omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GWR 1600 Class. The Great Western Railway (GWR) 1600 Class is a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive designed for light branch lines, short-distance freight transfers and shunting duties.

History
The class was based on the 2021 class designed by Dean and built from 1897 onwards. The 2021 class was in its turn an enlargement of the 850 class designed by Armstrong in 1874.

Construction and operations
The 1600 Class was a pure GWR design but all 70 were built by the Western Region of British Railways. When the last member of the class was built in 1955, the basic design was over 80 years old; No. 1669 was the last one built, and in turn was the last GWR-design locomotive constructed at Swindon Works. BR gave the 1600 class the power classification 2F. Two locomotives (1646 and 1649) were transferred to the Scottish Region in 1957 and 1958 to operate the Dornoch Light Railway.  The class's service life was short; withdrawals started in 1959 and all were gone by 1966, with 1659 having the shortest service (built 1955, withdrawn 1960). Two were sold for further use to the National Coal Board: 1600 in 1959 (scrapped 1963), and 1607 in 1965 (scrapped 1970). The last three in BR service were Nos. 1628, 1638 and 1660, all withdrawn from Croes Newydd shed.

Preservation 

No. 1638 was the only member of the class to have been preserved. It was purchased in 1966 from BR for the Dart Valley Railway. In 1992 it was sold to its present home on the Kent and East Sussex Railway, and is currently operational after its latest overhaul was completed in 2016.

See also
 GWR 0-6-0PT – list of classes of GWR 0-6-0 pannier tank, including table of preserved locomotives

References

External links 

 1600 tank class

0-6-0PT locomotives
1600
Railway locomotives introduced in 1949
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Golden Words. Golden Words is a weekly humour publication produced by students at Queen's University at Kingston in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. It claims to be the only humour weekly in Canada.

The paper was founded by the Engineering Society in 1967 to give the Engineering Society a voice on campus. Its first cartoon contained an Engineer reading a copy of the Queen's Journal, thinking to himself "Oh, what crap is this?" It has been published more or less continuously since inception, appearing every Wednesday for most of the Fall and Winter terms, unless the editors have tricked the readers into believing it had been shut down (as was the case in November 1985). Recent volumes have run 25 issues.

Along with the Queen's Journal, it is one of the two main student-run publications on campus, and claims a circulation of roughly 4,000 copies.

The paper's humour style reflects its motto: "Sola Veritas Est Qui Facit Ut Me in Merda", which translates to "Only The Truth Gets Me In Shit".  Its printed humour is diverse, running the gamut from absurdist sketches and short stories to political satire and commentary on current events. Practical jokes have also figured prominently in its history, and are typically revealed in subsequent issues. Published parodies have included Queen's Journal (often appearing more than 24 hours early to coincide with the Journal's publication day), the Queen's Gazette (for faculty and staff), the Kingston Whig-Standard, and a national newspaper, The Globe and Mail.  (When parodied in the 1980s, The Globe and Mail itself reported that the engineers had actually inserted the ersatz versions into the coin boxes in the Globe's own lobby.) 

In September 1989, the masthead staff stole the Greasepole (an engineering icon) from the first year students charged with protecting it - and ransomed it back to them for 100 cases of beer. The paper maintains a friendly rivalry with the Journal.

Although Golden Words is owned by the Engineering Society, the paper attracts contributors (writers, artists, and editorial staff) from across the undergraduate population. 

Notable Golden Words alumni include humourist Jay Pinkerton, game designer Erin Robinson, screenwriter Elan Mastai, 1000 Awesome Things author Neil Pasricha, and Robertson Davies.

See also
List of student newspapers in Canada
List of newspapers in Canada
Harvard Lampoon

References

External links

1967 establishments in Ontario
Queen's University at Kingston
Student magazines published in Canada
Satirical magazines published in Canada
College humor magazines
Mass media in Kingston, Ontario
Humour magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1967
Magazines published in Ontario
SIOD. Scheme In One Defun, or humorously Scheme In One Day (SIOD) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, a small-size implementation of the dialect Scheme, written in C and designed to be embedded inside C programs. It is notable for being perhaps the smallest practical implementation of a Lisp-like language. It was written by George J. Carrette originally. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

Features 
SIOD features include:
 Implements the original version of Scheme from the Lambda Papers, but none of the modern language standards.
 Represents a very early use of conservative garbage collection in a Lisp interpreter, a method later copied by SCM and Guile.
 Compiling is implemented by emitting a fixed machine code prologue followed by a fast-loading binary representation of the parse tree to be interpreted.

Applications 
 GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) – SIOD was its primary extension language, Script-Fu, until GIMP 2.4 was released.
 Siag Office – Scheme in a Grid (SIAG) is a spreadsheet application using SIOD as a base.
 Festival Speech Synthesis System – SIOD is its underlying command interpreter.

References

External links 

SIOD on CodePlex

Scheme (programming language) interpreters
Scheme (programming language) implementations
GWR 9400 Class. The Great Western Railway (GWR) 9400 Class is a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive, used for shunting and banking duties.

The first ten 9400s were the last steam engines built by the GWR. After nationalisation in 1948, another 200 were built by private contractors for British Railways (BR). Most had very short working lives as the duties for which they were designed disappeared through changes in working practices or were taken over by diesel locomotives. Two locomotives survived into preservation, with the oldest of the class, 9400 as part of the National Collection.

Design

The 9400 class was the final development in a long lineage of tank locomotives that can be directly traced to the 645 Class of 1872.  Over the decades details altered, the most significant being the adoption of Belpaire fireboxes necessitating pannier tanks.

The 9400 resembled a pannier tank version of the 2251 class, and indeed shared the same boiler and cylinders as the 2251, but was in fact a taper-boilered development of the 8750 subgroup of the 5700 class. The advantage was a useful increase in boiler power, but there was a significant weight penalty that restricted route availability. The 10 GWR-built locomotives had superheaters but the remainder did not.

The 9400s were numbered 9400–9499, 8400–8499 and 3400–3409.  BR gave them the power classification 4F.

Build details

No. 3409 was the last locomotive built for British mainline use by private contractors, as well as the last steam locomotive built for British Railways to a pre-nationalisation design. It was ordered by GWR in December 1947 and delivered by Yorkshire Engine Company in October 1956.

Operations 

The 9400 Class migrated to most parts of the former GWR, with many based in South Wales and at Old Oak Common. Here they were used on Paddington empty stock work until the end of steam on the Western Region in 1965. A common sight on the departure side in 1964–1965 was a worn down 9400 Class locomotive without number plates waiting with a line of Mark 1 coaches.

Numbers 8400 to 8406 served as bank engines on the Lickey Incline after its transferral to the Western Region.

Preservation

Two have been preserved:

See also
 GWR 0-6-0PT – list of classes of GWR 0-6-0 pannier tank, including table of preserved locomotives

References

Sources

Further reading

External links 

 The Great Western Archive
 Website for preserved locomotive 9466
 Guide to GWR Pannier Tank Classes

0-6-0PT locomotives
9400
YEC locomotives
Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns locomotives
Bagnall locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1947
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Shunting locomotives
BAC Concorde G-BBDG. G-BBDG, known as "Delta Golf", was the British development Concorde built for evaluation testing. Along with the French Concorde F-WTSB, the aircraft was used to enable sufficient testing to allow for the Concorde fleet to receive certification. On retirement the aircraft was stored at Filton airfield from the mid-1980s until 2003, when she was transported by road to the Brooklands Museum in Weybridge, Surrey.

History
G-BBDG first flew on 13 February 1974, having been registered on 7 August 1973. Delta Golf's main uses were finalising the Concorde design before the other aircraft entered passenger service and certification prior to Concorde entering passenger service.

There were some differences between this aircraft and the final production aircraft, such as a thinner fuselage skin. The aircraft was painted in British Airways livery throughout testing period.

The final flight of Delta Golf was on 24 December 1981, the aircraft had flown a total of 1282 hrs 9 mins.

Post the final flight, Delta Golf was stored at Filton in a state of semi-airworthiness throughout 1982 and was kept in a state that it could be returned to flight in two weeks if required. However this was never required and the aircraft was eventually bought by British Airways as part of a Concorde support buy-out in 1984.

The aircraft never entered commercial service with British Airways; instead, it was used as a major source of spare parts, allowing the airline to operate a fleet of seven aircraft.  A hangar was constructed for her at Filton airfield in the late 1980s; the tail was removed prior to being placed to the concorde being placed  in storage.

In 1995, Concorde G-BOAF had its nose damaged in a handling accident at Heathrow Airport. British Airways swapped this nose with that G-BBDG. As well as the nose and tail, other parts were removed, including the engines, landing gear and most of the hydraulics system. The original nose was later repaired at Brooklands and returned to G-BBDG.

The aircraft was considered for scrapping many times, but was always found to be useful, and was used for a number of additional tests on the ground during her stay at Filton. In 2001, Delta Golf was used to test reinforced cockpit doors required for all aircraft after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.

When British Airways and Air France retired their fleets in 2003, Brooklands Museum at Weybridge in Surrey accepted the aircraft as a museum exhibit. It was dismantled into five major sections and transported by road to Brooklands Museum. The task of structurally disassembling and reassembling the aircraft was carried out by Air Salvage International (ASI). Delta Golf was then restored by a team of over 100 museum volunteers who included staff and students from the University of Surrey.

The Concorde Experience was opened at the museum in July 2006 by Prince Michael of Kent; it allows visitors to enter the aircraft and experience a virtual flight at speeds up to Mach 2.

See also
 Concorde aircraft histories

References

External links

 Concorde at Brooklands

Concorde
Individual aircraft
Just in case. Just-in-case manufacturing (JIC) is a term sometimes applied to traditional manufacturing systems used before the influence of modern technologies and newer transportation infrastructures.  It is the contrary in many ways to the recently evolved Just In Time manufacturing system.

Operation
In JIC, manufacturers need to maintain large inventories of supplies, parts, warehousing resources, and extra workers to meet production contingencies. These contingencies, more common in less industrialized countries, can be poor transportation infrastructure, poor quality control, vulnerability to other suppliers' production problems, and natural disasters. These supply-chain instabilities could lead to costly production inefficiencies therefore a manufacturer may maintain and pay for excess inventory and backups of "fragile" production stages which could get out of sync, cause production shutdowns, or create supply-chain delays for other manufacturers. In JIC, manufacturers reorder stock before it reaches the buffer level or minimum level to allow themselves to have inventories to be sold while the suppliers are supplying the goods. This time range from the time the firm reorders the stock to the time the supplier provides the new stock is known as lead time. Thus a JIC inventory system tries to keep a minimum level of inventories just in case of emergencies, hence the name "Just In Case".

One major reason for practicing a more costly JIC system are the potential losses paid (i.e. permanent loss of major customers, loss of suppliers, supply-chain collapse) if supply-chain shocks occur on several occasions. If the JIT response contingencies are too slow or fail to keep production flowing additional costs may be incurred. Under these circumstances the additional costs due to maintaining extra storage, resources, and system resiliency may potentially be more cost effective than using a more efficient JIT system. A JIC examples of buyers would be the military or hospitals who need to maintain large inventories because waiting for JIT producers to ramp up production for needed supplies may result in losses (i.e. wars, lives).

References

Production planning
Freight transport
Inventory
Nickel(II) fluoride. Nickel(II) fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula NiF2. It is an ionic compound of nickel and fluorine and forms yellowish to green tetragonal crystals.  Unlike many fluorides, NiF2 is stable in air.

Nickel(II) fluoride is also produced when nickel metal is exposed to fluorine. In fact, NiF2 comprises the passivating surface that forms on nickel alloys (e.g. monel) in the presence of hydrogen fluoride or elemental fluorine. For this reason, nickel and its alloys are suitable materials for storage and transport these fluorine and related fluorinating agents.  NiF2 is also used as a catalyst for the synthesis of chlorine pentafluoride.

Preparation and structure
NiF2 is prepared by treatment of anhydrous nickel(II) chloride with fluorine at 350 °C:
NiCl2  +  F2  →  NiF2  +  Cl2

The corresponding reaction of cobalt(II) chloride results in oxidation of the cobalt, whereas nickel remains in the +2 oxidation state after fluorination because its +3 oxidation state is less stable. Chloride is more easily oxidized than nickel(II). This is a typical halogen displacement reaction, where a halogen plus a less active halide makes the less active halogen and the more active halide.

Like some other metal difluorides, NiF2 crystallizes in the rutile structure, which features octahedral Ni centers and planar fluorides.
At low temperatures, its magnetic structure is antiferromagnetic.

Reactions 
A melt of NiF2 and KF reacts to give successively potassium trifluoronickelate and potassium tetrafluoronickelate:
NiF2 + KF  →  K[NiF3]  
K[NiF3] + KF  →  K2[NiF4]

The structure of this material is closely related to some superconducting oxide materials.

Nickel(II) fluoride reacts with strong bases to give nickel(II) hydroxide:
NiF2 + 2 NaOH → Ni(OH)2 + 2 NaF

References

External links 

IARC Monograph "Nickel and Nickel compounds"
National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride compounds fact sheet
 National Pollutant Inventory - Nickel and compounds fact sheet

Nickel compounds
Fluorides
Metal halides
Project Builder. Project Builder was an integrated development environment (IDE) originally developed by NeXT for version 3 of the NeXTSTEP operating system by separating out the code editing parts of Interface Builder into its own application.

After Apple Computer purchased NeXT and turned NeXTSTEP into the Mac OS X operating system, the NeXTSTEP version of Project Builder became ProjectBuilderWO (maintained only for WebObjects development). Apple created a new Project Builder from scratch for software development with the first version being introduced with Developer Preview 4 of Mac OS X. This version of Project Builder, informally dubbed PBX. was distributed with the first few versions of Mac OS X but with the release of Mac OS X v10.3 it was redesigned, reintegrated with Interface Builder and rebranded as Xcode.

Before OS X, developers could use Macintosh Programmer's Workshop or CodeWarrior to develop Macintosh applications.

GNUstep's ProjectCenter IDE is a rough workalike of the original NextStep design; additional functionality is provided by ProjectManager, a 3rd-party GNUstep IDE meant for greater usability.

References

MacOS
NeXT
Fixative (perfumery). A fixative is a substance used to equalize the vapor pressures, and thus the volatilities, of the raw materials in a perfume oil, and to increase the perfume's odour tenacity.

In simple words, fixatives increase the time for which the scent of a perfume lasts.

Fixatives can be resinoids (e.g. benzoin, labdanum, myrrh, olibanum, storax, tolu balsam), terpenoids (e.g. ambroxide), polycyclic ketones (e.g. civetone and muscone), which were originally obtained from animals, but are now mostly chemically synthesized because the artificial methods are more economical, more consistent and more ethical (animals need to be killed or kept in captivity to collect the secretions from their perineal glands). Synthetic fixatives include substances of low volatility (e.g. diphenylmethane, dipropylene glycol (DPG), cyclopentadecanolide, ambroxide, benzyl salicylate) and virtually odorless solvents with very low vapor pressures (e.g. benzyl benzoate, diethyl phthalate, triethyl citrate).

References

Perfume ingredients
CASL. CASL may refer to:

 Canadian Association for School Libraries
 Canada's Anti-Spam Legislation
 Capital Area Soccer League
 Center for Advanced Study of Language
 China Aircraft Services Limited
 Club Atletico San Lorenzo
 Commercial Aircraft Sales and Leasing
 Committee of American Steamship Lines
 Common Algebraic Specification Language
 Compact Application Solution Language
 Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory
 Consortium for the Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors
Silver perchlorate. Silver perchlorate is the chemical compound with the formula AgClO4. This white solid forms a monohydrate and is mildly deliquescent.  It is a useful source of the Ag+ ion, although the presence of perchlorate presents risks.  It is used as a catalyst in organic chemistry.

Production
Silver perchlorate is created by heating a mixture of perchloric acid with silver nitrate.

Alternatively, it can be prepared by the reaction between barium perchlorate and silver sulfate, or from the reaction of perchloric acid with silver oxide.

Solubility
Silver perchlorate is noteworthy for its solubility in aromatic solvents such as benzene (52.8 g/L) and toluene (1010 g/L).  In these solvents, the silver cation binds to the arene, as has been demonstrated by extensive crystallographic studies on crystals obtained from such solutions. Its solubility in water is extremely high, up to 500 g per 100 mL water.

Related reagents
Similar to silver nitrate, silver perchlorate is an effective reagent for replacing halides ligands with perchlorate, which is a weakly or non-coordinating anion.  The use of silver perchlorate in chemical synthesis has declined due to concerns about explosiveness of perchlorate salts.  Other silver reagents are silver tetrafluoroborate, and the related silver trifluoromethanesulfonate and silver hexafluorophosphate.

References

Perchlorates
Silver compounds
Deliquescent materials
Oxidizing agents
VLAN Management Policy Server. A VLAN Management Policy Server (VMPS) is a network switch that contains a mapping of device information to VLAN.

The primary goal of VMPS is VLAN assignment for general network management purposes, but can also be used for providing security through segregating clients with an unknown MAC address, or through further extension of the protocol to provide login for Cisco ACLs. This last functionality is now deprecated by Cisco, in favour of 802.1X, and as the VMPS technology is Cisco proprietary, the VLAN assignment can now be carried out in the 802.1X framework.

Client switches query the VMPS server using the VLAN Query Protocol, or VQP. Only Cisco produces hardware with VMPS client functionality, and is currently fully supported across their IOS switching lines. Cisco officially only supports the use of Catalyst 4000, 5000 and 6500 switch platforms (with appropriate firmware) as VMPS servers, but these have limited functionality, and only support a static text file transferred into them using tftp.

vmps helps with the dynamic allocation of vlan across the network.

Third party servers
To enhance functionality, which can talk to SQL or use external programs to decide on network access for a given request. The first publicly available of these was OpenVMPS, by Dori Seliskar and others, with FreeRADIUS and Icarus VMPSd available and including additional management tools to help manage hundreds or thousands of clients and MAC addresses and their VMPS support.

External links
 Cisco document on VMPS
OpenVMPS on Sourceforge
Icarus VMPSd on Sourceforge
OpenNAC on Sourceforge
FreeRADIUS Download page
NetSheperd; commercial VLAN administration suite

Cisco protocols
Oldhamite. Oldhamite is a calcium magnesium sulfide mineral with the chemical formula . Ferrous iron may also be present in the mineral resulting in the chemical formula . It is a pale to dark brown accessory mineral in meteorites. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system, but typically occurs as anhedral grains between other minerals.

Discovery and occurrence
It was first described in 1862 for an occurrence in the Bustee meteorite, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was named for Irish geologist Thomas Oldham (1816–1878), the Director of the Indian Geological Survey.

It occurs as an interstitial mineral phase between silicate minerals in enstatite chondrite and achondrite meteorites. It occurs in association  with enstatite, augite, niningerite, osbornite, troilite, gypsum and calcite. It has been reported from a variety of meteorite locations around the world including the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite of Antarctica. It has also been reported from a slag occurrence in France and a coal deposit in Poland.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

Meteorite minerals
Sulfide minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225
Galena group