omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EPL. EPL may refer to:

Computing
 Easy Programming Language
 Eclipse Public License
 Eltron Programming Language, a control language for various computer printers
 Ethernet Powerlink, an Ethernet protocol
 Early PL/I, a PL/I subset dialect used to write Multics

Anatomy 
 Extensor pollicis longus muscle
 External plexiform layer

Education 

 École polytechnique de Louvain, faculty of engineering science at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium

Libraries 
 Edmonton Public Library, in Alberta, Canada
 Euclid Public Library, in, Ohio, United States
 Evanston Public Library, in Illinois, United States
 Everett Public Library, in Washington, United States

Publications 
 EPL (journal), a scientific journal
 Eesti Päevaleht, an Estonian newspaper

Sports 
 Egyptian Premier League
 English Premier League
 ESL Pro League, a professional Counter-Strike: Global Offensive league
 Everest Premier League, a Nepali cricket league

Other uses 
 Edinburgh Partners, a Scottish investment firm
 El Pollo Loco, an American restaurant chain
 Employment practices liability
 Employment protection legislation
 Escola Portuguesa de Luanda, a Portuguese international school in Angola
 Popular Liberation Army (Spanish: ), a Colombian guerrilla group
Conductivity. Conductivity may refer to:

Electrical conductivity, a measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current
Conductivity (electrolytic), the electrical conductivity of an electrolyte in solution
Ionic conductivity (solid state), electrical conductivity due to ions moving position in a crystal lattice
Hydraulic conductivity, a property of a porous material's ability to transmit water
Thermal conductivity, an intensive property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat

See also
Conductance (disambiguation)
Superconductivity
Oskar Ursinus. Carl Oskar Ursinus (11 March 1877 – 6 July 1952) was a pioneer of German aviation and is remembered mainly for his contributions to sailplane designs and the sport of gliding. He has been nicknamed the Rhönvater ("Rhön father") because he founded Germany’s first gliding club at the Wasserkuppe in the Rhön Mountains in 1920.

Ursinus was born in Weißenfels and attended Technical College in Mittweida. After graduation, he worked for Borsig on compressors for locomotives, and spent some time working on mining machinery in Romania for the firm.

In 1908, back in Germany, Ursinus began to publish a magazine titled Flugsport  (“Sports Flying”), since he had become fascinated by the new technology of flight. The magazine helped establish a network among Germany’s aviation enthusiasts, and led to the organisation of Germany’s first international airshow.

He was conscripted into the German Army in 1914 and requested a position in aircraft design. The request was approved and he was posted to Gothaer Waggonfabrik designing warplanes. The famous series of Gotha bombers used by the German air corps throughout World War I, were all based on an Ursinus design of 1915 that was refined and manufactured as the Gotha G.I. Ursinus' real passion, however, was for seaplanes, and in 1916 he designed a seaplane fighter with retractable floats that was unfortunately destroyed before testing was complete.

Following the war, the Treaty of Versailles prohibited Germany from building powered aircraft, and the attention of German aviators therefore turned to gliding. A plateau particularly suited to gliding, the Wasserkuppe, became a focal point for this activity, and in 1920, Ursinus organized a competition there. Twenty-four people attended the meeting between 15 July and 15 September 1920, including Wolf Hirth and other gliding pioneers. (see also Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft.)

Over the next decade, this grew in importance to become an international event. Ursinus also constructed the first clubhouse on the Wasserkuppe in 1924. He was pursuing experiments in human-powered flight when the outbreak of World War II intervened.

Following the war, powered flying was once again forbidden in Germany, but Ursinus lived just long enough to see this prohibition lifted.

Today, he is regarded in Germany as the father of gliding, and Germany’s association for homebuilt aircraft, the Oskar Ursinus-Vereinigung ("Oskar Ursinus Association") bears his name.

References

1877 births
1952 deaths
Aircraft designers
German aerospace engineers
German people of World War I
Gliding in Germany
Engineers from the Kingdom of Prussia
People from Weißenfels
People from the Province of Saxony
Zoisite. Zoisite, first known as saualpite, after its type locality, is a calcium aluminum hydroxy sorosilicate belonging to the epidote group of minerals. Its chemical formula is Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).

Zoisite occurs as prismatic, orthorhombic (2/m 2/m 2/m) crystals or in massive form, being found in metamorphic and pegmatitic rock. Zoisite may be blue to violet, green, brown, pink, yellow, gray, or colorless. Blue crystals are known under the name tanzanite.  It has a vitreous luster and a conchoidal to uneven fracture. When euhedral, zoisite crystals are striated parallel to the principal axis (c-axis). Also parallel to the principal axis is one direction of perfect cleavage. The mineral is between 6 and 7 on the Mohs hardness scale, and its specific gravity ranges from 3.10 to 3.38, depending on the variety. It streaks white and is said to be brittle. Clinozoisite is a more common monoclinic polymorph of Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).  
Transparent material is fashioned into gemstones while translucent-to-opaque material is usually carved.

The mineral was described by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1805. He named it after the Carniolan naturalist Sigmund Zois, who sent him its specimens from Saualpe in Carinthia. Zois realized that this was an unknown mineral when it was brought to him by a mineral dealer, presumed to be Simon Prešern, in 1797.

Sources of zoisite include Tanzania (tanzanite), Kenya (anyolite), Norway (thulite), Switzerland, Austria, India, Pakistan, and the U.S. state of Washington.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Bibliography
 Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed.,

External links

Calcium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Sorosilicates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Minerals described in 1805
Tabular Data Stream. Tabular Data Stream (TDS) is an application layer protocol used to transfer data between a database server and a client. It was initially designed and developed by Sybase Inc. for their Sybase SQL Server relational database engine in 1984, and later by Microsoft in Microsoft SQL Server.

History
During the early development of Sybase SQL Server, the developers at Sybase perceived the lack of a commonly accepted application level protocol to transfer data between a database server and its client. In order to encourage the use of its products, Sybase promoted the use of a flexible pair of libraries, called netlib and db-lib, to implement standard SQL. A further library was included in order to implement "Bulk Copy" called blk. While netlib's job is to ferry data between the two computers through the underlying network protocol, db-lib provides an API to the client program, and communicates with the server via netlib. db-lib sends to the server a structured stream of bytes meant for tables of data, hence a Tabular Data Stream. blk provides, like db-lib, an API to the client programs and communicates with the server via netlib.

In 1990 Sybase entered into a technology-sharing agreement with Microsoft which resulted in Microsoft marketing its own SQL Server — Microsoft SQL Server — based on Sybase's code. Microsoft kept the db-lib API and added ODBC. (Microsoft has since added additional APIs.) At about the same time, Sybase introduced a more powerful successor to db-lib, called ct-lib, and called the pair Open Client.  db-lib, though officially deprecated, remains in widespread use.

The TDS protocol comes in several varieties, most of which had not been openly documented because they were regarded as proprietary technology. The exception was TDS 5.0, used exclusively by Sybase, for which documentation is available from Sybase. This situation changed when Microsoft published the TDS specification in 2008, as part of the Open Specification Promise.

The FreeTDS team has developed a free native-library implementation of the TDS protocol, licensed under the LGPL license. WireShark has a protocol decoder for TDS.

Oracle Corporation provides Oracle Net - software analogous to TDS.

See also
Transact-SQL

References

External links
 &lsqb;MS-TDS&rsqb;: Tabular Data Stream Protocol specification, Microsoft
 What is TDS?, sybase.com
 FreeTDS
 TinyTDS, Ruby bindings to FreeTDS.
 jTDS, a pure-Java JDBC driver for TDS databases
 jBCP, an extension of jTDS to include BCP protocols
 United States Patent 7318075: Enhanced tabular data stream protocol, Microsoft
 Patent: TRANSPORTING TABLE VALUED PARAMETER OVER TABULAR DATA STREAM PROTOCOL, Microsoft
 Patent application: COMPRESSING NULL COLUMNS IN ROWS OF THE TABULAR DATA STREAM PROTOCOL, Microsoft
 WireShark wiki: Protocol tds

Application layer protocols
Database access protocols
Digital physics. Digital physics is a speculative idea suggesting that the universe can be conceived of as a vast, digital computation device, or as the output of a deterministic or probabilistic computer program. The hypothesis that the universe is a digital computer was proposed by Konrad Zuse in his 1969 book Rechnender Raum ("Calculating-space"). The term digital physics was coined in 1978 by Edward Fredkin, who later came to prefer the term digital philosophy. Fredkin encouraged the establishment of a digital physics group at what was then MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science, with Tommaso Toffoli and Norman Margolus playing key roles.

Digital physics posits that there exists, at least in principle, a program for a universal computer that computes the  evolution of the universe. The computer could be, for example, a huge cellular automaton. It is deeply connected to the concept of information theory, particularly the idea that the universe's fundamental building blocks might be bits of information rather than traditional particles or fields.  

However, extant models of digital physics face challenges, particularly in reconciling with several continuous symmetries in physical laws, e.g., rotational symmetry, translational symmetry, Lorentz symmetry, and the Lie group gauge invariance of Yang–Mills theories, all of which are central to current physical theories. Moreover, existing models of digital physics violate various well-established features of quantum physics, as they belong to a class of theories involving local hidden variables. These models have so far been disqualified experimentally by physicists using Bell's theorem.

Despite these challenges, covariant discrete theories can be formulated that preserve the aforementioned symmetries.

See also 
 Mathematical universe hypothesis
 It from bit
 Simulation hypothesis
 Weyl's tile argument
 Natura non facit saltus

References

Further reading
 Robert Wright, "Did the Universe Just Happen?", Atlantic Monthly, April 1988 - Article discussing Fredkin and his digital physics ideas

Theory of computation
Štefan Banič. Štefan Banič (; 23 November 1870 – 2 January 1941) was a Slovak inventor who patented an early parachute design.

Born in Jánostelek (, Smolenická Nová Ves), Austria-Hungary (now Smolenická Nová Ves, a part of Smolenice, Slovakia), Banič immigrated to the United States and worked as a coal miner in Greenville, Pennsylvania.  After witnessing a plane crash in 1912, Banič constructed a prototype of a parachute, and on August 25, 1914 was granted US patent, No. 1,108,484.

The design which was radically different from others – it was a type of umbrella attached to the body, but it is claimed that he successfully tested it in Washington, D.C. jumping first from a 15-story building and subsequently from an airplane in 1914. He sold his patent to the U.S. Army, although there is no evidence that it was ever used.

After World War I Banič returned to Czechoslovakia where he helped to explore the Driny karst cave in the foothills of the Little Carpathian Mountains, close to his hometown of Smolenice.

Legacy
In 1997, US skydiver Slavo Mulik, also born in Slovakia, created the Stefan Banic Parachute Foundation which offers bronze, silver and gold medal awards to individuals involved in events, promotions and/or celebrations of skydiving, in memory of Banic.

In 2006, Slovak military paratroopers installed a memorial plaque at his birthplace in Smolenice.

In 2020, Slovakia issued a €10 silver coin depicting Banič.

Trnava – Boleráz airport, near Smolenice, carries Banič's name.

References

External links 
 US1108484 Parachute patent

1870 births
1941 deaths
People from Trnava District
Slovak scientists
Slovak inventors
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
American people of Slovak descent
Czechoslovak people of World War I
Boris Derjaguin. Boris Vladimirovich Derjaguin (or Deryagin; ) (9 August 1902 in Moscow – 16 May 1994) was a Soviet and Russian chemist. He laid the foundation of the modern science of colloids and surfaces; an epoch in the development of the physical chemistry of colloids and surfaces is associated with his name. He was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences, 

Derjaguin became famous in scientific circles for his work on the stability of colloids and thin films of liquids which is now known as the DLVO theory, after the initials of its authors: Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek. It is universally included in text books on colloid chemistry and is still widely applied in modern studies of interparticle forces in colloids. In particular, the Derjaguin approximation is widely used in order to approximate the interaction between curved surfaces from a knowledge of the interaction for planar ones.

Derjaguin was also briefly involved in polywater research during the 1960s and early 1970s. This field claimed that if water was heated then cooled in quartz capillaries, it took on astonishing new properties. Eventually, the scientists who were involved in polywater admitted it did not exist, claiming they were misled by poorly designed experiments (Derjaguin rejected polywater in 1973).

He is also known for having hotly rejected some of the then-new ideas of adhesion as presented by the Western bloc in the 1970s. His model came to be known as the DMT (after Derjaguin, Muller and Toporov) model, while the model presented by Western bloc scientists came to be known as the JKR (after Johnson, Kendall and Roberts) model for adhesive elastic contact. This rejection proved to be instrumental in the development of the D. Tabor and later D. Maugis parameters that quantify which contact model (of the JKR and DMT models) represent adhesive contact better for specific materials.

In 1935, Derjaguin founded the Laboratory of Thin Layers at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in Moscow. He was the head of the laboratory until 1988, when the age limit for directors of research divisions was introduced. He was replaced by Vladimir Muller as the head of the laboratory.

Selected works

From 1980 onwards

Reprints

See also
Lifshitz theory of van der Waals force

References

1902 births
1994 deaths
20th-century Russian chemists
20th-century Russian physicists
Scientists from Moscow
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Tribologists
Russian physical chemists
Soviet chemists
Soviet physical chemists
Soviet physicists
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
List of proposed future transport. Transport today is mostly powered by fossil fuel.  The reason for this is the ease of use and the existence of mature technologies harnessing this fuel source.  Fossil fuels represent a concentrated, relatively compact source of energy.  The drawbacks are that they are heavily polluting and rely on limited natural resources.  There are many proposals to harness renewable forms of energy, to use fossil fuel more efficiently, or to use human power, or some hybrid of these, to move people and things.

The list below contains some forms of transport not in general use, but considered as possibilities in the future.

Proposed future transport 
Air-propelled train (abandoned in 19th century)
Bounce tube pneumatic travel (Proposed by Robert A. Heinlein in 1956)
Vactrain also known as ET3
BiModal Glideway (Dual Mode Transportation System) travel (Proposed by William D. Davis, Jr. in 1967)
TEV Project (proposed by Will Jones in Summer 2012)
Dual-mode vehicle 
Hyperloop
Intelligent Transportation System
Jet pack
Backpack helicopter
Personal air vehicle (Flying car)
Personal rapid transit
Shweeb
Rolling road (proposed by Robert A. Heinlein in 1940)
Slidewalk (proposed by Robert A. Heinlein in 1948)
Teleportation
SkyTran
 Spacecraft propulsion or Space transport
 Launch loop
 Orbital ring
 Light sail (proposed by Jack Vance in 1962)
 Space elevator (proposed by Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in 1895)

References

External links 
 Global Intelligent Transportation System (proposed by Vladimir Postnikov in 2010)

Future
Transport
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology is an English-language multivolume encyclopedia, specifically focused on scientific and technical subjects, and published by McGraw-Hill Education. The most recent edition in print is the eleventh edition, copyright 2012 (), comprising twenty volumes. The encyclopedia covers the life sciences and physical sciences, as well as engineering and technology topics.

There is also a one-volume McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology based on the full set. The sixth edition was published in May 2009 in twenty volumes including the "Index" ().

Further "Concise" editions for Chemistry or Engineering are available today.

The references work has been mentioned and reviewed too.

References 

Encyclopedias of science
McGraw-Hill books
21st-century encyclopedias
Ethan Allen-class submarine. The Ethan Allen class of fleet ballistic missile submarine was an evolutionary development from the . The Ethan Allen, together with the George Washington, , , and  classes comprised the "41 for Freedom" that were the Navy's main contribution to the nuclear deterrent force through the late 1980s.

Design
Rather than being designed as  attack submarines with a missile compartment added, the Ethan Allens were the first submarines designed "from the keel up" as Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) submarines carrying the Polaris A-2 missile. They were functionally similar to the George Washingtons, but longer and more streamlined and with torpedo tubes reduced to four. In the early and mid-1970s, they were upgraded to Polaris A3s.  Because their missile tubes could not be modified to carry the larger diameter Poseidon missile, they were not further upgraded.

Conversions
To comply with SALT II treaty limitations as the  ballistic missile submarines entered service, in the early 1980s the Ethan Allens were refitted and officially designated SSNs (fast attack submarines), but often referred to as a "slow approach". Their missile fire control systems were removed and the missile tubes were filled with concrete. Sam Houston and John Marshall were further converted to carry SEALs or other Special Operations Forces, accommodating 67 troops each with dry deck shelters to accommodate SEAL Delivery Vehicles or other equipment.  The Ethan Allen-class submarines were decommissioned between 1983 and 1992.
All were disposed of through the nuclear Ship-Submarine Recycling Program 1992–1999.

Boats in class 
Submarines of the Ethan Allen class:

See also 
 List of submarines of the United States Navy
 List of submarine classes of the United States Navy

References

External links

 NavSource.org SSBN photo gallery index
 Federation of American Scientists

Submarine classes
 
 Ethan Allen class
IDN. IDN can refer to:

 Internationalized domain names
 Institut Industriel du Nord, the former name of École Centrale de Lille
 Indonesia, the ISO 3-letter country code
 International Data Number, in the context of an X.121 address
 Identity driven networking
 Integrated data network, the digital data network developed by Reuters and dedicated to financial markets
 Integrated Delivery Network, a network of healthcare organizations, see IDS
 Intradermal nevus, a type of skin mole

See also
 IDK
RPL. RPL may refer to:

Computing 
 Raptor Lake series Intel CPUs
 Real-time Programming Language
 Reciprocal Public License, a software license
 Remote Program Load, a network boot protocol
 RPL (programming language) for HP calculators 1984–2015
 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks, a networking protocol

Politics 

 , propaganda department of the Nazi Party
 Radical Party of Oleh Liashko, political party in Ukraine

Other uses 

 Ramped Powered Lighter, a British landing craft
 Recognition of prior learning, a method to evaluate learning outside the classroom
 Recycled plastic lumber, a building material
 Russian Premier League, association football league
 Registered Public Safety Leader (RPL), a certification offered by the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International
 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, a term for recurrent miscarriages

See also 
RP 1 (disambiguation)
RPI (disambiguation)
Richmond Public Library (disambiguation)