omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Michael Ryschkewitsch. Michael Ryschkewitsch ( ; born 1951) is the former Space Exploration Sector Head at the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL).  He formerly served as the Chief Engineer of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Education and career

Michael Ryschkewitsch earned a B.S. in physics from the University of Florida, Gainesville, and a Ph.D. in physics from Duke University. He joined the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in 1982 to work as a cryogenics engineer on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) mission. He worked on a number of other projects, including the first servicing mission for the Hubble Space Telescope. He later served as the chairperson of the Genesis spacecraft mishap investigation board, and discovered a test that Lockheed Martin had skipped that would have prevented the mishap.

Ryschkewitsch was eventually promoted to Deputy Director of Goddard Space Flight Center in 2005, and then to Chief Engineer of NASA in 2007. He was the third person in a row to go from Deputy Director of a NASA field center to Chief Engineer at NASA Headquarters, after Rex Geveden and Christopher Scolese; the first two were also then promoted to Associate Administrator of NASA.

Awards and honors 

Ryschkewitsch has been awarded the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, the NASA Medal for Outstanding Leadership, the Robert Baumann Award for contributions to mission success, and the NASA Engineering and Safety Center Leadership Award. Asteroid 182044 Ryschkewitsch was named in his honor. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 ().

References 
 

NASA people
University of Florida College of Liberal Arts and Sciences alumni
1951 births
Living people
Duke University alumni
Helium-3 refrigerator. A helium-3 refrigerator is a simple device used in experimental physics for obtaining temperatures down to about 0.2 kelvins.  By evaporative cooling of helium-4 (the more common isotope of helium), a 1-K pot liquefies a small amount of helium-3 in a small vessel called a helium-3 pot.  Evaporative cooling at low pressure of the liquid helium-3, usually driven by adsorption since due to its high price the helium-3 is usually contained in a closed system to avoid losses, cools the helium-3 pot to a fraction of a kelvin.

See also
Dilution refrigerator

References

External links
 Helium-3 refrigerators at Caltech
Helium-3 refrigerators at Harvard

Cryogenics
Cooling technology
Client-side persistent data. Client-side persistent data or CSPD is a term used in computing for storing data required by web applications to complete internet tasks on the client-side as needed rather than exclusively on the server. As a framework it is one solution to the needs of Occasionally connected computing or OCC. 

A major challenge for HTTP as a stateless protocol has been asynchronous tasks. The AJAX pattern using XMLHttpRequest was first introduced by Microsoft in the context of the Outlook e-mail product.

The first CSPD were the 'cookies' introduced by the Netscape Navigator.  ActiveX components which have entries in the Windows registry can also be viewed as a form of client-side persistence.

See also
 Occasionally connected computing
 Curl (programming_language)
 AJAX
 HTTP
 Web storage

External links
 CSPD
 Safari preview
 Netscape  on persistent client state

Clients (computing)
Data management
Web applications
Luis Furlán. Luis Roberto Furlán Collver (born in 1948, in Guatemala City) is a Guatemalan electrical engineer.

In 1992, Luis Furlán introduced the Internet to his country, and is thus regarded in Guatemalan media as the "Father of the Internet in Guatemala".

Luis Furlán is an electrical engineer and physicist by training.

External links
 : Revista Domingo, p. D-22 (Spanish)- La hija de Internet > Nace la Red > Guatemala se conecta
 : 
 : Siglo XXI (Spanish) - Los nuestros: Promueve aplicar tecnología a la educación

Guatemalan computer scientists
Computer systems researchers
1948 births
Living people
People from Guatemala City
Oil shale gas. Oil shale gas (also: retort gas or retorting gas) is a synthetic non-condensable gas mixture (syngas) produced by oil shale thermal processing (pyrolysis). Although often referred to as shale gas, it differs from the natural gas produced from shale, which is also known as shale gas.

Process
Oil shale gas is produced by retorting (pyrolysis) of oil shale. In the pyrolysis process, oil shale is heated until its kerogen decomposes into vapors of a petroleum-like condensable shale oil, non-condensable combustible oil shale gas, and spent shale—a solid residue.  The process is the same as the shale oil extraction and oil shale gas usually occurs as a byproduct of shale oil production.  The ratio of oil shale gas to shale oil depends on retorting temperature and as a rule, increases by the rise of temperature.

Composition
There is no exact formula of oil shale gas. Compositions of oil shale gas depends on the retorted oil shale and exploited technology. Typical components of oil shale gas are usually methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and different hydrocarbons like ethylene. It may  also consist of hydrogen sulfide and other impurities.

Use
Oil shale gas has served as a substitute for natural gas.  In the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century oil shale gas was used as illuminating gas. In the 1920s, gas plants in Tallinn and Tartu produced oil shale gas as a town gas.  Since 1948, Estonian-produced oil shale gas was used in Leningrad and the cities in North Estonia.    For this purpose, 276 gas generators were operational in Kohtla-Järve until 1987.

As oil shale gas often occurs as a byproduct of shale oil extraction, depending on the processing technology, it may be used for heating the pyrolysis process.

References

Oil shale
Synthetic fuels
Fuel gas
Unconventional gas
SAPO (computer). The SAPO (short for Samočinný počítač, “automatic computer”) was the first Czechoslovak computer. It operated in the years 1957–1960 in Výzkumný ústav matematických strojů, part of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The computer was the first fault-tolerant computer – it had three parallel arithmetic logic units, which decided on the correct result by voting, an example of triple modular redundancy (if all three results were different, the operation was repeated).

SAPO was designed between 1950 and 1956 by a team led by Czechoslovak cybernetics pioneer Antonín Svoboda. Svoboda had experience from building in the United States, where he worked at MIT until 1946. It was an electromechanical design with 7,000 relays and 400 vacuum tubes, and a magnetic drum memory with capacity of 1024 32-bit words. Each instruction had 5 operands (addresses) – 2 for arithmetic operands, one for result and addresses of next instruction in case of positive and negative result. It operated on binary floating point numbers.

In 1960, after a spark from one of the relays ignited the greasing oil and the whole relay unit burnt down, it was decided not to repair the computer because of its obsolescence.

See also 
 EPOS (computer)

References

Further reading

External links 
Beginnings of computer design in Czechoslovakia (in Czech), Google translation
 Google translation

Electro-mechanical computers
One-of-a-kind computers
Elektronika 7. Electronics 7 is a Soviet Russian brand of seven-segment industrial digital clocks with four or eleven seven-segment luminescent digits.  It had a separate binary-to-seven-segment decoder board for each digit, while the actual timekeeping was done by a main board which emitted the digits of the time as binary code.  Most models used Russian-made vacuum-fluorescent indicators, but there were also models based on light-emitting diodes. All the street and wall clocks were based on a kit produced by the "Reflector" factory in Saratov, and many remain in use at administrative and industrial premises in Russia.

Clock brands
Soviet brands
Ministry of the Electronics Industry (Soviet Union) products
Bäumer Sausewind. The Bäumer B II "Sausewind" was a light sports tandem two-seat, open cockpit, wooden cantilever monoplane. It was built by German aviation company Bäumer Aero GmbH, based at Hamburg Airport.

It was the first aircraft made in Germany to be designed for aerodynamic performance.

Design and development 

The development was triggered  when the BZ am Mittag announced the "B.Z. Preis der Lüfte (BZ Prize of the Skies)" as part of the 1925 Deutschland-Rundflug (The Round Germany Flight)  which offered prize money of 100,000 Reichsmarks for the winner. 

The brothers, Siegfried and Walter Günter, designed the B II at Bäumer Aero GmbH.  The "Sausewind" was the first aircraft to make use of a elliptical wing and tail units, which offered aerodynamic advantages over the rectangular wings that were common at the time. To reduce air resistance all control cables and control levers were installed internally. The undercarriage used split axles to reduce drag compared with a continuous axle.

Operational history

On May 31, 1925, the B II took off from Berlin-Tempelhof for The Round Germany Flight. The flight time (including several emergency landings) for the distance of 5,242 kilometers was 91 hours and 12 minutes over five 2-day stages. The Sausewind took second place in Group B for aircraft with a maximum of 80 HP. It received a prize of 15,000 Reichsmarks.

At the Otto Lilienthal Competition from June 15 to July 23, 1925, the B II won the highest speed at 100 m altitude (183.5 km/h), maximum altitude (4770 m) and best climb rate (2.11 m/s).

Loss

The B II “Sausewind” was lost in a crash landing on September 19, 1925.

Specifications

References

Hallion, Richard P. "Airplanes that Transformed Aviation". Air & Space. 9 May 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
"THE ROUND-GERMANY FLIGHT". Flight, 28 May 1925. pp. 317–326.

1920s German sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Accounting machine. An accounting machine, or bookkeeping machine or recording-adder, was generally a calculator and printer combination tailored for a specific commercial activity such as billing, payroll, or ledger.  Accounting machines were widespread from the early 1900s to 1980s, but were rendered obsolete by the availability of low-cost computers such as the IBM PC.

This type of machine is generally distinct from unit record equipment (some unit record tabulating machines were also called "accounting machines").

List of vendors/accounting machines 

 Burroughs Corporation:
 Burroughs Sensimatic
 Burroughs Sensitronic
 Burroughs B80
 Burroughs E103
 Burroughs Computer F2000
 Burroughs L500
 Burroughs E1400 Electronic Computing/Accounting Machine with Magnetic Striped Ledger
 Dalton Adding Machine Company
 Electronics Corporation of America:
 Magnefile-B
 Magnefile-D
 Elliott-Fisher
 Federal Adding Machines
 IBM:
 IBM 632
 IBM 858 Cardatype Accounting Machine 
 IBM 6400 Series
 Laboratory for Electronics:
 The Inventory Machine II (TIM-II)
 Monroe Calculator Company:
 Model 200
 Synchro-Monroe President
 Monrobot IX
 NCR Corporation:
 Post-Tronic Bookkeeping Machine - Class 29
 Compu-Tronic Accounting Machine
 Accounting Machine - Class 33
 Window Posting Machine - Class 42
 Olivetti:
 General Bookkeeping Machine (GBM)
 J. B. Rea Company:
 READIX, c. 1955
 Sundstrand Adding Machines
 Underwood:
 ELECOM 50 "The First Electronic Accounting Machine" 
 ELECOM 125, 125 FP (File Processor), 1956

See also

Unit record equipment

References

Programmable calculators
Early computers
Mechanical calculators
Image Mastering API. The Image Mastering Application Programming Interface, or IMAPI, is a component of Microsoft Windows operating system used for CD and DVD authoring and recording.

Windows applications such as Windows Media Player, Windows Media Center, Windows Movie Maker, Windows DVD Maker, and Windows Explorer use IMAPI to create ISO 9660 and "burn" discs. Windows refers to discs created using IMAPI as Mastered burns in contrast to the term, Live File System which implies packet writing and does not use IMAPI.

Release history
IMAPI was originally introduced with Windows XP. IMAPI version 2.0 was released with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. On 26 June 2007, this version was released as an update for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 after Microsoft received requests from hardware and software vendors.

On 19 January 2009, Microsoft released the Windows Feature Pack For Storage 1.0. This update allows IMAPI 2.0 to support Recordable Blu-ray Disc (BD-R) and Rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE) media. It also adds support for the Universal Disk Format (UDF) 2.5 file system. Windows Feature Pack for Storage is available for Windows XP or later and is integrated into Windows 7.

Overview
IMAPI provides the ability to create and burn single-session and multi-session discs, including bootable discs. It also provides low-level access to the burn engine for developing support for new devices, as well as access to extended recorder properties. IMAPI supports every major writable CD and DVD format including:
Compact discs
Recordable CD (CD-R). Formerly known as CD Write Once
Rewritable CD (CD-RW)
DVDs (IMAPI v2.0)
Recordable DVD (DVD-R and DVD+R)
Rewritable DVD (DVD-RW and DVD+RW)
Recordable dual layer DVD (DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL formats)
Random-access DVD (DVD-RAM)
Blu-ray discs (IMAPI v2.0 with Feature Pack for Storage)
Recordable Blu-ray Disc (BD-R)
Rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE)
Others
Disc-like media, such as Iomega REV
IMAPI supports writing disks in ISO 9660 (including CDDA Audio) and Joliet. IMAPI v2.0 also supports writing discs with Universal Disk Format file system.

IMAPI version 2.0 supports the following additional features:
 User-mode API instead of a kernel-mode API
 Support for multiple optical drives as well as simultaneously recording to multiple drives
 Support for creating ISO images
 Support for VBScript scripting
 Support for locking the recorder while burning

Unlike IMAPI version 1.0, IMAPI version 2.0 is implemented as a DLL rather than as a Windows service.

Shortcomings
IMAPI 2.0 suffers from some limitations, notably that will not allow a filesystem to be imported from a raw image (.iso file), only from an optical drive. In effect this means that while it can generate disk images, it cannot be used to modify them.

See also
 Features new to Windows XP
 SCSI Multimedia Commands

References

Windows components
Microsoft application programming interfaces
ZPMC. Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries Company Limited (, ) is a Chinese state-owned engineering company and the world's largest manufacturer of cranes and large steel structures. In 2015 the company accounted for about 75% of the world-market share for container cranes.

History
The company was founded in 1992. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Communications Construction Company. ZPMC is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. It specializes in designing, manufacturing, erecting, commissioning, shipping in fully erected state, after-sales servicing and developing new port machinery products. Its main products include container cranes (QCs) (supplied eight for London Gateway), rubber-tyred gantry cranes (RTGs), bulk-material ship loaders and unloaders, bucket-wheel stackers and reclaimers, portal cranes, floating cranes engineering vessels and large steel bridge structures. Its cranes are found in 120 large ports around the globe.

In 2009, the company rebranded itself as Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

In 2021, the Port of Piraeus received three ZPMC container cranes, doubling the lifting capabilities of the former container crane and equipped with a remote control system. 

In 2021, agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) believed to have discovered intelligence-gathering equipment on a cargo ship delivering ZPMC cranes to the Port of Baltimore. China saw the report as paranoid. Since the 2023 Chinese balloon incident, the ZPMC has come under suspicion by U.S. officials and lawmakers over their cranes suspected spying capabilities and ZPMC's participation in military-civil fusion.

In February 2024, US officials announced a plan to have the United States Coast Guard oversee the cybersecurity of port cranes and invest in replacements of ZPMC cranes at US ports. In March 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that US congressional investigators identified a communications device in ZPMC cranes not part of normal operations. A probe by the United States House Committee on Homeland Security and the United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party found that ZPMC pressured port operators to allow it remote access.

San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
The company is the fabricator of the new Bay Bridge located in the San Francisco Bay Area in the USA. Although the company had no previous experience in bridge construction, California officials selected it based on the advantages of "huge steel fabrication facilities, its large low-cost work force and its solid finance."  The project employed 3,000 workers who built a main bridge tower and completed 28 bridge decks.

References

External links

 

Chinese brands
Chinese companies established in 1992
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1992
Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Crane manufacturers
Government-owned companies of China
Manufacturing companies based in Shanghai
Mitsubishi APWR. The Mitsubishi advanced pressurized water reactor (APWR) is a generation III nuclear reactor design developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) based on pressurized water reactor technology. It features several design enhancements including a neutron reflector, improved efficiency and improved safety systems. It has safety features advanced over the last generation, including a combination of passive and active systems. None are currently under construction.

History
The standard APWR is going through the licensing process in Japan and two (of 1538 MWe) are being constructed at the Tsuruga plant.  The next APWR+ will be of a 1700 MWe power and have full MOX core abilities.

The US-APWR was developed by MHI to modify their APWR design to comply with US regulations. TXU selected the US-APWR for use at multiple sites, including the Comanche Peak Nuclear Generating Station.
However, in 2013, Mitsubishi slowed U.S. certification work, and the application to build two units at Comanche was suspended.

The reactors are intended for use in nuclear power plants to produce nuclear power from nuclear fuel.

Plant parameters 

The US-APWR has several design features to improve plant economics.  The core is surrounded by a steel neutron reflector which increases reactivity and saves ~0.1wt% U-235 enrichment.  In addition, the US-APWR uses more advanced steam generators (compared to the APWR) which creates drier steam allowing for the use of higher efficiency (and more delicate) turbines.  This leads to a ~10% efficiency increase compared to the APWR.

Several safety improvements are also notable.  The safety systems have enhanced redundancy, utilizing 4 trains each capable of supplying 50% of the needed high pressure  makeup water instead of 2 trains capable of 100%.  Also, more reliance is placed on the accumulators which have been redesigned and increased in size.  The improvements in this passive system have led to the elimination of the Low Pressure Safety Injection system, an active system.

Units

Planned
In 2013, plans to build units in the U.S. were suspended:
TXUs Comanche Peak Nuclear Generating Station
North Anna Nuclear Generating Station unit 3

On 10 May 2011, Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced that Japan was cancelling plans for new nuclear construction, including the 2 proposed new APWR reactors at Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant. As of 2014, under a new government, plans for Tsuruga were uncertain. In March 2015 the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) accepted an expert report that concluded Tsuruga is on an active geological fault.

See also

Atmea
Mitsubishi FBR Systems
AP1000, the Westinghouse nuclear power plant

References

Nuclear power reactor types
Nuclear technology in Japan
APWR
Balow. Balow is a municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

Balow was developed as an East German model village, and is known for its community sports programs. A machine shop in Balow produces transport boxes for the assembly lines of large companies, including Daimler Benz.

References

Ludwigslust-Parchim
Se (text editor). se (screen-editor) is also known as the Georgia Tech Screen Editor.
According to the README file in its sources, Se started out as the version of 'ed' that came with the book 'Software Tools', by Kernighan and Plauger, which was written in Ratfor.

Several people, including Dan Forsyth and Arnold Robbins worked on the program, making improvements before and after converting it to C in early 1985.  The program was first posted to the comp.sources.unix newsgroup in December 1986.  The final version noted in the external links dates from 1987.

There was also a different (and earlier) se screen-based editor for Unix, which was based on ed.

References

External links
se 2.10 and 2.20 source and screenshot
port of se to Xenix
se Homepage

Free text editors
Public-domain software with source code
Free software programmed in C
List of countries by natural gas production. This is a list of countries by natural gas production  based on statistics from The U.S Energy Information Administration (EIA).

Natural Gas in this list means dry natural gas; which is used in homes and business for heating, cooling, cooking and electricity generation, it can also be compressed and used as a fuel.

Dry natural gas is mainly composed of methane. In contrast, wet natural gas also contains significant portions of other liquids such as ethane, propane or butane (also known as Natural Gas Liquids). Wet natural gas is used for petrochemicals as well as gasoline (petrol).

In 2023, the United States has led the world in both natural gas production and natural gas exports.

Countries by rank

See also 
 List of countries by natural gas consumption
 List of countries by natural gas proven reserves
 List of countries by oil production
 Natural gas by country
 World energy supply and consumption

References 

Energy-related lists by country
 List
Beta Disk Interface. Beta Disk Interface is a disk interface for ZX Spectrum computers, developed by Technology Research Ltd. (United Kingdom) in 1984 and released in 1985, with a price of £109.25 (or £249.75 with one disk drive). 

Beta 128 Disk Interface is a 1987 version, supporting ZX Spectrum 128 machines (due to different access point addresses).

Beta Disk Interfaces were distributed with the TR-DOS operating system in ROM, also attributed to Technology Research Ltd.. The interface was based on the WD1793 chip. Latest firmware version is 5.03 (1986).

The Beta Disk Interface handles single- and double-sided, 40- or 80-track double-density floppy disks, and up to four drives.

Clones
This interface was popular for its simplicity, and the Beta 128 Disk Interface was cloned all around the USSR. The first known USSR clones were ones produced by НПВО "Вариант" (NPVO "Variant", Leningrad) in 1989. 

Beta 128 schematics are included in various Soviet/Russian ZX Spectrum clones, but some variants only support two drives. Phase correction of the drive data signal is also implemented differently.

Between 2018 and 2021, Beta Disk clones were produced in the Czech Republic, with the names such as Beta Disk 128C, 128X and 128 mini.

Operating systems support

 TR-DOS
 iS-DOS
 CP/M (various hack versions)
 DNA OS

See also
 DISCiPLE

References

External links

 Virtual TR-DOS

ZX Spectrum
Computer storage devices