omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Carrosserie Hess. Carrosserie HESS AG is a bus, trolleybus and commercial vehicle manufacturer based in Bellach, Switzerland. Their products can be found operating in several countries, including the United States, Canada and Australia.

History
The company was founded in 1882, when Heinrich Hess set up business in Solothurn to build customised car bodies. The company first began building buses in 1919, and production reverted to aluminium products in 1933. It produced its first trolleybuses in 1940 for the Swiss cities of Basel and Biel/Bienne. In 1961, it commenced building of articulated vehicles, some of which were supplied to operators in the United States and Canada in 1975. The company soon began to expand, and businesses were set up in Portugal and Australia in 1957 and 1978 respectively. The U.S. business was set up in 1996. The company began production of low-floor buses and trolleybuses in 1991, and in 2003 built its first double-articulated trolleybuses. In 2022, the company delivered its first RHD variant of the lighTram 25 bi-articulated bus, to the Australian city of Brisbane. For use in the Brisbane Metro starting January 2025,

Products

Buses

N UB 2-2: A low-floor, two-door bus with 10 m, 11.3 m and 12 m variants, which can accommodate approximately 82, 86 and 95 passengers, respectively.
N UB 2-2-1: Identical to the N UB 2–2 with the addition of an extra door at the rear of the vehicle.
N UA 2-2-2-2: A low-floor, 18 m four-door articulated bus, which has a capacity of around 150 passengers.
 Hess lighTram : A family of electrified buses with sizes ranging from the 82 passenger lighTram 10 to the 150-220+ passenger bi-articulated lighTram 25 with a duraluminium body.

Trolleybuses

Eurotrolley 3: A 9.7m long half-low-floor trolleybus with a capacity of approximately 80 passengers. Built for Lyon with Kiepe electrical equipment and a Skoda traction motor.
Swisstrolley 3: An 18m long articulated trolleybus which can accommodate not less than 140 passengers. It and lighTram have a duraluminium body.
LighTram 3: A 24.7m long double-articulated trolleybus with a capacity of around 192 passengers.
Trolleyzug: A 23.3m long trolleybus and trailer with a capacity of around 180 passengers.

Bus kits
As well as building complete vehicles, Hess also manufactures bus kits for its worldwide customers.  These kits are imported and then assembled on reaching their destination.

Minibuses
Hess also builds smaller buses, mainly for the transportation of school children and persons with disabilities.

Commercial vehicles
Hess builds vehicles designed for commercial purposes, such as vans, some of which are fitted with tipper equipment, loading ramps and trailers.

References

External links

Official website

Bus manufacturers of Switzerland
Trolleybus manufacturers
Swiss brands
Electric vehicle manufacturers of Switzerland
Companies based in the canton of Solothurn
Type 4 Ka-Tsu. The  was a Japanese amphibious landing craft of World War II. The first prototype was completed in late 1943 and trials were conducted off Kure in March 1944.

History
Japan's combat experience in the Solomon Islands in 1942 which revealed the difficulty of resupplying Japanese forces in such situations prompted the IJN to commence an amphibious tractor program in 1943, as the Ka-Tsu, which was designed by Commander Hori Motoyoshi of the Kure Naval Yard.

Design
The Ka-Tsu's primary purpose was to transport cargo and/or troops ashore. It had light armored shielding with a maximum of 10 mm. Its engine compartment and electric final drives were hermetically sealed, as it was intended to be launched from a submarine. The twin drive propeller shafts were designed to retract "into their ducts" once the vehicle reached the beach.

The first prototype was completed in late 1943 and trials were conducted off Kure in March 1944. By the time development had been completed, it was proposed that the Ka-Tsu be used to attack US battleships anchored in atolls (such as Ulithi), which could not readily be attacked using conventional means. It was proposed that a Ka-Tsu armed with a pair of naval Type 93 torpedoes be dropped off by submarine away from the atoll, propel itself to the outer reef using its tracks, and then enter the lagoon on the inside of the reef. Tests were successfully carried out with a modified Ka-Tsu carrying two torpedoes on its deck, but the war ended before any such mission could be mounted and the Ka-Tsu deployed in combat. A total of 49 units were produced.

Gallery

See also
Blockade Runner
Type 3 submergence transport vehicle
Ha-101 class submarine

Notes

References

External links
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa

World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Japan
Imperial Japanese Navy
Landing craft
Tractors
Amphibious vehicles of World War II
Tracked amphibious vehicles
Amphibious military vehicles
Military vehicles of Japan
Blockades of World War II
Mitsubishi
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
Armoured personnel carriers of WWII
Tracked armoured personnel carriers
F B swamp vehicle. The F B was an Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) military transport/personnel carrier used for crossing difficult swampy terrain. It was part of a series of vehicles developed by the army in its effort to mechanize and give mobility to their forces. A prior prototype known as the S B swamp vehicle was built, but it proved to be too heavy and cumbersome for its designed use. First produced in 1935, the F B was shorter and lighter than the S B prototype. A total of 146 F B units were built, making it the most numerous model produced of this type of vehicle by the Japanese Army. Subsequent to the F B, a smaller unit known as the T B swamp scout vehicle was produced.

Development 
The F B swamp vehicle was a military transport/personnel carrier of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), which was developed and used for crossing swampy terrain. It was part of the effort by the army to mechanize their forces and its "cross-country capabilities". The F B was first produced in 1935, with 146 units being built. The F B had a two-to-three-man crew. The vehicle had eight road wheels per side, with rubber floats attached to the track links in order to prevent the vehicle from sinking into the quagmire. The F B could also be used to transport men across water ways, powered by a drive propeller shaft.

S B swamp vehicle prototype

The S B swamp vehicle was the first prototype design built by the IJA for use as a military transport/personnel carrier for crossing swampy terrain and waterways. It was also designed to transport men across waterways, powered by a drive propeller shaft. Built in 1933, like the subsequent F B vehicle it had rubber floats attached to its track links to prevent it from sinking in the mire. It differed from the FB design in having "fins at the track links" and additional tracks under the hull. However, it did not go into production as it was deemed too heavy at 10 tons and too long at 10m. The F B Swamp Vehicle was developed thereafter to address these issues encountered during testing.

T B swamp scout vehicle
Subsequent to the F B, a smaller swamp-crossing vehicle was produced in 1942, which was known as the T B swamp scout vehicle. The track links had rubber floats attached to them in order to prevent the vehicle from sinking in the mire. The vehicle had a crew of two or three and weighted 1.8 tons. A total of 53 were produced.

Notes

References 
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa

Military vehicles of Japan
Mitsubishi
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
Boulton Paul Mailplane. The Boulton & Paul P.64 Mailplane also known as the Mail-Carrier was a 1930s British twin-engined all-metal biplane transport aircraft designed for Imperial Airways and built by Boulton & Paul Ltd.

Development
The airline had a requirement, which was translated into Air Ministry specification 21/28, for a mailplane to carry a  payload on a  leg at a speed of at least . Boulton & Paul designed and constructed the prototype P.64 Mailplane to address these requirements.  The P.64 was a twin-engine two-bay equi-span biplane. It was powered by two Bristol Pegasus IM2 supercharged radial engines rated at  driving two-bladed fixed pitch propellers and mounted under the upper wings.

The aircraft (registered G-ABYK) first flew in March 1933 at the company Norwich. It was not a success, deemed to be expensive and unsatisfactory. It was destroyed during trials at Martlesham Heath when it struck the ground during an unexplained dive on 21 October 1933.

The company then addressed the specification's requirements with a new design transport aircraft which was lighter, slimmer and longer (the Boulton Paul P.71A).

Specifications (P.64 Mailplane)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

Mailplane
1930s British mailplanes
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Reinforced thermoplastic pipe. Reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP) is a type of pipe reinforced using a high strength synthetic fibre such as glass, aramid or carbon. It was initially developed in the early 1990s by Wavin Repox, Akzo Nobel and by Tubes d'Aquitaine from France, who developed the first pipes reinforced with synthetic fibre to replace medium pressure steel pipes in response to growing demand for non-corrosive conduits for application in the onshore oil and gas industry, particularly in the Middle East. Typically, the materials used in the construction of the pipe might be Polyethylene (PE), Polyamide-11 or PVDF and may be reinforced with Aramid or Polyester fibre although other combinations are used. More recently the technology of producing such pipe, including the marketing, rests with a few key companies, where it is available in coils up to  length. These pipes are available in pressure ratings from . Over the last few years this type of pipe has been acknowledged as a standard alternative solution to steel for oilfield flowline applications by certain oil companies and operators. An advantage of this pipe is also its very fast installation time compared to steel pipe when considering the welding time as average speeds up to /day have been reached installing RTP in ground surface.

Primarily, the pipe provides benefit to applications where steel may rupture due to corrosion and installation time is an issue.

Technology and history
The idea of synthetic fibre reinforced pipe has origins in the flexible hose and offshore industry where it has been frequently used for applications such as control lines in umbilicals and production flowlines for over 30 years. However, the commercialisation and realisation of a competitive product for the onshore oil industry came from a partnership between Teijin Aramid (supplier of aramid fibre Twaron) and Wavin Repox (manufacturer of reinforced thermoset pipes), where Bert Dalmolen initiated a project to develop such a pipe. He was later employed by Pipelife where a state of the art production line was developed to produce RTP. Pipelife also developed a pipe reinforced with steel wire to achieve even higher pressure ratings of over  using steel reinforcement. Mr Chevrier (Tubes d'Aquitaine) also developed machinery that could produce such pipes, but was not successful in commercialising RTP.

See also
 Pipeline transport
 Plastic pipework
 Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems

References
Notes

Bibliography

 http://catalogue.bl.uk:80/F/CJYYHDQ2ECVFDKHH129FR4VSPYY4BKK89XIJJCATY7GIV1KIBD-12392?func=full-set-set&set_number=165133&set_entry=000001&format=999 PhD Thesis - Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes, 1998, Dr Ben Chapman, BSc (Hons), PhD] 
 
  (1.01 MiB)
  (0.51 MiB)
  (0.16 MiB)

External links
 
  
 
 CheFEM Software: Permeation Analysis of Annulus Condition

Piping
Pipeline transport
Composite materials
Fibre-reinforced polymers
Boulton Paul P.71A. The Boulton & Paul P.71A was a 1930s British twin-engined all-metal biplane transport aircraft by Boulton & Paul Ltd used by Imperial Airways for feeder-line work. The P.71 was development of the P.64 Mailplane which had not met the airline's specifications. Two aircraft entered service in early 1935 but both were lost to accidents by end of 1936.

History
The P.71A was the successor to the Boulton & Paul's first attempt to meet the airline requirement, the P.64 Mailplane. The P.71A was lighter, slimmer and longer and used Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar IVA radial piston engines.

Two aircraft were built and delivered to Imperial Airways at Croydon Airport in February 1935. The airline had lost interest in using them as mailplanes, so the two aircraft were converted as VIP transports with 13 removable seats.

G-ACOX
The first aircraft, registered G-ACOX and named Boadicea after the Briton queen of that name, was lost in the English Channel on 25 September 1936 while on an air-mail flight from Croydon to Paris with the loss of the two crew.

G-ACOY
The second aircraft, registered G-ACOY and named Britomart after the literary character of that name, was damaged beyond repair in a landing accident at Haren, Brussels on 25 October 1935.

Operators

Imperial Airways

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Boulton & Paul P.71A – British Aircraft Directory

P.071A
1930s British mailplanes
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Lancair Legacy. The Lancair Legacy, a modernized version of the Lancair 320, is a low-wing two-place retractable-gear composite monoplane manufactured by the American company Lancair. It is available as a kit that cost US$71,500 in 2011. There is also a fixed-gear version, the Legacy FG. The retractable version of the Legacy cruises at 276 mph at 8,000 ft and the fixed gear version cruises at 215 mph.

Design and development

The Legacy features a cantilever low wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed or retractable tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from vacuum-formed composite sandwiches. Its  span wing employs a Cole CG10 airfoil at the wing root and a Cole GC11 airfoil at the wingtip. The wing has an area of  and mounts flaps. The aircraft can accept engines of . The standard engine used is the  Continental IO-550 but engines as small as the  Lycoming IO-360 four-stroke powerplant can be fitted.

Four Lancair Legacy aircraft have won the Grand Champion Kit Built award at the EAA AirVenture airshow, in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016.

In May 2016, Lancair announced that the company was ending production of new Legacy aircraft kits due to the significant investments that would have been needed to continue manufacturing. The company sold the line in 2017 to Mark and Conrad Huffstutler, who now build the design as Lancair International, LLC, in Uvalde, Texas.

Variants
Legacy RG 550
Retractable landing gear model
Legacy FG 390 and FG 550

Fixed landing gear model with Lycoming IO-390 or IO-550
Legacy Turboprop
One example built with the project name "Turbulence"
CIAC T-90 Calima
Licence-built by CIAC in Colombia for the Colombian Air Force

Operators
In 2009 the Colombian Air Force ordered 25 modified Legacy FGs to be used as basic trainers. The aircraft feature 15% more wing area than the standard Legacy FG wing, leading-edge cuffs and a ventral fin to improve stability and low-speed handling along with a reshaped vertical tail and rudder. The aircraft are known as the Lancair Synergy and were delivered as kits for assembly in Colombia. The first Synergy was flown in September 2010.

Specifications (Legacy RG)

References

External links

 

Legacy
2000s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Cricket Paint. Cricket Paint was a second generation 1-bit (black and white) painting software program for the Apple Macintosh by Cricket Software. It followed MacPaint and was a competitor to Silicon Beach Software's SuperPaint. Like SuperPaint it was an early attempt to combine the separate graphic methods of bitmap and  vector graphics.
Cricket Software already had a vector-only package called CricketDraw.
The way it achieved this dualism was with a feature called WetPaint. This allowed the user to draw vector graphics and modify them in an object-oriented way like in Apple's MacDraw, for example, changing the size, stroke and fill. When satisfied, the user could click outside the object and Cricket Paint would convert the vector graphic into a bitmap and place it on the canvas, in a destructive edit.
This package had some extra tools not found in MacPaint or MacDraw, such as the Spiral and Starburst, which drew radial lines.

It was also released for Microsoft Windows.

See also
MacPaint
SuperPaint (Macintosh)
CricketDraw
List of old Macintosh software

References

 
 
 
 
 
 

Raster graphics editors
Classic Mac OS software
Discontinued software
CricketDraw. CricketDraw was a second generation vector graphics creation software program for the Apple Macintosh by Cricket Software. It followed MacDraw and was a contemporary of MacDraft and to some extent, Silicon Beach Software's SuperPaint.
One notable feature of CricketDraw was its ability to display the raw PostScript code and the QuickDraw-interpreted elements simultaneously in two windows, the same way Adobe Systems's Dreamweaver does with HTML code now.
Because it was PostScript-savvy, this package offered fine control over graduated fills that were not supported by MacDraw's QuickDraw-based rendering engine.

References

See also
SuperPaint (Macintosh)
MacDraw
List of old Macintosh software

Macintosh-only software
German submarine U-957. German submarine U-957 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

Laid down by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg on 11 March 1942, the U-boat was launched on 21 November 1942, and commissioned on 7 January 1943, by Oberleutnant zur See Franz Saar.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-957 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-957 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one twin  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
Under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Gerhard Schaar U-957 carried out seven war patrols between December 1943 and October 1944, sinking two commercial vessels; the British Fort Bellingham and the Soviet survey vessel Nord; and two military vessels, the American submarine chaser , and the Soviet corvette Brilliant.

Fate
Her combat career ended on 19 October 1944 at Lofoten, Norway, when she collided with a German steamer. On 21 October 1944 she was taken out of service in Trondheim.

In May 1945, she was probably scuttled in the Skjömenfjord.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
World War II submarines of Germany
U-boats commissioned in 1943
1942 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
U-boat accidents
Maritime incidents in October 1944
Selexol. Selexol is the trade name for an acid gas removal solvent that can separate acid gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from feed gas streams such as synthesis gas produced by gasification of coal, coke, or heavy hydrocarbon oils.  By doing so, the feed gas is made more suitable (less sour) for combustion and/or further processing. It is made up of dimethyl ethers of polyethylene glycol.

Process description

In the Selexol process (now licensed by UOP LLC), the Selexol solvent dissolves (absorbs) the acid gases from the feed gas at relatively high pressure, usually 300 to 2000 psia (2.07 to 13.8 MPa).  The rich solvent containing the acid gases is then let down in pressure and/or steam stripped to release and recover the acid gases. The Selexol process can operate selectively to recover hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide as separate streams, so that the hydrogen sulfide can be sent to either a Claus unit for conversion to elemental sulfur or to a wet sulfuric acid process unit for conversion to sulfuric acid while, at the same time, the carbon dioxide can be sequestered or used for enhanced oil recovery. The Selexol process is similar to the Rectisol process, which uses refrigerated methanol as the solvent. The Selexol solvent is a mixture of the dimethyl ethers of polyethylene glycol.

Selexol is a physical solvent, unlike amine based acid gas removal solvents that rely on a chemical reaction with the acid gases. Since no chemical reactions are involved, Selexol usually requires less energy than the amine based processes. However, at feed gas pressures below about 300 psia (2.07 MPa), the Selexol solvent capacity (in amount of acid gas absorbed per volume of solvent) is reduced and the amine based processes will usually be superior.

See also
Hydrodesulfurization
Rectisol
Amine treating

References

External links
Selexol Process

Chemical processes
Acid gas control
Natural gas
Oil refining
Namco Tiger Armored Vehicle. The Tiger 4x4 Armored Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle was one of several vehicles proposed to the Hellenic Army by Namco, a Greek vehicle manufacturer. The particular vehicle was designed in 1982.

Namco published an advertising brochure for the vehicle including a detailed depiction (drawing) and technical specifications (power provided by a  Chrysler engine), as well as a photograph of what appeared to be a vehicle prototype. However, it has not been confirmed that a functioning prototype was completed.

Other vehicles, including an APC based on the company's Milicar truck chassis and a jeep-type 4x4 vehicle do not seem to have passed the design stage. Namco had made a reasonable investment on military trucks and vehicles, realizing that its "bread-winning" Pony-Citroen was near the end of its career. However, for a number of reasons, including the Greek state's "preference" for vehicles produced by Steyr-Hellas (now ELBO) few (trucks) or none (armored vehicles) were ordered by the Greek state, with almost catastrophic results for this company.

References

L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, "Made in Greece", Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003)

Armoured fighting vehicles of Greece
Armoured cars
Reconnaissance vehicles of the Cold War