omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Alcohol thermometer. The alcohol thermometer or spirit thermometer has a similar construction and theory of operation as a mercury-in-glass thermometer. However, the thermometric fluid of an alcohol thermometer is less toxic and evaporates quickly making it a safer alternative to mercury thermometers. The ethanol version is the most widely used due to the low cost and relatively low hazard posed by the liquid in case of breakage.

An organic liquid is contained in a glass bulb which is connected to a capillary of the same glass and the end is sealed with an expansion bulb. The space above the liquid is a mixture of nitrogen and the vapor of the liquid. For the working temperature range, the meniscus or interface between the liquid and gas/vapor is within the capillary. With increasing temperature, the volume of liquid expands and the meniscus moves up the capillary. The position of the meniscus shows the temperature against an inscribed scale.

The liquid used can be pure ethanol, toluene, kerosene or isoamyl acetate, depending on manufacturer and working temperature range. Since these are transparent, the liquid is made more visible by the addition of a red or blue dye. One half of the glass containing the capillary is usually enamelled white or yellow to give a background for reading the scale.

The range of usefulness of the thermometer is set by the boiling point of the liquid used. In the case of the ethanol-filled thermometer, the upper limit for measurement is 78 °C (172.4 °F), which makes it useful for measuring daytime, nighttime and body temperatures, although not for anything much hotter than these.

Ethanol-filled thermometer are used in preference to mercury for meteorological measurements of minimum temperatures and can be used down to −70 °C (−94 °F). The physical limitation of the ability of a thermometer to measure low temperature is the freezing point of the liquid used. Ethanol freezes at −114.9 °C (−174.82 °F). If an alcohol thermometer utilizes a combination of ethanol, toluene, and pentane, its lower temperature range may be extended to measure temperatures down to as low as −200 °C (−328 °F). However, the measurement temperature range c. −200 °C to 78 °C, is highly dependent upon the type of alcohol used.

History

The alcohol thermometer was the earliest efficient, modern-style instrument of temperature measurement. As is the case with many early, important inventions, several people are credited with the invention. These include Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who in 1654 made sealed tubes partly filled with alcohol, with a bulb and stem, depending on the expansion of a liquid, and independent of air pressure. Other sources, including the Encyclopædia Britannica, credit Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit with inventing the alcohol thermometer in 1709. Fahrenheit was a skilled glassblower and his alcohol thermometer was the world's first reliable thermometer.

References

Thermometers
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
1709 in science

fr:Thermomètre#Thermomètre à alcool
TableCurve 2D. TableCurve 2D is a linear and non-linear Curve fitting software package for engineers and scientists that automates the curve fitting process and in a single processing step instantly fits and ranks 3,600+ built-in frequently encountered equations enabling users to easily find the ideal model to their 2D data within seconds.

Once the user has selected the best fit equation, they can output high-quality function and test programming codes or generate comprehensive reports and publication quality graphs.

TableCurve 2D was originally developed by Ron Brown of AISN Software. The first version of TableCurve 2D was released in 1989.  The first version was a DOS product. The first Windows based product was introduced in the last quarter of 1992.

It was distributed by Jandel Scientific Software in the late 1980s but by January 2004, Systat Software acquired the exclusive worldwide rights from SPSS, Inc. to distribute SigmaPlot and other Sigma Series products. Systat Software is now based in San Jose, California.

TableCurve 2D saves time by taking the endless trial and error out of curve fitting and that can help solve complex science and engineering problems faster.

Related links 
SYSTAT
PeakFit
TableCurve 3D

External links 
 Systat Webpage
 TableCurve 2D Support Webpage

Plotting software
Regression and curve fitting software
Fairchild VZ-5. The Fairchild VZ-5 (or Model M-224-1) was an experimental VTOL aircraft built in the 1950s. The VZ-5 was designed by Fairchild Aircraft for research use by the United States Army.

Development
The VZ-5 prototype was built as part of a series of experimental aircraft designed to study various designs for VTOL aircraft and solve problems related to vertical and short takeoff. The VZ-5 was an all-metal high-wing monoplane with a fixed tricycle undercarriage. The fuselage had an open cockpit for one pilot and a rear-mounted high-tailplane. The unusual aspect of the aircraft was that it had one General Electric turboshaft in the rear fuselage driving four propellers, two each mounted in nacelles on the leading edge of each wing. It also had two small four-bladed tail-rotors mounted above the tailplane for control. The wing had conventional trailing edge flaps and ailerons but it also had a section of the wing that could be deflected to act as a full-span flap. For a vertical takeoff two-thirds of the wing chord acted as a flap in the slipstream of the four propellers.

The VZ-5 was first flown tethered on 18 November 1959 but only had limited testing before the project was abandoned.

Operators

United States Army

Specifications (VZ-5)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

VZ-5
1950s United States experimental aircraft
Single-engined four-prop tractor aircraft
Turboshaft-powered aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1959
VTOL aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Gul Agha (computer scientist). Gul Agha (Sindhi: گل آغا ) is a professor of computer science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and director of the Open Systems Laboratory. He is known for his work on the actor model of concurrent computation, and was also Editor-in-Chief of ACM Computing Surveys from 1999 to 2007.
Agha was born and completed his early schooling in Sindh, Pakistan. Agha completed his B.S. with honors at the California Institute of Technology in the year 1977. He received his Ph.D. in Computer and Communication Science from the University of Michigan in 1986 under the supervision of John Holland. However, much of his doctoral research was carried out in Carl Hewitt's Message-Passing Semantics Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Agha's dissertation was published by the MIT Press as Actors: a model of concurrent computation in distributed systems, a book which, according to the ACM Guide to Computing Literature, has been cited over 3000 times.

Interests
Agha enjoys Blues music and is a vegan and a pacifist.  He has three daughters, including filmmaker Sindha Agha, and lives with his wife Jennifer S. Cole in Illinois.

Awards
Agha became a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2002. He is also a Golden Core Member of the IEEE Computer Society, and a recipient of the IEEE Computer Society Meritorious Service Award, and was an International Lecturer for the ACM from 1992 to 1997.
Agha was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2018 for "research in concurrent programming and formal methods, specifically the Actor Model".

See also 
 Agent-based modeling
 SALSA (programming language)

References

External links
 Agha's official webpage at UIUC
 
 

Pakistani expatriate academics
Pakistani emigrants to the United States
Living people
American computer scientists
Programming language designers
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Grainger College of Engineering faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Year of birth missing (living people)
American academics of Pakistani descent
Sindhi people
Zemships. The project Zemships (Zero Emissions Ships) developed the  FCS Alsterwasser, a 100 person hydrogen-power passenger ship, power-assisted by an electric motor that gets its electricity from a fuel cell. The first boat operates on the Alster in Hamburg since 2008. The keel laying at the SSB shipyard in Oortkaten was on 4 December 2007.

Refueling
The hydrogen station will be a storage tank with 17,000 liters of hydrogen for refueling. Compression is done with an ionic liquid piston compressor.

Specifications
Boat for 100 passengers, 25.56 m long, 5.2 m wide, electric motor 100 kW, a hydrogen storage tank 350 bars, with two 48 kW PEM fuel cells (140 V DC) and an integrated battery (7 x 80 V, 360 Ah).

See also
 Nemo H2
 Hydrogen ship
 Clean Urban Transport for Europe
 Zero Regio
 Germanischer Lloyd guidelines for fuel cells on ships and boats

References

External links
Zemships homepage
Fuel Cell
HY
Zero Regio about Zemships

Hydrogen ships
Passenger ships
Nissan Diesel Space Arrow. The Nissan Diesel Space Arrow (kana:日産ディーゼル・スペースアロー) is a heavy-duty coach produced by the Japanese manufacturer Nissan Diesel from 1985 until 2010. The range was primarily available as tourist coach.

RA Series 
RA50 (1973)
K-RM51 (1980)
P-RA52 (1984)

Space Arrow RA/Space Wing I 
In 2005, Space Arrow RA/Space Wing I engine was changed to MD92TK. The MD92TK engine uses AdBlue Urea Selective Catalytic Reduction technology and ZF Ecomat 2 Plus 6-speed automatic equipped (6-speed manual deleted from lineup).

P-RA46/53 (1985)
U-RA520/530 (1990)
KC-RA531/550 (1995)
KL-RA552 (2000)
ADG-RA273 (2005)
PKG-RA274 (2006)

Space Arrow Euro Tour (1996-2001) 
The Space Arrow Euro Tour also called as "Euro Bus" is fitted with a Nissan Diesel Philippines body (based Jonckheere Deauville).
JA530RAN (RG8) (1996) - 350ps version
JA520RAN (RF8) - 310ps version

Space Arrow A/Space Wing A 
The Space Arrow A/Space Wing A is a rebadged Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Ace/Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Queen.
BKG-AS96JP (2007)
LKG-AS96VP (2010)

Model lineup 

Hi-decker
Space Arrow 12m
Super hi-decker
Space Wing 12m
Space Wing 3 axles 12m

Coaches (bus)
Space Arrow
UD trucks
Vehicles introduced in 1985
Tri-axle buses
RB5X. The RB5X is a personal robot manufactured by RB Robot Corporation of Golden, Colorado.

A cylinder-shaped robot with an optional arm, and a transparent, dome-shaped top, RB5X has an RS-232 communications interface and is programmable in TinyBASIC or Savvy.  It was first released circa 1983. Its inputs include eight bumper panels, a photodiode and a sonic transducer. The robot learns from experience.
 
The RB5X was an early commercial implementation of the concept of autonomous mobile robotics (AMR)  proposed and demonstrated by author/inventor, David L. Heiserman in 1976.

References

External links 
 https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/12/garden/past-and-present-robots-gather-for-exhibition.html
 http://ww.theoldrobots.com/rb5x.html
 http://www.rbrobotics.com/

1983 robots
Robots of the United States
Rolling robots
Florida Solar Energy Center. The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) is a research institute of the University of Central Florida, located on a 20-acre (.08 km2) research complex on Florida's Space Coast at UCF's Cocoa satellite campus. FSEC is the largest and most active state-supported renewable energy and energy efficiency research, training, testing and certification institute in the United States. The director of the institute is James M. Fenton, Ph.D.

FSEC's mission is to research and develop energy technologies that enhance Florida's and the nation's economy and environment, and to educate the public, students and practitioners on the results of the research. The Center has gained national and international recognition for its wide range of research, education, training and certification activities.

Operations
The Center's 150-member staff includes 95 professionals with expertise in engineering, energy research, building science, energy and policy analysis, and education and training. The remainder of the staff consists of technical and administrative support personnel and university student assistants. Research at FSEC is based on field monitoring, computer simulations and controlled experiments in highly instrumented laboratories. These research efforts are developed in partnership with industry, nonprofit organizations, private sponsors and national laboratories.

Research and grants
In October 2009, the United States Department of Energy provided a $2.8 million grant to Solar Energy Center to help lead efforts to create and manage the newly created Solar Installer Instructor Training Network. "The training network is a five-year effort intended to create a geographic blanket of training opportunities in solar installations across the United States. Its goals are to accelerate market adoption of solar technologies by ensuring that high-quality installations are standard and to create sustainable jobs within the solar installation industry. FSEC will operate the Southeast region of the seven-region network."

See also
Zero-energy building
United States Department of Energy
University of Central Florida research centers

References

External links
Florida Solar Energy Center Website

University of Central Florida
Research institutes in Florida
Environmental research institutes
Energy research institutes
1975 establishments in Florida
Buildings and structures in Brevard County, Florida
Cocoa, Florida
Solar energy in the United States
Blue Waters. Blue Waters was a petascale supercomputer operated by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. On August 8, 2007, the National Science Board approved a resolution which authorized the National Science Foundation to fund "the acquisition and deployment of the world's most powerful leadership-class supercomputer." The NSF awarded $208 million for the Blue Waters project.

On August 8, 2011, NCSA announced that IBM had terminated its contract to provide hardware for the project, and would refund payments to date. Cray Inc. then was awarded a $188 million contract with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to build the supercomputer for the Blue Waters project; the supercomputer was installed in phases in 2012. It operated until December 31, 2021, and was replaced by the Delta project in April 2022.

Performance
Blue Waters ran science and engineering codes at sustained speeds of at least one petaFLOPS. It had more than 1.5 PB of memory, more than 25 PB of disk storage, and up to 500 PB of tape storage. The storage filesystem was the Cray Lustre parallel file system, which is capable of terabyte-per-second storage bandwidth. It was connected with 300 Gbit/s wide area links.

Facility

A machine the scale of Blue Waters introduces special concerns with regards to cooling and power. A new National Petascale Computing Facility was built at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign at the corner of Oak Street and St. Mary's Road. This facility houses Blue Waters and other NCSA computing, networking, and data systems. The  building has a  machine room. The facility has been certified LEED Gold. The facility makes use of the university's campus-wide water cooling system and additional on-site cooling towers that take advantage of the low temperatures in Illinois during the winter months to help reduce energy consumption. The building was designed using complex fluid dynamic models to optimize the cooling system. Energy efficiency at the data center is estimated to be in the 85–90% range, far superior to the 40% efficiency typically seen in large data centers.

See also
List of fastest computers

References

Further reading

External links

 

Cray
National Science Foundation
Petascale computers
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
X86 supercomputers
Magnuson Computer Systems. Magnuson Computer Systems was a manufacturer of plug-compatible computers compatible with IBM mainframes. The Magnuson M80 range was available from the late 1970s and was successful when IBM struggled to ship machines. The company declared bankruptcy in March 1983 after IBM introduced new models and reduced prices.

The Magnuson processors were aimed at the lower end of IBM's product line.  They had a number of unique design features.  Perhaps the most notable was the voting logic on each processor card. All of the slots in the main chassis were interchangeable. All slots were filled on only the high-end model.

Carlton Amdahl, son of Gene Amdahl, was Vice President of Engineering at Magnuson. He went on to work with his father at Trilogy Systems.  There the "tell me three times" logic was incorporated into their chip designs at the level of individual gates and flip-flops.

See also 
 Amdahl Corporation
 Trilogy Systems

References

American companies established in 1977
American companies disestablished in 1983
Computer companies established in 1977
Computer companies disestablished in 1983
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer systems companies
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Landsort-class mine countermeasures vessel. The Landsort class mine countermeasures vessel were built by Swedish shipbuilding company, Kockums (formerly Karlskronavarvet) for the Swedish Navy and the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) between 1983 and 1996.

Design
As a mine countermeasure vessel, the hull is made out of glass-reinforced plastic in order to lower acoustic and magnetic signatures, as well as provide improved shock resistance to underwater explosions.

The Landsort class is equipped for mine sweeping with both conventional mechanical sweeping gear as well as electric and acoustic sweep systems. Mine hunting capability is provided by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) from Saab Underwater Systems, such as the Double Eagle.

Bedok Class

The  of the Republic of Singapore Navy is configured with the Thomson-CSF TSM 2061 Mk II mine hunting and mine disposal system, Thomson-CSF TSM 2022 hull-mounted high frequency sonar, two ECA PAP 104 Mk 5 ROVs, Signaal WM20 director, Norcontrol DB2000 navigation radar and Racal Precision Navigation System.

The vessels of the Bedok-class form the 194 Squadron of the RSN, under the Coastal Command.

Koster Class

In December 2004, the Swedish Navy awarded Kockums a contract for the mid-life upgrade for five of the Landsort class (excluding HMS Landsort and HMS Arholma). The upgrade includes a new mine countermeasures (MCM) system, adaptations for international operations as well as a new air defence systems involving moving and modification of the Arte 726 from the Kaparen class fast patrol boats. The first is expected to be completed in 2008. The upgraded vessels will be renamed as the Koster class, as the first vessel to be upgraded is HMS Koster (formerly the third ship in the Landsort class).

On 31 January 2005 a contract exceeding €30 million was awarded to Atlas Elektronik for the upgrade of these five vessels with the Atlas Integrated MCM Systems (IMCMS-S). The systems will be commissioned into operational service between 2008 and 2009. The system combines minehunting, minesweeping, mine disposal, surveillance and communication with other naval forces. It comprises an Atlas MCM Tactical Command and Control system, a broadband Atlas HMS-12M hull-mounted sonar and an Atlas mine identification and disposal system (MIDS) Seafox. The IMCMS-S onboard also fully integrates sensors and effectors like the self-propelled variable depth sonar, underwater positioning system, navigation radar and sensors, conventional MIDS systems, and air defence system.

The vessels are also upgraded to have Link 16 capability.

See also
Bedok-class mine countermeasures vessel
Koster-class mine countermeasures vessel

References

External links
Kockums - Landsort Class
Naval Technology - Landsort Class MCMV
Historical Swedish minsweeper M 20

Mine warfare vessel classes
Minehunters of the Swedish Navy
Tuckerboot (hydrogen). A Tuckerboot on hydrogen is an 8-person ship, power-assisted by an electric motor that gets its electricity from a fuel cell. Two boats are operating in Hamburg. The design is based on the AMS Tuckerboot 675.

Refueling
The boats are refueled with exchangeable tanks at the hydrogen station at Hamburg Airport

Specifications
Boat 6.76 m long, 2.44 m wide, draft 0.54 m, 15 Nm hydrogen storage tank, with two 1.2 kW/24 V PEM fuel cells, a 24V/180Ah battery, two electric motors (, 24 V, 28 A each) for 8 passengers.

See also
 Hydrogen ship
 Hydrogen vehicle
 Hydrogen economy

References

External links

Hydrogen ships
Karachi Institute of Power Engineering. The Karachi Institute of Power Engineering, commonly known as KINPOE,  is a post-graduate applied science school of the Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Established by the  Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in 1993 with cooperation with the NED University of Engineering and Technology in Karachi, the school grants the post-graduate degrees and training certifications in power engineering related disciplines.  The school is located near the vicinity of the Karachi Nuclear Power Complex (KANUPP-II) near at Paradise Point in Karachi, Pakistan.

See also

 List of Universities in Pakistan

References

External links
 KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering - Official site

Engineering universities and colleges in Pakistan
Universities and colleges in Karachi
Constituent institutions of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Engineering research institutes
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Evangel 4500. The Evangel 4500 was a 1960s American twin-engined light passenger/cargo monoplane built by the Evangel Aircraft Corporation.

Development
The Evangel Aircraft Corporation was established to design and build a bush aircraft particularly for use by missionary groups. For work in South America it had to have STOL capability and be simple to operate and maintain. The aircraft that was designed was designated the Evangel 4500-300 and was a twin-engined monoplane with a tailwheel  
configuration retractable landing gear. The prototype first flew in June 1964 and the first production aircraft in January 1969. The aircraft needs a very short take-off run and can achieve a take-off to 50ft (15m) within 375yds (343m).

Variants
4500
The sole prototype, with a high strut braced wing and tricycle undercarriage.
4500-300
Production variant
4500-300-II
Used to identify aircraft fitted with turbochargers.

Specifications

See also

References
Citations

Bibliography
 Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co, 1971. .
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing

External links
Evangel 4500 historical website

4500
1960s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1964
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft