omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Surfel. Surfel is an abbreviated term for a "surface element," analogous to a "voxel" (volume element) or a "pixel" (picture element). In 3D computer graphics, the use of surfels is an alternative to polygonal modeling. An object is represented by a dense set of points or viewer-facing discs holding lighting information. Surfels are well suited to modeling dynamic geometry, because there is no need to compute topology information such as adjacency lists. Common applications are medical scanner data representation, real time rendering of particle systems, and more generally, rendering surfaces of volumetric data by first extracting the isosurface.

Notes

See also
 Volume rendering
 Isosurface
 Point splatting

3D computer graphics
Stannite. Stannite is a mineral, a sulfide of copper, iron, and tin, in the category of thiostannates.

Background
The chemical formula is Cu2FeSnS4. Zinc commonly occurs with the iron and trace germanium may be present. Stannite is used as an ore of tin, consisting of approximately 28% tin, 13% iron, 30% copper, 30% sulfur by mass. It is found in tin-bearing, hydrothermal vein deposits occurring with chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, cassiterite, and wolframite.

It is also known as bell metal ore as tin is an important constituent of bell-metal. It is thought the exploitation of tin deposits in Cornwall led to an expansion in bell founding. 

The name comes from the Latin for tin: stannum. It was first described in 1797 for an occurrence in Wheal Rock, St. Agnes, Cornwall, England.

See also 
 Kesterite

References 

Copper minerals
Iron minerals
Tin minerals
Sulfide minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 121
Glances
Teallite. Teallite is a sulfide mineral of tin and lead with chemical formula: PbSnS2. It occurs in hydrothermal veins and is sometimes mined as an ore of tin. Teallite forms soft silvery grey mica-like plates and crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. The Mohs hardness is 1.5 to 2 and the specific gravity is 6.4. 

Teallite was first described in 1904 from its type locality in Santa Rosa, Antequera, Bolivia. It was named for the British geologist Jethro Justinian Harris Teall (1849–1924).

See also

 Classification of minerals
 List of minerals
 List of minerals named after people

References

External links

Lead minerals
Tin minerals
Sulfide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Aichi D1A. The Aichi D1A or Navy Type 94/96 Carrier Bomber (Allied reporting name "Susie") was a Japanese carrier-based dive bomber of the 1930s. A single-engine, two-seat biplane based on the Heinkel He 50, the D1A was produced by Aichi for the Imperial Japanese Navy, remaining in service as a trainer at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The D1A was produced in two variants, the D1A1 (Navy Type 94 Carrier Bomber), and the D1A2 (Navy Type 96 Carrier Bomber, sometimes referred to as the D2A).

Design and development
The D1A came out of the Imperial Japanese Navy's need for an advanced carrier-based dive bomber, and in late 1934 the IJN ordered the finalisation of the Aichi AB-9 design which was produced as the early model D1A1. However, the D1A1 was not designed by  aircraft company (later Aichi Kokuki), but by Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke at the request of the Aichi company. The initial version designed by Heinkel was the He 50, a similar model equipped with floats instead of landing gear. The subsequent model, the He 66 was provided to Aichi who immediately began production of it as the D1A1.

The design of the D1A, based on the Heinkel He 66, an export model of the He 50, was designed as a biplane constructed of metal, with a fabric covering, a fixed landing gear and a conventional type tail landing skid. Original models had  engines and it was not until later models that more powerful  engines were included in the construction.

Operational history
The D1A was primarily used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and up to the time Japan entered World War II in 1941.  At the beginning of the Pacific War, all of the remaining D1A1s were decommissioned and most of the D1A2s were retired from the front lines and served primarily in training units. The exception was 68 of the D1A2 model that operated as a second-line support until being retired in 1942.

Variants
D1A1 Type 94
Powered by  Nakajima Kotobuki 2 Kai 1 or Kotobuki 3 radial engines; 162 built.
D1A2 Type 96 (Sometimes referred to as the D2A)
Improved version fitted with spatted wheels and a higher powered Nakajima Hikari 1 engine; 428 built.
AB-11
Proposed development with retractable undercarriage. Not built.

Operators
  Empire of Japan
 Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
  Manchukuo
 Manchukuo Imperial Navy

Specifications (D1A2)

See also

References

External links

 AirToAirCombat.com: Aichi D1A Susie

D01A
D01A, Aichi
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Germany–Japan relations
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Extreme Engineering. Extreme Engineering is a documentary television series that aired on the Discovery Channel and the Science Channel. The program featured future and ongoing engineering projects. After ending of season 3 it airs under the Build It Bigger name. The series last season aired in July 2011. Danny Forster first hosted the series in season 4 and has been the host since season 6.

Origins of the show 
Engineering the Impossible was a 2-hour special, created and written by Alan Lindgren and produced by Powderhouse Productions for the Discovery Channel. It focused on three incredible, yet physically possible, engineering projects: the  Gibraltar Bridge, the 170-story Millennium Tower and the over  Freedom Ship. This program won the Beijing International Science Film Festival Silver Award, and earned Discovery's second-highest weeknight rating for 2002. After the success of this program, Discovery commissioned Powderhouse to produce the first season of the 10-part series, Extreme Engineering, whose episodes were written by Alan Lindgren, Ed Fields and several other Powderhouse writer-producers. Like Engineering the Impossible, the first season of Extreme Engineering focused on extreme projects of the future. Season 2 (and all seasons since) featured projects already in construction around the world.

Episodes

Series overview

Pilot 

Season one         episode 4, Icarus' Dream. Master's of Engineering. Amazon Prime Television.

Season 1: 2003

Season 2: 2004 
Season 2  was the first season produced in HDTV for HD Theater.

Season 3: 2005–06

Season 4: 2006 
Powderhouse Productions produced six episodes for season 4 with host Danny Forster. After ending of season 3 it airs under the Build It Bigger name on HD Theater, The Science Channel, and Discovery Channel.

Season 5: 2006

Season 6: 2007

Season 7: 2009

Season 8: 2010

Season 9: 2011

See also 
 Mega Builders
 Megastructures, a similar show on the National Geographic Channel
 Impossible Engineering

References

External links 
 Powderhouse Productions homepage
 WAGtv homepage
 Extreme Engineering official website at Discovery Channel
 Extreme Engineering episode guide at Discovery Channel
 Build It Bigger official website at Science Channel
 
 

 "Woodrow Wilson Bridge Featured On Discovery Channel Tonight" (Washington Post article)
 Symposium W.S.V Simon Stevin, student association of the Mechanical Engineering faculty of the Eindhoven University of Technology

2003 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2000s American documentary television series
2010s American documentary television series
Documentary television series about industry
Engineering projects
Discovery Channel original programming
Stishovite. Stishovite is an extremely hard, dense tetragonal form (polymorph) of silicon dioxide.  It is very rare on the Earth's surface; however, it may be a predominant form of silicon dioxide in the Earth, especially in the lower mantle.

Stishovite was named after , a Russian high-pressure physicist who first synthesized the mineral in 1961. It was discovered in Meteor Crater in 1962 by Edward C. T. Chao.

Unlike other silica polymorphs, the crystal structure of stishovite resembles that of rutile (TiO2). The silicon in stishovite adopts an octahedral coordination geometry, being bound to six oxides. Similarly, the oxides are three-connected, unlike low-pressure forms of SiO2.  In most silicates, silicon is tetrahedral, being bound to four oxides.  It was long considered the hardest known oxide (~30 GPa Vickers); however, boron suboxide has been discovered in 2002 to be much harder. At normal temperature and pressure, stishovite is metastable.

Stishovite can be separated from quartz by applying hydrogen fluoride (HF); unlike quartz, stishovite will not react.

Appearance
Large natural crystals of stishovite are extremely rare and are usually found as clasts of 1 to 2 mm in length. When found, they can be difficult to distinguish from regular quartz without laboratory analysis. It has a vitreous luster, is transparent (or translucent), and is extremely hard. Stishovite usually sits as small rounded gravels in a matrix of other minerals.

Synthesis
Until recently, the only known occurrences of stishovite in nature formed at the very high shock pressures (>100 kbar, or 10 GPa) and temperatures (> 1200 °C) present during hypervelocity meteorite impact into quartz-bearing rock.  Minute amounts of stishovite have been found within diamonds, and post-stishovite phases were identified within ultra-high-pressure mantle rocks. Stishovite may also be synthesized by duplicating these conditions in the laboratory, either isostatically or through shock (see shocked quartz).
At 4.287 g/cm3, it is the second densest polymorph of silica, after seifertite. It has tetragonal crystal symmetry, P42/mnm, No. 136, Pearson symbol tP6.

See also
 Coesite, a related mineral
 Thaumasite, another rare mineral with hexacoordinated octahedral silica

References

External links
 Properties of stishovite
 Stishovite's origin in meteor impacts

Superhard materials
Impact event minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 136
Silica polymorphs
Soviet inventions
Josef Papp. Josef Papp (c. 1933 – April 1989) was an American engineer who was awarded U.S. patents related to the development of an engine, and also claimed to have invented a jet submarine. He was born in Tatabánya, Hungary and died in Daytona Beach, Florida.

Papp was issued several U.S. patents for these inventions, including his noble gas fuel mixture.

The engine continues to be considered by many scientists as a hoax. Papp's poor physics theoretic background is demonstrated in the abstracts of the patents, which had been criticized by Richard Feynman. Supposedly — no confirmation has been found in contemporary sources and — Papp presented to an audience, including Feynman, an ill-fated  demonstration in 1966, in which his engine exploded, killing one man (never identified in later accounts) and seriously injuring two others.  Feynman is said to have written an article for "LASER, Journal of the Southern Californian Skeptics" (reproduced in text form by the Museum of Hoaxes) asserting that Papp was a fraudster and the explosion an attempt by Papp to avoid discovery, although he notes that Caltech settled with Papp out of court.

See also
List of hoaxes
History of perpetual motion machines#1951 to 1980

Notes

External links
 Papp submarine page in the museum of hoaxes
 
 
 
 

1930s births
1989 deaths
20th-century Canadian engineers
20th-century Hungarian engineers
Submarines
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Hoaxes in the United States
20th-century hoaxes
ATI Multi Rendering. ATI Multi-Rendering (AMR) is a video technology created by ATI Technologies that enables a single computer to use more than one video processor.

Created in 2002, AMR uses a technology ATI calls "Super Tiling" to connect multiple (two or more) video cards together. AMR has been primarily used by Evans and Sutherland, for commercial flight simulators, because of its ability to use more than two VPUs. ATI has introduced a "consumer level" version of AMR, which they refer to as CrossFire.

Super Tiling
Super Tiling is a technology that splits the screen up into equal divisions whose size is based on the number of VPUs. These divisions are called tiles. The partial images are then put together and displayed on the screen. Although not much is known about the interconnect method, it may be a device that bridges the cards together in a method similar to nVidia's SLI bridge card, or it may pass data over unused PCIe ports (as each card will be on a 16X slot, but will only be working at 8X interconnect rates)

Release
The official name of AMR's commercial variant is ATI CrossFire. The chipset was launched with ATI's R520 core for Intel and AMD platforms in the summer of 2005.

See also 
 AMD CrossFireX
 Nvidia Scalable Link Interface
 Scan-Line Interleave

References

ATI Technologies
Static cling. Static cling is the tendency for light objects to stick (cling) to other objects owing to static electricity.  It is common in clothing, but occurs with other items, such as the tendency of dust to be attracted to, and stick to, plastic items.

Cause and prevention
In clothing, static cling occurs from static electricity.  An electrostatic charge builds up on clothes due to the triboelectric effect when pieces of fabric rub against each other, as happens particularly in a clothes dryer.  The separate positive and negatively charged surfaces attract each other.  It is especially noticeable when humidity is low, allowing static electricity to build up.  Certain substances can reduce static cling and are often included in fabric softener and dryer sheets.  Antistatic agents, which make the surfaces slightly conductive, can be used on fabrics.

Electronic devices

Dust accumulation caused by static cling is a significant issue for computers and other electronic devices with heat generating components that need to be cooled by airflow. Dust is carried into the computer by the airflow created by case- and component fans. The accumulated dust covers metal surfaces and clogs the empty space between the fins of heatsinks, diminishing the dissipation of heat and interrupting the outward flow of warm air. Especially for critical components such as microprocessors and memory banks, this raises the risk of them overheating which can ultimately damage or destroy them. To compensate, automatically controlled fans will raise their speed, generating more noise and shortening their lifespan. An additional risk is the (small) electrical conductivity of dust which, given enough accumulation of dust, can cause critical damage to the device's internal components. Dust accumulation grows exponentially, since the accumulated dust creates new static surfaces and physical blockades for new dust to cling to.

In advertising
Advertisers in urban areas, eager to use guerilla marketing techniques, have turned to static cling as a distribution medium. In an advertising campaign for Microsoft's MSN 8 Internet service, on October 24, 2002, hundreds of decals of the MSN butterfly logo were affixed to surfaces in New York City and the New York Times reported that it was static cling that held them there.

References

See also
Electrostatics

Electrostatics
Paul Niggli. Paul Niggli (26 June 1888 – 13 January 1953) was a Swiss crystallographer, mineralogist, and petrologist who was a leader in the field of X-ray crystallography.

Education and career 
Niggli was born in Zofingen and studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich and the University of Zurich, where he obtained a doctorate. His 1919 book, Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums, played a seminal role in the refinement of space group theory. In this book, Niggli demonstrated that although X-ray reflection conditions do not always uniquely determine the space group to which a crystal belongs, they do reveal a small number of possible space groups to which it could belong. Niggli used morphological methods to account for internal structure and, in his 1928 Kristallographische und Strukturtheoretische Grundbegriffe, he took up what is essentially the reverse process, the task of establishing the connection between space lattices and external crystal morphology. The great aim of his life was to integrate the whole field of Earth sciences.

In 1920, Niggli became the lead scientist at the ETH's Institut für Mineralogie und Petrographie, where he brought his systematic approach to the study of crystal morphologies using X-ray diffraction. In 1935, Niggli and his doctoral student Werner Nowacki (1909–1988) determined the 73 three-dimensional arithmetic crystal classes (symmorphic space groups). Niggli retired from the Institute in 1949. He was also professor of mineralogy at the ETH Zurich and at the University of Zurich.

Niggli succeeded Paul Heinrich von Groth (1843–1927) as editor of Zeitschrift für Kristallographie.

Honors and awards 
In 1948, Niggli was awarded the Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America.

Since 1988 the Paul Niggli Foundation awards medals to outstanding Swiss mineral scientists below the age of 35 with a strong perspective for an academic career.

Dorsum Niggli on the Moon was named after him.

Personal life 
Niggli married Hedwig Dübendorfer (later Hedwig Niggli) in 1915. He had two children with her, Ernst Niggli and Hedi Fritz-Niggli.

Bibliography

References

1888 births
1953 deaths
Petrologists
Swiss mineralogists
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
ETH Zurich alumni
People from Zofingen
Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
Academic staff of Leipzig University
University of Zurich alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
Crystallographers
BusinessObjects Data Integrator. Business Objects's Data Integrator is a data integration and ETL tool that was previously known as ActaWorks. Newer versions of the software include data quality features and are named SAP BODS (BusinessObjects Data Services).
The Data Integrator product consists primarily of a Data Integrator Job Server and the Data Integrator Designer. It is commonly used for building data marts, ODS systems and data warehouses, etc.

Additional transformations can be performed by using the DI scripting language to use any of the already-provided data-handling functions to define inline complex transforms or building custom functions.

Data Integrator Designer stores the created jobs and projects in a Repository. However, Data Integrator Designer also facilitates team-based ETL development by including a Central Repository version control system. Although this version control system is not as robust as standalone VCSs, it does provide the basic check-in/check-out, get latest, version labeling and undo checkout functionality.

The DI Job Server executes, monitors and schedules jobs that have been created by using the Designer.

Web Administrator 

The DI web administrator is a web interface that allows system administrators and database administrator to manage the different repositories, the Central Repository, Metadata, the Job Server and Web Services.

 Scheduling, monitoring, and executing batch jobs
 Configuring, starting, and stopping real-time servers
 Configuring Job Server, Access Server, and repository usage
 Configuring and managing adapters
 Configuring and managing tools.

Supported Platforms 
Data Integrator runs on Windows platforms and under HP-UX (including 64-bit), Sun Solaris, AIX and Linux, while the repository, which supports the Common
Warehouse Meta model, may be based on Oracle, DB 2 or SQL Server.

External links
 SAP Data Services
 BusinessObjects Board

Extract, transform, load tools
Pitman arm. A Pitman arm is a shaft that translates rotary or angular movement into linear movement, or vice versa. Pitman arms are commonly found in water pumping windmills, automotive steering systems, and sewing machines.

In windmills, the Pitman arm connects the driving gear to the pumping arm. It translates the rotary power from the wind blades to the up-and-down motion of the pumping arm.

In automotive or truck steering systems, the Pitman arm acts as a linkage attached to the steering box (see recirculating ball) sector shaft, it converts the angular motion of the sector shaft into the linear motion needed to steer the wheels. The arm is supported by the sector shaft and supports the drag link or center link with a ball joint. It transmits the motion it receives from the steering box into the drag (or center) link, causing it to move left or right to turn the wheels in the appropriate direction. The idler arm is attached between the opposite side of the center link from the Pitman arm and the vehicle's frame to hold the center or drag link at the proper height.

"Pitman arm" can also refer to a component in a treadle sewing machine that connects the foot pedal to the crankshaft of the lower flywheel. In this case, the Pitman arm works similarly to a connecting rod in an engine in which the up and down force applied at one end of the arm translates to pushing and pulling alternately on the eccentric part of the crankshaft to achieve continuous rotation of the crankshaft and flywheel. The bearing connecting the Pitman arm to the crankshaft is known as the Pitman bearing. Early Pitman arms (up until around 1905) were made of wood, whereas later Pitman arms were made of steel. Wooden Pitman arms usually employed a simple wooden bushing around a steel shaft at both ends. The later steel Pitman arms usually used a ball joint at the lower pivot point and a ball bearing for the Pitman bearing at the top.

See also 
 List of auto parts

References 

Automotive steering technologies
Drag link. A drag link converts rotary motion from a crank arm, to a second bellcrank, usually in an automotive steering system.

While the origin of the term is not clear, it pre-dates the automobile, and is described as in use in 1849 as a means of rotating a Ducie cultivator being operated by cable by stationary steam engine (or between engines).

Automotive use
The term is commonly used in automotive technology for the link in steering linkage that connects the drop arm (also called pitman arm) on the steering box to a steering arm which causes the wheels to steer the vehicle. Normally the drop link connects to one wheel which is connected to the other wheel by a track rod (or tie rod) which is an adjustable rod which determines the relative wheel alignment.

Typically, one end of the drag link is connected via the drop arm and steering gearbox to the steering wheel (providing the connection between the driver and the steering system); the other end is attached to one of the wheels by the steering arm.

An alternate steering mechanism is a rack and pinion, a three bar linkage that eliminates the drag link by directly moving a center link.

"The drag link connects the pitman arm to the steering arm, or in some applications it connects to the tie rod assembly. Unlike a center link, the drag link does not connect to an idler arm, and has no inner tie rod ends attached to it. On some applications the drag link swings from the front to the rear of the vehicle. On these applications the drag link connects to the steering arm located at the wheel. In some Jeep applications, the drag link will swing from right to left on the vehicle and will connect to the steering arm at the wheel. Drag links can be a solid one-piece design or an adjustable design. Many drag links have replaceable or rebuildable ends."

Effect of wear
Wear in the joints at the end of the drag link in a steering system will result in play in the steering. It will not affect the wheel alignment as that is determined by the track rod (tie rod in USA).

See also
 List of auto parts

References

Automotive steering technologies
Linkages (mechanical)