omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Electric cello. The electric cello is a type of cello that relies on electronic amplification (rather than acoustic resonance) to produce sound. An acoustic cello can be fitted with a bridge or body mounted contact pickup providing an electric signal, or a built-in pickup can be installed. A few pickups work by other principles like magnetic coil guitar type needing steel strings to work, or by an unusual pickup system  employing the string itself as a linear pickup element, thus avoiding any modification of tone-producing parts on an acoustic cello.

Many electric cellos have bodies modeled after acoustic cellos, while others abandon the design completely, opting for a totally new body shape, or having little or no body at all. Most electric cellos feature a traditional endpin and knee supports, but some are supported in other ways, such as by an elongated pin for playing in the standing position, a tripod stand, strap, or strap system  that allows mobility while playing the instrument. The major differentiating factor between electric cellos and acoustic cellos is that while the latter rely on an acoustically resonant soundbox, the former are amplified electronically and often have no resonant chamber at all.

Most electric cellos are driven by a piezo pickup system mounted in the bridge. Many also contain an on-board preamp, which allows the musician localized control over the sound. The number of piezo elements in use range from one to eight.
The electric cello has several advantages over acoustic cellos. One of these advantages is its capacity for sound effects, such as distortion, wah, and chorus, which allows for the creation of a huge variety of sounds and possibilities matching that of the electric guitar, electric bass and electric violin.  Also, five-string and six-string models (not generally available in acoustic cellos) allow for an extended range. An electric cello with no body can be played in the high positions more easily than an acoustic.  Lastly, electric cellos without a resonant body have less of a tendency for feedback than amplified acoustic cellos.

The electric cello has not yet achieved the status of the ubiquitous electric guitar, or even the widespread success of the electric violin.

See also
 Cello rock
 Halldorophone

References

Amplified instruments
Cellos
Bangalore Linux User Group. The Bangalore Linux Users Group (BLUG) is a Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) user group.

History 
Formed in 1998, the group participated in Bangalore IT.COM 1999 (now known as Bangalore IT.in), then India's largest technology event. The Government of Karnataka gave the BLUG an entire pavilion, where it exhibited Linux-based machines showing various applications, under the motto "Seeing is believing".

Over the years, the BLUG participated in a number of technology events, and from 2001 to 2004 facilitated Linux Bangalore, a FOSS event with thousands of delegates from India and abroad. The current edition of the event is called FOSS.IN.

In late 2000, the BLUG was registered as a not-for-profit society, under the Karnataka Societies Registration Act 1960.

During 2004–2005, recognising that Linux and Open Source had become mainstream technologies and did not need generic advocacy, members of the group proposed creating smaller groups in Bangalore, leading to the formation of Special Interest Groups (SIGs). Another outcome was regular Birds of a Feather (BOF) meet-ups every fortnight at locations across the city.

In February 2005, the BLUG was named the "Most Popular Indian Linux User Group" at the Linux Asia conference in New Delhi.

In mid-2005, the BLUG regrouped and resumed its activities, including meetings, while at the same time adopting the role of a staging platform for multiple FOSS activities, especially amongst students. From late 2005 onwards, the BLUG began an educational campaign at technical colleges, with members speaking about technical and non-technical FOSS topics at student-arranged events in colleges.

See also 
 ILUG-Delhi
 Bharat Operating System Solutions

References

External links 
Bangalore Linux User Group

Linux user groups
Organisations based in Bengaluru
Organizations established in 1998
1998 establishments in Karnataka
British Museum algorithm. The British Museum algorithm is a general approach to finding a solution by checking all possibilities one by one, beginning with the smallest. The term refers to a conceptual, not a practical, technique where the number of possibilities is enormous.

Newell, Shaw, and Simon 
called this procedure the British Museum algorithm 
"... since it seemed to them as sensible as placing monkeys in front of typewriters in order to reproduce all the books in the British Museum."

See also  
 Bogosort
 Branch and bound
 Breadth-first search 
 Brute-force search

Sources 
.

References

Algorithms
Algorithm
Caproni Ca.1 (1914). The Caproni Ca.1 was an Italian heavy bomber of the World War I era.

Development and design 

The Ca.1 was a three-engine biplane of fabric-covered wooden construction. It had four crew members in an open central nacelle: two pilots,  a front gunner, and rear gunner-mechanic, who manned upper machine guns, standing upon the central engine in a protective cage, just in front of the rear propeller. The Ca.1 had a tricycle landing gear.

Italy and Russia were the first countries to start developing a heavy bomber capability before World War I.  The first heavy bomber, designed by Gianni Caproni was a twin-boom biplane, featuring a layout that included three 67 kW (80 hp) Gnome rotary engines housed one behind the other in a central nacelle, the rearmost driving a pusher propeller, and the other two driving tractor propellers mounted on the fronts of the two booms. Referred to by Caproni as the Caproni 260 hp and retrospectively, after the war, as the Ca.30), this design flew in a slightly modified form (later called the Ca.31) in October 1914.

Test flights revealed  the power to be insufficient and the engine layout unworkable. Caproni altered the aircraft, retaining the pusher engine in its original location and  moving the other two engines to the front of the booms, directly driving the propellers. With more powerful inline engines, the air arm of the Italian Army became interested in purchasing the Caproni 300 hp (later known as the Ca.32), which they designated the Ca.1. A total of 166 aircraft were delivered between August 1915 and December 1916.

Some Ca.1s survived the war to be rebuilt as airliners, able to carry up to six passengers. This conversion became known as the Ca.56 in Caproni's postwar naming scheme.

There is some variation in published sources over early Caproni designations. The confusion stems, in part, from three separate schemes used to designate these aircraft – Caproni's in-house designations of the time, those used by the Italian Army, and designations created after the war by Caproni to refer to past designs.

Operational history
The Ca.1 entered service with  the Italian Army in the middle of 1915 and first saw action on August 20, 1915, attacking the Austrian air base at Aisovizza. Fifteen bomber squadrons (1-15 Squadriglia) were eventually equipped with Ca.1, Ca.2, and Ca.3 bombers, bombing mostly targets in Austria-Hungary. The 12th squadron operated in Libya. In 1918 three squadrons (3, 14 and 15) operated in France.

Operators
 
 Corpo Aeronautico Militare

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 Aerei Italiani (Italian)

Ca.001 (1914)
1910s Italian bomber aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Three-engined push-pull aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Three-engined piston aircraft
Caproni Ca.2. The Caproni Ca.2 was an Italian heavy bomber of the World War I era.

Development
The Ca.2 was a minor development of the Caproni Ca.1 twin-boom bomber of 1914. It had become evident early in the Ca.1's service life that the design could benefit from more power. Caproni therefore replaced the central, pusher engine of the aircraft with a more powerful one. Caproni referred to this as the Caproni 350 hp at the time, and the Italian Army dubbed it the Ca.2. No separate number seems to have been allocated to it in Caproni's postwar redesignation scheme.

Only nine aircraft were built, supplied to the Italian Army alongside deliveries of Ca.1s between August 1915 and December 1916.

The benefits of increased power encouraged Caproni to continue in this direction, leading to the definitive Caproni Ca.3.

Description
The Caproni Ca.2 was a trimotor biplane with an engine mounted on the rear of the central nacelle, and two others mounted on the front of twin booms, which held the tail. It was largely of wooden construction, covered with fabric. The crew of four were in an open central nacelle (front gunner, two pilots and rear gunner-mechanic). The rear gunner manned upper machine guns, standing over the central engine in a protective "cage," just in front of its propeller. It was fitted with tricycle landing gear.

Armament consisted of two to four Revelli 6.5 mm or 7.7 mm machine guns, one on a front ring mount and one, two or sometimes even three on an upper ring mount. Bombs were suspended under the central nacelle.

Operators

Corpo Aeronautico Militare

Specifications (Ca.2)

See also

References

 Aerei Italiani (Italian)

Ca.002
1910s Italian bomber aircraft
Three-engined push-pull aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Three-engined piston aircraft

pl:Caproni Ca.3
IBM 716. The IBM 716 line printer was used with IBM 700/7000 series computers in the 1950s and 1960s. It was introduced on May 21, 1952 with the IBM 701 and withdrawn from marketing on July 14, 1969.

Overview
The 716 was based on IBM 407 accounting machine technology and had 120 rotary type wheels, each with 48 possible characters. It could print 150 lines per minute. It also supplied power to the IBM 711 card reader and 721 card punch. Only 72 characters could be transferred from IBM 7090 computer to the 716 in a single operation, but a full line could be printed at half speed. Characters were printed by sending bit patterns that corresponded to the impulses that a 407 would see when reading a punched card.

A variant of the 716, the IBM 717 was used with the IBM 702 and IBM 705 computers.

See also
 List of IBM products
 IBM 711 companion card reader

References

716
Printer 716
IBM 0716
Wilhelm Albert (engineer). Wilhelm Bedzheit Albert (24 January 1787 – 4 July 1846) was a German engineer and mining administrator, best remembered as the first person to record observations of metal fatigue.

Albert was born in Hanover and showed early talent as a musician before embarking on the study of law in Göttingen in 1803. Experience in the Harz mountains awakened an interest in mining and, in 1806, he was appointed to the Mining and Forestry Office in Clausthal. By 1836 he was directing the entire mining industry of the Harz region.

In 1829, he observed, studied and reported the failure of iron mine hoist chains arising from repeated small loadings, the first recorded account of metal fatigue. He built a machine which repeatedly loaded a chain. His finding was that fatigue was not associated with an accidental overload, but was dependent on load and the number of repetitions of load cycles.  

He invented a twisted steel cable, later known as an "Albert Rope", which was first used in the Clausthal Caroline mine in 1834 and was the forerunner of the modern wire rope. 

He died in Clausthal.

References

1787 births
1846 deaths
German mining engineers
19th-century German engineers
Engineers from Hanover
Engineers from Lower Saxony
19th-century German inventors
HRU. Hru or HRU may refer to:

 HRU (security), a computer security model
 Human Resources University, part of the United States Office of Personnel Management
 Herington Regional Airport, in Kansas, United States
 Hruso languages, a proposed language family
 Hru, a minor Enochian angel
 Heavies Removal Unit A Unit in Natural-gas processing that removes C3+ Hydrocarbons from the Feed Gas
Ligroin. Ligroin is the petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C7 and C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 90‒140 °C (194–284 °F). The fraction is also called heavy naphtha. Ligroin is used as a laboratory solvent.  Products under the name ligroin can have boiling ranges as low as 60‒80 °C and may be called light naphtha. 

The name ligroin (or ligroine or ligroïne) appeared as early as 1866.

Standards 
Ligroin is assigned the CAS Registry Number 8032-32-4, which is also applied to many other products, particularly the lower boiling ones, called petroleum spirit, petroleum ether and petroleum benzine.

Use as fuel 
Ligroin was used to refuel the world's first production automobile, the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, on a long distance journey between Mannheim and Pforzheim. Bertha Benz added ligroin to the vehicle at a pharmacy in Wiesloch, making it the first filling station in history.

The first functional diesel engine could also run on ligroin.

See also 
 White spirit

References

Notes 

Hydrocarbon solvents
Petroleum products
Common Business Communication Language. The Common Business Communication Language (CBCL) is a communications language proposed by John McCarthy that foreshadowed much of XML. The language consists of a basic framework of hierarchical markup derived from S-expressions, coupled with some general principles about use and extensibility. Although written in 1975, the proposal was not published until 1982, and to this day remains relatively obscure.

References

External links
 John McCarthy's original CBCL proposal, webified and with a 1998 appendix considering some of the then-current work going on with XML and other communications languages.

Data modeling languages
Total analysis system. The term total analysis system (TAS) describes a device that combines and automates all necessary steps for the chemical analysis of a sample (e.g., sampling, sample transport, filtration, dilution, chemical reactions, separation, and detection). Most current total analysis systems are "micro" total analysis systems which utilize the principles of microfluidics.

Total analysis systems are designed to shrink the processes carried out in a laboratory to a chip-sized lab-on-a-chip. Due to this, it can be more cost-effective to carry out complex tests when considering chip technologies, sample sizes, and analysis time. Total analysis systems can also reduce the exposure of toxic chemicals for lab personnel. This technology can also be used in point-of-care testing or point-of-use diagnostics, which do not require skilled technicians.

See also
Microelectromechanical systems
Microfluidics
Bio-MEMS
Lab-on-a-chip

References 
 Analytical chemistry
Pilatus B-4. The Pilatus B4-PC11 (also known as the PC-11 in the Pilatus numbering sequence) is an all-metal intermediate glider built by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland.

The B4-PC11 is designed to Standard Class specifications, meaning that it has a 15-metre wingspan and no flaps. Air brakes are provided on the top surface of each wing for glidepath control. Construction is aluminium, with foam ribs in the mainplane, fin and tailplane.

Development
The design of this glider originated in the 1960s, when the company Firma Rheintalwerke G. Basten (from which the "B" in the original designation is derived) manufactured the first two prototypes. The designers were Ingo Herbst, Manfred Küppers and Rudolf Reinke. The first flight of the first prototype took place on 7 November 1966. However, no series production was started.

In 1972 Pilatus bought the manufacturing licence for the B-4 and renamed it the B4-PC11. In the spring of the same year the first production example (numbered HB-1100) made its first flight.

A total of 322 B4-PC11s of all versions were built by Pilatus by 1980, when the license to manufacture the craft was sold to Nippi Aircraft of Japan, who built only 13 examples, plus a two-seater designated the Nippi B4T.

Subsequently, in 1994, EWMS Technomanagement bought the rights to produce and service the B4-PC11. This company also specializes in renovating and upgrading older B4-PC11 craft. In addition, it manufactures a motorized B4-PC11.

Variants
B4-PC11 Permitted to fly a number of aerobatic manoeuvres, it was not permitted to do inverted loops or flick/snap/quick maneuvers. The B4-PC11 was available with either fixed or retractable landing gear.
B4-PC11A developed to perform inverted loops and was also able to handle higher g-forces. 
B4-PC11AF released in 1975, with full aerobatic capabilities.
Lynch B4M1 a motor glider conversion in Australia by John F. Lynch, powered by a  König SC 430 engine.

The changes in construction from B4-PC11 through A and AF variants were to add extra ribs through the fuselage section (increasing torsional rigidity, only AF variant), and to modify the control column stops and shorten the rudder, giving greater control surface deflection.

Specifications

See also

References

 Hardy, M. Gliders & Sailplanes of the World. Ian Allan, 1982

PC-11
1960s Swiss sailplanes
Glider aircraft
High-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1966
Aircraft with retractable bicycle landing gear
DIB. Dib, dib or DIB may stand for:

Organisations
Danish International Brigade, a Danish military brigade
Director of Intelligence Bureau (India), head of the premier intelligence agency of India
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, the highest Islamic religious authority in Turkey
Dubai Islamic Bank, an Islamic bank based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Science and technology
Device Interface Board, a component of electronic Automatic Test Equipment
Diffuse interstellar band, an astronomical spectroscopy term
Dry ice bomb, a bomb-like device chiefly in non-military/recreational use
Difficulty in breathing, medical jargon/shorthand
Device-independent bitmap, a possible file extension of the Windows Bitmap raster graphics format
Dual independent bus, a computer hardware feature
Droplet Interface Bilayer, a lipid droplet the forms a bio-membrane at an interface

People
Dib (name), several people with the given name and surname

Other
Defense industrial base, a political science and military industry term
Dib Membrane, a character from the animated television series Invader Zim
Dibrugarh Airport, Assam, India (IATA code: DIB)
Dictionary of Irish Biography
Disability Insurance Benefits, a Title II benefit offered by the US Social Security Administration
 Dib, a variety of the Yelmek language of Papua New Guinea

See also
Deeb
Synchronizer. Synchronizer may refer to:

 Part of a synchromesh manual transmission in an automobile
 Synchronization gear, a device that permits a gun to fire between the blades of a revolving airplane propeller
 Arbiter (electronics), which orders signals in asynchronous circuit
 Synchronizer, an electronic circuit techique; see metastability in electronics
 Synchronizer (film editing), a device for aligning multiple film strips in a replay or editing device
 Synchronizer (algorithm), an algorithm that can be applied to a synchronous distributed algorithm to produce a version that operates in asynchronous networks

See also
 Synchrony (disambiguation)
 Synchronicity (disambiguation)
 Synchronization

Synchronization
PZL TS-8 Bies. The PZL TS-8 Bies (Devil) is a Polish trainer aircraft, used from 1957 to the 1970s by the Polish Air Force and civilian aviation.

Development
The aircraft was designed in response to a Polish Air Force requirement for a modern piston-engined trainer with a retractable tricycle landing gear to replace Junak 3 and Yak-11 aircraft. The main designer was Tadeusz Sołtyk – hence the designation letters TS. The plane was named Bies – a folk name for the devil. Work started in 1953 and the first prototype was flown on July 23, 1955. In 1956 and 1957 it beat three international records in its class. The second prototype was shown at the Paris Air Show in 1957.

In 1957 the first experimental series of 10 aircraft was produced by WSK-Okecie (designated as TS-8 BI). A slightly improved main variant, designated as the TS-8 BII, was produced from 1958 to 1960 by WSK Mielec. The last 10 machines, TS-8 BIII, were built with better avionics, in total 251 TS-8 were produced of which 229 were the TS-8 BII variant.

The TS-8 had good handling and performance; a noisy engine being one of its few flaws. It was the first really modern aircraft designed in Poland after the war, that also used a Polish engine.

Design
The TS-8 was an all-metal low-wing cantilever monoplane, with metal-covered semi-monocoque fuselage, oval in cross-section. The three-part single-spar wing, of semi-monocoque design, creating a transverse inverted gull wing "W" shape. It had a Tricycle retractable landing gear, and a 7-cylinder WN-3 radial engine in front, delivering 330 hp take-off power and 283 hp normal power to a 2.2 m diameter two-blade variable pitch wooden propeller.

The crew of two, sat in a tandem  enclosed cockpit, with twin controls, the student in front with the instructor in the rear. Canopy sections above the crewmen slid rearwards.

The plane had no armament, except for the experimental series TS-8 BI, which had one 12.7mm machine gun and two small bomb pylons.

Operational history
The TS-8s began to be withdrawn from Polish Air Force service in the mid-1960s, being replaced by PZL TS-11 Iskra jet trainers. Over 100 withdrawn aircraft were handed over to the civilian aviation (aero clubs). Most TS-8s were finally withdrawn from civilian aviation by 1978, with three currently remaining airworthy. Two TS-8s were used by Indonesia.

Variants

TS-8
3 prototypes.
TS-8 BI
First experimental series, 10 built.
TS-8 BII
Improved TS-8 BI. Main production version, 229 built.
TS-8 BIII
Version equipped with better avionics, 10 built.

Operators

Indonesian Air Force received two aircraft which were based in Bandung.

Polish Air Force
Polish Navy
Aeroklub Polski
Private Operator: Single TS-8 S/N 1E-1004, F-AYTS, from 2018 to 2021 France, Bordeaux (LFCS).

Specifications

See also

References

External links

PZL aircraft
1950s Polish military trainer aircraft
1950s Polish civil trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1955
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear