omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ORACLE (computer). The ORACLE or Oak Ridge Automatic Computer and Logical Engine, an early computer built by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, was based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann.

Summary 

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review states:
[Oak Ridge National] Laboratory engineers assisted Argonne [National Laboratory] during the early 1950s in design and fabrication of the Oak Ridge Automatic Computer and Logical Engine. Its name was selected with reference to a lyrical acronym from Greek mythology—ORACLE, defined as 'a shrine in which a deity reveals hidden knowledge.'

Assembled before the development of transistors and microchips, the ORACLE was a large scientific digital computer that used vacuum tubes. It had an original storage capacity of 1024 words of 40 bits each (later doubled to 2048 words). The computer also contained a magnetic-tape auxiliary memory and an on-line cathode-tube plotter, a recorder, and a typewriter. Operational in 1954, for a time the ORACLE had the fastest speed and largest data storage capacity of any computer in the world. Problems that would have required two mathematicians with electric calculators three years to solve could be done on the ORACLE in 20 minutes.

[Alston] Householder and the Mathematics Panel used the ORACLE to analyze radiation and shielding problems. In 1957, Hezz Stringfield and Ward Foster, both of the Budget Office, also adopted the ORACLE for more mundane but equally important tasks—annual budgeting and monthly financial accounting. As one of the last 'homemade computers,' the ORACLE became obsolete by the 1960s. The Laboratory then purchased or leased its mainframe computers from commercial suppliers. From the initial applications of the ORACLE to nuclear aircraft problems, computer enthusiasm spread like lightning throughout the Laboratory, and in time, use of the machines became common in all the Laboratory's divisions.

ORACLE was operational (passed acceptance test) in 1953, and replaced the USAF-Fairchild Computer (or "SPEC" - Special Purpose Electronic Computer).

As with all computers of its era, the ORACLE computer was a one-of-a-kind machine that could not exchange programs with other computers (even other IAS machines).  It used vacuum tubes, transistors, and diodes.  It used a Williams tube for 2048 words of memory.  Its addition time was 70 microseconds, the multiplication time was 370-590 microseconds, and the division time was 590 microseconds.  These times include the storage access time, which was about 62 microseconds.

The ORACLE pre-dated input from disks and the use of punch cards with computers; it used paper tape for input and breakage of the tape was a frequent problem.

References

External links
 BRL 1961 report

IAS architecture computers
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Rotax Max. The Rotax Max 125 Engine is a two-stroke  engine designed by Rotax, part of Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP), to provide cost-effective but high speed kart racing. Built in Austria, the engine is liquid cooled, equipped with a balance shaft, integrated water pump, electric starter and centrifugal clutch. Its combination of onboard electric starter and centrifugal clutch simplifies its operation. This concept is called TaG (Touch-and-go).

The Rotax Max was introduced to karting in 1998, easy to use and very reliable, it almost immediately began to gain market share from other slower or more expensive classes. The engine is offered in different performance configurations.

Engine versions 
There are several different versions of the engine. The original has a power valve and produces around , and is used by racers aged 15 or older. The DD2 is another fully powered version which has two gears and is direct drive in that the axle goes through the engine without need for a chain.

125 MAX EVO "base" configuration:
  at 11,500 rpm
Maximum rpm 14,800 rpm.
 recommended as of 14 years (13 years if the driver turns 14 in the season) 
 has a cylinder with exhaust valve

125 Junior MAX configuration: 
  at 8,500 rpm
Maximum rpm 14,800 rpm
 recommended as of 12 years (11 years if the driver turns 12 in the season) 
 has a cylinder without exhaust valve

125 Mini MAX engine configuration:
  at 8,500 rpm
Maximum rpm 12,500 rpm
 recommended for children from 10 to 13 years
 has a cylinder without exhaust valve, and intake and exhaust restrictors

125 Micro MAX engine configuration:
  at 6,500 rpm
Maximum rpm 12,000 rpm
 recommended for kids from 8 to 10 years
 same as previous with a different exhaust and radiator, No inlet restrictor, and acceleration stop sleeve, fitting smaller chassis adapted to kids size

Based on an evolution concept, each of the above configurations can be upgraded or downgraded to any of the other configurations by replacing various accessories and components.

125 MAX DD2 engine configuration:
  at 11,750 rpm
Maximum rpm 14,000 rpm
 recommended as of 16 years
 has a two-speed gearbox operated by shift paddle from the steering wheel, and a chainless drive system

Rotax Max Challenge 

BRP-Powertrain has introduced a single (engine) brand race series for the MAX engine concept - called Rotax Max Challenge . This race series is organized in various classes (125 Micro MAX, 125 Mini MAX, 125 Junior MAX, 125 MAX and 125 MAX DD2) in around 60 countries. Competitors from the national Rotax Max Challenges in the 125 Junior MAX, 125 MAX and 125 MAX DD2 class can qualify to participate at the annual Grand Finals of the Rotax Max Challenge, where most of the costs are covered by BRP-Powertrain.

To assure the equal performance of the engines, BRP-Powertrain has established a very strict technical regulation and a sealing system for the engines. Only official service centers are authorized to check engines for their conformity and to seal them.

References

External links 
 
 Rotax DD2 Tested with Video
 Helpful Rotax Max how to videos

Kart models
Rotax engines
Recirculating ball. Recirculating ball, also known as recirculating ball and nut or worm and sector, is a steering mechanism commonly found in older automobiles, off-road vehicles, and some trucks.  Most newer cars use the more economical rack and pinion steering instead, but some upmarket manufacturers (such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz) held on to the design until well into the 1990s for the durability and strength inherent in the design. A few, including Chrysler, General Motors, Lada and Ineos, still use this technology in certain models including the Jeep Wrangler, the Ineos Grenadier Quartermaster and the Lada Niva.

Mechanism
The recirculating ball steering mechanism contains a worm gear inside a block with a threaded hole in it; this block has gear teeth cut into the outside to engage the sector shaft (also called a sector gear) which moves the Pitman arm.  The steering wheel connects to a shaft, which rotates the worm gear inside of the block.  Instead of twisting further into the block, the worm gear is fixed so that when it rotates, it moves the block, which transmits the motion through the gear to the Pitman arm, causing the roadwheels to turn.

Bearing balls
The worm gear is similar in design to a ball screw; the threads are filled with steel balls that recirculate through the gear and rack as it turns.  The balls serve to reduce friction and wear in the gear, and reduce slop.  Slop, when the gears come out of contact with each other, would be felt when changing the direction of the steering wheel, causing the wheel to feel loose.

Power assistance
Power steering in a recirculating-ball system works similarly to that in a rack-and-pinion system. Assistance is provided by supplying higher-pressure fluid to one side of the block.

See also
Burman and Sons Ltd - defunct manufacturer of recirculating ball steering gear
List of auto parts

References

Mechanisms (engineering)
Automotive steering technologies
MESFET. A MESFET (metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is a field-effect transistor semiconductor device similar to a JFET with a Schottky (metal–semiconductor) junction instead of a p–n junction for a gate.

Construction
MESFETs are  constructed in compound semiconductor technologies lacking high quality surface passivation, such as gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, or silicon carbide, and are faster but more expensive than silicon-based JFETs or MOSFETs. Production MESFETs are operated up to approximately 45 GHz, and are commonly used for microwave frequency communications and radar.  The first MESFETs were developed in 1966, and a year later their extremely high frequency RF microwave performance was demonstrated.

Functional architecture
The MESFET, similarly to JFET, differs from the common insulated gate FET or MOSFET because there is no insulator under the gate over the active switching region. This implies that the MESFET gate should, in transistor mode, be biased such that one has a reversed-biased depletion zone controlling the underlying channel, rather than a forward-conducting metal-semiconductor diode to the channel. 

While this restriction inhibits certain circuit possibilities as the gate must remain reverse-biased and cannot, therefore, exceed a certain voltage of forward bias, MESFETs analog and digital devices work reasonably well if kept within the confines of design limits. The most critical aspect of the design is the gate metal extent over the switching region. Generally, the narrower the gate modulated carrier channel, the better the frequency handling abilities. Spacing of the source and drain concerning the gate, and the lateral extent of the gate are important though somewhat less critical design parameters. 
MESFET current handling ability improves as the gate is elongated laterally, keeping the active region constant, however, phase shift along the gate is limited due to the transmission line effect. As a result, most production MESFETs use a built-up top layer of low-resistance metal on the gate, often producing a mushroom-like profile in cross-section.

Applications
Numerous MESFET fabrication possibilities have been explored for a wide variety of semiconductor systems. Some of the main application areas are military communications, as front end low noise amplifier of microwave receivers in both military radar devices and communication, commercial optoelectronics, satellite communication, as a power amplifier for the output stage of microwave links, and as a power oscillator.

See also
 High electron mobility transistor (HEMT)
 Heterojunction bipolar transistor

References

Microwave technology
Transistor types
Field-effect transistors
Hydrargyrum quartz iodide. Hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI) is a trademark name of Osram's brand of metal halide lamps made for general floodlighting, arena floodlighting, shop and commercial and industrial lighting. Hydrargyrum is the Latin name for the element mercury.  When heated, mercury vapour is created inside the lamp, and deposited when it cools.

An HQI lamp consists of a protective outer glass shield surrounding two heavy wires which are inserted into each end of a smaller inner quartz arctube containing argon, mercury and metal halides. The lamp is powered by an electrical ballast, which regulates the current flow through the arc in the arctube, and an ignitor, to make the high voltage pulse that is necessary to start the arc in the arctube. Like all HID lamps, HQI lamps operate under high pressure and temperature, and require special light fixtures for safe use.

HQI lamps can produce different color temperatures when manufactured with different metal halides.  They are relatively efficient light sources producing a high lumen per watt ratio (approximately 6x that of incandescent lamps).

Like HMI, HQI lamps are a subset (or type) of metal halide lamps, which in turn are a subset of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps.  They should not be confused with halogen lamps, which are a specialized type of incandescent lamp.

References

External links

Gas discharge lamps
Metal halides

fi:Monimetallilamppu
CTL. CTL can refer to:

 Champions Tennis League, a tennis championship league in India
 Chronic training load, cumulative sports training
 Circuit Total Limitation, US standard for electrical panels
 Coal to liquids, coal liquefaction
 Combat Tank, Light such as the Marmon-Herrington CTLS
 Commission de transport de la Ville de Laval
 Complex Text Layout in typesetting
 Core Transfer Library, a list of college courses for transfer credit among educational institutions in Indiana
 Cut-to-length logging
 Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
 Constructive total loss, in marine insurance

Companies 
 Computer Technology Limited, a British computer manufacturer of the 1970s and 1980s
 Communications Technology Laboratory, a NIST laboratory since 2010
 CTL Corporation, manufacturer of Chromebooks

Computing 
 Certificate Transparency Logs
 Computation tree logic
 Control key, a computer keyboard key
 CTL timecode, a timecode used on video tape

Culture 
 Changeling: The Lost, a tabletop role-playing game

Transportation 
 Centralia, Washington (Amtrak station), USA, Amtrak station code
 Charleville Airport, Queensland, Australia (IATA airport code)
Connect (British trade union). Connect was a British trade union representing workers in the communications industry.

History
The union was founded in 1912 as the Society of Post Office Engineering Inspectors.  In 1947, the Society of Chief Inspectors merged in, and it adopted the new name of the Society of Telecommunication Engineers.  Another merger took place in 1969, when the Telecommunication Traffic Officers' Association joined, with the name changing to the Society of Post Office Engineers, and in 1975 the Telecommunications Sales Superintendents' Association merged in, and it became the Society of Post Office Executives  (SPOE), by which point it had more than 20,000 members.

Around the turn of 1983, the union became the Society of Telecom Executives, then finally it became Connect in 2000.

Connect's final president was Denise McGuire, while its final general secretary was Adrian Askew.  In 2010, Connect merged into Prospect, the union for managers and engineers.

Overview 

Certain employers formally recognised Connect, for example, companies like BT Group, O2 plc, Yell Group, Guernsey Telecoms, HP, Vodafone UK and Kingston Communications.  In these companies Connect negotiates on members' behalf.

In companies where there is growing membership but no formal recognition as yet, such as T-Mobile or Energis, employees still can access union services.

Disputes 

Connect Members in BT undertook industrial action in 2008.

References

External links
 Official Website
 Connect Leaning Connects ULR site
 Pay Fair Campaign Site
 Catalogue of the Connect archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

Branches 
 Connect in Vodafone Blog for Vodafone members
 Connect South Non BT - Covers Southern England outside the M25

Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Trade unions established in 1912
Trade unions disestablished in 2010
Bascule bridge. A bascule bridge (also referred to as a drawbridge or a lifting bridge) is a moveable bridge with a counterweight that continuously balances a span, or leaf, throughout its upward swing to provide clearance for boat traffic. It may be single- or double-leafed.

The name comes from the French term for balance scale, which employs the same principle. Bascule bridges are the most common type of movable span because they open quickly and require relatively little energy to operate, while providing the possibility for unlimited vertical clearance for marine traffic.

History
Bascule bridges have been in use since ancient times, but until the adoption of steam power in the 1850s, very long, heavy spans could not be moved quickly enough for practical application.

Types

There are three types of bascule bridge and the counterweights to the span may be located above or below the bridge deck.

The fixed-trunnion (sometimes a "Chicago" bascule) rotates around a large axle that raises the span(s). The Chicago bascule name derives from the location where it is widely used, and is a refinement by Joseph Strauss of the fixed-trunnion.

The  trunnion (sometimes a "Scherzer" rolling lift), raises the span by rolling on a track resembling a rocking-chair base. The "Scherzer" rolling lift is a refinement patented in 1893 by American engineer William Donald Scherzer.

The rarer Rall type combines rolling lift with longitudinal motion on trunnions when opening. It was patented (1901) by Theodor Rall. One of the few surviving examples is the Broadway Bridge (1913), in Portland, Oregon.

See also

 Double-beam drawbridge
 Drawbridge
 Johnson Street Bridge
 List of bascule bridges
 Moveable bridges for a list of other movable bridge types
 Straussbrug

References

External links
 

 
Bridges by structural type
USS Murray (DD-97). USS Murray (DD-97) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Wickes class was an improved and faster version of the preceding . Two different designs were prepared to the same specification that mainly differed in the turbines and boilers used. The ships built to the Bethlehem Steel design, built in the Fore River and Union Iron Works shipyards, mostly used Yarrow boilers that deteriorated badly during service and were mostly scrapped during the 1930s. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Wickes class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two  1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft (AA) guns. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Murray, named for Commodore Alexander Murray and Commodore Murray's grandson, Alexander Murray,, was laid down 22 December 1917 by Fore River Shipbuilding Corporation, Quincy, Massachusetts; launched 8 June 1918; sponsored by Miss Alice S. Guthrie; and commissioned at Boston 21 August 1918.

During her four years of operations along the East Coast and in the Caribbean with the Atlantic Fleet, Murray aided in postwar development of antisubmarine and mine warfare techniques. She was reclassified to a light minelayer (DM-2) 17 July 1920, and received alterations necessary to her new role. She decommissioned at Philadelphia 1 July 1922, and lay there in reserve until stricken from the Navy list on 7 January 1936. She was sold for scrapping 29 September 1936 to Schiavone-Bonomo Corporation, New York City.

Notes

References

External links
NavSource DD-97

Wickes-class destroyers
World War I destroyers of the United States
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1918 ships
Wickes-class destroyer minelayers
Methylenecyclopropene. 3-Methylenecyclopropene, also called methylenecyclopropene or triafulvene, is a hydrocarbon with chemical formula . It is a colourless gas that polymerizes readily as a liquid or in solution but is stable as a gas. This highly strained and reactive molecule was synthesized and characterized for the first time in 1984, and has been the subject of considerable experimental and theoretical interest.  It is an example of a cross-conjugated alkene, being composed of cyclopropene with an exocyclic double bond attached.

Description
Methylenecyclopropene is the smallest of the fulvenes (a family of unstable, cyclic molecules, conjugated transversally with an odd number of carbon atoms in the ring).

The structure of methylenecyclopropene has two interacting double bonds, which represents the simplest transversally conjugated π-bonding system. It is fundamentally not an alternant hydrocarbon. The value of its dipole moment (which is around four times that of pentafulvene) can be calculated by the Hückel method (HMO).

Its study has involved the use of isotopic isomers.

Reactivity
Most fulvenes are typically non-aromatic in nature (based on spectroscopic data), having properties closer to alkenes. In the case of tria- and pentafulvene, the possibility of dipole forms of resonance suggests an aromatic character to the cyclic structure; furthermore, as opposed to pentafulvene, one of the triafulvene resonance structures has a negative charge on the methylidene carbon.
 
Similarly to heptafulvene (fulvene containing a 7-atom cyclic ring), triafulvene polymerizes easily at −20 °C and is stabilized by electron-accepting groups bonded to the methylidene carbon atom.

See also
Methylenecyclopropane
Cyclopropene
Cyclopropane
Fulvene
Cyclopropenone
Methylene group

References

External links

Hydrocarbons
Cyclopropenes
Vinylidene compounds
Winder. Winder may refer to:

Mechanical devices
 Winding machine, a machine for wrapping string, twine, cord, thread, yarn, rope, wire, ribbon, tape, etc. onto a spool, bobbin, reel, etc.
 Winder or motor drive, a device for automatically (re-) winding film in a manual camera
 Winder or hoist, used in underground mining
 A device for transferring energy into a mechanical storage such as mainsprings

Places
 Winder, Cumbria, a location in the United Kingdom
 Winder, Georgia, United States
 Winder, Idaho, United States
 Winder Dam, a dam on the Winder River in Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan
 Winder, a union council in Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan
 Lake Winder, Florida, United States, United States
 Ray Winder Field, a baseball park in Little Rock, Arkansas

People
 Winder (surname), including list of persons bearing the name
 Winder (given name), including list of persons with the name

Other uses
 Winder (band), a German-Danish band, active between 1984 and 1985
 Winder (step), a type of stairway step
 Winder Farms, online grocer
 USS PCS-1376, US Navy ship given the name Winder toward the end of its period of service
 Westchester Interfaith/Interagency Network for Disaster and Emergency Recovery, a disaster recovery organization in Westchester County, New York
 Winder Building, an office building in Washington, D.C., on the National Register of Historic Places

See also
 Winner (disambiguation)