omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Stuart Feldman. Stuart Feldman is an American computer scientist. He is best known as the creator of the computer software program Make. He was also an author of the first Fortran 77 compiler, was part of the original group at Bell Labs that created the Unix operating system, and participated in development of the ALTRAN and EFL programming languages.

Feldman is the president of Schmidt Sciences. He was previously Chief Scientist at Schmidt Futures, and was a member of the dean's External Advisory Board at the University of Michigan School of Information. He was previously Vice President, Engineering, East Coast, at Google, and before that Vice President of Computer Science at IBM Research. Feldman has served on the board of the Computing Research Association (CRA) and of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB International). He was chair of ACM SIGPLAN and founding chair of ACM SIGecom. He was elected the President of the ACM in 2006. Feldman is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of ACM Queue, a magazine he helped found with Steve Bourne.  He has also served on the editorial boards of IEEE Internet Computing and IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.
He received an A.B. in astrophysical sciences from Princeton University and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2010 the University of Waterloo awarded him an Honorary Doctorate of Mathematics.

Feldman became a Fellow of the IEEE in 1991, Fellow of the ACM in 1995, and Fellow of the AAAS in 2007. In 2003, he was awarded ACM's Software System Award for his creation of Make.

References

External links
Photo of Feldman in "External Advisory Board - University of Michigan School of Information"

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
Computer systems researchers
Fellows of the IEEE
1995 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Presidents of the Association for Computing Machinery
Google employees
Unix people
Scientists at Bell Labs
Multics people
Alphonse Chapanis. Alphonse Chapanis (March 17, 1917 – October 4, 2002) was an American pioneer in the field of industrial design, and is widely considered one of the fathers of ergonomics or human factors – the science of ensuring that design takes account of human characteristics.

Biography

Chapanis received a PhD in Psychology from Yale University in 1943.

He was notably active in improving aviation safety around the time of World War II, although his career covered a wide range of domains and applications.

One of his major contributions was shape coding in the aircraft cockpit. After a series of runway crashes of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, Chapanis found that certain cockpit controls were confused with each other, due partly to their proximity and similarity of shape. Particularly, the controls for flaps and landing gear were confused, the consequences of which could be severe. Chapanis proposed attaching a wheel to the end of the landing gear control and a triangle to the end of the flaps control, to enable them to be easily distinguished by touch alone. Thereafter for that aircraft there were no further instances of the landing gear being mistakenly raised while the aircraft was still on the ground. This particular shape-coding of the landing gear lever is still regulated for use in civil aircraft.

In 1949 he published the first textbook on the subject of ergonomics, Applied Experimental Psychology: Human Factors in Engineering Design.

In the 1950s, Chapanis worked with Bell Labs on the design of push-button telephone handsets, conducting experiments that led to the present layout of the keys.

References

Further reading
The Chapanis Chronicles, 1999 (autobiography)
The Human Factor 2004, by Kim Vicente (pp. 75-76, 98-99)

External links
Brief Biography
Obituary on the New York Times

American industrial engineers
20th-century American engineers
1917 births
2002 deaths
James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award recipients
Staff (building material). Staff is a kind of artificial stone used for covering and ornamenting temporary buildings.  

It is chiefly made of plaster of Paris (powdered gypsum), with a little cement, glycerin, and dextrin, mixed with water until it is about as thick as molasses. When staff is cast in molds, it can form any shape. To strengthen it, coarse cloth or bagging, or fibers of hemp or jute, are put into the molds before casting. It becomes hard enough in about a half-hour to be removed and fastened on the building in construction. Staff may easily be bent, sawed, bored, or nailed. Its natural color is murky white, but it may be made to resemble any kind of stone.

Staff was invented in France in about 1876 and was used in the construction and ornamentation of the buildings of the Paris Expositions of 1878 and of 1889. It was also largely used in the construction of the buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, at the Omaha and Buffalo Expositions in 1898 and 1901, at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904, and at later expositions, and on temporary buildings of other kinds.

See also
Dewey Arch
Building material
Glazed architectural terra-cotta a material also made into many decorative forms, more permanent than Staff
List of building materials

Construction
Building materials
Artificial stone
Aether. Aether, æther or ether may refer to:

Historical science and mythology
 Aether (mythology), the personification of the bright upper sky
 Aether (classical element), the material believed to fill the universe above the terrestrial sphere 
 Aether theories, proposing space-filling substance that propagates electromagnetic or gravitational forces
 Luminiferous aether, the postulated medium for the propagation of light

Science and engineering
 Ether, a class of chemical compounds
 Diethyl ether, or simply ether, an organic compound 
 Petroleum ether, a petroleum fraction (not classified as an ether)
 AETHER, an atmospheric radiative transfer algorithm
 Efir, now called "Sfera," is a telecommunication project of the Russian Federation aiming to create a national Satellite constellation

Arts, entertainment and media

Fictional elements
 Aether, a plot device of the Marvel Cinematic Universe Infinity Stones
 Aether, an object in Aion (video game)
 Aether, a character in 2020 video game Genshin Impact
 Aether, an element of the Kaladesh expansion block of Magic: The Gathering
 Aether, a fictional planet in 2004 video game Metroid Prime 2: Echoes
 Aether, an element in 2012 video game Phantasy Star Online 2
 Ether, the building block of life in the Xenoblade Chronicles universe
 Aether, a dimension added in a mod for the video game Minecraft
 Aether, an ancient variety of entities present in Brandon Sanderson’s cosmere universe
 Ether, one of the five attributes in 2024 video game Zenless Zone Zero

Gaming
 Aether (video game), 2008

Music

Artists
 Ether (band), Welsh rock band 1996–1999
 Æther Realm American heavy metal band. (2010-Now)

Albums
 Aether (album), by The Necks, 2001
 Ether (Babble album), 1996 
 Ether (B.o.B album), 2017
 Ether (Fischer-Z album), 2002

Songs
 "Ether" (song), a 2001 song by American rapper Nas
 "Ether", a song by Arca from the 2021 album Kick IIIII
 "Ether", a song by Gang of Four from the 1979 album Entertainment!
 "Ether" a song by Nothingface from the 2003 album Skeletons
 "Aether", a song by In Hearts Wake from the 2015 album Skydancer
 "Ether", a 2016 single by Make Them Suffer

Other uses
 Aether Industries, an Indian chemical manufacturing company
 Ether (Book of Mormon prophet)
 Ether, North Carolina, a place in the United States
 Ether, a cryptocurrency generated in accordance with the Ethereum protocol

See also

 Aethyr (disambiguation)
 Aither (disambiguation)
 Ethereal (disambiguation)
 Ethernet, a computer communications technology
United States naval architect. United States naval architects or ship designers introduced the faster and larger sailing frigates and sloop-of-wars of the early United States Navy which influenced the later merchant ships and clipper ships.

Naval architects 

Name - Years served
 Ships designed

Joshua Humphreys 1794 to 1801
 
 
 
 
 Hassan Bashaw, 1797 brig (DANFS)

Josiah Fox 1794 to 1801, 1804 to 1809
 Constitution and Constellation class frigates, Crescent, , , ,  and ,  (schooner), and revenue cutters

William Doughty 1813 to 1837
 President,  74's, Peacock class, Erie class,  and ,  74's class,  44's Class, brigs, revenue cutters, and Baltimore Clipper model.

Benjamin Hutton  1803
 brig , schooners  (DANFS) and Skjoldebrand (DANFS), , and 

Samuel Humphreys 1813 to 1846
 , , ,  class sloops-of-war, . and Levant, Delphine and Porpoise,  and , and Morris-class revenue cutters

Francis Grice 1817 to 1859
 , , and 

Henry Eckford 1817 to 1820
 all the War of 1812 Lake Ontario men-of-war,  (DANFS),  (DANFS),  (DANFS + DANFS),  (DANFS), schooner , Mahmoudieh (for the Ottoman Empire), and the  class 74s in 1820.

Samuel M. Pook 1841 to 1866
  (DANFS),  and

See also
Naval architecture

References
 Chapelle, Howard I. (1935). The History of American Sailing Ships. ,  
 DANFS Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships

 
Naval architect
Rigging (disambiguation). Rigging may refer to:

Nautical
Rigging, the system of ropes, cables and chains, which support the mast(s) of a sailing vessel and which adjust the position of the vessel's sails and the spars to which they are attached.
Standing rigging, the rigging that supports masts on sailing vessels.
Running rigging, the rigging that is used to adjust the position of sails.
Rowing apparatus in a boat, see Glossary of rowing terms

Other
 Rigging, ropes and ladders used in caving
 Rigging (material handling), any form of lifting gear, tackle, equipment for moving heavy loads over short distances, etc. and the procedures of lifting and moving heavy loads.
 Rigging (parachuting), the collective name for any tasks related to the assembly, inspection, maintenance and repair of parachuting equipment. The person trained for those tasks is called a rigger.
 Entertainment rigging, rigging used for lights, curtains, and other equipment in exposed-structure venues, including theatres, arenas, convention centers, ballrooms, warehouses, etc.
 Theatrical rigging, as used in live-stage theatres and similar venues, more specifically
 Aerial rigging, setting up apparatus for circus aerial acts, such as trapeze
 Rigging is term that refers to Match fixing, where a contest is officiated or played to a predetermined result. 
 Vote rigging, illegally interfering in the counting of votes in an election
 Rodeo bareback rigging, riding equipment
 Skeletal rigging, the preparation of a 3D graphics model (mesh) for animation, by programming points of articulation in the figure

See also 
 
 
 Rig (disambiguation)
 Rigged, original title of Fight Night (film)
 Rigged, a 2007 book by Ben Mezrich
VG (nerve agent). VG (IUPAC name: O,O-diethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] phosphorothioate) (also called Amiton or Tetram) is a "V-series" nerve agent chemically  similar to the better-known VX nerve agent. Tetram is the common Russian name for the substance.  Amiton was the trade name for the substance when it was marketed as an insecticide by ICI in the mid-1950s.

Chemical
With a toxicity of about 1/10 that of VX, i.e. similar to that of sarin, it is now considered too dangerous for use in agriculture but unlike other nerve agents it is classified under Schedule 2 of the Chemical Weapons Convention rather than the more restrictive Schedule 1. It is thought that North Korea may have military stockpiles of this chemical
.

During the early 1950s at least three chemical companies working on organo-phosphorus insecticides independently discovered the severe toxicity of these chemicals. In 1952, Dr. Ranajit Ghosh, a chemist working for ICI at their Plant Protection Laboratories at Jealott's Hill was investigating the potential of organophosphate esters of substituted aminoethanethiols for use as pesticides. Like the earlier German investigators of organophosphates in the late 1930s who had discovered the G-series nerve agents, Dr. Ghosh discovered that their action on cholinesterase made them effective pesticides. One of them, Amiton, was described in a 1955 paper by Ghosh and another chemist, J. F. Newman, as being particularly effective against mites. It was brought to market as an insecticide by the company in 1954 but was subsequently withdrawn as too toxic. 

The toxicity of these substances had not passed unnoticed by the British Government, as some of the compounds had already been sent to their research facility at Porton Down for evaluation.  Some of the chemicals from this class of compounds formed a new group of nerve agents called V Agents. The British Government unilaterally renounced chemical and biological weapons in 1956, although in 1958 traded their research on VG technology with the United States Government in exchange for information on thermonuclear weapons. The US then went into production of large amounts of the chemically similar, but much more toxic VX in 1961.

It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

References

Diethylamino compounds
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
V-series nerve agents
Organothiophosphate esters
Ethyl esters
Tridilosa. Tridilosa is a very light and resistant, materials-efficient 3-D structure, made from steel and concrete and widely used in civil engineering. Tridilosa was invented by the Mexican engineer Heberto Castillo.

Among the most remarkable features of this structure is that it can save up to 66% on concrete usage and up to 40% on steel, because filling with concrete is not required in the tension zone, only in the superior compression zone. It is so light that it can float on water, but is three times stronger than traditional construction flagstone. It was used, for example, to construct the 54-floor World Trade Center of Mexico City.

External links
Heberto Castillo Martinez

Science and technology in Mexico
Mexican inventions
Henry Eckford. Henry Eckford may refer to:

People 
Henry Eckford (horticulturist) (1823–1905), British horticulturist
Henry Eckford (shipbuilder) (1775–1832), Scottish-born American shipbuilder and naval architect

Ships 
Henry Eckford (steamboat), American commercial steamboat in service from 1824 to 1841; the first steam vessel to be powered by a compound engine
, a fleet replenishment oiler of the United States Navy launched in 1989 but never completed and sold for scrapping in 2011

Eckford, Henry
Maultier. Maultier (English: "mule") or Sd.Kfz. 3 is the name given to series of half-track trucks used by Nazi Germany during World War II. They were based on Opel, Mercedes-Benz, Alfa Romeo or Ford trucks.

History
Soon after invading the USSR, German troops discovered that their wheeled transport vehicles were unsuitable for the sparse road network, particularly in the muddy conditions of the rasputitsa. Only half tracks like the Sd.Kfz. 11 could haul supplies to forward units in these conditions, but removing them from their combat role for supply duties was not feasible, so it was decided to produce half-tracked versions of standard Opel, Daimler-Benz, Alfa-Romeo and Ford trucks (lorries) by removing their rear axles, truncating the prop-shafts and connecting them to redundant Panzer I track assemblies. Heavier trucks (4 tons payload) were fitted with Panzer II track assemblies.

Horstmann suspension components employed by the Panzer I was practically identical to the light tank track system used on the Universal Carrier, with the Maultier's use of them closely resembling the roadwheel/suspension system used by the T16 American-produced version in its roadwheel design. Most Maultier conversions were based on Opel Blitz model S trucks, which proved successful in service.

Although they lacked the overall mobility of purpose-built half tracks, they were cheaper and sufficiently effective. From 1943 some Maultier trucks were fitted with armored bodies, designated Sd.Kfz. 4. Some of these were armed with ten-tube rocket launcher Panzerwerfer 42, and were designated Sd.Kfz.. 4/1.

Production 
The vehicles were built by Opel at the Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG and also in France in the Ford factory in Asnieres. In 1942 a total of 635 vehicles were produced, 1943 there were 13,000 and 1944 only 7,310.

See also
 List of Sd.Kfz. designations
 Radschlepper Ost
 Raupenschlepper Ost

References

World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Germany
Half-tracks of Germany
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
Sd.Kfz. 6. The Sd.Kfz. 6 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug 6) was a half-track military vehicle used by the German Wehrmacht during the Second World War. It was designed to be used as the main towing vehicle for the 10.5 cm leFH 18 howitzer.

Development 
Development of a new medium artillery tractor began in 1934 at Büssing-NAG, in Berlin. The vehicle, produced in around 750 units until 1942, could carry up to 11 men in three rows, covered by a canvas structure. As well as a tractor for the 10.5 leFH 18 howitzer, the vehicle was to be used to tow heavy equipment for engineer units. Production was carried out by both Büssing-NAG and Daimler-Benz.

Description 
The engine used gave , depending on the production version. Sd.Kfz. 6 was used by the various German military forces (Army, Waffen-SS, Luftwaffe) for the entire war.

Variants 

 Sd.Kfz. 6
Standard half-tracked vehicle for Pioneers, used for towing Pioneer equipment and transporting fifteen men.
 Sd.Kfz. 6/1
Standard half-tracked vehicle for Artillery, used for towing artillery pieces and transporting 10 men plus 500 kg equipment.
 Sd.Kfz. 6/2 3,7 cm FlaK36 auf Fahrgestell Zugkraftwagen 5t
A Sd.Kfz. 6 fitted with a 3.7 cm Flak 36 anti-aircraft gun, sides would fold down to allow space to work on. Crew of seven., with three loaders and two gunners in the back, with the rest in the front. 203 vehicles were produced for the Luftwaffe from 1939 to 1941. The gun had an elevation of -8° to +85°.
 Sd.Kfz. 6/3 7,62 cm FK 296(r) auf Selbstfahrlafette Zugkraftwagen 5t 
A Panzerjaeger constructed from a Sd.Kfz. 6 carrying a captured Soviet 76mm F-22 gun portée within an armoured superstructure. The gun was emplaced on the rear on its field carriage and  thick armour plates were added to the sides and rear to augment the protection given by the gun shield. Nine were produced in 1941-42

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links 

 "Tractors Haul Artillery In Mechanized Army" Popular Mechanics, August 1937 – excellent photo of early Sd.Kfz. 6s on parade
 Technical data of Sd.Kfz. 6 at wehrmacht-history.com
7.62cm Pak 36 (r) Auf 5t Zugkraftwagen Sd Kfz.6/3 at tanks-encyclopedia

World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Germany
World War II half-tracks
Half-tracks of Germany
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
Rael Dornfest. Rael Dornfest is an American computer programmer and author. He was a technical fellow and CTO of Charity: Water, and was previously an engineer at Twitter. He was founder and chief executive officer of Values of N, creator of "I Want Sandy" and "Stikkit: Little Yellow Notes that Think." Previously, he was chief technology officer at O'Reilly Media.  He began working for Twitter after they bought the assets of his company Values of N.

He led the RSS-DEV Working Group, which authored RSS 1.0 and is the author of Blosxom, a lightweight Perl-based publishing system.

He was series editor of O'Reilly's Hacks series, and has coauthored a number of books including Google Hacks (), Mac OS X Panther Hacks (), and Google: The Missing Manual ().

References

External links

 @rael - Twitter page
 Rael Dornfest - Author bio at O'Reilly
 Hack Google - Article by Dornfest for TechTV
 Rules for Remixing (IT Conversations), a recording of a presentation at the 2005 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American computer programmers
American technology writers
O'Reilly writers
American chief technology officers
University of California, Davis alumni
American technology chief executives
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Bravo-class submarine. The Project 690 Kefal ("Mullet") class (known in the West by its NATO reporting name Bravo class) was a design of military submarines that were built in the Soviet Union. The boats were designed for use in ASW exercises, but could also be employed in a combat role. Four vessels were built, which were commissioned into the Soviet Navy between 1967 and 1970. All four boats were stricken in the 1990s.

External links

 FAS page about Project 690 
 GlobalSecurity page about Project 690
 deepstorm.ru Project 690 (ru)

Russian and Soviet Navy submarine classes
India-class submarine. The Project 940 Lenok class (a type of salmon) (known in the West by its NATO reporting name India class) was a military submarine design of the Soviet Union. Two vessels of this class were built for the Soviet Navy; both were scrapped in the 2000s.

The submarines of this class were designed to function as mother ships for two India-class deep-submergence rescue vehicles (DSRVs), and had decompression chambers and medical facilities on board.  While India-class boats were seen going to the aid of Russian submarines involved in incidents, they had also been observed working in support of Russian Spetsnaz operations.

Units

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Russian and Soviet Navy submarine classes
Deep-submergence rescue vehicles
Auxiliary depot ship classes
Auxiliary search and rescue ship classes
Auxiliary ships of the Soviet Navy