omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Billion Electric. Billion Electric Co. Ltd. (Taiex: #3027), based in Taiwan, is an electronics company founded in 1973.

Their range of ADSL modem/routers were introduced into Australia in 2002. Since then, features have been added including 4 port switches, wireless, VoIP, and VPN termination.

See also
 List of companies of Taiwan
List of networking hardware vendors

References 

"Billion gives IPv6 to X-Series customers in New Year". Impress Media Australia. 26 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.

External links
 

Computer companies of Taiwan
Computer hardware companies
Electronics companies established in 1973
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Networking hardware companies
Manufacturing companies based in New Taipei
1973 establishments in Taiwan
Sándor Dominich. Sándor Dominich (July 12, 1954 – August 13, 2008) was the George Pólya Professor of Computer Science, and the founding leader of the Centre for Information Retrieval, Faculty of Information Technology, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary. 

Born in Aiud, Romania, Dominich proposed the Interaction Information Retrieval (I2R) model based on the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics using Artificial Neural Networks. The I2R model was implemented in the I2RMeta Web meta-search engine, in the NeuRadIR medical image intranet search engine, and in the (i2r)Application intranet search engines. 

He died at the age of 54 in Sopron in 2008.

Dominich is the author of the books
"Mathematical Foundations of Information Retrieval", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (now Springer Verlag), 2001,
and
"The Modern Algebra of Information Retrieval", Springer Verlag, 2008.

External links
Book Cover
Book Cover
Research group homepage
"Mathematical, logical, and formal methods in information retrieval: an introduction to the special issue".  Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.   Volume 54, Issue 4 (February 2003).  pgs. 281–284.

Hungarian computer scientists
People from Aiud
2008 deaths
1954 births
Component-based software engineering. Component-based software engineering (CBSE), also called component-based development (CBD), is a style of software engineering that aims to construct a software system from components that are loosely-coupled and reusable. This emphasizes the separation of concerns among components.

To find the right level of component granularity, software architects have to continuously iterate their component designs with developers. Architects need to take into account user requirements, responsibilities and architectural characteristics.

Considerations

For large-scale systems developed by large teams, a disciplined culture and process is required to achieve the benefits of CBSE. Third-party components are often utilized in large systems.

The system can be designed visually with the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Each component is shown as a rectangle, and an interface is shown as a lollipop to indicate a provided interface and as a socket to indicate consumption of an interface.

Component-based usability testing is for components that interact with the end user.

References

 
Object-oriented programming
Software architecture
Software engineering
G. Mike Reed. George Michael Reed is an American computer scientist. He has contributed to theoretical computer science in general and CSP in particular.

Mike Reed has a doctorate in pure mathematics from Auburn University, United States, and a doctorate in computation from Oxford University, England. He has an interest in mathematical topology.

Reed was a Senior Research Associate at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. From 1986 to 2005, he was at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science) in England where he was also a Fellow in Computation of St Edmund Hall, Oxford (1986–2005). In 2005, he became Director of UNU/IIST, Macau, part of the United Nations University.

References

External links
 
 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Auburn University alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Fellows of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Academic staff of United Nations University
American computer scientists
Formal methods people
American topologists
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
John Fitzgerald (computer scientist). 
John S. Fitzgerald FBCS (born 1965) is a British computer scientist. He is a professor at Newcastle University. He was the head of the School of Computing before taking on the role of Dean of Strategic Projects in the university’s Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering. His research interests are in the area of dependable computer systems and formal methods, with a background in the VDM. He is a former Chair of Formal Methods Europe and committee member of BCS-FACS.

Education
Fitzgerald was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and was educated at Bangor Grammar School and the Victoria University of Manchester. He holds the BSc in Computing and Information Systems and the PhD degrees from the Department of Computer Science at Manchester.

Selected books
 Bicarregui, J.C., Fitzgerald, J.S. and Lindsay, P.A. et al., Proof in VDM: a Practitioner's Guide. Springer-Verlag Formal Approaches to Computing and Information Technology (FACIT), 1994. . 
 Fitzgerald, J.S. and Larsen, P.G., Modelling Systems: Practical Tools and Techniques in Software Engineering. Cambridge University Press, 1998. . (Japanese Edition pub. Iwanami Shoten, 2003. .)
 Fitzgerald, J.S., Larsen, P.G., Mukherjee, P. et al., Validated Designs for Object-oriented Systems. Springer-Verlag, 2005. .

See also
Colleagues at Newcastle University:
 Cliff Jones
 Brian Randell

References

External links
Home page

1965 births
Living people
Scientists from Belfast
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
British computer scientists
Formal methods people
Academics of Newcastle University
Computer science writers
Fellows of the British Computer Society
People educated at Bangor Grammar School
Don Sannella. Donald T. Sannella is professor of computer science in the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, at the School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.

Sannella graduated from Yale University, University of California, Berkeley and University of Edinburgh with degrees in computer science. His research interests include: algebraic specification and formal software development, correctness of modular systems, types and functional programming, resource certification for mobile code.

Sannella is founder of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, a  confederation of computer science conferences, held annually in Europe since 1998.
He is editor-in-chief of the journal Theoretical Computer Science, 
and is co-founder and CEO of Contemplate Ltd. His father is Ted Sannella.

Honours and awards 
In 2014 Sannella was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

References

External links
 
 Personal website
 Publications

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Scottish computer scientists
Programming language researchers
Programming language designers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Formal methods people
Academic journal editors
Place of birth missing (living people)
Yale University alumni
University of California alumni
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Hydraulic action. Hydraulic action, most generally, is the ability of moving water (flowing or waves) to dislodge and transport rock particles. This includes a number of specific erosional processes, including abrasion, at facilitated erosion, such as static erosion where water leaches salts and floats off organic material from unconsolidated sediments, and from chemical erosion more often called chemical weathering.
It is a mechanical process, in which the moving water current flows against the banks and bed of a river, thereby removing rock particles.
A primary example of hydraulic action is a wave striking a cliff face which compresses the air in cracks of the rocks.  This exerts pressure on the surrounding rock which can progressively crack, break, splinter and detach rock particles.  This is followed by the decompression of the air as the wave retreats which can occur suddenly with explosive force which additionally weakens the rock.  Cracks are gradually widened so each wave compresses more air, increasing the explosive force of its release.  Thus, the effect intensifies in a 'positive feedback' system.  Over time, as the cracks may grow they sometimes form a sea cave.  The broken pieces that fall off produce two additional types of erosion, abrasion (sandpapering) and attrition.  In corrasion, the newly formed chunks are thrown against the rock face.  Attrition is a similar effect caused by eroded particles after they fall to the sea bed where they are subjected to further wave action.  In coastal areas wave hydraulic action is often the most important form of erosion.

Similarly, where hydraulic action is strong enough to loosen sediment along a stream bed and its banks; this will take rocks and particles from the banks and bed of the stream and add this to the stream's load. This process is the result of friction between the moving water and the static stream bed and banks. This friction increases with the speed of the water and once loosened the smaller particles are held in suspension by the force of the flowing water, these suspended particles can scour the sides and bottom of the stream.  The scouring action produces distinctive markings on streams beds such as ripple marks, fluting, and crescent marks. The larger particles and even large rocks are scooted (dragged) along the bottom in a process known as traction which causes attrition, and are often "bounced" along in a process known as saltation where the force of the water temporarily lifts the rock particle which then crashes back into the bed dislodging other particles.

Hydraulic action also occurs as a stream tumbles over a waterfall to crash onto the rocks below. It usually leads to the formation of a plunge pool below the waterfall due in part to corrosion from the stream's load, but more to a scouring action as vortices form in the water as it escapes downstream. Hydraulic action can also cause the breakdown of river banks since there are water bubbles which enter the banks and collapse them when they expand.

Notes

See also
 Freezing and thawing erosion

Hydrology
Erosion
Geological processes
Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science. The Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science (LFCS) is a research institute within the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh, in Scotland.  It was founded in 1987 and is a community of theoretical computer scientists with interests in concurrency, semantics, categories, algebra, types, logic, algorithms, complexity, databases and modelling.

References

External links 
LFCS website
People

University of Edinburgh School of Informatics
Science and technology in Edinburgh
1987 establishments in Scotland
Research institutes established in 1987
Black tin. Black tin is the raw ore of tin, usually cassiterite, as sold by a tin mine to a smelting company.  After mining, the ore must be concentrated by several processes to reduce the amount of gangue it contains before it can be sold. It contrasts with white tin, which is the refined, metallic tin produced after smelting.

The term "black tin" was historically associated with tin mining in Devon and Cornwall.

References

Black
Mining in Cornwall
White tin. White tin is refined metallic tin.

It contrasts with black tin, which is unrefined tin ore (cassiterite) as extracted from the ground. The term "white tin" was historically associated with tin mining in Devon and Cornwall where it was smelted from black tin in blowing houses.

White tin may also refer specifically to β-tin, the metallic allotrope of the pure element, as opposed to the nonmetallic allotrope α-tin (also known as gray tin), which occurs at temperatures below , a transformation known as tin pest). White tin has tetragonal unit cell.

References

White
Mining in Cornwall
Lawrence A. Hyland. Lawrence A. "Pat" Hyland (August 26, 1897 – November 24, 1989) was an American electrical engineer.  He is one of three individuals who are credited with major contributions to the invention of radar, but is probably best known as the man who transformed Hughes Aircraft from Howard Hughes' aviation "hobby shop" into one of the world's leading technology companies.

Hyland was born in Nova Scotia, Canada, but his family moved to the U.S. in 1899, where he was raised in Massachusetts.  He served in the U.S. Army during World War I, and then in the U.S. Navy until 1926. Hyland then joined the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory as a radio engineer.  While at NRL he first demonstrated the reflection of radio waves from aircraft, and also made other contributions to the development of doppler radar.

In 1932 Hyland founded the Radio Research Company, which would later be merged into the Bendix Corporation; he eventually became Vice President for Research and Engineering at Bendix.

In 1954 Hyland was hired as vice president and general manager of Hughes Aircraft; he would ultimately become company President and CEO after Howard Hughes' death in 1976. Under Hyland's guidance, Hughes Aircraft continued to diversify and become immensely profitable. Among other accomplishments, the company developed numerous radar systems, electro-optical systems, the first working laser, aircraft computer systems, missile systems, spacecraft, and many other advanced technologies. Hyland retired from active service in 1980, but he retained close contact with the company until his death.

During his lifetime Hyland frequently advised the U.S. government on science and technology.  At various times he served as a senior consultant to the President's Science Advisory Committee, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the Central Intelligence Agency; and he was a member of the Defense Industry Advisory Council.

Some of Hyland's honors and awards include:
 1950 – Navy Distinguished Public Services Award for pioneering contributions to radar
 1954 – Honorary Doctorate of Engineering, Lawrence Institute of Technology
 1955 – Named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 1957 – IEEE Pioneer Award for Aeronautical and Navigation Electronics
 1967 – Collier Trophy for the Surveyor 1 Moon landing
 1967 – Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association Gold Medal for Meritorious Service
 1974 – IEEE Founders Medal for leadership and management in the field of electronics

Hyland's autobiography, Call Me Pat: The Autobiography of the Man Howard Hughes Chose to Lead Hughes Aircraft, was published posthumously in 1994.

Further reading 
 David Leighton, The History of the Hughes Missile Plant in Tucson, 1947-1960, Private Publication, 2015

External links 
 Hyland biography on the Engineering and Technology History Wiki

1897 births
1989 deaths
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
Collier Trophy recipients
Radar pioneers
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Bendix Corporation people
Canadian emigrants to the United States
EV-1. EV-1 or ev1 or variation, may refer to:

Automobiles
 General Motors EV1, an electric car introduced in 1996 and discontinued in 1999
 Saab EV-1, developed by Saab in 1985 as a future design study
 Kawei EV1, a Chinese electric SUV
 Daihatsu EV1, a concept car for the 1973 Tokyo Motor Show

Other uses
 EV1 The Atlantic Coast Route, a long-distance cycling route in Europe
 EV1 Servers, an Internet hosting service
 NOTS-EV-1 Pilot, the EV-1 model called Pilot from NOTS, a missile and launch vehicle rocket
 Extra-vehicular (no.), a NASA designation for spacewalkers (EV-1 is one of four designations)

See also

 
 
 
 
 EV (disambiguation)
 EVI (disambiguation)
 EVL (disambiguation)
HDS. HDS may refer to:

Businesses 
 Hitachi Data Systems, an American software company
 Hachette Distribution Services, a Canadian distributor

Technology 
 HTTP Dynamic Streaming
 Hardware-dependent software
 Hydrodesulfurization
 Hydrodynamic separator
 Holographic data storage

Other uses 
 Croatian Composers' Society (Croatian: )
 Croatian Democratic Party (Croatian: )
 Eastgate Airport, near Hoedspruit, South Africa
 Harvard Divinity School
 Heroes del Silencio, a Spanish rock band 
 Honduran Sign Language
Red plague (corrosion). Red plague is an accelerated corrosion of copper when plated with silver. After storage, damage or use in high-humidity environment, cuprous oxide forms on the surface of the parts. The corrosion is identifiable by presence of patches of brown-red powder deposit on the exposed copper.

Red plague is caused by normally occurring electrode potential difference between the copper and silver, leading to galvanic corrosion occurring in pits or breaks in the silver plating. It develops in the presence of moisture and oxygen when the porosity of the silver layer allows them to come in contact with the copper-silver interface. It is an electrochemical corrosion—a copper-silver galvanic cell forms and the copper acts as sacrificial anode. In suitable conditions, the corrosion can proceed rather quickly and lead to total circuit failure.

More details can be seen in ESA document PSS-01-720, with details on determining the susceptibility of silver-plated copper wire to red plague corrosion found in ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C.

It is not to be confused with purple plague, a type of galvanic corrosion that occurs between gold and aluminum.

References

Corrosion
MSR. MSR may refer to:

Science and technology
 Macrophage scavenger receptor, a receptor found in macrophages
 Magnetic stripe reader, a device used to read magnetic stripe cards such as credit cards
 M–sigma relation, in astrophysics
 Mars sample return mission, a spaceflight mission to return rock and dust samples collected on Mars
 Mirror self-recognition, in animals through the mirror test
 Molten salt reactor, an advanced nuclear reactor design

Computing
 Machine state register, a register used in PowerPC architectures
 Model-specific register, a feature in x86 processors
 Microsoft Reserved Partition, a space-management partition on a computer storage device
 Mining software repositories, a field that analyzes the rich data available in software repositories

Entertainment
 MSR Studios, a New York recording studio 
 The Most Serene Republic, a Canadian indie rock band 
 Metropolis Street Racer, a Dreamcast racing game
 Mid-season replacement, a television series that premieres in the second half of a traditional season
Metroid: Samus Returns, a video game
 Mulder Scully Romance, the relationship of the main characters of the television series The X-Files
 March, Strathspey and Reel, common bagpipe tune set

Organizations and companies
 Market Street Railway (nonprofit), a historic preservation organization in San Francisco, California, U.S.
 Microsoft Research, the research division of Microsoft
 Mountain Safety Research, a US company specializing in outdoor equipment 
 Mouvement social révolutionnaire, the French fascist party Revolutionary Social Movement
 Movimiento Social Republicano, the Republican Social Movement political party in Spain
 MSR - The Israel Center for Medical Simulation, Israeli institute for Simulation-Based Medical Education

Places
 Most Serene Republic, a title in the name of various countries
 Montserrat (ISO 3166-1 code)

Transportation
 EgyptAir (ICAO designator), an Egyptian airline
 Main supply route, a military operations supply route
 Market Street Railway (transit operator), a defunct company in California, U.S.
 Maserati, a luxury sports car company
 Michigan Shore Railroad, US
 Muar State Railway, a defunct railway formerly operating in the Johor Sultanate, British Malaya
 Mumbai Suburban Railway, India
 Muş Airport (IATA airport code), Turkey

Weapons
 Modern sporting rifle or AR-15 style rifle
 Modular Sniper Rifle, a sniper rifle produced by Remington Arms
 Magnum Sniper Rifle or Accuracy International Arctic Warfare, a bolt-action sniper rifle

Other uses

 Market Stability Reserve, a part of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme
 Milan–San Remo, an annual bicycle race
 Mortgage servicing rights, the rights to collect mortgage payments from a borrower for the benefit of the lender
 Meyer Shank Racing, an American auto racing team
Plateau's laws. Plateau's laws describe the structure of soap films. These laws were formulated in the 19th century by the Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau from his experimental observations. Many patterns in nature are based on foams obeying these laws.

Laws for soap films

Plateau's laws describe the shape and configuration of soap films as follows:

 Soap films are made of entire (unbroken) smooth surfaces.
 The mean curvature of a portion of a soap film is everywhere constant on any point on the same piece of soap film.
 Soap films always meet in threes along an edge called a Plateau border, and they do so at an angle of arccos(−) = 120°.
 These Plateau borders meet in fours at a vertex, at the tetrahedral angle of arccos(−) ≈ 109.47°.

Configurations other than those of Plateau's laws are unstable, and the film will quickly tend to rearrange itself to conform to these laws.

That these laws hold for minimal surfaces was proved mathematically by Jean Taylor using geometric measure theory.

See also

 Young–Laplace equation, governing the curvature of surfaces in a soap film

Notes

Sources

External links

 

Minimal surfaces
Bubbles (physics)
Therm-a-Rest. Therm-a-Rest is an American outdoor product company specializing in camping mattresses, sleeping bags, camp chairs, cots, and pillows. Therm-a-Rest began as a line of self-inflating camping mattresses, invented in the early-1970s by two former Boeing engineers and avid backpackers. The company was initially named Cascade Designs, which is now the parent company of Therm-a-Rest and other outdoor brands.

Product 

A Therm-a-Rest self-inflating mattress consists of an airtight nylon fabric envelope filled with a sheet of low density, open-cell polyurethane foam. When a valve is opened the foam expands and draws air into the mattress. When the mattress has fully inflated, the user simply closes the valve. To increase firmness a few breaths of air can be blown into the mattress. To pack the mattress the valve is opened and it is rolled up tightly to force the air out, whereupon the valve is closed to prevent re-inflation.

References

External links
Therm-a-Rest site
Cascade Designs site

1971 establishments in Washington (state)
Camping equipment
Manufacturing companies based in Seattle
Manufacturing companies established in 1971
Mattress retailers of the United States
Climbing and mountaineering equipment companies