omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Locomotives of the Caledonian Railway. Locomotives of the Caledonian Railway. The Caledonian Railway Locomotive Works were originally at Greenock but moved to St. Rollox, Glasgow, in 1856. The locomotive classes are listed under the names of the railway's Chief Mechanical Engineers.

Locomotives
The class number used for Caledonian Railway engines was the stock number of the first member of the class to reach traffic. Hence earlier numbered classes could well have appeared later in time.

Until the appointment of Dugald Drummond, unlike most other British railways, almost all engines had outside cylinders, and the 0-6-0 arrangement was quite rare, goods engines being of type 2-4-0 or 0-4-2. Passenger engines were normally 2-2-2.

Robert Sinclair 1847-1856

Benjamin Conner 1856-1876

George Brittain 1876-1882

Dugald Drummond 1882-1890

Hugh Smellie 1890
Appointed 1 September 1890. Died 19 April 1891.

John Lambie 1891-1895
Unless otherwise stated these were all built at the Caledonian Railway's St. Rollox railway works

John F. McIntosh 1895-1914
Unless otherwise stated these were all built at the Caledonian Railway's St. Rollox railway works

William Pickersgill 1914-1923

London, Midland and Scottish Railway

Caledonian Railway locomotives still existing in 1923 were taken into the stock of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). The LMS built some locomotives to Caledonian Railway designs after 1923.

Preservation

See also
 List of LMS locomotives as of 31 December 1947

Sources
 Baxter, B., (1984) British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923 Vol.4, Moorland Publishing
 Haresnape, B. & Rowledge, P. (1982) Drummond Locomotives, a Pictorial History, Ian Allan

References

Caledonian Railway

Caledonian Railway
Royal Wasson Sorensen. Royal Wasson Sorensen (April 25, 1882 – October 27, 1965) was the inventor of the vacuum switch, professor of electrical engineering and head of the electrical engineering department at California Institute of Technology, and was also noted for his work in high voltage transmissions and air pollution. Sorensen was also a fellow and president of American Institute of Electrical Engineers and Eminent Member of Eta Kappa Nu.

References 

1882 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American inventors
Icaro Stratos. The Icaro Stratos is an Italian high-wing, single-place, rigid-wing hang glider that was designed by Icaro 2000 in conjunction with A-I-R GmbH and Felix Ruhle and produced by Icaro 2000, of Sangiano, circa 2003.

Design and development
The Stratos was a collaborative project between A-I-R GmbH and Icaro 2000. Following the launch of this model both companies pursued their own directions on rigid wing design, although they continued to collaborate on parts manufacture.

The aircraft is made from tubing, with the wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. The Stratos was built in two sizes to accommodate differing pilot weights, "L" and "M".

Operational history
The Laminar was used to win the World Hang Gliding Championships in 2002 in Class 5, Rigid Wing.

Angelo d'Arrigo flew a Stratos on the first flight over Mount Everest (8848 m), on 24 May 2004, setting an altitude record for hang gliders.

Variants
Stratos L
Large sized model for heavier pilots. Its  span wing has an aspect ratio of 11.9 and a wing area of . Pilot hook-in weight range is . Certified as DHV Class 3.
Stratos M
Small sized model for lighter pilots. Its  span wing has an aspect ratio of 12.7 and a wing area of . Pilot hook-in weight range is .

Aircraft on display
Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci", Milan, Italy

Specifications (Stratos L)

References

Stratos
Hang gliders
Akaflieg Stuttgart fs31. The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs31 Ferdinand Porsche is a tandem seat, dual control training glider designed and built in Germany between 1977 and 1981. The aircraft was intended to have high performance, yet to be robust enough for student use. It was not intended for production and remains in service with the Akaflieg after almost 40 years and 7,100 flying hours.

Design and development
The Akaflieg Stuttgart or Akademische Fliegergruppe Stuttgart () is one of some fourteen German student flying groups attached to and supported by their home Technical University.  Several have designed and built aircraft, often technically advanced and leading the development of gliders in particular.

The students of the Stuttgart Akaflieg designed the fs31 as a high performance, tandem seat training sailplane to replace their earlier aircraft, further inspired by the purchase of a set of wings from the Grob G 103 Twin Astir prototype in 1977. Furthermore, the then new carbon Kevlar hybrid material was to be used to reduce weight. Energy dissipation and a locally strong cockpit area were further design objectives. Benign stall characteristics and a strong, long-stroke, monowheel undercarriage also make it suitable for student pilots.

The fs31 has mid-mounted, straight tapered wings with 4° of dihedral, taken from the Twin Astir prototype. Its T-tail, from the Glasflügel 604, has a narrow chord, weakly tapered tailplane. The aircraft's control surfaces are made from a Kevlar-sandwich. Instructor and pupil sit in tandem in a cockpit placed forward of the wing, fitted with dual controls, under a long, single-piece canopy. The fuselage, which narrows to a slender boom behind the wing trailing edge, is similar to that of the Akaflieg Stuttgart fs29, though carbon/Kevlar replaces the earlier aircraft's GRP polymeric foam sandwich structure. Furthermore, the fuselage shells are split horizontally instead of vertically to improve pilot safety during a crash landing by eliminating a seam on the underside of the cockpit. The undercarriage is retractable and is also based on that of the fs29.

The fs31 first flew on 30 December 1981. Some improvements were made to the wing root-fuselage junction during flight testing in the summer of 1982. The aircraft's fuselage design served as the basis for the Schleicher AS 22-2, later developed into the ASH 25, the Akaflieg Stuttgart fs33, and the Akaflieg Braunschweig SB 15.

Operational history
The sole fs31 was still undergoing field trial when it won the Klippeneck gliding competition of July 1982. It entered service with the Akaflieg Stuttgart in April 1983 and since then it has served in its intended role of trainer for almost 40 years, logging over 7,100 flying hours and 23,000 takeoffs.

Specifications

References

External links

Eppler E 603 airfoil

1980s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1981
Akaflieg Stuttgart aircraft
Blériot 67. The Blériot Bl.67 B.3 was a First World War French biplane heavy bomber designed and built by Blériot for a 1916 competition Concours des Avions Puissants. Only a single prototype was built.

The Blériot Bl.67 was a large equal-span biplane with a fuselage braced between the two wings, the four  Gnome 9B rotary engines above each other, with two on the upper wing leading edge and two on the lower wing on each side of the fuselage.. It had a biplane tail with three fins and a fixed conventional landing gear with twin-wheel main units.  It was first flown on 18 September 1916 but crashed on landing and was destroyed.

Specifications

References

Citations

Bibliography

1910s French bomber aircraft
67
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Rotary-engined aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft flown once
Nelson Morgan. Nelson Harold Morgan (born May, 1949) is an American computer scientist and professor in residence (emeritus) of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of California, Berkeley. Morgan is the co-inventor of the Relative Spectral (RASTA) approach to speech signal processing, first described in a technical report published in 1991.

Education and career 
Morgan was born in Buffalo, New York. He studied at University of Chicago, later he received his PhD as an NSF fellow from University of California, Berkeley in 1980 under the supervision of Robert W. Brodersen. Morgan worked at National Semiconductor before taking up the post as a professor in residence at University of California, Berkeley. At Berkeley, he founded ICSI's Realization Group, which later become known as the Speech Group, in 1988. He served as director of ICSI from 1999 through 2011.

Research and contributions 
In 1993, Morgan and Herve Bourlard published their work on the hybrid system approach to speech recognition, which uses neural networks probabilistically with Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). The system improved automatic speech recognition techniques based on HMMs by providing discriminative training, incorporating multiple input sources, and using a flexible architecture able to accommodate contextual inputs and feedbacks. The work has been described as "seminal.". Morgan won the 1996 IEEE Signal Processing Magazine Best Paper Award for a paper with Bourlard. Morgan and Bourlard were awarded the 2022 IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award "For contributions to neural networks for statistical speech recognition."

Morgan was the principal investigator of the IARPA-funded project Outing Unfortunate Characteristics of HMMs, which sought to identify problems in automatic speech recognition technology. He also led a team of universities to build speech recognition systems for low resource languages as part of the IARPA Babel program.

Morgan was the former director of the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI), where he was also the Speech Group leader. He recently has focused on campaign reform through empowering volunteerism. In that work, he co-founded UpRise Campaigns with Antonia Scatton, and later co-founded Neighbors Forward AZ with Alison Porter.

Morgan has produced more than 200 publications, including four books,

Honors and awards 
Morgan is a fellow of the IEEE and the International Speech Communication Association. Together with Hervé Bourlard, he  won the 1996 IEEE Signal Processing Magazine Best Paper Award and was awarded the 2022 IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award "For contributions to neural networks for statistical speech recognition." He was on the editorial board of Speech Communication Magazine, of which he is a former co-editor-in-chief.

References 

Living people
American computer scientists
Fellows of the IEEE
1949 births
People from Buffalo, New York
University of Chicago alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Henan Diesel Engine Industry Company. Henan Diesel Engine Industry Co., Ltd is a member of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC) and the research and manufacturing base of high and medium-speed, high power diesel engines in China, specialized in manufacturing, sale and service of diesel engines, gas engines, diesel generating sets, gas generating sets and emergency/fire pump sets.

Products
HND, built in 1958, specialized in manufacturing L12-180 and 42-160 diesel engines at the beginning.

Licensed from Deutz
It introduced the licensed technology from DEUTZ-MWM Company, Germany in 1985 and has produced series MWM234 diesel engines in V6, V8 and V12 and series MWM604BL6 diesel engines and TBD620V8, V12 and V16 diesel engines. It has researched and developed series TBD236 and TBD620L6 diesel engines and gas engines with its own intellectual property.

Licensed from MAN B&W
In 2007, the company obtained the license of manufacturing L16/24 and L21/31 engines from MAN B&W Co., and began batch production in 2008. At present, the output of diesel engines covers 110 kW~2336 kW and that of diesel generating sets covers 80 kW~1700 kW.

Certification
The quality system of design, development, production and servicing of diesel engines, gas engines, diesel generating sets and gas generating sets has been certified by China Xinshidai Quality System Certification Body in accordance with GB/T19001-2000(idtISO9001:2000), at the same time, the quality system of design, development, production and servicing of diesel engines, diesel generation sets has also been certified by this Body in accordance with GJB/Z9001-2001, It means HND got two certificates both for military and civil products. It is also  able to provide IMO 2000 NOx emission certificates and classification certificates of CCS, ZY, ABS, GL, BV, DNV and LR.

Applications
The products are not only widely used in the ship field such as military equipment, commercial cargo ship, passenger ship, tourist ship, working ship, fishing ship and high-speed vessel but also in other fields such as petroleum industry, coal industry, mining, nuclear power station, hydropower station, emergency/fire pump and special vehicles.

Exports
The company's products have been exported to more than 50 countries and regions in Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas and Oceania.

References

External links
Official website

Diesel engine manufacturers
Engine manufacturers of China
Companies based in Henan
Single-atom transistor. A single-atom transistor is a device that can open and close an electrical circuit by the controlled and reversible repositioning of one single atom. The single-atom transistor was invented and first demonstrated in 2002 by Dr. Fangqing Xie in Prof. Thomas Schimmel's Group at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (former University of Karlsruhe). By means of a small electrical voltage applied to a control electrode, the so-called gate electrode, a single silver atom is reversibly moved in and out of a tiny junction, in this way closing and opening an electrical contact.

Therefore, the single-atom transistor works as an atomic switch or atomic relay, where the switchable atom opens and closes the gap between two tiny electrodes called source and drain. The single-atom transistor opens perspectives for the development of future atomic-scale logics and quantum electronics.

At the same time, the device of the Karlsruhe team of researchers marks the lower limit of miniaturization, as feature sizes smaller than one atom cannot be produced lithographically. The device represents a quantum transistor, the conductance of the source-drain channel being defined by the rules of quantum mechanics. It can be operated at room temperature and at ambient conditions, i.e. neither cooling nor vacuum are required.

Few atom transistors have been developed at Waseda University and at Italian CNR by Takahiro Shinada and Enrico Prati, who observed the Anderson–Mott transition in miniature by employing arrays of only two, four and six individually implanted As or P atoms.

See also 
 QFET (quantum field-effect transistor)

References

External links 
 Beilstein TV Video of the Schimmel group: The single-atom transistor – perspectives for quantum electronics at room temperature (link offline)

Transistors
Condensed matter physics
FVA-20 F. B. Schmetz. The FVA-20 F. B. Schmetz was a single seat, Standard Class sailplane, built as a one-off aircraft, to explore the application of glass fibre to glider construction.  Built over a long period, it finally flew in late 1979.

Design and development
The FVA-20 F. B. Schmetz was named after the prominent German glider builder and designer Ferdinand Schmetz.  He had been an active builder before World War II and by 1950 was involved in the design of the HKS-1, an advanced sailplane intended to return Germany to the front of world glider development.

The FVA-20 was designed in 1967 to investigate the then-new glass fibre construction methods. Building began in 1969 but the FVA-20 did not fly until 28 November 1979.  It was a single seat Standard Class sailplane, with shoulder wings that were built from glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)/Conticell sandwich.  GRP ailerons were used and there were Schempp-Hirth spoilers, each pair extending out of its wing above and below on frames like parallel rulers.

Its fuselage was built from GRP/balsa sandwich.  The FVA-20 had a T-tail, their planes built as those of the wings. The tailplane was fixed, carrying elevators fitted with Háhnle trim tabs. Its single seat cockpit was enclosed by a single-piece, forward hinged canopy.  It landed on a retractable, unsprung, monowheel undercarriage aided by a tail bumper.  The mainwheel had a foot-operated brake.

Flight testing in 1980 revealed some aileron flutter problems. It was hoped that these would be eliminated by the replacement, during 1982, of the original GRP ailerons by lighter carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CRP) versions.

Specifications

See also

References

1970s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1979
T-tail aircraft
Sunderland District Electric Tramways. The Sunderland District Electric Tramways operated an electric tramway service from  Grangetown to Easington Lane between 1905 and 1925.

History

The company was registered on 5 November 1903. Construction took nearly 18 months and the system was ready for opening on 10 June 1905. The main route of the tramway ran from Grangetown via Herrington to Easington Lane, with branches to Fencehouses and Penshaw.

The Newcastle upon Tyne Electricity Supply Company built a power plant at Philadelphia, behind the Lambton, Hetton & Joicey Collieries power station. The tram depot was located next to it  and could house eighteen trams.

On 3 January 1921 through running started between the Sunderland Corporation Tramways system at Grangetown.

Fleet
1-15 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1905
16-30 Arbel (French company) 1905
31 Track sweeper/snow broom 1906
32-34 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1908
34-38 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1920

Closure

The company disposed of some trams in 1924 to Bolton Corporation Tramways. The remaining trams were sold in 1925, sixteen to Grimsby Corporation Tramways and others to Manchester Corporation Tramways. The tramway system closed on 15 July 1925 and the company was renamed as the Sunderland District Omnibus Company, running a fleet of blue buses.

References

Tram transport in England
Aizawl Monorail. The Aizawl Monorail is a proposed monorail system for the city of Aizawl, the capital of Mizoram in northeast India.
The decision for the monorail is being taken because of increase in number of vehicles in town, which causes traffic problems.

Network

There is only one line of length 5 km running from north to the south of Aizawl.
 Corridor (5 km):- Zemabawk - Kulikawn

Project detail
Government of Mizoram has asked, Rail India Technical & Economic Services Limited (RITES), to prepare a technical as well as economic feasibility report of this mono rail system in Aizawl. The monorail project will be executed under Build, Own, Operate and Transfer (BOOT) basis.

The system was proposed in 2011 but  it is not clear if the project will proceed.

References

Proposed monorails in India
Transport in Mizoram
Rail transport in Mizoram
Transport in Aizawl
Icaro Mars. The Icaro Mars is an Italian high-wing, single-place, hang glider that was designed and produced by Icaro 2000.

Design and development
The Mars was built in two sizes for differing pilot weight, with the model numbers reflecting the approximate wing area in square feet. Both sizes are DHV certified as Class 1-2 and also SHV certified. The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing, with the single-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth.

Variants
Mars 150
Small sized model for lighter pilots. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 120° and the wing area is . Pilot hook-in weight range is .
Mars 170
Large sized model for heavier pilots. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 125° and the wing area is . Pilot hook-in weight range is .

Specifications (Mar 150)

References

Mars
Hang gliders
Semantic Application Design Language. Semantic Application Design Language (SADL) is an English-like open source language for building formal models composed of an OWL ontology, rules expressed in terms of the ontological concepts, queries for retrieving information from the model, and tests to validate and re-validate model content and entailments (implications).

The SADL-IDE is an Eclipse-based integrated development environment(IDE) which  facilitates authoring and maintaining models expressed in the SADL language.

Motivation
The Semantic Technology stack offers significant potential for knowledge capture and usage in many domains. However, native representations (OWL, SWRL, Jena Rules, SPARQL) are unfriendly to domain experts who are not computer scientists and not knowledgeable in the intricacies of artificial intelligence and formal logic. Furthermore, in the opinion of the creator, the tools available to build, test, maintain, and apply knowledge bases (models) over their life cycle are inadequate. SADL attempts to bridge these gaps.

How
SADL attempts to meet the needs identified above in several ways.

The SADL grammar tries to use common words to express formal model relationships. These key words and phrases are mapped unambiguously into the formalisms of OWL, SWRL or Jena Rules, and SPARQL.

SADL allows statement combinations for more concise and understandable groupings. Examples include listing the properties that "describe" a class as part of the class definition, identifying multiple subclasses in a single statement, chaining triple patterns in rules and queries to eliminate variables and make the overall pattern more readable, listing the attributes and relationships of an instance together with a single subject, and optionally named instances.

The SADL-IDE provides templates, content assistance, quick fixes, hyper linking of concepts to their definitions, folding, and other aids to make it easier for domain experts to view and understand, create, and maintain models.

The close integration of Eclipse with source code control systems such as CVS, SVN, or GIT allow SADL models to be versioned and more easily managed over their life cycle. The sequential nature of the language makes differences between model versions easy to compute and view. A set of models may be easily tagged as a particular release and retrieved as a compete set at any time.

Integration of reasoners/rules engines with the SADL-IDE allows the model developer to exercise the model, query results and create test cases for validation and regression testing.

Sources

References
 SADL on SourceForge
 TOWARD A UNIFIED ENGLISH-LIKE REPRESENTATION OF SEMANTIC MODELS, DATA, AND GRAPH PATTERNS FOR SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS

Semantic Web