omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nanocell. A nanocell is a drug delivery platform consisting of a polymer-bound chemotherapeutic drug combined with a lipid-bound anti-angiogenesis drug. Nanocells are currently being developed in the lab of Shiladitya Sengupta of MIT.

Theory 
Angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels, plays a major role in the development of a tumor.  After a tumor has grown to about the size of a cubic millimeter, its core becomes hypoxic, and it begins to release growth factors to recruit new blood vessels that will supply it with oxygen.  Inhibiting angiogenesis has been investigated as a means of preventing tumor growth but has not proven to be fully successful, for tumor cells cut off from the blood supply can eventually develop “reactive resistance” to hypoxia.  These resistant cancer cells could be killed by chemotherapeutic drugs, but once the vasculature to the tumor has been cut off, there is no way for chemotherapy to be delivered.  Nanotechnology offers a way to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs and anti-angiogenic drugs in the same vehicle so that as the blood supply is shut off, chemotherapy is present to prevent any hypoxia-resistant cells from proliferating.

Technology 
Labs at MIT are in the process of developing nanocells capable of delivering both types of drugs.  Each nanocell is between 120 and 200 _m in diameter and can be thought of as “a balloon within a balloon.”  Inside each nanocell is a chemotherapeutic drug covalently bound to a polymer, and on the surface of each cell is a lipid coat containing an anti-angiogenic drug.  The technology makes use of the fact that a tumor's blood vessels have pores 600 _m in diameter and are much leakier than normal blood vessels, which have pores only around 50 _m in diameter.  The nanocells circulate in the blood, and because of their size, they leak out of blood vessels only in tumors.  Once there, the nanocells are degraded by enzymes produced by the tumor.  Work remains to be done to win clinical approval for the technology, but results from Sengupta's lab indicate that the nanocells are more effective and less toxic than traditional chemotherapy.

References 

 Nanocell targets cancer
 Nanocell's double hit on cancer
 MIT engineers an anti-cancer smart bomb
 Sengupta S, Eavarone D, Capila I, Zhao G, Watson N, Kiziltepe T, Sasisekharan R. Temporal targeting of tumour cells and neovasculature with a nanoscale delivery system. Nature. 2005 Jul 28;436(7050):568-72.

External links 
 Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology

Drug delivery devices
Dosage forms
Ballistic electron emission microscopy. Ballistic electron emission microscopy or BEEM is a technique for studying ballistic electron transport through a variety of materials and material interfaces. BEEM is a three terminal scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique that was invented in 1988 at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California by L. Douglas Bell, Michael H. Hecht, and William J. Kaiser. The most popular interfaces to study are metal–semiconductor Schottky diodes, but metal–insulator–semiconductor systems can be studied as well. 

When performing BEEM, electrons are injected from a STM tip into a grounded metal base of a Schottky diode. A small fraction of these electrons will travel ballistically through the metal to the metal– semiconductor interface where they will encounter a Schottky barrier. Those electrons with sufficient energy to surmount the Schottky barrier will be detected as the BEEM current. The atomic scale positioning capability of the STM tip gives BEEM nanometer spatial resolution. In addition, the narrow energy distribution of electrons tunneling from the STM tip gives BEEM a high energetic resolution (about 0.02 eV).

References 

Scanning probe microscopy
American inventions
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Vanderbilt University Graduate School. The Graduate School manages many of the advanced degree programs of Vanderbilt University, a major research university located in Nashville, Tennessee.  While the Graduate School exists as a standalone institution within Vanderbilt, it awards degrees in conjunction with Vanderbilt's other constituent colleges (e.g., the College of Arts and Science or the School of Engineering).

History
Since its founding in 1873, Vanderbilt has offered "work in the liberal arts and sciences beyond the baccalaureate degree", and the university awarded its first graduate degrees (master's degrees in Greek, Latin, and English and a doctorate in chemistry) in 1879. The Graduate School now claims some 19,000 alumni.

References

External links
Graduate School homepage

Vanderbilt University
Graduate schools in the United States
Programmable-gain amplifier. A programmable-gain amplifier (PGA) is an electronic amplifier (typically based on an operational amplifier) whose gain can be controlled by external digital or analog signals.  

The gain can be set from less than 1 V/V to over 100 V/V.  Examples for the external digital signals can be SPI, I²C while the latest PGAs can also be programmed for offset voltage trimming, as well as active output filters. Popular applications for these products are motor control, signal and sensor conditioning.

References

Electronic amplifiers
Surveyor General of India. The Surveyor General of India is the Head of Department of Survey of India, a department under the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of India. The Surveyor General is also the most senior member of the Survey of India Service, an organised engineering service under the Union of India.

The current Surveyor General is Hitesh Kumar S Makwana.

Surveyors General
The East India Company appointed James Rennell to survey the Bengal Presidency in 1767. Lord Clive appointed him as Surveyor General. Colin Mackenzie was appointed Surveyor General of Madras Presidency in 1810, but these posts were abolished in 1815 and Mackenzie was made the first Surveyor General of India.
A list of Surveyors General and their tenure:

 6 November 2023 - Present: Hitesh Kumar S Makwana

See also
 Superintending Surveyor
 Trigonometrical Survey of India

References

Further reading
 
 
 Volume I, 18th century; Volume II, 1800 to 1815; Volume III, 1815 to 1830;  Volume IV, 1830 to 1843;  Volume V, 1844 to 1861

External links 
 Official list of Surveyors General

Surveyors General of India
Indian surveyors
Civil Services of India
Diboron tetrafluoride. Diboron tetrafluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula (BF2)2.  A colorless gas, the compound has a halflife of days at room temperature.  It is the most stable of the diboron tetrahalides, and does not appreciably decompose under standard conditions.

Structure and bonding
Diboron tetrafluoride is a planar molecule with a B-B bond distance of 172 pm.  Although it is electron-deficient, the unsaturated boron centers are stabilized by pi-bonding with the terminal fluoride ligands.  The compound is isoelectronic with oxalate.

Synthesis and reactions
Diboron tetrafluoride can be formed by treating boron monofluoride with boron trifluoride at low temperatures, taking care not to form higher polymers.  Alternatively, diboron tetrachloride can be fluorinated with antimony trifluoride.  

Addition of diboron tetrafluoride to Vaska's complex was employed to produce an early example of a transition metal boryl complex:
2B2F4  +  IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2 →   Ir(BF2)3(CO)(PPh3)2  +  ClBF2

Historical literature

References

External links
 Diboron tetrafluoride at webelements

Fluorides
Boron compounds
Nonmetal halides
Boron halides
Soo Line 353. Soo Line 353 is a restored 0-6-0 type steam locomotive of the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway (“Soo Line”) B-4 class. It is now owned & operated by WMSTR (Western Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunion) every Labor Day weekend.

History

The locomotive was built by the American Locomotive Company's Brooks Works in 1920 for the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway. It and its other class B-4 locomotives were the last, and largest design of purpose-built switch engines that the Soo Line owned, any heavier switching duties were performed by down-graded 2-8-0 freight engines. By 1954, No. 353 was off the active roster and put on the deadline. In 1955, it and fellow classmate #346 (built by ALCO-Schenectady in 1915) were sold to the Koppers Coke and Gas Company to switch coal hoppers around the coke plant. In March 1964, both the 346 and the 353 were retired from service when the plant bought a second hand Whitcomb 65-ton diesel (formerly owned by the Oliver Iron Mining Company).

In 1965, it was donated to the Minnesota Transportation Museum, where it was stored until 1972 when it was sold to the Western Minnesota Steam Thresher's Reunion, whose volunteers restored it to operation in 1978 for use during their threshing show at Rollag, Minnesota.

See also 

 Soo Line 2645
 Duluth and Northeastern 29
 Milwaukee Road 1004

References 

353
ALCO locomotives
0-6-0 locomotives
Individual locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1920
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Preserved steam locomotives of Minnesota
Transmission-line pulse. In electrical engineering, transmission-line pulse (TLP) is a way to study integrated circuit technologies and circuit behavior in the current and time domain of electrostatic discharge (ESD) events. The concept was described shortly after WWII in pp. 175–189 of Pulse Generators, Vol. 5 of the MIT Radiation Lab Series.  Also, D. Bradley, J. Higgins, M. Key, and S. Majumdar realized a TLP-based laser-triggered spark gap for kilovolt pulses of accurately variable timing in 1969.  For investigation of  ESD and electrical-overstress (EOS) effects a measurement system using a TLP generator has been introduced first by T. Maloney and N. Khurana in 1985.  Since then, the technique has become indispensable for integrated circuit ESD protection development.

The TLP technique is based on charging a long, floating cable to a pre-determined voltage, and discharging it into a Device-Under-Test (DUT).  The cable discharge emulates an electro-static discharge event, but employing time-domain reflectometry (TDR), the change in DUT impedance can be monitored as a function of time.

The first commercial TLP system was developed by Barth Electronics in 1990s.  Since then, other commercial systems have been developed (e.g., by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grundtech, ESDEMC Technology, High Power Pulse Instruments, Hanwa, TLPsol).

A subset of TLP, VF-TLP (Very-Fast Transmission-Line Pulsing), has lately gained popularity with its improved resolution and bandwidth for analysis of ephemeral ESD events such as CDM (Charged Device Model) events.  Pioneered by academia (University of Illinois) and commercialized by Barth Electronics, VF-TLP has become an important ESD analysis tool for analyzing modern high-speed semiconductor circuits.

TLP Standards 
ANSI/ESD STM5.5.1-2016 Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Testing – Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) – Component Level

ANSI/ESD SP5.5.2-2007 Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Testing - Very Fast Transmission Line Pulse (VF-TLP) - Component Level

IEC 62615:2010 Electrostatic discharge sensitivity testing - Transmission line pulse (TLP) - Component level

See also
 Human-body model
 G. N. Glasoe and J. V. Lebacqz. Pulse Generators, volume 5 of MIT Radiation Laboratory Series. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1948, pp. 175-189.
 D. Bradley, J. Higgins, M. Key, and S. Majumdar, "A simple laser-triggered spark gap for kilovolt pulses of accurately variable timing," Opto-Electronics Letters, vol. 1, pp. 62–64, 1969.

External links

 Introduction of Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) Testing for ESD Analysis -Device Level
 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) Automated Evaluation System Based on TLP Method
 Characterizing Touch Panel Sensor ESD Failure with IV-Curve TLP
 TVS Failure Level Tests Comparison Between ESD Gun, TLP & HMM
 Advanced Frequency Compensation Method for VF-TLP Measurement (up to 10 GHz)
 ESD Failure Analysis of PV Module Diodes and TLP Test Methods
 

Integrated circuits
Electrical breakdown
AEP Building. The AEP Building is a  skyscraper in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. It was completed in 1983 and has 31 floors. Abramovitz, Harris & Kingsland designed the building following a modernist architectural style. The AEP Building is the 8th tallest building in Columbus. It has served as the headquarters of the American Electric Power (AEP) since the company relocated from New York City in 1983.

History 
In 1979, American Electric Power (AEP) confirmed the company would be moving their headquarters from New York City to Columbus, Ohio. This move was part of the 1968 acquisition deal to merge with the Columbus and Southern Ohio Electric Co (C&SOE). To encourage 1,500 New York employees to relocate, AEP offered relocation assistance, including rent stabilization for 36 months, an interest-free loan when purchasing a home, a company contribution towards the cost of a car, and travel reimbursement.

In July 1980, the company announced its plans to build a 32-story headquarters in downtown Columbus on a 5.3-acre site between Spring and Long Streets. The building was designed by and Abramovitz, Harris & Kingsland and takes cues from the nearby Nationwide Building and surrounded by parkland. The all-electric building was designed with eight-sides to conserve energy.

At the front of the building are two sculptures created by George Greenamyer. The sculptures were turbine rotors, which came from the former Philo Power Plant in Philo, Ohio and the Twin Branch Power Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana. The sculptures were designed to pay tribute to the high tech history of the electric industry.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Columbus, Ohio

References

Skyscraperpage

External links
 

Skyscraper office buildings in Columbus, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Downtown Columbus, Ohio
Office buildings completed in 1983
American Electric Power
Symbion Power. Symbion Power is a US power engineering and construction firm that has operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Since 2005 Symbion has been responsible for the construction of transmission and distribution facilities throughout Iraq. In 2005/2006 the company was awarded $250 million of US funded competitively bid reconstruction work. Symbion is rated in the top 10 US firms using IRRF funds.

Symbion Power LLC engages in the design, engineering, procurement, and construction of electrical infrastructure projects. Its projects include transmission or transmission and distribution lines, air and gas insulated substations, and power plants in the United States, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

The company also owns and operated a power plant in Tanzania for the generation of electricity. In 2016, it stopped operations and in 2020 it was sentenced to pay employees who had missed salaries for 30 months, or have their property auctioned.

In addition, it constructs and operates training schools to help develop a skilled local workforce capable of constructing and installing an electrical power infrastructure in northern Iraq; Tanzania; and Kabul, Afghanistan. Symbion Power LLC was founded in 2000 and is based in Washington, District of Columbia with additional offices and subsidiaries in Delaware; Limassol, Cyprus; Cape Town, South  Africa; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Baghdad, Iraq; Erbil, Kurdistan; Port-au-Prince, Haiti; and Dar es Salaam and Morogoro, Tanzania.

In December 2015, Symbion Power signed a 25-year power purchase agreement (PPA) with Rwanda Energy Group.

References

External links 

 
 Transmission & Distribution World

Engineering companies of the United States
Power station technology
Electric power in Iraq
OpenRAVE. Open Robotics Automation Virtual Environment (OpenRAVE) provides an environment for testing, developing, and deploying motion planning algorithms in real-world robotics applications. The main focus is on simulation and analysis of kinematic and geometric information related to motion planning. OpenRAVE's stand-alone nature allows it to be easily integrated into existing robotics systems. It provides many command-line tools to work with robots and planners, and the run-time core is small enough to be used inside controllers and bigger frameworks.

Components

IKFast 
IKFast is a compiler for inverse kinematics. Unlike most inverse kinematics solvers, IKFast can analytically solve the kinematics equations of any complex kinematics chain, and generate language-specific files (like C++) for later use. The end result is extremely stable solutions that can run as fast as 5 microseconds on recent processors.

COLLADA 

OpenRAVE supports the COLLADA 1.5 file format for specifying robots and adds its own set of robot-specific extensions. The robot extensions include:

 manipulators
 sensors
 planning-specific parameters

Motion Planning 

The core of OpenRAVE design focuses on offering interfaces and implementations of motion planning algorithms. Most of the planning algorithm implementations are for robot arms and use sampling to explore the task configuration spaces.

Applications 
An important target application is industrial robotics automation. OpenRAVE's main focus is to increase the reliability of motion planning systems to make integration easy.

History 
OpenRAVE was founded by Rosen Diankov at the Quality of Life Technology Center in the Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute. It was inspired from the RAVE simulator James Kuffner had started developing in 1995 and used for a lot of his experiments. The OpenRAVE project was started in 2006 and started out as a complete rewrite of RAVE to support plugins. It quickly diverged into its own architecture concept and started being supported by many robotics researchers throughout the world. After earning his PhD from the Robotics Institute in August 2010, Rosen Diankov became a postdoc at the JSK Robotics Lab at University of Tokyo where OpenRAVE is currently being maintained.

Rosen Diankov is still the active maintainer of OpenRAVE.

References

External links
 
 Quality of Life Technology Center
 JSK Robotics Lab

Robotics suites
2006 software
2006 in robotics
F28. F28, F-28 or F.28 may refer to:

Aircraft
 Enstrom F-28, a helicopter
 Fokker F28 Fellowship, a Dutch commercial passenger jet produced between 1967 and 1987

Ships and boats
 Corsair F-28 a US trimaran sailboat design
 BNS Somudra Joy (F-28), a Bangladesh Navy frigate
 HMS Artifex (F28), a United Kingdom Royal Navy repair ship which served between 1939 and 1961
 HMS Cleopatra (F28), a United Kingdom Royal Navy frigate which served between 1964 and 1991
 HMS Kandahar (F28), a 1939 United Kingdom Royal Navy destroyer which saw service during World War II

Other uses 
 Getrag F28/6 transmission, installed on the Opel Calibra car
 F-28 (Michigan county highway), a road in the United States 
 Fluorine-28 (F-28 or 28F), an isotope of fluorine

Ship disambiguation pages
Jackson and Sharp Company. Jackson and Sharp Company was an American railroad car manufacturer and shipbuilder in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The company was founded in 1863 by Job H. Jackson (b. 1833), a tinsmith and retail merchant, and Jacob F. Sharp (b. 1815), a carpenter who had worked for rail car manufacturers and shipbuilders.

Rolling stock plant
Jackson and Sharp built a fabrication plant, called the Delaware Car Works, in Wilmington, Delaware near the mouth of Brandywine Creek. In the early years the facility had storage capacity for 6 cars and about 100 employees. By 1880 the plant produced 400 passenger cars per year. Through facility expansions on the  site, the capacity grew to 75 cars, with about 1,000 employees in the late 1880s. At that time it was considered to be the largest rolling stock plant in the Americas. Clients included Great Western Railroad (Illinois), South Side Elevated Railroad (Chicago), Denver and Rio Grande Railway, King Oscar II of Sweden, and Emperor Dom Pedro of Brazil.

It supplied the passenger cars for the Waterloo & City Railway in London, England, in 1897-8.

Shipyard
The company purchased the Christina River Shipyards in 1875. The facility built wooden vessels such as schooners and barges, as well as steam-powered vessels. By 1900 the rolling stock and shipyard facilities totalled , with 1,200 to 1,500 employees.

Merger and 20th century operations
American Car and Foundry (ACF) leased the Jackson and Sharp facilities for 10 years, beginning in 1901. In 1911 ACF purchased the plant and focused on manufacturing passenger cars for export, although shipbuilding continued as well.

During World War I the plant built wooden submarine chasers, rail cars and munitions equipment to support the war effort. After the war, the shipyard continued to build yachts, but wooden shipbuilding ended in 1938. Rail car production also ended in the 1930s. The plant then focused on steel shipbuilding, and built small craft for the U.S. Navy during World War II. After the war, limited rail car production was resumed. Owing to a small number of orders, ACF stopped production in 1950, and sold the plant to a warehouse company in 1952.

Products
 Rolling stock - standard gauge and narrow gauge
 Passenger cars
 Freight cars
 Baggage-mail-passenger cars
 Dining cars
 Parlor cars and private cars
 Sleeping cars
 Streetcars
 Watercraft - wood and steel
 Schooners
 Barges
 Carfloats
 Ferryboats
 Tugboats
 Yachts
 U.S. Navy - small craft
 Woodwork
 Architectural millwork for buildings
 Cabinets

References

External links
 Photos of Jackson & Sharp plant, rolling stock, ships & other products - Delaware State Archives

Defunct rolling stock manufacturers of the United States
American Car and Foundry Company
Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United States
Companies based in Wilmington, Delaware
Wilmington Riverfront
Manufacturing companies established in 1863
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1911
1863 establishments in Delaware
American companies established in 1863
1911 disestablishments in Delaware
1911 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Delaware