omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Jun-ichi Nishizawa. was a Japanese engineer and inventor. He is known for his electronic inventions since the 1950s, including the PIN diode, static induction transistor, static induction thyristor, SIT/SITh. His inventions contributed to the development of internet technology and the Information Age.

He was a professor at Sophia University. He is considered the "Father of Japanese Microelectronics".

Biography
Nishizawa was born in Sendai, Japan, on September 12, 1926. He earned a B.S. in 1948, and a Doctor of Engineering degree in 1960, from Tohoku University.

In 1953, he joined the Research Institute of Electrical Communication at Tohoku University.
He became a professor there and was appointed director to two research institutes.
From 1990 to 1996, Nishizawa served as the President of Tohoku University.

He became the president of Iwate Prefectural University in 1998.

Research
In 1950, the static induction transistor was invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe. The PIN photodiode was also invented by Nishizawa and his colleagues in 1950.

In 1952, he invented the avalanche photodiode. He then invented a solid-state maser in 1955. This was followed by his proposal for a semiconductor optical maser in 1957, a year before Schawlow and Townes's first paper on optical masers.

While working at Tohoku University, he proposed fiber-optic communication, the use of optical fibers for optical communication, in 1963. Nishizawa invented other technologies in the 1960s that contributed to the development of optical fiber communications, such as the graded-index optical fiber as a channel for transmitting light from semiconductor lasers. He patented the graded-index optical fiber in 1964.

In 1971, he invented the static induction thyristor.

Recognition
Nishizawa was a Life Fellow of the IEEE. He is a Fellow of several other institutions, including the Physical Society, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Polish Academy of Sciences.  Nishizawa was decorated with Order of Culture by the emperor of Japan in 1989. He also received the Japan Academy Prize (1974), IEEE Jack A. Morton Award (1983), the Honda Prize and the Laudise Prize of the International Organization for Crystal Growth (1989).
IEEE conferred the Edison Medal on him in 2000, and introduced the IEEE Jun-ichi Nishizawa Medal in 2002. He has more than a thousand patents registered under his name.

References

External links
Jun-ichi Nishizawa – Biographical article on IEEE Global History Network.

1926 births
2018 deaths
People from Sendai
Japanese physicists
20th-century Japanese inventors
Fellows of the IEEE
IEEE Edison Medal recipients
Tohoku University alumni
Academic staff of Tohoku University
Academic staff of Sophia University
Recipients of the Order of Culture
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class
Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
IBIS Interconnect Modeling Specification. The IBIS Interconnect Modeling Specification (ICM) in electronic circuit simulation is a behavioral, ASCII-based file format. The ICM is used for distributing passive interconnect modeling information.  The format and style of ICM are highly similar to the Input Output Buffer Information Specification (IBIS), and both specifications are managed by the same organization, the IBIS Open Forum.

Interconnects under ICM may be represented through tabular frequency-dependent RLGC matrices or through S-parameters in separate Touchstone files. ICM models define interconnects as consisting of one or more segments.  Segment topologies are described in terms of the arrangements of their nodes relative to pin or port lists.  The electrical behaviors for each segment are then defined. Interconnects may be grouped into families with similar characteristics or sharing identical segment definitions.  

As of 2006, ICM version 1.1 has been standardized in the US through both the GEIA and ANSI as ANSI GEIA-STD-0001.

References

External links 
Official IBIS and ICM website

EDA file formats
Aeolus Railroad Car. One of the early experiments in railroad cars, the yachtlike Aeolus, named in honor of Aeolus from mythology, was designed to sail before the wind. Evan Thomas designed the vehicle, which was tried on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1830. On one occasion the Aeolus failed to stop when it reached the end of the finished track, and ran into an embankment. Nevertheless, the invention worked on windy days, and impressed the Russian Ambassador, Pavel Kridener. The Aeolus was never put into regular service.

References

 

Railcars of the United States
HP Xpander. The HP Xpander (F1903A) aka "Endeavour" was to be Hewlett-Packard's newest graphing calculator in 2002, but the project was cancelled in November 2001 months before it was scheduled to go into production. It had both a keyboard and a pen-based interface, measured 162.6 mm by 88.9 mm by 22.9 mm, with a large grayscale screen, and ran on two rechargeable AA batteries. It had a semi-translucent green cover on a gray case and an expansion slot.

The underlying operating system was Windows CE 3.0. It had 8 MB RAM, 16 MB ROM, a geometry application, a 240×320 display, a Hitachi SH3 processor, and e-lessons. One of the obvious omissions in the Xpander was the lack of a computer algebra system (CAS).

Math Xpander

After discontinuing the Xpander, HP decided to release the Xpander software, named the Math Xpander, as a free-of-charge application that ran on Windows CE-based Pocket PC devices. It was hosted by Saltire Software, who had been involved in its design.

See also
 List of Hewlett-Packard products: Pocket calculators
 HP calculators
 Casio ClassPad 300 — a similar device by Casio
 TI PLT SHH1
 HP Jornada X25

References

External links
HP Xpander at hpmuseum.org
HP Xpander at hpcalc.org
HP Xpander at rskey.org
HP Xpander at evilmadscientist.com
Math Xpander user's guide

Graphing calculators
Windows CE devices
xpander
Vaporware
Techron. Techron is a patented fuel additive developed by Chevron Corporation and sold in its fuel operations (including Texaco and Caltex). It contains a polyether amine-based detergent, which is purported to dissolve deposits in automotive engines and prevent them from building up. Chevron released Techron as an additive in 1981, and began including it in all of their gasoline products in 1995. It is still available as a concentrate today. 

The Chevron Cars debuted in 1995 and were used to advertise the additive.

Components 
Techron consists of five components:
 Distillates, hydrotreated light at 40-70% weight
 Stoddard solvent at 15-40% weight
 Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aromatic at 5-10% weight
 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene at 1-5% weight
 Polyetheramine (PEA) (detergent), polyether amines at 20-49% weight

Predecessor 
"Techroline" was the predecessor to Techron. The company claimed it could control combustion-chamber deposits in cars, as well as keep their fuel-intake systems clean.

See also 
 List of automotive fuel brands

References

External links 
 
 Motor Gasolines Technical Review on Chevron website (2009)
 Chevron Unveils New Gasolines With "Techron" at Chevron Press Release Archives (15 May 1995)
 Chevron Techron® Concentrate Plus Fuel System Cleaner on Chevron website (archived 17 Oct 2006)

Products introduced in 1981
Products introduced in 1995
1981 establishments in the United States
Petroleum products
Polyethers
Amines
Chevron Corporation brands
Texaco
Fuel additives
Class 20. Class 20 may refer to:

British Rail Class 20
GER Class D81, later LNER Class J20
JNR Class B20
JŽ class 20
NER Class R, later LNER Class D20
New South Wales Z20 class locomotive
SNCB Class 20
South African Class 20 2-10-2
South African Class 20E
Soviet locomotive class AA20
U-20-class submarine

See also

 
 Model 20 (disambiguation)
 Type 20 (disambiguation)
 20 (disambiguation)
Non-achromatic objective. A non-achromatic objective is an objective lens which is not corrected for chromatic aberration. In telescopes they can a be pre-18th century simple single element objective lenses which were used before the invention of doublet achromatic lenses. They can also be specialty monochromatic lenses used in modern research telescopes and other instruments.

Non-achromatic telescope objectives

Early non-achromatic objectives
Early telescope objective, such as those built by Johannes Hevelius and Christiaan Huygens and his brother Constantijn Huygens, Jr., utilized single small (2"-8") positive lenses with enormous focal lengths (up to 150 feet in length in tube telescopes and up to 600 feet in non-tube aerial telescopes). This allowed the observer to use higher magnification while limiting the interfering rainbow halos caused by chromatic aberration (the uncorrected chromatic aberration fell within the large diffraction pattern at focus).

Modern non-achromatic objectives
Modern instruments may use a non-achromatic objective lens which is well-corrected for spherical aberration and off-axis aberrations such as coma and astigmatism over the desired field of view at only one wavelength.  Monochromatically corrected objectives can be found in solar telescopes working with narrow spectral lines such as the hydrogen alpha spectral line of 0.6562725 micrometres. They are also used in astrographic telescopes where multiple single narrow wavelength images are used in stellar classification.

Other applications
Non-achromatic objectives are also used in monochromatic laser applications such as collimators, beam expanders, and highly corrected pupil imaging for wavefront error sensors for adaptive optics.

See also
List of telescope types

References

Lenses
Telescopes
Ford Gyron. The Ford Gyron was a futuristic two-wheeled gyrocar first shown to the world in 1961 at the Detroit Motor Show as a concept car designed by Syd Mead and McKinley Thompson. One wheel was at the front and the other at the rear like a motorcycle and the car was stabilized by gyroscopes. The two occupants of the vehicle were seated side by side and, when the vehicle was stationary, two small legs appeared from the sides to support it. The vehicle was created for research and marketing purposes, with no intention to put it into production. 

Alex Tremulis was the designer and the gyroscopic systems were based on Louis Brennan's theories. The Ford Motor Company of Detroit gave credit for the Gyron to Louis Brennan. Alex Tremulis had started his career with the US Air Force and worked in 1948 at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base on the concept of Military flying saucers. He then became the chief designer for the ill-fated Tucker automobile before joining Ford, and was also involved with the Tuscan gyroscopic motorcycles and the Gyronaught XU1 gyroscopic car.

The original fiberglass concept was destroyed in the 1962 Ford Rotunda fire. Only the studio model remains today, it was sold at an auction in December 2012 for $40,000. A second model was recently discovered in the collection of the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles and displayed as part of the 2024 exhibition, "Eyes on the Road."

References

External links
Photograph of the Ford Gyron at seriouswheels.com
Ford Gyron Concept Car at oldconceptcars.com

Gyron
Experimental and prototype gyroscopic vehicles
Two-wheeled motor vehicles
Usha Mittal Institute of Technology. Usha Mittal Institute of Technology (UMIT) is an engineering college in Mumbai affiliated to SNDT Women's University. It was formerly known as the Institute of Technology for Women (ITW). The institute is directly managed by the SNDT Women's University and is approved by the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) and the University Grants Commission (UGC).

UMIT has over 800 students and 50 faculty. It is the only all-women engineering institute in Mumbai.

History
SNDT established the Institute of Technology for Women in 1997. The institute offered a four-year bachelor's degree course in Computer Engineering,Computer Science and Technology,Artificial Intelligence,Electronics and Communications Engineering, Data Science and Information Technology.

After a generous donation from the Lakshmi Niwas Mittal Foundation, the institute was renamed Usha Mittal Institute of Technology.

Committees
UMIT has student chapters of a number of organisations:
SNDT Association for Computing Machinery for Women Student Chapter (ACM-W),Computer Society of India (CSI),IEEE,   and
E-Elite, National Entrepreneurship Network (NEN). The college has a National Service Scheme (NSS) unit. Recently, in 2019, UMIT started another chapter known as the Google Developer student club (GDSC) which is powered by Google. UMIT is one of the few colleges to have this club. 

UMIT also has Sports Council which conducts 'Xuberance week' as their main event and conducts many sports related fun events to encourage students to maintain their physical fitness.
In 2009, UMIT hosted the national-level conference-cum-technical festival 'Tech Tornado', organised by the SNDT ACM-W Student Chapter. The chapter sponsor is Dr. T.J. Mathew. The 2009 trophy was won by PSG Coimbatore.

The college holds an annual cultural festival, 'Arcane Illusions'. The councils also hold festivals: SNDT ACM-W Student Chapter organizes its national level fest 'Tech Tornado and Tech week' which is a 2+5 days long fest activity (hosting 72 hr hackathons) following this several other councils like CSI organizes their 2 days technical festival 'Abhivyakti' while IEEE organizes 2 days technical fest '360 Degrees'.

References

External links
 Official website

Educational institutions established in 1997
Engineering colleges in Mumbai
All India Council for Technical Education
Women's engineering colleges in India
Women's universities and colleges in Maharashtra
1997 establishments in Maharashtra
In-mould decoration. In-mould decoration, a special type of plastic molding, is used for decorating plastic surfaces with color and/or with an abrasion resistant coat.

Principle
A carrier film is placed inside the opened mould. It carries the dried paint layers which are to be transferred to the plastic part, with the paint facing the gate. After filling with plastic the paint adheres to the plastic, and is removed from the carrier when opening the mould. For the next cycle the carrier film is advanced, positioning the next area to be transferred.

Mold construction
The mould must be constructed so that the back side of the carrier film rests against a flat wall. The plastic film can be bent slightly, but the more it is bent, the greater the risk of wrinkles. The filling only takes place on the other side, the side of the carrier with the material to be transferred. The part has to stay on the side of the gate. The tips of the ejectors are usually bent slightly to ensure the parts stick to them.

Carrier film feeder
To place the carrier quickly in the mold, the carrier film is wound on a coil. The full supply roll is above the mold, and the take-up roll beneath. Usually the film feeder is attached to the moving side of the mold, to enable de-molding when opening the mold.

Cleaning of the parts
Remnants from the paint ("flakes") must be removed from the parts. This is usually done by rotating brushes.

See also 
 In-mould labelling

References 

Ornaments
Plastics
Plastics industry
Alexander Meadows Rendel. Sir Alexander Meadows Rendel,  (3 April 1829 – 23 January 1918) was an English civil engineer.

Early life
Rendel was born in Plymouth, the eldest son of the engineer James Meadows Rendel and his wife Catherine Harris.  Three of his brothers were civil engineers: George Wightwick Rendel, Stuart Rendel, 1st Baron Rendel (who was also a Liberal MP), and Hamilton Owen Rendel (who designed and supervised the installation of the steam driven compound condensing pump engines, hydraulic accumulators and hydraulic machinery that first operated the bascules of the iconic Tower Bridge in London).

He was educated at The King's School Canterbury and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Career
Rendel was the engineer of the London Dock Company in 1856, and was responsible for the Shadwell Basin, the Connaught Tunnel and the Royal Albert Dock in London, the Albert and Edinburgh Docks in Leith, Workington Dock and Harbour. In 1857-1858 he visited India, and was consulting engineer to the India Office, the East India Railway and other Indian railways, and was a member of the commission to determine narrow gauge for Indian Railways, in 1870.  

He designed the Lansdowne Bridge Rohri at Sukkur over the Indus River, which when it was completed in 1889 was the largest cantilever bridge in the world. The climax of his bridge-building career was considered to be the Howrah or Jubilee Bridge allowing trains to cross the Hooghly River near Calcutta; this was opened by the Viceroy on 21 February 1887. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in 1897.

He was the designer of Hardinge Bridge in Bangladesh.

Personal life
Rendel married Eliza Hobson (1830–1916), daughter of Captain William Hobson RN, the late first Governor of New Zealand. The ceremony was held on 27 January 1853 at the Parish Church of Stoke Damerel, Devonport by the Rev James Elliot, uncle of the bride. They had five sons and three daughters, including:

 Dr. Arthur B. Rendel, who married Elizabeth Cecilia Blair, daughter of Colonel H. F. Blair of the Royal Navy, in 1902.
 Catharine Jane Rendel, who married architect Halsey Ricardo.

Rendel died at 51 Gordon Square, London, on 23 January 1918. He is buried with his family in Brookwood Cemetery.

References

1828 births
1918 deaths
Engineers from Plymouth, Devon
English civil engineers
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
Distributor (disambiguation). A distributor is part of the ignition system of an internal combustion engine.

Distributor may also refer to:
 Any person or company engaged in distribution (marketing)
 Film distributor
 Record distributor
 Distributor (category theory) in category theory, also known as a profunctor
 Distributor road, a road which serves to move traffic from local streets to arterial roads
 Eastern Distributor, freeway in Sydney, Australia
 Western Distributor (Sydney), freeway in Sydney, Australia
 Distributor (HBC vessel), built 1924

See also
 Western Distributor (disambiguation)
 Distribution (disambiguation)
Someday (short story). "Someday" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov.  It was first published in the August 1956 issue of Infinity Science Fiction and reprinted in the collections Earth Is Room Enough (1957), The Complete Robot (1982), Robot Visions (1990), and The Complete Stories, Volume 1 (1990).

Plot summary
The story is set in a future where computers play a central role in organizing society. Humans are employed as computer operators, but they leave most of the thinking to machines. Indeed, whilst binary programming is taught at school, reading and writing have become obsolete.

The story concerns a pair of boys who dismantle and upgrade an old Bard, a child's computer whose sole function is to generate random fairy tales. The boys download a book about computers into the Bard's memory in an attempt to expand its vocabulary, but the Bard simply incorporates computers into its standard fairy tale repertoire. The story ends with the boys excitedly leaving the room after deciding to go to the library to learn "squiggles" (writing) as a means of passing secret messages to one another. As they leave, one of the boys accidentally kicks the Bard's on switch. The Bard begins reciting a new story about a poor mistreated and often ignored robot called the Bard, whose sole purpose is to tell stories, which ends with the words: "the little computer knew then that computers would always grow wiser and more powerful until someday—someday—someday—…"

External links
 
 Public domain scan of original printing
 Analysis of Story

Multivac short stories by Isaac Asimov
1956 short stories
Works originally published in Infinity Science Fiction
Thermotime switch. A thermotime switch, or TTS, is a sensor used to control the cold start enrichment process in some older fuel injection systems.  An extra injector is placed in the inlet manifold designed to feed all of the cylinders, and whilst the other injectors have flow rates controlled by pulse duration, the cold start injector stays on during the initial cold starting procedure.

This duration is controlled by the thermotime switch, which is a bimetallic strip based device placed in the water jacket or in the case of an air-cooled engine, in the engine/timing case.  When an engine first starts, the coolant temperature is cold and the bimetallic strip is closed, which in turn supplies the cold start injector with current.

A small heater coil is built into the thermotime switch, which effectively gives a timed output to the cold start injector with the timing duration dependent on the temperature of the engine.  If the engine is started whilst warm the bimetallic strip remains open due to the higher temperature, meaning the cold start routine is not entered.

References

Engine fuel system technology
Friability. In materials science, friability ( ), the condition of being friable, describes the tendency of a solid substance to break into smaller pieces under stress or contact, especially by rubbing. The opposite of friable is indurate.

Substances that are designated hazardous, such as asbestos or crystalline silica, are often said to be friable if small particles are easily dislodged and become airborne, and hence respirable (able to enter human lungs), thereby posing a health hazard.

Tougher substances, such as concrete, may also be mechanically ground down and reduced to finely divided mineral dust. However, such substances are not generally considered friable because of the degree of difficulty involved in breaking the substance's chemical bonds through mechanical means. Some substances, such as polyurethane foams, show an increase in friability with exposure to ultraviolet radiation, as in sunlight.

Friable is sometimes used metaphorically to describe "brittle" personalities who can be "rubbed" by seemingly-minor stimuli to produce extreme emotional responses.

General
A friable substance is any substance that can be reduced to fibers or finer particles by the action of a small amount of pressure or friction, such as rubbing or inadvertently brushing up against the substance. The term could also apply to any material that exhibits these properties, such as:

 Ionically bound substances that are less than 1 kg/L in density
 Clay tablets
 Crackers
 Mineral fibers
 Polyurethane (foam)
 Aerogel

Geological
Friable and indurated are terms used commonly in soft-rock geology, especially with sandstones, mudstones, and shales to describe how well the component rock fragments are held together.

Examples:
 Clumps of dried clay
 Chalk
 Perlite

Medical
The term friable is also used to describe tumors in medicine.  This is an important determination because tumors that are easily torn apart have a higher risk of malignancy and metastasis.

Examples:
 Some forms of cancer, such as atrial myxoma
 An inflamed gallbladder

Pharmaceutical

Friability testing is a laboratory technique used by the pharmaceutical industry to test the durability of tablets during transit.  This testing involves repeatedly dropping a sample of tablets over a fixed time, using a rotating wheel with a baffle. The result is inspected for broken tablets, and the percentage of tablet mass lost through chipping.  A typical specification will allow a non-zero percentage of chipping, and zero broken tablets.

See also
 Asbestos abatement
 Frangibility
 Spall

References

External links

 UK Advisory Committee Treatise On Friable Ceramic Fibres 

Materials science
Geology terminology
Tumor