omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hendrickson Holdings. Hendrickson Holdings, L.L.C. is a privately held American holding company located in Woodridge, Illinois which, through its subsidiaries, designs and manufactures medium- and heavy-duty mechanical, elastomeric and air suspensions; integrated and non-integrated axle and brakes systems; tire pressure control systems; auxiliary lift axle systems; parabolic and multi-leaf springs; stabilizers; bumpers; and components to the global commercial transportation industry.

Hendrickson was founded by Magnus Hendrickson, a Swedish engineer who originally worked for Lauth-Juergens, in Ohio in 1913. Also in 1913, production was moved to Chicago, where Hendrickson manufactured trucks and truck parts. In 1926 Magnus' son, Robert Theodore Hendrickson I, developed the first tandem suspension, and from 1936, exclusively supplied this innovative type of suspension to International Harvester.

Hendrickson relocated to Lyons, Illinois in 1948, and expanded internationally by acquiring suspension companies in Europe, Canada, and South America. By the late 1970s, the company maintained more than nineteen points of presence worldwide.

Hendrickson was acquired in 1978 by The Boler Company, now its parent holding company. In 1985, the company sold the truck manufacturing portion of its business to concentrate on producing suspensions. As of 2022, it  "presently has sales and distribution facilities and/or state-of-the-art manufacturing and research and development centers in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Austria, Romania, Poland, Turkey, India, China, Japan, Thailand,  Australia and New Zealand.".

In August 2020, Hendrickson acquired the Stemco Motor Wheel brake drum and Crewson brake adjuster brands from Stemco.

See also
 HME, Incorporated, the truck manufacturer

Notes

References
"Leap of Faith" (John Boler CEO, The Boler Corporation)

External links
 

Companies based in DuPage County, Illinois
Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
Woodridge, Illinois
Automotive suspension technologies
Supermalloy. Supermalloy is an alloy composed of nickel (75%), iron (20%), and molybdenum (5%).  It is a high permeability ferromagnetic alloy used in magnetic cores and magnetic shielding in electrical components, such as pulse transformers and ultra-sensitive magnetic amplifiers. It has a resistivity of 0.6 Ω·mm2/m (or 6.0 x 10−7Ω·m), an extremely high relative magnetic permeability (approximately ), and a low coercivity. Supermalloy is used in manufacturing components for radio engineering, telephony, and telemechanics instruments.

References

Nickel alloys
Magnetic alloys
RoboWarrior (video game). RoboWarrior, known in Japan as , is an action puzzle video game developed by Hudson Soft, and co-developed by Aicom, making it their first NES game they worked on, and published by Jaleco for the Nintendo Entertainment System and the MSX.

Plot
RoboWarrior takes place on an alien planet called Altile that was created by scientists as a solution to the overpopulation problem of Earth. During a peaceful period on Altile, Robowarriors are decommissioned from Earth and the Xantho empire invades Altile and try to transform it for personal gain.

The player operates a cyborg named ZED (Z-type Earth Defence). In the game, ZED raids Altile to fight the Xantho empire and destroy its leader, Xur. ZED deploys bombs to clear a path through rocks, walls, and forests, while killing enemies and collecting items. Some gameplay elements resemble those of Bomberman (1983).

The original Japanese plot of Bomber King is similar, but with some distinct differences. In the year 2036 on the planet Altile, the weather and climate suddenly drastically change due to some mysterious reason. The combat android Knight is sent to the planet to try and track down whatever force is causing the changes and defeat it.

Gameplay
RoboWarrior consists of five level formats and there are 27 levels in the game. In one, the player must obtain a key before the time limit expires. In another, the key is unavailable until the player acquires a crystal or chalice. Some levels are cast in darkness, rendering obstructions invisible unless the player has a lit lamp. Other levels are mazes where the player must find and blast through weak points in walls to proceed. Periodically, the player engages a boss level. Multiple bombs are required to blow up certain unconventional areas. Robowarrior also features water stages. Enemies respawn in each stage allowing the player to stock up on bombs. ZED is controlled via an overhead viewpoint and the player can move him in four directions.

References

External links
 

1987 video games
Aicom games
Hudson Soft games
Jaleco games
MSX games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Top-down video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Takeaki Kunimoto
Video games set on fictional planets
ZAP Corporation games
Axcelis Technologies. Axcelis Technologies, Inc. is an American company engaging in the design, manufacture, and servicing of capital equipment for the semiconductor manufacturing industry worldwide. It produces ion implantation systems, including high and medium current implanters, and high energy implanters, and curing systems used in the fabrication of semiconductor chips. The company was incorporated in 1995 and is headquartered in Beverly, Massachusetts, United States.

In 2000, Eaton Corporation spun off its semiconductor manufacturing equipment business as Axcelis Technologies.

On December 4, 2012 Axcelis Technologies decided "...that it will exit the dry-strip business and divest its dry-strip intellectual property and technology, including the advanced non-oxidizing process technology of its Integra product line, to Lam Research,...Axcelis will continue to ship its 300 mm dry-strip products through August 2013..."

In 2015, Axcelis sold its headquarters in a leaseback agreement.

See also
 List of S&P 600 companies

References

External links

Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Equipment semiconductor companies
Companies based in Beverly, Massachusetts
Electronics companies of the United States
Shovel logging. Shovel logging, sometimes called Hoe Chucking, uses a log loader to swing logs to the forest road. Shovel logging is one of a number of methods that may be used to move logs from forest to road. Rather than driving out to the log and dragging it back to the landing, the loader moves slowly across the harvest area, grabbing logs/trees within reach, and swinging them around to drop them closer to the road. Logs further from the road can be shoveled to the landing in a few passes back and forth. 
 
Skidding and cable logging can be more cost efficient for logs further from the road.  Shovel logging can make use of the loader between log truck arrivals. It can also reduce soil disturbance, since it requires only a single pass to move all the logs in reach. 

The machine shown here is typical of the 'shovels' used for shovel logging. It is a modified excavator or 'shovel'. The name dates back to a previous generation of equipment when loggers uses power shovels (often with a different boom) to load logs.

External links
Various Log loaders
Shovel Logging

Log transport
Susumu Tachi. is a professor of Graduate School of Media Design at Keio University and Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo.

Education
Dr. Tachi received the B.E., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in mathematical engineering and information physics from the University of Tokyo in 1968, 1970, and 1973, respectively.

Academic career
He joined the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Tokyo in 1973, and in 1975 moved to the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tsukuba Science City, Japan, where he served as the Director of the Biorobotics Division. From 1979 to 1980, Dr. Tachi was a Japanese Government Award Senior Visiting Scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA, and in 1988 he serves as Chairman of the IMEKO (International Measurement Confederation) Technical Committee on Measurement in Robotics. In 1989 he rejoined the University of Tokyo.

Research
His scientific achievements includes intelligent mobile robot systems for the blind called Guide Dog Robot (1976–1983) and National Large Scale Project on Advanced Robotics, especially advanced human robot systems with a real-time sensation of presence known as Telexistence (Tele-Existence) (1983–1990). His present research covers telexistence, real-time remote robotics (R-Cubed) and virtual reality.

Organisational affiliations
Prof. Tachi is also a founding director of the Robotics Society of Japan (RSJ), a fellow of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers (SICE) and is the founding president of the Virtual Reality Society of Japan (VRSJ). See also his work on cloaking technology.()

External links

1946 births
Living people
University of Tokyo alumni
Virtual reality pioneers
Academic staff of Keio University
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
Soil production function. Soil production function refers to the rate of bedrock weathering into soil as a function of soil thickness. A general model suggests that the rate of physical weathering of bedrock (de/dt) can be represented as an exponential decline with soil thickness: 

where h is soil thickness [m], P0 [mm/year] is the potential (or maximum) weathering rate of bedrock and k [m−1] is an empirical constant.

The reduction of weathering rate with thickening of soil is related to the exponential decrease of temperature amplitude with increasing depth below the soil surface, and also the exponential decrease in average water penetration (for freely-drained soils). Parameters P0 and k are related to the climate and type of parent material. The value of P0 was found to range from 0.08 to 2.0 mm/yr for sites in northern California, and 0.05–0.14 mm/yr for sites in southeastern Australia. Meanwhile values of k do not vary significantly, ranging from 2 to 4 m−1.

Several landscape evolution models have adopted the so-called humped model. This model dates back to G.K. Gilbert's Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains (1877). Gilbert reasoned that the weathering of bedrock was fastest under an intermediate thickness of soil and slower under exposed bedrock or under thick mantled soil. This is because chemical weathering requires the presence of water. Under thin soil or exposed bedrock water tends to run off, reducing the chance of the decomposition of bedrock.

See also
Biorhexistasy
Hillslope evolution
Pedogenesis
Soil functions

Notes and references

Further reading

Mathematical modeling
Pedology
Vernier thruster. A vernier thruster is a rocket engine used on a spacecraft or launch vehicle for fine adjustments to the attitude or velocity. Depending on the design of a craft's maneuvering and stability systems, it may simply be a smaller thruster complementing the main propulsion system, or it may complement larger attitude control thrusters, or may be a part of the reaction control system.
The name is derived from vernier calipers (named after Pierre Vernier) which have a primary scale for gross measurements, and a secondary scale for fine measurements.

Vernier thrusters are used when a heavy spacecraft requires a wide range of different thrust levels for attitude or velocity control, as for maneuvering during docking with other spacecraft.

On space vehicles with two sizes of attitude control thrusters, the main ACS (Attitude Control System) thrusters are used for larger movements, while the verniers are reserved for smaller adjustments.

Due to their weight and the extra plumbing required for their operation, vernier rockets are seldom used in new designs.
Instead, as modern rocket engines gained better control, larger thrusters could also be fired for very short pulses, resulting in the same change of momentum as a longer thrust from a smaller thruster.

Vernier thrusters are used in rockets such as the R-7 for vehicle maneuvering because the main engine is fixed in place. For earlier versions of the Atlas rocket family (prior to the Atlas III), in addition to maneuvering, the verniers were used for roll control, although the booster engines could also perform this function. After main engine cutoff, the verniers would execute solo mode and fire for several seconds to make fine adjustments to the vehicle attitude. The Thor/Delta family also used verniers for roll control but were mounted on the base of the thrust section flanking the main engine.

Examples 

 The R-7 rocket family, with over 1700 successful launches to date, still depends on the S1.358000 vernier thrusters in its first and second stage. Most of the larger Soviet missiles and launch vehicles also used verniers. Examples include the RD-8 on the Zenit rocket family, the RD-855 and RD-856 on the R-36, and the RD-0214 on the Proton rocket family.
 On the SM-65 Atlas, the LR-101 verniers were used for roll control and to fine-tune the vehicle attitude after the main engine cutoff. The Delta II and Delta III rocket also used the LR-101 for vehicle roll maneuver since one engine cannot do a roll maneuver (although the later GEM 46 had thrust vectoring nozzle, only three were equipped with this feature and only ignited a brief moment during the ascent).
 The Space Shuttle had six vernier engines or thrusters in its "Vernier Reaction Control System" (VRCS).  The VRCS could also deliver a gentle steady thrust.  This was regularly used to boost the International Space Station while docked: for example during STS-130 commander George Zamka and pilot Terry Virts fired Endeavour's VRCS for a duration of 33 minutes to attain an orbit between .

See also 
 Space propulsion
 Cold gas thruster
 Vernier throttle

References 

Spacecraft components
Spacecraft attitude control
Coggeshall slide rule. In measurement, the Coggeshall slide rule, also called a carpenter's slide rule, was a slide rule designed by Henry Coggeshall in 1677 to help in measuring the dimensions, surface area, and volume of timber. With his original design and later improvements, Coggeshall's slide rule brought the tool its first practical use outside of mathematical study. It would remain popular for the next few centuries.

The Coggeshall rule consisted of two rulers, each a foot (30 cm) long, which were put together in various ways. The most common and convenient arrangement was to have one of the rulers slide within a groove made along the middle of the other, like an ordinary linear slide rule, as shown in the figure below. Another form had one ruler sliding alongside the other, and a third form had a common two-foot folding ruler with a groove along one side in which a thin sliding piece was inserted that carried Coggeshall's lines.

Coggeshall first described this apparatus in a paper he released in London titled, "Timber-measure by a line of more ease, dispatch and exactness, then any other way now in use, by a double scale : after the countrey-measure, by the length and quarter of the circumference in round timber, and by the length and side of the square in squared timber, and square equal in flat timber : as also stone-measure and gauging of vessels by the same near and exact way, likewise a diagonal scale of 100 parts in a quarter of an inch, very easie both to make and use."

After improving the design, he republished his work under the title "A Treatise of Measuring by a Two-foot Rule, which slides to a Foot" (1682). He released a highly modified version in 1722 titled "The Art of Practical Measuring easily performed by a Two-foot Rule which slides to a Foot." By 1767, seven revised editions had been released.

References

External links

English inventions
Mechanical calculators
Woodworking measuring instruments
Lungalacha La. Lachulung La (el. ), or Lāchālūng La or Lungalacha La, is a paved motorable mountain pass in Ladakh in India just north of border with Himachal Pradesh. It is located on the NH3 Leh–Manali Highway,  north of Sarchu and  west of Pang.  Rail-cum-road tunnel is being constructed under this pass to cater for the traffic for existing  NH3 & under-construction Bhanupli–Leh line, Bara-lacha la (84 km south of Lungalacha La) and Taglang La (87 km north of Lungalacha La) are other tunnels being constructed on this route.

This is one of the easier  passes and it can be traversed cross-country by moving along the nala on both sides.  However, due to elevation, the hikers face breathlessness during climb and those who have not undergone acclimatisation may face severe symptoms of altitude sickness.

See also 

 Geography of Ladakh
 India-China Border Roads
 List of mountain passes of India

References

Mountain passes of Ladakh
Parity flag. In computer processors the parity flag indicates if the numbers of set bits is odd or even in the binary representation of the result of the last operation. It is normally a single bit in a processor status register.

For example, assume a machine where a set parity flag indicates even parity.  If the result of the last operation were 26 (11010 in binary), the parity flag would be 0 since the number of set bits is odd.   Similarly, if the result were 10 (1010 in binary) then the parity flag would be 1.

Some microcontrollers, notably the ubiquitous 8051, include a parity flag to help with implementing RS-232 and other serial communication protocols, in lieu of a UART with parity support.

x86 processors
x86 processors include a parity flag because they are descended (via the Intel 8086, 8080 and 8008) from the Datapoint 2200 terminal, which was designed for serial communication duties.

In x86 processors, the parity flag reflects the parity of only the least significant byte of the result, and is set if the number of set bits of ones is even (put another way, the parity bit is set if the sum of the bits is even). According to the Intel 80386 manual, the parity flag is changed in the x86 processor family by the following instructions: 
 All arithmetic instructions;
 Compare instruction (equivalent to a subtract instruction without storing the result);
 Logical instructions - XOR, AND, OR;
 the TEST instruction (equivalent to the AND instruction without storing the result).
 Instructions which write to the entire flags register: POPF, IRET, interrupts, or any other instruction which causes a hardware task switch.

The parity flag is tested by conditional jump instructions; the JP instruction jumps to the given target when the parity flag is set and the JNP instruction jumps if it is not set. The flag may be also read directly with instructions such as PUSHF, which pushes the flags register on the stack.

One common reason to test the parity flag is to check an unrelated x87-FPU flag. The FPU has four condition flags (C0 to C3), but they can not be tested directly, and must instead be first copied to the flags register. When this happens, C0 is placed in the carry flag, C2 in the parity flag and C3 in the zero flag. The C2 flag is set when e.g. incomparable floating point values (NaN or unsupported format) are compared with the FUCOM instructions.

References

See also
 x86 architecture
 x86 assembly language
 x86 Flags Register

Central processing unit
Negative flag. In a computer processor the negative flag or sign flag is a single bit in a system status (flag) register used to indicate whether the result of the last mathematical operation produced a value in which the most significant bit (the left most bit) was set. In a two's complement interpretation of the result, the negative flag is set if the result was negative.

For example, in an 8-bit signed number system, -37 will be represented as 1101 1011 in binary (the most significant bit, or sign bit, is 1), while +37 will be represented as 0010 0101 (the most significant bit is 0).

The negative flag is set according to the result in the x86 series processors by the following instructions (referring to the Intel 80386 manual): 
 All arithmetic operations except multiplication and division;
 compare instructions (equivalent to subtract instructions without storing the result);
 Logical instructions – XOR, AND, OR;
 TEST instructions (equivalent to AND instructions without storing the result).

References

Computer arithmetic
Dumper (computer program). In computer programming, a dumper is a program which copies data from one source (usually a proprietary format) to another (usually in a more easily accessible format).

A dumper is a program that saves data from the computer's memory, usually from a foreign process (program) to a (*.dmp) file. Often the process's memory is dumped automatically to disk if the program crashes. You may recover any unsaved data from this file or send it to the developer so he can investigate what caused the crash.

Another use of 'dumpers' can be dumping Windows Exe-files from memory after they have been unpacked/decrypted for further analysis (in case of malware), or after unwrapping/unpacking certain security envelopes. These security envelopes are applied by the developer or software vendor to 'protect' these applications.

Usually, a security envelope checks if the application has not been modified, if you are still on your evaluation period or if the original CD is inserted before it unpacks and starts the application in memory. However, just dumping is not enough - because structures like the imported API-Call were overwritten or intentionally mangled by the protector at the start and need to be rebuilt to get a running executable.

References

Data transmission
Duality (electrical circuits). In electrical engineering, electrical terms are associated into pairs called duals.  A dual of a relationship is formed by interchanging voltage and current in an expression. The dual expression thus produced is of the same form, and the reason that the dual is always a valid statement can be traced to the duality of electricity and magnetism.

Here is a partial list of electrical dualities:

 voltage – current
 parallel – series (circuits)
 resistance – conductance
 voltage division – current division
 impedance – admittance
 capacitance – inductance
 reactance – susceptance
 short circuit – open circuit
 Kirchhoff's current law – Kirchhoff's voltage law. KVL and KCL
 Thévenin's theorem – Norton's theorem

History 
The use of duality in circuit theory is due to Alexander Russell who published his ideas in 1904.

Examples

Constitutive relations 

 Resistor and conductor (Ohm's law) 
 Capacitor and inductor – differential form 
 Capacitor and inductor – integral form

Voltage division — current division

Impedance and admittance 

 Resistor and conductor  
 Capacitor and inductor

See also 
 Duality (electricity and magnetism)
 Duality (mechanical engineering)
 Dual impedance
 Dual graph
 Mechanical–electrical analogies
 List of dualities

References 

 Turner, Rufus P, Transistors Theory and Practice, Gernsback Library, Inc, New York, 1954, Chapter 6.

Electrical engineering
Electrical circuits
LHV. LHV may stand for:

Longer Heavier Vehicle, a type of commercial vehicle in the United Kingdom
Local hidden-variable theory, a hypothetical manifestation of unknown classical physical parameters
LHV Pank (Lõhmus, Haavel & Viisemann), an Estonian bank
Lower heating value, a property of a fuel, defined as the amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity (initially at 25°C or another reference state) and returning the temperature of the combustion products to 150°C
Laban Hrad Vidyapith, a higher secondary school in Saltlake City, Kolkata, India
William T. Piper Memorial Airport with FAA LID LHV