omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CER-12. CER ( – Digital Electronic Computer) model 12 was a third-generation digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia) in 1971 and intended for "business and statistical data processing" (see ref. Lit. #1 and #4). However, the manufacturer also stated, at the time, that having in mind its architecture and performance, it can also be used successfully in solving "wide array of scientific and technical issues" (ref. Lit.#2 and #3). Computer CER-12 consisted of multiple modules connected via wire wrap and connectors.

Central Unit
Primary memory
 Type: magnetic core memory
 Capacity: up to 8 modules, each consisting of 8 kilowords (1 word = 4 8-bit bytes).
 Speed: cycle time: 1 μs, access time 0.4 μs.

Arithmetic unit contains:
 32-bit accumulator register
 two separate groups of eight 2-byte index registers
 single-byte adder supporting both binary and BCD addition (same unit is used for subtraction, multiplication and division had to be implemented in software)

Control Unit
Control unit contains a program counter and instruction registers. It fetches instructions and facilitates program flow. It supports single-operand instruction set and works with all 16 index registers of the arithmetic unit.

Interrupt System
Interrupt system of CER-12 consists of a number of dedicated registers and software. It supports up to 32 interrupt channels.

Control Panel
Control panel of CER-12 allowed the operator to control and alter program flow and/or to eliminate errors detected by error-detection circuitry. It features a number of indicators and switches.

Operating system and other software
Following software was shipped with CER-12:

 An operating system
 "Symbolic programming language" and assembler (called "autocoder")
 Input/output subroutines
 A number of test programs
 COBOL and FORTRAN IV compilers
 Linear programming and PERT planning software
 A library of applications and subroutines

Peripherals
 5-8 track, 500 characters per second punched tape reader PE 1001
 5-8 track, 150 characters per second tape puncher PE 1501
 CDC 9432 magnetic disk drive as secondary storage (4,096,000 characters per 6-disk, 10-surface volume organized into 100 cylinders with sixteen 1536-bit (48 processor words) sectors; track-to-track seek: 30 ms; rotational latency: 25 ms)
 IBM 1735 teleprinter
 ICL 667 line printer (725 lines per minute for 64-character set or 880 lines per minute for 50-character set)

See also
 CER Computers
 Mihajlo Pupin Institute
 History of computer hardware in the SFRY

Literature
 Vladislav Paunović: Arithmetic unit of the CER-12 computer, AUTOMATIKA, No 3, pp. 161–165, Zagreb 1971.
 Veselin Potić, Mihael Šavikin, I/O system of the CER-12 computer, AUTOMATIKA, No 3, pp. 166–176, Zagreb 1971.
 V Batanović, J.Kon (Ed): IMP Riznica znanja, pp. 5–8, M.Pupin Institute and PKS, Belgrade 2006. (in Serbian)
 Dušan Hristović: Development of the Computing Technology in Serbia (Razvoj Računarstva u Srbiji), PHLOGISTON journal, No 18-19, pp. 89–105, Museum MNT, Belgrade 2010/2011, In Serbian.

Mihajlo Pupin Institute
CER computers
One-of-a-kind computers
CER-20. CER (Serbian: Цифарски Електронски Рачунар / Cifarski Elektronski Računar - Digital Electronic Computer) model 20 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia). It was designed as a functioning prototype of an "electronic bookkeeping machine". The first prototype was planned for 1964.

References

See also
 CER Computers
 Mihajlo Pupin Institute
 History of computer hardware in the SFRY

CER-020
CER computers
Cobus Industries. COBUS Industries is a brand of airport shuttle buses manufactured by Salvador Caetano, distributed by COBUS Industries, based in Wiesbaden, Germany.

Orders and Trials

2010s 
In the United Arab Emirates, Dubai-based Emirates made a purchase of 128 buses in November 2018 with them to be fully in service by 2020.

2020s 
In the United Kingdom, Bristol Airport announced in September 2021 they were trialling an electric airport bus to ferry passengers from the gates to the aircraft on the apron field. The vehicle being trialled is claimed by the company to have a capacity of 110 passengers. Later in November 2021, Glasgow Airport trialled the eCOBUS at their airport, initially deployed to assist moving delegates and support staff during the COP26 summit.

More electric bus trials were announced in August 2022 when Birmingham-based National Express partnered with Stansted to trial the company's electric powered COBUS 2700 with a maximum capacity of 88 passengers.

A year later in September 2022, Cobus announced the launch of the electric-powered Vega at the GSE Expo Europe in Paris, France, with a maximum width of 3 and passenger doors on both sides of the bus, as well as its fuel cell Hydra bus, with a range of 400 kilometres.

In May 2023, The Aruba Airport Authority in Aruba made a purchase of an electric powered COBUS 3000.

Products
 COBUS 3000
 COBUS 2700S (diesel)
 eCOBUS (electric)
 COBUS Vega (electric)
 COBUS Hydra (fuel cell)

See also
 Ground support equipment

References

External links

 Cobus Industries website
 Cobus Industries LP

Bus manufacturers of Germany
Companies based in Wiesbaden
1978 establishments in West Germany
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1978
German companies established in 1978
M. Frederick Hawthorne. Marion Frederick Hawthorne (August 24, 1928 – July 8, 2021) was an inorganic chemist who made contributions to the chemistry of boron hydrides, especially their clusters.

Early life and education
Hawthorne was born on August 24, 1928, in Fort Scott, Kansas. He received his elementary and secondary education in Kansas and Missouri. Prior to high school graduation, he entered the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri through examination as a chemical engineering student. He then transferred to Pomona College, where he received a B.A. degree in chemistry in 1949. While there he conducted research with Corwin Hansch. Hawthorne completed his Ph.D. in organic chemistry under Donald J. Cram at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1953. He conducted postdoctoral research at Iowa State University with George S. Hammond, before joining the Redstone Arsenal Research Division of the Rohm and Haas Company in Huntsville, Alabama.

Professional career
At the Redstone Arsenal, he worked on the chemistry of boron hydrides making several notable discoveries.  In 1962, he moved to the University of California, Riverside as professor of chemistry. He moved to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1969. In 1998, he was appointed University Professor of Chemistry at UCLA.  He then returned to his home state of Missouri as head of the International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine at University of Missouri.

Hawthorne was long associated with the journal Inorganic Chemistry, and was its longest serving editor-in-chief.

Research 

Hawthorne's contributions focused on the chemistry of boron hydride clusters.  He discovered dodecaborate anion (B12H122−) and metal complexes of the dicarbollide anion.  His group subsequently discovered the perhydroxylation of B12H122−.

Recognition
Hawthorne has been widely recognized, including with election to the US National Academy of Sciences.

 1992 – Honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences at Uppsala University, Sweden
 1994 – Chemical Pioneer Award from the American Institute of Chemists
 2009 – Priestley Medal from the American Chemical Society
 2011 – National Medal of Science

External links 

 Interview with Richard Eisenberg for the Voices of Inorganic Chemistry (2011)

References

1928 births
2021 deaths
Hawthorne, M. Frederick
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Pomona College alumni
Hawthorne, M. Frederick
University of California, Riverside faculty
Hawthorne, M. Frederick
Hawthorne, M. Frederick
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Fort Scott, Kansas
Chemists from Missouri
National Medal of Science laureates
American inorganic chemists
NSS-6. NSS-6 is a communications satellite owned by SES.

NSS-6 covers the whole of Asia with six high-performance Ku band beams, which can deliver broadband media to small businesses, ISPs or domestic rooftop antennas in those markets. The satellite delivers Direct-To-Home power and performance, as well as significant inter-regional connectivity. High-gain uplink performance (i.e. high receiver G/T figures) allows the use of small uplink antennas and/or amplifiers.

 Manufacturer: Lockheed-Martin
 Original Orbital Location: 95° East
 Current Orbital Location: 86.85° West
 Launch date: December 17, 2002
 Launch Vehicle: Ariane 4
 Number of Transponders (physical): Ku band: 50
 Number of Transponders (36 MHz Equivalent): 60
 Saturated EIRP Range: Ku band: 44 to 55 dBW
 Frequency Band: Ku band uplink: 13.75 to 14.50 GHz
 Frequency Band: Ka band uplink: 29.5 to 30.0 GHz
 Frequency Band: Ku band downlink: 10.95 to 11.20 GHz, 11.45 to 11.70 GHz, 12.50 to 12.75 GHz

References

External links

 SES.com
 ITC Global uses NSS-6 for enterprise grade private networks in (e.g.) Australasia
 www.gilat.net

Lockheed Martin satellites and probes
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 2002
SES satellites
NSS-06
Maydown. Maydown ( meaning "plain of the stronghold") is a small village and townland in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is near Derry and Strathfoyle and is within the Derry and Strabane district. In the 2001 Census, it had a population of 270 people.

Industry 

Maydown is an industrial zone and was the site of the first DuPont production facility in Europe. DuPont first invented Kevlar in 1965 and its Maydown manufacturing facility is one of only three places in the world where Kevlar is produced.

The DuPont site at Maydown is now the lead partner in the University of Ulster's Biodiversity Action on Industrial Site (BAIS) project that aims to enhance biodiversity on land close to industrial activity. DuPont has developed  of its Maydown site into wildlife habitats open to the public and a visitor centre used by local schools.

Maydown Precision Engineering was established in 1985.

Places of interest 
It was also the site of Royal Air Force Station Maydown, USAAF airfield and later transferred to the Royal Navy as Royal Naval Air Station airfield, RNAS Maydown, during World War II.

Sport 
Maydown F.C. is the local football team.

2011 Census
On Census day in 2011:
57.5% were from a Catholic background and 38.9% were from a Protestant background

References 

NI Neighbourhood Information System
Maydown wildlife habitats
RAF Maydown

Villages in County Londonderry
Townlands of County Londonderry
Derry and Strabane district
Emil Strub. Emil Viktor Strub (July 13, 1858 in Trimbach, Switzerland – December 15, 1909 in Zurich, Trimbach, Switzerland) was a Swiss builder, railway builder and inventor who invented the Strub rack system.

Life and career 
Emil Strub was born on July 13, 1858 in Trimbach, Switzerland, to Urs Viktor and Aloisia von Arx. Between 1882 and 1883, he learned mechanic from Niklaus Riggenbach at Aarau. He did engineer studies in Mittweida and he made an internship at a machine factory in Esslingen am Neckar.

In 1921 he founded Strub + Co. a tribology company in Olten. In 1958 his son Rudolf Strub took the lead of the company, who then gave it to his own son, Marcel Strub.

Publications 
 : a comparison of the funiculars

See also
 Abt rack system 
 Rack systems

References

Swiss designers
Transport engineers
1858 births
1909 deaths
Swiss railway mechanical engineers
Swiss railway pioneers
Rack railways
Eduard Locher. Eduard Locher (15 January 1840 in Zurich – 2 June 1910 in Zurich) was a Swiss engineer, inventor and independent contractor who received a doctorate honoris causa for his work.  He devised the Locher rack railway system and built his privately owned Pilatus Railway that uses this system.

 

The Locher rack system invented by Eduard Locher, has gear teeth cut in the sides rather than the top of the rail, engaged by two cog wheels on the locomotive.  This system allows use on steeper grades than the other systems, whose teeth could jump out of the rack.  It is used on the Pilatus Railway.

Locher set out to design a rack system that could be used on gradients as steep as 1 in 2 (50%). The Abt system - the most common rack system in Switzerland at the time - was limited to a maximum gradient of 1 in 4 (25%). Locher showed that on steeper grade, the Abt system was prone to the driving pinion over-riding the rack, causing potentially catastrophic derailments, as predicted by Dr. Abt. To overcome this problem and allow a rack line up the steep sides of Mt. Pilatus, Locher developed a rack system where the rack is a flat bar with symmetrical, horizontal teeth. Horizontal pinions engage the centrally-mounted bar, both driving the locomotive and keeping it centered on the track.

This system provides very stable attachment to the track, also protecting the car from toppling over even under the most severe crosswinds. Such gears are also capable of leading the car, so even flanges on running wheels are optional. The biggest shortcoming of the system is that the standard railway switch is not usable, and a transfer table or other complex device must be used where branching of the track is needed.

Following tests, the Locher system was deployed on the Pilatus Railway, which opened in 1889. No other public railway uses the Locher system, although some European coal mines use a similar system on steeply graded underground lines.

References

Swiss railway mechanical engineers
1840 births
1910 deaths
Rack railways
Ptolemy Project. The Ptolemy Project is an ongoing project aimed at modeling, simulating, and designing concurrent, real-time, embedded systems. The focus of the Ptolemy Project is on assembling concurrent components. The principal product of the project is the Ptolemy II model based design and simulation tool. The Ptolemy Project is conducted in the Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems Center (iCyPhy) in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences of the University of California at Berkeley, and is directed by Prof. Edward A. Lee.

The key underlying principle in the project is the use of well-defined models of computation that govern the interaction between components. A major problem area being addressed is the use of heterogeneous mixtures of models of computation.

The project is named after Claudius Ptolemaeus, the 2nd century Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer.

The Kepler Project, a community-driven collaboration among researchers at three other University of California campuses has created the Kepler scientific workflow system which is based on Ptolemy II.

References

External links

The Kepler Project

Free science software
Software projects
Systems engineering
Visual programming languages
Software using the BSD license
Secure Operations Language. The Secure Operations Language (SOL) was developed jointly by the United States Naval Research Laboratory and Utah State University in the United States. SOL is a  domain-specific synchronous programming language for developing distributed applications and is based on software engineering principles developed in the Software Cost Reduction project at the Naval Research Laboratory in the late 1970s and early 1980s. SOL is intended to be a domain-specific language for developing service-based systems. Concurrently, a domain-specific extension of Java (SOLj) is being developed (FTDCS 2007)
Application domains include sensor networks, defense and space systems, healthcare delivery, power control, etc.

The investigators of the project are Dr. Ramesh Bharadwaj from the Naval Research Laboratory and Dr. Supratik Mukhopadhyay from Utah State University.

References
 

Synchronous programming languages
Tetraphenylmethane. Tetraphenylmethane is an organic compound consisting of a methane core with four phenyl substituents. It was first synthesized by Moses Gomberg in 1898.

Synthesis 
Gomberg's classical organic synthesis shown below starts by reacting triphenylmethyl bromide 1 with phenylhydrazine 2 to the hydrazine 3. Oxidation with nitrous acid then produces the azo compound 4 from which on heating above the melting point, nitrogen gas evolves with formation of tetraphenylmethane 5.

Gomberg was able to distinguish this compound from triphenylmethane (elemental analysis was not an option given the small differences in the hydrogen fractions of 6.29% and 6.60%) by nitration of 5 with nitric acid to 6. A strong base would be able to abstract the methine proton of the nitrated triphenylmethyl compound if present, forming a strongly colored compound.

He obtained further evidence for the formation of tetraphenylmethane by reducing the nitro groups to amino groups with zinc dust in acetic acid to the leuco dye 7, which on exposure to hydrochloric acid eliminates aniline to the known compound pararosaniline 8.

Gomberg's success in synthesizing tetraphenylmethane set him on the attempt to prepare the next homologue hexaphenylethane, which led him to the discovery of the triphenylmethyl radical.

See also
 Tetraphenylborate
 Triphenylmethane
 Toluene

References 

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenyl compounds
Substances discovered in the 19th century
Milos Konopasek. Milos Konopasek (died in Boston, Massachusetts, 9 January 2002) was a Czechoslovakia-born mechanical engineer best known as the creator of TK!Solver, an iterative, constraint-based declarative environment for the numerical solution of systems of equations.

Biography

Konopasek was born in Czechoslovakia and graduated from the Leningrad Textile Institute, Leningrad, USSR, and received the Ph.D. and D.Sc degrees from the University of Manchester, England. His career included management, research, and teaching positions in Czechoslovakia, United Kingdom, and the United States, including at the Georgia Institute of Technology and North Carolina State University.

At Manchester in the late 1960s and early 1970s, he developed a system called "Question Answering System on mathematical models" (QAS). He expected his system to be used by a broad range of non-computer professionals and non-mathematicians who apply math to their fields.

Konopasek recognized that the new personal computer was an ideal vehicle for bringing his concept to the masses and developed a version of his system for them in 1977. In 1982, Software Arts commercialized TK!Solver based on his work.

Konopasek was Senior Scientist at Software Arts while holding a visiting faculty position in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at M.I.T.; when TK!Solver was sold to Universal Technical Systems (Rockford, Illinois), he continued as Vice President of UTS.

Most of his research interests and contributions were in textile engineering, applied mechanics, operations research, and computer science, in areas as diverse as CAD/CAM, large deflection analysis of slender bodies, topology of line structures, 
and language design.  Konopasek was a member of the ACM and the IEEE Computer Society.

Notes

Scientific computing researchers
Czech computer scientists
American computer scientists
2002 deaths
Year of birth missing
Kinesis (biology). Kinesis, like a taxis or tropism, is a movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus (such as gas exposure, light intensity or ambient temperature).

Unlike taxis, the response to the stimulus provided is non-directional. The animal does not move toward or away from the stimulus but moves at either a slow or fast rate depending on its "comfort zone." In this case, a fast movement (non-random) means that the animal is searching for its comfort zone while a slow movement indicates that it has found it.

Types
There are two main types of kineses, both resulting in aggregations. However, the stimulus does not act to attract or repel individuals.

Orthokinesis: in which the speed of movement of the individual is dependent upon the stimulus intensity. For example, the locomotion of the collembola, Orchesella cincta, in relation to water. With increased water saturation in the soil there is an increase in the direction of its movement towards the aimed place.

Klinokinesis: in which the frequency or rate of turning is proportional to stimulus intensity. For example, the behaviour of the flatworm (Dendrocoelum lacteum) which turns more frequently in response to increasing light thus ensuring that it spends more time in dark areas.

Basic model of kinesis

The kinesis strategy controlled by the locally and instantly evaluated well-being (fitness) can be described in simple words: Animals stay longer in good conditions and leave bad conditions more quickly. If the well-being is measured by the local reproduction coefficient then the minimal reaction-diffusion model of kinesis can be written as follows:

For each population in the biological community,

where:
 is the population density of  ith species,
 represents the abiotic characteristics of the living conditions (can be multidimensional),
 is the reproduction coefficient, which depends on all  and on  s,
 is the equilibrium diffusion coefficient (defined for equilibrium ). The coefficient   characterises dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the reproduction coefficient.

The models of kinesis were tested with typical situations. It was demonstrated that kinesis is beneficial for assimilation of both patches and fluctuations of food distribution. Kinesis may delay invasion and spreading of species with the Allee effect.

See also
 Brownian motion
 Chemokinesis
 Cranial kinesis
 Cytokinesis
 Diffusion
 Nastic movements
 Photokinesis
 Rapid plant movement
Taxis

References

Kendeigh, S. Charles. 1961. Animal Ecology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 468 p.

External links 
 
 Host-plant finding by insects: orientation, sensory input and search patterns 

Physiology
Perception
Signal transduction
PLEX. PLEX or Plex may refer to:

 PLEX (programming language), a special-purpose, concurrent, real-time programming language
 Plex Inc., an American company that develops a client–server media player platform and streaming media services
 Plex Systems, a software company based in Troy, Michigan
 IBM Plex, an open source typeface superfamily
 Pilot License Extension, an item in the video game Eve Online that adds game time to an account
 Plasma exchange, a type of plasmapheresis where patient's blood plasma is removed and blood products are given in replacement
 Plex, a robotic character on the children's television show Yo Gabba Gabba!
NSS-7. NSS-7 is a communications satellite owned by SES.  It launched on 16 April 2002 on an AR-44L model of the Ariane 4 launch vehicle.

It is a hybrid Ku- and C-band telecommunications satellite providing fixed satellite services, including video distribution, Internet access, corporate business networking and fixed services such as telephony and data. Based on an enhanced version of Lockheed Martin's A2100AX satellite bus, this 72 transponder satellite initially operated at 22° West longitude over the Atlantic Ocean, providing coverage to the whole of Africa.  In May 2012 it shifted over to the 20° West location to take over the duties of NSS-5.

References

External links

 Official SES Site
International Media Switzerland  Official provider's site

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 2002
SES satellites
NSS-07
Stop block. A stop block is a simple reusable jig used in metalworking and woodworking to locate a common edge of a workpiece so that multiple workpieces can get the same operation performed quickly. Common applications are table saws and manual milling machines, but they are also used on miter saws, band saws, radial arm saws, and abrasive saws.

Stop blocks used in metalworking usually have a small rod that slides parallel to the vise jaws and can be tightened in a particular position. Stop blocks in woodworking are typically nothing more than wood blocks clamped to a rip fence or auxiliary fence so that a distance from the saw blade can be maintained between cuts.

References

Metalworking tools
Woodworking jigs