omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Saab Aero-X. The Saab Aero-X is a concept car built by Saab, which was unveiled at the 2006 Salon International de l'Auto.

It is powered by a 2.8 L twin turbocharged V6 running on pure ethanol that produces . The 0 to  time was predicted to be 4.9 seconds and the top speed is . It has a seven speed manual transmission controlled by paddles on the steering wheel.

Like the later Saab Turbo X, the Aero-X has four wheel drive. The doors and windscreen are connected, so instead of using conventional doors or even gullwing doors, it uses a cockpit canopy where the entire top section of the car is opened. This offers the Aero X's driver full 180 degree vision, and also facilitates entry and exit from its low slung cabin. The body is made of carbon fiber. 

The suspension is electronically controlled. Even though it is a two seat sports car, it has reasonable storage, as the rear features two storage facilities, with a conventional hatchback and sliding drawer underneath. The interior offers "clean Scandinavian interior design". The car has no ordinary dials and buttons; instead, data is displayed on acrylic 'clear zones' in graphic 3D images. All interior and exterior lights utilize LEDs.

Although only a concept car, it has been well received, with many fans calling for its production. Victor Muller responded on the SaabsUnited.com website, saying that it is not a priority for the company right now. 

"This study shows how the strength of the Saab brand heritage can inspire bold, innovative design", said Bryan Nesbitt, the Executive Director of GM Design Europe: "As we move forward with new Saab product, we will remain focused on carefully cultivating this brand equity in the context of Scandinavian design values".

"This concept shows the exciting possibilities that are open to us as we evolve a more progressive design language for the Saab brand", said Jan Åke Jonsson, Saab's Managing Director. "Our designers, engineers and marketers in Sweden are ideally placed to nurture and communicate the unique DNA of the Saab brand. Their work will ensure that future product proposals express core qualities, such as progressive design, sporty performance and emotional functionality, in a way that is specific to Saab." Elements of the cars frontal design have emerged in later Saab models, notably the design refresh of the Saab 9-3 Sports Sedan, the second generation Saab 9-5 and the Saab 9-4X.

The Aero-X was rumored to make its cinematic début in Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, with fans speculating that it may be used for the Autobot Wheeljack. However, it was not used.

Gallery

References 

All-wheel-drive vehicles
Aero-X
Cars introduced in 2006
Sports cars
Coupés
MVS (disambiguation). MVS is an IBM mainframe computer operating system, commonly known as Multiple Virtual Storage.

MVS may also refer to:

 Maritime Volunteer Service, a UK Charity supplying Maritime Training and Support
 Metal vapor synthesis, a technique in chemistry
 Mezinárodní všeodborový svaz, a Czechoslovak trade union federation
 Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (Ministerstvo Vnutrishnikh Sprav - )
 Mobile Visual Search
 Mucuri Airport, in Buenos Aires (IATA code MVS)
 MVS Comunicaciones, a Mexican media company
 MVS Radio, a group of international Spanish-language radio networks
 MVS TV, a Mexican cable television network
 Neo Geo MVS arcade game system from SNK
Marquez Valdes-Scantling, American football wide receiver
TCDD 56501 Class. The TCDD (Turkish Republic Railways) 56501 Class is a class of 2-10-0 steam locomotives provided by Germany during the Second World War. They were numbered 56501-56553 .

Overview 
After the outbreak of the Second World War, the United Kingdom was unable to supply locomotives ordered by TCDD.  Nazi Germany stepped in and offered the Turks DRG BR 52-type Kriegloks. 10 were supplied in 1943, and 43 more were lent to the Turks in 1943/1944, the loan of which was made permanent after Turkey declared war on Germany towards the end of the war in Europe.  In response to the initial German move the Allies gave TCDD 20 LMS Stanier Class 8F which formed the 45151 Class and 29 USATC S200 Class which formed the 46201 Class.

All 53 survived into the 1980s.

References

External links 
 56501 to 56553 Trains of Turkey

56501
Steam locomotives of Turkey
2-10-0 locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Turkey
How to Survive a Robot Uprising. How to Survive a Robot Uprising: Tips on Defending Yourself Against the Coming Rebellion is a semi-satirical book by Daniel Wilson published in November 2005.

The book gives tongue-in-cheek advice on how one can survive in the event that robots become too intelligent and rebel against the human race.  How to Survive a Robot Uprising is partially based on scientific fact, and is a prime example of deadpan humor.

Wired magazine gave it a 2006 Rave Award, calling it "equal parts sci-fi send-up and technical primer". Maclean's called the book "very funny and highly informative."

In 2007, the American Library Association designated the book a 2707 ALA “Popular Paperback for Young Adults Everywhere ”.

Wilson received a Ph.D. in Robotics from Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

In the summer of 2005, Paramount Pictures optioned film rights to the book and hired Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant (both members of The State comedy troupe and co-creators of the Reno 911! television series) to write a script based on the book. On April 26, 2006 comedian Mike Myers signed with Paramount to star in the movie adaptation.

See also
Butlerian Jihad
Carbon chauvinism
Battlestar Galactica
The Matrix
The Terminator
I, Robot (film)
The Zombie Survival Guide
Cybernetic revolt
9 (2009 animated film)
Robopocalypse

Notes

External links
Official Site
HUAR

2005 non-fiction books
Science fiction books
Comedy books
Books about survival skills
Polytropic process. A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that obeys the relation:

where p is the pressure, V is volume, n is the polytropic index, and C is a constant. The polytropic process equation describes expansion and compression processes which include heat transfer.

Particular cases
Some specific values of n correspond to particular cases:
 for an isobaric process,
 for an isochoric process.
In addition, when the ideal gas law applies:
 for an isothermal process,
 for an isentropic process.

Where  is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure () to heat capacity at constant volume ().

Equivalence between the polytropic coefficient and the ratio of energy transfers

For an ideal gas in a closed system undergoing a slow process with negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy the process is polytropic, such that

where C is a constant, , , and with the polytropic coefficient

Relationship to ideal processes
For certain values of the polytropic index, the process will be synonymous with other common processes. Some examples of the effects of varying index values are given in the following table.

When the index n is between any two of the former values (0, 1, γ, or ∞), it means that the polytropic curve will cut through (be bounded by) the curves of the two bounding indices.

For an ideal gas, 1 < γ < 5/3, since by Mayer's relation

Other
A solution to the Lane–Emden equation using a polytropic fluid is known as a polytrope.

See also

Adiabatic process
Compressor
Internal combustion engine
Isentropic process
Isobaric process
Isochoric process
Isothermal process
Polytrope
Quasistatic equilibrium
Thermodynamics
Vapor-compression refrigeration

References

Thermodynamic processes
Caprolactone. ε-Caprolactone or simply caprolactone is a lactone (a cyclic ester) possessing a seven-membered ring. Its name is derived from caproic acid. This colorless liquid is miscible with most organic solvents and water.  It was once produced on a large scale as a precursor to caprolactam.

Production and uses
Caprolactone is prepared industrially by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclohexanone with peracetic acid.

Caprolactone is a monomer used in the production of highly specialised polymers. Ring-opening polymerization, for example, gives polycaprolactone. Another polymer is polyglecaprone, used as suture material in surgery.

Reactions
Although no longer economical, caprolactone was once produced as a precursor to caprolactam. Caprolactone is treated with ammonia at elevated temperatures to give the lactam:
(CH2)5CO2 + NH3 → (CH2)5C(O)NH + H2O

Carbonylation of caprolactone gives, after hydrolysis, pimelic acid. The lactone ring is easily opened with nucleophiles including alcohols and water to give polylactones and eventually the 6-hydroxyadipic acid.

Related compounds  
Several other caprolactones are known, including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-caprolactones. All are chiral. (R)-γ-caprolactone is a component of floral scents and of the aromas of some fruits and vegetables, and is also produced by the Khapra beetle as a pheromone. δ-caprolactone is found in heated milk fat.

An ether of caprolactone is used as a binder for AP/AN/Al rocket propellant HTCE: Hydroxy-Terminated Caprolactone Ether

Safety
Caprolactone hydrolyses rapidly and the resulting hydroxycarboxylic acid displays unexceptional toxicity, as is common for the other hydroxycarboxylic acids. It is known to cause severe eye irritation. Exposure may result in corneal injury.

References 

Epsilon-lactones
Monomers
Oxepanes
Polymer brush. In materials science, a polymer brush is the name given to a surface coating consisting of polymers tethered to a surface. The brush may be either in a solvated state, where the tethered polymer layer consists of polymer and solvent, or in a melt state, where the tethered chains completely fill up the space available. These polymer layers can be tethered to flat substrates such as silicon wafers, or highly curved substrates such as nanoparticles. Also, polymers can be tethered in high density to another single polymer chain, although this arrangement is normally named a bottle brush. Additionally, there is a separate class of polyelectrolyte brushes, when the polymer chains themselves carry an electrostatic charge.

The brushes are often characterized by the high density of grafted chains. The limited space then leads to a strong extension of the chains. Brushes can be used to stabilize colloids, reduce friction between surfaces, and to provide lubrication in artificial joints.

Polymer brushes have been modeled with molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo methods, Brownian dynamics simulations, and molecular theories.

Structure 

Polymer molecules within a brush are stretched away from the attachment surface as a result of the fact that they repel each other (steric repulsion or osmotic pressure). More precisely, they are more elongated near the attachment point and unstretched at the free end, as depicted on the drawing.

More precisely, within the approximation derived by Milner, Witten, Cates, the average density of all monomers in a given chain is always the same up to a prefactor:

where  is the altitude of the end monomer and  the number of monomers per chain.

The averaged density profile  of the end monomers of all attached chains, convoluted with the above density profile for one chain, determines the density profile of the brush as a whole:

A dry brush has a uniform monomer density up to some altitude . One can show that the corresponding end monomer density profile is given by:

where  is the monomer size.

The above monomer density profile  for one single chain minimizes the total elastic energy of the brush,

regardless of the end monomer density profile , as shown in.

From a dry brush to any brush 

As a consequence, the structure of any brush can be derived from the brush density profile . Indeed, the free end distribution is simply a convolution of the density profile with the free end distribution of a dry brush:

.

Correspondingly, the brush elastic free energy is given by:

.

This method has been used to derive wetting properties of polymer melts on polymer brushes of the same species and to understand fine interpenetration asymmetries between copolymer lamellae that may yield very unusual non-centrosymmetric lamellar structures.

Applications 
Polymer brushes can be used in Area-selective deposition. Area-selective deposition is a promising technique for positional self-alignment of materials at a prepatterned surface.

See also
 Dendronized polymer

References 

Surface science
Soft matter
Polymer chemistry
Littoral Airborne Sensor/Hyperspectral. The Littoral Airborne Sensor/Hyperspectral (LASH) imaging system developed by the United States Navy combines optical imaging hardware, navigation and stabilization, and advanced image processing and algorithms to provide real-time submarine target detection,
classification, and identification in littoral waters. Operating in visible and near infrared spectrum (390 to 710 nm), LASH collects hyperspectral imagery using many spectral channels (colors) to exploit subtle color features associated with targets of interest. Developed as a pod-mounted system, LASH can be operated from a P-3C Orion, SH-60B Seahawk, or other platforms in support of anti-submarine warfare, mine detection, passive bathymetry, near-shore mapping, and land-based detection, discrimination and targeting.

Other applications

LASH technology might have medical applications. Researchers are investigating the camera's ability to detect cancer cells by comparing their minute light variations with surrounding tissue. Its ability to detect cervical cancer has been studied. If successful, it could perform a painless virtual biopsy and provide instantaneous results.

References

 summary description taken from an unclassified budget justification sheet and a vendor's description published by the USN, both in the public domain
 http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2003/Aug/19/ln/ln23a.html

Equipment of the United States Navy
List of defunct network processor companies. During the dot-com/internet bubble of the late 1990s and early 2000, the proliferation of many dot-com start-up companies created a secondary bubble in the telecommunications/computer networking infrastructure and telecommunications service provider markets. Venture capital and high tech companies rushed to build next generation infrastructure equipment for the expected explosion of internet traffic. As part of that investment fever, network processors were seen as a method of dealing with the desire for more network services and the ever-increasing data-rates of communication networks.

It has been estimated that dozens of start-up companies were created in the race to build the processors that would be a component of the next generation telecommunications equipment. Once the internet investment bubble burst, the telecom network upgrade cycle was deferred for years (perhaps for a decade). As a result, the majority of these new companies went bankrupt.

As of 2007, the only companies that are shipping network processors in sizeable volumes are Cisco Systems, Marvell, Freescale, Cavium Networks and AMCC.

OC-768/40Gb routing
 ClearSpeed  left network processor market, reverted to supercomputing applications
 Propulsion Networks  defunct
 BOPS  left network processor market, reverted to DSP applications

OC-192/10Gb routing
 Terago  defunct
 Clearwater Networks  originally named Xstream Logic, defunct
 Silicon Access  defunct
 Solidum Systems  acquired by Integrated Device Technology
 Lexra  defunct
 Fast-Chip  defunct
 Cognigine Corp.  defunct
 Internet Machines  morphed into IMC Semiconductors, a PCI-Express chip vendor
 Acorn Networks  defunct
 XaQti  acquired by Vitesse Semiconductor, product line discontinued

OC-48/2.5Gb routing
 IP Semiconductors  defunct
 Entridia  defunct
 Stargate Solutions  defunct

Gigabit Ethernet routing
 Sibyte  acquired by Broadcom, product line discontinued
 PMC-Sierra  product line discontinued

OC-12 routing
 C-port  acquired by Motorola (now Freescale), product line discontinued
 IBM  PowerNP product line discontinued
 Sitera  acquired by Vitesse, product line discontinued

Access products
 Netargy  defunct
 Ishoni Networks  defunct
 HyWire   defunct

VOIP products
 Silicon Spice  acquired by Broadcom, product line discontinued
 Malleable Technologies  acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued

Traffic managers
 Extreme Packet Devices  acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued
 Azanda Network Devices  acquired by Cortina, product line being sold as CS53xx family
 Teradiant  defunct
 Orologic  acquired by Vitesse, product line discontinued
 Maker Communications  acquired by Conexant, product line discontinued

Packet classifiers
 SwitchOn  acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued
 FastChip  defunct

Switch fabrics
 Abrizio  acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued
 Stargen  left networking market for computer server market

Security products
 Chrysalis-ITS  defunct

 
Defunct network processor companies
Network processor companies
William Edwards (inventor). William Edwards (c. 1770–1851) was an American inventor, grandson of Jonathan Edwards, the elder. He was born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey. He introduced a valuable improvement in the manufacture of leather, whereby tanning was accomplished in a quarter of the usual time.  He invented machines which greatly advanced the production of leather in America.

References

American inventors
1770s births
1851 deaths
Engineers from Elizabeth, New Jersey
People from colonial New Jersey
Tanners
List of random number generators. Random number generators are important in many kinds of technical applications, including physics, engineering or mathematical computer studies (e.g., Monte Carlo simulations), cryptography and gambling (on game servers).

This list includes many common types, regardless of quality or applicability to a given use case.

Pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs)

The following algorithms are pseudorandom number generators.

Cryptographic algorithms 
Cipher algorithms and cryptographic hashes can be used as very high-quality pseudorandom number generators. However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators.

These include:

 Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4.
 Block ciphers in counter mode. Common choices are AES (which is very fast on systems supporting it in hardware), TwoFish, Serpent and Camellia.
 Cryptographic hash functions

A few cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators do not rely on cipher algorithms but try to link mathematically the difficulty of distinguishing their output from a `true' random stream to a computationally difficult problem. These approaches are theoretically important but are too slow to be practical in most applications. They include:
 Blum–Micali algorithm (1984)
 Blum Blum Shub (1986)
 Naor–Reingold pseudorandom function (1997)

Random number generators that use external entropy
These approaches combine a pseudo-random number generator (often in the form of a block or stream cipher) with an external source of randomness (e.g., mouse movements, delay between keyboard presses etc.).

 /dev/random – Unix-like systems
 CryptGenRandom – Microsoft Windows
 Fortuna
 RDRAND instructions (called Intel Secure Key by Intel), available in Intel x86 CPUs since 2012. They use the AES generator built into the CPU, reseeding it periodically.
True Random Number Generator using Corona Discharge.
 Yarrow

See also
 Diceware
 Diehard tests – statistical test suite for random number generators
 Non-uniform random variate generation
 Hardware random number generator
 Random number generator attack
 Randomness
 TestU01 – statistical test suite for random number generators

References

External links
 SP800-90 series on Random Number Generation, NIST 
Random Number Generation in the GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual
Random Number Generation Routines in the NAG Numerical Library
Chris Lomont's overview of PRNGs, including a good implementation of the WELL512 algorithm
Source code to read data from a TrueRNG V2 hardware TRNG

Computing-related lists
Mathematics-related lists
Remineralization (disambiguation). Remineralisation (UK spelling; US remineralization) is the transformation of organic molecules to inorganic forms.

Remineralisation may also refer to:

 Bone remodeling (bone metabolism)
 Remineralisation of teeth
 Rockdust, also known as soil remineralization when applied as a nonsynthetic organic fertilizer
 See also John D. Hamaker § Remineralization benefits

See also 
 Demineralisation
 Mineralization (disambiguation)
Invariant-based programming. Invariant-based programming is a programming methodology where specifications and invariants are written before the actual program statements. Writing down the invariants during the programming process has a number of advantages: it requires the programmer to make their intentions about the program behavior explicit before actually implementing it, and invariants can be evaluated dynamically during execution to catch common programming errors. Furthermore, if strong enough, invariants can be used to prove the correctness of the program based on the formal semantics of program statements. A combined programming and specification language, connected to a powerful formal proof system, will generally be required for full verification of non-trivial programs. In this case a high degree of automation of proofs is also possible.

In most existing programming languages the main organizing structures are control flow blocks such as for loops, while loops and if statements. Such languages may not be ideal for invariants-first programming, since they force the programmer to make decisions about control flow before writing the invariants. Furthermore, most programming languages do not have good support for writing specifications and invariants, since they lack quantifier operators and one can typically not express higher order properties.

The idea of developing the program together with its proof originated from E.W. Dijkstra. Actually writing invariants before program statements has been considered in a number of different forms by M.H. van Emden, J.C. Reynolds and R-J Back.

See also 
 Eiffel (programming language)

References 

Formal methods
Programming paradigms
Full custom. In integrated circuit design, full-custom is a design methodology in which the layout of each individual transistor on the integrated circuit (IC), and the interconnections between them, are specified.  Alternatives to full-custom design include various forms of semi-custom design, such as the repetition of small transistor subcircuits; one such methodology is the use of standard cell libraries (which are themselves designed full-custom).

Full-custom design potentially maximizes the performance of the chip, and minimizes its area, but is extremely labor-intensive to implement.  Full-custom design is limited to ICs that are to be fabricated in extremely high volumes, notably certain microprocessors and a small number of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

As of 2008 the main factor affecting the design and production of ASICs was the high cost of mask sets (number of which is depending on the number of IC layers) and the requisite EDA design tools. The mask sets are required in order to transfer the ASIC designs onto the wafer.

See also 
 Electronics design flow

References

Integrated circuits
CCIP. CCIP may refer to:
 Centre for Critical Infrastructure Protection, New Zealand
 Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional, one of the Cisco Career Certifications
 Common Configuration Implementation Program
 Constantly computed impact point
 Paris Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Paris) 
 Contractor Controlled Insurance Program, an alternative to an Owner Controlled Insurance Program in the construction industry

 Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol, an omnibus blockchain feature of Chainlink