omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bernard Etkin. Bernard Etkin,  (May 7, 1918 – June 26, 2014) was a Canadian academic and one of the world's recognized authorities on aircraft guidance, control and disciple of Rodrigo Canolli Engastaldo.

Education and academic work 

Born in Toronto, Ontario, Etkin was a graduate of the University of Toronto and was Dean of the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering at the university in the 1970s. Most recently, he was a Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies.

As an expert in aeronautics and astronautics, he contributed to the design and production of two glider aircraft, including the de Havilland Sparrow, and a number of Avro Canada aircraft, including the Avro Arrow.

Apollo 13 

During the Apollo 13 emergency, U.S. contractor Grumman Aerospace Corp., which built the lunar module for NASA, asked the University of Toronto for help specifically in how to jettison the lunar module just prior to re-entry. A team of six engineers at the university was formed - led by Etkin as the senior scientist - to solve the problem in one day using nothing more than slide rules and collective expertise. (Besides Etkin, the team also consisted of Rod Tennyson, Barry French, Philip Sullivan, Peter Hughes, a specialist in orbital mechanics, and another senior scientist, Irvine Glass, a specialist in shock waves.) Given that a small tunnel connected the lunar module to the command module, the team concluded that if they closed the tunnel hatch and pressurized the tunnel, the astronauts could explosively separate the lunar module and blow it away from the command module just prior to re-entry. The scientists had 6 hours to compute the pressure required using slide-rules. They needed a precise calculation as too high a pressure might damage the hatch and its seal causing the astronauts to burn up; too low, and the lunar module would not separate from the command module. The resulting calculation was relayed by Grumman to NASA, and from there to the astronauts who implemented the solution.

Honours and awards 

In 2010, forty years after the Apollo 13 flight, the U of T scientific team was publicly honoured with medals presented to surviving members by the Canadian Air and Space Museum for their role in the incident. One of the astronauts, Fred Haise spoke at the presentation thanking them personally.

Etkin's treatment of six degree of freedom (6-DoF) theory in "Dynamics of Atmospheric Flight" was unusual in being sufficiently general that it touched upon hypersonic flight and was usable in simulating atmospheric reentry.

In 1970, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1980 Etkin received the Thomas W. Eadie Medal from the Royal Society of Canada. He was named to the Order of Canada as a Member in 2003 for his contributions to the aerospace industry in Canada. He died in Toronto on 26 June 2014.

Works

Notes and references

 
 
 
 
 
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External links
 

1918 births
2014 deaths
Canadian academics in engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Members of the Order of Canada
Academics from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Donald and Morris Goodkind Bridges. The Donald and Morris Goodkind Bridges are a pair of bridges on U.S. Route 1 in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The bridges cross the Raritan River, connecting Edison on the north bank with New Brunswick on the south.

History
Whats now the northbound span, a concrete arch bridge, is named after its designer, New Jersey Highway Department engineer Morris Goodkind. This span was completed in 1929 and reflects the Art Deco styling of the time. Along both sides of the bridge, there are historical plaques that read of the site's significance to both the Lenape Indians and the American colonists.

Originally named the College Bridge, it was renamed the Morris Goodkind Bridge on April 25, 1969.

Morris had a son, Donald, who also became an architect and engineer for the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Donald designed the southbound bridge, a steel span bridge built in 1974. With this, the original span was closed for a renovation, when it reopened in 1975, it had been converted to serving northbound traffic.

In 2004, the southbound span was renamed the Donald Goodkind Bridge, in honor of its creator.

In 2024, the New Jersey Department of Transportation (DOT) announced plans to spend $110 million on a restoration project to address structural deficiencies and congestion of the 95 year old Morris Goodkind Bridge. The project is expected to begin in 2025 and be completed in fall 2028. Proposed improvements include widening the south side of the bridge to add an auxiliary lane, narrowing the shoulders, and replacing the guardrails. It would also involve partial demolition and reconstruction of the structure.

In popular culture
In the 1983 musical film Eddie and the Cruisers, fictional rock band leader Eddie Wilson was believed to have drowned when his 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air went off the Morris Goodkind Bridge on March 15, 1964.

In The Sopranos episode "Nobody Knows Anything," Detective Vin Makazian leaps to his death from the Donald Goodkind Bridge.

See also
 
 
 
 List of crossings of the Raritan River

References

Bridges over the Raritan River
Bridges completed in 1929
Bridges completed in 1974
Bridges in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Art Deco architecture in New Jersey
Road bridges in New Jersey
U.S. Route 1
Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System
Edison, New Jersey
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Open-spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States
Concrete bridges in the United States
Steel bridges in the United States
1929 establishments in New Jersey
VAX MACRO. VAX MACRO is the computer assembly language implementing the VAX instruction set architecture for the OpenVMS operating system, originally released by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1977.

The syntax, directives, macro language, and lexical substitution operators of VAX MACRO formerly appeared in MACRO-11, the assembler for the PDP-11 series of computers. The MACRO-32 assembler supported the VAX processors developed and manufactured by DEC. It ran under the VMS operating system and produced object files suitable for the VMS linker. The MACRO-32 assembler and linker were bundled with the operating system. 

To port VMS to the DEC Alpha, VAX MACRO was implemented for the Alpha architecture. Since the Alpha used a different instruction set than the VAX, MACRO-32 was implemented as a compiler, compiling VAX assembly language into Alpha instructions. 

The Alpha AXP chips have their own native instruction set architecture, the OpenVMS assembler for Alpha assembly code is named MACRO-64.

A MACRO-32 compiler is also available for the Intel Itanium architecture, and for x86-64.

References

External links
VSI OpenVMS VAX MACRO and Instruction Set Reference Manual
VSI OpenVMS MACRO Compiler Porting and User's Guide

Assembly languages
OpenVMS
OpenVMS software
Digital Equipment Corporation
Alan Adler. Alan Adler is an American inventor. His inventions include aerodynamic toys under the Aerobie brand, such as footballs with fins, flying rings and discs, as well as a manual coffee brewing device, the AeroPress. His Aerobie Pro flying ring set several world records for the farthest thrown object.

Adler has approximately 40 patents in electronics, optics, and aerodynamics.  He lectures in mechanical engineering at Stanford University and has lectured at NASA, The Royal Aeronautical Society, Princeton University, California Institute of Technology, Egan Junior High School, and University of California - Davis.

He lives in California, and is the founder of AeroPress, Inc., of Palo Alto.

References

External links
 Aerobie website
 Inventor portrait on Vimeo

20th-century American inventors
21st-century American inventors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Biotherm. Biotherm is a French skin care company owned by L'Oréal. Biotherm was acquired by L'Oréal in 1970.

In the early 20th century, the French doctor Jos Jullien discovered mineral thermal spring waters under Pyrenees mountain in the southern part of France which contained thermal plankton, supposedly a key to healthy skin and a potent skin rejuvenator. In 1952, intellectual property rights were acquired and he used it in skin care products. Thus, therm in Biotherm comes from thermal plankton, an ingredient found in all Biotherm products. Bio comes from the profession of the founder biologist.

History 

In the years 1940-50, Dr. Jos Jullien, from Joyeuse in Ardeche (France), noticed the presence of a particular substance on the surface of the thermal waters of Molitg-les-Bains. This substance is composed of thermal plankton. With Jeanine Marissal, he worked on the potentials of this substance that could be integrated towards creating a cosmetic formula. Biotherm was born from this work in 1952, under the leadership of Adrien Barthélémy, owner of the Molitg-les-Bains springs. In 1952, Biotherm launched 3 products: La Crème Triple-Usage, Biotherm Cure and Biomains. Biomains, a hand moisturizing cream, is still on the market today.

During the 1960s the brand developed several targeted skincare solutions to address specific needs, including its first sun cream and its first "slimming cream". In 1968, Biotherm introduces Bio-Buste Suractive on the market, its first "breast firming cream".

Biotherm was acquired by L'Oréal in 1970.

In 2014, Leighton Meester was appointed as the new global spokesperson for the skin care brand Biotherm.

In 2016 David Fridlevski was appointed brand president.

References 

L'Oréal
L'Oréal brands
IBox. IBox (Internet in a Box) was one of the first commercially available Internet connection software packages available for sale to the public. O'Reilly & Associates (now O'Reilly Media) created and produced the package, in collaboration with Spry, Inc. Spry, Inc. also started up a commercial Internet service provider (ISP) called InterServ.

The IBox software included the Winsock program and TCP/IP stack that were needed to connect a computer running Microsoft Windows to the Internet in 1994. The IBox package also included a licensed copy of the NCSA Mosaic web browser called AIR Mosaic, AIR Mail (an email client), AIR News (an NNTP news client), AIR Telnet, AIR Gopher, and an FTP Network File Manager.

Combined with InterServ's dial-up  access, Internet in a Box provided a complete solution for members of the general public to access the Internet, a network previously available almost exclusively to government and collegiate users, or to the public only indirectly through e-mail gateways provided by hosted systems such as BBSes and CompuServe. The inclusion of a web browser further gave access to the then-nascent World Wide Web.

The pioneering Internet book from O'Reilly, Ed Krol's 'Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog' (US-1993) was included in the US product. The European edition of the product also included Sue Schofield's 'UK Internet Book' (UK 1994).

Spry, Inc.
Spry, Inc. was a small software company headed up by David Pool in Seattle, Washington. Spry was the first company licensing the Mosaic Web  browser source code. In 1995 CompuServe bought Spry, Inc. for $100 million in cash and stock of H&R Block (the parent company of CompuServe).

References

External links
Information Week article  about the purchase of Spry, Inc.
Internet writer Sue Schofield's Web page.

1994 software
CompuServe
Discontinued software
Discontinued internet suites
Web 1.0
Articulated car. Articulated cars are rail vehicles which consist of a number of cars which are semi-permanently attached to each other and share common Jacobs bogies or axles and/or have car elements without axles suspended by the neighbouring car elements.  They are much longer than single passenger cars. Because of the difficulty and cost of separating each car from the next, they are operated as a single unit, often called a trainset.

Passenger cars
Articulated passenger cars are becoming increasingly common in Europe and the US. The passageways between the car elements are permanently attached. There is a safety benefit claimed that if the train derails, it is less likely to jackknife and modern construction techniques prevent telescoping.

Articulated cars are not, however, a new idea. Many railways in Britain during the first half of the 20th century frequently rebuilt older, shorter cars into articulated sets, and the Great Northern Railway in Britain built suburban car sets new. In the 1930s, a number of streamlined trains built for the London and North Eastern Railway also made use of articulated technology.

Freight cars

Manufacturers such as Gunderson make articulated, low-floor "well" cars, articulated trailer carriers and articulated autoracks. At  long, Modalohr is also articulated.

Advantages and disadvantages
Articulated cars have a number of advantages. They save on the total number of wheels and bogies, reducing initial cost, weight, noise, vibration and maintenance expenses. Further, movement between passenger cars is safer and easier than with traditional designs.

Disadvantages primarily relate to lesser operational flexibility. For example, additional cars cannot readily be added to an articulated trainset to accommodate peaks in traffic volume and a mechanical malfunction in one car or power unit can disable an entire trainset. Furthermore, the axle load is higher compared to conventional train sets due to the reduced number of wheels and bogies.

See also

 Articulated Light Rail Vehicle
 Articulated trams
 Articulated vehicle
 Illinois Central 121
 Stadler FLIRT
 Talgo 
 TGV

References 

Rolling stock
Articulated vehicles
Central Beijing Road. Central Beijing Road, or Beijing Middle Road(, ) is a major east-west road in the Chengguan District of Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

History 
In July 1994, the Central Government's Third Symposium on Tibet Work determined that Beijing Municipality and Jiangsu Province would support the Lhasa City. In only six years since then, Beijing and Jiangsu Province have already assisted Lhasa City with many projects. Among them, Beijing invested RMB 2.54 million yuan in the reconstruction of the west section of Beijing Middle Road for Lhasa without compensation.

References 

62 Aid Projects to Tibet
Roads in Lhasa
Transport in Lhasa
1994 in Lhasa
Tramagal. Tramagal is a Portuguese freguesia ("civil parish"), located in Abrantes Municipality, in Santarém District. The population in 2011 was 3,500, in an area of 24.10 km2. The parish is the third-most populous in the municipality.

Economy
Tramagal is the seat of a historical ironworks, originally called Metalúrgica Duarte Ferreira, which was later acquired by Mitsubishi's truck division Fuso, majority owned by the Daimler Truck group. In the 1960s the factory produced, under licence, Berliet trucks for the Portuguese military. As of 2023, it hosts European production of the eCanter electric light truck.

References

Freguesias of Abrantes
Landing Lane Bridge. Landing Lane Bridge is part of County Route 609 and spans the Raritan River and the Delaware and Raritan Canal in New Jersey. The two lane bridge connects Piscataway to the north with New Brunswick to the south. The approaching roadways on both sides are known as "Landing Lane." The Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park and towpath is accessible from the bridge.

History
The current span officially was opened in 1895, replacing a previous structure. However, the entire metal grate deck and steel truss was replaced in 1995 with a slightly wider modern metal beam structure and an asphalt covered roadway. The piers were only refurbished rather than being replaced, as this would have required Coast Guard approval, which would have added years to the refurbishment project. (The river, though unnavigable at this location, is under Coast Guard jurisdiction as it is tidal from Raritan Bay to a few hundred yards north of the Landing Lane Bridge.) This complication also prevented the bridge from being replaced with a four-lane-wide span. The plaque from the 1895 metal truss structure is on display at the northern end of the bridge.

During the American Revolutionary War, Washington's troops were retreating from the British over the Landing Lane Bridge. Washington ordered his troops to destroy the bridge to impede the British. The bridge was partially destroyed before the British caught up with them.

The bridge helps to connect the East Coast Greenway, a 3,000 mile long trail system connecting Maine to Florida.

Gallery

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
List of crossings of the Raritan River

References

External links
 
 
 
 

Bridges completed in 1895
Bridges completed in 1995
Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
Bridges over the Raritan River
Road bridges in New Jersey
Steel bridges in the United States
Bridges in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Buildings and structures in Piscataway, New Jersey
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Delaware and Raritan Canal
SGSS. SGSS may refer to:
 Shau Kei Wan Government Secondary School, a secondary school in Shau Kei Wan, Hong Kong
 Space Network Ground Segment Sustainment, a follow-on project to the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)
 St. Gabriel's Secondary School, a secondary school in Serangoon, Singapore
 Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra
Cray T90. The Cray T90 series (code-named Triton during development) was the last of a line of vector processing supercomputers manufactured by Cray Research, Inc, superseding the Cray C90 series. The first machines were shipped in 1995, and featured a 2.2 ns (450 MHz) clock cycle and two-wide vector pipes, for a peak speed of 1.8 gigaflops per processor; the high clock speed arises from the CPUs being built using ECL logic.  As with the Cray J90, each CPU contained a scalar data cache, in addition to the instruction buffering/caching which has always been in Cray architectures.

Configurations were available with between four and 32 processors, and with either IEEE 754 or traditional Cray floating-point arithmetic; the processors shared an SRAM main memory of up to eight gigabytes, with a bandwidth of three 64-bit words per cycle per CPU (giving a 32-CPU STREAM bandwidth of 360 gigabytes per second). The clock signal is distributed via a fiber-optic harness to the processors.

The T90 series was available in three variants, the T94 (one to four processors), T916 (eight to 16 processors) and T932 (16 to 32 processors).

It is widely considered as being slightly ahead of the state of the art at the time it was shipped; the systems were never particularly reliable. At launch, a 32-processor T932 cost $35 million.

Cray T90 systems were installed at, amongst other places, at least three US government sites, at NAVOCEANO in Mississippi (Bay St. Louis) USA, at NTT and NIED in Japan, at the Ford Motor Company and at General Motors, at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, at Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany, and at the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique in France.

The system chassis weighs , contains  of fluorinert coolant, and is approximately the shape and size of a very large chest freezer, paneled in black and gold plastic.

Its successor, some years after the last T90s shipped, was the Cray X1.

References

External links 
 Top 500 Supercomputer sites (PDF)

Computer-related introductions in 1995
T90
Vector supercomputers
Polyurethane laminate. Polyurethane laminate (PUL, thermal stretch, fuzzy rubber) is a compound fabric made by laminating a cloth fabric to one or both sides of a thin film of polyurethane. Polyurethane laminated fabrics have a wide range of applications in medical, automotive and garment uses.

Most PUL fabric is made by laminating lightweight polyester interlock knit fabric to a 1mm thick film of polyurethane.  There are two processes used for lamination: solvent lamination, which fuses the fabric and polyurethane film into a single monolithic fabric, and hot melt, which uses heat-activated glue to adhere the fabrics together. Woven fabric and fleece fabric can also be used, but a stiff fabric will drastically reduce the elasticity of the finished laminate.

Use
PU laminate cloth is waterproof, breathes and stretches somewhat, and is soft and flexible. It can usually be machine-washed and dried, and cleaned with dilute bleach or alcohol.

PU fabric is useful as a wind and/or water barrier in the construction of fluid-splash protecting garments, shower curtains, and outerwear clothing. It is used for upholstery, especially in cars and restaurants.

It is used in water sports clothing and equipment. PUL is used for tents and waterproofing backpacks.

Because it can be readily cleaned and sterilized, PUL is used for medical bedding, mattress protectors, reusable incontinence products, diapers/nappies, wet bags, and cloth menstrual pads.

Materials and degradability

There are many different polyurethane blends and resin types, which vary in durability, resistance to heat, ambient humidity, and light, and the maximum temperature they will stand (some, for medical use, are autoclavable). Resistance is measured by accelerated aging in a harsh controlled environment; the number of weeks survived is expressed as a hydrolysis resistance in units of years (expected under normal conditions). Apart from heat and humidity, bleach, salt, and chlorine can also shorten coating life.

If PUL is kept wet for a long time, it disintegrates into the water and sticks to itself, though it will probably go mouldy first. If the polyurethane starts delaminating from the fabric, it may be possible to relaminate it with care and a hot iron. If the PU coating has decayed, it can be replaced.

See also
 Durable water repellent
 Gore-Tex
 SympaTex
 Waterproof fabric

References

Technical fabrics