omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Plymax. Plymax is a composite material. It consists of a thin sheet of metal, such as aluminium, copper, or duralumin, that is bonded to a thicker sheet of plywood, giving it strength and rigidity at a relatively low weight.

Plymax was introduced during the 1920s, quickly spreading throughout Europe and the world by the 1930s. The material has been extensively used in the aviation industry; various military aircraft throughout the 1930s and 1940s made use of the material. Plymax was also adopted by the automotive industry, being used on the bodies of several cars, such as the 1931 Triumph Super 9 and the articulated body of the Trojan Tasker. It has also found use within the construction industry for various large fixtures, typically partitions and doors, as well as by furniture manufacturers for various home furnishings.

History
Plymax first emerged during the early 1920s, one of the first compositions was a copper-faced plywood, manufactured by Luterma. The term 'Plymax' was a registered trademark of Venesta, which introduced the material to the British market. During the 1930s, the material was being extensively used within the architectural and construction sectors, where items such as partitions, doors, cubicals, counters, and stalls were constructed and installed throughout large buildings such as schools, hospitals, offices, and factories.

According to Venesta, the typical metals used in Plymax are steel and aluminium; however, alternatives have included copper, bronze, stainless steel and others. Key qualities of the material are its rigidity and relatively light weight. By itself, each metal sheet lacks stiffness, when paired to the plywood to become a composite, it becomes far more rigid, being similar in principle to that of a steel girder in that the vertical web contributes little to the overall strength in comparison to the flanges set at the top and bottom, but plays a critical role in the rigidity.

Due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, the material attracted the attention of various aircraft manufacturers. One notable example of its use was on the Morane-Saulnier M.S.406, a Second World War-era fighter aircraft that was extensively used by the French Air Force. Various aircraft would adopt the material for portions of their design; in one case, the interior floor of the Handley Page Halifax was composed of Plymax.

Plymax was reportedly once a popular material for furniture use, although its use has somewhat diminished following the arrival of new types of processed woods.

References

External links
 Plywood: Material of the Modern World
 From cockpit to domestic interior: the Great War and the architecture of Wells Coates

Composite materials
HMS Begum (D38). USS Bolinas (CVE-36) (originally AVG-36, then later ACV-36) was an escort carrier launched 11 November 1942 by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Tacoma, Washington; sponsored by Mrs. G. B. Sherwood, wife of Commander Sherwood; and commissioned 22 July 1943, Captain H. L. Meadow in command.

Design and description
These ships were all larger and had a greater aircraft capacity than all the preceding American built escort carriers. They were also all laid down as escort carriers and not converted merchant ships. All the ships had a complement of 646 men and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . Propulsion was provided by a steam turbine, two boilers connected to one shaft giving 9,350 brake horsepower (SHP), which could propel the ship at .

Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the starboard side, two aircraft lifts  by , one aircraft catapult and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the  by  hangar below the flight deck. Armament comprised: two 4"/50, 5"/38 or 5"/51 Dual Purpose guns in single mounts, sixteen 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts and twenty 20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannons in single mounts. They had a maximum aircraft capacity of twenty-four aircraft which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlet, Vought F4U Corsair or Hawker Sea Hurricane fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine aircraft.

Service history
On 2 August 1943 after being decommissioned Bolinas was transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease and renamed HMS Begum (D38). Begum served with the Royal Navy during World War II, doing anti-submarine sweeps in the Indian Ocean with 832 Squadron as her complement, participating in the sinking of the .

Begum ferried the following RN squadrons to the Far East April 1944:

1839: 10 F6F disembarked Madras 14 April

1844: 10 F6F disembarked Madras 14 April

815: 12 Barracuda II disembarked Madras 14 April

817: 12 Barracuda II disembarked Madras 14 April

After her return she was declared surplus by the U. S. Navy. She was stricken for disposal 19 June 1946 and sold by the Navy into merchant service 16 April 1947 as Raki and later I Yung.  She was scrapped in Taiwan in March 1974.

Notes

References

External links
 HMS Begum at RN Research Archive

Ships built in Tacoma, Washington
1942 ships
Ruler-class escort carriers
Brak, Libya. Brak (sometimes written Biraq or Birak () is a town in the Wadi al Shatii District in west-central Libya. It is the administrative center of the district.

Overview
The town has a population of 39,444 () and is home to a technical college of Sabha University. Much of the new development in the town is occurring to the north of the old town center, which features gardens and forts from the Italian and Ottoman eras.

The technical college "Faculty of Engineering and Technology", now a college of Sebha University, was previously known as the "Higher Institute of Technology", and it is this college that gives much value to the town, as it is a well-known research and academic organization. The college comprises ten distinct departments; six of which are specialized in the engineering arm of the college, namely:
Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Department of Chemistry and materials science
Department of design and architecture
Department of Mechanical Engineering.

The other arm, the technical arm, has three departments:
Department of Medical Lab Technology
Department of Food Science Technology
Department of Environmental Sciences 
Department of General Sciences.

Graduates of this college are considered the best in the country, as the academic and technical rank of this college is both prestigious and well-known.  There are plans to expand this college more to accommodate more students and staff and to have more departments and specialties.

See also 
 List of cities in Libya

References

 
Populated places in Wadi al Shatii District
Desktop communication protocol. Desktop Communication Protocol (DCOP) was an inter-process communication (IPC) daemon by KDE used in K Desktop Environment 3. The design goal for the protocol was to allow applications to interoperate, and share complex tasks. Essentially, DCOP was a ‘remote control’ system, which allowed applications or scripts to enlist the help of other applications. DCOP is built on top of the X11 Inter-Client Exchange protocol.

DCOP continues to be used by the K Desktop Environment 3-fork Trinity Desktop Environment. DCOP was replaced by D-Bus, a message bus system heavily influenced by the DCOP and standardized by freedesktop.org, in KDE Software Compilation 4 and later.

DCOP model 
DCOP implements the client–server model, where each application using DCOP is a client and communicates with other clients through the DCOP server. DCOP server functions like a traffic director, dispatching messages/calls to the proper destinations. All clients are peers of each other.

Two types of actions are possible with DCOP: "send and forget" messages, which do not block, and "calls," which block waiting for some data to be returned.

Any data that will be sent is serialized (also referred to as marshalling in CORBA speak) using the built-in QDataStream operators available in all of the Qt classes. There is also a simple IDL-like compiler available (dcopidl and dcopidl2cpp) that generates stubs and skeletons. Using the dcopidl compiler has the additional benefit of type safety.

There is a command-line tool called ‘dcop’ (note the lower-case letters) that can be used for communication with the applications from the shell. ‘kdcop’ is a GUI tool to explore the interfaces of an application.

See also

 KDELibs – predecessor of KDE Platform 4

External links
 DCOP Documentation

Inter-process communication
KDE Platform
Software that uses Qt
Universidad del Norte, Colombia. The University of the North (), also known as Uninorte, is a private university in Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.  It was founded in 1966 by a business group led by American entrepreneur Karl C. Parrish. It started academic operation on July 11, 1966, with 58 students and 10 teachers in courses of business administration and engineering.

According to a recent ranking by Colombian consulting firm BOT SAS, Universidad del Norte is listed among the five best universities in the country.

The university has ten academic divisions, including Engineering, Administrative Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Legal Sciences, and Basic Sciences. It offers degrees in industrial, mechanical, systems, civil, electrical and electronic engineering. Other degrees include medicine, business administration, law, psychology, international relations, international business, Math, Industrial design, graphic design and architecture. In total, Uninorte offers 28 undergraduate programs, 62 professional specialization programs, 50 master's programs, and 15 doctoral programs. The university also offers some specialization programs in the nearby ports of Santa Marta and Cartagena.

All engineering programs are accredited by the ABET, which is one of the most important international accreditation agencies, located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States.

Uninorte is one of the most important cultural and technological centers in the Caribbean region of Colombia.

Gallery

References

External links
 University website (Spanish version)

Educational institutions established in 1966
Universities and colleges in Colombia
1966 establishments in Colombia
General Inter-ORB Protocol. In distributed computing, General Inter-ORB Protocol (GIOP) is the message protocol by which object request brokers (ORBs) communicate in CORBA. Standards associated with the protocol are maintained by the Object Management Group (OMG). The current version of GIOP is 2.0.2. The GIOP architecture provides several concrete protocols, including:

 Internet InterORB Protocol (IIOP) — The Internet Inter-Orb Protocol is an implementation of the GIOP for use over the Internet, and provides a mapping between GIOP messages and the TCP/IP layer.
 SSL InterORB Protocol (SSLIOP) — SSLIOP is IIOP over SSL, providing encryption and authentication.
 HyperText InterORB Protocol (HTIOP) — HTIOP is IIOP over HTTP, providing transparent proxy bypassing.
 Zipped InterORB Protocol (ZIOP)  — A zipped version of GIOP that reduces the bandwidth usage

Environment Specific Inter-ORB Protocols 
As an alternative to GIOP, CORBA includes the concept of an Environment Specific Inter-ORB Protocol (ESIOP). While GIOP is defined to meet general-purpose needs of most CORBA implementations, an ESIOP attempts to address special requirements. For example, an ESIOP might use an alternative protocol encoding to improve efficiency over networks with limited bandwidth or high latency. ESIOPs can also be used to layer CORBA on top of some non-CORBA technology stack, such as Distributed Computing Environment (DCE).

DCE Common Inter-ORB Protocol (DCE-CIOP) is an ESIOP for use in DCE. It maps CORBA to DCE RPC and CDR (Command Data Representation). DCE-CIOP is defined in chapter 16 of the CORBA 2.6.1 standard.

Messages
The General Inter-ORB Protocol (GIOP) is the message protocol used by object request brokers (ORBs) to communicate in CORBA-based distributed computing systems. GIOP 2.0.2 is the current version of this protocol, and it provides a number of concrete protocols such as IIOP, SSLIOP, HTIOP, and ZIOP. IIOP is a mapping of GIOP messages to the TCP/IP layer for use over the Internet, while SSLIOP provides encryption and authentication. HTIOP, on the other hand, enables transparent proxy bypassing by using IIOP over HTTP. Finally, ZIOP is a compressed version of GIOP that minimizes bandwidth usage. In addition to these protocols, CORBA also includes the concept of an Environment Specific Inter-ORB Protocol (ESIOP) to address specific requirements. An ESIOP can use an alternative protocol encoding to improve efficiency over networks with limited bandwidth or high latency, or can be used to layer CORBA on top of non-CORBA technologies such as DCE. DCE Common Inter-ORB Protocol (DCE-CIOP) is an ESIOP that maps CORBA to DCE RPC and CDR.

Further reading

See also
DIIOP

References

Distributed computing
CSIv2. In distributed computing, CSIv2 (Common Secure Interoperability Protocol Version 2) is a protocol implementing security features for inter-ORB communication.  It intends, in part, to address limitations of SSLIOP.

CSIv2 also facilitates secure EJB-CORBA interoperability.

External links
 OMG Website CSIv2
 Specification (OMG website)

Common Object Request Broker Architecture
Iron(II) oxide. Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO.  Its mineral form is known as wüstite. One of several iron oxides, it is a black-colored powder that is sometimes confused with rust, the latter of which consists of hydrated iron(III) oxide (ferric oxide). Iron(II) oxide also refers to a family of related non-stoichiometric compounds, which are typically iron deficient with compositions ranging from Fe0.84O to Fe0.95O.

Preparation
FeO can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of iron(II) oxalate. 
FeC2O4   →   FeO  +  CO2  +  CO
The procedure is conducted under an inert atmosphere to avoid the formation of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3).  A similar procedure can also be used for the synthesis of manganous oxide and stannous oxide.

Stoichiometric FeO can be prepared by heating Fe0.95O with metallic iron at 770 °C and 36 kbar.

Reactions
FeO is thermodynamically unstable below 575 °C, tending to disproportionate to metal and Fe3O4:
 4FeO → Fe + Fe3O4

Structure
Iron(II) oxide adopts the cubic, rock salt structure, where iron atoms are octahedrally coordinated by oxygen atoms and the oxygen atoms octahedrally coordinated by iron atoms. The non-stoichiometry occurs because of the ease of oxidation of FeII to FeIII effectively replacing a small portion of FeII with two-thirds their number of FeIII, which take up tetrahedral positions in the close packed oxide lattice.

In contrast to the crystalline solid, in the molten state iron atoms are coordinated by predominantly 4 or 5 oxygen atoms.

Below 200 K there is a minor change to the structure which changes the symmetry to rhombohedral and samples become antiferromagnetic.

Occurrence in nature
Iron(II) oxide makes up approximately 9% of the Earth's mantle. Within the mantle, it may be electrically conductive, which is a possible explanation for perturbations in Earth's rotation not accounted for by accepted models of the mantle's properties.

Uses
Iron(II) oxide is used as a pigment. It is FDA-approved for use in cosmetics and it is used in some tattoo inks.  It can also be used as a phosphate remover from home aquaria.

See also
 Iron(II) hydroxide
 Iron(II)

References

External links
 Wustite Mineral Data

Iron(II) compounds
Iron oxide pigments
Non-stoichiometric compounds
Transition metal oxides
Rock salt crystal structure
Glass dyes
Erasmus (disambiguation). Erasmus (1466–1536) was a Dutch humanist scholar.

Erasmus may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Erasmus (Dune), a fictional robot in the Legends of Dune series by Kevin J. Anderson and Brian Herbert
 Erasmas, the narrator and protagonist of the 2008 novel Anathem by  Neal Stephenson
 Erasmus, a character in the Quest for Glory video games
 Erasmus, a character in the 2003 film Barbie of Swan Lake
 Erasmus, a fictional ship in the 1975 novel Shōgun by James Clavell
 "Erasmus", a 2008 song from Dilettantes by You Am I

Education
 Erasmus Programme, from 2014 Erasmus+, a European Commission programme for education, training, youth, and sport
 Erasmus Brussels University of Applied Sciences and Arts
 Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn, New York
 Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
 Erasmus MC (Medical Center), Rotterdam, home to the faculty of medicine of Erasmus University Rotterdam
 Erasmus Hospital, a teaching hospital in Brussels associated with the Université libre de Bruxelles (Free University of Brussels)

People
 Erasmus (given name), a list of people with the name
 Erasmus (surname), a list of people with the name

Transportation
 Erasmus (train), an express train between The Hague and Munich from 1973 to 2000
 Erasmus metro station, in Brussels
 Erasmus Bridge, or Erasmusbrug, a bridge in Rotterdam

Other uses
 Erasmus Prize, an annual prize awarded by the Praemium Erasmianum Foundation
 7907 Erasmus, a main-belt asteroid

See also
 Gymnasium Erasmianum, Rotterdam, the second-oldest school in the Netherlands
 Rasmus (disambiguation)
Michael J. Bloomfield. Michael John "Bloomer" Bloomfield (born March 16, 1959) is an American former astronaut and a veteran of three Space Shuttle missions.

Early life and education
Born in Flint and raised in Lake Fenton, Michigan, Bloomfield received his bachelor's degree in Engineering Mechanics from the United States Air Force Academy, where he played Falcons football for coach Bill Parcells and was the team's captain. He became an F-15 fighter pilot with the rare combination of having graduated the Fighter Weapons Instructor Course (FWIC, pronounced 'Fwick') and then selected as a test pilot (assigned to the F-16 test squadron at Edwards AFB). He earned his master's degree in Engineering Management from Old Dominion University in 1993.

NASA career
Selected by NASA in December 1994, Bloomfield reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995. He worked as Chief of Safety for the Astronaut Office, Chief Instructor Astronaut, Director of Shuttle Operations, and Chief of the Shuttle Branch, which oversees all Shuttle technical issues for the Astronaut Office.

He first flew as a pilot aboard STS-86 in 1997, where he docked with the space station Mir. Bloomfield also piloted STS-97 in 2000 and commanded STS-110 in 2002, both missions to the International Space Station.

Bloomfield has served as Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas since 2006, before resigning from NASA in July 2007. Michael then became Vice President of the Constellation Program for ATK.

Post-NASA career
He currently serves on the board of directors at Space Center Houston and resides in suburban Houston, Texas.

References

External links

 
 Spacefacts biography of Michael J. Bloomfield

1959 births
Living people
People from Flint, Michigan
American test pilots
Aviators from Michigan
Air Force Falcons football players
Military personnel from Michigan
Old Dominion University alumni
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force astronauts
United States Air Force officers
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Mir crew members
Stephen Frick. Stephen Nathaniel Frick (born September 30, 1964) is an American astronaut and a veteran of two Space Shuttle missions. Raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Frick graduated from Pine-Richland High School in 1982, earned a degree in aerospace engineering from the United States Naval Academy in 1986, was commissioned as a United States Navy officer, and trained as an F/A-18 fighter pilot. Stationed aboard the carrier , he flew combat missions during the Gulf War and then earned a master's degree in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1994.

Frick was selected as a NASA astronaut candidate in 1996 and was trained as a Space Shuttle pilot. He piloted mission STS-110, a docking mission with the International Space Station.

In July 2006, Frick was assigned to command the crew of STS-122. The 12-day mission delivered the European Space Agency's Columbus laboratory and returned Expedition 16 Flight Engineer Daniel M. Tani to Earth. The mission launched February 7, 2008, and touched down February 20, 2008. NASA announced his retirement in July 2015.

Awards and decorations
Distinguished Flying Cross; Defense Meritorious Service Medal; 3 Navy Commendation Medals, one with Combat V; Air Medal with 2 Strike-Flight awards; 2 Southwest Asia Service Medals; NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal; NASA Spaceflight Medal

References

External links

 Spacefacts biography of Stephen Frick

1964 births
Living people
United States Navy astronauts
Military personnel from Pittsburgh
People from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval Postgraduate School alumni
United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni
United States Navy captains
United States Naval Aviators
American aerospace engineers
United States Navy personnel of the Gulf War
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
Pine-Richland High School alumni
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Interoperable Object Reference. An Interoperable Object Reference (IOR) is a CORBA or RMI-IIOP reference that uniquely identifies an object on a remote CORBA server.

IORs can be transmitted in binary over TCP/IP via the General Inter-ORB Protocol (the encoding may be big-endian or little-endian), or serialized into a string of hexadecimal digits (prefixed by the string IOR:) to facilitate transport by non-CORBA mechanisms such as HTTP, FTP, and e-mail.

The internal structure of an IOR may contain multiple components. Each component is identified by its integer code and has its binary format. Object Management Group assigns the codes. The typical IOR normally contains: 

 the IP address of the remote host, 
 the number of the remote port on that the CORBA server is listening, 
 a string defining the class of the remote object on which the methods will be invoked, and 
 the object key that is used by the server ORB to identify the object.

It is possible to register special objects (IOR interceptors) that can add the needed specific components to the IOR being created by the particular ORB.

Common Object Request Broker Architecture
Damascene. Damascene may refer to:
 Topics directly associated with the city of Damascus in Syria:
 A native or inhabitant of Damascus
 Damascus Arabic, the local dialect of Damascus
 Damascus steel, developed for swordmaking 
 "Damascene moment", the religious conversion of Paul
 Animal breeds:
 Damascene (pigeon)
 Damascus goat
 John of Damascus (c. 676-749), Syrian Christian monk and priest
 Materials technologies evoking the visual texture of Damascus steel:
Damascening, of inlaying different metals into one another
Damask, a reversible figured fabric
Damascene patterning, a manufacturing process used to pattern copper into microchips