omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Product inhibition. Product inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the product of an enzyme reaction  inhibits its production. Cells utilize product inhibition to regulate of metabolism as a form of negative feedback controlling metabolic pathways. Product inhibition is also an important topic in biotechnology, as overcoming this effect can increase the yield of a product, such as an antibiotic. Product inhibition can be competitive, non-competitive or uncompetitive.

Mitigation of product inhibition

Reactor design 
One method to reduce product inhibition is the use of a membrane reactor. These bioreactors uses a  membrane to separate products from the rest of the reactor, limiting their inhibition. If the product differs greatly in size from the cells producing it, and the substrate feeding the cells, then the reactor can utilize a semipermeable membrane allowing to products to exit the reactor while leaving the cells and substrate behind to continue reacting making more product. Other reactor systems use chemical potential to separate products from the reactor, such as solubility of different compounds allowing one to pass through the membrane. Electrokinetic bioreactor systems have been developed which use electrolysis, a process that uses electrical charge to remove the product from the bioreactor system.

External loop reactor uses current created by air bubbles flowing through the reactor to create a flow that brings the reactor contents through an external loop. A separating membrane can be placed in the external loop to collect product, and reduce product inhibition. A downside to external loop reactors is they create additional shear stress.
Submerged membrane bioreactors have the membrane contained within the main chamber of the bioreactor.

A separative bioreactor is a type of continuous reactor where the producing cells are mounted on a resin membrane as to not flow out of the reactor as substrate is passed over them. The continuous flow of the reactor takes the product downstream as it is produced.

Other methods of mitigating product inhibition 
Integrated liquid-liquid extraction can be used to remove products that have a density that differs from the rest of the bioreactors contents. This is done by adding a solvent downstream of the bioreactor and letting the product separate out in a settling tank before the bioreactor effluent is moved to a secondary reactor or returned to its initial reactor to continue its cultivation. This process can be done in batch or continuous operation.

Vacuum extraction can be used in fermentation to remove ethanol from a reactor. When the liquid in the vessel is placed in vacuum conditions the ethanol begins to evaporate because its more volatile than the rest of the reactor contents. This technique requires an acclimation period for the yeast in the reactor to adapt to the lower pressure environment.

Product neutralization if a products inhibition due to its pH then it can be neutralized  in the reactor and further processed downstream back into its original form.

References

Enzymes
Morris Gachamba. Morris Gachamba (born 1932) is a basement mechanic in Kenya, a country in East Africa. Gachamba is known for having built and flown his own plane in 1968.

Plane project
In the 1960s, Gachamba became friends with an English tourist he would go out fishing with.  The tourist owned a small plane and took Gachamba out for a short trip around Lake Naivasha.  Gachamba became enamored with flying and soon wanted to build his own.  Come the 1970s, he became the first Kenyan to build an airplane.

Education 
Gachamba dropped out of Kenya's Standard Four after Ambrose Wambugu, a Maths teacher beat him for not being able to answer a question on addition of fractions.  He has commented on his education experience, "“I was never one to remember things easily and that made me a bad student."  But, that hasn't turned him off the idea of becoming a teacher.  He's said, “I would really like students to come and learn from me. I have a lot of practical knowledge and I want to leave it to them.”

References 

1932 births
Living people
Kenyan engineers
People from Nyeri County
EXperience112. EXperience112 (styled "eXperience112" and renamed The Experiment in North America, New Zealand, and Australia) is an adventure game created by French studio Lexis Numérique and published by Micro Application in 2007 for the Microsoft Windows platform. In the game, the player does not directly control the avatar; instead, the player helps to guide the avatar via a system of cameras and remotely controlled equipment as a person sitting in front of a computer.

Gameplay
With the use of a sophisticated security system, the player helps the main character, Lea Nichols, by telling her where to go, turning lights on and off, opening doors, entering codes, controlling helper robots, and reading the torrent of files, email, and codes you are given. Only some emails contain helpful information, and only some cameras are useful. Some have fallen objects that obscure the view or are otherwise non-functional. The game keeps a log of real-world play time with Lea, noting how many days long you've kept her waiting since last playing.

Plot
The setting is a derelict ship stranded on a beach in the middle of the ocean. The anonymous player is mysteriously locked in the operations room with doctor Lea Nichols, the only survivor of said ship.

The player first finds Lea Nichols through the camera lens when she wakes up from her room. After a brief introduction, she is reluctant to trust the player with valuable information (such as the login details to her computer account). However, since the player is the only person still alive beside her, she must rely on them for survival. During an exploration with Nichols on the ship, she finds the remains of her old colleagues and occasionally recollects some memory fragments of an experiment subject called "112".

Development and release

EXperience 112 was released in France by publisher Micro Application on October 11, 2007. The game was released in North America by The Adventure Company on February 15, 2008. In North America, Lea's appearance on the box art was changed considerably, but her in-game appearance was unaltered.

Reception

EXperience112 was met with mixed or average reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.

GamingShogun called the game a "very rewarding and challenging adventure/puzzle game which manages to create a hodgepodge of voyeurism, lateral thinking, and atmosphere that will surely give you the willies if played by yourself in a dark room".  Brett Todd of GameSpot said that the title "overcomes its clichéd beginnings with original gameplay."
Hyper said the "videogame postmodernism" style of voyeuristic play creates, "a truly bizarre feeling...rather than working against it, it contributes to its success."

See also
Lifeline
République

References

2007 video games
The Adventure Company games
Adventure games
Lexis Numérique games
Lua (programming language)-scripted video games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in France
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games featuring non-playable protagonists
Windows games
Windows-only games
Forests Now Declaration. The Forests Now Declaration was a 2007 declaration that advocates using carbon credits to protect tropical forests. The Declaration was created by the Global Canopy Programme, and has been signed by over 200 NGOs, business leaders, scientists and conservationists. The Declaration was created as carbon credits from land use, land-use change and forestry were omitted from the Clean Development Mechanism for the First Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol despite contributing 18–25% of all emissions.

Rationale
Deforestation in the next five years will release more carbon dioxide than all aircraft since the Wright Brothers until at least 2025; however, credits from reduced deforestation were omitted from the Clean Development Mechanism for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, so there is little incentive for forested countries to reduce their deforestation rates. The Forests NOW declaration seeks to establish new market based mechanisms to protect the ecosystem services that forests provide in biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration and global and local hydrological and mineral cycles.

Prescriptions
The Declaration prescribes six changes to the existing carbon market frameworks:
 Ensure that carbon credits for reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) and the protection of standing forests are included in all national and international carbon markets, especially those created by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
 Simplify and expand carbon market rules, including the Clean Development Mechanism, to encourage reforestation, afforestation and sustainable forest management.
 Include tropical forest and land use carbon credits in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, while maintaining strong incentives to reduce industrial emissions.
 Encourage mechanisms that recognise the value of carbon stocks and forest ecosystem services, and support appropriate voluntary carbon market standards.
 Provide assistance for developing nations to build capacity to fully participate in the carbon markets, and to evaluate the ecosystem services their forests provide.
 Incentivize the sustainable use of degraded land and ecosystems, and remove incentives that encourage forest destruction.

Signatories

Over 200 individuals and organisations have signed the declaration including:

Organisations 
 Coalition for Rainforest Nations
 Conservation International
 Flora and Fauna International
 The Forest Trust
 Wildlife Conservation Society
 Union of Concerned Scientists

Individuals 
 Hans Blix
 Jane Goodall
 Wangari Maathai

References

External links 
 The Forests NOW blog The Original
 Forests in the Fight Against Climate Change, a report by the Global Canopy Initiative

Carbon finance
World forestry
Forest conservation
Park Lane Tower. The Park Lane Tower is a mixed-use 37-floor tower in the Business Bay district of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Construction of the Park Lane Tower began in 2007 and was completed in 2016. The tower contains both commercial space and a hotel, beginning on the 19th floor. The hotel has 200 rooms, two pools, restaurants and separate spas for men and women.

See also 
 List of buildings in Dubai
 List of tallest buildings in Dubai

References

External links

Skyscraper hotels in Dubai
Skyscraper office buildings in Dubai
2016 establishments in the United Arab Emirates
Hotel buildings completed in 2016
Sun Constellation System. Sun Constellation System is an open petascale computing environment introduced by Sun Microsystems in 2007.

Main hardware components 
 Sun Blade 6048 Modular System
  Sun Blade X6275
  Sun Blade X6270
 Sun Blade 6000 System
  Sun Datacenter Switch 3456
 Sun Fire X4540
  Sun Cooling Doors (5200,5600)

Software stack 
 OpenSolaris or Linux
 Sun Grid Engine
 Sun Studio Compiler Suite
 Fortress (programming language)
 Sun HPC ClusterTools (based on Open MPI)
 Sun Ops Center

Services 
 Sun Datacenter Express Services

Production systems 

Ranger at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) was the largest production Constellation system. Ranger had 62,976 processor cores in 3,936 nodes and a peak performance of 580 TFlops. Ranger was the 7th most powerful TOP500 supercomputer in the world at the time of its introduction.
After 5 years of service at TACC, it was dismantled and shipped to South Africa, Tanzania, and Botswana to help foster HPC development in Africa.

A number of smaller Constellation systems are deployed at other supercomputer centers, including the University of Oslo.

References

External links 
 Sun Constellation System at Sun.com
 Sun Constellation System at SC07 (YouTube Video)

Sun Microsystems software
Sun Microsystems hardware
Petascale computers
Delco Carousel. The Delco Carousel — proper name Carousel IV — was an inertial navigation system (INS) for aircraft developed by Delco Electronics. Before the advent of sophisticated flight management systems, Carousel IV allowed pilots to automate navigation of an aircraft along a series of waypoints that they entered via a control console in the cockpit.

Carousel IV consisted of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) as its position reference, a digital computer to compute the navigation solution, and a control panel mounted in an aircraft's cockpit. It was used for long over water and over the North Pole aircraft navigation. Many aircraft were equipped with dual or triple Carousels for redundancy.

Operation was relatively simple: a pilot or flight engineer would enter the individual waypoints by their latitude and longitude points and then the pilot or engineer would enter the starting location in latitude and longitude. The system used spinning mass gyroscopes and proof-mass accelerometers to measure movement from the start point. An involved calculation followed by sampling those sensors to determine a current position relative to the surface of the Earth.

The Carousel IV system derives its name from the fact that the inertial reference platform was rotated 360° every 60 seconds as a technique to reduce drift and increase accuracy by countering systematic errors. Low drift operation was aided by maintaining the gyroscopes and accelerometers at a constant temperature of 60 °C. The elevated temperature was maintained whenever the system was switched on in either the 'Standby', 'Align', 'Navigate' or 'Attitude' mode, as selected on the Control Display Unit (CDU).

During the 1982 Falklands war, RAF Avro Vulcans were fitted with Carousels from RAF Vickers VC10s to enable Operation Black Buck.

Applications
Military:  C-5A/B, KC-135 and its derivatives, C-141
Missiles:  Thor IRBM, Titan II ICBM, Titan III heavy-lift launch system
Spacecraft: Apollo Command Module (IMU only)
Commercial:  Boeing 747 (early variants), Airbus A300 (early variants), Concorde, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, Vickers VC-10

References

Avionics
Gerald Pearson. Gerald L. Pearson (March 31, 1905 – October 25, 1987) was an American physicist whose work on silicon rectifiers at Bell Labs led to the invention of the solar cell. In 2008, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

Biography
Pearson was born in Salem, Oregon.  He took a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics from Willamette University and a master's degree in physics from Stanford University. From 1929 he worked as a research physicist at Bell Labs and his early work on temperature-sensitive resistors led to 13 patents on thermistors. After World War II  he was part of William Shockley's group, where his experimental results were essential in developing models of semiconductor behaviour. In 1946, acting on a suggestion by Shockley he put a voltage on a droplet of glycol borate (gu) placed across a P-N junction producing the first evidence of power amplification in the search for the transistor.

In 1954 his work on silicon rectifiers led to the first practical photovoltaic cell (solar cell), together with Daryl Chapin and Calvin Souther Fuller.

He took early retirement from Bell in 1960 to take up the position of professor of electrical engineering at Stanford setting up a research program on compound semiconductors.

Awards and honors
In 1964, Pearson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

References

External links 

 Oral history interview transcript with Gerald Pearson on 23 August 1976, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

1905 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American physicists
People from Salem, Oregon
Willamette University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Stanford University faculty
20th-century American inventors
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Synaptic weight. In neuroscience and computer science, synaptic weight refers to the strength or amplitude of a connection between two nodes, corresponding in biology to the amount of influence the firing of one neuron has on another. The term is typically used in artificial and biological neural network research.

Computation
In a computational neural network, a vector or set of inputs  and outputs , or pre- and post-synaptic neurons respectively, are interconnected with synaptic weights represented by the matrix , where for a linear neuron

.

where the rows of the synaptic matrix represent the vector of synaptic weights for the output indexed by .

The synaptic weight is changed by using a learning rule, the most basic of which is Hebb's rule, which is usually stated in biological terms as 

Neurons that fire together, wire together.

Computationally, this means that if a large signal from one of the input neurons results in a large signal from one of the output neurons, then the synaptic weight between those two neurons will increase. The rule is unstable, however, and is typically modified using such variations as Oja's rule, radial basis functions or the backpropagation algorithm.

Biology
For biological networks, the effect of synaptic weights is not as simple as for linear neurons or Hebbian learning. However, biophysical models such as BCM theory have seen some success in mathematically describing these networks.

In the mammalian central nervous system, signal transmission is carried out by interconnected networks of nerve cells, or neurons. For the basic pyramidal neuron, the input signal is carried by the axon, which releases neurotransmitter chemicals into the synapse which is picked up by the dendrites of the next neuron, which can then generate an action potential which is analogous to the output signal in the computational case.

The synaptic weight in this process is determined by several variable factors:
 How well the input signal propagates through the axon (see myelination),
 The amount of neurotransmitter released into the synapse and the amount that can be absorbed in the following cell (determined by the number of AMPA and NMDA receptors on the cell membrane and the amount of intracellular calcium and other ions),
 The number of such connections made by the axon to the dendrites,
 How well the signal propagates and integrates in the postsynaptic cell.

The changes in synaptic weight that occur is known as synaptic plasticity, and the process behind long-term changes (long-term potentiation and depression) is still poorly understood. Hebb's original learning rule was originally applied to biological systems, but has had to undergo many modifications as a number of theoretical and experimental problems came to light.

See also
 Neural network
 Synaptic plasticity
 Hebbian theory

References

Artificial neural networks
Neural circuitry
Neuroplasticity
Erwin Madelung. Erwin Madelung (18 May 1881 – 1 August 1972) was a German physicist.
He was born in 1881 in Bonn. His father was the surgeon Otto Wilhelm Madelung. He earned a doctorate in 1905 from the University of Göttingen, specializing in crystal structure, and eventually became a professor. It was during this time he developed the Madelung constant, which characterizes the net electrostatic effects of all ions in a crystal lattice, and is used to determine the energy of one ion.

In 1921 he succeeded Max Born as the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the Goethe University Frankfurt, which he held until his retirement in 1949. He specialized in atomic physics and quantum mechanics, and it was during this time he developed the Madelung equations, an alternative form of the Schrödinger equation.

He is also known for the Madelung rule, which states that atomic orbitals are filled in order of increasing  quantum numbers.

Publications
 Magnetisierung durch schnell verlaufende Stromvorgänge mit Rücksicht auf Marconis Wellendetektor. Göttingen, Univ., Phil. Fak., Diss., 1905.
 Die mathematischen Hilfsmittel des Physikers, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1922. subsequent editions: 1925, 1936, 1950, 1953, 1957, 1964.

References

External links
 
 
 Portrait drawing at Frankfurt University

1881 births
1972 deaths
20th-century German physicists
University of Göttingen alumni
Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery
People involved with the periodic table
Jack Ruina. Jack P. Ruina (August 19, 1923 – February 4, 2015) was an American electrical engineer who was a professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1963 until 1997 and thereafter an MIT professor emeritus.  From 1966 to 1970, he was also vice president for special laboratories at MIT.

Ruina received his PhD degree in electrical engineering from the New York University Tandon School of Engineering (then Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn),  He then served in positions at the U.S. Department of Defense, including deputy for research to the assistant secretary of research and engineering of the U.S. Air Force, Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and Director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency. In 1962, he was honored with the Fleming Award for being one of ten outstanding young men in government. From 1964 to 1966, during a two-year leave of absence from MIT, he served as president of the Institute for Defense Analyses in Arlington, Virginia.

While at MIT, Ruina served on government committees, including a presidential appointment to the General Advisory Committee from 1969 to 1977, and acting as senior consultant to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy from 1977 to 1980.  He was an honorary member of the Board of Trustees of the MITRE Corporation, and the editor with Jeffrey Porro and Carl Kaysen of the book The Nuclear Age Reader (1988).

References

External links
Bio at MITRE
Bio at MIT Security Studies Program
Oral history interview with Jack P. Ruina, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Ruina discusses the beginning of the Information Processing Techniques Office within ARPA: the initial goals, how the idea of an information processing program was initiated, the selection of the first director, J.C.R. Licklider.  From 1961 to 1963 Ruina was the third Director of ARPA.
Oral history interview with J. C. R. Licklider, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Licklider, the first director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency's (ARPA) Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), discusses his work at Lincoln Laboratory and IPTO.  Topics include the work of ARPA director Jack Ruina.

1923 births
American engineers
Brown University faculty
DARPA directors
2015 deaths
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Mitre Corporation people
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
United States Department of Defense officials
University of Illinois faculty
Bedford JJL. The Bedford JJL was an innovative but ultimately unsuccessful midibus model built by Bedford. The JJL could have been a success, but was ahead of its time in predicting the boom in the midibus market, as seen by the success of the Dennis Dart.

Only four JJLs were produced, along with a pre-production prototype, starting in 1979. The production vehicles produced were as follows:

The build date of the first chassis may indicate that this was the prototype that was converted to a production bus, although the bodywork numbers and build dates conflict with those found in.

Maidstone Borough Council took delivery of the JJLs in 1981/82.  UKK 335X and AVS 903T were sold to Brighton Buses, and then to Northern Bus, Sheffield in 1992.  EKX 648T also went to Brighton, but was scrapped in 1988 after a collision with a tree. HKX 553V was sold to Bournemouth Transport (trading as Yellow Buses) in 1983, and then onto The Goodman Group, where it saw service with Rambler and Goodmans coaches. It is the last JJL in service and has been exhibited at rallies. HKX553V was sold in 2018 to a collector from Aylesbury

In 1985, Bedford considered reviving the JJL. Marshall SPV had the idea to reintroduce the JJL under the Marshall Bus brand, although the deal never caught on. Tricentrol of Dunstable produced a short version of Bedford's YMQ chassis, the YMQ/S, ten years after the JJL.

References

External links

JJL
Midibuses
Vehicles introduced in 1979