omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Clasp. Clasp, clasper or CLASP may refer to:
 Book clasp, fastener for a book cover
 Folding clasp, a device used to close a watch strap
 Lobster clasp, fastener for jewellery
 Wrist clasp, a dressing accessory
 Medal bar, an element in military decoration
 Fastener, a hardware device that mechanically joins objects together
 CLASP (British Rail), a prefabricated building system
 "Clasp", a song by Jethro Tull from The Broadsword and the Beast
 Clasp, a Common Lisp implementation
 Clasper, an anatomical structure in male cartilaginous fish
 Clasper (mathematics), a surface (with extra structure) in a 3-manifold on which surgery can be performed
 Grasp, holding or seizing firmly with (or as if with) the hand

Acronyms and initialisms

 Center for Law and Social Policy, an American organization, based Washington, D.C., that advocates for policies aimed at improving the lives of low-income people
 CLASP1 and CLASP2, cytoplasmic linker associated proteins
 Classic ASP, a nostalgic term for Active Server Pages in computing
 Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program, an international nonprofit organization
 Consortium of Local Authorities Special Programme, an association in England for the development of prefabricated school buildings
Christopher Rose (electrical engineer). Christopher Rose (born January 9, 1957) is a professor of engineering, former associate provost at Brown University in Rhode Island and a founding member of WINLAB at Rutgers University in New Jersey. He was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; SB'79, SM'81, Ph.D'85 all in Course VI (Electrical Engineering and Computer Science). On September 2, 2004, an article by Christopher Rose and Gregory Wright, titled Inscribed matter as an energy-efficient means of communication with an extraterrestrial civilization, appeared on the cover of Nature with the headline "Dear ET...".

The article argued that wireless communication is an inefficient means for potential communication over interstellar distances owing to both the unavoidable reduction of signal strength as distance squared and that information can be densely encoded (inscribed) in matter.  The article also suggested that information-bearing physical artifacts might be a more likely first form of contact with an extraterrestrial civilization than radio signals. Following the publication, Rose and Wright's idea was featured by a number of news sources including the BBC World Service, National Public Radio and The New York Times with an article by Dennis Overbye  and a subsequent editorial.
   Rose also offered related commentary on the library carried aboard the SpaceIL Beresheet Lunar Lander.

Rose is an IEEE Fellow cited for "Contributions to Wireless Communication Systems Theory", winner of the 2003 IEEE Marconi Prize Paper Award in wireless communications, and the recipient of the IEEE 2022 Undergraduate Teaching Award.

Christopher Rose was born in New York City and raised in Harlem and Co-op City. Related to Tricia Rose (sister).

Notes

External links 
 Personal Homepage
 Inscribed matter as an energy-efficient means of communication with an extraterrestrial civilization, Christopher Rose & Gregory Wright, Nature 431, 47–49 (2004);  
  Press coverage
 Marconi Prize Paper Awards Site
 IEEE Education Society Undergraduate Teaching Award Site

1957 births
Living people
Brown University faculty
People from Co-op City, Bronx
People from Harlem
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Gregory Wright (astrophysicist). Gregory W. Wright is an astrophysicist and independent consultant with Antiope Associates. On September 2, 2004, an article co-authored by Christopher Rose and Wright, titled Inscribed matter as an energy-efficient means of communication with an extraterrestrial civilization, appeared on the cover of Nature with the headline "Dear ET...".

The article argued that wireless communication is an inefficient means for potential communication over interstellar distances owing to both the unavoidable reduction of signal strength as distance squared and that information can be densely encoded (inscribed) in matter. The article also suggested that information-bearing physical artifacts might be a more likely first form of contact with an extraterrestrial civilization than radio signals. Following the publication, Rose and Wright's idea was featured on the BBC World Service and twice on National Public Radio.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American astrophysicists
Rheometry. Rheometry () generically refers to the experimental techniques used to determine the rheological properties of materials, that is the qualitative and quantitative relationships between stresses and strains and their derivatives. The techniques used are experimental. Rheometry investigates materials in relatively simple flows like steady shear flow, small amplitude oscillatory shear, and extensional flow.

The choice of the adequate experimental technique depends on the rheological property which has to be determined. This can be the steady shear viscosity, the linear viscoelastic properties (complex viscosity respectively elastic modulus), the elongational properties, etc.

For all real materials, the measured property will be a function of the flow conditions during which it is being measured (shear rate, frequency, etc.) even if for some materials this dependence is vanishingly low under given conditions (see Newtonian fluids).

Rheometry is a specific concern for smart fluids such as electrorheological fluids and magnetorheological fluids, as it is the primary method to quantify the useful properties of these materials.

Rheometry is considered useful in the fields of quality control, process control, and industrial process modelling, among others. For some, the techniques, particularly the qualitative rheological trends, can yield the classification of materials based on the main interactions between different possible elementary components and how they qualitatively affect the rheological behavior of the materials. Novel applications of these concepts include measuring cell mechanics in thin layers, especially in drug screening contexts.

Of non-Newtonian fluids
The viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid is defined by a power law:

where η is the viscosity after shear is applied, η0 is the initial viscosity, γ is the shear rate, and if
, the fluid is shear thinning,
, the fluid is shear thickening,
, the fluid is Newtonian.

In rheometry, shear forces are applied to non-Newtonian fluids in order to investigate their properties.

Shear thinning fluids
Due to the shear thinning properties of blood, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to assess the risk of aneurysms. Using High-Resolution solution strategies, the results when using non-Newtonian rheology were found to be negligible.

Shear thickening fluids
A method for testing the behavior of shear thickening fluids is stochastic rotation dynamics-molecular dynamics (SRD-MD). The colloidal particles of a shear thickening fluid are simulated, and shear is applied. These particles create hydroclusters which exert a drag force resisting flow.

See also
Continuum mechanics
Dynamic shear rheometer
Electrorheological fluid
Ferrofluid
Fluid mechanics
Magnetorheological fluid
Rheology
Rheometer
Smart fluid

References

Continuum mechanics
Fluid mechanics
Rheology
E-4 process. See also Ektachrome for full details of Kodak E-series processes.

The E-4 process is a now outdated process for developing color reversal (transparency) photographic film, which was introduced in 1966.

Drawbacks
The process is infamous for two reasons:

First, it uses the highly toxic boron hydride-based reversal agent tertiary butyl-amine borane (TBAB). Early releases of the consumer-sized version of the chemistry provided the TBAB in the form of a tablet, possibly to avoid the possibility of inhalation. This was later changed to loose powder, likely as a countermeasure against inadvertent ingestion of the substance.

Second, the prehardener agent contains formaldehyde and 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran, which when mixed generates succinaldehyde, a noxious gas which has been likened to tear gas. Process E-6 films are hardened during manufacture, eliminating the prehardener step altogether and allowing them to be processed at .

Steps

Ektachrome film has three separate light-sensitive layers; each layer is sensitive to a different group of wavelengths corresponding to red, green, and blue colors. When the film is exposed, each layer records a latent image based on its sensitivity. A yellow filter prevents blue light from exposing the green- and red-sensitive layers, which have some sensitivity to blue light.

The E-4 process is faster than E-3; whereas E-3 required 15 steps and up to 70 minutes from start to finish, E-4 was completed in approximately 50 minutes over 13 steps. E-4 runs at , about 10 °F (6 °C) higher than E-3. The temperature tolerance is ±1 °F for prehardener, ±°F for the first developer, and ±2–5 °F for all other steps. The ME-4 process was a motion picture variation of the E-4 process.

The major change for E-4 was the inclusion of a chemical reversal agent, which permits processing of the film without the manual re-exposure/fogging step required by the predecessor E-1 / E-2 / E-3 processes.

Total darkness is required during the first four development steps; normal room light can be used for the remaining steps.

History

E-4 processed film is color stable for about 30 years.

The process largely was phased out in 1976 with the introduction of the E-6 process, which is more environmentally friendly due to its lack of toxic chemicals. E-6 avoids the use of TBAB by adding a separate reversal bath containing the tin salt stannous chloride.

The E-4 process has been discontinued since 1996; after 1976 it was used solely for Kodak IE color infrared film, due to a legal commitment by Kodak to provide process support for 30 years after introduction. Kodak discontinued E-4 processing in 1985, but independent photofinishers continued to support the process. The E-4 chemicals were reverse-engineered and substitute formulae were published in the British Journal of Photography Annual in 1977.

Notes

References

External links 
 Kodak specifications for hand mixing of chemistry

Processing of older Ektachrome films (including Process E-4)
 Film Rescue USA and Canada
 Rocky Mountain USA

Photographic film processes
Quality Standards Illustrated. The eighth edition of the Quality Standards (QSI) (published by the Architectural Woodwork Institute) is a major revision in a line of Standards extending back to 1961.

Eighth edition
There are a number of changes in the layout of the eighth edition.

The content gives an insight into the scope of fine architectural woodwork. Sections 100 and 200 refer to the raw materials of the trade; which include lumber, wood veneers, overlays like laminates, and the cores to which these products are attached.
Sections 300 through 1400 are product sections, each devoted to the details of materials and workmanship for that wide range of work. Section 1500 is a newly revised factory finishing section. Section 1600 addresses a generic method of specifying institutional cabinetry, and Section 1700 concerns installation. These sections are accessed by black thumb tab indicators.

From 1961, it was recognized that there were different levels of work required. The original committee chose the word grade to express those levels: "Premium Grade", "Custom Grade", and "Economy Grade". They are defined explicitly on page 6 of the eighth edition and are taken up throughout the book.
The raw materials of the trade are not specified using those grade terms, rather, by selecting a grade of work for the fabricated product, the quality of the materials is specified.

The selection of materials appropriate for the AWI grade of work, and the workmanship and joinery requirements for each type of architectural woodwork are spelled out in Sections 300 through 1400,  the selections and specifications are in sections 1500, Factory Finishing; 1600, Modular Cabinets; and 1700, Installation.

References
 The Architectural Woodwork Institute , Design Professionals Presentations

Architecture books
Handbooks and manuals
Ley-class minehunter. The Ley class was a class of inshore minehunter built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1950s. They had pennant numbers in the series M2001. Eleven ships were built in the early 1950s, most of which were subsequently disarmed and used as training vessels, RNXS tenders, URNU vessels etc.

Description 
They were of composite construction, that is, wood and non-ferrous metals, to give a low magnetic signature, important in a vessel that may be dealing with magnetically detonated mines. They displaced 164 tons fully laden, were armed with a Bofors 40 mm gun or an Oerlikon 20 mm gun and were powered by a pair of Paxman diesel engines.

The class shared the same basic hull as their inshore minesweeper counterpart the  and the  inshore survey craft.

Role 
Unlike traditional minesweepers, they were not equipped for sweeping moored or magnetic mines. Their work was to locate individual mines and neutralise them. This was a new role at that point, and the class was configured for working in the shallow water of rivers, estuaries and shipping channels.

Ships

References

 Jane's Fighting Ships 1953–54, R. V. B. Blackman (ed), Jane's Publishing, 1953
 Warships of the Royal Navy, Captain John. E. Moore RN, Jane's Publishing, 1979
 Bassingham web site 

 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Durabis. Durabis (Latin for "you will last") is a brand name for a clear polymer coating developed by the TDK Corporation. It was unveiled at CES 2005 to remove the need for "cumbersome" protective cartridges to protect the media’s recording layer. The need for a protective polymer arose due to the data layer on Blu-ray discs being much closer to the surface of the disc than in other disc formats, such as HD DVD. One of its principal applications at first was for scratch resistance in Blu-ray and other optical discs. It is claimed to be tough enough to resist screwdriver damage and make scratched optical discs (CDs and DVDs) a "thing of the past".

To meet Blu-ray's specifications, TDK's coating had to be less than 0.1 mm thick, be hard enough to resist considerable damage, and be transparent enough to be easily read through. According to a filing with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, the process essentially spin-coats two layers onto discs. One is for protection against scratches, and the other protects against stains and oils.

While Blu-ray mandates the use of a scratch-resistant coating, it does not specify what coating is used, and both Sony and Panasonic have their own independent hard coating technologies that are primarily in use on Blu-ray pre-recorded discs.

A TDK spokesman says the present protective layer represents "the first generation" of the coating and that the company has been refining the technology to better suit Blu-ray Discs. Although it might seem possible to adapt the polymer to other uses in LCD, CRT, and plasma screens, TDK plans to target the DVD market for now, because scratches are so common on DVDs that in the rental market, they may only last about 12 to 13 rentals on average.

References

External links
 TDK Durabis Website
 Patent Application: Article With Composite Hard Coat Layer And Method For Forming Composite Hard Coat Layer
 Patent Application: Object With Composite Hard Coating Layer And Method Of Forming Composite Hard Coating Layer
 Patent Application: Methods for Producing Optical Recording Medium and Optical Recording Medium

Polymers
Brand name materials
Japanese inventions
Lone Star Steel Company. Lone Star Steel Company was a company that operated a plant that produced steel in Lone Star, Texas. It specialized in making tubular steel with outer diameters ranging from 16 inches to 1.415 inches. In 2007, it was acquired by U.S. Steel for $2.1 billion.

The company presented its annual Chief Roughneck Award to lifetime contributors to the petroleum industry since 1955; the award has been presented by U.S. Steel since 2007 after it acquired the company.

History
The company was founded in 1942.

In 1981, the company introduced a new family of steel, oil and gas well casings.

In 1985, the company was spun off from Northwest Industries (now Fruit of the Loom, Inc. successor to Farley Industries, Inc.). William H. Beasley 3d was named chairman and chief executive officer of Lone Star.

In August 1988, the company acquired American Federal Bank for $48 million. It sold the bank for $150 million in 1993.

In 1989, the company filed bankruptcy; it emerged in 1991. 

In 2001, the company reached a 4-year collective bargaining agreement with its labor union.

In 2002, U.S. Steel canceled its marketing agreement with the company.

In 2007, the company was acquired by U.S. Steel.

In March 2016, U.S. Steel idled the plant.

In December 2016, U.S. Steel permanently closed a section of the plant.

References

1942 establishments in Texas
2007 mergers and acquisitions
U.S. Steel
JAUS. Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems (JAUS), formerly known as Joint Architecture for Unmanned Ground Systems (JAUGS), was originally an initiative started in 1998 by the United States Department of Defense to develop an open architecture for the domain of unmanned systems.

In order to ensure that the component architecture is applicable to the entire domain of current and future unmanned systems, it is built on five principles: vehicle platform independence, mission isolation, computer hardware independence, technology independence, and operator use independence.

The JAUS Reference Architecture, which is no longer being maintained, is a component based message passing architecture that defines a data format and methods of communication between computing nodes. The architecture dictates a hierarchical system built up of subsystems, nodes and components, and contains a strictly defined message set to support interoperability. Significant portions of the architecture, including the definitions for subsystem, node and component, have been loosely defined in order to accommodate for the five principles on which it is based.

The architecture has migrated from the JAUS Working Group, which was composed of individuals from the government, industry and academia, to the Society of Automotive Engineers, Aerospace Division, Avionics Systems Division. The AS4, Unmanned Systems Technical Committee now maintains and advances the set of standards. The following standards have been migrated from the JAUS Reference Architecture to a services based framework:

AS5669, JAUS Transport Standard.Defines packet construction addressing transport concerns including header compression, source/destination addressing, TCP, UDP and Serial links.  AS5669 defines the format of a JAUS message as it flows between systems in an Ethernet (TCP and UDP) or serial data link.

AS5710, JAUS Core Service Set.Establishes a common set of services for distributed systems communication and coordination.  The Core Service Set includes service definitions for transport, events, access control, management, time, liveness and discovery.

AS6009, JAUS Mobility Service Set.This standard migrates the primitive driver, waypoint and path segment drivers, along with the position/orientation components and messaging to the SAE JAUS set of standards.
Others currently in draft include:

Another standard that evolved from the JAUS efforts is the “JAUS Service Interface Definition Language” or JSIDL.  JSIDL standardizes the language for defining JAUS compliant interfaces.  The specification is contained in the SAE document AS5684.

Application 

JAUS was officially used by the United States Department of Defense in its UGV Interoperability Profile (IOP). The IOP specifies rules for the use of standard JAUS messages as well as custom extensions to the standard message set.

Related 

JAUS Tool Set

References 

Open standards
Uncrewed vehicles
Robot architectures
UIMA. UIMA ( ), short for Unstructured Information Management Architecture, is an OASIS standard  for content analytics, originally developed at IBM.  It provides a component software architecture for the development, discovery, composition, and deployment of multi-modal analytics for the analysis of unstructured information and integration with search technologies.

Structure 
The UIMA architecture can be thought of in four dimensions:
 It specifies component interfaces in an analytics pipeline.
 It describes a set of design patterns.
 It suggests two data representations: an in-memory representation of annotations for high-performance analytics and an XML representation of annotations for integration with remote web services.
 It suggests development roles allowing tools to be used by users with diverse skills.

Implementations and uses 

Apache UIMA, a reference implementation of UIMA, is maintained by the Apache Software Foundation.

UIMA is used in a number of software projects:
 IBM Research's Watson uses UIMA for analyzing unstructured data.
 The Clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System (Apache cTAKES) is a UIMA-based system for information extraction from medical records.
 DKPro Core is a collection of reusable UIMA components for general-purpose natural language processing.

See also 
 Data Discovery and Query Builder
 Entity extraction
 General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE)
 IBM Omnifind
 LanguageWare

References

External links 
Apache UIMA home page

Apache Software Foundation projects
Software architecture
Data mining and machine learning software
Polony (biology). Polony is a contraction of "polymerase colony," a small colony of DNA.

Polonies are discrete clonal amplifications of a single DNA molecule, grown in a gel matrix. This approach greatly improves the signal-to-noise ratio. Polonies can be generated using several techniques that include solid-phase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in polyacrylamide gels. However, other earlier patented technologies, such as that from Manteia Predictive Medicine (acquired by Solexa), which generate DNA on a solid-phase surface by bridge amplification, are generally referred to as "clusters".

The terminology and distinction between 'polony' and 'cluster' have become confused recently. Growth of clonal copies of DNA on bead surfaces remains to be generically named although some also seek to name this technique as a "polony" method.  The concept of localizing and analyzing regions containing clonal nucleic acid populations was first described in patents by Brown, et al.. (assigned to Genomic Nanosystems), however these are in liquid phase. Clusters are distinct in that they are based on solid-phase amplification of single DNA molecules where the DNA has been covalently attached to a surface.  This technology, initially coined "DNA colony generation", had been invented and developed in late 1996 at Glaxo-Welcome's Geneva Biomedical Research Institute (GBRI), by Dr Pascal Mayer and Dr Laurent Farinelli, and was publicly presented for the first time in 1998. It was finally brought to market by Solexa. Solexa Ltd/INC (Bentley et al.).

References

External links
 Polony technology guide
 

DNA
Molecular genetics