omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Complex metal hydride. Complex metal hydrides are salts wherein the anions contain hydrides.  In older chemical literature and even in contemporary materials science textbooks, a "metal hydride" is assumed to be nonmolecular, i.e. three-dimensional lattices of atomic ions.  In such systems, hydrides are often interstitial and nonstoichiometric, and the bonding between the metal and hydrogen atoms is significantly ionic.  In contrast, complex metal hydrides typically contain more than one type of metal or metalloid and may be soluble but invariably react with water.  They exhibit ionic bonding between a positive metal ion with molecular anions containing the hydride.  In such materials the hydrogen is bonded with significant covalent character to the second metal or metalloid atoms.

Examples
In general, complex metal hydrides have the formula MxM'yHn, where M is an alkali metal cation or cation complex and M' is a metal or metalloid.  Well known examples feature group 13 elements, especially boron and aluminium including sodium aluminium hydride, NaAlH4 ), lithium aluminium hydride, LiAlH4, and lithium borohydride, (LiBH4).  Complex metal hydrides are often soluble in etherial solvents.  Other complex metal hydrides are numerous.  Illustrative examples include the salts [MgBr(THF)2]4FeH6 and K2ReH9.

See also 
Ionic hydrides
Hydrogen storage

References

Metal hydrides
Inorganic chemistry
Hydrogen storage
Perm (unit). A perm is a unit of permeance or "water vapor transmission" given a certain differential in partial pressures on either side of a material or membrane.

Definitions
U.S. perm
The U.S. perm is defined as 1 grain of water vapor per hour, per square foot, per inch of mercury.

{|
|-
|1 U.S. perm 
|= 0.659045  metric perms
|-
|||≈ 57.2135 ng·s−1·m−2·Pa−1
|}

Metric perm
The metric perm (not an SI unit) is defined as 1 gram of water vapor per day, per square meter, per millimeter of mercury. 

{|
|-
|1 metric perm 
|= 1.51735 U.S. perms
|-
|||≈ 86.8127 ng·s−1·m−2·Pa−1
|}

Equivalent SI unit
The equivalent SI measure is the nanogram per second per square meter per pascal.

{|
|-
|1 ng·s−1·m−2·Pa−1 
|≈ 0.0174784 U.S. perms
|-
|||≈ 0.0115191 metric perms
|}
The base normal SI unit for permeance is the kilogram per second per square meter per pascal.
{|
|-
|1 kg·s−1·m−2·Pa−1 
|≈    U.S. perms
|-
|||≈   metric perms
|}

German Institute for Standardization unit
A variant of the metric perm is used in DIN Standard 53122, where permeance is also expressed in grams per square meter per day, but at a fixed, "standard" vapor-pressure difference of 17.918 mmHg. This unit is thus 17.918 times smaller than a metric perm, corresponding to about 0.084683 of a U.S. perm.

References
 Michon, Gérard P. (April 29, 2003) "Permeability and permeance". Final Answers: Physics of Gases and Fluids. - accessed August 13, 2007

Customary units of measurement in the United States
Units of measurement
Electric Cloud. Electric Cloud, Inc. was a privately held, DevOps software company based in San Jose, California, United States. Founded in 2002, Electric Cloud was a provider of application release orchestration (ARO) tools, automating release pipelines and managing application life cycles. Electric Cloud's products included ElectricFlow and ElectricAccelerator.

In April 2019, CloudBees acquired Electric Cloud and integrated Electric Cloud products into its own portfolio.

History 
Electric Cloud was founded on April 29, 2002, by John Ousterhout, the creator of Tcl, and John Graham-Cumming. In November 2002, Electric Cloud released its first product, ElectricAccelerator. In November 2006, ElectricCommander was released. In June 2014, ElectricCommander became the foundation for the orchestration platform called ElectricFlow.

In October 2014, Electric Cloud partnered with author and DevOps specialist Gene Kim to co-found the DevOps Enterprise Summit. The conference focused on agile, continuous delivery, and DevOps transformations within enterprise companies.

In October 2017, Carmine Napolitano, formerly Electric Cloud's CFO, was appointed CEO.

In 2018, Electric Cloud received the highest scores for three out of three use cases as defined in Gartner's 2018 Critical Capabilities for Application Release Orchestration.

Prior to its acquisition, Electric Cloud raised $64.6 million from US Venture Partners, Siemens Venture Capital, Mayfield Fund, RRE Ventures, Rembrandt Venture Partners, and other investors.

Acquisition by CloudBees 
In April 2019, CloudBees acquired Electric Cloud. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.

See also 
 Application release automation
 BuildMaster
 ccache
 distcc
 IncrediBuild
 Inedo
 List of build automation software
 Multi-stage continuous integration
 XebiaLabs

References 

Compiling tools
Software companies based in California
Software companies established in 2002
Software companies disestablished in 2019
2019 mergers and acquisitions
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
2002 establishments in California
2019 disestablishments in California
Privately held companies based in California
Defunct software companies of the United States
Patterning by etching at the nanoscale. Patterning by Etching at the nanoscale (PENs) is a soft lithographic technique in which the bonds in the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix are broken to controlably etch PDMS (i.e. dissolve) at a slow rate along the outside of a PDMS channel formed with a patterned PDMS stamp applied to a surface.  The  channel in the stamp can be enlarged in the order of tens of nanometers to several micrometres.  Exposing a fresh area of a surface that can be reacted with.

Summary
PDMS contains polymer chains of silicon-oxygen bonds, these bonds can be broken by fluoride containing species, in the same way that silicon wafers are prepared by etching with hydrofluoric acid, ammonium fluoride and related compounds.  By placing a PDMS stamp that contains a channel that can be externally filled on to a surface, that surface can be functionalised in the area of the channel.  By then running an etching solution through the channel, part of the PDMS will be removed.  Exposing a fresh area of the surface.  This can then be functionaliesd by appropriate chemistry.  The width of feature produced is controlled by etchant and time.

To apply this technique for the production of small patterned features it is necessary that the surface can be reacted to passivate it in the area exposed by the channel, followed by etching and then reacted in away that will only occur in the newly exposed area.

References

Perring M., Mitchell, M., Kenis P. J. A., Bowden N. B., Chem. Mat 2007 19(11), 2903

Nanoelectronics
C. Peter Flynn. C. Peter Flynn (August 18, 1935 – October 27, 2011) was a Professor of Physics and of Materials Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Professor Flynn was on the faculty of the University of Illinois from 1960 until 2011 and served as the director of the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory from 1978 until 1987.  He was a fellow of both the American Physical Society and the American Society for Metals, and was Chairman of the Department of Energy Council on Materials between 1985 and 2005.

He pioneered the technique of molecular beam epitaxy, a method of growing crystalline solids from layers of selected elements.  He also helped construct one of the first low energy electron microscopes in the United States.

Flynn was born in Stockton-on-Tees, a small market town in North Yorkshire, England on August 18, 1935. He was the son of Francis Johnson Flynn, a police constable in the village of Hovingham, and his wife, Edith Hannah, a local war-time nurse. Peter received a full scholarship to the University of Leeds where he received his bachelor’s and Ph.D. in Physics in 1960.  He subsequently earned an M.A. (Hon.) in physics from the University of Cambridge.  In 1960, Peter moved to the United States to take a post-doctoral position with the Physics Department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he worked until May 2011.

References

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
American physicists
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
1935 births
2011 deaths
Comte AC-4. The Comte AC-4 Gentleman is a 1920s Swiss two-seat sport/training aircraft produced by Flugzeugbau A. Comte.

Design and development
In 1927 the Swiss company Flugzeugbau A. Comte designed and built a prototype two-seat cabin monoplane designated the AC-4 Gentleman. It was a braced high-wing monoplane with fixed tailwheel landing gear. It had staggered seats for two with an option for dual controls.

Variants
AC-4
Production version with a 115 hp (86 kW) Cirrus Hermes inline piston engine.
AC-4B
Second production batch with 140 hp (104 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major or 110 hp (82 kW) Cirrus Hermes, five built.

Operators

Swiss Air Force

Specifications (AC-4)

See also

References

External links

Photos at airliners.net

Swiss civil aircraft
AC-4
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Bintie. Bīntiě () was a type of refined iron, which was known for its hardness. It was often used in the making of Chinese weapons. Bintie was an important article of income in medieval Yuan China as technological advances from the preceding Song dynasty improved Yuan smelting technology. Bintie was referred to as "fine steel", due to its high carbon content.

See also
 History of ferrous metallurgy

References

 Romance of the Three Kingdoms/Chapter 1

External links
bilingual article about 鑌鐵
discussion forum about a Han Dynasty sword
Guoyu Cidian (國語辭典)

Steels
Chinese inventions
Ferrous alloys
Yuan dynasty
William John Blair. William John Blair (October 13, 1875 – April 24, 1943) was a Canadian engineer, farmer, teacher, soldier surveyor and federal politician from Alberta.

Early life
William John Blair was born in Embro, Ontario on October 13, 1875 to John Blair, and his wife Ellen Smyth, both of Irish descent. Blair took his post secondary education at Woodstock College and later the University of Toronto where he completed a Bachelor of Applied Science in Civil Engineering. He began surveying in 1904 in Ontario and using his knowledge to Steak mining property which he later sold.

He married his wife Lottie May Nethercott in 1906 and they had one daughter and one son. He moved his family west to Alberta in 1910 and continued his survey work.

Early political work
Blair first served in public office on the municipal level, for one term he served as Mayor of New Liskeard, Ontario from 1907 to 1908.

After Blair moved out west he attempted a career at Alberta provincial politics. He ran for a seat in the Alberta Legislature by running as the Conservative candidate in the ministerial by-election held on May 27, 1912 in the Sedgewick district. He was soundly defeated by incumbent Minister of Municipal Affairs Charles Stewart.

Military service
Blair enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in 1916, becoming a recruiter for the 151st Battalion, a role he held until 1917.

Federal politics
Blair would try his hand at federal politics running as the Unionist candidate in the 1917 Canadian federal election. He won the election, defeating Laurier Liberal candidate and future Member of Parliament Daniel Webster Warner in a hotly contested election. Blair would serve in the House of Commons for one term before retiring from federal politics.

Late life and death
In 1925 Blair became very ill and moved his family to Barrie, Ontario he would spend the next 5 years recovering his health, moving back to Alberta in 1930. In 1937 he contracted Thrombosis and his family moved back to Ontario once again. He withdrew himself from public life and died April 24, 1943.

References

External links
Alberta Land Surveying History William John Blair biography
 

1875 births
1943 deaths
University of Toronto alumni
Unionist Party (Canada) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers
People from Temiskaming Shores
20th-century mayors of places in Ontario
20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada
Lung counter. A lung counter is a system consisting of a radiation detector, or detectors, and associated electronics that is used to measure radiation emitted from radioactive material that has been inhaled by a person and is sufficiently insoluble as to remain in the lung for weeks, months, or years. They are frequently used in occupations where workers may be exposed to radiation.

The lung counter may be placed on or near the body. These systems are also often housed in a low background counting chamber. Such a chamber may have thick walls made of low-background steel (~20–25 cm thick) and lined with lead, cadmium, tin, or polypropylene, with a final layer of copper. The purpose of the lead, cadmium (or tin), and copper is to reduce the background in the low energy region of a gamma spectrum (typically less than 200 keV).

Calibration 
As a lung counter is primarily measuring radioactive materials that emit low energy gamma rays or x-rays, the phantom used to calibrate the system must be anthropometric. An example of such a phantom is the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Torso Phantom.

See also 
 Bomab

References

Medical equipment
Radiobiology
Rumpler C.IV. The Rumpler C.IV was a German single-engine, two-seat reconnaissance biplane. It was a development of C.III with different tail surfaces and using a Mercedes D.IVa engine in place of the C.III's Benz Bz.IV. The Rumpler 6B 2   was a single-seat floatplane fighter variant with a 120 kW (160 hp) Mercedes D.III engine built for the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy).

For a two-seater reconnaissance aircraft, Rumpler C.IV had an excellent performance, which enabled it to remain in front-line service until the end of World War I on the Western Front, as well as in Italy and Palestine. Its exceptional ceiling allowed pilots to undertake reconnaissance secure in the knowledge that few allied aircraft could reach it.

300 aircraft were licence-built by Pfalz Flugzeugwerke as the Pfalz C.I, differing in ailerons on all four wings. From February 1917 they were renamed Rumpler C.IV (Pfal).

For use during filming, Slingsby Sailplanes built two Slingsby T.58 Rumpler C.IV replicas. While these were visually similar to the original aircraft, they were structurally completely different, having a steel-tube fuselage structure and wooden wings, and being powered by a de Havilland Gipsy Major engine.

Variants
Rumpler C.IV
Pfalz C.I Production by Pfalz, with ailerons on all four wings: 300 built.
Rumpler C.IV (Pfal) The Pfalz C.I re-designated
Slingsby T.58 Rumpler C.IV replicaSlingsby Sailplanes built two Slingsby T.58 Rumpler C.IV replicas. While these were visually similar to the original aircraft, they were structurally completely different, having a steel-tube fuselage structure and wooden wings, and being powered by a de Havilland Gipsy Major engine
Rumpler 6B 2 floatplane fighter

Operators

SNETA (post-war)

Luftstreitkrafte
Kaiserliche Marine

Swiss Air Force

Ottoman Air Force

Yugoslav Royal Air Force - Postwar.

Specifications (C.IV)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Gray, Peter and Thetford, Owen. German Aircraft of the First World War. London, Putnam, 1962.

 Munson, Kenneth. Aircraft of World War I. London: Ian Allan, 1967. .
 Munson, Kenneth. Bombers, Patrol and Reconnaissance Aircraft 1914 - 1919. 
 Munson, Kenneth. Fighters, Attack and Training Aircraft 1914 - 1919. .

 Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1969–70. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1969. .

External links

A page about Max Psaar, an ethnic Sorbian Rumpler C.IV pilot of Luftstreitkräfte (in German).
Page on Rumpler C.IV on website Deutsches museum

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Biplanes
C.IV
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear

de:Rumpler C.IV
W. Wallace McDowell Award. The W. Wallace McDowell Award is awarded by the IEEE Computer Society for outstanding theoretical, design, educational, practical, or related innovative contributions that fall within the scope of Computer Society interest. This is the highest technical award made solely by the IEEE Computer Society where selection of the awardee is based on the "highest level of technical accomplishment and achievement". The IEEE Computer Society (with over 85000 members from every field of computing) is "dedicated to advancing the theory, practice, and application of computer and information processing technology." Another award considered to be the "most prestigious technical award in computing" is the A. M. Turing Award awarded by Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).  This is popularly referred to as the "computer science's equivalent of the Nobel Prize". The W. Wallace McDowell Award is sometimes popularly referred to as the "IT Nobel".

The award is named after W. Wallace McDowell who was director of engineering at IBM, during the development of the landmark product IBM 701.  Mr. McDowell was responsible for the transition from electro-mechanical techniques to electronics, and the subsequent transition to solid state devices.

The first recipient, in 1966, was Fernando J. Corbató who was a prominent American computer scientist, notable as a pioneer in the development of time-sharing operating systems, then of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The second recipient, in 1967, was John Backus who was awarded the Mcdowell Award for the development of FORTRAN and the syntactical forms incorporated in ALGOL.  John Backus was the developer of FORTRAN, for years one of the best known and most used programming systems in the world.

W. Wallace McDowell Award recipients

See also

 List of computer-related awards
 List of computer science awards

Notes

Further reading

External links
 

Computer-related awards
IEEE society and council awards
Computer science awards
Electrostatic spray-assisted vapour deposition. Electrostatic spray-assisted vapour deposition (ESAVD) is a technique (developed by a company called IMPT) to deposit both thin and thick layers of a coating onto various substrates. In simple terms chemical precursors are sprayed across an electrostatic field towards a heated substrate, the chemicals undergo a controlled chemical reaction and are deposited on the substrate as the required coating.  Electrostatic spraying techniques were developed in the 1950s for the spraying of ionised particles on to charged or heated substrates.

ESAVD (branded by IMPT as Layatec) is used for many applications in many markets including:
 Thermal barrier coatings for jet engine turbine blades
 Various thin layers in the manufacture of flat panel displays and photovoltaic panels, CIGS and CZTS-based thin-film solar cells.
 Electronic components
 Biomedical coatings
 Glass coatings (such as self-cleaning)
 Corrosion protection coatings

The process has advantages over other techniques for layer deposition (plasma, electron-beam) in that it does not require the use of any vacuum, electron beam or plasma so reduces the manufacturing costs. It also uses less power and raw materials making it more environmentally friendly. Also the use of the electrostatic field means that the process can coat complex 3D parts easily.

References

Further reading
 "Kwang-Leong Choy – Laying It on Thick And Thin".  Materials World. June 2003. Electrostatic spray-assisted vapour deposition (ESAVD), first reported in Materials World in March 1998, is a method for fabricating films and nanocrystalline powders. The inventor describes ongoing progress.
 Choy, K. L., "Process principles and applications of novel and cost-effective ESAVD based methods", in Innovative Processing of Films and Nanocrystalline Powders, K. L. Choy. ed. (World Scientific Publishing Company). 2002. pp. 15–69. .
 Choy, K. L., "Review of advances in processing methods: films and nanocrystalline powders", in Innovative Processing of Films and Nanocrystalline Powders, Choy, K. L. ed. (Imperial College Press), 2002, 1–14. 
 Choy, K. L., Progress in Materials Science, 48, 57(2003).
 Choy, K. L., "Vapor Processing of nanostructured materials", in Handbook of nanostructured materials and nanotechnology, Nalwa, H. S. ed. (Academic Press) 2000, 533. . Choy, K. L., Feist, J. P., Heyes, A. L. and Su, B., J. Mater. Res. 14 (1999) 3111.
 Choy, K. L., "Innovative and cost-effective deposition of coatings using ESAVD method", Surface Engineering, 16 (2000) 465.
 R. Chandrasekhar and K. L. Choy, "Electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition of fluorine doped tin oxide", Journal of Crystal Growth, 231 (1–2) (2001) 215.

Thin film deposition
Semiconductor device fabrication
Metalworking
Coatings
Advanced Systems Analysis Program. The Advanced Systems Analysis Program (ASAP) is optical engineering software used to simulate optical systems.  ASAP can handle coherent as well as incoherent light sources.  It is a non-sequential ray tracing tool which means that it can be used not only to analyze lens systems but also for stray light analysis. It uses a Gaussian beam approximation for analysis of coherent sources.

See also 
Optical engineering
Optical lens design
List of ray tracing software

References

External links 
 NASA Tech article on ASAP
 Breault Research Organization Website

Optical software
Windows-only proprietary software
Unmanned Combat Air System Demonstrator program. The United States Navy Unmanned Combat Air System Demonstrator (UCAS-D) program consists of
 Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus
 Northrop Grumman X-47B

The UCAS-D program is to demonstrate the feasibility of operating an unmanned vehicle on an aircraft carrier.  Technology and operational procedures gained from the program and X-47B demonstrator will be used to develop an operational unmanned carrier aircraft through the Unmanned Carrier-Launched Surveillance and Strike (UCLASS) program.

See also
 UCLASS
 Drone carrier

References

Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Research Computing Services. Research Computing Services (separated in August 2007 from the former Manchester Computing at the University of Manchester), provides the focus for the University of Manchester's activities in supercomputing or high-performance computing, grid computing or e-science and computational science. Research Computing Services activities include services, training and research & development.

Supercomputers 

The University of Manchester has been home to many supercomputers, starting from the 1948 Manchester Baby - the world's first stored program computer. Others have included CDC7600 (1972, and a second in 1977), a CDC Cyber 205, VP1200, VPX and 240/10. The CSAR service (see below) supercomputers included a 576 PE Cray T3E-1200E (1998, upgraded to 816PE in 2000), and SGI Origin 3000 (2001) and Altix (2003) systems. More recently some large clusters (e.g., the 200 processor Dell EM64T cluster) have been installed.

National Computing Services 

Research Computing Services and its predecessors (Manchester Computing etc.) have been providing (high performance) computing services nationally in the UK since the 1970s. Manchester Computing operated the UK's 1998-2006 national supercomputer service CSAR with SGI and CSC Ltd. It currently operates other national computer services in the UK, including the Access Grid Support Centre (AGSC) and, as part of consortia, the UK National Grid Service (NGS) and North West Grid.

Research Centres 

Research Computing Services is a part of several research centres including E-Science North West (ESNW), and the UK's National Centre for e-Social Science (NCeSS).

References

External links 
 Research Computing Services web site
 CSAR
 National Centre for e-Social Science (NCeSS)
 Access Grid Support Centre (AGSC)
 UK National Grid Service (NGS)
 North West Grid

Computational science
Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
Research institutes in Manchester
Supercomputer sites
University of Manchester