omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Throughflow. In hydrology, throughflow, a subtype of interflow (percolation), is the lateral unsaturated flow of water in the soil zone, typically through a highly permeable geologic unit overlying a less permeable one. Water thus returns to the surface, as return flow, before or on entering a stream or groundwater. Once water infiltrates into the soil, it is still affected by gravity and infiltrates to the water table or if permeability varies laterally travels downslope. Throughflow usually occurs during peak hydrologic events (such as high precipitation). Flow rates are dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of the geologic medium.

References

Hydrology
Physical geography
Soil science
Hydrogeology
Virtual console. A virtual console (VC) – also known as a virtual terminal (VT) – is a conceptual combination of the keyboard and display for a computer user interface. It is a feature of some Unix-like operating systems such as Linux, BSD, illumos, UnixWare, and macOS in which the system console of the computer can be used to switch between multiple virtual consoles to access unrelated user interfaces. Virtual consoles date back at least to Xenix and Concurrent CP/M in the 1980s.

In the Linux console and other platforms, usually the first six virtual consoles provide a text terminal with a login prompt to a Unix shell. The graphical X Window System traditionally starts in the seventh virtual console (tty7), although this is configuration dependent.
In Linux, the user switches between them by pressing the Alt key combined with a function key – for example  +  to access the virtual console number 1.  +  changes to the previous virtual console and  +  to the next virtual console. To switch from the X Window System or a Wayland compositor,  +  +  works. (Note that users can redefine these default key combinations.)

If several sessions of the X Window System are required to run in parallel, such as in the case of fast user switching or when debugging X programs on a separate X server, each X session usually runs in a separate virtual console.

Implementation details

Unix systems
Unix workstations, such as those manufactured by Sun or Silicon Graphics, did not include virtual consoles. The only purpose of a console would be to fix the system so that the graphical environment could start.

Sun Niagara-based servers running virtualization with Logical Domains get virtual console services from the Control domain.

See also
 Virtual desktop, works similar to a virtual console, but operates on graphical desktops instead of a command prompt
 System console for the non-virtual console
 Text terminal for the textual interface in general
 Pseudo terminal for even more virtual consoles
 Terminal emulator for an application program that has the same function as a textual virtual console

Notes

References
 FreeBSD Handbook, chapter 3.2 Virtual Consoles and Terminals

External links
 The Linux keyboard and console HOWTO
 Linux command chvt to switch vt from cmdline 
 XENIX -- Microsoft's Short-lived Love Affair with Unix

Computer terminals
Terminal multiplexers
User interfaces
Robert Iannucci. Robert Alan Iannucci is a computer scientist. His areas of expertise include multiprocessing and embedded systems.  He earned his PhD at MIT in 1988 with a thesis titled "A dataflow/von Neumann hybrid architecture".

He was first at IBM at the time of the mainframes, then at Exa Corporation, where he was a founder and Vice President of Product Marketing. In November 1995 he joined Digital Equipment Corporation as Cambridge Research Lab Director, and then went on to Compaq as Vice President of Corporate Research when DEC was acquired by Compaq. From May 2007, Iannucci was head of Nokia's Research Center heading laboratories in Beijing, Tokyo, Palo Alto, Cambridge MA, Cambridge UK, Germany, and Finland. On the first of January 2008 he became the new chief technology officer of Nokia. He was also the first member of the board who is not based in Finland, remaining in Palo Alto. In September 2008 he stepped down.

He now owns and runs the RAI Laboratory LLC.

In 2012 Robert Iannucci became the Director of the Cylab Mobility Research Center at Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley.

Bibliography

References

External links 
A list of Iannucci's published works
Homepage
Nokia biopic
Amateur radio license W6EI
RAI Laboratory LLC
Symbian-freak interview
Symbian-freak Iannucci to step down 30 Sep 2008
Techworld interview 26 Feb 2008
Computerworld 26 Feb 2008
Book "Multithreaded computer architecture: a summary of the state of the art"
PR Newswire 29 Nov 1995
Iannucci Bio Page, Cylab Mobility Research Center, Carnegie Mellon University

Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
American computer scientists
American chief technology officers
Businesspeople in software
American computer businesspeople
American computer programmers
Nokia people
Digital Equipment Corporation people
IBM employees
Amateur radio people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Glue code. In computer programming, glue code is code that allows components to interoperate that otherwise are incompatible. The adapter pattern describes glue code as a software design pattern.

Glue code describes language bindings or foreign function interfaces such as the Java Native Interface (JNI).

Glue code may be written to access existing libraries, map objects to a database using object-relational mapping, or integrate commercial off-the-shelf programs.

Glue code may be written in the same language as the code it is gluing together, or in a separate glue language. 

Glue code can be key to rapid prototyping.

See also
 Adapter pattern
 Scripting language
 Shell script
 SWIG
 Lua (programming language)
 Glue logic
 WinGlue
 Wrapper function
 Wrapper library
 Method stub

References

 
 
 

Computer programming
Doug Hall (inventor). Doug Hall is the founder and chairman of Eureka! Ranch International. He is a lecturer, author, television and radio host. He is a chemical engineer.  He was awarded a Doctor of Laws from the University of Prince Edward Island and a Doctor of Engineering from the University of Maine.

Eureka! Ranch International 

Hall founded Eureka! Ranch in 1986. Originally designed as a "think tank for hire", the Ranch worked primarily with Fortune 100/500 companies looking for new product ideas. The Ranch partnered with the University of Maine in 2005 with the founding of a new field of study called Innovation Engineering. Designed as a system based on the principles of W. Edwards Deming and the Quality Movement, it consists of 48 skills designed to instill a mindset of innovation.

Merwyn Technology 
The R&D team of Eureka Ranch developed an AI system called Merwyn Technology. This system is used to evaluate abstract ideas before additional effort is used to substantiate it.  The system was named after Hall's father Merwyn Bradford Hall.

Published books 

 Jump Start Your Brain (Clerisy Press, 2010)
 Maverick Mindset with David Wecker (Simon & Schuster, 1997)
 Jump Start Your BUSINESS Brain (Emmis Books, 2001)
 Jump Start Your MARKETING Brain (Clerisy Press, 2010)
 North Pole Tenderfoot: A Rookie Goes on a North Pole Expedition Following In Admiral Peary's Footsteps (Clerisy Press, 2009)
Driving Eureka!: Problem Solving with Data Driven Methods and the Innovation Engineering System (Clerisy Press, 2018)

References

External links

 Doug Hall's blog and home page
 Eureka! Ranch's home page
 Innovation Engineering's home page

American inventors
Participants in American reality television series
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
IBM Chiphopper. Chiphopper is a component of the IBM eServer products specifically tailored to the Linux operating system. IBM developed the server products in a collaborative effort with Red Hat and Novell of SUSE Linux ownership at the time. The official name of the product suite is IBM Systems Application Advantage for Linux. Chiphopper is a set of system support and testing tools designed to assist development, and porting of Linux x86 applications onto other IBM systems and middleware platforms. The Chiphopper offering helps developers whose applications run on x86 Linux systems by providing tools to scrub their C/C++ code for portability prior to porting to Power ISA and System z systems. Source hardware platforms for 32- and 64-bit applications are x86, EM64T, and AMD systems running Linux Standard Base (LSB) 3.x certified Linux distributions.

References

Linux software
IBM software
LAHAT. The LAHAT (laser homing attack or laser homing anti-tank, also a Hebrew word for incandescence) is a third generation semi-active laser homing low-weight anti-tank guided missile developed since 1991 and manufactured by Israel Aerospace Industries. It has a tandem-charge high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead. It was designed primarily to be fired by Merkava tanks' 105 mm and 120 mm tank guns, though it matches all types of 105 mm and 120 mm guns, including low recoil guns and low-weight guns of military armoured cars. 

It is also suitable for patrol ships, possibly modified for 105–106 mm recoilless rifles, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWVs), and self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons (or guns, SPAAGs). Unlike other tank rounds, an LAHAT does not need a tank gun for operation.

Overview

The LAHAT is designed to achieve a 95 percent probability of kill under most conditions. It has a semi-active laser guidance system, capable of both direct and indirect laser designation—the target can be laser-designated by the launching platform (e.g. firing tank) or other platform (e.g. another tank, helicopter, UAV, or forward scouting team), requiring minimal exposure in the firing position. With a low launch signature, the missile's trajectory can be set to match either top attack (armoured fighting vehicle, warship) or direct attack (helicopter gunship) engagements.

The LAHAT missile has a range of up to  when launched from a ground platform, and up to  when deployed from high elevation. The time of flight to a target at  is 14 seconds and the missile hits the target at an accuracy of  circular error probable (CEP) and an angle of over 30 degrees, providing effective penetration of up to  of rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) steel with its tandem-charge warhead to deal with add-on reactive armor. In any tank, the LAHAT is stowed in the ammunition rack and handled otherwise like any other type of ammunition.

The LAHAT was renamed the "Nimrod-SR" for the Latin American market.

The United States military is considering using the LAHAT as a weapon to arm unmanned aerial vehicles. The missile has been tested on the IAI RQ-5 Hunter.

The LAHAT has been successfully test-fired from a helicopter in demonstrations. Eight missiles were launched at targets up to  away, from altitudes between . Firings were conducted while the helicopter was hovering, and moving, at targets that were fixed, and moving. One direct hit was scored using the helicopter's observation capability along with laser designation from ground forces.

See also
 List of gun-launched missiles

References

External links

 LAHAT on IAI.co.il
 LAHAT (naval) on IAI.co.il
 LAHAT on SIGNAL Magazine
 LAHAT on Defense-update.com

Anti-tank guided missiles
Anti-tank guided missiles of Israel
Israel Aerospace Industries missiles
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
Multitape Turing machine. A multi-tape Turing machine is a variant of the Turing machine that utilizes several tapes. Each tape has its own head for reading and writing. Initially, the input appears on tape 1, and the others start out blank.

This model intuitively seems much more powerful than the single-tape model, but any multi-tape machine—no matter how many tapes—can be simulated by a single-tape machine using only quadratically more computation time. Thus, multi-tape machines cannot calculate any more functions than single-tape machines, and none of the robust complexity classes (such as polynomial time) are affected by a change between single-tape and multi-tape machines.

Formal definition 
-tape Turing machine can be formally defined as a 7-tuple , following the notation of a Turing machine:
  is a finite, non-empty set of tape alphabet symbols;
  is the blank symbol (the only symbol allowed to occur on the tape infinitely often at any step during the computation);
  is the set of input symbols, that is, the set of symbols allowed to appear in the initial tape contents;
  is a finite, non-empty set of states;
  is the initial state;
  is the set of final states or accepting states. The initial tape contents is said to be accepted by  if it eventually halts in a state from .
  is a partial function called the transition function, where L is left shift, R is right shift. 

A -tape Turing machine  computes as follows. Initially,  receives its input  on the leftmost  positions of the first tape, the rest of the first tape as well as other tapes is blank (i.e., filled with blank symbols). All the heads start on the leftmost position of the tapes. Once  has started, the computation proceeds according to the rules described by the transition function. The computation continues until it enters the accept states, at which point it halts.

Two-stack Turing machine 
Two-stack Turing machines have a read-only input and two storage tapes. If a head moves left on either tape a blank is printed on that tape, but one symbol from a "library" can be printed.

See also 
 Turing machine
 Universal Turing machine
 Alternating Turing machine
 Probabilistic Turing machine
 Turing machine equivalents

References 

Turing machine
Tar Tunnel. The Tar Tunnel is an abandoned tunnel located on the north bank of the River Severn in the Ironbridge Gorge at Coalport, England. It is one of ten Ironbridge Gorge Museums attractions administered by the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust.

Miners struck a gushing spring of natural bitumen, a black treacle-like substance, when digging a canal tunnel for the Coalport Canal in 1787, or else digging a level in search of coal. The plan, proposed by William Reynolds, was to connect the canal alongside the River Severn to the lower galleries of the mines below the Blists Hill area. After digging around  into the hill the canal project was abandoned in favour of bitumen extraction.

The tunnel was a great curiosity in the eighteenth century and bitumen still oozes gently from the brick walls today.  Bitumen's chief commercial use at the time was to treat and weatherproof ropes and caulk wooden ships, but small amounts were processed and bottled as 'Betton's British Oil', a panacea remedy for rheumatism and scurvy. After the canal project was abandoned the Hay Inclined Plane was built instead, its base being alongside the canal basin.

In the past visitors were provided with hard hats and were able to enter the first  of the brick-lined tunnel as far as an iron gate. Electric lighting is provided. Due to a build up of gas in the tunnel, it is unsafe to enter but visitors can still get a view along part of its length from the entrance.

References

 www.shropshiretourism.info - Coalport Tar Tunnel

External links

 Tar Tunnel at Ironbridge Gorge Museums
 Pictures inside the Tar Tunnel

1787 establishments in England
Museums in Shropshire
Industry museums in England
Archaeological museums in England
Industrial archaeological sites in Shropshire
Tourist attractions in Shropshire
History of Shropshire
Tunnels in Shropshire
Ironbridge Gorge
Underground mines in England
Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust
Tunnels completed in 1787
Disused tunnels
Coalport
Mullins effect. The Mullins effect is a particular aspect of the mechanical response in filled rubbers, in which the stress–strain curve depends on the maximum loading previously encountered. The phenomenon, named for rubber scientist Leonard Mullins, working at the Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre in Hertford, can be idealized for many purposes as an instantaneous and irreversible softening of the stress–strain curve that occurs whenever the load increases beyond its prior all-time maximum value. At times, when the load is less than a prior maximum, nonlinear elastic behavior prevails.  The effect should not be confused with the Payne effect.

Although the term "Mullins effect" is commonly applied to stress softening in filled rubbers, the phenomenon is common to all rubbers, including "gums" (rubber lacking filler). As first shown by Mullins and coworkers, the retraction stresses of an elastomer are independent of carbon black when the stress at the maximum strain is constant. Mullins softening is a viscoelastic effect, although in filled rubber there can be additional contributions to the mechanical hysteresis from filler particles debonding from each other or from the polymer chains.

A number of constitutive models have been proposed to describe the effect.  For example, the Ogden-Roxburgh model is used in several commercial finite element codes.

See also
 Payne effect

References

Rubber properties
SEMCI. Single Entry Multiple Company Interface (SEMCI) is a computer system based on service-oriented architecture (SOA) that is used to submit the same information to multiple companies.  SEMCI is use by insurance agents to insurance quotes from several insurance companies at once. 

SEMCI is an interface which connects the software of the agent to the software of multiple companies so that an inquiry can go to all the companies at once.  Previously, the agent would need to send the inquiry to each company individually.

References

External links
SEMCI home page 

Enterprise application integration
Service-oriented (business computing)
Guard byte. A guard byte is a part of a computer program's memory that helps software developers find buffer overflows while developing the program.

Principle
When a program is compiled for debugging, all memory allocations are prefixed and postfixed by guard bytes. Special memory allocation routines may then perform additional tasks to determine unwanted read and write attempts outside the allocated memory. These extra bytes help to detect that the program is writing into (or even reading from) inappropriate memory areas, potentially causing buffer overflows. In case of accessing these bytes by the program's algorithm, the programmer is warned with information assisting them to locate the problem.

Checking for the inappropriate access to the guard bytes may be done in two ways:
 by setting a memory breakpoint on a condition of write and/or read to those bytes, or
 by pre-initializing the guard bytes with specific values and checking the values upon deallocation.

The first way is possible only with a debugger that handles such breakpoints, but significantly increases the chance of locating the problem. The second way does not require any debuggers or special environments and can be done even on other computers, but the programmer is alerted about the overflow only upon the deallocation, which is sometimes quite late.

Because guard bytes require additional code to be executed and additional memory to be allocated, they are used only when the program is compiled for debugging. When compiled as a release, guard bytes are not used at all, neither the routines working with them.

Example
A programmer wants to allocate a buffer of 100 bytes of memory while debugging. The system memory allocating routine will allocate 108 bytes instead, adding 4 leading and 4 trailing guard bytes, and return a pointer shifted by the 4 leading guard bytes to the right, hiding them from the programmer. The programmer should then work with the received pointer without the knowledge of the presence of the guard bytes.

If the programmer's algorithm writes right outside the assigned space, it will overwrite the guard bytes. Later, upon deallocation, the deallocating routine will check, whether the guard bytes are modified and reports an error if appropriate.

Problems
Memory allocation routines fill guard bytes with values that are not supposed to be used by the programmer's algorithms. This is, however, not predictable. When the algorithm uses those values and overwrites the guard bytes with them (only the last write before deallocation is relevant), the overflow can not be detected, because the bytes have not actually changed. Instead, the memory breakpoint option can be used, set on a condition of access to those bytes in a debugger.

See also

 Buffer overflow protection

References

Computer memory
Programming idioms
Debugging
Medical integration environment. Medical integration environment (MIE) are specialised tools designed to simplify the sharing of medical and related data between medical equipment and electronic health records.  Technically, they are similar to an Enterprise Service Bus but with several extra features allowing for legacy systems that do not use web services messaging. Typically, they use Java Message Service; most Enterprise Application Integration systems can be modified to be used as an MIE but may lack the crucial HL7 and Arden syntax for storing medical knowledge.

References

Health informatics
Aluminium acetate. Aluminium acetate or aluminium ethanoate (also "aluminum ~"), sometimes abbreviated AlAc in geochemistry, can refer to a number of different salts of aluminium with acetic acid. In the solid state, three salts exist under this name: basic aluminium monoacetate, (HO)2AlCH3CO2, basic aluminium diacetate, HOAl(CH3CO2)2, and neutral aluminium triacetate, Al(CH3CO2)3. In aqueous solution, aluminium triacetate hydrolyses to form a mixture of the other two, and all solutions of all three can be referred to as "aluminium acetate" as the species formed co-exist and inter-convert in chemical equilibrium.

Stoichiometry

Monoacetate 

Aluminium monoacetate, also known as dibasic aluminium acetate, forms from Al(OH)3 and dilute aqueous acetic acid. More concentrated acid leads to the di- and triacetate.

Diacetate 

Aluminium diacetate, also known as basic aluminium acetate, is prepared from aqueous aluminium acetate solution resulting in a white powder. This basic salt forms from the hydrolysis of the triacetate in water.

Triacetate 

Aluminium triacetate is a chemical compound that is prepared by heating aluminium chloride (AlCl3) or Al powder with a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and acetic anhydride (C4H6O3). It is referred as the normal salt and is only made in the absence of water at a relatively high temperature like 180 °C.

References

Aluminium compounds
Acetates
Lacey Robert Johnson. Colonel Lacey Robert Johnson (1855–1915) was a Canadian Pacific Railway pioneer.

Early life and education
Lacey Johnson was born 22 June 1855, in Abingdon-on-Thames, the son of James Lacey Johnson, draper, of Market Place, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England. He was educated at Abingdon School from 1865 to 1868.

Career
He entered the Great Western Railway works at Swindon (1870), then was chief engineer of paper mills and worked at Woolwich Royal Arsenal (1875).

He first went to India, and then to Canada, where he joined the Grand Trunk Railway (1882) and became chief engineer to the Canadian Pacific Railway. He was photographed in the Press with Lord Strathcona driving the last spike at Craigellachie (November 1885) for the CPR. He was general superintendent of shipping and superintendent of rolling stock at Montreal (1901). A member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, he became president of the Canadian Railway Club, Squire of the Order of St John of Jerusalem and Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and the Yukon (1895–96).

Lacey Johnson served in the First World War as Colonel, Canadian Heavy Artillery and was responsible for the munitions output of Canada. He died in Montreal in 1915.

See also
 List of Old Abingdonians

References 

1855 births
1915 deaths
Canadian civil engineers
Canadian Pacific Railway executives
Canadian military personnel of World War I
British people in colonial India
British emigrants to Canada
Grand Trunk Railway executives
Locomotive builders and designers
People from Abingdon-on-Thames
People educated at Abingdon School
19th-century American businesspeople
Military personnel from Oxfordshire
Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery officers