omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Software mining. Software mining is an application of knowledge discovery in the area of software modernization which involves understanding existing software artifacts. This process is related to a concept of reverse engineering. Usually the knowledge obtained from existing software is presented in the form of models to which specific queries can be made when necessary. An entity relationship is a frequent format of representing knowledge obtained from existing software. Object Management Group (OMG) developed specification Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM) which defines an ontology for software assets and their relationships for the purpose of performing knowledge discovery of existing code.

Software mining and data mining
Software mining is closely related to data mining, since existing software artifacts contain enormous business value, key for the evolution of software systems. Knowledge discovery from software systems addresses structure, behavior as well as the data processed by the software system. Instead of mining individual data sets, software mining focuses on metadata, such as database schemas. OMG Knowledge Discovery Metamodel provides an integrated representation to capturing application metadata as part of a holistic existing system metamodel. Another OMG specification, the Common Warehouse Metamodel focuses entirely on mining enterprise metadata.

Text-Mining Software Tools
Text mining software tools enable easy handling of text documents for the purpose of data analysis including automatic model generation and document classification, document clustering, document visualization, dealing with Web documents, and crawling the Web.

Levels of software mining
Knowledge discovery in software is related to a concept of reverse engineering.  Software mining addresses structure, behavior as well as the data processed by the software system.

Mining software systems may happen at various levels:
 program level (individual statements and variables)
 design pattern level
 call graph level (individual procedures and their relationships)
 architectural level (subsystems and their interfaces)
 data level (individual columns and attributes of data stores)
 application level (key data items and their flow through the applications)
 business level (domain concepts, business rules and their implementation in code)

Forms of representing the results of Software Mining
 data model
 metadata
 metamodels
 ontology
 Knowledge representation
 business rule
 Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM)
 Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN)
 intermediate representation
 Resource Description Framework (RDF)
 abstract syntax tree (AST)
 software metrics
 graphical user interfaces

See also
 Mining Software Repositories

References

Static program analysis tools
Data mining
Space bridge. Space bridge may refer to one of the following
 Orbiting skyhooks, an orbiting tether space transportation system that can be built with existing materials and technology
 Space elevator, a hypothetical device
 US-Soviet Space Bridge, a 1980's joint US-Soviet show.
 Electronika IM-09 - Space Bridge (Электроника ИМ-09 - Космический мост), a clone of Nintendo's Fire from the Game & Watch
 Space Bridge, a fictional interstellar transportation system in the Transformers universe, first seen in the episode in "Transport to Oblivion"
Tetraethyl orthosilicate. Tetraethyl orthosilicate, formally named tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), ethyl silicate is the organic chemical compound with the formula Si(OC2H5)4.  TEOS is a colorless liquid. It degrades in water.  TEOS is the  of orthosilicic acid, Si(OH)4.  It is the most prevalent alkoxide of silicon.

TEOS is a tetrahedral molecule. Like its many analogues, it is prepared by alcoholysis of silicon tetrachloride:
SiCl4  +  4 EtOH → Si(OEt)4  +  4 HCl
where Et is the ethyl group, C2H5, and thus EtOH is ethanol.

Applications
TEOS is mainly used as a crosslinking agent in silicone polymers and as a precursor to silicon dioxide in the semiconductor industry.

TEOS is also used as the silica source for synthesis of some zeolites. Other applications include coatings for carpets and other objects. TEOS is used in the production of aerogel. These applications exploit the reactivity of the Si-OR bonds. TEOS has historically been used as an additive to alcohol based rocket fuels to decrease the heat flux to the chamber wall of regeneratively cooled engines by over 50%.

TEOS is used in steel casting industry as an inorganic binder and stiffener for making silica-based ceramic molding forms (see also sodium silicate). and as an inorganic binder for coatings (passivation) of different materials such as steel, glass, brass, and wood in order to make surfaces resistant to water, oxygen and high temperatures.. Further applications of TEOS include its use as an additive to solid polymers to enhance their adhesion to glass, steel or wood, as a binder for porcelain teeth crowns, and as a precursor to siloxanes.

Other reactions
TEOS easily converts to silicon dioxide upon the addition of water:
Si(OC2H5)4 + 2 H2O → SiO2  +  4 C2H5OH
An idealized equation is shown, in reality the silica produced is hydrated.  This hydrolysis reaction is an example of a sol-gel process. The side product is ethanol. The reaction proceeds via a series of condensation reactions that convert the TEOS molecule into a mineral-like solid via the formation of Si-O-Si linkages. Rates of this conversion are sensitive to the presence of acids and bases, both of which serve as catalysts. The Stöber process allows the formation of monodisperse and mesoporous silica.

At elevated temperatures (>600 °C), TEOS converts to silicon dioxide:
Si(OC2H5)4   →   SiO2  +  2 (C2H5)2O
The volatile coproduct is diethyl ether.

Safety
Inhalation of TEOS induces eye and nose irritation, and eye contact with the liquid is irritating. High exposure to TEOS can lead to pulmonary edema, but hazards can be reduced by atmospheric humidity and vapor pressure conditions. The mechanism of irritation is similar to that of tetramethyl orthosilicate.

References

External links
NIST Standard Reference Database 69, June 2005 Release: NIST Chemistry WebBook
CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Ethoxy compounds
Silicate esters
Interactive ALGOL 68. The Interactive ALGOL 68 compiler for ALGOL 68 was made available by Peter Craven of Algol Applications from 1984. Then in 1994 from OCCL (Oxford and Cambridge Compilers Ltd) until 2004.

Platforms
 Inmos Transputer family
 Linux for Intel x86 computers
 OS/2 version 2.0 and onward
 SunOS-4.1.3 (Solaris 1) for SPARC-based computers
 Windows 95 and Windows NT for Intel

Extensions to standard ALGOL 68 
 Ability to include source code, and versions of source code.
 Nestable comments
 FORALL syntactic element for looping over arrays.
 ANYMODE a union of all MODEs known to the compiler, and hence dynamic typing.
 Enhanced coercions (casting) allowing stringer then "strong" coercions.
 Enstructuring automatically coerces a variable from type to struct(type)
 Conforming coerces UNION (THING, MOODS) to THING, but if that is not the current mood of the union, then a run-time error will be generated.
 Library interface to the native operating system and other libraries.
 The operator SIZE
 Pseudo-operators ANDTH and OREL, and ANF and ORF for Short-circuit evaluation of Boolean expressions.
 Arrays can be slices with stride to select a subset of elements.
 MOID is treated differently.

Example of code 
MODULE vectors
BEGIN
    INT dim=3;
    MODE VECTOR = [dim]REAL;
    OP + = (VECTOR a, b) VECTOR: ( VECTOR out; FOR i FROM LWB a TO UPB a DO out:=a[i]+b[i] OD; out ),
       - = (VECTOR a, b) VECTOR: ( VECTOR out; FOR i FROM LWB a TO UPB a DO out:=a[i]-b[i] OD; out ),
       DOT = (VECTOR a, b) REAL: ( REAL out:=0; FOR i FROM LWB a TO UPB a DO out+:=a[i]*b[i] OD; out );
END
KEEP VECTOR, +, -, DOT

Restrictions to the language from the standard ALGOL 68
 Variable, Modes and Operators must be declared before use.
 Anonymous procedure may use rows-declarer as a parameter.
 No transient subnames of flexible arrays.
 No formatted Transput (or format-texts).
 Restricted use of straightening of multiple values during Transput.
 Limited use of BYTES, BITS and BOOL.
 restricted use of labels to follow EXIT statements.

See also 
 ALGOL 68

References

External links
 "Interactive Algol 68" as an introduction to structured programming for students - Dec 1984
 Archived OCCL Home page
 Proprietary OCCL Algol 68 compiler for MSDOS
 OCCL Algol 68 white-paper

ALGOL 68 implementation
CC 48 mine. The CC 48 is an Italian wooden cased minimum metal anti-tank mine that was used during the Second World War. The mine uses a shaped TNT explosive charge to produce a directional cutting effect. The mine uses two PMC/43 fuzes, but these can be replaced with PMC/42/2 anti-personnel fuzes, combined with weakening the lid this can make it sensitive enough to be detonated by the weight of a mine.

The mines were normally laid between 3.5 and 1.8 meters apart, any closer would trigger sympathetic detonation.

Specifications
 Length: 0.28 m
 Width: 0.13 m
 Height: 0.14 m
 Operating pressure: 220 lbs
 Explosive content: 4 lbs of cast TNT

References
 Landmine and countermine warfare, Italy, 1943-1944

Anti-tank mines of Italy
CS 42/2 mine. The CS 42/2 is an Italian wooden cased anti-tank mine used during the Second World War. The mine uses four PMC 43 buttons, which can be substituted for Model 42/2 fuzes to make it function as an Anti-personnel mine.

Specifications
 Dimensions: 340 x 289 x 160 millimeters
 Operating pressure: 220 lbs
 Explosive content: 11 lbs of TNT

References
 Landmine and Countermine Warfare, Italy 1943-1944

Anti-tank mines of Italy
CS 42/3 mine. The CS 42/3 is an Italian wooden cased anti-tank mine used during the Second World War. Like the earlier CS 42/2 mine it uses four PMC 43 fuzes. It is a minimum metal mine, containing no metal.

Specifications
 Dimensions: 284 x 236 x 144 millimeters
 Operating pressure: 220 lbs
 Explosive content: 11 lbs of TNT

References
 Landmine and Countermine Warfare, North Africa 1940-1943

Anti-tank mines of Italy
ICAI School of Engineering. ICAI School of Engineering (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería - ICAI in Spanish) is the school of engineering of the Comillas Pontifical University, located in Madrid, Spain.

ICAI is the acronym by which the Instituto Católico de Artes e Industrias (Catholic Institute for Arts and Industry in English) is known. It is the name of the school even before it joined the Comillas Pontifical University in 1978.

Currently, the ICAI School of Engineering occupies three buildings in Madrid's neighbourhood of Argüelles, in the streets of Alberto Aguilera 25 (headquarters), Santa Cruz de Marcenado, and Francisco de Ricci.

History 
ICAI was founded in 1908 by the Jesuits as a technical school for industry workers. Its study programmes were officially recognised by the Spanish Government in 1957. In 1960 ICAI merged with ICADE to become ICAI-ICADE.

In 1978, with a view to reinforce a catholic university with a wider range of academic disciplines, ICAI-ICADE joined the Comillas Pontifical University, and the new School of Engineering kept ICAI as a brand name.

During the 2006-07 academic year, it had 1805 undergraduate students, 147 graduate students, and its 264 academics attracted research funds for a total of €3.7 million. 63% of the graduating students had done paid industrial placements. ICAI sent 150 students abroad for international exchanges and hosted 92 international students. It has exchange agreements with 49 European universities and 41 US and Asian universities.

Academic Studies 
ICAI offers just two engineering programs to undergraduates: Industrial Engineering (electric, electronic and mechanical), and Telecommunications Engineering. Both programs are structured in a 4-year Bachelor plus a 2-year Master.
In addition ICAI offers several specialized Master programs oriented to the industry and a Doctorate program oriented to engineering research.

IIT 
The Instituto de Investigación Tecnológica (IIT), Institute for Research in Technology in English, is a part of the School of Engineering. It is a non-profit institute which conducts research and postgraduate training on diverse technological fields. It is financed through participation in specific projects of interest for Industry, and responds to a clear social demand.

Notes

External links

Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI
IIT - Institute for Research in Technology. Official website
Universidad Pontificia Comillas .Official website
Website ICAInow, 1997 student initiative for a non official website about ICAI
Official Twitter profile

Engineering universities and colleges in Spain
ICAI
ICAI
1908 establishments in Spain
Jamie Andrew. Jamie Andrew (born 3 August 1969) is a Scottish mountaineer.

Early life
Andrew was born in Bearsden, just outside Glasgow. He attended school there, and later in Glasgow. He went on to study for a BEng in Electrical Engineering at the University of Edinburgh. He completed an MSc at Bangor in North Wales and then moved to Edinburgh where he still lives.

In 1995 he embarked on a career as an Industrial Rope Access Technician, tacking construction and maintenance projects on high buildings involving abseiling. Projects included work on oil rigs, viaducts, power stations, and painting the Forth Bridge. He became a Team Leader, Safety Supervisor and Rope Access Trainer for rope access company based in an Edinburgh.

Accident
In January 1999 Andrew and his friend Jamie Fisher got caught in a storm after having climbed the north face of Les Droites in the Mont Blanc massif. Having made it up the north face the two men were beset by snow, winds of 90 mph and temperatures of -30 °C, for the following four nights. On the last night Fisher died of hypothermia. Despite having developed frostbite, Andrew survived the experience, being helicoptered off the mountain by the French rescue services. His ordeal was featured on the documentary series I Shouldn't Be Alive. The episode is titled Death Climb and first aired on 26 January 2011.

After amputation
Amputation of all four limbs was necessary to save Andrew's life from septic shock. After he recovered from the surgery, he spent several months in rehabilitation. After his first walk (with no hands or feet) up Blackford Hill Andrew took part in skiing, snowboarding, paragliding, orienteering, running, hill walking, caving, rock climbing and mountaineering. He has walked up Ben Nevis, raising £15,000 for charity in the process, run the London Marathon in 2001 raising £22,000 for charity, made many ascents of 4,000 m peaks in the Alps and climbed Kilimanjaro with three other disabled mountaineers raising £5,000 for charity. In 2012 Andrew climbed the Olympic Stadium of the London 2012 games as part of Channel 4's "Meet the Superhumans" campaign to launch the Paralympic Games.

Andrew gives talks throughout the UK and in 2004 published the book Life and Limb which tells his story. According to Andrew his challenge for the future is his young daughter and twins. In April 2014 he was a guest on the BBC Radio 4 programme Midweek. Seven Summits with boparfet.

On 4 August 2016, Andrew climbed to the top of the  Matterhorn in Zermatt, accompanied by two local mountaineers.

Personal life
In June 2000 he married his long-term partner, Anna Wyatt. In February 2004 the couple had a daughter and in May 2006 had twins, a girl and a boy.

Works

References

External links
 Jamie Andrew's website

1969 births
Living people
People from Bearsden
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of Bangor University
Scottish mountain climbers
Writers from Glasgow
21st-century Scottish autobiographers
Climbing and mountaineering writers
21st-century Scottish writers
21st-century Scottish male writers
Scottish non-fiction writers
Scottish male non-fiction writers
Homayoun Seraji. Homâyun Serâji ( 1947 – 16 April 2007) was an Iranian scientist, engineer, a JPL senior researcher and former professor of Sharif University of Technology who published extensively in the field of multivariable control systems, focusing on optimal control, pole placement, multivariable PID controllers, and output regulation. Also he has significant publications in the field of Robotics, and space exploration.

Education
Seraji was born and grew up in Tehran. He ranked first in the Iranian national high-school diploma examinations in 1965. He then moved to the United Kingdom and studied at Sussex University and majored in Electrical Engineering. Seraji earned his Ph.D. in Control Systems at the University of Cambridge in 1972.

Career
In 1974, he joined Aryamehr University of Technology (now Sharif University of Technology), as a Professor of Electrical Engineering and was involved in teaching and research in control systems for ten years. He was also selected as a United Nations Distinguished Scientist in 1984.

In 1985, Seraji joined NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Caltech. During his tenure at JPL, he conducted extensive research that has led to major contributions in the field of robot control systems, particularly in: adaptive robot control, control of dexterous robots, contact control, real-time collision avoidance, rule-based robot navigation, and safe spacecraft landing.

The outcome of his research in controls and robotics has been published in 98 peer-reviewed journal papers, 119 refereed conference publications, 5 contributed chapters, and has led to 10 patents.

In 2003, he was recognized as the most-published author in the 20-year history of the Journal of Robotic Systems.

Awards
JPL Edward Stone Award for Outstanding Research Publication in 2003
NASA Group Achievement Award in 1991 and 2002
Fellow of IEEE in 1997
NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Award in 1992
NASA Major Space Act Award

See also
Science and technology in Iran

Notes

External links
Homayoun Seraji at JPL

Iranian electrical engineers
Iranian engineers
American people of Iranian descent
American electrical engineers
NASA people
Engineers from Tehran
Academic staff of Sharif University of Technology
1947 births
2007 deaths
Control theorists
Iranian roboticists
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Iranian expatriate academics
American roboticists
Iranian expatriates in the United Kingdom
20th-century American engineers
Dibromomethane. Dibromomethane or methylene bromide, or methylene dibromide is a halomethane with the formula CH2Br2. It is slightly soluble in water but very soluble in organic solvents.  It is a colorless liquid.

Physical properties
At ambient temperature, dibromomethane freezes around 0.61 GPa.  The crystal structure strongly suggests both interhalogen and hydrogen-halogen interactions.

Preparation
Dibromomethane is prepared commercially from dichloromethane via bromochloromethane:
6 CH2Cl2  + 3 Br2  + 2 Al  →  6 CH2BrCl  +  2 AlCl3
CH2Cl2  + HBr  →  CH2BrCl  +  HCl
The latter route requires aluminium trichloride as a catalyst.
The bromochloromethane product from either reaction can further react in a similar manner:
6 CH2BrCl  + 3 Br2  + 2 Al  →  6 CH2Br2  +  2 AlCl3
CH2BrCl  + HBr  →  CH2Br2  +  HCl

In the laboratory, it is prepared from bromoform using sodium arsenite and sodium hydroxide: 
CHBr3 + Na3AsO3 + NaOH → CH2Br2 + Na3AsO4 + NaBr

Another way is to prepare it from diiodomethane and bromine.

Uses
Dibromomethane is used as a solvent, gauge fluid, and in organic synthesis (often as 1H-NMR internal standard).  It conviently converts polyols (such as catechols) to their methylenedioxy derivatives, and bromomethylenates enolates.  It is a much cheaper precursor to a Simmons-Smith-type reagent than diiodomethane.

Natural occurrence
It is naturally produced by marine algae and liberated to the oceans. Releasing on soil causes it to evaporate and leach into the ground. Releasing in water causes it to be lost mainly by volatilisation with a half life of 5.2 hours. It has no significant degradation biological or abiological effects. In the atmosphere it will be lost because of reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. The estimated half life of this reaction is 213 days.

References

External links
 

Bromoalkanes
Halomethanes
Refrigerants
Diiodomethane. Diiodomethane or methylene iodide, commonly abbreviated "MI", is an organoiodine compound. Diiodomethane is a very dense colorless liquid; however, it decomposes upon exposure to light liberating iodine, which colours samples brownish.  It is slightly soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents. It has a very high refractive index of 1.741, and a surface tension of 0.0508 N·m−1.

Uses
Because of its high density, diiodomethane is used in the determination of the density of mineral and other solid samples.  It can also be used as an optical contact liquid, in conjunction with the gemmological refractometer, for determining the refractive index of certain gemstones. 

Diiodomethane is a reagent for installing the CH2 group. In the Simmons–Smith reaction, it is a source of methylene. In fact the Simmons–Smith reaction does not produce free carbene but proceeds via Zn-CH2I intermediates.

Diiodomethane is also a source of the equivalent of .  The synthesis of Fe2(CH2)(CO)8 illustrates this reactivity:
Na2Fe2(CO)8  +  CH2I2 → Fe2(CH2)(CO)8  +  2NaI

Preparation
Diiodomethane can be prepared from the widely available solvent dichloromethane by the action of sodium iodide in acetone in the Finkelstein reaction:
CH2Cl2 + 2 NaI   →   CH2I2 + 2 NaCl

It can also be prepared by reducing iodoform with elemental phosphorus or sodium arsenite:
CHI3  +  Na3AsO3  +  NaOH   →   CH2I2  +  NaI  +  Na3AsO4

Safety
Alkyl iodides are alkylating agents, which are potential mutagens.

References

External links
 Diiodomethane data sheet
 New particle formation from photooxidation of diiodomethane 

Iodoalkanes
Halomethanes
Halogenated solvents
Practical Mechanics. Practical Mechanics was a monthly British magazine devoted mostly to home mechanics and technology.  It was first published by George Newnes, Ltd., in October 1933, and ran for 352 issues until the magazine's termination in August 1963.  Practical Mechanics was edited by Frederick J. Camm until his death in 1959.

With an emphasis on things its readers could reasonably construct themselves, the magazine featured numerous articles on how to build things around one's house, such as a sink or bathtub.  It also regularly featured more fanciful articles on how to build things with less obvious applications around the home, for example a Geiger counter, or an aeroplane for £25 (not including the cost of an engine).

The early issues were in black and white.  The magazine began printing in color at an unknown date.

Practical Mechanics was one of a number of DIY British publications, including Practical Householder, Practical Motorist, and Practical Wireless, also founded by Frederick J. Camm.

References

Science and technology magazines published in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1933
Magazines disestablished in 1963
George Newnes Ltd magazines