omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Terrycloth. Terrycloth, terry cloth, terry cotton, terry towelling, terry, terry towel, Turkish towelling (formerly), or simply towelling is a fabric woven with many protruding loops of thread which can absorb large amounts of water. It can be manufactured by weaving or knitting. Terrycloth is woven on special looms that have two beams of longitudinal warp through which the filler or weft is fired laterally.

History

Fabrics with a pile formed from loops of loosened, uncut warp threads were woven in ancient Egypt and pre-Columbian Peru; there is linen terrycloth from 4000 BCE. 

The modern form, however, was introduced to the West in the mid-19th century. The English towel manufacturer Christy started industrial production in 1850, based on observations of  handwoven terrycloth in Turkey, and produced using a machine designed by one of their staff, Samuel Holt. Queen Victoria approved the name "Royal Turkish Towels". 

In the United States, they became popular after World War I.

The origin of the word is unclear; it may derive from French  'drawn', and was originally used for uncut velvet, called terry pile or terry velvet.

About
There are two types of terry fabrics:

 Towel terry
 This is a woven fabric with long loops that can absorb large amounts of water. Its content is usually 100% cotton, but may sometimes contain polyester.
 French terry
 This is a type of fabric used in clothing. Ranging from items such as hoodies, pants and even shirts. The inside of the fabric is crossed with loops, while the outer part is smooth and flat. It can be 100% cotton or be made from a variety of fibers, sometimes with spandex (also known as elastane or lycra). It is often warp-knitted, and the term French terry is colloquially used for all warp-knitted terry.

It is the length of loops that determines how much fluid is absorbed by the cloth as longer loops provide more surface area to absorb and come in contact with the fluid.

Items that may be made from terrycloth include babies' reusable diapers (or "nappies" in British English), towels, bathrobes, and sweatbands for the wrist or head. Terrycloth is also sometimes used to make sweat-jackets. Terry-toweling hats with a shallow brim were once popular with cricketers (like English wicketkeeper Jack Russell), but are no longer in fashion.

A slow method of machine-making French terry results in a soft, sturdy variety called loopwheel. Loopwheel machines can only produce one yard an hour. It was invented in the 1920s and was at the height of its popularity in the forties and fifties, at which point it was overtaken by side-seam manufacturing. Only two factories remain.

Another fabric used for towels is waffle fabric. A modern cheaper alternative is a short-loop tight-woven nonabsorptive (but somewhat wicking) fabric made of synthetic microfiber.

References

General and cited sources

External links
 

Domestic implements
Knitted fabrics
Woven fabrics
Dimethyl telluride. Dimethyl telluride is an organotelluride compound, formula (CH3)2Te, also known by the abbreviation DMTe.

This was the first material used to grow epitaxial cadmium telluride and mercury cadmium telluride using metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy.

Dimethyl telluride as a product of microbial metabolism was first discovered in 1939.
It is produced by some fungi and bacteria (Penicillium brevicaule, P. chrysogenum, and P. notatum and the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens).

The toxicity of DMTe is unclear. It is produced by the body when tellurium or one of its compounds are ingested. It is noticeable by the garlic smelling breath it gives those exposed, similar to the effect of DMSO. Tellurium is known to be toxic.

References

External links
Epichem (Commercial supplier datasheet)

Tellurides
Organotellurium compounds
Foul-smelling chemicals
Substances discovered in the 1930s
Tellurium(II) compounds
Methyl compounds
E. Peter Raynes. Edward Peter Raynes  (born ) is Professor of Optoelectronic Engineering at the University of Oxford (since 1998). He was, and continues to be, an early developer and advocate of liquid crystal displays (LCDs).

Raynes was educated at St Peter's School, York and obtained his PhD from the University of Cambridge; he then worked at RSRE (Malvern) for 21 years until 1991. He is a Fellow of St Cross College.
He has been the chief scientist of Sharp Laboratories (Europe) since 1992.

Awards
 IoP Paterson medal 1986
 Society of Information Display

Selected publications
 Electro-optic response times in liquid crystals, E. Jakeman, and E. P. Raynes, Physics Letters A, Vol. 39, Iss. 1, p. 69-70 1972. 
 Improved contrast uniformity in twisted nematic liquid-crystal electro-optic display devices, E P Raynes, Electronics Letters. Vol. 10, pp. 141–142. (1974)
 Recent advances in liquid crystal materials and display devices, E. P. Raynes, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. ED-26, p. 1116-1122 (1979).
 Supertwisted nematic liquid crystal displays (review), E. P. Raynes and C. M. Waters,  Displays, Vol. 8, Iss. 2, pp. 59–63 (1987) 
 Optical studies of thin layers of smectic-C materials, Anderson, M.H., Jones, J.C., Raynes, E.P., Towler, M.J., Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 24, Iss. 3, pp. 338–342  (1991) 
 Ferroelectric liquid crystal display, Koden, M., et al., Shapu Giho/Sharp Technical Journal, Iss. 69, pp. 47–50 (1997)

References

People educated at St Peter's School, York

External links
 St Cross information
 St Cross Fellows

1945 births
Living people
Fellows of St Cross College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
English physicists
Engineering academics
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Sharp Corporation people
Academics of the University of Oxford
DB Class E 41. The class E 41, also known as the DB Class 141 is the first class of German Einheits-Elektrolokomotive (see related article for more details on development) commissioned by the Deutsche Bundesbahn in 1956.

Development and first years of service
Class E 41 was designed for local traffic and branch lines. Since the 1968 renumbering, it is listed as class 141. Its nickname is Knallfrosch (firecracker), as the tap changer makes loud cracking noises when changing notches. A total of 451 units were built.

Originally designed as an effective means of traction for light passenger trains, and with a top speed of  and an axle load below , class E 41 was also designated for passenger services on smaller lines. In the 1950s, due to general lack of locomotives, class E 41 was also used for express train service. However, after speed of express trains was raised to  in the early 1960s, the class mostly lost its express services.

Past usage
In its original role for hauling local trains, class E 41 proved both reliable and efficient, especially with push-pull trains. Less successful was the usage with S-Bahn trains, as class E 41 was not equipped with an electric brake, which would have helped to reduce abrasion. Class E 41 service stayed largely unchanged until the early 1990s. Since then many units have been replaced by former Deutsche Reichsbahn units of class 143 especially in S-Bahn service. Furthermore, since mid-1990s EMUs and newer locomotives as class 146 replaced even more class 141 units. Since then, many have been scrapped. Unit 141 188 was the first to retire on October 31, 1987; the total number of engines has hence fallen since. The last four remaining units, which finally were held ready hot standby around Frankfurt and used in case of need for defective younger machines were de-commissioned in December 2006.

Liveries
 stahlblau RAL 5011 (141 001 - 141 071)
 chromoxydgrün RAL 6020 (141 072 - 141 451)
 ozeanblau/beige RAL 5020 / RAL 1011 (repaint 1976-1987)
 S-Bahn Rhein Ruhr (variant of the 5020/1011 scheme, 141 248 1977-2001)
 orientrot RAL 3031 (1987 onwards, many units repainted)
 kieselgrau/orange RAL 7035 / RAL 2012 (Nuremberg S-Bahn, 141 436-442)
 verkehrsrot RAL 3020 (1998 onwards)

References

E 41
Electric locomotives of Germany
15 kV AC locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
AEG locomotives
Brown, Boveri & Cie locomotives
Henschel locomotives
Krauss-Maffei locomotives
Siemens locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1956
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Passenger locomotives
Convergence zone. A convergence zone in meteorology is a region in the atmosphere where two prevailing flows meet and interact, usually resulting in distinctive weather conditions.
This causes a mass accumulation that eventually leads to a vertical movement and to the formation of clouds and precipitation. Large-scale convergence, called synoptic-scale convergence, is associated with weather systems such as baroclinic troughs, low-pressure areas, and cyclones. The large-scale convergence zone formed over the equator, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, has condensed and intensified as a result of the global increase in temperature. Small-scale convergence will give phenomena from isolated cumulus clouds to large areas of thunderstorms.

The inverse of convergence is divergence, such as the horse latitudes.

Large scale 

An example of a convergence zone is the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a low pressure area which girdles the Earth at the Equator. Another example is the South Pacific convergence zone that extends from the western Pacific Ocean toward French Polynesia.

The Intertropical Convergence Zone is the result of the northeasterly trade winds and southeasterly trade winds converging in an area of high latent heat and low pressure. As the two trade winds converge, the cool, dry air collects moisture from the warm ocean and rises, contributing to cloud formation and precipitation. The low pressure area that is created by the movement of the trade winds acts as a vacuum, drawing in the cooler, dry air from high pressure areas (divergence zones), creating a convection cell commonly known as the Hadley Cell.

Sea surface temperature is directly related to the position of the Sun or the location of the "energy flux equator," thus the ITCZ shifts corresponding to the seasons.  Due to the position of the Sun, the sea surface temperature near the equator (30°S to 30°N), during an equinox, is higher than any other latitudes.   During the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere (June 21), the ITCZ is shifted north, following the position of the Sun. The ITCZ is shifted farther south during the winter solstice (in the Northern Hemisphere), when the solar radiation is focused at 23.5°S.

Mesoscale 
Convergence zones also occur at a smaller scale. Convergence lines form rows of showers or thunderstorms over a more local area. Sea breezes colliding can trigger  development of a convergence line. The heavy rain caused in a short period of time can cause severe flooding.

Some examples are the Puget Sound Convergence Zone which occurs in the Puget Sound region in the U.S. state of Washington; Mohawk–Hudson convergence in the U.S. state of New York; the Elsinore Convergence Zone in the U.S. state of California; the Brown Willy effect which can be generated when south-westerly winds blow over Bodmin Moor in Cornwall; and the Pembrokeshire Dangler which can form when northerly winds blow down the Irish Sea. Flooding in Boscastle, Cornwall, England in August 2004 was the result of thunderstorms developing on a convergence line.

References 

Atmosphere
Gliding technology
UKAMS. UKAMS Ltd. is the UK partner of the EUROPAAMS consortium, the developer of the Principal Anti Air Missile System (PAAMS), a naval air defence weapon system.

UKAMS was originally a consortium of Siemens Plessey Systems, GEC-Marconi and BAeSEMA. However, in 1997 British Aerospace acquired Siemens Plessey's UK operations and in 1998 UKAMS became a wholly owned subsidiary of Matra BAe Dynamics. In 2002 Matra BAe Dynamics was merged into MBDA and continues to be a subsidiary of that group.

References

Aerospace companies of the United Kingdom
Plessey
Broadcast Markup Language. Broadcast Markup Language, or BML, is an XML-based standard developed by Japan's Association of Radio Industries and Businesses as a data broadcasting specification for digital television broadcasting. It is a data-transmission service allowing text to be displayed on a 1seg TV screen.

The text contains news, sports, weather forecasts, emergency warnings such as Earthquake Early Warning, etc. free of charge. It was finalized in 1999, becoming ARIB STD-B24 Data Coding and Transmission Specification for Digital Broadcasting.

The STD-B24 specification is derived from an early draft of XHTML 1.0 strict, which it extends and alters. Some subset of CSS 1 and 2 is supported, as well as ECMAScript.

Example BML header:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="EUC-JP" ?>
<!DOCTYPE bml PUBLIC "+//ARIB STD-B24:1999//DTD BML Document//JA" "bml_1_0.dtd">
<?bml bml-version="1.0" ?>

Since version 1.0 in 1999, BML standard has gone through several revisions, and , it is on version 5.0. However, due to a large installed user base of receivers which only support the original 1.0 specification, broadcasters are not able to introduce new features defined in later revisions.

See also 
 ARIB STD B24 character set
 Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting
 1seg
 Ginga (SBTVD Middleware)

Further reading
 
 
 
 
 
 Broadcast Markup Language (BML) at OASIS

External links
 Official changelog for ARIB STD-B24 
 STD-B24 and others, List of ARIB Standards in the Field of Broadcasting (ARIB)

Broadcast engineering
Digital television
High-definition television
Industry-specific XML-based standards
Interactive television
ISDB
Satellite television
Japanese inventions
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1999
Bittium (company). Bittium Corporation is a Finnish company headquartered in Oulu.
	
Bittium is an engineering company in wireless businesses. Bittium specialises in the development of secure communications and connectivity solutions

Bittium's three business segments are Medical, which focuses on measuring biosignals and remote monitoring, Defense & Security, which offers products and services to the defense and authorities' markets, and Engineering Services, which offers embedded wireless solutions for its customers.

In August 2012, the court approved a conditional settlement agreement between EB and TerreStar Corporation and some of its preferred shareholders in the reorganization proceedings of TerreStar Corporation, based on which EB received 13.5 million US dollars in cash on August 28, 2012, as final compensation for its claims. The settlement does not apply to TerreStar Networks' ongoing Chapter 11 liquidation proceedings and does not include any distributions that may be received from those proceedings.

On 28 January 2013 Anite plc of the U.K. announced it would acquire the Elektrobit System Test Ltd. subsidiary from Elektrobit Corporation (EB), representing the Propsim portion of EB's business. The acquisition was effective 1 February 2013.

On May 19, 2015, Elektrobit announced the sale of its automotive business segment to Continental AG for US$680 million.  The sale includes the Elektrobit brand and all automotive segment assets.  Elektrobit's wireless business was renamed Bittium Corporation. The acquisition was effective 1 July 2015.

On November 10, 2016, Bittium announced the acquisition of Mega Electronics Ltd and MegaKoto Ltd, Finnish companies based in Kuopio. Mega Electronics Ltd, founded in 1983, is an ISO13485 certified medical device manufacturing company. The company is specialised in biosignal measuring for cardiology, neurology, rehabilitation, occupational health and sports medicine. MegaKoto Ltd provides arrhythmia monitoring services for its customers such as primary care centers, private clinics and hospitals.

Bittium products and services

Bittium's products are:

 Bittim Tactical Wireless IP Network,
 Bittium Tough VoIP,
 Bittium Specialised Device Platform,
 Bittium Tough Mobile,
 Bittium SafeMove.

See also
List of Finnish companies

References

Companies based in Oulu
Electronics companies of Finland
Medical technology companies of Finland
Companies listed on Nasdaq Helsinki
Technology companies established in 1985
Finnish brands
Finnish companies established in 1985
Boeing XP-9. The Boeing XP-9 (company Model 96) was the first monoplane fighter aircraft produced by the United States aircraft manufacturing company Boeing.  It incorporated sophisticated structural refinements that were influential in later Boeing designs. The sole prototype exhibited unsatisfactory characteristics with its lack of pilot visibility directly leading to its cancellation.

Design and development
The XP-9 was designed in 1928 to meet the requirements of a US Army request for a monoplane fighter. Its primary contribution to aircraft design was its semi-monocoque construction, which would become a standard for future aircraft. Boeing employed the structural features of the XP-9 into their contemporary P-12 biplane fighter when the P-12E variant incorporated a semi-monocoque metal fuselage structure similar to that of the XP-9. The undercarriage arrangement of the P-12C had also been first tried out on the XP-9 and then transferred into the production model.

Operational history
The prototype XP-9, marked A 028-386, was first flown on 18 November 1930. It had impressive stats on the specification sheet, but it quickly became apparent that its large (6 ft chord) wing, which was placed atop the fuselage directly in front of the pilot, obstructed downward visibility so badly that simple landing maneuvers were hazardous. Test pilots at the Army Test Centre at Wright Field found that the XP-9's inherent instability was so severe that immediate modifications were requested to increase the size of the vertical tail. An enlarged vertical tail surface with smooth metal skinning was introduced, but failed to effect any significant improvement, and this revised XP-9 was grounded for instructional airframe use in August 1931, after only 15 hours of test flying, due to the impossibility of its being landed safely.

Variants
Model 96, XP-9 one built
Y1P-9 option for five service test aircraft under the P-12D contract, option was not taken up

Operators (planned)

United States Army

Specifications (Boeing XP-9)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Eden, Paul and Moeng, Soph. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2002. .
 Pedigree of Champions: Boeing Since 1916, Third Edition (booklet). Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company, 1969.

External links

United States Air Force Museum: Boeing XP-9

Boeing P-09
P-09, Boeing
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Clarkeite. Clarkeite is a uranium oxide mineral with the chemical formula or .

Its color varies from dark brown to reddish orange. Clarkeite forms by oxidation and replacement of uraninite late during pegmatite crystallization. Although uraninite-bearing granite pegmatites are common, clarkeite is rare and occurs intimately intergrown with other uranium minerals.

It is known from only two localities; the Spruce Pine pegmatite district in western North Carolina, US, and Rajputana, in the Ajmer district, India. Clarkeite is the only known naturally occurring high-temperature uranate. The general formula for ideal clarkeite is .

It was named for Frank Wigglesworth Clarke (1847–1931), American mineral chemist, and former chief chemist of the United States Geological Survey.

See also
 List of minerals
 List of minerals named after people
 Sodium uranate

References

Clarkeite: New chemical and structural data
Clarkeite: Clarkeite mineral information and data
WebMineral

Uranium minerals
Sodium minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166
Uranyl hydroxide. Uranyl hydroxide is a hydroxide of uranium with the chemical formula  UO2(OH)2 in the monomeric form and [(UO2)2(OH)4]2- in the dimeric; both forms may exist in normal aqueous media. In aerobic conditions, up to 5 hydroxides can bind to Uranyl {[(UO2)2(OH)5]3-}. Uranyl hydroxide hydrate is precipitated as a colloidal yellowcake from oxidized uranium liquors near neutral pH.

Uranyl hydroxide was once used in glassmaking and ceramics in the colouring of the vitreous phases and the preparation of pigments for high temperature firing. The introduction of alkaline diuranates (like sodium diuranate) into glasses leads to yellow by transmission, green by reflection; moreover these glasses become dichroic and fluorescent under ultraviolet rays.

Uranyl hydroxide is teratogenic and radioactive.

Formation 
The formation of uranyl hydroxide hydrate can occur via hydrated uranyl fluoride [(UO2F2)(H2O)]7·4H2O which is not stable at an elevated water vapor pressure. A complete loss of fluorine is undergone and the formation of uranyl hydroxide hydrate ([(UO2)4O(OH)6]·5H2O) occurs. This uranyl hydroxide species is structurally similar to the uranyl hydroxide hydrate minerals schoepite and metaschoepite. X-ray diffraction data was gathered and found that this species has expanded interlayer spacing suggesting there may be additional water molecules in between uranyl layers. Unlike metaschoepite, however, this species does not form UO2(OH)2 upon dehydration.

Reactions

1)  (UO2(OH)+ + H2O → [(UO2(OH)(H2O)]+

2)  [(UO2(OH)(H2O)]+ + H2O → [(UO2(OH)(H2O)2]+ 
UO2(OH)2 reacts with water in a hydration reaction to form [(UO2(OH)2)(H2O)]+ and the monohydrate form also reacted with water to form dihydrates [(UO2OH)(H2O)2]+ and trihydrates [(UO2OH)(H2O)3]+. The hydration reaction to form the monohydrate was significantly slower than if the hydroxide were replaced with acetate or nitrate. This could be due to the strongly basic (OH)− reducing the Lewis acidity of U or because the more complex acetate and nitrate anions provide more degrees of freedom. However, it was found that the formation of the dihydrate uranyl hydroxide hydrate (2) was nearly three times faster than the monohydrate (1).

Mechanisms 
A mechanism for oxygen exchange between the UO22+ cations in a highly alkaline solution was proposed and investigated by Shamov et al. in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. An equilibrium between [UO2(OH)4]2-] and [UO2(OH)5]3-] was observed followed by the formation of the stable [UO3(OH)3·H2O]3−] intermediate that formed from [UO2(OH)5]3-] via intramolecular water elimination.

References

 The Structure of the a Form of Uranyl Hydroxide
 Alexander, C.A. (2005) "Volatilization of urania under strongly oxidizing conditions," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 346, 312–318.

Uranyl compounds
Hydroxides