omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Skybirds. Skybirds was a brand name for a series of 1:72 scale wood and metal aircraft model kits produced during the 1930s and 1940s, manufactured by the A. J. Holladay & Co. 

Some of the Skybird-branded products were die-cast scale model cars, aircraft, military vehicles, figurines, among others.

History 
These kits were designed by pilot and aviation journalist James Hay Stevens and comprised shaped wooden blanks with cast metal detail parts. The kits were intended to educate their assemblers of the aircraft. They were designed to be built similarly to real aircraft construction. The kits were supposedly approved by "educational and air-minded organisations". These were the first model aircraft kits in the world made to a constant scale of 1:72. This scale was later adopted by many other model manufacturers, such as Frog and Airfix.

Around 80 different Skybirds kits were released from 1932 onwards, marketed towards those aged 12 and over. Subjects ranged from First World War to Second World War military aircraft, plus a number of inter-war period civilian types.

The company endorsed the foundation of clubs, specifically for model-making. Together, these formed the Skybird League which had its own magazine of which new issues were published four times a year.  Photographs of aircraft models built could be submitted into competitions, in order to be displayed within the windows of the Hamleys toyshop in London.

It was marvelled, by customers, that a photograph of a completed model, if finished properly, looked identical to the original article. Of course, this was somewhat easier to achieve with a completed model in the 1930s due to the fact that all photography was monochromatic. The kits encouraged photographers to experiment with scale and trickery to make the model seem more like an actual vehicle. Magazine readers sent their photographs to Skybirds, hoping them to be published within an upcoming issue. Modellers were also encouraged to produce a diorama of their completed vehicle, setting it amidst scratch-built accessories. During the Second World War, modelling became a vital part of morale for children. They could participate within the dogfights above them during the Battle Of Britain. It is possible that model making popularised the Supermarine Spitfire, despite it being statistically out-performed and out-numbered throughout the conflict by the, then, more-successful Hawker Hurricane.

Manufacture ceased in 1942, and in 1945 the company closed but was soon relaunched under new management. However the Skybirds range did not survive the company's acquisition by Zang shortly afterwards.

References

External links
 Avia Mini News Book Review: Skybird Notes by A G Sinclair
 The Frog Penguin website: In the beginning...
Taking to the Air An Illustrated History of Flight by Lily Ford, 

Model manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct toy manufacturers
Model aircraft
FENE model. In polymer physics, the finite extensible nonlinear elastic (FENE) model, also called the FENE dumbbell model, represents the dynamics of a long-chained polymer. It simplifies the chain of monomers by connecting a sequence of beads with nonlinear springs. 

Its direct extension the FENE-P model, is more commonly used in computational fluid dynamics to simulate turbulent flow. The P stands for the last name of physicist Anton Peterlin, who developed an important approximation of the model in 1966. The FENE-P model was introduced by Robert Byron Bird et al. in the 1980s.

In 1991 the FENE-MP model (PM for modified Peterlin) was introduced and in 1988 the FENE-CR was introduced by M.D. Chilcott and J.M. Rallison.

Formulation 
The spring force  in the FENE model is given Warner's spring force, as

,

where , k is the spring constant and Lmax the upper limit for the length extension. Total stretching force on i-th bead can be written as .

The Werner's spring force approximate the inverse Langevin function found in other models.

FENE-P model 
The FENE-P model takes the FENE model and assumes the Peterlin statistical average for the restoring force as

,

where the  indicates the statistical average.

Advantages and disanvatages 
FENE-P is one of few polymer models that can be used in computational fluid dynamics simulations since it removes the need of statistical averaging at each grid point at any instant in time. It is demonstrated to be able to capture some of the most important polymeric flow behaviors such as polymer turbulence drag reduction and shear thinning. It is the most commonly used polymer model that can be used in a turbulence simulation since direct numerical simulation of turbulence is already extremely expensive.

Due to its simplifications FENE-P is not able to show the hysteresis effects that polymers have, while the FENE model can.

References 

 Dynamics of dissolved polymer chains in isotropic turbulence

External links 
 QPolymer: an open source (for Mac OS X) FENE model Brownian dynamics simulation software
 Stretching of Polymers in Isotropic Turbulence: A Statistical Closure

Polymers
VTN. VTN may refer to:

 Vitronectin, a glycoprotein
 Vietnam, ITU country code
 Victory Television Network, a religious independent television network
 Violet Town railway station, Australia
 Miller Field (airport), Valentine, Nebraska (IATA code)
 Vaitarna railway station (Indian Railways code)
 Vleuten railway station, Netherlands (NS abberivation)
 Vertumnite, a transparent silicate mineral (mineral symbol); see List of mineral symbols
 Andringitra (plant) (CoL taxon identifier)
JŽ series 312. The JŽ Series 312 is an electric motor unit series once belonged to Jugoslovenske Željeznice.

They were former ALe 880 of the Italian railways wo were left in Yugoslavia after the 2nd World war.

This class was put into service in 1950.

The route was Ljubljana-Sežana-Rijeka.

There were two subseries 000 and 100.

External links 
 Characteristics and some description and discussion

Electric multiple units of Yugoslavia
Smokestack industry. A smokestack industry is a basic, usually cyclical, heavy industry. The factories stereo-typically used in such industries have  smoke stacks, hence the name, and produce a high volume of pollution.

Example industries include:
Iron and steelworks
 Automotive
 Chemical
 Power generation

History
Smokestacks were first used during Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries and were known to foul the airs in most larger cities but were most noted in large industrial centers like Manchester England or Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.  During the dramatic growth and evolution of systems used to produce electricity coal burning central electric stations that relied on direct current were found throughout cities that released noxious fumes and soot into the city air. Taller smokestacks helped to reduce this environmental issue.

External links
 European Union: Global sources of air pollution by country

References

Manufacturing
EMIEW. EMIEW is a robot developed by Hitachi. Another version has also been made called EMIEW 2. EMIEW stands for Excellent Mobility and Interactive Existence as Workmate. Two EMIEWs have been made, called Pal and Chum. Hitachi stated that Pal and Chum, have a vocabulary of about 100 words, and Pal exhibited these skills by telling reporters: "I want to be able to walk about in places like Shinjuku and Shibuya in the future without bumping into people and cars". Both EMIEWs have a top speed of 6 km/h (matching Honda's ASIMO) and can avoid obstacles.

Specifications

See also 
 Humanoid robot

References

External links 
 
 

Social robots
Bipedal humanoid robots
2005 robots
Robots of Japan
Hitachi products
Rotary cutter. A rotary cutter is a tool generally used by quilters to cut fabric. It consists of a handle with a circular blade that rotates, thus the tool's name. Rotary cutter blades are very sharp, can be resharpened, and are available in different sizes: usually smaller blades are used to cut small curves, while larger blades are used to cut to straight lines and broad curves. Several layers of fabric can be cut simultaneously with a sharp (fresh) blade, making it easier to cut out patchwork pieces of the same shape and size than with scissors. Quilters use rotary cutters with specially designed templates and rulers made of approximately  thick clear or color-tinted plastic.

History
The first rotary cutter was introduced by the OLFA company in 1979 for garment making, however, it was quickly adopted by quilters. Prior to the invention of the rotary cutter, quilters traced handmade templates of the necessary shapes onto the wrong side of the fabric and added  seam allowances all around. Templates were often handmade of (cereal box type) cardboard and the pencil wore down the edges with repeated tracings, rendering them inaccurate; new templates would be made several times until all the patchwork pieces were cut. Pieces were usually cut one at a time with dressmaking scissors, which were often heavy and had long blades that were designed for cutting large pieces for garments but were cumbersome to use for cutting small pieces for patchwork. The rotary cutter gained almost immediate widespread use among quilters after its introduction and, along with the accompanying development of strip techniques, revolutionized quilting. 

Today there are many companies making rotary cutters. Cutters come in a variety of handle types and some include specialty blades to cut curved or zigzagged lines. Most have retractable blades that can be locked to prevent injury.

References

Cutting tools
Sewing equipment
Wiring closet. A wiring cupboard is a small room commonly found in institutional buildings, such as schools and offices, where electrical connections are made. While they are used  for many purposes, their most common use is for computer networking where it may be called a premises wire distribution room (PWD room). Many types of network connections place limits on the distance between end user equipment, such as personal computers, and network access devices, such as routers. These restrictions might require multiple wiring cupboards on each floor of a large building.

Equipments
Equipment that may be found in a wiring closet includes:

Patch panels
Alarm systems
Circuit breaker panels
Video systems, such as cable TV and closed-circuit television systems
Ethernet routers, Network switches, Firewalls
Fiber optic terminations
Telephone punch blocks
Wireless access points

See also
 Equipment room
 Server room
 On-premises wiring

External links
Conduit Wire Fill Chart

Rooms
Electrical wiring
Networking hardware
Toms effect. In fluid dynamics, the Toms effect is a reduction of the drag of a turbulent flow thought a pipeline when polymer solutions are added.

In 1948, B. A. Toms discovered by experiments that the addition of a small amount of polymer into a Newtonian solvent (parts per million by weight), which results in a non-Newtonian fluid solution, can reduce the skin frictional drag on a stationary surface by up to 80% when turbulence is present.

This technology has been successfully implemented to reduce pumping cost for oil pipelines, to increase the flow rate in fire fighting equipment and to help irrigation and drainage. It also has potential applications in the design of ship and submarine hulls to achieve an increased speed and reduced energy cost.

See also 
 Drag reducing agent
 FENE model
 Non-Newtonian fluid
 Direct numerical simulation

References

External links 
 Alyeska Pipe Line
 EFFECTS OF FRICTION AND POLYMERS ON 2D TURBULENCE

Polymers
JŽ series 310/314. The JŽ Series 310 was a 3000V DC electric multiple unit once operated by the  Yugoslav State Railways (JŽ).

Only one unit of the class existed, consisting of three cars, numbered 310.001, 314.001 and 314.002. The unit was an ex FS class ALe 883 (it:FS ALe 883).

See also
SŽ series 310, Slovenian railways has operated a class 310 unit - these are post breakup vehicles, of Pendolino type.

References

External links 
 http://www.railfaneurope.net/ric/electric_locomotives.htm

Electric multiple units of Yugoslavia
3000 V DC multiple units
Hatta number. The Hatta number (Ha) was developed by Shirôji Hatta (1895-1973 ) in 1932, who taught at Tohoku University from 1925 to 1958. It is a dimensionless parameter that compares the rate of reaction in a liquid film to the rate of diffusion through the film. For a second order reaction (), the maximum rate of reaction assumes that the liquid film is saturated with gas at the interfacial concentration ; thus, the maximum rate of reaction is . 

For a reaction  order in  and  order in :

For gas-liquid absorption with chemical reactions, a high Hatta number indicates the reaction is much faster than diffusion. In this case, the reaction occurs within a thin film, and the surface area limits the overall rate. Conversely, a Hatta number smaller than unity suggests the reaction is the limiting factor, and the reaction takes place in the bulk fluid, requiring larger volumes.

References

See also 
Dimensionless quantity
Dimensional analysis

Catalysis
Dimensionless numbers of chemistry
Transport phenomena
Herbert John Shaw. Dr. Herbert John Shaw (June 2, 1918 – January 19, 2006) was a professor at Stanford University, and a major inventor in the fields of fiber optic gyroscopes, optical communications, and surface acoustic wave devices.

Shaw was born in Seattle, and in 1941 received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Washington. He received his master's degree (1942) and  doctorate (1948), both from Stanford's electrical engineering department, and subsequently joined the department as a research associate. In 1950 he transferred to Stanford's Microwave Laboratory, later renamed the Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, as a research associate, and in 1977 became its associate director. Six years later, Shaw became a research professor in applied physics. He retired in 1989.

Shaw authored 291 technical publications and received about 100 U.S. patents, mostly in the field of photonics. He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He received the 1976 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for contributions to the development of acoustic surface wave devices" and the 1981 Achievement Award of the IEEE Group on Sonics and Ultrasonics "for many contributions, through research and education, to ultrasonics technology."

References 
 Obituary, San Francisco Chronicle, Thursday, February 2, 2006
 Stanford obituary, February 1, 2006
 IFOS biography

1918 births
2006 deaths
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American engineers
University of Washington alumni
Stanford University alumni
Stanford University faculty
Ping King Tien. Ping King Tien (; August 2, 1919 – December 27, 2017) was a Chinese-American electrical engineer and scientist, noted for his contributions to microwave amplifiers and integrated optical circuits.

Biography
Tien was born in Shangyu, Shaoxing, Chekiang (Zhejiang) province, China. He did his undergraduate studies in the National Central University in Nanjing (the predecessor of Nanjing University and Southeast University in Mainland China) and Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He received his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1942. Tien continued his study in the United States, and received his master's degree in 1948 and PhD in 1951 both from the Stanford University.

Tien then joined Bell Labs to work with John Robinson Pierce, eventually becoming head of Electronics Research (1959), Electron-Physics Research (1966), Micro-Electronics Research (1980), High Speed Electronics Research (1984), and fellow in the Photonics Research Laboratory (1989). He died in December 2017 at the age of 98.

Honors and awards
Tien has received several honors and awards, including:
 Elected Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (in 1978)
 Elected Member of the United States National Academy of Engineering (in 1975)
 Elected Academician of the Academia Sinica (in 1988)
 Elected Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 Elected Fellow of the Optical Society of America
 Elected Member of the Third World Academy of Sciences
 Elected Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
 1979, IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for contributions to integrated optics technology"

References 
 Correspondence, Proceedings of the IRE, volume 40, issue 6, pages 728-729. June 1952.

American electrical engineers
1919 births
2017 deaths
Fellows of the IEEE
Members of Academia Sinica
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Shangyu
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology alumni
Stanford University alumni
Scientists from Shaoxing
Engineers from Zhejiang
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Southeast University alumni
National Chiao Tung University (Shanghai) alumni
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
TWAS fellows
Wright's Flour Mill. Wright's Flour Mill is located in Wharf Road, Ponders End, Enfield. It is Enfield's oldest working industrial building.

History 
Some of the present buildings date back to 1789 and include the brick Georgian miller's house and offices flanking a 3½-storey watermill of brick and white weatherboarding. There has been a mill here since at least the late 16th century and possibly Domesday. George Reynolds Wright took full control of the mill in 1870. Originally powered by  a back water of the River Lea.  In 1913 owing to construction work at the nearby King George V Reservoir the water supply which powered the millstones was cut off. The machinery was then converted to electricity. Since then further improvements have been made.

Today 
The business is still owned by the Wright family making it London's only family owned flour mill 
The company mill flour for several family owned bakeries in the locality.

External links
 G.W.Wright&Sons
 Photographs of mill and surrounding area
 Ponders End flour mill conservation area

Further reading
Buildings of England London 4: North by Bridget Cherry and Nikolaus Pevsner p 451

References 

Enfield, London
History of the London Borough of Enfield
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Enfield
Watermills in London
AT&T DSP1. The AT&T DSP1 was a pioneering digital signal processor (DSP) created by Bell Labs.

The DSP1 started in 1977 with a Bell Labs study that recommended creating a large-scale integrated circuit for digital signal processing. It described a basic DSP architecture with multiplier/accumulator, addressing unit, and control; the I/O, data, and control memories were planned to be off-chip until large-scale integration could make a single chip implementation feasible. 

The DSP1 specification was completed in 1978, with first samples tested in May 1979. This first implementation was a single-chip DSP, containing all functional elements found in today's DSPs including multiplier–accumulator (MAC), parallel addressing unit, control, control memory, data memory, and I/O. It was designed with a 20-bit fixed point data format, and 16-bit coefficients and instructions, implemented in a  DRAM process technology. 

By October 1979 other Bell Labs groups began development using the DSP1, most notably as a key component in AT&T's 5ESS switch.

References

 Stanzione et al., "Final Report Study Group on Digital Integrated Signal Processors," Bell Labs Internal Memorandum, October 1977.
 Boddie, Daryanani, Eldumtan, Gadenz, Thompson, Walters, Pedersen, "A Digital Signal Processor for Telecommunications Applications," ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, February 1980, p. 44.
 Chapman, R. C. ed., "Digital Signal Processor," The Bell System Technical Journal, Special Edition, Vol. 60, No. 7, Part 2 (September 1981) pp. 1431–1701.
 Computer History Museum description
 "The Legacy of DSP1", Electronic News, Nov 8, 1999
 "The Legacy of DSP1", Electronic News, Nov 8, 1999

AT&T computers
Bell Labs
Digital signal processors
Sleeper wall. A sleeper wall may refer to the following types of walls:
sleeper wall is a  short wall used to support floor joists, beam and block or hollowcore slabs at ground floor. It is constructed in this fashion when a suspended floor(Also called suspended slab) is required due to bearing conditions or ground water presence. Essentially it is a wall in the way that it is constructed but a sleeper in the way that it functions. Stretcher bond or header-stretcher bond can be used in these walls.

sleeper wall  can also refer to a retaining wall made from railroad ties. It is used to prevent erosion. It can be made from bricks or concrete blocks. The wall is often used in landscaping.

References

Structural system
Types of wall
James R. Boddie. James R. Boddie is an electrical engineer noted for his role in creating the AT&T DSP1, a pioneering digital signal processor from Bell Labs.

Boddie was subsequently Bell Labs Fellow and Director of DSP Technology Development for Lucent Technologies, and Executive Director at StarCore LLC. He received the 1988 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for contributions to the realization of practical single chip digital signal processors".

References 
 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award Recipients
 Stanzione et al., "Final Report Study Group on Digital Integrated Signal Processors," Bell Labs Internal Memorandum, October 1977.
 Boddie, Daryanani, Eldumiati, Gadenz, Thompson, Walters, Pedersen, "A Digital Signal Processor for Telecommunications Applications," ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, February 1980, p. 44.
 Chapman, R. C. ed., "Digital Signal Processor," The Bell System Technical Journal, Special Edition, Vol. 60, No. 7, Part 2 (September 1981) pp. 1431–1701.
 Hayes, W.P. et al., "A 32-bit VLSI digital signal processor", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Volume: 20 Issue: 5, Oct 1985, pages 998-1004. ISSN 0018-9200.
 Computer History Museum description
 "The Legacy of DSP1", Electronic News, Nov 8, 1999
 Lucent, Motorola Will Create Special Semiconductor Chips
 StarCore design system methodology makes high performance DSP core design possible for multiple process technologies

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American electrical engineers
Place of birth missing (living people)