omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EN 590. EN 590 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization that describes the physical and chemical properties that all automotive diesel fuel must meet if it is to be sold in the European Union and several other European countries.

Based on 98/70/EG it allows the blending of up to 7% fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel with 'conventional' diesel - a 7:93 mix.

History 
The EN 590 had been introduced along with the European emission standards. With each of its revisions the EN 590 had been adapted to lower the sulphur content of diesel fuel – since 2007 this is called ultra-low-sulphur diesel as the former function of sulphur as a lubricant is absent (and needs to be replaced by additives).

Generally applicable requirements and test methods

GOST R 32511-2013

Winter Diesel 
The standard EN 590 puts diesel fuel into two groups destined for specific climatic environments. For the "temperate" climatic zones the standard defines six classes from  A to F. For the "arctic" climatic zones the standard defines five classes from  0 to 4.

Many countries in Europe require diesel fuel to meet a specific class in winter times. In Central and Western Europe the Winter Diesel (Winterdiesel, diesel d'hiver) must meet Class F conditions at least from the beginning of December to the end of February. During a transitional period (mostly October and April) a lower Class must be met. In the Scandinavian countries the Winter Diesel (Vinterdiesel) must meet Class 2 conditions. Some mineral groups offer both types commonly known as Winter Diesel (Winterdiesel, diesel d'hiver) and Arctic Diesel (Polardiesel, diesel polaires).

See also 
 EN 14214
 European emission standards
 Hydrogenated vegetable oil
 Ultra-low-sulfur diesel
 EN 15940 paraffinic diesel fuel standard

References

External links 
Standard .
First Texas Energy Corporation
National D2 Diesel
 
00590
Diesel fuel
Bell (cyclecar). The Bell is a British 3-wheeled cyclecar that was made in 1920 by W.G. Bell of Rochester, Kent.

The car was a three-wheeler with the single wheel at the front and was powered by a JAP or Precision engine. The cars were advertised, but it is not certain that series production ever started.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References
Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. G.N. Georgano (editor). year=2000. HMSO London. 

Cyclecars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1920
Defunct companies based in Kent
Baneservice. BaneService is a Norwegian government owned railway construction and maintenance company. It is by far the largest subcontractor for Bane NOR and is owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications.

History
Baneservice originated as a division of Norges Statsbaner (NSB), which had performed construction and maintenance functions all the way back to the formation of NSB in 1883. During the 1990s, multiple rounds of reforms and restructurings were enacted upon NSB and the Norwegian railway sector, one of which saw the rise of a new organisation model in 1992 under which infrastructure activities were organised principally under regional managers, which were given more responsibility and consequently reinforced by technical and administrative support functions. Under this model, the planning department was entirely separated from the department, which became part of Jernbaneverket when NSB was split up in 1996 with the name Jernbaneverket BaneService.

During the early 2000s, the liberal-conservative government sought to pivot from public sector dominance towards a market for public tender bids for the maintenance of the railway infrastructure. To achieve this, it was decided that BaneService was to be separated from Jernbaneverket; around this time, similar policies were being enforced on the Public Roads Administration and Coastal Administration.

Accordingly, during 2005, the maintenance division was demerged, and established as the limited company Baneservice; it was owned directly by the ministry. This restructuring was part of a program initiated by the conservative-liberal government to privatize the maintenance of the tracks, compelling the administration to perform tenders; The process of privatizing the work of 1,100 employees was discontinued after the 2005 election, following the victory of the socialist coalition government; despite this reversal, the Administration stated its intention to continue to tender various projects where it would be economically desirable to do so. While this government did announce its intention to revert the decision to privatise the maintenance of the railway, BaneService has remained operational as a separate company.

References

Railway companies of Norway
Construction and civil engineering companies of Norway
Government-owned companies of Norway
Railway companies established in 2005
Norwegian companies established in 2005
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 2005
Norwegian National Rail Administration
Ministry of Transport (Norway)
NSB El 4. NSB El 4 was a class of electric locomotive used by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) to transport iron ore on the Ofoten Line. NSB had a total of five triple-locomotive sets.

History

In 1923, Ofoten Line and the Swedish Iron Ore Line were electrified and NSB had to acquire electric locomotives to haul the trains. NSB chose to order five double-engine El 3 units and five triple-engine El 4 units for the purpose. The El 4 were built at NEBB, Thune and Hamar Jernstøberi.

After World War II, the production of iron ore in Kiruna and Malmberget increased dramatically and the train length was increased, with the consequence that each train needed more propulsion. NSB chose to order eight new El 12 locomotives at the same time it combined the ten El 3 locomotives to make three triple-engine sets with one reserve.

When the El 15 locomotives were delivered in 1967, the El 3 and El 4 units were taken out of service. None of the locomotives have been preserved. One engine, 4.2046, is buried under gravel and soil below the railway near Katterat, where it ended up at a derailment in 1959. Heavy rainfall had caused flooding that damaged the line in Sørddalen. 4.2046 was hauling an inspection train when the embankment that carried the track failed and the engine tipped over. Usable parts were stripped from the engine before it was buried when the embankment was rebuilt.

References

External links

 Jernbane.net page on El 4 with pictures 

15 kV AC locomotives
El 04
Ofoten Line
Brown, Boveri & Cie locomotives
Electric locomotives of Norway
Railway locomotives introduced in 1925
Isaac Watt Boulton. Isaac Watt Boulton (1823–1899) was a British engineer and founder of the locomotive-hire business known as Boulton's Siding.

Family history
Isaac Boulton was born at Stockport. He was the son of John Boulton of Glossop who was related to Matthew Boulton of Boulton and Watt fame.  Isaac had 3 sons named Thomas, Wiliam and James Watt Boulton. He had one daughter named Helena.

Career
In 1841 I. W. Boulton began an apprenticeship with the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway under Richard Peacock.  Later, he joined his father's canal boat business and remained there until 1845.

After this he set up an engineering business but little is known about it except that he built at least one steam carriage (probably similar to those built by Richard Trevithick and Goldsworthy Gurney) and at least one steamboat.

In 1854 he joined the locomotive department of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway at Gorton.  He left in 1856 and set up another engineering business at Portland Street, Ashton-under-Lyne, where he built and repaired steam engines of various kinds.

In 1858–1859 he bought three second-hand railway locomotives (2-2-0 tender engines built by Bury) and started to hire them out for temporary jobs.  The locomotive-hire side of the business grew and so a connection to the nearest railway line was needed.  This led, in 1864, to the construction of Boulton's Siding, alongside the Oldham branch of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway.

In 1867, one of Boulton's carriages won what is considered to be the world's first race of two self-powered road vehicles.

References

Sources
 The Chronicles of Boulton's Siding, by Alfred Rosling Bennett, first published by the Locomotive Publishing Company in 1927, new impression by David & Charles 1971, 

British mechanical engineers
1823 births
1899 deaths
People from Stockport
NTHU College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. The College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) of National Tsing Hua University was established on February 1, 1998. The goal of the college is to foster high-tech professionals to be ready to meet the trend in national economic construction and industrial development.  Many alumni now work in Hsinchu Science Park, the technological heart of Taiwan.

The college of EECS now consists of two departments and four graduate institutes:

Department of Electrical Engineering (EE), Ph.D., M.S. and B.S.
Department of Computer Science (CS), Ph.D., M.S. and B.S.
Institute of Electronics Engineering (ENE), Ph.D. and M.S.
Institute of Communications Engineering (COM), Ph.D. and M.S.
Institute of Information Systems and Applications (ISA), Ph.D. and M.S.
Institute of Photonics Technologies (IPT), Ph.D. and M.S.

Currently, the College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science has 95 full-time faculty members.

External links
EECS College Website 
EECS College Website 
Electrical Engineering Department 
Computer Science Department 
Institute of Communications 
Institute of Information Systems and Applications 
Institute of Fotonic Technologies 
NTHU Official Website 

National Tsing Hua University
Richard D. Leapman. Richard D. Leapman (born 6 December 1950) is an English physicist who is current scientific director of National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), since October 2006  and a chief of the laboratory of bioengineering and physical science. Leapman's research interests are in the development and application of quantitative electron microscopy and the application of novel nanoscale imaging methods to solve problems in structural and cellular biology.

Leapman has been active in developing the techniques of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to provide an unprecedented high spatial resolution for nanoanalysis of biological structures. Leapman has devised new methods for quantifying both elemental and chemical information obtained from inelastic electron scattering, a research area in which he has over one hundred publications.  Leapman has extended the techniques of energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) and STEM and combined them with a known technique of tomography to obtain three-dimensional structural and compositional information of cellular components.

Leapman obtained his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Cambridge, England. He serves on the editorial boards of the journal of microscopy and nanotechnology and on peer review panels.

References

Publications
Chen KG, Valencia JC, Lai B, Zhang G, Paterson JK, Rouzaud F, Berens W, Wincovitch SM, Garfield SH, Leapman RD, Hearing VJ, Gottesman MM. Melanosomal sequestration of cytotoxic drugs contributes to the intractability of malignant melanomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 June 27;103(26):9903-7.
Petkova AT, Leapman RD, Guo Z, Yau WM, Mattson MP, Tycko R. Self-propagating, molecular-level polymorphism in Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils. Science. 2005 January 14;307(5707):262-5.
Leapman RD, Kocsis E, Zhang G, Talbot TL, Laquerriere P. Three-dimensional distributions of elements in biological samples by energy-filtered electron tomography. Ultramicroscopy. 2004 July;100(1-2):115-25
Leapman RD, Gallant PE, Reese TS, Andrews SB. Phosphorylation and subunit organization of axonal neurofilaments determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 July 22;94(15):7820-4.

External links
NIH homepage
NIH Institutes, Centers and Offices
NIH Health Information
History of NIH
NIH Podcast

1950 births
Living people
English physicists
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
RailCab. RailCab is a research project by the University of Paderborn, Germany. Its purpose is the examination of the use of linear engines for the propulsion of autonomous, rail mounted vehicles. Similar to the Transrapid the coaches are moved by linear motors, which have a very low need for maintenance. In contrast to Transrapid a magnetic field is only used for acceleration, the vehicles run on wheels on tracks. This concept allows for modification of existing conventional railway tracks.

Overview
The cabs can be ordered via cell-phone or the internet, and will be configured accordingly to the demands of the customer. In comparison to usual trains these vehicles are means of individual transport. Neither big stations, timetables nor prescribed routes are needed. An important feature is the creation of convoys of several cars with up to 10 passengers on the most frequently used tracks. The cars are not connected, but drive with low distance from each other. This reduces drag and so saves energy. Electronic systems and computers ensure that the cars maintain a certain distance from each other, and organize a fluent transport.

Experimental track
An experimental track exists near Paderborn, which allows the evaluation of the system.

References

External links
RailCab website in English

Rail technologies
Ann Arbor (automobile). The Ann Arbor Convertible Car was a vehicle manufactured in Ann Arbor, Michigan, by the Huron River Manufacturing Company from 1911 to 1912. The Ann Arbor Convertible Car was a dual-purpose vehicle, which could be converted from a small pickup, to an automobile to carry passengers. Only a few vehicles were built before the company shut down production and sold the plant. Only one surviving vehicle is known to still exist.

Huron River Manufacturing Company 

The Huron River Manufacturing Company was incorporated in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1910. A number of local and regional businessmen were appointed to senior management including E. D. Hiscock, president; Gottlob Luick, vice-president; W.H.L. Rhode, treasurer; D.C. Chipman, secretary; Charles Hiscock, George Seabolt, and G.L. Coffinberry, the latter of Cleveland, Ohio. The company acquired a single-story plant (measuring 256 feet by 100 feet) which had been built by the Fawn River Manufacturing Company to expand their manufacture or magnetos. They sold the plant to Huron River Manufacturing before occupancy.  A few vehicles were manufactured but Huron River Manufacturing continuously lost money and in 1912 agreed to their stock for shares of Star Motor Car Company of Augusta, Maine which planned to take over production in the Ann Arbor plant.  Estimates of production are not available but the best information suggests less than a dozen were made under Huron River management. Star never manufactured vehicles there and the plant was sold to a variety of other manufacturers before burning down in the last 1920s or early 1930s.

Ann Arbor Convertible Car 

The Ann Arbor Convertible Car was envisioned to be a dual-purpose vehicle for the livery and light delivery market. The chassis could be configured either with a flat bed behind the driver's seat with raised (but removable) sides, or with the sides removed, it could be configured with one or two seats in a row behind the driver's seat. With all seats installed, it could carry six people.  To protect passengers from inclement weather, a full-length foldable top was mounted to the third seat. The vehicle sold for $975 which compared favorably to the price of a Ford Model T, which was $800 at the time.

The vehicle was shown in trade journals as being powered by a gasoline engine with two opposed cylinders of stroke and bore of five inches. Strangely, the only vehicle to survive is powered by a four-cylinder gasoline engine manufactured by Davis, which was determined to have been the originally-installed engine.  Power was transmitted to the rear wheels by a rear-mounted gear box with dual chain drives. The vehicle had a 108-inch wheel-base and weighed 2,140 pounds. The manufacturer quoted a top speed of 25 mph.

See also
Brass Era car

References

External links 
 Huron River Manufacturing Company

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan
Air carbon arc cutting. Air carbon arc cutting, also referred to as metal arc gouging, and previously as air arc cutting, is an arc cutting process where metal is cut and melted by the heat of a carbon arc. Molten metal is then removed by a blast of air. It employs a consumable carbon or graphite electrode to melt the material, which is then blown away by an air jet. 

This process is useful for cutting a variety of materials, but it is most often used for cutting and gouging aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, and carbon and stainless steel. Because the metal is blown away by the air jet, it does not need to be oxidized. This process differs from plasma cutting operations because in air carbon cutting an open, unconstricted arc is used, and the arc operates separately from the air jet.

Air pressure for the jet usually varies from 60 to 100 psi (4-7 bar). The carbon electrode can be worn away by oxidation due to heat buildup. This can be reduced by coating the electrodes with copper.

As the sharpened carbon electrode is drawn along the metal, an arc forms and melts the metal. The air jet is used to blow away molten material. This can be dangerous, as the molten material can be blown substantial distances. The process is also very noisy. Metal removal is rapid, and when properly done, a smooth half-cylindrical cavity is created.

See also
Gas cutting
Plasma cutting

References

External links
SweetHaven Publishing Services, “Fundamentals of Professional Engineering”, 2001,  (April 17, 2008).

Metalworking
Welding
Sunil Saigal. Sunil Saigal (), is an Indian-born American engineer.

Education
Saigal obtained his bachelor's degree (Civil Engineering) at Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India in 1978, obtaining a masters in Structures from Indian Institute of Science in 1980, and obtained his PhD in 1985 from Purdue University.

Career
Sunil Saigal is a distinguished professor and a former dean of the Newark College of Engineering at New Jersey Institute of Technology.

Saigal's research has been focused on interactions with the industry and these contributions have included: 
 development of boundary element shape optimization in collaboration with United Technologies
 formulations for powder packing in collaboration with Alcoa and DuPont
 development of computational models for nonlinear soil behaviour in collaboration with ANSYS
  cohesive element formulations for post crack behaviour of glass—polymer composites in collaboration with DuPont 
 explicit algorithms for high velocity impact in collaboration with Naval Surface Warfare Center
 computational simulations of acetabular hip component to assist with total hip replacement surgery in a collaboration with University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
 development of medial surface algorithms in collaboration with Sandia National Laboratories.

Awards
 Fellow of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
 Fellow of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
 Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
 Orr Award for best paper, ASME Materials Division, 2004.
 Who's Who in America, 57th Edition, November 2002.
 Richard Teare Award for Excellence in Engineering Education, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 1996.
 Outstanding Professor of the Year, ASCE Pittsburgh Section, 1994.
 George Tallman Ladd Research Award, Carnegie Mellon University, 1990.
 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation, 1990-1995.
 Ralph R. Teetor Award, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1988.
 The Admiral Ralph Earle Medal, Worcester Engineer Society, 1987.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indian emigrants to the United States
New Jersey Institute of Technology faculty
Punjab Engineering College alumni
Partenavia Oscar. The Partenavia P.64B/P.66B Oscar is an Italian two/four-seat, single-engined, high-wing monoplane built by Partenavia.

Development

Developed as an all-metal version of the P.57 Fachiro, the prototype was designated the P.64 Fachiro III and first flew on 2 April 1965. Improvements were made to the design, mainly to the rear fuselage to fit a panoramic rear window, and now renamed the P.64B Oscar B it first flew in 1967. Also known as the Oscar 180 powered by a 180 hp Lycoming O-360-A1A piston engine, a 200 hp version (with a Lycoming O-360-A1B engine) was known as the Oscar-200. Twenty-one aircraft were delivered to South Africa and assembled by AFIC (Pty) Limited and marketed as the AFIC RSA 200 Falcon.

In January 1976, the company flew a new fully aerobatic version, the P.66C Charlie, and 96 were built, mainly for the Aero Club d'Italia.

Variants
 P.64 Fachiro III - Prototype, one built.
 P.64B Oscar B - Production aircraft with cut-down rear fuselage and  Lycoming engine, 64 built.
 P.64B Oscar 180 - Marketing name for the Oscar B.
 P.64B Oscar 200 - 200 hp version of the Oscar B, 9 built.
 P.66B Oscar 100 - Two-seat version with  Lycoming engine, 80 built.
 P.66B Oscar 150 - Three-seat version with  Lycoming O-320 engine, 50 built.
 P.66C Charlie - Four-seat aerobatic version of the P.66B with 160 hp Lycoming engine, 107 built.
 P.66D Delta - P.66B with minor changes, one built.
 P.66T Charlie - Two-seat trainer version of the P.66C, one built.
 AFIC RSA 200 Falcon - South-African version of the P.64.

Operators

Italian State Police
South Africa

Specifications (P.66C-160 Charlie)

See also

References

Oscar
1960s Italian civil utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft