omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
The ocean makes up 70 percent of the earth’s surface and accounts for 96 percent of the water on the planet. Unfortunately this water cannott be consumed. It is s oversaturated with salt. Desalination is the process of turning salty ocean water into drinking water. With 783 million people lacking access to clean water and more areas facing severe droughts, desalination can be the answer of this problem. But like other ajor industrial processes, desalination has environental impacts that must be understood and mitigated. The effects on the marine environment associated with the construction and long -term operation of seawater desalination plants, including withdrawing water from the ocean and discharging the highly concentrated brine. With that disadvantages a more optimum and environmentally responsible mechanism is needed to supply clean water. 3 Table of Contents Title page………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………2 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..4 Disadvantages of Solar Pond:………………………………………..……………………4 Soret Effect …………………………………………………………………… …… …….. 6 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………8 Therm al Analysis …………………… …………………………….. ………… .…………. 7 Desalination Process…… …………………………………………………... .…………. 10 Desalination System Unit………………………………………………….…………….1 1 Unit Arrangement ………………………………………………… .……………………1 3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 Nomenclature…………………………………………………………………… ………... ……..1 5
. We demonstrate that plastic failure loads of shear frames can be inferred from their elastic ambient response. The interstory plastic mechanism force is derived for moment-resisting (rigid) frames as a function of two measured elastic (low-amplitude) frequencies. Structural health monitoring techniques are traditionally devised for “post-event” assessment of structures after exposure of a facility to a potentially damaging loading event such as strong earthquakes or blasts. The knowledge of induced damage, its location, and severity in an otherwise functioning structure, as important as it is, may be too late for precautionary preparations. Naturally, one is interested in identiﬁcation of potential failure mechanisms and indicators prior to damaging events when a structure is responding to environmental loads elastically. Are post-event plastic failure loads identiﬁable from the pre-event ambient response? We answer this question by ﬁrst deriving interstory shear stiﬀness values from a set of measured ambient frequencies that are then incorporated into post-elastic equilibrium equations for a closed-form expression of failure loads as a function of measured frequencies. We test our procedure using a typical shear frame example as proof of concept. To extend the relevance and applicability of the proposed procedure we consider uncertainties associated with the measured and estimated quantities and assess their eﬀects in our model output. The closed-form solutions presented allow study of fully-stressed designs and we present the optimal stiﬀness distribution for such designs as another example. It is anticipated that temporal relevance of structural health monitoring techniques to “pre-event” assessment will be extended in the near future to such promising technologies as earthquake early warning systems. Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Formulation 2 2.1. Lateral Stiﬀness 3 2.2. Modal Mass 5 2.3. Plastic Failure Load 5 2.4. Experimental Scheme 5 3. Analysis of Uncertainty 6 3.1. Assumptions 7 3.2. Uncertain Frequencies 7 3.3. Uncertain Modal Masses 8 4. Illustrative Examples 8 4.1. Veriﬁcation with Theoretical Results 8 4.2. Stiﬀness Distribution for Fully-stressed Designs 11 5. Concluding Remarks 12
This article presents a novel valuation model by market comparison that requires a minimum application of criteria by the appraiser, thus seeking the highest degree of objectivity possible. The premise that supports the model is that the price differences observed between comparable assets of the same market must be proportional to the dissimilarities (distances) between those same assets, but it shows that not every distance implies a price gap, so a corrected distance is used. The solution of the model requires the use of non-linear programming, and an example shows that the results are very similar to those obtained by applying Goal Programming, which is another optimization method applicable to the valuation of real estate. Keywords Appraisal, real estate, property valuation, applied optimization methods. Resumen En este artículo se presenta un nuevo modelo de valoración por comparación de mercado que requiere una mínima aplicación de criterios por parte del tasador, buscando así el mayor grado de objetividad posible. La premisa que sustenta el modelo es que las diferencias de precios observadas entre activos comparables de un mismo mercado, deben ser proporcionales a las disimilitudes (distancias) entre esos mismos activos, pero se muestra que no toda distancia implica una brecha de precios, por lo que se utiliza una distancia corregida . La solución del modelo requiere el uso de programación no lineal, y un ejemplo muestra que los resultados son muy similares a los obtenidos aplicando Programación por Metas, que es otro método de optimización aplicable a la valoración de bienes raíces. Palabras clave Tasación, bienes raíces, valoración de propiedades, métodos de optimización aplicados. 2 1. Introduction The main methods of real estate valuation are in two major categories: capitalization methods and comparative methods [1]. The techniques are completely different between these groups, in the first case they are based on the anticipation approach, where the projected return of the asset is calculated as a present value according to a certain discount rate. It is worth saying that there is considerable uncertainty when using the capitalization approach, both because of the uncertainty of a projected cash flow and because of the high sensitivity of the results to the rate used. Its use is justified when the information of similar transactions is limited and the purpose of the property is commercial, being intended for the generation of income. Comparative methods, on the other hand, are based on the principle of substitution, wherein the value of a good must be similar to that of others with comparable characteristics, making them theoretically interchangeable. This approach is commonly chosen when dealing with houses or apartments in a mature market with transactions that can serve as
Can be cited using Nan oscale, 2019, DOI: 10.1039/C 9NR00117D 2 Content s 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of high filler content polymer nanocomposites 2.1. Scaffold impregnation 2.1.1. 1D yarn 2.1.2. 2D sheet 2.1.3. 3D array 2.2. Filler mixing 3. The properties of polymer nanocomposite with high filler content 3.1. Mechanical properties 3.2. Flammability 3.3. Thermal and electrical conduct ivity 4. Factors affecting p roperties of polymer nanocomposites 4.1. Alignment of filler 4.2. Dispersion of filler 4.3. Interfacial bonding between filler and polymer 5. Conclusions and potential applications 5.1. Existing applications 5.1.1. Tensioning cables 5.1.2. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 5.1.3. Energy storage 5.1.4. Sensor s and actuator s 5.1.5. Thermal barrier s 5.1.6. Tissue engineering scaffolds or implant s 5.2. Future applications Acknowledgements
1. Introduction 2. Mechanisms of Flame Acceleration and DDT 2.1 Overview of DDT in an Obstacle-Laden Channel 2.2 Flame Acceleration, Shock Waves, and Hot-Spot Ignition 2.3 Transition to Detonation by \Direct Initiation" 2.4. Transition to Detonation by Energy Focusin 2.5. DDT in a Turbulent Flame (Uncon ned, No Congestion) 2.6. Fundamental Observations from Scale Studies 2.7. How Likely Is a Fuel-Air Mixture to Detonate? 2.8 Detonation Transmission and Survival 3. Detonation and Explosion Scenarios 4. Detonation Markers and Large-Scale Tests 4.1 Damage to Property 4.2. Directional Indicators 4.3 The Importance of Broken Glass 4.4 The E ects of Congestion 4.5 Pressures from Explosions Leaving the Flammable Cloud 4.6. Miscellaneous Other Properties of Detonations in Vapor Clouds 5. A Review of Intense VCEs 5.1 Bunce eld, UK, 11 December 2005 5.2 Jaipur, India, 29 October 2009 5.3 CAPECO, Puerto Rico, 23 October 2009 5.4 Amuay, Venezuela, 25 August, 2012 5.5 Skikda, Algeria, 19 Jan 2004 5.6 Brenham, Texas, US, 7 April 1992 5.7 Ufa, Russia, 4 June 1989 5.8 Port Hudson, Missouri, US, 9 December 1970 5.9 Newark, US, 7 January 1983 5.10 Flixborough, UK, 1 June 1974 5.11 Pasadena, Texas US DATE?? 5.12 Decatur, US, 19 July 1974 5.13 Beek, Netherlands, 7 November 1975 5.14 Donnellson, Iowa, US, 4 August 1978 5.15. Other Intense VCE Events 2 6. Summary , Recommendations, and Conclusions 6.1 Summary 6.2 Suggestions for Fuel-Storage Safety 6.3 Suggestions for Future Basic Research in DDT 6.4 In Conclusion Acknowledgments
The paradigm of Cloud production and manufacturing system can be considered as one of the most dominant enablers of Industry 4.0 paradigm. The emphasize of this paradigm for realization of service -oriented production and manufacturing systems has establish ed new perspectives for manufacturing business models toward globalized and distributed orientations. This paper has reviewed research studies conducted through 2014-2022 regarding the elaboration of Cloud production and manufacturing system concepts. Considering the proposed roadmap of the research, four main themes have been considered for clustering the research studies . First theme, the research studies which have contributed to platforms and architectures for globalized service - oriented production and manufacturing systems. Second theme, t he research studies which elaborated the idea of Cloud production and manufacturing systems by encompassing the transportation and logistics as service paradigm. The third theme, t he research studies that contributed to development of operations research models for Cloud service network management and planning. Last theme, t he research studies that extended and contributed the application of Blockchain and emerging Web 3 technologies in Cloud manufacturing networks. The studies emphasize the potential and capabilities of Web 3 for establishment of new business models in this network. The convergence of the themes in this research concentrates on more realization of service -oriented production and supply networks. The globalized interaction frameworks which operate with autonomo us structures capable of resembl ing the p
The critical functionality provided by the informal e -waste recycling sector to the global circular economy is marred by the hazardous emissions from this practice when it is carried out under informal and unregulated conditions in the Global South. Here , we focus a systematic review (PRISMA) of evidence specifically on rudimentary thermal processing activities that are carried out to disassemble and recover metals bonded into the complex assemblies and composites of electrical and electronic products and i tems. We identified main combinations of hazard -pathway -receptor (H -P-R) associated with exposure to risk and ranked them to indicate severity and prioritise research needs and interventions. Two pract ices, open burning and heating/ melting/roasting are hig hly efficient in comparison to mechanical disassembly of many components and materials, presenting a challenge for actors who want to discourage them. Yet , these activities result in significant and very serious potential health effects as evidence d by 48
This paper is a follow-up to a previous paper introducing the new bitstream Photon Counting Chirped Amplitude Modulation (AM) Lidar (PC-CAML) with a Digital Logic Local Oscillator (DLLO) concept. In that previous work, the DLLO was unipolar. In this paper, a new bipolar DLLO for the bitstream PC-CAML is introduced (patent pending). The bipolar DLLO retains the key advantages of the unipolar DLLO for the bitstream PC-CAML since it also replaces bulky, power-hungry, and expensive wideband RF analog electronics with digital components that can be implemented in inexpensive silicon complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor (CMOS) read-out integrated circuits (ROICs) to make the bitstream PC-CAML with a DLLO more suitable for compact lidar-on-a-chip systems and lidar array receivers than previous PC-CAML systems. In addition, the bipolar DLLO improves the electrical power signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the bitstream PC-CAML by about 2.5 dB compared to th at of the unipolar DLLO as shown by the theoretical and Monte Carlo simulation results presented in this paper. Theoretically, there should be a 3 dB improvement for the bipolar DLLO from the elimination of the signal power loss to the DC component of the intermediate frequency (IF) spectrum that occurs with the unipolar DLLO. However, this improvement is partially offset by a higher quantization noise for the bipolar DLLO compared to that of the unipolar DLLO as explained in this paper. This paper introduces the bipolar DLLO for bitstream PC-CAML concept and presents the initial signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) theory with comparisons to Monte Carlo simulation results. 1. Bipolar DLLO for Bitstream PC-CAML Concept The patented photon counting chirped amplitude modulation lidar (PC-CAML) concept has been extensively discussed previously. [ref 1-14] In previous PC-CAML systems, the local oscillator (LO) has been a radio-frequency (RF) analog signal applied using expensive, bulky, and power hungry RF analog electronics either in post-detection mixing or via opto-electronic mixing (OEM) at the photon counting detector, including gating of the detector, or applied via pre- detection mixing using an optical intensity modulator. The reader is referred to
2 Digital technologies can be important to policy -makers and public servants, as these 3 technologies can increase infrastructure performance and reduce environmental impacts. For 4 example, utilizing data from sensors in sewer systems can improve their management , which 5 may result in better surface water quality . The utilization of such big data from sensors is 6 however not only a technical issue, but depends on individual, organizational and institutional 7 factors as well . Our article identifies barriers to the evaluation of data from sewer systems, as 8 one type of data utilization . We employ fuzzy -set Qualitati ve Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) 9 to compare Swiss sub -states and find that three di fferent barriers at different levels can each 10 hinder data evaluation on their own. More specifically , either a lack of vision at the individual 11 level, a lack of reso urces at the organizational level, or administrative fragmentation at the 12 institutional level hinder the evaluation of data . Findings suggest that taking into account 13 different levels is crucial for understanding digital transformation in public organizations. 14 15 Keywords: digital transformation, data utilization , infrastructure, wastewater , Switzerland, 16 QCA . 17 Manuscript Click here to view linked
This paper introduces a new concept for the local oscillator (LO) for the Photon Counting Chirped Amplitude Modulation Lidar (PC-CAML). Rather than using a radio-frequency (RF) analog LO applied electronically either in post-detection mixing or via opto-electronic mixing (OEM) at the detector, or applied via pre-detection mixing using an optical intensity modulator as in previous systems, the new method mixes the single-bit binary counts from the photon counting detector with a single-bit binary LO using an AND binary digital logic gate. This type of LO is called the Digital Logic Local Oscillator (DLLO), and the resulting PC-CAML system is a type of bitstream lidar called bitstream PC-CAML (patent pending). The key advantage of the DLLO in the bitstream PC-CAML is that it replaces bulky, power- hungry, and expensive wideband RF analog electronics with single-bit digital logic components that can be implemented in inexpensive silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) read-out integrated circuits (ROICs) to make the bitstream PC-CAML with a DLLO more suitable for compact lidar-on-a-chip systems and lidar array receivers than previous PC- CAML systems. This paper introduces the DLLO for bitstream PC-CAML concept, presents the initial signal-to- noise ratio (SNR) theory with comparisons to Monte Carlo simulation results, and makes suggestions for future work on this concept. 1. Bitstream PC-CAML with a DLLO Concept The patented photon counting chirped amplitude modulation lidar (PC-CAML) concept has been extensively discussed previously. [ref 1-13] In previous PC-CAML systems, the local oscillator (LO) has been a radio-frequency (RF) analog signal applied using expensive, bulky, and power hungry RF analog electronics either in post-detection mixing or via opto-electronic mixing (OEM) at the photon counting detector, including gating of the detector, or applied via pre- detection mixing using an optical intensity modulator as illustrated in figure 1. [ref 1-13] The reader is referred to
Due to the vigorous promotion of commercialization and the popularization of electric vehicles in China, the elimination of power batteries has gradually increased, causing environmental protection threats and waste of resources. Therefore, recycling and utilization of such batteries have been actively promoted in recent years. At present, the “Interim Measures for the Management of Recovery and Utilization of New Energy Vehicle Power Battery,” as well as related regulations and standards have been announced. The power battery traceability management platform has been established and promoted, so that the being counseled companies have cooperated to perform these policies. This article is mainly to explain the promotion system and current situation of recovery and reuse of repurposing batteries, including coding principles, traceability management system, manufacturing factory guidelines, dismantling process guidelines, residual energy measurement, etc., as well as analyze the promotion situation and policy in China. Currently, the industry and business of electric vehicles are still in the early stage of promotion. The main products include electric buses, electric motorcycles, and electric scooters. The relative policy about power battery recycling is under development. The policy, code, and standard in China and other countries can be used as
The effect of microbial load and nutrient (NPK 15:15:15) on crude oil polluted soil was investigated in this study. 10% crude oil polluted soil for the samples were impacted with Aspergillus niger of concentr ations 1×106 cfu/g, 2×106 cfu/g, 5×106 cfu/g, 1×107 cfu/g, 2×107cfu/g re spectively and NPK 15:15:15 were introduced to five samples which served as test samples , and the other as control sample. Parameters such as pH, Residual Hydrocarbon Content (RHC), Total Microbial Count (TMC) were monitored over a period of seven (7) weeks. The results obtained show an incr ease in pH for the samples. The Total Hydrocarbon C ontent (THC) decreased for all the samples. T he control sample dropped from 183 -27mg/kg (85% drop), sample impacted with 1×106 cfu/g dropped from 179 -10mg/kg (94% drop), sample impacted with 2×106 cfu/g dropped from 181 -9mg/kg (95% drop), sample impacted with 5×106 cfu/g dropped from 181 -8mg/kg (96% drop), sample impacted with 1×107 cfu/g dro pped from 180-6mg/kg (97% drop) and the sample impacted with 2×107cfu/g dropped from 184 -4mg/kg (98% drop). From the results, bioremediation strategy was found to be very effective. iii TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………1 1.1 AIM ……………………………………………………………………………………...3 1.2 OBJECTIVE …………………………………………………………………………… 3 1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY …………………………………………………………………….3 1.4 RELEVANCE OF STUDY …………………………………………………………….3 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 BIOREMEDIATION ………………………………………………………… .……… 4 2.1 TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION ……………………………………… .……………..5 2.2 THEORY …………………………………………………………………………… .…11 2.3 MICROBIAL GROWTH ……………………………………………………………...13 2.4 MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN BIOREMEDIATION …………………………… .……13 2.5 BIOCHEMISTRY OF B IOREMEDIATION …………………………………………16 2.6 CRUDE OIL ………………………………………………………………………… ...17 2.7 BIODEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL …………………………………………..… ..17 2.8 CAUSES OF CRUDE OIL SPILL …………………………………………………. ...18 2.9 OIL SPILL DISPERSAL ……………………………………………………… .……..19 2.10 FATE OF SPILLED OIL …………………………………………………………… .19 2.11 WAYS OF PREVENTING OIL SPILLS ………………………………………… ....21 2.12 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ……………………………… ..21 CHAPTER THREE iv 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD ……………………………………… .…..…..…… ...23 3.1 MATERIALS USED …………………………………………………… .. …..…… . ...23 3.2 EQUIPMENTS USED ………………………………………………… …………… . .24 3.3 PROCEEDURE …………………………………… .…………………… ...….……… .25 3.4 DETERMINATION OF PH …………………………………………… ...…… .…… ...25 3.5 DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL HYDROCARBON ………………..… ………..26 3.6 D ETERMINATION OF TOTAL MICROBIAL COUNT ……………………………26 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………27 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ………………………………………..34 5.1 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………34 5.2 RECOMMENDATION ………………………………………………… ……………..34