omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Johann Stumpf (engineer). Johann Stumpf of Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg (today Technische Universität Berlin) is best known for popularising the uniflow steam engine, in the years around 1909, and his name has always been associated with it. The basic uniflow principle had been invented many years before.

Idea 

Stumpf's 'Uniflow' system aroused interest among engine designers in the years before the First World War, at first in his native Germany and later elsewhere. The Uniflow principle was known previously, and Stumpf's work was really its practical application. In Stumpf's system steam was admitted at one end of the cylinder, and the used steam left through a ring of ports at the other end of the cylinder. This allowed the admission end to stay hot, as it was not cooled by the exhaust on its way out, and so improved efficiency. In a double-acting engine the exhaust ports were in the middle of the cylinder.

Almost all uniflow engines were large stationary types, but the system was tried by, among others, the North Eastern Railway in England, as described by Tuplin (see sources). Briefly, the system worked well and obtained a small increase in economy by decreasing fuel consumption, but at the price structure prevailing at that time the extra constructional and maintenance costs were greater than the coal economy. H.W. Dickinson's A Short History of The Steam Engine makes it clear that the concept of the uniflow engine reached back to Montgolfier and Jacob Perkins (who patented the idea) and Leonard Jennett Todd (Patent No. 7801): Dickinson then gives Stumpf of Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg his due citing a paper by T.B. Perry Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 1920 (1922?).

Patents

5429/1908 Application (original: 7 March 1908), UK 6 March 1909, Accepted 15 July 1909. Improvements in four-cylinder locomotive engines
25,531/1910 Application 3 November 1910, Accepted 2 March 1911. Improvements relating to manoeuvring and like gear for uni-directional flow steam engines
16,442 /1910 Application (original: 5 March 1910) 9 July 1910, Accepted 23 March 1911. Improvements relating to valves
16,383/1910 Application (original: 18 June 1910) 8 July 1910, Accepted 20 October 1910. Improvements relating to uni-directional flow steam engines

Sources

The Unaflow steam engine. 1912 (translated Stumpf Uniflow Engine Co., Syracuse (NY)) 
 

Year of birth missing
19th-century births
Year of death missing
20th-century deaths
Steam engine engineers
Engineers from Berlin
German mechanical engineers
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
Bubblegram. A bubblegram (also known as laser crystal, Subsurface Laser Engraving, 3D crystal engraving or vitrography) is a solid block of glass or transparent plastic that has been exposed to laser beams to generate three-dimensional designs inside. The image is composed of many small points of fracture or other visible deformations and appears to float inside the block.

Description
Each point is created by a laser beam focused to high intensity at that location by a computer-controlled opto-mechanical system. A complex or highly detailed image occupying a 5 cm (2 inch) cubic volume typically requires the creation of tens of thousands of such points.

Bubblegram images may be created by intersecting laser beams in appropriately doped plastic to induce a chemical reaction via heat or photonic excitation, creating bubbles or nodes where the plastic has a different index of refraction.

Glass block bubblegrams of Russian origin entered international commerce as a novelty in the late 1990s, but high prices and the predominantly simple, inartistic subject matter severely limited market penetration. In the early 2000s, a much less expensive, more visually appealing and highly diverse array of Chinese-made bubblegram novelties achieved wide commercial success in the United States, to the extent of becoming a fad: representations of monuments, corporate symbols, religious imagery, mythical creatures and nature scenes appeared in gift shops.

There also exist companies which will take custom photographs of people, convert them to a heightmap, then render that as a bubblegram memento.

See also
 Laser engraving
 Volumetric printing

References

External links
 Laser Crystal Technique How a single conical laser beam makes a bubblegram

3D imaging
Glass art
Laser applications
1957 in spaceflight. The first orbital flight of an artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched in October 1957, by the Soviet Union. In November, the second orbital flight took place. The Soviet Union launched the first animal to orbit the Earth, a dog, Laika, who died in orbit a few hours after launch.

 Thor, Atlas, and R-7 rocket families all have maiden flights this year, all three of which will have long legacies for the next 50+ years
 Australia and the UK go to space with sounding rockets; first space launches from Australia
 The R-12 makes its maiden flight
 The US makes its first orbital attempt and fails (Vanguard TV-3)

Overview

Orbital launches 

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Suborbital flights 

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Orbital launch summary

By country

By rocket

By launch site

By orbit

Launch summary

By country

By rocket

See also
Timeline of spaceflight
Pre-1963 Designations Of U.S. Missiles And Drones

References

Footnotes

1957 in spaceflight
Spaceflight by year
American Machinists' Handbook. American Machinists' Handbook was a McGraw-Hill reference book similar to Industrial Press's Machinery's Handbook. (The latter title, still in print and regularly revised, is the one that machinists today are usually referring to when they speak imprecisely of "the machinist's handbook" or "the machinists' handbook".)

The somewhat generic sound of the title American Machinists' Handbook, no doubt contributed to the confounding of the two books' titles and identities. It capitalized on readers' familiarity with American Machinist, McGraw-Hill's popular trade journal. But the usage could have benefited from some branding discipline, because of some little confusion over whether the title was properly "American Machinist's Handbook" or "American Machinists' Handbook". ("American Machinist 's Handbook" would be parallel to the construction of the title "Machinery's Handbook")

McGraw-Hill's American Machinists' Handbook appeared first (1908). It is doubtful that Industrial Press's Machinery's Handbook (1914) was a mere me-too conceived afterwards in response. The eager market for such reference works had probably been obvious for at least a decade before either work was compiled, perhaps the appearance of the McGraw-Hill title merely prodded Industrial Press to finally get moving on a handbook of its own.

American Machinists' Handbook, co-edited by Fred H. Colvin and Frank A. Stanley, went through eight editions between 1908 and 1945. In 1955, McGraw-Hill published The new American machinist's handbook. Based upon earlier editions of American machinists' handbook, but perhaps the book did not compete well enough with Machinery's Handbook. No subsequent editions were produced.

List of the editions of American Machinists' Handbook

Renewal data from Rutgers. All works after 1923 with renewed copyright are presumably still protected.

1908 non-fiction books
Mechanical engineering
Metallurgical industry of the United States
Handbooks and manuals
McGraw-Hill books
3M computer. The 3M computer industrial goal was first proposed in the early 1980s by Raj Reddy and his colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) as a minimum specification for academic and technical workstations. It requires at least one megabyte of memory, a one megapixel display with 1024×1024 1-bit pixels, and one million instructions per second (MIPS) of processing power. It was also often said that it should cost no more than one "megapenny" or .

At that time, a typical desktop computer such as an early IBM Personal Computer might have 1/8 of a megabyte of memory (128K), 1/4 of a million pixels (640400 monochrome display), and run at 1/3 million instructions per second ( 8088).

The concept was inspired by the Xerox Alto which had been designed in the 1970s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Several Alto workstations were donated to CMU, Stanford, and MIT in 1979. An early 3M computer is the PERQ Workstation made by Three Rivers Computer Corporation. It has a 1 million P-codes (Pascal instructions) per second processor, 256 KB of RAM (upgradeable to 1 MB), and a 768×1024 pixel display on a  display. Though not quite a true 3M machine, it was used as the initial 3M machine for the CMU Scientific Personal Integrated Computing Environment (SPICE) workstation project.

The Stanford University Network SUN workstation, designed by Andy Bechtolsheim in 1980, is another example. It was then commercialized by Sun Microsystems in 1982. Apollo Computer (in the Route 128 region) announced the Apollo/Domain computer in 1981. By 1986, CMU stated that it expected at least two companies to introduce 3M computers by the end of the year, with academic pricing of  and retail pricing of , and Stanford University planned to deploy them in computer labs. The first "megapenny" 3M workstation was the Sun-2/50 diskless desktop workstation with a list price of  in 1986.

The original NeXT Computer was introduced in 1988 as a 3M machine by Steve Jobs, who first heard this term at Brown University. The NeXT MegaPixel Display has just over  with 2 bits per pixel. However, floating-point performance, powered with the Motorola 68882 FPU is only about .

Modern desktop computers exceed the 3M memory and speed requirements by many thousands of times, however 1080p screen pixels are only 2 times larger and 4K 8 times larger, but they are full color so each pixel uses at least 24 times as many bits.

References

History of computing hardware
Carnegie Mellon University
Computer workstations
Infinity Fluids. Infinity Fluids, founded in 1998, is a Massachusetts corporation which develops process and thermal systems for the fuel cell, pharmaceutical, industrial, and biotechnology industries.

It was founded in Norwich, CT and is a manufacturing and research organization specializing in the fields of Fluid Heating, Steam Reforming and Instant Steam Generation.

Products
Some of the work performed by Infinity includes:

DI and gaseous thermal systems for the NASA space program.
Instant steam generators for the pharmaceutical industry, particularly sterilization.
Increasing efficiency of steam reform systems for fuel cells.
Marked reduction in size and mass of OEM equipment manufacturing.

Patents
Infinity Fluids holds the patent to:
 Compact Resistive Element System (CRES)
 Electric co-axial heater
 In Line Instant Steam Generator
 Central Axis flow through thermal fluid system

External links
 Infinity Fluids Corporate Website

Companies based in Massachusetts
Falaq-1. The Falaq-1 is an Iranian-made rocket system.

Design
The 240 mm unguided surface-to-surface rocket is very similar to the rocket used with the Russian 240 mm (12-round) BM-24 system. The Falaq-1 has a bore of 240 mm, and a weight of 111 kg, with the warhead weighing 50 kg. The 240 mm spin-stabilised rockets have a maximum range of 10,000 m and are fitted with a nose-mounted fuze. Propellant used is of the solid double-base type. The rocket is mounted on a 4 × 4 jeep light cross-country vehicle which has six 240 mm rockets in the ready-to-launch position in a frame-type launcher on the rear.

Its successor, the Falaq-2, is a 333 mm-diameter rocket.

Development
The system was developed in the 1990s by Shahid Bagheri Industrial Group, which is part of the Aerospace Industries Organization.

Deployment
There is extensive evidence Falaq-1 rockets have been used in the Syrian civil war.

On 26 January 2024, Hezbollah claimed for the first time to have used the Falaq-1 in an attack against the Israel Defense Forces as part of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict during the Israel–Hamas war.

Operators
 
 
  Hezbollah

See also
 Falaq-2

References 

Falaq 1
Hezbollah rocket systems
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
Viktor Litvinov. Viktor Yakovlevich Litvinov (, 30 April 1910 – 4 June 1983) was a Soviet Russian aircraft designer and organizer of the aircraft industry.

Early life 
Viktor Litvinov was born in the city of Taganrog in 1910. In 1930 he completed his studies in the Taganrog's aviation technical school and was assigned to the Aviation Factory Number 1 in Moscow as technical engineer in the assembly shop. He graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI) in 1937. In 1938 he was appointed the chief engineer of the Aviation Factory Number 1.

Accomplishments 
In 1938, Litvinov introduced the new system of project development, featuring prefabricated stocks with unified elements. This made a considerable economy of metal and reduced the cycles of stocks production. In 1940, he introduced the parallelism principle into the aircraft building industry: the preparations for the start of production were made simultaneously with design works and production of the new machine's plans. After the start of World War II and the evacuation of the factory to Kuybyshev, Litvinov organized the mass production of the Ilyushin Il-2, introducing the new principle of the conveyor line with both planes and stocks moving on the conveyor band. This innovation was further introduced into all aircraft factories of the USSR and Litvinov was made director of the factory in 1944. 
In 1965-1973 he was made the Deputy Minister of the General Engineering of the USSR.

Awards
 Twice Hero of Socialist Labour
 Five Orders of Lenin
 Two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour
 Medal "For Labour Valour"
 Two Stalin Prizes in 1946 and 1950.

References 

1910 births
1983 deaths
People from Taganrog
People from Don Host Oblast
Members of the Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1959–1963
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1963–1967
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Soviet aerospace engineers
Soviet inventors
Soviet mechanical engineers
Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery
Up An' Atom. Up An' Atom was the name of a B-29 Superfortress (B-29-36-MO 44-27304, Victor number 88) configured during World War II in the Silverplate project to carry an atomic bomb.

History
Assigned to the 393d Bomb Squadron, 509th Composite Group, it was built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant at Omaha, Nebraska, accepted by the Army Air Forces on April 3, 1945, and flown to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, by its assigned crew B-10 (Capt. George W. Marquardt, Aircraft Commander). It departed Wendover for North Field, Tinian on June 11 and arrived on June 17. 

It was originally assigned the Victor (unit-assigned identification number) number 8 but on August 1 was given the triangle N tail markings of the 444th Bomb Group as a security measure and had its Victor changed to 88 to avoid misidentification with actual 444th BG aircraft. It was named and had its nose art painted after the Nagasaki mission. The name is a word play on the colloquial idiom "Up and at 'em", meaning "There is a lot of work to be done," and referencing the unit's atomic mission.

While at Tinian, Marquadt and crew B-10 flew Up An' Atom on eight training and practice bombing missions and pumpkin bomb missions against industrial targets in Taira and Hamamatsu, Japan. Capt. Bob Lewis's crew B-9 flew it on a pumpkin bomb mission to Tokushima subsequent to the Hiroshima mission, and Lt.Col. James Hopkins and crew C-14 used it to attack Nagoya with a pumpkin bomb.

Up An' Atom returned to the United States with the 509th CG in November 1945 to Roswell Army Airfield. From April to August 1946 it was assigned to the Operation Crossroads task force. In August 1949 it became part of the 97th Bomb Group at Biggs Air Force Base, Texas, and was re-configured as a TB-29 trainer in April 1950 by the Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area at Tinker Air Force Base. 

Its subsequent assignments were to:
112th Radar Calibration Squadron, Hamilton Air Force Base, California (October 1951),
4th Radar Calibration Squadron, Hamilton AFB (February 1953),
4754th Radar Evaluation Flight, Hamilton AFB (March 1954),
Mobile Air Materiel Area, Nashville, Tennessee (March 1955)
17th Tow Target Squadron, Vincent Air Force Base, Arizona (May 1955).

Up An' Atom was dropped from the Air Force inventory in November 1956. It was transferred to the U.S. Navy and used as a target at the Naval Ordnance Test Station at China Lake, California.

Sources
 Campbell, Richard H., The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs (2005),  

Individual aircraft of World War II
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Virtual radar. Virtual radar is a simulated radar system used in training aircraft, which due to cost constraints, are not usually equipped with radar. The basis of the virtual radar system is a closed loop data network, where participants can share their GPS positioning data and supplemental Air Data Computer (ADC) data to calculate targeting information. It utilizes an airborne bus such as Ethernet or MIL-STD-1553.

Background
Due to size and cost limitations, Trainer Planes are not able to accommodate a traditional radar system. ”Virtual Training” capability consists of implementation of a virtual radar capability as well as a ground-based mission management and debriefing capability. This provides an affordable solution to radar training to flight students and support future pilot training.

The airborne component of the “Virtual Radar” provides radar capability for both Air-To-Air (A/A) and Air-To-Ground (A/G) radar modes without the use of radar system.
 
The system provides data via airborne bus such as Ethernet or MIL-STD-1553B, to the Mission Display Processor (MDP) that simulates unclassified radar data. The system may also provide RS-170 video synthesizing A/G radar maps – Real Beam Maps Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) maps etc.

The basis of the virtual radar system is a closed loop data network. All participants in the Network can share their GPS positioning data and supplemental Air Data Computer (ADC) data to calculate targeting information like a radar system. All participants in the network must have a virtual radar system to either receive target data or generate target information to other participants.

The Ground-based portion of the Virtual Training must support training mission management when it is an active participant in the data network as well as provide post training mission debriefing capabilities with video and data review from data recorded on a Digital Video Recorder (DVR). The data network must support all virtual radar requirements with or without the participation of a Virtual Training Ground system.

External links
  S-Band Datalink network for Virtual Radars

Radar
Alnwickhill. Alnwickhill ( ) is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is on the southern edge of the city, approximately  from the city centre. It neighbours the areas of Liberton and Kaimes.

The area is now primarily residential, but was the site of Backside Lee Farm until the 1970s when the land was sold to Crudens for development.

Alnwickhill Reservoir and Waterworks

The waterworks, including a covered treated water reservoir and open settling ponds, were designed in 1875 by the civil engineer James Leslie. A second covered reservoir was added in 1888 giving a total capacity of 15 million gallons. Each covered reservoir had an outlet house built in Classic style. The builder was James Young and Son. Initially, the main water source was Gladhouse Reservoir in the Moorfoot Hills and the works supplied East Edinburgh, Leith and Portobello. In 1905 the supply was supplemented by the Talla Reservoir to cope with the growing population. It was created a listed building in 1996. The waterworks were closed in 2012 on completion of new waterworks at Glencorse Reservoir. The site has been restored and developed for housing. One of the covered reservoirs remains.

References

Areas of Edinburgh
View synthesis. In computer graphics,  view synthesis, or novel view synthesis, is a task which consists of generating images of a specific subject or scene from a specific point of view, when the only available information is pictures taken from different points of view.

This task was only recently (late 2010s – early 2020s) tackled with significant success, mostly as a result of advances in machine learning.  Notable successful methods are Neural radiance fields, and 3D gaussian splatting.

Applications of view synthesis are numerous, one of them being Free viewpoint television.

See also 
 3D reconstruction from multiple images
 Image-based modeling and rendering
 Image synthesis

References

External links 
 
 
 
Webcam lets users eyeball others BBC
https://web.archive.org/web/20060905013927/http://www.cs.wisc.edu/computer-vision/projects/interp/interp.html
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/FUSIELLO4/tutorial.html#x1-10001
https://web.archive.org/web/20061126225514/http://www-sop.inria.fr/robotvis/personnel/fabad/PhD/index.html
http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/labs/vision/demos/synthesis/synthesis.html
http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/mmsl/projects/graphics/chromaglyph/index.html

Computer graphics
Applications of computer vision
3D imaging
Panha 2091. The Panha 2091 "Toufan" is an Iranian overhaul and upgrade of the Bell AH-1J International (export version of the SeaCobra) attack helicopter purchased before the 1979 Islamic Revolution. The overhaul and upgrade program is known as project number 2091 of the Iranian Helicopter Support and Renewal Company (also known as Panha).

Design
Reported upgrades include:

 new cockpit armored panels
 new, Iranian-designed canopy
 new avionics
 nose-mounted camera
 new cockpit design

The upgraded attack helicopter has a narrower airframe for greater flexibility and is armed with an M197 three-barreled 20-mm Gatling-type cannon in the A/A49E turret. Its wing-stub stations carry a pair of 19-tube 70-mm rocket launchers.

Bulletproof glass protects the pilot's cockpit and weapons officer station, internal avionics have been revamped with the addition of a GPS and receiver in the nose, and a warning radar attached to the rear, with four antennae providing 360 degrees coverage and all electronics systems integrated.

Specifications

See also

References

External links
Toufan 2

Military helicopters
1990s Iranian attack aircraft
1990s Iranian helicopters
Attack helicopters
2091
Single-rotor helicopters
Aircraft with skid landing gear