omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Balzer Motor Company. The Balzer Motor Company of The Bronx, New York, was founded in 1894 by Stephen M. Balzer (c.1864–1940).

History 

Stephen Balzer immigrated in the 1870s from the Kingdom of Hungary to the United States. He apprenticed as a watchmaker at Tiffany's. When he started his own business in 1894, a machine shop, he already held several patents for mechanical devices, among them a device for making milling cutters and his rotary engine. In the same year, he completed his first prototype automobile, a motorized quadricycle with a tube chassis, less than  long and  wide. It had a rotary, air-cooled, 3-cylinder engine, mounted vertically in the rear and revolving around a fixed crankshaft. Turning with the crankcase was a stub shaft. It further had a 3-speed manual transmission with no reverse. One lever engaged speeds and clutch. Each front wheel had its own bicycle fork axle which was connected by a bar which was operated by a tiller) By 1897, he had built three cars.

He developed also 5-cylinder rotary engines. When Smithsonian Institution Secretary Samuel P. Langley learned about these vehicles and their engine in 1898, he contacted Balzer, ordering one for his experimental airplane. Balzer had problems finishing this engine, delivering finally not earlier than 1900. For proper use, Langley's technical assistant, Charles M. Manly, had to modify it heavily. This became the Manly–Balzer engine, the first purpose-built aero-engine.

Balzer's business was not very successful, and he left in 1902. He still worked as a mechanic, and in 1940 he died.

Prototype 
On May 16, 1899, Balzer donated his prototype to the Smithsonian Institution, the first automobile in its collection. This was the first car given to the Smithsonian. It is currently in collection.

References

External links
 Smithsonian Institution: Balzer Road Carriage; illustrated description (retrieved 25 September 2012)
 US-Patent No. 573174 at google.com/patents (retrieved 11 February 2013)

Companies based in the Bronx
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Collection of the Smithsonian Institution
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1894
American companies established in 1894
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New York (state)
Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity. Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity is a British television series outlining aspects of the history of electricity. The series was a co-production between the Open University and the BBC and aired from 6 to 20 October 2011 on BBC Four. The programs were presented by Jim Al-Khalili.

Episodes 
 Spark: How pioneers unlocked electricity's mysteries and built strange instruments to create it.
 The Age of Invention: How harnessing the link between magnetism and electricity transformed the world.
 Revelations and Revolutions: After centuries of experimentation, how we finally came to understand electromagnetism.

Spark 
In the first episode Al-Khalili introduces the history of our understanding of electricity and the harnessing of its power. He covers the achievements of these "natural philosophers" – Francis Hauksbee, Stephen Gray, Musschenbroek, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Cavendish, Galvani, Volta and Humphry Davy.

The programme starts with Hauksbee's invention of a static-electricity generator and its subsequent demonstration to the high-minded. It covers Franklin and the resulting experiments to capture and tame lightning. The narrative continues with Cavendish's investigations of the electric shock received from the torpedo fish. Al-Khalili expands on the development of the electric battery following Volta's discovery that simultaneously licking a copper coin and a silver spoon would generate a tingle of electricity. The programme finishes with the first breakthrough in finding a commercial use for electricity: Humphry Davy demonstrating the first carbon-arc light before members of the Royal Institution.

The Age of Invention 
In the second episode Al-Khalili covers the scientists who discovered the links between electricity and magnetism leading to a way to generate electric power- Hans Christian Oersted, Michael Faraday, William Sturgeon and Joseph Henry.

The development of commercial applications started with Samuel Morse and Al-Khalili then tells the story of the 1866 transatlantic cable. He revisits the war of the currents rivalry between direct current and alternating current.

Revelations and Revolutions 
In the final episode Al-Khalili brings the story up to date covering the achievements of James Clerk Maxwell; Heinrich Hertz; Oliver Lodge; Jagadish Bose; William Crookes; Mataré & Welker; and William Shockley.

See also 
History of electromagnetic theory
History of electrical engineering
History of electric power transmission

References

External links 
 
 BBC information
 

2011 British television series debuts
2011 British television series endings
BBC high definition shows
BBC television documentaries about history
BBC television documentaries about science
British documentary television series
Documentary films about the history of science
British historical television series
History of electrical engineering
British English-language television shows
History of energy
Aviastroitel AC-7M. The Aviastroitel AC-7M is a Russian mid-wing, T-tailed, two-seats in side-by-side configuration motor glider that was designed by Vladimir Egorovich Fedorov and produced by Aviastroitel, now Glider Air Craft.

Design and development
Development of the AC-7M was started in 2002, it was first flown in 2005 and by 2006 two prototypes had been completed.

The AC-7M is a conventional self-launching sailplane, but is equipped with a more powerful retractable pusher configuration Hirth F30A25A  two stroke engine than is normal in these types, allowing it to be also used as a glider tug and as touring motor glider. The aircraft is capable of cruising at  for  while burning only  of fuel.

The AC-7M uses a two bladed wooden propeller of  diameter. The  span wing employs a Wortmann FX60-157 airfoil and mounts Fowler flaps. The wings are mounted on the fuselage with a single cam-pin and the ailerons and air brakes hook-up automatically. The fixed landing gear consists of a narrow track pair of rubber-suspended  main wheels, a  nose wheel and a  tail caster. The main wheels incorporate lever-actuated drum brakes. The cockpit can accommodate pilots up to  in height. The canopy provides 300° field of view and is jettisonable. Assembly from its trailer takes four people 20 minutes.

The AC-7M was later developed into the unpowered and redesigned AC-7.

Variants
AC-7M
Side-by-side, two seat motor glider with a retractable Hirth F30A25A  two stroke engine.
AC-7K
 Development of the AC-7M, but with a fuselage-mounted Rotax 912ULS  four stroke engine, driving a retractable  diameter, two bladed wooden propeller.

Specifications (AC-7M)

See also

References

External links

2000s Russian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 2005
Motor gliders
AC-7M
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft with fixed quad landing gear
Aviastroitel AC-7. The Aviastroitel AC-7 is a Russian mid-wing, T-tailed, two seats in side-by-side configuration, glider that was designed by Vladimir Egorovich Fedorov and produced by Aviastroitel, now Glider Air Craft. It first flew in 2007.

Design and development
The AC-7 is derived from the AC-7M motor glider, but with a significantly redesigned fuselage. The AC-7 reduced fuselage wetted area as a result of eliminating the engine and propeller mounting space. It retains the two-seats in side-by-side configuration of the motor glider. Also revised is the complex four-wheeled fixed landing gear of the AC-7M, replaced on the AC-7 by a conventional retractable  tire, pneumatic-hydraulic suspended, monowheel gear, with a lever-operated hydraulic disc brake.

The aircraft's  span wing employs a Wortmann FX 60-157 airfoil, mounts Fowler flaps and optional winglets. The wings are mounted to the fuselage with a single cam-pin and the ailerons and air brakes hook-up automatically. Like the AC-7M the AC-7 cockpit can accommodate pilots up to  in height. The canopy provides 300° field of view and is jettisonable.

Specifications (AC-7)

See also

References

2000s Russian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 2007
AC-7
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Glider aircraft
Aircraft with retractable bicycle landing gear
T-tail aircraft
ZACA reaction. The zirconium-catalyzed asymmetric carbo-alumination reaction (or ZACA reaction) was developed by Nobel laureate Ei-ichi Negishi. It facilitates the chiral functionalization of alkenes using organoaluminium compounds under the influence of chiral bis-indenylzirconium catalysts (e.g. bearing chiral terpene residues, as in (+)- or (−)-bis[(1-neomenthyl)indenyl]zirconium dichloride). In a first step the alkene inserts into an Al-C bond of the reagent, forming a new chiral organoaluminium compound in which the aluminium atom occupies the lesser hindered position. This intermediate is usually oxidized by oxygen to form the corresponding chiral alcohol (cf. hydroboration–oxidation reaction). The reaction can also be applied to dienes, where the least sterically hindered double bond is attacked selectively.

See also 
Organoaluminium chemistry
Organozirconium chemistry
Indenyl effect

References 

Organometallic chemistry
Transport coefficient. A transport coefficient  measures how rapidly a perturbed system returns to equilibrium.

The transport coefficients occur in transport phenomenon with transport laws 
 

where:
  is a flux of the property 
 the transport coefficient  of this property 
 , the gradient force which acts on the property .

Transport coefficients can be expressed via a Green–Kubo relation:

where  is an observable occurring in a perturbed Hamiltonian,  is an ensemble average and the dot above the A denotes the time derivative.
For times  that are greater than the correlation time of the fluctuations of the observable the transport coefficient obeys a generalized Einstein relation:

In general a transport coefficient is a tensor.

Examples 
 Diffusion constant, relates the flux of particles with the negative gradient of the concentration (see Fick's laws of diffusion)
 Thermal conductivity (see Fourier's law)
 Ionic conductivity
 Mass transport coefficient
 Shear viscosity , where  is the viscous stress tensor (see Newtonian fluid)
 Electrical conductivity

Transport coefficients of higher order 
For strong gradients the transport equation typically has to be modified with higher order terms (and higher order Transport coefficients).

See also 
Linear response theory
Onsager reciprocal relations

References 

Thermodynamics
Statistical mechanics
Audi Type A. The Audi Type A is an automobile which was introduced in 1910. It is considered to be the oldest vehicle under the Audi name. A total of 140 vehicles were produced. In 1911 the type A was succeeded by the Audi Type B.

Specifications

Sources 
 Werner Oswald: Alle Audi Automobile 1910-1980, Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart, 1. Auflage (1980), 

Type A
Cars introduced in 1910
First car made by manufacturer
Cars discontinued in 1912
Audi Type B. The Audi Type B was introduced in 1910 as a successor to the Audi Type A, there was an overall 360 of the Type B built. It used a four-cylinder, two-block inline engine with 2.6 Litres of displacement. It developed  through a four-speed countershaft gearbox and a propeller shaft, which drove the rear wheels. The car had a ladder frame and two leaf-sprung solid axles.

Specifications

Sources 
 Schrader, Halwart: Deutsche Autos 1885-1920, Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart, 1. Auflage (2002), 
 Werner Oswald: Alle Audi Automobile 1910-1980, Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart, 1. Auflage (1980), 

Type B
Cars introduced in 1910
ECE Regulation 90. ECE Regulation 90 (abbreviated "ECE R90") is an ECE Regulation specifying design, construction, and performance requirements and test protocols for replacement brake linings for roadgoing motor vehicles and trailers.

R90 calls for linings to be tested for speed sensitivity, cold performance, and replacement Brake pads and brake shoes are permitted to deviate from the frictional characteristics of their original-equipment counterparts by not more than 15%. In addition, R90 requires tamper-evident, sealed packaging for replacement brake linings. 

Type-approval to R90 is required for all replacement brake linings throughout the European Union and in non-European countries that have adopted ECE Regulations.

Test protocols

Tests required by R90 include:
 Bedding (burnishing)
 Performance Check
 Brake Tests
 Cold Performance Equivalence and Speed Sensitivity Tests

For the tests the vehicle brake for which the replacement linings are designed is installed in an inertia dynamometer instrumented for continuous recording of rotative speed, brake torque, brake line pressure, number of rotations after brake application, braking time, and brake rotor temperature.

Notes

References

Vehicle law
Claxton Engineering Ltd. Claxton Engineering Services Ltd  is an engineering and service company registered in the United Kingdom and has its headquarters in Great Yarmouth, UK, with offices also in Scotland, Norway, USA, Singapore and the UAE.

The company is an accredited and registered organisation with the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

History
Claxton was founded in Great Yarmouth in 1985 and in 1999 became part of Acteon Group Ltd.

In 2019 Acteon acquired Proserv’s Field Technology Services business unit which merged with Claxton, providing a global footprint. In 2020 another Acteon company, Conductor Installation Services also merged into Claxton.

Claxton provides services across the energy industry, including offshore decommissioning, and fixed wind installation. Claxton has supplied drilling risers for many major projects around the world  and has achieved safety milestones for its operations. Some of the company's projects involve developing new components for the oil and gas industry, for example, technical innovations for drilling risers.

Claxton has received several industry awards, including the Queen's Award for Export Achievement (1998) and the Spirit of Enterprise Great Engineering Company Award (2009).

References

External links
 Official Claxton Engineering Ltd website

Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Petroleum engineers
Companies based in Norfolk
Great Yarmouth
Consulting firms established in 1985
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1985
1985 establishments in England
Nicolas Le Messurier. Nicolas Le Messurier is an English sound engineer. He has been nominated for three Academy Awards in the category Best Sound. He has worked on more than 150 films since 1968.

Selected filmography
 Superman (1978)
 A Passage to India (1984)
 Aliens (1986)

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English audio engineers
Best Sound BAFTA Award winners
Nat Boxer. Nat Boxer (June 22, 1925 – December 3, 2009) was an American sound engineer. He won an Academy Award for Best Sound for the film Apocalypse Now.

Selected filmography
 Apocalypse Now (1979)

References

External links

1925 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American engineers
American audio engineers
Best Sound BAFTA Award winners
Best Sound Mixing Academy Award winners
Engineers from New York (state)
People from Rosendale, New York
People from Wawarsing, New York
Intorel. Visionic is a network management computer system and network monitoring software application produced by Intorel.
In 2002, Intorel launched the first version of later to become its flagship product - Visionic.

References

Intorel...Visionic 5 Is Visionary In A Centralized System, satnews.com,  January 24, 2013
A Case In Point: M&C in Myanmar - Intorel’s Visionic M&C system: SatMagazine, satmagazine.com,  November 6, 2012.
Intorel has rolled out Visionic version 4.2, a monitoring and control solution for the broadcast and satellite industry, satellitetoday.com,  February 20, 2009.
 CASE STUDY - The COTS Benefit — Intorel's Visionic : SatMagazine, satmagazine.com,  September 7, 2008.
 Intorel announces new Visionic Updates with launch of Version 3.55 satellite monitoring and control system by Duncan Burford,  September 17, 2007.
 Intorel launches new version of pioneering Visionic 'click and drag' monitoring and control system for broadcasters by Tom Bandenburg, creativemac.digitalmedianet.com,  April 12, 2007.
 Pals uses the Visionic Universal M&C system developed by Intorel (www.intorel.com ), pals.com, November 14, 2006.
 The whole system is controlled by the Visionic monitoring & control system, hiltron-communications.com.com.

External links
 Intorel homepage

System administration
Computer network analysis
Network performance
Torque-to-yield fastener. A torque to yield fastener (TTY) or stretch Bolt is a fastener which is torqued beyond the state of elasticity and therefore undergoes plastic deformation, causing it to become permanently elongated.

Fastener
Torquing a fastener close to its yield point results in a residual axial preloading of the fastener which, depending on service conditions, can significantly increase the fatigue life of the fastener. When the applied service load doesn't exceed the clamping force of the fastener, the strain of the fastener will be lower than when the preloading is smaller than the applied load. It is therefore beneficial in high-frequency high-load situations with a higher risk of fatigue related failure, like a bolted down cylinder head, to use torque to yield bolts.

The torque applied to the fastener must be determined such that it does not contribute to a service condition where the fastener enters a low-cycle fatigue regime. In general, the use of torque-to-yield fasteners is deprecated except in cases where the materials and structures comprising the entire assembly are certified to be within tolerances. 

 Advantage: The service lifetime can be predicted, and regular maintenance intervals determined with a tolerable degree of certainty.
 Disadvantage: TTY hardware must be assumed to be compromised and must be removed from service if subsequently loosened, tightened, or damaged.

References 

Fasteners
Saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene. Saturate, Aromatic, Resin and Asphaltene (SARA) is an analysis method that divides crude oil components according to their polarizability and polarity.   The saturate fraction consists of nonpolar material including linear, branched, and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (paraffins). Aromatics, which contain one or more aromatic rings, are slightly more polarizable. The remaining two fractions, resins and asphaltenes, have polar substituents. The distinction between the two is that asphaltenes are insoluble in an excess of heptane (or pentane) whereas resins are miscible with heptane (or pentane).

Method description
There are three main methods to obtain SARA results.  One has lately emerged as the most popular. That technology is known as the Iatroscan TLC-FID, and it combines thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with flame ionization detection (FID).  It is referred to as IP-143.  Other analysis giving SARA numbers might not correspond to the numbers obtained in IP-143.  It is therefore always important to know the analysis method when comparing SARA numbers.

TLC-FID is the only method that is 100 times more sensitive than any of the older methods and faster, taking 30 seconds for 1 sample instead of 1 day. In comparison, IP-143 method can take up to 3 days, and it does not offer any analytical precision.

See also
 Crude oil assay
 PONA number
 PIONA
 PNA analysis

References

Petroleum technology
James R. Alexander. James Riley Alexander (September 3, 1930 – August 19, 2019) was an American sound engineer.

Alexander was born in Los Angeles, California and served in the United States Army as a communications specialist. Alexander was commissioned a sergeant. He was nominated for two Academy Awards in the Category Best Sound.

Selected filmography
 Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)
 Terms of Endearment (1983)

References

External links

1930 births
2019 deaths
American audio engineers
Engineers from Los Angeles
Military personnel from California
Punjab University of Technology, Rasul. The Punjab University of Technology Rasul (PUT Rasul) is a public sector university located in Rasul, Mandi Bahauddin, Punjab, Pakistan.

History
The  Punjab University of Technology Rasul was founded in 1873 in Lahore as the School of Surveying. In 1906, it was renamed as the Punjab School of Engineering. In 1912, it was again renamed as the Government School of Engineering and was moved to its current location in Rasul.

This Institute was located at Rasool (West Punjab) as Govt. school of Engg. After partition, it was bifurcated to Chhachhrauli (District. Yamunanagar) and subsequently shifted to Nilokheri in 1951. Nilokheri Polytechnic, Nilokheri established by the Govt. of India in 1947, was already in existence. Now there are two technical institutes in Nilokheri one being Govt. Polytechnic Nilokheri for pursuing diplomas in engineering & another being a postgraduate college State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri

In 1962, it was once again renamed as Government Polytechnic Institute. Later the institute was upgraded to Government College of Technology in 1974. In 2018, the Government of the Punjab upgraded the college to a full-fledged university of technology.

Programs
The university offers following bachelor's degree programs:

 BS Civil Engineering Technology
 BS Electrical Engineering Technology
 BS Mechanical Engineering Technology
 BS Software Engineering
 BS Technology Management
The university also offers following diploma programs at its constituent college (Rasul College of Technology):

 Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE) in Civil Technology
 Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE) in Electrical Technology
 Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE) in Computer Information Technology

References

External links
 PUT Rasul official website

Public universities and colleges in Punjab, Pakistan
Universities and colleges in Mandi Bahauddin District
1912 establishments in British India
Engineering universities and colleges in Pakistan
Sampoorna. Sampoorna is a school management system project implemented by the Education Department of Government of Kerala to automate the system and process of over 15,000 schools in the state. Sampoorna is implemented by KITE (previously IT@School Project) using the free and opensource school erp Fedena

The main objective of ‘Sampoorna’ school management software is to facilitate the Principals, Head Masters and teachers to easily implement, track and monitor all activities of students of their school and that of the school itself. Various cumbersome processes such as preparation of Transfer Certificate, copying of Admission Register, generating various reports related to students, parents, teachers and non-teaching staff, generating lists for various scholarships, preparation of SSLC examination database, progress report preparation, promotion list preparation, entry forms for sports and games and also for Kalotsavams etc. would be made easier using the online software. A timetable preparation software has also been integrated into the software.

History
A unique application was launched by KITE (Then IT@school) Sampoorna, a school management system. It was built on Fedna's open source database and server software. This software was made to make the previously tiresome process hassle-free for Administrators.

In 2012 Headmasters were also given authority to update student details like Name, Date of birth and religion which was till then only authorized to DEO and AEO

In 2017 the government of Kerala made sampoorna mandatory for all schools including government, Aided, CBSE and ICSE schools in the state to utilise sampoorna to record student details from class 11 to 12

References

External links 
Official Website
KITE

School-administration software
Education in Kerala