omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Szczecin University of Technology. Szczecin University of Technology () was one of the biggest universities in Szczecin, Poland.

History
Szczecin University of Technology was established on 1 December 1946 as School of Engineering in Szczecin (Szkoła Inżynierska w Szczecinie). Initially it included three faculties - the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (Wydział Elektryczny), the Faculty of Civil Engineering (Wydział Inżynierii Lądowej), and the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (Wydział Mechaniczny). In the following academic year, it was expanded with the opening of the Faculty of Chemical Engineering (Wydział Chemiczny).

On 1 September 1955 the university took over  the departments of the liquidated School of Economics in Szczecin (Szkoła Ekonomiczna w Szczecinie) and established the Faculty of Engineering and Economics of Transport (Wydział Inżynieryjno-Ekonomiczny Transportu). On 3 September 1955 it was transformed into the Technical University of Szczecin.

In 1985, University of Szczecin took over the Faculty of Engineering and Economics of Transport.

The university ceased to exist on 1 January 2009 when it fused with the University of Agriculture in Szczecin, creating the West Pomeranian University of Technology.

Organization of former University

Faculties
 Faculty of Chemical Engineering (Polish: Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej)
 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture (Polish: Wydział Budownictwa i Architektury)
 Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology (Polish: Wydział Informatyki)
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering (Polish: Wydział Elektryczny)
 Faculty of Maritime Technology (Polish: Wydział Techniki Morskiej)
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (Polish: Wydział Mechaniczny)

See also
West Pomeranian University of Technology

External links
Official homepage

1946 establishments in Poland
2009 disestablishments in Poland
Technical
Szczecin
Szczecin

de:Technische Universität Stettin
Packet over SONET/SDH. Packet over SONET/SDH, abbreviated POS,  is a communications protocol for transmitting packets in the form of the Point to Point Protocol (PPP) over SDH or SONET, which are both standard protocols for communicating digital information using lasers or light emitting diodes (LEDs) over optical fibre at high line rates. POS is defined by RFC 2615 as PPP over SONET/SDH. PPP is the Point to Point Protocol that was designed as a standard method of communicating over point-to-point links. Since SONET/SDH uses point-to-point circuits, PPP is well suited for use over these links. Scrambling is performed during insertion of the PPP packets into the SONET/SDH frame to solve various security attacks including denial-of-service attacks and the imitation of SONET/SDH alarms. This modification was justified as cost-effective because the scrambling algorithm was already used by the standard used to transport ATM cells over SONET/SDH. However, scrambling can optionally be disabled to allow a node to be compatible with another node that uses the now obsoleted RFC 1619 version of Packet over SONET/SDH which lacks the scrambler.

Applications of POS
The most important application of POS is to support sending of IP packets across wide area networks.  Large amounts of traffic on the Internet are carried over POS links. 
POS is also one of the link layers used by the Resilient Packet Ring standard known as IEEE 802.17.

History of POS
Cisco was involved in making POS an important wide area network protocol.  PMC-Sierra produced an important series of early semiconductor devices which
implemented POS.

Details about the name "POS"
POS (packet over SONET) is a double-nested abbreviation. The S represents "SONET/SDH", which itself stands for "Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy".
Given this information, POS technically stands for "Packet over Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy".

Complementary Interfaces
The System Packet Interface series of standards from the Optical Internetworking Forum including SPI-4.2 and SPI-3 and their predecessors PL-4 and PL-3 are commonly used as the interface between packet processing devices and framer devices that implement POS.  The acronym PL-4 means POS-PHY Layer 4.

See also 
 Ethernet over SONET

Network protocols
Synchronous optical networking
Particle (ecology). In marine and freshwater ecology, a particle is a small object. Particles can remain in suspension in the ocean or freshwater. However, they eventually settle (rate determined by Stokes' law) and accumulate as sediment. Some can enter the atmosphere through wave action where they can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Many organisms filter particles out of the water with unique filtration mechanisms (filter feeders). Particles are often associated with high loads of toxins which attach to the surface. As these toxins are passed up the food chain they accumulate in fatty tissue and become increasingly concentrated in predators (see bioaccumulation). Very little is known about the dynamics of particles, especially when they are re-suspended by dredging. They can remain floating in the water and drift over long distances. The decomposition of some particles by bacteria consumes much oxygen and can cause the water to become hypoxic.

Particle analysis
Particle levels in water (or air) can be measured with a turbidity meter and analyzed with a particle counter. They can also be scanned with an underwater microscope, such as ecoSCOPE.

Contaminant kinetics

It takes a few days until plankton organisms have filtered the particles and incorporated the toxins into their body fat and tissue: In the southwards flow of the waters of the Hudson off the coast of New Jersey, the highest levels of mercury in copepods have not been found directly in front of the river off New York but 150 km south, off Atlantic City.

Many copepods are then captured by mysidae, krill and smallest fish like the juveniles of atlantic herring - and in each step of the foodchain the toxin concentrations increase by the factor of 10.
 

Filter of krill: The first degree filter setae carry in v-form two rows of second degree setae, pointing towards the inside of the feeding basket. The purple ball is one micrometer in size. To display the total area of this fascinating particle filtration structure one would have to tile 7500 times this image.
 

Filter basket of a mysid. These 3 cm long animals live close to shore and hover above the sea floor, constantly collecting particles. Mysids are an important food source for herring, cod, flounder, striped bass. In polluted areas they have high toxin levels in their tissue but they are very robust and require much poison to die.
 

Environmental chemistry
Bioindicators
Agent Extensibility Protocol. The Agent Extensibility Protocol or AgentX is a computer networking protocol that allows management of Simple Network Management Protocol objects defined by different processes via a single master agent. Agents that export objects via AgentX to a master agent are called subagents. The AgentX standard not only defines the AgentX protocol, but also the procedure by which those subagents process SNMP protocol messages.

For more information, see RFC 2741 for the original definition of the protocol and the IETF Agentx Working Group.

References

Network management
Agent communications languages
Australian Institute of Marine and Power Engineers. The Australian Institute of Marine and Power Engineers (AIMPE) is both an Australian professional association and a trade union.  They are registered with the Australian Industrial Relations Commission and are affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions.
The AIMPE represents engineers in coastal shipping, the offshore oil and gas industries, towing and dredging.

They cover, in the maritime industry, employed and unemployed marine engineers, engineers or electricians on ships, people in training to be a marine engineer, officers of AIMPE, (when holding appropriate certification) power plant engineers, and (when holding appropriate certification) Charge Engineers and Assistant Charge Engineers employed in New South Wales by Caltex Refining.  AIMPE also cover independent contractors who meet the criteria listed.  According to the AIMPE's rules, the maritime industry is an operation on any sea going vessel.  It excludes shore based operations in the maritime industry outside of shore based training.

Their membership is extremely expensive for an Australian trade union (>$1500 per annum, compared with $337 for the TWU for example).

The AIMPE is very concerned with the use of flags of convenience by employers as a way of avoiding occupational health and safety conditions and employment conditions.

Even with the demise of the Australian maritime industry, there are now more members registered with the Institute than at any other time. This being due to the offshore industry requiring rigorously trained and certified engineering staff.

Their federal president is Martin Byrne.

History

The AIMPE official website recognises the conflict of interest it has, that marine engineers have, "endeavoured to find a commonality of interest with their employers" in "a world where capitalist efficiency could lead to excesses against which workers felt it necessary to protect themselves by combining for fair wages and conditions."  The AIMPE has historically been divided between a professional organisation supporting the bosses (much like APESMA), while also having the anti-boss "Not for one but for all" mentality of a trade union.

The AIMPE began as a craft union, using a monopoly on skill to bargain with employers.  The general increase in the level of skill over the 20th century has broken this skill monopoly.

See also

English, Scottish and Australian Bank, The Rocks

References

External links
Official website
Australian Trade Union Archives entry

1881 establishments in Australia
International Transport Workers' Federation
Seafarers' trade unions
Trade unions affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions
Trade unions established in 1881
Trade unions in Australia
Noop. Noop (, like no-op) was a project by Google engineers Alex Eagle and Christian Gruber aiming to develop a new programming language. Noop attempted to blend the best features of "old" and "new" languages, while syntactically encouraging well accepted programming best-practices. Noop was initially targeted to run on the Java Virtual Machine.

Noop progressed past its initial proposals into a limited interpreter, but according to the project owners they no longer intend to pursue the language any further. Among the reasons cited for discontinuing work on the language was the initial release of Kotlin, which achieves many of the language goals of Noop. The Noop language can be executed as an interpreted language, as a compiled language, or as Java code.

Creation 
The Noop language was created by Google. It was presented during the 2009 edition of the JVM Language Summit held in Santa Clara, California from September 16 to 18, 2009.

Examples 
Hello world in Noop
import noop.Application;
import noop.Console;

class HelloWorld(Console console) implements Application {

  Int main(List args) {
    String s = "Hello World!";

    console.println(s);
    return 0;
  }
}

References

External links 
 H-Online article about Noop
 Article about Noop by The Register
 Article about Noop by ADT Magazine

Object-oriented programming languages
JVM programming languages
Bacterial oxidation. Bacteria biooxidation is an oxidation process caused by microbes where the valuable metal remains (but becomes enriched) in the solid phase. In this process, the metal remains in the solid phase and the liquid can be discarded.
Bacterial oxidation  is a biohydrometallurgical process developed for pre-cyanidation treatment of refractory gold ores or concentrates.  The bacterial culture is a mixed culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans.  The bacterial oxidation process comprises contacting refractory sulfide ROM ore or concentrate with a strain of the  bacterial culture for a suitable treatment period under an optimum operating environment.  The bacteria oxidise the sulfide minerals, thus liberating the occluded gold for subsequent recovery via cyanidation.

The BIOX® process is a proprietary technology owned by Biomin South Africa and used under licence by a number of operating mines. The BIOX® process involves bacterial oxidation in agitated tanks for pre-treatment of refractory ores and concentrates ahead of conventional cyanide leach for gold recovery.

Under controlled continuous plant conditions, the number of bacterial cells and their activity is optimised to attain the highest rate of sulfide oxidation.  The bacteria require a very acidic environment (pH 1.0 to 4.0), a temperature of between 30 and 45 °C, and a steady supply of oxygen and carbon dioxide for optimum growth and activity.  The unusual operating conditions for the bacteria are not favourable for the growth of most other microbes, thus eliminating the need for sterility during the bacterial oxidation process.  Because organic substances are toxic to the bacteria, they are non-pathogenic and incapable of causing disease.  The bacteria employed in the process do not, therefore, pose a health risk to humans or any animals.

The bacterial oxidation of iron sulfide minerals produces iron(III) sulfate and sulfuric acid, and in the case of arsenopyrite, arsenic acid is also produced.  The arsenic is removed from the liquor by coprecipitation with the iron and sulfate in a two-stage neutralisation process.  This produces a solid neutralisation precipitate containing largely calcium sulfate, basic iron(III) arsenate and iron(III) hydroxide. The iron(III) arsenate is sufficiently insoluble and stable to allow the neutralisation product to be safely disposed of on a slimes dam.  The neutralisation liquor, purified to contain an acceptable level of arsenic, can be re-used in the milling, flotation or bacterial oxidation circuits.

See also
Economic geology
Geomicrobiology

References

External links 
Biooxidation, BioMineWiki
BIOX® Overview at Biomin South Africa website

Bacteriology
Bacteria
Geochemistry
Economic geology
Suicide of Jason Altom. Jason Altom (6 October 1971 – 15 August 1998) was an American PhD student working in the research group of Nobel laureate Elias James Corey at Harvard University.  He killed himself by taking potassium cyanide in 1998, citing in his suicide note "abusive research supervisors" as one reason for taking his life. Altom was studying a complex natural product and felt enormous pressure to finish the molecule before starting his academic career.

Altom's suicide highlighted the pressures on PhD students, problems of isolation in graduate school, and sources of tension between graduate mentors and their students. His case prompted many US universities to insist that PhD students have an advisory committee in addition to a supervisor, to whom they might turn for support: James Anderson, who became Harvard Chemistry Department Chairman, stated that "Jason's death prompted an examination of the role the department should play in graduate students' lives". Anderson went on to promise that students will also have "confidential and seamless access" to psychological counselling services, paid for by the department. Harvard students have access to "as many visits as medically necessary" for mental health services if seen at university health services (unless they opt out of the Student Health Fee), and up to 52 visits per plan year when enrolling in the Student Health Insurance Plan. As part of the Collective Bargaining Agreement between the Harvard Graduate Students Union and the university's administration, a fund was created to reimburse members "of any copays and other out-of-pocket medical expenses" incurred under the Student Health Insurance Plan; in 2024, it holds $530,000. The collective bargaining agreement also forces the university administration to disclose mental health resources to the union.

The molecule whose synthesis Altom was attempting to complete, aspidophytine, was subsequently completed by postdoctoral research associates and published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1999. The article was dedicated to Altom's memory.

See also
Cornell gorge suicides

References

1971 births
1998 deaths
1998 suicides
Suicides by cyanide poisoning
Suicides in Massachusetts
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Pressed wood. Pressed wood, also known as presswood, is any engineered wood building and furniture construction material made from wood shavings and particles, sawdust or wood fibers bonded together with an adhesive under heat and pressure.
This makes it different from densified wood, which is solid wood that has been compressed to increase its strength and possibly modify other properties.

Pressed wood can also contains strips of wood veneers. Panels that are laminated from sheets of veneer are usually known as plywood.

Manufacturing process

Preparations of the veneers 
The creation of pressed wood begins with the veneers being placed in a rotary dryer. This dryer is typically heated with steam at around . This process prepares the veneers for the humidifying process in which the veneers are then placed into humidification chambers. These humidification chambers have a precise moisture content.

Applying adhesive to the veneers 
After the veneers have been prepared, resin adhesive is applied to the top of the veneer and then rolled for equal distribution on top of the veneer. Next, another veneer with a perpendicular grain pattern is applied on top. This process is then repeated until the desired thickness of the board is met.

Pressing 
Once the board is at its desired thickness, the board is placed into a press, where the board is pressed and heated. This process gives pressed wood its strength advantage over other engineered wood types.

The boards are placed in a press where the press will press down on the boards with roughly  of pressure. At the same time, the boards will also be heated up to —this heat and pressure cause the adhesive to cure, forming the finished board.

Applications of pressed wood

Construction 
Presswood is very commonly used in the construction of houses and other buildings. Because of pressed wood's high strength and versatility, it works very well for structural constructions.

Pallets 
Pressed wood is a very common material used to make wooden pallets. This is because of how cheap pressed wood can be and how pallets can easily be constructed out of pressed wood.

Furniture 
Because of pressed wood's strength and versatility, it works very well for structural parts of furniture.

See also
 Fiberboard
 Glued laminated timber
 Hardboard
 Haskelite
 Laminated veneer lumber
 Masonite
 Medium-density fiberboard
 Oriented strand board
 Particle board
 Plywood

References 

Engineered wood
Molecule editor. A notable molecule editor is a computer program for creating and modifying representations of chemical structures.

Molecule editors can manipulate chemical structure representations in either a simulated two-dimensional space or three-dimensional space, via 2D computer graphics or 3D computer graphics, respectively. Two-dimensional output is used as illustrations or to query chemical databases. Three-dimensional output is used to build molecular models, usually as part of molecular modelling software packages.

Database molecular editors such as Leatherface, RECAP, and Molecule Slicer allow large numbers of molecules to be modified automatically according to rules such as 'deprotonate carboxylic acids' or 'break exocyclic bonds' that can be specified by a user.

Molecule editors typically support reading and writing at least one file format or line notation. Examples of each include Molfile and simplified molecular input line entry specification (SMILES), respectively.

Files generated by molecule editors can be displayed by molecular graphics tools.

Standalone programs

2D structure editing

3D structure editing

Java Applets

JavaScript embeddable editors

See also 
 ChemSpider
 Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
 Molecular design software

Notes and references

External links
 Molecular structure input on the web
 The Chemical Structure Editor: Bridging Chemistry and Cheminformatics

Chemistry software
Computational chemistry
List of Fairbanks-Morse locomotives. Fairbanks-Morse, is a historic American (and Canadian) industrial scale manufacturer. It later diversified into pumps, engines and industrial supplies. One arm of the company is now a Diesel engine manufacturer located in Beloit, Wisconsin and has specialized in the manufacture of opposed-piston Diesel engines for United States Navy vessels and railroad locomotives since 1932. The diesel railroad locomotives the company produced are as follows:

Cab units

C-liners

Switchers

Road Switchers

References

See also

 Opposed-piston engine

 *
Fairbanks-Morse
Locomotives
NMP. NMP could refer to:

Science
N-Methylpyrrolidone, an organic solvent
Nitroxide mediated radical polymerization, a method of controlled polymerization
The New Millennium Program, a spaceflight technology initiative at NASA
North Magnetic Pole of the Earth
Nucleoside monophosphate
 Non-Measured Point (in metrology)

Politics
New Middle Party, a Dutch political party
Newham Monitoring Project, an anti-racist organisation / political pressure group in England
Nominated Member of Parliament, a Member of the Parliament of Singapore who is appointed by the President
Net material product, statistical index used in the USSR as a substitute to GDP
NMP (political party), a defunct minor party in New Zealand

Others
Northampton railway station, National Rail code NMP.
NMP (Not My Problem), is a common abbreviation used as a response to email or memo messages, to flag that the previous message has been ignored
National Military Park, a protected area in the United States
Najświętsza Maria Panna, a Polish church dedication commonly abbreviated to NMP. Translates as "Our Virgin Mary".
Chloroacetic acids. In organic chemistry, the chloroacetic acids (systematic name chloroethanoic acids) are three related chlorocarbon carboxylic acids:

 Chloroacetic acid (chloroethanoic acid), CH2ClCOOH
 Dichloroacetic acid (dichloroethanoic acid; bichloroacetic acid, BCA), CHCl2COOH
 Trichloroacetic acid (trichloroethanoic acid), CCl3COOH

Properties 
As the number of chlorine atoms increases, the electronegativity of that end of the molecule increases, and the molecule adopts a progressively more ionic character: its density, boiling point and acidity all increase.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Acid || Melting point (°C) || Boiling point (°C) || Density (g/cm3) || pKa
|-
| Acetic acid || 16.5 || 118.1 || 1.05 || 4.76
|-
| Chloroacetic acid || 61–63 || 189 || 1.58 || 2.87
|-
| Dichloroacetic acid || 9.5 || 194 || 1.57 || 1.25
|-
| Trichloroacetic acid || 57 || 196 || 1.63 || 0.77
|}

Production 

 Chloroacetic acid is mainly made by hydrolysing trichloroethylene in the presence of sulfuric acid:
 CCl2=CHCl + 2 H2O → CH2ClCOOH + 2 HCl
 Dichloroacetic acid is manufactured in small quantities by reducing trichloroacetic acid.
 Trichloroacetic acid is made by directly reacting chlorine with acetic acid using a suitable catalyst.

Uses 

 Chloroacetic acid is chemical intermediate for production of various pharmaceuticals and insecticides.
 Trichloroacetic acid is used for various analytic tests in biochemistry. In sufficient concentration it will cause protein, DNA and RNA to precipitate out of solution.
 The sodium salt of trichloroacetic acid is used as a weedkiller.

Safety 

All of these acids are unusually strong for organic acids, and should generally be treated with similar care as for strong mineral acids like hydrochloric acid. Even neutral salts however, tend to be significantly toxic, because the ions interfere in biological processes (such as the citric acid cycle) that normally process plain acetate ions. The chloroacetate anion is the most toxic, with a rat, oral  of about 0.5 g/kg.

References

Carboxylic acids
Organochlorides