omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Norman Thompson N.T.4. The Norman Thompson N.T.4 was a twin-engined British flying boat of the First World War.  Although less well known than similar Curtiss and Felixstowe flying boats, 50 were ordered for Britain's Royal Naval Air Service.

Development and design
The White and Thompson company was formed by Norman Thompson and Douglas White in 1912 at Bognor Regis, Sussex to design and build aircraft. It built several models of aircraft in small numbers, before being renamed the Norman Thompson Flight Company in September 1915.

The first aircraft to be produced by the renamed company was a twin-engined patrol flying boat, the Norman Thompson N.T.4.  This was a three bay biplane powered by two pusher Hispano-Suiza engines mounted between the wings and was fitted with an enclosed, heavily glazed cockpit for its four-man crew.

An initial order for ten aircraft for the Royal Naval Air Service was placed in December 1915, with the first prototype flying in October 1916. Further orders were placed in 1917 bringing the total ordered to 50. Production continued through 1917, but in 1918, following a change in policy on anti-submarine aircraft, the final contract for 20 aircraft was cancelled. Total production was 26 aircraft, continuing until June 1918.

Norman Thompson produced a revised design to meet the requirements of Admiralty Specification N.2C, to replace the N.T.4.  This type, designated the Norman Thompson N.2C used the wings of the N.T.4 but with a new hull resembling that of the Porte/Felixstowe boats. Power was by two 200 hp (149 kW) Sunbeam Arab engines.  The first prototype attempted to fly on 1 August 1918, but required changes to the hull before it was capable of take-off.  Water handling remained poor, and the aircraft was tail heavy in flight. It was abandoned following the end of the war.

Operational history
The N.T.4 entered service with the RNAS in 1916, being operated on anti-submarine patrols over the North Sea and English Channel but were mainly used for training, as larger aircraft were more suitable for patrol purposes. Many of the aircraft produced in 1918 were delivered straight to storage and were never used. Owing to its similarity in size to the Curtiss H-4, it shared the Curtiss flying boat's nickname of America, being renamed Small America when the larger Curtiss H-12 (known as Large America) and Felixstowe F.2 flying boats came into service.

Variants
N.T.4
Initial batch of six aircraft.  Powered by two 150 hp Hispano-Suiza engines.
N.T.4A
Main production type. Powered by 200 hp geared Hispano-Suiza engines.  44 built.
N2C
Improved version with hull similar to Felixstowe flying boats, powered by two Sunbeam Arab engines.  Two prototypes only built in 1918.

Operators

Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications (N.T.4A)

See also

Notes

References

External links
 Norman Thompson N.T.4: British Aircraft Directory

1910s British patrol aircraft
Flying boats
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
N.T.4
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Design technology. Design technology, or D.T., (also Digital Delivery (DD)) is the study, design, development, application, implementation, support and management of computer and non-computer based technologies for the express purpose of communicating product design intent and constructability. Design technology can be applied to the problems encountered in construction, operation and maintenance of a product.

At times there is cross-over between D.T. and Information Technology, whereas I.T. is primarily focused on overall network infrastructure, hardware and software requirements, and implementation, D.T. is specifically focused on supporting, maintaining and training design and engineering applications and tools and working closely with I.T. to provide necessary infrastructure, for the most effective use of these applications and tools.

Within the building design, construction and maintenance industry (also known as AEC/O/FM), the product is the building and the role of D.T., is the effective application of technologies within all phases and aspects of building process. D.T. processes have adopted Building Information Modeling (BIM) to quicken construction, design and facilities management using technology. So though D.T. encompasses BIM and Integrated Project Delivery, I.P.D., it is more overarching in its directive and scope and likewise looks for ways to leverage and more effectively utilize C.A.D., Virtual Design & Construction, V.D.C., as well as historical and legacy data and systems.

D.T. is applicable to industrial design and product design and the manufacturing and fabrication processes therein.

There are formal courses of study in some countries known as design and technology that focus on particular areas. In this case, the above definition remains valid, if for instance one takes the subject textiles technology and replace the product in the above definition with textile.

See also
 Automation
 Process simulation/Design
 System/Process Engineering/Design
 Computer-aided design (CAD)
 Building Information Modeling (BIM)
 Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
 Virtual Design and Construction (VDC)
 Information Technology (IT)

References

Design
Technology by type
Gerardo Beni. Gerardo Beni (born Florence, Italy 21 February 1946) is a professor of electrical engineering at University of California, Riverside who, with Jing Wang, is known as the originator of the term swarm intelligence in the context of cellular robotics and the concept of electrowetting, with Susan Hackwood. He also devised, with Xuan-Li Xie, the Xie–Beni index for measuring the validity of fuzzy clustering.

He is the author of "From Swarm Intelligence to Swarm Robotics" in the book Swarm Robotics

Beni is married to Susan Hackwood.  They have two children.

Education 

In 1970 Beni was admitted to the Laurea in physics at the University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

In 1974, he received his PhD in theoretical physics at UCLA.

Academic career 

Beni has research interests in swarm intelligence, 3D animation, and financial engineering.

Before moving to UC Riverside, he worked at UC Santa Barbara and AT&T Bell Laboratories.

He helped found the Journal of Robotic Systems, and between 1982 and 2005 he was also its director.  The journal won the Journal of the Year Award in 1984.

In 1982, Beni was made a Fellow of the American Physical Society.  In 1999, he became a Fellow of the AAAS.

Patents 

Beni has been issued, either alone or in conjunction with other inventors, several patents from the USPTO:
  Method and apparatus for object positioning while at UC Santa Barbara.
  Object analysis of multi-valued images while at UCSB, together with J Wang.

References

External links 
 Beni's homepage

1946 births
Living people
University of California, Riverside faculty
University of Florence alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Susan Hackwood. Susan Hackwood is the executive director of the California Council on Science and Technology (CCST).  She is a professor and researcher of electrical engineering credited for inventing the concept of electrowetting with Gerardo Beni in 1981.

Hackwood is married to Gerardo Beni.  They have two children, Catherine and Juliet. Notably, both children received Ph.Ds before their 21st birthday.

Education
In 1976, Hackwood was admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours in Combined Science at DeMontfort University in Leicester, UK after three years of studies (the norm for undergraduates in the UK).  She received her PhD in 'Solid State Ionics' from DeMontfort in 1979, having also worked at UC Berkeley and Chalmers Institute of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Career
Hackwood is currently a professor of electrical engineering at UC Riverside, and former Dean of the UC Riverside College of Engineering.  She has been the executive director of CCST since 1995. Prior to moving to UC Riverside in 1990, she was a professor at UC Santa Barbara and also worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories, in the Robotics Research department. She cofounded the Journal of Robotic Systems in 1984 with Gerardo Beni.

References

External links
 Hackwood's homepage at CCST
 Hackwood's homepage at UCR

American electrical engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of California, Riverside faculty
Engineers from California
Legging (canals). Legging is a method of moving a boat through a canal tunnel or adit containing water. This method of navigating through canal tunnels and adits was commonly used in canal tunnels during the 18th and early 19th centuries.

Legging in canal tunnels

Early canal tunnels were built without a towpath as this would require a much larger bore, and hence cost more to build. Prior to the introduction of motorised boats, legging was one of the few options for getting a boat through such a tunnel.

Two people were required. They would lie on a plank across the bows of the boat, and holding the plank with their hands, would propel the boat with their feet against the tunnel wall. This was quite a dangerous activity and resulted in many deaths. In later years 'wing' boards were hooked on to the boat to make the operation safer. At Crimson Hill tunnel, alternate stones in the walls were recessed to provide better tread for the leggers. While the boat was being legged through the tunnel, the horse would be led over the hill.

On short tunnels the legging was done by the boat owner and crew. At long tunnels, professional leggers were available, such as at Blisworth Tunnel and Dudley Tunnel. At the 3 mile long Standedge Tunnel expert leggers could get an empty boat through in 1 hour 20 minutes, taking 3 hours with a full load, for which they were paid 1s 6d.

At Blisworth the boatmen were often terrorised into employing leggers, so in 1827 the leggers were registered and issued with brass armlets for identification.

At Standedge Tunnel, the use of official leggers eventually became a requirement for passage.

At Morwellham, boatmen were said to have pushed against the tunnel roof. This tunnel has a considerable flow of water through it, and progress was very slow in one direction.

Berwick Tunnel on the Shrewsbury Canal, opened in 1797 was the first tunnel to be built with a towpath, negating the need for legging.

Legging was also the main form of propulsion used in the man-made adits in Speedwell Cavern until the boats were given electric motors. Sometimes the guide will switch off the boat's engine and leg along the roof of the cave to demonstrate how the boats used to be worked by miners.
They got paid £11.05 in today's money.

References

External links

 Towpaths in Tunnels List of canal tunnels, lengths and towpath status. Accessed 17 September 2007.
Many-to-many (data model). In systems analysis, a many-to-many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities, say, A and B, where A may contain a parent instance for which there are many children in B and vice versa.

Data relationships 
For example, think of A as Authors, and B as Books. An Author can write several Books, and a Book can be written by several Authors. In a relational database management system, such relationships are usually implemented by means of an associative table (also known as join table, junction table or cross-reference table), say, AB with two one-to-many relationships  and . In this case the logical primary key for AB is formed from the two foreign keys (i.e. copies of the primary keys of A and B).

In web application frameworks such as CakePHP and Ruby on Rails, a many-to-many relationship between entity types represented by logical model database tables is sometimes referred to as a HasAndBelongsToMany (HABTM) relationship.

See also 
 Associative entity
 One-to-one (data model)
 One-to-many (data model)

References

Data modeling
Index of civil engineering articles. This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to civil engineering. For a broad overview of engineering, please see List of engineering topics. For biographies please see List of civil engineers.

A
Accuracy and precision –
American Society of Civil Engineers –
Applied mechanics –
Arch

B
Beam (structure) –
Bending –
Brittle –
Buckling

C
Carbon fiber –
Check dam –
Classical mechanics –
Composite material –
Compressive strength –
Computational fluid dynamics –
Computer-aided design –
Conservation of mass –
Concrete –
Corrosion

D
Dam –
Damping ratio –
Deformation –
Delamination –
Design –
Dimensionless number –
Drafting –
Dynamics

E
Elasticity –
Engineering drawing –
Exploratory engineering

F
Factor of safety –
Fatigue –
Fillet –
Finite element analysis –
Finite element method –
Fluid mechanics –
Force –
Friction –
Fundamentals of Engineering exam

G
Gauge –
Gauge (engineering) –
Granular material

H
Heating and cooling systems –
Hydraulics –
Hydrostatics

I
Inclined plane –
Inertia –
Instrumentation –
Invention

J
Joint

L
Lever –
Liability –
Life cycle cost analysis –
Limit state design –
Load transfer

M
Margin of safety –
Mass transfer –
Materials –
Materials engineering –
Material selection –
Mechanics –
Moment –
Moment of inertia

N
Normal stress –
Nozzle

P
Physics –
Plasticity –
Plastic moment –
Poisson's ratio –
Position vector –
Pressure –
Product lifecycle management –
Professional engineer –
Project management –
Pulley –
Pump –
Pile foundation

Q
Quality –
Quality control –
Quantity surveying

R
Reliability engineering –
Resistive force –
Reverse engineering –
Rigid body –
Reinforced concrete –

S
Safety engineering –
Shear force diagrams –
Shear modulus –
Shear strength –
Shear stress –
Simple machine –
Simulation –
Slide rule –
Solid mechanics –
Solid modeling –
Spoolbase –
Statics –
Stress–strain curve –
Structural failure –
Student design competition –
Surveying –

T
Technical drawing –
Technology –
Tensile strength –
Tensile stress –
Theodolite –
Theory of elasticity –
Toughness –
Turbine –

V
Vector –
Viscosity –
Vibration

W
Wedge –
Weight transfer –
Weir

Y
Yield strength –
Young's modulus

Civil engineering
Civil engineering topics
Michael Steer. Michael B. Steer (born 1955 in Queensland, Australia) is a Lampe professor of electrical and computer engineering at North Carolina State University and one of the leading electrical engineers in today's analog/RF and microwave world.  He has published numerous articles in the "IEEE Microwave and Antennas" journal, along with leading the NCSU Dinosauria project.  He is credited with being the first IEEE Fellow to fine-tune all of his constitutive relations and as a result, creating a paperless office.

Publications
 G. J. Mazzaro, M. B. Steer, and K. G. Gard, “Response of RF Networks to Transient Waveforms: Interference in Frequency-Hopped Communications,”  IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory & Techniques, Vol. 56, No. 12, pp. 2808–2814, December 2008.
 F. Hart, S. Luniya, J. Nath, A. Victor and M. B. Steer, “Modeling high-order filters in a transient microwave circuit simulator,”  IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 1, No. 5, October 2007, pp. 1024–1028.
 N. M. Kriplani, S. Bowyer, J. Huckaby and M. B. Steer, “Modeling a tunnel diode in a circuit simulator,” submitted to IET Circuits, Devices & Systems, April 2007.
 W. Fathelbab and M. B. Steer, “Parallel-coupled and hairpin filters with enhanced stopband performance,” submitted to the Int. Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, April 2007.
 S. Melamed, S. Luniya, L. E. Doxsee Jr., K. Obermiller, C. Hawkinson, W. R. Davis, P. D. Franzon and M. B. Steer, “Thermal analysis and verification of a mounted monolithic integrated circuit,” IEEE Trans. Advanced Packaging, submitted March 2007.
 W. Fathelbab and M. B. Steer, “Filter prototypes comprising singlet and/or inline sections,” Int. Journal of Electronics, In Press .
 D. Ghosh, B. J. Laughlin, J. Nath, A. I. Kingon, M. B. Steer and J-P. Maria, “Tunable high Q interdigitated (Ba, Sr)TiO3 capacitors fabricated on low cost substrates with copper metallization,” Thin Solid Films, Vol. 496, Iss. 2, February 21, 2006, pp. 669–673.
 J. Nath, D. Ghosh, J.-P. Maria, A. I. Kingon, W. Fathelbab, P. D. Franzon and M. B. Steer, “An electronically-tunable microstrip bandpass filter using thin-film Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) varactors,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech., Vol. 53, No. 9, September 2005, pp. 2707–2712.

References
https://ece.ncsu.edu/people/mbs/
https://ci.lib.ncsu.edu/profiles/mbs

1956 births
Living people
Electrical engineering academics
North Carolina State University faculty
List of GWR 4900 Class locomotives. This is a list of all GWR Hall Class engines (to the original Churchward design) built by the Great Western Railway.

Eleven of these were converted to burn oil for a short period in the 1940s. During this time, they were renumbered into the 39xx series.

References

Sources
 
 
 

 List of 4900 Class
Gwr 4900 Class Locomotives
NEK EAD. Natsionalna Elektricheska Kompania EAD (NEK) () is a single-owned joint-stock electric company headquartered in Sofia, Bulgaria. Bulgarian Energy Holding is the holder of the capital of NEK.

The main company's activities are generation and trade of electrical energy. NEK is the owner of 31 hydro and pumped storage power plants with a total installed capacity of 2737 MW. Most of the hydropower is generated within four hydropower cascades: Belmeken-Sestrimo-Chaira; Batak, Vacha, and Dolna Arda. All are used to cover peak loads, and to regulate the grid system.

NEK is a holder of hydro (HPP&PSHPP) generation license, electricity trading license and public power supply license, all issued by EWRC.

NEK, through its branch Dams and Cascades, manages 40 dams and the total capacity of the storage reservoirs operated by NEK represents 50.1% of the total controlled water resources of the country.

References

External links

 

Electric power companies of Bulgaria
Government-owned companies of Bulgaria
Bulgarian companies established in 1991
Nils Alwall. Nils Alwall (October 7, 1904 – February 2, 1986) was a Swedish professor at Lund University, Sweden. He was a pioneer in hemodialysis and the inventor of one of the first practical dialysis machines. Alwall pioneered the technique of ultrafiltration and introduced the principle of hemofiltration. Alwall is referred to as the "father of extracorporeal blood treatment."

Artificial kidney 

Willem Johan Kolff constructed the first artificial kidney; however, it was not very useful clinically because it did not allow for removal of excess fluid. Alwall modified a similar construction to the Kolff kidney by enclosing it inside a stainless steel canister. This allowed the removal of fluids, by applying a negative pressure to the outside canister, thus making it the first truly practical device for hemodialysis. On September 3, 1946, Alwall treated his first patient in acute kidney injury, who responded well to the treatment but died of pneumonia a short while after.

Alwall also was arguably the inventor of the arteriovenous shunt for dialysis. He reported this first in 1948, where he used such an arteriovenous shunt in rabbits. Subsequently, he used such shunts, made of glass, as well as his canister-enclosed dialyzer, to treat 1,500 people in kidney failure between 1946 and 1960, as reported to the First International Congress of Nephrology held in Evian in September 1960.

As of 2007, two patients for which kidney replacement therapy was initiated by Alwall in 1968 and 1971, respectively, have survived for over 35 years on hemodialysis. These patients represent two of the longest known survivors on hemodialysis worldwide.

Later life 
Alwall was appointed to the newly created Chair of Nephrology at Lund University in 1957. Subsequently, he collaborated with Swedish businessman Holger Crafoord to found one of the key companies that would manufacture dialysis equipment for several decades, Gambro, Inc.

Nils Alwall Prize
In honor of Alwall's advancements and achievements, the Nils Alwall Prize is awarded every year for "Groundbreaking research in the field of kidney replacement therapy."

References 

1904 births
1986 deaths
Swedish nephrologists
Academic staff of Lund University
People from Kristianstad Municipality
20th-century Swedish inventors
Rivière des Prairies generating station. The Rivière des Prairies generating station (in French: Centrale de la Rivière des Prairies) is a run of river hydroelectric power station on the Rivière des Prairies between the islands of Jesus and Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Built in 1929, it is now managed and operated by Hydro-Québec. It has a generating capacity of 48 MW. There is no lock allowing boats to bypass the dam.

Statistics:
 Year built: 1929
 Installed capacity: 48 MW
 Number of generators: 6
 Hydraulic head:  
 Hydraulic flow: ~ 
 Reservoir: n/a (run-of-river)

See also

 Île de la Visitation
List of bridges in Montreal
List of crossings of the Rivière des Prairies
List of hydroelectric stations
List of reservoirs and dams in Quebec

External links

Hydro-Québec website (English)
Hydro-Québec website (French)

Rivière des Prairies
Hydroelectric power stations in Quebec
Hydro-Québec
Buildings and structures in Laval, Quebec
Buildings and structures in Ahuntsic-Cartierville
1930 establishments in Quebec
Maker-checker. Maker-checker (or Maker and Checker or 4-Eyes) is one of the central principles of authorization in the information systems of financial organizations. The principle of maker and checker means that for each transaction, there must be at least two individuals necessary for its completion. While one individual may create a transaction, the other individual should be involved in confirmation/authorization of the same. The segregation of duties plays an important role. In this way, strict control is kept over system software and data, keeping in mind functional division of labor between all classes of employees.

References

 

Accounting