omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Performance prediction. In computer science, performance prediction means to estimate the execution time or other performance factors (such as cache misses) of a program on a given computer. It is being widely used for computer architects to evaluate new computer designs, for compiler  writers to explore new optimizations, and also for advanced developers to tune their programs. 

There are many approaches to predict program 's performance on computers. They can be roughly divided into three major categories:
 simulation-based prediction
 profile-based prediction
 analytical modeling

Simulation-based prediction
Performance data can be directly obtained from computer simulators, within which each instruction of the target program is actually dynamically executed given a particular input data set. Simulators can predict program's performance very accurately, but takes considerable time to handle large programs. Examples include the PACE and Wisconsin Wind Tunnel simulators as well as the more recent WARPP simulation toolkit, which attempts to significantly reduce the time required for parallel system simulation.

Another approach, based on trace-based simulation does not run every instruction, but runs a trace file which store important program events only. This approach loses some flexibility and accuracy compared to cycle-accurate simulation mentioned above but can be much faster. The generation of traces often consumes considerable amounts of storage space and can severely impact the runtime of applications if large amount of data are recorded during execution.

Profile-based prediction 
The classic approach of performance prediction treats a program as a set of basic blocks connected by execution path. Thus the execution time of the whole program is the sum of execution time of each basic block multiplied by its execution frequency, as shown in the following formula:

The execution frequencies of basic blocks are generated from a profiler, which is why this method is called profile-based prediction. The execution time of a basic block is usually obtained from a simple instruction scheduler.

Classic profile-based prediction worked well for early single-issue, in-order execution processors, but fails to accurately predict the performance of modern processors. The major reason is that modern processors can issue and execute several instructions at the same time, sometimes out of the original order and cross the boundary of basic blocks.

References

Software optimization
Groundwater discharge. Groundwater discharge is the volumetric flow rate of groundwater through an aquifer.

Total groundwater discharge, as reported through a specified area, is similarly expressed as:

where
Q is the total groundwater discharge ([L3·T−1]; m3/s),
K is the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer ([L·T−1]; m/s),
dh/dl is the hydraulic gradient ([L·L−1]; unitless), and 
A is the area which the groundwater is flowing through ([L2]; m2)

For example, this can be used to determine the flow rate of water flowing along a plane with known geometry.

The discharge potential 
The discharge potential is a potential in groundwater mechanics which links the physical properties, hydraulic head, with a mathematical formulation for the energy as a function of position. The discharge potential,  [L3·T−1], is defined in such way that its gradient equals the discharge vector.

Thus the hydraulic head may be calculated in terms of the discharge potential, for confined flow as

and for unconfined shallow flow as

where

 is the thickness of the aquifer [L], 
 is the hydraulic head [L], and
 is an arbitrary constant [L3·T−1] given by the boundary conditions.

As mentioned the discharge potential may also be written in terms of position. The discharge potential is a function of the Laplace's equation

which solution is a linear differential equation. Because the solution is a linear differential equation for which superposition principle holds, it may be combined with other solutions for the discharge potential, e.g. uniform flow, multiple wells, analytical elements (analytic element method).

See also
Groundwater flow equation
Groundwater energy balance
Submarine groundwater discharge
Discharge (hydrology)
Flux (transport definition)
Darcy's Law

References

 Freeze, R.A. & Cherry, J.A., 1979. Groundwater, Prentice-Hall. 

Hydrology
Aquifers
University of Tehran, Department of Mining Engineering. The University of Tehran, Department of Mining Engineering was among the first four engineering departments established in the University of Tehran. The main responsibility of this department as the first formal education institution in mining engineering in Iran, was to train experts and professionals who could help exploiting the substantial potential of the country in natural resources, mineral deposits, and mining prospects. Within last 72 years, many mining engineers have received education and training in this school in various levels. Currently, the School of Mining Engineering has about 290 undergraduate and 135 graduate students. 

Undergraduate students should pass 140 credit hours including 3 credit hours of senior project, 20 credit hours of humanities, basic engineering math, physics, and chemistry, applied geology courses, and mining related topics with several credit hours of field training.
 
School of Mining Engineering currently has 20 full-time and several prominent adjunct faculty members. It has several research laboratories and educational workshops including Mineral Processing, Rock Mechanics, Mineralogy, Petrology, Cartography, Geophysics, Geochemistry, XRD Lab, Analytical Lab, Industrial Mineral Application Lab, Mineral and Rock Museum, and a computer center.

References

Mining
Engineering universities and colleges in Iran
Schools of mines
University and college departments
Mining in Iran
Clean Ocean Foundation. The Clean Ocean Foundation is an Australian environmental organisation that seeks to stop all forms of ocean pollution and restore our oceans to their former health.

Clean Ocean Foundation holds that the best way of minimising the impact of the waste from any land-based activity is for the waste to be retained on land wherever possible so its impact can be properly monitored and minimised. It is dedicated to closure wherever possible of all ocean|sanitary sewer|sewerage|industrial outfalls.

If this is impossible Clean Ocean Foundation demands that rigorous, ongoing, transparent monitoring in conjunction in line with community standards and world's best practice occur at each outfall.

Clean Ocean Foundation is currently involved in research under the auspices of the Marine Biodiversity Hub to produce the National Outfall Database. The database identifies the location and composition of domestic outfalls on the Australian coastline. Clean Ocean Foundation is also developing community capability to monitor the impact of these outfalls on recreational users and the marine environment.

Clean Ocean Foundation was formed in 2000 by families, fisherman, and surfers who became concerned at the high level of pollution at Mornington Peninsula surf beaches such as Gunnamatta. The Foundation was successful in convincing the Victorian State Government to commit over 400 million dollars to upgrade Eastern Treatment Plant that discharges to Boags Rock Outfall near Gunnamatta beach.

Following this major victory, the Foundation is working towards the recycling of all wastewater from 254 outfalls around Australia to minimise the environmental effects of wastewater on the marine environment whilst also ensuring a vital source of water on a dry continent is not wasted.

The Foundation has also been successful in lobbying the NHMRC for Australia's recreational water guidelines to be raised to match World Health Organization criteria.

Clean Ocean's mission is: "To protect our ocean ecosystem and establish sustainable water management practices."

See also
 Blue Wedges

References

External links 
 

Conservation and environmental foundations in Australia
2000 establishments in Australia
Environmental charities based in Australia
Self-certifying File System. In computing, Self-certifying File System (SFS) is a global and decentralized, distributed file system for Unix-like operating systems, while also providing transparent encryption of communications as well as authentication. It aims to be the universal distributed file system by providing uniform access to any available server, however, the usefulness of SFS is limited by the low deployment of SFS clients. It was developed in the June 2000 doctoral thesis of David Mazières.

Implementation 
The SFS client daemon implements the Sun's Network File System (NFS) protocol for communicating with the operating system, and thus can work on any operating system that supports NFS, including Windows. The client manages connections to remote file systems as necessary, acting as a kind of protocol translation layer. The SFS server works similarly to other distributed file system servers, by exposing an existing disk file system over the network, over the specific SFS protocol. On Unix-like systems, SFS file systems can usually be found at . When an SFS file system is first accessed through this path, a connection to the server is made and the directory is created ("automounted").

Differences 
The primary motivation behind the file system is to address the shortcomings of hardwired, administratively configured distributed file systems in larger organizations, and various remote file transfer protocols. It is designed to operate securely between separate administrative realms. For example, with SFS, one could store all their files on a single remote server, and access the same files securely and transparently from any location as if they were stored locally, without any special privileges or administrative cooperation (other than running the SFS client daemon). Available file systems will be found at the same path regardless of physical location, and are implicitly authenticated by their path names — as they include the public-key fingerprint of the server (hence why it is called "self-certifying").

In addition to the new perspective, SFS also addresses some commonly raised limitations of other distributed file systems. For example, NFS and SMB clients have to rely on the server for file system security policies, and NFS servers have to rely on the client computer for authentication. This often complicates security, as one compromised computer could breach the security of the entire organization. The NFS and SMB protocols also do not by themselves provide confidentiality (encryption) or tamper resistance from other computers on the network, without encapsulation layers such as IPsec.

Unlike Coda and AFS, SFS does not provide local caching of remote files and thus is more dependent on network reliability, latency and bandwidth.

See also 
 Clustered file system
 Network File System (protocol)
 Coda (file system)
 Andrew File System

References

External links 
 archive of SFS official web site (archive.org)* 
 

Network file systems
Userspace file systems
Distributed data storage
Antitaenite. Antitaenite is a meteoritic metal alloy mineral composed of iron (Fe) and 20–40% nickel (Ni), (and traces of other elements) that has a face centered cubic crystal structure.

There are three other known Fe-Ni meteoritic minerals: kamacite, taenite, and tetrataenite.

The existence of antitaenite as a new mineral species, occurring in both iron meteorites and in chondrites, was first proposed in 1995 but the IMA has not approved paramagnetic antitaenite; instead the organization regards it as a variety of taenite. Gamma (fcc) Fe-Ni alloys with low-Ni (about 25% Ni) are probably inhomogeneous on a nanometer scale.

Antitaenite and taenite have the same crystal structure (face centered cubic) and can have the same chemical composition (same proportions of Fe and Ni) but they differ in their electronic structures: taenite has a high magnetic moment whereas antitaenite has a low magnetic moment. This difference in electronic structure was first established in 1999 and arises from a high-magnetic-moment to low-magnetic-moment transition occurring in the Fe-Ni bi-metallic alloy series.  The same electronic structure transition is believed to be a causal factor in Invar behaviour.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

External links 
 Mindat with location data
 Webmineral data

Iron minerals
Nickel minerals
Meteorite minerals
ACI Technologies. ACI Technologies Inc. (ACI), formerly known as the American Competitiveness Institute, is an American scientific research corporation founded by Alan J. Criswell in 1992. Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ACI operates a  facility dedicated to the advancement of the electronics industry and research and development of various electronic manufacturing methods and materials. Early in its existence, ACI acquired a defense contract from the Office of Naval Research known as the Electronics Manufacturing Productivity Facility (EMPF).

References

DefenseLink: Contracts for Tuesday, October 31, 2000
NASA – "The American Competitiveness Institute was assigned the task to perform Salt Atmosphere and. Humidity Exposure Tests."
NASA - Lead-Free Solder Project: Final Report - Mechanical Shock Environmental Testing of Tin-Lead and Lead-Free Circuit Boards - "The American Competitiveness Institute (ACI) performed a series of Environmental Stress Tests for the Joint Council of Aging Aircraft / Joint Group of Pollution Prevention (JCAA / JG-PP) Lead Free Soldering Program."

External links

The Electronics Manufacturing Productivity Facility (EMPF)

Research institutes in Pennsylvania
Training organizations
Research institutes established in 1992
1992 establishments in Pennsylvania
Jarden Zinc Products. Artazn, formerly known as Jarden Zinc Products LLC. is a manufacturer of zinc products. The company is a subsidiary of One Rock Capital. The company is most notable for being the sole manufacturer of planchets used in the production of the United States penny. The company has resisted past efforts to eliminate the penny in the United  through an astroturf lobby organization called Americans for Common Cents.

Products 
The company's largest source of revenue comes from the production of coin blanks, having produced over 300 billion blanks at their Tennessee facility. The company also supplies zinc strips used in various cathodic protection, building, automotive, architectural, and specialty products. Such products include zinc galvanic anodes, LifeJacket, and LifeDowel automotive blade fuses, metal flashing, guttering systems, plumbing hardware, wall cladding, braille, organ pipes, counter tops, signs, and medals among other niche items.

Product development 
Zinc's attributes and characteristics can be manipulated to create new zinc alloys. Jarden Zinc Products has a product development team that is tasked with creating new alloys that meet specific market needs.

References

External links
Official  website

Zinc companies
Manufacturing companies based in Tennessee
Greeneville, Tennessee
Newell Brands
Metal companies of the United States
Regional Pacific Airlines. Regional Pacific Airlines was an airline based in Cairns, Queensland, Australia.

Established 
It was established and started operations in May 2001 and operated scheduled services from Horn Island in Queensland.

Ceased operation 
On 29 June 2010, it was announced that Regional Pacific Airlines had gone into administration and all business and flight operations were stopped.

Fleet 

As of May 2009, the Regional Pacific Airlines fleet includes two (2) Embraer EMB 120ER Brasilia aircraft.

Destinations 
As of November 2009, Regional Pacific Airlines operated scheduled service to the following domestic destinations:
 Alice Springs (ASP) – Alice Springs Airport (1 flight daily to Mount Isa)
 Bamaga (BAM) – Northern Peninsula Airport (2 flights daily to Cairns)
 Cairns (CNS) – Cairns Airport (2 flights daily to Bamaga, 3 flights daily to Mount Isa)
 Mount Isa (ISA) – Mount Isa Airport (2 flights daily to Alice Springs, 3 flights daily to Cairns)

See also
List of defunct airlines of Australia
 Aviation in Australia

References

External links
 Regional Pacific Airlines redirects to Regional Pacific Travel Guide
 Aircraft photos - Regional Pacific Airlines at Airliners.net
 Aircraft photos - Regional Pacific Airlines at Jetphotos.net
 Regional Pacific Airlines Closes and goes into Administration - retrieved Tuesday 6 July 2010 

Defunct airlines of Australia
Regional Aviation Association of Australia
Airlines established in 2001
Airlines disestablished in 2010
2001 establishments in Australia
2010 disestablishments in Australia
Dithionate. The dithionate (or metabisulfate) anion, , is a sulfur oxoanion derived from dithionic acid, H2S2O6.  Its chemical formula is sometimes written in a semistructural format, as [O3SSO3]2−. It is the first member of the polythionates.

The sulfur atoms of the dithionate ion are in the +5 oxidation state due to the presence of the S–S bond. Generally, dithionates form stable compounds that are not readily oxidised or reduced. Strong oxidants oxidise them to sulfates and strong reducing agents reduce them to sulfites and dithionites. Aqueous solutions of dithionates are quite stable and can be boiled without decomposition.

The γ-irradiation of crystalline dithionates produces  radical ions. The unpaired electron in the  radical can be detected with electron paramagnetic resonance and barium dithionate has been proposed as the basis for a radiation dosimeter.

The dithionate ion can act as a bidentate ligand.

The structure of the dithionate ion in the solid state is staggered in Na2S2O6·2H2O, whereas in the anhydrous potassium salt it is nearly eclipsed.

Compounds
Compounds containing the dithionate ion include:

 sodium dithionate, Na2S2O6
 potassium dithionate, K2S2O6
 barium dithionate, BaS2O6

References

External links

 
Sulfur oxyanions
Electromobile. The Electromobile was an English electric car manufactured from 1901 until 1920. The product of a London company, it was offered as part of a contract hire scheme as early as 1904. From 1903 the engine was mounted on the rear axle. The design of the car changed little until after World War I; in 1919 a new model, the short-bonneted 8/13 hp Elmo electric, appeared.

References
 

Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1901
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1920
Vehicle manufacture in London
Defunct companies based in London
Cars introduced in 1901
Brass Era vehicles
Vintage vehicles
Cars discontinued in 1920
Space Fellowship. The Space Fellowship is an international news and information network dedicated to the development of the space industry.

The organisation works to report and communicate space news and information to its valued community. Offering a unique and fresh approach, the International Space Fellowship works alongside leading space organisations with the goal of bringing space to the general public. Its online news service provides visitors with the latest news and updates from both inside and outside the space community.

History

In the early days the Space Fellowship was the Official X PRIZE Foundation web forum and a separate X PRIZE blog on Google's blogspot. On 12 July 2004 the X PRIZE Foundation web forum and the X PRIZE blog spot joined to form the X PRIZE News. On 18 October 2005 the X PRIZE News was renamed to the International Space Fellowship.

Members
Aerospace companies / Teams and prizes having their official forums listed on the Space Fellowship are:
 Armadillo Aerospace
 JP Aerospace
 Micro-Space
 Masten Space Systems
 Interorbital Systems
 Microlaunchers
 Cambridge University Spaceflight
 Epsilon vee
 Team Prometheus
 N-Prize

See also
Space advocacy

References

External links
 (archived in June 2019; spacefellowship.com now offline with message: "You can visit https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/ for recent Space News")

Private spaceflight
Commercial spaceflight
Space access
Space colonization
Space organizations
Space advocacy organizations
Space tourism
British news websites
Organizations established in 2003
ColorCAM. ColorCAM was both a CAD and a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system for printed circuit boards (PCB). Introduced in 1983 by Lothar Klein, LKSoft, it was one of the first systems running on a personal computer instead of a workstation or mainframe, which was typically the case for all CAD applications at that time.

ColorCAM was originally developed and marketed under the name LAYCAD and was running on computers from ELTEC in Mainz, Germany, and HEMA in Aalen, Germany, using the Motorola 6809 CPU, one of the most powerful 8/16-bit processors at that time. To be able to address more than the maximal 64 kilobytes of RAM available with a 16-bit address space, these computers had special hardware to superimpose a memory window in this 16-bit address space, from a bigger storage with up to 512 Kbyte RAM. The ELTEC computer had a 512×256 pixel memory mapped graphic while the HEMA computer had a 640×400 pixel graphic using the NEC 7220 graphics controller chip. Both computers used the FLEX (operating system).

In 1984, ColorCAM was ported onto the newly introduced 16-bit IBM AT computer. At that time the only available colour graphics adapter (CGA) had a resolution of 320×200 pixels, not sufficient for a CAD application. So the HEMA graphics was turned into an external "graphic box" and connected with the IBM AT via the parallel port. A next major improvement was the introduction of an expansion board using the Hitachi ACRT graphics controller HD63484. With up to 1 megabyte of video RAM, it was possible to create a 1600×1200-pixel graphic with four bits/pixel and display it on a 1024×786 cathode ray tube (CRT) display. The processing power of the IBM-AT class of computers was too low to implement algorithms for the automatic routing of tracks on the PCB. Therefore, a solution using Maze runner concepts was realized on an expansion board using the INMOS Transputer to boost the processing power. ColorCAM itself was written in the Pascal programming language with only small parts in assembly language.

On the CAM side, ColorCAM was optimized for running the milling and drilling machines from LPKF Laser & Electronics AG for the production of PCB prototypes.

Support and sales of ColorCAM were discontinued in 1993. In total, more than 1000 licenses of ColorCAM were sold worldwide by LPKF Laser & Electronics AG within less than 10 years.

External links 
 LKSoft
 LPKF chronicle
 Borehole Drilling Machine

Computer-aided manufacturing software
Electronic design automation software
Elgé. The Elgé was a French automobile manufactured from 1924 until 1925.  Created at Bordeaux by Roger Louis Maleyre, a pioneer in the field of aerodynamics, it was very low and light, and was well streamlined; the cars used CIM engines.  Maleyre also produced a prototype design for a propeller-driven car which was never put into production.  In total about thirty cars were produced.

References

David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Companies based in Bordeaux
Ehrhardt (automobile). The Ehrhardt was a German automobile manufactured from 1905 until 1924. The company was founded by Gustav Ehrhard, son of Heinrich Ehrhardt of Dixi. Its operations were centered at Zella St. Blasii and at Düsseldorf. Ehrhardts came in two- and four-cylinder models. The largest was a 7956 cc four-cylinder which had four-wheel brakes by 1913. After 1918, the factory produced a 40 hp four-cylinder and a 55 hp six-cylinder, both luxury cars with OHC engines.

Ehrhardt was succeeded in 1924 by Ehrhardt-Szawe.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Cars introduced in 1905
1910s cars
1920s cars
Cars discontinued in 1924