omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
MG 13. The MG 13 (shortened from German Maschinengewehr 13) is a German light machine gun developed by converting the Dreyse Model 1918 heavy water-cooled machine gun into an air-cooled version.

History
Dreyse Model 1918 Machinegun: In 1907 Louis Schmeisser of Erfurt patented a machine-gun named in honor of the inventor of the needle gun by the heads of the factory where it was made which was founded by Dreyse. The Dreyse machine-gun was a heavy, usually tripod mounted, belt-fed and water cooled machine-gun.

The 1907 model was succeeded by the 1912 and later 1918 models. It was ordered the Model 1918 to be modernized by the company Simson in Suhl. It became the MG13.

Usage

The MG 13 was introduced into service in 1930, where it served as the standard light machine gun until 1935. It was superseded by the MG 34 and then later the MG 42.

An unusual feature of the MG 13 was its double-crescent trigger, which provided select fire capability without the need for a fire mode selector switch. Pressing the upper segment of the trigger produced semi-automatic fire, while holding the lower segment of the trigger produced fully automatic fire. It also fired from a closed bolt.

MG 13s were sold to Spain where they retained the designation of MG13 and to Portugal which used them into the late 1940s as the Metralhadora 7,92 mm m/1938 Dreyse. Those MG 13's that were not sold but rather were placed into storage later saw use in World War II by second line German units. As it was easy to handle and reload, many second line troops could use the MG 13 with efficiency.

On later examples a 75-round saddle drum was also used. It was equipped with a folding butt stock and a carrying handle. It was used in the turret of the Panzer I tank. 

The Chinese Nationalist Government also imported the MG 13 with the Panzer I Ausf A. tanks from Germany in 1936. The MG 13 was also used against the Japanese Imperial Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Portugal used it as a squad automatic weapon during the Portuguese Colonial War, under the name m/938.

The Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology in Koblenz has one of this specimen in its collection.

Users

 : Norwegian Police received ex-German MG-13s after WWII and converted them to MG-13k.

References

External links

 (Manual for the MG 13)
 (Photo gallery)

Light machine guns
World War II infantry weapons of Germany
World War II machine guns
Machine guns of Germany
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
Illinois Tool Works. Illinois Tool Works Inc. or ITW is an American Fortune 200 company that produces engineered fasteners and components, equipment and consumable systems, and specialty products.  It was founded in 1912 by Byron L. Smith and has built its growth on a "small-wins strategy" based on decentralization, simplicity, customer-focused innovation, and acquisitions.

Today [when?], it employs approximately 45,000 people in hundreds of businesses across 53 countries, and is based in Glenview, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.

ITW has more than 18,000 granted and pending patent applications worldwide. The company typically ranks in the top 100 of patent issuers in the U.S.

ITW subsidiaries
ITW comprises a number of subsidiaries. Notable brands include Hobart, Miller Electric, Paslode, Foster Refrigerator, Brooks Instrument, and Permatex adhesives. In August 2018, U.S. Tax Court Judge Albert G. Lauber determined that ITW owed no tax on over $356 million in repatriated funds from its foreign subsidiaries because the transactions had been sufficiently structured as debt.

Illegal exports 
The United States Department of Commerce imposed a $142,000 civil penalty on Illinois Tool Works in 2000, to settle allegations that the company illegally exported chemicals to Brazil on seven occasions between March 1994 and October 1997 without the required licenses and making false or misleading statements on Shipper's Export Declarations. Illinois Tool Works agreed to pay the penalty. $37,000 was suspended as part of the settlement. The chemicals exported can be used for commercial purposes and in the making of chemical weapons as well.

References

External links

 

Tool manufacturing companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
Companies based in Glenview, Illinois
Manufacturing companies established in 1912
1912 establishments in Illinois
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies in the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats
Self Defense Test Ship. The Self Defense Test Ship (SDTS) is an asset of the US Navy. It is a refurbished ship that is in some cases operated by remote control; that capability is designed to support self-defense engineering, testing, and evaluation.

When uncrewed, it can avoid the safety constraints and other problems associated with crewed ships. During typical operations, launched threats attack the ship, and the combat or weapon system being tested responds to these threats, defending the ship. The pre-arranged attack is, in practice, aimed at a decoy barge pulled 150 feet behind the SDTS in case of damage. Systems installed on the SDTS include MK 57 NATO Sea Sparrow, MK 23 Target Acquisition system, Rolling Airframe Missile, AN/SLQ-32(V) 3 ESM, and Phalanx Close-in Weapon System.

The current SDTS is the former , now known as Ex-Paul F. Foster. In addition to being a remote-controlled ship, she is a test-bed for numerous systems, technologies, and weapons, ranging from bio-fuels to lasers. She replaced the former  in 2003.

References 

Ships of the United States Navy
Autonomous ships
Experimental ships
Anthony Earnshaw. Anthony Earnshaw (9 October 1924 – 17 August 2001) was an English anarchist, artist, author and illustrator.

Earnshaw was born in Ilkley, West Yorkshire. His father, a watchmaker and jeweller, died before he was born. His mother ran the family shop until it went bankrupt in 1930, when they moved first to Redcar and then to Leeds. Earnshaw attended Harehills School in Leeds until the age of 14.

He worked as an engineering fitter, and later as a lathe turner and a crane driver, while educating himself at Leeds City Library. At 20 he became interested in Surrealism and, with his lifelong friend Eric Thacker, devised surreal activities such as boarding and alighting from trains at random. In the early 1960s he met several other like-minded people, including Patrick Hughes, Ian Breakwell and Glen Baxter. Hughes persuaded Earnshaw to hold a retrospective at the Leeds Institute in 1966, which was followed by an exhibition in Exeter, The Enchanted Domain, to which he was invited by John Lyle.

He began teaching part-time, first at the Harrogate School of Art, then at Bradford Art School, before leaving engineering altogether in 1972 to take up a fellowship at Leeds Polytechnic. He left teaching in 1985 to concentrate on art.

In 1968 Earnshaw collaborated with Thacker on an illustrated novel, Musrum, which was not commercially successful, but has become a cult classic. The book is a fantasy, peppered with aphorisms ("Sudden prayers make God jump"), and tells the story of the title character's kingdom and of his battle with the nefarious Weedking. It was followed in 1971 by a sequel, Wintersol, about the secret criminal nature of Father Christmas. Both books were praised for their elegant writing, wit and wordplay, and especially for their sheer invention.

Later publications included a cartoon in the Times Educational Supplement, a wheeled bird named Wokker, and books of aphorisms, the largest being Flick Knives and Forks in 1982. In the 1980s and 1990s Earnshaw began making art boxes, further exemplifying his loyalty to Surrealism.

Earnshaw died in 2001. He was survived by his second wife, Gail, and by two daughters from his first marriage.

References

External links
  Website on Anthony Earnshaw

1924 births
2001 deaths
People from Ilkley
English anarchists
English short story writers
English illustrators
English sculptors
English male sculptors
Crane operators
English male short story writers
20th-century English sculptors
English male novelists
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English short story writers
20th-century English male writers
Bromodichloromethane. Bromodichloromethane is a trihalomethane with formula . It is a colorless, nonflammable liquid which will dissolve in water, or evaporate in air. Most of the chemical is produced through the chlorine disinfection process, and as a result it can occur in municipally-treated drinking water. It is also produced in small quantities by algae in the oceans. According to the CDC, levels normal in drinking water are not known to cause health problems, but it has been classified by the US EPA as a probable human carcinogen. 

Bromodichloromethane has formerly been used as a flame retardant, and a solvent for fats and waxes and because of its high density for mineral separation. Now it is only used as a reagent or intermediate in organic chemistry. In the US it is only produced in small quantities, which are used for these chemical reasons. For example, it can be used to produce phenyl(bromodichloromethyl)mercury, which is widely used in the production of dichlorocarbene. It can be prepared by treating a mixture of chloroform and bromoform with triethyl-benzylammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide.

Toxicity 
According to the CDC, , levels that it is normal to be exposed to in drinking water are lower than levels known to cause health problems. A small number of studies have examined the effects of low levels of bromodichloromethane on people, but most were also exposed to other chemicals, so it may not be the only cause of reported health problems. Studies in animals with much higher levels of the chemical than what humans are normally exposed to have resulted in health problems. The effects of the chemical on children are unknown but expected to be the same as on adults.

No standards regulating its presence in drinking water currently exist in the United States, though a limit of 80 ppb exists for the total amount of trihalomethanes in general. The Environmental Working Group claims that bromodichloromethane can increase cancer risks and cause harm to reproduction, child development, and fetal growth and development in when present in quantities higher than 0.06 parts per billion (ppb). This data largely comes from studies reviewed or conducted by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. , the chemical is considered by the US Department of Health and Human Services to be reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, and by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to be a probable human carcinogen.

Notes

External links
 
 Bromodichloromethane at The Carcinogenic Potency Database
 Toxicological Profile at ATSDR

Organochlorides
Halomethanes
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Organobromides
Dibromochloromethane. Dibromochloromethane is a colorless to yellow, heavy and nonflammable compound with formula . It is a trihalomethane.
The substance has a sweet odour.  Small quantities of dibromochloromethane are produced in ocean by algae.

Applications
Dibromochloromethane was formerly used as a flame retardant and as an intermediate in chemicals manufacturing. Today it is used only as a laboratory reagent. Dibromochloromethane is also a disinfection byproduct, formed by the reaction of chlorine with natural organic matter and bromide ions in the raw water supply. As a result, it is commonly found in chlorinated drinking water.
Also, it is able to reduce methane production in ruminants by 79 %

See also
 Asparagopsis taxiformis

References

External links
 Dibromochlormethane in greenfacts.org glossary
 Dibromochloromethane toxicological review
 ToxFAQ for bromoform at ATSDR

Organochlorides
Organobromides
UTA AEC Class. Following the end of World War II, most railways throughout the world were looking to either update their fleet of steam locomotives with new and more economical designs or look towards alternatives, which for many meant a programme of dieselisation. The main considerations were the rising cost of coal against diesel oil and the weight of the trains causing wear and tear on the track. In looking to the dieselisation of their system the Ulster Transport Authority (UTA) made early inroads with small, lightweight diesel units, based on those built for the Great Western Railway in England, using the same manufacturers to supply parts and undertaking construction in their own workshops.

History
AEC (Associated Equipment Company Limited) of Southall, London were a well known bus chassis, engine and body builders responsible for many types of London's famous red buses. They also provided engines for many diesel railcars built for, or by, the Great Western Railway and later British Railways. In the early 1950s, with dieselisation being undertaken on the GNR(I) and the UTA systems, their products were supplied to both companies.

In August 1951 UTA's York Road works outshopped two new power cars which, following on the first diesel acquisitions, were numbered 6 and 7. They lasted well, 15 July 1966 seeing their last recorded working, after which they were not used again, although not officially withdrawn. On the formation of NIR they were included in the stock transferred over, to be officially withdrawn in December 1968. To increase capacity the unit ran with coach 279, as a centre trailer car, which was converted to work with this set. It became 528 in 1958.

At the same time, (1950/1), AEC were also responsible for power cars supplied to the GNR(I) and on the division of stock of that company in 1958 ten of these entered the UTA lists. Numbered from 111 to 120 inclusive they were, in order, originally GNR(I) No's. 603/602/607/606/611/610/615/614/619/618. Trailers from these railcars were converted from existing GNR steam coaches and retained their GNR numbers (Except vehicles 8 and 9, later UTA 585+586, which were built new as AEC driving trailers). Those that were acquired by UTA became 554 555 580 581 582 585 586 593 (The gaps being due to their numbering in the same series as BUT trailers). Kitchen Car 166 was converted to an AEC trailer in 1967 and retained its number.

Withdrawal
All NIR AEC railcars were withdrawn by 1972. The last set in service was 114-586-115 stopped in September of that year

No's 6 & 7 were involved in the Lisburn accident on 5 February 1963 (which also involved Class WT, No.2) and were sent to Dunluce Street for repairs.

Technically, and theoretically, No's. 6 and 7 were compatible with 111 - 120 but never ran with them.

References
 

AEC
AEC vehicles
Scrapped locomotives
Bundesautobahn 42. is an autobahn in western Germany. It connects Kamp-Lintfort with Castrop-Rauxel, linking several large cities in the Ruhr area, such as Dortmund, Duisburg, the North of Essen and Gelsenkirchen. It is colloquially known as Emscherschnellweg, after the river Emscher, which it roughly follows. Construction went underway in the 1970s and 1980s.

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42
A042
Electrostatic fieldmeter. An electrostatic fieldmeter, also called a static meter is a tool used in the static control industry. It is used for non-contact measurement of electrostatic charge on an object. It measures the force between the induced charges in a sensor and the charge present on the surface of an object. This force is converted to volts, measuring both the initial peak voltage and the rate at which it falls away.

Operation
a charge monitoring probe is placed close (1 mm to 5 mm) to the surface to be measured and the probe body is driven to the same potential as the measured unknown by an electronic circuit. This achieves a high accuracy measurement that is virtually insensitive to variations in probe-to-surface distances. The technique also prevents arc-over between the probe and measured surface when measuring high voltages.

Alternative method
The operation of an electrostatic field meter is based on the charge-discharge process of an electrically floating electrode: Corona source charges a floating electrode, which discharges with a regular repetition frequency to the earth-electrode. The discharge repetition frequency is the measured variable which is a function of the background electrostatic field. 
Beside static charge control in electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitive environments, another possible application is the measurement of the atmospheric electric field, if sufficient sensitivity is available.

See also
Coulombmeter
Electrometer
Electroscope
Electrostatic voltmeter
Faraday cup

References

Further reading
 – Electrostatic field meter - Texaco, Inc., 1987 (filed 1983)
 – Non-contact autoranging electrostatic fieldmeter with automatic distance indicator, Simco-Ion, Hatfield, PA, 1987 (filed 1985)

Electrical meters
Electrical test equipment
Electronic test equipment
Electronics work tools
Electrostatics
Measuring instruments
Peter Mosses. Peter David Mosses (born 1948) is a British computer scientist.

Peter Mosses studied mathematics as an undergraduate at Trinity College, Oxford, and went on to undertake a DPhil supervised by Christopher Strachey in the Programming Research Group while at Wolfson College, Oxford in the early 1970s. He was the last student to submit his thesis under Strachey before Strachey's death.

In 1978, Mosses published his compiler-compiler, the Semantic Implementation System (SIS), which uses a denotational semantics description of the input language.

Mosses has spent most of his career at BRICS in Denmark. He returned to a chair at Swansea University, Wales. His main contribution has been in the area of formal program semantics. In particular, with David Watt he developed action semantics, a combination of denotational, operational and algebraic semantics.

Currently, Mosses is a visitor at TU Delft, working with the Programming Languages Group.

References

External links 
 Home page
 

Living people
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Alumni of Wolfson College, Oxford
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
British computer scientists
Academics of Swansea University
Formal methods people
1948 births
Mission Omega. Mission Omega is a computer game published in 1986 by Argus Press Software for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC home computers. It was programmed by Stephen Ward.

Gameplay

The United States of Europe vessel, Windwraith, has been sent to intercept a mysterious object the size of a small moon which is speeding towards Earth. Robots must infiltrate the mystery-ship (dubbed the "Omega") and deactivate it within the hour or Earth will be destroyed.

Gameplay involves a mixture of arcade adventure, maze game and strategy. The player controls robots (which are designed, built and named in-game) around the interior of the Omega and must shut down its four reactors. These robots have a limited amount of artificial intelligence and can be programmed to take set routes or allowed to explore of their own accord. The player can also directly control the robots. Occasionally, simple puzzles (often involving setting levers correctly) must be solved or hostile robots aboard the Omega must be combatted.

The player has one hour in real-time to deactivate Omega's four reactors.

Critical reception
CRASH magazine found Mission Omega to be "an interesting, difficult but colourful and enjoyable hybrid game that should appeal to equally to strategy and arcade fans." However, the instructions printed on the cassette inlay were criticized for being contradictory and lacking keyboard controls.

External links

References

1986 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Commodore 64 games
Single-player video games
Strategy video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
Director of the Royal Institution. Below are directors of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, with date of appointment.

Director of the Laboratory

 1801   Humphry Davy
 1825   Michael Faraday
 1867   John Tyndall
 1887   James Dewar

Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory

 1896   James Dewar
 1896   Lord Rayleigh
 1923   William Bragg
 1942   Henry Hallett Dale
 1946   Eric Rideal
 1950   Edward Andrade
 1954   Lawrence Bragg
 1998   Richard Catlow
 2008   Quentin Pankhurst

Director

 1965   William Lawrence Bragg
 1966   George, Baron Porter of Luddenham
 1986   David Philips (acting)
 1986   John Meurig Thomas
 1991   Peter Day
 1998   Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield
 2017   Sarah Harper
 2018   Shaun Fitzgerald
 2022   Katherine Mathieson

External links
 Management of the Royal Institution

Royal Institution, Directors
Royal Institution
Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0). Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) or [Pd2(dba)3] is an organopalladium compound. The compound is a complex of palladium(0) with dibenzylideneacetone (dba).  It is a dark-purple/brown solid, which is modestly soluble in organic solvents.  Because the dba ligands are easily displaced, the complex is used as a homogeneous catalyst in organic synthesis.

Preparation and structure
First reported in 1970, it is prepared from dibenzylideneacetone and sodium tetrachloropalladate. Because it is commonly recrystallized from chloroform, the complex is often supplied as the adduct [Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3].  The purity of samples can be variable.

In [Pd2(dba)3], the pair of Pd atoms are separated by 320 pm but are tied together by dba units. The Pd(0) centres are bound to the alkene parts of the dba ligands.

Applications
[Pd2(dba)3] is used as a source of soluble Pd(0), in particular as a catalyst for various coupling reactions. Examples of reactions using this reagent are the Negishi coupling, Suzuki coupling, Carroll rearrangement, and Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation, as well as Buchwald–Hartwig amination. 

Related Pd(0) complexes are [Pd(dba)2] and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0).

References

Catalysts
Organopalladium compounds
Bundesautobahn 37. is an autobahn in the Region Hannover, Germany. It consists of two parts, one connecting the borough of Hannover-Buchholz to Burgdorf via Altwarmbüchen, the other connecting the Hanover fairground to the A 7. The two parts are linked by the B 3, the whole system is known as the Messeschnellweg (fairground expressway).

During large fairs, for example CeBIT or Hannover Messe, the Messeschnellweg can be transformed to a four-lane one way road on the fly to allow for quicker travel to and from the fairground.

Exit list

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37
A037