omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Richard Wexelblat. Richard L. Wexelblat, aka Dick Wexelblat is an American, a former artisan woodturner, and a former computer scientist.

Early life 
Wexelblat received his BSEE, MSEE (CS), and Ph.D. (CS) from The Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania in 6/1959, 6/1961, and 12/1965 respectively. His doctorate is believed by many and so reported by ACM to have been the first ever awarded by a formally recognized Computer Science department. (Note: not the first CS doctorate, but the first awarded by a CS department. See the note about Andy van Dam below.)  His doctoral advisor was Noah Prywes.

He left the computer field to become an artisan woodturner and has since retired from that field as well. He currently resides with his wife as a seniors facility in Coatesville PA.

Career 
He is said to be the originator of Wexelblat's scheduling algorithm: "Choose two of: good, fast, cheap." He states, "Bob Rosin said I originated this; I'm not sure. He also credited me with having been the first to refer to Occam's Razor as 'The Law of Least Astonishment'". http://www.anvari.org/fortune/Software_Engineering_Proverbs/16_wexelblats-scheduling-algorithm-choose-two-good-fast-cheap.html

Personal life 
His sons, Alan and David and his brother Paul are also computer scientists, although Paul is now mostly retired and David is now a lawyer.

Although Richard is proud of his achievements, he has two thoughts to share. Andries van Dam completed his Ph.D. in Computer Science at the Moore School only a few weeks after Richard. Andy has devoted his professional life to Computer Science and Computer Graphics. He is the one who deserves pioneer credit. Speaking of pioneers, Paul Wexelblat wrote code for the Interface Message Processor packet switching node, part of the earliest version of the Internet, and is a true Internet pioneer.

Selected publications 
 Richard L. Wexelblat (ed.): History of Programming Languages, Academic Press 1981.

References

External links
http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/w/Wexelblat:Richard_L=.html

American computer scientists
Programming language researchers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Basil Favis. Basil D. Favis is a full professor in Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal and the director of Center for Research on High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC). Favis is the author or co-author of more than 170 scientific papers and is one of the most highly cited authors in the polymer/biopolymer blends field. In 1995 Favis was the recipient of the Syncrude Canada Innovation Award of the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering. He is the past chairman of the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Division of the Chemical Institute of Canada, a Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada, a Fellow of the Society of Plastics Engineers, a member of the Quebec Order of Engineers and in 1997-1998 was the Invited Professor at the University of Strasbourg in France.

Favis received his Ph.D. in Polymer Physical Chemistry from McGill University in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. After a period in industry as a group leader with Johnson and Johnson Inc. he worked as program manager for polymer blends with the Industrial Materials Institute of the National Research Council of Canada. Since 1990 he has been a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal.

References

Living people
McGill University Faculty of Science alumni
Academic staff of the Université de Montréal
Canadian chemical engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Heavy fermion superconductor. Heavy fermion superconductors are a type of unconventional superconductor.

The first heavy fermion superconductor, CeCu2Si2, was discovered by Frank Steglich in 1978.

Since then over 30 heavy fermion superconductors were found (in materials based on Ce, U), with a critical temperature up to 2.3 K (in CeCoIn5).

Heavy fermion materials are intermetallic compounds, containing rare earth or actinide elements. The f-electrons of these atoms hybridize with the normal conduction electrons leading to quasiparticles with an enhanced effective mass.

From specific heat measurements  one knows that the Cooper pairs in the superconducting state are also formed by the heavy quasiparticles.
In contrast to normal superconductors it cannot be described by BCS theory. Due to the large effective mass, the 
Fermi velocity is reduced and comparable to the inverse Debye frequency. This leads to the failing of the picture of electrons polarizing the lattice as an attractive force.

Some heavy fermion superconductors are candidate materials for the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase. In particular there has been evidence that CeCoIn5 close to the critical field is in an FFLO state.

References 

Superconductivity
Correlated electrons
Condensed matter physics
Rotary Cell Culture System. The Rotary Cell Culture System  (RCCS) is a device designed to grow three-dimensional cell clusters in microgravity. In the early 1990s, NASA researchers began developing hardware that would let them study the cell tissues of mammals—including humans—in microgravity. They also needed it to protect the fragile cultures from the turbulence of Space Shuttle launch and landing. The resulting device enables the growth of tissue, cancer tumors and virus cultures outside the body, both in space and on Earth.

The cell culture bioreactor—known commercially as the Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS) -- boasts several advantages that exceed typical laboratory methods. Lab-grown cell cultures tend to be small, flat and two-dimensional, unlike normal cultures. But tissues grown in the RCCS are larger and three-dimensional, with structural and chemical characteristics similar to normal tissue. Additionally, the RCCS has no internal moving parts, therefore minimizing any forces that might damage the delicate cell cultures.

Uses
Using RCCS technology, researchers could potentially test chemotherapy agents on a patient's own cancer cells outside the patient's body. There are similar possibilities for AIDS research: the RCCS can produce human HIV host cells that can be infected and studied.

Today, leading research facilities across the United States are employing the RCCS to study cancer, cystic fibrosis and infectious diseases such as the avian flu, Ebola virus and monkey pox. They're also using the RCCS to provide tissues for the development of HIV vaccines and other drugs.

A closed tubular cylinder forms the system's cell culture chamber, which is filled with a liquid medium in which cells grow on micrometre-size beads. The chamber rotates around a horizontal axis, allowing the cells to develop in an environment similar to the free-fall of microgravity. Oxygen, required by cells for growth, is fed into the liquid medium through a porous wall in the chamber.

The NASA researchers who led the development of the cell culture bioreactor were named co-recipients of the 1991 NASA Inventor of the Year Award because of their work on the project.

References
Fighting Diseases: NASA Takes it Outside
SPINOFF 2002 - Johnson Space Center

NASA spin-off technologies
Cell culture
NOTIS. NOTIS (Northwestern Online Total Integrated System) was a seminal integrated library system first created at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA in 1968. John P. McGowan, University Librarian from 1971 to 1992, recruited Professor James S. Aagaard to spearhead the project as lead programmer, and Velma Veneziano as systems analyst.

The core of the original system was written in IBM 360 Assembler and ran on an IBM mainframe. The first module to go into production was Circulation on January 19, 1970; followed by the Technical Services module in October 1971.  The system officially received its name NOTIS in May 1976.

The first library outside of Northwestern University Library to implement NOTIS was the National Library of Venezuela in the Spring of 1979.

By 1985 NOTIS integrated the public access catalog (OPAC), circulation, acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, authority control, and database management. Automatic fund accounting was also under development. All NOTIS modules accessed a single bibliographic record.

In 1987 Northwestern University restructured the internal marketing department that had already sold the NOTIS system to several libraries outside of Northwestern, as NOTIS Systems, Inc, a for-profit corporation owned by the university. Jane Burke, who had been the marketing director for the NOTIS system since 1983, was appointed as President of the new corporation. By the fall of 1988 NOTIS software packages were in operation at more than 100 other sites.

Aagaard and Veneziano received the LITA/Gaylord Award for Achievement in Library and Information Technology award in July 1985 for their work on NOTIS. McGowan was named the 1989 Academic Librarian of the Year by the Association of College and Research Libraries for his work promoting automation and information technology in libraries.

Ameritech purchased NOTIS Systems, Inc. from Northwestern University on October 1, 1991.

The NOTIS History Webpage , created in October, 2014, is a comprehensive website giving a complete picture of NOTIS history.

See also 
Dynix

References

External links 
 Cost Advantages of Total System Development
 James Aagaard, Emeritus Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering
 Former Librarian McGowan Dies at Age 79
 NOTIS History Webpage

Library automation
Electricity sector in Spain. In 2023, Spain consumed 244,686 gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity, a 2.3% decline from 2022. 

In 2008, Spain consumed 88% of the average electricity consumption for a European Union 15 country. In 2009, Spain exported about 3% of the electricity it produced. The volume of renewable electricity produced in 2009 was 5% greater than in 2004, and accounted for about 26% of the electricity consumption. The share of nuclear power declined notably between 2004 and 2005. The volume of nuclear power per person has declined consistently during 2004–2009.

In 2023, renewable energy sources accounted for a record share of the electricity generated in Spain at 50.4%. In the same year, wind farms overtook gas plants as the main source of electricity generation. Gas plants experienced a decline in share from 24% in 2022 to 17% in 2023.

Electricity per person and by power source 
In 2008, Spanish electricity consumption was an average of 6,523 kWh/person. Spanish electricity usage constituted 88% of the EU15 average (EU15: 7,409 kWh/person), and 73% of the OECD average (8,991 kWh/person).

Mode of production 

According to IEA the electricity use (gross production + imports − exports − transmission/distribution losses) in Spain was in 2004 253 TWh, (2007) 282 TWh and (2008) 288 TWh, while the use was in 2008 in France 494 TWh and Germany 587 TWh.

Electricity production from natural gas in 2008 was in Spain 122 TWh, exceeded in Europe only by Russia 495 TWh, United Kingdom 177 TWh and Italy 173 TWh.

Transmission 

Red Eléctrica de España operates around 20,000 km each of 400kV and 220kV power lines.

Spain is technically part of the Synchronous grid of Continental Europe. However, in 2014, Spain had an electricity interconnection level (international transmission capacity relative to production capacity) of 2% (below the recommended 10% level), effectively islanding the Iberian Peninsula. The 2 GW HVDC INELEF powerline between Spain and France was opened in 2015.

Renewable energy in Spain 

In 2009 Spain produced 13% wind power compare to the use of electricity (794/ 6,145) The wind capacity installed at end 2010 will, in a normal wind year, produce 14.4% of electricity, when the equivalent value for Germany is 9.4%, Portugal 14% and Denmark 24%.

Power stations

See also
 Energy in Spain

References
Conex box. The CONEX box, a portmanteau of "Container, express", is a type of cargo container that was developed during the Korean War and was used to transport and store supplies during the Korean and Vietnam wars. It was reinvented by Malcom McLean to form the standard intermodal shipping container, often called an ISO box, after ISO 668/ISO 6346, that is used widely by container shipping companies today.

History
The use of standardized steel and aluminum shipping containers began during the late 1940s and early 1950s, when commercial shipping operators and the US military started developing such units. During World War II, the US Army began experiments with containers to ship supplies to the front lines. Cargo was being delayed at ports due to the time required by break bulk loading and offloading of ships. In addition, the supplies suffered from pilferage and in-transit damage. 

In 1948, the U.S. Army Transportation Corps developed the "Transporter", a rigid, corrugated steel container, able to carry . It was  long,  wide, and  high, with double doors on one end, was mounted on skids, and had lifting rings on the top four corners.

After proving successful in Korea, the Transporter was developed into the Container Express (CONEX) box system in late 1952. Based on the Transporter, the size and capacity of the Conex were about the same, but the system was made modular, by the addition of a smaller, half-size unit of  long,  wide and  high. CONEXes could be stacked three high, and protected their contents from the elements. 

By 1965, the US military had some 100,000 CONEX boxes. By 1967, over 100,000 more had been procured to support the escalation of the Vietnam War, making this the world's first intercontinental application of intermodal containers. More than three quarters were shipped only once, because they remained in theatre. The CONEX boxes were as useful to the soldiers as their contents, in particular as storage facilities where there were no other options.

The term "CONEX" remains in common use in the US military to refer to the similar but larger ISO-standard shipping containers.

See also
 Intermodal container
 Containerization

Explanatory notes

References

Intermodal containers
Military terminology of the United States
Military slang and jargon
Reginald Walter Maudslay. Reginald Walter Maudslay (1 September 1871 – 14 December 1934) was a British car manufacturer and founder of the Standard Motor Company. Born in Paddington, London, Maudslay was the son of Athol Edward Maudslay, "gentleman", and Kate, daughter of Sir Thomas Lucas, founder of a large firm of building contractors.

Maudslay was educated at St David's School in Moffat, Scotland, followed by Marlborough College. After leaving school he attended the Crystal Palace School of Engineering, trained as a civil engineer under Sir John Wolfe-Barry, during which time he worked on a number of major engineering projects such as Barry Docks. Maudslay abandoned his civil engineering career in 1902 and with financial support from Wolfe-Barry moved to Coventry, where he leased a small workshop; his cousin, Cyril Maudslay, was by then managing director of the nearby Maudslay Motor Company. In 1903 Reginald Maudslay established the Standard Motor Company in larger premises in Much Park Street. Unable to use the family name to brand his vehicles, Maudslay appears to have been influenced in his adoption of the "Standard" marque by the Roman standard on display in the lounge of his house.

In 1914 the Standard Motor Company went public, for a "comparatively modest" £50,000 (equivalent to £ in ). Production was increased and soon reached 750 cars per year. Maudslay was reported to be a designer of "considerable ability", and reputedly invented the side-entrance car body so familiar today, but his contribution to the development of Standard after the First World War is "difficult to assess". He relied heavily on the engineering skills of others such as John Budge and later John Black, who by 1933 was joint managing director with Maudslay. Maudslay's enthusiasm for the export market drove the company's finances into the doldrums during the 1920s, particularly in 1927 after an anticipated large Australian order, to which most of the company's production had been diverted, failed to materialise.

Maudslay married Susan Gwendolen, née Herbert, on 30 January 1908; the couple had two sons and a daughter. One of the sons, Henry, flew with the Royal Air Force in World War II, and was killed on the famous Dam Busters' Raid in May 1943.

Little is known of his private life, but "he acquired the reputation of a country gentleman and was fond of inspecting the shop floor wearing a deerstalker hat and matching overcoat." Contemporaries described him as "a gentlemanly engineer of the old school who found it difficult to adjust his ideas to the post-1918 industry". He died in Marylebone, London, on 14 December 1934 after a short illness.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1871 births
1934 deaths
British automotive pioneers
People from Paddington
People educated at Marlborough College
Standard Motor Company
British founders of automobile manufacturers
Rutan Solitaire. The Rutan Model 77 Solitaire is an American, single seat, canard, mid-wing motor glider that was developed by Burt Rutan in response to the 1982 Sailplane Homebuilders Association Design Contest for a homebuilt glider. It first flew in 1982. The Solitaire was declared the winner of the contest and its unusual layout attracted a great deal of attention. For a time in the 1980s the aircraft was available as plans and as a kit.

Design and development
Like many Rutan designs, the Solitaire uses a canard layout, with a lifting foreplane with elevators for pitch control at the nose, and a rudder at the rear of a tail boom. The pilot sits under a bubble canopy and the electro-hydraulically retractable gasoline engine occupies the space between the pilot's feet and the canard. The aircraft is constructed from fiberglass on Nomex honeycomb and urethane foam.

The  wing has a built-in mid-span twist to offset the effects of the canard's downwash, with the inboard  having 2 degrees less twist than the outboard portion of the wing. The wing is equipped with very effective trailing edge spoilers, consisting of a flap that deploys down while also protruding its leading edge upward into the airflow.

The canard configuration is designed so that the forward surface stalls before the main wing, making the aircraft unstallable, and also unspinnable. This does not mean, however, that the aircraft cannot be maneuvered into a flight regime where a high rate of descent is achieved.

When it was in production, the kit included all the hardware to assemble the prefabricated fiberglass parts. The fuselage halves came with Nomex honeycomb cores and a special film adhesive to bond the halves together. The main wing spars supplied used S-glass roving spar caps that had been molded in metal molds. The kits also included many molded parts, including the seat pan, canopy pre-mounted in its frame, turtledeck, fuselage bulkheads, wing root fairings, wheel fairings, wingtips and the foam cores used in the wings and the canard.

The initial engine was the  Zenoah G-25, but this was changed to a Robin engine and then later the  Cuyuna 215. The KFM 107e  engine has also been used.

Operational history
Within two months of the aircraft's introduction in 1982, 50 to 60 sets of plans had been sold. In March 2011 there were seven Solitaires registered in the United States, including one in the EAA AirVenture Museum.

Aircraft on display
EAA AirVenture Museum

Specifications (Solitaire)

See also

References

External links
RUTAN Model 77-6 'Solitaire' at "Stargazer"
Photo of a Solitaire

1980s United States sailplanes
Rutan aircraft
Vehicles introduced in 1982
Aircraft first flown in 1982
Canard aircraft
Motor gliders
Mid-wing aircraft
Xenon (pinball). Xenon is a 1980 pinball machine designed by Greg Kmiec and released by Bally. The game was not only the first talking pinball table by Bally, but also the first with a female voice.

Description
The voice for the female robot theme was provided by Suzanne Ciani who also composed the music of the game. The seductive voice is for example saying "Try Xeeeeenon" in attraction mode or responds to bumper hits with some "Oooh" and "Aaah" moaning sound effects.

Xenon consists of dominant blue artwork e.g. blue bumper caps, plastic posts and bluish light that gives the game a futuristic xenon theme.

The tube shot is the most prominent playfield feature and transports the ball from the upper-right side of the playfield to the middle-left side of the playfield. It consists of a clear acrylic tube with a string of small lights.

An episode of Omni: The New Frontier has a segment that talks about the creation of the game's audio.

Digital version
Xenon was among twelve titles included in the 2006 digital arcade game UltraPin by UltraCade Technologies. It was chosen in a poll for inclusion in FarSight Studios'  2012 release The Pinball Arcade, and was available for purchase on several platforms until the developer's license to include Williams and Bally tables expired in July 2018.

See also
 The Machine: Bride of Pin•Bot

References

External links
 IPDB listing for Xenon
 Kineticist listing for Xenon
 Xenon by Suzanne Ciani: a complete collection of Suzanne Ciani’s pioneering musical effects for Xenon

1980 pinball machines
Bally pinball machines
Division of IT Convergence Engineering. The Division of IT Convergence Engineering was founded in March 2009, and will be funded by the Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology as a WCU (World Class University) Program. It utilizes resources from POSTECH’s Division of IT Convergence Engineering.

History

References

Educational institutions established in 2009
Research institutes in South Korea
Pohang University of Science and Technology
Engineering universities and colleges in South Korea
2009 establishments in South Korea
Qods Saeghe. The Qods Saeghe ("lightning bolt") is a simple Iranian recoverable target drone.

Design
The Saeghe has low-mounted delta wings and a bullet-shaped fuselage. It has a sweptback wing rudder and no landing gear. Control surfaces are located on the horizontal stabilizers. The Saeghe is constructed entirely of composite. It is powered by one 18.6 kW (25 hp) WAE-342 pusher engine in a pusher configuration.

The Saeghe is launched via a small rocket from a short metal rail, called a JATO launch. It is recovered by parachute over land or water (as a plastic drone, it floats) or by skidding on its belly over flat terrain.

Variants 
It comes in two versions. The first one which only has radio command guidance system and the other one which has GPS guidance and IR emissions. Both versions are launched via a booster and are recovered by parachute.

Saeghe-1
The Saeghe 1's flight path and maneuvers are controlled by simple radio command. This variant is also known as the N-Q-A 100.

Saeghe-2
The Saeghe-2 has more advanced avionics, with tele-command and telemetry uplinks and downlinks between the drone and the ground control station. The Saeghe 2 also has GPS navigation it can use to follow navigational points on autopilot beyond the line-of-sight of the operator. The Saeghe-2 shares the same airframe as the Saeghe-1.

The Saeghe 2 carries a gyrostabilized radar reflector and three IR flares. It is controlled from a ground control station which can be carried in a small van. The Saeghe 2 first flew in 2002.

Operators

State operators

Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces

Syrian Armed Forces

Specifications (Saeghe-2)

References

Saeghe
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of Iran
Target drones
Military equipment of Iran