omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Full-Scale Wind Tunnel. The Full-Scale Tunnel (abbreviated FST, also known as the 30-by 60-Foot Tunnel) was a wind tunnel at NASA's Langley Research Center. It was a National Historic Landmark.

In 1929, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics began construction of the world's first full-scale wind tunnel, where high-performance airplane would be tested. The design team was led by Smith J. DeFrance. The tunnel was completed in 1931 (dedicated 27 May) at a cost just under $900,000. It was a double-return tunnel capable of moving air at speeds up to 118 miles/hour (190 km/h) through its circuit. It had a 30 ft by 60 ft (9.1 m x 18.3 m) open throat, which is capable of testing aircraft with spans of 40 ft (12.2 m). The wind tunnel was a double-return, atmospheric pressure tunnel with two fans powered by 4,000 hp electric motors.

The Vought O3U-1 biplane observation airplane was the first complete airplane tested in the tunnel. After that, it was used to test virtually every high-performance aircraft used by the United States in World War II. For much of the war, when it was operational 24 hours a day, seven days a week, the full-scale tunnel was the only tunnel in the free world large enough to perform these tests.

After the war, many types of aircraft were tested in the tunnel including the Harrier jump jet fighter, the F-16, the American supersonic transport, the Space Shuttle and Lunar Landing Test Vehicle. During the 1950s and 1960s, the tunnel was modified and upgraded several times. The principal improvement was adding the ability to test free-flying scale models in the test throat. The wind tunnel was in use through the 2000s, testing procedures such as free-flight and high angle of attack.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985. However, despite this designation and the efforts of some aviation historians, demolition of the tunnel began in 2010. It was documented before its demolition, with the fan blades being salvaged for display. In 2014 its landmark designation was withdrawn and it was removed from the National Register of Historic Places.

References

External links
Langley Full-Scale Tunnel: The Largest University-Operated Wind Tunnel In The World, at Old Dominion University
Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
NASA Langley Cultural Resources: Full Scale Tunnel

Langley Research Center
Wind tunnels
Buildings and structures in Hampton, Virginia
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Aerospace research institutes
Aviation research institutes
Former National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Former National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Chalmers School of Entrepreneurship. Chalmers School of Entrepreneurship, CSE, is an educational platform encompassing a Master’s Program and a pre-incubator. The Master's Program started 1997 and is a collaboration between Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg and has graduated over 200 students and the pre-incubator has helped create 27 technology companies.

See also 
 Center for Intellectual Property Studies (CIP)
 Gothenburg International Bioscience Business School (GIBBS)

References

External links 
 Official homepage for Chalmers School of Entrepreneurship

Chalmers University of Technology
University of Gothenburg
University departments in Sweden
Model Rail. Model Rail  is a British railway magazine focusing on rail transport modelling. It was first published in 1997, after running as a supplement to Rail.

Model Rail is published 13 times a year. It contains articles about railways in Britain, layouts, weathering, building kits, kitbashing, scratch building, and other model-making techniques.

History
The original Model Rail ran as a supplement to Rail magazine. It became an individual magazine in Autumn 1997. The original Editor was Dave Lowery (who is now the Model Consultant).Originally published termly, it became bi-monthly, and then monthly. In March 2007, Model Rail began publishing 13 issues per year, including Spring and Christmas editions.  Recently, editor Chris Leigh has stepped down, and Ben Jones took the role with Leigh becoming Consultant Editor.

Layout of magazine 

The 'Masterclass' for the first magazine was the Class 31, and which showed readers how to detail their Lima model. From magazine No. 114, MR had a new look, with more articles, "Show and Tell", and a gallery. The order of the regular features changed, with "Window Shopping" moving to the back, and Reviews moving to the front, next to "The Big Picture".

See also
 List of railroad-related periodicals

References

External links
 Official website

Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Bauer Group (UK)
Magazines established in 1997
Rail transport modelling publications
Transport magazines published in the United Kingdom
Torch Triple X. The Torch Triple X (or XXX) was a UNIX workstation computer produced by the British company Torch Computers, and launched in 1985. It was based on the Motorola 68010 microprocessor and ran a version of UNIX System V.

Hardware 

The Triple X was based on an 8 MHz 68010 CPU, with a Hitachi 6303 "service processor". The CPU was accompanied by a 68451 memory management unit and a 68450 DMA controller. Both VMEbus and a BBC Micro-compatible "1MHz bus" expansion buses were provided, as was a SCSI host adapter, and an optional Ethernet interface. Both RS-423 and X.25-compatible synchronous serial ports were provided. This latter feature made the Triple X attractive to the UK academic community, where X.25 networks were prevalent at the time.

Standard RAM capacity was 1 MB, expandable to 7 MB via VME cards. A 720 KB, 5.25-in floppy disk drive and ST-506-compatible 20 MB hard disk were fitted as standard, interfaced to the SCSI bus via an OMTI adapter.

Either a 10 or 13 inch colour monitor was supplied. Two graphics modes were available: 720 × 256 pixels in four colours, or 720 × 512 in two colours.

The Triple X had a novel touch-sensitive "soft" power switch. When switching off, this commanded the operating system to shut down gracefully before powering down.

Software 

The Triple X's firmware was called Caretaker. The native operating system was  Uniplus+ UNIX System V Release 2. A graphical user interface called OpenTop was also included as standard.

Quad X 

The Quad X is an enhanced version of the Triple X, with a 68020 processor and three VME expansion slots.  This was produced only in small numbers before Torch became insolvent.

References

Bibliography

Computer workstations
68k-based computers
32-bit computers
Computers designed in the United Kingdom
Earthquake shaking table. There are different experimental techniques which can be used to test the response of structures and soil or rock slopes to verify their seismic performance. One of these is using an earthquake shaking table (a shaking table or shake table). This device is used for shaking scaled slopes, structural models or building components with a wide range of simulated ground motions, including reproductions of recorded earthquake time-histories.

While modern tables typically consist of a rectangular platform that is driven in up to six degrees of freedom (DOF) by servo-hydraulic or other types of actuators, the earliest shake table, invented at the University of Tokyo in 1893 to categorize types of building construction, ran on a simple wheel mechanism. Test specimens are fixed to the platform and shaken, often to the point of failure. Using video records and data from transducers, it is possible to interpret the dynamic behaviour of the specimen. Earthquake shaking tables are used extensively in seismic research, as they provide the means to excite structures such that they are subjected to conditions representative of true earthquake ground motions.

They are also used in other fields of engineering to test and qualify vehicles and components of vehicles that must respect heavy vibration requirements and standards. Some applications include testing according to aerospace, electrical, and military standards. Earthquake shaking tables are essential in model testing contests, where participants evaluate designs developed within specific guidelines against simulated seismic activity. Simple shake tables are also used in architecture and structural engineering primarily for educational purposes, helping students learn how structures respond to earthquakes through hands-on model testing.

See also
Earthquake engineering

References

Further reading
 IEEE 693-2018: "IEEE Recommended Practice for Seismic Design of Substations", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2018.

External links
 
Hydra shaker – European Space Agency

Earthquake engineering
Mechanical tests
Collapsible tank. Collapsible tanks are used for storage of fuel, water, or chemicals and are manufactured using industrial fabrics.

Collapsible tanks are manufactured in a variety of sizes and styles, with various fabrics available depending on the liquid being contained. They are assembled using fabric welding techniques such as hot air, hot bar, and radio-frequency (RF) welding.

In contrast to steel tanks, collapsible fabric tanks can be relatively easily and quickly transported, unfolded, and deployed–features that make them a logical choice for applications in remote sites (such as mining exploration camps) and temporary installations (such as military operations).

Collapsible tanks have been used successfully in the Arctic, where challenges such as climate, location, and logistics costs make other tank types impractical.

A number of manufacturers produce collapsible fabric tanks for general-purpose use.

Gallery

External links 

 US2507939A, Smith, Franklin E., "Portable collapsible water tank"

Containers
Cobalt(II) bromide. Cobalt(II) bromide (CoBr2) is an inorganic compound. In its anhydrous form, it is a green solid that is soluble in water, used primarily as a catalyst in some processes.

Properties
When anhydrous, cobalt(II) bromide appears as green crystals. It is hygroscopic and eventually forms the hexahydrate in air, which appears as red-purple crystals. The hexahydrate loses four water of crystallization molecules at 100 °C forming the dihydrate:
CoBr2·6H2O   →   CoBr2·2H2O  +  4 H2O

Further heating to 130 °C produces the anhydrous form:
CoBr2·2H2O → CoBr2   +  2 H2O

The anhydrous form melts at 678 °C. At higher temperatures, cobalt(II) bromide reacts with oxygen, forming cobalt(II,III) oxide and bromine vapor.

The tetrahydrate is molecular, with the formula trans-[CoBr2(H2O)4].

Preparation and reactions
Cobalt(II) bromide can be prepared as a hydrate by the reaction of cobalt hydroxide with hydrobromic acid:
Co(OH)2 + 2HBr → CoBr2·6H2O

The classical coordination compound bromopentaamminecobalt(III) bromide is prepared by oxidation of an aqueous solution of cobalt(II) bromide and ammonia.
2 CoBr2  +  8 NH3  +  2 NH4Br  +  H2O2   →    2 [Co(NH3)5Br]Br2  +  2 H2O

Triphenylphosphine complexes of cobalt(II) bromide have been used as a catalysts in organic synthesis.

Safety
Exposure to large amounts of cobalt(II) can cause cobalt poisoning. Bromide is also mildly toxic.

References

Cobalt(II) compounds
Bromides
Metal halides
G.R.A.V.E. Grrrls: Destroyers of the Dead. G.R.A.V.E. Grrrls: Destroyers of the Dead is a 2005 comic book mini-series.

Publication history
G.R.A.V.E. Grrrls: Destroyers of the Dead was published as a monthly three-issue comic book limited series by Midnight Show in 2005.

It was re-released by The Scream Factory in a digital edition for a brief time only on WOWIO in  April 2008

Plot synopsis
A new nano-technology developed to cure Alzheimer's disease (the Project: Born Again chip) is somehow bringing the dead back to life with an insatiable hunger for human flesh, and it's going to take three “enhanced” female government ops known as the G.R.A.V.E. (Genetically Refined And Virally Enhanced) Grrrls to solve the mystery and put the dead back to bed. But that only raises more questions- both to the zombie plague and their own origins.

Notes

References

External links
 G.R.A.V.E. Grrrls: Destroyers of the Dead 1, 2 and 3 at Wowio.com
 G.R.A.V.E. Grrls and their boy toys, interview with Midnight Shows' Scott Licina and Ken Wolak.

2005 comics debuts
American comics
Comic book limited series
Horror comics
Lake Elsinore Advanced Pumped Storage. The Lake Elsinore Advanced Pumped Storage (LEAPS) project is a proposed 500 megawatt pumped-storage hydroelectricity power project located in Lake Elsinore, California. Its purpose is to provide load balancing and power on-demand to the Southern California grid. The project first sought approval from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in 2008 and has been rejected twice.

LEAPS 
The Lake Elsinore Advanced Pumped Storage (“LEAPS”) project is an energy storage project with generating capacity up to 500MW designed to help stabilize electricity infrastructure and maximize the use of all forms of renewable energy. LEAPS leverages the unique combination of an existing water body, sufficient topographic variation, and proximity to southern California energy markets to construct and operate the most advanced, large-scale pumped hydro storage project in the US to meet California’s growing need for renewable electricity sources. The pumped storage facility serves the power needs of both the San Diego and Los Angeles metropolitan areas; and augments the local economy in the Temescal Valley through: i) significant temporary construction and operations jobs; ii) indirect employment in the hospitality and service sector; iii) payment of municipal and state taxes and fees; iv) contributions through partnerships with community organizations.

In 2015, California set renewable energy targets of 50% of total generation capacity by 2030. LEAPS was designed to help optimize the contribution of renewable sources such as solar and wind energy through the use of renewable, greenhouse gas emissions-free generation and storage capacity. California also has a goal of 100% fossil-fuel free electricity by the year 2045. This project will still rely on fossil fuel and will not meet the 2045 standard.

Nevada Hydro filed its Final License Application (“FLA”) with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) on October 2, 2017 and is executing a meeting and review schedule with all relevant agencies in accordance with the terms of the FERC hydro licensing process. In addition, Nevada Hydro is undertaking additional stakeholder communications via its website, project materials, meetings, email bulletins and will be scheduling an open house for residents in the Temescal Valley.

References

External links
 Official website
 Final License Application (“FLA”)
 https://stopleaps.info

Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in the United States
Hydroelectric power plants in California
Cancelled hydroelectric power stations
Buildings and structures in Riverside County, California
Cancelled power stations in the United States
Heston JC.6. The Heston JC.6 was a British prototype air observation post aircraft designed and built by the Heston Aircraft Company Limited, who had previously built the Heston Phoenix, the Heston T.1/37 and the Napier-Heston Racer. The JC.6  was also known as the Heston A.2/45 or the Heston AOP.

Development
The Heston JC.6 was designed and built to meet Air Ministry Specification A.2/45 for an "air observation post" (AOP) for the British Army. Heston Aircraft built two prototypes, the first, serial VL529, first flew in August 1947. The second, serial VL530, was not flown.

The JC.6 was an all-metal cantilever monoplane with twin booms and two vertical tail surfaces joined by a single horizontal tailplane. It was powered by a rear-mounted de Havilland Gipsy Queen six-cylinder aero engine fitted between the twin booms and driving a pusher propeller. The two-seat tandem cockpit was covered with a large glazed canopy. The JC.6 had a tricycle landing gear and the mainplane was fitted with slots and flaps to give  Short takeoff and landing performance. Two further Heston JC.6s, serials VL531 and VL532, were not built.

A floatplane version was designed by Saunders-Roe as the Saro P.100, but was not built.

Specifications (JC.6)

See also

Notes

References
 
 
 
 Flight 2 September 1948
Flight 11 March 1948 Army's Crow's Nest

External links
 airwar.ru (Russian)

1940s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Heston aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Gulfstream Peregrine 600. The Gulfstream American Peregrine 600 was a military trainer aircraft developed in the United States in the early 1980s but which did not progress further than prototype stage.

Design and development
Developed from the company's Hustler business aircraft, the Peregrine shared the same wings, empennage and rear fuselage, but had a new forward fuselage with side-by-side seating for the pilot and instructor. The aircraft was developed as a contender in the United States Air Force's Next Generation Trainer program, but was ultimately passed over in favor of the Fairchild T-46. Attempts to market it to (at least) the air forces of Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and China also proved unsuccessful, and the project was canceled in 1985. The wing and rear fuselage design was incorporated in the Gulfstream Aerospace Peregrine business aircraft.

Variants 
 Peregrine A The Peregrine offered with side-by-side seating and a single  Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D-4 turbofan.
 Peregrine B The Peregrine offered with tandem seating and two  Williams WR44 turbofans.

Specifications (Peregrine A)

See also

References

Sources

External links
 

Peregrine 600
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Single-engined jet aircraft
1980s United States military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1981
Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel. The Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel, also known as Eight-Foot Transonic Tunnel, was a wind tunnel located in Building 641 of NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. It was a National Historic Landmark.

The tunnel was completed in 1936 at a cost of $36,266,000. Because of its high speed and Bernoulli's principle, the pressure in the test section is much lower than that in the rest of the tunnel. This required a structure that could withstand an inward force due to the pressure difference. Instead of steel construction, it was built from reinforced concrete with walls up to 1 ft (0.3 m) thick. This resulted in an "igloo-like" structure at the test section. The wind tunnel was designed as a single-return tunnel capable of moving air at speeds up to a Mach number up to 0.75. It was powered by an  electric motor. It was repowered to  to give Mach number 1 capability in 1945. In 1947, the speed was increased to a Mach number of 1.2 with the installation of a contoured nozzle. In 1950, a slotted-throat test section was installed, and it was repowered to .

Because it was the first continuous-flow high-speed tunnel, this tunnel was a landmark in wind tunnel design. This meant it could operate almost indefinitely to produce a high-speed airstream approaching the speed of sound. And it was large enough to accommodate large-scale models and even full-scale aircraft sections.

In 1950, the tunnel was the first in the world to be modified to incorporate a slotted throat design. This revolutionary design gave researchers their first accurate data on airframe performance in the transonic range. The tunnel was deactivated in 1956, when a new  tunnel was built near it.

The wind tunnel was used for critical tests that validated the area rule for the design of supersonic aircraft. This said that the fuselage of the aircraft should narrow at the wings and expand at their trailing edges. This resulted in "wasp-waisted" aircraft.

The tunnel was taken out of service in 1956.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985.  In 2011, Building 641, which housed the tunnel, was demolished.  The landmark designation was withdrawn in 2014, and it was removed from the National Register of Historic Places.

There are additional photographs of the wind tunnel in the Historic American Engineering Record collection.

See also
 List of wind tunnels

References

External links 

Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
NASA Langley Cultural Resources: 8-Foot High Speed Tunnel

Buildings and structures in Hampton, Virginia
Langley Research Center
Wind tunnels
Tunnels completed in 1936
Historic American Engineering Record in Virginia
Former National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Former National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Grob G104 Speed Astir. The Grob G104 Speed Astir was a competition sailplane produced in Germany in the late 1970s as Grob's first design in the 15 metre class.

Design and development
Taking the G102 Astir design as a starting point, the Speed Astir featured a new wing of narrower chord and different section, a fin and rudder of reduced height, capacity for 150 kg (330 lb) of water ballast,  and "elastic flaps". This latter feature eliminated the drag normally associated with the air gap between the wing and a deployed flap. It did this by extending the wing skin over the entire upper surface so the highly flexible skin served as the flap hinge and there was no air gap between the flap and the remainder of the wing.

The original Speed Astir flew in early 1978, but was replaced in production by the end of the year by a refined design named the Speed Astir II. This had a slimmer, laminar-flow fuselage and made use of carbon fibre in  its construction. A version with a lengthened fuselage for taller pilots and incorporating carbon fibre wing spars was made available in 1979 as the IIB, along with an increased-span version of the IIB as the II 17.5. Production of all variants was discontinued shortly thereafter.

Specifications (Speed Astir II)

See also

References

 
 

 Homepage of Grob Aircraft

1970s German sailplanes
Grob aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1978
Grob G103 Twin Astir. The Grob G 103 Twin Astir is a glass-reinforced plastic two-seat sailplane that was developed in Germany in the 1970s by Grob Aircraft AG as a counterpart to the single-seat G 102 Astir, then in production. Construction throughout is similar, although to preserve the centre of gravity of the design, the wings were given a slight forward sweep. While many two-seat derivatives of single-seat sailplanes have fixed undercarriage, due to the added space restrictions created by the second seat, Grob devised a novel retraction system for the Twin Astir. The single wheel was designed to rotate 90° sideways before retracting "flat" under the rear seat, resulting in a rather unusual seating position. This was only incorporated in early examples, later on, the wheel was fixed. Factory options offered to customers included whether the front seat should be equipped with flight instruments, and whether water ballast capacity should be installed.

Production continued until around 1980, when it was replaced in production by the Twin II, a new and not directly related design originally designated G 118 but later redesignated the G 103a. The G 103a was in turn replaced by the Twin III in production in 1989.

The Twin was one of the first two-seat sailplanes built from fibreglass and has higher glide performance than most similar sailplanes of the time (e.g. Schleicher ASK 21, Scheibe SF 34 and SZD-50 Puchacz).

Operators

 Italian Air Force  operated 9 Grob G103 Twin Astir from 1975 until 1999

 Australian Air Force Cadets currently operates 2 Twin Astirs as of 2020

Specifications

See also

References

External links

Homepage of Grob Aircraft AG

1970s German sailplanes
Grob aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1976
T-tail aircraft