omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Entex Select-A-Game. The Entex Select-a-game is a handheld game system released in 1981 by Entex Industries. Entex released six games for the device before they dropped support in 1982 in favor of the Entex Adventure Vision.

Hardware
The Select-a-Game uses a 7 x 16 vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) array of large dots as the main display. It can display two colors, red and blue. These are combined with static overlays for each game. Together they make up the display. The system is basically a display and controller for the games with no built-in processor power. Each game cartridge contains a microprocessor programmed with the appropriate game code in it. In this respect, it is very similar to the concept of Milton Bradley's Microvision system released a few years earlier.

The system can be powered by four C batteries, or by an external A/C power supply. The power supply was only available by mail-order.

Games
The games released for the system are:

Space Invader 2
Basketball 3
Football 4
Pinball
Baseball 4
Pacman 2
Battleship (not released)
Turtles (not released)

Space Invader 2 came with the system. In late 1981, Entex was sued by Coleco, which held the licensing rights to handheld versions of Pac-Man at the time, for copyright infringement over their upcoming release of Pacman 2. The game was pulled shortly after release as part of the settlement. Because of this, Pacman 2 is the rarest game released for the system. The game cartridges play very similar to their hand held counterparts (Entex made quite a few hand held games such as Space Invader 2, Basketball 3, Pacman 2, etc.).

References

External links 
 https://re-enthused.com/hardware/the-entex-select-a-game-failing-with-style/ A video on the re:enthused channel demonstrating the handheld and games

Discontinued handheld game consoles
Handheld game consoles
Products introduced in 1981
1980s toys
Entex Industries consoles
Ndiyo. Ndiyo was a not-profit organisation based out of Cambridge, United Kingdom, which aimed to promote networked computing that is "simple, affordable, open." Ndiyo, pronounced nn-dee-yo, is the Swahili word for "yes". The company developed an ultra-thin client called the nivo (network in, video out) based on Ubuntu Linux and other open-source software, for use especially in developing countries. The data sent to the clients over the network was pixel data, using a similar approach to Virtual Network Computing (VNC). 

The project worked on the basis of multiple workstations running from a single PC. Quentin Stafford-Fraser, founder of the organisation, told The Economist "We can make computing more affordable by sharing it".  The system allows a basic PC running linux to be shared by many users.

The Ndiyo Nivo was similar in concept to Sun Microsystems' Sun Ray virtual display thin client, but at sub-$100 and using only 2W, it was lower-cost and used much less power, making it more suitable for these kinds of situations.

In addition to its use by organisations within the United Kingdom, Ndiyo-based systems were deployed in internet cafes in Bangladesh and South Africa, and in Tanzanian Schools.

The Nivo technology went on to become the basis of DisplayLink, a company founded by members of the team.

References

External links
Ndiyo!
The Ndiyo system and the nivo 
Video of a 2006 Ndiyo deployment in Bangladesh
Video of a 2006 Ndiyo deployment in South Africa
Organisations based in Cambridge
Swahili words and phrases
Thin clients
USS Meyer. USS Meyer (DD-279) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding  although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two  1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Meyer, named for George von Lengerke Meyer, was laid down 6 February 1919 at the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, Squantum, Massachusetts; launched 18 July 1919; sponsored by Mrs. C. R. P. Rodgers, daughter of Mr. Meyer; and commissioned 17 December 1919.

After an east coast shakedown, Meyer departed Boston, Massachusetts 9 February 1920 for the west coast. She arrived San Diego, California 1 April only to depart soon afterward for a cruise to San Francisco, California and various Alaskan ports. Returning to San Diego 18 August, she continued to operate along the west coast, ranging from Alaska to Panama, with occasional voyages to Hawaii, for the next 8 and a half years. During that time her assignments were varied and in August, 1927, Meyer served as one of the ships used to assist pilots participating in the Dole Race from the mainland to Hawaii. Early in 1929 the destroyer began inactivation overhaul and on 15 May 1929 was decommissioned at San Diego. On 17 June she was towed to Mare Island for scrapping. Struck 25 November 1930, her materials were sold 25 February 1932.

As of 2019, no other ships have been named Meyer.

Meyer can be briefly seen in the movie, "Tin Pan Alley", just after the two male leads enlist in the army to serve in WW1.  About 1 hour 15 mins into the film . She also appeared briefly in "Yankee Doodle Dandy" during the World War I time period.

Notes

References

External links

http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/279.htm

Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1919 ships
James Chatham Duane. James Chatham Duane (June 10, 1824 – December 8, 1897) was a career officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War, being the Chief Engineer of the Army of the Potomac.

Early life
Duane was born on June 10, 1824, in Schenectady, New York, to James Duane and Harriet Constable. His paternal grandparents were James Chatham Duane (1769–1842) and Mary Ann Bowers (1773–1828). His great-grandfather James Duane (1733–1797) was a member of the Continental Congress and mayor of New York City. Duane graduated from Union College in 1844, where he was a founding member of Chi Psi fraternity, and from the United States Military Academy in 1848, where he ranked third in his class.

Career
He taught practical military engineering there from 1852–54 during the superintendency of Robert E. Lee. Serving with the Army's company of sappers, miners, and pontoniers for nine years before the American Civil War, he led the engineers on a 1,100-mile march on the Utah Expedition in 1858 and commanded select engineer troops to guard President Abraham Lincoln at his inauguration in 1861.

Duane built the first military pontoon bridge over the Potomac River at the Battle of Harpers Ferry in 1862, served as Chief Engineer of the Army of the Potomac from 1863 to 1865, and in seven hours in 1864 built the longest pontoon bridge of the Civil War (2,170 ft) across the James River.

On April 10, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Duane for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general in the Regular Army (United States), to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on May 4, 1866.

Duane commanded at Willets Point, New York, from 1866 to 1868, and for ten years constructed fortifications along the coasts of Maine and New Hampshire. He was appointed lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army to rank from March 7, 1867, and colonel in the U.S. Army, January 10, 1883. He was president of the Board of Engineers from 1884 to 1886. Appointed Chief of Engineers and brigadier general on October 11, 1886, he retired June 30 1888. He then became Commissioner of Croton Aqueduct in New York City. He published a paper on the "History of the Bridge Equipage in the United States Army."

Personal life
He married Harriet Whitehorne Brewerton (1830-1914) in 1850. Together, they had:
James Duane (1852–1899)
Charles Duane (1856-?)
Alexander Duane (1858-1926)

General Duane died in New York City, November 8, 1897. He was buried in Vale Cemetery, Schenectady, New York.

See also

List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)

References
Notes

Sources
This article contains public domain text from 

United States Military Academy alumni
Union army officers
1824 births
1897 deaths
Military personnel from Schenectady, New York
Union College (New York) alumni
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Chi Psi founders
Duane family
Local Management Interface. Local Management Interface (LMI) is a term for some signaling standards used in networks, namely Frame Relay and Carrier Ethernet.

Frame Relay 
LMI is a set of signalling standards between routers and Frame Relay switches. Communication takes place between a router and the first Frame Relay switch to which it is connected. Information about keepalives, global addressing, IP multicast and the status of virtual circuits is commonly exchanged using LMI.

There are three standards for LMI: 
 Using DLCI 0:
 ANSI's T1.617 Annex D standard
 ITU-T's Q.933 Annex A standard
 Using DLCI 1023:
 The "Gang of Four" standard, developed by Cisco, DEC, StrataCom and Nortel

Carrier Ethernet 
Ethernet Local Management Interface (E-LMI) is an Ethernet layer operation, administration, and management (OAM) protocol defined by the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) for Carrier Ethernet networks. It provides information that enables auto configuration of customer edge (CE) devices.

References

External links
Additional information on Frame Relay LMI

Computer networking
Frame Relay
Michael Minovitch. Michael Andrew Minovitch ( 1936 - 16 September 2022) was an American mathematician who developed gravity assist technique when he was a UCLA graduate student and working summers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

In 1961 Minovitch began using the fastest available computer at the time, the IBM 7090, to solve the three-body problem. He ran simulations and developed his own solution by 1962.

The first mission to use a gravity assist was Pioneer 10, which increased its velocity from 52,000 km/h to 132,000 km/h as it passed by Jupiter in December, 1973.

Minovitch patented a vehicle for space travel under the patent title Magnetic propulsion system and operating method, US Patent 6193194 B1.

References

External links 

Jupiter swing-by trajectories passing near the earth  Includes comprehensive history of the development of gravity-assist trajectories.

Gravity-assist "Slingshot", Background, principle, applications, Part 1 and 2 on EEWorldOnline.com

1930s births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Dan Farmer. Dan Farmer (born April 5, 1962) is an American computer security researcher and programmer who was a pioneer in the development of vulnerability scanners for Unix operating systems and computer networks.

Life and career 

Farmer developed his first software suite while he was a computer science student at Purdue University in 1989. Gene Spafford, one of his professors, helped him to start the project. The software, called the Computer Oracle and Password System (COPS), comprises several small, specialized vulnerability scanners designed to identify security weaknesses in one part of a Unix operating system.

In 1995, Farmer and Wietse Venema (a Dutch programmer and physicist) developed a second vulnerability scanner called the Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks (SATAN). Due to a misunderstanding of SATAN's capabilities, when it was first published, some network administrators and law enforcement personnel believed that hackers would use it to identify and break into vulnerable computers. Consequently, SGI terminated Farmer's employment.  However, contrary to popular opinion, SATAN did not function as an automatic hacking program that undermined network security. Rather, it operated as an audit on network security that identified vulnerabilities and made suggestions to help prevent them. No information about how security vulnerabilities could be exploited was provided by the tool. Within a few years, the use of vulnerability scanners such as SATAN became an accepted method for auditing computer and network security.

He co-developed the Titan vulnerability scanner with Brad Powell and Matt Archibald, which they presented at the Large Installation System Administration Conference (LISA) in 1998.

Farmer and Venema collaborated again to develop a computer forensics suite called The Coroner's Toolkit, and later coauthored Forensic Discovery (2005), a book about computer forensics.

Farmer co-founded Elemental Security with Dayne Myers, and served as the corporation's chief technical officer.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Home page
 Blog
 Hackers, episode of NetCafe containing an interview with Dan Farmer

1962 births
Living people
Purdue University alumni
Computer security specialists
Chief technology officers of computer security companies
American chief technology officers
Computer science writers
Silicon Graphics people
Rokushō. is a traditional Japanese chemical compound used in the niiro process for artificially inducing patination in decorative non-ferrous metals, especially several copper alloys, with the results being metals of the irogane class. It is most commonly translated as malachite; in art, rokushō  was the most widely used green pigment. 

These "colour metals", virtually unknown outside Japan until the late 19th century, have achieved some popularity in craft circles in other parts of the world since then.

Usage
Rokushō is used to treat a number of metals, including raw natural copper, which holds impurities, purified copper, and copper alloy mixes with two to five metals, to produce irogane metals, including: shakudō, an alloy of copper and gold, which becomes black to dark blue-violet; shibuichi, an alloy of fine silver and copper (in a higher percentage than sterling), which turns grey to misty aquamarine or other shades of blue to green; kuromido which becomes dark coppery black.

Rokushō was generally used to patinate all types of mokume-gane ("wood grain metal") as well.

Although other patination agents can be used on these metals, some artisans prefer the rich colors achieved with traditional rokushō in the niiro process.

These metals are becoming increasingly popular in high-end artistic jewelry, especially in bi-metals (a layer of the alloy fused to another metal such as sterling).  Because rokushō has a dramatically different effect on sterling silver than on the alloys typically fused to it in bi-metals, a common technique in art jewelry is to engrave through the alloy layer in a pattern to reveal the silver underneath prior to patination.  This provides a rich contrast in color, highlighting the pattern.

Formulation
The formulae for rokushō are not published widely or freely, but passed on in the Japanese craft tradition.  However, some scholars have analysed samples of the material.

Premixed rokushō can be purchased outside Japan through specialty jewelry suppliers. Additionally, several different formulas have been proposed to replicate the traditional product for those who prefer to make their own:

 In a container made of glass, porcelain, or copper, dissolve 6g copper acetate, 2g calcium carbonate, and 2g sodium hydroxide in 150ml water. After a week, siphon or decant the clear liquid from the top; just before use, add another 2g copper sulfate.
 Dissolve 4g copper acetate, 1g copper nitrate, 1g cupric chloride, and 4g copper sulfate in 1 liter of distilled water.
 Dissolve 60g copper acetate and 60g copper sulfate in a 2-liter solution of white vinegar diluted 5-12% with water.

Rokusho is not used alone, but mixed with one or more other chemicals.  Further, metal to be processed is cleaned in advance of treatment, using a mild acid bath (oxalic or sulfuric acids are frequently used), scrubbing with daikon radish or pumice, and/or a surface abrasive, and often treated after patination also.

References

External links
 Japanese traditional patina tutorial by crafter Jim Kelso

Irogane
Artistic techniques
Decorative arts
Metallurgy
Manipulator (device). In robotics, a manipulator is a device used to manipulate materials without direct physical contact by the operator.  The applications were originally for dealing with radioactive or biohazardous materials, using robotic arms, or they were used in inaccessible places.  In more recent developments they have been used in diverse range of applications including welding automation, robotic surgery and in space.  It is an arm-like mechanism that consists of a series of segments, usually sliding or jointed called cross-slides, which grasp and move objects with a number of degrees of freedom.

In industrial ergonomics a manipulator is a lift-assist device used to help workers lift, maneuver and place articles in process that are too heavy, too hot, too large or otherwise too difficult for a single worker to manually handle.  As opposed to simply vertical lift assists (cranes, hoists, etc.) manipulators have the ability to reach in to tight spaces and remove workpieces.  A good example would be removing large stamped parts from a press and placing them in a rack or similar dunnage. In welding, a column boom manipulator is used to increase deposition rates, reduce human error and other costs in a manufacturing setting.

Additionally, manipulator tooling gives the lift assist the ability to pitch, roll, or spin the part for appropriate placement.  An example would be removing a part from a press in the horizontal and then pitching it up for vertical placement in a rack or rolling a part over for exposing the back of the part.

Specialized types
One of the types of manipulators is balanced manipulator type MSP-250, controlled by the operator's hand. Such manipulators are used in various industries. Where there are special requirements to protect against fire and explosion, they may be driven by compressed air.

A welding manipulator can be either open arc or submerged arc. A welding manipulator can be used to weld horizontally and vertically and is ideal for job shops as they are robust, have high production volume capacity and a greater degree of flexibility in product engineering. Welding manipulators are commonly used in pipe and vessel fabrication but can be used in a cladding procedure with the aid of a proper welding fixture.

Examples
Examples of robotic manipulators are:
 Canadarm
 Terabot-S by Oceaneering Space Systems
 SCARA
 da Vinci Surgical System

See also
 Balbus-UK Limited Industrial manipulators
 ANAT Technology (Articulated Nimble Adaptable Trunk) 
 Industrial robots
 Robotic arm
Articulated robots
 Telemanipulator
Categories
 – articulated robot or manipulator based on a number of kinematic chains, actuators and joints, in parallel. c.f. serial manipulator.
Remote manipulator   – manipulator under direct human control, often used for work with hazardous materials.
   – articulated robot or manipulator with a single series kinematic chain of actuators. c.f. parallel manipulator.

References

Robotic manipulation
Doublet (lapidary). A doublet is a type of assembled gem composed in two sections. It is sometimes used to imitate other, more expensive gems.

A garnet and glass doublet uses a top portion of natural garnet fused to any color of glass to imitate a gem. The color of glass used in the doublet is all that is seen, as the garnet provides no color. If seen in reflected light, a separation line may be seen. A harder garnet makes the stones more durable. In the case of opal doublets, a backing layer of onyx or matrix (ironstone) gives the more fragile opal layer support and can make the opal look darker and higher quality.

Garnet and glass doublets were first used around 1850 when it was noted that molten glass would adhere to garnet. It was a popular imitation for all types of gems in many colors because the color of the glass became the only color that could be seen. They were still being produced into the early 1900s until actual synthetic gems were introduced.

References

Gemology
Henderson limit. The Henderson limit is the X-ray dose (energy per unit mass) a cryo-cooled crystal can absorb before the diffraction pattern decays to half of its original intensity. Its value is defined as 2 × 107 Gy (J/kg).

Decay of diffraction patterns with increasing X-ray dose
Although the process is still not fully understood, diffraction patterns of crystals typically decay with X-ray exposure due to a number of processes which non-uniformly and irreversibly modify molecules that compose the crystal.  These modifications induce disorder and thus decrease the intensity of Bragg diffraction.  The processes behind these modifications include primary damage via the photo electric effect, covalent modification by free radicals, oxidation (methionine residues), reduction (disulfide bonds) and decarboxylation (glutamate, aspartate residues).

Practical significance
Although generalizable, the limit is defined in the context of biomolecular X-ray crystallography, where a typical experiment consists of exposing a single frozen crystal of a macromolecule (generally protein, DNA or RNA) to an intense X-ray beam. The beams that are diffracted are then analyzed towards obtaining an atomically resolved model of the crystal. Such decay presents itself as a problem for crystallographers who require that the diffraction intensities decay as little as possible, to maximize the signal to noise ratio in order to determine accurate atomic models that describe the crystal.

References
 
 
 
Molecular biology