omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ARM Baja California. ARM Baja California (PO-162) is a , constructed by and for the Mexican Navy.

Design and description
It has a length of , a draft of , a beam of , and displaces .

Primary armament is a single OTO Melara 76 mm naval gun, with a pair of OTO Melara 12.7 mm remote controlled naval turret Mod. 517 with M2 12.7mm machine guns on each side, and an Oto Melara single 30/SAFS 30 mm cannon aft.

A helipad on the afterdeck has handling capabilities for a variety of helicopters, such as the Panther, Fennec, or the Bolkow Bo 105 Super-5.

The ship has a cruising speed of , carries a complement of 77, and has provisions to carry a group of 39 special forces and/or marines for a variety of missions.

References

External links
 Photograph of the Baja California
 Photograph of the Baja California

Baja California
2003 ships
Balbach Smelting & Refining Company. Balbach Smelting & Refining Company (also known as Balbach and Sons Refining and Smelting Company) was a smelting plant in Newark, New Jersey operating in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was the first commercial electrolytic refinery in the United States, and until its closure in the 1920s, it was the second largest metal processing enterprise in the United States.

History

The company president was Edward Balbach Jr., a metallurgist born in 1839 in Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany. He came to the United States in 1848 with his father Edward Balbach Sr. (1804–1890), who started the Balbach family fortune by collecting gold and silver dust from Newark jewelry shop floors, turning it into bullion. In 1865, Edward Balbach Jr. patented the "Balbach Process" which separated gold and silver from lead, which in 1872 evolved into something closely resembling the Parkes process, which had been developed earlier (1850) in England. In 1881, the Balbachs began to manufacture copper, just in time for a boom in demand thanks to the invention of the telephone and shortly thereafter electricity. In 1883, the factory opened an electrolytic refinery for copper, the first electrolytic refinery in the United States. In December 1910, Edward Balbach Jr. died at the age of 72 and control of the company passed to his daughter Julia's husband Edward Randolph (1870–1919) who had been working there since 1898. In 1919, Edward Randolph died and in the 1920s the Balbach operation was closed by its directors in favor of facilities closer to where the ore was mined. The County purchased the factory and converted it to a baseball field, located at Riverbank Park.

Factory conditions were difficult. In the 1880s, workers earned $1.50 to $1.65 a day. (worth $ to $ today). It could also be dangerous, if water seeped into a boiler it turned to steam and could cause an explosion, spraying molten metal onto workers who, if not immobilized, were known to run into the Passaic River. The accidents were not limited to workers - in January 1881 a boiler exploded causing a flying brick to strike a sleeping guest in the head through a third floor window at the nearby Balbach family mansion.

Notes

History of Newark, New Jersey
Manufacturing companies based in Newark, New Jersey
Companies disestablished in the 1920s
Smelting
Metal companies of the United States
Australian landing ship medium Brudenell White (AV 1354). The Australian landing ship medium Brudenell White  (AV 1354) was a United States Navy landing ship medium which was later sold to Australia and operated by the Australian Army.

The ship was built by the Brown Shipbuilding Company in Houston, Texas and was commissioned into the United States Navy (USN) as USS LSM-477 on 3 April 1945. She was assigned to the Pacific Theater of Operations and performed occupation duty following the end of the war. She was decommissioned on 15 May 1946 and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet.

The ship was purchased by the Australian Army on 16 July 1959 and was named Brudenell White (AV 1353) in honour of the Australian World War II general Brudenell White. The ship was one of four LSMs operated by the newly formed 32nd Small Ship Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers and was refitted in Japan before she arrived in Australia on 31 December 1959. From 1960 to 1970 she performed routine duties in support of the Australian Army, and carried equipment between ports in Australia, New Guinea, Malaysia and New Zealand.

The ship made her first deployment to a war zone in September 1970 when she sailed to Vung Tau in South Vietnam. She operated in South Vietnamese waters for about a month and returned to Sydney in November. She commenced a second voyage to South Vietnam in March 1971 but this was cancelled while she was en route.

Brudenell White was decommissioned on 30 September 1971 when the 32nd Small Ship Squadron was disbanded. She was sold to Pacific Logistics in September 1971 and was renamed Paclog Utility. The ship sunk when she struck a mine off the coast of Cambodia while being towed to her new operators there.

References
 
 

Ships built in Houston
LSM-1-class landing ships medium of the Australian Army
Linke-Hofmann R.II. The Linke-Hofmann R.II (Riesenflugzeug – "giant aircraft") was a  bomber aircraft designed and built in Germany from 1917.

Design and development 
The Linke-Hofmann R.I had disappointing performance and handling, as well as structural weakness with both prototypes crashing. Linke-Hofmann took a radically different approach for their second Riesenflugzeug, the Linke-Hofmann R.II. The R.II was an approximately three-fold scale-up of a conventional single-engined biplane, powered by a quartet of Mercedes D.IVa inline-six engines turning a single 6.90 meter (22 ft 7.5 in) diameter tractor propeller, the largest single propeller ever used to propel any aircraft in aviation history. The quartet of Mercedes powerplants  were arranged in pairs in the central fuselage and drove the propeller through clutches, shafts and gearboxes. The Linke-Hofmann R.II, probably the largest single propeller driven aircraft that will ever be built, had a wing span of , length of  and height of .

The airframe was constructed largely of wood, with plywood covering the forward fuselage and a steel-tube v-strut chassis main undercarriage with two wheels and a tail-skid at the aft end of the fuselage. Two examples of the R.II had been completed by the time of the Armistice. They bore the IdFlieg German military registration numbers R.55/17 and R.56/17.

Flight testing of R 55/17 was carried out after the Armistice in 1919, demonstrating acceptable performance and handling, being able to fly happily with only two engines driving the enormous propeller. Normal endurance was estimated to be 7 hours, but with adjustment of load and a cruising speed of  it was estimated that the R.II could stay aloft for 30 hours.

There were plans to make it a 12-passenger airliner after the war, but the restrictions of the Versailles Treaty ended further development.

Specifications (Linke-Hofmann R.II)

See also

Notes

References
Citations

Further reading

  
 - archived page 1 of 4

 - archived page 2 of 4

 - archived page 3 of 4

 - archived page 4 of 4

External links

 http://www.airwar.ru/enc/bww1/linker2.html
 FlyingMachines.ru Linke-Hofmann R.II page 

1910s German bomber aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1919

de:Linke-Hofmann R-Typen
Thermal time scale. In astrophysics, the thermal time scale or Kelvin–Helmholtz time scale is the approximate time it takes for a star to radiate away its total kinetic energy content at its current luminosity rate.  Along with the nuclear and free-fall (aka dynamical) time scales, it is used to estimate the length of time a particular star will remain in a certain phase of its life and its lifespan if hypothetical conditions are met.  In reality, the lifespan of a star is greater than what is estimated by the thermal time scale because as one fuel becomes scarce, another will generally take its place – hydrogen burning gives way to helium burning, which is replaced by carbon burning.

Stellar astrophysics
The size of a star as well as its energy output generally determine a star's thermal lifetime because the measurement is independent of the type of fuel normally found at its center.  Indeed, the thermal time scale assumes that there is no fuel at all inside the star and simply predicts the length of time it would take for the resulting change in outputted energy to reach the surface of the star and become visually apparent to an outside observer. 

where  is the gravitational constant,  is the mass of the star,  is the radius of the star, and  is the star's luminosity.  As an example, the Sun's thermal time scale is approximately 15.7 million years.

References

Time scales
Stellar astronomy
Thomas-Morse O-19. The Thomas-Morse O-19 was an American observation biplane built by the Thomas-Morse Aircraft Company for the United States Army Air Corps.

Development 
The O-19 was based on the earlier Thomas-Morse O-6 biplane.  It was a conventional two-seat biplane of metal construction with fabric-covered wings and tail surfaces.  The design was evaluated with a number of different engine installations and the type was ordered into production as the O-19B with a Pratt & Whitney R-1340-7 Wasp radial engine.

Variants 
XO-19
Improved version of the XO-6 with a  Pratt & Whitney R-1340-3 engine, one built.
YO-20
Similar to the XO-19 with a  Pratt & Whitney R-1690-1 engine, one built.
XO-21
Similar to the XO-19 with a  Curtiss H-1640-1 engine, one built, later re-engined as the XO-21A.
XO-21A
The XO-21 fitted with a  Wright R-1750-1 engine.
O-19
Service evaluation aircraft with a  Pratt & Whitney R-1340-9, two built.
O-19A
O-19 without the 88 US Gallon main fuel tank, one built.
O-19B
Production version with a  Pratt & Whitney R-1340-7 engine, two machine-guns and modified cockpit, 70 built.
O-19C
O-19B with tailwheel, ring cowl and minor changes, 71 built.
O-19D
One O-19C converted as a VIP staff transport with dual controls.
O-19E
O-19C with extended upper-span wing and a  Pratt & Whitney R-1340-15 engine, 30 built.
O-21
O-19 with  Curtiss H-1640 Chieftain engine, one built, one converted.
YO-23
XO-19 with a  Curtiss V-1570-1 Conqueror engine, one built.
Y1O-33
One O-19B re-engined with a  Curtiss V-1570-11 engine and revised tail surfaces, one converted.
Y1O-41
A sesqui-plane conversion of the Y1O-33 with a  Curtiss V-1570-79 engine, one converted. Later modified by Consolidated Aircraft as their Model 23 and exported to Mexico.
Y1O-42
High-wing monoplane version of the Y1O-41, static test airframe only.

Operators 

Philippine Army Air Corps

 United States Army Air Corps

Specifications (O-19B)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 John Andrade, U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909, Midland Counties Publications, 1979,  (Page 137 and 138)
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 3000

1920s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
O-19
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology. The  is a public professional graduate school at Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan, established in 2006.

The school offers professional education programs in project-based learning (PBL) method.

The school is operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Public University Corporation, an extra-departmental body organization of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.

Organization

Programs 
 Business Systems Design Engineering Course
 Innovation for Design and Engineering Course
 Information Systems Architecture Course

Campus 
 1-10-40 Higashi-Ōi, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo 140-0011, Japan

References

External links
 Official website 
 Official website

Educational institutions established in 2006
Public universities in Japan
Universities and colleges in Tokyo
Engineering universities and colleges in Japan
2006 establishments in Japan
Thomas-Morse Aircraft. The Thomas-Morse Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer, until it was taken over by the Consolidated Aircraft Corporation in 1929.

History
Founded in 1910 by English immigrants William T. Thomas and his brother Oliver W. Thomas as Thomas Brothers Company in Hammondsport, New York, the company moved to Hornell, New York, and moved again to Bath, New York, the same year. At the Livingston County Picnic in 1912 The Thomas Brothers Hydro-aeroplane was scheduled to fly the first Hydro-aeroplane in Livingston County but later reported the winds prevented the flight. During 1913, the company operated the affiliated Thomas Brothers School of Aviation at Conesus Lake, McPherson Point in Livingston County, New York state (taking a page from Glenn Curtiss, who did much the same at Keuka Lake). In 1913, the name became Thomas Brothers Aeroplane Company and based in Ithaca, New York. On December 7, 1914, the company moved to Ithaca.

In 1915, Thomas Brothers built T-2 tractor biplanes (designed by Benjamin D. Thomas, no relation to the brothers and also an Englishman, formerly of Vickers, Sopwith, and Curtiss, and later the company's chief designer) for the Royal Naval Air Service and (fitted with floats in place of wheels) for the United States Navy as the SH-4. They received an order for 24 T-2's from the British, for use in the European war. Because the Curtiss OX engines weren't available, they founded an engine subsidiary, the Thomas Aeromotor Company, which would stress their finances. In 1916, the company won a contract from the United States Army Signal Corps for two aircraft for evaluation, the D-5.

In January 1917, financial difficulties led to the company merge with Morse Chain Company (headed by Frank L. Morse), who was backed financially by H T Westinghouse, becoming Thomas-Morse Aircraft Corporation, still based in Ithaca. The company then made an attempt at selling training biplanes to the United States Army and was successful with the S-4 trainer (which included a handful of S-5 floatplanes and a single S-4E) and MB series of fighters. The last company design was the O-19 observation biplane. In 1929 the company was taken over by the Consolidated Aircraft Corporation, becoming the Thomas-Morse Division, and ceased business in 1934.

Aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, p. 854, "Standard aircraft". Etobicoke, Ontario: Prospero Books, 1997.
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). Orbis Publishing, 1985, p. 3000.

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York (state)
American companies established in 1910
Manufacturing companies established in 1910
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1929
1910 establishments in New York (state)
1929 disestablishments in New York (state)
American companies disestablished in 1929
John Weyant. John P. Weyant is a research professor of management science and engineering at Stanford University. He obtained his PhD from UC Berkeley in management science in 1976 and has been at Stanford since 1977. His research is focused on climate change, energy security, corporate strategy analysis, and energy policy in Japan.

Weyant is the director of the Energy Modeling Forum, an editor of Energy Economics, and a lead author of the IPCC (the work of the IPCC, including the contributions of many scientists, was recognised by the joint award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize). Weyant co-authored the book Renewed Energy with Ernestine Fu and Justin Bowersock. He is a key figure in the academic communities of energy economics, integrated assessment modelling, and climate economics, and has been influential in shaping the international policy debate on climate policy.

References

External links
 Google Scholar

1947 births
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists
Energy economists
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lead authors
Living people
Stanford University Department of Management Science and Engineering faculty
NordLink. NordLink is a subsea 1,400 megawatt (MW) HVDC power cable between Norway and Germany, opened in May 2021. The  long line operates at a voltage of 500 kV  DC.
It consists of 54 kilometres long land cable in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, a 516 kilometres long submarine cable between Germany and Norway and a 53 kilometres long overhead line with 140 towers in Norway.

NordLink enables Deutsche Bahn to buy the full production from Mågeli kraftverk in Ullensvang, thereby helping the German railways to become climate-neutral by 2040.

Construction
It is estimated to cost €1.5–2 billion, which was financed in 2015 when Statnett decided to realize the project. The interconnector was installed between a new substation at Ertsmyra (near Tonstad) in Norway and Wilster substation in Schleswig-Holstein in Germany.  The connection was expected to be completed in 2020. When testing in September 2020, it accidentally imported the full 1,400 MW into Norway for almost a minute, causing cascading grid effects such as a 0.5 Hz frequency change across the Nordic synchronous area. The opening ceremony took place on 27 May 2021.

Operation
In November 2021, amid high demand for electricity in Europe, the increased exports from Norway to continental Europe caused conflict with the grid operator of Sweden, which cut export capacity in half, causing the Norwegian operator to do the same for exports to Sweden (on which Denmark and Finland also rely). Grid constraints inside Norway and Germany sometimes restrict NordLink capacity to less than maximum.

Ownership
The Norwegian state-owned company and transmission system operator, Statnett SF, owns 50% of the project, whilst the Dutch transmission system operator TenneT TSO and the German state-owned bank KfW own the other half.  A cable between Norway and Germany is listed in the EU's projects of common interest (PCI).

Sites

Waypoints 

 Overhead Line in Norway

See also 

List of high-voltage transmission links in Norway
NorGer
Scotland-Norway interconnector

External links 

 – ABB to link Norwegian and German power grids
4c page
 Weekly exchange (Nord Pool data)

References 

Electrical interconnectors to and from the Nordic grid
Electrical interconnectors to and from the Synchronous Grid of Continental Europe
HVDC transmission lines
Electric power infrastructure in Norway
Electric power transmission systems in Germany
Electrical interconnectors in the North Sea
Germany–Norway relations
Debbugs. Debbugs is the software powering the Debian project's issue tracking system.  Uniquely it doesn't have any form of web-interface to edit bug reports all modification is done through email. Debbugs was mainly written by Ian Jackson, former Debian project leader.

Debbugs consists of a set of scripts which maintain a database of problem reports. The scripts have been parameterised so that they can be used for other projects besides Debian. The system runs on Unix-like operating systems such as Unix and Linux. Most of the source code is written in Perl. It is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License.

It is strongly recommended that people use the reportbug program when reporting bugs in Debian.

History 
Debbugs started as a rudimentary issue tracking system in 1994.  The software was generalized starting from 1997 but was only officially released as Debbugs 1 in January 1999.

Soon after the GNOME project abandoned Debbugs, the KDE project also switched to Bugzilla in 2002.

Deployments

The oldest and largest deployment of Debbugs is the Debian project's. , the Debian debbugs instance had handled over 890,000 bug reports.

The GNU Project has deployed a public instance of debbugs that can be used by GNU software or GNU Savannah-hosted free software.

Integration

Ubuntu's Launchpad recognizes and integrates with Debian's debbugs instance.

See also

References

External links
Debian bug tracking system
Debbugs source code
Debian wiki's page on Debian's issue tracking system, with a good part of information on Debbugs in general
Debian bug report logs as they shown in November 1995, reflecting an early state of Debbugs

Bug and issue tracking software
Debian
Free software programmed in Perl
Perl software
Software using the GNU General Public License
FBA 290. 

The Franco-British Aviation Model 290 was a French four-seat amphibian flying boat built by the Franco-British Aviation Company (FBA) as a replacement for the Model 17 in French naval service.

Development
The FBA Company was requested to design a successor to the Model 17 in the liaison and training role. The company used the experience gained in the Model 270 and 271 and produced the Model 290. The Model 290 was a biplane amphibian with a single radial engine driving a pusher propeller. It had room for four persons in the forward part of the hull. The Model 290 flew for the first time in April 1931 powered by a 300 hp (224 kW) Lorraine engine. A further example, the Model 291 was built with a Gnome-Rhône radial engine.

The French Navy was looking for a VIP transport and ordered eight aircraft based on the Model 291 and designated the Model 293 (with a Lorraine engine) and the Model 294 (with a Gnome-Rhône engine). The navy aircraft were used as executive transports and based at the major French naval air stations.

Variants
Model 290
Prototype with a 296hp (221kW) Lorraine 9Na radial engine, one built.
Model 291
Prototype with a 296hp (221kW) Gnome & Rhône 7Kb radial engine, one built.
Model 293
Production aircraft for the French Navy with a 296hp (221kW) Lorraine 9Na Algol radial engine, six built.
Model 294
Production aircraft for the French Navy with a 296hp (221kW) Gnome-Rhône 7Kb engine, two built.

Operators

French Navy

Specifications (Model 293)

See also

References

Bousquet, Gérard. French Flying Boats of WW II. Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus, 2013 
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, p. 1633

1930s French military transport aircraft
FBA aircraft
Flying boats
Amphibious aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Fiat BRG. The Fiat BRG was an Italian heavy bomber prototype built in the 1930s by Fiat for the Italian Air Force.

Design and development
The BRG (Bombardiere Rosatelli Gigante, "Giant Rosatelli Bomber") was a three-engine strut-braced high-wing monoplane. It had a deep slab-sided fuselage with one engine in the nose and two strut-mounted engines between the upper wing and a short stub wing attached to the lower fuselage. The BRG had a single fin and rudder and a wide-track landing gear. The pilot and co-pilot had a cabin forward of the wing leading edge. The aircraft was fitted with four machine guns, located in an open dorsal cockpit and a ventral tunnel. After testing in 1931 the prototype BRG was attached to 62 Squadriglia SPB, an experimental heavy bomber squadron.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica
62 Squadrigilia SPB

Specifications

References

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1780
Picture of BRG (side view)

BRG
1930s Italian bomber aircraft
Trimotors
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Piper PA-7. 

The Piper PA-7 Skycoupe was a 1940s American two-seat light aircraft designed and built by Piper Aircraft at Lock Haven. Towards the end of 1944 Piper announced a number of aircraft it intended to build after the war. One of these was the PWA-1 Skycoupe (Post War Airplane 1). A prototype was built in 1943, it was a two-seat side-by-side low-wing cantilever monoplane with a twin-boom fuselage with a tricycle landing gear. It had a Franklin 4ACG-199-H3 engine driving a pusher propeller. In 1945 it was redesignated the PA-7 Skycoupe but no further examples were built.

Specifications (PA-7)

References

 Roger W. Peperell and Colin M.Smith, Piper Aircraft and their forerunners, 1987, Air-Britain (Historians), , Page 47 and 50.

PA-07
Single-engined pusher aircraft
1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Low-wing aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944