omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Xenon trioxide. Xenon trioxide is an unstable compound of xenon in its +6 oxidation state. It is a very powerful oxidizing agent, and liberates oxygen from water slowly, accelerated by exposure to sunlight. It is dangerously explosive upon contact with organic materials. When it detonates, it releases xenon and oxygen gas.

Chemistry
Synthesis of xenon trioxide is by aqueous hydrolysis of :
 + 3  →  + 6 HF

The resulting xenon trioxide crystals are a strong oxidising agent and can oxidise most substances that are at all oxidisable. However, it is slow-acting and this reduces its usefulness.

Above 25 °C, xenon trioxide is very prone to violent explosion:

2 XeO3 → 2 Xe + 3 O2 (ΔHf = −403 kJ/mol)

When it dissolves in water, an acidic solution of xenic acid is formed:

XeO3(aq) + H2O → H2XeO4  H+ + 

This solution is stable at room temperature and lacks the explosive properties of xenon trioxide. It oxidises carboxylic acids quantitatively to carbon dioxide and water.

Alternatively, it dissolves in alkaline solutions to form xenates. The  anion is the predominant species in xenate solutions. These are not stable and begin to disproportionate into perxenates (+8 oxidation state) and xenon and oxygen gas. Solid perxenates containing  have been isolated by reacting  with an aqueous solution of hydroxides. Xenon trioxide reacts with inorganic fluorides such as KF, RbF, or CsF to form stable solids of the form .

Physical properties
Hydrolysis of xenon hexafluoride or xenon tetrafluoride yields a solution from which colorless XeO3 crystals can be obtained by evaporation. The crystals are stable for days in dry air, but readily absorb water from humid air to form a concentrated solution. The crystal structure is orthorhombic with a = 6.163 Å, b = 8.115 Å, c = 5.234 Å, and 4 molecules per unit cell. The density is 4.55 g/cm3.

Safety
XeO3 should be handled with great caution. Samples have detonated when undisturbed at room temperature. Dry crystals react explosively with cellulose.

References

External links
 Webelements periodic table: page on Xenon(VI) oxide

Oxides
Xenon(VI) compounds
Inorganic compounds
Bern University of Applied Sciences. The Bern University of Applied Sciences (BUAS, German: Berner Fachhochschule BFH, French: Haute école spécialisée bernoise HESB) is a public vocational university with a strong national and international profile.  It comprises six departments and also incorporates the Higher Technical School of Wood, which is affiliated to the Department of Architecture, Wood and Civil Engineering.

Locations
BFH is currently spread across 26 locations in Bern, Biel, Burgdorf, Magglingen and Zollikofen. In 2012, the Grand Council of the Canton of Bern decided to bring together the Department of Architecture, Wood and Civil Engineering and the Department of Engineering and Information Technology onto a single campus in Biel. The launch of the Biel/Bienne campus is scheduled for autumn 2023. The Health Professions, Social Work and Business departments and Bern University of the Arts will likely move to a shared campus in Bern in autumn 2026.

Departments
The Departments of the Bern University of Applied Sciences include:
 Architecture, Wood and Civil Engineering
 Health Professions
 Business
 School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL
 Bern University of the Arts
 Social Work
 Engineering and Information Technology
 Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM

As well as Bachelor and master's degree programmes, BFH offers continuing education, applied research and development and other services.

The sports, agriculture, forest science, automotive engineering, nutrition and dietetics, literary writing and medical informatics degree programmes are unique in German-speaking Switzerland or throughout the whole of Switzerland.

Persons
 1898–1938: Johann Friedrich Jungen (1873–1952), drawing teacher
 1953–1993: Marc-André Houmard (1928–2014), Director of the wood technical school in Biel
 2005–2017: Maurus Schifferli (* 1973), Lecturer for Urban Open Spaces
 Jonas Ulmer (* 1983), Architecture student
 2006: Raphael Zuber (* 1973), Guest Lecturer in Architecture

Growth 
The following table shows how student numbers at the Bern University of Applied Sciences have grown since the university was founded in 1997.

1 Figures as of 31 December
2 Degree programmes prior to the Bologna Reform (which introduced Bachelor/Master's degree programmes)
3 Only MAS/EMBA students (not including CAS/DAS students). From 2014 onwards, non-matriculated MAS/EMBA students are also included in the statistics for BFH's areas of activity.

See also
 List of largest universities by enrollment in Switzerland

Notes and references

External links
 Bern University of Applied Sciences website

Bern University of Applied Sciences
Schools in Bern
Universities and colleges established in 1997
1997 establishments in Switzerland
SAM (vehicles). The name SAM (not to be confused with S.A.M., a Swedish automotive company) stands for Stephanos A. Mbaltas (badge 'ΣΑΜ', in Greek, appearing in the logo), the founder of this Greek company, one of several that produced three-wheeler trucks in that country, in business between 1966 and 1974. Its first models used 1200cc Volkswagen air-cooled engines, while Ford 1300cc engines powered later models. The chassis developed by SAM was very robust and some of its trucks were surviving 30 years after the company went out of business.

References 
 L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, "Made in Greece", Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003)  (republished by the University of Patras Science Park, 2007). 
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)

External links 
Trucks of the world

Truck manufacturers of Greece
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Greece
1974 disestablishments in Greece
Three-wheeled motor vehicles
Reims-Cessna F406 Caravan II. The Reims-Cessna F406 Caravan II is a turboprop twin engine utility aircraft manufactured and designed by Reims Aviation in cooperation with Cessna.

Design and development
The F406 Caravan II is a twin turboprop engined, fourteen-seat low-wing monoplane of conventional aluminium (airframe) and steel (engine internal parts, exhaust, landing gear) construction. It is a development of the Cessna 404 Titan with two Pratt & Whitney PT6A turboprop engines. The aircraft first flew on 22 September 1983 and was produced by Reims Aviation until the company's 2013 demise. The F406 is aimed at passenger and small cargo transport as well as civilian and military surveillance. For extra cargo capacity, a cargo pod can be fitted to the belly of the aircraft.

Though the F406 is more expensive to operate than single-engine aircraft of the same passenger capacity such as the Cessna 208 Caravan, having two engines made it comply with European regulations regarding commercial operations, which for a long time only allowed multi-engine aircraft for commercial instrument flight.

In March 2014, Reims Aviation was acquired by Chinese-owned Continental Motors Inc and renamed ASI Aviation. Two remaining incomplete airframes were finished in France before a shift to Mobile, Alabama with new avionics, electrical, and hydraulic systems; a new autopilot; and an engine choice of current P&WC PT6A-135 or pistons : Continental GTSIO-520 and/or Continental CD-310 diesel. The Type Certificate transferred but only had approval to produce spare parts and not the whole aircraft.

Operators

 Aerologistics
 Australian Customs and Border Protection Service

Air Saint-Pierre
French Army

Air-Taxi Europe
Technische Universität Braunschweig

Hellenic Coast Guard

Namibian Fisheries and Marine Resources
Westair Aviation

Republic of Korea Navy

Arc en Ciel Airlines

RVL Aviation

Specifications

See also

References and notes

 Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, 8–14 December 2015, Vol. 188, No. 5517. pp. 26–53.
Taylor, John W.R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89. Coulsdon, UK:Jane's Defence Data, 1988. .

External links

 Reims Aviation (official website)

Caravan II
1980s French civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1983
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Malkotsis. Malkotsis was the trade name for Technica S. Malkotsis A.E., which has historically been the most important Greek engine manufacturer, surpassing several engine (mostly diesel and semi-diesel) manufacturers that flourished in Greece in the 1920s and (mostly) 1930s, like Dimadis-Kanakis in Volos, Peteinaris in Kalamata, Sideris, BIO, and others in Athens, etc. Located in Piraeus, before World War II Malkotsis produced various types of industrial machinery.  After the war it produced industrial machinery for several Greek companies, but it progressively focused almost entirely on diesel engines, soon becoming the largest company in its field. Malkotsis engines found use in a variety of industrial applications, while its boat engine models became legendary for their reliability. A series of electric motors was produced as well. Its EM Diesel series (designed in collaboration with a British consulting firm) included engines specifically designed for powering of vehicles and was employed in Malkotsis's own farm tractor models (Malkotsis EM-2 and EM-4) introduced in 1959. The tractors were produced for only a few years, due to lack of funding and other problems related to a complete lack of state support.  The company faced financial problems later, due to competition from cheaper imports, and was acquired in 1991 by Drakos-Polemis A.E., a pump manufacturing company which used all Malkotsis infrastructure for its production purposes.

See also
 List of former tractor manufacturers
 List of tractor manufacturers

References
 L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, "Made in Greece", Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003)  (republished by the University of Patras Science Park, 2007).  
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)
 E. Roupa and E. Hekimoglou, “I istoria tou aftokinitou stin Ellada (History of automobile in Greece)”, Kerkyra - Economia publishing, Athens (2009) 
Agricultural machinery manufacturers of Greece
Engine manufacturers of Greece
Tractor manufacturers of Greece
Motor vehicle engine manufacturers
1991 disestablishments in Greece
Reims Aviation. Reims Aviation Industries was a French aircraft manufacturer located in the city of Reims, most recently producing the F406 Caravan II. Reims Aviation was a wholly owned subsidiary of GECI Aviation.

History
Max Holste, the company founder, built his first aircraft in 1931, a light two-seater aircraft called the SHB1. In 1946, he started his own aircraft company, Avions Max Holste, in downtown Reims. In the 1950s, two new models were designed: the MH.1521 Broussard in 1950 and  the MH.260 Super Broussard in 1959. In 1960, a cooperative agreement was signed with Cessna to produce light aircraft for the European market. The company was officially born as Reims Aviation in 1962, mainly producing the FR172 Reims Rocket, a more powerful version of the Cessna 172. In 1989, Reims Aviation bought back all the shares held by Cessna and became a private French aircraft manufacturer. Production of the single-engined airplanes was halted, and only the F406 remained in production.

The company entered receivership on 10 September 2013.  On 25 March 2014, the Commercial Court of Reims approved the transfer of the Company's aircraft maintenance, cabin management, integration and installation systems assets to ASI Innovation and the transfer of its F406 assets to Continental Motors, Inc.  With the disposition of the company's assets, its parent company, GECI Aviation, was also liquidated on 17 April 2014. Continental has indicated that it plans to continue the production of the F406 in Mobile, Alabama.

Products
The F406 was the last model still in production at the time of bankruptcy. All aircraft were made in cooperation with Cessna. 
 Reims F150
 Reims F152
 Reims F172
 Reims FR172 Rocket
 Reims F177
 Reims F182
 Reims F337
 Reims-Cessna F406 Caravan II

References

External links
 Historique des avions Max Holste jusqu'à Reims Aviation (french)
 Interview de Pierre Clostermann, président de Reims Aviation (french) Aviation Magazine, 1973.
 Reims Aviation & the French Cessnas – Cessna Flyer Association

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Companies based in Reims
Transport in Reims
Aeronautical Information Publication. In aviation, an Aeronautical Information Publication (or AIP) is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization as a publication issued by or with the authority of a state and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation. It is designed to be a manual containing thorough details of regulations, procedures and other information pertinent to flying aircraft in the particular country to which it relates.  It is usually issued by or on behalf of the respective civil aviation administration.

Overview 

The structure and contents of AIPs are standardized by international agreement through ICAO.  AIPs normally have three parts – GEN (general), ENR (en route) and AD (aerodromes). The document contains many charts; most of these are in the AD section where details and charts of all public aerodromes are published.

AIPs are kept up-to-date by regular revision on a fixed cycle. For operationally significant changes in information, the cycle known as the AIRAC (Aeronautical Information Regulation And Control) cycle, first introduced in 1964, is used: revisions are produced every 56 days (double AIRAC cycle) or every 28 days (single AIRAC cycle).  These changes are received well in advance so that users of the aeronautical data can update their flight management systems (FMS).
For insignificant changes, the published calendar dates are used.

In some countries the AIP is informally known as the Airman's Manual or the Air Pilot.

Electronic AIP 

EUROCONTROL has published a specification for an electronic AIP (eAIP). The eAIP Specification aims to harmonise the structure and presentation of AIPs for digital media. In this respect, a digital AIP is a digital version of the paper AIP, usually available in PDF format, while an electronic AIP is available in PDF as well as other formats, more suitable for reading on the screen and for electronic data exchange. Many countries around the world provide digital AIPs either on CD-ROM subscription or on a Web site. The external links section below lists AIPs which aim to follow the EUROCONTROL eAIP Specification.

AIRAC effective dates (28-day cycle) 

The current AIRAC cycle is  (effective ).

Note: * = leap year containing 29 Feb (2024, 2028, 2032, 2036, etc.)

See also 
 Civil aviation authority
 Air navigation service provider
 List of CANSO members

References 
 
 
Eurocontrol AIRAC calendar until 2022

Notes

External links 
 Online AIPs by country (curated by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University)

 Online AIPs by country  (curated by the ICAO)
 FAA International Flight Information Manager (IFIM)

EUROCONTROL:

 European AIPs at EAD Basic (free registration required)
 World-wide civilian and military AIPs at @is Online

Air traffic control
Air navigation
Government publications
Year of introduction missing
Aviation publications
Pavel Curtis. Pavel Curtis is an American software architect at Microsoft who is best known for having founded and managed LambdaMOO, an online community.

In the  mid- to late 1980s Curtis developed and taught parts of the computer science course at the Center for Talented Youth summer program.

Curtis was a member of the research staff at Xerox PARC from 1983 to 1996, where he worked in the areas of programming language design and implementation, programming environments, and online collaboration systems. He developed LambdaMOO from work initiated by Stephen White from 1990, during this period, enhancing the implementation of the MOO programming language.

Curtis left Xerox in 1997 to become a principal architect and co-founder of PlaceWare, a web-conferencing company that was acquired by Microsoft in 2003.

Outside work Curtis is now the sole proprietor of Pavel's Puzzles, a website selling mechanical puzzles, mostly designed by him. The website also features a column, "Adalogical Ænigmas", which features a large Nikoli-style logic puzzle every month.

References

External links

Pavel's Puzzles

Living people
MUD developers
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Seattle
Scientists at PARC (company)
Dick Morley. Richard E. Morley (December 1, 1932 – October 17, 2017) was an American inventor who was considered one of the "fathers" of the programmable logic controller (PLC) since he was involved with the production of the first PLC for General Motors, the Modicon, at Bedford and Associates in 1968. The Modicon brand of PLC is now owned by Schneider Electric. The PLC has been recognized as a significant advancement in the practice of automation, and has an important influence on manufacturing.

Biography
He was born in Clinton, Massachusetts, in 1932 and attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology but dropped out before graduating.

Legacy
An inventor, machinist, author, and consultant, his peers have acknowledged his contributions with numerous awards from groups such as the International Society of Automation (ISA), the Instrumentation Systems and Automation Society, Inc. magazine, the Franklin Institute, the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) and the Engineering Society of Detroit. He was also inducted into the Manufacturing Hall of Fame.

SME offers the Richard E. Morley Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer Award for outstanding technical accomplishments in the manufacturing profession by engineers age 35 and under.

Morley worked out of his barn in New Hampshire where he and his wife had provided a home to 40 foster children. He died on October 17, 2017, in New Hampshire.

Awards
 2016 Inducted into the Measurement, Control & Automation Hall of Fame by the Measurement, Control & Automation Association (MCAA)
 2016 Control System Integrators Association (CSIA) Lifetime Achievement Award
 2007–2008 SME Manufacturing Enterprise Council Member
 2006–2008 NH Judge - Hi Tech Council Product of the Year
 2006 Process Automation Hall of Fame (Control magazine)
 2005 SME Board of Directors
 1996 Automation Hall of Fame Prometheus Award
 1995 SME Fellow
 1993 Parallel Processor Design — Flavors
 1991 Howard N. Potts Medal
 1990 Entrepreneur of the Year
 1981 Gould Science & Engineering Fellow
 Boeing Technical Excellence Award

See also
 Odo Josef Struger

References

External links
 Interview with Dick Morley
  The father of invention: Dick Morley looks back on the 40th anniversary of the PLC
 YouTube channel with stories by Dick Morley
 Morley obituary at WSJ, Nov. 10, 2017

1932 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American inventors
Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
Programmable logic controllers
People from Clinton, Massachusetts
Damper. A damper is a device that deadens, restrains, or depresses. It may refer to:

Music
 Damper pedal, a device that mutes musical tones, particularly in stringed instruments
 A mute for various brass instruments

Structure
 Damper (flow), a mechanical device in a duct or chimney that regulates airflow
 Stockbridge damper, used to suppress wind-induced vibrations on taut cables
 Tuned mass damper, a device mounted in structures to prevent discomfort, damage or structural failure by vibration

Other uses
 Damper (food), a bread of the Australian Outback
 In mechanical engineering, a damper is a device for suppressing vibrations in a mechanical system by dissipating energy.
 Dashpot, a type of hydraulic or mechanical damper
 Shock absorber (British or technical use: damper), a mechanical device designed to dissipate kinetic energy
 An item of boiler technology used to regulate the fire
 In electronics, a kind of diode intended to absorb energy peaks, normally generated by inductive circuitry

See also
Damping (disambiguation)
Attenuator (electronics)
Crossatron. In electronics, a crossatron is a high-power pulsed modulator device that consists of a cold cathode gas-filled tube that combines features of thyratrons, vacuum tubes, and power semiconductor switches. This switch is capable of operating with voltages in excess of 100 kilovolts by the use of deuterium gas fill to increase the Paschen breakdown voltage, axial molybdenum cathode corrugations to provide a higher current capability, and a Paschen shield that is formed from molybdenum. The terminal curvature of the Paschen shield and of the adjacent portion of the anode are selected to establish a voltage stress at the curved Paschen shield surface within the approximate range of 90–150 kV/cm in response to a 100 kV differential. The cold cathode gives the crossatron an advantage of achievable lifetime and reliability in comparison to a hydrogen-filled thyratron.

It features fast start-up speeds and operates well when enduring high temperatures, high radiation, electromagnetic pulse, and repeated overvoltage and overcurrent events. Crossatron switch applications in power conditioning include high-voltage phase-control-rectifier service, high-frequency DC-to-AC inverter modulation, voltage regulation, command charging, and fault protection. Pulsed power applications include high-speed discharging of capacitors and pulse forming networks, repetitive opening of inductive-energy-storage circuits, modulation of square wave pulses in hard-tube modulators, and fault protection.

References

https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a223766.pdf

Gas-filled tubes
Switching tubes
Deuterium
AES52. AES52 is a standard first published by the Audio Engineering Society in March 2006 that specifies the insertion of unique identifiers into the AES3 digital audio transport structure.

Background
The AES3 transport stream continues to be used extensively in both discrete and network based audio systems alongside audio stored as files. Audio content is moving towards being handled by asset management systems and descriptive metadata is associated with that content is also being stored within systems. In order to provide a mechanism for AES3 transport streams to have similar abilities to work with content management systems, some form of unique label is required which can provide the link with these systems. One of the unique labels currently standardised in the media industry is the SMPTE UMID (SMPTE 330M-2004) while another commonly used in the Information Technology area is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) UUID.

Operation
The standard specifies the method for inserting unique identifiers into the user data area of an AES3 stream. This specifically covers the use of UUID as well as a basic or extended SMPTE UMID but can be extended to embed other data types into the AES3 stream by registering these with the AES so the standard can be updated to include these by following AES due process.

External links 
 AES52-2006 from the AES standards web site

Audio engineering
Audio Engineering Society standards
Unique identifiers
Broadcasting standards