omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Toledo Machining. Chrysler Toledo Machining is a Stellantis North America manufacturing plant in Perrysburg, Ohio. Construction began in 1964 with production starting in 1966. The plant manufactures steering columns and torque converters for several Stellantis factories around the world.

History 
Construction started in 1964 and the plant began operations two years later. Subsequent expansions of the factory came in 1969, adding . In August 2011 Chrysler LLC announced that it would invest $72 million to produce steering columns and torque converters for its propulsion transmissions. Chrysler LLC announced in April 2013 a new investment of $19.6 million to increase capacity of its converters.

In August 2018, FCA announced that Toledo Machining would produce a key component for the first plug-in hybrid Jeep Renegade. The factory also produced the power module for the Jeep Wrangler PHEV.

References

External links
 

Chrysler factories
Canfieldite. Canfieldite is a rare silver tin sulfide mineral with formula: Ag8SnS6. The mineral typically contains variable amounts of germanium substitution in the tin site and tellurium in the sulfur site. There is a complete series between canfieldite and its germanium analogue, argyrodite. It forms black orthorhombic crystals which often appear to be cubic in form due to twinning. The most typical form is as botryoidal rounded grape-like masses. Its Mohs hardness is 2.5 and the specific gravity is 6.28. Canfieldite exhibits conchoidal fracturing and no cleavage.

Canfieldite was first described in 1893 from an occurrence in Colquechaca, Potosí Department, Bolivia. It was named for Frederick Alexander Canfield (1849–1926), an American mining engineer.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Silver minerals
Tin minerals
Sulfide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 33
M-Toluic acid. m-Toluic acid, (IUPAC: 3-methylbenzoic acid), is an aromatic carboxylic acid, with formula (CH3)C6H4(COOH). It is an isomer of p-toluic acid and o-toluic acid.

Preparation 
m-Toluic acid is often prepared in the laboratory by refluxing m-xylene with either nitric acid or potassium permanganate, oxidizing one of the methyl groups to COOH.

Uses 
It serves, among other purposes, as a precursor to DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), the well-known insect repellent.

References 

Benzoic acids
Sulfur dichloride. Sulfur dichloride is the chemical compound with the formula . This cherry-red liquid is the simplest sulfur chloride and one of the most common, and it is used as a precursor to organosulfur compounds. It is a highly corrosive and toxic substance, and it reacts on contact with water to form chlorine-containing acids.

Chlorination of sulfur
 is produced by the chlorination of either elemental sulfur or disulfur dichloride. The process occurs in a series of steps, some of which are:
; ΔH = −58.2 kJ/mol
; ΔH = −40.6 kJ/mol
The addition of  to  has been proposed to proceed via a mixed valence intermediate .  undergoes even further chlorination to give , but this species is unstable at near room temperature. It is likely that several  exist where n > 2.

Disulfur dichloride, , is the most common impurity in . Separation of  from  is possible via distillation with  to form an azeotrope of 99% purity, however sulfur dichloride loses chlorine slowly at room temperature and reverts to disulfur dichloride. Pure samples may be stored in sealed glass ampules which develop a slight positive pressure of chlorine, halting the decomposition.

Use of  in chemical synthesis
 is used in organic synthesis. It adds to alkenes to give chloride-substituted thioethers. Illustrative is its addition to 1,5-cyclooctadiene to give a bicyclic thioether A well tested method for the production of the mustard gas bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, is the addition of ethylene to sulfur dichloride:

 is also a precursor to several inorganic sulfur compounds. Treatment with fluoride salts gives  via the decomposition of the intermediate sulfur difluoride. With ,  reacts to give "lower" sulfanes such as .

Reaction with ammonia affords sulfur nitrides related to . Treatment of  with primary amines gives sulfur diimides. One example is di-t-butylsulfurdiimide.

Safety considerations
 hydrolyzes with release of HCl. Old samples contain .

References

Sulfur chlorides
Sulfur(II) compounds
H. Kramer and Company. H. Kramer and Company is a brass smelting company located in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States.

Pollution concerns
The company has come under pressure from local neighborhood residents and the Illinois EPA for lead pollution.

In March 2005, Pilsen residents began sampling the soil and found elevated levels of lead around the H. Kramer facility.  EPA tests in June 2005 found lead on site at levels from 1,250 to 65,000 parts per million, and from 120 to 2,500 parts per million off site; with the highest levels more than twice the allowable level set by the US EPA for residential soil. In September 2005, H. Kramer voluntarily agreed to clean up two sites near its plant.

In response, Pilsen residents have organized a group called the Pilsen Environmental Rights and Reform Organization (PERRO).

H. Kramer was also in violation of discharging polluted effluents into the municipal sewage system.

References

Results, On-site and Off-site Soil Sampling, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 2005
 Stipulations, In the matter of H. Cramer and Company, United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 5
 List published in the Chicago Tribune of companies who are violating effluent standards, as well as those with exemplary compliance.

External links 
 Company website
 Pilsen Environmental Rights and Reform Organization

Companies based in Chicago
Companies based in Illinois
Lower West Side, Chicago
Metal companies based in Illinois
Manufacturing companies based in Chicago
Program status word. The program status word (PSW)  is a register  that performs the function of a status register and program counter, and sometimes more. The term is also applied to a copy of the PSW in storage. This article only discusses the PSW in the IBM System/360 and its successors, and follows the IBM convention of numbering bits starting with 0 as the leftmost (most significant) bit.

Although certain fields within the PSW may be tested or set by using non-privileged instructions, testing or setting the remaining fields may only be accomplished by using privileged instructions.

Contained within the PSW are the two bit condition code, representing zero, positive, negative, overflow, and similar flags of other architectures' status registers. Conditional branch instructions test this encoded as a four bit value, with each bit representing a test of one of the four condition code values, 23 + 22 + 21 + 20.  (Since IBM uses big-endian bit numbering, mask value 8 selects code 0, mask value 4 selects code 1, mask value 2 selects code 2, and mask value 1 selects code 3.)

The 64-bit PSW describes (among other things)

 Interrupt masks
 Privilege states
 Condition code
 Instruction address

In the early instances of the architecture (System/360 and early System/370), the instruction address was 24 bits; in later instances (XA/370), the instruction address was 31 bits plus a mode bit (24 bit addressing mode if zero; 31 bit addressing mode if one) for a total of 32 bits.

In the present instances of the architecture (z/Architecture), the instruction address is 64 bits and the PSW itself is 128 bits.

The PSW may be loaded by the LOAD PSW instruction (LPSW or LPSWE).  Its contents may be examined with the Extract PSW instruction (EPSW).

Format

S/360
On all but 360/20, the PSW has the following formats. S/360 Extended PSW format only applies to the 360/67 with bit 8 of control register 6 set.

S/370

S/370 Extended Architecture (S/370-XA)

Enterprise Systems Architecture (ESA)

z/Architecture

Notes

References

S360

func67

S370

S370-XA

S370-ESA

z

Control flow
Central processing unit
Digital registers
IBM System/360 mainframe line
David Brink (businessman). David Charles Brink (born 9 August 1939) is a South African businessman and sits on the boards of a number of large companies.

Brink followed his father's footsteps by going into mining, he joined Anglo American from 1962 and was appointed section manager of Western Deep Levels in 1967. He completed a master's degree in mining engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand. In 1970, he left Anglo American and joined Murray & Roberts as the manager of RUC Mining Contracting Company and by 1974 he was appointed managing director. Brink work himself up the "corporate ladder", 1983 - chief executive of Murray & Roberts Industrial, 1984 - chief operating Officer of Murray & Roberts Holdings Ltd, 1986 - chief executive of the Murray & Roberts Group and in July 1994 he was appointed chairman of Murray & Roberts Holdings Ltd which he held until he retired in December 2003.

Offices he is currently or recently held:
 Murray & Roberts - Director (July 1984 - December 2003)
 Absa Group - Deputy Chairman (April 1992 - current)
 Sanlam - Director (January 1994 - current)
 Sappi - Non-executive Director (March 1994 - current)
 BHP - Director (June 1997 - current)
 Unitrans - Chairman (November 1997 - current)
 South African Institute of Directors - Vice President 
 National Business Initiative - Board member
 Business Trust - Co-chairman
 Trustees of the South African Nature Foundation - Board member

References

1939 births
Living people
South African chief executives
Chief operating officers
University of Auckland alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
BHP people
IpTables Rope. Rope is a programming language that allows developers to write extensions to the Iptables/Netfilter components of Linux using a simple scripting language based on Reverse Polish notation.

It is a scriptable Iptables match module, used to identify whether IP packets passed to it match a particular set of criteria or not. Rope started life as a project to make the "string" match module of Iptables stronger and evolved fairly quickly into an open-ended scriptable packet matching mechanism.

External links
Rope project home page 

Scripting languages
Ammonium perrhenate. Ammonium perrhenate (APR) is the ammonium salt of perrhenic acid, NH4ReO4. It is the most common form in which rhenium is traded. It is a white salt; soluble in ethanol and water, and mildly soluble in NH4Cl. It was first described soon after the discovery of rhenium.

Structure

The crystal structure of APR resembles that of scheelite, with atomic cation is replaced by ammonium. The pertechnetate (NH4TcO4), periodate (NH4IO4), tetrachlorothallate (NH4TlCl4), and tetrachloroindate (NH4InCl4) follow this motif. It undergoes a molecular orientational ordering transition on cooling without change of space group, but with a highly anisotropic change in the shape of the unit cell, resulting in the unusual property of having a positive temperature and pressure Re NQR coefficient. APR does not give hydrates.

Preparation
Ammonium perrhenate may be prepared from virtually all common sources of rhenium. The metal, oxides, and sulfides can be oxidized with nitric acid and the resulting solution treated with aqueous ammonia. Alternatively an aqueous solution of Re2O7 can be treated with ammonia followed by crystallisation.

Reactions
Ammonium perrhenate is weak oxidizer. It slowly reacts with hydrochloric acid:
NH4ReO4 + 6 HCl → NH4[ReCl4O] + Cl2 ↑ + 3H2O.
It is reduced to metallic Re upon heating under hydrogen:
2 NH4ReO4 + 7 H2 → 2 Re + 8 H2O + 2 NH3
Ammonium perrhenate decomposes to volatile Re2O7 starting at 250 °C. When heated in a sealed tube at 500 °C, It decomposes to rhenium dioxide:
2NH4ReO4 → 2ReO2 + N2 + 4 H2O
The ammonium ion can be displaced with some concentrated nitrates e.g. potassium nitrate,, silver nitrate, etc.:
NH4ReO4 + KNO3 → KReO4 ↓ + NH4NO3
It can be reduced to nonahydridorhenate with sodium in ethanol:
NH4ReO4 + 18Na + 13C2H5OH → Na2[ReH9] + 13NaC2H5O + 3NaOH + NH3•H2O.

References

 

Inorganic compounds
Perrhenates
Ammonium compounds
Asbestiform. Asbestiform is a crystal habit. It describes a mineral that grows in a fibrous aggregate of high tensile strength, flexible, long, and thin crystals that readily separate. The most common asbestiform mineral is chrysotile, commonly called "white asbestos", a magnesium phyllosilicate part of the serpentine group. Other asbestiform minerals include riebeckite, an amphibole whose fibrous form is known as crocidolite or "blue asbestos", and brown asbestos, a cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution series. 

The United States Environmental Protection Agency explains that, "In general, exposure may occur only when the asbestos-containing material is disturbed or damaged in some way to release particles and fibers into the air."

"Mountain leather" is an old-fashioned term for flexible, sheet-like natural formations of asbestiform minerals which resemble leather. Asbestos-containing minerals known to form mountain leather include: actinolite, palygorskite, saponite, sepiolite, tremolite, and zeolite.

See also
Chrysotile

References

Crystallography
Mineralogy
Mineral habits
Asbestos
Submarine Cargo Vessel. The Submarine Cargo Vessel () is a proposed idea from the Russian Rubin Design Bureau. The idea is to use decommissioned SSBNs (nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine) from the Russian Navy to carry cargo under the Arctic Ocean. The reason for this solution is that it would be considerably cheaper than designing and producing an entirely new type of submarine.

Concept
The basis for the project is a Project 941 Typhoon class submarine, which was designed by Rubin in 1976. It would have its ballistic missile launchers removed and replaced with cargo holds, as well as receive extra reinforcement for surface icebreaking.

The concept of Submarine Freight Transportation System (SFTS) was suggested  in 1997 by Vladimir Postnikov. Present time this system is considered as a sea subsystem of Global Intelligent Transportation System.

See also
Merchant submarine

References

External links
 Official Rubin site
 Submarine Freight Transportation System

Merchant submarines
Proposed ships
Submarines of Russia
Azine. Azines are a functional class of organic compounds with the connectivity RR'C=N-N=CRR'. These compounds are the product of the condensation of hydrazine with ketones and aldehydes, although in practice they are often made by alternative routes. Ketazines are azines derived from ketones. For example, acetone azine is the simplest ketazine. Aldazines are azines derived from aldehydes.

Preparation
The usual method of industrial production is the peroxide process, starting from the ketone, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide.

In the laboratory, azines are typically prepared by condensation of hydrazine with two equivalents of a carbonyl.

Azines are also produced when chalcone reacts with a hydrazone to produce 3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole, in a conversion also carried out with hydrazine hydrate.

Reactions
Azines characteristically undergo hydrolysis to hydrazines.  The reaction proceeds by the intermediacy of a hydrazone:
R2C=N-N=CR2  +  H2O  →  R2C=N-NH2  +  R2C=O
R2C=N-NH2  +  H2O  →  N2H4  +  R2C=O

Azines have been used as precursors to hydrazones: 
R2C=N-N=CR2  +  N2H4  →  2 R2C=N-NH2

They are also precursors to diazo compounds.

The coordination chemistry of azines (as ligands) has also been studied. 

Acetone is used to derivatize hydrazine into acetone azine for analysis by gas chromatography. This method is used to determine trace levels of hydrazine in drinking water and pharmaceuticals.

Applications
Ketazines are also important intermediates in the industrial production of hydrazine hydrate by the peroxide process. In the presence of an oxidant, ammonia and ketones react to give hydrazine via ketazine:
2 Me(Et)C=O + 2 NH3 + H2O2 → Me(Et)C=NN=C(Et)Me + 2 H2O
The ketazine can be hydrolyzed to the hydrazine and regenerate the ketone:
Me(Et)C=NN=C(Et)Me + 2 H2O → 2 Me(Et)C=O + N2H4

Ketazines have been also used as sources of hydrazine produced in situ, for example in the production of herbicide precursor 1,2,4-triazole.

References

Further reading

.
.
 . 
.
.

Functional groups
Sintran III. Sintran III is a real-time, multitasking, multi-user operating system used with Norsk Data minicomputers from 1974. Unlike its predecessors Sintran I and II, it was written entirely by Norsk Data, in Nord Programming Language (Nord PL, NPL), an intermediate language for Norsk Data computers.

Overview
Sintran was mainly a command-line interface based operating system, though there were several shells which could be installed to control the user environment more strictly, by far the most popular of which was USER-ENVIRONMENT.

One of the clever features was to be able to abbreviate commands and file names between hyphens. For example, typing LIST-FILES would give users several prompts, including for print, paging etc. Users could override this using the following LI-FI ,,n, which would abbreviate the LIST-FILES command prompt and bypass any of the prompts. One could also refer to files in this way, for example, with PED H-W: which would refer to HELLO-WORLD:SYMB if this was the only file having H, any number of characters, a hyphen -, a W, any number of characters, and any file ending.

This saved many keystrokes and would allow users a very nice learning experience, from complete and self-explanatory commands like LIST-ALL-FILES to L-A-F for an advanced user. (The hyphen key on Norwegian keyboards resides where the slash key does on U.S. ones.)

Now that Sintran has mostly disappeared as an operating system, there are few references to it. However a job control or batch processing language was available named JEC, believed to be named Job Execution Controller, this could be used to set up batch jobs to compile COBOL programs, etc.

References

Discontinued operating systems
Norsk Data software
Proprietary operating systems
Real-time operating systems
1974 software
Key Code Qualifier. Key Code Qualifier is an error-code returned by a SCSI device.

When a SCSI target device returns a check condition in response to a command, the initiator usually then issues a SCSI Request Sense command.  This process is part of a SCSI protocol called Contingent Allegiance Condition.  The target will respond to the Request Sense command with a set of SCSI sense data which includes three fields giving increasing levels of detail about the error:
K - sense key - 4 bits, (byte 2 of Fixed sense data format)
C - additional sense code (ASC) - 8 bits, (byte 12 of Fixed sense data format)
Q - additional sense code qualifier (ASCQ) - 8 bits, (byte 13 of Fixed sense data format)
The initiator can take action based on just the K field which indicates if the error is minor or major.  However all three fields are usually logically combined into a 20 bit field called Key Code Qualifier or KCQ.  The specification for the target device will define the list of possible KCQ values.  In practice there are many KCQ values which are common between different SCSI device types and different SCSI device vendors.  Common values are listed below, you should consult your hardware specific documentation as well.

List of common SCSI KCQs

References
 T10: SCSI ASC/ASCQ Assignments

SCSI
List of warship classes of the Royal Australian Navy. This is a list of major classes of warship operated by the Royal Australian Navy. Included are capital ships, amphibious vessels, cruisers, destroyers and frigates.

Aircraft carriers
Following the Second World War, the RAN began a policy of blue water operations built around an aircraft carrier. Two light fleet carriers were purchased from the Royal Navy, one of which, , was modified with all the latest enhancements in carrier design. Melbourne continued as the RAN's flagship until 1982, when it was planned to replace her with a STOVL carrier, again purchased from the Royal Navy. However, the sale of  was cancelled by the British Government after the Falklands War. Soon after, the Australian Government decided to end aircraft carrier operations.

Conventional aircraft carriers

Seaplane

Capital ships
When the RAN was first founded, it was decided that a capital ship would be constructed to serve as the fleet flagship. Initially conceived as a unit of the Royal Navy, the second Indefatigable-class battlecruiser was paid for and crewed by Australians, and was thus commissioned as HMAS Australia. Australia was the only true "capital ship" to serve in the RAN.

Battlecruiser

Amphibious assault shipping
 Landing Ship Infantry
 
 
 
 Mark III Landing Ship Tank – six ships
 Landing Craft Heavy
  - eight ships
 Heavy Landing Ship
 
 High Speed Catamaran

Cruisers

Heavy cruisers
 The RAN ordered two s in 1924 which were included with the Royal Navy's order for five; the loss of Canberra during the Second World War. Shropshire was transferred from the RN to the RAN to replace the lost ship.

Protected cruiser

Light cruisers
  – two ships
  – four ships
  – three ships

Destroyers
  (1910) – six ships
  (1919) – five ships
  (1919) – one ship
 V class (1933) – three ships
 W class (1933) – one ship
  (1933) – one ship
  (1940) – five ships
 Q class (1942) – five ships
  (1942) – three ships
  (1950) – two ships
  (1957) – four ships
  (1965) – three ships
  (2017) – three ships

Frigates
  (1943) – twelve ships
  (1961) – six ships
  (1980) – six ships
  (1996) – eight ships

Corvettes
 (1940) - fifty-six ships

Sloops
  – three ships
  – four ships

Footnotes

External links
 MaritimeQuest Royal Australian Navy Index
 Current Ships – Royal Australian Navy

Warship classes
System identification number. A system identification number (SID) is broadcast by one or more base stations to identify a cellular network in a certain area (usually contiguous). It is globally unique within AMPS, TDMA or CDMA networks (the first two systems are essentially obsolete). This number sometimes has conflicts (see IFAST).

SID codes
These codes are broadcast as 15 bit values but transmitted as 16 bits by core network protocols. They can be listed within a wireless device to show preference for one network over another. The additional bit in core network protocols allows the range of codes above 32,767 to be used for internal purposes, such as segregating billing records within a large area identified by a single broadcast SID.

Telecommunications Industry Association committee TR-45.2 assigned ranges to every country extant in the 1980s and national regulators assigned individual numbers. IFAST took over in 1997. This number space is 90% utilized for country ranges. Many countries do not use all of their allocated codes, hence the majority of codes are unused.

SIDs are assigned to every carrier (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, Alltel) by national regulators or IFAST. SIDs are programmed into the phone when purchased. A phone will maintain a list of "preferred" systems identified by their SID code. The SID may also modify some signaling messages that are transmitted by mobiles (e.g. reducing the amount of information transmitted by "home" mobiles).

How SIDs work
When the phone is turned on, it listens for a signal. If it receives a signal, it looks at the SID carried by the signal, and compares it with the one that is stored in the phone. Originally, in analog systems, the mobile would turn on the roaming indicator if the SID was not the single value stored in the phone.

With CDMA systems the Preferred Roaming List (PRL) is responsible for determining which areas a mobile can roam into. Base stations may also broadcast an MCC and MNC which can also be used by the PRL.

External links
Mountain Wireless SID database
IFAST SID Information

Mobile phone standards
Identifiers