omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Project 1221. Project 1221 is an Italian automobile company. The company began in 2001, originally sub rosa, to develop a new sports car called the MF1 which was to be powered by a Williams zero-emissions gas turbine engine. Two MF1 models were proposed, a two-seat rear-wheel drive version and a three-seat all-wheel drive version with optional armor plating. Both models had a proposed power-to-weight ratio of at least 1,000 hp/ton and a proposed top speed of . A light weight grand tourer model called the "Alleopous" was also announced. It is unclear whether any of these projects progressed beyond the initial design phase. Project 1221 includes ex-Lamborghini and Ferrari engineer Mauro Forghieri and ex-Pininfarina designer Emanuele Nicosia with Andreas Andrianos as its CEO. As of April 2020, the Project 1221 website is no longer active, with the last archived update on the company's activities dated to 18 October 2008.

References

External links
Project 1221 website

Car manufacturers of Italy
Sports car manufacturers
Level of invention. Level of invention (or degree of inventiveness, or level of solution, or rank of solution, or rank of invention) is a relative degree of changes to the previous system (or solution) in the result of solution of inventive problem (one containing a contradiction). Term was defined and introduced by TRIZ author G. S. Altshuller.

After initially reviewing 200,000 patent abstracts, Altshuller selected 40,000 as representatives of high level inventive solutions. The remainder involved direct improvements easily recognized within the specialty of the system.

Altshuller separated the patents' different degrees of inventiveness into five levels:
 Level 1 – Routine design problems solved by methods well known within the specialty. Usually no invention needed. 
example: use of coal for writing
 Level 2 – Minor improvements to an existing system using methods known within the industry. 
example: graphite pencil (wrapped coal stick)
 Level 3 – Fundamental improvement to an existing system using methods known outside the industry. 
example: ink pen (ink instead of coal)
 Level 4 – A new generation of a system that entails a new principle for performing the system's primary functions. Solutions are found more often in science than technology. 
example: printer (another whole system for writing)
 Level 5 – A rare scientific discovery or pioneering invention of an essentially new system. 
example: electronic pen&paper (see Anoto)

These levels of invention are applied to solutions rather than problems requiring a system of solution.

Also level of invention and the potential for innovation in any nation, geographical area or economic activity is as measurement in the concept of innovative capacity originally introduced by Prof. Suarez-Villa in 1990.

See also 
Inventive step and non-obviousness
Novelty (patent)

References

External links 
Levels of Solutions (with examples) By Kalevi Rantanen
Introduction to Basic I-TRIZ Levels of Invention
Maturity Mapping of DVD Technology By Sanjana Vijayakumar
Introduction of the Innovation Patent Australian Government response to the Recommendations of the Advisory Council on Industrial Property (ACIP) Report "Review of the Petty Patent System" 
What is innovative capacity? by Luis Suarez-Villa
ideas21 – do You have an idea that can change the future?

Engineering concepts
Creativity Management
TRIZ
Visual Café. Visual Café (formally Visual Café for Java) is a discontinued integrated development environment for the Java programming language. It included a GUI builder and was marketed as a series of editions: "Standard Edition," "Enterprise Suite," "Expert Edition," "Professional Edition," and "Development Edition." The "Enterprise Suite" was notable for supporting distributed CORBA and RMI debugging. Visual Cafe itself was not written in Java.

Visual Café was spun off by Symantec, being purchased by BEA Systems and sold as the development environment to an early WebLogic Server.  The freeware tools environment (Eclipse) limited the commercial viability of the development tool market, and Visual Cafe' became the flagship product of a new BEA spinoff company focused on development tools called WebGain. WebGain acquired several other technologies, including TopLink, before ceasing operations in 2002. While TopLink found a home at Oracle, Visual Café is no longer commercially available.

WebGain purchased TogetherSoft's product Together Control Center (Together Studio) to integrate into Visual Café, but soon after the purchase was complete, Borland purchased WebGain's products Visual Café and Together Control Center. These products can now be found in JBuilder.

Mansour Safai, Vice President of the Language and Internet Tools Division of Symantec recognized the significance of the Java language early on, and was the first to offer integrated Java development tools in the pioneering Café product line, which evolved to the market leading product Visual Café. Visual Café was considered an early leader in Java IDE's.

The product was well received. It won InfoWorld's 1997 "Product of the Year" award.

Competing IDEs
Other IDEs that existed at the same time were Visual Age for Java (the spiritual predecessor to Eclipse), Asymetrix'  (the first Java machine code compiler),  NetBeans (known briefly as Forté for Java), JBuilder, PowerSoft's PowerJ and Mojo Enterprise.

References

External links
 
 

Integrated development environments
Java development tools
Ron Kimmel. Ron Kimmel (, b. 1963) is a professor of Computer Science and Electrical and Computer Engineering (by courtesy)  at the Technion Israel Institute of Technology. He holds a D.Sc. degree in electrical engineering (1995) from the Technion, and was a post-doc at UC Berkeley and Berkeley Labs, and a visiting professor at Stanford University. He has worked in various areas of image and shape analysis in computer vision, image processing, and computer graphics. Kimmel's interest in recent years has been non-rigid shape processing and analysis, medical imaging, computational biometry, deep learning, numerical optimization of problems with a geometric flavor, and applications of metric and differential geometry. Kimmel is an author of two books, an editor of one, and an author of numerous articles. He is the founder of the Geometric Image Processing Lab , and a founder and advisor of several successful image processing and analysis companies.

Kimmel's contributions include the development of fast marching methods for triangulated manifolds (together with James Sethian), the geodesic active contours algorithm for image segmentation, a geometric framework for image filtering (named Beltrami flow after the Italian mathematician Eugenio Beltrami), and the Generalized Multidimensional Scaling (together with his students the Bronstein brothers) with which he was able to compute the Gromov-Hausdorff distance between surfaces. He is one of the founders of the field of deep learning based computational oncology/pathology together with his student Gil Shamai.

In 2003, he appeared in an interview to WNBC on the use of geometric approaches in three-dimensional face recognition.
In 2011, Intel acquired his cofounded company InVision. 
For ten years he played a leading role in the research and development of Intel RealSense technologies, as a part time Intel senior academic research fellow.
In 2022 he cofounded Lumana.AI , where he serves as a chief scientific officer.

Work
 Medical imaging, computer graphics, computer vision, deep learning, and image processing

Awards

 SIAM Fellow for contributions to shape reconstruction, image processing, and geometric analysis, 2019
 SIAG Imaging Science Best Paper Prize for SIAM J. Imaging Science'2013. Scale invariant geometry for non-rigid shapes, 2016
Helmholtz Prize (ICCV Test-of-Time Award) for his 1995 paper on Geodesic Active Contours, 2013
 IEEE Fellow  for his contributions to image processing and non-rigid shape analysis, 2009
 Counter Terrorism Award, 2003
 Henry Taub Prize, 2001
 Hershel Rich innovation award, 2001, 2003
 Alon Fellowship, 1998–2001

Books
 "Numerical Geometry of Images" published in 2003 by Springer
 "Numerical Geometry of Non-Rigid Shapes" (with Alex and Michael Bronstein) published by Springer in 2009.

External links
 Ron Kimmel's page at the Technion
 Kimmel in a CNN news report

Living people
Israeli computer scientists
Computer vision researchers
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
1963 births
Llyn Fawr Phase. The Llyn Fawr Phase is the name given by archaeologists to the final metalworking phase of the Bronze Age in Britain, dating to between c. 800 BC and c. 700BC, when the transition to the Iron Age was underway.

It is named after a hoard of metalwork found in Llyn Fawr in Glamorgan between 1911 and 1913. Bronze and iron co-existed although the latter was more limited to cutting implements whilst bronze was used for both weapons (Sompting axes) and other items such as cauldrons, razors, horse harness mounts and winged chapes.

Imports of Gündlingen swords from the Continental Hallstatt culture C phase influenced local styles such as the Thames sword.

It is preceded by the Ewart Park Phase.

References
Needham, S., Bronk Ramsey, C., Coombs, D., Cartwright, C., and Pettitt, P., (1997) 'An independent chronology for British Bronze Age metalwork: the results of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Programme' Archaeological Journal Vol 154 pp 55–107

Periods of the British Bronze Age
8th-century BC works
Metallurgical industry of the United Kingdom
Structural unit. In polymer chemistry, a structural unit is a building block of a polymer chain. It is the result of a monomer which has been polymerized into a long chain.

There may be more than one structural unit in the repeat unit. When different monomers are polymerized, a copolymer is formed. It is a routine way of developing new properties for new materials.

Example

Consider the example of polyethylene terephthalate (PET or "polyester"). The monomers which could be used to create this polymer are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid:

HO-CH2-CH2-OH
and
HOOC-C6H4-COOH

In the polymer, there are two structural units, which are
-O-CH2-CH2-O-
and
-CO-C6H4-CO-

The repeat unit is

-CH2-CH2-O-CO-C6H4-CO-O-

Functionality of structural units
The functionality of a monomeric structural unit is defined as the number of covalent bonds which it forms with other reactants. A structural unit in a linear polymer chain segment forms two bonds and is therefore bifunctional, as for the PET structural units above.

Other values of functionality exist. Unless the macromolecule is cyclic, it will have monovalent structural units at each end of the polymer chain. In branched polymers, there are trifunctional units at each branch point. For example, in the synthesis of PET, a small fraction of the ethylene glycol can be replaced by glycerol which has three alcohol groups. This trifunctional molecule inserts itself in the polymeric chain and bonds to three carboxylic acid groups forming a branch point.

Finally, the formation of cross-linked polymers involves tetrafunctional structural units. For example, in the synthesis of cross-linked polystyrene, a small fraction of monomeric styrene (or vinylbenzene) is replaced by 1,4-divinylbenzene (or para-divinylbenzene). Each of the two vinyl groups is inserted into a polymeric chain, so that the tetravalent unit is inserted into both chains, linking them together.

See also
Repeat unit

References

Polymer chemistry
Wobulation. Wobulation is the known variation ("wobble") in a characteristic. For example, wobulation of advanced radar waveform modulations – where the repetition rate or center frequency of a signal is changed in a repetitive fashion to reduce the probability of interception.

In large-screen television technology, wobulation is Hewlett-Packard's term for a form of interlacing designed for use with fixed pixel displays. The term is loosely derived from the word 'wobble' and was inspired by HP's work with the overlap of printing ink. Wobulation reduces the cost and complexity of components required for the creation of high resolution TVs.

Wobulation works by overlapping pixels. It does so by generating multiple sub-frames of data while an optical image shifting mechanism (e.g. the mirror of a digital micromirror device) then displaces the projected image of each sub-frame by a fraction of a pixel (e.g. one-half or one-third). The sub-frames are then projected in rapid succession, and appear to the human eye as if they are being projected simultaneously and superimposed. For example, a high-resolution HDTV video frame is divided into two sub-frames, A and B. Sub-frame A is projected, and then the miniature mirror on a digital micromirror device switches and displaces sub-frame B one half pixel length as it is projected. When projected in rapid succession, the sub-frames superimpose, and create to the human eye a complete and seamless image. If the video sub-frames are aligned so that the corners of the pixels in the second sub-frame are projected at the centers of the first, the illusion of double the resolution is achieved, like in an interlaced CRT display. Thus a lower resolution fixed pixel device using wobulation can emulate the picture of a higher resolution fixed device, at a reduced cost.

, wobulation is used only to double the horizontal resolution of a display, unlike CRT interlacing that doubles the vertical resolution. However, it is capable of doubling the vertical and horizontal resolution of an image (2× wobulation).

While wobulation can in theory be used in many types of display devices, it is currently primarily used in displays using Digital Light Processing (DLP). DLP is a Texas Instruments (TI) technology which relies on a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) chip. TI calls its implementation of wobulation 'SmoothPicture'. Horizontal wobulation used in current TI products allows a DMD chip with a 960×1080 mirror array to produce a 1920×1080 pixel picture; most recent designs employed in 3D DLP sets use "offset-diamond pixel layout", where the mirrors form a "checkerboard pattern" array. Also, the image overlap inherent in the use of wobulation eliminates the 'screen door' effect common on other fixed pixel displays such as plasma and LCD, but may in some implementations also create some reduction in sharpness. Wobulation was used by a number of TV manufacturers, including Hewlett-Packard, Mitsubishi, RCA, Samsung, and Toshiba.

References

External links
Hewlett-Packard Wobulation
Explanation at Popular Science

Printing
Operation Joshua. Operation Joshua, also known as Operation Sheba, was the 1985 airlifting of Ethiopian Jews from refugee camps in Sudan to Israel.

Ethiopian Jews had fled to refugee camps in Sudan from a severe famine in their country. The Israeli Operation Moses had previously airlifted 8,000 people to Israel from November 21, 1984, to January 5, 1985, but when word leaked out to the press, under pressure from other Muslim countries, Sudan blocked further flights, leaving many behind. 

All 100 United States senators signed a secret petition to President Ronald Reagan, asking him to have the evacuation resumed. Vice President George H. W. Bush then arranged a follow-up mission called Operation Joshua. On March 22, 1985, six United States Air Force C-130 Hercules transport aircraft were dispatched, landing near Al Qadarif. "Around 500", "more than 500" or "around 650" Jews were located and transported to Ovda Airport in southern Israel.

See also
Aliyah from Ethiopia
Operation Solomon
Jewish Agency for Israel

Further reading
Mitchell G. Bard, From Tragedy to Triumph: The Politics Behind the Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry, 2002, , p. 161 - 170

References

External links
Operations Moses and Joshua

1985 in international relations
1985 in Israel
1985 in Ethiopia
1985 in Sudan
Aliyah operations
Airlifts
Jewish Ethiopian history
Beta Israel
Al Qadarif State
United States Air Force
Ethiopia–Israel relations
Ethiopia–Sudan relations
Ethiopia–United States relations
Israel–Sudan relations
Israel–United States military relations
Sudan–United States relations
Ric Holt. Richard Craig Holt (February 13, 1941 – April 12, 2019) was an American-Canadian computer scientist.

Early life 
Holt was born in 1941, in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, to Vashti Young and C.P. Holt, but later moved to Toronto, Canada. As a teenager, he competed in track and field. He graduated from Cornell University in 1964 in engineering physics.  He spent a year in the Peace Corps in Nigeria, and then worked for IBM.  He went back to Cornell and obtained a PhD in computer science in 1970 under Alan Shaw.

Career 
Holt joined the faculty at the University of Toronto in 1970. In 1997, he joined the faculty of the University of Waterloo, where he remained until his retirement in 2014.

Holt's main research areas were operating systems, programming languages and software engineering, contributing many seminal results to each. His work includes foundational work on deadlock, development of several compilers and compilation techniques. His Turing programming language was used in universities and high schools in Canada and internationally.  He also participated in the development of the Grok, Euclid, SP/k, and S/SL programming languages.
For many years, he ran a software company, Holt Software Associates (HSA), which created the Ready to Program environment still widely used in Canadian High Schools to teach programming.

Holt served as president of Gravel Watch Ontario from 2003 until 2015.

In the fall of 2005, he was named #16 on Computing Canada's list of top 30 information technology movers and shakers in the country for the past 30 years.  In 2017, Holt was awarded the OS-CAN/INFO-CAN Lifetime Achievement Award.

Death 
Holt died on April 12, 2019, on Quadra Island, British Columbia, Canada at the age of 78. He had Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia in his later years.

Ric Holt Early Career Achievement Award
In 2019 the Mining Software Repositories conference, the flagship conference in the area of repository mining that has been co-founded by Ric Holt, has established the Ric Holt Early Career Achievement Award. The first awardees are Emad Shihab (2019; Concordia University), Alberto Bacchelli (2020; University of Zurich) and Bogdan Vasilescu (2021; Carnegie Mellon University).

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links
Personal Website
University of Waterloo Website
Free Downloads of Turing Programming Language (formerly sold by HoltSoft)

Canadian computer scientists
1941 births
2019 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Nortel employees
Danburite. Danburite is a calcium boron silicate mineral with a chemical formula of CaB2(SiO4)2.

It has a Mohs hardness of 7 to 7.5 and a specific gravity of 3.0. The mineral has an orthorhombic crystal form. It is usually colourless, like quartz, but can also be either pale yellow or yellowish-brown. It typically occurs in contact metamorphic rocks.

The Dana classification of minerals categorizes danburite as a sorosilicate, while the Strunz classification scheme lists it as a tectosilicate; its structure can be interpreted as either.

Its crystal symmetry and form are similar to topaz; however, topaz is a calcium fluorine bearing nesosilicate. The clarity, resilience, and strong dispersion of danburite make it valuable as cut stones for jewelry.

It is named for Danbury, Connecticut, United States, where it was first discovered in 1839 by Charles Upham Shephard.

References

Calcium minerals
Tectosilicates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Luminescent minerals
Gemstones
VPS. VPS may refer to:

Science and technology 
 Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, a neurosurgical method used to treat hydrocephalus
 Video programming system, a standard for video recorders in Germany
 Virtual private server, a method of partitioning a physical server computer into multiple servers
 VPS/VM, a computer operating system
 Kodak Vericolor III, Type S film

Organizations 
 Vaasan Palloseura, a Finnish football club
 Vietnamese Professionals Society, an international organization
 Volkspartei der Schweiz, a defunct Swiss neo-Nazi political party

Other uses 
 Victim Personal Statement, in UK law
 Destin–Fort Walton Beach Airport (IATA code), Florida
Airborne Science Program. NASA's Airborne Science Program is administered from the NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center, in Edwards, California. The program supports the sub-orbital flight requirements of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise. Dryden maintains and operates two ER-2 high-altitude "satellite simulator" aircraft and a DC-8 which is specially configured as a "flying laboratory" in service from 1987 to May 2024.

The scientific disciplines that employ these aircraft include Earth sciences, astronomy, atmospheric chemistry, climatology, oceanography, archeology, ecology, forestry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology, volcanology and biology. The DC-8 and ER-2 are also important tools for the development of sensors intended to fly aboard future Earth-observing satellites, and to validate and calibrate the sensors which are used onboard satellites which currently orbit the Earth.

NASA research aircraft types operated

Present

Media

See also 
Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science

References

External links 
 

NASA programs
Articles containing video clips
Inner loop. In computer programs, an important form of control flow is the loop which causes a block of code to be executed more than once. A common idiom is to have a loop nested inside another loop, with the contained loop being commonly referred to as the inner loop.

Program optimization 
Because the entire inner loop is performed for each iteration of the outer loop, optimizations of the inner loop will have much greater effect than optimizations of the outer loop.

In many languages there are at least two types of loops – for loops and while loops – and they can be nested within each other. Tosin P. Adewumi has shown that performance of a while loop with an inner for loop is better than of a while loop without the inner for loop.

It was observed that more computations are performed per unit time when an inner for loop is involved than otherwise. This implies, given the same number of computations to perform, the one with an inner for loop will finish faster than the one without it. This technique of loop optimization was observed across several programming languages and compilers or interpreters. In some cases, a while loop with an inner while loop performed slower than a while loop without an inner loop.

The two examples below, written in Python, present a while loop with an inner for loop and a while loop without an inner loop. Although both have the same terminating condition for their while loops, the first example will finish faster because of the inner for loop. The variable innermax is a fraction of the maxticketno variable in the first example.
 	
while ticket_no * innermax < max_ticket_no:
    for j in range(0, innermax):
        if (ticket_no * innermax + j) == jackpot_no:
            return
    ticket_no += 1

while ticket_no < max_ticket_no:
    if ticket_no == jackpot_no:
        return
    ticket_no += 1

References
4. Python Nested For Loop From Techgeekbuz 
Control flow
Software optimization
Articles with example Python (programming language) code