omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bill Bedford. Alfred William Bedford OBE AFC FRAeS (18 November 1920 – 20 October 1996) was a British test pilot and pioneered the development of V/STOL aircraft.

Bedford was born on 18 November 1920 at Loughborough and was educated at Loughborough College. He was serving an electrical and mechanical apprenticeship and training to be a steeplejack when the war started.

Bedford joined the Royal Air Force as a fighter pilot in 1940. He flew the Hawker Hurricane and the Republic Thunderbolt with No. 605 Squadron RAF and No. 135 Squadron RAF, and the North American Mustang with No. 65 Squadron RAF. Bedford was awarded the Air Force Cross in 1945. After the war, he took a permanent commission with the RAF and became an all-weather flying instructor and tutor at the Empire Test Pilots' School.

On 24 August 1950, an Eon Olympia glider flown by Bill Bedford broke the British distance record by flying 310 km in 3:50 hr. On 2 May 1951 Bedford broke this record with a flight of 413 km from Farnborough to Newcastle.

On his retirement in 1951, he joined Hawker Siddeley and was chief test pilot from 1956 till 1967. Together with his colleague Hugh Merewether he pioneered Hawker's development of V/STOL aircraft. Bedford was the first pilot to fly the Hawker P.1127, Kestrel, and Harrier. In addition to his land-based test pilot duties, he also pioneered the operation of V/STOL aircraft from a ship - the P.1127 on HMS Ark Royal in 1963.

From 1968, he became the Sales Manager for Hawker Siddeley Aviation and later marketing manager when it became British Aerospace. Bedford retired in 1986 and died on 20 October 1996 in West End Esher, Surrey.

Bedford's awards include the King's Commendation, the Order of the British Empire, and the Air Force Cross. In addition, he was awarded the Britannia, Segrave and de Havilland trophies. In 1994, he was awarded the Sir Peter Masefield Gold Medal.

Notes

References 
British Aerospace Harrier - Aviation History magazine
Obituary
Test & Research Pilots retrieved 14 June 2008.

1920 births
1996 deaths
British World War II pilots
English glider pilots
English test pilots
Royal Air Force officers
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Britannia Trophy winners
Segrave Trophy recipients
Alumni of Loughborough University
Alumni of Loughborough College
Harrier Jump Jet
People from Loughborough
Military personnel from Leicestershire
BCJR algorithm. The Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) algorithm is an algorithm for maximum a posteriori decoding of error correcting codes defined on trellises (principally convolutional codes).  The algorithm is named after its inventors: Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv.  This algorithm is critical to modern iteratively-decoded error-correcting codes, including turbo codes and low-density parity-check codes.

Steps involved
Based on the trellis:

 Compute forward probabilities 
 Compute backward probabilities 
 Compute smoothed probabilities based on other information (i.e. noise variance for AWGN, bit crossover probability for binary symmetric channel)

Variations

SBGT BCJR
Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima simplification.

Log-Map BCJR

Implementations
 Susa framework implements BCJR algorithm for forward error correction codes and channel equalization in C++.

See also
 Forward-backward algorithm
 Maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation
 Hidden Markov model

References

External links
 The online textbook: Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, by David J.C. MacKay, discusses the BCJR algorithm in chapter 25.
 The implementation of BCJR algorithm in Susa signal processing framework

Error detection and correction
Fabricator. Fabricator may refer to:

Manufacturing
 Manufacturer
 Digital fabricator, a device designed to make (almost) anything
 Surface fabricator, a person or device that transforms one surface into another, or constructs a surface

Other uses
 Fabricator (intelligence), a source agent that provides fraudulent or false information
 Fabricator notice, by an intelligence agency
 Fabricator (album), BWO's third studio album, 2007

See also
 Fabrication (disambiguation)
 Phabricator, software development collaboration tools
Aras Corp. Aras Corporation is an American developer and publisher of product development software, Aras Innovator. The product is used for product lifecycle management (PLM) and other purposes. Since 2007, Aras has been providing Aras Innovator for free as "Enterprise open-source software", with Aras Corp providing technical support, software updates, and other consulting as a subscription service. Aras Corp was founded in 2000 in Andover, Massachusetts by Peter Schroer.

Aras Innovator is an enterprise software suite for managing product lifecycle management business processes. The product is based on the Microsoft .NET Framework and SQL Server. The product is used for product lifecycle management (PLM), advanced product quality planning (APQP), lean product development, product quality control, collaborative product development and new product introduction (NPI).

Until 2007, Aras sold their product as proprietary software for enterprises.

In 2007, Aras began providing Aras Innovator as open-source software. Clients obtain the software for free, and Aras Corp provides technical support, software updates, and other consulting as a subscription service.

In July 2020, Aras confirmed the introduction of a new framework, Digital Twin Core, which introduces functionality for generating and handling digital twins to the Aras low-code package.

References

Further reading
 Boston Globe
 Computer World
 Boston Business Journal
 Design News
 Engineering.com
 Product Lifecycle Management in the Era of Internet of Things: , , 

Product lifecycle management
Business software companies
Software companies based in Massachusetts
Software companies of the United States
2000 establishments in Massachusetts
Companies based in Massachusetts
Software companies established in 2000
American companies established in 2000
JNR Class EF57. The  of 2-C+C-2 wheel arrangement DC electric locomotives was a development of the previous JNR Class EF56. 15 Class EF57s were built between 1939 and 1943 by Hitachi and Kawasaki.

Introduced on Tokaido Line passenger services, they were seen at the head of expresses such as the Tsubame, complete with train headboard mounted precariously on the front of the cab decks. With the introduction of the newer semi-streamlined Class EF58s on Tokaido Line services, the EF57s were transferred to the Tohoku Main Line. At the same time, their steam-heating boilers were removed and replaced by electric-heating generators.

The class remained in use on long-distance express trains on the Tohoku Main Line until the 1970s.

Preserved examples

Only one member of the class is preserved: EF57 7 in a park in Utsunomiya, Tochigi Prefecture.

See also
 Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification
 JNR Class EF55
 JNR Class EF58

References

 

Electric locomotives of Japan
Hitachi locomotives
Kawasaki locomotives
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
2-C+C-2 locomotives
1500 V DC locomotives
Preserved electric locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1939
International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. The International Journal of Quantum Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing original, primary research and review articles on all aspects of quantum chemistry, including an expanded scope focusing on aspects of materials science, biochemistry, biophysics, quantum physics, quantum information theory, etc.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.444.

It was established in 1967 by Per-Olov Löwdin. In 2011, the journal moved to an in-house editorial office model, in which a permanent team of full-time, professional editors is responsible for article scrutiny and editorial content.

References

External links 
 

Chemistry journals
Academic journals established in 1967
Hybrid open access journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
English-language journals
Computational chemistry
By-wire. By-wire refers to technologies in which a system is controlled using electrical or electronic means rather than by a mechanical linkage that transfers force from the input to the system. The concept is used in aviation and in the automotive industry. By analogy, it may refer to managing by wire, a management style relying on an informational representations of the business, similar to fly-by-wire pilots who rely on an informational representation of the plane.

By-wire concepts and systems include:
 Drive by wire in automotive contexts
 Accelerate-by-wire or throttle-by-wire, more commonly known as electronic throttle control
 Brake-by-wire
 Shift-by-wire in automatic transmissions that are manumatic or in automated manual transmissions. This may include park by wire which actuates the parking pawl as part of the shifting system.
 Steer-by-wire
 Fly-by-wire in aviation contexts
 Power-by-wire, a system which actuates the aircraft's flight controls with electrical actuators in place of hydraulic actuators.

References
Gas well deliquification. Gas well deliquification, also referred to as "gas well dewatering", is the general term for technologies used to remove water or condensates build-up from producing gas wells.

When natural gas flows to the surface in a producing gas well, the gas carries liquids to the surface if the velocity of the gas is high enough. A high gas velocity results in a mist flow pattern in which liquids are finely dispersed in the gas. Consequently, a low volume of liquid is present in the tubing or production conduit, resulting in a pressure drop caused by gravity acting on the flowing fluids. As the gas velocity in the production tubing drops with time, the velocity of the liquids carried by the gas declines even faster. Flow patterns of liquids on the walls of the conduit cause liquid to accumulate in the bottom of the well, which can either slow or stop gas production altogether.

Possible solutions to this problem include the installation of a velocity string, a capillary string injecting foamers (often with corrosive effects on surface wellhead seals), or a pump to continuously or intermittently pump the water to the surface to remove the hydrostatic barrier that the water creates. A common practice is to use a device called a  plunger to lift the liquids. Improved electrical pumps coming onto the market may enhance the effectiveness of the technology. More recently, downhole compressors are being used to increase velocity of gas flow, which in turn accelerates liquid unloading.

The same concept is also applicable to oil wells when they are at the end stage of production. In this case, the reservoir pressure drops to such a low level that it cannot lift the weight of the oil/water column to the surface. By injecting a gas (such as nitrogen) into the wellbore at a specific point, the density of the fluid column can be reduced to the point that the reservoir pressure is once again able to lift fluids to the surface.

References

Gas Well Deliquification: Solutions to Gas Well Liquid Loading Problems by James Lea, Henry Nickens and Mike Wells, Gulf Professional Publishing 2003

External links
Summary of Journal of Petroleum Technology paper on gas well deliquification
Oil & Gas Journal article on low-pressure gas well deliquification

Natural gas technology
Nanoq. Nanoq (Inuit for polar bear) is a museum in Jakobstad, Finland, specializing in arctic culture and Greenland in particular.

The museum hosts exhibitions about famous polar expeditions and displays many items, e.g. a replica of the balloon gondola from S.A. Andrée's fateful expedition and material from the John Phipps expedition to Svalbard around 1770, as well as several artifacts related to the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen.

External links
The Arctic Museum's homepage

Ethnographic museums in Europe
Museums in Ostrobothnia (region)
Jakobstad
Open-air museums in Finland
Architecture framework. The ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 Conceptual Model of Architecture Description defines the term architecture framework within systems engineering and software development as:

"An architecture framework establishes a common practice for creating, interpreting, analyzing and using architecture descriptions within a particular domain of application or stakeholder community. Examples of Architecture Frameworks: MODAF, TOGAF, Kruchten's 4+1 view model, RM-ODP."

Especially the domain within a company or other organization is covered by enterprise architecture frameworks.

The Survey of Architecture Frameworks lists some of the available architecture frameworks.

References 

Software architecture
Enterprise architecture
Lombardi Engineering. Lombardi Engineering Ltd. is a Swiss civil engineering company based in Giubiasco, Bellinzona district. It was established in 1989. It is the successor to "Giovanni Lombardi Ph. D. Consulting Engineers" which was established in 1955 by Giovanni Lombardi. As of 2012, the company employs 200 employees.

Projects
The company is specialized in tunnel ventilation, underground, hydraulic, civil works as well as project studies. It has helped develop projects such St. Gotthard Base Tunnel - Switzerland, AlpTransit, Lyon-Turin Railway, Mont Blanc tunnel and the hypothetical Gibraltar Tunnel linking Africa and Europe through Morocco and Spain.

References and notes

External links
 Official website

Design companies established in 1989
Engineering companies of Switzerland
Construction and civil engineering companies of Switzerland
Swiss companies established in 1989
Construction and civil engineering companies  established in 1989
UHU. UHU GmbH & Co. KG is a German manufacturer of adhesive products, based in Bühl, Germany. Its company slogan is "glues anything, anytime.".  The company logo is yellow with black lettering and in many markets it includes the German phrase: "" (the "everything-glue").

The products are now sold in over 125 countries around the world.

History 

In 1905, August Fischer, a dispensing chemist, purchased a small chemical plant aiming to manufacture inks, rubber stamp pads, paints and adhesives. In 1932, Fischer developed a clear synthetic resin adhesive which displayed the ability to affix almost any material. Following the custom of the time to name products in the writing goods sector after birds, Fischer named the glue UHU (pronounced in German as , with  in being common in many English-speaking countries) after Uhu, the onomatopoeic German name for the eagle-owl, a bird which at the time could still be found in the Black Forest. There is an account of glue being used by British prisoners of war in Germany during WW2, and this is referred to by them as 'Uhu'. Another version of the origin of the company's name is that it supplied the glue in kits for a model airplane named "UHU" (Owl).  This model design was built by German youngsters for an annual contest named "" (the small owl) that began around 1950.  The contest was very popular, and the glue became a popular item with German hobbyists, so the name stuck.

In 1971, Fischer's company, renamed UHU after its leading product, was taken over by the Beecham Group of England (which subsequently became a part of GlaxoSmithKline), but regained independence for a few years after a management buyout in 1989.  In 1994, UHU became a totally owned subsidiary of the Bolton Group, an Italian manufacturer of branded consumer goods.

Guinness World Records 
The company has achieved one world record in Germany, in October 2007. A Ford pickup truck weighing about four tonnes was suspended from a crane with the help of UHU glue. Two steel parts  in diameter were glued together with an UHU derivative and were used to connect car and crane hook.

This record was subsequently beaten in March 2009 by the German firm Henkel, who lifted a similar Ford truck, this time with a Smart microcar in the back, giving a total weight of 5.02 tonnes.

References

External links 
 UHU GmbH & Co. KG homepage

German companies established in 1932
Manufacturing companies established in 1932
Adhesives
Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Chemical companies of Germany
German brands
German inventions
Ground conductivity. Ground conductivity refers to the electrical conductivity of the subsurface of the earth. In the International System of Units (SI) it is measured in millisiemens per meter (mS/m).

Radio propagation

Ground conductivity is an extremely important factor in determining the field strength and propagation of surface wave (ground wave) radio transmissions.  Low frequency (30–300 kHz) and medium frequency (300–3000 kHz) radio transmissions are particularly reliant on good ground conductivity as their primary propagation is by surface wave.  It also  affects the real world radiation pattern of high frequency (3-30 MHz) antennas, as the so-called "takeoff angle" is not an inherent property of the antenna but a result of a ground reflection. For this reason ITU publishes an extensive world atlas of ground conductivities.

Other uses
Ground conductivity is sometimes used in determining the efficiency of a septic tank, using electromagnetic induction, so that contaminants do not reach the surface or nearby water supplies.

References

External links
 Ground conductivity maps in the United States (provided by the Federal Communications Commission and includes large scale map)
 Measurement of the ground conductivity and relative permittivity with high frequency using an open wire line (OWL) (Practical example with network analyzer and mathematics for the conversion)

Broadcast engineering
University Statisticians of the Southern Experiment Stations. The University Statisticians of the Southern Experiment Stations (USSES) was a coalition of southern Universities formed in the mid-1960s for the purpose of coordinating efforts in the development of statistical software.  This coalition was largely motivated by introduction of the IBM System/360, which required the reprogramming of all software developed on previous IBM models.

North Carolina State University played a leading role within the coalition because they had a larger programming staff and were well funded through a grant from the National Institute of Health.

See also
 Anthony James Barr
 Gertrude Mary Cox
 James Goodnight
 SAS System

References 

Statistical organizations in the United States
Easy Software Products. Easy Software Products was the vendor who originally invented the Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) and HTMLDOC software.  It was founded near Washington, D.C. in 1993 and was located in Morgan Hill, California. ESP sold CUPS to Apple Inc. in 2007, but still developed and sold its HTMLDOC software until its closure.

References

External links
 HTMLDOC
 CUPS

Software companies based in Washington, D.C.
Software companies established in 1993
Defunct software companies of the United States
LDI. LDI may refer to:
Logic Dessert Infographic
 Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research in Montreal, Canada
 Lawrenceburg Distillers Indiana, the former name of the distillery MGP of Indiana
 Liberty Diversified Industries
 Liability-driven investment strategy
 IATA airport code for Lindi Airport
 LVDS Display Interface, a low-voltage differential signaling interface for flat-panel displays
 Laser Direct Imaging, a type of photoplotting
 La droite indépendante, the former French electoral alliance
Nmrpipe. NMRPipe is a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance data processing program.

The project was preceded by other functionally similar programs but is, by and large, one of the most popular  software packages for NMR Data Processing in part due to its efficiency (due to its utilization of Unix pipes) and ease of use (due to the large amount of logic embedded in its individual functions).

NMRPipe consists of a series of "functions" which can be applied to a FID data file in any sequence, by using UNIX pipes.

Each individual function in NMRPipe has a specific task and a set of arguments which can be sent to configure its behavior.

See also 
 Comparison of NMR software

External links 
 NmrPipe website
 nmrPipe on NMR wiki

Nuclear magnetic resonance software
Medical software
Fine bubble diffusers. Fine bubble diffusers are a pollution control technology used to aerate wastewater for sewage treatment.

Description
Fine bubble diffusers produce a plethora of very small air bubbles which rise slowly from the floor of a wastewater treatment plant or sewage treatment plant aeration tank and provide substantial and efficient mass transfer of oxygen to the water. The oxygen, combined with the food source, sewage, allows the bacteria to produce enzymes which help break down the waste so that it can settle in the secondary clarifiers or be filtered by membranes. A fine bubble diffuser is commonly manufactured in various forms: tube, disc, plate, and dome.

Bubble size
The subject of bubble size is important because the aeration system in a wastewater or sewage treatment plant consumes an average of 50 to 70 percent of the energy of the entire plant. Increasing the oxygen transfer efficiency decreases the power the plant requires to provide the same quality of effluent water.  Furthermore, fine bubble diffusers evenly spread out (often referred to as a 'grid arrangement') on the floor of a tank, provide the operator of the plant a great deal of operational flexibility.  This can be used to create zones with high oxygen concentrations (oxic or aerobic), zones with minimal oxygen concentration (anoxic) and zones with no oxygen (anaerobic). This allows for more precise targeting and removal of specific contaminants.

The importance of achieving ever smaller bubble sizes has been a hotly debated subject in the industry as ultra fine bubbles (micrometre size) are generally perceived to rise too slowly and provide too little "pumpage" to provide adequate mixing of sewage in an aeration tank. On the other hand, the industry standard "fine bubble" with a typical discharge diameter of 2 mm is probably larger than it needs to be for many plants.  Average bubble diameters of 0.9 mm are possible nowadays, using special polyurethane (PUR) or special recently developed EPDM membranes.

Fine bubble diffusers have largely replaced coarse bubble diffusers and mechanical aerators in most of the developed world and in much of the developing world. The exception would be in secondary treatment phases, such as activated sludge processing tanks, where 85 to 90 percent of any remaining solid materials (floating on the surface) are removed through settling or biological processes. The biological process uses air to encourage bacterial growth that would consume many of these waste materials, such as phosphorus and nitrogen that are dissolved in the wastewater. The larger air release openings of a coarse bubble diffuser helps to facilitate a higher oxygen transfer rate and bacterial growth. One disadvantage of using fine bubble diffusers in activated sludge tanks is the tendency of floc (particle) clogging the small air release holes.

See also
 List of waste-water treatment technologies

References

Sewerage
Water treatment
Environmental engineering
Water technology
Telvent. Telvent (a portmanteau of "Telecom Ventures") was an information technology and industrial automation company specializing in SCADA, GIS and related IT systems for pipeline, energy utility, traffic, agriculture and environmental monitoring industries. Their customer base is worldwide, but concentrated in Spain and North America. In 2011, Telvent was acquired by the Schneider Electric group. In 2014 it was integrated into Getronics.

See also 
 Data Transmission Network (Telvent DTN)
 Abengoa
 Schneider Electric

References 

Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Schneider Electric