omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field viewing film. Magnetic field viewing film is used to show stationary or (less often) slowly changing magnetic fields; it shows their location and direction.  It is a translucent thin flexible sheet, coated with micro-capsules containing nickel flakes suspended in oil.  When magnetic lines of force are parallel to the surface of the carrier sheet, the surfaces of the flakes are reflective, and appear bright. When lines of force are perpendicular to the sheet, the flakes are edge-on, and appear significantly darker. When the film is placed on a magnet's pole, the latter case applies.

Magnetic field viewing film together with a ruler can be used to measure the poles per inch of a magnet.

See also
 Ferrofluid
 Magna Doodle

References

External links

Magnetic devices
Spring supply. A spring supply is a provision of piped mains water to a number of consumers direct from a natural spring.  Spring supplies are therefore a source of groundwater, which in most instances has fewer micro-organisms (e.g. coliform bacteria and protozoa such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium) and chemical contaminants than a supply from surface water. The point at which the groundwater reaches the surface is prone to contamination, so must be protected using a structure called a spring box. This is often surrounded by a fence to keep animals out, with other common features being a ditch on the uphill side, an overflow pipe and a well fitting lid. Spring supplies can range from single property supplies that are privately owned, to large supplies that are managed by water companies and serve entire communities. As with any water supply, a spring supply may need to be treated in order to bring it up to drinking water standards. The method for doing this will vary according to the contaminant, but can include sand filters, pH balancing units and ultraviolet light.


Countries
In the United Kingdom, over half a million people live or work in a premises that relies on a private water supply such as a spring. The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) of England and Wales produces an annual report on the quality of private water supplies.

See also
 Water supply
 Improved water source
 Water well

References

Springs (hydrology)
Water supply infrastructure
Water supply
InVesalius. InVesalius is a free medical software used to generate virtual reconstructions of structures in the human body. Based on two-dimensional images, acquired using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging equipment, the software generates virtual three-dimensional models correspondent to anatomical parts of the human body. After constructing three-dimensional DICOM images, the software allows the generation of STL (stereolithography) files. These files can be used for rapid prototyping.

InVesalius was developed at CTI (Renato Archer Information Technology Center), a research institute of the Brazilian Science and Technology Center and is available at no cost at the homepage of Public Software Portal homepage. The software license is CC-GPL 2. It is available in English, Japanese, Czech, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, Spanish, Italian, German, Portuguese, Turkish (Turkey), Romanian, French, Korean, Catalan, Chinese (Taiwan) and Greek.

InVesalius was developed using Python and works under Linux, Windows and Mac OS X. It also uses graphic libraries VTK, wxPython, Numpy, Scipy and GDCM.

The software's name is a tribute to Belgian physician Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), considered the "father of modern anatomy".
Developed since 2001 for attending Brazilian Public Hospitals demands, InVesalius development was directed for promoting social inclusion of individuals with severe facial deformities. Since then, however, it has been employed in various research areas of dentistry, medicine, veterinary medicine, paleontology and anthropology. It has been used not only in public hospitals, but also in private clinics and hospitals.

Until 2017, the software had already been used for generating more than 5000 rapid prototyping models of anatomical structures at Promed project.

External links
Official InVesalius website
Alternative InVesalius website
InVesalius source code
InVesalius Translation page at Transifex
InVesalius at Ohloh 
InVesalius at Twitter
Public Software Portal (Portuguese)
Rapid Prototyping for Medicine(Portuguese)

Related works
Confex.com (in English)
 Studierfenster

Free science software
Medical software
Neuroimaging software
Free health care software
Free DICOM software
Software that uses VTK
Polar surface area. The polar surface area (PSA) or topological polar surface area (TPSA) of a molecule is defined as the surface sum over all polar atoms or molecules, primarily oxygen and nitrogen, also including their attached hydrogen atoms.

PSA is a commonly used medicinal chemistry metric for the optimization of a drug's ability to permeate cells.  Molecules with a polar surface area of greater than 140 angstroms squared (Å2) tend to be poor at permeating cell membranes.  For molecules to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (and thus act on receptors in the central nervous system), a PSA less than 90 Å2 is usually needed.

TPSA is a valuable tool in drug discovery and development. By analyzing a drug candidate's TPSA, scientists can predict its potential for oral bioavailability and ability to reach target sites within the body. This prediction hinges on a drug's ability to permeate biological barriers.

Permeating these barriers, such as the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), the Placental Barrier (PB), and the Blood-Mammary Barrier (BM), is crucial for many drugs to reach their intended targets.

The BBB, for example, protects the brain from harmful substances. Drugs with a lower TPSA (generally below 90 Å²) tend to permeate the BBB more easily, allowing them to reach the brain and exert their therapeutic effects (Shityakov et al., 2013).

Similarly, for drugs intended to treat the fetus, a lower TPSA (below 60 Å²) is preferred to ensure they can pass through the placenta (Augustiño-Roubina et al., 2019).

Breastfeeding mothers also need consideration. Here, an optimal TPSA for a drug is around 60-80 Å² to allow it to reach the breast tissue for milk production, while drugs exceeding 90 Å² are less likely to permeate the Blood-Mammary Barrier.

See also
 Biopharmaceutics Classification System
 Cheminformatics
 Chemistry Development Kit
 JOELib
 Implicit solvation
 Lipinski's rule of five

References

Literature 
  
 
 
 
 Ertl, P. Polar Surface Area, in Molecular Drug Properties, R. Mannhold (ed), Wiley-VCH, pp. 111–126, 2007

External links
 Interactive Polar Surface Area calculator
 Free, Programmable TPSA Calculator

Cheminformatics
Medicinal chemistry
Amorphous carbonia. Amorphous carbonia, also called a-carbonia or a-CO2, is an exotic amorphous solid form of carbon dioxide that is analogous to amorphous silica glass. It was first made in the laboratory in 2006 by subjecting dry ice to high pressures (40-48 gigapascal, or 400,000 to 480,000 atmospheres), in a diamond anvil cell. Amorphous carbonia is not stable at ordinary pressures—it quickly reverts to normal CO2.

While normally carbon dioxide forms molecular crystals, where individual molecules are bound by Van der Waals forces, in amorphous carbonia a covalently bound three-dimensional network of atoms is formed, in a structure analogous to silicon dioxide or germanium dioxide glass.

Mixtures of a-carbonia and a-silica may be a prospective very hard and stiff glass material stable at room temperature. Such glass may serve as protective coatings, e.g. in microelectronics.

The discovery has implications for astrophysics, as interiors of massive planets may contain amorphous solid carbon dioxide.

Notes

References

External links
 Dry ice creates toughened glass
 Physicsweb: Dry ice forms ultrahard glass

Carbon dioxide
Amorphous solids
Physical chemistry
Astrophysics
Glass compositions
Jesmonite. Jesmonite is a composite material used in fine arts, crafts, and construction.  It consists of a gypsum-based material in an acrylic resin. It was invented in the United Kingdom in 1984 by Peter Hawkins.

Usage
Jesmonite is a versatile material and is used in several ways.  It is typically used for creating sculptures and other three-dimensional works, but can be used with other materials as a ground for painting.  It can be used as a surface material in building and construction.  It is considered an attractive alternative to other resin-based materials, such as polyester and fiberglass.  It can be used for casting and laminating.  

Besides its popularity in sculpture, jesmonite is popular in other areas where casting and moulding are common, such as architectural stone and plasterwork that has a requirement to be very lightweight, taxidermy, archaeology, and palaeontology.

A 2016 Financial Times article described jesmonite's increasing use in interior design, seeing it as a natural-looking alternative to plastic for "high-end" goods.  In 2017, jesmonite was named "Material of the Year" by the London Design Fair.

Properties
Jesmonite is considered durable, flame resistant, and resistant to impact.  It can be used to fabricate both small and large objects.  When mixed, it accepts coloured pigments and metal powders.  Its surface can be finished to resemble plaster, stone, metal, and wood. 

Jesmonite is considered a low-hazard material.  The finished composite emits no toxic fumes.  The mixing process requires no harmful solvents.  However, the mixing should be performed with rubber gloves, eye protection, and dust mask, and should take place in a well-ventilated area.  Cleanup is performed with water.

2012 Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant
In the 2012 Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, the ornate prow sculptures on the Royal barges Gloriana and MV Spirit of Chartwell were carved and moulded in Jesmonite and decorated with gold leaf. These included dolphins, relief plaques and Old Father Thames.

A Spire
A Spire is a cast jesmonite sculpture by British-Japanese sculptor Simon Fujiwara, commissioned to stand outside the new Laidlaw Library of the University of Leeds, England, in 2015. The lower sections incorporate particles of coal, to acknowledge the city's early industries, and the upper stages show cables and leaves reflecting today's digital and natural world. The  cylindrical form relates to two nearby church spires on Woodhouse Lane.

References

External links
 Jesmonite official website
 Jesmonite Palestine Distributor website Woodberg
 Jesmonite North America Distributor website
 Jesmonite Middle East Distributor website Resinarthub

Composite materials
Building materials
Ceramic materials
Architectural elements
Flight information display system. A flight information display system (FIDS) is a computer system used in airports to display flight information to passengers, in which a computer system controls mechanical or electronic display boards or monitors in order to display arriving and departing flight information in real-time. The displays are located inside or around an airport terminal. A virtual version of a FIDS can also be found on most airport websites and teletext systems. In large airports, there are different sets of FIDS for each terminal or even each major airline. FIDS are used to inform passengers of boarding gates, departure/arrival times, destinations, notifications of flight delays/flight cancellations, and partner airlines, et al.

Each line on an FIDS indicates a different flight number accompanied by:
 the airline name/logo and/or its IATA or ICAO airline designator (can also include names/logos of interlining/codesharing airlines or partner airlines, e.g. HX252/BR2898.)
 the city of origin or destination, and any intermediate points
 the expected arrival or departure time and/or the updated time (reflecting any delays)
 the status of the flight, such as "Landed", "Delayed", "Boarding", etc.
And in the case of departing flights:
 the check-in counter numbers or the name of the airline handling the check-in
 the gate number

Due to code sharing, a flight may be represented by a series of different flight numbers. For example, LH 474 and AC 9099, both partners of Star Alliance, codeshare on a route using a single aircraft, either Lufthansa or Air Canada, to operate that route at that given time. Lines may be sorted by time, airline name, or city.

Most FIDS are now displayed on LCD or LED screen, although some airports still use split-flap displays.

References

Display technology
Airport infrastructure
Punchbowl Maintenance Depot. The Punchbowl Maintenance Depot was a train storage and maintenance depot in the south-western Sydney suburb of Punchbowl.

The depot opened in 1923 and was one of four electric train depots built under the Bradfield electrification plan, the other depots being at Mortdale, Flemington and Hornsby. Punchbowl was the first electric train depot to have a carriage washing plant installed, in 1959. A newer enclosed washing plant replaced the original one in 1986 and similar plants were also installed at the other three depots. The depot formerly stabled and maintained trains used on the Bankstown and East Hills lines.

By the early 1990s Punchbowl was considered "in the middle of nowhere" due to the expansion of Sydney's population to the west and south-west and Punchbowl was no longer near the terminus of the lines it served, adding to operational difficulties and inconvenience. Punchbowl Maintenance Centre closed in February 1995 after the last single-deck carriages were withdrawn in November 1993. Responsibility for its Tangaras was transferred to Mortdale, and responsibility for other double-deck cars was transferred to Flemington. The site lay closed and derelict for several years, before being demolished. The former area is now known as The Waterford Estate while a park called Sidings Park has been established in the middle of the estate as an interpretation of the site's previous use.

References

Industrial buildings in Sydney
Railway workshops in New South Wales
1923 establishments in Australia
1995 disestablishments in Australia
Defunct railway workshops of Australia
Leonor F. Loree. Leonor F. Loree (April 23, 1858 – September 6, 1940) was an American civil engineer, lawyer, railroad executive, and founder of the American Newcomen Society.

He obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1877, a Master of Science in 1880, a Civil Engineering degree in 1896 and a Doctor of Law in 1917, all from Rutgers College. He also obtained a Doctor of Engineering degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1933. He was President of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad and had interests in Kansas City Southern, Baltimore and Ohio, New York Central, and the Rock Island Railroads. He was a Trustee at Rutgers University from 1909–1940 and was Chairman of the Rutgers Board of Trustees Committee on New Jersey College for Women (now Douglass College) until 1938. He was the donor of the New Jersey College for Women Athletic Field (Antilles Field). Rutgers has a building named after him, Leonor Fresnel Loree, erected in 1963 on the Douglass campus.

Accomplishments

In 1923, Loree was a principal founder of The Newcomen Society in North America, a learned society promoting engineering, technology and free enterprise.

In 1903, Loree, together with Frank PJ Patenall, received , for the upper quadrant semaphore,  which soon became the most widely used form of railroad lineside signal in North America.  Railroads continued to install them until the 1940s.

"This is a helluva way to run a railroad!"

In 1906 a committee of creditors asked Leonor to take charge of the Kansas City Southern Railroad.  At the time it was considered no more than "two streaks of rust, its engines lost steam, the men were disheartened and the stations were shacks."  After Mr. Loree gave his initial inspection, in a speech in front of the financial community, he ended his professional and technical description of the railroad line by stating, "This is a helluva way to run a railroad".

Career
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: president 1901 - 1904
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad president - 1904
Kansas City Southern Railway: president 1918 - 1920
Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad: chairman 1926 - 1928
Delaware and Hudson Railroad: president 1907 - 1938

Published works
 Economy in railway operation-Engineering Magazine, Volume 9, 1895.

See also
List of railroad executives

References

External links
 Biographical Sketch

1858 births
1940 deaths
American civil engineers
American engineering writers
20th-century American railroad executives
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad people
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad
Kansas City Southern Railway
Delaware and Hudson Railway
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
General Motors Diesel Division. General Motors Diesel Division (GMDD) was a marketing and customer service unit of General Motors founded in 1938. It sought customers for GM's diesel engines, which had undergone major development during the 1930s. It was most active in association with GM's Detroit Diesel Engine Division, which produced lines of lightweight diesel engines that could be adapted to many uses including road vehicles, small boats, military equipment, construction and farm equipment, pumping, and auxiliary power generation. In 1939, Detroit Diesel Series 71 engines were installed in buses produced by Yellow Coach, who would be acquired by GM in 1943 to launch the GMC Truck and Coach  Division.  Uses for Detroit Diesel engines would proliferate during World War II and the postwar economic boom. The GM Cleveland Diesel Engine Division's products were sold to relatively few customers  for mostly marine uses.  GMDD developed a widespread international marketing, service, and parts distribution infrastructure for GM diesel engines in the postwar years.  

In 1962 GM's Electro-Motive Division (EMD), which had its own marketing and service infrastructure from its years in the locomotive business, took over the production and marketing of large diesel engines formerly produced by the Cleveland Diesel Engine Division.

In 1965 GMDD was absorbed by the General Motors Detroit Diesel Engine Division.

General Motors Diesel Division is not to be confused with General Motors Diesel, Ltd., the Canadian subsidiary of EMD formed in 1949, or the Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada, the entity for General Motors of Canada's diesel equipment manufacturing operations formed in 1969.

Products
Diesel engines produced by the General Motors Cleveland Diesel and Detroit Diesel Engine Divisions

See also
 GMC
 Detroit Diesel
 Cleveland Diesel Engine Division

References

Former General Motors subsidiaries
Economy of Detroit
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Refined Printing Command Stream. Refined Printing Command Stream, also known as RPCS, is a vector-based printing/duplicating control protocol, designed for communication between Microsoft Windows PC clients, and several lines of Ricoh copiers.  Drivers provided by Ricoh install the chosen copier to behave as a printer device.

The size-efficiency of the protocol is comparable to PCL6.

Drivers
Ricoh offers RPCS based drivers for Windows, Mac OS and to some extent for Linux.

Linux
Drivers for Linux are provided only on the Japanese website. Instead of Aficio they are called IPSiO.

See also
Ricoh Hong Kong
PCL - Printer Command Language, a printer control protocol family designed by Hewlett-Packard

References

Further reading
A tutorial about installing the Ricoh RPCS driver on Linux

Page description languages
Surface feet per minute. Surface feet per minute (SFPM or SFM) is the combination of a physical quantity (surface speed) and an imperial and American customary unit (feet per minute or FPM). It is defined as the number of linear feet that a location on a rotating component travels in one minute. Its most common use is in the measurement of cutting speed (surface speed) in machining. It is a unit of velocity that describes how fast the cutting edge of the cutting tool travels. It correlates directly to the machinability of the workpiece material and the hardness of the cutting tool material. It relates to spindle speed via variables such as cutter diameter (for rotating cutters) or workpiece diameter (for lathe work).

SFM is a combination of diameter and the velocity (RPM) of the material measured in feet-per-minute as the spindle of a milling machine or lathe. 1 SFM equals 0.00508 surface meter per second (meter per second, or m/s, is the SI unit of speed). The faster the spindle turns, and/or the larger the diameter, the higher the SFM. The goal is to tool a job to run the SFM as high as possible to increase hourly part production. However some materials will run better at specific SFMs. When the SFM is known for a specific material (ex 303 annealed stainless steel = 120 SFM for high speed steel tooling), a formula can be used to determine spindle speed for live tools or spindle speeds for turning materials.

In a milling machine, the tool diameter is used instead of the stock diameter in the following formulas when the tool is revolving and the stock is stationary.

Spindle speed can be calculated using the following equation:

SFM can be calculated using the following equation:

See also
 Speeds and feeds

References

External links
Surface Feet per Minute

Machining
Units of velocity
Metalworking terminology
Velocity
Western Australian Regional Computing Centre. Western Australian Regional Computing Centre (WARCC) was part of the University of Western Australia, formed to provide computing services to the university, other universities in Western Australia, government departments, and to some private companies.  It specialised in technical and scientific computing. It was formed on 1 January 1972, and ceased in 1991, when parts of it were spun off to become Winthrop Technology.

Among the services it provided were time-shared computer processing, facilities management, software development, microcomputer rental and sales. It was Digital Equipment Corporation's first customer for the PDP-6.

Its first Director was Dennis Moore (1972–1979), followed by Alex Reid (1979–1991).

WARCC's Data Communications group, headed by Terry Gent, developed computer networking hardware and software. Using a combination of equipment from Digital Equipment Corporation and other vendors, and hardware and software that the group developed, it built a campus-wide network and then extended that to link the networks of the universities in Western Australia in the first heterogeneous packet switching network in Australia.

External links
 WARCC History Page 
 UWA Computing History Page 
 "Cyberhistory": MSc thesis by Keith Falloon, 2001 
 "Computing", Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia, UWA Press, 2009, Gregory, J. & Gothard, J., editors, p223-224

University of Western Australia
ISO 10161. ISO 10161 is the ISO standard, first published in 1993, that defines the interlibrary loan (ILL) application protocol for communication between various document exchange systems. It allows ILL systems at different libraries and residing on different hardware platforms and using different software packages such as VDX to communicate with each other to request and receive electronic documents. It is closely related to ISO 10160, the Interlibrary Loan Application Service Definition.

References

10161
Library automation