omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
McCalla, Alabama. McCalla is a census-designated place in Jefferson and Tuscaloosa counties, Alabama, United States, southwest of Bessemer and the geographic terminus of the Appalachian Mountains.

The community is named for Richard Calvin McCalla, a well known civil engineer, who served as chief engineer of several railroads throughout the South, including the Alabama and Chattanooga, the Tuscaloosa and Northern and the Knoxville and Ohio. He also served as surveyor of many of the rivers throughout the South.

Demographics
McCalla first appeared as a CDP in the 2020 census.

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 12,965 people residing in the CDP. Information on households and families is unavailable at the moment, but the totals will be added once those figures are released for McCalla.

Recreation 

Tannehill State Park features a 19th-century blast furnace, the Iron and Steel Museum of Alabama, various historical buildings, rustic cabins, and a campground. The park also has a slave cemetery. The park is home to several festivals throughout the year, including the Southern Appalachian Dulcimer Festival, the Down Home Psaltery Festival, archery tournaments, a civil war reenactment, and other events.

Schools 
The McCalla area is served by McAdory Elementary, McCalla Elementary,  McAdory Middle, and McAdory High School.

Notable people
Chad Smith Major League pitcher for the Colorado Rockies
 Morris Higginbotham, head football coach for several high schools in the Birmingham area. 
 Bo Jackson was raised in Martin Town, and went through the McAdory school system where he set state records in multiple sports. He is an American former professional  baseball and football player and is the only athlete to be named an All-Star in two major American sports.
 Sherri Martel, known as Sensational Sherri, was a professional wrestling valet who died in McCalla

References

Census-designated places in Alabama
Census-designated places in Jefferson County, Alabama
U.S. Route 11
Salt fingering. Salt fingering is a mixing process, example of double diffusive instability, that occurs when relatively warm, salty water overlies relatively colder, fresher water. It is driven by the fact that heated water diffuses more readily than salty water. A small parcel of warm, salty water sinking downwards into a colder, fresher region will lose its heat before losing its salt, making the parcel of water increasingly denser than the water around it and sinking further. Likewise, a small parcel of colder, fresher water will be displaced upwards and gain heat by diffusion from surrounding water, which will then make it lighter than the surrounding waters, and cause it to rise further. Paradoxically, the fact that salinity diffuses less readily than temperature means that salinity mixes more efficiently than temperature due to the turbulence caused by salt fingers.

Salt fingering was first described mathematically by Professor Melvin Stern of Florida State University in 1960 and important field measurements of the process have been made by Raymond Schmitt of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Mike Gregg and Eric Kunze of the University of Washington, Seattle. A particularly interesting area for salt fingering is found in the Caribbean Sea, where it is responsible for producing a "staircase" of well-mixed layers a few metres in thickness that extend for hundreds of kilometres.

Pre-dating the work of Stern, a paper by the American oceanographer Henry Stommel discussed the creation of a large-scale salt finger in which a column of water would be surrounded by a membrane that would allow diffusion of temperature but not salinity. Once primed by the upward movement of the colder and fresher intermediate water, the resultant "perpetual salt fountain" would be able to draw energy (heat) from the local ocean water stratification.

References

External links
Salt Fingering

Physical oceanography
Motion ratio. The motion ratio of a mechanism is the ratio of the displacement of the point of interest to that of another point.

The most common example is in a vehicle's suspension, where it is used to describe the displacement and forces in the springs and shock absorbers. The force in the spring is (roughly) the vertical force at the contact patch divided by the motion ratio, and the spring rate is the wheel rate divided by the motion ratio squared.

This is described as the Installation Ratio in the reference. Motion ratio is the more common term in the industry, but sometimes is used to mean the inverse of the above definition.

Motion ratio in suspension of a vehicle describes the amount of shock travel for a given amount of wheel travel. Mathematically, it is the ratio of shock travel and wheel travel. The amount of force transmitted to the vehicle chassis reduces with increase in motion ratio. A motion ratio close to one is desired in the vehicle for better ride and comfort. One should know the desired wheel travel of the vehicle before calculating motion ratio, which depends much on the type of track the vehicle will run upon.

Selecting the appropriate ratio depends on multiple factors:

 Bending moment: To reduce the bending moment the strut point should be close to the wheel.
 Suspension stiffness: Suspensions tends to stiffen when the inclination of the shock absorber to horizontal tends to 90 degrees.
 Half-shafts: In suspensions of driven wheels, wheel travel is in many cases constrained by the universal joints of the half shafts. Design the motion ratio such that at maximum bounce and rebound shocks are the first components that bottom out by hitting bump stops.

References
 
 

Automotive suspension technologies 
Engineering ratios
Sri Sai Ram Engineering College. Sri Sairam Engineering College is an engineering institution located in the suburbs of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 1995 by Leo Muthu founder chairman of Leo Muthu Educational Trust. The college is self-financing and autonomous college in Chennai.

Course Offered

 Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
 Civil Engineering
 Computer Science and Business Systems
 Computer Science Engineering
 Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
 Information Technology
 Instrumentation and Control Engineering
 Integrated Computer Science Engineering
 Internet of Things
 Mechanical and Automation Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering

Rankings

The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it in the 151-200 band among engineering colleges in 2023.

References

External links

Engineering colleges in Chennai
Gunnie. Gunnie is a term used in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) when referring to an armourer or aircraft technician who loads or maintains aircraft ordnance, weapons, ejection seats, or any other device that contains explosive material. A second major function of their speciality is Explosive Ordnance Demolition (EOD) – the safe removal of unexploded bombs (UXB's) and the disposal/recovery of Improvised Explosive Devices (IED's). Armourers are also responsible for the maintenance of all small arms used by the RAAF and generally run the maintenance workshops in all RAAF base armouries.

Alternative names include "Gun Plumber" and "Cracker Stacker"

Distinctly independent of the other aircraft trades, their motto has been "Without armament there is no need for an airforce" since Lord Trenchard uttered the words prior to World War I, although armourers didn't actually exist then.

In the early nineties the armament mustering (along with other RAAF aircraft technical trades) was disbanded and all were rolled into two musterings: Avionics and Aircraft. Engine fitters and Airframe fitters became Aircraft Technicians while Instrument Fitters, Electrical Fitters and Radio Technicians became Avionics Technicians. The only mustering which could not fit neatly into either (due to the multi disciplinary nature of their work) the gunnies were given the choice of going to either mustering. Of the 400 or so in the whole of the RAAF only a handful elected to become Aircraft Technicians. The bulk of them were rolled into the Avionics Technician category. This was, at the time, considered a controversial decision given the highly specialised skills required to be an armourer.

In the late 2000s the RAAF re-established the Armament mustering with the first class graduating from the RAAF College, School of Technical Training RAAF Base Wagga in 2008/09.

Notes

External links
 "Australian Armourers' Association"

Royal Australian Air Force
Ongoing reliability test. The ongoing reliability test (ORT) is a hardware test process usually used in manufacturing to ensure that quality of the products is still of the same specifications as the day it first went to production or general availability.

The products currently in the manufacturing line are randomly picked every day with a predefined percentage or numbers and then put in a control drop tower or an environmental chamber.  Control drop simulates physical interactions on the product, while environmental chamber simulates the stress profile of thermal cycling, elevated temperature, or combined environmental stresses to induce fatigue damage.  The profile should stimulate the precipitation of latent defects that may be introduced from the manufacturing process but not remove significant life from the product or introduce flaws to risk failure during its intended mission. highly accelerated stress test is a Ongoing Reliability Test that uses the empirical operational limits as the reference for the combined vibration, thermal cycling, and other stress applied to find latent defects.

Quality of the products is then measured with the results of this test.  If a unit fails, it goes under investigation to see what caused the failure and then remove the cause whether it came from an assembly process or from a component being incorrectly manufactured, or any other cause.  If it is proven that a real failure occurs, the batch of units that were produced along with the failed unit, is then tagged for re-test or repair to either verify or fix the problem.

External links
 OPS A La Carte's Reliability Services in the Manufacturing Phase On-Going [sic] Reliability Testing (ORT)
 Sample OEM contracts with contract manufacturers (CM) which specifies ORT to be a standard process (see section 7.8)
Accelerated Reliability Engineering: HALT and HASS,. Gregg K. Hobbs, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2000.

Statistical process control
Hardware testing
Decision-to-decision path. A decision-to-decision path, or DD-path, is a path of execution (usually through a flow graph representing a program, such as a flow chart) between two decisions. More recent versions of the concept also include the decisions themselves in their own DD-paths.

Definition
In Huang's 1975 paper, a decision-to-decision path is defined as path in a program's flowchart such that all the following hold (quoting from the paper):
 its first constituent edge emanates either from an entry node or a decision box; 
 its last constituent edge terminates either at a decision box or at an exit node; and 
 there are no decision boxes on the path except those at both ends

Jorgensen's more recent textbooks restate it in terms of a program's flow graph (called a "program graph" in that textbook). First define some preliminary notions: chain and a maximal chain. A chain is defined as a path in which:
 initial and terminal nodes are distinct, and
 all interior nodes have in-degree = 1 and out-degree = 1.
A maximal chain is a chain that is not part of a bigger chain.

A DD-path is a set of nodes in a program graph such that one of the following holds (quoting and keeping Jorgensen's numbering, with comments added in parentheses):
 It consists of a single node with in-degree = 0 (initial node)
 It consists of a single node with out-degree = 0 (terminal node)
 It consists of a single node with in-degree ≥ 2 or out-degree ≥ 2 (decision/merge points)
 It consists of a single node with in-degree = 1 and out-degree = 1
 It is a maximal chain of length ≥ 1.

According to Jorgensen (2013), in Great Britain and ISTQB literature, the same notion is called linear code sequence and jump (LCSAJ).

Properties 
From the latter definition (of Jorgensen) we can conclude the following:
 Every node on a flow graph of a program belongs to one DD-path.
 If the first node on a DD-path is traversed, then all other nodes on that path will also be traversed.
 The DD path graph is used to find independent path for testing.
 Every statement in the program has been executed at least once.

DD-path testing 
According to Jorgensen's 2013 textbook, DD-path testing is the best known code-based testing method, incorporated in numerous commercial tools.

DD-path testing is also called C2 testing or branch coverage.

See also 
 Basic block
 Basis path testing and its ancillary articles
 Cyclomatic complexity
 Essential complexity
 Code coverage
 White-box testing

References

External links
 http://www.eecs.yorku.ca/course_archive/2011-12/W/4313/slides/11-Paths.pdf

Software testing
Adam's Engineering College. Adam's Engineering College is an Engineering College located at Sitarampatnam, a suburb of Paloncha, Khammam District, in India. It was founded in the year 1998. The Chairman of the college is Mr. Potla Nageswar Rao. The college offers programs at undergraduate level. It is affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University.

External links 
 Adam's Engineering CollegeOfficial Website

Universities and colleges in Telangana
All India Council for Technical Education
Educational institutions established in 1998
1998 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Gating signal. Signal gating is a concept commonly used in the field of electronics and signal processing. It refers to the process of controlling the flow of signals based on certain conditions or criteria. The goal of signal gating is to selectively allow or block the transmission of signals through a circuit or system.

In signal gating, a gating signal is used to modulate the passage of the main signal. The gating signal acts as a control mechanism, determining when the main signal can pass through the gate and when it is blocked. The gating signal can be generated by various means, such as an external trigger, a specific voltage level, or a specific frequency range.

Signal gating is often employed in applications where precise control over the transmission of signals is required. Here are a few examples of how signal gating is used in different fields:

1. Telecommunications: In telecommunications systems, signal gating is used to regulate the flow of data packets. By opening and closing the gate based on specific criteria, such as error detection or network congestion, signal gating helps ensure that the data is transmitted efficiently and reliably.

2. Audio processing: In audio applications, signal gating is used to reduce background noise or eliminate unwanted sounds. For example, in live sound reinforcement, a noise gate is often employed to mute or attenuate the microphone signal when the sound level falls below a certain threshold. This helps minimize the pickup of ambient noise and unwanted signals.

3. Radar systems: Signal gating plays a crucial role in radar systems, particularly in pulse-Doppler radar. Gating is used to control the transmission and reception of radar pulses, allowing the system to focus on specific ranges or angles of interest while ignoring other signals. This helps improve target detection and reduces interference from unwanted reflections.

4. Medical imaging: Signal gating is utilized in medical imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gating is used to synchronize the data acquisition process with the patient's respiratory or cardiac cycle. By acquiring data only during specific phases of the cycle, image artifacts caused by motion can be minimized, resulting in higher-quality images.

Signal gating can be implemented using various electronic components, such as transistors, operational amplifiers, digital logic circuits, or specialized integrated circuits designed for gating purposes. The specific method used depends on the application requirements and the characteristics of the signals being processed.

Overall, signal gating provides a means to control the flow of signals and is widely used in diverse fields to enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and quality of signal transmission and processing.

Signal processing
David Luenberger. David Gilbert Luenberger (born September 16, 1937) is a mathematical scientist known for his research and his textbooks, which center on mathematical optimization. He is a professor in the department of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford University.

Biography 
Luenberger was one of the original founders of the Department of Engineering-Economic Systems in 1967. He served as chairman of the department for eleven years. He worked as a professor at the University for 50 years, retiring as of September 2013.

He has over 70 technical publications on systems and control, in optimization, in microeconomics, and in financial engineering. His Investment Science is widely prescribed and referenced by finance academics and practitioners.

He received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1959, and he received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1963. In his dissertation Luenberger introduced new methods for construction of state observers. The celebrated Luenberger observer is named after him.

Books

See also
List of members of the National Academy of Engineering (Electronics)

References

External links 
Stanford homepage 
investmentscience.com
Biography of David Luenberger from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

Numerical analysts
American operations researchers
American financial economists
General equilibrium theorists
Microeconomists
American theoretical computer scientists
American computer scientists
Living people
1937 births
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Real options
Embankment (earthworks). An embankment is a raised wall, bank or mound made of earth or stones, that are used to hold back water or carry a roadway.  A road, railway line, or canal is normally raised onto an embankment made of compacted soil (typically clay or rock-based) to avoid a change in level required by the terrain, the alternatives being either to have an unacceptable change in level or detour to follow a contour. A cutting is used for the same purpose where the land is originally higher than required.

Materials
Embankments are often constructed using material obtained from a cutting. Embankments need to be constructed using non-aerated and waterproofed, compacted (or entirely non-porous) material to provide adequate support to the formation and a long-term level surface with stability. An example material for road embankment building is sand-bentonite mixture often used as a protective to protect underground utility cables and pipelines.

Intersection of embankments
To intersect an embankment without a high flyover, a series of tunnels can consist of a section of high tensile strength viaduct (typically built of brick and/or metal) or pair of facing abutments for a bridge.

Notable embankments  
 Burnley Embankment: The largest canal embankment in Britain.
 Harsimus Stem Embankment: The remains of a railway built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
 Stanley Embankment: A railway, road and cycleway that connects the Island of Anglesey and Holy Island, Wales. It carries the North Wales Coast Line and the A5 road.

See also 

 Causeway
 Cut and fill
 Cut (earthmoving)
 Fill dirt
 Grade (slope)
 Land reclamation
 Levee
 Roadbed
 Track bed
 Retaining wall

Notes

References

Further reading 
 

Slope landforms
Rail infrastructure
Road infrastructure
Building engineering
Fills (earthworks)
Alaska Electric Light & Power. Alaska Electric Light & Power, also known as AEL&P, is the power utility for Juneau, the capital city of Alaska. AEL&P gets their electricity primarily through the Snettisham hydroelectric power plant, located in an uninhabited region  Southeast of downtown Juneau, accessible only by boat and aircraft. The General Manager for the company is Connie Hulbert.

Founded in 1893 by Willis Thorpe, AEL&P is one of the only privately held utilities in the state. It originally ran on local hydroelectric dams run by the mining-focused Treadwell Company. These first dams were constructed on Salmon Creek and Sheep Creek. The current plant at Snettisham was completed in 1973.

On July 1, 2014, Avista Corp., based out of Washington, bought out AEL&P's parent Alaska Energy and Resources Company.

2008 avalanches and emergency power
In April, 2008, a series of massive avalanches outside Juneau heavily damaged the electrical lines providing Juneau with power, knocking the hydroelectric system offline and forcing the utility to switch to a much more expensive diesel system. Diesel generators replaced the hydroelectric power to the municipality in the weeks that followed, leading to temporarily higher utility costs for AEL&P customers until the power lines were repaired.

References

External links

1893 establishments in Alaska
Companies based in Juneau, Alaska
Hydroelectric power companies of the United States
Energy companies established in 1893
American companies established in 1893
Electricity in Alaska
Lewis Wyatt. Lewis William Wyatt (1777–1853) was a  British architect, a nephew of both Samuel and James Wyatt of the Wyatt family of architects, who articled with each of his uncles and began practice on his own about 1805.

Lewis Wyatt is known primarily for the English country houses he designed, which include Grade II* Cuerden Hall near Preston in 1816–1819, and for restoring and altering Lyme Park and Heaton Park. Between 1795 and 1800 he partially rebuilt Wythenshawe Hall.

References

19th-century English architects
1777 births
1853 deaths
Lewis