omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dakota Valley Electric Cooperative. Dakota Valley Electric Cooperative is a public utility cooperative based in Milnor and Edgeley, North Dakota.  It serves as the electric distribution utility in a portion of southeast North Dakota.  It receives power from the Central Power Electric Cooperative.

Dakota Valley was formed by a merger of the former James Valley Electric Cooperative based in Edgeley and the former RSR Electric Cooperative based in Milnor.  In 2005, Dakota Valley entered into a resource-sharing agreement with its northern neighbor, Northern Plains Electric Cooperative, that allows it to function as one large cooperative while remaining two separate companies.

External links
Dakota Valley Electric Cooperative site

Google Books link Multiple sources for Dakota Valley Electric Cooperative

Electric cooperatives in North Dakota
Electric power companies of the United States
Drucker Medal. The Daniel C. Drucker medal was instituted in 1997 by the Applied Mechanics Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.  The Drucker Medal is conferred in recognition of distinguished contributions to the fields of applied mechanics and mechanical engineering.
The award is given in honor of Daniel C. Drucker, who was internationally known for contributions to the theory of plasticity and its application to analysis and design in metal structures.
The recipient is given a medal and an honorarium.

Nomination procedure  
The Drucker Medal Committee consists of the five recent Drucker Medalists, the five members of the executive committee of the ASME International Applied Mechanics Division (AMD), and the five recent past chairs of the AMD.  Upon receiving recommendations from the international community of applied mechanics, the Committee nominates a single medalist every year.  This nomination is subsequently approved by the ASME; no case has been reported that the ASME has ever overruled a nomination of the Drucker Medal Committee.  See the list of current members of the Committee.

Recipients

Source: ASME
1998 Daniel C. Drucker
1999 Ascher H. Shapiro
2000 Philip G. Hodge, Jr.	
2001 Bruno A. Boley  	
2002 George J. Dvorak
2003 Leon M. Keer
2004 Frank A. McClintock
2005 Robert L. Taylor
2006 Alan Needleman 	
2007 Albert S. Kobayashi
2008 Thomas C.T. Ting
2009 James R. Barber
2010 Rohan Abeyaratne
2011 John W. Rudnicki
2012 James W. Dally
2013 Yonggang Huang, Northwestern University, USA.
2014 Lallit Anand, MIT
2015 Krishnaswami Ravi-Chandar, University of Texas at Austin
2016 Kyung-Suk Kim
2017 David M. Parks
2018 David M. Barnett
2019 John L. Bassani
2020 Glaucio H. Paulino
2021 Markus J. Buehler
2022 Horacio D. Espinosa, Northwestern University

See also
 Applied Mechanics Division
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 Applied mechanics
 Mechanician
 List of engineering awards
 List of mechanical engineering awards
 List of awards named after people

References
Information for nomination
Drucker Medal web page at ASME site

Awards established in 1997
Mechanical engineering awards
American science and technology awards
ASME Medals
Alan Needleman. Alan Needleman (born September 2, 1944) is a professor of materials science & engineering at Texas A&M University.  Prior to 2009, he was Florence Pirce Grant University Professor of Mechanics of Solids and Structures at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island.

Early life and education 
Needleman received his B.S. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1966, an M.S. and Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1967 and 1970 respectively, advised by John W. Hutchinson.

Research and career 
He was an instructor and assistant professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1970 to 1975.  He was a professor of engineering at Brown University starting in 1975, and served as the dean of the Engineering Department from 1988 to 1991.  He was the chair of the Applied Mechanics Division.

Needleman's main research interests are in the computational modeling of deformation and fracture processes in structural materials, in particular metals. A general objective is to provide quantitative relations between the measurable (and hopefully controllable) features of the materials' micro-scale structure and its macroscopic mechanical behavior. Ongoing research projects involve studies of ductile fracture and ductile-brittle transitions; crack growth in heterogeneous microstructures with particular emphasis on the role of interfaces; nonlocal and discrete dislocation plasticity; fatigue crack growth; and fast fracture in brittle solids.

Professor Needleman often collaborates with Viggo Tvergaard, John Hutchinson, Subra Suresh, and Erik van der Giessen among others in both materials science and mechanics.

Awards and honors 
Needleman is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a fellow of the American Academy of Mechanics, an honorary member of MECAMAT (Groupe Français de Mecanique des Matériaux) and a foreign member of the Danish Center for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. He has been recognized by Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Science Citation Index as a highly cited author both in engineering and in materials science. In 1994, his work on 3D modeling of metallic fracture was a finalist in the Science Category for the Computerworld-Smithsonian Award.  In 2006 he was the recipient of both the William Prager Medal and the Drucker Medal and received an Honorary Doctorate from Technical University of Denmark (DTU). He is also the recipient of Timoshenko Medal in 2011.

Selected publications

External links
 Google Scholar page for Solid Mechanics

References

1944 births
Living people
Educators from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
Brown University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of North Texas faculty
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Otto Krause Technical School. The Escuela Técnica Otto Krause is a degree grating educational institution located at the intersection of Paseo Colón Avenue and Chile Street, in the San Telmo section of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Named after its founder, the engineer Otto Krause, son of German immigrants, the school was founded in 1897 and is the oldest technological school in the country.

The school currently has around 2000 students and operates a six-year programme.  The first three years (ciclo básico) provide a technical high-school programme for students who have completed their elementary education. Years four to six (ciclo superior) provide the equivalent of a technical college education in various branches of engineering technology.  On completion of their studies here students may go on to university to follow a six-year programme leading to a degree in engineering.

The present school building, which was inaugurated on May 24, 1909, was declared a National Monument in 1995.

Notable alumni
 Gregorio Baro, scientist
 Alejandro Bustillo, architect
 Francisco Salamone, architect
 Oscar Panno, chessmaster
 Ladislao Pazmany, aviation designer

External links
Catalogue of Monuments	
Otto Krause School
Otto Krause

Education in Buenos Aires
Schools in Argentina
Buildings and structures in Buenos Aires
National Historic Monuments of Argentina
Educational institutions established in 1897
1897 establishments in Argentina
Dual control theory. Dual control theory is a branch of control theory that deals with the control of systems whose characteristics are initially unknown.  It is called dual because in controlling such a system the controller's objectives are twofold: 
 (1) Action: To control the system as well as possible based on current system knowledge
 (2) Investigation: To experiment with the system so as to learn about its behavior and control it better in the future.
These two objectives may be partly in conflict.
In the context of reinforcement learning, this is known as the exploration-exploitation trade-off  (e.g. Multi-armed bandit#Empirical motivation).

Dual control theory was developed by Alexander Aronovich Fel'dbaum in 1960.  He showed that in principle the optimal solution can be found by dynamic programming, but this is often impractical; as a result a number of methods for designing sub-optimal dual controllers have been devised.

Example

To use an analogy: if you are driving a new car you want to get to your destination cheaply and smoothly, but you also want to see how well the car accelerates, brakes and steers so as to get a better feel for how to drive it, so you will do some test manoeuvers for this purpose.  Similarly a dual controller will inject a so-called probing (or exploration) signal into the system that may detract from short-term performance but will improve control in the future.

References

 
 
 

Control theory
JY-8 Radar. The JY-8 is a mobile 3D air surveillance, target acquisition and interception control radar system operating in the C-band. It can be employed as the main radar sensor for an automated tactical defence system, or can be used as an independent radar. The system uses advanced signal/data processor techniques and is fully solid state with the exception of the magnetrons and thyratrons of the transmitters.  The general designer of JY-9 is the head of 38th Research Institute,  academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences Mr. Wu Manqing (吴曼青, Aug 1965 -), who is also the general designer of JY-9 and the general designer of the radar systems for KJ-2000 and KJ-200.

System construction
The system has four major components: the main antenna/transmitter/receiver shelter, operations shelter, maintenance shelter and tow truck. The complete system is air/sea transportable and can be assembled within one hour.

The system is designed to make use of amplitude comparison for height finding. With the aid of two computers, it is able to provide automatically accurate real-time 3D information on targets. Frequency diversity is used to increased detection probability. Other features include digital MTI, clutter map, automatic residue map and CFAR.

A multibeam antenna assembly, mounted on the transmitter/receiver shelter and rotating at 3/6 rpm, is employed to form a group of stacked beams. RF power is generated by two transmitters and is fed to a power dividing network and then illuminated to the reflector via a waveguide assembly and feed array, creating a group of individual beams stacked vertically to form a wide cosecant squared pattern. In reception, both individual and combined beams are employed, 11 beams are formed by a receive network connected with an 11 channel diversity receiver. The received signals are sequentially mixed, amplified, detected and finally sent for data processing.

The system is manufactured by the East China Research Institute of Electronic Engineering(ECRIEE)/No.38 Research Institute /华东电子工程研究所(中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所).

Specifications
 C - Band
 Antenna beamwidth: 0.55° (horizontal), 0.9° (vertical)
 No. of receive beams: 11
 RPM: 3/6 rpm
 Power: 800 kW x 2 (peak)
 Pulse width: 3-3.3 μs
 PRF: 36,500 Hz
 Azimuth coverage: 360°
 Altitude coverage: 25 km
 Range: up to 350 km (max)
 Elevation: up to 20° 
 Accuracy: 500m (range); 0.3° (azimuth); 600m (RMS) at 185 km range (height)
 Target resolution: 1000m (range); 0.6° (azimuth)
 Track capacity: 36 tracks
 Other reported names
 Type 383 (unconfirmed service Type designation)

References
 Jane's Radar and Electronic Warfare

Ground radars
Military radars of the People's Republic of China
Sabin (unit). In acoustics, the sabin (or more precisely the square foot sabin) is a unit of sound absorption, used for expressing the total effective absorption for the interior of a room. Sound absorption can be expressed in terms of the percentage of energy absorbed compared with the percentage reflected. It can also be expressed as a coefficient, with a value of 1.00 representing a material which absorbs 100% of the energy, and a value of 0.00 meaning all the sound is reflected.

The concept of a unit for absorption was first suggested by American physicist Wallace Clement Sabine, the founder of the field of architectural acoustics. He defined the "open-window unit" as the absorption of  of open window. The unit was renamed the sabin after Sabine, and it is now defined as "the absorption due to unit area of a totally absorbent surface".

Sabins may be calculated with either imperial or metric units. One square foot of 100% absorbing material has a value of one imperial sabin, and 1 square metre of 100% absorbing material has a value of one metric sabin.

The total absorption  in metric sabins for a room containing many types of surface is given by

where  are the areas of the surfaces in the room (in m2), and  are the absorption coefficients of the surfaces. 

Sabins are used in calculating the reverberation time of concert halls, lecture theatres, and recording studios.

References

Sources

External links 
 Understanding sabins from NetWell Noise Control

Units of measurement
Sound measurements
Woodward cis-hydroxylation. The Woodward cis-hydroxylation (also known as the Woodward reaction) is the chemical reaction of alkenes with iodine and silver acetate in wet acetic acid to form cis-diols.(conversion of olefin into cis-diol)

The reaction is named after its discoverer, Robert Burns Woodward.

This reaction has found application in steroid synthesis.

Reaction mechanism
The reaction of the iodine with the alkene is promoted by the silver acetate, thus forming an iodinium ion (3).  The iodinium ion is opened via SN2 reaction by acetic acid (or silver acetate) to give the first intermediate, the iodo-acetate (4).  Through anchimeric assistance, the iodine is displaced via another SN2 reaction to give an oxonium ion (5), which is subsequently hydrolyzed to the give the mono-ester (6).

References

See also
 Prévost reaction

Organic oxidation reactions
Substitution reactions
Name reactions
Silver behenate. Silver behenate is a silver salt of the long-chain fatty acid behenic acid. It is a possible low-angle diffraction standard that was characterized using the powder diffraction technique.

Description
With the National Institute of Standards and Technology's standard reference material silicon as an internal standard, the long spacing of silver behenate was accurately determined from the profile-fitted synchrotron diffraction peaks, with d001 = 58.380 (3) Å (5.8380(3) nm). This result was in agreement with that obtained from the CuKα pattern. The profile widths of the silver behenate peaks were found to be consistently larger than those of the silicon peaks, indicating significant line broadening for silver behenate. The average crystallite size along the long-spacing direction of silver behenate was estimated using the Scherrer equation, giving D(avg) = 900 (50) Å (85–95 nm).

Diffraction patterns obtained with 1.54 Å synchrotron and CuKα radiation showed thirteen reflections in the 2θ range from 1.5° to 20.0°, which suggests that the compound is suitable for use as an angle-calibration standard for low-angle diffraction. However, care must be taken if silver behenate is to be used as a peak-profile calibration standard because of line broadening.

References

 

Silver compounds
Salts of carboxylic acids
Cyclic pump. A Cyclic pump is an apparatus which moves a fluid in a periodic uni-directional direction from one containment system to another while overcoming static conditions that would, without intervention, not move.  The intervention predicated by the pump alters pressures, volumes and sometimes temperatures of fluids (gaseous, liquid, colloidal, plasmic, etc.) in such a way that the fluids are transported to other chambers or enclosures (including pipes), thus "flowing" in a consistent direction, usually having characteristics of pulsation (as is the case with the Human heart) or of uniform motion (as is the case with an Automobile motor oil pump).  Cyclic pumps are generally incorporated into machines to deal with all sorts of fluids associated with that machine's functionality.

References

See also

 Water hammer
 Hydraulic ram
 Fluid dynamics
 Switched-mode power supply
 Boost converter
 Buck converter
 Buck–boost converter

Pumps
Articles containing video clips
Taglang La. Taglang La or Tanglang La, elevation , is a high altitude mountain pass in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. It is located on the NH3 Leh–Manali Highway. Rail-cum-road tunnels are being constructed under the Taglang La,  Lungalacha La (87 km south of Taglang La) and  Bara-lacha la (171 km south of Taglang La) to cater for the traffic from existing NH3 & under-construction Bhanupli–Leh line.

The elevation in metres on the local signboard is in agreement with SRTM data, however the claim of being world's second highest motorable pass is no longer accurate after construction of several other higher motorable passes and it was the 12th highest motorable pass in 2015.

See also 

 Geography of Ladakh
 India-China Border Roads
 List of mountain passes of India

Notes

Mountain passes of Ladakh
Geography of Ladakh
Mountain passes of the Himalayas
Arcturus-class attack cargo ship. The Arcturus-class attack cargo ships were converted from other ship types by Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. in Chester, Pennsylvania, Tampa Shipbuilding Co. in Tampa, Florida, and Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. in Kearny, New Jersey, during World War II.

Like all attack cargo ships (AKAs), they were designed to carry combat loaded military cargo and landing craft, and to use the latter to land weapons, supplies, and troops on enemy shores during amphibious operations.

All these ships were built on the same standard hull design, but there were some differences from ship to ship:

The armament varied, as did that of the other ships of the day. During 1944–1945, the 5"/38-caliber gun was recognized as the best gun for the dual role of antiaircraft and naval gunfire support, and the 40 mm was seen as the best antiaircraft gun. The older 20 mm and .50 caliber guns had been recognized to be of limited value, and were being phased out, though they appeared on some of these ships. The 20 mm guns were later removed from all of them, but it is not clear just when this happened.

The complement varied as well, but the DANFS figures sometimes seem to confuse ship's company with embarked troops in determining a ship's complement.

See also
 
 
 
 
 List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships
  — a Type C1 AKA that falls within the number range of the Arcturus class
  — a Type C2 (C2-S) AKA that falls within the number range
  — a Type C3 AKA that falls within the number range

References

External links
United States Maritime Commission C2 Type Ships

Amphibious warfare vessel classes
Flash (manufacturing). Flash, also known as flashing, is excess material attached to a molded, forged, or cast product, which must usually be removed. This is typically caused by leakage of the material between the two surfaces of a mold (beginning along the parting line) or between the base material and the mold in the case of overmolding.

Details
Molding flash is seen when the optimized parameter on cull height is not calibrated. Proper design of mold parting surfaces can reduce or eliminate flash.

Molding flash can be caused from old or worn mold cavities that no longer fit tightly together. Other times, the complexity of the part requires so many mating pieces with such precise geometries that it is almost impossible to create a perfect fit on every impression. Most often, the type of material being molded, and its attendant viscosity in its liquid form, is the primary factor that leads to the creation of the unwanted mold flash.

The process of removing flash, known as deflashing, is commonly performed via cutting, breaking, grinding, or tumbling. Some foundries use robot autogrinders to remove this unwanted material. It is very typical for molders to have their operators trim flash with hand tools at the molding machine between cycles. Many molders and OEMs seek out the use of batch processes including vibratory tumbling, cryogenic deflashing or media blasting to remove unwanted flash from large batches of parts.

Witness mark 

In plastic injection, a faint mark called a witness mark (or witness line) will occur along the parting line. This is unavoidable and is usually accepted despite the minor aesthetics issue. However, some part surfaces (e.g. when used for sealing) cannot tolerate witness marks, and thus either the marks must be removed post-molding or the mold redesigned.

References 

Plastics industry
Metalworking terminology
List of United States naval reactors. List of United States Naval reactors is a comprehensive list of all naval reactors designed, built, or used by the United States Navy.

Reactor designations 

Each nuclear reactor design is given a three-character designation consisting of a letter representing the type of ship the reactor is intended for, a consecutive generation number, and a letter indicating the reactor's designer.

Ship types:
 "A" – aircraft carrier
 "C" – cruiser
 "D" – destroyer
 "S" – submarine

Contracted designers:
 "B" – Bechtel
 "C" – Combustion Engineering
 "G" – General Electric
 "W" – Westinghouse

Nuclear reactors of the United States Navy 

Naval reactors of the United States Navy, listed alphabetically by ship type.

Aircraft carrier reactors 

 A1W reactor
 land-based prototype for USS Enterprise (CVN-65); located at Naval Reactors Facility
 A2W reactor
 
 A3W reactor
 designed for , but never installed
 A4W reactor
 s
 A1B reactor
 s

Cruiser reactors 

 C1W reactor
 Long Beach-class cruiser

Destroyer reactors 

 D1G reactor
 land-based prototype for Bainbridge-class cruiser; located at the Kesselring site
 D2G reactor
 Bainbridge-class cruiser
 Truxtun-class cruiser
 California-class cruiser
 Virginia-class cruiser

Submarine reactors 
 NR-1 reactor
 one-of-a-kind reactor built for the U.S. Navy research submarine NR-1
 S1C reactor
 land-based prototype for USS Tullibee (SSN-597); located at Windsor, Connecticut
 S1G reactor
 land-based prototype for USS Seawolf (SSN-575); located at Kesselring site
 S1W reactor
 land-based prototype for USS Nautilus (SSN-571); located at Naval Reactors Facility
 S2C reactor
 
 S2G reactor
 
 S2W reactor
 
 S2Wa reactor
 replacement reactor for USS Seawolf (SSN-575)
 S3G reactor
 land-based prototype for USS Triton (SSN-586); located at Kesselring site
 S3W reactor
 
 
 
 S4G reactor
 
 S4W reactor
 
 
 S5G reactor
 A land-based prototype located at Naval Reactors Facility, and
 
 S5W reactor
 Skipjack-class submarine (SSN-585 class)
 George Washington-class submarine (SSBN-598 class)
 Thresher/Permit-class submarine (SSN-593/SSN-594 class)
 Ethan Allen-class submarine (SSBN-608 class)
 Lafayette-class submarine (SSBN-616 class)
 James Madison-class submarine (SSBN-627 class)
 Benjamin Franklin-class submarine (SSBN-640 class)
 Sturgeon-class submarine (SSN-637 class)
 
 
 S6G reactor
 Los Angeles-class submarine (SSN-688 class)
 S6W reactor
 Seawolf-class submarine (SSN-21 class)
 S7G reactor
 land-based prototype (Modifications and Additions to a Reactor Facility or "MARF") located at the Kesselring site
 S8G reactor
 s (SSBN-726 class)
 S9G reactor
 Virginia-class submarine (SSN-774 class)
 S1B reactor
 Columbia-class submarine (SSBN-826 class)

See also 
 List of commercial nuclear reactors
 Nuclear marine propulsion
 Rolls-Royce PWR – United Kingdom's naval reactors
 Soviet naval reactors
 United States naval reactors

References 
 US Navy Propulsion Systems – Federation of American Scientists
 Nuclear Attack Submarines – CombatIndex.com

Reactors
United States Naval reactors