield criterion may be written as

This expression has the form of an Lp norm which is defined as

When , the we get the L∞ norm, 
.  Comparing this with the Hosford criterion
indicates that if n = ∞, we have

This is identical to the Tresca yield criterion.

Therefore, when n = 1 or n goes to infinity the Hosford criterion reduces to the Tresca yield criterion. When n = 2 the Hosford criterion reduces to the von Mises yield criterion.

Note that the exponent n does not need to be an integer.

Hosford yield criterion for plane stress 
For the practically important situation of plane stress, the Hosford yield criterion takes the form

A plot of the yield locus in plane stress for various values of the exponent  is shown in the adjacent figure.

Logan-Hosford yield criterion for anisotropic plasticity 

The Logan-Hosford yield criterion for anisotropic plasticity is similar to Hill's generalized yield criterion and has the form

where F,G,H are constants,  are the principal stresses, and the exponent n depends on the type of crystal (bcc, fcc, hcp, etc.) and has a value much greater than 2.  Accepted values of  are 6 for bcc materials and 8 for fcc materials.

Though the form is similar to Hill's generalized yield criterion, the exponent n is independent of the R-value unlike the Hill's criterion.

Logan-Hosford criterion in plane stress 
Under plane stress conditions, the Logan-Hosford criterion can be expressed as

where  is the R-value and  is the yield stress in uniaxial tension/compression.  For a derivation of this relation see Hill's yield criteria for plane stress.  A plot of the yield locus for the anisotropic Hosford criterion is shown in the adjacent figure.  For values of  that are less than 2, the yield locus exhibits corners and such values are not recommended.

References

See also 
Yield surface
Yield (engineering)
Plasticity (physics)
Stress (physics)

Plasticity (physics)
Solid mechanics
Mechanics
Yield criteria
Lankford coefficient. The Lankford coefficient (also called Lankford value, R-value, or plastic strain ratio) is a measure of the plastic anisotropy of a rolled sheet metal.  This scalar quantity is used extensively as an indicator of the formability of recrystallized low-carbon steel sheets.

Definition 
If  and  are the coordinate directions in the plane of rolling and  is the thickness direction, then the R-value is given by

where  is the in-plane plastic strain, transverse to the loading direction, and  is the plastic strain through-the-thickness.

More recent studies have shown that the R-value of a material can depend strongly on the strain even at small strains  .  In practice, the  value is usually measured at 20% elongation in a tensile test.

For sheet metals, the  values are usually determined for three different directions of loading in-plane ( to the rolling direction) and the normal R-value is taken to be the average 

The planar anisotropy coefficient or planar R-value is a measure of the variation of  with angle from the rolling direction.  This quantity is defined as

Anisotropy of steel sheets 
Generally, the Lankford value of cold rolled steel sheet acting for deep-drawability shows heavy orientation, and such deep-drawability is characterized by .  However, in the actual press-working, the deep-drawability of steel sheets cannot be determined only by the value of  and the measure of planar anisotropy,  is more appropriate.

In an ordinary cold rolled steel,  is the highest, and  is the lowest.  Experience shows that even if  is close to 1,  and  can be quite high leading to a high  average value of .  In such cases, any press-forming process design on the basis of  does not lead to an improvement in deep-drawability.

See also 
 Yield surface

References

Plasticity (physics)
Solid mechanics
Metal forming
Indraéro Aéro 101. 

The Indraéro Aéro 101 was a light training biplane developed in France in the 1950s.

Design and service

It was a conventional design with single-bay staggered wings braced with an I-strut, and fixed tailskid undercarriage with divided main units. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem, open cockpits.  A small batch of  aircraft were ordered by SALS for aeroclub use.

The prototype, known as the Aéro 110, differing from the later production Aero 101s by having a welded steel tube fuselage and a  Salmson 9ADb radial engine, first flew on 1 May 1950

Operational history
Three examples of the type were current on the French Civil Aircraft Register in 2009, including an Aero 101C and two Aero 101s.

Variants
Aéro 110Prototype of the Aero 101 with welded steel tube fuselage and Salmson 9ADb radial engine first flown on 1 May 1950, 1 built.
Aéro 101 Ten production aircraft built with wooden structure and powered by Minié 4.DC.32 engines, first flown on 27 July 1951.
Aéro 101C  At least one aircraft fitted with a  Continental A65.

Specifications (Aéro 101)

References

Bibliography

External links

Aero 110

1950s French civil trainer aircraft
Indraéro aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1951
Tyndallization. Tyndallization is a process from the nineteenth century for sterilizing substances, usually food, named after its inventor John Tyndall, that can be used to kill heat-resistant endospores. Although now considered dated, it is still occasionally used.

A simple and effective sterilizing method commonly used today is autoclaving: heating the substance being sterilized to  for 15 minutes in a pressured system. If autoclaving is not possible because of lack of equipment, or the need to sterilize something that will not withstand the higher temperature, unpressurized heating for a prolonged period at a temperature of up to , the boiling point of water, may be used. The heat will kill any bacterial cells; however, bacterial spores capable of later germinating into bacterial cells may survive. Tyndallization can be used to destroy the spores.

Tyndallization essentially consists of heating the substance to boiling point (or just a little below boiling point) and holding it there for 15 minutes, three days in succession. After each heating, the resting period will allow spores that have survived to germinate into bacterial cells; these cells will be killed by the next day's heating. During the resting periods the substance being sterilized is kept in a moist environment at a warm room temperature, conducive to germination of the spores. When the environment is favourable for bacteria, it is conducive to the germination of cells from spores, and spores do not form from cells in this environment (see bacterial spores).

The Tyndallization process is usually effective in practice. But it is not considered completely reliable — some spores may survive and later germinate and multiply. It is not often used today, but is used for sterilizing items that cannot withstand pressurized heating, such as plant seeds.

See also
 Autoclave

References

Hygiene
Microbiology
Food preservation
Sterilization (microbiology)
Demachiyanagi Station. is a railway station operated by the Keihan Electric Railway, located in Sakyō-ku, Kyoto. It serves as the northern terminus for the Ōtō Line and the southern terminus for the Main Line of the Eizan Electric Railway. 

The name "Demachiyanagi" is the combined name of "Demachi" district around the Kawaramachi-Imadegawa intersection on the west side of Kamo River, and "Yanagi" district around the east side, which surrounds the station.

Lines
Eizan Electric Railway (Eiden)
Eizan Main Line (station number: E01)
Keihan Electric Railway
Ōtō Line

Layout
The station is separated into two sections: the ground-level Eiden station and the underground Keihan station. Tracks of the two lines are not connected.

Eizan Railway

There are 4 dead-end platforms with 3 tracks on the ground with bus station and the entrance of Keihan Railway, along Kawabata Dori.

Keihan Railway

The station owned by Keihan Railway is located under Kawabata Dori.  There is an island platform with 2 tracks under the ticket gates. There are ticket gates in the north and the south. The north one is called "Eiden Gate" and the south one is "Imadegawa Gate".

Eizan Railway and the north side of Imadegawa Dori is connected with the Eiden Gate, and the south side of Imadegawa Dori is with the Imadegawa Gate.

Limited express trains usually depart from Track (Platform) 2.

Surroundings
East side of Kamo River and Takano River
Yoshida Shrine
Hyakuman-ben Chion-ji
Kyoto University Yoshida Campus
Kyoto Computer Gakuin
The Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics
Sakyo-ku General Building, Ktoyo
West side of Kamo River and Takano River
Kamo Mioya Shrine (Shimogamo Shrine)
Doshisha University Imadegawa Campus
Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts Imadegawa Campus
Kyoto Imperial Palace

Adjacent stations

References

External links
 Station map by Keihan Railway 

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1925
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1989
Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture
Nepcon. NEPCON is a trade event for the electronics manufacturing industry. It is held annually in several parts of the world. In the United States, for instance, the event called NEPCON West had a 37-year run and ended in 2002. This trade show has been described as the grandfather of all electronics manufacturing trade shows. The case is the same for NEPCON UK, which is considered Britain's largest annual electronics exhibition.

Nepcon China is an annual Surface-mount technology (SMT) trade event in China that features a comprehensive range of SMT products and technology. The 18th edition of the event was held from 8 to 11 April 2008. The 2019 exhibit was scheduled at the Shanghai World Expo Center from April 24 to 26.

References

External links 

 NEPCON China Official Website
 NEPCON Japan Official Website

Trade fairs in China
WS-Atomic Transaction. Web Service Atomic Transaction is an OASIS standard. 
To achieve all-or-nothing property for a group of services, it defines three protocols (completion, volatile two-phase commit, and durable two-phase commit), and a set of services. These protocols and services together ensure automatic activation, registration, propagation and atomic termination of web services. The protocols are implemented via the WS-Coordination context management framework and emulate ACID transaction properties.

Following the standard, a distributed transaction has a coordinator, an initiator, and one or more participants.

See also
 WS-BPEL
 WS-CDL
 Web Service
 WS-Coordination

External links
 Web Services Atomic Transaction Version 1.1
 Web Services Atomic Transaction Version 1.2

Computer standards
Open standards
Gottfried Christoph Beireis. Gottfried Christoph Beireis (2 March 1730 – 18 September 1809) was a German chemist and doctor. He was also a collector of curiosities who rescued some of Jacques de Vaucanson's automata.

Biography
Beireis was born in Mühlhausen. He taught anatomy, medicine, surgery, chemistry, botany, natural history, pharmacy, mineralogy, metallurgy, agriculture, forestry, music, painting, and numismatics.

As a student, he discovered a way to convert ammonium sulfide to cinnabar and made a fortune selling the latter as a red dye.

Beireis was a student of Georg Erhardt Hamberger's in Jena in 1753. Beireis became a professor in 1759 without having obtained his MD degree; the degree was awarded subsequently for work done at Helmstadt under Lorenz Heister between 1756 and 1759.

He died in Helmstedt.

References

External links
Beireis bio

18th-century German chemists
18th-century German physicians
1730 births
1809 deaths
People from Mühlhausen
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Lagrangian analysis. Lagrangian analysis is the use of Lagrangian coordinates to analyze various problems in continuum mechanics.

Lagrangian analysis may be used to analyze currents and flows of various materials by analyzing data collected from gauges/sensors embedded in the material which freely move with the motion of the material. A common application is study of ocean currents in oceanography, where the movable gauges in question called Lagrangian drifters.

Recently, with the development of high speed cameras and particle-tracking algorithms, there have also been applications to measuring turbulence.

References

Fluid dynamics
Acta Astronautica. Acta Astronautica is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all fields of physical, engineering, life, and social sciences related to the peaceful scientific exploration of space. The journal is widely known as one of the top aerospace engineering journals. The journal was established in 1955 under the name Astronautica Acta, obtaining its current title in 1974, with volume-numbering simultaneously restarting at 1. The journal is published by Elsevier, sponsored by the International Academy of Astronautics.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.413.

References

External links

Space science journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1955
Monthly journals
English-language journals
1955 establishments in the Netherlands
Bede Wing. The Bede Wing was an inflated hang glider, designed in the 1970s by aeronautical engineer Jim Bede. Intended as a safer alternative to conventional hang gliders, it resembled an early ram-air parachute, but instead was an inflatable structure, that could be filled with air for gliding, or with helium to act as a gas balloon.

The aspect ratio of the Bede Wing was low, in the area of 1.8. Fitted with unusually long suspension lines, the Bede Wing had almost no dihedral. It was also reported to have a lower sink rate than conventional hang gliders of the time.

Although Bede intended to start full production of the Bede Wing, the project came to nothing. However, it foreshadowed the introduction of ram-air inflated paragliders in the mid-1980s.

See also

References

External links
 Bede wing in flight

Wing
Inflatable aircraft
Balloons (aeronautics)
Hang gliders
Parafoils
Marathon Technologies. Marathon Technologies Corp. was founded by senior executives and engineers responsible for developing Digital Equipment Corporation's VAXft fault-tolerant systems. The team used this experience to create the first software and networking technology that allowed multiple Windows/Intel servers to operate as a single fault-tolerant system.

Marathon Technologies migrated its technology in 2004 to a software-only product named everRun that works with standard off-the-shelf x86 Intel and AMD servers with Windows Server 2003 and unmodified Windows applications.

In 2007, Marathon Technologies announced its v-Available product initiative, designed to fill the gap in the market for effective high availability software for server virtualization. In the spring of 2008 the company released everRun VM for Citrix XenServer the first in the series of v-Available products from Marathon Technologies that provides fault-tolerant high availability and disaster recovery protection.

In late 2010, Marathon released everRun MX, the industry's first software-based fault tolerant solution for symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and multi-core servers and applications.

Marathon Technologies is headquartered in Littleton, MA, United States with additional offices in the United States, Europe and Asia. Marathon Technologies has taken venture funding from Atlas Venture, Longworth Venture Partners and venture capital firm Sierra Ventures.

Marathon Technologies was acquired by Stratus in September 2012.

References

External links 
 Official Website
 Official Blog
 24/7 Uptime - UK elite partner
 Stratus acquisition

Companies established in 1993
Software companies based in Massachusetts
Defunct software companies of the United States
International Arctic Buoy Program. The International Arctic Buoy Program is headquartered at the Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, in Seattle, Washington, United States.  The program's objectives include to provide meteorological and oceanographic data in order to support operations and research for UNESCO's World Climate Research Programme and the World Weather Watch Programme of the United Nations'  World Meteorological Organization.

IABP participating countries include Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, Norway, Russia, and the United States.  Together, they share the costs of the program.

The IABP has deployed more than 700 buoys since it began operations in 1991, succeeding the Arctic Ocean Buoy Program (operational since 1979-01-19). Commonly, 25 to 40 buoys operate at any given time and provide real-time position, pressure, temperature, and interpolated ice velocity.  In support of the International Polar Year, the IABP will deploy over 120 buoys, at over 80 different locations, during the period of April–August 2008.

The organization's annual meeting provides discussion on instrumentation,  forecasting, observations, and outlook.

References

External links 
 Official website
 Slilde show, PBS, February 6, 2008

Buoyage
Organizations established in 1991
International environmental organizations
Meteorological research institutes
Hydrology organizations
Arctic research
1991 establishments in Washington (state)
University of Washington organizations
Critical Watch. Achilles Guard, Inc., commonly known as Critical Watch, is a security, risk and compliance company based in Dallas, Texas. The company primarily manufactures computer vulnerability assessment software and Payment Card Industry (PCI) compliance software. The company is CVE-compatible and was co-founded in 2000 by Eva Bunker and Nelson Bunker.

On January 6, 2015, Alert Logic announced that it had acquired Critical Watch for its scanning and analysis capabilities

References

External links
 CriticalWatch official website
 Critical Watch Blog 

Companies based in Dallas
Software companies based in Texas
Defunct software companies of the United States
Styrene oxide. Styrene oxide is an epoxide derived from styrene.  It can be prepared by epoxidation of styrene with peroxybenzoic acid, in the Prilezhaev reaction:

Styrene oxide is slightly soluble in water. A trace amount of acid in water causes hydrolysis to racemic phenylethyleneglycol via a benzylic cation. If the amount of water is not sufficient, acid-catalyzed isomerization for phenylacetaldehyde will occur.

Styrene oxide in the body is metabolized to mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, benzoic acid and hippuric acid.

Hydrogenation of styrene oxide affords phenethyl alcohol.

Stereospecific reactions 
Since styrene oxide has a chiral center at the benzylic carbon atom, there are (R)-styrene oxide and (S)-styrene oxide. If optically pure reagent is used, only one optically pure compound will be obtained.

Toxicology 
Styrene oxide is a main metabolite of styrene in humans or animals, resulting from oxidation by cytochrome P450.  It is considered possibly carcinogenic from gavaging significant amounts into mice and rats. Styrene oxide is subsequently hydrolyzed in vivo to styrene glycol by epoxide hydrolase.

Styrene oxide has a chiral center and thus two enantiomers. It has been reported that the two enantiomers had different toxicokinetics and toxicity. It was reported that the (R)-styrene oxide was preferentially formed in mice, especially in the lung, whereas the (S)-styrene oxide was preferentially generated in rats. In human volunteers, the cumulative excretion of the (S)-enantiomer of styrene glycol and mandelic acid were higher than the R form after exposure to styrene. In human liver microsomes, cytochrome P450-mediated styrene oxidation showed the production of more S enantiomer relative to the R enantiomer. It was also found that (S)-styrene oxide was preferentially hydrolyzed than the R enantiomer in human liver microsomes.  Animal studies have shown that the (R)-enantiomer of styrene oxide was more toxic than the (S)-enantiomer in mice.

References

Epoxides
Phenyl compounds
IARC Group 2A carcinogens
Issoire Iris. The Issoire Iris was a sailplane produced in France in the early 1980s. It was a conventional, single-seat mid-wing design of fibreglass construction intended to be easy to fly for the novice pilot. Originally designed with a T-tail, the Iris was produced with a conventional, low-set tailplane.

The prototype made its first public appearance at the 1977 Paris Air Show and completed flight testing with the CEV early the following year, with certification expected to follow shortly thereafter.

Specifications

References

 
 

1970s French sailplanes
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1977
Glider aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Hughes bore hole. The Hughes Borehole is an acid mine drainage site which is located near the southwest central borough of Portage, Pennsylvania in Cambria County.

History
During the 1920s, a bore hole was drilled in order to remove water from multiple coal mines in the area. That hole was subsequently capped during the 1950s. This proved to be an unsatisfactory maintenance situation, however, because, over time, pressure gradually built up beneath the cap. By the 1970s, that pressure had increased to such an extent that it caused the cap to blow off of the bore hole, releasing an estimated water volume of 800 to 3,500 gallons per minute into the surrounding area, along with an estimated daily amount of 8,000 pounds of dissolved metals. 

This environmental disaster flooded a  area and polluted the nearby Little Conemaugh River.

Present day
 Today, this devastated area has been compared with that of the Yellowstone Mud Pots. All that remains is bare flooded and yellowish red soil periodically spotted with dead standing trees. It also contains a large amount of green iron eating algae that adds to the color of the area. Efforts are currently underway in an attempt to mitigate the situation.

References

External links 

 YouTube video of Hughes Bore Hole (7-22-2007)

Geography of Cambria County, Pennsylvania
Momoyama-minamiguchi Station. is a train station located in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
Keihan Electric Railway
Uji Line

History
The station opened on June 1, 1913, simultaneously with the opening of the Uji Line. The station name was changed from  in 1949.

Adjacent stations

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1913
Railway stations in Kyoto
Kowata Station. is a train station located in Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, on the Keihan Electric Railway Uji Line.

Layout
The station has two side platforms.

Surroundings
 Panasonic Electronic Devices Co., Ltd. (Capacitor Business Unit)
 Kohata Shrine
 Kyoto Animation Studio 2

Adjacent stations

Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture
Uji, Kyoto