omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Champua. Champua is a notified area council in Kendujhar district in the state of Odisha, India.As per SC &  ST department of Odisha, the Champua sub-division is under scheduled areas of Odisha. The area is the site of Nicholson Forest training institute. The suburb has its importance as it provides a major trade route for transport of iron ore and manganese from some of the major mines of the state to the nearest port & out-state depots. It is also known for its pre-independence truss bridge built by British rulers, the judicial buildings of the same period as well as a few educational institutes who have a good reputation in the state. Baitarani river, which is the second largest river of the state after Mahanadi, flows by Champua.

Major Tribes
Champua block is inhabited by tribal communities like Ho, Juang, Bhuinya, Oraon, Gond, Bhumij and other tribal communities . These tribes constitute nearly 87.21% population of the Sub-division.

Geography
Champua is located at . It has an average elevation of 346 metres (1135 feet).

Demographics
Champua has a population of 10,394, of which 5,543 are males, while 4,851 are females as per a report released by Census India 2011. The literacy rate of Champua city is 87.00% higher than the state average of 72.87%. Male literacy is 90.85%, while female literacy rate is 82.59%.

Languages
As the champua area has been dominated by Ho people, local people widely speak in the Ho language [it is written with the "Varang Kshiti" (also "Warang Chiti" script)] as their mode of communication. Most people can speak, write all three languages Odia, Hindi, and English.

Politics
The current MLA for Champua (GE) Assembly Constituency is Minaskhi Mahanta, of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD) party, who defeated Murali Sharma, a candidate from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

Champua is part of Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency).

References

Cities and towns in Kendujhar district
Transdermal spray. A metered-dose transdermal spray (MDTS) delivers a drug to the surface of the skin and is absorbed into the circulation on a sustained basis. It works in a similar manner to a transdermal patch or topical gel. The drug is delivered by a device placed gently against the skin and triggered, causing it to release a light spray containing a proprietary formulation of the drug that quickly dries on the skin to form an invisible drug depot. As it would be from a patch, the drug is then absorbed steadily for a predetermined amount of time.

References

Drug delivery devices
Dosage forms
John Henry Kinealy. John Henry Kinealy (March 18, 1864 in Hannibal, Missouri–1928) was an American mechanical engineer.

He was educated in the public schools of St. Louis and at Washington University (M.E., 1884), where he was an instructor in 1886-87 and professor of mechanical engineering from 1892 to 1902.  He taught also at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (1887–89) and at the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (1889–92).  He was a consulting engineer at Boston in 1902-04 and thereafter a mechanical engineer and patent expert at St. Louis.  His own patents include an air-purifying apparatus, a thermal valve, a damper regulator, and other devices using the Kinealy metal diaphragm.  He published:  
 An Elementary Text-Book on Steam Engines and Boilers (1895; fourth edition, 1903)  
 Charts for Low Pressure Steam Heating (1896)  
 Formulas and Tables for Heating (1899)  
 Slide Valve Simply Explained (1899)  
 Centrifugal Fans (1905)  
 Mechanical Draft (1906)

References

1864 births
1928 deaths
20th-century American inventors
American mechanical engineers
American non-fiction writers
McKelvey School of Engineering alumni
Instruction step. An instruction step is a method of executing a computer program one step at a time to determine how it is functioning. This might be to determine if the correct program flow is being followed in the program during the execution or to see if variables are set to their correct values after a single step has completed.

Hardware instruction step
On earlier computers, a knob on the computer console may have enabled step-by-step execution mode to be selected and execution would then proceed by pressing a "single step" or "single cycle" button. Program status word / Memory or general purpose register read-out could then be accomplished by observing and noting the console lights.

Software instruction step
On later platforms with multiple users, this method was impractical and so single step execution had to be performed using software techniques.

Software techniques
 Instrumentation - requiring code to be added during compile or assembly to achieve statement stepping. Code can be added manually to achieve similar results in interpretive languages such as JavaScript.
 instruction set simulation - requiring no code modifications for instruction or statement stepping

In some software products which facilitate debugging of High level languages, it is possible to execute an entire HLL statement at a time. This frequently involves many machine instructions and execution pauses after the last instruction in the sequence, ready for the next 'instruction' step. This requires integration with the compilation output to determine the scope of each statement.

Full Instruction set simulators however could provide instruction stepping with or without any source, since they operate at machine code level, optionally providing full trace and debugging information to whatever higher level was available through such integration. In addition they may also optionally allow stepping through each assembly (machine) instruction generated by a HLL statement.

Programs composed of multiple 'modules' compiled from a mixture of compiled languages, and even instructions created "on-the-fly" in dynamically allocated memory, could be accommodated using this technique.

Examples of programs providing 'Software' instruction step
 SIMMON an IBM internal test system which provided instruction stepping

References

See also

 Instrumentation (computer programming)
 Instruction set simulator
 Program status word
 Instruction cycle

Debugging
Dye coupler. Dye coupler is present in chromogenic film and paper used in photography, primarily color photography. When a color developer reduces ionized (exposed) silver halide crystals, the developer is oxidized, and the oxidized molecules react with dye coupler molecules to form a dye in situ. The silver image is removed by subsequent bleach and fix processes, so the final image will consist of the dye image.

Dye coupler technology has seen considerable advancement since the beginning of modern color photography. Major film and paper manufacturers have continually improved the stability of the image dye by improving couplers, particularly since the 1980s, so that archival properties of images are enhanced in newer color papers and films. Generally speaking, dye couplers for paper use are given more emphasis on the image permanence than those for film use, but some modern films (such as Fujichrome Provia films) use variants of couplers that were originally designed for paper use to further improve the image permanence.

References

Photographic film types
Photographic chemicals
Color photography
3I Sky Arrow. The Sky Arrow is a tandem two-seat, high-wing pusher light aircraft that was manufactured by 3I (Iniziative Industriali Italiane). 

3I entered bankruptcy proceedings in 2008, and in 2012 the design was purchased by Magnaghi Aeronautica, of Naples, Italy.

Design and development
Magnaghi Aeronautica, the new owners of the design in 2012, announced that it will be upgraded with larger wing tanks, improved aerodynamics and stability, strengthened structural elements and a new avionics package. The Sky Arrow will be available as a completed certified aircraft for light sport  or as a kit. A four-seat version is planned. Magnaghi Aeronautica expects to market it for government utility roles, such as border patrol, pollution monitoring and aerial surveillance, with belly- and nose-mounted sensors.

The 3I Sky Arrow 600 Sport and the Magnaghi Aeronautica Sky Arrow LSA are both US Federal Aviation Administration approved special light-sport aircraft. The company completed FAR 23 type certification for the Sky Arrow TCNS.

Variants

Sky Arrow LSA
 Sky Arrow Sport ()
Meets ATSM requirements for the FAA Light-Sport category of aircraft.
 Sky Arrow 1450L (/)
kitplane version, meets FAA 51 per cent builder rule.
Sky Arrow 650 TCN
Sky Arrow 650 TC
Sky Arrow 650 TCNS
Sky Arrow 650 TCS:
 (100 hp engine), VFR and Sky Arrow 650 TCNS for VFR Night - Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) of 
Sky Arrow 710 RG:
100 hp engine, C for VFR and CN for VFR Night with an increased MTOW of  and retractable landing gear
 Sky Arrow 710 PLUS:
100 hp engine, C and CN with an increased MTOW of  and fixed landing gear
 Sky Arrow 650 ERA:
fitted with RAWAS instrumentation by the Atmospheric Turbulence Diffusion Division of the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration and Iniziative Industriali Italiane, for use in territory control environmental monitoring and for scientific research purposes.

Specifications (650)

References

External links

Sky Arrow 650 ERA at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration website.
 European Aviation Safety Agency Type Certificate Data Sheet

Homebuilt aircraft
1990s Italian sport aircraft
High-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1992
Single-engined pusher aircraft
List of silicon producers. This is a list of silicon producers. The industry involves several very different stages of production.  Production starts at silicon metal, which is the  material used to gain high purity silicon. High purity silicon in different grades of purity is used for growing silicon ingots, which are sliced to wafers in a process called wafering. Compositionally pure polycrystalline silicon wafers are useful for photovoltaics. Dislocation-free and extremely flat single-crystal silicon wafers are required in the manufacture of computer chips.

Polysilicon producers
Polysilicon producers:
 Elkem 
 JFE Steel
 Nitol Solar (Russia), bankrupt since 2019
 SunEdison
 SolarWorld

High-purity silicon
Producers of high-purity silicon, an intermediate in the manufacture of polysilicon
 Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation
 Renewable Energy Corporation (REC)
 SunEdison
 Tokuyama Corporation
 Wacker Chemie AG

Silicon wafer manufacturers
A partial list of major producers of wafers (made of high purity silicon, mono- or polycrystalline) includes:
 GlobalWafers
 Okmetic
 Renewable Energy Corporation
 Shin-Etsu Handotai
 Siltronic
 SUMCO
 WaferPro
 Pure Wafer

See also 
 List of photovoltaics companies

References

Silicon
 

Silicon
Devol. Devol may refer to:
 Devol (album)
 Devol, a deity in Sinhala Buddhist mythology.

People
 Devol Brett (1923–2010), United States Army Air Forces general who piloted American aircraft during crises and wars from 1948 (the Berlin Crisis) through the Vietnam War (1960s)
Frank Denny De Vol (1911–1999), sometimes known simply as DeVol, was an American arranger, composer and actor
George Devol, inventor (1912–2011), inventor of the first industrial robot
George Devol (poker player) (1829–1903), American professional riverboat poker player
Devon Scott (nickname s Devol; born 1994), American basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League

Places
Devol, Oklahoma
Devoll (river) or Devolli, a river in southern Albania
Devol (Albania) or Deabolis, a former Bulgarian and Byzantine fortification on the Devol river
Treaty of Devol, between Bohemund I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexius I
Devoll District, in the Korçë County of south-eastern Albania
Devoll Hydro Power Plant, a proposed power plant on the Devoll River, in Albania
 Devol (Macedonia) or Devolgrad, Diabolis, a medieval fortress near Kavadarci, present-day Republic of North Macedonia

See also
 Devo (disambiguation)
 Devoll (disambiguation)
1,2-Dichlorobenzene. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene, or orthodichlorobenzene (ODCB), is an aryl chloride and isomer of dichlorobenzene with the formula CHCl. This colourless liquid is poorly soluble in water but miscible with most organic solvents. It is a derivative of benzene, consisting of two adjacent chlorine atoms.

It is mainly used as a precursor chemical in the synthesis of agrochemicals, as a preferred solvent for dissolving and working with fullerenes, as an insecticide, and in softening and removing carbon-based contamination on metal surfaces.

Production and uses
1,2-Dichlorobenzene is obtained as a side-product of the production of chlorobenzene:
 +  →  + HCl
The reaction also affords the 1,4- and small amounts of the 1,3-isomer. The 1,4- isomer is preferred over the 1,2- isomer due to steric hindrance. The 1,3- isomer is uncommon because it is a meta- compound, while chlorine, like all halogens, is an ortho/para- director in terms of electrophilic aromatic substitution.

It is mainly used as a precursor to 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, an intermediate in the synthesis of agrochemicals.  In terms of niche applications, 1,2-dichlorobenzene is a versatile, high-boiling solvent. It is a preferred solvent for dissolving and working with fullerenes. It is an insecticide for termites and locust borers, historically used by the United States Forest Service to combat widespread bark beetle outbreaks.

1,2-Dichlorobenzene is also used in softening and removing carbon-based contamination on metal surfaces.

Safety
Data from human exposure to 1,2-dichlorobenzene shows that concentrations of 100 ppm have been reported to cause sporadic irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have set occupational exposure limits at a ceiling of 50 ppm, over an eight-hour workday.

See also
Chlorobenzenes—different numbers of chlorine substituents and isomeric forms

References

Chlorobenzenes
Organochloride insecticides
Halogenated solvents
Aromatic solvents
Maze runner. In electronic design automation, maze runner is a connection routing method that represents the entire routing space as a grid. Parts of this grid are blocked by components, specialised areas, or already present wiring. The grid size corresponds to the wiring pitch of the area. The goal is to find a chain of grid cells that go from point A to point B.

A maze runner may use the Lee algorithm. It uses a wave propagation style (a wave are all cells that can be reached in n steps) throughout the routing space. The wave stops when the target is reached, and the path is determined by backtracking through the cells.

See also 
Autorouter

References 
. One of the first descriptions of a maze router.

Electronic engineering
Electronic design automation
Electronics optimization
Yarrawonga Weir Power Station. Yarrawonga Weir Power Station is a hydroelectric power station at Lake Mulwala on the Murray River, Victoria, Australia. Yarrawonga Weir has a generating capacity of  of electricity.

It is a run-of-the-river generator with two Kaplan turbines each with a capacity to generate 4.75 MW. It was commissioned in 1994 and connects to the Victorian electricity grid at 22 kV.

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1994
Hydroelectric power stations in Victoria (state)
Active appearance model. An active appearance model (AAM) is a computer vision algorithm for matching a statistical model of object shape and appearance to a new image. They are built during a training phase. A set of images, together with coordinates of landmarks that appear in all of the images, is provided to the training supervisor.

The model was first introduced by Edwards, Cootes and Taylor in the context of face analysis at the 3rd International Conference on Face and Gesture Recognition, 1998. Cootes, Edwards and Taylor further described the approach as a general method in computer vision at the European Conference on Computer Vision in the same year. The approach is widely used for matching and tracking faces and for medical image interpretation.

The algorithm uses the difference between the current estimate of appearance and the target image to drive an optimization process.
By taking advantage of the least squares techniques, it can match to new images very swiftly.

It is related to the active shape model (ASM). One disadvantage of ASM is that it only uses shape constraints (together with some information about the image structure near the landmarks), and does not take advantage of all the available information – the texture across the target object. This can be modelled using an AAM.

References

Some reading 

 T. F. Cootes, C. J. Taylor, D. H. Cooper, and J. Graham. Training models of shape from sets of examples. In Proceedings of BMVC'92, pages 266–275, 1992
 S. C. Mitchell, J. G. Bosch, B. P. F. Lelieveldt, R. J. van der Geest, J. H. C. Reiber, and M. Sonka. 3-d active appearance models: Segmentation of cardiac MR and ultrasound images. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 21(9):1167–1178, 2002
 T.F. Cootes, G. J. Edwards, and C. J. Taylor. Active appearance models. ECCV, 2:484–498, 1998[pdf]

External links
 Professor Tim Cootes AAM Code Free Tools for experimenting with AAMs from Manchester University (for research use only).
 Professor Tim Cootes AAM Page Co-creator of AAM page from Manchester University.
 IMM AAM Code Dr Mikkel B. Stegmann's home page of AAM-API, C++ AAM implementation (non-commercial use only).
 Matlab AAM Code Open-source Matlab implementation of the original AAM algorithm.
 AAMtools An Active Appearance Modelling Toolbox in Matlab by Dr George Papandreou.
 DeMoLib AAM Toolbox in C++ by Dr Jason Saragih and Dr Roland Goecke.
Computer vision
Motherwell TMD. Motherwell TMD is a traction maintenance depot in Motherwell, Scotland. The depot code is ML.

History
In 1987 the depot had an allocation of Classes 08, 20 and 37 locomotives, and the depot had an Anvil and Hammer logo. Classes 26, 27 and 47 were also usually stabled at the depot.

Following the privatisation of British Rail, the depot was operated by EWS. It closed in 2007, with its operations relocated to nearby Mossend. Following the closure of the depot, the office space was taken over by site owners Network Rail as a new maintenance depot for the Motherwell area.

It was later reopened by Direct Rail Services who currently use it to stable Class 68 locomotives and Mark 2 carriages operated on Fife Circle services for ScotRail.

References

Sources

External links

An overhead view of the depot.

Railway depots in Scotland
Transport in North Lanarkshire
Buildings and structures in Motherwell
Semarak. Semarak or Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra (formerly Jalan Semarak and firstly Jalan Henry Gurney) is a main place in Kuala Lumpur. The Royal Malaysian Police Academy (PULAPOL) and Ministry of Defence Headquarters (Sri Pahlawan) is located here.

Other notable place of interests are the Kuala Lumpur Campus (formerly UTM International Campus) of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, the oldest public engineering and technological university in Malaysia, which was built in 1946, with new buildings (Menara Razak) and a mosque built in 2012. Offices of JUPEM (Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia), one of the Kuala Lumpur centres of Alliance Francaise and the Kuala Lumpur campus of Multimedia College (subsidiary of Multimedia University) is also located there.

Suburbs in Kuala Lumpur
Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance. "Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance" (CTIHP) is a 2002 report commissioned by the U.S. National Science Foundation and Department of Commerce. The report contains descriptions and commentaries on the state of the science and technology of the combined fields of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science (NBIC) by major contributors to these fields. Potential uses of these technologies in improving health and overcoming disability are discussed in the report, as well as ongoing work on planned applications of human enhancement technologies in the military and in rationalization of the human-machine interface in industrial settings.

Quotations
 "Understanding of the mind and brain will enable the creation of a new species of intelligent machine systems that can generate economic wealth on a scale hitherto unimaginable. Within a half-century, intelligent machines might create the wealth needed to provide food, clothing, shelter, education, medical care, a clean environment, and physical and financial security for the entire world population. Intelligent machines may eventually generate the production capacity to support universal prosperity and financial security for all human beings. Thus, the engineering of the mind is much more than the pursuit of scientific curiosity. It is more even than a monumental technological challenge. It is an opportunity to eradicate poverty and usher in the golden age for all humankind."
 "Technology will increasingly dominate the world, as population, resource exploitation, and potential social conflict grow. Therefore, the success of this convergent technologies priority area is essential to the future of humanity."

References

External links
 

Reports of the United States government
National Science Foundation
Sanjiv Sidhu. Sanjiv Sidhu, who was born in June 1957 in Hyderabad, India, is an Indian-American software entrepreneur known for founding i2 Technologies, a supply chain management software company, and o9 Solutions, a Dallas, Texas-based company that offers a decision management platform for multinational corporations

Biography

Education 
In 1980, Sidhu graduated from Osmania University, Hyderabad, earning a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering. He then moved to the United States and attended Oklahoma State University, earning a master of science degree in chemical engineering in 1982. Sidhu also did graduate work in systems and control engineering at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland.

Career 
Sidhu founded and served as chairman of i2 Technologies, which specializes in supply chain management. i2 began in Sidhu's apartment in 1988 after he left his role as an engineer in the artificial intelligence lab at Texas Instruments where he was researching the feasibility and commercial applicability of a systematic approach to solving complex linear programming models. He was joined by Ken Sharma, formerly of the Goldratt Institute, with whom he worked at Texas Instruments. Their initial product was known as the Factory Planner.

i2 Technologies went public in 1996, and at his peak Sidhu's personal stake in i2 hit a high of $6.5 billion; Forbes listed him as the 109th richest person in the world in 2001. At that point, he was considered the richest person of Indian origin in the world. In 2000, Sidhu was awarded the Non-Resident Indian of the Year by the Indian government.

References 
 What's the Big Idea?: Creating and Capitalizing on the Best Management Thinking By Thomas H. Davenport, Laurence Prusak, H.

External links 
 o9 Solutions - Official Website
 i2: Ahead of its time
 Version2 - Official Website

1957 births
American people of Indian descent
American businesspeople
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Indian emigrants to the United States
Oklahoma State University alumni
Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India
Living people
Texas Instruments people
American people of Punjabi descent