omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Branch target predictor. In computer architecture, a branch target predictor is the part of a processor that predicts the target, i.e., the address of the instruction that is executed next, of a taken conditional branch or unconditional branch instruction before the target of the branch instruction is computed by the execution unit of the processor. 

Branch target prediction is not the same as branch prediction, which guesses whether a conditional branch will be taken or not-taken in a binary manner.

In more parallel processor designs, as the instruction cache latency grows longer and the fetch width grows wider, branch target extraction becomes a bottleneck. The recurrence is:

 Instruction cache fetches block of instructions
 Instructions in block are scanned to identify branches
 First predicted taken branch is identified
 Target of that branch is computed
 Instruction fetch restarts at branch target

In machines where this recurrence takes two cycles, the machine loses one full cycle of fetch after every predicted taken branch.  As predicted branches happen every 10 instructions or so, this can force a substantial drop in fetch bandwidth.  Some machines with longer instruction cache latencies would have an even larger loss.  To ameliorate the loss, some machines implement branch target prediction: given the address of a branch, they predict the target of that branch.  A refinement of the idea predicts the start of a sequential run of instructions given the address of the start of the previous sequential run of instructions.

This predictor reduces the recurrence above to:

 Hash the address of the first instruction in a run
 Fetch the prediction for the addresses of the targets of branches in that run of instructions
 Select the address corresponding to the branch predicted taken

As the predictor RAM can be 5–10% of the size of the instruction cache, the fetch happens much faster than the instruction cache fetch, and so this recurrence is much faster.  If it were not fast enough, it could be parallelized, by predicting target addresses of target branches.

See also
 Indirect branch control (IBC)
 Indirect branch prediction barrier (IBPB)
 Indirect branch restricted speculation (IBRS)
 Single thread indirect branch predictor (STIBP)

Further reading

External links 
  (EE461)
 

Instruction processing
Fires (military). Fires is the related tasks and systems that provide collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires, air and missile defense, and joint fires through the targeting process. Alternatively, it can be defined as the use of weapon systems to create a specific lethal or nonlethal effect on a target.

Fires has traditionally focused on fire support systems such as artillery and close air support, but is increasingly being used to refer to non-lethal systems including information operations, cyberwarfare, and civilian-military relationships.

Warfighting Function
Fires is one of the six warfighting functions defined by the US Army, which also include movement and maneuver, intelligence, sustainment, command and control, and protection.  The fires warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that provide collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires, AMD, and joint fires through the targeting process. Army fires systems deliver fires in support of offensive and defensive tasks to create specific lethal and nonlethal effects on a target. The fires warfighting function as defined by the Army includes the following tasks:
 Deliver fires.
 Integrate all forms of Army, joint and multinational fires.
 Conduct targeting.
The Marine Corps defines the fires warfighting function as "Fires harass, suppress, neutralize, or destroy in order to accomplish the targeting objective, which may be to disrupt, delay, limit, persuade, or influence. Fires include the collective and coordinated use of target acquisition systems, direct and indirect fire weapons, armed aircraft of all types, and other lethal and nonlethal means. Fires are normally used in concert with maneuver, which helps shape the battlespace, setting conditions for decisive action." Harassment, suppression, neutralization, and destruction are key words used in targeting to define the impact of the weapon system on the target. Persuade and influence are tasks related to nonlethal fires such as influence operations.

References

Military tactics
United States Army doctrine
Sedris. SEDRIS (Synthetic Environment Data Representation and Interchange Specification) is an international data coding standard infrastructure technology created to represent environmental data in virtual environments. Environmental data represented by SEDRIS may be concrete, such as trees and mountains, or abstract, such as the behavior of light. The infrastructure frees users to place their focus on application development and also facilitates the exchange of data for reuse and wider scrutiny. Research into shared ways to represent environmental data was begun in the 1980s in order to permit distributed simulations to work together. SEDRIS was launched in 1994 by program managers of the United States Army's Simulation Training and Instrumentation Command and the US Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Standardization 

SEDRIS has led to forming the series standards of 

ISO/IEC 18023:2006(E) Information technology - SEDRIS -
ISO/IEC 18023-1:2006(E) Information technology - SEDRIS - Part 1: Functional specification
ISO/IEC 18023-2:2006(E) Information technology - SEDRIS - Part 2: Abstract transmittal format
ISO/IEC 18023-3:2006(E) Information technology - SEDRIS - Part 3: Transmittal format binary encoding
ISO/IEC 18024-4:2006(E) Information technology - SEDRIS language bindings - Part 4: C
ISO/IEC 18025:2005(E) Information technology - Environmental Data Coding Specification (EDCS)
ISO/IEC 18026:2006(E) Information technology - Spatial Reference Model (SRM)
ISO/IEC 18041-4:2005(E) Information technology - EDCS language bindings - Part 4: C
ISO/IEC 18042-4:2006(E) Information technology - Spatial Reference Model (SRM) language bindings - Part 4: C

See also
 3D Computer Graphics
 Environmental management system
 Geographic information system
 Glossary of Military Modeling & Simulation
 Environment
Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization

References

External links
 SEDRIS - Environmental Data Representation & Interchange (home page)

GIS software
Synthetic environment
Alternative process. The term alternative process refers to any non-traditional or non-commercial photographic printing process.  Currently, the standard analog photographic printing process for black-and-white photographs is the gelatin silver process. Standard digital processes include the pigment print, and digital laser exposures on traditional color photographic paper.

Alternative processes often overlap with historical, or non-silver processes. Most of these processes were invented over 100 years ago and were used by early photographers.

Many contemporary photographers are revisiting alternative processes and applying new technologies (the digital negative) and practices to these techniques.

Examples
Anthotype
Caffenol
Daguerreotype
Gum bichromate and other Pigmented Dichromated Colloids which are used to directly generate a photographic print
Platinum Process and Palladium Process
Carbon print and various similar processes which use a non-sensitive intermediate layer to generate a photographic image
Van Dyke Brown, Cyanotype and various other iron-based processes
Wet and Dry Plate processes based in silver using a hand coated emulsion on a tin or aluminum (tintype) or glass (ambrotype) base 
Resinotype and several similar processes which rely upon unexposed dichromated colloids to accept an insoluble pigment
Inkodye, a light-oxidized vat dye.
Oil pigment processes, such as bromoil process
Other processes which use silver halide but in various different ways other than the typical silver-gelatin formula, such as Salt Print
Any number of processes which use more exotic materials, such as uranium chloride, gold chloride, and any number of other salts to directly or indirectly generate a photographic print
Non standard digital manipulation or printing.

Learning

These schools and photography centers offer a variety of alternative process workshops and classes.

Alternative Processes Academy
The Image Flow
Maine Media
Penland School of Crafts
Santa Fe Workshops
Photographer's Formulary

See also
Photographic processes
Lo-fi photography

References

External links
 - a platform with articles, interviews, tutorials and a global community built around Alternative Processes in photography
AlternativePhotography.com - a free information site on alternative photographic processes
Alternative Process Photography on Geotog.com

Photographic processes
Alternative photographic processes
MAŤO. The Maťo (Matthew) was an 8-bit personal computer produced in the former Czechoslovakia by Štátny majetok Závadka š.p., Závadka nad Hronom, from 1989 to 1992. Their primary goal was to produce a personal computer as cheaply as possible, and therefore it was also sold as a self-assembly kit. It was basically a modified PMD 85, but without backward compatibility. This, combined with its late arrival to the market, made the MAŤO a commercial failure.

Specifications 
 MHB 8080A 2.048 MHz CPU
 48 KB RAM
 16 KB ROM 
 System monitor and built-in BASIC-G or simple games
 Tape recorder interface
 Monochromatic TV output
 288×256 resolution
 Built-in power supply

See also 

 PMD 85
 Tesla (Czechoslovak company)
 IQ 151
 Didaktik

References

External links 
 Old-computers.com - Mato
 Maťo (Czech)
 Emulator of PMD 85 and compatibles for Win32

Home computers
Science and technology in Czechoslovakia
Computer-related introductions in 1989
Helenite. Helenite, also known as Mount St. Helens obsidian, emerald obsidianite, and ruby obsidianite, is a glass made from the fused volcanic rock dust from Mount St. Helens and marketed as a gemstone. Helenite was first created accidentally after the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Workers from the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company were attempting to salvage equipment damaged after the volcanic eruption. Using acetylene torches, they noticed that the intense heat was melting the nearby volcanic ash and rock and turning it a greenish color. The silica, aluminium, iron, and trace amounts of chromium and copper present in the rocks and ash in the area, combined with the heat of the torches, transformed the volcanic particles into a compound that would be later commercially replicated as helenite.

As word of the discovery spread, jewelry companies took note and began to find ways to reproduce the helenite. Helenite is made by heating rock dust and particles from the Mount St. Helens area in a furnace to a temperature of approximately . Although helenite and obsidian are both forms of glass, helenite differs from obsidian in that it is man-made. The stone has been marketed by the jewelry industry because of its emerald-like color, good refractive index, although its durability is low. It has a hardness of just 5 to 5 ½ and chips about as easily as obsidian or window glass. It is best used in earrings, pendants, brooches, and other types of jewelry where it will not encounter impact or abrasion. Even in these uses it should be considered to be a very delicate stone. If it is used as a ring stone, the facet edges will be easily abraded, the faces will be easily scratched, and the stone might be chipped with even a slight impact. It is seen as an inexpensive alternative to naturally-occurring green gemstones, such as emerald and peridot. Helenite can also come in various red, green and blue varieties.

See also
 Goldstone (glass)
 Olivine

References

External links
 

Glossary: H, Illustrated Dictionary of Jewelry at enchantedlearning.com
Helenite at Geology.com 
Helenite Gemstone & Information at JTV.com

Gemstones
Glass
Mount St. Helens
Digital Signature Standard. The Digital Signature Standard (DSS) is a Federal Information Processing Standard specifying a suite of algorithms that can be used to generate digital signatures established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1994. Five revisions to the initial specification have been released: FIPS  in 1998, FIPS  in 2000, FIPS  in 2009, FIPS  in 2013, and FIPS  in 2023.

It defines the Digital Signature Algorithm, contains a definition of RSA signatures based on the definitions contained within PKCS #1 version 2.1 and in American National Standard X9.31 with some additional requirements, and contains a definition of the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm based on the definition provided by American National Standard X9.62 with some additional requirements and some recommended elliptic curves. It also approves the use of all three algorithms.

References 

 
Digital signature schemes
Continuous obsolescence. Continuous obsolescence or perpetual revolution is a phenomenon where industry trends, or other items that do not immediately correspond to technical needs, mandate a continual readaptation of a system. Such work does not increase the usefulness of the system, but is required for the system to continue fulfilling its functions.

Unintentional reasons 

Continuous obsolescence may be unintentional. One type of largely unintentional case of continuous obsolescence occurs when the rising demand for graphics- and experience-intensive video games collides with a long development time for a new title. While a game may promise to be acceptable or even revolutionary if released on schedule, a delay exposes it to the risk of being unable to compete with better games released during the delay (e.g. Daikatana), or of being continually rewritten to take advantage of better technologies as they become available (e.g. Duke Nukem Forever). This last behavior is an example of a software development anti-pattern.

Intentional reasons 

Continuous obsolescence may also be intentional, for example when an application tries to include compatibility for the output of another widely used application. In this case, the software house responsible for the latter may vary its output format repeatedly, forcing the developer of the former to continuously expend resources to keep its compatibility up-to-date, rather than using those resources to expand features or otherwise make the product more competitive. Many accuse Microsoft of doing exactly this with the file formats used by its Office application suite.

See also
Planned obsolescence

References

Anti-patterns
Obsolescence
Lockheed X-17. The Lockheed X-17 was a three-stage solid-fuel research rocket to test the effects of high mach atmospheric reentry. The first stage of the X-17 carried the rocket to a height of  before burning out. The rocket would then coast on momentum to about  before nosing down for reentry. The second stage engine would then fire before jettisoning and igniting the third and final stage. On April 24, 1957, an X-17 reached a speed of  at Patrick AFB.  Ultimately the X-17 would be traveling towards Earth at up to Mach 14.5.

The X-17 was also used as the booster for the Operation Argus series of three high-altitude nuclear tests conducted in the South Atlantic in 1958.

The rocket engine used by the rocket is called 1.5KS35000, a solid propellant rocket engine designed by Thiokol. It was used in at least 23 launches.

Polaris FTV program

The X-17 was used as a test vehicle to test technology for the development of the UGM-27 Polaris missile in 1957–1958. During this testing, the rocket was called the Polaris Flight Test Vehicle, or Polaris FTV. The Polaris FTV-3 was a standard configuration X-17. The Polaris FTV-5 was a two-stage configuration using the same first stage, a Sergeant rocket, with a different second stage.

References

External links

 
 X-17 History
 X-17 Specs

X-17
Lockheed Corporation
Bennie Railplane. The Bennie Railplane was a form of rail transport invented by George Bennie (1891–1957), which moved along an overhead rail by way of propellers.

Prototype
Bennie, born at Auldhouse, near Glasgow, Scotland began work on the development of his railplane in 1921. In 1929-1930 he built a prototype on a trial stretch of track over a  line at Milngavie, off the Glasgow and Milngavie Junction Railway, with one railplane car to demonstrate the system to potential clients. The car ran along an overhead monorail, stabilised by guide rails below. It moved by propellers powered by on-board motors.  It was intended to run above conventional railways, separating faster passenger traffic from slower freight traffic.  Bennie believed his railplane cars had the capability of travelling up to  and would offer a "fast passenger and mails and perishable goods service". Slow and heavy goods freight and local passenger services would continue on the traditional rail service below. Each car could carry a maximum of 48 people; the prototype had seating for fewer.

In spite of interest from around the world, Bennie could not obtain the financial backing he required to develop his revolutionary transport system. The proposed line from Edinburgh to Glasgow was not built, nor was the one between Southport and Blackpool. By 1937, Bennie was bankrupt. He had financed most of the work himself.

The prototype railplane lay rusting in a field at Milngavie until it was sold for scrap in 1956. Bennie died the following year. The original shed where the carriage was built in Main Street, Milngavie is now occupied by a timber merchant, and has a blue commemorative plaque on the outside wall.

See also
Wuppertal Suspension Railway
Aérotrain
Schienenzeppelin
Suspension railway

Further reading
 
 Black, William B. The Bennie Railplane. East Dunbartonshire Council. ()

References

External links
 George Bennie Railtrack, Baldernock Parish
 The Bennie Railplane, Gear Wheels Online Motoring Magazine
 George Bennie Railplane System of Transport (1930) (archive film from the National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive)
 Railplane newsreel footage at British Pathe
 Film of test run (BBC Scotland)
 The Newcomen Rolt Prize
 Further info on Mike's Railway History
 
 Footage

Experimental locomotives
Experimental and prototype high-speed trains
Suspended monorails
Milngavie
Rail transport in Scotland
Railway services introduced in 1930
Martin Julian Buerger. Martin Julian Buerger (April 8, 1903 – February 26, 1986) was an American crystallographer. He was a Professor of Mineralogy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He invented the X-ray precession camera for studies in crystallography.  Buerger authored twelve textbooks/monographs and over 200 technical articles. He was awarded the Arthur L. Day Medal by the Geological Society of America in 1951. The mineral fluor-buergerite was named for him.  The MJ Buerger Award (established by the American Crystallographic Association) was established in his honor.

Buerger was a member of the Provisional International Crystallographic Committee chaired by P. P. Ewald from 1946 to 1948, and he continued as a member of the IUCr Executive Committee from 1948 to 1951. He was also a member of the Commission on International Tables from its establishment in 1948 until 1981.

In 1956, Buerger was the third person (after John C. Slater and Francis O. Schmitt) to have been appointed Institute Professor at MIT.

Significant works

Crystal-Structure Analysis, 668pp, Krieger Pub Co., 1979
Introduction to crystal geometry, 204pp., R. E. Krieger, 1977
Contemporary crystallography, 364pp., McGraw Hill, 1970
Elementary crystallography;: An introduction to the fundamental geometrical features of crystals, 528pp., Wiley, 1963
X-ray crystallography;: An introduction to the investigation of crystals by their diffraction of monochromatic X radiation, 531pp., Chapman & Hall, 1958

References
Memorial, American Mineralogist, Volume 73, pages 1483-1485, 1988
Description and photograph of Buergerite
 Obituary from the Journal of Applied Crystallography, 1986
Obituary from the New York Times

1903 births
1986 deaths
American mineralogists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Connecticut faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
People from Detroit
Temper. Temper, tempered or tempering may refer to:

Heat treatment
 Tempering (metallurgy), a heat treatment technique to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys
Temper mill, a steel processing line
 Tempering (spices), a cooking technique where spices are roasted briefly in oil or ghee 
 Tempered glass, a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments
 Tempering chocolate, processing to ensure a uniform sheen and crisp bite
 Temper (pottery), a non-plastic material added to clay to prevent shrinkage during drying and firing

Arts and entertainment
 Temper (film), a 2015 Telugu film
 Temper (soundtrack), or the title track, 2015
 Temper (band), a dance music group
 Temper, a 2008 album by Benoit Pioulard 
 "Temper", a song by Cyberaktif from the 1991 album Tenebrae Vision
 "Temper", a 2021 song by Vera Blue
 Temper, or, Domestic Scenes, a novel by Amelia Opie, 1812–1813
 The Tempering, a young-adult novel by Gloria Skurzynski, 1983
 Temper, a character in Corner Shop Show
 Kanthaswamy, a 2009 Indian Tamil-language film, titled Temper 2 in Hindi

Other uses
 Temper (artist), an English graffiti artist
 Tempering (music), adjusting the musical temperament of an instrument
 Tempered distribution, in mathematics
 Tempered representation, in mathematics
 Temper, an alternate spelling of Tempel (boat), a type of native cargo boat from the Philippines

See also

 Temper Temper (disambiguation)
 Tremper (disambiguation)
 True Temper (disambiguation)
 Temperament, in psychology, consistent individual differences in behavior that are biologically based
 The Well-Tempered Clavier, a composition by Bach
 Irritability, low frustration tolerance and high frustration tolerance, related to temper.