omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Syngas fermentation. Syngas fermentation, also known as synthesis gas fermentation, is a microbial process.  In this process, a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, known as syngas, is used as carbon and energy sources, and then converted into fuel and chemicals by microorganisms.

The main products of syngas fermentation include ethanol, butanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and methane.
Certain industrial processes, such as petroleum refining, steel milling, and methods for producing carbon black, coke, ammonia, and methanol, discharge enormous amounts of waste gases containing mainly CO and  into the atmosphere either directly or through combustion. Biocatalysts can be exploited to convert these waste gases to chemicals and fuels as, for example, ethanol. In addition, incorporating nanoparticles has been demonstrated to improve gas-liquid fluid transfer during syngas fermentation.   

There are several microorganisms which can produce fuels and chemicals by syngas utilization. These microorganisms are mostly known as acetogens including Clostridium ljungdahlii, Clostridium autoethanogenum, Eubacterium limosum, Clostridium carboxidivorans P7, Peptostreptococcus productus, and Butyribacterium methylotrophicum. Most use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway.

Syngas fermentation process has advantages over a chemical process since it takes places at lower temperature and pressure, has higher reaction specificity, tolerates higher amounts of sulfur compounds, and does not require a specific ratio of CO to . On the other hand, syngas fermentation has limitations such as:
 Gas-liquid mass transfer limitation
 Low volumetric productivity
 Inhibition of organisms.

Reactor types 
The most common utilized reactor type for syngas fermentation is the stirred-tank reactor in which the mass transfer is influenced by several factors such as  geometry of the reactor, impeller configuration, the agitation speed and the gas flow rate. Additionally, less investigated reactor types like Trickle-bed reactors, bubble-column reactors and gas-lift reactors have specific drawbacks and advantages regarding the abovementioned limitations.

References

Environmental science
European Robotics Platform. The European Robotics Platform (EUROP) is one of several European Technology Platforms (ETP) to improve the competitive situation of the European Union. EUROP is an industry-driven framework for the main stakeholders in robotics to strengthen Europe's competitiveness in robotics R&D, as well as global markets, and to improve quality of life. To this aim EUROP has developed a joint European Strategic Research Agenda (SRA), which would help focus research initiatives and innovative  activities towards maximum impact.  The SRA  was published in July 2009.

The SRA was first launched in 2005. Its revision started in 2006, supported by the European Commission through CARE, the Coordination Action for Robotics in Europe. An Executive Summary of an intermediate version of the new SRA was published in June 2008. The final version was presented in the summer of 2009 and is currently available.

EUROP's roots go back to October 2004, when leading European robotics organisations started to formulate the need for a consolidated approach to European robotics, which led to the constitution of EUROP as an ETP in October 2005. From 2010 to 2012, The European Robotics Coordination Action (euRobotics CA ), an EU project within the Seventh Framework Programme of the Information and Communication Technology, supported EUROP.

References
 European Robotics Platform (EU)

External links
 European Robotics Platform

European Union and science and technology
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Science and technology in Europe
European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry. The European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry (SusChem) is a European Technology Platform (ETP) initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of chemistry in three domains: Industrial Biotechnology, Materials Technology, and Reaction and Process Design.

The programme is a joint initiative (Public-Private Partnership) of the European Commission, representing the European Communities, and the industry. The main objective of the programma is to produce and implement a Strategic Research Agenda (SRA).

See also
 European Technology Platform
 Joint Technology Initiative

References
 European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry
 REACH

External links
 European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry

Science and technology in Europe
European Union and science and technology
Elliotts Primary EoN. The Elliots Primary EoN or EoN Type 7 S.G.38 Primary was a training glider built in the UK shortly after World War II. It was an absolutely minimalist aircraft, consisting of a high, cable-braced wing connected to a conventional empennage by an open-truss framework, and was a copy of the German SG 38 Schulgleiter. Marketed to aeroclubs, the Primary EoN was also adopted in 1948 by the Air Training Corps and by the Combined Cadet Force under the name Eton TX.1. An example is at the Gliding Heritage Centre.

Operators

Royal Air Force
Air Training Corps
Combined Cadet Force

Specifications

See also

References

 
 

 

1940s British sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948
Eagle Helicopter Eagle II. 

The Eagle Helicopter Eagle II and Eagle III were light helicopters developed in the United States in the early 1980s. With side-by-side seating for two, they had an unusual boxy fuselage shaped like a stubby wedge. No anti-torque system was required, since the rotors of both aircraft were powered by tip jets. In the case of the Eagle II, the tip jets were "cold", fed with compressed air generated by an Evinrude piston engine, while the Eagle III's rotor was driven by more conventional propane-burning jets. Development did not progress beyond the construction of a prototype in each configuration.

Specifications (Eagle II)

References
 
 

1980s United States sport aircraft
1980s United States helicopters
COSMOS International. COSMOS International or COSMOS International Satellitenstart GmbH is a joint Russian-German launch service provider and satellite manufacturer. A partnership between OHB System, Fuchs Gruppe and PO Polyot, COSMOS commercially markets launches using the Kosmos-3M rocket, which are subcontracted to the Russian Space Forces.

The organisation conducted its first launch on 28 April 1999, placing ABRIXAS and MegSat into orbit, on a single rocket. It has been responsible for the launches of SAR-Lupe satellites for Germany's Bundeswehr (defence force).

See also
Eurockot
Starsem
International Launch Services
Sea Launch

External links
COSMOS Website

References

Commercial launch service providers
Imperial Typewriter Company. The Imperial Typewriter Company was a British manufacturer of typewriters based in Leicester, England.

The company was founded by Hidalgo Moya, an American-Spanish engineer who lived in England. After first building the Moya typewriter, he set up the Imperial Typewriter Company in Leicester in 1911 with local businessmen John Gordon Chattaway, William Arthur Evans and Joseph Wallis Goddard. It stopped manufacturing typewriters when electric models and then word processors and personal computers became popular, causing typewriter sales to fall.

The company was acquired by Litton Industries in 1966, and gradually introduced Royal Typewriter Company models largely assembled from parts shipped from Hartford, Connecticut, United States. In May 1974, Asian workers at the Imperial Typewriter Company in Leicester went on strike over unequal bonus payments and discrimination in promotion. The shop stewards committee and Transport & General Workers Union branch refused their support, but the strikers stayed on strike for almost 14 weeks. The manufacture of typewriters ceased at Leicester and Hull in 1975.

Models

Imperial A
Imperial B
Imperial C
Imperial D
Imperial Doppelganger (see external link)
Imperial model 50
Imperial model 55
Imperial model 60
Imperial model 65
Imperial model 66
Imperial model 70
Imperial model 80 (Royal)
Imperial model 90
Imperial Electric
Imperial model 200
Imperial War Finish model
The Good Companion model 1
The Good Companion model 2
The Good Companion model 3
The Good Companion model 4
The Good Companion model 5
The Good Companion model 6/6T
Imperial Safari model
Imperial Messenger Portable Typewriter
Imperial Signet Portable Typewriter
Imperial Pavey Musigraph

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091028060244/http://www.geocities.com/wbd641/EuropeImperial.html
 https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/lily-paveys-musikriter/

Typewriters
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in Leicester
John Harvey (ironfounder). John Harvey was a Cornishman whose career started as a blacksmith and engineer at Carnhell Green near Hayle, in west Cornwall. In 1779 he established a foundry and engineering works at Hayle called Harvey & Co. By 1800 the company employed more than 50 people and continued to grow as Harvey worked with many of the great Cornish engineers and entrepreneurs of the day. These included Richard Trevithick, William West, and, more importantly, Arthur Woolf. In 1797, Harvey's daughter, Jane, married Richard Trevithick.

Harvey & Co. built up a reputation for world class stationary beam engines designed to pump water out of the deep Cornish tin and copper mines. The Cornish beam engine became world-famous and was exported overseas, and remains the largest type of beam engine ever constructed; the largest of all, with a  cylinder which powered eight separate beams, was used to drain the Haarlemmermeer in the Netherlands—it is preserved in the Museum De Cruquius.

Harvey's also produced a range of products, from hand tools to ocean-going ships including the . The company was expanded by John's son, Henry, in collaboration with Arthur Woolf, who was the chief engineer. At that time it was the main mining engine foundry in the world, with an international market served through their own port at Foundry Town, Hayle.

Harvey's of Hayle reached their peak in the early- to mid-19th century and then, along with the Cornish mining industry in general, suffered a gradual and slow decline. Harvey's acquired the Cornish Copper Company in 1875. The engineering works and foundry were closed in 1903, although the company continued to trade as a general and builders merchant, eventually merging with UBM to become Harvey-UBM in 1969.

List of ships

See also

Mining in Cornwall and Devon
Hayle and Bristol Steam Packet Company

References

Edmund Vale The Harveys of Hayle. Truro: D. B. Barton, 1966

External links
Harvey's of Hayle

1730 births
British blacksmiths
Inventors from Cornwall
Engineers from Cornwall
People from Hayle
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
Ellehammer semi-biplane. 

The Ellehammer Semi-biplane was a pioneering aircraft flown in Denmark in 1906. Jacob Ellehammer built the aircraft based on his monoplane design of the previous year. Like that aircraft, it featured a large, triangular wing, with a motor (of Ellehammer's own design and construction) mounted beneath it. The pilot sat on a seat that was suspended like a pendulum, allowing him to shift his weight to control the aircraft, similar in concept (if not execution) to the control of a modern hang-glider. Unlike his monoplane, however, the semi-biplane's main wing formed a constant, unbroken span. Additionally, it was fitted with an upper wing of the same triangular shape, which connected to the main wing at its three corners and to an arch above the aircraft's centreline.

In this aircraft, Ellehammer made a short hop on  on 16 August, and a sustained flight on 12 September, covering 42 metres at an altitude of around 50 cm (140 ft at around 2 ft). This was not a free flight, however, as the aircraft was tethered to a pole at the center of the runway. A replica of the aircraft was constructed in 1966 by Arvid Ligaard Sørensen, powered by a Citroën 2CV engine and donated to the Danmarks Flymuseum. Tests with the replica showed difficulties in transmitting engine power to the propeller and while this aircraft could taxi, it proved impossible to coax from the ground.

Specifications (variant)

References

 
 Danmarks Flymuseum - Ellehammer 1906 (replika)  (In Danish)

1900s Danish experimental aircraft
Semi-biplane
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1906
Ellehammer triplane. 

The Ellehammer triplane was a pioneering aircraft built in Denmark in 1907. Unlike Ellehammer's semi-biplane of the previous year, this (otherwise unnamed) triplane was capable of making free, untethered flights. The aircraft featured three sets of triangular wings attached to an open tubular framework. The upper set was one continuous-span, but the lower sets were split and attached either side of the frame. A horizontal stabiliser was fitted aft of the frame. There were no conventional vertical stabilizers, however the covered tailwheel provided a very small amount of surface area for stability.

On 14 January 1908 Ellehammer achieved a flight in this machine of 175 m (574 ft) and on 13 February, one of 300 m (1,000 ft). Around this time, he also started making curved flights. In June, Ellehammer demonstrated the triplane in Kiel, where he was able to collect a M 5,000 prize from Prince Henry of Prussia for making a powered flight in Germany.

References

 

1900s Danish experimental aircraft
Triplane
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Triplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1907
Responsive neurostimulation device. Responsive neurostimulation device is a medical device that senses changes in a person's body and uses neurostimulation to respond in the treatment of disease. The FDA has approved devices for use in the United States in the treatment of epileptic seizures and chronic pain conditions. Devices are being studied for use in the treatment of essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, depression, obesity, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Medical uses

Epilepsy 
The use of neurostimulation to treat epileptic seizures is only recommended in those who have failed multiple medications for the treatment of their seizures. The NeuroPace RNS system was approved for use by the FDA in 2013 and is the only medical device for epilepsy that uses responsive neurostimulation. The device is surgically implanted into the patient's head with electrical leads placed near the site in the brain that is believed to be the origin of the patient's seizures. These leads record electrical activity in the brain and deliver electrical stimulation when a seizure is detected.  The device keeps a record of abnormal electrical activity that is reviewed by a neurologist to improve the detection and treatment of seizures. The patient is able to record when they are having symptoms with the device to see if their symptoms are correlating with seizures. The use of responsive stimulation has found to be effective for seizure reduction. Some patients are able to achieve complete seizure freedom with responsive and non-responsive neurostimulation.

Chronic pain 

Neurostimulation for chronic pain is primarily through the use of spinal cord stimulators. These devices deliver electrical stimulation to different areas of the spine based on where they are implanted. Since 2012, Medtronic has produced spinal cord stimulators with accelerometers that can predict the patient's position. The device can be programmed to give additional electrical stimulation if the patient is thought to be in a more painful position.

Research  
Reponsive neurostimulation is an active area of research with multiple clinical trials underway. Continuous, or non-responsive, neurostimulation has been FDA approved since 2002 with the introduction of deep brain stimulators for Parkinson's disease. As medical technology has improved, so has our understanding of neural networks and their role in human disease. Adding sensing capabilities to these devices has provided new targets to stimulate and feedback into how to more effectively stimulate the brain. At this time, there are clinical trials for reponsive neurostimulation devices in the treatment of essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, depression, obesity, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

See also 

 Brain implant
 Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
 Electroconvulsive therapy
 Electroencephalography
 Neuromodulation (medicine)
 Neuroprosthetics
 Organization for Human Brain Mapping
 Transcranial direct-current stimulation
 Vagal nerve stimulation

References 

Epilepsy
Pain
Implants (medicine)
Neuroprosthetics
Neurotechnology
Harvey v. United States. Harvey v. United States, 113 U.S. 243 (1885),  was a case for labor and materials furnished by the claimants in constructing coffer dams in Davenport, Iowa and in performing the work necessarily connected therewith and preliminary to the mason work for the piers and abutments referred to in the contract. That court proceeded on the view that the claimants had no right to rely on the testimony of experts introduced by them as to the value of the work, but should have kept and produced accounts of its cost and expense, but it gave to the claimants the benefit of the testimony of experts introduced by the United States as to such value in awarding the above amount. Held that the claimants could not be deprived of reasonable compensation for their work because they did not produce evidence of the character referred to, when it did not appear that such evidence existed, if the evidence they produced was the best evidence accessible to them and it enabled the court to arrive at a proper conclusion.

Decision
The judgment of the Court of Claims is affirmed for the full amount of the award made to the claimants, and an additional amount of 842.82 is allowed for the labor done and materials furnished by the claimants in constructing coffer dams and in performing the work necessarily connected therewith and preliminary to the mason work for the piers and abutments referred to in their contract, the same being an additional allowance on account of item (1) in their petition filed August 30, 1876, and the said judgment is reversed so far as respects item (2) in that petition, and the sum of 574.80 is allowed for that item, and this cause was remanded to the Court of Claims, with a direction to enter judgment accordingly.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113

References

External links
 

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
1885 in United States case law
Davenport, Iowa
Ellehammer helicopter. 

The Ellehammer helicopter was an otherwise-unnamed experimental aircraft built in Denmark in 1912. Based on experiments with models, Jacob Ellehammer constructed a full-size machine equipped with two contra-rotating discs, each of which was fitted with six vanes around its circumference. The pitch of these vanes could be varied in operation by the pilot, an early example of cyclic control. The same engine that drove the rotors also powered a propeller mounted tractor-wise to the aircraft's frame. 
 After a number of indoor tests, the aircraft was demonstrated outdoors and made a number of free take-offs. One of these trials was witnessed by Prince Axel of Denmark. Experiments with the helicopter continued until September 1916, when it tipped over during take-off, destroying its rotors.

A famous photo shows it hovering in 1914, though there is no evidence that it was successful in achieving translational flight. Ellehammer later studied a disc-rotor configuration - a compound helicopter with coaxial blades that extended from the hub for hover, and retracted for high speed vertical flight. Although a wind tunnel model was constructed, there's no evidence that anything more was studied.

Specifications

References

 
 
 

1910s Danish experimental aircraft
Helicopter
1910s Danish helicopters
Coaxial rotor helicopters
Single-engined piston helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1912
Triethylsilane. Triethylsilane is the organosilicon compound with the formula (C2H5)3SiH. It is a trialkylsilane. The Si-H bond is reactive.

It was first discovered by Albert Ladenburg in 1872 among the products of reduction of tetraethyl orthosilicate with sodium and diethylzinc. He also prepared it by a stepwise reduction via ethoxytriethylsilane and named it silicoheptyl hydride, reflecting the idea of a silicon compound analogous to a seven-carbon hydrocarbon.

This colorless liquid is used in organic synthesis as a reducing agent and as a precursor to silyl ethers.  As one of the simplest trialkylsilanes that is a liquid at room temperature, triethylsilane is often used in studies of hydrosilylation catalysis.

Additional reading

References

Reducing agents
Carbosilanes
Microwave power module. A microwave power module (MPM) is a microwave device used to amplify radio frequency signals to high power levels. It is a hybrid combination of solid-state and vacuum tube electronics, which encloses a solid-state power amplifier (SSPA), traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) and electronic power conditioning (EPC) modules into a single unit. Their average output power capability falls between that of solid-state power amplifiers (SSPAs) and dedicated Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) amplifiers. They may be applied wherever high power microwave amplification is required, and space is at a premium. They are available in various frequency ranges, from S band up to W band. Typical output power at  ranges from 20W to 1 kW.

History
The microwave power module concept was designed for use in active phased array antennas, where their compact size permits packing a large number of modules into the radiating face of the antenna. The concept was explored in detail by the 1989 Microwave Power Module Panel, supported by the US Naval Research Laboratory. While the eventual goal was to design a power module with a cross section as small as a half square inch, most MPMs today are larger, and suitable only for line arrays, partially distributed arrays and single-module applications.

Typical specifications
Microwave power modules are available at various frequencies, from S band up to W band. Both CW and pulsed MPMs are available, the pulsed MPMs having a wide duty cycle range. Power levels range from less than 20W to over 1 kW. MPMs are light-weight compared to traditional TWTAs, and the power supply requirements are typically low-voltage DC (28–270 volts DC).

Construction

A microwave power module consists of a solid state power amplifier, which drives a vacuum power booster, typically a traveling wave tube. The high voltage power supply required by the TWT is provided by an electronic power conditioner. In pulsed-mode MPMs, the power conditioner provides a pulsed high voltage that is triggered by a trigger input. MPMs also include a microcontroller, which is responsible for controlling the operation of the module, such as making sure the various power supply voltages come up in the appropriate sequence to prevent damage to the TWT. It also reports the module status, including the various voltages, currents and temperatures.

Applications
Microwave power modules are used in
Active phased array antennas
Radar transmitters where relatively low power, but long pulse widths are needed (such as Synthetic Aperture Radars)
Commercial and military satellite communications

See also
Traveling-wave tube
Microwaves
Klystron – A device for amplifying or generating microwaves (with greater precision and control than is available from a magnetron)

References

External links
Flash animation showing the operation of a microwave power module (MPM) and its internal construction
Microwave Power Modules - Product information

Microwave technology