omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ISO 3977. ISO 3977 is an international standard related to the design and procurement of gas turbine system applications. ISO 3977 is based primarily on the ASME 133 series on gas turbines, as well as the API 616 and API 11PGT standards. The standard environmental design point of any gas turbine system is 15 °C, 60% relative humidity, and sea level elevation. The standard is divided into eight parts and covers procurement, design requirements, installation, and reliability.

Parts
 ISO 3977-1:1997 Part 1: General introduction and definitions
 ISO 3977-2:1997 Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings
 ISO 3977-3:2004 Part 3: Design requirements
 ISO 3977-4:2002 Part 4: Fuels and environment
 ISO 3977-5:2001 Part 5: Applications for petroleum and natural gas industries
 ISO 3977-7:2002 Part 7: Technical information
 ISO 3977-8:2002 Part 8: Inspection, testing, installation and commissioning
 ISO 3977-9:1999 Part 9: Reliability, availability, maintainability and safety

External links

Related ISO Bulletin article, February 2000.

03977
Georgy Langemak. Georgy Erikhovich Langemak (;  – 11 January 1938) was a Soviet engineer, working on rocket design applications. He is chiefly remembered for being the co-designer and directing the development of the aircraft unguided rockets, such as the RS-82 and RS-132, which were modified to be used with such success in the Katyusha rocket launchers of World War II. The crater Langemak on the Moon is named in his honor.

Life 
Beginning in 1928, he worked at the Soviet Gas Dynamics Laboratory along with several other notable Soviet rocket scientists, and they developed rocket projectiles that used smokeless powder. This group was later merged with another rocketry organization to become the Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII). Langemak became the deputy director of the RNII. In 1936 this group completed the technical specifications for a rocket-glider.

In 1937 during the Great Purge, he was fired and subsequently arrested by NKVD, along with RNII director Ivan Kleymyonov and engine designer Valentin Glushko, as a follow-up to a denunciation letter by the director of RNII liquid fuel engine laboratory, Andrei Kostikov (who subsequently took his position in the institute), in which he claimed Langemak was sabotaging the research and development progress of the new engine. Langemak was judged by a visiting session of Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union on 11 January 1938, found guilty under the article 58-7, 58-8, and 58-11, and sentenced to death by shooting with property confiscation. The execution took place the same day.

Exoneration
He was rehabilitated completely in November 1955. 

Langemak and other participants in the creation of the Katyusha rocket launcher received official recognition only in 1991. By decree of President Mikhail Gorbachev, dated 21 June 1991, Kleymyonov, Langemak, Vasily Luzhin, , Boris Slonimer, and Nikolai Tikhomirov were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

References

Bibliography
 Langemak, G. E. and Glushko, V. P., "The Missile, Its Device and Use", 1935.
 Лангемак Георгий Эрихович, Автор Александр Глушко. На основании документов из архивов ЦГАВМФ, ФСБ, Самарского филиала РГАНТД и личного архива А. В. Глушко.

1898 births
1938 deaths
Heroes of Socialist Labour
People from Starobilsk
People from Kharkov Governorate
Soviet scientists
Ethnic German people from the Russian Empire
Soviet people of German descent
Great Purge victims from Russia
Soviet rehabilitations
Nancy Lynch. Nancy Ann Lynch (born January 19, 1948) is a computer scientist affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is the NEC Professor of Software Science and Engineering in the EECS department and heads the "Theory of Distributed Systems" research group at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

Education and early life
Lynch was born in Brooklyn, and her academic training was in mathematics. She attended Brooklyn College and MIT, where she received her Ph.D. in 1972 under the supervision of Albert R. Meyer.

Work
She served on the math and computer science faculty at several other universities, including Tufts University, the University of Southern California, Florida International University, and the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), prior to joining the MIT faculty in 1982. Since then, she has been working on applying mathematics to the tasks of understanding and constructing complex distributed systems.

Her 1985 work with Michael J. Fischer and Mike Paterson on consensus problems received the PODC Influential-Paper Award in 2001. Their work showed that in an asynchronous distributed system, consensus is impossible if there is one processor that crashes. On their contribution, Jennifer Welch wrote that "this result has had a monumental impact in distributed computing, both theory and practice. Systems designers were motivated to clarify their claims concerning under what circumstances the systems work."

She is the author of numerous research articles about distributed algorithms and impossibility results, and about formal modeling and validation of distributed systems (see, e.g., input/output automaton). She is the author of the graduate textbook "Distributed Algorithms". She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and an ACM Fellow.

Recognition
1997: ACM Fellow
2001: Dijkstra Paper Prize of PODC conference
2001: Elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for the development of theoretical foundations for distributed computing.
2006: Van Wijngaarden Award
2007: Knuth Prize
2007: Dijkstra Paper Prize of PODC conference
2010: IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award
2012: Athena Lecturer
2015: National Academy of Sciences

Bibliography

References

External links
Nancy Lynch's home page at MIT
 A series of invited lectures at PODC 2008 and CONCUR 2008.

American computer scientists
1948 births
Living people
Researchers in distributed computing
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Georgia Tech faculty
1997 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
American women computer scientists
Knuth Prize laureates
Dijkstra Prize laureates
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Brooklyn College alumni
American theoretical computer scientists
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
21st-century American women
Nagia Essayed. Nagia Essayed is a Libyan politician. Essayed was Commissioner for Human Resources, Science, and Technology for the African Union from March 2004 to February 2008.

Education 
Essayed obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from the University of Tripoli. She graduated from the University of Liverpool in England with a Master's degree in civic design in 1970 and with a doctorate in housing and urban design at the University of Liverpool in 1981.

Lecturer and African Union Commissioner 
Essayed started her academic career in 1972 at the University of Tripoli as a Lecturer in the Faculty of Engineering. She left her position and served as Assistant Professor and Head of the Urban Planning Department at the University of Garyounis in Benghazi before returning to the University of Tripoli (at the time renamed al-Fateh University) in 1998 as a professor of Housing. Concurrently, from 1972 to 1996.

From March 2004 to February 2028, Essayed was Commissioner for Human Resources, Science, and Technology for the African Union.

References

External links
 Nagia Essayed bio

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
African Union Commission members
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Libya
Libyan women in politics
21st-century women politicians
Women members of the Pan-African Parliament
People from Libya by district
Aerostar Airlines. Aerostar Airlines is a business jet charter service based in Kyiv, Ukraine. Flight operations started in 1997.

Fleet 
 1 Beechcraft King Air 350
 1 Cessna Citation Mustang
 1 Cessna Citation XLS
 1 Dassault Falcon 20
 1 Dassault Falcon 2000
 1 Dassault Falcon 900
 3 Dornier 328JET

Airlines of Ukraine
Ukrainian companies established in 1997
Airlines established in 1997
Ilm. Ilm or ILM may refer to:

Acronyms 
 Identity Lifecycle Manager, a Microsoft Server Product
 I Love Money, a TV show on VH1
 Independent Loading Mechanism, a mounting system for CPU sockets
 Industrial Light & Magic, an American motion picture visual effects company
 Information lifecycle management, for computer data storage systems
 Infrastructure Lifecycle Management 
 Institute of Leadership and Management, the UK awarding body for leadership and management qualifications
 Internal Labour Market
 International Legal Materials, a law journal published by the American Society of International Law
 Inner limiting membrane, the innermost layer of the retina
 Insertion Loss Measurement, measurement of the loss, or attenuation, of a fibre-optic component or system
 Wilmington International Airport (IATA airport code), in Wilmington, North Carolina
 Independent loading mechanism, a retention device that holds the CPU in place

Geography 
 Ilm (Bavaria), a river in Germany, tributary to the Abens
 Ilm (Thuringia), a river in Germany, tributary to the Saale
 Ilm-Kreis, a district in Germany

Other uses 
 Ilm (Arabic), Arabic for knowledge, referring to knowledge of Islam and natural/social phenomenon
 I Love Music (forum), an internet music forum based in Canada
 Ilmr, a goddess in Norse mythology, sometimes written as Ilm
Saab 210. The Saab 210 is an approximately 70% scale research prototype for the double-delta configuration of the Saab 35 Draken supersonic fighter. It became known by the unofficial nickname Lilldraken (Little Dragon or Little Kite). Its first flight was on 21 January 1952.

Naming
The 210 retrospectively gained the unofficial name Lilldraken from the larger Type 35 Draken which it led to. The Swedish word "Draken" has a double meaning, translating either as "The Dragon" or "The Kite". It is said that the name was derived from the appearance of the prototype Type 35, like a paper kite, when seen from above.

Design and development

Under designer Erik Bratt, in the early 1950s Saab were developing a double-delta configuration for a proposed supersonic jet fighter. The configuration was novel and highly advanced, so a small aerodynamic test aircraft, the Type 210, was built to investigate its low-speed flight characteristics.

210 or 210A
The tailless double-delta wing extended almost to the front of the 210, with the integral wing root air intakes positioned just behind a small nose. The 210 also featured a protruding bubble canopy, a swept tail fin and semi-retractable tricycle undercarriage. By now the fighter was designated the J 35 Draken and the diminutive test aircraft soon became known as the "Lilldraken". Jet power was provided by a 1,000 lb class Armstrong Siddeley Adder engine.

The 210 was taken up for its maiden flight by Bengt Olow, on 21 January 1952. It subsequently undertook extensive flight testing, before undergoing modification for a second phase.

210B
The 210 was modified, with the air intakes moved back to positions alongside the cockpit, in order to increase the field of view for the pilot. A drogue parachute was also added. In this form it was designated the 210B, and the previous configuration retrospectively as the 210A.

Flight testing resumed, and by the time of its last flight on 25 October 1955, the Saab 210 in both its forms had undertaken 887 separate sorties.

The Saab 210B is currently on display in the Flygvapenmuseum (Air Force Museum) in Linköping.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Forsgren, Jan (2010). "Database: Saab J 35 Draken". Aeroplane. May 2010. p.64.
 .

External links

 .

210
1950s Swedish experimental aircraft
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1952
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Horton overland flow. In soil science, Horton overland flow describes the tendency of water to  flow horizontally across land surfaces when rainfall has exceeded infiltration capacity and depression storage capacity. It is named after Robert E. Horton, the engineer who made the first detailed studies of the phenomenon.

Paved surfaces such as asphalt, which are designed to be flat and impermeable, rapidly achieve Horton overland flow. It is shallow, sheetlike, and fast-moving, and hence capable of extensively eroding soil and bedrock.

Horton overland flow is most commonly encountered in urban construction sites and unpaved rural roads, where vegetation has been stripped away, exposing bare dirt. The process also poses a significant problem in areas with steep terrain, where water can build up great speed and where soil is less stable, and in farmlands, where soil is flat and loose.

See also
 Horton's equation
 Urban runoff

References

 Horton, Robert E. (1933) "The role of infiltration in the hydrologic cycle" Transactions of the American Geophysics Union, 14th Annual Meeting, pp. 446–460.
 Horton, Robert E. (1945) "Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins; Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology" Geological Society of America Bulletin'', 56 (3): 275–370.

External links
 Detailed road-related information

Soil physics
Hydrology
Vec. Vec may mean:

Mathematics:

 vec(A), the vectorization of a matrix A.
 Vec denotes the category of vector spaces over the reals.

Other:
 Venetian language (Vèneto), language code.
 Vecuronium, a muscle relaxant.
 vec, a sentient moravec robot from the Orion's Arm Universe Project (see also Moravec_(robot))

See also
 VEC (disambiguation)
Electron spectrometer. An electron spectrometer is a device used to perform different forms of electron spectroscopy and electron microscopy. This requires analyzing the energy of an incoming beam of electrons. Most electron spectrometers use a hemispherical electron energy analyzer in which the beam of electrons is bent with electric or magnetic fields. Higher energy electrons will be bent less by the beam, this produces a spatially distributed range of energies.

Electron spectrometers are used on a range of scientific equipment, including particle accelerators, transmission electron microscopes, and astronomical satellites.

Types
Electron spectrometers may determine electron energy based on time of flight, retarding potential (effectively a high-pass filter), resonant collision or curvature in a deflecting field (magnetic or electric).

An electrostatic electron spectrometer uses the electric field, which cause electrons to move along field gradients, whereas magnetic devices cause electrons to move at right angles to the field. Magnetic fields will act in a direction perpendicular to the electron propagation, thereby conserving velocity, whereas electrostatic fields will cause electrons to move along the field gradient, which may change electron energies if the component of the direction of propagation and field gradients are not perpendicular. Owing to these effects, sector based designs are commonly used in electron spectrometers.

Construction
The effective potential in the solution of motion in a magnetic or electric system with rotational symmetry leads to radial focusing onto a mean radius. By superposition of a quadrupole field axial focusing is possible while weakening the radial focusing, until the astigmatism vanishes. By breaking the rotational symmetry a bit and varying the electrostatic potential along the mean path of the spherical aberration is minimized.

All the electrons from an isotopic source may be sucked off and focused into a directed beam (much like in an electron gun), which can then be analyzed.  The spectrometer can use entrance and exit slits or use a small source, which only emits into specific angle and a small detector. Photoelectron spectra from single crystals exhibit a dependency on the emission angle, and the entrance slit is needed at the entrance of the hemispherical electron analyzer in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and related techniques. There, a position sensitive detector detects the energy along one direction and depending on the additional optics lateral resolution or one angle along the other direction.

Electrostatic spectrometers preserve the spin, which can be resolved afterwards.

See also 
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, for electronic band structure determination
Auger electron spectroscopy, field of analyzing material surfaces
Electron energy loss spectroscopy
PEEM
Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy
 Mass spectrometry
 Time-of-flight mass spectrometry

References 

Electron beam
Spectrometers
Electron spectroscopy
Microscope components
Aquanator. The Aquanator is a small-scale tidal-power device, a device which uses rows of hydrofoils to generate electricity from water currents.  It was invented by Australian inventor Michael Perry.

History
The Aquanator invention was announced in 2004. A contract to test the device was signed with Country Energy on 26 September 2004.

Its test site was located at . In beginning of 2006 it was connected to grid. However, the device test site was decommissioned in May 2008 by its owner Atlantis Resources.

Description 

The Aquanator used ocean current to produce electricity.  It was intended to generate power even with a small flow of 1.5 knots. The test device had a capacity of 5 kW. The aquanator's slow moving hydrofoil design was meant to provide a green energy source which would not harm ocean life as faster moving turbines might.

Economy 
The aquanator was meant to be cheaper than diesel fuels, with costs about the same amount as wind power and will be one sixth the price of diesel-powered systems.

See also
Tidal power

References 

 "Could the ocean be used to power our cities?", Mark Vale, ABC South East NSW, 12 December 2003
 "Inventor taps into a new energy source", Philip Cornford, Sydney Morning Herald, 27 September 2004

Marine energy
Energy conversion
Renewable energy technology
UPD. UPD may refer to:

Political parties
 Union for Development, a political party in Macao
 Union for Peace and Development, a political party in Burundi
 Union, Progress and Democracy, a political party in Spain

Science and technology
 Underpotential deposition, electrodeposition of a metal
 Uniparental disomy, chromosomal abnormality
 HP Universal Print Driver, LaserJet print driver by Hewlett-Packard

Other
 Unified Police Department of Greater Salt Lake
 Urban planned development, a governmental designation for an urban village-style planned community
 University of the Philippines Diliman, the flagship university of the University of the Philippines System
 University Police Department, on-campus police force at a university

Disambiguation pages
Peek's law. In physics, Peek's law defines the electric potential gap necessary for triggering a corona discharge between two wires:

 

ev is the "visual critical corona voltage" or "corona inception voltage" (CIV), the voltage  required to initiate a visible corona discharge between the wires. It is named after Frank William Peek (1881–1933).

mv is an irregularity factor to account for the condition of the wires.  For smooth, polished wires, mv = 1.  For roughened, dirty or weathered wires, 0.98 to 0.93, and for cables, 0.87 to 0.83, namely the surface irregularities result in diminishing the corona threshold voltage. 

r is the radius of the wires in cm.

S is the distance between the center of the wires.

gv is the "visual critical" electric field, and is given by:

 

δ is the air density factor with respect to SATP (25°C and 76 cmHg):

 

g0 is the "disruptive electric field."

c is an empirical dimensional constant.

 The values for the last two parameters are usually considered to be about 30-32 kV/cm (in air) and 0.301 cm½ respectively. This latter law can be considered to hold also in different setups, where the corresponding voltage is different due to geometric reasons.

References 

 
 High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals, E.Kuffel and WS Zaengl, Pergamon Press, p366

Plasma physics equations
Deep Drone. The Deep Drone is a submersible remotely operated vehicle designed for mid-water salvage for the United States Navy. One vehicle is based in Largo, Maryland, under the command of The U.S. Navy Supervisor of Salvage and Diving (SUPSALV), it is maintained and operated by Phoenix International Inc..
The vehicle is capable of operating at a depth up to 8000 feet as reflected in its full name: "The Deep Drone 8000". The vehicle has a target locating sonar and two tool manipulators capable of working with tools and attaching rigging.

Specifications
 Displacement: 4,100 lb (1,860 kg)
 Length: 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m)
 Width: 4 ft 7 in (1.40 m)
 Height: 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
 Maximum Depth: 8,000 ft (2,440 m)
 Speed: 3 knots cruise, 5 knots flank (6 and 9 km/h)
 Maximum lift: 3,200 lb (1,450 kg)
 Maximum payload: 300 lb (140 kg)

AS-28 Submersible Rescue
The U.S. sent a Deep Drone vehicle and a Scorpio vehicle to the location of a Russian Priz class submersible AS-28 which was trapped on the sea floor off the Kamchatka Peninsula on 5 August 2005. The Russian vessel was released from cables trapping it on the sea floor by a British Scorpio ROV prior to the arrival of the Deep Drone. The vehicle was sent on a C-17 Globemaster III from Charleston, South Carolina.

See also

External links

 http://www.supsalv.org/00c2_deepDrone7200Rov.asp 
 Rescuers rush to free Russian sub crew (CTV) 2005 6 August
 Britain flies in rescue vehicle to aid in rescue of Russian sub (The Scotsman) 2005 6 August

Submarines of the United States Navy
Robotic submarines
Boric acid (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on boric acid.

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

Structure and properties data

Material Safety Data Sheet 

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
SIRI
Science Stuff

References 

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Van der Waals constants (data page). The following table lists the Van der Waals constants (from the Van der Waals equation) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids.

To convert from  to , multiply by 100.
To convert from  to , divide by 10.
To convert from  to , divide by 1000.

Units
1 J·m3/mol2 = 1 m6·Pa/mol2 = 10 L2·bar/mol2

1 L2atm/mol2 = 0.101325 J·m3/mol2 = 0.101325 Pa·m6/mol2

1 dm3/mol = 1 L/mol = 1 m3/kmol = 0.001 m3/mol  (where kmol is kilomoles = 1000 moles)

References

Gas laws
Constants (Data Page)