omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
USS Doyen (DD-280). USS Doyen (DD-280) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding  although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two  1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Doyen, named for Charles A. Doyen, was launched 26 July 1919 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, Squantum, Massachusetts; sponsored by Miss F. E. Doyen, daughter of Brigadier General Doyen; and commissioned 17 December 1919. Doyen arrived at San Diego, California 15 March 1920 to join the Pacific Fleet in local operations. Placed in active reserve status 17 August, she participated in local exercises and reserve training until placed out of commission 8 June 1922.

Doyen was recommissioned 26 September 1923 and resumed a schedule of training and tactical exercises along the west coast, in the Panama Canal Zone, and the Hawaiian Islands. She sailed from San Diego 20 August to escort the Japanese ship Tama and to provide radio compass and communication for a nonstop west coast-to-Hawaii flight. Exercises were again conducted in the Canal Zone and the Caribbean in 1926, and later that year Doyen cruised to Bremerton, Washington for overhaul and to Ketchikan, Alaska, and Duncan Bay, British Columbia, for visits.

Doyen sailed 26 April 1927 for the east coast to participate in joint Army-Navy maneuvers at Newport, Rhode Island. She returned to the west coast 25 June and resumed training operations and tactical exercises with the Battle Fleet on the west coast, out of Pearl Harbor and in the Canal Zone. Doyen was decommissioned 25 February 1930 and scrapped 20 December 1930 in accordance with the London Naval Treaty for the limitation of naval armaments.

Notes

References

External links
http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/280.htm

Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1919 ships
Fault mechanics. Fault mechanics is a field of study that investigates the behavior of geologic faults.

Behind every good earthquake is some weak rock.  Whether the rock remains weak becomes an important point in determining the potential for bigger earthquakes.

On a small scale, fractured rock behaves essentially the same throughout the world, in that the angle of friction is more or less uniform (see Fault friction).  A small element of rock in a larger mass responds to stress changes in a well defined manner:  if it is squeezed by differential stresses greater than its strength, it is capable of large deformations.  A band of weak, fractured rock in a competent mass can deform to resemble a classic geologic fault.  Using seismometers and earthquake location, the requisite pattern of micro-earthquakes can be observed.

For earthquakes, it all starts with an embedded penny-shaped crack as first envisioned by Brune. As illustrated, an earthquake zone may start as a single crack, growing to form many individual cracks and collections of cracks along a fault.  The key to fault growth is the concept of a "following force", as conveniently provided for interplate earthquakes, by the motion of tectonic plates.  Under a following force, the seismic displacements eventually form a topographic feature, such as a mountain range.

Intraplate earthquakes do not have a following force, and are not associated with mountain building.  Thus, there is the puzzling question of how long any interior active zone has to live.  For, in a solid stressed plate, every seismic displacement acts to relieve (reduce) stress; the fault zone should come to equilibrium; and all seismic activity cease.  One can see this type of arching "lockup" in many natural processes.

In fact, the seismic zone (such as the New Madrid Fault Zone) is ensured eternal life by the action of water.  As shown, if we add the equivalent of a giant funnel to the crack, it becomes the beneficiary of stress corrosion (the progressive weakening of the crack edge by water). If there is a continuing supply of new water, the system does not come to equilibrium, but continues to grow, ever relieving stress from a larger and larger volume.

Thus the prerequisite for a continuing seismically active interior zone is the presence of water, the ability of the water to get down to the fault source (high permeability), and the usual high horizontal interior stresses of the rock mass.  All small earthquake zones have the potential to grow to resemble New Madrid or Charlevoix.

See also

Aseismic creep

References

Fields of seismology
Structural geology
GES International. GES International Limited is an engineering and manufacturing company founded as a sole proprietorship called Goh Electronics Services by Goh Lik Tuan in 1975. It is based in Singapore and has an office in China.  It is on the SGX, the Singapore stock exchange, and it is a listed component of the Straits Times Index. In 2006, it became a subsidiary of the Singapore-based Venture Corporation.

GES has two R&D (Research and Design) centers, in Singapore and Shanghai working in original design manufacturer (ODM) and original equipment manufacturer (OEM).

GES International performs manufacture and design (including ASIC design) as well as shipping (logistics) and aftermarket services.

References

Engineering companies of Singapore
Technology companies established in 1975
Singaporean companies established in 1975
Companies listed on the Singapore Exchange
Liquid Crystal Institute. The former Glenn H. Brown Liquid Crystal Institute (LCI) at Kent State University is now renamed the Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute. The AMLCI is a center of study for liquid crystal technology and education, blending basic and applied research on liquid crystals. This approach has resulted in technological advances and new applications such as display tablets, optical shutters, variable transmission windows, projection display devices, and flexible displays. Established in 1965, the institute is now directed by Dr. Torsten Hegmann and is housed at KSU's Liquid Crystal and Materials Sciences building, completed in 1996.

The LCI is home to the Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, which offers masters and Ph.D. studies in the physics and chemistry of liquid crystals and their applications. The program is open to incoming students with degrees in physics, chemistry, engineering, and materials science.

Directors
There have been five directors of the Liquid Crystal Institute.

Glenn H. Brown (1965 - 1983)
Dr. Glenn H. Brown founded the Liquid Crystal Institute in 1965. In 1986 the Kent State University Board of Trustees honored him by naming the institute after him.
J. William Doane (1983 - 1996)
Bill Doane received his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Missouri-Columbia in 1965; he became a member of the Kent State University faculty the same year. In 1983 he became Director of the Liquid Crystal Institute and in 1991 the ALCOM Center's first director, serving in both capacities until his retirement from the University in 1996.
John L. West (1996 - 2003, 2016 - 2019)
Oleg D. Lavrentovich (2003 - 2011)
Hiroshi Yokoyama (2011 - 2016)
Torsten Hegmann (2019–Present)

References

External links
AMLCI Home

Kent State University
Liquid crystals
1965 establishments in Ohio
Cativa process. The Cativa process is a method for the production of acetic acid by the carbonylation of methanol.  The technology, which is similar to the Monsanto process, was developed by BP Chemicals and is under license by BP Plc. The process is based on an iridium-containing catalyst, such as the complex [Ir(CO)2I2]− (1).

The Cativa and Monsanto processes are sufficiently similar that they can use the same chemical plant. Initial studies by Monsanto had shown iridium to be less active than rhodium for the carbonylation of methanol. Subsequent research, however, showed that the iridium catalyst could be promoted by ruthenium, and this combination leads to a catalyst that is superior to the rhodium-based systems.  The switch from rhodium to iridium also allows the use of less water in the reaction mixture. This change reduces the number of drying columns necessary, decreases formation of by-products, such as propionic acid, and suppresses the water gas shift reaction.

The catalytic cycle for the Cativa process, shown above, begins with the reaction of methyl iodide with the square planar active catalyst species (1) to form the octahedral iridium(III) species (2), the fac-isomer of [Ir(CO)2(CH3)I3]−. This oxidative addition reaction involves the formal insertion of the iridium(I) centre into the carbon-iodine bond of methyl iodide.  After ligand exchange (iodide for carbon monoxide), the migratory insertion of carbon monoxide into the iridium-carbon bond, step (3) to (4), results in the formation of a square pyramidal species with a bound acetyl ligand.  The active catalyst species (1) is regenerated by the reductive elimination of acetyl iodide from (4), a de-insertion reaction. The acetyl iodide is hydrolysed to produce the acetic acid product, in the process generating hydroiodic acid which is in turn used to convert the starting material (methanol) to the methyl iodide used in the first step.

References 

Organometallic chemistry
Industrial processes
Catalysis
Organoiridium compounds
BP
Durell Software. Durell Software is a software developer based in Taunton, Somerset in the United Kingdom. The company is a provider of back office administration and accounting software to independent financial advisers, mortgage brokers, and general insurance brokers. Durell was formerly a successful video games developer.

History

Pre-1987
Durell was founded in 1983 by Robert White. Up to 1987, Durell developed 19 games for various 8-bit computers such as Oric-1, ZX Spectrum, C64, BBC Micro, Acorn Electron and Amstrad CPC. Their biggest hit was Harrier Attack that sold over 250,000 copies, including 100,000 bundled with the Amstrad CPC.

Post-1987
Toward the end of 1987 Durell Software sold the rights to publish most of their existing games to Elite Systems and changed focus to developing financial services software for the IFA, insurance and mortgage broking industries. Currently over 1,000 advisers and brokers use Durell's software.

In 2005 Mike Richardson, author of many of Durell's best selling titles for the ZX Spectrum, founded Durell Games Ltd. The first game to be developed by the company was Harrier Attack II, a sequel to their best-selling 8-bit game, which did not repeat its predecessors' success.

Products 
Trading under the name Durell Solutions their main products are now:
 Client Facing Services
 Financial Adviser
 General Broker
 Complete Administrator

Pre-1987 games
The following is a list of games developed by Durell before it concentrated on financial services technology in the 90s:
 Galaxy 5 (1983)
 Lunar Lander / Asteroids (1983)
 Starfighter (1983)
 Scuba Dive (1983)
 Harrier Attack (1983)
 Jungle Trouble (1983)
 Lunar Landing (1984)
 Combat Lynx (1984)
 Mineshaft (1984)
 Death Pit (1985)
 Critical Mass (1985)
 Saboteur (1985)
 Deep Strike (1986)
 Fat Worm Blows a Sparky (1986)
 Thanatos (1986)
 Turbo Esprit (1986)
 Chain Reaction (1987)
 Saboteur 2 - Avenging Angel (1987)
 Sigma 7 (1987)
 Spitfire (1989)

Notes

References

External links 
 Durell

Video game companies of the United Kingdom
Video game development companies
Software companies of the United Kingdom
Software companies established in 1983
Video game companies established in 1983
Companies based in Taunton
1983 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies established in 1983
Type 94 disinfecting vehicle and Type 94 gas scattering vehicle. The Type 94 disinfecting vehicle and Type 94 gas scattering vehicle were variants of the Type 94 tankette adapted to chemical warfare by the Imperial Japanese Army. The Type 94 disinfecting vehicle and Type 94 gas scattering vehicle were configured as either an independent mobile liquid dissemination chemical vehicle or a respective mobile disinfecting anti-chemical agents vehicle to support the Japanese chemical infantry units in combat.

Operation 
These special vehicles for chemical warfare were developed in 1933–1934. The Type 94 tankette was modified and used as a "tractor"; closed for protection against these agents. It pulled either a configured independent tracked mobile liquid dissemination chemical vehicle or a respective tracked mobile disinfecting anti-chemical agents vehicle.

The gas scattering vehicle version could scatter a mustard gas chemical agent within an 8 m width and the disinfecting vehicle version scattered "bleaching powder to counteract the poison gas" or pathogenic agents.

In a similar way, the Soviet Red Army developed chemical and biological warfare special protection armored vehicles, including using medium or light tanks with modified turrets with dispersers or gas scatterers, liquid or powder dissemination systems and special armor protection against agents for their respective chemical and biological units in the years prior to and during World War II. One example of this was the chemical and flame tank versions of the T-26. Other major powers also had their own versions of vehicles designed to deliver chemical and biological weapons on the battlefield, usually using light or infantry tanks as their basis.

Also produced for the Imperial Japanese Army were the Type 97 disinfecting vehicle and Type 97 gas scattering vehicle. They were based on the Type 97 Te-Ke tankette chassis, but had Type 94 turrets. They operated in the same way as the Type 94 tankette-based versions. They used the same type of towed liquid dissemination chemical vehicle trailer or tracked mobile disinfecting anti-chemical agents vehicle trailer as the Type 94 versions.

See also 
 Teletank

Notes

References

Imperial Japanese Army
Chemical warfare
Chemical weapon delivery systems
Japanese biological weapons program
Tankettes of Japan
History of the tank
Mitsubishi
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
IID (disambiguation). IID may refer to:

 Interface Identifier, the last 64-bits of an IPv6 address
 Internet identity, a social identity used by Internet users
  Internet Identity, an Internet security company
 Ignition interlock device, a breathalyzer connected to a vehicle's engine
 Independent and identically distributed random variables in probability theory
 Interaural intensity difference in determining the location of a sound
 Internal Investigations Division (in law enforcement)
 IRIX Interactive Desktop, software for interacting with a computer running the IRIX operating system
 Iterative and Incremental Development in software development
 A COM Interface ID
 Invoke Image Display an Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) Integration Profile
 Imperial Irrigation District
 IID (Imperial Institute of Design), a design school in Monteswar, West Bengal, India

See also
 2D (disambiguation), including a list of topics named II-D, etc.
Hammerhead Networks. Hammerhead Networks was a computer networking company based in Billerica, Massachusetts.

It produced software solutions for the delivery of Internet Protocol service features.

History
It was founded in April 2000 by Eddie Sullivan, who also served as its CEO.

It was acquired by Cisco Systems on May 1, 2002, in a stock transaction worth up to US$173M. Cisco had previously owned a minority interest. It had 85 employees at the time of the acquisition.

References

Defunct software companies of the United States
Networking companies of the United States
Cisco Systems acquisitions
Software companies based in Massachusetts
Companies based in Billerica, Massachusetts
Software companies established in 2000
Software companies disestablished in 2002
Defunct companies based in Massachusetts
Cryogenic hardening. Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process where the material is cooled to approximately , typically using liquid nitrogen. It can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of certain steels, provided their composition and prior heat treatment are such that they retain some austenite at room temperature. It is designed to increase the amount of martensite in the steel's crystal structure, increasing its strength and hardness, sometimes at the cost of toughness. Presently this treatment is being used on tool steels, high-carbon, high-chromium steels and in some cases to cemented carbide to obtain excellent wear resistance. Recent research shows that there is precipitation of fine carbides (eta carbides) in the matrix during this treatment which imparts very high wear resistance to the steels.

The transformation from austenite to martensite is mostly accomplished through quenching, but in general it is driven further and further toward completion as temperature decreases. In higher-alloy steels such as austenitic stainless steel, the onset of transformation can require temperatures much lower than room temperature. More commonly, an incomplete transformation occurs in the initial quench, so that cryogenic treatments merely enhance the effects of prior quenching. However, since martensite is a non-equilibrium phase on the iron-iron carbide phase diagram, it has not been shown that warming the part after the cryogenic treatment results in the re-transformation of the induced martensite back to austenite or to ferrite plus cementite, negating the hardening effect.

The transformation between these phases is instantaneous and not dependent upon diffusion, and also that this treatment causes more complete hardening rather than moderating extreme hardness, both of which make the term "cryogenic tempering" technically incorrect.

Hardening need not be due to martensitic transformation, but can also be accomplished by cold work at cryogenic temperatures. The defects introduced by plastic deformation at these low temperatures are often quite different from the dislocations that usually form at room temperature, and produce materials changes which in some ways resemble the effects of shock hardening. While this process is more effective than traditional cold work, it serves mainly as a theoretical test bed for more economical processes such as explosive forging.

Many alloys that do not undergo martensitic transformation have been subjected to the same treatments as steels—that is, cooled with no provisions for cold work. If any benefit is seen from such a process, one plausible explanation is that thermal expansion causes minor, but permanent deformation of the material.

See also
 Cryogenic cold-forming, possible with austenitic stainless steels where ductility is maintained at cryogenic temperatures
 Cryogenic treatment

References

Metal heat treatments
Mordenite. Mordenite is a zeolite mineral with the chemical formula, (Ca, Na2, K2)Al2Si10O24·7H2O. and it is one of the six most abundant zeolites and is used commercially.

It was first described in 1864 by Henry How. He named it after the small community of Morden, Nova Scotia, Canada, along the Bay of Fundy, where it was first found.

Mordenite is orthorhombic (a,b,c unequal & all angles 90 degree).  It crystallizes in the form of fibrous aggregates, masses, and vertically striated prismatic crystals. It may be colorless, white, or faintly yellow or pink.  It has Mohs hardness of 5 and a density of 2.1 g/cm3.  When it forms well developed crystals they are hairlike; very long, thin, and delicate.

Mordenite’s molecular structure is a framework containing chains of five-membered rings of linked silicate and aluminate tetrahedra (four oxygen atoms arranged at the points of a triangular pyramid about a central silicon or aluminium atom). Its high ratio of silicon to aluminum atoms makes it more resistant to attack by acids than most other zeolites.

Mordenite is one of the most abundant zeolites in altered volcanic deposits; it is found in volcanic rock such as rhyolite, andesite, and basalt. It is associated with other zeolites such as stilbite and heulandite.  Good examples have been found in Iceland, India, Italy, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. It is also found in marine sediments, as in the Ural Mountains and in dikes where water has attacked and altered volcanic glasses, as on the Isle of Arran in Scotland.

Use

 Synthetic Mordenite is used as a catalyst in the petrochemical industry for the acid-catalyzed isomerisation of alkanes and aromatics.
 In New Zealand mordenite-bearing zeolitic tuff is dried and crushed to produce a variety of products including adsorbents for soaking up oil/chemical spills and animal wastes, animal feed supplements, water treatment, and sports turf and slow release fertilizer.
 Sedimentary deposits of mordenite are present in several countries, especially in Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan and the United States. Quarried material is generally substantial, e.g., a recent estimate of the yearly production in Japan is 150,000 tons.
 Apart from generic applications in the fields of agriculture and building industry (as dimension stone), uses are known as sorbent and molecular sieve
Gas separation processes are reported for the production of high-grade O2 from air by pressure-swing operating generators. Full-scale plants based on mordenite-rich tuffs have been operating in Japan since the end of the 1960.

References

External links
Structure type MOR

Calcium minerals
Sodium minerals
Potassium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Zeolites
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 36
Apocalypse (1990 video game). Apocalypse is a futuristic 3D space shoot 'em up game released in 1990 for the Acorn Archimedes written by Gordon J. Key and published by The Fourth Dimension.

In 1993 Acorn User magazine published a list of its top 100 games, with Apocalypse featuring at number 56.

Plot
Sometime in the future, computers have evolved into sentient, mobile life-forms known as 'Rakonans'. They then proceed to conquer numerous planets, depleting the natural resources until nothing is left, and then swarming in a locust-like fashion to the next planet. The consequence of this is that humans then enter into conflict with the Rakonans in order to survive.

The game sees the player acting as a Llanerk (a type of assault aircraft in the form of a flying saucer) pilot for the 'Royal Guild of Spacing'. During the course of the game, nine planets must be 'sterilised' by removing a set number of Rakonan units.

Apocalypse is notable for the extremely high review scores awarded by The Micro User, and was only the second game on the Archimedes to feature fast, realtime true 3D polygon graphics (the first being David Braben's Zarch (1988), published by Superior Software).

References

1990 video games
Acorn Archimedes games
The Fourth Dimension (company) games
Shoot 'em ups
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Acorn Archimedes-only games