omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rarotonga International Airport. Rarotonga International Airport   () is the Cook Islands' main international gateway, located in the town and district of Avarua, Rarotonga,  west of the downtown area on the northern coast. Originally built in 1944, the airport was expanded in the early 1970s, and officially opened for jets in January 1974.

Because of the proximity of the runways to the nearby roads, it is possible to get very close to the aircraft while they are departing and landing. In July 2015, three tourists were injured by jet blast after being blown over while watching an Air New Zealand Boeing 777 take off. Consequently, in 2016, the Cook Islands Tourism Corporation warned tourist operators that they should not promote the jet blast area as a tourist attraction.

History
An unsealed airstrip at Nikao was originally constructed by the New Zealand Department of Public Works in 1944, with the first flight landing in November 1945. The New Zealand National Airways Corporation operated fortnightly flights to Fiji, Tonga, Samoa and Aitutaki from 1945 to 1952, and Polynesian Airways operated flights to Apia from 1963 to 1966. In 1964 the airstrip was extended from 5,000 to 6,000 feet, and TEAL proposed sealing the runway to allow for jet aircraft. The issue was forced in 1966, when increased regulation of international flights requiring the use of larger aircraft threatened to cut off air travel entirely. Local land-owners agreed to expansion, and the New Zealand government agreed to provide funding in exchange for control of airspace rights. Construction began in June 1970, and completed in 1973. The first jet flight, an Air New Zealand Douglas DC-8, landed in December 1973. The international airport was officially opened on 28 January 1974.

The Cook Islands government took control of landing rights in 1985.
 
In 2003, the terminal and departure and check-in areas were revamped at a cost of US$650,000. An $8.5 million reconstruction project commenced in 2009 to revamp and expand the existing terminal facilities. The new-look terminal was officially opened on 22 June 2010.

Airlines and destinations

Gallery

References

External links 
 
 

Airports in the Cook Islands
Avarua
Airports established in 1974
1974 establishments in the Cook Islands
Language-Sensitive Editor. Language-Sensitive Editor (LSE) is a full-screen visual editor for the VAX/VMS and OpenVMS Operating systems. LSE is implemented by using the Text Processing Utility (TPU) language. It is part of the DECset programming tool set, which also contains a test manager, the performance and coverage analyzer (PCA), a code management system (CMS), and a module management mystem (MMS).

Features
LSE requires the features of a VT100 terminal and successors, or a compatible terminal emulator. It has the following features:
 Syntax templates for a number of programming languages, which can be modified or extended by the user.
 Windowing support.
 Compilation and debug within editor.
 Programmable editing functions.
 EDT  keypad layout default.

Languages
As shipped in 1999 LSE came with templates for the following programming languages:
 DEC Ada
 DEC BASIC
 DEC C
 DEC C++
 VAX COBOL
 DIGITAL Fortran
 DEC PASCAL
 VAX BLISS-32
 VAX C
 VAX MACRO
 DEC PL/I

As of 2007 the following additional templates were supplied:
 Kednos PL/I for OpenVMS
 VAX ADA
 VAX BASIC
 VAX BLISS
 VAX CDD/Plus
 DEC COBOL
 VAX Datatrieve
 DEC DATATRIEVE
 VAX DIBOL
 VAX DOCUMENT
 VAX FORTRAN
 MACRO-64
 VAX SCAN

References

External links
 

OpenVMS text editors
Tungsten(III) oxide. Tungsten(III) oxide (W2O3) is a compound of tungsten and oxygen. It has  been reported (2006) as being  grown as a thin film by atomic layer deposition  at temperatures between 140 and 240 °C using W2(N(CH3)2)6 as a precursor. It is not referred to in major textbooks. Some older literature refers to  the compound W2O3 but as the atomic weight of tungsten was believed at the time to be 92 (i.e., approximately half the modern accepted value of 183.84) the compound actually being referred to was WO3.

Reports about the compound date back to at least the 1970s, but only in as thin films or surfaces – no bulk synthesis of the material is known.

Usage
Tungsten(III) oxide is used in various types of infrared absorbing coatings and foils.

References

Tungsten(III) compounds
Sesquioxides
Transition metal oxides
Reactive distillation. Reactive distillation is a process where the chemical reactor is also the still. Separation of the product from the reaction mixture does not need a separate distillation step which saves energy (for heating) and materials.  This technique can be useful for equilibrium-limited reactions such as esterification and ester hydrolysis reactions. Conversion can be increased beyond what is expected by the equilibrium due to the continuous removal of reaction products from the reactive zone. This approach can also reduce capital and investment costs.

The conditions in the reactive column are suboptimal both as a chemical reactor and as a distillation column, since the reactive column combines these.  The introduction of an in situ separation process in the reaction zone or vice versa leads to complex interactions between vapor–liquid equilibrium, mass transfer rates, diffusion and chemical kinetics, which poses a great challenge for design and synthesis of these systems. Side reactors, where a separate column feeds a reactor and vice versa, are better for some reactions, if the optimal conditions of distillation and reaction differ too much.

Applicable Processes
Reactive distillation can be used with a wide variety of chemistries, including the following:

Acetylation
Aldol condensation
Alkylation
Amination
Dehydration
Esterification
Etherification
Hydrolysis
Isomerization
Neutralization
Oligomerization
Transesterification
Hydrodesulfurization of light oil fractions

Examples
The esterification of acetic acid with alcohols including methanol, n-butanol, ethanol, isobutanol, and amyl alcohol.

Another interesting feature of this system is that it is associated with the formation of a minimum boiling ternary azeotrope of ester, alcohol and water, which is heterogeneous in nature. Hence, in a typical reactive distillation column that consists of both reactive and non-reactive zones, the heterogeneous azeotrope or a composition close to the azeotrope can be obtained as the distillate product. Moreover, the aqueous phase that forms after the condensation of the vapor is almost pure water.  Depending on the requirement either of the phases can be withdrawn as a product and the other phase can be recycled back as reflux. The pure ester i.e. butyl acetate, being the least volatile component in the system, is realized as a bottom product.

Removing organic acids from aqueous alcohol (ethanol, isopropanol) in dewatering columns is a simple example.  An aqueous base (NaOH, KOH) is added to the top of the column, acid-base reactions occur in the column, and the resulting organic salts and excess base exit the bottom of the column with the separated water.

References 

Distillation

de:Destillation#Reaktivdestillation
Dematerialization. Dematerialization may refer to:

 Dematerialization (art), an idea in conceptual art where the art object is no longer material
 Dematerialization (economics), the reduction in the quantity of materials required to serve economic functions (doing more with less)
 Dematerialization (products), using less or no material to deliver the same level of functionality
 Dematerialization (securities), moving from handling paper securities certificates to book form, usually electronic
 Demat account, a type of banking account in India where paper-based physical shares are stored electronically
 Teleportation, theoretical movement of objects without traveling through space

See also
 Materialization (disambiguation)
Electronic Defense Laboratories. Electronic Defense Laboratories, located in Mountain View, California, known in the 1960s and 1970s simply as "EDL", was a semi-private corporate entity, essentially funded by the Department of Defense, that drew heavily on civilian scientific expertise. It was created in 1954 as an extension of the new Electronic System Division (in Buffalo, New York) of Sylvania Electric Products and directed by future defense secretary William Perry.

It was instrumental in development of post-Distant Early Warning line defense technologies, particularly in the area of microwave devices, and pioneered strategic communications capabilities such as the ECHO Balloon project, the forerunner of modern satellite telecommunications systems.

Other projects included development of reconnaissance and countermeasures receivers for various covert and military applications.

Much of its defense work was highly classified and remained strictly 'off-limits' to the public sector.

References 

United States defense procurement
Defense companies of the United States
Sun Laiyan. Sun Laiyan (; born October 1957) is a Chinese scientist who served as the Administrator of the China National Space Administration (CNSA) from 2004 to 2010, when he was succeeded by Chen Qiufa.

Early life 
Sun was born in Beijing in October 1957.

Education 
Sun attended Xi'an Jiaotong University majoring in cryogenic engineering.

Career 
After graduating in 1982, Sun joined the Beijing Institute of Satellite Environment Engineering as an Engineering Team Leader. From 1987 to 1993 he attended Paris No. 6 University and received a Ph.D. Moving back to China, he became first the deputy director and the director of the Institute of Satellite Environment Engineering. In 1999, he was made the Vice-Administrator of the CNSA and in 2001 the Secretary General of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND). In 2004, he was appointed Vice-Minister for COSTIND and Administrator for CNSA.

Personal life 
Sun is married with one daughter.

References
"Administrators" from CNSA website. Accessed 24 July 2005.

1957 births
Living people
Scientists from Beijing
Xi'an Jiaotong University alumni
Pierre and Marie Curie University alumni
China National Space Administration people
LNE. LNE may refer to:
 Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais, a French reference laboratory
 La Nouvelle École, international school in Rajasthan, India
 Lehigh and New England Railroad, a former American railroad
 La Nueva España, a newspaper published in Oviedo, Spain
 Lonorore Airport, IATA code LNE, on Pentecost Island, Vanuatu
 Limited nuclear exchange, a hypothesized, small-scale type of nuclear war
1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone. 1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, commonly called purpurin, is an anthraquinone. It is a naturally occurring red/yellow dye. It is formally derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacement of three hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups.

Purpurin is also called verantin, smoke Brown G, hydroxylizaric acid, and C.I. 58205.  It is a minor component of the classical lake pigment "madder lake" or Rose Madder.

History 
Madder root has been used for  dying cloth at least since 1500 BC.  Purpurin and alizarin were isolated from the root by Pierre Robiquet and Colin,  two French chemists, in 1826. They were identified as anthracene  derivatives by Gräbe  and Liebermann in 1868.  They also synthesized  alizarin from bromoanthraquinone, which, together with the  conversion of alizarin into purpurin published previously by M. F. De Lalande,  provided the first synthetic route to purpurin.  The positions of the  OH groups were determined by Bayer and Caro  in 1874–1875.

Natural occurrence
Purpurin occurs in the roots of the madder plant (Rubia tinctorum), together with alizarin (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone).  The root actually contains colorless glycosides of the dyes.

Properties
Purpurin is a crystalline solid, that forms orange-red needles melting at . It becomes red when dissolved in ethanol, and yellow when dissolved with alkalis in boiling water. It is insoluble in hexane but soluble in chloroform, and can be obtained from chloroform as reddish needles. Unlike alizarin, purpurin is dissolved by boiling in a solution of aluminium sulfate, from which it can be precipitated by acid.  This procedure can be used to separate the two dyes.

Like many dihydroxy- and trihydroxyanthraquinones, pupurin has a purgative action, although only 1/20 as effective as 1,2,7-trihydroxyanthraquinone (anthrapurpurin).

Uses
Purpurin is a fast dye for cotton printing and forms complexes with various metal ions. It fades faster than alizarin on exposure to sunlight.

A study published in Nature journal Scientific Reports suggests that the purpurin could replace cobalt in lithium-ion batteries. Eliminating cobalt would mean eliminating a hazardous material, allow batteries to be produced at room temperature, and lower the cost of recycling batteries. Extracting purpurin from farmed madder is a simple task; alternately, the chemical could be synthesized in a lab.

See also
 Trihydroxyanthraquinone
 Pierre Robiquet, discoverer of purpurin in 1826

References

Anthraquinone dyes
Hydroxyquinols
Trihydroxyanthraquinones
Net gun. A net gun is a non-lethal weapon designed to fire a net which entangles the target. Net guns have a long history of being used to capture wildlife, stray dogs and even aircraft. A net gun that can subdue humans, and recently, Quadcopters have also been developed.

History
The net gun was invented by New Zealander Colin Brown in 1969 when he tried to sell the police a net gun to capture robbers. His invention took off in the 70s but was only successful in subduing wildlife and dogs until recently when a net gun designed for law enforcement use was invented.

See also
Anti-drone gun

References

Non-lethal firearms
Nets (devices)
Paramilitary weapons
New Zealand inventions
Materialization. Materialization may refer to:
 Materialization (paranormal), the creation or appearance of matter from unknown sources
 Materialization, an action involving energy to matter conversion:
 Dematerialization and rematerialization, two theorized stages of teleportation
 Materialization of fantasy environments and partners via the holodeck in the Star Trek series
 Materialization of food and other substances by the Replicator (Star Trek)
 Materialization, creating a materialized view in a relational database
 Materialization, the process of creating an embodiment of an idea, such as a prototype
 Materialize CSS, the responsive front-end CSS library based on Google's Material Design
 Materialization, one of the commands that can be used on the virtual world of "Lyoko" in the French animated series, Code Lyoko.

See also 
 Dematerialization (disambiguation)
 Materiality (disambiguation)
Ural State Technical University. Ural State Technical University (USTU) is a public technical university in Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russian Federation. It is the biggest technical institution of higher education in Russia, with close ties to local industry in the Urals. Its motto, Ingenium Creatio Labor, means "brilliance, creation, work".

Overview 
USTU has 20 faculties including: Metallurgical, Chemical Engineering, Building Materials, Civil Engineering, Physics and physics engineering, Radio Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Heat Power Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Economics and Management, Military Science, Physical Training, Humanities, Continuing education, and a Graduate school.  USTU graduates 3000 engineers annually.

History 
USTU was founded in 1920. It was formerly known as Ural Polytechnic Institute (UPI).

The school has rapidly expanded due to the industrialization program of the Soviet Government, which created a high demand for engineering positions. The USTU was key in providing local industrial enterprises with technical and engineering staff.

In the 1940s, though suffering from a shortage of personnel due to World War II, the USTU received a great stimulus for development as the military needed to increase production for new industrial goods from the plants in the Urals. Many industrial plants were moved to the Urals due to the partial occupation of Western Russia by Nazi military forces.

After the war, the USTU has kept close ties with the military industry, mostly by preparing a large amount of engineers for military purposes.

With the growth of Soviet Economy, the USTU kept expanding. In 1991, however, due to the economical crisis following the collapse of the Soviet Union, it suffered from acute underfunding by the Russian Government. It was not until the mid-1990s that the USTU began to find appreciable non-governmental sources of funding, mostly by means of establishing business ties with local industrial enterprises that survived or arose as result of the economical crisis.

Currently, the USTU is preparing to undergo integration with several other universities in Yekaterinburg in order to increase its chances for successful competition with other universities in Russia.

In April 2008 it was named after Boris Yeltsin - Yeltsin Ural State Technical University.

In April 2010, USTU united with USU (Ural State University named after A. M. Gorky) and were named Ural Federal University.

Notable alumni
Arkady Mikhailovich Chernetsky, Mayor of Yekaterinburg
Andrei Kozitsyn, billionaire
Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia (1991-1999)

See also
 Ural State Law Academy
 Ural State University

References

External links

Ural State Technical University Official Website

Buildings and structures in Yekaterinburg
Ural Federal University
Universities and colleges established in 1920
1920 establishments in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Sverdlovsk Oblast
Decarburization. Decarburization (or decarbonization) is the process of decreasing carbon content, which is the opposite of carburization.

The term is typically used in metallurgy, describing the decrease of the content of carbon in metals (usually steel). Decarburization occurs when the metal is heated to temperatures of 700 °C or above when carbon in the metal reacts with gases containing oxygen or hydrogen. The removal of carbon removes hard carbide phases resulting in a softening of the metal, primarily at the surfaces which are in contact with the decarburizing gas.

Decarburization can be either advantageous or detrimental, depending on the application for which the metal will be used. It is thus both something that can be done intentionally as a step in a manufacturing process, or something that happens as a side effect of a process (such as rolling) and must be either prevented or later reversed (such as via a carburization step).

The decarburization mechanism can be described as three distinct events: the reaction at the steel surface, the interstitial diffusion of carbon atoms and the dissolution of carbides within the steel.

Chemical reactions
The most common reactions are:

C + CO2 <=> 2CO

also called the Boudouard reaction

C + H2O <=> CO + H2

C + 2H2 <=> CH4

Other reactions are
 
C + 1/2O2 -> CO

C + O2 -> CO2

C + FeO -> CO + Fe

Electrical steel
Electrical steel is one material that uses decarburization in its production. To prevent the atmospheric gases from reacting with the metal itself, electrical steel is annealed in an atmosphere of nitrogen, hydrogen, and water vapor, where oxidation of the iron is specifically prevented by the proportions of hydrogen and water vapor so that the only reacting substance is carbon being oxidized into carbon monoxide (CO).

Stainless steel
Stainless steel contains additives which are highly oxidizable, such as chromium and molybdenum. Such steels can only be decarburized by reacting with dry hydrogen, which has no water content, unlike wet hydrogen, which is produced in a way that includes some water and can otherwise be used for decarburization.

As a secondary effect
Incidental decarburization can be detrimental to surface properties in products (where carbon content is desirable) when done during heat treatment or after rolling or forging, because the material is only affected to a certain depth according to the temperature and duration of heating. This can be prevented by using an inert or reduced-pressure atmosphere, applying resistive heating for a short duration, by limiting the time that the material is submitted to a high heat, as it is done in a walking-beam furnace, or through restorative carburization, which uses a hydrocarbon atmosphere to transfer carbon into the surface of the material during annealing. The decarburized surface of the material can also be removed by grinding.

See also
History of ferrous metallurgy
Steelmaking

References

External links
Protecting Against Decarburization with Cress Furnaces 

Corrosion
Metal heat treatments
Steelmaking
Warrington Transporter Bridge. The Warrington Transporter Bridge (or Bank Quay Transporter Bridge) is a structural steel transporter bridge across the River Mersey in Warrington, Cheshire, England.

Design
It was designed by William Henry Hunter and built by Sir William Arrol & Co. The bridge has a span of , is  wide,  feet above high water level, with an overall length of  feet and a total height of .

History
It was constructed in 1916/7  and fell into disuse in approximately 1964. The bridge was constructed to connect the two parts of the large chemical and soap works of Joseph Crosfield and Sons. It was originally designed to carry rail vehicles up to  in weight, and was converted for road vehicles in 1940. In 1953, it was further modified to carry loads of up to .

It was the second of two transporter bridges across the Mersey at Warrington. The first was erected in 1906 and opened in 1907  slightly to the north of the existing bridge and was later transformed into a pipeline bridge, before it was demolished.

It is one of three remaining such bridges in the UK.

Regeneration

The bridge is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and because of its poor condition it is on the Heritage at Risk Register.  The bridge is protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

A local group called Friends of Warrington Transporter Bridge (FoWTB) was formed in April 2015 to act as the independent voice of the bridge. The group is liaising with other interest groups to safeguard the future of the bridge and its industrial heritage status. FoWTB has been featured on the local BBC News programme, North West Tonight and has set up a website for the bridge along with Facebook and Twitter pages. In 2016, the bridge was nominated for the Institution of Civil Engineers North West Heritage Award.

See also 
Grade I and II* listed buildings in Warrington
List of Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire (post-1539)

References 

Bibliography

 Rennison, R.W., "Civil Engineering Heritage : Northern England", Thomas Telford Publishing, 2nd edn., 1996, 
 Thompson, Dave, "Bridging the Years", MailBook Publishing, 2000

External links 

 Official website

 Picture on geograph
 "Bank Quay transporter bridge, Warrington – Warrington (UA)", English Heritage, Heritage at Risk Register
 

Transporter bridges
Bridges completed in 1915
Bridges in Cheshire
Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire
Grade II* listed bridges in England
Scheduled monuments in Cheshire
River Mersey
Buildings and structures in Warrington
Bridges across the River Mersey