omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wind power in Estonia. As of 2023, Estonia has a wind power installed capacity of about 376 MW. All operational wind farms in the country are on land. Offshore wind farms are planned on Lake Peipus and in the Baltic Sea near the island of Hiiumaa.

Estonia operates a rare earth elements processing facility, one of the few outside China, and is developing Europe's first plant for producing rare earth permanent magnets, essential for electric vehicles and wind turbines. Production is expected to start in 2025.

Onshore wind energy 
Three major offshore projects are planned in Estonia, with a total capacity of 1490 MW: a 700 MW project near the island of Hiiumaa by Nelja Energia, a 600 MW project in Gulf of Riga by Eesti Energia, and a 190 MW farm near the western coast of Estonia by Neugrund OÜ.

The International Energy Agency’s (IEA) 2023 energy policy review for Estonia highlights the nation's shift towards renewables, emphasizing reduced reliance on oil shale and the development of wind, photovoltaic (PV), and biomass. Estonia aims for climate neutrality by 2050 and 100% renewable electricity by 2030. Energy auctions, in effect since January 2021, stimulate investment in onshore wind. They use a reverse auction mechanism, offering a maximum subsidy of 20 euros per megawatt-hour (MWh), with a bid cap of 45 euros per MWh. Projects receive 12 years of support from initial generation. Past auctions allocated substantial support to photovoltaic (PV) and wind projects. An auction in September 2023 focused on wind generation, targeting 650 gigawatt-hours (GWh). Future auctions in 2024 and 2025 emphasize wind, aiming for 500 GWh each.

Estonia is advancing its renewable energy initiatives by addressing wind turbine height restrictions, which were imposed due to potential interference with aviation radars. With an investment of EUR 74.5 million between 2019 and 2022 for radar upgrades, and a similar budget allocated in 2022, Estonia plans to lift these restrictions across most of the mainland by 2025.

Statistics 
The table below shows the installed capacity and production of wind farms in Estonia:

Offshore wind energy 
Estonia is in the early stages of offshore wind energy development, as highlighted by the IEA's 2023 Energy Policy Review. Currently, no operational offshore wind generation exists in Estonia. Nevertheless, the government recognizes the potential of offshore wind to contribute significantly to its climate targets. Estonia has proactively taken steps, including the development of a marine spatial plan and active participation in regional cooperation through the Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan. This cooperative initiative aims to expedite offshore grid development, secure financing, and advance Baltic offshore wind projects. Estonia's involvement in ELWIND, a cross-border offshore wind project with Latvia, further enhances regional energy independence and green energy production.

See also

 Energy in Estonia
 Renewable energy by country

References

External links

 
Estonia
Spinnaker (disambiguation). A spinnaker is a type of sail.

Spinnaker can also refer to:
 Spinnaker (software), an open-source continuous delivery platform
 The Spinnaker (building), in Durban, South Africa
 The Spinnaker, the official student newspaper of the University of North Florida
 Spinnaker Tower, a building in Portsmouth, United Kingdom
 Spinnaker Software, a former software company
 SpiNNaker (Spiking Neural Network architecture), a computer designed to simulate the human brain
 Spinnaker, the callsign for Scandinavian Airlines Ireland

See also
Spinnaker Island (disambiguation)
321 kinematic structure. 321 kinematic structure is a design method for robotic arms (serial manipulators), invented by Donald L. Pieper and used in most commercially produced robotic arms. The inverse kinematics of serial manipulators with six revolute joints, and with three consecutive joints intersecting, can be solved in closed form, i.e. a set of equations can be written that give the joint positions required to place the end of the arm in a particular position and orientation. An arm design that does not follow these design rules typically requires an iterative algorithm to solve the inverse kinematics problem.

The 321 design is an example of a 6R wrist-partitioned manipulator: the three wrist joints intersect, the two shoulder and elbow joints are parallel, the first joint intersects the first shoulder joint orthogonally (at a right angle). Many other industrial robots, such as the PUMA, have a kinematic structure that deviates a little bit from the 321 structure. The offsets move the singular positions of the robot away from places in the workspace where they are likely to cause problems.

References

External links
321 Kinematic Structure

Robot kinematics
GER Class R24. The GER Class R24 was a class of  steams designed by James Holden for the Great Eastern Railway (GER).  They passed to the London and North Eastern Railway at the grouping in 1923 and received the LNER classification J67.  Some R24s were rebuilt with higher boiler pressure in which form they were similar to the later Class S56.  The rebuilt R24s, together with the S56s, were classified J69 by the LNER.

History
These locomotives were very similar to the Class T18 locomotives, sharing the same dimensions for most major components. They were all built at the GER's Stratford Works between 1890 and 1901.

Eighty-nine locomotives were rebuilt between 1904 and 1921 with  boilers and increased water capacity. Most were fitted with air brakes and used in suburban and branch line passenger service alongside the Class S56. The 51 locomotives not rebuilt were used for shunting and working local goods trains.

Withdrawal
The first withdrawal was in 1931 due to accident damage. Eleven were withdrawn in 1937, and one in 1939. Thirteen class J69 locomotives were lent to the War Department in October 1939, of which eight had been built as Class R24. They were sold to the War Department in October 1940, where they were used on the Melbourne and Longmoor Military Railways. The remaining locomotives were renumbered 8490–8616 in order of construction (with one exception); however gaps were left where the locomotives sold to the War Department would have been. At nationalisation in 1948, they all passed to British Railways, who added 60000 to their number. Post-war withdrawals started in 1953, and by 1962 all had been retired.

References

 
 
 
 Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives, 1948 edition, part 4, pp 49–50

External links 

 LNER Encyclopedia

R24
0-6-0T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1890
War Department locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Arnold von Siemens. Arnold von Siemens (13 November 1853 in Berlin – 29 April 1918 in Berlin) was a German telecommunications industrialist of the Siemens family, one of the successors on his family's company Siemens.

Life
The eldest son of Werner von Siemens, inventor and founder of the Siemens & Halske electrical company, and his first wife (and cousin second times removed) Mathilde Drumann, took over the Vienna sales representation of his father's company in 1879 and established a production factory there in 1883. In 1887 he opened the company's first office in Japan. In 1892 he founded a factory for electrical locomotives in Chicago, in order to challenge General Electric's market leadership in the US. The factory however burnt down completely in August 1894.

When his father retired in 1890, Arnold succeeded him as CEO. Siemens & Halske (S & H) was incorporated in 1897, with Arnold's uncle Carl Heinrich von Siemens as its first chairman of the Supervisory Board. Arnold succeeded him as chairman of the board from 1904 until his death in 1918. His brother Georg Wilhelm von Siemens, until then chairman of the board of a sister company, Siemens-Schuckertwerke AG, succeeded him as chairman of Siemens & Halske AG.

Arnold married Ellen von Helmholtz, a daughter of his father's close friend Hermann von Helmholtz, and they became parents of five children, the eldest being Hermann von Siemens, later himself chairman.

References

1853 births
1918 deaths
Businesspeople from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Members of the Prussian House of Lords
Arnold
People from Steglitz-Zehlendorf
Ernst von Siemens. Ernst Albrecht von Siemens (9 April 1903 in Kingston upon Hull, England – 31 December 1990 in Starnberg) was a German industrialist.

Life

Siemens was born in England when his father Carl Friedrich von Siemens was director of Siemens Brothers and returned to Germany after his father became head of Siemens-Schuckertwerke.

He studied physics at Technical University of Munich.  He joined Siemens in 1929, beginning his career at the Werner Plant for Telecommunications in Berlin. After being a deputy member of the Managing Board of Siemens & Halske for five years starting in 1944, he became a full member in 1948 and was appointed chairman in 1949. In 1945 he became a deputy member of the Managing Board of Siemens-Schuckertwerke, and a full member in 1948. From 1956 to 1966, he served as chairman of the Supervisory Board of both companies, and from 1966 to 1971 as chairman of the Supervisory Board of Siemens AG.  After stepping down as chairman, he remained an honorary member of the Supervisory Board until 1978.  Von Siemens successfully faced the task of rebuilding the company after World War II. It was under his leadership that Siemens & Halske AG, Siemens-Schuckertwerke AG and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG were merged in 1966, forming the company we know today as Siemens AG.

Von Siemens was unmarried and had no children.

Sponsor of culture and science
He established:

 the Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation (Carl Friedrich von Siemens Stiftung), for the advancement of the sciences (1958).
 the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize (1972).
 the Ernst von Siemens Art Foundation (1983).  The goal of this foundation is to give financial support for museums to buy artworks.  It also promotes exhibitions.  Besides financial means, Ernst von Siemens also left the Foundation his private art collection.

He was a member of the Academic Alpine Club of Munich.

References
 

Notes

External links 
Lifelines: Ernst von Siemens. Vol. 4, ed. Siemens Historical Institute, Munich 2015. 

1903 births
1990 deaths
20th-century German businesspeople
Businesspeople from Munich
German industrialists
Prussian nobility
People from Kingston upon Thames
Ernst
Technical University of Munich alumni
Berwick (automobile). The Berwick was an electric car manufactured in Grand Rapids, Michigan, by the Berwick Auto Car Company in 1904.  The Berwick was an electric two-seater runabout selling for $750.  It had three speed positions, was tiller operated, and had a top speed of .

See also
List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers
History of the electric vehicle

Other Early Electric Vehicles
American Electric 
Argo Electric
Babcock Electric Carriage Company
Binghamton Electric
Buffalo Electric
Century
Columbia Automobile Company
Dayton Electric
Detroit Electric
Grinnell
Menominee
Rauch and Lang 
Riker Electric

References
 

Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century
Veteran vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Cars introduced in 1904
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1904
1904 establishments in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Defunct brands
Cars discontinued in 1904
Cannon (automobile). The Cannon was an automobile manufactured in Kalamazoo, Michigan, by the Burtt Manufacturing Company from 1902 to 1906.  They made several different tonneau models, with both two- and four-cylinder engines, up to 6.5L displacement.

See also
Brass Era car

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Schiebel. Schiebel Corporation is an Austrian company that manufactures mine detectors and helicopter UAVs. It is based in Vienna. 

The company was founded in 1951 as a manufacturer of small electronic components, for example for washing machines, and started with the engineering of mine detectors in the mid 1980s. Since the mid 1990s, the company is also engaged in constructing UAVs.

The company has its factory in Wiener Neustadt.

Products
 Camcopter S-100

References

External links

Manufacturing companies based in Vienna
Austrian brands
Parallel-strand lumber. Parallel-strand lumber (PSL) is a form of engineered wood made from parallel wood strands bonded together with adhesive.  It is used for beams, headers, columns, and posts, among other uses. The strands in PSL are clipped veneer elements having a least dimension of not more than  and an average length of at least 300 times this least dimension (around ). It is a member of the structural composite lumber (SCL) family of engineered wood products.

The design strength of PSL is greater than that of sawn lumber as the strands are glued together directionally and under high pressure. This results in a much denser and stronger material. Because knots and other imperfections are randomly dispersed throughout the product (and filled up and fortified with glue) strength variability from one piece of PSL to another is less than in solid-sawn wooden beams. Since wooden construction materials are commonly graded to the lowest 5th percentile of the material's strength curve, PSL has much higher usable values for bending, tension parallel to grain, and compression parallel to grain.

The invention, development, commercialisation and patent of PSL, using timber forest thinnings, dates prior to Parallam, back to the CSIRO's Division of Chemical and Wood Technology in 1976 and, since September 1977, Repco Ltd, and its subsidiary Repco Research Pty Ltd, in consultation with CSIRO.

The product was known by the name Scrimber, and is described in a 1980 video produced by CSIRO during the development phase at Repco Research Pty Ltd., and the CSIRO 1986 published book Scrimber: A New Engineering Wood Product. The technology licence was subsequently transferred to the then newly formed Scrimber International in 1985 Scrimber International being a joint venture between the SA Timber Corporation and the SA State Government Insurance Commission.

It is likely that the Parallam product, which uses parallel shaved veneers instead of linear crushing to form the parallel fibre structures, was developed from the technology licensed from CSIRO and commercially exploited by Scrimber International as noted in the Popular Mechanics May 1990 article pages 96–99. The history of the Scrimber patents found at Google Patents (European), was based upon the Australian Patent Priority claimed from AUPG251683, and expired in 2004,

Parallam is the brand name for the product invented, developed, commercialized and patented by MacMillan Bloedel (now Weyerhaeuser).  It is the world's only commercially manufactured and marketed parallel-strand lumber product. PSL can be made from any wood species, but Douglas fir, southern pine, western hemlock, and yellow poplar are commonly chosen because of their superior strength.

The product is manufactured as a  or  billet in a rectangular cross-section, which is then typically sawn and trimmed to smaller cross-sectional sizes. The beams are continuously formed, so the length of the beam is limited only to the maximum length that can be handled and transported.  Typical widths are ; typical depths are . Typically the beams are made to a maximum length of .

References 

Plywood
Engineered wood
MacMillan Bloedel
Weyerhaeuser
Mill pond. A mill pond (or millpond) is a body of water used as a reservoir for a water-powered mill.

Description
Mill ponds were often created through the construction of a mill dam or weir (and mill stream) across a waterway.
 
In many places, the common proper name Mill Pond has remained even though the mill has long since gone. It may be fed by a man-made stream, known by several terms including leat and mill stream. The channel or stream leading from the mill pond is the mill race, which together with weirs, dams, channels and the terrain establishing the mill pond, delivers water to the mill wheel to convert potential and/or kinetic energy of the water to mechanical energy by rotating the mill wheel. The production of mechanical power is the purpose of this civil engineering hydraulic system.

The term mill pond is often used colloquially and in literature to refer to a very flat body of water.  Witnesses of the loss of RMS Titanic reported that the sea was "like a mill pond".



Footnotes and references

Footnotes

References
mill pond. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mill pond (accessed: September 7, 2013).
mill pond. Dictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mill pond (accessed: September 7, 2013).
leat. Dictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/leat (accessed: September 7, 2013).

External links

Hydraulic engineering
Ponds
Hydrology
Topography
Ewa reactor. The EWA Reactor was Poland's first research nuclear reactor. The name of the reactor is an acronym derived from the first letters of the Polish words: Eksperymentalny (Experimental), Wodny (Water), and Atomowy (Atomic).

The image of the reactor was placed on the reverse side of the 20,000 Polish złoty banknote. On the front of the banknote, there is an image of Maria Skłodowska-Curie, a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in 1903.

History
The reactor was activated on June 14, 1958, in the Instytut Badań Jądrowych (Institute of Nuclear Research) (Currently the Instytut Energii Atomowej [Atomic Energy Institute] ) in Otwock near Warsaw. In February 1995, the reactor was shut down due to the wear of individual components and materials. The decommissioning process began in 1997. By 2002, the nuclear fuel and high-level substances had been removed, and the reactor was dismantled.

Ewa was based on the Soviet VVR-S design, had an initial power of 2 MW, was fueled by enriched uranium, and moderated by pressurized water. In 1963 and 1967, the reactor underwent two major overhauls that improved the safety of the reaction and allowed for the use of better enriched fuels. After these changes, the reactor's power increased first to 4 MW and ultimately to 10 MW. Its primary use was for producing radioactive isotopes. It functioned an average of 3,500 hours a year.

Because of its design, the reactor is currently considered a potential site for the future site of storage of the spent fuel from the Maria reactor.

References

See also

Maria reactor
Anna reactor
List of nuclear reactors

Nuclear research reactors
Nuclear research institutes
Research institutes in Poland
Neutron facilities
1995 in spaceflight. This article outlines notable events occurring in 1995 in spaceflight, including major launches and EVAs.

First Shuttle-Mir mission

Orbital launches

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Deep Space Rendezvous

EVAs

References

Footnotes

 
Spaceflight by year
Henrik Frystyk Nielsen. Henrik Frystyk Nielsen (born 1969) is a Danish engineer and computer scientist. He is best known for his pioneering work on the World Wide Web and subsequent work on computer network protocols.

Biography
Henrik Frystyk Nielsen was born 1 August 1969 in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Frystyk Nielsen received a master's degree in Engineering of Telecommunications from Aalborg University in Denmark in August 1994.

Frystyk Nielsen's Web work began at CERN, when he became Tim Berners-Lee's first graduate student, and shared an office with Håkon Wium Lie, the co-inventor of Cascading Style Sheets. They developed together the Arena web browser. 
It was at this time he began work with Berners-Lee, and later joined Roy Fielding et al. Frystyk Nielsen was invited by Berners-Lee to join the technical staff of the newly formed World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1994. He joined the staff of W3C in March 1995, and continued work on HTTP and other Web protocol topics such as the Line Mode Browser and libwww.

Frystyk Nielsen was one of the principal authors of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) specifications, published in 1996.
He then managed the development of a "next generation" called HTTP 1.1, published in 1999.
He left W3C in July 1999.

Frystyk Nielsen joined the staff of Microsoft in August 1999, and began work on SOAP 1.1. Previous versions of SOAP had been proposed as an XML-based object serialization protocol, such as XML-RPC but through the input of Frystyk Nielsen, Noah Mendelsohn, and others, SOAP 1.1 grew into a lightweight message-oriented protocol for exchanging semi-structured information in a highly decentralized environment. 
In 2000, Frystyk Nielsen joined as an editor the standardizing effort of SOAP within the W3C XML Protocol Working Group which eventually became SOAP 1.2.

In 2003, Frystyk Nielsen started an incubation project together with George Chrysanthakopoulos focusing on providing a new Web-oriented application model and associated programming model suited for highly concurrent and distributed environments. An output of the incubation is DSSP, a SOAP-based protocol that augments the Web and HTTP model with structured data manipulation and event notifications. By the end of 2005, the incubation moved into productization as Frystyk Nielsen and Chrysanthakopoulos joined the newly formed Microsoft Robotics Group. In June 2006 the first version of the Microsoft Robotics Studio shipped to the public. Frystyk Nielsen is currently the Principal Architect at Applied AI team at Microsoft, working on bringing AI to the edge.

References

Further reading
 

 

Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Danish computer scientists
1969 births
Living people
World Wide Web Consortium
People associated with CERN
Aalborg University alumni