omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sycamore Canyon Test Facility. Sycamore Canyon Test Facility is a rocket and weapons test site located east of MCAS Miramar in northern San Diego, in Scripps Ranch. A number of weapons contractors have had facilities at the site including Lockheed-Martin, Hughes Aircraft and General Dynamics. The engines for the Atlas missile and Centaur rocket stage were tested at the site. The entire measuring equipment for the test site has been built by Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton.

References

External links
San Diego’s Secret Missile-Testing Sites

Buildings and structures in San Diego County, California
Rocketry
General Dynamics
Reaction inhibitor. A reaction inhibitor is a substance that decreases the rate of, or prevents, a chemical reaction.
A catalyst or an Enzyme activator, in contrast, is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.

Examples
 Added acetanilide slows the decomposition of drug-store hydrogen peroxide solution, inhibiting the reaction
2 → 2 + , which is catalyzed by heat, light, and impurities.

Inhibition of a catalyst
An inhibitor can reduce the effectiveness of a catalyst in a catalysed reaction (either a non-biological catalyst or an enzyme). E.g., if a compound is so similar to (one of) the reactants that it can bind to the active site of a catalyst but does not undergo a catalytic reaction then that catalyst molecule cannot perform its job because the active site is occupied. When the inhibitor is released, the catalyst is again available for reaction.

Inhibition and catalyst poisoning
Inhibition should be distinguished from catalyst poisoning. An inhibitor only hinders the working of a catalyst without changing it, whilst in catalyst poisoning the catalyst undergoes a chemical reaction that is irreversible in the environment in question (the active catalyst may only be regained by a separate process).

Potency

Index inhibitors or simplified as inhibitor predictably inhibit metabolism via a given pathway and are commonly used in prospective clinical drug-drug interaction studies.

Inhibitors of CYP can be classified by their potency, such as:
Strong inhibitor being one that causes at least a 5-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or more than 80% decrease in clearance of substrates  ( Over 1.8 times slower than usual clearance rate.) .
Moderate inhibitor being one that causes at least a 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 50-80% decrease in clearance of substrates ( At least 1.5-1.8 times slower than usual clearance speed.) .
Weak inhibitor being one that causes at least a 1.25-fold but less than 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 20-50% decrease in clearance of substrates ( At least 1.2-1.5 times slower than usual clearance rate.) .

See also
 Enzyme inhibition
 Catalyst poisoning

References

Catalysis
Tranchet axe. A tranchet axe is a lithic tool made by removing a flake, known as a tranchet flake. The flake is removed parallel to the final intended cutting edge of the tool which creates a single straight and sharp cutting edge as wide as the tool itself. The blade can be easily resharpened by detaching a new tranchet flake.This stone working technique represents an important step in the evolution of lithic technology, as it bridged the gap between the more rudimentary Paleolithic tools and the relatively polished tools of the Neolithic. At certain European excavation sites, the discovery of tranchet axeheads is regarded as an early Mesolithic marker.

Archeologists have unearthed these axes from various time periods in excavation sites on many continents. They have been found in some Acheulean assemblages as well as in Mesolithic flaked stone industries. Archeologists have also excavated tranchet axes from Central American sites, including the Mayan site of Cohla, Belize. An archeologist working in the Solomon Islands believes that tranchet axes have been used as adze-heads until recent times.

The axes were typically made from hard stones like flint, chert, agate or other types of rock that could hold a sharp edge when struck. 

Archeologists believe that the axe’s principal use was as an adze; that is, as a tool whose cutting edge is perpendicular to the handle, not parallel. Tranchet axes would have been used primarily for cutting, chopping, and shaping wood while building shelters, making dugout canoes, and crafting tools and weapons. The tranchet axe might have been used to fell lighter timber or for coppicing.

See also 

 Hand axe

References 

Lithics
Ring-opening metathesis polymerisation. In polymer chemistry, ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is a type of chain-growth polymerization involving olefin metathesis. The reaction is driven by relieving ring strain in cyclic olefins. A variety of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts have been developed for different polymers and mechanisms. Heterogeneous catalysts are typical in large-scale commercial processes, while homogeneous catalysts are used in finer laboratory chemical syntheses. Organometallic catalysts used in ROMP usually have transition metal centres, such as tungsten, rubidium, titanium, etc., with organic ligands.

Heterogeneous catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis consists of catalysts and substrates in different physical states. The catalyst is typically in solid phase. The mechanism of heterogeneous ring-opening metathesis polymerization is still under investigation.

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclic olefins has been commercialized since the 1970s. Examples of polymers produced on an industrial level through ROMP catalysis are Vestenamer, Norsorex and ZEONEX, among others.

Mechanism 
The mechanism of homogeneous ring-opening metathesis polymerization is well-studied. It is similar to any olefin metathesis reaction. Initiation occurs by forming an open coordination site on the catalyst. Propagation happens via a metallacycle intermediate formed after a 2+2 cycloaddition. When using a G3 catalyst, 2+2 cycloaddition is the rate determining step.

Frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization
Frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) is a variation of ROMP. It is a polymerization system that only reacts on a localized zone. One example of this system is the FROMP of dicyclopentadiene with a Grubbs' catalyst initiated by heat.

See also
 Acyclic diene metathesis
 Ring-opening polymerization

Further reading

References

Polymerization reactions
Central station (Metro Transit). Central station (known as 4th & Cedar during planning) is a light rail station along the Green Line in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is unique among Central Corridor stations in that it is not located in the middle of or directly adjacent to a road, but rather at a 45° angle to surrounding streets like the U.S. Bank Stadium station shared with the Blue Line in Minneapolis. It is located on the block bounded by 5th Street, Minnesota Street, 4th Street, and Cedar Street.

Utility relocation construction work began along 4th Street in August 2009, well before the Green Line had received final funding or approval.  Construction along Cedar Street, including demolition of the former Bremer Bank building on the block began in 2011.  A skyway through the Bremer building was closed for much of the year but reopened on November 1, 2011.  The station opened along with the rest of the line on June 14, 2014.

References

External links 
Metro Transit: Central Station

Metro Green Line (Minnesota) stations in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2014
2014 establishments in Minnesota
Japanese destroyer Oboro (1930). was the seventeenth of twenty-four s, built for the Imperial Japanese Navy following World War I.

History
Construction of the advanced Fubuki-class destroyers was authorized as part of the Imperial Japanese Navy's expansion program from fiscal 1923, intended to give Japan a qualitative edge with the world's most modern ships. The Fubuki class had performance that was a quantum leap over previous destroyer designs, so much so that they were designated . The large size, powerful engines, high speed, large radius of action and unprecedented armament gave these destroyers the firepower similar to many light cruisers in other navies. Oboro, built at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal, was the seventh in an improved series, which incorporated a modified gun turret that could elevate her main battery of Type 3 127 mm 50 caliber naval guns to 75° as opposed to the original 40°, thus permitting the guns to be used as dual purpose guns against aircraft. Oboro was laid down on 29 November 1930, launched on 8 November 1930 and commissioned on 31 October 1931. Originally assigned hull designation “Destroyer No. 51”, she was commissioned as Oboro.

The 4th Fleet Incident occurred only a year after her commissioning, and Oboro was quickly taken back to the shipyards to have her hull strengthened.

Operational history
On completion, Oboro was assigned to Destroyer Division 20 under the IJN 2nd Fleet. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, from 1937, Oboro covered landing of Japanese forces in Shanghai and Hangzhou. From 1940, she was assigned to patrol and cover landings of Japanese forces in south China and in the Invasion of French Indochina.

World War II history
At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Oboro was assigned to Carrier Division 5 of the IJN 1st Air Fleet, and had deployed from Yokosuka Naval District to Hahajima in the Bonin Islands, from which it subsequently provided cover for Japanese landing operations in the Invasion of Guam.

From mid-December to April 1942, Oboro was based at Kwajalein, and from mid-April to the end of August 1942, Oboro was based at Yokosuka, patrolling in the nearby waters, and escorting convoys from Yokosuka to Ōminato Guard District to the north, and Mako Guard District to the southwest.

On 11 October 1942, Oboro departed Yokosuka with a re-supply convoy for Kiska in the Japanese-occupied Aleutian Islands. Oboro was sunk on 17 October in an air attack by USAAF B-26 Marauders  northeast of Kiska at position . A direct bomb hit among munitions being carried caused the ship to explode and sink, leaving only 17 survivors, including her captain (LtCdr Hiro Yamana), who were rescued by the destroyer  (also heavily damaged in the same attack).

On 15 November 1942, Oboro was removed from the navy list.

Notes

References

External links

Fubuki-class destroyers
Ships built by Sasebo Naval Arsenal
1930 ships
Second Sino-Japanese War naval ships of Japan
World War II destroyers of Japan
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign
Destroyers sunk by aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the Bering Sea
Maritime incidents in October 1942
Ships sunk by US aircraft
Naval magazine explosions
Split-C. Split-C is a parallel extension of the C programming language. The Split-C project website describes Split-C as:

a parallel extension of the C programming language that supports efficient access to a global address space on current distributed memory multiprocessors. It retains the "small language" character of C and supports careful engineering and optimization of programs by providing a simple, predictable cost model.

Development of Split-C appears to be at a standstill since 1996.  Split-C is similar to Cilk.

Notes

References 
 Krishnamurthy, A., Culler, D. E., Dusseau, A., Goldstein, S. C., Lumetta, S., von Eicken, T., and Yelick, K. 1993. Parallel programming in Split-C. In Proceedings of the 1993 ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing (Portland, Oregon, United States). Supercomputing '93. ACM Press, New York, NY, 262-273. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/169627.169724, http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/parallel/castle/split-c/split-c.tr.html

External links 
 Parallel Programming in Split-C
 Introduction to Split-C

Concurrent programming languages
C programming language family
Ernst R. G. Eckert. Ernst Rudolph Georg Eckert (September 13, 1904 – July 8, 2004) was an Austrian American engineer and scientist who advanced the film cooling technique for aeronautical engines. He earned his Diplom Ingenieur and doctorate in 1927 and 1931, respectively, and habilitated in 1938. Eckert worked as a jet engine scientist at the Hermann Göring Aviation Research Institute near Braunschweig, Germany, then via Operation Paperclip, began jet propulsion research in 1945 at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. In 1951, Eckert joined the University of Minnesota in the department of mechanical engineering. Eckert published over 550 scientific papers and books. The Eckert number in fluid dynamics was named after him.

In 1995 the National Academy of Engineering honored Eckert with its thirteenth Founders Award.

Eckert's son-in-law Horst Henning Winter, a specialist in rheology, is professor at UMass Amherst.

References and notes

External links
 Short biography of Ernst R. G. Eckert

1904 births
2004 deaths
American aerospace engineers
American science writers
American technology writers
People from Austria-Hungary
Immigrants to the United States
German people of World War II
20th-century German physicists
NASA people
Scientists from Prague
Engineering educators
University of Minnesota faculty
Fluid dynamicists
Aerodynamicists
Czech Technical University in Prague alumni
German aerospace engineers
Operation Paperclip
20th-century Austrian engineers
20th-century American physicists
20th-century American engineers
Hans Meuer. Hans Meuer was a professor of computer science at the University of Mannheim, managing director of Prometeus GmbH and general chair of the International Supercomputing Conference. In 1986, he became co-founder and organizer of the first Mannheim Supercomputer Conference, which has been held annually but known as the International Supercomputing Conference  since 2001.
 
Meuer served as specialist, project leader, group and department chief during his 11 years at the Jülich Research Centre, Germany. For the following 33 years, he was director of the computer center and professor for computer science at the University of Mannheim, Germany. Since 1998 - 2013, he was the managing director of Prometeus GmbH, a company that runs a series of conferences in fields closely associated with high performance computing.

Meuer studied mathematics, physics and politics at the universities of Marburg, Giessen and Vienna. In 1972, he received his doctorate in mathematics from the Rheinisch Westfälische Technical University (RWTH) of Aachen. Since 1974, he was professor of mathematics and computer science at the University of Mannheim with specialization in software engineering. For more than 20 years, he has been involved intensively in the areas of supercomputing/parallel computing.
 
In 1993, Meuer started the TOP500 initiative together with Erich Strohmaier, Horst Simon and Jack Dongarra.

References

External links
Hans Meuer's Homepage 
The International Supercomputing Conference Homepage
ISC Conference Series

German computer scientists
1936 births
2014 deaths
RWTH Aachen University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Mannheim
Distributed design patterns. In software engineering, a distributed design pattern is a design pattern focused on distributed computing problems.

Classification
Distributed design patterns can be divided into several groups:
 Distributed communication patterns
 Security and reliability patterns
 Event driven patterns
 Saga pattern

Examples
 MapReduce
 Bulk synchronous parallel
 Remote Session

See also
 Software engineering
 List of software engineering topics

References

Software design patterns
Distributed computing architecture
Clinton Haines. Clinton 'Clint' Haines (10 April 1976 – 10 April 1997) was an Australian computer hacker. He was also known as Harry McBungus, TaLoN and Terminator-Z.

Haines attended Ipswich Grammar School. He wrote his first computer virus in assembly language using the A86 assembler in the early 1990s.

Haines was responsible for the viruses NoFrills, Dudley, X-Fungus/PuKE, Daemaen and 1984. NoFrills infected the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). It was described by anti-virus company manager Len Grooves as "totally unimpressive". Grooves added: "This is a very average virus...It could have been written by any first-year computer student. In fact, it had serious design faults and programming bugs. I would not hire the writer." Nevertheless, the ATO decided to turn off all of its 15,000 computers until the virus was eradicated, to avoid the infection spreading.

His virus Dudley also infected the computers of Telecom Australia), shutting down their system in two hours. The Dudley virus was a variant of the No Frills code with the text [Oi Dudley!][PuKE].

Haines died from a heroin overdose in 1997, in Saint Lucia, Brisbane, celebrating his 21st birthday. At the time of his death he was completing an undergraduate science degree in microbiology at the University of Queensland. A computer virus was written in his honour (RIP Terminator-Z by VLAD). The virus, named 'Memorial', pays acknowledgement to Haines by placing a message on an infected user's screen.

References

1976 births
1997 deaths
Deaths by heroin overdose in Australia
Hackers
People from Brisbane
Accidental deaths in Queensland
People educated at Ipswich Grammar School
Wilfred Corrigan. Wilfred J. Corrigan is a British engineer and entrepreneur, known for founding and running LSI Logic Corp. He was the chairman and chief executive of LSI for over two decades until 2005, during the earlier part of which he made vital contributions to the company. He was the founder and served twice as chairman of the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA). Corrigan is a veteran of Fairchild Semiconductor.

Life and career 
He was born in Liverpool, England, as the son of a dock worker, graduated with a degree in chemical engineering from the Imperial College of Science before starting his career at Motorola Semiconductor. He later joined Fairchild Semiconductor, rising through the ranks to eventually become president and CEO for five years.  He left Fairchild in 1979 after selling the then ailing company to Schlumberger, an oilfield services firm.

As the founder of LSI Logic, Corrigan pioneered modern-day gate array, standard-cell application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), system-on-a-chip and platform ASIC businesses. Before founding LSI Logic, Corrigan spearheaded the growth of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation as chairman, president, and chief executive officer and earlier as its vice president and general manager of its Semiconductor Division. Corrigan is also an inventor and holds two U.S. patents related to field-effect device manufacturing and gas etching.

In 1990, Corrigan testified before the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce about foreign competition in semiconductor manufacture.

He is a recipient of the SIA's Robert N. Noyce Medal, Semico Research's Bellwether Award and the Silicon Valley Leadership Group's Lifetime Achievement Award. He also is a member of the board of directors of the Semiconductor Industry Association, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, Imperial College London and London's City and Guild Institute and a driving force in the establishment of the World Semiconductor Council.

References

External links
 Bio and photo, IEEE Robert N. Noyce Medal Recipient, 2005
 Oral History available from Silicon Genesis Project at Stanford University

Year of birth missing (living people)
British electrical engineers
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Living people
ANIMAL (image processing). ANIMAL (first implementation: 1988 - revised: 2004) is an interactive environment for image processing that is oriented toward the rapid prototyping, testing, and modification of algorithms. To create ANIMAL (AN IMage ALgebra), XLISP of David Betz was extended with some new types: sockets, arrays, images, masks, and drawables.

The theoretical framework and the implementation of the working environment is described in the paper "ANIMAL: AN IMage ALgebra".

In the theoretical framework of ANIMAL a digital image is a boundless matrix with its history. However, in the implementation it is bounded by a rectangular region in the discrete plane and the elements outside the region have a constant value. The size and position of the region in the plane (focus) is defined by the coordinates of the rectangle. In this way all the pixels, including those on the border, have the same number of neighbors (useful in local operators, such as digital filters). Furthermore, pixelwise commutative operations remain commutative on image level, independently on focus (size and position of the rectangular regions). The history is a list which tracks the operations and parameters applied to the matrix. This mechanism is useful to document algorithms and generate new functions.

ANIMAL has been ported to R, a freely available language and environment for statistical computing and graphics.

Properties 
ANIMAL offers the following key properties for image processing:

- Interactive environment facilitating rapid prototyping, testing, and modification of algorithms.

- Extends XLISP with new types including sockets, arrays, images, masks, and drawables.

- Defines images as bounded matrices with a history, facilitating algorithm documentation and function generation.

- Implements image processing operations within rectangular regions, ensuring consistent pixel neighborhoods and commutative operations.

- Ported to R, enabling its use in statistical computing and graphics.

References 

Computer vision software
Image processing software
Mattress (rocket). Mattress was the term applied to ground-based British-devised  multiple rocket launchers during World War II. Compared with the German and Soviet counterparts (the Nebelwerfer and Katyusha launchers respectively), the western Allies deployed these weapons late in the war. Nevertheless, they did see useful service as artillery support during the crossings of the Rhine and the Scheldt rivers.

Sea Mattress
The first multiple rocket launch system developed by the British was designed to be deployed on warships and landing craft and fired in support of troops in a landing action. The rockets were 5-inch cordite sticks and the launching system, known as a "mattress projector", was capable of projecting a salvo of 16 to 30 rockets  in around 45 seconds. The weapon was also known as the "Stickleback".

For naval assault on beaches, the specially-outfitted Landing Craft Tank (Rocket) - LCT(R) was devised, each of which carried over a thousand rockets intended to be fired en masse against targets on the invasion beaches and intended for saturating the defenders' positions with rockets. They were used in the Allied invasion of Italy and in the Battle of Normandy.

Land Mattress
The so-called land mattress was a ground weapon named after its naval equivalent. It was originally developed by Lt. Col. Michael Wardell of the British army in 1944. Based on the British Z gun anti-aircraft rockets, it was tested in the summer of 1944 and saw some action with British and Canadian troops, with mixed results. The Land Mattress was based on the  tube of the RP-3 or "60-lb" rocket used as an air-to-ground weapon with naval 5-inch shells as warheads and consisted of a 16- or 30-tube launchering system mounted on a towed carriage. The land version had an operational range of . Rounds were fired at a rate of 4 per second. At the crossing of the Scheldt, over a thousand rockets were fired in six hours.

See also
Landing Craft Tank (Rocket)
Hedgehog (weapon)
List of U.S. Army rocket launchers

References

External links
 

Rocket artillery
World War II artillery of the United Kingdom
World War II military equipment of Canada
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1944