omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Framboid. A framboid is a micromorphological feature common to certain sedimentary minerals, particularly pyrite (FeS2). The first known use of the term is ascribed to Rust in 1935 and is derived from the French 'framboise', meaning 'raspberry', reflecting the appearance of the structure under magnification.

Framboidal structure comprises roughly spherical aggregates of discrete equi-regular euhedral microcrystallites of around 0.5 μm in diameter, with the average aggregate size ranging from 5-20 μm. Framboid diameter tends to correlate positively with microcrystal size, and microcrystal packing is most commonly irregular and disordered. Framboids were once thought to be a fossilised bacterial colonies or microorganisms, but successful synthesis of this structure under laboratory conditions and observation of framboids in locations hostile to microbial life have discounted this theory.

Framboidal pyrite is commonly found in coastal sediments, for instance marsh soils, marine and estuarine sediments, and beach sands. It can also be observed in coal as well as magmatic and carbonate rocks. Other minerals known to exhibit framboidal structures include magnetite, hematite, and greigite. Greigite is considered an essential precursor of framboidal pyrite formation.

References 

 McElnea, A. E. (2002) 'Assessing the Ability of Acid Sulfate Soil Laboratory Tests to Predict Environmental Risk and Lime Amelioration'. PhD Thesis, School of Land and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia.
 Ohfuji. H. and D. Rickard (2005) Experimental synthesis of framboids – a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 71:147-170 (Availability: ScienceDirect Database).
 Rust, G.W. (1935) Colloidal primary copper ores at Cornwall mines, southeastern Missouri. Journal of Geology, 43:398-426.
 Rickard, David (2021). Framboids. Oxford University Press.
 Wilkin, R. T. and H.L. Barnes (1997) Formation processes of framboidal pyrite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61(2): 323-339 (Availability: ScienceDirect Database).

Mineralogy
Pedology
Sulfide minerals
Kroombit Dam. The Kroombit Dam is a roller compacted concrete dam, built to replenish the groundwater supply to the Callide Irrigation area. The dam has a maximum height of 25m and used 275,000m³ of zoned earthfill and 100,000m³ of RCC and conventional concrete.

SunWater is undertaking a dam spillway capacity upgrade program to ensure the highest level of safety for our dams is maintained. The spillway will be upgraded in the longer term.

See also

List of dams and reservoirs in Australia

References

Reservoirs in Queensland
Central Queensland
Dams in Queensland
Winfried Otto Schumann. Winfried Otto Schumann (May 20, 1888 – September 22, 1974) was a German physicist and electrical engineer who predicted the Schumann resonances, a series of low-frequency resonances caused by lightning discharges in the atmosphere.

Biography 
Winfried Schumann was born in Tübingen, Germany, the son of a physical chemist. His early years were spent in Kassel and in Berndorf, a town near Vienna. He majored in electrical engineering at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. In 1912, he gained a doctorate with a thesis on high-voltage technology under the supervision of Engelbert Arnold. Prior to the First World War, he managed the high voltage laboratory at Brown, Boveri & Cie.

In 1920, he was made a professor at the Technical University in Stuttgart, where he had previously been employed as a research assistant. He subsequently took a position as professor of physics at the University of Jena. In 1924, he was made professor and director of the Electrophysical Laboratory at the Technical University of Munich.

He was brought to the United States under Operation Paperclip. During 1947–1948, he worked at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, USA, and then returned to his post in Munich.

The Munich laboratory subsequently became the Electrophysical Institute, where Schumann continued working until retiring from active research in 1961 at the age of 73, though he continued teaching for a further two years.

Patents 
 , Tube control, Winfried Otto Schumann, Sep 29, 1942.

References

External links 
 50 Years of Schumann Resonance, Kristian Schlegel and Martin Füllekrug
 Examples of the Zeroth Theorem of the History of Science

German geophysicists
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
1888 births
1974 deaths
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the University of Stuttgart
Academic staff of the University of Jena
German electrical engineers
Scientists from Tübingen
Bukit Bunga–Ban Buketa Bridge. Bukit Bunga–Ban Buketa Bridge (Malay: Jambatan Bukit Bunga–Ban Buketa, ) is a bridge crossing the Kolok River () at the Malaysia–Thailand border, connecting Bukit Bunga town in Kelantan with Buketa village in Waeng District, Narathiwat Province, Thailand. It is the newest border crossing between Malaysia and Thailand and the third bridge crossing the Kolok river. The bridge was one of the co-operative projects under the framework of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT).

The project, costing RM9.2 million with each both governments paying half, was given to a Malaysian contractor. The groundbreaking for the bridge was held on 14 October 2004 by the prime ministers of both countries. Construction was delayed, especially on the Thai side, with escalations in the insurgency in nearby Thai provinces, and it took 11 months of work to be completed 3 years later. It was officially opened on 21 December 2007 by the Malaysian prime minister, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, and the Thai prime minister, Surayud Chulanont.

See also
 Rantau Panjang–Sungai Golok Bridge

References

Bridges in Kelantan
Bridges in Thailand
International bridges in Malaysia
Malaysia–Thailand border crossings
Bridges completed in 2007
Box girder bridges in Malaysia
UNIStim. UNIStim (or Unified Networks IP Stimulus) is a deprecated Telecommunications protocol developed by Nortel (now acquired by Avaya) for IP Phone (terminals and soft phones) and IP PBX communications.

Most manufacturers of IP PBX equipment (Aastra, Alcatel, Avaya...) have followed the same path, developing their own proprietary protocols. These protocols are being gradually replaced or complemented by standardized protocols, including H.323, especially SIP.

Operating principle
The protocols works through a "master" / "slave" mode of operations. They simply reflect the basic actions a user can perform on his terminal (such as press a button) and the commands that can be sent to the display through the network to the terminal (such as turn a light on or display a message ). The "stimulus" can implement easily any new facility telephone without having to modify the software embedded in the terminals, which simplifies the procedures for maintenance and upgrade of the installed base. In this sense, the stimulus protocols differ from functional protocols (such as SIP or H.323) that impose on the one hand that the service is defined in the standard and that the terminal loads specific logic corresponding to the service in question. This approach allows manufacturers to quickly deliver a wide range of services without having to wait until these services are standardized.

Nortel has been very active in the standardization effort of these protocols within the IETF, drawing on its work with pre-standard UNIStim and already developed work on the Nortel IP PBX  systems and its IP Centrex platforms from 1996. Contributions common between Nortel and Cisco Systems for example culminated in the publication of the IETF RFC 3054 "Media Gateway IP Phone Application Profile" outlining the options in the protocol Megaco/H.248 for IP command posts.

The UNIStim protocol is implemented on Avaya IP PBX  systems and licensed by third-party suppliers → History See for example the release of the company Spectralink,

Details on the implementation of the protocol UNISTIM are available in the document "Telephony and Data Network Services at a Telephone", filed in the United States Patent No. 7068641 on May 7, 1999.  The Secure UNIStim protocol is implemented on the AS5300 or the CS2100 enables encryption of the UNIStim protocol with the use of a SMC 2450.

Ports 
 4100/udp	Nortel UNIStim (Unified Networks IP Stimulus), i200x
 5000/rudp	Nortel UNIStim (Unified Networks IP Stimulus), i2002/i2004 on ITG Line
 5100/rudp	Nortel UNIStim (Unified Networks IP Stimulus), ITG Line
 5105/udp	Nortel UNIStim (Unified Networks IP Stimulus) FTP (UFTP)
 6800/tcp	Nortel Unified Manager
 7000/rudp	Nortel UNIStim (Unified Networks IP Stimulus), BCM FP1 VoIP to/from IP Phones

See also
 H.323
 MGCP
 SIP
 List of Nortel patents

References

Further reading 
 

Avaya
Nortel
Nortel protocols
Telephony equipment
VoIP protocols
Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bengaluru. Sapthagiri College of Engineering(SCE) is an Engineering college in  Bangalore, India started in the year 2001.

About
Sapthagiri College of Engineering (SCE) is located at Chikkasandra, Hesarghatta Main Road, Bangalore. SCE is affiliated with Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum and approved by the All India Council for Technical Education.

Sapthagiri College of Engineering maintains and creates an enabling learning environment for the students. It offers civil engineering, mechanical engineering, information science & engineering, biotechnology, electrical & electronics engineering, computer science & engineering, and electronics & communications engineering courses.

Courses offered

Undergraduate
Biotechnology
Civil Engineering
Computer Science & Engineering
Information Science & Engineering
Electronics & Communications Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering and
Mechanical  Engineering

Postgraduate
Computer Science & Engineering
VLSI design & Embedded system.

Research centers
Biotechnology
Chemistry
Physics
Computer Science & Engineering
Electronics & Communications Engineering
Mechanical  Engineering

References

External links

Official Website of Visvesvaraya Technological University

Engineering colleges in Bengaluru
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in Karnataka
Stylebase for Eclipse. Stylebase for Eclipse is a free and open-source tool for software architects and designers. The tool is an extension to Eclipse, the most widely used open source integrated development environment. Stylebase is a knowledge base of architectural models, e.g. architectural patterns, design patterns, reference architectures, macro- and microarchitectures. Stylebase for Eclipse is a tool for browsing and maintaining the stylebase.

Stylebase for Eclipse assist in quality- and model-driven architecture design.  Quality-driven architecture design relies on the assumption that architectural patterns and styles, and also design patterns, embody different quality attributes. When patterns are applied in the architecture, quality characteristics of the selected patterns are reflected to the entire software architecture. Stylebase for Eclipse helps an architect in selecting styles and patterns which best promote the system's desired quality goals. Stylebase also aims to improve knowledge sharing and the reuse of architectural models in local and distributed development teams. Thereby, using the tool is claimed to increase both the productivity of development teams and quality of software products.

Stylebase for Eclipse open source community is coordinated by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.  The tool can be modified and redistributed under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence. The first version of the tool was published in October 2006 and 4 new releases have been published since them. Stylebase for Eclipse is in early phase of its life cycle - the currently available release is still a Beta version.

References

External links 
 Stylebase for Eclipse home page
 VTT open source site

Software projects
Tsunami-proof building. A tsunami-proof building is a purposefully designed building which will, through its design integrity, withstand and survive the forces of a tsunami wave or extreme storm surge. It is hydrodynamically shaped to offer protection from high waves. This thus causes the building to be dubbed 'tsunami-proof'.

Examples 
An example of such an architecture is where a laminar flow around a building will protect the walls. The structure can also rest on a hollow masonry block that for example can hold a body of water to sustain a family. Another example of such tsunami-proof techniques is when breakaway windows or walls are used. A known example of this has been built on the northern end of Camano Island. A design can include battered walls, cantilever steps and a wooden superstructure with the walls jutting out. Bamboo ply panels can be added to cover the sides. A structure like this, concomitant with its mechanical strength, will provide its occupants with independent potable water storage for an extended period of time. The first example known has been constructed at Poovar Island in southern Kerala, India.

United States 

In the United States, there is a recognized lack of tsunami-proof design, especially in vital installations such as aging nuclear reactors in vulnerable regions. For instance, the Unified Building Code of California does not have any provision about designing for tsunamis. There are only a few states, such as Hawaii, that began incorporating tsunami-proof design within their building codes. Some experts, however, doubt the efficacy of the tsunami-proof buildings, arguing that the force of the tsunami is unknown and that the impact is often so great that specialized building elements would be rendered ineffectual.

Tsunami-proof buildings in Japan 
There are important facilities in Japan, which is often inundated with tsunamis, that feature tsunami-proof design. The Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant has a barrier wall designed to protect the facility from tsunami wave caused by an earthquake predicted along the Nankai Sea trough. The barrier itself is made of continuous steel pipes and steel box frames. In other Japanese nuclear facilities, tsunami proofing includes building elements such as doors and balconies in the reactor and auxiliary buildings.

The March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was caused by a tsunami wave  high that overtopped the plant's  high seawall. Despite its defenses, the Hamaoka plant has been shut down since May 2011 to avoid a similar disaster.

See also
Earthquake-resistant structures
Escape pod

References

Housing
Tsunami
Consolidated PT-11. The Consolidated Model 21 was an American two-seat training aircraft built by the Consolidated Aircraft Company. It was used by the United States Army Air Corps with the designation PT-11 and the United States Coast Guard under the designation N4Y.

Design and development
The Model 21 was an aerodynamic cleaned up version of the Model 12/PT-3, one of the distinguishing features being curved instead of angular tail surfaces. The aircraft was a single-engined biplane with fixed tailwheel landing gear and accommodation for two in open cockpits.

Operational history
Designated the PT-11 by the United States Army Air Corps it progressed through a number of trial variants but was not built in large numbers. 11 Examples of the model 21-C were built in Canada as the 21-M for Mexico but none were built for local use.

Variants
XPT-933
 (Model 21A). Prototype powered by  Kinner engine, first flew February 1931.
YPT-11
Evaluation aircraft for US Army based on the Model 21A with a  Continental R-545-1 engine, four built.
PT-11A
One YPT-11 was re-engined with a  Curtiss R-600-1 Challenger engine, originally as Y1PT-11A, later converted to PT-11C standard.
Y1PT-11B
One YPT-11 was re-engined with a  Kinner YR-720-1 engine and designated Y1PT-11B. 5 production aircraft for US Army with another for the United States Coast Guard and designated N4Y-1.
PT-11C
PT-11A re-engined with a  Lycoming YR-680-1 engine. One or two converted for US Army, with 18 new-build aircraft for Colombia.
PT-11D
Production version with  R-680-3 engine, originally designated Y1PT-11D. 21 new-built, plus five conversions from Y1PT11-Bs and two from Y1PT-11s.
PT-12
A version of the PT-11 with a 300hp R-985-1 engine and detailed changes, ten built later redesignated BT-7.

Y1BT-6
One YPT-11 was re-engined with a 300hp R-985-1
BT-6
Redesignation of Y1BT-6.

BT-7
PT-12 aircraft redesignated.
XN4Y-1
Evaluation aircraft for the United States Coast Guard, three built.
N4Y-1
One YPT-11B for the USCG, later modified to the same standard as the XN4Y-1

Operators

United States Army Air Corps
United States Coast Guard

Colombian Air Force (PT-11C).

Paraguayan Air Arm (Model 21-C).

Mexican Air Force (Model 21-M).

Specifications (PT-11D)

See also
Consolidated PT-3

References

PT-11
Consolidated PT-11
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Colonial Skimmer. The Colonial Model C-1 Skimmer was an American small single-engined amphibian flying boat built by the Colonial Aircraft Corporation. It was the start of a line of very similar aircraft designed by David Thurston.

Design and development
In 1946 David Thurston established the Colonial Aircraft Corporation at Sanford Maine to build his design for a small amphibian flying boat, the Skimmer.

The resulting design was an all-metal shoulder-wing cantilever monoplane with a single-step hull and stabilizing floats fitted under each wing. A retractable tricycle landing gear allowed land operation. The Avco Lycoming engine with a pusher propeller was pylon-mounted above and aft of the enclosed cockpit.

The cabin had side-by-side seating for a pilot and passenger with room behind for another passenger.

The prototype XC-1 Skimmer first flew on July 17, 1948, powered by a  Lycoming O-235 engine, but was later re-engined with a  Lycoming O-290 engine.

24 examples of the C-1 Skimmer were built and these were followed by 18 examples of the higher powered four-seat variant known as the C-2 Skimmer IV, which through a succession of companies became the Lake Buccaneer.

Specifications (C-1)

See also

References

Further reading

1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Skimmer
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948
Flying boats
Cruciform tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Red Sea Dam. The Red Sea Dam is a speculative macro-engineering proposal put forward in 2007 by a group of scientists and engineers. Although the authors' intentions are to explore "the ethical and environmental dilemmas and some of the political implications of macro-engineering", the proposal has attracted both criticism and ridicule.

Proposal 
The idea is to dam the Red Sea at its southern end where the Bab-al-Mandab Strait is only  wide. Natural evaporation would rapidly lower the level of the enclosed Red Sea, by about 2.1 meters per year (6.8 feet per year). Water rushing back into the sea would then drive turbines to generate electricity. The dam would have the potential to generate 50 gigawatts of emissions-free hydroelectric power. In comparison, the largest nuclear power plant in the United States has an output of 3.2 gigawatts.

Implications 
The proposal's authors point out that "Macro-engineering projects of this size cause massive destruction of existing ecologies", a point emphasized by critics who note the damage caused by current, far smaller schemes.

The authors also note the benefits of the project. Besides helping to satisfy the region's growing energy needs, there are environmental benefits to the scheme: "On the positive side of the environmental scale, however, are the big reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, and the reduced pace of fossil hydrocarbon resource exhaustion".

Peter Bosshard, policy director of International Rivers in California, an anti-dam organization, condemned the scheme as ludicrous.

See also 
 Atlantropa
 Bridge of the Horns
 Hydroelectricity
 Qattara Depression Project

References

External links 
 Gibraltar Strait Dam Macroprojects by Richard Cathcart, one of the authors of the Red Sea Dam proposal.

Macro-engineering
Dam controversies
Proposed dams
Hydroelectricity
Red Sea
ACM Software System Award. The ACM Software System Award is an annual award that honors people or an organization "for developing a software system that has had a lasting influence, reflected in contributions to concepts, in commercial acceptance, or both". It is awarded by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) since 1983, with a cash prize sponsored by IBM of currently $35,000.

Recipients
The following is a list of recipients of the ACM Software System Award:

See also
 Software system
 List of computer science awards

References

External links
 Software System Award — ACM Awards

Awards established in 1983
Software System Award
Computer science awards
Joint Interface Control Officer. The Joint Interface Control Officer (JICO) is the senior multi-tactical data link interface control officer in support of joint task force operations. The JICO is responsible for effecting planning and management of the joint tactical data link network within a theater of operations.

Notes

References
 CJCSI 6240.01C
 CJCSM 3115.01A 
 [6120.01 (series) Joint Multi-TDL Operation Procedure (JMTOP)]
 [MIL-STD-6016 (series) Tactical Data Link (TDL) 16 Message Standard] 
 [STANAG 5516 Allied Tactical Data Link (TDL) 16 Message Standard] 

Information systems
Sorona. Sorona is DuPont de Nemours, Inc.'s brand of Triexta, a subclass of polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) named and commercialized in 2000. The fibers are soft and stain-resistant while exhibiting high strength and stiffness.

Sorona is a co-polymer of 1,3-propanediol (obtained by fermentation) and petroleum-derived terephthalic acid (TPA) or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT).  Related polymers in this series include polyethylene terephthalate (2GT) and polybutylene terephthalate (polytetramethylene terephthalate) (4GT).

Sorona can theoretically be produced from about 37% renewable resources as  DuPont won a 2003 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award for their development of the fermentation process for the production of 1,3-propanediol from corn-derived glucose in recombinant Escherichia coli K-12.

The polymer Sorona has been mentioned by J. Craig Venter in interviews as an example of an application of industrial biotechnology.  He was quoted as saying, "DuPont argues that Sorona is going to be the first billion-dollar biotech product other than a pharmaceutical".

Uses and Applications
Sorona has been used in the manufacture of clothing, residential carpets, automotive fabrics, and plastic parts.
Mohawk Industries is currently the exclusive North American carpet manufacturer making carpets using DuPont Sorona fiber.

References

Synthetic fibers
Bioplastics