omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
George W. Downs (physicist). George W. Downs (1911November 8, 1964) was an American physicist and corporate officer.

Downs was born in 1911 in Mt. Vernon, South Dakota, and studied at the California Institute of Technology. In 1935, he was named chief engineer of the Lansing Manufacturing Company. In 1939, joined the William Miller Corporation, a scientific instruments developer in Pasadena, California.

During World War II, Downs served for a time as a physicist in the University of California's War Research Division, before returning to Caltech in 1943 as a development engineer on rocketry and torpedo projects.

In 1946, he helped organize the Applied Physics Corporation with Howard Cary, namesake of Cary Scientific Instruments. In 1963, Downs retired as the company's vice president, but continuing as a director until his death. later known as Cary Instruments, a division of Varian Medical Systems. In 1948, he was named president of Research Instrument Corporation.

Downs was a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, and a member of the Optical Society of American and the American Physical Society.

Downs died November 8, 1964, in Pasadena, California. The Downs-Lauritsen Laboratory of Physics, on the campus of the California Institute of Technology, is named after him.

References

American businesspeople
1911 births
1964 deaths
William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge. The William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge is a vertical-lift bridge in New Jersey that crosses the Passaic River, connecting Newark and East Newark as part of Interstate 280. The bridge is named in honor of William A. Stickel, a civil engineer from Newark who served as the Essex County engineer for over 20 years.

The bridge was constructed from 1948 to 1949 as Route 25A and is owned and operated by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. The total length of the structure is , and it provides a clearance of . The length of the movable section is . The bridge was inaugurated on May 1, 1949, and became part of the interstate system in 1971.

The bridge is one of the few movable bridges that remain in the Interstate Highway System. The bridge remained manned by a drawtender until March 3, 1999. It rarely opens and requires 24-hour notice to NJDOT for opening. The six-lane Stickel Bridge has four through-traffic lanes and two lanes for traffic entering and exiting Route 21 at exit 15 just west of the bridge.

Rehabilitation
The April 2001 release of a New Jersey Department of Transportation report labeling the Stickel Bridge "structurally deficient and functionally obsolete" has prompted officials to consider options to either rehabilitate or replace the bridge. Inspectors found both the superstructure and substructure of the old span to be in "poor" condition, the result of wall cracks and severe corrosion of structural steel. Furthermore, the steel-grated roadway, narrow lanes and tight ramps leading to the local streets have contributed to the bridge's high accident rate.

In May 2008, the rehabilitation work on the span was completed. Work included having its mechanical systems overhauled, and removal of its old black coating, in favor of a light blue paint.

See also
 
 
 
 List of crossings of the Lower Passaic River

References

External links

NYC Roads page for Interstate 280

Bridges over the Passaic River
Bridges completed in 1949
Bridges in Hudson County, New Jersey
Stickel
Movable bridges on the Interstate Highway System
Transportation in Newark, New Jersey
Vertical lift bridges in New Jersey
East Newark, New Jersey
Interstate 80
Road bridges in New Jersey
Steel bridges in the United States
Moscow Aircraft Production Association. MAPO - the Moscow Aircraft Production Association () was a major Russian state-owned military aircraft manufacturer.

History
MAPO has its origins in Plant #30 of the Dux Factory company. Plant #30 was established in 1939 in Dubna. In December 1941, it was relocated to the former site of Plant #1, where it manufactured the Ilyushin Il-2. In 1950, it merged with Plant #381, to produce the Il-28 in larger volumes. In 1953, Lukhovitsy Machine Building Plant was established as a subsidiary of the plant.

Plant #30 became known as the Znamya Truda Machine-Building Plant in 1965, and as the Moscow Aircraft Production Organisation in 1973.

In the early 1990s, it employed 30,000 workers. In 1995, MAPO was merged with the Mikoyan Design Bureau, forming MAPO-MiG. In January 1996, a decree of President Boris Yeltsin established MAPO VPK, which combined 12 different aviation companies, including MAPO-MiG, Kamov, Klimov, the Chernyshev Machine Building Enterprise and Aviabank.

Unlike Sukhoi, which managed to secure export contracts with China and India, MAPO continued to be unprofitable throughout the 1990s. In December 1999, MAPO was renamed Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG.

In 2006, MAPO merged with Sukhoi and several other Russian aviation companies to form United Aircraft Corporation. The majority of MAPO's former assets are now part of Mikoyan.

The Lukhovitsy and Znamya Truda plants are currently known as 'MiG Manufacturing Complex №1' (ПК №1 PCK «МиГ») and 'MiG Manufacturing Complex №2' (ПК №2 PCK «МиГ»), respectively.

Names
Over the years, it has also been known as OSOAVIAKHIM Plant #1, GAZ No. 1, Menjinski Plant #39, Orjonikidze Plant #381, Plant #30, MMZ (Moscow Machine-Building Plant) "Znamya Truda" (Banner of Labor), P.A. Voronin Production Center, and "Moscow Aircraft Production Organization (MAPO) named after Dementiev" (, Minister of Aircraft Industry from 1953 to 1977).

References

Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG
Manufacturing companies based in Moscow
Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Kubinka
Old Nassau reaction. The Old Nassau reaction or Halloween reaction is a chemical clock reaction in which a clear solution turns orange and then black. This reaction was discovered by two undergraduate students at Princeton University researching the inhibition of the iodine clock reaction (or Landolt reaction) by Hg2+, resulting in the formation of orange HgI2. Orange and black are the school colors of Princeton University, and "Old Nassau" is a nickname for Princeton, named for its historic administration building, Nassau Hall.

Chemical equation
The reactions involved are as follows:

Na2S2O5 + H2O → 2 NaHSO3
IO3− + 3 HSO3− → I− + 3 SO42− + 3 H+ This reaction reduces iodate ions to iodide ions.
Hg2+ + 2 I− → HgI2 Orange mercury iodide solid is precipitated until the mercury is used up.
IO3− + 5 I− + 6 H+ → 3 I2 + 3 H2O The excess I− and IO3− undergo the iodide-iodate reaction
I2 + starch → a blue/black complex A blue/black starch-iodine complex is formed.

See also
Iodine clock reaction

References

Clock reactions
Dave Moulton. Edward David Moulton (born 8 February 1936 in Surrey, England) is a retired custom bicycle frame builder.

Dave Moulton studied at Luton Technical College in England and learned bicycle frame building from Albert "Pop" Hodge in Luton, beginning in 1957. He opened a frame-building business around 1975 in Worcester, England. In 1976, Paul Carbutt rode one of Moulton's bicycles in the Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The bike frames were marked with Moulton's name, "Dave Moulton" in large lower-case letters.

Moulton began receiving orders from the United States due to the increasing popularity of cycling as a sport and the scarcity of master frame-builders there. Moulton emigrated to the United States in 1979 and went to work for Vic and Mike Fraysse in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey. He built bicycles for them under the Paris Sport brand that were used by the US Olympic Cycling Team. In 1980 he went to work for Masi Bicycles in California until 1981. Shortly thereafter he rented space from Masi to start his own frame-building business. By 1983 he was doing well enough to move his business to a stand-alone location in San Marcos, California. That year he went into partnership with Olympic cyclist John Howard and manufactured bicycle frames under the John Howard name until 1984. In 1984 he began making frames under the Fuso label (Fuso is the Italian word for Molten), and, between 1985 and 1987, a small number under the Recherché label. The bicycles sold from US$1,500 to $3,000 in the late 1980s.

Moulton retired from frame building in 1993. However, many of his bicycles are still in use. Moulton's bicycles have been ridden in more than 20 world championships, in major races including the Tour de France, and in Olympic events. The business was taken over by his former apprentice, Russ Denny, who still manufactures his own frames, plus under the Fuso name .

Moulton now lives in Easley, South Carolina with his second wife Kathy and has become a writer and songwriter. He published his first book in 2003, Prodigal Child. ()

References
Temecula Bike Maker Races Against Italian Counterparts, by Cheryle Besener. San Diego Business Journal, 8 May 1989, volume 9, issue 42, section 1, page 20.
Russ Denny Bicycles: Bike maker shifts into high gear, by Darla Martin Tucker. The Business Press, 15 January 2001, page 15.

1936 births
Living people
Bicycle framebuilders
British cycle designers
People from San Marcos, California
C40. C40, or variants thereof, may refer to:

 C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, a group of 97 cities around the world
 King's Knight Opening (ECO: C40), a chess opening
 Yamaha C40, a guitar

Aircraft
 Cierva C.40, a British autogyro designed by G.B.L. Ellis, Otto Reder, and J.A.J Bennett
 Boeing C-40 Clipper, a military version of the Boeing 737-700C airline transport
 Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior (US military designation: C-40), an eight-seat, six-passenger all-metal twin-engine transport aircraft

Automotive
 New Flyer High Floor (30200-lb variant: C40), a line of conventional (high-floor) transit buses
 Volvo C40, an all electric subcompact luxury crossover SUV
B22. B22 or B-22 may refer to:

Science and technology
 B22, a bayonet mount size for a light bulb
 B22, an iceberg that calved from the Thwaites Ice Tongue in 2002
 HLA-B22, an HLA-B serotype
 AIDS dementia complex (ICD-10 code)

Transportation
 Bundesstraße 22, a German road
 Chery B22, a 2008 Chinese Chery Automobile model
 Douglas XB-22, a proposed modification of the B-18 Bolo bomber
 MWfly B22, an Italian aircraft engine design
 Micro Aviation B22 Bantam, a New Zealand ultralight aircraft design

Other uses
 Sicilian Defence (ECO code), in chess
Chalk carving. Chalk carving is the practice and shaping of chalk via carving . This article covers some methods, types of chalk, tools used and the benefits (and ramifications) of this material.

The benefits of this material are also its drawbacks. Its main benefit, its softness, makes it very easy to manipulate. This is also a serious disadvantage, however, as chalk structures tend to be very delicate. This material is also extremely brittle and dusty. However it is cheap, readily available, easy to work with the simplest of tools, and able to hold a reasonable amount of detail.

The main types of chalk, for the purposes of the carver, are processed and non-processed (natural). Processed chalk has several advantages over natural chalk; it is softer, more consistent and comes ready finished in neat cylinders of varying sizes. However, natural chalk is available in more interesting shapes, the size is not limited, and it holds detail better.

Tools for chalk carving are numerous. In fact any small file, stone carving equipment (no mallet is needed), and even needles can be used. Some of the best hand carving equipment are an etching needle, a selection of small files, and a miniature carving tool designed for soapstone.

The methods are very simple. Once the carver has a feel for the material, it is possible to construct fairly complex shapes, and make figurative work. It is possible to coat the chalk in button polish to produce a finish.

Chalk is considered by seasoned stone carvers as one of the most difficult of stones to shape, as the material may literally powder away in your hands, if you are not delicate with the handling. A chalk can also have many defects and voids in its structure, this makes chalk carving a very difficult and precise art.

Types of Chalk Carving 

There are two types of chalk carvings.

1. Single piece
A carved object or relief consisting of one piece of chalk.

2. Multi-piece
A carved object or relief using two or more individual pieces of chalk.

See also 

 Geoglyph
 Hill figure
 Stone carving

Chalk artists 
K Bijay Kumar Reddy

External links 
 Article with examples
 A collection of chalk carvings with a modern touch 
 A world of chalk carving

Carving
Kozo Ohsone. is a Japanese Sony engineer and manager who was credited as one of the main developers of the Walkman. While general manager of the Tape Recorder Business Division he was asked to help develop a portable audio player. Ohsone and his staff modified the existing Pressman device to create the Walkman, which was released in Japan in 1979. was born on 10 November 1933.

References

Sources
Official Sony history - development of the Walkman

1933 births
Living people
Japanese engineers
Sony people
UN/CEFACT's Modeling Methodology. UN/CEFACT's Modeling Methodology, commonly known as UMM is a modeling methodology which is developed by  UN/CEFACT - United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business.

Goal of UMM
The primary goal of UMM is to capture business requirements of inter-organizational business processes. These requirements result in a platform independent UMM model. The UMM model can then be used to derive deployment artifacts for the IT systems of the participating business partners.

UMM at a glance 

UMM enables to capture business knowledge independent of the underlying implementation technology, like Web Services or ebXML. The goal is to specify a global choreography of a business collaboration serving as an “agreement” between the participating partners in the respective collaboration. Each business partner derives in turn its local orchestration, enabling the configuration of the business partner’s system for the use within a service-oriented architecture (SOA).

In order to guarantee user acceptance of the UMM, it must be both effective and easy to understand for the business process modelers and software architects.

UMM is based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and its current version is 1.0 with version 2.0 currently being under development.

UMM 1.0 is based on UML 1.4 whereas UMM 2.0 will be based on UML 2.1.

External links
UN/CEFACT's Technologies and Methodologies Working Group
UMM Foundation and UMM Base Specifications 1.0 and 2.0
A UML Profile and Add-In for UN/CEFACT's Modeling Methodology (diploma thesis)
UN/CEFACT's Modeling Methodology Development Site, keeps track of UMM's ongoing development
UMM on unece.org

Known Implementations
Visualizing Inter ENterprise Network Architectures, an Add-In for Enterprise Architect supporting B2B collaborations with UMM and UPCC
A UMM runtime framework including integration tools and registry

United Nations Economic and Social Council
Charles Buxton Going. Charles Buxton Going (April 4, 1863 - 1952 in France) was an American engineer, writer, and editor.

Biography  
Born in Westchester N.Y., Going attended Columbia College School of Mines, where he graduated in 1882. Columbia University awarded him the honorary degree of M.Sc. in 1910.

Mr. Going immediately began work in the Middle West in industrial and corporate management.  He joined the staff of the Engineering Magazine in 1896, becoming managing editor in 1898 and editor in 1912. He did much to discern, define, and establish the profession of "industrial engineering."

He became special lecturer on the subject of "industrial engineering" at Columbia, Harvard University, New York University, and the University of Chicago.

Publications 
His writings include:
 1909. Methods of the Santa Fé
 1911. Principles of Industrial Engineering
 1915. Preface to Ford methods and the Ford shops. Horace Lucian Arnold and Fay Leone Faurote.  The Engineering magazine company, 1915.
On less scholarly notes, he wrote:
 Summer-Fallow (1892)
 Star-Glow and Song (1909)
Folklore and Fairy Plays (1927)

In collaboration with Marie Overton Corbin (later Mrs. Going, d. May 1925), he wrote:
 Urchins of the Sea (1900)
 Urchins of the Pole (1901)

Legacy
 American composer Gertrude Martin Rohrer (1875-1968) used Going’s text for her composition “The Sleepy Song.”

References

External links 

1863 births
1952 deaths
American business theorists
American engineering writers
American engineers
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
People from Westchester County, New York
Samuel Fox (industrialist). Samuel Fox (7 June 1815 – 25 February 1887) was a British industrialist and businessman noted for developing the Paragon umbrella frame, and the founder of a steelworks in Stocksbridge.

Biography

Fox was born in Bradwell, Derbyshire, on 7 June 1815, the youngest son of William Fox, a shuttle-weaver, and Mary (née Palfreyman).

In 1831, he started work as an apprentice wire drawer in the firm of Samuel Cocker in Hathersage.

He moved to Stocksbridge in 1842 to establish his own wire-drawing business in a former cotton mill. In 1842, Fox married Maria Radcliffe (born 20 January 1820) at Stannington, Sheffield. They had one son, William Henry Fox (1843–1920) who never married.

In 1851 he and his company Fox Umbrella Frames Ltd developed the "Paragon" umbrella frame, a U section of string steel that was far superior to its competitors. Development of the product continued until at least 1935. A similar product was used to make Crinoline frames from 1855. Umbrellas with 'Fox Frames' were sold worldwide.

The business continued to expand and started producing different products, and by the mid-1860s the works included furnaces and rolling mills. In 1862, Samuel Fox began to produce crucible steel. The company installed two 5-ton Bessemer converters, the process being the invention of Sir Henry Bessemer. In 1863 a rail and billet mill was established, followed by a rod mill in 1864.

A railway line was built to link the steel works with the wider region.

Fox bought the Bradwell Grove Estate, Holwell, Oxfordshire in 1871.

He died on 25 February 1887 and was buried at St John churchyard on his estate North Cliffe, near Market Weighton, East Riding of Yorkshire.

Throughout his life, Fox was a frequent visitor to his home village of Bradwell, and for many years regularly sent money to benefit the poor. These charitable donations were always sent anonymously, and it was only a few years before his death that the actual donor became known to the people, when he also bequeathed a further £1000 for the poor of the parish.

A magnificent church, funded by the Fox family, was built in Stocksbridge overlooking the steelworks following his death.  Saint Matthias Church was so named because Samuel Fox died on St. Matthias' Day. Fox himself had planned the church, and the church was completed in his memory under the instruction of his son, William, at a cost of around £5,000. Due to dwindling congregations, the church closed in 2018. Its last permanent vicar was Catherine Barnard.

See also
Hoyland Fox, an umbrella frame manufacturer founded and formerly based in Sheffield, UK, founded by William Hoyland, assistant to Samuel Fox.
Samuel Fox and Company

References

External links

Businesspeople from Sheffield
People from Stocksbridge
People from Derbyshire Dales (district)
1815 births
1887 deaths
19th-century English businesspeople
Configuration Menu Language. Configuration Menu Language (CML) was used, in Linux kernel versions prior to 2.5.45, to configure the values that determine the composition and exact functionality of the kernel. Many possible variations in kernel functionality can exist; and customization is possible, for instance for the specifications of the exact hardware it will run on. It can also be tuned for administrator preferences.

CML was written by Raymond Chen in 1993. Its question-and-answer interface allowed systematic selection of particular behaviors without editing multiple system files.

Eric S. Raymond wrote a menu-driven module named CML2 to replace it, but it was officially rejected. Linus Torvalds attributed the rejection in a 2007 lkml.org post to a preference for small incremental changes, and concern that the maintainer had not been involved in the rewrite. "You can't just...go do your own thing and expect it to be merged," he said, noting that Raymond "left with a splash" over the rejection.

LinuxKernelConf replaced CML in kernel version 2.5.45, and remains in use for the 4.0 kernel.

References

External links
The Linux Kernel HOWTO 2003 More recent documentation may exist but the TLDP kernel page is currently offline and under revision.
The CML2 Language - Constraint based configuration for the Linux kernel and elsewhere
CML2 Resources Page

Linux kernel
The Lesser of Two Evils. "The Lesser of Two Evils" is the sixth episode in the  second season of the American animated television series Futurama, and the 19th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on the Fox Network in the United States on February 20, 2000.

Plot
While visiting the Past-o-rama theme park, Fry runs over a robot with an uncanny resemblance to Bender. They bring him back to the Planet Express building, where Professor Farnsworth repairs him. The robot's name is Flexo, and like Bender, he is a bending unit. The only physical difference between the two is that Flexo has a goatee. Bender and Flexo hit it off, but Flexo soon begins to annoy Fry, who suspects him of being evil, despite his behavior being similar to Bender's.

The Professor reveals an atom of the fictional element Jumbonium, which the crew is to deliver to the Miss Universe pageant on Tova 9. Due to the value of the atom, the Professor hires Flexo as additional security. Leela assigns Fry, Bender, and Flexo shifts guarding the atom, but when Fry's shift comes up he falls asleep due to staying up during all of Flexo's shift, and the atom is stolen. Fry not only suspects Flexo, but believes he has disguised himself as Bender. After Bender re-establishes his identity, Fry, Leela, and Bender head off to inform pageant host Bob Barker's head of the theft.

They burst into the contest in pursuit of Flexo, and he and Bender start to fight. At the end of the fight, Bender's chest cavity door is knocked open, revealing the atom. Flexo tells the crew members that he had seen Bender steal the atom and left to inform Barker.

With the atom recovered, and Flexo accidentally imprisoned for Bender's crime due to Barker's disinterest in his identity, the pageant concludes with a giant paramecium from Vega being crowned Miss Universe, only after Leela is mistakenly crowned first due to a miscommunication from judge Zapp Brannigan.

Production
In the audio commentary of the episode, David X. Cohen states that this episode was the only one to which he gave his artistic input. When Fry, Bender, and Flexo are at a robot strip club, a robot stripper with a strange gear-oriented design can be seen. Cohen explains that he drew the robot himself and took great pride in doing so.

Broadcast and reception
In its initial airing, the episode received a Nielsen rating of 4.4/8, placing it 87th among primetime shows for the week of February 14–20, 2000.

The A.V. Club gave the episode a B, stating "There’s a lot of solid laughs, which is really all Futurama needs to manage to keep me watching... Still, a great episode of this show should be more than just some clever ideas scribbled in the margins."

References

External links

"The Lesser of Two Evils"  st TV.com

The Lesser of Two Evils at The Infosphere.

Futurama season 2 episodes
2000 American television episodes

fr:Le moins pire des deux