omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
JAL (compiler). JAL (Just Another Language) is a Pascal-like programming language and compiler that generates executable code for PIC microcontrollers.  It is a free-format language with a compiler that runs on Linux, MS-Windows and MS-DOS (OSX support). It is configurable and extendable through the use of libraries and can even be combined with PIC assembly language.

History
JAL was originally created by Wouter van Ooijen and released as free software under the GNU General Public License in 2003. In 2006, Stef Mientki initiated the development of a new version, JALV2, which was programmed by Kyle York and beta tested by an international user group.

Sample code
 -- JAL 2.3
 include 16f877_bert--define the variables
 var byte resist--define the pins
 pin_a0_direction = input--variable resistor
 pin_d7_direction = input--switch
 pin_c2_direction = output--pwm led--enable pulse width modulation
 PWM_init_frequency (true, true)
 
 forever loop--convert analog on a0 to digital
    resist = ADC_read_low_res(0)
 
    -- run measurement through flash memory
    program_eeprom_write(2000,resist)
    program_eeprom_read(2000,resist)
 
    -- run measurement through data memory
    data_eeprom_write(10,resist)
    data_eeprom_read(10,resist)
 
    -- if the switch is pressed return random value
    if pin_d7 == high then
       resist = random_byte
    end if--send resistance to PC
    serial_sw_write(resist)
    delay_100ms(1)
    -- set actual PWM duty cycle
    PWM_Set_DutyCycle (resist, resist)
 
 end loop

References

External links
JALv2 Compiler home page
Open Source JAL Libraries
JAL Homepage

Procedural programming languages
Programming languages created in 2003
Retarder. Retarder may refer to:

 Retarder (album), an album by The Unband
 Retarder (chemistry), a chemical agent that slows down a chemical reaction
 Retarder (mechanical engineering), a device for slowing down large trucks, lorries, buses, coaches and other vehicles
 Retarder (railroad), a device to slow railroad freight cars as they are sorted into trains
 Acrylic retarder, a chemical agent added to fine art acrylic paint to slow its short drying time
 Dough retarder, a refrigerator used to slow down proofing of yeast when making dough
 Retardation plate, an optical device that alters the polarization state of a light wave traveling through it
 A component in weapons that slow down their rate of fire.

See also
 Retardation (disambiguation)
USS Coghlan (DD-326). USS Coghlan (DD-326) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding  although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Coghlan, named for Joseph Coghlan, was launched 16 June 1920 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, San Francisco; sponsored by Mrs. G. Coghlan; and commissioned 31 March 1921. Coghlan arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, 28 December 1921 for operations in East Coast and Caribbean waters. Coghlan took part in the funeral ceremonies for President Warren G. Harding at Washington (7–9 August 1923) and served as a plane guard in the North Atlantic (24 July – 6 September 1924) during the Army's round the-world flight.

From 18 June 1925 to 11 July 1926 she served with U.S. Naval Forces Europe in the Mediterranean protecting American interests. The destroyer returned to her cruising along the east coast and in the Caribbean, served as an exhibition vessel at the Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exposition during the summer of 1926, cruised with the Special Service Squadron off Nicaragua (3 February – 31 March 1927), and took part in the Presidential Fleet Review, in Hampton Roads, 4 June 1927.

She was decommissioned at Philadelphia 1 May 1930, and sold for scrapping 17 January 1931 under terms of the London Naval Treaty.

Notes

References

External links
http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/326.htm

Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in San Francisco
1920 ships
Robot Patent. The Robot Patent is an English-language scholarly term for the imperial decrees (patents) in the 1700s abolishing compulsory labor (robot) of serfs, issued by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who had carried out a register of all land with a division between peasant and noble holdings.
Joseph II outlawed the buying of 'rustic' land by the nobility and at the same time giving the rusticalists security of tenure. His motive was to prevent the increase in 'dominical' land, which paid fewer taxes to the government. This led to the survival of the peasantry, with rustic land still having the robot. In 1789 it was abolished by Joseph II,  but Leopold II restored it when his brother Joseph II died in 1790. The abolition of the Robot during the Revolutions of 1848 broke the last legal tie which held the peasants to the land, and was seen as a great victory by the peasants.

When the Robot Patent was ended, the landlords had no interest in keeping peasantry to the soil. The smaller peasants sold their land and moved into the cities. The larger landlords could now run their great estates more economically. However the small gentry were ruined; they could not run estates even with the robot compensation as it was far too little, in contrast with Hungarian nobles who owned mills, paper factories, and coal mines, all gained by the much larger compensation paid to them.

See also
 Maria Theresa
 Manorialism
 Serfdom
 Serfdom Patent (1781)

Notes

References

Social history of Austria
Transmission Time Interval. TTI, Transmission Time Interval, is a parameter in UMTS (and other digital telecommunication networks) related to encapsulation of data from higher layers into frames for transmission on the radio link layer. TTI refers to the duration of a transmission on the radio link. The TTI is related to the size of the data blocks passed from the higher network layers to the radio link layer.

To combat errors due to fading and interference on the radio link, data is divided at the transmitter into blocks and then the bits within a block are encoded and interleaved. The length of time required to transmit one such block determines the TTI. At the receiver all bits from a given block must be received before they can be deinterleaved and decoded. Having decoded the bits the receiver can estimate the bit error rate (BER). And because the shortest decodable transmission is one TTI the shortest period over which BER can be estimated is also one TTI. Thus in networks with link adaptation techniques based on the estimated BER the shortest interval between reports of the estimated performance, which are used to adapt to the conditions on the link, is at least one TTI. In order to be able to adapt quickly to the changing conditions in the radio link a communications system must have shorter TTIs. In order to benefit more from the effect of interleaving and to increase the efficiency of error-correction and compression techniques a system must, in general, have longer TTIs. These two contradicting requirements determine the choice of the TTI.

In UMTS Release '99 the shortest TTI is 10 ms and can be 20 ms, 40 ms, or 80 ms. In UMTS Release-5 the TTI for HSDPA is reduced to 2ms. This provides the advantage of faster response to link conditions and allows the system to quickly schedule transmissions to mobiles which temporarily enjoy better than usual link conditions. As a result the system most of the time transmits data over links which are better than the average conditions, because of this the bit rates in the system most of the time are higher than what the average conditions would allow. This leads to increase in system capacity.

In 1xEV-DO technology, a slot, which is not quite the same thing as the TTI, but which still fulfills a somewhat similar function, is 1.667 ms. In 1xEV-DV it has a variable length of 1.25 ms, 2.5 ms, 5 ms, and 10 ms.

Mobile telecommunications standards
Chuck Sannipoli. Charles Joseph Sannipoli (1945-2015) was an executive in the computer networking industry, having served for more than 3 decades in many roles.

Life
He held a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology and was a Senior Member of the IEEE. He was a resident of North Carolina.

Sannipoli completed a long career at IBM during which he held key senior management positions in the networking business area, spanning hardware and software research and development, as well as product and program management. He was involved in IBM's Rainier network processor development effort. He holds several patents and has patents pending in IBM's portfolio based on network processing technology.

Sannipoli served as the vice president and general manager of the Network Processor Group at IP Infusion Inc. This is a firm which specialized in delivering software to the communications and networking marketplace. It was sold to the Japanese company Access in 2006.

Sannipoli was instrumental in the creation of, and was the initial chairman of the Network Processing Forum (NPF), a position he held until his departure from IBM. The NPF is the standards body dedicated to creating a standards-oriented marketplace around the emerging technology of Network Processing. He was reelected to the NPF board of directors in June 2002 on behalf of IP Infusion and was elected to serve as chairman again in 2005. The NPF merged with the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) in June 2006, and Sannipoli was elected to the OIF board of directors in October 2006.

He died on December 8, 2015.

References

1945 births
2015 deaths
People with Parkinson's disease
IBM employees
Georgia Tech alumni
Senior members of the IEEE
Spark plasma sintering. Spark plasma sintering (SPS),  also known as field assisted sintering technique (FAST) or pulsed electric current sintering (PECS), or plasma pressure compaction (P2C) is a sintering technique.

The main characteristic of SPS is that the pulsed or unpulsed DC or AC current directly passes through the graphite die, as well as the powder compact, in case of conductive samples. Joule heating has been found to play a dominant role in the densification of powder compacts, which results in achieving near theoretical density at lower sintering temperature compared to conventional sintering techniques. The heat generation is internal, in contrast to the conventional hot pressing, where the heat is provided by external heating elements. This facilitates a very high heating or cooling rate (up to 1000 K/min), hence the sintering process generally is very fast (within a few minutes). The general speed of the process ensures it has the potential of densifying powders with nanosize or nanostructure while avoiding coarsening which accompanies standard densification routes. This has made SPS a good method for preparation of a range of materials with enhanced magnetic, magnetoelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, optical or biomedical properties. SPS is also used for sintering of carbon nanotubes for development of field electron emission electrodes. Functioning of SPS systems is schematically explained in a video link. While the term "spark plasma sintering" is commonly used, the term is misleading since neither a spark nor a plasma is present in the process. It has been experimentally verified that densification is facilitated by the use of a current. SPS can be used as a tool for the creation of functionally graded soft-magnetic materials and it is useful in accelerating the development of magnetic materials. It has been found that this process improves the oxidation resistance  and wear resistance of sintered tungsten carbide composites compared to conventional consolidation methods.

Hybrid heating
By means of a combination of the FAST/SPS method with one or several additional heating systems acting from the outside of the pressing tool systems it's possible to minimize the thermal gradients thus allowing the enhancement of the heating rates at simultaneously optimized homogeneity.

In 2012 the world's largest hybrid SPS-hot press sintering system was set up in Spain and the fabrication of fully dense large ceramic blanks of up to 400mm with this system is in progress within the frame of the FP7 European Project HYMACER - Hybrid sintering and advanced machining of technical ceramics

Spark plasma sintering, also known as plasma pressure compaction (P2C) sintering, equipment are commercially available now and are no longer limited to laboratory research work. Products like body armor, rocket nozzles, carbon fiber composites and several other hybrid materials can be produced in commercial scale using these equipment.

See also

References

Industrial processes
Metalworking
Plasma processing
Florida Institute of Oceanography. The Florida Institute of Oceanography (FIO), located on the campus of the University of South Florida St. Petersburg, is an entity of the State University System of Florida that works collaboratively with 32 institutions and agencies from across the state that support marine research.

Facilities 
The FIO operates several smaller ships, as well as two research vessels. The flagship of the institute is R/V Weatherbird II, a 115-foot, 194-ton vessel, that was acquired and renovated in 2009, and soon made national headlines as one of the most active research vessels during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

In 2017, FIO launched R/V W.T. Hogarth, a state of the art research vessel replacing the nearly 50-year-old R/V Bellows which had served as a floating laboratory for 35 years. The R/V W.T. Hogarth was named after Dr. William T. Hogarth, who served as the director of the FIO until his retirement in 2016.

Since 1990, it manages the Keys Marine Laboratory on Long Key.

Members
The institute is governed by the FIO Council. Council members serve two-year terms and are active members of the Florida oceanographic science and education community. In addition to advising the FIO leadership regarding statewide collaboration in oceanographic science and education, the council's key duty is to plan and align legislative budget requests with strategic priorities.

Research
Since the 1960s, the Florida Institute of Oceanography has unified marine science interests across Florida in the cause of understanding and stewardship of the coastal oceans. FIO has taken a leading national role in the scientific assessment of the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.

FIO has emerged as a key research organization on the effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with the award of $10 million from the oil company BP. In an application process which began in June 2010, the FIO received more than 200 proposals from researchers totaling more than $60 million.

To apply for funding, scientists were asked to develop research proposals related to the following scientific priorities in spill research:

Determine the properties, distribution, and extent of the oil spill and dispersants.
Conduct baseline studies and impact assessments to provide the basis for long-term monitoring.
Contribute to an integrated coastal and ocean observing system, and improve modeling capabilities for forecasting environmental impacts related to the oil spill.
Develop and implement systems for data integration, synthesis, sharing, and dissemination.
Develop and implement strategies to protect and restore habitats and species.
Priority will be given to projects that are collaborative between two or more FIO members and/or the Northern Gulf Institute and Louisiana State University, which also received BP funding for initial research.

References

External links
Florida Institute of Oceanography
Keys Marine Laboratory

Oceanographic organizations
University of South Florida
State University System of Florida
Education in Pinellas County, Florida
1967 establishments in Florida
Virtual instrument software architecture. Virtual instrument software architecture (VISA) is a widely used application programming interface (API) in the test and measurement (T&M) industry for communicating with instruments from a computer. VISA is an industry standard implemented by several T&M companies, such as, Anritsu, Bustec, Keysight Technologies, Kikusui, National Instruments, Rohde & Schwarz, and Tektronix.

The VISA standard includes specifications for communication with resources (usually, but not always, instruments) over T&M-specific I/O interfaces such as GPIB and VXI.  There are also some specifications for T&M-specific protocols over PC-standard I/O, such as HiSLIP or VXI-11 (over TCP/IP) and USBTMC (over USB).

The VISA library has standardized the presentation of its operations over several software reuse mechanisms, including through a C API exposed from Windows DLL, visa32.dll, over the Microsoft COM technology, and through a .NET API. Although there are several VISA vendors and implementations, applications written against VISA are (nominally) vendor-interchangeable thanks to the standardization of VISA's presentation and operations/capabilities. Implementations from specific vendors  are also available for less common programming languages  and software reuse technologies.

History
VISA was originally standardized through the VXIplug&play Alliance, a now-defunct T&M standards body. The current standard, "VISA Specification 5.0", is maintained by the IVI Foundation.

See also
 Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments (SCPI)
 High Speed LAN Instrument Protocol (HiSLIP)
 Instrument driver

References

External links 
 Fast Remote Instrument Control with HiSLIP - Application Note
 IVI Foundation Specifications

Input/output
Electronic test equipment
Uniform theory of diffraction. In numerical analysis, the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) is a high-frequency method for solving electromagnetic scattering problems from electrically small discontinuities or discontinuities in more than one dimension at the same point. UTD is an extension of Joseph Keller's geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) and was introduced by Robert Kouyoumjian and Prabhakar Pathak in 1974.

The uniform theory of diffraction approximates near field electromagnetic fields as quasi optical and uses knife-edge diffraction to determine diffraction coefficients for each diffracting object-source combination. These coefficients are then used to calculate the field strength and phase for each direction away from the diffracting point. These fields are then added to the incident fields and reflected fields to obtain a total solution.

See also
 Electromagnetic modeling
 Biot–Tolstoy–Medwin diffraction model

References

External links
Overview of Asymptotic Expansion Methods in Electromagnetics

Numerical differential equations
Computational electromagnetics
Diffraction
Geometrical optics
Butterfly (lighting). In cinematography, butterflies (also known as overheads) are structures on which materials are mounted so as to control lighting in a scene or photograph. Materials commonly used on butterflies include: flags (black, opaque materials), nets (layers of neutral-colored bobinette), and diffusions  (translucent white materials of different densities) for the purposes of blocking, dimming, and scattering light respectively. In general, butterflies are used only for very large materials (6 ft x 6 ft or greater), while smaller sizes are usually sewn onto portable frames (similar in construction to picture frames) for ease of placement and storage.

Use in industry
In industry, butterflies are often called for by their dimensions, which are standard: 6 ft. x 6 ft, 8x8, 12x12, and 20x20. The materials themselves tend to be created at smaller sizes—usually about 8 inches less in each dimension—so as order to ensure a flat, stretched surface when mounted on the butterfly. 

While portable frames usually consist of light-blocking and scattering materials (flags, nets, and diffusions), butterflies may also be rigged with reflective materials such as silver lame for redirecting light.

References

Film and video terminology
Wad (mineral). Wad is an old mining term for any black manganese oxide or hydroxide mineral-rich rock in the oxidized zone of various ore deposits. Typically closely associated with various iron oxides. Specific mineral varieties include pyrolusite, lithiophorite, nsutite, takanelite and vernadite. Wad can be considered to be the manganese equivalent to the iron mineraloid limonite.

References

External links

Manganese minerals
Oxide minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Hydrates
Self-documenting code. In computer programming, self-documenting (or self-describing) source code and user interfaces follow naming conventions and structured programming conventions that enable use of the system without prior specific knowledge. In web development, self-documenting refers to a website that exposes the entire process of its creation through public documentation, and whose public documentation is part of the development process.

Objectives
Commonly stated objectives for self-documenting systems include:

 Make source code easier to read and understand
 Minimize the effort required to maintain or extend legacy systems
 Reduce the need for users and developers of a system to consult secondary documentation sources such as code comments or software manuals
 Facilitate automation through self-contained knowledge representation

Conventions
Self-documenting code is ostensibly written using human-readable names, typically consisting of a phrase in a human language which reflects the symbol's meaning, such as article.numberOfWords or TryOpen. The code must also have a clear and clean structure so that a human reader can easily understand the algorithm used.

Practical considerations
There are certain practical considerations that influence whether and how well the objectives for a self-documenting system can be realized.

 uniformity of naming conventions
 consistency
 scope of the application and system requirements

Examples
Below is a very simple example of self-documenting  C code, using naming conventions in place of explicit comments to make the logic of the code more obvious to human readers.

size_t count_alphabetic_chars(const char *text)
{
    if (text == NULL)
        return 0;

    size_t  count = 0;

    while (*text != '\0')
    {
        if (is_alphabetic(*text))
            count++;
        text++;
    }

    return count;
}

Criticism 
Jef Raskin criticized the belief in "self-documenting" code by saying that code cannot explain the rationale behind why the program is being written or why it is implemented in such a way.

See also
 Autological word
 Code readability
 Comment (computer programming)
 Controlled natural language
 Literate programming
 Natural language programming

References

Further reading
 

Computer programming
Software documentation