omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Star Trek: The Kobayashi Alternative. Star Trek: The Kobayashi Alternative was a Star Trek themed computer software game by American studio Micromosaics, designed for the Apple II Plus, Apple IIe, and Apple IIc. The game was also available for the Commodore 64, Macintosh and IBM PC. This text adventure was first published in 1985 by Simon & Schuster. The player assumes the role of Admiral James T. Kirk. As Kirk, the player commands the actions of the Enterprise crew, as well as the Enterprise itself.

The plot is based on the idea that Starfleet is replacing the Kobayashi Maru scenario with a new test based on a mission from the Enterprise logs. The player is supposedly testing this "Kobayashi Alternative Command Performance Evaluation" for a Starfleet admiral.

Reception
Computer Gaming Worlds Scorpia criticized Kobayashi for many bugs and poor documentation, while approving of the game's design and its portrayal of the crew. She reported that version 1.1 for the Apple with improved documentation still had bugs, including a serious one when visiting Orna, and concluded "I cannot recommend it". Joyce Worley in Ahoy! called the Commodore 64 version's user interface "a landmark advance for the text adventure genre". She said that the story "would probably work well as the basis for a Star Trek script", but was less interesting than the opportunity to explore the Enterprise and interact with its crew.

References

External links 
 Star Trek: The Kobayashi Alternative at MobyGames
 

1980s interactive fiction
1985 video games
Apple II games
Classic Mac OS games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Interactive fiction based on works
Micromosaics games
Single-player video games
Kobayashi Alternative
Video games developed in the United States
Highway Hunter. Highway Hunter () is vehicular combat game developed by Omega Integral Systems for MS-DOS compatible operating systems. It was published by the Safari Software label of Epic MegaGames in 1994.

Plot
A hostile alien race has conquered the earth and enslaved the human race to do their bidding. The player assumes the role of a man who has worked in an alien maintenance garage, steals a prototype alien combat vehicle called the MASTER and escapes with it. The MASTER is used to fight the alien forces in a desperate bid to save the planet.

Gameplay
The game uses a top-down view. The player's car is situated on a raised highway. The ground is visible on the sides. The player's car is constantly moving upwards through the level, though the player can maneuver the car around the screen within the boundaries of the highway. The player fires at enemies that come from the top of the screen. There are ground enemies on the highway and flying enemies that can come in from the sides or the top. Some enemies may drop weapon power ups, which make the player car's projectiles stronger or more numerous. The game is divided into three episodes, each with a number of levels, with a boss at the end of each level. The highway environments start out looking earthly, but the player moves into more alien levels later in the game.

Reception
Allgame gave a 2 and a half star rating,

References

External links

1994 video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in Russia
Single-player video games
Safari Software games
IBM RSCT. IBM Reliable Scalable Cluster Technology (RSCT) is a set of software components that together provide a comprehensive clustering environment for AIX, Linux, Solaris, and Windows operating systems. RSCT is the infrastructure used by a variety of IBM products to provide clusters with improved system availability, scalability, and ease of use. It follows a list of main RSCT components:
the Resource Monitoring and Control (RMC) subsystem. This is the scalable, reliable backbone of RSCT. It runs on a single machine or on each node (operating system image) of a cluster and provides a common abstraction for the resources of the individual system or the cluster of nodes. You can use RMC for single system monitoring, or for monitoring nodes in a cluster. In a cluster, however, RMC provides global access to subsystems and resources throughout the cluster, thus providing a single monitoring/management infrastructure for clusters. It is used for HMC DLPAR, sfp, invscout ...
the RSCT core resource managers. A resource manager is a software layer between a resource (a hardware or software entity that provides services to some other component) and RMC. A resource manager maps programmatic abstractions in RMC into the actual calls and commands of a resource.
the RSCT cluster security services, which provide the security infrastructure that enables RSCT components to authenticate the identity of other parties.
the Topology Services subsystem, which, on some cluster configurations, provides node/network failure detection.
the Group Services subsystem, which, on some cluster configurations, provides cross node/process coordination.

Management Domains and Peer Domains 
The set of nodes that is configured for manageability or monitoring is called a management domain of your cluster. The set of nodes that is configured for high availability is called an RSCT peer domain of your cluster.

A peer domain is a set of nodes that have a consistent knowledge of the existence of each other and of the resources shared among them. On each node within the peer domain, RMC depends on a core set of cluster services, which include Topology Services, Group Services and cluster security services.

A management domain is a set of nodes with resources that can be managed and monitored from one of the nodes, which is designated as the management control point (MCP). All other nodes are considered to be managed nodes. Topology Services and Group Services are not used in a management domain.

In order to understand how the various RSCT components are used in a cluster, be aware that nodes of a cluster can be configured for manageability, high availability or both.

External links
IBM RSCT documentation

See also
 IBM PowerHA (formerly HACMP), IBM clustering software for AIX and Linux
 IBM Cluster System Management (CSM)

RSCT
Close to Metal. In computing, Close To Metal (CTM, originally Close-to-the-Metal) is the name of a beta version of a low-level programming interface developed by ATI, now the AMD Graphics Product Group, aimed at enabling GPGPU computing. CTM was short-lived, and the first production version of AMD's GPGPU technology is now called AMD Stream SDK, or rather the current AMD APP SDK (AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing SDK) ) for Windows and Linux 32-bit and 64-bit, which also targets Heterogeneous System Architecture.

Overview
Close To Metal, originally called THIN (Thin Hardware INterface) and Data Parallel Virtual Machine, gave developers direct access to the native instruction set and memory of the massively parallel computational elements in modern AMD video cards.  CTM bypassed the graphics-centric DirectX and OpenGL APIs for the GPGPU programmer to expose previously unavailable low-level functionality, including direct control of the stream processors/ALUs and the memory controllers. R580 (ATI X1900) and later generations of AMD's GPU microarchitecture supported the CTM interface.

CTM's commercial successor, AMD Stream SDK, was released under AMD EULA in December 2007 after the software stack was rewritten. Stream SDK provides high-level in addition to low-level tools for general-purpose access to AMD graphics hardware.

Using GPUs to perform computations holds a lot of potential for some applications because of the fundamental differences of GPU microarchitectures compared to CPUs. GPUs achieve much greater throughput (calculations per second) by executing many programs in parallel and restricting flow control (the ability of one program to execute instructions independently of another). Modern GPUs also have addressable on-die memory and extremely high performance multi-channel external memory.

AMD subsequently switched from CTM to OpenCL.

Open-source 
Some components of CTM and the Stream SDK are open source, such as the Brook+ C-like language and compiler.

See also 
ROCm
CUDA
BrookGPU
Lib Sh
Stream programming
Shader

References 

Notes

 AMD “Close to Metal” Technology Unleashes the Power of Stream Computing: AMD Press Release, November 14, 2006.
 AnandTech report: ATI's Stream Processing & Folding@Home, September 30, 2006.
 Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Mathematik research: Accelerating Double precision on GPUs (Proceedings of ASIM 2005), Dominik Goddeke, Robert Strzodka, and Stefan Turek. 18th Symposium on Simulation Technique, 2005. 
 TGDaily report: Nvidia activates a supercomputer in your PC, February 16, 2007.

External links 
 ATI official site* 
  
   
  
 AMD Close-to-the-Metal (CTM) open source project site

ATI Technologies
AMD software
GPGPU libraries
John R. Wiegand. John Richard Wiegand (February 23, 1912 – December 1986) discovered the Wiegand effect, a physical phenomenon in which a special wire, called a "Wiegand wire", produces small magnetic fields.  The accompanying Wiegand reader detects the magnetic pulses produced by the two-domain wire embedded within, typically, plastic cards.  There is also a Wiegand interface commonly used to transmit the data collected by a Wiegand sensor in a card reader. The Wiegand effect was first thought to be a commercially viable solution to better ignition systems for internal combustion engines.  Echlin Corporation, an automotive parts manufacturer owned Sensor Engineering of Hamden, Connecticut in the 1970s.  That application was displaced by the electronic ignition system.

References

United States Patent 3780313 First Wiegand Pulse Generator
United States Patent 3892118 Where it all Started July 1, 1975
United States Patent 4247601
United States Patent 4263523
United States Patent 4484090
United States Patent 4309628

American physicists
1912 births
1986 deaths
Leonard S. Hobbs. Leonard S. (Luke) Hobbs (1896–1977) was an American aeronautical engineer who started in 1920 with the Army Air Service at McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio and later worked for Stromberg Motor Devices Corporation. He was born in Carbon County, Wyoming. He developed the first float-type carburetor for aircraft engines that was capable of providing normal operation during inverted flight. In 1927 he became a research engineer at the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company and by 1944 was vice president of engineering for parent company United Aircraft Corporation. He won the prestigious 1952 Collier Trophy for "designing and producing the P&W J57 turbojet engine". In 1956 was elected vice chairman of United Aircraft, retiring in 1958 but remaining on the company's board of directors until 1968.

He was the author of The Wright Brothers' Engines and Their Design, published in 1971 by the Smithsonian Institution Press as part of its Smithsonian Annals of Flight series.

The 1972 Elmer A. Sperry Award was won by "Hobbs and Perry W. Pratt and the dedicated engineers of the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Division of United Aircraft Corporation for the design and development of the JT3 turbo jet engine".

References

External links
 

American aerospace engineers
1896 births
1977 deaths
People from Carbon County, Wyoming
Place of death missing
Collier Trophy recipients
20th-century American engineers
JR Freight Class EH200. The  is a Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′ wheel arrangement twin unit DC electric freight locomotive operated by JR Freight in Japan since 2001.

Operations
The locomotives are built at the Toshiba factory in Fuchū, Tokyo. They are all based at Takasaki depot, and are primarily used on oil tank trains north of Tokyo and on the steeply-graded Chūō Main Line, Shinonoi Line, and Joetsu Line, replacing pairs of Class EF64s.

, 25 Class EH200 locomotives are in service (EH200-901 and EH200-1 to EH200-24).

Variants
 EH200-900: Prototype locomotive EH200-901, built 2001
 EH200-0: Full-production locomotives built from 2003 onward

EH200-901 prototype
The pre-production prototype, EH200-901, was delivered to Takasaki depot in 2001, and entered revenue service in October 2002 following extensive testing.

EH200-0 full-production version
Following evaluation of the prototype version, the first full-production locomotive, EH200-1, was delivered to Takasaki in March 2003. A number of minor improvements were incorporated, with the main external differences from the prototype being as follows.
 Elimination of centre pillar in the cab windscreens
 Redesigned windscreen wipers
 "Blue Thunder" logo on bodyside
 Reduced size white "JRF" logo on the body side

Classification

The EH200 classification for this locomotive type is explained below. As with previous locomotive designs, the prototype is numbered EH200-901, with subsequent production locomotives numbered from EH200-1 onward.
 E: Electric locomotive
 H: Eight driving axles
 200: DC locomotive with AC motors

See also
 JNR Class EH10
 JR Freight Class EH500
 JR Freight Class EH800

References

1500 V DC locomotives
Electric locomotives of Japan
EH200
Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′ locomotives
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
Railway locomotives introduced in 2002
Toshiba locomotives
Armature (computer animation). An armature is a kinematic chain used in computer animation to simulate the motions of virtual human or animal characters. In the context of animation, the inverse kinematics of the armature is the most relevant computational algorithm.

There are two types of digital armatures: Keyframing (stop-motion) armatures and real-time (puppeteering) armatures. Keyframing armatures were initially developed to assist in animating digital characters without basing the movement on a live performance. The animator poses a device manually for each keyframe, while the character in the animation is set up with a mechanical structure equivalent to the armature. The device is connected to the animation software through a driver program and each move is recorded for a particular frame in time. Real-time armatures are similar, but they are puppeteered by one or more people and captured in real time.

See also
 Linkages
 Skeletal animation

References

3D graphics software
Computational physics
Gerhard Weikum. Gerhard Weikum (born September 28, 1957) is a German computer scientist and Research Director at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics in Saarbrücken, Germany, where he is leading the databases and information systems department. His current research interests include transactional and distributed systems, self-tuning database systems, data and text integration, and the automatic construction of knowledge bases. He is one of the creators of the YAGO knowledge base. He is also the Dean of the International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science (IMPRS-CS).

Earlier he held positions at Saarland University in Saarbrücken, Germany, at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, at MCC in Austin, Texas, and he was a visiting senior researcher at Microsoft Research in Redmond, Washington. He received his diploma and doctoral degrees from the TU Darmstadt, Germany.

He acted as the President of the VLDB endowment in 2005 and 2006. The endowment organizes the yearly International Conference on Very Large Databases, a scientific conference for researchers in the area of database research.

In 2005 the Association for Computing Machinery appointed Gerhard Weikum a fellow, one of the highest honors of the ACM. Weikum has been honored for his research in the fields of databases and information systems, in particular for his contributions to improve the reliability and the performance of large-scale, distributed information systems. In 2010 he was elected as a fellow of the Gesellschaft für Informatik and received a Google Focused Research Award. He received the ACM SIGMOD Contributions Award in 2011, an ERC Synergy Grant in 2013, and the ACM SIGMOD Edgar F. Codd Innovations Award in 2016.

In 2018 he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

References

External links 
  Max Planck Institute for Computer Science - databases and information systems department
 Personal Homepage of Gerhard Weikum
 International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science
 University of Darmstadt
 VLDB Endowment
  ACM Fellows Program

2005 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Database researchers
Living people
German computer scientists
Max Planck Institute for Informatics
Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Max Planck Institute directors
1957 births
People from Frankfurt
Mitigation of seismic motion. Mitigation of seismic motion is an important factor in earthquake engineering and construction in earthquake-prone areas. The destabilizing action of an earthquake on constructions may be direct (seismic motion of the ground) or indirect (earthquake-induced landslides, liquefaction of the foundation soils and waves of tsunami).

Knowledge of local amplification of the seismic motion from the bedrock is very important in order to choose the suitable design solutions.  Local amplification can be anticipated from the presence of particular stratigraphic conditions, such as soft soil overlapping the bedrock, or where morphological settings (e.g. crest zones, steep slopes, valleys, or endorheic basins) may produce focalization of the seismic event.

The identification of the areas potentially affected by earthquake-induced landslides and by soil liquefaction can be made by geological survey and by analysis of historical documents.  Even quiescent and stabilized landslide areas may be reactivated by severe earthquake. Young soil may be particularly susceptible to liquefaction.

See also
Base isolation
Seismic hazard
Seismic performance
Tuned mass damper
Vibration control
Crash testing

References

Building engineering
Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation
Tensioner. A tensioner is a device that applies a force to create or maintain tension. The force may be applied parallel to, as in the case of a hydraulic bolt tensioner, or perpendicular to, as in the case of a spring-loaded bicycle chain tensioner, the tension it creates. The force may be generated by a fixed displacement, as in the case of an eccentric bicycle bottom bracket, which must be adjusted as parts wear, or by stretching or compressing a spring, as in the case of a spring-loaded bicycle chain tensioner; by changing the volume of a gas, as in the case of a marine riser tensioner; by hydraulic pressure, as in the case of a hydraulic bolt tensioner; or by gravity acting on a suspended mass, as in the case of a chair lift cable tensioner. In the power sector, the tensioner is a machine for maintaining constant tension of the conductors during work of hanging the transmission network..

Applications

Bolt tensioners are devices designed to apply a specific tension to a bolt. The device may be either removed once the actual nut is threaded into place or left in place, in the case of a hydraulic nut.

The belt or chain tension on a single-speed bicycle can be maintained by either setting the fixed horizontal position of the rear sprocket or the front chainring horizontally, or by a separate tensioner that pushes perpendicular to the chain with either a fixed position or spring tension.

The serpentine belt and the timing belt or chain on an automobile engine may be guided by an idler pulley and/or a belt tensioner, which may be spring-loaded, hydraulic, or fixed.

The chain tension of a chainsaw may be adjusted with a chain tensioner.

A marine riser tensioner is a device used on an offshore drilling vessel that provides a near-constant upward force on the drilling riser independent of the movement of the floating drill vessel.
A guideline tensioner is a hydropneumatic device used on an offshore drilling rig that keeps a positive pulling force on the guidelines from the platform to a template on the seabed.
Overhead electrical wires may be kept in tension by springs or weights.
Conveyor belts
Chair lift and gondola lift cables
Certain wood trusses, such as the beam tensioner truss picture below.

Fencing made of wire, such as electric fences, barbed-wire fences, and chainlink fences often include tensioning devices to keep them taut.
Belt sanders have a mechanism, often a spring-loaded idler drum, to apply the proper tension to the sanding belt, which can be released to allow for changing belts.

Gallery

See also
Turnbuckle
Torque wrench

References

External links
 Hydraulic Tensioning Glossary
Hydraulic Puller-tensioner 

Drilling technology
Hardware (mechanical)
Luis Fernando De Angulo. Luis Fernando de Angulo (born September 29, 1952 in Bogotá, Colombia) was the director of Corporate Social Responsibility for Occidental Petroleum Corporation starting September 2004. He led the implementation of the Human Rights Policy and the Voluntary Principles, along with the risk assessment and training tools required by the social responsibility function.

De Angulo graduated from the Civil Engineering faculty of the Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia. He joined Occidental Petroleum after a two-year scholarship at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, where he co-directed the Colombia Civil Society Initiative. His involvement in the Colombia Initiative is preceded by 22 years of experience leading and managing public participation processes, regional development projects, business, community, and government partnerships, as well as organizing nonprofit networks for local and regional development.

External links
Occidental Petroleum Corporation
Beyond Armed Actors: A Look at Civil Society

1952 births
Harvard University staff
Colombian civil engineers
Living people
Compressibility equation. In statistical mechanics and thermodynamics the compressibility equation refers to an equation which relates the isothermal compressibility (and indirectly the pressure) to the structure of the liquid. It reads:where  is the number density, g(r) is the radial distribution function and  is the isothermal compressibility.

Using the Fourier representation of the Ornstein-Zernike equation the compressibility equation can be rewritten in the form:

where h(r) and c(r) are the indirect and direct correlation functions respectively. The compressibility equation is one of the many integral equations in statistical mechanics.

References 
 

Statistical mechanics
Thermodynamic equations
Selected Areas in Cryptography. Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC) is an international cryptography conference (originally a workshop) held every August in Canada since 1994. The first workshop was organized by Carlisle Adams, Henk Meijer, Stafford Tavares and Paul van Oorschot.  Through 1999, SAC was hosted at either Queen's University or Carleton University, but starting in 2000, locations have ranged across Canada. SAC has featured research presentations on many cryptographic topics, with a traditional focus on the design and analysis of block ciphers.  SAC is regarded as a high-quality venue for presenting cryptographic results, and is the only cryptography conference held annually in Canada.  Since 2003, SAC has included an invited lecture called the Stafford Tavares Lecture, in honor of one of its original organizers and strongest supporters.

Each year, SAC features four topics:
 Design and analysis of symmetric key primitives and cryptosystems including block and stream ciphers, hash functions, MAC algorithms, and authenticated encryption schemes.
 Efficient implementations of symmetric and public key algorithms.
 Mathematical and algorithmic aspects of applied cryptology.
 A special topic selected by the current co-chairs that may vary from year to year.

The "SAC" acronym is also a tongue-in-cheek reference to the strict avalanche criterion, a cryptographic property defined in terms of Boolean functions.

External links 
 Main SAC conference page

Cryptography conferences