omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aureolin. Aureolin (sometimes called cobalt yellow) is a pigment sparingly used in oil and watercolor painting. Its color index name is PY40 (40th entry on list of yellow pigments). It was first made in 1831 by Nikolaus Wolfgang Fischer in Breslau characterizing it as "Doppelsalze" or double-salts and its chemical composition is potassium cobaltinitrite. He characterized it again and wrote more extensively about it in 1842, naming it "Salpetrichtsaures Kobaltoxydkali". In 1851–1852, Edouard Saint-Evre synthesized cobalt yellow independently. He is credited with the introduction of cobalt yellow as an artists pigment. The investigation by Gates gives the exact modern procedures for the preparation of aureolin and also the methods for its identification in paintings.

Aureolin is rated as permanent in some reports but there are other sources which rate it as unstable in oils but pronounce it stable in watercolors. Others find it unstable in watercolors, fading to greyish or brownish hues. It is a transparent, lightly staining, light valued, intense medium yellow pigment.

It is a rather expensive pigment and sold by several manufacturers of oil paints such as Grumbacher, Michael Harding, and Holbein. However, the pigment was never popular as an oil color and is much more widely available as a watercolor from manufacturers such as:  Winsor & Newton, Talens Rembrandt, Rowney Artists, Sennelier, Art Spectrum and Daniel Smith.

See also
 List of colors
 List of inorganic pigments

References

Pigments
Inorganic pigments
Shades of yellow
FBI mnemonics. The various FBI mnemonics (for electric motors) show the direction of the force on a conductor carrying a current in a magnetic field as predicted by Fleming's left hand rule for motors and Faraday's law of induction.

Other mnemonics exist that use a right hand rule for predicting resulting motion from a preexisting current and field.

Configuration, using the left hand

'FBI'
The left hand is held with the thumb, first finger and second finger mutually at right angles.

 The Thumb represents F - Thrust (or resulting Motion).
 The First finger represents B - Field.
 The Second finger represents I or V - Current (in the classical direction, from positive to negative).

Configuration, using the right hand
Other sources use the right hand to predict force, though the fingers used vary:

'FIB'
 Thumb = F ("thrust")
 Index finger = I or V
 Middle finger ("Birdie") = B

'IBF'

In this alternative, some versions recommend not extending the middle finger, but instead imagining the force coming from the palm of the hand.

 Thumb = I or V
 Index finger = B
 Middle finger = F

Other frequently confused rules

Prediction of direction of field ('B')

The rules above are usually used to predict 'F' based upon 'B' and 'I' - the force on a moving charge when moving through a field, whether or not the charge is carried in a wire. However, this rule should not be confused with a different right hand grip rule for the prediction of the direction of a field ('B') produced by current ('I') traveling through a wire.

Symmetry

References

External links
 Overview at ac.wwu.edu (Right Hand - 'FIB')
 Diagrams at magnet.fsu.edu. See figure #9. (Left Hand - 'FBI')
 Description at starprof.com (Right Hand - 'IBF' - palm alternative)

Science mnemonics
Electromagnetism
Pict (programming language). Pict is a statically typed programming language, one of the very few based on the π-calculus. Work on the language began at the University of Edinburgh in 1992, and development has been more or less dormant since 1998. The language is still at an experimental stage.

References

Sources
Benjamin C. Pierce and David N. Turner. Pict: A programming language based on the pi-calculus. Technical report, Computer Science Department, Indiana University, 1997

External links
, links to a compiler, manuals, tutorial

Experimental programming languages
Functional languages
Akadama. is a naturally occurring, granular clay-like mineral used as soil for bonsai trees and other container-grown plants. It is surface-mined, immediately sifted and bagged, and supplied in various grades; the deeper-mined grade are  somewhat harder and more useful in horticulture than the more softer, shallow-mined grades. Akadama may also act as one component of growing medium when combined with other elements such as sand, composted bark, peat, or crushed lava. The color darkens when moist which can help the grower determine when to water a tree. 

While akadama is more costly than alternative soil components, it is prized by many growers for its ability to retain water and nutrients while still providing porosity and free drainage. For all of its qualities, many bonsai growers consider the cost of akadama prohibitive or unnecessary. Still other growers claim that when subjected to cold and wet climates, the granules progressively break down into smaller particles that inhibit drainage, an unwanted characteristic of bonsai soil. This problem can be avoided either by incorporating sand or grit in the soil mix, or by using the deeper-mined, harder grades.

Origin 
Due to volcanic activity, Japan enjoys rich volcanic resources. After volcanic eruptions, volcanic rocks and pumice accumulate near the volcano. Several horticultural products based on these materials have been developed in Japan, two of which are the Akadama and kanuma soils.

Size and components 
Sizes vary between companies
 Fine: 1-3 mm
 Small: 4-7 mm
 Medium: 7-14 mm
 Large: 15-25 mm

Components include silicon dioxide SiO2 42.7%, calcium oxide CaO 0.98%, magnesium oxide  MgO 2.5%, manganese oxide MnO 0.15%, iron oxide Fe2O3 8.4%, and aluminium oxide Al2O3 25.1%.

Akadama has a pH of 6.9 and conductivity of 0.052 ms/cm.

Uses 
Akadama is used in the cultivation of plants. It can be used alone or mixed in as an amendment to other soil substrates such as lava rock, pumice, stone, peat moss, bark, etc. It is supplied in various sizes including "Shohin" (less than 1/16 inch), "Small" (1/16 inch to 1/4 inch), and "Medium" (1/4 inch to 1/2 inch). All sizes are suitable for many sorts of potted plants, but in particular, shohin or small is the  preferred choice for cactus and succulent plants.

References

Bonsai
Plant nutrition
Types of soil
Hiroshi Komiyama. is a Japanese scientist. He was the president of University of Tokyo from April 2005 to March 2009. He is also the chairman of Mitsubishi Research Institute. His major research fields are Chemical engineering, Environmental engineering, functional material science and CVD reaction engineering. He is member of the World Knowledge Dialogue Scientific Board. When he was an undergraduate, he belonged to the American football club at University of Tokyo.

Biography
 On December 15, 1944, he was born in Tochigi Prefecture.
 In 1963, he graduated from Tokyo Metropolitan Toyama High School in Tokyo.
 In 1967, he graduated the Chemical Engineering course of Engineering department, University of Tokyo.
 In 1972, he got Ph.D the School of Chemical Engineering, University of Tokyo 
 In December 1972, he was hired by University of Tokyo (assistant professor)
 In 1977, he became a lecturer at University of Tokyo
 In 1981, he became Assistant Professor at University of Tokyo
 In July 1988, he became a Professor at University of Tokyo
 In April 2000, he became the head of Engineering Department at University of Tokyo
 In 2002, he became the president of Society for Chemical Engineers of Japan.
 In 2003, he became a vice president of University of Tokyo.
 In 2005, he became the 28th president of University of Tokyo.
 In 2013, he became a judge for the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering.

Awards
Komiyama was awarded the Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Award in 2017.

Writings
Vision 2050: Roadmap for a Sustainable Earth, published by Springer Science+Business Media, 2008. .
, published by , December 2004. .
, published by Iwanami Shoten Publishing, December 1999. .
, published by University of Tokyo Press, December 1999. .

External links
Message from the president (University of Tokyo)
 Global Green Growth Institute

References

1944 births
Japanese scientists
Japanese chemical engineers
Living people
Presidents of the University of Tokyo
University of Tokyo alumni
Alter A.1. The Alter A.1 was a single-seat biplane fighter aircraft first flown in February 1917. Built by Ludwig Alter-Werke of Darmstadt to a design by Kallweit and Ketterer, the A.1 was very similar in concept to the Nieuport 11, but not an exact copy.

Design and development
Powered by a 110 hp Goebel Goe II 7-cylinder rotary engine, the A.1 had I-type inter-plane struts and a wood-framed, fabric and plywood covered fuselage, armed with twin, synchronised 7.92 mm LMG 08/15 machine guns.

Development was halted following demonstration to the Idflieg (Inspektion der Fliegertruppe), who judged its performance inadequate and its construction overly flimsy.

Specifications (Alter A.I)

See also

Notes

References

 Gray, Peter & Thetford, Owen. German Aircraft of the First World War. London, Putnam. (2nd Ed.) 1970.

Further reading
 Green, W. & Swanborough, G. (1994). The Complete Book of Fighters. London: Salamander Books.

External links
:fr:Alter A.I

1910s German fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Defense industry of North Korea. North Korea's defence industry predates the Korean War, but has emerged as a major supplier to the North Korean armed forces beginning in the 1970s, but increasingly so after the fall of the Soviet Union and to supplement those purchased from China. Most equipment produced are copies of Soviet and Chinese built military hardware.

Military factories

Tanks, arms, and missiles
 First Machine Industry Bureau - supplier of machine guns, likely Type 62 Light Machine Gun and Type 73 Light Machine Gun
 Ryu Kyong-su Tank Factory - Sinhung South Hamgyong Province
 Second Machine Industry Bureau - Sŏngch'ŏn-kun, South Pyongan Province - builds Chonma-ho and Pokpung-ho MBT; likely Chuch'e-Po and Koksan artillery gun
 Third Machine Industry Bureau: Multi-stage rockets
 Fourth Machine Industry Bureau: Guided missiles
 Fifth Machine Industry Bureau: Nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons
 Tokhyon Munitions Plant

Naval
 Bong Dao Bo Shipyards, Sinpo - located on the mainland across from Mayang-do Naval base - builder of the Sang-O and Gorae class Submarines.
 Mayang-do Naval Shipyards,  in northeast coast - maintenance facility with graving dock; has built some ships for the navy (12 Romeo class submarines)
 Najin Shipyards - Kowan-Class submarine rescue ship, Soho class frigates and Najin class frigates
 Nampho Shipyards - located on west coast and builds small- and medium-size submarines (Sang-O and Yugo?)
 Wonsan Shipyards - located on east coast and builds small- and medium-size submarines (Sang-O and Yugo?)
 Yukdaeso-ri Shipyards - located on west coast and has built midget submarines (Yugo-class submarines or Yono-class submarines) since the 1960s
 Sixth Machine Industry Bureau: Battleships and submarines

Aircraft
There are no known indigenous aircraft built in North Korea, factories supply components or parts for current aircraft flown such as for Tumansky RD-9 turbojet engine used by Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 and Shenyang J-6.

Another is additional sub systems for aircraft such as Tactical air navigation system that for example were known to be exported to Syria.

 Ch’onjin - small factory used to build spare parts and rebuild aircraft for the Air Force.
 Taechon - used to build spare parts and rebuild aircraft for the Air Force.
 Panghyon - North Korea's primary aircraft assembly, repair and research facility established in the mid-1980s.
 Seventh Machine Industry Bureau: Production and purchase of war planes

Space
 National Aerospace Development Administration

References

Bibliography

External links
 North Korean Army Equipment
 North Korean Air Force Equipment

North Korea
Defence companies of North Korea
Military equipment of North Korea
Sex bolt. A sex bolt is a type of fastener comprising a mated pair of screw and post, which are a machine screw and a nut that is barrel-shaped. The nut has a flange and a protruding boss that is internally threaded. The bolt (mated pair, screw and post) sits within the components being fastened, and the flange provides the bearing surface.

A sex bolt is normally chosen because of the low profile of its nut compared with that of other nuts. The sex bolt often has a built-in feature, such as a slot, to aid in tightening the fastener. Some sex bolts, more commonly known as "architectural bolts", have knurled barrels to allow one-sided assembly.

The sex bolt consists of a female (internally) threaded barrel (nut) and a male (externally) threaded screw. Both the barrel and screw have heads designed to clamp (bind) material between the head of the barrel and the head of the screw, or to bridge the gap between two parts.

Other names for sex bolts, or (in some cases) for the female half specifically, include:
 architectural bolts,
 barrel bolts,
 barrel nuts,
 binding barrels,
 book screws or book binding screws,
 Chicago screws, or Chicago binding screws and posts,
 connector bolts,
 female screws,
 posts and screws, screws and posts, or screw-in-post fasteners,
 sleeve nuts
 splint screws.

Applications vary widely from book binding to installing bathroom partitions. This group of fasteners are used to assemble fitness apparatus, solar panels, playground equipment, railing systems, furniture, athletic helmets, knives, store fixtures, signs, panic bars, and many other products.

Technical guide to mating fasteners:

 Barrel diameter mating fasteners often are going through pre-drilled holes. The barrel diameter should be slightly less than the installation hole.
 Barrel length the barrel length is measured from underneath the head to the end of the barrel. Normally the length of the barrel is shorter than the thickness of the material being clamped. Another common term is "grip length", which is the thickness of the material that a mating bolt can effectively fasten or clamp.
 Thread size length and thread class fit for both barrel and screw. The more thread depth, the more difficult these parts are to manufacture, and the more expensive.
 Head style the most common head style for a mating fastener is a "truss" head. Other head styles are button, flat, grommet, hex head, large truss, low profile, oval, rivet and T-head.
 Drive systems mating fasteners are available in a variety of drives such as slotted, socket, Phillips, combination Phillips/slotted, as well as tamper-resistant drives: one way, 6-lobe with pin and drilled spanner.
 Material and finish mating fasteners are available in aluminium, steel, brass, copper, stainless steel and plastic materials. Barrels and screws are available anodized, zinc-plated, brass-plated, chrome-plated, bronze-plated, nickel-plated and black-oxide finish.

References

Nuts (hardware)
Triphenyltin hydride. Triphenyltin hydride is the organotin compound with the formula (C6H5)3SnH.  It is a white distillable oil that is soluble in organic solvents. It is often used as a source of "H·" to generate radicals or cleave carbon-oxygen bonds.

Preparation and reactions
Ph3SnH, as it is more commonly  abbreviated, is prepared by treatment of  triphenyltin chloride with lithium aluminium hydride.  Although Ph3SnH is treated as a source of "H·", in fact it does not release free hydrogen atoms, which are extremely reactive species.  Instead, Ph3SnH transfers H to substrates usually via a radical chain mechanism.  This reactivity exploits the relatively good stability of "Ph3Sn·"

References

Metal hydrides
Triphenyltin compounds
Reagents for organic chemistry
Hunter 23. The Hunter 23 is an American trailerable sailboat, that was designed by Hunter Marine and first built in 1985.

Production
The design was built by Hunter Marine in the United States from 1985 and 1992, but it is now out of production.

Design

The Hunter 23 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed wing keel or centerboard. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The wing keel-equipped version of the boat has a draft of , while the centreboard-equipped version has a draft of  with the centreboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing ground transportation on a trailer.

The boat is normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, and two straight settees in the main cabin that can be converted into a full-wideth double berth. The galley is located on the port side just aft of the companionway ladder. The galley is equipped with a single-burner stove and a sink. The head is located in the bow cabin under the "V"-berth. Cabin headroom is .

The wing keel version has a PHRF racing average handicap of 237 with a high of 258 and low of 226. The centerboard version has a PHRF racing average handicap of 237 with a high of 219 and low of 276. It has a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "Best features: Although the V-berth forward is only large enough for two children or one adult, owners may feel compensated by having the ability to convert the entire main cabin into a double bed (the full 8-foot width of the hull), by utilizing floorboards as supports and seatbacks as cushions. Worst features: Owners have reported leaking around the keel bolts and around the rudder gudgeons. Another source of annoyance has been the boat's tendency to sit down in the water by the port quarter, a result of putting batteries, water tank, and the transom-mounted outboard engine all in the aft quarter to port."

See also

List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Beneteau First 235
Bluenose one-design sloop
O'Day 23
Paceship 23
Paceship PY 23
Precision 23
Rob Roy 23
Schock 23
Sonic 23
Starwind 223
Stone Horse
Watkins 23

References

External links

Original official manuafactuer's brochure

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Hunter Design Team
Sailboat types built by Hunter Marine
Nasser Ashgriz. Nasser Ashgriz is an Iranian-American-Canadian engineer, scientist, patent lawyer, and entrepreneur. He is currently a full professor in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University of Toronto. Ashgriz is known for his contributions to the development of computational techniques for the modeling of free surface flows and interfaces, his work on droplet collision and coalescence, his advancements in diagnostic methods for spray characteristics, and his development of new models for liquid droplet breakup, fuel injectors, solid and liquid propellant rocket engines, and inkjet printers.

Academic career
Ashgriz obtained his B.S. (1979), M.S. (1981), and Ph.D. (1984) degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, where he was the recipient of two Bennet Prize awards (1981, 1983) in recognition of outstanding scholarly work in Mechanical Engineering.

Prior to going to Toronto, he was a professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.

While he was a professor at the University at Buffalo, he went to law school and received his law degree in 1996, from the same school (State University of New York at Buffalo).

Bibliography
Handbook of Atomization and Sprays, N. Ashgriz, Editor, Springer, 2011. 

Patent Pending in Eight Simple Steps, N. Ashgriz, Amazon Digital Services, 2021. 
Droplets, Sprays and Aerosols, N. Ashgriz,  Amazon Digital Services, 2022.

References

External links
 

Living people
Canadian mechanical engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
University at Buffalo faculty
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
University at Buffalo Law School alumni
Patent attorneys
Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion. Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion is a book devoted to the fundamentals of air pollution dispersion modeling of continuous, buoyant pollution plumes from stationary point sources. The first edition was published in 1979. The current fourth edition was published in 2005.

The subjects covered in the book include atmospheric turbulence and stability classes, buoyant plume rise, Gaussian dispersion calculations and modeling, time-averaged concentrations, wind velocity profiles, fumigations, trapped plumes and gas flare stack plumes.  The constraints and assumptions involved in the basic equations are fully explained.

The book has received favorable reviews, including a description of its "simple straightforward explanations" for a "full course in single-source dispersive modeling".

The book has been purchased in 84 countries and  is available in 233 libraries worldwide. It has been referenced or cited as an educational resource more than 880 times in the technical literature and on the Internet, including 34 regulatory publications of state or national governmental agencies worldwide. It has also been used as recommended reading or a textbook in 61 university courses. 

The book is now available only as a downloadable version in PDF format.

Book contents

Chapter 1: Atmospheric Parameters
Chapter 2: Gaussian Dispersion Equations
Chapter 3: Dispersion Coefficients
Chapter 4: Plume Rise
Chapter 5: Time-Averaging Of Concentrations
Chapter 6: Wind Velocity Profiles

Chapter 7: Calculating Stack Gas Plume Dispersion
Chapter 8: Trapped Plumes
Chapter 9: Fumigation
Chapter 10: Meteorological Data
Chapter 11: Flare Stack Plume Rise
Chapter 12: Miscellany

See also

Accidental release source terms
ADMS 3 
AERMOD
Air pollution dispersion terminology
Air Quality Modeling Group
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling
List of atmospheric dispersion models
UK Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee
Useful conversions and formulas for air dispersion modeling

References

External links

Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Environmental non-fiction books
Technology books
1979 non-fiction books
1979 in the environment