omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Generative systems. Generative systems are technologies with the overall capacity to produce unprompted change driven by large, varied, and uncoordinated audiences. When generative systems provide a common platform, changes may occur at varying layers (physical, network, application, content) and provide a means through which different firms and individuals may cooperate indirectly and contribute to innovation.

Depending on the rules, the patterns can be extremely varied and unpredictable.  One of the better-known examples is Conway's Game of Life, a cellular automaton. Other examples include Boids and Wikipedia. More examples can be found in generative music, generative art, in video games such as Spore, and more recently generative generosity and platforms like generos.io.

Theory

Jonathan Zittrain 
In 2006, Jonathan Zittrain published The Generative Internet in Volume 119 of the Harvard Law Review. In this paper, Zittrain describes a technology's degree of generativity as being the function of four characteristics:

 Capacity for leverage – the extent to which an object enables something to be accomplished that would not have otherwise be possible or worthwhile.
 Adaptability – how widely a technology can be used without it needing to be modified.
 Ease of mastery – how much effort and skill is required for people to take advantage of the technology's leverage.
 Accessibility – how easily people are able to start using a technology.

See also

References

External links 
 
 The Future of the Internet and How to Stop it; Yale University Press (2008)
 Early generative computer graphics by Herber W. Franke
 Generative Systeme by Benedikt Groß and Julia Laub
 Bugworld - a generative vermin installation by Philipp Sackl, Markus Jaritz & Thomas Gläser

Complex systems theory
VanGrunsven RV-11. RV-11 is Richard VanGrunsven's designation for a proposed single-seat touring motor glider design similar in layout to the AMS Carat. Most touring motor gliders are two-seaters; VanGrunsven felt that the lower drag and weight of a single-seater would allow for superior performance.

Although the designation is the 11th in the Van's Aircraft “RV” series, the RV-11 is not a company project. Rather, it is Richard VanGrunsven’s “personal pet project”, being designed and built at his home in his spare time.

The prototype RV-11 uses the wings of an HP-18 sailplane mated to a specially built fuselage. A Jabiru 2200 was installed in the nose. The panel features an I-K Technologies AIM-1 display and a MicroAir radio. The canopy is the aft half of an RV-4 canopy, rotated 180 degrees so as to face forward. Construction is all-metal, except for the PVC ribs in the HP-18 wings and - as is typical in RVs - some small fiberglass components such as the engine cowl and prop spinner.

The RV-11’s single main landing gear is similar to those of a DC-3, retracting up and forward, “half way” into a pod-like fairing on the underside of the belly.

VanGrunsven first announced the RV-11 in an issue of the RVator newsletter published in 2000. In a 2002 issue, VanGrunsven reported that the prototype was “perhaps 80% complete”. Later issues included photos of the build. In 2022, at an EAA event to celebrate the 50 years of Van's Aircraft, VanGrunsven showed recent photos and reported that, although the airplane has not yet been completed, further progress has been made.

See also

AMS Carat
Task Silhouette
Schreder HP-18

References

Van's Aircraft

Homebuilt aircraft
Proposed aircraft of the United States
Motor gliders
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable bicycle landing gear
RV-11
Single-engined piston aircraft
Packet Layer Protocol. Packet Layer Protocol or PLP is the network-layer protocol for the X.25 protocol suite. PLP manages the packet exchanges between DTE (data terminal) devices across VCs (virtual circuits). PLP also can be used on ISDN using Link Access Procedures, D channel (LAPD).

There are 5 modes of PLP: call setup, data transfer, idle, call clearing, and restarting. 

 Call setup mode is used to create VCs (virtual circuits) between DTE devices. A PLP uses the 14-digit X.121 addressing scheme to set up the virtual circuit.
 Data transfer mode is used to send data between DTE devices across a virtual circuit. At this level PLP handles segmentation and reassembly, bit padding, error control and flow control.
 Idle mode is used when a virtual circuit is established but there is no data transfer happening.
 Call clearing mode is used to end sessions between DTE devices and to terminate VCs.
 Restarting mode is used to synchronize the transmission between a DTE device and its locally connected DCE (data communications) device.

There are 4 types of PLP packet fields: 

 General Format Identifier (GFI): Identifies packet parameters (whether it is data or control information), what type of windowing is being used, and whether delivery confirmation is needed.
 Logical Channel Identifier (LCI): Identifies the virtual circuit across the local DTE/DCE interface.
 Packet Type Identifier (PTI): Identifies the PLP packet type (17 different types).
 User Data—Contains encapsulated upper-layer information when there is user data present, otherwise additional fields containing control information are added.

External links
 

ITU-T recommendations
X.25
Conformational entropy. In chemical thermodynamics, conformational entropy is the entropy associated with the number of conformations of a molecule. The concept is most commonly applied to biological macromolecules such as proteins and RNA, but also be used for polysaccharides and other molecules. To calculate the conformational entropy, the possible conformations of the molecule may first be discretized into a finite number of states, usually characterized by unique combinations of certain structural parameters, each of which has been assigned an energy. In proteins, backbone dihedral angles and side chain rotamers are commonly used as parameters, and in RNA the base pairing pattern may be used. These characteristics are used to define the degrees of freedom (in the statistical mechanics sense of a possible "microstate"). The conformational entropy associated with a particular structure or state, such as an alpha-helix, a folded or an unfolded protein structure, is then dependent on the probability of the occupancy of that structure. 

The entropy of heterogeneous random coil or denatured proteins is significantly higher than that of the tertiary structure of its folded native state. In particular, the conformational entropy of the amino acid side chains in a protein is thought to be a major contributor to the energetic stabilization of the denatured state and thus a barrier to protein folding. However, a recent study has shown that side-chain conformational entropy can stabilize native structures among alternative compact structures. The conformational entropy of RNA and proteins can be estimated; for example, empirical methods to estimate the loss of conformational entropy in a particular side chain on incorporation into a folded protein can roughly predict the effects of particular point mutations in a protein. Side-chain conformational entropies can be defined as Boltzmann sampling over all possible rotameric states:

where  is the gas constant and  is the probability of a residue being in rotamer .

The limited conformational range of proline residues lowers the conformational entropy of the denatured state and thus stabilizes the native states. A correlation has been observed between the thermostability of a protein and its proline residue content.

See also
 Configuration entropy
 Folding funnel
 Loop entropy
 Molten globule
 Protein folding

References

Protein structure
Thermodynamic entropy
Kneaded eraser. A kneaded eraser, also commonly known as a putty rubber, is a pliable erasing tool used by artists. It is usually made of a grey or white unvulcanized rubber (though it can be found in many different colors, such as green, blue, hot pink, yellow, and so forth) resembling putty or chewing gum. It functions by absorbing and "picking up" graphite and charcoal particles, in addition to carbon, colored pencil, or pastel marks. It neither wears nor leaves residue ("eraser crumbs"), however collect graphite and dust more easily. They can either be washed or thrown away (typically meaning they last for shorter periods of time than the average eraser).

Kneaded erasers have great plasticity and can be stretched, compressed, split, and molded for precision erasing, pruning lines, cleaning edges, creating highlights through subtractive drawing, or performing other detail work. They can completely remove light marks, but are ill-suited to fully erasing dark areas. They may also smear or stick if too warm. When stretched, some parts of it may detach and fall without remaining attached to either side of the eraser.

Besides their precision, kneaded erasers are preferred by artists for their long life and ease of cleaning. One simply kneads the eraser and the medium will fade into its mass. Although kneaded erasers do not wear away like other erasers, they can become saturated and unable to absorb any more graphite or charcoal. In this case, the eraser will leave marks on the paper instead of removing them. The saturating material can be removed by rinsing and kneading.

References

Visual arts materials
Drawing
King road drag. The King road drag (also known as the Missouri road drag and the split log road drag) was a simple form of a road grader implemented for grading dirt road. It revolutionized the maintenance of dirt roads in the early 1900s. It was invented by David Ward King, who went by "D. Ward King" and who was a farmer in Holt Township, near Maitland, Missouri.

It started out as two parallel logs with the cut side facing the front separated three feet by rigid separators and pulled by a team of two horses.  Variations of the two-plank drag design but pulled by trucks or tractors are still used today to smooth the dirt infields of baseball diamonds.

In this simple design, the first log would remove clods and the second log would smooth the road.  The logs were staggered so that dirt would be pushed to the center to create a crown so that water would rush off.

The very simple design replaced the old practice of dragging a road with a single log which left the surface unrepaired and rut-filled.  It also made it possible for farmers to improve roads near their homes without having to wait for government graders.

D. Ward King of Maitland, Missouri requested a patent for the process in 1907 and received Patent 884,497 in 1908.  He widely publicized the process in a U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin #321 in 1908 under the title The use of the split-log drag on earth roads  An important component of the grading process was that it had to occur when the road was wet.

This invention was the horse-drawn forerunner of the modern-day road grader. It was a sensation in its day. States passed laws requiring its use. The design was so simple that King did not enforce his patent rights.  However, he did tour the country explaining to how to use it. He also wrote articles such as one that appeared in the May 7, 1910 issue of the Saturday Evening Post entitled “Good Roads Without Money.”

King would further enhance his invention with his patent 1,102,671 in 1914 which included four bars and two triangular scrapers.

Before the King Road Drag, dirt roads turned into a quagmire when they were wet—especially in the winter.

The widespread use of the King Road Drag came along during the Good Roads Movement, driven by bicyclists and later by automobile drivers. Automobiles benefitted since Macadam roads were rapidly destabilized by cars, which sucked the cementing dust out of smooth macadam roads. Solid roads meant people could use their automobiles on the roads between cities. Solid rural roads also made possible reliable rural mail delivery, which did much to promote commerce in the United States between city-based businesses and the rural population. For instance, they allowed Sears, Roebuck to start sending out its catalogs to small towns and farms and thereby vastly increase the size of its customer base.

References

Road construction
S1 Core. S1 Core (codename Sirocco) is an open source hardware microprocessor design developed by Simply RISC. Based on Sun Microsystems' UltraSPARC T1, the S1 Core is licensed under the GNU General Public License, which is the license Sun chose for the OpenSPARC project.

The main goal of the project is to keep the S1 Core as simple as possible to encourage developers. The major differences between T1 and S1 include:

 S1 Core only has one 64-bit SPARC Core (supporting one to four independent threads of execution) instead of eight cores;
 S1 Core adds a Wishbone bridge, a reset controller and a basic interrupt controller;
 the S1 Core environment can be run using only free tools on a common x86 Linux machine.

See also

LEON
OpenRISC

External links
 Simply RISC - S1 Core (archive.org link - as of 2018/11/5 original url redirects to OpenPiton)
 OpenPiton Simply RISC site redirects to here, as of 2018/11/5, it is unclear if it is related. 
 S1 Core page on OpenCores
 S1 Core page on SunSource

Open microprocessors
SPARC microprocessors
Salvatore Pansino. Salvatore Rocco Vincent Pansino is a professor of electrical engineering at Youngstown State University in Youngstown, Ohio. In 1992, he ran against Congressman Jim Traficant as the Republican candidate in Ohio's 17th congressional district, losing the race.

Pansino received a B.S. in electrical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 1957, an M.S. in physics from Franklin & Marshall College in 1961, a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 1968, and an LL.B. in law from La Salle Extension.  He worked for a while at Babcock & Wilcox, which makes nuclear parts for nuclear industry.  He is proudest of his concentric water flow design to filter radioactive particles from water. For a while he worked for  Bailey Controls working various projects.  He later left the industry to teach which is his passion, compared to dealing with people and projects for companies.

Pansino teaches classes pertaining to Maxwell's Equations, including Electromagnetic Fields 1 and 2 including lab work, Energy Conversions, and Signals and Systems.

On April 27, 2017, Pansino was acknowledged for 35 years of service during the Third Annual STEM Honors Convocation held at Youngstown State University.

See also
 Youngstown State University
 James Traficant

References

External links 
 Dr. Salvatore Rocco Vincent Pansino

Engineers from Ohio
Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Franklin & Marshall College alumni
People from Alliance, Ohio
Ohio Republicans
1930s births
Youngstown State University faculty
Amrita Centre for Computational Engineering and Networking. The Centre for Excellence in Computational Engineering and Networking (CEN) at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, a research university in India, is a research and teaching center works on technologies to solving computational problems that can be applied in real world projects. The centre is involved in research projects funded by organizations like ISRO, NPOL, Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and Department of Science and Technology. The center is involved in the areas of Artificial intelligence, Cyber security, Computer networks, Computational Linguistics, Data science and Natural Language Processing. A translation project is underway to develop tools to translate web content from English to Indian languages. Research is also ongoing in the area of speech translation.

CEN is a centre under the Amrita Schools of Engineering. The centre is headed by Dr K P Soman  who has been in the research field for more than 25 years. He secured his PhD from  IIT Kharagpur and was scientific officer in the Reliability Engineering Centre, IIT Kharagpur, before joining Amrita.

Academics 
The center offers Bachelor of Technology in Artificial intelligence, Cyber security, Computer science and engineering and Master of Technology in Computational Engineering and Networking, Artificial intelligence and Machine Learning, Data science, Remote Sensing & Wireless Sensor Network, Cyber security, Computer network, Embedded Computing and Control, Robotics and Computer Vision, Computational chemistry, Quantum computing, Scientific Computing and Applications, Wireless Communication, Signal processing, Computer vision, Digital image processing and Information systems. The centre also offers various certificate and online programs.

References

External links
 Amrita CEN website
 Amrita - New York universities launch joint programmes, The Hindu, 3 January 2006

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu

Mata Amritanandamayi Math
Sergei Vonsovsky. Sergei Vasilyevich Vonsovsky (also spelled as Vonsovskii or Vonsovskiy, Russian: Сергей Васильевич Вонсовский; September 2, 1910 – August 11, 1998) was a Soviet physicist. He was named a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1969.

Biography
Sergei Vonsovsky was born in 1910 in Tashkent. In 1932 he graduated from the Leningrad University. In 1932 he moved to Sverdlovsk and started working at the Ural Physicotechical Institute, later – at the Metals Physics Institute of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1943 he defended his second thesis and received the highest scientific degree of Doctor of Sciences. From 1947 he also kept a professorship at the chair of theoretical physics at the department of physics of the Ural State University. Since 1971 to 1985 he was the director of the Ural branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.

Sergei Vonsovsky led researches in the field of metal physics studying the transition metals and the fusions. He created the fusions ferromagnetism theory and developed the theory of magnetic anisotropy. He also worked at the field of the transition metals and fusions superconductivity in particular he studied the problem of simultaneity of ferromagnetism and paramagnetism.

He was the founder of the Ural scientific school in ferromagnetism and metals physics.

Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences instituted Vonsovsky Gold Medal in his honour.

Honours
Full Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1966)
Hero of Socialist Labour (1969)
Foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Foreign corresponding member of the German Academy of Sciences
USSR State Prize (1975, 1982)
Vavilov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1982)
Three Orders of Lenin
Order of the Red Star
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Demidov Prize (1993)
Honorary Citizen of Sverdlovsk (1984)

One of the streets of Yekaterinburg is called after academician Vonsovsky. The main scientific award of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is called the Vonsovsky Gold Medal. In Yekaterinburg you may also find a monument to Sergei Vonsovsky.

Short bibliography
S. V. Vonsovsky & Y. S. Shur, Ferromagnetism (Moscow, 1948)
S. V. Vonsovskii, Ferromagnetic Resonance (Pergamon: Oxford, 1966)
S. V. Vonsovsky, Magnetism (Wiley, 1974), in two volumes
S. V. Vonsovsky, Magnetism of elementary particles (Moscow, 1975)
S. V. Vonsovsky and M. I. Katsnelson, Quantum Solid State Physics (1989)

External links
Short biography
Biography at the Proceedings of the Ural State University
Short biography at the Russian Physicists Biographical web site

1910 births
1998 deaths
Scientists from Tashkent
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Academic staff of Ural State University
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Demidov Prize laureates
Soviet physicists
MVDS. MVDS is an acronym for terrestrial "Multipoint Video Distribution System".

MVDS currently is a part of broader MWS (Multimedia Wireless System) standards.
In the European Union MWS works in 10.7–13.5 and 40.5–43.5 GHz frequency bands.

Research for 42 GHz frequency has been done under the European Commission EMBRACE (Efficient Millimetre Broadband Radio Access for Convergence and Evolution) initiative.

Standards

ETSI 

EN 300 748
EN 301 215-3
EN 301 997-2

UK Standards
MPT 1550 (obsolete)
MPT 1560 (obsolete)

CEPT
ERC/DEC/(99)15
ECC/REC/(01)04

Manufacturers of MVDS equipment
MDS America Inc
Newtec
EF Data
BluWan
Philips Broadband Network
Hughes Network systems
Thales Group (Thomson)
Trophy electronics
Technosystem Digital Network S.p.A. (TDN)
Marconi Technology Centres (GMTT)
United Monolithic Semiconductors (UMS)
DOK Ltd (Elvalink)
Q-par Angus Ltd 
ROKS

Mobile technology
Dominic A. Antonelli. Dominic Anthony "Tony" Antonelli (born August 23, 1967) is a retired NASA astronaut. Antonelli was born in Detroit, Michigan, but was raised in both Indiana and North Carolina. He is married and has two children.

Education
Antonelli graduated from Douglas Byrd High School in Fayetteville, North Carolina. He went on to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned a Bachelor of Science in aeronautics and astronautics. He later attended the University of Washington, earning a Master of Science in aeronautics and astronautics.

Military career
Antonelli served as a fleet Naval Aviator and Landing Signal Officer aboard the aircraft carrier  with the Blue Diamonds (VFA-146), flying F/A-18C Hornets in support of Operation Southern Watch.

Antonelli has accumulated over 3,200 hours in 41 different kinds of aircraft and has completed 273 carrier arrested landings. He is a Distinguished Graduate of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (Navy Exchange Pilot).

NASA career
Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in July 2000, Antonelli served in various technical assignments until his assignment to a mission. He served as pilot on the STS-119 mission which launched on March 15, 2009. The flight delivered the final pair of power-generating solar array wings and truss element to the International Space Station. Antonelli was assigned as pilot on the STS-132 mission, launched on May 14, 2010. The mission saw the delivery of the Russian Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station.

Awards and honors
Navy Meritorious Service Medal
Navy Commendation Medal
Navy Achievement Medals (2)
Unit Battle Efficiency Awards (2)
CVW-9 Landing Signal Officer of the Year
NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal
NASA Superior Accomplishment Award
NASA Return-to-Flight Award

References

External links

 NASA bio
 Spacefacts biography of Dominic A. Antonelli

1967 births
Living people
United States Navy astronauts
MIT School of Engineering alumni
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Aviators
Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Matricity. Matricity is the interaction of a matrix with its environment. This word is used particularly of protein interactions, where a polymerised protein (a matrix) interacts with a membrane or another polymer. 

Protein interactions can normally be described by their affinities for each other. The interactions of clustered proteins for multivalent ligands are described by avidities (avidity), while matricity describes a semisolid state interaction of a matrix with its environment. As an example matricity has been used to describe the interaction of polymerised clathrin with adaptor complexes bound to the membrane.

References

Matrices (biology)