omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hand paddle. A hand paddle is a device worn by swimmers during training. It consists of a plastic plate worn over the swimmer's palm and attached over the back of the swimmer's hand with elastic cords. The plate is often perforated with a pattern of holes.

A handle paddle increases the resistance the hand experiences as it tries to move through the water during the effective part of the arm stroke – the part of the stroke described as the "pull".  This gives the swimmer considerably more forward propulsion from the arm stroke than does a naked hand, and affords an enhanced kinesthetic "feel" of the pull. It also enhances the swimmer's feel of the "catch", the phase prior to the pull, where the hand turns from a streamlined position to grasp the water and begin the pull. If the hand catches or pulls at an incorrect angle, the increased resistance afforded by the hand paddle will exacerbate the resultant twisting moment, making the defect clearer to the swimmer. The considerably increased load imposed by the hand paddle on the arm and shoulder can, however, lead to pain and an increased risk of injury, so coaches advise only limited use of paddles and that use be discontinued if the swimmer feels shoulder pain.

To make the most out of using paddles, it is important to ensure that they aid in establishing a good technique under the water. Use the paddles without the wrist strap or side straps, and only use the main finger holds in the middle, regardless of the brand.

Paddles are often used with pull buoys to build up arm strength.

History 
The hand paddle was invented by Benjamin Franklin in the 18th century.

Types of paddles 
Different types of paddles include:
 Finger paddles – Designed to fit on the fingers and built for all strokes, butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle.
 Freestyle Paddles – Designed especially for swimmers swimming freestyle.
 Biomimetic Hand Paddles – Influenced by the darkling beetle to reinforce kinesthetic feel for the water.
 Han's Paddles – The original holed swimming paddles.
 Speedo Original Hand Paddles – One of the first and made for most strokes.
 Sculling and Vortex paddles – Designed to build upper body strength.
 Forearm paddles - Designed to extend past the palm of the hand over the forearm to help with the initial catch
 Anti-paddles - Designed with a conical shape on the bottom of the paddle to improves swimmer's reaction to water resistance

References 

Swimming equipment
Museum of Aerospace Medicine. The Edward H. White II Museum of Aerospace Medicine was a museum of the United States Air Force and was located in Hangar 9 at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas.  Brooks Air Force Base closed in 2011 under Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) procedures, and the museum closed at the same time.

Brooks Field Hangar 9 is located in the Brooks City-Base mixed-use community being developed on the site of the former air base. The development authority has proposed to preserve the historic area around the property.

History
The Bexar County Historical Survey Committee assumed sponsorship of the restoration of Brooks Field Hangar 9 of the old Army Air Corps Brooks Field. The restoration of the Hangar would be used to house an aviation museum. This museum was intended to display the early history of Brooks Field and to preserve and display an extensive collection of photographs and equipment related to aviation and aerospace medicine. It became the Edward H. White II Museum of Aerospace Medicine.

The museum was named after San Antonio native Ed White, an astronaut and the first American to "walk" in space.

Historic registration
The Brooks Field Hangar 9 was accepted and listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and became a National Historic Landmark in 1976.  The State of Texas has designated this old Hangar 9 as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, and a City of San Antonio Historic Landmark.

See also
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
United States Air Force Medical Service
Flight Surgeon
Flight medic
Air Force Materiel Command

References

External links
 USAF Brooks City-Base (official site)
  Brooks City-Base / Brooks Development Authority (official site)
 U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM)
 Brooks City-Base at GlobalSecurity.org
 Google Map of Brooks City-Base

Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Military installations established in 1918
Medical museums in the United States
Air force museums in the United States
Aerospace museums in Texas
Museum of Aerospace Medicine
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
Defunct museums in Texas
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
National Register of Historic Places in San Antonio
Military history of San Antonio
Dual-phase steel. Dual-phase steel (DP steel) is a high-strength steel that has a ferritic–martensitic microstructure.
DP steels are produced from low or medium carbon steels that are quenched from a temperature above A1 but below A3 determined from continuous cooling transformation diagram.
This results in a microstructure consisting of a soft ferrite matrix containing islands of martensite as the secondary phase (martensite increases the tensile strength).
Therefore, the overall behaviour of DP steels is governed by the volume fraction, morphology (size, aspect ratio, interconnectivity, etc.), the grain size and the carbon content.
For achieving these microstructures, DP steels typically contain 0.06–0.15 wt.% C and 1.5-3% Mn (the former strengthens the martensite, and the latter causes solid solution strengthening in ferrite, while both stabilize the austenite), Cr & Mo (to retard pearlite or bainite formation), Si (to promote ferrite transformation), V and Nb (for precipitation strengthening and microstructure refinement).
The desire to produce high strength steels with formability greater than microalloyed steel led to development of DP steels in 2007 by Tata Steel.

DP steels have high ultimate tensile strength (UTS, enabled by the martensite) combined with low initial yielding stress (provided by the ferrite phase), high early-stage strain hardening and macroscopically homogeneous plastic flow (enabled through the absence of Lüders effects).
These features render DP steels ideal materials for automotive-related sheet forming operations.

The steel melt is produced in an oxygen top blowing process in the converter, and undergoes an alloy treatment in the secondary metallurgy phase. The product is aluminium-killed steel, with high tensile strength achieved by the composition with manganese, chromium and silicon.

Their advantages are as follows:

Low yield strength
Low yield to tensile strength ratio (yield strength / tensile strength = 0.5)
High initial strain hardening rates
Good uniform elongation
A high strain rate sensitivity (the faster it is crushed the more energy it absorbs)
Good fatigue resistance

Due to these properties DP steels are often used for automotive body panels, wheels, and bumpers.

References

Notes

Bibliography
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Steels
Vehicle technology
MIR (computer). MIR (Russian:МИР) is a series of early Soviet transistorized minicomputers. It was developed from 1965 (MIR), 1968 (MIR-1) to 1969 (MIR-2). The development team was led by Victor Glushkov.

Overview 
MIR (МИР) stands for «Машина для Инженерных Расчётов» (Machine for Engineering Calculations) and means both "world" and "peace" in Russian.  It was designed as a relatively small-scale computer for use in engineering and scientific applications.  Among other innovations, it contained a hardware implementation of a high-level programming language capable of symbolic manipulations with fractions, polynomials, derivatives and integrals.  Another innovative feature for that time was the user interface combining a keyboard with a monitor and light pen used for correcting texts and drawing on screen.

Technical specifications 
Technical specifications for MIR-1:
 memory unit: 4096 12-bit words of core memory (access time 2.5 microseconds, memory cycle time 16 microseconds)
 external storage: 8-track punched tape. Input device: paper tape reader FS-1501 (up to 1500 symbols/second). Output device: tape punch PL-80 (up to 80 characters per second)
 performance: 200-300 arithmetic operations per second on five-digit numbers
 power consumption: 1.5 kW (using 380V three-phase electric power)
 weight: about 400 kg

See also 
 List of Russian inventions

References

External links 
 Description of Mir series of computers 
 MIR-2

Soviet inventions
Soviet computer systems
Minicomputers
BX Plastics. BX Plastics was a plastics engineering and production company. The company was one of three subsidiaries of the British Xylonite Company established by 1938.  BX Plastics made xylonite (also known as celluloid or ivoride) and Lactoid (also known as casein) at a plant to the south of Brantham in Suffolk, on the north bank of the River Stour across the river from Manningtree in Essex.  The company was liquidated in 1999.

History
The British Xylonite Company was established by English inventor Daniel Spill in 1877, in collaboration with American investor Levi Parsons Merriam.  It established factories at Hackney Wick and Homerton, in East London, subsequently expanding to Brooklands Farm near Brantham in 1887 and Hale End, Walthamstow in 1897.

By 1938 British Xylonite had established three subsidiaries - BX Plastics, Halex and Cascelloid.  Halex was based in Highams Park, Hale End, in North London and made finished goods (including table tennis balls).  Cascelloid, based in Leicester and Coalville, made toys and had been acquired in 1931.  Cascelloid was later renamed Palitoy and sold to General Mills in 1968 and then to Tonka 1987, which was acquired by Hasbro in 1991.

Distillers acquired a 50% interest in BX Plastics in 1939. Distillers then acquired the rest of the British Xylonite group in 1961, merging it into a 50:50 joint venture with Union Carbide's Bakelite company in 1962 to form Bakelite Xylonite in 1963.  Distillers sold its 50% interest to BP in 1967, and Union Carbide's European interests were acquired by BP in 1978, including the remaining Bakelite Xylonite plants.

The Brantham site had been sold in 1966 to British Industrial Plastics, a subsidiary of Turner & Newall, who were in turn acquired Storey Brothers of Lancaster in 1977.  The company became Wardle Storeys in 1984. The site finally closed in 2007.

Research
BX Plastics established a research department at Lawford Place, a manor house in nearby Lawford, south of Manningtree in Essex.  Margaret Thatcher worked there as a research chemist from 1947 to 1951, before her marriage to Denis Thatcher and subsequent career change to become a tax barrister and then a politician.  The company held several patents on plastic products and manufacturing processes in the 1960s.

The house was damaged by a fire and remained unoccupied for many years, but received a Grade II listing in 1980. It was refurbished as part of a residential development in 2009.

References

Plastics companies of the United Kingdom
Benjamin Hall Blyth. Benjamin Hall Blyth (14 July 1819 – 21 August 1866) was a Scottish civil engineer.

Life

Blyth was born at 26 Minto St in Newington, Edinburgh, the son of Robert Brittain Blyth, an iron merchant, and his wife, Barbara Cooper. He was their third son, and the first to survive to adulthood.

Blyth was trained as a railway engineer under an apprenticeship with Grainger & Miller, a railway contractor. In 1848 he established an engineering practice on the prestigious George Street (at no 124) in Edinburgh where it would remain for the next 100 years. In 1854, after his brother Edward Lawrence Ireland Blyth finished his own apprenticeship with Grainger & Miller, Benjamin took him into partnership of the renamed B & E Blyth.

The practice did work for the Caledonian, Glasgow and South Western, Scottish Central, Dundee and Perth, Great North of Scotland and Portpatrick railway companies.

Blyth was a first cousin of Arthur Blyth, who was three times premier of South Australia in the 19th century. Their fathers were brothers. His older sister was Scottish philanthropist, educational and campaigner Phoebe Blyth.

Blyth married Mary Dudgeon Wright in Leith, Edinburgh, on 1 August 1848. They initially lived at 26 Minto Street in the south of Edinburgh. Mary took on clerical duties in the early stages of Blyth's company. From 1854 they lived at 12 Hope Terrace, Edinburgh.

Blyth died from diabetes aggravated by overwork at home in North Berwick on 21 August 1866 and is buried in the Grange Cemetery, being survived by his wife, seven sons and two daughters.

His wife died of cancer and meningitis in 1868, and their children were subsequently brought up by his wife's sister, Elizabeth Scotland Wright. His eldest son Benjamin Blyth II took over his father's practice and the company remains in business to this day as Blyth and Blyth.

His house served as the offices of Scottish Natural Heritage between 1950 and 2003 then reverted to its use as a family home.

Employees
The harbour engineer, William Dyce Cay, worked under Blyth on the Castle Douglas to Portpatrick Railway in 1861.

References 

1819 births
1866 deaths
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
People from North Berwick
19th-century Scottish engineers
Scottish civil engineers
Engineers from Edinburgh
British railway civil engineers
Burials at the Grange Cemetery
Fiat RS.14. The Fiat RS.14 was an Italian long-range maritime strategic reconnaissance floatplane. The RS.14 was a four/five seat all-metal cantilever low/mid-wing monoplane powered by two wing-mounted 626 kW (840 hp) Fiat A.74 R.C.38 engines. It had a conventional cantilever tail unit with a single fin and rudder. Its undercarriage consisted of two large floats on struts. It had a glazed nose for an observer or bomb aimer. The pilot and copilot sat side by side with a wireless operator's compartment behind them. In the bombing role the RS.14 was fitted with a long ventral gondola to carry various combinations of anti-submarine bombs (up to ).

Development
The RS.14 was designed by  at the  works at Marina di Pisa. The first of two prototypes flew in May 1939.

A prototype landplane version AS.14 was built and first flown on 11 August 1943. It was designed as a ground-attack aircraft and intended to be armed with a  cannon and  machine guns. It was not ordered and no others were built.

Operational history
The RS.14 went into service with the Italian Air Force with a number of maritime strategic reconnaissance squadrons at bases around the Italian coast and also in Sicily and Sardinia. They were used for convoy escort duties and anti-submarine patrols. Occasionally they engaged in aerial combat, obtaining unexpected victories such as when, on Saturday 9 May 1942, an RS.14 intercepted Spitfires that took off from the carriers HMS Eagle and USS Wasp, headed for Malta, and machine-gunned two. The two RAF fighters collided and fell into the sea. Both pilots were killed. After the 1943 Armistice a few survivors were operated by the Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force. At the end of the Second World War the aircraft were used for liaison duties around the Mediterranean carrying up to four passengers.

Variants

RS.14
Production float plane with  Fiat A.74 R.C.38 engines, 188 built including two prototypes.
AS.14
Land plane version with retractable landing gear, one built.

Operators

 Regia Aeronautica
 Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force

 Italian Air Force operated six surviving Fiat RS.14 until 1948

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 
 Monday, David (1984), The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II, Chancellor Press, 
 
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1812

RS.14
1940s Italian patrol aircraft
Floatplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Mid-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Ruieni Hydroelectric Power Station. Ruieni Hydro Power Plant is a large power plant on the Sebeş River situated in Romania.

The project was started and finished in the 1990s and it was made up by the construction of a rockfill with a clay core dam 125 m high which was equipped with two vertical turbines, the hydropower plant having an installed capacity of 153 MW.

The power plant generated 264 GWh of electricity.

See also

Porţile de Fier I
Porţile de Fier II

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Romania
Dams in Romania
Jordanite. Jordanite is a sulfosalt mineral with chemical formula  in the monoclinic crystal system, named after the German scientist H. Jordan (1808–1887) who discovered it in 1864.

Lead-grey in colour (frequently displaying an iridescent tarnish), its streak is black and its lustre is metallic. Jordanite has a hardness of 3 on Mohs scale, has a density of approximately 6.4, and a conchoidal fracture.

The type locality is the Lengenbach Quarry in the Binn Valley, Wallis, Switzerland.

References

Sulfosalt minerals
Lead minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
Arsenic minerals
Antimony minerals
Râul Mare Hydroelectric Power Station. Râul Mare Hydro Power Plant is a large power plant on the Râul Mare River, a river situated in Romania.

The hydropower plant was built in the 1980s. The Gura Apelaor Dam was built to be used as a hydrodam.

The power plant generates 650 GWh of electricity per year.

See also

Porţile de Fier I
Porţile de Fier II

External links
Description

References 

Hydroelectric power stations in Romania
Dams in Romania
Mărișelu Hydroelectric Power Station. Mărişelu Hydro Power Plant is a large power plant on the Someșul Cald river situated in Romania.

The project was started and finished in the 1970s and it was made up by the construction of a rockfill dam  high and  long at the top. From the reservoir, the water is diverted through a  tunnel to the plant. The project was equipped with three hydrounits, the hydropower plant having an installed capacity of 221 MW.

The power plant generates 560 GWh of electricity per year.

See also

Porţile de Fier I
Porţile de Fier II

References

External links
Description 

Hydroelectric power stations in Romania
Dams in Romania
Piemontite. Piemontite is a sorosilicate mineral in the monoclinic crystal system with the chemical formula . It is a member of the epidote group.

Red to reddish-brown or red-black in color, piemontite has a red streak and a vitreous lustre.  Manganese (Mn3+) causes the red color.

The type locality is the Prabornaz Mine, in Saint-Marcel, Aosta Valley, Italy.

It occurs metamorphic rocks of the greenschist to amphibolite metamorphic facies and in low-temperature hydrothermal veins in altered volcanic rocks. It also occurs in metasomatized deposits of manganese ore. Associated minerals include: epidote, tremolite, glaucophane, orthoclase, quartz and calcite.

References

Epidote group
Calcium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Manganese(III) minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
Too Much Media. Too Much Media is a Freehold, New Jersey–based computer software company that created and maintains the NATS, Carma and Sparta software packages. According to the corporate website, it was founded in 2003 by John Albright, Fabian Thylmann and Charles Berrebbi.

Products

The best known Too Much Media product is the package NATS, which stands for "Next-generation Administration management & Tracking System". The software is used to power the back-end tasks of affiliate programs.

Alleged security breach

Towards the end of 2007, TMM was the subject of a widely reported security breach. The company said the breach did not result in the disclosure of credit card information.

USA Today also did a report on the issue, saying the breach was first exposed by an internet blog called In Corruption We Trust, run by Keith Kimmel.

Award nominations 
2010 XBIZ Award Nominee – Company of the Year

Awards 
2006 XBIZ Award – Solution Provider of the Year  
 2009 XBIZ Award – Software Company of the Year
 2011 XBIZ Award – Software Company of the Year 

In 2006, NATS and MPA3 competed for the XBIZ Award in the Solution Providers category, but a tie was declared after each of the two products received 4.3325 points on average.

References

External links
Official website

Aylo
Companies based in Monmouth County, New Jersey
EKW C-35. The EKW C-35 was a 1930s Swiss two-seat reconnaissance biplane aircraft built by the Swiss Federal Construction Works (Eidgenoessische Konstruktionswerkstaette, K+W), Thun.

Development
Two aircraft were designed by the Eidgenössische Konstruktions Werkstätte to replace the Fokker C.Ve which the Swiss Air Force were using.  The two projects were the EKW C-35 biplane and the EKW C-36 monoplane.  After evaluation the air force ordered 40 C-35s in 1936.  Additional aircraft were built from spares.
The C-35 was a two-seat biplane with fixed tailwheel landing gear and conventional tail unit. The aircraft was powered by a Hispano-Suiza HS-77 V-12 piston engine (licence-built Hispano-Suiza 12Ycrs).

Operational history
The first aircraft was delivered to the Swiss Air Force in May 1937, and all had been delivered by the end of 1938. To supplement the aircraft in-service a further eight aircraft were built between 1941 and 1942 from spares. The aircraft were removed from front-line service in 1943 when replaced by the F&W C-3603 and transferred to night-flying units. The aircraft was withdrawn from service in 1954.

Operators

Swiss Air Force

Specifications (C-35)

References

Bibliography

Aircraft manufactured in Switzerland
1930s Swiss military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Elias TA-1. 

The Elias TA-1 was a 1920s American biplane training aircraft built by Elias. Only three aircraft were built for evaluation by the United States Army Air Service.

The TA-1 (a United States military designation Trainer, Aircooled No. 1) was designed to meet a United States Army requirement for a training aircraft for the air service. The TA-1 was a conventional two-seat biplane. Three were built, two with a Lawrance R-1 engine and another with an ABC Wasp, the last two under McCook field project numbers Elias P-178 and Elias P-179. The aircraft performance was inferior to the other aircraft under evaluation (the Dayton-Wright TA-3) and no orders were placed or further aircraft built.

Operators

United States Army Air Service

Specifications (TA-1)

References
 John Andrade, U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909, Midland Counties Publications, 1979,  (Page 171)
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1599

External links
 G. Elias Brothers M-1 mail plane at the Buffalo Airport.

See also

1920s United States military trainer aircraft
TA-1