omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dual Box. Dual Box or DualBox is the name for the tubular sidewall inline skating frame, which employs the mechanical properties of the tubular to optimize the performance of a frame or chassis that secures the wheels on an inline skate (a critical component of high performance skates).

Designed in 1999 by Dutch Design Engineer Diederik Hol at Mogema, the Dual Box design was devised to optimize the elastic properties of inline skate frames (which the skater interprets as stiffness and feel, and contribute greatly to ride quality and power transmission) via the properties of the tubular sidewalls to enhance rigidity.

The Dual Box design successfully eliminates the need for horizontal cross-bracing in inline skate frames, and provided progressive flexural feel for the skater rather than the isolated areas of varying stiffness which were inherent to many, more traditional double-void extrusion frames.

Through a product partnership with the Mogema company, the Rollerblade professional racing team debuted the Dual Box frame to the world in 2001 after which time team athletes rode Dual Box frames across the finish line first in numerous Swiss Inline Cup, World Inline Cup and World Championship events.  During this time the Dual Box became one of the most recognized and successful frame designs in speed skating, with 45 athletes winning their Gold, Silver and bronze medals at the 2001 World Speed Skating Championship on the frames.

Since 2003, the Rollerblade company has produced Dual Box frames under licence from Mogema and has specified Dual Box technology in their high-performance skate product lines. Today, following the dissolution of Mogema in 2006, Dual Box designer Diederik Hol's own company CadoMotus produces its own skating frames based on an evolution of the Dual Box tubular sidewall.

References

External links
 CadoMotus website
 Swiss Inline Cup (in German)
 World Cup of Inline Racing
 Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports

Roller skating equipment
Roller skates
Dutch inventions
Robert C. Prim. Robert Clay Prim III (September 25, 1921 – November 18, 2021) was an American mathematician and computer scientist.

Biography
Robert Clay Prim III was born in Sweetwater, Texas on September 25, 1921. In 1941, Prim received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from The University of Texas at Austin, where he also met his wife Alice (Hutter) Prim (1921–2009), whom he married in 1942. Later in 1949, he received his Ph.D. in Mathematics from Princeton University, where he also worked as a research associate from 1948 until 1949.

During the climax of World War II (1941–1944), Prim worked as an engineer for General Electric. From 1944 until 1949, he was hired by the United States Naval Ordnance Lab as an engineer and later a mathematician. At Bell Laboratories, he served as director of mathematics research from 1958 to 1961. There, Prim developed Prim's algorithm. Also during his tenure at Bell Labs, Robert Prim assisted the Weapons Reliability Committee at Sandia National Laboratory chaired by Walter McNair in 1951. After Bell Laboratories, Prim became vice president of research at Sandia National Laboratories.

During his career at Bell Laboratories, Robert Prim along with coworker Joseph Kruskal developed two different algorithms (see greedy algorithm) for finding a minimum spanning tree in a weighted graph, a basic stumbling block in computer network design. His self-named algorithm, Prim's algorithm, was originally discovered in 1930 by mathematician Vojtěch Jarník and later independently by Prim in 1957. It was later rediscovered by Edsger Dijkstra in 1959. It is sometimes referred to as the DJP algorithm or the Jarník algorithm.

Robert C. Prim died in San Clemente, California on November 18, 2021, at the age of 100.

See also 
Joseph Kruskal
Dijkstra's algorithm

References

External links
 A History of Fundamental Mathematics Research at Bell Labs
 Sweetwater, Texas Chamber of Commerce
 Dr. Robert Clay Prim - Bio/Description, IT History Society
 A History of Exceptional Service in the National Interest, Sandia National Laboratories
 

1921 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American mathematicians
American computer scientists
American electrical engineers
American men centenarians
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Princeton University alumni
Sandia National Laboratories people
Scientists at Bell Labs
People from Sweetwater, Texas
Reference Re Upper Churchill Water Rights Reversion Act (Nfld). Reference Re Upper Churchill Water Rights Reversion Act (Nfld) [1984] 1 S.C.R. 297 is a famous constitutional reference question put to the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court found that legislation passed by the government of Newfoundland to take back water rights contracted out to the province of Quebec was unconstitutional. The decision had a huge impact on both provinces, as the Churchill Falls generating station is one of the biggest producers of hydro-electric power in the region and the agreement guarantees Quebec will receive a majority of the revenue from the Falls until 2034.

Background
By an Act of the Province of Newfoundland, the Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation (CFLCo) developed hydro-electric generators at the Churchill Falls, in Labrador. In 1969, the company, controlled by the British Newfoundland Development Corporation (BRINCO) entered an agreement with Hydro-Québec, a public utility owned by the government of Quebec, to sell a large majority of the power generated by the Falls at a low fixed rate for the next 65 years.

After buying out BRINCO's shares in 1974, the government of Newfoundland began to explore ways to get a greater portion of the power generated from the Falls. In 1980, the legislature passed the Upper Churchill Water Rights Reversion Act, which reverted ownership of the Falls to the provincial government, repealed the Act that granted the land to the CF(L)Co, expropriated the company's assets, including Hydro-Québec's participation in the joint venture.

The province submitted a reference to the Newfoundland Court of Appeal, which found it intra vires (within the power of) the province.

Supreme Court of Canada judgment
The Court stated that the Act was ultra vires the province and so struck it down. In performing pith and substance analysis on the legislation by looking at the Act's purpose and effect, the Court found that the Act was colourable. That is, the form of the Act appears to address a valid matter but in substance actually addresses a matter outside its authority. The "Pith and Substance" of the Act, its dominant feature or purpose, was to interfere with the right of Hydro-Québec granted by the agreement with Churchill Falls Corp to receive power from across the provincial border.

See also 
 Churchill Falls generating station
 Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
 Hydro-Québec
 Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation Limited

References

External links

Further reading 

Supreme Court of Canada cases
1984 in Canadian case law
Water case law
Churchill Falls
Water in Canada
Canadian federalism case law
Supreme Court of Canada reference question cases
Ethyl acetate (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethyl acetate.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
Science Stuff
 Baker
 Fisher
 Eastman

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Distillation data

Spectral data

References

SDBS spectral database

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Niobium carbide. Niobium carbide (NbC and Nb2C) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. It is usually processed by sintering and is a frequent additive as grain growth inhibitor in cemented carbides. It has the appearance of a brown-gray metallic powder with purple lustre. It is highly corrosion resistant.

Synthesis
Niobium carbide can be produced by the heating of niobium oxide in a vacuum at 1800 °C and adding coke.

Properties and uses
Niobium carbide has a Young's modulus of approximately 452 GPa, and a shear modulus of 182 GPa.  It has a Poisson's ratio of 0.227.

Niobium carbide is a frequent intentional product in microalloyed steels due to its extremely low solubility product in austenite, the lowest of all the refractory metal carbides. This means that micrometre-sized precipitates of NbC are virtually insoluble in steels at all processing temperatures and their location at grain boundaries helps prevent excessive grain growth in these steels. This is of enormous benefit, and the cornerstone of microalloyed steels, because it is their uniform, very fine grain size that ensures both toughness and strength. The only commonly occurring compound with a lower solubility and hence, greater potential for restricting the grain growth of steels is titanium nitride.

Depending on grain size, niobium carbide may burn at 200-800 °C in air. A layer of niobium carbide can be created by chemical vapor deposition. Zirconium carbide and niobium carbide can be used as refractory coatings in nuclear reactors.

Natural occurrence
Niobocarbide - the naturally occurring form of niobium carbide - shall be regarded as an extremely rare mineral.

References

Carbides
Niobium(IV) compounds
Superhard materials
Refractory materials
Rock salt crystal structure
Vanadium carbide. Vanadium carbide is the inorganic compound with the formula VC.  It is an extremely hard and refractory ceramic material.  With a hardness of 9-9.5 Mohs, it is possibly the hardest metal-carbide known. It is of interest because it is prevalent in vanadium metal and alloys.

Structure and preparation
Being isomorphous with vanadium monoxide, it crystallizes in the rock salt structure.  Because VC and VO are miscible, samples of VC typically contain an impurity of the oxide.  It is produced by heating vanadium oxides with carbon at around 1000 °C.  Vanadium carbide can be formed in the (111) orientation, when formed by radio frequency magnetron sputtering.  Although VC is thermodynamically stable, it converts to V2C at higher temperatures.

Vanadium carbide is used as an additive to cemented carbide, to refine the carbide crystals and thereby get an increased hardness of the inserts.

Physical properties
Vanadium Carbide has an elastic modulus of approximately 380 GPa.

References

Carbides
Vanadium(IV) compounds
Superhard materials
Refractory materials
Rock salt crystal structure
Water resistance. Water resistance may refer to:

 The WR mark on a wristwatch indicating its ability to withstand exposure to water
 The IP code on a mechanical or electrical enclosure indicating its ability to resist the ingress of water
 Wet strength, a measure of the strength of paper when wet
 Waterproofing, making objects or structures resist the ingress of water under specified conditions
 Fluid resistance, drag in water
 Lotus effect (water-resistance in plant leaves)
 The electrical resistivity of water (0.2 Ω·m sea water, 2 to 200 Ω·m drinking water, 180000 Ω·m deionized water at 20°C)

See also:
 Hydrophobe
 Superhydrophobe
Refractory (disambiguation). A refractory is a heat-resistant material, such as:

 Refractory ceramic, a ceramic that is resistant to heat
 Refractory metals, metals that are resistant to heat and wear

Refractory may also refer to:

 Refractory (astronomy), any material, which condenses at high temperature
 Refractory clergymen: Roman Catholic priests and bishops in France who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the state during the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
 Refractory disease, one not responsive to common modes of treatment
 Refractory period (disambiguation), a period immediately following a stimulus during which further stimulation has no effect
 Refractory period (physiology), the time after an action potential during which a membrane can not depolarize
 Refractory period (sex), a period after orgasm during which it is impossible to achieve another orgasm
 Psychological refractory period, the delay in response to the second of two closely spaced psychological stimuli
 Postictal state, the period following a series of epileptic seizures during which seizures cannot be induced
Stabilizer (chemistry). In industrial chemistry, a stabilizer or stabiliser is a chemical that is used to prevent degradation. Above all, heat and light stabilizers are added to plastic and rubber materials because they ensure safe processing and protect products against aging and weathering. In particular polyvinyl chloride would not be possible without stabilizers (PVC is one of the most important plastics and used for pipes, window frames and many other products). 

In economic terms the most important product groups on the market for stabilizers are compounds based on calcium (calcium-zinc and organo-calcium), lead, and tin stabilizers as well as liquid and light stabilizers (HALS, benzophenone, benzotriazole). Cadmium-based stabilizers largely vanished in the last years due to health and environmental concerns. In 2023, almost half of all polymer stabilizers sold worldwide were based on calcium.

Polymers (plastics and elastomers)

Stabilizing additives for plastics are produced in different forms. The trend is towards fluid systems, pellets, and increased use of masterbatches. There are monofunctional, bifunctional, and polyfunctional stabilizers. Some kinds of stabilizers are: 
 antioxidants these prevent autoxidation of materials and come in 3 primary forms.
 Oxygen scavengers (primarily phosphite esters such as tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite) are commonly used during the initial processing of the plastic.
 Persistent radical scavengers prevent or slow the photo-oxidation of polymers. Traditionally these are alkylated phenols such as butylated hydroxytoluene but now also include hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS)
 Antiozonants prevents or retards the degradation of polymers caused by ozone (ozone cracking)
 sequestrants, forming chelate complexes and inactivating traces of metal ions that would otherwise act as catalysts
 ultraviolet stabilizers are used to protect polymers from effects of ultraviolet radiation and come to 2 main types.
 UV absorbers which essentially act the same way as sunscreens
 Quenchers, which dissipate the radiation energy as heat instead of letting it break chemical bonds; often organic nickel salts, e.g. nickel phenolates

Paints
 emulsifiers and surfactants, for stabilization of emulsions

Food

In foods, stabilizers prevent spoilage. Classes of food stabilizers include emulsifiers, thickeners and gelling agents, foam stabilizers, humectants, anticaking agents, and coating agents.

See also
 Corrosion inhibitor
 Stabilizers for polymers

References

Chemical kinetics
Chemical compounds
Material protection
C-36 (cipher machine). The C-35 and C-36 were cipher machines designed by Swedish cryptographer Boris Hagelin in the 1930s. These were the first of Hagelin's cipher machines to feature the pin-and-lug mechanism. A later machine in the same series, the C-38, was designated CSP-1500 by the United States Navy and M-209 by the United States military, who used it extensively.

In 1934, the French military approached Hagelin to design a printing, pocket-size cipher machine; Hagelin carved a piece of wood to outline the dimensions of a machine that would fit into a pocket. He adapted one of his previous inventions from three years earlier: an adding device designed for use in vending machines, and combined it with the pinwheel mechanism from a late 1920s cipher machine Hagelin had developed. The French ordered 5,000 in 1935. Italy and the USA declined the machine, although both would later use the M-209 / C-38. Completely mechanical, the C-35 machine measured , and weighed less than .

A revised machine, the C-36, was similar to the C-35, but had a different distribution of the lugs on the bars.  Six C-36 machines were purchased by the Swedish Navy for testing in October 1937. Both machines had five pinwheels with 17, 19, 21, 23 and 25 pins, each individually settable, giving a maximum period of 3,900,225 for the machine.  The C-362 revision included a few other improvements, most notably movable lugs instead of fixed. One variant had a Thai alphabet on the pinwheels, rather than the usual Latin alphabet.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 Photos of the C-35/C-36 and its instruction manual at jproc.ca

Encryption devices
Nabesite. Nabesite is a rare silicate mineral of the zeolite group with the chemical formula Na2BeSi4O10·4(H2O). It occurs as colorless to white orthorhombic crystals in thin platy mica like sheets. It has the zeolite structure. Its Mohs hardness is 5 to 6 and its specific gravity is 2.16. The reported refractive index values are nα=1.499, nβ=1.507, and nγ=1.511.

It was discovered in the Ilimaussaq intrusive complex, of southwest Greenland, and first recognized in 2000. It occurs in tugtupite-bearing albitite, a rare highly alkaline igneous rock.

References 
Webmineral.com data
Mindat.org

External links
Structure type NAB

Sodium minerals
Beryllium minerals
Zeolites
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 19
Calderite. Calderite is a mineral in the garnet group with the chemical formula (Mn2+, Ca)3(Fe3+, Al)2(SiO4)3.

It is dark reddish brown to dark yellowish in color and generally granular massive in form.

It was named for geologist James Calder who worked on the geology of India. The name was first applied to a rock in manganese deposits in Katkamsandi, Hazaribagh district, Bihar and at Netra, Balaghat district, Madhya Pradesh, India.
later transferred to its predominant mineral. In 1909 it was described as a mineral from Otjosondu, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia.

References

Further reading 

Manganese(II) minerals
Iron(III) minerals
Calcium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Garnet group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 230
Kaňkite. Kankite is a mineral with the chemical formula Fe3+AsO4·3.5(H2O). Kankite is named for the locality that yielded first specimens Kaňk, Czech Republic.  Kankite forms in old (1200- to 1400-year-old) mine dumps.  It is yellowish-green on fresh exposure, with a paler greenish yellow on exposure to air.

Properties
Kankite is a monoclinic mineral, meaning it is a mineral system having 3 unequal axes of which one is at right angles with the other two. It has an uneven fracture and has a hardness of 2–3 (gypsum–calcite). It is translucent yellowish green in color with a grayish-yellow streak. Its luster is dull to vitreous. Kankite contains the elements arsenic, iron, hydrogen and oxygen. It was approved by the IMA in 1976. Its habit is botryoidal, "grape-like" rounded forms (e.g. malachite). It forms encrustations, crust-like aggregates on matrix.  The specific gravity of Kankite is 2.70.

Occurrences
Kankite was first described in 1976 for an occurrence in the Kaňk, Kutná Hora, Bohemia, Czech Republic.  It is a rare secondary mineral in highly weathered mine dumps containing arsenopyrite (in the Czech Republic). It occurs in association with scorodite, pitticite, parascorodite, zykaite, arsenopyrite, vajdakite, native arsenic, pyrite, proustite, gypsum, “limonite” and quartz.

It has also been reported from  Munzig near Meissen; from Brand-Erbisdorf, Saxony; from Menzenschwand, Black Forest in Germany. It occurs at King's Wood mine, Buckfastleigh, Devon, and from the South Terras mine, St. Stephen-in-Brannel, Cornwall in England. It has also been reported from the Suzukura mine north-northeast of Enzan, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.

References

Iron(III) minerals
Arsenate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Category_Minerals described in 1976
École nationale supérieure des industries agricoles et alimentaires. The École Nationale Supérieure des Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (), or ENSIA, was a French grande école of agriculture, located in Massy, near Paris. It was affiliated to the Ministry of Agriculture.
The school was founded in 1893 and merged into AgroParisTech in 2006.

After initial training in food science and engineering, students are able to contribute to research / production project and development of the food industries. The ENSIA graduate has the know-how in industrial processes, food product, quality and management.

Research at ENSIA is strongly associated with teams from national scientific research institutes (INRA, CNRS, CIRAD, CEMAGREF, ...) and universities. ENSIA also develops partnerships with various food companies.

Initial training :

 Received Master's degree (Food Science Engineer Diploma) in food engineering
 Received Master's degree (Food Science Engineer Diploma) in food engineering specialized in Mediterranean and tropical agro-products.
Received Master of Science in Mediterranean and tropical food science and technology
Asian-European master's degree programme in food science and technology (taught in English in SEA).

PhD programmes
Food science
Food process engineering
Biology and microbiology

Continuous education 

Professional master's degree
350 students
100 graduate students conducting research
50 teachers-researchers
70 technical and administrative staff

References

See also

Agronomy schools
Universities in Île-de-France
Agricultural organizations based in France
Food technology organizations
Massy
Soil and crop science organizations
Universities and colleges established in 1893
1893 establishments in France
Small article monitor. A Small Article Monitor or SAM is a monitoring device designed to screen small items such as helmets for radioactive contamination. It uses four to six  plastic scintillation detectors, located on the sides of the chamber. Operation of the instrument is controlled from an integral terminal. The instrument performs a self-test and acquires a new Background count each time it is powered up. It also monitors its own operation during normal use and indicates any failures. It runs continuously, updating backgrounds whenever no weight is detected inside the chamber. A new count is initiated every time a door open/door close sequence is detected.

Because of interference caused by other sources, a Geiger counter would be rendered ineffective within the walls of a nuclear containment building for screening individual articles (i.e., clothing, tools, etc.). A SAM has thick lead walls, which shield the internal scintillation detectors from outside radiation, this allows it to accurately measure the amount of radiation and the type of radionuclides present. SAMs range in weight from 800 kg (1765 lbs) to 1600 kg (3530 lbs) .

References 

Particle detectors
Centre for Research in Photonics at the University of Ottawa. The Centre for Research in Photonics (CRPuO) is a research facility at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The center was created in 2002 to study photonics. Photonics embraces the science of light, its interaction with matter, and the technology for its generation, manipulation, transmission and detection. Within the CRPuO there are the Solar Cells and Nanostructured Lab (SUNLab) as well as the Photonic Technology Laboratory (PTLab) among others.

 the CRPuO was recruiting three more faculty to support the CERC. At the time, the university was constructing a C$55M building (the Advanced Research Centre) to house all the photonics professors and their research groups. The construction was due to complete in 2014.

External links
 Centre for Research in Photonics at the University of Ottawa Official site.
 Photonics Network Technology Laboratory (PNTL)
 Trevor J. Hall, Director of the Centre for Research in Photonics at the University of Ottawa 
 Microwave Photonics Research Laboratory (MWPLab) 
 SUNLab
 PTLab
 Ottawa Photonics Cluster

References

 University of Ottawa creates Centre for Research in Photonics. February 5, 2002

University of Ottawa
Photonics
Research institutes established in 2002
2002 establishments in Ontario
Educational institutions established in 2002