omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aas-Jakobsen. Dr. ing. A. Aas-Jakobsen AS, trading as Aas-Jakobsen, is a civil engineering consultant company specializing in structural engineering. The company is based in Oslo, Norway, and primarily works with bridges, roads, railways, offshore oil and buildings. The company has 250 employees. The company was established by Andreas Aas-Jakobsen (1905–1980) in 1937. For the first decade, the company specialized in shell structures, but from the 1950s, the company shifted to bridge design. The company later started designing offshore installations and became a verifier for such structures, and later also became a consultant for railway projects and major road projects, such as the Bjørvika Tunnel through Oslo.

Major projects which the company has participated in include the Arctic Cathedral, Askøy Bridge, Bømla Bridge, Brønnøysund Bridge, Candaba Viaduct, Djupfjordstraumen Bridge, Drammen Bridge, Grenland Bridge, Heidrun, Helgeland Bridge, Henningsvær Bridge, Lysefjord Bridge, Mjøsa Bridge, Nordhordland Bridge, Osterøy Bridge, Rama III Bridge, Sleipner A, Stord Bridge, Tromsø Bridge and Varodden Bridge. New design for yet unbuilt projects include the Storfjord Bridge, which would, if it was completed, become the longest spanned suspension bridge in the world, spanning  across Storfjorden. The company is also part of the team which will design Terminal 2 of Oslo Airport, Gardermoen, and an  long bicycle tube in Bodø, which would allow bicyclists to ride during winter without exposure to the elements.

References

External links
 Official site

Engineering companies of Norway
Companies based in Oslo
1937 establishments in Norway
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1937
Jorgensen Engineering. Jorgensen Engineering is a global processing equipment-supplier with headquarters in Odense, Denmark.

History 

Jorgensen Engineering A/S was established in 1933, under the name of Bøg Jørgensens Maskinfabrik by engineer Rasmus Bøg Jørgensen. 
After having worked in the United States for 10 years, Mr. Jørgensen had gained experience in the field of constructions, and in 1935 the first canning machines were made. From then on, processing equipment was the core business, and today, Jorgensen Engineering mainly supplies systems for handling food, pet food, and pharmaceutical packaging. 
Rasmus Bøg Jørgensen was in front of the company until 1955, when his son, engineer Paul Bøg Rasmussen took over. Under his management, export was heavily expanded, and in 1974 the company of Jorgensen Food Engineering ApS was established. In 1987, the company was made public and took the name of Jorgensen Engineering A/S. In 2016, Jorgensen Engineering becomes a member of the Swedish Xano Group.

Products 
 Conveying systems for packaging (cans, glass jars, cartons, bottles, bags, and plastic packaging)
 Loading/unloading stations for retorts
 Palletizing/depalletizing
 Sterilization & cleaning systems 
 Filling lines for milk powder
 Automation/control systems
 Robotics
 Equipment for quality assurance and food safety

External links 
Jorgensen Engineering
Article: Food Production Daily 
Article: Food Quality News
Article: CEE Pagckaging 

Engineering companies of Denmark
Holding companies of Denmark
Companies based in Odense Municipality
Holding companies established in 1933
Robotics companies
Danish companies established in 1933
Manufacturing companies established in 1933
I.S.T. XL-14 Maya. The I.S.T. XL-14 Maya was a single-engine, light experimental aircraft designed and built in the Philippines in the early 1950s to investigate the use of indigenous materials in aircraft construction. Its construction uses a type of woven bamboo.

Design and development
In the early 1950s in the Republic of the Philippines, the Institute of Science and Technology (I.S.T., previously known as the Bureau of Science) designed at least three different prototypes, both to investigate the scope for local aircraft design and production and to examine the use of indigenous materials in their construction.  One such material of interest was Wobex (Woven bamboo experimental), a reinforced woven bamboo.

The XL-14 Maya (until 1995 the maya was the national bird of the Philippines) was the first of this series of prototypes.  It was a single-engine, high-wing monoplane of standard layout except for its twin tail. The wing had constant chord and was built around two parallel, solid spars and wooden ribs.  The leading edges were covered and reinforced with Wobex and the rest of the wing was fabric covered. The centre section was integral with the cabin top and the outer wings were braced on each side with V struts from the wing spars to the lower fuselage.   Ailerons and slotted flaps were fitted.  It had a strut braced tailplane, set slightly above the fuselage top on a short pylon.  The tailplane carried almost rectangular endplate fins and rudders.  The tail structure was wooden with fabric covering.

The Maya had a semi-monocoque fuselage with wooden stringers and Wobex mat covering.  The cabin stood above the rear fuselage line, enclosing side-by-side seats with a third, occasional seat, or luggage space, behind.  In front a 75 kW (100 hp) Lycoming flat four engine, with cylinder-heads exposed, drove a two blade propeller.  It had a conventional undercarriage, with each mainwheel mounted on V-struts and half axles hinged to the fuselage central underside via rubber shock absorbers.  The fixed tailwheel was steerable.

The date of the Maya's first flight is not known, though the aircraft was complete by May 1955 and a later design, the XL-15 Tagak was being flight tested by October 1954. Only one Maya was built, for although it was described as being suitable for agricultural use and for utility and observation work, its function was always as a constructional material experimental aircraft.

Specifications

See also

References

XL-14
Twin-tail aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
1950s Philippine experimental aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Raymond Wilson (physicist). Raymond Neil Wilson (23 March 1928 – 16 March 2018) was an English physicist and telescope optics designer, best known for pioneering the use of active optics in large telescopes.

Biography 

Wilson's first degree was in physics from the University of Birmingham, followed by studying engineering at Imperial College London. After completing national service in 1952, he resumed his work on optics. He then worked at Imperial College and at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK. From around 1961, he spent 11 years as Head of the Design Department for telescopes at Carl Zeiss AG in Oberkochen, Germany.

In 1972 he became Head of the Optics and Telescopes Group 
at the European Southern Observatory (ESO), where he worked for the next 21 years, first in Geneva and then in Garching, Germany. 
His major contributions have been in telescope optics and technology. In particular, he developed the concept of active optics, which is now the basic principle on which modern large telescopes are constructed. The concept of active optics was developed first in ESO's New Technology Telescope (first light 1988), and then in ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT). (first light 1998). 

Wilson retired in 1993, writing a two-volume monograph Reflecting Telescope Optics, a leading work in the field. He also extended the design of large telescopes to the next-generation designs that use three, four, and five mirrors.

Wilson's other interests included history, economics, cosmology and biology.

Awards and honors 

The awards bestowed for his work include the Karl Schwarzschild Medal (1993) and a share of the Kavli Prize (2010), as well as the Tycho Brahe Prize (2010). He has also been made Chevalier of the French Legion of Honour (2003) and has received the Prix Lallemand (2005) from the French Academy of Sciences.

On his retirement in September 1993, the Themistian asteroid 3790 Raywilson was named in his honor. The name was proposed by Lutz Schmadel and endorsed by the Heidelberg Observatory, where the asteroid had been discovered by Karl Reinmuth 56 years earlier.

References 
 

1928 births
2018 deaths
20th-century English astronomers
English physicists
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Kavli Prize laureates in Astrophysics
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Storfjord Bridge. The Storfjord Bridge () is a proposed suspension bridge that would span the Storfjorden in Sunnmøre, Norway. If built, it would be  long and have a main span of . This would make it the longest spanned bridge in the world, easily surpassing the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge, which has a main span of . The plans have been developed by Aas-Jakobsen for a Storfjordsambandet, a company which aims to toll finance the bridge. According to Rolf M. Larssen of Aas-Jakobsen, there is a larger challenge securing sufficient funding than technically building the bridge. It is estimated to cost 4.3 billion Norwegian krone.

History
In a report made by Aas-Jakobsen, two crossings were discussed, one slightly in-fjord from the ferry and one which would cross to Ørskog Municipality. The bridge would have a single main cable and a split bridge beam. The cable would run down the centre of the bridge, with the lanes on each side of an open area with cross-sections. While this method is more expensive, it allows for a more aerodynamic bridge. The bridge would have two pylons, with the road lanes crossing on the outside of the pylons. Each pylon would be  tall. The pylons would be round with a diameter of between . The northern pylon would be anchored in bedrock, while the southern pylon would be anchored in a caisson in bedrock, located  below mean sea level. The distance between the middle of the lanes would be  at the pylons, and  at the middle of the bridge. The main cable would be  above the sea at the pylons and  above the sea at the middle. The bridge allows a clearance below of ,  wide.

The crossing would establish a fixed link for Sykkylven Municipality and Stranda Municipality towards Ålesund Municipality. The service is currently operated by the Ørsneset–Magerholm Ferry on National Road 60, which had an average daily traffic of 1967 cars and 175 in 2009, making it the fifth-most trafficked ferry service in Norway. Former proposals for the crossing has included a submerged floating tunnel and a pontoon bridge, although both have since been discarded. The design is part of a project initiated by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration to develop extreme technology which would make it possible to make E39, the Coastal Highway, ferry free.

Official plans by the Road Administration have suggested that a different bridge, Sulafjord Bridge, over Sulafjorden further west to be built instead of the Storfjord Bridge. This bridge is still of a similar size.

See also
List of longest suspension bridge spans
European route E39

References

External links
 European route E39

Proposed bridges in Norway
Road bridges in Møre og Romsdal
Sykkylven
Measurement category. Measurement category is a method of classification by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) of live electric circuits used in measurement and testing of installations and equipment, usually in the relation within a building (residential or industrial).

The categories take into account the total continuous energy available at the given point of circuit, and the occurrence of impulse voltages. The energy can be limited by circuit breakers or fuses, and the impulse voltages by the nominal level of voltage.

Measurement categories 
Measuring circuits are subjected to working voltages and transient stresses from the circuit to which they are connected during measurement or test. When the measuring circuit is used to measure mains, the transient stresses can be estimated by the location within the installation at which the measurement is performed. When the measuring circuit is used to measure any other electrical signal, the transient stresses must be considered by the user to assure that they do not exceed the capabilities of the measuring equipment. In this standard, circuits are divided into the following measurement categories:

CAT I 
Category I is for measurements performed on circuits not directly connected to mains.

Examples are measurements on circuits not derived from mains, and specially protected (internal) mains-derived circuits.  In the latter case, transient stresses are variable; for that reason IEC 61010-1-5.4.1(g) requires that the transient withstand capability of the equipment is made known to the user.

CAT II 
Measurement category II is for measurements performed on circuits directly connected to the low-voltage installation.

Examples are measurements on household appliances, portable tools and similar equipment.

CAT III 
Measurement category III is for measurements performed in the building installation.

Examples are measurements on distribution boards, circuit-breakers, wiring, including cables, bus-bars, junction boxes, switches, socket-outlets in the fixed installation, and equipment for industries.

CAT IV 
Measurement category IV is for measurements performed at the source of the low-voltage installation.

Examples are electricity meters and measurements on primary overcurrent protection devices and ripple control units.

Clearances 
The value of clearance relates to the electrical insulation, and the possibility of arc flash between two electrically energised parts (or between live and grounded parts). Higher voltages require higher clearances. For double insulation the clearances must be doubled.

The required values can vary from 0.04 mm for single insulation CAT II, 50 V, to 28 mm for double insulation CAT IV, 1000 V.
The exact values are defined in the international standards. Such standards should be followed rigorously during the design process of the appropriate equipment.

Impulse withstand voltages 
Similarly to the clearances the value of required impulse withstand voltage varies from 500 V (CAT II, 50 V), to 12,000 V (CAT IV, 1000 V):

References 

Measurement
Electrical safety
S&D (disambiguation). S&D often refers to the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. It may also refer to:

Search and destroy, a military strategy, notoriously in the Vietnam War
Silver & Deming, reduced-shank drill bits
Somerset & Dorset Joint Railway, English railway line
Speech and debate, e.g. in debating societies
Spybot – Search & Destroy, a spyware and adware removal program for Windows
Supply and demand, an economic model of price determination in a market

See also
S&DR, the Stockton and Darlington Railway
D&S (disambiguation)
Discrete transform. In signal processing, discrete transforms are mathematical transforms, often linear transforms, of signals between discrete domains, such as between discrete time and discrete frequency.

Many common integral transforms used in signal processing have their discrete counterparts. For example, for the Fourier transform the counterpart is the discrete Fourier transform.

In addition to spectral analysis of signals,  discrete transforms play important role in data compression, signal detection, digital filtering and correlation analysis. The discrete cosine transform (DCT) is the most widely used transform coding compression algorithm in digital media, followed by the discrete wavelet transform (DWT).

Transforms between a discrete domain and a continuous domain are not discrete transforms.  For example, the discrete-time Fourier transform and the Z-transform, from discrete time to continuous frequency, and the Fourier series, from continuous time to discrete frequency, are outside the class of discrete transforms.

Classical signal processing deals with one-dimensional discrete transforms. Other application areas, such as image processing, computer vision, high-definition television, visual telephony, etc. make use of two-dimensional and in general, multidimensional discrete transforms.

See also

References
Carlos Ramírez Ulloa. Carlos Ramírez Ulloa (November 6, 1903 – December 22, 1980) was a Mexican civil engineer.

Ramírez was born in Guadalajara, Jalisco. At the age of 21 he completed his degree as a civil engineer at the .
 
He became part of the team that initiated the  (1926–1928 and 1929–1934) and of the  (1934–1936) which coordinated works for the protection of Mexico City against flooding.

On December 18, 1937, he married Esther Otero Gonzalez, and they had six sons together: Jorge, Carlos, Sergio, Javier, Mario, and Oscar Ramirez Otero.
 
In 1937 the president Lazaro Cardenas asked him to create and organize the  (CFE); in 1952 to 1959 he became the first director of the . In this 16 years of work he completed or started the construction of 37 hydroelectric dams, 13 thermoelectric plants and one geothermic power plant. These projects consolidated the provisioning of energy to power all of Mexico, allowing economic growth through improvement in irrigation, industrial and residential systems.

He led the nationalization of the electrical companies of Chapala, Morelia, Uruapan, Tlaxcala, Moncolva, Occidental, and others, serving on their boards of directors.

In 1946 he became founder member of the .

Ramírez was the first general manager of  (IEM), manufacturing company of products for the power generation and electrical markets. From 1948 to 1952 he became the technical director of the , participating in several important construction projects. These included the Miguel Alemán Dam on the Tonto River, upstream from Temascal, Oaxaca. It has a capacity of , or .
 
From 1959 to 1980 he participated in several companies including , focusing on projects for drinking water, irrigation, hydrolectric power, geohydrology, pollution control, and economic planning.

In 1965 Carlos became the president founder of the .

In 1977 he received the first Lazaro Cardenas Medal from the president Lopez Portillo, and in 1978 he received the .
 
After his death in December 1980, the , gave a tribute to their late member on February 11, 1981. During the tribute, a request was made to honour Ramírez by having his remains reinterred at the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons. The president approved the arrangement on July 12; the remains were moved there on August 14, 2011.

Two institutions bear his name in recognition to his life achievements:
 The dam known as El Caracol "Ing. Carlos Ramírez Ulloa"
 Escuela Secundaria Tecnica No. 39 "Ing. Carlos Ramírez Ulloa" since 1983

References
 Jose Rogelio Alvarez (1988). "Ramirez Ulloa Carlos" Enciclopedia de México, Mexico TOMO XII.
 Eduardo Langange O. (1998). Pensamiento y Obra de los Ingenieros Civiles Mexicanos, TOMO II, pp. 10―20., Mexico.

1903 births
1980 deaths
Mexican civil engineers
People from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Boltzmann (disambiguation). Ludwig Boltzmann was an Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics.

Boltzmann may also refer to:

 24712 Boltzmann, a main-belt asteroid
 the Boltzmann brain, a thought experiment
 Boltzmann constant
 Boltzmann (crater), an old lunar crater
 Boltzmann distribution
 Boltzmann equation
 Boltzmann's entropy formula
 Boltzmann relation
 Stefan–Boltzmann law
 Stefan–Boltzmann constant
Thomas-Morse R-5. The Thomas-Morse R-5 also known as the TM-22 was an American single-engined parasol monoplane racing aircraft of the 1920s. Two were built for the United States Army Air Service in 1922, but after competing in the 1922 Pulitzer Trophy Race the type was abandoned.

Design and development
In early 1922, the United States Army Air Service placed orders with a number of American manufacturers for Racing aircraft to compete in the prestigious Pulitzer Trophy Race. Amongst the companies who received orders was Thomas-Morse Aircraft of Ithaca, New York, whose chief designer, B Douglas Thomas, designed a single-seat, single-engined parasol wing monoplane, the Thomas Morse TM-22, with two being ordered by the Army as the Thomas-Morse R-5.

The TM-22, which was based on Thomas's unsuccessful MB-9 fighter and MB-10 training aircraft, which had both flown in 1921 but had been quickly abandoned. It was of all-metal construction, with corrugated duralumin skinning over a duralumin structure, while its wing featured a distinct hump in the centre above the fuselage. The two prototypes had different wings, with the first prototype having a span of 29 ft 0 in (8.84 m) and a wing area of 174 sq ft (16.2 m²), while the second had a span of 25 ft (7.62 m) and an area of 150 sq dt (13.9 m²). It was powered by a single 600 hp (447 kW) Packard 1A-2025 V12 engine with its radiator and oil tank in a tubular container beneath the fuselage. The aircraft had a fixed conventional landing gear.

Operational history

The two aircraft were delivered to Selfridge Field, Michigan in September 1922, with the first prototype making its maiden flight there on 29 September. The aircraft suffered cooling problems and had poor handling, while struggling to reach the speed of 190 mph expected by the Air Service.

Despite these problems, the two R-5s, flown by Captain Frank O'Driscoll Hunter and Lieutenant Clayton L. Bissell were amongst the starters for the Pulitzer Race on 14 October. Bissell finished tenth at an average speed of 155.5 mph (250.4 km/h), while Hunter finish eleventh, at a speed of 149.3 mph (240.4 km/h), the last two aircraft to complete the race.

Both aircraft were sent to McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio for further testing in 1923, and were destroyed during static structural testing.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Angelucci, Enzo and Peter Bowers. The American Fighter. Yeovil, UK:Haynes Publishing, 1987. .
"The 1922 Pulitzer Trophy Race". Flight, 19 October 1922. pp. 603–605.
Wegg, John. General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors. London:Putnam, 1990. .

1920s United States sport aircraft
R-5
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
SGI algorithm. The SGI algorithm creates triangle strips from a set of triangles. It was published by K. Akeley, P. Haeberli, and D. Burns as a C program named "tomesh.c" for use with Silicon Graphics' IRIS GL API.

The algorithm operates on the set of triangles that have not yet been added to a triangle strip, starting with the entire set of input triangles. Triangles are greedily added to a strip until no triangle is available that can be appended to the strip; a new strip will be started in this case. When choosing a triangle for starting or continuing a triangle strip, the selection is based on a triangle's degree (i.e. the number of triangles adjacent to it), with smaller degrees being preferred.

If implemented using a priority queue to quickly identify triangles that can start a new strip, the algorithm runs in linear time.

References 

Computer graphics algorithms
SGI graphics