omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Vibro stone column. Vibro stone columns or aggregate piers are an array of crushed stone pillars placed with a vibrating tool into the soil below a proposed structure. This method of ground improvement is also called vibro replacement. Such techniques increase the load bearing capacity and drainage of the soil while reducing settlement and liquefaction potential. Stone columns are made across the area to be improved in a triangular or rectangular grid pattern. They have been used in Europe since the 1950s, and in the United States since the 1970s. Column depth depends on local soil strata, and usually penetrates weak soil.

During construction, a vibrating tool suspended from a crane penetrates to the design depth by means of its own weight and vibrations. Predrilling may be required in dense soil or may be used to reduce the amount of ground displacement during installation. Crushed stone is introduced into the hole by one of two methods. In the dry bottom method, a pipe attached to the vibrator supplies stone directly to it. In the wet top method, water jets located in the vibrator's tip create an annular space around the vibrator through which stone is introduced from the top.

The vibrating probe breaks down the pores of the surrounding soil, thereby densifying the soil. The stone that is poured in takes the place of the soil and keeps up the pressure on the soil that was created by the vibrating probe. The stone consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes. The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria. Spacing and diameter of columns are also determined by design criteria.

References
 Article at the Soil Liquefaction web site of the University of Washington
 Vibro Replacement Stone Columns by Hayward Baker
 Aggregate Piers / Vibro Stone Columns by Subsurface Constructors

Earthworks (engineering)
Mayfran International. Mayfran International is an International company that sells customized or adapted products and systems that process materials and fluids in automated manufacturing and scrap management operations. It operates six production facilities and 14 sales and service offices, and the company operates throughout the U.S., Canada, China, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, India, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

Mayfran Engineering Company was founded by George Meyfarth and A.J. Franz in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1933 as a general industrial engineering firm. In the 1950s, after developing a number of technological innovations, including its patented "hinged steel belt", the company began to focus more closely on the metal working industry, developing products and systems for machining, stamping and scrap handling operations. Since September 2012, Mayfran is a member of the Tsubakimoto Chain Group, of Osaka, Japan.

In August 2015, the company appointed Frank Sraj as vice president of sales and marketing.

Products 
Mayfran produces shredders for chip processing, conveyors to move the chips, and filter systems. They developed a general-purpose separator called ConSep Flex.

References

External links 
 
 Tsubakimoto Chain Co.

American brands
Manufacturing companies established in 1933
Companies based in Cleveland
Manufacturing companies based in Cleveland
Industrial machine manufacturers
1933 establishments in Ohio
Pacific Electric Railway Company Substation No. 8. Pacific Electric Railway Company Substation No. 8, also known as the Altadena Substation, is a former traction substation in Altadena, California. It operated under the Pacific Electric Railway and served as the substation for Pasadena area lines.

History  
The Pacific Electric traction substation was built in 1905. In addition to providing power to the PE lines, it also powered the Mount Lowe Railway.  In 1941, when PE sold its Pasadena area lines to Pasadena City Lines, a subsidiary of National City Lines, the substation was included in the sale.

The Substation was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 for its significance as a part of the Pacific Electric Railway. By 1999 it was being used as an office building. In 2016, the Pacific Southwest Mennonite Conference opened a thrift store in the building.

Substation
Electric interurban and trolley cars required 600 volts direct current to operate a car's Direct Current (DC) traction motors. The function of a "substation" was to convert very high voltage alternating current (AC) from a power generating plant (often miles away) for an AC to lower voltage DC conversion. The high voltage AC entered the substation, was dropped in level by a transformer, and the resulting lower voltage AC was then fed to a device called a rotary converter for the conversion to 600 volts DC. Substations existed on every trolley and interurban line in the United States and often still do for today's subway and light rail lines, although the very large and cumbersome rotary converter, as much as  in diameter and rotating, has been replaced by solid state converters.

See also
Pacific Electric Sub-Station No. 14
Ivy Substation

References

External links
  - includes maps and images of the Altadena Substation

Altadena, California
Buildings and structures in Pasadena, California
Electrical substations
History of Los Angeles County, California
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California
Pacific Electric infrastructure
Railway buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Transportation buildings and structures in Los Angeles County, California
Daimler D.I. The Daimler D.I (also known by the company designation L6) was a German fighter aircraft of World War I. It was a conventional biplane design with a very small interplane gap - the top wing nearly touched the top of the fuselage. Power was provided by a Daimler D.IIIb water-cooled V-8 engine.

Design and development
The L6 prototype competed in the second Idflieg competition for a new fighter design in 1918.  The competition was held at Adlershof from 22 May through 21 June.  This resulted in an order for 20 aircraft being placed.

History
Production commenced in 1918.  Six examples were built by the time of the Armistice, at which time production was abandoned.

Specifications (D.I)

References

Further reading

 

 

1910s German fighter aircraft
D1
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Model Airplane News. Model Airplane News is a monthly magazine focusing upon the hobby of radio control airplanes. Model Airplane News reviews radio control aircraft from backyard flyers, to giant scale airplanes, and features  how-to articles, product reviews, modeling technology, and construction projects.

History and profile
Model Airplane News was launched in 1929 in the United States by Air Age Media Inc. The magazine is based in Wilton, Connecticut.

Editors
Charles Hampson Grant 
Andy Lennon, former contributing editor

References

Further reading
  Quote (from Google search summary): "Tyskewicz will defend his record In New York at a national model plane meet to be held June 25 under the auspices of the Universal Model Airplane News."

External links
 
 Digitized Issues at the Internet Archive

Magazines established in 1929
Model aircraft
Radio control
Radio-controlled aircraft
Hobby magazines published in the United States
Aviation magazines published in the United States
Business magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines published in Connecticut
Madsen 20 mm cannon. The 20 mm AA Machine Cannon M/38 was a 20 mm  rapid fire autocannon produced by the Danish company Dansk Industri Syndikat (DISA). The gun, which could be adapted to several tactical uses, was a primary weapon of the military of Denmark. It was also exported to numerous countries around the world because of its versatility. The cannon was built at the DISA works in Herlev near Copenhagen. The company supplied several different types of mountings with the weapon which allowed it to be employed in a variety roles such as aerial defences, anti-tank warfare or on naval ships.

Design
The 20 mm Madsen Cannon was originally built by Colonel V. H. O. Madsen of the Royal Danish Army. A version with a necked-out 23 mm round was also produced for the cannon known as the 23 mm Madsen.

Combat
Several 20 mm machine cannons of the Danish Army were responsible for knocking out eleven armoured cars and two Panzer I's during the German invasion on April 9, 1940.

A special variant, the Madsen F5 was designed as an anti-tank gun. It proved very effective against the Japanese tanks until the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was a fully automatic weapon, with two small wheels and a 15-round magazine. At 100 m, it was able to pierce 42 mm of armor, and 32 mm at 500 m. This model was reversed engineered by the Chinese 21st arsenal of Nanjing but only five were produced in 1944.

Mounts

Types
The four standard mountings produced by DISA, although they also used a number of locally designed mounts, were:
 Light Field Mount - Primary anti tank mount, could be folded up and stowed on a motorcycle sidecar
 Universal Mount - Dual purpose mount, fitted with wheels it could be towed by its crew.
 Mobile Anti-Aircraft Mount - Dedicated AA mount.
 Tri-axial Mount - Light weight mount intended for fortifications and naval use.

Self-propelled
 Landsverk L-60 - Light tanks made in Sweden by AB Landsverk and employed by:
  - 2
 Landsverk Lynx - Armored cars made in Sweden by AB Landsverk and employed by:
  - 3
 Landsverk L-180 - Armored Cars made in Sweden by AB Landsverk and employed by:
  - 2 (Madsen 20mm M 1933)
  - 8

Users

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (evaluation only)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (evaluation only)

References

External links

 Kurze Beschreibung der Munition Fur Die 20mm Madsen Kanone Gegen Luftziele und Tanks (The title, in English, is "Short Description of the Ammunition for the 20mm Madsen Cannon Against Airborne Targets and Tanks.")
 Pictures of the 20 mm machine cannon in different mountings

Weapons of Denmark
World War II anti-aircraft guns
20 mm artillery
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
Morris Abrams. Morris Abrams (1908–1981) was the founder of Arrow Fastener Co., Inc., a manufacturer of fastening tools that has been a subsidiary of Hangzhou GreatStar Industrial since 2017.

History
Abrams was the first generation of his family to be born in the United States.

In 1929, Morris Abrams founded Arrow Fastener. At first, he sold staples for staplers currently on the market, but by 1940 he had received his first stapler patent, and by 1943, was assigning his patents to Arrow Fastener, a process he continued into the 1950s as he patented the hammer tacker and the staple gun.  One model of his staple gun, the T50, was introduced in the early 1950s, became a registered trademark of the company in 1989, and by 1994, had resulted in over 40 million sales.  It continues to be in production into the 21st century.

In the 1960s, after Morris Abrams became ill, his son Allan Abrams took over the family business which continued to grow to include glue guns, rivet tools, and brad nailers.  Morris died in 1981.

In September 1999, Arrow was one of five home improvement companies purchased by Masco Corporation. It was subsequently purchased by Hangzhou GreatStar Industrial in 2017.

References

External links
Official website for Arrow Fastener Co.

1981 deaths
1908 births
Fastening tool manufacturers
20th-century American inventors
Needle threader. {{ }}

A needle threader is a device for helping to put thread through the eye of a needle. Many kinds exist, though a common type combines a short length of fine wire bent into a diamond shape, with one corner held by a piece of tinplate or plastic. 

The user passes the wire loop through the needle eye, passes the string through the wire loop and, finally, pulls the wire loop, back, through the needle by the handle, which pulls the thread through at the same time. The typical needle threader of this type has the image of a woman, possibly, Arachne or Minerva in profile stamped into the plate handle.

Another type of needle threader is mechanically operated. These may be part of a sewing or embroidery machine, or standalone tools.

The first known use of needle threaders in Europe was in the eighteenth or early nineteenth century.

See also 
 Sewing needle
 Thimble
 Treen (wooden)

References

External links

Sewing equipment
Embroidery equipment
Tools
Notions (sewing)
Burl's Aircraft. Burl's Aircraft LLC is an American aircraft parts manufacturer located in Chugiak, Alaska. The company was founded in 1982 by Burl A Rogers, to design, engineer and manufacture Federal Aviation Administration approved parts for light aircraft.

History

The company was established in February 1982 as Burl's Aircraft Rebuild and was granted FAA inspection authorization in 1985.

The company's first product was the FAA approved Magnum I tailwheel penetration ski, made available in 1982. The eight different models of this product have sold 425 units in the past 25 years.

The Alpha Omega Suspension System was developed to a customer specification as a replacement for existing bungee landing gear shocks used on aircraft. The customer noted that the traditional shocks leak and wear out as well as provide too much bounce upon landing. Roger's design employs solid polymer as the shock-absorber, housed in a steel-plated cylinder that is sealed with epoxy and mounted with titanium tubes.

Burl A Rogers purchased the Aircraft Type Certificate for the Aeronca Sedan in July 2000 from William Brad Mitchell and has since then manufactured parts for the design and issued Service Bulletins. The Sedan is known to the FAA as the Burl A. Rogers 15AC Sedan since the purchase of the type certificate, although no complete aircraft have yet been produced by the company.

Inventions
Magnum I - Wheel Penetration Tailski
Alpha Omega Suspension System (AOSS)

References

External links
 
 Alpha Omega Suspension System

1982 establishments in Alaska
Aerospace companies of the United States
Companies based in Anchorage, Alaska
Privately held companies based in Alaska
American companies established in 1982
Manufacturing companies established in 1982
Manufacturing companies based in Alaska
NekoVM. NekoVM is a virtual machine developed by Nicolas Cannasse as part of research and development (R&D) efforts at two independent video game developers in Bordeaux, France: first at Motion Twin and then at Shiro Games. NekoVM's native language is the bytecode for a high-level dynamically typed programming language called Neko. This pairing allows Neko to be used directly as an embedded scripting language, or to target NekoVM by compiling another language (such as Haxe) to NekoVM bytecode.

Concept
Neko has a compiler and a virtual machine (VM) with garbage collection. The compiler converts a source .neko file into a bytecode .n file that can be executed with the VM. Since Neko is dynamically typed with no fixed classes, a developer only needs to find the proper runtime mapping (in contrast to data type mapping) so that code executes correctly. As the Neko FAQ puts it: "...it is easier to write a new or existing language on the NekoVM than it is for the CLR / JVM, since you don’t have to deal with a highlevel type system. Also, this means that languages can interoperate more easily since they only need to share the same data structures and not always the same types."

Neko requires compiling before executing, like other scripting languages such as Apache Groovy. Since Neko need not be interpreted at runtime, it executes faster. The Haxe language can compile to Neko code, among other targets.

Virtual machine
The Neko virtual machine is used to execute a Neko bytecode file, the VM also has the option to convert a bytecode file into an executable file (output changes depending on the target operating system).

Language

Hello World
$print("Hello World!");

Type conversions
$int("67.87"); // Converts string "67.87" to integer 67
$float(12345); // Converts integer 12345 to float 12345.0000
$string($array(1,2,3)); // Converts array [1,2,3] to string "[1,2,3]"

Objects
o = $new(null); // new empty object
o2 = $new(o); // makes a copy of o
o2 = $new(33); // if parameter is not an object, throw an exception
o.field = value; //sets field to value
o.field; // returns "field" value of object o

Methods
foo = function() {
	$print(this.x);
}
o = $new(null);
o.x = 3;
o.bar = function() {
	foo();
};
o.bar(); // prints 3

Function scope
var x = 3;
f = function() {
	$print(x);
}
x = 4;
f(); // print 3

Prototypes
var proto = $new(null);
proto.foo = function() {
  $print(this.msg)
}

var o = $new(null);
o.msg = "hello";
$objsetproto(o,proto);
o.foo(); // print "hello"

$objsetproto(o,null); // remove proto
o.foo(); // exception

Web functionality
Neko includes Apache server modules mod_neko for Neko language and mod_tora for hosting the NekoVM application server tora. As such, it can process user input using GET and POST requests:
get_params = $loader.loadprim("mod_neko@get_params",0);
$print("PARAMS = "+get_params());

See also
OpenFL

References

External links 
 
 

Dynamically typed programming languages
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in OCaml
Object-oriented programming languages
Prototype-based programming languages
Software using the MIT license
Stack-based virtual machines
Glassine. Glassine is a smooth and glossy paper which is air-, water-, and grease-resistant. It is usually available in densities between . It is translucent unless dyes are added to the paper to color it or make it opaque. It is manufactured by supercalendering: after pressing and drying, the paper web is passed through a stack of alternating steel-covered and fiber-covered rolls called a supercalender at the end of the paper machine so that the paper fibers are oriented in the same direction.

Usage
Glassine is most commonly used as a base for further silicone coating for the manufacture of release liner. 
Glassine is also used as an interleaving paper in bookbinding, especially to protect fine illustrations from contact with facing pages; the paper can be manufactured with a neutral pH and can prevent damage from spilling, exposure, or rubbing. Glassine adhesive tape has been used in book repair. In chemistry, glassine is used as an inexpensive weighing paper. It is applied in foodservice as a barrier between strips of products (for example: meat, baked goods). Glassine is resistant to grease and facilitates separation of individual foodstuffs.

Glassine has been recommended for protecting the surface of stored acrylic paintings. However, glassine will adhere to soft (not completely cured) and medium-rich paint, especially when stored for an extended period of time and it may cause permanent damage to the painted surface. Therefore, art conservators do not recommend that it be used to wrap paintings. Philatelists use glassine envelopes to store stamps, and stamp hinges are made of glassine. Amateur insect collectors use glassine envelopes to store specimens temporarily in the field before they are mounted in a collection. Entomologists collecting for research may likewise use such envelopes to store whole specimens in the field. Glassine envelopes carry pharmacy reformulated drugs and illicit drugs such as cocaine and heroin.
Photographers used glassine sleeves for many decades to safely store their processed films. Glassine is also used to pack firecrackers, as it is moisture resistant. It is used for its transparent qualities to fold origami tessellations. Glassine is an outer covering on paperboard tubes, particularly those used in model rocketry, for water protection.

In the mid-20th century, potato chips were packaged in glassine bags. Herman Lay was a pioneer of using glassine in the potato chips industry.

References

Paper
Transparent materials
Stamp collecting
Gaston du Bousquet. Gaston du Bousquet (1839–1910) was a French engineer who was Chief of Motive Power () of the Chemin de Fer du Nord, designer of locomotives and professor at École centrale de Lille.

Steam locomotive designer
Gaston du Bousquet taught mechanical engineering at the Institut industriel du Nord de la France (École Centrale de Lille) from 1872. He was appointed chief engineer to the Chemins de Fer du Nord in 1890. He won a gold medal at the Universal Exhibition of 1894. He collaborated successfully with Alfred de Glehn and Edward Beugniot, both working for the Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques (SACM). He was president of the Society of Civil Engineers of France in 1894.

Four-cylinder compound locomotives

He introduced compound (double expansion) steam locomotives to the industrial network with the help of Alfred de Glehn, engineer to SACM.

du Bousquet locomotives
 Nord 6.121 to 6.168, 28 loaned to the Ceinture, later SNCF 1-031+130.TA.1 to 47
 Ceinture 6.001 to 6.038, later SNCF 3-031+130.TA.1 to 36

He designed among other locomotives:
 Nord 2.121 to 2.180 “Chocolat” 4-4-0s of 1891–1898
 Nord 2.231 to 2.305 “Revolver” 4-4-4Ts of 1901–1906; later SNCF 2-222.TA
 Nord 2.311 to 2.380 “Ravachol” 4-4-0Ts of 1892–1895; later SNCF 2-220.TA
 Nord 2.641 to 2.675 Atlantics (4-4-2) of 1900–1902, later SNCF 2-221.A 
 Nord 2.741 Prototype Atlantic of 1907; rebuilt as 4-4-4, rebuilt as 4-6-0 No. 3.999
 Nord 3.081 to 3.302 4-6-0s of 1897–1910; later SNCF 2-230.A
 Nord 3.121 to 3.122 “Metropolitan” 0-6-4Ts of 1892–1893
 Nord 3.513 to 3.537 4-6-0s of 1908–1910; later SNCF 2-230.D.1 to 149
 Nord 3.801 to 3.860 “Bleriot” 4-6-4Ts of 1909–1910; later SNCF 2-232.TA
 Nord 3.1101 and 3.1102 Prototype Baltics (4-6-4 of 1911; the death of the designer prevented development.

External links

  Nord Atlantic 2.670 - 1904 (in French).
  Nord Baltic 3.1102 - 1911 (in French).
 Compound Locomotives  « type français » (in French).
 Histoire de l'exploitation d'un grand réseau — La Compagnie du chemin de fer du Nord — 1846-1937. Par François Caron ; publié par Mouton, 1973.

References

French engineers
1839 births
1910 deaths
Locomotive builders and designers
Chemins de Fer du Nord