omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
George Richards Elkington. George Richards Elkington (17 October 1801 – 22 September 1865) was a manufacturer from Birmingham, England. He patented the first commercial electroplating process.

Biography 
Elkington was born in Birmingham, the son of a spectacle manufacturer. Apprenticed to his uncles' silver plating business in 1815, he became, on their death, sole proprietor of the business, but subsequently took his cousin, Henry Elkington, into partnership. The science of electrometallurgy was then in its infancy, but the Elkingtons were quick to recognize its possibilities. They had already taken out certain patents for the application of electricity to metals when, in 1840, John Wright, a Birmingham surgeon, discovered the valuable properties of a solution of cyanide of silver in potassium cyanide for electroplating purposes. The Elkingtons purchased and patented Wright's process (British Patent 8447 : Improvements in Coating, Covering, or Plating certain Metals), subsequently acquiring the rights of other processes and improvements. In 1843 Elkingtons acquired the rights to Werner von Siemens's first invention, an improvement to the gold and silver plating process.

The Elkingtons opened a new electroplating works in Newhall Street, in the Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham in 1841, and the following year Josiah Mason, a pen manufacturer, joined the firm and encouraged the Elkingtons to diversify their output, adding more affordable electroplated jewellery and cutlery to the large pieces the company had been producing. Electroplated wares became very successful in the Victorian market and by 1880 the company employed 1,000 people at the Newhall Street site and had a further six factories. The agreement between Elkington and Mason was dissolved on 31 December 1861, after which the company traded as Elkington and Co.

There is a Blue Plaque commemorating him on the old Elkington Silver Electroplating Works, Newhall Street, Birmingham.

Family

He married Mary Auster Balleney in 1825 and had seven surviving children, Frederick, George, James, Alfred, Howard, Hyla and one girl, Emma. Mary Auster died in 1858 and was buried in St. Mary's churchyard, Selly Oak, Birmingham and in 1860 he married secondly Margaret Morgan Jones.

On his death in 1865 he left £350,000 and his business to be continued by four of his sons, Frederick, James, Alfred and Howard.

Stained-glass windows were erected in St. Mary's Church, Selly Oak in memory of both wives and of him. George had made a substantial contribution towards the construction of this church.

His grandfather was the land drainage reformer Joseph Elkington.

References

Further reading
L. Day & I McNeil (eds.), Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology (1996), 238–9.

External links
George Richards Elkington`s family in Kenya History of the Newhall Street works
History of Elkington & Co.
History of the Newhall Street works
Elkington hallmarks.

1801 births
1865 deaths
English inventors
Businesspeople from Birmingham, West Midlands
19th-century English businesspeople
SX. SX, Sx, sx, or Sx may refer to:

In medicine 
 Sx, symptoms
 Sx, surgery

In music 
 SX (band), a Belgian indie pop band
 S-X, a British producer and singer

In technology:
 .sx, the country code top-level domain for Sint Maarten
 Betacam SX, a type of videotape for Betacam
 1000BASE-SX, a fiber optic gigabit Ethernet standard
 MAN SX, a range of high mobility tactical trucks
 Parallax SX, a range of micro-controllers made by Ubicom
 NEC SX architecture of supercomputers

Other uses:
 SX News, a gay and lesbian newspaper in Australia
 sx salon, a digital platform providing a forum for critical and creative explorations of Caribbean literature
 Skybus Airlines (IATA airline code SX)
 AMA Supercross Championship, a form of off-road motorcycle racing
 Shanxi, a province of China (Guobiao abbreviation SX)
 Ŝ, a letter in the Esperanto alphabet

See also
 Sx Tape, a 2013 horror film
  Regulation S-X, regarding financial statements in the United States
  SpaceX
  Sussex
MiNT. MiNT (MiNT is Now TOS) is a free software alternative operating system kernel for the Atari ST series. It is a multi-tasking alternative to TOS and MagiC. Together with the free system components fVDI device drivers, XaAES graphical user interface widgets, and TeraDesk file manager, MiNT provides a free TOS compatible replacement OS that can multitask.

History 
Work on MiNT began in 1989, as the developer Eric Smith was trying to port the GNU library and related utilities on the Atari ST TOS. It soon became much easier to add a Unix-like layer to the TOS, than to patch all of the GNU software, and MiNT began as a TOS extension to help in porting.

MiNT was originally released by Eric Smith as "MiNT is Not TOS" (a recursive acronym in the style of "GNU's Not Unix") in May 1990. The new Kernel got traction, with people contributing a port of the MINIX file system and a port to the Atari TT.

At the same time, Atari was looking to enhance the TOS with multitasking abilities. MiNT could fulfill the job, and Atari hired Eric Smith. MiNT was adopted as an official alternative kernel with the release of the Atari Falcon, slightly altering the MiNT acronym into "MiNT is Now TOS". Atari bundled MiNT with a multitasking version of the Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) under the name MultiTOS as a floppy disk based installer.

After Atari left the computer market, MiNT development continued as FreeMiNT, and became maintained by a team of volunteers. FreeMiNT development follows a classic open-source approach, with the source code hosted on a publicly browsable FreeMiNT Git repository on GitHub and development discussed in a public mailing list., which is maintained on SourceForge, after an earlier (2014) move from AtariForge, where it was maintained for almost 20 years.

MiNT software ecosystem 
FreeMiNT provides only a kernel, so several distributions support MiNT, like VanillaMint, EasyMint, STMint, and BeeKey/BeePi.

Although FreeMiNT can use the graphical user interface of the TOS (the Graphics Environment Manager GEM and the Application Environment Services or AES), it is better served with an enhanced AES which can use its multi-tasking abilities.

The default one is currently XaAES, which is developed as a FreeMiNT kernel module. The older N.AES also works, however the modern alternative is MyAES.

References

External links 
 
  MiNT is Now TOS—an interview with Mr Eric R. Smith, the creator of MiNT

Atari ST software
Disk operating systems
Free software operating systems
Atari operating systems
Lead(II) sulfate. Lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4) is a white solid, which appears white in microcrystalline form. It is also known as fast white, milk white, sulfuric acid lead salt or anglesite.

It is often seen in the plates/electrodes of car batteries, as it is formed when the battery is discharged (when the battery is recharged, then the lead sulfate is transformed back to metallic lead and sulfuric acid on the negative terminal or lead dioxide and sulfuric acid on the positive terminal). Lead sulfate is poorly soluble in water.

Structure
Anglesite (lead(II) sulfate, ) adopts the same orthorhombic crystal structure as celestite (strontium sulfate, ) and barite (barium sulfate, ). All three minerals' structures are in the space group Pbnm (number 62). Each lead(II) ion is surrounded by 12 oxygen atoms from 7 sulfate ions, forming a PbO12 polyhedron. The lead–oxygen distances range from 2.612 Å to 3.267 Å and the average distance is 2.865 Å.

Manufacturing
Lead(II) sulfate is prepared by treating lead oxide, hydroxide or carbonate with warm sulfuric acid or by treating a soluble lead salt with sulfuric acid.

Alternatively, it can be made by the interaction of solutions of lead nitrate and sodium sulfate.

Toxicology
Lead sulfate is toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. It is a cumulative poison, and repeated exposure may lead to anemia, kidney damage, eyesight damage or damage to the central nervous system (especially in children). It is also corrosive - contact with the eyes can lead to severe irritation or burns. Typical threshold limit value is 0.15 mg/m3.

Mineral
The naturally occurring mineral anglesite, PbSO4, occurs as an oxidation product of primary lead sulfide ore,

Basic and hydrogen lead sulfates
A number of lead basic sulfates are known: PbSO4·PbO; PbSO4·2PbO; PbSO4·3PbO; PbSO4·4PbO. They are used in manufacturing of active paste for lead–acid batteries. A related mineral is leadhillite, 2PbCO3·PbSO4·Pb(OH)2.

At high concentration of sulfuric acid (>80%), lead hydrogensulfate, Pb(HSO4)2, forms.

Chemical properties
Lead(II) sulfate can be dissolved in concentrated HNO3, HCl, H2SO4 producing acidic salts or complex compounds, and in concentrated alkali giving soluble tetrahydroxidoplumbate(II) [Pb(OH)4]2− complexes.

Lead(II) sulfate decomposes when heated above 1000 °C:

Applications 

 Lead-acid storage batteries
 Paint pigments
 Laboratory reagent

See also 

 Lead paint

References

External links

 Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM): Lead Toxicity
 ToxFAQs: Lead
 National Pollutant Inventory - Lead and Lead Compounds Fact Sheet

Sulfates
Lead(II) compounds
MoOLIT. MoOLIT (Motif OPEN LOOK Intrinsics Toolkit) is a graphical user interface library and application programming interface (API) created by Unix System Laboratories in an attempt to create a bridge between the two competing look-and-feels for Unix workstations at the time: OPEN LOOK and OSF Motif.

The library provides common GUI features such as boxes, menus, lists, and buttons, but allows choosing which look and feel they wanted at runtime.  MoOLIT development was a short-lived project, as the industry was moving towards Motif as the de facto GUI standard, a trend culminating in the COSE initiative in 1993.

MJM Software (a subsidiary of Melillo Consulting, Inc.) licensed the MoOLIT source in 1992 and ported it to Sun, HP, IBM, and DEC platforms. Their MoOLIT 5.1 product includes full Motif support for the traditional OLIT widgets not implemented in the USL version. This version of MoOLIT adds the Motif look and feel to legacy OPEN LOOK applications.

References

External links 

Motif FAQ: (338) How can I convert my OLIT programs to the Motif look & feel?

Widget toolkits
Unix programming tools
FIRE. FIRE or F.I.R.E. may stand for:

 FIRE economy, a segment of the stock market: Finance, Insurance, Real Estate
 FIRE movement, a lifestyle movement: Financial Independence, Retire Early
 Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), a rare form of epilepsy
 Fellowship of Independent Reformed Evangelicals, a network of Reformed Baptist churches
 Flyby of Io with Repeat Encounters, a proposed spacecraft mission to Jupiter's moon Io
 Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (formerly Foundation for Individual Rights in Education), an American civil liberties and free speech organization
 Fully Integrated Robotised Engine, a series of engines produced by Fiat
 Future Internet Research and Experimentation, a program funded by the European Union
 FIRE (Maltese band), a rock band founded in 1998
 F.I.R.E., a 1991 shoot-em-up game developed by the Slovakian company Ultrasoft
 F.I.R.E. (Free Inspiring Rising Elements), a Hmong and Lao performance group with May Lee-Yang
 "F-I-R-E", a 2013 single by the American Christian group Press Play
 Future in Reverse (FIRE), a performance group founded by composer Huang Ruo
 Future Investors in Real Estate (F.I.R.E.), a student organization at Suffolk College of Arts and Sciences in Boston, Massachusetts, US

See also
Fire (disambiguation)
Open architecture. Open architecture is a type of computer architecture or software architecture intended to make adding, upgrading, and swapping components with other computers easy. For example, the IBM PC, Amiga 2000 and Apple IIe have an open architecture supporting plug-in cards, whereas the Apple IIc computer has a closed architecture. Open architecture systems may use a standardized system bus such as S-100, PCI or ISA or they may incorporate a proprietary bus standard such as that used on the Apple II, with up to a dozen slots that allow multiple hardware manufacturers to produce add-ons, and for the user to freely install them. By contrast, closed architectures, if they are expandable at all, have one or two "expansion ports" using a proprietary connector design that may require a license fee from the manufacturer, or enhancements may only be installable by technicians with specialized tools or training.

Computer platforms may include systems with both open and closed architectures. The Mac mini and Compact Macintosh are closed; the Macintosh II and Power Mac G5 are open. Most desktop PCs are open architecture.

Similarly, an open software architecture is one in which additional software modules can be added to the basic framework provided by the architecture. Open APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) to major software products are the way in which the basic functionality of such products can be modified or extended. The Google APIs are examples. A second type of open software architecture consists of the messages that can flow between computer systems. These messages have a standard structure that can be modified or extended per agreements between the computer systems. An example is IBM's Distributed Data Management Architecture.

Open architecture allows potential users to see inside all or parts of the architecture without any proprietary constraints. Typically, an open architecture publishes all or parts of its architecture that the developer or integrator wants to share. The open business processes involved with an open architecture may require some license agreements between entities sharing the architecture information. Open architectures have been successfully implemented in many diverse fields, including the U.S. Navy.

See also
 Open network architecture for equal-access requirements in telecommunications
 Open-source software for software that can be modified and rebuilt
 Open-source hardware
 Open platform
 Open standard

References 

Computer architecture
Software architecture
 
Open-source hardware
German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation. The German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (, BFU) is the German federal agency responsible for air accident and incident investigation. 

The purpose of BFU is to find out the causes of air accidents and incidents and how they can be prevented. The BFU facility is located in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony. The agency is subordinate to the Federal Ministry of Transport.

West Germany joined the Convention on International Civil Aviation including the standards and recommended practices on aircraft accident and incident investigation (Annex 13) in 1956. Initially subordinate to the neighbouring Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (Federal Aviation Office), the Bureau of Aviation Accident Investigation according to a recommendation by the International Civil Aviation Organization in 1980 was put under the direct authority of the Federal Ministry of Transport. The BFU was formally established as an upper-level federal agency in 1998.

See also

Aviation accidents and incidents
Aviation safety
Federal Authority for Railway Accident Investigation
Federal Bureau for Maritime Casualty Investigation

References

External links 
 BFU website

Aviation organisations based in Germany
Organizations investigating aviation accidents and incidents
Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation
Organisations based in Braunschweig
German federal agencies
1998 establishments in Germany
Organizations established in 1998
PPE. PPE may refer to:

Medicine, science and technology
 Personal protective equipment, against injury or infection
 Palmoplantar erythema, peeling of skin from the palms
 Perturbed physics ensemble, or perturbed parameter ensemble, climate ensembles in climate change research
 Polyphenyl ether, a class of polymers
 Poly(p-phenylene oxide), a high-temperature thermoplastic
 Power and Propulsion Element, a solar electric Lunar Gateway space station module
 Premium Platform Electric, a modular car platform
 Pruritic papular eruption of HIV disease
 Preparticipation physical evaluation, a physical examination of an athlete

Computing
 Power Processing Element, a PowerPC implementation
 PCBoard Program Executable, for the PCBoard BBS

Other uses
Philosophy, politics and economics, an academic programme
 Property, plant and equipment (PP&E) in accounting
 Mar de Cortés International Airport (IATA code), Mexico
 Permitted paid engagement, in the visa policy of the United Kingdom

See also
 European People's Party (EPP, French PPE)
 European People's Party group (EPP Group)
Grosch's law. Grosch's law is the following observation of computer performance, made by Herb Grosch in 1953:

I believe that there is a fundamental rule, which I modestly call Grosch's law, giving added economy only as the square root of the increase in speed — that is, to do a calculation ten times as cheaply you must do it hundred times as fast.

This adage is more commonly stated as

Computer performance increases as the square of the cost. If computer A costs twice as much as computer B, you should expect computer A to be four times as fast as computer B.

Two years before Grosch's statement, Seymour Cray was quoted in Business Week (August 1963) expressing this very same thought:
Computers should obey a square law — when the price doubles, you should get at least four times as much speed.

The law can also be interpreted as meaning that computers present economies of scale: the more costly is the computer, the price–performance ratio linearly becomes better. This implies that low-cost computers cannot compete in the market.

An analysis of rental cost/performance data for computers between 1951 and 1963 by Kenneth E. Knight found that Grosch's law held for commercial and scientific operations (a modern analysis of the same data found that Grosch's law only applied to commercial operations).  In a separate study, Knight found that Grosch's law did not apply to computers between 1963-1967 (also confirmed by the aforementioned modern analysis).

Debates 
Paul Strassmann asserted in 1997, that "it was never clear whether Grosch's Law was a reflection of how IBM priced its computers or whether it related to actual costs. It provided the rationale that a bigger computer is always better. The IBM sales force used Grosch's rationale to persuade organizations to acquire more computing capacity than they needed. Grosch's Law also became the justification for offering time-sharing services from big data centers as a substitute for distributed computing." Grosch himself has stated that the law was more useful in the 1960s and 1970s than it is today.  He originally intended the law to be a "means for pricing computing services".

See also
Metcalfe's law
Moore's law

References

Adages
Computer architecture statements
Pico (programming language). Pico is a programming language developed at the Software Languages Lab at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, intended to be simple, powerful, extensible, and easy to read. The language was created to introduce the essentials of programming to non-computer science students.

Pico can be seen as an effort to generate a palatable and enjoyable language for people who do not want to study hard for the elegance and power of a language. They have done it by adapting Scheme's semantics.

While designing Pico, the Software Languages Lab was inspired by the Abelson and Sussman's book "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs". Furthermore, they were influenced by the teaching of programming at high school or academic level.

Pico should be interpreted as 'small', the idea was to create a small language for educational purposes.

Language elements 
De Meuter, Gonzalez, and D'Hondt describe the Pico syntax as being "two-tiered." The first layer consists of simple rules for writing small programs in a functional programming style.

Comments 
Comments are surrounded by backquotes ("`").

Variables 
Variables are dynamically typed; Pico uses static scope.
 var: value

Functions 
Functions, like everything in Pico, are first-class objects, meaning they can be assigned to variables and passed to and returned from functions. Also, there are no anonymous functions in Pico; functions must have a name. For example, a function, func, with two parameters, param1 and param2, can be defined as:
 func(param1, param2): ...

Functions can be called with the following syntax:
 func(arg1, arg2)

Operators 
Operators can be used as prefix or infix in Pico:
 +(5, 2)
 5 + 2

Data types 
Pico has the following types: string, integer, real and tables.

It does not have a native char type, so users should resort to size 1 strings.

Tables are compound data structures that may contain any of the regular data types.

Boolean types are represented by functions (as in lambda calculus).

Control structures

Conditional evaluation 
Only the usual if statement is included
 if(condition, then, else)

Code snippets 
 display('Hello World', eoln)

 max(a, b):
  if(a < b, b, a)

 `http://www.paulgraham.com/accgen.html`
 foo(n): fun(i): n := n+i

Implementations

Mac OS, Mac OS X 
MacPico
XPico

Windows 
WinPico This version is buggy
WinPico stable

Linux 
TextPico for Linux

Cross-platform 
sPico for DrScheme

References

External links 

Software Languages Lab
Department of Computer Science at VUB
VUB
The Infogroep Pico page

1997 software
Programming languages created in 1997
Programming languages
Functional languages
Educational programming languages
Academic programming languages
Dynamically typed programming languages
Lisp programming language family
Subplot. In fiction, a subplot or side story is a strand of the plot that is a supporting side story for any story or for the main plot. Subplots may connect to main plots, in either time and place or thematic significance. Subplots often involve supporting characters, those besides the protagonist or antagonist. Subplots may also intertwine with the main plot at some point in a story. 

An example of a subplot interacting with a main plot can be found in the TV series Mr. Robot (season 1). One of the main plots followed the hacker ring known as F-society, led by Elliot Alderson, where they intended to perform a massive hack against the conglomerate Evil Corp; they were executing this hack through a partnership with another hack-ring known as The Dark Army. A subplot emerged around the character development of Elliot's childhood friend and love interest Angela Moss where she evolved from a brow-beaten assistant at cybersecurity firm Allsafe into a powerbroker at Evil Corp through first leading a massive lawsuit against them. During an early point of this subplot, Angela Moss is blackmailed by The Dark Army into installing spyware (surveillance malware) into an Allsafe computer (the cybersecurity firm responsible for protecting Evil Corp). The result of her action in this subplot ended up affecting the main plot when F-society was ready to initiate the hack against Evil Corp. The Dark Army decided to back out from participating in the hack because of information they learned as a result of Angela Moss installing the spyware. Without The Dark Army's support, F-society was unable to initiate the hack and had to realign their strategy, thus introducing a new obstacle in the main plot that had to be overcome. Throughout the story, her subplot repeatedly affected this main plot. 

Subplots are distinguished from the main plot by taking up less of the action, having fewer significant events occur, with less impact on the "world" of the work, and occurring to less important characters.

In screenwriting, a subplot is referred to as a "B story" while the main plot point can be referred to as the "A story".

References 

Fiction
Plot (narrative)
Narratology