omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Jerome F. Lederer. Jerome F. Lederer (September 26, 1902 – February 6, 2004) was an American aviation-safety pioneer, known as "Mr. Aviation Safety."

He was born in New York City. He received a BSC in mechanical engineering with aeronautical options in 1924 and an M.E. in 1925 from New York University. In 1926, he was hired by the United States Postal Service to oversee its plane maintenance. Lederer helped reduce pilot fatality by devising film crash tests and redesigning the exhaust stacks and other systems. From 1929 to 1940, he served as chief engineer for aviation insurance underwriters. In 1940, he accepted an appointment as director of the Civil Aeronautics Board's Safety Bureau. He resigned in 1942 to become director of the Airlines War Training Institute. He trained 10,000 airmen and 35,000 mechanics for the Air Transport Command, and was a safety consultant to the 2nd Air Force.

In 1947, he organized the Flight Safety Foundation and was its director until 1967. The Foundation provides global exchange of information on aircraft accident prevention. In 1967, following the deaths of three astronauts at the Kennedy Space Center, NASA appointed him director of the Office of Manned Space Flight Safety for the Apollo Program. In 1970, he became director of safety for all of NASA.

In 1987, Lederer was the recipient of the Tony Jannus Award for his distinguished contributions to commercial aviation. He died of congestive heart failure in Laguna Hills, California, at the age of 101.

Lederer was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1992.

Trivia
He inspected the Spirit of St. Louis before Charles Lindbergh's trans-Atlantic flight. "I did not have too much hope that he would make it," he admitted years later. "I just went out because I was a friend of his, and I wanted to see the airplane, to look the situation over."

The International Society of Air Safety Investigators yearly awards the Jerome F Lederer Award for "outstanding contributions to technical excellence in accident investigation."

The Flight Safety Foundation "Jerome F. Lederer Safety Leadership Medal" recognizes an individual or team for making a significant contribution to the advancement of civil aviation safety.

References

http://www.nasa.gov/news/highlights/lederer_obit.html 
https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210413/http://web.nbaa.org/public/news/pr/2003/20030501-024.php
http://flightsafety.org/about-the-foundation/history
http://www.airmailpioneers.org/content/newsletters/summer99.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20070705041748/https://www.nasm.si.edu/research/arch/arch_repos/GUIDE.PT8.html
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60913FE3C5E0C7A8CDDAB0894DC404482&showabstract=1

American aerospace engineers
NASA people
American men centenarians
1902 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American engineers
ICP. ICP may refer to:

Economics  

 International Comparison Program, a partnership of various statistical administrations of up to 199 countries guided by the World Bank.

Business
 ICP srl, Italian manufacturer of automotive equipment and kit aircraft
Ideal customer profile
 International Comfort Products Corporation, US air conditioning and heating company
 Indonesian Crude Price
 Imperial College Press, UK

Computing and technology
 Internet Cache Protocol, for coordinating web caches
 Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor, force sensor
 Iterative closest point, an algorithm used to minimize the difference between two clouds of points
 ICP license (Internet Content Provider license), for Chinese Web sites
 Initial Connection Protocol, of the ARPANET Network Control Program
 International Cataloguing Principles, revision of Paris Principles on bibliographical cataloging standards for libraries

Education
 Institut Catholique de Paris
 International Center of Photography, New York City
 Disney International College Program

Medical
 Infantile cerebral palsy
 Intracranial pressure inside the skull
 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

Music
 Instant Composers Pool, a Dutch free jazz musical cooperative
 Insane Clown Posse, an American hip hop duo

Organizations
 International Communist Party
 International Comparison Program
 Iraqi Communist Party, founded in 1934, Iraq
 Indochinese Communist Party, 1930–1945, a predecessor of the Communist Party of Vietnam
 Immigration Control Platform, Irish organization
 Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, a government agency in Puerto Rico
 Institute for Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding, a Swiss non-governmental organization
 International Center of Photography, a museum for photography and visual culture in Manhattan, New York; which also offers an array of educational courses and programming.
 Irish Communist Party, another name for the Communist Party of Ireland

Science
 Inductively coupled plasma in physics
 Instituto Clodomiro Picado of the University of Costa Rica
 Intrinsically conducting polymer
 Interval Constraint Propagation in numerical mathematics
 Immune checkpoint in immunology
IPE. Ipe or IPE can refer to:

 Isopropyl ether, a chemical solvent, usually in the form of DIPE (diisopropyl ether)
 Icosapent ethyl, that is, ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 lipid formulation
 L’Institut pour I’Expertise (IPE), that is, IPE Management School Paris, a private higher education institution in Paris, France
 International political economy, an academic discipline
 Ipê, trees in the genus Handroanthus and their wood 
 Institute of Public Enterprise in India
 Integrity Policy Enforcement, a Linux Security Module (LSM) that enables additional security features
 International Petroleum Exchange (old name), that is, Intercontinental Exchange Futures (ICE Futures), a futures and options exchange
 International Petroleum Exposition, a former trade fair held periodically in Oklahoma from 1923 to 1979
 Interprofessional education, integration of specialties in professional education
 Immersion pulmonary edema, that is, swimming-induced pulmonary edema
 Interstitial pulmonary emphysema, that is, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, a rare lung condition in newborns
 Individual protective equipment, as personal protective equipment is sometimes called (especially in military NBC/ABC/WMD contexts)
 IPE, a European type of I-beam
 Île-du-Prince-Édouard, that is, Prince Edward Island, a province of Canada
 Ideal polarized electrode, a type of ideal electrode
 Icosahedral prism, a type of polytope in geometry
 iris pigment epithelium, a one-cell-thick layer of cuboidal cells lying behind the iris of the eye
 Pyrenean Ecology Institute, a research center from Spain
Cutler's resin. Cutler's resin, also known as cutler's pitch, is a waterproof adhesive used to secure a blade or device to a handle. It is made by including wax when making a pine pitch glue. Cutler's resin commonly consists  of pine pitch, beeswax and/or carnauba wax, and usually employs a filler like charcoal, sawdust and/or animal dung to aid with the bond. It has been used for centuries by cutlers to attach knife and sword handles, and as a fastener for other tools and weapons.

References

Synthetic resins
Watering can. A watering can (or watering pot or watering jug) is a portable container, usually with a handle and a funnel, used to water plants by hand. It has been in use since at least A.D. 79 and has since seen many improvements in design. Apart from watering plants, it has varied uses, as it is a fairly versatile tool.

The capacity of the container can be anywhere from 0.5 litres (for indoor household plants) to 10 litres (for general garden use). It is usually made of metal, ceramic or plastic. At the end of the spout, a "rose" (a device, like a cap, with small holes) can be placed to break up the stream of water into droplets, to avoid excessive water pressure on the soil or on delicate plants.

History 

The term "watering can" first appeared in 1692, in the diary of keen cottage gardener Lord Timothy George of Cornwall. Before then, it was known as a "watering pot".

In 1886 the "Haws" watering can was patented by John Haws. The patent read "This new invention forms a watering pot that is much easier to carry and tip, and at the same time being much cleaner, and more adapted for use than any other put before the public."

The shower head end is called a rose, rose head, rosette, or sprinkler head.

Modern uses 
Watering cans are used by gardeners for watering plants, by road workers to apply bitumen to asphalt, as ornaments, and regularly in symbolic art pieces.

In popular culture 
Impressionist artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir painted a work entitled A Girl with a Watering Can.
John Cleese, in a 1963 Cambridge University Footlights Revue ("Cambridge Circus") sketch, "Judge Not", described a watering can as: "a large, cylindrical, tin-plated vessel with a perforated pouring piece, much used by the lower classes for the purpose of artificially moistening the surface soil".

Gallery

References 

Liquid containers
Gardening tools
Irrigation
Plant nutrition
Articles to be expanded from February 2013
Burin (lithic flake). In archaeology and the field of lithic reduction, a burin  (from the French burin, meaning "cold chisel" or modern engraving burin) is a type of stone tool, a handheld lithic flake with a chisel-like edge which prehistoric humans used for carving or finishing wood or bone tools or weapons, and sometimes for engraving images.

In archaeology, burin use is often associated with "burin spalls", which are a form of debitage created when toolmakers strike a small flake obliquely from the edge of the burin flake in order to form the graving edge.

Documented use 

Standardized burin usage is typical of the Middle Paleolithic and Upper Palaeolithic cultures in Europe, but archaeologists have also identified them in North American cultural assemblages, and in his book Early Man in China, Jia Lanpo of Beijing University lists dihedral burins and burins for truncation among artifacts uncovered along the banks of the Liyigon river near Xujiayao.

Burins can also be associated with compound microblade projectile technology, found with microblade cores and/or microblades. In these cases, their purpose is interpreted as both a rapid retouch and hafting preparation strategy for blade-based edge tools and bifaces and as a class of dedicated flake or blade-based tools used to insert microblades and other microliths into organic armatures.

Types

Multiple types of burin exist.

A type of burin diagnostic of the archaeological stratum where they are found is the "Noailles" burin, named for its original find-site, the Grotte de Noailles, in the commune of Brive-la-Gaillarde, Corrèze, in southwestern France. It consists of a small multiple burin characteristic of the Upper Paleolithic cultural stage called the Gravettian, ca. 28–23,000 BC; these flake tools have been restruck and refined to give several chisellike edges and a blunt, grippable rear edge.

Another type of burin is called the "ordinary burin", which occurs when a burin facet is backed against another burin facet.

A bec-de-flute burin, or "axial burin"  began as a long flake, but one of both ends have been knocked off, giving two working facets meeting at an angle.

References

External links 
 

Archaeological artefact types
Hand tools
Lithics
Chisels
Proustite. Proustite is a sulfosalt mineral consisting of silver sulfarsenide, Ag3AsS3, known also as ruby blende, light red silver, arsenic-silver blende or ruby silver ore, and an important source of the metal. It is closely allied to the corresponding sulfantimonide, pyrargyrite, from which it was distinguished by the chemical analyses of Joseph L. Proust (1754–1826) in 1804, after whom the mineral received its name.

The prismatic crystals are often terminated by the scalenohedron and the obtuse rhombohedron, thus resembling calcite (dog-tooth-spar) in habit. The color is scarlet-vermilion and the luster adamantine; crystals are transparent and very brilliant, but on exposure to light they soon become dull black and opaque. The streak is scarlet, the hardness 2 to 2.5, and the specific gravity 5.57. Its transparency differs from specimen to specimen, but most are opaque or translucent.

Proustite occurs in hydrothermal deposits as a phase in the oxidized and supergene zone. It is associated with other silver minerals and sulfides such as native silver, native arsenic, xanthoconite, stephanite, acanthite, tetrahedrite and chlorargyrite.

Magnificent groups of large crystals have been found at Chañarcillo in Chile; other localities which have yielded fine specimens are Freiberg and Marienberg in Saxony, Joachimsthal in Bohemia and Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines in Alsace.

Structure

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Silver minerals
Arsenic minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 167
Blendes
GNU toolchain. The GNU toolchain is a broad collection of programming tools produced by the GNU Project. These tools form a toolchain (a suite of tools used in a serial manner) used for developing software applications and operating systems.

The GNU toolchain plays a vital role in development of Linux, some BSD systems, and software for embedded systems. Parts of the GNU toolchain are also directly used with or ported to other platforms such as Solaris, macOS, Microsoft Windows (via Cygwin and MinGW/MSYS), Sony PlayStation Portable (used by PSP modding scene) and Sony PlayStation 3.

Components

Projects in the GNU toolchain are:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 GNU 
 GNU

See also

References

External links
 GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection
 Building and Installing under Linux
 Prebuilt Win32 GNU Toolchains for various embedded platforms

Programming tools
toolchain
Absorber. In high energy physics experiments, an absorber is a block of material used to absorb some of the energy of an incident particle in an experiment. Absorbers can be made of a variety of materials, depending on the purpose; lead, tungsten and liquid hydrogen are common choices. Most absorbers are used as part of a particle detector; particle accelerators use absorbers to reduce the radiation damage on accelerator components.

Other uses of the same word
 Absorbers are used in ionization cooling, as in the International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment.
 In solar power, a high degree of efficiency is achieved by using black absorbers which reflect off much less of the incoming energy.
 In sunscreen formulations, ingredients which absorb UVA/UVB rays, such as avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate, are known as absorbers. They are contrasted with physical "blockers" of UV radiation such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide.

References

Particle detectors
Accelerator physics
S8G reactor. The S8G reactor is a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships. The S8G designation stands for:

 S = Submarine platform
 8 = Eighth generation core designed by the contractor
 G = General Electric was the contracted designer

History 

The S8G reactor was designed by General Electric for use on the s. The 220 MWth S8G reactor compartment for the Ohio submarines is  in diameter,  long and weighs 2,750 tons.

Design 
This nuclear reactor utilizes natural circulation which is capable of operating at a significant fraction of full power without reactor coolant pumps.

A land-based prototype of the reactor plant was built at Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory's Kesselring Site in West Milton, New York.  The prototype was used for testing and crew training throughout the 1980s.  In 1994, the core was replaced with an S6W reactor, designed for the then-new Seawolf-class submarine.

The prototype is equipped with an automatic reactor fill system that can flood the reactor with borated water in the event of a loss-of-coolant accident.

References

United States naval reactors
DES-X. In cryptography, DES-X (or DESX) is a variant on the DES (Data Encryption Standard) symmetric-key block cipher intended to increase the complexity of a brute-force attack. The technique used to increase the complexity is called key whitening.

The original DES algorithm was specified in 1976 with a 56-bit key size: 256 possibilities for the key. There was criticism that an exhaustive search might be within the capabilities of large governments, particularly the United States' National Security Agency (NSA). One scheme to increase the key size of DES without substantially altering the algorithm was DES-X, proposed by Ron Rivest in May 1984.

The algorithm has been included in RSA Security's BSAFE cryptographic library since the late 1980s.

DES-X augments DES by XORing an extra 64 bits of key (K1) to the plaintext before applying DES, and then XORing another 64 bits of key (K2) after the encryption:

The key size is thereby increased to 56 + (2 × 64) = 184 bits.

However, the effective key size (security) is only increased to 56+64−1−lb(M) = 119 − lb(M) = ~119 bits, where M is the number of chosen plaintext/ciphertext pairs the adversary can obtain, and lb denotes the binary logarithm. Moreover, effective key size drops to 88 bits given 232.5 known plaintext and using advanced slide attack.

DES-X also increases the strength of DES against differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis, although the improvement is much smaller than in the case of brute force attacks. It is estimated that differential cryptanalysis would require 261 chosen plaintexts (vs. 247 for DES), while linear cryptanalysis would require 260 known plaintexts (vs. 243 for DES or 261 for DES with independent subkeys.) Note that with 264 plaintexts (known or chosen being the same in this case), DES (or indeed any other block cipher with a 64 bit block size) is totally broken as the whole cipher's codebook becomes available.

Although the differential and linear attacks, currently best attack on DES-X is a known-plaintext slide attack
discovered by Biryukov-Wagner  which has complexity of 232.5 known plaintexts and 287.5 time of analysis. Moreover the attack is easily converted into a ciphertext-only attack with the same data complexity and 295 offline time complexity.

See also
 G-DES
 Meet-in-the-middle attack
 Triple DES
 Xor–encrypt–xor

References

 
 P. Rogaway, The security of DESX (PDF), CryptoBytes 2(2) (Summer 1996).

External links
 RSA FAQ Entry

Broken block ciphers
Data Encryption Standard
Vought Corsair. Vought Corsair is the name of several former aircraft of the US Navy:

Vought O2U Corsair, a biplane scout and observation aircraft
Vought O4U Corsair, a biplane scout and observation aircraft prototype
Vought SBU Corsair, a biplane dive bomber aircraft
Vought F4U Corsair, a monoplane shipborne fighter/dive bomber aircraft
LTV A-7 Corsair II, a single-seat light jet attack aircraft
BTEC. BTEC may refer to:
Begumgonj Textile Engineering College, a college in Bangladesh
Biomass Thermal Energy Council, a US advocacy organization
Business and Technology Education Council, a British body, now part of Edexcel, which awards vocational qualifications (which are themselves still known as BTECs)
BTEC Level 2
BTEC Level 3
Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, a training center at North Carolina State University
Hapkeite. Hapkeite is a mineral discovered in the Dhofar 280 meteorite found in 2000 in Oman on the Arabian Peninsula. The meteorite is believed to originate from the Moon; specifically, it appears to be a fragment of lunar highland breccia. Hapkeite's composition is of silicon and iron, and it is similar to other silicon-iron minerals found on Earth. An impact on the Moon is thought to have launched the partially molten or vaporized material into orbit.

Due to its 1:2 composition of silicon-iron, hapkeite was given the chemical formula Fe2Si. It occurs as opaque, yellowish to silvery microscopic isometric crystals.

It is named after Bruce Hapke, who predicted the presence and importance of vapor-deposited coatings on lunar soil grains (space weathering).

Beside hapkeite, other natural iron silicide minerals include gupeiite, naqite, linzhiite, luobusaite, suessite, xifengite, and zangboite.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Space weathering on airless planetary bodies: Clues from the lunar mineral hapkeite 2004 PNAS

Iron(II) minerals
Meteorite minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 221
Native element minerals
Priority inheritance. In real-time computing, priority inheritance is a method for eliminating unbounded priority inversion. Using this programming method, a process scheduling algorithm increases the priority of a process (A) to the maximum priority of any other process waiting for any resource on which A has a resource lock (if it is higher than the original priority of A).

The basic idea of the priority inheritance protocol is that when a job blocks one or more high-priority jobs, it ignores its original priority assignment and executes its critical section at an elevated priority level. After executing its critical section and releasing its locks, the process returns to its original priority level.

Example
Consider three jobs:

Suppose that both H and L require some shared resource. If L acquires this shared resource (entering a critical section), and H subsequently requires it, H will block until L releases it (leaving its critical section). Without priority inheritance, process M could preempt process L during the critical section and delay its completion, in effect causing the lower-priority process M to indirectly preempt the high-priority process H. This is a priority inversion bug.

With priority inheritance, L will execute its critical section at H's high priority whenever H is blocked on the shared resource. As a result, M will be unable to preempt L and will be blocked. That is, the higher-priority job M must wait for the critical section of the lower priority job L to be executed, because L has inherited H's priority. When L exits its critical section, it regains its original (low) priority and awakens H (which was blocked by L). H, having high priority, preempts L and runs to completion. This enables M and L to resume in succession and run to completion without priority inversion.

Operating systems supporting priority inheritance
ERIKA Enterprise
FreeRTOS
Microsoft Azure RTOS, formerly Express Logic's ThreadX
Linux
VxWorks
iRMX

See also
Priority ceiling protocol

References

External links
 "Priority Inheritance: The Real Story" by Doug Locke
 "Against Priority Inheritance" by Victor Yodaiken
 "Implementing Concurrency Control With Priority Inheritance in Real-Time CORBA" by Steven Wohlever, Victor Fay Wolfe and Russell Johnston
 "Priority Inheritance Spin Locks for Multiprocessor Real-Time Systems" by Cai-Dong Wang, Hiroaki Takada and Ken Sakamura
 "Hardware Support for Priority Inheritance" by Bilge E. S. Akgul, Vincent J. Mooney, Henrik Thane and Pramote Kuacharoen

Real-time computing
Concurrency control