omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bionomics. Bionomics (Greek: bio = life; nomos = law) has two different meanings: 
 the first is the comprehensive study of an organism and its relation to its environment. As translated from the French word Bionomie, its first use in English was in the period of 1885–1890. Another way of expressing this word is the term currently referred to as "ecology".
 the other is an economic discipline which studies economy as a self-organized evolving ecosystem.

An example of studies of the first type is in Richard B. Selander's Bionomics, Systematics and Phylogeny of Lytta, a Genus of Blister Beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae), Illinois Biological Monographs: number 28, 1960.

When related to the territory Ignegnoli talks about Landscape Bionomics, defining Landscape as the "level of biological organization integrating complex systems of plants, animals and humans in a living Entity recognizable in a territory as characterized by suitable emerging properties in a determined spatial configuration". (Ingegnoli, 2011, 2015; Ingegnoli, Bocchi, Giglio, 2017)

Bionomics as an economic discipline is used by Igor Flor of "Bionomica, the International Bionomics Institute"

References 
   Benthos - Bionomics
 Ingegnoli V, Bocchi S, Giglio E (2017) Landscape Bionomics: a Systemic Approach to Understand and Govern Territorial Development.  WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, Vol.13, pp. 189–195   
 Ingegnoli V (2015) Landscape Bionomics. Biological-Integrated Landscape Ecology. Springer, Heidelberg, Milan, New York. Pp. XXIV + 431 
 Ingegnoli, V. (2011). Bionomia del paesaggio. L’ecologia del paesaggio biologico-integrata per la formazione di un “medico” dei sistemi ecologici. Springer-Verlag, Milano, pp. XX+340.

External links 

 Website of "Bionomica"
 Website of "The Planetary Society for Bionomic Renewal - terra.ngo" 

Ecology

zh:生态学
Iram. Iram or IRAM may refer to:

Computing
i-RAM, a solid-state drive based on volatile electronic memory (RAM)
Berkeley IRAM project, research into intelligent random access memory
Internal RAM, the memory range internal to a CPU

Organisations
Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique, operates two radio astronomical observatories
Institut Reine Astrid Mons, a school in Belgium
Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación, an Argentine institute known as IRAM

Other
Erum (name), a Muslim name commonly spelt in English as Iram.
Iram of the Pillars, a lost city located on the Arabian Peninsula
Improvised rocket-assisted munition
Information Risk Assessment Methodology, provides business-focused  information risk assessment
CP-67. CP-67 is a hypervisor, or Virtual Machine Monitor, from IBM for its System/360 Model 67 computer.

CP-67 is the control program portion of CP/CMS, a virtual machine operating system developed by IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was a reimplementation of their earlier research system CP-40, which ran on a one-off customized S/360-40. CP-67 was later reimplemented (again) as CP-370, which IBM released as VM/370 in 1972, when virtual memory was added to the System/370 series.

CP and CMS are usually grouped together as a unit, but the "components are independent of each other. CP-67 can be used on an appropriate configuration without CMS, and CMS
can be run on a properly configured System/360 as a single-user system without CP-67."

Minimum hardware configuration
The minimum configuation for CP-67 is:
 2067 CPU, model 1 or 2
 2365 Processor Storage model 1—262,144 bytes of magnetic core memory with an access time of 750 ns (nanoseconds) per eight bytes.
 IBM 1052 printer/keyboard
 IBM 1403 printer
 IBM 2540 card read/punch
 Three IBM 2311 disk storage units, 7.5 MB each, 22.5 MB total
 IBM 2400 magnetic tape data storage unit
 IBM 270x Transmission Control unit

Installation
Disks to be used by CP have to be formatted by a standalone utility called FORMAT, loaded from tape or punched cards. CP disks are formatted with fixed-length 829 byte records. 

Following formatting, a second stand-alone utility, DIRECT, partitions the disk space between permanent (system and user files) and temporary (paging and spooling) space. DIRECT also creates the user directory identifying the virtual machines (users) available in the system. For each user the directory contains identifying information, id and password, and lists the resources (core, devices, etc) that this user can access, Although a user may be allowed access to physical devices it is more common to specify virtual devices, such as a spooled card reader, card punch, and printer. A user can be allocated one or more virtual disk units, "mini disks" [sic.], which resemble a real disk of the same device type, except that they occupy a subset of the space on the real device.

Family tree

See also
 History of CP/CMS

References

Virtualization software
IBM mainframe operating systems
History of software
VM (operating system)
QFE. QFE is a three letter acronym which can have meanings in aviation, in software development, and in network usage. It can refer to
QFE, a Q code used by pilots and air traffic controllers that refers to atmospheric pressure and altimeter settings
Quick Fix Engineering, also known as "hotfix".
Quoted for emphasis, used on internet forums when someone wants to reiterate a previously-made point.
Qualifying Financial Entities, are companies or organisations that are registered on the Financial Service Providers Register in New Zealand.
Overhead join. An overhead join is a conventional method for an aircraft to approach and safely land at an airfield. It helps a pilot to integrate with any air traffic pattern near an airfield, join any circuit, and land.

Aircraft may arrive at the landing site from any direction, so a safe means of integrating into existing traffic and aligning with the runway is required. The overhead join is the standard method used in the UK, South Africa and other Commonwealth countries at smaller airports by general aviation aircraft flying under the visual flight rules (VFR), and especially at airfields with no regular radio service.

Prior to arrival, the pilot might talk with air traffic control (ATC) over the radio to establish the runway in use, the circuit height and direction (left or right hand), and the  QFE (atmospheric pressure) of the field. If the airfield is not equipped with ATC or radio, the pilot will establish these things before arrival by contacting the airfield prior to departure, or by using weather forecasts and the like. 

This information is verified on arrival by overflying the airfield and looking out for the wind direction indications from a wind sock, smoke from fires, etc., or any ground signals in the signals square (if present). This involves positioning the aircraft so that it is flying across the direction of the runway and typically at  higher than the circuit pattern for the airfield. 

The pilot crosses the runway from the normal circuit for that runway, looking out for other traffic in the circuit, and descends to circuit height (often  AGL for GA aircraft or  for helicopters or at microlight airfields) on the dead side (opposite that of the normal circuit). With no traffic in circuit, the circuit is joined by crossing the upwind threshold and then turning downwind. With other traffic present in the circuit, the aircraft might be positioned downwind in the circuit behind or between other traffic in order to land in turn. 

Alternatives to the overhead join are to directly join the circuit by entering at a suitable corner, or a straight-in approach. If available, ATC will negotiate with the pilot which is the most appropriate method according to the current traffic situation.

See also
 Index of aviation articles

External links
 Standard Overhead Join 3-D diagram
 Standard Overhead Join poster reference

Air traffic control
Aircraft operations
Macintosh IIx. The Macintosh IIx is a personal computer designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer from September 1988 to October 1990.  This model was introduced as an update to the original Macintosh II, replacing the 16 MHz Motorola 68020 CPU and 68881 FPU with a 68030 CPU and 68882 FPU running at the same clock speed.  The initial price of the IIx was  or  for the version with a 40 MB hard drive.

The 800 KB floppy drive was replaced with a 1.44 MB SuperDrive; the IIx is the first Macintosh to include this as standard.

The Mac IIx included 0.25 KiB of L1 instruction CPU cache, 0.25 KiB of L1 data cache, a 16 MHz bus (1:1 with CPU speed), and supported up to System 7.5.5.

The IIx was the second of three Macintosh models to use this case allowing dual floppy drives and 6 NuBus slots; the last model was the Macintosh IIfx. Apple's nomenclature of the time used the "x" to indicate the presence of the 68030 CPU as used in the Macintosh IIcx and IIvx.

Support and spare parts for the IIx were discontinued on August 31, 1998.

Timeline

References

External links
 Macintosh IIx technical specification at apple.com
 Macintosh IIx technical specifications at EveryMac (Accessed 9/11/2015)

x
IIx
IIx
IIx
Computer-related introductions in 1988
Products and services discontinued in 1990
Autoignition temperature. The autoignition temperature or self-ignition temperature, often called spontaneous ignition temperature or minimum ignition temperature (or shortly ignition temperature) and formerly also known as kindling point, of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it spontaneously ignites in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. This temperature is required to supply the activation energy needed for combustion. The temperature at which a chemical ignites decreases as the pressure is increased. 

Substances which spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere at naturally ambient temperatures are termed pyrophoric.

Autoignition temperatures of liquid chemicals are typically measured using a  flask placed in a temperature-controlled oven in accordance with the procedure described in ASTM E659.

When measured for plastics, autoignition temperature can also be measured under elevated pressure and at 100% oxygen concentration. The resulting value is used as a predictor of viability for high-oxygen service. The main testing standard for this is ASTM G72.

Autoignition time equation
The time  it takes for a material to reach its autoignition temperature  when exposed to a heat flux  is given by the following equation:

where k = thermal conductivity, ρ = density, and c = specific heat capacity of the material of interest,  is the initial temperature of the material (or the temperature of the bulk material).

Autoignition temperature of selected substances
Temperatures vary widely in the literature and should only be used as estimates. Factors that may cause variation include partial pressure of oxygen, altitude, humidity, and amount of time required for ignition. Generally the autoignition temperature for hydrocarbon/air mixtures decreases with increasing molecular mass and increasing chain length. The autoignition temperature is also higher for branched-chain hydrocarbons than for straight-chain hydrocarbons.

See also
 Fire point
 Flash point
 Gas burner (for flame temperatures, combustion heat energy values and ignition temperatures)
 Spontaneous combustion

References

External links 
 Analysis of Effective Thermal Properties of Thermally Thick Materials.

Chemical properties
Fire
Threshold temperatures

sv:Självantändning#Självantändningspunkt
Cliff Shaw. John Clifford Shaw (February 23, 1922 – February 9, 1991) was a systems programmer at the RAND Corporation. He is a coauthor of the first artificial intelligence program, the Logic Theorist, and was one of the developers of General Problem Solver (universal problem solver machine) and Information Processing Language (a programming language of the 1950s). Information Processing Language is considered the true "father" of the JOSS language. One of the most significant events that occurred in the programming was the development of the concept of list processing by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon and Cliff Shaw during the development of the language IPL-V. He invented the linked list, which remains fundamental in many strands of modern computing technology.

References

External links
Simon, Herbert A. Allen Newell - a referenced biography of Newell and Shaw at the National Academy of Sciences.

People in information technology
Artificial intelligence researchers
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Place of birth missing
1922 births
1991 deaths
Starve-fed. In emulsion polymerization, starve-fed refers to a method of monomer addition where the monomer is introduced gradually into the reaction vessel at a rate that allows the majority of monomer to be consumed by the reaction before more is added. The purpose of this method is generally to control the distribution of different monomers into a copolymer. Many monomers have different reaction rates and so, if all the monomers are added to the system at the same time, tend to react in blocks.  This blockiness in the polymer leads to significantly different properties in the final polymer from one with a more statistically random distribution of monomers.

This method is utilized in synthesizing core-shell latex particles by emulsion polymerization, in order to carefully prepare the final structure.

References

Chemical processes
Object request broker. In distributed computing, an object request broker (ORB) is a concept of a middleware, which allows program calls to be made from one computer to another via a computer network, providing location transparency through remote procedure calls. ORBs promote interoperability of distributed object systems, enabling such systems to be built by piecing together objects from different vendors, while different parts communicate with each other via the ORB. Common Object Request Broker Architecture standardizes the way ORB may be implemented.

Overview 
ORBs assumed to handle the transformation of in-process data structures to and from the raw byte sequence, which is transmitted over the network.  This is called marshalling or serialization.  In addition to marshalling data, ORBs often expose many more features, such as distributed transactions, directory services or real-time scheduling.  Some ORBs, such as CORBA-compliant systems, use an interface description language to describe the data that is to be transmitted on remote calls.

In object-oriented languages (e.g. Java), an ORB actually provides a framework which enables remote objects to be used over the network, in the same way as if they were local and part of the same process.  On the client side, so-called stub objects are created and invoked, serving as the only part visible and used inside the client application.  After the stub's methods are invoked, the client-side ORB performs the marshalling of invocation data, and forwards the request to the server-side ORB.  On the server side, ORB locates the targeted object, executes the requested operation, and returns the results.  Having the results available, the client's ORB performs the demarshalling and passes the results back into the invoked stub, making them available to the client application.  The whole process is transparent, resulting in remote objects appearing as if they were local.

Implementations 
 CORBA - Common Object Request Broker Architecture.
 ICE - the Internet Communications Engine
 .NET Remoting - object remoting library within Microsoft's .NET Framework
 Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)
 ORBexpress - Real-time and Enterprise ORBs by Objective Interface Systems
 Orbix - An Enterprise-level CORBA ORB originally developed by IONA Technologies
 DCOM - the Distributed Component Object Model from Microsoft
 RMI - the Remote Method Invocation Protocol from Sun Microsystems
 ORBit - an open-source CORBA ORB used as middleware for GNOME
 The ACE ORB - a CORBA implementation from the / Distributed Object Computing (DOC) Group

See also

References 

 
Middleware
Silastic. Silastic (a portmanteau of 'silicone' and 'plastic') is a trademark registered in 1948 by Dow Corning Corporation for flexible, inert silicone elastomer.

Composition
The Silastic trademark refers to silicone elastomers, silicone tubing and some cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane materials manufactured by Dow Corning, the owner of the global trademark.

Applications
Silastic-brand silicone elastomers have a range of applications.  In the automotive industry they are used for making gaskets, spark plug boots, hoses and other components that must operate over a broad temperature range and resist oil and coolants.  The elastomers are widely used in the architectural, aerospace, electronic, food and beverage, textile, and transportation industries for molding, coating, adhesion and sealing. Due to their inert nature, medical-grade Silastic-brand silicone elastomers are important materials in numerous medical and pharmaceutical devices including catheters, pacemaker leads, tubing, wound dressings, silos for abdominal wall defects,  and nasolacrimal duct obstruction. These medical-grade elastomers are also used in the manufacture of hyper-realistic masks, where they perfectly mimic the texture of human skin and follow all facial movements and expressions.

References

External links
 Dow Corning Corporation

Silicones
Elastomers
Brand name materials
Dow Chemical Company
Centrifugal switch. A centrifugal switch is an electric switch that operates using the centrifugal force created from a rotating shaft, most commonly that of an electric motor or gasoline engine. The switch is designed to activate or de-activate as a function of the rotational speed of the shaft.

History 
A 1927 patent for a centrifugal switch (US Patent #1,630,394) was granted to Royal Lee on May 31, 1927. It was the basis for the formation of the Lee Engineering Company.

Applications

Electric motors 
Perhaps the most common use of centrifugal switches is within single-phase, split-phase induction motors. Here, the switch is used to disconnect the starting winding of the motor once the motor approaches its normal operating speed. In this case, the centrifugal switch consists of weights mounted to the shaft of the motor and held near the shaft by spring force. At rest, levers attached to the weights press a low-friction, non-conductive plate against a set of electrical contacts mounted to the motor housing, closing the contacts and connecting the starting winding to the power source. When the motor approaches its normal operating speed, centrifugal force overcomes the spring force and the weights swing out, raising the plate away from the electrical contacts. This allows the contacts to open and disconnects the starting winding from the power source; the motor then continues operating solely using its running winding. Motors using such a centrifugal switch make a distinct clicking noise when starting and stopping as the centrifugal switch opens and closes.

A variation of the centrifugal switch used a changeover contact to ensure that the auxiliary windings remain in the circuit through a running capacitor. These motors are called two-value or capacitor start capacitor run motors.

Centrifugal switches are found in many clothes dryers, supplying power to the motor in parallel with the start switch.  As long as the motor continues turning, the centrifugal switch supplies power, but if something jams in the dryer and slows it down too much, the switch will cut power.

Centrifugal switches were also used in early electric fans, particularly those made in the 1900s and early 1910s. 

In aircraft, a centrifugal switch is used to control the starting and ignition circuits, the governed speed indication circuit and the overspeed protection circuit of the auxiliary power unit. This switch is mounted inside a rotating body. This can be set to activate or deactivate a circuit as the rpm of device increases or decreases.

Centrifugal switches are designed to minimize frictional contact between the rotating speed sensor and the non-rotating switch body. In most cases, this is done by having contact at low speed, which is pulled away at operating speed, so there is friction only during brief periods of start-up and slow-down. However, overspeed switches work the other way, making contact at high speed, but avoiding contact at normal operating speed.

See also
 Centrifugal governor
 Transfer switch

References 

Switches
NW. NW may refer to:

Arts and entertainment 
 NW (novel), by Zadie Smith
 Nat Wolff, a singer and actor
 New wave music, a genre
 New Weekly, an Australian celebrity magazine
 Nintendo Wii, a video game console

Geography 
 Northwest (disambiguation), multiple articles
 NW postcode area, northwest London, UK
 Nidwalden, a canton of Switzerland
 North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany
 North West (South African province)

Technology 
 Nanowire, a nanostructure with a diameter on the order of a nanometer
 NetWare, in file and protocol names of the Novell NetWare family
 Nuclear warfare, the use of nuclear weapons in war
 An ISO-specified vacuum flange fitting (code NW)

Other uses 
 Nahdlatul Wathan, an Indonesian Islamic organization
 No worries, an expression
 Norfolk and Western Railroad, a U.S. class I railroad
 North Western Reporter, a US case law report series
 Northwest Airlines (former IATA airline code NW)
Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle. The Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle was an early design for a supersonic transport. Unlike most competing designs which envisioned larger trans-Atlantic aircraft and led to the likes of the Boeing 2707, the Super-Caravelle was a much smaller, shorter range design intended to replace Sud Aviation's earlier and successful Caravelle. Design work started in 1960 and was announced in 1961 at the Paris Air Show, but was later merged with similar work at the British Aircraft Corporation (originally the Bristol 223) to create the Concorde project in November 1962. After work had begun on designing Concorde, the Super Caravelle name was instead used on a lengthened version of the original Caravelle design, the SE-210B.

Design
The Super-Caravelle looks very much like a smaller version of Concorde. It used Concorde's unique ogive wing planform, and was otherwise similar in shape and layout with the exception of the nose area, which was more conventional and only the outermost section over the radar "drooped" for visibility on takeoff and landing. In normal use it was designed to carry up to 109 passengers between  at about Mach 2. The size and range requirements were set to make the Super-Caravelle "perfect" for Air France's European and African routes.

Concorde was originally to be delivered in two versions, a longer-range transatlantic version similar to the Bristol 223 that was eventually delivered as Concorde, and a smaller version for shorter range routes similar to the Super-Caravelle. After consultations with prospective customers, the smaller design was dropped.

Specifications

See also

Further reading
 Operators’ reference drawing , , 
 John Wegg, Caravelle - The Complete Story 2005, Airways International Inc.

References

Abandoned civil aircraft projects
Concorde
1960s French airliners
Quadjets
Super Caravelle
Supersonic transports
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
Pulse computation. Pulse computation is a hybrid of digital and analog computation that uses aperiodic electrical spikes, as opposed to the periodic voltages in a digital computer or the continuously varying voltages in an analog computer. Pulse streams are unclocked, so they can arrive at arbitrary times and can be generated by analog processes, although each spike is allocated a binary value, as it would be in a digital computer.

Pulse computation is primarily studied as part of the field of neural networks.  The processing unit in such a network is called a "neuron".

References

Computational neuroscience