omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EFREI. The EFREI (École d'ingénieur généraliste en informatique et technologies du numérique) (Engineering School of Information and Digital Technologies) is the private engineering school of Paris-Panthéon-Assas University, located in Villejuif, Île-de-France, at the south of Paris. 

Its courses, specializing in computer science and management, are taught with support from the state. Students who graduate earn an engineering degree accredited by the CTI (national commission for engineering degree accreditation) and the French government. The degree is equivalent to a master's degree in the European higher education area. Today, there are more than 6,500 EFREI graduates working in companies dealing with many different activities: education, human resources development, business/marketing, company management, legal advice and so on.

History

EFREI was founded in 1936 as the École Française de Radioélectricité (EFR). The school's facilities were located at 10, Rue Amyot in the 5th arrondissement of Paris.

In 1945 an agreement with the government allowed students to receive financial assistance for the first time.
In 1947 an engineering department was created and in 1957 the EFR qualification was certified by the commission for engineering qualifications.  The teaching of computer science was introduced in 1969 and networking also became part of the syllabus.  In 1987, a second site in Villejuif was opened; student numbers increased from 70 to 160. More extension projects have taken place since, and in September 2001, EFREI was moved, the entire campus being situated at 30, Avenue de la République, Villejuif. The faculty of Information Technology and Systems Management numbered more than 300 students for the first time.

In 2003 its curriculum was made compliant with the Bologna process and is now delivering a degree that is equivalent to a master's degree in the European higher education area. The same year the school stopped renting the building in Rue Amyot; all classes take now place at the Villejuif site.  The college became briefly known as the College for Engineering, Information Technology and Business Studies but the name change was reversed in 2008.

Notable alumni
EFREI's most notable alumnus is André Truong who created the Micral, the earliest commercial personal computer based on a microprocessor.  In France, he is referred to as the father of the personal computer.

Pol Pot attended but failed his exams.

See also 
Grandes écoles

References

External links
 Official Website of EFREI
 EFREI Students clubs websites
 EFREI alumni website

Engineering universities and colleges in France
Grandes écoles
Universities and colleges established in 1936
Villejuif
1936 establishments in France
Isle of Man to England Interconnector. The Isle of Man to England Interconnector is a submarine power cable connecting the transmission system of the Manx Utilities Authority to that of Great Britain. With an undersea section of approximately , it is the second longest AC undersea cable in the world.

Route 
It was laid in 1999 between Bispham, Blackpool, England, and Douglas Head on the Isle of Man,  commencing commercial operations in November 2000. It is capable of continuous operation of 40MW at 90kV (although other sources say 65MW at 132kV AC)

Structure 
The cable was manufactured in two parts: one section at the former BICC works in Erith and the other at Pirelli Cables in Southampton. It ended the Isle of Man's dependence on local diesel-powered generation. Power supplies to the island were increased in 2003 by an 85MW combined cycle gas turbine power station at Pulrose, in the capital, Douglas.

The electricity cable is bundled with a fibre-optic cable which is used for telecommunications. The cable is owned by e-llan Communications, which is part of Manx Utilities. The electricity cable is used for importing and exporting electricity between the Isle of Man and the GB National Grid.

The cable is mostly buried at around  depth but is on the seabed surface at six locations with protective cable mattresses.

Capacity 
On the 20th anniversary in 2020 of its commissioning a total of 1.5TWh of power has been exported to the UK grid which contributed £47million to the revenue of the Isle of Man.

The amount of electricity sold to the UK since 201415 and the revenue gained each year was as follows:

See also

Western HVDC Link between Scotland and Wales
HVDC Moyle between Scotland and Northern Ireland
East–West Interconnector between Wales and the Republic of Ireland
Manx Utilities Authority

Notes

References

Electrical interconnectors to and from Great Britain
Buildings and structures in the Isle of Man
Buildings and structures in Blackpool
Electric power infrastructure in England
Energy infrastructure completed in 1999
1999 establishments in the United Kingdom
Isle of Man–United Kingdom relations
High-voltage transmission lines
Castner process. The Castner process is a process for manufacturing sodium metal by electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide at approximately 330 °C. Below that temperature, the melt would solidify; above that temperature, the molten sodium would start to dissolve in the melt.

History
The Castner process for production of sodium metal was introduced in 1888 by Hamilton Castner. At that time (prior to the introduction in the same year of the Hall-Héroult process) the primary use for sodium metal was as a reducing agent to produce aluminium from its purified ores. The Castner process reduced the cost of producing sodium in comparison to the old method of reducing sodium carbonate at high temperature using carbon. This in turn reduced the cost of producing aluminium, although the reduction-by-sodium method still could not compete with Hall-Héroult. The Castner process continued nevertheless due to Castner's finding new markets for sodium. In 1926, the Downs cell replaced the Castner process.

Process details
The diagram shows a ceramic crucible with a steel cylinder suspended within. Both cathode (C) and anode (A) are made of iron or nickel. The temperature is cooler at the bottom and hotter at the top so that the sodium hydroxide is solid in the neck (B) and liquid in the body of the vessel. Sodium metal forms at the cathode but is less dense than the fused sodium hydroxide electrolyte. Wire gauze (G) confines the sodium metal to accumulating at the top of the collection device (P). The cathode reaction is

2 Na+ + 2 e− → 2Na

The anode reaction is

4 OH− → O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e−

Despite the elevated temperature, some of the water produced remains dissolved in the electrolyte. This water diffuses throughout the electrolyte and results in the reverse reaction taking place on the electrolyzed sodium metal:

2 Na + 2 H2O → H2 + 2 Na+ + 2 OH−

with the hydrogen gas also accumulating at (P). This, of course, reduces the efficiency of the process.

See also
 Downs cell

References

Chemical processes
Electrolysis
Metallurgical processes
Rheid. In geology, a rheid  is a substance whose temperature is below its melting point and whose  deformation by viscous flow during the time of observation is at least three orders of magnitude (1,000×) greater than the elastic deformation under the given conditions.  A material is a rheid by virtue of the time of observation. The term, coined by S. Warren Carey in 1953, has the same  Greek root as rheology, the science of viscoelasticity and nonlinear flow.

Types of rheids

Almost any type of rock can behave as a rheid under appropriate conditions of temperature and pressure.  For example, the Earth's mantle undergoes convection over long time-scales.  As the mantle supports the propagation of shear waves, it may be deduced that it is a solid and, therefore, behaving as a rheid when it undergoes said convection. Granite has a measured viscosity at standard temperature and pressure of about 4.5×1019 Pa·s 
so it should be considered a rheid. Similarly halite, the mineral form of table salt, is a geological material that behaves as a rheid over relatively short time-periods.  As salt is buried by other types of sediments, it will often flow laterally towards regions of lower confining stress.  Through this mechanism, salt domes and other structures may form.  In some areas, such as the Gulf of Mexico, these structures often serve as  traps for petroleum and natural gas.

References

Structural geology
Coil tap. A coil tap is a wiring feature found on some electrical transformers, inductors and coil pickups, all of which are sets of wire coils. The coil tap(s) are points in a wire coil where a conductive patch has been exposed (usually on a loop of wire that extends out of the main coil body).

When the coil taps are disconnected, the coil operates as normal (see transformer). When a coil tap is connected to one end of the coil (or the end disconnected and reconnected to the tap), the section of coil between the tap and its connected end is bypassed - effectively reducing the number of turns in the coil.

Uses 
In a transformer, coil taps are often used on both the input and output coils, to compensate for differing supply potential and to provide a range of output potentials respectively. Coil taps on inductors are quite rare, but are sometimes used for band switching in tuning circuits. Coil pickups used with measuring instruments often feature coil taps to compensate for band rejection or equipment input impedance. They can also be used as a rudimentary method for telephone tapping.

Single coil magnetic pickups found in electric guitars can be coil tapped to reduce the number of windings around the magnet.  A tapped single coil pickup typically contains three wires: a ground, an output, and a tapped output - with the two outputs generally wired to a switch on the guitar. The guitarist can then choose between the loud, punchy, midrange-heavy sound of the entire coil, or 'tap' into the inner coil for a quieter, yet bright vintage tone with a more clear and detailed high end. Many guitarists mistakenly refer to humbucker coil splits as coil taps, however, this is incorrect.

References

Electromagnetic components
Van der Waals strain. Van der Waals strain is strain resulting from Van der Waals repulsion when two substituents in a molecule approach each other with a distance less than the sum of their Van der Waals radii. 
Van der Waals strain is also called Van der Waals repulsion and is related to steric hindrance. One of the most common forms of this strain is eclipsing hydrogen, in alkanes.

In rotational and pseudorotational mechanisms 
In molecules whose vibrational mode involves a rotational or pseudorotational mechanism (such as the Berry mechanism or the Bartell mechanism), Van der Waals strain can cause significant differences in potential energy, even between molecules with identical geometry. 
PF5, for example, has significantly lower potential energy than PCl5. 
Despite their identical trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry, the higher electron count of chlorine as compared to fluorine causes a potential energy spike as the molecule enters its intermediate in the mechanism and the substituents draw nearer to each other.

See also 
 Van der Waals force
 Van der Waals molecule
 Van der Waals radius
 Van der Waals surface

References 

Stereochemistry
Strain
Red Pelicans. The Red Pelicans were one of a number of aerobatics display teams of the Royal Air Force before the Red Arrows were selected to represent the service in 1965.  The Red Pelicans flew the BAC Jet Provost aircraft.

History
In 1958, the Central Flying School based at RAF Little Rissington formed a four-ship aerobatics display team of Hunting Percival Jet Provost T.1s, known simply as The Sparrows.  The team had previously flown with the Percival Provost.  The following year this team was renamed The Redskins.

In 1960, the aircraft were replaced with the Jet Provost T.3 and the team renamed The Pelicans after the mascot of the Central Flying School.   The team's aircraft had no special markings applied, but wore the standard silver and orange day-glow training colours of the day.

Halfway through the 1962 season, the team re-equipped with four Jet Provost T.4s and a smoke system was also fitted to each of the display aircraft and thus the Red Pelicans team was born, and they performed at shows up and down the country, including the annual SBAC show Farnborough in September 1962.

The 1963 season saw the team extended to six aircraft.  The aircraft were also given a new colour scheme, with the standard training colours replaced by overall day-glow red.  

At the end of the display season the RAF decided that the Red Pelicans should be the premier Royal Air Force aerobatic team for the 1964 air show season, led by Flt. Lt. T.E.L. Lloyd. The Pelicans replaced the No. 56 Squadron RAF "Firebirds" English Electric Lightning team in the role.

In 1965 the Red Arrows took over the role of the RAF's aerobatic team and the Red Pelicans were trimmed down to four aircraft without a smoke system facility. They were also re-painted into a post-box-red scheme. 

The Red Pelicans continued to entertain the crowds at air shows, often alongside the Red Arrows, until they were forced to disband at the end of the 1973 season by the 1973 oil crisis.

References

External links
Brief history of the Red Pelicans
Individual Jet Provost service histories

Royal Air Force
Red Pelicans
IBM 7090/94 IBSYS. IBSYS is the name of a discontinued tape-based operating system that IBM supplied with its IBM 709, IBM 7090 and IBM 7094 computers, and of a significantly different, though similar operating system provided with IBM 7040 and IBM 7044 computers. IBSYS was based on FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS) and (more likely) Bell Labs' "BESYS" rather than the  SHARE Operating System.
IBSYS directly supported several older computer language compilers and assemblers on the $EXECUTE card: 9PAC, FORTRAN and IBSFAP. Newer language processors ran under IBJOB.

IBM later provided similar facilities for the 7040/7044 as IBM 7040/7044 Operating System (16K/32K) 7040-PR-150 and for the IBM 1410/IBM 7010 as IBM 1410/7010 Operating System 1410-PR-155.

IBSYS System Supervisor

IBSYS itself is a resident monitor program, that reads control card images placed between the decks of program and data cards of individual jobs. An IBSYS control card begins with a "$" in column 1, immediately followed by a Control Name that selects the various IBSYS utility programs needed to set up and run the job. These card deck images are usually read from magnetic tapes prepared offline, not directly from the card reader.

IBJOB Processor
The IBJOB Processor is a subsystem that runs under the IBSYS System Supervisor. It reads control cards that request, e.g., compilation, execution. The languages supported include COBOL. Commercial Translator (COMTRAN), Fortran IV (IBFTC) and Macro Assembly Program (IBMAP).

See also
 University of Michigan Executive System
 Timeline of operating systems

Further reading
 Noble, A. S. Jr., "Design of an integrated programming and operating system", IBM Systems Journal, June 1963. "The present paper considers the underlying design concepts of IBSYS/IBJOB, an integrated programming and operating system. The historical background and over-all structure of the system are discussed. Flow of jobs through the IBJOB processor, as controlled by the monitor, is also described."
 "IBM 7090/7094 IBSYS Operating System Version 13 System Monitor (IBSYS)", Form C28-6248-7
 "IBM 7090/7094 IBSYS Operating System Version 13 IBJOB Processor", Form C28-6389-1
 "IBM 7090/7094 IBSYS Operating System Version 13 IBJOB Processor Debugging Package", Form C28-6393-2

Notes

External links
 IBM 7090/94 IBSYS Operating System, Jack Harper
 Dave Pitts' IBM 7090 support
 IBSYS source archived with Bitsavers
 History of FORTRAN and FORTRAN II  – FORTRAN II and other software running on IBSYS, Software Preservation Group, Computer History Museum

7090 94 IBSYS
OS IBSYS
Discontinued operating systems
1960 software
Olivenite. Olivenite is a copper arsenate mineral, formula Cu2AsO4OH. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system (pseudo-orthorhombic), and is sometimes found in small brilliant crystals of simple prismatic habit terminated by domal faces. More commonly, it occurs as globular aggregates of acicular crystals, these fibrous forms often having a velvety luster; sometimes it is lamellar in structure, or soft and earthy.

A characteristic feature, and one to which the name alludes (German, Olivenerz, of A. G. Werner, 1789), is the olive-green color, which varies in shade from blackish-green in the crystals to almost white in the finely fibrous variety known as woodcopper. The hardness is 3, and the specific gravity is 4.3. The mineral was formerly found in some abundance, associated with limonite and quartz, in the upper workings in the copper mines of the St Day district in Cornwall; also near Redruth, and in the Tintic Mining District in Utah. It is a mineral of secondary origin, a result of the oxidation of copper ores and arsenopyrite.

The arsenic of olivenite is sometimes partly replaced by a small amount of phosphorus, and in the species libethenite we have the corresponding copper phosphate Cu2PO4OH. This is found as small dark green crystals resembling olivenite at Ľubietová in the Slovak Republic, and in small amount also in Cornwall. Other members of this isomorphous group of minerals are adamite, Zn2AsO4OH, and eveite, Mn2AsO4OH.

References

Copper(II) minerals
Arsenate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
SmithGroup. SmithGroup is an international architectural, engineering and planning firm based in Detroit, Michigan. Established in 1853 by architect Sheldon Smith, SmithGroup is the longest continually operating architecture and engineering firm in the United States that is not a wholly owned subsidiary. The firm's name was changed to Field, Hinchman & Smith in 1903, and it was renamed Smith, Hinchman & Grylls in 1907. In 2000, the firm changed its name to SmithGroup. In 2011, the firm incorporated its sister firm, JJR, into its name, becoming SmithGroupJJR. As of August 1, 2018, the firm changed its name back to SmithGroup.

As of 2019, it ranks among the top 50 architecture firms according to Architect Magazine, the official magazine of AIA and also ranked as the 5th largest architecture/engineering firm in the U.S. The firm is composed of client industry-focused practices serving Cultural, Government, Healthcare, Higher Education, Mixed-Use, Parks & Open Spaces, Science & Technology, Senior Living, Urban Environments, Waterfront and Workplace markets. The firm has offices in 20 cities: Ann Arbor, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Madison, Milwaukee, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Portland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, Shanghai, and Washington, D.C.

The firm expanded outside North America by opening an office in Shanghai, China, in December 2013.

Notable architects and engineers from the firm include Wilfred Armster, C. Howard Crane, David DiLaura, Rainy Hamilton Jr., Robert F. Hastings, Julius Goldman, William Kapp, Wirt C. Rowland, Rosa T. Sheng and Minoru Yamasaki.

Notable projects

References

Further reading

External links
SmithGroup company website

Architecture firms based in Michigan
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Architects from Detroit
Companies based in Detroit
1853 establishments in Michigan
Design companies established in 1853
Historicist architects
19th-century American architects
20th-century American architects
21st-century American architects
Eastland Air. Eastland Air was an airline based in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. The airline started passenger operations in 1991 and ceased in 2003.

Destinations

 Queensland
 Brisbane
 Cunnamulla
 St George
 Thargomindah
 Toowoomba
 New South Wales
 Moree

Fleet
At various stages during its time in operation, Eastland Air operated the following aircraft types;

Beech 200 Super King Air
Beech C90 King Air
de Havilland DHC-6-200 Twin Otter
Piper PA-31
Fairchild SA-227 Metroliner

Accidents and incidents
 On 27 November 2001, a Beech C90 King Air operated by Eastland Air crashed after take-off at Toowoomba Aerodrome killing the pilot and three members of the Queensland government's mental health team.

Code data
IATA Code: DK
ICAO Code: ELA

See also
List of defunct airlines of Australia
 Aviation in Australia

References

External links
Eastland Air Photos
History of an Eastland Air SA-227 Metro

Defunct airlines of Australia
A64 (emulator). A64 is a Commodore 64 emulator for the Amiga. It was developed and published by QuesTronix and distributed as shareware. The non-registered is limited to ten minutes of use at a time. The registered version removes the time limit and comes with a hardware adapter to connect a Commodore 1541 disk drive to the Amiga's parallel port.

A64 has some extras that a real Commodore 64 is inherently unable to provide. The most useful of these is an integrated MOS 6510 machine language monitor, which can be invoked at any time during the emulation. While in the monitor, the emulated Commodore 64 is frozen in place, giving the user full reign over its internal memory and registers. The emulator also allows machine language program input through 6510 mnemonic codes, rather than raw numeric values. Another extra feature is that the 16-colour palette of the Commodore 64 is fully customisable from the Amiga's palette of 4096 hues.

A64 supports Commodore 64 disk drives as the devices 8 through 11, just like a real Commodore 64. These drives can be either simulated, mapped onto directories on the Amiga's filesystem, or real 1541-compatible drives accessed through the hardware adapter. A64 does not support the Commodore Datasette.

References

Amiga Hardware Database

Amiga emulation software
Commodore 64 emulators
Shareware
XR-2. The XR-2 is an educational robot made by Rhino Robotics.

The robot is a multi-jointed arm, having five degrees of freedom. (It has six degrees of freedom when attached to the optional sliding base.)
The arm is constructed of aluminum and the workings of the robot, such as geared electric motors and their rotary encoders, are visible.
A controller, based on the 6502 CPU also found in the robot's contemporary, the Apple II, can control up to eight motors - the robot and two other items, such as a turntable or the aforementioned sliding base.
There is a teach pendant, rather like those of full-size industrial robots, that can be connected to the controller. Using this, the robot can be "taught" simple programs using the pendant and can then repeat them.

Controller interface
The interface for the motor controller is based on a RS-232 serial port. (9600 baud, 7 data bits, 2 stop bits, even parity.) The controller, while in one physical box, is actually two machines. The one on the top is the teach pendant computer, the one below is the motor controller proper.
One can connect a computer to this serial port and send the robot commands. The commands are very simple, and many are based on text, so the controller can be commanded with a simple serial terminal or a terminal emulator program running on a PC.

The command 'F+100', for instance, will cause the F motor to move 100 units.
'F-100' would reverse the movement. Generally, the commands refer to one of the eight motors that controller can move, labeled A, B, C ... H.
The number must not be larger than 127 or smaller than 128, or the signed byte holding it will overflow.

Another command is 'F?', (Where F could be any motor label). This command inquires how many steps of the current movement instruction have not yet been performed. A byte is returned, but 32 must be subtracted from this byte to get the true number of steps remaining - 32 is added so that the returned character is always a printing character and not a control character.

References

Rhino Robotics LTD. Model XR-2

External links
WLKATA 6-Axis Mini Robot

Educational robots