omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Waste Incineration Directive. The Waste Incineration Directive, more formally Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste (OJ L332, P91 – 111), was a Directive issued by the European Union and relates to standards and methodologies required by Europe for the practice and technology of incineration. The aim of this Directive is to minimise the impact of negative environmental effects on the environment and human health resulting from emissions to air, soil, surface and ground water from the incineration and co-incineration of waste. The requirements of the Directive were developed to reflect the ability of modern incineration plants to achieve high standards of emission control more effectively. The Directive has been replaced by the Industrial Emissions Directive since 7 January 2014.

See also
List of solid waste treatment technologies

References

External links
Text of the directive and Summary of the directive

European Union directives
Waste legislation in the European Union
Waste legislation in the United Kingdom
Incineration
2000 in law
2000 in the European Union
2000 in the environment
Modula-2+. Modula-2+ is a programming language descended from the Modula-2 language. It was developed at DEC Systems Research Center (SRC) and Acorn Computers Ltd Research Centre in Palo Alto, California. Modula-2+ is Modula-2 with exceptions and threads. The group which developed the language was led by P. Rovner in 1984.

Main differences with Modula-2:

Concurrency; different than the concept of coroutine, which was already part of Modula-2
Exception handling
Garbage collection

Implementations
Modula-2+ was used to develop Topaz, an operating system for the SRC DEC Firefly shared memory asymmetric multiprocessing workstation. Most Topaz applications were written in Modula-2+, which grew along with the development of the system. Modula-2+ was also used by Acorn in the ARX operating system, and to build an integrated development environment in the Acorn Research Center (ARC). Modula-2+ strongly influenced other languages such as Modula-3, but as of 2005, it had disappeared.

The original developers of Modula-2+ were both acquired: Acorn by Olivetti and Digital Equipment Corporation by Compaq. Compaq was bought by Hewlett-Packard. Olivetti sold the Olivetti Research Center and Olivetti Software Technology Laboratory (after bought Acorn ARC) to Oracle Corporation and was later absorbed by AT&T. DEC have made the SRC-reports available to the public.

See also
 Modula

References

Modula programming language family
Procedural programming languages
Systems programming languages
Programming languages created in 1984
List of most-produced aircraft. This is a list of the most-produced aircraft types whose numbers exceed or exceeded 5,000. Any and all types of aircraft qualify, including airplanes, airships, balloons, gliders (sailplanes), helicopters, etc.

Most-produced aircraft
Notes 
Unless noted, aircraft are piston-engined  monoplanes. 
Role is generally either the original designed role of the aircraft or the role dominated production, disregarding minor variants. Aircraft may be categorized as "Multirole" if no particular role was dominant.
Production period column shows overall production date span of all types included in "Numbers produced" column, disregarding production hiatuses and changes in manufacturer, while including close variants and licensed production.
a  indicates aircraft still in production.

See also
List of most produced rotorcraft
List of best selling cars

Notes

References

External links 
 Aircraft production runs

Lists of aircraft
Transport-related lists of superlatives
Spinning band distillation. Spinning band distillation is a technique used to separate liquid mixtures which are similar in boiling points. When liquids with similar boiling points are distilled, the vapors are mixtures, and not pure compounds. Fractionating columns help separate the mixture by allowing the mixed vapors to cool, condense, and vaporize again in accordance with Raoult's law. With each condensation-vaporization cycles, the vapors are enriched in a certain component. A larger surface area allows more cycles, improving separation.

Spinning band distillation takes this concept one step further by using a spinning helical band made of an inert material such as metal or Teflon to push the rising vapors and descending condensate to the sides of the column, coming into close contact with each other. This speeds up equilibration and provides for a greater number of condensation-vaporization cycles.

Applications
Spinning band distillation may sometimes be used to recycle waste solvents which contain different solvents, and other chemical compounds.

See also
 Spinning cone
 The French Wikipedia webpage for Spinning Band Distillation contains more information than the English language version (here) and a few images that are missing from this webpage.

References
 B/R Instrument Corporation, Spinning Band Distillation, accessed 27 Oct, 2006.
 B/R Instrument Corporation, Comparison of Spinning Band Distillation with Packed Column Distillation, accessed 27 Oct 2006.
 Marshall Space Flight Center, Two Methods for Purifying Carbon Tetrachloride. Accessed 27 Oct 2006.

Distillation
Separation processes
Laboratory equipment
Chemical equipment
Barium peroxide. Barium peroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula . This white solid (gray when impure) is one of the most common inorganic peroxides, and it was the first peroxide compound discovered. Being an oxidizer and giving a vivid green colour upon ignition (as do all barium compounds), it finds some use in fireworks; historically, it was also used as a precursor for hydrogen peroxide.

Structure
Barium peroxide consists of barium cations  and peroxide anions . The solid is isomorphous to calcium carbide, .

Preparation and use
Barium peroxide arises by the reversible reaction of  with barium oxide. The peroxide forms around 500 °C and oxygen is released above 820 °C.

This reaction is the basis for the now-obsolete Brin process for separating oxygen from the atmosphere. Other oxides, e.g.  and SrO, behave similarly.

In another obsolete application, barium peroxide was once used to produce hydrogen peroxide via its reaction with sulfuric acid:

The insoluble barium sulfate is filtered from the mixture.

Footnotes

See also
Barium oxide

External links

MSDS at sigma aldrich

Barium compounds
Peroxides
Pyrotechnic oxidizers
Pyrotechnic colorants
Oxidizing agents
Good engineering practice. Good engineering practice (GEP) is engineering and technical activities that ensure that a company manufactures products of the required quality as expected (e.g., by the relevant regulatory authorities). Good engineering practices are to ensure that the development and/or manufacturing effort consistently generates deliverables that support the requirements for qualification or validation. Good engineering practices are applied to all industries that require engineering.

See also
 GxP
 Good manufacturing practice (GMP)
 Best practice
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 European Medicines Agency (EMEA)
 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)
 Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S)

References

Sources
 Risk-Based Qualification for the 21st Century
 ISPE GAMP COP

Good
Engineering concepts
Good practice
Aricent. Aricent was a global design and engineering services company. It was acquired by French-based company Altran in 2018 and renamed Altran North America in April 2019 and Altran Americas in early 2020. With Altran's acquisition by Capgemini, the successors of Aricent are incorporated into Capgemini Engineering and to a lesser extent, Capgemini Invent.

Aricent was best known for developing telecom software which is used by telecom giants such as Cisco Systems, Juniper Networks, Nokia Networks, Oracle, Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise, and Nortel.

History

Aricent is the successor to Hughes Software Systems, which was established in 1991, as a subsidiary of Hughes Electronics, with funding from Sequoia Capital.
 1985: Future Software Communications founded by KV Ramani, a TCP/IP stack developer from India which will eventually merge with Hughes Software Systems.
 1991: Hughes Software Systems (HSS) founded by KV Ramani in Nehru Place, New Delhi to develop software solutions in the areas of VSAT-based networks for voice and data, cellular wireless telephony, packet switching, and multi-protocol routing. Pioneered the development of Protocol Stacks.
 2004: Flextronics bought HSS to form Flextronics Software Systems and merged with Future Software headquartered. Acquired Frog Design for approximately $25 million.
 2005: Expanded development operations in Kyiv, Kherson and Vinnytsia in Ukraine; Randburg, South Africa; and Beijing, China. Was delisted from India's stock market in preparation for sale.
 2006: Was acquired by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Sequoia Capital as part of a $900 million sales of software companies. The transaction represented the largest private equity buy-out in Indian history.
 2007: Acquired Datalinx; launched service provider offerings.
 2008: The Family Office, a multi-family office company with headquarters in Bahrain also joined in funding Aricent.
 2011: Rebranded to Aricent Group.
 2011: Opened engineering and development center for testing and wireless technologies in Vietnam
 2013: Rebranded to Aricent.
 2015: Acquired SmartPlay Technologies, a semiconductor service based firm for $180 million.  As part of the deal, SmartPlay's 1,200-plus staff joined Aricent's staff.
 2018: Altran acquired Aricent, with Aricent operating as Altran North America in the Americas; 
 2019: Capgemini announced plans to acquire Altran Group 
 2020: Capgemini acquired Altran Group in April, with the majority of Altran staff (including most former Aricent employees) incorporated into Capgemini Engineering. Frog incorporated into Capgemini Invent.

See also 

 Fortune India 500
 List of companies of India
 Tanla Platforms
 Route Mobile

References

Privately held companies based in New Jersey
Defunct software companies of the United States
Companies based in Palo Alto, California
Software companies established in 1991
Software companies of Ukraine
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts companies
1991 establishments in California
2020 disestablishments in California
Software companies disestablished in 2020
2020 mergers and acquisitions
Goal node (computer science). In computer science, a goal node is a node in a graph that meets defined criteria for success or termination.

Heuristical artificial intelligence algorithms, like A* and B*, attempt to reach such nodes in optimal time by defining the distance to the goal node. When the goal node is reached, A* defines the distance to the goal node as 0 and all other nodes' distances as positive values.

References
N.J. Nilsson Principles of Artificial Intelligence (1982 Birkhäuser) p. 63

See also
Tree traversal

Graph algorithms
Metro WSIT. Web Services Interoperability Technology (WSIT) is an open-source project started by Sun Microsystems to develop the next-generation of Web service technologies. It provides interoperability between Java Web Services and Microsoft's Windows Communication Foundation (WCF).

It consists of Java programming language APIs that enable advanced WS-* features to be used in a way that is compatible with Microsoft's Windows Communication Foundation as used by .NET. The interoperability between different products is accomplished by implementing a number of Web Services specifications, like JAX-WS that provides interoperability between Java Web Services and Microsoft Windows Communication Foundation.

WSIT is currently under development as part of Eclipse Metro.

WSIT is a series of extensions to the basic SOAP protocol, and so uses JAX-WS and JAXB. It is not a new protocol such as the binary DCOM.

WSIT implements the WS-I specifications, including:
Metadata
WS-MetadataExchange
WS-Transfer
WS-Policy
Security
WS-Security
WS-SecureConversation
WS-Trust
WS-SecurityPolicy
Messaging
WS-ReliableMessaging
WS-RMPolicy
Transactions
WS-Coordination
WS-AtomicTransaction

See also 

 JAX-WS

References

External links 

Sun Developer Network's WSIT page
WS-I and WSIT - What's the difference?
 java.net project pages
WSIT java.net project page
GlassFish java.net project page
JAX-WS java.net project page
 WSIT documentation
 WSIT Tutorial
 WS-I information
 WS-I home page
 Specifications
WS-MetadataExchange
WS-Transfer
WS-Security
WS-SecureConversation
WS-SecurityPolicy
WS-Trust
WS-ReliableMessaging
WS-RMPolicy
WS-Coordination
WS-AtomicTransaction
WS-Policy
WS-PolicyAttachment

A general framework, applicable but not limited to Web services, for interoperation of model-based services is described at

Interoperability
Java enterprise platform
Web services
IBM Electromatic Table Printing Machine. The IBM Electromatic Table Printing Machine was a typesetting-quality printer, consisting of a modified IBM Electromatic Proportional Spacing Typewriter connected to a modified IBM 016 keypunch. A plugboard control panel was used for programming and formatting of the printout.

A deck of punched cards containing the table (calculated and punched by other unit record equipment) to be printed was put into the IBM 016, which read them and then controlled the typing of the typewriter through a box containing solenoids that depressed the keys. Printed output could then be photographically reproduced on a printing plate, which would be used in a printing press to make as many copies as needed.

Development
Columbia University Astronomy Professor Wallace Eckert was examining the process used by the Navy to produce Air Almanacs. Deciding that the manual computation techniques used were too slow and error prone, he recommended automating the process with existing punched card based unit record equipment. One of the hardest problems was getting a high-quality printout of the tables. Initially IBM 405 accounting machines with special modifications were used, but he wanted something better. In 1941 Eckert developed a specification for a card-driven composing typewriter and asked IBM to design and build it.

The first Electromatic Table Printing Machine was delivered to him in 1945. It produced it first Air Almanac in 1946.

References

External links
The US Naval Observatory Table Printer - 1945

Electromatic Table Printing Machine
Impact printers
Electromatic
Electromatic Table
Green box (container). The Green Box (GB) is a large metal container, designed and utilized for free public disposal and recycling of electronic waste. It is produced and sold by an eponymous California company.

Company history 
Matt Miller of Huntington Beach, California created The Green Box in 2011. It is a  box that is placed on private or public property within cities wherein businesses and residents unload their old and broken electronics 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Green Boxes were first released to the public for beta-testing in January 2012, using bins manufactured and operated by Orange County-based Green Box Electronic Recyclers, Inc. (Green Box E.R.I.), in their Huntington Beach and other test markets. In March 2012, Green Box E.R.I. began expanding Green Box numbers into many cities throughout southern California including Costa Mesa, Laguna Beach, Westminster, Mission Viejo, Newport Beach, Tustin, Seal Beach and Sunset Beach.

The bins are highly recognizable in part because of their trademarked name and electric green coloration. Located in high traffic areas within multiple city regions of southern California, Green Boxes are exclusively serviced and managed by Green Box Electronic Recyclers, Inc. a California Corporation.

Design  and function 
The shade of green chosen for Green Boxes is similar to that of a green highlighter marker. CEO Miller named the custom color ‘electric green’ and says his is the first company in the United States to apply this color to an unattended collection box. Green Box E.R.I. possesses a U.S. trademark related to the green coloration.

The deposit opening on a Green Box is large enough to fit most electronic waste including computers, DVD players, flat-screen computer monitors, LCDs, copiers, laptops, cell phones, musical devices such as iPods, household printers, fax machines, mice, image scanners, servers, digital cameras, calculators, electronic boards, cords and cables, CPUs, routers, stereo equipment, medical equipment, video cameras, VCRs, disc players and keyboards. Deposits are made by placing electronic waste on a large platform, and lifting up on the handle. Items fall downward into the box.

The graphics on a Green Box include the company’s phone number, website, logo, a data destruction statement, a warning against dumping, a ‘No CRT’ label, a list of items accepted, the company’s Facebook and Twitter handles, the words ‘RECYCLE OLD ELECTRONICS’, and ‘FREE TO THE PUBLIC’, and icons of various electronic gadgets.

References

See also 
 Blue Box (container) 
 Green bin - composted materials
 Grey box - paper and cardboard
 Recycling bins - boxes with holes to allow users to drop in material for recycling

Waste containers
2011 introductions
American companies established in 2011
2011 establishments in California
H. H. Couzens. Sir Herbert Henry Couzens KBE (16 October 1877 – 17 November 1944) was a British electrical engineering executive who managed public utilities in England, Canada, and Brazil.

Career
H. H. Couzens was born in Totnes on 16 October 1877. He attended the Taunton School, and married Elsie Annie Goodman on 11 August 1902.

He was an electrical engineer for West Ham in London, England, when he was recruited in 1913 to head the new Toronto Hydro Electric Commission in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was instrumental in guiding the early development and expansion of the publicly owned electric network in Toronto.

Seven years later, in September 1920, he also became the first General Manager of the Toronto Transportation Commission (TTC), which had been established earlier that year to take over several privately and publicly owned street railway operations. He managed the integration of the different streetcar networks into one unified system, and oversaw the extensive rebuilding and reequipping of the TTC that took place throughout the early 1920s.

Job change
Couzens resigned his positions as general manager of Toronto Hydro and of the TTC in 1924, and joined the Brazilian Traction, Light and Power Co., a Canadian-owned utility based in Brazil, with extensive holdings in South America, and later became vice-president of the company. In 1937 he moved from Rio de Janeiro to England to work for the firm, and was knighted that same year. He returned to Toronto, Canada in 1941 as president of the company.

Death
In 1944, on a business trip to Brazil, he became ill and later died in Ilford, England on 17 November 1944.

References

1877 births
1944 deaths
Couzens, H.H.
British electrical engineers
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Canadian people of English descent
W. Lewis Hyde. Walter Lewis Hyde (1919–2003) was an American physicist, an early contributor to the field of fiber optics. He held patents for devices used in ophthalmology, as well as a panoramic rear-view mirror for automobiles.

Originally from Minnesota, he studied physics at Harvard University. He worked at the Polaroid Corporation in the nascent field of fiber optics. He married Elizabeth Sanford Hyde, and they had six children, including Lewis Hyde. In the 1950s, he worked for the London Office of Naval Research, tracking European physics research. He went on to become the director of development at the American Optical Company, in Southbridge, Massachusetts, and then a professor of optics at the University of Rochester. He then changed gears to administration, and served as provost of New York University until 1972.  He served as president of the Optical Society of America in 1970 

He married Elizabeth Sanford, who became the president of Woodstock Academy's Board of Trustees and helped lead the school's renovation and building project in the early 1990s. The library and media center there is named after her.

References

See also
Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA

1919 births
2003 deaths
People from Minnesota
Harvard University alumni
University of Rochester faculty
New York University faculty
20th-century American physicists
American optical physicists
Presidents of Optica (society)
Ionic atmosphere. Ionic Atmosphere is a concept employed in Debye–Hückel theory which explains the electrolytic conductivity behaviour of solutions.  It can be generally defined as the area at which a charged entity is capable of attracting an entity of the opposite charge.

Asymmetry, or relaxation effect
If an electrical potential is applied to an electrolytic solution, a positive ion will move towards the negative electrode and drag along an entourage of negative ions with it.  The more concentrated the solution, the closer these negative ions are to the positive ion and thus the greater the resistance experienced by the positive ion.  This influence on the speed of an ion is known as the "Asymmetry effect" because the ionic atmosphere moving around the ion is not symmetrical; the charge density behind is greater than in the front, slowing the motion of the ion. The time required to form a new ionic atmosphere on the right or time required for ionic atmosphere on the left to fade away is known as time of relaxation. The asymmetrization of ionic atmosphere does not occur in the case of Debye Falkenhagen effect due to high frequency dependence of conductivity.

Electrophoretic effect
This is another factor which slows the motion of ions within a solution. It is the tendency of the applied potential to move the ionic atmosphere itself.  This drags the solvent molecules along because of the attractive forces between ions and solvent molecules.  As a result, the central ion at the centre of the ionic atmosphere is influenced to move towards the pole opposite its ionic atmosphere. This inclination retards its motion.

Limits to the model
The model of ionic atmosphere is less adequate for concentrated ionic solutions near saturation. These solutions as well as molten salts or ionic liquids have a structure similar to the crystalline lattice where water molecules are located between ions.

References

Analytical chemistry
Physical chemistry
Viscoelasticity of bone. Viscoelasticity of bone can arise from multiple factors related to structures on multiple length scales. Bone is a composite of the bio-polymer collagen and the bio-ceramic hydroxyapatite. Additionally the collagen is plied in various directions around the bone. Bone has two structural forms; cortical and cancellous.

The viscoelasticity of bone can therefore arise from the void collapse and deossification of cancellous bone and the natural viscoelastic response of collagen as a polymer.

Viscoelasticity 

Viscoelasticity is the phenomena of time-dependent strain exhibited by amorphous materials such as polymers or glasses. The viscoelasticity of materials depend on the viscosity and can be mechanically modelled using mechanical elements known as springs and dashpots. In turn, constitutive equations can relate the mechanical interpretation of viscoelasticity to the materials properties and strain rate.

References

Skeletal system