1996 Croatia USAF CT-43 crash. On 3 April  1996, a United States Air Force Boeing CT-43A (Flight IFO-21) crashed on approach to Dubrovnik, Croatia, while on an official trade mission. The aircraft, a Boeing 737-200 originally built as T-43A navigational trainer and later converted into a CT-43A executive transport aircraft, was carrying United States Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown and 34 other people, including corporate CEOs. While attempting an instrument approach to Dubrovnik Airport, the airplane crashed into a mountainside. An Air Force technical sergeant, Shelly Kelly, was the stewardess and the only passenger who survived the initial impact; she died en route to a hospital.

The aircraft was operated by the 76th Airlift Squadron of the 86th Airlift Wing, based at Ramstein Air Base in Germany. Unlike commercial 737s, the military CT-43A version was equipped with neither a flight data recorder nor a cockpit voice recorder.

Investigation

The official US Air Force accident investigation board report noted several reasons that led the Boeing CT-43A, callsign "IFO-21" (short for Implementation Force), to crash. Chief among the findings was a "failure of command, aircrew error and an improperly designed instrument approach procedure".

The Boeing CT-43A used for this flight was formerly a T-43A navigator training aircraft that was converted for distinguished visitor travel. The flight was on an instrument flight rules non-directional beacon (NDB) approach, which is a non-precision type of instrument approach, to Runway 12 when it strayed off course. Non-precision approaches are those that do not incorporate vertical guidance. While NDB approaches are essentially obsolete in the United States, they are still used widely in other parts of the world. Because of their infrequent use in the United States, many American pilots are not fully proficient in performing them (a NASA survey showed that 60% of American transport-rated pilots had not flown an NDB approach in the last year). The investigation board determined that the approach used was not approved for Department of Defense aircraft, and should not have been used by the aircraft crew. The board determined that the particular NDB approach used required two operating ADFs, the instrument used to fly such an approach, on board the aircraft, but this aircraft only had one ADF installed. To successfully fly the approach, one ADF was required to track the outbound course of 119° from the Koločep NDB (KLP), while another ADF was required to observe when the aircraft had flown beyond the Cavtat NDB (CV), which marked the missed approach point. Further, the board noted that the approach was rushed. The aircraft passed the final approach fix at  above the proper approach speed and had not received the proper clearance from the control tower to initiate the approach.

The crash site, on a  hill, was  northeast of where the aircraft should have been on the inbound course to the NDB. The published NDB approach brings the inbound aircraft down a valley, and has a minimum descent height of  at the missed approach point (where they should have climbed and turned to the right if the runway was not in view), which is below the elevation of the hills to the north. The runway is at  above sea level. Five other aircraft had landed prior to the CT-43A and had not experienced any problems with the navigational aids. No emergency call from the pilots occurred, and they did not initiate a missed approach, though they were beyond the missed approach point when they hit the hill at 2:57 pm local time.

Each country is responsible for publishing the approach charts, including minimum descent heights, for its airports, and the investigators noted that the minimum in mountainous terrain in the United States is , as compared to the  on the chart given to the crew of IFO-21. It was a requirement of the US Air Force to review and approve all charts, and to ban flights into airports for which the charts did not meet American aviation standards. The commander of the 86th Operations Group, Col. John E. Mazurowski, revealed that he had requested (but not yet received) approval to waive the review for Dubrovnik, as the approach had worked for years, and the delay of a full review could hamper the interests of the American diplomatic mission.

Victims
Thirty-five people—six military crewmembers and twenty-nine civilians—died in the crash or from their injuries. Technical Sergeant Shelly Ann Kelly, who survived the initial accident, died later that night while being transported to hospital. Thirty-three of the victims were Americans and two were Croatians. Twelve Department of Commerce officials, including Secretary Brown, were among the deceased.

Government officials 
 Ron Brown, Secretary of Commerce
 Duane Christian, security officer to the Secretary of Commerce
 Adam Darling, confidential assistant to the Secretary of Commerce
 Gail Dobert, Deputy Director for the Office of Business Liaison
 Carol Hamilton, Press Secretary to the Secretary of Commerce
 Kathryn Hoffman, senior advisor for strategic scheduling and special initiatives to the Secretary of Commerce
 Steve Kaminski, Counselor to the Secretary of Commerce
 Kathy Kellogg, Office of Business Liaison official
 Charles Meissner, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for international trade
 William Morton, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for international economic development
 Lawrence Payne, Foreign Service officer
 Naomi Warbasse, international trade specialist with the Department of Commerce

Businesspeople 
 Barry L. Conrad, chairman and CEO of Barrington Group 
 Paul Cushman III, chairman and CEO of Riggs International Banking Corp. 
 Robert E. Donovan, president and CEO of ABB Inc.
 Claudio Elia, chairman and CEO of Air & Water Technologies Corp.
 David Ford, president and CEO of InterGuard Corp. of Guardian International
 Frank Maier, president of Enserch International Ltd
 Walter Murphy, senior vice president of AT&T Submarine Systems Inc.
 Leonard Pieroni, chairman and CEO of Parsons Corp.
 John A. Scoville, chairman of Harza Engineering Co.
 Donald Terner, president of Bridge Housing Corp.
 Stuart Tholan, high-ranking Bechtel executive
 Robert A. Whittaker, chairman and CEO of Foster Wheeler Energy International

Flight crew 
 Captain Ashley Davis, pilot
 Captain Tim Shafer, pilot
 Staff Sergeant Gerald Aldrich, flight mechanic
 Technical Sergeant Cheryl Turnege, steward
 Technical Sergeant Shelly Ann Kelly, steward
 Staff Sergeant Robert Farrington Jr., steward

The crew consisted of pilot Captain Ashley "AJ" Davis, aged 35, employed by the U.S. Air Force since 1989, who had qualified to fly the Boeing CT-43 in 1992 and accumulated 2,942 flight hours in his career with 582 hours on the Boeing CT-43; and co-pilot Captain Timothy Shafer, aged 33, employed by the U.S. Air Force since 1988, with 2,835 flight hours of which 1,676 hours were on the Boeing CT-43.

Outcomes
Dubrovnik Airport was singled out for an improperly designed approach and landing procedure.

A number of US Air Force (USAF) officers were found to have contributed to a failure of command.  The general commanding the 86th Airlift Wing, Brig. Gen. William E. Stevens, vice-commander Col. Roger W. Hansen, and the commander of the 86th Operations Group, Col. John E. Mazurowski, were all relieved of their posts. Mazurowski was later found guilty of a dereliction of duties and was demoted to major, while 12 other officers were reprimanded.

The USAF ordered all military aircraft to be equipped with a flight data recorder and a cockpit voice recorder.

American military aircraft are no longer allowed to fly into airports without explicit approval from the United States Department of Defense, not even for high-ranking diplomatic missions.

Legacy
The area of the crash site is identified by a large stainless steel cross on Stražišće peak. Hikers can reach the peak via the "Ronald Brown Path", which is named in commemoration of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce who died in the crash.

A memorial room has been installed in the Ronald Brown memorial house in the old city of Dubrovnik. It features portraits of the crash victims as well as a guest book.

The head of navigation at Dubrovnik Airport, Niko Jerkuić, was found dead three days after the accident with a bullet wound to his chest. The police investigation concluded that the case was a suicide.

In popular culture
The crash of IFO-21 was covered in "Fog of War", an episode from the fourth season (2007) of the internationally syndicated Canadian TV documentary series Mayday.

References

Further reading

External links

 USAF accident report 
 

1996 disasters in Croatia
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Original
Accidents and incidents involving United States Air Force aircraft
April 1996 in Europe
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1996
Aviation accidents and incidents in Croatia
Aviation accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Croatia–United States military relations
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error