omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
102 Squadron (Israel). The 102 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Flying Tiger Squadron, operated TA-4H Skyhawk trainers and A-4N fighters and now operates M-346 Lavi at Hatzerim Airbase in the Negev near Beersheba.

History

The squadron was formed in August 1967, when Israel received new US-made A-4s to replace the aging Dassault Mystere and Super Mystere. This represented the switch to US-made weapons due to the French embargo after the 1967 crisis.

The squadron has fought in all major Israeli wars since 1968, carrying out both interdiction and close ground support missions. It has suffered severe losses, the heaviest in the Yom Kippur war in 1973, when about 20 planes were lost and 7 pilots killed.

The squadron continues to fly today, playing various roles, and uses the 2-seat M-346s in advanced IAF pilot training. The squadron is designated to continue service as operational and training units in the future.

Current role

During March 2016 the unit was noted as flying Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Lavi's.

The last A-4Ns were retired in December 2015.

References

External links

Global Security Profile
Defense Industry Daily: Israel’s Skyhawk Scandal Leads to End of an Era (Archived 2009-08-17)

Israeli Air Force squadrons
Flying training squadrons
Military units and formations established in 1967
105 Squadron (Israel). The 105 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as The Scorpion, operates F-16Ds from Ramat David Airbase.

History 
The squadron was founded in December 1950 as a Spitfire squadron. It has since operated the P-51 Mustang, Dassault Super Mystere, IAI Sa'ar, and the F-4 Phantom II. 

The fifth and last Israeli Air Force F-4E Kurnass squadron, 105 was activated at Hatzor on March 31, 1975, under the command of Shmuel Gordon. The Scorpion received its mounts under Peace Echo V deliveries, flying the IAF's newest aircraft and latest blocks, and was soon the first IAF Squadron to introduce the AGM-78 Purple Fist anti-radiation missile. It flew its first operational bombing mission, against a PLO base in Lebanon, in September 1977.

The squadron flew 335 sorties during the 1982 Lebanon War, primarily in the SEAD and close air support roles, and participated in operation Mole Cricket 19. The squadron scored the war's sole F-4E kill, when Ben-Ami Peri and David Oakman shot down a Syrian Air Force MiG-21 on June 11. 105 Squadron Phantoms were distinguished by a red arrow along both sides of their fuselage, initially solid red but later white with red outlines.

The squadron was disbanded in 1987 following IAF budget cuts.

The squadron won the 2009 "Skewer" competition.

References

Bibliography

External links

Global Security Profile

Israeli Air Force squadrons
Military units and formations established in 1950
Bundesautobahn 72. is a motorway in Germany. The construction of the autobahn started in the 1930s, but was halted by the outbreak of World War II. Due to the division of Germany, a part of the autobahn lay in ruins until after German reunification.

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'' Road continues as the B 2 into Leipzig
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External links 

 Construction Project Plan (German)

72
A072
A072
Ettore Perazzoli. Ettore Perazzoli (June 15, 1974 – December 10, 2003) was an Italian free software developer.

Biography
Born in Milan, he studied Engineering at the Polytechnic University. He wrote a port of x64, a Commodore 64 emulator for Unix, to DOS, thus turning it into a cross-platform emulator, which was renamed to VICE. He has been a maintainer of VICE for many years, and started the Microsoft Windows port, which is now the most popular version of VICE.

He then started contributing to GNOME, a Linux desktop environment. He helped in writing GtkHTML, Nautilus and Evolution. Close friend of Nat Friedman and Miguel de Icaza, he was invited by them to work for the company they founded, Ximian. He accepted and in 2001 moved to Boston, United States, where Ximian was headquartered.

At Ximian he led the effort to create Evolution and remained the project manager until he died.

He started writing an application for managing digital photo albums, in C#, for personal use. On November 8, 2003, he published it on GNOME Concurrent Versions System (CVS) server, with the name F-Spot.

On December 12, 2003, the GnomeDesktop.org website announced his death from cancer.

Sources

Article on Barrapunto about Ettore Perazzoli's death (in Spanish)

1974 births
2003 deaths
GNOME developers
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
20th-century Italian engineers
21st-century Italian engineers
Engineers from Milan
Italian computer scientists
Deaths from cancer
Green conventions. __notoc__

Green conventions or green meetings are conventions which are conducted in ways which minimize the environmental burdens imposed by such activities. Green event planners apply environmentally preferred practices to waste management, resource and energy use, travel and local transportation, facilities selection, siting and construction, food provision and disposal, hotels and accommodations, and management and purchasing decisions. The practice is known as "event greening" or "sustainable event management".

Green event and convention planning is now an established trend within the global tourism, sport events and convention industry. Several cities in the United States and Europe now sport green convention centers designed using green building principles and practices.

Several high visibility events including the Olympic Games in Italy, Sydney, Utah, and Greece; the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, and the 2004 Democratic and Republican National Conventions have implemented green practices with varied success. A more recent example is that of Live Earth, a series of worldwide concerts held on July 7, 2007, that initiated a three-year campaign to combat climate change. Such efforts aim to conserve resources, protect air and water quality, habitat and human health, and showcase sustainability practices and concerns.

Parts of the tourism and convention industry now promote green meetings, conferences, and convention planning as demand for sustainability measures increases. Industry associations have produced standards and guides for green meetings. Government agencies and non-profit organizations also promote these practices with research, recommendations, grants and technical support. Some private consultants in the meeting planning industry specialize in mounting green events, and industry groups and governments now sponsor awards to recognize achievements.

Green conventions, meetings, conferencing and events are part of an international movement to achieve a sustainable world economy and livable planet.

See also
Agenda 21
Environmental impact of aviation
Environmental protection
Green building
Hypermobility (travel)
Resource depletion
Sustainable business
Sustainable development
Sustainable event management or event greening
Sustainable tourism

External links
Environment Canada’s Green Meeting Guide 2007
Convention Industry Council’s Green Meetings Report 
Carbon Neutral Conferencing
Greenpeace Olympic Environmental Guidelines
Green Meeting Industry Council

Conventions (meetings)
Sustainable tourism
Bancroft rule. The Bancroft rule in colloidal chemistry states: "The phase in which an emulsifier is more soluble constitutes the continuous phase." This means that water-soluble surfactants tend to give oil-in-water emulsions and oil-soluble surfactants give water-in-oil emulsions. It is a general rule of thumb, still used, but regarded as inferior to HLD theory (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Difference), which takes many more factors into consideration.

It was named after Wilder Dwight Bancroft, an American physical chemist, who proposed the rule in the 1910s.

Technical details
In all of the typical emulsions, there are tiny particles (discrete phase) suspended in a liquid (continuous phase).  In an oil-in-water emulsion, oil is the discrete phase, while water is the continuous phase.

What the Bancroft rule states is that contrary to common sense, what makes an emulsion oil-in-water or water-in-oil is not the relative percentages of oil or water, but which phase the emulsifier is more soluble in.  So even though there may be a formula that's 60% oil and 40% water, if the emulsifier chosen is more soluble in water, it will create an oil-in-water system.

There are some exceptions to Bancroft's rule, but it's a very useful rule of thumb for most systems.

The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of a surfactant can be used in order to determine whether it's a good choice for the desired emulsion or not.

In oil-in-water emulsions – use emulsifying agents that are more soluble in water than in oil (High HLB surfactants).
In water-in-oil emulsions – use emulsifying agents that are more soluble in oil than in water (Low HLB surfactants).

Bancroft's rule suggests that the type of emulsion is dictated by the emulsifier and that the emulsifier should be soluble in the continuous phase. This empirical observation can be rationalized by considering the interfacial tension at the oil-surfactant and water-surfactant interfaces.

See also
 Azeotrope
 Bancroft point

References

Colloidal chemistry
MUX. MUX, Mux, or mux may refer to:

Technology
 Multiplexer, in circuit design
 Multiplex (television), a grouping of program services as interleaved data packets
 mux (windowing system), the windowing system for the Blit computer terminal 
 MUX clamp, a tool used in deep sea drilling operations

Other uses
 Multan International Airport (IATA code), Pakistan
 Multi-user experience, a computer gaming term; see MU*
 Marginal utility of good x (MUx), in the marginal rate of substitution
 Isuzu MU-X, a SUV by Japanese Automobile Isuzu
 Mux (company), a video technology company.

See also
 Mux Mool, American electronic musician, DJ, and producer
 Muxe, Zapotec transgender term
 Multiplex (disambiguation)
SS M.I.T. Victory. The SS M. I. T. Victory was a Victory ship built during World War II and used as a troop transport.  She was later named USAT MIT Victory and finally USAT Lt. Alexander R. Nininger.  Note: In 1944 there was a different transport ship named Alexander R. Nininger Jr..

Service life
M. I. T. Victory was part of the series of Victory ships named after educational institutions, in this case the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Her design type was VC2-S-AP2/WSAT.  Her Maritime Commission (MCV) hull number was 819 and her shipyard number was 2472. She was a War Shipping Administration Transport (WSAT) designed to carry 1,597 troops.

She was launched and christened on 12 May 1945, shortly after V-E Day.  Her sponsor was Mrs. Margaret H. Compton, wife of MIT President Karl T. Compton, who also attended. She was completed on 5 June 1945, 74 days after being laid down.

M. I. T. Victory'''s library was donated by MIT through the American Merchant Marine Library Association. While bringing back G.I.s from Europe after World War II, the ship published a mimeographed newspaper, Tech Times, for those on board.

One of her more notable passengers was Mary Jane Keeney, a GRU agent involved in the Amerasia Affair.  In March 1946, after working with the Allied Staff on Reparations in Europe, Keeney returned on board M. I. T. Victory to New York City.  Shortly after arriving the FBI observed her passing an envelope to Joseph Bernstein, which was delivered to Alexander Trachtenberg, a communist party official.

On 30 August 1946, the ship was transferred to the US Army and became U. S. Army Transport (USAT) M.I.T Victory. She made her maiden voyage as an Army Transport from New York to Bremerhaven, Germany, departing on September 13, 1946, carrying troops to Europe. A hurricane was encountered en route and the trip took 13 days.

In 1948 she was renamed to USAT Lt. Alexander R. Nininger, using the Army practice of naming their vessels after Medal of Honor winners.

 Fate 
On 16 September 1949, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet in the Hudson River. The Army transferred title to the Maritime Commission on 8 December 1949. On 31 October 1969 she was transferred to James River, Virginia. On 16 July 1974, she was sold for $555,100 to Sparreboom Shipbrokers for scrapping. At 1030 EDT, on 23 August 1974 she was withdrawn from the Reserve Fleet and sent to the breaker's yard in Rotterdam.

 Artifacts 
The christening bottle for the M. I. T. Victory'' is in the MIT Historical Collection. The brass builder's plate was likely removed by MARAD, but has not been cataloged as of this writing.

External links 
Photo of USAT MIT Victory on the Naval Armed Guards site.
More on Alexander Niniger.
MARAD Data on MIT Victory/Nininger

References 

World War II merchant ships of the United States
1945 ships
Victory ships
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Troop ships of the United States
Feed dog. A feed dog is a movable plate which pulls fabric through a sewing machine in discrete steps between stitches.

Action
A set of feed dogs typically resembles two or three short, thin metal bars, crosscut with diagonal teeth, which move both front to back and up and down in slots in a sewing machine's needle plate: front to back to advance fabric gripped between the dogs and the presser foot toward the needle, and up and down to recess at the end of their stroke, release the fabric, and remain recessed while returning before emerging again to begin a new one.

Name
A mechanical dog is named to suggest the jaw or teeth of a dog, the animal, clamped on to an object, refusing to let go.

This arrangement is called "drop feed" in reference to the way the dogs drop below the needle plate when returning for the next stroke.  Allen B. Wilson invented it during the time period 1850 to 1854, while also developing the rotary hook.  Wilson called it a "four-motion feed", in reference to the four movements the dogs perform during one full stitch: up into the fabric, back to pull the fabric along to the next stitch, down out of the fabric and below the needle plate, and then forward to return to the starting position.

Stitch length
Virtually all drop-feed sewing machines can vary their stitch length; this is typically controlled by a lever or dial on the front of the machine.  They are usually also capable of reversing the feed dogs' motion to pull the fabric backwards to form a backstitch.

See also
 Dog (engineering)

References

Sewing machines
Bundesautobahn 388. was an autobahn spur in Göttingen. It has now been downgraded and made part of the Bundesstraße 27, as the A 38 has recently been finished. The A 388 was supposed to be the first part of the A 38, branching off the A 7 in the North of Göttingen, however plans were carried out differently and the A 38 now meets with the A 7 near Friedland.

Exit list 

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388
A388
Chorobates. The chorobates, described by Vitruvius in Book VIII of the De architectura, was used to measure horizontal planes and was especially important in the construction of aqueducts.

Similar to modern spirit levels, the chorobates consisted of a beam of wood 6 m in length held by two supporting legs and equipped with two plumb lines at each end. The legs were joined to the beam by two diagonal rods with carved notches.  If the notches corresponding to the plumb lines matched on both sides, it showed that the beam was level. On top of the beam, a groove or channel was carved.  If the condition was too windy for the plumb bobs to work effectively, the surveyor could pour water into the groove and measure the plane by checking the water level.

Isaac Moreno Gallo's interpretation of the chorobates 
Isaac Moreno Gallo, a Technical Engineer of Public Works specialized in Ancient Rome's civil engineering, claims that the present-day representation of the chorobates (in a table-like shape) is mistaken due to a misinterpretation derived from an incorrect translation of the Latin term "ancones" used by Vitruvius. "...ea habet ancones in capitibus extremis aequali modo perfectos inque regulae capitibus ad nomam coagmentatos..." In this context, "ancones" could be translated as "limbs" (extremidades) or "arms", but also as "ménsulas" (brackets or corbels). According to Isaac Moreno, this vertical design is way more efficient when it comes to optical leveling and makes more sense from a topographer's point of view. Furthermore, it preserves the original length described by Vitruvius (20 feet or 5.92 meters) that the table-like chorobates versions persistently seem to ignore.

This "vertical" chorobates was indeed the predominant interpretation of the chorobates in the oldest representations recorded: 1547's engravings included in Jean Goujon's translation of Vitrubius works into French. Or 1582's Miguel de Urrea's first edition of Vitrubius works, this time in Spanish. And few years later, when Juan de Lastanosa published “The Twenty-One Books of Engineering and Machines" of Gianello della Torre”.

All three of them consistently represented the chorobates in a very similar way, until 1673 Claude Perrault's translations radically altered the vertically shaped stand with "ménsulas" and turned it into a horizontal table-like chorobates (with "legs" instead of "brackets") that has become the standard representation nowadays. 

In his "Ars Mensoria" series, Isaac Moreno Gallo recreates practical demonstrations of Roman topographic instruments using his own replicas. Among them, the chorobates.

See also
Groma
Dioptra
Chorography
Odometer

References

M. J. T. Lewis. Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome. Cambridge University Press. . 2001. p 31.Isaac Moreno Gallo.Topografía Romana. 2004. p 43 .

Surveying and engineering in Ancient Rome
Chorobates described

Measuring instruments
Surveying
Ancient Greece
Ancient Roman architecture
KME. KME may refer to:

 Kaplan–Meier estimator, estimates the fraction of patients living for a certain amount of time after treatment.
 KME Smart, Iot platform, Turkish company.
 Kappa Mu Epsilon
 Kilmore East railway station, Australia
 KME Group, Italian company
 Kovatch Mobile Equipment Corp
 , a conglomerate of microelectronic design and development facilities around the VEB Mikroelektronik "Karl Marx" Erfurt (MME) in the former East Germany
Full state feedback. Full state feedback (FSF), or pole placement, is a method employed in feedback control system theory to place the closed-loop poles of a plant in predetermined locations in the s-plane.  Placing poles is desirable because the location of the poles corresponds directly to the eigenvalues of the system, which control the characteristics of the response of the system.  The system must be considered controllable in order to implement this method.

Principle

If the closed-loop dynamics can be represented by the state space equation (see State space (controls))

with output equation

then the poles of the system transfer function are the roots of the characteristic equation given by

Full state feedback is utilized by commanding the input vector .  Consider an input proportional (in the matrix sense) to the state vector,

.

Substituting into the state space equations above, we have

The poles of the FSF system are given by the characteristic equation of the matrix , .  Comparing the terms of this equation with those of the desired characteristic equation yields the values of the feedback matrix  which force the closed-loop eigenvalues to the pole locations specified by the desired characteristic equation.

Example of FSF 

Consider a system given by the following state space equations:

The uncontrolled system has open-loop poles at  and . These poles are the eigenvalues of the  matrix and they are the roots of .  Suppose, for considerations of the response, we wish the controlled system eigenvalues to be located at  and , which are not the poles we currently have.  The desired characteristic equation is then , from .

Following the procedure given above, the FSF controlled system characteristic equation is

where

Upon setting this characteristic equation equal to the desired characteristic equation, we find

.

Therefore, setting  forces the closed-loop poles to the desired locations, affecting the response as desired.

This only works for Single-Input systems.  Multiple input systems will have a  matrix that is not unique.  Choosing, therefore, the best  values is not trivial.  A linear-quadratic regulator might be used for such applications.

See also
Pole splitting
Step response
Ackermann's Formula
Linear-quadratic regulator

References

External links 
Mathematica function to compute the state feedback gains

Control theory
Feedback
HMS Pallas (1865). HMS Pallas was a purpose-built wooden-hulled ironclad of the Royal Navy, designed as a private venture by Sir Edward Reed, and accepted by the Board of Admiralty because, as an economy measure, they wished to use up the stocks of seasoned timber held in the Woolwich Dockyard. The fact that Woolwich was not equipped to build iron ships was also relevant.

Background and design
She was built as a centre battery ship, with two of her big guns on either broadside and the others mounted in the extreme bow and stern as chase guns. It was possible to achieve axial fire from the battery guns by traversing them to fire fore or aft through recessed embrasures at the corners of the battery. As with similar arrangements in contemporary box-battery ironclads, moving the guns in anything other than calm water would have been extremely hazardous. The small number of guns, and the low weight of the broadside, was excused on the basis that the ship's primary weapon was the ram.

Pallas was the first warship in the Royal Navy to be fitted with compound expansion engines, and a high performance was expected from them; her specification claimed a speed under power of fourteen knots, which was necessary if she were to ram enemy ships who were themselves under way. On her trials, however, riding light, she achieved only , while piling up an enormous bow wave. After her bow contour was hastily modified she was able to just reach , which in the event of armed conflict would have been insufficient to allow her to fulfil her designed ramming function against any enemy ship with an operational power plant.

In spite of this assessment, the fact that the 12.54-knot Austro-Hungarian ironclad SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max (1865) was later able to successfully ram an enemy screw-propelled warship which was under way - and indeed sink it - suggests that Pallas' modest speed, while a hindrance to her employment as a ram, would not have entirely prevented an enterprising commander from taking advantage of her fixed underwater weaponry in battle, had a suitable tactical opportunity arisen. As with many tactical aspects of early ironclad warships, the practicability of ramming in a fleet action was poorly understood by naval planners at the time of Pallas' commissioning.

Service history

HMS Pallas was commissioned at Portsmouth. On 31 October 1868, she caught fire at Gibraltar. Seventeen crew were injured. The fire was extinguished with assistance from a United States Navy warship. She served with the Channel Fleet until September 1870, when she was paid off for a long (and very early) refit. She served in the Mediterranean Fleet from 1872 to 1879, and was paid off. She was retained in fourth class reserve at Devonport until sold.

Citations

References

 

Ships built in Woolwich
1865 ships
Ships of the Royal Navy
Maritime incidents in October 1868