omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CompuCell3D. CompuCell3D (CC3D) is a three-dimensional C++ and Python software problem solving environment for simulations of biocomplexity problems, integrating multiple mathematical [morphogenesis] models. These include the cellular Potts model (CPM) or Glazier-Graner-Hogeweg model (GGH) (originally developed by James A. Glazier,  François Graner and Paulien Hogeweg) which can model cell clustering, growth, division, death, adhesion, and volume and surface area constraints; as well as partial differential equation solvers for modeling reaction–diffusion of external chemical fields and cell type automata for differentiation. By integrating these models CompuCell3D enables modeling of cellular reactions to external chemical fields such as secretion or resorption, and responses such as chemotaxis and haptotaxis.

CompuCell3D is conducive for experimentation and testing biological models by providing a flexible and extensible package, with many different levels of control. High-level steering is possible through CompuCell Player, an interactive GUI built upon Qt threads which execute in parallel with the computational back end. Functionality such as zooming, rotation, playing and pausing simulations, setting colors and viewing cross sections is available through the player, with a sample screenshot shown below.

Extending the back end is possible through an XML-based domain-specific language Biologo, which after lexical analysis and generation transparently converts to C++ extensions which can be compiled and dynamically loaded at runtime. The back end uses object-oriented design patterns which contribute to extensibility, reducing coupling between independently operating modules. Optional functionality can be encapsulated through plugins, which are dynamically loaded at runtime through an XML configuration file reference.

CompuCell3D can model several different phenomena, including avian limb development, in vitro capillary development, adhesion-driven cell sorting, Dictyostelium discoideum, and fluid flows. The binaries and source code, as well as documentation and examples, are available at the CompuCell3D Website

For a list of more than 150 publications that used CompuCell3D please visit the CompuCell3D Publications page.

See also 
 List of systems biology modeling software

References 

Systems biology
 
Scientific simulation software
Aerostatics. A subfield of fluid statics, aerostatics is the study of gases that are not in motion with respect to the coordinate system in which they are considered. The corresponding study of gases in motion is called aerodynamics.

Aerostatics studies density allocation, especially in air. One of the applications of this is the barometric formula.

An aerostat is a lighter than air craft, such as an airship or balloon, which uses the principles of aerostatics to float.

Basic laws 

Treatment of the equations of gaseous behaviour at rest is generally taken, as in hydrostatics, to begin with a consideration of the general equations of momentum for fluid flow, which can be expressed as:

,

where  is the mass density of the fluid,  is the instantaneous velocity,  is fluid pressure,  are the external body forces acting on the fluid, and  is the momentum transport coefficient. As the fluid's static nature mandates that , and that , the following set of partial differential equations representing the basic equations of aerostatics is found.

However, the presence of a non-constant density as is found in gaseous fluid systems (due to the compressibility of gases) requires the inclusion of the ideal gas law:

,

where  denotes the universal gas constant, and  the temperature of the gas, in order to render the valid aerostatic partial differential equations:

,

which can be employed to compute the pressure distribution in gases whose thermodynamic states are given by the equation of state for ideal gases.

Fields of study 
 Atmospheric pressure fluctuation
 Composition of mountain air
 Cross-section of the atmosphere
 Gas density
 Gas diffusion in soil
 Gas pressure
 Kinetic theory of gases
 Partial pressures in gas mixtures
 Pressure measurement

See also 
 Aeronautics

References

Fluid mechanics
Aerodynamics
GgNMOS. Grounded-gate NMOS, commonly known as ggNMOS, is an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection device used within CMOS integrated circuits (ICs). Such devices are used to protect the inputs and outputs of an IC, which can be accessed off-chip (wire-bonded to the pins of a package or directly to a printed circuit board) and are therefore subject to ESD when touched. An ESD event can deliver a large amount of energy to the chip, potentially destroying input/output circuitry; a ggNMOS device or other ESD protective devices provide a safe path for current to flow, instead of through more sensitive circuitry. ESD protection by means of such devices or other techniques is important to product reliability: 35% of all IC failures in the field are associated with ESD damage.

Structure
As the name implies, a ggNMOS device consists of a relatively wide NMOS device in which the gate, source, and body are tied together to ground.  The drain of the ggNMOS is connected to the I/O pad under protection.  A parasitic NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is thus formed with the drain (n-type) acting as the collector, the base/source combination (n-type) as the emitter, and the substrate (p-type) as the base.  As is explained below, a key element to the operation of the ggNMOS is the parasitic resistance present between the emitter and base terminals of the parasitic npn BJT.  This resistance is a result of the finite conductivity of the p-type doped substrate.

Operation
When a positive ESD event appears upon the I/O pad (drain), the collector-base junction of the parasitic NPN BJT becomes reverse biased to the point of avalanche breakdown.  At this point, the positive current flowing from the base to ground induces a voltage potential across the parasitic resistor, causing a positive voltage to appear across the base-emitter junction.  The positive VBE forward biases this junction, triggering the parasitic NPN BJT.

References

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4133911_Modeling_MOS_snapback_for_circuit-level_ESD_simulation_using_BSIM3_and_VBIC_models

Semiconductor devices
MOSFETs
Billy Blastoff. The toy line known as Billy Blastoff incorporated several versions of a four-inch-tall, plastic, child-faced adventurer produced by Eldon in the late 1960s and early 70s. The concept was licensed to Tomy (of Japan) by Eldon for distribution in Japan . Billy Blastoff was sometimes packaged as a deluxe Space Set with his friend Robbie Robot (Robbie was also featured in his own packaged set). Billy and Robbie could be purchased separately or packaged with equipment in different Action Sets. Vehicles made for the figures were powered by a gear beneath the figures' pack which also held "AA" batteries. The battery pack could also power several figure-held accessories such as a Radar Scope, Space Gun and underwater light via jack and corded plug.

The earlier versions of Billy Blastoff had twin red air tanks (resembling twin scuba tanks), featured a helmet with coordinating red trim and a space suit with a blue belt and suspenders.  This early version of Billy Blastoff could power vehicles but could not walk.  In 1970 Billy was remolded to better match the spacesuits of the Apollo Astronauts with an all white helmet, a more rectangular beige air supply, restyled space suit and black (as opposed to yellow) gloves.  In North America this later version of Billy Blastoff was introduced with the advertising tagline "Eldon's New Billy Blastoff, Now He Walks".  Like the earlier version this Billy Blastoff could also power vehicles with the gear at the bottom of the air supply / back pack.

Some carded accessory packs were marketed in Europe, and possibly Canada and the US in limited regions.

Eldon also produces some additional Billy Blastoff "spin-off" products including a bubble-blowing plastic pistol called the Billy Blastoff Bubble Popper and the Billy Blastoff board game.

References

Action figures
1960s toys
Blastoff, Billy
Takara Tomy
Skat (yacht). Skat is a luxury yacht built by Lürssen of Bremen, Germany as project 9906, a number prominently displayed on the hull in a typeface matching that of military vessels. The project started in November 1999 and the yacht launched in 2002. The owner was Charles Simonyi, a former Software Engineer from Microsoft and the fifth space tourist. She was sold to a company called LoGenio owned by Swiss entrepreneur Eugenio Losa in October 2021. The yacht is  long.

Simonyi once had a Danish girlfriend who called him skat, literally "treasure", a common term of endearment similar to "honey" in English.

General specifications
 Hull: Steel hull, aluminum superstructure
 Fuel: 
 Water: 
 Designer: Espen Oeino
 Interior designer: Marco Zanini
 Stylist: Espen Oeino

Features
 Elevator serving all four decks
 Leisure platform with Jacuzzi
 A gymnasium located centrally under the mast
 Helipad on the upper aft deck servicing a McDonnell Douglas 500N Helicopter
 Observation platform with helm control halfway up the central mast.
 Two tenders
 Two jet skis
 Motorcycles and accompanying lift

The yacht can achieve a speed of  on just one engine. A cooling pump integrated into the gearboxes assures safe operation on one engine by pumping oil through the idle gearbox. The shaft of the idle engine can be disengaged, leaving the idle propeller and shaft to freewheel.

See also
 List of motor yachts by length
 Yacht
 Yachting

References

External links

 
 
 

Motor yachts
Ships built in Bremen (state)
2002 ships
Community Coordinated Modeling Center. The Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) is a collaborative effort between multiple organizations in the United States to provide information and models relating to space weather research. The partnership includes resources from NASA, the Air Force Materiel Command, Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA), NOAA, NSF, and ONR.  Quoted from the site's main page, the CCMC is "a multi-agency partnership to enable, support and perform the research and development for next generation space science and space weather models."  The CCMC is based at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

References

External links 
 Community Coordinated Modeling Center Main Page

Space science
Rudolph Hering. Rudolph Hering (February 26, 1847 – May 30, 1923) was a founder of modern environmental technology.

Biography

Rudolph Hering was born in Philadelphia on February 26, 1847. He came to Dresden at age 13 to attend school there and studied civil engineering at the Technische Universität Dresden as a member of the German Student Corps Altsachsen.
Hering was involved in the reversing of the Chicago river; his name features prominently in stories about the river reversal project. 

There is a medal named after him, sculpted by American-Serbian artist John David Brcin, and awarded each year by the American Society of Civil Engineers to engineers who excel in sanitation engineering.

He died at his home in New York City on May 30, 1923. He is buried at West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Notes

External links
 Rudolph Hering Society of Chicago
 Biography-West Laurel Hill Cemetery web site

1847 births
1923 deaths
American environmentalists
Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery
TU Dresden alumni
People from Chicago
C-list (computer security). In capability-based computer security, a C-list is an array of capabilities, usually associated with a process and maintained by the kernel. The program running in the process does not manipulate capabilities directly, but refers to them via C-list indexes—integers indexing into the C-list.

The file descriptor table in Unix is an example of a C-list.  Unix processes do not manipulate file descriptors directly, but refer to them via file descriptor numbers, which are C-list indexes.

In the KeyKOS and EROS operating systems, a process's capability registers constitute a C-list.

See also 
 Access-control list

References 

Arrays
Operating system security
H. David Dalquist. H. David Dalquist (May 25, 1918 – January 2, 2005) was an American inventor and chemical engineer.

Dalquist was a graduate of the University of Minnesota. Dalquist served as a radar technician in the Pacific with the United States Navy during World War II. In 1948, Dalquist and his wife, Dorothy, purchased Northland Aluminum Products and began manufacturing bake ware under the Nordic Ware name. Initially Nordic Ware's product line were all designed to make Scandinavian specialty items including Rosette, Krumkake,  Platte Panne and Ebelskiver.

In the early 1950s, Dalquist designed the Bundt cake pan. Bundt cakes became very popular after the Tunnel of Fudge cake recipe took second place at the 1966 Pillsbury Bake-Off. Dalquist subsequently licensed the name to Pillsbury for use in their cake mixes.  He later helped develop thermoset plastics used in microwave cookware.

References

External links
 Nordic Ware website
 History of the Bundt Pan and Recipe for the Tunnel of Fudge Cake  at The American Table
 

1918 births
2005 deaths
American chemical engineers
University of Minnesota alumni
Burials at Lakewood Cemetery
American people of Swedish descent
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Jean Délémontez. Jean Délémontez (9 June 1918 – 7 July 2015) was a French aircraft designer. He was born in Lyon in June 1918. He is best known for his work with his father-in-law, Édouard Joly, on the Jodel range of light aircraft and his collaboration with Pierre Robin on the Avions Robin aircraft range.

Career
In 1935 Delemontez joined the French airforce, where, despite numerous tries, he never managed to become a pilot. He demonstrated mechanical competences early in the career. In 1936 he had already designed his first aircraft, the D1. After studying at the Rochefort school of mechanics, he was assigned maintenance duties for the fighter aircraft of that time. In 1941 he entered the design bureau of the airforce in Toulouse. At night he proceeded with his own designs and two years later he began working for Amiot. He worked at the design bureau before joining Edouard Joly at his company for repairing agricultural machines. It was with Joly that he founded the "Société des avions Jodel" in 1946. In December 2000 Délémontez was inducted into the Experimental Aircraft Association  Homebuilders' Hall of Fame. He died at the age of 97 on July 7, 2015.

References

1918 births
2015 deaths
Engineers from Lyon
French aerospace engineers
Roma–Ciudad Miguel Alemán International Bridge. The Roma–Ciudad Miguel Alemán International Bridge is a suspension bridge that spans the Rio Grande (known as Rio Bravo in Mexico) between Roma, Texas, and Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas.

The bridge was built in 1928. It is a National Historic Landmark in the United States and in Mexico. Roma was a prosperous riverport in the 19th century. Historic structures front a plaza overlooking the Rio Grande with a view of the bridge.

In 2016, the Texas and Mexico sections of the American Society of Civil Engineers declared the bridge a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.

Border crossing 

The Roma Port of Entry was established in 1928 with the construction of the first suspension bridge.

References

External links
 

International bridges in Texas
International bridges in Tamaulipas
Bridges completed in 1928
Buildings and structures in Starr County, Texas
Suspension bridges in Texas
Suspension bridges in Mexico
Transportation in Starr County, Texas
Road bridges in Texas
Toll bridges in Texas
Toll bridges in Mexico
Towers in Texas
Towers in Mexico
Opus interrasile. Opus interrasile, lit. 'work shaved or scraped in-between' is a pierced openwork metalworking technique found from the 3rd century AD, and remaining popular in Byzantine jewellery. It was developed and popularized in Rome, where metalworkers used it to make arabesques and other similar designs. The technique involves punching holes in metal to simulate lattice patterns, openwork gold jewelry, and so on. Patterns were often drawn on the metal, and then various tools used to remove the desired pieces.

The technique may be referred more generically to as openwork or pierced work. The equivalent technique in Japan is called sukashibori, and is found in Buddhist art.

References

 
 
 

Ancient art in metal
Jewellery making
Ancient Roman jewellery
Digenite. Digenite is a copper sulfide mineral with formula: Cu9S5.  Digenite is a black to dark blue opaque mineral that crystallizes with a trigonal–hexagonal scalenohedral structure. In habit it is usually massive, but does often show pseudo-cubic forms. It has poor to indistinct cleavage and a brittle fracture. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and a specific gravity of 5.6. It is found in copper sulfide deposits of both primary and supergene occurrences. It is typically associated with and often intergrown with chalcocite, covellite, djurleite, bornite, chalcopyrite and pyrite.  The type locality is Sangerhausen, Thuringia, Germany, in copper slate deposits.

Occurrence 
Digenite occurs in the transitional zone of supergene oxidation of primary sulfide ore deposits, at the interface between the upper and lower saprolite ore zones. It is rarely an important mineral  for copper ores, as it is more usually replaced by chalcocite further up in the weathering profile, and is a minor weathering product of primary chalcopyrite. Natural digenite always contains a small amount of iron and is considered to be stable only in the Cu-Fe-S system.

In the Deflector and Deflector West Cu-Au lode deposits of the Gullewa Greenstone Belt, Western Australia, digenite is an important constituent of the transitional Cu-Au ore. However, it is difficult to treat metallurgically and remains a refractory ore type. In this locality digenite is found with covellite, chalcocite and bornite.

It was first described in 1844 from the type locality of Sangerhausen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The name is from the Greek digenus meaning of two origins in reference to its close resemblance with chalcocite and covellite.

Polymorphs of digenite 

There are three polymorphs of digenite, high, metastable and low.  There is a complete solid solution series between high digenite and berzelianite Cu2−xSe (x~0.12).

High digenite is stable above 73 °C, with space group Fmm and unit cell parameters a = 5.57 Å and Z = 1 for formula Cu7.2−xS4.  High digenite is isostructural with bornite Cu5FeS4.

Metastable digenite forms on cooling from 73 °C.  It appears to be isometric with space group Fdm and a = 27.85 Å.  This symmetry, however, is due to twinning of fine domains with rhombohedral symmetry, trigonal -3m, point group R-3m, a = 3.92 Å, c = 48 Å, Z = 15 for formula Cu1.8S. Metastable digenite changes with time to stable low temperature digenite or a mixture of anilite Cu7S4 and djurleite Cu31S16.

Low digenite is isometric, space group Fdm and a = 27.85 Å, i.e. the same as the apparent isometric symmetry of the metastable polymorph, Z=4 for formula Cu1.8S.

References

 Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, pp. 180–182.

Sulfide minerals
Copper ores
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166
Commo. Commo is a telecommunications program which was written and maintained from 1989 to 1998 by Fred P. Brucker.  It was a macro-driven package and could be customized by the user.  The program, written in optimized assembly language and  distributed as shareware, was small and fast.

The macro language used by Commo was simple, with assembly language-like statements surrounded by curly braces.  It offered the ability to control most aspects of the terminal.  For instance, the following macro would reconfigure the Alt-X key to display a dialog box, allowing the user to confirm before exiting the program:

{:alx} {info-qs0 Really exit?}
{ifco ,alxn} {exit} {:alxn} {}

The program's macro and configuration files were free-form text which could be edited with any text editor.  This led to popularity among those who wanted to be able to configure the program.

Fred Brucker actively provided support for screen readers to work with COMMO, which made it a popular program for the visually impaired. The Powermacros add-on made COMMO one of the first Trade Wars 2002 'helper' programs. MacroBBS was a Bulletin board system written entirely out of COMMO macros.

Mr. Brucker released the last version of COMMO on 25 December 1998.

See also
Telix
Qmodem
Terminate (software)
Kermit
Minicom
ProComm Plus

References

External links
commo75.zip  — {COMMO} 7.5 shareware archive (1997)
commo77.zip — (COMMO) 7.7, final version (1998)

Communication software
Terminal emulators
DOS software
6S. 6S may stand for:

6S (music), key signature of six sharps
6S (radiative transfer code), a computer program that simulates the reflection of solar radiation
6S / SsrS RNA, the first noncoding RNA to be sequenced
6S, a modification of the 5S methodology which includes "Safety" as the 6th S. It is a lean process improvement tool that stands for Sort, Set in Order (aka Straighten or Stabilize), Shine (aka Scrub or Sweep), Standardize, Sustain, Safety.
6S can be the shortened form of Six Sigma
iPhone 6S, a smartphone by Apple, Inc.
6S, the production code for the 1984 Doctor Who serial The Twin Dilemma
6S Methodology, a workplace organizational method

Transportation
Kato Airline, a Norwegian airline with an IATA airline designator of 6S from 1996 to 2008
Sahara Airlines (Algeria), an Algerian airline with an IATA airline designator of 6S from 1999 to 2003
British Rail Class 201 diesel-electric multiple units with 6 coaches and a short frame (6S)

See also
6 (disambiguation)
S6 (disambiguation)
6X (disambiguation)
Cassowary (software). Cassowary is an incremental constraint-solving toolkit that efficiently solves systems of linear equalities and inequalities. Constraints may be either requirements or preferences. Client code specifies the constraints to be maintained, and the solver updates the constrained variables to have values that satisfy the constraints.

Cassowary was developed by Greg J. Badros, Alan Borning, and Peter J. Stuckey, and was optimized for user interface applications. Badros used Cassowary amongst others for implementing Constraint Cascading Style Sheets (CCSS), an extension to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). CCSS adds support for layout constraints. These allow designers to describe the layout of a web page in a more flexible manner. Cassowary is used to solve these constraints and calculate the final layout.

The original distribution, unmaintained since 2000, included Smalltalk, C++ and Java implementations, along with bindings for GNU Guile, Python, and STk. Third-party implementations exist for JavaScript, Dart, Squeak, Python, the .NET Framework, and Rust.

Applications
 As of September 2014, GSS, a layout language and layout engine for the web, is being developed by The Grid. It is a modern extension of CCSS.
 Layx, a layout language for the web designed with ease of use in mind.
 Scwm, the Scheme Constraints Window Manager.
 As of 2011, Cassowary is being used as the algorithm in the layout engine for Mac OS X (Lion and greater) and iOS (6 and greater).
 Enaml's layout engine is built on top of the Cassowary linear constraint optimizer.

References

C++ libraries
Java (programming language) libraries
Cascading Style Sheets
Constraint programming