omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
FPG-9. The FPG-9 Foam Plate Glider is a simple, hand-launched glider made from a 9 inch () foam dinner plate, featuring a moveable rudder and elevons, allowing for an inexpensive way to teach basic flight mechanics.

The model was created by Jack Reynolds, a volunteer at the Academy of Model Aeronautics' (AMA) National Model Aviation Museum. Originally the model was used as a hands-on activity for museum visitors and museum outreach. In 2004, the AMA incorporated the model into Aerolab, an instructional program developed for middle school physical science and math programs, that uses simple flying model aircraft as tools to teach Force and Motion.

Today, besides the AMA, numerous other groups are now using the FPG-9. It may be built and flown to satisfy an elective activity for the Boy Scouts of America Aviation Merit Badge. The Children's Museum of Indianapolis uses it as part of their CSI: Flight Adventures Project, an educational program highlighting the use of model aircraft as scientific tools for research for grades 3 - 5. The National Museum of the United States Air Force also uses the model as part of their educational programming to include Project Soar (Science in Ohio through Aerospace Resources).

References

External links 
 Instructions for building an FPG-9, written By Jack Reynolds, Volunteer, National Model Aviation Museum
 Boy Scouts Aviation Merit Badge Requirements
 FPG-9 Cut-out Pattern, by Jack Reynolds
 PDF Build Guide, published by the Academy of Model Aeronautics
 http://amablog.modelaircraft.org/amamuseum/files/2012/05/MA-May-2003-FPG9.pdf
 http://amablog.modelaircraft.org/amamuseum/2012/05/17/birth-of-the-fpg-9/
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNtew_VzzWg
 http://www.childrensmuseum.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Educators/3-5_FlightAdventures_UOS.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20141127022857/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-121107-012.pdf

Paper folding
Educational toys
Fiat APR.2. The FIAT APR.2 was a prototype airliner built in Italy in 1935. It was a sleek, low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional configuration with tailwheel undercarriage, the main units of which retracted into the engine nacelles, one on each wing. The cabin could carry 12 passengers, and at the time of its introduction on Ala Littoria's Milan-Turin-Paris route, it was believed to be the fastest airliner in regular service in the world. Despite this, only one example was built, although the design served as a starting point for the Fiat BR.20 bomber.

Specifications

See also

References

 
 
 luftfahrt-archiv.de

APR.2
1930s Italian airliners
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Tillig. Tillig (TILLIG Modellbahnen GmbH & Co. KG) is a German model railroad manufacturing company based in Sebnitz, Saxony. Tillig is the largest manufacturer of TT scale model railroad products in the world. Previously known as Zeuke (founded in 1949 by Werner Zeuke together with Helmut Wegwerth) and then as VEB Berliner TT-Bahnen (after the company was nationalized in 1972), the company was renamed Tillig in 1993 when, in bankruptcy, the company was purchased by Jurgen Tillig.

Tillig produce models in TT, H0 and H0e, as well as a range of track in TT, H0, H0m and H0e. As the world leader in TT scale manufacturing, Tillig produces both standard TT scale model railroad track and an integrated roadbed track using known as Bedding Track. Tilling's Bedding Track uses Kato's Unijoiner system.

Tillig also distributes various other manufacturers products, such as Luna H0 and H0m tram track, Sachsenmodelle, and Czech outline models of CS Train.

Tillig also makes dual gauge track.

References

External links 
 tillig.com Tillig Modellbahnen website
 youtube.com, some running models manufactured by Berliner TT-Bahnen, today known as Tillig

Model manufacturers of Germany
Model railroad manufacturers
Sebnitz
Companies based in Saxony
German brands
Phobot. Phobot is a robot that exhibits behaviour that mimics fear and overcoming it by graded exposure. The robot was voted the public's favourite at a conference on human–robot interaction in Amsterdam. It was designed by a team of students at the University of Amsterdam, and constructed from Lego. It was designed to help children deal with phobias and anxieties.

Behaviour
When Phobot sees a larger robot, it retreats, and spins around, making high pitched noises, seemingly in panic. When it is gradually exposed to smaller robots, and is coached by holding its hands and talking to it in a soothing manner, it learns to overcome its fear. This approach mimics the process of systematic desensitization, or graded exposure treatment, common in the treatment of phobias.

Design
Phobot was built for a competition at the international conference on human-robot interaction 2008 from a Lego Mindstorms robot kit, and its behaviour implemented in the Mindstorms software. It uses RFID, sound and touch sensors to interact with humans. It was designed as a low cost proof of concept for an affective robot, coaching children to deal with phobias and anxieties.

References

External links
 Phobot homepage
 Human-robot interaction conference 2008

Rolling robots
University of Amsterdam
Therapeutic robots
Robots of the Netherlands
Humanoid robots
2008 robots
Vale Tunnel. The Vale Tunnel is a railway tunnel south of Raytown, Missouri in the Kansas City metropolitan area. It was built by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad in 1903-1904, and became the final tunnel of four to be built on the entire Rock Island railroad, all of which were in Missouri. The tunnel is part of the Kansas City to St. Louis, Missouri line, and travels beneath Bannister Road. In 1980, the Rock Island was liquidated in court and the tunnel and line across Missouri was eventually sold to the St. Louis Southwestern Railway (or Cotton Belt).

The tunnel is  long.

Since 1980, the line changed owners several times after the Rock Island went bankrupt. Most of the line remains intact, as does the tunnel, except for a few places where it has been cut for road improvements.

In 2016, the line was bought by Jackson County, Missouri. The line was converted into the Rock Island Rail Trail. The first phase was completed in June 2019, and was . The second phase was opened in July 2021 with an additional 7 miles, for a total length of . Vale Tunnel has received lighting and is a centerpiece of the trail.

References

Transportation buildings and structures in Kansas City, Missouri
Railway tunnels in Missouri
Tunnels completed in 1905
1905 establishments in Missouri
Fiat B.R.. The Fiat B.R. 1/4 was a light bomber series, developed in Italy shortly after World War I.

Design and development
The B.R was a development of the SIA 9 reconnaissance aircraft, incorporating major strengthening of that design. Its general layout was identical to its predecessor: a two-bay biplane with tandem, open cockpits for pilot and observer, and tailskid undercarriage. Shortly after entering service with the Regia Aeronautica, however, Rosatelli developed an improved version using the Warren truss-style bracing that would become a hallmark of his designs over the next decade.

The B.R. was evolved into a number of increasingly capable variants; however, by the time the later members of the family were produced, 15 years had passed since the initial design, and the type was already obsolete. At its peak, the BR equipped 15 light bomber squadrons of the Regia Aeronautica. Two examples were also exported to Sweden, and one to Hungary.

In 1922, a specially modified BR designated the R.700 was used to set the absolute world airspeed record at 336 km/h (210 mph). The same aircraft was used to contest the Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe in September that year.

Variants
 B.R. - initial production version with Fiat A.14 engine and conventional struts
 B.R.1 - improved version with new radiator and landing gear, and Warren truss struts (150 built)
 B.R.2 - strengthened structure, new landing gear, and Fiat A.25 engine
R.22 - reconnaissance aircraft of which two prototypes and 23 production versions were built. Although resembling the BR.2 it was of smaller dimensions and the wing and fuselage structures were all-metal. All examples flown by Regia Aeronautica with Fiat A.22 engine
 B.R.3 - new landing gear, fitted with radio and panoramic camera and (in later versions) Handley Page-type slats (100 built)
 B.R.4 - substantial redesign with revised aerodynamics, new landing gear, and new radiator arrangement (one built)
 R.700 - racer for world airspeed record attempt

Operators

Royal Hungarian Air Force

Corpo Aeronautico Militare

Swedish Air Force As the B 1 and B 2.

Chinese Nationalist Air Force Operated the BR.3

Specifications (B.R.2)

See also

References

 
 
 
 

BR
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1910s Italian bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Pursuit guidance. Pursuit guidance, or a pursuit course, is a form of guidance widely used in older guided missiles.

In pursuit guidance, the missile is steered so that the velocity vector of the missile always points at the target, i.e. it has always the direction of the line of sight. This was the natural outcome of many guidance systems, notably beam riding systems where the missile followed the radar signal that was illuminating the target. As the radar typically used conical scanning in order to keep itself pointed at the target (radar lock-on), and the missile guided itself by centering itself in this beam, this caused it to always fly directly at the target.

It was also found in early laser-guided bombs with the aerodynamically stabilized seeker/guidance ("birdy") on the front of the bomb.  The birdies sit on a universal joint and thus will point in the direction of the relative wind.  If the laser receiver is placed on this wind stabilized reference, the angle that the laser is off the wind vector is the same as is measured relative to the centerline of the seeker.  Thus, the angle is constructed easily in analog hardware.

The disadvantage of this guidance law is that in most scenarios, it will bring the missile into a tail-chase towards the end of the missile's flight.  This usually requires the missile to fly for longer, increasing the likelihood that the missile will run out of fuel or otherwise not reach the target.  On the other hand, tail-chases can be better for heat-seeking air-to-air missiles, since the hottest part of the target is generally the jet exhausts.

Another disadvantage is that this guidance law tends to require more maneuvering from the missile than laws such as proportional guidance, and that maneuvering may exceed the missile's performance envelope.

Since modern computers allow the implementation of more complex guidance laws with relatively little cost in weight or other design factors, pursuit guidance is rarely used in modern missiles.

See also 
 Index of aviation articles

References 
 
 
Guided missiles
Missile guidance
Chemical bonding model. A chemical bonding model is a theoretical model used to explain atomic bonding structure, molecular geometry, properties, and reactivity of physical matter. This can refer to:
 VSEPR theory, a model of molecular geometry.
 Valence bond theory, which describes molecular electronic structure with localized bonds and lone pairs.
 Molecular orbital theory, which describes molecular electronic structure with delocalized molecular orbitals.
 Crystal field theory, an electrostatic model for transition metal complexes.
 Ligand field theory, the application of molecular orbital theory to transition metal complexes.

Chemical bonding
Fiat G.8. The Fiat G.8 was a military utility aircraft produced in Italy in the mid-1930s. Its design and production were undertaken at the CMASA works in Pisa which became part of Fiat in 1930, hence the type is sometimes referred to as the CMASA G.8 or Fiat-CMASA G.8. It was a conventional biplane design with staggered wings of unequal span braced by struts arranged in a Warren truss. The pilot and a single passenger (or instructor) sat in tandem open cockpits, and the aircraft was fitted with fixed tailskid undercarriage with divided main units.

Sixty of these aircraft were purchased by the Regia Aeronautica and used for liaison and training duties.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica
Aviazione Legionaria
Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force

Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana
 
Italian Air Force  operated three Fiat G.8s until 1950

Spanish Air Force

Specifications

Notes

References

 

G.008
1930s Italian military utility aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
NewDos/80. NewDos/80 is a third-party operating system for the Radio Shack TRS-80 line of microcomputers released in 1980. NewDos/80 was developed by Apparat, Inc., of Denver, Colorado. NewDos/80 version 2.0 was released in August 1981. It ran on the TRS-80 Model I and Model III.

Overview
The operating system had additional commands and features that were not available in TRSDOS, the native operating system for TRS-80 computers. NewDos/80 allowed TRS-80 computers to take advantage of advances in floppy disk storage that went beyond the initial 87.5KB 35-track, single-density, single-sided format. The system also corrected issues that early versions of TRSDOS had with arbitrarily losing data due to errors in how it communicated with the contemporary TRS-80 disk drives' 1771 disk controller.

NewDos/80 had many options for specifying specific low-level disk configurations. Settings such as diskette formats, disk drive types, track geometry and controllers could be configured using the PDRIVE command. In version 2.1, Apparat added support for hard disk drives via an external bus adapter.

Additionally, NewDOS/80 incorporated a software fix for the infamous hardware "keybounce" problem associated with the TRS-80 Model I. Without such a fix, keyboard keys would often repeat multiple times when struck. This fix was not built into TRS-DOS that came with the computer, so users were forced to load a separate debounce utility every time they booted.

NewDos/80 was written by Cliff Ide and Jason Matthews. Ide was the primary author of NewDos in all of its incarnations, Matthews wrote "patches" for various applications such as Scripsit and VisiCalc. Ide later retired and Matthews went on to other projects in the software business.

Commands
The following is a list of NewDos/80 commands:

Reception
While criticizing NEWDOS's "nearly incomprehensible documentation", Jerry Pournelle wrote in 1980 that it was "a much better operating system" than the "needlessly complex" TRSDOS and stated that "Tandy ought to be marketing NEWDOS+ themselves".

See also
List of DOS commands
List of Unix commands

References

External links
Mike's Virtual Computer Museum - NEWDOS/80 page
Ira Goldklang's TRS-80 Revived Site - NEWDOS/80 Version 2 reference

Disk operating systems
TRS-80
1980 software
Gel point (petroleum). The gel point of petroleum products is the temperature at which the liquids gel so they no longer flow by gravity or can be pumped through fuel lines. This phenomenon happens when the petroleum product reaches a low enough temperature to precipitate interlinked paraffin wax crystals throughout the fluid.

More highly distilled petroleum products have fewer paraffins and will have a lower gel point. On the other hand, the gel point of crude oil is dependent upon the composition of the crude oil as some crude oils contain more or less components that dissolve the paraffins. In some cases the gel point of a crude oil may be correlated from the pour point.

The gel points of some common petroleum products are as follows:
 #1 diesel fuel: .
 #2 diesel fuel: .
 Heating oil: .
 Kerosene: .

For the petroleum product to flow again, it needs to be brought above the gel point temperature to the ungel point, which is typically near its pour point. However, without stirring the paraffin waxes may still remain in crystal form so the fuel may have to be warmed further to its remix temperature to completely re-dissolve the waxes.

Anti-gel additives are sometimes added to petroleum products where cold temperature may affect their use. The additives act to reduce the formation of wax crystals in the product, thereby lowering the pour point and the gel point of the fuel. Anti-gel additives may not necessarily affect the cloud point.

See also
Cloud point
Cold filter plugging point
Petroleum
Pour point

References

Chemical properties
Saab hockey stick. The hockey stick is an automotive design feature seen on nearly all Saab automobiles. It is a C-pillar curve from the base of the rear passenger window that resembles the shape of an ice hockey stick or the Nike Swoosh symbol.

The distinctive design cue first appeared on the Saab 92 and was kept in the Saab 93 and Saab 96. When the Saab 99 was launched in the late 1960s it kept this design feature. and has since appeared on most Saab models, including the classic Saab 900, and later models such as the Saab 9-5 and the 9-3 SportCombi.

See also 
 Hofmeister kink - a similarly unique styling feature found on modern era BMWs.

References 

Automotive styling features
H
Boldon James. Boldon James is a UK-based software company incorporated in February 1985, and specialising in data classification and secure messaging solutions aimed primarily at the commercial, defence, intelligence and government marketplaces. The company is named after its founders Peter Boldon and Roger James.  The company was acquired in June 2020 by Minneapolis, Minnesota-based software developer HelpSystems.

History
Originally, Boldon James specialised in Information Processing Architecture (IPA) networking solutions for interworking with International Computers Limited (ICL) systems, with offices in Congleton and Alsager.

In October 2007, Boldon James was acquired as an autonomous subsidiary of Qinetiq a major UK plc and FTSE 250 company, who took over the company from previous owners, a management buy out led by Martin Sugden and backed by Livingbridge. 

In June 2020, Minneapolis, Minnesota-based software developer HelpSystems acquired Boldon James from parent Qinetiq.

Products
Boldon James produces a range of messaging products, principally integrating with Microsoft Exchange and Outlook, including addons for Outlook Web Access, X.400 Bridgehead connector (gateways), and products designed to integrate Exchange with large third party LDAP Directories, known as MasterKey+, MK+ or enterprise directory. The company also provides related support and maintenance services.

Operations
Boldon James Holdings Ltd is registered in Farnborough, Hampshire, whilst Boldon James' development office is in Crewe. The company has 85 employees, 70% of which are technical staff, and has clients including Financial Services Organisations such as Prudential and Allianz, the UK and German Ministries of Defence, and defence contractors such as Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman, amongst others.

References

Software companies of the United Kingdom
Qinetiq
IBM 4694. The IBM 4694 was one of IBM's PC based point of sale (POS) systems, a successor to the IBM 4683 and IBM 4693. Introduced in 1991, the 4694 became a flagship model for the company's SurePOS system. The system consists of a PC-based controller, and PC-based POS Terminals—typically an IBM keyboard and monitor, or touch screen. The system requires the IBM 4694 computer which is used as a "Controller", or also more or less, as a server on the network. The controller can be set up to boot from a floppy disk, or from a main server on a network. The 4694 was a best-selling POS System, widely used in most large chain stores such as supermarkets, department stores and restaurants. The 4694 could still be seen in the wild at US Foot Locker locations until 2020. 

This system was replaced with the IBM 4695.

See also
Digital Research
FlexOS
IBM 4680 OS
IBM 4690 OS
IBM Printer Model 4 (IBM 4694 Printer)

External links
 4694 Photo Album at IBM.com

4694
Fiat G.46. The Fiat G.46 was a military trainer developed in Italy shortly after World War II.

Design and development
The G.46 was a conventional, low-wing monoplane with tailwheel undercarriage, the main units of which retracted inwards. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem under a long canopy. The first prototype, powered by a  Alfa Romeo 115-Ibis engine, made its maiden flight on 25 June 1947.

Testing revealed excellent flying characteristics and suitability for aerobatics, and the type was ordered into production.

Apart from the 150 ordered by the Aeronautica Militare, 70 aircraft were exported, to Austria, Argentina and Syria.

Variants

G.46-1B
two-seater with Alfa Romeo 115bis engine, one prototype and initial production of 25 for the Italian Air Force.
G.46-2B
two-seater with de Havilland Gipsy Queen engine for the Argentine Air Force, 70 built with an additional 12 for the Syrian Air Force.
G.46-3B
two-seater with Alfa Romeo 115ter engine for the Italian Air Force, 25 built.
G.46-4B
two-seater with Alfa Romeo 115ter engine for the Italian Air Force, 55 built.
G.46-5B
two-seat navigation trainer (prototype only)
G.46-4A
single-seater with Alfa Romeo 115ter engine for the Italian Air Force, 35 built.

Operators

Argentine Air Force  operated 70 Fiat G.46

Austrian Air Force operated five former Italian Air Force G-46Bs.

Italian Air Force  operated 141 Fiat G.46 from 1949 until 1960

Syrian Air Force operated 12 G.46-2B aircraft.

Surviving aircraft 

 An ex-Argentine Air Force aircraft is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Aeronautica de Argentina.
 An ex-Argentine Air Force aircraft is displayed at the Plaza de los Aviadores (Aviators Square) in Ciudad Jardin Lomas del Palomar, Buenos Aires.
 A flightworthy G-46-3B which has been converted to a single-seat aircraft is on display at the Frasca Air Museum in Champaign, Illinois. The aircraft was originally in the service of the Italian air force.
 A G-46-3B is currently on display and undergoing restoration to airworthy at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

Specifications (G.46-4B)

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 G.46 restoration project
 Sounds of a G.46 during an air display

G.046
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1940s Italian military trainer aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera. The Nardi FN.333 Riviera, later the SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera, is an Italian luxury touring amphibious aircraft designed and developed by Fratelli Nardi in the 1950s and produced in small numbers by Savoia-Marchetti during the following decade.

On October 25, 1968, FN-333, Serial # 007 was destroyed in an accident at Akron Municipal Airport.  The pilot, Perry A. Strohl Jr. was killed in the incident.  The accident was described as follows:

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

 
 
 

Riviera
FN.333
1950s Italian civil utility aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1952
High-wing aircraft
Flying boats
Fratelli Nardi. Fratelli Nardi was an Italian aircraft manufacturer formed in the early 1930s.

History
The partnership Fratelli Nardi was formed by the brothers Euste, Elio and Luigi Nardi in Milan, Italy. They started building their first aircraft in 1934 and the FN.305 first flew in February 1935.

The company built a number of prototypes but due to the small size of their factory the series production of their aircraft was sub-contracted to other companies like Piaggio and Savoia-Marchetti.

Aircraft
Nardi FN.305 - 1935
Nardi FN.310 - 1936
Nardi FN.315 - 1938
Nardi FN.316 - 1941
Nardi FN.333 Riviera - 1952

See also

 List of Italian companies

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Italy
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1934
Italian companies established in 1934
Italian brands