omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pow Beck. Pow Beck is a stream in Cumbria, rising near Mirehouse and flowing in a southwesterly direction to the village of St Bees where it flows into the Irish Sea. Despite rising only  south of Whitehaven Harbour, the stream flows south for  to the coast at St Bees. The present course was much altered by the Furness Railway in 1849 to improve the drainage of the valley. This included movement of a weir feeding Seamill, an undershot water mill.

The beck is defined as a flood risk due to the topography and geology of Whitehaven just to the north of where the stream rises. Surface water runoff and sewer water are potential contributory risks in flooding events.

References

Rivers of Cumbria
Beck watercourses
V. V. Chari. Varadarajan Venkata Chari (born c. 1952) is an Indian-American economist and professor of economics, currently teaches macroeconomic theory, public economics, and monetary economics at the University of Minnesota's College of Liberal Arts.

Chari received a Bachelor of Technology in Chemical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay in 1974, and was a production engineer at Union Carbide (India) Limited from 1974 to 1976.

Chari then received his M.S. in Economics in 1978 from Carnegie Mellon University and subsequently followed up with his Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in 1980. His dissertation won him the Alexander Henderson Award for excellence in economics, an award also won by Nobel Laureates Oliver E. Williamson, Dale T. Mortensen, Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott.

Chari joined the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University as an assistant professor of managerial economics. In 1986 he moved to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. In 1992 he returned to the Kellogg Graduate School of Management and then moved back to Minneapolis and the University of Minnesota in the fall of 1994. At the University of Minnesota, Chari has held many titles ranging from Paul Grenzel Land Grant Professor, to Director of the Heller-Hurwicz Economics Institute (2010-2016), and Chair of University of Minnesota's Department of Economics.

His research interests are in banking, fiscal and monetary policy and in issues of economic development. He has written extensively on banking crises, exchange rate fluctuations and international capital flows. Additionally, he has held associate editor positions for American Economics Journal (since 2008) and the Journal of Economic Theory (since 1998).

Dr. Chari is also a fellow of the Econometric Society since 1999 and recipient of the Census Bureau Research Grant since 2005.

References

External links

21st-century American economists
Indian emigrants to the United States
University of Minnesota faculty
Northwestern University faculty
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Fellows of the Econometric Society
IIT Bombay alumni
1950s births
Living people
20th-century Indian economists
American academics of Indian descent
Indian chemical engineers
20th-century Indian engineers
River Ehen. The River Ehen is a river in Cumbria, England.

The river's source is at the west end of Ennerdale Water: it runs west through Ennerdale Bridge where it is joined by Croasdale Beck (flowing from Banna Fell). Ennerdale Water itself is fed by the River Liza.

The Ehen continues past Cleator Moor and Cleator, where it is fed by the River Keekle, moving southwards through Egremont and eventually running parallel to the Irish Sea which it eventually joins at Sellafield at the same point as the River Calder.

Wildlife
The river supports the largest freshwater pearl mussel population in England.

The river is a breeding ground for Atlantic salmon. There is widespread poaching along the length of the river.

Environmental protection
The river Ehen was designated a Special Area of Conservation in 2005. The section of the coast into which it flows was designated as the Cumbria Coast Marine Conservation Zone in 2013.

The Ehen is home to the Ennerdale black pearl, a rare black pearl formed in freshwater pearl mussels. It is the only river in England to be part of the project "Pearls in Peril", funded by the European Union's LIFE + NATURE Programme. The project aims to conserve the species at 21 sites in the UK. The freshwater pearl mussel relies for part of its life on the presence of salmonids, a group of fish including salmon and trout.

Sellafield has previously used water from the River Ehen for cooling on the site, but ceased this operation in the 1990s. There is a weir on Ennerdale Water, and as at 2016 the valley continues to be an important source of drinking water for customers of United Utilities in West Cumbria. However, there are plans to supply these customers using a new pipeline from Thirlmere because the Environment Agency has confirmed that for environmental reasons it will rescind the abstraction licence for Ennerdale.  This means United Utilities must stop using it as a source of water by 2025 at the latest,  and therefore will need to find one or more alternative sources of water.

References

External links
Wath Brow and Ennerdale Angling Association

Ehen, River
Special Areas of Conservation in Cumbria
River Liza. The River Liza flows through Ennerdale, a glacial valley in Cumbria, England.  The river is allowed to flow freely as part of a rewilding project.

The Liza flows from its source below Windy Gap on Great Gable through a steep-sided valley to Ennerdale Water. The river's catchment is in the Lake District National Park.

Etymology
The name of the Liza derives from the Old Norse ljós á, conferring a meaning of "light (or shining) river".

Rewilding
The river is subject to the Wild Ennerdale Project which aims to introduce more wildlife to the Ennerdale Valley. The Wild Ennerdale Project uses a policy similar to managed retreat which means the river is subject to no human interference or maintenance such as dredging, straightening or even flood defences. This means the river is free to flood as the effects would be felt by very few people as the Ennerdale Valley is sparsely inhabited.

The river is used as a spawning ground by Arctic char and the project has increased their numbers.

References

External links

 Wild Ennerdale website

Liza, River
1Liza
Training & Simulation Journal. Training & Simulation Journal (TSJ) was a website and magazine covering the global military training and modeling and simulation industries, published every two months. It was established in 2000 and discontinued by 2020.

The website included a range of news and features, as well as monthly game reviews. The magazines included previews of the two major modeling and simulation trade conferences, and the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference.

Writers covered a broad range of topics relating to the military.

Examples of topics covered include technological innovations and new products, industry acquisitions, language and mobile learning, government budgets and training curricula, agency interoperability, robotics, war games, vehicle simulators (for tanks, helicopters, airplanes, convoys, and submarines), maintenance training, virtual reality systems, and weapons or tactical training (such as laser targeting systems, MOUTs, dismounted infantry simulator). TSJ also published interviews, technical briefings, and commentaries from outside contributors.

TSJ was published by the Sightline Media Group, currently owned by Regent, a Los Angeles-based private equity firm controlled by investor Michael Reinstein. It was founded by the Gannett division known as Gannett Government Media from 1997 to 2015, then became part of TEGNA, Inc.'s TEGNA Digital arm, before being sold to Regent in 2016.

References

External links

Defunct magazines published in the United States
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Business magazines published in the United States
Gannett publications
Magazines established in 2000
Magazines published in Virginia
Military magazines published in the United States
Professional and trade magazines
Faiz Khaleed. Faiz bin Khaleed (born September 15, 1980 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) is a Malaysian  military dentist with the Malaysian Armed Forces. In September 2006, he was selected as one of two final candidates to undergo astronaut training in Star City as part of the Angkasawan program. The other candidate was Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor.

Faiz received his early education in St. John's Institution, Kuala Lumpur.

In 2007, Sheikh Muszaphar was selected to fly to the International Space Station with Expedition 16 on board the Soyuz TMA-11 in October 2007.

Faiz  still might go to space if Malaysia decides to proceed with a second space flight.

On 22 October 2007, Faiz was promoted to a Major in the Malaysian Armed Forces.  Faiz retired from Malaysian Armed Forces with last rank Major late 2013.

Personal life
Faiz was in a previous relationship with Malaysian television personality Nurul Syuhada Nurul Ain. The couple ended their relationship in 2011.

References

External links
 Official Programme site
 Spacefacts biography of Faiz Khaleed

Living people
1980 births
Malaysian dentists
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
People from Kuala Lumpur
University of Malaya alumni
Extended finite-state machine. In a conventional finite-state machine, the transition is associated with a set of input Boolean conditions and a set of output Boolean functions. In an extended finite-state machine (EFSM) model, the transition can be expressed by an “if statement” consisting of a set of trigger conditions. If trigger conditions are all satisfied, the transition is fired, bringing the machine from the current state to the next state and performing the specified data operations.

Definition
An EFSM is defined as a 7-tuple   where
 S is a set of symbolic states,
 I is a set of input symbols,
 O is a set of output symbols,
 D is an n-dimensional linear space ,
 F is a set of enabling functions ,
 U is a set of update functions ,
 T is a transition relation,

Structure

EFSM Architecture: An EFSM model consists of the following three major combinational blocks (and a few registers).

 FSM-block: A conventional finite-state machine realizing the state transition graphs of the EFSM model.
 A-block: an arithmetic block for performing the data operation associated with each transition. The operation of this block is regulated by the output signals of the FSM block.
 E-block: A block for evaluating the trigger conditions associated with each transition. The input signals to this block are the data variables, while the output is a set of binary signals taken for input by the FSM-block. Information about redundant computation is extracted by analyzing the interactions among the three basic blocks. Using this information, certain input operands of the arithmetic block and evaluation block can be frozen through input gating under specific run time conditions to reduce the unnecessary switching in the design. At the architecture level, if each trigger evaluation & data operation is regarded as an atomic action, then the EFSM implies an almost lowest-power implementation.

The cycle behavior of an EFSM can be divided into three steps: 
 In E-block, evaluate all trigger conditions.
 In FSM-block, compute the next state & the signals controlling A-block.
 In A-block, perform the necessary data operations and data movements.

See also
 Abstract state machine

References

Models of computation
Formal methods
Theory of computation
Polyetherimide. Polyetherimide (PEI; branded as Ultem) is an amorphous, amber-to-transparent thermoplastic with characteristics similar to the related plastic PEEK. When comparing PEI to PEEK, the former is cheaper but has lower impact strength and a tighter temperature range.

PEI plastics were first introduced into the market by General Electric (GE) in 1982 under the trade name Ultem.

Due to its adhesive properties and chemical stability it became a popular bed material for FFF 3D printers.

Structure
The molecular formula of the PEI repeating unit is  and the molecular weight is 592.61 g/mol. It contains phthalimide and bisphenol A sub-units.

Properties
The glass transition temperature of PEI is 217 °C (422 °F). Its amorphous density at 25 °C is 1.27 g/cm3(.046 lb/in³). It is prone to stress cracking in chlorinated solvents. Polyetherimide is able to resist high temperatures while maintaining stable electrical properties over a wide range of frequencies. This high strength material offers excellent chemical resistance and ductile properties suitable for various applications, even those involving steam exposure.

References 

Plastics
Thermoplastics
Heated bath. A heated bath is used in the laboratory to allow a chemical reaction to occur at an elevated temperature.

In contrast to traditional Bunsen burners, heated baths use liquids to transfer heat to the reaction vessel. This is achieved using a high-boiling point liquid inside a thermally conducting bath (usually made of metal). Water and silicone oil are the most commonly used fluids. A water bath is used for temperatures up to 100 °C. An oil bath is employed for temperatures over up to and above 100 °C.

The heated bath is heated on an electric hot plate, or with a Bunsen burner. The reaction vessel (Florence flask, Erlenmeyer flask, or beaker) is immersed in the heated bath. A thermometer is usually kept in the fluid to monitor the temperature.

See also
Bain-marie, a.k.a. double boiler
Heat bath
Sand bath

References

Laboratory equipment
Busy-hour call attempts. In telecommunications, busy-hour call attempts (BHCA) is a teletraffic engineering measurement used to evaluate and plan capacity for telephone networks. BHCA is the number of telephone calls attempted at the sliding 60-minute period during which occurs the maximum total traffic load in a given 24-hour period (BHCA), and the higher the BHCA, the higher the stress on the network processors.  BHCA is not to be confused with busy hour call completion (BHCC) which measures the throughput capacity of the network. If a bottleneck in the network exists with a capacity lower than the estimated BHCA, then congestion will occur resulting in many failed calls and customer dissatisfaction. 

BHCA is usually used when planning telephone switching capacities and frequently goes side by side with the Erlang unit capacity calculation. As an example, a telephone exchange with a capacity of one million BHCA is estimated to handle 250,000 subscribers. The overall calculation is more complex however, and involves accounting for available circuits, desired blocking rates, and Erlang capacity allocated to each subscriber.

Determination
The busy hour is determined by fitting a horizontal line segment equivalent to one hour under the traffic load curve about the peak load point. If the service time interval is less than 60 minutes, the busy hour is the 60-minute interval that contains the service timer interval. In cases where more than one busy hour occurs in a 24-hour period, i.e., when saturation occurs, the busy hour or hours most applicable to the particular situation are used.

References

See also 
 Call volume (telecommunications)
 Calls per second

Teletraffic
Telecommunications engineering
Target acquisition. Target acquisition is the detection and identification of the location of a target in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of lethal and non-lethal means. The term is used for a broad area of applications. 

A "target" here is an entity or object considered for possible engagement or other action (see Targeting). Targets include a wide array of resources that an enemy commander can use to conduct operations including mobile and stationary units, forces, equipment, capabilities, facilities, persons and functions. It may comprise target acquisition, Joint Targeting or Information Operations. 

Technically target acquisition may just denote the process of a weapon system to decide which object to lock on to, as opposed to surveillance on one and target tracking on the other side; for example in an anti-aircraft system.

History 
Target acquisition under the doctrines of the Cold War and post–Cold War were focused on identifying the capabilities, assets and identities of large troop formations, air defense systems, artillery, rockets, missiles and identifying other High Pay-off Targets (HPTs) and High Value Targets (HVTs). HPTs, which if successfully engaged and neutralized, significantly contribute to the success of the "friendly commander's" course of action. HVT is a target that an "enemy commander" requires for completion of a mission. They both seem to accomplish the same, but are different when conducting the targeting analysis process.

Since the September 11 attacks, target acquisition has become a highly technical, robust and complex process because of the priority target types, including the targeting of individuals. Whereas a satellite can locate a missile launcher or a formation of 16 tanks by its shape, heat signature or size, it cannot identify and locate 1 of 7 billion individuals without having a person on the ground to recognize, report and engage that individual. This also requires an enhancement of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) sources or the enhancement of biometric technology for the purpose of positive identification of individuals in the targeting process. The Joint Targeting process is better suited for targeting individuals. The latest U.S. doctrine is the JP 3-60, Joint Doctrine for Targeting.

See also

References

Targeting (warfare)
Military terminology
Weapon operation
Military intelligence collection
Frederick Bakewell. Frederick Collier Bakewell (29 September 1800 – 26 September 1869) was an English physicist who improved on the concept of the facsimile machine introduced by Alexander Bain in 1842 and demonstrated a working version at the 1851 World's Fair in London.

Biography
Born in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, he eventually moved to Hampstead, Middlesex where he lived until his death. He is buried in a family grave in Kensal Green Cemetery.

Bakewell was married to Henrietta Darbyshire with whom he had two sons, Robert and Armitage.

Image telegraph

Bakewell's "image telegraph" had many of the features of modern facsimile machines, and replaced the pendulums of Bain's system with synchronized rotating cylinders.

The system involved writing or drawing on a piece of metal foil with a special insulating ink; the foil was then wrapped around a cylinder which slowly rotated, driven by a clock mechanism. A metal stylus driven by a screw thread traveled across the surface of the cylinder as it turned, tracing out a path over the foil. Each time the stylus crossed the insulating ink, the current through the foil to the stylus was interrupted. At the receiver, a similar pendulum-driven stylus marked chemically treated paper with an electric current as the receiving cylinder rotated.

The chief problems with Bakewell's machine were how to keep the two cylinders synchronized and to make sure that the transmitting and receiving styli started at the same point on the cylinder at the same time. Despite these problems, Bakewell's machine was capable of transmitting handwriting and simple line drawings along telegraph wires. The system, however, never became commercial.

In 1861 the system was improved by an Italian priest, Giovanni Caselli who was able to use it to send handwritten messages as well as photographs on his pantelegraph. He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyon.

Other work
In addition to his work on facsimile transmission, he held patents for many other innovations. Bakewell also wrote texts on physics and natural phenomena.

Books
 Philosophical conversations – 1833
 Electric science; its history, phenomena, and applications – 1853

References

Sources
 Birth / Death Dates
 A widely cited online biography
 Chronological Index of Patents Applied for and Patents Granted for the Year 1863 – Bennet Woodcroft – 1864

External links
 
 

English inventors
1800 births
1869 deaths
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
SERVO Magazine. SERVO Magazine is a monthly robotics publication produced by T&L Publications. The first issue appeared in November 2003. SERVO Magazine was a primary sponsor behind the Tetsujin competition, a contest where teams were challenged to design robotic exoskeletons capable of lifting weights.

Columns
SERVO Magazine has a number of recurring columns that deal with various areas of robotics:
Mind/Iron, an editorial column with new authors virtually every month.
Twin Tweaks, a column dedicated to "hacking" robotics kits and imbuing them with new abilities.
Rubberbands and Bailing Wire, a column concerned with various electronics modifications that can be made to robots.
Lessons From The Laboratory, a column directed at a younger age group that features various projects with the LEGO Mindstorms robotics kit.
Combat Zone, a column that deals specifically with combat robotics and competitions.
Brain Matrix, a table of information on a variety of subjects, ranging from servo motors to batteries.
Ask Mr. Roboto, essentially in the form of an advice column, where readers write in with robotics projects related problems and questions.
Robytes, a short column that showcases interesting tidbits from the robotics world, ranging from new military projects to the creations of rogue tinkerers.
Menagerie, a short column where readers send in descriptions and pictures of their personal projects.
Then and Now, a column that recalls robots from the past.
Appetizer, a column at the end of the magazine that also is written by new authors every month.  Topics range from the serious to the frivolous.

Sponsorship
SERVO Magazine has been an active member of the robotics community, sponsoring such events as the FIRST Robotics Competition, the Robonexus robotics convention, and the Tetsujin robotics competition.

External links

 

Monthly magazines published in the United States
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2003
Magazines published in California
Robotics magazines