omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mark Reed (physicist). Mark Arthur Reed (January 4, 1955 – May 5, 2021) was an American physicist and professor at Yale University. He is noted particularly for seminal research on quantum dots.

Career and education
He coined the term quantum dots, for demonstrating the first zero-dimensional electronic device that had fully quantized energy states.  Reed did research in electronic transport in nanoscale and mesoscopic systems, artificially structured materials and devices, molecular electronics, biosensors and bioelectronic systems, and nanofluidics. He was the author of more than 200 publications, had given over 75 plenary and over 400 invited talks, and held 33 U.S. and foreign patents on quantum effect, heterojunction, and molecular devices.  He was the editor in chief of the journal Nanotechnology (2009–2019) and of the journal Nano Futures, and held numerous other editorial and advisory board positions. 
Reed received his Ph.D. from Syracuse University in 1983. He worked at Texas Instruments from 1983 to 1990, where he demonstrated the first quantum dot device.  He had been at Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science since 1990, where he held the Harold Hodgkinson Chair of Engineering and Applied Science. Notable work there included the first conductance measurement of a single molecule, the first single molecule transistor, and the development of CMOS nanowire biosensors.

Awards and recognition
Reed had been elected to the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering and Who's Who in the World.  His awards included; Fortune Magazine “Most Promising Young Scientist” (1990), the Kilby Young Innovator Award (1994), the Fujitsu ISCS Quantum Device Award (2001), the Yale Science and Engineering Association Award for Advancement of Basic and Applied Science (2002), Fellow of the American Physical Society (2002), the inaugural IEEE Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology (2007), Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (2009), and a Finalist for the World Technology Award (2010).

Personal life
He married Elizabeth Schaefer on August 24, 1996. He died on May 5, 2021.

Awards
 Fortune Magazine's "Most Promising Young Scientist" (1990)
 Kilby Young Innovator Award (1994)
 DARPA ULTRA Most Significant Achievement Award (1997)
 Syracuse University Distinguished Alumni award (2000)
 Fujitsu ISCS Quantum Device Award (2001)
 American Physical Society Fellowship (2002)
 Yale Science and Engineering Association Award for Advancement of Basic and Applied Science (2002)
 IEEE Fellowship (2009)

References

Further reading
Mark A. Reed

1955 births
2021 deaths
21st-century American physicists
American nanotechnologists
Syracuse University alumni
Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the IEEE
John White Moore. John White Moore (May 21, 1832 – March 31, 1913) was a rear admiral of the United States Navy.

Biography
Born at Plattsburgh, New York on May 21, 1832, he was appointed third assistant engineer in the Navy in 1853 and was promoted to chief engineer in 1861. During the Civil War he took part in the engagements with the ram  and in the capture of the defenses of Pensacola in 1861; in the passage and capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the capture of New Orleans, the passage of the Vicksburg batteries, and the fight with the ram  in 1862; and in the capture of Port Hudson in 1863.

Moore originated the use of chain cables to protect the sides of wooden ships, of a paint designed to render the fighting ships less easily visible, and of the fighting tops found on the masts of many large war vessels.

He retired in 1894 with the rank of commodore, but during the Spanish–American War he served as an inspector in the New York Navy Yard. For his services in the Civil War he was raised to the rank of rear admiral in 1906.

John White Moore died at his home in Ridgewood, New Jersey, on March 31, 1913.

References

United States Navy admirals
People from Plattsburgh, New York
Union Navy officers
American people of the Spanish–American War
1832 births
1913 deaths
Microprocessor Chronicles. The Microprocessor Chronicles is a documentary by filmmaker Rob Walker. Walker, who cofounded LSI Logic, created the film to document the growth and history of Silicon Valley. The work includes interviews with persons famous among notables in the microprocessor world. It discusses technical evolution of the microprocessor and marketing of devices.

The film is part of a series by Walker named Silicon Genesis. Another film in the series, The Fairchild Chronicles, talks about Mountain View's Fairchild Semiconductor. The series is supported by Stanford University.

References

External links
Microprocessor Chronicles documentary home page.
Stanford University news release about the film.

2006 films
Documentary films about computing
2006 documentary films
American documentary films
2000s American films
État 141-001 to 141-250. État 141-001 to 141-250 was a series of 2-8-2 steam locomotives of the Chemins de Fer de l'État.

Overview
The series of 250 engines, numbered 141-001 to 141-250 were built in 1921. They were renumbered 141.B.001 to 141.B.250 by the SNCF in 1938 and ended their career in the West of France at the end of the 1960s.

Design
The engines were capable of a speed of up . Their light weight per axle made them capable of hauling both passenger and goods trains on most of the Chemins de Fer de l'État'''s network and of the former Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest. Due to the need of a simple to operate and solid locomotive, the Chemins de Fer de l'État even went to choose the pressure of the boiler (or  in French). The pressure was 12 kp/cm2 or 12 hectopièzes (old units of measurement, 1.2 MPa in modern units), this enabled the machine to develop an output of  at 60 km/h and  at 100 km/h. From 1932 the timbre was increased to 14 kp/m2 to obtain a power of  at 60 km/h and  at 100 km/h; locomotives were recoded from "B" to "C" as this work was done. 

141.C.50 was rebuilt at Sotteville-lès-Rouen in 1928. This depot was built by the British and was the largest of the Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest (part of the État from 1908). There it received new Renaud type valves, saving 9.8% coal. It also received a Kylchap exhaust.

Preservation
One locomotive has been preserved: 141.C.100 (and tender 22.B.609) are in working order and are listed as a Monument historique''.

References

141-001
2-8-2 locomotives
Schneider locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1921
Standard gauge locomotives of France
A36 steel. A36 steel is a common structural steel alloy used in the United States. The A36 (UNS K02600) standard was established by the ASTM International.  The standard was published in 1960 and has been updated several times since.  Prior to 1960, the dominant standards for structural steel in North America were A7 (until 1967) and A9 (for buildings, until 1940).  Note that SAE/AISI A7 and A9 tool steels are not the same as the obsolete ASTM A7 and A9 structural steels.

Chemical composition 

Note: For shapes with a flange thickness more than 3 in (76 mm), 0.85-1.35% manganese content and 0.15-0.40% silicon content are required.

Properties 
As with most steels, A36 has a density of . Young's modulus for A36 steel is . A36 steel has a Poisson's ratio of 0.26 and a shear modulus of .

A36 steel in plates, bars, and shapes with a thickness of less than  has a minimum yield strength of  and ultimate tensile strength of .  Plates thicker than 8 inches have a  yield strength and the same ultimate tensile strength of . The electrical resistance of A36 is 0.142 μΩm at .  A36 bars and shapes maintain their ultimate strength up to . Above that temperature, the minimum strength drops off from :  at ;  at ;  at .

Fabricated forms 
A36 is produced in a wide variety of forms, including:
 Plates
 Structural Shapes
 Bars
 Girders
 Angle iron
 T iron

Methods of joining 
A36 is readily welded by all welding processes. As a result, the most common welding methods for A36 are the cheapest and easiest: shielded metal arc welding (SMAW, or stick welding), gas metal arc welding (GMAW, or MIG welding), and oxyacetylene welding. A36 steel is also commonly bolted and riveted in structural applications. High-strength bolts have largely replaced structural steel rivets. Indeed, the latest steel construction specifications published by AISC (the 15th Edition) no longer covers their installation.

See also 
 Structural steel

References 

Steels
Structural steel
Ovalene. Ovalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C32H14, which consists of ten peri-fused six-membered rings. It is very similar to coronene.

Ovalene is a reddish-orange compound. It is sparingly soluble in solvents such as benzene, toluene, and dichloromethane. Its solutions have a green fluorescence under UV light.

Ovalene has been shown to form in deep-sea hydrothermal vent areas and in the hydrocracking process of petroleum refining.

References

External links
 Ovalene datapage at NIST

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
MERCURE. Mercure can also refer to the chain of hotels run by Accor. See Mercure Hotels.
MERCURE is an atmospheric dispersion modeling CFD code developed by Électricité de France (EDF) and  distributed by ARIA Technologies, a French company.

MERCURE is a version of the CFD software ESTET, developed by EDF's Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique. Thus, it has directly benefited from the improvements developed for ESTET. When requested, ARIA integrates MERCURE as a module into the ARIA RISK software for use in industrial risk assessments.

Features of the model

MERCURE is particularly well adapted to perform air pollution dispersion modelling on local or urban scales. Some of the models capabilities and features are:

Pollution source types: Point or line sources, continuous or intermittent.
Pollution plume types: Buoyant or dense gas plumes.
Deposition: The model is capable of simulating the deposition or decay of plume pollutants.

Users of the model

There are many organizations that have used MERCURE. To name a few:

 Électricité de France (EDF)
 Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique (LMFA) de l'École Centrale de Lyon, France
 Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay, France
 The Italian National Agency for New Technology, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Bologna, Italy
 Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia

See also

Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
List of atmospheric dispersion models

Further reading

For those who are unfamiliar with air pollution dispersion modelling and would like to learn more about the subject, it is suggested that either one of the following books be read:

 www.crcpress.com
 www.air-dispersion.com

References

External links
 ARIA Technologies web site (English version)
 EDF website (English version)

Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Électricité de France
Engineer's Day. Engineer's Day is observed in several countries on various dates of the year.

Country-wise list

See also
UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development

References

External links

Engineering awards
Types of secular holidays
January observances
February observances
March observances
April observances
May observances
June observances
July observances
August observances
September observances
October observances
December observances
Holidays and observances by scheduling (nth weekday of the month)
Observances set by the Vikram Samvat calendar
Holidays and observances by scheduling (varies)
Kelvin Aqueduct. The Kelvin Aqueduct is a navigable aqueduct in Glasgow, Scotland, which carries the Forth and Clyde Canal over the River Kelvin.

History

It was designed by Robert Whitworth, one of John Smeaton's supervising engineers on the Forth and Clyde Canal project. The contractors were William Gibb (founder of the engineering dynasty that led to Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners) and John Muir, who also built the nearby Maryhill locks. A foundation stone was laid on 16 June 1787 by Archibald Spiers, the chairman of the canal committee.

When opened in 1790 it was Britain's largest aqueduct, and onlookers were impressed at the sight of sailing boats crossing above them. The entire project cost £8,509, exceeding the original estimated cost of £6,200.

It was protected as a category A listed building in 1989.

Design
It is  long, with four arches of  span, and  high above the surface of the river. According to measurements by John Rennie as the canal was nearing completion, there was around  of puddle clay at the bottom of the canal. The aqueduct was designed to carry a depth of  of water.

The piers are buttressed in such a way as to resemble cutwaters, but only one pier sits in the river. The sides of the aqueduct are arched in order to transfer the outward pressure of the water onto the buttresses, an effect which can clearly be seen from above. This design feature is also present on the Luggie Aqueduct at Kirkintilloch, which opened in 1773.

The aqueduct is built from rustic masonry at the lower levels and polished ashlar above. Underneath it is the Kelvin Walkway, which runs through an area of green space around the river.

See also

List of canal aqueducts in Great Britain

References

Bridges in Glasgow
Transport in Glasgow
Navigable aqueducts in Scotland
Category A listed buildings in Glasgow
Listed bridges in Scotland
Listed canals in Scotland
Maryhill
Brewsterite. Brewsterite is the name of a series of tectosilicate minerals of the zeolite group.  Prior to 1997, brewsterite was recognized as a mineral species, but a reclassification in 1997 by the International Mineralogical Association changed it to a series name, with the mineral species being named brewsterite-Sr and brewsterite-Ba.  Brewsterite-Sr, the more common of these, is a hydrous strontium and aluminium silicate, .  Small amounts of barium is usually present replacing part of the strontium.  The appropriate species name depends on the dominant element.  The species are visually indistinguishable, and the series name brewsterite is still used whenever testing has not been performed.

It is generally considered to be monoclinic, though optical studies have suggested it might be triclinic. It has one plane of perfect cleavage.  The color is white, yellow-white, or gray.  The Mohs' hardness is 5. It is transparent to translucent.  The crystals are prismatic. Brewsterite is isomorphous with heulandite.  

It is named after Sir David Brewster (1781–1868) who described it in 1822.  The type locality for the series and for brewsterite-Sr is Strontian, Argyll, Scotland.  

It is a hydrothermal mineral occurring in volcanic rocks such as basalt.  Grayish crystals are found at the Giant's Causeway in County Antrim. It is found with harmotome in the lead mines at Strontian in Argyllshire.

References

 IMA Zeolite Classification
 Zeolites of the World, Rudy W. Tschernich, 1992

External links
structure type BRE

Zeolites
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
SpaceLoft XL. The SpaceLoft XL is a sounding rocket developed by private spaceflight company UP Aerospace. The rocket is capable of lofting a 79 lb (36 kg) payload to a sub-orbital trajectory with an apogee of about 71.5 miles (115 km). It travels for approximately 60 seconds to cross the Kármán line (the official "edge of space" at 100 km).  All launches are sub-orbital and do not complete one orbital revolution.  Launches are conducted from the company launch facility at Spaceport America in Upham, New Mexico.

Description
The rocket is 20 feet (6 m) long and 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter, and consists of a single stage powered by a single solid fuel rocket engine. Typical flights last about 13 minutes, with more than 4 minutes of weightlessness. The rocket is reportedly capable of reaching up to 225 km (140 miles) altitude, though its standard apogee is closer to 115 km (71 miles).

Cost and time requirements for SpaceLoft XL launch are demonstrated in a 2021 suborbital mission contracted by Los Alamos National Laboratory, with costs at $1 million and an 11 month timeline from contract signing to flight (15 months from concept to flight).

Launches
The first launch, SL-1 was made at 2:14 p.m. local time (20:14 UTC) on September 25, 2006, from Spaceport America.
During its maiden flight, it experienced an "unexpected aerodynamic effect" and crashed in the New Mexico desert after reaching only 40,000 feet (12 km).

The second launch, SL-2 originally scheduled for October 21, 2006, was successfully carried out on April 28, 2007, at 8:56 a.m. local time (14:56 UTC). UP Aerospace president Jerry Larson had said the rocket was assembled and had been on the launch rail since Tuesday (24 April).  The primary payload, Celestis Legacy, consisted of cremated human remains including those of astronaut Gordon Cooper and Star Trek actor James Doohan, whose ashes were also on board the ill-fated Falcon 1 when it malfunctioned in August 2008.

As of 2 May 2023, UP Aerospace has conducted a total of 20 launches, including 15 with SpaceLoft XL rockets, most of which have been successful. The third launch of SpaceLoft XL, which was conducted at 14:00 UTC on 2 May 2009, carrying student experiments and the Discovery payload for Celestis, had an electronic anomaly causing an early separation and failed to reach the correct apogee.
To date, the highest altitude achieved by the SpaceLoft XL rocket was reached by SL-9, which set a Spaceport America altitude record of 77.25 miles (124 km) on October 23, 2014.

The flight of May 1, 2023 carrying NASA's FOP-8 (Flight Opportunities Program-8) and Celestis-18 Aurora payloads failed. Celestis' mission included a memorial for Philip Kenyon Chapman, an Australian-American astronaut and scientist. NASA's FOP-8 consisted of 13 payloads selected from the NASA's TechRise Student Challenge. The rocket exploded moments after liftoff.

See also
Sounding rocket
List of UP Aerospace launches
Black Brant rocket
Skylark (rocket)

References

Sounding rockets of the United States
CB UNIX. Columbus UNIX, or CB UNIX, is a discontinued variant of the UNIX operating system used internally at Bell Labs for administrative databases and transaction processing. It was developed at the Columbus, Ohio branch, based on V6, V7 and PWB Unix. It was little-known outside the company.

CB UNIX was developed to address deficiencies inherent in Research Unix, notably the lack of interprocess communication (IPC) and file locking, considered essential for a database management system. Several Bell System operation support system products were based on CB UNIX such as Switching Control Center System. The primary innovations were power-fail restart, line disciplines, terminal types, and IPC features.

The interprocess communication features developed for CB UNIX were message queues, semaphores and shared memory support. These eventually appeared in mainstream Unix systems starting with System V in 1983, and are now collectively known as System V IPC.

References

Bell Labs Unices
Discontinued operating systems
Unix history
August Breithaupt. Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt (May 16, 1791 – September 22, 1873) was a German mineralogist and professor at Freiberg Mining Academy in Freiberg, Saxony.

Biography
He was born in Probstzella, Holy Roman Empire. He received his doctorate at the Universities of Jena and Marburg. He studied under Abraham Gottlob Werner at the Freiberg Mining Academy where he received an appointment in 1813 as teacher and lapidary, and became professor of mineralogy after the departure of Friedrich Mohs in 1826. He held that position until 1866.

Research
He is credited with the discovery of 47 valid mineral species. The mineral breithauptite was named in his honor. His work included important contributions to crystallography and the physical and chemical properties of minerals. He developed the concept of mineral paragenesis.

Works
His publications include:
Ueber die Echtheit der Krystalle (1815, on pseudomorphs)
Characteristik des Mineral Systems (1820; 3d improved ed., 1832)
Vollständiges Handbuch der Mineralogie (1841)
Die Bergstadt Freiberg (1825; 2d ed., 1847)
Die Paragenesis der Mineralien (1849)

Notes

References
 

 

German mineralogists
1791 births
1873 deaths
University of Jena alumni
Scientists from Freiberg
Bhakra. Bhakra may refer to:

Bhakra Dam or Bhakra Nangal Dam, a gravity dam in Bhakra, Himachal Pradesh and Nangal, Punjab, India on the Sutlej and Beas rivers
Nangal Dam railway station, Nangal, Punjab, India
Nangal Dam–Amb Andaura Passenger, a passenger train in India
Nangal Dam–Ambala Passenger, a passenger train in India
Bhakra Management Board Karamchari Sangh, a trade union of the dam's management
Nangal Bakra Mazdoor Sangh, a trade union of the dam's workers
Bhakra, Nepal, a village in Nepal

See also
Bhakkar (disambiguation)
Emporiki Autokiniton. Emporiki Autokiniton was a major Greek automobile trading and industrial company (the name means Automobile Trading Co. and stands for its original activities). Systematic vehicle production started in 1968 (although its predecessors had been building bus and truck bodies before World War II), while the company built a modern vehicle assembly factory in the north of Athens in 1971. A large number of Mazda, Opel and, later, Alfa Romeo models were assembled – usually with a significant proportion of parts locally produced. The company also introduced modified versions of Mazda trucks, including longer versions of the B1500 and B1600 light trucks. A number of the latter was also produced with the company’s own Grezda brand name in the early 1980s (the name stands for "Greek" and "Mazda"), mostly for export. Emporiki Autokiniton was seriously affected by problems largely connected with the labor unrest of the 1980s in Greece and production was eventually terminated in 1985, after a failed attempt to produce a jeep and a 2-tonne truck type of own development.

This evolution in a way represented the fate of the Greek vehicle producing sector, which, except for the "indigenous" companies, included a number of companies involved in vehicle assembly and license production. In the early 1980s conditions in Greece seemed favorable for the expansion of this activity, and a number of foreign companies (including Hyundai, during its early steps in Europe) had expressed interest in creating assembly and production facilities in the country. However, a number of reasons, the most important of which being the lack of interest of Greek governments in the particular industrial sector, lead to its decline and virtual disappearance. In 1995, Teocar, the largest Greek vehicle assembly company ceased production after 170,000 Nissans/Datsuns had been produced; its state-of-the-art factory in Volos, modernized only a few years earlier, was dismantled and sold to Russia.

References 
L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, "Made in Greece", Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003)  (republished by the University of Patras Science Park, 2007) 
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)
E. Roupa and E. Hekimoglou, "I istoria tou aftokinitou stin Ellada (History of automobile in Greece)", Kerkyra - Economia publishing, Athens (2009)

External links 
World vehicle manufacturers
Teocar (related link)

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Greece
1985 disestablishments in Greece