omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
OpenGL Architecture Review Board. The OpenGL Architecture Review Board (ARB) was an industry consortium that governed the OpenGL specification.
It was formed in 1992, and defined the conformance tests, approved the OpenGL specification and advanced the standard.  On July 31, 2006, it was announced that the ARB voted to transfer control of the OpenGL specification to Khronos Group.

Voting members included 3Dlabs, Apple, ATI, Dell, IBM, Intel, Nvidia, SGI and Sun Microsystems, plus other contributing members.  Microsoft was an original voting member, but left in March 2003.

See also 
 OpenGL
 GLSL
 Khronos Group
 ARB assembly language

References

External links
 http://www.opengl.org/about/arb/  — The official page for the OpenGL ARB

Computer graphics organizations
OpenGL
Organizations disestablished in 2006
Organizations established in 1992
Bailey Island Bridge. The Bailey Island Bridge (also called the Cribstone Bridge) is a historic bridge in the town of Harpswell within Cumberland County in the state of Maine.

History
For many years, the residents of Bailey Island, Maine, advocated that a bridge be built to connect their island with Orr's Island. The town of Harpswell, Maine, which encompasses both islands, turned down the request. However, when the Maine Legislature drafted a law allowing the state and counties to fund bridge construction, a plan emerged to build such a bridge. A contract was signed in 1926, with construction beginning on the Bailey Island Bridge in 1927 and finishing in 1928. The engineer for the project was Llewelyn N. Edwards, bridge engineer for the Maine State Highway Commission.

Design

Design of the  bridge was complicated by the tides in the area known as Will's Gut. It was decided to build a cobwork bridge, using granite slabs as cribstones, acquired from local quarries in nearby Yarmouth, Maine. The slabs allowed the tide to ebb and flow freely without increasing tidal current to any great degree.

Some 10,000 tons of granite were used in the project. A concrete road (now part of Route 24) was built on top of the cribstones.

Additions and recognition
A sidewalk was added in 1951 and guard rails in 1961. The Bailey Island Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975; on July 19, 1984, it was recognized as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. The Bailey Island Bridge is reported to be the only granite cribstone bridge in the world.

In 2009 and 2010, the bridge underwent reconstruction to repair cracked or sheared stones. During the repairs, a  temporary bridge was placed alongside the cribstone bridge so that traffic could continue without disruption. On November 20, 2010, a ribbon-cutting ceremony and parade took place to celebrate the reopening of the bridge. The restored bridge maintains the dimensions of the original, and the replacement stones were obtained from the same quarry in Yarmouth that supplied the original.

Photo gallery

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Maine
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cumberland County, Maine

References

Further reading
Maine Bridge History 
History of Bailey Island
Kathleen Clemons Photography of Bailey Island Bridge
 13-minute documentary video describing the history and location of the bridge.

External links

Bailey Island Cribstone Bridge at Bridgemeister.com

Bailey Island (Maine)
Bridges in Cumberland County, Maine
Bridges completed in 1928
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Historic American Engineering Record in Maine
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
1928 establishments in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Cumberland County, Maine
Stone bridges in the United States
NRE. NRE, an acronym or initialism, may refer to:

National Railway Equipment Company
National Rail Enquiries
National Register of Electors, in Canada
Negative regulatory element
New relationship energy
Non-recurring engineering
In fluid mechanics and heat transfer, NRe is a common notation for the Reynolds number
 Natural Resources and Environment
 Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania, Australia
 Forests Commission Victoria, Australia
 Malaysia, under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Malaysia)
 United states, Under Secretary of Agriculture for Natural Resources and Environment or USA(NRE)
 Null Reference Exception (Null_pointer#Null_dereferencing)
Oven glove. An oven glove, also commonly known as an oven mitt, is a thermal insulated glove or mitten usually worn in the kitchen to easily protect the wearer's hand from hot objects such as ovens, stoves, cookware, etc. They are functionally similar to pot-holders, but designed to be worn over one's entire hand.

Fabric oven mitts usually consist of a layer of thermal insulation surrounded by cotton fabric (often with decorative patterns). Newer oven mitts are often treated with silnylon, which makes them resistant to water and stains, or else are made of stronger synthetic materials such as Kevlar.

Single oven mitts are usually designed to be worn on either hand. Other designs consist of two gloves connected by fabric.

References

See also
 Pot-holder

Gloves
Kitchenware
Rushbrooke inequality. In statistical mechanics, the Rushbrooke inequality relates the critical exponents of a magnetic system which exhibits a first-order phase transition in the thermodynamic limit for non-zero temperature T.

Since the Helmholtz free energy  is extensive, the normalization to free energy per site is given as

The magnetization M per site in the thermodynamic limit, depending on the external magnetic field H and temperature T is given by

where  is the spin at the i-th site, and the magnetic susceptibility and specific heat at constant temperature and field are given by, respectively

and

Additionally,

Definitions
The critical exponents  and  are defined in terms of the behaviour of the order parameters and response functions near the critical point as follows

where

measures the temperature relative to the critical point.

Derivation
Using the magnetic analogue of the Maxwell relations for the response functions, the relation

follows, and with thermodynamic stability requiring that , one has

which, under the conditions  and the definition of the critical exponents gives

which gives the Rushbrooke inequality

Remarkably, in experiment and in exactly solved models, the inequality actually holds as an equality.

Critical phenomena
Statistical mechanics
Raise borer. A raise borer is a machine used in underground mining, to excavate a circular hole between two levels of a mine without the use of explosives.

The raise borer is set up on the upper level of the two levels to be connected, on an evenly laid platform (typically a concrete pad). A small-diameter hole (pilot hole) is drilled to the level required; the diameter of this hole is typically 230mm – 445mm (9" - 17.5"), large enough to accommodate the drill string. Once the drill has broken into the opening on the target level, the bit is removed and a reamer head, of the required diameter of the excavation, is attached to the drill string and raised back towards the machine. The drill cuttings from the reamer head fall to the floor of the lower level.  The finished raise has smooth walls and may not require rock bolting or other forms of ground support. One impressive use of raise boring is the 7.1 m diameter shafts for Sasol's Middelbult and Bosjesspruit Mines in South Africa. 

The boxhole borer (or machine roger) is a variant of a raise borer that is used when there is not enough space on the higher of the two levels to be connected. The boxhole borer is set up on the lower level, drills a pilot hole as a guide, then drives the reamer bit along the pilot hole from the lower level to the upper. Precautions have to be taken to redirect falling drill cuttings away from the machine, and to reinforce the drill string.

See also 
 2010 Copiapó mining accident - Rescue

References

External links
 Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms
Mining equipment
Underground mining
Orascom Construction. Orascom Construction PLC (OC; ) is an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor based in Cairo, Egypt. The company was Egypt's first multinational corporation and stands at the core of the Orascom Group companies. OC is active in more than 25 countries.

History

OC was established in Egypt in 1976 and then owned by Onsi Sawiris. As of 2007, it owned and operated cement plants in Egypt, Algeria, Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq, North Korea and Spain, which had a combined annual production capacity of tens of millions of tonnes. OC was the second company formed by Sawiris, having previously opened another construction company in Upper Egypt in 1950 which was nationalized under Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1961.

In December 2007, OC announced the divestment of its cement group, Orascom Building Materials Holding (OBMH), the holding company for its cement group assets, to the French Lafarge.

In July 2011, Orascom Construction won a $450 million bid in Saudi Arabia.

In September 2012, Orascom Construction expanded in the US by building a nitrogen fertilizer plant in Iowa and buying out The Weitz Company. In 2013, Cascade Investment invested $1 billion in Orascom Construction. Following this investment, a Netherlands-based company, OCI NV, was created, and became the parent company of Orascom Construction.

In March 2015, Orascom Construction shares started trading at the Dubai Financial Market and Cairo's Egyptian Exchange.

In July 2018, Orascom Construction partnered with Engie to build the largest wind farm in Egypt. In May 2019, the consortium Bombardier Inc., Orascom Construction and Arab Contractors won the contract to build two monorail lines in Cairo.

Sanctions 
In 2013, Orascom Group agreed to pay up to $1 billion in tax fines to the Egyptian tax collector following irregularities in the 2007 sale to Lafarge.

See also
Orascom Telecom Holding

References

External links
 Orascom Construction website

Construction and civil engineering companies of Egypt
Orascom Group
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1976
Companies based in Cairo
Egyptian companies established in 1976
Companies listed on the Egyptian Exchange
Companies in the EGX 30
Conglomerate companies of Egypt
Myra Wilson. Myra S. Wilson is a British computer scientist.  She is a senior lecturer in computer science at Aberystwyth University, Wales. Her research interests are in the broad area of robotics, and she also teaches in the field.

Education and research 
Myra S. Wilson received the B.Sc. degree from Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, U.K., and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.

She heads the Intelligent Robotics Group, as well as the Biologically Inspired Robotics Network (biro-net). Her interests include adaptive robotics and biologically inspired systems.

Media work
She was a judge on the BBC television robot combat programme Robot Wars for the fourth and fifth series in 2000–2001.

Selected publications 

 Walker, Joanne, Simon Garrett, and Myra Wilson. "Evolving controllers for real robots: A survey of the literature." Adaptive Behavior 11.3 (2003): 179-203.
 J. H. Walker, S. M. Garrett and M. S. Wilson, "The balance between initial training and lifelong adaptation in evolving robot controllers," in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part B: Cybernetics, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 423–432, April 2006, doi: 10.1109/TSMCB.2005.859082.
 Giagkos, Alexandros, and Myra S. Wilson. "BeeIP: Bee-inspired protocol for routing in mobile ad-hoc networks." International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.
 Burbidge, Robert, and Myra S. Wilson. "Vector-valued function estimation by grammatical evolution for autonomous robot control." Information Sciences 258 (2014): 182-199.
 Giagkos, Alexandros, et al. "UAV flight coordination for communication networks: genetic algorithms versus game theory." Soft computing 25.14 (2021): 9483-9503.

References

British computer scientists
British women computer scientists
Academics of Aberystwyth University
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Silver acetate. Silver acetate is a coordination compound with the empirical formula CH3CO2Ag (or AgC2H3O2). A photosensitive, white, crystalline solid, it is a useful reagent in the laboratory as a source of silver ions lacking an oxidizing anion.

Synthesis and structure
Silver acetate can be synthesized by the reaction of acetic acid and silver carbonate.

2 CH3CO2H + Ag2CO3 → 2 AgO2CCH3 + H2O + CO2
Solid silver acetate precipitates upon concentration of solutions of silver nitrate and sodium acetate.

The structure of silver acetate consists of 8-membered Ag2O4C2 rings formed by a pair of acetate ligands bridging a pair of silver centres.

Reactions
Silver acetate finds use in certain transformations in organic synthesis.

Sulfenamide synthesis
Silver acetate is used to prepare sulfenamides from disulfides and secondary amines:
 R2NH + AgOAc + (RS)2 → R2NSR + AgSR + HOAc

Hydrogenation
A solution of silver acetate in pyridine absorbs hydrogen, producing metallic silver:
2 CH3CO2Ag + H2 → 2 Ag + 2 CH3CO2H

Direct ortho-arylation
Silver acetate is a reagent for direct ortho-arylation (to install two adjacent substituents on an aromatic ring) of benzylamines and N-methylbenzylamines. The reaction is palladium-catalyzed and requires a slight excess of silver acetate. This reaction is shorter than previous ortho-arylation methods.

Oxidative dehalogenation
Silver acetate can be used to convert certain organohalogen compounds into alcohols. It may be used, in spite of its high cost, in instances where a mild and selective reagent is desired.

Woodward cis-hydroxylation
Silver acetate in combination with iodine forms the basis of the Woodward cis-hydroxylation. This reaction selectively converts an alkene into a cis-diol.

Uses
In the health field, silver acetate-containing products have been used in gum, spray, and lozenges to deter smokers from smoking. The silver in these products, when mixed with smoke, creates an unpleasant metallic taste, thus deterring them from smoking. Lozenges containing 2.5 mg of silver acetate showed "modest efficacy" on 500 adult smokers tested over a three-month period. However, over a period of 12 months, prevention failed. In 1974, silver acetate was first introduced in Europe as an over-the-counter smoking-deterrent lozenge (Repaton) and then three years later as a chewing gum (Tabmint).

Silver acetate is also a well known precursor used in printed electronics.  Particularly, complexes of silver acetate have been reported to form particle free "reactive inks" that form traces that approach bulk silver conductivity (within one order of magnitude).

Safety
The LD50 of silver acetate in mice is 36.7 mg/kg. Low doses of silver acetate in mice produced hyper-excitability, ataxia, central nervous system depression, labored breathing, and even death. The U.S. FDA recommends that silver acetate intake be limited to 756 mg over a short period of time; excessive intake may cause argyria.

References

Further reading

Silver compounds
Acetates
Placemat. A placemat or table mat is a covering or pad designating an individual place setting, unlike the larger tablecloth that covers the entire surface. Placemats are made from many different materials, depending on their purpose: to protect, decorate, entertain or advertise. Materials and production methods range from mass-produced and commercial, to local and traditional.

Uses 
Their primary function is to protect the dinner table from water marks, food stains or heat damage. They also serve as decoration, especially placemats made from lace or silk. In restaurants, they can be used to advertise menu items, specials, local businesses or games for children. If the mat is cotton, it can absorb water and other liquids, such as spilt drinks.

See also 

 Tablecloth
 Doily
 Drink coaster
 Marghab Linens – a mid-20th-century company historically renowned for fine-quality table linen
 Neatnik Saucer
 The Dinner Party – an artwork depicting unique dinner place settings for a group of notable women from history

References 

Serving and dining
Linens
Domestic implements
Photothermal effect. Photothermal effect is a phenomenon associated with electromagnetic radiation. It is produced by the photoexcitation of material, resulting in the production of thermal energy (heat).

It is sometimes used during treatment of blood vessel lesions, laser resurfacing, laser hair removal and laser surgery.

External links
Quantities, Terminology, and Symbols in Photothermal and Related Spectroscopies Research paper from IUPAC
Amazing Nano Materials: Photothermal and Photoacoustic Effects

Photochemistry
Aluminium iodide. Aluminium iodide  is a chemical compound containing aluminium and iodine.  Invariably, the name refers to a compound of the composition , formed by the reaction of aluminium and iodine or the action of  on  metal.  The hexahydrate is obtained from a reaction between metallic aluminum or aluminum hydroxide with hydrogen iodide or hydroiodic acid.  Like the related chloride and bromide,  is a strong Lewis acid and will absorb water from the atmosphere.  It is employed as a reagent for the scission of certain kinds of C-O and N-O bonds. It cleaves aryl ethers and deoxygenates epoxides.

Structure
Solid  is dimeric, consisting of , similar to that of . The structure of monomeric and dimeric forms have been characterized in the gas phase. The monomer, , is trigonal planar with a bond length of 2.448(6) Å, and the bridged dimer, , at 430 K is a similar to  and  with  bond lengths of 2.456(6) Å (terminal) and 2.670(8) Å (bridging). The dimer is described as floppy with an equilibrium geometry of D2h.

Aluminium(I) iodide

The name "aluminium iodide" is widely assumed to describe the triiodide or its dimer. In fact, a monoiodide also enjoys a role in the Al–I system, although the compound AlI is unstable at room temperature relative to the triiodide:

An illustrative derivative of aluminium monoiodide is the cyclic adduct formed with triethylamine, .

References

External links

Iodides
iodide
Metal halides
Non-explosive demolition agents. Non-explosive demolition agents are chemicals that are an alternative to explosives and gas pressure blasting products in demolition, mining, and quarrying. To use non-explosive demolition agents in demolition or quarrying, holes are drilled in the base rock as they would be for use with conventional explosives. A slurry mixture of the non-explosive demolition agent and water is poured into the drill holes. Over the next few hours the slurry expands, cracking the rock in a pattern somewhat like the cracking that would occur from conventional explosives.

Non-explosive demolition agents offer many advantages including that they are silent and do not produce vibration the way a conventional explosive would. In some applications conventional explosives are more economical than non-explosive demolition agents. In many countries these are available without restriction, unlike explosives which are highly regulated.

The active ingredient is typically calcium oxide, "burnt lime," and is typically mixed with Portland cement and modifiers.

These agents are much safer than explosives, but they have to be used as directed to avoid steam explosions during the first few hours after being placed.

Many patents describe non-explosive demolition agents containing CaO, SiO2 and/or cement.

See also
Plug and feather
Explosive material
Mining

References

Building engineering
Chemical engineering
Aluminium sulfide. Aluminium sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula Al2S3. This colorless species has an interesting structural chemistry, existing in several forms. The material is sensitive to moisture, hydrolyzing to hydrated aluminium oxides/hydroxides. This can begin when the sulfide is exposed to the atmosphere. The hydrolysis reaction generates gaseous hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

Crystal structure
More than six crystalline forms of aluminium sulfide are known and only some are listed below. Most of them have rather similar, wurtzite-like structures, and differ by the arrangement of lattice vacancies, which form ordered or disordered sublattices.

The β and γ phases are obtained by annealing the most stable α-Al2S3 phase at several hundred degrees Celsius. Compressing aluminium sulfide to 2–65 bar results in the δ phase where vacancies are arranged in a superlattice of tetragonal symmetry.

Unlike Al2O3, in which the Al(III) centers occupy octahedral holes, the more expanded framework of Al2S3 stabilizes the Al(III) centers into one third of the tetrahedral holes of a hexagonally close-packed arrangement of the sulfide anions. At higher temperature, the Al(III) centers become randomized to give a "defect wurtzite" structure. And at still higher temperatures stabilize the γ-Al2S3 forms, with a structure akin to γ-Al2O3.

Molecular derivatives of Al2S3 are not known. Mixed Al-S-Cl compounds are however known. Al2Se3 and Al2Te3 are also known.

Preparation
Aluminium sulfide is readily prepared by ignition of the elements

2 Al + 3 S → Al2S3

This reaction is extremely exothermic and it is not necessary or desirable to heat the whole mass of the sulfur-aluminium mixture; (except possibly for very small amounts of reactants). The product will be created in a fused form; it reaches a temperature greater than 1,100 °C and may melt its way through steel. The cooled product is very hard.

References

Sesquisulfides
Aluminium compounds
Aluminium selenide. Aluminium selenide is the inorganic compound with the formula Al2Se3.

Preparation
It is a solid prepared by igniting a mixture of the elements at :
2 Al  +  3 Se  →   Al2Se3
The pure compound is white, but typical samples are coloured.  Samples are usually protected from moisture, because they hydrolyze readily, giving off highly toxic hydrogen selenide gas:
Al2Se3  +  3 H2O   →   Al2O3  +  3 H2Se

Use
Al2Se3 has been used as a precursor to hydrogen selenide, which is released when the solid is treated with acids.

References

Selenides
Aluminium compounds
HN3 (nitrogen mustard). 2-Chloro-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)ethanamine, also known as trichlormethine, tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is the organic compound with the formula N(CH2CH2Cl)3. Often abbreviated HN3 or HN-3, it is a powerful blister agent and a nitrogen mustard used for chemical warfare. HN3 was the last of the nitrogen mustard agents developed. It was designed as a military agent and is the only one of the nitrogen mustards that is still used for military purposes. It is the principal representative of the nitrogen mustards because its vesicant properties are almost equal to those of HD and thus the analogy between the two types of mustard is the strongest. As a vesicant the use and production is strongly restricted within the Chemical Weapons Convention where it is classified as a Schedule 1 substance.

Mode of action
Nitrogen mustards react via an initial cyclization to the corresponding quaternary aziridine salt. The rate of this reaction is pH dependent because the protonated amine cannot cyclize.

Applications
HN-3 has found some applications in chemotherapy, e.g., for Hodgkin's disease, and in some compound semiconductor research but it is mainly of interest for its military uses and is the only one of these agents that remains anywhere as a military agent. These agents are more immediately toxic than the sulfur mustards.

Exposure
HN-3 can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, eye contact, and skin contact (though inhalation is the most common). The chemical is extremely toxic and may damage the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract and suppress the immune system. HN-3 penetrates and binds quickly to cells of the body, but its health effects develop slowly. The full extent of cellular injury may not be known for days.

See also
 Nitrogen mustard

References

Antineoplastic drugs
Amines
Organochlorides
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Nitrogen mustard vesicants
Chloroethyl compounds