omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GK Wien–Southeast. The GK Vienna–Southeast was a back-to-back HVDC station linking the electric power grids of Austria and Hungary. It operated between June 1993 and October 1996.

Facility

This facility was built by Siemens and had a maximum transfer power of 600 MW with an operation voltage of 142 kV. In great extent, it was identical with the HVDC back-to-back station in Etzenricht, which was used for coupling the power grids of Bavaria and Czech and built at the same time. As in this installation, the inverters used 864 thyristors. However, at GK Vienna-Southeast were not used as in the HVDC back-to-back station in Etzenricht six single-phase transformers, but four three-phase transformers.
While the facility in Etzenricht got obsolete in 1995 after synchronisation of power grids in Western and Eastern Europe, GK Vienna-Southeast remained in service at first, because the direct interconnection of power grids of Austria and Hungary would have caused regulation-technical problems as result of the missing national 380 kV grid in Austria.

These problems were solved in 1996 with the installation of frequency regulation equipment in coal-fired power stations in Southern Poland, so GK Vienna Southeast GK got unessential in October 1996 and was shut down.

The shut-down of GK Vienna-Southeast increased the maximum transfer power of the 380 kV line Vienna southeast – Győr to 1514 MW.

After its shut-down, it was planned to dismantle GK Vienna-Southeast and rebuild it in East Europe at a location close to the border to the CIS countries for the realization of an interconnection between the power grid of central Europe and the CIS countries. However, that was not done and so the installation was dismantled in 2007–08.

However, one of the harmonic waves filter was preserved as a monument.

On the site, a new building for the control centre of the power grid of Austria was built. The static inverter hall was not demolished, but turned into a workshop.

At the third (before decommissioning of GK Wien–Southeast second) pylon, which is situated 260 metres south of the area of GK Wien–Southeast, the 26-kilometre-long line section starts, where it is together with the two 380 kV circuits of the powerline to Stixneusiedl substation installed on the same pylons. Stixneusiedl substation is passed by the line approximately 50 metres southwards. After a further 37.5 kilometres, the line passes the border to Hungary. At the beginning of 2010, the second 380 V circuit of the line was installed, for which the pylons of the whole line are already designed.
This circuit branches near Ötteveny in direction southwest toward Szombathely substation.

External links

 Google Maps: Satellite View
 https://www.energy-portal.siemens.com/static/hq/de/products_solutions/11076_97301_1993%20wien%20suedost.html

Converter stations
Electric power infrastructure in Austria
Electric power infrastructure in Hungary
1990s in Vienna
Buildings and structures in Vienna
Energy infrastructure completed in 1993
Oxford Instruments. Oxford Instruments plc is a United Kingdom manufacturing and research company that designs and manufactures tools and systems for industry and research. The company is headquartered in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England, with sites in the United Kingdom, United States, Europe, and Asia. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

History

The company was founded by Sir Martin Wood in 1959, with help from his wife Audrey Wood (Lady Wood) to manufacture superconducting magnets for use in scientific research, starting in his garden shed in Northmoor Road, Oxford, England. It was the first substantial commercial spin-out company from the University of Oxford and was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1983.

It had a pioneering role in the development of magnetic resonance imaging, providing the first superconducting magnets for this application. The first commercial MRI whole body scanner was manufactured at its Osney Mead factory in Oxford in 1980 for installation at Hammersmith Hospital, London. Further innovations included the development of active shielding, whereby fringe fields hazardous to pacemaker wearers, causing difficulty and expense in siting, were virtually eliminated. Oxford Instruments was not able to capitalise on these inventions itself, granting royalty-free license to Philips and General Electric whilst developing a joint venture with Siemens in 1989: this was dissolved in 2004.

References 

Electronics companies of the United Kingdom
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
British brands
Nanotechnology companies
Companies based in Oxford
Abingdon-on-Thames
Electronics companies established in 1959
Manufacturing companies established in 1959
1959 establishments in England
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Companies in the FTSE 250 Index
British companies established in 1959
Equipment semiconductor companies
Leonard Jimmie Savage. Leonard Jimmie Savage (born Leonard Ogashevitz; 1917 – 1971) was an American mathematician and statistician. Economist Milton Friedman said Savage was "one of the few people I have met whom I would unhesitatingly call a genius."

Education and career 
Savage was born and grew up in Detroit. He studied at Wayne State University in Detroit before transferring to University of Michigan, where he first majored in chemical engineering, then switched to mathematics, graduating in 1938 with a Bachelor's degree. He continued at the University of Michigan with a PhD on differential geometry in 1941 under the supervision of Sumner Byron Myers. Savage subsequently worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan, Yale University, and the Statistical Research Group at Columbia University.  Though his thesis advisor was Sumner Myers, he also credited Milton Friedman and W. Allen Wallis as statistical mentors.

During World War II, Savage served as chief "statistical" assistant to John von Neumann, the mathematician credited with describing the principles upon which electronic computers should be based.  Later he was one of the participants in the Macy conferences on cybernetics.

Research and contributions 
His most noted work was the 1954 book The Foundations of Statistics, in which he put forward a theory of subjective and personal probability and statistics which forms one of the strands underlying Bayesian statistics and has applications to game theory.

One of Savage's indirect contributions was his discovery of the work of Louis Bachelier on stochastic models for asset prices and the mathematical theory of option pricing. Savage brought the work of Bachelier to the attention of Paul Samuelson. It was from Samuelson's subsequent writing that "random walk" (and subsequently Brownian motion) became fundamental to mathematical finance.

In 1951 he introduced the minimax regret criterion used in decision theory. The Hewitt–Savage zero–one law and Friedman–Savage utility function are (in part) named after him, as is the Savage Award given annually by the International Society for Bayesian Analysis for the best dissertations in Bayesian analysis.

See also
Loss function
Friedman–Savage utility function

Notes

External links

 Leonard Jimmie Savage papers (MS 695). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 

1917 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Bayesian statisticians
Philosophers of probability
University of Michigan alumni
Princeton University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Columbia University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Presidents of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Bayesian econometricians
20th-century  American economists
American mathematical statisticians
Adam A700. The Adam A700 AdamJet was a proposed six-seat civil utility aircraft developed by Adam Aircraft Industries starting in 2003. The aircraft was developed in parallel with the generally similar Adam A500, although while that aircraft is piston-engined, the A700 is powered by two Williams FJ33 turbofans. The two models have about 80% commonality.

The prototype A700 first flew on July 28, 2003. Two conforming prototypes were built.

Development
Adam Aircraft ceased operations on 11 February 2008 and filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation on 19 February 2008, prior to the certification or delivery of any production A700s.

In April 2008 Adam Aircraft was purchased from bankruptcy by AAI Acquisition Inc who have indicated their intention to continue with certification of the aircraft.

Industrial Investments, the Russian company that purchased Adam Aircraft, restarted work on the A700 and in May 2008 had 60 employees back at work. Industrial Investments reportedly ordered 75 A700s prior to Adam Aircraft's bankruptcy. AAI had initially intended to certify the A700 in the first quarter of 2010, but citing the economic crisis of 2008 President and CEO Jack Braly announced on 28 October 2008 that "Flight test and other development activity have been suspended". Braly indicated that the company's investment team and board of directors are reviewing the economic and market conditions and will decide on a new schedule for certifying the A700.

The Federal Aviation Administration accepted the previous certification data that Adam Aircraft recorded, which would have greatly simplified certification efforts by the new company, however in April 2009 Adam Aircraft ceased operations and laid off all its staff, ending development of the A700.

In April 2011 Triton Aerospace, the new holder of the type certificate, indicated that they would concentrate on the A500 and had no plans to continue development of the A700, even though they had two disassembled examples.

Design

As with the earlier-designed A500 piston-engined model, the A700 featured a straight tapered wing, a central fuselage, and twin wing-mounted booms which supported aft twin rudders linked by a high horizontal stabilizer.  Unlike on the A500, the A700's two engines were mounted on the sides of the fuselage, in a non-centerline thrust arrangement, eliminating one of the design advantages of the A500 configuration.

In order to balance the twin rear-mounted engines properly, the forward fuselage was lengthened by 4 feet. In the A500, the front engine is balanced by the rear engine and empennage. In the A700, the longer front fuselage balances the rear engines and empennage.

Specifications (A700)

See also

References

External links

 Adam Aircraft website archives on Archive.org

Adam Aircraft Industries aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Very light jets
2000s United States civil utility aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 2003
Low-wing aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Common Hardware Reference Platform. 
Common Hardware Reference Platform (CHRP) is a standard system architecture for PowerPC-based computer systems published jointly by IBM and Apple in 1995.  Like its predecessor PReP, it was conceptualized as a design to allow various operating systems to run on an industry standard hardware platform, and specified the use of Open Firmware and RTAS for machine abstraction purposes.  Unlike PReP, CHRP incorporated elements of the Power Macintosh architecture and was intended to support the classic Mac OS and NetWare, in addition to the four operating systems that had been ported to PReP at the time (Windows NT, OS/2, Solaris, and AIX).

CHRP did not receive industry-wide adoption, however. The only systems to ship with actual CHRP hardware are certain members of IBM's RS/6000 series running AIX, and small amount of Motorola PowerStack workstations. Mac OS 8 contains support for CHRP and New World Power Macintosh computers are partially based on CHRP and PReP.

Power.org has a new Power Architecture Platform Reference (PAPR) that provides the foundation for development of Power ISA-based computers running the Linux operating system. The PAPR was released fourth quarter of 2006.

See also
 OpenPIC and IBM MPIC

References

 CHRP Specification Version 1.0 and related documents
 The PowerPC (TM) Hardware Reference Platform, an overview of CHRP
 
 PREP / CHRP / ofppc / macppc confusion on NetBSD port-powerpc mailing list.

External links
 penguinppc.org description of CHRP
 FirmWorks CHRP page
 Motorola StarMax 6000 at Low End Mac, A CHRP machine that never shipped.

PowerPC mainboards
IBM computer hardware
PowerPC Reference Platform. PowerPC Reference Platform (PReP) was a standard system architecture for PowerPC-based computer systems (as well as a reference implementation) developed at the same time as the PowerPC processor architecture. Published by IBM in 1994, it allowed hardware vendors to build a machine that could run various operating systems, including Windows NT, OS/2, Solaris, Taligent and AIX.

One of the stated goals of the PReP specification was to leverage standard PC hardware. Apple, wishing to seamlessly transition its Macintosh computers to PowerPC, found this to be particularly problematic. As it appeared no one was particularly happy with PReP, a new standard, the Common Hardware Reference Platform (CHRP), was developed and published in late 1995, incorporating the elements of both PReP and the Power Macintosh architecture.  Key to CHRP was the requirement for Open Firmware (also required in PReP-compliant systems delivered after June 1, 1995), which gave vendors greatly improved support during the boot process, allowing the hardware to be far more varied.

PReP systems were never popular. Finding current, readily available operating systems for old PReP hardware can be difficult. Debian and NetBSD still maintain their respective ports to this architecture, although developer and user activity is extremely low. The RTEMS real-time operating system provides a board support package for PReP which can be run utilizing the QEMU PReP emulator. This provides a convenient development environment for PowerPC-based real-time, embedded systems.

Power.org has a Power Architecture Platform Reference (PAPR) that provides the foundation for development of Power ISA-based computers running the Linux operating system. PAPR was released in the fourth quarter of 2006.

See also
 PowerOpen Environment
 IBM ThinkPad Power Series

References

External links 
 PReP Specification Version 1.1 and related documents
 The PowerPC (TM) Hardware Reference Platform, an overview of CHRP
 QEMU PReP emulation for RTEMS operating system 

PowerPC mainboards
IBM computer hardware
IBM 1132. The IBM 1132 line printer was the normal printer for the IBM 1130 computer system. It printed 120 character lines at 80 lines per minute. The character set consisted of numbers, upper-case letters and some special characters.

The 1965-introduced 1132 was built around a stripped down IBM 407 printing mechanism. The 407 was IBM's top-of-the-line accounting machine from the 1950s. The 1130 had 120 power transistors, each wired to the print magnet for one printer column. The magnet released a lever that engaged a cam with a spinning clutch shaft. The engaged cam then made one revolution, pushing its print wheel toward the ribbon and paper, thereby printing one character. 

As the set of 120 print wheels spun, the 1130 received an interrupt as each of the possible 48 characters was about to move into position. The printing driver software had to quickly output a 120 bit vector designating which transistors were to fire so as to drive the print wheel against the ribbon and paper. This put a big performance burden on the CPU, but resulted in an inexpensive (for the time) printer.

Sometimes a printer output line transistor would fail, resulting in a blank print position. If you knew your way around inside the 1130, it was possible to swap circuit cards so as to move the bad print position to near the right end of the printed line. This kept the 1130 usable until the repair person showed up.

The 1132 came in two models with the following characteristics:
 Standard 48-character-set typewheels with A..Z, 0..9 and the symbols . , + - * / = ( ) ' $ &.
 Model 1 prints up to 80 alphameric or 110 numeric lines per minute and can be attached to 1131 CPU Models 1, 2, 3, and 5.
 Model 2 prints up to 40 alphameric or 55 numeric lines per minute and may be attached only to the 1131 CPU Model 4.
 Standard 120 print-line positions spaced 10 characters per inch.
 Operator selection of vertical line spacing, 6 or 8 lines per inch.
 Forms skipping under program control through automatic, paper-tape-controlled carriage.
 Printer operation under stored-program control through automatic interrupt system.
 Direct connection to the 1131 Central Processing Unit by means of the 1132 Printer Attachment and an Expansion Adapter.

References

 http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1130/functional_characteristics/A26-5881-3_1130_Functional_Characteristics.pdf p.45ff
 Ed Thelen history site, includes photo
 IBM 1132 Field Engineering Theory of Operation (Manual of Instruction) IBM 227-3622, IBM, 1965

External links
 Image of an 1132 on Flickr

1132
Line printers
1132
Snort (software). Snort is a free open source network intrusion detection system (IDS) and intrusion prevention system (IPS) created in 1998 by Martin Roesch, founder and former CTO of Sourcefire. Snort is now developed by Cisco, which purchased Sourcefire in 2013.

In 2009, Snort entered InfoWorld's Open Source Hall of Fame as one of the "greatest [pieces of] open source software of all time".

Uses
Snort's open-source network-based intrusion detection/prevention system (IDS/IPS) has the ability to perform real-time traffic analysis and packet logging on Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Snort performs protocol analysis, content searching and matching.

The program can also be used to detect probes or attacks, including, but not limited to, operating system fingerprinting attempts, semantic URL attacks, buffer overflows, server message block probes, and stealth port scans.

Snort can be configured in three main modes: 1. sniffer, 2. packet logger, and 3. network intrusion detection.

Sniffer Mode
The program will read network packets and display them on the console.

Packet Logger Mode
In packet logger mode, the program will log packets to the disk.

Network Intrusion Detection System Mode
In intrusion detection mode, the program will monitor network traffic and analyze it against a rule set defined by the user. The program will then perform a specific action based on what has been identified.

Third-party tools
There are several third-party tools interfacing Snort for administration, reporting, performance and log analysis:
 Snorby – a GPLv3 Ruby on Rails application
 BASE
 Sguil (free)

See also
 List of free and open-source software packages
 Sigma
 Suricata (software)
 YARA
 Zeek

References

External links
 
 Snort Blog
 Talos Intelligence

Free security software
Computer security software
Linux security software
Unix network-related software
Lua (programming language)-scriptable software
Intrusion detection systems
Aultman. The Aultman was a 1901 American automobile manufactured in Canton, Ohio; the light steam carriage, whose makers also built a four-wheel-drive steam truck, was built for only a few years.

History

By 1904, the Aultman Road Locomotive was advertised nationally in Dun's Review and was described as "specially designed for heavy hauling at mines, lumber camps, smelters, quarries, etc., and for contractors, road and irrigation work." It was also noted that it was suitable for freight lines from towns "off the railroads."

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References

Steam road vehicles 
Steam cars
Veteran vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
Defunct companies based in Ohio
Companies based in Canton, Ohio
1895 establishments in Ohio
Companies established in 1895
Alan Stevenson. Alan Stevenson FRSE MInstCE (28 April 1807 – 23 December 1865) was a Scottish civil engineer, known for designing and building lighthouses in and around Scotland.

Life

Alan Stevenson was born in Edinburgh on 28 April 1807, the eldest son of Jean Smith and her husband (and step-brother) Robert Stevenson. With his father, and brothers David and Thomas, he was part of the notable family of Engineers and lighthouse builders. The writer Robert Louis Stevenson was his nephew.

He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh. In 1821, he attended the University of Edinburgh to study Latin, Greek and mathematics with a view to becoming a member of the clergy. However, 2 years later in 1823, he decided to pursue a career in engineering and began a four-year apprenticeship at his father's business.

Between 1843 and 1853 he built 13 lighthouses in and around Scotland. Among his notable works is the Skerryvore Lighthouse.

He was Engineer in Chief to the Northern Lighthouse Board from 1843 to 1853.

In 1838 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being James David Forbes. In 1840 the University of Glasgow conferred on him an honorary LLB degree.

He died at 13 Pitt Street (later renamed Pittville St) in Portobello on 23 December 1865.

He is buried in the Stevenson family vault in New Calton Cemetery with his wife, Margaret Scott Jones. The vault lies midway along the eastern wall.

Publications

Biographical Sketches of the Late Robert Stevenson (1861)

Family

On 11 September 1844, he married Margaret Scott Jones (1813–1895), daughter of Jean (née Scott) and Humphrey Herbert Jones of Anglesey. They had three daughters, Jean, Dorothea and the author and journalist Katherine Elizabeth de Mattos Stevenson (1851–1939), and one son, art critic Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson (1827–1880).

He was uncle to Robert Louis Stevenson, Charles Alexander Stevenson and David Alan Stevenson.

Lighthouses by Alan Stevenson 

 Little Ross (1843)
 Isle of May Low Light (1843)
 Skerryvore (1844)
 Covesea Skerries (1846)
 Chanonry Point (1846)
 Cromarty (1846)
 Cairn Point, Loch Ryan (1847)
 Noss Head (1849)
 Ardnamurchan (1849)
 Sanda (1850)
 Hestan Island (1850)
 Hoy High and Hoy Low, Graemsay (1851)
 Arnish Point (1853)
 Eilean Musdile (Lismore)

Arms

Publications
Biographical Sketch of the Late Robert Stevenson: Civil Engineer, read at the Royal Society of Edinburgh, at the meeting of 17 February 1851. From Google Book Search
A Rudimentary Treatise on the History, Construction and Illumination of Lighthouses, 1850, from Google Book Search

Family Tree
Alan's position in the Stevenson family tree.

References

Lighthouse builders
Scottish civil engineers
1807 births
1865 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
19th-century Scottish people
Engineers from Edinburgh
Burials at the New Calton Burial Ground
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Stevenson family (Scotland)