omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Albert Sauveur. Albert Sauveur (; 21 June 1863 – 26 January 1939) was a Belgian-born American metallurgist. He founded the first metallographic laboratory in a university.

Sauveur was born in Leuven, Belgium.  He studied at the Athénée Royal in Brussels, then the School of Mines, Liège and graduated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1889. He remained in the United States thereafter, becoming a Professor of Metallurgy in 1905.

After several years working in industry, where he pioneered the use of microscopes to study the internal structure of steel, Sauveur joined Harvard University as a Instructor in Metallurgy, becoming Professor of Metallurgy in 1905. From 1924 to 1939, he held the Gordon McKay Professor of Mining and Metallurgy title at the university. From 1939 on, ASM International started bestowing the Albert Sauveur Achievement Award, for achievements in materials science and engineering.

He was a member of the US National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society and the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain, the Iron and Steel Institute of America. He was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1913 and the Franklin Medal in 1939, both from The Franklin Institute and the Bessemer Gold Medal of the British Iron and Steel Institute in 1924.

He died in Boston, Massachusetts in 1939, survived by his wife and 2 daughters.

Works 
 "Microstructure of Steel" presented to the American Institute of Mining Engineers at the Engineering Congress of Chicago (1893).
 "Microstructure of Steel and the Current Theories of Hardening" Transactions of The American Institute of Mining Engineers (1896)
 "Metallographist" a quarterly publication (1898-1905)
 "Metallography and Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel" (1912)
 "Metallurgical Dialogue" copyrighted in 1935 by Albert Sauveur and published by the American Society for Metals.
 "Metallurgical Reminiscences" copyrighted in 1937 by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.
 Both works were later reproduced in "Metallurgical Reminiscences And Dialogue" copyrighted in 1981 by the American Society for       Metals.(Library of Congress Catalog Card no. :81-70044 .)

References

1863 births
1939 deaths
Scientists from Leuven
American metallurgists
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Harvard University faculty
Bessemer Gold Medal
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Recipients of Franklin Medal
Paracone. A paracone is a 1960s atmospheric reentry or spaceflight mission abort concept using an inflatable ballistic cone.

A notable feature of the paracone concept is that it facilitates an abort throughout the entire flight profile.

Gallery

See also
 Space Shuttle abort modes, which do not include use of the paracone concept.
 Escape pod
 Escape crew capsule
 MOOSE

References

Space technology
Proposed spacecraft
Benzene (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on benzene.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended to seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid.

Distillation data

Spectral data

Safety data
Material Safety Data Sheet for benzene:

References

Chemical data pages
Data page
Chemical data pages cleanup
Path of Destruction (film). Path of Destruction is a 2005 made-for-TV Sci-Fi Channel original film. It concerns a nanotechnology experiment gone awry.

Plot

Nanomachines accidentally released into the atmosphere form a large storm disintegrating anything in its way. Colonel Thomas Miller sends groups of fighter jets to destroy the storm, but they fail. As the storm threatens to grow into a worldwide one, Miller proposes destroying it with a nuclear missile. After extensive research, reporter Katherine Stern and meteorologist Nathan S. McCain counterpropose hitting the storm with a giant electromagnetic pulse (EMP), but the military is reluctant to go with the plan. Miller suggests using a specially designed aircraft called Icarus to detonate the EMP. The nuclear missile is launched as Katherine, Nathan, and Miller take off in Icarus.

The nanomachines damage Icarus, preventing it from deploying the EMP device. Miller then has Katherine and Nathan escape in two escape pods while he detonates the EMP manually, killing himself and destroying the storm. The missile strike is then aborted.

The deactivated nanomachines then fall to the ground as Katherine and Nathan crash land in the ocean. Sometime later, Katherine is reporting the story on air, and she and Nathan prepare to go on a date after.

Reception 
Sloan Freer of Radio Times rated it 1/5 stars and called it an "increasingly ridiculous sci-fi yarn" with "a laughably unbelievable climax."  Matt Paprocki of Blogcritics called it a bland film that borrows from the Michael Crichton's novel Prey.

See also 
 Grey goo

References

External links 
Official site

Syfy original films
2005 television films
2005 films
2005 science fiction films
Films shot in Bulgaria
Films directed by Stephen Furst
2000s American films
Quantum Man. Quantum Man is a modern sculpture created by Julian Voss-Andreae, which is located in the city of Moses Lake, Washington.

Drawing inspiration from Voss-Andreae's background in physics, Quantum Man is the image of a walking man seen as a quantum object. Made up of over a hundred vertically oriented steel sheets, the 8′ (2.50 m) tall sculpture provides a metaphor for the counter-intuitive world of quantum physics. Symbolizing the dual nature of matter, the sculpture seems to consist of solid steel when seen from the front but nearly disappears when seen from the side, as light shines through the spaces between the slabs.

In 2007, Voss-Andreae created a second version called Quantum Man 2 in stainless steel.

References

External links
Julian Voss-Andreae's website

2006 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Washington (state)
Steel sculptures in Washington (state)
2006 establishments in Washington (state)
Flexible shaft. A flexible shaft, often referred to as a flex shaft, is a device for transmitting rotary motion between two objects which are not fixed relative to one another. It consists of a rotating wire rope or coil which is flexible but has some torsional stiffness. It may or may not have a covering, which also bends but does not rotate. It may transmit considerable power, or only motion, with negligible power.

Flexible shafts are commonly used in plumber's snakes. They are popular accessories for handheld rotary tools, and integral parts of rotary tools with a remote motor, which are called "flexible shaft tools". They are used to transmit power to some sheep shears. They are also sold to connect panel knobs to remote potentiometers or other variable electronic components.  Flexible shaft tools are used frequently in the dental and jewelry industry, as well as other industrial applications.

See also
 Driveshaft
 John K. Stewart
 Bowden cable

References

Mechanical power transmission
Tools
Bucket-brigade device. A bucket brigade or bucket-brigade device (BBD) is a discrete-time analogue delay line, developed in 1969 by F. Sangster and K. Teer of the Philips Research Labs in the Netherlands. It consists of a series of capacitance sections C0 to Cn. The stored analogue signal is moved along the line of capacitors, one step at each clock cycle. The name comes from analogy with the term bucket brigade, used for a line of people passing buckets of water.

In most signal processing applications, bucket brigades have been replaced by devices that use digital signal processing, manipulating samples in digital form.  Bucket brigades still see use in specialty applications, such as guitar effects.

A well-known integrated circuit device around 1976, the Reticon SAD-1024 implemented two 512-stage analog delay lines in a 16-pin DIP.  It allowed clock frequencies ranging from 1.5 kHz to more than 1.5 MHz.  The SAD-512 was a single delay line version.  The Philips Semiconductors TDA1022 similarly offered a 512-stage delay line but with a clock rate range of 5–500 kHz.  Other common BBD chips include the Panasonic MN3002, MN3005, MN3007, MN3204 and MN3205, with the primary differences being the available delay time.  Some examples effects units utilizing Panasonic BBDs are the Boss CE-1 Chorus Ensemble and the Yamaha E1010.

In 2009, the guitar effects pedal manufacturer Visual Sound recommissioned production of the Panasonic-designed MN3102 and MN3207 BBD chip.

Despite being analog in their representation of individual signal voltage samples, these devices are discrete in the time domain and thus are limited by the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem; both the input and output signals are generally low-pass filtered. The input must be low-pass filtered to avoid aliasing effects, while the output is low-pass filtered for reconstruction. (A low-pass is used as an approximation to the Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula.)

The concept of the bucket-brigade device led to the charge-coupled device (CCD) developed by Bell Labs for use in digital cameras. The idea of using capacitors to retain a voltage state has older origins and separately led to dynamic random-access memory, where the charges are not propagated, but refreshed, in place.

See also 
 Switched capacitor

References 

 Theuwissen, A. (1995). Solid-State Imaging with Charge-Coupled Devices.

Analog circuits
Coal trimmer. A coal trimmer or trimmer is a position within the engineering department of a coal-fired steamship that involves all coal handling duties. Their main task is to ensure that coal is evenly distributed within a ship to ensure it remains trim in the water. Their efforts to control the fore-and-aft angle at which a ship floats is why they are called “trimmers”. Without proper management of the coal bunkers, ships could easily list due to uneven distribution of the coal. 

The role of trimmers starts with the bunkering of coal, distributing it evenly within the bunkers, and then providing a consistent delivery of coal to the stoker or fireman working the vessel’s boilers.

Coal trimming was also a role based at the docks that involved levelling out the coal in a ship's hold to ensure that the ship was safe to travel. Coal was transported to the docks via railway wagons and the coal was tipped into the ship. As the coal was loaded into a hold of the ship it would form a conical pile. This was unsafe for the ship to sail in case the coal moved to one side causing the ship to list and roll.

Trimmers shovelled the coal out so that it was level and the ship was safe. It was a difficult job in dark and dangerous conditions.

Role
Within the engineering crew, trimmers had one of the hardest lowest paid jobs. Working conditions were hard because they worked directly inside the coal bunkers which were poorly lit, full of coal dust, and very hot due to them being on top of or between the boilers.

Trimmers used shovels and wheelbarrows to move coal around the bunkers in order to keep the coal level, and to shovel the coal down the coal chute to the firemen below who fueled the furnaces.

Trimmers were also involved in extinguishing fires in the coal bunkers. Fires were frequent due to spontaneous combustion of the coal. They had to be extinguished with fire hoses and by removing the burning coal by feeding it into the furnace.

Coal trimmers worked on various docks in the UK in the early part of the 20th century. They were skilled at their job and in some areas of the country formed unions such as the Cardiff, Penarth and Barry Coal Trimmers' Union.

Notable coal trimmers
There were 73 trimmers aboard the coal-fired ocean liner RMS Titanic. During the sinking of the ship, they disregarded their own safety and stayed below deck to help keep the steam-driven electric generators running for the water pumps and lighting. Only 20 trimmers survived.
Torsten Billman, a Swedish graphic artist, drawer, and mural painter – himself a coal trimmer and stoker on various merchant ships from 1926 to 1932 – has portrayed the hard work in coal bunkers and stokeholes.
Frank Bailey, a Guyanese-British firefighter, was a coal trimmer.
Peter MacCallum, Australian oncologist, worked his way from Australia to Britain as a coal trimmer to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh.

References

Construction and extraction occupations
Transport occupations
Marine occupations
Mississippi Steel. Mississippi Steel Corporation was a publicly traded company located in Flowood, Mississippi. It was the first steel mill built in the state, and its primary product has always been reinforcing bar steel.  Its first incarnation ran from 1957 until 1985 when it was bought by Birmingham Steel Corporation, United States.  The mill is still in business as part of Nucor.

In 1956, both The Clarion-Ledger and The State Times newspapers reported that the area just to the east of Jackson had been carefully leveed to sustain industrial development.  Per the State Times article, Wesley A. "Cotton" Caldwell is named the first chairman of the board, and production of merchant products and rebar should commence within one year.

In 1985, The Clarion Ledger reported the sale of substantially all of the assets of Mississippi Steel Division of Magna Corporation, a Mississippi corporation, to Birmingham Steel Corporation. Birmingham Steel operated two similar "Mini-Mills" in Alabama and Illinois.  The majority shareholders of Magna Corporation, the Caldwell family, intend to use the proceeds of the sale to purchase all outstanding shares of Magna Corporation thus taking the company private.

December 10, 2002:  steelnews.com reports Nucor completes purchase of Mississippi Steel plant along with three other mills from the bankrupt Birmingham Steel Corporation.

Mississippi has a second steel mill now after 2000.  Per www.severcorr.com, SeverCorr has opened a new steel mill located in the Golden Triangle area of Northeast Mississippi, thus making it the second steel manufacturer in the state.  This plant plans to primarily serve the region's growing automotive industry.

References

Economy of Mississippi
Ironworks and steel mills in the United States
Crosby Wetland Management District. The Crosby Wetland Management District is located in the U.S. state of North Dakota.  The district is located in the extreme northwestern section of North Dakota, along the border with Canada and the state of Montana.  Within the district is the Lake Zahl National Wildlife Refuge, 96 parcels of land owned by the U.S. Government which are managed as Waterfowl Production Areas, and several hundred easement refuges that are on privately owned land which are cooperatively managed by the landowners and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

The region is known for being one of the finest in North America for nesting and breeding sites for hundreds of species of birds, especially waterfowl.  The region also has upland sections that are prime habitat for game birds such as the grouse and pheasant, and numerous small mammals and white-tailed deer can be found.

References

External links 
 
 

National Wildlife Refuges in North Dakota
Wetlands of North Dakota
Landforms of Divide County, North Dakota
Aresa Biodetection. Aresa Biodetection was a biotechnology firm based in Copenhagen, Denmark which is best known for genetically modifying a common weed to indicate the presence of land mines.  The company created a thale cress whose leaves turn brown in the presence of nitrogen dioxide, a compound which is leached into the soil by unexploded land mines. Previously identification of land mines was done by probing or by metal detectors.  Use of these plants as indicators significantly reduces the risks to humans and animals who have previously probed the soil to locate mines and finds mines in plastic housings that cannot be found with metal detectors.

In 2008 Aresa Biodetection announced it had stopped further development of genetically engineered thale cress. In 2009, Aresa Biodetection had no sales and only one employee.

References

Biotechnology companies of Denmark
Companies based in Hørsholm Municipality
SCM (Scheme implementation). SCM is a programming language, a dialect of the language Scheme.

Language
It is written in the language C, by Aubrey Jaffer, the author of the SLIB Scheme library and the JACAL interactive computer algebra (symbolic mathematics) program. It conforms to the standards R4RS, R5RS, and IEEE P1178. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

SCM runs on many different operating systems such as AmigaOS (also emulation), Linux, Atari ST, Mac OS X (SCM Mac), DOS, OS/2, NOS/VE, Unicos, VMS, Unix, and similar systems.

SCM includes Hobbit, a Scheme-to-C compiler written originally in 2002 by Tanel Tammet. It generates C files which binaries can be dynamically or statically linked with an SCM executable. SCM includes linkable modules for SLIB features like sequence comparison, arrays, records, and byte-number conversions, and modules for Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) system calls and network sockets, Readline, curses, and Xlib.

On some platforms, SCM supports unexec (developed for Emacs and bash), which dumps an executable image from a running SCM. This results in a fast startup for SCM.

SCM developed from Scheme In One Defun (SIOD) in about 1990. GNU Guile developed from SCM in 1993.

References

External links

SCM project page on Savannah

Scheme (programming language) interpreters
Scheme (programming language) compilers
Scheme (programming language) implementations
Lithium hexafluorophosphate. Lithium hexafluorophosphate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiPF6. It is a white crystalline powder.

Production
LiPF6 is manufactured by reacting phosphorus pentachloride with hydrogen fluoride and lithium fluoride 

PCl5 + LiF + 5 HF →  LiPF6 + 5 HCl

Suppliers include Targray and Morita Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.

Chemistry

The salt is relatively stable thermally, but loses 50% weight at 200 °C (392 °F). It hydrolyzes near 70 °C (158 °F) according to the following equation forming highly toxic HF gas:
LiPF6 + 4 H2O → LiF + 5 HF + H3PO4

Owing to the Lewis acidity of the Li+ ions, LiPF6 also catalyses the tetrahydropyranylation of tertiary alcohols.

In lithium-ion batteries, LiPF6 reacts with Li2CO3, which may be catalysed by small amounts of HF:

LiPF6 + Li2CO3 → POF3 + CO2 + 3 LiF

Application
The main use of LiPF6 is in commercial secondary batteries, an application that exploits its high solubility in polar aprotic solvents. Specifically, solutions of lithium hexafluorophosphate in carbonate blends of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and/or ethyl methyl carbonate, with a small amount of one or many additives such as fluoroethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate, serve as state-of-the-art electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. This application takes advantage of the inertness of the hexafluorophosphate anion toward strong reducing agents, such as lithium metal, as well as of the ability of [PF6-] to passivate the positive aluminium current collector.

References

Lithium salts
Hexafluorophosphates
Electrolytes
Kola-class frigate. The Kola class was the NATO reporting name for a group of frigates built for the Soviet Navy in the 1950s. The Soviet designation was Storozhevoi Korabl (escort ship) Project 42. These ships were analogous to World War II era destroyer escorts or German s. The programme consisted of only 8 ships as these vessels were considered to be too expensive for series production and the smaller and cheaper  was built instead. Radars and sonars were fitted.

Design

The ships were designed for patrolling Soviet waters and escorting convoys. The design process involved a specification issued in 1946 and two design bureau submitted competing designs with both diesel and steam turbine machinery. The hull was welded and longitudinally framed. The machinery suite consisted of alternating boiler rooms and turbine rooms in a unit machinery arrangement. Armament consisted of four single  dual purpose guns and torpedo tubes.

Ships

All ships were built by Yantar Yard, Kaliningrad. They were the first major ships built there after the transfer of the area to Soviet rule following World War II.

See also
List of ships of the Soviet Navy
List of ships of Russia by project number

References
 Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 
 Site in Russian Language
 Site in Russian Language
 Russian Kola Class Frigates - Complete Ship List

 
Frigate classes
Frigates of the Soviet Navy
White Sands Space Harbor. White Sands Space Harbor (WSSH) is a spaceport in New Mexico that was formerly used as a Space Shuttle runway, a test site for rocket research, and the primary training area used by NASA for Space Shuttle pilots practicing approaches and landings in the Shuttle Training Aircraft and T-38 Talon aircraft. With its runways, navigational aids, runway lighting, and control facilities, it also served as a backup Shuttle landing site. WSSH is a part of the White Sands Test Facility, and is located approximately 30 miles (50 kilometers) west of Alamogordo, New Mexico, within the boundaries of the White Sands Missile Range.

Runway facilities 
In 1976, NASA selected Northrup Strip as the site for shuttle pilot training. A second runway was added crossing the original north-south landing strip, and in 1979 both lakebed runways were lengthened to 35,000 ft (10,668 m), which includes 15,000 ft (4,572 m) usable runway with 10,000 ft (3048 m) extensions on either end, to allow White Sands Space Harbor to serve as shuttle backup landing facility. While the Space Harbor was activated as a backup landing site for STS-116 due to poor weather conditions at both Edwards Air Force Base (high cross-winds) and Kennedy Space Center (clouds and rain), White Sands was only used for one landing of the Space Shuttle, that of the  on March 30, 1982, for STS-3.

Boeing's Starliner Calypso returned from a 49-hour Orbital Test Flight at 12:57 UTC on December 22, 2019, on runway 17/35. This marked only the second time an orbital vehicle has returned to Earth at White Sands.

Launch complex
The McDonnell Douglas DC-X of the USAF Single Stage Rocket Technology (SSRT) program was launched 1993-96 at the harbor.

Landing history

References

External links
Historic American Engineering Record documentation, all filed under White Sands, Dona Ana County, NM:

Historic American Engineering Record in New Mexico
Launch complexes of the United States Space Force
Spaceports in the United States
White Sands Missile Range
1979 establishments in New Mexico
Space Shuttle Emergency Landing Sites
Vestas aircoil A/S. Vestas aircoil A/S is a manufacturer of charge air coolers, intercoolers and cooling towers founded in the small Danish town of Lem in Jutland. Vestas built the first marine diesel engine charge air cooler for Burmeister & Wain in 1956. Since the turn of the century, Vestas aircoil has opened locations in the Far East and Southern Europe and continues to be a major supplier to engine builders and operators all over the world.

Until the 1980s, the company was associated with Vestas Wind Systems who are located in the same town

They continue to manufacture charge air coolers for new and existing diesel engines; and in recent years have seen significant growth despite severe competition from the Far East.

Gallery

Manufacturing companies of Denmark
Danish companies established in 1956