omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Conestoga-Rovers & Associates. Conestoga-Rovers & Associates (CRA) is a group of companies that provides engineering, environmental consulting, construction, and information technology (IT) services.  On July 2, 2014, CRA became a division of the GHD Group.  Its current overall headquarters is located in Waterloo, Ontario, however the firm has locations in multiple countries with a separate headquarters in each. Their U.S. headquarters resides in Niagara Falls, New York where the company's seminal project, the Love Canal, took place.

History

Love Canal

The Love Canal Landfill, one of the pinnacle environmental projects in US history, was an open trench that was filled with hazardous chlorinated organic wastes from a chemical plant in Niagara Falls, NY, during the 1940s and 1950s.  A residential area and elementary school were constructed immediately adjacent to the former three-block landfill in the 1960s, resulting in an environmental disaster that eventually prompted the initiation of the Superfund Legislation in the United States.

CRA's involvement at Love Canal began in 1977, shortly after the chemical wastes were discovered in the backyards of homes along the canal. CRA was retained to investigate the chemical presence and develop a plan to address the issues.  CRA developed an understanding of the hydrogeology and chemical presence, designed a remedial plan, and provided construction oversight for its implementation.  CRA continues to be involved in the operation, maintenance, and monitoring for this project to this day.

The company merged with GHD Group in 2014.

Units
 Conestoga-Rovers & Associates
 CRA Contractors Limited
 CRA Developments Limited
 CRA Engineering Group Inc.
 Conestoga-Rovers & Associates (Europe) Ltd.
 CRA Infrastructure & Engineering
 
 HSA Engineers & Scientists
 Inspec-Sol
 SECRA Inc.

References

External links
 Corporate Website
 CRA Europe Corporate Website

Construction and civil engineering companies of Canada
Companies based in Waterloo, Ontario
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1976
1976 establishments in Ontario
Canadian companies established in 1976
Love Canal
NSB Class 70. Class 70 () is a four-carriage electric multiple unit operated by Vy on medium distance trains around Oslo. They are operated on the Dovre Line between Oslo and Lillehammer / Dombås and on the Vestfold Line, operating the regional service between Lillehammer and Larvik / Skien.

History

During the late 1980s and early 1990s NSB decided to change their focus to what could become a competitive advantage. Focus on long-distance travel would be undercut, and instead focus on medium distance trains, particularly around Oslo. This led to the NSB InterCity Express concept being launched, based on fixed, hourly frequency with upgraded service in new electric multiple units, using higher speeds than traditional trains, and with stops only in the larger towns and cities. The service was to be launched on the Østfold Line, the Vestfold Line and the Dovre Line to Lillehammer. The service could take advantage of new lines between Ski and Moss, and the Gardermoen Line to Eidsvoll. Some of the departures served by Class 70s are very early morning "red-eye" services used by people with a long commute to Oslo. Therefore, there is a quiet section on the train where mobile phones and loud conversation are banned.

The invitation for the bid was issued on 1 October 1986, and on 20 December 1988 NSB signed a contract with EB Strømmens Verksted concerning the delivery of nine new units. The first test runs were performed on 23 May 1992 on the Roa–Hønefoss Line. In 1992, NSB ordered additional three units, to be delivered in time for the 1994 Winter Olympics. An additional four units were delivered in 1996, making the grand total sixteen.

The trains have had a fair number of technical difficulties, and on the Vestfold Line they also were of an unsuitable size; the ideal size needed was six cars, while the fixed construction required the use of either four or eight cars. From 2000-02 the trains were converted from the InterCity Express concept to the NSB Agenda concept, but also this latter branding attempt has been discontinued, and the services are now part of the regional services provided by NSB. With the delivery of the Class 73, the Class 70 has been focused on the Skien–Lillehammer run, while the 73-units are used on the Østfold Line.

In 2010, Class 70 became the first Norwegian trains to be installed with wireless Internet, allowing passengers free access on the Lillehammer–Oslo–Skien route.

Specifications
The units were built by Strømmen, with Duewag and ABB as suppliers. The chassis is built in aluminum, like the B7 passenger cars, and the units are capable of being multiple driven with the Class 69 and other types of trains. The original seating was either 226 or 243, rebuilt to 230 and 235 with the conversion to Agenda.

References

External links

Adtranz multiple units
Duewag multiple units
70
70
15 kV AC multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1992
DBR. DBR may refer to:

Arts and entertainment 
 Daniel Bernard Roumain (born 1970), composer and violinist
 De Bellis Renationis, renaissance wargaming rules
 Days Before Rodeo, 2014 mixtape by Travis Scott

Science and technology 
 Design-based research in the learning sciences
 Deuterium bromide (chemical formula: DBr)
 Distributed Bragg reflector, used in waveguides
 Double-blind review

Transport 
 Bad Doberan (district)—DBR on Germany license plates
 Derby Road (Ipswich) railway station, Suffolk, England (CRS code:DBR)
 Dowel bar retrofit, a highway crack treatment
 New Zealand DBR class of rail locomotive
Airlines with ICAO code DBR:
 DutchBird, 2000–2004
 Dobrolet (low-cost airline), 2013–2014

Other uses
 Drum-Buffer-Rope, in the theory of constraints management paradigm
 State Bureau of Investigation (Ukraine) or 
 Disclosure and Barring Service provides wider access to criminal record information through its disclosure service for England and Wales.
HMS Raider (H15). HMS Raider was a R-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War.

Description
Raider displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. She had an overall length of , a beam of  and a deep draught of . She was powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Raider carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave her a range of  at . Her complement was 176 officers and ratings.

The ship was armed with four 45-calibre 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, Raider had one quadruple mount for QF 2-pdr Mark VIII ("pom-pom") guns and six single  Oerlikon autocannon. She was fitted with two quadruple mounts for  torpedoes on the superstructure. Two depth charge rails and four throwers were fitted for which 70 depth charges were provided.

Construction and career
HMS Raider was adopted by Romford during World War II as part of Warship Week. She was launched on 1 April 1942 as the second Royal Navy ship to carry the name, previously borne by a destroyer built in 1916 and sold in 1927.

Postwar service
Raider was placed in Reserve at Devonport in January 1946 and was recommissioned for service in the Mediterranean on 6 May that year. The ship was extensively deployed for Plane Guard duties with aircraft carriers and took part in Fleet exercises. She returned to UK in August 1947 and reduced to Reserve status.

She was subsequently sold to the Indian Navy in 1948, where she was commissioned in 1949 as INS Rana (D115). Along with two other former R-class destroyers (Rajput and Ranjit) she formed part of the 11th destroyer Squadron.  She was decommissioned in 1976, and scrapped in 1979.

References

Bibliography
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Q and R-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the River Mersey
1942 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
R-class destroyers of the Indian Navy
Sentinel (sculpture). Sentinel () is a  sculpture by Tim Tolkien, installed upon Spitfire Island, a roundabout at the intersection of the Chester Road and the A47 Fort Parkway at the entrance to the Castle Vale estate in Birmingham, England.

It is near Junction 5 of the M6 motorway and the present day Jaguar Cars plant (the former Castle Bromwich aircraft factory). It shows three Supermarine Spitfires peeling off up into the air in different directions. The half-scale Spitfires are made of aluminium, with curving steel supporting beams which act as vapour trails. It captures the dynamics of the Spitfire in flight and commemorates the nearby Castle Bromwich factory where most of Britain's wartime Spitfires were built.

There are proposals to move the sculpture to a new site, near its current location, to allow for road widening.

History
The award-winning project began in 1997 as part of the regeneration of Castle Vale estate. Using National Lottery funding, Tolkien was appointed as artist in residence. He consulted with Castle Vale residents about an art feature and found that they were inspired above all else by the area's air history, during World War II, and favoured a sculpture featuring Spitfires. The sculpture was opened on 14 November 2000. The sculptor is the great-nephew of J. R. R. Tolkien (the author of The Lord of the Rings, who grew up in Birmingham).

The main commercial sponsors of the spitfire sculpture were from Jaguar, Rubery Owen Holdings and Cincinnati. Both Cincinnati and Rubery Owen Holdings made component parts for the Spitfires which were assembled by Jaguar at their factory, the former Castle Bromwich Spitfire and Avro Lancaster bomber factory.

The Castle Bromwich Aerodrome Factory was built in 1940 to produce planes for the war effort. These were mostly Spitfires (almost 12,000 were made there, from 1940 to 1945) and Lancaster bombers. Over 37,000 test flights were made from Castle Bromwich Aerodrome, the planes being towed across the road from the factory to the Aerodrome when completed. The Chief Test Pilot throughout this period, Alex Henshaw, unveiled the sculpture.

The aerodrome site and the adjacent British Industries Fair site (forerunner of the nearby National Exhibition Centre) are now wholly taken up by the Castle Vale estate.

References

External links

Sentinel Spitfire website 
Sentinel - a Spitfire sculpture
Google Maps Street View of the Sculpture

History of Birmingham, West Midlands
Transport in Birmingham, West Midlands
2000 sculptures
Steel sculptures in England
Aluminium sculptures in the United Kingdom
Outdoor sculptures in Birmingham, West Midlands
Aviation art
Robert Gerwig. Robert Gerwig (1820–1885) was a German civil engineer.

Gerwig was born on 2 May 1820 in Karlsruhe, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, and attended the Großherzogliches Polytechnikum (now known as Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) where he studied civil engineering, primarily road construction.

In the 1860s, Gerwigs attention and professional skills turned toward rail transport.  He was one of the principal designers of the Black Forest Railway, which avoided steep grades through the use of numerous loops and curved tunnels.  He applied the principle again for the Gotthard Railway at the double loop of Wassen. His last rail project was the Höllental Railway, also in Germany's Black Forest region.

Later in life, Gerwig turned to politics.  He was active in the government of Baden.  He also served as the first director (1850-) of the Clockmakers School (Uhrmacherschule) in Furtwangen. In 1852 he began collecting clocks; his collection formed the basis for 'Study Collection" of the school and eventually became the German Clock Museum (Deutsches Uhrenmuseum). Gerwig died on 6 December 1885.

References

External links
 

1820 births
1885 deaths
Engineers from Karlsruhe
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
German Protestants
National Liberal Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the Second Chamber of the Diet of the Grand Duchy of Baden
Members of the 3rd Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 4th Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 5th Reichstag of the German Empire
German civil engineers
German railway mechanical engineers
Engineers from the German Empire
Automatic switched-transport network. Automatic Switched Transport Network (ASTN) allows traffic paths to be set up through a switched network automatically. The term ASTN replaces the term ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network) and is often used interchangeably with GMPLS (Generalized MPLS).  This is not completely correct as GMPLS is a family of protocols, but ASON/ASTN is an optical/transport network architecture. The requirements of the ASON/ASTN architecture can be satisfied using GMPLS protocols developed by the IETF or by GMPLS protocols that have been modified by the ITU. Furthermore, the GMPLS protocols are applicable to optical and non-optical (e.g., packet and frame) networks, and can be used in transport or client networks. Thus, GMPLS is a wider concept than ASTN.

Traditionally, creating traffic paths through a series of Network Elements has involved configuration of individual cross-connects on each Network Element. ASTN allows the user to specify the start point, end point and bandwidth required, and the ASTN agent on the Network Elements will allocate the path through the network, provisioning the traffic path, setting up cross-connects, and allocating bandwidth from the paths for the user requested service. The actual path that the traffic will take through the network is not specified by the user.

Changes to the network (adding/removing nodes) will be taken into account by the ASTN agents in the network, but do not need to be considered by the user. This gives the user far more flexibility when allocating user bandwidth to provide services demanded by the customer.

GMPLS consist of several protocols, including routing protocols (OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE), link management protocols (LMP), and a reservation/label distribution protocol (RSVP-TE). The reservation/label distribution protocol CR-LDP has now been deprecated by the IETF in RFC 3468  (February 2003) and IETF GMPLS working group decided to focus purely on RSVP-TE.

The GMPLS architecture is defined in RFC 3945.

References

Further reading
GMPLS: Architecture and Applications by Adrian Farrel and Igor Bryskin

External links
 From MPLS to GMPLS (pdf)
 GMPLS Unified Control Plane (pdf)
 Evolution to All-optical Networking  (pdf)
 OTN - Standards on the ASTN/ASON Control Plane
 ITU-T Recommendations on ASTN/ASON Control Plane

Telephony
MPLS networking
Internet Standards
Network protocols
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone. N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam.  It is a colorless liquid, although impure samples can appear yellow. It is miscible with water and with most common organic solvents. It also belongs to the class of dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. It is used in the petrochemical, polymer and battery industries as a solvent, exploiting its nonvolatility and ability to dissolve diverse materials (including polyvinylidene difluoride, PVDF). It has a strong dipole moment and hydrogen bonding due to its cis-amide conformation.

Preparation
NMP is produced industrially by a typical ester-to-amide conversion, by treating gamma-butyrolactone with methylamine.  Alternative routes include the partial hydrogenation of N-methylsuccinimide and the reaction of acrylonitrile with methylamine followed by hydrolysis.  About 200,000 to 250,000 tons are produced annually.

Applications

NMP is used to recover certain hydrocarbons generated in the processing of petrochemicals, such as the recovery of 1,3-butadiene and acetylene.   Its good solvency properties have also led to NMP's use to dissolve a wide range of polymers. Specifically, it is used as a solvent for surface treatment of textiles, resins, and metal coated plastics or as a paint stripper. It is also used as a solvent in the commercial preparation of polyphenylene sulfide.
NMP is used in the production of aramid fibers Twaron and Kevlar. In the pharmaceutical industry, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is used in the formulation for drugs by both oral and transdermal delivery routes. It is also used heavily in lithium ion battery fabrication, as a solvent for electrode preparation, because NMP has a unique ability to dissolve polyvinylidene fluoride binder.

Purisol process
In the Purisol process, developed by Lurgi AG in the 1960s, a cold (ca. -15 °C) aqueous solution of NMP is used to remove hydrogen sulfide from sour gas and from hydrodesulfurization facilities.  It offers some advantages over the Selexol process in that it is more selective for hydrogen sulfide.  Furthermore, it promotes the hydrolysis of some carbonyl sulfide, a common component of sour gas: 

This hydrolysis step further enriches the hydrogen sulfide content of the off-gas when the NMP is stripped.  The sulfur-rich gas is well suited for a Claus unit, which affords solid elemental sulfur.

Safety
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is classified as a reproductive toxicant (H360D: May damage the unborn child) and can cause skin and eye irritation and respiratory irritation (H315, H319, H335). Studies show NMP exposure can increase the risk of developmental toxicity, including miscarriage and fetal death. Good ventilation and PPE are recommended for safe handling.

See also
 2-Pyrrolidone
 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI)

References

Amide solvents
Pyrrolidones
Excipients
Methyl compounds
OpenSPARC. OpenSPARC is an open-source hardware project, started in December 2005, for CPUs implementing the SPARC instruction architecture. The initial contribution to the project was Sun Microsystems' register-transfer level (RTL) Verilog code for a full 64-bit, 32-thread microprocessor, the UltraSPARC T1 processor. On March 21, 2006, Sun released the source code to the T1 IP core under the GNU General Public License v2. The full OpenSPARC T1 system consists of 8 cores, each one capable of executing four threads concurrently, for a total of 32 threads. Each core executes instruction in order and its logic is split among 6 pipeline stages.

On December 11, 2007, Sun also made the UltraSPARC T2 processor's RTL available via the OpenSPARC project. It was also released under the GNU General public license v2. OpenSPARC T2 is 8 cores, 16 pipelines with 64 threads.

See also 

LEON
S1 Core (a derived single-core implementation)
FeiTeng, an implementation designed and produced in China for supercomputing applications
Field-programmable gate array
RISC-V

References

External links
 OpenSPARC site
 T1 Specifications and Source code
 T2 Specifications and Source code
 Open Source Semiconductor Core Licensing, 25 Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 131 (2011)  Article analyzing the law, technology and business of open source semiconductor cores

Sun microprocessors
Open microprocessors
SPARC microprocessors
Quantum Cloud. The Quantum Cloud is a contemporary sculpture, designed by Antony Gormley, located next to The O2 in London. The sculpture was commissioned for the site and was completed in 1999.

At  high, it is Gormley's tallest sculpture to date (taller than the Angel of the North). It is constructed from a collection of tetrahedral units made from  long sections of steel. The steel sections were arranged using a computer model with a random walk algorithm starting from points on the surface of an enlarged figure based on Gormley's body that forms a residual outline at the centre of the sculpture.

In designing Quantum Cloud, Antony Gormley was influenced by Basil Hiley, quantum physicist (and long-time colleague of David Bohm). The idea for Quantum Cloud came from Hiley's thoughts on pre-space as a mathematical structure underlying space-time and matter, and his comment that “algebra is the relationship of relationships.” The comment was made during a conversation between Gormley, Hiley and writer David Peat at a 1999 London gathering of artists and scientists, organised by Peat.

The sculpture's structural design was by Elliott Wood Partnership while the foundation design was by Beckett Rankine. Fabrication was by Tubeworkers (Structures) Ltd.

Gormley's Quantum Cloud is part of The Line, a series of art works that follow the Greenwich Meridian, through the London Boroughs of Greenwich, Tower Hamlets and Newham.

See also
 List of public art in Greenwich

References

External links 

 Design study from LUSAS software including finite element analysis of the sculptures structure and site construction photographs.
 Project description and photographs by Elliott Wood Partnership, the structural engineering firm that assisted with the design and construction of the structure.
 Interview with Antony Gormley

Outdoor sculptures in London
1999 sculptures
Sculptures by Antony Gormley
Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Tourist attractions in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Steel sculptures in the United Kingdom
Colossal statues in the United Kingdom
Electro-slag remelting. Electroslag remelting (ESR), also known as electro-flux remelting, is a process of remelting and refining steel and other alloys for mission-critical applications in aircraft, thermal power stations, nuclear power plants, military technology and others.

The electroslag remelting (ESR) process is used to remelt and refine steels and various super-alloys, resulting in high-quality ingots. This process can be started up through vacuum induction melting. The ESR process uses the as-cast alloy as a consumable electrode.  Electric current (generally AC) is passed between the electrode and the new ingot, which is formed in the bottom of a water-cooled copper mold.  The new ingot is covered in an engineered slag that is superheated by the electric current.  The electrode tip is slowly melted from contact with the slag.  These metal droplets travel through the slag to the bottom of the water-cooled mold and slowly freeze as the ingot is directionally solidified upwards from the bottom of the mold.  The slag pool floats above the refined alloy, continuously floating upwards as the alloy solidifies.  The molten metal is cleaned of impurities that chemically react with the slag or otherwise float to the top of the molten pool as the molten droplets pass through the slag.

Electroslag remelting uses highly reactive slags (calcium fluoride, lime, alumina, or other oxides are usually the main components) to reduce the amount of type-A sulfide present in biometal alloys.  It is a common practice in European industries.  ESR reduces other types of inclusions as well, and is seen as an alternative to the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) method that is prevalent in US industries.

An example of the use of the electro-slag refined (ESR) steel technique is the L30 tank gun.

CrNi60WTi is a stainless steel which is best formed by either electro-slag remelting or vacuum arc remelting. This alloy can be used for the construction of nuclear power plants.

See also
Vacuum induction melting

References

External links
 Ensuring Mold Steel Polishability  at moldmakingtechnology.com
 Electro-slag remelting furnace for consumable electrodes and having an electrode drive United States Patent 4394765 at freepatentsonline.com

Steelmaking
Metallurgical processes