omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Organic Syntheses. Organic Syntheses is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1921. It publishes detailed and checked procedures for the synthesis of organic compounds. A unique feature of the review process is that all of the data and experiments reported in an article must be successfully repeated in the laboratory of a member of the editorial board as a check for reproducibility prior to publication. The journal is published by Organic Syntheses, Inc., a non-profit corporation. An annual print version is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of Organic Syntheses, Inc.

History 
Prior to World War I, work on synthetic organic chemistry in the United States had been quite limited, and most of the reagents used in laboratories had to be imported from Europe. When export stoppages and trade embargoes cut off this source, Clarence Derick, a professor of chemistry at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, began an effort to synthesize these needed chemicals in industrial quantities in a university laboratory with the help of a few graduate students. This work was performed during the summer break and came to be known as the "summer prep". Students who worked in the laboratory were paid and received credit.

The basic procedures were often obtained from textbooks, and the procedures were sketchy. Reproducibility was important in summer preps, so students were required to keep meticulous record books. The procedures were finally collected and published for the first time in a four-pamphlet set called Organic Chemical Reagents, which quickly sold out. The publishers received submissions from other chemists, which spawned the idea for serial publication, and the first annual volume of Organic Syntheses was thus published in 1921. By then, chemists from other universities and industry were also contributing.

One example of much needed chemicals were dyes for sensitizing photographic film.  Research efforts in this field led to the foundation of Eastman Kodak Organic Chemicals Division.

The summer preps contributed to the war effort in World War II but were discontinued in 1950 because by then an infrastructure of chemical companies with their own research had been established.

Until 1998, Organic Syntheses was published only as an annual printed volume. In that year, all past volumes were made available on an open access website and new articles are now published online as soon as they are accepted.

See also 
 Organic Reactions

References

External links 
 
 Organic Syntheses at John Wiley's Online Library

Organic chemistry journals
Academic journals established in 1921
Open access journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
English-language journals
Lennart Augustsson. Lennart Augustsson is a Swedish computer scientist. He was formerly a lecturer at the Computing Science Department at Chalmers University of Technology. His research field is functional programming and implementations of functional programming languages.

Augustsson has worked for Carlstedt Research and Technology, Sandburst, Credit Suisse, Standard Chartered Bank, Facebook, X Development, Google and is currently employed by Epic Games.

Programming
Augustsson was intimately involved in early development of the multi-user dungeon (MUD) LPMud, both in the LPMUD driver and the CD mudlib. His MUD community pseudonym is Marvin.

He authored several hardware device drivers for the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix operating system NetBSD.

Languages
Augustsson has developed several programming languages and implementations, including:
 Cayenne
 Haskell-B compiler (HBC)
 Parallel Haskell (pH) compiler front end, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
 Bluespec SystemVerilog (BSV) compiler, first version
 Lazy ML (LML), co-developed with Thomas Johnsson, a functional programming language developed in the early 1980s, before Miranda and Haskell. LML is a strongly typed, statically scoped implementation of ML, with lazy evaluation. The key innovation of LML was to demonstrate how to compile a lazy functional language. Until then, lazy languages had been implemented via interpreted graph reduction. LML compiled to graph reduction machine (G-machine) code.
 Part of the development team at Epic Games responsible for creating the Verse programming language

Augustsson has written three winning entries in the language C for the International Obfuscated C Code Contest:
 1985: Most obscure program (1985/august.c)
 1986: Best complex task done in a complex way (1986/august.c)
 1996: Best of Show (1996/august.c)

References

External links
 
 Lennart Augustsson's blog
 The HBC compiler archived at archive.is

Swedish computer scientists
Swedish computer programmers
Programming language designers
Programming language researchers
MUD developers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mercury sulfide. Mercury sulfide, or mercury(II) sulfide is a chemical compound composed of the chemical elements mercury and sulfur. It is represented by the chemical formula HgS. It is virtually insoluble in water.

Crystal structure

HgS is dimorphic with two crystal forms:
 red cinnabar (α-HgS, trigonal, hP6, P3221) is the form in which mercury is most commonly found in nature. Cinnabar has rhombohedral crystal system. Crystals of red are optically active. This is caused by the Hg-S helices in the structure.
 black metacinnabar (β-HgS) is less common in nature and adopts the zinc blende crystal structure (T2d-F3m).

Preparation and chemistry
β-HgS precipitates as a black solid when Hg(II) salts are treated with H2S. The reaction is conveniently conducted with an acetic acid solution of mercury(II) acetate. With gentle heating of the slurry, the black polymorph converts to the red form. β-HgS is unreactive to all but concentrated acids.

Mercury is produced from the cinnabar ore by roasting in air and condensing the vapour.
HgS → Hg + S

Uses

When α-HgS is used as a red pigment, it is known as cinnabar. The tendency of cinnabar to darken has been ascribed to conversion from red α-HgS to black β-HgS. However β-HgS was not detected at excavations in Pompeii, where originally red walls darkened, and was attributed to the formation of Hg-Cl compounds (e.g., corderoite, calomel, and terlinguaite) and calcium sulfate, gypsum.

As the mercury cell as used in the chlor-alkali industry (Castner–Kellner process) is being phased out over concerns over mercury emissions, the metallic mercury from these setups is converted into mercury sulfide for underground storage.

With a band gap of 2.1 eV and its stability, it is possible to be used as photoelectrochemical cell.

Neutralization with sulfur has been suggested to clean mercury spills, but the reaction does not proceed rapidly and completely enough for emergencies.

See also
 Mercury poisoning
 Mercury(I) sulfide (mercurous sulfide, ), hypothetical

References

Monosulfides
Mercury(II) compounds
Zincblende crystal structure
Boride. A boride is a compound between boron and a less electronegative element, for example silicon boride (SiB3 and SiB6). The borides are a very large group of compounds that are generally high melting and are covalent more than ionic in nature. Some borides exhibit very useful physical properties. The term boride is also loosely applied to compounds such as B12As2 (N.B. Arsenic has an electronegativity higher than boron) that is often referred to as icosahedral boride.

Ranges of compounds
The borides can be classified loosely as boron rich or metal rich, for example the compound YB66 at one extreme through to Nd2Fe14B at the other. The generally accepted definition is that if the ratio of boron atoms to metal atoms is 4:1 or more, the compound is boron rich; if it is less, then it is metal rich.

Boron rich borides (B:M 4:1 or more)
The main group metals, lanthanides and actinides form a wide variety of boron-rich borides, with metal:boron ratios up to YB66.

The properties of this group vary from one compound to the next, and include examples of compounds that are semi conductors, superconductors, diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic or anti-ferromagnetic. They are mostly stable and refractory.

Some metallic dodecaborides contain boron icosahedra, others (for example yttrium, zirconium and uranium) have the boron atoms arranged in cuboctahedra.

LaB6 is an inert refractory compound, used in hot cathodes because of its low work function which gives it a high rate of thermionic emission of electrons; YB66 crystals, grown by an indirect-heating floating zone method, are used as monochromators for low-energy synchrotron X-rays. VB2 has shown some promise as potential material with higher energy capacity than lithium for batteries.

Metal rich borides (B:M less than 4:1)
The transition metals tend to form metal rich borides. Metal-rich borides, as a group, are inert and have high melting temperature. Some are easily formed and this explains their use in making turbine blades, rocket nozzles, etc. Some examples include AlB2 and TiB2. Recent investigations into this class of borides have revealed a wealth of interesting properties such as super conductivity at 39 K in MgB2 and the ultra-incompressibility of OsB2 and ReB2.

Boride structures
The boron rich borides contain 3-dimensional frameworks of boron atoms that can include boron polyhedra.
The metal rich borides contain single boron atoms, B2 units, boron chains or boron sheets/layers.

Examples of the different types of borides are:
isolated boron atoms, example Mn4B
B2 units, example V3B
chains of boron atoms, example FeB
sheets or layers of boron atoms CrB2
3-dimensional boron frameworks that include boron polyhedra, example NaB15 with boron icosahedra

See also
Crystal structure of boron-rich metal borides
Iron tetraboride
Yttrium borides - a representative class of metal borides
Magnesium diboride - a superconductor

References

Books
DSG. DSG may stand for:

Companies and organisations
 Caldera Digital Research Systems Group, a former department of Caldera
 Defence Support Group, the Trading Fund of the UK Ministry of Defence
 Delaware State Guard, the inactive state defense force of Delaware
 Democratic Study Group, a legislative service organization (LSO) in the United States House of Representatives
 Deutsche Schlafwagen- und Speisewagengesellschaft, the German Sleeper and Dining Car Company 
 Dick's Sporting Goods, a sporting goods retailer
 DSG International (retailer), Dixons Stores Group, a European retailer
 DSG International Ltd., a Hong Kong–based manufacturer
 Novell Desktop Systems Group, a former department of Novell

Health
 Dacryoscintigraphy, a nuclear medicine scan of the lacrimal system
 Desogestrel, a progestin used in birth control pills

Science and technology
 Lunar Gateway, a crewed cislunar space station planned by NASA, formerly Deep Space Gateway
 DOCSIS Set-top Gateway, a technical specification
 Direct-shift gearbox, an electronically-controlled, dual-clutch, multiple-shaft, automatic gearbox

Other uses
 David Shankle Group, a heavy metal band
 Deutsche Schule Genf, a German international school near Geneva, Switzerland
 Dick's Sporting Goods Park, a soccer-specific stadium near Denver, Colorado
 Diocesan School for Girls (disambiguation), various schools
 Direct-Shift Gearbox, a type of automotive gearbox from Volkswagen Group
 Dame of Saint Gregory, female variant of class in one of the orders of knighthood of the Holy See
Comp Air 8. The Comp Air 8 is an American kit turboprop-powered light civil utility aircraft that was manufactured by Comp Air of Florida from about 2000 until 2021.

The aircraft's webpage was removed in 2021 and the new company website does not list it as being in production in 2022.

Design and development
The aircraft is a Comp Air 7 with its fuselage stretched by 2 feet (0.6 m) to accommodate six adults and two children. The Comp Air 8 is configured as a conventional high-wing monoplane with optional tailwheel or tricycle undercarriage. It can be fitted with large floats for water operations.

The Comp Air 8 fuselage and tail are constructed with carbon fiber. Fuel capacity can be determined by the builder and can be as much as . The useful load is  and the aircraft has a standard gross weight of . The gross weight can be increased to  or even  with factory-supplied reinforcing kits. The standard engine used is the Walter M 601D of 

Kit production seems to have ended in 2021.

Operational history
In August 2022 there were seven Comp Air 8s registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications (Comp Air 8)

References

External links

Official website archive on Archive.org

8
Homebuilt aircraft
1990s United States civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Aircraft with fixed landing gear
AL-7. The AL-7 is a Soviet assault rifle designed by Izhmash engineer Yury Aleksandrov in the early 1970s. The AL-7 uses a type of operation developed by Pyotr Tkachyov of TsNIITochMash (Central Institute for Precision Machine Building) in the mid-1960s known as Balanced Automatics first used on the AO-38 assault rifle. The Balanced Automatics Recoil System (BARS) replaces the traditional Kalashnikov gas piston operating system, reducing the negative effects of recoil and allowing more efficient use of automatic fire. BARS works by shifting mass toward the muzzle of the rifle as the bolt and bolt carrier recoil rearward.

The AL-7 and its BARS system were never adopted by the Soviet Army. The project was overshadowed by the acceptance of the AK-74 due to cost considerations. The passage of time has allowed manufacturing technology to advance, finally making the AL-7 concept economically viable, presenting itself in the form of the AK-107 and AK-108 rifles.

Other rifles that use the balanced automatics system are the AEK-971, AO-38, SA-006, AKB and AKB-1.

See also
AEK-971
AO-38
AO-63
AK-107

References
Legends and Reality of the AK by Charlie Cutshaw and Valery Shilin 
Shadowrun and Firearms Alexandrov Kalashnikova 107 and 108

External links

5.45×39mm assault rifles
Kalashnikov derivatives
Trial and research firearms of the Soviet Union
Assault rifles of the Soviet Union
Izhevsk machine-building plant products
Opte Project. The Opte Project, created in 2003 by Barrett Lyon, seeks to generate an accurate representation of the breadth of the Internet using visual graphics. Lyon believes that his network mapping can help teach students more about the Internet while also acting as a gauge illustrating both overall Internet growth and the specific areas where that growth occurs. It was not the first such project; others predated it, such as the Bell Labs Internet Mapping Project.

Lyon has been generating image maps using traceroute, and later switched to mapping using BGP routes. The generated images were published on the Opte Project website. In 2021, Lyon created different video animations, using his mapping technique: shedding light on internet growth between 1997 and 2021, the Iranian internet shutdown of 2019, the United States Department of Defense's place on the internet as well as the few entry points into the Chinese internet.

The project has gathered notice worldwide having been featured by Time, Cornell University, New Scientist, and Kaspersky Lab.  In addition, Opte Project maps have found homes in at least two art galleries and exhibits such as The Museum of Modern Art and the Museum of Science's Mapping the World Around Us permanent exhibit.

Opte images are licensed under a Creative Commons license and while use of The Opte Image is free for all non-commercial applications, a license fee is required for all others.

References

External links
 
 A "snapshot" version (courtesy of the "Wayback Machine")

2003 establishments in the United States
Internet architecture
Visualization (web)
William-Henry Gauvin. William-Henry Gauvin  (March 30, 1913 – June 6, 1994) was a Canadian chemical engineer. He was also an educator and championed industry-university-governmental research in Canada.

Early life
William H. Gauvin was born in Paris, France, on 1913. 
He attended schools in Europe before moving to Montreal, Canada. He received his B.Eng. (1941), M. Eng. (1942) and Ph.D. (1945) degree from McGill University.

Career
He was a professor of Chemical Engineering at McGill University. He worked as a consultant at Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada, Montréal from 1951 to 1957. He was a director on advanced technology at Noranda Research Center from 1982 to 1983. He was also a Scientific Advisor to Director at Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec  from 1983 to 1990.

Honours

 Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
 Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
 Honorary Fellow, Institution of Chemical Engineers, United Kingdom
 Honorary Fellow, Chemical Institute of Canada
 In 1975 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.
 In 1984 he was awarded the Government of Quebec's Prix Marie-Victorin.
 In 1986 he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Thomas W. Eadie Medal.

Honorary Doctorate Degrees:

1968  D. Eng., honoris causa, Waterloo University
1984 	D. Sc., honoris causa, McGill University
1984 	D. Sc., honoris causa, Queen's University
1986 	D. Sc., honoris causa, McMaster University

References

1913 births
1994 deaths
Canadian engineering researchers
Canadian chemical engineers
Companions of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
French emigrants to Quebec
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
Fellows of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Exit (command). In computing, exit is a command used in many operating system command-line shells and scripting languages.

The command causes the shell or program to terminate. If performed within an interactive command shell, the user is logged out of their current session, and/or user's current console or terminal connection is disconnected. Typically an optional exit code can be specified, which is typically a simple integer value that is then returned to the parent process.

Implementations
Operating systems, shells, and scripting languages providing this command include Microsoft MSX-DOS version 2, IBM OS/2, DR FlexOS, HP MPE/iX, KolibriOS, SymbOS, cmd.exe, sh, ksh, Perl, AWK, PHP, TCL, PowerShell, and others.

On MS-DOS, the command is available in versions 2 and later. DR DOS 6.0 and Datalight ROM-DOS also include an implementation of the  command. It is also available in the open source MS-DOS emulator DOSBox.

The numerical computing environment MATLAB includes an exit function with similar functionality.

See also
exit (system call)
Exit status
List of Unix commands
List of DOS commands

References

Further reading

External links

 exit: cause the shell to exit – Commands & Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX® Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group
exit | Microsoft Docs

IBM i Qshell commands
Internal DOS commands
MSX-DOS commands
OS/2 commands
ReactOS commands
Unix process- and task-management-related software
Unix SUS2008 utilities
Windows administration
Dynamic Delegation Discovery System. The Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) is an algorithm for applying string transformation rules to application-unique strings to extract specific syntax elements. It is used for finding information, such as authoritative domain name servers, for Uniform Resource Identifiers and Uniform Resource Names. An earlier specification applied only to URNs, and was called the  Resolver Discovery Service (RDS).

DDDS defines a mechanism for using the Domain Name System (DNS) as the database for arbitrary identifier schemes. The primary logical DNS container used to hold DDDS information is the NAPTR record.

DDDS is defined in .  

RFC 3401 expresses the system as follows:
The Dynamic Delegation Discovery System is used to implement lazy binding of strings to data, in order to support dynamically configured delegation systems.  The DDDS functions by mapping some unique string to data stored within a DDDS Database by iteratively applying string transformation rules until a terminal condition is reached.

Telephone Number Mapping (ENUM), specified in RFC 6116, is defined as a DDDS application to resolve telephone numbers into DNS data.

References

Domain Name System
ALP. ALP or AlP  may refer to:

Science and technology

Chemicals and particles
 AlP, molecular formula for aluminium phosphide
 Alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme
 Axion-like particle, pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson

Computer science
 Algorithmic probability
 Association for Logic Programming

Computing
 IBM ALP, Assembly Language Processor, for 32-bit OS/2
 Access Linux Platform, a mobile operating system
 Appliance Link Protocol, used by Sun Ray computers

Arts and entertainment
 Alien Loves Predator, a webcomic
 Anna Livia Plurabelle, character in the book Finnegans Wake
 Arthur Loves Plastic, American electronic music band

Political parties
 Alberta Liberal Party, in Canada
 All Liberian Party, in Liberia
 American Labor Party (defunct), in the United States
 Antigua Labour Party, in Antigua and Barbuda
 Australian Labor Party, in Australia

Transport
 ALP (automobile), manufactured in Belgium in 1920
 Several locomotives:
 ABB ALP-44
 Bombardier ALP-45DP
 Bombardier ALP-46
 Air Alpes, a defunct French airline
 Aleppo International Airport, Syria
 Alpine (Amtrak station), Texas, United States
 Althorpe railway station, North Lincolnshire, England
 Alphington railway station, Melbourne, Australia

Other uses 
 Aerial Ladder Platform, a type of firefighting apparatus
 Afghan Local Police
 Association of Lincoln Presenters, an American historical society
 Average Labor Productivity

See also
 Alp (disambiguation)
 Alps (disambiguation)
 ALPS (disambiguation)
SXM. SXM may refer to:
 SXM (computational model), model for a Stream X-Machine
 SXM (transactional memory), a software under development at Microsoft Research
 SXM (socket), a physical computer interface used by Nvidia computational GPU modules
 SXM inc, a digital studio producing online entertainment for brands
 Sint Maarten's ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code
 Princess Juliana International Airport's IATA code
 Sint Maarten national football team's FIFA code
 Sirius XM Radio's NYSE symbol
 Servicios Aéreos Especializados Mexicanos's ICAO code
 Starbury SXM, a basketball shoe produced by Starbury
 SxM, a 1994 album by Sangue Misto
 SxM, formats of scanning microscope image handled by Image SXM
 sxm, file extension for math files from StarOffice's StarMath (version 1–7)
 sxm, file extension for math files from OpenOffice.org XML (version 1)