omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Accelerograph. An accelerograph can be referred to as a strong-motion instrument or seismograph, or simply an earthquake accelerometer.  They are usually constructed as a self-contained box, which previously included a paper or film recorder (an analogue instrument) but now they often record directly on digital media and then the data is transmitted via the Internet.

Accelerographs are useful for when the earthquake ground motion is so strong that it causes the more sensitive seismometers to go off-scale.  There is an entire science of strong ground motion, that is dedicated to studying the shaking in the vicinity of earthquakes (roughly within about 100 km of the fault rupture).

Accelerographs record the acceleration of the ground with respect to time. This recording is often called an accelerograms, strong-motion record or acceleration time-history. From this record strong-motion intensity measures (IMs, also called parameters) can be computed. The simplest of which is peak ground acceleration (PGA). Other IMs include Arias intensity, peak ground velocity (PGV), for which the accelerogram needs to be integrated once, peak ground  displacement (PGD), for which double integration is required. Often a response spectrum is computed to show how the earthquake would affect structures of different natural frequencies or periods. These observations are useful to assess the seismic hazard of an area.

As well as their engineering applications, accelerograms are also useful for the study earthquakes from a scientific viewpoint. For example, accelerograms can be used to reconstruct the detailed history of rupture along a fault during an earthquake, which would not be possible with seismograms from standard instruments because they would be too far away to resolve the details. An example of an accelerograph array that was established to improve knowledge of near-source earthquake shaking as well as earthquake rupture propagation is the Parkfield Experiment, which involved a massive set of strong motion instrumentation.

Within the accelerograph, there is an arrangement of three accelerometer sensing heads.  In recent low-cost instruments these are usually micro-machined (MEMS) chips that are sensitive to one direction.  Thus constructed, the accelerometer can measure full motion of the device in three dimensions.

Unlike the continually recording seismometer, accelerometers nearly always work in a triggered mode.  That means a level of acceleration must be set which starts the recording process. For analogue and older digital instruments this makes maintenance much more difficult without a direct Internet connection (or some other means of communication). Many trips have been made to accelerometers after a large earthquake, only to find that the memory was filled with extraneous noise, or the instrument was malfunctioning.

Accelerometers are used to monitor the response of structures to earthquakes. Analysis of these records along with the shaking recorded at base of the structure can improve building design, through earthquake engineering.

References

Seismology instruments
TCP/IP stack fingerprinting. TCP/IP stack fingerprinting is the remote detection of the characteristics of a TCP/IP stack implementation. The combination of parameters may then be used to infer the remote machine's operating system (aka, OS fingerprinting), or incorporated into a device fingerprint.

TCP/IP Fingerprint Specifics 

Certain parameters within the TCP protocol definition are left up to the implementation.  Different operating systems, and different versions of the same operating system, set different defaults for these values. By collecting and examining these values, one may differentiate among various operating systems and implementations of TCP/IP. The TCP/IP fields that may vary
include the following:

 Initial packet size (16 bits)
 Initial TTL (8 bits)
 Window size (16 bits)
Max segment size (16 bits)
 Window scaling value (8 bits)
 "don't fragment" flag (1 bit)
 "sackOK" flag (1 bit)
 "nop" flag (1 bit)

These values may be combined to form a 67-bit signature, or fingerprint, for the target machine. Just inspecting the Initial TTL and window size fields is often enough to successfully identify an operating system, which eases the task of performing manual OS fingerprinting.

Protection against and detecting fingerprinting 

Protection against the fingerprint doorway to attack is achieved by limiting the type and amount of traffic a defensive system responds to. Examples include blocking address masks and timestamps from outgoing ICMP control-message traffic, and blocking ICMP echo replies. A security tool can alert to potential fingerprinting: it can match another machine as having a fingerprinter configuration by detecting its fingerprint.

Disallowing TCP/IP fingerprinting provides protection from vulnerability scanners looking to target machines running a certain operating system.  Fingerprinting facilitates attacks. Blocking those ICMP messages is only one of an array of defenses required for full protection against attacks.

Targeting the ICMP datagram, an obfuscator running on top of IP in the internet layer acts as a "scrubbing tool" to confuse the TCP/IP fingerprinting data. These exist for Microsoft Windows, Linux and FreeBSD.

Fingerprinting tools 
A list of TCP/OS Fingerprinting Tools
 Zardaxt.py – Passive open-source TCP/IP Fingerprinting Tool.
 Ettercap – passive TCP/IP stack fingerprinting.
 Nmap – comprehensive active stack fingerprinting.
 p0f – comprehensive passive TCP/IP stack fingerprinting.
 NetSleuth – free passive fingerprinting and analysis tool
 PacketFence – open source NAC with passive DHCP fingerprinting.
 Satori – passive CDP, DHCP, ICMP, HPSP, HTTP, TCP/IP and other stack fingerprinting.
 SinFP – single-port active/passive fingerprinting.
 XProbe2 – active TCP/IP stack fingerprinting.
 queso - well-known tool from the late 1990s which is no longer being updated for modern operating systems

References

External links 
 Remote OS detection via TCP/IP Stack FingerPrinting (2nd Generation)

Stack Fingerprinting
Internet Protocol
Fingerprinting algorithms
EMW. EMW may stand for:
EMW Corporation, a Korea's electronics company, by KOSDAQ number in 079190.
Eisenacher Motorenwerk, a former East German manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles and one-time Formula One participant
Elektro Mechanische Werke, a former German aircraft manufacturer
Electromagnetic wave, a phenomenon  that takes the form of self-propagating waves in a vacuum or in matter.
Evangelical Movement of Wales, a Christian organisation in Wales
Expeditionary maneuver warfare, a warfare concept of the United States Marine Corps
Evangelisches Missionswerk in Deutschland, an institute of the Evangelical Church in Germany
Enzyklopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, known as Klein's encyclopedia
Kurt Schreckling. Kurt Schreckling (born 1939) is a German technician, who pioneered home-constructed turbojet engines for model aircraft. He is also an amateur astronomer specialized in optical measurements. The asteroid 489603 Kurtschreckling was named in his honor.

Career 

His design was constructed using hand tools, and has a wooden compressor and a bent metal gas turbine. It was fitted into a radio-controlled aircraft that flew successfully. He won various prizes and wrote books about this field of research. 
Jet engines following his design are designated with a K, and J for Jesus Artes (his co-developer), for example KJ66 

Years later and being retired he became an innovative well known developer for high end amateur astronomy components in the field of amateur telescope making (ATM). Having worked in his professional career as a physicist and measurement engineer in a German DAX-Company Kurt Schreckling introduced advanced opportunities and unorthodox ways to optimize and measure telescopes for ambitious amateurs on a high quality level regarding surface quality, light weight construction while permanently compensating different optical aberrations. His ideas for improving telescopes and their optical perfection have become legendary in the German-speaking countries in the amateur telescope maker scene. Kurt Schreckling is active in various amateur astronomer forums in the internet.

Awards and honors 

Asteroid 489603 Kurtschreckling, discovered by Richard Gierlinger at the Gaisberg Observatory  in 2007, was named after him. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 July 2018 ().

Publications

References 
 

1939 births
Living people
German engineers
Doowon Technical University College. Doowon Technical College  is a private college in Anseong, South Korea.  The current president is Jung, Sang-Whan (정상환).  The maximum enrollment capacity is 4,800.

Academics

The school's Korean name means "Doowon Engineering College," and engineering is the primary focus of education.  There are 17 academic departments at Doowon, covering fields such as mechanical engineering, digital electronics, information and communication, computer graphics, and architecture.

Location

The campus is located in Juksan-myeon, a rural district of Anseong city.

History

The college opened in 1994.  At the time, it bore the name Doowon Technical Junior College.  The name was changed in 1998.

See also
Education in South Korea
List of colleges and universities in South Korea

External links

Official School Website, in English

Vocational education in South Korea
Universities and colleges in Gyeonggi Province
Educational institutions established in 1994
1994 establishments in South Korea
Eriochrome Black T. Eriochrome Black T is a complexometric indicator that is used in complexometric titrations, e.g. in the water hardness determination process. It is an azo dye. Eriochrome is a trademark of Huntsman Petrochemical, LLC.

In its deprotonated form, Eriochrome Black T is blue. It turns red when it forms a complex with calcium, magnesium, or other metal ions.

Applications

When used as an indicator in an EDTA titration, the characteristic blue end-point is reached when sufficient EDTA is added and the metal ions bound to the indicator are chelated by EDTA, leaving the free indicator molecule.

Eriochrome Black T has also been used to detect the presence of rare earth metals.

References

External links
 J.T. Baker MSDS
 Describes a procedure for determining the hardness of water using EDTA with Eriochrome indicator

Complexometric indicators
Titration

Analytical chemistry
Azo dyes
1-Naphthols
2-Naphthols
Nitronaphthalenes
Naphthalenesulfonates
Organic sodium salts
Linde–Buzo–Gray algorithm. The Linde–Buzo–Gray algorithm (named after its creators Yoseph Linde, Andrés Buzo and Robert M. Gray, who designed it in 1980) is an iterative vector quantization algorithm to improve a small set of vectors (codebook) to represent a larger set of vectors (training set), such that it will be locally optimal. It combines Lloyd's Algorithm with a splitting technique in which larger codebooks are built from smaller codebooks by splitting each code vector in two. The core idea of the algorithm is that by splitting the codebook such that all code vectors from the previous codebook are present, the new codebook must be as good as the previous one or better.

Description 
The Linde–Buzo–Gray algorithm may be implemented as follows:

 algorithm linde-buzo-gray is
     input: set of training vectors training, codebook to improve old-codebook
     output: codebook that is twice the size and better or as good as old-codebook
     
     new-codebook ← {}
     
     for each old-codevector in old-codebook do
         insert old-codevector into new-codebook
         insert old-codevector +  into new-codebook where  is a small vector
     
     return lloyd(new-codebook, training)

 algorithm lloyd is
     input: codebook to improve, set of training vectors training
     output: improved codebook
     
     do
         previous-codebook ← codebook
         
         clusters ← divide training into |codebook| clusters, where each cluster contains all vectors in training who are best represented by the corresponding vector in codebook
         
         for each cluster cluster in clusters do
             the corresponding code vector in codebook ← the centroid of all training vectors in cluster
         
     while difference in error representing training between codebook and previous-codebook > 
     
     return codebook

References 

Cluster analysis algorithms
Machine learning algorithms
Artificial neural networks
Signal processing
Fulminate. Fulminates are chemical compounds which include the fulminate ion (). The fulminate ion is a pseudohalic ion because its charge and reactivity are similar to those of the halogens. The name is derived from the Latin fulminātus, meaning to explode like lightning, and reflects that fulminate salts are friction-sensitive explosives due to the instability of the ion. The best known is mercury(II) fulminate, which has been used as a primary explosive in detonators. Fulminates can be formed from metals, such as silver and mercury, dissolved in nitric acid, and reacted with ethanol. The weak single nitrogen-oxygen bond is responsible for their instability. Nitrogen very easily forms a stable triple bond to another nitrogen atom, forming nitrogen gas.

Historical notes 
Fulminates were discovered by Edward Charles Howard in 1800. The use of fulminates for firearms was first demonstrated by a Scottish minister, Alexander John Forsyth, who patented his scent-bottle lock in 1807; this was a small container filled with fulminate of mercury. Joshua Shaw determined how to encapsulate them in metal to form a percussion cap, but did not patent his invention until 1822.

In the 1820s, the organic chemist Justus Liebig discovered silver fulminate (AgCNO) and Friedrich Wöhler discovered silver cyanate (AgOCN). They have different properties but the same chemical composition, which led to a bitter dispute finally resolved by Jöns Jakob Berzelius through the concept of isomers.

Compounds 
 Fulminic acid
 Mercury(II) fulminate
 Potassium fulminate
 Silver fulminate

See also 

 The cyanate (-OCN) and isocyanate (-NCO) groups have a related structure.
 The nitrile (-CN) and isocyanide (-NC) groups.
 The functional group fulminate (-ONC) corresponds to the fulminate ion; if the organic bond is at the other end, the nitrile oxide (-CNO) functional group is obtained instead.
 Internal ballistics

References 

Fulminates
Oxyanions
Firefly (dinghy). The Firefly is a British sailboat that was designed by Uffa Fox as a one design racer and first built in 1946. The boat was originally named the Sea Swallow. It was an Olympic class and raced at the 1948 Olympics.

Production
The design was initially built by Fairey Marine in the United Kingdom, starting in 1946 until the end of 1972. It was then built by Vic Lewis Boats from 1973, in glassfibre, using moulds by Craft Mouldings. In 1976 Knight and Pink Marine re-started the production of wooden boats. Omega Boats built a foam sandwich version of the design and then Porter Boats produced it up to 1995. From 1997 to 2023 production was by Rondar Raceboats in the UK. Whitecap Composites in the United States also built Fireflies. As of the summer of 2023, it is now built by Ovington Boats in the UK and remains in production. More than 4,270 Fireflies have been completed.

Design
The Firefly is a recreational sailing dinghy, initially built predominantly of hot-moulded plywood, glassfibre construction was authorized by the class starting in 1965. A rotating mast was introduced in 1970.

The design has a fractional sloop rig, a plumb stem and transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable centreboard. It displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with the centreboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

The design is raced without a spinnaker.

The Firefly has a Portsmouth Yardstick handicap of 1168 (in the RYA scheme) and a D-PN of 99.6 in the US Sailing system.

Operational history

The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the National Firefly Association.

The first four production boats built by Fairey were purchased by the commodore of the Itchenor Sailing Club, Sir Geoffrey Loules and named Fe, Fi, Fo and Fum.

Even though it was designed for a crew of two sailors, the boat was selected for the 1948 Olympics as a single-handed boat. The Olympic sailing events that year were held at Torbay and the gold medal was won by Danish sailor, Paul Elvstrøm. It was replaced as an Olympic class in 1952 by the Finn.

The National Maritime Museum Cornwall notes, "the Firefly was one of the first production dinghies ever built in large numbers, long before the days of glass reinforced plastic boats, and there is no doubt that it put dinghy sailing within financial reach of many people – the initial cost of a boat was £65."

Boats on display
 National Maritime Museum Cornwall - the first production boat, Fe.

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Rondar official website archive on Archive.org
Whitecap official website archive on Archive.org

 
Dinghies
1940s sailboat type designs
Olympic sailing classes
Sailboat type designs by Uffa Fox
Sailboat types built by Fairey Marine
Sailboat types built by Rondar Raceboats
Sailboat types built by Whitecap Composites
Robopon 2 Ring and Cross Versions. Robopon 2 Ring Version and Robopon 2 Cross Version are video games published by Atlus and released for the Game Boy Advance in 2001–2002. They are sequels to the Game Boy Color game Robopon. Their simultaneous release is similar to how the Pokémon series of video games are released in pairs of games (such as Pokémon Red and Blue) to promote inter-connectivity between them.

The games are a sequel to the earlier 2000 Game Boy Color game Robopon Sun. The Robopon bears much similarity to Nintendo's series of Pokémon games, and thus is often considered to be a Pokémon clone, but also bears similarity to the lesser known Super Nintendo Entertainment System game Robotrek, released by the Japanese game company Enix (now Square Enix).

Story
After the events of the first game, the now number one Legend of Porombo Island, Cody, sets out for new lands and new titles, but forgets his Robopon. Before he can turn back to retrieve them, his boat is wrecked in a storm, and he washes up on the continent of Majiko. He decides to become the Robopon champion of this land; however, in order to do this, he must obtain the one-of-a-kind XStones and challenge the rank-holders of Majiko. As he collects the XStones, however, he finds the towns of Majiko are troubled by events past and present, and he must travel between the world of 20 years ago and the present to make things right.

Gameplay
Within both versions of Robopon 2, Robopon can be created by finding different types of batteries and combining them (this process in known as "sparking"). Each different combination of batteries produces a different type of Robopon. Robopon 2 also builds upon the battle system of the first game by implementing four-on-four battles, allowing the player's whole party of Robopons to participate in one big battle. Subsequently, targeting certain enemies within battles becomes crucial. Another less drastic change from Robopon is the ability to change the colour of the player's Robopon.

Reception

Both Robopon 2 games received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. GameSpot named Robopon 2 the second-best Game Boy Advance game of August 2002.

Notes

References

External links
 

2001 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Hudson Soft games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Robopon
Video games about robots
Role-playing video games
Video games developed in Japan

ja:ロボットポンコッツ
Mark Williams Company. The Mark Williams Company was a small software company in Chicago, Illinois (later moved to Northbrook) that created Coherent, one of the first Unix-like operating systems for IBM PCs and several C programming language compilers. It was founded by Robert Swartz (father of Aaron Swartz) in 1977 and discontinued operations in 1995. The name comes from the middle name of Robert Swartz's father, William Mark Swartz.

Robert Swartz moved the company (originally producing a soft drink called Dr. Enuf) into software with his father's help and the company became known as the Mark Williams Company.

Mark Williams won a patent lawsuit () centered on 'byte ordering'. Separately, and at that time, Linux had made serious inroads in the UNIX clone market. Since Coherent was a commercially available package and Linux was distributed freely on the Internet via their GNU General Public License, Coherent sales plummeted and Swartz had no choice but to cease operations in 1995.

Products 
 Produced Coherent, a clone of Unix.
 csd, C source debugger.
 Let's C, low-cost professional C compiler for the IBM PC.
 Mark Williams C for CP/M-86.
 Mark Williams C for the Atari ST, first major C programming environment for the ST computers.
 XYBasic, a process control BASIC running on CP/M that could be burned on to memory (EPROM) and run on an 8080 standalone processor.

See also 
 Unix-like

References

External links 
 START Vol. 1 No. 3 Mark Williams C & Menu by Arick Anders
 START Vol. 2 No. 2 Mark Williams C 2.0 by Arick Anderson
 Mark Williams Company documentation

Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies established in 1980
American companies disestablished in 1995
Unix history
American companies established in 1980
V22. V22 or similar may refer to:

 Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey, an American multi-mission, tiltrotor military aircraft
 Fokker V 22, a variant of the Fokker D.VII German World War I fighter aircraft
 V.22, an ITU-T V-series recommended protocol for interfaces and voiceband modems
 V22, an ICD-9 supplementary classification code for normal pregnancy
Asilomar. Asilomar can refer to a number of things:

 Asilomar State Beach, a state park unit on the Monterey Peninsula in California
 Asilomar Conference Grounds, a conference center at "Asilomar State Beach and Conference Grounds"
 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, an influential conference on the regulation of biotechnology held at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in 1975
 Asilomar Microcomputer Workshop, formerly named IEEE Workshop on Microprocessors
 Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies, a conference on the regulation of climate engineering held at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in March 2010
 Asilomar Conference on Beneficial AI, held at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in January 2017
Bostonite. Bostonite, in petrology, is a fine-grained, pale-colored, grey or pinkish intrusive rock, which consists essentially of alkali-feldspar (orthoclase, perthite, anorthoclase, and albite). Some samples may contain a small amount of interstitial quartz and others may have a small percentage of calcium present in a sodic plagioclase feldspar. Accessory minerals include chlorite, apatite, zircon and magnetite, with rare biotite, hornblende or pyroxene. They have compositions very similar to the trachytes and are usually grouped with them. These rocks are characterised by a 'bostonitic' texture of clusters of subparallel, divergent or radiating irregular feldspar laths in a fine grained matrix.

Typically they occur as dikes or as thin sills, often in association with nepheline syenite; and they seem to bear a complementary relationship to certain types of lamprophyre dikes. Though nowhere very common they have a wide distribution with occurrences in Scotland, Wales, Massachusetts, Ontario, Portugal, Bohemia, and other places.

The term was widely used in the geologic literature of the late 19th and early to mid 20th centuries, but is currently being discouraged in petrologic usage.

References

 Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1996
 Williams, Howel; Turner, Francis J.; and Gilbert, Charles M.; 1954; Petrography; W. H. Freeman.

Subvolcanic rocks