omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CAE. CAE may refer to:

Organisations

Aviation
 CAE Aviation, a Luxembourgish aviation services company
 CAE Inc. (formerly Canadian Aviation Electronics), a Canadian manufacturer of simulation technologies and training provider
 Régional Compagnie Aérienne Européenne, a former subsidiary airline of Air France

 Continental Aviation and Engineering, a US aircraft engine maker that later became Teledyne CAE

Economics
 Conseil d'Analyse Économique, a French government advisory body

Education
 Centre for Adult Education, an adult education course provider in Melbourne, Australia
 Center for American Education (disambiguation), an old name for American-style institutions in countries including the UAE and India
 College of Advanced Education, a now abolished tier of Australian tertiary institutions

Engineering
 Canadian Academy of Engineering, the national academy of Canada for engineering
 Chinese Academy of Engineering, the national academy of the People's Republic of China for engineering, established in 1994
 College of Aeronautical Engineering, part of the Pakistan Air Force Academy

Science and technology
 Compressed air engine, a type of pressure pneumatic actuator using expanding compressed air
 Computer-aided engineering, the broad usage of computer software to aid in engineering analysis tasks
 Caelum (Standard IAU abbreviation), a constellation

Computing
 Common Application Environment, from X/Open Portability Guide, a specification for Unix-like operating systems
 Computer-aided engineering, computer software to aid in engineering tasks

Medicine
 Caprine arthritis encephalitis, a disease in goats
 Childhood absence epilepsy, a childhood seizure disorder
 Carbonic anhydrase enzyme, that catalyzes the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and the dissociated ions of carbonic acid

Media
 Critical Art Ensemble, collective of tactical media practitioners of various specializations
 Radio Canadian Army Europe, Radio CAE, from World War II and the 1950s & 1960s, now replaced by Canadian Forces Radio and Television

Places
 Columbia Metropolitan Airport (IATA airport code), West Columbia, South Carolina, United States
 Central African Empire, a short-lived empire in Central Africa
 Caernarfonshire (Chapman code), historic county in Wales

Other uses
 Certificate in Advanced English, the fourth level of the University of Cambridge ESOL examination
 Chief audit executive, or Director of audit, a high level independent executive with overall responsibility for internal audit
 Child Abduction Emergency (SAME code), or AMBER Alert
 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913–1916, a Canadian Arctic Expedition
ESD. ESD may refer to:

Science 
 ESD (gene), a human gene/enzyme
 Electrostatic discharge, a sudden flow of electricity between two electrically charged objects
 Electrostatic-sensitive device, any component which can be damaged by common static charges
 Energy spectral density, a part of a function in statistical signal processing
 Environmental secondary detector, a gaseous detection device used with environmental scanning electron microscopes
 Equivalent spherical diameter, a diameter of a sphere of equivalent volume
 Extreme subdwarf, a type of star

Medicine 
 End-systolic dimension, the diameter across a ventricle in the heart
 Endoscopic submucosal dissection, a medical therapy with endoscopy

Education 
 Education for sustainable development, international learning methodology
 Educational service district (disambiguation), regional education unit in some U.S. states
 Episcopal School of Dallas, day school in Texas, U.S.
 Evangelical School for the Deaf, in Luquillo, Puerto Rico

Government and law 
 Electronic services delivery, government services provided through the Internet or other electronic means
 Empire State Development Corporation, an American public benefit umbrella organization
 Employment Security Department, a Washington state unemployment agency
 Examination support document, a submission to the United States Patent and Trademark Office

Technology 
 Electronic smoking device, a device that simulates the feeling of smoking
 Electronic software distribution, delivery of digital media content
 ESD format, a file format
 Emergency shutdown, the stoppage of a process plant in certain hazardous conditions
 Engineering Society of Detroit, a multi-disciplinary association in Michigan, U.S.
 Enlightened Sound Daemon, audio software
 Environmentally sustainable design, complying with the principles of ecological sustainability in the design of objects and buildings

Transport 
 Elmstead Woods railway station (station code), in London, England
 Esen Air (ICAO airline designator), a defunct airline from Kyrgyzstan
 Essendon railway station, Melbourne
 A US Navy hull classification symbol: Expeditionary transfer dock (ESD)
 Orcas Island Airport (IATA code), Eastsound on Orcas Island, Washington, United States

Other uses 
 East Side Digital Records, an American record label
 Eta Sigma Delta, an American honor society
CFD. 

CFD may refer to:

Business and economics
 Centre for Finance and Development in Geneva, Switzerland
 Contract for difference, a type of financial derivative
 Contracts for Difference (UK electricity market support)
 Control-flow diagram, of a process
 Cumulative flow diagram, in queueing theory

Firefighting services
 Calgary Fire Department, Alberta, Canada
 Chicago Fire Department, Illinois, U.S.
 Cleveland Fire Department, Ohio, U.S.
 Columbus Fire Department, Ohio, U.S.

Science and technology

 Common fill device, in cryptography
 Complement factor D, an enzyme
 Computational fluid dynamics
 Congenital Femoral Deficiency, a birth defect
 Constant fraction discriminator, a signal processing device
 Counterfactual definiteness, a concept in quantum mechanics

Transport
 Caulfield railway station, Melbourne
 Clarkefield railway station, Melbourne
 Coulter Field (IATA: CFD), an airport in Bryan, Texas, U.S.
 , French rail company in JV with Captrain France

See also
Cfds (disambiguation)
Utilicraft FF-1080. The FF-1080 is an aircraft design by Utilicraft Aerospace Industries of Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, for a twin turboprop aircraft fitted to carry LD3 aircraft cargo containers between large airports and smaller airports.

Twin Pratt & Whitney Canada PW150C turboprop engines driving 6-bladed propellers provide the STOL performance with takeoff runs of less than . The aircraft is designed to carry as much as  for a  range carrying beneath its  of high-mounted wings.

American Utilicraft, the predecessor of Utilicraft Aerospace Industries, patented the design for the FF-1080 in 1991. Prototype engineering began in 2000 at Aircraft Design Services Incorporated in San Antonio, Texas. A company called Micro Craft was chosen to build the prototype, with plans to build subassemblies at a factory in Huntsville, Alabama, and to assemble the prototype at Gwinnett Airport in Atlanta.

American Utilicraft entered a memorandum of understanding with the San Juan Pueblo (now known as the Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo) to build a production aircraft assembly plant in northern New Mexico. The Ohkay Owingeh Indian pueblo is the owner of Ohkay Owingeh Airport. State officials encouraged the companies and the pueblo to seek state loans to begin production of the aircraft.

Variants
FF-1080 Freight Feeder base-line freighter, planned and designed from the early 1990s; not built.
FF-1080-100 short fuselage version for 4 LD3 containers, powered by 2 Pratt & Whitney Canada PW121 turboprop engines; not built.
FF-1080-200 initial standard version, 2 Pratt & Whitney Canada PW122, 6 LD3 containers; not built.
FF-1080-300ER base-line version from December 2004, carrying up to 10 LD3 or 5 A-1 containers; not built.
FF-1080-500 enlarged version, re-designated FF5000; not built.
FF4000 proposed shrink for 4 M-1 containers /  payload; not built.
FF5000 standard version from 2008, 6 M-1 containers, renamed FF5000; not built.

Specifications (FF5000)

References

External links
Market News First investor report

Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
MINC. MINC ("MINC is not C") is a data specification language written in the mid-1980s by a Princeton University graduate student named Lars Graf. This kind of naming is known as a "recursive acronym". 

It contains many (though not all) of the syntactical capabilities of the C programming language, and can be used to implement simple procedural programs that can be executed by a runtime parser (that is to say, MINC does not need to be compiled in any way). 

MINC continues to be used only in a handful of programs written in the 1980s (e.g. Real-Time Cmix). It has been for all intents and purposes superseded by modern scripting languages such as Perl, Python, and Tcl.

A controversial aspect of the language is whether it is pronounced "mink" or "min-see".

External links
 MINC tutorial at CMIX home page 

Scripting languages
DEC Text Processing Utility. The DEC Text Processing Utility (or DECTPU) is a dedicated programming language developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) to easily create multi-functional text editors.

TPU is part of OpenVMS. It can be used on a terminal, a console, or on a graphical system like DECwindows.

Functionality 
TPU provides text buffer management APIs in concert with window management APIs which are targeted for the VT100 line of terminals.  This allowed split-screen windows with scrolling and hence multiple views of the same buffer content.  There are also key mapping APIs provided, allowing a wide range of functionality for editing text. The keyboard mapping could be easily adapted by  the admin or the user.

Users could write their own specific editor, to e.g. translate text or short (error) messages to multiple natural languages in a synchronised small text window. The text editor is callable, so you could have small text editors built into specific applications, e.g. a simple mail client. You might redirect output from applications into a text window, using inter-process communication. Therefore one could call web services to return their results into a text buffer.

Implementations 

 EVE (Extensible Versatile Editor), the first TPU-based editor, delivered with VAX/VMS by mid-1985.
 In 1986, DEC developed a new version of EDT written in TPU
 Language-Sensitive Editor, part of VAXset (software development platform)
 A version of the vi editor was created by Gregg Wonderly at Oklahoma State University called TPUVI or VITPU.  VITPU is still available via the DECUS archives online.

References

Text-oriented programming languages
OpenVMS software
TPU. TPU or tpu may refer to:

Science and technology
 Tensor Processing Unit, a custom ASIC built by Google, tailored for their TensorFlow platform
 DEC Text Processing Utility, a language developed by Digital Equipment Corporation for developing text editors
 Thermoplastic polyurethane, a class of polyurethane plastics
 Transcranial pulsed ultrasound, a brain-stimulation technique

Other uses
 TACA Peru (ICAO code), an airline
 Tampuan language (ISO 639-3 language code)
 Tikapur Airport (IATA code), Nepal
 Tokyo Polytechnic University, Japan
 Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
 Troop Program Unit, an organizational component of the United States Army Reserve
Char (chemistry). Char is the solid material that remains after light gases (e.g. coal gas) and tar have been driven out or released from a carbonaceous material during the initial stage of combustion, which is known as carbonization, charring, devolatilization or pyrolysis.

Further stages of efficient combustion (with or without char deposits) are known as gasification reactions, ending quickly when the reversible gas phase of the water gas shift reaction is reached.

See also
 Biochar
 Charcoal
 Coke (fuel)
 Petroleum coke
 Shale oil extraction
 Spent shale

References

Oil shale
Coal
Alembic. An alembic (from , originating from , 'cup, beaker') is an alchemical still consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, used for distillation of liquids.

Description 
The complete distilling apparatus consists of three parts: 

 the "" (Arabic: ; Greek: , ), the still pot containing the liquid to be distilled, which is heated by a flame
 the "head" or "cap" (, ; Greek , ) which fits over the mouth of the cucurbit to receive the vapors, with an attached downward-sloping "tube" (, )
 the "receiver" (, ; ,  or , ) container

In the case of another distilling vessel, the retort, the "cap" and the "cucurbit" have been combined to form a single vessel. The anbik
is also called the raʾs (the Arabic word raʾs means "head") of the cucurbit. The liquid in the cucurbit is heated or boiled; the vapour rises into the anbik, where it cools by contact with the walls and condenses, running down the spout into the receiver. A modern descendant of the alembic is the pot still, used to produce distilled beverages.

History 

Dioscorides's ambix, described in his  (c. 50 C.E.), is a helmet-shaped lid for gathering condensed mercury. For Athenaeus (c. 225 C.E.) it is a bottle or flask. For later chemists it denoted various parts of crude distillation devices.

Alembic drawings appear in works of Cleopatra the Alchemist (3rd century C.E.), Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300 C.E.), and Synesius (c. 373 – c. 414 C.E.). There were alembics with two (dibikos) and three (tribikos) receivers. According to Zosimos of Panopolis, the alembic was invented by Mary the Jewess.

The anbik is described by Ibn al-Awwam in his  (Book of Agriculture), where he explains how rose-water is distilled. Amongst others, it is mentioned in the  (Key of Sciences) of Khwarizmi and the  (Book of Secrets) of al-Razi. Some illustrations occur in the Latin translations of works which are attributed to Geber.

Unicode 
The Unicode character set specifies three symbols for alembics: the pictogram ⚗ (), its emoji variation ⚗️ (), and the ancient alchemical symbol 🝪 ().

See also 
 Aludel

References

External links 
 

Alchemical tools
Arab inventions
ISPW. The IRCAM Signal Processing Workstation (ISPW) was a hardware digital audio workstation  developed by IRCAM and the Ariel Corporation in the late 1980s.  In French, the ISPW is referred to as the SIM (Station d'informatique musicale). Eric Lindemann was the principal designer of the ISPW hardware as well as manager of the overall hardware/software effort. 

It consisted of up to three customized DSP boards that could be plugged into the expansion bus on a NeXT Computer (a "cube").  The ISPW could then run a customized real-time audio processing server on the hardware boards controlled by a client application on the NeXT.

Each ISPW card had two Intel i860 microprocessors (running at 80 MFLOPS).  An additional card with eight channels of audio I/O was also available for multi-channel sound recording and playback.  A three-board ISPW provided what was at the time unsurpassed signal processing and audio synthesis power on a single workstation.  A single ISPW card cost approximately $12,000US (not including the computer), which made it prohibitively expensive outside of research institutes and universities.

And the I860 board :

The main server software developed by IRCAM for the ISPW was called FTS ("Faster Than Sound").  The main NeXT client application was a graphical program called Max, developed by Miller Puckette.  A commercial version of Max (without the FTS server) was licensed by IRCAM to Opcode Systems (and, later, Cycling '74).

Max/FTS eventually migrated to a software-only application for SGI and DEC Alpha computers.  It is the direct predecessor to jMax.

See also Pd.

External links
 A brief history of MAX, from IRCAM

Computer music
Computer workstations
NeXT
Digital signal processors
Zeroisation. In cryptography, zeroisation (also spelled zeroization) is the practice of erasing sensitive parameters (electronically stored data, cryptographic keys, and critical security parameters) from a cryptographic module to prevent their disclosure if the equipment is captured. This is generally accomplished by altering or deleting the contents to prevent recovery of the data.

Mechanical
When encryption was performed by mechanical devices, this would often mean changing all the machine's settings to some fixed, meaningless value, such as zero. On machines with letter settings rather than numerals, the letter 'O' was often used instead. Some machines had a button or lever for performing this process in a single step. Zeroisation would typically be performed at the end of an encryption session to prevent accidental disclosure of the keys, or immediately when there was a risk of capture by an adversary.

Software
In modern software based cryptographic modules, zeroisation is made considerably more complex by issues such as virtual memory, compiler optimisations and use of flash memory. Also, zeroisation may need to be applied not only to the key, but also to a plaintext and some intermediate values. A cryptographic software developer must have an intimate understanding of memory management in a machine, and be prepared to zeroise data whenever a sensitive device might move outside the security boundary. Typically this will involve overwriting the data with zeroes, but in the case of some types of non-volatile storage the process is much more complex; see data remanence.

As well as zeroising data due to memory management, software designers consider performing zeroisation:
 When an application changes mode (e.g. to a test mode) or user;
 When a computer process changes privileges;
 On termination (including abnormal termination);
 On any error condition which may indicate instability or tampering;
 Upon user request;
 Immediately, the last time the parameter is required; and
 Possibly if a parameter has not been required for some time.
Informally, software developers may also use zeroise to mean any overwriting of sensitive data, not necessarily of a cryptographic nature.

Tamper resistant hardware
In tamper resistant hardware, automatic zeroisation may be initiated when tampering is detected. Such hardware may be rated for cold zeroisation, the ability to zeroise itself without its normal power supply enabled.

Standards
Standards for zeroisation are specified in ANSI X9.17 and FIPS 140-2.

See also
 Crypto-shredding

References

Key management
Shielding effect. In chemistry, the shielding effect sometimes referred to as atomic shielding or 
electron shielding describes the attraction between an electron and the nucleus in any atom with more than one electron. The shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due
to a difference in the attraction forces on the electrons in the atom. It is a special case of  electric-field screening.
This effect also has some significance in many projects in material sciences.

Strength per electron shell or orbital

The wider the electron shells are in space, the weaker is the electric interaction between the electrons and the nucleus due to screening. Further, because of differences in orbital penetration, we can order the screening strength, S, that electrons in a given orbital (s, p, d, or f) provide to the rest of the electrons thusly:

Description

In hydrogen, or any other atom in group 1A of the periodic table (those with only one valence electron), the force on the electron is just as large as the electromagnetic attraction from the nucleus of the atom. However, when more electrons are involved, each electron (in the nth-shell) experiences not only the electromagnetic attraction from the positive nucleus, but also repulsion forces from other electrons in shells from 1 to n. This causes the net force on electrons in outer shells to be significantly smaller in magnitude; therefore, these electrons are not as strongly bonded to the nucleus as electrons closer to the nucleus. This phenomenon is often referred to as the orbital penetration effect. The shielding theory also contributes to the explanation of why valence-shell electrons are more easily removed from the atom.

Additionally, there is also a shielding effect that occurs between sublevels within the same principal energy level. An electron in the  s-sublevel is capable of shielding electrons in the  p-sublevel of the same principal energy level.

The size of the shielding effect is difficult to calculate precisely due to effects from quantum mechanics. As an approximation, we can estimate the effective nuclear charge on each electron by the following:

Where Z is the number of protons in the nucleus and  is the average number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question. can be found by using quantum chemistry and the Schrödinger equation, or by using Slater's empirical formulas.

In Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, the correction due to electron screening modifies the Coulomb repulsion between the incident ion and the target nucleus at large distances. It is the repulsion effect caused by the inner electron on the outer electron.

See also 

 Atomic number
 Core charge
 Effective nuclear charge
 Noble gas compound
 Steric effects
 Lanthanide contraction
 d-block contraction (or scandide contraction)

References

 

Peter Atkins & Loretta Jones, Chemical principles: the quest for insight [Variation in shielding effect]

Atomic physics
Quantum chemistry
Durability. Durability is the ability of a physical product to remain functional, without requiring excessive maintenance or repair, when faced with the challenges of normal operation over its design lifetime. There are several measures of durability in use, including years of life, hours of use, and number of operational cycles. In economics, goods with a long usable life are referred to as durable goods.

Requirements for product durability 
Product durability is predicated by good repairability and regenerability in conjunction with maintenance. Every durable product must be capable of adapting to technical, technological and design developments. This must be accompanied by a willingness on the part of consumers to forgo having the "very latest" version of a product.

In the United Kingdom, durability as a characteristic relating to the quality of goods that can be demanded by consumers was not clearly established until an amendment of the Sale of Goods Act 1979  relating to the quality standards for supplied goods in 1994.

Product life spans and sustainable consumption 
The lifespan of household goods is a significant factor in sustainable consumption. Longer product life spans can contribute to eco-efficiency and sufficiency, thus slowing consumption in order to progress towards a sustainable level of consumption. Cooper (2005) proposed a model to demonstrate the crucial role of product lifespans to sustainable production and consumption.

Types of durability
Durability can encompass several specific physical properties of designed products, including:

Ageing (of polymers)
Dust resistance
Resistance to fatigue
Fire resistance
Radiation hardening
Thermal resistance
Rot-proofing
Rustproofing
Toughness
Waterproofing

Examples
Chemically strengthened glass e.g. Superfest
Durable medical equipment
Durable water repellent

See also 

Availability
Consumables
Disposable product
Durable good
Interchangeable parts
Maintainability
Product life
Product stewardship
Throwaway society
Waste minimization

References

Broad-concept articles
Materials science
Waste minimisation