omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
University Bridge (St. Cloud). University Bridge is a concrete girder bridge that spans the Mississippi River in Saint Cloud, Minnesota. Built in 1985, and designed by Howard Needles Tammen & Bergendoff, it is the second-newest bridge in St. Cloud, after Granite City Crossing. It is named for its proximity to St. Cloud State University. To accommodate bikers and walkers, the bridge has an approach ramp on one side and steps on the other side. For decoration, a scrollwork pattern is cut into the approach walls' concrete, and the piers are a curved "V" shape.

The previous bridge at this structure, built in 1892, was a through-truss bridge.

See also
List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River

References
 

Road bridges in Minnesota
Bridges over the Mississippi River
Buildings and structures in St. Cloud, Minnesota
Bridges completed in 1985
Transportation in Stearns County, Minnesota
Concrete bridges in the United States
Girder bridges in the United States
Pascal Brandys. Pascal Brandys (born 30 November 1958, in Roanne) is a French engineer and entrepreneur. He is a graduate of the École Polytechnique and received his M.S. in Economic Systems from Stanford University in 1982.

Career 
He began his career in venture capital first in Tokyo and then in London, where he contributed to the first wave of biotechnology companies in Europe. He was the former president and founder of Genset Corporation, which became the European flagship in the field of genomics and at some point the second largest biotechnology company in Europe. He was also a co-founder and former president of France Biotech, the trade association of biotechnology companies in France. In 2001 he co-founded the biotechnology holding company Biobank in San Diego. In 2020 he co-founded Phylex BioSciences, Inc., a company based in San Diego developing mRNA nanoparticle vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the Nipah virus. In 2022 he published positive results of a protection study with a vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. In 2024 he published positive results of an immunogenicity study with a mRNA nanoparticle vaccine against the Nipah virus in collaboration with the CDC.

In 1999, Brandys was awarded Outstanding Service to Biotechnology Award at the Seventh Annual European Life Sciences conference held in Amsterdam.

References 

1958 births
Living people
École Polytechnique alumni
French venture capitalists
French investors
Stanford University alumni
French company founders
Technology company founders
Strontium bromate. Strontium bromate is a rarely considered chemical in the laboratory or in industries. It is, however, mentioned in the book Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood by Oliver Sacks. There it is said that this salt glows when crystallized from a saturated aqueous solution. Chemically this salt is soluble in water, and is a moderately strong oxidizing agent. 

Strontium bromate is toxic if ingested and irritates the skin and respiratory tract if come into contact with or inhaled, respectively. Its chemical formula is Sr(BrO3)2.

References 

Strontium compounds
Bromates
Inorganic compounds
Oxidizing agents
Bombing range. A bombing range usually refers to a remote military aerial bombing and gunnery training range used by combat aircraft to attack ground targets (air-to-ground bombing), or a remote area reserved for researching, developing, testing and evaluating new weapons and ammunition. Bombing ranges are used for precision targeting of high-explosive aerial bombs, precision-guided munitions and other aircraft ordnance, as opposed to a field firing range used by infantry and tanks. Various non-explosive inert "practice bombs" are also extensively used for precision aerial targeting bombing practice—to simulate various explosive aerial bomb types and minimise damage and environmental impact to bombing ranges.

United Kingdom 
The Defence Training Estate of the UK Ministry of Defence currently runs five Air Weapons Ranges for military operational training: RAF Holbeach and RAF Donna Nook in Lincolnshire (England), RAF Pembrey in Carmarthenshire (Wales), RAF Tain in Rossshire and Cape Wrath in Sutherland (Scotland). A former air weapons range RAF Wainfleet in Lincolnshire was decommissioned in 2009. It had been in use since 1890 for artillery training by the 1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers.

Hazards
Bombing ranges pose several hazards, even when not in use or closed. Unexploded ordnance is often the biggest threat. Once a bombing range has been permanently closed, they are sometimes cleared of unexploded ordnance so that the land can be put to other use or to reduce the chance of accidental detonation causing harm to people near the range, trespassers or authorized personnel. Cleanup or complete cleanup may be put off indefinitely depending on the cost, the danger to personnel clearing the area, the land's potential use, the likelihood of an explosion being triggered and the probability of someone being around to trigger or be harmed by an explosion.

The wreckage can also be hazardous. Bomb fragments and other wreckage can cause lacerations and puncture wounds if not removed before the land is put to other uses, such as farming or recreation, or if it is handled by curious trespassers or untrained scrap metal salvagers. The fragments, wreckage and residues may also contain toxic substances, such as nitrate. Exposure can come from direct contact, but it can also come offsite by the air, from surface or groundwater contamination, or by the uptake of toxins by plants and animals consumed by humans. Which route of exposure is most likely depends on the type of substances present, the proximity of inhabited areas and whether unauthorized personnel trespass on the range. Developing nations and those in an economic crisis often have a haphazard salvage industry involved in legal and illegal activities. In these areas, bombing ranges are scoured for salvageable metals. Unusual items, sometimes the most dangerous, are made into "trinkets". The danger is greatly increased when the materials are melted down or worked by hand, exposing workers to toxic fumes.

See also
 Nevada Test and Training Range
 Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range
 Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range
 Tactical bombing

References

 
Bombs
Guard rail (rail transport). In rail transport, guard rails or check rails are rails used in the construction of the track, placed parallel to regular running rail to keep the wheels of rolling stock in alignment to prevent derailment. They are generally used along areas of restricted clearance, such as a bridge, trestle, tunnel, or level crossing. They also help to minimize damage to the structure and allow easier post-accident cleanup.

History 
Although guard rails in some form have been used as long as there have been trains, the precursor of the guard rails in use today was detailed in , filed in 1893 by Gorham B. Ames, based in Laconia, New Hampshire, US.

Applications

Bridges 

Guard rails are an essential component of railroad bridges. Their presence prevents a derailed train from striking and damaging bridge components, or deviating from the track enough to leave the tracks entirely and roll over or fall.

Sharp curves 
On sharp curves, guard rails may be placed inside the inner rail, where they engage the back of the flange of the wheel on that side.

Switches 

Guard rails may be incorporated in switches, where they serve to prevent derailments caused by a train's wheels passing through the wrong side of the frog (the point where the straight and diverging rails cross). Guard rails in this case are typically bolted to the traffic rails on each end, with a clamp placed towards the center to prevent movement.

See also 
 Guide bar
 Guide rail

References

External links 
 

Permanent way
Railway safety
Forced-air gas. Forced-air gas heating systems are used in central air heating/cooling systems for houses. Sometimes the system is referred to as "forced hot air".

Design
Gas-fired forced-air furnaces have a burner in the furnace fueled by natural gas. A blower forces cold air through a heat exchanger and then through duct-work that distributes the hot air through the building. Each room has an outlet from the duct system, often mounted in the floor or low on the wall some rooms will also have an opening into the cold air return duct. Depending on the age of the system, forced-air gas furnaces use either a pilot light or a solid-state ignition system (spark or hot surface ignition) to light the natural gas burner. The natural gas is fed to buildings from a main gas line. The duct work supplying the hot air (and sometimes cool air if an AC unit is tied into the system) may be insulated. A thermostat starts and stops the furnace to regulate temperature. Large homes or commercial buildings may have multiple thermostats and heating zones, controlled by powered dampers. A digital thermostat can be programmed to activate the gas furnace at certain times. For example, a resident may want the temperature in their dwelling to rise 15 minutes before returning from work.

Simple types of gas-fired furnace lose significant amounts of energy in the hot waste gases. High-efficiency condensing furnaces condense the water vapor (one of the by-products of gas combustion) and extract the latent heat to pre-heat the incoming furnace airflow, using a second heat exchanger. This increases the efficiency (energy delivered into the building vs. heating value of gas purchased) to over 90%. An incidental beneficial effect is that the exhaust flue is much smaller and can be made of plastic pipe since the exhaust gas is much cooler. As a result it can be more easily routed through walls or floors. However, the condensing furnace is more expensive initially because of the extra induced-draft fan and condensate pump required, and the extra heat exchanger in the firebox.

The heat exchangers may be damaged by corrosion or metal fatigue from many heating and cooling cycles. A small leak of combustion gases into the heated air can be dangerous to the occupants of the heated space, because of possible carbon monoxide build up.

Areas of usage
Residential and commercial buildings located in rural and remote areas do not often use natural gas forced hot air systems. This is due to the financial impracticality of running natural gas lines many miles past areas of relatively sparse habitation. Usually these rural and remote buildings use oil heat or propane, which is delivered by a truck and stored in a tank on the property.

References
Information on forced air pilot lights and maintenance from GasFurnaceGuide.com

External links
From howstuffworks.com 

Residential heating appliances
Lambert Meertens. Lambert Guillaume Louis Théodore Meertens or L.G.L.T. Meertens (born 10 May 1944, in Amsterdam) is a Dutch computer scientist and professor. , he is a researcher at the Kestrel Institute, a nonprofit computer science research center in Palo Alto's Stanford Research Park.

Life and career 
As a student at the Ignatius Gymnasium in Amsterdam, Meertens designed a computer with Kees Koster, a classmate. In the 1960s, Meertens applied affix grammars to the description and composition of music, and obtained a special prize from the jury at the 1968 International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Congress in Edinburgh for his computer-generated string quartet, Quartet No. 1 in C major for 2 violins, viola and violoncello, based on the first non-context-free affix grammar. The string quartet was published in 1968, as Mathematical Centre Report MR 96.

Meertens was one of the editors of the Revised ALGOL 68 Report. He was the originator and one of the designers of the programming language ABC, the incidental predecessor of Python. He was chairman of the Dutch Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) from 1975 until 1981. He was codesigner of the Bird–Meertens formalism, along with Richard Bird, who also gifted him the Meertens number.

He became involved with developing international standards in programming and informatics, as a member of IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which specified, maintains, and supports the languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68. From 1999 to 2009, he was chairperson.

His original work was at the Mathematical Centre (MC), now called Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He co-founded the Pagelet project along with Susan Uskudarli and T. B. Dinesh.

After having been Associate Professor of Computer Science at New York University in 1982–83, he was part-time Professor of Applied Logic at Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, from 1984 to 1986 before becoming part-time Professor of Software Technology at Utrecht University, the Netherlands, where he is now professor emeritus. , he works as a researcher at the Kestrel Institute in Palo Alto, California.

Awards 
 2007: International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Silver Core
 2015: IFIP Outstanding Service Award

References

External links
 , Kestrel Institute
 , Utrecht University
 List of Publications

1944 births
Living people
Dutch computer scientists
Pacifist Socialist Party politicians
Party chairs of the Netherlands
Scientists from Amsterdam
University of Amsterdam alumni
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Aeration. Aeration (also called aerification or aeriation) is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a liquid or other substances that act as a fluid (such as soil). Aeration processes create additional surface area in the mixture, allowing greater chemical or suspension reactions.

Aeration of liquids

Methods
Aeration of liquids (usually water) is achieved by:
 passing air through the liquid by means of the Venturi tube, aeration turbines or compressed air which can be combined with diffuser(s) air stone(s), as well as fine bubble diffusers, coarse bubble diffusers or linear aeration tubing. Ceramics are suitable for this purpose, often involving dispersion of fine air or gas bubbles through the porous ceramic into a liquid. The smaller the bubbles, the more gas is exposed to the liquid increasing the gas transfer efficiency. Diffusers or spargers can also be designed into the system to cause turbulence or mixing if desired.

Porous ceramic diffusers are made by fusing aluminum oxide grains using porcelain bonds to form a strong, uniformly porous and homogeneous structure. The naturally hydrophilic material is easily wetted resulting in the production of fine, uniform bubbles.

On a given volume of air or liquid, the surface area changes proportionally with drop or bubble size, the very surface area where exchange can occur. Utilizing extremely small bubbles or drops increases the rate of gas transfer (aeration) due to the higher contact surface area. The pores which these bubbles pass through are generally micrometre-size.

Uses of aeration of liquids

 To smooth (laminate) the flow of tap water at the faucet.
 Production of aerated water or cola for drinking purposes.
 Secondary treatment of sewage or industrial wastewater through use of aerating mixers/diffusers.
 To increase the oxygen content of water used to house animals, such as aquarium fish or fish farm
 To increase oxygen content of wort (unfermented beer) or must (unfermented wine) to allow yeast to propagate and begin fermentation.
 To dispel other dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide or chlorine.
 In chemistry, to oxidise a compound dissolved or suspended in water.
 To induce mixing of a body of otherwise still water.
 Pond aeration.

Aeration of liquid solids

Aeration of soil

Aeration in food
Refers to the process in which air is absorbed into the food item. It refers to the lightness of cakes and bread, as measured by the type of pores they contain, and the color and texture of some sauces which have incorporated air bubbles.

In wine tasting, a variety of methods are used to aerate the wine and bring out the aromas, including swirling wine in the glass, using a decanter to increase exposure to air, or using a specialized wine aerator.

Cider from Asturias is poured into the glass from a height of about 1 metre (el escanciado) to increase aeration.

See also

 Winkler test for dissolved oxygen

References 

Chemical processes
Gas technologies
Casablanca Technopark. Casablanca Technopark is an information technology business cluster complex located at Casablanca, Morocco. It was inaugurated in October 2001.

Background
It is Morocco's first industrial park. The building was designed by Mourad Ben Embarek. The project is under the supervision of Ministry of Commerce, Industry and ICT and had Omar Balafrej as its general manager. Its main specialties are software engineering and IT ventures.

Activities
The project has many main activities such as offering training e-learning as well as being a relay center between multinational companies specialized in Information Technology and their subsidiaries.

The project is a joint venture between:
 Moroccan Government - 35% of the capital
 a consortium of Moroccan private banks ("La Caisse de Dépôt et de Gestion", "BMCE Bank", "La Banque Centrale Populaire", "Banque Commerciale du Maroc" and "AttijariWafa Bank") - 65%

, CT is hosting 132 companies divided into 55 start-ups, 67 medium-sized companies, 4 big companies and 6 training centers.

Events
The fifth edition of "MED-IT 2006" was held in Casablanca Technopark from June 14 to June 15, 2006.

Notable Technopark companies
 Al Akhawayn University
 Bull Maroc
 Maroc Telecom
 SAGEM
 USAID

References

External links
 Official website
 Official blog
 Photo gallery

Technopark
Science parks in Morocco
Radu Manicatide. Radu Manicatide (April 17, 1912 – March 18, 2004) was a Romanian engineer and aircraft constructor.

He was born in Iași and grew up in Bucharest, in a house on Luterană Street. In 1926, at age 14, Manicatide built his first plane (the RM-1, a single-seat glider) in his backyard, and flew with it on the street for a few meters. This was followed in 1927 by the RM-2 glider, which he tested at Sinaia. He obtained a pilot license in 1930. From 1931 to 1937 he earned an engineering degree from the University Politehnica of Bucharest, and then pursued his studies at École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile (ESTACA), in Paris.

In 1932 he constructed his first plane, the RM-4, with a weight of  and a maximum speed of . This was followed in 1935 by the RM-5 plane, with a maximum speed of  and the RM-7 plane, with a maximum speed of .

In 1939, he started working at Industria Aeronautică Română (IAR), in Brașov. There, he contributed to the design of the IAR 27, IAR-37, and IAR-80 aircraft, and in the production under license of the IAR 79 (with Savoia-Marchetti, Italy) and Bf 109 (with Messerschmitt, Germany) fighter aircraft.

Manicatide also directed the development of IAR-813, IAR-818H, and IAR 823 airplanes. In 1945, he designed the M.R. car. 

In 2002, he was awarded by President Ion Iliescu the Order of the Star of Romania, Knight class. He died in Bucharest in 2004 and was buried in the city's Bellu Cemetery.

References

External links
 

1912 births
2004 deaths
People from Iași
Politehnica University of Bucharest alumni
20th-century Romanian engineers
Romanian aerospace engineers
Burials at Bellu Cemetery
Knights of the Order of the Star of Romania
Aircraft designers
Transbrake. In drag racing, a transbrake is a mechanism that selectively places the transmission in a forward and reverse gear simultaneously. This allows the engine to create full power without transmitting that power through the driveline, allowing the car to stay in one place.

Historically this was done with a modified valvebody and a single solenoid along with some internal transmission modifications, like increasing line pressure, and removing engine braking band and beefing up internal components to withstand the harsh launches, the valvebody and solenoid when activated allows hydraulic fluid to engage both forward and reverse simultaneously when voltage is applied by the driver with a momentary button, on many ECU controlled vehicles, this is usually done with an electronic control solenoid used to send the ECU, and TCM a directive signal. The ECU will be given a RPM limit, type of limit, and safety parameters (such as a time limit or knock sensor limit). The TCM will also be given a directive to "Bump" or "Creep". Bumping is when the transmission releases all the pressure on the reverse gear for a specified amount of time, allowing the car to "bump" forward. "Creep" is allowing the transmission to release some of the pressure for the duration of the time the driver holds the Secondary button. This also requires the use of a modified valve body inside the transmission allowing the pressure to be redirected to two gears instead of one.

Transbrakes are becoming popular in street driven enthusiast vehicles due to the sound and have been popularized by the increasing use in street racing.

The use of a transbrake can cause premature failure of transmission gears due to the pressure applied.

Transbrakes are often used as a part of a "launch control" system.

References 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNqtoGuaRho

https://support.haltech.com/portal/en/kb/articles/trans-brake
Drag racing
Auto parts
K67 kiosk. K67 is a kiosk design created in 1966 by the Slovenian architect and designer Saša J. Mächtig.

Design 

The design is based on polyfibre reinforced modules, which can be used as single units or combined to large agglomerations. It can serve many different functions; throughout its history it has been used for newspaper kiosks, parking-attendant booths, copyshops, market stands, shelter booths, chip stalls, student cafes, and lottery stands. It appears in different colour combinations (red is the most common), and it is easily visible and accessible. The modular design of the units enables the K67 to fit almost any location.

History 

Patented in 1967, K67 was prepared for serial production in 1968 with the first exhibition of prototypes in Ljutomer, Slovenia. It was manufactured by the Imgrad factory in Ljutomer.

Gallery

References

External links
 K67 The Kiosk Shots Project
The story of the 1960s mass produced modular design that actually went into production 
Design-Ikone: Der universal kompatible Kiosk K67 bekommt ein Update 
K67 Berlin 
Kiosk: The Last Modernist Booths Across Central and Eastern Europe (Zupagrafika) 

Kiosks
Architecture in Slovenia
Slovenian design
Yugoslav Slovenian architecture