omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of Space Shuttle crews. This is a list of persons who served aboard Space Shuttle crews, arranged in chronological  order by Space Shuttle missions.

Abbreviations:
 PC = Payload Commander
 MSE = USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer
 Mir = Launched to be part of the crew of the Mir Space Station
 ISS = Launched to be part of the crew of the International Space Station.

Names of astronauts returning from the Mir or ISS on the Space Shuttle are shown in italics.  They did not have specific crew roles, but are listed in the Payload Specialist columns for reasons of space.

Only two flights have carried more than seven crew members for either launch or landing. STS-61-A in 1985 is the only flight to have both launched and landed with a crew of eight, and STS-71 in 1995 is the only other flight to have landed with a crew of eight.

1977

* Note 1: In this year, Approach and Landing Tests (ALT) were accomplished. These were atmospheric only, non-spaceflight tests from a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, both with the orbiter attached and for a series of drop-test flights.

** Note 2: The durations listed count only the orbiter free-flight time, and not total time aloft along with airborne time atop of the 747 SCA.

*** Note 3: Flights with the orbiter attached to the SCA for the duration, but both crewed and powered to test crew procedures and orbiter systems.

1981–1985

1986–1990

1991–1995

1996–2000

2001–2005

2006–2011

See also
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 Space Shuttle program

External links
Spacefacts.de - List of crews scheduled for future human spaceflight

Space Shuttle program
Space Shuttle crews
Astronauts by space program
Tunnel hull. A tunnel hull is a type of boat hull that uses two typically planing hulls with a solid centre that traps air. This entrapment then creates aerodynamic lift in addition to the planing (hydrodynamic) lift from the hulls. Many times this is attributed to ground effect. Theoretical research and full-scale testing of tunnel hulls has demonstrated the dramatic contributions of 'close-proximity ground effect' on enhanced aerodynamic lift/drag in operation of performance tunnel hull designs.

Tunnel hulls are distinguishable from other catamarans by the typical close hull spacing and solid deck in between the hulls.

Formula 1 powerboats have a tunnel hull catamaran design allowing them to go faster. Tunnel hulls are a common design in offshore powerboat racing.

References

See also
 Cathedral hull
 Hickman sea sled
 Boston Whaler
 Supercavitation propeller
 Offshore Powerboat Racing

Shipbuilding
Advanced Compatibility Engineering. Advanced Compatibility Engineering or ACE Body Structure is the marketing name given to an automobile body structure design by Honda. It claims to distribute collision energy evenly and redirect it away from the passenger compartment, while at the same time, minimizing damage to other impacted vehicles. This is accomplished by using numerous grades of steel (typically four) which crumple in key areas and remain rigid in others. It is standard on all Honda and Acura models as of the 2017 model year.

Vehicles equipped with the ACE body structure

 Honda Clarity, 2017–present
 Honda Ridgeline, 2017–present
 Honda WR-V, 2017–present
 Honda BR-V, 2016–present
 Honda HR-V, 2016–present
 Honda Mobilio, 2014–present
 Honda Amaze, 2013–present
 Honda Brio, 2013–present
 Honda Crosstour, 2009-
 Honda CR-Z, 2009-
 Honda Insight, 2010–present
 Honda Fit, 2009–present
 Honda Pilot, 2009–present
 Honda Accord, 2008–present
 Honda CR-V, 2007–present
 Honda Civic, 2006–present
 Honda Odyssey, 2005–present
 Acura ILX, 2012-
 Acura ZDX, 2009-
 Acura TLX, 2014-
 Acura TL, 2009–2014
 Acura TSX, 2009–2014
 Acura RDX, 2006-
 Acura MDX, 2007–present
 Acura RLX, 2012-
 Acura RL, 2005–2012

References

 Advanced Compatibility Engineering, Honda

Honda
AN/AAS-38. The Lockheed Martin AN/AAS-38 Nite Hawk is a FLIR, laser designator, and laser tracker pod system for use with laser-guided munitions.

The Nite Hawk has been used with the F/A-18 Hornet, and has presumably been tested with the A-7E Corsair II.  The Lockheed Martin (ex Loral / Texas Instruments ex Ford Aerospace / Texas Instruments) AAS-38A/B Nite Hawk forward-looking infrared (FLIR) is the Night Attack Hornet [F/A-18C and F/A-18D] Laser Target Designation (LTD) system for laser-guided munitions delivery. Mounted on the port fuselage (Station 4), the AAS-38 enhances the Hornet's night attack capability by providing real-time Forward Looking Infrared [FLIR] thermal imagery displayed on one of the cockpit CRTs and HUD. The AAS-38 FLIR can be fully integrated with other Hornet avionics, and data from the unit is used for the calculation of weapons release solutions. Only four of these were available during the Gulf War, seeing service with VMFA (AW)-121. The improved AAS-38A Laser Target Designator/Rangefinder (LTD/R) was cleared for Fleet service on Hornet-C/Ds in January 1993. The Martin-Marietta ASQ-173 Laser Detector Tracker/CAMera (LDT/CAM), a derivative of the Air Force Pave Penny pod, does not have the ability to laser designate targets. It is a passive tracking device that detects laser light reflected from targets illuminated by ground troops, other aircraft or the Hornet's own AAS-38 targeting FLIR on the other side of the fuselage. The ASQ-173 relays target location information to the cockpit displays and mission computers.

The AAS-38 pod came in three varieties: The AAS-38 (non-LASER Designator/FLIR only), AAS-38A LASER Target Designator/Ranger (LTD/R), and AAS-38B which added LASER Spot Tracking capability and air-to-air Infrared Search and Track. Original LASER Spot Tracker (LST) capability came from the use of the ASQ-173 pod. The AAS-38A and ASQ-173 pods are meant to be used together to be able to Designate for Laser Guided Weapons (Example: GBU-12) and "see" another source's LASER designator (LST capability of the ASQ-173 pod). The AN/AAS-38A is commonly referred to by the US Navy as TFLIR or Targeting FLIR. The AAS-38 pod system, as of May 2008, is being phased out and replaced by the ASQ-228 ATFLIR pod. This will be a sequential replacement as the ATFLIR pods become available.  The introduction of the ATFLIR is seen as a significant capability increase in all Hornet US Navy fleet aircraft.

References

See Also

 List of military electronics of the United States

External links
 FAS.org Military Analysis Network - AN/AAS-38

Military electronics of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
Night flying
Targeting pods
Equipment of the United States Air Force
Silent Aircraft Initiative. The Silent Aircraft Initiative was a study undertaken by the Cambridge-MIT Institute to discover ways to reduce aircraft noise dramatically, to the point where it would be virtually unnoticeable to people outside the airport perimeter.

History 
Launched in November 2003, the program had the support of Rolls-Royce, Boeing and Marshall Aerospace. The study has since been funded by the UK Treasury and industrial partners.

Steeper descent 
Part of the study was to examine if a steeper continuous descent into an airport would reduce approach noise levels. Theoretical analysis would be backed up by field trials using real jetliners.

Hull and engine design 
A major part of the study was to develop jetliner and engine designs that could meet the SAI objectives.

The favoured hull configuration was a blended wing design, with the engines located on the upper surface of the wing, to shield ground observers from the engine noise. Because the blended wing is too shallow to accommodate twin engines, a four-engine configuration was proposed.

The favoured engine configuration was a turbofan with very low specific thrust, i.e. very high ratio of bypass air. This gives a less effective exhaust gas velocity (lower jet noise) and therefore lower efficiency, and can be achieved in the landing phase by using a variable area final nozzle to rematch the fan. Furthermore, acoustic treatment in the intake and exhaust ducting can minimize turbomachinery noise.

See also
 SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport, a silent business jet
 Toroidal propeller

References

External links
The 'Silent' Aircraft Initiative website
aero-astro article

Aircraft noise reduction
International civil aircraft
Jet engine technology
Type UB III submarine. The Type UB III submarine was a class of U-boat built during World War I by the German Imperial Navy.

Design
UB III boats carried 10 torpedoes and were usually armed with either an  or a  deck gun. They carried a crew of 34 and had a cruising range of . Between 1916 and 1918, 96 were built.

The UB III type was a coastal submarine, and being a submersible torpedo boat was less akin to UB II type "attack" (i.e. torpedo-launching) boats that preceded it than the highly successful UC II type minelaying submarine. The UC IIs had gained their reputation by sinking more than 1,800 Allied and neutral vessels. German engineers did not miss the chance of expanding the potential of this capable design by incorporating some of its features into a new submersible torpedo boat.

Service history
The UB IIIs joined the conflict mid-1917, after the United States declared war on Germany and the United States Navy was added to the ranks of their enemies. When the convoy system was introduced, it became more difficult to engage enemy merchant shipping without being spotted by destroyer escorts. Nevertheless, the UB IIIs performed their duties with distinction, sinking 521 ships with a total of  and 7 warships, including the battleship , before the end of hostilities.

More than 200 UB III boats were ordered. Of these, 96 were completed, and 89 commissioned into the German Imperial Navy. Thirty-seven boats were lost, four in accidents. Surviving boats had to be surrendered to the Allies in accordance with the requirements of the Armistice with Germany, some of these boats served until 1935.

Legacy
Germany was prohibited from acquiring a new submarine force by the Treaty of Versailles, but German admirals had no intention of allowing their nation to forget how to construct submarines. Germany started to manufacture and to export slightly modified versions of UB IIs and UB IIIs. Having kept the skills of their engineers polished by this means, they eventually ordered the construction of a new coastal submarine. The resulting design was an improved UB-III that had the benefit of new, all-welded construction techniques and an array of electronic and electromechanical gadgets: the Type VII submarine, the most common U-boat of the Kriegsmarine, was born.

List of Type UB III submarines 
There were 96 Type UB III submarines commissioned into the German Imperial Navy.

References

Bibliography
Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921

Further reading
 

Type UB III
 
Type UB III
Android science. Android science is an interdisciplinary framework for studying human interaction and cognition based on the premise that a very humanlike robot (that is, an android) can elicit human-directed social responses in human beings. The android's ability to elicit human-directed social responses enables researchers to employ an android in experiments with human participants as an apparatus that can be controlled more precisely than a human actor.

While mechanical-looking robots may be able to elicit social responses to some extent, a robot that looks and acts like a human being is in a better position to stand in for a human actor in social, psychological, cognitive, or neuroscientific experiments. This gives experiments with androids a level of ecological validity with respect to human interaction found lacking in experiments with mechanical-looking robots.

An experimental setting for human-android interaction also provides a testing ground for models concerning how cognitive or neural processing influence human interaction, because models can be implemented in the android and tested in interaction with human participants. In android science, cognitive science and engineering are understood as enjoying a synergistic relationship in which the results from a deepening understanding of human interaction and the development of increasingly humanlike androids feed into each other.

Android science can be broadly construed to include all the effects of engineered human likeness, such as the impact of humanlike robots on society or the study of the relationship between anthropomorphism and human perception. The latter relates to an observation made by Masahiro Mori that human beings are more sensitive to deviations from humanlike behavior or appearance in near-human forms. Mori refers to this phenomenon as the uncanny valley.

See also
Affective computing
Android
Cognitive science
Human-robot interaction
Robot
Uncanny valley

References

External links
 Android Science Center
Librascope. Librascope was a Glendale, California, division of General Precision, Inc. (GPI). It was founded in 1937 by Lewis W. Imm to build and operate theater equipment, and acquired by General Precision in 1941.  During World War II it worked on improving aircraft load balancing.

Later, Librascope became a manufacturer of early digital computers sold in both the business and defense markets.  It hired Stan Frankel, a Manhattan Project veteran and early ENIAC programmer, to design the LGP-30 desk computer in 1956.  

In 1964 Librascope's Avionic Equipment Division at San Marcos has been shifted to the Aerospace Group, GPI as the West Coast facility of the Kearfott Division.  

Librascope was eventually purchased by Singer Corporation and moved into the manufacture of marine systems and land-based C3 (Command, Control, Communication) systems for the international defense industry. The company specialized in fire control systems for torpedoes, though they continued to work on a variety of other smaller military contracts through the 1970s.

After Singer was taken over by corporate raider Paul Bilzerian, the company was sold to Loral Space & Communications in 1992.  The division was eventually sold to Lockheed Martin and was eventually absorbed into the Lockheed Martin Federal Systems, but is now called Lockheed Martin NE&SS—Undersea Systems.

Computers 
LGP-30
LGP-21
Librascope AN/ASN-24 general purpose Airborne/Aerospace Computer Set (1958), after modification used in:
Centaur guidance computer (Librascope-3)
Lockheed C-141A Starlifter and C-130E Hercules - Digital Navigation Computer (System 605A), AN/ASN-24(V)
Atlas-Centaur Navigation Computer (GPK-33)
Digital Camera-Control System - aerial-reconnaissance camera system, AN/ASN-24(XY-1)

Librascope C141 airborne navigation computer
Librascope L90-I general purpose aerospace computer (1962)
Librascope L600 aircraft and missile guidance computer
Librascope L-2010 general purpose rugged computer (1962), portable
Librascope L3055 data processor for 473L system

References

External links
Librascope Memories, over 60 years of history, including 293 Librazette newsletters, photos, product literature, and company videos.
Air Force 473L global communications system

1937 establishments in California
1992 disestablishments in California
American companies disestablished in 1992
American companies established in 1937
Companies based in Glendale, California
Computer companies established in 1937
Computer companies disestablished in 1992
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer systems companies
Technology companies established in 1937
Technology companies disestablished in 1992
Ping-Pong virus. The Ping-Pong virus (also called Boot, Bouncing Ball, Bouncing Dot, Italian, Italian-A or VeraCruz) is a boot sector virus discovered on March 1, 1988, at the Politecnico di Torino (Turin Polytechnic University) in Italy. It was likely the most common and best known boot sector virus until outnumbered by the Stoned virus.

Replication method 
Computers could be contaminated by an infected diskette, showing up as a 1 KB bad cluster (the last one on the disk, used by the virus to store the original boot sector) to most disk checking programs. Due to being labelled as a bad cluster, MS-DOS will avoid overwriting it. It infects disks on every active drive and will even infect non-bootable partitions on the hard disk. Upon infection, the virus becomes memory resident.

Effect 
The virus would become active if a disk access is made exactly on the half-hour and start to show a small "ball" bouncing around the screen in both text mode (the ASCII bullet character "•") and graphical mode. No serious damage is incurred by the virus except on '286 machines (and also V20, '386 and '486), which would sometimes crash during the ball's appearance on the screen. The cause of this crash is the "MOV CS,AX" instruction, which only exists on '88 and '86 processors. For this reason, users of machines at risk were advised to save their work and reboot, since this is the only way to temporarily get rid of the virus.

The original Ping Pong virus (Ping-Pong.A) only infects floppy disks. Later variants of this virus such as Ping-Pong.B and Ping-Pong.C also infect the hard disk boot sector as well. While the virus is active, one cannot replace the boot sector—it either prevents writing to it or it immediately re-infects it.

Ping-Pong.A is extinct but the hard-disk variants can still appear.

References 

Boot viruses
Hacking in the 1980s
RS200 (dinghy). The RS200 is a 4m, double handed, hiking, racing dinghy. Designed in 1995 by Phil Morrison and manufactured by RS Sailing, it has a lightweight polyester GRP with Coremat hull construction.

Performance and design
The RS200 utilises a single line asymmetrical spinnaker system and low sheet loads on the sail controls. It can be sailed successfully by pairs of sailors with combined weights of between  and . Both sailors hike; there are no trapezes or wings. The open transom assists drainage after a capsize and a moulded self bailer can be opened to remove any remaining water.

References

External links
 
 RS Sailing (Global HQ)
 ISAF Connect to Sailing
 International RS Classes Association
 UK RS200 Class Association
 UK RS Association
 German RS Class Association

Dinghies
1990s sailboat type designs
Boats designed by Phil Morrison
Sailboat types built by RS Sailing
Custom Integrated Circuits Conference. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC) is an international conference devoted to IC development, showcasing original, first published technical work and circuit techniques that tackle practical problems.  CICC is a forum for circuit, IC, and SoC designers, CAD developers, manufacturers and ASIC users to present and discuss new developments, future trends, innovative ideas and recent advancements. CICC is sponsored by the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society and technically sponsored by the IEEE Electron Devices Society. The conference is held annually in either April or September in locations across the US.

See also 
 International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) 
 International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)
 Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits

References

External links 
 
 CICC proceedings

IEEE conferences
International conferences in the United States
Thomas Keefer. Thomas Coltrin Keefer CMG (4 November 1821 – 7 January 1915) was a Canadian civil engineer.

Biography 
Born into a United Empire Loyalist family in Thorold Township, Upper Canada, the son of George Keefer and Jane Emory, née McBride, his father was chairman of the Welland Canal Company. After attending Upper Canada College he began his engineering training by working on the Erie Canal and continued his learning experience later on the Welland Canal. He became well known for his writings, particularly Philosophy of Railroads and The Canals of Canada: Their Prospects and Influence, and surveyed a railway connecting Kingston, Ontario, and Toronto (1851), was in charge of the survey for a line between Montreal and Kingston, and determined the site for the Victoria Bridge that crosses the St. Lawrence River into Montreal.

However, his engineering focus was on water supply. He became chief engineer of the Montreal Water Board and also built the Ottawa Water Works. One of his best-known achievements was the construction of the Hamilton Waterworks, an achievement commemorated by the preservation of the pumping station as the Hamilton Museum of Steam and Technology. His design for the foundations of the Victoria Bridge (“Keefer’s Shoes”) was used in the construction of the bridge. Keefer was a co-founder and the first president of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers. He was also president of the American Society of Civil Engineers (1888) and of the Canadian Institute. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1890 and was its president from 1898 to 1899.

He served as chief engineer of the Montreal Water Board and designed the water-supply system for Hamilton, Ontario (1859), as well as the waterworks in Ottawa (1874). His Hamilton pumping station, with its working Gartshore beam engines, has been declared a national historic site. As the "Dean of Canadian engineers," he received many honours, including the presidency of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George and an officer of the French Legion of Honour.

He died in Ottawa in 1915. His son, Charles Keefer, was also a notable Canadian civil engineer.

The Keefer Medal was established in 1942, and is awarded annually by the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering for the best civil engineering paper in hydro-technical, transportation or environmental engineering.

References

Bibliography 
 
 
 

1821 births
1915 deaths
Province of Canada people
Canadian civil engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Upper Canada College alumni
People from Thorold
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Engineers from Ontario
Titanium(II) oxide. Titanium(II) oxide (TiO) is an inorganic chemical compound of titanium and oxygen. It can be prepared from titanium dioxide and titanium metal at 1500 °C. It is non-stoichiometric in a range TiO0.7 to TiO1.3  and this is caused by vacancies of either Ti or O in the defect rock salt structure. In pure TiO 15% of both Ti and O sites are vacant,  as the vacancies allow metal-metal bonding between adjacent Ti centres. Careful annealing can cause ordering of the vacancies producing a monoclinic form which has 5 TiO units in the primitive cell that exhibits lower resistivity. A high temperature form with titanium atoms with trigonal prismatic coordination is also known. Acid solutions of TiO are stable for a short time then decompose to give hydrogen:

2 Ti2+(aq) + 2 H+(aq) → 2 Ti3+(aq) + H2(g)

Gas-phase TiO shows strong bands in the optical spectra of cool (M-type) stars. In 2017, TiO was claimed to be detected in an exoplanet atmosphere for the first time; a result which is still debated in the literature. Additionally, evidence has been obtained for the presence of the diatomic molecule TiO in the interstellar medium.

References

Titanium(II) compounds
Non-stoichiometric compounds
Transition metal oxides
Rock salt crystal structure