omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rohrdamm (Berlin U-Bahn). Rohrdamm is a station on the Berlin U-Bahn line U7 in the Siemensstadt district.

Designed by architect Rümmler, the station was opened on 1 October 1980, as part of the line's extension from Richard-Wagner-Platz to Rohrdamm. Until the second extension of the line from Rohrdamm to Rathaus Spandau in 1984, it was the western terminus of the U7. The name literally means "pipe dam"; as the eponymous street was laid out along a water pipe which gets its water from the Tegeler See and fills the water works in Jungfernheide, from which about 250,000 people get drinking water. The station's machine-like decoration, featuring cog-wheels and pipes, points to this. The adjacent stations are Paulsternstraße and Siemensdamm.

References

U7 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations
Buildings and structures in Spandau
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1980
Larch family. The Larch family of formal specification languages are intended for the precise specification of computing systems. They allow the clean specification of computer programs and the formulation of proofs about program behavior.

The Larch family was developed primarily in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s, involving researchers at Xerox PARC, DEC Systems Research Center (DEC/SRC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and other places. Unlike the Z notation, the Larch family has one language for algebraic specification of abstract data types (the Larch Shared Language (LSL)), and a separate interface language tailored to each language in which programs are to be written, such as C, Modula-3, Smalltalk, etc. The Larch project also developed tools to support the use of formal specifications, including the Larch Prover (LP).

See also
 Formal methods

References

External links
 
 CASL, The Common Algebraic Specification Language.

Formal specification languages
Materiel. Materiel or matériel (; ) is supplies, equipment, and weapons in military supply-chain management, and typically supplies and equipment in a commercial supply chain context.

Military
In a military context, the term materiel refers either to the specific needs (excluding manpower) of a force to complete a specific mission, or the general sense of the needs (excluding manpower) of a functioning army.

An important category of materiel is commonly referred to as ordnance, especially concerning mounted guns (artillery) and the shells they consume. Along with fuel, and munitions in general, the steady supply of ordnance is an ongoing logistical challenge in active combat zones. 

Materiel management consists of continuing actions relating to planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, controlling, and evaluating the application of resources to ensure the effective and economical support of military forces. It includes provisioning, cataloging, requirements determination, acquisition, distribution, maintenance, and disposal. The terms "materiel management", "materiel control", "inventory control", "inventory management", and "supply management" are synonymous.

Military materiel is often shipped to and used in severe climates without controlled warehouses or fixed material handling equipment.  Packaging and labeling often need to meet stringent technical specifications to help ensure proper delivery and final use.  Some military procurement allows for commercial packaging rather than the more stringent military grades.

Commercial
Materiel in the commercial distribution context refers to the products of the business, as distinct from those involved in operating the business itself.

See also

 Anti-materiel rifle
 Inventory
 Matériel (French Army)
 Military acquisition
 Military logistics
 Military supply chain management
 Supply chain
 United States Army Materiel Command
 Air Force Materiel Command
 United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command

References

External links 
 

Freight transport
Military logistics
Ridge lift. 

Ridge lift (or slope lift) is created when a wind strikes an obstacle, usually a mountain ridge or cliff, that is large and steep enough to deflect the wind upward.

If the wind is strong enough, the ridge lift provides enough upward force for gliders, hang gliders,  paragliders and birds to stay airborne for long periods or travel great distances by 'Ridge soaring'. Although unpowered aircraft are usually descending through the air, they will climb if the surrounding air is rising faster than their sink rates. Model glider enthusiasts refer to this technique as "slope gliding" or "sloping".

Orville Wright used ridge lift, setting a duration record of 11 minutes in 1911. However the sport of soaring started in Germany after the First World War.  In 1921, Dr. Wolfgang Klemperer broke the Wright Brothers’ 1911 soaring duration record with a flight of 13 minutes. In 1922, Arthur Martens became the first glider pilot to use an updraft rising along a mountain slope to stay aloft for a lengthy period, with a flight over an hour.

Basic requirements 

Ridge lift is generated when the wind blows against a hill, ridge, escarpment or ocean wave, causing the air to rise.  In meteorology this is known as orographic lift. The wind creates a region of rising air directly above the slope, which may extend some distance upwards and outwards from its face because the airflow follows the upward contour of the hill.  However, at near vertical cliffs, there is usually an area of turbulence with descending air near the base of the cliff. Downwind of the hill, lee waves can form; these are also used by glider pilots to gain height, but this should not be confused with slope lift.

Near slopes rather than vertical cliffs, the strongest lift is often to be found in a flight path that intersects with an imaginary line emerging at right angles from the slope.

Long mountain ranges such as those found in Ridge-and-valley Appalachians in the United States, New Zealand, and Chile have been used by glider pilots to fly in excess of a thousand kilometers in a single flight. Birds, such as many seabirds (in particular albatross) and raptors, also use slopes in this way.

See also

References

External links 
 Ridge flying the Mifflin task area 
 flying the Kittatinny Ridge
 A New Pilot’s Primer To Flying At The Ridge 

Gliding meteorology
Mountain meteorology
Radio-controlled aircraft
NPP Zvezda. JSC Research & Development Production Enterprise Zvezda, or R&D PE Zvezda (, lit. "Star"), is a Russian manufacturer of life-support systems for high-altitude flight and human spaceflight.  Its products include space suits, ejector seats, aircraft escape slides, lifejackets and fire extinguishers.  It is based in Tomilino, near Moscow.

Guy Illich Severin was the General Director and General Designer of the company from 1964 to 2008. Sergey S. Pozdnyakov has been General Director since 2008.

History
The organization was founded in 1952 to develop aviation pressure suits and in-flight refuelling systems for the USSR's space research programme.  In the 1960s it began to design space suits, including the one worn by Yuri Gagarin. In 1965, a Berkut spacesuit was worn during the first spacewalk. The Orlan-M space suit was used by cosmonauts in the Mir space station.  Zvezda became a joint-stock company in 1994.

Products

Zvezda is also Russia's primary manufacturer of ejector seats for Russian fighter aircraft. The K-36 ejector seat was studied at length by the US Navy and Air Force; IBP Aircraft (currently UTC Aerospace Systems) opened up a factory in the US to manufacture it for the F-22 Raptor and the Joint Strike Fighter. The US government, however, selected the Martin-Baker seat from the United Kingdom for its new fighter jet.

For improved pilot survivability, the Russian Kamov Ka-50 "Black Shark" helicopter is fitted with a NPP Zvezda K-37-800 ejection seat, which is a rare feature for a helicopter. Before the rocket in the ejection seat kicks in, rotor blades are blown away by explosive charges in the rotor disc and the canopy is similarly jettisoned. Also, there is a special ejection seat made for L-39 known as K-93.

The company has patented a lightweight ejection seat for general aviation aircraft, such as SKS-94, KS-2012.

The company also designed a unique complex consisting of ejection seat K-36RB for Buran space vehicle. The system is designed to allow the evacuation of the Buran as the crew at takeoff and landing.

List of directors
 1952–1964 – SM Alekseev – responsible manager and chief designer of the plant.
 1964–2008 – Guy Severin – General Director and General Designer.
 2008–n. at. – S. Pozdnyakov – General Director and Chief Designer.

References

External links
NPP "Zvezda" official web site 
 Research & Development Production Enterprise Zvezda at Google Cultural Institute

Military parachutes
Manufacturing companies of Russia
Aerospace companies of Russia
Soviet and Russian space institutions
Defence companies of the Soviet Union
Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union
Space industry companies of Russia
Technology companies established in 1952
Ejection seats
Russian brands
Technodinamika
Companies based in Moscow Oblast
1952 establishments in Russia
Extravehicular activity
Air refueling
Aircraft component manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Pixlet. Pixlet is a video codec created by Apple and based on wavelets, designed to enable viewing of full-resolution, HD movies in real time at low DV data rates.  According to Apple's claims, it allows for a 20–25:1 compression ratio. Similar to DV, it does not use interframe compression, making it suitable for previewing in production and special effects studios. It is designed to be an editing codec; however, low bitrates make it poorly suited to broadcast use.

The name Pixlet is a contraction of 'Pixar wavelet'. When it was introduced by Steve Jobs at Worldwide Developers Conference 2003, it was said that the codec was developed at the request of animation company Pixar.

A Power Macintosh with at least a 1 GHz PowerPC G4 processor is required for real-time playback of half-resolution high-definition video (960x540).

Pixlet, while part of the cross-platform QuickTime, is only available on Macs running Mac OS X v10.3 or later. QuickTime X cannot decode Pixlet files.

FFmpeg version 3.3 and later can decode Pixlet files. On March 21, 2019, Apple announced that Pixlet is among the codecs that will no longer be supported in its own software after the successor to macOS Mojave is released, due to the transition to 64-bit-only software. In the same announcement, Apple noted that third-party developers could maintain support by building support directly into their apps.

References 

Video codecs
Wavelets
QuickTime
Computer-related introductions in 2003
SDA. SDA or sda may refer to:

Science and technology

Computing
 /dev/sda, the first mass-storage disk in Unix-like operating systems
 T-Mobile SDA, a smartphone 
 Screen Design Aid, a utility program used by midrange IBM computer systems
 SD Card Association, responsible for Secure Digital memory card standards
 Serial Data Signal of an I²C electronic bus
 Slow DoS attack
 Symbolic data analysis

Life sciences
 Sabouraud dextrose agar, microbiological media allows fungus to grow
 Serotonin–dopamine antagonist, atypical antipsychotic
 Specific dynamic action, the thermic effect of food
 Stearidonic acid, omega-3 fatty acid
 Structured digital abstract, describing relationships between biological entities

Other uses in science and technology
 Scratch drive actuator, a microelectromechanical device
 Space domain awareness, the ability to detect, track, and characterize passive and active space objects
 Stereo Dimensional Array, a Polk Audio technology

Organizations

Educational institutions
 San Dieguito Academy, Encinitas, California, US
 SDA Bocconi School of Management, in Milan, Italy

Political groups
 Secular Democratic Alliance (India)
 Singapore Democratic Alliance
 Social Democratic Alliance (UK)
 Stranka demokratske akcije ("Party of Democratic Action"), in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Social Democratic Alliance in Vietnam
 South Devon Alliance in England
 Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak (Stranka demokratske akcije Sandžaka), a political party in Serbia

Other organizations
 Security & Defence Agenda, a Brussels-based think-tank
 Seventh-day Adventist Church, a Protestant Christian denomination
 Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association, Australia
 Space Development Agency, a US DoD RDT&E agency
 Systemic Design Association, for systems design
 Swiss Telegraphic Agency (Schweizerische Depeschenagentur)

Other uses
 SDA Tennis Open, a tournament held in Bercuit, Belgium
 Saddam International Airport, airport code SDA
 Same-day affirmation of financial market deals
 San Diego and Arizona Railway, reporting mark SDA
 Severe Disablement Allowance, a UK state benefit
 Southern Domestic Airspace, Canada
 Specially denatured alcohol
 Speed Demos Archive of video game speedruns
Penny Black (research project). The Penny Black Project is a Microsoft Research project that tries to find effective and practical ways of fighting spam. Because identifying spams consumes a recipient's time, the idea is to make the sender of emails "pay" a certain amount for sending them. The currency or the mode of payment could be CPU cycles, Turing tests or memory cycles. Such a payment would limit spammers' ability to send out large quantities of emails quickly.

The project's name is derived from the Penny Black, the world's first adhesive stamp used for prepaid postage.

Objective
The goal of the project is to move the e-mail costs from the receiver to the sender. The general idea is that if the sender must prove that they have expended a certain amount of effort specifically for the receiver and the message alone.

The project aims to devise a method to do this without introducing additional challenge-response mechanisms and third parties, and without requiring extra maintenance and updates, while retaining the current architecture of the e-mail system.

Ticket server
One of the project's ideas was the "ticket server", a credit-based method for validating emails. Tickets would be required to perform actions, such as sending emails. There are three operations the ticket server provides: "request ticket", "cancel ticket", and "refund ticket".

The server would allow the user to request a ticket in exchange for a proof of work: expending CPU cycles solving hard algorithms with processing power, Turing tests, or even just by paying money. The server could also cancel a ticket. For example, after receiving an email with a ticket, the receiver could request the ticket to be cancelled so it cannot be reused. The person who cancels a ticket also has the option to refund the ticket to the sender. This causes the original sender to regain a new ticket. For example, a user might refund a ticket that came with an email if it was not spam.

Using this, friendly and trusted emails would have little to no cost as tickets would be frequently refunded. However, spammers would be required to invest either a lot of computing time or money in order to create enough tickets to send large numbers of e-mails.

See also
 Proof-of-work system
 Hashcash
 Internet Mail 2000
 Anti-spam techniques

References

External links
An overview of the Penny Black Project from Microsoft (archived from the original)

Anti-spam
Microsoft Research
Research projects
Built. Built may refer to:

 Built (TV series), an American reality television series that aired on the Style Network
Built: the hidden stories behind our structures, 2018 book by Roma Agrawal
 Building

See also
 
 
 Built environment, man-made surroundings for human activity
 Built-in (disambiguation)
 Built to Last, 1989 Grateful Dead album
 Built to Spill, indie rock band
 Built-up area, urban development
 Built-up edge, in metalworking
 Built-up gun, construction technique for artillery barrels
 Indie Built, defunct computer game developer
 Stick-built, home constructed entirely or largely on-site
Sam Michael. Samuel David Michael (born 29 April 1971) is an Australian motor sports engineer and designer, who held senior positions with Formula One constructors Williams and McLaren. He is currently employed by Supercar team Triple Eight Race Engineering.

Early career
Michael was born in Western Australia and grew up in Canberra. After a brief stint working on Neal Bates' Toyota Celica GT-Four rally car, Michael studied mechanical engineering at the University of New South Wales with a thesis on data acquisition systems for racing cars. During his studies, Greg Siddle employed Michael on a part-time basis working on Mark Larkham's Formula Holden, so that Michael could continue his studies.

Formula 1
Michael was recruited by UK-based Lotus in 1993. After Team Lotus went bankrupt in 1994 Gary Anderson, the chief designer at Jordan Grand Prix, took Michael on to establish the team's research and development department. Michael spent two years working in the Jordan factory on data acquisition, and installed a seven-post rig for simulating suspension movement and designing an active differential.

In 1997, Michael joined the Jordan test team. In 1998 he was promoted to race engineer for Ralf Schumacher. When the German departed to go to Williams in 1999, Michael inherited Heinz-Harald Frentzen. His partnership with Frentzen was successful, resulting in a win at the French Grand Prix at Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, and then again at the Italian Grand Prix at Monza.

In 2001, Sir Frank Williams brought Michael to Williams as Senior Operations Engineer. He took over the responsibility of managing the engineers at races and tests. In May 2004, Michael was promoted to Technical Director of Williams, leaving Patrick Head to focus on engineering strategy.

In late 2011, Michael joined McLaren as Sporting Director, becoming part of the senior technical management team.

At McLaren, Michael came under pressure following a series of failures during pitstops, during the introduction of new equipment and procedures. Martin Whitmarsh defended Michael's position, and shortly afterwards the changes began to pay off.

Return to Australia
At the end of 2014 Michael returned to Australia, after resigning from McLaren earlier that year. In mid-2016, Michael joined the Australian Institute for Motor Sport Safety board focusing on safety in motor sport. In late 2016, Michael took on a part-time mentoring role with Triple Eight Race Engineering after Ludo Lacroix moved to DJR Team Penske.

References

1971 births
Living people
University of New South Wales alumni
Australian motorsport people
Formula One designers
Lotus Cars
McLaren people
Williams Grand Prix Engineering
BCT. BCT may refer to:

Boca Raton Airport (IATA: BCT), in Palm Beach County, Florida
Baire category theorem, a result from general topology
Banque Centrale de Tunisie, Tunisia
Basic Cadet Training, initial military training for new cadets at the United States Air Force Academy
Basic Combat Training
Bat Conservation Trust, a British charity
Boise Contemporary Theater, a professional theater company in Boise, Idaho in the United States
Box compression test, a measure in corrugated fiber board packaging design and testing
Brigade combat team, the basic deployable unit of maneuver in the United States Army
Broward County Transit, a Fort Lauderdale-based system of public transportation
Bucks County Transport, bus transportation organization in Pennsylvania 
Buffalo Central Terminal, a railroad station located in Buffalo, New York
The old station code for Mumbai Central railway station in India
BC Transit, the company responsible for public transit in most of British Columbia
 Body Centered Tetragonal, a type of crystal structure, see Tetragonal crystal system
 Business Chinese Test, see 
 Bad Compilation Tapes, an independent punk/hardcore music label
Joy (programming language). The Joy programming language in computer science is a purely functional programming language that was produced by Manfred von Thun of La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. Joy is based on composition of functions rather than lambda calculus. It was inspired by the function-level programming style of John Backus's FP.
It has turned out to have many similarities to Forth, due not to design but to an independent evolution and convergence.

Overview 

Functions in Joy lack formal parameters. For example, a function that squares a numeric input can be expressed as follows:

 DEFINE square == dup * .

In Joy, everything is a function that takes a stack as an argument and returns a stack as a result. For instance, the numeral '5' does not represent an integer constant, but instead a short program that pushes the number 5 onto the stack.

 The dup operator simply duplicates the top element of the stack by pushing a copy of it.
 The * operator pops two numbers off the stack and pushes their product.

So the square function makes a copy of the top element, and then multiplies the two top elements of the stack, leaving the square of the original top element at the top of the stack, with no need for a formal parameter. This makes Joy concise, as illustrated by this definition of quicksort:

<nowiki>
DEFINE qsort ==
  [small]
  []
  [uncons [>] split]
  [swapd cons concat]
  binrec.
</nowiki>

Mathematical purity 
Joy is a concatenative programming language: "The concatenation of two programs denotes the composition of the functions denoted by the two programs".

See also 

 RPL
 Concatenative programming language

References

External links
 
 Joy homepage mirror
 Joy source code (GitHub-Archive)
 
 
 
 
 mjoy, an interpreter in Lazarus for drawings with turtle graphics (Subset of Joy)
 Joy of Postfix Calculator App (Subset of Joy)

Programming languages
Concatenative programming languages
Stack-oriented programming languages
Functional languages
Academic programming languages
Programming languages created in 2001
2001 software
Dynamic programming languages
Dynamically typed programming languages
High-level programming languages