omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cobalt(II) oxide. Cobalt(II) oxide is an inorganic compound that has been described as an olive-green or gray solid. It is used extensively in the ceramics industry as an additive to create blue-colored glazes and enamels, as well as in the chemical industry for producing cobalt(II) salts. A related material is cobalt(II,III) oxide, a black solid with the formula Co3O4.

Structure and properties 
CoO crystals adopt the periclase (rock salt) structure with a lattice constant of 4.2615 Å.

It is antiferromagnetic below 289 K.

Preparation
Cobalt(II) oxide is prepared by oxidation of cobalt powder with air or by thermal decomposition of cobalt(II) nitrate or the carbonate.

Cobalt(II,III) oxide decomposes to cobalt(II) oxide at 950 °C:
2 Co3O4 → 6 CoO + O2

It may also be prepared by precipitating the hydroxide, followed by thermal dehydration:
 CoX2 + 2 KOH → Co(OH)2 + 2 KX
 Co(OH)2 → CoO + H2O

Reactions
As can be expected, cobalt(II) oxide reacts with mineral acids to form the corresponding cobalt salts:
 CoO + 2 HX → CoX2 + H2O

Applications
Cobalt(II) oxide has for centuries been used as a coloring agent on kiln fired pottery. The additive provides a deep shade of blue named cobalt blue. The band gap (CoO) is around 2.4 eV.
It also is used in cobalt blue glass.

See also
Cobalt oxide nanoparticles
Cobalt
Cobalt(II,III) oxide

References 

Cobalt(II) compounds
Transition metal oxides
Rock salt crystal structure
Blanching (coinage). Blanching is the whitening of metal, by various means, such as soaking in acid or by coating with tin. This term is commonly used in coinage, in which pieces are given a lustre and brilliance before images are struck into the surface.

The ancient method of blanching involved putting the pieces, after heating, in a large vessel of water, and some ounces of aqua fortis, but in different proportions for gold and silver. This method is no longer used, partly due to its expense, and partly because it diminishes the weight of the metal.

References

Currency production
Coins
Leave the gate as you found it. Leave the gate as you found it (or leave all gates as found) is an important rule of courtesy in rural areas throughout the world. If a gate is found open, it should be left open, and if it is closed, it should be left closed. If a closed gate absolutely must be traversed, it should be closed again afterwards. It applies to visitors travelling onto or across farms, ranches, and stations.

In low-rainfall areas, closing gates can cut livestock off from water supplies. For example, most of the land used for grazing in Australia has no natural water supplies, so drinking water for the stock must be supplied by the farmer or landowner, often by using a windmill to pump groundwater. Even visitors who know how a stock water system works may be unaware of breakdowns. During hot weather, cattle require large quantities of water to drink and can die in less than a day if they do not get it. Sheep need less water and can survive longer without it, but will die if cut off from water for several hot days.

In all agricultural areas, farmers need to keep groups of livestock separate, for reasons including breeding for disease resistance and increased production, pest control, and controlling when ewes deliver their lambs. Unwanted mingling of flocks or herds can deprive a farmer of significant income.

The original versions of the United Kingdom's Country Code advised visitors to always close gates. The revised Countryside Code now suggests that gates should be left as found.

See also
 Leave No Trace
 Leaving the world a better place

References

External links
 Rules of the Trail Advice from the International Mountain Bicycling Association
 Camping on BLM Land A regional office of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management asks visitors to "Tread Lightly"

Agriculture in society
Environmental ethics
European Society for Biomaterials. The European Society for Biomaterials (ESB) is a non-profit organisation that encourages research and spread of information regarding research and uses of biomaterials. Founded in March 1976, became a member of the International Union of Societies for Biomaterials Sciences and Engineering (IUS-BSE) at its conception, in 1979. It has approximately 750 members in 33 different countries worldwide (2017). It organises an annual meeting where recent developments mainly within academic research of biomaterials are presented.

Professor Nicholas Dunne is the 14th president of the ESB elected in 2023.

The ESB home journal is the Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine (ISSN 0957-4530) published by Springer. Each year a special issue of selected contributions to the annual conference is published.

References

External links
The European Society for Biomaterials
History of the ESB - A pdf file with the history of the first 25 years of the Society
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine (ISSN 0957-4530)

European medical and health organizations
International scientific organizations based in Europe
Scientific organizations established in 1976
Fritz Pfleumer. Fritz Pfleumer (20 March 1881 – 29 August 1945) was a German engineer who invented magnetic tape for recording sound.

Biography 
Fritz was born as the son of Robert and Minna née Hünich. His father Robert (1848–1934) was born in Greiz, and his mother Minna (1846–1932) was born in Freiberg. Fritz had five siblings – Mimi, Hans, Hermann, Otto, and Mizi. Hans emigrated to the US.

Pfleumer developed a process for putting metal stripes on cigarette papers and reasoned that he could similarly coat a magnetic stripe to be used as an alternative to wire recording.

In 1927, after experimenting with various materials, Pfleumer used very thin paper that he coated with iron oxide powder using lacquer as glue. He received a patent in 1928.

On 1 December 1932 Pfleumer granted AEG the right to use his invention when building the world's first practical tape recorder, called Magnetophon K1. It was first demonstrated at the IFA in 1935.

References

External links 
 videopreservation.conservation-us.org – Museum of Historic Video Equipment – Beginnings of Magnetic Recording – Audio, 1920–30s
 A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation by Wayne Carlson, Ohio State University
 The History of Magnetic Recording by Steven Schoenherr, University of San Diego 2002 Retrieved 2011-12-17
 Fritz Pfleumer – German biography of Pfleumer from a local (Dresden) point of view 

1881 births
1945 deaths
20th-century German inventors
Brian Anderson. Brian Anderson may refer to:

 Brian Anderson (electrical engineer) (born 1941), Australian professor
 Brian Anderson (British boxer) (born 1961), British boxer
 Brian Anderson (Irish boxer) (born 1939), Irish boxer
 Brian Anderson (rugby union), Scottish rugby union referee
 Brian Anderson (sportscaster) (born 1971), sports announcer for the Milwaukee Brewers and Turner Sports
 Brian Anderson (paediatrician), New Zealand anaesthesiologist awarded CNZM in the 2024 New Year Honours
 Brian Anderson (pitcher) (born 1972), former baseball pitcher, current broadcaster for the Tampa Bay Rays
 Brian Anderson (outfielder) (born 1982), baseball outfielder
 Brian Anderson (skateboarder) (born 1976), professional skateboarder
 Brian Anderson (third baseman) (born 1993), baseball third baseman
 Brian C. Anderson, American writer and editor

See also
 Brian Andersen (disambiguation)
 Bryan Anderson (disambiguation)
Peri Tarr. Peri Tarr received her BS in Zoology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1986, and her MS and PhD in Computer Science from the University of Massachusetts Amherst (1992 and 1996, respectively). Between her BS and MS/PhD, she worked full-time at the University of Massachusetts Physical Plant, attempting to introduce an automated system to help with the Plant's operations. After receiving her PhD, she joined the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center as a Research Staff Member in 1996, where she worked on and led various projects relating to issues of software composition, morphogenic software, and aspect-oriented software development.  

Her work on multi-dimensional separation of concerns was recognized as the Most Influential Paper at the 2009 International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE).  She is chief architect for Governance of Software Development, an IBM Research initiative that ties together the tools for teams of developers with the planning and financial management aspects required by enterprises.  

Tarr was the 2005 program chair of the Aspect-Oriented Software Development conference and was the 2006 general chair of ACM SIGPLAN's OOPSLA 2006 Conference.

References

External links 
Peri Tarr's IBM Research homepage

IBM employees
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
CPU shim. A CPU shim (also called CPU spacer) is a shim used between the CPU and the heat sink in a computer. Shims make it easier and less risky to mount a heatsink on the processor because it stabilizes the heatsink, preventing accidental damaging of the fragile CPU packaging. They help distribute weight evenly over the surface.

CPU shims are usually made of thin and very flat aluminium or copper. Copper has good heat dissipation capacity but is electrically conductive. CPU shims should be non-conductive to prevent any accidental short circuiting. Aluminium shims are often anodized, which makes them non-conductive and improves their appearance (see case modding). It is also very important that the shim is the proper thickness. If it is too thick then the heatsink will not make contact with the CPU, resulting in poor cooling and possibly overheating.

Most shims are CNC manufactured, often using laser cutting. Cheaper ones may be pressed or stamped which could make them less accurate.

Usage 
CPU shims are not common at all in OEM computers, but are used by some computer hardware enthusiasts who may use heavier heatsinks because they wish to have a cooler or less noisy system or perhaps to overclock the CPU for better performance. A heavy heatsink puts more pressure on the CPU and motherboard. Shims are very useful for people who often change CPU, heatsink or cooling solutions, or use a heatsink that is heavier than the CPU manufacturer's recommended weight.

CPU shims are nowadays largely obsolete because most modern processors designed for home users since the introduction of the Athlon 64 and Pentium 4 have an Integrated Heat Spreader (IHS) which prevents the CPU core from being accidentally broken.

See also 
 Computer fan
 Computer cooling
 Thermal grease

References 

Computer hardware cooling
Be-1. Be-1 or BE1 may refer to:

 Be 1, a Belgian premium television channel
 Beriev Be-1, an experimental WIG aircraft
 Blue Origin BE-1, a monopropellant peroxide rocket engine from Blue Origin
 Nissan Be-1, a retro-style automobile
 Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.1, a pre-war prototype British biplane
 
 Be1 NFA, a Lithuanian soccer team from Kaunas, Lithuania
 BlackEnergy 1 (BE1), a piece of computer malware

See also

 
 
 BEI (disambiguation)
 bel (disambiguation)
 BE (disambiguation)
TNB. TNB may stand for:
 Trinitrobenzene, kinds of nitrated benzene-derivatives
 Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Washington state, US
 Throgs Neck Bridge, New York City, US
 TNB frame (Tangent-Normal-Binormal), a mathematical coordinate system
 Tenaga Nasional Berhad, an electricity company in Malaysia
 National Theatre Bucharest (Teatrul Naţional "Ion Luca Caragiale" București)
 The National Bank (Palestine)
 Transthoracic needle biopsy, a type of lung biopsy
 Tuas Naval Base, the second naval base of the Republic of Singapore Navy
Lawrence Brakmo. Lawrence Brakmo is a software engineer in the Kernel group at Facebook. Previously Brakmo was a member of technical staff at Google. Before that he was a researcher and project manager at NTT DoCoMo USA Labs. Earlier he was affiliated with the Western Research Lab of Digital Equipment Corporation/Compaq/Hewlett-Packard. Brakmo received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from The University of Arizona, where he worked on computer systems and computer networks research that included x-Sim and TCP Vegas. His adviser was Larry L. Peterson.

He once biked to Alaska from Idaho.

External links
 Lawrence Brakmo homepage

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Arizona alumni
American computer scientists
Digital Equipment Corporation people
Hewlett-Packard people
Google employees
Lanthanum hexaboride. Lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6, also called lanthanum boride and LaB) is an inorganic chemical, a boride of lanthanum. It is a refractory ceramic material that has a melting point of 2210 °C, and is insoluble in water and hydrochloric acid. It is extremely hard, with a Mohs hardness of 9.5. It has a low work function and one of the highest electron emissivities known, and is stable in vacuum. Stoichiometric samples are colored intense purple-violet, while boron-rich ones (above LaB6.07) are blue. Ion bombardment changes its color from purple to emerald green. LaB6 is a superconductor with a relatively low transition temperature of 0.45 K.

Uses

Electron Sources 
The principal use of lanthanum hexaboride is in hot cathodes, either as a single crystal or as a coating deposited by physical vapor deposition. Hexaborides, such as lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) and cerium hexaboride (CeB6), have low work functions, around 2.5 eV. They are also somewhat resistant to cathode poisoning. Cerium hexaboride cathodes have a lower evaporation rate at 1700 K than lanthanum hexaboride, but they become equal at temperatures above 1850 K. Cerium hexaboride cathodes have one and half the lifetime of lanthanum hexaboride, due to the former's higher resistance to carbon contamination. Hexaboride cathodes are about ten times "brighter" than tungsten cathodes, and have 10–15 times longer lifetime. Devices and techniques in which hexaboride cathodes are used include electron microscopes, microwave tubes, electron lithography, electron beam welding, X-ray tubes, free electron lasers and several types of electric propulsion technologies. Lanthanum hexaboride slowly evaporates from the heated cathodes and forms deposits on the Wehnelt cylinders and apertures.

X-Ray Diffraction Reference 
LaB6 is also used as an X-ray powder diffraction (XRD or pXRD) peak position and line shape reference standard. It is therefore used to calibrate measured diffractometer angles and to determine instrumental broadening of diffraction peaks. The latter makes crystallite size and strain measurements by XRD possible.

References 

Lanthanum compounds
Borides
Refractory materials
Ceramic materials
YARV. YARV (Yet another Ruby VM) is a bytecode interpreter that was developed for the Ruby programming language by Koichi Sasada. The goal of the project was to greatly reduce the execution time of Ruby programs.

Since YARV has become the official Ruby interpreter for Ruby 1.9, it is also named KRI (Koichi's Ruby Interpreter), in the same vein as the original Ruby MRI, named in honor of Ruby's creator Yukihiro Matsumoto.

Performance
Benchmarks by rubychan.de showed significant increases in performance. Benchmarks by Antonio Cangiano showed speed improvements over other Ruby VMs, with 1.9 on average four times faster than the original interpreter. All evaluations comprised a mix of mostly synthetic benchmarks.

History
YARV was merged into the Ruby Subversion repository on January 1, 2007. It was released as part of Ruby 1.9.0 on December 26, 2007, replacing Ruby MRI.

See also
 Parrot virtual machine
 Rubinius
 Ruby programming language

References

External links
 YARV home page Note: obsolete now that YARV is merged into Ruby
 YARV: Yet Another RubyVM ... on Rails? - Koichi Sasada's RubyConf 2006 presentation

Ruby (programming language)
FuzzyCLIPS. FuzzyCLIPS is a fuzzy logic extension of the CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) expert system shell from NASA. It was developed by the Integrated Reasoning Group of the Institute for Information Technology of the National Research Council of Canada and has been widely distributed for a number of years. It enhances CLIPS by providing a fuzzy reasoning capability that is fully integrated with CLIPS facts and inference engine allowing one to represent and manipulate fuzzy facts and rules. FuzzyCLIPS can deal with exact, fuzzy (or inexact), and combined reasoning, allowing fuzzy and normal terms to be freely mixed in the rules and facts of an expert system. The system uses two basic inexact concepts, fuzziness and uncertainty. It has provided a useful environment for developing fuzzy applications but it does require significant effort to update and maintain as new versions of CLIPS are released.

From a technical perspective, the software was developed for a PC and can be downloaded without costs for noncommercial applications. There is no GUI available but a command line is provided. The FuzzyCLIPS program allows to implement a fuzzy production system. That is an expert system which contains membership functions and rules.

References

External links
FuzzyCLIPS GitHub Repository  (compatible with CLIPS 6.10)
 FuzzyCLIPS source code compatible with CLIPS 6.24 and CLIPS 6.31 (by CLIPS maintainer)
 NASA sponsorship of FuzzyCLIPS.
 NASA conference discussion FuzzyCLIPS.
 Textbook that discusses fuzzy aspects and CLIPS, the basis for FuzzyCLIPS.
NASA firm information

Expert systems
Fuzzy logic
Sampyo. Sampyo Group is a South Korean manufacturer of construction materials, established in 1966. Headquartered in Seoul, it has an annual turnover of $3.0 billion. Its products include ready-mix concrete, construction aggregate, and fly ash.   In 1980, Sampyo Group extended its line of business to railway track and bridge construction by establishing Sampyo Engineering & Construction.

Sampyo Group also is involved in other line of industries such as mining, environmental services and logistics. Sampyo Group now has more than 20 subsidiary companies and plants in South Korea.

Group companies
Sampyo Corporation
Sampyo Industry
NRC
Sampyo Precast Concrete & Construction
Sampyo Railway
Pentrack
Sampyo Cement
Sampyo Resources Development

See also
Economy of South Korea

References

External links
Sampyo Homepage (in Korean)

Chemical companies of South Korea
Chemical companies established in 1966
1966 establishments in South Korea
Companies listed on the Korea Exchange
South Korean companies established in 1966
Suncorp Place. Suncorp Place (formerly the AAP Centre and before that Qantas International Centre) is a skyscraper located in Sydney, Australia on Grosvenor and Lang Street. It was initially designed for Qantas by architects Joseland & Gilling positioned as Sydney's equivalent to the World Trade Centre.

Description 
The building is  tall and 42 levels to roof, although the rooftop structure brings the total height to . It offers a column free layout with floor to ceiling views of Sydney Harbour & the Sydney CBD and had a dedicated computer centre constructed underground to support Qantas's global airline operations.

Construction 
The building was first announced in 1966 with development approval given on 19 August 1968 and construction for Stage 1 of the project began in 1970 targeted for completion in 1973, however the project was delayed many times due to industrial action by the Builders Labourers Federation (NSW BLF) and took 12 years to finally complete in 1982. The foyer and forecourt was refurbished in 1994 and the building was partially renovated in 1997. Most recently, the lobby was completely refurbished with full concierge service in 2015 and End of Trip facilities named 'Zephyr' added in 2017.

Anchor Tenants 

In 2005, Suncorp obtained 10 years of signage rights to the building and leased  over 15 floors.

In 2018, IBM Australia became the anchor tenant occupying  over seven floors with naming rights to the building.

Ownership 

The building was owned by Commonwealth Bank Officers Superannuation Corp and then Commonwealth Property Office Fund () until its sale to Singapore–based Memocorp for  in 2011.

See also 
 
 List of tallest buildings in Sydney

References 

Skyscraper office buildings in Sydney
Office buildings completed in 1982
Brutalist architecture in Australia
1982 establishments in Australia
Sydney central business district
Yitzhak Harel. Aluf Yitzhak "Haki" Harel (; born 1957) is the CEO of Israel Railways and former major general in the Israel Defense Forces. His last command post was the Planning Directorate.

Harel was born as Yitzhak Schwartz in Netanya, Israel, and grew up in Haifa and Safed. He graduated from the University of Haifa with a B.A. in state affairs and also studied at the IDF Command and Administration Academy.

Harel joined the IDF's Combat Engineering Corps in 1975 and advanced through the ranks in the Armored Corps. He became a battalion commander at the age of 27, and at the age of 34 commanded the 7th Brigade. In 2002, Harel was promoted to the rank of major general as the commander of the Northern Corps (a wartime post), and in 2003 he became the first Computer Services Directorate chief. In December of the same year he entered his final post as head of the Planning Directorate. He retired from the IDF in August 2006.

Yitzhak Schwartz married Dafna in 1981 and they changed their surname to Harel, looking for a Hebrew name. As of December 2008, he has 2 children and lives in Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut.

References

External links
Bio from IDF
"Security and Defense: 'We are at war". Interview with Harel in the Jerusalem Post

Living people
Israeli generals
1957 births
University of Haifa alumni
Evenkite. Evenkite is a rare hydrocarbon mineral with formula C24H50; specifically, H3C–(CH2)22–CH3, the alkane n-tetracosane. It occurs as very soft (Mohs hardness 1) transparent crystals, colorless to yellow, with a waxy luster. The softness is a characteristic of crystalline long-chain alkanes, which are the main constituents of paraffin wax.

Evenkite one of very few minerals that consist of crystalline hydrocarbons, which include carpathite (pure crystalline coronene, a polyaromatic hydrocarbon).  It is also one of the few non-porous minerals that floats on water. It has been claimed to be the same as hatchettite.

History and geologic occurrence
Evenkite was first described in 1953 by A. V. Shropyshev, as found in the Khavokiperskiye deposit, Lower Tunguska River, Evenkiysky District, Siberia, Russia, where it occurs inside geodes and vugs in a quartz vein in welded tuff. It was named after the district.  It has also been reported from the Hautes-Alpes region in France and the Slanské and Vihorlat mountains of Slovakia.

Evenkite appears as flaky wax partials on top of the quartz crystals. Associated minerals include quartz, chalcedony, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and calcite.

Evenkite was the last part of the geode to form.  It is believed to have resulted from thermal cracking of the organic matter (manly marine plants) that where trapped in the septarian concretions during the Jurassic burial, as the buried sediments were subjected to high pressure and temperatures. The French Alps region received a lot of geological uplift after the Jurassic burial.

See also

 Ozokerite
 Mellite

References

Organic minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 57
Luminescent minerals
Minerals described in 1953