omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thermographic printing. Thermographic printing refers to two types of printing, both of which rely on heat to create the letters or images on a sheet of paper.  

The simplest type of thermography is where the paper has been coated with a material that changes colour on heating.  This is called thermal printing and was used in older model fax machines and is used in most shop till receipt printers. This is called direct thermal.

More complex is thermal transfer printing that melts print off a ribbon and onto the sheet of paper.

Thermography as raised print process
Thermography is also the name of a post print process that is achieved today using traditional printing methods coupled with thermography machines. Thermography machines consist of three sections with a through conveyor.

The first section applies thermographic/embossing powder, made from plastic resins, to the substrate (normally paper). The areas selected for raised printing are printed with slow-drying inks that do not contain dryers or hardeners so that they remain wet during the application of powder. This ink is dried and hardened later during the heating process.

The second section of the process is a vacuum system that removes excess powder from areas of the sheet that were not printed.

The third section of the process conveys the product through a radiant oven where it is exposed to temperatures of 900 to 1300ºF (500-700ºC). The heating process takes on the order of 2.5 to 3 seconds.  The substrate (usually paper) has a peak in IR absorption at the wavelength used. Through conduction from the paper, the powder temperature rapidly increases and starts melting. When the process is correctly adjusted, the center of the largest filmed areas reach sufficient quality level as the product exits the heater.  The melted ink then solidifies as the product cools.

This process is sometimes produced using manual powdering. The substrate with the wet ink is dipped into the powdered polymer. The sheet is then tilted back and forth, rolling the powder across the image. The excess powder is then removed by raising the substrate to a vertical position and lightly tapping the back side. The powdered sheet is then fed into a radiant heating system (as above) at a speed that achieves a good-quality melted film. In the case of craft applications, the powder is melted using a heatgun that blows hot air.

It is commonly used on wedding invitations, letterheads, business cards, greeting cards, gift wrap, packaging, etc. It is sometimes used in diploma printing as a low-cost alternative to engraved embossing.

See also
 Dye sublimation
 List of stationery topics

References

External links
 Simple instructions for using thermographic powders for card making 
 Examples of using raised print or thermography printing on business stationery
 Video demonstrating thermographic printing
 Print Invitations
Non-impact printing
Foster City Marina. The Foster City Marina is a planned facility for waterfront land use and boat berthing in Foster City, California. The site area is  and the marina site is the only land use designated as "waterfront commercial" by the city's General Plan.   The original formal planning for the Foster City Marina began in the mid 1980s when the city council authorized Earth Metrics Inc to prepare an Environmental Impact Report for the marina use. The marina is designed to provide berthing for 750 vessels, and this site has been the focus of considerable political debate as to the timing of development.

In February 2014 the city council received a new development proposal, the fifth since 1973. The project proposal describes a mixed-use development with 273 apartment units and 27,500 square feet of commercial space, plus a marina with 214 boat slips and harbormaster building. The site is a wetland area to the east of Beach Park Boulevard, adjacent to the intersections with Halibut and Swordfish streets. Any development of this wetland area faces significant hurdles, and requires approval from up to 11 different agencies.

See also

Leo J. Ryan Memorial Park

Line notes

Marinas in California
San Francisco Bay
Transportation in San Mateo County, California
Ports and harbors in the San Francisco Bay Area
Foster City, California
1980s establishments in California
Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse. Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse (9 October 1822, in Vienne, Isère – 22 May 1883) was a French civil engineer who specialized in the design and use of hydraulic motors.

Bresse graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1843 and received his formal education in engineering at the École des Ponts et Chaussées. He returned to the École des Ponts et Chaussées in 1848 as an instructor for applied mechanics courses and in 1853 gained his professorship in applied mechanics, after which he taught at the school until his death in 1883.

His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

Publications
 Bresse, Jacques Antoine Charles, Water-wheels; Or, Hydraulic Motors, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1869.

Notes

French civil engineers
École Polytechnique alumni
École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
Corps des ponts
1822 births
1883 deaths
People from Vienne, Isère
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Phison. Phison Electronics Corporation () is a Taiwanese public electronics company that primarily designs, manufactures and sells controllers for NAND flash memory chips. These are integrated into flash-based products such as USB flash drives, memory cards, and solid-state drives (SSDs).

Phison is a member of the Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group (ONFI), which aims to standardize the hardware interface to NAND flash chips.

History 
Phison was founded in 2000 by Datuk Pua Khein Seng and four others.

Phison claims to have produced the earliest single-chip USB flash removable disk, dubbed a "pen drive."

In early October 2014, security researchers Adam Caudill and Brandon Wilson publicly released source code to a firmware attack against Phison USB controller ICs. This code implements the BadUSB exploit described in July 2014 at the Black Hat Briefings conference.

In August 2019, Phison announced that they would be releasing PS-50 series chips, e.g., PS5018-E18, that are designed to support PCIe 4.0 NVMe (non-volatile memory express) solid-state drives (SSDs). With such technology, the chips built on the NVMe SSDs have read and write speed of up to 7,000 MBs per second.

In late 2020, Phison started shipping their E18 for high-end NVMe SSDs.

In January 2021, Phison announced that they were planning to introduce a pair of USB flash drive controllers for high-end portable SSDs, designed to compete against current solutions that combine a USB to NVMe bridge chip with a standard NVMe SSD controller. Phison also released a new entry-level DRAM-less NVMe SSD controller in 2021. For portable SSDs, Phison introduced the U17 and U18 controllers. For NVMe SSDs, Phison introduced the E21T controller in 2021, their latest DRAM-less NVMe controller. This is a follow-up to the E19T controller, which had seen very little use in retail consumer SSDs but has actually been outselling their high-end E16 PCIe 4.0 controller due to strong demand from OEMs.

In January 2022, Phison introduced the E26 SSD controller, with higher transfer speeds than previous controllers.

In April 2022, Phison announced a long term partnership with data storage company Seagate to develop and distribute enterprise NVMe SSDs.

Subsidiaries
The company set up a research and development (R&D) centre named "Phisontech" in Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia in 2012, that was involved in the design and development of flash memory applications. The R&D centre was later closed down in 2019 due to talent loss, work culture and lack of supporting local businesses. In 2024, Phison started a new company called "MaiStorage" in Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia, involved in integrated circuit (IC) design and computer data storage technologies in data centres, electric vehicles, and generative artificial intelligence.

See also
 List of companies of Taiwan

References 

2000 establishments in Taiwan
Manufacturing companies based in Hsinchu
Companies established in 2000
Semiconductor companies of Taiwan
Fabless semiconductor companies
Computer memory
Taiwanese brands
Companies listed on the Taipei Exchange
Volumetric concrete mixer. A volumetric concrete mixer (also known as volumetric mobile mixer) is a concrete mixer mounted on a truck or trailer that contains separate compartments for sand, stone, cement and water.

On arrival at the job site, the machine mixes the materials to produce the exact amount of concrete needed.

How It Works 
Volumetric mixers batch, measure, mix and dispense all from one unit. Volumetric concrete mixers can produce exactly the amount of concrete needed when it is needed at any time. Some concrete suppliers offer general purpose concrete batched in a volumetric mixer as a practical alternative to ready-mix if quantities and schedules are not fully known, to eliminate waste and prevent premature stiffening of the mix.

The volumetric mixer varies in capacity size up to 12 m3 and has a production rate of around 60m3 an hour depending on the mix design. Many volumetric concrete mixer manufacturers have innovated the mixer in capacity and design, as well as added features including color, multiple admixes, fiber systems, and the ability to do gunite or shotcrete.

The advantages of a volumetric mixer include:

Reduces waste and associated costs by providing exact quantities.
No risk of premature stiffening of concrete if delays are encountered.
Permits delivery of smaller quantities of concrete.
Night time works do not require the re-opening of a concrete batch plant.
Flexibility to alternate between multiple concrete mixes as required for the application.
Ability to do continuous concrete pours

Sustainability 

 Less waste - exact amount of concrete is poured
 Less water - volumetric concrete mixers use on average 8-10 gallons of water to clean out versus 200 gallons for a traditional barrel truck
 Less emissions - the truck does not need to idle while waiting to pour concrete

History
In the mid-1960's, companies such as Cemen Tech, Reimer Mixers (manufactured under the name ProAll circa 2016), and Zimmerman began building their own versions of volumetric concrete mixers .

In 1999, equipment manufacturers created a trade association, Volumetric Mixer Manufacturers Bureau (VMMB). It had six charter members: Cemen Tech, Inc., Zimmerman Ind, Inc., ProAll Reimer, Bay-Lynx, Custom-Crete, and Elkin.  Currently its members include (in alphabetical order): Bay-Lynx, Cemen Tech, Holcombe Mixers, ProAll Reimer Mixers, and Zimmerman Ind, Inc.

References

External links
 National Ready Mixed Concrete Association Bureaus

Engineering vehicles
John McCowan. John McCowan (4 February 1863 – 24 November 1900) was a Scottish physicist born in Bridge of Allan, near Stirling, Scotland, to tailor William McCowan and his wife Mary McKay. He was educated at the University of Glasgow (B.Sc. 1883, M.A 1886, D.Sc. 1892).  He taught first at the Royal College of Science for Ireland (in Dublin) from 1884 to 1888, and from then on at University College, Dundee.  McCowan was a pioneer in the study of the fluid mechanics and physics behind surfing, and his papers on wave theory are still being cited over a century later.  His career was cut short due to heart issues, and he died at age 37.

Scientific publications 
 J. McCowan, On the solitary wave, Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 32, pp. 45–58 (1891).
 J. McCowan, On the highest wave of permanent type, Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 38, pp. 351–358 (1894).

References

Scottish physicists
1863 births
1900 deaths
People from Bridge of Allan
Albert Auguste Perdonnet. Jean Albert Vincent Auguste Perdonnet (12 March 1801, Paris – 27 September 1867, Cannes) was a French railroad engineer. He published the first French textbook on railroad engineering in 1828. He also worked to investigate and remove the causes of railroad accidents.

Perdonnet's name is one of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower.

École Polytechnique alumni
Mines Paris - PSL alumni
Corps des ponts
French engineers
1808 births
1867 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Heritage Shunters Trust. Heritage Shunters Trust (HST) is a trading name of The South Yorkshire Railway Co. Ltd. which was founded in 1989.

Overview
HST is a railway preservation society and is the only preservation society that specialises in the preservation of ex-British Railway diesel shunters in the United Kingdom, although they do have a Class 14 which is a Type 1 locomotive and not a shunter. 

Most of the locomotives are kept at Rowsley, Derbyshire, England, on the site of preserved railway Peak Rail but the company is a separate outfit. Galas are usually held twice a year where the collection is put on display and brake van rides are hauled by an assortment from the active fleet. Guided tours of the collection, and the viewing of restoration work being undertaken, are available most weekends for a small charge.

Formation and purpose 
The Heritage Shunters Trust (HST) was established in 1989 with the primary objective of preserving and restoring British Railway diesel shunters. These locomotives, once ubiquitous in rail yards and industrial sidings, were facing an uncertain future due to the decline of traditional shunting operations.

Diesel locomotives
HST has the following locomotives.

Ex-British Rail
 British Rail Class 01   No.  D2953 (First diesel loco to be sold by BR into private industry & pioneer 01) 
 British Rail Class 02   Nos. D2854, D2866.
 British Rail Class 03   Nos. 03027, 03037, 03099, 03113, D2139,03180, D2199
 British Rail Class 04   Nos. D2205, D2229, D2272 Alfie, D2284, D2289 (imported and repatriated from Italy), D2337 Dorothy (Includes one of each of the sub-classes of the 04 design)
 British Rail Class 05   No.  D2587
 British Rail Class 06   No.  06003 (The only survivor of this class)
 British Rail Class 07   No.  07001 (Pioneer 07)
 British Rail Class 08   No.  08016 from the first batch.
 British Rail Class 09   No.  09001 (Pioneer 09)
 British Rail Class 14   No. D9525
 British Rail Class 97/6 Nos. 97650, 97654 (Includes pioneer PWM)

Industrial
 John Fowler & Co., Bigga, (built 1947, rebuilt by Thomas Hill (Rotherham) Ltd in 1960)
 Yorkshire Engine Company, BSC No.2, Rotherham (Not currently on public display)

See also
 Railway enthusiasts societies in the United Kingdom

References

External links
 

1989 establishments in England
Organizations established in 1989
Clubs and societies in Derbyshire
Heritage railways in Derbyshire
Controlled source electro-magnetic. The controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) method, also called sea bed logging, is a mostly offshore geophysical technique, employing electromagnetic remote-sensing technology to map the electric resistivity distribution of the subsurface. The electrical resistivity helps to discriminate between different types of rocks. CSEM is mostly used to indicate the presence and extent of hydrocarbon below the seabed.

The CSEM survey uses a dipole source that is towed just above the seafloor to transmit a time-varying electromagnetic field into the earth. This field is modified by the presence of subsurface resistive layers and these changes are detected and logged by an array of receivers placed on the seabed. Because hydrocarbon-bearing formations are highly resistive compared with surrounding formations, a CSEM survey can indicate the presence of oil and gas in offshore situations.

See also
Exploration geophysics
Electromagnetic Geoservices ASA
WesternGeco
 List of oilfield service companies

References

Economic geology
Petroleum geology
Remote sensing
List of equipment of the Finnish Army. This is a list of weapons used by the Finnish Army, for past equipment, see here.For equipment or ships of the Finnish Navy, see List of equipment of the Finnish Navy and List of active Finnish Navy ships; for Finnish Air Force aircraft, see List of military aircraft of Finland.

Armour and other vehicles

Main battle tanks

Infantry fighting vehicles

Armoured personnel carriers (tracked)

Armoured personnel carriers (wheeled)

Utility vehicles

All-terrain vehicles

Military engineering vehicles

Field artillery

Towed field guns and howitzers

Self-propelled artillery

Multiple rocket launcher systems

Forward observer vehicles

Radar systems

Anti-aircraft systems

Surface-to-air missile systems

Anti-aircraft artillery

Logistics

Infantry weapons

Pistols

Assault rifles

Battle rifles

Precision rifles

Submachine guns

Support weapons

Shotguns

Mortars

Anti-armour

Land mines

Hand grenades

Infantry equipment

Army aviation 
The NHIndustries NH90 tactical transport helicopter is the main type of transport helicopter used, having replaced Soviet Mi-8s. The Army also uses Hughes 500 D and E helicopters in reconnaissance and training roles. The Finnish Army has 11 unmanned reconnaissance airplanes (RUAG Ranger), which are used for reconnaissance and artillery targeting purposes, and in 2012 ordered a number of unmanned Aeronautics Defense Orbiters.

See also 
 List of former equipment of the Finnish Army

References

External links
 
Vienna 2011 Annual Exchange of Military Information: 2023 (archive), 2022 (archive), 2021 (archive), 2020 (archive), 2019 (archive), 2018 (archive), 2017 (archive), 2016 (archive), 2015 (archive).

Military equipment of Finland
Finnish Army
Army equipment
Norator. In electronics, a norator is a theoretical linear, time-invariant one-port which can have an arbitrary current and voltage between its terminals. A norator represents a controlled voltage or current source with infinite gain.

Inserting a norator in a circuit schematic provides whatever current and voltage the outside circuit demands, in particular, the demands of Kirchhoff's circuit laws. For example, the output of an ideal opamp behaves as a norator, producing nonzero output voltage and current that meet circuit requirements despite a zero input.

A norator is often paired with a nullator to form a nullor.

A nullator in parallel with a norator is equivalent to a short (zero voltage any current). A nullator in series with a norator is an open circuit (zero current, any voltage).

References

External links
 Norator article from Analog Insydes reference

Electrical components
Control theory
Signal processing
Analog circuits
Electronic design
Brickearth. Brickearth is a term originally used to describe superficial windblown deposits found in southern England. The term has been employed in English-speaking regions to describe similar deposits.  

Brickearths are periglacial loess, a wind-blown dust deposited under extremely cold, dry, peri- or postglacial conditions. The name arises from its early use in making house bricks, its composition being suitable for brick-making without additional material being added; unlike clay, its bricks can be hardened (fused) at lower temperatures, including in wood-fired kilns. 

The brickearth is normally represented on 1:50,000 solid and drift edition geological maps. In the Thames valley, in broad patches brickearth overlies fluvial terrace gravel; it has been reclassified on later maps as the "Langley Silt Complex".

Description
Brickearth is a superficial deposit of homogeneous loam or silt deposited during the Pleistocene geological period. 
Brickearth typically occurs in discontinuous spreads, across southern England and South Wales, south of a line from Pembroke in the west to Essex in the east in depths of up to a metre. 
Commercially useful deposits of about 2m to 4m thick are present in Kent, Hertfordshire and Hampshire, overlying chalk, Thanet Beds or London Clay. The original deposition of the sediments occurred under cold climates where fluvial out-wash sediments from glaciers were subject to windy dry periods. The exposed finer-grained sediments were picked up and transported by the wind and were deposited wherever the wind strength decreased.

There are extensive brickearth deposits in Kent, particularly on the North Downs dip slope and on the Hoo peninsula, sections of the Medway and Stour valleys. Its mineral content is critical to its applicability in brickmaking and requires precise proportions of chalk, clay, and iron.  Brickearth requires little or no admixture of other materials to render it suitable for the manufacture of 'stock bricks'.  In 1986, four active stock brick works were in Kent: at Otterham Quay, Funton, Murston and Ospringe. 

The brickearth gives rise to rich and fertile soils which have been exploited for agriculture. 
It is prone to rapid 'collapse' settlement when saturated with water and does not provide a firm foundation for buildings.  

In Chichester, the brickearth is a flint-rich brown silty clay up to five metres thick, which occurs on the coastal plain. The brickearth is unfossiliferous but occasionally yields man-made flint implements.

When used for brick making, it was often dug from small temporary holes and baked into bricks on the spot in brick clamps, and used for building nearby. The hole often remained and became a pond.

References

The engineering properties and behaviour of the brickearth of south Essex K. J. Northmore, F. G. Bell and M. G. Culshaw,
doi: 10.1144/GSL.QJEGH.1996.029.P2.04
May 1996 Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 29, 147-161.

Sediments
Types of soil
Isobutane (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on isobutane.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as SIRI, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid 

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Spectral data

References

Chemical data pages
Alkanes
Butane
Chemical data pages cleanup