omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Klimov VK-800. The Klimov VK-800 is a turboshaft engine of the fifth generation. It is designed to equip the Mi-54, Ansat and Ka-226 "Sergei" type helicopters. The VK-800V derivative was developed for the power units of helicopters of small and large load-carrying capacity, both in twin- and single-engine configuration. The engine parameters meet the requirements of the tested model of a centrifugal compressor and the single-stage un-cooled turbines. All this simplifies the engine design and reduces expenses for its manufacture and operation. Moreover, the enhanced characteristics of the main units of the engine provide its high efficiency.

History

This multipurpose engine core was disclosed at the Moscow 'Engines 98' exhibition. At that time test-bed running was said to be about to begin, but by 2004 development had been suspended, for lack of funds. Some literature gave the designation as VKS-800, the S highlighting participation by Motor Sich, which in 2000 described this engine as a joint effort. Despite a statement in 1998 that bench testing was "about to begin," a report dated 21 December 2001 stated that the two partners had "begun production of the first components". Flight tests of the VK-800V were then planned for late 2002, with certification scheduled for the end of 2003 but this schedule was not met. Klimov has spent the past several years simplifying the engine and, among other things, removing one of the original two centrifugal compressors. Whereas in 2000 the pressure ratio was given as 12, the OPR in 2005 had fallen to 8. By careful redesign of the compressor, and increase in rpm, the OPR has now been restored to 10. This is despite simplification of the turbine, with solid rotor blades. In 2004 Klimov described the programme as being "on hold".

In September of 2024, Vladimir Putin ordered the single-engine UZGA LMS-901 Baikal aircraft into serial production as the Antonov An-2’s intended replacement. The Klimov VK-800SM variant was selected as the sole available powerplant for the aircraft; however, certification of the engine was not expected until 2025, with engine deliveries not starting until 2026.  The VK-800 has also been named as the powerplant for the twin-engined LMS-192 Osvey, although manufacture of that aircraft is not expected until 2027.

Variants

 The VK-800S is a turboprop version of the VK-800 intended to be used on fixed-wing turboprop aircraft of about one tonne payload.
 The VK-800V is a turboshaft version dedicated to helicopters.

Specifications VK-800V

References

 Klimov VK-800 (Russian Federation), Aero-engines - Turboprop

External links

 Manufacturer's website

VK-800
1990s turboshaft engines
Consolidated XB2Y. The Consolidated XB2Y was an American prototype single-engined dive bomber of the 1930s. It was intended to meet a United States Navy requirement for a carrier-based dive bomber, but was unsuccessful, only a single example being built.

Design and development
In 1932, the United States Navy issued a specification for a two-seat carrier-based dive bomber capable of carrying a  bomb. Orders were placed for competing prototypes of designs to meet the Navy's requirement with Consolidated Aircraft and the Great Lakes Aircraft Company in June 1932.

Consolidated's proposal was the Model 24 (or XB2Y in the US Navy's designation system), a single-bay biplane developed from a basic design prepared by the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics with detailed design led by Consolidated's B Douglas Thomas, formerly Chief Designer of Thomas Morse Aircraft, which had become part of Consolidated Aircraft in 1929.

In order to withstand the high g-forces experienced during pullup after a dive attack, much of the aircraft's center-section was cut from a solid steel block. It was powered by a similar Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior air-cooled radial engine as used by the Great Lakes design, and had a fixed tailwheel undercarriage. The crew of two sat in tandem in separate cockpits, with the observer in the rear cockpit armed with a single flexibly mounted machine gun, and the pilot with a single fixed  synchronized machine gun firing through the aircraft's propeller arc. Its bombload was carried on a crutch under the fuselage that swung down to ensure the bomb would clear the propeller when dropped in a steep dive.

Operational history

The prototype XB2Y-1 (serial number 9221) was completed in 1933, being delivered on 28 June 1933. Testing was unsuccessful, with the aircraft's performance being unsatisfactory, while the aircraft also proved very expensive to build. The US Navy preferred the Great Lakes design, with 60 being ordered as BG-1s.

The XB2Y-1 was modified to a scout configuration, removing the bomb crutch. This allowed it to reach a height of , and it was used by NACA at Langley, Virginia for pilot view tests.

Specifications (XB2Y-1)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

Donald, David (editor). The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Leicester, UK:Blitz Editions, 1997. .
Swanborough, Gordon and Bowers, Peter M. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London:Putnam, Second edition 1976. .
"United States Navy Aircraft". Flight, 14 February 1935. pp. 178–179.
Wegg, John. General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors. London:Putnam, 1990. .

External links

Consolidated B2Y
B2Y
Carrier-based aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Petroleum production engineering. Petroleum production engineering is a subset of petroleum engineering.

Petroleum production engineers design and select subsurface equipment to produce oil and gas well fluids.  They often are degreed as petroleum engineers, although they may come from other technical disciplines (e.g., mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, physicist) and subsequently be trained by an oil and gas company.

Overview
Petroleum production engineers' responsibilities include:

 Evaluating inflow and outflow performance between the reservoir and the wellbore.
 Designing completion systems, including tubing selection, perforating, sand control, matrix stimulation, and hydraulic fracturing.
 Selecting artificial lift equipment, including sucker-rod lift (typically beam pumping), gas lift, electrical submersible pumps, subsurface hydraulic pumps, progressing-cavity pumps, and plunger lift.
 Selecting ( not design ) equipment for surface facilities that separate and measure the produced fluids (oil, natural gas, water, and impurities), prepare the oil and gas for transportation to market, and handle disposal of any water and impurities.
Note: Surface equipments are designed by Chemical engineers and Mechanical engineers according to data provided by the production engineers.

Suggested reading
Journal of Petroleum Technology, Society of Petroleum Engineers
Outflow should be defined as flow from the casing perforations to the surface facilities.

References

Petroleum engineering
Nigusil. Nigusil is a patented metal alloy created by Moto Guzzi for motorcycle cylinder liners.  The name is an acronym for Nickel-Guzzi-Silicon.

Moto Guzzi, having successfully created the first engine with a chromed cylinder lining, continued research to find a material that could replace chrome.  The research culminated with Nigusil, a nickel-silicon alloy applied to the cylinder through special procedures. This innovation allowed lower friction coefficient in the engine, significantly lower levels of mechanical parts wear, and considerable savings of lubricant. Treatment of cylinders through Nigusil was also used by many manufacturers, Maserati among them, and generally on racing engines.

Nigusil was introduced in 1979 on the 350 cc V35, then the V50 and 850T4. It was also used on the higher performance 850 cc 850 Le Mans II model. From engine 80390 (in Europe) in mid-1980, the Nigusil-plated bores introduced with the second series of the II engine allowed the use of lighter pistons and rings with closer tolerances. These ran cooler than the earlier engine, giving more consistent tolerances and reducing the engine's previously high oil consumption. Nigusil is often confused with Nikasil and some texts use the term interchangeably.

References 

Motorcycle technology
Nickel alloys
SuperMUC. SuperMUC was a supercomputer of the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. It was housed in the LRZ's data centre in Garching near Munich. It was decommissioned in January 2020, having been superseded by the more powerful SuperMUC-NG.

History 

SuperMUC (the suffix 'MUC' alludes to the IATA code of Munich's airport) is operated by the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, a European centre for supercomputing. In order to house its hardware, the infrastructure space of the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre was more than doubled in 2012. SuperMUC was the fastest European supercomputer when it entered operation in the summer of 2012 and in 2015 was ranked No. 20 in the Top500 list of the world's fastest supercomputers.
SuperMUC serves European researchers of many fields, including medicine, astrophysics, quantum chromodynamics, computational fluid dynamics, computational chemistry, life sciences, genome analysis and earth quake simulations.

Performance 
SuperMUC is an IBM iDataPlex system containing 19,252 Intel Xeon Sandy Bridge-EP and Westmere-EX multi-core processors (155,656 cores), for a peak performance of about 3PFLOPS (3×1015FLOPS). It has 340TB of main memory and 15PB of hard disk space. It uses a new form of cooling that IBM developed, called Aquasar, that uses hot water to cool the processors. IBM claims that this design saves 40percent of the energy normally needed to cool a comparable system.

SuperMUC is connected to powerful visualization systems, which consist of a large 4K stereoscopic powerwall as well as a five-sided CAVE artificial virtual reality environment.

References

External links 

 "System description of SuperMUC at the LRZ website"
 Rechnen und Heizen: Neuer Supercomputer für Garching  bei br-online.de, 13. Dezember 2010
 "PRACE Announces 'SuperMUC' System for LRZ"

IBM supercomputers
Petascale computers
Supercomputing in Europe
IDataPlex supercomputers
Law of conservation of complexity. The law of conservation of complexity, also known as Tesler's Law, or Waterbed Theory, is an adage in human–computer interaction stating that every application has an inherent amount of complexity that cannot be removed or hidden. Instead, it must be dealt with, either in product development or in user interaction. 

This poses the question of who should be exposed to the complexity. For example, should a software developer add complexity to the software code to make the  interaction simpler for the user or should the user deal with a complex interface so that the software code can be simple?


Background
While working for Xerox PARC in the mid-1980s, Larry Tesler realized that the way users interact with applications was just as important as the application itself. The book Designing for Interaction by Dan Saffer includes an interview with Larry Tesler that describes the law of conservation of complexity. The interview is popular among user experience and interaction designers.

Larry Tesler argues that, in most cases, an engineer should spend an extra week reducing the complexity of an application vis-à-vis making millions of users spend an extra minute using the program because of the extra complexity. However, Bruce Tognazzini proposes that people resist reductions to the amount of complexity in their lives. Thus, when an application is simplified, users begin attempting more complex tasks.

Applications
Possible applications of Tesler's Law:
Programming
Vehicles
Home appliances
Workplace equipment

References

External links
 http://www.nomodes.com

Human–computer interaction
Software engineering folklore
Software development philosophies
Helicopter dynamics. Helicopter dynamics is a field within aerospace engineering concerned with theoretical and practical aspects of helicopter flight. Its comprises helicopter aerodynamics, stability, control, structural dynamics, vibration, and aeroelastic and aeromechanical stability.

By studying the forces in helicopter flight, improved helicopter designs can be made, though due to the scale and speed of the dynamics, physical testing is non-trivial and expensive. In 2013, a combination of stereophotogrammetry and rigid-body correction in post processing was shown to be a valid tool for performing these studies, and the dynamics of a Robinson R44 helicopter were measured during hovering flight, to determine blade dynamics (e.g. harmonics) and the deflection profile.

See also
 Flight dynamics (aircraft)
 Disc loading
 Rotordynamics

References

Aerospace engineering
Helicopters
Music Technology Group. The Music Technology Group (MTG) is a research group of the Department of Information and Communication Technologies of the Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona. It was founded in 1994 by Xavier Serra, and it specializes in sound and music computing research.

Ongoing research

The MTG research is focused on sound and music computing; it develops basic disciplines such as signal processing, machine learning and human-computer interaction. It addresses application-oriented problems related to music. Current active topics include:

 Audio signal processing: focusing on spectral modeling for sound synthesis and transformations.
 Sound and Music description: focusing on semantic analysis and classification of audio signals.
 Musical and Advanced Interaction: focusing on table-top interfaces for musical creation and exploration.
 Sound and Music communities: focusing on social networking technologies for sound and music applications.

Educational activities

The MTG develops educational activities within the UPF and in collaboration with the ESMUC. Its researchers participate in several academic programs:

 PhD in Sound and Music Computing  at the UPF
 Master in Sound and Music Computing  at the UPF
 Master in Sonology, collaboration between UPF and ESMUC
 Bachelor's degree in Audiovisual Systems Engineering at the UPF
 Bachelor's degree in Computer Engineering  at the UPF
 Bachelor's degree in Sonology  at the ESMUC

See also
 Sound and music computing

References

Pompeu Fabra University
Music technology
Organizations established in 1994
1994 establishments in Spain
Emilian Bratu. Emilian Bratu (8 August 1904 – 31 March 1991) was a Romanian chemical engineer, founder of chemical engineering education in Romania. With the Austrian physical chemist Otto Redlich, he studied the dissociation constant of heavy water.

Life and work
Born in Bucharest, he studied at the Saint Sava, Gheorghe Lazăr, and Matei Basarab high schools and the National School of Bridges and Roads, the future Politehnica University of Bucharest. He then attended the Technical University of Vienna, specializing in physical chemistry and electrochemistry. Here he met Redlich, with whom he studied the properties of heavy water between 1932 and 1935.

Returning home he taught a course titled Processes and Devices in Chemical Industry, forerunner of chemical engineering courses in Romania.

Collaboration with Costin Nenițescu 
Emilian Bratu and Costin Nenițescu were two senior professors of the Faculty of Industrial Chemistry. The two scholars were good friends who have been deeply respected in the course of their life. Both of them, having German education, have early intuited the necessity of introducing in Romania the Chemical Engineering discipline for higher polytechnic education, starting from the favorable external prospects related to the development of the chemical industry based on national raw material reserves. They fought together to assert chemistry in Polytechnics, and largely thanks to their effort, in 1938 the "Industrial Chemistry" name for Polytechnics faculty was introduced.

Thus, in 1940–1950, Nenițescu supported Bratu's effort for establishing and consolidating of the Department of Processes and Apparatus in Bucharest, which later became the Department of Chemical Engineering, being the first such chair in the country and among the first in Europe. On the other hand, in the early 1950s, Bratu accepted  the request of Nenițescu to give a lecture on the progress of chemical engineering, especially in the field of application of chemical similarity in the chemical reactions. The lecture was given to the teaching staff and research collaborators in the field of Organic Chemistry. On the whole, the lecture was a rousing interest.

Notes

External links

 Chemical Engineering Department
 Romanian Academy
 Centenary

1904 births
1991 deaths
Engineers from Bucharest
Politehnica University of Bucharest alumni
Romanian chemical engineers
Titular members of the Romanian Academy
TU Wien alumni
Photo sculpture. A photo-sculpture is the reproduction of persons, animals, and things, in 3-dimensions by taking a series of photos in the round and using them as synchronized photo projections to create a sculpture. The process was invented and patented by French artist (painter, sculptor and photographer) François Willème in 1860. He took a series of photographs from around a subject and used them  to carve a likeness of the figure. Contemporary photo sculptures are obtained through a process of 3D scanning and 3D printing. The results are small statues that represent the portrayed entity.
 
Examples of photographic sculptures include the work of sculptural artist Gwon Osang and experimental artist Oliver Herring.

References

Additional sources
 Sobieszek, Robert A. 1980. "Sculpture as the Sum of Its Profiles: François Willème and Photosculpture in France, 1859-1868". The Art Bulletin. 62 (4): 617–630.
 Leticia Azcue Brea y Mario Fernández Albarés. "La Photoscultpture. Su desarrollo en la España de Isabel II (1860-1868) = Photosculpture. Its development in the Spain of Isabella II (1860-1868)". Academia: Boletín de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de san Fernando, Nº 116. Primer y segundo semestres de 2014, pp. 109–154, Madrid 2015, (es separata, español / inglés).

Photography
Sculpture

Sculptures by material
French inventions
Trichy Engineering College. Trichy Engineering College (TEC) is a College of Engineering located in Konalai, a village on the Tiruchirappalli to Chennai national highway, in Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 1998. It is affiliated with Anna University.  it offers five undergraduate courses.
It is one of the two colleges in Tiruchirappalli which has a department of Mechatronics. TEC was founded by Annai Santhiya Educational Health & Charitable Trust, Woraiyur, Tiruchirappalli with the permission of the Government of Tamil Nadu. The Trust, which is dedicated to the cause of promoting technical education as part of its philanthropic scheme, purchased 41.7 acres of land in Konalai Village and established the college.

The college was started by Mr. S. Subramaniam, Chairman, Mookambigai College of Engineering, who is also the Secretary of this college. Its main aim is to provide the best engineering education under a disciplined culture to the minority students of Tamil Nadu and the neighbouring states.

Affiliations
TEC is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and affiliated with Anna University of Technology, Tiruchirappalli. It was previously affiliated with Bharathidasan University.

Departments
The college has nine Departments:
Department of Computer Science and Engineering.
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Department of Mechatronics.
Department of Civil Engineering.
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science.

Facilities
TEC facilities include a library of nearly 25,000 books, separate hostels for boys and girls and a canteen inside the campus. Computer resources include nearly 500 computers.

References

External links
 

Private engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Education in Tiruchirappalli district
Educational institutions established in 1998
1998 establishments in Tamil Nadu
What Technology Wants. What Technology Wants is a 2010 nonfiction book by Kevin Kelly focused on technology as an extension of life.

Summary
The opening chapter of What Technology Wants, entitled "My Question", chronicles an early period in the author's life and conveys a sense of how he went from being a nomadic traveler with few possessions to a co-founder of Wired. The book invokes a giant force – the technium – which is "the greater, global, massively interconnected system of technology vibrating around us".

In November 2014, Kelly gave a SALT talk (Seminars About Long-term Thinking) for the Long Now Foundation titled "Technium Unbound", where he explained and expanded upon the ideas from his books What Technology Wants and Out of Control.

Criticism
Kelly's book has been criticized for espousing a teleological view of biological evolution that is rejected by some scientists, and for promoting a "bizarre neo-mystical progressivism" (by Jerry Coyne).

Editions
 Kevin Kelly. What Technology Wants. New York, Viking Press, October 14, 2010, hardcover, 416 pages. 
 Citia iOS iPad Edition, What Technology Wants, released May 2012 by Semi-Linear, Inc.

See also
 Out of Control
 Superorganism

References

External links
 What Technology Wants The Technium.
 Video: Kevin Kelly on what technology wants November 30, 2010, TEDx Amsterdam.

2010 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Penguin Books books
Technology books
Carbon Clear. Carbon Clear is a sustainability consultancy. Carbon Clear is a founding member of the International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance (ICROA).

Carbon Clear was acquired by EcoAct Group in 2017.

History
In 2005, sustainable energy expert Jamal Gore and entrepreneur Mark Chadwick created Carbon Clear. Since then the market for sustainability management services has grown in line with the need for private and public sector organisations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, in response to new climate change legislation and the imperative for voluntary action.

The company headquarters is in London, UK, and the company now operates offices in the United States, Spain, France and Turkey. It was recognised by the ENDS Report in 2008 as a Quality Offset Provider.

Services and products
Carbon Clear offers sustainability services including energy management, carbon footprint services, strategy and target setting and climate change risks and opportunities analysis. It develops its own carbon offset projects.

The company also offers consultancy services for organisations that must comply with legislation including the UK Government's CRC Energy Efficiency Legislation, the Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme, Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.

See also 
 Carbon neutrality
 Climate change
 Carbon offsets
 Carbon footprint

References 

Companies based in the London Borough of Camden
Climate change organisations based in the United Kingdom
Carbon finance
International sustainability organizations