omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Puddling (civil engineering). Puddling is both the material and the process of lining a water body such as a channel or pond with puddle clay (puddle, puddling) – a watertight (low hydraulic conductivity) material based on clay and water mixed to be workable.

Puddle clay as a lining
Puddling is used in maintaining canals or reservoirs on permeable ground. The technique of puddling and its use was developed by early canal engineer James Brindley; it is considered his greatest contribution to engineering. This processed material was used extensively in UK canal construction in the period starting circa 1780. Starting about 1840 puddle clay was used more widely as the water-retaining element (or core) within earthfill dams, particularly in the Pennines. Its usage in UK dams was superseded about 1960 by the use of rolled clay in the core, and better control of moisture content.

A considerable number of early notable dams were built in that era and they are now sometimes referred to as the 'Pennines embankment' type. These dams are characterized by a slender vertical puddle clay core supported on both sides by earthfill shoulders of more heterogeneous material. To control under-seepage through the natural foundation below the dam, the Pennines embankments generally constructed a puddle clay-filled cutoff trench in rock directly below the central core. Later construction often used concrete to fill the cutoff trench.

To make puddle, clay or heavy loam is chopped with a spade and mixed into a plastic state with water and sometimes coarse sand or grit to discourage excavation by moles or water voles. The puddle is laid about  thick at the sides and nearly  thick at the bottom of a canal, built up in layers. Puddle has to be kept wet in order to remain waterproof so it is important for canals to be kept filled with water.

The clay is laid down with a tool called a 'punner', or 'pun', a large rectangular block on a handle about  long, or trodden down, or compacted by some other means (e.g. by an excavator using the convex outside of its scoop, or, historically, by driving cattle across the area).

Puddle as a building material
Puddle clay or puddle adobe is often called cob. Cob has added ingredients of a fibrous material to act as a mechanical binder.

See also

Canals of the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system

Notes

External links
Canal and River Trust - Specification of Clay

References
Waterways in the Making, Edward Paget-Tomlinson, The Landscape Press, 1996, 
The Illustrated History of Canal and River Navigations, Edward Paget-Tomlinson, Landmark Publishing Ltd., 2006, 

Water transport infrastructure
Soil-based building materials
Etisalat University College. Etisalat University College (EUC) was a private college for men that was established by Etisalat by e& for engineering and was located in the city of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, with programs in Engineering and Applied sciences.

The college had departments for Communication engineering, Computer engineering, Electronic engineering, and General Studies. The university college complex was designed by the Italian architect Renato Restelli, project architect for WS Atkins International, winner of a design competition held in 1986. Construction was completed in 1989.

The college was merged into Khalifa University in February 2008.

See also
Etisalat by e&

References

External links
 Etisalat University College website archived by Archive.org (2008)

1989 establishments in the United Arab Emirates
Technical universities and colleges in the United Arab Emirates
Men's universities and colleges
Universities and colleges in Sharjah (city)
Former for-profit universities and colleges
Defunct organisations based in the United Arab Emirates
Lotus Manuscript. Lotus Manuscript is a discontinued MS-DOS-based word processor from Lotus Development first released in 1986. The software was distributed on eight 5¼" diskettes and retailed for US$495.

Features 

First released in 1986, Lotus Manuscript was one of the first MS-DOS word processors and being sophisticated geared toward scientific technical writing. It features easy table editing, the ability to easily edit and print mathematical equations, and handled very complicated documents (other than a brief). It also includes footnoting, document tracking, import from Lotus 1-2-3, and mailmerge. Version 2 adds macro and downloadable font support.

The word processor had two modes: structured (outline) which is used in technical writing, and unstructured.

Manuscript 2.0 was released in 1988 and added a Microlytics-based thesaurus, conditional mail merges, multi-line headers and footers. The Lotus 1-2-3 like backslash commands were replaced with 40 markers. in addition to distribution on 5¼" diskettes, 3½" diskettes were made available.

Manuscript 2.1 was released in 1989 with further improvements to the software.

Many of the features of Manuscript were later copied by Wordperfect and Word, but the ability to easily write scientific manuscripts on a computer has not yet been accomplished.

References

External links
Manuscript - Lotus Support File Library
Requiem for Beloved Software 

DOS software
Manuscript
Word processors
Structural testing. Structural testing is the evaluation of an object (which might be an assembly of objects) to ascertain its characteristics of physical strength.  Testing includes evaluating compressive strength, shear strength, tensile strength, all of which may be conducted to failure or to some satisfactory margin of safety.  Evaluations may also be indirect, using techniques such as x-ray  ultrasound, and ground-penetrating radar, among others, to assess the quality of the object.

Structural engineers conduct structural testing to evaluate material suitability for a particular application and to evaluate the capacity of existing structures to withstand foreseeable loads.

Items may include buildings (or components), bridges, airplane wings or other types of structures.

See also
Structural analysis
Structural load

References

Structural engineering
Product testing
Georgia Tech Research Corporation. The Georgia Tech Research Corporation (GTRC) is a contracting organization that supports research and technological development at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

History

The GTRC, then named the Industrial Development Council, was founded in 1937 to serve as a contracting agency for the State Engineering Experiment Station (EES)—which then existed by that name on the Georgia Tech campus. In 1946 the Council was recreated and renamed the Georgia Tech Research Institute, still primarily serving the EES under the administration of director Harry L. Baker Jr.

By 1984 Georgia Tech had reorganized the duties and scopes of both the 'contracting agency' and the State EES in response to Tech's changes in priorities over time towards contracting in research and technological development with national industries and the federal government (especially Department of Defense agencies), and with foreign governments. At that time the 'contracting agency' was assigned its modern name, the Georgia Tech Research Corporation (GTRC); and the Engineering Experiment Station, now fully integrated into the academic and research structure of Georgia Tech, succeeded to its new name, the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI).

Structure
GTRC is a nonprofit corporation that works on behalf of all academic departments and divisions of Georgia Tech not related to the (1984-created) Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI)—which uses the dedicated services of the Georgia Tech Applied Research Corporation (GTARC). The GTRC serves as the contracting agency for sponsored research projects performed by Georgia Tech and it provides administrative and financial support to Georgia Tech. It is a 501(c)(3) corporation and utilizes the cost principles defined in OMB Circular A-21.

Intellectual property
GTRC owns all intellectual property that arises from research and other scholarly activity conducted by Georgia Tech, including the Georgia Tech Research Institute. Its Office of Technology Licensing administers invention disclosures, patents, copyrights, and licenses for both GTRC and GTARC.

References

External links
Official website
Patents held by the GTRC

Research Corporation
Charities based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Organizations established in 1937
Eluvium. In geology, eluvium or eluvial deposits are geological deposits and soils that are derived by in situ weathering or weathering plus gravitational movement or accumulation.

The process of removal of materials from geological or soil horizons is called eluviation or leaching. There is a difference in the usage of this term in geology and soil science. In soil science, eluviation is the transport of soil material from upper layers of soil to lower levels by downward percolation of water across soil horizons, and accumulation of this material (illuvial deposit) in lower levels is called illuviation. In geology, the removed material is irrelevant, and the deposit (eluvial deposit) is the remaining material. Eluviation occurs when precipitation exceeds evaporation.

A soil horizon formed due to eluviation is an eluvial zone or eluvial horizon. In a typical soil profile, the eluvial horizon refers to a light-colored zone located (depending on context and literature) either at the lower part of the A horizon (symbol: Ae) or within a distinct horizon (E horizon) below the A, where the process is most intense and rapid. Yet some sources consider the eluvial zone to be the A horizon plus the (distinct) E horizon, as eluviation technically occurs in both.

The strict eluvial horizon (E horizon) is typically light gray, clay-depleted, contains little organic matter and has a high concentration of silt and sand particles composed of quartz and other resistant minerals.

Eluvial ore deposits are those such as tungsten and gold placer deposits formed by settling and enriched by the winnowing or removal of lower density materials. Diamonds within yellow ground (weathered portions of kimberlites) may be considered to be eluvial deposits. Cassiterite and columbite-tantalite deposits also occur as residual or eluvial concentrations. The Pitinga tin deposit in Brazil, an eluvial deposit, is one of the largest tin mines in the world. Weathering supergene enrichment of an apatite rich carbonatite in Ontario has produced a significant eluvial phosphate ore deposit.

See also

Alluvium
Colluvium
Diluvium
Lessivage

References

 Gupta, Chiranjib Kumar (2002) Chemical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice, Wiley,   
 Cronan, David Spencer (1999) Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits, CRC Press, 
 Swiecki, Rafal (2006) Eluvial Placers Accessed 18 April 2006
 Van Hees, Edmond H., (2002) Supergene Phosphate Enrichment in Carbonatite-Derived Eluvial Sediments: Agrium Phosphate Mine, Kapuskasing, Ontario, Canada, The Geological Society of America (GSA) abstract.  Accessed 18 April 2006

Economic geology
Sedimentology
Soil science

de:Eluvium
CPU-Z. CPU-Z is a freeware system profiling and monitoring application for Microsoft Windows and Android that detects the central processing unit, RAM, motherboard chipset, and other hardware features of a modern personal computer or Android device.

Features 
CPU-Z is more comprehensive in virtually all areas compared to the tools provided in the Windows to identify various hardware components, and thus assists in identifying certain components without the need of opening the case; particularly the core revision and RAM clock rate. It also provides information on the system's GPU.

See also 
 CPUID
 Benchmark (computing)
 GPU-Z
 Speccy

External links 
 
 CNET Editors' review (December 2009)
 Softpedia review (October 2006)
 BenchmarkHQ review (2001)

Windows-only freeware
Portable software
Utilities for Windows
Android (operating system) software
System administration
2001 software
Shimon Y. Nof. Shimon Y. Nof (born 1946) is a professor of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. He has held visiting positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at universities in Chile, the European Union, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Taiwan, and UK. He is the Director of the Production, Robotics and Integration Software for the Manufacturing & Management (PRISM) Center at Purdue.

Education
Nof received his B.Sc. in 1969 and M.Sc. in 1972 in Industrial Engineering & Management (Human-machine systems) from the Technion in Haifa, Israel, and his Ph.D. in Industrial & Operations Engineering (Production Analytics) from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1976.

Research and consulting work
Nof has conducted research on collaborative e-Work and e-Service in multi-enterprise networks, integrated production and service systems, and decision support — as well as design of cyber-physical systems for managing distributed activities by collaborative multi-agent teams. His research pioneered the development of knowledge-based, computer-integrated facility design and robotics control models. His current research focus is on computer-supported integration 
and collaboration of distributed e-work, robotics, and cyber-physical work. Nof has developed and teaches the courses "Industrial Robotics and Flexible Assembly", "Cyber Methods in Production 
Control", "Integrated Production Systems I and II", "I.E. Computing", and "Design of E-work, E-service, and CPS".

Awards and recognition
In 1999, Nof was listed in the inaugural group of Purdue's Book of Great Teachers. In 2002, he was awarded the Engelberger Medal for Robotics Education. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE), the former Chair of IFAC CC-Manufacturing and Logistics Systems; Fellow, former Secretary General and President of the IFPR (International Foundation of Production Research).

Publications
Nof has published over 550 articles on production engineering, information and cyber technology, co-inventor of five patents, and is the co-author/editor of fourteen books, including the Handbook of Industrial Robotics (Wiley, 1985) and the International Encyclopedia of Robotics (Wiley, 1988), both winners of the "Most Outstanding Book in Science and Engineering" awards by the Association of American Publishers; Industrial Assembly (Chapman & Hall, 1997, the Handbook of Industrial Robotics (2nd edition), (Wiley, 1999), Springer Handbook of Automation (2009), Revolutionizing Collaboration Through  e-Work, e-Business, and e-Service (Springer ACES Series, 2015), Best Matching: Theory & Application (Springer ACES Series, 2017), Dynamic Lines of Collaboration: Disruption Handling & Control (Springer ACES Series, 2020).

References

External links

PRISM Center at Purdue 

1946 births
Living people
Purdue University faculty
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
VAXmate. VAXmate was an IBM PC/AT compatible personal computer introduced by Digital Equipment Corporation in September, 1986. The replacement to the Rainbow 100, in its standard form it was the first commercial diskless personal computer.

OS and files
The operating system and files could be served from a VAX/VMS server running the company's VAX/VMS Services for MS-DOS software, which went through several name changes, finally becoming Pathworks. Alternatively an optional expansion box containing either 20 MB or 40 MB hard disk could be purchased which allowed it to operate as a more conventional stand-alone PC.

Original specifications
The basic system contained an 8 MHz Intel 80286 CPU with 1 Mbyte of RAM, a 1.2 MB RX33 5¼-inch floppy disk drive, a 14-inch (diagonal) amber or green monochrome CRT and a thinwire Ethernet interface all contained in the system unit.  It was also provided with a parallel printer port and a serial communications port. A separate mouse and LK250 keyboard were used with the device.

As well as the expansion box, an 80287 numeric coprocessor could be ordered as an option, and the memory could be expanded by 2 MB with another option to 3 MB. In North America, an internal modem was also available.

DECstation
It was superseded by the DECstation 200 and 300 in January 1989.

References

Notes

External links
VAXmate at research.microsoft.com

IBM PC compatibles
DEC computers
Computer-related introductions in 1986
16-bit computers
Content processor. Content processors are sometimes confused with network processors that inspect the packet payload of an IP packet travelling through a computer network. These components allow for the design and deployment of next-generation networking systems that can make packet or message processing decisions based on an awareness of the packet or message content. The work of Content Processors is often termed Content Processing or Deep Packet Inspection, DPI, though some people feel that the expression DPI is too limiting as many Content Processors can modify and re-write content on the fly - therefore they can do much more than just inspect which implies a sort of monitoring only function.

Unlike knowledge based processors or Ternary Content-addressable memory (TCAMS), which mainly target the packet header (twenty percent of the packet currently comprises the header), content processors go much further into the packet or message thereby determining the nature of the content in the packet itself (80% of the packet currently is data).

Applications of content processors include: layer 7 application, application-oriented networks switches, routers, unified threat management (UTM) computer appliances, Intrusion Detection, prevention systems (IDS/IPS), anti-virus, compliance, [VOIP] and XML gateways. The various layers of the OSI model are given in the link that follows with a description of layer 7 where content processing is and will become and integral part of the intelligent network as the next generation networks mature.

Advanced Content Processors can both examine and transform content. For example: Microsoft's new Office 2007 product has the ability to save documents in an open XML format, instead of .ppt, .xls and .doc applications will save to an encapsulated (actually ZIP) file type named .pptx, .xlsx and .docx. So a content processor could be used to examine all of a corporations documents and replace one company name with another, or change an included corporate logo - all because the structured data represented in XML can be manipulated much more easily than a proprietary and undocumented format. XML is often described as a self-describing language.

Some Content Processors support the ability to handle both message-based or packet-by-packet analysis and some can keep track of content across multiple packets so that the signatures they may be searching for can cross packet boundaries and they will still be found.

See also
 Network processor
  Multi core Processor
 Knowledge-based processor

External links
Tarari Content Processors

Networking hardware
Network Device Control Protocol. Network Device Control Protocol (NDCP) was designed by Laurent Grumbach who at the time was an engineer with Harris Broadcast.  Previous to that he had worked for Louth Automation which was acquired by Harris.  NDCP was designed to be a network based protocol instead of the traditional serial connection protocols to Broadcast devices.  NDCP was an XML compliant protocol and loosely based on the concepts of SOAP.  The intent was that vendors would standardize their Broadcast devices on a single protocol instead of each vendor offering proprietary protocols for their devices.  The use of a network based protocol would also allow the devices to be remote from the controlling application and not limited by the connection length of an RS422 serial line.

External links 
 Harris Corporation Launches New, Network-Based Automation Protocol for Controlling Broadcast Audio and Video Devices
 RDD 38:2016 - SMPTE Registered Disclosure Docs - Networked Device Control Protocol — Message Data Structure and Method of Communication

Network protocols
Argonide. Argonide Corporation is a Florida nanotechnology company. The company was formed in 1994 by American Fred Tepper, partly to provide employment for former Russian (government) scientists. Argonide began offering nanometal powders made by the exploding wire method (EWM) in 1997.

Their main product, NanoCeram, uses aluminum oxide nanofibers for water filtration. The filter uses nanofibers originally developed at the Design Technology Center (DTC) in Tomsk, Russia. NanoCeram can be incorporated into glass and cellulose non-woven sheets, is an extremely effective filtration medium. The aluminum oxide fibers, which are only 2 nanometers wide, attract dirt, bacteria, viruses, and proteins using an electrostatic effect. NanoCeram can match the particle removal effectiveness of ultrafiltration, and it allows orders-of-magnitude higher flow rates at a given pressure difference or pressure drop.

Argonide has been awarded a NASA Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract to filter water aboard the Space Shuttles. In 2002 it won an R&D 100 Award, given annually to the top 100 most technologically significant new products by R&D Magazine.

References

External links
Argonide
NASA article on water filters
About NASA contract 

Technology companies of the United States
Companies based in Florida
Technology companies established in 1994
SZD-45 Ogar. The SZD-45 Ogar (Hound) is a T-tailed cantilever high-wing monoplane of wooden, aluminium and fibreglass construction designed and manufactured in Poland.

Design and development
Designed bu Dipl.-Ing. Tadeusz Labuc, the 2-seat Ogar is intended for training glider pilots from ab-initio to advanced stages as well as cross-country flying. The first prototype,(reg. no. SP-0001), first flew on 29 May 1973 powered by a  Stark-Stamo engine. Due to the Stamo engine being unavailable, production SZD-45A Ogars were built with  Limbach SL1700EC engines and later with Franklin 2A-120 engines as the SZD-45-2 Ogar F.

Of pod and boom layout the Ogar has a T-tail on a tubular Aluminium alloy tubular boom extending from the keel of the fuselage pod, which houses the cockpit and engine. A variety of materials are used in construction, with a glass-fibre cockpit shell over two load-bearing wooden frames. The wings are of wooden single-spar construction skinned with plywood and covered with glass-fibre. The engine is mounted at the rear of the fuselage pod, aft of the wing trailing edge at the same level and driving a pusher propeller. The undercarriage consists of a semi-retractable mainwheel fitted with a disc brake, steerable tailwheel and optional outrigger wheels on flexible struts at the wing-tips. Accommodation for two pilots is provided side by side under an aft-hinged upward-opening canopy. The Ogar was certified for simple aerobatics.

Of the 66 production aircraft, 41 were exported;those destined for the United States were powered by dual-ignition, turbocharged, Revmaster/Volkswagen VW 2962 engines.

Variants
SZD-45 Ogar The prototype powered by a  Stark-Stamo engine.
SZD-45A OgarInitial production variant powered by a  Limbach SL1700EC engines.
SZD-45-2 Ogar FLater production aircraft powered bya  Franklin 2A-120A (later 2A-120CP) 2-cyl air-cooled horizontally opposed piston engine.

Specifications (SZD-45A Ogar)

Notes

References

External links

Hanover Show Review 1976

Motor gliders
1970s Polish sailplanes
PZL aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
SZD aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1973