omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dow process (bromine). The Dow process is the electrolytic method of bromine extraction from brine, and was Herbert Henry Dow's second revolutionary process for generating bromine commercially.

This process was patented in 1891. In the original invention, bromide-containing brines are treated with sulfuric acid and bleaching powder to oxidize bromide to bromine, which remains dissolved in the water. The aqueous solution is dripped onto burlap, and air is blown through causing bromine to volatilize. Bromine is trapped with iron turnings to give a solution of ferric bromide. Treatment with more iron metal converted the ferric bromide to ferrous bromide via comproportionation. Where desired, free bromine may be obtained by thermal decomposition of ferrous bromide.

Before Dow entered the bromine business, brine was evaporated by heating with wood scraps and then crystallized sodium chloride was removed. An oxidizing agent was added, and bromine was formed in the solution. Then bromine was distilled.  This was a very complicated and costly process.

References

Chemical processes
Hunter process. The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure metallic titanium. It was invented in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter, a chemist born in New Zealand who worked in the United States.  The process involves reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with sodium (Na) in a batch reactor with an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 1,000 °C. Diluted hydrochloric acid is then used to leach the salt from the product. 
TiCl4(g)  +  4 Na(l)   →   4 NaCl(l)  + Ti(s)

Prior to the Hunter process, all efforts to produce Ti metal afforded highly impure material, often titanium nitride (which resembles a metal). The Hunter process was used until 1993, when it was replaced by the more economical Kroll process, which was developed in the 1940s. In the Kroll process, TiCl4 is reduced by magnesium instead of sodium. Both methods share the same initial step, obtaining TiCl4 from ore by chlorination and carbothermic reduction of the oxygen. The Kroll process is now the most commonly used titanium smelting process.

The Hunter process was conducted in either one or two steps. If a single step was used the reaction equation is as above. Because of the large amount of heat generated by the reduction using sodium compared to using magnesium, and the difficulty in controlling the vapor pressure of liquid sodium, a two step process may instead be used. The two step processes consisted of reducing TiCl4 to TiCl2 with half the stoichiometric amount of sodium required to reduce TiCl4 to Ti. Next, the TiCl2 in molten sodium chloride is transferred to a different container with the additional sodium required to form Ti. The two step processes proceeded according to the following two reactions:

TiCl4(g) + 2Na(l) → TiCl2(l, in NaCl) + 2NaCl(l)
TiCl2(l, in NaCl) + 2Na(l) → Ti(s) + 2NaCl(l)

The titanium produced by the Hunter process is less contaminated by iron and other elements and adheres to the reduction container walls less than in the Kroll process. The titanium produced by the Hunter process is in the form of powder called sponge fines. This form is useful as a raw material in powder metallurgy.

The main limiting factor for the usefulness of the Hunter process is the difficulty of separating the produced NaCl from the titanium. The vapor pressure of NaCl produced in the Hunter process is lower than the vapor pressure of MgCl2 produced by the Kroll process. Thus it is difficult to separate the NaCl from the titanium using distillation in an efficient manner. Therefore, the NaCl is removed by leaching in an aqueous solution. Recovering the byproduct (NaCl) from this aqueous solution is a process that requires additional energy. These issues motivated the discontinuation of the Hunter process in industry in 1993. Research into sodium reduction continues to this day due to the superior form and purity of the metal deposit produced when compared with the Kroll process.

References

Industrial processes
Titanium processes
Detonography. Detonography is a method for sculpting metal with plastic or other explosives.  Essentially a form of giant printmaking, with the explosive acting as the stamping press, it was created by Evelyn Rosenberg in 1986 with the help of the engineers of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in Socorro, New Mexico. The process can create complex surfaces with delicate etched designs, even welding dissimilar metals. The results are lightweight, durable indoor and out, and relatively Vandalproof.  This process essentially embosses the metal, but with a raised image instead of a depressed one.

Rosenberg has produced more than 40 detonographic works for public buildings around the United States and abroad.

See also
 Shaped charge

References

External links
Evelyn Rosenberg's website

Sculpture techniques
TCAD. TCAD may stand for one of the following:

TCAD (Borland), a component of Borland Delphi and C++ Builder to facilitate writing vector graphics applications
Technology CAD, computer-aided design for semiconductor process technology and semiconductor device design
 Traffic Collision Avoidance Device
Tricyclic antidepressants, a class of medications which block serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake in the brain.
Proton conductor. A proton conductor is an electrolyte, typically a solid electrolyte, in which H+ are the primary charge carriers.

Composition
Acid solutions exhibit proton-conductivity, while pure proton conductors are usually dry solids. Typical materials are polymers or ceramic. Typically, the pores in practical materials are small such that protons dominate direct current and transport of cations or bulk solvent is prevented. Water ice is a common example of a pure proton conductor, albeit a relatively poor one. A special form of water ice, superionic water, has been shown to conduct much more efficiently than normal water ice.

Solid-phase proton conduction was first suggested by Alfred Rene Jean Paul Ubbelohde and S. E. Rogers. in 1950, although electrolyte proton currents have been recognized since 1806.

Proton conduction has also been observed in the new type of proton conductors for fuel cells – protic organic ionic plastic crystals (POIPCs), such as 1,2,4-triazolium perfluorobutanesulfonate and imidazolium methanesulfonate. In particular, a high ionic conductivity of 10 mS/cm is reached at 185 °C in the plastic phase of imidazolium methanesulfonate.

When in the form of thin membranes, proton conductors are an essential part of small, inexpensive fuel cells. The polymer nafion is a typical proton conductor in fuel cells. A jelly-like substance similar to Nafion residing in the ampullae of Lorenzini of sharks has proton conductivity only slightly lower than nafion.

High proton conductivity has been reported among alkaline-earth cerates and zirconate based perovskite materials such as acceptor doped SrCeO3, BaCeO3 and BaZrO3. Relatively high proton conductivity has also been found in rare-earth ortho-niobates and ortho-tantalates as well as rare-earth tungstates.

References 

Electrochemistry
Atari Cosmos. The Atari Cosmos was an unreleased product by Atari, Inc. for the handheld/tabletop electronic game system market that uses holography to improve the display. It is similar to other small electronic games of the era that used a simple LED-based display, but superimposes a two-layer holographic image over the LEDs for effect. Two small lights illuminate one or both of the holographic images depending on the game state. The system was never released, and is now a coveted collectors item.

History
The Cosmos was created by Atari Inc. engineers Allan Alcorn, Harry Jenkins and Roger Hector. Work on the Cosmos began in 1978. Atari Inc. purchased most of the rights to holographic items so that they could make this system. The Cosmos was to have nine released games, but all of the game logic for those games was included in the Cosmos itself – the cartridges only contained the holographic images and a notch to identify which game was included. This technically made the Cosmos a dedicated console, but Atari Inc. did not publicize this fact.

In advertisements made for the system before the Cosmos' cancellation, Atari Inc. claimed that the holographic images were life like and 3D. While this may have been true, the images did not influence the actual gameplay at all. There were only two images to a game, though they did enhance each game's appearance. The system was intended to be powered by AC adaptor rather than batteries. The Cosmos would have supported up to 2 players.

In 1981, the Cosmos was exhibited at the 1981 New York Toy Fair. Reviewers were extremely critical of the system, but Atari Inc. stood by it and managed to obtain 8,000 pre-orders at the show alone. Engineering logs indicate that a 250 unit run was to be made, but it is unclear if they were all produced. In interviews by Curt Vendel with Al Alcorn and Steve Providence, management removed all of the parts and components from the "Holoptics Lab"; they are speculated to have been destroyed. Shortly thereafter, Ray Kassar directed Al Alcorn to close down the Holoptics labs and remove all of the holographic photography equipment and associated machinery.

Games
Asteroids
Basketball
Dodge 'Em
Football
Outlaw
Road Runner
Sea Battle
Space Invaders
Superman

Specifications

CPU - COPS444L
Graphic Modes - Holographic backgrounds and programmable LEDs
Lighting:  2 Dual non reflective incandescent lights for "A" and "B" Holoptic scenes
Power Supply:  10.5 V AC, 750 mA

References

External links

 Atari Cosmos Podcast at the Retroist

Cosmos
Dedicated consoles
Cancelled projects
Holography
Vaporware game consoles
User Interface Toolkit. User Interface Toolkit (UIT) is a discontinued object-oriented layer that was implemented in C++ programming language atop the XView graphical toolkit. It was developed by Sun Microsystems employees Mark Soloway and Joe Warzecha as an internal tools project for Sun's Computer Integrated Manufacturing organization in 1990.

In 1991, Soloway received permission from Sun to contribute the UIT to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) X Window System (X11) distribution. Soloway continued development on the UIT, subsequently creating and releasing UITV2 in 1992. The source code is freely available.

References 

Sun Microsystems software
Widget toolkits
Jean Morlet. Jean Morlet (; 13 January 1931 – 27 April 2007) was a French geophysicist who pioneered work in the field of wavelet analysis around the year 1975. He invented the term wavelet to describe the functions he was using. In 1981, Morlet worked with Alex Grossmann to develop what is now known as the Wavelet transform.

Biography
Morlet studied at  from 1952 to 1955 and was research engineer at Elf Aquitaine when he invented wavelets to solve signal processing problems for oil prospecting.

Awards
He was awarded in 1997 with the Reginald Fessenden Award. He was awarded in 2001 with the first prize Prix Chéreau Lavet, from the Académie des Technologies.

Legacy
The Jean-Morlet Chair at the Centre International de Rencontres Mathématiques is named in his honor.

Notes

References

2007 deaths
French geophysicists
1931 births
Place of birth missing
École Polytechnique alumni
French applied mathematicians
Denshi block. A denshi block (or electronic block; the name "denshi"  is Japanese word for "electronics") is a small plastic box containing an electronic component. The blocks are used in some educational electronics kits, such as the Gakken EX-150, to allow experiments to be performed easily and safely.

Description
The size and shape of denshi blocks depend on the kit they are from. The blocks of a particular kit will have the same height, usually a few centimetres, and cover a square or rectangular area a few centimetres on either side. They are designed to fit into a grid of squares, so blocks always occupy some rectangular area of these squares, with the majority of blocks occupying just one square.

Most blocks contain either a single electronic component, for example a resistor, just some wiring or both. Some unusual blocks contain complex circuitry, for example, a sound synthesiser in the Gakken EX-System or a microcomputer in the Gakken FX-System. Usually, a schematic representation of the block's contents is printed on its top.

On the sides of each block are conductive metal strips, so that when two blocks are placed side-by-side, their metal strips touch allowing electricity to flow between them.

A circuit is built by placing a configuration of denshi blocks in a two dimensional grid. The instructions for building the circuit need only illustrate where to place the blocks in the grid. Because of the two dimensional layout and the labels on the blocks, a configuration of blocks resembles a schematic of the circuit.

See also 

 Snap Circuits, a similar set of toys released in America

External links and references

  Denshi Blocks Mfg. Co. Ltd. Home Page
  Gakken's EX-150 Page
 Dostál, J. Electronic kits in education. Olomouc, EU: Votobia, 2008. 74 s. .

Educational toys
SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Contribution. The annual SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Contribution recognizes lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks.
The award is presented in the annual SIGCOMM Technical Conference.

SIGCOMM is the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)'s professional forum for the discussion of topics in the field of communications and computer networks, including technical design and engineering, regulation and operations, and the social implications of computer networking. The SIG's members are particularly interested in the systems engineering and architectural questions of communication.

The awardees have been:

 2024 K. K. Ramakrishnan
 2023 Dina Katabi
 2022 Deborah Estrin and Henning Schulzrinne
 2021 Hari Balakrishnan
 2020 Amin Vahdat and Lixia Zhang
 2019 Mark Handley
 2018 Jennifer Rexford
 2017 Raj Jain
 2016 Jim Kurose
 2015 Albert Greenberg
 2014 George Varghese
 2013 Larry Peterson
 2012 Nick McKeown
 2011 Vern Paxson
 2010 Radia Perlman
 2009 Jon Crowcroft
 2008 Don Towsley
 2007 Sally Floyd
 2006 Domenico Ferrari
 2005 Paul Mockapetris
 2004 Simon S. Lam
 2003 David Cheriton
 2002 Scott Shenker
 2001 Van Jacobson
 2000 Andre Danthine
 1999 Peter Kirstein
 1998 Larry Roberts
 1997 Jon Postel
 1997 Louis Pouzin
 1996 Vint Cerf
 1995 David J. Farber
 1994 Paul Green
 1993 Robert Kahn
 1992 Sandy Fraser
 1991 Hubert Zimmermann
 1990 David D. Clark
 1990 Leonard Kleinrock
 1989 Paul Baran

See also

 IEEE Internet Award
 Internet Hall of Fame
 List of computer science awards
 List of Internet pioneers
 List of pioneers in computer science

References

External links
 SIGCOMM Award Recipients

Computer science awards
Awards of the Association for Computing Machinery
IAR 825. 

The IAR-825 Triumf is a Romanian-designed tandem multirole trainer aircraft based on the IAR-823 built for the Romanian Air Force. The aircraft is roughly in the same class with the Brazilian EMBRAER Tucano. The IAR-825 is equipped with the Canadian Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 turboprop engine. The type's first flight took place on the 12 June 1982. 

Only one prototype aircraft exists, formerly registered YR-IGB. It was sold and registered in the US in 2006 as N825BA. It was damaged in a forced landing on July 15, 2012.  It is currently registered by the Federal Aviation Authority as airworthy and active on the US civil aircraft register website as at November 2019.

Operators

Romanian Air Force

Specifications (IAR-825)

See also

References

1980s Romanian military trainer aircraft
825
Aircraft first flown in 1982
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Jianghan University. Jianghan University () is a provincial public university in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Its campus is 1.4 km², with an additional 0.5 km² under construction. It lies in the Wuhan Economy and Technology Development Zone by the Lake Sanjiao.

There are ten disciplines in the university: economics, law, education, literature, history, agriculture, science, engineering, medicine, fine arts, design and management. The university offers 42 undergraduate programs. There are about 1,000 full-time teachers, of whom 103 are full professors and about 400 associate professors. The number of full-time students is 15,600.

History
Jianghan University was created as a technical college by the city government of Wuhan in 1981. It started a four-year undergraduate program in 1990s. In 2001, it merged with Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Hankou branch) and Wuhan Worker's Medical College; it later moved to the current campus.

Jianghan University was accredited in October 2001 as a comprehensive university by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. It was established on the basis of the amalgamation of Jianghan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Hankou branch), Wuhan Institute of Education, and Wuhan Workers Medical College.

References

Universities and colleges in Wuhan
1981 in Wuhan
Extra Aircraft. The Extra Aircraft company was established in 1980 as Extra Flugzeugbau in Germany by Walter Extra, an aerobatic pilot, to design and develop his own aerobatic aircraft. The company is located at Dinslaken airfield in Hünxe, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Worldwide production of aircraft is about three units per month with a six-month backlog.

Products

Aerobatic 
 Extra EA-200 aerobatic trainer
 Extra EA-230 "Laser" - wooden-winged aerobatic aircraft
 Extra EA-260
 Extra EA-300 two-seat aerobatic aircraft with composite fuselage over steel-frame construction
 Extra EA-330
 Extra NG

Tourers 
 Extra EA-330-LT low-wing variant
 Extra EA-400
 Extra EA-500

References

External links 

 Company website

Aircraft manufacturers of Germany
German companies established in 1980
Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia
1980 establishments in West Germany
Logbook (nautical). A logbook (a ship's logs or simply log) is a record of important events in the management, operation, and navigation of a ship. It is essential to traditional navigation, and must be filled in at least daily.

The term originally referred to a book for recording readings from the chip log that was used to estimate a ship's speed through the water. Today's ship's log has grown to contain many other types of information, and is a record of operational data relating to a ship or submarine, such as weather conditions, times of routine events and significant incidents, crew complement or what ports were docked at and when.

The term logbook has spread to a wide variety of other usages. Today, a virtual or electronic logbook is typically used for record-keeping for complex machines such as nuclear plants or particle accelerators. In military terms, a logbook is a series of official and legally binding documents. Each document (usually arranged by date) is marked with the time of an event or action of significance.

Shipping
Most national shipping authorities and admiralties specify that logbooks are kept to provide a record of events, and to help crews navigate should radio, radar or the GPS fail. Examination of the detail in a ship's log is often an important part of the investigative process for official maritime inquiries, in much the same way as a "black box" is used on airplanes. Logbook entries are sometimes of great importance in legal cases involving maritime commercial disputes.

Commercial ships and naval vessels often keep a "rough log", – or "scrap log" – a preliminary draft of the ship's course, speed, location, and other data, which is then transcribed as the "smooth log", – or "official log" – the final version of the ship's record. Changes may be made to the rough log but the smooth log is considered permanent and no erasures are permitted. Alterations or corrections in an official logbook must be initialled by the authorised keeper of the logbook and the original data entries which have been cancelled or corrected must remain legible.

In fiction 
 The Hornblower series mentions logs to explain plot development, or to make the story more realistic.
 In Star Trek, the captain's log, a form of ship's log, is used to fill in the audience as to the events in progress, and acts as a diegetic form of soliloquy. This is part of a larger log system that includes personal logs (a sort of journal) and other officers' official logs, for stories that could not believably be reflected in the official Captain's log.

See also

 Binnacle
 CLIWOC (climatological database for the world's oceans)
 Electronic logbook
 Patent log, instruments used to measure the speed of a ship
 Periplus, various ancient logs valuable for ethno- and geographic information included with the itineraries
 Navigation

References

Navigation
Maritime books
Records management
Williams X-Jet. The Williams X-Jet, created by Williams International, was a small, single-person, light-weight, Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft powered by a modified Williams F107 turbofan aircraft engine — designated WR-19-7 — after some minor modifications. The vehicle was nicknamed "The Flying Pulpit" for its shape.  It was designed to carry one operator and to be controlled by leaning in the direction of desired travel and by modulating engine output power. It could move in any direction, accelerate rapidly, hover and rotate on its axis, stay aloft for up to 45 minutes and travel at speeds up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). It was evaluated by the United States Army in the 1980s, but was deemed inferior to the capabilities of helicopters and small, uncrewed aircraft, and so the development of the X-Jet was discontinued.

Other VTOL systems developed by Williams International included a jet-powered flying belt, developed in 1969, which was powered by a Williams WR19 turbofan, and X-Jet's predecessor, the WASP I (Williams Aerial Systems Platform), which was developed in the 1970s and was powered by the more powerful WR19-9 BRP5, rated at 670 lbf (2.98 kN) thrust and a specific fuel consumption of 0.47 lb/lbf·h (13.31 g/kN·s).

 was issued for the Williams X-Jet. Technical information and drawings are available at the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The WASP II uses a slightly modified and derated version of the WR-19-A7D, yielding 600 lbf thrust from its micro turbofan engine and is designated WR19-7, rated at 570 lbf thrust, after minor modifications and said derating. Modifications to the WR-19-A7D included accessories — replacement of pyro starter with electric/air start — and exhaust system modifications. No internal modifications to the counter-rotating micro turbofans were performed. The first crewed, untethered flight was conducted in April 1980. Ray Le Grande is one of the WASP II operators trained by Williams International to fly the X-Jet.

Specifications (X-Jet)

See also

Notes

References
 Display information at Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.
 Guardian article
 nationalmuseum.af.mil
 The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines, by Richard A. Leyes II and William A. Fleming ( Copyright 1999)

1970s United States experimental aircraft
Flying platforms
VTOL aircraft
X-Jet
Standing pilot aircraft