omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aleksandr Bezobrazov (engineer). Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Bezobrazov was an army officer and aviator of the Imperial Russian Air Force who constructed an experimental fighter aircraft design in 1914.  The type was a single-seat triplane on which the wings had an extreme stagger—the upper wing was well forward of the fuselage while the middle set was centrally located and the bottom set nearly under the tail section.  Initial power plant was a 60 hp Anzani, but this was later upgraded to an 80 hp Gnome-Rhone.  First flight was on 2 October 1914 at the hands of Bezobrazov's assistant, F. E. Moska, and the aircraft was flown later in Sevastopol, but it was never put into production.

References 

Aircraft manufacturers of Russia
20th-century Russian inventors
Russian aerospace engineers
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Flask (metal casting). A flask is a type of tooling used to contain a mold in metal casting.  A flask has only sides, and no top or bottom, and forms a frame around the mold, which is typically made of molding sand.  The shape of a flask may be square, rectangular, round or any convenient shape.  A flask can have any size so long as it is larger than the pattern being used to make the sand mold.  Flasks are commonly made of steel, aluminum or even wood. A simple flask has two parts: the cope and the drag. More elaborate flasks may have three or even four parts.

Flask design
Flasks are often designed with bars that extend to span two opposite sides.  The bars act as reinforcement to the molding sand, which is relatively weak in tensile strength.  The bars help support the sand through the molding and pouring operation.

Flasks are designed with an alignment or registration feature, so that the two flasks can be aligned to one another to ensure a casting can be more dimensionally accurate and also in small flasks, so that they cannot be fitted together the wrong way.

Flasks usually have handles or trunnions designed into their construction, which assist in handling the flasks with cranes or other lifting machinery.

Some flasks are used to form a mold and are removed before pouring the casting, so another mold can be made.  Other flasks are designed to contain the mold through the pouring operation, and then the casting is shaken out of the mold.  The flasks are then used again and again.

Flasks are usually (though not always) the property of the foundry making the casting.  The number of available flasks of a given size can be a limiting factor in the overall production rate.

References
.

Casting (manufacturing)
Fedor Ivanovich Bylinkin. Fedor Ivanovich Bylinkin was an aircraft designer and builder in Russia before World War I.  He designed and built a monoplane in 1910 similar to the Antoinette VI which succeeded in reaching 200 m of flight.  A later biplane design proved a failure.

Bylinkin had earlier joined with Igor Sikorsky to design a biplane featuring a 15 hp Anzani engine in pusher configuration.  This design was later rebuilt to address a lack of power, installing a 25 hp Anzani in a tractor configuration.  This design, dubbed the BIS-2, was flown for the first time by Sikorsky on 3 June 1910.  Maximum distance achieved by this design was 600 m and maximum flight time was 42 seconds.

References 

 

Aircraft manufacturers of Russia
Gotha Go 345. The Gotha Go 345 was a prototype German military transport glider of the Second World War. A single example was tested in 1944.

Variants
Go 345AThe assault transport base-line version, optionally fitted with 2x Argus As014 pulse-jet sustainer engines under the wings. 
Go 345BA dedicated cargo variant with no provision for passengers. A shortened nose swung upwards complete with the crew compartment to gain access to the cargo compartment; one built.

Specifications (Go 345A)

References

Further reading

External links

 

Go 345
1940s German military transport aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
1940s military gliders
Cessna Citation Columbus. The Cessna Citation Columbus was a business jet project by Cessna, part of the Cessna Citation family.
The Model 850  was launched in February 2008 and cancelled in July 2009. It would have been the largest model of the family at the time. Powered by 8,830 lbf (39.3 kN) PW810 turbofans and a  range, the $27 million aircraft had a 709 sq ft (66 m2), 30° swept wing.

Development
Cessna began research on the largest Citation in 2002 with market studies, surveys, concept testing, focus groups and customer advisory boards. A mockup of the large cabin concept was unveiled on October 17, 2006, at the National Business Aviation Association convention

Cessna formally announced the aircraft on February 6, 2008 ; FAA certification was planned by the end of 2013, with deliveries beginning in 2014. The Columbus had a target range of  with 8 passengers. The cockpit would have featured a synthetic vision system, autothrottles, optional head-up display and Collins' MultiScan weather radar with optional windshear prediction.

Cessna was going to invest $780 million into the development including a new plant, major suppliers were Pratt & Whitney Canada for the engines; Rockwell Collins for the avionics; Vought Aircraft Industries for the wing; Spirit AeroSystems for the fuselage and Spirit AeroSystems Europe Ltd. for the empennage; Parker Hannifin for the powered flight control system; Goodrich Corporation for the landing gear.

On April 29, 2009 Cessna announced that it was suspending the Citation Columbus program, but indicated at that time that the program might be restarted once economic conditions improved. The company also indicated that it would lay off 1,600 workers, including up to 700 workers from the Columbus program.

On July 8, 2009, Cessna reported the cancellation of the program in documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The company said "Upon additional analysis of the business jet market related to this product offering, we decided to formally cancel further development of the Citation Columbus". Cessna's parent company, Textron will write-off US$43 million as a results of the cancellation. The SEC-filed documents indicate that Cessna spent approximately US$50 million on tooling, facilities and other costs for the project. Most of these costs are unrecoverable and cannot be used for other projects.

Pratt & Whitney Canada immediately stopped the PW810 engine program, but continued the PW800 series. On July 11, 2009, Cessna announced that it would return US$10M to the City of Wichita and Sedgwick County. The money was received as an economic incentive for developing the aircraft in Wichita and was part of $70M in cash assistance and tax breaks received from those two governments.

Specifications

See also

References

External links
 Cessna Citation Columbus home page archives on Archive.org

Citation Columbus
Twinjets
Low-wing aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Columbus
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
2000s United States business aircraft
Aleksandr Dokuchayev. Aleksandr Yakovlevich Dokuchayev was an aircraft designer and builder in Russia prior to and during World War I.

Aircraft 

Most aircraft built by Dokuchayev were modified Farman designs, each unique.  His first aircraft, completed in 1910, was an Anzani-powered biplane of pusher configuration.  With 50 hp, the aircraft was tested, but may never have flown.  In 1912, he completed a sesquiplane version of a Farman IV, and in 1914 he flew another modified Farman type, this time a trainer aircraft with equal span wings and producing 80 hp with its Gnome-Rhone engine.  His fourth model was a return to the sesquiplane configuration, producing a trainer with three rudders operated on skis.  Number 5 was a simple monoplane of his own design, but his final design was another Farman modification.

See also 

 List of aircraft (C-D)
 Vasily Dokuchaev

References 

 

Aircraft manufacturers of Russia
Russian aerospace engineers
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Filer and Stowell. Filer and Stowell is a company based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the United States of America. 
Founded by Delos Filer and John Stowell in 1856, the company has produced equipment primarily for the lumber industry, largely for lumber mills but also in the past stationary steam engines, marine steam engines and even steam locomotives for logging lines.

Locomotives
Filer and Stowell produced a line of steam locomotives from the 1880s for the logging industry. They were simply constructed, tough and easy to maintain, and employed oscillating cylinders, an extreme rarity in locomotive practice. "A large number" were produced, mostly for customers in the southern and south-eastern United States.

Stationary steam engines
Filer and Stowell produced large Corliss engines, both simple and compound, originally for lumber mill power but also for other applications.

Shipping
Filer and Stowell produced marine steam engines for a number of years, and were one of fourteen engine manufacturers to produce the triple expansion steam engines for the World War II Liberty ships.

References

Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin
Companies based in Milwaukee
Frederick Beaumont. Frederick Edward Blackett Beaumont (22 October 1833 – 20 August 1899) was a British Army officer and politician. A member of the Royal Engineers, he produced several inventions, including a tunnel boring machine which bore his name, and the Beaumont–Adams revolver.

Early life
Beaumont was the son of Edward Blackett Beaumont and Jane Lee. He was born in Darfield, South Yorkshire and educated at the Harrow School, Harrow on the Hill, England.

Career

Beaumont served in the Royal Engineers and was a contemporary of General Charles George Gordon; his name appeared directly before Gordon's in the Army Lists from the date of their first commissioning on 23 June 1852.

As a lieutenant, Beaumont saw service during the Crimean War, and was one of only a small number of British officers who served with Turkish forces along the Danube, serving with the (local) rank of Captain in the Turkish Contingent Engineers, for which service he was awarded the Turkish Crimean War medal rather than the British Crimean War Medal.

In 1858, Beaumont again saw action in the Indian Mutiny, during which he served on the staff of the Royal Engineers, distinguishing himself on 14 March 1858 at Lucknow and being awarded the Indian Mutiny Medal with clasp.

Promoted to captain in 1866, Beaumont in conjunction with Captain F.E. Grover made efforts to get ballooning adopted by the British Army, Beaumont having witnessed the use of balloons in the American Civil War.

Beaumont was promoted to major in 1872, and in 1873 was placed in charge of railways at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. While in the post he worked on methods for generating hydrogen for balloon experiments and was described by his contemporaries as "a man of remarkably inventive talent."

In 1875, Beaumont filed a patent for a pneumatic tunnelling machine which could cut through chalk at the rate of 200 yards per week. After further development of this design with Captain Thomas English, two Beaumont-English tunnelling machines were adopted for use by Edward Watkin in his attempt to dig a Channel Tunnel in 1880. By the time the project was stopped in early 1882, the two machines had successfully bored over 3,000 yards under the Channel without difficulty.

In 1868, Beaumont was elected one of the two Liberal Members of Parliament for South Durham, a seat he held until 1880.

Beaumont retired from the Army shortly after his promotion to Colonel in 1877, and died on 20 August 1899.

See also
John Hick

References

External links 
 

1833 births
1899 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Royal Engineers officers
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
British civil engineers
English inventors
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
Variegated yarn. Variegated yarn is yarn dyed with more than one colour.

Objective 
It can produce effects that vary depending on the technique of the crafter, the pattern used, and the frequency of colour change. These effects include "flashing" (lightning-bolt effects) and "pooling" (patchy or marbleized effects). Some yarns (known as "self-striping yarns") are designed to produce stripes when used to knit small items such as socks or mittens.

Methods 
In solid dyeing, yarns dyed in one single color, Variegated yarns have more than one color. There are various methods of applying two or more colors, and the most common practice is spray or space dyeing.

Space dyeing 
Space dyeing is a technique of localized color application that produces a unique multicolored effect.

Use 
Variegated yarns may be used also in knitting, crocheting, and other textile arts. These variegated colored yarns help in making small fancy items such as braids, etc.

Gallery

See also 

 Yarn

 Dyeing

 Novelty yarns include a wide variety of yarns made with unusual features, structure or fiber composition such as slubs, inclusions, metallic or synthetic fibers, laddering and varying thickness introduced during production.

References 

Knitting 
Knitting tools and materials
Yarn
Voice engine. A voice engine is a software subsystem for bidirectional audio communication, typically used as part of a communications system to simulate a telephone.  It functions like a data pump for audio data, specifically voice data.  The voice engine is typically used in an embedded system.

The term became popularized after 2000 with the proliferation of voice over internet protocol technology in software DSP systems. Voice engines handle the voice processing for an IP Phone system on a standard processor, compared to prior generations of systems which required dedicated, math-optimized digital signal processor chips.

Voice engines are highly optimized software subsystems due to the mathematically complex signal processing required for voice filtering and speech coding.  The filter stages and coding elements within a voice engine are designed to work in conjunction with a larger communications system, including only a specific and limited range of processing to minimize the voice engine's memory size and processor usage.  Compared to software desktop applications which might employ plugins to continually add flexibility or extensibility, a voice engine is designed to meet specific industry standards for interoperability.

References

Broadband
Voice over IP
Flettner Fl 265. The Flettner Fl 265 was an experimental helicopter designed by Anton Flettner.

Design and development
This helicopter, developed in 1938 with the support of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, made it possible, for the first time, to transition from powered rotary-wing flight to autorotation and back again, making it the safest helicopter of its time. In contrast to the Fl 185, the Fl 265, believed to be the pioneering example of a synchropter, had two intermeshing rotors 12 m in diameter, powered by a 160 hp (119 kW) BMW-Bramo Sh 14 A radial engine in the nose of the fuselage, fitted with a fan to assist cooling. Six helicopters were constructed, but series production was curtailed in favour of the Flettner Fl 282.

In 1939 the helicopter was tested by test pilot Richard Perlia. A second test pilot alongside Perlia unfortunately had a fatal accident during a test flight.

Operators

Luftwaffe

Specifications (Fl 265)

See also
 Kaman K-125

Notes

References

 Nowarra, Heinz J.: Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933-1945, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Koblenz 1993,

External links

Fl 265 entry at the Lexikon der Wehrmacht website (in German)
1941 German Helicopter Development — Fa 223 and Fl 265 film
Flettner Fl 265 in scale of 1 : 4.6 as shown at the Helicopter Museum of Bückeburg

1930s German experimental aircraft
1930s German helicopters
Flettner aircraft
Synchropters
Single-engined piston helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Flettner Fl 185. The Flettner Fl 185 was an experimental German gyrodyne developed by Anton Flettner, a machine which could fly both as a helicopter and as a gyroplane.

Design and development
This aircraft was developed in 1936 with support of the Kriegsmarine. It was powered by a  BMW-Bramo Sh 14 A radial piston engine with forced-air cooling, mounted at the nose. The engine drove a 12 m diameter main rotor and two auxiliary propellers mounted on outriggers attached to the fuselage.

At take-off or when hovering, the auxiliary propellers worked in opposition to each other and served to cancel the torque of the main rotor, a function handled by a single, variable-pitch tail rotor on contemporary helicopters. In forward flight, however, both propellers worked to provide forward thrust while the rotor autorotated, as in a twin-engined autogyro. The landing gear consisted of a nose-wheel, two smaller stabilising wheels under the outriggers and a tail skid. Only one prototype was constructed.

Specifications (Fl 185)

See also
Fairey FB-1 Gyrodyne

Notes

References

Further reading

Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945 

Flettner aircraft
1930s German experimental aircraft
1930s German helicopters
Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems. Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems is an American multinational corporation that specializes in producing  high-precision measuring instruments and systems.

History

The Pratt & Whitney Company was founded in 1860 by Francis A. Pratt and Amos Whitney, with headquarters in Hartford, Connecticut. The company manufactured machine tools, tools for the makers of sewing machines, and gun-making machinery for use by the Union Army during the American Civil War.

In 1925, Frederick Rentschler approached Pratt & Whitney for funding and a location to build his new aircraft engine.  Pratt & Whitney loaned him $250,000, the use of the Pratt & Whitney name, and space in their building. This was the beginning of the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company, which evolved into today's widely known aircraft engine manufacturer.

In 1929, Rentschler ended his association with Pratt & Whitney Machine Tool and formed United Aircraft and Transport Corporation, the predecessor to United Technologies Corporation. His agreement allowed him to carry the name with him to his new corporation.

For many years, the company maintained a plant on New Park Avenue near the Hartford/West Hartford border, where they manufactured machine tools such as their jig-bore machines and other numerically controlled machines. They also manufactured engine lathes, milling machines and twist drills. The company is currently located in Bloomfield, Connecticut.

Main product lines include universal comparators, bench micrometers, and inspection gaging systems. These instruments primarily use laser interferometers, encoders and LVDTs, and are primarily used in quality departments, calibration laboratories, and in manufacturing environments.

References

Further reading
 
 
 
  Chapter XIV, pp 173-185.

External links
 Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems website

Bloomfield, Connecticut
Companies based in Hartford County, Connecticut
Instrument-making corporations
Metrology
Machine tool builders
Manufacturing companies based in Connecticut
Terram. Terram is part of the Berry Global group, and has its manufacturing headquarters in Maldon, Essex, United Kingdom, supplying geosynthetics materials to the worldwide civil engineering & construction industry. The company was founded in the late 1960s as part of ICI Fibres, and is now part of Berry Global, a supplier of nonwoven materials. Terram Geosynthetics are manufactured under the name Fiberweb Geosynthetics Limited.

The company supplies geotextiles for roads and highway construction, rail trackbed construction, coastal defences, flood defence, slope and soil stabilisation, SuDs source control paving solutions and a specialist range of geosynthetics for the rail industry, drainage composites for structural and waste management drainage systems.

Locations
The Terram production plant is located in the Maldon, Essex UK and supports global sales and supplies distributors in over 60 countries. Product supply is complemented by production from its sister companies in North America (Typar geotextiles) and India (Terram Geosynthetics Pvt Ltd)

References

Building materials companies of the United Kingdom
Svenska Flygfabriken LN-3 Seagull. The Svenska Flygfabriken LN-3 Seagull is a two-seater single-engine pusher configuration amphibian kitplane made from composite material, powered by a D-Motor LF26, D-Motor LF39 or Rotax 912/914 engine. It is fitted with retracting conventional landing gear. The manufacturer is Svenska Flygfabriken AB, based in Sundsvall, Sweden. Work started on building the prototype in 2003, and the maiden flight was made on 5 February 2008 at Midlanda Airport.
Take-offs and landings on land, ice and water have all been tested during the test program..

The designer of this aircraft is Lage Norberg, who has been working on the design since the early 1980s. It is intended to match the regulatory standards for amphibian homebuilt aircraft in the Ultralight, Microlight and Light Sport Aircraft Categories, as well as the FAR 23 Aerobatic category.

Specifications (LN-3 Seagull)

See also
 Republic RC-3 Seabee

References

External links
 Flygfabriken Homepage
 List of experimental aircraft (Swedish).

Seagull
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
2000s Swedish sport aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Flying boats
Amphibious aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2008
Phototool. A phototool is a printed film used in the process of manufacturing a printed circuit board (PCB). The phototool is used as a mask to expose a photoresist material.

Traditionally, phototools were made with silver halide film or diazo film, but in recent years, many suppliers have come out with films that do not fit into either of these categories. All dry-film phototools are printed using a similar process to film photograph. 

The main alternative to using phototools is maskless lithography, more commonly referred to as direct imaging.

References and further reading
 Chemistry of Photography By: Dr. Drew Myers, Chemistry Coordinator
 Mees, C.E.K, and James, T.H., The Theory of the Photographic Process, 3rd ed., The Macmillan Co., New York, 1966.

Electronics manufacturing
IBM Check Processing Control System. CPCS (Check Processing Control System) is an IBM software product that supports high-speed check sorting within financial institutions. The software works in conjunction with check-sorting equipment, such as the IBM 3890.

IBM began development of CPCS in or before 1971.  It was scheduled to be available in October 1972, although the IBM System/360 and System/370 Bibliography shows CPCS documentation as newly added in the August 1972 edition.  The goal was to create a database of all MICR entries and handle pass control.   It was designed to work with OS/360 in 256KB of core storage.  It was IBM Product 5734-F11.

CPCS is run on IBM System/360 and later IBM mainframe computers and receives the data from the document processor and can store information from the cheques, including the bank number, branch number, account number and the amount the check was written for, as well as internal transaction codes.

IBM withdrew CPCS from marketing on Nov 29, 2021.

References

See also 
 z/OS

Check Processing Control System
IBM mainframe software