omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
1996 New Hampshire Learjet crash. On Christmas Eve 1996, a Learjet 35A business jet disappeared  near Dorchester, New Hampshire, United States. The crash led to the longest missing aircraft search in the state's history, lasting almost three years. Media attention eventually resulted in congressional legislation mandating improved emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) be installed in U.S.-registered business jets.

Crash information 
The aircraft involved, registration N388LS, was operated by the Aircraft Charter Group and flown by pilots Johan Schwartz and Patrick Hayes for a repositioning flight to Lebanon, New Hampshire. They left Sikorsky Memorial Airport in Bridgeport, Connecticut at 09:19 am, and 25 minutes later were flying the approach into Lebanon Municipal Airport. After one attempt at the instrument landing system approach, the crew reported that they were unable to receive the localizer, when they were actually several miles off course. They presumed ground equipment failure, and the pilot told the tower that he was executing a missed approach. The aircraft's last radar contact was as it proceeded outbound, 7 nautical miles (13 km) northeast of the VOR, at . As the business jet neared the inbound course to the VOR, the captain called out the outer marker. The first officer agreed, and the captain stated that they could descend to 2,300 ft. Shortly thereafter, the first officer stated that he was descending the aircraft to 2,300 ft. Three seconds later, the Learjet impacted trees, then terrain. The wreckage was located at an altitude of 2,300 ft, on rising mountainous terrain, 061° magnetic, 12.5 nautical miles from the VOR. The weather conditions were raining and foggy at the time.

Searches were mounted, unsuccessfully. The wreckage was found near Smarts Mountain almost three years later, on November 13, 1999, about  from the airport. Debris was spread over a  area in dense forest. The aircraft had descended into the ground  earlier than normal.

The cause of the accident, as determined by the National Transportation Safety Board, was:

ELT regulations 
The crashed aircraft had no ELT on board, as that class of aircraft when used for FAR Part 135 charter operations, was exempt from the federal requirements for this type of beacon. As a result, Congress directed the FAA to require the installation of 406 MHz ELTs in all business jets (replacing the 121.5 MHz units installed in some).

References

External links 
 Crash and search details

New Hampshire
Aviation accidents and incidents in New Hampshire
Aviation accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Disasters in New Hampshire
Transportation in Grafton County, New Hampshire
1996 in New Hampshire
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1996
December 1996 in the United States
Accidents and incidents involving the Learjet 35 family
Delta Carbona L.P.. Delta Carbona L.P. is a Fairfield, New Jersey-based American company which specializes in the production of stain-removal products. It was created in 1994 when its predecessor, the Carbona Products Company, was purchased by a German stain-removal corporation, Delta Pronatura.

Prior to this, the company had been producing Carbona Cleaning Fluid, a relatively popular cleaning product consisting of carbon tetrachloride and notable for its mention in the Ramones song "Carbona Not Glue". The song was soon dropped from its original album, Leave Home, and it has been suggested that this was due to the Carbona company's objections to the association of the product with substance abuse. In the concert scene of Roger Corman's 1979 film Rock 'n' Roll High School, an unidentified concertgoer can clearly be heard calling out, "who's got the Carbona?" It is also used and later referred to in the 1995 film The Basketball Diaries.

For the company's national and international experience in sustainable development, and eco-friendly products, the Environment Possibility Award conferred the "Award of Earth Defender" to Delta Carbona in 2020.

External links
Company's main page

References

Carbona: "About us."

Chemical companies of the United States
Companies based in Essex County, New Jersey
Ni1000. The Ni1000 is an artificial neural network chip developed by Nestor Corporation and Intel, developed in the 1990s. It is Intel's second-generation neural network chip, but the first all-digital chip. The chip is aimed at image analysis applications– containing more than 3 million transistors – and can analyze 40,000 patterns per second. Prototypes running Nestor's OCR software in 1994 were capable of recognizing around 100 handwritten characters per second. The development was funded with money from DARPA and Office of Naval Research.

References

Intel/Nestor Ni1000 Recognition Accelerator Technical Specification

Artificial neural networks
British Parachute Schools. British Parachute Schools also known as Langar DZ or Skydive Langar is a BPA affiliated parachuting centre and skydiving drop zone at Langar, Nottinghamshire in the area known as the Vale of Belvoir.

History
Langar airfield was originally a World War II bomber base, home to the RAF 207 Squadron between 1942 and 1943, but is now operating solely as a civilian drop zone. British Parachute Schools has been based at the airfield since 1977. British Parachute Schools was set up by Tom Sawyer and he encouraged use by universities. One of the first was Loughborough University who moved from Peterborough Parachute Centre after a chance meeting between Tom and Ian Parker, chairman of the university club. Parker's final year project was an analysis of parachute ripcord pull forces after a stiff pull on his first free fall.

Equipment
The drop zone uses two Cessna Grand Caravans, both with Blackhawk engines.  The centre provides student training in the Ram Air Progression System, Accelerated Freefall (AFF) and Tandem skydiving.

Reputation
British Parachute Schools is the busiest civilian parachute centre in the United Kingdom, regularly completing over 30,000 descents a year.  It is also the home of LU:ST; the Langar Universities Skydiving Team; the largest collection of university skydiving clubs in the country. It is approved by the British Parachute Association. Many university parachute clubs use the site regularly.

Langar was also home to the legendary “getting Langared”. This would involve a few drinks in the bar, maybe a food delivery to the DZ or a trip to Morrisons, followed by a few more beers and a nightcap in someone’s caravan... the rest you can figure out for yourself. Legend had it, only true legends could skydive the day after being “Langared”.

See also
 Red Devils (Parachute Regiment)

References

External links
 SkydiveLangar.co.uk - Official Website
 JumpLust.com - LU:ST Website

News items
 94-year-old grandmother in charity skydive in November 2008
 Archbishop of York in June 2008
 Female canopy formation in October 2003
 Lib Dem Baroness jumps for charity in April 2003
 Anstey vicar makes skydive in September 2002
 Female formation skydive in September 2002

Parachuting in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Nottinghamshire
Sports organizations established in 1977
Sports organisations of the United Kingdom
1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
Christian Ristow. Christian Ristow (born July 2, 1970) is an American robotic artist.  He is known for his robotic performance art under the name Robochrist Industries, his animatronics work in film and television, and his large-scale interactive sculptures.

Life and career
From 1993 to 1997, Ristow volunteered for the seminal robotic performance art collective Survival Research Laboratories in San Francisco, California.  During these years Ristow was involved in several SRL performances, contributing not only props but also, particularly in the years 1996 and 1997, robots that he had constructed.  During this period Ristow also participated in several collaborative performances with another San Francisco based performance group, The Seemen, including the often cited Hellco performance at the 1996 Burning Man festival.

In 1997 Ristow relocated to Los Angeles to work in the field of animatronics for film and television.  Los Angeles also provided fresh audiences uninitiated to the world of robot performance art, which was already becoming well known in northern California.  Shortly thereafter the name "Robochrist Industries" was first used and a small group of volunteers coalesced to form a working performance group.  The gradual inclusion of artistic and technical professionals from disciplines such as film special effects and the aerospace industry helped fuel larger and more frequent shows over the ensuing years.

Starting in 1999 Ristow and cohorts began performing at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. These shows represented the apex of the group's activities, both in terms of fully realized spectacle and audience exposure.  The 2006 film "Coachella" features footage culled from Robochrist performances from several different years as well as a brief interview with Ristow.

In early 2006 Ristow again relocated, this time leaving Los Angeles for Taos, New Mexico, effectively killing Robochrist Industries.

The relocation to New Mexico marked a significant turn in Ristow's artistic output, away from robot-based ensemble performances, and in the direction of large-scale interactive sculpture.  The list of notable large-scale sculptures built since that time includes Hand of Man (2008), Fledgling (2011), Face Forward (2011), Becoming Human (2014), and With Open Arms We Welcomed That Which Would Destroy Us (2018).  These pieces have been shown at Burning Man, the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Big Day Out (Australia), The Voodoo Experience (New Orleans, Louisiana), Maker Faire, and The Glastonbury Festival (England).

References

External links

Burning Man image gallery

Robotic art
Living people
1970 births
American performance artists
Intel Cascade Cipher. In cryptography, the Intel Cascaded Cipher is a high bandwidth block cipher, used as an optional component of the Output Content Protection DRM scheme of the Microsoft Windows Vista operating system. The cipher is based on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) operating in counter mode, used for generating keys, and a 3-round version of Serpent for encrypting actual content.

The Cascaded Cipher has not been subject to an open peer review process. A license for using the Cascaded Cipher is required from Intel Corporation.

Description
The Cascaded Cipher specifications are not currently available on the Intel web site or in academic journals. A description of the structure of the cipher appears in a US patent application. In this case, the patent application only describes the inventive steps as claimed by its inventors, and is not a specification of the cipher as it is intended to be used to protect content in Windows Vista. 

There are two embodiments of the cipher described in the US patent application.

CTR-ECB mode
In the counter-electronic codebook mode, the Cascaded Cipher uses full strength AES-128 in counter mode to generate a secure key stream and supplies this key-stream to a reduced round Serpent in electronic codebook mode to encrypt each plaintext block. To increase performance, each inner key stream block is reused several times to encrypt multiple blocks.

CTR-CTR mode
In the counter-counter mode, the Cascaded Cipher uses full-strength AES-128 in counter mode to generate a secure key stream and supplies this key-stream to a reduced round Serpent also operating in counter mode to encrypt each plaintext block. To increase performance, each inner key stream block is reused several times to encrypt multiple blocks.

Security
In the Microsoft document "Output Content Protection and Windows Vista", it is claimed that: "The security level achieved for typical video data is estimated to be approaching that of regular AES. This assertion is being tested by Intel putting its Cascaded Cipher out to the cryptography community to get their security assessment — that is, to see if they can break it."

The security of the system requires that it is impossible to recover the currently active inner key from the output of the reduced round Serpent encrypted video stream. Furthermore, the security of this method is highly sensitive to the number of rounds used in Serpent, the mode of operation described in the patent application, and the number of times the inner key is reused.

References
 
 

Advanced Encryption Standard
22nd Engineer Regiment (Australia). The 22nd Engineer Regiment (22 ER) is an Australian Army engineer unit based in Victoria, Australia, and as part of the 4th Brigade, the regiment provides engineer support to the 2nd Division. It was formerly designated as the  22nd Construction Regiment, and raised as a construction regiment,  but was renamed to its current form in 2013, following its amalgamation with the 4th Combat Engineer Regiment. It consists predominantly of Australian Army Reserve soldiers, and is supplemented by an Australian Regular Army component staff. It is the Senior Engineer Regiment in the 2nd Division, and the second most Senior Engineer Regiment in the Australian Army after the 3rd Combat Engineer Regiment.

History 
The 22nd Regiment was originally raised in July 1950 as a unit of the "supplementary reserve", which was formed within the Citizens Military Force to utilise the personnel and resources of various civilian government organisations to raise a military construction capability. The regiment's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel I.J. O'Donell and its first annual camp took place at Puckapunyal, with 20 officers and 220 other ranks taking part. Upon formation, the regiment consisted of the 104th, 105th and 106th Construction Squadrons and the 107th Plant Squadron (Heavy).

The Regiment currently consists of a regimental headquarters (RHQ), a works section and three engineer squadrons. RHQ is based in Dublin Road, Ringwood East, along with 8th Combat Engineer Squadron. 105th Construction Squadron is based at Oakleigh, Victoria, while the 10th Combat Engineer Squadron is based at Newborough in Gippsland, Victoria.

The Regiment has been providing construction and works support to nearly every Army Aboriginal Community Assistance Program (AACAP) task since the Federal Government directed these tasks to begin in 1997.  The Regiment has also been involved in providing Defence Aid to the Civil Community since the 1960s, in particular supporting the emergency services and local communities in disaster response. Over the past 10 years the Regiment has led the ADF response to Victoria's bushfires, in particular the 2003 Alpine Fires, the 2006 Gippsland Fires, and in 2009 it was initially the lead element in the Black Saturday fires.  Since the Regiment was raised it has deployed Army Reserve engineers to Papua New Guinea, South Vietnam, Bougainville, East Timor (Timor L'este), Solomon Islands and Afghanistan.

Organisation 
The unit currently consists of:

 Regimental Headquarters
 8th Combat Engineer Squadron
 105th Construction Squadron
 10th Combat Engineer Squadron

Notes

References

Engineer regiments of Australia
Military units and formations established in 1950
Organisations based in Victoria (state)
Fairchild Dornier 428JET. The Fairchild Dornier 428JET was a program undertaken by American company Fairchild Dornier to develop a 44-seat regional jet aircraft. The program  was part of a broader attempt by the company to develop a family of regional jets, comprising the 328JET, 428JET, and the 728 series. This family of aircraft was designed to compete with the Bombardier CRJ and Embraer ERJ/Embraer E-Jets families. The aircraft was announced on May 19, 1998. It was cancelled in August 2000.

Design and development
The 428JET would have been a stretched version of the 328JET, seating 44 in comparison to the 328JET's 34. Additionally, the two aircraft would have shared the same type rating. Plans were for the 428JET to be assembled in Israel by Israel Aerospace Industries. In the end, changing market conditions made a 44-seat airplane like the 428JET inferior to 50 seat aircraft, which have nearly the same operating and procurement costs yet higher profits due to having more seats. This caused the company to cancel the 428JET on August 8, 2000.

Orders
At the time of cancellation, the aircraft had 39 firm orders with another 88 options (55 of these options could be taken on either the 328JET or 428JET). Companies ordering the airplane were Atlantic Coast Airlines (30), Skyway Airlines (5), and Air Alps Aviation (4), Air One CityLiner (2).

Specifications

See also

References

Abandoned civil aircraft projects
428
428JET
Twinjets
High-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear

de:Dornier 428JET
Floor vibration. In the design of floor systems in buildings  vibrations caused by walking, dancing, mechanical equipment or other rhythmic excitation may cause an annoyance to the occupants or impede the function of sensitive equipment.  A calculation procedure to analyze steel framed floor systems is given in a design guide published by the American Institute of Steel Construction. Enhanced or increased leasing activity in office buildings resulting in higher building occupancy has also been attributed to increased floor vibration.  

Modern concrete under-floors often specify a 3mm layer of sound-deadening material above (is it foam plastic like ethaline - something with a long-life since it will be expensive to replace).

See also 

 Architectural acoustics

External links 
 American Institute of Steel Construction
 Floor Vibration Analysis Software

Building defects
Floors
Orrcon Steel. Orrcon Steel is an Australian distributor and manufacturer of steel, tube and pipe. It is an Australian distributor and manufacturer of steel, tube and pipe. It is a subsidiary of BlueScope.

History
Orrcon Steel was formed from the merger of Hills Industries' tubing division and Welded Tube Mills in October 2000.

In February 2005, Hills Holdings acquired 100% of Orrcon Steel. In 2007 Orrcon Steel acquired the Impressive Group from Western Australia. In 2010 Orrcon Steel added the SteelBarn business which included the acquisition of five branches in Queensland.

In August 2013, BlueScope acquired Orrcon from Hills Industries.

Products

Structural steel
Electric Resistance Welding (ERW) carbon steel structural tubulars. Structural products are used in applications from building structures to sporting arenas, major mining and industry infrastructure and for aesthetic structural use for airports and shipping terminals.

Precision tube
Square, rectangular, round and oval precision tube.

Hot-rolled structural steel
Universal beams, universal columns, parallel flange channels, angles and merchant bar (including flats, angles and rounds) as well as a broad range of plate from 3 mm up to 200 mm.

Pipelines
Line pipe procurement and logistics services.

Sponsorships

Orrcon Steel was naming rights sponsor of Supercars Championship teams Larkham Motorsport, WPS Racing and Ford Performance Racing from 2003 until 2012.

References

Manufacturing companies based in Brisbane
Manufacturing companies established in 2000
Steel companies of Australia
2000 establishments in Australia
Frequency scaling. In computer architecture, frequency scaling (also known as frequency ramping) is the technique of increasing a processor's frequency so as to enhance the performance of the system containing the processor in question. Frequency ramping was the dominant force in commodity processor performance increases from the mid-1980s until roughly the end of 2004. 

The effect of processor frequency on computer speed can be seen by looking at the equation for computer program runtime: 
 
where instructions per program is the total instructions being executed in a given program, cycles per instruction is a program-dependent, architecture-dependent average value, and time per cycle is by definition the inverse of processor frequency. An increase in frequency thus decreases runtime. 

However, power consumption in a chip is given by the equation 
 
where P is power consumption, C is the capacitance being switched per clock cycle, V is voltage, and F is the processor frequency (cycles per second). Increases in frequency thus increase the amount of power used in a processor. Increasing processor power consumption led ultimately to Intel's May 2004 cancellation of its Tejas and Jayhawk processors, which is generally cited as the end of frequency scaling as the dominant computer architecture paradigm. 

Moore's Law was still in effect when frequency scaling ended. Despite power issues, transistor densities were still doubling every 18 to 24 months. With the end of frequency scaling, new transistors (which are no longer needed to facilitate frequency scaling) are used to add extra hardware, such as additional cores, to facilitate parallel computing - a technique that is being referred to as parallel scaling.

The end of frequency scaling as the dominant cause of processor performance gains has caused an industry-wide shift to parallel computing in the form of multicore processors.

See also
 Dynamic frequency scaling
 Overclocking
 Underclocking
 Voltage scaling

References

Computer architecture
Central processing unit

fr:Fréquence du processeur
Disodium pyrophosphate. Disodium pyrophosphate or sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It consists of sodium cations () and dihydrogen pyrophosphate anions (). It is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry. When crystallized from water, it forms a hexahydrate, but it dehydrates above room temperature. Pyrophosphate is a polyvalent anion with a high affinity for polyvalent cations, e.g. .

Disodium pyrophosphate is produced by heating sodium dihydrogen phosphate:

Food uses
Disodium pyrophosphate is a popular leavening agent found in baking powders. It combines with sodium bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide:

It is available in a variety of grades that affect the speed of its action. Because the resulting phosphate residue has an off-taste, SAPP is usually used in very sweet cakes which mask the off-taste.

Disodium pyrophosphate and other sodium and potassium polyphosphates are widely used in food processing; in the E number scheme, they are collectively designated as E450, with the disodium form designated as E450(a). In the United States, it is classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food use. In canned seafood, it is used to maintain color and reduce purge during retorting. Retorting achieves microbial stability with heat. It is an acid source for reaction with baking soda to leaven baked goods. In baking powder, it is often labeled as food additive E450. In cured meats, it speeds the conversion of sodium nitrite to nitrite () by forming the nitrous acid (HONO) intermediate, and can improve water-holding capacity. Disodium pyrophosphate is also found in frozen hash browns and other potato products, where it is used to keep the color of the potatoes from darkening.

Disodium pyrophosphate can leave a slightly bitter aftertaste in some products, but "the 
SAPP taste can be masked by using sufficient baking soda and by adding a source of calcium ions, sugar, or flavorings."

Other uses
In leather treatment, it can be used to remove iron stains on hides during processing. It can stabilize hydrogen peroxide solutions against reduction. It can be used with sulfamic acid in some dairy applications for cleaning, especially to remove soapstone. When added to scalding water, it facilitates removal of hair and scurf in hog slaughter and feathers and scurf in poultry slaughter. In petroleum production, it can be used as a dispersant in oil well drilling muds. It is used in cat foods as a palatability additive.
Disodium pyrophosphate is used as a tartar control agent in toothpastes.

References

External links

Pyrophosphate salts
Sodium compounds
Edible thickening agents