omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of reporting marks: U. 

U
 UBTX - Union Camp Corporation
 UCCX - Union Carbide Canada, Ltd.
 UCEX - Union Electric Company
 UCFX - Union Carbide Corporation
 UCLX - Vulcan Minerals Company
 UCOX - Union Carbide Corporation
 UCPX - Essem Corporation
 UCR  - Utah Coal Route
 UCRY - Utah Central Railway
 UELX - United Equipment Leasing Associates; Archer Daniels Midland
 UECZ - Union Elevator Co.
 UEEZ - Union Equity Elevator Co.
 UEFZ - Union Equity
 UFIX - Utility Fuels, Inc.
 UIWX - Riley Stoker Corporation
 UMP  - Upper Merion and Plymouth Railroad
 UMPX - Upper Merion and Plymouth Leasing Company
 UNI  - Unity Railways
 UNCX - Union Carbide Canada, Ltd.
 UNPX - Procor
 UNSX - Unitrain Services
 UO   - Union Railroad (Oregon)
 UOCX - General American Transportation Corporation
 UP   - Union Pacific Railroad
 UPAX - United Power Association
 UPB  - Union Pacific Railroad
 UPFE - Pacific Fruit Express; Union Pacific Railroad
 UPM  - Union Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road directed operations)
 UPOZ - United Parcel Service
 UPP  - Union Pacific Railroad (passenger cars)
 UPRQ - Union Pacific Railroad End Of Train Devices
 UPRX - Union Pacific Fruit Express Company
 UPS  - Union Pacific Railroad (slugs)
 UPSZ - United Parcel Service
 UPT  - Union Pacific Railroad (fuel tenders)
 UPWZ - United Parcel Service
 UPX  - Union Pearson Express
 UPY  - Union Pacific Railroad (yard switchers)
 URDX - United States Steel
 URR  - Union Railroad (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
 URTX - Union Refrigerator Transit Line; General American Transportation Corporation
 URY  - Union Railway of Memphis
 USAX - United States Army
 USBX - GE Rail Services
 USCX - William G. Simon
 USEX - Evans Railcar Leasing Company
 USFU - United States Air Force
 USGX - Union Sugar Company
 USIX - US Industrial Chemicals Company
 USLF - Burlington Northern Railroad
 USLX - Evans Railcar Leasing Company; GE Capital Railcar Services
 USNX - United States Navy
 USPX - US Plastics Corporation
 USRX - U.S. Railways, Inc.
 USSX - United States Steel
 USWX - USA Waste Services
 UTAH - Utah Railway
 UTAX - Utah Transit Authority (formerly assigned to United Transportation, Inc.)
 UTBX - Union Tank Car Company
 UTCX - Union Tank Car Company
 UTLX - Union Tank Car Company
 UTPX - Union Texas Petroleum Corporation
 UTR  - Union Transportation
 UTTX - Trailer Train Company

References 

U
List of reporting marks: X. 

X
 XCLX - Xcel Energy
 XCWZ - Union Pacific Railroad
 XFEZ - Florida East Coast Railway
 XNWZ - Norfolk Southern Railway
 XOMX - Exxon-Mobil Corporation
 XRFZ - CSX Transportation
 XSCZ - CSX Transportation
 XSLZ - Soo Line Railroad
 XTRX - XTRA, Inc.; First Union Rail
 XTTX - Trailer Train Company

X
Coefficient of haze. The coefficient of haze (also known as smoke shade) is a measurement of visibility interference in the atmosphere.

One way to measure this is to draw about 1000 cubic feet of air sample through an air filter and obtain the radiation intensity through the filter. The coefficient is then calculated based on the absorbance formula

where  is the radiation (400 nm light) intensity transmitted through the sampled filter, and  is the radiation intensity transmitted through a clean (control) filter.

References

Further reading 
 
 

Visibility
Hardy tool. Hardy tools, also known as anvil tools or bottom tools, are metalworking tools used in anvils.

Description
A hardy has a square shank, which prevents it from rotating when placed in the anvil's hardy hole. The term "hardy", used alone, refers to a cutting chisel used in the square hole of the anvil. Other bottom tools are identified by function. Typical hardy tools include chisels and bending drifts. They are generally used with a matching top tool.

Different hardy tools are used to form and cut metal. The swage is used to make metal a specific cross section, usually round for final use as nails, bolts, rods or rivets. The fuller is used to stretch or help bend metal, and make dents and shoulders. Many hardy shapes have corresponding hammer like tools with head shapes to help form metal, called top tools, for example a V-shaped swage is used with an inverted V-shaped hammer like top tool to form iron into an angle shape.

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

Metalworking hand tools
Metallic objects
Percussion instruments
Bridgman's thermodynamic equations. In thermodynamics, Bridgman's thermodynamic equations are a basic set of thermodynamic equations, derived using a method of generating multiple thermodynamic identities involving a number of thermodynamic quantities. The equations are named after the American physicist Percy Williams Bridgman. (See also the exact differential article for general differential relationships).

The extensive variables of the system are fundamental. Only the entropy S , the volume V  and the four most common thermodynamic potentials will be considered. The four most common thermodynamic potentials are:

{|
|-----
| Internal energy || U
|-----
| Enthalpy || H
|-----
| Helmholtz free energy || A
|-----
| Gibbs free energy || G
|-----
|}

The first derivatives of the internal energy with respect to its (extensive) natural variables S  and V  yields the intensive parameters of the system - The pressure P  and the temperature T . For a simple system in which the particle numbers are constant, the second derivatives of the thermodynamic potentials can all be expressed in terms of only three material properties

{|
|-----
| heat capacity (constant pressure) || CP
|-----
| Coefficient of thermal expansion || α
|-----
| Isothermal compressibility || βT
|}

Bridgman's equations are a series of relationships between all of the above quantities.

Introduction 

Many thermodynamic equations are expressed in terms of partial derivatives. For example, the expression for the heat capacity at constant pressure is:

which is the partial derivative of the enthalpy with respect to temperature while holding pressure constant. We may write this equation as:

This method of rewriting the partial derivative was described by Bridgman (and also Lewis & Randall), and allows the use of the following collection of expressions to express many thermodynamic equations. For example from the equations below we have:

and

Dividing, we recover the proper expression for CP.

The following summary restates various partial terms in terms of the thermodynamic potentials, the state parameters S, T, P, V, and the following three material properties which are easily measured experimentally.

Bridgman's thermodynamic equations

Note that Lewis and Randall use F and E for the Gibbs energy and internal energy, respectively, rather than G and U which are used in this article.

See also

 Table of thermodynamic equations
 Exact differential

References

 

Thermodynamic equations
Equations
Brick nog. Brick nog (nogging or nogged, beam filling) is a construction technique in which bricks are used to fill the gaps in a wooden frame. Such walls may then be covered with tile, weatherboards, or rendering, or the brick may remain exposed on the interior or exterior of the building. 

The technique was developed in England from the late 1400s to early 1500s, developing out of methods such as wattle and daub and lath and plaster construction, with the bricks being laid in horizontal courses or a herringbone pattern.

Brick used in this way is rarely mechanically fastened to the adjacent wood members, generally being held in place only by the mortar bonds and friction. It is an integral part of the building structure that can also serve as fireproofing, soundproofing, or the final exposed surface of the assembly.

Generally, the term brick infill is used instead of nogging in half-timbered construction, and the word nog or noggin has also come to be used to describe timber bracing pieces between wall studs in timber frame construction.

References 

Bricks
IAR 316. The IAR 316 is a Romanian license-built Aérospatiale SA 316B Alouette III manufactured by Industria Aeronautică Română (IAR).

Design and development

IAR 316

IAR began manufacturing the IAR 316 in 1971 at its plant near Brașov, Romania. Production ended in 1987. 250 units were built, 125 of those were built for the Military of Romania, which still uses it to this day in a training capacity. Some IAR 316s were operated in the civilian role in Romania and others were exported to various nations, including Pakistan, Angola, and Guinea. The IAR 316 was modified to carry weapons more common in the Eastern-bloc, such as 57mm rocket pods, 7.62mm machine guns, and anti-tank missiles. An early example was exhibited at the Paris Air Show in June 1973.

IAR 317

The IAR 317 Airfox was an attempt by IAR to make an attack helicopter out of the IAR 316. Equipped with the same license-produced Turbomeca Artouste IIIB turboshaft, the IAR 317 featured a stepped two-seat armored cockpit for the pilot and the gunner. The tail boom and rear fuselage was almost identical to the 316.  Stub wings mounted on either side of the airframe allowed for the carriage of weapons, including rocket pods, machine guns, and anti-tank missiles. Only one prototype was built. It participated in the 1985 Paris Air Show.

Operators

National Air Force of Angola

Romanian Air Force

Specifications (IAR 316)

See also

References

1970s Romanian military utility aircraft
1970s Romanian civil utility aircraft
Military helicopters
1970s Romanian helicopters
316
France–Romania relations
Single-turbine helicopters
Single-rotor helicopters
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
State Highway 87 (Karnataka). Bannerghatta Road (ಬನ್ನೇರುಘಟ್ಟ ರಸ್ತೆ, commonly known as BG Road) is an Indian State Highway in Karnataka. It connects Bangalore with the towns of Bannerghatta, Jigani, and Anekal. It extends for . It starts as a branch from Hosur Road near the Adugodi Christian Cemetery and ends at Anekal.

History 
In 2011, the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike announced that the road would be widened in several places while underpasses and flyovers would be built at major junctions.

The Government of Karnataka cleared the second phase of Namma Metro, which proposes a third line from Gottigere to Nagavara via the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIM-B). The project was designed to significantly reduce the traffic load on Bannerghatta Road.

Under the upgrade plans, the road was to be widened to 45 metres from 20–25 metres at an estimated cost of .

Main junctions
The main junctions and traffic hotspots are at Adugodi, Dairy Circle, Sagar Hospital, Gurappanapalya, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology, N. S. Palya, Bilekahalli, Arekere Gate, Hulimavu Gate, Gottigere, Bannerghatta Circle, Koppa Gate, and Jigani industrial area. The NICE BMIC peripheral ring road intersects with State Highway 87 south of Gottigere. For approximately five kilometers south of Jayadeva underpass, South Avenue, Bannerghatta Road was widened to four lanes by Mantri Developers in one of the city's first private-public partnerships. The Dairy Circle and the Jayadeva grade separators are on this road. Bannerghatta Road has intersections with major roads such as Hosur Road, Outer Ring Road, and NICE Road.

Religious places
 Sri Sri Meenakshi Sundareshwara Temple
 Santhome Parish Church
 Bilal Masjid

Educational institutions

The Indian Institute of Management Bangalore is located between Bilekahalli and Arekere. Christ University Central Campus is located close to Dairy Circle and the Christ University Banngerghatta Road Campus is located at Hulimavu. AECS Magnolia Maaruti Public School, an outstanding CBSE school is located in Arekere, 3 kilometres north of IIMB. Located near the south end of B. G. road is Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan. Sherwood High is located near the NICE road intersection. Further away AMC Institutions, an all boys boarding school, Sarala Birla Academy, and School of India (CBSE curriculum )is located on BG road, close to the Bannerghatta National Park.

Hospitals
Several major hospitals are located on this road:

Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology
Apollo Hospitals near Arekere junction
Fortis Healthcare (previously known as Wockhardt Hospital) near Arekere Junction
Narayana Health
Vijayashree Hospitals

Malls
Malls on Bannerghatta Road include:

 Gopalan Innovation Mall, 22, Sarakki Industrial Layout, J.P. Nagar 3rd Phase
 Shoppers Stop, N S Palya, B.T.M. Layout 2nd Stage
 Vega City Mall, 172/1, Srinivas Industrial Estate, J.P. Nagar 3rd Phase
 Royal Meenakshi Mall, Cave Temple Road, Hulimavu

Residential Layouts

 CP Ecofront Layout, Near Kumbaranhalli

References

	

Roads in Bengaluru Urban district
Roads in Bengaluru
State highways in Karnataka
Complex airplane. A complex airplane is defined by the United States Federal Aviation Administration as an aircraft that has all of the following:

Retractable landing gear (land aircraft only; a seaplane is not required to have this).
A controllable-pitch propeller (which includes airplanes with constant-speed propellers and airplanes with FADEC which controls both the engine and propeller; turbojet and turbofan airplanes, except very rare mixed-propulsion airplanes, are not considered complex).
Movable or adjustable flaps.

The current FAA definitions of "complex airplane" are found in the Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-3C Chapter 12 and in FAA Order 8900.2C.

In the US, students generally train for their first pilot certificate in an aircraft with fixed landing gear and a fixed-pitch propeller. It may or may not be equipped with flaps.

Before or after earning the private pilot certificate (PPL) (usually after), a pilot can be trained in complex aircraft operation by a flight instructor. When the pilot has demonstrated proficiency in complex aircraft, the flight instructor endorses the pilot's logbook and the pilot is said to have a "complex endorsement".

As of April 24, 2018 the FAA requires a commercial pilot applicant and CFI applicant to have experience in a complex aircraft; however, the practical test may be taken in a non-complex aircraft for the commercial pilot certificate (CPL) and the flight instructor certificate (CFI).

References

External links
14 C.F.R., Sec. 61.31(e)
8900.2 – General Aviation Airman Designee Handbook
N_8900.463 – Use of a Complex Airplane During a Commercial Pilot or Flight Instructor Practical Test

Aircraft by type
Marine Modeling and Analysis Branch. The United States Marine Modeling and Analysis Branch (MMAB) is part of the Environmental Modeling Center, which is responsible for the development of improved numerical weather and marine prediction modeling systems within NCEP/NWS. It provides analysis and real-time forecast guidance (1–16 days) on marine meteorological, oceanographic, and  cryospheric parameters over the global oceans and coastal areas of the US.

Products include:
Ocean Waves
Sea ice
Marine Meteorology
Marine Winds - Satellite Remote Sensing
Coastal Ocean Visibility
Open Ocean Visibility
Vessel Icing
Sea surface temperature
Real-Time Ocean Forecast System

External links
http://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/

National Weather Service
Environment of the United States
Environmental Modeling Center. The Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) is a United States Government agency, which improves numerical weather, marine and climate predictions at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), through a broad program of research in data assimilation and modeling.  In support of the NCEP operational forecasting mission, the EMC develops, improves and monitors data assimilation systems and models of the atmosphere, ocean and coupled system, using advanced methods developed internally as well as cooperatively with scientists from universities, NOAA laboratories and other government agencies, and the international scientific community.

History 
In July 1954, the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit (JNWPU) was created to test out numerical weather prediction techniques by computer.  Operational numerical weather prediction in the United States began in 1955 under the JNWPU.   This unit co-located with the Weather Bureau-Air Force-Navy (WBAN) analysis center to form the National Weather Analysis Center, which was located in Suitland, Maryland.  When the two units merged, the name changed to the National Meteorological Center (NMC) in January 1958.  When the JNWPU dissolved in 1961, NMC became an independent organization from Global Weather Central and Fleet Numerical Weather Central.  Research and computer processing abilities increased over the years, which allowed for the first global forecast model to run by June 1966.  NMC moved to the World Weather Building in Camp Springs, Maryland between 1974 and 1976.  NMC changed its name to NCEP, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction on October 1, 1995, with the Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) becoming one of its subunits.  EMC moved to the National Center for Weather and Climate Prediction building in September 2012.

Operations 
The Environmental Modeling Center is responsible for the development, running, and maintenance of more than 20 numerical weather prediction systems comprising NCEP's operational production suite.  These models include the Rapid Refresh (RAP), Global Forecast System (GFS), Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS), WaveWatch III, Short Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF), Climate Forecast System (CFS), Global Real-Time Ocean Forecast System (RTOFS), North American Mesoscale Model (NAM), Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model (HWRF), and Hurricanes in a Multi-scale Ocean-coupled Non-hydrostatic Model (HMON).

Branches 

 Modeling and Data Assimilation Branch
 Verification, Post-processing and Product Generation Branch
 Engineering and Implementation Branch

See also 
National Hurricane Center
Ocean Prediction Center
Space Weather Prediction Center
Storm Prediction Center
Tropical cyclone forecast model
Weather Prediction Center

References 

Numerical climate and weather models
National Centers for Environmental Prediction
Thermogenics. Thermogenic means tending to produce heat, and the term is commonly applied to drugs which increase heat through metabolic stimulation, or to microorganisms which create heat within organic waste. Approximately all enzymatic reaction in the human body is thermogenic, which gives rise to the basal metabolic rate.

In bodybuilding, athletes wishing to reduce body fat percentage use thermogenics in order to attempt to increase their basal metabolic rate, thereby increasing overall energy expenditure. Caffeine and ephedrine are commonly used for this purpose in the ECA stack. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a very strong thermogenic drug used for fat loss which produces a dose-dependent increase in body temperature, to the point where it can induce death by hyperthermia. It works as a mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler, disrupting the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This stops the mitochondria from producing adenosine triphosphate, causing energy to be released as heat.

Notes

Nutrition
Strain energy. In physics, the elastic potential energy gained by a wire during elongation with a tensile (stretching) or compressive (contractile) force is called strain energy.  For linearly elastic materials, strain energy is:
 
where  is stress,  is strain,  is volume, and  is Young's modulus:

Molecular strain 
In a molecule, strain energy is released when the constituent atoms are allowed to rearrange themselves in a chemical reaction. The external work done on an elastic member in causing it to distort from its unstressed state is transformed into strain energy which is a form of potential energy. The strain energy in the form of elastic deformation is mostly recoverable in the form of mechanical work.

For example, the heat of combustion of cyclopropane (696 kJ/mol) is higher than that of propane (657 kJ/mol) for each additional CH2 unit. Compounds with unusually large strain energy include tetrahedranes, propellanes, cubane-type clusters, fenestranes and cyclophanes.

References

Chemical bonding
Structural analysis
Platonic hydrocarbon. In organic chemistry, a Platonic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon whose structure matches one of the five Platonic solids, with carbon atoms replacing its vertices, carbon–carbon bonds replacing its edges, and hydrogen atoms as needed.

Not all Platonic solids have molecular hydrocarbon counterparts; those that do are the tetrahedron (tetrahedrane), the cube (cubane), and the dodecahedron (dodecahedrane). The possibility and existence of each platonic hydrocarbon is affected by the number of bonds to each carbon vertex and the angle strain between the bonds at each vertex.

Tetrahedrane

Tetrahedrane (C4H4) is a hypothetical compound. It has not yet been synthesized without substituents, but it is predicted to be kinetically stable in spite of its angle strain. Some stable derivatives, including tetra(tert-butyl)tetrahedrane and tetra(trimethylsilyl)tetrahedrane, have been produced.

Cubane

Cubane (C8H8) has been synthesized. Although it has high angle strain, cubane is kinetically stable, due to a lack of readily available decomposition paths.

Octahedrane
Angle strain would make an octahedron highly unstable due to inverted tetrahedral geometry at each vertex. There would also be no hydrogen atoms because four edges meet at each corner; thus, the hypothetical octahedrane molecule, with a molecular formula of C6, would be an allotrope of elemental carbon rather than a hydrocarbon. The existence of octahedrane cannot be ruled out completely, although calculations have shown that it is unlikely.

Dodecahedrane

Dodecahedrane (C20H20) was first synthesized in 1982, and has minimal angle strain; the tetrahedral angle is 109.5° and the dodecahedral angle is 108°, only a slight discrepancy.

Icosahedrane
The tetravalency (4-connectedness) of carbon excludes an icosahedron because 5 edges meet at each vertex. True pentavalent carbon is unlikely; methanium, nominally , usually exists as . The hypothetical icosahedral  lacks hydrogen so it is not a hydrocarbon; it is also an ion.

Both icosahedral and octahedral structures have been observed in boron compounds such as the dodecaborate ion and some of the carbon-containing carboranes.

Other polyhedra
Increasing the number of atoms that comprise the carbon skeleton leads to a geometry that increasingly approximates a sphere, and the space enclosed in the carbon "cage" increases. This trend continues with buckyballs or spherical fullerene (C60). Although not a Platonic hydrocarbon, buckminsterfullerene has the shape of a truncated icosahedron, an Archimedean solid.

The concept can also be extended to regular Euclidean tilings, with the hexagonal tiling producing graphane. A square tiling (which would resemble an infinitely large fenestrane) would suffer from the same problem as octahedrane, and the triangular tiling icosahedrane. No generalisations to hyperbolic tilings seem to be known.

The regular convex 4-polytopes may also have hydrocarbon analogues; hypercubane has been proposed.

References

Hydrocarbons
Hypothetical chemical compounds
Hydrocarbons