omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Faraday efficiency. In electrochemistry, Faraday efficiency (also called faradaic efficiency, faradaic yield, coulombic efficiency, or current efficiency) describes the efficiency with which charge (electrons) is transferred in a system facilitating an electrochemical reaction.  The word "Faraday" in this term has two interrelated aspects: first, the historic unit for charge is the faraday (F), but has since been replaced by the coulomb (C); and secondly, the related Faraday's constant () correlates charge with moles of matter and electrons (amount of substance).  This phenomenon was originally understood through Michael Faraday's work and expressed in his laws of electrolysis.

Sources of faradaic loss 
Faradaic losses are experienced by both electrolytic and galvanic cells when electrons or ions participate in unwanted side reactions.  These losses appear as heat and/or chemical byproducts.

An example can be found in the oxidation of water to oxygen at the positive electrode in electrolysis. Hydrogen peroxide can also be produced. The fraction of electrons so diverted represent a faradaic loss and vary in different apparatus.

Even when the proper electrolysis products are produced, losses can still occur if the products are permitted to recombine.  During water electrolysis, the desired products (H2 and O2), could recombine to form water.  This could realistically happen in the presence of catalytic materials such as platinum or palladium commonly used as electrodes.  Failure to account for this Faraday-efficiency effect has been identified as the cause of the misidentification of positive results in cold fusion experiments.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells provide another example of faradaic losses when some of the electrons separated from hydrogen at the anode leak through the membrane and reach the cathode directly instead of passing through the load and performing useful work. Ideally, the electrolyte membrane would be a perfect insulator and prevent this from happening.

An especially familiar example of faradaic loss is the self-discharge that limits battery shelf-life.

Methods of measuring faradaic loss 
Faradaic efficiency of a cell design is usually measured through bulk electrolysis where a known quantity of reagent is stoichiometrically converted to product, as measured by the current passed. This result is then compared to the observed quantity of product measured through another analytical method.

Faradaic loss vs. voltage and energy efficiency 
Faradaic loss is only one form of energy loss in an electrochemical system. Another is overpotential, the difference between the theoretical and actual electrode voltages needed to drive the reaction at the desired rate. Even a rechargeable battery with 100% faradaic efficiency requires charging at a higher voltage than it produces during discharge, so its overall energy efficiency is the product of voltage efficiency and faradaic efficiency. Voltage efficiencies below 100% reflect the thermodynamic irreversibility of every real-world chemical reaction.

References

Electrochemistry
Virtuality (software design). Virtuality is a term used by Ted Nelson for what he considers one of the central issues of software design. "Virtuality" refers to the seeming of anything, as opposed to its reality. (This has been the dictionary meaning of "virtuality" since at least the 18th century). Everything has a reality and a virtuality. Nelson divides virtuality into two parts: conceptual structure and feel so in every field these have different roles. The conceptual structure of all cars are the same, but the conceptual structure of every movie is different. The reality of a car is important, but the reality of a movie is unimportant—how a shot was made is of interest only to movie buffs.

The feel of software, like the feel of a car, is a matter of late-stage fine-tuning (if it is worked on at all). But Nelson regards the design of software conceptual structure—the constructs we imagine as we sit at the screen—as the center of the computer field. However, the conceptual structure of almost all software has been determined by what Nelson calls the PARC User Interface, or PUI, on which Windows, Macintosh and Linux are all based. The feel is only icing on top of that.

In relation to new media, Steve Woolgar has proposed 'five rules of virtuality'" that are drawn from in-depth research in the UK on uses of the so-called 'New Media':

 Both the uptake and uses of new media are critically dependent on the non-ICT-related contexts in which people are situated (gender, age, employment, income, education, nationality).
 Fears and risks associated with new media are unevenly socially distributed, particularly in relation to security and surveillance.
 CMC-mediated or 'virtual' interactions supplement rather than substitute for 'real' activities.
 The introduction of more scope for 'virtual' interaction acts as a stimulus for more face-to-face or 'real' interaction.
 The capacity of 'virtual' communication to promote globalization throughout communication that is spatially disembedded encourages, perhaps paradoxically, new forms of 'localism' and the embedding, rather than the transcendence, of identities grounded in a sense of place, belief, experience, or practice.

References

Further reading 
 Cyberspace and Human Nature, Howard Rheingold. 1991

External links 
 Web Studies, and other new media studies resources
 VoS: Voice of the Shuttle

Software design
Ted Nelson
Technology neologisms
Ville-class tug. The Ville-class tug are a class of harbour tugboats employed by the Royal Canadian Navy.

Canada operated a fleet of 17-ton tugs, built during the Second World War which were also called the Ville class. The current vessels are named after those vessels. There is confusion that the current Ville-class design was based on the British Pup-class tugs. The original 17-ton version was based on that design, however the new Villes are an independent design.

Design
The Ville class were designed by the Canadian naval architecture company Robert Allan Ltd as harbour tugs. They have a low-slung shape that is ideal for tight maneuvering and nudging exercises on larger ships. Their kort-nozzle allows for a greater bollard pull however it loses its pull at anything over  and loses speed in turns. The Ville class are  long with a beam of  and a draught of .

Propulsion
Members of the class built on the east coast were given one Caterpillar 3406 diesel engine that provides  and Ville-class tugs built on the west coast were supplied with one Caterpillar D343 diesel engine rated at . This power is directed towards a steerable kort nozzle which gives the class a speed of .

Towing
The Ville class has a max bollard pull of 7.5 tons, denoting them as small tugboats. The bollard pull measures the amount of pulling or pushing power a ship has.

Ships

Other auxiliary ships
The Royal Canadian Navy operates five other, larger tugboats, the 140-ton , and five 250-ton  tugs, and one 140-ton s. The larger tugs are also split between both coasts.

On 29 April 2019 the Government of Canada announced Ocean Industries of Isle-aux-Coudres, Quebec was awarded the contract to build four tow-tug/rescue vessels to replace both the Fire-class fireboats and Glen-class tugs with delivery expected from 2021 to 2023. The new tugs will be staffed by civilian crews and be restricted to the naval base/yard only.

References

Auxiliary ships of the Royal Canadian Navy
Auxiliary tugboat classes
Harbor vessels of Canada
Ships built in British Columbia
Ships built in Prince Edward Island
Tugboats of the Royal Canadian Navy
Glen-class tug (1975). The Glen-class tug is a class of naval tugboat operated by the Royal Canadian Navy. Constructed in Canada, the class entered service between 1975 and 1977. The five vessels that comprise the class are split between the two major naval bases of the Royal Canadian Navy. The Royal Canadian Navy operated a fleet of tugboats during the Second World War which were also named the . The vessels of the current Glen class are each named after one of the vessels of the earlier class.

Description
The Glen class is a series of five yard tractor tugboats designed for coastal/harbour use in Canada's major naval bases. The vessels have a standard displacement of . As built they are  long with a beam of  and a draught of . They are propelled by two Voith Schneider cycloidal propellers turned by two Ruston-Paxman diesel engines rated at . This gives them a maximum speed of . They initially had a complement of six officers and ratings.

Ships
The five vessels are divided between the two fleets of the Royal Canadian Navy, with three assigned to Maritime Forces Atlantic, based at CFB Halifax and two assigned to Maritime Forces Pacific, homeported at CFB Esquimalt.

While the Glen-class tugs are equipped for firefighting, the Canadian Forces maintained a pair of dedicated s, the 140-ton  and , one each in each port. The crews of the fireboats are cross-trained and able to crew a Glen-class vessel in emergencies. However, Firebird on the east coast was taken out of service and prepared for disposal.

Replacements
On 4 December 2012 the Department of National Defence published an enquiry for Canadian shipbuilders interested in building replacements for the Glen-class tugs¸and Fire-class fireboats. A single class would replace both the tugs and the fireboats, and would be operated by civilian crews. The replacement vessels would have water cannons that could be controlled remotely, by a single individual. The replacement vessels would have bollard pull of 40 tons. The replacement vessels would be limited to  or less, and limited to a draught of  or less. Since their intended role would be harbour duties, they would have limited range and crew berthing capacity.

On 29 April 2019 the Government of Canada announced Ocean Industries of Isle-aux-Coudres, Quebec was awarded the contract to build four tow-tug / rescue vessels to replace both the Fire-class fireboat/tractor tugs and Glen-class yard tugs with delivery expected from 2021 to 2023. Two, Barkerville and Haro, arrived at Victoria on 25 July 2024. Canso and Stella Maris, intended for service in Halifax, have yet to be constructed.

See also

References

References
 
 

Auxiliary tugboat classes
 
Tugboats of the Royal Canadian Navy
CFAV Firebrand. CFAV Firebrand (YTR 562) is a  in the Royal Canadian Navy designed by Robert Allan Ltd.
Firebrand is based in CFB Esquimalt, on Vancouver Island.
Her sister ship CFAV Firebird (YTR 561) was based in CFB Halifax and decommissioned in 2014.

Firebrand has three water cannons can fire water, supplemented by fire suppressant foam from her two 250 gallon tanks.
Her water cannons are capable of pumping a 19,000 litres per minute at 150 psi.
Although not operated as such, she can also serve as a tugboat, and has a bollard pull of 7.5 tons.

Design and construction
According to the Canadian American Strategic Review the class was designed by naval architects Robert Allan Limited, and were built at Vancouver Shipyards in North Vancouver in 1978, and later acquired by the Canadian Forces.

The two ships displaced  and were  long, with a beam of  and a draught of . The ships were powered by two  azimuthing Z-drives and one hydraulic tunnel bow thruster. This gave the vessels a maximum speed of . The ships had a crew of five firefighters.

The Fire class was equipped with three manually-controlled  water cannons, two diesel-driven fire pumps capable of expending 2,500 gpm at 150 psi each.

Service history
On 4 December 2012 the Department of National Defence published an enquiry for Canadian shipbuilders interested in building replacements for the Glen-class tugs¸ and Fire-class fireboats. A single class would replace both the tugs and the fireboats, and would be operated by civilian crews. The replacement vessels would have water cannons that could be controlled remotely, by a single individual.

References

1978 ships
Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy
Fire-class fireboats
Auxiliary ships of the Royal Canadian Navy
Fireboats of Canada
Ships built in North Vancouver
CFAV Firebird. CFAV Firebird was a  in the Royal Canadian Navy designed by Robert Allan Ltd. Firebird was based in CFB Halifax, in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Her sister ship  is based in CFB Esquimalt.

Her three water cannons can fire water, or fire suppressant foam from her two 250 gallon tanks.

Design and construction
According to the Canadian American Strategic Review the class was designed by naval architects Robert Allan Limited, and were built at Vancouver Shipyards in North Vancouver in 1978, and later acquired by the Canadian Forces.

The two ships displaced  and were  long, with a beam of  and a draught of . The ships were powered by two  azimuthing Z-drives and one hydraulic tunnel bow thruster. This gave the vessels a maximum speed of . The ships had a crew of five firefighters.

The Fire class was equipped with three manually-controlled  water cannons, two diesel-driven fire pumps capable of expending 2,500 gpm at 150 psi each.

Operational history
On 22 March 2001 a large container vessel, Kitano, one day out of New York City, requested help fighting an onboard fire after she had gone to sea. Because of the extreme weather, Firebird was unable to leave the protected waters of Halifax Harbour to go to Kitano'''s aid; larger Navy vessels were dispatched instead.Firebird suppressed a serious fire in 's engine room in 2005. In 2008, the firefighting ship aided the Halifax Regional Fire and Emergency department in extinguishing a fire aboard a former Canadian Coast Guard ship CCGS Tupper.

In January 2014 it was announced that Firebirds time available for firefighting operations would be cut back due to budget reductions and that all operations on weekends would be suspended. It was announced that on 4 December 2014, Firebird'' was taken out of service and declared surplus.

References

Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy
Fire-class fireboats
1978 ships
Auxiliary ships of the Royal Canadian Navy
Fireboats of Canada
Transport in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Ships built in North Vancouver
3DCrafter. 3DCrafter (previously 3D Canvas) is a real-time 3D modelling and animation tool developed by Amabilis Software. A Canadian software company. It is available in 3 different versions - 3DCrafter, 3DCrafter Plus, and 3DCrafter Pro. 3DCrafter is freeware, whereas the Plus and Pro upgrades cost. The software is designed to be user friendly, and has an easy to use drag and drop interface. 3DCrafter is written in C# and uses Direct3D 11.

3DCrafter Pro 
The paid variant of the freeware, it offers a wider options in both import formats and export formats. It also supports additional operations that are not available in the free version, like boolean operation and animation operation. It also includes a built-in rendering engine.

References

External links 
 Official Amabilis website

3D graphics software
List of New Zealand inventors. The following is a list of New Zealand inventors and inventions.

 Godfrey Bowen – developer of an improved sheep-shearing technique
 John Britten – designer of the Britten motorcycle
 Thomas Brydone and William Soltau Davidson – refrigerated shipping pioneers
 Morton Coutts – invented the continuous fermentation method of brewing
 Bill Gallagher – developer of the electric fence and founder of Gallagher Group Limited
 Ernest Godward – inventor of the eggbeater
 A. J. Hackett – popularised of commercial Bungy jumping
 Bill Hamilton – developed the modern jetboat
 Frederick Hanson – inventor of chipseal, known in New Zealand as tar seal
 Peter Lynn – leading kitemaker, aeronautical theoretician and inventor of the tipping blade portable sawmill
 Colin Murdoch – inventor of the disposable syringe and the tranquilliser gun
 Richard Pearse – aviation pioneer
 Bill Pickering – rocketry and space pioneer, former NASA Jet Propulsion Lab director
 Alan Prichard – pioneer of aerial topdressing
 Bill Robinson – inventor of the lead rubber bearing used for seismic base isolation in earthquake engineering

References

Inventors
 
Lists of inventors
Inventors
Surgical segment navigator. The surgical segment navigator (SSN) is a computer-based system for use in surgical navigation. It is integrated into a common platform, together with the surgical tool navigator (STN), the surgical microscope navigator (SMN) and the 6DOF manipulator (MKM), developed by Carl Zeiss.

SSN 
The SSN has been developed as a computer system for bone segment navigation in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It allows a very precise repositioning of bone fragments, with the advent of preoperative simulation and surgical planning. The system has been developed since 1997 at the University of Regensburg, Germany, with the support of the Carl Zeiss Company. Its principle is based on an infrared localisation system, composed of an infrared camera and at least three infrared transmitters attached to each bony fragment. The SSN is mainly used in orthognatic surgery (surgical correction of dysgnathia), but also for the surgical reconstruction of the orbit, or other surgical interventions to the midface.

SSN++ 
Since 2001, at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, the SSN++ has been developed, a markerless-registration navigation system, based on a native (=markerless) CT or MRI. In this case, the patient registration is obtained on the operating table, using a surface scanner. The SSN++ correlates the surface scan data (gathered on the operating table) with the skin surface reconstruction from the dataset obtained preoperatively by CT or MRI. This principle complies with the terrain contour matching principle described for flying objects. The advantage of the new method is that the registration of the patient's position becomes a simple automated procedure; on the other hand, the radiation load for the patient is reduced, compared to the method using markers.

References

Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Navigation
Computer-assisted surgery
Medical software
Willy Geysen. Willy Geysen is the head of the Centre for Intellectual Property Rights (CIR) at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and was President of Caritas Catholica Flanders from 1996 until 2008, when he was succeeded by Guido Van Oevelen.

Education
He graduated as an industrial engineer in electro-mechanics at the Hoger Rijksinstituut voor Technisch Onderwijs en Kernenergiebedrijven (E: Polytechnic College for Nuclear energy) in Mol (Belgium). In addition het obtained a certificate for technological teaching at the Technical Teaching College in Hasselt (Belgium). In 1969 he graduated as a candidate fire-officer (Hasselt and Antwerp).

In 1970, he obtained a PhD in applied sciences at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven with a thesis on the Calculation of the magnetic field in a cross section and the induction in the air gap of an induction motor, taken into account the saturation, the teeth effect and the real current distribution. From the Central State Examination Committee he obtained a law degree in 1980.

Career
He was chairman of the Power Division at the Electrical Engineering Department (Engineering Faculty) of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven from 1975 until 1993. He acted as coordinator of the Postgraduate programme on Safety Engineering at the university from 1975 until 1990. His research at the university focussed on the causes of fire and explosions and with the influence of standards and regulations. He also did research on energy fluxes and on field calculations in electrical machines.

Sources
 Professor ir. Willy Geysen
 75ème anniversaire de Caritas en Belgique (French)
 Voorzitterswissel Caritas Vlaanderen (Dutch)
 Nieuwe voorzitter Caritas Vlaanderen (Dutch)

Belgian electrical engineers
Belgian Roman Catholics
KU Leuven alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century Belgian engineers
21st-century Belgian engineers
Academic staff of KU Leuven
Probe positioning system. A probe positioning system is a tool for the positioning of a (hand-held) measuring device, such as an ultrasound transducer in a fixed, predetermined place to the object, such as a patient. The operation of these systems varies from completely manual, to completely automated.

In (semi-) automated probe positioning systems, a control system corrects for the movement of the object or disturbances in the environment. These systems can use a tilt, pressure or other sensor carried by the probe to collect positional data. The positioner, such as a robotic arm is coupled to the probe. The positioner can provide roll and pitch control as well as translating the probe in lateral and longitudinal directions. A processor receives signals from the sensors corresponding to the actual orientation of the probe and controls the positioner to adjust the orientation of the probe until the desired position is achieved.

External links
 https://patents.google.com/patent/US7128711

Medical equipment
Chief project engineer. The chief project engineer (CPE) is a member of the design organisation of an aeronautical company, required by the European Aviation Safety Agency. The CPE is responsible, on behalf of the head of design organisation (HDO), for the technical aspects of the development of a specific aeronautical product and its sub-assemblies. 

The main functions and responsibilities of the CPE are:
Preparation of system requirement specification
to assure the configuration of complex design solutions and the definition of the product architecture according to the contractual requirements 
to ensure that project requirements are delivered by competent personnel
to verify the availability and suitability of technologies to assure the development of the project
to coordinate the activities of definition and configuration control ensuring that the product conforms to design requirements.
to assure the activities of project/product verification and ensure that the product conforms to the defined requirement and standards
to liaise with the flight test division in the definition of test plans 
to liaise with the airworthiness department for continuous airworthiness of the product

See also
 EUROCONTROL
 Civil Aviation Authority
 European Aviation Safety Agency

External links
 EASA website

Aviation authorities

da:European Aviation Safety Agency
tr:EASA
Meyers synthesis. The Meyers synthesis is an organic synthesis for the preparation of unsymmetrical aldehydes via hydrolysis of an oxazine. The reaction is named after the American chemist Albert Meyers.

The starting compound is a dihydro-1,3-oxazine with an alkyl group in the 2 position. The alpha proton is acidic and can be abstracted by a strong base such as butyl lithium and subsequently alkylated by an alkyl halide (haloalkane). In the next step the nitrogen to carbon double bond (imine) is reduced with sodium borohydride and the resulting oxazine (a hemiaminal) hydrolyzed with water and oxalic acid to the aldehyde.

References

Organic reactions
Name reactions
DAFCA. DAFCA, Inc. was an EDA software company focused on post-silicon validation, debug, and in-system bring-up of integrated circuits. DAFCA's tools allow design teams to incorporate patented and compact reconfigurable instrumentation IP into their devices, pre-silicon, in order to observe, discover, and diagnose at-speed, in-silicon functional behavior.

The acronym DAFCA originally stood for Design Automation for Flexible Chip Architecture, but the long form is vestigial. The company was founded by Peter Levin and Miron Abramovici.

Sawblade Ventures, LLC (SbV) of Austin, Texas has acquired all technology rights, patents, intellectual property and software previously owned by DAFCA and subsequent entity incarnations.

SbV is dedicated to exploiting the unique and revolutionary qualities embodied in the pioneering work done by Dr. Miron Abramovici and members of the DAFCA engineering team.

References
EEtimes article on post-silicon debugging

Electronic design automation companies