omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Watch glass. A  watch glass is a circular concave piece of glass used in chemistry as a surface to evaporate a liquid, to hold solids while being weighed, for heating a small amount of substance, and as a cover for a beaker. When used to cover beakers, the purpose is generally to prevent dust or other particles from entering the beaker; the watch glass does not completely seal the beaker, so gas exchanges still occur. When used as an evaporation surface, a watch glass allows closer observation of precipitates or crystallization. It can be placed on a surface of contrasting colors to improve the visibility overall. Watch glasses are also sometimes used to cover a glass of whisky, to concentrate the aromas in the glass, and to prevent spills when the whisky is swirled. Watch glasses are named so because they are similar to the glass used for the front of old-fashioned pocket watches. These large watch glasses are occasionally known as clock glasses.

Uses 

One of the generic uses of a watch glass is as a lid for beakers. In this case, a watch glass is placed above the container, which makes it easier to control and alter vapor saturation conditions. Moreover, a watch glass is often used to house solids being weighed on the scale. Before weighing desired amount of solid, a watch glass is placed on the scale, followed by taring or zeroing the scale so that only the weight of the sample substance is obtained. A watch glass can also be used for observing precipitation and crystallization patterns. When further drying of a substance is required, a watch glass is often used in cases where a particular type of solid needs to be separated from its comparatively volatile solvent. The solid is spread on a watch glass and, often, a folded piece of filter paper is placed above to keep airborne particles from contaminating the product. To maximize the drying rate, a watch glass can be placed inside a fume hood to provide good air circulation for an adequate amount of time. Another technique used in chemistry laboratories to increase the drying rate is passing a gentle stream of dry air or nitrogen gas over the watch glass from an inverted funnel clamped above it.

Types 

There are two types of the watch glass, glass and plastic, used in the laboratory. Watch glasses are available in various sizes and widths, and are usually thicker than any other glass or plastic labware.
Glass watch glasses – These can be reused after they are sterilized in an autoclave or a laboratory oven. The glasses provide high resistance to thermal shock, chemical resistance, and mechanical durability.
Plastic watch glasses – These are disposable watch-glass used in laboratory work to avoid cross-contamination while preparing the samples. They are very good at implementing in low temperatures and have an operating span of ; they can also resist UV light degradation. These plastic watch glasses are less expensive and light in weight.

See also 
 Laboratory glassware

References

External links 
 

Laboratory glassware
Cork borer. A cork borer, often used in a chemistry or biology laboratory,  is a metal tool for cutting a hole in a cork or rubber stopper to insert glass tubing.  Cork borers usually come in a set of nested sizes along with a solid pin for pushing the removed cork (or rubber) out of the borer.  The individual borer is a hollow tube, tapered at the edge, generally with some kind of handle at the other end.

A separate device is a cork borer sharpener used to hone the cutting edge to more easily slice the cork.

Cork borers are also used to take samples from living trees, for tree ring analysis (dendrochronology), and for taking samples for experiments when a constant diameter is required, e.g. When testing the water potential of a potato, a cork borer is used to maintain a constant surface area.

A cork borer is also used to punch holes on an agar plate and to perform well diffusion assays in microbiology to study bioactivity.

References

Laboratory equipment
Publish and Subscribe (Mac OS). Publish and Subscribe was a document linking model introduced by Apple Computer in System 7. Named the Edition Manager in developer documentation, it extended the existing cut and paste editing model with a notification system; "subscribers" could include parts of "published" documents within themselves, and changes to the original published document would be noticed and updated by the subscribers. To the user the system was very similar to cut and paste in concept; material would be selected from the source document and published, creating an edition file, then placed into the subscriber by selecting that clipping file and positioning it inside the document.

In general terms the concept was very similar to Microsoft's Object Linking and Embedding 1.0 system. Unlike OLE, the Edition Manager was comparatively complex from a programming standpoint. Suffering from second system effect, it included features intended to make it better than OLE, including support for non-rectangular areas, network notifications and an extensive user interface. A result of this complexity was poor uptake among developers, and applications providing Publish and Subscribe were few and far between. One of the few products to use it effectively was Claris's suite of software, including ClarisWorks which had already built a system somewhat similar in concept, but required extensive changes to make its own system work with OpenDoc.

At the time many in the industry felt that the Publish and Subscribe concept was the "next big thing". Apple and Microsoft were not the only two companies trying to introduce such a system; most major software vendors attempted to introduce similar systems, and NeXTSTEP included a version. However users did not find the system useful. Further it was sometimes confusing to use; if the document included live links it was no longer possible to simply copy it to a floppy disk (for instance), the clipping file had to be copied as well. In addition, opening their applications to new component developers who would compete to provide the best editors was not attractive to large corporations such as Microsoft and Adobe.

See also

References

External links
Internet Archive: Details: Macintosh System 7.0
Mac OS 7.0 upgrade kit ad
Inside Macintosh: Edition Manager

User interface techniques
Macintosh operating systems
HX-63. The HX-63 was an advanced rotor machine designed by Crypto AG founder Boris Hagelin. Development of the device started in 1952 and lasted a decade. The machine had nine rotors, each with 41 contacts. There were 26 keyboard inputs and outputs, leaving 15 wires to "loop back" through the rotors via a different path. Moreover, each rotor wire could be selected from one of two paths. The movement of the rotors was irregular and controlled by switches. There were two plugboards with the machine; one to scramble the input, and one for the loop-back wires. The machine also used a technique called reinjection (also called reentry), which increased its security exponentially. The machine could be set up in around 10600 different configurations.

William Friedman, the first chief cryptologist of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), was alarmed when he read Hagelin's patent on the machine. Friedman realized that the machine was more secure than the NSA's KL-7 and unbreakable. Friedman and Hagelin were good friends from World War II, and Friedman called on Hagelin to terminate the program, which CryptoAG did.

Only twelve of these machines were manufactured, and it was adopted by only one department of the French Government (about 1960).

See also
 KL-7

References

External links
 Jerry Proc's pages — photographs and a brief description
 Notice of a past eBay auction of an HX-63
 John Savard's discussion on the machine

Further reading
 Cipher A. Deavours and Louis Kruh, "Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis", Artech House, 1985, p199.

Rotor machines
Operation Unified Assistance. Operation Unified Assistance was the American military's humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. On 28 December 2004, elements of the Combined Support Force were deployed to U-Tapao International Airport in Thailand. More than 12,600 Department of Defense personnel were involved in the relief effort.

Background 
The United States dispatched numerous C-5 and C-17 strategic airlifters and 10 C-130 Hercules tactical airlifters containing disaster supplies, 9 P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft for search and rescue support, and several teams from the Department of State and the Department of Defense to coordinate additional assistance from Utapao Naval Air Base in Thailand.

Carrier Strike Group 9 was dispatched to the coast of Sumatra to provide support to the Indonesian province of Aceh. It was led by the , with support from the , , , and .

An Expeditionary Strike Group led by the amphibious assault ship , scheduled for a port call in Guam, was dispatched to render assistance. A total of 48 Navy and Marine Corps helicopters were involved. Each ship could produce around 90,000 US gallons of fresh water per day. Other ships in the group were amphibious transport dock , the guided-missile destroyer , the dock landing ship , the guided-missile frigate , the nuclear-powered submarine , guided-missile cruiser , and the coast guard cutter .

The US Navy also deployed the , a 1,000-bed hospital ship (initially staffed to support 250 patient beds). Other logistics ships were also employed such as the combat stores ships  and .

In January 2005, 24 Navy ships and one Coast Guard vessel were in the area. Among those ships was the amphibious assault ship USS Fort Mchenry (LSD43),  which relieved the ,  and assumed the duties as the primary rotary wing platform for the operation.  also brought helicopter detachments. The last ship, , departed the region in April 2005.

Indonesian public opinion of the United States markedly improved in the year after the tsunami, jumping from 15% in 2003 to 38% in 2005, going against the general trend of less favorable attitudes towards America in that time period. Many Indonesians surveyed indicated that American relief efforts generally improved their view of the United States.

See also 
 Operation Unified Response, for the 2010 Haiti earthquake
 Operation United Assistance, for the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa

References

External links 
  
 
 
 

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Humanitarian aid
Non-combat military operations involving the United States
United States Marine Corps in the 21st century
Axel Jacob Petersson. Axel Jacob Petersson (1834–15 January 1884) was a Swedish-Norwegian structural engineer and inventor. He is most noted for his work with railway bridges and viaducts in Norway from the 1860s through the 1870s, as well as developing the Krag–Petersson rifle.

Biography

Petersson was born in Öland in 1834. He studied at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm between 1852 and 1855. He worked for the Swedish Canal Administration and later for a private railway in Sweden. He moved to Norway in 1859, after he was hired as an assistant engineer for the construction of the Kongsvinger Line. By 1865 he was hired as the chief of the Railway Construction Office. He was responsible for construction of bridges and viaducts on the Østfold Line and the Dovre Line between Eidsvoll and Hamar.

By 1881 Peterson had poor health and retired. He died on 15 January 1884 in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. There was a story that stayed around for a long time that the constructor of the Ljan Viaduct had committed suicide before its opening because he did not trust it to stand. Geir-Wider Langård has proposed that this folklore arose with the magnitude of the bridge combined with the Tay Bridge disaster in Scotland which killed 75 people when it collapsed the same year as the Ljan Viaduct opened in 1879.

Works
Some of the larger constructions were the Minnesund Railway Bridge (opened in 1880, closed in 2023 to be repurposed as a bycicle path; known in Norwegian as Minnesund Jernbanebru),  Ljan Viaduct  (Ljansbroen), Hølen Viaduct (Hølen viadukt) and Sarp Bridge (Sarpsbroene). Petersson invented the pendular pillar principle, which was first applied on Hølen Viaduct.

Petersson also made a series of other inventions. He developed a rotating camera and calculating machines. He cooperated with Ole Herman Johannes Krag to develop the Krag–Petersson rifle, which was a mainstay in the Norwegian military for decades.

Bibliography
 Regler for Maskindeles Konstruktion (1866, 1877) with C. M. Guldberg
 Regler for Vandhjuls og Turbiners Konstruktion (1868) with C. M. Guldberg

References

1834 births
1884 deaths
People from Öland
Swedish engineers
Norwegian engineers
Bridge engineers
Viaduct engineers
Swedish emigrants to Norway
Digium. Digium, Inc. is a communications technology company based in Huntsville, Alabama, and since 2018, a subsidiary of Sangoma Technologies Corporation. The company makes VoIP business phone systems, IP phones, and hardware products. It was founded in 1999 by Mark Spencer.

Digium offers both business-to-consumer and business-to-business communications products.

History
In 1999, while a computer engineering student at Auburn University, Mark Spencer founded Linux Support Services (LSS). His motivation for starting the company was the high cost of existing business phone systems. Spencer named it Asterisk after the programming wildcard symbol and the ”star” phone key. It enabled phone calls over the Internet, providing an alternative to hardware-dependent PBX systems at a reduced cost.

Asterisk-based business phone systems were the first of a new generation of VoIP-based communications products to compete with companies such as Cisco and Avaya. Reflecting the company's shift away from Linux support to developing Asterisk and new communications solutions, Linux Support Services was renamed Digium in 2001.

Digium provides a business phone system powered by Asterisk, either as an on-premises solution or a cloud-based PBX solution. The service can be extended to employee mobile devices.

It is estimated that Asterisk is currently being used by developers in 170 countries and is running on approximately 1 million servers.

Acquisition  
Sangoma Technologies Corporation announced on August 23, 2018, that they entered into a definitive agreement, closing on August 31, 2018, expecting to pay US$28 million on a debt-free and cash-free basis, subject to customary working capital adjustments, to acquire Digium. The purchase price consists of $24.3 million in cash and 3,943,025 Sangoma common shares (representing $3.7 million based on a ten-day volume-weighted average price of $1.2214 per common share).  Digium generated approximately $30 million in revenue in its fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, with consolidated assets (net of cash) of approximately $11 million, no debt, and a net loss of approximately $4 million. The transaction closed and was finalized on September 5, 2018.

References

Free software companies
Companies based in Huntsville, Alabama
Software companies established in 2002
Privately held companies based in Alabama
Asterisk (PBX)
FreePBX
2002 establishments in Alabama
Richard Friend. Sir Richard Henry Friend (born 18 January 1953) is a British physicist who was the Cavendish Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge from 1995 until 2020 and is Tan Chin Tuan Centennial Professor at the National University of Singapore. Friend's research concerns the physics and engineering of carbon-based semiconductors. He also serves as Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board of the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Singapore.

Education
Friend was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge, gaining a PhD in 1979 under the supervision of Abe Yoffe.

Research
Friend's research has been applied to development of polymer field effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic diodes, optically pumped lasing and directly printed polymer transistors. He pioneered the study of organic polymers and the electronic properties of molecular semiconductors. He is one of the principal investigators in the new Cambridge-based Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration (IRC) on nanotechnology and co-founder of Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) and Plastic Logic. Friend has co-authored over 1,000 publications.

Awards and honours 
In March 2003 Friend won the IEE's Faraday Medal. He was knighted for "services to physics" in the 2003 Birthday Honours.

Friend received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2006

In 2009, Friend was awarded the Institute of Physics Katharine Burr Blodgett Medal and Prize with Dr David Ffye.

In 2010, Friend was elected as one of the three laureates of Millennium Technology Prize for the development of plastic electronics.

In 2011 he was awarded the Harvey Prize of the Technion in Israel. He is a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 2002.

In 2013, Friend was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to science, engineering, and commercialization of organic polymer semiconductor devices.

His nomination for the Royal Society reads:

Personal life
Friend lives in Cambridge with his wife, Carol Anne Maxwell (née Beales) with whom he has two daughters.

References

External links
 

British physicists
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Academic staff of the National University of Singapore
Knights Bachelor
Polymer scientists and engineers
Living people
1953 births
Cavendish Professors of Physics
Stanisław Adamski. Stanisław Adamski (12 April 1875 – 12 November 1967) was a Polish bishop, politician, and social and political activist of the Union of Catholic Societies of Polish Workers (Związek Katolickich Towarzystw Robotników Polskich), founder and editor of the 'Robotnik' (Worker) weekly.

Adamski was born in Zielonagóra.  He was a Sejm deputy (1919–1922) and senator (1922–1927).

During World War II, Germans prevented him from carrying out his duties (1940–1945). Later, he was repressed by the communist government, removed from office in 1952, and upon being allowed in 1956, due to old age, delegated the responsibility to others.  He died in Katowice.

References

External links 
 Witold Jakóbczyk, Przetrwać na Wartą 1815-1914, Dzieje narodu i państwa polskiego, vol. III-55, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1989

1875 births
1967 deaths
People from Szamotuły County
People from the Province of Posen
Polish Roman Catholic bishops
Members of the Legislative Sejm of the Second Polish Republic
Senators of the Second Polish Republic (1922–1927)
Diplomats of the Second Polish Republic
Polish cooperative organizers
Polish people of World War II
Roman Catholic bishops of Katowice
Dry-bulb temperature. The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air, but shielded from radiation. The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature. It is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the air molecules. Temperature is usually measured in degrees Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), or degrees Fahrenheit (°F). If expressed in kelvins, then the symbol Ta, if expressed in Celsius or Fahrenheit, then the symbol is ta. When measuring dry-bulb temperature, care should be taken to prevent the sensor from being subjected to radiation from neighbouring heat sources. To minimize the effects of radiation on the sensor one could reduce the sensor's emission factor or by reducing the temperature difference between the sensor and the surrounding surfaces or by adding a thin ventilated reflective screen.

Unlike wet-bulb temperature, dry-bulb temperature does not indicate the amount of moisture in the air (humidity). The dry-bulb temperature is one of the main input for thermal comfort calculations and it is also used for assessing the heat transfer by convection. The dry-bulb temperature is an important variable in psychrometrics, being the horizontal axis of a psychrometric chart.

See also 
 Psychrometric chart
 Hygrometer
 Atmospheric thermodynamics

References 

Atmospheric thermodynamics

es:Temperatura#Temperatura seca
Electrotrichogenesis. Electrotrichogenesis (ETG) involves the stimulation of hair follicles on the scalp with the electric charge of an electrostatic field.

Three studies are listed in the PubMed database relating to the technique.

Electrotrichogenesis was approved in Europe with the CE mark, as a medical device.  It was also approved by Health Canada and the Australian health office.

References

Further reading
 
 .
 Electrotrichogenesis was also approved by KFDA (Korean Food and Drug Administration) http://www.haircell.co.kr/index.php
 Report Dr. Chu (2003) - Imperial College of Science. Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital . London (UK) https://web.archive.org/web/20151112014612/http://www.nuhairuk.co.uk/pdf/DrChu'sReport.pdf

External links
 Reuters news info on Current Technology Corporation, a company that offers electrotrichogenesis treatments.

Dermatologic procedures
Samuel Waite Johnson. Samuel Waite Johnson (14 October 1831 – 14 January 1912) was an English railway engineer, and was Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Midland Railway from 1873 to 1903.  He was born in Bramley, Yorkshire and educated at Leeds Grammar School.

Career
Johnson learned to become an engineer at the locomotive builders E.B.Wilson and Company.

In 1859 Johnson became Acting Locomotive Superintendent at the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway.  In 1864 he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway.  In 1866, after only two years in Scotland he replaced Robert Sinclair of the Great Eastern Railway (GER) at Stratford Works.  There he stayed for seven years until moving to the Midland Railway (MR) at Derby, where he stayed until his retirement in 1904. At the time of appointment to the Midland Railway on 1 July 1873, he was paid a salary of £2,000 per year (), rising to £3,500 in 1896 () where it remained until his retirement on 31 December 1903.

Locomotive designs

Great Eastern Railway
See: Locomotives of the Great Eastern Railway

Midland Railway
See: Locomotives of the Midland Railway
 115 and 2601 classes of 4-2-2 Spinners
 Class 4 compound 4-4-0
 179 class
 483 class
 1116A class 0-4-0ST
 1377 class 0-6-0T
 1738 class
 2228 class 0-4-4T
 2441 class 0-6-0T
 Class 2 & 3 goods engines 0-6-0
 2501 class – 30 2-6-0 locomotives built at the Baldwin Locomotive Works, USA
 2511 class – 10 2-6-0 locomotives built at the Schenectady Locomotive Works, USA

Family

In 1857, Johnson married Emily Priestman in Chipping Ongar, Essex. By 1871 they had had four daughters and one son and were living in Hackney. By 1891 they were living in Nottingham. Emily died prior to 1911. 

S. W. Johnson's father, James Johnson, worked for the Great Northern Railway (GNR) for sixteen years before becoming engineer of the North Staffordshire Railway (NSR). S. W. Johnson's son, also James Johnson, was locomotive superintendent of the Great North of Scotland Railway (GNSR) from 1890 to 1894.

References

English mechanical engineers
English railway mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
Great Eastern Railway people
Midland Railway people
People educated at Leeds Grammar School
1831 births
1912 deaths