omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lithobraking. Lithobraking is a whimsical "crash landing" euphemism used by spacecraft engineers to refer to a spacecraft impacting the surface of a planet or moon. The word was coined by analogy with "aerobraking", slowing a spacecraft by intersecting the atmosphere, with "lithos" ( [], "rock") substituted to indicate the spacecraft is intersecting the planet's solid lithosphere rather than merely its gaseous atmosphere. 

According to Jonathan McDowell, "Lithobraking reduces the apoapsis height to zero instantly, but with the unfortunate side effect that the spacecraft does not survive. Originally a whimsical euphemism, but increasingly a standard term."

The term Lithobraking has been popularised by the video game Kerbal Space Program as an euphemism for spacecraft crashes.

End-of-mission lithobraking 
Lithobraking is used to refer to the result of a spacecraft crashing into the rocky surface of a body with no measures to ensure its survival, either by accident or with intent. For instance, the term has been used to describe the impact of MESSENGER into Mercury after the spacecraft ran out of fuel. More recently, the term has also been used to describe the successful completion of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART), when a probe crashed into Dimorphos to test lithobraking as a method of planetary defense.

Intact lithobraking 
Successful lithobraking requires a spacecraft capable of impacting the planet or moon at high velocity, or protecting the probe with sufficient cushioning to withstand an impact with the surface undamaged. 

In the absence of a thick atmosphere, lithobraking is difficult due to the extremely high orbital velocities of most bodies. However, the orbital velocity of small moons (for example, Phobos), asteroids, and comets can be sufficiently small for this strategy to be feasible.

Instead of attempting to slowly dissipate the incoming velocity, it can be used to enable the probe to penetrate the surface. This can be tried on bodies with low gravitation, such as comets and asteroids, or on planets with atmospheres (by using only small parachutes, or no parachutes at all).  Several such missions have been launched, including penetrators on the two Phobos probe landers targeted for Mars' moon Phobos and ones for Mars itself on Mars 96 and Deep Space 2, but so far none have succeeded.

See also

Aerocapture
Aerogravity assist
Asteroid capture
Atmospheric reentry
Skip reentry

References 

Spacecraft propulsion
21st-century neologisms
Euphemisms
CodeCon. CodeCon was an annual conference for software hackers and technology enthusiasts, held every year between 2002 and 2009. CodeCon was not intended to be a computer security conference, but a conference with a focus on software developers doing presentations of technologies, as computer programs, rather than products.

History
Bram Cohen and Len Sassaman are credited with devising and organizing the first conference at the DNA Lounge in San Francisco, California in 2002. The conference was the result of discussion on building a small, programmer-focused convention. Some projects discussed at the first CodeCon include BitTorrent and Peek-a-Booty. There were also panel discussions, including one about the legality of hacking, which focused on the actions of the MPAA and RIAA against peer-to-peer file sharing networks.

Later conferences have included discussions on P2P, and the Helios voting system.

Sassaman proposed to his then-girlfriend Meredith L. Patterson during the Q&A after her presentation at the 2006 CodeCon; the two were later married.

Other uses

Bloomberg's CodeCon programming contest platform and events.

An abbreviation for Re/code's Code Conference.

References

External links 
 

Hacker culture
Computer conferences
Alfred Des Cloizeaux. Alfred Louis Olivier Legrand Des Cloizeaux (17 October 18176 May 1897) was a French mineralogist.

Des Cloizeaux was born at Beauvais, in the department of Oise. He studied with Jean-Baptiste Biot at the Collège de France. He became professor of mineralogy at the École Normale Supérieure and afterwards at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. He studied the geysers of Iceland, and wrote also on the classification of some of the eruptive rocks.

His main work consisted in the systematic examination of the crystals of numerous minerals, in researches on their optical properties and on the subject of light polarization. He demonstrated the circular polarization of cinnabar.

He wrote especially on the means of determining the different feldspars, and is credited with the discovery of microcline (a triclinic potash-feldspar). He named the minerals montebrasite (1871), binnite (a variety of tennantite) and Christianite (in honor of Christian VIII of Denmark). In 1854, Alexis Damour dedicated the mineral descloizite in honor of Des Cloizeaux.

Des Cloizeaux was elected as a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1869, and was its President in 1889. He was awarded the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of London in 1886. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1878. His best-known books are Leçons de cristallographie (1861) and Manuel de minéralogie (2 vols., Paris, 1862, 1874 and 1893).

References

External links 
 Alfred L.O.L. Des Cloizeaux - The Mineralogical Record - Library

1817 births
1897 deaths
People from Beauvais
French mineralogists
Academic staff of the École Normale Supérieure
Wollaston Medal winners
Foreign members of the Royal Society
Officers of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala
Ho-Am Prize in Science. The Ho-Am Prize in Science was established in 1990 by Kun-Hee Lee, the Chairman of Samsung, to honour the late Chairman, Lee Byung-chul, the founder of the company. The Ho-Am Prize in Science (previously the Ho-Am Prize in Science & Technology) is one of six prizes awarded annually, covering the five categories of Science, Engineering, Medicine, Arts, and Community Service, plus a Special Prize, which are named after the late Chairman's sobriquet (art-name or pen name), Ho-Am.

The Ho-Am Prize in Science is presented each year, together with the other prizes, to individuals of Korean heritage who have furthered the welfare of humanity through distinguished accomplishments in the field of Science.

Prizewinners of Ho-Am Prize for Science
Source: Ho-Am Foundation

See also 

 List of general science and technology awards 
 Ho-Am Prize in Medicine
 Ho-Am Prize in the Arts
 Ho-Am Prize in Engineering
 Ho-Am Prize in Community Service
 POSCO TJ Park Prize

References

External links
Ho-Am Prize winners

Science and technology awards
Science and technology in South Korea
Awards established in 1991
Science
Samsung
Annual events in South Korea
1991 establishments in South Korea
Ho-Am Prize. The Ho-Am Prize (호암상, 湖岩賞, literally lake and rock award) is a Korean annual award presented to "domestic/abroad ethnic Korean who have made outstanding contributions to the development of science and culture and enhancement of the welfare of mankind". Starting in 1991, it is funded by Samsung and named after their former chairman, Lee Byung-chul (Ho-Am is his pen name which means filling up a space with clear water as lakes do, and being unshakable as a large rock). The award consists of a 6 oz gold medal, a laureate diploma, and 300 million Korean won (approximately $265,000 US dollars).

The prize is currently awarded in five fields:
 Ho-Am Prize in Science
 Ho-Am Prize in Engineering
 Ho-Am Prize in Medicine
 Ho-Am Prize in the Arts
 Ho-Am Prize in Community Service

In addition, a Ho-Am Prize in Mass Communication was awarded from 1991 to 1996, but has now been replaced by a Special Prize.

See also
 List of general science and technology awards
 List of awards named after people

References

External links
Ho-Am Prize official site
Ho-Am Prize winners

 
Science and technology in South Korea
South Korean awards
Samsung
Annual events in South Korea
Ho-Am Prize in Engineering. The Ho-Am Prize in Engineering was established in 1994 by Kun-Hee Lee, the Chairman of Samsung, to honour the late chairman, Lee Byung-chul, the founder of the company. The Ho-Am Prize in Engineering is one of six prizes awarded annually, covering the five categories of Science, Engineering, Medicine, Arts, and Community Service, plus a Special Prize, which are named after the late chairman's sobriquet (art-name or pen name), Ho-Am.

The Ho-Am Prize in Engineering is presented each year, together with the other prizes, to individuals of Korean heritage who have furthered the welfare of humanity through distinguished accomplishments in the field of Engineering.

Prizewinners of Ho-Am Prize in Engineering
Source: Ho-Am Foundation

External links 
 Previous Laureates
 This Year Laureates

See also

 List of engineering awards
 Ho-Am Prize in Science
 Ho-Am Prize in the Arts
 Ho-Am Prize in Medicine
 Ho-Am Prize in Community Service

References

Engineering awards
Engineering
Science and technology in South Korea
Awards established in 1994
Samsung
1994 establishments in South Korea
Cryptographic Message Syntax. The Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) is the IETF's standard for cryptographically protected messages. It can be used by cryptographic schemes and protocols to digitally sign, digest, authenticate or encrypt any form of digital data.

CMS is based on the syntax of PKCS #7, which in turn is based on the Privacy-Enhanced Mail standard. The newest version of CMS () is specified in  (but also see  for updated ASN.1 modules conforming to ASN.1 2002 and  and  for updates to the standard).

The architecture of CMS is built around certificate-based key management, such as the profile defined by the PKIX working group. CMS is used as the key cryptographic component of many other cryptographic standards, such as S/MIME, PKCS #12 and the  digital timestamping protocol.

OpenSSL is open source software that can encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify, compress and uncompress CMS documents, using the openssl-cms command.

Norms and Standards
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) is regularly updated to address evolving security needs and emerging cryptographic algorithms. 
  (Update to the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) for Algorithm Identifier Protection)
  (Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), in use)
  (Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), obsolete)
  (Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), obsolete)
  (Cryptographic Message Syntax, obsolete)
  (New ASN.1 Modules for Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) and S/MIME, in use)
  (New ASN.1 Modules for Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) and S/MIME, updated)
  (Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography with CMS, in use)
  (Use of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Algorithms in Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), obsolete)
  (Using AES-CCM and AES-GCM Authenticated Encryption in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), in use)
  (Using Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) Algorithms in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), in use)

See also
 CAdES - CMS Advanced Electronic Signatures
 S/MIME
 PKCS #7

Cryptographic protocols
Internet Standards
Mung (computer term). Mung or munge is computer jargon for a series of potentially destructive or irrevocable changes to a piece of data or a file. It is sometimes used for vague data transformation steps that are not yet clear to the speaker. Common munging operations include removing punctuation or HTML tags, data parsing, filtering, and transformation.

The term was coined in 1958 in the Tech Model Railroad Club at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1960 the backronym "Mash Until No Good" was created to describe Mung, and by 1976 it was revised to "Mung Until No Good", making it one of the first recursive acronyms. It lived on as a recursive command in the editing language TECO.

Munging may also describe the constructive operation of tying together systems and interfaces that were not specifically designed to interoperate (also called 'duct-taping').  Munging can also describe the processing or filtering of raw data into another form.

As the "no good" part of the acronym implies, munging often involves irrevocable destruction of data.

See also
Jargon File – a glossary of hacker slang.
Slug – an application of munging for creating human-friendly URLs.
Kludge – a neologism developed near this time with a similar meaning
 Munged password (referring to a slightly different process)
 Data wrangling

References

External links

 Jargon File entry
 Mung and munge at FOLDOC
 Email address munging is considered harmful

Computer jargon
Computer data
1950s neologisms
MS/8. MS/8 or The RL Monitor System is a discontinued computer operating system developed for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8 in 1966 by Richard F. Lary.

History
RL Monitor System, as it was initially called, was developed on a 4K (12-bit) PDP-8 with "a Teletype that had a paper tape reader and punch and ..  a single DECtape." It was a disk oriented system, faster than its predecessor, the PDP-8 4K Disk Monitor System, with tricks to make it run quickly on DECtape based systems. 

Still named RL, it was submitted to DECUS in 1970. 

MS/8 was replaced by P?S/8 and COS-310.

See also
 PDP-8
 Digital Equipment Corporation

References

External links
 "What is a PDP-8?". PDP-8 and DECmate documentation files.

Free software operating systems
1966 software
Woodworking machine. A Woodworking machine is a machine that is intended to process wood. These machines are usually powered by electric motors and are used extensively in woodworking. Sometimes grinding machines (used for grinding down to smaller pieces) are also considered a part of woodworking machinery.

Types of woodworking machinery

Artisanal and hobby machines

These machines are used both in small-scale commercial production of timber products and by hobbyists. Most of these machines may be used on solid timber and on composite products. Machines can be divided into the bigger stationary machines where the machine remains stationary while the material is moved over the machine, and hand-held power tools, where the tool is moved over the material.

Hand-held power tools
 Biscuit joiner
 Domino jointer
 Chain saw
 Hand-held circular saw
 Electric drill
 Jig saw
 Miter saw
 Nail gun
 Hand-held electric plane
 Reciprocating saw
 Rotary tool
 Router
 Hand-held sanders, including belt sander, orbital sander, random orbit sander

Stationary machines
 Bandsaw
 Combination machine
 Double side planer
 Four sided planer or timber sizer
 Drill press
 Drum sander
 Bench grinder
 Jointer
 Wood lathe
 Mortiser
 Panel saw
 Pin router or Overhead Router
 Radial arm saw
 Scroll saw
 Spindle moulder (Wood shaper)
 Stationary sanders, including stroke sanders, oscillating spindle sander, belt sander, disc sander (and combination disc-belt sander).
 Table saw
 Tenoner or tenoning machine
 Thicknesser or Thickness planer
 Round pole milling machine
 Round pole sanding machine

Panel Line Woodworking machines
These machines are used in large-scale manufacturing of cabinets and other wooden or panel products.

Panel surface processing

Panel dividing equipment
Panel dividing equipment, classified by number of beam, loading system, saw carriage speed

Double end tenoner
Double end tenoner, classified by conveyor type
 Rolling chain system conveyor speed 40 to 120 m/min
 Sliding chain system conveyor speed 10 to 30 m/min

Panel edge processing equipment
Panel edge processing equipment, classified by conveyor speed
 High speed edgebander conveyor speed >= 100 m/min
 Heavy duty edgebander conveyor speed >= 24 m/min
 Light duty edgebander conveyor speed < 20 m/min (i.e. 8, 12 or 16 m/min)

Panel boring equipment
classified by number of boring heads
 Single line boring machine
 Multi line boring machine

Panel automatic packing equipment

See also
 List of production topics

References

External links

 
Industrial machinery
SUGi. Sugi, stylized SUGi, is an American conservation organization and app that supports afforestation. Found in 2019, the platform seeks to increase biodiversity through native plant rewilding projects. Employing the Miyawaki method, SUGi has funded over 200 projects and forests in 15 countries, including in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Hong Kong, and London, United Kingdom.

References 

Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Inter-Asterisk eXchange. Inter-Asterisk eXchange (IAX) is a communications protocol native to the Asterisk private branch exchange (PBX) software, and is supported by a few other softswitches, PBX systems, and softphones.  It is used for transporting voice over IP telephony sessions between servers and to terminal devices.

The original IAX protocol is deprecated and has been superseded by a second version, commonly called IAX2. The IAX2 protocol was published as an informational (non-standards-track) RFC 5456 by discretion of the RFC Editor in February 2010.

Basic properties
IAX is a binary-encoded voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) that is used for streaming media, but is primarily designed for IP voice calls.

IAX uses a single User Datagram Protocol (UDP) data stream and port number, by default 4569, between endpoints for both session signaling and media payloads. This feature provides benefits for traversing network address translators at network boundaries, as it simplifies firewall configuration. Other VoIP protocols typically use independent channels for signaling and media, such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), H.323, and the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), which carry media with the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).

IAX supports trunking, multiplexing channels over a single link. When trunking, data from multiple sessions are merged into a single stream of packets between two endpoints, reducing the IP overhead. This is advantageous in VoIP transmissions, in which IP headers use a large fraction of bandwidth.

IAX2 supports native encryption of both control and media streams using AES-128.

Origin
Both versions of the IAX protocol were created by Mark Spencer and much of the development was carried out in the Asterisk open-source community.

Goals
The primary goals for IAX are to minimize bandwidth used in media transmissions, and to provide native network address translation (NAT) transparency.  It was intended to be easy to use behind firewalls.

Drawbacks
 Awkward extensibility: Due to the lack of a generic extension mechanism, new features have to be added in the protocol specification, which makes the protocol less flexible than H.323, SIP, and MGCP.
 Vulnerability: Older implementations of IAX2 were vulnerable to resource exhaustion DoS attack methods that are available to the public.  While no solutions existed for these issues,  the best practices included limiting UDP port access to specific trusted IP addresses. Internet-facing IAX2 ports are considered vulnerable and should be monitored closely. The fuzzer used to detect these application vulnerabilities was posted on milw0rm. and is included in the VoIPer development tree. These issues were briefly mentioned in the IAX RFC 5456 on page 94. This flaw does not exist in up-to-date installations.

References

External links
  IAX: Inter-Asterisk eXchange Version 2
  IANA Registration for Enumservice 'iax'
 

VoIP protocols
Asterisk (PBX)
Application layer protocols
Wolfgang Wahlster. Wolfgang Wahlster (born February 2, 1953) is a German artificial intelligence researcher. He was CEO and Scientific Director of the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and full professor of computer science at Saarland University, Saarbrücken. Wahlster remains Chief Executive Advisor of the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence. In May 2019, he was honored by the Gesellschaft für Informatik as one of 10 most important heads of German artificial intelligence history. He is sometimes called the inventor of the "Industry 4.0" term.

Wahlster was one of the initiators of the Hermes Award, given each year since 2004 at the Hannover Messe and for many years was the Chairman of the Hermes Award Jury.

In 2016, he was elected to the University Council of the Technische Universität Darmstadt.

Education

Wahlster graduated from the Max-Planck Gymnasium in Delmenhorst. From 1972 to 1977 he studied computer science and theoretical linguistics at the University of Hamburg, where he received his diploma in 1977. In 1981 he received his doctorate in computer science from the University of Hamburg.

Awards and recognition
Wahlster was awarded the Deutscher Zukunftspreis ("German Future Award") in 2001 and has been a foreign member of the Class for Engineering Sciences of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences since 2003. In 2004, he was elected as a fellow of the Gesellschaft für Informatik.

In 2020, Wahlster was awarded an honorary title doctor honoris causa of Czech Technical University (CTU) in Prague and in 2021 elected as an honorary foreign member of the Engineering Academy of the Czech Republic (EACR).

External links 

Wahlster at the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence

References

1953 births
Living people
German artificial intelligence researchers
German computer scientists
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Saarland Order of Merit
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt
Fellows of the European Association for Artificial Intelligence
Presidents of the Association for Computational Linguistics
University of Hamburg alumni
Artificial Reality. Artificial Reality is a book series by Myron W. Krueger about interactive immersive environments (or virtual realities),  based on video recognition techniques, that put a user in full, unencumbered contact with the digital world. He started this work in the late 1960s and is considered to be a key figure in the early innovation of virtual reality. For 16 years Krueger was creating a computer system that connected the actions of a user to the real-time response of visual and auditory displays. Artificial Reality was published in 1983 and updated in Artificial Reality II in 1991 (both published by Addison-Wesley). Artificial Reality II was to explore the concept of 'Videoplace', which is when a users body is implemented into a computer created world full of color, sound, and visuals. Whilst the first iteration of the series Artificial Reality has laid the ground work for different branches of computer-generated worlds like Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality. Visualization is key for all artificial realities to efficiently use data; resulting in being able to utilize human sensory systems that create these artificial realities.

References

External links
 Myron Krueger.  Artificial Reality, Addison-Wesley, 1983.  
 Myron Krueger.  Artificial Reality 2, Addison-Wesley Professional, 1991.  
 Kalawsky, R. S. (1993). The science of virtual reality and virtual environments : a technical, scientific and engineering reference on virtual environments, Addison-Wesley, Wokingham, England ; Reading, Mass
 Rheingold, H. (1992). Virtual reality, Simon & Schuster, New York, N.Y.

Series of non-fiction books
Addison-Wesley books
Computer science books
Multimodal interaction
Virtual reality
Amdahl. Amdahl may refer to:

People
 Einar Amdahl (1888-1974), Norwegian theologist
 Bjarne Amdahl (1903-1968), Norwegian pianist and composer
 Douglas K. Amdahl (1919–2010), American lawyer and judge from Minnesota
 Gene Amdahl (1922–2015), formulator of Amdahl's law of parallel computing and founder of Amdahl Corporation

Companies
 Amdahl Corporation, a manufacturer of IBM-mainframe-compatible computers