omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
RAYDAC. The RAYDAC (for Raytheon Digital Automatic Computer) was a one-of-a-kind computer built by Raytheon. It was started in 1949 and finished in 1953. It was installed at the Naval Air Missile Test Center at Point Mugu, California.

The RAYDAC used 5,200 vacuum tubes and 18,000 crystal diodes. It had 1,152 words of memory (36 bits per word), using delay-line memory, with an access time of up to 305 microseconds. Its addition time was 38 microseconds, multiplication time was 240 microseconds, and division time was 375 microseconds. (These times exclude the memory-access time.)

See also
 List of vacuum-tube computers

External links
 Erwin Tomash photo of General Front View From Right Side of RAYDAC Test Control Board (image)
 Erwin Tomash drawing of RADAC Computer Control Room Showing Main Computer and Operator's Console (image)

References 

One-of-a-kind computers
Vacuum tube computers
36-bit computers
Raytheon Company products
EdGCM. The Educational Global Climate Model or EdGCM is a fully functional global climate model (GCM) that was ported for use on desktop computers (Windows PCs and Macs) for use in education. It operates through a graphical user interface and is integrated with a relational database and scientific visualization utilities, all of which aim at helping improve the quality of teaching and understanding of climatology by making real-world research experiences more accessible. EdGCM was designed to permit teachers and students to conduct in-depth investigations of past, present and future climate scenarios in a manner that is essentially identical to the techniques used by national and international climate research organizations.

 

EdGCM was developed at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies as a joint project of Columbia University and NASA scientists and programmers. The Global Climate Model at the core of EdGCM is GISS Model II. During the 1980s and early 1990s, this GCM was one of NASA's primary climate research tools. Results from the model have appeared in hundreds of scientific publications.

The coarser resolution of the climate model in EdGCM (8° x 10°, latitude x longitude) makes it computationally less expensive to run. But because it contains most of the key atmospheric physics of modern GCMs, EdGCM was also used by climate researchers who do not have access to the most recent GCM versions.

, development of EdGCM was continued. Developers were continuing work on a cloud-based version called EzGCM.

See also
 NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
 NCAR Community Climate System Model
 NOAA GFDL CM2.X
 Earth Simulator
 HadCM3 - explanation of an AOGCM

External links 
 EdGCM at Columbia University

 

Numerical climate and weather models
Meteorology and climate education
NASA spin-off technologies
Byte Bandit. Byte Bandit is a boot sector computer virus created for the Amiga personal computer. It first appeared in January 1988. 

In contrast to the feared Amiga viruses like the infamous Lamer Exterminator and SADDAM, Byte Bandit was not destructive. It just spread automatically from system to system.

Byte Bandit made no attempt to disguise itself as modern viruses, trojans, and worms do. While it naturally over-wrote the bootblock, it also hooked into the system, remaining reset-resident and causing system data corruption and system failures. The virus increments a copy counter every time it writes itself to a disk, which is in the text string "Virus by Byte Bandit in 9.87. Number of copys:" which also gives a date of September 1987 for the creation, as well as the assumed name of the programmer.

External links

 http://www.sca.ch/ – Swiss Cracking Association's homepage
 Byte Bandit-Virus description at the Amiga Virus Encyclopedia

Amiga viruses
Hacking in the 1980s
Hardening. Hardening is the process by which something becomes harder or is made harder.

Hardening may refer to:

 Hardening (metallurgy), a process used to increase the hardness of a metal
 Hardening (botany) or cold hardening, a process in which a plant undergoes physiological changes to mitigate damage from cold temperatures
 Hardening (computing), the process of securing a system against attack
 Target hardening, strengthening of the security of a building or installation to protect it from attack
 Sclerotization, a biochemical process forming cuticle in arthropods

See also
 
 Harden (disambiguation)
 Hardness, a measure of resistance to deformation
List of active Indian military aircraft. This article provides a list of active Indian military aircraft currently in service with the Indian Armed Forces, as well as aircraft on order. For a list of historical military aircraft used by the Indian military, see list of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force.

Air Force

Army Aviation Corps

Helicopters

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Loitering munitions

Naval Air Arm

Coast Guard

See also
 List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force
 List of Indian naval aircraft
 Currently active military equipment by country
 Military of India
 Indian Air Force
 Indian Naval Air Arm
 Future of the Indian Air Force
 Border Security Force

References

External links
The Official Home Page of Indian Air Force.

Indian Military Aircraft
Indian military-related lists
Active Indian military aircraft
EES. EES may refer to:

Education 
 Electrical Engineering Society or EES, a student chapter in Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat. India

Government 
 Entry/Exit System, a biometric EU entry system
 European Economic Senate, business association
 European Employment Strategy

Places 
 Ees (place name), an archaic term for water meadows or firm land adjacent to streams or fens
 Ees, Drenthe, a village in the Netherlands
 Eys (), a village in Limburg, Netherlands

Science and medicine 
 Egypt Exploration Society, an archeological society
 Endoscopic ear surgery
 Energy & Environmental Science, a scholarly journal
 Environmental engineering science
 Epidural electrical stimulator, a type of spinal cord stimulator
 Ethinylestradiol sulfonate, estrogen medication 
 Extended evolutionary synthesis

Technology 
 Engineering Equation Solver, a thermodynamics software package

Other uses 
 EES (rapper) (born 1983), Namibian musician
 Electric Eel Shock, a Japanese rock band
 Enron Energy Services, an American energy distribution company

See also

 
 
 
 ES (disambiguation)
 EE (disambiguation)
Deletion. Deletion or delete may refer to:

Computing
 File deletion, a way of removing a file from a computer's file system
 Code cleanup, a way of removing unnecessary variables, data structures, cookies, and temporary files in a programming language
 Delete key, a key on modern computer keyboards that erases text
 Delete character, DEL, the delete control code in ASCII and C0 and C1 control codes
 delete (C++) operator, a built-in operator in the C++ programming language

Arts and entertainment
 Deletion (music industry), a term for removing a record from a label's catalog
 Delete (miniseries), a 2013 TV miniseries
 Deleted (film), a 2022 Singaporean-Malaysian film

Music
 "Delete" (Dara Bubamara song), 2012
 "Delete" (DMA's song), 2014
 "Delete" (Story Untold song), 2017
 "Delete" (Sid song), 2020
 "Deletion", a song by Hans Zimmer from Dark Phoenix (soundtrack), 2019
 "Delete", a song by Capsule from Caps Lock, 2013
 "Delete", a song by Killing Joke from Pylon, 2015
 "Delete", a song by Shinedown from Planet Zero, 2022
 "Delete", a song by Younha from Gobaek Ha Gi Joheun Nal, 2007
 "Deleted", a song by Tech N9ne and MacKenzie Nicole from The Storm, 2016

Other uses
 Deletion (genetics), deletion of a gene or chromosome segment, symbolized in the literature by a Δ symbol
 Elision, the deletion of a sound or sounds
 Ellipsis (linguistics), grammatical deletion of a word
 Deletion of articles on Wikipedia

See also

 
 Erasure (disambiguation)
 Erase (disambiguation)
Decomposition (computer science). Decomposition in computer science, also known as factoring, is breaking a complex problem or system into parts that are easier to conceive, understand, program, and maintain.

Overview 
Different types of decomposition are defined in computer sciences:

 In structured programming, algorithmic decomposition breaks a process down into well-defined steps. 
 Structured analysis breaks down a software system from the system context level to system functions and data entities as described by Tom DeMarco.<ref>Tom DeMarco (1978). Structured Analysis and System Specification. New York, NY: Yourdon, 1978. , .</ref>
 Object-oriented decomposition breaks a large system down into progressively smaller classes or objects that are responsible for part of the problem domain.
 According to Booch, algorithmic decomposition is a necessary part of object-oriented analysis and design, but object-oriented systems start with and emphasize decomposition into objects.

More generally, functional decomposition in computer science is a technique for mastering the complexity of the function of a model. A functional model of a system is thereby replaced by a series of functional models of subsystems.

 Decomposition topics 
 Decomposition paradigm 
A decomposition paradigm in computer programming is a strategy for organizing a program as a number of parts, and usually implies a specific way to organize a program text. Typically the aim of using a decomposition paradigm is to optimize some metric related to program complexity, for example a program's modularity or its maintainability.

Most decomposition paradigms suggest breaking down a program into parts to minimize the static dependencies between those parts, and to maximize each part's cohesiveness. Popular decomposition paradigms include the procedural, modules, abstract data type, and object oriented paradigms.

Though the concept of decomposition paradigm is entirely distinct from that of model of computation, they are often confused. For example, the functional model of computation is often confused with procedural decomposition, and the actor model of computation is often confused with object oriented decomposition.

 Decomposition diagram 

A decomposition diagram shows a complex, process, organization, data subject area, or other type of object broken down into lower level, more detailed components. For example, decomposition diagrams may represent organizational structure or functional decomposition into processes. Decomposition diagrams provide a logical hierarchical decomposition of a system.

See also
 Code refactoring
 Component-based software engineering
 Dynamization
 Duplicate code
 Event partitioning
 How to Solve It''
 Integrated Enterprise Modeling
 Personal information management
 Readability
 Subroutine

References

External links

 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
 On the Criteria To Be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules

Software design
Decomposition methods
Cisco Inter-Switch Link. Cisco Inter-Switch Link (ISL) is a Cisco proprietary link layer protocol that maintains VLAN information in Ethernet frames as traffic flows between switches and routers, or switches and switches. ISL is Cisco's VLAN encapsulation protocol and is supported only on some Cisco equipment over the Fast and Gigabit Ethernet links. It is offered as an alternative to the IEEE 802.1Q standard, a widely used VLAN tagging protocol, although the use of ISL for new sites is deprecated by Cisco. 

With ISL, an Ethernet frame is encapsulated with a header that transports VLAN IDs between switches and routers. With IEEE 802.1Q the tag is internal. This is a key advantage for IEEE 802.1Q as it means tagged frames can be sent over standard Ethernet links.

ISL does add overhead to the frame as a 26-byte header containing a 10-bit VLAN ID.  In addition, a 4-byte CRC is appended to the end of each frame. This CRC is in addition to any frame checking that the Ethernet frame requires.  The fields in an ISL header identify the frame as belonging to a particular VLAN.

A VLAN ID is added only if the frame is forwarded out a port configured as a trunk link.  If the frame is to be forwarded out a port configured as an access link, the ISL encapsulation is removed.

The size of an Ethernet encapsulated ISL frame can be expected to start from 94 bytes and increase up to 1548 bytes because of the overhead (additional fields) the protocol creates via encapsulation. ISL adds a 26-byte header (containing a 15-bit VLAN identifier) and a 4-byte CRC trailer to the frame.

Another related Cisco protocol, Dynamic Inter-Switch Link Protocol (DISL), simplifies the creation of an ISL trunk from two interconnected Fast Ethernet devices. Fast EtherChannel technology enables aggregation of two full-duplex Fast Ethernet links for high-capacity backbone connections. DISL minimizes VLAN trunk configuration procedures because only one end of a link needs to be configured as a trunk.

See also
Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)

References

Binod_DHFIBERNET
Inter-Switch Link and IEEE 802.1Q Frame Format

Inter-Switch Link
Computer network technology
Software Bisque. Software Bisque, Inc. (formerly named Computer Assist Services) is a corporation based in Golden, Colorado that develops robotics telescope mounts and accessories and publishes software used in astronomy. It was founded in 1984 by current president and CEO, Stephen M. Bisque.

History
Bisque initially developed and marketed custom financial software and also sold a DOS-based astronomy program named TheSky. At that time, the company was based in Bisque's home in Golden, Colorado.

In 1990, Bisque hired his brothers Thomas, Daniel and Matthew. Together they ported TheSky for DOS to Windows 3.0. In 1992, TheSky for Windows was released. The product has been under continuous development since it was first released in the early 1980s; the current version is known as TheSkyX.

Products
Software Bisque has since developed and sold many astronomy-related products, including:
TheSky, TheSkyX Astronomy Software, Camera Add On, Dome Add On, and TPoint Add On
TheSky Pocket Edition for Windows Mobile devices
CCDSoft, a program for the acquisition and development of CCD images
TPoint for Windows, telescope analysis and pointing correction software
Orchestrate, a program for automating multiple astronomy devices, allowing fully automatic operation and data acquisition
Seeker, an OpenGL three-dimensional solar system simulator
AutomaDome, astronomical dome control software
PrecisionPEC, periodic error correction modeling software
Paramount ME, Paramount ME II, Paramount MX, Paramount MYT German equatorial telescope mounts, and the Paramount Taurus equatorial fork mounts (models 400, 500 and 600), all models include the Paramount Software Suite for integrated software control on Mac, Windows and Linux operating systems
BisqueTCS, a dual-axis DC servomotor telescope motion control system

Amateurs have discovered over 500 new objects (including comets, minor planets, supernovas, and cataclysmic variable stars) using these products.

References

External links
 

Software companies based in Colorado
Companies based in Golden, Colorado
Software companies of the United States
Parafoil. A parafoil is a nonrigid (textile) airfoil with an aerodynamic cell structure which is inflated by the wind. Ram-air inflation forces the parafoil into a classic wing cross-section. Parafoils are most commonly constructed out of ripstop nylon.

The device was developed in 1964 by Domina Jalbert (1904–1991). Jalbert had a history of designing kites and was involved in the development of hybrid balloon-kite aerial platforms for carrying scientific instruments. He envisaged the parafoil would be used to suspend an aerial platform or for the recovery of space equipment. A patent was granted in 1966.

Deployment shock prevented the parafoil's immediate acceptance as a parachute. It was not until the addition of a drag canopy on the riser lines (known as a "slider") which slowed their spread that the parafoil became a suitable parachute. Compared to a simple round canopy, a parafoil parachute has greater steerability, will glide further and allows greater control of the rate of descent; the parachute format is mechanically a glider of the free-flight kite type and such aspects spawned paraglider use.

The air flow into the parafoil is coming more from below than the flight path might suggest, so the frontmost ropes tow against the airflow. When gliding, the angle of attack is lowered and the airflow meets the parafoil head on. This makes it difficult to achieve an optimum gliding angle without the parafoil deflating.

In 2019 Jalbert was awarded posthumously the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) Gold Parachuting Medal for inventing the parafoil.

Parafoils see wide use in a variety of windsports such as kite flying, powered parachutes, paragliding, kitesurfing, speed flying, wingsuit flying and skydiving. The world's largest kite is a parafoil-variant.

Today, SpaceX uses steerable Parafoils to recover the fairings of their Falcon 9 rocket.

Patents
 Multi-cell wing type aerial device, filed October 1964, issued November 1966

See also
Foil kite

References

Aerospace engineering
Parachuting
Aircraft wing design
Parafoils
Kites
Forschungsreaktor 2. The Forschungsreaktor 2 (FR2) () was the second nuclear reactor built in and by Germany after restrictions on nuclear research imposed as a result of the Second World War were lifted in 1955. Construction began in 1957 in Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen/BW. The organization charged with the project evolved into the Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (KfK) (Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Centre), which in turn evolved into the present day Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT).

FR2 started up on December 12, 1962, and ceased operation in December 1981. , the reactor core is contained, and the auxiliary buildings have been demolished or are being used for non-nuclear research activities, mostly in micro process engineering, which uses manufacturing technologies that originated from mechanical microstructuring processes that had been developed in the context of nuclear technologies (isotope separation).

References

Nuclear facilities in Germany
Nuclear power in Germany
Buildings and structures in Karlsruhe
Nuclear research reactors
Oxygenate. In the liquid fuel industry, oxygenates are hydrocarbon-derived fuel additives containing at least one oxygen atom to promote complete combustion.  Absent oxygenates, fuel combustion is usually incomplete, and the exhaust stream pollutes the air with carbon monoxide, soot particles, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

The most common oxygenates are either alcohols or ethers, but ketones and aldehydes are also included in this distinction. Carboxylic acids and esters can be grouped with oxygenates in the simple definition that they contain at least one oxygen atom. However, they are usually unwanted in oils, and therefore likely fuels, due to their environmental toxicity and tendency to cause catalyst poisoning and corrosion during oil production and refining.
 Alcohols:
 Methanol (MeOH)
 Ethanol (EtOH); see also Common ethanol fuel mixtures
 Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
 n-Butanol (BuOH)
 Gasoline grade tert-butanol (GTBA)
 Ethers:
 Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
 tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME)
 tert-Hexyl methyl ether (THEME)
 Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE)
 tert-Amyl ethyl ether (TAEE)
 Diisopropyl ether (DIPE)

In the United States
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had authority to mandate that minimum proportions of oxygenates be added to automotive gasoline on regional and seasonal basis from 1992 until 2006 in an attempt to reduce air pollution, in particular ground-level ozone and smog. As of 2023, the EPA continues to require the use of oxygenated gasoline in certain areas during winter to regulate carbon monoxide emissions; however, the programs to fulfill its conditions are implemented by the states. In addition to this North American automakers from 2006 onwards promoted a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, marketed as E85, and their flex-fuel vehicles, e.g. GM's Live Green, Go Yellow campaign.  US Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards give an artificial 54% fuel efficiency bonus to vehicles capable of running on 85% alcohol blends over vehicles not adapted to run on 85% alcohol blends.  There is also alcohols' intrinsically cleaner combustion, however due to its lower energy density it is not capable of producing as much energy per gallon as gasoline.  Much gasoline sold in the United States is blended with up to 10% of an oxygenating agent.  This is known as oxygenated fuel and often (but not entirely correctly, as there are reformulated gasolines without oxygenate) as reformulated gasoline. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was the most common fuel additive in the United States, prior to government mandated use of ethanol. Typically, gasoline with added MTBE is called reformulated gasoline, while gasoline with ethanol is called oxygenated gasoline.

References

External links
 EPA Definition of Oxygenates
 USGS Definition of Oxygenates

Petroleum products
Fuels
List of dams and reservoirs in Iran. Major dam construction started in Iran in the 1950s. Some fourteen large dams were built with the help of foreign engineers and advisors during two decades preceding the Islamic Revolution in 1979.

In the post-revolution era, Iran's dam building capacity was significantly strengthened, with some 200 contracting companies, 70 consultant firms and 30 corporations as well as hundreds of hydroelectric manufacturing units having been established inside of Iran in less than three decades. In addition to the necessity of generating electricity, Iran needs dams to effectively control and manage a growing water shortage across the country.

Iran was constructing 88 small and large dams in 2007. On average, close to two billion cubic meters of water are added to the country's water reserves annually. As of 2010, Iran has constructed 588 dams (big and small), with 137 more under construction and 546 planned.

Main reservoirs and dams in Iran

Under construction
Aras Watershed (Meghri) Dam
Bakhtiari Dam
Balvabin Dam
Khersan-3 Dam
Kouhrang 3 Dam
Marash Dam
Moshampa Dam

Ancient dams
Band-e Kaisar
Boz Dam
The Great Hagi Jaffar Dam
Jaber Dam
Jawid Dam
Kebar Dam
Kurit Dam
Shahi Dam

International projects

One of Iran's most important international projects will see the construction of a $200 million hydroelectric dam in Nicaragua, starting in 2011. Iran is currently engaged in dam construction in Tajikistan, Armenia and Azerbaijan, and consultations are under way with a number of other countries. Kenya, Sri Lanka, Bolivia and Mali are the potential target markets being considered for exporting the country's technical and engineering services. In 2010, Iran won a contract to build a dam in Afghanistan and the third contract to build a power plant station in Syria.

See also
Irrigation in Iran
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran
International rankings of Iran
List of power stations in Iran
Water supply and sanitation in Iran
Water scarcity in Iran

References

External links
 List of reservoirs and dams in Iran 
 Daily information of dam operation and inflows, outflows, and reservoir volume of operational dams in Iran

Dams
Iran, Dams and reservoirs of
Dams
Dams