omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Heinkel HD 22. The Heinkel HD 22 was a trainer designed in Germany during the 1920s. It was a conventional single-bay biplane with staggered wings braced with N-type interplane struts. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem, open cockpits, and the main units of the fixed, tailskid undercarriage were linked by a cross-axle.

The main producer of the type was Manfred Weiss in Hungary, which built the design to equip the Hungarian Air Force, which was at that time masquerading as civil flying clubs. Around 30 aircraft were purchased, making this the most significant user of the type.

One HD 22 was purchased by the US Army Air Corps for use by the US military attache in Germany.

Operators

Hungarian Air Force

United States Army Air Corps

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 1930-1937 USAAS Serial Numbers

1920s German civil trainer aircraft
HD 22
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Heinkel HD 28. The Heinkel HD 28 was a reconnaissance seaplane developed in Germany in the 1920s for export to Japan. It was a conventional single-bay biplane with equal-span, unstaggered wings and three cockpits in tandem. The fuselage was braced to both the upper and lower wings with a number of struts on its sides, in addition to the normal cabane struts. The rudder extended below the line of the lower fuselage, and there was a large ventral fin fitted. The rearmost cockpit incorporated a ring mount for a gunner.

A single example built by Heinkel and supplied to Aichi as a pattern aircraft, given the designation Aichi Experimental Three-seat Reconnaissance Seaplane, for possible production in Japan, but was rejected due to problems with the engine and also failure to meet performance and weight reduction targets.

Specifications

References

Further reading
 

1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
HD 28
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Heinkel HD 24. The Heinkel HD 24 was a training seaplane developed in Germany in the late 1920s. It was a conventional single-bay biplane with equal-span, staggered wings. The fuselage was braced to both the upper and lower wings with a number of struts on its sides, in addition to the normal cabane struts. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem, open cockpits, and the undercarriage consisted of twin pontoons, although this could be readily exchanged for wheels or skis.

Heinkel entered two HD 24s (alongside two HD.5) in the German Seeflugwettbewerb seaplane competition in 1926. One of the HD.24 was the third placed - only three aircraft completed the course and completed all the tests in the 11-day competition- leading to orders by the DVS (for 23 aircraft) and the Swedish Navy. The latter aircraft were to be built in Sweden by Svenska Aero based on two pattern aircraft provided by Heinkel. Before the Swedish examples could be delivered, the Swedish Air Force had assumed responsibility for Swedish naval aviation, and so took delivery of the six domestically produced machines, designating them Sk 4.

One HD 24 was exported to China, and another was bought by German explorer Gunther Plüschow who named it Tsingtau and took it on an expedition in 1927–28 to Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. The journey was recorded in his book and documentary film Silberkondor über Feuerland. A full size replica of the Tsingtau D1313 is being assembled for static display as of April 17, 2009, in Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is located at about 500 of Alicia Moreau de Justo Avenue. This replica was located in the Aeroclub of Ushuaia, Province of Tierra del Fuego, Argentine; during a visit to the aeroclub on 5 November 2022 it was reported to have been scrapped. A new replica is being built for in El Calafate, Province of Santa Cruz, Argentine. It will be locate in the Glaciarium.

Variants
 Sk 4 - HD 24 for Swedish service with Mercedes D.IIIa engine (2 built by Heinkel, 4 by Svenska Aero)
 Sk 4A - Sk 4 with Junkers L 5 engine (2 built by Svenska Aero, plus 3 converted from Sk 4)
 Sk 4B - Sk 4 with Armstrong Siddeley Puma engine (3 converted from Sk 4)

Operators

Swedish Air Force
Swedish Navy

Specifications (HD 24a landplane)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Heinkels at Warnemunde - image includes HD.24

1920s German civil trainer aircraft
Floatplanes
HD 24
Biplanes
Svenska Aero aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Heinkel HD 35. The Heinkel HD 35 was a trainer developed in Germany in the 1920s. It was a conventional single-bay biplane with staggered wings of equal span. The design was based on that of the HD 21, and like that aircraft, it had three open cockpits in tandem, although the most forward of these was usually faired over when not in use.

The Swedish Air Force bought an example to evaluate as a replacement for the World War I-vintage Albatros B.IIs it was then using for training. This aircraft was designated Sk 5 and was flight tested until March 1927, at which time it was judged inadequate in performance. It was subsequently sold onto the civil market and was eventually acquired by the Flygvapenmuseum, where it is preserved. The Heinkel HD 35 is comparable to Curtiss JN-4 Jenny in general specifications.

Operators

Swedish Air Force

Specifications

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
 Curtiss JN-4 Jenny

References

External links

 Heinkel HD 35 - description and images

1920s German civil trainer aircraft
HD 35
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Fwe. Fwe or FWE may refer to:
 Fwe language

 Family-wise error rate
 Family Wrestling Entertainment
  (FWE), renamed to VEB Mikroelektronik "Karl-Marx" Erfurt (MME) in 1983, a microelectronic design and development facility in the former East Germany

 "Finished With Engines" Command on ship's wheelhouse/engine-room telegraph.
Heinkel HD 36. The Heinkel HD 36 was a trainer developed in Germany in the 1920s at the request of the Swedish Air Force, which was in search of a new trainer aircraft. The newly formed air force had previously evaluated the HD 35, found it to be underpowered, and asked Heinkel to address this problem. Heinkel's response was a development of the HD 35 modified to use the Mercedes D.III engine instead. The HD 36 also dispensed with the third cockpit that had been a feature of the HD 35 and HD 21 before it, but otherwise the design was largely the same. The single example built by Heinkel was tested by the Air Force, and found still not quite satisfactory, was modified by CFM (the Air Force workshops) until the problems had been largely eliminated. Once this had happened, CFM built two batches of 10 aircraft, delivering them in 1928 and 1930 as the Sk 6.

Constant trouble with the engines led to restrictions on longer flights being imposed, and the solution eventually adopted was to replace the engines on all Sk 6s with Armstrong Siddeley Pumas. Aircraft thus modified were redesignated S 6A. Regardless, the type did not remain in service for very long, and all were dismantled after only a few years.

Operators

Swedish Air Force

Specifications

References
 

1920s German military trainer aircraft
HD 36
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Heinkel HD 25. The Heinkel HD 25 was a two-seat shipboard biplane reconnaissance floatplane developed in Germany during the 1920s for production in Japan.

Development
It was intended to provide a spotter aircraft for warships, to take off from a short ramp since shipboard catapults had not yet been developed by the Japanese. The HD 25 was a conventional biplane with staggered wings and twin pontoon undercarriage. The pilot and observer sat in tandem, open cockpits.
A single example of a modified demilitarised version was built by Aichi as the AB-1, and three surplus Type 2 Two-seat Reconnaissance Seaplanes were converted with two seat cabins aft of the open rear cockpit, to seat three passengers, for use by the Kouchi Shimbun newspaper.

Operational history
Two prototypes were built by Heinkel in Germany, with the first flying in 1926. Following trials, the Navy officially accepted the type in March 1928 and gave it the designation Type 2 Two-seat Reconnaissance Seaplane. 16 were built by Aichi and saw brief service aboard the cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy.

Variants
Heinkel HD 25
Heinkel Doppeldecker 25, two prototypes designed and built in Germany.
Heinkel Large Reconnaissance Seaplane
Unofficial designation for the Heinkel built prototypes
Heinkel-Type Warship Seaplane
Initial unofficial designation for the Aichi produced aircraft 
Aichi Type 2 Two-seat Reconnaissance Seaplane
Production aircraft built by Aichi in Japan with modifications to allow operations from turret platforms
Aichi Type 2 Transport
Conversions of three surplus Type 2 Two-seat Reconnaissance Seaplanes with cabins seating three passengers, used by the Kouchi Shimbun newspaper.
Aichi AB-1
A single aircraft redesigned for a competition by the Japanese Aviation Bureau of the Department of Communications for a locally developed transport. Modifications included increased dimensions overall, N-type interplane struts, a four seat enclosed cabin forward of the two open cockpits and a  Nakajima-Lorraine 12Eb W-12 engine.

Specifications (Aichi-built Type 2 Two-seat Reconnaissance Seaplane)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
HD 25
Aichi aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Edmund Sparmann. Edmund Ernst Karl Sparmann (16 June 1888 in Vienna, Austria – 24 June 1951 in Stockholm) was an aircraft designer and aeronautical inventor.

He created an aircraft factory in Stockholm, was an aircraft designer, created and patented several aeronautical inventions, served in the Austrian Army flying corps in the first world war and designed and built the P1 Sparmann airplane.

P 1 Sparmann 
The P 1, also known as the P 1 Sparmann or S 1-A ”Sparmannjagaren” was a trainer fighter created by Sparmann

References

External links 
P 1 - Sparmann S 1-A ”Sparmannjagaren” (1939-1947)
Edmund Sparmann  at the Swedish Air Force Museum

1888 births
1951 deaths
Engineers from Vienna
Austro-Hungarian World War I pilots
Austrian aviators
Chuhatsu-class landing craft. The  or 13m landing craft was a type of landing craft, used by the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. It was a smaller version of the Daihatsu Class, with a bow ramp that was lowered to disembark cargo upon riding up onto the beach.

It was utilised by the Imperial Japanese Navy as a liberty and supply boat for cruisers, and as a lighter for transporting aircraft.

References
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; and Mickel, Peter. Translated by Brown, J.D. 1977. Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Naval Institute Press. .
Military Monograph Series - Japanese Landing Craft of World War II. Merriam Press. 

Landing craft
1-Methylnaphthalene. 1-Methylnaphthalene is an organic compound with the formula C11H10. It is a colorless liquid. It is isomeric with 2-methylnaphthalene.

Reference fuel
1-Methylnaphthalene defines the lower (zero) reference point of cetane number, a measure of diesel fuel ignition quality, as it has a long ignition delay (poor ignition qualities). In contrast, cetane, with its short ignition delay, defines the upper reference point at 100. In testing, isocetane (2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane or HMN) replaced 1-methylnaphthalene as the low cetane number reference fuel in 1962 for reasons of better oxidation stability and ease of use in the reference engine. The scale is unchanged, as isocetane's cetane number is measured at 15, referenced to 1-methylnaphthalene and cetane.

Methylnaphthalene anion
With alkali metals, 1-methylnaphthalene forms radical anion salts such as sodium 1-methylnaphthalene.

Compared to its structural analog sodium naphthalene, sodium 1-methylnaphthalene is more soluble, which is useful for low-temperature reductions.

See also
 Naphthalene

References

External links
PubChem Entry for 1-methylnaphthalene

1-Naphthyl compounds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Heinkel HD 26. The Heinkel HD 26 was a reconnaissance seaplane developed in Germany during the 1920s for production in Japan. It was intended as a smaller, single-seat counterpart to the HD 25, to provide a spotter aircraft for warships and to take off from a short ramp. The HD 26 was a conventional biplane with staggered wings, twin float undercarriage, and an open cockpit.

The pattern aircraft supplied by Heinkel was powered by a 300 hp Hispano-Suiza V-8 engine, but the single example of the Aichi Navy Type 2 Single-seat Reconnaissance Seaplane built by Aichi had an Aichi-built 420 hp Bristol Jupiter VI instead. Launching ramps were built on the battleship  and the cruiser  for trials, but the HD 25 and HD 26 were already obsolete.

Variants
Heinkel HD 26
Heinkel Doppeldekker 26, German built prototype of a single seat reconnaissance/fighter seaplane
Heinkel Small Reconnaissance Seaplane
Unofficial designation for the Heinkel built prototype
Heinkel-go Reconnaissance Seaplane
An alternative unofficial designation for the HD 26
Aichi Navy Type 2 Single-seat Reconnaissance Seaplane
The official designation for the Heinkel and Aichi built prototypes

Specifications (Aichi-built)

References
Notes

Bibliography
 
 Mikesh, Robert and Shorzoe Abe. Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. London: Putnam, 1990. 

1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
HD 26
Aichi aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Shohatsu-class landing craft. The Shohatsu (小発) or 10m landing craft was a small landing craft used by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. It was used for landing personnel and stores. It was designated the "Type B" landing craft by the United States.

Design
The Shohatsu class were  long,  wide, and had a draft of . The class had a maximum speed of , and a range of , assuming they were travelling at top speed. The ship could hold 35 men, or 3.5 tons of cargo. It was built of steel, and had a single bow with no landing ramp.

Service history
It was carried by destroyers and smaller vessels as a cargo boat. Japan ordered 20 of the Shohatsu class land crafts, but it is not known how many of them were actually finished and delivered.

References

Citations

Books

Websites

Further reading
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; and Mickel, Peter. Translated by Brown, J.D. 1977. Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Naval Institute Press. .
Military Monograph Series - Japanese Landing Craft of World War II. Merriam Press. 

Landing craft
Military boats
Ships of the Imperial Japanese Army
Amphibious warfare vessels of Japan
Toku Daihatsu-class landing craft. The Toku Daihatsu Class or 17m landing craft was a type of landing craft, used by the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. It was designated the "Super Type A" landing craft by the United States.

History
It was a larger design of the Daihatsu Class landing craft, with a bow ramp that was lowered to disembark cargo upon riding up onto the beach. It was constructed of a metal hull and powered by a diesel engine.

Designed to carry a medium-sized tank or two eight ton tanks. The landing craft was used extensively to run troops and supplies to isolated garrisons, referred to as ant runs by the Japanese. The Allied air forces and U.S. PT boats undertook increasingly successful raids at intercepting and destroying these craft towards the end of World War II.

References

Bibliography
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; and Mickel, Peter. Translated by Brown, J.D. 1977. Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Naval Institute Press. .
Military Monograph Series - Japanese Landing Craft of World War II. Merriam Press. 

Landing craft
Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy
Amphibious warfare vessels of Japan
DIB-200. DIB-200 is a possible mixed use supertall skyscraper project proposed by Kajima Construction for Tokyo, Japan, designed by Sadaaki Masuda and Scott Howe. If constructed, it would be  tall. The name stands for Dynamic Intelligent Building of 200 stories.

The design consists of 12 cylindrical modules  across and  long, which are stacked one on top of the other to form four towers that rise to different heights from the corners of a quadrangle at the base. One tower is two modules high, two towers are three modules high, and the fourth tower consists of four modules and climbs the full 800 metres. The modular design would help keep down costs and make technical problems more manageable. The gaps between the modules are designed to reduce wind loading on the structure.

The design has been criticized for looking as if it owes more to engineering pragmatism than architectural flair. However, Sadaaki Masuda claims that they could do little to influence the overall appearance of DIB-200 once the module had been designed and the parameters agreed upon. He believes his company is right to want a technically feasible scheme that, however ambitious, is realistic by today's standards. Scott Howe sees their contribution as helping to make the building a pleasant place for a population equivalent to that of a medium-sized town.

The first two tiers provide office space for about 50,000 people. On the third tier, there will be a hotel with 2,500 rooms, while the top tier is a residential block for more than 300 homes. Despite the structure's extraordinary height, Howe talks of "putting some horizontal into the building", of "artificial ground levels and no bottlenecks moving up and down the building". People will use high-speed lifts to shuttle between tiers, and slower ones to reach individual floors. Though Kajima is sticking with proven technology, it is taking conventional lift design to the limit with cables as long as 600 metres to provide the building's most direct service. Between tiers, horizontal sky lobbies will link the towers, and contain shops, sports and cultural centres.

References
Cities in the sky: New Scientist, October 2, 1993

External links
DIB-200 Super-High-Rise Building

Proposed skyscrapers in Japan
Skyscraper office buildings in Tokyo
Residential skyscrapers in Tokyo
Skyscraper hotels in Tokyo
Retail buildings in Tokyo
Heinkel HD 32. The Heinkel HD 32 was a trainer developed in Germany in the 1920s, a derivative of the HD 21. Like that aircraft, it was a conventional, single-bay biplane, but had only two cockpits rather than the three that the HD 21 had. The other significant change was the use of a Siemens radial engine in place of the inline units that powered most of the HD 21 family.

A number of HD 32s participated in the 1925 Deutscher Rundflug, including one powered by a Bristol Lucifer engine.

Specifications (variant)

References

 

1920s German military trainer aircraft
HD 32
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Student Steel Bridge Competition. The American Institute of Steel Construction Student Steel Bridge Competition is an annual contest where teams of university students from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Student Chapters studying the field of structural engineering where the students design and fabricate a bridge. The bridges must follow the specifications worded out in the rule book. Once the bridges are fabricated, students will go and build assemble the bridge at a competition.

History
The competition began as a miniature bridge design competition using balsa wood to see which competitor's bridge is the best. Robert E. Shaw Jr., Associate Director of Education for the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), initiated the steel bridge competition in the spring of 1987 and was honored by the AISC in 2000.

The first teams to compete were Lawrence Technological University (who hosted the competition), Wayne State University, and Michigan Technological University. In 1988, the competition grew to four regional conference competitions: North Central at the University of Detroit, Great Lakes at the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Carolinas at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and Ohio Valley at the University of Louisville. In 1992, Fromy Rosenberg, who was the Director of AISC College Relations, began the first National Student Steel Bridge Competition.

Past champions
The following are past champions.

Scoring
The different criterias in the competition that will be judged are:

Construction Time
Number of Builders
Total Weight
Aggregate Deflection
Lateral Deflection

These different criteria go into two different formulas to calculate the construction cost and economy cost. There are also penalties that can cause the construction time or weight to increase.

The overall winner has the lowest sum from the construction economy and structural efficiency categories.

Regional advancement
Getting to the National Competition—teams compete at regional conferences around the United States. The top teams from each region are invited to compete at the National Competition each year.

In a region of 2–6 teams, the top competitor advances to nationals.
In a region of 7–12 teams, the top two competitors advance to nationals.
In a region of 13–18 teams, the top three competitors advance to nationals.
In a region with 19 or more teams, the top four competitors advance to nationals.

See also

 List of engineering awards

References

External links
AISC Student Steel Bridge Competition

Awards established in 1992
Structural engineering awards
Student events
Awards of the American Society of Civil Engineers
AHI (Amiga). AHI (AHI audio system) is a retargetable audio subsystem for AmigaOS, MorphOS and AROS. It was created by Martin Blom in the mid-1990s to allow standardized operating system support for audio hardware other than just the native Amiga sound chip, for example 16-bit sound cards.

AHI offers improved functionality not available through the AmigaOS audio device driver, such as seamless audio playback from a user selected audio device (in applications which supported AHI), standardized functionality for audio recording and efficient software mixing routines for combining multiple sound channels thus overcoming the four channel hardware limit of the original Amiga chipset. It also incorporated a unique mode that produced 14-bit playback using the Amiga chipset by combining two 8-bit channels set at different volumes. The first official release of AHI was in 1996. AHI became a widely supported standard for audio hardware and audio software on Amiga systems and was officially included in later operating system releases.

The author has stated that when referring to this software the correct term is 'AHI audio system' or just 'AHI' and not 'Audio Hardware Interface', term sometimes used by the press.

References

External links

AHI web site

AmigaOS
Amiga
Amiga APIs
Audio libraries
MorphOS