omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Java Metadata Interface. Given that metadata is a set of descriptive, structural and administrative data about a group of computer data (for example such as a database schema), Java Metadata Interface (or JMI) is a platform-neutral specification that defines the creation, storage, access, lookup and exchange of metadata in the Java programming language.



History 

The JMI specification was developed under the Java Community Process and is defined by JSR 40 (a JSR is the formal document that describe proposed specifications and technologies for adding to the Java platform).

JMI is based on the Meta-Object Facility (or MOF) specification from the Object Management Group (or OMG). The MOF is a metamodel (a model of any kind of metadata) used notably to define the Unified Modeling Language (or UML).

It supports the exchange of metadata through XMI. XMI is a standard for exchanging metadata information via Extensible Markup Language (or XML). The MOF/XMI specifications are used for the exchange of UML models.

Usage 

Essentially, JMI can be used to write tools in Java for manipulating UML models, which can be used in Model Driven Architecture and/or Model Driven Development. There are many implementations of JMI, including the Reference Implementation from Unisys, SAP NetWeaver and Sun Microsystems's open-source implementation from the NetBeans group. JMI is compatible with Java SE 1.3 and above through:
 Standardized mappings from the MOF modeling constructs to Java;
 Reflective APIs for generic discovery and navigation of metadata models and instances.

See also

External links
 JSR 40

Metadata Interface
Metadata
JSR. JSR may refer to:

Computing
 Jump to subroutine, an assembly language instruction
 Java Specification Request, documents describing proposed additions to the Java platform

Research, science & technology
 Joint spectral radius, in mathematics
 Jonathan's Space Report, an online newsletter
 Journal of Sedimentary Research
 The Journal of Sex Research
 Journal for the Study of Religion
Journal of Service Research
 Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
 Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets

Other uses
 , a Japanese chemical company, acting in the semiconductor industry
 Jacobinte Swargarajyam, a 2016 Indian Malayalam language film
 Jessore Airport, in Bangladesh
 Jet Set Radio, a video game
 John Septimus Roe Anglican Community School, in Perth, Western Australia
 Jai Shri Ram, a popular Hindu slogan and greeting
TUM Asia. The German Institute of Science and Technology – TUM Asia is an institute for research and education located in Singapore, formed in 2002 as the Asian campus of the Technical University of Munich.

Background 
GIST-TUM Asia was set up in Singapore in 2002, under the Singapore government's Global Schoolhouse Initiative. GIST-TUM Asia currently offers 5 Master of Science programmes, MSc in Industrial Chemistry; MSc in Integrated Circuit Design; MSc in Green Electronics; MSc in Aerospace Engineering; and MSc in Transport and Logistics. The former three programmes are run jointly with either Nanyang Technological University (NTU) or National University of Singapore (NUS) and the latter two programmes are pure TUM programmes.

GIST-TUM Asia then partnered Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT) to offer Bachelor of Science programmes in Electrical Engineering and Information Technology and Chemical Engineering in 2010. Admitted students undergo a 2 ½ year programme that includes a 2 to 4 month overseas exchange at the Munich campus.

In 2020, TUM deepened their partnership with SIT and change the Electrical Engineering Program and Chemical Engineering Program into 4 years Bachelor of Engineering with Honours.

TUM CREATE, a research initiative by GIST-TUM Asia, was incepted in June 2010 to propagate research programmes where scientists and researchers from both Germany and Singapore can work together for the advancement of science and technology. With the research agreement in TUM CREATE Centre for Electromobility in Megacities sealed between GIST-TUM Asia and National Research Foundation of Singapore (NRF), the research programme will focus on developing innovative systems that incorporate safety and reliability with functionality and energy efficiency in electric vehicles.

References

External links
 Official Website

Research institutes in Singapore
International research institutes
Engineering universities and colleges
Technical University of Munich
Germany–Singapore relations
Private universities in Singapore
2002 establishments in Singapore
Educational institutions established in 2002
STI. STI may refer to:

In science and technology

Biology and psychology
 Sexually transmitted infection
 Signal transduction inhibitor, a drug type
 Soft tissue injury
 Symptom targeted intervention, for treating depression

Electronics and computing
 Shallow trench isolation, prevents current leakage inside chips
 STI (x86 instruction), enables interrupts
 Still Image Architecture in MS Windows

Other uses in science and technology
 Shimano Total Integration, for bicycle gears 
 Speech transmission index, a measure of speech intelligibility
 Stationary target indication, a radar mode
 Subaru Impreza WRX STI, car models
 Verkehrsbetriebe STI, a bus operator, Bern, Switzerland

Businesses and organizations

Educational organizations
 Sail Training International, British non-profit, trains people on sailing ships 
 STI College, Philippine IT network

In science and technology
 Semantic Technology Institute International, research network for semantic technology 
 Sega Technical Institute, defunct game developer 
 Subaru Tecnica International, motorsports division
 Sony, Toshiba, and IBM, co-developers of the Cell microprocessor

Other businesses and organizations
 Scottish Trade International (1991-2001), later Scottish Development International
 Canadian airline Sontair, ICAO code, see List of airline codes (S)

Other uses
 Cibao International Airport, IATA airport code
 Stieng language (ISO 639 code: "sti") of Vietnam/Cambodia
 Stirlingshire, historic county in Scotland, Chapman code
 Straits Times Index, a stock market index
 Shun Tin station, MTR station code

See also
 ST1 (disambiguation)
Pol Duwez. Pol Duwez (11 December 1907 – 31 December 1984) was a Belgian-born materials scientist. While working at Caltech in 1960, he first introduced metallic glasses made through rapid liquid cooling using a technique known as splat quenching.

References

1907 births
1984 deaths
Belgian physicists
Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Chrysoine resorcinol. Chrysoine resorcinol is a synthetic azo dye which was formerly used as a food additive.  In Europe, it was banned as a food additive in 1977. In the US, it was banned in 1988.

Chrysoine resorcinol can be used as a pH indicator with a color change between pH 11 and pH 12.7.
In colorimetry, it has an absorption maximum of 387 nm.

Preparation
Acid orange 6 can be synthesised via the azo coupling of sulfanilic acid and resorcinol,

Notes

External links
 Data at inchem.org
 MSDS at Fischer Scientific

Food colorings
Azo dyes
Benzenesulfonates
Organic sodium salts
Resorcinols
Anilines
Acid dyes
Coaxial. In geometry, coaxial means that several three-dimensional linear or planar forms share a common axis. The two-dimensional analog is concentric.

Common examples:

A coaxial cable has a wire conductor in the centre (D), a circumferential outer conductor (B), and an insulating medium called the dielectric (C) separating these two conductors. The outer conductor is usually sheathed in a protective PVC outer jacket (A). All these have a common axis. The dimension and material of the conductors and insulation determine the cable's characteristic impedance and attenuation at various frequencies.

Coaxial rotors are a three-dimensional planar structure: a pair of helicopter rotors (wings) mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation (but turning in opposite directions).

In loudspeaker design, coaxial speakers are a loudspeaker system in which the individual drivers are mounted close to one another on the same axis, and thus radiate sound along the same axis and roughly from the same point.

A coaxial weapon mount places two weapons on roughly the same axis – as the weapons are usually side-by-side or one on top of the other, and thus oriented in parallel directions – they are technically par-axial rather than coaxial, however the distances involved mean that they are effectively coaxial as far as the operator is concerned.

See also 

 Orthogonal
 Perpendicular

References

External links 

Geometry
Enzyme unit. The enzyme unit, or international unit for enzyme (symbol U, sometimes also IU) is a unit of enzyme's catalytic activity. 

1 U (μmol/min) is defined as the amount of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of one micromole of substrate per minute under the specified conditions of the assay method. 

The specified conditions will usually be the optimum conditions, including but not limited to temperature, pH, and substrate concentration, that yield the maximal substrate conversion rate for that particular enzyme. In some assay method, one usually takes a temperature of 25°C. 

The enzyme unit was adopted by the International Union of Biochemistry in 1964. Since the minute is not an SI base unit of time, the enzyme unit is discouraged in favor of the katal, the unit recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1978 and officially adopted in 1999. 

One katal is the enzyme activity that converts one mole of substrate per second under specified assay conditions, so 

1 U = 1 μmol/min = 1/60 μmol/s ≈ 16.67 nmol/s;
16.67 nkat = 16.67 nmol/s;
Therefore, 1 U = 16.67 nkat

While the katal may be recommended, almost all scientific research today still uses the system based on the minute, for the simple reason that enzyme assays are measured in minutes, not seconds. 

The concept of enzyme unit should not be confused with the one of international unit (IU). Although it is true that 1 U = 1 IU (because, for many enzymes, the existing U was adopted as the later IU), international units can be defined for the biologic activity of many other kinds of substance besides enzymes (for example, vitamins and hormones).

See also
Turnover number
Enzyme assay
Enzyme catalysis

References

Units of catalytic activity
Magma Design Automation. Magma Design Automation was a software company in the electronic design automation (EDA) industry. The company was founded in 1997 and maintained headquarters in San Jose, California, with facilities throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Magma software products were used in major elements of integrated circuit design, including: synthesis, placement, routing, power management, circuit simulation, verification and analog/mixed-signal design.

Magma was acquired by Synopsys in a merger finalized February 22, 2012 at a cash value of about $523 million, or $7.35 per share.

History
Magma was founded in 1997 by a team including Rajeev Madhavan, who was chairman, CEO and president from the company's inception. The company initially competed primarily with Cadence and Avanti Corporation in physical design but eventually broadened its product portfolio and competed with all three of the largest established EDA companies: Cadence, Mentor Graphics and Synopsys. Magma had a particularly strong presence in the convergence device segment through key customers such as Qualcomm, Broadcom and Texas Instruments. In 2001 Roy Jewell joined Magma as chief operating officer and later that year added the title of president.

Magma completed an initial public offering on Nasdaq, under the ticker symbol LAVA, on November 20, 2001 — the last EDA company to go public — and achieved its peak annual revenue of $214.4 million in its 2008 fiscal year. Magma was the fourth largest EDA company by revenue.

In 2002 Magma was named to the Red Herring 100 for innovation and business strategy. In 2005 Forbes ranked Magma No. 2 on its list of fastest-growing technology companies.

Patent Dispute
Magma was involved in a legal dispute with Synopsys beginning in September 2004, when Synopsys sued Magma for allegedly infringing two patents. Claims and counter-claims accelerated, resulting in separate court cases in California and Delaware, and a number of disputed patents. On March 29, 2007, Magma and Synopsys announced the companies had agreed to settle all pending litigation between them. As part of the settlement Magma made a $12.5 million payment to Synopsys and each company cross-licensed four previously disputed patents to the other.

Synopsys Acquisition
On November 30, 2011, Magma and Synopsys announced they had entered into a definitive agreement by which Synopsys would buy Magma for $507 million US$. The merger was finalized on February 22, 2012, with cash value of the transaction at about $523 million, or $7.35 per Magma share.

References

External links
Magma homepage

Electronic design automation companies
Companies based in San Jose, California
Companies established in 1997
Defunct software companies of the United States
Brake (sheet metal bending). A brake is a metalworking machine that allows the bending of sheet metal. A cornice brake only allows for simple bends and creases, while a box-and-pan brake also allows one to form box and pan shapes. It is also known as a bending machine or bending brake or in Britain as a sheet metal folder or just a folder.

Description
The brake consists of a flat surface onto which the material is placed, and a clamping bar which will come down and hold the material firmly during the bend. This clamping action may be manual, automatic or operated using a foot pedal. The front, gate-like, plate of the machine is hinged and may be lifted, forcing the material extended over a straight edge to bend to follow the plate.

The bends can be to any angle up to a practical limit of about 120 degrees, somewhat more in the case of a bar folder. If the area to be bent is narrow enough, a sharper bend (e.g., for a hem) can be made by inserting the bend under the clamping bar and lowering it.

Box-and-pan brake
In a box-and-pan brake (also known as a finger brake), the clamping bar includes several removable blocks, which may be removed and rearranged to permit bending of restricted areas of a piece of sheet metal or of already partially formed pieces.

After bending, the box or pan form is then completed by screw, solder, weld, rivet, or other metal fixing process.

Bar folder
A bar folder is a simplified brake, usually much smaller than a cornice or box-and-pan brake. Typically, a single handle both clamps the workpiece and makes the bend, in a single motion. There is a gauge that can be set up to a depth up to one inch for consistent bends.

Examples of items a bar folder is used to fabricate would be end caps, "s" cleats, and drive cleats.

Press brake

This is a more complex tool that forms predetermined bends by clamping the workpiece between a matching punch and die.

Sizes
Brakes come in sizes suitable for light aluminum or brass for small boxes and operated by hand, up to industrial sized and counterweighted hand-operated or hydraulic machines suitable for large sheets of steel.

References

Metal forming
Fabrication (metal)
Metalworking tools
Plastics industry

de:Schwenkbiegen
Colourant. A colourant/colour additive (British spelling) or colorant/color additive (American spelling) is a substance that is added or applied in order to change the colour of a material or surface. Colourants can be used for many purposes including printing, painting, and for colouring many types of materials such as foods and plastics. Colourants work by absorbing varying amounts of light at different wavelengths (or frequencies) of its spectrum, transmitting (if translucent) or reflecting the remaining light in straight lines or scattered.

Most colourants can be classified as dyes or pigments, or containing some combination of these. Typical dyes are formulated as solutions, while pigments are made up of solid particles suspended and are generally suspended in a vehicle (e.g., linseed oil). The colour a colourant imparts to a substance is mediated by other ingredients it is mixed with such as binders and fillers are added, for example in paints and inks. In addition, some colourants impart colour through reactions with other substances.

Colourants, or their constituent compounds, may be classified chemically as inorganic (often from a mineral source) and organic (often from a biological source).

Regulation

United States 

In the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates colourants for food safety and accurate labelling.

See also 
 Food colouring

References 

Color

ja:色素
pt:Corante
Artefaktur. Artefaktur Component Development Kit (ACDK) is a platform-independent library for generating distributed server-based components and applications.  Services are provided by a C++ framework.

Artefaktur is free software, distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License.

See also

Java
Reflection
Serialization
Dynamic Method Invocation
Aspect-oriented programming
Intentional programming

External links
ACDK Homepage

Free computer programming tools
C++ libraries
Nakajima G10N. The Nakajima G10N Fugaku (Japanese: 富岳 or 富嶽, "Mount Fuji") was a planned Japanese ultra-long-range heavy bomber designed during World War II. It was conceived as a method for mounting aerial attacks from Japan against industrial targets along the west coast (e.g., San Francisco) and in the Midwest (e.g., Detroit, Milwaukee, Chicago, and Wichita) and the northeast (e.g., New York City and Norfolk) of the United States. Japan's worsening war situation resulted in the project's cancellation in 1944 and no prototype was ever built.

Design and development

The Fugaku had its origins in "Project Z (bomber project)", a 1942 Imperial Japanese Army specification for an intercontinental bomber which could take off from the Kuril Islands, bomb the contiguous United States, then continue onward to land in German-occupied France. Once there, it would be refueled and rearmed and make another return sortie.

Project Z called for three variations on the airframe: heavy bomber, transport (capable of carrying 300 troops), and a gunship armed with forty downward-firing machine guns in the fuselage for intense ground attacks at the rate of 640 rounds per second (i.e. 38,400 rounds per minute).

The project was conceived by Nakajima Aircraft Company head Chikuhei Nakajima.  The design had straight wings and contra-rotating four-blade propellers.  To save weight, some of the landing gear was to be jettisoned after takeoff (being unnecessary on landing with emptied bomb load), as had been planned on some of the more developed German Amerika Bomber competing designs.  It used six engines, as with the later Amerikabomber design competitors, to compensate for nearly all German aircraft engines being limited to 1,500 kW (2,000 hp) maximum output levels apiece.

Development was initiated in January 1943 and a design and manufacturing facility built in Mitaka, Tokyo.  Nakajima's 4-row 36-cylinder 5,000 hp Ha-54 (Ha-505) engine was abandoned as too complex.

Project Z was cancelled in July 1944, and the Fugaku was never built.

Operators (planned)

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service – (G10N / Fugaku)
Imperial Japanese Army Air Force – (Project Z)

Specifications (Project Z / Fugaku projected)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 Idei, Tadaaki. Hikōki Mechanism Zukan. Tokyo: Guranpuri Shuppan, 1985.
 Ogawa, Toshihiko. Nihon Kōkūki Daizukan, 1910–1945. Tokyo: Kokushokankōkai, 1993.

External links

 The Nakajima G10N1 Fugaku
 Nakajima G10N "Fugaku" (in Polish)

G10N, Nakajima
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Japan
G10N
State space search. State space search is a process used in the field of computer science, including artificial intelligence (AI), in which successive configurations or states of an instance are considered, with the intention of finding a goal state with the desired property.

Problems are often modelled as a state space, a set of states that a problem can be in. The set of states forms a graph where two states are connected if there is an operation that can be performed to transform the first state into the second.

State space search often differs from traditional computer science search methods because the state space is implicit: the typical state space graph is much too large to generate and store in memory.  Instead, nodes are generated as they are explored, and typically discarded thereafter.  A solution to a combinatorial search instance may consist of the goal state itself, or of a path from some initial state to the goal state.

Representation 
In state space search, a state space is formally represented as a tuple , in which:
 is the set of all possible states;
 is the set of possible actions, not related to a particular state but regarding all the state space;
 is the function that establishes which action is possible to perform in a certain state;
 is the function that returns the state reached performing action  in state 
 is the cost of performing an action  in state . In many state spaces a is a constant, but this is not always true.

Examples of state-space search algorithms

Uninformed search 
According to Poole and Mackworth, the following are uninformed state-space search methods, meaning that they do not have any prior information about the goal's location.
 Traditional depth-first search
 Breadth-first search
 Iterative deepening
 Lowest-cost-first search / Uniform-cost search (UCS)

Informed search 
These methods take the goal's location in the form of a heuristic function. Poole and Mackworth cite the following examples as informed search algorithms:
 Informed/Heuristic depth-first search
Greedy best-first search
 A* search

See also
 State space
 State space planning
 Branch and bound - a method for making state-space search more efficient by pruning subsets of it.

References

 Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig (1995). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall.

Search algorithms
The Art of Unix Programming. The Art of Unix Programming by Eric S. Raymond is a book about the history and culture of Unix programming from its earliest days in 1969 to 2003 when it was published, covering both genetic derivations such as BSD and conceptual ones such as Linux.

The author utilizes a comparative approach to explaining Unix by contrasting it to other operating systems including desktop-oriented ones such as Microsoft Windows and the classic Mac OS to ones with research roots such as EROS and Plan 9 from Bell Labs.
The book was published by Addison-Wesley, September 17, 2003,  and is also available online, under a Creative Commons license with additional clauses.

Contributors
The book contains many contributions, quotations and comments from UNIX gurus past and present. These include:

Ken Arnold (author of curses and co-author of Rogue)
Steve Bellovin
Stuart Feldman
Jim Gettys
Stephen C. Johnson
Brian Kernighan
David Korn
Mike Lesk
Doug McIlroy
Marshall Kirk McKusick
Keith Packard
Henry Spencer
Ken Thompson

See also
Unix philosophy
The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age

References

External links 

 Online book (HTML edition)
 
 The Art of Unix Programming  at FAQs

2003 non-fiction books
Books by Eric S. Raymond
Computer programming books
Creative Commons-licensed books
Unix books
LDH. LDH is an acronym which may refer to:

 Lai Đại Hàn
 IATA code for Lord Howe Island Airport, New South Wales, Australia
 Lactate dehydrogenase, an enzyme in a wide range of plants, animals and other organisms; is measured as part of the complete blood test
 Large-diameter hose, a type of fire hose
 Layered double hydroxides, a class of layered materials composed of positively charged atomic layers and charge balancing anions located in the interlayer region
 Letters Digits Hyphen rule in RFCs defining DNS: RFC 1034, RFC 1035, RFC 1123, RFC 3696, RFC 5890
 Human Rights League (France) ()
 LDH (company), Japanese entertainment company