omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
DWSIM. 
DWSIM is an open-source CAPE-OPEN compliant chemical process simulator for Windows, Linux and macOS. DWSIM is built on top of the Microsoft .NET and Mono Platforms and features a graphical user interface (GUI), advanced thermodynamics calculations, reactions support and petroleum characterization / hypothetical component generation tools.

DWSIM is able to simulate steady-state, vapor–liquid, vapor–liquid-liquid, solid–liquid and aqueous electrolyte equilibrium processes with the following Thermodynamic Models and Unit Operations:

 Thermodynamic models: CoolProp, Peng–Robinson equation of state, Peng–Robinson-Strÿjek-Vera (PRSV2), Soave–Redlich–Kwong, Lee-Kesler, Lee-Kesler-Plöcker, UNIFAC(-LL), Modified UNIFAC (Dortmund), Modified UNIFAC (NIST), UNIQUAC, NRTL, Chao-Seader, Grayson-Streed, Extended UNIQUAC, Raoult's Law, IAPWS-IF97 Steam Tables, IAPWS-08 Seawater, Black-Oil and Sour Water;
 Unit operations: CAPE-OPEN Socket, Spreadsheet, Custom (IronPython Script), Mixer, Splitter, Separator, Pump, Compressor, Expander, Heater, Cooler, Valve, Pipe Segment, Shortcut Column, Heat exchanger, Reactors (Conversion, PFR, CSTR, Equilibrium and Gibbs), Distillation column, Simple, Refluxed and Reboiled Absorbers, Component Separator, Solids Separator, Continuous Cake Filter and Orifice plate; 
 Utilities: Binary Data Regression, Phase Envelope, Natural Gas Hydrates, Pure Component Properties, True Critical Point, PSV Sizing, Vessel Sizing, Spreadsheet and Petroleum Cold Flow Properties; 
 Tools: Hypothetical Component Generator, Bulk C7+/Distillation Curves Petroleum Characterization, Petroleum Assay Manager, Reactions Manager and Compound Creator; 
 Process Analysis and Optimization: Sensitivity Analysis Utility, Multivariate Optimizer with bound constraints; 
 Extras: Support for Runtime Python Scripts, Plugins and CAPE-OPEN Flowsheet Monitoring Objects.

Android and iOS versions

DWSIM is also available on Android and iOS, where it is free to download. On these platforms, DWSIM includes a basic set of features while more advanced modules can be unlocked through in-app purchases.

Raspberry Pi version

A special DWSIM build is available for Raspberry Pi 2/3 devices running an armhf-based Linux distribution like Raspbian and Ubuntu MATE.

See also
Process design (chemical engineering)
List of Chemical Process Simulators
Standard temperature and pressure

External links
DWSIM homepage - documentation, download links, tutorials, help and support for DWSIM.
CO-LaN - the CAPE-OPEN Laboratories Network is a neutral industry and academic association promoting open interface standards in process simulation software. CO-LaN members are committed to making Computer Aided Process Engineering easier, faster and less expensive by achieving complete interoperability of compliant commercial CAPE software tools. CO-LaN supports and maintains the CAPE-OPEN interface standards.

References

Simulation software
Chemical engineering software
Sri Lanka Railways M9. The Sri Lankan Railways M9 locomotive is a mainline 6 axle Co'Co' diesel electric locomotive built by Alstom (manufacturers code AD 32C) and imported in 2000 for the Sri Lanka Railways.

The locomotives initially had both electrical and mechanical problems, and several were out of service for several years. In 2010 the process of returning the fleet to service began.

History

Ten units were ordered in 1997 and delivered in 2000, costing 190 million Sri Lankan rupees each. By 2010 only 3 were in operation due to technical problems, Various problems were described including engine malfunction, and problems with the engine control units, as well as the machines requiring modifications for use on curving track.

The delay in returning the locomotives to service was ascribed to an unaffordability of spare parts, and prohibitive cost of work by foreign firms.

The first of the 7 inoperative locomotives, number 869, was returned to service after 6 years in September 2010, following work by the Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies (ACCIMT) and the Industrial Technology Institute (ITI).

Operation
M9s were not allowed on line above Nawalapitiya, Kelani Valley Line and Matale line.

See also 
 Locomotives of Sri Lanka Railways
 Sri Lanka Railways
 Sri Lanka Railways

References

M09
Alstom Prima diesel locomotives
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2000
Mitsubishi J4M. The Mitsubishi J4M Senden (閃電 "Flashing Lightning") or Navy Experimental 17-Shi Otsu B Type Interceptor Fighter Senden, Allied reporting name Luke, was a  Japanese World War II fighter aircraft proposed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for use by the Imperial Japanese Navy. The J4M project did not proceed beyond the design stage.

Design and development

To provide the Imperial Japanese Navy with a land-based high-performance interceptor aircraft, Mitsubishi designed the J4M. It was to have been a single-seat, twin-boom, low-wing monoplane with a central nacelle housing an unstepped cockpit and a 1,590-kilowatt (2,130-hp) Mitsubishi Ha-43 radial engine behind the pilot driving a four-bladed pusher propeller rotating between the booms. The booms were to extend aft from the leading edge of the wing and were mounted below the central nacelle. The aircraft was to have had tricycle landing gear and an armament of one 30-mm and two 20-mm cannon.

Design of the initial J4M1 version ended when the Navy put its support behind the competing Kyūshū J7W fighter, and Mitsubishi did not build a prototype. The Allies nonetheless assigned the J4M the reporting name "Luke" during World War II.

Specifications (J4M estimated)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Francillon, René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979. .

External links
 - Artist's impression at j-aircraft.com

J4M, Mitsubishi
J4M
J4M, Mitsubishi
Structural capital. Structural capital  is one of the three primary components of intellectual capital, and consists of the supportive infrastructure, processes, and databases of the organisation that enable human capital to function. Structural capital is owned by an organization and remains with an organization even when people leave. It includes: capabilities, routines, methods, procedures and methodologies embedded in organisation.

Structural capital is the supportive non-physical infrastructure that enables human capital to function.

There are three subcomponents that comprise structural capital:
 
Organizational capital includes the organization philosophy and systems for leveraging the organization’s capability.

Process capital includes the techniques, procedures, and programs that implement and enhance the delivery of goods and services.

Innovation capital includes intellectual property and certain other intangible assets. Intellectual property includes protected commercial rights such as patents, copyrights and trademarks. Intangible assets are all of the other talents and theory by which an organization is run.

See also 
Intellectual capital
Intellectual capital management
Human capital
Relational capital
Organizational capital

References

External links
 National intangible capital NIC 2016 database / Findings and results for structural (process) capital 2001 - 2016
 National intellectual capital NIC as economic driver 2001-2011 / Findings and results for structural (process) capital

Capital management
Intellectual capital
Management cybernetics
Glasflügel 205 Club Libelle. The Glasflügel 205 Club Libelle is a high wing, T-tailed, single seat glider that was designed and produced in West Germany by Glasflügel for club and rental use.

Design and development

The Glasflügel H-201 Standard Libelle proved immensely popular, but was not an optimal aircraft for club and rental use, due to its mid-wing and low tail which could both be damaged in off-airport landings. Also its small cockpit fits only a certain demographic percentage of soaring pilots. The company developed the 205 with the design goals of a simple, rugged aircraft that would withstand club and fixed-base operator rental use. The resulting aircraft has a high-wing and a T-tail to provide more obstacle clearance as well as a larger cockpit. To eliminate gear-up landings the monowheel landing gear is non-retractable, although at least one Club Libelle exists (D-2468 - s/n 114) which is equipped with retractable landing gear. This retrofit, fully certified, was performed by installing the landing gear of the Libelle Standard H201.

The aircraft is constructed from fibreglass. It has a new wing that uses a double-taper planform and incorporates combination spoilers and flaps that occupy two thirds of the wing's trailing edge. The  span wing employs a Wortmann FX 66-17A II 182 airfoil, the same as is used on the Standard Libelle and the Glasflügel 206 Hornet.

The Club Libelle was type certified in Germany as well as in the United States. The US certification was granted on 8 September 1975 and includes aerobatic approval for spins, loops, hammerhead turns and lazy eights. Due to its fibreglass construction, the aircraft's certification contains the restriction: "All external portions of the glider exposed to sunlight must be painted white. Registration and competition numbers must be painted blue-gray or in any other light color."

Operational history
In July 2011 there were six 205s on the United States Federal Aviation Administration registry.

Specifications (205)

See also

References

External links

1970s German sailplanes
Glasflügel aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1975
High-wing aircraft
Mansyū Ki-98. The Mansyū Ki-98, (also written as Manshū Ki-98), was a  Japanese ground-attack aircraft proposed by Mansyū (Manshūkoku Hikōki K.K. - Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company Ltd.) during World War II for use by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. The still unassembled components of the first prototype were deliberately destroyed before Japan surrendered.

Design and development
By late 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued requirements for new combat aircraft, including a ground attack aircraft. Kawasaki proposed the Kawasaki Ki-102 and Mansyū the Ki-98. The Ki-98 was to have been a single-seat, twin-boom, low-wing monoplane with a central nacelle housing both the cockpit and a turbosupercharged 1,643-kilowatt (2,200-hp) Mitsubishi Ha-211 Ru radial engine behind the pilot driving a four-bladed pusher propeller rotating between the booms. The underslung booms extended aft from slightly forward of the leading edge of the wing with ovoid fins supporting the tailplane and elevator between them. The aircraft had a retractable tricycle landing gear, bubble canopy, and an armament of one 37-mm and two 20-mm cannon mounted in the nose. Entry to the cockpit was to have been through a door in the nose undercarriage bay.

In the spring of 1944, the Army Air Force instructed Mansyū to adapt the design as a high-altitude fighter. The major change being the engine, substituting the turbocharged Mitsubishi Ha-211 Ru for the original Ha-211 III. The increased bulk of the new engine required the fuselage to be enlarged, and the larger diameter propeller necessitated moving the booms outboard.

Construction of the first prototype was delayed by bombing raids on the Harbin factory until January 1945. Components for the first prototype was still under construction and hadn't been assembled when the Soviet Union invaded Manchuria in August 1945; the Manchukuo Imperial Army ordered all documentation and material to be destroyed to prevent capture by Soviet forces, bringing the Ki-98 project to an end.

Specifications (Ki-98 estimated)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Francillon, René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979. .

External links
Artist's impression at j-aircraft.com
Erdal Can Alkoçlar

Ki-98, Mansyu
Ki-98
Ki-98, Mansyu
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Unflown aircraft
Kaibōkan. or coastal defense ship was a type of naval ship used by the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II for escort duty and coastal defense. The term escort ship was used by the United States Navy to describe this category of Japanese ships.

Description 
These ships were the Japanese equivalent to Allied destroyer escorts and frigates, with all three types of warships being built as a less expensive anti-submarine warfare alternative to fleet destroyers. While similar, destroyer escorts of the US Navy played a slightly different role to that of kaibōkan within the IJN, namely being that kaibōkan were diesel engine ships that never carried torpedo tubes, while many examples of Allied destroyer escort classes featured boiler and turbine machinery, and carried torpedoes; as a result of these design differences, kaibōkan often proved inferior to Allied destroyer escorts when undertaking escort roles. Additionally, because of these features of Allied destroyer escorts, they are more comparable to the Matsu-class, which the IJN considered to be , envisioned as general escorts with less firepower and speed.

Kaibōkan had some counterparts among Japan's Axis allies: the 10 Kriegsmarine escort ships of the F-class, and Amiral Murgescu of the Romanian Navy.

In the course of the war, the design was simplified and scaled down to permit larger numbers of vessels to be built more quickly.

Old definition 
Before the onset of World War II, kaibōkan was the catchall name for various ships, from battleships to sloops, which had become obsolete. For example, the battleship Mikasa was reclassified as a Kaibokan 1st class in 1921, after 19 years from her commissioning.

Classes
Ships of the first four classes were all named after Japanese islands.

(Ishigaki)
Also known as Type A  –  multi purpose patrol, escorts or minesweeper.
Main Engine: Diesel X 2, double shaft ()
Max Speed: 
Range:  ()
Fuel: Oil X 120t

(Matsuwa)
Modified Type A
Main Engine: Diesel X 2, double shaft ()
Max Speed: 
Range:  ()
Fuel: Oil X 120t

(Chiburi)
Also known as Type B
Main Engine: Diesel X 2, double shaft ()
Max Speed: 
Range:  ()
Fuel: Oil X 120t

(Okinawa)
Modified Type B
Main Engine: Diesel X 2, double shaft ()
Max Speed: 
Range:  ()
Fuel: Oil X 120t

Type C and Type D

Same design with different engines; diesels for Type C and turbines for Type D. More than 120 were mass-produced during the war, employing modular design method.

Others 
In addition, two former Chinese light cruisers were used, renamed Ioshima and Yasoshima.

See also
Convoy Hi-81
List of escort vessel classes of World War II

Footnotes

References

Notes

Sources 

Stories and Battle Histories of the IJN's Escorts 9 July 2011 By Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp and Peter Cundall
Kimata Jirō (木俣 滋郎). Military history of Japan's coastal defense ships (『日本海防艦戦史』). Toshu Publishing (図書出版社), 1994. p. 299

Further reading

 
Ship types
Ringos Mill Covered Bridge. The Ringos Mill Covered Bridge spans Fox Creek in Fleming County, Kentucky, in a single 90-foot span. It was named for a grist mill situated 50 yards downstream.

The bridge's timbers are of yellow pine. It was probably built by the same contractor who constructed Hillsboro Covered Bridge several miles down Fox Creek.  Abutments are of red stone covered with a concrete facing and the walls are double-sided with yellow poplar. Ventilation and light are provided by clerestory openings in the siding. The bridge is a good example of Theodore Burr's 1814 patented truss design that employs multiple kingposts. Patent bridges were the "bread and butter" of early engineers, who typically received one dollar per linear foot of bridge construction for the use of the patented design.

See also 
 Goddard Covered Bridge: crosses the Sand Lick Creek in Fleming County, Kentucky
 Hillsboro Covered Bridge: also crosses the Fox Creek in Fleming County, Kentucky

References

Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Wooden bridges in Kentucky
Tourist attractions in Fleming County, Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Fleming County, Kentucky
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Burr Truss bridges in the United States
Transportation in Fleming County, Kentucky
Virgil A. Martin. Virgil A. Martin (October 15, 1874 – January 9, 1941) was a business executive and member of the Los Angeles City Council between 1927 and 1931.

Biography
Martin was born October 15, 1874, in Tecumseh, Nebraska, the son of Judson W. Martin and Ennis C. Smith. He was taken to Troy, New York, when he was one year old, where he attended elementary, high school and Troy College, from which he earned an engineering degree in 1891. He was married to Lilly F. Ward of Boston, Massachusetts, that same year. He moved to Los Angeles in 1906 as a representative of the Boston Woven Hose and Rubber Company. Later he was a mechanical engineer, sales engineer and then district manager of the B. F. Goodrich Company. He was in charge of government relations for the company during  World War I, including overseeing its balloon schools and shipyards. He left Goodrich in 1925.

He joined the West Adams Methodist Episcopal Church when he moved to Los Angeles. After his retirement, Martin was chairman of the board of the Union Rescue Mission. He died of a heart attack January 9, 1941, in his home at 2934 S. Hobart Boulevard, between West Adams and West Jefferson Boulevards and was survived by his wife and a sister, Gertrude Martin.

Public service

Martin ran for the 5th District City Council seat in 1927 as an anti-Cryer candidate and trounced the incumbent, Robert Stewart Sparks, by a vote of 7,843 to 2,889. He was reelected in 1929 over S. DeVier Ely but lost in 1931 to Roy L. Donley.

By November 1930, Martin was "generally recognized as spokesman for Mayor [John C.] Porter in the Council chambers."

Martin also was a chairman of the Police and Fire commissions and a member of the Public Works and Harbor commissions.

In January 1930, Martin and seven other council members who had voted in favor of granting a rock-crushing permit in the Santa Monica Mountains were unsuccessfully targeted for recall on the grounds that the eight

have conspired with . . . Alphonzo Bell, Samuel Traylor and Chapin A. Day, all multi-millionaires, to grant this group a special spot zoning permit to crush and ship . . . from the high-class residential section of Santa Monica, limestone and rock for cement.

References

Access to the Los Angeles Times links may require the use of a library card.

Los Angeles City Council members
1874 births
1941 deaths
People from Tecumseh, Nebraska
Pashulok Barrage. The Pashulok Barrage is a barrage located on the Ganges River just south of Rishikesh in Dehradun district, Uttarakhand, India.

Chilla Power Plant
In a run-of-the-river scheme, the main purpose of the barrage is to divert water into a canal on the east bank of the river which feeds water to the Chilla Power Plant downstream at ,  upstream of Haridwar. The power station contains four  Kaplan turbine-generators for an installed capacity of . The change in elevation between the plant's intake and tailrace affords is a hydraulic head of . The design discharge of the plant is .

See also

List of power stations in India

References

Dams completed in 1980
Dams in Uttarakhand
Barrages in India
Dehradun district
1980 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
20th-century architecture in India
Ramganga Dam. The Ramganga Dam, also known as the Kalagarh Dam, is an embankment dam on the Ramganga River  upstream of Kalagarh in Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India. It is located within the Jim Corbett National Park.

Background
The dam is part of the Ramganga Multipurpose Project — an irrigation and hydroelectric project. It supports a 198 MW power station and provides water for the irrigation of  of farmland. In addition, it provides for flood control and recreation. Construction on the dam began in 1961 and it was completed in 1974. The three generators in the power station were commissioned in December 1975, November 1976 and March 1977.

Design
The dam is a  tall and  long earth and rock-fill embankment dam with  of fill. The dam's spillway is controlled by five gates and has a maximum discharge of . To support the reservoir's elevation, there is a  tall saddle dam on the reservoir's rim  to the northeast on the Chui Sot River. The reservoir created by both dams has a  capacity of which  is active (or "useful") capacity. The reservoir has a surface of  and a catchment area of . The power station at the toe of the dam contains three 66 MW Francis turbine-generators and is afforded  of design hydraulic head. Below the dam is a system of over  of canals supported by three barrages and  of main feeder canal.

See also

 List of power stations in India

References

Dams in Uttarakhand
Hydroelectric power stations in Uttarakhand
Embankment dams
Pauri Garhwal district
Dams completed in 1974
Energy infrastructure completed in 1977
1977 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
20th-century architecture in India
Energy in the Czech Republic. Energy in the Czech Republic describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in the Czech Republic.

Energy in 2020 

Electricity produced using: 
 Coal 43.1% 
 Nuclear 33.3%
 Bioenergy and waste 20.5%
 Solar 0.9%
 Hydro 0.8% 
 Wind 0.3%
 Thermal 0.3%

Energy consumed: 
 Coal 30.3%
 Oil 21.1%
 Nuclear 19.5%
 Natural gas 18.1%
 Bioenergy and waste 11.9%

Fossil fuels

Coal 

OKD is a major mining company in the Czech Republic.

Coal usage: 2019 40.9 Mt, 2020 31.5 Mt, 2021 31.4 Mt, 2022 35.1 Mt 

The country aims to phase out coal power by 2038 or earlier.

Oil and gas
Oil and gas deposits in the Czech Republic are in Moravia.

Crude oil from Russia comes through the Druzhba pipeline via Ukraine. The Ingolstadt–Kralupy–Litvínov pipeline can bring crude oil from Germany and be connected to the Transalpine Pipeline.

The Country has two refineries, owned by Česká rafinérská. The Litvinov refinery needs to be modified to process non-Russian grade oil.

The Gazela Pipeline allowed gas to be supplied from other countries by connecting through Germany at Brandov or Rozvadov or through Slovakia via Lanžhot.

Gas usage: 2020 8.8 Bcm, 2021 9.4 Bcm, 2022 7.8 Bcm, 2023 7.1 Bcm.

Electricity

In 2022 Electricity production was 78.8 terawatt-hours (TWh), whilst consumption was 60.4 TWh.

53.60% was generated from fossil fuels, mostly lignite, 40.95% nuclear and 5.46% renewables.

Environment 

In 2014, the emissions of carbon dioxide were 10.4 tons per capita. The EU average was 7.9 tons per capita. Czech Republic's emissions were comparable to those of Japan or the Netherlands.

Renewable energy

In 2023, the city of Brno is working to modernise its heat generation and distribution infrastructure. Teplárny Brno received a €75 million loan from the European Investment Bank for this modernization. The initiative aims at lowering the country's reliance on oil imports, and consists of a wood chip-fuelled heat and power biomass unit.

Business 
According to Forbes list of billionaires (2011) Czech billionaire Zdenek Bakala ($2 B 2011) has made his wealth in coal business. Forbes ranked Zdenek Bakala (Net Worth$1.5 B) as richest Czech in energy business (coal) in 2013.

Bakala is the biggest player on the coal market in Central Europe. He has consolidated Polish mining markets into his company New World Resources.

Overview

Primary energy consumption per million people in 2008 was 50 TWh compared to other countries (TWh): Canada 93 (3103 TWh 33.3), USA 87 (26,560 TWh 304.5), UK 40 (2,424 TWh 61.4), Greece 31 TWh (354 TWh 11.24) and Poland 30 (1138 TWh 38.12).

References

External links