omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hypercar (concept car). The Hypercar is a  design concept car developed by energy analyst Amory Lovins at the Rocky Mountain Institute.  This vehicle would have ultra-light construction with an aerodynamic body using advanced composite materials, low-drag design, and hybrid drive.  Designers of the Hypercar claim that it would achieve a three- to five-fold improvement in fuel economy, equal or better performance, safety, amenity, and affordability, compared with today's cars.

History
In 1994, the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) founded the Hypercar Center to help prove its technical feasibility and commercial reality. The concept was placed in the public domain to maximize competition in capturing its market and manufacturing advantages. The "Hypercar" would be a "hybrid electric/hydrogen-fuelled family vehicle that had only a few parts, was made of lightweight carbon but was stronger than steel, used existing technologies, weighed half a normal car of its size, and could travel the equivalent of 300 miles to the gallon. It was designed to have next to no emissions and, using its batteries, could become a power plant on wheels when parked, eliminating the need for nuclear or coal-power stations".

In 1999, RMI took this process a step further by launching a for-profit venture, Hypercar Inc. This independent company, in which RMI has a minority interest, is now taking the lead in advancing key areas of Hypercar research and development.

In 2004, Hypercar Inc. changed its name to Fiberforge to better reflect the company's new goal of lowering the cost of high-volume advanced-composite structures by leveraging the patents of David F. Taggart, one of the founders of Hypercar, Inc.

Lovins says the commercialisation of the Hypercar began in 2014, with the production of the all-carbon electric BMW i3 family and the 313 miles per gallon Volkswagen XL1.

See also

 Hybrid vehicles
 Green vehicle
 Supercar
 Twike
 Volkswagen 1-litre car
 Winning the Oil Endgame

References

External links
Hypercars
David F. Taggart
"Tilting at Energy Windmills", The Wall Street Journal, 25 July 2005.
Top 10 Hyper Cars

Green vehicles
City cars
Hybrid electric cars
Lola 8. Lola 8 is a computer developed by Ivo Lola Ribar Institute of SR Serbia in 1982 and announced for release in 1985. As the manufacturer's focus was CNC equipment, Lola 8 was built out of components they used for CNC machines.

Originally likely designed as the industrial controller, the computer initially had a keyboard completely orthogonally laid out rectangular key caps. This was possibly done as a result of using standard CNC keyboard components that need to minimize the entry of environmental dirt into the system. Later designs (model "8A") used standard keyboard arrangement and were available in a number of schools as educational computers.

Specifications
 CPU: Intel 8085
 ROM: 16 KB containing BASIC, 24 KB on Lola 8A 
 RAM: 6 KB, 16KB on Lola 8A 
 Storage: cassette tape
 Graphics: 320x200 on Lola 8A
 Sound: AY-3-8912 on Lola 8A
 I/O ports: cassette tape interface, composite and RF video out, audio and expansion connector

References

Personal computers
Computer-related introductions in 1985
Donald Mackay (scientist). Donald Mackay  (30 October 1936 – 20 October 2023) was a Scottish-born Canadian scientist and engineer specializing in environmental chemistry.

Life and career
Donald Mackay was born on 30 October 1936. He was a member of the faculty of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry at the University of Toronto and the founding director of the Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre at Trent University. He has developed several multimedia fugacity models. He has stressed that principles of good practice also need to be adopted for chemical assessments, especially in a regulatory context.

In 2004, Mackay was invested as an Officer of the Order of Canada for having "greatly contributed to the quality and our stewardship of the global environment". In 2004, he was also invested into the Order of Ontario for "his outstanding contributions to environmental science".

Mackay died at the Peterborough Regional Health Centre on 20 October 2023, at the age of 86.

References 

1936 births
2023 deaths
Canadian chemists
Environmental scientists
Members of the Order of Ontario
Officers of the Order of Canada
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Canadian engineers
Environmental engineers
Scientists from Glasgow
David Levy (inventor). David Levy (born December 30, 1962) is an inventor with more than a dozen patents. He also served as "Inventor in Residence" to Arthur D. Little Consulting. He received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering with a concentration in architecture and master's degree in mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1987 and a doctorate in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1997. Between degrees he worked for five years at Apple, replacing the Trackball with the first Touchpad and repositioning the laptop keyboard from the front to the back.

He is a native of Manhattan Beach, California and lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for many years, but as of 2010 has been a resident of Berkeley, California.

In 1989, he started his first company TH Inc., without venture capital to license his own patents.

In 1999, Levy started a company called Digit Wireless, with the help of angel investors and venture capital, ultimately raising $21 million. Digit Wireless was started with the purpose of developing Levy's Fastap keypad technology for cell phones/PDA devices. As of 2007, there were three Fastap-enabled cell phones introduced in North America—two in Canada and one in the United States. In 2003, he invented the concept of tracing a finger over the image of a QWERTY keyboard to indicate which word the user is trying to type, for which he received US patent 7,175,438. Digit Wireless was sold to Nuance Communications in March, 2010.

In 2013 he joined Innovate America, LLC, a Boston-based biotechnology startup as a business consultant. Levy restructured the company and renamed it "OH2 Laboratories", then to focus exclusively on monetizing a collection of patents on solubilizing G-Protein Coupled Receptors, a technology invented by Shuguang Zhang PhD and licensed from MIT. The OH2 business plan is to use solubilized GPCRs as a new path to drug discovery, especially monoclonal antibodies.

Inventions
 Peelables—layered self-adhering labels that peel off to uncover new ones, licensed to 3M and BASF for video cassettes and computer diskettes. 
 Fastap keypad, formerly known as OneTouch. Recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's smallest keypad
 Wedgie bicycle seat lock, to prevent bicycle seats from being stolen. Licensed by Kryponite Corp, but not developed into a product.
 Trace Fast Typing Method (US Patent 7175438) - Acquired by Nuance Communications.
 Improved Vascular Splicing Method" using biocompatible O-rings to minimize blood contamination and reduce the time to seal blood vessels during surgery; 
 Pass-It TV remote control, designed to be thrown around like a football (co-invented with 1997 Lemelson-MIT Student Prize winner Nathan Kane).

References

External links
 MIT.edu
 http://www.digitwireless.com

21st-century American inventors
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
1962 births
IBM Secure Blue. Secure Blue is a type of computer hardware designed by IBM that enables data encryption to be built into a microprocessor. It can be added to existing processors, and encrypts and decrypts data as it passes through them, without requiring any power from the processors themselves.  Possible uses of the technology are to protect data on stolen devices and enforcement of digital rights management (DRM).

See also
Disk encryption hardware

References

External links
 Official Announcement
 
 http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091227112644/http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research_projects.nsf/pages/spt.index.html

SecureBlue
Ivo Lola Ribar Institute. Ivo Lola Ribar Institute () is a Serbian manufacturer of heavy machine tools, robotics, industrial equipment and industrial computers, headquartered in Belgrade, Serbia.

History
Ivo Lola Ribar Institute was founded in 1963 by decree of the Government of Serbia. It has been named after People's Hero of Yugoslavia Ivo Lola Ribar, the youngest son of Ivan Ribar. 

In current form, the institute operates since 31 December 1985. During the 1980s, it was one of the leading technology institutes in former Yugoslavia.

See also
 Lola 8 – computer developed by Ivo Lola Ribar Institute
 PA512 and LPA512 – industrial controllers developed by ILR
 History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia
 List of computer systems from Yugoslavia

References

External links
Ivo Lola Ribar Institute

Machine manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Belgrade
Computer hardware companies
Computer companies of Serbia
1963 establishments in Serbia
Electronics companies established in 1963
Plastic hinge. In the structural engineering beam theory, plastic hinge is  the deformation of a section of a beam where plastic bending occurs. In earthquake engineering plastic hinge is also a type of energy damping device allowing plastic rotation [deformation] of an otherwise rigid column connection.

Plastic behaviour
In plastic limit analysis of structural members subjected to bending, it is assumed that an abrupt transition from elastic to ideally plastic behaviour occurs at a certain value of moment, known as plastic moment (Mp). Member behaviour between Myp and Mp is considered to be elastic.  When Mp is reached, a plastic hinge is formed in the member. In contrast to a frictionless hinge permitting free rotation, it is postulated that the plastic hinge allows large rotations to occur at constant plastic moment Mp.

Plastic hinges extend along short lengths of beams. Actual values of these lengths depend on cross-sections and load distributions.  But detailed analyses have shown that it is sufficiently accurate to consider beams rigid-plastic, with plasticity confined to plastic hinges at points. While this assumption is sufficient for limit state analysis, finite element formulations are available to account for the spread of plasticity along plastic hinge lengths.

By inserting a plastic hinge at a plastic limit load into a statically determinate beam, a kinematic mechanism permitting an unbounded displacement of the system can be formed. It is known as the collapse mechanism. For each degree of static indeterminacy of the beam, an additional plastic hinge must be added to form a collapse mechanism.

References

Building engineering
Structural engineering
Plastic moment. In structural engineering, the plastic moment (Mp) is a property of a structural section. It is defined as the moment at which the entire cross section has reached its yield stress. This is theoretically the maximum bending moment that the section can resist – when this point is reached a plastic hinge is formed and any load beyond this point will result in theoretically infinite plastic deformation. In practice most materials are work-hardened resulting in increased stiffness and moment resistance until the material fails. This is of little significance in structural mechanics as the deflection prior to this occurring is considered to be an earlier failure point in the member.

In general, the method to calculate  first requires calculation of the plastic section modulus  and then to substitute this into the following formula:

 

For example, the plastic moment for a rectangular section can be calculated with the following formula:

 

where

  is the width
  is the height 
  is the yield stress

The plastic moment for a given section will always be larger than the yield moment (the bending moment at which the first part of the sections reaches the yield stress).

See also
Structural engineering theory
Plasticity (physics)

References

Building engineering
Jan Bašta. Jan Bašta  (5 June 1860 in Poděbrady - 12 October 1936 in Prague) was a famous Czech engineer, writer, and researcher. He became director of Czech railways in 1918.

External links
 Literature of and about Jan Bašta in the German National Library

Czech engineers
Czech male writers
1860 births
1936 deaths
Czechoslovak engineers
Writers from Austria-Hungary
Engineers from Austria-Hungary
Comparison of issue-tracking systems. Notable issue tracking systems, including bug tracking systems, help desk and service desk issue tracking systems, as well as asset management systems, include the following. The comparison includes client-server application, distributed and hosted systems.

General 

System names listed with a light purple background are no longer in active development.

Features

Input interfaces

Notification interfaces

Revision control system integration

Authentication methods

Containers

See also 
 Comparison of help desk issue tracking software
 List of personal information managers
 Comparison of project management software
 Networked Help Desk
 OSS through Java

Notes

References

External links 

Issue tracking systems
Beamrider. Beamrider is a fixed shooter written for the Intellivision by David Rolfe and published by Activision in 1983. The game was ported to the Atari 2600 (with a slightly reduced feature set), Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit computers, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, and MSX.

Gameplay

Beamrider takes place above Earth's atmosphere, where a large alien shield called the Restrictor Shield surrounds the Earth.  The player's objective is to clear the Shield's 99 sectors of alien craft while piloting the Beamrider ship.  The Beamrider is equipped with a short-range laser lariat and a limited supply of torpedoes.  The player is given three at the start of each sector.

To clear a sector, fifteen enemy ships must be destroyed.  A "Sentinel ship" will then appear, which can be destroyed using a torpedo (if any remain) for bonus points.  Some enemy ships can only be destroyed with torpedoes, and some must simply be dodged.  Occasionally during a sector, "Yellow Rejuvenators" (extra lives) appear.  They can be picked up for an extra ship, but if they are shot they will transform into ship-damaging debris.

Activision offered a Beamrider patch to players who could get to Sector 14 with 40,000 points and sent in a screenshot of their accomplishment.

Reception
The Deseret News in 1984 gave the ColecoVision version of Beamrider three stars, describing it as "basically a slide-and-shoot space game."

A reviewer for Your Commodore described the Commodore 64 version of the game as "a really good, wholesome arcade zapping game."

See also

List of Activision games: 1980–1999
 Radar Scope (1979)
 Juno First (1983)

References

External links

Several versions of Beamrider emulated on the browser at the Internet Archive

1983 video games
Fixed shooters
Atari 2600 games
Atari 5200 games
Atari 8-bit computer games
ColecoVision games
Commodore 64 games
Intellivision games
MSX games
ZX Spectrum games
Activision games
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games
Yoke (disambiguation). A yoke is a device borne across the shoulders of animals or humans, for example to harness draught animals together, or to assist humans (see carrying pole) in transporting heavy or awkward burdens.

Yoke may also refer to:

 Yoke (aeronautics), the "wheel" that controls the ailerons and elevator on aircraft
 Yoke (unit of measurement) used in the time of the Domesday Book for tax purposes in Kent
 Yoke (clothing), part of the construction of a garment
 Yoke (Lake District), a high point in Cumbria, England
 Yoke Island, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica
 Yoke language, spoken by about 200 people in Papua, Indonesia
 Deflection yoke, a device to divert the electron beam in a cathode ray tube
 Scotch yoke, a mechanism converting rotary motion to reciprocating motion or vice versa
 Six pack yoke, a plastic holder for beverage cans
 "Yoke", a song by Basement from their 2011 album I Wish I Could Stay Here
 Yoke, part of a motorcycle fork
 A nickname given by hobbyist for Yokomo
 A connector used in a stage lighting instrument
 Ring yoke, the frame to which magnets are attached in a field coil
 SCUBA diving yoke, an A-clamp connector
 A nuclear test in Operation Sandstone
 A slang term for the drug MDMA, better known as "ecstasy"
 A mounting strap used to secure a wiring device to an electrical box.
 Irish, slang for any device, unusual object, or gadget: "Where's the yoke for opening boxes?"

See also
 Yokes (disambiguation)
 Yolk, the nutrient-bearing portion of an egg
Wing dam. A wing dam or wing dike is a man-made barrier that, unlike a conventional dam, only extends partway into a river. These structures force water into a fast-moving center channel which reduces the rate of sediment accumulation, while slowing water flow near the riverbanks.

The Mississippi River in North America has thousands of wing dams which were originally constructed to reduce the amount of dredging required when the main navigation channel was maintained to at least . Since that time, additional conventional dams have been built to increase the water level in the river, doubling the depth of the navigation channel to . The wing dams still serve their purpose, but to a lesser extent than before.

While wing dams assist in assuring that rivers are navigable, they can also pose a threat to boaters. Many wing dams are often underwater and may be difficult to see, and can easily be struck by vessels. On the other hand, fishermen intentionally fish the quieter waters downstream of wing dams.

The action of wing dams is complex. Where they are installed, sediment is removed from the center of the river, but sediment is also carried further down the river where it has secondary effects. Some researchers believe that flooding is increased by wing dams; a 2013 theoretical analysis predicts that wing dams may lead to water level lowering for in-bank flows and to water level increases for out-of-bank (flood) flows.

See also
Groyne 
Weir

References

Dams by type
Water transport infrastructure
Nautical terminology
Digital Satellite Service. Digital Satellite System is the initialism expansion of the DSS digital satellite television transmission system used by DirecTV. Only when digital transmission was introduced did direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television become popular in North America, which has led to both DBS and DSS being used interchangeably to refer to all three commonplace digital transmission formats; DSS, DVB-S and 4DTV. Analog DBS services, however, existed prior to DirecTV and were still operational in continental Europe until April 2012.

At the time of DirecTV's launch in 1994, the DVB-S digital satellite system in use in the majority of the world had not yet been standardised, the Thomson developed DSS system was used instead. 

While functionally similar in DVB-S – MPEG 2 video, MPEG-1 Layer II or AC3 audio, QPSK modulation, and identical error correction (Reed–Solomon coding and Viterbi forward error correction), the transport stream and information tables are entirely different from those of DVB. Also unlike DVB, all DSS receivers are proprietary DirecTV reception units.

DirecTV is now using a modified version of DVB-S2, the latest version of the DVB-S protocol, for HDTV services off the SPACEWAY-1, SPACEWAY-2, DirecTV-10 and DirecTV-11 satellites; however, huge numbers of DSS encoded channels still remain. The ACM  modulation scheme used by DirecTV prevents regular DVB-S2 demodulators from receiving the signal although the data carried are regular MPEG-4 transport streams.

See also
 Direct Broadcast Satellite

References

External links
DSS, the "Other Other" MPEG-2 system

Satellite television
Digital television
Sigmund Borgundvåg. Sigmund Borgundvåg (born 16 February 1939, in Selje) is a Norwegian naval architect of offshore vessels including platform supply ships and deep-sea tugs.

Biography
He worked as a naval architect for Ulstein Group (beginning in 1964) and then after its acquisition for Rolls-Royce, where he was chief naval architect from 1970 to 2006. In 1974 he designed one of the first Norwegian offshore supply ships. He is known for the concept of UT-Design, the basis of numerous off-shore vessels of varying sub-types. He was responsible for the construction of more than 600 vessels, of which 500 used UT-Design, including the Abeille Bourbon salvage tug.

He lives in Ulsteinvik.

References

1939 births
Living people
Norwegian engineers
N-Wagen. The n-Wagen ("n-coaches") are a type of passenger coach used by Deutsche Bundesbahn and subsequently Deutsche Bahn. With two double-leafed doors per side to enable a high passenger throughput rate, the coaches were conceived for short dwell times in commuter and regional transit. Succeeding the yl-coaches, 5,000 units were built from 1958 to 1981, with some remaining in service still today.

Origin of the name
The UIC classification identifier letter "n" is an abbreviation for Nahverkehr ("local transit"); the complete description is local transit passenger coach (Nahverkehrswagen) with a length of over 24.5 metres, open coach with centre aisle in 2nd class, centre aisle or side corridor in 1st class, two centre doors, with 36-pole control cable for push-pull operations.

The term Silberling (from German Silber, "silver") derives from the coaches' stainless steel body, which was originally unpainted, giving them a unique silver look.

Technical data

Type overview

 Indicator z: Central control (Zugsammelschiene)
 Indicator r: disc brakes

See also
Rail transport in Germany
History of rail transport in Germany

Railway coaches of Germany