omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Savoia-Marchetti S.56. The Savoia-Marchetti S.56 was an Italian single-engine biplane flying boat trainer and tourer, built by Savoia-Marchetti.

Of unequal span, the upper longer than the lower, of wooden construction. Instructor and student sat side by side in separate cockpits, with dual controls; a third cockpit was located just aft that. It used a 52 kW (70 hp) Anzani.

The S.56A had a slightly longer span and 60 kW (80 hp) Anzani, and was turned into an amphibian by addition of manually retractable landing gear. Private owners and flying clubs purchased at least 12, and Regia Aeronautica operated four (differing in engine specification, including 96 kW {115 hp} FIAT A.53, 101 kW {135 hp} FIAT A.54, and Walter Venus radial engines, among others).

The S.56A proved popular in the U.S., and the American Aeronautical Corporation (AAC) set up licence production in 1929, relying on the 67 kW (90 hp) Kinner K5 radials for power for three two-place aircraft and over 40 three-seaters.

This was followed in 1930 by the S.56B, powered by the 93 kW (125 hp) Kinner B-5, with an enclosed cockpit. Another was converted to a single-seater and given additional fuel tanks, as the S.56C, for an attempted round-the-world flight by American businessman Smith Reynolds.

In 1931, the Budd Company built an all-metal S.56 as the Budd BB-1 Pioneer.

Operators

Military operators

Regia Aeronautica

United States Army Air Corps

Royal Romanian Naval Aviation

Civilian and government operators

New York City Police Department operated 6 biplanes built under license in the US by American Aeronautical Corporation

Aircraft on display

NC349N, built under licence in the US by American Aeronautical Corporation and used by police during the Prohibition years to intercept rum smugglers is in the Cradle of Aviation Museum, Long Island, New York.
A restored S.56 is on display at the Carolinas Aviation Museum located at Charlotte Douglass International Airport, in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Specifications (S.56B)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 

This page contains material originally created for Savoia-Marchetti S.56
S.56
1920s Italian civil utility aircraft
Flying boats
Biplanes
Amphibious aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Ikarus 452M. The Ikarus 452 was an experimental jet aircraft built in Yugoslavia in 1953. It was a stubby mid-wing cantilever monoplane of pod-and-boom configuration, with twin jets mounted one atop the other at the rear of the fuselage nacelle, with separate intakes for the lower engine (in the wing roots) and the upper engine (on the sides of the rear fuselage). The twin tails and horizontal stabiliser were carried at the ends of booms that extended rearwards from the wings, with a short fin extending from the top of the rear fuselage to also meet the stabiliser. The flying surfaces were sharply swept, and construction throughout was of an experimental alloy.

Flight testing was carried out from mid 1953, with experience from the programme providing a basis for the production of the Soko Galeb.

Specifications

See also

 Ikarus 451M (first domestically-built Yugoslav jet aircraft)
 Ikarus 453

References

External links
 Ikarus 452 (Specifications, photos...)
 Ikarus 452 photo
 Ikarus Ik-452-2 photo

1950s Yugoslav experimental aircraft
Ikarus aircraft
Twinjets
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1953
Fishing dredge. A fishing dredge, also known as a scallop dredge or oyster dredge, is a kind of dredge which is towed along the bottom of the sea by a fishing boat in order to collect a targeted edible bottom-dwelling species. The gear is used to fish for scallops, oysters and other species of clams, crabs, and sea cucumber. The dredge is then winched up into the boat and emptied. Dredges are also used in connection with the work of the naturalist in marine biology, notably on the Challenger Expedition.

Construction

The dredge is usually constructed from a heavy steel frame in the form of a scoop. The frame is covered with chain mesh which is open on the front, which is towed. The chain mesh functions as a net.

Dredges may or may not have teeth along the bottom bar of the frame. In Europe, early dredges had teeth, called tynes, at the bottom. These teeth raked or ploughed the sand and mud, digging up buried clams. This design was improved by using spring-loaded teeth that reduced bottom snagging, and so could be used over rough ground. The New Bedford (USA) dredge does not have teeth.

Dredge nets have a coarse mesh in order to let organisms smaller than the target species through. The net catches the larger organisms: in the case of scallop dredging that includes the scallops' predators, such as whelks, starfish and octopus.

In some cases, several dredges are attached to a wheeled rigid axle in groups of three or four. A number of these dredges can be towed from a heavy spreading bar, usually one from each side of the vessel.  The length of the bar and number of dredges towed depends on the power of the vessel and the room on the side deck for working the dredges.  The number might be three on each side of a small  boat up to 20 on each side for a  vessel with 1500 hp. The great weight and strength of the gear can disturb the ground it is towed over, overturning rocks and dislodging and crushing organisms in its path.

Like a better mouse trap, there is still a challenge for inventors to produce a kinder and more gentle scallop dredge.

Types of dredgers

Dredging history

Dredging art

See also
 
 
 
 
 Oyster dredging boats:

Notes

References

 National Research Council (US) (2002) Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat. Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing. 
 Hall-Spencer & Moore PG (2000) Scallop dredging has profound, long-term impacts on maerl beds. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57, 1407-1415.

External links 

 photo of scallop dredge
 drawing  of scallop dredge
 Annual oyster dredging match at West Mersea 

Fishing industry
Nautical terminology
Electromagnetically induced grating. Electromagnetically induced grating (EIG) is an optical interference phenomenon where an interference pattern is used to build a dynamic spatial diffraction grating in matter. EIGs are dynamically created by light interference on optically resonant materials and rely on population inversion and/or optical coherence properties of the material. They were first demonstrated with population gratings on atoms. EIGs can be used for purposes of atomic/molecular velocimetry, to probe the material optical properties such as coherence and population life-times, and switching and routing of light. Related but different effects are thermally induced gratings and photolithography gratings.

Writing, reading and phase-matching conditions for EIG diffraction 

Figure 1 shows a possible beam configuration to write and read an EIG. The period of the grating is controlled by the angle . The writing and reading frequencies are not necessarily the same. EB is referred as the "backward" reading beam and ER is the signal obtained by diffraction on the grating.

The phase-matching conditions for the EIG for the plane-wave approximation is given by the simple geometric relation:

,

where the angles are given according to Fig. 2,  and  are the frequencies of the writing (W, W') and reading beam (R), respectively,  and n is the effective index of refraction of the medium.

Types of EIG

Matter gratings
The writing lasers form a grating by modulating density of matter or by localizing matter (trapping) on the regions of maxima (or minima) of the writing interference fields. A thermal grating is an example. Matter gratings have slow dynamics (milliseconds) compared to population and phase gratings (potentially nanoseconds and faster).

Population gratings
The writing lasers are resonant with optical transitions in the matter and the grating is formed by optical pumping (See Fig. 3). This type of grating can be easily tuned to produce multiple orders of diffraction.

Coherence gratings
A grating where the writing lasers form a coherent matter pattern. An example is a pattern of electromagnetically induced transparency.

Applications 

Usually two lasers at an angle are used to build an EIG. The EIG is used to diffract a third laser, to monitor the behavior of the underlying substrate where the EIG was written or to serve as a switch for one of the lasers involved in the process.

See also
Atomic coherence
Electromagnetically induced transparency
Bragg's law
Optical lattice
Spectral hole burning
Kerr effect
Stimulated Raman spectroscopy

References

Wave mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Nonlinear optics
Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum. The Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum, located at Creve Coeur Airport in Maryland Heights, Missouri, United States, is dedicated to restoring and preserving historical aircraft. The airplanes in the collection are all fabric-covered, and most are biplanes from the inter-war years (the "Golden age of flight"). The museum's volunteers maintain most of these aircraft in full working order.

Collection
The museum collection concentrates on civil aircraft from the inter-war years, with most of the aircraft originating from 1916 to 1946. There are several Waco biplanes, with the oldest of these types being a WACO 10, which was built in 1928. The oldest airplane on display is a Standard J-1 that was built in 1917 and was used in the movies The Rocketeer and The Great Waldo Pepper.

Several of the preserved aircraft are the only surviving airworthy examples of their type.

Aircraft on display

 Aeronca K
 Atlantic DH-4M-2A
 Antonov An-2
 Antonov An-2
 Canadian JN-4C Canuck
 Culver Cadet LCA
 Curtiss-Robertson Robin
 Curtiss-Wright 16E-3 Light Sport
 Curtiss-Wright CW-1 Junior – replica
 Curtiss-Wright CW-15C Sedan
 de Havilland DH.89A Dragon Rapide
 Driggs Dart II
 Fairchild 24 C8A
 Fairchild 71
 Fairchild KR-21B
 Fairchild KR-31
 Flagg F.13
 Fleet Fawn
 Funk B-85-C Bee
 Laister-Kauffman LK-10A
 Meyers MAC-145
 Mono Monosport 2
 Monocoupe D-145
 Monocoupe Model 90-A8
 Monocoupe Model 90L
 Monocoupe 110
 Nicholas-Beazley NB-8G
 Pietenpol Air Camper
 Piper PA-11 Cub Special
 Piper PA-15 Vagabond
 Rearwin Sportster
 Rutan Long-EZ
 Ryan M-1 – replica
 Ryan ST-3KR
 SAI KZ III
 Shavrov Sh-2
 Sopwith Pup – replica
 St. Louis Cardinal
 Standard J-1
 Star Cavalier A
 Star Cavalier E
 Stinson SR-6 Reliant
 Stinson SM-8A Junior
 Taylor E-2 Cub
 Timm Collegiate
 Travel Air 2000
 Travel Air 3000
 Waco ATO
 Waco ATO
 Waco AVN-8
 Waco Cootie – replica
 Waco CSO
 Waco CTO
 Waco GXE
 Waco JWM
 Waco QCF-2
 Waco QCF-2
 Waco RNF
 Waco UBF-2
 Waco YKC
 Waco YKS-7
 Yakovlev Yak-52
 Yakovlev Yak-52
 Zenith Z-6-A

Programs
Aircraft rides are available at the museum by request, in either a de Havilland DH82 Tiger Moth or in a North American SNJ-5.

Gallery

See also
 Shuttleworth Collection

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum – Museum website
Very high resolution panoramic images: Hangar 1, Hangar 2, Hangar 3
Linda Shiner People and Planes of Creve Coeur Air & Space Magazine, July 1, 2005
 Craftsmanship: Old-Style Restoration – AOPA

Aerospace museums in Missouri
Museums in St. Louis County, Missouri
Tourist attractions in St. Louis
Savoia-Marchetti S.57. The Savoia-Marchetti S.57 was an Italian single-engine biplane flying boat intended for aerial reconnaissance, built by Savoia-Marchetti for Regia Aeronautica after World War I.

Design and development
Of wooden construction with a single-step hull, with pilot and observer/gunner in tandem open cockpits in the bow, the S.57 was powered by a single  Isotta-Fraschini V.6. The observer had a single ring-mounted  machine gun.

Eighteen S.57s were accepted by Regia Aeronautica in 1925 and used as trainers.

A sole S.57bis (improved) was built, with a  Hispano-Suiza Type 42 engine.

Operators

 Regia Aeronautica

Specifications

See also

References

S.57
1920s Italian military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Vunakanau Airfield. Vunakanau Airfield was an aerodrome located near Vunakanau, East New Britain, Papua New Guinea. The airfield was constructed as a Royal Australian Air Force aerodrome and consisted of an unpaved single runway during World War II. The airfield was captured during the battle of Rabaul in 1942 by the Imperial Japanese and was extensively modified and expanded. Vunakanau was later neutralized by Allied air bombing in May 1944.

The airfield was utilised as an emergency landing strip for Rabaul (former airport) until 1983, however it was no longer needed when the new Rabaul Airport was built at Tokua. The runways are now overgrown.

Allied Units based at Vunakanau Airfield
No. 24 Squadron RAAF, CAC Wirraway and Lockheed Hudson

Japanese Units based at Vunakanau Airfield
4th Kōkūtai (4th "Air Group", G4M1 Rikko)
Misawa Kōkūtai (G4M1)
705 Kōkūtai (G4M1)
702 Kōkūtai (G4M1)
751 Kōkūtai (G4M1)
Tainan Kōkūtai (A6M Zero) 
251 Kōkūtai (A6M Zero & J1N1 Gekkou)
1st Sentai (Ki-43 Oscar)
11th Sentai (Ki-43 Oscar) 
13th Sentai (Ki-45 Nick)
68th Sentai (Ki-61 Tony)
78th Sentai (Ki-61 Tony)

References

External links
http://www.pacificwrecks.com/airfields/png/vunakanau/index.html

Transport in Papua New Guinea
Airports in Papua New Guinea
East New Britain Province
SharpOS. SharpOS is a discontinued computer operating system based on the .NET Framework and related programming language C#. It was developed by a group of volunteers and presided over by a team of six project administrators: Mircea-Cristian Racasan, Bruce Markham, Johann MacDonagh, Sander van Rossen, Jae Hyun, and William Lahti. It is no longer in active development, and resources have been moved to the MOSA project. As of 2017, SharpOS is one of three C#-based operating systems released under a free and open-source software license. SharpOS has only one public version available. and a basic command-line interface.

History
SharpOS began in November 2006 as a public discussion on the Mono development mailing list as a thread named Operating System in C#. After attracting many participants, Michael Schurter created the SharpOS.org wiki and mailing list to continue the discussion at a more relevant location. Soon after, the core developers (Bruce Markham, William Lahti, Sander van Rossen, and Mircea-Cristian Racasan) decided that they would design their own ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler to allow the operating system to run its boot sequence without using another programming language. Once the AOT compiler was developed enough, the team then began to code the kernel. This was met with long periods of inactivity and few active developers due to lack of interest in unsafe kernel programming. On 1 January 2008, the SharpOS team made their first milestone release public, this is the first version of the software to appear in the SharpOS SourceForge package repository available for general public use.

Notes

See also

Singularity (operating system)
Cosmos (operating system)

External links

 Interview with SharpOS team
 sharpos-developers mailing list

Operating system kernels
Free software operating systems
Beta software
Hobbyist operating systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
Microkernels
Discontinued operating systems
X86 operating systems
Dynamic drive overlay. Dynamic drive overlay (DDO, also referred to as: software translation driver) is a software technique to extend a system BIOS that does not support logical block addressing (LBA) to access drives larger than 504 MiB. The technology was continued with similar types of problems up to the LBA-48 extension.

This technique overrides some of the motherboard BIOS' hard disk controller driver in RAM. To allow access to the full size of any hard disk the software must be loaded before other programs try to access the upper parts of a disk with a critical size. To ensure that this extension gets loaded early most often the boot disk's master boot record is modified and the software installed at the beginning of the disk.

The most widespread vendor for such an extension is the company Ontrack which is licensing its DDO component to several of the major hard disk vendors for integration into their management tools and into their products.

The application of a Dynamic Drive Overlay (DDO), as licensed to Samsung Corporation for example, by Kroll Ontrack's version in their Disk Manager program is for the installation of various hard drives (Ultra/Super IDE/Parallel ATA) in computers that have older BIOS chips that do not recognize hard disk drives larger than 137.4 Gigabytes. The interface is a software program that is loaded at start-up by the computer and augments the BIOS code, thus allowing the system to recognize and read areas of the hard disk drive that normally would not be accessible by the older BIOS.

References

BIOS
Enrico Bernardi. Enrico Zeno Bernardi (20 May 1841 in Verona – 21 February 1919 in Turin) was an Italian engineer and one of the Italian automobile pioneers. As a child growing up in Verona, Bernardi spent much of his free time in blacksmiths' workshops learning the skills to put his inventive abilities into practice. In 1856, he entered a mechanical model of a steam engine and locomotive in the Verona Agricultural Exhibition, where he earned an honorable mention for his work.

Bernardi completed his secondary education in Verona and enrolled in the University of Padua in October 1859. He received a doctorate in mathematics from the University of Padua in June 1863 and remained at the University as an assistant to the chairs of the departments of Geodesy, Hydrometry, Rational Mechanics, and Experimental Physics. In 1867, Bernardi became the chair of Physics and Mechanics at the Royal Institute of Vocational Industry in Vicenza. He became dean of the Royal Institute and remained in that position until 1878, when he became a Professor of Hydraulic and Agricultural Machinery at the University of Padua and directed the Institute of Machinery there from 1879 until 1915.

On 5 August 1882 he prototyped the Motrice Pia, his petrol combustion engine (one cylinder, 121.6 cm3 displacement), almost at the same time as German Karl Benz. The engine was used to operate his daughter Pia's sewing machine and was fitted to his son's tricycle in 1884. A company called Miari & Giusti in Padova started production of Bernardi's engines and cars in 1894. Soon the company was taken over by Società Italiana Bernardi. It stopped production in 1901.

After withdrawing from academic life he moved in 1917 to Turin, where he died two years later. Bernardi was later honoured in many ways: a museum of vintage cars (Museo delle Macchine "Enrico Bernardi") was opened in Padua and an asteroid, 25216 Enricobernardi, was named for him.

References 

1841 births
1919 deaths
Italian automotive pioneers
People from Verona
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Italy
19th-century Italian people
Academic staff of the University of Padua
19th-century Italian inventors
Megallium. Megallium is a trademark for an alloy of 60% cobalt, 20% chromium, 5% molybdenum, and traces of other substances.  The alloy is used in dentistry because of its light weight, resistance to corrosion and hypo-allergenic (nickel free) properties. Megallium was developed by John Leonard Attenborough for Attenborough Dental Laboratories in 1951.

External links
History from attenborough.com
Dental Applications from attenborough.com
Dental Samples from attenborough.com
Dental Techniques from attenborough.com

Cobalt alloys
Dental materials
Chromium alloys
HC-12a. HC-12a, also called ES-12a, OZ-12a, DURACOOL 12a and Hydrocarbon Blend B, is marketed as a "drop-in" replacement refrigerant for R-12 and other refrigerants. HC-12a is a mixture of hydrocarbons, specifically propane (R-290) and isobutane (R-600a), and is therefore considered nearly non-ozone-depleting. The hydrocarbon blend is compatible with hoses and oils used in R-12 systems.

As it is flammable, it is illegal for use as an R-12 replacement in the United States. Its use in public transport vehicles has also been illegal in the United States since 1990.

This hydrocarbon blend caused of the  in October 2006, a bus fire which killed 18 people and injured 25, some severely, which in turn led to an overhaul of Panama City's public transport system. The refrigerant ignited due to an electrical spark which followed a refrigerant leak, which quickly set the bus ablaze as the fire spread from the refrigeration system towards the interior of the bus. The bus lacked emergency exits and fire extinguishers, and the occupants' peril was aggravated by the location of the engine and the refrigeration system compressor—below a cover on the inner side of the only passenger exit door. A lawsuit in a US court against Northcutt, which imported the HC-12 involved in the tragedy, and OZ technology, Inc., which manufactured the HC-12 began in 2008; in 2018, Northcutt reached a settlement with the victims of the tragedy and their relatives.

References

External links
 MSDS for HC-12a (archived 2006-10-30)

Refrigerants
Craig Field (airport). Craig Field  is a public airport four miles southeast of Selma, in Dallas County, Alabama. The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation facility.
It was previously Craig Air Force Base, an Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) base with T-37 Tweet and T-38 Talon aircraft operated by the 29th Flying Training Wing of the U.S. Air Force.  Craig AFB was closed in 1977 as part of reduced defense spending and a concurrent post-Vietnam War reduction in force.

Facilities

Craig Field covers  at an elevation of 166 feet (51 m). Its single operational runway, Rwy 15/33, is 8,002 by 150 feet (2,439 x 46 m) asphalt/concrete. In the year ending November 2, 2009, the airport had 38,550 aircraft operations, an average 105 per day: 89% general aviation, 10% military, and 1% air taxi. Eight single-engine aircraft were then based at the airport.

The former USAF air traffic control tower from what was Craig Air Force Base remains but, as of 2007 it was unmanned, with UNICOM being used as a common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF). Both parallel  runways still exist, but only one is actively maintained and in use. The Craig VORTAC and the Instrument Landing System (ILS) for the current Runway 33 remain operational. The airport's military traffic consists mostly of training aircraft, either fixed-wing aircraft on sorties from nearby Columbus AFB or Naval Air Station Meridian in Mississippi, NAS Pensacola or NAS Whiting Field in Florida, or rotary-wing aircraft from Fort Novosel in Alabama or NAS Whiting Field, Florida.  

Prior to its 2007 closure by L3 Corporation, now L3Harris, other military training and operational support airlift aircraft were inbound to the L3 Communications/Vertex Aerospace facility at the airport for contracted maintenance.

The former military family housing was sold to individual owners shortly after base closure and has decayed compared to its previous military occupants.

Multiple civilian government and corporate tenants have taken up residency. The former on-base elementary school continues as the civilian-run Craig Elementary, and the former base golf course continues as the Craig Golf Course and Driving Range. The Alabama Highway Patrol (AHP) operates both its training academy and its headquarters for AHP's F Troop at Craig.

In 2015, Marine One used Craig Field when President Barack Obama visited Selma's Edmund Pettus Bridge.

Craig Field has never have had airline service; Selma's previous airport, Selma Municipal Airport saw commercial service with Delta Air Lines, then Southern Airways, from 1952 to 1963.  When Craig AFB was closed as an active USAF installation, it became the city's airport and Selma Municipal Airport was closed.

See also
 List of airports in Alabama

References

External links 

 
 

Airports in Dallas County, Alabama