omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
I-Suit. The I-Suit is a spacesuit model constructed by ILC Dover.  The suit began as an EVA mobility demonstrator, developed to meet a contract awarded by NASA to ILC in 1997 for an all-soft suit.

The I-Suit is designed for multiple roles, including planetary excursion and microgravity EVA.  The first generation I-Suit is configured to work with the existing Space Shuttle EMU helmet assembly and wrist bearing/disconnect, and incorporates a 2-bearing hip, hard waist entry, and walking boots. The suit meets requirements imposed by NASA for pressure, structural loads, joint mobility (torque and range of motion), and resizing capability.

Improvements over EMU

The I-Suit incorporates improvements in materials and manufacturing techniques which make it both lighter and more mobile than the EMU.

While the EMU is solely intended for the microgravity environment, where weight is not an issue, the I-Suit's planetary role makes weight a critical factor.  By replacing the EMU's fiberglass Hard Upper Torso (HUT) section with a soft upper torso, or SUT, and by using lightweight titanium in place of stainless steel for load-bearing metal components, the I-suit weighs only 65 pounds (29 kg) without its life support backpack or thermal/micrometeoroid layer, compared to 107 lbs (49 kg) for the EMU.  The suit also features a graphite-epoxy shoulder bearing housing, demonstrating the use of this material in place of aluminum.  Replacing all the suit's bearing housings with graphite-epoxy would save a further ten pounds (5 kg).

Joint torque in fabric spacesuits is minimized by the careful placement of gores, convolutes, and pleats into the fabric structure.  Improvements in joint torque in the I-Suit are primarily the result of refinement of these techniques, rather than the result of new technologies, though the suit does incorporate Vectran in its restraint cords, which has somewhat improved thermal properties over the Spectra used in shuttle suits.

Versions

After the original I-Suit was delivered to NASA, improvements to the design were incorporated into a second generation suit, including a new helmet with improved visibility range, a redesigned hip/thigh joint, and improved boots and waist hardware.  The second generation I-suit incorporates a rear-entry hatch.

Technologies evaluated with the second generation suit include electronic textiles for use as buttons incorporated into the suit, a heads-up display, GPS capability, and speech recognition software to allow the suit occupant to receive information from the suit and external hardware.

The I-Suit, as well as ILC's Mark III suit, has been involved in field testing during NASA's annual Desert Research and Technology Studies (D-RATS) field trials, during which suit occupants interact with one another, and with rovers and other equipment.

Generation I (1997–1998)

Generation 2 (2000–2005)

Generation 3 (2005–present)

References

External links
ILC Spacesuits & Related Products

American spacesuits
Glycidol. Glycidol is an organic compound with the formula .  The molecule contains both epoxide and alcohol functional groups.  Being simple to make and bifunctional, it has a variety of industrial uses.  The compound is a colorless, slightly viscous liquid that is slightly unstable and is not often encountered in pure form.

Synthesis and applications
Glycidol is prepared by the epoxidation of allyl alcohol.  A typical catalyst is tungstic acid, and a typical O-atom source is aqueous peroxyacetic acid.

Some useful products derived from glycidol are 2,3-epoxypropyloxy chloroformate (from phosgene) and glycidyl urethanes (by addition of isocyanates:

Glycidol is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of other glycidyl ethers, esters, and amines.

Glycidol can be O-benzylated in the presence of strong base.  More typically, such glycidol ethers are produced by reaction of epichlorohydrin with alkoxides.

Glycidol is a precursor to diproqualone (by alkylation of 2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one) and dyphylline (by alkylation of theophylline).

Occurrence
Glycidyl fatty acid esters that are thought to contaminate some edible oils could be a source of traces of glycidol in the diet. These esters are formed during the deodorization step of edible oil refining, which uses vapor and high temperatures to remove impurities. The reaction conditions in that step can allow monoglyceride and diglycerides (MAG, DAG) naturally present in the oil to rearrange into glycidyl fatty acid esters.

Safety
Glycidol is an irritant of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. Exposure to glycidol may also cause central nervous system depression, followed by central nervous system stimulation.  It is listed as an IARC Group 2A Agent, meaning that it is "probably carcinogenic to humans". In regards to occupational exposures, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit at 50 ppm over an eight-hour work shift, while the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends a limit at 25 ppm over an eight-hour work shift.

See also
 Epichlorohydrin
 Ethylene oxide
 Glycidamide
 Glycidic acid

References

Further reading

Epoxides
Primary alcohols
IARC Group 2A carcinogens
Erwin Conradi. Erwin Conradi (* February 12, 1935, Frankfurt am Main) was as head of Metro AG one of the most important managers in trade business.

He studied industrial engineering, then worked from 1959 at IBM and from 1963 at Metro.

From 1996 until 2000 he was chairman of the board, after Kaufhaus, Asco and Cash & Carry had merged into Metro AG. 2004 he left   Metro AG. In 1999 he received an honorary doctor from TU Braunschweig.

References

See also
Conradi

Businesspeople from Frankfurt
1935 births
Living people
German expatriates in Switzerland
Eucryptite. Eucryptite is a lithium bearing aluminium silicate mineral with formula LiAlSiO4. It crystallizes in the trigonal – rhombohedral crystal system. It typically occurs as granular to massive in form and may pseudomorphically replace spodumene. It has a brittle to conchoidal fracture and indistinct cleavage. It is transparent to translucent and varies from colorless to white to brown. It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 and a specific gravity of 2.67. Optically it is uniaxial positive with refractive index values of nω = 1.570 – 1.573 and nε = 1.583 – 1.587.

Its typical occurrence is in lithium-rich pegmatites in association with albite, spodumene, petalite, amblygonite, lepidolite and quartz.

It occurs as a secondary alteration product of spodumene. It was first described in 1880 for an occurrence at its type locality, Branchville, Connecticut. Its name was from the Greek for well concealed, for its typical occurrence embedded in albite.

References

Nesosilicates
Lithium minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 148
Anatol Roshko. Anatol Roshko (15 July 1923 – 23 January 2017) was a Canadian-born physicist and engineer. He was the Theodore von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics, Emeritus, at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.

Roshko is known for his contributions to gas dynamics. He along with H. W. Liepmann is the co-author of the widely used textbook Elements of Gasdynamics. He has made research contributions to problems of separated flow; bluff-body aerodynamics; structure of turbulent shear flow.

He completed his undergraduate education at the University of Alberta with a B.Sc. degree in Engineering Physics, in 1945, received the M.Sc. degree from Caltech in 1947 and the Ph.D. in 1952. Most of his academic career has been at Caltech, where he was the Theodore von Karman Professor of Aeronautics, Emeritus at the time of his death. He was also a member of the National Academy of Engineering; a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the American Physical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and an Honorary Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Roshko received Fluid Dynamics Prize by the American Physical Society (APS) in 1987.  He was also awarded the Timoshenko Medal in 1999.

Books

See also
Roshko number
Turbulence
Turbulent flow
Vortex

References

1923 births
2017 deaths
American aerospace engineers
Engineering educators
University of Alberta alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
Fluid dynamicists
Aerodynamicists
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Canadian emigrants to the United States
VS-SATM1 mine. The VS-SATM1 is an Italian scatterable anti-tank landmine that was produced by Valsella Meccanotecnica SpA. The mine can be scattered by a GRILLO-128 man-portable single-tube launcher system or a VS-MDH helicopter based system. The mine has six pop-out fins which slow its descent and improve the dispersion characteristics.

The mine uses an electronic fuze with a ten-minute arming delay and a programmable life of between one hour and one year, which is set in one-hour increments. After the programmable life expires, the mine either self-destructs or self-neutralizes. The fuze is an electronic full-width device that probably uses magnetic and seismic sensors. The mine can also function underwater. The fuze contains an integral anti-handling device to hinder deminers.

The mine's warhead is a shaped charge, optimized to produce maximum spalling behind armour — it can blast a 45-millimeter-diameter hole through a 100-millimeter-thick armour plate.

Specifications
 Diameter: 128 mm
 Height: 105 mm
 Weight: 2.5 kg
 Explosive content: 0.8 kg

References
 Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2005-2006
 

Anti-tank mines of Italy
Frank–Caro process. The Frank–Caro process, also called cyanamide process, is the nitrogen fixation reaction of calcium carbide with nitrogen gas in a reactor vessel at about 1,000 °C. The reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining once the reaction temperature is reached. Originally the reaction took place in large steel cylinders with an electrical resistance element providing initial heat to start the reaction. Modern production uses rotating ovens. The synthesis produces a solid mixture of calcium cyanamide (CaCN2), also known as nitrolime, and carbon.
CaC2 + N2 → CaCN2 + C

History

The Frank–Caro process was the first commercial process that was used worldwide to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The product was used as fertilizer and commercially known as Lime-Nitrogen. Nitrolim or Kalkstickstoff in German.
The method was developed by the German chemists Adolph Frank and Nikodem Caro between 1895 and 1899. In its first decades, the world market for inorganic fertilizer was dominated by factories utilizing the cyanamide process.

Production facilities
The first full-scale factories were established in 1905 in Piano d´Orta (Italy) and Westeregeln (Germany). From 1908 the Frank–Caro process was used at North Western Cyanamide Company at Odda, Norway. With an annual production capacity of 12,000 ton from 1909, the factory at Odda was by far the largest in the world. At this time, first phase factories were established in Briançon (France), Martigny (Switzerland), Bromberg (Prussia/Poland) and Knapsack (Germany). The cyanamide factory at Odda ceased operation in 2002. It is still intact and is a Norwegian candidate to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Haber process
In the 1920s the more energy-efficient Haber process gradually took over in the nitrogen fertilizer production, but Frank-Caro process has continued to produce a useful chemical feedstock. In 1945 the production of calcium cyanamide reached a peak of an estimated 1.5 million tons a year.

Patent
German patent nr. DE 88363 (1895)

See also
 Odda process
 Birkeland–Eyde process
 Haber–Bosch process
 Linde–Frank–Caro process, a method to produce hydrogen from water gas

References

External links

 Guide to the Papers of Adolf Frank (1834–1916) 

Cyanamides
Fertilizers
Chemical processes
Mission specialist. Mission specialist (MS) is a term for a specific position held by astronauts who are tasked with conducting a range of scientific, medical, or engineering experiments during a spaceflight mission. These specialists were usually assigned to a specific field of expertise that was related to the goals of the particular mission they were assigned to.

Mission specialists were highly trained individuals who underwent extensive training in preparation for their missions. They were required to have a broad range of skills, including knowledge of science and engineering, as well as experience in operating complex equipment in a zero-gravity environment.

During a mission, mission specialists were responsible for conducting experiments, operating equipment, and performing spacewalks to repair or maintain equipment outside the spacecraft. They also played a critical role in ensuring the safety of the crew by monitoring the spacecraft's systems and responding to emergencies as needed.

The role of mission specialist was an important one in the Space Shuttle program, as they were instrumental in the success of the program's many scientific and engineering missions. Many of the advances in science and technology that were made during this period were made possible by the hard work and dedication of the mission specialists who worked tirelessly to push the boundaries of what was possible in space.

References 

Astronauts
Sun Modular Datacenter. Sun Modular Datacenter (Sun MD, known in the prototype phase as Project Blackbox) is a portable data center built into a standard 20-foot intermodal container (shipping container) manufactured and marketed by Sun Microsystems (acquired in 2010 by Oracle Corporation). An external chiller and power were required for the operation of a Sun MD. A data center of up to 280 servers could be rapidly deployed by shipping the container in a regular way to locations that might not be suitable for a building or another structure, and connecting it to the required infrastructure.  Sun  stated that the system could be made operational for 1% of the cost of building a traditional data center.

History 
The prototype was first announced as "Project Blackbox" in October 2006; the official product was announced in January 2008.

A Project Blackbox with 1088 Advanced Micro Devices Opteron processors ranked #412 on the June 2007 TOP500 list.

The Sun Modular Datacenter, aka: Project Blackbox, was a concept design between MIT alums, Greg Papadopoulos and Dave Douglas from Sun Labs and Danny Hillis from Applied Minds to determine what is the largest possible “thumb drive” that can still be easily transported worldwide by truck, rail, and air.  Their decision was a 20 foot standard shipping container would be ideal as transportation methods exist in near every country around the world.  Internally the 20 foot container was highly modified to hold 8ea 40RU compute racks of servers and/or storage.  Initial target audience was for secure portable DC and for disaster relief to allow internet access for email and insurance forms.

Prototype build occurred remotely at Applied Minds facility, managed by Adam Yates from Applied Minds and Russ Rinfret from Sun.

The team behind Project Blackbox:

Marketing

 Darlene Yaplee, Sr Director
 Michael Bohlig
 Cheryl Martin
 Bob Schiolmueller, Technical Marketing
 Joe Carvalho, Technical Marketing

Engineering

 Jud Cooley, Sr Director for Project
 Chuck Perry, Software and Environmental Systems Design
 Russ Rinfret, Mechanical Engineering Manager
 Lee Follmer
 Tim Jolly
 Alex Barandian
 Chris Wooley
 Chris Spect
 Carl Meske

Supply and Vendor Mgmt

 Jeff Galloway

Customers 

On 14 July 2007, the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) deployed a Sun MD containing 252 Sun Fire X2200 compute nodes as a compute farm. Other customers include Radboud University.

In March 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its digital archive into a Sun MD, hosted at Sun's Santa Clara headquarters campus, a realization of a paper written by Archive employees in late 2003 proposing "an outdoor petabyte JBOD NAS box" of sufficient capacity to store the then-current Archive in a 40' shipping container.

References

External links 

 Sun Modular Datacenter S20 Product Library Documentation
 Project Blackbox Blog
 

Sun Microsystems hardware
Intermodal containers
Data centers
Modular datacenter
Whitley plant. The Whitley plant, situated in Whitley, Coventry, United Kingdom, is the headquarters and one of the engineering centres of Jaguar Land Rover.  The facility is a fully integrated design, research and development centre and is used for the design and development of Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles.

History
The site now occupied by the Whitley plant was originally an aerodrome, built during the First World War.

In the early 1920s the site and its associated buildings were bought by Sir W.G. Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft Co. Ltd. From 1923 until the end of the Second World War several aircraft types, including the Armstrong Whitworth Siskin, the Hawker Hart biplanes and the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bomber were built at the site.

After the Second World War, Armstrong Whitworth concentrated its guided missile work at the plant, including the development of the Seaslug surface-to-air missile. In 1968 Hawker Siddeley Dynamics, who had by then absorbed the Armstrong Whitworth company, closed the site with the loss of 2,260 jobs. Work being carried out at the site on the Nike-Ajax and Sea Dart missiles was transferred to Hawker Siddeley Dynamics plants in Hatfield, Cheadle Hulme and Lostock.

The Rootes Group, by then owned by Chrysler Europe, purchased the 187-acre site from Hawker Siddeley Dynamics in 1969 for the purpose of centralising all its design and engineering teams onto one site. From 1970 Rootes used the site for the design of all their new trucks and cars.

In 1978 Chrysler sold its European operations to PSA Group, and the Whitley plant was taken over by Peugeot-Talbot. By 1985 Peugeot had moved all its design and development activities to Paris Hawtal Whiting design group used it for a short period then the newly privatised Jaguar Cars bought the plant and following a refurbishment, established its engineering centre there in 1987.

In 2005 Jaguar Cars moved its headquarters to join its engineering centre at the Whitley site, after scaling down its operations at its Browns Lane plant.

Environment

The Whitley plant is surrounded by green land, and a lake, woods and the River Sowe are nearby. Some of the former playing fields of Whitley Abbey Comprehensive School were sold by the council to Ford, who owned Jaguar at the time.

A major expansion of the Whitley facility and the building of a new industrial estate in the surrounding green fields and woods is a controversial local issue. The expansion would consume approximately 740 acres of greenbelt land, and Roxhill Developers, which is behind the project, is ultimately controlled by an offshore company domiciled in the Cayman Islands.

See also
Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre

References

1923 establishments in England
Armstrong Whitworth
Automotive industry in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Coventry
Engineering research institutes
Jaguar Land Rover
Motor vehicle assembly plants in the United Kingdom
Research institutes in the West Midlands (county)
Puget Sound Bridge and Dredging Company. Puget Sound Bridge and Dredging Company was a major shipbuilding and construction company, located in Seattle, Washington, on the southwestern corner of Harbor Island, an artificial island in Elliott Bay. The Bridge and Dredging Company created the island, completing its construction in 1909. It established itself in 1898 and engaged in construction projects around the United States and shipbuilding for the U.S. Navy during and after World War II. During the war it also operated under the name Associated Shipbuilders in a joint venture with the nearby Lake Union Dry Dock Company. In 1959 Lockheed purchased the shipyard and it became the Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company. The Yard was permanently closed in 1987.

Construction and shipbuilding
During its 61-year history as Puget Sound Bridge and Dredging Company, the firm completed many major construction projects.

Ships 

 The Governor Pingree was the company’s first vessel built, in 1898. The ship was a 140-foot, flat-bottomed stern-wheeler built for use in the Yukon gold trade.
 Two 5,400-ton steam-driven, wooden cargo vessels: Broxton and Snoqualmie (1918). Originally built for service in World War I but completed too late for war service. Later served in Pacific trade between British Columbia and Australia.
 More than 2,000 vessels and 100 steel ships for the U.S. Navy during and after World War II. One of the notable Navy ships built by Puget Sound was the USS Turner Joy, one of two U.S. Navy destroyers involved in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident in 1964.
 Several large ferries for the Washington State Ferry System

World War II List of Ships 
 4 of 30 s
  ... 
 14 of 123 s
  ... 
  ... 
 16 of 95 s
  ... 
 (BAM-9) ... (BAM-16)
 (BAM-25) ... (BAM-29)
 3 Tugs
 25 Barges

Other constructions 
Harbor Island in Seattle (1909). Until 1938, it was the largest artificial island in the world, and is still the largest artificial island in the United States.
A large system of irrigation canals known as the Umatilla Project in northwestern Oregon (1906)
The original 5-story King County courthouse in Seattle (1914)
Husky Stadium at the University of Washington in Seattle (1920)
Construction of a large dam for "Lake Dallas" in Denton County, Texas (1924)
The harbor of Port Townsend, Washington (1931)
The first Lake Washington Floating Bridge (1940)
Rebuilding railroad locomotives (1949–52)
The first Hood Canal Floating Bridge (1961)

External links
 Lockheed Shipbuilding, Seattle WA

See also 
 :Category:Ships built by Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company: includes ships built during the PSB&D era
 Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation#Shipbuilding in Puget Sound

References
Denton Record Chronicle: October 4, 1924 - p. 4

Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United States
Dredging companies
American companies established in 1898
Manufacturing companies established in 1898
American companies disestablished in 1987
1898 establishments in Washington (state)
1987 disestablishments in Washington (state)
Shipbuilding in Washington (state)