omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Red oil. Red oil is defined as a substance of varying composition formed when an organic solution, typically tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP, an agent used for extracting heavy metals in nuclear reprocessing plants) and its diluent, comes in contact with concentrated nitric acid at a temperature above 120 °C.

Red oil is relatively stable below 130 °C, but it can decompose explosively when its temperature is
raised above 130 °C. Three red oil events have occurred in the United States: at the Hanford Site in 1953, and at the Savannah River Site (SRS) in 1953 and 1975. A red oil explosion also occurred in 1993 at the Tomsk-7 site at Seversk, Russia.

Generic types of equipment capable of producing red oil in the complex are categorized as evaporators, acid concentrators, and denitrators. The chemicals necessary to produce red oil are, at a minimum, TBP and nitric acid; other, contributory chemicals can include diluent (kerosene-like liquid used to dilute TBP) and/or aqueous phase metal nitrates.

Controls for prevention or mitigation of a red oil explosion are generally categorized as controls
for temperature, pressure, mass, and concentration. Maintaining a temperature of less than 130 °C is
generally accepted as a means to prevent red oil explosions. Sufficient venting serves to keep pressure from destroying the process vessel, while also providing the means for evaporative cooling to keep red oil from reaching the runaway temperature. Mass controls utilize decanters or hydrocyclones to remove organics from feedstreams entering process equipment capable of producing red oil. Limiting the total available TBP is another mass control that mitigates the consequence of a red oil explosion by limiting its maximum available explosive energy. Finally, concentration control can be utilized to keep the nitric acid below 10 M (moles/liter). A U.S. government study concluded that none of the controls should be used alone; rather, they should be used together to provide effective defense in depth for prevention of a red oil explosion.

Ethylene
Within the ethylene industry, "Red oil" is an organic contaminant frequently encountered in caustic towers. The "red oil" is an organic polymer that forms from the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde in sodium hydroxide solution. Initially, the acetaldehyde forms a light floating yellow oil. Quickly this will continue to polymerize into a more familiar orangish/red color – hence the term "red oil". This red oil, particularly when aged, forms a more sticky heavy oil that is difficult to separate. This causes fouling and plugging issues in the caustic tower and downstream spent caustic handling systems, making red oil a contaminant that is closely monitored in the industry.

External links 

 Control of red oil explosions in defense nuclear facilities (PDF, 120KB). Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, 2003.
 Maugans, C.; Howdeshell, M.; De Haan, S.; "The Effects of Caustic Tower Operations and Spent Caustic Handling on the Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) of Ethylene Spent Caustic", 2009 Ethylene Producers Conference, Tampa, FL. 2009.

Radioactive waste
TBP. TBP is an abbreviation for:

 Cap. FAP Pedro Canga Rodríguez Airport, Tumbes, Peru, IATA code
 Tau Beta Pi, the national engineering honor society
 Three body problem, a problem in physics
 The Three-Body Problem, a novel by Liu Cixin
 Time-Bound Programmes for the Eradication of the Worst forms of Child Labour, of the International Labor Organization
 Tiong Bahru Plaza, a shopping mall in Singapore 
 The Brexit Party, British political party
 Tuas Biomedical Park, a biomedical manufacturing cluster in Tuas, Singapore
 To be provided, a placeholder variation of To be announced
 The Black Parade, an album by American rock band My Chemical Romance
In chemistry:
 TATA binding protein, a transcription factor
 Testosterone-binding protein, a glycoprotein
 2,4,6-Tribromophenol, a chemical compound
 Tributyl phosphate, a solvent
Stuart Davis. Stuart Davis or Stewart or Davies may refer to:

 Stuart Davis (golfer) (born 1973), English golfer
 Stuart Davis (musician) (born 1971), American musician and songwriter
 Stuart Davis (album)
 Stuart Davis (painter) (1892–1964), American modernist painter
 Stuart Davis (rugby league) (born 1961), Australian rugby league player
 Stuart Davies (rugby union) (born 1965), Welsh rugby union footballer
 Stuart Davies (engineer) (1906–1995), designer of the Avro Vulcan
 Stewart Davies, former chairman of Darlington F.C.
 Stewart Davies (bowls) (born 1955), Australian lawn and indoor bowler
QRIO. QRIO ("Quest for cuRIOsity", originally named Sony Dream Robot or SDR) was a bipedal humanoid entertainment robot developed and marketed (but never sold) by Sony to follow up on the success of its AIBO entertainment robot. QRIO stood approximately 0.6 m (2 feet) tall and weighed 7.3 kg (16 pounds). QRIO's slogan was "Makes life fun, makes you happy!"

On January 26, 2006, on the same day as it announced its discontinuation of AIBO and other products, Sony announced that it would stop development of QRIO.

Development
The QRIO prototypes were developed and manufactured by Sony Intelligence Dynamics Laboratory, Inc. The number of these prototypes in existence is unknown. Up to ten QRIO have been seen performing a dance routine together; this was confirmed by a Sony representative at the Museum of Science in Boston, MA on January 22, 2006. Numerous videos of this can be found on the web.

Four fourth-generation QRIO prototype robots were featured dancing in  the Hell Yes music video by recording artist Beck. These prototypes lacked a third camera in the center of the forehead and the improved hands and wrists which were added to later prototypes. It took programmers three weeks to program their choreography.

QRIO is capable of voice and face recognition, making it able to remember people as well as their likes and dislikes. A video on QRIO's website shows it speaking with several children. QRIO can run at 23 cm/s, and is credited in Guinness World Records (2005 edition) as being the first bipedal robot capable of running (which it defines as moving while both legs are off the ground at the same time). The 4th generation QRIO's internal battery lasts about 1 hour.

In popular culture
In 2005, four QRIO robots appeared in the music video for "Hell Yes" by Beck. The robots dance along to the music. 

In the 2009 series finale of the reimagined television series Battlestar Galactica, the virtual Number Six and virtual Baltar appear in coda set on modern-day Earth. They comment on the cycle of violence perpetuated by humanity's interaction with "technology run amok". The final scene then shows a montage of real-life robots, starting with a Sony QRIO.

See also

Actroid
HUBO
AIBO
REEM-B
TOPIO
Nao
Manav
Musio
Qriocity

Toys
RoboSapien
Robosapien v2
Roboraptor

References

External links

Four QRIOs perform various dance numbers
 Teacher's Little Helpers: Robots Attend UCSD Nursery School In Research Study

Bipedal humanoid robots
Robotics at Sony
Dance animation
Social robots
Products and services discontinued in 2006
2003 robots
Animatronic robots
Xito. Xito is a Java based portable desktop environment. It claims to be committed to creating and developing an open-source desktop that will "introduce a new level of functionality and usability to internet based software applications." Since Java has large performance and space requirements the Xito desktop environment is currently trying to address these problems.

See also 
 Yahoo! Widget Engine

References

External links 
 Project Homepage

Free desktop environments
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Isochoric process. In thermodynamics, an isochoric process, also called a constant-volume process, an isovolumetric process, or an isometric process, is a thermodynamic process during which the volume of the closed system undergoing such a process remains constant. An isochoric process is exemplified by the heating or the cooling of the contents of a sealed, inelastic container: The thermodynamic process is the addition or removal of heat; the isolation of the contents of the container establishes the closed system; and the inability of the container to deform imposes the constant-volume condition.

Formalism
An isochoric thermodynamic quasi-static process is characterized by constant volume, i.e., .
The process does no pressure-volume work, since such work is defined by

where  is pressure. The sign convention is such that positive work is performed by the system on the environment.

If the process is not quasi-static, the work can perhaps be done in a volume constant thermodynamic process.

For a reversible process, the first law of thermodynamics gives the change in the system's internal energy:

Replacing work with a change in volume gives

Since the process is isochoric, , the previous equation now gives

Using the definition of specific heat capacity at constant volume, , where  is the mass of the gas, we get

Integrating both sides yields

where  is the specific heat capacity at constant volume,  is the initial temperature and  is the final temperature. We conclude with:

On a pressure volume diagram, an isochoric process appears as a straight vertical line.  Its thermodynamic conjugate, an isobaric process would appear as a straight horizontal line.

Ideal gas
If an ideal gas is used in an isochoric process, and the quantity of gas stays constant, then the increase in energy is proportional to an increase in temperature and pressure. For example a gas heated in a rigid container: the pressure and temperature of the gas will increase, but the volume will remain the same.

Ideal Otto cycle
The ideal Otto cycle is an example of an isochoric process when it is assumed that the burning of the gasoline-air mixture in an internal combustion engine car is instantaneous. There is an increase in the temperature and the pressure of the gas inside the cylinder while the volume remains the same.

Etymology
The noun "isochor" and the adjective "isochoric" are derived from the Greek words ἴσος (isos) meaning "equal", and χῶρος (khôros) meaning "space."

See also
 Isobaric process
 Adiabatic process
 Cyclic process
 Isothermal process
 Polytropic process

References

Thermodynamic processes
GraphCalc. GraphCalc is an open-source computer program that runs in Microsoft Windows and Linux that provides the functionality of a graphing calculator.

GraphCalc includes many of the standard features of graphing calculators, but also includes some higher-end features:
 High resolution
 Graphing calculator screens have a resolution typically less than 120×90 pixels, whereas computer monitors typically display 1280x1024 pixels or more.
 Speed
 Modern computers are considerably faster than handheld graphing calculators
 Three-dimensional graphing
 While high-end graphing calculators can graph in 3-D, GraphCalc benefits from modern computers' memory, speed, and graphics acceleration (OpenGL)

GraphCalc was developed by Brendan Fields and Mike Arrison, computer science students at Bucknell University, before graduating in 2000.  Mike continued the development briefly from 2001–2003, but has since abandoned the project. Other similar projects being maintained are KAlgebra and Cantor.

See also 

 NuCalc (also known as Graphing Calculator)

External links
 GraphCalc Official website
 SourceForge project page
 KAlgebra official site
 Cantor official site

Free plotting software
Free software programmed in C++
Plotting software
Science software for Windows
Science software for Linux
2000 software
Free educational software
Lippisch Ente. The Ente () was the world's first full-sized rocket-powered  aircraft. It was designed by Alexander Lippisch as a sailplane and first flown under power on June 11, 1928, piloted by Fritz Stamer as part of the Opel-RAK rocket program led by Fritz von Opel and Max Valier.

During the late 1920s von Opel had made a variety of demonstrations involving rocket-powered vehicles for the Opel company. He was assisted by the pyrotechnics manufacturer Friedrich Sander and the rocketry advocate Max Valier. In March 1928 the three men visited the Wasserkuppe, a mountain which had become the center of German gliding to investigate the possibility of fitting rockets to an aircraft. There they encountered some of Lippisch's revolutionary gliders, which because of their tail-less designs seemed suitable for adapting to rocket propulsion. Lippisch was able to demonstrate how models of his aircraft would fly with small rockets installed in them. In June von Opel, Sander, and Valier returned and bought one of his aircraft, the Ente, a canard design.

Two black powder rockets were installed, to be electrically fired by a switch in the cockpit. A counterweight system was also devised and placed under the cockpit floor which would automatically adjust the aircraft's center of gravity as the fuel of the rockets was consumed. The rockets were intended to be fired one after the other, to provide continuous thrust for as long as possible, and each had a burn time of around 30 seconds. Fritz Stamer, who had long been a test pilot for Lippisch's designs was selected to fly the aircraft. After one false start, the aircraft took off and flew a 1,500 metre (4,900 ft) circuit of the Wasserkuppe's landing strip.

On the second flight, the team decided to try firing both rockets together for increased thrust over a shorter period.  However, rather than burning properly one of the rockets exploded, punching holes in both wings and setting the aircraft alight. Stamer was nevertheless able to bring it down from a height of around 20 metres (65 ft) before hastily abandoning the Ente, which was burned beyond any hope of repair.

The Opel RAK.1 was developed as the successor to the "Ente", and was demonstrated successfully to the public in September 1929 with Fritz von Opel as pilot.

Specifications (RRG Raketen-Ente)

References

1920s German experimental aircraft
Glider aircraft
Rocket-powered aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Canard aircraft
Lippisch aircraft
High-wing aircraft
VFS. The initialism VFS can mean:

Valley Fault System, a dextral strike-slip fault in the Philippines.
Vancouver Film School, a school in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Vancouver Film Studios, a film production centre in Vancouver, British Columbia
 Viafiers federalas svizras, the Romansh term for Swiss Federal Railways, the Swiss national railway.
Versioning file system, a file system which provides for the concurrent existence of several versions of a file
Vertical Flight Society, a United States based society for the advancement of vertical flight
Vertical formation skydiving, is a subcategory of formation skydiving using high-speed body positions normally associated with freeflying
Virtual file system, a file system acting as an abstraction layer on top of a more concrete file system
Visa Facilitation Services, an organization in India for processing visa applications
 Nasdaq's symbol for VinFast
Java Desktop System. Java Desktop System, briefly known as OpenSolaris Desktop, is a legacy desktop environment developed first by Sun Microsystems and then by Oracle Corporation after the 2010 Oracle acquisition of Sun. Java Desktop System is available for Solaris and was once available for Linux. The Linux version was discontinued after Solaris was released as open source software in 2005. Java Desktop System aims to provide a system familiar to the average computer user with a full suite of office productivity software such as an office suite, a web browser, email, calendaring, and instant messaging.

Despite being known as the Java Desktop System, it is not actually written in Java. Rather, it is built around a modified version of GNOME along with other common free software projects, which are written mostly in C and C++. The name reflected Sun's promotion of the product as an outlet for corporate users to deploy software written for the Java platform.

Versions
Sun first bundled a preview release of GNOME 1.4 on a separate CD for Solaris 8.

JDS version 2 included:

Java
GNOME (using the Blueprint theme)
StarOffice
Mozilla
Evolution
MP3 and CD player
Java Media Framework's Java Media Player
Gaim multi-service instant messaging
RealPlayer

JDS Release 2 was available for Solaris and for the SuSE-based Linux distribution.

JDS Release 3 was released in 2005. It was included with Solaris 10 — upon installation of Solaris, one has the choice of using either the CDE or JDS. It was based on GNOME 2.6 and available only for the Solaris 10 platform.

OpenSolaris Desktop
OpenSolaris received its own version of the Java Desktop System. OpenSolaris Desktop was tied to the OpenSolaris operating system, and did not have its own release schedule. 

OpenSolaris Desktop 01 (released October 28, 2005) was based on GNOME 2.10 and OpenSolaris Desktop 02 (released December 23, 2005) was based on GNOME 2.12. The last version was released with the release of OpenSolaris 2009.6, and was based on Gnome 2.24. It also included Firefox 3.1, OpenOffice 3 and Sun VirtualBox. The OpenSolaris Desktop line of the Java Desktop System became defunct with the end of the OpenSolaris project.

Availability
With the end of the OpenSolaris project, JDS Release 3 is now the last release of the project on a currently supported operating system Solaris 10. Newer Solaris based operating systems have abandoned the Java Desktop System. Solaris 11 and projects based upon the OpenSolaris codebase such as OpenIndiana use a stock version of GNOME.

See also

Project Looking Glass

References

External links
 Oracle Documentation
 OS News review December 2003
 eWeek Review December 2003

Desktop environments
Java platform software
Oracle software
Sun Microsystems software
Desktop environments based on GTK
Free desktop environments
GNOME
Software forks
CompuBox. CompuBox is a computerized punches scoring system run by two operators. CompuBox is used in boxing matches around the world.

Background
The system is based on a computer program, originally named FightStat, developed by Jon Gibbs in 1984–85 when Gibbs worked with Logan Hobson and Robert Canobbio at Sports Information Data Base (SIDB), of Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey.

Gibbs was the developer of TenniSTAT, the first computer-generated statistics program for tennis, which was used by the US Open, Wimbledon, the Australian Open, and other major tournaments.

At Hobson & Canobbio's request, Gibbs wrote the code for FightStat (also called PunchStat in some venues) and was used at Madison Square Garden's Felt Forum and in Reno for the 1985 HBO Boxing telecast of the Livingstone Bramble-Ray Mancini rematch for the WBA's world Lightweight title. 

After SIDB went bankrupt in 1985, Hobson and Canobbio renamed the program CompuBox and founded CompuBox Inc. Hobson later left the company in 2002.

CompuBox's purpose is to settle controversies surrounding fights by counting each punch thrown by each of the fighters, and also each punch landed, to provide fight viewers with a final punchstat count and a perception of who should ideally be given the judges' decision, in the cases where a fight lasts the full distance.

The system calls for two operators. Each operator watches one of the two fighters and has access to four keys, corresponding to jab connect, jab miss, power punch connect, and power punch miss. The operators key in the different punches as they happen, collecting punch counts and hit percentages along the way.

CompuBox is used by HBO, NBC and ESPN. Former world champion Genaro Hernandez was one of the men in charge of operating the system.

References

Sources
"Compubox Online"
Jones, Robert. "Interview With the Owner of CompuBox: Bob Canobbio", Mike Marley's FightNightNews.com, accessed February 12, 2008.
Perry, Kevin. "Fight Report Exclusive-Compubox Interview", Fight Report, accessed February 12, 2008.

Boxing
Sports software
Java Platform Debugger Architecture. The Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA) is a collection of APIs to debug Java code.

 Java Debugger Interface (JDI) – defines a high-level Java language interface that developers can easily use to write remote debugger application tools.
 Java Virtual Machine Tools Interface (JVMTI) – a native interface that helps to inspect the state and to control the execution of applications running in the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
 Java Virtual Machine Debug Interface (JVMDI) – JVMDI was deprecated in J2SE 5.0 in favor of JVM TI, and was removed in Java SE 6.
 Java Debug Wire Protocol (JDWP) – defines communication between debuggee (a Java application) and debugger processes.

Java Debugger Interface (JDI)
JDI is the highest-layer of the Java Platform Debugger Architecture. It allows to access the JVM and the internal variables of the debugged program. It also allows to set breakpoints, stepping, and handle threads.

See also
 Eclipse, an open-source IDE integrated with JPDA support
 IntelliJ IDEA, a commercial open-source Java IDE with integrated JPDA support
 JSwat, an open-source Java debugger using the JPDA
 NetBeans, an open-source IDE using the JPDA

References

External links
 Java Platform Debugger Architecture for Java SE 7
 Java Platform Debugger Architecture for Java SE 8

Debuggers
Java platform
Telegraph sounder. A telegraph sounder is an antique electromechanical device used as a receiver on electrical telegraph lines during the 19th century.  It was invented by Alfred Vail after 1850 to replace the previous receiving device, the cumbersome Morse register and was the first practical application of the electromagnet.  When a telegraph message comes in it produces an audible "clicking" sound representing the short and long keypresses – "dots" and "dashes" – which are used to represent text characters in Morse code.  A telegraph operator would translate the sounds into characters representing the telegraph message.

Telegraph networks, used from the 1850s to the 1970s to transmit text messages long distances, transmitted information by pulses of current of two different lengths, called "dots" and "dashes" which spelled out text messages in Morse code.  A telegraph operator at the sending end of the line would create the message by tapping on a switch called a telegraph key, which rapidly connects and breaks the circuit to a battery, sending pulses of current down the line.

The telegraph sounder was used at the receiving end of the line to make the Morse code message audible.  Its simple mechanism was similar to a relay. It consisted of an electromagnet attached to the telegraph line, with an iron armature near the magnet's pole balanced on a pivot, held up by a counterweight.  When current flowed through the electromagnet's winding, it created a magnetic field which attracted the armature, pulling it down to the electromagnet, resulting in a "click" sound.  When the current ended, the counterweight pulled the armature back up to its resting position, resulting in a "clack" sound.   Thus, as the telegraph key at the sending end makes and breaks the contact, the sounder echoes the up and down state of the key.

It was important that a sounder make a sound both when the circuit was broken and when it was restored.  This was necessary for the operator clearly to distinguish the long and short keypresses – the "dashes" and "dots" – that make up the characters in morse code.

References

External links 
Morse Telegraph Club, Inc. (The Morse Telegraph Club is an international non-profit organization dedicated to the perpetuation of the knowledge and traditions of telegraphy.)
Telegraph Sounders - A photo gallery of telegraph sounders from the 19th and 20th centuries

Telegraphy
Telecommunications equipment
Electromagnetic components
Sound technology
Analog circuits