omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Constructability. Constructability (or buildability) is a concept that denotes ease of construction. It can be central to project management techniques to review construction processes from start to finish during pre-construction phase. Buildability assessment is employed to identify obstacles before a project is actually built to reduce or prevent errors, delays, and cost overruns.

CII defines constructability as “the optimal use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, design, procurement, and field operations to achieve overall project objectives”.

The term "constructability" can also define the ease and efficiency with which structures can be built. The more constructible a structure is, the more economical it will be. Constructability is in part a reflection of the quality of the design documents; that is, if the design documents are difficult to understand and interpret, the project will be difficult to build.

The term refers to:
 the extent to which the design of the building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed building  (CIRIA   definition).
 the effective and timely integration of construction knowledge into the conceptual planning, design, construction, and field operations of a project to achieve the overall project objectives in the best possible time and accuracy at the most cost-effective levels (CII  definition).
 the integration of construction knowledge in the project delivery  process and balancing the various project and environmental constraints to achieve the project goals and building performance at the optimal level.(CIIA definition).

Principles
There are 12 principles of constructability which are mapped on to the procurement process:
Integration
Construction knowledge
Team skills
Corporate objectives
Available resources
External factors
Programme
Construction methodology
Accessibility
Specifications
Construction innovation
Feedback

References

Further reading
 

Construction management
Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics. The Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics was a public university in Russia, which was known as ENGECON (Russian: ИНЖЭКОН). It is now a part of Saint Petersburg State University of Economics, which was created via its merging with Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance and Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics. It was specialized in the fields of economics, management, statistics, logistics and finance.

At the postgraduate level, it is a business school. At the undergraduate level, it also teaches economics.

The Saint Petersburg State University of Economics has an International branch outside the Russian Federation in Dubai. It is named Saint Petersburg State Economic University (Dubai branch).

History 

The history of the University begins in 1906 when Higher Commercial Courses of M.V. Pobedinski were arranged in Saint Petersburg. In 1919 the courses were altered into Institute of National Economy and in 1930 the Leningrad Institute of Engineering and Economics was set up. In 1992 the Institute received the Academy status and in 2000 the Academy became the University. On 1 August 2012 it was merged with  Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance and Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics to create Saint Petersburg State University of Economics.

Study programs 
Specialist degree (5 years). After receiving specialist degree students may apply for further postgraduate degree - Candidate of sciences (kandidat nauk), which is equivalent to PhD. Major part of courses is given in Russian, though there are several programs given in English.

Faculties 
Faculty of Business and Commerce
Faculty of Humanities
Faculty of IT in economics and management
Faculty of Management
Faculty of law and economic safety 
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Finance
Faculty of Regional Economics and management 
Faculty of tourism and hospitality
Faculty of economics and management in machinery 
Faculty of logistics and transport
Faculty of economics and management in the oil-gas-chemical complex and environmental safety
Management of innovation Institute
Higher school of Economics and Management

Partner universities 
Educational cooperation exists with universities. Language of instruction is English, though if students speak native language of the school it is possible to receive a stipend, which covers some costs (e.g. accommodation).

Alumni 
Alexei Mordashov - main shareholder and the CEO of Severstal
Anatoly Chubays - head of the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation, and a member of the Advisory Council for JPMorgan Chase.

See also 
 List of institutions of higher learning in Russia

External links 
 UNECON official website in English
 St.Petersburg State Economic University, Dubai Branch

Universities in Saint Petersburg
Business schools in Russia
Engineering universities and colleges in Russia
Economics schools
1906 establishments in the Russian Empire
Japan Radio Company. is a Japanese company specialising in the field of wireless electronics for the communications industry.

History 
Established in 1915, the company has produced a wide variety of products including marine electronics, measuring equipment for telecommunication, radio broadcasting equipment, and amateur radio equipment, including the JST-145dx/JST-245dx HF transceivers, which were the last amateur radio transceivers produced by JRC, ending in 2002.

References

External links 

JRC global site 
JRC website

Electronics companies of Japan
Defense companies of Japan
Avionics companies
Marine electronics
Navigation system companies
Electronics companies established in 1915
Japanese companies established in 1915
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies based in Tokyo
Amateur radio companies
Public safety communications
Global Positioning System
Japanese brands
Mobile phone manufacturers
Ringfeder. Ringfeder name (pronounced in English  ) is a German brand based in Krefeld founded in 1922. The brand manufactures bolt couplings, hook couplings, drawbar eyes, underrun protections and accessories. Ringfeder is part of VBG Truck Equipment, one of the divisions in the VBG Group, a large international industrial group.

Description 

A bolt coupling device comprises a drawbar, a swivelable cast "bell" with a horizontal opening in the middle, a machined pin or "bolt", an automatic pin release mechanism, a safety locking device with actuating handle and a cushioned mounting plate. The design of the pin allows articulation of up to 70 degrees around the drawbar eye in the pitch and yaw directions. The coupling can also rotate through 360 degrees in roll.

Mechanism 

A Ringfeder is typically mounted to a specially designed and built crossmember on the rear of the vehicle. This could be on the rear of a ballast tractor, rigid truck, prime mover or trailer. This mount also includes air, electrical and, if necessary, hydraulic fittings.

Firstly, the vehicle is reversed up to the drawbar of the trailer/dolly, stopping short of hitting. The height of the drawbar is checked, and adjusted accordingly. The safety catch handle on the upper left of the Ringfeder is pulled out and turned 90 degrees, and then allowed to return into the upper detent on the shaft collar. This then allows the actuator handle on the right of the body to be lifted to the stop. This pulls the bolt upwards, and sets the automatic tripping function. The Ringfeder is now ready to be coupled.

The vehicle is reversed slowly until the drawbar eye enters the bell, tripping the bolt and closing the coupling. A check is made of the coupling to ensure full engagement, air lines and electrics hooked up and drawbar leg stowed.

Uses 

Ringfeders are used in nearly all aspects of world transport, the most common being large goods vehicles throughout Europe, and road trains in Australia. In the Americas a similar product is used, known as a "pintle hook" (a type of tow hitch). It is a must for a ballast tractor due to lack of a fifth wheel, making drawbar coupling the only option to connect hydraulic modular trailers (HMTs).

Products 

 Coupling
 Underrun protection
 System Solution
 Drawbar
 Drawbar eyes
 Spare parts

See also 
 Drawbar
 Dolly
 Ballast tractor
 Drawbar eyes
 Hydraulic modular trailer

References

External links 
 
 Catalogues
 VBG Group

Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Manufacturing companies of Germany
Tetraphenylphosphonium chloride. Tetraphenylphosphonium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula , abbreviated  or  or , where Ph stands for phenyl. Tetraphenylphosphonium and especially tetraphenylarsonium salts were formerly of interest in gravimetric analysis of perchlorate and related oxyanions. This colourless salt is used to generate lipophilic salts from inorganic and organometallic anions. Thus,  is useful as a phase-transfer catalyst, again because it allows inorganic anions to dissolve in organic solvents.

Structure and basic properties
The structure of this salt is . It consists of tetraphenylphosphonium cations  and chloride anions . The  cation is tetrahedral.

PPh4Cl crystallises as the anhydrous salt, which is the normal item of commerce, as well as a monohydrate and a dihydrate.

In X-ray crystallography,  salts are of interest as they often crystallise easily. The rigidity of the phenyl groups facilitates packing and elevates the melting point relative to alkyl-based quaternary ammonium salts. Also, since these salts are soluble in organic media, a wide range of solvents can be employed for their crystallisation.

Preparation
 and many analogous compounds can be prepared by the reaction of chlorobenzene with triphenylphosphine catalysed by nickel salts:

The compound was originally prepared as the corresponding bromide salt (CAS No. 2751-90-8), which in turn was synthesized by passing dry oxygen through the reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide and triphenylphosphine. The synthesis probably proceeds via the reaction of the Grignard reagent with triphenylphosphine oxide.

Use in synthesis
Tetraphenylphosphonium salts of inorganic or organometallic anions are often sought because they are easily crystallized. They also tend to be soluble in polar organic solvents such as acetonitrile and dimethylformamide. Examples include the tetraphenylphosphonium perrhenate () and various thiomolybdates. Complexes of maleonitriledithiolate are also isolated as their  salts.

References

Chlorides
Quaternary phosphonium compounds
Phenyl compounds
Organophosphorus compounds
CMUcam. A CMUcam is a low cost computer vision device intended for robotics research. CMUcams consist of a small video camera and a microcontroller with a serial interface. While other digital cameras typically use a much higher bandwidth connector, the CMUcam's lightweight interface allows it to be accessed by microcontrollers. More importantly, the on-board microprocessor supports simple image processing and color blob tracking, making rudimentary computer vision capable in systems that would previously have far too little power to do such a thing. It has been used in past years by the high-school FIRST Robotics Competition as a way of letting participants' robots track field elements and navigate autonomously. The CMUcam also has an extremely small form factor. For these reasons, it is relatively popular for making small, mobile robots.

The original design was originally made by Carnegie Mellon University, who has licensed it to various manufacturers.

Current Version
Pixy2 is the latest in the line of CMUcam sensors. It adds line tracking capability and an onboard light source to the previous CMUcam5, aka original Pixy. These sensors are produced in collaboration with Charmed Labs in Austin, TX.

External links
 

Robotics hardware
Image sensor technology in computer vision
Lua (programming language)-scriptable hardware
Mansell wheel. The Mansell Wheel is a railway wheel patented by Richard Mansell, the Carriage and Wagon superintendent of the South Eastern Railway in the UK. The design was created in the 1840s and was eventually used widely on passenger railway stock in the UK. It is an interesting example of a composite wooden wheel, using the same principle as an artillery wheel but with a solid wooden centre instead of spokes.  The drawing (right) is from a railway design book of the early 20th century.

Overview

The reason for using wood was to reduce the noise. Having a wooden centre eliminated the ringing noise that emanated from early railway wheels. Made from teak, this type of wheel endured for a long time. Besides the reduction in noise, there was an increased safety factor. While some of that might be attributed to the extra attention paid to what were specifically passenger carriage wheels, the potential for casting faults was also reduced.

However, the wooden centres acted as electrical insulators, so Mansell wheels would not operate the track circuits used in railway signalling. That problem was solved by fitting copper bonding to the wheels.

Mansell wheels were used almost exclusively on passenger coaches, but there are some examples of their use on a locomotive. The Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway's 0-4-2WT locomotive "Gazelle" has trailing wheels of the Mansell type.  "Gazelle" is preserved at the Colonel Stephens Railway Museum. 

The first examples of the GWR 4-4-0 Duke class of 1895 also used Mansell wheels for their bogie and tender. Another tank locomotive 0-4-4T class bogie used Mansel (sic) wheels.

Re-use of wooden segments 
The wooden segments of the wheel had a shorter life than other parts, and were replaced at intervals, usually because they had become loose in the wheel rim, not because the timber was otherwise damaged. The valuable teak was often re-used. As the segments were too short for most woodworking uses, they were typically re-used as wooden flooring blocks.

The blocks were common for outdoor use at railway stations, particularly around milk loading docks and on platforms that handled postal traffic. Those platforms were regularly in use overnight and the wooden blocks provided a quieter surface, which made for less disturbance for the station's neighbours than cobblestones, even with iron-tyred carts running over them. An example of a wood block pavement made from wheel segments survives at Liverpool's Edge Hill.

See also 
 Paper car wheel, a US design using a compressed paper inner

References

External links

 Bluebell Railway - carriage with Mansell wheels

Train wheels
A.F.S.K. Hom Tov. A.F.S.K. Hom Tov was a spin-off of the A.F.S.K. Industries Group located in Haifa, Israel.  In 2006, the company claimed that it had patented technology for converting oil shale to shale oil.

History
Hom Tov was founded in 1994 by Shimon Kazansky and Yisrael Feldman.  In 1996, Sonol, a wholly owned subsidiary of Granite Hacarmel, invested $1.5 million in the company.

In 2006, it was reported that 73% of the company shares would be acquired by a group of investors led by Israeli businessman Ofer Glazer.  However, the transaction was not finalized, because understandably 73% is too much, and Hom Tov subsequently ceased to operate.

Shale oil extraction process
In the shale oil extraction process (US Patent 5372708) invented in 1992 by Moshe Gvirtz (also spelled as Moshe Gewertz) and promoted by Hom Tov, oil shale fine particles are slurried with waste bitumen and pumped through coils in a heater.  Promoters of this process claimed that the process was profitable at the crude oil price of US$17 per barrel.  The company also claimed that the technology was more efficient as it enables the oil shale to be processed at somewhat lower temperatures with the addition of the catalyzing bitumen, and more environmentally friendly than classical shale oil extraction methods. In 2006, in conjunction with announcing the planned partnership with Glazer, the company announced plans to build a full-scale production plant in the Negev Desert south of Beer Sheba at Mishor Rotem.  The Mishor Rotem plant would bring bitumen  by pipeline from the Ashdod refinery and return product along the same corridor.

A.F.S.K. Industries
Kazansky and Feldman also owned A.F.S.K. Industries, which in 2008 was sold to Orad, a company that develops software security systems. As of October 2011, Kazansky and Feldman are in arbitration with Orad for claims that Orad has not honored a service agreement worth 14 million NIS.

See also
 Mishor Rotem Power Station
 Oil shale in Israel

References

Oil and gas companies of Israel
Oil shale companies
Companies based in Haifa
Defunct energy companies of Israel
Defunct oil companies
Santa Cruz County Science and Engineering Fair. The Santa Cruz County Science and Engineering Fair, previously known as the Santa Cruz County Science Fair, is a science fair held annually at the Santa Cruz County Fairgrounds. The top 10 students from elementary and junior high schools in Santa Cruz County are invited to participate, and high school students can enter projects into the fair without competing at their school science fair. The primary sponsor of the fair in 2019 is Plantronics, although the fair receives donations and volunteer judges from many local businesses and educational institutions.

Students from the Santa Cruz County Science and Engineering Fair have been very successful at the California State Science Fair. Santa Cruz County was allocated 38 projects in 2019.

References

External links
Santa Cruz County Science Fair Website

Education in Santa Cruz County, California
Weapon effects simulation. Weapon Effects Simulation (WES) is the creation of artificial weapons effects such as flashes, bangs and smoke during military training exercises.  It is used in combination with Tactical engagement simulation (TES), which uses laser projection for training purposes instead of bullets and missiles.  Typically, an accurate laser "shot" hitting a target such as a tank, will trigger cartridge-based WES equipment fitted to the tank which will give a flash, bang and smoke, signifying a hit in the exercise scenario.

See also
 Multiple integrated laser engagement system

References

Military education and training
Beryllium chloride. Beryllium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula BeCl2. It is a colourless, hygroscopic solid that dissolves well in many polar solvents. Its properties are similar to those of aluminium chloride, due to beryllium's diagonal relationship with aluminium.

Structure and synthesis
Beryllium chloride is prepared by reaction of the metal with chlorine at high temperatures:
Be + Cl2 → BeCl2
BeCl2 can also be prepared by carbothermal reduction of beryllium oxide in the presence of chlorine. BeCl2 can be prepared by treating beryllium with hydrogen chloride.

Two forms (polymorphs) of BeCl2 are known. Both structures consist tetrahedral Be2+ centers interconnected by doubly bridging chloride ligands.  One form consist of edge-sharing polytetrahedra.  The other form resembles zinc iodide with interconnected adamantane-like cages. In contrast, BeF2 is a 3-dimensional polymer, with a structure akin to that of quartz. 

In the gas phase, BeCl2 exists both as a linear monomer and a bridged dimer with two bridging chlorine atoms where the beryllium atom is 3-coordinate. The linear shape of the monomeric form is as predicted by VSEPR theory. The linear shape contrasts with the monomeric forms of some of the dihalides of the heavier members of group 2, e.g. CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, SrCl2, BaCl2, BaBr2, and BaI2, which are all non-linear.  Beryllium chloride dissolves to give tetrahedral [Be(OH2)4]2+ ion in aqueous solutions as confirmed by vibrational spectroscopy.

Reactions
When treated with water, beryllium chloride forms a tetrahydrate, BeCl2•4H2O ([Be(H2O)4]Cl2). BeCl2 is also soluble in some ethers.

When suspended in diethyl ether, beryllium chloride converts to the colorless dietherate:

This ether ligand can be displaced by other Lewis bases.

Beryllium chloride forms complexes with phosphines.

Applications
Beryllium chloride is used as a raw material for the electrolysis of beryllium, and as a catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reactions.

References

External links
 Properties of BeCl2 from NIST

Beryllium compounds
Chlorides
Alkaline earth metal halides
Acid catalysts
Inorganic polymers
Safe Load Indicator. A Safe Load Indicator (SLI) or an Automatic Safe Load Indicator (ASLI) is a device which is installed on mobile or portal cranes to alert the operator if the lift is exceeding the safe operating range of the machinery. In some cases, the device will physically lock the machinery in circumstances it determines to be unsafe. SLI systems are usually composed of a microprocessor connected to various sensors on the crane itself. The SLI measures the angle and extension of the boom along with the load weight and compares this with the manufacturer's specifications to determine if the lift is safe.

A safe load indicator has the capability of detecting the angle, weight of load lifted, and ground radius of any lifting device. It controls the lifting equipment to the level that it tries to keep the machinery functioning as per the manufacturer's suggested safety charts.

The crane is fitted with multiple sensors, for each of the measured parameters, which are then further displayed in the operator's cabin for his benefit.

References

Safety equipment
Toutle River Sediment Retention Structure. The Sediment Retention Structure is an earthen dam,  long and  high, on the North Fork Toutle River in the U.S. state of Washington. Completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1989, it is meant to prevent sediment from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens from increasing flood risks along the Toutle and Cowlitz rivers.

The Corps initially expected the basin behind the dam to be filled by 2035 with 258 million cubic yards (197 million m3) of sediment. However, additional debris flows from Mount St. Helens plus sediment from storm-related riverbank failures quickly filled the basin. It was nearly full by 2012, and large amounts of sediment overflowed the SRS and continued downstream.

In July 2012, the Corps awarded a $4.5 million contract to LKE Corporation of Washougal, to raise the spillway by . In 2013, the contractor raised the dam's spillway by  to increase the ability of the SRS to trap sediment. The higher spillway reduces the slope of the sediment plain behind the dam, thus allowing more debris to accumulate on top of existing debris. The Corps estimated that the higher spillway would maintain the trapping efficiency of the SRS at or above 31 percent—the fraction being trapped without the higher spillway—for 5 to 10 years after completion of the project.

The SRS is about  upstream from the confluence of the North Fork Toutle River with the Toutle River and  from the larger river's mouth on the Cowlitz River. The structure is about  north-northeast of Portland, Oregon. Large communities downstream of the SRS include Castle Rock, Kelso, and Longview.

References

Dams in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Cowlitz County, Washington
Dams completed in 1989
Mount St. Helens