omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
STS-61 (disambiguation). NASA flew a number of Space Shuttle missions in the early and mid-1980s with designations derived from STS-61.

The ambiguity was the result of a NASA decision to change designation of missions starting in Fiscal Year 1984. Previously, missions were designated in the order they were flown (i.e., STS-9 indicated the ninth shuttle mission). The new designation was designed to accommodate a dramatically increased launch manifest, address the addition of a west coast launch site and to resolve confusion from manifested missions not being flown in order due to delays. The new designation used a three-part designator following the term "STS". The first number represents the fiscal year of the launch, the second represents the launch location (1=Florida, 2=California) and the alphanumeric code represents the order launched (i.e., A is first, B is second, etc.). Therefore, the first mission using this designation, which was the tenth shuttle mission was STS 41B. It launched in FY 1984, from Florida and was the first to launch in that year.

As a result of the Challenger accident (STS 51L), a decision was made to no longer fly DoD payloads and commercial payloads on the orbiter and cancel flights from California. Thus, the manifest was dramatically reduced and NASA returned to the old designation with STS 26 and the return to flight in 1988. 

STS-61 itself was flown in 1993.

Other STS-61s include:
STS-61-A
STS-61-B
STS-61-C
STS-41 (disambiguation). NASA flew a number of Space Shuttle missions in the early and mid-1980s with designations derived from STS-41.

The ambiguity was the result of a NASA decision to change designation of missions starting in Fiscal Year 1984. Previously, missions were designated in the order they were flown (i.e., STS-9 indicated the ninth shuttle mission). The new designation was designed to accommodate a dramatically increased launch manifest, address the addition of a west coast launch site and to resolve confusion from manifested missions not being flown in order due to delays. The new designation used a three-part designator following the term "STS". The first number represents the fiscal year of the launch, the second represents the launch location (1=Florida, 2=California) and the alphanumeric code represents the order launched (i.e., A is first, B is second, etc.). Therefore, the first mission using this designation, which was the tenth shuttle mission was STS 41B. It launched in FY 1984, from Florida and was the first to launch in that year.

As a result of the Challenger accident (STS 51L), a decision was made to no longer fly DoD payloads and commercial payloads on the orbiter and cancel flights from California. Thus, the manifest was dramatically reduced and NASA returned to the old designation with STS 26 and the return to flight in 1988.

STS-41 itself was flown in 1990.

Other STS-41s include:
STS-41-B
STS-41-C
STS-41-D - First flight of Discovery
STS-41-G
Daniel J. Terra. Daniel J. Terra (June 8, 1911 – June 28, 1996) was a scientist, businessman, and art collector. A first-generation Italian-American, Terra earned a chemical engineering degree from Pennsylvania State University in 1931, and founded Lawter Chemicals in Chicago in 1940. The success of his global enterprise enabled him to pursue his cultural interests, assembling an art collection and participating in several Chicago arts institutions.

Early life
Terra, the grandson of lithographers who immigrated from Italy, was raised in Pennsylvania. He worked as an apprentice in his family's shop while studying chemistry. Through his undergraduate thesis research, he discovered a new ink vehicle, which allowed printing presses to run faster than ever before, leading to the creation of Life magazine, the first news-picture publication. In 1940, Terra borrowed funds from a friend, John Lawson and founded a printing-chemical firm, Lawter Chemicals, one of the world largest producers of printing inks and chemicals.

His interest in art and collecting began in 1937 when he married Adeline Evans Richards, a painter and a student of art history.

Terra was finance chairman of Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign and was rewarded by being named the United States' first and only Ambassador at Large for Cultural Affairs, serving in that post from July 1981 to January 1989.

He founded the Terra Foundation for American Art in 1978 and the Terra Museum of American Art in 1980. After his death the museum became the object of a court case when his widow attempted to have the museum moved from Chicago, Illinois, to Washington, D.C. The museum subsequently closed to be merged with the Art Institute of Chicago. After the Terra Museum closed it became the Terra Foundation for American Art in 2004.

Honors and awards
1972 Winthrop-Sears Medal from the Chemists' Club of New York for entrepreneurial achievement in the chemical industry.

References

External links
 
 
Twelfth Hour at the Terra
Terra Foundation

1911 births
1996 deaths
American art collectors
American chemical engineers
Businesspeople from Chicago
Museum founders
Scientists from Chicago
20th-century American businesspeople
Engineers from Illinois
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American chemists
Yacht Safety Bureau. The Yacht Safety Bureau, Inc. (YSB) was a non-profit corporation organized under the membership corporation law of the State of New York that provided safety and testing standards for the marine industry in the United States. Located in Westwood, New Jersey, the YSB developed boat safety tests, developed test equipment for these tests, and wrote standards for such testing, completely independently of commercial interests. It later became the Marine Department of Underwriters' Laboratories.

The Yacht Safety Bureau created test standards.  Another company, the American Boat and Yacht Council set performance standards.

History 

The Bureau was established in 1947/48 by Ed S. Terwilliger based on work begun by E. D. Wright, a marine surveyor, as an independent, privately owned organization.  The funding came from a group of insurance companies (yacht underwriters) and from National Association of Engine & Boat Manufacturers, Inc. (NAEBM). The board of directors was evenly divided between marine insurance companies and boat manufacturers.

Early work included inspecting boat yards and writing reports on boat storage yards. Investigations  into marine accidents lead to standards for testing of individual items of marine equipment. Reports developed as a result of these investigations became guides to underwriters and their surveyors and to boat builders.

With United States Coast Guard cooperation, the American Boat and Yacht Council was formed to develop recommended practices and standards for boats and their equipment with reference to safety.

In 1959, the Yacht Safety Bureau was reorganized as a non-profit public service membership corporation in the State of New York with no change of its name. It provided a testing laboratory and labeling service for boats and their equipment.

In 1969, it became the Marine Department of Underwriters' Laboratories.

Sources

Product Safety: The Story of the Yacht Safety Bureau, by E.S. Terwilliger as told to Art Stout, July 1962 Issue of The Boating Industry.

References

External links
 UL Marine Department, now simply Personal Flotation Devices
 American Boat and Yacht Council (ABYC)
 National Association of marine Surveyors (NAMSGlobal)
 Society of Accredited Marine Surveyors (SAMS) 
 International Institute of Marine Surveying (IIMS)
 National Marine Manufacturers Association (NMMA) (which is what became of the National Association of Engine & Boat Manufacturers, Inc. (NAEBM)).

Maritime safety organizations
Organizations based in New Jersey
Billiard-ball computer. A billiard-ball computer, a type of conservative logic circuit, is an idealized model of a reversible mechanical computer based on Newtonian dynamics, proposed in 1982 by Edward Fredkin and Tommaso Toffoli. Instead of using electronic signals like a conventional computer, it relies on the motion of spherical billiard balls in a friction-free environment made of buffers against which the balls bounce perfectly. It was devised to investigate the relation between computation and reversible processes in physics.

Simulating circuits with billiard balls
This model can be used to simulate Boolean circuits in which the wires of the circuit correspond to paths on which one of the balls may travel, the signal on a wire is encoded by the presence or absence of a ball on that path, and the gates of the circuit are simulated by collisions of balls at points where their paths cross. In particular, it is possible to set up the paths of the balls and the buffers around them to form a reversible Toffoli gate, from which any other Boolean logic gate may be simulated. Therefore, suitably configured billiard-ball computers may be used to perform any computational task.

Simulating billiard balls in other models of computation
It is possible to simulate billiard-ball computers on several types of reversible cellular automaton, including block cellular automata and second-order cellular automata. In these simulations, the balls are only allowed to move at a constant speed in an axis-parallel direction, assumptions that in any case were already present in the use of the billiard ball model to simulate logic circuits. Both the balls and the buffers are simulated by certain patterns of live cells, and the field across which the balls move is simulated by regions of dead cells, in these cellular automaton simulations.

Logic gates based on billiard-ball computer designs have also been made to operate using live soldier crabs of the species Mictyris guinotae in place of the billiard balls.

See also 
 Unconventional computing
 Fluidics

References 

Models of computation
Mechanical computers
Reversible computing
UDK. UDK may refer to:

 Berlin University of the Arts, from German Universität der Künste Berlin, UdK
 Unreal Development Kit, the freely available development kit for Unreal Engine 3
 Universal Decimal Classification, from Croatian Univerzalna decimalna klasifikacija
 "UDK", a song by Olivia O'Brien from her 2019 album Was It Even Real?
 The University Daily Kansan, the student newspaper of the University of Kansas
Linda Shapiro. Linda G. Shapiro is a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, a professor of electrical engineering, and adjunct professor of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education at the University of Washington.

Education and experience 
Shapiro graduated with a B.S. with highest distinction in mathematics and computer science from the University of Illinois in 1970. She completed her M.S. in computer science from University of Iowa in 1972 and her Ph.D. in computer science from University of Iowa in 1974. She was a faculty member in computer science at Kansas State University from 1974 to 1978 and at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University from 1979 to 1984. She then spent two years as director of intelligent systems at Machine Vision International in Ann Arbor, Michigan. She has been an IEEE Fellow since 1995, an IAPR fellow since 2000, and has been editor-in-chief of CVGIP: Image Understanding. Shapiro received the Pattern Recognition Society Best Paper Awards in 1989 and 1995.

Research interests 
Shapiro's research interests include computer vision, medical image analysis, artificial intelligence, biomedical informatics, pattern recognition, and content-based image retrieval. According to her research laboratory website, her recent research projects include Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Devices, Expression Recognition using Deep Neural Nets, and Digital Pathology: Accuracy, Viewing Behavior and Image Characterization.

Publications 

 Haralock, Robert M. and L. Shapiro. “Computer and Robot Vision.” (1991). 
Robert M. Haralick, Linda G. Shapiro. "Image segmentation techniques." Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, Volume 29, Issue 1, 1985, Pages 100–132, ISSN 0734-189X, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-189X(85)90153-7. 
L. G. Shapiro and R. M. Haralick, "Structural Descriptions and Inexact Matching," in IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. PAMI-3, no. 5, pp. 504–519, September 1981,

References

External links
 University of Washington, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Linda Shapiro homepage (accessed October 2013)

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Washington Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Computer vision researchers
American electrical engineers
Jacob Leupold. Jacob Leupold (22 July 1674 – 12 January 1727) was a German physicist, mathematician, instrument maker, mining commissioner and engineer.  He wrote the seminal book Theatrum Machinarum Generale ("The General Theory of Machines").

Early life 

Jacob Leupold built many instruments needed for experimental physics studies. In 1699 Leupold's interests had fully changed to mechanics and mathematics.

Working life 

In 1701 Leupold obtained a position as an economist in George Military Hospital, thus ensuring a regular income but not enough free time to dedicate himself to mechanics.

In the 17th century, the main instruments for experimental physics were the telescope, the microscope, the pendulum clock and the vacuum pump, invented in 1656 by Otto von Guericke. Leupold is also credited as an early inventor of air pump. He designed his first pump in 1705, in 1707 he published a book "Antlia pneumatica illustrata". In 1711 following the advice of its president G. W. Leibniz, the Prussian Academy of Sciences acquired Leupold's pump. In 1715 Leupold became a member of academy. In 1720 Leupold started to work on the manuscript of Theatrum Machinarum. It was the first systematic analysis of mechanical engineering. It included, ahead of its time, a design for a high-pressure non-condensing steam engine, the likes of which were not built until the early 19th century.
Theatrum machinarum consists of 10 illustrated volumes. It was published in Leipzig between 1724 and 1739.

Personal life 
He married Anna Elizabeth and they had three sons and three daughters who all died young except for one daughter. His wife died in 1713. Leupold died on 12 January 1727 at age 53.

Sources 

Biography of Jacob Leupold

Full text of Theatrum Machinarum Generale (Volume 1)

1674 births
1727 deaths
17th-century German engineers
17th-century German mathematicians
18th-century German physicists
18th-century German mathematicians
Shocknife. The Shocknife is a composite training knife for law enforcement, corrections and military personnel equipped with a battery pack to generate an electric shock. It was invented by Canadian Police Officer Jeff Quail.

The Shocknife is notable for the electrical shock it delivers when used in a knife strike. The electrical shock stimulates the nerve fibers in the same way a real knife cut would but without causing injury. This is intended to simulate the pain that would be inflicted by a real cut and to induce similar responses, such as the fight or flight response.  The Shocknife is in use by law enforcement agencies and military training programs worldwide.

Footnotes

External links 
Official Site
28 July 2006 review (see 13 August 2006 archive) at Officer.com

Knives
FATA (hard disk drive). Fibre Attached Technology Adapted (FATA) or FC-ATA is a type of computer hard disk drive. FATA is simply a low cost ATA or SATA disk drive equipped with a small external converter that bridges the interface to Fibre Channel (FC). This allows users to use the disk in an enterprise-class disk enclosure, at about half of the cost of a native FC drive (cost per gigabyte of capacity).

See also
 ATA over Ethernet (AoE)
 Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)

References

Hard disk computer storage
Shallow trench isolation. Shallow trench isolation (STI), also known as box isolation technique, is an integrated circuit feature which prevents electric current leakage between adjacent semiconductor device components. STI is generally used on CMOS process technology nodes of 250 nanometers and smaller. Older CMOS technologies and non-MOS technologies commonly use isolation based on LOCOS.

STI is created early during the semiconductor device fabrication process, before transistors are formed. The key steps of the STI process involve etching a pattern of trenches in the silicon, depositing one or more dielectric materials (such as silicon dioxide) to fill the trenches, and removing the excess dielectric using a technique such as chemical-mechanical planarization.

Certain semiconductor fabrication technologies also include deep trench isolation, a related feature often found in analog integrated circuits.

The effect of the trench edge has given rise to what has recently been termed the "reverse narrow channel effect" or "inverse narrow width effect". Basically, due to the electric field enhancement at the edge, it is easier to form a conducting channel (by inversion) at a lower voltage. The threshold voltage is effectively reduced for a narrower transistor width. The main concern for electronic devices is the resulting subthreshold leakage current, which is substantially larger after the threshold voltage reduction.

Process flow
Stack deposition (oxide + protective nitride)
Lithography print
Dry etch (Reactive-ion etching)
Trench fill with oxide
Chemical-mechanical polishing of the oxide
Removal of the protective nitride
Adjusting the oxide height to Si

See also
 FEOL

References

External links
Clarycon: Shallow trench isolation
N and K Technologies: Shallow trench isolation
Dow Corning: Spin on Dielectrics - Spin-on Shallow Trench Isolation

Semiconductor device fabrication
Semiconductor structures
The Engines of Our Ingenuity. The Engines of Our Ingenuity is a daily radio series produced jointly by KUHF-FM, Houston, Texas, and the University of Houston.

The series tells the story of human invention and creativity in 3 minute essays. The stories center on engineering and technology, but they venture freely into mathematics, science, literature, medicine, music, art and other areas. The program thus reveals much of the cultural history that is formed by technology and other creative enterprises, and it reveals how culture in turn shapes technology and science. The program airs nationally on many public radio stations, and on other outlets.

History 
The Engines of Our Ingenuity was first aired on January 4, 1988.  It reached 3000 finished episodes in March, 2015.  The series was founded by John H. Lienhard IV, now retired Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston and member of the National Academy of Engineering.   The program is now done by a group of experts in several fields, including Lienhard.

Reach 
The program airs nationally on many public radio stations, and on other outlets.

At any one time, the program is likely to be airing on 40 or so stations in the United States, and on such specialized outlets as Armed Forces Radio and the International Space Station, and occasional overseas radio. The program is made available free of charge and reporting of its use is not enforceable.

Part of the growing influence of the series has been an initiative to create a Spanish-language version of the program, Invenciones de la Inventiva.  These are episodes that have been translated into Spanish and are airing on station KNTU.

Website 
The Engines of Our Ingenuity website features complete audio for all the episodes of the program, as well as complete illustrated transcripts.  It also includes variety of value-added items: related technical papers, books, and other sources. For a complete list of Engines topics, see the list of titles and keywords.

Awards 
Engines has received many awards including the Ralph Coats Roe Medal of ASME to Lienhard for developing the program  and the Ralph Coats Roe Award from the ASEE.

Related reading 
Lienhard has published three books that reflect the content of Engines.
 Lienhard, J.H. (2000). The Engines of Our Ingenuity. NY: Oxford University Press 
 Lienhard, J.H. (2003). Inventing Modern: Growing Up with X-Rays, Skyscrapers and Tailfins. NY: Oxford University Press 
 Lienhard, J.H. (2006). How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New Machines. NY: Oxford University Press

References

External links 
 Engines of Our Ingenuity available by NPR Podcast
 Houston Press, July 13, 2000. "An Inventive Mind at Work"
 National Education Association. "Engines of Our Ingenuity"  
 McGraw, D., Spread the Word. ASEE Prism Magazine,  December 2001, Vol. 11, No. 4. "Spread The Word"

NPR programs
1988 establishments in the United States
1988 radio programme debuts
Phenylacetylene. Phenylacetylene is an alkyne hydrocarbon containing a phenyl group. It exists as a colorless, viscous liquid. In research, it is sometimes used as an analog for acetylene; being a liquid, it is easier to handle than acetylene gas.

Preparation
In the laboratory, phenylacetylene can be prepared by elimination of hydrogen bromide from styrene dibromide using sodium amide in ammonia:

It can also be prepared by the elimination of hydrogen bromide from bromostyrene using molten potassium hydroxide. Yet another method involves the Sonogashira coupling of iodobenzene with trimethylsilylacetylene, followed by removal of the trimethylsilyl group using TBAF.

Reactions
Phenylacetylene is a prototypical terminal acetylene, undergoing many reactions expected of that functional group. It undergoes semihydrogenation over Lindlar catalyst to give styrene.  In the presence of base and copper(II) salts, it undergoes oxidative coupling to give diphenylbutadiyne.  In the presence of metal catalysts, it undergoes oligomerization, trimerization, and even polymerization.

In the presence of gold or mercury reagents, phenylacetylene hydrates to give acetophenone:
PhC2H  +  H2O  →  PhC(O)CH3

See also
 Alkyne
 Alkyne trimerisation

References

Phenyl compounds
Ethynyl compounds
C2-Benzenes
Message Understanding Conference. The Message Understanding Conferences (MUC) for computing and computer science,  were initiated and financed by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) to encourage the development of new and better methods of information extraction. The character of this competition, many concurrent research teams competing against one another—required the development of standards for evaluation, e.g. the adoption of metrics like precision and recall.

Topics and exercises 
Only for the first conference (MUC-1) could the participant choose the output format for the extracted
information. From the second conference the output format, by which the participants'
systems would be evaluated, was prescribed. For each topic fields were given, which had to be
filled with information
from the text. Typical fields were, for example, the cause, the agent, the time and place of an event,
the consequences etc. The number of fields increased from conference to conference.

At the sixth conference (MUC-6) the task of  recognition of  named entities and coreference was added.
For named entity all phrases in the text were supposed to be marked as person, location, organization,
time or quantity.

The topics and text sources, which were processed, show a continuous move from military to civil themes, which mirrored
the change in business interest in information extraction taking place at the time.

Literature 
 Ralph Grishman, Beth Sundheim: Message Understanding Conference - 6: A Brief History. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), I, Copenhagen, 1996, 466–471.

See also
 DARPA TIPSTER Program

External links 
 MUC-7
 MUC-6
 SAIC Information Extraction

MUC