omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Transient equilibrium. In nuclear physics, transient equilibrium is a situation in which equilibrium is reached by a parent-daughter radioactive isotope pair where the half-life of the daughter is shorter than the half-life of the parent. Contrary to secular equilibrium, the half-life of the daughter is not negligible compared to parent's half-life. An example of this is a molybdenum-99 generator producing technetium-99 for nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures. Such a generator is sometimes called a  cow  because the daughter product, in this case technetium-99, is milked at regular intervals. Transient equilibrium occurs after four half-lives, on average.

Activity in transient equilibrium
The activity of the daughter is given by the Bateman equation:

where  and  are the activity of the parent and daughter, respectively.  and  are the half-lives (inverses of reaction rates  in the above equation modulo ln(2)) of the parent and daughter, respectively, and BR is the branching ratio.

In transient equilibrium, the Bateman equation cannot be simplified by assuming the daughter's half-life is negligible compared to the parent's half-life. The ratio of daughter-to-parent activity is given by:

Time of maximum daughter activity
In transient equilibrium, the daughter activity increases and eventually reaches a maximum value that can exceed the parent activity. The time of maximum activity is given by:

where  and  are the half-lives of the parent and daughter, respectively. In the case of ^{99\!m}Tc-^{99}Mo generator, the time of maximum activity () is approximately 24 hours, which makes it convenient for medical use.

See also
 Bateman equation
 Secular equilibrium

References

Radioactivity
Matt Stephens. Matt Stephens (born 1971) is an author and software process expert based in London, UK. In January 2010 he founded independent book publisher Fingerpress UK Ltd, and in November 2014 he founded the Virtual Reality book discovery site Inkflash.

He is known for having spoken out against what he regards as popular (or populist) software development fashions, most notably Extreme Programming, Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) and the Ruby programming language. He has co-authored four books on software development: Design Driven Testing: Test Smarter, Not Harder, Use Case Driven Object Modeling with UML: Theory and Practice, Agile Development with ICONIX Process, and Extreme Programming Refactored: The Case Against XP. He is also a columnist for The Register, a UK-based IT news website where he writes a monthly "Agile Iconoclast" column on software design and programming, and has written for Dr Dobb's Journal, Software Development Magazine, Application Development Trends and other journals and websites.

Stephens' first book, Extreme Programming Refactored, has proved to be controversial as it satirizes the popular Extreme Programming (XP) agile methodology. The book triggered a lengthy debate in articles, internet newsgroups, and web-site chat areas. The core argument of the book is that XP is fragile rather than agile, as its practices are interdependent but that few practical organizations are willing/able to adopt all the practices; therefore the entire process fails. On the book's first page he points out that he is not "anti-agile", rather that the XP process is a fragile implementation of the values described in the Agile Manifesto.

In Use Case Driven Object Modeling with UML, Stephens outlines an extension to the ICONIX object modeling process which he and co-author Doug Rosenberg termed Design Driven Testing (DDT), a deliberate reversal of Test Driven Development (TDD), a core tenet of XP. DDT provides a method of creating unit tests and customer acceptance tests that are driven from the design and behavioral requirements (use cases). DDT and the ICONIX modeling process have been adopted in a variety of large-scale software projects e.g. the image processing software in the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST).

In Design Driven Testing, Stephens compares DDT with TDD, and applies DDT on a real project run by ESRI Systems, to create a GIS mapping system for travel website VResorts.com.

Notes and references

External links
 Matt Stephens' website at http://articles.softwarereality.com
 Fingerpress book publisher http://www.fingerpress.co.uk
 Inkflash Virtual reality website http://inkflash.com

1971 births
Living people
Writers from London
British computer programmers
British technology writers
EUROTAI. EUROTAI is a joint venture between Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) and Eurocopter (later known as Airbus Helicopters). The venture agreement was signed in February 1997 and was worth FF4.45 billion (approximately US$450 million), under which TAI would produce the Eurocopter Super Puma and Cougar under licence in Turkey.

Known as PHENIX 2, the contract covers the supply of 10 Cougar helicopters for the need of the Turkish Land Forces and additionally of 20 helicopters for the Search and Rescue (SAR) and Combat SAR (CSAR) missions of the Turkish Air Force.

TAI is responsible for manufacturing and building the airframe, assembling the helicopters and performing the acceptance tests. The first AS 532 UL Cougar helicopter was delivered to the Turkish Air Force for CSAR operations officially in May 2000. The number of in-Turkey manufactured helicopter deliveries to the Turkish Armed Forces reached to 27 in September 2002. The order for manufacturing of 30 helicopters was completed at the end of that year.

References

Helicopter manufacturers of Turkey
Government-owned companies of Turkey
Defence companies of Turkey
Manufacturing companies established in 1997
Turkish companies established in 1997
Shenyang Institute of Engineering. Shenyang Engineering Institute () is a provincial public college in Shenyang, Liaoning, China. It is affiliated with the Province of Liaoning, and sponsored by the provincial government.

The institute occupies an area of 920,000 square meters, and a construction area of 270,000 square meters.

References

External links
Official Chinese language website
A guide to Shenyang China website
Shenyang Institute of Engineering Online Judge -- the 3rd OJ system in Liaoning Province
Unofficial BBS of Shenyang Institute of Engineering

Universities and colleges in Liaoning
Vickers VIM. The VIM or Vickers Instructional Machine was a trainer biplane aircraft built for the Republic of China by Vickers from war-surplus stocks of Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2d parts, powered by a surplus Rolls-Royce Eagle engine, but fitted with an entirely new nacelle, providing dual controls for the pupil and instructor. Thirty-five were built and supplied from 1920.

Operators

Specifications (VIM)

References

 Andrews, C.F. and Morgan, E.B. Vickers Aircraft since 1908. London:Putnam, 1988. .
 "The Vickers 'V.I.M.' School Machine." Flight, 6 January 1921, p. 4-5.

1910s British military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1920
List of equipment of the Estonian Defence Forces. This is a list of modern military equipment currently in service with the Estonian Defence Forces.

Weapons

Small arms

Anti-tank weapons

Air-defence equipment

Anti-ship weapons

Grenades

Mortars

Vehicles

Armoured vehicles

Artillery

Utility vehicles

Logistics vehicles

Engineering vehicles

Unmanned ground vehicles

Ships

Mine countermeasures vessels

Auxiliary vessels

Aircraft

Note : Three C-17 Globemaster IIIs are available through the Heavy Airlift Wing based in Hungary.

Unmanned aerial vehicles

Radars

See also
Former equipment of the Maavägi
List of equipment of the Estonian Defence League
List of active Estonian Navy ships
List of Estonian Navy ships
Estonian Air Force Equipment
List of historic Estonian Air Force aircraft
Estonian Special Operations Force Equipment

References

External links
 Equipment - Estonian Defence Forces 

 
Estonian Defence Forces
Estonian Defence Forces
Equipment
Casshan: Robot Hunter. Casshan: Robot Hunter, known in Japan as  or simply , is an original video animation (OVA) series that was directed by Hiroyuki Fukushima, produced and animated by Tatsunoko Production and Artmic. The OVA was later adapted into an English-language dubbed film that was directed by Carl Macek. This series is based on Tatsunoko Productions' 1973 anime series Neo-Human Casshern.

Premise
Enslaved by an army of rebellious super-robots originally designed to help civilization avert a complete ecological cataclysm, mankind's only hope is Casshan, a legendary hero who wages a solitary war to defeat the Neoroids and restore the Earth to its rightful order. Casshan's father is the scientist who engineered the race of super androids now threatening to destroy all of mankind. On a crusade to save humankind and clear his father's name, Casshan sacrifices his own humanity in order to attain the powers he needs. Haunted by the memories of his murdered mother and forced to deal with a super robot that has absorbed the consciousness of his father, Casshan must put aside his own emotions and fight to preserve the survival of the human race.

Release

Casshan: Robot Hunter was originally released as a four-volume OVA series in Japan between August 21, 1993 and February 21, 1994. The American publisher Harmony Gold USA edited the four episodes into a single feature film for its English-language debut in 1995. In 2003, ADV Films re-released the four-episode series on DVD. The title sequence for the OVA translates the katakana  "キャシャーン" as "Casshan". This was repeated in the American adaptation by Harmony Gold.

Cast

Japanese Cast
Takeshi Kusao as Tetsuya Azuma / Casshan
Yumi Touma as Luna Kozuki
Hirohiko Kakegawa as Admiral Montgomery Dr. Lester
Ikuya Sawaki as Narrator
Issei Futamata as Akbone
Isshin Chiba as Operator
Junichi Sugawara as Barashin
Juurouta Kosugi as Commander Tork
Keaton Yamada as Dr. Kotaro Azuma
Kenichi Ogata as Elder Asari
Kenji Utsumi as Buraiking Boss (Black King Boss in the dub)
Masaki Aizawa as Information Robot
Nobuo Tobita as Nyman
Sanae Takagi as Midori Azuma
Toshiyuki Morikawa as Pilot
Wataru Takagi as Executive Officer
Yuri Amano as Sagria

English Cast
 Alexandra Kenworthy as Narrator
 Ardwight Chamberlain
 Catherine Battistone as Neoroid Commander
 Eddie Frierson
 Edie Mirman as Luna Kozuki
 Jeff Winkless as Black King / Android BK-1
 Kerrigan Mahan
 Kirk Thornton as unnamed prisoner who betrays Luna in the first episode.
 Melanie MacQueen
 Michael Forest as Adm. Rudolph
 Michael McConnohie
 Michael Reynolds
 Michael Sorich
 Richard Allen
 Richard Cansino
 Simon Prescott
 Stephen Apostolina
 Steve Bulen as Casshan / Tetsuya Azuma
 Steve Kramer as Professor Hannibal

Reception
Helen McCarthy praised the work of top designer Yasuomi Umetsu and says that anime "holds your attention with interesting concept and designs".

References

External links
 
 

1993 anime OVAs
1995 anime films
1995 films
ADV Films
Casshern
Fictional cyborgs
Science fiction anime and manga
Superheroes in anime and manga
Shunsuke Kikuchi
Tatsunoko Production

it:Kyashan
MIKE SHE. MIKE SHE is an integrated hydrological modelling system for building and simulating surface water flow and groundwater flow.  MIKE SHE can simulate the entire land phase of the hydrologic cycle and allows components to be used independently and customized to local needs.  MIKE SHE emerged from Système Hydrologique Européen (SHE) as developed and extensively applied since 1977 onwards by a consortium of three European organizations: the Institute of Hydrology (the United Kingdom), SOGREAH (France) and DHI (Denmark).  Since then, DHI has continuously invested resources into research and development of MIKE SHE.  MIKE SHE can be used for the analysis, planning and management of a wide range of water resources and environmental problems related to surface water and groundwater, especially surface-water impact from groundwater withdrawal, conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water, wetland management and restoration, river basin management and planning, impact studies for changes in land use and climate.

The program is offered in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions for Microsoft Windows operating systems.

Other commonly used groundwater simulators 
 FEFLOW
 MODFLOW
 HydroGeoSphere

See also
Hydrological transport model

References

External links 
 DHI Water.Environment.Health

Integrated hydrologic modelling
Hydraulic engineering
Environmental engineering
Physical geography
HBT (explosive). {{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 412683567
| ImageFile = HBT.png
| ImageFile_Ref = 
| ImageSize = 200px
| ImageName = Skeletal formula of a minor tautomer of HBT
| Name = HBT
| IUPACName = ''N,N-Bis-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-hydrazine
| OtherNames = 1,2-Ditetrazolylhydrazine
5,5'-Hydrazinebistetrazole
BTH
|Section1=
|Section2=
}}HBT''' is a bistetrazole.  It is an explosive approximately as powerful as HMX or CL-20, but it releases less toxic reaction products when detonated: ammonia and hydrogen cyanide.  When combined with ADN or AN oxidizers, the amount of hydrogen cyanide produced by a deflagration may be reduced.  The compound is thus considered by its advocates to be a more environmentally friendly explosive than traditional nitroamine-based explosives.

See also
 1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole
 G2ZT

References 

Explosive chemicals
Hydrazines
Tetrazoles
Huimin Zhao. Huimin Zhao is the Steven L. Miller Chair Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, as well as the leader of the Biosystems Design research theme in the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology.  His research focuses on directed evolution, metabolic engineering, bioinformatics and high throughput technologies.

Life 
He received his B.S. in biology from the University of Science and Technology of China and his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1998 from the California Institute of Technology under the guidance of Frances Arnold.

Prior to joining the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, he was a project leader at Dow Chemical. He then joined the UIUC faculty in 2000. His lab focuses on using protein engineering and metabolic engineering to harness the power of synthetic biology over four principal themes, industrial bioenergy, drug discovery and development, gene therapy, synthetic biology and immunotherapy. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering. He serves as an associate editor of ACS Catalysis.

References

External links
 The Huimin Zhao Research Group

Living people
21st-century American chemists
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Dow Chemical Company employees
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Synthetic biologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
RWD-19. The RWD-19 was a Polish two-seat low-wing sports aircraft of 1938, constructed by the RWD bureau.

Development
The RWD-19 was designed in 1937-1938 in the RWD bureau. The chief designer was Jerzy Drzewiecki. Designer Tadeusz Chyliński designed the wing. The aircraft was designed specially in order to beat world records of distance in light aircraft category, under influence of French Caudron sports aircraft.

Description
Mixed construction low-wing cantilever monoplane, conventional in layout, with a fixed landing gear and a closed cockpit. Steel framed fuselage, covered with canvas on a wooden frame, aluminum in front engine section. Three-part trapezoid wings with rounded tips, of wooden construction, two-spar, plywood (in front) and canvas covered, fitted with split flaps and slats. Conventional cantilever empennage, plywood (fins) and canvas (elevators and rudder) covered. Two seats in tandem, under a canopy, with a fixed panoramic windshield and small side windows. Behind the cockpit was a place for a baggage. Conventional fixed landing gear with a rear wheel, the main gear was in covers. 4-cylinder straight engine de Havilland Gipsy Major in front, driving a two-blade tractor wooden propeller Szomański of a fixed pitch. Fuel tanks 180 L in mid-wing section. Cruise fuel consumption 28 L/h.

Operational history
The prototype was built and first flown in October 1938 (registration SP-BPD). In winter it was evaluated by the Aviation Technical Institute in Poland. It was rather difficult to fly. There were no plans of serial production. The plan of beating a record was abandoned, because the German Arado Ar 79 had made it in the meantime. The sole aircraft was probably destroyed during air raids on the DWL factory after the outbreak of World War II.

Specifications ( RWD 19)

See also

References

External links

Photos and drawings at Ugolok Neba
RWD-19

1930s Polish sport aircraft
RWD-19
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Single-engined piston aircraft
Power flash. A power flash is a flash of light caused by arcing electrical discharges from damaged electrical equipment, most often severed or arcing power lines. They are often caused by strong winds, especially those from tropical cyclones and tornadoes, and occasionally by intense downbursts and derechoes. Storm spotters and meteorologists use these flashes to spot tornadoes which would otherwise be invisible due to rain or darkness. They can be distinguished from lightning by the fact that they originate at ground level, the blue or green color of the flash, and depending on distance, the sound of high-voltage lines shorting out. Power flashes can cause power outages.

See also
 Electric discharge
 Electric arc

References

External links
 Power Flashes in a Giant Tornado
 Lightning dictionary

Tornado
Electric arcs
Electrical phenomena
Weather hazards
Ramesh Kumar Nibhoria. Ramesh Nibhoria is an Indian Punjabi engineer and entrepreneur, and creator of biomass pellet fueled cook stove.

Business
After completing Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology, Nibhoria worked in various shop floor jobs and eventually reached executive level mechanical engineering positions.

In February 1996, after 12 years in the engineering field, Nibhoria started Ess Aar Energies with the assistance of the Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), an autonomous organisation under the Department of Science and Technology (India). Located near Chandigarh, the company manufactured biomass briquettes from agricultural and forest residues. This project was India's first biomass pelletizing plant.

In 2000 he started manufacturing Sanjha Chulha (Earth Stoves), a biomass briquette fired community kitchen stove, to negate the need for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Stoves were installed at Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Schools at Himachal, Punjab and Chandigarh. The users save 50% while replacing LPG with biomass briquette cooking. This invention won a Petroleum Conservation Research Association award. This project was supported by TePP (the Technopreneur Promotion Programme, run by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India). He invented many bioenergy technologies and till August , 2018 he applied 13 patents.

He established Nishant Bioenergy Consultancy and Nishant Bioenergy (P) Limited. Company has proprietary technologies of pellet cook stoves, burners and biomass pellet manufacturing and establishes franchisees. Till 2018, 21 franchisees were operational. https://twitter.com/nibhoria

In the year 2022, he developed very innovative biomass pyrolyser for making torrefied biomass as well as biochar and applied patent foe same. His company established India's first Rice Straw based torrefied pellet plant in punjab state.

Awards
His efforts won him an Ashden Award in 2005, which was given by HRH Prince Charles. In 2006, the UN Human Settlement Programme, Kenya judged his project as promising practices. He is a fellow of Global Social Benefiting Incubator (GSBI), 2007 (2013). GSBI is run by the University of Santa Clara, San Jose, California. In 2006 he was invited to Skoll World Forum, Oxford. He was invited to the Al Gore lecture on climate change at Cambridge University. In the year 2016 his projects won WAF Award. He was also shortlisted as semifinalist at Global Clean Tech Innovation Programme (GCIP) in the year 2016

References

Sources

Living people
Businesspeople from Punjab, India
Year of birth missing (living people)
Physical knot theory. Physical knot theory is the study of mathematical models of knotting phenomena, often motivated by considerations from biology, chemistry, and physics (Kauffman 1991). Physical knot theory is used to study how geometric and topological characteristics of filamentary structures, such as magnetic flux tubes, vortex filaments, polymers, DNAs, influence their physical properties and functions. It has applications in various fields of science, including topological fluid dynamics, structural complexity analysis and DNA biology (Kauffman 1991, Ricca 1998).

Traditional knot theory models a knot as a simple closed loop in three-dimensional space.  Such a knot has no thickness or physical properties such as tension or friction.  Physical knot theory incorporates more realistic models. The traditional model is also studied but with an eye toward properties of specific embeddings ("conformations") of the circle. Such properties include ropelength and various knot energies  (O’Hara 2003).

Most of the work discussed in this article and in the references below is not concerned with knots tied in physical pieces of rope. For the more specific physics of such knots, see Knot: Physical theory of friction knots.

References
Kauffman, L.H. (1991) Knots and Physics. Series on Knots and Everything 1, World Scientific.
Kauffman, L.H., Editor (1991) Knots and Applications. Series on Knots and Everything 6, World Scientific.
O’Hara, J. (2003) Energy of Knots and Conformal Geometry. Series on Knots and Everything 33, World Scientific.
Ricca, R.L. (1998) Applications of knot theory in fluid mechanics. In Knot Theory (ed. V.F.R. Jones et al.), pp. 321–346. Banach Center Publs. 42, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw.

Knot theory
Large-scale coastal behaviour. Large-scale coastal behaviour is an attempt to model the morphodynamics of coastal change at time and space scales appropriate to management and prediction. Temporally this is at the decade to century scale, spatially at the scale of tens of kilometers.  It was developed by de Vriend.

Modelling large-scale coastal behaviour involves some level of parameterisation rather than simply upscaling from process or downscaling from the geological scale.  It attempts to recognise patterns occurring at these scales.  Cowell and Thom (2005) recognise the need to admit uncertainty in large-scale coastal behaviour given incomplete process knowledge.

References

Geomorphology
Coastal geography