omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kreider-Reisner. The Kreider-Reisner Aircraft Company was an American flying service and aircraft manufacturer from 1923 to 1929.

History
The Kreider-Reisner Aircraft Company was formed at Hagerstown, Maryland in 1923 as a sub-contractor. By September 1925 the company was operating a general flying service and incorporated. In 1926 it designed and built the first aircraft the Midget lightplane. The aircraft performed well in aviation competitions so the company then designed a two-seat utility biplane. It had decided it was cheaper to design and build an aircraft for use in its own flying services and the resulting aircraft was the C-2 Challenger. A smaller version was designed and built in 1928 as the C-6 Challenger. On 1 April 1929 the company was bought by the Fairchild Aircraft Company who continued production at Hagerstown and redesignated the aircraft in a Fairchild KR series. Kreider remained president, but died on 13 April 1929 in a mid-air collision. Reisner left the company shortly afterward. By 1931, Fairchild had relocated its headquarters to the Hagerstown site. In 1935, the name of the company was changed to Fairchild Aircraft Corporation.

Aircraft

See also Fairchild 22 (Fairchild 22 Model C7)

References

Notes

Bibliography 

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1674

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Aviation in Maryland
Historic American Engineering Record in Maryland
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1929
American companies established in 1923
Manufacturing companies established in 1923
1923 establishments in Maryland
1929 disestablishments in Maryland
Stuart Dreyfus. A native of Terre Haute, Indiana, Stuart E. Dreyfus is professor emeritus at University of California, Berkeley in the Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Department. While at the Rand Corporation he was a programmer of the JOHNNIAC computer. While at Rand he coauthored Applied Dynamic Programming with Richard Bellman. Following that work, he was encouraged to pursue a Ph.D. which he completed in applied mathematics at Harvard University in 1964, on the calculus of variations. In 1962, Dreyfus simplified the Dynamic Programming-based derivation of backpropagation (due to Henry J. Kelley and Arthur E. Bryson) using only the chain rule. He also coauthored Mind Over Machine with his brother Hubert Dreyfus in 1986.

Notes

References
Prof. Homepage of Stuart Dreyfus at UC Berkeley
.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American industrial engineers
American operations researchers
Harvard University alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
Fieseler Fi 97. The Fieseler Fi 97 was a 1930s German four-seat cabin touring and competition monoplane aircraft designed and built by the German manufacturer Fieseler.

Design and development
Following the success of their two-seat tourer/trainer the Fieseler F5, Fieseler was encouraged by the German Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) to develop a four-seat version specially to take part in the European touring plane championship Challenge 1934.

The result of this request was the Fi 97, designed by Kurt Arnolt.  It was a mixed-construction low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit. The fuselage had a fabric-covered steel tubing frame. The wing structure was wood and was covered with fabric and plywood. The wings were able to be folded aft for storage or ground transport. The tailskid undercarriage was fixed. The pilot and three passengers had an enclosed cabin.

Five examples of the Fi 97 were built.  Three aircraft were fitted with the Hirth HM 8U, 250 hp inverted V8 engine, and two used the Argus As 17A, 225 hp inverted 6-cylinder inline engine.  Both engines are air-cooled.

The plane had STOL capabilities and the most significant design aspect was the wing's high-lift devices to enable the aircraft to be flown at low speeds. The leading-edge had Handley Page type automatic slats over more than half of the span. The trailing edge had Fieseler-designed Ausrollflügel, a Fowler-type trailing-edge flap. The trailing-edge flap increased the wing area by nearly 20%. These high-lift features allowed the aircraft to be controlled down to 58 km/h (36 mph). These features were later utilized in construction of the famous Fieseler Fi 156 Storch.

Operational history
Five Fi 97s took part in the Challenge 1934 touring plane championship in August–September, and Hans Seidemann took third place in an Argus-powered Fi 97, bested by only two Polish RWD-9s. A significant achievement was that all the Fieselers completed the contest (places: 3, 9, 12, 13, 16), especially comparing to other German aircraft. Among pilots was also Wolf Hirth. Among others, they scored 1st and 3rd results in a short landing trial (best result - 75 m, from over 8 m-high gate) and very good results in a short take-off (78.3 m over 8 m-high gate) and minimal speed trial (58.49 km/h).

Specifications

See also

References
 
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1812/3
 Luftarchiv

External links

Photos and drawings

Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1930s German civil utility aircraft
1930s German sport aircraft
Fi 097
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
SBM. SBM may stand for:

Science, technology, international development
 Satellite-based monitoring, transport tracking systems via GPS technologies
 SBm, a type of barred spiral irregular galaxy
 School business manager, member of non-teaching staff responsible for non-teaching activity
 Science-Based_Medicine a blog about evidence supported healthcare
 Single buoy mooring, mooring point and interconnect for tankers loading or offloading
 Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática "Brazilian Mathematical Society" is a professional association founded in 1969.
Stochastic block model, a generative model for random graphs
 Super Bit Mapping, a noise shaping process developed by Sony
 Swachh Bharat Mission, the "Clean India Mission" from 2014 onwards

Transportation
 Sheboygan County Memorial Airport's IATA code
 Shepherd's Bush Market tube station, London, London Underground station code
 South Bermondsey railway station, London, National Rail station code

Organizations and locations
 SBM Offshore, a Dutch-based oil services company
SB Morgen, a Nigerian data and research company
 Société des Bains de Mer, owner and operator of casinos and hotels in the Principality of Monaco
 SoftBank Corp., formerly SoftBank Mobile, a subsidiary of SoftBank Group
 State Bank of Mauritius
 State Bank of Mysore
 St Barbara (company), Australian gold mining company
Strained quantum-well laser. A strained quantum well laser is a type of quantum-well laser, which was invented by Professor Alf Adams at the University of Surrey in 1986.  The laser is distinctive for producing a more concentrated beam than other quantum well lasers, making it considerably more efficient. The lasers are notable for usage in CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray drives as well as applications in supermarket barcode readers and telephone optical transmission.

References

Semiconductor lasers
Photonics
Quantum optics
British inventions
Chemins de fer du Jura. The Chemins de fer du Jura, abbreviated to CJ, is a railway company in the canton of Jura in northwestern Switzerland. It was formed in 1944 from the merger of four independent companies connecting Porrentruy to Bonfol, Saignelégier to La Chaux-de-Fonds, Glovelier to Saignelégier and Tavannes to Tramelan and Le Noirmont. The lines extend for a total of  of which just over  is metre gauge. The  line from Porrentruy to Bonfol is standard gauge. The company also operates local bus services in the area.

Operations
 Chemins de fer du Jura (CJ) operates the following regional railway services:

 :  –  –  – 
 :  –  –  – 
 :  – 

CJ also operates the following bus lines:
 :  – Chasseral
 :  – St-Imier, hôpital – St-Imier
 :  –  –

History 
The first company to open a line in the region was the Chemin de fer Tavannes-Tramelan, which opened the  gauge line linking the villages in its name in 1884. This line was extended by the Chemin de fer Tramelan-Les Breuleux-Le Noirmont to reach Le Noirmont and was electrified in 1913. In 1927 the two companies merged to form the .
 
On 7 December 1892 the longest of the region's lines, the Chemin de fer Saignelégier-La Chaux-de-Fonds (SC) was opened linking the places in its title. The  line ran from Saignelégier (Place d'Armes) to La Chaux-de-Fonds, the final kilometre being laid along the streets to the town centre.

The  gauge Porrentruy–Bonfol railway line and Saignelégier–Glovelier railway were opened in 1901 and 1904 respectively. Finally, Porrentruy–Bonfol was extended to Pfetterhouse in 1910. This extension was closed in 1970. The line between Saignelégier and Glovelier  relaid to metre gauge in 1953.
 
Following the amalgamation of the companies in 1943, the rail system was restructured between 1946 and 1953. The complete system was electrified, some 40 years after the first electric trains had run.

See also 
 Rail transport in Switzerland

Notes

References

External links 

CJ
Railway companies established in 1944
Swiss companies established in 1944
Minimum crossing altitude. In aviation, a minimum crossing altitude (MCA) is the lowest altitude at which a navigational fix can be crossed when entering or continuing along an airway that will allow an aircraft to clear all obstacles while carrying out a normal climb to the required minimum en route IFR altitude (MEA) of the airway in question beyond the fix.

The definition given here concerns primarily United States airspace; procedures and practices may vary in other countries.

Overview

Airways are normally designed such that an aircraft moving from one segment with one MEA to another segment with a higher MEA can safely begin a normal climb (see below) to the higher MEA upon crossing the fix that divides the two segments and still remain well clear of obstacles.  When obstacles along the airways are such that a normal climb beginning at the fix defining an airway segment is not adequate to provide proper obstacle clearance, a minimum crossing altitude (MCA) is published for the fix indicating the minimum altitude at which the fix must be crossed when entering that specific airway segment in order to make it possible to safely climb to the MEA while remaining clear of obstacles.  You must be at or above the MCA by the time you reach the intersection so a climb should be established prior to reaching the intersection.

The normal climb values used for determining MCAs in the United States are: 150 feet per nautical mile from mean sea level (MSL) to 5000 feet MSL; 120 feet per nautical mile from 5000 feet to 10,000 feet MSL; and 100 feet per nautical mile at 10,000 feet MSL or above. 

For example, see the illustration above. In this case, a segment of an airway ending at fix ABC has a MEA of 5200 feet MSL, and the minimum obstacle clearance altitude (MOCA) required to clear an obstacle six nautical miles from the fix within the next segment is 6620 feet MSL. The total increase in altitude from 5200 feet to 6620 feet over that distance is 1420 feet.  At a normal rate of climb (120 feet per nautical mile at this altitude), the maximum altitude that can be gained over that distance is 720 feet, which is 700 feet below the required MOCA.  Thus, a MCA for fix ABC of 5900 feet MSL (700 feet above the MEA of the previous segment) will be published for fix ABC for traffic continuing into the airway segment concerned from that fix.

References
FAA Instrument Procedures Handbook, FAA-H-8261-1
ASA Instrument Flying, ASA-PM-3A

Altitudes in aviation
Air traffic control
Nanoflower. A nanoflower, in chemistry, refers to a compound of certain elements that results in formations which in microscopic view resemble flowers or, in some cases, trees that are called nanobouquets or  nanotrees. These formations are nanometers long and thick so they can only be observed using electron microscopy.

Production
Several ways to produce nanoflowers are known: 
 A process similar to the making of a carbon nanotube using a hydrocarbon gas. 
 Heating gallium (Ga) and then flowing methane (CH4) over, under specific pressure and heat. This forms flower-shaped silicon carbide (SiC) structures. 
 Heating a molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) thin film on a piece of molybdenum foil surrounded by sulfur vapour.

Nanomeadow 
In supercapacitors, energy is stored because the electrodes are coated with a porous material that soaks up ions like a sponge, usually activated carbon. Nanomeadow supercapacitors store ions in manganese oxide (MnO), a material with a much greater capacity for ions than activated carbon.

Scientists at Research Institute of Chemical Defence (Beijing, China) and Peking University created a nanomeadow of microscopic structures, fuzzy flowers of MnO each about 100 nanometres across on a field of messy carbon nanotube grass grown on a tantalum metal foil. Nanomeadows perform 10 times better than MnO alone and can store twice as much charge as the carbon-based electrodes in existing ultracapacitors.

See also

Footnotes

References

Summary of the 2nd E.E.F. (Enosi Ellinon Fysikon, Hellenic Science Society) Conference in Texnopolis Athens, Greece

External links

Photo of nanoflower

Nanoparticles by morphology
Potting (electronics). In electronics, potting is the process of filling a complete electronic assembly with a solid or gelatinous compound. This is done to exclude water, moisture, or corrosive agents, to increase resistance to shocks and vibrations, or to prevent gaseous phenomena such as corona discharge in high-voltage assemblies. Potting has also been used to protect against reverse engineering or to protect parts of cryptography processing cards. When such materials are used only on single components instead of entire assemblies, the process is referred to as encapsulation.

Thermosetting plastics or silicone rubber gels are often used, though epoxy resins are also very common. When epoxy resins are used, low chloride grades are usually specified. Many sites recommend using a potting product to protect sensitive electronic components from impact, vibration, and loose wires.

In the potting process, an electronic assembly is placed inside a mold (the "pot") which is then filled with an insulating liquid compound that hardens, permanently protecting the assembly.  The mold may be part of the finished article and may provide shielding or heat dissipating functions in addition to acting as a mold. When the mold is removed the potted assembly is described as cast.

As an alternative, many circuit board assembly houses coat assemblies with a layer of transparent conformal coating rather than potting. Conformal coating gives most of the benefits of potting, and is lighter and easier to inspect, test, and repair. Conformal coatings can be applied as liquid or condensed from a vapor phase.

When potting a circuit board that uses surface-mount technology, low glass transition temperature (Tg) potting compounds such as polyurethane or silicone may be used. High Tg potting compounds may break solder bonds through solder fatigue by hardening at a higher temperature because the coating then shrinks as a rigid solid over a larger part of the temperature range, thus developing greater force.

See also
 Integrated circuit packaging
 Resin dispensing

References

Electronic design
Electronics manufacturing
Shadeop. Shadeop is a term used in  computer graphics rendering to refer to an atomic, built-in  function used in a shader.

It is a portmanteau that blends the terms shading and operation.

Meaning in the RenderMan context
The term is specifically used in the context of shaders written in the RenderMan Shading Language (RSL) for use with  RenderMan-compliant renderers.

User-defined functions written in RSL are just referred to as "functions". Hence, use of the term mostly serves as a means to distinguish the latter type from built-in type functions.

RSL also allows for binary plugins written in  C to be loaded and treated like built-in shadeops. These are commonly referred to as  DSO shadeops. Two RenderMan implementations, 3Delight and PhotoRealistic RenderMan, have recently added new type in recent years called RSL plugin shadeop. This type uses a newer C++  API but otherwise can't be distinguished from the older type by a user, when called from within a shader.

Example
The following example shader makes use of the ambient(), diffuse(), faceforward(), normalize() and transform() built-in shadeops as well as the checkerboard() user-defined RSL plugin shadeop.
plugin "checkerboard";

surface
checkmatte(float Ka = 1, Kd = 1;)
{
    normal Nf = faceforward(normalize(N), I);

    color pattern = checkerboard(transform("object", P));

    Oi = Os;
    Ci = Oi * Cs * pattern * (Ka * ambient() + Kd * diffuse(Nf));
}

Shading
James Slattin Martin Jr.. James Slattin Martin Jr. (June 21, 1920 – April 14, 2002) was project manager for the Viking program.

Biography
Martin was born in Washington, D.C., on June 21, 1920. He earned a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan in 1942. He later completed the Harvard Graduate School of Business Middle Management Program. From 1942 to 1964, he worked for Republic Aviation Corporation, assuming greater responsibility first as assistant chief technical engineer, then chief research engineers and, finally, as manager of space systems requirements.

Martin joined NASA’s Langley Research Center in September 1964 as assistant project manager for Lunar Orbiter. The five successful Lunar Orbiter missions provided significant new information about the Moon’s surface and a wealth of photographic detail that stood as the definitive source of lunar surface information for years. In recognition of his contribution to this project, Martin was awarded the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1967.

On June 23, 1967, Langley Director Floyd Thompson announced the appointment of James S. Martin, Jr., as manager of the capsule bus system, thereby forming a project management organization to control all Voyager-related activities at Langley.  This role migrated to project manager for NASA's Viking Program for landing and orbiting Mars (1975–1982).

As Viking 1 landed on Mars, Martin hung up on a call from President Ford, telling him that he was "busy right now" and to call back in three hours. The President called back three hours later at which time Martin, along with then-NASA Administrator Jim Fletcher, briefed him on the landing.

Martin left NASA in 1976 to become vice president of advanced programs and planning, for Martin Marietta Aerospace, Bethesda, MD. He retired in 1985, but in 2000, NASA called him out of retirement to help restructure the space agency's Mars program after the 1999 failures of the Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander missions.

He died April 14, 2002, after a long battle with cancer.

References

1920 births
2002 deaths
NASA people
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Harvard University alumni
HCNG. HCNG or H2CNG (hydrogen compressed natural gas) is a mixture of compressed natural gas and 4–9 percent hydrogen by energy. It may be used as a fuel gas for internal combustion engines and home appliances.

(regarding the acronyms in the above emissions chart:

AVL = Average Levels?
CNG = Compressed Natural Gas
HCNG = Hydrogen and CNG blend
NOX = Nitrogen Oxides
NMHC = Non-Methane Hydrocarbons?
CH4 = Methane
THC = Total Hydrocarbons?
CO = Carbon Monoxide)

HCNG dispensers can be found at Hynor (Norway) Thousand palms and Barstow, California, Fort Collins, Colorado (all US), Chongqing and Shanxi (China), Pico Truncado (Argentina), Islamabad (Pakistan), Dunkerque (France), Gothenburg Sweden, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia (Italy), Dwarka and Faridabad (Delhi), India and the BC hydrogen highway in Canada.

HCNG for mobile use is premixed at the hydrogen station.

Research
In the town of Nes on the island of Ameland in the Netherlands, a four-year (2008-2011) field test was carried out where 20% hydrogen was added to the local distribution net supplying a complex of 14 apartments. The appliances involved were kitchen stoves, condensing boilers, and micro-CHP boilers.

The use of existing natural gas pipelines for HCNG was studied by NaturalHy.

To get the most out of an internal combustion engine in transportation if higher levels of hydrogen are added, modifications have to be made to the engine and the control strategy. The hydrogen in the blend leads to lower CO2 emissions.

Codes and standards
The National Fire Protection Association 52 presently covers CNG and hydrogen fueling stations. Blends with < 20% hydrogen by volume
are treated identically to CNG. For the use of blends with more than 30-40 % of hydrogen in volume decision support tools for the design are used to ensure safe use.

See also
HCNG dispenser
Hydrogen infrastructure
Hydrogen economy

References

External links
Hydrogen-Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG) Transport Fuel
Hydrogen – Natural gas (HCNG) mixtures as fuels in internal combustion engines

Fuel gas
Hydrogen technologies
Jetalpur. Jetalpur is a town in the Ahmedabad district of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the location of a Swaminarayan temple commissioned by Swaminarayan himself. Jetalpur Village Located in between Kheda and Ahmedabad

An engineering college named Narnarayan Shastri Institute of Technology is situated in Jetalpur.

References 

 Map of Gujarat with Jetalpur marked on it

Swaminarayan Sampradaya
Cities and towns in Ahmedabad district