omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mark Crispin. Mark Reed Crispin (July 19, 1956 in Camden, New Jersey – December 28, 2012 in Poulsbo, Washington) is best known as the father of the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), having invented it in 1985 during his time at the Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory. He is the author or co-author of numerous RFCs and was the principal author of UW IMAP, one of the reference implementations of the IMAP4rev1 protocol described in RFC 3501. He also designed the MIX mail storage format.

Crispin earned a B.S. in Technology and Society from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1977.

Career
From 1977 to 1988, he was a Systems Programmer at Stanford University. He developed the first production PDP-10 96-bit leader ARPANET Network Control Program (NCP) for the WAITS operating system, and wrote or rewrote most of the WAITS ARPAnet protocol suite. Prior to that time most systems only supported the original 32-bit leader. During that time, he wrote the infamous RFC 748, the only document specifically marked in the RFC index with note date of issue; and a series of Telnet implementations for the Incompatible Timesharing System, WAITS, and TOPS-20 operating systems whose escape behavior was playfully immortalized by Guy Steele in the April 1984 Communications of the ACM as The Telnet Song.

In the early 1980s, shortly after becoming the Systems Programmer for the Stanford Computer Science Department's TOPS-20 system, he became interested in electronic mail software and systems; thereafter this became his primary focus. He became the principal developer of the TOPS-20 mailsystem, and reportedly was still running TOPS-20 systems at his residence in 2009. It was at Stanford, in the 1985–88 period, that IMAP was first developed.

From 1988 to 2008, he was a Software Engineer at the University of Washington, where much of the work in developing and popularizing IMAP and building what became UW IMAP was done. He forked UW IMAP into Panda IMAP in May 2008.

While working at UW, Mark was one of the creators of the simple and portable Unix email program Pine, launched in March 1992.

In 2005, he wrote RFC 4042, his second April Fools' Day RFC describing UTF-9 and UTF-18, encodings of Unicode optimized for the PDP-10.

In August 2008, Crispin joined Messaging Architects as a Senior Software Engineer. At Messaging Architects, he wrote an entirely new IMAP server based upon a distributed mail store, and extended the MIX format to support stubbing (via a mechanism called virtual mailboxes) and metadata.

Death

On 19 November 2012, it was announced that Crispin was terminally ill and in hospice care, and he died on December 28, 2012.

In April 2013, Crispin was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Alumni Award in Science and Technology by his alma mater, Stevens Institute of Technology.

See also
 List of programmers

References

External links 
 .

1956 births
2012 deaths
Stevens Institute of Technology alumni
Stanford University staff
American computer programmers
People from Camden, New Jersey
Internet pioneers
Land survey. Land survey may refer to:

 Topographic surveying and mapping, the survey of landscape features for general mapping purposes
 Civil engineering surveying, a survey of local topographic features for engineering purposes
 Cadastral surveying, the surveying of specific land parcels to define ownership

See also 
 Surveying, which outlines techniques and principles of land survey
 Cartography, the process by which land survey information is used to create maps
 Geodesy
 Public Land Survey System, the method of determining township boundaries in the USA
 Construction engineering, a primary use of Land Survey products
D channel. D channel (delta channel) is a telecommunications term which refers to the ISDN channel in which the control and signalling information is carried. 

The bit rate of the D channel of a basic rate interface is 16 kbit/s, whereas it amounts to 64 kbit/s on a primary rate interface.

For DSS1 signalling, the D channel layer 2 protocol is Q.921 also called LAPD and it carries Layer 3 messages according to Q.931 protocol.

See also
 B channel
 H channel

References

Integrated Services Digital Network
Donald Shiley. Donald Pearce Shiley (January 19, 1920 – July 31, 2010) was the inventor of the Bjork–Shiley valve, a prosthetic heart valve. He was a 1951 alumnus of the University of Portland, where he studied engineering.

Early life
He was born in Yakima, Washington, on January 19, 1920. His family was homesteaders, and followed the fruit harvest; he joined his brothers at harvest time through the years of the Great Depression, but quickly learned that his interest and skill were in “fixing things” on the farm. He said that “I liked machines. I liked the way they are ideas that get built.“

Shiley attended Oregon State University, the Land-grant university in Oregon, on a scholarship, but left to join the Navy for service in World War II. After the war, he enrolled at the University of Portland, a private Roman Catholic institution, using the G.I. Bill benefits to study engineering and chemistry. In 1951, he graduated first in his class.

Career
Shiley began working at Edwards Laboratories, located in Orange County, California, south of Los Angeles, the first manufacturer of artificial heart-valves.

Later he established his own company, Shiley Laboratories, in the same area. His first valve was developed together with the American heart-surgeon Kay, and was the first disc heart-valve. Compared with the Edwards valve, which had the shape of a little ball, the disc valve needed much less space within the heart when implanted.

Some years later, Shiley improved his design in cooperation with Swedish heart surgeon Viking Björk, which led to the first tilting disc heart-valve, resulting in a much better flow of blood through the valve.

Shiley Labs developed and manufactured other products, especially tracheal and endotracheal tubes for respiration after surgery in the mouth or throat, and during anesthesia.

The Björk–Shiley heart valve underwent several improvements in the following years, primarily in the degree of opening of the disc, thus reducing turbulence in the bloodstream.

Some years later, Shiley decided to sell his company to Pfizer, and retired.

Personal life
Shiley was married twice: to Pat, the mother of his four children and who died in middle-age; and to Darlene Marcos.

Death
Shiley died on July 31, 2010, after deteriorating health. He is survived by his wife, Darlene Marcos, and four children and five grandchildren

Legacy
In March 2007, the Shileys donated $12 million to the University of Portland, for renovating the University's School of Engineering. The grant was the largest the university had ever received. Shiley also made a donation to the University of San Diego for the Donald P. Shiley Center for Science and Technology. In 2012, Darlene Shiley donated $1 million to MASTERPIECE Trust, the PBS fund which supports the "Masterpiece" program series, when the Downton Abbey series brought increased interest in Masterpiece and after the fund had lost a major donor.

References

American engineers
University of Portland alumni
2010 deaths
1920 births
Oregon State University alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II
List of Irish learned societies. This is a partial list of notable learned societies, professional bodies and engineering societies operating in Ireland:

 Accounting Technicians Ireland, formerly the Institute of Accounting Technicians in Ireland (IATI)
 Archives and Records Association, Ireland†
 Bar Council of Ireland
 British and Irish Association of Law Librarians
 British Computer Society†
 Chartered Accountants Ireland
 Dublin Philosophical Society
 Galway Archaeological and Historical Society
 Geographical Society of Ireland†
 Honorable Society of King's Inns
 Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland (ICAI)
 Institute of Chemistry of Ireland
 Institute of Physics ‡
 Institution of Engineers of Ireland
 Irish Archaeological Society
 Irish Association of Physicists in Medicine (IAPM)¥
 Irish Computer Society¥
 Irish Hospitality Institute
 Irish Institute of Legal Executives
 Irish Institute of Medical Herbalists
 Irish Manuscripts Commission
 Irish Mathematical Society
 Irish Medical Organisation
 Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute
 Irish Planning Institute
 Irish Professional Photographers Association
 Irish Recorded Music Association
 Irish Texts Society
 Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM)†
 Kilkenny Archaeological Society
 Law Society of Ireland
 Library Association of Ireland
 Microscopical Society of Ireland†
 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
 Pharmaceutical Society Of Ireland
 Psychological Society of Ireland
 Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland
 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
 Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
 Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
 Royal Dublin Society
 Royal Geological Society of Ireland
 Royal Hibernian Academy
 Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland
 Royal Irish Academy
 Royal Microscopical Society‡
 Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
 School of Irish Learning
 Society of Actuaries in Ireland
 Society for Musicology in Ireland
 Zoological Society of Ireland

‡ Established before partition, and represents professionals both in Britain and Ireland

† Established after partition, and represents professionals both in Britain and Northern Ireland

¥ Primarily operates in the Republic of Ireland

See also
 List of Ireland-related topics
 List of Irish cultural institutions
 List of learned societies

 
 
Learned societies
Advanced Communications Riser. The Advanced Communications Riser, or ACR, is a form factor and technical specification for PC motherboard expansion slots. It is meant as a supplement to PCI slots, a replacement for the original Audio/modem riser (AMR) slots, and a competitor and alternative to Intel's communications and networking riser (CNR) slots.

Technology
The ACR specification provides a lower cost method to connect certain expansion cards to a computer, with an emphasis on audio and communications devices. Sound cards and modems are the most common devices to use the specification.  ACR and other riser cards lower hardware costs by offloading much of the computing tasks of the peripheral to the CPU.

ACR uses a 120 pin PCI connector which is reversed and offset, retaining backward compatibility with 46 pin AMR cards while including support for newer technologies. It is also more cost-effective and simple for the manufacturer, since the connectors are identical to the PCI connectors already purchased in quantity. New features supported by ACR include standards for an EEPROM for storing model and vendor information, USB support, and the Integrated Packet Bus for digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem, and wireless networking support.

History
The ACR specification was created by the Advanced Communications Riser Special Interest Group (ACR SIG) in 2000 with the intent to replace the AMR specification. Because it was backwards compatible with AMR cards, and technically superior, it quickly replaced it.

ACR is rendered obsolete by discrete components mounted on the motherboard.

See also
Mobile Daughter Card (MDC), a version of ACR for mobile devices
GeoPort, a similar standard for the Apple Macintosh

References 

Motherboard expansion slot
Soft single skin kite. Soft single skin kites are the least complex of all the power kites. 

The best known design is the NASA Parawing or NPW. For more, see rogallo wing. This is a very simple kite with mixed performance. It has excellent pull, but is slow to maneuver and suffers from a limited wind window.
Its simple construction and forgiving design make it very popular among hobbyists and some traction enthusiasts, especially ski- and sledge-borne expeditions across both Arctic and Antarctic lands, but its drawbacks make it unsuitable for high efficiency and many water-borne sports.

There are also soft single skin kites designed to be used on sailing ships as a free flying spinnaker substitute. There are significant advantages to having the spinnaker catching wind further above the surface of the water than is normal. This design was tested in the 2002 Louis Vuitton Regatta by the Oracle Americas Cup team.

Kites
Seam ripper. A seam ripper is a small sewing tool used for cutting and removing stitches.

The most common form consists of a handle, shaft and head. The head is usually forked with a cutting surface situated at the base of the fork. In some designs, one side of the fork tapers to a sharp point to allow easier insertion in tight stitching.

In using a seam ripper, the sharp point of the tool is inserted into the seam underneath the thread to be cut. The thread is allowed to slip down into the fork and the tool is then lifted upwards, allowing the blade to rip through the thread. Once the seam has been undone in this way the loose ends can be removed and the seam resewn.

See also

Knit picker

References

Sewing equipment
Tools
Computer science and engineering. Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) or Computer Science (CS) also integrated as Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) in some universities, is an academic program at many universities which comprises approaches of computer science and computer engineering. There is no clear division in computing between science and engineering, just like in the field of materials science and engineering. However, some classes are historically more related to computer science (e.g. data structures and algorithms), and other to computer engineering (e.g. computer architecture). CSE is also a term often used  in Europe to translate the name of technical or engineering informatics academic programs. It is offered in both undergraduate as well postgraduate with specializations.

Academic courses 
Academic programs vary between colleges, but typically include a combination of topics in computer science,computer engineering, and electrical engineering. Undergraduate courses usually include programming, algorithms and data structures, computer architecture, operating systems, computer networks, parallel computing, embedded systems, algorithms design, circuit analysis and electronics, digital logic and processor design, computer graphics, scientific computing, software engineering, database systems, digital signal processing, virtualization, computer simulations and games programming. CSE programs also include core subjects of theoretical computer science such as theory of computation, numerical methods, machine learning, programming theory and paradigms. Modern academic programs also cover emerging computing fields like image processing, data science, robotics, bio-inspired computing, computational biology, autonomic computing and artificial intelligence. Most CSE programs require introductory mathematical knowledge, hence the first year of study is dominated by mathematical courses, primarily discrete mathematics, mathematical analysis, linear algebra, probability, and statistics, as well as the introduction to physics and electrical and electronic engineering. Students usually also have the opportunity to choose one social science subject.

See also 
 Computer science
 Computer engineering
 Computer graphics (computer science)
 Bachelor of Technology

References 

Computer science education
Computer engineering
Engineering academics
Engineering education
Daniel Goldin. Daniel Saul Goldin (born July 23, 1940) served as the 9th and longest-tenured Administrator of NASA from April 1, 1992, to November 17, 2001. He was appointed by President George H. W. Bush and also served under Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. He is an entrepreneur and technologist. Most recently, he is the founder of Cold Canyon AI, an innovation advisory company. His career has spanned numerous technologies and businesses in space science, aeronautics, national security, semiconductors, and artificial intelligence.

Early life
Born in New York City, Goldin earned a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the City College of New York in 1962.

Career
He began his career at NASA's Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio that year (1962), and worked on electric propulsion systems for human interplanetary travel. Goldin left NASA after five years to work at the TRW Space and Technology Group in Redondo Beach, California. Goldin spent 25 years at TRW, climbing to the position of Vice President and General Manager. There, he spent much of his time on classified military and intelligence space programs. 

He was NASA Administrator from 1992 to 2001, and was known for his support for a "Faster, better, cheaper" philosophy. He was known as a demanding but efficient manager.

Upon joining NASA, Goldin reflected on the failed Mars Observer project and described his dissatisfaction with the agency's workflow: "so much is riding on each flight that NASA can't afford to have them fail — leading to more caution, delay, and expense." He said to make spacecraft smaller, lighter, and inexpensive, so that NASA could take more risks and not fear making mistakes. He encouraged the team defining what would become the James Webb Space Telescope to use a larger beryllium mirror.

References

External links
NASA biography of Daniel Saul Goldin 

1940 births
Living people
Administrators of NASA
City College of New York alumni
People from the Bronx
Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
George W. Bush administration personnel
Clinton administration personnel
George H. W. Bush administration personnel
High tech. High technology (high tech or high-tech), also known as advanced technology (advanced tech) or exotechnology, is technology that is at the cutting edge: the highest form of technology available. It can be defined as either the most complex or the newest technology on the market. The opposite of high tech is low technology, referring to simple, often traditional or mechanical technology; for example, a slide rule is a low-tech calculating device. When high tech becomes old, it becomes low tech, for example vacuum tube electronics. Further, high tech is related to the concept of mid-tech, that is a balance between the two opposite extreme qualities of low-tech and high tech. Mid-tech could be understood as an inclusive middle that combines the efficiency and versatility of digital/automated technology with low-tech's potential for autonomy and resilience.

Startups working on high technologies (or developing new high technologies) are sometimes referred to as deep tech; the term may also refer to disruptive innovations or those based on scientific discoveries.

High tech, as opposed to high-touch, may refer to self-service experiences that do not require human interaction.

History 

The phrase was used in a 1958 The New York Times story advocating "atomic energy" for Europe: "... Western Europe, with its dense population and its high technology ...." Robert Metz used the term in a financial column in 1969, saying Arthur H. Collins of Collins Radio "controls a score of high technology patents in a variety of fields" and in a 1971 article used the abbreviated form, "high tech".

A widely used classification of high-technological industries was provided by the OECD in 2006. It is based on the intensity of research and development activities used in these industries within OECD countries, resulting in four distinct categories.

In the 21st century, the high tech industry is a significant part of several advanced economies. The Israeli economy has the highest ratio in the world, with the high tech sector accounting for 20% of the economy. High tech makes up 9.3% of the American economy according to Statista and CTech.

Ranking of startup ecosystems 
Multiple cities and hubs have been described as global startup ecosystems. GSER publishes a yearly ranking of global startup ecosystems. The study does yearly reports ranking the top 40 global startup hubs.

List of countries by high tech exports 

The following is a list of the 15 largest exporting countries of high tech products by value in millions of United States dollars, according to the United Nations.

See also

 Electronics
 Electronics industry
 Photonics industry
 Nuclear technology
 Quantum technology
 Intermediate technology – sometimes used to mean technology between low and high technology
 Industrial design
 List of emerging technologies
 Semiconductor industry
 Big Tech
 Innovation

References

Technology by type
Design
Inkometer. An inkometer is a specialized measuring instrument used by the printing industry to measure the "tack" (adhesiveness) of an ink with the roller system on an offset press. The importance of tack is that it is not so excessive that it doesn't allow effective transfer from the rollers to the plate and then to the blanket and onto the substrate being printed.  Inks can also be tack "graded" in descending sequence to allow for better trapping of one color over another.  Inks with too much tack can cause the surface of the paper to pick off and interfere with transfer on subsequent printing units and copies.

The amount of tack can be controlled by changing the amount of solvent or other diluent used in the ink. The inkometer is made up of three rollers.  The center roller is a temperature controlled brass roller, the bottom roller is an oscillating rubber distribution roller. The top roller is attached to a load cell which measures the tack at a given press speed (i.e. 800 feet per minute for a web press or 15000 sheets per hour for an offset press)

References

Measuring instruments
Printing terminology
Print production
List of spacecraft manufacturers. 

History

During the early years of spaceflight only nation states had the resources to develop and fly spacecraft. Both the U.S. space program and Soviet space program were operated using mainly military (ex Airforce) pilots as astronauts. During this period, no commercial space launches were available to private operators, and no private organization was able to offer space launches.

In the 1980s, the European Space Agency created Arianespace, the world's first commercial space transportation company, and, following the Challenger disaster, the American government deregulated the American space transportation market as well. In the 1990s the Russian government sold their majority stake in RSC Energia to private investors (although it has recently renationalized the Russian space sector in 2013–2014.) 
These events for the first time allowed private organizations to purchase, develop and offer space launch services; beginning the period of private spaceflight in the late-1980s and early-1990s.

Satellite manufacturers
There are 10 major companies that build large, commercial, Geosynchronous satellite platforms:

In addition to those above, the following companies have successfully built and launched (smaller) satellite platforms:

Launch vehicle manufacturers and providers of third party services

Commercial wings of national space agencies:
 Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation (AIDC) and Taiwan Aerospace Industry Association (TAIA) Taiwan
 Antrix Corporation and NSIL India

 China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation China

Lander, rover and probe manufacturers

Spacecraft component manufacturers

Propulsion manufacturers

See also
List of private spaceflight companies including only companies with primarily private funding and missions ("NewSpace")
Russian aerospace industry

References

spacecraft manufacturers
Metallic. Metallic may be a reference to:

Metal
Metalloid, metal-like substance
Metallic bonding, type of chemical bonding
Metallicity, in astronomy the proportion of elements other than helium and hydrogen in an object
Metallic color, a color that gives the appearance of metal
Metallic dragon, a classification of dragon found in the role playing game Dungeons & Dragons
Metallic paint, paint that provides the appearance of metal
Heavy metal music, a genre of rock music

See also

Metallica (disambiguation)
Metal (disambiguation)