omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pontis. Pontis is a software application developed to assist in managing highway bridges and other structures. Known as AASHTOWare Bridge Management since version 5.2, Pontis stores bridge inspection and inventory data based on the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) National Bridge Inventory system coding guidelines. In addition, the system stores condition data for each of a bridge's structural elements.

The system is designed to support the bridge inspection process, recommend a bridge preservation policy, predict future bridge conditions, and recommend projects to perform on one or more bridges to derive the most agency and user benefit from a specified budget. The system uses a Markovian Decision Process to model bridge deterioration and recommend an optimal preservation policy. It uses the Markovian model results, in conjunction with a simulation model, to predict future conditions and recommend work.

History
In 1991, the FHWA sponsored the development of a bridge management system called "Pontis" which is derived from the Latin pons, meaning bridge. The system is owned by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Many states began using Pontis when the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act required each state to implement a system.   it was licensed by AASHTO to over 45 U.S. state transportation departments and other organizations in the U.S. and other countries.

InspectTech belonging to Bentley Systems is the contractor for ongoing development and support of Pontis.  Previous Pontis developers included Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Optima, Inc., and the Michael Baker Corporation.

See also 

 Bridge management system
 Management system

References

Further reading
. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007.

External links
 Pontis webpage, for sales and support, at the InspectTech website.

Bridges
Lancia Lambda. The Lancia Lambda is an innovative automobile produced from 1922 through 1931. It was the first car to feature a load-bearing unitary body, (but without a stressed roof) and it also pioneered the use of an independent suspension (the front sliding pillar with coil springs). Vincenzo Lancia even invented a shock absorber for the car and it had excellent four wheel brakes. Approximately 11,200 Lambdas were produced.

Nine versions of the Lambda were built:

 1st series, produced 1923, 400 built.
 2nd series, produced between 1923 and 1924, 1,100 built. Minor modifications for engine.
 3rd series, produced 1924, 800 built. Engine modified.
 4th series, produced between 1924 and 1925, 850 built. Modified windscreen.
 5th series, produced 1925, 1,050 built. 4-speed gearbox.
 6th series, produced between 1925 and 1926, 1,300 built. Car is sold now with bare chassis and with two wheelbases.
 7th series, produced between 1926 and 1928, 3,100 built. New bigger engine.
 8th series, produced between 1928 and 1930, 3,903 built. Again bigger engine.
 9th series, produced 1931, 500 built. Last series sold only bare chassis.

Engines
The narrow-angle aluminium Lancia V4 engine was also notable. All three displacements shared the same long  stroke, and all were SOHC designs with a single camshaft serving both banks of cylinders. The first engine had a 13°  V angle, the second 14° and the third 13° 40'.

Gallery

References

Lancia by Michael Frostick, 1976.

External links

 Lancia Motor Club (UK)
 Lancia Lambda at Simeone Automotive Museum

Lambda
Cars introduced in 1922
1930s cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars discontinued in 1931
Isobutylene. Isobutylene (or 2-methylpropene) is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula . It is a four-carbon branched alkene (olefin), one of the four isomers of butylene.  It is a colorless flammable gas, and is of considerable industrial value.

Production
Polymer and chemical grade isobutylene is typically obtained by dehydrating tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) or catalytic dehydrogenation of isobutane (Catofin or similar processes). Gasoline additives methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), respectively, are produced by reacting methanol or ethanol with isobutylene contained in butene streams from olefin steam crackers or refineries, or with isobutylene from dehydrated TBA. Isobutylene is not isolated from the olefin or refinery butene stream before the reaction, as separating the ethers from the remaining butenes is simpler. Isobutylene can also be produced in high purities by "back-cracking" MTBE or ETBE at high temperatures and then separating the isobutylene by distillation from methanol.

Isobutylene is a byproduct in the ethenolysis of diisobutene to prepare neohexene:

(CH3)3C-CH=C(CH3)2 +  → (CH3)3C-CH= + (CH3)2C=

Uses
Isobutylene is used in the production of a variety of products. It is alkylated with butane to produce isooctane or dimerized to diisobutylene (DIB) and then hydrogenated to make isooctane, a fuel additive.  Isobutylene is also used in the production of methacrolein.  Polymerization of isobutylene produces butyl rubber (polyisobutylene or PIB).  Antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are produced by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of phenols with isobutylene.

tert-Butylamine is produced commercially by amination of isobutylene using zeolite catalysts:

Applications are found in the calibration of photoionization detectors.

Safety
Isobutylene is a highly flammable gas.

See also
Butyl rubber
Polythene
Polybutene
Perfluoroisobutene

References

External links

Alkenes
Rock Structure Rating. Rock Structure Rating (RSR) is a quantitative method for describing quality of a rock mass and appropriate ground support, in particular, for steel-rib support, developed by Wickham, Tiedemann and Skinner.

The RSR concept introduced a rating system for rock masses. It was the sum of weighted values in this classification system. There are considered two general categories: 
geotechnical parameters:
rock type; joint pattern; joint orientations; type of discontinuities; major faults; shears and folds; rock material properties; weathering or alteration.  and 
construction parameters: 
size of tunnel; direction of drive; method of excavation.

The RSR value of any tunnel section is obtained by summing the weighted numerical values determined for each parameter.  The RSR concept is a very useful method for selecting steel rib support for rock tunnels. As with any empirical approach one should not apply the concept beyond the range of the sufficient and reliable data used for developing it. For this reason the RSR concept is not recommended for selection of rock bolts and concrete support.

See also 
 Core recovery parameters
 Hoek-Brown failure criterion
 Rock mass classification

References

Further reading

Rock mass classification
Tunnel construction
Size Strength classification. In geology, size strength classification is a two-parameter rock classification based on the strength of intact rock and the spacing of discontinuities in the rock mass. It was developed by Louis and Franklin (1970–75). 

The size-strength approach to rock mass characterisation has been found helpful in various mining and civil engineering applications. 

The concept of block size is analogous to that of grain size but on macroscopic scale. The rock is considered as a conglomerate of discrete intact blocks bounded by joints. The behaviour of this conglomerate depends on the size and strength of a typical block.

Block size is defined as the average diameter of a typical rock block in the unit to be classified. On the surface block size is measured by observing exposed rock surface. Underground block size is measured from drill cores. The intact strength of the rock material may be estimated by using a rock hammer.

Rock mass classification
M.R. (automobile). M.R. was a microcar model built in 1945 by Industria Aeronautică Română in Braşov, Romania.

History
Developed by Radu Manicatide, M.R. featured a RR layout with an , 2-cylinder engine and had an aerodynamic/convertible design. Another model, a three-wheeler with an air-cooled engine, as made in 1957. Neither model made it into production.

References

Cars introduced in 1945
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Rear-engined vehicles
Cars of Romania
Cars discontinued in 1945
Malaxa (car). The Malaxa was a car designed and built in 1945 in Romania, as the national machine industry had to convert its wartime output to civilian items. This model was designed by a team headed by engineer Petre I. Carp, of "Nicolae Malaxa Studies Society". Few prototypes were built in various aircraft factories in Romania (IAR Brașov, ASAM Cotroceni etc.), with the financial support of Nicolae Malaxa – hence the car's nickname.

The final number of cars produced in Romania is unclear. The production was stopped when the Soviets decided to move the production line in the Soviet Union, allegedly after a high-ranking official from Moscow had a ride with the car in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Description

Malaxa had an air-cooled 3-cylinder 2-strokes rear radial engine, rear wheel drive (RR layout), and was capable of developing 30-35 bhp. The top speed was 105-120 km/h and the gas mileage was 10 L/100 km.

The gearbox had four speeds with auto-blocking special differential and hydraulic gear stick.

The chassis was tubular. Wheels had a dual hydraulic and rubber suspension. The body had a steel tubes skeleton, covered with steel, aluminum and wood panels. It was fixed on the chassis through four "saddles" and had a special vertical stabilizer. 

Malaxa offered a high level of comfort, and could carry five persons with four suitcases in all.

Further developments

The producers intended to adapt the model for a small, 1-ton truck and a small 20 bhp two-seated car intended for middle-class families, who would have cost approximately 100000 lei of 1938.

References

Bibliography

  Primul automobil românesc in "România aeriană", XX, nr. 1 from January 1946, p. 25.
  Brebenel A., Vochin D., Din istoria automobilului, 2nd edition, Editura Sport-Turism, București, 1976.

Cars introduced in 1945
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Rear-engined vehicles
Radial engines
Cars of Romania
Cars discontinued in 1945
Bud Tribble. Guy L. "Bud" Tribble is a software technologist known for his work on the original Apple Macintosh.

Work
Tribble was a member of the original Apple Macintosh design team. He served as manager of the software development team, and helped to design the classic Mac OS and its user interface. He was among the founders of NeXT, Inc., serving as NeXT's vice president of software development. Tribble is one of the industry's top experts in software design and object-oriented programming.

Tribble's career includes time at Sun Microsystems and Eazel. At Eazel, he was vice president of Engineering leading development of next generation user interface software and Internet services for Linux computers. Tribble was also chief technology officer for the Sun-Netscape Alliance, responsible for guiding Internet and e-commerce software R&D. Tribble earned a BA degree in physics at the University of California, San Diego, and an MD and PhD in biophysics and physiology at the University of Washington in Seattle.

As of 2016, Tribble is one of three "policy czars" at Apple (along with Jane Horvath and Erik Neuenschwander) who spends a significant amount of time on privacy. Any collection of Apple customer data requires sign-off from a committee of the three privacy czars and a top executive, according to four former employees of Apple who worked on a variety of products that went through privacy vetting.

See also
Outline of Apple Inc. (personnel)
History of Apple Inc.

References

External links
 Reality Distortion Field, Feb 1981, at MacIntosh folklore.org
 Macintosh's Other Designers, Aug 1984, Byte magazine

American computer scientists
Living people
University of Washington alumni
University of California, San Diego alumni
Apple Inc. employees
Year of birth missing (living people)
American chief technology officers
NeXT people
Media Dispatch Protocol. The Media Dispatch Protocol (MDP) was developed by the Pro-MPEG Media Dispatch Group to provide an open standard for secure, automated, and tapeless delivery of audio, video and associated data files. Such files typically range from low-resolution content for the web to HDTV and high-resolution digital intermediate files for cinema production.

MDP is essentially a middleware protocol that decouples the technical details of how delivery occurs from the business logic that requires delivery. For example, a TV post-production company might have a contract to deliver a programme to a broadcaster.  An MDP agent allows users be able to deal with company and programme names, rather than with filenames and network endpoints. It can also provide a delivery service as part of a service oriented architecture.

MDP acts as a communication layer between business logic and low-level file transfer mechanisms, providing a way to securely communicate and negotiate transfer-specific metadata about file packages, delivery routing, deadlines, and security information, and to manage and coordinate file transfers in progress, whilst hooking all this information to project, company and job identifiers.

MDP works by implementing a 'dispatch transaction' layer by which means agents negotiate and agree the details of the individual file transfers required for the delivery, and control, monitor and report on the progress of the transfers. At the heart of the protocol is the 'Manifest' - an XML document that encapsulates the information about the transaction.

MDP is based on existing open technologies such as XML, HTTP and TLS. The protocol is specified in a layered way to allow the adoption of new technologies (e.g. Web Services protocols such as SOAP and WSDL) as required.

Since early 2005, multiple implementations based on draft versions of the Media Dispatch Protocol have been in use, both for technical testing, and, since April 2005, for real-world production work. The experience with these implementations, both at the engineering level, and at the practical production level, has been rolled into the 1.0rcX specification. 

A newer, and more complete, open-source reference implementation is now available on SourceForge.

Media Dispatch Protocol (MDP) has been standardized by a SMPTE Working Group under the S22 Committee. This work has been published as SMPTE 2032-1-2007 (MDP specification), 2032-2-2007 (MDP/XML/HTTP mapping specification) and 2032-3-2007 (MDP Target pull profile specification). MDP is also supported by SMPTE Engineering Guideline EG 2032-4-2007 covering the use of MDP.

External links
 Pro-MPEG homepage
 Sourceforge project page
 SMPTE standards page

Broadcast engineering
Film and video technology
Network file transfer protocols
SMPTE standards
Globemaster. Globemaster may refer to:

Aircraft
Globemaster is the name of three separate airlifters, produced by Douglas Aircraft Company or its successors:

Other uses 
 Globemaster Air Cargo, a defunct Canadian Airline
 VR-56 "Globemasters", a U.S. Navy Reserve transport squadron in naval aviation

See also

 
 
 Master (disambiguation)
 Globe (disambiguation)
Formox process. The Formox process produces formaldehyde. Formox is a registered trademark owned by Johnson Matthey. The process was originally invented jointly by Swedish chemical company Perstorp and Reichhold Chemicals.

Industrially, formaldehyde is produced by catalytic oxidation of methanol. The most commonly used catalysts are silver metal or a mixture of an iron oxide with molybdenum and/or vanadium. In the recently more commonly used Formox process using iron oxide and molybdenum and/or vanadium, methanol and oxygen react at 300-400°C to produce formaldehyde according to the chemical equation:

CH3OH + ½ O2 → H2CO + H2O.

The silver-based catalyst (see also: the Fasil process) is usually operated at a higher temperature, about 650 °C. On it, two chemical reactions simultaneously produce formaldehyde: the one shown above, and the dehydrogenation reaction:

CH3OH → H2CO + H2

Further oxidation of the formaldehyde product during its production usually gives formic acid that is found in formaldehyde solution, found in parts per million values.

References

Chemical processes
Logic File System. The Logic File System is a research file system which replaces pathnames with expressions in propositional logic.  It allows file metadata to be queried with a superset of the Boolean syntax commonly used in modern search engines.

The actual name is the Logic Information Systems File System, and is abbreviated LISFS to avoid confusion with the log-structured file system (LFS). An implementation of the Logic File System is available at the LISFS website.

It is intended to be used on Unix-like operating systems and is a bit difficult to install, as it needs several non-standard OCaml modules.

References 

Notes
 Ferré, Sébastian and Ridoux, Olivier (2000). "A File System Based on Concept Analysis."
 Padioleau, Yoann and Ridoux, Olivier (2003). "A Logic File System."
 Padioleau, Yoann and Ridoux, Olivier (2005). "A Parts of File File System."

External links 
 
 LFS new homepage

Computer file systems
Semantic file systems
Homer Jacobson. Homer Jacobson is a former chemistry professor at Brooklyn College, New York City.

In the 1950s he illustrated basic self-replication in artificial life with a model train set. A seed "organism" consisting of a "head" and "tail" boxcar could use the simple rules of the system to consistently create new "organisms" identical to itself, so long as there was a random pool of new boxcars to draw from.

In 1955 he published "Information, Reproduction and the Origin of Life," in American Scientist.  In 2007, he retracted two passages of this work after realizing that errors in his paper were being misread as evidence for creationism.

Articles

"Virustat, a Device for Continuous Production of Viruses," Applied Microbiology, 14(6): 940–952 (1966 November) with Leslie S. Jacobson.
"The Informational Capacity of the Human Eye," Science 113:292-293 (March 16, 1951).
"The Informational Capacity of the Human Ear," Science 112:143-144 (August 4, 1950).
"The informational content of mechanisms and circuits," Information and Control, 2(3):285-296, September 1959.
 "On Models of Reproduction," American Scientist 46(1958):255-284.
"Information, Reproduction and the Origin of Life," American Scientist,  p. 125 (January 1955)
 Retraction of two passages: Letter to the editor, American Scientist (November–December 2007)

References

21st-century American chemists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Brooklyn College faculty
Researchers of artificial life
Tommaso Toffoli. Tommaso Toffoli () is an Italian-American professor of electrical and computer engineering at Boston University where he joined the faculty in 1995. He has worked on cellular automata and the theory of artificial life (with Edward Fredkin and others), and is known for the invention of the Toffoli gate.

Early life and career 
He was born in June, 1943 in Montereale Valcellina, in northeastern Italy, to  Francesco and Valentina (Saveri) Toffoli  and was raised in Rome. He received his laurea in physics (equivalent to a master's degree) from the University of Rome La Sapienza in 1967.

Toffoli moved to the United States in 1969.

In 1976 he received a Ph.D. in computer and communication science from the University of Michigan, then in 1978 he joined the faculty of Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a principal research scientist, where he remained until 1995, when he joined the faculty of Boston University.

Books
 Cellular Automata Machines: A New Environment for Modeling, MIT Press (1987), with Norman Margolus. .

See also
Billiard-ball computer
Block cellular automaton
CAM-6
Computronium
Critters (cellular automaton)
Programmable matter
Reversible cellular automaton

References

External links
Homepage 
Google Scholar profile

1943 births
Italian electrical engineers
Italian emigrants to the United States
Living people
Cellular automatists
University of Michigan alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Boston University faculty
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
New England Complex Systems Institute
Quantum information scientists
American electrical engineers
Computer engineers
People from Friuli-Venezia Giulia
EMD SW1500. The EMD SW1500 is a  diesel-electric switcher locomotive built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division from 1966 to 1974. The SW1500 replaced the SW1200 in the EMD product line. Many railroads regularly used SW1500s for road freight service.

It is similar in appearance to the EMD SW1000 model which has a different engine and has one exhaust stack while the SW1500 has two.

Original owners

Preservation 

 CSX #1100 (built 1970 as L&N #5000) is preserved and operational at the Kentucky Steam Heritage Corporation in Irvine, Kentucky.
 CSX #1103 (built 1970 as L&N #5003) is preserved and operational at the Kentucky Railway Museum in New Haven, Kentucky
 Western Pacific #1503 (built 1970) is preserved and operational at the Western Pacific Railroad Museum in Portola, California. It was donated to the museum by Union Pacific in 2011, and restored to its original paint scheme in 2019.
 Wisconsin Central #1563 (built 1971) is preserved and operational at the National Railroad Museum in Green Bay, Wisconsin. It was donated to the museum by Canadian National in 2019.

See also 
List of GM-EMD locomotives

References

External links 
 

B-B locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
SW1500
Railway locomotives introduced in 1966
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Shunting locomotives