omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ropework. Ropework or marlinespike seamanship are umbrella terms for a skillset spanning the use, maintenance, and repair of rope. Ropework is used by seafarers, climbers and military personnel.

Included are tying knots, splicing, making lashings, whippings, and proper use and storage of rope.  

While the skill of a sailor in the Age of Sail was often judged by how well he knew marlinespike seamanship, the knowledge it embraces involving docking a craft, towing, making repairs underway, and more is still critical for modern seafarers.

Whippings

A whipping knot is a means of holding the cut end of a rope together to prevent fraying and ensure ease of use. The simplest form is the common whipping. Constrictor knots can serve as temporary whippings while cutting ropes, as can a few layers of adhesive tape. 

Other fray-prevention techniques include back-splicing, aglets, or the application of a rubberized adhesive coating, resin, or paint to the cut end. Some modern synthetic fibers, such as nylon and polyester can make use of alternative methods such as fusion, which uses heat to melt the fibers to make a clean cut and permanent end; this technique cannot be used with non-melting fibers such as aramids.

However, the rope and knotting expert Geoffrey Budworth warns against the practice of fusing thus:

Sealing rope ends this way is lazy and dangerous. A tugboat operator once sliced the palm of his hand open down to the sinews after the hardened (and obviously sharp) end of a rope that had been heat-sealed pulled through his grasp. There is no substitute for a properly made whipping.

See also

References

 
Maritime culture
1746 in science. The year 1746 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Chemistry
 John Roebuck invents the lead-chamber process for the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
 German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709–1782) is credited with describing zinc as a separate metal.
 Eva Ekeblad discovers how to make flour and alcohol out of potatoes.

Geology
 Jean-Étienne Guettard presents the first mineralogical map of France to the French Academy of Sciences.
 William Cookworthy discovers kaolin in Cornwall.

Mathematics
 Jean le Rond d'Alembert develops the theory of complex numbers.
 Patrick d'Arcy announces discovery of the principle of angular momentum in a form known as "the principle of areas" (areal velocity).
 Scottish mathematician Matthew Stewart publishes Some General Theorems of Considerable use in the Higher Parts of Mathematics, including an account of Stewart's theorem on the measurement of the triangle.

Physics
 Pierre Louis Maupertuis reads before the Berlin Science Academy the paper Recherche des Lois du Mouvement. He claims that nature acts in such a way as to minimize the product of mass times velocity times distance, in an incomplete but seminal idea that derives in what is known today as the Principle of least action.

Technology
 Pierre Bouguer publishes a treatise on naval architecture, Traité du navire, which first explains use of the metacentric height as a measure of ships' stability.
 John Muller publishes A Treatise Containing the Elementary Part of Fortification.

Zoology
 Linnaeus publishes Fauna Svecica.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Benjamin Robins

Births
 January 4 – Benjamin Rush, Founding Father of the United States, chemist and physician (died 1813)
 March 7 – André Michaux, French botanist (died 1802)
 March 15 – Giovanni Battista Venturi, Italian physicist after whom the Venturi tube is named (died 1822)
 May 9 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and geometer (died 1818)
 July 7 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian Theatine monk, astronomer and mathematician (died 1826)
 July 30 – Louise du Pierry, French astronomer (died 1807)
 Isaac Swainson, English botanist (died 1812)

Deaths
 June 14 – Colin Maclaurin, Scottish mathematician (born 1698)
 November 14 – Georg Steller, German naturalist (born 1709)

References

 
18th century in science
1740s in science
TVE. TVE may stand for:

Television 
 Televisión Española, a Spanish state-owned public-service television broadcaster
 TVE HD, a high-definition channel run by Televisión Española
 Televisão Educativa, a defunct Brazilian TV network
 TV Edukasi, an Indonesian TV channel
 TV Everywhere, IPTV verification system
 Television Trust for the Environment, a TV production company

Other uses 
 Tickford Vehicle Engineering, an Australian joint operation between Tickford of Europe and Ford Australia
 Township and Village Enterprises, in China
 Transrapid-Versuchsanlage Emsland, Emsland Transrapid Test Facility for maglev trains in Emsland, Germany
Curtiss A-8. The Curtiss A-8 was a low-wing monoplane ground-attack aircraft built by the United States company Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, designed in response to a 1929 United States Army Air Corps requirement for an attack aircraft to replace the A-3 Falcon. The Model 59 "Shrike" was designated XA-8.

Development
The XA-8 won a competition against the General Aviation/Fokker XA-7, after which 13 service test aircraft were ordered (five as YA-8s and eight as Y1A-8s). After the completion of testing, 11 of these aircraft were redesignated A-8.

The A-8 was the first Curtiss machine of all-metal low-wing monoplane configuration with advanced features such as automatic leading edge slats and trailing-edge flaps.

Four forward-firing  machine guns were mounted in the wheel fairings, and an additional weapon of the same calibre was fitted in the observer's cockpit for rear defense. The standard bomb load was four  bombs.

One YA-8 was fitted with a radial engine and designated YA-10, while another was used for testing of the Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror engine as the Y1A-8A. This aircraft was redesignated A-8 upon the completion of testing.

46 aircraft were ordered as A-8Bs, however the order was changed to the Model 60 A-12s before production began.

Operational history
The A-8 created a sensation in US aviation circles when it went into service with the 3rd Attack Group at Fort Crockett, Texas in April 1932. All other standard aircraft were of biplane configuration, and the first monoplane fighter (the Boeing P-26A) did not become operational until eight months later.

Variants
XA-8 Model 59, one prototype, (30-387), length , wingspan , gross weight  Curtiss V-1570-23 direct drive engine

YA-8 Model 59A, service test aircraft, 5 built, (32-344 to 32-348), gross weight , one was reworked as the YA-10 prototype with the  Pratt & Whitney Hornet radial engine
Y1A-8 service test aircraft, 8 built, (32-349 to 32-356) gross weight 
A-8 12 redesignated YA-8 and Y1A-8 aircraft
Y1A-8A last Y1A-8 with Curtiss V-1570-57 geared engine, length , gross weight 
A-8A redesignated Y1A-8A aircraft
A-8B cancelled, replaced by A-12 Shrike

Operators

United States Army Air Corps

Specifications (YA-8)

See also

References

A-08 Shrike
A-08
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
HMAS Cook. HMAS Cook (GOR 291/A 219), named after Captain James Cook, was an oceanographic research vessel of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design work for a dedicated oceanographic research vessel to replace the converted frigate  began in the late 1960s. The ship was ordered in 1973. Cook was  in length overall, with a beam of  and a draught of . Displacement was 1,900 tons at standard load, and 2,450 tons at full load. Propulsion machinery consisted of diesel engines, connected to two shafts driving variable pitch propellers . A bow thruster and an active rudder provided extra maneuverability, especially when the ship was required to remain in one position at sea for oceanographic measurements. Top speed was , with a range of  at . Cook was operated by a ship's company of 150, with facilities for up to 13 civilian scientists. The ship's armament was limited to light calibre weapons only.

Cook was laid down by HMA Naval Dockyard at Williamstown, Victoria, on 30 September 1974, launched on 27 August 1977 and commissioned into the RAN on 28 January 1980. After a six-year construction period the ship spent another two years in dockyard hands fixing defects from the building period, including the realignment of the entire propulsion mechanism to reduce vibration.

Cook paid off on 31 October 1990 and was sold for conversion as a small cruise ship and subsequently renamed "Maria Kosmas" - IMO number 8872784. As of 2009, the vessel was in the United Arab Emirates) under the name "Cosmos", in the hands of Platinum Yachts and laid up next to the EasyCruiseOne for conversion into a private yacht, but work had been suspended. In 2022, both vessels were dismantled even though the conversion had made progress earlier.

Citations

References

Survey ships of the Royal Australian Navy
1977 ships
Creative Micro Designs. Creative Micro Designs, Inc. (CMD) was founded in 1987 by Doug Cotton and Mark Fellows. It is a computer technology company which originally developed and sold products for the Commodore 64 and C128 8-bit personal computers. After 2001 it sold PCs and related equipment.

History
CMD's first product, JiffyDOS, was developed from 1985 onwards by Mark Fellows. An updated disk operating system, it maintained broad compatibility with Commodore floppy drives' DOS while offering much increased read-write access.

CMD stopped selling Commodore products in 2001. In July of that year, programmer Maurice Randal was sold an exclusive license to produce and sell the Commodore-related products. His company Click Here Software Co supplied the products until around 2009.

In 2010, Jim Brain acquired the license to supply JiffyDOS. Since January of that year, he has sold the product via his webshop Retro Innovations.

Products

 SuperCPU - A 65816 CPU 8/16-bit upgrade for the C64 and C128 released on May 4, 1997, with version 2, the C128-compatible version, being launched in 1998.
 RAMLink - A 'fast' solid-state RAM-Disk that would plug into the cartridge port of the C64 or C128 which added between 1 MB and 16 MB. The C64 version typically required a 'timer jump clip'. The RAMPort allowed it to work with the Commodore 17xx RAM Expansion Units
 FD series - The FD2000 used 'High Density' Disks of up to 1.6 MB of storage, with the FD4000 using 'Enhanced Density' Disks of up to 3.2 MB of storage
 HD series - SCSI Hard drives of between 20 MB and 4.4 GB using CMD's native partitioning system of 16 MB per partition
 JiffyDOS - Adds DOS Wedge commands for easier functionality via BASIC command prompt
 SwiftLink/Turbo232 - Adds dial-up modems to your Commodore 64 or 128 of up to 38.4 kbit/s (SwiftLink) or 56.6 kbit/s (Turbo232)
 1750 XL - a Commodore 17xx REU clone in two flavours adding either 512 KB or 2 MB
 SuperRAMCard - Works in conjunction with the SuperCPU to add between 1 MB and 16 MB of directly accessible memory using the 65816 processor
 SmartTRACK/SmartMOUSE - An 'intelligent' Commodore 1351 3-buttoned mouse or trackball which had 2K of RAM and a battery-backed Y2K compliant real time clock which was GEOS-compatible

References

External links 
 The unofficial CMD—Creative Micro Designs homepage
 JiffyDOS at Brain Innovations — officially licensed JiffyDOS products.
 http://www.go4retro.com/products/jiffydos/ - An updated side where you can buy your legal version of JiffyDOS

American companies established in 1987
American companies disestablished in 2009
Commodore 64
Commodore 64 peripheral manufacturers
Computer companies established in 1987
Computer companies disestablished in 2009
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Home computer hardware companies
1733 in science. The year 1733 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Physiology and medicine
 Rev. Stephen Hales publishes Hæmastaticks, the second volume of his Statical Essays, in London, containing the results of his experiments in measuring blood pressure.

Inventions
 May 26 – The flying shuttle loom is patented by John Kay, making weaving faster and increasing demand for yarn.
 The perambulator or pram (a baby carriage) is invented by English architect William Kent for children of the 3rd Duke of Devonshire.
 The achromatic refracting lens is invented by English barrister Chester Moore Hall.

Mathematics
 Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri studies what geometry would be like if the parallel postulate (Euclid's fifth) were false.
 Abraham de Moivre introduces the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution in probability.

Births
 January 18 – Kaspar Friedrich Wolff, German surgeon and physiologist (died 1794)
 February 19 – Daniel Solander, Swedish botanist (died 1782)
 March 13 – Joseph Priestley, English chemist (died 1804)
 March 17 – Carsten Niebuhr, Danish cartographer, surveyor and traveller (died 1815)
 May 4 – Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor (died 1799)
 May 22 – Alexander Monro, Scottish anatomist (died 1817)
 July 27 – Jeremiah Dixon, English surveyor and astronomer (died 1779)

Deaths
 June 23 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss natural historian (born 1672)

References

 
18th century in science
1730s in science
A3W reactor. The A3W reactor was a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships. Like all operational U.S. naval reactors it was a pressurized water reactor (PWR) design. The A3W designation stands for:

 A = Aircraft carrier platform.
 3 = Third generation core designed by the contractor.
 W = Westinghouse was the contracted designer.

History 
The reactor was intended for use aboard USS John F. Kennedy.  This four-reactor design was intended to reduce the cost involved in the construction and operation, as compared with the Enterprise and its eight nuclear reactors.

Early in the construction, the United States Secretary of the Navy had the plans changed to save money, and fossil fuel boilers were installed on the Kennedy.  Because the plans for the ship did not include a funnel, the funnel on the Kennedy protrudes out from the ship at an angle.

The return to nuclear power for carriers came with the Nimitz class's A4W reactor's two reactor per ship design. While the two reactor configuration, with each core providing a much greater thermal output, is relatively less expensive than earlier designs, the power plant still represents about half the total cost of the ship.

References

United States naval reactors
QW. QW may refer to:

Airlines 
 Qingdao Airlines, China (founded 2014; IATA:QW)
 Blue Wings, Germany (2002–2012; IATA:QW)

Computing 
 qw() operator, in Perl
 QWERTY keyboard layout

Entertainment and media 
 QuakeWorld, a 1996 video game build
 QueerWeek, an unpublished New York magazine project
 Enemy Territory: Quake Wars, a 2007 video game

Other uses 
 Quantum well, in quantum physics and materials science
 Quo warranto, a legal writ
VLE. VLE may refer to:

Science and technology
 Vapor–liquid equilibrium, in thermodynamics and chemical engineering
 Virtual learning environment, in educational technology
 Maximum landing gear extended speed (VLE), a V speed in aviation
 Variable-length encoding, an information theory technique for assigning shorter encoding to more frequently-occurring sequences
 Variable-length encoding of an instruction set, as is used in a variable-length instruction set
 Variable-length, aka variable-width encoding

Other uses
 Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia ()

See also
 VL (disambiguation)
Petzite. The mineral petzite, Ag3AuTe2, is a soft, steel-gray telluride mineral generally deposited by hydrothermal activity. It forms isometric crystals, and is usually associated with rare tellurium and gold minerals, often with silver, mercury, and copper.

The name comes from chemist W. Petz, who first analyzed the mineral from the type locality in Săcărâmb, Transylvania, Romania in 1845. It was described by Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger in 1845 and dedicated to W. Petz who had carried out the first analyses.

It occurs with other tellurides in vein gold deposits. It is commonly associated with native gold, hessite, sylvanite, krennerite, calaverite, altaite, montbrayite, melonite,
frohbergite, tetradymite, rickardite, vulcanite and pyrite.

Petzite forms together with uytenbogaardtite (Ag3AuS2) and fischesserite (Ag3AuSe2) the uytenbogaardtite group.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Silver minerals
Gold minerals
Gold(I) compounds
Telluride minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 214
Minerals described in 1845
Ziad Abderrazzak Mohammad Aswad. Ziad Abdulrazzaq Mohammed Aswad (born July 27, 1952) is a Professor of Petroleum Engineering. He was Minister of Higher Education in the cabinet appointed by the Interim Iraq Governing Council in September 2003. He is a Sunni Muslim, and not associated with any political party, and formerly chaired Baghdad University's Department of petroleum engineering. He holds MSc degree in Petroleum Engineering (Well Testing) from the University of Southern California (United States) in 1976, and PhD degree in Petroleum Engineering (Optimization Techniques) from the University of Oklahoma (United States) in 1980. He worked with the University of Baghdad (Iraq) from 1980–2003, and with the University of Bahrain from 2004–2015. He retired in September 2015, and worked as private consulting / visiting Professor. His area of interest are; Multi-Phase Flow Through Pipes, Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids, Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods, and Application of Optimization techniques.

References
 

University of Oklahoma alumni
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
Academic staff of the University of Baghdad
Academic staff of the University of Bahrain
Higher Education ministers of Iraq
American people of Iraqi descent
Living people
1952 births
Amoeba (operating system). Amoeba is a distributed operating system developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum and others at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. The aim of the Amoeba project was to build a timesharing system that makes an entire network of computers appear to the user as a single machine.  Development at the Vrije Universiteit was stopped: the source code of the latest version (5.3) was last modified on 30 July 1996.

The Python programming language was originally developed for this platform.

Overview
The goal of the Amoeba project was to construct an operating system for networks of computers that would present the network to the user as if it were a single machine. An Amoeba network consists of a number of workstations connected to a "pool" of processors, and executing a program from a terminal causes it to run on any of the available processors, with the operating system providing load balancing. Unlike the contemporary Sprite, Amoeba does not support process migration.
The workstations would typically function as networked terminals only. Aside from workstations and processors, additional machines operate as servers for files, directory services, TCP/IP communications etc.

Amoeba is a microkernel-based operating system. It offers multithreaded programs and a remote procedure call (RPC) mechanism for communication between threads, potentially across the network; even kernel-threads use this RPC mechanism for communication. Each thread is assigned a 48-bit number called its "port", which serves as its unique, network-wide "address" for communication.

The user interface and APIs of Amoeba were modeled after Unix and compliance with the POSIX standard was partially implemented; some of the Unix emulation code consists of utilities ported over from Tanenbaum's other operating system, MINIX. Early versions used a "homebrew" window system, which the Amoeba authors considered "faster ... in our view, cleaner ... smaller and much easier to understand", but version 4.0 uses the X Window System (and allows X terminals as terminals).
The system uses FLIP as a network protocol.

See also
 Distributed computing
 Multikernel
 Plan 9 from Bell Labs

References

External links
 Amoeba home page (static page, ftp links are dead)
 FSD-Amoeba page at Sourceforge (file downloads give 403 errors)
 ArchiveOS mirror of Amoeba 5.3

Microkernel-based operating systems
Distributed computing architecture
Distributed operating systems
Computer science in the Netherlands
Information technology in the Netherlands
Microkernels
X86 operating systems
MIPS operating systems
Pierre Gy. Pierre Maurice Gy (; 25 July 1924 – 5 November 2015) was a chemist and statistician. Born in Paris, France, to Felix and Clemence, Gy graduated in chemical engineering from ESPCI ParisTech in 1946.

On graduation, Gy worked as a chemical engineer for the Compagnie Minière du Congo Français, Congo, before returning to Paris in 1949 as a research engineer for the mining and processing trade organisation Minerais et Metaux. It was during this time that Gy started to address fundamental issues in sampling, especially those concerned with characterising industrial bulk chemicals, aggregates and chemical processes. Gy became head of the mineral processing laboratories and, by 1962, technical manager, during which time he continued to develop his sampling theory. Since 1963 he has worked as an industrial sampling consultant.

Gy received doctorates in physics (1960) and mathematics (1975) from the University of Nancy but has always worked outside the academic mainstream, publishing 9 books and over 175 papers, including:

 (1979) SAMPLING OF PARTICULATE MATERIALS; theory and practice
(1992) Sampling of Heterogeneous and Dynamic Material Systems: Theories of Heterogeneity, Sampling and Homogenizing
(1998) Sampling for Analytical Purposes

In August 2003, the First World Conference on Sampling and Blending (WCSB1) was held in honour of Dr Pierre Gy in Esbjerg. WCSB2 was held in Queensland, Australia (May 2005) and WCSB3 in Porto Alegre, Brazil (October 2007). WCSB4 took place in 2009, WCSB5 in Santiago, Chile and WCSB6 in Lima, Peru. Pierre Gy's work was still the subject of debate and recognition at WCSB7 in Bordeaux, July 2015.
He will remain one of the founding fathers of sampling science.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
French chemical engineers
French statisticians
Nancy-Université alumni
NAOC. NAOC may refer to:

 National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院国家天文台)
Nagano Olympic Organizing Committee of the 1998 Winter Olympic Games
 National Airborne Operations Center, the Boeing E-4B aircraft
 The New Adventures of Old Christine, an American comedy series starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus
 New American Opportunity Campaign, a campaign of the Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
 Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee, the National Olympic Committee of Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
 Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Nigerian company owned by Oando PLC
 North Absheron Operating Company, oil consortium established in Azerbaijan for development of Dan Ulduzu and Ashrafi oil and gas fields
 North American Orienteering Championships, a biannual orienteering competition hosted by Canada and the United States