omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
MUGI. In cryptography, MUGI is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) designed for use as a stream cipher.  It was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, has been dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013.

MUGI takes a 128-bit secret key and a 128-bit initial vector (IV). After a key- and IV- setup process, MUGI outputs 64-bit output strings based on the internal state, while updating the internal state after each output block. MUGI has a 1216-bit internal state; there are three 64-bit registers (the "state") and 16 64-bit registers (the "buffer").

MUGI uses the non-linear S-box that was originally defined in Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). A part of the linear transformation also reuses the MDS matrix of AES. The basic design is influenced by that of Panama.

Security
As of September 2006, there are no known attacks against MUGI  that are faster than serial brute-force of the key space or of the internal state.

In the paper, "A weakness of the linear part of stream cipher MUGI", by Golic Jovan Dj, Roy Bimal and Meier Willi, the abstract claims: "The linearly updated component of the stream cipher MUGI, called the buffer, is analyzed theoretically by using the generating function method. In particular, it is proven that the intrinsic response of the buffer, without the feedback from the nonlinearly updated component, consists of binary linear recurring sequences with small linear complexity 32 and with extremely small period 48. It is then shown how this weakness can in principle be used to facilitate the linear cryptanalysis of MUGI with two main objectives: to reconstruct the secret key and to find linear statistical distinguishers."

In the paper, "Analysis of the Non-linear Part of Mugi" by Alex Biryukov and Adi Shamir, the abstract claims: "This paper presents the results of a preliminary analysis of the stream cipher Mugi. We study the nonlinear component of this cipher and identify several potential weaknesses in its design. While we can not break the full Mugi design, we show that it is extremely sensitive to small variations. For example, it is possible to recover the full 1216-bit state of the cipher and the original 128-bit secret key using just 56 words of known stream and in 214 steps of analysis if the cipher outputs any state word which is different than the one used in the actual design. If the linear part is eliminated from the design, then the secret non-linear 192-bit state can be recovered given only three output words and in just 232 steps. If it is kept in the design but in a simplified form, then the scheme can be broken by an attack which is slightly faster than exhaustive search."

References

External links
 MUGI homepage

Stream ciphers
Idrialin. Idrialin is a mineral wax which can be distilled from the mineral idrialite. According to G. Goldschmidt of the Chemical Society of London, it can be extracted by means of xylene, amyl alcohol or turpentine; also without decomposition, by distillation in a current of hydrogen, or carbon dioxide. It is a white crystalline body, very difficultly fusible, boiling above 440 °C (824 °F). Its solution in glacial acetic acid, by oxidation with chromic acid, yielded a red powdery solid and a fatty acid fusing at 62 °C, and exhibiting all the characters of a mixture of palmitic acid and stearic acid.

References

Waxes
Mikoyan MiG-110. The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-110 () was a proposed Russian passenger/cargo aircraft that began development in 1995 but was not built. It would have been a high-mounted cantilever monoplane with a pod-and-boom configuration with a beavertail rear fuselage, to be powered by two Klimov TV7-117 turboprop engines.

Proposed variants
 MiG-110N – dedicated passenger version
 MiG-110NP – paramilitary version
 MiG-110M – combination passenger/freight version with all-weather and STOL capability
 MiG-110A – version for joint project, for production in Austria.

Specifications (MiG-110M)

See also 

 List of civil aircraft
 Mikoyan-Gurevich

References

Mig-110
Abandoned civil aircraft projects
2000s Russian airliners
High-wing aircraft
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Tetrahedrite. Tetrahedrite is a copper antimony sulfosalt mineral with formula: . It is the antimony endmember of the continuous solid solution series with arsenic-bearing tennantite. Pure endmembers of the series are seldom if ever seen in nature. Of the two, the antimony rich phase is more common. Other elements also substitute in the structure, most notably iron and zinc, along with less common silver, mercury and lead. Bismuth also substitutes for the antimony site and bismuthian tetrahedrite or annivite is a recognized variety. The related, silver dominant, mineral species freibergite, although rare, is notable in that it can contain up to 18% silver.

Mineralogy
Tetrahedrite gets its name from the distinctive tetrahedron shaped cubic crystals. The mineral usually occurs in massive form, it is a steel gray to black metallic mineral with Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and specific gravity of 4.6 to 5.2.

Tetrahedrite occurs in low to moderate temperature hydrothermal veins and in some contact metamorphic deposits. It is a minor ore of copper and associated metals. It was first described in 1845 for occurrences in Freiberg, Saxony, Germany. Historically, it was an important ore of copper, the formula CuSbS corresponding with 57.5% of the metal; it was also worked as an ore of silver, of which element it sometimes contains as much as 30%.

Applications 
The now-defunct company Alphabet Energy announced plans to offer a thermoelectric device based on tetrahedrite to turn heat into electricity. The company claimed that other thermoelectrics typically produce about 2.5 percent efficiency, while tetrahedrite could achieve 5 to 10 percent.

Other thermoelectrics are either scarce, expensive ($24–146/kg vs $4 for tetrahedrite) and/or toxic. Working with a natural material also reduces manufacturing costs.

Images

See also 
 Bornite
 Cuprite
 List of minerals

References

External links 

 Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, 
 Mineral galleries
 Webmineral data

Copper ores
Iron minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Antimony minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 217
Thermoelectricity
Nike-Hydac. Nike Hydac is the designation of an American sounding rocket with two stages, based upon the Nike Ajax booster. The Nike Hydac was launched 87 times from many missile sites. Such sites were White Sands Missile Range, Poker Flat Research Range ("Poker Flats"), Kwajalein Missile Range, Cassino Site - Rio Grande Airport, Brazil, and from North Truro Air Force Station in Massachusetts during Operation Have Horn in 1969. 

The directing agency for Nike Hydac was the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, (AFCRL) Cambridge, Massachusetts. The AFCRL began its origins to the Cambridge Field Station in 1945 to analyze and study Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) wartime efforts on electronic countermeasures and atmospheric research.

Nike platform
Section source: Astronautix
Type: two stage
Stage 1: Nike - solid propellant rocket stage, loaded/empty mass 599/256 kg
Stage 2: Hydac - solid propellant rocket stage, loaded mass 300 kg
Gross mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb) 
Height: 9.10 m (29.80 ft) 
Diameter: 0.42 m (1.37 ft) 
Thrust: 217.00 kN (48,783 lbf) 
Apogee: 150 km (90 mi)
First date: 1966-11-05 
Last date: 1983-06-16 
Number: 87 launches

Other Nike sounding rockets
Nike-Apache
Nike-Asp
Nike-Cajun
Nike-Deacon
Nike-Iroquois
Nike Javelin
Nike Malemute
Nike-Nike
Nike Orion
Nike Recruit
Nike T40 T55
Nike Tomahawk
Nike Viper

References

Nike (rocket family)
Nike-Hawk. Nike Hawk is the designation of an American sounding rocket. It has an apogee of 160 km, a liftoff thrust of 217 kN, a total mass of 1100 kg and a total length of 9.00 m.
It is a two-stage rocket made from a Nike and a Hawk anti-aircraft missile motor, and was designed to launch a 90-kg research payload to an altitude of 160 km.

References

External links
More information about Nike Hawk (part way down)

Nike (rocket family)

de:Nike Hawk
John Souther. John Souther (March 1, 1816 – September 12, 1911) was the founder of Globe Locomotive Works, an American steam locomotive manufacturing company.  In his obituary published in the Newton, Massachusetts, Town Crier, he is credited with designing the pattern for the fence around Boston Common.  In 1852 he built the first Tunnel Boring machine using Charles Wilson's Patented design (Nos. 14,483 and 17,650).  The machine was tried at the Hoosac Tunnel work but after only 12 feet the steel was not up to the test of grinding rock.

In 1854 Souther would build two 4-4-0 locomotives for the Fitchburg Railroad, the Hoosac and the Champion.  He also built two 25-horsepower steam shovel for Norman Carmine Munson to use in filling the Boston Back Bay.

On his death in 1911, he was survived by a son and a daughter. Souther attended the funeral on May 4, 1870 of Zerah Colburn, the well-known locomotive engineer and journalist, who for a time (circa 1853) was employed by Souther.

References

American Railway Times 4, no. 19 (6 May 1852): Souther's Works at South Boston.
American Railway Times 4, no. 43 (21 October 1852): machine shop in South Boston.
American Railway Times 5, no. 5 (3 February 1853): machine was commenced at South Boston in the month of December 1851.
Weekly Transcript 10, no. 2 (1852), 2: “Globe Works, South Boston.” Souther's business, located on Foundry Street, was known as the Globe Works and Globe Locomotive Works.

1816 births
1911 deaths
19th-century American inventors
American railroad mechanical engineers
19th-century American businesspeople
CD-57. The (Hagelin) CD-57 was a portable, mechanical cipher machine manufactured by Crypto AG, first produced in 1957. It was derived from the earlier CD-55, and was designed to be compatible with the larger C-52 machines. Compact, the CD-57 measured merely 5 1/8in × 3 1/8in × 1 1/2in (13 × 8 × 3.8 cm) and weighed 1.5 pounds (680 gr). The CD-57 used six wheels.

A variant is the CD-57(RT), a similar device using a one-time pad system rather than rotating wheels. The STG-61 was a licensed copy of the CD-57 by Hell.

Sullivan (2002) shows how the CD-57 can be attacked using a hill climbing search technique.

See also
 M-209

Notes

References
 Wayne G. Baker, Solving a Hagelin, Type CD-57, Cipher, Cryptologia, 2(1), January 1978, pp1–8.
 Louis Kruh, Cipher Equipment: Hagelin Pocket Cryptographer, Type CD-57, Cryptologia, Volume 1, 1977, pp255–260.
 Geoff Sullivan, Cryptanalysis of Hagelin machine pin wheels, Cryptologia, 26(4), pp257–273, October 2002.

External links

 Photographs and a simulator (Windows)
  Photographs of the CD-57: , , 
 Jerry Proc's pages: , 
 Information about the STG-61

Encryption devices
GPT. GPT may refer to:

Computing
 Generative pre-trained transformer, a type of artificial intelligence language model
 ChatGPT, a chatbot developed by OpenAI, based on generative pre-trained transformer technology
 GUID Partition Table, a computer storage disk partitioning standard

Biology
 Alanine transaminase or glutamate pyruvate transaminase
 Goniopora toxin
 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—undecaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase

Companies
 GEC Plessey Telecommunications, a defunct British telecommunications manufacturer
 GPT Group, an Australian property investment company
 GPT, subsidiary of Airbus SE

Other uses
 Gulfport–Biloxi International Airport, in Mississippi
 General-purpose technology, in economics
 Generalized probabilistic theory, a framework to describe the features of physical theories
 Grounded practical theory, a social science theory
 GPT, a song on the album ...l, by Korean girl group STAYC
MES. MES may refer to:

Educational institutions
 Maharashtra Education Society, Pune, India
 Modern Education Schools, Cairo, Egypt
 MES College of Engineering
 MES Institute of Technology and Management
 MES Pattambi

Companies and organizations 
 Marconi Electronic Systems, a defunct British company
 Mesaba Airlines, former US airline, ICAO code
 Military Engineering Service, of the Pakistan Army
 Military Engineer Services (India), of the Indian Army
 Ministry of Emergency Situations (disambiguation), departments of various governments
 Former Movement of Socialist Left, Portugal

Chemicals 
 MES (buffer), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
 Mesityl group (Mes) in Mesitylene

Economics and business 
 Manufacturing execution systems, to track materials
 Minimum efficient scale of production

Places 
 Mes, Albania, location of the Mesi Bridge
 Polonia International Airport, Medan, Indonesia, IATA code

Technologies 
 Marine evacuation system, on ships
 Medium Edison screw, E26/E27 light bulb base
 Multilingual European subsets (MES-1 to MES-3) of Unicode

Other uses 
 Oleksii Mes (1993–2024), Ukrainian fighter pilot
 Musical ear syndrome
 MES, an Electronic, Dubstep, Rocktronic, Pop Punk Music Producer, DJ, and Vocalist
 Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti, a social committee based out of Belagavi city of India's Karnataka state
 Mark E. Smith, English singer and frontman of The Fall
 Manufacturing execution system

See also 
 Mees (disambiguation) 
 Mez (disambiguation)
Comotor. Comotor SA was a joint venture between NSU and Citroën, created in Luxembourg in April 1967. Its goal was to produce Wankel engines.

It followed an earlier, 1964 joint venture of both companies, the Geneva-based Comobil subsidiary, focusing on the development of the engines. Comotor engines were used by the Citroën M35 and by the GS Birotor.

In 1969 the company purchased a large 850 000 m2 plot of land at Altforweiler, half an hour to the east of Luxembourg in German Saarland in order to build a factory.

The venture was hamstrung by technical, reliability, and fuel consumption issues. Although Citroën took a slow and calculated development path, including a two-year beta test program in which 267 Citroën M35 prototypes were tested exhaustively by selected customers, rising fuel prices in 1973 nullified market demand for the fuel-thirsty engine. The vast sums that were invested in the Comobil and Comotor joint ventures were major contributors to the bankruptcy of both NSU and Citroën.

Henk van Veen of the Netherlands designed the OCR 1000 motorcycle around the Comotor engine. His company manufactured 38 of these motorcycles between 1974 and 1978.

References

Engineering companies of Luxembourg
Defunct companies of Luxembourg
Wankel engines
NSU Motorenwerke
Citroën
Wetting layer. A wetting layer is an monolayer of atoms that is epitaxially grown on a flat surface. The atoms forming the wetting layer can be semimetallic elements/compounds or metallic alloys (for thin films). Wetting layers form when depositing a lattice-mismatched material on a crystalline substrate. This article refers to the wetting layer connected to the growth of self-assembled quantum dots (e.g. InAs on GaAs). These quantum dots form on top of the wetting layer. The wetting layer can influence the states of the quantum dot for applications in quantum information processing and quantum computation.

Process

The wetting layer is epitaxially grown on a surface using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).  The temperatures required for wetting layer growth typically range from 400-500 degrees Celsius. When a material A is deposited on a surface of a lattice-mismatched material B, the first atomic layer of material A often adopts the lattice constant of B. This mono-layer of material A is called the wetting layer. When the thickness of layer A increases further, it becomes energetically unfavorable for material A to keep the lattice constant of B. Due to the high strain of layer A, additional atoms group together once a certain critical thickness of layer A is reached. This island formation reduces the elastic energy. Overgrown with material B, the wetting layer forms a quantum well in case material A has a lower bandgap than B. In this case, the formed islands are quantum dots. Further annealing can be used to modify the physical properties of the wetting layer/quantum dot
.

Properties
The wetting layer is a close-to mono-atomic layer with a thickness of typically 0.5 nanometers.  The electronic properties of the quantum dot can change as a result of the wetting layer. Also, the strain of the quantum dot can change due to the wetting layer.

Notes

External links
Wetting layer on arxiv.org
group website of M. Dähne

Quantum electronics
Thin film deposition
BS 8110. BS 8110 is a withdrawn British Standard for the design and construction of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. It is based on limit state design principles. Although used for most civil engineering and building structures, bridges and water-retaining structures are covered by separate standards (BS 5400 and BS 8007). The relevant committee of the British Standards Institute considers that there is no need to support BS 8110.

In 2004, BS 8110 was replaced by EN 1992 (Eurocode 2 or EC2). In general, EC2 used in conjunction with the National Annex, is not wildly different from BS  8110 in terms of the design approach. It gives similar answers and offers scope for more economic structures. Overall EC2 is less prescriptive, and its scope is more extensive than BS 8110 for example in permitting higher concrete strengths. In this sense the new code will permit designs not currently permitted in the UK, and this gives designers the opportunity to derive benefit from the considerable advances in concrete technology over recent years.

References

08110
Reinforced concrete
Structural engineering standards
Malemute. Malemute is the designation of an American sounding rocket family. The original Malemute had a maximum flight altitude of 165 km, a liftoff thrust of 57.00 kN, a total mass of 100 kg, a diameter of 0.41 m and a total length of 2.40 m. It was a single stage vehicle powered by a Thiokol Malemute TU-758 engine,  operated by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). 

It was used for used for conducting upper atmosphere research in various missions to study phenomena such as auroras, ionosphere and cosmic radiation. Over the years more advanced versions were developed.

Versions 
Improved versions exist, with the addition of a second stages and using different first stage engines.

Launches 
Malemute rockets were launched from Andøya Space Center, ESRANGE, Kauai Test Facility, Tonopah Test Range and White Sands Missile Range.

References

Sounding rockets of the United States
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
B18. B18 or B-18 may refer to:

 Alton Bay Seaplane Base (FAA LID: B18)
 B-18 Bolo, an American bomber aircraft by Douglas based on the Douglas DC-2
 B 18, a Swedish bomber aircraft made by SAAB
 B18 (New York City bus) serving Brooklyn
 B18 road (Cyprus)
 Caro-Kann Defence, in chess (Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code B18) 
 HLA-B18, an HLA-B serotype
 Honda B engine
 Volvo B18 engine
 Boron-18 (B-18 or 18B), an isotope of boron
 LNER Class B18, classified B1 until 1943
 18th Street gang (Barrio 18)
Yakovlev Yak-112. The Yakovlev Yak-112 Filin (Owl) is a Russian/Soviet civil utility aircraft that first flew in 1992. It is an all-metal high-wing strut braced monoplane with fixed tricycle landing gear.

Specifications (Yak-112)

References

External links

Yaklovlev English page on Yak-112

1990s Soviet and Russian civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1992
Yak-112
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Yakovlev Yak-54. The Yakovlev Yak-54 is a 1990s Russian aerobatic and sports competition aircraft designed by the Yakovlev Aircraft Corporation.

Design and development
Part of a new generation of acrobatic aircraft from the Yakovlev design bureau which has a long line of aircraft designs since 1937 with the UT-2/AIR-10, the Yak-54 is a development of the single-seat Yak-55M, designed by Chief Constructor Dmitry Drach and Lead Engineer Vladimir Popov. It first flew 23 December 1993.

It was produced by Saratov Aviation Facility in cooperation with JSV "Gorky U-2" up to 2005, when the production moved to the Arsenyev Aviation Company "Progress" facility in Arsenyev.

Specifications (Yak-54)

See also

References

External links
  

1990s Soviet and Russian sport aircraft
Yak-054
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1993
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
French frigate Courbet. Courbet is a general purpose stealth frigate of the French Navy (Marine Nationale) of the . She is the third French vessel named after the 19th-century Admiral Amédée Courbet.

Construction and career
Courbet took part in Opération Baliste. On 3 October 2006, an Israeli fighter aircraft penetrated her  defence perimeter without responding to radio calls, triggering a diplomatic incident. Israel apologised after official protests from the French government. Throughout September the ship was involved in anti-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia, helping to recapture a yacht taken by pirates on 2 September.

In December 2009 Courbet escorted the French Navy cruiser  on her final voyage. This was last trip of the helicopter carrier that served as a floating embassy and symbol of the French Navy for 46 years. Jeanne d'Arcs last voyage in company with Courbet included visits to Africa, South America including Rio de Janeiro to Buenos Aires, the French Antilles, the United States including New York City, and Canada. The voyage was completed sometime in May 2010.

During the Libyan Civil War, on 29 April 2011, while on patrol off Misrata, Courbet found and engaged four loyalist RHIB boats laying mines, sinking one of them.

In June 2020, while on patrol to counter alleged arms smuggling to Libya, France claimed that Turkish frigates illuminated Courbet three times with their fire control radar, a claim which was denied by Turkish officials.

On her first operational deployment after her mid-life upgrade, Courbet, operating in the Gulf of Guinea in conjunction with the helicopter assault ship , was involved in the seizure of just under 2 tons of drugs in May 2022.

In September 2023, while operating in the Mediterranean the frigate experienced a fire on board. Although no one was reported injured and the fire was extinguished, she as compelled to return to Toulon for evaluation and repair. The frigate was reported to have returned to sea in February 2024.

Upgrade
Courbet was the first ship of her class to begin a mid-life upgrade in October 2020. The upgrade is designed to permit the frigate to operate through the 2020s and into the 2030s and incorporates the addition of hull-mounted sonar, improved point air defence systems as well as the capacity to carry the latest variant of the Exocet anti-ship missile. The frigate returned to sea in June 2021 following her upgrade. She is projected to remain in service until 2032.

Going forward it was also planned to incorporate the CANTO anti-torpedo countermeasures system in the frigate.

References

External links

  Marine nationale, Frégate type La Fayette Presentation-Courbet (F 712)

La Fayette-class frigates
Frigates of France
1994 ships
LRS. LRS may refer to:

Science and technology
 Lactated Ringer's solution, used for intravenous administration
 Learning Record Store, a data store system
 Linear recursive sequence, a recurrence relation used in mathematics
 Linear reference system, a method of spatial referencing along a line
 Limited Rate Support, a Wi-Fi mode; see IEEE 802.11g-2003

Organisations
 Levi, Ray & Shoup, a business consulting firm
  (Lithuanian Russian Union), a political party in Lithuania
 Liverpool Reform Synagogue, a Reform Jewish synagogue in Liverpool, England
 London River Services, a division of Transport for London
 Long-range surveillance, a unit of the United States Army

Other uses
 , a Venezuelan broadcasting law
 Leros Municipal Airport (IATA code), on an island of Greece
 Location Referencing System, used for state-owned roads in Pennsylvania, US
 LRS (TV station)