omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Scan-Line Interleave. Scan-Line Interleave (SLI) is a multi-GPU method developed by 3DFX for linking two (or more) video cards or chips together to produce a single output. It is an application of parallel processing for computer graphics, meant to increase the processing power available for graphics.

3DFX's SLI technology was first introduced in 1998 with the Voodoo2 line of graphics accelerators. The original Voodoo Graphics card and the VSA-100 were also SLI-capable, however in the case of the former it was only used in arcades and professional applications.

NVIDIA reintroduced the SLI acronym in 2004 as Scalable Link Interface. NVIDIA's SLI, compared to 3DFX's SLI, is modernized to use graphics cards interfaced over the PCI Express bus.

Function

3DFX's SLI design was the first attempt, in the consumer PC market, at combining the rendering power of two video cards. The two 3DFX cards were connected by a small ribbon cable inside the PC. This cable shared graphics and synchronization information between the cards. Each 3DFX card rendered alternating horizontal lines of pixels composing a frame.

See also
 Scalable Link Interface - Nvidia
 AMD CrossFireX - AMD

References

External links
 The 3dfx Help Page

3dfx Interactive
Graphics cards
František Křižík. František Křižík (; 8 July 1847 – 22 January 1941) was a Czech inventor, electrical engineer, and entrepreneur.

Biography

Křižík was born into a family in Plánice. In spite of his background, Křižík managed in 1866 to study engineering at the Technical University of Prague ČVUT.

Křižík is considered the pioneer of practical electrical engineering and in electrification of Bohemia and Austro-Hungarian empire. At the time he was often compared to Thomas Edison. In 1878 Křižík invented a remotely operated signaling device to protect against collision between trains. Křižík's cores are magnetic
solenoids cores shaped so as to ensure an approximately uniform pull in different positions in the solenoid.

His first experiments in Plzeň resulted in the invention in 1880 of the automatic electric arc lamp, the so-called "Plzen Lamp"  which was displayed at the International Exposition of Electricity in Paris in 1881. This lamp, with self-adjusting brushes, won the gold medal from among 50 similar devices. Later he successfully defended his patent against Werner Siemens claim to have created it first. His lamps were successfully used in many cities for street lighting. The restored and fully functional patented arc lamp with automated electrode adjustment can be viewed at the Museum of Plzeň.

In 1884 Křižík set up his own company building city lighting, tramway lines, street cars, power stations, and various electric equipment. In 1895 Křižík built one of first electromobiles in the Austrian Empire.

He was active freemason since 1881 when he joined masonic lodge Harmonie in Plzeň. He was later active as member of lodge Jan Amos Komenský and later lodge Sibi et posteris in Prague. In 1923 František Křižík was one of the founders nad patrons of the National Czechoslovak Grand Lodge.

A Prague street and subsequently near subway station were named after František Křižík – Křižíkova.

Electrified railway Tábor–Bechyně

František Křižík built the first electrified railway in the Austro-Hungarian empire from Tábor to Bechyně in 1903. The track gauge was . The maximum speed was .

Legacy
The main belt asteroid 5719 Křižík was named in his honor.

References

External links

 Biography 
 František Křižík, has diagram of his differential arc lamp

1847 births
1941 deaths
People from Plánice
Inventors from Austria-Hungary
Engineers from Austria-Hungary
Businesspeople from Austria-Hungary
Czech engineers
Czech inventors
Czech Freemasons
20th-century Czech businesspeople
Czech Technical University in Prague alumni
19th-century Czech businesspeople
Czech people from Austria-Hungary
Czechoslovak businesspeople
Sodium sulfite. Sodium sulfite (sodium sulphite) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2SO3. A white, water-soluble solid, it is used commercially as an antioxidant and preservative. It is also suitable for the softening of lignin in the pulping and refining processes of wood and lignocellulosic materials. A heptahydrate is also known but it is less useful because of its greater susceptibility toward oxidation by air.

Preparation

Sodium sulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of sodium hydroxide with sulfur dioxide.  When conducted in warm water, Na2SO3 initially precipitates as a white solid.  With more SO2, the solid dissolves to give the disulfite, which crystallizes upon cooling.  

Sodium sulfite is made industrially by treating sulfur dioxide with a solution of sodium carbonate. The overall reaction is:

Uses
Sodium sulfite is primarily used in the pulp and paper industry. It has been also applied in the thermomechanical conversion of wood to fibres (defibration) for producing medium density fibreboards (MDF).

As an oxygen scavenger agent, it is used to treat water being fed to steam boilers to avoid corrosion problems, in the photographic industry, it protects developer solutions from oxidation and (as hypo clear solution) to wash fixer (sodium thiosulfate) from film and photo-paper emulsions.

As a reducing agent it is used in the textile industry as a bleaching, desulfurizing, and dechlorinating agent (e.g. in swimming pools).  Its reducing properties are exploited in its use as a preservative to prevent dried fruit from discoloring, and for preserving meats.

It is used as a reagent in sulfonation and sulfomethylation agent. It is used in the production of sodium thiosulfate.

The Wellman–Lord process utilizes sodium sulfite for flue gas desulfurization.

Reactions

Sodium sulfite is primarily used as a mild reducing agent.  The heptahydrate crystals effloresce in warm dry air.  Heptahydrate crystals also oxidize in air to form sodium sulfate. The anhydrous form is more resistant to oxidation by air.

Sodium bisulfite,  NaHSO3, is mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of sodium and bisulfite ions.

Structure
According to X-ray crystallography sodium sulfite heptahydrate features pyramidal SO32- centers.  The S-O distances are 1.50 and the O-S-O angles are near 106º.

References

Photographic chemicals
Sodium compounds
Sulfites
E-number additives
BER. BER may refer to:

Science and technology

Biology and medicine
 Basal electrical rhythm, spontaneous rhythmic slow action potentials that some smooth muscles of the GI tract display
 Base excision repair, a DNA repair pathway
 Benign early repolarization, a heart arrhythmia
 Blossom end rot, a plant disorder

Computing
 Basic Encoding Rules, a set of rules for encoding data
 Bit error rate, the ratio between the number of incorrect bits transmitted to the total

Places
 Bermuda (IOC and UNDP code), a British overseas territory
 Bohai Economic Rim, the economic region surrounding Tianjin, China

Transport
 Air Berlin (ICAO code: BER), a defunct German airline
 Berlin Brandenburg Airport (IATA code: BER), Germany

Other uses
 Beyond economic repair, a rating of a damaged item
 Block Exemption Regulation, published by the European Commission regarding European Union competition law
 Building the Education Revolution, a 2010 Australian government economic stimulus programme
 Building Energy Rating, a rating label for the energy performance of a building in Ireland
 Chemische Berichte (Ber), a 1868–1945 German chemistry journal
 B.E.R., a band best known for their single "The Night Begins to Shine"

See also
 Ber (disambiguation)
WME. WME may refer to:
 Windows Millennium Edition
 Windows Media Encoder
 Wireless Multimedia Extensions
 Wintermute Engine, a graphical adventure game engine by Dead:Code software
 William Morris Endeavor, a talent agency conglomerate
 Web-based Mathematics Education
 Working Memory Element in the Rete algorithm
 The IATA code for Mount Keith Airport in Western Australia
 Waze Map Editor
 National Rail station code for Woodmansterne railway station in London
S-Type. S-Type may refer to:

 S-Type (music producer), a Scottish producer and DJ
 S-type asteroid, asteroids with siliceous mineralogical composition
 S type fuse, electrical fuses with an Edison base
 S-type granite, a category of granite 
 S-type star, a cool giant with equal carbon and oxygen in its atmosphere
 Bedford S type, a truck 1950–1959
 Jaguar S-Type (disambiguation), two makes of car
 Jensen S-type, a car
 Renault S-Type engine, or Sofim 8140, a car engine
 Soviet S-class submarine, during World War 2
 New South Wales S type carriage stock, an Australian railway carriage 
 Victorian Railways S type carriage, an Australian railway carriage

See also 

 Class S (disambiguation)
 Type S (disambiguation)
 S class (disambiguation)
Burn-in. Burn-in is the process by which components of a system are exercised before being placed in service (and often, before the system being completely assembled from those components). This testing process will force certain failures to occur under supervised conditions so an understanding of load capacity of the product can be established.

The intention is to detect those particular components that would fail as a result of the initial, high-failure rate portion of the bathtub curve of component reliability. If the burn-in period is made sufficiently long (and, perhaps, artificially stressful), the system can then be trusted to be mostly free of further early failures once the burn-in process is complete.

Theoretically, any weak components would fail during the "Burn In" time allowing those parts to be replaced. Replacing the weak components would prevent premature failure, infant mortality failure, or other latent defects.

When the equivalent lifetime of the stress is extended into the increasing part of the bathtub-like failure-rate curve, the effect of the burn-in is a reduction of product lifetime. In a mature production it is not easy to determine whether there is a decreasing failure rate. To determine the failure time distribution for a very low percentage of the production, one would have to destroy a very large number of devices. By stressing all devices for a certain burn-in time the devices with the highest failure rate fail first and can be taken out of the cohort. Thus by applying a burn-in, early in-use system failures can be avoided at the expense (tradeoff) of a reduced yield caused by the burn-in process.

When possible, it is better to eliminate the root cause of early failures than doing a burn-in. Because of this, a process that initially uses burn-in may eventually phase it out as the various root causes for failures are identified and eliminated.

For electronic components, burn-in is frequently conducted at elevated temperature and perhaps elevated voltage. This process may also be called heat soaking. The components may be under continuous test or simply tested at the end of the burn-in period.

There is another use of the term by some audiophiles, who leave new audio equipment turned on for multiple days or weeks, to get the components to achieve optimal performance. However, many debates have arisen about the benefits of this practice.

See also
 Burn-in oven
 Failure rate
 Reliability theory
 Survival analysis
 Dielectric withstand test
 Shakedown (testing)

References

Environmental testing
Hardware testing
Lang factor. The Lang Factor is an estimated ratio of the total cost of creating a process within a plant, to the cost of all major technical components. It is widely used in industrial engineering to calculate the capital and operating costs of a plant.

The factors were introduced by H. J. Lang and Dr Micheal Bird in Chemical Engineering magazine in 1947 as a method for estimating the total installation cost for plants and equipment.

Industries
These factors are widely used in the refining and petrochemical industries to help estimate the cost of new facilities.  A typical multiplier for a new unit within a refinery would be in the range of 5.0.  When the purchase price of all the pumps, heat exchangers, pressure vessels, and other process equipment are multiplied by 5.0,  a rough estimate of the total installed cost of the plant, including equipment, materials, construction, and engineering will be achieved. The accuracy of this estimate method usually is +/- 35%.

Guthrie factors
The factors change over time because construction labor, bulk materials (concrete, pipe, etc.), engineering design, indirect costs, and major process equipment prices often do not change at the same rate.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s Kenneth Guthrie further expanded on this concept, generating different factors for different types of process equipment (pumps, exchangers, vessels, etc.). These are sometimes referred to as "Guthrie factors".

References

Industrial engineering
HMS Ravager (D70). HMS Ravager (D70) was an  built in the United States (as part of the ) and operated by the Royal Navy during World War II.

Ravager was initially constructed in the U.S. by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding in Tacoma, in 1942. She was purchased by the U.S. Navy and was converted to an escort carrier at Commercial Iron Works, Portland, Oregon. Upon completion in 1943 she was transferred to the Royal Navy and named HMS Ravager.

The ship initially served as a convoy escort in the Atlantic theatre. Later in the war she was used mainly as a deck-landing training carrier. In February 1946 she was returned to the US Navy and sold for civilian use in July 1947, being renamed Robin Trent and later Trent. She was scrapped in 1973.

Construction
Ravager (AVG-24) was laid down as MC hull 240 on 11 April 1942, by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corp., Tacoma, Washington. She was intended to be named Charger, but was named Ravager when launched 16 July 1942; sponsored by Mrs. C. G. Mitchell; acquired by the U.S. Navy and transferred to the United Kingdom under lend-lease on 25 April 1943; and commissioned in the Royal Navy the same day.

Design and description
These ships were all larger and had a greater aircraft capacity than all the preceding American built escort carriers. They were also all laid down as escort carriers and not converted merchant ships. All the ships had a complement of 646 men and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . Propulsion was provided by one shaft, two boilers and a steam turbine giving , which could propel the ship at .

Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the starboard side, two aircraft lifts , one aircraft catapult and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the  by  hangar below the flight deck. Armament comprised: two /50, /38 or 5 in/51 Dual Purpose guns in single mounts, sixteen Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60 anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts and twenty 20 mm anti-aircraft cannons in single mounts. They had a maximum aircraft capacity of twenty-four aircraft which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlet, Vought F4U Corsair or Hawker Sea Hurricane fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine aircraft.

Service history

During World War II, Ravager, redesignated on U.S. Navy records as CVE-24 on 15 July 1943, operated in the Atlantic protecting Allied shipping from German U-boats. After the war ended, she arrived Norfolk, 9 February 1946, and was returned to the U.S. Navy there on 27 February, the day she was decommissioned by the Royal Navy. Ravager was sold to William B. St. John, of New York City, 1 July 1947, and was placed in merchant service as Robin Trent.

References

Sources

External links 

 
 
 

Type C3-S-A1 ships of the Royal Navy
Attacker-class escort carriers
Ships built in Tacoma, Washington
1942 ships
World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
CED. CED may refer to:

 CED (journal)
 Canadian Eskimo Dog
 Camurati-Engelmann disease, a rare genetic syndrome
 Capacitance Electronic Disc, a playback-only video medium 
 Ceduna Airport, IATA airport code "CED"
 Cheddington railway station, a British railway station with station code CED
 Classical electrodynamics
 Collective Earth Defense from the video game Descent³
 UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design
 Collins English Dictionary
 Committee for Economic Development
 Community economic development
 Conjugate eye deviation
 Convection enhanced delivery, an experimental drug delivery method
 Course and Exam Description, a requirement for US and Canadian highschool courses to qualify for the Advanced Placement program
 Cross elasticity of demand, in economics
 CygnusEd, text editor software
Alfred Grenander. Alfred Frederik Elias Grenander (26 June 1863 – 14 March 1931) was a Swedish architect, who became one of the most prominent engineers during the first building period of the Berlin U-Bahn network in the early twentieth century.

Biography
Grenander was born at Skövde in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. He was raised in Stockholm and began studying at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in 1881. He changed to the Königliche Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin) in 1885. After his final degree in 1890 he became a site engineer at the construction of the new Reichstag building under the direction of Paul Wallot and continued his career in the architectural office of Alfred Messel.

In 1896 Grenander set up his own business and worked as a designer of the Hochbahngesellschaft, an affiliate of Siemens & Halske established in 1897 to build the first U-Bahn elevated railway of Berlin, opened in 1902. Up to 1931, he constructed about 70 U-Bahn stations, many of which have landmark status today. While the first stations were designed in an Art Nouveau (Jugendstil) or Neoclassical style, he later preferred a Modern architecture.

Alfred Grenander died in Berlin; he was buried in Skanör med Falsterbo, Sweden. In 2009, the public area in front of Krumme Lanke station in Berlin-Zehlendorf was named in his honour.

Berlin U-Bahn Stations designed by Grenander

 1902: Ernst-Reuter-Platz (Knie)
 1906: Deutsche Oper (Bismarckstraße), Wilhelmplatz – demolished
 1907: Potsdamer Platz (Leipziger Platz)
 1908: Sophie-Charlotte-Platz, Kaiserdamm, Theodor-Heuss-Platz (Reichskanzlerplatz); Mohrenstraße, (Kaiserhof), Stadtmitte (Friedrichstraße), Hausvogteiplatz, Spittelmarkt
 1912: Wittenbergplatz – entrance hall
 1913: Märkisches Museum (Inselbrücke), Klosterstraße, Alexanderplatz – U2; Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz (Schönhauser Tor), Senefelderplatz, Eberswalder Straße (Danziger Straße), Schönhauser Allee (Nordring); Uhlandstraße
 1922: Neu-Westend
 1924: Mehringdamm (Belle-Alliance-Straße), Gneisenaustraße, Südstern (Hasenheide)
 1926: Hermannplatz – U7, Rathaus Neukölln, Karl-Marx-Straße;  Platz der Luftbrücke (Kreuzberg)
 1927: Boddinstraße, Hermannplatz – U6, Schönleinstraße; Paradestrasse (Flughafen)
 1928: Kottbusser Tor (reconstruction), Heinrich-Heine-Straße (Neanderstraße)
 1929: Leinestraße; Onkel Toms Hütte, Krumme Lanke; Tempelhof; Olympia-Stadion (Stadion) – reconstruction, Ruhleben
 1930: Jannowitzbrücke, Alexanderplatz – U8, U5, Weinmeisterstraße, Rosenthaler Platz, Gesundbrunnen; Schillingstraße, Strausberger Platz, Weberwiese (Memeler Straße), Frankfurter Tor (Petersburger Straße), Samariterstraße, Frankfurter Allee, Magdalenenstraße, Lichtenberg, Friedrichsfelde

References

1863 births
1931 deaths
People from Skövde Municipality
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
Swedish expatriates in Germany
19th-century German architects
Swedish architects
20th-century German architects
Bhushan Lal Karihaloo. Bhushan Lal Karihaloo, FIEAus MASME FASCE FLSW (born September 1943, Srinagar, Kashmir), is a Kashmiri Pandit professor of civil, architectural, and environmental engineering. He is head of the Institute of Theoretical, Applied and Computational Mechanics at Cardiff University and an expert on fracture mechanics. In 2006 he was awarded the European Structural Integrity Society's Griffith Medal for "his outstanding research in the field of theoretical fracture mechanics and fracture of quasi-brittle materials, in particular of concrete, fibre-reinforced cementitious composites, and advanced tough ceramics". In 2012, he was elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.

Books
Fracture Mechanics and Structural Concrete, Longman, 1995 ()

References

External links
Official website

Living people
1943 births
Kashmiri people
Kashmiri Pandits
People from Srinagar
British civil engineers
Academics of Cardiff University
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Ward's 10 Best Engines. Wards 10 Best Engines is an annual list of the ten "best" automobile engines available in the U.S. market, that are selected by Wards AutoWorld magazine. The list was started in 1994 for model year 1995, and has been drawn every year since then, published at the end of the preceding year.

Engines must be available in regular-production vehicles on sale in the U.S. market no later than the first quarter of the year. Eligibility has also been based on availability in a vehicle below a base price limit, which increased progressively from  for the 1995 list up to  for the 2020 list; this limit was eliminated for future competitions following the announcement of the 2020 winners. During a 2-month testing period, Wards editors evaluate each engine according to a number of objective and subjective criteria in everyday driving situations – there is no instrumented testing. The selection takes into account power and torque output; noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) levels; technical relevance; and basic comparative numbers. Each engine competes against all others.

For the 2020 competition, the name was changed to Wards 10 Best Engines and Propulsion Systems.

Results

Rankings
Number of times the following makes have received the award (excluding the special 20th century awards):

See also
 List of motor vehicle awards
International Engine of the Year
PACE Award
World Car of the Year

References

External links
Wards AutoWorld official website

Motor vehicle awards
Automobile engines
Lists of automobile engines
S25. S25 can refer to:

Aircraft 
 Blériot-SPAD S.25, a French biplane
 Letov Š-25, a Czechoslovak biplane trainer
 Short S.25 Sandringham, a British flying boat airliner
 Short S.25 Sunderland, a British flying boat bomber
 Sikorsky S-25, a Russian biplane bomber
 Spalinger S.25, a Swiss training glider

Roads 
 County Route S25 (California)
 County Route S25 (Bergen County, New Jersey)
 New Jersey Route 413, numbered S25 until 1953

Rail and transit 
 S25 (Berlin), a line on the Berlin S-Bahn
 S25 (Long Island bus)
 S25 (ZVV), a line of the Zürich S-Bahn
 Niseko Station, in Hokkaido, Japan

Other uses 
 S-25 (rocket), a Soviet air-to-ground rocket
 40S ribosomal protein S25
 British NVC community S25, a swamps and tall-herb fens community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
 , a submarine of the Indian Navy
 S25: Avoid contact with eyes, a safety phrase
 S-25 Berkut, a Soviet surface-to-air missile system
 Siemens S25, a Siemens Mobile phone
 , a submarine of the United States Navy
 S25, a postcode district in Sheffield, England
 Samsung Galaxy S25, a series of high-end Android smartphones developed by Samsung Electronics
Interlock (disambiguation). Interlock can refer to the following:

Ignition interlock device
Interlock (band) an industrial/alternative metal band
Interlock (engineering)
Interlocking (railway signaling)
Interlock (cinema projection)
Interlocking tower
an interlocked hutch in a synchrotron radiation beamline protects user from being accidentally exposed to radiation when a beamline is active
Interlock Protocol, a cryptographic protocol designed to thwart eavesdropping when using an anonymous key exchange protocol, such as Diffie-Hellman
Interlock role-playing system
Interlocking spur: landsliding occurring in a river's upper course which modifies the river bed pattern
Mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures in Supramolecular chemistry comprises a.o., Catenane and Rotaxane molecules, and Molecular knot
Interlock fabric, a double-knitted jersey fabric.
Interlocking directorate (business)
Hocket and kotekan (musical techniques)