omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Foreign U-boats. Foreign U-boats was the title for a special section created by Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine that adopted 13 captured enemy submarines and a single Turkish vessel into the U-boat corps. Beginning in 1939 and lasting until the end of World War II in 1945, the Kriegsmarine modified a total of 13 captured enemy submarines, then deployed them into combat with German crews. The special corps was not especially successful, as only ten enemy ships were destroyed by Foreign U-boats through the entire war. Eight of these were destroyed by , which was a modified Type IX U-boat originally built for the Turkish Navy. However, some were effective as minelayers.

The captured submarines
: ex Turkish submarine Batiray
UB: ex British submarine 
UC-1: ex Norwegian submarine HNoMS B-5
UC-2: ex Norwegian submarine HNoMS B-6
UD-1: ex Dutch submarine 
UD-2: ex Dutch submarine 
: ex Dutch submarine HNLMS O 25
: ex Dutch submarine HNLMS O 26
: ex Dutch submarine HNLMS O 27
UF-1: ex 
UF-2: ex 
UF-3: ex 
UIT-22: ex Italian submarine Alpino Bagnolini
UIT-23: ex Italian submarine Reginaldo Giuliani
UIT-24: ex 
UIT-25: ex

See also
 Yanagi missions of the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II to European waters
 List of IJN World War II submarines, including non-Japanese submarines in IJN service

References

Submarines of the Kriegsmarine
Military history of Germany during World War II
U-boats
Technical Systems Consultants. Technical Systems Consultants (TSC) was a United States software company.
Headquartered first in West Lafayette, Indiana (it was started by Don Kinzer and Dave Shirk, EE graduate students at Purdue University) and later (1980) moved to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, it was the foremost supplier of software for SWTPC compatible hardware, as well as many other early makes of personal computers. Their software included operating systems (Flex, mini-FLEX, FLEX09, and UniFlex) and various languages (several BASIC variants, FORTRAN, Pascal, C and assemblers).

References

Software companies based in North Carolina
Defunct companies based in North Carolina
Defunct software companies of the United States
Palestinian domestic weapons production. Even before the outbreak of the Al-Aqsa Intifada, various insurgent Palestinian (Palestinian resistance) groups built domestically-produced weapons for attacks against Israel. Most of the effort has been in the production of unguided artillery rockets, though Hamas has built its own versions of anti-tank missiles and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs). Though usually smuggled across the Egyptian border into the Gaza Strip and to a lesser extent Jordanian border into the West Bank, various small arms are believed to be produced in the Palestinian territories.

On 14 August 2008 the Popular Resistance Committees showed off the Nasser-4 missile, an upgraded version of the existing Nasser-3.

Known equipment

Aircraft
 Ababeel1 - reconnaissance and armed drone.

Rockets

Multiple Rocket Launcher
 al Quds-3 MRL (Hamas & Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement)

Short Range Artillery Rockets
 Qassam Type 1, 2, 3, & 4 (Hamas)
 al Quds Type 101 & 2 (Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement)
 al Nasser-3 (Popular Resistance Committees)
 al Nasser-4 (Popular Resistance Committees)
 Saria-2 (Tanzim)
 Kafah (Fatah)
 Jenin-1 (Fatah)
 Arafat Type 1 & 2 (Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade)
 Aqsa-3 (Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade)
 Al-Samoud (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine)

Anti-Tank Missiles
 Yasin RPG (Hamas)
 al Bana RPG (Hamas developed, in use by other factions)  
 al Batar RPG (Hamas developed, in use by other factions)

Mortars 
 Sariya-1 240mm Mortar (Fatah & Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine)

Small arms 
 Carlo (submachine gun)

References

Bibliography
 

Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Palestinian inventions
PivotPoint Technology Corporation. PivotPoint Technology Corporation is a software and systems engineering services company headquartered in Fallbrook, California. PivotPoint was founded in 2003 by Cris Kobryn, a noted expert in visual modeling languages and model-driven development technologies. PivotPoint is best known for its model-driven development consulting and training services, the latter which feature UML, SysML, BPMN and DoDAF workshops. PivotPoint is a founding member and a major contributor to the SysML Partners, the group of software tool vendors and industry leaders that convened in 2003 to create a UML dialect for systems engineering called SysML (Systems Modeling Language). In June 2007 the SysML Partners were named a winner in the Modeling category of the SD Times 100, which recognizes the leaders and innovators of the software development industry.

References

External links
 PivotPoint Technology corporate web

Software companies based in California
Engineering companies of the United States
SysML Partners
Companies based in San Diego County, California
Systems Modeling Language
Software companies of the United States
Alvey. The Alvey Programme was a British government sponsored research programme in information technology that ran from 1984 to 1990. The programme was a reaction to the Japanese Fifth Generation project, which aimed to create a computer using massively parallel computing/processing. The programme was not focused on any specific technology such as robotics, but rather supported research in knowledge engineering in the United Kingdom. It has been likened in operations to the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and Japan's ICOT.

Background 
During the early 1980s, Japan invited the United Kingdom to become a part of the Fifth Generation Project. In October 1981, a Department of Industry mission to Japan consisting of academics, civil servants and business representatives explored collaboration opportunities and attended the Fifth Generation conference. Informed by negotiations between ICL and Fujitsu conducted to "ensure the survival of ICL", suggesting that collaboration would only be possible in "very specific areas agreed upon by individual companies", it was concluded that an emulation of the Japanese approach would be preferable to any attempt at participating in the Japanese programme.

In response, a committee was created and was chaired by John Alvey, a technology director at British Telecom. The report generated proposed a different course of action to the Japanese initiative and became the basis for the UK's rejection of the Fifth Generation and the creation of its own Alvey Programme. The programme's fundamental goal was the improvement of the advanced information technology in the UK to address the declining performance of this sector. It operated in 1984 until 1990.

Alvey was not involved in the programme itself.

The main focus areas of the Alvey Programme were as follows:

 Advanced Microelectronics and VLSI
 Intelligent Knowledge Based Systems (IKBS) or Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Software Engineering
 Man-Machine Interaction (including Natural Language Processing)

Alongside these areas, the provision of a communications infrastructure was a component of the programme. Various areas of endeavour were incorporated into the main focus areas. For example, systems architecture, specifically parallel processing, featured in the VLSI endeavour.

References

 Brian Oakley and Kenneth Owen, Alvey: Britain's Strategic Computing Initiative, MIT Press, 1990. 
 Chris Rigatuso, Takeshi Tachi, Dennis Sysvester & Mark Soper, Collaboration between Firms in Information Technology, Berkeley, EE 290X Group G.
 Richard Tyler, The Daily Telegraph, Feb 9th 2010. 

1984 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
History of artificial intelligence
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Research and development in the United Kingdom
Research projects
Richard James. Richard James may refer to:

 Richard T. James (1918–1974), American naval engineer, inventor of the Slinky
 Richard D. James (production designer) (1936–2024), American art director and production designer
 Richard D. James (musician) (born 1971), real name of British electronic musician and composer, also known for his projects Aphex Twin and The Tuss
 Richard D. James (scientist) (born 1952), American mechanician and materials scientist at the University of Minnesota
 Richard James (Oklahoma politician) (1926–2013), American politician
 Richard James (aviator) (1911–1989), set the junior transcontinental air speed record in 1928
 Richard James (musician) (born 1975), Welsh musician
 Richard James (scholar) (1592–1638), British man of letters
 Richard James (sprinter, born 1956), Australian sprinter
 Richard James (sprinter, born 1979), Jamaican sprinter
 Richard James (pagan), founder of Odyssean Wicca
 Richard James (tailor), British tailor and menswear company
 Richard T. James (politician) (1910–1965), Lieutenant Governor of Indiana
 Richard James Simpson (born 1967), American musician, formerly Richard James
 Richard James (murderer) (1957–1975), Singaporean and one of the robbers cum murderers of the Gold Bars triple murders
 Richard James, Actor who appeared in Space Precinct

See also
 James Richards (disambiguation)
 Rick James (1948–2004), American musician
 Dick James (1920–1986), British music publisher
 Dick James (American football) (1934–2000), American football halfback and defensive back
 Richard James Edwards (1967-1995), lyricist and guitarist of Manic Street Preachers
Basin F. Basin F was constructed by the United States Army in 1956 at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, to provide for the disposal of contaminated liquid wastes from the chemical manufacturing operations of the Army and its lessee Shell Chemical Company.

As originally constructed, Basin F was equipped with a catalytically-blown asphalt liner (approximately 3/8-inch (10 mm) thick) covered with a  protective soil blanket. Basin F had a maximum capacity of  and covered approximately . Throughout the operation of Basin F, the saline concentration increased as water evaporated.  The liquid formerly stored in Basin F is very salty water that contains some metals, hydrazine, wastewater, and toxic organics, which are about 1 percent of the liquid.

Interim response
The Basin F Interim Response Action began in March 1988 and involved the transfer by tank truck of  of Basin F liquid to three  holding tanks and approximately  to a double-lined holding pond.

In May 1988, near the start of the project, a heavy rainfall classified as a 25-year/24-hour event occurred which increased the volume of Basin F liquid. In June 1988, a tornado touched down near the tanks and ponds. The need to inspect and repair structures and equipment affected by the twister caused a minor schedule delay.

The increased volume of liquid in Basin F caused by the heavy rainfall in May 1988 required additional storage capacity. Two double-lined holding ponds were constructed: a  pond (Pond B) and an  pond (Pond A). The  of basin overburden, liner, and subsoils were excavated and placed in a waste pile located within the basin area.

Remediation of Basin F 

The basin floor was capped with  of compact clay and  of topsoil and revegetated with native grass. This portion of the Basin F Interim Response Action was completed in August 1989.

Once the liquid was drained from Basin F, the drying of the soils, sediments, and liner began. This project caused an odor resulting in discomfort to members of the surrounding community. Because of the Army's concern for the comfort of the local community during the soil drying, air purifiers were distributed to affected homes in the community to help alleviate the odors. When the odor problem began, the Army asked several health agencies to study the problem to determine if there were any long-term or acute health effects. Toxicologists from Colorado State Health Department, United States Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Shell Oil Company, Tri-County Health, the Army's Surgeon General's Office, and Foster-Wheeler (or previously, Ebasco, the contractor for the project) identified the compounds and determined that there were no acute health effects. The odors ended with the completion of the excavation in December 1988.

The total cost of the project was about $45 million. The decision on the final disposal of the liquid was reached in March 1990.

See also
Rocky Mountain Arsenal

External links
Basin F Interim Response Action

Commerce City, Colorado
Environmental issues in the United States
Environment of Colorado
Buildings and structures in Adams County, Colorado
Louis Berger. Louis Berger (14 April 1914 – 14 August 1996) was an American civil engineer. A graduate of Tufts College, Berger received his master's degree in soils and geology from MIT and doctorate in soil mechanics from Northwestern. He was a former faculty member of Pennsylvania State University's engineering department, which designed a large portion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike. After completion of the contract, he opened a second office which often employed local labor to fulfill international contracts. He was involved in designing and building highways, railroads, bridges, and airfields in 120 countries. His company grew to become the Louis Berger Group.

In 1994, Berger designed the world's longest car bridge (at the time) in Thailand, the Bang Na Expressway. It held the title of the world's longest bridge from 2000 until 2004. Today, it is the 6th longest bridge in the world.

References

Louis Berger's biography on The Louis Berger Group's website.

American transportation businesspeople
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Tufts University alumni
Tufts University School of Engineering alumni
Northwestern University alumni
American civil engineers
1914 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American engineers
Friendship One. Friendship One was a successful attempt at beating the round-the-world air speed record.

The flight was conducted from January 29 to January 30, 1988, and was operated by a Boeing 747SP owned by United Airlines. A charitable foundation, the Friendship Foundation, was established and all money went to children's charities. A ticket on the flight cost USD $5,000, and, in total, the flight raised about $500,000. A total of 141 passengers were on board, including Neil Armstrong and Bill Lear's widow, Moya.

The previous speed record of 45 hours, 26 minutes, and 55 seconds was set by a Gulfstream III business jet. Friendship One, captained by Clay Lacy, followed a 23,125-mile route from Seattle, Washington to refueling stops in Athens and Taipei, and back to Seattle. It completed the trip in 36 hours, 54 minutes, and 15 seconds. Later in 1988, a Gulfstream IV made a similar eastbound circumnavigation in 36 hours, 8 minutes, which stands as the world record as of 2013.

References

Aviation records
Circumnavigations
Andromeda-class attack cargo ship. The Andromeda-class attack cargo ships were a class of amphibious cargo ship built by Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. in Kearny, New Jersey, and Moore Dry Dock Co., in Oakland, California, during World War II. Like all attack cargo ships, they were designed to carry combat loaded military cargo and landing craft, and to use the latter to land weapons, supplies, and troops on enemy shores during amphibious operations.

All these ships were built on the same standard hull design, but there were some differences from ship to ship.  The armament varied, as did that of the other ships of the day. During 1944–1945, the 5"/38 was recognized as the best gun for the dual role of antiaircraft and naval gunfire support, and the 40 mm was seen as the best antiaircraft gun. The older 20 mm and .50 caliber guns had been recognized to be of limited value, and were being phased out, though they appeared on some of these ships. The 20 mm guns were later removed from all of them, but it is not clear just when this happened.

The complement varied as well, but the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships figures sometimes seem to confuse ship's company with embarked troops in determining a ship's complement.

Ships

See also
 
 
 
 
 List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships
 List of ship classes of World War II

References

External links
 United States Maritime Commission C2 Type Ships

 
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Auxiliary transport ship classes
Liu Gaolian. Gaolian Liu (, born July, 1932) is a scientist of Engineering Thermal Physics and Hydrodynamics, a professor of Shanghai University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Biography
Professor Liu has taught at Shanghai University Mechanics Research Institute. He has long been engaged in the research of pneumatic theory of turbomachine and hydromechanics. Based on Wu Zhonghua's 3D fluid theory of turbomachine, he established a new theory system with the variation theory as a foundation. Liu introduced a systematic channel of the establishment and transformation of the hydromechanical variation principle. He was the first scientist to set up variation principle and broad-sense variation principle families of positive proposition, reverse proposition and cross proposition of turbomachine's 3D flow.

Professor Liu discovered optimized design theory about the 3D cascade and runner, combined with optimized cybernetics. He developed a field change and variation theory and a finite element method in which various unknown interfaces can be automatically captured. He also put forward a series of new general functions for hydromechanics, and explored general theory and solution about mapping space of 3D flow reverse - cross proposition. In the last few decades, Liu has emphasized new directions, such as reverse proposition of nonsteady pneumatic mechanics, reverse proposition of multi-working condition points hydromechanics and pneumatic - thermal - elastic coupling theory.

Professor Liu won the second award of national natural science in 1987, and was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999.

References

1932 births
2008 deaths
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of Shanghai University
Educators from Jiangxi
People from Yichun, Jiangxi
Physicists from Jiangxi
Zhou Guozhi. Zhou Guozhi (; born March 1937) is a Chinese material scientist and physical chemist. He is an academician with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and a professor of material science and engineering in Shanghai University.

References 

1937 births
Living people
Chemists from Jiangsu
Chinese materials scientists
Chinese physical chemists
Educators from Nanjing
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Physicists from Jiangsu
Scientists from Nanjing
Academic staff of Shanghai University
Academic staff of the University of Science and Technology Beijing
Fu Jiamo. Fu Jiamo (傅家谟, July 1935 – June 11, 2015) was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and professor of environmental and architectural engineering in Shanghai University. He wrote about recycling electronic waste.

References 

1935 births
2015 deaths
Chemists from Shanghai
Engineers from Shanghai
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Engineering educators
Chinese technology writers
Writers from Shanghai
Liu Yuanzhang. Liu Yuanzhang (; January, 1925 – 3 April 2014 ) was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), and professor of quality management engineering at Shanghai University.

References 

1925 births
2014 deaths
Engineers from Anhui
Scientists from Anhui
Engineering educators
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Academic staff of Shanghai University
People from Lu'an
Educators from Anhui
20th-century Chinese engineers
Unalakleet Airport. Unalakleet Airport  is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) north of the central business district of Unalakleet, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.

Facilities and aircraft
Unalakleet Airport covers an area of  at an elevation of 27 feet (8 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt surfaced runways: 15/33 measuring 5,900 x 150 ft (1,798 x 46 m) and 9/27 measuring 1,900 x 75 ft (579 x 23 m).

Northern Air Cargo flies the largest airplanes to this location, with Boeing 737 service.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Cargo

Accidents and incidents
A Boeing 737-2x6X, operating as MarkAir flight 3087 from Anchorage, crashed 7.5 miles short of runway 14 on June 2, 1990, injuring four, one of them (a flight attendant) seriously. There were no passengers in the aircraft, which was destroyed. No one was killed in the incident.

See also
 List of airports in Alaska

References

External links
 FAA Alaska airport diagram (GIF)
 

Airports in the Nome Census Area, Alaska
MG R-type. The MG R-type is a motor car that was produced by MG in 1935. It was designed for competition use and was a development of the Q-type.

The car used a tuned short-stroke (73 mm) version of the bevel-gear driven overhead camshaft engine from the 1928 Morris Minor and Wolseley 10.  This had already been highly tuned for use in the Q-type and was further modified, especially in the input area, to improve reliability. It was fitted with a Zoller supercharger and produced  at 7200 rpm.  The gearbox was a four-speed preselector type unit. At the rear the differential in its aluminium casing was fastened to the chassis and drove the wheels through short shafts with sliding splines and universal joints.

The revolutionary Y-shaped steel chassis had a backbone that divided around the engine and gearbox, and was very light. The suspension was independent all round, making a first for MG and possibly the British motor industry, and used wishbones and longitudinal torsion bars allowing a large amount of wheel travel to allow for the poor surfaces on many of the contemporary racing circuits, especially Brooklands. Lever arm hydraulic shock absorbers were used. The brakes were cable-operated using 12-inch (305 mm) drums and the wheels were wire spoked and secured by a centre lock nut.

The aluminium single-seat body had the appearance of a miniature Grand Prix racer, and was designed to be easily removable.

The car was offered to the public at £750 and the initial ten were sold to pre-selected customers. A further batch was planned but never happened. A car changed hands at auction in 2006 for £130,000.

The first major sporting outing was to Brooklands for the International Trophy where a six-car team including three works entries appeared, but the best result was a 6th place and none of the works cars finished. It was realised that the suspension was giving problems, mainly with the rear being too soft, and solutions were proposed but all work stopped when new boss Leonard Lord closed the MG Racing Department.  Private entries to competition continued and the works cars were sold to the Evans family who already owned one of the other cars.

Further reading
 
 

R
R
Cars introduced in 1935
Automobiles with backbone chassis