omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Line of communication. A line of communication (or communications) is the route that connects an operating military unit with its supply base. Supplies and reinforcements are transported along the line of communication. Therefore, a secure and open line of communication is vital for any military force to continue to operate effectively. Prior to the advent of the use of the telegraph and radio in warfare, lines of communication were also the routes used by dispatch riders on horseback and runners to convey and deliver orders and battle updates to and from unit commanders and headquarters. Thus, a unit whose lines of communication were compromised was vulnerable to becoming isolated and destroyed, as the means for requesting reinforcements and resupply is lost. The standard military abbreviation is LOC. There is also SLOC for Sea Line of Communication, GLOC for Ground Line of Communication, or ALOC for Air Line of Communication.

The interdiction of supplies and reinforcements to units closer to the front lines is therefore an important strategic goal for opposing forces. Some notable examples:
 The siege of Vicksburg in the American Civil War, in which Ulysses S. Grant encircled the city, leading to its eventual surrender in July 1863
 The Battle of France in World War II, in which the Germans cut off the French and British armies in Belgium (although the Dunkirk evacuation rescued over 330,000 of them)
 The encirclement of German 6th Army in the Battle of Stalingrad in World War II
 The United States' attacks on the Ho Chi Minh trail during the Vietnam War

See also

Logistics in general 
Aerial refueling
Airlift
Army engineering maintenance
Expeditionary maneuver warfare
Integrated logistics support
Logistician
Logistics Officer
Main supply route
Military logistics
Military supply chain management
NATO Stock Number
Performance-based logistics
Seabasing
Sealift
Train (military)
Underway replenishment

Specific logistics operations 
Battle of Pusan Perimeter logistics
British logistics in the Falklands War
British logistics in the Second Boer War

Notes

A line of communication can also refer to a civilian management (corporations lines of communication)

References
The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Copyright © 2001, 2002 by Oxford University Press

Military strategy
Hickman sea sled. The Hickman Sea Sled is an inverted vee planing hull invented by Albert Hickman. The Sea Sled is a direct forerunner of the modern high speed catamaran or tunnel hull. The reduced friction is due to a "trapped" gas film between the hull surface and water. A similar effect is seen in super-cavitating torpedoes where a gas generator creates a film separation to water friction.

"A new type of vessel, which promises to revolutionize water craft and which takes the same place on the water that the automobile does on land"  -  Scientific American 26 September 1914

See also
 Cathedral hull
 Boston Whaler
 Supercavitation propeller

References

 Campbell, Lorne. Innovation in Small Craft Design - A Tribute. The Royal Institute of Naval Architects Web Site. 
 Gerr, Dave. "The Hickman Sea Sled: The Best High Speed Hull Ever? (article)" Boatbuilder Magazine Sept/Oct 1998. 
 Gerr, Dave. "Sea Sled Slides Again (article)." Boatbuilder Magazine Jan/Feb 2003 
 Hall, Charles H. "Manufacturing Sea Sleds (article)." Motor Boat. 10 Nov 1926
 Nelson, Curtis L. Hunters in the Shallows: A History of the PT Boat. 2003 
 Seidman, David. "Damned by Faint Praise (article)." 100th issue of Wooden Boat, May/June 1991.

External links
 Miss Lakeside - Genius Comes Home to Roost, a 1925 Hickman Sea Sled
 The sea sledge
 The Sea Sled Story circa 1985
 Original Design and Conception of the 13-foot Whaler Hull
 Records of the Mystic Shipyard
 John S. Barry Papers
 Inverted Vee bottom boats ~ the start of a revolution

Boat types
Distribution law. Distribution law or the Nernst's distribution law gives a generalisation which governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law was first given by Nernst who studied the distribution of several solutes between different appropriate pairs of solvents.

C1/C2 = Kd

Where Kd is called the distribution coefficient or the partition coefficient.
Concentration of X in solvent A/concentration of X in solvent B=Kď
If C1 denotes the concentration of solute X in solvent A & C2 denotes  the concentration of solute X in solvent B; Nernst's distribution law can be expressed as C1/C2 = Kd. This law is only valid if the solute is in the same molecular form in both the solvents. Sometimes the solute dissociates or associates in the solvent.
In such cases the law is modified as,
D(Distribution factor)=concentration of solute in all forms in solvent 1/concentration of solute in all forms in solvent 2.

Further reading
 Martin's Physical Pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences; fifth edition, Patrick.J.Sinko , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Note, this source does not describe Nernst in the manner the text presents, nor is it evident that it is the source of the quotation (as much as one can surmise through search). Lacking full information (i.e., page number), the source is moved to Further reading.

References

Equilibrium chemistry
Walther Nernst
Dynamism (metaphysics). Dynamism is a general name for a group of philosophical views concerning the nature of matter. However different they may be in other respects, all these views agree in making matter consist essentially of simple and indivisible units, substances, or forces. Dynamism is sometimes used to denote systems that admit not only matter and extension, but also determinations, tendencies, and forces intrinsic and essential to matter. More properly, however, it means exclusive systems that do away with the dualism of matter and force by reducing the former to the latter. 

The word was coined by Thomas Carlyle, who contrasted dynamism with mechanism.

Leibniz's formulation 

Dynamism is the metaphysics of Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) that reconciles hylomorphic substance theory with mechanistic atomism by way of a pre-established harmony, and which was later developed by Christian Wolff (1679–1754) as a metaphysical cosmology. The major thesis for Leibniz follows as a consequences of his monad, that: “the nature of every substance carries a general expression of the whole universe. [The monad provides] the concept of an individual substance that contains...all its phenomena, such that nothing can happen to substance that is not generated from its own ground...but in conformity to what happens to another”... Whereby Leibniz "counters the tendency inherent in Cartesian and Spinozistic rationalism toward an “isolationist” interpretation of the ontological independence of substance... Leibniz's account of substantial force aims to furnish the complete metaphysical groundwork for a science of dynamics".

20th century and contemporary use 
Elements of Dynamism can be found in the works of Henri Bergson, and in more contemporary works, such as the process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead in terms of relations, as well as the systems theory of Ludwig von Bertalanffy and William Ross Ashby. The Basque philosopher Xavier Zubiri, most notably in his works, "On Essence" and "Dynamic Structure of Reality" details of several dynamisms inherent in the universe, beginning with variation, then onto alteration, selfhood, self-possession, living-together, onto Dynamism as a Mode of Being-in-the-world. It is a response to the Philosophy of Spirit via Hegel in addition to reductionists and Heidegger. This concept also has resonances with the Object-oriented ontology and Speculative Realism schools of philosophy.

References

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Metaphysical theories
List of railway industry occupations. This is a list of railway industry occupations, but it also includes transient functional job titles according to activity.

By sector

Engineering
 Chief Mechanical Engineer
 Locomotive Superintendent (Chief Mechanical Engineer)
 Manager (Guard)

Station
 Station agent
 Senior Station Superintendent
 Station Superintendent
 Deputy Station Superintendent
 Selected Station Master
 Senior Station Master
 Junior Station master
 Deputy Station Master
 Assistant Station Master
 Pointsman
 Porter

Revenue
 Ticket controller
 Revenue Protection Inspector
 Ticket inspector

Operations
 Train dispatcher
 Dispatcher
 Freight Conductor
 Signalman

Management
 Road foreman of engines

Maintenance of way

 Bridge inspector
 Gandy dancer
 Length runner
 Railway lubricator
 Section gangs
 Signal maintainer
 Track inspector
 Traquero
 Platelayer
 Navvy (navigator)
 Track foreman
 Structure Maintainer
 Lighting Maintainer
 Escalator and Elevator Maintainer
 Electronic Equipment Maintainer
 Telephone Maintainer
 Turnstiles Maintainer
 Mechanical Maintainer Group "C"
 Mechanical Maintainer Group "B"
 Power Maintainer

Alphabetical

B
 Boilerman
 Brakeman
 Bridge inspector
 Bridge tender

C
 Chief Mechanical Engineer
 Chief fireman
 Conductor
 Carmen

D
 Dispatcher
 Train dispatching

E
 Engine driver

F
 Fettler: Railway Maintenance Worker
 Fireman
 Flagman
 Freight Conductor

G
 Ganger
 Geoff
 Geotechnical Engineer

L
 Length runner
 Locomotive Superintendent (Chief Mechanical Engineer)
 Locomotive engineer

P
 Platelayer
 Porter

R
 Railroad engineer (engine driver)
 Railway lubricator
 Redcap Boy
 Revenue Protection Inspector
 Road foreman of engines

S
 Section gang
 Secondman
 Signal maintainer
 Signalman
 Station agent
 Station master

T
 Track foreman

See also
 Rail transport operations
 Lists of occupations

References

External links
Railroad Workers : Occupational Outlook Handbook

Occupations
 
Rail
Infrared blaster. An infrared blaster (IR blaster) is a device that relays commands from a remote control to one or more devices that require infra-red remote control. For instance, it may also allow radio-frequency-based (RF) remotes (including those using Bluetooth) to control infra-red-based components. It may also allow one device to control another: A recording device, such as a DVR or VCR, might change the channel on an external tuner (such as a cable box or satellite television receiver). This way, the receiving device can automatically be set to the correct channel before the recording process starts. An IR blaster can be used to implement remote control of components from a mobile phone, tablet, or computer.

Description
The blaster itself is a combination of a receiving unit (which takes remote commands via wire or RF) and one or more infra-red-light emitters that relay those commands to the devices to be controlled. Often the receiver is a small unit that sits on or near those devices, which offers one or more jacks into which small IR emitter modules are plugged. Those emitters are then placed so that they can shine infra-red light on the IR sensors of the devices, either directly or bounced off a surface such as a cabinet door.

If the remote control to be used is also IR-based, there must be an IR sensor within its line of sight that will relay signals to the IR blaster over a wire or radio.

The output of an IR blaster (like that of any infra-red remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light. The signal does not affect the human body and has no side effects for long exposure.

Applications
IR blasters are deployed to control infra-red-only devices from a remote control that wouldn't normally be able to do so, either because it is out of the line of sight or because it does not communicate with infra-red signals. An IR blaster can be used to control devices such as television sets, DVD players, DVRs, air conditioners, or almost any IR-controlled appliance. One common use of an IR blaster is to control components that are secured in an equipment closet or another room.

Today, many new devices use RF-based remote control or control over HDMI via Consumer Electronics Control (CEC). Over time, RF blasters will likely find the most use controlling older, "legacy" equipment.

References

Infrared technology
Abdullah Atalar. Abdullah Atalar (born 11 April 1954) is a Turkish scientist and academic. Atalar was the Rector of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, and a professor at Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. He received B.S. degree from Middle East Technical University, in 1974, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Stanford University in 1976 and 1978, respectively, all in Electrical Engineering. His thesis work was on reflection acoustic microscopy.

Atalar is a member of Turkish Academy of Sciences, He was a member of Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK) science board (2004-2011),  and chairman of the board of directors of TUBITAK Space (2004-2007) and TUBITAK Ulakbim (2004-2012). He is the chairman of the board of directors of Bilkent Holding, the endowment company owned wholly by Bilkent University. He is a recipient of TUBITAK's science award (1994). He is a fellow of the IEEE.  He is married to Ayşe, granddaughter of İhsan Doğramacı, founder of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University. He has three sons.

References

External links
Official Web Page
"Abdullah Atalar", sozluk.sourtimes.org

Fellows of the IEEE
Turkish electrical engineers
1954 births
Living people
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Middle East Technical University alumni
Academic staff of Bilkent University
Academics from Gaziantep
Rectors of universities and colleges in Turkey
Recipients of TÜBİTAK Science Award
Microwave engineers
Electrical engineering academics
Aerial cable. An aerial cable or air cable is an insulated cable usually containing all conductors required for an electrical distribution system (typically using aerial bundled cables) or a telecommunication line, which is suspended between utility poles or electricity pylons.  As aerial cables are completely insulated there is no danger of electric shock when touching them and there is no requirement for mounting them with insulators on pylons and poles.
A further advantage is they require less right of way than overhead lines for the same reason.  They can be designed as shielded cables for telecommunication purposes. If the cable falls, it may still operate if its insulation is not damaged.  

As aerial cables are installed on pylons or poles, they may be cheaper to install than underground cables, as no work for digging is required, which can be very expensive in rocky areas.

Use 
Aerial cables are mostly used for telecommunication systems or for power transmissions with voltages below 1000 volts. Aerial cable for voltages up to 69,000 volts has also been built,  for the supply of farms, waterworks, transmitters and other facilities outside of urban areas. Aerial cables are not often used in transmission circuits because of the difficulty in insulating such high voltage wire. Because of the proven reliability benefits of insulated aerial cables over traditional air-insulated wire, the Electric Power Institute has been working with utility companies to develop better insulating materials. In 1996 they were able to successfully convert one lower-voltage transmission circuit to insulated cable. 

Aerial cables are usually freely hanging. However the former German power company EVS used for their internal communication network communication cables that were fixed like a garland on the ground conductor or on an auxiliary rope. Although the fact, that EVS is today part of EnBW and that beginning at the end of the 1980s replacement of such cables by freely hanging cables have started, there are still today many of these installations in use.

See also 
 Aerial insert
 Overhead power line

References

Power cables
Electric power distribution
CASA C-201 Alcotán. The CASA C-201 Alcotán ("Kestrel") was a 1950s transport aircraft, built by CASA for the Spanish Air Force.

Design and development
The C-201 was the result of an agreement between the Spanish government and manufacturer Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA), to develop a transport aircraft for the air force capable of carrying a payload of one tonne over a range of . The design was a twin-engine low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional configuration. The main units of the tailwheel undercarriage retracted into the engine nacelles.

Operational history
Two prototypes were constructed, and the first of those first flew on 11 February 1949. An order for twelve pre-production aircraft and one hundred series aircraft was then placed. The pre-production machines were planned to demonstrate a range of different equipment fits for the airframe, enabling it for a variety of roles including personnel transport, training for bombing and photo-reconnaissance work, and instrument flying training. A number of engines were also to be evaluated, including the Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah that had powered the prototypes, the Pratt & Whitney R-1340, and the locally produced ENMASA Sirio.

The Alcotán project stalled, due to problems in the supply of powerplants and propellers. Spain's domestic engine industry was not capable of producing powerplants in sufficient quantity for the project, and Spain was unable to afford to import foreign engines. The production run had been scheduled to be completed before 1955, but the shortage of engines meant that by 1956, only eleven complete aircraft had been finished and delivered. In 1962, the project was finally cancelled, without the engine problem ever having been resolved. By then, CASA had 96 complete airframes in storage awaiting powerplants. Those were scrapped, and the Spanish government compensated the manufacturer for the debacle.

Variants
 C-201A - personnel transport with Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah engines
 C-201B - personnel transport with ENMASA Sirio engines
 C-201D - instrument flying, navigation, and radio training version with Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah engines
 C-201E - bombing and photo-reconnaissance training version with Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah engines
 C-201F - instrument flying, navigation, and radio training version with ENMASA Sirio engines
 C-201G - bombing and photo-reconnaissance training version with ENMASA Sirio engines

Operators

 Spanish Air Force

Specifications (C-201A)

See also

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 EADS website

1940s Spanish military transport aircraft
CASA aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
MBB 223 Flamingo. The MBB 223 Flamingo was a light aircraft developed in West Germany in the 1960s in response to a competition for a standard trainer for the country's aeroclubs. Designed by SIAT, it was a conventional low-wing monoplane with fixed tricycle undercarriage. The cockpit was enclosed by a large bubble canopy. SIAT had not undertaken much production of the type before the firm was acquired by MBB in 1970. Eventually, the new owners transferred production to CASA in Spain.

A fully acrobatic, single-seat version, and a four-seat utility version were also developed.

Operational history

During the 2020 Turkish intervention in Idlib, Turkish airstrikes on Kweres Airfield destroyed at least 3 stored Syrian Air Force MBB 223 Flamingos.

Variants

Model 223A-1 Flamingo Trainer A1
Two or four-seat trainer aircraft, powered by a 149-kW (200-hp) Avco Lycoming IO-360 piston engine.
Model 223K-1 Flamingo Trainer K1
Single-seat aerobatic aircraft, powered by a 149-kW (200-hp) Avco Lycoming AIO-360 piston engine.
Model 223T-1 Flamingo Trainer T1
One aircraft fitted with a turbocharged 157-kW (210-hp) Avco Lycoming TO-360-C1A6D piston engine.
Model 223-M4
The Model 223T-1 Flamingo Trainer T1 was later fitted with a Porsche PFM 3200 engine. One aircraft only.

Operators

Military operators
 
 Syrian Air Force

Former operators
  
Swissair

Specifications

References

 
 

1960s German civil trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Gyn. A gyn is an improvised three-legged lifting device used on sailing ships.  It provides more stability than a derrick or sheers, and requires no rigging for support.  Without additional support, however, it can only be used for lifting things directly up and down.  Gyns may also be used to support either end of a ropeway.

Two legs, called cheeks, are bound together as in the sheerlegs, with the third spar, called the prypole, and is fixed under the cheek lashing to form the apex of the tripod.  Alternately, a tripod lashing may be used to form the tripod, with the heel of the center spar pointing in the opposite direction of the cheeks to ensure a solid apex when raised.  Only four tackles are required; three as 'splay tackles' to prevent the legs of the tripod from spreading, with the fourth tackle as lifting purchase. A timber hitch, six figure-of-eight turns, and a finishing clove hitch lash the cheeks into a crutch but not too tight because the cheeks need some room to spread their heels. The cheeks of the gyn are now ready to spread and to be erected. The cheek splay tackle is hauled tight and then the two adjacent prypole splay tackles can be rigged and hauled as apex of the gyn is raised. At the sides, the gyn is unstable and it is crucial that the cargo is not swung out of the base triangle; consequently the gyn is only for lifting cargo vertically.

British Army artillery gunners used apparatus such as 'Bell's gyn' designed by John Bell (artillerist) or the 'Gibraltar gyn' for lifting artillery pieces.

Gyns have also been used on land as part of the equipment to help assist water being pumped out of water wells in the Sinai Peninsula.

See also
 Gin pole

External links
 Illustrations of a gyn and a gyn ropeway are on page 5-24 of the Sea Cadet Corps Seamanship Training Manual

References 

Sailing rigs and rigging
Vertical transport devices