omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
2012 Guangxi cadmium spill. The 2012 Guangxi cadmium spill (广西镉污染事件) occurred in early January when toxic cadmium contaminated the Guangxi Longjiang river (龙江河) and water supply.

Incident
Hechi authorities estimated that more than 40,000 kilograms of fish were found dead from January 15 to February 2 within the city limits. The spill was caused by Jinhe Mining company (沿河兩岸工廠). The spill is estimated to be 80 times the official limit, according to regional government protection official Feng Zhennian.

A toxic slick stretching more than 100km along the Longjiang river reached the Nuomitan hydroelectric station, 57 km upstream from Liuzhou, with cadmium levels five times above the national standard.  In one month 20 tonnes of toxic cadmium metals were spilled into the river.

Control
The government stopped supply of tap water to Liuzhou city, affecting 3.7 million residents.  Seven company executives deemed responsible for the contamination were detained.  Seven government officials were fired, including two punished for the spill.  According to local government officials from the Xinhua News Agency, the pollution is under control after two weeks of cleanup. Shortly after the spill, residents of the city of Liuzhou emptied supermarkets of bottled water out of fear of contamination. Many scientists working on purification decided to return to the river, despite being hospitalized for contamination.

More than 60% of cadmium content in the Longjiang River in Hechi, previously reported as five times higher than the restricted level, has been diluted and absorbed, according to experts.  Guangdong, Macau and Hong Kong are said to be unaffected. Chinese environmentalists are calling for a cadmium pollution fund to be set up to compensate for the long-term impact of the spill, according to state-run newspaper China Daily. "These kinds of disasters make it obvious that this is the time to change, to push for more transparency," says Ma Jun, a well-respected Chinese green activist and director of the Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs.

See also
 Water pollution in China
 Fish kill

References

2012 disasters in China
Environmental disasters in China
Health disasters in China
2012 in the environment
2012 health disasters
Guangxi
Water pollution in China
January 2012 events in China
BuildingSMART. buildingSMART, formerly the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI), is an international organisation which aims to improve the exchange of information between software applications used in the construction industry. It has developed Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) as a neutral and open specification for Building Information Models (BIM) as well as Information Delivery Specification (IDS).

History
The IAI started in 1994 as an industry consortium of 12 US companies invited by Autodesk to advise on developing a set of C++ classes to support integrated application development.
The other founding members were AT&T; Archibus; Carrier Corporation; Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum (HOK); Honeywell; Jaros, Baum & Bolles (JB&B); Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory; Primavera Systems; Softdesk; Timberline Software Corp; and Tishman Research Corp (part of Tishman Realty & Construction). The new technology was first demonstrated in June 1995 in Atlanta at A/E/C SYSTEMS '95.

This Industry Alliance for Interoperability opened membership to all interested parties in September 1995 and in May 1996 was renamed the International Alliance for Interoperability as Autodesk users insisted that the IFCs should be non-proprietary and urged development of the IFC standard. The first version of IFC was published in June 1996 at which point 26 companies, including Autodesk, Bentley, Nemetschek and IEZ, committed to making their software IFC-compliant. The IAI was reconstituted as a not-for-profit industry-led organisation, promoting the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) as a neutral product model supporting the building lifecycle.

In 2005, partly because its members felt the IAI name was too long and complex for people to understand, it was renamed buildingSMART. It has regional chapters in Europe, North America, Australia, Asia and the Middle East.

Activities 
BuildingSMART says it develops and maintains international standards for openBIM, combining: 
buildingSMART Processes - information delivery manuals
buildingSMART Data Dictionary (bsDD)
buildingSMART Data model - the organisation manages the software-neutral Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) data model

buildingSMART also maintains the BIM Collaboration Format (BCF), a structured file format used for issue tracking in relation to building information models.

Chapters 
BuildingSMART has several chapters around the world.
 Australasia
 Benelux
 Canada
 China
 Finland
 France
 German speaking
 Hong Kong
 Italy
 India
 Japan
 Korea
 Malaysia
 Nordic
 North America
 Norway
 Poland
 Portugal
 Russia
 Singapore
 Spain
 Switzerland
 UK & Ireland (in January 2018, the UK chapter merged with the UK BIM Alliance)

External links

References 

Industrial computing
1994 establishments in Germany
Building information modeling
Aeromarine AMC. The Aeromarine AMC was the first American all-metal hulled commercial flying boat.

Development
Design work on the AMC started in 1921 with the goal of producing an aluminum-hulled flying boat that would be more durable than contemporary all-wood construction. Aeromarine's wooden-hulled boats required drying out when waterlogged. The excess weight of a waterlogged hull could be as much as 456 lb. A model of the AMC was wind-tunnel tested at MIT before choosing an open cockpit design.

Design
The AMC was a two-bay biplane flying boat with an aluminum hull. The spruce woodspar wings were fabric covered with small tip floats for stability. The engine was mounted just below the top wing in a pusher configuration with a forward-mounted radiator.  Two 50-gallon streamlined main fuel tanks sat on the top wing on either side of the engine with a 70-gallon fuselage-mounted reserve. The hull was constructed of eighteen forms and five watertight bulkheads.  It had two rows of small bench seats for passengers in the front.  The pilot and mechanic sat slightly raised in individual open cockpits behind the passengers, beneath the main wing. The hull used Alcoa 17S aluminum treated with potassium nitrate with Canton flannel/Asphalt watertight seals and Valspar aluminum paint.

Operational history
The AMC was intended to replace the Aeromarine 75 flying boats used by Aeromarine Airways in service between New York, San Juan, and Puerto Rico. Within three days of its first flight on 1 June 1923, the aircraft was flown from Keyport, New Jersey to New York to try to find additional customers. The aircraft flew 800 passengers on 186 flights before delivery to Aeromarine Airways in December 1923. The aircraft was christened the Morrow Castle II and flew on record-setting long-distance flights between New Jersey, Cuba, San Juan, and Puerto Rico totalling fifteen thousand miles before returning to New Jersey. Aeromarine ceased service in late 1924, without a customer base for sales, only the one AMC was completed.

The sole AMC was sold to Fairchild Air Transport (Fairchild Aerial Surveys Co of Canada Ltd ) on 25 May 1926 for use on Canadian passenger service and aerial photography. It was dismantled on 28 February 1930.

Specifications (AMC)

See also

References

External links
Image of an Aeromarine AMC
Canada Air & Space Museum AMC picture library

Flying boats
AMC
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
1920s United States airliners
Sennebogen. Sennebogen Maschinenfabrik GmbH is a German machine building company with more than 2,200 employees worldwide (2023) and a sales revenue of over 600 million Euro (2022, company group).

History
The Company was founded in 1952 by the then 21-year-old Erich Sennebogen (1931–2011) and initially manufactured agricultural machinery. In 1959, the lead plant was built in Straubing, Germany. The construction of a second factory in Wackersdorf followed in 1991. The Company has been operating its own manufacturing facility for welding and steel fabrication in Balatonfüred, Hungary, since 1996. In important key regions, Sennebogen also has its own local subsidiaries:
Sennebogen LLC in Stanley, North Carolina, USA
Sennebogen Pte. Ltd. in Singapore

At the start of 2008, the Company expanded its facilities through the construction of a new and considerably larger factory in the Straubing-Sand industrial zone.
Sennebogen today operates worldwide and produces complete model ranges encompassing duty cycle crawler cranes, cranes, telescopic cranes, mobile telescopic cranes, material handling machines and special carrying machinery.

The Company is now, managed in its second generation by the sons of the founder, Erich and Walter Sennebogen.

Products
, the company manufacturers products of the following types:
Cranes, Duty Cycle Crawler Cranes, Telescopic cranes, Port cranes
Material handling machines
Multiloaders 
Special machines, Carrying machines

Gallery

References

External links

ITRecycle
Industryarea
Sennebogen Group
Sennebogen North America
Sennebogen Asia

Construction equipment manufacturers of Germany
Companies based in Bavaria
German brands
Siconos. SICONOS  is an open source scientific software primarily targeted at
modeling and simulating non-smooth dynamical systems (NSDS):
 Mechanical systems (Rigid body or solid) with Unilateral contact and Coulomb friction as we find in Non-smooth mechanics, Contact dynamics or Granular material.
 Switched Electrical Circuit such as Power converter, Rectifier, Phase-locked loop (PLL) or Analog-to-digital converter
 Sliding mode control systems
Other applications are found in Systems and Control (hybrid systems, differential inclusions, optimal control with state constraints), Optimization (Complementarity problem and Variational inequality) Biology Gene regulatory network, Fluid Mechanics and Computer graphics, etc.

Components 
The software is based on 3 main components
 Siconos/Numerics (C API). Collection of low-level algorithms for solving basic Algebra and optimization problems arising in the simulation of nonsmooth dynamical systems
 Linear complementarity problem (LCP)
 Mixed linear complementarity problem (MLCP)
 Nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP)
 Quadratic programming problems (QP)
 Friction-contact problems (2D or 3D) (Second-order cone programming (SOCP))
 Primal or Dual Relay problems
 Siconos/Kernel. API C++ that allows one to model and simulate the nonsmooth dynamical systems. It contains
 Dynamical systems classes :  first order one, Lagrangian systems, Newton-Euler systems
 Nonsmooth laws :  complementarity, Relay, Friction, Contact, impact
 Siconos/Front-end (API Python) Mainly an auto-generated SWIG interface of the API C++ which a special support for data structure.

Performance 
According to peer reviewed studies published by its developers, Siconos was approximately five times faster than Ngspice or ELDO (a commercial SPICE by Mentor Graphics) and 250 times faster than PLECS when solving a buck converter.

See also
  (an extension of the notion of differential equation) on which much of the NSDS theory relies
 
 
 
 
 
 , which affects ODEs/DAEs for functions with "sharp turns" and which affects numerical convergence

References

External links
The official Siconos site
 other related publications

Free science software
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in C++
Software using the Apache license
Cross-platform free software
Free software for Linux
Free software for Windows
Free software for macOS
Dynamical systems
Scientific simulation software
Tatiana Fabeck. Tatiana Fabeck (born 4 July 1970) is a Luxembourgish architect who since 1996 has run her own business in Koerich, Luxembourg.

Fabeck was born in Luxembourg City.  After completing her schooling at the Lycée Michel Rodange, Fabeck studied architecture at the École Spéciale d'Architecture in Paris where she graduated in 1994.

In 2011, she won first prize in the competition Vivre sans voiture (Living without a car) aimed at designing housing without garages or parking spaces in the Limpertsberg district of Luxembourg City to allow for more living space. In 2008, she won the competition for the Maison des sciences humaines in Belval, part of the expanding University of Luxembourg. Fabeck has also been successful in a number of other competitions organised by the City of Luxembourg including the Plan lumière (together with the Frenchman Yann Kersalé) in 2006.

References

École Spéciale d'Architecture alumni
Luxembourgian women architects
1970 births
People from Luxembourg City
Living people
Concordia, Ede. Concordia is a smock mill in Ede, the Netherlands, which is maintained in working order. The mill is listed as Rijksmonument number 14469.

History
The mill was built in 1868 to replace an earlier mill that burnt down in 1865, which was believed to date back to the 17th century. The new mill would partly originate from Zaan, where it was used as a sawmill. In Ede, however, the mill was used mainly for milling grain and to extract oil from beechnuts.

Description
The mill is octagonal and has a tapered brick base with a wooden thatch superstructure. The hood is made of reeds. Gable on the east side of the reel, with the inscription "JW van de Craats / EDU 26 OCT. 1889." Inside the mill remains various parts of the machinery.

References

Smock mills in the Netherlands
Windmills in Gelderland
Windmills completed in 1868
Rijksmonuments in Gelderland
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
Rawtenstall Corporation Tramways. Rawtenstall Corporation Tramways operated a passenger tramway service in Rawtenstall between 1908 and 1932.

History

In January 1908 the newly formed Rawtenstall Corporation Tramways acquired the part of the Accrington Corporation Steam Tramways Company’s line within its boundary, and on 1 October 1908, they took over the Rossendale Valley Tramways Company.

An electrification and modernisation programme was undertaken, and until this was ready on 22 July 1909, steam trams continued to run. This was the last regular steam tramway on street in Britain.

The first electric services started on 15 May 1909, to Crawshawbooth and to Loveclough. On 23 July 1909, the Bacup to Lockgate section was converted. Lastly, an extension to Water, from the Bacup line at Waterfoot opened on 21 January 1911.

For maximum electrical efficiency RCT used the regenerative brake system of Raworth’s Traction Patents Ltd., but following a serious accident in 1911 an embargo was placed on this form of traction; although reintroduced 20 years later.

Fleet

1-16 United Electric Car Company 1907
17-24 United Electric Car Company 1912
25-32 Brush of Loughborough 1922

Closure

In 1928, a joint enterprise bus service was started by Accrington, Haslingden and Rawtenstall Corporations, following the tram route from Bacup to Accrington. This resulted in a decision in 1929, to abandon the tram service.

In 1931 the tram service to Loveclough was withdrawn, and on 31 March 1932 the same happened to the route to Water. A closing ceremony took place on 7 April 1932.

Tramcar 23 from 1912 survives and is awaiting restoration at the Heaton Park Tramway.

References

Tram transport in England
History of the Borough of Rossendale
Historic transport in Lancashire
4 ft gauge railways in England
Rawtenstall
Flugschule Wings Alfa. The Flugschule Wings Alfa () is an Austrian high-wing, single-place, hang glider that was designed and produced by Flugschule Wings, a flying school based in Spital am Pyhrn.

Design and development
The Alpha was developed by Flugschule Wings as a training glider for their own use and also for sale. The resulting design is a simple, single surface wing that was DHV certified in the "1-2" classification. The aircraft was available in 2003, but now appears to be out of production.

The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing, with the single surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is cable braced and has an aspect ratio of 6.0:1. The rated pilot hook-in weight is .

The Alfa is also certified for powered harnesses to allow it to fly as a powered hang glider.

Specifications (Alfa)

References

Hang gliders
Avian Cheetah. The Avian Cheetah is a British high-wing, single-place, competition hang glider, designed by Steve Elkins and Neil Hammerton and produced by Avian Limited of Hope Valley, Derbyshire.

Design and development
The Cheetah is a development of the Avian Java and is a "topless" design without a kingpost or top wire rigging, although it retains the lower flying wires.

The current production Cheetah 150 model is made from aluminum and carbon fibre tubing, with the wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing has a nose angle of 130deg; and an aspect ratio of 7.5:1. The acceptable pilot hook-in weight is .

The glider can be broken down to a  package,  in length for ground transportation on a car top.

Variants
Cheetah 150
Current production version. British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association certified.
Cheetah 160
Version offered circa 2003 with  span wing, with an area of , a nose angle of 125° and an aspect ratio of 7.0:1.

Specifications (Cheetah 150)

References

External links
Official webpage archive on Archive.org

Hang gliders
Avian Rio. The Avian Rio is a British high-wing, single-place, recreational hang glider, designed by Steve Elkins and Neil Hammerton and produced by Avian Limited of Hope Valley, Derbyshire.

Design and development
The Rio was designed as a sports glider for recreational local and cross-country flying, while still being light in weight and easy to fly.

The Rio 15 model the sole version produced and is made from aluminum tubing, with the wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing has a nose angle of 120° and an aspect ratio of 6:1. The acceptable pilot hook-in weight is . The model number indicates the wing area in square metres.

The glider can be broken down to a  package,  in length for ground transportation on a car top.

Specifications (Rio 15)

References

External links
Official webpage archive on Archive.org

Hang gliders
Avian Java. The Avian Java is a British high-wing, single-place, advanced sports hang glider, designed by Steve Elkins and Neil Hammerton and produced by Avian Limited of Hope Valley, Derbyshire.

Design and development
The Java was designed as an advanced recreational hang glider. It was later developed into the "topless" Java Comp 150 which dispensed with the kingpost and top wire rigging, although it retained the lower flying wires. The Java Comp 150 later evolved into the Avian Cheetah competition glider. All Java models are British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association certified.

The Java 155 model is typical of the line and is made from aluminum tubing, with the wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing has a nose angle of 125° and an aspect ratio of 7.0:1. The acceptable pilot hook-in weight is .

The Java 155 can be folded up to a  package,  in length for ground transportation on a car top. It can also be further broken down to a length of  when required for airline or similar space-restricted travel.

Variants
Java 140
Current production version, with  span wing, area of , a nose angle of 125deg; and an aspect ratio of 6.5:1. The acceptable pilot hook-in weight is .
Java 150
Circa 2003 version no longer in production. Has  span wing, area of , a nose angle of 125deg; and an aspect ratio of 7.3:1. The acceptable pilot hook-in weight is .
Java 155
Current production version, with  span wing, with an area of , a nose angle of 125° and an aspect ratio of 7.0:1.
Java Comp 150
Circa 2003 "topless" competition version no longer in production, replaced by the Avian Cheetah. Has  span wing, with an area of , a nose angle of 125° and an aspect ratio of 7.3:1.

Specifications (Java 155)

References

External links
Official website archive on Archive.org

Hang gliders
Avian Limited. Avian Limited is a British aircraft manufacturer that produces a line of recreational and competition hang gliders. The company also markets recreational aviation products from other companies, including rigid wing hang gliders from A-I-R Atos.

Avian was founded in 1989 by Steve Elkins and Neil Hammerton. Avian acquired the  manufacturing rights to the Aerial Arts Clubman hang glider and started by producing this design. This was quickly developed into the Avian Elan which remained in production for 10 years when it was replaced by the Avian Rio, later developed into the Rio2.

Steve Elkins continued as owner and Director of Avian until 2017 when it was bought by Tim Swait who also replaced him as Director.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of England
Hang gliders
1989 establishments in England
British companies established in 1989
Companies based in Derbyshire
Jet Link Holland. test

Jet Link Holland was a cargo airline based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Its main base was Amsterdam Schiphol Airport.

History
The airline was founded in 1991, but due to the Gulf War, the start of operations was delayed until June 1998. Once the airline started operations, it acquired Airbus A300 aircraft due to their availability and their cargo capability (the airline initially planned to acquire Boeing 757s but finally decided on the A300) to cover their flights to China, the United States and Japan. In August 1998, Jet Link Holland planned to operate flights between Amsterdam, Cairo and Tripoli, but needed coverage, and for this duty created their Egyptian subsidiary Tristar Air in September, which was fitted with one A300 to link Cairo with Amsterdam and Tripoli. In March 2000, Dutch civil aviation authorities found several failures in Jet Link's aircraft overhaul and thus suspended their air operator's certificate (AOC); the airline was declared in bankruptcy in June. The Egyptian subsidiary operated flights between Cairo, Tripoli, and Amsterdam until it too ceased operations in 2015.

Fleet
 2 Airbus A300B4-200F

References

Defunct airlines of the Netherlands
Airlines established in 1991
Airlines disestablished in 2000
Defunct cargo airlines
Cargo airlines of the Netherlands
Ruina montium. Ruina montium (Latin, "wrecking of mountains") was an ancient Roman mining technique described by Pliny the Elder (Natural History 33.21), who served as procurator in Spain. It is thought to draw on the principle of Pascal's barrel. Miners would excavate narrow cavities down into a mountain, whereby filling the cavities with water would cause pressures large enough to fragment thick rock walls.

See also 
 Hushing
 Hydraulic mining
 Las Médulas
 Mountaintop removal mining

References 

Hydrostatics
Industry in ancient Rome
Mining techniques
Mikishi Abe. was a Japanese architect and civil engineer, known for his PhD thesis on reinforced concrete frames, and for several concrete buildings. Abe was responsible for designing the first elevated railway using reinforced concrete. He contributed to many architectural and engineering works of the Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group.

Shortly after World War Two, he was the second president of the War Reconstruction Agency (currently the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) and the Secretary-General of the Construction Agency (Deputy Secretary of Construction) after the war. On March 4, 1947, he was appointed as a member of the Imperial House of Representatives, and remained in office until the abolition of the House of Peers on May 2, the same year.

Mikishi Abe was the student of A.N Talbot of United States. He is credited of spreading the Talbot's message of pragmatism in Japan.

Buildings 

 Seiko Main Office
 Hibiya Movie Theater, Yurakucho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, 1934
 Meiji Seika Tobata Factory, Tobataku, KitaKyushu, 1936
 Hankyu Nishinomiya Stadium
 Kobe Hankyu Building
 Yuraku-za Theatre

Books 

 Analysis and Tests of Rigidly Connected Reinforced Concrete Frames.

References

Japanese architects
1883 births
1965 deaths