omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Crestmobile. Crest Manufacturing Company was a manufacturer of automobiles in Cambridge, Massachusetts. They built cars between 1901 and 1904.

The 1904 Crestmobile was a touring car model, notable for its removable tonneau. With the tonneau in place, it could seat 4 passengers and sold for US$850. The vertical-mounted single-cylinder engine, situated at the front of the car, produced 7 hp (5.2 kW). A two-speed sliding transmission was fitted. The tubular-framed car weighed 930 lb (422 kg). It was similar in construction to the contemporary Covert.

See also
List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers

References
 Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly (January 1904)

Veteran vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Defunct companies based in Massachusetts
1901 establishments in Massachusetts
1904 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Massachusetts
Eldredge (automobile). The Eldredge was an American automobile manufactured from 1903 until 1906. A product of the National Sewing Machine Company of Belvidere, Illinois, it was a light, two-seater runabout with left-hand drive or two-row tonneau.

The 1904 Eldredge Runabout was a runabout model. It could seat two passengers and sold for US$750. The horizontal-mounted flat-twin engine, situated at the center of the car, produced . A 3-speed transmission was fitted. The armored wood-framed car weighed  and used platform springs.

The 1904 Eldredge Tonneau was a tonneau model. It could seat five passengers and sold for $2000. The horizontal-mounted flat-4, situated at the front of the car, produced . The angle steel-framed car weighed . It was a modern touring car design with a cellular radiator (with fan), and semi-elliptic springs, but sold for far less than competing models.

References
 Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, January 1904.
 David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.

Cars introduced in 1903
Brass Era vehicles
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Illinois
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Cars discontinued in 1906
Phelps Motor Vehicle. Phelps Motor Vehicle Company was a manufacturer of automobiles in Stoneham, Massachusetts, between 1903 and 1905.  In 1906 it was succeeded by the Shamut Motor Company.

History

Background 

Lucius J. Phelps was an inventor and an electrical and mechanical engineer who first came to prominence in 1886 for his Induction Telegraph patent that was developed for trains to receive live telegraph messages while moving.  In the late 1890's he became interested in steam powered vehicles and in 1901 marketed the Phelps Tractor.  The steam tractor was designed to be controlled by horse rains so that a coachman could operate it.  As Phelps Motor Company, Phelps then began developing a gasoline engine.

Phelps Motor Car 
In 1903 Phelps Motor Company became Phelps Motor Vehicle Company with Elliott C. Lee as president and L. J. Phelps as general manager.  The 1903 Phelps was a touring car model, equipped with a tonneau.  It could seat 4 passengers and sold for $2,000, .   L. J. Phelps designed the vertically mounted water-cooled straight-3 engine, situated at the front of the car, producing .  A 3-speed transmission was fitted.  The car was unusual in that it did not have a parameter frame but a backbone frame that enclosed the drive shaft, and this weight savings made for a  touring car.  In 1904 the engine was enlarged to 20-hp and the price was $2,500, .

Motorsports 

Phelps demonstrated his car in several endurance runs and hill climbs including a 1903 record 1 hour and 46 minute climb up Mount Washington.  He returned in 1904 for the first Climb to the Clouds and cut his time to 42 minutes, placing second in his class.  The Phelps motor car won a double victory in the1903 Eagle Rock, N.J. Hill Climb.

Fate 
L. J. Phelps designed a 4-cylinder engine but in September 1905 decided to retire to his Forty Oaks Ranch in Paradise, California.  The company and manufacturing plant were succeeded by the Shawmut Motor Company headed by E. C. Lee in 1906.  Lucius Phelps continued to patent automotive and other devices until his death at the age of 75 in 1925.

Models

See also
Explore Stoneham - Car Industry in Stoneham
Mt. Washington Road Auto Road history
Phelps images at Detroit Public Library

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
1900s cars
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1903
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1905
Brass Era vehicles
Veteran vehicles
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Massachusetts
American automotive engineers
American automotive pioneers
Cars introduced in 1903
Cars discontinued in 1905
Louis Schmeisser. Louis Schmeisser (5 February 1848, Zöllnitz – 23 March 1917) was one of the best-known weapon technical designers of Europe. He is associated with the development and production of the Bergmann machine guns used during the First World War. He designed the Dreyse 1907 Pistol which was used in both World Wars.

Schmeisser was born in Zöllnitz, Saxe-Altenburg. He was the father of Hugo Schmeisser (1884–1953), who was also a famous designer of infantry weapons, including the StG 44. His other son, Hans Schmeisser, was also a well-known weaponry designer.

References 

 Norbert Moczarski, Zwischen Jena, Gaggenau, Suhl und Sömmerda - Leben und Wirken des Waffenkonstrukteurs Louis Schmeisser (1848–1917) In: Sömmerdaer Heimatheft. Beiträge zur Heimatkunde des Landkreises Sömmerda und der Unstrut-Finne-Region, Sömmerda 2000, pp. 82–93.
 http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/954/10_18.pdf

1848 births
1917 deaths
People from Saale-Holzland-Kreis
People from Saxe-Altenburg
Firearm designers
19th-century German inventors
Robustness principle. In computing, the robustness principle is a design guideline for software that states: "be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others". It is often reworded as: "be conservative in what you send, be liberal in what you accept". The principle is also known as Postel's law, after Jon Postel, who used the wording in an early specification of TCP.

In other words, programs that send messages to other machines (or to other programs on the same machine) should conform completely to the specifications, but programs that receive messages should accept non-conformant input as long as the meaning is clear.

Among programmers, to produce compatible functions, the principle is also known in the form: be contravariant in the input type and covariant in the output type.

Interpretation 

RFC 1122 (1989) expanded on Postel's principle by recommending that programmers "assume that the network is filled with malevolent entities that will send in packets designed to have the worst possible effect". Protocols should allow for the addition of new codes for existing fields in future versions of protocols by accepting messages with unknown codes (possibly logging them). Programmers should avoid sending messages with "legal but obscure protocol features" that might expose deficiencies in receivers, and design their code "not just to survive other misbehaving hosts, but also to cooperate to limit the amount of disruption such hosts can cause to the shared communication facility".

Criticism 

In 2001, Marshall Rose characterized several deployment problems when applying Postel's principle in the design of a new application protocol. For example, a defective implementation that sends non-conforming messages might be used only with implementations that tolerate those deviations from the specification until, possibly several years later, it is connected with a less tolerant application that rejects its messages. In such a situation, identifying the problem is often difficult, and deploying a solution can be costly. Rose therefore recommended "explicit consistency checks in a protocol ... even if they impose implementation overhead".

In 2018, a paper on privacy-enhancing technologies by Florentin Rochet and Olivier Pereira showed how to exploit Postel's robustness principle inside the Tor routing protocol to compromise the anonymity of onion services and Tor clients.

In 2023, Martin Thomson and David Schinazi argued that Postel's robustness principle actually leads to a lack of robustness, including security:

See also 

 Open–closed principle
 Protocol ossification
 Static discipline
 Unix philosophy

References

External links 
 History of the (Internet) Robustness Principle (Nick Gall, May 2005)
 Internet Protocol, page 22; J. Postel, IEN 111, August 1979.

Computer architecture statements
Internet Standards
Nanostructure. A nanostructure is a structure of intermediate size between microscopic and molecular structures. Nanostructural detail is microstructure at nanoscale.

In describing nanostructures, it is necessary to differentiate between the number of dimensions in the volume of an object which are on the nanoscale. Nanotextured surfaces have one dimension on the nanoscale, i.e., only the thickness of the surface of an object is between 0.1 and 100 nm. Nanotubes have two dimensions on the nanoscale, i.e., the diameter of the tube is between 0.1 and 100 nm; its length can be far more. Finally, spherical nanoparticles have three dimensions on the nanoscale, i.e., the particle is between 0.1 and 100 nm in each spatial dimension. The terms nanoparticles and ultrafine particles (UFP) are often used synonymously although UFP can reach into the micrometre range. The term nanostructure is often used when referring to magnetic technology.

Nanoscale structure in biology is often called ultrastructure.

Properties of nanoscale objects and ensembles of these objects are widely studied in physics.

List of nanostructures

See also 

Nanoarchitecture
Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology
Tube-based nanostructures
List of software for nanostructures modeling
Nanocar
NanoPutian
Nano-I-beam

References

External links 
 Applications of Nanoparticles

Nanomaterials
Indium nitride. Indium nitride () is a small-bandgap semiconductor material, which has potential application in solar cells and high speed electronics.

The bandgap of InN has now been established as ~0.7 eV depending on temperature (the obsolete value is 1.97 eV). 
The effective electron mass has been recently determined by high magnetic field measurements, m* = 0.055 m0.

Alloyed with GaN, the ternary system InGaN has a direct bandgap span from the infrared (0.69 eV) to the ultraviolet (3.4 eV).

Currently there is research into developing solar cells using the nitride based semiconductors. Using one or more alloys of indium gallium nitride (InGaN), an optical match to the solar spectrum can be achieved.   The bandgap of InN allows a wavelengths as long as 1900 nm to be utilized. However, there are many difficulties to be overcome if such solar cells are to become a commercial reality: p-type doping of InN and indium-rich InGaN is one of the biggest challenges. Heteroepitaxial growth of InN with other nitrides (GaN, AlN) has proved to be difficult.

Thin layers of InN can be grown using metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD).

Superconductivity 
Thin polycrystalline films of indium nitride can be highly conductive and even superconductive at liquid helium temperatures. The superconducting transition temperature Tc depends on each sample's film structure and carrier density and varies from 0 K to about 3 K. With magnesium doping, the Tc can be 3.97 K. The superconductivity persists under high magnetic field (few teslas), that differs from superconductivity in In metal which is quenched by fields of only 0.03 tesla. Nevertheless, the superconductivity is attributed to metallic indium chains or nanoclusters, where the small size increases the critical magnetic field according to the Ginzburg–Landau theory.

See also 
 Indium(III) oxide

References

External links 
 

Indium compounds
Nitrides
III-V semiconductors
III-V compounds
Wurtzite structure type
Robert Tomasulo. Robert Marco Tomasulo (October 31, 1934 – April 3, 2008) was a computer scientist, and the inventor of the Tomasulo algorithm. Tomasulo was the recipient of the 1997 Eckert–Mauchly Award "[f]or the ingenious Tomasulo algorithm, which enabled out-of-order execution processors to be implemented."

Robert Tomasulo attended Regis High School in New York City. He graduated from Manhattan College and then earned an engineering degree from Syracuse University. In 1956 he joined IBM research. After nearly a decade gaining broad experience in a variety of technical and leadership roles, he transitioned to mainframe development, including the IBM System/360 Model 91 and its successors. Following his 25-year career with IBM, Bob worked on an incubator project at Storage Technology Corporation to develop the first CMOS-based mainframe system; co-founded NetFrame, a mid-80s startup to develop one of the earliest microprocessor-based server systems; and worked as a consultant on processor architecture and microarchitecture for Amdahl Consulting.

On January 30, 2008, Tomasulo spoke at the University of Michigan College of Engineering about his career and the history and development of out-of-order execution.

Notes

External links
 Lecture, 2008
Personal Profile on the computer.org

1934 births
2008 deaths
American computer scientists
Regis High School (New York City) alumni
Manhattan College alumni
Syracuse University alumni
Shuttle (weaving). A shuttle is a tool designed to neatly and compactly store a holder that carries the thread of the weft yarn while weaving with a loom. Shuttles are thrown or passed back and forth through the shed, between the yarn threads of the warp in order to weave in the weft.

The simplest shuttles, known as "stick shuttles", are made from a flat, narrow piece of wood with notches on the ends to hold the weft yarn. More complicated shuttles incorporate bobbins or pirns.

In the United States, shuttles are often made of wood from the flowering dogwood, because it is hard, resists splintering, and can be polished to a very smooth finish. In the United Kingdom shuttles were usually made of boxwood, cornel, or persimmon.

Gallery

References 
 Chandler, Deborah (1995). Learning to Weave, Loveland, Colorado: Interweave Press LLC.

External links

Pak Shuttle Company (Pvt) Ltd.

Heraldic charges
Weaving equipment
BHE. BHE may be:

 Barnhouse Effect
 Before Human Era
 Berkshire Hathaway Energy
 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
 Block der Heimatsvertriebenen und Entrechteten, a 1950s West German political party.
 Borehole heat exchangers
 Bus High Enable a signal that indicates a data transfer on the highest byte on the processor bus
 IATA airport code for Woodbourne Airport, west of Blenheim in the South Island of New Zealand.
 Bischoff Hervey Entertainment, a media production company
Litharge. Litharge (from Greek ,  'stone' +  'silver' ) is one of the natural mineral forms of lead(II) oxide, PbO. Litharge is a secondary mineral which forms from the oxidation of galena ores. It forms as coatings and encrustations with internal tetragonal crystal structure. It is dimorphous with the yellow orthorhombic form massicot. It forms soft (Mohs hardness of 2), red, greasy-appearing crusts with a very high specific gravity of 9.14–9.35.  PbO may be prepared by heating lead metal in air at approximately 600 °C (lead melts at only 300 °C). At this temperature it is also the end product of heating of other lead oxides in air.  This is often done with a set of bellows pumping air over molten lead and causing the oxidized product to slip or fall off the top into a receptacle, where it quickly solidifies in minute scales.
PbO2 –(293 °C)→ Pb12O19 –(351 °C)→ Pb12O17 –(375 °C)→ Pb3O4 –(605 °C)→ PbO

Historical terminology
Historically, the term litharge has been combined to refer to other similar substances. For example, litharge of gold is litharge mixed with red lead, giving it a red color; litharge of bismuth is a similar result of the oxidation of bismuth; and litharge of silver is litharge that comes as a by-product of separating silver from lead. In fact, litharge originally meant the mineral residue from silver refining. The term has also been used as a synonym for white lead or red lead.

Litharge smelting
According to Probert, "silver ore, litharge (crude lead oxide) flux and charcoal were mixed and smelted in very small clay and stone furnaces.  Resulting silver-bearing lead bullion was later refined in a second furnace which yielded fine silver, and litharge skimmings which were used again."

References

Further reading
 
 

Oxide minerals
Lead minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 129
Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page). 

Thermal conductivity

Notes
 Ref. CRC: Values refer to 27 °C unless noted.
 Ref. CR2: Values refer to 300 K and a pressure of "100 kPa (1 bar)", or to the saturation vapor pressure if that is less than 100 kPa. The notation (P=0) denotes low pressure limiting values.
 Ref. LNG: Values refer to 300 K.
 Ref. WEL: Values refer to 25 °C.

References

CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
 David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 12, Properties of Solids; Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals / Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics / Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature

CR2
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
 David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Thermal Conductivity of Gases

LNG
As quoted from this source in an online version of: J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4; Table 4.1, Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements
 Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 3:Suppl. 1 (1974)

WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
 G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
 D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
 J.A. Dean (ed) in Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 14th edition, 1992.
 A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.

See also
 List of thermal conductivities

Properties of chemical elements
Chemical element data pages
Coinjection. Co-injection is a polymer injection technology in which different polymers are injected into the same mold. This specialized process can be used to improve part performance and cost while minimizing cycle time and production volume. Co-injection can be used to extend shelf life, improve production efficiencies, and allow for greater design flexibility depending on the materials used and the application.

Reasons for using co-injection are:
 reducing cost by using a cheaper fill material as the non-visible core of a product
 combining desired properties of polymers, such as colour (the differently colored parts in car tail lights), feel (soft-touch toothbrush) or mechanical properties.
 alter the density and elasticity of the final project making it either float in water or shock absorbent.

Despite these advantages, co-injection requires machinery that is more expensive and difficult to maintain than standard single injection machines. The coinjection process also has difficulty with complex geometric shapes.

References

 
 

Plastics industry
DIMES. DIMES (Distributed Internet Measurements & Simulations) was a subproject of the EVERGROW Integrated Project in the  EU Information Society Technologies, Future and Emerging Technologies programme. It studied the structure and topology of the Internet to obtain map and annotate it with delay, loss and link capacity.

DIMES used measurements by software agents downloaded by volunteers and installed on their privately owned machines. 
Once installed at the agent operates at a very low rate so as to have minimal impact on the machine performance and on its network connection. 
DIMES intended to explore relationships between the data gathered on the Internet's growth with geographical and socio-economic data, in particular for fast developing countries, to see if they can provide a measure of economic development and societal openness. 
The project published period maps at several aggregation levels on the web.

, over 12500 agents were installed by over 5500 users residing in about 95 nations, and in several hundreds of ASes. The project collected over 2.2 billion measurements.

See also
ETOMIC
List of volunteer computing projects
Network mapping

References

External links
 The DIMES home page
 DIMES agent source code
 Science Magazine: Data-Bots Chart the Internet (Subscription)
 Visualizing Internet Topology at a Macroscopic Scale - CAIDA
 M-PASM (Multiple Perspectives of Autonomous System Mapping )

Internet architecture
Volunteer computing projects
Superdiamagnetism. Superdiamagnetism (or perfect diamagnetism) is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of magnetic permeability (i.e. a volume magnetic susceptibility  = −1) and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field.

Superdiamagnetism established that the superconductivity of a material was a stage of phase transition. Superconducting magnetic levitation is due to superdiamagnetism, which repels a permanent magnet which approaches the superconductor, and flux pinning, which prevents the magnet floating away.

Superdiamagnetism is a feature of superconductivity. It was identified in 1933, by Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld, but it is considered distinct from the Meissner effect which occurs when the superconductivity first forms, and involves the exclusion of magnetic fields that already penetrate the object.

Theory

Fritz London and Heinz London developed the theory that the exclusion of magnetic flux is brought about by electrical screening currents that flow at the surface of the superconducting material and which generate a magnetic field that exactly cancels the externally applied field inside the superconductor.  These screening currents are generated whenever a superconducting material is brought inside a magnetic field.  This can be understood by the fact that a superconductor has zero electrical resistance, so that eddy currents, induced by the motion of the material inside a magnetic field, will not decay.  Fritz, at the Royal Society in 1935, stated that the thermodynamic state would be described by a single wave function.

"Screening currents" also appear in a situation wherein an initially normal, conducting metal is placed inside a magnetic field.  As soon as the metal is cooled below the appropriate transition temperature, it becomes superconducting.  This expulsion of magnetic field upon the cooling of the metal cannot be explained any longer by merely assuming zero resistance and is called the Meissner effect. It shows that the superconducting state does not depend on the history of preparation, only upon the present values of temperature, pressure and magnetic field, and therefore is a true thermodynamic state.

See also
 Superfluidity
 Timeline of low-temperature technology

References
 Shachtman, Tom, Absolute Zero: And the Conquest of Cold. Houghton Mifflin Company,  December 1999. 

Magnetic levitation
Superconductivity