omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Maintenance of an organism. Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes
 Somatic maintenance mainly comprises the turnover of structural mass (mainly proteins) and the maintenance of concentration gradients of metabolites across membranes (e.g., counteracting leakage). This is related to maintenance respiration.
 Maturity maintenance concerns the maintenance of defence systems (such as the immune system), and the preparation of the body for reproduction.

The theory assumes that maturity maintenance costs can be reduced more easily during starvation than somatic maintenance costs. Under extreme starvation conditions, somatic maintenance costs are paid from structural mass, which causes shrinking. Some organism manage to switch to the torpor state under starvation conditions, and reduce their maintenance costs.

Developmental biology
Schweizer brothers. Paul, William (Bill), and Ernest Schweizer were three brothers who started building gliders in 1930. In 1937, they formed the Schweizer Metal Aircraft Company. Their first commercial glider sale was an SGU 1-7 glider to Harvard University's Altosaurus Glider Club. At that time, Eliot Noyes was a sailplane pilot in the Harvard soaring club. That glider was later restored and currently resides at the National Soaring Museum in Elmira, New York.

In 1939, the Schweizer brothers relocated to Elmira, New York, and incorporated as Schweizer Aircraft. Best known internationally for their gliders, they also remembered the importance of the folks who worked with them and for them. Over their nearly 70 years, they enabled creation of various flying machines; from gliders to crop dusters to helicopters, while contributing to the aircraft industry as a whole, and the Southern Tier of New York in particular.

According to a recent editorial in the Elmira Star-Gazette, when it came time to sell the company, the brothers wanted to find a buyer who respected their values and their folks, and chose the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation (a UTC subsidiary) in Connecticut. The sale was completed successfully in 2004, providing growth opportunities for Schweizer.

All three brothers have been inducted to the U.S. Soaring Hall of Fame; Paul and Ernest in its second year, 1955 (along with the Wright Brothers), and later William in 1984. Paul and Ernest also won the 1953 Warren E. Eaton Memorial Trophy, considered Soaring Society of America's highest award.

References

External links
 November 2005 issue of SKYLINES [reference photo & caption on page 2]
 Schweizer corporate history page
 photo of the SGU1-7 glider with its new owner, the "Altosaurus Soaring Club"

 Article about Paul Schweizer at Soaring Museum website

 Article about Bill Schweizer at Soaring Museum website

 Article about Ernest Schweizer at Soaring Museum website

20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American engineers
American aerospace engineers
Businesspeople in aviation
Aviation pioneers
American glider pilots
Brother trios
Engineers from New York (state)
People from Elmira, New York
Rytecraft. The Rytecraft Scootacar was a British microcar built by the British Motorboat Manufacturing Company in London between 1934 and 1940. The company later changed its name to BMB Engineering. It is possible that some might have been assembled after 1945.

This very small car originated as a fairground Dodgem and was electrically powered. In 1934, the designer Jack Shillan changed the engine to a 98 cc Villiers Midget single-cylinder engine and sold it for road use. The transmission was single speed and operated by a single pedal which opened the throttle on being pressed down and applied the brake when released. The clutch was automatic. There were no springs. Drive was to one of the rear wheels and the single brake operated on the other. It was said to be capable of reaching 15 mph (25 km/h). The body was open and had a single seat.

Later cars from about 1939 had a larger 250 cc engine, a three speed gearbox and normal pedal controls. Top speed was 40 mph (65 km/h). Two seats were now fitted along with electric lights. A commercial version, the Scootatruck was also made and for publicity some were styled to look like Vauxhall and Chrysler models.

About 1000 were made. In the 1960s Jim Parkinson drove one  around the world and it was a 98 cc model. Several survive and one is on display at the Brooklands museum.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Rytecraft discovered in India
A-Z of Cars of the 1930s. Michael Sedwick and Mark Gillies. Bay View Books 1989. 

Microcars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in London
Cars introduced in 1934
Mercedes-Benz Museum. The Mercedes-Benz Museum is an automobile museum in Stuttgart, Germany. It covers the history of the Mercedes-Benz brand and the brands associated with it. Stuttgart is home to the Mercedes-Benz brand and the international headquarters of the Mercedes-Benz Group.

The museum building

The current building, which stands directly outside the main gate of the Daimler factory in Stuttgart, was designed by UN Studio. It is based on a unique cloverleaf concept using three overlapping circles with the center removed to form a triangular atrium recalling the shape of a Wankel engine. The building was completed and opened on 19 May 2006. Architecture and exhibition concept are closely interwoven, as exhibition designer HG Merz had already been commissioned before the architecture competition in 2001.

The building's height and "double helix" interior were designed to maximise space, providing  of exhibition space on a footprint of just . The double helix also corresponds to the exhibition concept, which divides the museum into the "legend rooms" and the "collections", offering two alternative tours that can be merged at any given point of the museum.

The museum contains more than 160 vehicles, some dating back to the very earliest days of the motorcar engine. The vehicles are maintained by the Mercedes-Benz Classic Center of Fellbach. Previously, the museum was housed in a dedicated building within the factory complex and visitors had in recent decades been transported from the main gate by a secured shuttle.

Other details
The museum provides visitors with free audio tours in a variety of languages. In 2023, the museum was visited by 800,245 people.

Visitors are also offered the opportunity to take a tour of the nearby Untertürkheim engine factory. The factory produces many of the company's diesel engines.

Gallery

See also
 Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz
 List of automobile museums
 Mercedes-Benz World
 Museum for Historical Maybach Vehicles

Further reading

References

External links

  

 

Mercedes-Benz
Museums in Stuttgart
Tourist attractions in Stuttgart
Automobile museums in Germany
Russon. The Russon was a British microcar with a sporting appearance and built by Russon Cars Ltd in Eaton Bray, Stanbridge, Bedfordshire, between 1951 and 1952.

Brain-child of D.A. Russell, the editor of Aeromodeller magazine, and designed by Derek Currie, the Russon was at first powered by a rear-mounted 197-cc JAP engine, but production cars used a larger 250-cc twin from Excelsior. Drive was to the rear wheels through a motorcycle-type 3-speed gearbox. The suspension was independent all around with coil springs, and the body was mounted on a tubular chassis frame.  and 65 mpg were claimed.

The alloy-panelled body was built on an ash frame in a traditional coachbuilders manner and was styled to look like a bit like a miniature Jaguar XK120.  There was said to be room for three people to sit side by side.  The car was killed by its high price of £491, for which a "normal" family saloon could be had, and less than 10 were made.

The assets of this company were acquired by Air Vice Marshal D.C.T. Bennett in preparation for his project, the Fairthorpe Cars.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Microcars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Companies based in Bedfordshire

Cars introduced in 1951
University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport. University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport  (Max Westheimer Airport) is a public use airport in Norman, in Cleveland County, Oklahoma. It is owned by the University of Oklahoma. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025 categorized it as a reliever airport.

History 
The airport was built as a civil airport on land donated by the Neustadt family in the name of World War I pilot Max Westheimer to the University of Oklahoma and land from the city of Norman, Oklahoma. It was taken over by the U.S. Navy in 1941 and expanded as a training field; it was then called the Naval Air Station Norman. It was transferred back to the University after the war.

Facilities
The airport covers 727 acres (294 ha) at an elevation of 1,182 feet (360 m) above sea level. It has two asphalt runways: 18/36 is 5,199 by 100 feet (1,585 x 30 m) and 3/21 is 4,748 by 100 feet (1,447 x 30 m).

In the year ending January 1, 2018, the airport had 48,733 aircraft operations, an average of 134 per day: 97% general aviation, 2% military and 1% air taxi. In May 2022, there were 107 aircraft based at this airport: 80 single-engine, 16 multi-engine, 5 jet and 6 helicopter.

The Cleveland County Composite Squadron of Civil Air Patrol meets on Tuesday evenings in a hangar provided by The University of Oklahoma, east of the terminal.

See also 
 List of airports in Oklahoma

References

External links 
 University of Oklahoma - Max Westheimer Airport
 University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport (OUN) at Oklahoma Aeronautics Commission
 Cleveland County Composite Squadron - Civil Air Patrol
 University of Oklahoma LAAS & WAAS Testing
 Aerial image as of February 1995 from USGS The National Map
 
 

Airports in Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma
University of Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in Cleveland County, Oklahoma
University and college airports
Generalised compound. A generalized compound is a mixture of chemical compounds of constant composition, despite possible changes in the total amount. The concept is used in the Dynamic Energy Budget theory, where biomass is partitioned into a limited set of generalised compounds, which contain a high percentage of organic compounds. The amount of generalized compound can be quantified in terms of weight, but more conveniently in terms of C-moles. The concept of strong homeostasis has an intimate relationship with that of generalised compound.

References 

Metabolism
Catapult effect. In electromagnetics, the catapult description of magnetic forces refers to when a current is passed through a loose wire in a magnetic field. The loose wire is then catapulted horizontally away from the magnetic field. This occurs due to the Lorentz force acting on the electric current in the wire due to the magnetic field.

Implications of the catapult effect on science
The idea of the catapult effect is central in our day-to-day lives as it greatly contributes to our understanding of the electric motor (which we use in numerous appliances from washing machines to vacuum cleaners and cars). The catapult effect helps to explain the movement of the motor itself and is thus used widely in science.

The left hand rule
The left-hand rule helps to explain why the loose wire moves as it does in the catapult effect. The left hand rule naturally takes its name from the left hand anemyl the thumb and the next two fingers. If you arrange the fingers in a three-dimensional shape so the first finger and thumb are perpendicular to one another and the second finger is perpendicular to the first aiming downwards then this is the way magnetic fields with addition of flowing current will act. The thumb represents the direction of motion. The first finger represents the direction of the magnetic field while the second finger represents the direction of the current. Therefore, as long as you know the direction of one of these three variables you will be able to predict the other two using the left hand rule. This is used in electric motors.

References

Electromagnetism
Toxicant. A toxicant is any toxic substance, whether artificial or naturally occurring. By contrast, a toxin is a poison produced naturally by an organism (e.g. plant, animal, insect, bacterium). The different types of toxicants can be found in the air, soil, water, or food.

Occurrence 

Toxicants can be found in the air, soil, water, or food. Humans can be exposed to environmental toxicants. Fish can contain environmental toxicants. Tobacco smoke contains toxicants. E-cigarette aerosol also contains toxicants. The emissions of a heat-not-burn tobacco product contains toxicants. Most heavy metals are toxicants. Diesel exhaust contains toxicants. Pesticides, benzene, and asbestos-like fibers such as carbon nanotubes are toxicants. Possible developmental toxicants include phthalates, phenols, sunscreens, pesticides, halogenated flame retardants, perfluoroalkyl coatings, nanoparticles, e-cigarettes, and dietary polyphenols.

Related terms 
By contrast, a toxin is a poison produced naturally by an organism (e.g. plant, animal, insect). The 2011 book A Textbook of Modern Toxicology states, "A toxin is a toxicant that is produced by a living organism and is not used as a synonym for toxicant—all toxins are toxicants, but not all toxicants are toxins. Toxins, whether produced by animals, plants, insects, or microbes are generally metabolic products that have evolved as defense mechanisms for the purpose of repelling or killing predators or pathogens."

Biocides are classified as oxidizing or non-oxidizing toxicants. Chlorine is the most commonly manufactured oxidizing toxicant. Chlorine is ubiquitously added to drinking water to disinfect it. Non-oxidizing toxicants include isothiazolinones and quaternary ammonium compounds.

An intoxicant is a substance that intoxicates such as an alcoholic drink. An intoxicant is a substance that impairs the mind and causes a person to be in a state varying from exhilaration to lethargy.

Health impacts

References

External links
Network Computing System. The Network Computing System (NCS) was an implementation of the Network Computing Architecture (NCA). It was created at Apollo Computer in the 1980s. It comprised a set of tools for implementing distributed software applications, or distributed computing. The three principal components of NCS were a runtime environment for remote procedure calls, a network interface definition language (NIDL) compiler, and a location broker service. The location broker differentiated NCS from similar offerings, such as the rival Open Network Computing technology from Sun Microsystems, by permitting services to be distributed in a dynamic fashion and offering the possibility of "location independence".

The design and implementation of DCE/RPC, the remote procedure call mechanism in the Distributed Computing Environment, is based on NCA/NCS. In response to a request for proposals from the Open Software Foundation for distributed computing environments, NCS featured in the DEcorum proposal submitted by Apollo, by then incorporated as a division within Hewlett-Packard, along with IBM, Locus Computing, Transarc, Digital Equipment Corporation and Microsoft. It also was the first implementation of universally unique identifiers, these being employed by the location broker to identify objects in the distributed system.

References

Bibliography

 
 
Lyons, Tom (1991).  Network Computing System Tutorial. Hewlett-Packard Company, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 
P. Leach et al. (2005). RFC 4122 — A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace. Internet Engineering Task Force.
Internet Protocol based network software
Dornier Do 22. The Dornier Do 22 was a German seaplane, developed in the 1930s. Despite good performance, it was built only in small numbers and entirely for the export market. The type was operated in the Second World War by Finland, Greece and Yugoslavia.

Development and design
In 1934, Dornier's Swiss subsidiary, based at its factory at Altenrhein, designed a three-seat, single-engined military floatplane, the Do C3; two prototypes were built, with the first flown in 1935.

It was a parasol wing monoplane of fabric-covered all-metal construction. Its slightly swept back wing was attached to the fuselage by bracing struts, and its two floats were braced to both the wing and fuselage. It was powered by a Hispano-Suiza 12Ybrs engine driving a three-bladed propeller, and could carry a single torpedo or bombs under the fuselage. Defensive armament was one fixed forward-firing machine gun, also two in the rear cockpit and one in a ventral tunnel.

The first production model, known as the Do 22/See when fitted with floats, did not fly until 15 July 1938 from Dornier's factory at Friedrichshafen, Germany, although it did incorporate parts made in Switzerland. While the Luftwaffe was not interested in the aircraft, examples were sold to Yugoslavia, Greece and Latvia. In March 1939, a prototype with conventional landing gear (the Do 22L), was completed and test-flown, but it did not enter production.

Operational history
The Greek Do 22s were destroyed during the German invasion of the Balkans in 1941, but the crews of eight of the Yugoslav machines successfully evaded capture or destruction by fleeing to Egypt. There they flew under the control of the British Royal Air Force until the lack of spare parts made the aircraft unusable.

The four Latvian aircraft had not been delivered when the Soviet Union occupied Latvia in 1940, and were retained by Germany. In 1942 they were transferred to Finland, being used on floats or skis until the end of the war.

Variants
Do C3
Prototypes of the Do 22, two built
Do 22Kg
 Export version for Greece.
Do 22Kj
 Export version for Yugoslavia.
Do 22Kl
 Export version for Latvia. Not delivered, but eventually transferred to Finland.
Do 22L
 Land-based aircraft, fitted with a conventional landing gear. One prototype only.

Operators
 Finnish Air Force – four Do 22KI 

Royal Hellenic Air Force
 
Latvian Air Force 
 Yugoslav Royal Navy  – 12

Specifications (Do 22)

See also

Notes

References

Donald, David (ed.) The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Leicester, UK: Blitz Editions. .
Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Six Floatplanes. London:Macdonald, 1962.

March, Daniel J. British Warplanes of World War II. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1998. .

Smith, J.R. and Kay, Antony L. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London:Putnam, 1972. .

External links

 A history of military equipment of Modern Greece (1821 - today): Greek Do.22 Kg

Do 022
1930s German bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Floatplanes
DEBtox. The DEBtox method for the evaluation of effects of toxicants makes use of the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory to quantify the effect. See the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report, below, for a description of the method.

Toxicants, after they have been taken up by the organism and reached the target site, are assumed to affect one or more metabolic processes as specified in DEB theory. Examples of such processes are the costs for maintenance, assimilation of energy from food, costs for producing somatic tissues, costs for the production of offspring, and hazards to the developing embryo.

A change in a single metabolic process has particular consequences for both growth and reproduction of the organism. Therefore, the specific pattern of growth and reproduction over time provides information about the affected process. In this way, the DEBtox method can be used to explain observed effect patterns over time, as well as the links between effects on body size and reproduction.

A key concept in this method is the determination of the No Effect Concentration. The DEBtox method is able to extract this parameter efficiently from experimental data by making use of knowledge of how effects will show up in the data if they would be present. Not all details of the DEB theory are used in this method; effects on survival as specified by the hazard model hardly uses any detail of the DEB theory, for instance, but is fully consistent with how DEB theory deals with aging as a result of the effects of free radicals.

References

External links
 DEBtox information site
  

Toxicology tests
Tetracyanoethylene. Tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) is organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless solid, although samples are often off-white. It is an important member of the cyanocarbons.

Synthesis and reactions
TCNE is prepared by brominating malononitrile in the presence of potassium bromide to give the KBr-complex, and dehalogenating with copper.

Oxidation of TCNE with hydrogen peroxide gives the corresponding epoxide, which has unusual properties.

In the presence of base, TCNE reacts with malononitrile to give salts of pentacyanopropenide:

Redox chemistry
TCNE is an electron acceptor. Cyano groups have low energy π* orbitals, and the presence of four such groups, with their π systems (conjugated) to the central  double bond, gives rise to an electrophilic alkene. TCNE is reduced at −0.27 V vs ferrocene/ferrocenium:

Because of its ability to accept an electron, TCNE has been used to prepare numerous charge-transfer salts and magnetic molecular materials. 

The central C=C distance in TCNE is 135 pm. Upon reduction, this bond elongates to 141–145 pm, depending on the counterion.

Safety
TCNE hydrolyzes in moist air to give hydrogen cyanide and should be handled accordingly.

References

Alkene derivatives
Nitriles
Superconductors
One-compartment kinetics. One-compartment kinetics for a chemical compound specifies that the uptake in the compartment is proportional to the concentration outside the compartment, and the elimination is proportional to the concentration inside the compartment. Both the compartment and the environment outside the compartment are considered to be homogeneous (well mixed).The compartment typically represents some organism (e.g. a fish or a daphnid).

This model is used in the simplest versions of the DEBtox method for the quantification of effects of toxicants.

References
"One-compartment kinetics." British Journal of Anaesthetics. 1992 Oct;69(4):387-96.

Biochemistry
Isonicotinic acid. Isonicotinic acid or pyridine-4-carboxylic acid is an organic compound with the formula C5H4N(CO2H). It is a derivative of pyridine with a carboxylic acid substituent at the 4-position. It is an isomer of picolinic acid and nicotinic acid, which have the carboxyl group at the 2- and 3-position respectively compared to the 4-position for isonicotinic acid.

Production
On a commercial scale, isonicotinic acid, like other pyridine carboxylic acid is produced by ammoxidation of 4-picoline (4-methylpyridine) followed by hydrolysis of the resulting nitrile:

It is also produced by oxidation of 4-picoline with nitric acid.

Derivatives
Isonicotinic acids is a term loosely used for derivatives of isonicotinic acid. Hydrazide derivatives include isoniazid, iproniazid, and nialamide. Amide and ester derivatives include ethionamide and dexamethasone isonicotinate.

Its conjugate base forms coordination polymers and MOFs by binding metal ions through both the N and carboxylate.

See also
 Pyridinecarboxylic acids

References

External links
 

Aromatic acids
4-Pyridyl compounds