omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
AMSDOS. AMSDOS is a disk operating system for the 8-bit Amstrad CPC Computer (and various clones). The name is a contraction of Amstrad Disk
Operating System.

AMSDOS first appeared in 1984 on the CPC 464, with added 3 inch disk drive, and then on the CPC 664 and CPC 6128. Relatively fast and efficient for its time, AMSDOS was quicker and more effective than most of its contemporaries.

AMSDOS was provided built into ROM (either supplied with the external disk drive or in the machine ROM, depending on model) and was accessible through the built-in Locomotive BASIC as well as through firmware routines. Its main function was to map the cassette access routines (which were built into every CPC model) through to a disk drive. This enabled the majority of cassette-based programs to work with a disk drive with no modification. AMSDOS was able to support up to two connected disk drives.

Commands
AMDOS extends the AMSTRAD BASIC by the addition of a number of external commands which are identified by a preceding ¦ (bar) symbol. The following is a list of external commands supported by AMSDOS.

 ¦A
 ¦B
 ¦CPM
 ¦DIR
 ¦DISC
 ¦DISC.IN
 ¦DISC.OUT
 ¦DRIVE
 ¦ERA
 ¦REN
 ¦TAPE
 ¦TAPE.IN
 ¦TAPE.OUT
 ¦USER

Alternatives
Other disk operating systems for the Amstrad range included CP/M (which was also bundled with an external disk drive, or built-in on ROM depending on model), RAMDOS, which allowed the full (800K) capacity of single-density 3 ½" disks to be used providing a suitable drive was connected and SymbOS.

References

Amstrad CPC
Disk operating systems
1984 software
NanoVM. NanoVM is an open-source implementation of the Java virtual machine. The NanoVM was initially developed to run on the Atmel AVR ATmega8 used in the Asuro Robot. It was ported to run on the C't-Bot and the Nibo-robot and can easily be ported to other AVR-based systems.

The virtual machine uses almost 8 kilobytes of code memory (entire flash in case of ATmega8) and 256 bytes of RAM. Every user's .class are processed by NanoVM's Converter which transforms it into one bytecode file. Special tools next send this file through serial line into device. For this operation is useful NanoVM's bootloader (alternatively you can use ISP programmer like: PonyProg) which store this content on-chip EEPROM.

See also 

 List of Java virtual machines

External links 
 
 
 

Discontinued Java virtual machines
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Software using the GNU General Public License
Geometric modeling kernel. A geometric modeling kernel is a solid modeling software component used in computer-aided design (CAD) packages. Available modelling kernels include:

ACIS is developed and licensed by Spatial Corporation of Dassault Systèmes.
SMLib is developed by Solid Modeling Solutions.
Convergence Geometric Modeler is developed by Dassault Systèmes.
Parasolid is developed and licensed by Siemens.
Romulus was a predecessor to Parasolid.
 ShapeManager is developed by Autodesk and was forked from ACIS in 2001.
 Granite is developed by Parametric Technology Corporation.
C3D Modeler is developed by C3D Labs, part of the ASCON Group.
CGAL is an opensource Computational Geometry Algorithms Library which has support for boolean operations on Polyhedra; but no sweep, revolve or NURBS.
Open CASCADE is an opensource modeling kernel.
sgCore is a freeware proprietary modeling kernel distributed as an SDK.
 K3 kernel is developed by Center GeoS.
 SOLIDS++ is developed by IntegrityWare, Inc.
 APM Engine is developed by RSDC APM.
 KCM is developed and licensed by Kubotek Kosmos
SvLis Geometric Kernel became opensource and discontinued, for Windows only.
IRIT modeling environment, for Windows only.
GTS GNU Triangulated Surface Library, for polygon meshes only and not surfaces.
Russian Geometric Kernel.
Geometry Kernel, a multi-platform C++ library with source code accessible for clients, developed and distributed by RDF - Geometry Kernel web site.
 SolveSpace has its own integrated parametric solid geometry kernel with a limited NURBS support.

Kernel market 
The kernel market currently is dominated by Parasolid and ACIS, which were introduced in the late 1980s. The latest kernel to enter the market is KCM. ShapeManager has no presence in the kernel licensing market and in 2001 Autodesk clearly stated they were not going into this business.

The world's newest geometric modeling kernel is Russian Geometric Kernel owned by the Russian government, and it is not clear if it is going to be commercially available, despite offering unique features over the other kernels on the market.

Kernel developers 

The table below contains a representative list of developers developing their own kernel or licensing the kernel from a third-party.

References 

3D graphics software
Computer-aided design
The Art of Electronics. The Art of Electronics, by Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, is a popular electronics design reference textbook dealing with analog and digital electronics. The third edition was published in 2015.  The author accepts reports of errata and posts them, to be corrected in future revisions.

Overview
The book covers many areas of circuit design, from basic DC voltage, current, and resistance, to active filters and oscillators, to digital electronics, including microprocessors and digital bus interfacing. It also includes discussions of such often-neglected areas as high-frequency, high-speed design techniques and low-power applications.

The book includes many example circuits. In addition to having examples of effective practices in circuit design, the book also demonstrates and explains common pitfalls in circuit design. It can be described as a cross between a textbook and reference manual, though without the chapter-end questions and exercises which are often found in textbooks.

Editions:
 First edition was published in 1980.
 Second edition was published in 1989.
 Third edition was published in 2015. 

Related books:
 Learning the Art of Electronics: A Hands-On Lab Course - (formerly Student Manual for The Art of Electronics) by Thomas C. Hayes and Paul Horowitz. While referring to the main text extensively, it is designed specifically to teach electronics. It contains laboratory exercises and explanatory text supplements aimed at the student. In contrast, The Art of Electronics contains tables, equations, diagrams, and other material practitioners use for reference.

 The Art of Electronics: The X Chapters - was released in January 2020.

References

External links
 Official web page
 Table of Contents, and Chapter 9 "Voltage Regulation and Power Conversion" from 3rd edition

Electronics books
Cambridge University Press books
1980 non-fiction books
Crackme. A crackme is a small computer program designed to test a programmer's reverse engineering skills. Crackmes are made as a legal way to crack software, since no intellectual property is being infringed. 

Crackmes often incorporate protection schemes and algorithms similar to those used in proprietary software. However, they can sometimes be more challenging because they may use advanced packing or protection techniques, making the underlying algorithm harder to analyze and modify.

Keygenme

A keygenme is specifically designed for the reverser to not only identify the protection algorithm used in the application but also create a small key generator (keygen) in the programming language of their choice.

Most keygenmes, when properly manipulated, can be made self-keygenning. For example, during validation, they might generate the correct key internally and compare it to the user's input. This allows the key generation algorithm to be easily replicated.

Anti-debugging and anti-disassembly routines are often used to confuse debuggers or render disassembly output useless. Code obfuscation is also used to further complicate reverse engineering.

References

External links 

 Crackmy.app - Holds a variety of user-submitted crackmes. Users can submit solutions to the crackmes to strengthen the learning process. Includes reverse engineering resources and tools.

 Crackmes.one - Includes user-submitted crackmes for Windows and Linux, in languages such as C++ and Java.
 X64dbg - A debugger used both by beginners and experienced people.
Computer security
Software cracking
Reverse engineering
Von Braun ferry rocket. The von Braun ferry rocket was a concept design for a shuttle spacecraft that was developed by Wernher von Braun in a seminal series of early-1950s Collier's magazine articles, "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" by Wernher von Braun et al. The ferry rocket concept has evolved over time.

Re-creations
The ferry rocket is modeled in the following flight and spaceflight simulators:

Orbiter, a freeware simulator by Martin Schweiger
X-Plane

See also

"Man Will Conquer Space Soon"
Reusable launch system

References

Proposed reusable launch systems
Cancelled space launch vehicles
Wernher von Braun
Monomolecular wire. Monomolecular wire is a type of wire consisting of a single strand of strongly bonded atoms or molecules, such as carbon nanotubes.

In science

Organic molecular wires have been proposed for use in optoelectronics.

In fiction
Among the earliest descriptions of a super-strong filament are the film The Man in the White Suit, in which a scientist develops a monofilament cloth fibre that will never wear out, and Theodore Sturgeon's "The Incubi of Parallel X" (Planet Stories, Sep 1951), where a "molecularly condensed fibre" is used as a zipline.

An early example of a material similar to monomolecular wire deliberately used as a weapon and cutting tool is "borazon-tungsten filament" in G. Randall Garrett's "Thin Edge". (Analog, Dec 1963) The main character uses a strand from an asteroid towing-cable to cut jail bars and to booby-trap the door of his room. Many later writers, including John Brunner, Frank Herbert, William Gibson and George R. R. Martin, have also used monomolecular or similar wire as a weapon or tool. 

Perhaps the best-known proposed use of monomolecular wire ("hyperfilament") is in the cables of a space elevator. Although there were a few earlier scientific papers suggesting the concept, a fully realized space elevator was first described in 1979 in  Arthur Clarke's The Fountains of Paradise and Charles Sheffield's The Web Between the Worlds. The concept has been used in later fiction by Robert A. Heinlein, Iain M. Banks, Larry Niven and others.

References

Fictional technology
Wire
Allotropes of carbon
Carbon nanotubes
Transparent electrodes
Refractory materials
Flettner Fl 184. The Flettner 184 was a German night reconnaissance and anti-submarine autogyro developed during the 1930s.

Design 
The Fl 184 was a two-seat autogyro with an enclosed cabin. The Fl 184 rotors had a length of 12 m and a cyclic pitch control system. The aircraft's power was supplied by a  Siemens-Halske Sh 14A radial engine that drove a two-bladed wooden propeller.

Operational history 
The sole Fl 184, given the registration D-EDVE, was scheduled to be tested for night reconnaissance in late 1936. However, before these tests could take place, it caught fire whilst in flight and crashed.

After the crash the entire program was cancelled and no more aircraft were manufactured.

Specifications

References

Further reading

External links

Single-engined tractor autogyros
1930s German helicopters
Flettner aircraft
Unflown aircraft
Studebaker Flight Hawk. The Studebaker Flight Hawk introduced by Studebaker in 1956 was the lowest-priced model in the four-model Hawk family sports car line that included the Golden Hawk, Sky Hawk, Power Hawk, and Flight Hawk.

Styling
The Flight Hawk was a product of a Raymond Loewy design. It was based on the Champion two-door coupe that was introduced for the 1953 model year. Like the other 1956 Hawks, the Flight Hawk received a new hood, grille, deck lid, and instrument panel. Flight Hawks otherwise had the minimum amount of exterior chrome. Things like oil filter, backup lamps, radio, clock, windshield washers, outside mirrors, heater, and full hubcaps were available from the factory or could be added through the dealer.

Power
While the other Hawk models were powered by V8 engines, the Flight Hawk came with the Champion's  inline six-cylinder engine, rated at . Standard was a three-speed manual transmission, an optional overdrive unit, or a three-speed automatic transmission (known as Flight-O-Matic).

Available models
The Flight Hawk was a two-door pillared coupe (model 56G-C3), which carried a list price of $1,986. There were 560 Flight Hawk Hardtops, model 56G-K7, built for export (499 sold), Canadian use (52 sold), and special order (9 sold in the US). This brought the total 1956 Flight Hawk production to 4,949.

Production
 Coupe, Model 56G-C3, 4,389 total, broken down by manufacturing plant:
 2,508 (South Bend plant)
 557 (Los Angeles plant)
 584 (Hamilton, Ont. plant)
 740 (Exported to other countries)
 Hardtop, Model 56G-K7, 560 total, broken down by manufacturing plant:
 9 (South Bend plant)
 52 (Hamilton, Ont. plant)
 499 (Exported to other countries)

Of the four available Hawks for 1956, the Golden Hawk, Sky Hawk, Power Hawk, and Flight Hawk, the Flight Hawk was the second-most popular. The Power Hawk, with 7,095 produced for all markets, was the most popular.
As of 2024 there were only 33 model 56G-C3 left in the world.

Discontinuation
Studebaker simplified the Hawk line for 1957. This meant the end for the Flight, Power, and Sky Hawks, which were combined into the new Silver Hawk series.

External links

 Goldenhawk website with Flight Hawk stats
 1956 Studebaker Flight Hawk Owners Register
 Studebaker Hawk Page

Flight Hawk
Coupés
Cars introduced in 1956
CGO. CGO may refer to:
Carlson, Gaskey & Olds: an intellectual property firm based in Birmingham, Michigan
Catalogue of Galactic O Stars, an astronomical catalogue
Central Gilts Office
Ceria gadolinium oxide (used in Solid Oxide Fuel cells (SOFC))
CGO Ecology Limited, a UK-based ecological consultancy business
Cgo, a subsystem in the Go programming language which enables the creation of Go packages that call C code
Chief governance officer
Chief governing officer
Company-grade officer
Chief growth officer
Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, a symphony orchestra of the Netherlands
Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport (IATA: CGO)
Cambridge Graduate Orchestra at Cambridge, UK
International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization
Republic of the Congo (FIFA and IOC code: CGO)
Control structure diagram. A control structure diagram (CSD) automatically documents the program flow within the source code and adds indentation with graphical symbols. Thereby the source code becomes visibly structured without sacrificing space.

See also
 Data structure diagram
 Diagram
 Entity-relationship model
 Unified Modeling Language
 Visual programming language

External links
 "The Control Structure Diagram (CSD)" - A chapter from jGRASP Tutorials
 "Control Structure Diagrams for Ada 95"

Data modeling diagrams
Data modeling languages
Source code
Apophyllite. The name apophyllite refers to a specific group of phyllosilicates, a class of minerals. Originally, the group name referred to a specific mineral, but was redefined in 1978 to stand for a class of minerals of similar chemical makeup that comprise a solid solution series, and includes the members fluorapophyllite-(K), fluorapophyllite-(Na), hydroxyapophyllite-(K). The name apophyllite is derived from the Greek  (), meaning 'it flakes off', a reference to this class's tendency to flake apart when heated, due to water loss. Exfoliation of apophyllite is also possible by treating it with acids or simply by rubbing it. These minerals are typically found as secondary minerals in vesicles in basalt or other volcanic rocks.  A recent change (2008) in the nomenclature system used for this group was approved by the International Mineralogical Association, removing the prefixes from the species names and using suffixes to designate the species. A subsequent nomenclature change approved by the International Mineralogical Association in 2013 renamed the minerals to include both suffixes and prefixes, as shown above.

Though relatively unfamiliar to the general public, apophyllites are fairly prevalent around the world, with specimens coming from some of the world's most well-known mineral localities. These localities include: Jalgaon, India; the Harz Mountains of Germany, Mont Saint-Hilaire in Canada, and Kongsberg, Norway, with other locations in Scotland, Ireland, Brazil, Japan, and throughout the United States.

Structure
Apophyllite has an unusual structure for a phyllosilicate. Whereas most phyllosilicates have a T layer (silica backbone) consisting of interlocked 6-fold rings of silica tetrahedra, with pseudohexagonal symmetry, the T layer in apophyllite consists of interlocked 4-fold and 8-fold rings of silica tetrahedra with true tetragonal symmetry.

Species
Fluorapophyllite-(K) (formerly fluorapophyllite, apophyllite-(KF)), KCa4Si8O20(F,OH)·8H2O – white, colorless, yellow, green, violet
Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) (formerly hydroxyapophyllite, apophyllite-(KOH)), KCa4Si8O20(OH,F)·8H2O – white, colorless
Fluorapophyllite-(Na) (formerly natroapophyllite, apophyllite-(NaF)), NaCa4Si8O20F·8H2O – brown, yellow, colorless
Fluorapophyllit-(Cs) (new) CsCa4(Si8O20)F·8H2O
Fluorapophyllit-(NH4) (new) NH4Ca4(Si8O20)F⋅8H2O

See also
 Carbonatite
 Gyrolite
 Zeolite
 List of minerals

References

 MinDat Listing
 Mineral Galleries
 
  This describes the older definition as a specific mineral.

Phyllosilicates
Sodium minerals
Potassium minerals
Calcium minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 128
Fluorine minerals
Polyworld. Polyworld is a cross-platform (Linux, Mac OS X) program written by Larry Yaeger to evolve Artificial Intelligence through natural selection and evolutionary algorithms. 

It uses the Qt graphics toolkit and OpenGL to display a graphical environment in which a population of trapezoid agents search for food, mate, have offspring, and prey on each other. The population is typically only in the hundreds, as each individual is rather complex and the environment consumes considerable computer resources. The graphical environment is necessary since the individuals actually move around the 2-D plane and must be able to "see." Since some basic abilities, like eating carcasses or randomly generated food, seeing other individuals, mating or fighting with them, etc., are possible, a number of interesting behaviours have been observed to spontaneously arise after prolonged evolution, such as cannibalism, predators and prey, and mimicry.

Each individual makes decisions based on a neural net using Hebbian learning; the neural net is derived from each individual's genome. The genome does not merely specify the wiring of the neural nets, but also determines their size, speed, color, mutation rate and a number of other factors. The genome is randomly mutated at a set probability, which are also changed in descendant organisms.

References

External links
Github entry
Yaeger's page on Polyworld
Google TechTalk about Polyworld

Applications of artificial intelligence
Artificial life
Digital organisms
Walrasian auction. A Walrasian auction, introduced by Léon Walras, is a type of simultaneous auction where each agent calculates its demand for the good at every possible price and submits this to an auctioneer. The price is then set so that the total demand across all agents equals the total amount of the good. Thus, a Walrasian auction perfectly matches the supply and the demand.

Walras suggested that equilibrium would always be achieved through a process of tâtonnement (French for "trial and error"), a form of hill climbing. In the 1970s, however, the Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem proved that such a process would not necessarily reach a unique and stable equilibrium, even if the market is populated with perfectly rational agents.

Walrasian auctioneer
The Walrasian auctioneer is the presumed auctioneer that matches supply and demand in a market of perfect competition. The auctioneer provides for the features of perfect competition: perfect information and no transaction costs. The process is called tâtonnement, or groping, relating to finding the market clearing price for all commodities and giving rise to general equilibrium.

The device is an attempt to avoid one of deepest conceptual problems of perfect competition, which may, essentially, be defined by the stipulation that no agent can affect prices. But if no one can affect prices no one can change them, so prices cannot change. However, involving as it does an artificial solution, the device is less than entirely satisfactory.

As a mistranslation
Until Walker and van Daal's 2014 translation (retitled Elements of Theoretical Economics), William Jaffé's Elements of Pure Economics (1954) was for many years the only English translation of Walras's Éléments d’économie politique pure.

Walker and van Daal argue that the idea of the Walrasian auction and Walrasian auctioneer resulted from Jaffé's mistranslation of the French word crieurs (criers) into auctioneers. Walker and van Daal call this "a momentous error that has misled generations of readers into thinking that the markets in Walras's model are auction markets and that he assigned the function of changing prices in his model to an auctioneer."

See also
 Double auction
 Walras' law
 Fisher market - a different market model.
 Arrow-Debreu market - yet another market model.

References

Bibliography
 
 
 

Eponyms in economics
Types of auction
Wholesale markets
General equilibrium theory
Mathematical optimization
HomePak. HomePak, published in 1984 by Batteries Included, is an integrated application written for the Atari 8-bit computers and  ported to the Commodore 64, Commodore 128, IBM PCjr, and Apple II. It includes a word processor (HomeText), database (HomeFind), and terminal communications program (HomeTerm). HomePak was designed by Russ Wetmore (who previously wrote the game Preppie!) for Star Systems Software, Inc. The Commodore 128 version was ported by Sean M. Puckett and Scott S. Smith.

The Atari 8-bit version of HomePak is implemented in the Action! programming language from Optimized Systems Software.

Reception
Ahoy! warned "don't expect more than you pay for", stating that while HomeText was "quite nice" and HomeTerm was "wonderful," HomeFile was "very disappointing. Anyone who needs to use the database for even a mildly sophisticated operation will be frustrated and confused ... a total mess".

In a review of the HomeTerm portion of the package, Ron Luks wrote in a 1984 review for ANALOG Computing, "A superb terminal program is rare indeed, but in my collection of over two dozen Atari terminal programs, I have two or three that meet the "superb" criteria. Only one, however, can be the best. Hometerm is, quite simply, the best."

In a 1986 Page 6 review, the author had technical problems using HomeTerm in the UK. He called HomeFind, "elegant, friendly and very easy to use," and wrote that HomeText, "might even tempt me away from my trusty old Atariwriter."

Legacy
With Sparky Starks, Wetmore co-authored a similarly styled Atari 8-bit application called HomeCard. It was advertised as an "electronic filing box" and "intelligent Rolodex." HomeCard was published by Antic Software in 1985, not Batteries Included.

References

Word processors
Apple II software
Atari 8-bit computer software
Commodore 64 software
1984 software
Jointing. Jointing may refer to:

 Edge jointing of a board to ensure that it is straight, square and smooth, usually prior to joining two or more boards together to create a wider board.
 Jointing the teeth of a saw blade or the edges of cutting knives, card scrapers etc.
 Jointing the mortar joints in brickwork.
 In geology jointing, refers to the formation of natural fractures in rocks.
 In agriculture, the jointing stage is that point at which the internodal tissue in the grass leaf begins to elongate, forming a stem (culm).
 In petroleum standardization, jointing refers to the process of generating joint standard test methods (STM), by two or more standardization bodies, that are technically equivalent.
 Jointing of electricity power or telecom cables