Trichlorofluoromethane. Trichlorofluoromethane, also called freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11,  is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC).  It is a colorless, faintly ethereal, and sweetish-smelling liquid that boils around room temperature.  CFC-11 is a Class 1 ozone-depleting substance which damages Earth's protective stratospheric ozone layer. R-11 is not flammable at ambient temperature and pressure but it can become very combustible if heated and ignited by a strong ignition source.

Historical use 
Trichlorofluoromethane was first widely used as a refrigerant.  Because of its high boiling point compared to most refrigerants, it can be used in systems with a low operating pressure, making the mechanical design of such systems less demanding than that of higher-pressure refrigerants R-12 or R-22.

Trichlorofluoromethane is used as a reference compound for fluorine-19 NMR studies.

Trichlorofluoromethane was formerly used in the drinking bird novelty, largely because it has a boiling point of . The replacement, dichloromethane, boiling point , requires a higher ambient temperature to work.

Prior to the knowledge of the ozone depletion potential of chlorine in refrigerants and other possible harmful effects on the environment, trichlorofluoromethane was sometimes used as a cleaning/rinsing agent for low-pressure systems.

Production 
Trichlorofluoromethane can be obtained by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride at 435 °C and 70 atm, producing a mixture of trichlorofluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane in a ratio of 77:18:5. The reaction can also be carried out in the presence of antimony(III) chloride or antimony(V) chloride:

 
Trichlorofluoromethane is also formed as one of the byproducts when graphite reacts with chlorine and hydrogen fluoride at 500 °C.

Sodium hexafluorosilicate under pressure at 270 °C, titanium(IV) fluoride, chlorine trifluoride, cobalt(III) fluoride, iodine pentafluoride, and bromine trifluoride are also suitable fluorinating agents for carbon tetrachloride.

Trichlorofluoromethane was included in the production moratorium in the Montreal Protocol of 1987.  It is assigned an ozone depletion potential of 1.0, and U.S. production was ended on January 1, 1996.

Regulatory challenges 
In 2018, the atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 was noted by researchers to be declining more slowly than expected, and it subsequently emerged that it remains in widespread use as a blowing agent for polyurethane foam insulation in the construction industry of China.  In 2021, researchers announced that emissions declined by 20,000 U.S. tons from 2018 to 2019, which mostly reversed the previous spike in emissions. In 2022, the European Commission announced an updated regulation that mandates the recovery and prevention of emissions of CFC-11 blowing agents from foam insulation in demolition waste, which is still emitted at significant scale.

Dangers
R11, like most chlorofluorocarbons, forms phosgene gas when exposed to a naked flame.

Use in Planetary Astrophysics 
Because trichlorofluoromethane is one of the easiest to detect chlorofluorocarbons produced by anthropogenic activity, it is has been used in attempting to detect industrial pollution in the atmospheres of earth-like exoplanets.

Gallery

See also
 List of refrigerants
 IPCC list of greenhouse gases

References

External links
 CFC-11 NOAA/ESRL Global measurements
 Public health goal for trichlorofluoromethane in drinking water
 Names at webbook.nist.gov
 Data sheet at speclab.com 
 
 
 Phase change data at webbook.nist.gov
 Thermochemistry data at chemnet.ru
 ChemSub Online: Trichlorofluoromethane - CFC-11
 materialsproject.org

Halomethanes
Chlorofluorocarbons
Refrigerants
Greenhouse gases
Ozone-depleting chemical substances