omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Iron(II) carbonate. Iron(II) carbonate, or ferrous carbonate, is a chemical compound with formula , that occurs naturally as the mineral siderite.  At ordinary ambient temperatures, it is a green-brown ionic solid consisting of iron(II) cations  and carbonate anions .  The compound crystallizes in the same motif as calcium carbonate.  In this motif, the carbonate dianion is nearly planar.  Its three oxygen atoms each bind to two Fe(II) centers, such that the Fe has an octahedral coordination geometry.

Preparation
Ferrous carbonate can be prepared by reacting solution of the two ions, such as iron(II) chloride and sodium carbonate:

  +  →  + 2

Ferrous carbonate can be prepared also from solutions of an iron(II) salt, such as iron(II) perchlorate, with sodium bicarbonate, releasing carbon dioxide:

 ()2 + 2 →  + 2 +  + 

Sel and others used this reaction (but with  instead of ()2) at 0.2 M to prepare amorphous .

Care must be taken to exclude oxygen  from the solutions, because the  ion is easily oxidized to , especially at pH above 6.0.

Ferrous carbonate also forms directly on steel or iron surfaces exposed to solutions of carbon dioxide, forming an "iron carbonate" scale:

  +  +  →  +

Properties

The dependency of the solubility in water with temperature was determined by Wei Sun and others to be

where T is the absolute temperature in kelvins, and I is the ionic strength of the liquid.

Iron carbonate decomposes at about .

Uses
Ferrous carbonate has been used as an iron dietary supplement to treat anemia. It is noted to have very poor bioavailability in cats and dogs.

Toxicity

Ferrous carbonate is slightly toxic; the probable oral lethal dose is between 0.5 and 5 g/kg  (between 35 and 350 g for a 70 kg person).

Iron(III) carbonate
Unlike iron(II) carbonate, iron(III) carbonate has not been isolated. Attempts to produce iron(III) carbonate by the reaction of aqueous ferric ions and carbonate ions result in the production of iron(III) oxide with the release of carbon dioxide or bicarbonate.

References

Iron(II) compounds
Carbonates
Graphical Modeling Framework. The Graphical Modeling Framework (GMF) is a framework within the Eclipse platform. It provides a generative component and runtime infrastructure for developing graphical editors based on the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) and Graphical Editing Framework (GEF). The project aims to provide these components, in addition to exemplary tools for select domain models which illustrate its capabilities.

GMF was first released as part of the Eclipse 3.2 Callisto release in June 2006.

See also
Connected Data Objects (CDO), a free implementation of a Distributed Shared Model on top of EMF
Model-driven architecture
Generic Eclipse Modeling System (GEMS)
Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF)
List of EMF based software
ATL (A Model Transformation Language)
Service-Oriented Modeling Framework (SOMF)

References

External links
 GMF project page

Diagramming software
Text editor features
Eclipse (software)
Thermal treatment. Thermal treatment is any waste treatment technology that involves high temperatures in the processing of the waste feedstock. Commonly this involves the combustion of waste materials.

Systems that are generally considered to be thermal treatment include:

Cement kiln
Gasification
Incineration
Mechanical heat treatment
Pyrolysis
Thermal depolymerization
Waste autoclaves

See also
Anaerobic digestion
List of solid waste treatment technologies
Mechanical biological treatment
Waste-to-energy
Pyrolysis

References

 
Waste management
Waste treatment technology
Gersdorffite. Gersdorffite or Nickel glance (trivial name) is a nickel arsenic sulfide mineral with formula NiAsS. It crystallizes in the isometric system showing diploidal symmetry. It occurs as euhedral to massive opaque, metallic grey-black to silver white forms. Gersdorffite belongs to a solid solution series with cobaltite, CoAsS. Antimony freely substitutes also leading to ullmannite, NiSbS. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 5.9 to 6.33.

Gersdorffite has three crystallisation forms: Gersdorffite-P213 (NiAsS), Gersdorffite-Pa3 (Ni(As,S)2) and Gersdorffite-Pca21 (NiAsS). Gersdorffite occurs as a hydrothermal vein mineral along with other nickel sulfides. Associated minerals include nickeline, nickel-skutterudite, cobaltite, ullmannite, maucherite, löllingite, platinum-group minerals, millerite, pyrite, marcasite, and chalcopyrite.

Gersdorffite was first described in 1843 and named in 1845 for Johann von Gersdorff (1781–1849), owner of the nickel mine at Schladming, Austria the type locality.

References

 Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana's system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, pp. 298–300
Webmineral data
Mindat with location data
Mineral Data Publishing PDF
 

Sulfosalt minerals
Nickel minerals
Arsenic minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 29
Cubic minerals
Glances
Minerals in space group 198
Minerals in space group 205
Minerals described in 1845
Dynamic testing. In software development, dynamic testing (or dynamic analysis) is examining the runtime response from a software system to particular input (test case). 

Tests can be run manually or via automation. 

Unit testing, integration testing, System testing and acceptance testing are forms of dynamic testing.

In contrast to static testing, the software must runnable.

Evaluation 

Proponents cite that dynamic testing:

 can identify weak areas in the runtime environment
 supports application analysis even when the tester cannot access the source code
 can identify vulnerabilities that are difficult to find via static testing
 can verify the correctness of static testing results

Critics cite that:

 Automated tools may give the wrong security, such as check everything
 Automated tools can generate false positives and negatives
 Dynamic testing is hard to track down the vulnerabilities in the code, and it takes longer to fix the problem, therefore, fixing bugs is expensive

See also

 Dynamic load testing
 Dynamic program analysis
 Time partition testing, a model-based testing methodology for the reactive test of dynamical or control systems.
 Daikon, a dynamic invariant generator.

References 

 G.J. Myers, The Art of Software Testing, John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, 1979.

External links 

 Dynamic software testing of MPI applications with umpire

Software testing
Software development
Software development process
Ethylene propylene rubber. Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR, sometimes called EPM referring to an ASTM standard)  is a type of synthetic elastomer that is closely related to EPDM rubber. Since introduction in the 1960s, annual production has increased to 870,000 metric tons.  
 EPR is used in electrical cable insulation, and in many flexible rubber goods such as hoses or weatherstripping.

Properties
EPM is considered a valuable elastomer due to its useful chemical and physical properties; it is resistant to heat, oxidation, ozone and the weather (owing to its stable, saturated backbone) and it is also not susceptible to color loss. As a non-polar compound, EPM is an electrical insulator and it is insoluble in many polar solvents, both protic and aprotic. Amorphous forms of EPM are flexible at low temperatures (with glass transition points around -60 °C). Via selection of certain sulfur compounds EPM can remain heat resistant up to 130 °C and up to 160 °C with peroxide curing. These two tables contain some of the main properties of EPM.

Polymer properties

Uses
EPM has a large number of uses due to the many ways in which the polymer can be designed, for example; it is used in automotive weather-stripping and seals, self-amalgamating tape, glass run channels, radiators, garden and appliance hoses, tubing, belts, roofing membranes, expansion joints, rubber mechanical goods, plastic impact modification, thermoplastic vulcanisates and motor oil additive applications.
EPM is even more prevalent as an insulator for high-voltage cables (usually referred as HEPR - Hard grade Ethylene Propylene Rubber) since it has improved insulative characteristics over more traditional cables, such as cross-linked polyethylene, enabling a smaller cross sectional area for the same load carrying capacity. The cable is flexible and suited to applications where regular cable movement is required such as in the mining industry.

Producers
Major producers and suppliers of EPM include Crompton Corporation, Exxon-Mobil, Dupont, Herdillia, Kumho Polychem, LANXESS, Mitsui Chemicals, ENI Versalis  and Sumitomo Chemical.

Manufacture
EPM manufacture uses the same monomers as polyethene and polypropene, the ethylene and propylene monomers are randomly combined to yield a rubbery, stable polymer. By varying the monomer ratios and method by which the monomers are combined different forms of EPM can be formed (with a wide range of Mooney viscosities); ranging from amorphous to semi-crystalline. A third, non-conjugated diene monomer can be terpolymerized in a controlled manner to maintain an unsaturated backbone ready for vulcanization or polymer modification.

See also
Francis P. Baldwin received the 1979 Charles Goodyear Medal for the many patents he held for these developments.

References

Rubber
Clive Spong. Clive Spong is an English illustrator of The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry. He illustrated the books written by Christopher Awdry published since 1983.

Books

Really Useful Engines
James and the Diesel Engines
Great Little Engines
More About Thomas the Tank Engine
Gordon the High-Speed Engine
Toby, Trucks and Trouble
Thomas and the Twins
Jock the New Engine
Thomas and the Great Railway Show
Thomas Comes Home
Henry and the Express
Wilbert the Forest Engine
Thomas and the Fat Controller's Engines
New Little Engine
Thomas and Victoria
Thomas and His Friends

History

Spong is a graduate of Leicester College of Art, like John T. Kenney and Clarence Reginald Dalby, who were among the earlier illustrators of the Railway Series books. He remained the illustrator throughout the run of Christopher Awdry's 14 books, illustrating more titles in the series than any other artist. 
 
Spong was one of the first illustrators to break Wilbert's golden rule about engines having no faces outside of Sodor – he did this in book 32 of the series, Toby, Trucks and Trouble – depicting Toby and his brother with faces whilst outside Sodor; in book 35, Thomas and the Great Railway Show – depicting National Collection engines such as Mallard, Duchess of Hamilton, Green Arrow and Iron Duke (complete with a mustache) with faces; and in book 38, Wilbert the Forest Engine – depicting Sixteen with a face when on his railway outside of Sodor. He also illustrated pop-up books including Henry and the Elephant from Troublesome Engines.

Railway Series spinoffs

Spong illustrated pop-up books and the spin-offs, Thomas's Christmas Party, Thomas and the Evil Diesel, Thomas and the Missing Christmas Tree, and also The Rev. W. Awdry's extended rewrite of Thomas Comes to Breakfast. Some of his character illustrations were used to depict characters in The Island of Sodor: Its People, History and Railways

My Thomas Story Library
Clive Spong did the illustrations for the My Thomas Story Library book BoCo, along with Jerry Smith. This is the only non-Railway Series book he worked on.

References 

The Railway Series illustrators
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
FELICS. FELICS, which stands for Fast Efficient & Lossless Image Compression System, is a lossless image compression algorithm
that performs 5-times faster than the original lossless JPEG codec and achieves a similar compression ratio.

History
It was invented by Paul G. Howard and Jeffrey S. Vitter of the Department of Computer Science at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, USA, and was first presented at the 1993 IEEE Data Compression Conference in Snowbird, Utah.  It was successfully implemented in hardware and deployed as part of HiRISE on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

Principle

Like other lossless codecs for continuous-tone images, FELICS operates by decorrelating the image and encoding it with an entropy coder. The decorrelation is the context  where
 and  where  are the pixel's two nearest neighbors (causal, already coded and known at the decoder) used for providing the context to code the
present pixel .
Except at the top and left edges, these are the pixel above and the pixel to the left.
For example, the neighbors of pixel X in the diagram are A and B, but if X were at the left side, its neighbors would be B and D.

P lies within the closed interval [L, H] roughly half the time.
Otherwise, it is above H or below L. These can be encoded as 1, 01, and 00 respectively (p. 4).
The following figure shows the (idealized) histogram
of the pixels and their intensity values along the x-axis, and frequency of occurrence along the y-axis.

The distribution of P within the range [L, H] is nearly uniform with a minor peak near the center  of this range.
When P falls in the range [L, H], P − L is encoded using an adjusted binary code such that values in the center of the range use floor(log2(Δ + 1)) bits and values at the ends use ceil (log2(Δ + 1)) bits (p. 2).
For example, when Δ = 11, the codes for P − L in 0 to 11 may be 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 010, 011, 100, 101, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111.

Outside the range, P tends to follow a geometric distribution on each side (p. 3).
It is encoded using a Rice code with parameters chosen based on previous choices.
For each Δ and each possible Rice code parameter k, the algorithm keeps track of the total number of bits that would have been used to encode pixels outside the range.
Then for each pixel, it chooses the Rice code with the based on Δ at the pixel.

Improvements
FELICS improvements include methods for estimating Δ and estimating k.
For instance, Howard and Vitter's article recognizes that relatively flat areas (with small Δ, especially where L = H) may have some noise, and compression performance in these areas improves by widening the interval, increasing the effective Δ.
It is also possible to estimate the optimal k for a given Δ based on the mean of all prediction residues seen so far, which is faster and uses less memory than computing the number of bits used for each k.

See also
JPEG-LS
PNG
Exif - Exchangeable image file format
GIMP
Image compression
Image file formats
Comparison of graphics file formats

References 

Lossless compression algorithms
Lossy compression algorithms
Data compression
National Engineers Week (U.S.). Engineers Week is one of the largest STEM events of the year in the United States. It is the time to celebrate the amazing accomplishments of engineers, technicians, and technologists and to introduce K-12 students to engineering and technology. National Engineers Week is commemorated by United States federal agencies such as the National Park Service. 

5.5 million students are engaged in engineering every year by individual volunteers and educators, engineering and tech companies, universities, museums, libraries, and community organizations at events and activities throughout the US and around the world.

Themes 
Every September, DiscoverE (the organization that supports and sustains Engineers Week) releases the annual theme, logo, artwork, planning guides, social media graphics, and new engineering activities for use by the education and engineering community to engage students and celebrate engineers.

2025 Theme: "Design Your Future" 
The 2025 Engineers Week theme, “Design Your Future,” is both a call to action and a celebration of the limitless possibilities in engineering. It invites us to dream boldly, innovate relentlessly, and create a future shaped by our collective ingenuity.

History 
The celebration of National Engineers Week was started in 1951 by the National Society of Professional Engineers in conjunction with President George Washington's birthday. President Washington is considered as the nation's first engineer, notably for his survey work. Prior to the start of National Engineers Week, the University of Missouri College of Engineering began celebrating the world's first Engineers' Week in 1903, 48 years before the National Society of Professional Engineers, with St. Patrick as the patron saint of engineers.

The results of the Federal Engineer of the Year Award are announced during the week.

Dates
 2024 — February 18-24
 2025 — February 16-22
 2026 — February 22-28
 2027 — February 21-27
 2028 — February 20-26
 2029 — February 18-24
 2030 — February 17-23

References

External links
http://www.discovere.org/

Requests for additional specific dates
Network Engineer's day - Feb 20th.

February observances
Hammer tacker. A Hammer stapler is a tool used for securing a variety of thin plastic and paper sheet building materials against flat surfaces by tacking a staple using a high velocity slapping motion similar to that of swinging a hammer. Typically the shallower the staple, the better hold its grip on the surface is. 

Also known as a slap stapler or slapper, it is most commonly used for the application of housewrap as well as some paper building materials which is installed by slap stapling the material onto plywood sheathing prior to siding installation during residential and commercial new build construction. Another common use is for securing insulation batts in between studs and joists as opposed to using insulation rods. It is also commonly used in the flooring industry for securing underlayment or underpadding beneath hard or soft flooring surfaces such as carpet, vinyl plank, laminate, and hardwood.

Hammer staplers are somewhat similar to staple guns but without the need to squeeze a trigger in order to use the tool for its intended purpose.

See also
 Staple gun

Tools
David E. Goldberg. David Edward Goldberg (born September 26, 1953) is an American computer scientist, civil engineer, and former professor.  Until 2010, he was a professor in the department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering (IESE) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and was noted for his work in the field of genetic algorithms. He was the director of the Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL) and the co-founder & chief scientist of Nextumi, which later changed its name to ShareThis.  He is the author of Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning, one of the most cited books in computer science.

Early life and education 
David E. Goldberg received a Ph.D. in civil engineering in 1983 from the University of Michigan. His advisors were E. Benjamin Wylie and John Henry Holland. His students including Kalyanmoy Deb, Jeff Horn, and Hillol Kargupta.

In 2003 David Goldberg was appointed as the first holder of Jerry S. Dobrovolny Professorship in Entrepreneurial Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Publications 
 1983. Computer-aided gas pipeline operation using genetic algorithms and rule learning, Ph.D. thesis. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI.
 1989. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley.
 1991. Real-coded genetic algorithms, virtual alphabets, and blocking. Complex Systems 5, pp. 139–167.
 1995. Life Skills and Leadership for Engineers. McGraw Hill
 2002. The Design of Innovation: Lessons from and for Competent Genetic Algorithms. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
 2006. The Entrepreneurial Engineer. Wiley.
 2014. A Whole New Engineer, with Mark Somerville. ThreeJoy.

References

External links 
 Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory
 Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering
 Distributed Innovation and Scalable Collaboration in Uncertain Settings

1953 births
American computer scientists
20th-century American Jews
Living people
American theoretical computer scientists
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
21st-century American Jews
Institute of Information Technology, University of Dhaka. Institute of Information Technology, University of Dhaka (IIT, DU) is an educational institution aimed at developing efficient human resource in the field of information technology. IIT currently offers Bachelor of Science in Software Engineering (BSSE), Master of Science in Software Engineering (MSSE), Master's Degree in Information Technology (MIT) and Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology (PGDIT).

Establishment
In the annual session of June 2001, The Dhaka University Senate established the Institute of Information Technology (IIT) by converting the erstwhile Computer Center (established in 1985). The aim was to train skilled manpower in the field of information technology (IT) and to establish computer network in the university.

List of directors

References

External links 
 The Official Website of Institute of Information Technology, University of Dhaka
 Effects of Internship on Fresh Graduates: A case study on IIT, DU students.

University of Dhaka
Information technology schools
Information technology in Bangladesh
Information technology research institutes
Gilbert R. Blount. Gilbert Robert Blount (1819–1876) was born at Mapledurham, near Reading, on 2 March 1819, the second child and son of Michael Joseph Blount and his wife Catherine (née Wright). Blount was educated at Downside in Somerset, (from September 1834 until December 1836), and he began his professional training as a civil engineer with Isambard Kingdom Brunel, working on the construction of the Thames Tunnel (Rotherhythe to Wapping). He was the Superintendent of Construction in 1841 and, during one of the many floods, narrowly escaped drowning.

He then decided that civil engineering was not for him and so, in 1842, he became apprenticed to architect Anthony Salvin (1799-1881) in November 1842, whose office at the time was situated at 32 Somerset Street, London. Many biographical dictionaries state that Blount trained in the office of Sidney Smirke (drawing on Blount's RIBA obituary) but this is not the case. By 1849, Blount had moved to 1 Montague Place where he worked independently for relatives and Catholic friends - including engagement as architect to Cardinal Wiseman, the Catholic Archbishop of Westminster.

With a resurgence of Catholic church building in England, he worked on new churches throughout England and was greatly influenced by Pugin.

St Peter's Church, Gloucester is one Blount's most notable churches and dates from the middle part of his career. Built on the site of a 1790 chapel dedicated to St Peter ad Vincula, Blount designed it in the Decorated Gothic style. Construction started in 1860. In 1867, the tower, spire, and baptistery were added; also designed by Blount. The church was consecrated on 8 October 1868.

He was married to Sophia Margaret Blount and died 13 November 1876 at his home, 1 Montagu Place, Montagu Square, London. He was buried in the family vault at St James’ Church in Reading.

Works
 St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church, Mortlake, London (1852)
 St Ambrose Church, Kidderminster, Worcestershire (1858)
 St Peter's Church, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire (1858)
 St Peter's Church, Gloucester, Gloucestershire (1859–60, 1867–88)
 St Mary Magdalen's Church, Brighton, Sussex (1861–62)
 St Mary and St John's church, Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire (1864)
 St Anthony and St George's Church, Duncton, Sussex (1866)
 Our Lady Chapel, Swynnerton, Staffordshire (1868)
 Our Lady and St Catherine of Siena Church, London (1869–70)
 Church of Our Lady and St Catherine of Siena, Bow (1870)
 St Mary's Church, Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire (1873–74)
 Church of the Holy Child and St Joseph, Bedford, Bedfordshire (1874)

References

Gilbert R. Blount (1819–1876), Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania

1819 births
1876 deaths
19th-century English architects
Architects from Berkshire
Architects of Roman Catholic churches