omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Norman L. Bowen. Norman Levi Bowen FRS (June 21, 1887 – September 11, 1956) was a Canadian geologist. Bowen "revolutionized experimental petrology and our understanding of mineral crystallization". Beginning geology students are familiar with Bowen's reaction series depicting how different minerals crystallize under varying pressures and temperatures."

Career
Bowen conducted experimental research at the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science of Washington from 1912 to 1937. He published The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks in 1928. This book set the stage for a geochemical and geophysical foundation for the study of rocks and minerals.

Personal life
Born in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Bowen married Mary Lamont in 1911, and they had a daughter, Catherine.

Awards and honours
Bowen was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1921, the American Philosophical Society in 1930, and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1935. He was awarded the Penrose Medal of the Geological Society of America in 1941 and served as their president in 1945. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1949.

The Norman L. Bowen Award, awarded annually by the American Geophysical Union, is named in his honour.

The astronauts of Apollo 17 named a small lunar crater after him.

References

Further reading

 Norman L. Bowen, science.ca Profile. Available from: http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=271
 Yoder, H. S., Jr. Norman L. Bowen: The Experimental Approach to Petrology. GSA Today 5 (1998): 10–11. Available: https://web.archive.org/web/20130501133735/http://www.gsahist.org/gsat/gt98may10_11.pdf
 Yoder, H. S., Jr. Norman L. Bowen (1887–1956), MIT Class of 1912, First Predoctoral Fellow of the Geophysical Laboratory. Earth Sciences History 1 (1992): 45–55. Available: https://web.archive.org/web/20050306092622/http://vgp.agu.org/bowen_paper/bowen_paper.html
 Norman Levi Bowen Papers, 1907–1980 (Bulk 1907–1955), Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C., Finding aid written by: Jennifer Snyder, March 2004, PDF available: https://web.archive.org/web/20050222182019/http://hq.ciw.edu/legacy/findingaids/bowen.pdf
 Strickler, Mike, Ask GeoMan..., What is Bowen's Reaction Series?, http://homework.uoregon.edu/mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry32.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050325182852/http://carnegieinstitution.org/legacy/findingaids/bowen.html Bowen bibliography site
 https://web.archive.org/web/20051003223226/http://www.agu.org/inside/awardees.html#BowenList of Bowen Award winners

Canadian geochemists
Petrologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Penrose Medal winners
1887 births
1956 deaths
People from Kingston, Ontario
Wollaston Medal winners
Foreign members of the Royal Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Presidents of the Geological Society of America
Canadian fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Accelerant. Accelerants, or accelerators, are substances that increase the rate of a natural or artificial chemical process. They play a major role in chemistry, as most chemical reactions can be hastened with an accelerant. Understanding accelerants is crucial in forensic science, engineering, and other fields where controlled chemical reactions are essential. Accelerants function by either altering a chemical bond, speeding up a chemical process, or changing the reaction conditions. Unlike catalysts, accelerants may be consumed during the process.

They are commonly used in contexts such as fire investigation where they can indicate arson, in construction to speed the curing of building materials, and in sulfur vulcanization to produce rubber products such as tyres. In fire investigation, accelerants are often detected through laboratory analysis of fire debris. Various types of accelerants exist, including liquids, solids, and gases, each with specific properties and applications.

Applications

Vulcanization 

Vulcanization of rubber can be categorized primarily into two types: sulfur and peroxide vulcanization. Both chemical processes are examples of using an accelerant.

Sulfur vulcanization, the more traditional method, uses sulfur to create cross-links between rubber polymer chains, enhancing flexibility and durability. Sulfur vulcanization is a chemical process crucial to the rubber industry, transforming raw rubber into a durable, elastic material. This process is suitable for a wide range of rubber products. 

On the other hand, peroxide vulcanization uses organic peroxides to form cross-links, resulting in rubber that withstands higher temperatures and chemical exposure better than sulfur-vulcanized rubber. Each method offers distinct properties to the rubber, tailored to specific applications and performance requirements.

Cement and concrete 

Cement accelerators are available as admixtures for use in concrete, mortar, render, and screed. The addition of an accelerator speeds the setting time and thus curing starts earlier. This allows concrete to be placed in winter with reduced risk of frost damage. Concrete is damaged if it does not reach a strength of  before freezing. Typical cement accelerators are calcium nitrate (), calcium formate (), and sodium nitrate ().

Fire 

In fire protection, the term accelerant is used differently from its use in chemistry, to refer to any material that initiates and promotes the development of fire, including in cases of arson, whether a chemical or not. Chemists distinguish an accelerant from a fuel, such as gasoline.

A fire is a self-sustaining, exothermic oxidation reaction that emits heat and light. When accelerants such as oxygen-bearing liquids and gases (like ) are used, fires produce more heat, consume fuel more quickly, and spread quicker. Fires involving liquid accelerants like gasoline burn quicker, but at the same temperature as fires involving ordinary fuels.

See also
Chemical kinetics
Rate equation
Retarder (chemistry)

References

Firefighting
Rubber
Condensate. Condensate may refer to:
 The liquid phase produced by the condensation of steam or any other gas 
 The product of a chemical condensation reaction, other than water
 Natural-gas condensate, in the natural gas industry
 Condensate (album), a 2011 album by The Original 7ven, the band formerly known as The Time

Quantum physics 
 Canonical quantization or vacuum expectation value, in quantum field theory
 Bose–Einstein condensate, a substance which occurs at very low temperatures in a system of bosons
 Fermionic condensate, a substance which occurs at very low temperatures in a system of fermions
 Gluon condensate, a non-perturbative property of the QCD vacuum

Theoretical states 
 Color-glass condensate, an extreme type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light
 Top quark condensate, an alternative theory to the Standard Model

See also
 Biomolecular condensate
Rolls-Royce Clyde. The Rolls-Royce RB.39 Clyde was Rolls-Royce's first purpose-designed turboprop engine and the first turboprop engine to pass its civil and military type-tests.

As with subsequent Rolls-Royce gas turbines, it was named after a river, the River Clyde.

Design and development
The Clyde used a two-shaft design, with an axial compressor based on that of the Metrovick F.2 for the low-pressure section, and a single-sided centrifugal compressor scaled up from the Merlin 46 supercharger 
as the high-pressure stage, both mounted on the HP shaft and driven by a single stage HP turbine. A single stage power turbine drove the front mounted propeller reduction gearbox via the concentric LP shaft. A fairly novel feature of this compact gearbox was the power output to contra-rotating propellers.

The Clyde was a long engine with the axial LP compressor in front of what was, in effect, a scaled-down Derwent engine. Accessories were grouped around the axial compressor which conveniently narrowed towards the rear. Cooling for turbines and turbine bearings came from a small impeller on the main shaft as well as air taken from the axial and centrifugal compressors. Testing of the development engines exceeded expectations with the engine soon being rated at 4,030 eshp.
During testing potentially destructive vibrations were found originating in the straight-cut spur gears in the reduction gearbox.

The engine was selected as the main engine of the Westland Wyvern TF Mk.2 strike aircraft. However, despite the promising performance of the test engines Ernest Hives felt that pure-jets such as the Avon were the future and the Clyde programme was terminated, forcing Westland to use the less than satisfactory Armstrong Siddeley Python on the production Wyverns. and so Rolls-Royce's first production turboprop would be the Dart.

Engines on display 
A part sectioned example is on display at the Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, (Derby).

Specifications (Clyde)

{{jetspecs

|ref=Turbojet History and Development 1930-1960 vol.1.
|type=Two-Shaft Turboprop
|length=
|diameter=
|weight= (dry)
|compressor=LP - 9 stage axial, HP - Single centrifugal stage
|combustion=Eleven can-type combustion chambers
|turbine=HP - single stage axial, Power''' - single stage axial
|fueltype=Kerosene (jet fuel grade)e
|oilsystem=Pressure spray scavenge system
|power=4,030 eshp (3,006 kW) 
|thrust=
|compression=6:1
|aircon=/s
|turbinetemp=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=0.71 lb/hp/hr (0.432 kg/kW/hr)
|power/weight=1.439 eshp/lb (2.09 kW/kg)
|thrust/weight=
}}

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. 

 King, H. F. "The Two R's: A Commemorative History of Rolls-Royce Aero Engines. (article and images)." Flight'' No. 2363, Volume 65, 7 May 1954.

1940s turboprop engines
Clyde
Mixed-compressor gas turbines
Driptorch. A driptorch is a tool used in wildfire suppression, controlled burning, and other forestry applications to intentionally ignite fires by dripping flaming fuel onto the ground.

Description 

The driptorch consists of a canister for holding fuel with a handle attached to the side, a spout with a loop to prevent fire from entering the fuel canister, a breather valve to allow air into the canister while fuel is exiting through the spout, and a wick from which flaming fuel is dropped to the ground. The wick is ignited and allows the fire to be directed as needed. The spout and wick can be secured upside down inside the canister for storage or transport. Typically the fuel used is a mixture of gasoline and diesel with a ratio of 30% to 70% respectively, although, the amounts may need to be adjusted according to fuel and weather conditions. Sometimes heavier oils are used to increase adhesion of the liquid fuel to the vegetation, and increase burn time and heat.

Variations of the driptorch can be attached to off-road vehicles, such as tractors, to ignite a fire while driving slowly along the ignition line.  Another variant of the driptorch is the helitorch, which is attached to a helicopter and is used to ignite fire from the air.

Usage 
The intentional ignition of fires is a common firefighting tactic. A burnout (also called a firing operation, firing out or a back burn) is a smaller fire ignited along a control line ahead of the main fire. The intent is to consume fuel ahead of the main fire, strengthening the control line. A backfire is a more aggressive type of burning done to influence the behavior of the main fire.

In forest and prairie management, the driptorch is the most common tool used to ignite prescribed burns, which are used to remove excess fuel buildup or to re-create natural cycles of fire in an ecosystem. Other tools which can also be used for this purpose include the fusee, a pyrotechnic device similar to a road flare, other pyrotechnic devices, or even burning vegetative fuels.

See also
 Fire flapper (tool)
 Flare
 Flare gun
 Glossary of wildland fire terms
 McLeod (tool)
 Pulaski (tool)

References

External links

Forestry tools
Wildfire suppression equipment
Bentley Subglacial Trench. The Bentley Subglacial Trench is a vast topographic trench in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, 80°S, 115°W.  At 2,555 meters (8,382 ft) below sea level, it (along with the deepest points within the adjacent Byrd Subglacial Basin) is among the lowest points on the surface of the Earth not covered by ocean, although it is covered by ice. (See Extremes on Earth and Vestfold Hills). 

The trench was named in 1961 after Charles R. Bentley, who was the geophysicist in charge of the scientific expeditions in West Antarctica in 1957–59 that led to its discovery.

In 2016, some hot anomalies were detected beneath Bentley Subglacial Trench and Mount Sidley volcano.

Notes

References
 Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook.  Retrieved 28 October 2008.
 AGUPublications, , Retrieved 4 October 2017.

See also
Extreme points of Antarctica
Extremes on Earth
Extreme points of Earth
Vestfold Hills
West Antarctic Rift System
Jacobshavn Isbræ
Denman Glacier

Depressions (geology)
Valleys of Antarctica
Landforms of Marie Byrd Land
American Plan (union negotiations). The American Plan is the term used to refer to open shop strategies pursued by employers in the United States in the 1920s. The American Plan deemed unions to be "un-American," and the resulting anti-union efforts of employers decreased union membership and efficacy until the 1930s. During World War I, U.S. Steel took a strong anti-union stance in its Chicago mills, calling union organizers "German propagandists." U.S. Steel also required that steelworkers sign a "Pledge of Patriotism," promising not to strike.

The National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) endorsed the anti-union strategy in 1920. The term, American Plan, comes from a meeting of anti-union employers held in Chicago in 1921. The employers agreed not to negotiate with unions, and to require that employees sign a pledge that they would not join a union. Some hardline employers refused to recognize or negotiate with union leaders, and some boycotted unionized vendors and refused to sell supplies to striking employees. In some highly unionized cities, NAM members would fund deputized armed "patrols." While ostensibly charged with keeping the peace, these "imported thugs" were accused of intimidating striking workers and breaking up peaceful demonstrations by force. They would also pursue court-ordered injunctions against labor leaders, such as Illinois labor leader Reuben Soderstrom, to prevent them from organizing protests. When Soderstrom and his fellow Labor Council members protested, they were issued injunctions and charged with conspiracy. The American Plan implied a connection between union activity and the Bolsheviks and played on fears during the First Red Scare.

As a result, the American Plan drove down union membership by at least 25% between 1921 and 1923. From companies' participation in the American Plan, as well as anti-union decisions from the Supreme Court of the United States, union membership fell from 5.1 million in 1920 to 3.6 million in 1929. In the 1930s, successful organizing drives by industrial unions weakened the American Plan, and employer resistance to unions.

See also 
US Strike wave of 1919
Kenesaw Mountain Landis § Building trades award, controversy, and resignation (1920–1922)

References

Further reading 
 "American Plan," Www.worldhistory.biz.
 
1920s in the United States
1920 in the United States
History of labor relations in the United States
1920 labor disputes and strikes
Julian Seward. Julian Seward is a British compiler writer and Free Software contributor who lives in Stuttgart.  He is commonly known for creating the bzip2 compression tool in 1996, as well as the valgrind memory debugging toolset founded in 2000. In 2006, he won a second O'Reilly Open Source Award for his work on Valgrind.  As of 2009, Seward worked at Mozilla.

Contributions 
 bzip2 (1996), a data compressor
 cacheprof (1999), a tool for locating the sources of D-cache misses
 Valgrind, a memory debugger

Awards 
 July 2006 – Julian Seward won a Google-O'Reilly Open Source Award for "Best Toolmaker" for his work on Valgrind

References

External links 
 Interview with Valgrind Author Julian Seward on techrepublic.com, January 2004.
 Interview with Valgrind Author Julian Seward on kde.org, February 2006.

English computer programmers
Living people
Free software programmers
Open source people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Vycor. Vycor is the brand name of Corning's high-silica, high-temperature glass. It provides very high thermal shock resistance. Vycor is approximately 96% silica and 4% boron trioxide, but unlike pure fused silica, it can be readily manufactured in a variety of shapes. Vycor can be subject to prolonged usage at 900 °C.

Vycor products are made by a multi-step process. First, a relatively soft alkali-borosilicate
glass is melted and formed by typical glassworking techniques into the desired shape. This is heat-treated, which causes the material to separate into two intermingled "phases" with distinct chemical compositions. One phase is rich in alkali and boric oxide and can be easily dissolved in acid. The other phase is mostly silica, which is insoluble. The glass object is then soaked in a hot acid solution, which leaches away the soluble glass phase, leaving an object which is mostly silica. At this stage, the glass is porous. Finally, the object is heated to more than 1200 °C, which consolidates the porous structure, making the object shrink slightly and become non-porous. The finished material is classified as a "reconstructed glass".

For some applications the final step is skipped, leaving the glass porous. Such glass has a high affinity for water and makes an excellent getter for water vapour. It is widely used in science and engineering.

Vycor has an extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion, just one quarter that of Pyrex. This property makes the material suitable for use in applications that demand very high dimensional stability, such as metrology instruments, and for products that need to withstand high thermal-shock loads. Vycor also has ultraviolet transmission to about 250 nm and is used in some germicidal lamps.  Based on a reference thickness of 1mm, Vycor glass has an approximately 90% transmission spectra from ~300 nm to 3100 nm.

Immersing the porous glass in certain chemical solutions before the final consolidation step produces a colored glass that can withstand high temperatures without degrading. This is used for colored glass filters for various applications.

Corning manufactures Vycor products for high-temperature applications, such as evaporating dishes.

Porous vycor is a prototypical matrix material for the study of confined liquid physics.

Vycor can also be used for removal of 231Pa and 233Pa in fuel recycling.

References

External links
Corning Inc. Manufacturer's website
Momentive Performance Materials, Inc. Quartz and Low Softening Point Glass (LSPG) Manufacturer
Phase separation in borosilicate and alkali earth silicate glasses

Glass trademarks and brands
Transparent materials
Temperature control. Temperature control is a process in which change of temperature of a space (and objects collectively there within), or of a substance, is  measured or otherwise detected, and the passage of heat energy into or out of the space or substance is adjusted to achieve a desired temperature.

 Thermoregulation is the act of keeping the body at a static and regulated temperature that is suitable for the host despite the external temperature conditions.

See also
 Heat exchanger
 Moving bed heat exchanger
 Thermal Control System
 Thermodynamic equilibrium
 Industrial automation
 Spacecraft thermal control

External links

 Article about PID control by Bob Pease (from archive.org)

References
D9. D9, D09, D.IX, D IX, D.9 or D-9 may refer to:

Transport and vehicles
 Albatros D.IX, a 1918 German prototype single-seat fighter
 Bavarian D IX, an 1888 German steam locomotive model
 Bottineau Municipal Airport, FAA LID D09, a public airport in North Dakota, United States
 Caterpillar D9, a 1954 large bulldozer/track-type tractor
 IDF Caterpillar D9, an armored bulldozer
 Denza D9, a minivan by BYD Auto
 Donavia, IATA code D9, a former subsidiary of Aeroflot
 D9 road (Croatia), a state road in Croatia
 HMS D9, a 1912 British E class submarine
 HMS Imperial (D09), a 1936 British Royal Navy I-class destroyer
 HMS Trumpeter (D09), a 1942 British Royal Navy escort aircraft carrier
 Jodel D9, a 1948 French single-seat ultralight monoplane
 LNER Class D9, a class of British steam locomotives

Other uses
 Delta-9-THC, the delta-9 isomer of THC
 ATC code D09, Medicated dressings, a classification for medical products
 D-9 (video), a video format also known as Digital-S
 D9-brane, a class of objects in string theory
 D-IX, a Nazi performance-enhancing drug
 District 9, a 2009 film
 The "Divine Nine" (D9), nickname for the National Pan-Hellenic Council, an African American fraternities and sororities council
 Dublin 9, a Dublin, Republic of Ireland postal district
Digital 9, a collaborative network of the world's leading digital governments 
Diensteinheit IX - a military unit of the East German police the Volkspolizei

See also
 9D (disambiguation)
 Dix (disambiguation)
Perthite. Perthite or perthitic texture is used to describe an intergrowth of two feldspars: a host grain of potassium-rich alkali feldspar (near K-feldspar, KAlSi3O8, in composition) includes exsolved lamellae or irregular intergrowths of sodic alkali feldspar (near albite, NaAlSi3O8, in composition). Typically, the host grain is orthoclase or microcline, and the lamellae are albite. If sodic feldspar is the dominant phase, the result is an antiperthite and where the feldspars are in roughly equal proportions the result is a mesoperthite.

The intergrowth forms by exsolution due to cooling of a grain of alkali feldspar with a composition intermediate between K-feldspar and albite. There is complete solid solution between albite and K-feldspar at temperatures near 700 °C and pressures like those within the crust of the Earth, but a miscibility gap is present at lower temperatures. If an alkali feldspar grain with an intermediate composition cools slowly enough, K-rich and more Na-rich feldspar domains separate from one another. In the presence of water, the process occurs quickly.  

When megascopically developed, the texture may consist of distinct pink and white lamellae representing exsolved white albite (NaAlSi3O8) in pink microcline. The intergrowths in perthite have a great variety of shapes. If cooling is sufficiently slow, the alkali feldspar may exsolve to form separate grains with near-endmember albite and K-feldspar compositions. The largest documented single crystal of perthite was found in Hugo Mine in South Dakota and measured about  ×  × . 

The gem varieties of potassium feldspar, amazonite and moonstone are variant colored perthites.

References

External links
R.V. Dietrich – Perthite

Feldspar
Petrology