omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Temper mill. A temper mill is a steel sheet or steel plate processing line composed of a horizontal pass cold rolling mill stand, entry and exit conveyor tables and upstream and downstream equipment depending on the design and nature of the processing system.

The primary purpose of a temper mill is to improve the surface finish on steel products.

Components

A typical type of temper mill installation includes entry equipment for staging and accepting hot rolled coils of steel which have been hot wound at the end of a hot strip mill or hot rolled plate mill.  Also included in a typical temper mill installation are pinch rolls, a leveler (sometimes two levelers), a shear for cutting the finished product to pre-determined lengths, a stacker for accumulating cut lengths of product

Sometimes a temper  mill installation includes a re-coil line where the finished product is a coil instead of bundles of cut lengths of product.  Maximum product flexibility capability could be attained if the installation was arranged to produce both coils and bundles of cut to length product.

The heart of the temper mill is the cold rolling mill stand which produces the temper pass.  It will include electric powered drive motors and speed reduction gearing suited to the process desired. The design of the rolling mill can be a 2-high or 4-high (even 6-high in some cases).  The mill stand can be work roll driven or back up roll driven.  The mill can be designed with hydraulic work roll bending or back up roll bending.  Installations typically have a single rolling mill stand, but may have two.  Pinch rolls provide back tension for the pay off reel in the entry section and entry and exit tension for the temper pass.

Function

The process goal is physical property enhancement through cold forming of the steel product in the bite of the work rolls.  The physical properties that are enhanced by the temper pass due to elongation of the product include:
 Dimensional trueness and repeatability
 Suppression of yield point elongation
 Improved product surface finish
 Improve product shape and flatness
 Decrease coil memory
 Increase product yield strength
 Develop proper stiffness or temper

Typical elongation produced in the product is 0.5% to 2%.  Product dimensions vary.  Thicknesses include typical sheet metal gauges up to 1.00" thick plate.  Widths vary from 36" to 125".

The finish of the rolled product is controlled by using rolls having a variety of surface finishes designed to impart the desired finish to the product. Roll finishes range from ground and polished rolls to impart a bright finish, to shot-blasted or electric-discharged textured rolls that produce a dull, velvety finish on the steel surface.

Typical auxiliary equipment includes PLC based controls, overhead traveling cranes, roll changing equipment, roll grinding equipment, hydraulic power unit(s), bundle lifting devices, Coil handling devices, etc.

References

Steel
Metal forming
Robop. "Robop" is short for robotic bird of prey. The business, Robop Ltd. is the creator of the innovative R:Falcon mechanical bird control deterrent - based on the peregrine falcon. The falcon is the natural predator of most species of pest birds that predominantly cause bird problems. The R:Falcon could be considered both a sound and visual deterrent, the device flaps its wings, moves its head, and makes the call of a real live peregrine falcon.

References

UK Home page
AP News 
Swansea Estate News 
Reuters News

Further reading
 

2001 in robotics
Robots of the United Kingdom
Scarecrows
Caborn. Caborn may refer to

People
Richard Caborn (born 1943), a British politician 
Michael Caborn-Waterfield (1930–2016), a British business man

Places
Caborn, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Posey County, Indiana, United States

Other
Caborn-Welborn culture
Caborn principles, in the United Kingdom, criteria for the calling in of planning applications

import java.util.Scanner;

public class g {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

char Grade,sex;

String name ;

float total,avg;

float math,Eng,Kh,Phisic;

System.out.println("Enter Name:");

name= sc.next();

System.out.println("Enter Sex:");

sex=sc.next().charAt(0);

System.out.println("Enter Math:");

math=sc.nextFloat();

System.out.println("Enter Eng:");

Eng=sc.nextFloat();

System.out.println("Enter Kh:");

Kh=sc.nextFloat();

System.out.println("Enter Phisic:");

Phisic=sc.nextFloat();

total=math+Eng+Kh+Phisic;

System.out.println("Total"+total);

avg=total/4;

System.out.println("Avg"+avg);

if (avg<=100){

Grade='A';

}else if (avg<90){

Grade='B';

}else if (avg<80){

Grade='C';

}else if (avg<70){

Grade = 'D';

}else if (avg<60){

Grade = 'E';

}else if (avg<50){

Grade = 'F';

}else{

Grade='G';

}

System.out.println("Name="+name);

System.out.println("Sex="+sex);

System.out.println("Grade="+Grade);

}

}
Gaffer (occupation). In film and television crews, the gaffer or chief lighting technician is the head electrician, responsible for the execution (and sometimes the design) of the lighting plan for a production. The gaffer's assistant is the best boy electric.

Etymology
There are several possible explanations for the history of the term gaffer.

One possibility is that the term originally referred to the moving of overhead equipment, or before electricity and in Shakespeare-era play theatres, lighting louvres to control lighting levels using a long pole with a wide grappling hook on its end, called a gaff.

Another potential origin is as a contraction of "godfather", originally applied by country people to an elderly man, or one whose position entitled him to respect; the female equivalent was "gammer", a contraction of "godmother". Both words are found in the comic play Gammer Gurton's Needle, printed in 1575 but possibly written earlier.

In this etymology, "gaffer" later became used more generally for a "master" or "governor", and by 1841 was applied to foremen and supervisors of gangs of workmen.

In any case, it has been applied specifically to the chief electrician on a film set since the 1920s. The Oxford English Dictionary includes a citation from Picture-Play Magazine of 1926 and a 1929 book on motion picture production also uses the term.

Role
The gaffer is responsible for managing lighting, including associated resources such as labor, lighting instruments and electrical equipment under the direction of the director of photography (DP, DOP or Cinematographer) or, in television, the lighting director (LD).

The DP/LD is responsible for the overall lighting design, but delegates the implementation of the design to the gaffer and the key grip. The key grip is the head grip, in charge of the labor and non-electrical equipment used to support and modify the lighting. Grip equipment includes stands, flags and gobos. The gaffer will usually have an assistant called a best boy and, depending on the size of the job, crew members who are called "set lighting technicians" or "electricians", although not all of them are trained as electricians in the usual sense of the term.

Gaffer tape
The name of the position gives its name by association to gaffer tape, a strong cloth-backed adhesive tape used within the film and TV industry. Gaffer tape is typically used by set lighting technicians under the supervision of, and not directly by, a gaffer. Many other types of tape are also used in the industry, such as paper tape, pressure-sensitive tape (A.K.A. snot tape), electrical tape, J-LAR, and cloth tape.

References

Filmmaking occupations
Electrical trades
Ocean Tracking Network. The Ocean Tracking Network (OTN) is a global network research and monitoring effort using implanted acoustic transmitters to study fish migration patterns. It is based at Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia. The technology used by the Ocean Tracking Network comes from the Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project (POST) and the Tagging of Pacific Pelagics (TOPP) project.

History 
The Ocean Tracking Network (OTN) began at Dalhousie University in 2008. Sara Iverson is the current science director of OTN.

Operations 
OTN operates a fleet of autonomous vehicles—Teledyne Webb Slocum gliders and Liquid Robotics Wave Gliders. The TWS gliders are electrically powered and collect physical, biological and chemical information. The LRW glides are solar and wave powered. They each gather data on weather and sea surface conditions. Additionally, OTN maintains a rental fleet of Innovasea Vemco acoustic receiver units for use by those in academia, government, non-profits and industry.

Funding 
The program received an initial $35 million in funding to support global monitoring infrastructure, governance, and operations from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation’s (CFI) International Joint Venture Fund (IJVF), and in 2022 received an additional $38.5 million in funding.The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) gave $10 million in network funding; and additional funding was received from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) and international partnerships.

OTN and the Prince William Sound Science Center formed a partnership in 2013, to support the science center’s Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking (POST) project.

Partnerships 
The European Tracking Network (ETN) is a main partner of the OTN.

References

External links

Fisheries databases

Acoustics
Sound
Anderson Greenwood Crosby. 
Anderson Greenwood Crosby is a US manufacturing company that produces valves for industrial processes, including pressure relief and tank protection valves. The firm was established as Anderson Greenwood in 1947 in Houston, Texas by Marvin Greenwood, Ben Anderson, and Lomis Slaughter Jr to produce a light aircraft, the AG-14. This project never made it past the prototyping stage, but involvement in a missile project soon thereafter saw the firm focus on valve design. In the 1970s, the firm owned the Bellanca name for a while, and during this time attempted to market a new light plane design as the Bellanca Aries, but was short lived with only 4 being sold. 

It was purchased in 1986 by Keystone International, in turn acquired by Tyco Flow Control in 1997, with Anderson Greenwood being maintained as a subsidiary. It was subsequently merged with Crosby, another Tyco acquisition.

References
 
 Company website
 International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 11. St. James Press, 1995.

Manufacturing companies based in Houston
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Texas
Alexander Strehl. Alexander Strehl (born in Nuremberg) is a computer scientist, management consultant and business school professor. His areas of expertise are machine learning, consensus clustering, business intelligence, big data, artificial intelligence, cluster analysis, data mining, entrepreneurship and digital transformation. He received a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, was the creator of cluster ensembles, a director of flatfox AG, and a management consultant at McKinsey & Company. He is currently teaching at the University of Aalen and serves as an independent industry consultant.

References

External links
Home page for Alexander Strehl

Aalen University page for Alexander Strehl

Living people
Scientists from Nuremberg
German computer scientists
German management consultants
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Texas at Austin alumni
James B. Edwards Bridge. The James B. Edwards Bridge , also referred to as the Wando River Bridge, is a pair of pre-cast post-tensioned concrete box girder bridges that span the Wando River between Mount Pleasant and Daniel Island on Interstate 526 (I-526) in South Carolina.

The bridge was designed by Figg Bridge Engineers and is owned and maintained by the South Carolina Department of Transportation. The bridge is named for James B. Edwards, who was a governor of South Carolina, Secretary of Energy, and long-time president of the Medical University of South Carolina.

Construction
The bridge was constructed of pre-cast concrete segments using top-down construction.  Segments were transported along already completed spans and put in place from above.  This construction method was selected to reduce construction impacts on the marsh areas along the banks of the Wando River. The bridge is designed and built to accommodate six lanes of traffic with narrow shoulders, and has been used for four since opening. The construction contractor was T.L. James Associates of Louisiana.

The bridge has a history of issues that arose during or from the construction. Allegations about the workmanship led to a year-long investigation which found no issues. The construction contract ended in countersuits with the SCDOT suing for delays and the contractor suing for design deficiencies. This resulted in a $4.9 million settlement paid to the contractor. Aluminum expansion joints installed on the bridge failed within four years, which required SCDOT to install replacements at a cost of $2 million. And the profile of the bridge deck would cause discomfort (vertical pitching of motorists).

2018 Post-tensioning failure
A failure of post-tensioning cables, which are inside the box girder of the bridge, caused a closure of the westbound spans mid-day on May 14, 2018. Weekly inspections of the 92 cables inside the bridge had been occurring since a repair project in 2016. On Sunday May 20, 2018 the eastbound lanes were altered to allow two-way traffic while repairs to the westbound side take place. The westbound span reopened to traffic on June 2, 2018. A 2800-page November 28, 2018 engineering report provided fourteen recommendations which will be implemented to ensure the bridge meets its design life of 75 years. The recommendations include the installation of redundant post-tensioning cables.

References

External links

Edwards
Bridges completed in 1989
Road bridges in South Carolina
Interstate 26
Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
Concrete bridges in the United States
Box girder bridges in the United States
Galaxy (spacecraft). Galaxy (previously Guardian) was a canceled prototype space habitat designed by the American firm Bigelow Aerospace, and was intended to be the third spacecraft launched by the company in their efforts to create a commercial space station. Like other modules made by Bigelow Aerospace, Galaxy was based on the inflatable TransHab design by NASA, and was to be used for advanced systems testing before the company launched human-rated vehicles.

Spacecraft history 
Galaxy started life as twin spacecraft named Guardian which would have acted as 45% scale intermediates between the one-third size Genesis I & Genesis II pathfinders and the full size BA 330 man-rated module. Sometime after 2004, the two Guardian flights were split into the Galaxy module and larger Sundancer module, each testing progressively advanced systems. This Galaxy had twice the interior volume of the Genesis craft: . In 2007, the parameters for Galaxy were again modified, with final specifications being for a spacecraft  in length,  in diameter and with  of interior volume—45% greater than the Genesis modules. It was intended for launch in late 2008.

In August 2007, however, Bigelow Aerospace announced that due to rising launch costs (stated as three times more expensive than for previous launches) and the successful Genesis missions, the Galaxy spacecraft would not be launched. Instead, many of the module's systems—possibly the entire craft—would be constructed and ground tested, allowing Bigelow employees to gain further experience and potentially advance Sundancer's schedule.

Systems 
A number of advanced and experimental systems were to be flight tested aboard Galaxy. Among the most notable upgrades were improved avionics and attitude control systems, a more damage-resistant interior air barrier and expanded communications bandwidth capabilities. Also on the manifest were larger, more efficient, articulated solar arrays and supporting battery systems, and flight qualifications would be performed on elements of the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS). Galaxy would have included more efficient structural components, lending to easier upscaling to larger spacecraft, and was to carry a view port and access hatch, though no docking port would be included on this flight.

See also 
 BA 2100
 Bigelow Expandable Activity Module

References 

Bigelow Aerospace
Cancelled space stations
Cancelled American spacecraft
Journal of Systems and Software. The Journal of Systems and Software is a computer science journal in the area of software systems, established in 1979 and published by Elsevier.

Content and scope 
The journal publishes research papers, state-of-the-art surveys, and practical experience reports. It includes papers covering issues of programming methodology, software engineering, and hardware/software systems. Topics include: "software systems, prototyping issues, high-level specification techniques, procedural and functional programming techniques, data-flow concepts, multiprocessing, real-time, distributed, concurrent, and telecommunications systems, software metrics, reliability models for software, performance issues, and management concerns."

Abstracting and indexing 
According to the 2021 Journal Citation Reports, the Journal of Systems and Software has an impact factor of 3.514.
According to Google Scholar, the journal has an h5-index of 61, which ranks third among international publication venues in software systems, after ICSE and IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

Past and present editors-in-chief 

 John Manley and Alan Salisbury (1979–1983)
 Richard E. Fairley (1984–1985)
 Robert L. Glass (1986–2001)
 David N. Card (2002–2008)
 Hans van Vliet (2009–2017)
 Paris Avgeriou and David Shepherd (2018–current)

Notable articles
A few of the most notable (downloaded) articles are:
 Software defect prediction based on enhanced metaheuristic feature selection optimization and a hybrid deep neural network
 A software engineering perspective on engineering machine learning systems: State of the art and challenges
 MeTeaM: A method for characterizing mature software metrics teams

References

External links
 
 Online access

Academic journals established in 1979
Computer science journals
Software engineering publications
Systems engineering
Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Andreasson BA-4B. The Andreasson BA-4B is a single-seat aerobatic biplane which was marketed for homebuilding and also produced complete.

Design and development

The BA-B4B was based on Andreasson's 1944 wooden BA-4 revised to take advantage of more modern construction techniques, such as the use of sheet metal. The first example was built by apprentices at the Malmö Aircraft Industry (M.F.I.).  It is a single-bay, staggered-wing biplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. P.J.C Phillips acquired worldwide production rights for complete, rather than kit built, version and marketed them in the UK through Crosby Aviation. In the US the B-4B was marketed by Larry Karp as the Canary Hawk.

Operational history
In 2014 there were six BA-4Bs on the UK civil register, one Crosby built and the others homebuilt. Three of these have the Continental O-200-A engine but the  other three use Lycoming flat fours with outputs between  and  . In 2009 four BA-4Bs remained on the Swedish register.

Variants

Andeasson B-4 (Midget) Wood and fabric biplane first flown in 1944, powered by a  Scott Squirrel.
Andreasson B-4B All-metal version.  First prototype built by M.F.I apprentices in c.1964. Plans marketed.
Crosby (Andreasson) B-4B Sold complete, powered by a  Rolls-Royce Continental O-200-A flat four.
Crosby (Andreasson) Super B-4B As B-4B but with a  Rolls-Royce Continental O-240-A flat four.

Specifications (Crosby (Andreasson) BA-4B)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 
 

1960s Swedish sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1966
Dewitt Clinton Haskin. Col. Dewitt Clinton Haskin (circa 1824 – July 17, 1900) was an American engineer who developed the initial methods for construction of the first tunnels under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Manhattan.

In the late 1860s, Haskin gained experience in California on the construction of the California Pacific Railroad.

For the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad project, he founded the Hudson Tunnel Company in 1873, and began construction in 1874 by digging a shaft in Jersey City, New Jersey. He had patented a compressed air method for reducing cave-ins, but in 1880, 20 workers were killed in a blowout. Another blowout in 1881 and a gradual loss of funding halted the project in 1887. After a British firm worked on the project from 1889-1891, the lawyer William Gibbs McAdoo completed the project in 1908. (See Uptown Hudson Tubes.)

References

 Brennan, Joseph (2004-2005). "Restarting the Hudson Tunnel from Jersey City." Alfred Beach’s Pneumatic Subway and the beginnings of rapid transit in New York.

External links
 Engineering News-Record. (1908). "Hudson River Rail Tunnel Plagued by Delays."

1820s births
1900 deaths
American engineers
Methylcyclohexane. Methylcyclohexane (cyclohexylmethane) is an organic compound with the molecular formula is CH3C6H11. Classified as saturated hydrocarbon, it is a colourless liquid with a faint odor.

Methylcyclohexane is used as a solvent. It is mainly converted in naphtha reformers to toluene. A special use is in PF-1 priming fluid in cruise missiles to aid engine start-up when they run on special nonvolatile jet fuel like JP-10. Methylcyclohexane is also used in some correction fluids (such as White-Out) as a solvent.

History 
While researching hydrogenation of arenes with hydroiodic acid in 1876 as part of his doctoral dissertation,  first prepared the hydrocarbon from toluene. He determined its boiling point to be 97°C, its density at 20°C to by 0.76 g/cc and named it hexahydrotoluene. It was soon identified in oil from Baku and obtained by other synthetic methods.

Production and use
Most methylcyclohexane is extracted from petroleum but it can be also produced by catalytic hydrogenation of toluene:

CH3C6H5 + 3 H2 → CH3C6H11

The hydrocarbon is a minor component of automobile fuel, with its share in US gasoline varying between 0.3 and 1.7% in early 1990s and 0.1 to 1% in 2011. Its research and motor octane numbers are 75 and 71 respectively.

As a component of a mixture, it is usually dehydrogenated to toluene, which increases the octane rating of gasoline. 

It is also one of a host of substances in jet fuel surrogate blends, e.g., for Jet A fuel.

Solvent
Methylcyclohexane is used as an organic solvent, with properties similar to related saturated hydrocarbons such as heptane. It is also a solvent in many types of correction fluids.

Structure
Methylcyclohexane is a monosubstituted cyclohexane because it has one branching via the attachment of one methyl group on one carbon of the cyclohexane ring. Like all cyclohexanes, it can interconvert rapidly between two chair conformers. The lowest energy form of this monosubstituted methylcyclohexane occurs when the methyl group occupies an equatorial rather than an axial position. This equilibrium is embodied in the concept of A value. In the axial position, the methyl group experiences steric crowding (steric strain) because of the presence of axial hydrogen atoms on the same side of the ring (known as the 1,3-diaxial interactions). There are two such interactions, with each pairwise methyl/hydrogen combination contributing approximately 7.61 kJ/mol of strain energy. The equatorial conformation experiences no such interaction, and so it is the energetically favored conformation.

Flammability and toxicity
Methylcyclohexane is flammable.

Furthermore, it is considered "very toxic to aquatic life". Note, while methylcyclohexane is a substructure of 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM), it is distinct in its physical, chemical, and biological (ecologic, metabolic, and toxicologic) properties.

References 

Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon solvents
Cyclohexyl compounds
Methyl compounds