omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Functional design. Functional Design is a paradigm used to simplify the design of hardware and software devices such as computer software and, increasingly, 3D models. A functional design assures that each modular part of a device has only one responsibility and performs that responsibility with the minimum of side effects on other parts. Functionally designed modules tend to have low coupling.

Advantages
The advantage for implementation is that if a software module has a single purpose, it will be simpler, and therefore easier and less expensive, to design and implement.

Systems with functionally designed parts are easier to modify because each part does only what it claims to do.

Since maintenance is more than 3/4 of a successful system's life, this feature is a crucial advantage. It also makes the system easier to understand and document, which simplifies training. The result is that the practical lifetime of a functional system is longer.

In a system of programs, a functional module will be easier to reuse because it is less likely to have side effects that appear in other parts of the system.

Technique

The standard way to assure functional design is to review the description of a module.  If the description includes conjunctions such as "and" or "or", then the design has more than one responsibility, and is therefore likely to have side effects.  The responsibilities need to be divided into several modules in order to achieve a functional design.

Critiques and limits

Every computer system has parts that cannot be functionally pure because they exist to distribute CPU cycles or other resources to different modules. For example, most systems have an "initialization" section that starts up the modules. Other well-known examples are the interrupt vector table and the main loop.

Some functions inherently have mixed semantics. For example, a function "move the car from the garage" inherently has a side effect of changing the "car position". In some cases, the mixed semantics can extend over a large topological tree or graph of related concepts. In these unusual cases, functional design is not recommended by some authorities. Instead polymorphism, inheritance, or procedural methods may be preferred.

Applied to 3D modeling and simulation
Recently several software companies have introduced functional design as a concept to describe a Parametric feature based modeler for 3D modeling and simulation.  In this context, they mean a parametric model of an object where the parameters are tied to real-world design criteria, such as an axle that will adjust its diameter based on the strength of the material and the amount of force being applied to it in the simulation.  It is hoped that this will create efficiencies in the design process for mechanical and perhaps even architectural/structural assemblies by integrating the results of finite element analysis directly to the behavior of individual objects.

References

External links
 Functional Design Specification
 7 Essential Guidelines For Functional Design

Software architecture
Computer-aided design
Design
IPSANET. IPSANET was a packet switching network written by I. P. Sharp Associates (IPSA).  Operation began in May 1976.  It initially used the IBM 3705 Communications Controller and Computer Automation LSI-2 computers as nodes.   An Intel 80286 based-node was added in 1987. It was called the Beta node.

The original purpose was to connect low-speed dumb terminals to a central time sharing host in Toronto. It was soon modified to allow a terminal to connect to an alternate host running the SHARP APL software under license.  Terminals were initially either 2741-type machines  based on the 14.8 characters/s IBM Selectric typewriter or 30 character/s ASCII machines. Link speed was limited to 9600 bit/s until about 1984.

Other services including 2780/3780 Bisync support, remote printing, X.25 gateway and SDLC pipe lines were added in the 1978 to 1984 era. There was no general purpose data transport facility until the introduction of Network Shared Variable Processor (NSVP) in 1984. This allowed APL programs running on different hosts to communicate via Shared Variables.

The Beta node improved performance and provided new services not tied to APL. An X.25 interface was the most important of these. It allowed connection to a host which was not running SHARP APL.

IPSANET allowed for the development of an early yet advanced e-mail service, 666 BOX, which also became a major product for some time, originally hosted on IPSA's system, and later sold to end users to run on their own machines. NSVP allowed these remote e-mail systems to exchange traffic.

The network reached its maximum size of about 300 nodes before it was shut down in 1993.

External links
IPSANET Archives 

Computer networking
Packets (information technology)
CompuServe Information Manager. CompuServe Information Manager (CIM) was CompuServe Information Service's client software, used with the company's Host Micro Interface (HMI). The program provided a GUI front end to the text-based CompuServe service that was at the time accessed using a standard terminal program with alphanumerical shortcuts.

History 
Issued at the same time as the GUI-only America Online began to grow in popularity, CIM was available for MS-DOS ("DOSCIM"), Microsoft Windows ("WinCIM"), Macintosh ("MacCIM"), and  OS/2 ("CIM for OS/2") and allowed access to CompuServe's features, such as its forums, chat, e-mail, and messaging facilities; these continued to be accessible via standard communications software using alphanumeric shortcuts. The first versions were released in around 1990. Version 2.0.1, released in 1994, included a version of the Mosaic web browser.

Later, CompuServe switched parts of its service over to its new binary protocol, Host Micro Interface. Unlike its predecessor, this new protocol was not usable directly via a telnet client thus requiring the use of specialised client software like CIM. Version 3.0 (CompuServe for Windows 3.0), in 1997, was intended to compete head-on with AOL, and was released amid an advertising campaign in which CompuServe was briefly re-branded as "CSi".

After CompuServe was purchased by AOL in 1998, CompuServe began providing CompuServe branded versions of the AOL client software known as CompuServe 2000 and CompuServe 7 and its protocols as a way to access the service. However, it remained possible to connect to WinCIM via HMI, which became known as the "CompuServe Classic" service.

Other CompuServe client programs
 TapCIS
 OzWin
 NavCIS
 ForCIS
 AutoSIG

References

1990 software
CompuServe
Classic Mac OS software
DOS software
OS/2 software
Windows software
Bitting (key). Bitting is the depth of key cuts on a cylinder key for a pin tumbler lock, often expressed as a number. Bitting also refers to the combination of key cuts on a bit key for a warded lock or lever tumbler lock.

The exact geometry of modern keys is usually described by a code system. The bitting instructs a locksmith how to cut a certain key, to replace a lost key or make an additional copy.

The bitting is usually a series of integers (e.g. 372164) that is usually translated from a key code chart or from a bitting code list to settings on specially designed key machines. In many code systems each digit in the bitting corresponds to a certain location on the key blank where a cut or notch is to be made and also indicates the necessary depth of the cut. 

Many lock companies use their own proprietary code system. Depending on the maker, the bitting sequence can be from bow-to-tip (the bow being the larger, handle portion of the key), or can be from tip-to-bow. A smaller number is typically a shallower cut on the key, but not always. Assa bitting codes are reversed, where the higher the digit, the shallower the cut. One American manufacturer, Eagle Lock Company, used letters exclusively for bitting codes.

Angularly bitted
This is a type of key where the individual cuts are designed to engage chisel-pointed pins in high-security locking systems manufactured by Medeco and Emhart.  These angled cuts are designed to lift each tumbler to a predetermined height to the shear line and to rotate them to a specific angle to engage a sidebar mechanism (Medeco) (this is also used in Schlage Primus) or to line up an interlocked pin to such a position to where it would allow the plug to rotate (Emhart).

See also

 Keys by code
 Warded lock

References

Locksmithing
ITE. ITE or Ite may refer to:

Places
 Ite (village), Walloon name of the Belgian village of Ittre
 Ite District in Tacna Region, Peru

Brands and enterprises
 Interactive Television Entertainment (ITE), a defunct Danish media company
 ITE Group, an organiser of exhibitions and conferences
 ITE Tech, a fabless semiconductor company from Taiwan

Computing and technology
 If-then-else, conditional expressions in computer programming
 In-the-ear (ITE) hearing aids
 Information technology equipment (ITE)
 Integrated Transcription Environment, a class of transcription software

Organizations
 Institute of Technical Education (Singapore)
 Institute of Transportation Engineers
 L’Internationale des Travailleurs de l’Enseignement, a predecessor organization of the World Federation of Teachers Unions (FISE)

Science
 "Ité", another name for the Moriche Palm (Mauritia flexuosa)
 -ite, a suffix for a chemical name of a molecule with one less oxygen atom than an "-ate" molecule

Other uses
 Inherit the Earth (ITE), a video game
 -ite, a suffix meaning member of or resident of, e.g., New Jerseyite
Evil bit. The evil bit is a fictional IPv4 packet header field proposed in a humorous April Fools' Day RFC from 2003, authored by Steve Bellovin. The Request for Comments recommended that the last remaining unused bit, the "Reserved Bit" in the IPv4 packet header, be used to indicate whether a packet had been sent with malicious intent, thus making computer security engineering an easy problem simply ignore any messages with the evil bit set and trust the rest.

Impact 

A 2015 research done by network engineer Ben Cartwright-Cox revealed that a number of popular websites (436 websites out of Alexa 20k at the time), such as those belonging to several universities and banks, to antivirus provider Kaspersky and to remote desktop software provider Teamviewer respect the "evil bit" by dropping the inbound request, making them compliant with RFC 3514.

Influence 
The evil bit has become a synonym for all attempts to seek simple technical solutions for difficult human social problems which require the willing participation of malicious actors, in particular efforts to implement Internet censorship using simple technical solutions.

As a joke, FreeBSD implemented support for the evil bit that day, but removed the changes the next day. A Linux patch implementing the iptables module "ipt_evil" was posted the next year. Furthermore, a patch for FreeBSD 7 is available, and is kept up-to-date.

There is an extension for XMPP protocol, inspired by evil bit.

This RFC has also been quoted in the otherwise completely serious RFC 3675, ".sex Considered Dangerous", which may have caused the proponents of .xxx to wonder whether the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) was commenting on their application for a top-level domain (TLD) the document was not related to their application.

For April Fool's 2010, Google added an &evil=true parameter to requests through the Ajax APIs.

A patch to add compatibility for RFC 3514 in Wireshark was proposed but never implemented.

See also 
 Technological fix
 Do Not Track
 HTTP 451

References 

2003 in computing
April Fools' Day jokes
Computer network security
Computer humour
Censorship
2003 hoaxes
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Information Theory Society. It covers information theory and the mathematics of communications. It was established in 1953 as IRE Transactions on Information Theory. The editor-in-chief is Muriel Médard (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). As of 2007, the journal allows the posting of preprints on arXiv.

According to Jack van Lint, it is the leading research journal in the whole field of coding theory. A 2006 study using the PageRank network analysis algorithm found that, among hundreds of computer science-related journals, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory had the highest ranking and was thus deemed the most prestigious. ACM Computing Surveys, with the highest impact factor, was deemed the most popular.

References

External links 
 
List of past editors-in-chief

Engineering journals
Information theory
Transactions on Information Theory
Computer science journals
Cryptography journals
Academic journals established in 1953
Braunite. Braunite is a silicate mineral containing both di- and tri-valent manganese with the chemical formula:
Mn2+Mn3+6[O8|SiO4]. Common impurities include iron, calcium, boron, barium, titanium, aluminium, and magnesium.

Braunite forms grey/black tetragonal crystals and has a Mohs hardness of 6 – 6.5.

It was named after the Wilhelm von Braun (1790–1872) of Gotha, Thuringia, Germany.

A calcium iron bearing variant, named braunite II (formula: Ca(Mn3+,Fe3+)14SiO24), was discovered and described in 1967 from Kalahari, Cape Province, South Africa.

References

External links
Webmineral
Athena mineral

Manganese(II,III) minerals
Nesosilicates
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 142
Oxide minerals
Codd's cellular automaton. Codd's cellular automaton is a cellular automaton (CA) devised by the British computer scientist Edgar F. Codd in 1968. It was designed to recreate the computation- and construction-universality of von Neumann's CA but with fewer states: 8 instead of 29. Codd showed that it was possible to make a self-reproducing machine in his CA, in a similar way to von Neumann's universal constructor, but never gave a complete implementation.

History
In the 1940s and '50s, John von Neumann posed the following problem:
What kind of logical organization is sufficient for an automaton to be able to reproduce itself?
He was able to construct a cellular automaton with 29 states, and with it a universal constructor. Codd, building on von Neumann's work, found a simpler machine with eight states. This modified von Neumann's question:
What kind of logical organization is necessary for an automaton to be able to reproduce itself?

Three years after Codd's work, Edwin Roger Banks showed a 4-state CA in his PhD thesis that was also capable of universal computation and construction, but again did not implement a self-reproducing machine. John Devore, in his 1973 masters thesis, tweaked Codd's rules to greatly reduce the size of Codd's design. A simulation of Devore's design was demonstrated at the third Artificial Life conference in 1992, showing the final steps of construction and activation of the offspring pattern, but full self-replication was not simulated until the 2000's using Golly. Christopher Langton made another tweak to Codd's cellular automaton in 1984 to create Langton's loops, exhibiting self-replication with far fewer cells than that needed for self-reproduction in previous rules, at the cost of removing the ability for universal computation and construction.

Comparison of CA rulesets

Specification

Codd's CA has eight states determined by a von Neumann neighborhood with rotational symmetry.

The table below shows the signal-trains needed to accomplish different tasks. Some of the signal trains need to be separated by two blanks (state 1) on the wire to avoid interference, so the 'extend' signal-train used in the image at the top appears here as '70116011'.

Universal computer-constructor

Codd designed a self-replicating computer in the cellular automaton, based on Wang's W-machine. However, the design was so colossal that it evaded implementation until 2009, when Tim Hutton constructed an explicit configuration. There were some minor errors in Codd's design, so Hutton's implementation differs slightly, in both the configuration and the ruleset.

See also
Artificial life
Cellular automaton
Conway's Game of Life
Langton's loops
Von Neumann cellular automaton
Wireworld

References

External links
The Rule Table Repository has the transition table for Codd's CA.
Golly - supports Codd's CA along with the Game of Life, and other rulesets.
Download the complete machine (13MB) and more details.
 shows more on Banks IV.

Artificial life
Cellular automaton rules
Chinese BASIC. Chinese BASIC () is the name given to several Chinese-localized versions of the BASIC programming language in the early 1980s.

Versions 
At least two versions of Chinese BASIC were modified Applesoft BASIC that accepted Chinese commands and variables. They were built into some Taiwan-made Apple II clones. One of these was shipped with the best-selling Multitech Microprofessor II (known as Acer today). Another version was shipped with MiTAC's Little Intelligent Computer ().

Multitech also developed a Zilog Z80-based port of the Chinese BASIC for its own line of high-end computers.

Example 
In a typical Chinese BASIC environment, Chinese and English commands are interchangeable. It may also accept Chinese and Latin alphabet variables. For example, you may use  in line 50,  in line 200 and  in line 250. They all do the same thing—to print out the value of  on screen.

This program calculates the sum of . The Chinese characters used as variables are the 24 radicals of the Cangjie method, one of the earliest QWERTY keyboard-compatible Chinese input methods. 

The significant length of an Applesoft BASIC variable name is restricted to two bytes. Therefore, the variables  and  are treated as the same. In Multitech's Chinese BASIC, a variable can be 3 bytes long (one Chinese character + one numeral).

See also 
 Non-English-based programming languages

References

External links 
 A page of the Chinese BASIC manual (in traditional Chinese)
 RoboMind: educational programming language in Chinese

Non-English-based programming languages
Discontinued Microsoft BASICs
Chinese-language computing
BASIC programming language family
Tyan. Tyan Computer Corporation (泰安電腦科技股份有限公司; also known as Tyan Business Unit, or TBU) is a subsidiary of MiTAC International, and a manufacturer of computer motherboards, including models for both AMD and Intel processors. They develop and produce high-end server, SMP, and desktop barebones systems as well as provide design and production services to tier 1 global OEMs, and a number of other regional OEMs.

Founding
The company was founded in 1989 by Dr. T. Symon Chang, a veteran of IBM and Intel. At that time, Dr. Chang saw an empty space in the market in which there were no strong players for the SMP server space, and as such he founded Tyan in order to develop, produce and deliver such products, starting with a dual Intel Pentium-series motherboard as well as a number of other single processor motherboards all geared towards server applications. 

Since then, Tyan has produced a number of single and multi-processor (as well as multi-core) products using technology from many well-known companies (e.g. Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, Broadcom and many more). Notable design wins include that of Dawning corporation for the fastest supercomputer (twice); first to market with a dual AMD Athlon MP server platform; winner of the Maximum PC Kick-Ass Award (twice) for their contributions to the Dream Machine (most recently, the 2005 edition); and first to market with an eight (8) GPU server platform (the FT72-B7015).

Later company history
Tyan is headquartered in Taipei, Taiwan, separated between three buildings in the Nei-Hu industrial district. All three buildings belong to the parent company, MiTAC. The North American headquarter is in Newark, California, which is the same North American headquarter for MiTAC.

The merger in question was with MiTAC, a Taiwanese OEM which develops and produces a range of products (including servers, notebooks, consumer electronics products, networking and educational products - as well as providing contract manufacturing services), was announced in March 2007  and completed on October 1 of that year. Under the umbrella of MiTAC, Tyan acts as the brand leader and core engineering and marketing arm for delivery of server and workstation products to the distribution and reseller channel, and continues to act as a design and production services house for OEM customers.

MiTAC International Corp. spun off the Cloud Computing Business Group to the newly incorporated MiTAC Computing Technology Corporation on 1 September 2014. TYAN is a leading server brand of MiTAC Computing Technology Corp. under the MiTAC Group. 

TYAN launched the first OpenPOWER reference system based on the IBM POWER8 architecture in Oct 2014. TYAN is one of the founding members of the OpenPOWER Foundation, which was established in 2013.

External links 
 Tyan Computer Corp. 
 MiTAC.com , Tyan's parent company
 Tyan's Chinese website

1989 establishments in Taiwan
Computer companies of Taiwan
Companies established in 1989
Computer hardware companies
Computer systems companies
Motherboard companies
Companies based in Taipei
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Taiwanese brands
Data centers
Bruce Webster. Bruce F. Webster is an American academic and software engineer. He is a principal at Bruce F. Webster & Associates and an adjunct professor in computer science at Brigham Young University.

Early life and education 
Webster received a full National Merit Scholarship to study computer science at Brigham Young University, graduating in 1978 with a bachelor's degree. He went on to work in computer science at the University of Houston-Clear Lake in Houston, Texas.

Career 

Webster has written over 150 articles on the computer industry and software development. He has also written four books on information technology (IT) issues, including The NeXT book, Pitfalls of Object-Oriented Development, The Art of ‘Ware, and The Y2K Survival Guide, and contributed to two others. He authored PricewaterhouseCoopers' 2000 white paper, Patterns in IT Litigation: System Failure. He also wrote for two years as an IT management columnist for Baseline.

In the 1980s, Webster wrote articles and columns for BYTE and Macworld, and taught computer science at Brigham Young University. In the 1990s, he went on to help found another software startup, Pages Software Inc., where he served as Chief Technical Officer and chief software architect for five years. He then served as Chief Technical Officer at Object Systems Group (now OSG), reviewing troubled corporate IT projects, and subsequently worked as a Director at PricewaterhouseCoopers (ibid). He has run his own consulting firm since 2001. Since 2017 he has also served as an adjunct professor for the BYU Computer Science Department, teaching a senior-level class on real-world software engineering.

Webster was co-designer and principal programmer of the original Apple II version of SunDog: Frozen Legacy, a real-time space trading and combat game released in 1984. SunDog was cited in late 2022 by Todd Howard of Bethesda Game Studios as one of his inspirations for their forthcoming science-fiction open world game Starfield.

In a 2008 article, Webster has coined the term "dead sea effect", a situation where tech organizations lose their best talents and as a result end up with a large number of less capable employees. In a 2024 comment, he mentions Annapurna Interactive's mass resignation as the "most extreme case of the Dead Sea effect" he has come across.

Personal life 
Webster currently resides in Provo, Utah, with his wife Sandra. He has been a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints since 1967 and has played an active role in the church.

References

External links
 Bruce Webster's web site
 Bruce Webster's "And Still I Persist" blog
 Bruce Webster's "Adventures in Mormonism" blog
 Webster & Associates web site
 Webster's SunDog page
 The SunDog Resurrection project at SourceForge

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
American Latter Day Saints
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
University of Houston–Clear Lake alumni
People from Parker, Colorado
Engineers from Colorado