omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Faculdade de Engenharia de Sorocaba. Faculdade de Engenharia de Sorocaba (FACENS)

The Sorocaba Engineering School (FACENS) is the first higher education institution of the sector founded in Sorocaba. Maintained by the Sorocaba Cultural Association for Technological Renovation (ACRTS), it is considered to be a nonprofit and philanthropic Federal Organization certified by the National Welfare Council. Subsequently, it offers numerous grants to students who have socio-economic needs. The organization also invests all of its profits in the College, making FACENS an educational center that is growing constantly.

It currently offers eight courses: Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Computer, Mechatronics, Chemistry, Production Engineering and Technology in Digital Gaming, as well as graduate courses and specializations.
Its level of education is recognized throughout the job market, generating extremely high percentages of graduate employability (average of 94% over the past eight years).
FACENS has outstanding professional and academic faculty as well as a great infrastructure, supported by well-equipped and technologically advanced labs.
These are decisive factors for the recognition of the educational programs the College develops, and, more specifically, for the quality of professionals who graduate here.

Address
Rodovia Senador José Ermírio de Moraes, 1425,  Castelinho km 1,5 - Alto da Boa Vista - SOROCABA/SP - CEP 18087-125

External links
FACENS (Portuguese)

Universities and colleges in São Paulo (state)
Educational institutions established in 1978
1978 establishments in Brazil
Strela computer. Strela computer () was the first mainframe vacuum-tube computer manufactured serially in the Soviet Union, beginning in 1953.

Overview
This first-generation computer had 6200 vacuum tubes and 60,000 semiconductor diodes.

Strela's speed was 2000 operations per second. Its floating-point arithmetic was based on 43-bit floating point words, with a signed 35-bit mantissa and a signed 6-bit exponent.

Operative Williams tube memory (RAM) had 2048 words. It also used read-only semiconductor diode memory for programs.  It used punched cards or magnetic tape for data input and magnetic tape, punched cards and/or wide printer for data. The last version of Strela used a 4096-word magnetic drum, rotating at 6000 rpm.

While Yuri Bazilevsky was officially Strela's chief designer, Bashir Rameyev, who developed the project prior to Bazilevsky's appointment, could be considered its main inventor. Strela was constructed at the Special Design Bureau 245 (Argon R&D Institute since 1986) in Moscow.

Strelas were manufactured by the Moscow Plant of Computing-Analytical Machines (счетно-аналитических машин) during 1953–1957; 7 copies were manufactured. They were installed in the Computing Centre of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Moscow State University, and in computing centres of some ministries related to defense and economic planning.

In 1954, the designers of Strela were awarded the Stalin Prize of 1st degree (Bashir Rameyev, Yu. Bazilevsky, V. Alexandrov,  D. Zhuchkov, I. Lygin, G. Markov, B. Melnikov, G. Prokudayev,  N. Trubnikov, A. Tsygankin, Yu. Shcherbakov, L. Larionova).

The impetus for the development of Strela was a BBC broadcast heard by Bashir Rameyev about the American development of ENIAC.

See also
 History of computer hardware in Eastern Bloc countries
 List of vacuum-tube computers

References

Further reading

External links
 Strela Computer, Russian Virtual Computer Museum
 Architecture and computer code of Strela computer, Alexander Savvateev, Russian Virtual Computer Museum

Mainframe computers
Vacuum tube computers
Ministry of Radio Industry (USSR) computers
1950s computers
Computer-related introductions in 1953
1953 in the Soviet Union
Soviet inventions
PPC. PPC may refer to:

Computing
 Personal programmable calculator, programmable calculators for personal use
 Pay-per-click, an internet advertising model
 PearPC, a PowerPC platform emulator
 Peercoin, a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency
 Peripheral pin controller, a feature present in the StrongARM CPU family that controls IO ports
 Pocket PC, Microsoft's specification for handheld devices
 ZEOS PPC, an early MS-DOS 5.0-based palmtop PC by ZEOS
 PowerPC, a microprocessor architecture
 Protected procedure call, a messaging facility in computer operating systems

Business and economics
 Presbyterian Publishing Corporation, a publishing agency of the American Presbyterian Church
 Production Possibility Curve, a graph that shows the different quantities of two goods that an economy could efficiently produce with limited productive resources
 Prompt Payment Code, a voluntary code of practice for businesses
 Public Power Corporation (), a Greek electric power company
 Practitioners Publishing Company, an imprint of Thomson Reuters Tax & Accounting

Engineering and construction 
 PPC Ltd., a South African cement producer
 PPC worldwide, a U.S.-based manufacturer of connector technology for the telecommunications, broadcast and wireless industries
 Partially premixed combustion, a modern combustion process intended to be used in internal combustion engines
 Powered parachute or paraplane, a type of aircraft

Politics
 , the Costa Rican People's Party
 , a regional political party in Nicaragua
  (Peru) (Christian People's Party), a Peruvian political party
 , the Catalan branch of People's Party, Spain
 Party for Progress and Concord, Rwanda
 People's Party of Canada, a conservative party founded by Maxime Bernier
 Peoples Planning Campaign (People's Plan Campaign), the Kerala experiment in decentralisation of powers to local governments 
 Pirate Party of Canada
 Poor People's Campaign founded by Martin Luther King Jr.
 Prospective parliamentary candidate, a role in politics in the United Kingdom

Science
 4-Phenyl-4-(1-piperidinyl)cyclohexanol, an organic chemical
 Pediatric Prehospital Care, an educational program offered by the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians
 Polypropylene carbonate, a plastic
 Posterior parietal cortex, an association area involved in the integration of sensory information from multiple modalities
 Proprotein convertase, an enzyme family

Sports and entertainment
 6mm PPC (Palmisano & Pindel Cartridge), a family of centerfire rifle cartridges for benchrest shooting sports
 Particle projection cannon, a fictional weapon in the BattleTech universe
 Peg + Cat, a TV series
 Police Pistol Combat, a type of target shooting competition
 Ppc Racing, a defunct NASCAR team
 Psychedelic Porn Crumpets, a rock band from Australia
 Pink Pony Club, a 2020 single from Chappell Roan

Other uses
 Pakistan Penal Code
 Petits Propos Culinaires, a journal of food studies and history
 Primary peritoneal carcinoma
 Prior Park College, a Catholic private school in Bath, England

See also
 PPC-1 (Pipe Pacific Cable), an international communications link constructed by PIPE Networks
 PPCS (disambiguation)
Screwball Scramble. Screwball Scramble is a toy made by Tomy that involves guiding a 14-millimeter-diameter chrome steel ball bearing around an obstacle course. It is known in Japan under the name . A player guides the ball by using various buttons, dials and levers that affect parts of the course. If a mistake is made a player must start again. The aim of the game is to complete the course as fast as possible. It takes no batteries and is recommended for children five and above. The toy was popular during the 1980s, and is still available today.

Outside Japan, the game was originally known as "Run Yourself Ragged", then later "Snafu: The Maze Game That Runs You Ragged", "Crazy Maze", "Tricky Golf", and other names. The device was cloned in the Soviet Union as "Кто быстрее" (Kto bystree - "Who is faster").

Parts of the course
 The first part of the course is the tilting walkway; by pressing a button the player must tilt the parts of the walkway in order to rock the ball across and place it on the platform at the end.
 By turning a dial the player must pick the ball up from the platform using the magnetic crane and deposit it on the parallel bars.
 The parallel bars are two metal rods on which the ball sits. By moving these rods apart with a lever, the ball can be made to roll along the rods. If the rods are opened too far, however, the ball will fall through. If successful, the ball will roll off the end of the rods and onto the unstable table.
 The unstable table is a flat table with a border around it and various pegs in the middle; the player must tilt this table with a lever in order to get the ball onto a ramp at the end, and avoid falling off at a false opening in the border.
 The ramp leads to the tire obstacle, by hitting a button the player must jump up onto successively higher levels and finally through a hoop.
 After this the ball enters a blind (covered) maze, which the player must use a lever to guide the ball through by tilting. The cover for the maze is removable, which is useful for younger players.
 Once through the maze the ball is placed on a rocket-shaped platform which is moved, using the same dial as the crane, to put the ball into a catapult.
 Hitting the final button activates the catapult and fires the ball towards a bell. Once the bell rings the game is over.
 Also, the player can attempt to complete the course before the 60-second timer runs out.

Additional Mazes

Screwball Scramble Level 2
A second course, "Screwball Scramble Level 2" was released by Tomy Europe in 2020, and designed to be connected to the first one. It was released in Japan in March 2023 under the name of  with a different color scheme.

Screwball Scramble Level Up
A third course, "Screwball Scramble Level Up" was released in 2023, once again by Tomy Europe. This version of the game takes inspiration from arcade games like Donkey Kong with a vertical design and dark retro-style colors. It was released in Japan in 2024 as .

References

External links
 

Takara Tomy
Rotary engine (disambiguation). A rotary engine is a type of internal combustion piston engine used in some early aircraft, motorcycles, and cars. Almost the entire engine rotates about a fixed crankshaft.

Rotary engine may also refer to:

 Pistonless rotary engine, a type of pistonless internal combustion engine
 Turbine, a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow
 Wankel engine, a common type of pistonless rotary engine used in some NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU) and Mazda cars
 Windmill, a rotary engine that extracts energy from wind
 Waterwheel, a rotary engine that extracts energy from water

See also
 Radial engine, an internal combustion piston engines with a fixed engine block of radially-mounted cylinders driving a rotating crankshaft
Heinrich Koppers. Heinrich Koppers (November 23, 1872 – September 5, 1941) was a German engineer. Koppers developed a new type of coke oven that economically recovered the byproduct chemicals of the coking process. The design of these ovens was superior to other ovens.

Biography
Having previously worked at other German companies, Koppers founded his own company, Heinrich Koppers AG, in 1901 to successfully exploit the patents he had been granted in the area of coke oven design. The headquarters of Heinrich Koppers AG were located in Essen - Moltkeviertel, adjacent to the mansion of the Koppers family. (Both buildings were built in 1911.).

After meeting with US Steel in 1907, Koppers agreed to build a coke plant in the United States and formed the H. Koppers Company. In 1912, the H. Koppers Company was incorporated to be Koppers Inc. in Chicago, Illinois, an industrial organization which moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States in 1914.

In 1914, Koppers sold his controlling stake in Koppers Inc. to industrialist Andrew Mellon for $300,000.

See also 
 Koppers

References

External links
Heinrich Koppers in German Wikipedia
Heinrich Koppers AG in German Wikipedia

1872 births
1941 deaths
Engineers from Essen
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
C&D. C&D or C and D or variation, may refer to:

 Cease and desist, an order to stop an activity
 C&D (Creativity & Development), French-Japanese animation firm started by Jean Chalopin, DIC Entertainment founder
 C&D Aerospace, part of the French corporation Zodiac Aerospace 
 C&D Canal, a ship canal connecting the Delaware River with Chesapeake Bay in the United States
 C&D International Plaza, the tallest building in Xiamen, China as of 2013
 C&D waste, waste from construction and demolition, also known as SMC
 Car and Driver, a U.S. automotive magazine
 C and D -class destroyer, British Royal Navy interwar destroyers
 Construction and demolition
 C&D, a company founded in 1984, also called Calvin & Daniel

See also

 C and D Canal, USA
 CND (disambiguation)
 CD (disambiguation)
 C (disambiguation)
 D (disambiguation)
 D&C (disambiguation)
Banyan switch. In electronics, a banyan switch is a complex crossover switch used in electrical or optical switches.

It is named for its resemblance to the roots of the banyan tree which cross over in complex patterns. Logical banyan switches are used in logic or signal pathways to crossover switching of signals onto new pathways. 

They can be mechanical microelectromechanical systems, electrical or nonlinear optics. Their complexity depends on the topology of the individual switches in a switch matrix (how wide it is by how many 'plies' or layers of switches it takes), to implement a desired crossover logic.

Design
Typical crossover matrices follow this formula: an N×N banyan switch uses (N/2) log2 N elements. Other formulas are used for differing number of crossover layers, and scaling is possible, but becomes very large and complex with large N×N arrays. CAD can be used to take the drudgery out of creating these designs. A banyan network is implemented by interconnecting 2×2 switching networks in multiple and recursive stages.

The switches are measured by how many stages, and how many up/down sorters and crosspoints they have. Switches often have buffers built-in for faster switching. A typical switch may have:

 A 2×2 and 4×4 down sorter
 Followed by an 8×8 up sorter
 Followed by a 2×2 crosspoint banyan switch network

This results in 3 level sorting for a 3-stage banyan network switch.

A simple example

Consider a 2×2 banyan switch, which requires (2/2) log2 2 = 1 switching element.  This switch takes two inputs, numbered 0 and 1, and two outputs, numbered 0 and 1.  Every packet that comes in has a header that contains one bit indicating what its destination is (either 0 or 1).  If the switch reads the bit and it has value 0, it sends the packet to its higher output (which is 0 in this case), and to its lower output if the routing bit is one.  By connecting these switching elements in series and parallel it is possible therefore, to route packets in more complicated ways depending on the desired routes to establish.

Future directions
The future is moving to larger arrays of inputs and outputs needed in a very small space. See wafer fabrication and VLAs.

See also
 Crossover switch
 Crossbar switch
 Clos network a non blocking crossover switch that needs fewer than N² switches
 Nonblocking minimal spanning switch and signal switching
 Optical computer

References

Switches
Crossover switch. In electronics, a crossover switch or matrix switch is a switch connecting multiple inputs to multiple outputs using complex array matrices designed to switch inputs to outputs such that each output is connected to only one input, but usually inputs may be connected to multiple outputs. There are blocking and non-blocking types of cross-over switches. In a non blocking switch, the switch allows arbitrary interconnections and disconnections to each output at all times whereas a blocking switch new connections can be constrained by other connections.

These switches can be microelectromechanical systems, electrical, or nonlinear optical systems, and are used in electronics and fiber optic circuits, as well as some optical computers. A banyan switch is one type of cross-over switch. Their complexity depends on the topology of the individual switches in a switch matrix (how wide it is by how many 'plies' or layers of switches it takes), to implement the desired crossover logic.

Formula
Typical crossover matrices follow the formula: an N×N Banyan switch uses (N/2) log N elements. Other formulas are used for differing number of cross-over layers, and scaling is possible, but becomes very large and complex with large N×N arrays. CAD and AI can be used to take the drudgery out of these designs.

Measurement
The switches are measured by how many stages, and how many up/down sorters and crosspoints. Switches often have buffers built in to speed up switching speeds. A typical switch may have a 2×2 and 4×4 down sorter, followed by an 8×8 up sorter, followed by a 2×2 crosspoint banyan switch network, resulting in a 3-level sorting for a 3-stage banyan network switch. The future is moving to larger arrays of inputs and outputs needed in a very small space.

See also
 Clos switch
 Crossbar switch

References

Switches
Microtechnology
MK Electric. MK Electric is a company that makes electrical accessories. The company's headquarters are in Basildon, Essex, England, from where it sells goods worldwide.

History

In 1912 Charles Arnold and Charles Belling formed Belling and Company making electric fires. Following his release from the army in 1919 Charles Arnold founded 'The Heavy Current Electrical Accessories Company' with Charles Belling as a shareholder.  This was later renamed MK Electric. The company developed electrical equipment such as high rated switches and sockets. A portrait of Charles Arnold by May Bridges Lee is held by the University of Bristol.

Multy Kontact socket
One product, the Multy Kontact spring grip socket (3-pin plug), soon became a market leader and the British Engineering Standards Association (BESA) changed standards to adopt this new product. By 1923 demand for these new products was growing rapidly and new production facilities were built in Edmonton, Middlesex. The company was then renamed MK Electric after its flagship product.

Shuttered socket
In 1928 the first shuttered socket was produced which concealed the live and neutral contacts when the plug is pulled out of the socket.

World War II
During World War II, production at the Edmonton factory focused on munitions to help the war effort, but development work resumed in 1945. In the 1950s MK Electric produced a light switch design which is still used today.

Post war
In 1966 the company floated on the stock exchange and became MK Electric Holding Company Ltd. The company later became a subsidiary of Honeywell International in 2005 when its parent company Novar plc was acquired. Its factory in Southend-on-Sea produced its one hundred millionth socket in 2014.

References

Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Essex
Electrical engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Electrical wiring and construction supplies manufacturers
Wafer fabrication. Wafer fabrication is a procedure composed of many repeated sequential processes to produce complete electrical or photonic circuits on semiconductor wafers in a semiconductor device fabrication process. Examples include production of radio frequency (RF) amplifiers, LEDs, optical computer components, and microprocessors for computers. Wafer fabrication is used to build components with the necessary electrical structures.

The main process begins with electrical engineers designing the circuit and defining its functions, and specifying the signals, inputs/outputs and voltages needed. These electrical circuit specifications are entered into electrical circuit design software, such as SPICE, and then imported into circuit layout programs, which are similar to ones used for computer aided design. This is necessary for the layers to be defined for photomask production. The resolution of the circuits increases rapidly with each step in design, as the scale of the circuits at the start of the design process is already being measured in fractions of micrometers. Each step thus increases circuit density for a given area.

The silicon wafers start out blank and pure. The circuits are built in layers in clean rooms. First, photoresist patterns are photo-masked in micrometer detail onto the wafers' surface. The wafers are then exposed to short-wave ultraviolet light and the unexposed areas are thus etched away and cleaned. Hot chemical vapors are deposited on to the desired zones and baked in high heat, which permeate the vapors into the desired zones. In some cases, ions, such as O2+ or O+, are implanted in precise patterns and at a specific depth by using RF-driven ion sources.

These steps are often repeated many hundreds of times, depending on the complexity of the desired circuit and its connections.

New processes to accomplish each of these steps with better resolution and in improved ways emerge every year, with the result of constantly changing technology in the wafer fabrication industry. New technologies result in denser packing of minuscule surface features such as transistors and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS).  This increased density continues the trend often cited as Moore's Law.

A fab is a common term for where these processes are accomplished. Often the fab is owned by the company that sells the chips, such as Intel, Texas Instruments, or Freescale. A foundry is a fab at which semiconductor chips or wafers are fabricated to order for third party companies that sell the chip, such as fabs owned by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC), GlobalFoundries and Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC).

In 2013 the cost of building the next generation wafer fab was over $10 billion.

WFE market

References 

Semiconductor device fabrication
Holos (software). Holos was an influential OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) product of the 1990s. Developed by Holistic Systems in 1987, the product remained in use until around 2004.
The core of the Holos Server was a business intelligence (BI) virtual machine.  The Holos Language was a very broad language in that it covered a wide range of statements and concepts, including the reporting system, business rules, OLAP data, SQL data (using the Embedded SQL syntax within the hosting HL), device properties, analysis, forecasting, and data mining. Holos Server provided an array of different, but compatible, storage mechanisms for its multi-cube architecture: memory, disk, SQL. It was therefore the first product to provide "hybrid OLAP" (HOLAP).  The Holos Client was both a design and delivery vehicle, and this made it quite large. Around about 2000, the Holos Language was made object-oriented (HL++) with a view to allowing the replacement of the Holos Client with a custom Java or VB product. However, the company were never sold on this, and so the project was abandoned. Before its demise, the Holos Server product ran under Windows NT (Intel and Alpha), VMS (VAX and Alpha), plus about 10 flavors of UNIX, and accessed over half-a-dozen different SQL databases. It was also ported to several different locales, including Japanese.

Company

Holistic Systems was purchased by the hardware company Seagate Technology in 1996. Along with other companies such as Crystal Services, it was used to create a new subsidiary company called Seagate Software. Only Holistic and Crystal remained, and Seagate Software was renamed to Crystal Decisions. Holistic and Crystal had very different sales models. The average sale for the Holos Product in the United States was in excess of $250,000 and was sold primarily to Fortune 500 companies by a direct sales force. The main Holos development team finally started to leave around 2000, and Crystal Decisions was finally taken over by Business Objects in 2004. Following the takeover, support for Holos was outsourced to Raspberry Software, which was set up by former employees of Crystal Decisions.

References

Data management
Online analytical processing