omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Teaching machine. Teaching machines were originally mechanical devices that presented educational materials and taught students. They were first invented by Sidney L. Pressey in the mid-1920s. His machine originally administered multiple-choice questions. The machine could be set so it moved on only when the student got the right answer. Tests showed that learning had taken place. This was an example of how knowledge of results causes learning. Much later, Norman Crowder developed the Pressey idea further.

B. F. Skinner was responsible for a different type of machine which used his ideas on how learning should be directed with positive reinforcement. Skinner advocated the use of teaching machines for a broad range of students (e.g., preschool aged to adult) and instructional purposes (e.g., reading and music). The instructional potential of the teaching machine stemmed from several factors: it provided automatic, immediate and regular reinforcement without the use of aversive control; the material presented was coherent, yet varied and novel; the pace of learning could be adjusted to suit the individual. As a result, students were interested, attentive, and learned efficiently by producing the desired behavior, "learning by doing".

There is extensive experience that both methods worked well, and so did programmed learning in other forms, such as books.
The ideas of teaching machines and programmed learning provided the basis for later ideas such as open learning and computer-assisted instruction.

Illustrations of early teaching machines can be found in the 1960 sourcebook, Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning. An "Autotutor" was demonstrated at the 1964 World's Fair.

Quotes 
Edward L. Thorndike in 1912: "If, by a miracle of mechanical ingenuity, a book could be so arranged that only to him who had done what was directed on page one would page two become visible, and so on, much that now requires personal instruction could be managed by print".
Sidney L. Pressey in 1932: "Education was the one major activity in this country which has thus far not systematically applied ingenuity to the solution of its problems" (p. 668). He thought the machine he developed would lead to an "industrial revolution in education" (p. 672).

See also 
Educational technology
Programmed learning

References 

Educational technology
Indirect DNA damage. Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly. Molecules that do not have this ability have a long-lived excited state. This long lifetime leads to a high probability for reactions with other molecules—so-called bimolecular reactions. Melanin  and DNA have extremely short excited state lifetimes in the range of a few femtoseconds (10−15s). The excited state lifetime of compounds used in sunscreens such as menthyl anthranilate, avobenzone or padimate O is 1,000 to 1,000,000 times longer than that of melanin, and therefore they may cause damage to living cells that come in contact with them.

The molecule that originally absorbs the UV-photon is called a "chromophore". Bimolecular reactions can occur either between the excited chromophore and DNA or between the excited chromophore and another species, to produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species. These reactive chemical species can reach DNA by diffusion and the bimolecular reaction damages the DNA (oxidative stress). Unlike direct DNA damage which causes sunburn, indirect DNA damage does not result in any warning signal or pain in the human body.

The bimolecular reactions that cause the indirect DNA damage are illustrated in the figure: 
  

1O2 is reactive harmful singlet oxygen:

Location of the damage
Unlike direct DNA damage, which occurs in areas directly exposed to UV-B light, reactive chemical species can travel through the body and affect other areas—possibly even inner organs.  The traveling nature of the indirect DNA damage can be seen in the fact that the malignant melanoma can occur in places that are not directly illuminated by the sun—in contrast to basal-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which appear only on directly illuminated locations on the body.

See also 
Free radical damage to DNA
Photoprotection
Sunscreen

References

Photochemistry
Skin conditions resulting from physical factors
Sun tanning
John Butler Tytus. John Butler Tytus, Jr. (1875-1944) was the inventor of the first practical wide-strip continuous rolling process for manufacturing steel. This process greatly reduced the cost of manufacturing steel, and was first implemented in a new Armco plant in 1924.  By 1940, twenty-six plants had been built.  He was a Yale University graduate but learned the steel business from the ground up. His home in Middletown, Ohio, the John B. Tytus House, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.

Biography

John B. Tytus was born in Middletown, Ohio on December 6, 1875. His father owned a paper mill, which Tytus found fascinating as child. He attended the common schools until age fourteen. He then attended Westminster prep school at Dobbs Ferry, New York, which prepared him for admission to Yale University. He graduated from Yale in 1897 with a bachelor's degree in English literature and returned to Middletown to work in the family paper mill. Soon afterward, his father died and his family sold the mill. He went to work with a bridge builder at Dayton, Ohio.

In 1904 he left the bridge builder to work for a steel mill in his hometown as a spare hand. He quickly learned about steel rolling and earned the respect of his coworkers. He always remembered the way the Fourdrinier machines produced paper rolls, and began to consider ways in which the process of steel rolling could be made more efficient. After eighteen months, he became the assistant of the sheet mill superintendent, Charlie Hook. During this time and afterwards, Tytus continued to research and think about improving steel rolling. In 1906 he was promoted to superintendent of the new mill in Zanesville, Ohio. The following year, he married Marjorie Denny. At the end of 1909, he was chosen to plan and activate Armco's East Works plant at Middletown as chief of operations.

In 1919 he had readied blueprints for a new plant incorporating techniques for continuous steel rolling, but the opportunity to put these plans into practice did not arise until 1921. He presented his plans and Armco made the difficult decision to implement them. The continuous rolling steel mill he designed and built began operation in Ashland in 1924 and became a model for the industry. In 1927 Tytus was made vice-president of Armco, and in 1935 he received the Gary Memorial Award from the American Iron and Steel Institute. He died of a heart attack on June 2, 1944.

In 2012 Tytus was inducted into the American Metal Market Steel Hall of Fame, Class of 2012 for his invention of the first workable wide-strip continuous rolling process for making steel.

References

Becker, Carl M. "John Butler Tytus." Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 3: 1941-1945. American Council of Learned Societies, 1973. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008. Online February 19, 2008. 
Crout, George C.  and Wilfrid D. Vorhis. "John Butler Tytus: Inventor of the Continuous Steel Mill." Ohio History. Vol. 76, pg 132. Online. February 14, 2008.

1875 births
1944 deaths
People from Middletown, Ohio
20th-century American inventors
Yale University alumni
Inventors from Ohio
S88. S88 may refer to:
 BenQ-Siemens S88, a BenQ Mobile phone
 Daihatsu Hijet (S88), a kei truck and microvan
 , a submarine of the Royal Navy
 ISA-88, a standard addressing batch process control
 Märklin s88, a model railway control system
 S88 Zhengzhou–Xixia Expressway, China
 Skykomish State Airport, in Washington, United States
Wavegen. Wavegen Limited (later Voith Hydro Wavegen Limited) was a wave energy company based in Inverness, Scotland. It was founded in 1990 by Allan Thomson. It was sold to Voith Hydro in 2005, and they closed the company in 2013.

History
In 2000, Wavegen became the first company in the world to connect a commercial scale wave energy device (LIMPET) to the grid on the Scottish island of Islay.  The LIMPET (Land Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer) is a shoreline device which produces power from an oscillating water column.  

In May 2005, Wavegen was bought by Voith Hydro, a subsidiary of Voith.

Together with the Faroese power company SEV, Wavegen had planned to develop the SeWave wave energy plant project in Nípanin in the Faroe Islands.  It was also the developer of the Siadar Wave Energy Project.

On 17 November 2011, Wavegen put into operation the world's first commercial full life Limpet wave power plant.  The 300-kW plant was sold to Ente Vasco de la Energía in Spain.

In March 2013 Voith Hydro decided to close down Wavegen choosing to concentrate on tidal power projects.

See also
Aquamarine Power
Oyster wave energy converter

References

Wave power
Organisations based in Inverness
Companies based in Highland (council area)
Electric power companies of Scotland
Renewable energy companies of Scotland
Renewable resource companies established in 1990
1990 establishments in Scotland
2005 mergers and acquisitions
Renewable resource companies disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in Scotland
I'm InTouch. I'm InTouch is a remote control software program that allows users to access and control a computer with the software installed from another computer or wireless device over the Internet. I'm InTouch is developed and marketed by 01 Communique.

Product history 

I'm InTouch was released to 01 Communique's corporate partners in 2000 and entered full distribution in 2001. Early versions of I'm InTouch allowed users to set up a communications server on their home or office computer to access voicemail, emails, pages, and faxes from a web browser, phone, or wireless device.

01 Communique would eventually incorporate their technology for providing access to a personal computer from another remote computer that they received a patent for in 2005 into I'm InTouch. The company would launch a patent infringement lawsuit against Citrix Systems claiming the company's competing remote access software GoToMyPC infringed on their patent.

Technology overview

I'm InTouch consists of the two parts, the gateway server and client software installed on the user's computer. The server, located on 01 Communique's premise, brokers the remote access session and communicates with the user's computer. All data communication takes place over ports 80 (HTTP) and 443 (HTTP over TLS/SSL). End-to-end communications are encrypted with 128-bit SSL.

Version updates
In 2005, version 4.0 expanded on previous versions Virtual Network Computing (VNC) remote client remote feature by including full remote control options. Version 5.0 was released with remote control from Pocket PC devices added along with remote printing. Version 6.0 would be released in 2007 with the main addition being a remote chat feature.

In 2008, 01 Communique released an upgraded version of the software called I'm InTouch Premium.  New to the program was a feature allowing users to remotely power on their shut down computers for access using Wake-On-LAN technology.

I'm InTouch Corporate Server Edition
In 2005, 01 Communique released I'm InTouch Corporate Server Edition (CSE), an enterprise level software package co-developed with Hitachi. The package included software to install on a company's server, bypassing the need to use 01 Communique's servers for remote access sessions.  Version 2.0 was released in 2006 adding a remote "wake-up" feature allowing users to turn on a shut down computer from a web browser.

In Japan, Hitachi markets I'm InTouch CSE as DoMobile CSE and combines it with their Flora Se210 notebook. The package is marketed towards companies concerned with data leakage from laptops.

Citations

External links
 I'm InTouch Product Information Page
 01 Communique Home Page - Developers of I'm InTouch

Windows remote administration software
Remote desktop
Proprietary software
Islay LIMPET. Islay LIMPET (Land Installed Marine Power Energy Transmitter) was the world's first commercial wave power device and was connected to the United Kingdom's National Grid, in November 2000. The device was initially rated at 500 kW, but this was later downrated to 250 kW. The device was eventually decommissioned in 2012.

It was constructed on the coast of the island of Islay on the west coast of Scotland, and harnessed the movement of waves through air pressure in a concrete chamber, driving an air turbine.

The shoreline location was seen as a logical first step in the development and demonstration of wave energy technologies, as access for operation and maintenance was easier, possible in all but the worst weather.

History

A 75 kW prototype was constructed by Queen's University Belfast (QUB), starting in 1987 and completed by 1988. The mechanical and electrical plant for the prototype was commissioned in 1991, with alternative turbine configurations tested in 1995 and 1996.

The commercial Islay LIMPET was developed and operated by Wavegen in cooperation with QUB. It was located adjacent to the previous prototype, on the southern tip of the west coast of Islay, near Claddach Farm on the Rhinns of Islay, just north of Portnahaven.

Construction started in 1998 and was fully commissioned by 2001. Initially rated at 500 kW, the capacity was later downgraded to 250 kW. In the first winter after construction, the project was hit by 50-year extreme waves, and survived.

Technology

Islay LIMPET was a shoreline device using an Oscillating Water Column to drive air in and out of a pressure chamber through a Wells self-rectifying turbine. 

The chamber of the LIMPET was an inclined concrete tube, with three sections each 6m by 6m. The opening was below the water level, and external wave action causes the water level in the chamber to oscillate. This variation in water level alternately compresses and decompresses trapped air above, which causes air to flow backwards and forwards through a pair of contra-rotating turbines.

The plant could be remotely operated from the Wavegen offices in Inverness, or from QUB in Belfast by ISDN links.

Decommissioning
The plant has been decommissioned, and as of 2018 all installations except the concrete construction making up the wave chamber have been removed.

Related installations
Based on this design, a 16-turbine plant was built in the Bay of Biscay in Spain, the Mutriku Breakwater Wave Plant, which was fully operational and handed over to the Basque Utility, Ente Vasco de la Energía (EVE) in 2011.

References

External links

 Islay LIMPET wave power plant (Wavegen website)
 LIMPET at Queen's University Belfast

Islay
Buildings and structures in Argyll and Bute
Wave farms in Scotland
Wave energy converters
Former power stations in Scotland
S Curve. S curve or S-curve may refer to:

 S-curve (art), an S-shaped curve which serves a wide variety of compositional purposes
 S-curve (math), a characteristic S-shaped curve of a sigmoid function
 S-curve corset, an Edwardian corset style
 S-Curve Records, a record company label
 Reverse curve, or "S" curve, in civil engineering

See also 

 Recurve (disambiguation)
SeWave. SeWave is a wave farm project in Nípanin, Faroe Islands. The project is developed by the joint venture of the Scottish wave energy developer Wavegen and the Faroe's power company SEV.

The feasibility study of the wave farm was conducted in 2002 by Eni, SEV and Wavegen. Based on the project findings, in 2003 Wavegen and SEV established a joint venture SeWave for the design and building of the wave farm project.  The project bases on the design of Islay LIMPET, which uses a tunnelled wave plant concept with an oscillating water column device built into the face of a cliff, utilizing an air chamber in order to capture wave energy.

The model tests, site investigations and design issues were completed by start of 2005. The wave power plant is expected to be in use by 2010. The overall project costs are expected to be up to £7 million.

References

External links

SeWave website

Wave farms in the Faroe Islands
Electric power companies of the Faroe Islands
Proposed renewable energy power stations in the Faroe Islands
Space Flight Operations Facility. The Space Flight Operations Facility (SFOF) is a building containing a control room and related computing and communications equipment areas at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. NASA's Deep Space Network is operated from this facility. The SFOF has monitored and controlled all interplanetary and deep space exploration for NASA and other international space agencies since 1964. The facility also acted as a backup communications facility for Apollo missions.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985 and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Public tours are available with advance planning.

History
In the early years, the operations control center of the Deep Space Network did not have a permanent facility. It was a makeshift setup with numerous desks and phones installed in a large room near the computers used to calculate orbits. In July 1961, NASA started the construction of the permanent facility, Space Flight Operations Facility (SFOF). The facility was completed in October 1963 dedicated on May 14, 1964. In the initial setup of the SFOF, there were 31 consoles, 100 closed-circuit television cameras, and more than 200 television displays to support Ranger 6 to Ranger 9 and Mariner 4.

Current operations

As of 2012, there were 22 spacecraft monitored from this facility. Depending on the operations of the spacecraft, they are scheduled to be online for 1 to 10 hours at a time. Notable is that the facility also processes the signal from Voyager 1 that is sent from about 11 billion miles from Earth. With data feeding into the Space Flight Operations Facility from every NASA spacecraft beyond low Earth orbit, including rovers, orbiters, and deep-space probes, there is a plaque in the middle of the room designating the facility "The Center of the Universe."

See also
A list of other Deep Space Network facilities:
 Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
 Madrid Deep Space Communication Complex
 Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex

References

External links
Official Site
Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Man in Space, an NHL Theme study

Jet Propulsion Laboratory
National Historic Landmarks in California
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Buildings and structures in Pasadena, California
Tourist attractions in Pasadena, California
Twenty-Five-Foot Space Simulator. The Twenty-Five-Foot Space Simulator is a chamber for testing spacecraft in space-like conditions, including extreme cold, high radiation, and near-vacuum pressure. Built in 1961, it is located at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. It has been used to prepare many American space probes for their launches, including the Ranger, Surveyor, Mariner, and Voyager spacecraft.

The first facility of its type, the chamber served as an example for other countries seeking to establish space programs. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985 and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Description
The Twenty-Five-Foot Space Simulator is a stainless-steel cylinder  in height and  in diameter.  A doorway  wide and  high provides access for bringing test objects and equipment into the chamber; a personnel access door is built into the larger doorway.  Its walls and floor are lined with cooling shrouds that help provide a controllable temperature range from  to .  A series of lamps, lenses, and mirrors can irradiate the chamber with a directed beam of simulated solar energy in a variety of patterns and strengths.  The chamber can be depressurized to 5×10−7 torr.  Test objects can be mounted with a number of attachment points and methods.  The chamber is mounted on a seismically isolated foundation. The chamber requires about 75 minutes to achieve a space-like environment, and about 2 hours to return to a normal environment.

Next to the chamber is a clean room in which equipment can be prepared for testing.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in California
Space Environment Simulation Laboratory, built in 1965 at the Johnson Space Center in Texas

References

Jet Propulsion Laboratory
National Historic Landmarks in California
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Buildings and structures completed in 1961
Buildings and structures in Pasadena, California
1961 establishments in California
Lattes Platform. The Lattes Platform is an information system (integrated database, web-based query interface, etc.) maintained by the Brazilian federal government to manage information on science, technology, and innovation related to individual researches and institutions working in Brazil.

It is named after the Brazilian physicist César Lattes. It is managed by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. 

All researchers and institutions are required to maintain their records up to date. The platform can be used to obtain information on individual researchers and also to conduct performance evaluations at the organization level.

See also
Brazilian science and technology
Qualis (CAPES)
Universities and higher education in Brazil

References

External links
  (in Portuguese and English).

Research in Brazil