omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Autochem. AutoChem is NASA release software that constitutes an automatic computer code generator and documenter for chemically reactive systems written by David Lary between 1993 and the present. It was designed  primarily for modeling atmospheric chemistry, and in particular, for chemical data assimilation.

The user selects a set of chemical species. AutoChem then searches chemical reaction databases for these species and automatically constructs the ordinary differential equations (ODE) that describe the chemical system. AutoChem symbolically differentiates the time derivatives to give the Jacobian matrix, and symbolically differentiates the Jacobian matrix to give the Hessian matrix and the adjoint. The Jacobian matrix is required by many algorithms that solve the ordinary differential equations numerically, particular when the ODEs are stiff. The Hessian matrix and the adjoint are required for four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var). AutoChem documents the whole process in a set of LaTeX and PDF files.

The reactions involving the user specified constituents are extracted by the first AutoChem preprocessor program called Pick. This subset of reactions is then used by the second AutoChem preprocessor program RoC (rate of change) to generate the time derivatives, Jacobian, and Hessian. Once the two preprocessor programs have run to completion all the Fortran 90 code has been generated that is necessary for modeling and assimilating the kinetic processes.

A huge observational database of many different atmospheric constituents from a host of platforms are available from the AutoChem site.

AutoChem has been used to perform long term chemical data assimilation of atmospheric chemistry. This assimilation was automatically documented by the AutoChem software and is available on line at CDACentral. Data quality is always an issue for chemical data assimilation, in particular the presence of biases. To identify and understand the biases it is useful to compare observations using probability distribution functions. Such an analysis is available on line at PDFCentral which was designed for the validation of observations from the NASA Aura satellite.

See also
 Chemical kinetics
 CHEMKIN
 Cantera
 Chemical WorkBench
 Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP)
 SpeedCHEM

References

Computational chemistry software
Chemical kinetics
Environmental chemistry
Group communication system. The term Group Communication System (GCS) refers to a software platform that implements some form of group communication. Examples of group communication systems include IS-IS, Spread Toolkit, Appia framework, QuickSilver, and IBM's group services component. Message queue systems are somewhat similar.

Group communication systems commonly provide specific guarantees about the total ordering of messages, such as if the sender of a message receives it back from the GCS, then it is certain that it has been delivered to all other nodes in the system. This property is useful when constructing data replication systems.

Inter-process communication
Electroantennography. Electroantennography or EAG is a technique for measuring the average output of an insect antenna to its brain for a given odor. It is commonly used in electrophysiology while studying the function of the olfactory pathway in insects. The technique was invented in 1957 by German biologist Dietrich Schneider and shares similarities with electro-olfactography.

Method

Electroantennography is usually performed either by removing an antenna from the insect and inserting two chloride silver wires for contact onto the two ends and amplifying the voltage between them while applying an odor puff to see a deflection as in the figure, or by leaving the animal intact and inserting a ground wire (silver/silver chloride) or a glass electrode filled with a buffer solution to some part of the body, usually inserted into an eye, and another to the tip of the antenna. A large bore glass electrode can also be placed directly over the tip of the antenna, such as in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) antenna recordings. The latter method is useful if one is doing an experiment on the animal as a whole while doing the antennogram.

The technique is widely applied in screening of insect pheromones by examining the responses to fractions of a compound mixture separated using chromatography. Usually, the wire inserted into the antenna is a thin silver wire that is chlorided in bleach. This is an older practice. Commonly, tungsten wires that have been chemically sharpened are inserted into a single neuron in the antenna. Further detailed examination of the odor response at the olfactory sensory level can be done by sensilla recording.

References

External links
 Aphid Olfaction 
 Carlson Lab Home Page
 Walter Leal Lab Home Page
Animal anatomy
MF 88. The MF 88 (; ) is a steel-wheel variant of electric multiple units used on Paris's Métro system. RATP contracted a consortium of manufacturers, with Ateliers du Nord de la France in charge of the project. 

They were built following successful tests of a prototype train-set called the "BOA", derived from the MF 77, which tested new features such as open gangway connections between cars to improve passenger distribution and special bogies to reduce friction caused by the sharp curves found in the Métro network. The MF 88 introduced a number of innovations in its time, including AC induction motors and an on-board computer system using a new standard integrated computing architecture. It is planned for the MF 19 CC rolling stock to replace the MF 88 in 2025.

Design 
Carrying on the features of the BOA, a total of nine MF 88 train-sets were built, which have only ever operated on Line 7bis in a three-car formation. It was the first model with AC motors, supplied by GEC Alsthom, as opposed to DC and with interconnecting gangways. The MF 88 was also the first to adopt a new computing architecture, developed by TechnicAtome, over relay-based systems used in older Paris Metro rolling stock. It also introduced an independent-wheeled steering axle design, but this turned out to cause several problems for RATP and was not adopted in subsequent Paris Metro rolling stock.

It was also the last model not newly built with automatic announcements and with user-activated doors (all subsequent models, as well as more recently the MF 77s on Line 13, have had all doors open at once). The high rate of wear-and-tear of the train-sets has made maintenance much more expensive than expected. The independent-wheeled steering axle design was found to be problematic and was causing excessive wear on the track. This is because of the design flaw in the chassis, each intermediate bogie only has one axle, similar to a typical car, bus, some rubber-tyred trains (although the rubber-tyred lines of the Paris Métro use the typical 2-axle bogies), or certain railbuses, but unusual for a more “standard” railcar, especially one powered by electricity.

Technical specifications
 Manufacturers: GEC Alsthom, Faiveley, Renault, ANF
 Electric source: 
 Traction: Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO)
 Power: 2 motors per motor coach with  each,  total per train
 Maximum operating speed: , currently reduced to  due to rolling stock's condition
 Bogies: Bi-directional
 Length:

Formations 
As of 1 September 2022, eight MF 88 trainsets were in service and were formed as shown below. One trainset was scrapped in 2013.

As of 1 March 2022, eight trainsets are allocated to Pré Saint-Gervais depot for use on Line 7bis.

References 

Paris Métro rolling stock
Paris Métro line 7bis
750 V DC multiple units
Alstom multiple units
Electric multiple units of France
N-Octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide. N-Octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK 264) is an ingredient in some common pesticides.  It has no intrinsic pesticidal qualities itself, but rather is a synergist enhancing the potency of pyrethroid ingredients.  It is used in a variety of household and veterinary products.

MGK 264 is starting to appear on pesticide monitoring lists by states legalizing and mandating pesticide monitoring in medical and recreational cannabis. This is most likely due to the very large amounts of pyrethroids that are used in cannabis monitoring lists and the likelihood of MGK 264 usage to maximize yield.

References

External links 
 PDF of EPA document on this chemical
 N-Octyl Bicycloheptene Dicarboximide (MGK-264) Reregistration, Environmental Protection Agency, 2006

Insecticides
Imides
Cycloalkenes
Oliver Danson North. Oliver Danson North (1887, Willesden Green — 11 November 1968, Haslemere) was a British engineer and automobile designer in the early twentieth century, working for Scammell Lorries from 1922.

Career
He was responsible, most notably, for the Scammell Pioneer, a three-axle heavy truck, and the three-wheeled Scammell Mechanical Horse, which subsequently evolved into the Scammell Scarab, a familiar sight in cities and towns often engaged in postal and parcel deliveries. He was also heavily involved in Scammell's design and manufacture of the two 'SCAMMELL 100 Tonner' low-loader vehicles, delivered in early 1930 to Marston Road Services in Liverpool and H.E. Coley in Dartford, Kent. The vehicle delivered to Marston Road Services, known as KD 9168, was used for the delivery of steam locomotives from the manufacturers to Liverpool docks.

North Lucas
In 1922 Ralph Lucas developed the North-Lucas Radial with Oliver North at the Robin Hood Engineering Works in Putney Vale. This time only one was built by the Chelsea Motor Building Co. The car had a streamlined aluminium bodied with a fabric roof. It was used by Ralph himself between 1922 and 1928, covering 65,000 miles in its lifetime.

References

External links
Pictures of the Scammell Pioneer
Pictures of Mechanical Horses (Scammell and others)

British automobile designers
Scammell vehicles
1887 births
1968 deaths
John Wyatt (inventor). John Wyatt (April 1700 – 29 November 1766), an English inventor, was born near Lichfield and was related to Sarah Ford, Doctor Johnson's mother.  A carpenter by trade he began work in Birmingham on the development of a spinning machine.  In 1733 he was working in the mill at New Forge (Powells) Pool, Sutton Coldfield attempting to spin the first cotton thread ever spun by mechanical means.

His principal partner was Lewis Paul  and together they developed the concept of elongating cotton threads by running them through rollers and then stretching them through a  faster second set of rollers.  They produced the first ever roller spinning machine but it was very successful.  Paul took out thread in 1738 and in 1758, the year before he died.

In 1757 the Rev. John Dyer of Northampton recognised the importance of the Paul and Wyatt cotton spinning machine in his poem The Fleece (Dyer, p. 99):

A circular machine, of new design 
In conic shape: it draws and spins a thread 
Without the tedious toil of needless hands. 
A wheel invisible, beneath the floor, 
To ev'ry member of th' harmonius frame, 
Gives necessary motion. One intent 
O'erlooks the work; the carded wool, he says, 
So smoothly lapped around those cylinders, 
Which gently turning, yield it to yon cirue 
Of upright spindles, which with rapid whirl 
Spin out in long extenet an even twine.

Wyatt went to work for Matthew Boulton in his foundry in Birmingham.  There he invented and produced a weighing machine and experimented with donkey power
to run his spinning machine.  He was brought down by his debts and was made bankrupt.

Despite their failures, their ideas laid the foundations for others who followed, particularly Sir Richard Arkwright.

In their book Das Kapital, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote: 
Als John Wyatt 1735 seine Spinnmaschine und mit ihr die industrielle Revolution des 18. Jahrhunderts ankündigte, erwähnte er mit keinem Wort, daß statt eines Menschen ein Esel die Maschine treibe, und dennoch fiel diese Rolle dem Esel zu. Eine Maschine, "um ohne Finger zu spinnen", lautete sein Programm.(89) (~ When John Wyatt - in 1735 - announced his spinning machine and with that the industrial revolution of the 18th century, he did not mention that a donkey moved the machine  [...].)

See also  
 Cotton-spinning machinery#History

References

Sources

 

English inventors
Textile engineers
1700 births
1766 deaths
Industrial Revolution in England
People of the Industrial Revolution
People from Lichfield
Spinning
18th-century English engineers
Margay Products Inc.. Margay is a kart chassis manufacturer that designs and builds sprint and endurance karts in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Margay has been around karting almost since karting began.  The company started out in 1964 making gearboxes for karts then tried building chassis.  It proved to be an instant success.  Margay has built more than 20,000 chassis and has won more races in the World Karting Association (WKA) than any other manufacturer.  Current Margay team drivers who have enjoyed success including WKA triple crowns, manufacturer cups, and championships include Corey Reeves, Eric Morrow, and Caleb Loniewski.  Margay is also a large distributor of Bridgestone tires.

External links
 Margay Official website

Kart manufacturers
Car manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in St. Louis
Fast oil recovery. Fast oil recovery (FOR) is a term comprising various innovative systems which can be built into a new ship or integrated into an old ship, thus facilitating efficient and safe removal of an oil spill from a wrecked vessel. The drastic consequences resulting from an oil spill, especially damages to marine life, has resulted in an increased demand for ships more prepared to respond to a possible oil accident. There are about 50 million ships in North America, and c. 1% leak oil into the waters.

Ships that do not leak oil into the ship's bilge water have installed fast oil recovery systems (FORS), with the goal of eliminating all oil-contaminated bilge water. Their systems remove 99.9% of the oil in a vessel's bilge, saving thousands of dollars. Such systems are used instead of absorbent pads and filters due to the latter being messier, more expensive, and requiring high maintenance. Many companies like JLMD and Blue Water have started making these systems to help the environment.

Research has shown that during wreckages, groundings, and other crisis situations, the oil, trapped in the ship, requires complex procedures and technologies for recovery. Ship-owners, shipping authorities, salvage companies, and others can experience difficulties reaching the tanks to pump out the remaining pollutants on board. The weaknesses of current procedures and the lack of equipment on board of the ship is often apparent in such endeavors.

References

External links
https://archive.today/20130216013045/http://www.fastoilrecovery.com/home.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20131105183425/http://www.bwesglobal.com/oilrecovery.htm

Oil spill remediation technologies
File transfer. File transfer is the transmission of a computer file through a communication channel from one computer system to another. Typically, file transfer is mediated by a communications protocol. In the history of computing, numerous file transfer protocols have been designed for different contexts.

Protocols
A file transfer protocol is a convention that describes how to transfer files between two computing endpoints. As well as the stream of bits from a file stored as a single unit in a file system, some may also send relevant metadata such as the filename, file size and timestamp – and even file-system permissions and file attributes.

Some examples:
 FTP is an older cross-platform file transfer protocol 
 SSH File Transfer Protocol a file transfer protocol secured by the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol
 Secure copy (scp) is based on the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol
 HTTP can support file transfer
 BitTorrent, Gnutella and other distributed file transfers systems use peer-to-peer 
 In Systems Network Architecture, LU 6.2 Connect:Direct and XCOM Data Transport are traditionally used to transfer files
 Many instant messaging or LAN messenger systems support the ability to transfer files
 Computers may transfer files to peripheral devices such as USB flash drives
 Dial-up modems null modem links used XMODEM, YMODEM, ZMODEM and similar

See also
 File sharing
 Managed file transfer
 Peer-to-peer file sharing
 Pull technology
 Push technology
 Sideloading

References

Internet terminology
Network file transfer protocols
HSC Tarifa Jet. The HSC Tarifa Jet is an  fast catamaran ferry operated by Förde Reederei Seetouristik (FRS) Iberia S.L.

History
HSC Tarifa Jet was built in 1997 by Incat Australia Pty. Ltd. at their yards in Tasmania, Australia and was delivered  in May 1997.

Her operator, FRS's service between Continental Europe and Morocco was initiated in 2000 on a year-round basis.

Layout
The catamaran has an overall length of 86.62 meters, a beam of 26.00 m and a draft of 3.62 m, the gross tonnage amounts 4.995 GT. The machinery consists of four Ruston 20RK270 engines with a total output of 28320 kW (38,500 HP) allowing a maximum service speed of . 800 passengers and 185 cars can be accommodated on board; the car deck is accessed via two stern ramps.

Service

Regular routes
Tarifa-TangierAlgeciras-TangierGibraltar-Tangier
She has most recently operated as Pescara Jet for the Italian operator SNAV on a seasonal route between Pescara, Hvar and Split in the Adriatic Sea.

Sister ships
Champion Jet 1
Champion Jet 2
Champion Jet 3

External links
 FRS Iberia official site
 Shipbuilder info

Ships built by Incat
Ferries of Morocco
Ferries of Spain
Incat high-speed craft
1997 ships
Individual catamarans
Real Robots. Real Robots was a fortnightly partwork magazine by Eaglemoss Publications, established in May 2001. Developed in partnership with Reading University, it allowed the reader to build a robot, "Cybot", and later a companion robot, "Tom". This series, which was released in eight countries, is now discontinued.

Construction phases 
There were 96 issues of the magazine, divided into 5 phases:
 Phase 1 - Issues 1 to 17 - Cybot is built, and is able to follow lines on the floor, and sense light and objects.
 Phase 2 - Issues 18 to 40 - A remote control is built, along with a docking station, allowing Cybot to be programmed. Some issues also contain alternate body pieces, transforming Cybot into a 'Team Cybot', a formula-1 styled robot.
 Phase 3 - Issues 41 to 55 - Cybot becomes voice controlled with the addition of a headset to wear and some additional components for the remote control.
 Phase 4 - Issues 56 to 70 - Cybot learns to play 'football'. Infrared location sensors are added to Cybot, as well as Infrared beacons in the form of a ball and a goal.
 Phase 5 - Issues 71 to 96 - TOM (Tracking Orbital Module) is built. TOM is a smaller robot than Cybot, with a similar look. Its features include scanning sonar, a higher speed, full programmability, 'emotions', and interaction with Cybot.

See also 
Kevin Warwick

References

External links 
 Eaglemoss Publications
 Archive of realrobots.co.uk
 Archive of Realcybot.com
 Archive of Cybotbuilder.com

Biweekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Robotics magazines
Partworks
Magazines established in 2001
Magazines disestablished in 2005
Defunct computer magazines published in the United Kingdom
Scottish Nuclear. Scottish Nuclear was formed as a precursor to the privatisation of the electricity supply industry in Scotland on 1 April 1990. A purpose-built headquarters was built in 1992 in the new town of East Kilbride.

It consisted of the nuclear assets of the South of Scotland Electricity Board, which were later absorbed into the 1996 founded companies - Magnox Electric and British Energy.

Assets
Hunterston A Magnox Power Station (by then shut down)
Hunterston B AGR Power Station
Torness AGR Power Station

History

Background : before 1990

In the late 1980s, the 1955-founded South of Scotland Electricity Board (SSEB), was one of the two major electricity generation and transmission companies in Scotland; other being North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board (now SSE plc). The SSEB generated, transmitted and distributed electricity throughout the south of Scotland, including the former regions of Strathclyde, Lothian, Fife, Central, Borders and Dumfries and Galloway and a few towns in northern England.

Scottish Nuclear : 1990-1996

On 1 April 1990, the nuclear generation assets (Hunterston A, Hunterston B and Torness Power Stations) of SSEB were vested with a new private company - Scottish Nuclear. The chairman of the company was Sir James Hann.

The remainder of the SSEB assets were privatised as ScottishPower in 1991.

Breakup : 1996 

In 1996, the older Magnox reactor - Hunterston A was transferred to Magnox Electric - established to own and operate a proportion of the old Magnox nuclear stations of Nuclear Electric. The assets of Magnox Electric were later combined with BNFL in 1998, and eventually operated and managed by US based EnergySolutions through its June 2007 acquisition of the BFNL subsidiary - Reactor Sites Management Company.

The remaining two advanced 'AGR' nuclear plant assets of the company were combined with the assets of Nuclear Electric; and became a part of the newly formed and soon to be privatised British Energy (now EDF Energy).

Through the breakup, both the companies - Scottish Nuclear and Nuclear Electric became defunct; but is still extant through a descendant company - EDF Energy.

See also
Energy policy of the United Kingdom
Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom

References

Nuclear power companies of the United Kingdom
Electric power companies of Scotland
Defunct companies of Scotland
Defunct electric power companies of the United Kingdom
Energy in Scotland
Utilities of the United Kingdom
Former nationalised industries of the United Kingdom
Energy companies established in 1990
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1990
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1996
Nuclear power in Scotland
1990 establishments in Scotland
1996 disestablishments in Scotland
Bray–Liebhafsky reaction. The Bray–Liebhafsky reaction is a chemical clock first described by William C. Bray in 1921 and the first oscillating reaction in a stirred homogeneous solution. He investigated the role of the iodate (), the anion of iodic acid, in the catalytic conversion of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water by the iodate. He observed that the concentration of iodine molecules oscillated periodically and that hydrogen peroxide was consumed during the reaction.

An increase in temperature reduces the cycle in the range of hours. This oscillating reaction consisting of free radical on non-radical steps was investigated further by his student Herman A. Liebhafsky, hence the name Bray–Liebhafsky reaction. During this period, most chemists rejected the phenomenon and tried to explain the oscillation by invoking heterogeneous impurities.

A fundamental property of this system is that hydrogen peroxide has a redox potential which enables the simultaneous oxidation of iodine to iodate:

5 H2O2 + I2 → 2  + 2 H+ + 4 H2O

and the reduction of iodate back to iodine:

5 H2O2 + 2  + 2 H+ → I2 + 5 O2 + 6 H2O

Between these two reactions the system oscillates causing a concentration jump of the iodide and the oxygen production. The net reaction is:

2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2

necessitating a catalyst and .

References

Further reading

Name reactions