omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ElettroTreno. ETR (Italian: Elettro Treno Rapido, "Rapid Electric Train") is a series of Italian high-speed trains.

Tilting EMU trains
ETR 401
ETR 450
ETR 460
ETR 470
ETR 480
ETR 600/610 (New Pendolino)
These models are often referred as Pendolino.

Non-tilting trains
ETR 200
ETR 220
ETR 300 (Settebello)
ETR 250 (Arlecchino)
ETR 1000
ETR 500
ETR 700

See also
New Pendolino
Eurostar Italia
Treno Alta Velocità
Trenitalia
Rete Ferroviaria Italiana

High-speed trains of Italy
Boiling point (disambiguation). The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas.

Boiling point may also refer to:

Film and TV 
 Boiling Point (1990 film), a Japanese film by Takeshi Kitano
 Boiling Point (1993 film), an American action film starring Wesley Snipes and Dennis Hopper
 Boiling Points, a television series broadcast by MTV in the United States
 Boiling Point (miniseries), a 1999 miniseries about celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay
 Boiling Point (2019 film), a short film starring Stephen Graham
 Boiling Point (2021 TV series), an American documentary series that aired on BET
 Boiling Point (2021 film), a British film starring Stephen Graham
 Boiling Point (2023 TV series), a British television series that follows the 2021 film
 "Boiling Point" (Casualty), an episode of the BBC TV series Casualty

Other 
 Boiling Point, California, an unincorporated community in the Mojave Desert
 Boiling Point (EP), a 2012 EP by Tech N9ne
 Boiling Point: Road to Hell, a 2005 PC video game developed by Deep Shadow, previously known as Xenus
 "Boiling Point", a song by Obituary from the 1994 album World Demise
 Boiling Point (2012), a professional wrestling event
Michael Viscardi. Michael Anthony Viscardi (born February 22, 1989, in Plano, Texas) of San Diego, California, is an American mathematician who, as a highschooler, won the 2005 Siemens Competition and Davidson Fellowship with a mathematical project on the Dirichlet problem, whose applications include describing the flow of heat across a metal surface, winning $100,000 and $50,000 in scholarships, respectively. Viscardi's theorem is an expansion of the 19th-century work of Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. He was also named a finalist with the same project in the Intel Science Talent Search. Viscardi placed Best of Category in Mathematics at the International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) in May 2006. Viscardi also qualified for the United States of America Mathematical Olympiad and the Junior Science and Humanities Symposium.

Life
Viscardi was homeschooled for high school, supplemented with mathematics classes at the University of California, San Diego. He is also a pianist and violinist, and onetime concertmaster
of the San Diego Youth Symphony.

Viscardi is a member of the Harvard College class of 2010. He graduated summa cum laude from Harvard, receiving a 2010 Thomas T. Hoopes, Class of 1919, Prize, and earning the 2011 Morgan Prize honorable mention for his senior thesis "Alternate Compactifications of the Moduli Space of Genus One Maps". He worked as a postdoc at UC Berkeley from 2016 to 2018.

Selected publication
.

References

External links
Viscardi's website at MIT
Michael Viscardi: Person of the Week
Michael's Presentation
Biography at Davidson Institute site

1989 births
Living people
Scientists from Plano, Texas
21st-century American mathematicians
Harvard College alumni
American male violinists
People from San Diego
American male pianists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American violinists
21st-century American male musicians
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Kainji Dam. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. Construction of the dam by Impregilo (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) began in 1964 and was completed in 1968. Its total cost was estimated at US$209 million (equivalent to about US$ billion in  dollars), with one-quarter of this amount used to resettle people displaced by the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake.

Dimensions
Kainji Dam extends for about , including its saddle dam, which closes off a tributary valley. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger is . Most of the structure is made from earth, but the centre section, housing the hydroelectric turbines, was built from concrete. This section is  high.  Kanji Dam is one of the longest dams in the world.

Power station
The dam was designed to have a generating capacity of ; however, only 8 of its 12 turbines have been installed, reducing the capacity to . The dam generates electricity for all the large cities in Nigeria. Some of the electricity is sold to the neighbouring country of Niger. In addition, occasional droughts have made the Niger's water flow unpredictable, diminishing the dam's electrical output.

Lock
The dam has a single-lock chamber capable of lifting barges .

Discharge flooding
In October 1998, in response to upstream flooding, a torrent of water was released from the dam, bursting the river banks. Nearly 60 villages were flooded. Domestic animals drowned and dikes as well as several farms were washed away. Dam officials were criticized for waiting too long before starting and then dumping too much water.

Lake Kainji 
Kainji Lake measures about  long and about  at its widest point, and supports irrigation and a local fishing industry. In 1999, uncoordinated opening of floodgates led to local flooding of about 60 villages.

See also

 List of hydropower stations in Africa

References

Dams completed in 1968
Kainji Lake
Dams in Nigeria
Crossings of the Niger River
Niger State
20th-century architecture in Nigeria

zh:卡因吉大壩
TEFC motor. A  Totally Enclosed, Fan-Cooled (TEFC) electric motor is a type of industrial electric motor with an enclosure that does not permit outside air to freely circulate through the interior of the motor. An external fan blows outside air over the frame of the motor to cool it. This motor is arguably the most commonly used motor in ordinary industrial environments. TEFC enclosed motors usually cost more than open motors, but offer increased protection against weather, dirt, and moisture.

TEFC motors are constructed with a small fan on the rear shaft of the motor, covered by a housing. This fan forces air over the motor frame fins, and cools the motor. The enclosure is "Totally Enclosed". This  means that the motor is dust tight, and has a moderate water seal as well. TEFC motors are not secure against high pressure water nor submersible. They are also not explosion proof without additional modifications.

Applications and types
 "General Purpose" Fractional Horse Power Motors - Often made of rolled steel, these are multi-purpose motors suitable for a diverse range of industrial applications, and are usually offered in power ranges from .
 Farm Duty Motors – These high torque and robustly designed motors are a good choice for many farm applications, being totally enclosed and protected from the environment. 
 "Wash Down" Motors – These motors are designed to withstand regular washing, such as found in a food processing facility.
 Rock Crusher Motors – These motors are an excellent choice for hammermills, pellet mills, and chippers for the biomass industry.
 Oil Well Pump Motors –
 Severe Duty Motors –
 Pool Pump Motors –   One of the quietest motor pump on the market, due to its permanent magnet motor and TEFC design
Compare to the ODP (Open Drip Proof) motor design, which has ventilation openings which are guarded to prevent falling water from entering the motor windings.

References

Electric motors
National Metal and Steel. National Metal and Steel Corporation was engaged in ship dismantling operations at Terminal Island in the Los Angeles Harbor Region of the city of Los Angeles, California.  

The president of National Metal and Steel was Harry Faversham.

History
The National Metal and Steel facility was located at the former California Shipbuilding Corporation property. National Metal and Steel was the final destination for many decommissioned United States Navy ships.

In 1953 it was the first U.S. company to export scrap metal to postwar Japan. 

It provided for the demolition of many famed Pacific Electric Railway red cars and Los Angeles Railway yellow cars as those public transit systems were eliminated in the Greater Los Angeles Area. 

Also, a number of the very heavy coal-fired Southern Pacific class AC-9 articulated locomotives were demolished here. For operational reasons, they had been usable mainly only in New Mexico and Texas, and were very rarely operated elsewhere on the SP system due to clearance considerations.

Operations on Terminal Island ceased on 1 January 1986 when the company lost that facility to a harbor expansion project. National Metal and Steel maintained headquarters in the nearby city of Carson.

See also

References

Ship breaking
Vehicle recycling
Los Angeles Harbor Region
Organizations based in Carson, California
Terminal Island
Manufacturing companies based in Los Angeles
Manufacturing companies established in 1952
1952 establishments in California
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Purple-K. Purple-K, also known as PKP, is a dry-chemical fire suppression agent used in some dry chemical fire extinguishers. It is the second most effective dry chemical in fighting class B (flammable liquid) fires after Monnex (potassium allophanate), and can be used against some energized electrical equipment fires (USA class C fires). It has about 4–5 times more effectiveness against class B fires than carbon dioxide, and more than twice that of sodium bicarbonate. Some fire extinguishers are capable of operation in temperatures down to −54 °C or up to +49 °C. Dry chemical works by directly inhibiting the chemical chain reaction which forms one of the four sides of the fire tetrahedron (heat + oxygen + fuel + chemical chain reaction = fire). To a much smaller degree it also has a smothering effect by excluding oxygen from the fire. "Dry chemical" extinguishers, such as Purple-K, are different from "dry powder" extinguishers that are used to fight Class D flammable metal fires.

Purple-K was developed by the United States Naval Research Laboratory in 1959, as an improvement over sodium bicarbonate for extinguishing oil and gasoline fires. It was named due to the characteristic lavender tint imparted to flames, owing to the potassium (chemical symbol "K") content.

Characteristics
Purple-K powder has an acrid taste and odor, is free-flowing, floating on most liquids, non-abrasive, does not wet with water and is compatible with most foam concentrates. It has violet color, to distinguish it from other dry agents. Its principal component is potassium bicarbonate (78–82%  by weight), with addition of sodium bicarbonate (12–15%), mica (1–3%), Fuller's earth (1–3%), amorphous silica (0.2–%), and is made hydrophobic by methyl hydrogen polysiloxane (0.2–1%).

Purple-K is normally non-toxic, but ingestion of a large amount can cause alkalosis.

Uses
Purple-K is commonly used in oil refineries, airport ramps, service stations, military facilities, naval warships, power plants, and other places where large volumes of flammable liquids are handled.  It is often paired with foam in twin agent systems, usually found fitted to airport fire appliances. 

Purple-K is used in many forms, from small handheld fire extinguishers to large mobile and stationary units, including fixed-nozzle piping systems. 

Cleanup of spent agent can be difficult, as it forms a residue when discharged. If the spent agent is dry it can be removed by suction, but when combined with water, hydrocarbons and other liquids, it forms a thick crusty scum that can be challenging to remove.

Purple-K should never be mixed with phosphate-based fire suppression agents (ABC dry chemical), as the resulting chemical reaction will destroy its efficiency.

References

External links
 U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Purple-K-Powder
 MSDS for Purple-K powder

Fire suppression agents
Pneumatic actuator. A pneumatic control valve actuator converts energy (typically in the form of compressed air) into mechanical motion. The motion can be rotary or linear, depending on the type of actuator.

Principle of operation

A pneumatic actuator mainly consists of a piston or a diaphragm which develops the motive power. It keeps the air in the upper portion of the cylinder, allowing air pressure to force the diaphragm or piston to move the valve stem or rotate the valve control element.

Valves require little pressure to operate and usually double or triple the input force.  The larger the size of the piston, the larger the output pressure can be.  Having a larger piston can also be good if the air supply is low, allowing the same forces with less input.  These pressures are large enough to crush objects in the pipe.  On 100 kPa input, you could lift a small car (upwards of 1,000 lbs) easily, and this is only a basic, small pneumatic valve.  However, the resulting forces required of the stem would be too great and cause the valve stem to fail.

This pressure is transferred to the valve stem, which is connected to either the valve plug (see plug valve), butterfly valve etc.  Larger forces are required in high pressure or high flow pipelines to allow the valve to overcome these forces, and allow it to move the valves moving parts to control the material flowing inside.

The valve's input is the "control signal."  This can come from a variety of measuring devices, and each different pressure is a different set point for a valve.  A typical standard signal is 20–100 kPa.  For example, a valve could be controlling the pressure in a vessel that has a constant out-flow, and a varied in-flow (varied by the actuator and valve).  A pressure transmitter will monitor the pressure in the vessel and transmit a signal from 20–100 kPa.  20 kPa means there is no pressure, 100 kPa means there is full range pressure (can be varied by the transmitters calibration points).  As the pressure rises in the vessel, the output of the transmitter rises, this increase in pressure is sent to the valve, which causes the valve to stroke downward, and start closing the valve, decreasing flow into the vessel, reducing the pressure in the vessel as excess pressure is evacuated through the outflow.  This is called a direct-acting process.

Types
Some types of pneumatic actuators include:
Tie-rod cylinders
Rotary actuators
Grippers
Rodless actuators with a magnetic linkage or rotary cylinders
Rodless actuators with mechanical linkage
Pneumatic artificial muscles
Vane Motors
Pneumatic motors

Speciality actuators that combine rotary and linear motion—frequently used for clamping operations
Vacuum generators

See also
Pneumatic cylinder
Pneumatics

Actuators
Johann Georg Sulzer. Johann Georg Sulzer (; 16 October 1720 in Winterthur – 27 February 1779 in Berlin) was a Swiss professor of Mathematics, who later on moved on to the field of electricity. He was a Wolffian philosopher and director of the philosophical section of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and translator of David Hume's An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals into German in 1755.

Anticipating galvanism 

Sulzer is best known as the subject of an anecdote in the history of the development of the battery. In 1752, Sulzer happened to put the tip of his tongue between pieces of two different metals whose edges were in contact. He thought the metals set up a vibratory motion in their particles which excited the nerves of taste.  

The event became known as the "battery tongue test": the saliva serves as the electrolyte carrying the current between two metallic electrodes.

General Theory of the Fine Arts 
His General Theory of the Fine Arts has been called "probably the most influential aesthetic compendium of the closing years of the eighteenth century". In it, he "extended Baumgarten's approach into an even more psychological theory that the primary object of enjoyment in aesthetic experience is the state of one's own cognitive condition." Kant had respectfully disagreed with Sulzer's metaphysical hopes. Kant wrote: "I cannot share the opinion so frequently expressed by excellent and thoughtful men (for instance Sulzer) who, being fully conscious of the weakness of the proofs hitherto advanced, indulge in a hope that the future would supply us with evident demonstrations of the two cardinal propositions of pure reason, namely, that there is a God, and that there is a future life. I am certain, on the contrary, that this will never be the case...."

Bibliography
 Unterredungen über die Schönheit der Natur (1750)
 Gedanken über den Ursprung der Wissenschaften und schönen Künste (1762) 
 Allgemeine Theorie der schönen Künste (1771–74) 
 Vermischte philosophische Schriften (1773/81)

Notes

1720 births
1779 deaths
18th-century German philosophers
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
German music theorists
German male writers
Entrainment (hydrodynamics). Entrainment is the transport of fluid across an interface between two bodies of fluid by a shear-induced turbulent flux. Entrainment is important in turbulent jets, plumes, and gravity currents, and is an ongoing topic of research.

History 
The entrainment hypothesis was first used as a model for flow in plumes by G. I. Taylor. He was studying the use of oil drum fires to clear fog from airplane runways during World War II. 

It became a common model of turbulence closure used in environmental and geophysical fluid mechanics.

Applications 

Eductors or eductor-jet pumps make use of entrainment. They are used on board ships to pump out flooded compartments: seawater is pumped to the eductor and forced through a jet, and any fluid at the inlet of the eductor is carried along to the outlet, and then up and out of the compartment. Eductors can pump out whatever can flow through them, including water, oil, and small pieces of wood. Another example is the pump-jet, which is used for marine propulsion. Jet pumps are also used to circulate reactor coolant in several designs of boiling water nuclear reactor.

In power generation, this phenomenon is used in steam jet air ejectors to maintain condenser vacuum by removing non-condensible gases from the condenser.

In theorical aerodynamics applications the entrainment velocity, which expresses the rate of change of the entrainment, is often used to solve the von Kármán integral for turbulent boundary layers.

References

Fluid dynamics
Turbulence
Elie Carafoli. Elie Carafoli (September 15, 1901, Veria, Salonica Vilayet, Ottoman Empire–October 24, 1983, Bucharest, Romania) was an accomplished Romanian engineer and aircraft designer. He is considered a pioneering contributor to the field of Aerodynamics.

Biography

First years, education 
Carafoli was of Aromanian descent. In 1915, he left Greece for Bitola, and then Bucharest, where he studied at Gheorghe Lazăr High School. In 1919 he entered University Politehnica of Bucharest, graduating with a degree in electrical engineering. He pursued his studies at the University of Paris, while also working at the Institut aérotechnique in Saint-Cyr-l'École, France. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1928, with a thesis entitled Contribution to the theory of aerodynamic lift.

Activity in Romania 
In 1928, Carafoli returned to Bucharest, where he joined the faculty at the Polytechnic University, and founded the Aerodynamics chair; later in 1936 he was promoted to full professor. It was here that he built the first wind tunnel in South-Eastern Europe, and elaborated some of the theory on which calculations of wing profiles of supersonic aircraft are based.

From 1930 to 1937 Carafoli worked at Industria Aeronautică Română in Braşov.  Together with Lucién Virmoux from Blériot Aéronautique, he designed the IAR CV-11, a single-seat, low-wing monoplane fighter aircraft. A prototype was flown in 1931 by Captain Romeo Popescu, in an attempt at breaking the flight airspeed record, but the plane crashed, and the pilot lost his life. Carafoli also designed  the IAR 14 and IAR 15 aircraft, and later in 1937 initiated the development of the legendary IAR 80 fighter aircraft, at the urging of Prime Minister Armand Călinescu.

Recognition 
In 1948, he was elected to the Romanian Academy. In 1949 he became director of the Institute  of Applied Mechanics of the academy.

Carafoli was President of the International Astronautical Federation from 1968 to 1970.  In 1971, he  reorganized, along with Henri Coandă, the Department of Aeronautical Engineering of the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, spinning it off from the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Carafoli was awarded the Louis Breguet Prize (Paris, 1927), the Gauss Medal, and the Apollo 11 Medal (1971).

Selected publications

References

External links 
   "Academician Elie Carafol" – short bio, at incas.ro
  "Elie Carafoli" – short bio, at aviatori.ro

1901 births
1983 deaths
Aerodynamicists
Aircraft designers
Aviation history of Romania
Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Bucharest) alumni
Greek people of Aromanian descent
Romanian people of Aromanian descent
Members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences
People from Veria
People from Salonica vilayet
Aromanians from the Ottoman Empire
Politehnica University of Bucharest alumni
Academic staff of the Politehnica University of Bucharest
Romanian aerospace engineers
20th-century Romanian inventors
Titular members of the Romanian Academy
University of Paris alumni
Romanian expatriates in France
Greek emigrants to Romania
Anton Davidoglu. Anton Davidoglu (June 30, 1876 – May 27, 1958) was a Romanian mathematician who specialized in differential equations. 

He was born in 1876 in Bârlad, Vaslui County, the son of Profira Moțoc and Doctor Cleante Davidoglu. His older brother was General Cleante Davidoglu. 

He studied under Jacques Hadamard at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, defending his Ph.D. dissertation in 1900. His thesis — the first mathematical investigation of deformable solids — applied Émile Picard's method of successive approximations to the study of fourth order differential equations that model traverse vibrations of non-homogeneous elastic bars.

After returning to Romania, Davidoglu became a professor at the University of Bucharest. In 1913, he was founding rector of the
Academy of High Commercial and Industrial Studies in Bucharest. He also continued to teach at the University of Bucharest, until his retirement in 1941.

Davidoglu was a founding member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences, and was featured on a 1976 Romanian postage stamp. He died in 1958 in Bucharest.

Publications

References

1876 births
1958 deaths
People from Bârlad
Romanian expatriates in France
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
20th-century Romanian mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Academic staff of the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies
Members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences