omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lithium burning. Lithium burning is a nucleosynthetic process in which lithium is depleted in a star. Lithium is generally present in brown dwarfs and not in older low-mass stars. Stars, which by definition must achieve the high temperature (2.5 × 106 K) necessary for fusing hydrogen, rapidly deplete their lithium.

Lithium-7
Burning of the most abundant isotope of lithium, lithium-7, occurs by a collision of lithium-7 and a proton producing beryllium-8, which promptly decays into two helium-4 nuclei. The temperature necessary for this reaction is just below the temperature necessary for hydrogen fusion. Convection in low-mass stars ensures that lithium in the whole volume of the star is depleted. Therefore, the presence of the lithium line in a candidate brown dwarf's spectrum is a strong indicator that it is indeed substellar.

Lithium-6
From a study of lithium abundances in 53 T Tauri stars, it has been found that lithium depletion varies strongly with size, suggesting that lithium burning by the P-P chain, during the last highly convective and unstable stages during the pre–main sequence later phase of the Hayashi contraction may be one of the main sources of energy for T Tauri stars. Rapid rotation tends to improve mixing and increase the transport of lithium into deeper layers where it is destroyed. T Tauri stars generally increase their rotation rates as they age, through contraction and spin-up, as they conserve angular momentum. This causes an increased rate of lithium loss with age. Lithium burning will also increase with higher temperatures and mass, and will last for at most a little over 100 million years.

The P-P chain for lithium burning is as follows

{| border="0"
|- style="height:2em;"
|   || +  ||   || →  ||  ||  ||   ||   ||  
|- style="height:2em;"
|   ||    ||   ||   ||   || +  || → ||  || + 
|- style="height:2em;"
|   || +  ||   || →  ||   ||  ||   ||   ||  
|- style="height:2em;"
|   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || →   2×  ||   || + energy
|}

It will not occur in stars less than sixty times the mass of Jupiter.  In this way, the rate of lithium depletion can be used to calculate the age of the star.

Lithium test
The use of lithium to distinguish candidate brown dwarfs from low-mass stars is commonly referred to as the lithium test. Heavier stars like the Sun can retain lithium in their outer atmospheres, which never get hot enough for lithium depletion, but those are distinguishable from brown dwarfs by their size. Brown dwarfs at the high end of their mass range (60–75 MJ) can be hot enough to deplete their lithium when they are young. Dwarfs of mass greater than 65 MJ can burn off their lithium by the time they are half a billion years old; thus, this test is not perfect.

See also 

 Cosmological lithium problem
 Dilithium
 Halo nucleus
 Isotopes of lithium
 Lithium

References

Nuclear fusion
Lithium
Crop coefficient. Crop coefficients are properties of plants used in predicting evapotranspiration (ET).  The most basic crop coefficient, Kc, is simply the ratio of ET observed for the crop studied over that observed for the well calibrated reference crop under the same conditions.

Potential evapotranspiration (PET), is the evaporation and transpiration that potentially could occur if a field of the crop had an ideal unlimited water supply.  RET is the reference ET often denoted as ET0.

Even in agricultural crops, where ideal conditions are approximated as much as is practical, plants are not always growing (and therefore transpiring) at their theoretical potential.  Plants have growth stages and states of health induced by a variety of environmental conditions.

RET usually represents the PET of the reference crop's most active growth.  Kc then becomes a function or series of values specific to the crop of interest through its growing season.  These can be quite elaborate in the case of certain maize varieties, but tend to use a trapezoidal or leaf area index (LAI) curve for common crop or vegetation canopies.

Stress coefficients, Ks, account for diminished ET due to specific stress factors.  These are often assumed to combine by multiplication.

Water stress is the most ubiquitous stress factor, often denoted as Kw.  Stress coefficients tend to be functions ranging between 0 and 1.  The simplest are linear, but thresholds are appropriate for some toxicity responses.  Crop coefficients can exceed 1 when the crop evapotranspiration exceeds that of RET.

References

 
 Stannard, D.I., Gannett, M.W., Polette, D.J., Cameron, J.M., Waibel, M.S., and Spears, J.M., 2013, Evapotranspiration from marsh and open-water sites at Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2008–2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5014, 66 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5014

Plant physiology
Hydrology
Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum. The Valiant Air Command, Inc. Warbird Museum (VAC) is located at the Space Coast Regional Airport in Brevard County, just south of Titusville, Florida. The VAC contains vintage aircraft and a  hangar with a restoration area. The VAC also has a Memorabilia Hall with flight gear, dress uniforms, weapons and artifacts. The collection includes fixed and rotary wing aircraft from World War I to the present. The flagship aircraft of the museum is a Douglas C-47 Skytrain called "TICO Belle" which returned to flying status in July 2009 after the aircraft was involved in an accident.

History
The museum began raising money as part of a four phase plan for expansion in 2021.

Following an accident a year prior, the museum was forced to sell its damaged TBM Avenger in March 2022.

Aircraft on display

Aircraft on display

 Beechcraft RU-21A Ute
 Beechcraft T-34C Turbo Mentor
 Bell H-13 Sioux
 Bell UH-1 Iroquois
 de Havilland DH.82A Tiger Moth
 English Electric Canberra TT.18
 Douglas TA-4J Skyhawk
 Douglas C-47A Skytrain – Airworthy
 Douglas SBD Dauntless
 Epps 1907 Monoplane – Replica
 General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon
 Grumman F-11F Tiger
 Grumman A-6 Intruder
 Grumman FM Wildcat
 Grumman F9F-5 Panther
 Grumman F-14A Tomcat
 Grumman OV-1C Mohawk
 Grumman S-2F Tracker
 Learjet 23
 Lockheed T-33
 Ling-Temco-Vought A-7A Corsair II
 McDonnell Douglas F-4J Phantom II
 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
 McDonnell F-101B Voodoo
 McDonnell F-101 Voodoo
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
 Nord Noralpha
 North American B-25 Mitchell
 North American F-86 Sabre
 North American F-100D Super Sabre
 North American T-2C Buckeye
 North American SNJ-5 Texan
 North American XP-82 Twin Mustang – On loan
 Piper L-4J Grasshopper
 Republic F-105 Thunderchief
 Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw
 Sikorsky MH-53E Sea Dragon - On loan
 Northrop F-5E Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration
 Stearman PT-17
 Stewart S-51D Mustang – 3/4 scale replica
 Stinson L-5 Sentinel
 Vought F-8K Crusader

Aircraft under restoration

Restoration to static display
 Cessna O-2 Skymaster
 Fouga CM.170 Magister
 Grumman F-11 Tiger - To be Displayed at California Science Center

Restoration to airworthy

See also
List of aerospace museums

References

Further reading

External links

 

Aerospace museums in Florida
Buildings and structures in Titusville, Florida
Military and war museums in Florida
Museums in Brevard County, Florida
Museums established in 1977
1977 establishments in Florida
Network loudspeaker. A conventional loudspeaker is an electromechanical transducer that converts an electrical signal into sound.  If locally powered, this can also be termed an active loudspeaker, meaning it contains an audio power amplifier that drives the loudspeaker. A network loudspeaker implies the ability to send audio to such a device from a network connection, usually over an Ethernet network or the Internet. In many cases this type of speaker also contains digital signal processing (DSP) to provide the audio crossover and other tonal functions that exist in conventional speakers.  Network speakers are also known as IP speakers. In many cases the IP speaker is created from an IP audio endpoint — a device with the requisite network connection and ability to process audio packets, but without the actual physical speaker portion — that provides amplified audio to a conventional loudspeaker or unamplified audio (i.e. line-out) to an amplified speaker or system.

History 
Network audio was first introduced in 1983 by John Detreville and W. David Sincoskie of Bell Labs in the IEEE paper "A Distributed Experimental Communications System". Subsequently, in 1988, Polle T. Zellweger, Douglas B. Terry and Daniel C. Swinehart of Xerox PARC introduced audio over Ethernet at the 2nd IEEE Conference in a paper entitled "An Overview of the Etherphone System and its Applications". The very closely related technology (nearly synonymous), Voice over IP (VoIP), which generally consists at a minimum of a microphone on one end, a speaker on the other end, with a network connecting them; began widespread use in 1998 with PCs, followed shortly after by dedicated hardware (phones with built-in VoIP capabilities). Subsequently, the first Squeezebox, using networked audio, was released in 2001 and Philips released its IP audio device also in 2001, the FW-i1000. Countless IP audio devices have since proliferated into most major audio markets.

Designs 

The audio content played by the processor in an IP speaker is communicated from its source across a packet-switched data network using IPv4 and IPv6 addressing with a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).  The IP Speaker connects to Unicast or Multicast addresses to enable the delivery of streamed data from a source on the network, to arrive at a single speaker or many speakers respectively.

See also 
Audio over IP

References 

Loudspeakers
Audio network protocols
Network appliances
Equinox (OSGi). In computing, Equinox is a sub-project of the Eclipse project that provides a certified implementation of the OSGi R4.x core framework specification. It is a module runtime that allows developers to implement an application as a set of "bundles" using the common services infrastructure.

Equinox began as a project to replace the original Eclipse plug-in runtime in version 3.0 of Eclipse. It was further developed to meet the needs of the Eclipse community. The adaptations were made into the OSGi specification process, with many being incorporated in the R4 release of the OSGi framework specification. Since then, Equinox has been the reference implementation for the OSGi framework specification.

See also
Knopflerfish
Apache Felix
Concierge OSGi

References

External links 
OSGi development with Eclipse Equinox - Tutorial
 Equinox project home page
 OSGi R4 core framework specification
 Explore Eclipse's OSGi console by Chris Aniszczyk

Eclipse technology
Eclipse software
Vickers Type 163. The Vickers Type 163 was a prototype British biplane bomber design of the 1930s, built by Vickers-Armstrong.

It was based on the Vickers Vanox (Vickers "Type 150") scaled up to take four engines in paired mountings. It was submitted both as a bomber and as a troop carrier to Air Ministry specifications B.19/27 and C.16/28 respectively, first flying on 12 January 1931.
Only one was produced.

Specifications (Type 163)

References

 Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994. .
 Vickers 163 – British Aircraft Directory

1920s British bomber aircraft
Type 163
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Biplanes
Four-engined push-pull aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Solution Deployment Descriptor. Solution Deployment Descriptor (SDD) is a standard XML-based schema defining a standardized way to express software installation characteristics required for lifecycle management in a multi-platform environment.

The SDD defines schema for two XML document types: Package Descriptors and Deployment Descriptors. Package Descriptors define characteristics of a package used to deploy a solution. Deployment Descriptors define characteristics of the content of a solution package, including the requirements that are relevant for creation, configuration, and maintenance of the solution content.

See also
OASIS (organization) (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards)

External links
OASIS SDD Page.
Solution Deployment Descriptor (SDD), Part 1: An emerging standard for deployment artifacts

XML-based standards
Flight Guard. Flight Guard is an Elta Systems Ltd's brand name for a family of airborne systems for protecting civilian aircraft against man-portable air-defense systems.

Description
Elta's Flight Guard is a missile detection and avoidance system that is installed on more than 200 military aircraft and helicopters as well as on several VIP commercial aircraft, and has been also installed in aircraft of the El Al, Arkia and Israir fleets that fly to high risk destinations.
 
In September 2003, a year after an attempt was made to shoot down an Arkia Israel Airlines Boeing 757 in Mombasa, Kenya in 2002, the Israeli Ministry of Transportation selected Elta Systems to perform advanced flight tests of Flight Guard for protecting its commercial aircraft. Part of the funding was used to obtain certification of the system by Israel's Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).

The system chosen comprised a radar-based missile approach warning system (MAWS) and countermeasure dispensing system. The system was chosen since it is specifically designed to defend low-flying aircraft against MANPADs, such as those utilized in the attack in Kenya. The automated system uses doppler radar to detect incoming missiles, before firing IMI-designed civilian flares as decoys against incoming infrared-homed missiles. It was planned that the production flares used would be invisible to the human eye.

Controversy
The system has proved controversial, with both Switzerland and the FAA in the US raising fire hazard safety concerns. The Swiss have stated that any aircraft with the system installed will be grounded, despite uncovering a plot to down an El Al aircraft in that country; other European countries have indicated that they might follow suit.

Future development
Although Flight Guard was approved by the Israeli CAA and several other countries, the Israel authority decided to buy a laser-based jamming system called Multi-Spectral Infrared Countermeasure (MUSIC) which began development in 2008, that does not use flares. As of Nov 2009, few commercial aircraft have anti-aircraft missile protection systems, and these rely on flares as the countermeasure.

See also
 CAMPS
 Common Infrared Countermeasures program
 Northrop Grumman Guardian
 AN/ALQ-144 - Infrared guided missile countermeasure system
 Directional Infrared Counter Measures
 2002 Mombasa attacks - attack was co-ordinated with the shootdown attempt.
 List of airliner shootdown incidents

References

External links

 Flight Guard (Photographs and technical specifications)

Missile countermeasures
EL M 2160
Weapons countermeasures
Jean-Jacques Archambault. Jean-Jacques Archambault (March 21, 1919 – December 23, 2001) was a Quebec engineer. He worked at Hydro-Québec and is known for his work on the 735kV electric transmission technology in the early 1960s.

735-kV transmission line
Shortly after being hired as a planner at Hydro-Québec he showed interest in the possibility of 735 kV transmission.  With the highest operational voltage elsewhere being 525 kV
many American specialists affirmed that a 735-kV line was impossible to develop, but the Commission hydroélectrique de Québec approved his idea and launched a project to install a transmission line between Montreal and the Manicouagan-Outardes complex. The 735-kV technology was put in service on 29 November 1965, and described as the technological innovation of the 20th century for Quebec by the Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec.

The Eastern Canada Council of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers gives out the Jean-Jacques Archambault Award of Merit in his honour, An amphitheatre in the Hydro-Québec Building in Montreal is also named for him.

In 2005, Hydro-Québec received an IEEE Milestone award for the technology.

See also
Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system

References

2001 deaths
Canadian electrical engineers
Hydro-Québec
1919 births
No. 230 Operational Conversion Unit RAF. No. 230 Operational Conversion Unit (OCU) was first created on 15 March 1947 at RAF Lindholme, by re-designation of No. 1653 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF, to convert crews onto the Avro Lancaster, Avro Lincoln and de Havilland Mosquito bombers. This unit was disbanded on 15 August 1952 to become the Reserve Training Squadron RAF. Re-formed again at RAF Upwood, from the Lincoln Conversion Flight RAF, 230 OCU trained Lincoln bomber crews until disbanded on 1 February 1955, reverting to Lincoln Conversion Flight.

Re-formed yet again on 31 May 1956 at RAF Waddington, 230 OCU thereafter trained crews for the Avro Vulcan, moving to RAF Finningley in 1961 and to RAF Scampton in 1969, remaining there until it was disbanded in 1981.

See also
List of conversion units of the Royal Air Force

References

Citations

Bibliography

Conversion units of the Royal Air Force
Sven Erik Jørgensen. Sven Erik Jørgensen (29 August 1934 – 5 March 2016) was an ecologist and chemist from Denmark.

Biography 

Also a well known biathlon person.

Academic degrees and honors 
In 1958, he was awarded Master of Science in chemical engineering from the Technical University of Denmark, then Doctor of Environmental Engineerin (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) and Doctor of Science in ecological modelling (University of Copenhagen). He taught courses in ecological modelling in 32 countries. After his retirement, he became professor emeritus in environmental chemistry at the University of Copenhagen.

He was an honourable doctor at Coimbra University, Portugal and at University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
He received several awards: Ruđer Bošković award, Prigogine Prize, Blaise Pascal Medal, Einstein professorship at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Santa Chiara Prize for multidisciplinary teaching. In 2004, together with William J. Mitsch, he was awarded the Stockholm Water Prize.

Works 
In 1975 he founded a journal, Ecological Modelling, and in 1978 he founded ISEM, the International Society of Ecological Modelling.

He published 366 papers of which 275 were in peer-reviewed international journals, and edited or authored 76 books, of which several have been translated into other languages (Chinese, Russian, Spanish, and Portuguese).

In 2011, he authored a textbook in ecological modeling “Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling”, which was published as a fourth edition together with Brian D. Fath of the Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University. It has been translated into Chinese and Russian (third edition).  He was co-editor in chief of the "Encyclopedia of Ecology" published in 2008, and of the "Encyclopedia of Environmental Management" published during December 2012. He co-authored the textbook “Introduction to Systems Ecology,  published in English in 2012 and in Chinese in 2013.

He was the editorial board member of 18 international journals in the fields of ecology and environmental management. He was the president of ISEM and was elected to the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, for which he was chairman of the Section for Environmental Sciences.

Personal life 
He married in 1970 and had one son.  Jørgensen died during 2016 in Copenhagen.

Awards 
Stockholm Water Prize, 2004 for the pioneering development and global dissemination of ecological models of lakes and wetlands, widely applied as effective tools in sustainable water resource management by the University of Copenhagen School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Dermank.

See also

References

External links

Sven Erik Jørgensen's Web page

1934 births
2016 deaths
Technical University of Denmark alumni
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
University of Copenhagen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen
University of Dar es Salaam
Danish ecologists
Thermodynamicists
Systems ecologists
Psychrometric constant. The psychrometric constant  relates the partial pressure of water in air to the air temperature.  This lets one interpolate actual vapor pressure from paired dry and wet thermometer bulb temperature  readings.

 psychrometric constant [kPa °C−1],

 P = atmospheric pressure [kPa],

 latent heat of water vaporization, 2.45 [MJ kg−1],

 specific heat of air at constant pressure, [MJ kg−1 °C−1],

 ratio molecular weight of water vapor/dry air = 0.622.

Both  and  are constants.
Since atmospheric pressure, P,  depends upon altitude, so does .
At higher altitude water evaporates and boils at lower temperature.

Although  is constant, varied air composition results in varied .

Thus on average, at a given location or altitude, the psychrometric constant is approximately constant.  Still, it is worth remembering that weather impacts both atmospheric pressure and composition.

Vapor Pressure Estimation 
Saturated vapor pressure, 
Actual vapor pressure,   

 here e[T]  is vapor pressure as a function of temperature, T.
Tdew = the dewpoint temperature at which water condenses.
Twet = the temperature of a wet thermometer bulb from which water can evaporate to air.
Tdry = the temperature of a dry thermometer bulb in air.

References

Chemical properties
Gas laws
Chemical engineering thermodynamics
Physical chemistry
Gases
Underwater diving physics
Turbine (disambiguation). A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow.

Turbine may also refer to:

In software
Turbine, Inc., a software company
Apache Turbine, a rapid development web application framework

Ships
Turbine-class destroyer, a class of Italian warships mainly used during World War II 
Italian destroyer Turbine, a World War I destroyer of the Nembo class

Other uses
TURBINE (US government project)
Turbine, Ontario
1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, a women's football team in Potsdam, Germany
Mohamed Tabarsi, a character nicknamed Turbine in the Japanese Shaman King manga series
Turbine interchange, a road interchange between two freeways
Sunday Tribune, a defunct Irish newspaper, informally called the Turbine
Turbine (album), a 1994 album by The Walk
Turbines (album), a 2013 album by Tunng
A former roller coaster at Walibi Belgium
Michael Orshansky. Michael Orshansky is an American researcher in integrated circuit design, and has been Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin since 2003. He received his undergraduate education and  Ph.D. at the UC Berkeley.

His research interests include statistical CAD algorithms for design for manufacturability, robust circuit design in the presence of process variability, low-power circuit design, modeling and characterization of semiconductor devices.

He is a recipient of the 2004 National Science Foundation Early Career Development Award (CAREER award), the 2004 IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing Best Paper Award, the Best Paper Award at the 2005 Design Automation Conference and the annual SIGDA Outstanding New Faculty Award.

Works
(With Sani Nassifand Duane Boning) (2007) "Design for Manufacturability and Statistical Design: A Constructive Approach", Springer,

References

Living people
University of Texas at Austin faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American computer scientists