omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Seebeckwerft. Seebeckwerft A.G. was a German shipbuilding company, located in  Bremerhaven at the mouth of the river Weser. Founded in 1876, it became one of the leading shipbuilding companies in the region.

History

Seebeckwerft was founded in 1876 in Bremerhaven by Georg Seebeck (1845–1928), a young coppersmith, born in Brake at the Lower-Weser river. In 1876 Georg Seebeck founded a small metal-processing workshop in Geestemünde, a part of the city of Bremerhaven. In 1879 the first ship was constructed, a small steamer.

In 1928 the Seebeckwerft became a member of the Deschimag, a cooperation of several German shipyards under the leadership of the Bremen-shipyard A.G. Weser. After WW II the Deschimag was dissolved and Seebeckwerft became subsidiary of A.G. Weser, now named A.G. Weser Seebeckwerft.

During World War II Seebeckwerft built 16 Type IX U-boats for the Kriegsmarine.

In 1988 the company merged with Schichau Unterweser to become Schichau Seebeckwerft.

Ships built by Seebeckwerft (selection)

Naval ships

Submarines (U-boats)
 16 × Type IX submarines (1939–1944)

Civilian Ships

Ferries 
Four ferries were designed and built by the yard in the 1980s for TT-Line.
 MS Olau Hollandia (1981)
 MS Olau Britannia (1982)
 MS Peter Pan (1986)
 MS Nils Holgersson (1987)

The design of Koningin Beatrix (1986) was also by A.G. Weser Seebeckwerft, but she was constructed at Van der Giessen de Noord.  Her design is similar to that of Peter Pan (1986) and Nils Holgersson (1987). Two further vessels were built based on this design at what was by now the merged Schichau Seebeckwerft, Olau Hollandia (1989) and Olau Britannia (1990).

External links
 Some history of Seebeckwerft
 Ross Revenge Plans - MS Freyr Build at Seebeckwerft

References
 Herbert Schwarzwälder: Das Große Bremen-Lexikon,   2002, 
 Kuckuk, Roder, Scharf; SPANTEN UND SEKTIONEN, Werften und Schiffbau in Bremen und der Unterweserregion im 20. Jhdt., Bremen-Steintor 1986, 

Shipbuilding companies of Germany
Companies established in 1876
Defunct companies of Germany
Companies based in Bremerhaven
Manufacturing companies based in Bremen (state)
1876 establishments in Germany
Former submarine builders
Frederick Thomas Trouton. Frederick Thomas Trouton (; 24 November 1863 – 21 September 1922) was an Irish physicist known for Trouton's rule and experiments to detect the Earth's motion through the luminiferous aether.

Life and work 
Trouton was born in Dublin on 24 November 1863, the youngest son of the wealthy and prominent Thomas Trouton. He attended Royal School Dungannon and went on to Trinity College, Dublin in 1884, where he studied engineering and physical science. While still an undergraduate student, Trouton observed a relationship between boiling points and energies of vaporisations, which he presented in two short papers. He found the change of entropy per mole for vaporisation at a boiling point is constant, or expressed mathematically ΔSm,vap = 10.5 R (where R is the ideal gas constant). This became known as Trouton's rule and, despite having some exceptions, is used to estimate the enthalpy of vaporisation of liquids whose boiling points are known. Trouton himself belittled his discovery as it was merely the result of an afternoon's manipulation of data from a book of tables. Before graduating he also took a leading role in surveying for a railway.

Trouton graduated Master of Arts and Doctor of Science in 1884, and was immediately appointed assistant to the professor of experimental physics, George Francis FitzGerald. They collaborated on many experiments and became good friends; FitzGerald's influence can be seen in much of Trouton's early work.

Trouton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1897. His application citation read: "Discovered the law connecting the latent heat of vaporisation and molecular weights of bodies known as "Trouton's law" and experimentally determined the directions of vibration of electric and inaquatic force in plane polarised light. He has made other important observations on the phase of secondary waves and on the influence of the size of the reflector in Hertz's equipment."

A 1902 appointment as Quain Professor of Physics at University College London led to a 12-year career of experimental physics, including work on the Trouton-Rankine experiment. He received an OBE in 1918.

Trouton married Anne Maria Fowler in 1887 and they had four sons and three daughters. Their first two sons, Eric and Desmond, were killed in World War I. He became severely ill in 1912 and an operation in 1914 left him paralysed in the lower limbs and caused his retirement. Despite this, he retained the wit and charm he was known for. After retiring, Trouton lived in Tilford, Surrey, and then Downe in Kent where he died on 21 September 1922.

References

Irish physicists
1863 births
1922 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Scientists from Dublin (city)
People educated at the Royal School Dungannon
Fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of University College London
UDS. UDS may refer to:

 Ubuntu Developer Summit, for Ubuntu Linux
 Ultra Deep Survey, deepest near-infrared astronomical survey
 Unified Diagnostic Services, a vehicle communication standard used for vehicle diagnostics
 Union Deportiva Salamanca, a Spanish football team
 Unique Development Studios, a video and computer game developer based in Sweden
 United Drapery Stores, former UK retail group
 Unix domain socket, data communications endpoint
 Université de Sherbrooke (UdS) Sherbrooke University
 University of Strasbourg (French: Université de Strasbourg, Unistra or UDS)
 Uranus Dark Spot
 Urban Dance Squad, former Dutch rap rock band
University for Development Studies, a University in Ghana

See also
 UD (disambiguation) for the singular of "UDs"
 DS (disambiguation) for micro-DS (uDS / μDS)
 D (disambiguation) for micro-D's (uD's / μDs)
Armstrong Whitworth Scimitar. The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.35 Scimitar was a British single-engine biplane fighter aircraft designed and built by Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft. Four Scimitars were produced for the Norwegian Army Air Service and were delivered in 1936.

Design and development
The A.W.35 Scimitar was a development of Armstrong Whitworth's earlier Armstrong Whitworth A.W.16 fighter, powered by an Armstrong Siddeley Panther engine, with a lowered nose decking and an enlarged fin and rudder. The first prototype (G-ACCD) was a modification of the second A.W.16, and first flew in this form on 29 April 1935. A second prototype (G-ADBL) was constructed by converting another A.W.16.

Operational history
Four Scimitars were ordered for the Norwegian Army Air Service, and an agreement signed for licence production at the Norwegian Army Aircraft Factory at Kjeller. After testing by the A & AEE at Martlesham Heath in late 1935, the four Scimitars were delivered to Norway in 1936. The licence agreement was cancelled later that year when it was found that the aircraft was unsuitable for operation on skis without further design changes. The Scimitars remained in use in the training role at the outbreak of the Second World War. When the Germans invaded in 1940 the Scimitars were all undergoing maintenance and could not be made operational in time to see combat.

The second prototype Scimitar was preserved by Armstrong Whitworth at its Whitley factory until 1958, when it was scrapped.

Operators

 Norwegian Army Air Service

Specifications (A.W.35)

See also

References

1930s British fighter aircraft
Scimitar
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Position sensor. A position sensor is a sensor that detects an object's position. A position sensor may indicate the absolute position of the object (its location) or its relative position (displacement) in terms of linear travel, rotational angle or three-dimensional space. Common types of position sensors include the following:

 Capacitive displacement sensor
 Eddy-current sensor
 Hall effect sensor
 Inductive sensor
 Laser Doppler vibrometer (optical)
 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)
 Photodiode array
 Piezo-electric transducer (piezo-electric)
 Position encoders:
 Absolute encoder
 Incremental encoder
 Linear encoder
 Rotary encoder
 Potentiometer
 Proximity sensor (optical)
 String potentiometer (also known as a string potentiometer, string encoder or cable position transducer)
 Ultrasonic sensor

See also
List of length, distance, or range measuring devices
Positioning system

Literature
 David S. Nyce: Linear Position Sensors: Theory and Application, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons Inc. (2004)

Measuring instruments
Tetramethyl orthosilicate. Tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) is the chemical compound with the formula Si(OCH3)4.  This molecule consists of four methoxy groups bonded to a silicon atom.  The basic properties are similar to the more popular tetraethyl orthosilicate, which is usually preferred because the product of hydrolysis, ethanol, is less toxic than methanol.

Tetramethyl orthosilicate hydrolyzes to SiO2:
Si(OCH3)4  +  2 H2O  →  SiO2  +  4 CH3OH

In organic synthesis, Si(OCH3)4 has been used to convert ketones and aldehydes to the corresponding ketals and acetals, respectively.

Safety
The hydrolysis of Si(OCH3)4 produces insoluble SiO2 and CH3OH (methanol). Even at low concentrations inhalation causes lung lesions, and at slightly higher concentrations eye contact with the vapor causes blindness. Worse, at low concentrations (200 ppm/15 min) the damage is often insidious, with onset of symptoms hours after exposure.   The mode of action is the precipitation of silica in the eyes and/or lungs. Contrary to common information, including several erroneous MSDS sheets, the methanol produced is only a risk through chronic exposure and is a comparatively small concern. The mechanisms of methanol toxicity are well established, methanol causes blindness via conversion to formaldehyde, then to toxic formic acid in the liver; methanol splashes to the eye cause only moderate and reversible eye irritation.

References

External links 
 WebBook page for SiC4H12O4
 CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Methyl esters
Silicate esters
SapWin. Symbolic Analysis Program for Windows (SAPWIN) is a proprietary symbolic circuit simulator written in C++ for the Microsoft Windows operating systems Vista, 7.0 and 8.1. Unlike more common numerical circuit simulators (such as Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)), SAPWIN can generate analytical Laplace domain expressions for arbitrary network functions of linear analog circuits. The SAPWIN package also includes tools for schematic capture and graphic post-processing.

SAPWIN is available free from its homepage at the University of Florence website.

SapecNG
Symbolic Analysis Program for Electric Circuits - Next Generation (SapecNG) is the open-source software relative of SAPWIN, written in Boost C++ libraries and designed to be cross-platform. QSapecNG is a Qt-based graphical user interface (GUI) and schematic capture program for SAPEC-NG.

See also

 Comparison of EDA software
 List of free electronics circuit simulators
 Symbolic Circuit Analysis

References

External links 
 
 SAPWIN - A Symbolic Simulator as a Support in Electrical Engineering Education
 

Electronic circuit simulators
Free software programmed in C++
Free electronic design automation software
Electronic design automation software for Linux
University of Florence
Windows-only free software
Engineering software that uses Qt
ETM. ETM may refer to:

 ETM, a name given in Computer Science to the set of all Turing Machines which never reach an accepting state.

 Encrypt-then-MAC
 Energy and Technology Museum, in Vilnius, Lithuania
 Entercom, an American broadcasting company
 Estuarine turbidity maximum
 European Travel Monitor
 Ramon International Airport, in Israel

See also 
 ETM+, an instrument on the Landsat 7 satellite
Ruthenium(IV) oxide (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on ruthenium(IV) oxide.

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

Structure and properties data

Material Safety Data Sheet 

The handling of this chemical may require notable safety precautions. Safety information can be found on the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical or from a reliable source, such as SIRI.

References

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
ACS-100 Sora. 

The ACS-100 Sora is a Brazilian two-seat Light Sport Aircraft, designed by Advanced Composites Solutions.

Development
The Sora (originally designated the ACS-100 Triathlon) was developed from the CB-10 Triathlon project designed by the Brazilian aircraft designer Cláudio Barros of the Federal University of Minas Gerais.  The Sora is a two-seat side-by-side all-composite low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit.  It has a fixed tricycle landing gear with retractable gear as an option.  It is designed to be fully aerobatic (+6g to −4g).  The first flight was planned for May 2008 with delivery of the first aircraft planned for the first half of 2008.

Specifications (ACS-100)

References

Aircraft manufactured in Brazil
2000s Brazilian sport aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2008
Light-sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Gotha Ka 430. The Gotha Ka 430 was a military transport glider, first built in 1944. The glider was designed by Albert Kalkert. Twelve had been produced by the end of  World War II, but none of them was used operationally.

The glider could carry twelve men, and tests were being conducted towards the end of the war to see if it could carry a cargo of . A single  MG 131 machine gun was fitted for self-defence.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

External links

 warbirdsresourcegroup.org

1940s German military transport aircraft
Glider aircraft
Ka 430
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Tughlaq Road. Tughlaq Road (Hindi: तुग़लक़ मार्ग, Urdu: تغلق مارگ  Tughlaq Mārg) is one of the main roads of Central New Delhi

North End
The north end of this road is at the traffic circle at the junction of Krishna Menon Road, Akbar Road (east and west sides) and Tees January Marg.

South end
The south end of this road is at the junction of Safdarjung Road, Prithviraj Road and Sri Aurobindo Marg, near Safdarjung's Tomb in Delhi.

Junctions
This road is intersected by Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalaam Road and the Tughlaq Crescent
near the Tugluk Road police station.

See also 

 Janpath
 Akbar Road
 Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road

 

Roads in Delhi
Streets in New Delhi
Kokusai Ku-7. The Kokusai Ku-7 Manazuru (真鶴 "white-naped crane"; Allied code-name Buzzard) was a large, experimental twin boom Japanese military glider.

Design and development
An enlarged version of the earlier Maeda Ku-1 glider, it was developed during 1942. The use of a twin boom design allowed for a large, square cargo door, which meant that the aircraft was capable of carrying either thirty-two soldiers, 7600 kg of cargo, or even a light tank. It required a powerful towing aircraft, either the Nakajima Ki-49 or the Mitsubishi Ki-67, which were in short supply. As a result, the aircraft were modified by fitting them with engines, which were designated the Ki-105 Ohtori (鳳 "Phoenix"). Intended for use as fuel transports, only nine, of 300 ordered, were produced before development priorities were shifted elsewhere.

Variants
Ku-7: Large experimental military transport glider.
Ku-7-II: Original designation for the Ki-105.
Kokusai Ki-105 Ohtori: Long-range fuel tanker aircraft, powered by 2x  Mitsubishi Ha26-II 14-cylinder radial engines; nine built. Maximum take-off weight:; normal payload:; cruising speed:; maximum range: .

Specifications (Ku-7)

See also

References

External links

Ku-07
Ku-07, Kokusai
1940s military gliders
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1942
Twin-boom aircraft
Isothermal transformation diagram. Isothermal transformation diagrams (also known as time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams) are plots of temperature versus time (usually on a logarithmic scale). They are generated from percentage transformation-vs  time measurements, and are useful for understanding the transformations of an alloy steel at elevated temperatures.

An isothermal transformation diagram is only valid for one specific composition of material, and only if the temperature is held constant during the transformation, and strictly with rapid cooling to that temperature.  Though usually used to represent transformation kinetics for steels, they also can be used to describe the kinetics of crystallization in ceramic or other materials. Time-temperature-precipitation diagrams and time-temperature-embrittlement diagrams have also been used to represent kinetic changes in steels.

Isothermal transformation (IT) diagram or the C-curve is associated with mechanical properties, microconstituents/microstructures, and heat treatments in carbon steels. Diffusional transformations like austenite transforming to a cementite and ferrite mixture can be explained using the sigmoidal curve; for example the beginning of pearlitic transformation is represented by the pearlite start (Ps) curve. This transformation is complete at Pf curve. Nucleation requires an incubation time. The rate of nucleation increases and the rate of microconstituent growth decreases as the temperature decreases from the liquidus temperature reaching a maximum at the bay or nose of the curve. Thereafter, the decrease in diffusion rate  due to low temperature offsets the effect of increased driving force due to greater difference in free energy. As a result of the transformation, the microconstituents, pearlite and bainite, form; pearlite forms at higher temperatures and bainite at lower.

Austenite is slightly undercooled when quenched below Eutectoid temperature. When given more time, stable microconstituents can form: ferrite and cementite. Coarse pearlite is produced when atoms diffuse rapidly after phases that form pearlite nucleate. This transformation is complete at the pearlite finish time (Pf).

However, greater undercooling by rapid quenching results in formation of martensite or bainite instead of pearlite. This is possible provided the cooling rate is such that the cooling curve intersects the martensite start temperature or the bainite start curve before intersecting the Ps curve. The martensite transformation being a diffusionless shear transformation is represented by a straight line to signify the martensite start temperature.

See also
Continuous cooling transformation
Phase diagram

References
Materials science and Engineering, an introduction. William D. Callister Jr, 7th Ed, Wiley and sons publishing. Pages 258, 326, 462
The Science and Engineering of Materials. Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep P. Fulay, Wendelin J. Wright, 6th Ed, Cengage Learning. Pages 470–5.

Metallurgy
Phase transitions
Diagrams
Yokosuka MXY5. The Yokosuka MXY5 was a Japanese military glider produced for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. The glider consisted of fabric-wrapped plywood covering a tubular steel frame. The design also featured a retractable undercarriage as well as an emergency skid. The design was flight tested in 1942. Only 12 were produced and none were used operationally.

Variants
MXY5original version; nine built
MXY5alater version; three built

Specifications (MXY5 and MXY5a)

References

MXY5, Yokosuka
1940s military gliders
MXY5
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1942
Taufers Railway. The Tauferer Bahn () connected Taufers with the city of Bruneck and the Pusterer Bahn.

Track
Just after leaving the station of Bruneck and after crossing the Rienz, the track followed the Ahr river until the final station in Taufers. Only two bridges were necessary to build the line. One in Uttenheim over the Ahr river and one in Mühlen in Taufers over the Mühlwalder brook. The train stations coming from Bruneck to Taufers were St. Georgen, Gais, Uttenheim, Mühlen in Taufers, Kematen and Taufers.

History
The railroad was built by the Tirolean railway engineer Josef Riehl and from 1907 onwards 300 people were working on the construction site. The needed 800 Volt direct current for the train was produced by a small power plant in the valley using the water of the Ahr River. Until World War I the service was provided by the Austrian Südbahngesellschaft, which also ran the Brennerbahn and the Pusterer Bahn.

The cars had two motors with each 48 Kilowatt power. Because the line had only a single track, only one train could drive back and forward. Six trains made the trip from Bruneck to Taufers and back each day:  the journey time was 50 minutes.

During the 1950s, there was a rapid rise in car ownership and train travel was seen to be in retreat.   Track maintenance in mountain areas was costly.   The final train service operated on the line on 31 January 1957.   The rolling stock was sent to Merano and, in September 1958, sold for scrap.

As with many other former secondary train lines, the service today is provided by buses.

Today
Today the track is part of the South Tyrolean bike trail network, no signs of the old railway are visible.

Railway lines in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Transport in South Tyrol
Bruneck
Railway lines opened in 1908
Railway lines closed in 1957
1908 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester. The Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS) University of Manchester was formed by the merger in 2004 of the former UMIST departments of Chemical Engineering, and DIAS - the Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Sciences - and the Centre for Process Integration. After formation of the University of Manchester, the department was known as the School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, however was renamed in 2019 following a faculty-wide restructuring. The department inherits a longstanding association of Chemical Engineering and UMIST, indeed the discipline was founded by a series of lectures given there by George E. Davis in 1888.

The professors of technological chemistry in the Faculty of Technology, Victoria University of Manchester, were W. J. Pope (1905–08), E. Knecht (1909–18), F. L. Pyman (1918–27) and J. Kenner (1928-50).

References

External links
 CEAS website
 History and heritage of the school

Chemical Eng
Engineering universities and colleges in the United Kingdom