omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bitumen of Judea. Bitumen of Judea is a sort of natural tar known from ancient times. It is a naturally occurring asphalt used since ancient times as a wood colorant, and in early photography.

Wood coloration usage 
Bitumen of Judea may be used as a colorant for wood for an aged, natural and rustic appearance.  It is soluble in turpentine and some other terpenes, and can be combined with oils, waxes, varnishes and glazes.

Light-sensitive properties 
It is a light-sensitive material in what is accepted to be the first complete photographic process, i.e., one capable of producing durable light-fast results. The technique was developed by French scientist and inventor Nicéphore Niépce in the 1820s. In 1826 or 1827, he applied a thin coating of the tar-like material to a pewter plate and took a picture of parts of the buildings and surrounding countryside of his estate, producing what is usually described as the first photograph. It is considered to be the oldest known surviving photograph made in a camera. The plate was exposed in the camera for at least eight hours.

The bitumen, initially soluble in spirits and oils, was hardened and made insoluble (probably polymerized) in the brightest areas of the image. The unhardened part was then rinsed away with a solvent.

Niépce's primary objective was not a photoengraving or photolithography process, but rather a photo-etching process, since engraving requires the intervention of a physical rather than chemical process and lithography involves a grease and water resistance process.  However, Niépce's famous image of Pope Pius VI was produced first by photo-etching and then "improved" by hand engraving.  Bitumen, superbly resistant to strong acids, was in fact later widely used as a photoresist in making printing plates for mechanical printing processes. The surface of a zinc or other metal plate was coated, exposed, developed with a solvent that laid bare the unexposed areas, then etched in an acid bath, producing the required surface relief.

References 

                            

Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
Asphalt
Microelectrode. A microelectrode is an electrode  used in electrophysiology  either for recording  neural signals or for the electrical stimulation of nervous tissue (they were first developed by Ida Hyde in 1921).  Pulled glass pipettes with tip diameters of 0.5 μm or less are usually filled with 3 molars potassium chloride solution as the electrical conductor.  When the tip penetrates a cell membrane the lipids in the membrane seal onto the glass, providing an excellent electrical connection between the tip and the interior of the cell, which is apparent because the microelectrode becomes electrically negative compared to the extracellular solution.  There are also microelectrodes made with insulated metal wires, made from inert metals with high Young modulus such as tungsten, stainless steel, or platinum-iridium alloy and coated with glass or polymer insulator with exposed conductive tips. These are mostly used for recording from the external side of the cell membrane.  More recent advances in lithography have produced silicon-based microelectrodes.

See also
 Single-unit recording
 Microelectrode array

References 

Neurophysiology
Physiology
Electrophysiology
Laboratory techniques
James Frost (cement maker). James Frost (1780?-1840?) was an English businessman and inventor who invented processes that led to the eventual development of Portland cement.

Biography 
Frost was born in Finchley, Middlesex, England.  He set up a plant making Roman cement at Harwich in 1807, supplying it for government work.  He began experimenting with formulations for "artificial" cements that would provide a cheaper alternative to Roman cement.  He appears to have produced a prototype cement at Harwich in 1810.  However, it was not until 1822 that he was granted a patent for what he called "British Cement".  In October 1825, he leased land at Swanscombe, Kent, and set up a plant to manufacture both Roman cement and the new product.

The key innovation in his work was the "wet" grinding of raw materials, which became fundamental to the early development of Portland cement.  He ground the soft local chalk together with alluvial clay from the Medway estuary and added water in a washmill to produce a thin slurry from which coarse particles could be removed by settling.  The fine, homogenous mixture of chalk and clay particles was dried to a stiff plastic consistency before being burned in a kiln.  He thus emulated the natural process of sedimentary formation of a marl.

Charles Pasley communicated frequently with Frost, and gave a detailed description of his techniques based on a visit to Swanscombe in December 1828.  In 1832, he sold the Swanscombe plant to John Bazely White's, and migrated to New York City, where he set up as a civil engineer.  He contributed several papers on calcareous cements to the Journal of the Franklin Institute.

His Swanscombe plant became in the 1840s, under the management of I C Johnson, the second plant to make true Portland cement, and subsequently the "mother" plant of Blue Circle Industries.  It closed in 1990, after 165 years of continuous operation.

References

1780s births
1840s deaths
Businesspeople in cement
English inventors
English manufacturing businesspeople
People from Finchley
People from Swanscombe
Year of birth uncertain
Bang-bang robot. A bang-bang robot is a robot in which the motion of its parts is stopped by driving the moveable and extendible parts on each axis, or degree of freedom, against a stopping device. These stopping devices can be simple lugs on an arm, hydraulic or air valves in the control lines, or actuators which stop the movements at their full extent and at their returning position. These types of robot have "little or no trajectory control" over the movement of their parts from the starting points to the stopping points.

Similar types of robot are also called fixed-stop robots.

References

-
Trifluoroiodomethane (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on trifluoroiodomethane.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as SIRI, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

References

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Messerschmitt P.1106. The Messerschmitt P.1106 was a proposed German fighter aircraft project near the end of World War II.  It was intended as an  improvement to the Messerschmitt P.1101.

History
The Messerschmitt P.1106 went through several redesigns; the first version had a T-tail with the cockpit faired into the vertical stabilizer, and the later design having a V-tail with the cockpit moved slightly forward. The wings of each design were swept back at 40 degrees. The planned powerplant was a Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet engine, and armament was to be two 30 mm MK 108 cannons.

The project was abandoned since the performance of the P.1101 had not been improved on, and the 1106 cockpit had poor visibility.

See also
List of German aircraft projects, 1939–45

References

External links

Me P.1106 models
"Wildgans", "Libelle", "Wespe", P.1106: bogus Messerschmitt Projects?

P.1106
1940s German fighter aircraft
World War II jet aircraft of Germany
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Bedford TM. The Bedford TM was a heavy goods vehicle manufactured by Bedford between 1974 and 1986. Up until the TM, Bedford had been building mostly low-specification short haul distribution trucks, such as the Bedford TK and KM. In view of the increasing popularity of high cabs in the maximum weight long distance category, such as the Leyland Marathon, Scania L110 and Volvo F88, Bedford designed the TM as a competitor.

History

The TM was introduced in 1974. A thorough update in 1982 left the appearance mostly untouched - perhaps to the detriment of sales of what was a substantially new model. Improvements included the new Detroit Diesel Series 92 engine, a new chassis, many new engine and transmission options, and a variety of other updated fittings. The Fuller transmissions now received a new telescopic shift mechanism, allowing for a sealed cabin floor. The cab was counterbalanced so as to allow one-man tilting, while two front flaps allowed access to check on vitals. Production ceased in 1986, with the closure of Bedford.

Powertrain
Through its lifespan, it was available with a Bedford 500 turbo engine also known as the 8.2 Blue, a Detroit Diesel two-stroke V6 and V8 or a Cummins L10, coupled to either a Fuller or Spicer transmission, and a SOMA rear axle (dropped after the 1982 facelift). The Detroit engine was not a successful choice in the UK. Because of its high-revving characteristics, it proved unpopular with drivers, who were used to slow revving, long stroke, UK diesels. It was also disliked by operators because of its poor fuel economy.

Variants
Available as either an articulated tractor unit, or as a rigid, in either wide or narrow day and sleeper cabs, the TM was actually a highly competent vehicle, and over the years was a common sight with some of the larger UK operators. It offered new standards of comfort and refinement especially for a Bedford. The British Army purchased thousands of  four-wheel drive and six-wheel drive variants, some of which remained in use in 2010.

AWD tried to market a 6x4 version under the Multidrive brand, targeting it to construction markets, although only a few were built, some of which were sold to the MoD (which deployed them into Operation Desert Storm) and the Central Military Command in Dubai. The Multidrive brand was later sold to Caterpillar, that started producing the Multidrive M8-Series.

References

External links

TM
Vehicles introduced in 1974
List of computer system emulators. This article lists software and hardware that emulates computing platforms.

The host in this article is the system running the emulator, and the guest is the system being emulated.

The list is organized by guest operating system (the system being emulated), grouped by word length. Each section contains a list of emulators capable of emulating the specified guest, details of the range of guest systems able to be emulated, and the required host environment and licensing.

64-bit guest systems

ARM aarch64

AlphaServer

IBM

Silicon Graphics

UltraSPARC

x86-64 platforms (64-bit PC and compatible hardware)

60-bit guest systems

60-bit CDC 6000 series and Cyber mainframe

48-bit guest systems

English Electric KDF9

36-bit guest systems

DEC PDP-10

GE-600 series / Honeywell 6000 series

IBM 7094

32-bit guest systems

Acorn Archimedes, A7000, RiscPC, Phoebe 

While the ARM processor in the Acorn Archimedes is a 32-bit chip, it only had 26-bit addressing making an ARM/Archimedes emulator, such as Aemulor or others below, necessary for 26-bit compatibility, for later ARM processors have mostly dropped it.

Amiga

Android 
BlueStacks
Genymotion
LeapDroid
App Inventor for Android
Android Studio
MEmu
Android-x86
Nox App Player
LDPlayer
Windows Subsystem for Android

iOS 
touchHLE

Apple Lisa

Macintosh with 680x0 CPU

Macintosh with PowerPC CPU

Atari ST/STE/Falcon

AT&T UNIX PC

Cobalt Qube

Corel NetWinder

DEC VAX

DECstation

IBM mainframe (32-bit)

Motorola 88000

Sharp X68000

Sinclair QL

SPARCstation

x86 platforms (32-bit PC and compatible hardware)

24-bit guest systems

ICL 1900

SDS 900-series

20-bit guest systems

GE-200 series

PERQ

18-bit guest systems

DEC PDP-1

DEC PDP-4/7/9/15

16-bit guest systems

Apple IIGS

NEC PC-9800 series

DEC PDP-11

Mera 400 
Polish minicomputer Mera 400. Also in development hardware emulator in FPGA.

TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A

Texas Instruments TI-980

Texas Instruments TI-990

Varian Data Machines

x86-16 IBM PC/XT/AT compatible

12-bit guest systems

DEC PDP-8

8-bit guest systems

Acorn Atom

Acorn Electron

Altair 8800

Amstrad CPC

Apple-1

Apple II

Apple ///

Atari 8-bit computers

BBC Micro

Commodore 64

Commodore Plus/4

VIC-20

Enterprise 64/128

Fairlight CMI IIx

Jupiter ACE

Mattel Aquarius

MicroBee

MSX

NEC PC-8800 series

Oric computers

SAM Coupé

Sharp MZ

Sinclair ZX80

Sinclair ZX81

Sinclair ZX Spectrum and clones 
For Sinclair ZX Spectrum and clones

Tandy 1000

Thomson MO5

TRS-80

PDA and smartphone guest systems

Pocket PC

Calculator guest systems

Hewlett-Packard calculators

Texas Instruments calculators

See also 
 Comparison of platform virtualization software
 List of emulators
 List of video game console emulators

References 

Emulators, Computer system
Computer system emulators
Avro 536. 

The Avro 536 and its follow-on design, the 546 were developments of the 504 military biplane, marketed for civil use in the years following World War I. Principally intended for joyriding, the aircraft had greater wing area and a more powerful engine to lift four passengers, seated in two rows of side-by-side seats behind the pilot.

In service at Blackpool, Avro 536s flown by three pilots were able to fly about 500 passengers on their first day of operation. At least one 536 was still providing joyrides on Jersey as late as 1927.

A single variant was produced as the Avro 546, featuring a fully enclosed cabin for the passengers.

Specifications (536)

References

External links
Avro 536 – British Aircraft Directory

1910s British civil utility aircraft
536
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Rotary-engined aircraft
Harry Samuel Bickerton Brindley. Sir Harry Samuel Bickerton Brindley KBE (1867–1920) was a British engineer, armaments businessman and manufacturer.

Life
Brindley was born in September 1867 in Handsworth, near Birmingham. His father, G. S. Brindley, was an engineer and mechanics instructor at the Imperial College of Engineering in Japan, where the young Brindley was raised and educated. He graduated from Tokyo University with an engineering degree in 1883.

Career
While living in Tokyo, he received a United States patent in 1902 for a hydraulic or other fluid controlling valve.

In 1915, Brindley assumed management of the Ponders End Shell Works, devoted to WWI production. After the war, Winston Churchill wrote that Brindley's work at Ponders end "proved of the highest value to the Ministry of Munitions, and he has succeeded in a remarkable degree in enlisting the enthusiasm of the workers in the manufacture of shells."

Following the war, Brindley sought to share the methods of industrial efficiency that he had developed at Ponder's end. In 1919 he was a co-initiator of the British Institute of Industrial Administration.

Freemasonry
After the war, Ponders End employees petitioned the Freemasons for a lodge to be named after Brindley. The request was successful, after it was supported by Winston Churchill. Brindley was chosen to be the first Master.

Death and knighthood
Brindley died on 28 March 1920. Three days after his death, Brindley was posthumously gazetted as a Knight Commander of the British Empire.

References

External links
Western Books on Asia: Japan Author Index.

1867 births
1920 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
ALSIB. ALSIB (or the Northern Trace) was the Soviet Union portion of the Alaska-Siberian air road receiving Lend-Lease aircraft from the Northwest Staging Route. Aircraft manufactured in the United States were flown over this route for World War II combat service on the Eastern Front.

Routing

United States ferry pilots delivered aircraft to Ladd Army Airfield in Fairbanks, Alaska. There each aircraft was serviced by USAAF personnel in preparation for Soviet inspection. After Soviet inspectors accepted the aircraft, five regiments of ferry pilots conveyed aircraft from Fairbanks to Soviet pilot training facilities near Krasnoyarsk. Each regiment was assigned to a specific segment of the route to become familiar with navigation and weather within that segment. Single-seat Bell P-39 Airacobra and Bell P-63 Kingcobra fighters flew in groups with a pair of multi-engine North American B-25 Mitchell or Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers. The lead bomber navigated for the flight and the trailing bomber watched for stragglers. Bombers and Douglas C-47 Skytrains might fly independently, and C-47s transported ferry pilots east for new aircraft.

1st regiment
Soviet First regiment pilots accepted the planes at Fairbanks and flew over the Bering Strait via St. Lawrence Island.
 Ladd Army Airfield 
 Galena Airport 
 Marks Army Airfield 
 Gambell Army Airfield 
 Uelkal

2nd regiment
Second regiment pilots flew from Uelkal to Seymchan.
 Uelkal
 Anadyr 
 Markovo 
 Seymchan Airport

3rd regiment
Third regiment pilots flew from Seymchan to Yakutsk.
 Seymchan
 Zyryanka West Airport 
 Susuman Airport 
 Oymyakon 
 Khandyga 
 Ust-Maya 
 Yakutsk Airport

4th regiment
Fourth regiment pilots flew from Yakutsk to Kirensk.
 Yakutsk
 Aldan 
 Olyokminsk 
 Bodaybo Airport 
 Vitim Airport 
 Kirensk Airport

5th regiment
Fifth regiment pilots flew from Kirensk to Krasnoyarsk.
 Kirensk
 Ust-Kut Airport 
 Krasnoyarsk Northeast

See also
 North Atlantic air ferry route in World War II
 South Pacific air ferry route in World War II
 West Coast Wing (Air Transport Command route to Alaska)
 Crimson Route (Planned route from N America to Europe, later abandoned)

Notes

Sources

External links
 "ALSIB – The Route of Courage: Voice of Russia." Ruvr.ru. Retrieved 19 July 2012
 Map of the route from gcmap.com

Aircraft ferrying
Soviet Union–United States relations
Aviation in Alaska
World War II sites of the Soviet Union
Soviet Air Forces in World War II
Fast Flow Extinguishers. Commonly referred to as "Fast Flow" or "High Performance" extinguishers. Available in , , and . capacities and contain ABC Dry Chemical, Purple-K, or sodium bicarbonate. They are currently manufactured by Ansul in cartridge-operated form, along with Amerex, Badger and Buckeye stored pressure design.

UL rating differences for "Fast Flow" 
These extinguishers have a higher dry chemical flow rate then conventional extinguishers. In other words, a fast flow extinguisher expels a higher volume of agent in less time than a standard compliance flow extinguisher. As a result, fast flow extinguishers have lower UL class A&B ratings than compliance flow extinguishers (the class B numerical rating is the approximate square feet of burning fuel a novice operator could expect to extinguish). UL Class B tests are conducted on fuel in depth fires in what is known as a burn pan. Burn pans come in various 
sizes (square feet) in relation to what UL rating an extinguisher will receive for successfully extinguishing it. The larger the burn pan fire, the larger the rating and the longer the extinguisher must discharge to be able to handle the larger volume of fire before running out. For a given size extinguisher the resulting effect is a lower flow rate, resulting in a higher UL rating.

Generally for same size extinguishers (agent capacity)

High UL rating = Low flow rate
Low UL rating  = High flow rate

Examples
A . ABC Compliance flow has a UL rating of 20A, 120 BC.
A . ABC Fast Flow has a UL rating of 4A, 60 BC.

Fast Flows and the NFPA
In the revised NFPA 10 section "5-5 "Application for Specific Hazards" requires "fast flow" extinguishers in locations containing pressurized flammable liquids and pressurized flammable gas and areas with three-dimensional class B hazards. Pressurized gas and three-dimensional fires require higher flow rates then standard extinguishers in order to be extinguished. The higher flow rate puts more agent onto the fire quicker and results in a faster "knock-down" of the fire. Higher flow rates also provide more operator protection by putting a "heavier" stream of dry chemical in between the operator and fire. This creates a temporary "heat shield" as long as the agent is being discharged because of the light color of the agent it reflects most of the radiant heat back away from the operator.

See also

Fire extinguisher
Fire protection
Condensed aerosol fire suppression

Firefighting equipment
Joseph Boyer. Joseph E. Boyer (c. 1848 – October 24, 1930) was an American inventor and computer industrialist.

Boyer was President of the J. Boyer Machine Co. in St. Louis, Missouri. He helped William Seward Burroughs I develop the adding machine and was the inventor of the first successful rivet gun. As the third president of the American Arithmometer Company, in the first of a series of business moves designed to eliminate the competition, in 1903 he secretly agreed to acquire the Addograph Manufacturing Company. Then in 1905 Boyer relocated the entire company from St. Louis to Detroit, Michigan at which point the company name was changed to the Burroughs Adding Machine Company. He served as president until 1920.

Joseph Boyer, then President of the American Arithmometer Company, was quoted as saying:
There was Burroughs with his great idea, greater than any of us could fully appreciate, and with his meager capital of $300. Long before the first model was actually begun his money was gone. But as his resources dwindled, his courage grew.  I used to leave him at his bench in the evening and find him still there in the morning.

When the first machine proved a failure, Burroughs made another model.  Finally, the third model seemed to meet his standards. He could make it perform mathematical wonders, so a lot of 50 machines was made. However, when untrained operators ran the machines, they got the most amazing results. People began to question Burroughs' judgment and doubt his ability.

Everyone but Burroughs was ready to quit. Yet the inventor himself was undaunted, demonstrating his contempt for imperfection by tossing the 50 machines, one by one, out of a second-story window. Then he began work on a new model.  Night after night he worked feverishly, 24 hours a day, 34 hours at a stretch.  Then, at last, the wonderful governor that has made the machine foolproof was invented. Burroughs was jubilant.  His machine was perfect.  His faith had been justified.

Boyer died of pneumonia in Detroit.

References

External links
 Joseph Boyer profile via Harvard Business School
 

1840s births
1930 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Michigan
Burroughs Corporation people
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
Ossi Oikarinen. Ossi Oikarinen (born 3 May 1970) is a Finnish engineer who works in Formula One.

Career 
Oikarinen began his Formula One career with Arrows in  and continued in its employment until . He worked at Toyota from  to  as race engineer for Cristiano da Matta and later Jarno Trulli and moved to BMW Sauber in  and to Ferrari in 2009.

References
 T-lehti.fi -- Työelämä  

1970 births
Living people
Formula One engineers
Finnish motorsport people