omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Midland Railway 483 Class. The Midland Railway 483 Class 4-4-0 was a class of steam-driven locomotive designed by Henry Fowler for passenger work on the Midland Railway. The class were nominally "rebuilds" of various earlier classes designed by Samuel W. Johnson, although the '483' class engines were, unquestionably, 'accountancy rebuilds' (effectively new locos 'disguised' to gain routine expenditure approval from the board). This design formed the basis for the later LMS Class 2P 4-4-0.

Construction of the first batch of this class was authorised by Midland Railway Order O/3942 dated 21 June 1911: 'Please put your work in hand in connection with rebuilding engines 483–522 with new frames, new cylinders and G7 boilers fitted with Schmidt's superheaters.' Apart from the savings made by using the parts that were salvaged from the old engines, there was an added benefit in referring to them as rebuilt since the royalties due to the superheater company were lower for modified locomotives than for new ones. This first batch of locomotives previously formed the 150 class. Their rebuilding to Class 483 took place 1912-1913.

Four more batches of rebuilds were authorised; in 1912, 1913, 1914 and 1922. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) inherited these locomotives at the Grouping of the railways in 1923, completing the last of these rebuilds in 1924.

Some of them duly passed into British Railways (BR) ownership in 1948.

Numbering

 BR numbers 40332-40397 (17 locomotives) originally built 1882–1891, some rebuilt from 1910 onwards
 BR numbers 40400-40562 (143 locomotives) originally built 1891–1901, all rebuilt between 1912 and 1923
 BR numbers 40322-40326 (5 locomotives) built for Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway 1914-1921 and taken into LMS stock in 1930

Note: two of the above number series contain gaps so the totals do not tally.

Rebuilding
On rebuilding, the Stephenson valve gear was retained but the following changes were made:
  cylinders with slide valves were replaced by  cylinders with piston valves.
  driving wheels were replaced by  driving wheels.
 A superheater was fitted.

References

External links

 Class 2P-AB Details at Rail UK, Older locos
 Class 2P-AC Details at Rail UK, Newer locos
 Class 2P-AA Details at Rail UK, Somerset and Dorset locos

0483
Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway locomotives
4-4-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1882
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
2′B h2 locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Passenger locomotives
UEFI Platform Initialization. The Platform Initialization Specification (PI Specification) is a specification published by the Unified EFI Forum that describes the internal interfaces between different parts of computer platform firmware. This allows for more interoperability between firmware components from different sources.  This specification is normally, but not by requirement, used in conjunction with the UEFI specification.

Current version 
Platform Initialization Specification 1.7, Released January 2019.

Contents 
As of version 1.3, the PI specification contains five volumes:
 Volume 1: Pre-EFI Initialization Core Interface 
 Volume 2: Driver Execution Environment Core Interface
 Volume 3: Shared Architectural Elements
 Volume 4: System Management Mode Core Interface
 Volume 5: Standards

References

External links
UEFI Specifications and Tools
Intel Technology Journal, Volume 15, Issue 01 - "UEFI Today: Bootstrapping the Continuum"

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
Toreutics. The term toreutics, relatively rarely used in English, refers to artistic metalworking – hammering gold or silver (or other materials), engraving, or using repoussé and chasing to form minute detailed reliefs or small engraved patterns.  Toreutics can include metal-engraving – forward-pressure linear metal removal with a burin.

Toreutics is extremely ancient, and depending on the metal used will survive burial for periods of centuries better than art in many other materials.  Conversely if above ground it was likely to be melted down and the metal reused. Until the Middle Ages it was also among the art forms with the highest prestige.

Archeological background
It was practised in the Bronze Age and was well established centuries before the shaft graves. Toureutic items of special quality from the Iron Age are the Certosa situla from Italy and from Slovenia the Vače situla and the Vače belt-plate. Toreutics flourished to an unusual degree among the peoples of Asia Minor, Assyria, Babylon, and passed from thence to ancient Persia. One spectacular example of the direct influence of Persia in toreutics is believed to be the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós found in Transylvania in 1799, and considered to be work of Old Bulgarian gold smiths. It consists of 23 vessels and has been attributed to Attila's Huns, the Avars and Pechenegs. The majority of scholars however, consider it Bulgarian (Proto-Bulgarians, Bulgars), because of its runic inscriptions.

Etymology 
Toreutics comes from  Greek "τορεύς" which means "borer, pierceror". As is so commonplace in Greek, there is also an associated abverb, i.e. "τορευτικός" which means "of or for metal work". In both cases the root is the verb "τορεύω" which means "to work in relief"; to work in relief. As Ancient Greek extends back to the Proto-Indo-Germanic language in which the root is* which decribes the art of working metal or other materials by the use of embossing and chasing to form minute detailed reliefs. The origin of the use of toreutics in the English language goes back to 1830–40; < Gk , equiv. to  'to bore, chase, emboss' (v. deriv. of  graving tool) -tikos.

Applications 
Greek style, Inscriptions on toreutics
 Achaemenid–Persian–Sassanid style, Christian toreutics, Folk craftsmanship, Bulgaria
 Beaten copper (Tibet)
 Tsuba gold toreutics (1860) Mito school.

See also

 Goldsmith
 History of decorative arts
 Persian-Sassanide art patterns
 Preslav treasure
 Shoami
 Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós
 Umetada

References 

Artworks in metal
Bronze Age art
Iron Age art
Persian handicrafts
Orleans Tower. Orleans Tower (formerly Amoco Building), located at 1340 Poydras Street in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 20-story,  skyscraper designed in the international style by 3D/International. The international style grew in popularity during the sixties and seventies after the architect Mies Van Der Rohe designed the Seagram Building on Park Ave in New York City and Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill designed the Sears Tower in the heart of downtown Chicago. The building is primarily used for leaseable office space, with some retail space on the ground level.  The design of the building can be best classified as international with its black aluminum and glass curtain wall. The building currently houses the offices of several city and state agencies, including the Orleans Parish District Attorney's Office.  Orleans Tower is currently the 28th tallest building in New Orleans.

See also
 List of tallest buildings in New Orleans

References

External links
  on Emporis.com
 Orleans Tower Official Site

Skyscraper office buildings in New Orleans
Amoco
BP buildings and structures
Lubricity. Lubricity is the measure of the reduction in friction and/or wear by a lubricant. The study of lubrication and wear mechanisms is called tribology.

Measurement of lubricity
The lubricity of a substance is not a material property, and cannot be measured directly. Tests are performed to quantify a lubricant's performance for a specific system. This is often done by determining how much wear is caused to a surface by a given wear-inducing object in a given amount of time. Other factors such as surface size, temperature, and pressure are also specified. For two fluids with the same viscosity, the one that results in a smaller wear scar is considered to have higher lubricity. For this reason, lubricity is also termed a substance's anti-wear property.

Examples of tribometer test setups include "Ball-on-cylinder" and "Ball-on-three-discs" tests.

Lubricity in diesel engines

In a modern diesel engine, the fuel is part of the engine lubrication process. Diesel fuel naturally contains compounds that provide lubricity, but because of regulations in many countries (such as the US and the EU countries), sulphur must be removed from the fuel before it can be sold. The hydrotreatment of diesel fuel to remove sulphur also removes the compounds that provide lubricity. Reformulated diesel fuel that does not have biodiesel added has a lower lubricity and requires lubricity improving additives to prevent excessive engine wear.

See also
Boundary lubrication
Superlubricity
Tribology

References

Fluid dynamics
Tribology
Earle K. Plyler Prize. The Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society since 1977. The recipient is chosen for "notable contributions to the field of molecular spectroscopy and dynamics". The prize is named after Earle K. Plyler, who was a leading experimenter in the field of infrared spectroscopy; as of 2024 it is valued at $10,000.  The prize is currently sponsored by the AIP Journal of Chemical Physics.

Recipients 
Source: American Physical Society

See also
 List of physics awards
 List of chemistry awards

References

External links 
 Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, American Physical Society

Awards of the American Physical Society
Chemistry awards
Spectroscopy
Awards established in 1977
Motorcycle (disambiguation). A motorcycle is a single-track two-wheeled motor vehicle.  It is also known as a motorbike.

Motorcycle may also refer to:
 Motor Cycle (magazine), a UK publication from 1962, previously named The Motor Cycle
 Motor Cycle Weekly (magazine), a UK publication from 1977, previously named Motor Cycle and The Motor Cycle
 Motorcycle Mechanics (magazine), a UK publication from 1959
 Electric motorcycles and scooters, vehicles with two or three wheels that use electric motors to attain locomotion
 Moped, a class of low-powered motorized vehicles, generally with two wheels
 Motorized bicycle, a bicycle with an attached motor used to assist with pedalling
 Motorized scooter, a vehicle consisting of a footboard mounted on two wheels and a long steering handle, propelled by a small motor
 Motorized tricycle, similar to a motorcycle, but with three wheels
 Motor scooter, a two-wheeled motorized vehicle with a step-through frame
 Motorcycles (film), a 1949 Czech film
 Gabriel & Dresden's trance act formed by the duo and Jes Brieden
  Motorcycle, a song by the Devonshire band The Rumble Strips
 MotorCycle, a 1993 album by rock band Daniel Amos
 Motor-Cycle (album), an album by Lotti Golden on Atlantic Records

See also 
 Bicycle
U class. U class or Class U may refer to:

British U-class submarine, submarines built just before and during World War II
U-class destroyer, destroyers of the Royal Navy launched in 1942–1943
SR U class, 2-6-0 steam locomotives built for the Southern Railway
GNRI Class U, 4-4-0 steam locomotives built for the Great Northern Railway, Ireland
NER Class U, 0-6-2 steam locomotives built for the North Eastern Railway
NZR U class, 4-6-0 steam locomotives built for New Zealand Railways
Russian locomotive class U, 4-6-0 steam locomotives
South African Class U 2-6-2+2-6-2, steam locomotives
Class U special wagon, railway goods wagons
U-class Melbourne tram

See also
 UCLASS
 SR U1 class
Element–reactant–product table. An element–reaction–product table is used to find coefficients while balancing an equation representing a chemical reaction. Coefficients represent moles of a substance so that the number of atoms produced is equal to the number of atoms being reacted with.

This is the common setup:
 Element: all the elements that are in the reaction equation.
 Reactant: the numbers of each of the elements on the reactants side of the reaction equation.
 Product: the number of each element on the product side of the reaction equation.

The layout should eventually look like this, for a balanced reaction of baking soda and vinegar:

From this, since the number of reactants for each element equals the number of products for each element, we can tell that each side is balanced in the equation.

Balancing
When a reaction equation is not balanced, the coefficients show inequality. Here is an example with the separation of natural gas from hydrochloric acid using magnesium.
 (unbalanced)
Here is the element-reaction-product table:

From this table we see that the number of hydrogen and chlorine atoms on the product's side are twice the number of atoms on the reactant's side. Therefore, we add the coefficient "2" in front of the HCl on the products side, to get the equation to look like this:

and the table reflects that change:

Because of the coefficients, the equation is balanced.

References

Chemical reactions
Charles Voisin. Charles Voisin (; 12 July 1882 in Lyon – 26 September 1912 in Belleville-sur-Saône) was an early aviation pioneer from France. He was the younger brother of Gabriel Voisin, also an aviation pioneer.

Biography
Charles joined his brother in 1906 and the Appareils d'Aviation Les Frères Voisin ("Voisin Brothers' Flying Machines") was formed. Their first successful plane was built in 1907. This machine, a pusher biplane powered by an Antoinette engine, was built for Leon Delagrange and was tested by Charles in February–April before being handed over to him. The first powered flight was made on 16 March 1907, when Charles flew for 10 metres at Neuilly-Bagatelle.

Voisins' aircraft became a significant advance in the aviation history. Record breaking flier Henri Farman flew a Voisin pusher biplane in most of his early flights, notably so when he became first in Europe to successfully complete a 1 km closed circuit at Issy-les-Moulineaux on January 13, 1908. Charles Voisin was present on the ground during this historic flight.

Charles Voisin was killed in an automobile accident on 26 September 1912 near Belleville-sur-Saône. The early woman aviator Baroness de Laroche was injured in the same accident.

References 

1882 births
1912 deaths
Aviators from Lyon
French aviation pioneers
Road incident deaths in France
Gold plating (disambiguation). Gold plating is the act of depositing a thin layer of gold on the surface of other metals in the modern electronics industry

Gold plating may also refer to:

 Gilding, various traditional methods of depositing a thin layer of gold on the surface of other materials in goldsmithing, jewellery, furniture etc.
 Gold-plating (European Union law), the practise of national bodies exceeding the terms of European Union directives when implementing them into national law
 Gold plating (project management), the act of adding unneeded enhancements to a product or service to inflate the final cost to its buyer and the associated profit realized by its producer
 The Averch-Johnson effect, the tendency of regulated companies to engage in excessive amounts of capital accumulation in order to expand the volume of their profits, colloquially referred to as gold plating
Varian, Inc.. Varian, Inc. was one of the largest manufacturers of scientific instruments for the scientific industry. They had offerings over a broad range of chemical analysis equipment, with a particular focus on Information Rich Detection and Vacuum technology. Varian was spun off from Varian Associates in 1999 and was purchased by Agilent Technologies in May 2010 for $1.5 billion, or $52 per share.

Varian Inc. had its corporate headquarters in Palo Alto, California, and offices in Australia, the Benelux countries, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia, Sweden, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Manufacturing plants
Varian Inc. contained the following manufacturing plants: 
 Lake Forest, California USA 
 Palo Alto, California USA 
 Walnut Creek, California USA 
 Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
 Cary, North Carolina, USA 
 Mulgrave, Victoria Australia (the largest Varian Inc manufacturing and R&D plant) 
 Middelburg, The Netherlands 
 Grenoble, France 
 Yarnton, United Kingdom 
 Church Stretton, Shropshire, United Kingdom (polymer laboratories)
 Turin, Italy

Products and services

 Chromatography, including gas chromatography, GC/MS, high performance liquid chromatography, and LC/MS.
 Spectroscopy, including UV-Vis, CD, near infrared, and FT-IR
 Inductively coupled plasma, including mass spectroscopic and atomic emission spectroscopic detection. 
 mass spectrometry, including FTMS 
 Nuclear magnetic resonance 
 Linear accelerator 
 Magnetic resonance imaging 
 X-ray Crystallography 
 Information rich detection
 Drugs of Abuse Testing 
 Dissolution Testing 
 Vacuum Pumps 
 Leak Detection 
 Turbo Pumping Systems 
 Vacuum Measurement 
 Valves and components

History
In October 1967, Techtron Pty Ltd merged with Varian Associates. Techtron is a manufacturer of Atomic Absorption Spectrometers and Spectral lamps.

In 1982, Varian transferred the Cary UV-Visible product line to Australia.

In 1997, Varian bought Chemagnetics, a Colorado-based manufacturer of solid-state NMR spectrometers.

In 2002, Varian bought Ansys Technologies, Inc., a California-based manufacturer of In-Vitro Medical Devices.

In 2004, Varian Inc bought Magnex Scientific, an Oxford-based manufacturer of high-field magnets.

In 2005, Varian bought Polymer Laboratories, a speciality polymer analysis and manufacturing company.

In 2006, Varian bought Ion Spec, an FTMS (Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry) manufacturing company.

In 2007, Varian, Inc. bought Analogix, Inc., a company specializing in flash chromatography.

In 2008, Varian bought Oxford Diffraction, a British company specializing in X-ray diffraction equipment.

On 27 July 2009, Agilent Technologies announced it would buy Varian Inc, for $1.5 Billion.

On 14 October 2014, Agilent made the strategic decision to close its NMR business. Agilent entered the NMR business in 2010, with the acquisition of Varian.

See also
 Laboratory equipment

References

External links
Varian, Inc.
Magnex Scientific

Companies based in Palo Alto, California
Instrument-making corporations
2009 mergers and acquisitions
Varian Semiconductor. Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates, Inc. was a supplier of ion implantation equipment used in the fabrication of semiconductor chips. Varian Semiconductor was founded in 1971 as Extrion Corporation in Peabody, Massachusetts. Extrion later moved to nearby Gloucester, Massachusetts and was bought by Varian Associates in 1975. It was spun off from Varian Associates in 1999.

Applied Materials announced its acquisition of Varian Semiconductor in May 2011.

References

External links
Varian Semiconductor
Stock Profile of Varian Semiconductor

Electronics companies established in 1971
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Companies based in Gloucester, Massachusetts
Equipment semiconductor companies
Electronics companies disestablished in 2011
2011 disestablishments in Massachusetts
2011 mergers and acquisitions
Varian Data Machines. Varian Data Machines was a division of Varian Associates which sold minicomputers. It entered the market in 1967 through acquisition of Decision Control Inc. (DCI) in Newport Beach, California. It met stiff competition and was bought by Sperry Corporation in June 1977 who merged it into their Sperry UNIVAC division as the Sperry UNIVAC Minicomputer Operation.

Products 

The DCI 1966 DATA/620 was a parallel, binary 16-bit general-purpose digital computer with magnetic-core memory expandable to 32,768 words. An 18-bit word length (for data, not addresses) was optionally available. A basic machine cycle took 1.8 microseconds, and the core memory read time was 700 nanoseconds. The computers use two's complement arithmetic and had four main registers - accumulator A, accumulator extension B, an index register X and a program counter register. Addressing modes were direct, immediate and indexed. The instruction set had more than one hundred arithmetic, logic and control instructions and some variants supported microprogramming. These models used a hardware front panel console that allowed starting and stopping the machine, examining memory and registers and changing memory or registers with front-panel switches.  It used "Versalogic" (discrete transistorized) circuits with a bit-sliced architecture.

The 620/i shipped in June 1967; it and subsequent series were made with integrated circuit transistor–transistor logic from the 7400 series. The system was packaged in a 19-inch rack and consumed 340 watts at 120 V AC. The 620/F was a variation with a faster machine cycle time of 750 nanoseconds. 

The ruggedized R-620/i was announced in 1968.

A lower cost 520/i shipped in October 1968

The 620/L-100 was released in 1973. It had a cycle time of 950 nanoseconds and a more compact system chassis than the 620/F. The Sperry V70 series had semiconductor memory, but could also support magnetic core. Various models were released between 1972 and 1977.

Varian V72 computer systems were installed at Bruce Nuclear Generating Station on the eastern shore of Lake Huron in Ontario, Canada, as the digital control computer system that monitors and controls the major reactor and power plant functions.  these were still in operation and scheduled to be replaced by more modern systems in 2018 and 2019.

References

External links

American companies established in 1967
American companies disestablished in 1977
Computer companies established in 1967
Computer companies disestablished in 1977
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer systems companies
MVR. MVR or MvR may refer to:

Codes 
 Maldivian rufiyaa, Maldives currency by ISO 4217 code
 Salak Airport, Maroua, Far North Province, Cameroon
 Marau language of Indonesian Papua, ISO 639-3 code
 IBM RPG II programming language "Move Remainder" operation code

Organizations 
 Fifth Republic Movement (), a Venezuelan political party
 Transports Montreux–Vevey–Riviera, a Swiss railway operator

Science and technology 
 Mechanical vapor recompression, an energy recovery process;
 Melt Volume(-flow) Rate, a measure of the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer.

Transportation 
 Meon Valley Railway, cross-country railway 1903–1968, Hampshire, England
 Moors Valley Railway
 Mary Valley Rattler, a heritage railway line conducting steam train tours from Gympie to Amamoor (formerly Imbil).

Miscellaneous 
 Market Value Reduction, used by insurance companies
 Mound Visits Remaining, in baseball
DigRF. The DigRF working group was formed as a MIPI Alliance (MIPI) working group in April 2007. The group is focused on developing specifications for wireless mobile RFIC to base-band IC (BBIC) interfaces in mobile devices.

The group's current charter is split into short-term and long-term development efforts. The short-term development will focus on a specification targeted for completion by end of 2007 for LTE and WiMax air interface standards. The longer term development will focus on future air interface standards which promise further improvements in high speed, data optimized traffic. In addition, the future work will seek to harmonize efforts with the MIPI's PHY and UniPro working groups.

These specifications will describe the logical, electrical and timing characteristics of the digital RF-BB Interface with sufficient detail to allow physical implementation of the interface, and with sufficient rigor that implementations of the interface from different suppliers are fully compatible at the physical level.

There is DigRF version v1.12 for usage in GSM/EDGE handsets, which was specified in 2004. DigRF v3.09 from the year 2006 with its 312 Mbit/s can additionally handle UMTS. The present DigRF v4 draft offers Gbit/s bandwidth for LTE and WiMax.

External links 
 

Mobile technology
MIPI Alliance standards