omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GE U36C. The GE U36C is a 3600 hp diesel-electric locomotive model built by GE Transportation Systems.

The length of the locomotive was , standard for U30C, U33C, U34CH, U36C, U36CG, C30-7 and C36-7.  The U36C also had steel capped pistons.

218 units were produced between October 1971 and February 1975 for railroads in the United States and Mexico. A further 20 units of model U36CG (the passenger service variant of the U36C) were built for use in Mexico.

Rebuilds
Between 1985 and 1987 Santa Fe's Cleburne shops rebuilt 70 U36Cs #8700-8769 into C30-7 standards and were reclassified as SF30Cs. As of 2022, Unit 9501 has been donated to the Arizona State Railroad Museum.

Original Owners

References

External links

 Sarberenyi, Robert. GE U34CH, U36C, and U36CG Original Owners.

U36C
C-C locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1971
Fission fragment reactor. Similar to how the fission-fragment rocket produces thrust, a fission fragment reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates electricity by decelerating an ion beam of fission byproducts instead of using nuclear reactions to generate heat. By doing so, it bypasses the Carnot cycle and can achieve efficiencies of up to 90% instead of 40-45% attainable by efficient turbine-driven thermal reactors. The fission fragment ion beam would be passed through a magnetohydrodynamic generator to produce electricity.

Fission fragment reactor designs generally have several common components. The reactor chamber contains a high surface area nuclear fuel to both facilitate direct emission of fission fragments and assist in cooling the fuel. Generally, if fuels subject to criticality are used instead of those that naturally decay (as in a nuclear battery), a moderator is typically involved as well. A magnetic mirror induced by an axial magnetic field typically collates the fragments into a beam that can then be decelerated to generate power. The rate the particles decelerate at depends on their energy; as a consequence, the deceleration process also can help provide isotopic separation as an automatic reprocessing stage.  The potential could exist for conventional nuclear waste to be processed via the use of fission fragment reactors .

An earlier design by scientists at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory involved the concept of coating fine carbon wires with fissionable fuel. While this had a high surface area, it proved not enough to radiate the heat absorbed during the reactions, so their design was modified to rotate long wires through the core, giving them time to cool.

A later design by Rodney A. Clark and Robert B. Sheldon involves the use of a dusty plasma of electrostatically suspended fuel nanoparticles in the core. This increases the surface area enough to allow for effective radiative cooling. As the particles naturally ionize as fission occurs, electrostatic suspension is a simple process.

Direct energy conversion
In the early 2000s, research was undertaken by Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory, The University of Florida, Texas A&M University and General Atomics to use direct conversion to extract energy from fission reactions. Essentially, attempting  to extract energy from the linear motion of charged particles coming off a fission reaction.

References

Nuclear reactors
Richard E. Gray. Richard Eben Gray (March 11, 1945 – November 8, 1982) was a Naval aviator for the United States Navy, and latterly a research test pilot. He was born in Newport News, Virginia. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from San Jose State University in 1969 on a scholarship from the Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP), of which his father, William E. Gray, had been a member. Gray himself became a member of SETP in the mid-1970s and served on the SETP Board of Directors as Southwest Section Technical Adviser in 1981/1982.

He joined the United States Navy in July 1969 and earned his wings in January 1971. He was assigned to fly F-4 Phantoms at Naval Air Station Miramar, and in 1972 he flew 48 combat missions in F-4s in Vietnam while assigned to VF-111 aboard the USS Coral Sea. After making a second cruise in 1973, Gray was assigned to Air Test and Evaluation Squadron Four (VX-4) at NAS Pt. Mugu, as a project pilot on various operational test and evaluation programs. He served as chief test director for the AIM-7F Sparrow in 1975–76 before being assigned as an F-14A project pilot on the Air Combat Evaluation/Intercept Missile Evaluation (ACEVAL/AIMVAL) program. He was also the chief test director for the operational test and evaluation of the television sight unit and the dual-seat visual-target-acquisition system in the F-14A. In 1978 he was assigned back to VF-111 at NAS Miramar as an F-14A pilot.

Later in 1978 he became an aerospace research pilot at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Whilst at the Johnson Space Center he was chief project pilot on the WB-57F high-altitude research project and served as the prime television chase pilot on the T-38 for the landing portion of the Space Shuttle orbital flight tests performed by the Space Shuttle Enterprise.

In November 1981 he became a research test pilot at NASA's Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility (as Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California, was called from 1981 to 1994). There, he was a pilot on the F-14 Aileron Rudder Interconnect project, the NASA AD-1 Oblique wing research aircraft, and the F-8 Digital Fly-By-Wire project. He also flew the F-104, T-37, and F-15 airplanes.

On November 8, 1982, he was fatally injured in a T-37B jet aircraft while making a proficiency flight, the aircraft crashing after entering a spin.

References

NASA bio info
NASA bio info

1945 births
1982 deaths
Accidental deaths in California
American test pilots
Aviators from Virginia
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
NASA people
San Jose State University alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1982
Lippmann electrometer. A Lippmann electrometer is a device for detecting small rushes of electric current and was invented by Gabriel Lippmann in 1873.
The device consists of a tube which is thick on one end and very thin on the other. The thin end is designed to act as a capillary tube. The tube is half-filled with mercury with a small amount of dilute sulfuric acid above the mercury in the capillary tube. Metal wires are connected at the thick end into the mercury and at the thin end into the sulfuric acid.

When the pulse of electricity arrives it changes the surface tension of the mercury and allows it to leap up a short distance in the capillary tube. This device was used in the first practical ECG machine which was invented by Augustus Desiré Waller.

See also
 Electrocapillarity

References

Electrophysiology
Measuring instruments
Breaking capacity. Breaking capacity or interrupting rating is the current that a fuse, circuit breaker, or other electrical apparatus is able to interrupt without being destroyed or causing an electric arc with unacceptable duration. The prospective short-circuit current that can occur under short circuit conditions should not exceed the rated breaking capacity of the apparatus, otherwise breaking of the current cannot be guaranteed. The current breaking capacity corresponds to a certain voltage, so an electrical apparatus may have more than one breaking capacity current, according to the actual operating voltage. Breaking current may be stated in terms of the total current or just in terms of the alternating-current (symmetrical) component. Since the time of opening of a fuse or switch is not coordinated with the reversal of the alternating current, in some circuits the total current may be offset and can be larger than the alternating current component by itself. A device may have different interrupting ratings for alternating and direct current.

Choosing breaking capacity
Calculation of the required breaking capacity involves determining the supply impedance and voltage. Supply impedance is calculated from the impedance of the elements making up the supply system. Customers of an electrical supply utility can request the maximum value of prospective short-circuit current available at their point of supply. Networks involving multiple sources of current, such as multiple generators, electric motors, and with variable interconnections may be analyzed with a computer. A system study will generally consider the maximum case of additions of generation and interconnection out to some projected horizon year, to allow for system growth during the useful life of the studied installation. Since practical calculations involve a number of approximations and estimates, some judgment is required in applying the results of a short-circuit calculation to the selection of apparatus.
Making capacity i.e. maximum fault current , device can carry, if it is closed in to the fault should be considered.

Breaking capacities
Miniature circuit breakers and fuses may be rated to interrupt as little as 85 amperes and are intended for supplementary protection of equipment, not the primary protection of a building wiring system. In North American practice, approved general-purpose low-voltage fuses must interrupt at least 10,000 amperes. Types used in commercial and industrial low-voltage distribution systems are rated to safely interrupt 200,000 amperes.  The rating of power circuit breakers varies according to the application voltage; a circuit breaker that interrupts 50,000 amperes at 208 volts might be rated to interrupt only 10,000 amperes at 600 volts, for example. Direct-current systems such as are typical with batteries are more of a problem than alternating current systems, because in the latter current regularly crosses the zero-point, whereas DC current by definition does not.

References

Electrical engineering
Electrical wiring
Electrical safety
National Computer Camps. National Computer Camps are computer camps for children and teens founded in 1977 by Dr. Michael Zabinski. There are locations at Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut, where Dr. Zabinski is a professor of physics and engineering;  Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, Georgia;  and Baldwin Wallace University in Cleveland, Ohio.

The focus of NCC is 2D and 3D video game design, computer programming, digital video production, web page design, A+ and Network+ certification, Android App programming, and software applications including animation, Flash and Photoshop. An optional sports program is also available. Each week, all levels of programming are offered in Basic, C++, Java, assembler, HTML, XML, and JavaScript. Campers may attend one or multi-week sessions.

NCC was the first summer camp for children founded with a primary focus on computing.

References

External links
National Computer Camps Official Website

1977 establishments in Connecticut
Computing and society
Summer camps in the United States
Hawker Heron. The Hawker Heron was the first fighter aircraft designed at Hawker Aircraft with a basically metal structure. Sydney Camm was the chief designer that introduced what became the typical structure for all Hawker aircraft until the introduction of the jet-powered Hawker P.1040. This structure consisted of metal tubes (steel or aluminium) with their ends swaged so that they could be connected to each other by means of "fishplates" and bolts (sometimes with ferrules to protect the tubes).

Design
The design was produced in 1924 as a private venture version of the Hawker Woodcock fighter with the wooden structure of the Woodcock replaced by a mainly metal structure, but as the design developed, the use of a metal structure resulted in an entirely new aircraft.

The Heron was a single bay biplane with a metal structure as described above and fabric covered. It was powered by a 455 hp (339 kW) Bristol Jupiter VI engine driving a two-bladed wooden propeller. (A metal propeller was also flown but showed no improvement of performance). There was provision for two .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns.

The Air Ministry issued Specification 25/24 to Hawker for a single-seat high-speed fighter landplane and a prototype was ordered for evaluation. The first flight of the prototype, serial number J6989, flown by P.S.W. Bulman was made in 1925. Despite being heavier than the similar powered Woodcock, it was  faster and was praised by the pilots that flew it for its excellent handling properties. Due to little interest from the Air Ministry, only one aircraft was built and it was returned to Hawker after testing.

Specifications

See also

References

External links
 A photograph of a Hawker Heron
 A picture of the Hawker Heron J6989

1920s British fighter aircraft
Heron
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Lock convoy. In computer science, a lock convoy is a performance problem that can occur when using locks for concurrency control in a multithreaded application.

A lock convoy occurs when multiple threads of equal priority contend repeatedly for the same lock. Unlike deadlock and livelock situations, the threads in a lock convoy do progress; however, each time a thread attempts to acquire the lock and fails, it relinquishes the remainder of its scheduling quantum and forces a context switch.  The overhead of repeated context switches and underutilization of scheduling quanta degrade overall performance.

A lock convoy behaves similarly to car convoys ("wide moving jam") forming and dissipating on highways suffering traffic congestion: when more cars drive on the road than the road can sustain, one car eventually has to stop. Cars coming right after it will also stop one after the other; this forms the convoy. Then when the first cars in the convoy can move again, new cars are still stopping at the rear of the convoy. While the cars at the front of the convoy can make progress, all the cars in the convoy have to wait in queue before being able to make progress again.

Lock convoys often occur when concurrency control primitives such as locks serialize access to a commonly used resource, such as a memory heap or a thread pool.  They can sometimes be addressed by using non-locking alternatives such as lock-free algorithms or by altering the relative priorities of the contending threads.

See also 

 Thundering herd problem

References

Concurrency control
Radio frequency power transmission. Radio frequency power transmission is the transmission of the output power of a transmitter to an antenna. When the antenna is not situated close to the transmitter, special transmission lines are required.

The most common type of transmission line for this purpose is large-diameter coaxial cable. At high-power transmitters, cage lines are used. Cage lines are a kind of overhead line similar in construction to coaxial cables. The interior conductor is held by insulators mounted on a circular device in the middle. On the circular device, there are wires for the other pole of the line.

Cage lines are used at high-power transmitters in Europe, like longwave transmitter Topolna, longwave-transmitter Solec Kujawski and some other high-power transmitters for long-, medium- and shortwave.

For UHF and VHF, Goubau lines are sometimes used. They consist of an insulated single wire mounted on insulators. On a Goubau line, the wave travels as longitudinal currents surrounded by transverse EM fields. For microwaves, waveguides are used.

References

External links 
 Cage lines of Solec Kujawski transmitter
 Cage lines of longwave transmitter Topolna (second image) (third image)

Cables
Power cables
Radio technology
Addington Railway Workshops. The Addington Railway Workshops was a major railway workshops established in the Christchurch suburb of Addington in 1877 by the Public Works Department, and transferred in 1880 to the newly formed New Zealand Railways Department (NZR). The workshops closed in 1990.

History 
Addington Railway Workshops were opened in 1877 to overhaul and construct railway equipment, and to assemble locomotives being imported from England. In 1889, the workshops were responsible for building the first locomotive to be built by NZR, W 192, and continued to build locomotives up to the early 1920s. As well as railway work, Addington also undertook contract work such as the manufacture of gold dredge components; during the First World War, the workshops produced military equipment including aeroplane components.

During the 1920s, Addington was re-geared to manufacture and overhaul rolling stock, although it continued to carry out limited overhauls on steam locomotives and the EC and EO class electric locomotives. Limited locomotive construction resumed in 1962 with the construction of the DSC class centre-cab shunting locomotives. Addington also assembled the Mitsubishi DSA and DSB class diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives in 1967-68 and four of the five Toshiba DSJ class centre-cab shunters in 1984.

Due to the rationalisation of the New Zealand Railways Corporation following deregulation in 1981, Addington Workshops closed on 14 December 1990. The site was cleared with the exception of the former water tower; due to changes in freight handling the Main North Line was realigned across the former works entrance, while a new Christchurch Railway Station was opened on this site along the realigned stretch of track on 5 April 1993, replacing the former Christchurch railway station on Moorhouse Avenue in central Christchurch.

The remainder of the site was sold to Ngāi Tahu for redevelopment as a shopping centre, named Tower Junction after the former workshops water tower. The Addington Water Tower is registered with Heritage New Zealand as a Category I heritage building, registration number 5390.

Locomotive classes built at Addington
 A (8) 
 AB (38)
 B (6)
 BA (10) 
 DSC
 DSJ
 ED (2) 
 FA 
 U 
 W (2) 
 WA 
 WAB (2) 
 WF (10)
 X (18)

See also
 
 New Zealand Railways Department

References

Citations

Bibliography

  
Addington Railway Workshops: Working with Wood by Keith G. Brown (2009, New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society,  (Brown was a tradesman carpenter there from 1949 to 1987)

External links

 Railways of New Zealand - Addington
 A new engine (1906) at the Addington Workshops 
 Photo of Wood Wagon Workshop c1934

Defunct railway workshops
Railway workshops in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Christchurch
Rail transport in Christchurch
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in the Canterbury Region
Ryan Church (concept artist). Ryan Church (born July 18, 1971 in Long Beach, California) is an American concept designer best known for his designs of vehicles, planets, and architectures as a concept design supervisor on George Lucas's Attack of the Clones, Revenge of the Sith, and of the tripods in Steven Spielberg's War of the Worlds.

He worked on James Cameron's Avatar (2009) and is responsible for the updated design of the USS Enterprise in J. J. Abrams's Star Trek films  as well as the design of the Stealth Helicopters in Zero Dark Thirty (2012) and the Ship of the Imagination in Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (2014) presented by Neil deGrasse Tyson. 

Church returned to the Star Wars franchise in 2013 as a concept artist for The Force Awakens, Rogue One and The Rise of Skywalker. He is also a concept supervisor on the television series The Mandalorian, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and Ahsoka.

Church graduated with honors in Transportation Design with emphasis on Entertainment Design at Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California.

Filmography
 Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) (concept design supervisor)
 Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) (concept design supervisor)
 War of the Worlds (2005) (creature designer)
 Transformers (2007) (concept artist)
 Outlander (2008) (concept artist)
 Star Trek (2009) (concept designer)
 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) (concept artist)
 Avatar (2009) (concept artist)
 Super 8 (2011) (concept artist)
 Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) (concept artist)
 John Carter (2012) (concept artist / visual effects art director)
 Zero Dark Thirty (2012) (concept designer)
 Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) (concept designer)
 Godzilla (2014) (concept artist)
 Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (2014) (designer: Ship of the Imagination)
 Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) (visual effects art director)
 Tomorrowland (2015) (concept artist)
 Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) (concept artist)
 Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016) (concept artist)
 Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) (visual effects art director)
 The Mandalorian (2019-2022) (concept supervisor)
 Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) (concept artist)
 The Book of Boba Fett (2021) (concept supervisor)
  Pinocchio (2022) (concept artist)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (2022) (concept artist)
 Obi-Wan Kenobi (2022) (concept supervisor)
 Ahsoka (2023) (concept supervisor)

Video games
 The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth II (2006) (cinematic painter)
 Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars (2007) (concept artist) 
 Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 (2008) (additional art) 
 Dead Space (2008) (concept artist: art)
 Star Citizen (TBA): (concept artist)

References

External links 
 
 
 
 

1971 births
American designers
Living people
People from Long Beach, California
ArtCenter College of Design alumni