omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Jet (fluid). A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium, usually from some kind of a nozzle, aperture or orifice. Jets can travel long distances without dissipating.

Jet fluid has higher speed compared to the surrounding fluid medium. In the case that the surrounding medium is assumed to be made up of the same fluid as the jet, and this fluid has viscosity, some of the surrounding fluid is carried along with the jet in a process called entrainment.

Some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion, as do rocket engines and jet engines.

Applications 
Liquid jets are used in many different areas. In everyday life, you can find them for instance coming from the water tap, the showerhead, and from spray cans. In agriculture, they play a role in irrigation and in the application of crop protection products. In the field of medicine, you can find liquid jets for example in injection procedures or inhalers. Industry uses liquid jets for waterjet cutting, for coating materials or in cooling towers. Atomized liquid jets are essential for the efficiency of internal combustion engines. But they also play a crucial role in research, for example in the study of proteins, phase transitions, extreme states of matter, laser plasmas, High harmonic generation, and also in particle physics experiments. Also some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion. Gas jets are found in rocket engines and jet engines.
Microscopic liquid jets have been studied for their potential application in noninvasive transdermal drug delivery.

See also
 Plane counterflow jets
 Bickley jet
 Landau–Squire jet
 Schlichting jet
 Jet nozzle, how a jet is formed
 Jet damping, a jet carries away angular momentum from a device emitting it
 Jet noise
 Jet of blood
 Astrophysical jet
 Solar jet
 Lava fountain
 High pressure jet
 Water jet

References

 Pijush K. Kundu and Ira M. Cohen, "Fluid mechanics, Volume 10", Elsevier, Burlington, MA, USA (2008), 
 

Fluid dynamics
Aerotaxi. Aerotaxi was a state-owned Cuban charter airline. It operated domestic services as well as some Caribbean charters.

History
Aerotaxi was founded in 1995 and went out of business in 2009.

Destinations
Aerotaxi operated charter flights to popular domestic and Caribbean tourist destinations, including Cayo Largo, Cayo Coco, Varadero, Trinidad, Cienfuegos, Nueva Gerona, Santiago de Cuba, Guardalavaca and Siguanea.

Fleet
Aerotaxi's fleets consisted of the following aircraft types:

Antonov An-2
Cessna Skymaster
Douglas DC-3
Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante
Let L-410 Turbolet

Accidents and incidents
On 14 March 2002 an Aerotaxi Antonov An-2 with two crew and 14 passengers crashed, with all on board killed.  The aircraft was on its way from Cienfuegos Jaime González Airport (CFG) to Cayo Coco Airport (CCC). While flying at an altitude of 3000 feet the top left wing snapped off. The aircraft entered a spin and crashed.
On 6 December 2002 an Aerotaxi Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante on a flight from Holguín - Frank País Airport (HOG) to Havana - José Martí International Airport (HAV) crash-landed short of the runway while approaching in heavy rain. All 10 occupants on board survived.
On 19 March 2003 Aerotaxi Flight 887, a Douglas DC-3, en route from Nueva Gerona - Rafael Cabrera Airport (GER) to Havana - José Martí International Airport (HAV) was hijacked by six men using kitchen knives, tape and the airplane's own emergency hatchet. They demanded to be flown north to Miami. Florida Air National Guard F-15 Eagle fighter jets from Homestead Air Reserve Base and a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter from the United States Customs Service escorted the Douglas DC-3 to Key West, Florida where it landed at 20:06. There were three crew members and 26 passengers on board; no one was injured.

See also 
 List of airlines of Cuba

References

External links
Official website on archive.org

Defunct airlines of Cuba
Airlines established in 1995
Airlines disestablished in 2009
1995 establishments in Cuba
2009 disestablishments in Cuba
Government-owned airlines
Impulse Fire Extinguishing System. The Impulse Fire Extinguishing System (abbreviated IFFS) is a series of firefighting equipment that uses small amounts of water fired in high-velocity bursts to put out fires. Water droplets are shot in vaporous bursts that can travel up to  and provide a large surface area for cooling.

See also
Fog nozzle

References

External links

IFEX Technologies website

Firefighting equipment
Tumansky M-87. The Tumansky M-87 was a Soviet air-cooled aircraft radial engine that was developed in the late 1930s. It was a development of their licensed Gnome-Rhone 14K engines that started with the M-85.

Development
In 1934, USSR licensed the French Gnome-Rhone 14K aircraft engine producing 800 hp (595 kW), which entered production as the M-85. The engine was subsequently modified to M-86 which produced 960 hp (715 kW) at takeoff thanks to increased supercharging and a higher compression ratio. The M-87 was created to further increase the power output. Cylinders and pistons were revised to increase the compression ratio and the supercharger was redesigned. The resulting engine had better high-altitude performance and entered production in 1938. However, the engine proved unreliable and suffered from failure of gears in the reduction gearbox.  Later the M-88 was designed to address the shortcomings of the M-87.  At first the M-88 was not a success, but the designers persisted, and the M-88 was made into a reliable and widely produced engine.  The M-87 was used in Ilyushin Il-4 and Sukhoi Su-2 bombers, and the Polikarpov I-180 fighter.

Specifications (M-87)

See also

References

1930s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Tumansky aircraft engines
Sukhoi Su-8. The Sukhoi Su-8 or DDBSh ( - Twin-engine two-seat armored ground attack aircraft) was a Soviet prototype ground-attack aircraft of World War II.

Development
While Sukhoi was perfecting the light Sukhoi Su-6 attack aircraft, the OKB also developed the massive, heavily armed and armored Su-8. In May 1942, the Soviet military commanders had realized the need for an aircraft to support ground offensives operating at a great distance from their airfields, and capable of striking enemy lines of communication to the rear of the front lines. Design work was conducted at an accelerated pace, with work on the airframe commencing from August 1942, even before the drawings were completed on 20 September 1942.

Two prototypes were completed at Plant Number 19 in Molotov in 1943, the first in May and the second in August, with work hampered by the Nazi invasion and need to evacuate the Sukhoi Design Bureau to Tushino. The first flight test was not made until 11 March 1944, and testing continued to the end of the year. Flight testing was delayed due to unavailability of Shvetsov M-71 engines. Although testing was successful, the Su-8 was not approved for mass production. By this time, the Soviet armies had reached the borders of Nazi Germany, and the need for an aircraft with a longer range than the existing Ilyushin Il-2 was no longer a priority.

An attempt to re-engine the aircraft with Mikulin AM-42 engines did not see further development.

The Su-8 was of mixed construction. The cockpit area was armoured, with an aluminum mid-fuselage and a wooden monocoque tail. The wings were of steel and aluminum construction with plywood outer sections. The twin rudders were of all-metal construction. In addition to the cockpit, the engines, fuel tanks and oil coolers were fully armoured, with a total armour weight of 1,680 kg (3,705 lb), more than twice the weight of the armour shell on an Ilyushin Il-2.

Specifications (Su-8 / DDBSh)

References

External links

Su-08
1940s Soviet attack aircraft
3-opt. In optimization, 3-opt is a simple local search heuristic for finding approximate solutions to the travelling salesperson problem and related network optimization problems. Compared to the simpler 2-opt algorithm, it is slower but can generate higher-quality solutions. 

3-opt analysis involves deleting three edges from the current solution to the problem, creating three sub-tours. There are eight ways of connecting these sub-tours back into a single tour, one of which consists of the three deleted edges. These reconnections are analysed to find the optimum one. This process is then repeated for a different set of 3 connections, until all possible combinations have been tried in a network. A single pass through all triples of edges has a time complexity of . Iterated 3-opt, in which passes are repeated until no more improvements can be found, has a higher time complexity.

See also
Lin–Kernighan heuristic

References

Further reading
 
 
 
 

Heuristic algorithms
Travelling salesman problem
CFN. CFN may refer to:
Canadian Football Network
Carlton Food Network, UK TV channel
Center for Functional Nanomaterials
CFN/CNBC or Class CNBC, a business and financial news TV channel in Italy
College Football News
Brazilian Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais)
 Donegal Airport, Ireland, IATA code
 chemical formula of Cyanogen fluoride

 Cfn
 Craftsman (Cfn) is the term for privates in some technical branches (e.g. the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers)
CEN/TC 251. CEN/TC 251 (CEN Technical Committee 251) is a technical decision making body within the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) working on standardization in the field of Health Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in the European Union. The goal is to achieve compatibility and interoperability between independent systems and to enable modularity in Electronic Health Record systems.

Workgroups establish requirements for health information structure in order to support clinical and administrative procedures, technical methods to support interoperable systems. In addition they establish requirements regarding safety, security and quality.

Workgroups
The two Working Groups (WGs) in CEN/TC 251 are :
WG 1: Enterprise and Information
WG 2: Technology and Applications

See also
 ContSys
 EHRcom
 European Institute for Health Records
 Health Informatics Service Architecture (HISA)
 HIPAA (USA)
 Health Level 7 International
 International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC)
 ISO TC 215
 openEHR Foundation
 ProRec

External links
 CEN/TC 251 - Published standards
 CEN/TC 251 is a member of the Global Health Informatics Standardization
 Joint Initiative Council
 

Standards for electronic health records
EN standards
CEN technical committees
Dunt. Dunting is a fault that can occur during the firing of ceramic articles. It is the "cracking that occurs in fired ceramic bodies as a result of a thermally induced stress"  and is caused by a "ware cooled too quickly after it has been fired".

Although usually occurring during, cooling dunts can also be caused by excessively fast heating rates. Heating dunts can be recognised by rounded edges to the cracks as the glaze matured after they occurred, whereas cooling dunts have sharp edges.

It has been found that bodies formulated with quartz rather than flint were more susceptible to dunting, especially on re-fire. It was postulated this may be related to the lower Young's modulus of the quartz based bodies.

Dunting also occurs in wares produced from montmorillonite clay bodies due to the volume expansion of cristobalite during its inversion upon cooling. "The release of free silica, takes place in montmorillonite above 950 C, but almost double the silica is released, compared to kaolin. Therefore, clay bodies with high amounts of montmorillonite contain a high percentage of free silica after firing, which may cause the ware to crack during cooling.(Dunting)"

See also 
Pottery
Ceramics (art)

References

Pottery
Ceramic engineering
Physics Abstraction Layer. The Physics Abstraction Layer (PAL) is an open-source cross-platform physical simulation API abstraction system. It is similar to a physics engine wrapper, however it is far more flexible providing extended abilities. PAL is free software, released under the BSD license. 

PAL is a high-level interface for low-level physics engines used in games, simulation systems, and other 3D applications. It supports a number of dynamic simulation methodologies, including rigid body, liquids, soft body, ragdoll, and vehicle dynamics. PAL features a simple C++ API and intuitive objects (e.g. Solids, Joints, Actuators, Sensors, and Materials). It also features COLLADA, Scythe Physics Editor, and XML-based file storage. 

The Physics Abstraction Layer provides a number of benefits over directly using a physics engine:
 Flexibility – It allows developers to switch between different physics engines to see which engine provides their needs, as well as quickly testing a new engine.
 Portable – Developers are able to use the physics engine which provides the best performance for different platforms, and are able to write platform independent code.
 Security – If a middleware provider is acquired by another company or development is discontinued, developers can switch engines.
 Scalable – The abstraction layer allows developers to run their code on handheld console platforms up to supercomputers.
 Ease of use – Implementation details of the physics engine are abstracted, providing a cleaner interface to the developer.
 Benchmarking – Researchers can directly compare the performance of various dynamic simulations systems.

PAL is designed with a pluggable abstract factory allowing code to be written and compiled once and allowing runtime selection of different physics engines, as well as feature upgrades.

Supported engines
PAL supports multiple physics engines, including:
 Box2D
 Bullet
 Newton Game Dynamics
 Open Dynamics Engine
 PhysX (formerly NovodeX and incorporating Meqon)
 Tokamak physics engine

Supported file formats
PAL supports multiple file formats, including: 
 COLLADA
 Scythe Physics Editor file format
 XML

Benchmark
The PAL project provides a set of standard benchmarks allowing developers to directly compare the physics engines and select the engine that provides the best solution in terms of computational efficiency and physical accuracy. Care should be taken when deciding on which engine to actually use though, since engines may be tweaked in ways which PAL doesn't support.

References

External links
 
 Interactive PAL benchmark

Computer physics engines
Armstrong Whitworth A.W.23. The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.23 was a prototype bomber/transport aircraft produced to specification C.26/31 for the British Air Ministry by Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft. While it was not selected to meet this specification, it did form the basis of the later Armstrong Whitworth Whitley aircraft.

Design and development
Specification C.26/31 required a dual-purpose bomber/transport aircraft for service with the Royal Air Force (RAF), with the specification stressing the transport part of its role. The A.W.23 was designed by John Lloyd, chief designer of Armstrong Whitworth to meet this specification, competing with the Handley Page H.P.51 and the Bristol Bombay.

The A.W.23 was a low-wing twin-engine monoplane, powered by two Armstrong Siddeley Tiger engines. It had a fabric covered braced steel fuselage accommodating a large cabin to fulfil its primary transport role but with room for internal bomb racks under the cabin floor. The wings used a novel structure, patented by Armstrong Whitworth, of a massive light alloy box-spar braced internally with steel tubes.  This structure was extremely strong but required a thick wing section, increasing drag. This wing structure was re-used in the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bomber. The A.W.23 was the first Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft to be fitted with a retractable undercarriage.

A prototype, K3585, was built first flying on 4 June 1935. Owing to its unreliable Tiger engines, its delivery to the RAF for testing was delayed, with the Bombay being declared the winner of the specification. The prototype was given the civil registration G-AFRX in May 1939 being used for inflight refuelling development by Flight Refuelling Ltd who used it with the Short Empire flying boat. It was used in February 1940 for the world's first night refuelling experiments. It was destroyed in a German bombing raid on Ford airfield in June 1940.

Operators

 Flight Refuelling Ltd
 Royal Air Force

Specifications (A.W.23)

See also

References

Bibliography

 
 
 
 

A.W.23
Air refueling
1930s British bomber aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Ariete-class torpedo boat. The Ariete-class torpedo boats were a group of destroyer escorts built for the Italian Navy during World War II. They were enlarged versions of the s and designed to escort convoys to North Africa. Of the 42 units planned, sixteen ships were eventually ordered but only one was completed by the time of the armistice, Ariete, built in the Sestri Ponente shipyards and commissioned on 5 August 1943. The namesake ship was also the only one to survive the war. After the war it was ceded to the Yugoslav Navy (1949), and renamed Durmitor.

Most of the other ships were captured and completed by the Germans, entered service with the Kriegsmarine as Torpedoboot Ausland and eventually sunk in the course of operations across the Aegean and the Adriatic. Fionda (renamed TA46 by the Germans) was sunk in Fiume by an Allied bomber on 20 February 1945, together with her twin Balestra / TA47. Both ships at the time were unfinished. Recovered by the Yugoslavs in 1947, it was used to complete TA47, which entered service in the Yugoslav Navy as Učka. It was decommissioned in 1971.

Design

Compared to the Spica class it was developed from, the Ariete class had lost one of the three /47 caliber dual-purpose guns, whereas torpedo armament had grown from four to six  torpedo tubes, in two triple mountings on the ship's centreline. The anti-aircraft suite included ten 20 mm cannons.

Ships

References

Notes
  Cantieri Navali del Quarnaro, Fiume
  Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico, Trieste

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Classe Ariete Marina Militare website

 
Torpedo boat classes
World War II torpedo boats of Italy
Ships built in Italy
Torpedo boats of the Regia Marina
Council of Engineering and Scientific Society Executives. The Council of Engineering and Scientific Society Executives (CESSE) is a non-profit professional organization for executive directors and executive vice presidents of science and engineering societies in the USA.

Founded in 1977 and headquartered in Chicago, IL, CESSE's objective is to advance the management of engineering and scientific societies and to advance the exchange of ideas among professional technical societies in the United States and Canada.

Participating organizations
Among the organizations that are members (as of November 15, 2006) include the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Chemical Society, American Oil Chemists' Society, the American Society for Microbiology, the American Society for Quality, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Institute of Food Technologists, the Institute of Industrial Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the National Academy of Engineering, Sigma Xi, and Tau Beta Pi.

External links

Official website

1977 establishments in Minnesota
Scientific organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Random dopant fluctuation. Random dopant fluctuation (RDF) is a form of process variation resulting from variation in the implanted impurity concentration. In MOSFET transistors, RDF in the channel region can alter the transistor's properties, especially threshold voltage. In newer process technologies RDF has a larger effect because the total number of dopants is fewer, and the addition or deletion of a few impurity atoms can significantly alter transistor properties. RDF is a local form of process variation, meaning that two neighbouring transistors may have significantly different dopant concentrations.

References 

Semiconductor device fabrication
Rope access. Rope access or industrial climbing or commercial climbing,  is a form of work positioning, initially developed from techniques used in climbing and caving, which applies practical ropework to allow workers to access difficult-to-reach locations without the use of scaffolding, cradles or an aerial work platform. Rope access technicians descend, ascend, and traverse ropes for access and work while suspended by their harnesses. Sometimes a work seat may be used. The support of the rope is intended to eliminate the likelihood of a fall altogether, but a backup fall arrest system (Personal protective equipment) is used in case of the unlikely failure of the primary means of support. This redundancy system is usually achieved by using two ropes - a working line and a safety line.

See also
Fixed rope

References

External links 

IRATA International - Industrial Rope Access Trade Association
IRATA International Code of Practice (ICOP)
SPRAT - The Society of Professional Rope Access Technicians
SPRAT Safe Practices for Rope Access Work
ISO 22846 - International Standard for Rope Access

Occupational safety and health
Working conditions
Types of climbing
Monroe Power Plant. The Monroe Power Plant is a coal-fired power plant located  in Monroe, Michigan, on the western shore of Lake Erie. It is owned by the DTE Energy Electric Company, a subsidiary of DTE Energy. The plant was constructed in the early 1970s and began operating in 1971. The plant has 4 generating units, each with an output of 850 megawatts. With all four generating units operating, the plant's total output is 3,300 megawatts (3,400 MW total, with 100 MW required for the plant machinery to run).  This makes it the eleventh largest electric plant in the United States.
  
The Monroe Power Plant connects to the power grid by numerous 120,000- and 345,000-volt transmission lines, owned and maintained by ITC Transmission. Two of the 345 kV lines going out of the plant interconnect with FirstEnergy in Ohio (Bayshore-Monroe line and the Majestic-Monroe-Allen Junction Line).

In its 2022 Integrated Resource Plan, DTE sped up the timeline for retirement from the previous date of 2040. The plant is scheduled to close two of its units in 2028. The remaining two units are planned to close by 2032, moved up from 2035 in 2023. No plans are in place as of yet to replace the 3,400 megawatts that this plant generates.

Flue gas treatment
The Monroe Power Plant did significant upgrades and maintenance at the facility in late 2007 and 2008. Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) units, or sulfur-oxide "scrubbers", are in operation on all four of Monroe's generating units.   These devices reduce over 95% of the sulfur dioxide () emissions.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems reduce the amount of  by combining  with the  over an SCR catalyst to reduce 90% of the  to water and nitrogen. Currently all of the generating units use SCRs.

See also
List of largest power stations in the United States
 List of power stations in Michigan

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1974
Monroe, Michigan
Coal-fired power stations in Michigan
DTE Energy
Buildings and structures in Monroe County, Michigan