omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wolseley Viper. The Wolseley Viper is a British-built, high-compression derivative of the Hispano Suiza HS-8 liquid-cooled V-8 engine, built under licence by Wolseley Motors during World War I.

It powered later models of the S.E.5a, SPAD VII and other British or British-built aircraft designed for the Hispano-Suiza.

Variants
 Wolseley W.4A Python I (1917)
  – licence produced version of the Hispano-Suiza 8Aa with minor structural changes and the weight increased to , retained the original's low compression  pistons and compression ratio of 4.7:1. Only 100 built.
 Wolseley W.4A Python II
  – high compression version of the Python I with high compression  pistons and compression ratio increased to 5.3:1.
 Wolseley W.4A* Viper (1918)
  – broadly the equivalent of the Hispano-Suiza 8Ab, compression ratio of 5.3:1 (19 early production engines had a higher compression ratio of 5.6:1), with 200 hp English Hispano propeller hubs.
 Wolseley W.4B Adder I (1918)
  – modified version of the Hispano-Suiza 8B.
 Wolseley W.4B* Adder II
  – modified and improved version of the Adder I.
 Wolseley W.4B* Adder III
  – modified and improved version of the Adder II with balanced crankshaft.

Applications
Airco DH.9
Avro 552
Bristol M.R.1
Bristol Tourer
Cierva C.8
Martinsyde F.6
Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a
Sopwith Antelope
Sopwith Cuckoo

Surviving engines
A Wolseley Viper powered Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a is owned by, and on display at The Shuttleworth Collection, Old Warden Aerodrome in the UK.

Engines on display
A preserved Wolseley Viper is on public display at the Science Museum, London.
A preserved Wolseley Viper is on public display at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina

Specifications (W.4A Viper)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 

Viper
1910s aircraft piston engines
Sulflower. Sulflower (a portmanteau of sulfur and sunflower) is a stable heterocyclic octacirculene based on thiophene. Sulflower does not contain any hydrogen. With molecular formula (C2S)8 the compound is considered a type of carbon sulfide. The molecule is flat and together with the 9-membered homolog is at a local strain energy minimum.

Its synthesis (a variation of the Ferrario reaction) is based on deprotonation of a tetrathiophene with lithium diisopropylamide followed by reaction with elemental sulfur to a sulfur-substituted intermediate followed by vacuum pyrolysis.

The sulflower molecule has a planar structure with D8h symmetry, i.e., all eight sulfur atoms as well as the two faces of the molecule are undistinguishable. Because of its planar structure, it is predicted to be able to store many hydrogen molecules between the stacks. The conformation of the H2 molecule is calculated to be "standing up" over the five membered rings. Detailed DFT calculations have been performed on these molecules.

References 

Polycyclic aromatic compounds
Thiophenes
DXplain. DXplain is a Clinical decision support system (CDSS) available through the World Wide Web that assists clinicians by generating stratified diagnoses based on user input of patient signs and symptoms, laboratory results, and other clinical findings. Evidential support for each differential diagnosis is presented, along with recommended follow-up that may be conducted by the clinician to arrive at a more definitive diagnosis.  The system also serves as a clinician reference with a searchable database of diseases and clinical manifestations.

History 

Designed by the Laboratory of Computer Science at the Massachusetts General Hospital, work on DXplain began in 1984 with a first version being released in 1986.

Educational tool 

Use of DXplain as a tool for medical consultation has been common to some institutions since it fills a gap, particularly for medical students in clinical rotations, that is not adequately covered by textbook literature. The system's large knowledge base combined with its ability to formulate diagnostic hypotheses have made it a popular education tool for US-based medical schools; by 2005, DXplain was supporting more than 33,189 total users.

Methodology 

DXplain generates ranked differential diagnoses using a pseudo-probabilistic algorithm.  Each clinical finding entered into DXplain is assessed by determining the importance of the finding and how strongly the finding supports a given diagnosis for each disease in the knowledge base.  Using this criterion, DXplain generates ranked differential diagnoses with the most likely diseases yielding the lowest rank.  Using stored information regarding each disease’s prevalence and significance, the system differentiates between common and rare diseases.

Accuracy 

Analysis of accuracy has shown promise in DXplain and similar clinical decision support systems.  In a preliminary trial investigation of 46 benchmark cases with a variety of diseases and clinical manifestations, the ranked differential diagnoses generated by DXplain were shown to be in alignment with a panel of five board-certified physicians.  In another study investigating how well decision support systems work at responding to a bioterrorism event, an evaluation of 103 consecutive internal medicine cases showed that Dxplain correctly identified the diagnosis in 73% of cases, with the correct diagnosis averaging a rank of 10.7.

Clinical usage 

Despite its usage in clinician training, similar to other clinical decision support systems, DXplain has not expanded beyond the research laboratory or medical training setting, due in part to a lack of support by clinicians in real-world settings.

See also
 VisualDx

References

External links
 DXplain at the MGH Lab of Computer Science

Medical expert systems
Medical software
Taylor Monoplane. The Taylor J.T.1 Monoplane is a British fixed-wing aircraft design for a homebuilt aircraft, developed in the 1950s by J.F. Taylor.

History
The J.T.1 Monoplane was designed by John Taylor in 1956 and the prototype (registered G-APRT) was built by him at Ilford, Essex between 1958-1959. It flew for the first time on 4 July 1959  at White Waltham. At that time it represented the first post war homebuilt design to come from England.

Construction
It was designed to be constructed in small spaces with the minimum of tools and material cost, requiring only average building skills from the constructor. It is aimed exclusively at the lower power range such as the  Volkswagen air-cooled engine, therefore giving economy with an acceptable cruise speed. It is semi- aerobatic.

Operation

The airframe of the J.T.1 Monoplane was proof loaded to verify the stress calculations and no modification has ever been introduced since the prototype was approved. The total number flying to date is over 110 examples.

As a result of a request for an aircraft with higher performance than the Taylor Monoplane, Taylor designed a high performance single-seater, the Taylor Titch. Taylor built the prototype, registered G-ATYO, at Leigh-on-Sea, Essex between 1965 and 1966; the Titch first flew at Southend Airport on 4 January 1967.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Bayerl, Robby, Martin Berkemeier et al. World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011–12. Lancaster UK: WDLA UK, 2011. .
 Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919, Volume 3. London: Putnam, 1974. .
 Purdy, Don: AeroCrafter: Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition. Benicia, California: BAI Communications, 1998. .
 Taylor, John W. R., ed. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. .
 Taylor, John W. R., ed. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988–1989. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1988. .

External links

 Taylortitch.co.uk (particularly "Taylor Monoplane"
 "Taylor Monoplane", (review), Bob Grimstead, Kitplanes, May 19, 2009
 "The Taylor Monoplane - The Perfect Antidote To a Boring Day," Willie Bodenstein, Pilot's Post
 "Taylor Monoplane," Plane and Pilot, January 28, 2016
 "LAA TYPE ACCEPTANCE DATA SHEET 055: Taylor JT.1 Monoplane," Light Aircraft Association
 Taylor Monoplane discussion board, Recreational Flying

1950s British civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Low-wing aircraft
Xuejia Lai. Xuejia Lai () is a cryptographer, currently a professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. His notable work includes the design of the block cipher IDEA based on the Lai-Massey scheme, the theory of Markov ciphers, and the cryptanalysis of a number of cryptographic hash functions. His book On the Design and Security of Block Ciphers () is frequently cited in cryptography papers.

Lai received a B.Sc. in electrical engineering in 1982 and an M.Sc. in mathematics in 1984 at Xidian University (then known as Northwest Institute of Telecommunication Engineering). About 1982 he met James Massey, who was visiting the university to give lectures in cryptography. Lai served as interpreter for these lectures. He later became one of Massey's doctoral students at ETH Zurich, where he received his Ph.D. in 1992. Together they designed the IDEA cipher.

External links
 Lai's bio at SJTU in Shanghai (archived 2014)
 Lai's faculty page at SJTU in Shanghai

Living people
Chinese computer scientists
Chinese cryptographers
ETH Zurich alumni
Modern cryptographers
Academic staff of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hyperwords. Hyperwords or liquid information refers to text that can be sent to programs or services (such as emails, dictionaries, online translators) through a simple set of commands. It is a selection-based interface which can be used for references, searches, blogging, emailing, copying, conversions and language translation.

The project grew out of a research project at University College London. It was taken on by The Hyperwords Company, renamed to The Liquid Information Company in 2012, where it was then developed and maintained from its London, UK offices until its dissolution in 2014. Frode Hegland was the head of the company. The original development of Liquid (OS X) was by Daoxin Z. in China, followed by Konstantin R. (TIANI Studio) in Poland and Zuzex in Russia.

The company's advisory board included Douglas Engelbart, Ted Nelson, Vint Cerf, Dave Farber, Bruce Horn and Douglas Rushkoff.

Browser extensions
The concept has been implemented as a server plug-in and as a plug-in for the Firefox, Flock, Chrome and Safari web browsers.

Liquid Browser
The Liquid Browser add-ons for Firefox, Chrome, and Safari were developed by Mikhail S. and Alex V. in Russia, and Tobias H. in Germany, until it was discontinued.

References

Hypertext
Nonfree Firefox legacy extensions
2006 software
Digital graffiti. Digital graffiti is the act of creating graffiti art using a computer vision system. Various groups and companies have pioneered digital graffiti since technology advances made it possible. Most notably is the Graffiti Research Lab based in the US with their L.A.S.E.R. Tag system.

Inspired by the New York laser graffiti movement, in 2008 the first commercially available digital graffiti wall was produced by Luma, named the YrWall. A specially adapted spray can emit IR light instead of paint, which is then tracked by a computer vision system to recreate the "sprayed" image onto the wall using a projector.

Any system that allows art to be created on a large scale similarly to more traditional graffiti falls under the heading digital graffiti.

Cisco Systems has released a mobile application called [Digital Graffiti] patented by   Cisco Systems, Inc. to allow people to place messages of varying size, color, length of time visible, and viewing distance (say visible from 20 feet away) on a physical location, say a building, an office, a cubicle, or a specific location using their augmented reality mobile application.  This message alerts other visitors approaching the message coordinates by playing the Cisco chime and the mobile user's country origin filter when the app was installed.  It is like a virtual yellow stickie note, that can be delivered to an individual when they arrive at a message location.  Digital Graffiti leverages the Cisco MSE location server (which tracks users mobile devices and provides x, y coordinates of the mobile devices over Wi-Fi).

See also 
 Virtual graffiti

References

External links
GeekGaps.com

Graffiti and unauthorised signage
Digital art
Light art
G.783. ITU-T Recommendation G.783 "Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) equipment functional blocks" defines a library of basic building blocks and a set of rules by which they may be combined in order to describe a digital transmission equipment. The library comprises the functional building blocks needed to specify completely the generic functional structure of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. In order to be compliant with this Recommendation, equipment needs to be describable as an interconnection of a subset of these functional blocks contained within this Recommendation. The interconnections of these blocks should obey the combination rules given.

This Recommendation defines both the components and the methodology that should be used in order to specify SDH processing; it does not define an individual SDH equipment as such.

The specification method is based on functional decomposition of the equipment into atomic and compound functions. The equipment is then described by its Equipment Functional Specification (EFS) which lists the constituent atomic and compound functions, their interconnection, and any overall performance objectives (e.g., transfer delay, availability, etc.).

The internal structure of the implementation of this functionality (equipment design) need not be identical to the structure of the functional model, as long as all the details of the externally observable behavior comply with the EFS.

The equipment functionality is consistent with the SDH multiplexing structure given in ITU-T Recommendation G.707/Y.1322.

External links
ITU-T Recommendation G.783

References

Synchronous optical networking
ITU-T recommendations
ITU-T G Series Recommendations
Gurney Airport. Gurney Airport  is an airport serving Alotau in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG).

The airport is a single runway general aviation facility. In December 2008, the PNG Minister for Transport and Civil Aviation, Don Polye announced that the aviation company SkyAirWorld had been granted permission to operate direct flights from Cairns, Australia to Gurney.

History
Built by the US Army 96th Engineer General Service Regiment, Company E of 46th Engineer General Service Regiment and No. 6 Mobile Works Squadron RAAF during World War II. Named after Charles Raymond Gurney an Australian aviator. Consisting of two parallel runways with the first runway  long by  wide surfaced with bitumen and the second runway  long x  wide surfaced with marston matting. Taxiways and revetments extended off both sides of the runways. Known as Fall River Aerodrome and No. 1 Strip. The airfield was named Gurney Field on 14 September 1942 in honour of Royal Australian Air Force Squadron Leader C.R. Gurney, who was killed in an aircraft crash.

The airfield was reopened in early 1966, as a part of the Australian colonial policy of having each of the provincial capitals served by daily flights. The last Sunbird PBY service to Samarai was in January of that year. A number of other WWII airfields were reopened in the area, such as Vivigani Airfield and Misima (April 1964). Several airlines then operated daily passenger and freight services into Gurney, using larger aircraft.

Allied Units based at Gurney Field
 8th Fighter Group (18 September 1942 – February 1943)
 Headquarters, 35th Fighter Squadron, P-40 Warhawk, 36th Fighter Squadron, (P-39 Airacobra, P-400, and P-40 Warhawk), 80th Fighter Squadron P-38 Lightning, P-39 Airacobra.
 418th Night Fighter Squadron, (V Fighter Command), (2–22 November 1943), P-61 Black Widow
 421st Night Fighter Squadron, (V Fighter Command), (4–27 January 1944), P-61 Black Widow
 No. 32 Squadron RAAF - (Lockheed Hudson)
 No. 75 Squadron RAAF (P-40)
 No. 76 Squadron RAAF (P-40)
 No. 100 Squadron RAAF
 No. 10 Repair and Salvage Unit RAAF
 A Troop, 9 Battery, 2/3 Australian Light Anti-aircraft Regiment

Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of  above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 09/27 with an asphalt surface measuring .

Airlines and destinations

See also

 USAAF in the Southwest Pacific
Naval Base Milne Bay

References

External links
 
 
Pacific War Airfields Project

Airports in Papua New Guinea
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Papua New Guinea
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command in the South West Pacific Theater
Airports established in 1942
1942 establishments in the Territory of Papua
World War II airfields in Papua New Guinea
Populated places in Milne Bay Province
Gurney Airport
Papua New Guinea in World War II
Southern Region, Papua New Guinea
Sud-Ouest Bretagne. The Sud-Ouest S.O.30 Bretagne was a 1940s French airliner built by Sud-Ouest.

Design and development
The Bretagne (Engl. "Brittany") was designed by a group of designers and engineers who were based at Cannes from May 1941 following the invasion of France. The design was for a medium capacity civil transport, a twin-engined mid-wing cantilever all-metal monoplane. The prototype (designated the S.O.30N) first flew on 26 February 1945.

Operational history
The initial production version was designated the S.O.30P Bretagne with two versions with different engines. The aircraft operated with a crew of five and could carry between 30 and 43 passengers. A cargo version (the S.O.30C) was produced, with a revised interior and strengthened floor and large cargo door. The aircraft was operated as an airliner, but mainly by the French military forces as a medium transport.

Some aircraft were fitted with two underwing Turbomeca Palas turbojet engines for auxiliary power. Other aircraft were used for engine-trials fitted with the SNECMA Atar 101 and licence-built Rolls-Royce Nene turbojets.

Variants
S.O.30N Tailwheel undercarriage prototype, c/n 01 built after the 1940 armistice and stored till after the war. The second S.O.30R c/n 02 was built in 1946 and later converted to the S.O.30 Nene, jet powered airliner test-bed.
S.O.30R Bellatrix Two prototypes of the nosewheel undercarriage production model.
S.O.30Ccargo version, one built with belly loading hatches.
S.O.30P-1production version with Pratt & Whitney R-2800-B43 engines.
S.O.30P-2production version with Pratt & Whitney R-2800-CA13 engines.
S.O.30 NeneOne aircraft converted from S.O.30R c/n 02 for use as a testbed, powered by two Rolls-Royce Nenes.

Operators

Military operators

French Air Force
French Navy

Civil operators

Air Algérie

Aigle Azur
Air France
COSARA based in French Indo-China

Iranian Airways

Air Maroc

Specifications (S.O.30P-2)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Bridgeman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953–54. London: Jane's All The World's Aircraft Publishing Company, 1953.

 Stroud, John. European Transport Aircraft since 1910. London: Putnam, 1966.

Further reading

1940s French airliners
1940s French military transport aircraft
Bretagne
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with auxiliary jet engines
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Overlay control. In silicon wafer manufacturing overlay control is the control of pattern-to-pattern alignment necessary in the manufacture of silicon wafers.

Silicon wafers are currently manufactured in a sequence of steps, each stage placing a pattern of material on the wafer; in this way transistors, contacts, etc., all made of different materials, are laid down. In order for the final device to function correctly, these separate patterns must be aligned correctly – for example contacts, lines and transistors must all line up.

Overlay control has always played an important role in semiconductor manufacturing, helping to monitor layer-to-layer alignment on multi-layer device structures. Misalignment of any kind can cause short circuits and connection failures, which in turn impact fab yield and profit margins.

Overlay control has become even more critical now because the combination of increasing pattern density and innovative techniques such as double patterning and 193 nm immersion lithography creates a novel set of pattern-based yield challenges at the 45 nm technology node and below. This combination causes error budgets to shrink below 30 percent of design rules, where existing overlay metrology solutions cannot meet total measurement uncertainty (TMU) requirements.

Overlay metrology solutions with both higher measurement accuracy/precision and process robustness are key factors when addressing increasingly tighter overlay budgets.  Higher order overlay control and in-field metrology using smaller, micro-grating or other novel targets are becoming essential for successful production ramps and higher yields at 45 nm and beyond.

Examples of the widely adopted overlay measurement tools worldwide are KLA-Tencor's ARCHER , and the nanometrics  CALIPER series, overlay metrology platforms.

Semiconductor device fabrication
Port Passenger Accelerated Service System. The Port Passenger Accelerated Service System (PORTPASS) was a suite of programs of the former U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), including:

 Immigration and Naturalization Service Passenger Accelerated Service System (INSPASS)
 Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection (SENTRI)
 Videophone Inspection Program (VIP) and Outlying Area Reporting Station (OARS)
 Remote Video Inspection System (RVIS)

While SENTRI and the Videophone Inspection Program are still in operation, most of these programs have been superseded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative programs, such as NEXUS (frequent traveller program) and Global Entry programs.

References

History of immigration to the United States
Expedited border crossing schemes
Methanobacteria. Methanobacteria is a class of archaeans in the kingdom Euryarchaeota. Several of the classes of the Euryarchaeota are methanogens and the Methanobacteria are one of these classes.

Applications 
Methanobacteria can be used in biomass conversion as well as energy production through Anaerobic digestion (AD) process. Microbial community is used in Anaerobic digestion (AD) to convert organic wastes into clean energy by reducing chemical and biological oxygen demand in the wastes. Solid-state anaerobic digestion, which contains six genera of methanogens including Methanobacteria, can ferment rice straw and then produce methane. Since conventional treatment is burning rice straw in field, applying Methanobacteria to waste disposal process can reduce the air pollution caused by straw burning and also alleviate energy shortage problem, especially in rural areas. During biomethanation process, insoluble organic material and higher molecular mass compounds will first be transformed into simple carbon compounds. These break-down products will then be fermented to acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Eventually, the acetic acids can be fermented by different methanogenic bacteria to produce methane.

The product of Methanobacteria in human body can be used to test diseases. Methane in breath is produced by anaerobic methanobacteria in human colon as a metabolic end product. The status of Methanobacteria product detected in breath tests can be used to evaluate patients' particular gastrointestinal disorders. It is shown that the proportion of breath methane excreters among patients with colorectal cancer is much higher than that of normal people. However, methane breath status might be influenced by variable factors existing in diagnostic procedures, limiting the usage of breath methane test in cancer diagnosis.

See also
 List of Archaea genera

References

Further reading

Scientific journals

Scientific books

External links

Archaea classes
Euryarchaeota