omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
VELAM. VELAM (Véhicule Léger à Moteur, or "light vehicle with motor") was a French  automobile  manufacturer that made VELAM microcars under the licence of the Isetta from the Italian Iso. Powered by a 236 cc engine, it was capable of speeds in excess of .
Around 5,000 cars were built between 1955 and 1959.

The Velam was featured in the 1957 film Funny Face and the 1962 French film Adieu Philippine.

In 1957 a Rekord Car was built, so 30th July 1957 Bianchi and Claude drove to seven
international (class K) records; eleven further were taken.

See also 
 Isetta
 Microcar

External links 
http://microcar.org/carspecs/velamisetta.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20040908024918/http://www.harpin.demon.co.uk/models/velam.htm
VELAM: The French Isetta with a couple of sporting twists., pictorial report (PDF)

References 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Butene. Butene, also known as butylene, is an alkene with the formula .  The word butene may refer to any of the individual compounds.  They are colourless gases that are present in crude oil as a minor constituent in quantities that are too small for viable extraction.  Butene is therefore obtained by catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons left during refining of crude oil. Cracking produces a mixture of products, and the butene is extracted from this by fractional distillation.

Butene can be used as the monomer for polybutene, but this polymer is more expensive than alternatives with shorter carbon chains such as polypropylene. Polybutene is therefore used in more specialized applications.  Butenes are more commonly used to make copolymer (mixed with another monomer such as ethylene).

Butenes are major constituents of raffinates, the C4 fractions in oil processing. The raffinates containing butadiene are considered carcinogenic and mutagenic. They can be used as feedstocks for further processing (e. g., on alkylation units), or used as industrial fuel. Their mixing into LPG for nonindustrial uses sometimes occurs but is generally prohibited.

Isomers
Among the molecules which have the chemical formula  four isomers are alkenes. All four of these hydrocarbons have four carbon atoms and one double bond in their molecules, but have different chemical structures. The IUPAC and common names, respectively, of these chemical compounds are:

In the chemical structures above, the small blue numbers in the structure images are the numbering of the atoms in the main backbone chain of the molecules. Other organic compounds have the formula C4H8, namely cyclobutane and methylcyclopropane, but are not alkenes and do not fall under the name butene. There are also cyclic alkenes with four carbon atoms overall such as cyclobutene and two isomers of methylcyclopropene, but they do not have the formula C4H8 and are not discussed here.

See also
 1,3-Butadiene

References

External links
 MSDS for isobutylene

Alkenes
Monomers
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Tatung Einstein. The Tatung Einstein is an eight-bit home/personal computer produced by Taiwanese corporation Tatung, designed in Bradford, England at Tatung's research laboratories and assembled in Bridgnorth and Telford, England. It was aimed primarily at small businesses.

History 

The Tatung Einstein TC-01 was released in the United Kingdom in the summer of 1984, and 5,000 were exported to Taipei later that year. A Tatung monitor (monochrome or colour) and dot matrix printer were also available as options, plus external disc drives and an 80 column display card. It was also capable of running ZX Spectrum software with the "Speculator" addon.

More expensive than most of its rivals, the Einstein was popular with contemporary programmers as a development machine but was commercially unsuccessful.

A later revised version, called the Tatung Einstein 256 and released in 1985, suffered a similar fate.

Design 
The machine was physically large, with an option for one or two built-in three-inch floppy disk drives manufactured by Hitachi. At the time, most home computers in the UK used ordinary tape recorders for storage. Another unusual feature of the Einstein was that on start-up the computer entered a simple machine code monitor, called MOS (Machine Operating System).

A variety of software could then be loaded from disk, including a CP/M-compatible operating system called Xtal DOS (pronounced 'Crystal DOS', created by Crystal Computers in Torquay), and a BASIC interpreter (Xtal BASIC). More than 400 software titles were released for the system, including about 120 games. Versions of popular software like DBase or WordStar were available. 

Thanks to the reliability of the machine, and ample memory, the machine proved useful by many software houses to use for programming, and then porting the code to the machines they were made for, namely the Spectrum 48k, Amstrad CPC, and Commodore 64.  Eventually, it was superseded by the PC and Atari ST as the development systems of choice.

The follow on machine, the Einstein 256, basically was the same as the original, with improved video (Yamaha V9938) and a more slimline black case.

Technical specifications 
The machines were quite similar.

The Tatung Einstein TC-01 specifications are similar the MSX standard.

 CPU: Zilog Z80A @ 4 MHz
 ROM: 8K to 32K 
 RAM: 64 KB system; 16 KB video 
 Video: Texas Instruments TMS9129, 16 colours, 32 sprite planes
 Audio: AY-3-8910  (also reads the keyboard matrix)
 Z84C30 CTC
 Z84C20 PIO
 Intel 8251 SIO
 1770 FDC 3'' floppy disk controllers
 Z80 'Tube' bus/interface
 Analogue joystick ports

The Tatung Einstein 256 was similar to the original with improved video (Yamaha V9938) and more RAM.

 RAM: 64K user; 192K video 
 Video: Yamaha V9938,  512 colours

See also

References

External links 

 Tatung Einstein Computer Group
 Tatung Einstein Reborn

Z80-based home computers
CP/M
Computer-related introductions in 1984
Computers designed in the United Kingdom
Advanced Aerodynamics and Structures Inc.. AASI or Advanced Aerodynamics and Structures Inc (originally ASI, Aerodynamics and Structures Inc.) was an aircraft maker, headquartered in Long Beach, California. The company was financed by US based Business Tycoon Late Hameed Hamza and co-owned by Darius Sharifzade and Huzefa H. to develop and manufacture a line of business aircraft of unconventional configuration, the Jetcruzer. 

But the Jetcruzer program was later hampered by a lengthy development and although the prototype version (the 450) had flown as early as 1989, by 2002 AASI still did not have Jetcruzer in production. That year AASI acquired the assets of the Mooney Aircraft Company and changed its name to the Mooney Aerospace Group (MASG).

Shortly thereafter, MASG suspended development of the Jetcruzer to focus on Mooney's line of light aircraft. The Jetcruzer assets were put up for auction in November 2003 and sold to Innova Aircraft.

This was not enough to save the company and in 2004, MASG sold off the Mooney assets to Allen Holding Finance.

Aircraft
Jetcruzer 450
Jetcruzer 500
Jetcruzer 650 (proposed only)
Stratocruzer 1250(proposed only)

External links
Article on Company Being Sold
AIN Online on AASI and their aircraft

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Long Beach, California
Layout. In general terms, a layout is a structured arrangement of items within certain limits, or a plan for such arrangement.

Specifically, layout may refer to:
 Page layout, the arrangement of visual elements on a page
 Comprehensive layout (comp), a proposed page layout presented by a designer to their client
 Layout (computing), the process of calculating the position of objects in space
 Layout engine, another name for web browser engine, the core software that displays content in a web browser
 Automobile layout, a description of the locations of the engine and drive wheels on a vehicle 
 Integrated circuit layout, the representation of an integrated circuit in geometric shapes
 Keyboard layout, an arrangement of the keys on a typographic keyboard
 Model railroad layout, a diorama with tracks for operating scaled-down trains
Layout (dominoes), the tableau in a domino game
 Layout or marking out, the transfer of a design onto a workpiece in manufacturing
  Plant layout study, an engineering study to analyze physical configurations for a manufacturing plant
 Layout, a specific version of the splits, a position in which the legs are extended in opposite directions
 Process layout, a floor plan of a plant that arranges equipment according to its function 
 Product layout, a floor plan of a plant in which work stations and equipment are ordered by assembly sequence
SpaceX Kestrel. The SpaceX Kestrel was an LOX/RP-1 pressure-fed rocket engine.  The Kestrel engine was developed in the 2000s by SpaceX for upper stage use on the Falcon 1 rocket. Kestrel is no longer being manufactured; the last flight of Falcon 1 was in 2009.

Kestrel was built around the same pintle architecture as the SpaceX Merlin engine but does not have a turbopump and is fed only by tank pressure.

Kestrel was ablatively cooled in the chamber and throat and radiatively cooled in the nozzle, which was fabricated from a high strength niobium alloy. As a metal, niobium is highly resistant to cracking compared to carbon-carbon. According to SpaceX, an impact from orbital debris or during stage separation might dent the metal but have no meaningful effect on engine performance. Helium pressurant efficiency is substantially increased via a titanium heat exchanger on the ablative/niobium boundary.

Thrust vector control is provided by electro-mechanical actuators on the engine dome for pitch and yaw. Roll control (and attitude control during coast phases) is provided by helium cold gas thrusters.

A TEA-TEB pyrophoric ignition system is used to provide restart capability on the upper stage and simplify design. In a multi-manifested mission, this design would allow for drop off at different altitudes and inclinations.

Kestrel 2 
Enhancements to the design of the original Kestrel engine were planned, called the Kestrel 2. 

The engine design was still pressure-fed, and was supposed to fly on a newly designed second stage that used Aluminium-lithium alloy 2195, rather than the 2014 Aluminum used in the Falcon 1 second stage.
Engine changes were to include tighter tolerances to improve consistency, higher Isp, and lighter weight.
The Kestrel 2 did not remain in active development after the Falcon 1 was replaced by the much larger Falcon 9 v1.0 which used an improved Merlin 1C for its upper stage.

See also 
 SpaceX Draco
 SpaceX Merlin
 SpaceX Raptor

References

External links 

 SpaceX Falcon engines page


SpaceX rocket engines
Rocket engines using kerosene propellant
Rocket engines using the pressure-fed cycle
Rocket engines of the United States
Georges Roesch. Roesch, Georges Henry, born Geneva 15 April 1891: died 7 November 1969, automotive engineer, was the Swiss-born son of a German-born blacksmith turned Geneva garage operator and his French-born wife.

He came to England in 1914 from Delaunay-Belleville, where he trained under Barbaroux, to work for Daimler. With little English and a German surname and accent the subsequent outbreak of the First World War meant twelve months under a cloud of suspicion until the authorities gave him the benefit of the doubt. In 1916, aged 25, he was hired by the London  firm of Clément-Talbot as Chief Engineer. He developed a 1750 cc touring car for production after the end of hostilities. However in 1919 Talbot was acquired by Darracq and Company London, and the following year the resulting combination brought in Sunbeam to form S T D Motors. Talbot began to make the Coatalen and S T D Motors Paris designed Talbot 8-18 which was not a success. Roesch modified the design and turned it into a successful four-seater named Talbot's 10-23. The Talbot factory proved too small for volume production. Between 1920 and 1925 Roesch worked with STD under Louis Coatalen to develop a six-cylinder push-rod engine of striking simplicity and efficiency.

The first successful post war Talbot was the Georges Roesch-designed six-cylinder high-speed tourer, Talbot 14-45,  released in October 1926 for London's Motor Show. Roesch had been called back from Paris, where he was working under Coatalen, to the dilapidated Talbot works in 1925 and chose to design a relatively expensive low-volume car to fit Talbot's capabilities that might save the Talbot business. The 14-45 was the star of the 1926 Motor Show. From that point forward all Roesch's Talbot cars sold well. Certain weaknesses of the 14-45 were established and remedied and because it would comfortably reach 75 mph Roesch renamed the car his Talbot 75. His engine was "uncannily smooth" spinning effortlessly to provide its astonishingly high output.

The Rootes Group took over Talbot in 1935. The first Rootes Sunbeam, named the Thirty, designed by Georges Roesch, was propelled with a new 100 mph 4503 cc straight-eight engine. There may have been as many as eight prototypes made and some were displayed at the 1936 Motor Show but the new model did not go into production and Roesch left Sunbeam-Talbot going to David Brown in 1939 to develop a tractor design. Dispirited he left David Brown and joined Frank Whittle's Power Jets. He continued to work on gas turbines for this rest of his career.

Character
Georges Roesch was not a boastful or articulate man. An insight into his irascible perfectionism may be gained from the report that he refused ever to have a vacuum cleaner in his house because he found none of the existing vacuum cleaner designs satisfactory.

Sources and further reading

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20040810003108/http://www.sunbeam.org.uk/Talbot.htm
 http://vea.qc.ca/vea/marques1/talboteng.htm 
 http://www.talbotownersclub.co.uk

1891 births
1969 deaths
British automotive pioneers
Engineers from Geneva
Swiss emigrants to the United Kingdom
NX. NX may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Northern Exposure, a 1990s TV show turned cable

Science and technology

Computing
NX bit, a term for marking parts of computer memory as "no execute"
NX technology, a computer program that handles remote X Window System connections
Siemens NX, a CAx software product from Siemens PLM Software
DRS/NX, a port of UNIX System V for ICL DRS and later servers
EDIUS NX, a video editing and capture card sold by Grass Valley
NXDOMAIN, "nonexistent domain", an error response to a DNS query, sometimes used for DNS hijacking

Other uses in science and technology
 NX, the pre-release codename of the Nintendo Switch video game console
 Nox (unit) (nx), a unit of illuminance, equal to 1/1000 lux
 Samsung NX series, a series of digital cameras

Transport
 NX Bridge, over the Passaic River in New Jersey
 Lexus NX, a crossover vehicle
 Nissan NX, and Nissan Pulsar NX, a range of subcompact coupes offered by Nissan from the 1980s to 1993
 Air Macau (IATA: NX)
 A 1967-1968 super-express line; see N (New York City Subway service)

Other uses
 Net exports, in economics
 Ningxia, an autonomous region in China (Guobiao abbreviation NX)
 NX Newcastle, a music venue in Newcastle upon Tyne, England
 Nintendo Switch, a video game console developed by Nintendo under the "NX" codename

See also
The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia. The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia is a book edited by Luke Hebert, a Birmingham patent agent and journalist, and published by Thomas Kelly of Paternoster Row.  The first edition appeared in 1836 and 1837. The second edition appeared in 1849.  It was in two octavo volumes (Vol. 1, 796 pp and vol. 2, 928 pp), illustrated with woodcuts in the text and a number of full page engravings.

Many of the articles relate to specific processes and machines, and overall the encyclopaedia is not over-concerned with the theoretical aspects.  Of particular value are the monograph-length accounts of the progress of rail transport and steamboats.

External links 

Online copies:

 
 

Encyclopedias of science
Rail transport publications
MID. MID or Mid may refer to:

Computers and electronics
 MapInfo Interchange Format; .mid is also sometimes used as the filename extension for some MapInfo files
 Media Identification Code (MID code), a code indicating the manufacturer of a DVD
 Mobile Internet device, a category of mobile computer
 Molded interconnect device, an injection molded thermoplastic part with integrated electronic circuit traces
 Multiple interface declaration, a construct in some computer programming languages
 Musical Instrument Digital Interface, .mid is sometimes used as an alternate filename extension for MIDI files

Medicine and biology
 Multi-infarct dementia, a disease also known as vascular dementia
 Minimal important difference, the smallest improvement felt to be meaningful by a patient
 Monocyte, a type of white blood cell in the innate immune system of vertebrates

Military
 Maritime identification digits, a 3-digit code identifying the country of a ship/coastal station using communication equipment.
 Mentioned in dispatches, a military award for gallantry or otherwise commendable service
 Militarized interstate dispute, conflicts between states that do not involve full-scale wars
 Military Intelligence Division (United States), a former military intelligence branch of the United States Army

Organizations
 Integration and Development Movement, a political party in Argentina
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia), for which MID is a colloquial term
 Monastic Interreligious Dialogue, the American arm of the DIMMID, an interfaith movement

Other
 Mérida International Airport (IATA: MID)
 Middletown station (Pennsylvania) (Amtrak station code: MID)
 Modesto Irrigation District, a special district in California
 Mortgage interest deduction, a tax deduction for mortgage interest paid by homeowners
 Measuring Instruments Directive
 Mid vowel
 Midfielder, a position in association football

See also
 MIDS (disambiguation)
Fluoropolymer. A fluoropolymer is a fluorocarbon-based polymer with multiple  carbon–fluorine bonds.  It is characterized by a high resistance to solvents, acids, and bases. The best known fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene under the brand name "Teflon," trademarked by the DuPont Company.

History

In 1938, polytetrafluoroethylene (DuPont brand name Teflon) was discovered by accident by a recently hired DuPont Ph.D., Roy J. Plunkett. While working with tetrafluoroethylene gas to develop refrigerants, he noticed that a previously pressurized cylinder had no pressure remaining.  In dissecting the cylinder, he found a mass of white solid in a quantity similar to that of the tetrafluoroethylene gas. It was determined that this material was a new-to-the-world polymer.  Tests showed the substance was resistant to corrosion from most acids, bases and solvents and had better high temperature stability than any other plastic. By early 1941, a crash program was making substantial quantities of PTFE for the Manhattan Project.

Properties
Fluoropolymers share the properties of fluorocarbons in that they are not as susceptible to the van der Waals force as hydrocarbons.  This contributes to their non-stick and friction reducing properties. Also, they are stable due to the stability multiple carbon–fluorine bonds add to a chemical compound. Fluoropolymers may be mechanically characterized as thermosets or thermoplastics. Fluoropolymers can be homopolymers or Copolymer.

Examples of monomers used to prepare fluoropolymers
 Perfluorocycloalkene (PFCA)
 Ethylene (Ethene, E)
 Vinyl fluoride (fluoroethylene) (VF1)
 Vinylidene fluoride (1,1-difluoroethylene) (VDF or VF2)
 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)
 Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE)
 Propylene (Propene, P)
 Hexafluoropropylene (HFP)
 Perfluoropropylvinylether (PPVE)
 Perfluoromethylvinylether (PMVE)

Examples of fluoropolymers

Typical properties

See also
Organofluorine
Organohalogen
Fluorosurfactant
Perfluorocycloalkene (PFCA)
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

References

 
Organofluorides
Polymers
Thermoplastics
Ateliers de Construction Aéronautique de Zeebruges. Ateliers de Construction Aéronautique de Zeebruges (ACAZ) also known as Zeebrugge Aeronautical Construction Company (Zacco) was a Belgian aircraft manufacturer of the 1920s, based in Zeebrugge.

The company built a number of innovative prototypes, but due largely to indifference by the Belgian government, the company folded without having put a single design into mass production.

List of Aircraft
ACAZ T.1  (1924) Single-engine monoplane. One built and destroyed during a test flight.
ACAZ T.2  (1924) Single-engine monoplane.  One of world's first all-metal monoplane.  One built
ACAZ C.2  (1926) Single-engine two-seat fighter/reconnaissance all-metal biplane.  One built

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Belgium
Companies based in West Flanders
Torque density. Torque density is a measure of the torque-carrying capability of a mechanical component. It is the ratio of torque capability to volume and is expressed in units of torque per volume.

Torque density is a system property since it depends on the design of each element of the component being examined and their interconnection.

While torque is a Pseudovector, volume only by definition exists in three Euclidean dimensions, must always be positive, and never can be negative.

Examples and uses

Torque density of magnetic gearboxes, wind turbines, magnetic trains, and mechanical trains are used to compare the energy efficiency of machines; 150 kilo-Newtons per cubic meter per stage is considered the highest attainable as of 2024.

Torque density is useful during the concept evaluation stage of mechanical designs, especially in power train design problems. Typically, it will be one of many factors used to assign potential success measures to each concept. For example, in the upgrade of a drive train for a set of rolls in a rolling mill, space is often dictated by the configuration of current components.  There may be several types of devices that can perform the function of an existing component that must be replaced. The relative torque densities of the devices may be an important determinant for which design is ultimately selected, although it will often compete with other factors such as cost, ease of maintenance, time to install, operating costs and potential failure modes.

Units
In SI units, torque density is expressed in joules per cubic metre or equivalently newton-metres per cubic metre.

Although dimensionally equivalent to the pascal, that is usually not used for this purpose.

Small amounts can be expressed in newton-millimetres per cubic millimetre. 

In U.S. customary units, torque density is expressed in foot-pounds force per cubic foot, or inch-pounds force per cubic inch or ounce-force inches per cubic inch.

See also
 Angular momentum
 Automobile design
 Density
 Mechanical engineering
 Newton-meter
 Pressure
 Renewable energy
 Superconductivity
 Sustainability

References

Mechanical engineering
Density