omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Scientists for Global Responsibility. Scientists for Global Responsibility (SGR) in the United Kingdom promotes the ethical practice and use of science, design and technology. SGR is affiliated to the International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES).  It is an independent UK-based membership organisation of hundreds of natural scientists, social scientists, engineers, IT professionals and architects. In 2017 its partner organization ICAN (International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons) won the Nobel Peace Prize. ICAN have promoted a Kurzgesagt YouTube video endorsed by the International Committee of the Red Cross and Crescent (ICRC) showing the consequences of a single atomic weapon exploded over a city.

SGR's work is focused on four main issues: security and disarmament; climate change and energy, including nuclear power; who controls science and technology?; emerging technologies.  The main areas of concern are arms and arms control, including military involvement in UK universities; effect of excessive greenhouse gas emissions on climate; the nature of war and reducing barbarity; topsoil and water shortages resulting from modern agricultural methods; depletion of species of fish due to over-fishing; continual spread of nuclear weapons, and reduction of occurrence of serious nuclear accidents.

In 2019 SGR launched the journal Responsible Science. SGR evaluates the risk of new science and new technological solutions to older science-based problems and threats, while recognizing the enormous contribution science, design and technology has made to civilisation and human well-being.

SGR promotes science, design and technology that contribute to peace, social justice and environmental sustainability.

See also
 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
 Scientists against Nuclear Arms, a forerunner of SGR

References

External links
SGR website

Organizations with year of establishment missing
Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom
Ethics organizations
Anti-nuclear organizations
Anti–nuclear weapons movement
Science and technology in the United Kingdom
Ethics of science and technology
Blackburn Lincock. The Blackburn F.2 Lincock was a British single-seat lightweight fighter produced by Blackburn Aircraft Limited.

Design and development
In 1928 Blackburn designed and built a private venture lightweight biplane fighter powered by an Armstrong Siddeley Lynx IVC engine. The Blackburn F.2 Lincock was of wooden construction and first appeared in May 1928. It performed well in demonstrations but failed to gain any orders. The Canadian government showed an interest in the design, and a metal construction variant (the Lincock II) was built. It was tested in Canada at Camp Borden in 1930 where there was interest in using the Lincock as an advanced trainer, but the type was not ordered. It was later used to perform public aerobatic displays in 1933 and 1934.

The final version was the Lincock III of which five were produced, two were delivered to China, two to Japan and one retained as a demonstrator. Interest from Italy resulted in Piaggio acquiring a licence to produce a two-seat version as an aerobatic trainer, though only one Piaggio P.11 was built.

Variants
Lincock IWooden-construction prototype, one built.
Lincock IIMetal-construction prototype, one built.
Lincock IIIProduction version, five built.
Piaggio P.11two-seat aerobatic trainer, one built in Italy.

Operators

Chinese Nationalist Air Force received two aircraft.

Imperial Japanese Army Air Force received two aircraft.

Specifications (Lincock III)

References

 

1920s British fighter aircraft
Lincock
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Open Verification Library. Open Verification Library (OVL) is a library of property checkers for digital circuit descriptions written in popular Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). OVL is currently maintained by Accellera.

Applications
OVL works by placing modules or components checking specific properties of the circuit alongside regular modules or components. Those special modules are called checkers and are tied to circuit signals via ports. Some aspects of the checker functionality can be modified by adjusting checker parameters. Typical properties verified by OVL checkers include:
 condition that should be always met,
 sequence of conditions that should be met,
 condition that should never occur,
 proper data value (even, odd, within a range, etc.),
 proper value change (e.g. increment or decrement within specified range),
 proper data encoding (e.g. one hot or one cold),
 proper timing of event (within given number of clock cycles or within window created by trigger events),
 valid protocol of data transmission,
 valid behavior of popular building blocks (e.g. FIFOs).
Depending on the selected parameters, OVL checkers can work as assertion, assumption or coverage point checkers.
Main source of OVL popularity is the fact that it allows introducing high-level verification concepts to the existing or new designs without requiring new language, e.g. a designer having access to Verilog tools does not need a new language to start using property checking with OVL.

Supported Languages
While first versions of OVL supported Verilog and VHDL, most recent versions support (in alphabetical order):
 PSL - Verilog flavour
 SystemVerilog
 Verilog
 VHDL
Depending on the demand, support for two more languages may be added: PSL - VHDL flavour and SystemC.

External links
 OVL section of the Accellera page  

Hardware description languages
Blackburn Blackburd. The Blackburn Blackburd was a British prototype single-engine torpedo bomber developed by Blackburn Aircraft in 1918 as a replacement for the Sopwith Cuckoo. It was unsuccessful, only three being built.

Design and development
In January 1918, the Admiralty issued specification N.1B, seeking an aircraft to replace the Sopwith Cuckoo torpedo bomber. While the Cuckoo was successful, it could only carry a  Mark IX torpedo, which was not believed to be powerful enough to sink large armoured warships. The specification therefore required an aircraft capable of carrying a  Mark VII torpedo, which had a much larger warhead.

In response, Harris Booth designed the Blackburd, a large, three-bay biplane with unswept, unstaggered wings and a slab-sided fuselage. The Blackburd's simple lines were designed to facilitate rapid production and the wings were able to fold backwards to allow storage in a ship's hangar. Unusually, the pilot's cockpit was situated towards the rear of the aircraft, with  of fuselage ahead of the windscreen. The Blackburd's undercarriage had to be jettisoned before the torpedo could be dropped, requiring the aircraft to land on steel skids.

The first Blackburd flew in May 1918, and was delivered to Martlesham Heath for evaluation against the Short Shirl. The Blackburd was found to be unstable, with the first prototype crashing before trials were complete. The second and third aircraft were fitted with an enlarged rudder. The Blackburd was considered to be inferior to the Shirl and was not ordered. Although orders were placed for production of the Shirl, they were almost immediately cancelled in favour of orders for more Sopwith Cuckoos.

Specifications

See also

References

1910s British bomber aircraft
Blackburd
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Messerschmitt Me 310. The Messerschmitt Me 310 was a prototype German heavy fighter of World War II. It was a project to save the aerodynamically troubled Me 210.

Design and development
The armament was to be the same as the Me 210 A-1: two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon, two 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, and two remotely controlled, rearward-firing 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns.

A single aircraft was built by converting Me 210 V13 (code GI+SQ). It had a pressurised cockpit and was powered by two 1,380 kW (1,850 hp) Daimler-Benz DB 603A inline engines. The Me 310 first flew on 11 September 1943, but the project was cancelled later the same year, as it showed hardly any aerodynamic improvement over the Me 210. A subsequent prototype, the Me 410, showed sufficient improvement in its aerodynamics to be put into production.

Specifications (Me 310)

See also

References

http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_me_310.html

Me 310
1940s German fighter aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation. The Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation is a subcommittee within the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. The Subcommittee was formerly known as the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation, Space and Security, and the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Operations and Safety.

Jurisdiction
The Subcommittee on Aviation and Space has jurisdiction over technology, engineering, astronautical and aeronautical research and development; national and civil space policy; civil aviation research, development, and demonstration, and aviation safety and protection of consumers. The subcommittee conducts oversight on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the civil aviation and civil space policy functions of the Department of Transportation, Department of Commerce, and National Space Council within the Executive Office of the President.

Members, 118th Congress

Source:

Historical subcommittee rosters

117th Congress

116th Congress

Source:

References

External links
Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation website, Subcommittee page

Commerce Aviation
Metamorphic reaction. A metamorphic reaction is a chemical reaction that takes place during the geological process of metamorphism wherein one assemblage of minerals is transformed into a second assemblage which is stable under the new temperature/pressure conditions resulting in the final stable state of the observed metamorphic rock.

Examples include the production of talc under varied metamorphic conditions:
serpentine + carbon dioxide → talc + magnesite + water
chlorite + quartz → kyanite + talc + water

Polymorphic transformations

Exsolution reactions

Devolatilization reactions

Continuous reactions

Ion exchange reactions

Oxidation/reduction reactions

Reactions involving dissolved species

Chemographics

Petrogenetic grids

Schreinemaker's method

Reaction mechanisms

See also 
 Index mineral

Notes

Metamorphic petrology
Geochemical processes
Reaction mechanisms
Ramsbottom carbon residue. Ramsbottom carbon residue (RCR) is well known in the petroleum industry as a method to calculate the carbon residue of a fuel. The carbon residue value is considered by some to give an approximate indication of the combustibility and deposit forming tendencies of the fuel.

The carbon residue of a fuel
The Ramsbottom test is used to measure carbon residues of an oil. In brief, the carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency to form carbon deposits under high temperature conditions in an inert atmosphere. This is an important value for the crude oil refinery, and usually one of the measurements in a crude oil assay. Carbon residue is an important measurement for the feed to the refinery process fluid catalytic cracking and delayed coking.

Calculation methods
There are three methods to calculate this carbon residue. It may be expressed as Ramsbottom carbon residue (RCR), Conradson carbon residue (CCR) or micro carbon residue (MCR). Numerically, the CCR value is the same as that of MCR.
Sometimes the carbon residue value can be listed as residual carbon content, RCC, which is normally the same as MCR/CCR.

For the test, 4 grams of the sample are put into a weighed glass bulb. The sample in the bulb is heated in a bath at 553°C for 20 minutes. After cooling the bulb is weighed again and the difference noted.

See also
Conradson carbon residue
Cracking (chemistry)
Crude oil assay
Micro carbon residue
Oil refinery
Petroleum

References 

Petroleum technology
XMTC. XMTC (for explicit multi-threading C) is a shared-memory parallel programming language.  It is an extension of the C programming language which strives to enable easy PRAM-like programming based on the explicit multi-threading paradigm.  It is developed as part of the XMT PRAM-On-Chip vision by a research team at the University of Maryland, College Park, led by Dr. Uzi Vishkin. 

The philosophy of XMTC and the whole XMT project is that parallel programming is a hard intellectual task and the approach of building a hardware system first and then figuring out how to program them has not had much success.  For that reason a robust algorithmic theory and a reasonably easy hardware abstraction should be the specifications that guide how to build a new parallel architecture and programming language.  For parallel algorithms the algorithmic theory that has the largest body of literature is called PRAM (parallel random-access machine ).  This is not a coincidence, since PRAM is a natural way in which to think algorithmically in parallel.  In the early 1990s the PRAM model was deemed unrealistic because the hardware abstraction it was based on could not be implemented (because of low inter-chip bandwidth and high latency).  Now that multiple processors can be put on a single chip, these limitations are no longer present. The XMT architecture takes advantage of this excess on-chip real estate to implement a PRAM abstraction.

The XMTC language is a modest extension of C and a work in progress.  The basic premise is that the programmer is responsible for exposing all the available parallelism.  While this sounds simple and many earlier approaches share this ideal, in practice, if the programmer defines too large a number of parallel tasks and the tasks are short, the program will perform very poorly. The way around that is to combine short parallel tasks into a longer one, which is usually the responsibility of the programmer.  In XMTC it is possible for the language to do that automatically, lifting the burden from the programmer.

Software release of XMTC: PRAM-like programming allows experimenting with XMTC programming on standard computers.

Concurrent programming languages
C programming language family
Caesium cadmium chloride. Caesium cadmium chloride (CsCdCl3) is a synthetic crystalline material. It belongs to the AMX3 group (where A=alkali metal, M=bivalent metal, X=halogen ions). It crystallizes in a hexagonal space group P63/mmc  with unit cell lengths a = 7.403 Å and c = 18.406 Å, with one cadmium ion having D3d symmetry and the other having C3v symmetry.

It is formed when an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid containing an equimolar solution of caesium chloride and cadmium chloride.

References

Metal halides
Crystals
Optical materials
Caesium compounds
Cadmium compounds
Chlorides
Faggoting (metalworking). Faggoting or faggoting and folding is a metalworking technique used in the smelting and forging of wrought iron, blister steel, and other steel.  Faggoting is a process in which rods or bars of iron and/or steel are gathered (like a bundle of sticks or "faggot") and forge welded together.  The faggot would then be  drawn out lengthwise.  The bar might then be broken and the pieces made into a faggot again or folded over, and forge welded again.  

Wrought iron which had been faggoted twice was referred to as "Best"; if faggoted again it would become "Best Best", then "Treble best", etc. Faggoting stretches chemical impurities within the metal into long thin inclusions, creating a grain within the metal. "Best" bars would have a tensile strength along the grain of about 23 short tons per square inch (). "Treble best" could reach 28 short tons per square inch (). The strengths across the grain would be about 15% lower. This grain makes wrought iron especially tricky to forge, as it behaves much like wood grain—prone to spontaneous splitting along the grain if worked too cold. Wrought iron, especially less refined iron, must be worked at or near a forge welding heat, that is incandescent and white in color. In old, very rusted pieces of wrought iron, the grain is revealed, making the iron bear a striking resemblance to reddish-brown wood, and if it is rusted into the grain too deeply, it will need to be refined once more before reforging it.  

Blister steel that has been faggoted was known as shear steel; if faggoted twice, as double shear steel; and if faggoted three times, as triple shear steel.  Steel that was intended to be treated this way was carburised, causing little bubbles on the surface of the material, hence the name "blister steel". It was then forge welded together to refine it and work the carbon throughout the material, instead of just on the surface.

References
 

Metalworking
Steelmaking
USS Pinnacle (MSO-462). USS Pinnacle (AM-462/MSO-462) was an  acquired by the U.S. Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent the safe passage of ships.

Pinnacle was laid down 24 August 1953 as AM-462 by Higgins Industries Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana and launched 3 January 1955. She was redesignated as an Ocean Minesweeper, MSO-462, 7 February 1955 and commissioned on 21 October 1955.

North Atlantic operations
Pinnacle was  assigned to MinDiv 84 and completed shakedown in Chesapeake Bay and post shakedown overhaul at Charleston, South Carolina, and in June 1956 began preparations for her first deployment to the Mediterranean. Sailing east on 4 September, she visited the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, took part in NATO maneuvers in the North Sea then operated with the U.S. 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean from 20 October to 21 January 1957.

On 6 February she returned to Charleston, South Carolina, then, through September, furnished services for the Office of Naval Research. Overhaul and local operations followed and in May, 1958, Pinnacle again sailed for the Mediterranean.

Middle East Crisis operations
As tension in the Middle East rose to a new height, Pinnacle steamed directly to the eastern Mediterranean and for most of that deployment cruised off the Levantine states. Between 1 August and 2 October she spent six weeks off Beirut as the 6th Fleet answered Lebanese President Camille Chamoun's request for aid. En route home a series of engineering casualties resulted in the loss of the use of her main engines. Taken in tow by , she arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, 3 November.

Stateside Overhaul 
Overhaul, local operations and Caribbean amphibious exercises took up 1959 and in January 1960, Pinnacle deployed to the Mediterranean for another tour with the U.S. 6th Fleet. Returning in June, she resumed a series of local operations Mine Warfare school ship duties and amphibious exercise in the Caribbean. In late January 1962 she steamed to Cape Canaveral, Florida, to act as a back-up ship during the Mercury 6 space shot. In April she reported for duty with the Mine Defense Laboratory, Panama City, Florida, and after upkeep at the end of the summer sailed north to participate in joint U.S.-Canada exercises in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Continued U.S. 6th Fleet operations
In May 1963, Pinnacle again deployed to the Mediterranean and into 1970 regularly rotated between duty with the 6th Fleet, local operations and training exercises off the east coast, and extended deployment with amphibious forces in the Caribbean.  Pinnacle participated in the recovery effort of the Palomares Incident in early 1966.  Pinnacle was the first ship to locate the missing hydrogen bomb after making sonar contact.

Deactivation 
Pinnacle was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 November 1977; sold for scrapping on 1 May 1978 by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service to C. B. Herter of Hopewell, Virginia, for $26,491.

Notes

References

External links
 

Aggressive-class minesweepers
Ships built in New Orleans
1955 ships
USS Project. USS Project (AM–278) was an  built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was decommissioned in 1947 after wartime service and transferred to the Philippine Navy in 1948 where she served under the name RPS Samar (M-33). She was stricken from the Philippine Navy in 1960; beyond that, her fate is not reported in secondary sources.

Career
Project was laid down 1 July 1943 by Gulf Ship Building Corp., Chickasaw, Alabama; launched 20 November 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Irene D. Jenkins; and commissioned 22 August 1944. Project departed U.S. Naval Repair Station, Algiers, Louisiana, 7 September for Little Creek, Virginia. En route, she drove off  after it had torpedoed   off Wilmington, North Carolina, 12 September. Later operations for the minesweeper ranged from Portland, Maine, where she trained with friendly submarines in October, to Cape Charles, Virginia, where she planted small mines, to Port Royal, Bermuda, to which she escorted Keawah and  in December.

Project continued Atlantic Ocean coast operations during the first half of 1945 but in July proceeded via the Panama Canal Zone to San Pedro, California.  Engaging in minesweeping operations off California in August, the ship steamed to Pearl Harbor the 24th and on to Eniwetok and Saipan in September. After stopping at Buckner Bay, she reached Japan on the 20th. She remained in Japanese waters in connection with Japanese minesweeping activity and to make exploratory sweeps in the Omai Saki area.

Project was decommissioned, 13 June 1946 at Subic Bay, Philippines, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 16 September 1947. She was transferred to the Philippines on 24 May 1948 as RPS Samar (M-33). She was later reclassified as a patrol corvette with pennant number of PS-33. She was stricken in 1960. After Decommissioning from the Philippine Navy, she was transferred to the Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey (BCGS) in 1960.She was renamed RPS RESEARCH and served with BCGS until 1975 and eventually returned to the Philippine Navy and Probably Scrapped. Source: NAMRIA INFOMAPPER July 2001 issue and CDR Mark R Condeno

Awards 
Project received one battle star for U.S. World War II service.

References 
 
 NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Project (AM 278)

Admirable-class minesweepers
Ships built in Chickasaw, Alabama
1943 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Admirable-class minesweepers of the Philippine Navy
Miguel Malvar-class corvettes