omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ensign-Bickford Company. The Ensign-Bickford Aerospace & Defense Company (formerly The Ensign-Bickford Company) is a manufacturer of hardware and energetic systems for use in spacecraft, military, and industrial applications. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ensign-Bickford Industries.

History 
The Ensign-Bickford Company (EBCo) was started in 1836 in Simsbury, Connecticut as a manufacturer of William Bickford's safety fuse for use in mining. Safety fuse was a great advance in mining technology over the practice of filling holes with black powder.

The next step in mining technology was detonating cord. Ensign-Bickford and other companies developed different versions of detonating cord. In 1937, Ensign-Bickford trademarked "Primacord", which became the functional generic name for detonating cord in North America. In May 2003, Ensign-Bickford sold the trademarks and processes to Dyno Nobel Inc  of Australia (formerly of Norway).

In 1956, EBCo began providing research and development work for Frankford Arsenal and Sandia National Laboratories to develop linear shaped charge, a product critical to the early strategic missile and launch vehicle programs. In 1965, the Space Ordnance Division was formed, making contributions to early NASA programs such as Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. In 1987, the Space Ordnance Division became Ensign-Bickford Aerospace Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of EBCo, later becoming The Ensign-Bickford Aerospace & Defense Company.

Locations 
In addition to its headquarters and manufacturing operations in Simsbury, Connecticut,  EBAD has facilities in Graham, Kentucky, & Moorpark, California.

Acquisitions

References

External links 
 Corporate website
 The Talk of Simsbury: Ensign Bickford Industries - Interview with Tom Perlitz, President and CEO of Ensign Bickford Industries, Inc.

Simsbury, Connecticut
Manufacturing companies based in Connecticut
Explosives manufacturers
Companies based in Hartford County, Connecticut
Dick Hustvedt. Richard "Dick" Irvin Hustvedt (February 18, 1946 – April 15, 2008) was a renowned software engineer, designer and developer of several operating systems including Digital Equipment Corporation's RSX-11, and VMS.

Personal history
Hustvedt was born in Aberdeen, South Dakota and grew up in Radcliff, Kentucky, home of Fort Knox. He attended the University of California, Berkeley studying computer science and was later employed by the Army Security Agency. Following the ASA, Dick worked for the Xerox Corporation on the development of operating systems for their Data Systems division (Xerox DSD Development Programming in El Segundo, California), and was a principal kernel developer of the Xerox Data Systems (XDS) RAD-75, RBM-1 and CP-V operating systems.

He was recruited by Ken Olsen to join Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1974. He moved from Los Angeles, California to Concord, Massachusetts where he worked at the company headquarters at "The Mill" in Maynard, Massachusetts.

Married to Audrey R. Reith (1936?-2024) in 1976. Father of sons Eric Hustvedt (1978) and Marc Hustvedt (1979).

On January 13, 1984, he suffered a severe head injury in an automobile accident in Acton, Massachusetts. He resided in New Hampshire at the time of his death on April 15, 2008.

The VAX/VMS development team, now OpenVMS and part of Hewlett-Packard, named a conference room in his honor in Nashua, New Hampshire facility.

DEC
Dick Hustvedt was one of the three principal designers of VMS, along with Dave Cutler and Peter Lipman. VMS was first conceived in 1976 as the operating system for the 32-bit, virtual memory line of computers eventually named VAX. Version V1.0 shipped in 1978 and the VAX and VMS became flagship products for DEC. Hustvedt was also the driving force behind the development of DEC's VAXcluster, which was the first clustering system to achieve commercial success, and was a major selling point for VAX systems.

His sense of humor is behind the fact that the TIMEPROMPTWAIT variable in VMS is famously defined in "microfortnights".

References

 "Nothing Stops It:  VAX OpenVMS at 20"
 "DEC used by Digital itself:" PDP11 Processor Handbook (1973): p. 8, "DEC, PDP, UNIBUS are registered trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation;" pp. 1–4, "Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) designs and manufacturers many of the peripheral devices offered with PDP-11's. As a designer and manufacturer of peripherals, DEC can offer extremely reliable equipment... The LA30 DECwriter, a totally DEC-designed and built teleprinter, can serve as an alternative to the Teletype."
 Edgar H. Schein, Peter S. DeLisi, Paul J. Kampas, and Michael M. Sonduck, DEC Is Dead, Long Live DEC: The Lasting Legacy of Digital Equipment Corporation (San Francisco: Barrett-Koehler, 2003), .
 "VAX-11" 1st Edition - Dick Hustvedt, 1975 [A19] - Stanford

External links
 Windows NT and VMS: The Rest of the Story 
 OpenVMS Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
 Nothing Stops It: VAX OpenVMS at 20
 Dick Hustvedt, the consummate software engineer

1946 births
2008 deaths
People from Aberdeen, South Dakota
People from Radcliff, Kentucky
American computer scientists
Kernel programmers
PWA. PWA may refer to:

Aviation
 Wiley Post Airport (IATA airport code), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.
 Pacific Western Airlines

Computing
 Pirates with Attitudes, a warez release group
 Picasa Web Albums
 Progressive web app
 Project Web Access, later renamed Project Web App, a component of Microsoft Project Server

Organizations
 Provincial Waterworks Authority, a Thai state water supply company
 Public Works Administration, the construction agency of the US New Deal program
 Patients' Welfare Association in Karachi, Pakistan 
 Progressive Writers' Association, in pre-partition India
 The Polytechnic of Western Australia

Sports
 Professional Windsurfers Association; see Windsurfing
 Prairie Wrestling Alliance, a Canadian professional wrestling promotion based in Edmonton
 Reality of Wrestling or Pro Wrestling Alliance, a US independent professional wrestling promotion
 Pro Wrestling America, a defunct independent professional wrestling promotion
 Pure Wrestling Association, a Canadian professional wrestling promotion; see Melissa Maughn

Other uses
 People With AIDS, an initialism
 People with albinism, an initialism
 Portuguese West Africa, now Angola
 Partial wave analysis, a technique in quantum mechanics

See also
 Pro Wrestling Women's Alliance
Ogston Reservoir. Ogston Reservoir is a reservoir operated by Severn Trent Water in Derbyshire. It is near the villages of Brackenfield and Ashover and the town of Clay Cross.

The reservoir takes its water from the River Amber and was originally created to supply the National Coal Board's Carbonisation Plant at Wingerworth; the reservoir now supplies water for the local area and is used as a holding ground for water for nearby Carsington Reservoir. The reservoir covers  and holds 1.3 billion imperial gallons (5.9 billion litres) of water.

The valley was flooded in 1958 and completely submerged farmland, roads and part of the Ashover Light Railway. The reservoir also destroyed most of the village of Woolley, including the Woolley House Hydro, the village store, the blacksmiths, the joiners, the laundry, the sheep dip and 'Napoleons Home', the local public house. The villagers were relocated into council houses built in another local hamlet, Badger Lane, which eventually became known as the village of Woolley on the Moor, which subsequently became the present village of Woolley Moor.

The reservoir provides many leisure activities including sailing, windsurfing, stand up paddle boarding and trout-fishing. It is especially well known for its bird-life and over 200 species have been recorded at Ogston including Wilson's phalarope, Sabine's gull and long-tailed skuas.

Ellen MacArthur, best known as a solo long-distance yachtswoman who, on 7 February 2005, broke the world record for the fastest solo circumnavigation of the globe, trained to become a yachtswoman on Ogston Reservoir.

This article was prepared using information found on the website of the 'Woolley Trail', maintained by the local primary school.

References

Reservoirs in Derbyshire
Reservoirs of the Peak District
Drinking water reservoirs in England
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Derbyshire
Interactive computing. In computer science, interactive computing refers to software which accepts input from the user as it runs.

Interactive software includes commonly used programs, such as word processors or spreadsheet applications. By comparison, non-interactive programs operate without user intervention; examples of these include compilers and batch processing applications that are pre-programmed to run independently.

Interactive computing focuses on real-time interaction ("dialog") between the computer and the operator, and the technologies that enable them.

If the response of the computer system is complex enough, it is said that the system is conducting social interaction; some systems try to achieve this through the implementation of social interfaces.

The nature of interactive computing as well as its impact on users, are studied extensively in the field of computer interaction.

History of interactive computing systems 
Ivan Sutherland is considered the father of interactive computing for his work on Sketchpad, the interactive display graphics program he developed in 1963. He later worked at the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office under the direction of J. C. R. Licklider.

There he facilitated ARPA's research grant to Douglas Engelbart for developing the NLS system at SRI, based on his visionary manifesto published in a 1962 report, in which Engelbart envisioned interactive computing as a vehicle for user interaction with computers, with each other, and with their knowledge, all in a vast virtual information space.

In a 1965 report, Engelbart published his early experiments with pointing devices, including the computer mouse, for composing and editing on interactive display workstations. Engelbart's work on interactive computing at SRI migrated directly to Xerox PARC, from there to Apple, and out into the mainstream. Thus, the tree of evolution for interactive computing generally traces back to Engelbart's lab at SRI.

In December 2008, on the 40th anniversary of his 1968 demo, SRI sponsored a public commemorative event in his honor.

Current research 

The need for constant user interaction in interactive computing systems makes it different in many ways from batch processing systems.

Areas of current research include the design of novel programming models and achieving information security and reliability in interactive computing.

IPython is a software system for scientific interactive computing, supporting data visualization, event-driven programming and a number of related GUI toolkits.

The Georgia Institute of Technology's School of Interactive Computing formed in 2007, offering masters and doctoral degrees via collaboration with more than 40 faculties.

The Tangible Media Group of MIT, led by Professor Hiroshi Ishii, seeks to seamlessly couple the dual world of bits and atoms by presenting a dynamic physical form to computation.

See also
 Interactivity
 Interactive computation
 Processing modes
 J. C. R. Licklider
 Douglas Engelbart
 Ubiquitous computing

References 

Human–computer interaction
British Rail Class 333. The British Rail Class 333 is a class of electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger train built by CAF between 2000 and 2003 for Northern Spirit (later Arriva Trains Northern), with traction equipment supplied by Siemens Transportation Systems. All have passed to subsequent franchises and subsequent operators Northern Rail, Arriva Rail North and Northern Trains.

History
In March 1998, Angel Trains ordered 16 three-carriage sets from Siemens Transportation Systems for Northern Spirit to replace the slam-door Class 308s on the Airedale and Wharfedale lines from Leeds to Bradford Forster Square, Ilkley and Skipton. Construction of the trains was sub-contracted to CAF with Siemens Transportation Systems providing the traction equipment.

The first was delivered to Neville Hill TMD in March 2000. The first entered service on 12 January 2001.

In April 2000, a further eight trailer carriages were ordered with funding from West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive and inserted into the first eight sets in 2002. Subsequently a further order was placed with funding from the Strategic Rail Authority to increase the remaining sets to four carriages. These were delivered in 2003.

However, the funding for the fourth carriages in the latter eight sets expired in 2007 and as a consequence of this they could have been removed. Had this happened the four-car Class 321s would have been removed from Leeds to Doncaster services. As a result, the fourth cars were funded by the South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive, despite not running in South Yorkshire, to ensure that four-car units are available on Doncaster services.

In 2008, all were repainted into a new livery by Wabtec at Doncaster Works that incorporated West Yorkshire Metro branding.

When Arriva Rail North was awarded the Northern franchise in December 2015 plans were announced for the replacement of Class 333 units with a new fleet of 3-car trains, though ultimately this did not occur.

Between December 2018 and April 2020, all were refurbished by Chrysalis Rail, Holbeck and repainted into Arriva Rail North and later Northern Trains livery.

In 2022, the 333s started receiving digital upgrades, and these upgrades include added USB power plugs and Digital display screens among other upgrades.

Performance
The units are capable of , but the maximum speed on their routes is . They have standard class only 2+3 high-density seating, and each set has one toilet.

Fleet details

Named units
Two units have previously carried names:
333007 Alderman J Arthur Godwin, First Lord Mayor of Bradford 1907 (De-named)
333011 Olicana, Ilkley's Roman Fort (De-named)

Gallery

See also
British Rail Class 332, similar units operated by Heathrow Express until 28 December 2020

References

333
CAF multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2001
25 kV AC multiple units
Kinetic Energy Interceptor. The Kinetic Energy Interceptor (KEI) was a planned U.S. missile defense program whose goal was to design, develop, and deploy kinetic energy-based, mobile, ground and sea-launched missiles that could intercept and destroy enemy ballistic missiles during their boost, ascent and midcourse phases of flight.  The KEI consisted of the Interceptor Component (kinetic projectile), the Mobile Launcher Component, and the Command, Control, Battle Management, and Communications (C2BMC) component.

On 7 May 2009, the KEI program was canceled due primarily to financial reasons.

First stage rocket motor tests
There were five first-stage rocket motor tests planned to be carried out by Alliant Techsystems (ATK) in Promontory, Utah.

The second test firing of a KEI first stage rocket motor was conducted on 14 June 2007. The static firing included a full duration burn and a demonstration of the thrust vector control nozzle.

The fourth test firing of the first-stage rocket motor was completed on November 13, 2008. The test demonstrated a successful operation of the first-stage rocket motor in its final flight configuration that was to be used during a Summer 2009 flight test. Due to the cancellation of KEI in May 2009, this test did not occur.

Some KEI program implementation and funding history 
On 7 May 2009, Missile Defense Agency executive director David Altwegg announced that KEI would be canceled due to technical and financial reasons. The announcement had previously been overlooked during Defense Secretary Robert Gates' April 6 press conference on changing priorities in the FY10 defense budget.

See also 
 Missile Defense Agency

References

External links

http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/kei.htm
http://www.northropgrumman.com/missiledefense/ProgramInfo/KEI.html 

Anti-ballistic missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Xavier Leroy. Xavier Leroy (born 15 March 1968) is a French computer scientist and programmer.  He is best known for his role as a primary developer of the OCaml system.  He is 
Professor of software science at Collège de France.  Before his appointment at Collège de France in 2018, he was senior scientist (directeur de recherche) at the French government research institution Inria.

Leroy was admitted to the École normale supérieure in Paris in 1987, where he studied mathematics and computer science. From 1989 to 1992 he did his PhD in computer science under the supervision of Gérard Huet.

He is an internationally recognized expert on functional programming languages and compilers. In recent years, he has taken an interest in formal methods, formal proofs and certified compilation. He is the leader of the CompCert project that develops an optimizing compiler for the  C programming language, formally verified in Coq.

Leroy was also the original author of LinuxThreads, the most widely used threading package for Linux versions prior to 2.6.  Linux 2.6 introduced NPTL, with much more extensive support from the kernel, to replace LinuxThreads.

In 2015 he was named a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to safe, high-performance functional programming languages and compilers, and to compiler verification." He was awarded the 2016 Milner Award by the Royal Society, the 2021 ACM Software System Award, and the 2022 ACM SIGPLAN Programming Languages Achievement Award.

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Computer programmers
French computer scientists
Programming language researchers
Programming language designers
2015 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Academic staff of the Collège de France
Stickland fermentation. Stickland fermentation or The Stickland Reaction is the name for a chemical reaction that involves the coupled oxidation and reduction of amino acids to organic acids.  The electron donor amino acid is oxidised to a volatile carboxylic acid one carbon atom shorter than the original amino acid.  For example, alanine with a three carbon chain is converted to acetate with two carbons.  The electron acceptor amino acid is reduced to a volatile carboxylic acid the same length as the original amino acid.  For example, glycine with two carbons is converted to acetate.

In this way, amino acid fermenting microbes can avoid using hydrogen ions as electron acceptors to produce hydrogen gas.  Amino acids can be Stickland acceptors, Stickland donors, or act as both donor and acceptor.  Only histidine cannot be fermented by Stickland reactions, and is oxidised.  With a typical amino acid mix, there is a 10% shortfall in Stickland acceptors, which results in hydrogen production.  Under very low hydrogen partial pressures, increased uncoupled anaerobic oxidation has also been observed.
It occurs in proteolytic clostridia such as:
C. perfringens,
Clostridioides difficile,
C. sporogenes,
and C. botulinum.

Additionally, sarcosine and betaine can act as electron acceptors.

References

Biochemical reactions
Name reactions
BBN Butterfly. The BBN Butterfly was a massively parallel computer built by Bolt, Beranek and Newman in the 1980s. It was named for the "butterfly" multi-stage switching network around which it was built. Each machine had up to 512 CPUs, each with local memory, which could be connected to allow every CPU access to every other CPU's memory, although with a substantially greater latency (roughly 15:1) than for its own. The CPUs were commodity microprocessors. The memory address space was shared.

The first generation used Motorola 68000 processors, followed by a 68010 version.
The Butterfly connect was developed specifically for this computer. The second or third generation, GP-1000 models used Motorola 68020's and scaled to 256 CPUs. The later, TC-2000 models used Motorola MC88100's, and scaled to 512 CPUs.

The Butterfly was initially developed as the Voice Funnel, a router for the ST-II protocol intended for carrying voice and video over IP networks. The Butterfly hardware was later used for the Butterfly Satellite IMP (BSAT) packet switch of DARPA's Wideband Packet Satellite Network which operated at multiple sites around the US over a shared 3 Mbit/s broadcast satellite channel. In the late 1980s, this network became the Terrestrial Wideband Network, based on terrestrial T1 circuits instead of a shared broadcast satellite channel and the BSAT became the Wideband Packet Switch (WPS). Another DARPA sponsored project at BBN produced the Butterfly Multiprocessor Internet Gateway (Internet Router) to interconnect different types of networks at the IP layer. Like the BSAT, the Butterfly Gateway broke the contention of a shared bus minicomputer architecture that had been in use for Internet Gateways by combining the routing computations and I/O at the network interfaces and using the Butterfly's switch fabric to provide the network interconnections. This resulted in significantly higher link throughputs.

The Butterfly began with a proprietary operating system called Chrysalis, but moved to a Mach kernel operating system in 1989. While the memory access time was non-uniform, the machine had SMP memory semantics, and could be operated as a symmetric multiprocessor.

The largest configured system with 128 processors was at the University of Rochester Computer Science Department. Most delivered systems had about 16 processors. No known configurations appear to be in museums. At least one system is thought to be sitting within a DARPA autonomous vehicle.

TotalView, the parallel program debugger developed for the Butterfly, outlived the platform and was ported to a number of other massively parallel machines.

See also
 Pluribus was an earlier multiprocessor designed at BBN.

References

External links
 BBN at Index of Dead Supercomputer Projects - Apparent source for much of this article's text.

Massively parallel computers
Supercomputers
Betts electrolytic process. The Betts electrolytic process is an industrial process for purification of lead from bullion.  Lead obtained from its ores is impure because lead is a good solvent for many metals.  Often these impurities are tolerated, but the Betts electrolytic process is used when high purity lead is required, especially for bismuth-free lead.

Process description for lead
The electrolyte for this process is a mixture of lead fluorosilicate ("PbSiF6") and hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) operating at 45 °C (113 °F). Cathodes are thin sheets of pure lead and anodes are cast from the impure lead to be purified. A potential of 0.5 volts is applied. At the anode, lead dissolves, as do metal impurities that are less noble than lead. Impurities that are more noble than lead, such as silver, gold, and bismuth, flake from the anode as it dissolves and settle to the bottom of the vessel as "anode mud." Pure metallic lead plates onto the cathode, with the less noble metals remaining in solution. Because of its high cost, electrolysis is used only when very pure lead is needed. Otherwise pyrometallurgical methods are preferred, such as the Parkes process followed by the Betterton-Kroll process.

History
The process is named for its inventor Anson Gardner Betts who filed several patents for this method starting in 1901.

See also
Processing lead from ore
Lead smelter
 Electrochemical engineering

References

External links
 Bismuth

Bismuth
Lead
Electrolysis
Metallurgical processes