omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
RigidChips. RigidChips is a rigid body simulator video game developed by Takeya Yasuhiko. Objects and vehicles are constructed by combining parts with a scripting language. The program calculates air and water resistance realistically. Models can be made using any basic text editor or a fan-made 3D editor. 

Planes are controlled by changing the angles of flat pieces much like in a real airplane. Games can be made by assigning scripts to the constructed objects, including multiplayer network games. Using models with gun chips, multiplayer battles are possible.

RigidChips was left without any official support from Takeya Yasuhiko with version v1.5.B26 from August 2006. When Takeya became active again, he announced that RigidChips was "dead" and he is making a similar simulator called "Laputan Blueprints", which is in the proof of concept phase.

Chip types 
The building blocks, called chips for their square shape, are chip, frame, rudder, rudderf, trim, trimf, wheel, reaction less wheel (RLW), jet, arm, and cowl. All chips have an angle, a color, and an option.

Chip
Can be affected by the force of gravity, air resistance, or impact with a wall. Its angle can be changed in a manner similar to a hinge.
Frame
Similar to a chip except that it is hollow and not affected by air resistance. Given the option 1, it is invisible and unaffected by collisions. This applies to all chips of similar architecture.
Rudder
Rotates in a manner similar to a rudder.
RudderF
A rudder, but with the architecture of a frame. 
Arm
A gun mostly used in multiplayer combats. It can be affected by air resistance and gravity. Given different options, the strength of the gun can be changed, along with the time to reload. The proportion is fixed.
Trim
A chip that rotates along the axis it is connected to, like a helicopter blade.
TrimF
A trim, but with the architecture of a frame. 
Weight
A chip that adds weight to the model. It's also proportionally more resistant to bullets, and is commonly used as armor.
Wheel
A wheel used just like a car wheel. Given the option 1 or 2 the wheel will have a larger tire.
RLW
Reacts the same as a wheel, except there is no friction. Used as gyros.
Jet
A jet works similar to that in an airplane or a rocket. Given the option 1 the jet will become a balloon filled with a lighter-than-air gas.
Cowl
A purely ornamental piece that is unaffected by physics. Only other cowls can attach to it. Given different options, the shape changes.

External links
Rigid body simulator RigidChips
Laputan blueprints project
RigidChips Modeler (Japanese)
RigidChips Designer (English) - Direct Download Link
"Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps"
"Possibility of Creation"

Freeware games
Lua (programming language)-scripted video games
Blohm & Voss BV 246. The Blohm & Voss BV 246 Hagelkorn (German language: "Hailstone") was a guided glide bomb developed to bomb specific targets (bridges, ships, etc.) once it was released.

History

This glider was designed by Richard Vogt, at first under the designation of BV 226, which was later changed to its definitive designation BV 246 on December 12, 1943.

It was intended to be dropped from a Junkers Ju 88 or a Heinkel He 111 bomber, either of which could carry three of the weapons, and was to be dropped from a height of  at a speed of , giving it a range of up to . In a slight dive the Bv 226 could reach a speed of .

The construction of the BV 246 avoided the usual aircraft techniques and strategic materials, so it could be mass-produced. It had clean aerodynamics, with high aspect ratio wings that made possible a glide ratio of 25:1. The wings were made of magnesite cement, formed around a steel spar. It had a cruciform tail in an early version and a double vertical tail mounted on the sides of a wide horizontal stabilizer in a later version. It had a length of  and a wingspan of . Its total weight was , of which  was the explosive warhead.

Initial tests revealed that the basic design was workable, but that the weapon was very inaccurate and because of this it was rejected. However, work was restarted in 1943, with 11 different versions being planned, due to its simple and inexpensive construction, and the new development contract was awarded to the Karlshagen test centre. A series of tests was begun to improve the weapon's accuracy, with air drops performed by KG 101. Despite unpromising results, the Ministry of Aviation nevertheless issued the order to commence mass production on 12 December 1943. In February 1944 the contract was cancelled due to the success of the V-1 flying bomb.

The weapon was revived a further time, in early 1945, as an early form of anti-radiation weapon, using the Radieschen passive seeker which was designed to home in on Allied radar transmitters; around 1,000 units were produced but never used operationally.

See also
 Azon
 ASM-N-2 Bat WW II autonomous radar-guidance glide bomb (U.S. Navy)
 Blohm & Voss BV 143
 Blohm & Voss BV 950
 GB-4
 GB-8
 Fritz X
 Felix
 Blohm & Voss BV 40 glider interceptor

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Smith, J. Richard and Kay, Anthony. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 3rd impression 1978, p. 664-666. .

External links

Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles
Blohm & Voss BV 246 Glide Bomb

BV 246
Guided bombs
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1945
Twin-tail aircraft
Charge-transfer insulators. Charge-transfer insulators are a class of materials predicted to be conductors following conventional band theory, but which are in fact insulators due to a charge-transfer process. Unlike in Mott insulators, where the insulating properties arise from electrons hopping between unit cells, the electrons in charge-transfer insulators move between atoms within the unit cell.  In the Mott–Hubbard case, it's easier for electrons to transfer between two adjacent metal sites (on-site Coulomb interaction U); here we have an excitation corresponding to the Coulomb energy U with

.

In the charge-transfer case, the excitation happens from the anion (e.g., oxygen) p level to the metal d level with the charge-transfer energy Δ:

.

U is determined by repulsive/exchange effects between the cation valence electrons. Δ is tuned by the chemistry between the cation and anion. One important difference is the creation of an oxygen p hole, corresponding to the change from a 'normal' O^2- to the ionic O- state. In this case the ligand hole is often denoted as .

Distinguishing between Mott-Hubbard and charge-transfer insulators can be done using the Zaanen-Sawatzky-Allen (ZSA) scheme.

Exchange interaction 
Analogous to Mott insulators we also have to consider superexchange in charge-transfer insulators. One contribution is similar to the Mott case: the hopping of a d electron from one transition metal site to another and then back the same way. This process can be written as

.

This will result in an antiferromagnetic exchange (for nondegenerate d levels) with an exchange constant .

In the charge-transfer insulator case

.

This process also yields an antiferromagnetic exchange :

The difference between these two possibilities is the intermediate state, which has one ligand hole for the first exchange () and two for the second ().

The total exchange energy is the sum of both contributions:

.

Depending on the ratio of , the process is dominated by one of the terms and thus the resulting state is either Mott-Hubbard or charge-transfer insulating.

References 

Quantum phases
Electronic band structures
WRM. WRM may refer to:

Wareham railway station in Dorset, England (National Rail station code)
Western Railway Museum in Sacramento, California.
West Richmond railway station, Melbourne
W. Ross Macdonald School in Brantford, Ontario, Canada.
WRM Motors of Oxford, an aircraft manufacturing company in Oxford, England.
World Rainforest Movement, an environmentalist group based in Uruguay.
Wira Replacement Model, an early working title for the Proton Gen-2, a Malaysian car.
The White Rose Movement, a youth resistance group fighting Nazi Germany during World War II.
White Rose Movement, a British post-punk band.
Windows Rights Management (Services), a Digital rights management technology for Microsoft Windows.
Windows Remote Management, a Microsoft Windows implementation of WS-Management Protocol based on SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
Neugebauer equations. The Neugebauer equations are a set of equations used to model color printing systems, developed by Hans E. J. Neugebauer. They were intended to predict the color produced by a combination of halftones printed in cyan, magenta, and yellow inks.

The equations estimate the reflectance (in CIE XYZ coordinates or as a function of wavelength) as a function of the reflectance of the 8 possible combinations of CMY inks (or the 16 combinations of CMYK inks), weighted by the area they take up on the paper. In wavelength form:
 
where Ri(λ) is the reflectance of ink combination i, and wi is the relative proportions of the 16 colors in a uniformly colored patch. The weights are dependent on the halftone pattern and possibly subject to various forms of dot gain.

Light can interact with the paper and ink in more complex ways. The Yule–Nielsen correction takes into account light entering through blank regions and re-emerging through ink:
 
The factor n would be 2 for a perfectly diffusing Lambertian paper substrate, but can be adjusted based on empirical measurements. Further considerations of the optics, such as multiple internal reflections, can be added at the price of additional complexity.

In order to achieve a desired reflectance, these equations have to be inverted to produce the actual dot areas or digital values sent to the printer, a nontrivial operation that may have multiple solutions.

See also
 CMYK color model

References

Equations
Color
Printing
Texas Tech University at Amarillo. Texas Tech University at Amarillo, located in Amarillo, Texas, is an official off campus teaching site of Lubbock-based Texas Tech University. It hosts master's degrees in systems and engineering management and manufacturing and engineering through both on-site and online courses as part of Texas Tech's Department of Industrial Engineering.

References

External links
 Texas Tech University at Amarillo Official Site

Amarillo
Texas Tech University at Amarillo
Texas Tech University at Amarillo
Educational institutions in the United States with year of establishment missing
Texas Tech University at Amarillo
University and college campuses in Texas
BMS-203. CER-203 is a central unit of early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia) in 1971. It contained both central processing unit and primary memory.

Specifications
Central Processing Unit:
 Number of instructions: 32
 Performance:
 one 16-cycle instruction:  20 μs
 one single cycle instruction: 5 μs
 addition and/or subtraction of two 15-digit numbers: 20 μs

Primary memory:
 Capacity: 8 kilowords
 Speed (cycle time): 1 μs
 Complete, autonomous memory error checking
 Parity control

See also
 CER-203 computer
 CER Computers
 Mihajlo Pupin Institute
 History of computer hardware in the SFRY

References

Early computers
Leverhulme Medal (Royal Society). The Leverhulme Medal is awarded by the Royal Society every three years "for an outstandingly significant contribution in the field of pure or applied chemistry or engineering, including chemical engineering". It was created in 1960 after a donation by the Leverhulme Trust to mark the 300th anniversary of the foundation of the Royal Society, and is accompanied by a £2000 gift. Since its creation, it has been awarded 21 times, and unlike other Royal Society medals such as the Royal Medal, it has never been awarded to the same person multiple times. Citizens of the United Kingdom have won the medal 19 of the 21 times; the two foreign recipients have been Man Mohan Sharma, an Indian citizen who was awarded the medal in 1996 "for his work on the dynamics of multi-phase chemical reactions in industrial processes", and Frank Caruso, an Australian chemical engineer, awarded the medal in 2019. Two Leverhulme Medal winners have also won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Archer John Porter Martin, who won the medal in 1963 for "his distinguished and fundamental discoveries in chromatography and its application" and the Nobel Prize in 1952, and Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, who won the medal in 1960 for "his outstanding contributions to physical chemistry" and the Nobel Prize in 1956. Anne Neville became the first woman to receive the award in 2016.

List of recipients

References
General

Specific

Awards of the Royal Society
Awards established in 1960
1960 in science
Acetochlor. Acetochlor is an herbicide developed by Monsanto Company and Zeneca. It is a member of the class of herbicides known as chloroacetanilides. Its mode of action is elongase inhibition, and inhibition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) cyclization enzymes, part of the gibberellin pathway. It carries high risks of environmental contamination.

Manufacture
Acetochlor is manufactured in two steps from 2-ethyl-6-methylaniline. A reaction with chloroacetyl chloride gives an anilide which is treated with chloromethyl ethyl ether and sodium hydroxide to form the herbicide.

Uses
In the United States, acetochlor was registered by the EPA as a direct substitute for many herbicides of known concern. The EPA imposed several restrictions and conditions on the use of acetochlor.

It is approved for pre-emergence application or for pre-planting application with soil incorporation, in corn. (maize) at 5 litres / hectare (1835g / hectare of a.i.) It is the main active ingredient in Acenit, Keystone, Guardian, Harness, Relay, Sacemid, Surpass, Top-Hand, Trophy and Winner.

It is used to control weeds in corn, and is particularly useful as a replacement for atrazine in the case of some important weeds.

Safety
Acetochlor has been classified as a probable human carcinogen. Acetochlor, as alachlor, can cause nasal turbinate tumors via the generation of a common tissue reactive metabolite that leads to cytotoxicity and regenerative proliferation in the nasal epithelium.

It is a thyroid disruptor.

Human health effects from acetochlor at low environmental doses or at biomonitored levels from low environmental exposures are unknown. A case of poisoning with extremely swollen genitals as a symptom was reported after contact.

Ecologic effects 
In the United States, acetochlor is the third most frequently detected herbicide in natural waters.

Acetochlor can accelerate metamorphosis in amphibians. It can also affect the development of fish.

See also
Metolachlor

References

External links
 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency article on Acetochlor

Herbicides
Organochlorides
Ethers
Endocrine disruptors
Acetanilides
Interflow. In hydrology, interflow is the lateral movement of water in the unsaturated zone, or vadose zone, that returns to the surface or enters a stream. Interflow is sometimes used interchangeably with throughflow; however, throughflow is specifically the subcomponent of interflow that returns to the surface, as overland flow, prior to entering a stream or becoming groundwater. Interflow occurs when water infiltrates (see infiltration (hydrology)) into the subsurface, hydraulic conductivity decreases with depth, and lateral flow proceeds downslope. As water accumulates in the subsurface, saturation may occur, and interflow may exfiltrate as return flows, becoming overland flow.

References

Hydrology
Aquatic ecology
Hydrogeology
M. M. Ayoub. M. M. Ayoub is an Egyptian retired P.W. Horn Professor of Industrial Engineering at Texas Tech University. He is a pioneer in the field of ergonomics, specifically relating to the application of mechanics to manual material handling.

Ayoub holds a BS degree in Aeronautical Engineering which he earned at the University of Cairo, graduating in 1953. His MS (1955) and PhD (1964) are in Industrial Engineering from the University of Iowa.

Ayoub has served as a consultant to both OSHA and NIOSH. He was both the organizer and the first director of the ergonomics division of the Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE) and its first director (the IIE now gives an award in his honor). He also served as president of the International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety. Additionally, Ayoub is a fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, a fellow of the Ergonomics Society, the American Society of Engineering Education. Ayoub also served on the Human Factors Committee for the National Academy of Sciences, and was a member of the NIOSH Board of Scientific Counselors.

References

External links 
 "Who is Dr. M. M. Ayoub?." Retrieved February 22, 2007.

American industrial engineers
Living people
Texas Tech University faculty
University of Iowa alumni
Cairo University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
George Jacobs (inventor). George Jacobs (1877 – 1945) was an American inventor, who invented enamel insulation for magnet wire. He founded Dudlo Manufacturing, which became part of General Cable Corporation, and Inca Manufacturing, which became Phelps-Dodge Magnet Wire.

In 1901, George Jacobs was working as a chemist working in the General Electric factory in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he met co-worker Ethel Mossman. In 1905, he moved to Cleveland, Ohio to take a position with Sherwin-Williams, and continued to work in his own time on an enamel insulation for magnet wire. In 1907, he perfected his formula, and asked Ethel to marry him, and join him in Cleveland, where he went into business in 1911 as Dudlo Manufacturing. The name came from Dudley. Massachusetts, where Jacobs was born, and Ohio.

Undercapitalized, and without business experience, Dudlo initially did not thrive. William Mossman, his father-in-law, came from a monied background. James Mossman had been the court jeweler for the Scottish king James VII, and William was owner of Mossman Yarnell hardware wholesalers. A lonely widower, he offered to back Jacobs in his venture, but demanded that they move back to Fort Wayne. With the help of William Mossman and Ethel's brother B. Paul Mossman, Dudlo built a factory on Wall Street in Fort Wayne, and opened their doors with a dozen employees in 1912.

Previously, magnet wire was insulated with cloth. Jacob's enamel insulation did not wear like cloth did, was less bulky, and more economical to produce. The enamel insulation was especially valuable for producing very thin wire. The company found a market eager for the product - especially the automotive industry, which found the wire indispensable for economical reliable ignition coils. The company's timing could hardly have been better, with the Model-T Ford coming out in 1910. In 1917, the company started drawing its own wire, and by 1922, was the largest manufacturer of magnet wire in the world.

In 1927, the General Cable Corporation was being formed, and fearing that the roaring 20s economy was a bubble that would soon burst, the Mossmans sold the company. Victor Rea, who had been with Dudlo almost from the start, became president of Dudlo in 1928 when Jacobs left the company to start a new business: INCA manufacturing.

Phelps Dodge bought INCA in 1930. Jacobs remained with Phelps Dodge for several more years, then moved to California with his wife, who was in ill health. He died in 1945.

General Cable closed the Fort Wayne offices of Dudlo in 1930 and moved the remainder of their Fort Wayne operations to Rome, New York in 1933. Essex Wire was formed and set up operations in the former Dudlo factory. Victor Rea joined with three co-workers to form Rea Magnet Wire.

In October, 2005, Rea Magnet Wire announced agreement had been reached to buy Phelps Dodge Magnet Wire.

The three Fort Wayne companies, Rea, Phelps Dodge Magnet Wire, and Essex account for 2/3 of the world's production of magnet wire (enamelled wire).

References

1877 births
1945 deaths
Passive monitoring. Passive monitoring is a technique used to capture traffic from a network by copying traffic, often from a span port or mirror port or via a network tap. It can be used in application performance management for performance trending and predictive analysis. Passive monitoring is also used in web performance optimization in the form of real user monitoring. E-commerce and media industries use real user monitoring to correlate site performance to conversions and engagement.

It can be analyzed in a sniffer such as Wireshark.
It can be examined for flows of traffic, providing information on "top talkers" in a network as well as TCP round-trip time.
It can be reassembled according to an application's state machine into end-user activity (for example, into database queries, e-mail messages, and so on.)  This kind of technology is common in real user monitoring.
In some cases, HTTP reassembly is further analyzed for web analytics.

Passive monitoring can be very helpful in troubleshooting performance problems once they have occurred.  Passive monitoring differs from synthetic monitoring in that it relies on actual inbound web traffic to take measurements, so problems can only be discovered after they have occurred. Synthetic monitoring is also referred to as active monitoring, which helps report on system availability and predefined business transactions using synthetic probes and web robots.

While initially viewed as competitive with synthetic monitoring approaches, most networking professionals now recognize that passive and synthetic monitoring are complementary.

See also
 Computer and network surveillance
 Packet analyzer
 Wiretapping

References

Network management