omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aster (automobile). For the French Aster automobile manufacturer of 1900-1910, see Ateliers de Construction Mecanique l'Aster

The Aster was an English automobile manufactured from 1922 to 1930.  The company's car roots can be traced to 1899 when Begbie Manufacturing of Wembley, in north London became British licensees of the French Aster company (Ateliers de Construction Mecanique l'Aster) making mainly stationary engines. In 1913 they became Aster Engineering Co (1913) Ltd and during World War I made aircraft engines.

Models

18/50, 20/55, 21/60
The first Aster cars were made in 1922 with the luxurious 18/50, which had a 2618 cc six cylinder overhead valve engine driving the rear wheels through a four speed gearbox. The 126 inch wheelbase chassis had semi elliptic springing at the front and cantilevered springs at the rear with four wheel brakes as an early option. The car was listed at £850 in 1923 and about 50 were made before in 1924 the engine was enlarged to 2890 cc by increasing its bore from 69.5 to 73 mm in the 20/55 model. One was bought by the Duke of York. About another 50 of the larger cars were made. In 1926 the engine was further bored out to 75 mm, the stroke stayed at 115 mm throughout, making the 3042 cc 21/60.

24/70
The largest car they made was the 1927 24/70 with a 147-inch wheelbase, a foot longer than the 21/60. The 3042 cc engine for this was created by boring the engine a further 5 mm to 80 mm and fitting Burt-McCollum single sleeve valves which were also fitted to the 21/60 engine from that year. The top of the range 39 cwt Landaulette cost £1300. Probably about 70 were made.

Merger
They merged with Arrol-Johnston in 1927 following which production moved to Dumfries, Scotland and the cars became known as Arrol-Asters.  The Wembley premises were kept as a service depot eventually being sold to Singer. The 21/60 and 24/70 were kept in production and were joined by a straight eight 3150 cc sleeve valved engine 23/70 and 17/50 six which was also available with Cozette supercharger.

Receivership
The late 1920s were not a good time for luxury car makers and the receivers arrived in 1929. Limited production continued until 1931 when the factory finally closed.

French Aster

The French Aster car company based in Saint-Denis Paris operated between 1900 and circa 1912. They produced their own cars plus engines and gearboxes for other manufacturers. In 1904 the Parisian newspaper Le Petit Journal stated that Aster monopolised the mass manufacture of engines in France, and had a 'universal reputation' and success shown by innumerable users. By 1912 they claimed to cater for over 130 makes.

A 12 hp Aster was exhibited at the 1903 Crystal Palace Motor Show. A range of Aster cars was sold in Britain between 1905 and 1907.

See also
 Arrol-Johnston
 Arrol-Aster
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

Notes

References

A-Z of Cars of the 1920s. Nick Baldwin. Bay View Books 1994.

Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Vehicle manufacture in London
Astra (1920 automobile). The Astra was an American automobile manufactured in 1920. The car was built by a subsidiary concern of Dorris Motors Corporation, and was shown that year in its native St. Louis, Missouri.  It featured a  wheelbase, a Le Roi four-cylinder engine, and a slightly pointed radiator. Some five or ten units were built before the company failed in June 1920.

See also
List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers

References

 

Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Attila (automobile). The Attila was an English automobile produced from 1903 to 1906; the car, which was the creation of the Hunslet Engine Company of Leeds, was a three-cylinder 20hp craft.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Cars introduced in 1903
1900s cars
Veteran vehicles
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1903
1903 establishments in England
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Cars discontinued in 1906
Åtvidaberg (automobile). The  was a Swedish automobile manufactured from 1910 to 1911.

 began by importing an American Holsman high wheeler and using it as a pattern. The car used a flat-twin engine; its top speed was about . Some of the later engines had four cylinders. The gearbox was two-speed, and the entire engine was slid backwards under the frame to engage reverse. 35 cars were planned, of which 12 were built, the rest converted for use in railway inspection.

References
 Dept of Transportation, Stockholm, Sweden.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Sweden
Goods manufactured in Sweden
Highwheeler
Cars introduced in 1910
Cars discontinued in 1911
ATW. ATW may refer to:

Technology
 Accelerator transmutation of waste, a way of processing radioactive waste
 Atari Transputer Workstation, a computer produced in 1980s
 Asynchronous TimeWarp, a technique used in virtual reality headsets

Entertainment
 All Too Well, a song written by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and Liz Rose and performed by the former
 Access 31, a former Perth television station with callsign ATW, now replaced by West TV
 Air Transport World, a magazine
 Ansem the Wise, a character from the Kingdom Hearts series
 American Travelways, a fictional airline in the 1986 film The Delta Force
 ATW (album), an album by All Them Witches

Organizations
 American Theatre Wing, a theatre education organization
 Arriva Trains Wales, a former train operating company in the United Kingdom
 Atlantic and Western Railway, in North Carolina, United States

Places
 Agua Tibia Wilderness, a protected area in California
 Appleton International Airport (IATA airport code: ATW), in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States

Military
 Anti-Tank Weapon, a weapon designed to destroy tanks.

Other
 Around the World
 Atsugewi language (ISO 639-3: atw), a language of North America
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris. The Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (, ; abbr. IPGP) is a French governmental, non-profit research and higher education establishment located in Paris, dedicated to the study of earth and planetary sciences by combining observations, laboratory analysis and construction of conceptual analogical and numerical models.

IPGP is part of CNRS (UMR 7154) and University Paris-Diderot. It is the second largest CNRS research unit in France. The institute has 14 research divisions and 6 observatories.  IPGP is also in charge by the French government of monitoring the active volcanoes on French territories in addition to the management of the worldwide network of seismological stations GEOSCOPE, and a major contribution to the worldwide network of magnetic observatories Intermagnet. IPGP maintains permanent volcanologic observatories on the islands of Réunion (Piton de la Fournaise), Guadeloupe (La Soufrière), and Martinique (Mount Pelée). The institute also maintains several analytical facilities in applied geophysics as well as a park of a variety of geophysical instruments.

IPGP maintains three campuses in the Paris area. Until 2010, its main headquarters location is inside the Jussieu Campus in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. After 2010, it moved into a state of the art dedicated facility adjacent to the Jussieu Campus, in front of the Jardin des Plantes. IPGP has a second campus located in Paris-Diderot University in the 13th arrondissement of Paris where the geodesy and space sciences research, and undergrad teaching are done. The third campus is located 6 km to the east of Paris where it conducts space and planetary science activities ranging from building geophysical space instruments and sensors to planetary data analysis. IPGP maintain a staff of nearly 500 persons.

The lead investigator (P.I.) for the seismometer instrument on the international space mission to Mars, InSight (launched 2018) is from this institute. Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) is a seismometer intended to operate on the surface of the planet Mars, hopefully increasing understanding of that planet and in turn the solar system and Earth interiors.

See also

 Grands établissements

References

External links 

  IPGP website

Grands établissements
Research institutes in France
Mechanical. Mechanical may refer to:

Machine
 Machine (mechanical), a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement
 Mechanical calculator, a device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic
 Mechanical energy, the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy
 Mechanical system, a system that manages the power of forces and movements to accomplish a task
 Mechanism (engineering), a portion of a mechanical device

Other
 Mechanical (character), one of several characters in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
 A kind of typeface in the VOX-ATypI classification

See also
 Machine, especially in opposition to an electronic item
 Mechanical Animals, the third full-length studio release by Marilyn Manson
 Manufactured or artificial, especially in opposition to a biological or natural component
 Automation, using machine decisions and processing instead of human
 Mechanization, using machine labor instead of human or animal labor
 Mechanical watch, utilizing a non-electric mechanism
 Mechanical engineering, a branch of engineering concerned with the application of physical mechanics
 HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning), the mechanical systems of a building
 Mechanical phenomenon, as in the mechanics of the Digestive Tract or the mechanics of swallowing 
 Mechanical license, used in the music industry to indicate the payment made from a licensee to the owner of a copyright for the right to mechanically reproduce a song
 Mechanic (disambiguation)
 Mechanism
 Mechanics
Displacement (fluid). In fluid mechanics, displacement occurs when an object is largely immersed in a fluid, pushing it out of the way and taking its place. The volume of the fluid displaced can then be measured, and from this, the volume of the immersed object can be deduced: the volume of the immersed object will be exactly equal to the volume of the displaced fluid.

An object immersed in a liquid displaces an amount of fluid equal to the object's volume. Thus, buoyancy is expressed through Archimedes' principle, which states that the weight of the object is reduced by its volume multiplied by the density of the fluid. If the weight of the object is less than this displaced quantity, the object floats; if more, it sinks. The amount of fluid displaced is directly related (via Archimedes' principle) to its volume. In the case of an object that sinks (is totally submerged), the volume of the object is displaced. In the case of an object that floats, the weight of fluid displaced will be equal to the weight of the displacing object.

Applications of displacement
This method can be used to measure the volume of a solid object, even if its form is not regular. Several methods of such measuring exist. In one case the increase of liquid level is registered as the object is immersed in the liquid (usually water). In the second case, the object is immersed into a vessel full of liquid (called an overflow can), causing it to overflow. Then the spilled liquid is collected and its volume measured. In the third case, the object is suspended under the surface of the liquid and the increase of weight of the vessel is measured. The increase in weight is equal to the amount of liquid displaced by the object, which is the same as the volume of the suspended object times the density of the liquid.

The concept of Archimedes' principle is that an object immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The weight of the displaced fluid can be found mathematically. The mass of the displaced fluid can be expressed in terms of the density and its volume, . The fluid displaced has a weight , where  is acceleration due to gravity. Therefore, the weight of the displaced fluid can be expressed as .

The weight of an object or substance can be measured by floating a sufficiently buoyant receptacle in the cylinder and noting the water level. After placing the object or substance in the receptacle, the difference in weight of the water level volumes will equal the weight of the object.

See also
Displacement (ship)

References

Physical quantities
Fluid mechanics
Volume
Puli (car). The Puli was a microcar made in Hungary by HÓDGÉP of Hódmezővásárhely from 1986.

The car was 2.46 m long and was assembled using parts made by Ikarus, Škoda, Lada and Polski Fiat available at that time in the country. It was propelled by a Diesel engine of 4 kW, or an electric engine of 7.4 kW.

The body was made from reinforced glass fibre. It was intended to be exported mainly to France where no driving licence was needed to drive that category of vehicles. The company's profile was agricultural machinery building and did not survive the political-economical transition of Hungary to a market economy at the end of the 1980s.

The electric version was produced in 1991 under the name Puli Pinguin 4.

In 2006 the Puli returned under the ownership of Prokop Gábor. Prokop holds Puli and Wartburg trade marks.

See also
 Puli (dog breed)

External links 
 German web page about the electrical vehicle (Archived site)
(Hungarian) AUTÓNAVIGÁTÓR article
Automobile catalog page
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Hungary
Microcars
Science and technology in Hungary
Cars introduced in 1986
Cars discontinued in 1998
UCT (disambiguation). The University of Cape Town (UCT) is a public research university located in Cape Town, South Africa.

UCT may also refer to:

Chemistry
Upper consolute temperature, the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions

Places
Temuco Catholic University ()
Ukhta Airport
University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague

Other uses
Upper Confidence Tree (upper confidence bounds applied to trees), a Monte Carlo tree search algorithm
Unconditional cash transfer
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, of which UCT is a deprecated alias)
IBM 519. The IBM 519 Document-Originating Machine, introduced in 1946, was the last in a series of unit record machines designed for automated preparation of punched cards. Others in the series included the IBM 513 & IBM 514 Reproducing Punch.

The 519, which was "state of the art for the time",
could:
 reproduce all or parts of the information on a set of cards
 "gangpunch" - copy information from a master card into the following detail cards
 print up to eight digits on the end of a card
 compare two decks of cards
 "summary punch" — create punch cards containing summary information provided by a connected accounting machine, such as totals from a group of processed cards
 "mark sense" — detect marks made with an electrographic pencil in designated locations on a punched card and then punch holes corresponding to those marks into the card
 number cards consecutively (an optional feature)

The reproducing, gangpunching, summary punching, and comparing features of the IBM 519 are very similar to those of the IBM 513 and IBM 514.

IBM 513 Reproducing Punch

The IBM 513 Reproducing Punch, like the IBM 514, had some - but not all - of the capabilities included in the IBM 519. This model was released circa 1933.

IBM 514 Reproducing Punch

The IBM 514 Reproducing Punch was introduced in February 1949. Like the 513, it had fewer capabilities than the IBM 519. The 514 was withdrawn in 1978.

The identifier "IBM 514" has been partially recycled in the form of "IBM 514 Watt(s) Hot-Swap Power Supply."

Capabilities table

The IBM 513, 514 and 519 all operated at 100 cards per minute, and their operations were directed by a removable control panel that was known as a plugboard. As with other IBM punched card devices that operated as automatic punches, cards are fed "face down, 12-edge first.".   (On devices that operated as automatic readers, cards were fed "face down, 9-edge first instead.)

History
Production of the IBM 519 was still going strong in 1956/1957, and production was consolidated to Rochester (for the Americas) and Milan, Italy. IBM closed its last punched card manufacturing plant in 1984, nearly a century after Herman Hollerith's 1886 construction of the first card sorting machine.

References

IBM manuals:

External links
 Columbia University Computing History: IBM Reproducing/Summary Punches.
 Photo of IBM 513. It doesn't resemble the 514.
 Photo of IBM 514. Compare to the 519.
 Photo of IBM 519

519
Computer-related introductions in 1946
LRO. LRO may mean:

 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, a NASA spacecraft launched in 2009
 Large receive offload, in computer networking, a technique for increasing inbound throughput
 Light railway order, an order made under the Light Railways Act 1896 for the construction or operation of a railway in the United Kingdom
 Land Rover Owner, a magazine about Land Rover vehicles
 Left-to-right override, a Unicode character (U+202D) used in bi-directional text
Legal Rights Observatory, a legal rights activism group
Elbe Project. The Elbe Project () was the name of the first commercial, static high voltage direct current transmission system constructed in the world.  The scheme was based on mercury arc valves.

Experimental installations between Wettingen and Zürich in Switzerland, and Charlottenburg and Moabit, Berlin, were demonstrated between 1933 and 1942. Contracts were signed with AEG and Siemens in 1941, and construction began of a bipolar direct current line from the Vockerode power station near Dessau on the Elbe, to Berlin-Marienfelde, in 1943. The line was designed to transmit 60 megawatts using a symmetrical bipolar operating voltage of +200 kV and −200 kV. Two single-core buried cables with aluminum conductors were used. A piece of the cable used can be seen in the Deutsches Museum, Munich.

The southern terminus was south of the Vockerode power plant. The hall built for this purpose (coordinates: 51°50'32"N 12°21'26"E) was later used as a workshop hall for the power plant and today houses some offices. The cable ran from Vockerode via Coswig, Straach, Boßdorf, Kropstädt, Treuenbrietzen, Beelitz, Michendorf, Saarmund and Großbeeren to the northern terminus in Berlin-Marienfelde. This was located in the area between the railway line from Berlin to Dresden, Beißlstrasse (until 1947 Wagemannstrasse), Friedrichsrodaer Strasse and Trachenbergring. The power converter hall built in this area (coordinates: 52°25'39"N 13°22'13"E) now serves as a sports hall. A 30 kV cable was laid from Berlin-Marienfelde to Steglitz substation (near Steglitz power plant), where the transmitted power should be fed into the power grid of Berlin.

A cable with an aluminum conductor with a cross section of 150 mm² and an outer diameter of 52 mm was used for each of the two high-voltage poles, while the earth was used as the neutral pole. For this purpose, there was close to both power converter stations a well equipped with a ground electrode. The exact location of these wells is no longer known.

The system was never put into service owing to the chaos in Germany at the end of World War II. The Soviets dismantled the system as part of war reparation payments, and reused it in building the 115 kilometre long 200 kV Moscow–Kashira monopolar high voltage direct current line with a maximum transmission rating of 30 megawatts in 1951. This transmission line is no longer operating.

Sites

References

External links

 Power Electronics in Europe
 Modern Power Systems - 100 Years of High Voltage Links, 1 November 2007, retrieved 27 January 2009 

HVDC transmission lines
Research and development in Nazi Germany
Electric power transmission systems in Germany
HVDC Kingsnorth. HVDC Kingsnorth was a high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission system connecting Kingsnorth in Kent to two sites in London. It was at one time the only application of the technology of high voltage direct current transmission for the supply of transformer stations in a city, and the first HVDC link to be embedded within an AC system, rather than interconnecting two asynchronous systems.  It was also the first HVDC scheme to be equipped with self-tuning harmonic filters and to be controlled with a "Phase Locked Oscillator", a principle which subsequently became standard on all HVDC systems.

It was designed in the late 1960s and went into service in 1974. It ran from Kingsnorth power station as a 59 kilometers long bipolar (3-wire) underground cable. The positive pole operating at a voltage of +266 kV terminated at the converter station in Beddington near Croydon. The negative pole continued to run a further 26 kilometers at -266 kV line to a similar station at Willesden in North London.

There was also the possibility, if the converter station in Kingsnorth was out of service, to run the system as monopolar HVDC between the Beddington and Willesden stations. The HVDC Kingsnorth was one of the last HVDC schemes equipped with mercury vapour rectifiers, which were ARAG/4-valves designed by English Electric.  Each converter station for 266 kV consisted of two six-pulse valve bridges for 132 kV switched in series, which were each fed via a star-star and a star-delta connected transformer.

Apart from the Nelson River Bipole 1 system in Canada, all later-built HVDC systems used thyristor valves. The Kingsnorth HVDC scheme could transfer a maximum power of 640 megawatts (320 megawatts per pole).

In 1981, one mercury arc valve at Willesden Static Inverter Plant, was replaced by a H200 thyristor valve, developed by English Electric.

The system described was shut down in 1986 or 1987 following system reinforcement on the network it was embedded in. However the capacitor banks located at Kingsorth were used for voltage control on the network. These were later removed from the system completely in the mid 1980s? (1990s?) as they contained PCB.

Sites

References

External links 
 Page13-15

Infrastructure in London
Electrical interconnectors to and from Great Britain
HVDC transmission lines
Electric power infrastructure in England
Energy infrastructure completed in 1974
1974 establishments in England