omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IDEX. IDEX can refer to several things, including:

International Defence Exhibition, a biennial arms and defense technology sales exhibition
IDEX Corporation, a publicly listed company that makes fluidics systems and specialty engineered products
Ideanomics, a publicly traded company that trades under the IDEX ticker symbol.
Idex ASA, a Norwegian biometrics company
 Independent Dual Extrusion, a 3D printing technology
 Integrated Daily Execution, a daily meeting in organisations to deploy operational performance initiatives.
Underdrive pulleys. Underdrive is the slowing of the rate of rotation in a system, achieved by either making the crank or main (drive) pulley smaller or making the accessory (driven) pulley larger than the original diameter pulleys.

Underdrive pulleys increase engine output by reducing the draw of the engine's accessories by slowing them down and reducing the horsepower (HP) they use. Horsepower gains from underdrive pulleys can vary by vehicle, engine, number of accessories and the amount of underdrive (improvements of up to 5–15 HP at the wheels have been seen). Additional and significant performance improvements can be seen by reducing the weight of the pulley versus the original pulley. Gains can range from 3 to 6 HP per pound of weight reduced.

Poorly engineered underdrive pulleys can cause unwanted side effects; this is due to not spinning the alternator, power steering, and/or air conditioning fast enough. This leads to low alternator voltage, weak or no power steering assist, and weak or no air conditioning effectiveness, especially at idle or low RPM. The most commonly seen result is lighting may dim, or the stereo may cut out. Too much underdrive for a race car is not much of a concern due to the high RPMs they run at, but for daily driven vehicles it can lead to a dead battery if too much time is spent at idle or low RPM. Additionally, an underdrive pulley will not reduce the power consumed by the alternator, as the alternator's load is automatically adjusted by its control circuit to match the electrical load regardless of input speed.

Changing the original crankshaft pulley can also have negative effects if the replacement pulley is not manufactured properly. A crankshaft or accessory pulley not machined or balanced properly can cause severe damage leading to thousands of dollars in repairs.

References 

Auto parts
Sherardising. Sherardising is a process of galvanization of ferrous metal surfaces, also called vapour galvanising and dry galvanizing. The process is named after British metallurgist Sherard Osborn Cowper-Coles (son of naval inventor Cowper Phipps Coles) who invented and patented the method c. 1900. This process involves heating the steel parts up to c. 500 °C in a closed rotating drum that contains metallic zinc dust and possibly an inert filler, such as sand. At temperatures above 300 °C, zinc evaporates and diffuses into the steel substrate forming diffusion bonded Zn-Fe-phases.

Sherardising is ideal for small parts and parts that require coating of inner surfaces, such as batches of small items. Part size is limited by drum size. It is reported that pipes up to 6 m in length for the oil industry are sherardised. If the metal surface is free of scale or oxides, no pretreatment is needed. The process is hydrogen-free, hence hydrogen embrittlement is prevented.

Application 
During and shortly after World War I, German 5 pfennig and 10 pfennig coins were sherardised.

Standard 
BS EN 13811: 2003 (withdrawn replaced by BS EN ISO 17668:2016)
Sherardizing. Zinc diffusion coatings on ferrous products. Specification

BS EN ISO 14713-3: 2017
Zinc coatings. Guidelines and recommendations for the protection against corrosion of iron and steel in structures. Part 3. Sherardizing

See also 
 Hot-dip galvanization
 Corrugated galvanised iron

References

Chemical processes
Corrosion prevention
Metal plating
Zinc

sk:Zinkovanie
AMT AutoMag V. The AMT Auto Mag V is a large single action semi-automatic pistol made by Arcadia Machine and Tool (AMT). The weapon was created by Harry Sanford, inventor of the original .44 Auto Mag pistol.

Production quantity was planned to be 3000 units, numbered 0001-3000, but this goal was never reached. The MK V used the same frame as the MK IV, and pistols with MK V frames have been discovered with MK IV slides and vice versa.

Design 
The AMT Auto Mag V was designed to fire the .50 Action Express cartridge, and its barrel had compensator ports to help keep muzzle rise to tolerable levels. It was made primarily of cast stainless steel, and was designed to accept a 5-round magazine.

See also
 Auto Mag (pistol)
 AMT Auto Mag II
 AMT Auto Mag III
 AMT Auto Mag IV

References 

AMT semi-automatic pistols
.50 caliber handguns
Semi-auto magnum pistols
Semi-automatic pistols of the United States

Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1993
Carbonyl fluoride. Carbonyl fluoride is a chemical compound with the formula . It is a carbon oxohalide. This gas, like its analog phosgene, is colourless and highly toxic. The molecule is planar with C2v symmetry, bond lengths of 1.174 Å (C=O) and 1.312 Å (C–F), and an F–C–F bond angle of 108.0°.

Preparation and properties
Carbonyl fluoride is usually produced as a decomposition product of fluorinated hydrocarbons in the thermal decomposition thereof, for example from trifluoromethanol or tetrafluoromethane in the presence of water:

Carbonyl fluoride can also be prepared by reaction of phosgene with hydrogen fluoride and the fluorination of carbon monoxide, although the latter tends to result in over-fluorination to carbon tetrafluoride. The fluorination of carbon monoxide with silver difluoride is convenient:

Carbonyl fluoride is unstable in the presence of water, hydrolyzing to carbon dioxide and hydrogen fluoride:

Safety
Carbonyl fluoride is very toxic with a recommended exposure limit of 2 ppm as an 8-hour time weighted average and a 5 ppm as a short-term (15-minute average) exposure, where 1 ppm = 2.70 mg of carbonyl fluoride per 1 m3 of air.

References

Carbonyl compounds
Oxyfluorides
Nonmetal halides
Carbon oxohalides
Pre-main-sequence star. A pre-main-sequence  star (also known as a PMS star and PMS object) is a star in the stage when it has not yet reached the main sequence. Earlier in its life, the object is a protostar that grows by acquiring mass from its surrounding envelope of interstellar dust and gas. After the protostar blows away this envelope, it is optically visible, and appears on the stellar birthline in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. At this point, the star has acquired nearly all of its mass but has not yet started hydrogen burning (i.e. nuclear fusion of hydrogen). The star continues to contract, its internal temperature rising until it begins hydrogen burning on the zero age main sequence. This period of contraction is the pre-main sequence stage.  An observed PMS object can either be a T Tauri star, if it has fewer than 2 solar masses (), or else a Herbig Ae/Be star, if it has 2 to 8 . Yet more massive stars have no pre-main-sequence stage because they contract too quickly as protostars. By the time they become visible, the hydrogen in their centers is already fusing and they are main-sequence objects.

The energy source of PMS objects is gravitational contraction, as opposed to hydrogen burning in main-sequence stars. In the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, pre-main-sequence stars with more than 0.5  first move vertically downward along Hayashi tracks, then leftward and horizontally along Henyey tracks, until they finally halt at the main sequence. Pre-main-sequence stars with less than 0.5  contract vertically along the Hayashi track for their entire evolution.

PMS stars can be differentiated empirically from main-sequence stars by using stellar spectra to measure their surface gravity.  A PMS object has a larger radius than a main-sequence star with the same stellar mass and thus has a lower surface gravity. Although they are optically visible, PMS objects are rare relative to those on the main sequence, because their contraction lasts for only 1 percent of the time required for hydrogen fusion. During the early portion of the PMS stage, most stars have circumstellar disks, which are the sites of planet formation.

See also
 Protoplanetary disk
 Protostar
 Stellar evolution
 Young stellar object

References

Star types
Star formation
Knowledge Interchange Format. Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) is a computer language designed to enable systems to share and re-use information from knowledge-based systems. KIF is similar to frame languages such as KL-One and LOOM but unlike such language its primary role is not intended as a framework for the expression or use of knowledge but rather for the interchange of knowledge between systems. The designers of KIF likened it to PostScript. PostScript was not designed primarily as a language to store and manipulate documents but rather as an interchange format for systems and devices to share documents. In the same way KIF is meant to facilitate sharing of knowledge across different systems that use different languages, formalisms, platforms, etc.

KIF has a declarative semantics. It is meant to describe facts about the world rather than processes or procedures. Knowledge can be described as objects, functions, relations, and rules. It is a formal language, i.e., it can express arbitrary statements in first order logic and can support reasoners that can prove the consistency of a set of KIF statements. KIF also supports non-monotonic reasoning. KIF was  created by Michael Genesereth, Richard Fikes and others participating in the DARPA knowledge sharing Effort.

Although the original KIF group intended to submit to a formal standards body, that did not occur.  A later version called Common Logic has since been developed for submission to ISO and has been approved and published. A variant called SUO-KIF is the language in which the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology is written.

A practical application of the Knowledge interchange format is an agent communication language in a multi-agent system.

See also 
 Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language

References

External links 
 Knowledge Interchange Format page at the Stanford AI Lab
 Common Logic

Knowledge representation languages
Ontology (information science)
Logic in computer science
Monitoring and surveillance agents. Monitoring and surveillance agents (also known as predictive agents) are a type of intelligent agent software that observes and reports on computer equipment. Monitoring and surveillance agents are often used to monitor complex computer networks to predict when a crash or some other defect may occur. Another type of monitoring and surveillance agent works on computer networks keeping track of the configuration of each computer connected to the network. It tracks and updates the central configuration database when anything on any computer changes, such as the number or type of disk drives. An important task in managing networks lies in prioritizing traffic and shaping bandwidth.

See also
 Software agent
 Cfengine
 Nagios
 Ganglia

References

Applications of artificial intelligence
Multi-agent network management software
RS-83. The RS-83 was a rocket engine design for a reusable liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen rocket larger and more powerful than any other.  The RS-83 was designed to last 100 missions, and was intended for use on the first stage of a two-stage-to-orbit reusable launch vehicle.

Development 
It was developed by Rocketdyne Propulsion and Power, located in Canoga Park, California to power the launch vehicle as part of the Space Launch Initiative (SLI) program.  This engine was designed to produce a thrust of  at sea level and  in a vacuum with an Isp of  and  respectively.

The engine was designed to use many new technologies including ones developed for the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME).  Technologies include channel wall regenerative nozzles, hydrostatic bearings, and turbine damping.

The RS-83 is loosely based on the RS-68 that powers the Delta IV expendable launch vehicle.  The RS-83 design is more efficient, lighter, slightly stronger, and yet reusable.  The engine design weight was  with an engine thrust to weight ratio of 52 at launch.

One of the main goals of SLI was to develop components of a reusable launch vehicle with high reliability.  The RS-83 was designed for a loss of vehicle rate of 1 in 1,000.  Another goal of the program was to dramatically reduce the cost per unit weight of payload to low Earth orbit. The RS-83 was designed with the goal of $1,000/lb ($2,200/kg).

The engine passed numerous design reviews and was on schedule for prototype testing in 2005 before the SLI program was cancelled.  NASA changed its focus to expendable launch systems used in the Constellation program for human spaceflights to the Moon and Mars.

See also 
 J-2 (rocket engine)
 RS-84

References

External links 
Stennis Space Center page.

Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle
Rocketdyne engines
Rocket engines using hydrogen propellant
Rocket engines of the United States
Synthesizing unit. Synthesizing units (SUs) are generalized enzymes that follow the rules of classic enzyme kinetics with two modifications: 
product formation is not taken to be a function of substrate concentrations but of substrate fluxes that arrive at the SUs
the dissociation rate of the substrate-SU complex to (unchanged) substrate and (unbounded) SU is assumed to be small.

One substrate One synthesizing unit 

where S is the substrate,  is the synthesizing unit (SU), and P is the product. There are two stages:

 Binding stage: 
 Processing stage: 

To describe the changes in SU:

Where b is binding rate, and k is processing rate. Since the dissociation rate of the substrate-SU complex to (unchanged) substrate and (unbounded) SU is assumed to be small,  and  are assumed to be zero. 

This system of equation suggests the free SU percentage is  and the product of flux is

Modifications of classic theory

Extension
The first modification is an extension of the classic theory; if arrival fluxes are taken proportional to substrate concentrations, the classic theory results. This extension allows application in spatially heterogeneous environments (such as in living cells), and to treat photons and molecules in the same framework (important in photosynthesis).

Simplification
The second modification allows a substantial simplification of the classic theory, and so application in complex metabolic networks. The theory on synthesizing units is used in dynamic energy budget theory, where 4 basic modes are distinguished: 
the substrates can be substitutable or supplementary (= complementary); if the transformations A -> C and B -> C can occur, substrates A and B are said to be substitutable with respect to their transformation to C, if both are required to produce C they are said to be supplementary
the processing of these substrates by SUs can be sequential or parallel; if in the transformation A + B -> C the binding of substrate A to the SU does not affect that of B, these substrates are processed simultaneously, if not these substrates are processed sequentially

Mixtures of the 4 basic modes can occur, especially if the substrates represent generalized compounds, rather than pure chemical compounds. A generalized compound is a mixture of chemical compounds that does not change in composition.

References

Sources

Enzymes
Log boom. A log boom (sometimes called a log fence or log bag) is a barrier placed in a river, designed to collect and or contain floating logs timbered from nearby forests.  The term is also used as a place where logs were collected into booms, as at the mouth of a river. With several firms driving on the same stream, it was necessary to direct the logs to their owner's respective booms, with each log identified by its own patented timber mark. One of the most well known logbooms was in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, along the Susquehanna River. The development and completion of that specific log boom in 1851 made Williamsport the "Lumber Capital of the World".

As the logs proceeded downstream, they encountered these booms in a manner that allowed log drivers to control their progress, eventually guiding them to the river mouth or sawmills.  Most importantly, the booms could be towed across lakes, like rafts, or anchored while individual logs awaited their turn to go through the mill. Booms prevented the escape into open waters of these valuable assets.

Log boom foundations were commonly constructed of piles or large stones placed into cribs in a river to form small islands.  The booms were themselves large floating logs linked together end to end, like a large floating chain connecting the foundations while strategically guiding the transported logs along their path.

Large blocks of ice commonly threaten booms, pushing free-flowing logs over the structures.  Significantly large chunks of ice can even gain enough power so as to break through the boom altogether, freeing the logs and endangering unsuspecting people and wildlife located downstream.  Moreover, flooding and the changing of the seasons fluctuate water levels, occasionally causing jams that can extend for miles on end.

Log booms were used in the United States and British North America throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries.  During the largely bloodless Aroostook War that centred on the disputed border between Maine and New Brunswick, hastily built booms proved pricy for local governments.  The 1,300-foot-long Aroostook Boom, made of confiscated timber and containing seven piers, cost the state of Maine more than $15,000 to construct.  Licensed loggers commonly sent their wood in easily manageable raft units, but illegal lumbermen cunningly sent loose timber, complicating the sorting process and angering officials.  Booms often caused friction between the disputing governments; when political tensions intensified, loggers and soldiers targeted enemy booms with arms and explosives.

See also
 Boom (navigational barrier)
 Timber rafting

References

External links
Moving Logs on Big River

Log transport
Engineering barrages
ru:Бон (техника)
Flood bypass. A flood bypass is a region of land or a large man-made structure that is designed to convey excess flood waters from a river or stream in order to reduce the risk of flooding on the natural river or stream near a key point of interest, such as a city.  Flood bypasses, sometimes called floodways, often have man-made diversion works, such as diversion weirs and spillways, at their head or point of origin.  The main body of a flood bypass is often a natural flood plain.  Many flood bypasses are designed to carry enough water such that combined flows down the original river or stream and flood bypass will not exceed the expected maximum flood flow of the river or stream.

Flood bypasses are typically used only during major floods and act in a similar nature to a detention basin.  Since the area of a flood bypass is significantly larger than the cross-sectional area of the original river or stream channel from which water is diverted, the velocity of water in a flood bypass will be significantly lower than the velocity of the flood water in the original system.  These low velocities often cause increased sediment deposition in the flood bypass, thus it is important to incorporate a maintenance program for the entire flood bypass system when it is not being actively used during a flood operation.

When not being used to convey water, flood bypasses are sometimes used for agricultural or environmental purposes.  The land is often owned by a public authority and then rented to farmers or ranchers, who in turn plant crops or herd livestock that feed off the flood plain.  Since the flood bypass is subjected to sedimentation during flood events, the land is often very productive and even a loss of crops due to flooding can sometimes be recovered due to the high yield of the land during the non-flood periods.

Examples
 Bonnet Carré Spillway
 Eastside Bypass
 Fargo-Moorhead Area Diversion Project
 Yolo Bypass

Hydraulic engineering
Hydrology
Flood control
Cut (gems). A gemstone desired to be used in jewelry is cut depending on the size and shape of the rough stone, as well as the desired piece of jewelry to be made. As a general rule, a cut gemstone will reduce the mass (in carats) by about 50%.

Among the several techniques used to work with gemstones are sawing, grinding, sanding, lapping, polishing, grilling, and tumbling. The diamond cut planning stage is a complex process that requires the cutter to work with unique rough stones. Very often, the location of the inclusions in a rough stone will determine the type of shape to which a diamond may be cut. For economic reasons, most diamonds are cut to retain weight instead of maximizing brilliance.

Types

Asscher cut
Baguette cut
Brilliant cut
Briolette
Cabochon
Cushion cut or old mine cut
Emerald cut
Pendeloque cut
Princess cut
Radiant cut
Rose cut
Trilliant cut,  trillian or triangle cut

See also

Diamond cut

References

Further reading
 Warren, Larter (1936). The Line-Cut Diamond, pp.  19–20. Gemological Institute of America, USA, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Summer 1936)
 Shipley, Robert M. (1936). Gemological Glossary, pp.  7. Gemological Institute of America, USA, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Winter 1936)

External links
Programming the Universe. Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos is a 2006 popular science book by Seth Lloyd, professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The book proposes that the Universe is a quantum computer (supercomputer), and advances in the understanding of physics may come from viewing entropy as a phenomenon of information, rather than simply thermodynamics. Lloyd also postulates that the Universe can be fully simulated using a quantum computer; however, in the absence of a theory of quantum gravity, such a simulation is not yet possible. "Particles not only collide, they compute."

Reaction
Reviewer Corey S. Powell of The New York Times writes:

In the space of 221 dense, frequently thrilling and occasionally exasperating pages, ...  tackles computer logic, thermodynamics, chaos theory, complexity, quantum mechanics, cosmology, consciousness, sex and the origin of life—throwing in, for good measure, a heartbreaking afterword that repaints the significance of all that has come before. The source of all this intellectual mayhem is the kind of Big Idea so prevalent in popular science books these days. Lloyd, a professor of mechanical engineering at M.I.T., takes as his topic the fundamental workings of the universe..., which he thinks has been horribly misunderstood. Scientists have looked at it as a ragtag collection of particles and fields while failing to see what it is as a majestic whole: an enormous computer.

In an interview with Wired magazine, Lloyd writes:

everything in the universe is made of bits. Not chunks of stuff, but chunks of information—ones and zeros. ... Atoms and electrons are bits. Atomic collisions are "ops." Machine language is the laws of physics. The universe is a quantum computer.

Gilbert Taylor, writing in Booklist of the American Library Association, said that the book:

offers brilliantly clarifying explanations of the "bit," the smallest unit of information; how bits change their state; and how changes-of-state can be registered on atoms via quantum-mechanical qualities such as "spin" and "superposition." Putting readers in the know about quantum computation, Lloyd then informs them that it may well be the answer to physicists' search for a unified theory of everything. Exploring big questions in accessible, comprehensive fashion, Lloyd's work is of vital importance to the general-science audience.

See also
Digital physics
Decoding the Universe, a 2007 book by Charles Seife
Seth Lloyd
Simulation hypothesis
Simulated reality

References

External links

 Ultimate physical limits to computation, Nature, volume 406, pages 1047–1054

Science books
Computer science books
Information science
Alfred A. Knopf books