omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Convective condensation level. The convective condensation level (CCL) represents the height (or pressure) where an air parcel becomes saturated when heated from below and lifted adiabatically due to buoyancy.

In the atmosphere, assuming a constant water vapor mixing ratio, the dew point temperature (the temperature where the
relative humidity is 100%) decreases with increasing height because the pressure of the atmosphere decreases with height. The CCL is determined by plotting the dew point (100%RH) versus altitude and locating the intersection with the actual measured temperature sounding. It marks where the cloud base begins when air is heated from below to the convective temperature, without mechanical lift. 

Once the CCL is determined, the surface temperature necessary to raise a mass of air to that height can be found by using the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR) to determine the potential temperature. In the early morning, this temperature is typically larger than the surface temperature, in the mid-afternoon, it may be the same.

Compare this to the Lifting Condensation Level (LCL) where the air is lifted and cooled without first increasing the surface temperature. The LCL is less than or equal to the CCL depending on the temperature profile.

Both condensation levels indicate the altitude (or pressure) where relative humidity reaches 100%. However, since the actual condensation level depends on the availability of condensation nuclei, clouds typically do not form until the relative humidity is somewhat above 100%.

See also 
 Atmospheric convection
 Atmospheric thermodynamics
 Lifting condensation level and level of free convection

References

External links 
 SKEW-T: A LOOK AT CCL
 Convective condensation level (CCL) (Glossary of Meteorology)

Atmospheric thermodynamics
Gliding technology
Severe weather and convection
Convective temperature. The convective temperature (CT or Tc) is the approximate temperature that air near the surface must reach for cloud formation without mechanical lift. In such case, cloud base begins at the convective condensation level (CCL), whilst with mechanical lifting (such as from low-pressure areas located in the lower troposphere, frontal systems, surface boundaries, gravity waves, and convergence zones), condensation begins at the lifted condensation level (LCL). Convective temperature is important to forecasting thunderstorm development.

See also 
 Atmospheric convection
 Atmospheric thermodynamics

External links 
 Convective Temperature on MImiMeteorology

Severe weather and convection
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Water weights. Water weights are water filled bags which are designed as a safe, practical and economical method of non-destructive testing and checking the structural integrity of cranes, davits, lifeboats, link spans, ramps and lifts, floors and bridges.

Water weights are a popular alternative to solid weights as they are safer to use and can offer cost savings in transportation, storage and labour. When performing load tests using water weights, gradual application of the load allows problems to be identified prior to attaining maximum load.

References 

Nondestructive testing
Lifted index. The lifted index (LI) is the temperature difference between the environment Te(p) and an air parcel lifted adiabatically Tp(p) at a given pressure height in the troposphere (lowest layer where most weather occurs) of the atmosphere, usually 500 hPa (mb). The temperature is measured in Celsius. When the value is positive, the atmosphere (at the respective height) is stable and when the value is negative, the atmosphere is unstable.

Determining LI 
LI can be computed using computer algorithms but can also be determined graphically. To do this, generally, the parcel is lifted from the portion of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) that lies below the morning inversion. The air here should be about 60 to 65% RH, which is then lifted along the dry adiabat (see also adiabatic process) to the lifting condensation level (LCL), which is the intersection of that curve with the average mixing ratio in the boundary layer. Once the LCL is found, the parcel is lifted along the moist adiabat to 500 mb. It is then that one finds LI = Te(p) - Tp(p).

LI is generally scaled as follows: 
 LI 6 or Greater, Very Stable Conditions
 LI Between 1 and 6 : Stable Conditions, Thunderstorms Not Likely
 LI Between 0 and -2 : Slightly Unstable, Thunderstorms Possible, With Lifting Mechanism (i.e., cold front, daytime heating, ...)
 LI Between -2 and -6 : Unstable, Thunderstorms Likely, Some Severe With Lifting Mechanism
 LI Less Than -6: Very Unstable, Severe Thunderstorms Likely With Lifting Mechanism

Significance to thunderstorms 
The lifted index can be used in thunderstorm forecasting, however, convective available potential energy (CAPE) is considered by most as a superior measurement of instability and is preferred by many meteorologists for convection forecasting.  However, LI is easier and faster to determine without using a computer, as determining CAPE requires integration from one level to another.

See also 
 Atmospheric convection
 Atmospheric thermodynamics
 Convective instability
 Lapse rate

References

External links 
 Lifted Index (University of Illinois)
 A look at LI
 Convective indices (NWS St. Louis)
 AMS Glossary stability indices, including LI
 

Severe weather and convection
Atmospheric thermodynamics
GreenBorder. Green Border Technologies, Inc., doing business as GreenBorder, was a security software company that specialized in using virtualization to create safe zones for online activities for Internet users. GreenBorder allows computer operators combine hardware and software to create "virtual" machines where tasks such as reading e-mail or exploring websites could be done without exposing systems to viruses or other malicious programs. Web-based programs that try to access files or computer registries are stopped from leaving what are commonly referred to as online "sandboxes" created by GreenBorder. The virtual "sandboxes" vanish at the end of each session, taking attacker assaults such as spyware, viruses, and trojans with them.

GreenBorder was founded in 2001 by Vlad Dabija (founding CEO until 2004), Úlfar Erlingsson (founding CTO until 2002), Rosen Sharma and Srinivasan Keshav (as founding board members). The initial investors were Rajeev Motwani, Sevin Rosen Funds, and Labrador Ventures joined in Series B by TPG Ventures. Bernard Harguindeguy joined the team in 2005 as the CEO and lead the turnaround before selling the company to Google.

Google acquisition 
GreenBorder, which is based in Mountain View, California, where Google has its headquarters, posted a message at its website announcing that it had been bought by Google. Google confirmed the purchase of GreenBorder, saying the deal was completed mid-May 2007 but the financial terms were not disclosed. GreenBorder said it is no longer taking on new customers and will service current subscribers until their contracts expire. 

The terms of the deal and Google's specific plans for GreenBorder's technology were not disclosed.

The fate of the technology became apparent when Google Chrome was launched in September 2008: several former GreenBorder employees were named in a description of the new browser's sandboxing ability.

References

External links
Google Acquisition report
PC Magazine Review

Google acquisitions
Software companies established in 2001
Plato Malozemoff. Plato Malozemoff (born Platon Alexandovich Malozyomov, ; 1909–1997) was a Russian-American engineer, manager, and businessman.

Early life and education 
Malozemoff was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on August 28, 1909, and immigrated to the San Francisco Bay Area as a child. Malozemoff was raised in Oakland, California. He attended the University of California, Berkeley as an undergraduate and did his graduate studies at the Montana School of Mines, where he studied under metallurgist Antoine Marc Gaudin.

Career 
Unable to secure an engineering position after earning his master's degree, Malozemoff held jobs provided by the Works Progress Administration.

In 1945, Malozemoff took an entry-level engineering position with the Newmont Corporation in Colorado. Quickly rising up the corporate ranks, Malozemoff became president of the company in 1954. At the time it was valued at $147 million. He expanded it into a $2.3 billion firm via acquisitions and international expansion by the time he left in 1986. He was inducted into the National Mining Hall of Fame in 1994.

The UC Berkeley College of Engineering has since established a named professorship in honor of Malozemoff, the Plato Malozemoff Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

Personal life 
Malozemoff and his wife, Alexandria, had two children. He died on August 8, 1997, in Greenwich, Connecticut.

References

1909 births
1997 deaths
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
White Russian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American businesspeople
People from Saint Petersburg
Henry Liu (civil engineer). Henry Liu (June 3, 1936 – December 1, 2009) was an American civil engineer and the president of Freight Pipeline Company (FPC), now known as EcologicTech.

Liu earned his PhD in civil engineering from Colorado State University with research on fluid mechanics, and then worked as a professor of civil engineering at the University of Missouri (MU) in Columbia, Missouri, for over 20 years. At MU, he was also director of the Capsule Pipeline Research Center, a joint state industry initiative funded by the National Science Foundation to develop Capsule pipeline technology to transport freight- an innovative application of pipelines to transfer solids instead of fluids.

In 2001, after his retirement, Liu founded FPC, the company which developed a new type of Fly Ash Brick, a building brick made from a waste by-product of coal power plants, using an environmentally sustainable manufacturing process.

Liu had spent most of his working career compressing industrial freight using hydraulic presses. In 1999, he was given some fly ash by a client, and decided to compress it "just to see what would come out." Liu mixed the fly ash with water and applied 4,000 psi (28 MPa) of pressure. After two weeks, he found that the mixture had set into blocks with the strength of concrete. Owing to the high concentration of calcium oxide in fly ash, the bricks can be described as "self-cementing".

Liu used a National Science Foundation grant of $600,000 to perfect the manufacturing technique over an eight-year period, discovering that by adding an air entrainment agent which generates microscopic bubbles in the hardened brick that better accommodate the expansion of freezing water, he was able to produce a brick which could withstand over 100 freeze-thaw cycles, thereby comfortably meeting US federal safety standards.

Since the manufacturing method uses a waste by-product rather than clay, and solidification takes place under pressure rather than heat, it offers several environmental benefits. It saves energy, reduces mercury pollution, alleviates the need for landfill disposal of fly ash, and costs 20% less than traditional methods. The bricks are now manufactured under license by Calstar Products in California.

In October 2009, Liu was awarded the $100,000 Purpose Prize award for his fly brick invention however, died on December 1, 2009, in a car accident at age 73.

References

American civil engineers
People from Columbia, Missouri
University of Missouri faculty
Place of birth missing
1936 births
2009 deaths
Colorado State University alumni
Chinese emigrants to the United States
20th-century American engineers
Engineers from Missouri
American company founders
Road incident deaths in Missouri
21st-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Missouri
Christof Ebert. Christof Ebert (born 1964 in Stuttgart) is a German computer scientist and entrepreneur.

He studied electrical engineering and computer sciences from 1984 to 1990 at the University of Stuttgart and Kansas State University. In 1994, he received his Ph.D. at the University of Stuttgart on complexity control during the product life-cycle. From 1994 to 2007, he worked at Alcatel: first in Stuttgart, then, in 1996, in Antwerp, and, as of 2001, in Paris. As director of engineering, he had global responsibility for software platforms and technology. Recognizing his contributions in productivity improvement, systems engineering, and product lifecycle management, he was named member of Alcatel's technical academy. In 2006, he founded Vector Consulting Services, where he is managing director and Partner.

Christof is an adjunct professor at the University of Stuttgart and has authored several books and over 150 scientific publications. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Software and the Journal of Systems and Software and is chair of the conference series IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE). Being an IEEE Distinguished Visitor, he is working on requirements engineering, product management and software engineering.

Further reading 
 Christof Ebert: Global Software and IT Wiley, New York, USA, 2011, 
 Christof Ebert and Reiner Dumke: Software Measurement Springer, 2. edition, New York 2007,

External links 
Vector Consulting Services
Blog on Software Technology
University of Stuttgart
IEEE Software magazine
Sorbonne University MIKS program

1964 births
Living people
Computer systems researchers
Businesspeople from Stuttgart
German computer scientists
Academic staff of the University of Stuttgart
University of Stuttgart alumni
DHS Border and Maritime Security Division. The Border and Maritime Security Division (BMD) is a division of the Science and Technology Directorate of the United States Department of Homeland Security. Within the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency, BMD develops tools and technologies that improve the security of the United States's land borders and waterways.

Focus
The 2007 High Priority Technical Needs Brochure published by Homeland Security defines critical focus areas for Border and Maritime research, falling primarily under the categories of border security, cargo security and maritime security.

Border security
 Improved ballistic protection via personal protective equipment
 Improve detection, tracking, and identification of all threats along the terrestrial and maritime border
 Non-lethal compliance measures for vehicles, vessels, or aircraft allowing for safe interdiction by law enforcement personnel
 Non-destructive tools that allow for the inspection of hidden or closed compartments to find contraband or security threats
 Improved analysis and decision-making tools that will ensure the development/implementation of border security initiatives
 Ability for law enforcement personnel to quickly identify the origin of gunfire and classify the type of weapon fired
 Ability for law enforcement officers to assure compliance of lawful orders using non-lethal means

Cargo security
 Enhanced screening and examination by non-intrusive inspection
 Increased information fusion, anomaly detection, Automatic Target Recognition capability
 Detect and identify WMD materials and contraband
 Capability to screen 100% of air cargo
 Test the feasibility of seal security; Detection of intrusion
 Track domestic high-threat cargo
 Harden air cargo conveyances and containers
 Positive ID of cargo & detection

Maritime security
 Wide-area surveillance from the coast to beyond the horizon; port and inland waterways region - detect, ID, and track
 Data fusion and automated tools for command center operations
 Vessel compliance through non-lethal compliance methods
 Enhanced capability to continuously track contraband on ships or containers
 Improved ballistic personal protective equipment for officer safety
 Improved WMD detection equipment for officer safety; improved screening capability for WMD for maritime security checkpoints

References

Border and Maritime Security Division
Water transportation in the United States
Software measurement. Software measurement is a quantified attribute (see also: measurement) of a characteristic of a software product or the software process. It is a discipline within software engineering. The process of software measurement is defined and governed by ISO Standard ISO 15939 (software measurement process).

Software metrics

Software size, functional measurement
The primary measurement of software is size, specifically functional size.  The generic principles of functional size are described in the ISO/IEC 14143.  Software size is principally measured in function points.  It can also be measured in lines of code, or specifically, source lines of code (SLOC) which is functional code excluding comments.  Whilst measuring SLOC is interesting, it is more an indication of effort than functionality.  Two developers could approach a functional challenge using different techniques, and one might need only write a few lines of code, and the other might need to write many times more lines to achieve the same functionality. The most reliable method for measuring software size is code agnostic, from the user's point of view - in function points.

Measuring code
One method of software measurement is metrics that are analyzed against the code itself. These are called software metrics and including simple metrics, such as counting the number of lines in a single file, the number of files in an application, the number of functions in a file, etc. Such measurements have become a common software development practice.

Measuring software complexity, cohesion and coupling

There are also more detailed metrics that help measure things like software complexity, Halstead, cohesion, and coupling.

See also
History of software engineering
Software engineer
Software metrics
Function point
COSMIC functional size measurement

References

Further reading 
 Norman Fenton, Shari L Pfleeger: Software metrics: a rigorous and practical approach PWS Publishing Co. Boston, MA, USA 1997, 
 Christof Ebert and Reiner Dumke: Software Measurement Springer, New York 2007, 
 Zádor Dániel Kelemen, Gábor Bényasz and Zoltán Badinka: A measurement based software quality framework ThyssenKrupp Presta, Budapest 2014, Technical Report No: TKPH-QDTR-201401.

Software metrics
Lighthouse Tower. The Lighthouse Tower is a supertall, commercial skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates designed by multi-national architectural firm Atkins. It was planned to be constructed in the Dubai International Financial Centre, and was set to rise to  and have 64 floors. The tower was planned to be a Green Building with a huge emphasis put on reducing its carbon footprint and conserving energy.

The tower would have rose as two separate towers, bridged from level 10, all the way up to approximately  above ground. The structure was to hold a number of skygardens. Construction was suspended in 2009 and the building was never finished.

Environmental aspects
There were going to be three large 225 kW wind turbines,  in diameter, on the building's south facing side in order to generate electricity. These turbines would have had the freedom to yaw, in order to maximize power generation. It would also have been clad in 4,000 solar panels to generate additional electricity.  The tower's overall energy consumption would have been reduced by 65%, and its water consumption by 40% in comparison to an equivalent building. At the building's base, a four story glass lobby would have housed an environmental visitor center. It was designed by the Atkins group.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Dubai
Pearl River Tower

Notes

References

Skyscrapers in Dubai
Proposed skyscrapers in Dubai
.QL. .QL (pronounced "dot-cue-el") is an object-oriented query language used to retrieve data from relational database management systems. It is reminiscent of the standard query language SQL and the object-oriented programming language Java. .QL is an object-oriented variant of a logical query language called Datalog. Hierarchical data can therefore be naturally queried in .QL in a recursive manner. 

Queries written in .QL are optimised, compiled into SQL and can then be executed on any major relational database management system. .QL query language is being used in SemmleCode to query a relational representation of Java programs.

.QL is developed at Semmle Limited and is based on the company's proprietary technology.

Language features 
.QL has several language features to make queries concise, intuitive and reusable:
 Extensible type hierarchy
 Methods and predicates
 Definition before use

Example query 
The sample query below illustrates use of .QL to query a Java program. This is how one would select all classes that contain more than ten public methods:
 from Class c, int numOfMethods
 where numOfMethods = count(Method m| m.getDeclaringType()=c 
                      and m.hasModifier("public"))
       and numOfMethods > 10
 select c.getPackage(), c, numOfMethods
In fact, this query selects not only all classes with more than ten public methods, but also their corresponding packages and the number of methods each class has.

See also 
 SQL - Structured Query Language
 OQL - Object Query Language
 Datalog - logic programming language
 SemmleCode - Software testing tool that uses .QL language

References 
 Hervé Gallaire and Jack Minker. Logic and Databases. Plenum Press, New York,1978.
 Serge Abiteboul and Paris C. Kanellakis. Object identity as a query language primitive. In SIGMOD Rec, pages 159–173, ACM Press, 1989.
 Oege de Moor, Elnar Hajiyev and Mathieu Verbaere. Object-oriented queries over software systems. In Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Partial Evaluation and Semantics-based Program Manipulation (PEPM), page 91, ACM Press, 2007.

External links 
 Semmle Limited: creators of .QL

Declarative programming languages
Logic programming languages
Query languages
Data modeling languages
Proginet. Proginet Corporation, which was acquired by Tibco Software in 2010, was a systems management software company best known for developing a file transfer product known as XCOM.

History 
Proginet was founded 1986 by Joseph T. Mohen and is headquartered in Garden City, New York. It has offices in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

In the late 1980s, it developed a product called XCOM which was intended to allow companies to manage the process of moving bulk data between 26 different computer operating systems.

Thomas Charles Bauer joined the company at its founding and was the chief developer of the XCOM file transfer software. He also served as the company's Software Development Manager and Chief Technology Officer.

In the early 1990s, the company's rights in XCOM were sold to its distributor, which was itself later acquired by CA-Inc. XCOM went on to generate hundreds of millions of dollars in sales for CA-Inc.

After the sale of its only product, the company secured equity stakes from Microsoft and Novell, and began the development of enterprise managed file transfer products across many major computing platforms including Windows, UNIX, Linux, IBM i and the mainframe.

On June 22, 2010 the company announced that it was to be acquired by TIBCO Corporation for $23 million.

References

Software companies based in New York (state)
EDI software companies
2010 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct software companies of the United States