omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lathe dog. A lathe dog is a mechanical device typically made of cast iron, steel or aluminum that transmits rotary motion from a faceplate to a workpiece mounted between centers in a lathe. The tail of the dog is rotated by a slot in a driving faceplate, a stud mounted on a faceplate, or sometimes a side of a chuck jaw. The workpiece passes through an aperture in the dog into which the work is secured by one or more setscrews or a clamp arrangement. The maximum cross sectional dimension of the workpiece is limited by the dimensions of the dog aperture. Lathe dogs are provided in straight tail or bent tail form, and may be single tail or double tail. A lathe dog designed to hold square, rectangular or odd-shaped work and having a moveable portion secured typically by two cap screws is called a clamp dog. Bent tail dogs are able to engage directly with a driving faceplate slot or a chuck jaw but can crowd work off centre if clearance is not present between the dog tail and a closed end of the faceplate slot. Straight tail dogs do not present the issue of crowding work off centre but require at least one driving stud to be mounted on the faceplate. If the rotating mass of the dog setup is not balanced, eccentric motion of the work may occur. Counterbalancing or reduced spindle speed may be required. Care must be taken by the operator when using lathe dogs, as it is easy to get snagged on one. Use of headless setscrews, preferably of multiple-spline drive design, that do not protrude above the outer surface of the dog is recommended. A lathe dog may also be used with some indexing heads and other tools with similar faceplates that turn about a center.

See also
Lathe faceplate
Mandrel

Patents
 —Buss, Charles. Improvement in lathe-dogs

References

Lathes
American Champion. American Champion Aircraft Corporation, is a manufacturer of general aviation aircraft headquartered at the Rochester, Wisconsin airport. Founded in 1988 on the acquisition of the Champ, Citabria, Scout, and Decathlon, it has been producing replacement parts for these aircraft since that time. It has also been producing new aircraft since 1990.

The Champ, Citabria, Decathlon, and Scout designs were obtained from Bellanca which had acquired Champion Aircraft Corporation in 1970.   While Bellanca was responsible for the design of the Scout, the designs and type certificates for the Champ, Citabria and Decathlon originated from Champion Aircraft Corporation.

Aircraft

External links

American Champion Aircraft website 

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin
Racine County, Wisconsin
American companies established in 1988
Manufacturing companies established in 1988
Privately held companies based in Wisconsin
SJ Rc. The Rc class is the most used electric locomotive in Sweden. Built by Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA), the Rc is a universal locomotive used both in freight and passenger trains. The largest operator is Green Cargo, although SJ, Tågab, Hector Rail and Banverket operate it as well. Previous operators include Veolia Transport.

History
The Rc-model emerged from ASEA in the 1960s. It first appeared in 1967 to replace the older D-locomotives. Notably, ASEA facility manager and head engineer Tore Nordin was involved in designing and developing the Rc locomotive at ASEA. The initial Rc models are notable for using thyristors instead of the older relay-based system.

As of 2020, Rc-locomotives are still used all over Sweden in both passenger and freight lines, although on passenger trains they are slowly being replaced by new EMU, such as ER1.

Versions
Altogether, there have been eight versions of the Rc-locomotive in Sweden, including the freight locomotive Rm designed to pull iron ore trains. Rc1, Rc2, Rc4, and Rc5 have a maximum allowed speed of 135 km/h. Rc3 and Rc6 have a maximum allowed speed of 160 km/h. Rc7 was a rebuild of Rc6 meant to haul replacement trains needed when the X 2000 trains were canceled or delayed. Rc7 had a maximum allowed speed of 180 km/h. However, the maximum speed permitted without emergency electromagnetic track brakes is 160 km/h, and keeping extra carriages was considered too expensive. For that reason all Rc7 were subsequently converted back to Rc6. Rc1–Rc7 all weigh between 75 and 80 tonnes, whilst the Rm weighs 90 tonnes. The Rm's top speed is only 100 km/h and are more powerful locomotives.

Exports

Engines based on the Rc design were sold to other countries. ÖBB bought 10 Rc2 with extra brakes for the alpine conditions, ÖBB Class 1043. One of the locos was badly damaged in an accident but the remaining nine have been bought by the Swedish company Tågåkeriet i Bergslagen AB (TÅGAB), and returned to Sweden. A slightly altered Rc4 has been sold to Norwegian State Railways of Norway, known as El 16. The RAI 40-700 class (see Iranian Railways RC4) of eight engines were exported to Iran in the early eighties for use on the electrified stretches near the then-Soviet border; these were based on Rc4 but with Rm-type bogies, sand-proof air filters and no round windows on the side.  In 1977, an Rc4 was tested in the United States for use with Amtrak's passenger trains, designated as X995. The Rc4 engine proved successful and would become the basis for the AEM-7.

Refurbished units
42 class Rc2 locomotives have been refurbished by Bombardier for Green Cargo. They include various upgrades and are now known as class Rd2.

Gallery

References

External links

 Järnväg.net on Rc 
 Photos of various Rc locomotives

Railway locomotives introduced in 1967
Electric locomotives of Sweden
15 kV AC locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
ASEA locomotives
Rc
Green Cargo locomotives
Rolling stock innovations
Standard gauge locomotives of Sweden
LMS Scientific Research Laboratory. The LMS Scientific Research Laboratory  was set up following the formation of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923.

In 1929, the Company President, Lord Stamp read a paper Scientific Research in Transport to the Institute of  Transport, and, in 1930 he founded the Advisory Committee on Scientific Research for Railways.

The Scientific Research Laboratory was formed by the Vice-President and Director of Scientific Research, Sir Harold Hartley. Purpose-built accommodation was provided on the west side of London Road, Derby which opened in December 1935. The various paint and varnish laboratories were amalgamated and relocated there, joining the textile research from Calvert Street and the metallurgy and general engineering research in the locomotive works. In addition the laboratory liaised with various university departments, its remit covering all areas of railway operation.

In 1936 an aerodynamics laboratory was formed, located in the locomotive works, using 1/24 scale models. It was involved in the design work for Stanier's Coronation locomotives, and went on to assess smoke deflectors, carriage ventilation and the effect of passing trains on structures and passengers in stations. This passed to the Derby College of Technology in 1960. The Rugby Testing Station was opened in 1948 as a joint venture with the LNER.

Work continued into the nationalised era, when a decision was made to concentrate various headquarters functions, particularly that of the Chief Mechanical and Electrical Engineer, in one national centre. This produced the Railway Technical Centre (RTC) on the opposite side of London Road, on a site which had formerly been part of the Way and Works sidings. Part of the RTC would be occupied by a new British Rail Research Division, reporting directly to the Board, under the Chief Civil Engineer's Department. This went on, in addition to its other work into all aspects of the railway, to design the experimental version of the Advanced Passenger Train (APT-E).  The Scientific Research Laboratory was renamed Hartley House, and formed the Scientific Services department of the Research Division.

Later, after British Rail privatisation and the sale of the Research Division to AEA Technology, the Scientific Services department was separately privatised to form the company Scientifics Ltd.

Since 2012, the laboratory buildings have been occupied by the Zaytouna School, an Islamic faith primary school.

References
 Marsden, C.J., (1989) Twenty Five Years of Railway Research, Oxford Publishing Co (Haynes Publishing Group).

Specific

Engineering research institutes
London, Midland and Scottish Railway
Rail transport in Derby
Science and technology in Derbyshire
Buildings and structures completed in 1935
Kinetic Honda. Kinetic Honda was a joint venture between Kinetic Engineering Limited, India and Honda Motor Company, Japan. Kinetic was the first company to have a joint venture with HMSI. The partnership operated from 1984 to 1998, manufacturing two-stroke scooters in India. In 1998, the joint venture was terminated after which Kinetic Engineering continued to sell the models under the brand name Kinetic until 2008 when the interests were sold to Mahindra. Mahindra later wound up their two-wheeler business, owing to poor sales.

The brand Kinetic Honda is remembered for its legacy two-stroke scooters which were in fact based on the Honda NH series, with continuously variable transmission and electric start, first in India when it was launched (in 1984), and the only in India until the late 1990s.

Model history
 1984: Kinetic DX — 98cc, two-stroke, single mirror, black plastic finish
 1984: Kinetic EX — 98cc, two-stroke, single mirror, black plastic finish, no indicators (replaced by black blocks), limited colour versions
 1994: Kinetic ZX — 98cc, two-stroke, double mirror, wind shield, more graphical stickers, grey plastic finish
 1995: Kinetic Marvel — 99cc, two-stroke, double mirror, wide shield, more graphical stickers, red, white and blackish blue plastic finish and with pure Honda 2 stroke Engine (Awarded Scooter Of The Year)
 2000: Kinetic Y2K
 2001: Kinetic ZX Zoom — 110cc, two-stroke; otherwise as the ZX
 2002: Kinetic Nova
 2005: Kinetic 4s — 111.5cc, four-stroke
 2006: Kinetic Kine
 2008: Kinetic Jupiter and Kinetic Blaze

Notes

References

 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of India
Honda motorcycles
Indian motor scooters
Erwin Kreyszig. Erwin Otto Kreyszig (6 January 1922 in Pirna, Germany – 12 December 2008) was a German Canadian applied mathematician and the Professor of Mathematics at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He was a pioneer in the field of applied mathematics: non-wave replicating linear systems. He was also a distinguished author, having written the textbook Advanced Engineering Mathematics, the leading textbook for civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering undergraduate engineering mathematics.

Kreyszig received his PhD degree in 1949 at the University of Darmstadt under the supervision of Alwin Walther. He then continued his research activities at the universities of Tübingen and Münster. Prior to joining Carleton University in 1984, he held positions at Stanford University (1954/1955), the University of Ottawa (1955/1956), Ohio State University (1956–1960, professor 1957) and he completed his habilitation at the University of Mainz. In 1960 he became professor at the Technical University of Graz and organized the Graz 1964 Mathematical Congress. He worked at the University of Düsseldorf (1967–1971) and at the University of Karlsruhe (1971–1973). From 1973 through 1984 he worked at the University of Windsor and since 1984 he had been at Carleton University. He was awarded the title of Distinguished Research Professor in 1991 in recognition of a research career during which he published 176 papers in refereed journals, and 37 in refereed conference proceedings.

Kreyszig was also an administrator, developing a Computer Centre at the University of Graz, and at the Mathematics Institute at the University of Düsseldorf. In 1964, he took a leave of absence from Graz to initiate a doctoral program in mathematics at Texas A&M University.

Kreyszig authored 14 books, including Advanced Engineering Mathematics, which was published in its 10th edition in 2011. He supervised 104 master's and 22 doctoral students as well as 12 postdoctoral researchers. Together with his son he founded the Erwin and Herbert Kreyszig Scholarship which has funded graduate students since 2001.

Books
Statistische Methoden und ihre Anwendungen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1965.
Introduction to Differential Geometry and Riemannian Geometry (English Translation), University of Toronto Press, 1968.
(with Kracht, Manfred): Methods of Complex Analysis in Partial Differential Equations with Applications, Wiley, 1988, .
Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, Wiley, 1989, .
Differentialgeometrie. Leipzig 1957; engl. Differential Geometry, Dover, 1991, .
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Wiley, (First edition 1962; ninth edition 2006, ; tenth edition (posthumous) 2011,  ).

Literature
 
Obituary by Martin Muldoon

External links

Canadian mathematicians
20th-century German mathematicians
21st-century German mathematicians
Academic staff of Carleton University
1922 births
2008 deaths
Functional analysts
German textbook writers
Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
German emigrants to Canada
Canadian textbook writers
Overhead (engineering). In engineering, some methods or components make special demands on the system.  The extra design features necessary to meet these demands are called overhead. For instance, in electrical engineering, a particular integrated circuit might draw large current, requiring a robust power delivery circuit and a heat-dissipation mechanism.

Example 
An example from software engineering is the encoding of information and data. The date and time "2011-07-12 07:18:47" can be expressed as Unix time with the 32-bit signed integer 1310447927, consuming only 4 bytes. Represented as ISO 8601 formatted UTF-8 encoded string 2011-07-12 07:18:47 the date would consume 19 bytes, a size overhead of 375% over the binary integer representation. As XML this date can be written as follows with an overhead of 218 characters, while adding the semantic context that it is a CHANGEDATE with index 1.
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <DATETIME qualifier="CHANGEDATE" index="1">
     <YEAR>2011</YEAR>
     <MONTH>07</MONTH>
     <DAY>12</DAY>
     <HOUR>07</HOUR>
     <MINUTE>18</MINUTE>
     <SECOND>47</SECOND>
 </DATETIME>
The 349 bytes resulting from the UTF-8 encoded XML correspond to a size overhead of 8725% over the original integer representation.

See also 
 Overhead (business)

Engineering concepts
HP BASIC. HP BASIC may refer to any of several different BASIC dialects, of distinct lineages, created at either Hewlett-Packard (HP) or Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).

 HP Time-Shared BASIC, created at HP in the 1960s; for HP 2100 series minicomputers
 Rocky Mountain BASIC, created at HP, now transferred to Keysight; for HP 9000 and other platforms; often used with HP-IB instruments
 VSI BASIC for OpenVMS, created at DEC, and previously known as HP BASIC for OpenVMS prior to the transfer to VSI; for the RSTS, VMS, PDP, VAX, Alpha, and Integrity platforms
 BASIC (HP Series 80), created at HP in the 1980s; for the HP Series 80 desktop computers
 BASIC (HP calculators), created at HP in the 1980s; for HP calculators
 Prime Programming Language (PPL), created at HP in the 1990s; for the HP 38, 39, 40, and Prime algebraic/graphing calculators; once called "HP Basic"

See also
 BASIC - BASIC language and dialects in general
 HP HPL - High Performance Language for the HP 9800 series
Denison Bollay. Denison Bollay (born 1952) is a software engineer working on programming languages and search algorithms, with applications for e-commerce and financial information.

History
In 1975, Bollay became an early quant (before the term was invented), computing real-time option pricing.  Real-time stock and option data was so new, he had to design and build his own hardware to interface his Data General Eclipse computer with the Bunker Ramo machine and ticker.

Bollay is the author of ExperLogo and ExperLisp, the first incrementally compiled object-oriented programming languages for a personal computer, the Apple Macintosh. He introduced the world to the first Interface Builder in 1986, and the first dynamic interface building tool Action! in 1988. He was also the creator of DynamicDocuments in 1988, the first object-oriented, multimedia hypertext system (built in the language Lisp), WebBase, the first dynamic web server in 1995, and WebData (a database of databases web portal).

In 1999, he founded ExperClick, the first real-time internet auction market. The company's name was changed to AdECN in 2006. It was sold to Microsoft in August 2007.

He spun off a subsidiary, 3DStockCharts in 2000. It provided the first integrated real-time ECN stock market book in visual 3D graphics.

Bollay was awarded . He has many pending patents. He founded ExperTelligence in 1984, 3DStockCharts.com in 1999, ExperClick in 2000, and became Chairman of MicroMLS in 2004.  He founded and still operates a wireless internet service provider Kiza, Inc. in Southern California in 2014.

He is also one of the authors (with Mel Beckman and Brian Fox) of the BuddyCast peer-to-peer streaming media protocol.

Computer Camp
In 1980, Denison Bollay created The Original Computer Camp, an outdoor tech camping experience for kids. It included horseback riding, campfires, and a hundred computers, including the Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, TRS-80, and TI-99/4A. There were robots, turtles (silicon based), and synthesized computer music. It was featured on the front page of The Wall Street Journal, launching a trend that encouraged thousands of children to become interested in software.

He graduated from Harvey Mudd College in 1974.

References

Harvey Mudd College alumni
Living people
1952 births
Bowen's Kale. Bowen's Kale was a reference material produced by British chemist Humphry Bowen and used for the calibration of early scientific instruments intended to measure trace elements during the 1960s.

With Peter Cawse, Bowen grew, dried, and crushed a large amount of marrow-stem kale (Brassica oleracea var. medullosa) into  of a homogeneous and stable powder in 1960 that was subsequently freely distributed to researchers around the world for over two decades. This was probably the first successful example of such a de facto standard. Bowen's Kale stimulated the preparation of further materials by other organizations for similar use.

See also
 Reference standard

References

Bibliography
 Bowen, H. J. M., A standard biological material for elementary analysis. In P. W. Sallis (ed.), Proc. of the SAC Conference, Nottingham, UK, pp. 25–31. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, 1965.
 Bowen, H. J. M., Kale as a reference material. In W. R. Wolf (ed.), Biological Reference Materials: Availability, uses and need for validation of nutrient measurement, pp. 3–17. John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
 Stoeppler, M., Wolf, W. R. and Jenks, P. J. (eds.), Reference Materials for Chemical Analysis: Certification, Availability and Proper Usage. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2001. . (See pages 4, 26, 59 & 216.)

1960 introductions
1960 establishments in England
Standards of the United Kingdom
Powders
Biodegradable materials
Collections of museums in the United Kingdom
Elemental analysis
History of chemistry
Hobbs meter. Hobbs meter is a generic trademark for devices used in aviation to measure the time that an aircraft is in use. The meters typically display hours and tenths of an hour, but there are several ways in which the meter may be activated:

 It can measure the time that the electrical system is on. This maximizes the recorded time.
 It can be activated by oil pressure running into a pressure switch, and therefore runs while the engine is running. Many rental aircraft use this method to remove the incentive to fly with the master electrical switch off.
 It can be activated by another switch, either an airspeed sensing vane under a wing (as in the Cessna Caravan) or a pressure switch attached to the landing gear (as in many twin engine planes). In these cases, the meter only measures the time the aircraft is actually flying. Metrics such as Time In Service and Turbine Actual Runtime are kept to monitor overhaul cycles, and are usually used by commercial operators under Federal Aviation Regulations Parts 135, 121, or 125.
 It can be activated when the engine alternators are online (as in the Cirrus SR series).

General aviation use
For general aviation, "Hobbs time" is usually recorded in the pilot's log book, and many fixed-base operators that rent airplanes charge an hourly rate based on Hobbs time. Tachometer time or "tach time" is recorded in the engine's log books and is used, for example, to determine when the oil should be changed and the time between overhauls. Tach time differs from Hobbs time in that it is linked to engine revolutions per minute (RPM). Tach time records the time at a specific RPM. It is most accurate at cruise RPM, and least accurate while taxiing or stationary with the engine running. At these times, the clock runs slower. Depending on the type of flight, tach time can be 10–20% less than Hobbs time. Many organizations, such as flying clubs, charge by tach time so as to differentiate themselves from fixed-base operators as 10–20% less time recorded makes it 10–20% cheaper to fly (if the hourly rate is the same). In the case where flying clubs use tach time, many will charge a "dry rate", requiring the renter to pay for fuel on top of the hourly tach time rate.

History
The Hobbs meter is named after John Weston Hobbs (1889–1968), who in 1938 founded the company named after him in Springfield, Illinois, which manufactured the first electrically wound clocks for vehicle use. World War II created the demand for aviation hour meters which led to the development of the original Hobbs meter. The company was eventually renamed Honeywell Hobbs after being acquired by Honeywell International, who in 2009 announced plans to move manufacturing to Mexico.

In 2022, Honeywell obsoleted all of their hour meters including the Hobbs meter line.

References

Timers
Aircraft instruments
Avionics
Unipolar motor. A unipolar motor (also called homopolar motor) is a direct current (DC) motor typically with slip-rings on each end of a cylindrical rotor and field magnets or a DC field winding generating a magnetic field on the stator. The rotor has typically not a winding but just straight connections in axial direction between the slip-rings (e.g. a copper tube encasing the rotor or rods embedded in the rotor).

The field is uniformly perpendicular to the cylindrical rotor surface and does not change polarity over the 360-degree perimeter of the cylindrical part of the rotor. That means if the field is considered entering the rotor between the slip-rings it must leave the rotor though the rotor's end surfaces. It is not important that the magnetic field is generated from the stator; a similar field may be generated from the rotor with the same effect (the magnetic fields would not rotate with the rotor).

Unipolar motors and generators are rarely built any more because of advancing technology.

The voltage between the rotor connections (slip-rings) is normally low and the current then must be high to generate significant power. Current in the kiloampere range was applied for larger motors. The device also works in reverse as a generator if driven. It is useful for generating very large currents at low voltage. It does not appear to comply with a simple interpretation of Maxwell's equations in the sense that the magnetic field does not at any point pass through any closed winding to generate an electromagnetic effect.

Other definition

A unipolar motor is also a type of small DC electric motor commonly found in small, portable cassette players. In this case, the 'unipolar' property refers to its winding that does not need to change current direction and therefore can be driven by a simple transistor (e.g. IGBT). It is also used in stepper motors.

References

DC motors
Electric motors