omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Solvent degreasing. Solvent degreasing is a process used to prepare a part for further operations such as electroplating or painting.  Typically it uses petroleum, chlorine, dry ice or alcohol based solvents to dissolve the machining fluids and other contaminants that might be on the part.

Process 
To begin with, a cleaning agent is applied directly to the surface by spraying, brushing, blasting or wiping. This process removes oil, grease, dirt, loose particles, and any other contaminants that may exist on the surface of the material. 

Characteristics include: cleans almost all electronic assemblies, electrical components, and almost all metals.  Parts are usually dried at an elevated temperature, however usually not below room temperature. However if you're cleaning by dry ice blasting objects are left dry and clean. Almost any size or shape of a part can be cleaned.

Spraying
The most common cold solvent operation, this is usually used in small maintenance degreasers using a petroleum or mineral solvent.  Usually to remove the bulk of the material, and prepare it for the cleaning tank.  Although if the part does not need to be perfectly clean, then the operation can be ended after spraying.  Spraying can also be used as a prequel other degreasing operations such as vapor degreasing which gives a better clean.

Immersion
The part is immersed in a tank of solvent and usually agitated like a washing machine for clothes to get all of the contaminant off.  It is then hung on a rack over the tank to allow drying. This is not to be confused with pickling, during which the part would be soaked in the bath for an extended period of time.  This operation covers a relatively short period and doesn't clean as deeply as pickling.

Soaking is typically the most common application of this process.  The material is left to soak until all the dirt or contaminates are removed from the surface.  However, the work piece may also be sprayed or have solvent directly wiped on it. These two applications are typically used for spot cleaning

Due to the ability of the solvent to reach in all places, virtually all parts of any shape or size can be cleaned using solvent degreasing.  The only restriction lies in the size of equipment available.  Solvent degreasing equipment is available in a wide variety of sizes and shapes and mainly consists of a submersion tank. However, some degreasing equipment has a circulation and filtering system or some sort of elevation mechanism.

Design considerations

Benefits
 The emissions are reduced when compared with vapor degreasing operations.
 Not as much venting is required, so it is easier to quickly set up a small degreasing operation.
 Liquid solvents are safer to deal with than vapor degreasing agents.

Challenges
 There is a high danger of fire when using petroleum and mineral solvents.
 The emissions from this type of operation, although less than those of other operations, are still considerable, and solvent degreasing has an environmental impact.
 Solvents are difficult to dispose of, and there are many government regulations on them.

References

See also
 Parts cleaning

Industrial processes
Metalworking
Recharge. Recharge or Recharged may refer to:
Groundwater recharge, a hydrologic process where water moves to groundwater
Recharge (battery), the process to restore power or charge to a power storage device, such as a battery
Recharge (magazine), is a business news website and monthly magazine covering the global renewable energy industry
Surface water recharge, a hydrologic process where water runs off to surface watercourses
Volvo Recharge, a plug-in concept car developed by Volvo

Music
Recharged (album), 2013 remix album by Linkin Park
Recharged, 1988 studio album by The Vibrators

Other
Ricochet Lost Worlds: Recharged, video game
Hansa-Brandenburg GW. The Hansa-Brandenburg GW was a floatplane torpedo bomber produced in Germany during World War I for the Imperial German Navy. In configuration, it was similar to the Hansa-Brandenburg G.I land-based bomber, but the GW was substantially larger and heavier. Like the G.I, it was a conventional three-bay biplane design with staggered wings with the lower wing of slightly greater span than the upper. The undercarriage consisted of twin floats, each mounted on a separate truss structure, leaving space between them for a single torpedo to be dropped from the underside of the fuselage. The metal trusses that had attached the engines to the sides of the G.I's fuselage were not present in this design, with the engine nacelles carried on struts in the interplane gap.

Specifications (variant)

References

Further reading

  

GW
1910s German bomber aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Black Mill, Whitstable. Black Mill, or Borstal Hill Mill is a smock mill in Whitstable, Kent, England that was built in 1815. It is now a part of a private residence at the end of Millers Court.

History

Black Mill was built in 1815. A mill that previously stood on the site was marked on Bowen's map of 1736. The mill had been painted white when built, but was tarred in 1885, thus gaining its name of Black Mill. Trinity House had to be notified, as the mill was a navigational landmark for sailors. The mill last worked circa 1905 and in 1928 was converted into a studio by the artist Laurence Irving, the grandson of Sir Henry Irving. The mill was later converted into a motel. The converted tower still contains the major milling machinery, and externally bears stocks and a dummy fantail.

Description

Black mill is a four-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. There was a stage at first-floor level. It had four patent sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft. The Brake wheel survives. This drove a cast-iron Wallower mounted on a wooden Upright Shaft. The Great Spur Wheel also survives. The mill drove three pairs of millstones overdrift. It was winded by a fantail.

Millers

Lawes & Carr 1839 - 1845
William Carr 1845
Jonathan Rye
Henry Somerford 1860 - 1866
James Callingham 1866 -
Callingham Bros. - 1899
George & William Dawking 1899 - 1905

References for above:-

Gallery

References

4. The “Old Black Windmill in the seaside town of Whitstable” is mentioned in Michael Powell’s autobiography (p.214 faber&faber paperback, pub 2000), A Life in Movies, who refers to working with Laurence Irving (art director) on the UK production of 77 Park Lane (1931)

Further reading

External links
Windmill World page on the mill.

Windmills in Kent
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Smock mills in England
Windmills completed in 1815
Whitstable
Octagonal buildings in the United Kingdom
Ryan S-C. The Ryan S-C (Sports-Coupe) (or Sport Cabin) was an American three-seat cabin monoplane designed and built by the Ryan Aeronautical Company. At least one was impressed into service with the United States Army Air Forces as the L-10.

Development
The Ryan S-C was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear, designed to be an up-market version of the Ryan S-T trainer. The prototype first flew in 1937, and had a nose-mounted 150 hp (112 kW) Menasco inline piston engine. Production aircraft were fitted with a 145 hp (108 kW) Warner Super Scarab radial engine. With the company's involvement in producing trainer aircraft for the United States military, the S-C was not seriously marketed, and only 11 complete SCs (s/n 202 through 212) were built, all delivered in 1938; two more were later assembled from parts (s/n 213 in 1941 and s/n 214 in 1959). At least one example – probably as many as five, s/n 202, 203, 207, 211 and 212 – were impressed into service with the Civil Air Patrol, auxiliary of the United States Army Air Forces for anti-submarine patrol and warfare duties on the East coast of the US, and was designated the L-10. At the start of the 21st Century, four examples were still airworthy in the United States.

According to Cassagneres, "The spar did not run as one unit throughout the span. The metal 'monocoque spar,' as it was sometimes termed, was developed by Ryan and patented by him. Actually, the spar embodied the full forward third portion of the wing. This leading edge area was assembled as a single unit with major stresses, carried by the outer skin. It was further stiffened by nose ribs and single vertical webs located about one third of the chord. Thus the entire forward portion of the wing formed a light but strong tapered box spar. A single perforated dural belly flap of split type, beneath the wing at a point about one-third back from the leading edge, was a new approach to the landing problem."

Variants
S-C later S-C-M
Prototype powered by a 150hp (112kW) Menasco C4S inline engine, one built later converted to S-C-W.
S-C-W
Production aircraft powered by a 145hp (108kW) Warner Super Scarab radial engine, 12 built.
L-10
United States Army Air Forces designation for one S-C-W impressed into service in 1942, it was disposed of in November 1944.
Later Modifications
Two SC-Ws exist with a horizontally opposed 6-cylinder Continental engine.  One was modified from a radial-powered SC-W, and one was built with the 6-cylinder engine after WWII using spare airframe parts from the original pre-WWII production run.

Operators

United States Army Air Forces

Specifications (S-C-W)

See also

References

 
 

 
 
 
 
Aerofiles

External links

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Ryan aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Hansa-Brandenburg W. The Hansa-Brandenburg W was a reconnaissance floatplane produced in Germany in 1914 to equip the Imperial German Navy. Similar in general layout to the Hansa-Brandenburg B.I landplane, the W was a conventional three-bay biplane with unstaggered wings of equal span. The pilot and observer sat in tandem, open cockpits, and the undercarriage consisted of twin pontoons.

The NW and GNW of 1915 were a revised versions powered by a more powerful engine.

Variants
 W - initial production version with Benz Bz.II engine (27 built)
 NW - revised version with Mercedes D.III engine
 GNW - revised version with Mercedes D.III engine

Operators

Kaiserliche Marine

Ottoman Air Force

Specifications (NW)

References

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
W
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Hansa-Brandenburg W.11. The Hansa-Brandenburg W.11 was a fighter floatplane built in Germany in 1917 as a more powerful version of the KDW. Similar in general configuration to its predecessor, the W.11 shared the same unusual interplane strut arrangement, and featured fins above and below the fuselage. Only three examples were built.

Specifications

References

1910s German fighter aircraft
W.11
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Fabien Chéreau. Fabien Chéreau (born 17 September 1980 in Villefranche-sur-Saône, France) is a French research engineer and computer programmer best known for authoring the planetarium software Stellarium, a free, open source astronomy software package which renders 3D photo-realistic skies in real time.

He previously worked as a Research Engineer at the Paris Observatory for the satellite Gaia of European Space Agency on a CNES-funded position for the On-board Detection and the Radial Velocity Spectrometer working groups. He worked in ESO on a plugin for Stellarium, called VirGO, from April 2008 to 2010.

Chéreau wrote the first version of the Gaia on-board detection algorithm. He worked on the definition of the Spectro sky mappers and was in charge of the development of the algorithms for these instruments.

Education 
After graduating from Lycée du Val de Saône, Trévoux in Science with majors in Maths, Physics, Chemistry and Industrial Technology, he enrolled in INSA, the French engineering university at Lyon in France. Later he studied his final year as an exchange student in the Tampere University of Technology, Finland. Chéreau achieved his master's degree (Diplôme d'Ingénieur) in Computer Science at the National Institute of Applied Sciences of Lyon, France.

Personal projects
Since summer 2000, Chéreau is working on the free, open source astronomy software Stellarium in C++/OpenGL during his spare time.  
He also programmed "The Biotes" an experimental artificial life program (in C++) which experiments with neural networks and evolution algorithms.

Interests
Chéreau's interest in observations, calculations and astronomy helped in the creation of Stellarium.

References

External links
Stellarium Official website for Stellarium.
ESO European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere.
VirGO VirGO, a plugin for Stellarium.

1980 births
Living people
People from Villefranche-sur-Saône
French computer programmers
Hansa-Brandenburg W.13. The Hansa-Brandenburg W.13 was a flying boat bomber developed in Germany in 1917 and used by the Austro-Hungarian Navy during World War I.

Design and development
The W.13 was a largely conventional design for the time, with a single-step hull and an engine mounted pusher-fashion on struts in the interplane gap. The pilot and a gunner sat in tandem open cockpits at the bow. The interplane struts were unusual in that on each side of the aircraft, the upper and lower wings were braced with two pairs of struts that converged from two sets of attachment points on the upper wing to a single set on the lower wing, so that when viewed from fore or aft, the struts formed a V-shape.

Operational history
The type was first offered to the Imperial German Navy, but was rejected. It was, however, accepted by the Austro-Hungarian Navy, which operated it from bases on the Adriatic Sea during the Italian Campaign. Many of these were produced under licence by UFAG in Budapest. In service, the Austro-Daimler engine caused continuous problems, which the manufacturer attributed to the poor lubricating oil available at the front. Since this situation seemed unlikely to change as the war situation deteriorated for Austria-Hungary, Austro-Daimler simply discontinued production of the engine, meaning that slightly over half the 130 W.13s manufactured were left without a powerplant.

Several examples of the W.13 were captured intact by Italian forces and studied; and one example that survived the war was handed over by Austria to the United States Navy as part of war reparations. This aircraft was shipped back to the Naval Aircraft Factory in the United States, where it was dismantled for study, reassembled, and test flown.

Specifications

References

 

W.13
1910s German bomber aircraft
Flying boats
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Ufag aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
William O. Baker. William Oliver Baker (July 15, 1915 – October 31, 2005) was president of Bell Labs from 1973 to 1979 and advisor on scientific matters to five United States presidents.

Biography
He was born on July 15, 1915, in Chestertown, Maryland.

He received his degree from Washington College and went on to get a doctorate from Princeton University, studying under Charles Phelps Smyth. He later did research for Bell Labs that helped lead to synthetic rubber. He held 11 patents in all. He headed Bell Labs from 1973 to 1979. Prior to being named president, he had served as Bell Labs Vice President for Research since 1955. Baker had lived in the New Vernon section of Harding Township and was a longtime resident of Morristown, New Jersey.

In 1979, he was a resident of Morristown, NJ upon his tenure ending as President of Bell Labs.

He died of heart failure on October 31, 2005, in Chatham, New Jersey.

Awards and honors 
Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1961)
Perkin Medal (1963)
Member of the American Philosophical Society (1963)
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1965)
Priestley Medal (1966)
IRI Medal from the Industrial Research Institute (1970)
American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal (1975)
 Charles Lathrop Parsons Award, American Chemical Society (1976)
Miles Conrad Award, NFAIS (1977)
Willard Gibbs Award (1978)
Vannevar Bush Award (1981)
SASA Medal of Achievement (1984) Thereafter known as the William Oliver Baker Award
National Medal of Science (1988)
Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences of the American Philosophical Society (2000).
AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize (1995)
Marconi Society (2003)

References

External links 
Oral History interview transcript for William O. Baker on 7 May 1996, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
William O. Baker Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
William O. Baker tribute site 

1915 births
2005 deaths
People from Harding Township, New Jersey
People from Morristown, New Jersey
Washington College alumni
Princeton University alumni
20th-century American chemists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
Scientists at Bell Labs
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Kiki the nano bot. kiki the nano bot is an open-source puzzle video game designed by Thorsten Kohnhorst and first released in 2005. It is a mixture of the games Sokoban and Kula World. It is available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X.

Plot 
The game's protagonist is a nano bot called Kiki. Kiki is the only bot left sane from a "parasitic capacity" that affected the nano world where he lived, leaving all the nano bots produced in that world "lazy stupid little robots/which shoot each other/and destroy the nano world". Kiki's task is to "repair the maker" of the nano bots.

Gameplay 

In each level, certain task must be performed, so the exit gate can be activated, then, if kiki moves through the activated exit gate, it will be 'beamed' to the next level. Gravity works towards the surface you were last touching and kiki can walk around the walls and on all sides of any block. The game has 50 levels, which can be viewed by selecting "Statistics", in the main menu, in which the progress of the user appears.

Development
kiki the nano bot took four months of development to complete. It was designed by Thorsten Kohnhorst, who began work with such a tight deadline because he was participating in the 2002 uDevGame contest. He chose to make this during a hiatus following the dot-com bubble, allowing him to work full-time on the project. Kohnhorst took inspiration from Kula World, explaining that he liked how Kula World took advantage of all three dimensions. In order to avoid his game being a copy, he had the character move on the inside walls of a room instead of on free-floating platforms. He then dropped the run-and-jump gameplay, instead borrowing ideas from Sokoban. He kept the graphics simple due to his lack of time and skill in this area. The nano world setting of the game was chosen to complement the simple graphics.

The other nanobots in the game were originally added as a test for movement routines, but Kohnhorst felt that they added life to the game. A problem he encountered, however, was that they introduced a "level of indeterminism" to the game. To avoid removing them, he instead had it so that players needed to repair the thing making these malfunctioning machines.

Reception 
It won the Categories 'Best Graphics', 'Best Originality' and 'Best Overall Game' in the uDevGame Game Programming Contest 2002.

The game was downloaded between 2003 and May 2017 alone from SourceForge.net over 170,000 times. A review at acid-play.com was favourably with 4.9 of 5 points. Freeware game website Planet Free Play called in 2005 kiki the nanobot "one of the best freeware games ever.". Inside Mac Games reviewed the game favourably, recommending to give it a try "If you're in the mood for a good, challenging, puzzle game.".

References

External links 
 at sourceforge.net

Cross-platform software
Puzzle video games
Windows games
Linux games
MacOS games
Open-source video games
Public-domain software with source code
Freeware games
Fiction about nanotechnology
Structural shape rolling. Structural shape rolling, also known as shape rolling and profile rolling, is the rolling and roll forming of structural shapes by passing them through a rolling mill to bend or deform the workpiece to a desired shape while maintaining a constant cross-section. Structural shapes that can be made with this metal forming process include I-beams, H-beams, T-beams, U-beams, angle iron, channels, bar stock, and railroad rails. The most commonly rolled material is structural steel, including carbon steel and stainless steel. Other metals, plastic, paper, and glass can also be rolled. Common applications include railroads, bridges, roller coasters, art, and architectural applications.

It is a cost-effective way of bending these materials because the process requires less set-up time and uses pre-made dies that are changed according to the shape and dimension of the workpiece. This process can roll workpieces into full circles.

Process
Structural shape rolling uses profile rolling techniques where the workpiece is passed through a series of flatteners (of larger magnitude than most common rolling devices) that match the workpieces' cross-section. The most common method uses 3 rollers; the bending is controlled by varying the distance between the rollers.

Structural shapes can be rolled in different ways such as the “easy-way”, the “hard-way”, heel in/out, ball in/out, leg in/out, stem in/out, and off axis. The hard-way would be bending the workpiece in the orientation where its moment of inertia is the greatest.  The easy-way is bending the workpiece along the axis with the smallest moment of inertia.  For example, a piece of angle iron rolled the easy-way would be rolled along one of its flanges, while the hard-way would be along the angle itself.

References

Further reading

Metal forming
Structural steel