omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Messerschmitt Me 609. The Messerschmitt Me 609 (alternatively Me 309 Zwilling) was a World War II German project which joined two fuselages of the Me 309 fighter prototype together to form a heavy fighter.

Design and development
The project was initiated in response to a 1941 Reich Air Ministry requirement for a new Zerstörer (destroyer) to replace the Bf 110 in a minimum time and with a minimum of new parts. Messerschmitt's response was the Me 609, which would use the failed Me 309 project to form the basis of the new fighter. The Me 609 would have joined the two Me 309 fuselages with a new centre wing section. Only the two inner wheels of the joined Me 309's main landing gears would have been used and would retract into the centre section. This resulted in an unusual four-wheel arrangement. The pilot would have sat in a cockpit located in the port fuselage, with the starboard being smoothed over.

Two versions were planned: a heavy fighter with four or six 30 mm MK 108 cannons, and a Schnellbomber (fast bomber) variant with two 30 mm MK 108 cannons and a bomb load of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) carried beneath the fuselages. However, by late December 1942, Messerschmitt Me 609 project was cancelled at the drawing board.

Designation 
One source claims that the Me 609 was actually a cover designation for test-ready, late-war Me 262s, not the twin-fuselage Me 309.  However, this claim contradicts most other sources.

Specifications (Me 609, as designed)

See also

References

Sources
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Fighters, vol. I. London: Hanover House, 1960.
 Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. Aircraft of the Luftwaffe, 1935–1945: An Illustrated Guide. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009.

External links

Me 609
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Twin-fuselage aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable quad landing gear
Log bridge. A log bridge is a timber bridge that uses logs that fall naturally or are intentionally felled or placed across streams. The first man-made bridges with significant span were probably intentionally felled trees. 

The use of emplaced logs is now sometimes used in temporary bridges used for logging roads, where a forest tract is to be harvested and the road then abandoned. Such log bridges have a severely limited lifetime due to soil contact and subsequent rot and wood-eating insect infestation. 

Longer lasting log bridges may be constructed by using treated logs and/or by providing well drained footings of stone or concrete combined with regular maintenance to prevent soil infiltration. This care in construction can be seen in the French bridge illustrated below, which has well locked dry set stone abutments and a footpath leveled with boards.

Various log bridge designs

External links

References

Bridges by structural type
Beam bridges
Footbridges
Beam bridge. Beam bridges are the simplest structural forms for bridge spans supported by an abutment or pier at each end. No moments are transferred throughout the support, hence their structural type is known as simply supported.

The simplest beam bridge could be a log (see log bridge), a wood plank, or a stone slab (see clapper bridge) laid across a stream. Bridges designed for modern infrastructure will usually be constructed of steel or reinforced concrete, or a combination of both. The concrete elements may be reinforced or prestressed. Such modern bridges include girder, plate girder, and box girder bridges, all types of beam bridges.

Types of construction could include having many beams side by side with a deck across the top of them, to a main beam either side supporting a deck between them. The main beams could be I-beams, trusses, or box girders. They could be half-through, or braced across the top to create a through bridge.

Since no moments are transferred, thrust (as from an arch bridge) cannot be accommodated, leading to innovative designs, such as lenticular trusses and bow string arches, which contain the horizontal forces within the superstructure.

Beam bridges are not limited to a single span. Some viaducts such as the Feiyunjiang Bridge in China have multiple simply supported spans held up by piers. This is opposed to viaducts using continuous spans over the piers.

Beam bridges are often only used for relatively short distances because, unlike truss bridges, they have no built in supports. The only supports are provided by piers. The further apart its supports, the weaker a beam bridge gets. As a result, beam bridges rarely span more than . This does not mean that beam bridges are not used to cross great distances; it only means that a series of beam bridges must be joined together, creating what is known as a continuous span.

References

 
Bridges by structural type
Soltam Systems. Soltam Systems () is an Israeli defense contractor and kitchen equipment manufacturer located in Yokneam, Israel. The company has been developing and manufacturing advanced artillery systems, mortars, ammunition, peripheral equipment and cooking equipment since 1952. Soltam Systems serves armed and special forces in more than 60 countries as well as the private sector with its kitchen products. Among the company's major customers are the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), the United States Army and NATO countries.

History

Soltam was founded in 1950 by Shlomo Zabludowicz as the IDF artillery manufacturer. The company was founded as a joint venture between the Israeli Solel Boneh and Luxembourg-based Salgad (Societe Anonyme Luxembourgoise de Gestion et D'Administration) which was a fully owned subsidiary of the Finnish artillery and mortar manufacturer Tampella.

In 1998, Koor Industries sold Soltam to MIKAL Group.

In October 2010, Soltam was sold to Elbit Systems and is now entirely owned by them.

Products

Artillery

 ATMOS 2000 155 mm autonomous, truck mounted self-propelled gun
 ATHOS 2052 155 mm autonomous towed howitzer system
 M-68 towed 155 mm howitzer
 M-71 towed 155 mm howitzer
 Rascal self-propelled 155 mm howitzer
 Slammer (Sholef) - Merkava-based self-propelled 155 mm howitzer

Mortars

Soltam designs and manufactures a wide range of mortars, to suit a variety of military applications. Soltam supplies a variety of mortars, such as backpacked, under turret, towed and self-propelled recoiling mortars on wheeled or tracked vehicles. All mortars are simple to operate and fast in deployment. Soltam mortars are made of high quality alloy steel for extra toughness and stability. Mortar systems come with all auxiliary equipment necessary for field operation, including fire control computer, ballistic computer, INS, and target acquisition and location systems. All types of mortar ammunition in use worldwide are authorized to be used with Soltam mortars.
 
 M-66 160 mm mortar
 120 mm mortar
 Cardom 120 mm autonomous recoil mortar system (RMS)
 Soltam M-65 120 mm mortar towed
Soltam K6 120mm mortar
 81 mm mortar
B499 long range
B502 long-range split barrel
B599 extended range
CC8 vehicle mounted mortar
CARDOM recoil mortar system vehicle-mounted mortar
 60 mm mortar
 60 mm commando mortars
 60 mm extended range mortars
 Vehicle mounted 60 mm mortar – internal and external

Ammunition

Soltam manufactures a wide range of mortar ammunition, ranging in caliber and in use (High Explosive HE, Smoke and training). All mortars comply with NATO standards.     
 155 mm
 120 mm
 81 mm
 60 mm

Kitchen equipment 
in addition to its military manufacturing Soltam also sells a variety of cooking products to the civilian market, mainly pots and pans but also others such as knives, cutting boards and spatulas.

See also

Military equipment of Israel

References

External links
 Elbit Systems (Owners of the Soltam brand)

Defense companies of Israel
Tampella
Elektron. Elektron may refer to:
 Elektron (alloy), a magnesium alloy
 Elektron (company), a musical instrument company
 Elektron (ISS), a Russian oxygen generator
 Elektron (resin) or amber, a fossilised resin
 Elektron (satellite), a series of four Soviet particle physics satellites

See also
 Electron, a subatomic particle
 Electron (disambiguation)
 Tron (disambiguation)
Sam Eyde. Samuel Eyde (29 October 1866 – 21 June 1940) was a Norwegian engineer and industrialist. He was the founder of both Norsk Hydro and Elkem.

Personal life
Eyde was born in Arendal in Aust-Agder, Norway. He was a son of ship-owner Samuel Eyde (1819–1902) and his wife Elina Christine Amalie Stephansen (1829–1906). He was a first cousin of Alf Scott-Hansen on the maternal side.

In August 1895 he married Countess Ulla Mörner (1873–1961), but the marriage was dissolved in 1912. In February 1913 he married actress Elly Simonsen (1885–1960).

Career
Eyde studied engineering in Berlin where he graduated in 1891. He started his career in Hamburg, working with the railways where he planned new lines, bridges and stations. In 1897 he started the engineering firm Gleim & Eyde with his previous boss from Hamburg. He soon established offices in Kristiania (now Oslo) and Stockholm. By the turn of the century the firm was one of the largest in Scandinavia, with some 30 engineers.

In 1902, Eyde acquired control over Rjukan Falls in Telemark. He also held rights to waterfalls at Arendal and Notodden. Eyde planned to use the hydropower for industrial purposes. In 1905 Rjukan Falls was producing hydro electrical power for Potassium nitrate production. This led to the development of the town of Rjukan as an industrial centre. In 1912 Eyde contributed to the development of Arendal Smelteverk at Eydehavn for the production of silicon carbide. The plant is now part of the Norwegian company Fiven ASA and one of the oldest silicon carbide producing plants worldwide.

In 1903, Eyde met with Kristian Birkeland, who was a scientist, inventor and professor of physics at the University of Christiania. Birkeland was working on developing an electric arc, while Eyde had recently bought the rights to several waterfalls in Telemark. They agreed to cooperate to develop an electric flame. This allowed Eyde to establish Det Norske Aktieselskap for Eletrokemisk Industri (today Elkem) along with members of the Wallenberg family who he had met in Sweden. The factory at Notodden opening on 2 May 1905.

In 1905 he founded Norsk Hydro-Elektrisk Kvælstofaktieselskab (now Norsk Hydro). Eyde remained director-general of both companies. He was director-general of Norsk Hydro until 1917. He was offered a position on the board, where he remained until 1925, and a compensation of  for ten years, and  for the rest of his life.

He was a member of the Norwegian Parliament in the period 1918–1920. In 1920, Eyde was appointed as Norwegian Minister to the United States.

Gallery

See also
 Birkeland–Eyde process

References

Other sources
 Grimnes, Ole Kristian (2001) Sam Eyde: den grenseløse gründer (Oslo: Aschehoug)

External links
Norsk Hydro ASA website
Elkem AS website

1866 births
1940 deaths
People from Arendal
People from Rjukan
Norwegian expatriates in Germany
Norwegian company founders
Norwegian industrialists
Norsk Hydro people
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian diplomats
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Norwegian Army personnel
Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
Commanders of the Order of the Sword
BASF people
SSD (disambiguation). A solid-state drive is a type of data storage device which uses semiconductor memory rather than magnetic media.

SSD may also refer to:

Science and technology
 Saturated-surface-dry, aggregate or porous solid condition
 Singular spectrum decomposition, a method of decomposing nonlinear and non-stationary time series as a form of singular spectrum analysis

Biology and medicine
 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
 Signal-sensing domain, in molecular biology
 Sterol-sensing domain, a protein domain
 Speech sound disorder
 Sexual size dimorphism
 Single-sided deafness
 Somatic symptom disorder
 A brand name for Silver sulfadiazine antibacterial

Computing
 Server-side decoration of windows, an alternative to client-side decoration
 Solid-state drive 
 Single-shot multibox detection, computer vision object detection
 System sequence diagram in software engineering

Mathematics
 Schwartz sequential dropping, an electoral system

Other uses
 Sardar Sarovar Dam, Gujarat, India
 Scalextric Sport Digital, toy cars
 Singapore School for the Deaf
 South Sudan (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code: SSD)
 SSD (band), Boston, US, 1981–1985
 Siroi language (ISO code: ssd), of Papua New Guinea
 Special School District of St. Louis County
 Stansted Airport railway station (National Rail code: SSD)
 Social Security Disability Insurance (SSD or SSDI), US
 State Security Department, North Korean secret police
 United States–Russia Strategic Stability Dialogue, meetings to reduce the risk of US–Russia nuclear war
Surface-to-surface missile. A surface-to-surface missile (SSM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike targets on land or at sea. They may be fired from hand-held or vehicle mounted devices, from fixed installations, or from a ship. They are often powered by a rocket engine or sometimes fired by an explosive charge, since the launching platform is typically stationary or moving slowly. They usually have fins and/or wings for lift and stability, although hyper-velocity or short-ranged missiles may use body lift or fly a ballistic trajectory. The first operational surface-to-surface missile was the V-1 flying bomb, it was powered by a pulsejet engine.

Contemporary surface-to-surface missiles are usually guided. An unguided surface-to-surface missile is usually referred to as a rocket (for example, an RPG-7 or M72 LAW is an anti-tank rocket), whereas a BGM-71 TOW or AT-2 Swatter is an anti-tank guided missile.

Examples of surface-to-surface missile include the MGM-140 ATACMS and the Scud family of missiles.

Examples
ALAS
BGM-109 Tomahawk
Bina
Hermes
Hyunmoo-3
KARA Atmaca
Kh-35
Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW)
Luz
Martlet
MGM-166 LOSAT
MGM-140 ATACMS
Nimrod
Otomat
PARS 3 LR
Polyphem
P-800 Oniks
RBS-15
Ure
3M-54 Kalibr
9K720 Iskander

Types

	
There are a wide variety of surface-to-surface missiles, and they can be categorized by their intended usage, intended target (such as anti-ship), flight profile, and launch platform, with these categorizations often overlapping. They may be launched from fixed silos, road-mobile vehicle, railcar, or naval launch platforms.

	
Cruise missiles travel at lower speeds and trajectories (often a few meters above ground), always within the atmosphere, and their motor burns during the entire flight. Ballistic missiles travel at higher speeds and trajectories with a short powered flight (boost phase) followed by a period of typically unpowered flight often exiting the atmosphere (midcourse phase), followed by a high speed unpowered terminal re-entry. They are typically classified by range band, from shortest to longest:
Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM): Range less than 1,000 km.
Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM): Range between 1,000 km and 3,000 km.
Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM): Range between 3,000 km  and 5,500 km.
Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): Range greater than 5,500 km.

References 

Missile types
Titanium carbide. Titanium carbide, TiC, is an extremely hard (Mohs 9–9.5) refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide.  It has the appearance of black powder with the sodium chloride (face-centered cubic) crystal structure.

It occurs in nature as a form of the very rare mineral  () - (Ti,V,Fe)C. It was discovered in 1984 on Mount Arashan in the Chatkal District, USSR (modern Kyrgyzstan), near the Uzbek border. The mineral was named after Ibragim Khamrabaevich Khamrabaev, director of Geology and Geophysics of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Its crystals as found in nature range in size from 0.1 to 0.3 mm.

Physical properties
Titanium carbide has an elastic modulus of approximately 400 GPa and a shear modulus of 188 GPa.

Titanium carbide is soluble in solid titanium oxide, with a range of compositions which are collectively named "titanium oxycarbide" and created by carbothermic reduction of the oxide.

Manufacturing and machining
Tool bits without tungsten content can be made of titanium carbide in nickel-cobalt matrix cermet, enhancing the cutting speed, precision, and smoothness of the workpiece.

The resistance to wear, corrosion, and oxidation of a tungsten carbide–cobalt material can be increased by adding 6–30% of titanium carbide to tungsten carbide. This forms a solid solution that is more brittle and susceptible to breakage.

Titanium carbide can be etched with reactive-ion etching.

Applications 
Titanium carbide is used in preparation of cermets, which are frequently used to machine steel materials at high cutting speed.  It is also used as an abrasion-resistant surface coating on metal parts, such as tool bits and watch mechanisms. Titanium carbide is also used as a heat shield coating for atmospheric reentry of spacecraft.

7075 aluminium alloy (AA7075) is almost as strong as steel, but weighs one third as much. Using thin AA7075 rods with TiC nanoparticles allows larger alloys pieces to be welded without phase-segregation induced cracks.

See also 
 Metallocarbohedryne, a family of metal-carbon clusters including

References

Carbides
Ceramic materials
Refractory materials
Superhard materials
Titanium(IV) compounds
Rock salt crystal structure
James Edward Allen Gibbs. James Edward Allen Gibbs (1829–1902) was a farmer, inventor, and businessman from Rockbridge County in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. On June 2, 1857, he was awarded a patent for the first twisted chain-stitch single-thread sewing machine using a rotating hook. In partnership with James Willcox, Gibbs became a principal in the Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company.

The Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company started in 1857 by James E. A. Gibbs and James Willcox opened its London Office in 1859 at 135 Regent Street. By around 1871 the European offices were at 150 Cheapside, London and later 20 Fore Street, London. The company hired John Emory Powers for marketing its product. Powers pioneered the use of many new marketing techniques, including full-page ads in the form of a story or play, free trial uses of a product and installment purchasing plan. The marketing campaign created a demand for sewing machines in the Great Britain that Willcox and Gibbs could not meet. The machine's circular design was so popular that it was produced well into the early 20th century, long after most machines were of the more conventional design. The machines shown employ the Gibbs rotary twisted chain stitch mechanism which was less prone to coming undone.

Following his successful invention, he named his family's farm "Raphine." The name originated from an old Greek word "raphis" which means "to sew." The community of Raphine, Virginia, was named in his honor.

Gallery

References

External links
A typical Willcox and Gibbs machine from about 1930

1829 births
1902 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American engineers
19th-century American inventors
Businesspeople from Virginia
Engineers from Virginia
People from Rockbridge County, Virginia
Sewing machines
Farmers from Virginia
Inventors from Virginia
1820 in rail transport. 

Events
 May 1 – The Kington Tramway, a horse-worked plateway, is opened from Eardisley to Kington, Herefordshire, England. Together with the Hay Railway it forms a continuous system 36 miles (45 km) in length, the longest in the United Kingdom at this date.
 October - John Birkinshaw of Bedlington Ironworks patents improvements in the production of wrought iron rails.
 Thomas Gray publishes his first of five editions of Observations on a General Iron Railway, a book that accelerates the British debate on this means of transportation and promotes the concept of a national rail network.
 An early form of monorail in Russia is operated by Ivan Elmanov in Myachkovo, Moscow Oblast.

Births

January births
 January 21 – Egide Walschaerts, Belgian inventor of a steam locomotive valve gear (d. 1901).

April births
 April 8 - John Taylor Johnston, president of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 1848–1877 (d. 1893).

May births
 May 2 - Robert Gerwig, German civil engineer, designer of Schwarzwald Railway and the Hell Valley Railway (d. 1885).

July births
 July 31 – John W. Garrett, president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from 1858 (d. 1884).

August births
 August 6 – Donald Smith, afterwards Lord Strathcona, Scottish financier, promoter of the Canadian Pacific Railway (d. 1914).

September births
 September 20 – Alfred Belpaire, Belgian inventor of the Belpaire firebox used on steam locomotives (d. 1893).

December births 
 December 21 – William H. Osborn, president of Illinois Central Railroad 1855–1865, president of Chicago, St. Louis and New Orleans Railroad 1875–1882, is born (d. 1894).

Unknown death dates
James Beatty, Irish engineer who was involved in building the European and North American Railway and the Grand Crimean Central Railway (d. 1856)

Deaths

References
William Norris (locomotive builder). William Norris (July 2, 1802 – January 5, 1867) was an American steam locomotive builder.  He founded the Norris Locomotive Works and through this company pioneered the use of the 4-2-0 (the Norris type) locomotive type in America during the 1840s.

In 1837, William Norris was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

References

 Norris, William at steamindex.com

1802 births
1867 deaths
Locomotive builders and designers
American railroad mechanical engineers
American railroad pioneers
19th-century American engineers
19th-century American businesspeople
Telepen. Telepen is a name of the barcode symbology designed to encode all 128 ASCII characters without using shift characters for code switching, and only using two different widths for both bars and spaces. (Unlike Code 128, which uses shifts and four different element widths). The symbology was devised by George Sims of SB Electronic Systems Ltd. Telepen was originally designed in the UK in 1972.

Unlike most linear barcodes, Telepen does not define independent encodings for each character, but instead operates on a stream of bits. It is able to represent any bit stream containing an even number of 0 bits, and is applied to ASCII bytes with even parity, which satisfies that rule. Bytes are encoded in little-endian bit order.

The string of bits is divided into single 1 bits and blocks of the form 01*0. That is, blocks beginning and ending with a 0 bit, with any number of 1 bits in between.

These are then encoded as follows:
 
 "1" is encoded as a narrow bar-narrow space
 "00" is encoded as a wide bar-narrow space
 "010" is encoded as wide bar-wide space
 Otherwise, the leading "01" and trailing "10" are both encoded as narrow bar-wide space, with additional 1 bit in between coded as described above.

Wide elements are 3 times the width of narrow elements, so every bit occupies 2 narrow elements of space.

Barcodes always start with ASCII _ (underscore). This has a code of 0x5F, so the (lsbit-first) bit stream is 11111010. Thus, it is represented as 5 narrow bar/narrow space pairs, followed by a wide bar/wide space.

Barcodes always end with ASCII z. This has (including parity) a code of 0xFA, so the (lsbit-first) bit stream is 01011111. This is encoded as a wide bar/wide space, followed by 5 narrow bar/narrow space pairs. Each end of the bar code consists of repeated narrow elements terminated by a pair of wide elements, but the start has a wide bar first, while the end terminates with a wide space.

In addition to per-character parity bits, a Telepen symbol includes an overall modulo-127 checksum.

References

Barcodes