omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mumbai Refinery (BPCL). Bharat Petroleum Mumbai Refinery is an oil refinery located in Wadala East, Mumbai, India.

History 
The refinery commenced operation in January 1955 under the ownership of Burmah-Shell Refineries Ltd. Following the Government's acquisition of the Burmah-Shell, name of the Refinery was changed to Bharat Refineries Limited on 1976. In August 1977, the company was given its permanent name, viz. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL).

The installed capacity of 5.25 million tonnes per year was increased to 6 million tonnes per year in 1985. The present refining capacity of the refinery is 6.9 million tonnes per year. It was expanded to 12 million tonnes per year in a Refinery Modernization Project undertaken by the company. The project added CDU/VDU, HCU, LOBS, HGU units in additions to the required utilities such as DG, Salt Water Systems etc.

References

Oil refineries in India
Economy of Mumbai
Bharat Petroleum buildings and structures
1955 establishments in Bombay State
20th-century architecture in India
Companies based in Maharashtra

Energy infrastructure completed in 1955
Nagapattnam Refinery. The Nagapattnam Refinery also known as Cauvery Basin Refinery was the second oil refinery constructed by Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited.  It is situated at Kaveri Basin at Nagapattinam. The initial unit was set up in Nagapattinam with a capacity of 0.5 million metric tonnes per annum in 1993 but later on in 2002 this was boosted to 1 million metric tonnes per annum.  LPG is separated out in a gas treating unit built in 1996.

References

Oil refineries in India
Companies based in Tamil Nadu
Energy in Tamil Nadu
Indian Oil Corporation buildings and structures
1993 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Energy infrastructure completed in 1993
Buildings and structures in Nagapattinam district
20th-century architecture in India
IAAS. IAAS can refer to the following:

Organisations
 International Association for Astronomical Studies, a youth astronomy and aerospace research group based out of Denver, Colorado with a 40+ year history of success in the youth STEM fields. 

 Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors, former name of the British professional body Association of Building Engineers
 International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures
 Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, institute of Tribhuvan University, Nepal
 International Association of Students in Agricultural and Related Sciences, Belgium-based international organisation
 Independent Academies Assured Services

Other
 Infrastructure as a service, a cloud computing service model
 Indian Audits and Accounts Service, an Indian Civil Service
Insyde Software. Insyde Software () is a company that specializes in UEFI system firmware and engineering support services, primarily for OEM and ODM computer and component device manufacturers. They are listed on the Gre Tai Market of Taiwan and headquartered in Taipei, with offices in Westborough, Massachusetts, and Portland, Oregon.

Overview

The company's product portfolio includes InsydeH2O BIOS (Insyde Software's implementation of the Intel Platform Innovation Framework for UEFI/EFI), BlinkBoot, a UEFI-based boot loader for enabling Internet of Things devices, and Supervyse, which is a full-featured systems management/BMC firmware for providing out-of-band remote management for server computers.

Insyde Software was formed when it purchased the BIOS assets of SystemSoft Corporation (NASDAQ:SYSF) in October, 1998.  Initially 
Insyde Software was a company that included investments from Intel Pacific Inc., China Development Industrial Bank, Professional Computer Technology Limited (PCT), company management and selected employees. At that time, Insyde Software's management team consisted of Jeremy Wang, Chairman (also the Chairman of PCT); Jonathan Joseph, President (a former founder of SystemSoft); Hansen Liou, the General Manager of Taiwan Operations and Asia-Pacific Sales, and Stephen Gentile, the Vice President of Marketing.

Shortly after the initial investment, the company was introduced by Intel to a new BIOS coding architecture called EFI (now UEFI) and the two companies began working together on it. In 2001, the two companies entered into a joint development agreement and Insyde's first shipment of the technology occurred in October 2003 as InsydeH2O UEFI BIOS. Since that time, UEFI has become the mainstay of Insyde's business.

On 23 January 2003, Insyde Software announced its initial public offering on the GreTai Securities Market (GTSM) based in Taipei, Taiwan.

Products

InsydeH2O UEFI BIOS

The product is a proprietary licensed UEFI BIOS firmware that supports Intel and AMD. PC manufacturers buy the BIOS source code and modify the source code to meet their specific BIOS needs. For the firmware's security vulnerabilities, the company publishes the security advisory, and provides the updates on the CVE fixes and patches to their customers.

In December 2023, Binarly (a security firm) published a set of vulnerabilities discovered on a number of bios chips which they termed "LogoFAIL", including Insyde's. The firm highlighted that malicious actors can bypass boot security protocols using the mentioned set.

See also
 List of companies of Taiwan
 BIOS features comparison

References 

Software companies established in 1998
BIOS
Software companies of Taiwan
Companies based in Taipei
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Taiwanese brands
Taiwanese companies established in 1998
2003 initial public offerings
Companies listed on the Taipei Exchange
John F. Welch Technology Centre. The John F. Welch Technology Centre (JFWTC) is the formal name of the GE Global Research and technology development site located in Whitefield, Bangalore. The JFWTC is General Electric's (GE) first and largest integrated, multidisciplinary research and development center outside the US. The center is also known as Bangalore Engineering Center or BEC. The team has more than 5,000 engineers and scientists working at the JFWTC Bangalore. It was founded by former CEO of GE John F. Welch on 17 September 2000.

Alok Nanda is the current Managing Director of JFWTC.

References

External links
Web Site of John F. Welch Technology Centre 

General Electric
Research and development organizations
Coupling (electronics). In electronics, electric power and telecommunication, coupling is the transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another, or between parts of a circuit. Coupling can be deliberate as part of the function of the circuit, or it may be undesirable, for instance due to coupling to stray fields.  For example, energy is transferred from a power source to an electrical load by means of conductive coupling, which may be either resistive or direct coupling. An AC potential may be transferred from one circuit segment to another having a DC potential by use of a capacitor. Electrical energy may be transferred from one circuit segment to another segment with different impedance by use of a transformer; this is known as impedance matching. These are examples of electrostatic and electrodynamic inductive coupling.

Types

Electrical conduction:
 Direct coupling, also called conductive coupling and galvanic coupling
 Resistive conduction
 Atmospheric plasma channel coupling

Electromagnetic induction:
 Electrodynamic induction — commonly called inductive coupling, also magnetic coupling
 Capacitive coupling
 Evanescent wave coupling

Electromagnetic radiation:
 Radio waves — Wireless telecommunications.
 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) — Sometimes called radio frequency interference (RFI), is unwanted coupling. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requires techniques to avoid such unwanted coupling, such as electromagnetic shielding.
 Microwave power transmission

Other kinds of energy coupling:
 Acoustic coupler

See also
Antenna noise temperature
Coupling loss
Aperture-to-medium coupling loss
Coupling coefficient of resonators
Directional coupler
Equilibrium length
Optocoupler
Fiber-optic coupling
Loading coil
Shield
List of electronics topics
AC Coupling
Impedance matching
Impedance bridging
Decoupling
Crosstalk
Wireless power transfer

References

Communication circuits
Electromagnetic compatibility
Electronics
Société nationale d'électricité et de thermique. Société nationale d'électricité et de thermique (SNET) is a French electricity generation and distribution company. As the inheritor of Charbonnages de France's thermal power stations, SNET have an installed capacity of 2.4 gigawatts, or around 2% of the capacity of Électricité de France.

Overview
SNET has been a competitor of EDF since the opening of the French electricity market in 1999. In September 2004, the company was acquired by the Spanish company Endesa. According to L'Humanité, this was followed by the downsizing of 30% of the staff.

In June 2008 SNET was sold to the German group E.ON. As of 2012 SNET was building several combined cycle gas turbines, the two first French ones at the thermal plant Emile Huchet in Saint-Avold in northeastern France.

See also

 Energy in France
 List of French companies

References

External links
Official Website
Green Electricity

E.ON
Energetický a průmyslový holding
Electric power companies of France
Outrigger Macintosh. The Outrigger is a style of Apple Macintosh desktop computer case designed for easy access. Outrigger cases were used on the Power Macintosh 7200, 7300, 7500, 7600 and Power Macintosh G3 Desktop computers from August 1995 to December 1998.

The logic board is mounted at the bottom of the case, with drive bays and a power supply in a separate fold-out section that swings aside as one piece and props open. This allows unfettered access to logic board connections such as the memory, Central processing unit, VRAM and drive/power connections without a screwdriver. The PCI slots were located on the left edge of the case and covered only by a plastic shield, making them accessible without lifting the drive bay assembly.

Apple's next Power Macintosh case design as used in the Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White) would also provide easy user access (although the motherboard and power-supply are significantly more difficult to replace).

References

Macintosh case designs
The Internet Adapter. The Internet Adapter (TIA) was software created by Cyberspace Development in 1993 to allow Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) connections over a shell account. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) was added in 1995, by which time the software was marketed and sold by Intermind of Seattle. Shell accounts normally only allow the use of command line or text-based software, but by logging into a shell account and starting the TIA daemon, a user could then run any TCP/IP-based application, including standard GUI software such as the then-popular Netscape Navigator on their computer. This was especially useful at the time because simple shell accounts were much less expensive than full SLIP/PPP accounts. TIA was ported to a large number of unix or unix-like systems.

Usage of TIA declined rapidly with the advent of inexpensive PPP-enabled consumer-level dial-up access. Also, competition from alternatives such as the free software Slirp cut its market share. Cyberspace Development later sold its domain name and its owners went on to other projects while Intermind moved on to Push technology and automated data delivery.

References

Internet Protocol based network software
1993 software
DBDMH. DBDMH (also known as 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin) is an organic compound derived from the heterocycle called dimethylhydantoin. This white crystalline compound with a slight bromine odor is widely used as a disinfectant used for drinking water purification, recreational water treatment, as a bleaching agent in pulp and paper mills, and for treating industrial/commercial water cooling systems.  Its action does not involve the use of hypochlorous acid.

Mechanism of action
1,3-Dibromo-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin is a source of bromine, which is equivalent to hypobromous acid (HOBr). 
Br2X  +  2 H2O   →   2 HOBr  +  H2X
(Where H2X is 5,5-dimethylhydantoin)

With a pKa of 8.6, hypobromous acid partially dissociates in water:
HOBr  ⇌ H+  +  BrO−

Hypobromous acid serves as a source of "Br+," which produces bromide ions in the process of disinfection:
HOBr + live pathogens → Br− + dead pathogens

The resulting bromide ions can then undergo oxidation to hypobromous acid in the presence of an oxidizer of sufficient strength e.g. ozone, hypochlorous acid, potassium monopersulfate. This reoxidation process is commonly called "activation" of the bromide ion:
Br−  +  HOCl   →   HOBr  +  Cl−

References

External links
 MSDS

Disinfectants
Organobromides
Hydantoins
Thin. Thin may refer to:
 a lean body shape. (See also: emaciation, underweight)
 Thin (film), a 2006 HBO documentary about eating disorders
 Paper Thin (disambiguation), referring to multiple songs
  Thin (web server), a Ruby web-server based on Mongrel
Thin (name)

See also
 
 
 Thin client, a computer in a client-server architecture network.
 Thin film, a material layer of about 1 μm thickness.
 Thin-film deposition, any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers
 Thin film memory, high-speed variation of core memory developed by Sperry Rand in a government-funded research project
 Thin-film optics, the branch of optics that deals with very thin structured layers of different materials
 Thin layer chromatography (TLC), a chromatography technique used in chemistry to separate chemical compounds
 Thin layers (oceanography), congregations of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water column
 Thin lens, lens with a thickness that is negligible compared to the focal length of the lens in optics
 Thin Lizzy, Irish rock band formed in Dublin in 1969
 Thin Man (disambiguation)
 The Thin Blue Line (disambiguation) 
 Thin capitalisation
Error Detection and Handling. In television technology, Error Detection and Handling (EDH) protocol is an optional but commonly used addition to the Standard Definition-Serial Digital Interface (SDI) standard. This protocol allows an SD-SDI receiver to verify that each field of video is received correctly.

The SD-SDI transmitter calculates two CRC values for each video field—one corresponding to the active picture, and corresponding to the entire field (excluding the switching lines)--and places them in an EDH ancillary data packet. The EDH packet is inserted at a specific location in each field of video. The SD-SDI receiver also generates the same two CRC values for each field and compares them against the CRC values in the received EDH packet to determine if each field of video is received without errors.  The EDH packet also contains bits to signal that a prior link in a broadcast or transmission chain contained an error; equipment which receives a video signal with an incorrect CRC, and retransmits the signal, is expected to re-insert the correct CRC (which may be different if the equipment alters the video signal in any way) and set the flag indicating a prior error.  This feature makes it easier to determine which link, in a multi-link chain, was the source of the error.

The EDH protocol does not provide for error correction, only error detection. Also, there is no mechanism in SD-SDI to allow a field containing errors to be retransmitted. EDH is used primarily to assist in identifying faulty equipment in a video chain so that it can be quickly replaced or repaired. 

EDH is not used with high definition video, as the HD serial digital interface includes a mandatory embedded CRC for each line.

The SD-SDI EDH protocol is defined by SMPTE RP 165-1994 and the equivalent ITU standard ITU-R BT.1304

See also 

 error detection and correction

External links 
Error detection and handling in digital television
An Error Measurement Method for Television
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers: Recommend Practice 165-1994: Error Detection and Handling.  Available for purchase at the SMPTE website

.

Serial digital interface
Digital television
ITU-R recommendations
List of Douglas A-1 Skyraider operators. The Douglas A-1 Skyraider, a single-seat attack bomber was operated by eight countries outside of the main user - the United States.

Operators

Cambodia
Khmer Royal Aviation (AVRK)

Central African Republic
Central African Republic Air Force

Chad
 
Chad Air Force

France
Armée de l'Air
 Escadron 2/20 Ouarsenis
 Escadron 1/20 Aures-Nementchas
 Escadron 3/20 Oranie
 Escadron d'Appui Aerien 1/21
 Escadron de Marche 2/21
 Escadrille Legere d'Appui Aerien 1/22 Ain

Gabon
Garde Présidentielle - Presidential Guard

South Vietnam

Republic of Vietnam Air Force
 514th Fighter Squadron (formerly 1st Fighter Squadron)
 516th Fighter Squadron (formerly 2nd Fighter Squadron)
 518th Fighter Squadron
 520th Fighter Squadron
 522nd Fighter Squadron
 524th Fighter Squadron
 530th Fighter Squadron

Sweden

Svensk Flygtjänst AB operated 14 ex-Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Skyraiders, modified for use as target tugs for the Swedish Air Force.

United Kingdom
The Royal Navy received 50 AD-4Ws  which were given the designation Skyraider AEW.1 These were used from 1951 until 1962.
Fleet Air Arm
849 Naval Air Squadron
778 Naval Air Squadron (RNAS Culdrose, aircrew training 1951-1952)

United States

United States Air Force
 1st Air Commando Squadron, Composite (later 1st Air Commando, Fighter; and 1st Special Operations Squadron) "Hobo"
 6th Special Operations Squadron "Spad"
 22d Special Operations Squadron "Zorro"
 602d Air Commando Squadron (later 602d Fighter Squadron (Commando); and 602d Special Operations Squadron) "Firefly"
 4407th Combat Crew Training Squadron

United States Navy
 VA-1L
 VFAW-4
 VAW-11
 VAW-12
 VAW-13
 VA-3: VA-3B/VA-44 (AD-1)
 VA-4:  VA-4B/VA-45 (AD-1)
 VA-15
 VA-16
 VA-19A: VA-19A (AD-1)
 VA-24
 VA-25 (A-1H) 
 VAQ-33 (EA-1F)
 VA-34
 VA-35
 VA-42
 VA-45
 VA-52 (A-1H)
 VA-54
 VA-55 (AD-4)
 VA-64
 VA-65
 VA-74
 VA-75
 VA-85
 VA-95
 VA-104
 VA-105
 VA-114
 VA-115
 VA-122
 VA-125
 VA-126
 VA-135
 VA-145 (A-1H)
 VA-152
 VA-154
 VA-155
 VA-165
 VA-174
 VA-175
 VA-176 (A-1H)
 VA-195
 VA-196
 VA-215

United States Marine Corps

Note - only VMA-121, VMA-251 and VMC-1 flew the AD-1 during combat missions in the Korean War.
 VMC-1
 VMC-2
 VMC-3
 VMAT-10
 VMAT-20
 VMA-121 (AD-3)
 VMA-211
 VMA-212
 VMA-225
 VMA-251
 VMA-324
 VMA-331
 VMA-332

Vietnam
 
Vietnam operated some captured South Vietnamese aircraft.
Vietnam People's Air Force (also known as the North Vietnam Air Force)

References 

 Abledogs: List of Navy and Air Force Squadrons
Notes

Bibliography

Lists of military units and formations by aircraft
A-1 Skyraider
Overflow flag. In computer processors, the overflow flag (sometimes called the V flag) is usually a single bit in a system status register used to indicate when an arithmetic overflow has occurred in an operation, indicating that the signed two's-complement result would not fit in the number of bits used for the result. Some architectures may be configured to automatically generate an exception on an operation resulting in overflow.

An example, suppose we add 127 and 127 using 8-bit registers. 127+127 is 254, but using 8-bit arithmetic the result would be 1111 1110 binary, which is the two's complement encoding of −2, a negative number. A negative sum of positive operands (or vice versa) is an overflow. The overflow flag would then be set so the program can be aware of the problem and mitigate this or signal an error. The overflow flag is thus set when the most significant bit (here considered the sign bit) is changed by adding two numbers with the same sign (or subtracting two numbers with opposite signs). Overflow cannot occur when the sign of two addition operands are different (or the sign of two subtraction operands are the same).

When binary values are interpreted as unsigned numbers, the overflow flag is meaningless and normally ignored.  One of the advantages of two's complement arithmetic is that the addition and subtraction operations do not need to distinguish between signed and unsigned operands.  For this reason, most computer instruction sets do not distinguish between signed and unsigned operands, generating both (signed) overflow and (unsigned) carry flags on every operation, and leaving it to following instructions to pay attention to whichever one is of interest.

Internally, the overflow flag is usually generated by an exclusive or of the internal carry into and out of the sign bit.

Bitwise operations (and, or, xor, not, rotate) do not have a notion of signed overflow, so the defined value varies on different processor architectures. Some processors clear the bit unconditionally (which is useful because bitwise operations set the sign flag, and the clear overflow flag then indicates that the sign flag is valid), others leave it unchanged, and some set it to an undefined value. Shifts and multiplies do permit a well-defined value, but it is not consistently implemented. For example, the x86 instruction set only defines the overflow flag for multiplies and 1-bit shifts; multi-bit shifts leave it undefined.

References

Computer arithmetic
Rotational temperature. The characteristic rotational temperature ( or ) is commonly used in statistical thermodynamics to simplify the expression of the rotational partition function and the rotational contribution to molecular thermodynamic properties. It has units of temperature and is defined as

where   is the rotational constant,  is a molecular moment of inertia,  is the Planck constant,  is the speed of light,  is the reduced Planck constant and  is the Boltzmann constant.

The physical meaning of  is as an estimate of the temperature at which thermal energy (of the order of ) is comparable to the spacing between rotational energy levels (of the order of ). At about this temperature the population of excited rotational levels becomes important. Some typical values are given in the table. In each case the value refers to the most common isotopic species.

References

See also
Rotational spectroscopy
Vibrational temperature
Vibrational spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy

Atomic physics
Molecular physics