omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BL S-series engine. The S series is a straight-4 SOHC internal combustion engine developed by the Austin Rover Group (subsidiary of British Leyland), and produced from 1984 until 1993. The engine was used in the Austin Montego, Mark 1 Rover 200-series and the MG Maestro. The engine was used in the Austin Maestro from 1985 onwards.

Description
The engine comes from the same lineage as the BMC-developed E-series family introduced in the 1969 Austin Maxi, but with important modifications in order to facilitate compatibility with a conventional "end-on" transmission unit, in place of BMC/BL's traditional "gearbox-in-sump" configuration for its front wheel drive vehicles.  The gearbox flange was redesigned to accept either a Volkswagen manual gearbox (for the Maestro/Montego), or the PG-1 transmission (for the Rover 200). The S-Series was produced in a single capacity of 1.6 litres (1,598cc) as the smaller and larger capacity requirements were already served by the 1.3-litre A-series/Honda EV engines and the 2.0-litre O-series engines respectively. Fuelling was by means of a single carburettor in most applications, and electronic fuel injection for the higher-specification variants of the Rover 216 producing peak power of .

BL had also developed the earlier R-series engine from the E-series family, but largely as a stopgap at the Maestro's launch since the S series was not yet ready for production.  Because the E series had to be turned through 180 degrees in order to facilitate an end-on transmission, the resultant R-series unit had the inlet manifold on the front-facing side of the cylinder head, something which proved fatal for the engine's reliability—since it opened the door for carburettor icing. The S series solved this problem, as the inlet manifold was now on the rear face of the engine. Another important change vis-à-vis the E/R series, one with potentially negative consequences for the engine's durability, was driving the camshaft by a toothed belt in place of the previous timing chain system. Austin Rover claimed a 75% weight saving over the chain drive setup. The engine is non interference, thereby catastrophic engine failure will not occur, if the belt does snap.

History
Production of the S-series engine continued until the end of Montego / Maestro series production in 1993, the remaining cars which were built by Rover until 1994 used only the Rover MDi/Perkins Prima diesel engine, which was based on the O-series. 

A 4-valve version of the S series was under development alongside the 1100 cc and 1400 cc K-series engines. However, the project was abandoned when a redesign of the K series allowed its capacity to be stretched to 1600 cc and 1800 cc. The engine was given the name L16 but should not be confused with the L Series diesel engines or Datsun/Nissan L16 engine.

References

S
Gasoline engines by model
Straight-four engines
Flak-Bait. Flak-Bait is the Martin B-26 Marauder aircraft which holds the record within the United States Army Air Forces for the number of bombing missions survived during World War II. Manufactured in Baltimore, Maryland, as a B-26B-25-MA, by Martin, it was completed in April 1943, accepted by the United States Army Air Forces, and christened Flak-Bait by its first assigned pilot, James J. Farrell, who adapted the nickname of a family dog, "Flea Bait". Flak-Bait was assigned to the 449th Bombardment Squadron, 322d Bombardment Group stationed in eastern England.

During the course of its 202 (207 including its five decoy missions) bombing missions over Germany as well as the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, Flak-Bait lived up to its name by being shot with over 1,000 holes, returned twice on one engine (once with the disabled engine on fire), and lost its electrical system once and its hydraulic system twice. Despite the level of damage it received, none of Flak-Bait's crew was killed during the war and only one was injured. Over two years of operations Flak Bait accumulated 725 hours of combat time and participating in bombing missions in support of the Normandy Landings, the Battle of the Bulge, and Operation Crossbow against V-1 flying bomb sites.

A series of red-colored bombs is painted on the side of the aircraft, each representing an individual mission (202 bombs in total). White tails painted on the bombs represented every fifth mission. There is one black-colored bomb which represents a night mission. In addition to the bombs, there are also six red ducks painted on the aircraft representing decoy missions. There is also a detailed Nazi swastika painted above a bomb to represent Flak-Bait'''s only confirmed kill against a German aircraft.

On March 18, 1946, Major John Egan and Captain Norman Schloesser flew Flak-Bait for the last time, to an air depot at Oberpfaffenhofen, Bavaria. There, the famed bomber was disassembled, crated, and shipped in December 1946 to a Douglas Aircraft factory in Park Ridge, Illinois.

 Preservation 

When the National Air and Space Museum opened in Washington, D.C., in 1976, the nose section of Flak-Bait was placed on display there, with the remainder of the aircraft in storage at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Silver Hill, Maryland. In 2014, all parts of Flak-Bait'' were moved to the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, for a comprehensive preservation and reassembly, which is ongoing as of late 2024.

See also
List of units using the B-26 Marauder during World War II

References

External links
 Smithsonian Institution article

Individual aircraft of World War II
Individual aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution
Thorpe–Ingold effect. The Thorpe–Ingold effect, gem-dimethyl effect, or angle compression is an effect observed in chemistry where increasing steric hindrance favours ring closure and intramolecular reactions. The effect was first reported by Beesley, Thorpe, and Ingold in 1915 as part of a study of cyclization reactions.  It has since been generalized to many areas of chemistry.

The comparative rates of lactone formation (lactonization) of various 2-hydroxybenzenepropionic acids illustrate the effect.  The placement of an increasing number of methyl groups accelerates the cyclization process.

One application of this effect is addition of a quaternary carbon (e.g., a gem-dimethyl group) in an alkyl chain to increase the reaction rate and/or equilibrium constant of cyclization reactions. An example of this is an olefin metathesis reaction: In the field of peptide foldamers, amino acid residues containing quaternary carbons such as 2-aminoisobutyric acid are used to promote formation of certain types of helices.

One proposed explanation for this effect is that the increased size of the substituents increases the angle between them. As a result, the angle between the other two substituents decreases. By moving them closer together, reactions between them are accelerated. It is thus a kinetic effect.

The effect also has some thermodynamic contribution as the in silico strain energy decreases on going from cyclobutane to 1-methylcyclobutane and 1,1-dimethylcyclobutane by a value between 8 kcal/mole and 1.5 kcal/mole.
A noteworthy example of the Thorpe-Ingold effect in supramolecular catalysis is given by diphenylmethane derivatives provided with guanidinium groups. These compounds are active in the cleavage of the RNA model compound HPNP. Substitution of the methylene group of the parent diphenylmethane spacer with cyclohexylidene and adamantylidene moieties enhances catalytic efficiency, with gem dialkyl effect accelerations of 4.5 and 9.1, respectively.

See also 
 Chelate effect
 Flippin-Lodge angle

References

Physical organic chemistry
Chemical kinetics
Stereochemistry
S6W reactor. The S6W reactor is a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships.  The S6W designation stands for:

 S, Submarine platform
 6, Sixth generation core designed by the contractor
 W, Westinghouse was the contracted designer

History 

This pressurized water reactor was prototyped in the land-based S8G plant at Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory's Kesselring Site in West Milton, NY starting in March 1994.

The three ships of the  , , and  submarines were built with S6W reactors.

Design 
The S6W has a thermal power output of  and a shaft power output of  through 2 steam turbines. It is believed to be able to utilize natural circulation at a large fraction of its full power without coolant pumps, which greatly reduces noise.

References

United States naval reactors
Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge. The Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge is a bridge spanning the Mississippi River in the U. S. city of Sauk Rapids, Minnesota. Construction began on September 26, 2005; the bridge was completed in September 2007 and opened to traffic on October 23, 2007. The official dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony took place on November 16, 2007.  The bridge replaced the former Sauk Rapids Bridge, located a short distance downriver, which was demolished in the fall and winter of 2007-2008.

The new bridge spans the BNSF Railway on the east bank of the river. Traffic flow is no longer disrupted during train crossings; this was a frequent problem with the former bridge.

The new span relied heavily on steel for its construction rather than concrete to reduce the number of piers needed to be placed in the river. This design choice increased the project cost by $2.3 million USD to a total cost estimated at $56.63 million.  Construction of the bridge of itself cost an estimated $20.46 million, with other costs including right-of-way purchases, road construction, and a program to help businesses affected by the project relocate elsewhere in downtown Sauk Rapids.

The entire project was large in scope, due to the amount of business and residential properties that were affected by its chosen location.  When the Sauk Rapids Bridge project began, it was considered to be the first downtown transportation project of its kind nationwide in terms of the scale of relocations of businesses that were necessary.  The success of the project may set a precedent for future bridges.

The original design of the bridge was hotly contested between Benton County and the City of Sauk Rapids, and the dispute was nearly taken to court. The county had wished that the bridge land beyond Benton Drive (Sauk Rapids' "main street") on Second Avenue and connect with Second Street North. The city feared that such a design would adversely affect businesses in the downtown area and desired instead that the bridge land on Benton Drive. Benton County's stake in the project (Stearns County being the other contributor) was eventually handed over to the city, and it was elected that the bridge pass over the BNSF Railway, land on Benton Drive, and connect with Second Street North.

The Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge features a spiral walkway on the Sauk Rapids side of the bridge that allows pedestrians to access the city parking lot under the bridge.

See also
Sauk Rapids Bridge
List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River

References

Road bridges in Minnesota
Bridges over the Mississippi River
Bridges completed in 2007
Buildings and structures in Benton County, Minnesota
Transportation in Benton County, Minnesota
Great River Road
Steel bridges in the United States
Plate girder bridges in the United States
Charles Dalziel. Charles Dalziel (1904–1986) was a professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences
at UC Berkeley. According to volume 54 of UCB's Blue and Gold, Dalziel graduated with a Mechanics degree in 1927 and was from Santa Maria, CA. He was a member of: Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, De Molay Club (VP), and Engineers Council.

He studied the effects of electricity on animals and humans. He wrote The Effects of Electric Shock on Man, a book in which he explains the effects of different amounts of electricity on human subjects.  He also invented the ground-fault circuit interrupter or GFCI in 1961.  The GFCI is commonly found in home bathrooms or kitchens.  The device operates normally until 5 milliamps passes from the appliance to ground.  Charles Dalziel was a pioneer in understanding electric shock in humans.

Dalziel married Helen Bradford in 1931. They had a daughter, Isabelle. After Helen died of cancer in 1963, Charles married Alice Sohl Lundberg in 1969.

See also
Self-experimentation

References

Dalziel, Charles F. The effects of electric shock on man / by Charles F. Dalziel. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Office of Health and Safety, 1956. Series: Safety and fire protection technical bulletin; no. 7

External links
ibiblio.org: Electric Safety Worksheet, from Tony Kuphaldt Socratic Electronics textbook
This Old House: An explanation of a ground-fault circuit interrupter
Photograph of Charles Dalziel

UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
American electrical engineers
1904 births
1986 deaths
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Al Quds 3. Al Quds-3 is a artillery rocket based on the Russian Grad and Katyusha weapons. The new rocket, test-fired against Ashkelon on March 28, 2006, weighs 66 kilograms and carries 17 kilograms of explosives. It was developed in the Gaza Strip, allegedly with the aid of the Palestinian Authority funding and Iranian operatives. In April 2006, DebkaFile reported Palestinian militants were manufacturing the Quds-3 along with a multiple-rocket launcher system.

The 122 mm launcher fires 10 rockets simultaneously to a distance of 18–30 kilometers. The system, capable of firing 40 rockets within 20 seconds, weighs 13 tons and enables Palestinians in the Gaza Strip to strike Ashkelon, Ashdod, Netivot and Ofakim. The rockets are launched by a crew that pulls back approximately 60 meters from the launcher and releases the rockets by pulling a wire.

In May, Palestinian Islamic Jihad fired a Grad-class Katyusha rocket at the western Negev community of Netiv Ha'asara. According to Middle East Newsline, Islamic Jihad has test-fired at least three indigenous versions of the Russian-origin BM-21 Grad rocket (from the northern Gaza Strip) for range and accuracy. "We believe Islamic Jihad, probably with Hamas, has been developing and producing prototypes of the Grad... We know they have the expertise and the equipment to produce the rocket."

In July 2006, media reports indicated Hamas had successfully developed an indigenous variant of the Soviet-origin Katyusha rocket (BM-21 Grad) with a range of 24 kilometers. The new 122 mm Grad was fired on July 18 at Kibbutz Sdot Bror Hayil—approximately 19 kilometers from the Gaza Strip. The rocket traveled 24 kilometers, exceeding the 20 km range of a standard 122 mm Katyusha.

See also
Palestinian domestic weapons production

References
 2003 Middle East Military Balance: Glossary of Weapon Systems (Ground Forces Equipment), Jaffe Center for Strategic Studies, 2003
 DEBKAfile Exclusive: Palestinians Are Manufacturing New Multiple-Rocket Launchers With Palestinian Authority Funding," DebkaFile, March 31, 2006
 "Jihad Prepares Rockets for Mass Production," Middle East Newsline, May 17, 2006;
 "Hamas Develops 24 KM Range Katyusha," MENL, July 23, 2006.

Rocket weapons of Palestine
Palestinian inventions
Insurgency weapons
Abstract rewriting machine. The Abstract Rewriting Machine (ARM) is a virtual machine which implements term rewriting for minimal term rewriting systems.

Minimal term rewriting systems are left-linear term rewriting systems in which each rule takes on one of six forms:

Each of these six forms is mapped (in ARM) to one or  a  few  processor instructions on most contemporary micro processors. Accordingly, minimal term rewriting is achieved at tens to hundreds of clock cycles per reduction step—millions of reduction steps per second.

ARM implements general term rewriting, in that every single-sorted unconditional left-linear term rewriting system can be transformed (compiled) into a minimal term rewriting system that gives rise to the same normal form relation.

An overview with references to this compilation process for innermost rewriting, as well as a detailed overview of ARM, can be found in "Within ARM's reach: compilation of left-linear rewrite systems via minimal rewrite systems". A description for lazy (non-innermost) rewriting can be found in  "Lazy rewriting on eager machinery".

A documented implementation of ARM (with the term rewriting language Epic) is available here. Note that site and software are no longer being actively maintained.

References 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Virtual machines
Term-rewriting programming languages
V-block. V-Blocks are precision metalworking jigs typically used to hold round metal rods or pipes for performing drilling or milling operations. They consist of a rectangular steel or cast iron block with a 120 degree channel rotated 45-degrees from the sides, forming a V-shaped channel in the top. A small groove is cut in the bottom of the "V". They often come with screw clamps to hold the work.  There are also versions with internal magnets for magnetic work-holding. V-blocks are usually sold in pairs.

External links

 How to make a V-block

Boilermaking
Metalworking
The inventor of an improved magnetic V-block was Harold Arlington Spanker
http://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US2449255.pdf
Expanded granular sludge bed digestion. An expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor  is a variant of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion (UASB) concept for anaerobic wastewater treatment. The distinguishing feature is that a faster rate of upward-flow velocity is designed for the wastewater passing through the sludge bed. The increased flux permits partial expansion (fluidisation) of the granular sludge bed, improving wastewater-sludge contact as well as enhancing segregation of small inactive suspended particle from the sludge bed. The increased flow velocity is either accomplished by utilizing tall reactors, or by incorporating an effluent recycle (or both). A scheme depicting the EGSB design concept is shown in this EGSB diagram.

The EGSB design is appropriate for low strength soluble wastewaters (less than 1 to 2 g soluble COD/l) or for wastewaters that contain inert or poorly biodegradable suspended particles which should not be allowed to accumulate in the sludge bed.

See also
 Anaerobic digester types
 Biogas
 List of wastewater treatment technologies
 Water pollution

References

Anaerobic digester types
Environmental engineering
Water treatment
Frederick Snow. Sir Frederick Sidney Snow CBE (14 February 1899 – 5 June 1976) was a civil and structural engineer. He was founder and senior partner of Frederick S. Snow and Partners, which became Sir Frederick Snow and partners.

Snow was born in London. He joined the Royal Artillery at the start of the First World War. He later served with the Royal Engineers and saw active service in France and Belgium, where he was twice wounded.

After the war he began work as an engineer for a number of companies. He specialised in the construction of heavy foundations and deep underpinnings, working on constructions such as Unilever House, South Africa House and The Kingsway Underpass London. He began his own practice as a consulting engineer in 1943, working particularly for the aviation industry and was the overall designer for Gatwick Airport in the 1950s. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1958.

He was the president of the Institution of Structural Engineers 1947-1948, and the first president of The Concrete Society. Snow was invested as a knight bachelor on 11 November 1965. He was the father of the Quantity Surveyor, Michael Snow and the artist, Peter Snow.

References

1899 births
1976 deaths
American structural engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Structural Engineers
British Army personnel of World War I
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Knights of the Legion of Honour
20th-century American engineers
Parker variable wing. The Parker variable wing is a wing configuration in biplane or triplane aircraft designed by H.F. Parker in 1920. His design allows a supplement in lift while landing or taking-off.
The system is depicted in the figure. The figure shows the biplane configuration. The lower airfoil is rigid. The upper airfoil is flexible. At high angle of attack the flow over the lower airfoil will cause the airflow to bend up and create an upward force at the lower surface of the upper airfoil. This upward force will cause the flexible section to be
pushed upward. The flexible wing section is held at points A and B. The trailing edge is rigid and can rotate about point B. Due to this effect the camber of the airfoil is increased, and hence the lift it creates is increased.

See also
Aeroelasticity
X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing
Adaptive compliant wing

References

Aerospace engineering
Aircraft wing design
Flight Deck (disambiguation). A flight deck is the platform of an aircraft carrier used for takeoffs and landings. 

Flight deck may also refer to:
 The cockpit of a typically larger aircraft such as an airliner, transport aircraft, bomber aircraft etc.

Roller coasters
 Flight Deck (Canada's Wonderland), in Vaughan, Ontario
 Flight Deck (California's Great America), United States
 Flight Deck (Kings Island), former name for The Bat roller coaster, Mason, Ohio, United States

See also
Common Hybrid Interface Protocol System. Common Hybrid Interface Protocol System (CHIPS) is the definition of a computer network that consists of a mixture of common serial data protocols such as RS-232 and RS-485, or can be even PC keyboard interface communication. CHIPS may also consist of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi for wireless communication can be installed on all major hardware platforms.

There are several CHIPS projects and products available today where such systems are i.e. MISOLIMA DOLLx8  and Olivetti's "Mael Gateasy". As new bus systems are gaining market shares, there will always be needs for CHIPS to enable serial network protocols to be integrated into one single connection point. By using CHIPS, it will be possible to control I/O data from different sources and systems without having the need to install several serial interface cards and drivers.

CHIPS users will, in most cases, be able to work with several serial data transceiver sources at the same time. Such serial data might originate from PC Keyboards, CANbus, RS and wireless communication where all data connects into one or several CHIPS units that communicate over the mixed serial data protocols.

Due to some mixed baud rates between the connected systems, the compatibility with CHIPS means that some devices will have reduced transfer rates, but CHIPS are primary designed for Lab-, office-, home-, factory- and building automation also used in Internet of Things.

References

Network architecture