omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sintered polyethylene. Sintered polyethylene is a polyethylene powder that is formed into a solid without melting it. It can be produced using heat, pressure, or selective laser sintering. It has applications as a coating on pipes and skis, and as a filter medium.

Applications

Pipes
Sintered polyethylene is applied to steel pipes to resist corrosion. Pipes are heated and then polyethylene powder coated, either electrostatically or through immersion.

Skis
Sintered polyethylene was introduced as a coating on skis in 1962. It is more durable, and less dense than solid, extruded polyethylene. Its porous structure allows the ski to absorb wax.

Filter medium

Sinter plate filter elements were developed in Germany during the years of 1981 and 1982. These rigid filter elements are used in dust collectors and will produce clean gas values of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/m3 with emissions of 0.001 pounds per hour with a maximum of 0.0004 gr/ft3, even with dusts of D50 < 1 μm. The EPA  defines high efficiency as removal of 0 to 5.0 μm particulates. 

The filter element matrix consists of molded sintered polyethylene (PE) with a reinforced mounting header. An additional PTFE-coating gets into the pores of the PE-basic body and forms a micro-porous, non-sticking surface resulting in surface-loaded filtration. This combined material is chemical resistant and unaffected by slight moisture. The rigid sinter plate filters have an extremely stable structure and can be recycled. The average useful life of a sinter plate filter element can exceed 10 years.

Sinter plate PE filter elements are environmentally compatible. They produce no toxic waste in themselves and can be washed off and reused. There is no contamination of material from filter fibers like fabric and cartridge media elements. Dust collector#Fabric Collectors

The rigidity of the matrix results in no wear from abrasive material. Cleaning is accomplished by on-line, low-pressure reverse air jet-pulse. Standard elements will handle temperatures up to 158 °F with improved elements designed for up to 230 °F

The separation efficiency exceeds that required by the BIA-certificate regarding dust classification M.

References 

Filters
Human Factors Analysis and Classification System. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) identifies the human causes of an accident and offers tools for analysis as a way to plan preventive training. It was developed by Dr. Scott Shappell of the Civil Aviation Medical Institute and Dr. Doug Wiegmann of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign in response to a trend that showed some form of human error was a primary causal factor in 80% of all flight accidents in the Navy and Marine Corps. 

HFACS is based in the "Swiss cheese model" of human error which looks at four levels of human failure, including unsafe acts, preconditions for unsafe acts, unsafe supervision, and organizational influences. It is a comprehensive human error framework that folded James Reason's ideas into the applied setting, defining 19 causal categories within four levels of human failure.

See also
 Accident classification
 Crew resource management
 National Fire Fighter Near-Miss Reporting System
 SHELL model
 Human reliability

References

Human reliability
Disaster preparedness in the United States
Mitsubishi FBR Systems. Mitsubishi FBR Systems, Inc. (MFBR) is a company formed on July 1, 2007, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to develop Fast breeder reactor technology.  The establishment of the company was based on the April 2007 decision by the Japanese government to select Mitsubishi as the core company for FBR development.  Expectations are for a demonstration reactor for launching by 2025 and a full commercial plant by 2050, and for FBRs to eventually supersede Light water reactor technology in Japan.

Capitalization: 100 million yen
Stock holders:  Currently exclusively Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, but there are plans to eventually accept investments from Japanese electric utility companies
Employees: 50, expanding to 160 by 2015
Location: Jingū-mae (神宮前) in Shibuya, Tokyo
President: Keizō Okada, the General Manager of the MHI Nuclear Systems Engineering Department

The successor to Monju Nuclear Power Plant had been expected to be a larger demonstration plant to be completed around 2025, built Mitsubishi FBR. However, in 2014 Japan agreed to cooperate in developing the emergency reactor cooling system, and in a few other areas, with the French ASTRID demonstration sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor, which was subsequently cancelled in August 2019.

In 2016, the development of Japanese fast reactors halted as a result of the government decision to decommission the Monju Nuclear Power Plant following problems with the plant including sodium leakage.

In January 2022, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Mitsubishi FBR Systems signed a Memorandum of Understanding with TerraPower to cooperate on the development of sodium-cooled fast reactors. Under the agreement TerraPower would acquire Japanese know-how and test facilities related to fast reactors.

See also
Jōyō
Fukushima nuclear accident

References

External links
Company website (in Japanese)

Nuclear technology companies of Japan
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries divisions and subsidiaries
Engineering companies of Japan
Bounded deformation. In mathematics, a function of bounded deformation is a function whose distributional derivatives are not quite well-behaved-enough to qualify as functions of bounded variation, although the symmetric part of the derivative matrix does meet that condition. Thought of as deformations of elasto-plastic bodies, functions of bounded deformation play a major role in the mathematical study of materials, e.g. the Francfort-Marigo model of brittle crack evolution.

More precisely, given an open subset Ω of Rn, a function u : Ω → Rn is said to be of bounded deformation if the symmetrized gradient ε(u) of u,

is a bounded, symmetric n × n matrix-valued Radon measure. The collection of all functions of bounded deformation is denoted BD(Ω; Rn), or simply BD, introduced essentially by P.-M. Suquet in 1978. BD is a strictly larger space than the space BV of functions of bounded variation.

One can show that if u is of bounded deformation then the measure ε(u) can be decomposed into three parts: one absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure, denoted e(u) dx; a jump part, supported on a rectifiable (n − 1)-dimensional set Ju of points where u has two different approximate limits u+ and u−, together with a normal vector νu; and a "Cantor part", which vanishes on Borel sets of finite Hn−1-measure (where Hk denotes k-dimensional Hausdorff measure).

A function u is said to be of special bounded deformation if the Cantor part of ε(u) vanishes, so that the measure can be written as

where H n−1 | Ju denotes H n−1 on the jump set Ju and  denotes the symmetrized dyadic product:

The collection of all functions of special bounded deformation is denoted SBD(Ω; Rn), or simply SBD.

References
 
 
 

Functional analysis
Materials science
Solid mechanics
Dick Newell. Richard G. Newell is a British businessman and technologist in the software industry in Computer aided design (CAD) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

Career
Newell holds degrees in Civil Engineering and Numerical Analysis and a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Imperial College, London.

As a software engineer, he worked at CADCentre alongside his brother Martin Newell who is perhaps best known as the creator of the Utah Teapot (or Newell teapot). It was at the centre that Newell oversaw the creation of the successful Plant Design Management System (PDMS) for 3D process plant design. In 1972 Newell, his brother Martin and Tom Sancha proposed the Newell's algorithm procedure.

He co-founded his first company, Cambridge Interactive Systems Ltd. (CIS) in 1977. CIS was part of what became known as 'The Cambridge Phenomenon'. Newell co-founded Smallworld Systems in 1988. The company was successfully floated, on NASDAQ in 1996 and was subsequently sold to General Electric Corporation (GE) in 2000.

Newell held the position of Chairman of both CIS and Smallworld Systems.

He is currently a Non-Executive Director of UltraVision CLPL with business partners J. Keith Lomas and John H. Clamp. He is also a Director of Ubisense and Digital Spring.

Newell has also held a council member position for the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO). In 2016 he received the BTO's Marsh Award for Innovative Ornithology for his work with Action for Swifts.

References

British technology company founders
Businesspeople in information technology
Living people
British ornithologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Corby Starlet. 

The Corby CJ-1 Starlet is a single seat, amateur-built aeroplane designed in the 1960s by Australian aeronautical engineer John Corby.

Design and development
The CJ-1 Starlet's structure is primarily wood and finished with fabric. A variety of engine types have been used, including  Volkswagen air-cooled engines, the  Rotax 912UL and the  Jabiru 2200.

The aircraft is built from plans, although some parts are available as well. Additionally Aircraft Spruce & Specialty offer materials kits for the design.

Variants
CJ-1
Base model, made from wood
CM-2
Model built from aluminium sheet, developed in New Zealand

Specifications (typical)

References

External links

 Corby Starlet

1960s Australian sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1973
IBM XCF. In IBM mainframes, a Cross-system Coupling Facility, or XCF, is a component of z/OS that manages communications between applications in a sysplex. Applications may be on the same system or different systems.

Systems communicate using messages transported by one of two mechanisms:
Dedicated channel-to-channel links (CTC links).
Structures in a Coupling Facility, only available in Parallel Sysplex, not in base sysplex.
In a parallel sysplex decisions about which of these two transport mechanisms to use for routing a specific message are made dynamically.

Within a single z/OS system messages are transported using cross-memory services, rather than being routed through either of the physical transport mechanisms.

Applications join specific groups as individual members. On joining a group a member can send or receive messages. Individual messages are assigned to specific transport classes, based on the message's size. Each transport class owns input and output buffers. Routing decisions are made at the transport class level.

References 

XCF
Electric blue (color). Electric blue is a color whose definition varies but is often considered close to cyan, and which is a representation of the color of lightning, an electric spark, and the color of ionized argon gas; it was originally named after the ionized air glow produced during electrical discharges, though its meaning has broadened to include shades of blue that are metaphorically "electric" by virtue of being "intense" or particularly "vibrant". Electric arcs can cause a variety of color emissions depending on the gases involved, but blue and purple are typical colors produced in the troposphere where oxygen and nitrogen dominate.

The first recorded use of electric blue as a color name in English was in 1845. The color electric blue (the version shown below as medium electric blue) was in vogue in the 1890s.

Variations of electric blue

Deep electric blue (French electric blue)

The deep tone of electric blue displayed adjacent is the color called bleu électrique in the Pourpre.com color list, a color list widely popular in France.

Iridescent electric blue

This shade of electric blue reflects the kind which is only metaphorically "electric". Its iridescence is also metaphoric.

Medium electric blue

The color displayed adjacent, titled medium electric blue, is the electric blue which "had an immense vogue in the latter 19th century". Its source is a textile sample from the 1890s.

Today, this tone remains typical of "electric blue" fabrics in the mass market.

Dark electric blue

Dark electric blue is a dark cyan color that is the color called electric blue, formalized as a color in the ISCC–NBS system in 1955.

The normalized color coordinates for dark electric blue are identical to Payne's grey, which was first recorded as a color name in English in 1835.

In nature

Crustaceans
The electric blue crayfish is a species of freshwater crayfish endemic to Florida.

Reptiles 
The electric blue gecko was first discovered by biologist William in the 1950s.

In the arts

Literature 
Miss. Hunter, in the Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Copper Beeches", was required to wear an electric blue dress. It first published in the UK in The Strand Magazine, in June 1892.

Comics 
In a 1998 retelling of the original 1963 story of Superman Red/Superman Blue, Superman is temporarily deprived of the solar energy which his body needs. To compensate, he harnesses electricity. This eventually forces him to adopt a blue and white suit to prevent the energy from dispersing. He retained most of his abilities but lost his heat-vision and used electric attacks instead. Some fans refer to this version of Superman as "Electric Blue Superman".

Music 
David Bowie's song "Sound and Vision" references the color in the third verse,
   Blue, blue, electric blue
   That's the color of my room
   Where I will live
   Blue, blueThe new wave band Icehouse had a hit single in 1987 titled "Electric Blue".

Other uses 
The color electric blue is associated with the astrological sign of Aquarius.

See also
 List of colors
 Electric indigo

References

Shades of blue
Shades of cyan
Molecular spring. A Molecular spring is a device or part of a biological system based on molecular mechanics and is associated with molecular vibration.

Any molecule can be deformed in several ways - A-A bond length, A-A-A angle, A-A-A-A torsion angle.
Deformed molecules store energy, which can be released and cause mechanical work as the molecules return into their optimal geometrical conformation.

The term molecular string is usually used in nano-science and molecular biology, however theoretically also macroscopic molecular springs can be considered, if it is manufactured. Such a device composed for example of arranged ultra-high molecular mass polymer fibres (Helicene, Polyacetylene) could store extraordinary (0.1-10MJ/kg in comparison to 0.0003MJ/kg of clockwork spring) amount of energy which can be stored and released almost instantly, with high energy conversion efficiency. The amount of energy storable in molecular spring is limited by the value of deformation the molecule can withstand until it undergoes chemical change. Manufacturing of such macroscopic device is however out of reach of contemporary technology, because of difficulties of synthesis and molecular arrangement of such long polymer molecules. In addition, the force needed to draw molecular string to its maximum length could be impractically high - comparable to the tensile strength of particular polymer molecule (~100GPa for some carbon compounds)

See also 
Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
Carbon nanotube
Carbon nanotube springs

References 
 Stretching molecular springs:elasticity of titin filaments in vertebrate striated muscle, W.A. Linke, Institute of Physiology II, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Nanotechnology
Molecular physics
IBMP. IBMP may refer to:
 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine; see methoxypyrazines
 Russian Institute for Biomedical Problems or Institute of Biomedical Problems (:ru:Институт медико-биологических проблем РАН), known for the MARS-500 experiment simulating crewed flight to Mars; cf. Russian Academy of Sciences#Institutions
 International Breast Milk Project
Elaidinization. Elaidinization is any chemical reaction which convert a cis- olefin to a trans- olefin in unsaturated fatty acids.  This is often performed on fats and oils to increase both the melting point and the shelf life without reducing the degree of unsaturation. The term originates from elaidic acid, the trans-isomer of oleic acid.

Reaction
Elaidinization of oleic acid, a common component of vegetable oils, yields its trans-isomer elaidic acid.

References

Organic reactions
Boeing TB. 

The Boeing TB (or Model 63) was an American torpedo bomber biplane designed by the US Navy and built by Boeing in 1927.

Development and design
The TB was an improved version of the Martin T3M. It was constructed of all dural, with a fabric covering. The equal-span wings were large and unstaggered, and could be folded aft, reducing the span to  for storage. The wheeled undercarriage was a conventional configuration that could be interchanged with floats. As a landplane, the main gear units carried twin wheels. The underside of the fuselage incorporated a glazed station for the bombardier.

Even before the three XTB-1s were delivered, the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics had changed its opinion about what was needed in a torpedo bomber, and based on experience with the NAF XTN-1 had decided that a twin-engine aircraft would better suit the role. Having thus been made redundant, no TBs past the three prototypes were built.

Specifications

References

 
 
 

Boeing TB
TB
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Gerardo Ruiz Mateos. Gerardo Ruiz Mateos (born in Mexico City) is a Mexican engineer and politician. He is also the former Secretariat of Economy (2008–2010).

References

External links
Mexico - Presidency of the Republic Website 
National Action Party Website 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mexican engineers
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni
Politicians from Mexico City
Engineers from Mexico City
Secretaries of economy of Mexico
21st-century Mexican politicians
Jack arch. A jack arch is a structural element in masonry construction that provides support at openings in the masonry. Alternate names are lintel arch, flat arch and straight arch.

Unlike regular arches, jack arches are not curved in form. Instead, they are flat in profile and are used under the same circumstances as lintels. Unlike lintels, which are subject to bending stress, jack arches are composed of individual masonry elements cut or formed into a wedge shape that efficiently uses the compressive strength of the masonry in the same manner as a regular arch.  Like regular arches, jack arches require a mass of masonry to either side to absorb the considerable lateral thrust created by the jack arch.

Jack arches have the advantage of being constructed from smaller pieces of material that can be handled by individuals, as opposed to lintels which must necessarily be monolithic and which must be oversized unless reinforced by other means.

In small-scale brick masonry projects, jack arches are typically sawn from an appropriately sized fired-clay lintel, giving a more precise and consistent joint width than field-sawn shapes.

There is considerable scope for incorporation of decorative patterns and elements into jack arches.  Keystones, stepped or arched top profiles, and polychrome or contrasting colors and materials may all be used to create the desired effect.

One of the earliest jack arches is in the Deyrü'z-Zafaran Monastery in eastern Turkey, near Mardin. The floor of the chapel (and the roof of the crypt) is formed from a jack arch and is said to have been constructed in the centuries BC.

References

Sources 
 
 
 
 

Arches and vaults
Masonry
Boeing NB. 

The Boeing NB (or Model 21) was a primary training aircraft developed for the United States Navy in 1923. It was a two-bay, equal-span biplane of conventional configuration with interchangeable wheeled and float undercarriage. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem, open cockpits.

The NBs were produced in two batches; the first (NB-1) were powered by radial engines and the second by war-surplus V-8s still in the Navy's inventory. The original prototype evaluated by the Navy had been assessed as being too easy to fly, and therefore of limited use as a trainer. In particular, it was noted that the aircraft was impossible to spin. The NB-1 design attempted to introduce some instability, but it was soon discovered that while it was now possible to get the aircraft into a spin, it was virtually impossible to recover from one. A series of modifications were made to attempt a compromise.

Variants

 VNB-1 - prototype (one built)
 NB-1 - original production machine with Lawrance J-1 radial engine (41 built)
 NB-2 - production machine with Wright-Hispano E engine (30 built)
 NB-3 - one NB-1 with lengthened fuselage and modified empennage to improve handling, and Hispano-Suiza E engine. Later refitted to standard NB-1 
 NB-4 - one NB-1 converted similar to NB-3, but with Lawrance J-1 engine. Later refitted to standard NB-1

Operators

United States Navy

Peruvian Naval Aviation (NB-1)

Specifications (NB-1)

References

External links
 Boeing training seaplane : model NB-1 – The Museum of Flight Digital Collections

1920s United States military trainer aircraft
NB
Cessna Model A. The Cessna Model A is a 1920s American high-wing four-seat tourer built by the Cessna Aircraft Company, the first in a long line of high-wing single-engined monoplanes.

Design and development
The first Cessna design built in any numbers was the Cessna Model A, a four-seater with a mixed wood and steel-tube construction with fabric covering. The aircraft was built in a number of variants fitted with different engines.

The prototype (Model AC) first flew in 1927 and the first production aircraft appeared in the following year.

Variants
Model AA
Fitted with a 120 hp (89 kW) Anzani 10 engine, 14 built.
Model AC
Fitted with a 130 hp (97 kW) Comet 7-RA engine, one built.
Model AF
Fitted with a 150 hp (112 kW) Floco/Axelson engine, three built.
Model AS
Fitted with a 125 hp (93 kW) Siemens-Halske engine, four built.
Model AW
Fitted with a 125 hp (93 kW) Warner Scarab engine, 48 built. One was purchased by Eddie August Schneider in which he set three transcontinental airspeed records for pilots under the age of twenty-one in 1930.
Model BW
A three-seat version with a 220 hp (164 kW) Wright J-5 engine, 13 built.

Specifications (Cessna AA)

References

Further reading

A
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft