omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Link level. In computer networking, in the hierarchical structure of a primary or secondary station, link level is the conceptual level of control or data processing logic that controls the data link. 

Link-level functions provide an interface between the station high-level logic and the data link. Link-level functions include (a) transmit bit injection and receive bit extraction, (b) address and control field interpretation, (c) command response generation, transmission and interpretation, and (d) frame check sequence computation and interpretation.

References

Computer networking
Load. Load or LOAD may refer to:

Aeronautics and transportation
Load factor (aeronautics), the ratio of the lift of an aircraft to its weight
Passenger load factor, the ratio of revenue passenger miles to available seat miles of a particular transportation operation (e.g. a flight)

Biology and medicine
Afterload, the maximum effect of a heartbeat driving blood mass out of the heart into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
Genetic load, of a population
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (acronym: LOAD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease
Parasite load, of an organism
Viral load, of organisms and populations

Computing and electricity
Load (computing), a measure of how much processing a computer performs
Electrical load, a device connected to the output of a circuit
Electronic load, a simulated electrical load used for testing purposes
Invade-a-Load, was a fast loader routine used in software for the Commodore 64 computer; it was used in commercial computer games
Load balancing (computing), or load distribution, a method that improves the distribution of workloads across multiple computing resources
Load balancing (electrical power), or load distribution, the storing of excess electrical power by power stations during low demand periods, for release as demand rises
Load cell, a transducer that is used to create an electrical signal
Load factor (computer science), the ratio of the number of records to the number of addresses within a data structure
Load factor (electrical), the average power divided by the peak power over a period of time
Load file, the file used to import data into a database or to link images
Load management, also known as demand side management (DSM),  the process of balancing the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical load
Load testing, the process of putting demand on a system and measuring its response

Mechanics, construction, and architecture
Add-on factor, or load factor, floor area, floor space, or floorspace, is the area (measured as square feet or square metres) taken up by a building or part of it
Mechanical load, the external mechanical resistance against which a machine, such as a motor or engine, acts
Structural load, forces which apply to a structure 
Wind load
Moving load, this is the load that changes in time the place to which is applied

Music
Load Records, an American experimental independent record label
Load (album), the 6th album released by the band Metallica
Loads (album), a 1995 compilation of the British pop group Happy Mondays

Places
Load, Kentucky
Load Brook, a hamlet in England

Other uses
The Load, a 2018 Serbian war film
Cargo, paraphernalia being transported
Factor loadings, in statistics, the exposure to specific factors or components in Factor Analysis or Principal Component Analysis
Load fund, a mutual fund with a type of commission known as a load
Load, a sexual slang term for semen
Load, put cartridges into a firearm

See also
Loaded (disambiguation)
Loader (disambiguation)
Loading (disambiguation)
Lod
Lode
Preload (disambiguation)
Longitudinal redundancy check. In telecommunication, a longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), or horizontal redundancy check, is a form of redundancy check that is applied independently to each of a parallel group of bit streams.  The data must be divided into transmission blocks, to which the additional check data is added.

The term usually applies to a single parity bit per bit stream, calculated independently of all the other bit streams (BIP-8).

This "extra" LRC word at the end of a block of data is very similar to checksum and cyclic redundancy check (CRC).

Optimal rectangular code 
While simple longitudinal parity can only detect errors, it can be combined with additional error-control coding, such as a transverse redundancy check (TRC), to correct errors. The transverse redundancy check is stored on a dedicated "parity track".

Whenever any single-bit error occurs in a transmission block of data, such two-dimensional parity checking, or "two-coordinate parity checking",
enables the receiver to use the TRC to detect which byte the error occurred in, and the LRC to detect exactly which track the error occurred in, to discover exactly which bit is in error, and then correct that bit by flipping it.

Pseudocode 

International standard ISO 1155 states that a longitudinal redundancy check for a sequence of bytes may be computed in software by the following algorithm:

 lrc := 0
 for each byte b in the buffer do
     lrc := (lrc + b) and 0xFF
 lrc := (((lrc XOR 0xFF) + 1) and 0xFF)

which can be expressed as "the 8-bit two's-complement value of the sum of all bytes modulo 28" (x AND 0xFF is equivalent to x MOD 28).

Other forms 

Many protocols use an XOR-based longitudinal redundancy check byte (often called block check character or BCC), including the serial line interface protocol (SLIP, not to be confused with the later and well-known Serial Line Internet Protocol),
the IEC 62056-21 standard for electrical-meter reading, smart cards as defined in ISO/IEC 7816, and the ACCESS.bus protocol.

An 8-bit LRC such as this is equivalent to a cyclic redundancy check using the polynomial x8 + 1, but the independence of the bit streams is less clear when looked at in that way.

References

Error detection and correction
Articles with example pseudocode
ISO standards
Maintainability. Maintainability is the ease of maintaining or providing maintenance for a functioning product or service. Depending on the field, it can have slightly different meanings.

Usage in different fields

Engineering 
In engineering, maintainability is the ease with which a product can be maintained to:
 correct defects or their cause,
 Repair or replace faulty or worn-out components without having to replace still working parts,
 prevent unexpected working conditions,
 maximize a product's useful life,
 maximize efficiency, reliability, and safety,
 meet new requirements,
 make future maintenance easier, or
 cope with a changing environment.

In some cases, maintainability involves a system of continuous improvement - learning from the past to improve the ability to maintain systems, or improve the reliability of systems based on maintenance experience.

Telecommunication 
In telecommunications and several other engineering fields, the term maintainability has the following meanings:

 A characteristic of design and installation, expressed as the probability that an item will be retained in or restored to a specified condition within a given period of time, when the maintenance is performed by prescribed procedures and resources.
 The ease with which maintenance of a functional unit can be performed by prescribed requirements.

Software 
In software engineering, these activities are known as software maintenance (cf. ISO/IEC 9126). Closely related concepts in the software engineering domain are evolvability, modifiability, technical debt, and code smells.

The maintainability index is calculated with certain formulae from lines-of-code measures, McCabe measures and Halstead complexity measures.

The measurement and tracking of maintainability are intended to help reduce or reverse a system's tendency toward "code entropy" or degraded integrity, and to indicate when it becomes cheaper and/or less risky to rewrite the code than it is to change it.

See also
 List of system quality attributes
 Maintenance (technical)
 Supportability (disambiguation)
 Serviceability (disambiguation)
 Software sizing
 RAMS
 Throwaway society

References

Further reading

External links
 Calculation, Field testing and history of Maintainability Index (MI) (with references)
 Measurement of Maintainability Index (MI)
 

Telecommunications engineering
Design for X
Maintenance
Software quality
Broad-concept articles
Managed object. In  network, a managed object is an abstract representation of network resources that are managed. With "representation", we mean not only the actual device that is managed, but also the device driver, that communicates with the device. An example of a printer as a managed object is the window that shows information about the printer, such as the location, printer status, printing progress, paper choice, and printing margins.

The database, where all managed objects are stored, is called Management Information Base. In contrast with a CI, a managed object is "dynamic" and communicates with other network resources that are managed. 

A managed object may represent a physical entity, a network service, or an abstraction of a resource that exists independently of its use in management.

In telecommunications management, managed object can refer to a resource within the telecommunications environment that may be managed through the use of operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning (OAMP) application protocols.

References 

Network management
Master frequency generator. A master frequency generator or master electronic oscillator, in frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), is a piece of equipment used to provide system end-to-end carrier frequency synchronization and frequency accuracy of tones.  

The following types of oscillators are used in the Defense Communications System FDM systems:
Type 1 - A master carrier oscillator as an integral part of the multiplexer set.
Type 2 - A submaster oscillator equipment or slave oscillator equipment as an integral part of the multiplexer set.
Type 3 - An external master oscillator equipment that has extremely accurate and stable characteristics.

References

Synchronization
Master station. In telecommunications, a master station is a station that controls or coordinates the activities of other stations in the system.

Examples:
In a data network, the control station may designate a master station to ensure data transfer to one or more slave stations. Such a master station controls one or more data links of the data communications network at any given instant. The assignment of master status to a given station is temporary and is controlled by the control station according to the procedures set forth in the operational protocol. Master status is normally conferred upon a station so that it may transmit a message, but a station need not have a message to send to be designated the master station.
 In navigation systems using precise time dissemination, the master station is a station that has the clock that is used to synchronize the clocks of subordinate stations.
 In basic mode link control, the master station is a data station that has accepted an invitation to ensure a data transfer to one or more slave stations.  At a given instant, there can be only one master station on a data link.

Operation modes
In data transmission, a master station can be set to not wait for a reply from a slave station after transmitting each message or transmission block. In this case the station is said to be in "continuous operation".

References

Telecommunications systems
Mechanically induced modulation. Mechanically induced modulation is an optical signal modulation induced by mechanical means. 

An example of deleterious mechanically induced modulation is speckle noise created in a multimode fiber by an imperfect splice or imperfectly mated connectors. Mechanical disturbance of the fiber ahead of the joint will introduce changes in the modal structure, resulting in variations of joint loss. This is a subset of many mechanisms that can lead to modal noise in an optical system.

References

Fiber-optic communications
Mixer. Mixer may refer to:

Electronics
 DJ mixer, a type of audio mixing console used by disc jockeys
 Electronic mixer, electrical circuit for combining signal voltages
 Frequency mixer, electrical circuit that creates new frequencies from two signals applied to it
 Mixing console, an electronic device for combining sounds of different audio signals
 Mix engineer, person who combines elements of recorded music into a final version
 Mode scrambler, known as a mode mixer, telecommunications device for inducing mode coupling in an optical fiber
 Sound card mixer, analog part of a sound card that routes and mixes sound signals
 Vision mixer, an electronic device for combining video signals

Industrial and lab equipment
 Concrete mixer, a machine which combines the ingredients of concrete, a.k.a. cement mixer
 Feed mixer, for mixing feed ingredients
 High-shear mixer, a device that disperse, or transports one phase or ingredient (liquid, solid, gas) into a main continuous phase (liquid)
 High viscosity mixer
 Impinging mixer, part of a reaction injection molding system
 Industrial mixer, a machine for mixing the materials in industrial scale
 Static mixer, a device for mixing two fluid materials through a tube containing a series of baffles
 Submersible mixer, a machine used for mixing liquids and slurries in tanks (e.g. wastewater, liquid manure, etc.)
 Vortex mixer, a laboratory device

Entertainment
 Mixer (service), a defunct interactive video game streaming platform by Microsoft
 Mixer dance, a kind of participation dance that involves changing partners
 Production sound mixer, the head of a film production sound crew
 Mixer (album), a 2012 album by Desario
 "The Mixer", a 1991 song by The Fall from Shift-Work
 The Mixer, a 1992 TV series, starring Simon Williams

Other
 Mixer (appliance), kitchen appliance used to combine ingredients
 Mixer (engine), a device for quieting an airplane engine
 Drink mixer, non-alcoholic ingredients in mixed drinks and cocktails
 Mixer, an alternate name for a singles event

See also
 Mix (disambiguation)
National Information Infrastructure. The National Information Infrastructure (NII) was the product of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991. It was a telecommunications policy buzzword, which was popularized during the Clinton Administration under the leadership of Vice-President Al Gore.

It proposed to build communications networks, interactive services, interoperable computer hardware and software, computers, databases, and consumer electronics in order to put vast amounts of information available to both public and private sectors. NII was to have included more than just the physical facilities (more than the cameras, scanners, keyboards, telephones, fax machines, computers, switches, compact disks, video and audio tape, cable, wire, satellites, optical fiber transmission lines, microwave nets, switches, televisions, monitors, and printers) used to transmit, store, process, and display voice, data, and images; it was also to encompass a wide range of interactive functions, user-tailored services, and multimedia databases that were interconnected in a technology-neutral manner that will favor no one industry over any other.

See also
Al Gore and information technology
High Performance Computing Act of 1991
Information Superhighway
History of the Internet
NII Award

References

Chapman, Gary and Marc Rotenberg. "The National Information Infrastructure: A Public Interest Opportunity." Summer, 1993.
Gore, Al. Remarks on the National Information Infrastructure by Vice President Al Gore at the National Press club, December 21, 1993.

History of the Internet
Internet terminology
Telecommunications in the United States
Net gain (telecommunications). In telecommunications, net gain is the overall gain of a transmission circuit. Net gain is measured by applying a test signal at an appropriate power level at the input port of a circuit and measuring the power delivered at the output port. The net gain in dB is calculated by taking 10 times the common logarithm of the ratio of the output power to the input power.

The net gain expressed in dB may be positive or negative.  If the net gain expressed in dB is negative, it is also called the net loss.  If the net gain is expressed as a ratio, and the ratio is less than unity, a net loss is indicated.

The test signal must be chosen so that its power level is within the usual operating range of the circuit being tested.

References

Electrical parameters
Telecommunication theory
Network architecture. Network architecture is the design of a computer network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as communication protocols used.

In telecommunications, the specification of a network architecture may also include a detailed description of products and services delivered via a communications network, as well as detailed rate and billing structures under which services are compensated.

The network architecture of the Internet is predominantly expressed by its use of the Internet protocol suite, rather than a specific model for interconnecting networks or nodes in the network, or the usage of specific types of hardware links.

OSI model 

The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) defines and codifies the concept of layered network architecture. Abstraction layers are used to subdivide a communications system further into smaller manageable parts. A layer is a collection of similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it. On each layer, an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests services from the layer below.

Distributed computing 
In distributed computing, the network architecture often describes the structure and classification of a distributed application architecture, as the participating nodes in a distributed application are often referred to as a network. For example, the applications architecture of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) has been termed the Intelligent Network. There are a number of specific classifications but all lie on a continuum between the dumb network (e.g. the Internet) and the intelligent network (e.g. the PSTN).

A popular example of such usage of the term in distributed applications, as well as permanent virtual circuits, is the organization of nodes in peer-to-peer (P2P) services and networks. P2P networks usually implement overlay networks running over an underlying physical or logical network. These overlay networks may implement certain organizational structures of the nodes according to several distinct models, the network architecture of the system.

See also 
 Network topology
 Spawning networks

References

External links 
 Computer Network Architects at the US Department of Labor

 
Telecommunications engineering
Network management. Network management is the process of administering and managing computer networks. Services provided by this discipline include fault analysis, performance management, provisioning of networks and maintaining quality of service. Network management software is used by network administrators to help perform these functions.

Technologies
A small number of accessory methods exist to support network and network device management. Network management allows IT professionals to monitor network components within large network area. Access methods include the SNMP, command-line interface (CLI), custom XML, CMIP, Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), Transaction Language 1 (TL1), CORBA, NETCONF, RESTCONF and the Java Management Extensions (JMX).

Schemas include the Structure of Management Information (SMI), YANG, WBEM, the Common Information Model (CIM Schema), and MTOSI amongst others.

Value 
Effective network management can provide positive strategic impacts. For example, in the case of developing an infrastructure, providing participants with some interactive space allows them to collaborate with each other, thereby promoting overall benefits. At the same time, the value of network management to the strategic network is also affected by the relationship between participants. Active participation, interaction and collaboration can make them more trusting of each other and enhance cohesion.

See also 

 Application service management
 Business service management
 Capacity management
 Comparison of network monitoring systems
 FCAPS
 In-network management
 
 Integrated business planning
 Network and service management taxonomy
 Network monitoring
 Network traffic measurement
 Out-of-band management
 Systems management
 Website monitoring

References

External links 
 Network Monitoring and Management Tools
 Software-Defined Network Management
N-entity. In telecommunications, a n-entity is an active element in the n-th layer of the Open Systems Interconnection--Reference Model (OSI-RM) that (a) interacts directly with elements, i.e., entities, of the layer immediately above or below the n-th layer, (b) is defined by a unique set of rules, i.e., syntax, and information formats, including data and control formats, and (c) performs a defined set of functions. 

The n refers to any one of the 7 layers of the OSI-RM. 

In an existing layered open system, the n may refer to any given layer in the system. 

Layers are conventionally numbered from the lowest, i.e., the physical layer, to the highest, so that the -th layer is above the n-th layer and the -th layer is below.

References

Network architecture
OSI protocols
Reference models
On-premises wiring. On-premises wiring (customer premises wiring) is customer-owned transmission or distribution lines. The transmission lines may be metallic (copper) or optical fiber, and may be installed within or between buildings.

Premises wiring may consist of horizontal wiring, vertical wiring, and backbone cabling.  It may extend from the point-of-entry to user work areas. Any type of telecommunications or data wiring is considered premises wiring, including telephone, computer/data, intercom, closed-circuit television.

Premises networks are wired worldwide, across every industry, in both small and large-scale applications.  Any type or number of topologies may be used – star, bus, ring, etc. In 1989, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) deregulated charges for maintaining at home inside wiring; the corresponding monthly charge was dropped January 1990.

Ownership
The ownership of on-premises wiring varies between jurisdictions: It depends on the location of the demarcation point. The location determines ownership and responsibility for maintenance and repair.

In the United States and Canada, most premises wiring is owned by the customer.  There generally is a demarcation point "as close to the poles" as possible.  For many installations, this is a network interface device mounted on the outside of the building.  In some cases, it is a minimum-point-of-entry (MPOE) location inside the building.

In the United Kingdom, the demarcation point is the wall jack, and hence most of the on-premises wiring is the property of the telephone company.

See also
Customer-premises equipment
Demarc extension
Riser cable
Structured cabling

References

Signal cables
Local loop
Fiber to the premises
Open network architecture. In telecommunications, and in the context of Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) Computer Inquiry III, Open network architecture (ONA) is the overall design of a communication carrier's basic network facilities and services to permit all users of the basic network to interconnect to specific basic network functions and interfaces on an unbundled, equal-access basis.

The ONA concept consists of three integral components:

 Basic serving arrangements (BSAs)
 Basic service elements (BSEs)
 Complementary network services

See also
 Open Garden

References

Network architecture