omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Volvo LCP2000. The Volvo LCP2000 (Light Component Prototype) is a concept car built by Volvo in 1983. It was a project which comprised many engine options for the testing of different fuel types. In this project Volvo experimented with light weight materials to build the engine, such as aluminium, magnesium and plastics.

Development
The engineers started work in 1979; they were given a clean sheet to create a car meant for the year 2000, maximizing low fuel consumption. Especially magnesium was used to a large extent; this was a result of Volvo's aborted Norwegian affair (Norway would take forty per cent of the company in return for cash and ten per cent of one of the North Sea oil fields). Norsk Hydro, one of the world's foremost magnesium producers provided the technical know-how. The wheels were developed in collaboration with Campagnolo. The floor plate was a single plastic casting, to which aluminium and magnesium elements were glued. The steering was by Germany's ZF, while Moulton's Hydragas suspension was also installed.

Design and specifications
Designed to weigh less than , the LCP achieved an EPA 56 mpg city/81 highway and 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 11 seconds and  top speed. It used many components in aluminium, plastic and even a magnesium engine block. Volvo claimed that only  of "traditional" materials were used. There were two types of three-cylinder turbodiesel engines for this car, one was a magnesium 1.3-liter (1279 cc) powerplant developed together with British diesel specialists Ricardo, pushing  and weighing , and a  cast-iron 1.4-liter Elsbett (ELKO) engine with a KKK turbocharger that could run on a variety of fuels such as low-octane gasoline and sunflower oil (biodiesel). The ELKO engine weighs . A five-speed manual did not provide quite enough gear ratios, so Volvo also used the CVT technology they had received when they purchased DAF. The car's bodywork was of a modular design, which would help offset the greater cost of the exotic materials used. Drag resistance ranged from  to 0.28.

References

External links
 http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/1894/Volvo-LCP-2000.html

LCP2000|Cars
Volvo ECC. The Volvo ECC (Environmental Concept Car) was an executive luxury concept car built by Volvo in 1992. It was a design exercise in using recycled material and hybrid technology. It was powered by a hybrid electric and gas turbine engine. Many of its lines and general styling were used as inspiration for the first generation Volvo S80. The ECC set a new design language for future Volvo models from the S80 onwards, the most obvious styling feature being the stepped waistline, which was inspired by the similar feature on the 200 Series, whilst retaining some of the angular elements from the 700/900 ranges.

The Volvo ECC was built on the Volvo P80 platform. In contrast to most production hybrids, which use a gasoline piston engine to provide additional acceleration and to recharge the battery storage, the Volvo ECC used a gas turbine engine to drive the generator for recharging. This type of engine has a higher thermodynamic efficiency than the conventional internal combustion engine with pistons. Also in Volvo's design, the fuel is evaporated and mixed with air before ignition. This provides a very low NOx emission. The driver can also switch between gas turbine electric and hybrid by switches on the dashboard.

The maximum power available was , with 76 available for continuous use. It had a drag coefficient of 0.23. With the vehicle weighing approximately  more than a conventional Volvo 850, acceleration from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) took 23 seconds in EV mode and 12.5 seconds with the turbine engaged. Top speed was . The vehicle's range on batteries alone was , and when combined with a full tank of fuel for the turbine, about .

The Volvo ECC was debuted at a time when California was seeking Zero Pollution Vehicles (ZPV). With its gas turbine, the Volvo ECC was not a zero-emissions vehicle, and hence did not meet the needs of the time. With the focus now shifted away from true zero-emissions vehicles, many of the concepts tested in the ECC may prove of value in future concept and production vehicles.

References

External links
Trafikmagasinet visar Volvo ECC
Om Volvo ECC på Volvocars.com
Volvo Hybrid Environmental Concept Car

Volvo C30 ReCharge Concept

 Om Volvo ReCharge Concept diesel på Volvocars Newsroom
 Om Volvo ReCharge Concept flexifuel på Volvocars Newsroom

ECC
Cars powered by gas turbines
Partial zero-emissions vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Hybrid electric cars
Patient administration system. Patient Administration Systems (often abbreviated to PAS) developed out of the automation of administrative paperwork in healthcare organisations, particularly hospitals, and are one of the core components of a hospital's IT infrastructure.  The PAS records the patient's demographics (e.g. name, home address, date of birth) and details all patient contact with the hospital, both outpatient and inpatient.

PAS systems are often criticised for providing only administrative functionality to hospitals, however attempts to provide more clinical and operational functionality have often been expensive failures.

History
In the UK, IRC PAS was developed at North Staffordshire Health Authority in the late 1960s. It became widely used within the NHS and was supported commercially by ICL. Siemens Nixdorf acquired the PAS in 1996  but dropped support in 1998. The NPfIT project was claimed to have deployed a total 141 new generation PAS by 2008  but this figure had risen to only 170 by 2010.

Standard PAS Functionality
PAS Systems provide a number of core essential functions to hospitals:
 Master Patient Index
 Appointment Booking
 Waiting List Management
 Record of Patient Activity
 Activity Returns/Billing
 Reporting
 Admission

References

Electronic health records
Health informatics
Eckert–Mauchly Award. The Eckert–Mauchly Award recognizes contributions to digital systems and computer architecture. It  is known as the computer architecture community’s most prestigious award.  First awarded in 1979, it was named for John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, who between 1943 and 1946 collaborated on the design and construction of the first large scale electronic computing machine, known as ENIAC, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.  A certificate and $5,000 are awarded jointly by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the IEEE Computer Society for outstanding contributions to the field of computer and digital systems architecture.

Recipients

 1979 Robert S. Barton
 1980 Maurice V. Wilkes 
 1981 Wesley A. Clark
 1982 Gordon C. Bell
 1983 Tom Kilburn
 1984 Jack B. Dennis
 1985 John Cocke
 1986 Harvey G. Cragon
 1987 Gene M. Amdahl
 1988 Daniel P. Siewiorek
 1989 Seymour Cray
 1990 Kenneth E. Batcher
 1991 Burton J. Smith 
 1992 Michael J. Flynn
 1993 David J. Kuck
 1994 James E. Thornton
 1995 John Crawford
 1996 Yale Patt
 1997 Robert Tomasulo
 1998 T. Watanabe
 1999 James E. Smith
 2000 Edward Davidson
 2001 John Hennessy
 2002 Bantwal Ramakrishna "Bob" Rau 
 2003 Joseph A. (Josh) Fisher 
 2004 Frederick P. Brooks 
 2005 Robert P. Colwell 
 2006 James H. Pomerene 
 2007 Mateo Valero
 2008 David Patterson
 2009 Joel Emer
 2010 Bill Dally
 2011 Gurindar S. Sohi
 2012 Algirdas Avizienis
 2013 James R. Goodman
 2014 Trevor Mudge
 2015 Norman Jouppi
 2016 Uri Weiser
 2017 Charles P. Thacker
 2018 Susan J. Eggers
 2019 Mark D. Hill
 2020 Luiz André Barroso
 2021 Margaret Martonosi
 2022 Mark Horowitz
 2023 Kunle Olukotun
 2024 Wen-Mei W. Hwu

See also

 ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture
 Computer engineering
 Computer science
 Computing
 List of computer science awards

References
 ACM-IEEE CS Eckert-Mauchly Award winners
 Eckert Mauchly Award

Computer science awards
IEEE society and council awards
Malaysia Federal Route 58. Federal Route 58, or Jalan Batak Rabit-Teluk Intan-Bidor, is a Malaysian federal road in Perak state linking Federal Route 1 at Bidor to Teluk Intan and Federal Route 5.

Route background
The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 58 is located at Batak Rabit in Teluk Intan, at its interchange with the Federal Route 5, the main trunk road of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

History
In October 1995, the overhead bridge across the railway near Kampung Baru Bidor Stesen collapsed after a goods train jumped rail and crashed onto the beam supporting the bridge. As a temporary measure, a one-lane Bailey bridge was erected while a permanent concrete bridge was constructed from 1997. The new bridge opened to traffic in March 1998 and the Bailey bridge was dismantled.

In the early days, this route only had two lanes. However, in 1995, the stretch between the traffic lights junction at Teluk Intan town center to the traffic lights junction to Federal Route 109 was upgraded into a four-lane, dual carriageway road. In 2004, the stretch between Federal Route 109 to Selabak Estate was also upgraded into a four-lane, dual carriageway, as was the stretch between the traffic lights junction to Jalan Kampung Banjar and the traffic lights junction at Federal Route 5.

Features

The road is mainly a two-lane road except sections of the road several kilometers from Teluk Intan where it features a 4-lane dual carriageway road.

At most sections, the Federal Route 58 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

There is one alternate route: Bidor Bypass.

List of junctions and towns

References

Malaysian Federal Roads
ACAC consortium. The AVIC I Commercial Aircraft Company (ACAC consortium; ) was a subsidiary of China Aviation Industry Corporation I (AVIC I), formed in 2002 by various Chinese aviation companies, including:

 Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute
 602nd Aircraft Design Institute
 Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
 Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Factory
 Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
 Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation

In 2009 it became part of Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China.

Products
 The joint venture has developed the ARJ21 regional jet.

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of China
Manufacturing companies established in 2002
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2009
Defence companies of the People's Republic of China
Defunct government-owned companies of China
Chinese companies established in 2002
Chinese companies disestablished in 2009
2002 establishments in China
2009 disestablishments in China
Sysquake. Sysquake is a numerical computing environment and a programming language mostly-compatible with MATLAB. It offers facilities for interactive graphics which give insights into the problems being analyzed. It is used in teaching, research, and engineering.

Sysquake supports two kinds of codes: libraries (collections of related functions which extend Sysquake capabilities), and SQ files, applications with interactive graphics which can have their own menus. Sysquake Pro can also be extended with plugins.

Code 
Several applications share a large part of Sysquake code:

 Sysquake Application Builder  program which creates stand-alone executable applications (bundled with Sysquake Pro)
 Sysquake for LaTeX  Sysquake's language and graphics directly in LaTeX (package file and compiled application)

Libraries are usually compatible with all these applications.

History 

Sysquake 3 supported MySQL and SQLite databases, TCP/IP and audio input and output.

See also 
 List of numerical analysis software
 Comparison of numerical analysis software

References

External links
The Sysquake product page at Calerga
 Using lpsolve from Sysquake at mit.edu
Array programming languages
Numerical programming languages
Statistical programming languages
Stephen B. Streater. Stephen Bernard Streater (born 1965) is a British technology entrepreneur.

Career 
Streater was born in Boston Lying-In Hospital, Massachusetts, United States. He achieved a degree in mathematics from Trinity College, Cambridge and then began a PhD on artificial pattern recognition in the physics department at King's College London.

In 1990, he co-founded Eidos, a company specialising in video compression and non-linear editing systems, particularly for computers running the RISC OS operating system. He later sold and left Eidos, which had moved into the computer games market, and founded Blackbird in 2000, where he was the company's R&D Director.

On 21 July 2011, Streater was honoured by the University of Bedfordshire with a Doctor of Science degree in recognition of "outstanding contribution to the development of computer technologies."

Personal life 
Streater is married to Victoria Jane (née Fantl) and has three daughters (Sophie, Juliette and Emily). He has a sister (Catherine) and a brother (Alexander). His hobbies include playing classical chamber and orchestral music, Go, new technology, and making videos. Streater's father, Ray Streater, is a professor of mathematics at King's College London.

References

External links 
Blackbird plc
Stephen Bernard Streater, inventor – from his father's website

1965 births
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Alumni of King's College London
English businesspeople
Living people
Joseph Fourier University. Joseph Fourier University (UJF, , also known as Grenoble I) was a French university situated in the city of Grenoble and focused on the fields of sciences, technologies and health. It is now part of the Université Grenoble Alpes.

Importance
According to the 2009 ARWU, Joseph Fourier University is the sixth best university in France. Joseph Fourier University is also the fourth best university in Engineering & IT nationally and 115th globally in QS World University Rankings. The origins of this scientific university can be traced all the way back to 1811 when the scientist Joseph Fourier established a faculty of science in Grenoble.

Part of the university is the Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), a leading institution in the field of earth, space and environmental sciences.

The university was at the origin of the Joint Universities Accelerator School (JUAS), together with CERN and ESRF, in the early 1990s.

Facilities
The main facilities are located on a vast campus east of Grenoble, on the commune of Saint-Martin d'Hères (and partially on that of Gières). This campus is shared with other higher education organizations, see University of Grenoble. The university also has teaching and research installations in the city of Grenoble proper.

The university runs many laboratories, many in association with CNRS, Grenoble-INP and other major institutions.

UJF also maintains the Jardin botanique alpin du Lautaret alpine garden on the Lautaret pass, in association with CNRS.

Notable alumni 
Alim-Louis Benabid, Breakthrough prize, Life Science (2015)
Yves Bréchet, Material Science
Rajaâ Cherkaoui El Moursli, physicist, member of the "Académie Hassan II des Sciences et Techniques"
Hélène Courtois, astrophysicist
Charles Elachi, director of the Jet Propulsion Lab (NASA)
Park Geun-hye, former president of South Korea
Ariane Mézard, mathematician
Vera Lúcia de Miranda Guarda, human rights activist and Brazilian UNESCO chairperson
Sakura Pascarelli, physicist
Rammal Rammal, a Lebanese condensed matter physicist
Francisco Santos, mathematician
Joseph Sifakis, computer scientist and Turing Award recipient (2007)

References

External links 
 * Centre Universitaire Drôme-Ardèche 
 

Universities and colleges in Grenoble
Engineering universities and colleges in France
Technical universities and colleges in France
Universities and colleges established in 1970
Educational institutions disestablished in 2015
1970 establishments in France
2015 disestablishments in France
Grenoble Alpes University
Defunct universities and colleges in France
Density gradient. Density gradient is a spatial variation in density over a region. The term is used in the natural sciences to describe varying density of matter, but can apply to any quantity whose density can be measured.

Aerodynamics
In the study of supersonic flight, Schlieren photography observes the density gradient of air as it interacts with aircraft.

Also in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Density gradient is used to observe the acoustic waves, shock waves or expansion waves in the flow field.

Water
A steep density gradient in a body of water can have the effect of trapping energy and preventing convection, such a gradient is employed in solar ponds. In the case of salt water, sharp gradients can lead to stratification of different concentrations of salinity. This is called a Halocline.

Biology
In the life sciences, a special technique called density gradient separation is used for isolating and purifying cells, viruses and subcellular particles. Variations of this include Isopycnic centrifugation, Differential centrifugation, and Sucrose gradient centrifugation. A blood donation technique called Pheresis involves density gradient separation.

Geophysics

The understanding of what is at the centre of the earth, the earth core, requires the framework of density gradients in which elements and compounds then interact. The existence of a fast breeder nuclear reactor system at the core of the earth is one theory by reason of density gradient. 

A popular model for the density gradient of Earth is one given by the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) that is based on the observed oscillations of the planet and the travel times of thousands of seismic waves.

Several models for density gradient have been built on the basis of PREM but they acknowledge that the "distribution of density as a function of position within the Earth is much less well constrained than the seismic velocities. The primary information comes from the mass and moment of inertia of the Earth and this information alone requires that there be a concentration of mass towards the centre of the globe. Additional information is to be found in the frequencies of the graver normal modes of the Earth which are sensitive to density through self-gravitation effects induced in deformation".

Urban economics
In the study of population, the density gradient can refer to the change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.

See also
Density current

References

Density
Spatial gradient
Nominal type system. In computer science, a type system is nominal (also called nominative or name-based) if compatibility and equivalence of data types is determined by explicit declarations and/or the name of the types. Nominal systems are used to determine if types are equivalent, as well as if a type is a subtype of another. Nominal type systems contrast with structural systems, where comparisons are based on the structure of the types in question and do not require explicit declarations.

Nominal typing 

Nominal typing means that two variables are type-compatible if and only if their declarations name the same type. For example, in C, two struct types with different names in the same translation unit are never considered compatible, even if they have identical field declarations.

However, C also allows a typedef declaration, which introduces an alias for an existing type. These are merely syntactical and do not differentiate the type from its alias for the purpose of type checking. This feature, present in many languages, can result in a loss of type safety when (for example) the same primitive integer type is used in two semantically distinct ways. Haskell provides the C-style syntactic alias in the form of the type declaration, as well as the newtype declaration that does introduce a new, distinct type, isomorphic to an existing type.

Nominal subtyping 

In a similar fashion, nominal subtyping means that one type is a subtype of another if and only if it is explicitly declared to be so in its definition. Nominally-typed languages typically enforce the requirement that declared subtypes be structurally compatible (though Eiffel allows non-compatible subtypes to be declared). However, subtypes which are structurally compatible "by accident", but not declared as subtypes, are not considered to be subtypes.

C++, C#, Java, Kotlin, Objective-C, Delphi, Swift, Julia and Rust all primarily use both nominal typing and nominal subtyping.

Some nominally-subtyped languages, such as Java and C#, allow classes to be declared final (or sealed in C# terminology), indicating that no further subtyping is permitted.

Comparison 

Nominal typing is useful at preventing accidental type equivalence, which allows better type-safety than structural typing. The cost is a reduced flexibility, as, for example, nominal typing does not allow new super-types to be created without modification of the existing subtypes.

See also 
 Structural type system
 Abstract type
 Type system

References

Sources

External links 
 c2.com: Nominative and structural typing

Type systems
Traverse (surveying). Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. It is also used in geodesy. Traverse networks involve placing survey stations along a line or path of travel, and then using the previously surveyed points as a base for observing the next point. Connected survey lines form the framework and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with an angle measuring instrument and tape or chain. Traverse networks have many advantages, including:

 Less reconnaissance and organization needed;
 While in other systems, which may require the survey to be performed along a rigid polygon shape, the traverse can change to any shape and thus can accommodate a great deal of different terrains;
 Only a few observations need to be taken at each station, whereas in other survey networks a great deal of angular and linear observations need to be made and considered;
 Traverse networks are free of the strength of figure considerations that happen in triangular systems;
 Scale error does not add up as the traverse is performed. Azimuth swing errors can also be reduced by increasing the distance between stations.

The traverse is more accurate than triangulateration (a combined function of the triangulation and trilateration practice).

Types
Frequently in surveying engineering and geodetic science, control points (CP) are setting/observing distance and direction (bearings, angles, azimuths, and elevation). The CP throughout the control network may consist of monuments, benchmarks, vertical control, etc. There are mainly two types of traverse:
 Closed traverse: either originates from a station and returns to the same station completing a circuit, or runs between two known stations

 Open traverse: neither returns to its starting station, nor closes on any other known station.                                                                                                                                                 
 Compound traverse: it is where an open traverse is linked at its ends to an existing traverse to form a closed traverse. The closing line may be defined by coordinates at the end points which have been determined by previous survey. The difficulty is, where there is linear misclosure, it is not known whether the error is in the new survey or the previous survey.

Components
 Control point — The primary/base control used for preliminary measurements; it may consist of any known point capable of establishing accurate control of distance and direction (i.e. coordinates, elevation, bearings, etc.).
 Starting – The initial starting control point of the traverse.
 Observation – All known control points that are set or observed within the traverse.
 Terminal – The initial ending control point of the traverse; its coordinates are unknown.tr

See also
 Great Trigonometrical Survey
 Polygonal chain
 Side shot
 Transcontinental Traverse

References

Civil engineering
Earth sciences
Geodesy
Surveying