omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bus encryption. Bus encryption is the use of encrypted program instructions on a data bus in a computer that includes a secure cryptoprocessor for executing the encrypted instructions.  Bus encryption is used primarily in electronic systems that require high security, such as automated teller machines, TV set-top boxes, and secure data communication devices such as two-way digital radios.

Bus encryption can also mean encrypted data transmission on a data bus from one processor to another processor. For example, from the CPU to a GPU which does not require input of encrypted instructions.  Such bus encryption is used by Windows Vista and newer Microsoft operating systems to protect certificates, BIOS, passwords, and program authenticity. PVP-UAB (Protected Video Path) provides bus encryption of premium video content in PCs as it passes over the PCIe bus to graphics cards  to enforce digital rights management.

The need for bus encryption arises when multiple people have access to the internal circuitry of an electronic system, either because they service and repair such systems, stock spare components for the systems, own the system, steal the system, or find a lost or abandoned system. Bus encryption is necessary not only to prevent tampering of encrypted instructions that may be easily discovered on a data bus or during data transmission, but also to prevent discovery of decrypted instructions that may reveal security weaknesses that an intruder can exploit.

In TV set-top boxes, it is necessary to download program instructions periodically to customer's units to provide new features and to fix bugs. These new instructions are encrypted before transmission, but must also remain secure on data buses and during execution to prevent the manufacture of unauthorized cable TV boxes. This can be accomplished by secure crypto-processors that read encrypted instructions on the data bus from external data memory, decrypt the instructions in the cryptoprocessor, and execute the instructions in the same cryptoprocessor.

See also
Copy protection

Notes

References
 R. Elbaz, et al., Hardware Engines for Bus Encryption -- A Survey, 2005.PDF
 Robert M. Best, US Patent 4,278,837, July 14, 1981

Cryptography
Napier88. Napier88 is an orthogonally persistent programming language that was designed and implemented at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. The primary designer was Ron Morrison, whose initial designs were extended and implemented by Fred Brown, Richard Connor, and Al Dearle. Napier88 was ahead of its time in many ways, and was the first robustly implemented language to combine a polymorphic type system with orthogonal persistence. The language was robustly implemented and released to users from both industry and academia; up to 1,000 registered users were recorded in due course. The language, however, was only intended to provide a proof of concept for an experiment in persistent programming; some time after 1989 (the year the first implementation was in fact released) the group's interests moved on and the language was no longer maintained.

Its influence lives on in various other systems however; the CORBA type ANY is distinctly recognisable in Napier88's type ANY; Microsoft's Common Language Runtime (CLR) uses a similar polymorphic architecture, and Java's parametric types solve some of the same problems of uninstantiated types escaping from their static scope.

History
Napier88 was the third of a family of languages designed and implemented by Morrison at St Andrews, following on from S-algol and PS-algol.

Further reading

External links
 Description of Napier88 at Univ. of St Andrew's website. Accessed June 21, 2012

Algol programming language family
Persistent programming languages
PUFF-PLUME. PUFF-PLUME is a model used to help predict how air pollution disperses in the atmosphere. It is a Gaussian atmospheric transport chemical/radionuclide dispersion model that includes wet and dry deposition, real-time input of meteorological observations and forecasts, dose estimates from inhalation and gamma shine (i.e., radiation), and puff or continuous plume dispersion modes. It was first developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in the 1970s.

It is the primary model for emergency response use for atmospheric releases at the Savannah River Site of the United States Department of Energy. It is one of a suite of codes for atmospheric releases and is used primarily for first-cut results in emergency situations. (Other codes containing more detailed mathematical and physical models are available for use when a short response time is not the over-riding consideration.)

See also
Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
List of atmospheric dispersion models

Further reading
For those who are unfamiliar with air pollution dispersion modelling and would like to learn more about the subject, it is suggested that either one of the following books be read:

 www.crcpress.com

External links
 OFCM Directory of Atmospheric Transport and Diffusion Consequence Assessment Models
 General and Specific Characteristics for Model: PUFF-PLUME

Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Savannah River Site
Iron(II) bromide. Iron(II) bromide refers to inorganic compounds with the chemical formula FeBr2(H2O)x. The anhydrous compound (x = 0) is a yellow or brownish-colored paramagnetic solid.  The tetrahydrate is also known, all being pale colored solids.  They are common precursor to other iron compounds.

Structure
Like most metal halides, FeBr2 adopts a polymeric structure consisting of isolated metal centers cross-linked with halides. It crystallizes with the CdI2 structure, featuring close-packed layers of bromide ions, between which are located Fe(II) ions in octahedral holes. The packing of the halides is slightly different from that for FeCl2, which adopts the CdCl2 motif.  The tetrahydrates FeX2(H2O)4 (X = Cl, Br) have similar structures, with octahedral metal centers and mutually trans halides.

Synthesis and reactions
FeBr2 is synthesized using a methanol solution of concentrated hydrobromic acid and iron powder. It adds the methanol solvate [Fe(MeOH)6]Br2 together with hydrogen gas. Heating the methanol complex in a vacuum gives pure FeBr2.

FeBr2 reacts with two equivalents of tetraethylammonium bromide to give [(C2H5)4N]2FeBr4.  FeBr2 reacts with bromide and bromine to form the intensely colored, mixed-valence species [FeBr3Br9]−.

Magnetism
FeBr2 possesses a strong metamagnetism at 4.2 K and has long been studied as a prototypical metamagnetic compound.

References

Bromides
Iron(II) compounds
Metal halides
Sodium trichloroacetate. Sodium trichloroacetate is a chemical compound with a formula of CCl3CO2Na. It is used to increase sensitivity and precision during transcript mapping. It was previously used as an herbicide starting in the 1950s but regulators removed it from the market in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Preparation 
Sodium trichloroacetate is made by reaction trichloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide:

Reactions

Basicity 
Sodium trichloroacetate is a weaker base than sodium acetate because of the electron-withdrawing nature of the trichloromethyl group. Sodium trifluoroacetate is likewise a weaker base. However, it can easily be protonated in the presence of suitably strong acids:

Trichloromethyl-anion precursor 
This reagent is useful for introducing the trichloromethyl group into other molecules. Decarboxylation produces the trichloromethyl anion, which is a sufficiently strong nucleophile to attack various carbonyl functional groups, such as aldehydes, carboxylic acid anhydrides, ketones (making a precursor for the Jocic–Reeve reaction), and acyl halides.

See also 

 Trichloroacetic acid
 Sodium trifluoroacetate
 Sodium chloroacetate

References 

Organic sodium salts
Trichloromethyl compounds
Corporate Headquarters Office Technology System. Corporate Headquarters Office Technology System (CHOTS) was a restricted electronic mail and office administration system used by the Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom.

The system, designed, built, implemented and managed by Fujitsu supported 25,000 civilian and forces personnel and allowed an additional 70,000 MOD staff to communicate securely via its network. Access to information was domain-based, with links to MOD messaging systems. It was operational at 24 HQ locations and more than 200 subsidiaries in the UK, Europe and the USA.

In addition, Fujitsu developed a version for the Army, CASH, that supports 4,500 workstations in the UK, Germany and Northern Ireland.

CHOTS has been replaced by DII (Defence Information Infrastructure) at all locations.

Sources
 NAO report (HC 328 Session 1999-00) 
 CHOtS / DIIC Case Study by Fujitsu

Message transfer agents
Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
Office suites
University of Science & Technology Bannu. The University of Science & Technology Bannu (USTB) is a public university located in the rural area of Bannu District, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Established in 2005, the university offers undergraduate, post-graduate, and doctoral programmes in engineering, social and natural sciences, arts, and humanities.

Faculties and degrees 

UST Bannu's first academic year was September 2005, with 200 students in various disciplines of IIT (Institute of Information Technology) and IMS (Institute of Management Sciences). Presently, Bachelor and Master level degrees are offered while the university has the intention to offer PhD level degrees.
Department of Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Biotechnology also in place. Department of Education and Maths also established. All the departments offer postgrad and undergrad admissions.
Soon Lakki Marwat campus will be established.
The UST Bannu intends to offer degrees in Life Sciences, Engineering & Technology, Social Sciences, Physical Sciences, Business Studies and Humanities.

Governance 

The University of Science and Technology Bannu is a newly established Pakistan Public Sector University created under Provincial Assembly Act No. XIII in 2005. (Notification No: PA/NWFP/Legis:1/2005/28/16.)

It is an autonomous body governed by the Chancellor's Committee. This committee is headed by the Governor of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa wide Ordinance of 2005, comprises seven members and is the major policy maker and controlling body of the university. The committee is a think tank of leading experts in education, religious scholars, leaders in the business community and senior officials of the government. The committee acts as a bridge between the university and the community.

References

External links
 The UST Bannu

Public universities and colleges in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Educational institutions established in 2005
2005 establishments in Pakistan
Engineering universities and colleges in Pakistan
Bannu District

ur:بنوں
Truck scale software. Truck scale software, also known in the European Union and the United Kingdom as "weighbridge software", is a class of software pertaining to the collection of transactional scale weighment data. Specifically for truck scales used to weigh heavy trucks, light trucks, or other commercial vehicles. The basic concept of truck scale software is to provide the end user with a means of collecting and organizing weighment information.

Developers
With consumers ranging from single-site low transaction "mom and pop shops" to multi-national heavy volume corporations, the truck scale industry is not a highly vertical niche market. Truck scale software development companies have ample opportunity to differentiate by targeting the very different needs of the specific consumer types.

The basic concept of truck scale software is to provide the end user with a means of collecting and organizing weighment information.

Vendors
Before the software industry found the truck scale niche (in fact before the software industry was even born) scale users would either have to come up with their own customized methods for tracking data, or require that the scale vendor provide one as part of the weighing system. This led to scale vendors needing to be able to provide data collection and management solutions in order to compete.

Today, scale vendors are still offering simple (usually quite limited) solutions with systems, sometimes in direct competition with the software developers who are creating much more powerful data collection packages and dynamic user-friendly interfaces.  Many of the larger scale vendors however, have started referring to certain truck scale software packages or directly reselling them (for turn-key solutions).

Sometimes, truck scale software is part of a much larger software (and is then sometimes referred to as a weighbridge). Many targeted ERPs for industries like quarry/mining/agriculture contain interface module for weighbridges. 

Some truck scale manufacturers develop and sell their own software for weigh system interfacing and data collection.

Legal
Many software suppliers and small businesses believe they can simply produce software and use it for capturing weighing transactions, within the EU weighbridge software (Truck Software) is subject to legislation and a useful guide for developers exists and is published by WELMEC.

Users
Within the consumer sector of the truck scale industry are several subcategories of end user. The consumers range from the single-scale users to multi-national corporations with hundreds or even thousands of scale sites, some of them totally unmanned running unmanned weighbridge software. In many cases each companies requirement is unique to the point where a "canned package" is almost out of the question. The market is highly service-oriented, with any final solution being somewhat custom tailored to the end user's needs. It is not uncommon for a software package to have an obscure feature only because one particular customer "had to have it and was willing to pay for it".

References

Transport software
Network monitoring interface card. A network monitoring interface card or NMIC is similar to a network card (NIC). However, unlike a standard network card, an NMIC is designed to passively (and silently) listen on a network. At a functional level, an NMIC may differ from a NIC, in that the NMIC may not have a MAC address, may lack the ability to transmit and may not announce its presence on a network. Advanced NMICs have features that include an ability to offload CPU intensive processing from a system's CPU, accurate time measurement, traffic filtering, and an ability to perform other application specific processing.

Organizations often use a dedicated interface for all management traffic and thus create a management network. This is done to minimize the impact on production traffic, ensure the integrity of management traffic and it helps by measuring true production traffic not the traffic generated to the act of measuring traffic. This is a separate function from NMICs that are used for data collection and processing.

NMICs are typically used in intrusion detection and prevention (IDS/IPS), lawful interception, flow analysis, network monitoring, and protocol analyzer systems.

Notable manufacturers include  Endace,  SolarFLare and Intel.

See also

 Egress filtering
 Flow analysis
 Ingress filtering
 Intrusion-detection system (IDS)
 Lawful interception
 Network monitoring
 Network tap
 Packet analyzer
 SS7 probe
 TCP Offload Engine (TOE)
 TCP segmentation offloading 
 Unified Threat Management (UTM)

Networking hardware
Copachisa. Copachisa (Constructora de Parques de Chihuahua, S.A. de C.V.) is an industrial design and construction company based in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico, with regional offices in Monterrey, Ciudad Juárez, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, and Mexico City.

References

Construction and civil engineering companies of Mexico
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1958
Mexican companies established in 1958
Sound Retrieval System. Sound Retrieval System (SRS) is a patented psychoacoustic 3D audio processing technology originally invented by Arnold Klayman in the early 1980s. The SRS technology applies head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) to create an immersive 3D soundfield using only two speakers, widening the "sweet spot", creating a more spacious sense of ambience, and producing strong localization cues for discrete instruments within an audio mix. SRS is not a Dolby matrix surround decoder but works with normal stereo recordings.

History

Initially Hughes Aircraft, for whom Klayman was doing acoustic consulting at the time, offered a standalone SRS audio processor, as well as licensing the technology to Sony and Thomson (RCA) for inclusion in their products. In the early 1990s, Hughes sold off its non-aerospace-related holdings, and a group of entrepreneurs formed SRS Labs to acquire the SRS technology.

Many TV sets employ built-in SRS to make their built-in audio systems soundstages "bigger". An article in the November 1994 issue of Consumers Digest magazine tested several SRS-equipped sets from Sony and other manufacturers and concluded that the circuit was essentially a gimmick in these products due to their small, close-set speakers and low-wattage amplifiers. SRS is not a panacea for audio systems that are marginal to begin with; it works best with full-range, high-fidelity sound reproduction.

The company (publicly traded on NASDAQ under the symbol SRSL after a 1996 IPO) since developed or acquired several additional audio technologies, including SRS Headphone, TruSurround XT, TruBass ("psychoacoustic bass enhancement to enable deeper, natural bass of audio source material to be perceived over small speaker drivers"), FOCUS ("sound-image elevation used in combination with SRS to create a large sound image", originally conceived for in-car listening), SRS Virtual Surround, Circle Surround, SRS Wow (an audio-enhancement suite made up of SRS 3D "wide stereo imaging and nonfatiguing headphone listening mode", Focus and TruBass) and SRS Wow HD, Dialog Clarity, and VIP, most using psychoacoustic principles similar to those employed by the SRS technology. SRS or one of its derivatives is offered in products from a wide range of professional and consumer audio manufacturers as well as in SRS's own small stable of products. The company derives most of its revenue from licensing its technologies, which it does in both silicon and software form.

SRS Wow was implemented in many devices such as music players, and in software such as Microsoft's Windows Media Player  for playing sound on a computer.

In 2012 DTS, Inc. acquired the business of SRS Labs, including over 1,000 audio patents and trademarks.

The original SRS patents are ,  and , which expired between 2006 and 2008. Patents may apply in other countries

See also
 SRS Labs
DTS (sound system)
QSound

References

External links
 Wayback Machine archives of SRS Web site for many dates.
 URL of former SRS Labs official site, redirects to DTS

Acoustics
Ohnesorge number. The Ohnesorge number (Oh) is a dimensionless number that relates the viscous forces to inertial and surface tension forces.  The number was defined by Wolfgang von Ohnesorge in his 1936 doctoral thesis.

It is defined as:

Where

 μ is the dynamic viscosity of the liquid
 ρ is the density of the liquid
 σ is the surface tension
 L is the characteristic length scale (typically drop diameter)
 Re is the Reynolds number
 We is the Weber number

Applications

The Ohnesorge number for a 3 mm diameter rain drop is typically ~0.002.  Larger Ohnesorge numbers indicate a greater influence of the viscosity.

This is often used to relate to free surface fluid dynamics such as dispersion of liquids in gases and in spray technology.

In inkjet printing, liquids whose Ohnesorge number are in the range 0.1 < Oh < 1.0 are jettable (1<Z<10 where Z is the reciprocal of the Ohnesorge number).

See also
 Laplace number - There is an inverse relationship, , between the Laplace number and the Ohnesorge number. It is more historically correct to use the Ohnesorge number, but often mathematically neater to use the Laplace number.

References

Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics
BioHazard. BioHazard is a combat robot built by rocket scientist Carlo Bertocchini. It was the most successful robot in the heavyweight division of BattleBots. It is still considered one of the greatest and most successful combat robots of all time. BioHazard's weapon is an electric four-bar lifting arm (technically, an asymmetric linear actuator) used to lift other robots. The lifting arm has been described as a type of shovel, scoop, or a forklift mechanism.  For much of its reign, BioHazard was notorious for being difficult to attack and get under due to hinged titanium wedge skirts on all sides and the low profile effected by its  height. The robot weighs  and has a surface area of  by .

It originally competed in the U.S. Robot Wars where it won two heavyweight division titles. It went on to win four BattleBots championships.  Overall, it won three out of four seasons on the television show BattleBots on Comedy Central. Its first significant title was won in 1996.
BioHazard returned to competition in the ComBots Cup in 2005.  The increased power and development of heavyweight spinner robots prevailed, with BioHazard finishing poorly with one win (a forfeit over Jawbreaker, who was destroyed by Eugene in its first fight) and two losses (one loss to Megabyte in 2:15 by tap out; one forfeit and a final loss to Brutality in 1:21). Paul Ventimiglia, builder of Brutality and later BattleBots champion Bite Force, had given Carlo an extended postponement while Carlo drove BioHazard back to his shop to repair it after its loss to Megabyte. Ventimiglia cited Carlo Bertocchini as the inspiration for his interest in building combat robots. BioHazard was still heavily damaged by the time of their match and has not competed since. It has however, been granted a place in the Combat Robot Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural class and by unanimous selection.

References

External links 
 http://battlekits.com/biohazard_battlebots.htm 
 BioHazard's Fight History at BotRank

BattleBots competitors
Robot Fighting League
Robots of the United States
Rolling robots
1996 robots