omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Calcium chlorate. Calcium chlorate is the calcium salt of chloric acid, with the chemical formula Ca(ClO3)2. Like other chlorates, it is a strong oxidizer.

Production
Calcium chlorate is produced by passing chlorine gas through a hot suspension of calcium hydroxide in water, producing calcium hypochlorite, which disproportionates when heated with excess chlorine to give calcium chlorate and calcium chloride:
 6 Ca(OH)2 + 6 Cl2 → Ca(ClO3)2 + 5 CaCl2 + 6 H2O
This is also the first step of the Liebig process for the manufacture of potassium chlorate.

In theory, electrolysis of hot calcium chloride solution will produce the chlorate salt, analogous to the process used for the manufacture of sodium chlorate. In practice, electrolysis is complicated by calcium hydroxide depositing on the cathode, preventing the flow of current.

Reactions
When concentrated solutions of calcium chlorate and potassium chloride are combined, potassium chlorate precipitates: 
 Ca(ClO3)2 + 2 KCl → 2 KClO3 + CaCl2
This is the second step of the Liebig process for the manufacture of potassium chlorate.

Solutions of calcium chlorate react with solutions of alkali carbonates to give a precipitate of calcium carbonate and the alkali chlorate in solution: 
 Ca(ClO3)2 + Na2CO3 → 2 NaClO3 + CaCO3
On strong heating, calcium chlorate decomposes to give oxygen and calcium chloride: 
 Ca(ClO3)2 → CaCl2 + 3 O2
Cold, dilute solutions of calcium chlorate and sulfuric acid react to give a precipitate of calcium sulfate and chloric acid in solution:
 Ca(ClO3)2 + H2SO4 → 2 HClO3 + CaSO4
Contact with strong sulfuric acid can result in explosions due to the instability of concentrated chloric acid. Contact with ammonium compounds can also cause violent decomposition due to the formation of unstable ammonium chlorate.

Uses
Calcium chlorate has been used as an herbicide, like sodium chlorate.

Calcium chlorate is occasionally used in pyrotechnics, as an oxidizer and pink flame colorant. Its hygroscopic nature and incompatibility with other common pyrotechnic materials (such as sulfur) limit its utility in these applications.

References 

Chlorates
Calcium compounds
Oxidizing agents
Southern Cross Route. Southern Cross Route is a term for passenger flights from Australasia (or Oceania) to Europe via the Western Hemisphere. The term was coined by British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines when they began services from Sydney to Vancouver in 1949. The route was extended to Europe following the signing of an air services agreement between Australia and the United Kingdom in 1957, which saw Qantas flying from Sydney to London via Los Angeles and New York using Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellations. The name is in honor of Sir Charles Kingsford Smith's historic 1928 flight in the aircraft Southern Cross. The equivalent route running through the Eastern Hemisphere is known as the Kangaroo Route.

Qantas operated on the route from 1949 — 1974, when it discontinued the London leg of the trip. BOAC began flying to Australia via the South Pacific in April 1967. Air New Zealand operated an Auckland–Los Angeles–London Heathrow from 1982 — 2020. Other airlines to use the route include Air Tahiti Nui, French Bee, Air France, Air Canada, Aerolíneas Argentinas, and LAN Airlines.

Operations
Aside from codeshares and alliances/partners, airlines on the Southern Cross Route (with seasonal destinations in italics) are the following:

See also
Kangaroo Route – the Southern Cross Route's counterpart traveling via the Eastern Hemisphere
Wallaby Route - Route launched by Qantas in 1952 connecting Sydney to Johannesburg
Fiesta Route - Qantas' route that existed from 1964-1975 connecting Sydney to London via Fiji, Tahiti, Acapulco, Mexico City, The Bahamas, and Bermuda.

References

Airline routes
Qantas
Aviation in New Zealand
Aviation in French Polynesia
Aviation in the United States
Aviation in Chile
Jack E. Steele. Jack E. Steele (January 27, 1924 – January 19, 2009) was an American medical doctor and retired US Air Force colonel, most widely known for coining the word bionics.

Biography
Steele was born Jack Ellwood Steele in Lacon, Illinois.  He attended Mendota Township High School (Mendota, Ill), then went on to study general engineering at the University of Illinois and the Illinois Institute of Technology.  He served in the US Army from 1943 to 1946, who put him through pre-med at University of Minnesota in 1944.  He received his M.D. from Northwestern University in 1950.  He spent a year there as Research and Teaching Fellow in Neuro-anatomy before joining the US Air Force in 1951  where he served until retirement in 1971.  He initially served as Ward Officer of Psychiatry and Neurology until he joined 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Lab in 1953.  There he investigated stress effects of motions, sound and wind blast, but his main focus was on bionics, a term he coined in 1958. The term was officially used in 1960 as the title of a three-day symposium in September of that year.

His work on bionics, and the USAF research on cyborgs, caught the attention of SF writer and aviation expert Martin Caidin, whose 1972 book Cyborg makes explicit reference to then-Major Jack Steele.  The book formed the basis of the TV series The Six Million Dollar Man (and spinoff The Bionic Woman), which popularized, if somewhat inaccurately, the term bionics.  (Steele's original meaning was the study of biological organisms to find solutions to engineering problems, a field now also known as biomimetics.)

After retiring from the Air Force, Steele continued to practice medicine with a focus on psychiatry, and served as Medical Director of the Comprehensive Drug Dependency Treatment Program at the Dayton Mental Health Center, where he worked for 20 years until retirement.  Steele died in Dayton, Ohio on 19 January 2009 after a protracted illness.

References

 The Cyborg Handbook, Routledge, New York 1995, ed. Chris Gray
 From Biotechnology to Genomes: The Meaning of the Double Helix, World Scientific Publishing Co, New York, 2001, Phillippe Goujon (see footnote 78, page 47)
 Bionics Symposium - Living Prototypes - the key to new technology, 13–15 September 1960, Wadd Technical Report 60-600
 

1924 births
United States Air Force Medical Corps officers
2009 deaths
People from Lacon, Illinois
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
Feinberg School of Medicine alumni
Military personnel from Illinois
Serial binary adder. The serial binary adder or bit-serial adder is a digital circuit that performs binary addition bit by bit.  The serial full adder has three single-bit inputs for the numbers to be added and the carry in.  There are two single-bit outputs for the sum and carry out.  The carry-in signal is the previously calculated carry-out signal.  The addition is performed by adding each bit, lowest to highest, one per clock cycle.

Serial binary addition

Serial binary addition is done by a flip-flop and a full adder.  The flip-flop takes the carry-out signal on each clock cycle and provides its value as the carry-in signal on the next clock cycle.  After all of the bits of the input operands have arrived, all of the bits of the sum have come out of the sum output.

Serial binary subtractor

The serial binary subtractor operates the same as the serial binary adder, except the subtracted number is converted to its two's complement before being added.  Alternatively, the number to be subtracted is converted to its ones' complement, by inverting its bits, and the carry flip-flop is initialized to a 1 instead of to 0 as in addition.  The ones' complement plus the 1 is the two's complement.

Example of operation

Decimal 5+9=14
X=5, Y=9, Sum=14
Binary 0101+1001=1110

Addition of each step

*addition starts from LSb
Result=1110 or 14

See also
 Parallel binary adder

References

Further reading
 http://www.quinapalus.com/wires8.html
 http://www.asic-world.com/digital/arithmetic3.html

External links
 Interactive Serial Adder, Provides the visual logic of the Serial Adder circuit built with Teahlab's Simulator.

Binary arithmetic
Adders (electronics)
Ammonium iron(II) sulfate. Ammonium iron(II) sulfate, or Mohr's salt, is the inorganic compound with the formula . Containing two different cations, Fe2+ and , it is classified as a double salt of ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate.  It is a common laboratory reagent because it is readily crystallized, and crystals resist oxidation by air. Like the other ferrous sulfate salts, ferrous ammonium sulfate dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry. Its mineral form is mohrite.

Structure
This compound is a member of a group of double sulfates called Schönites or Tutton's salts. Tutton's salts form monoclinic crystals and have formula M2N(SO4)2·6H2O (M = various monocations). With regards to the bonding, crystals consist of octahedra [Fe(H2O)6]2+ centers, which are hydrogen bonded to sulfate and ammonium.

Mohr's salt is named after the German chemist Karl Friedrich Mohr, who made many important advances in the methodology of titration in the 19th century.

Applications 
In analytical chemistry, this salt is the preferred source of ferrous ions as the solid has a long shelf life, being resistant to oxidation. This stability extends somewhat to solutions reflecting the effect of pH on the ferrous–ferric redox couple.  This oxidation occurs more readily at high pH. The ammonium ions make solutions of Mohr's salt slightly acidic, which slows this oxidation process.  Sulfuric acid is commonly added to solutions to reduce oxidation to ferric iron.

It is used in Gel dosimetry to measure high doses of gamma rays.

Preparation 
Mohr's salt forms upon evaporation of an equimolar mixture of aqueous ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate.

Contaminants
Common impurities include magnesium, nickel, manganese, lead, and zinc, many of which form isomorphous salts.

References 

Ammonium compounds
Iron(II) compounds
Sulfates
Double salts
Naval Outlying Landing Field Spencer. Naval Outlying Landing Field Spencer  is a military airport located two miles (3 km) northeast of Pace, Florida, United States, in Santa Rosa County. It is owned by the United States Navy. NOLF Spencer is one mile north of U.S. Highway 90,  west of the City of Milton, just over  east of the Escambia River and about  southwest of NAS Whiting Field.

This airfield is situated on  and has eight runways, all  long by  wide. These runways are arranged to make two squares, one whose vertices approximately point north, south, east and west, and another which lies directly on top but is rotated 45°.

Its mission is to support helicopter operations of the Naval Air Training Command, and it remains under the control of Commander, Training Air Wing FIVE at nearby NAS Whiting Field.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Naval Outlying Landing Field Spencer is assigned NRQ by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.

See also
Naval outlying landing field

References

External links
NOLF Spencer at GlobalSecurity.org

Airports in Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Santa Rosa County, Florida
Spencer
Unix/NS. Unix/NS (the NCR 3700 Operating System) is based on the Unix SVR4. It contains significant extensions for massively parallel systems, in particular Distributed Memory DBMSs. The extensions include the concepts of virtual processor and virtual disk, message and global synchronization system, segment system, and globally distributed objects. When compared to other parallel UNIX operating systems like Mach or Chorus, Unix/NS has a more powerful communication and message addressing paradigm, and richer process-group management and global synchronization mechanism.

References

UNIX System V
NCR Corporation products
Smalltalk MT. Smalltalk MT is an implementation of the Smalltalk programming language created in 1994 by Tarik Kerroum to deal with some of the shortcomings of Smalltalk-80 style of implementations. Smalltalk MT adopts a different approach in that the Smalltalk source is compiled to machine code before being executed.

This allows the developer the freedom of working with compiled code without the need for the traditional compile-link-run cycle. This is like a specialized form of incremental or dynamic compilation.

Smalltalk MT directly interfaces to DLLs in exactly the same manner as C which allows DLL calls to be tested directly in a Workspace, which allows a scripting style of approach to accessing any DLL based code.

For example, one could write in a Workspace the following (single line or multiline, breaking on the '.' character) to reverse the string 'abc':

a := 'abc'. WINAPI _strrev: a. a inspect.

For 64-bit Windows, try:

a:= 'abc'.
WINAPI _wcsrev: a. 
a inspect.

The WINAPI call directly calls the DLL function _strrev natively passing parameters from the Smalltalk environment to the C environment and back.

Smalltalk MT has a close integration with COM objects and fully compiled COM components can be created that operate in exactly the same way as C/C++ COM objects.

In 1998 David Anderson teamed up with Tarik Kerroum to advance Smalltalk MT into the high performance and graphics areas.

References

External links
http://www.objectconnect.com/
https://web.archive.org/web/20070911004843/http://www.genify.com/

Smalltalk programming language family
Goldbricking. Goldbricking (also called cyberloafing or cyberslacking) is the practice of doing less work than one is able to, while maintaining the appearance of working. The term originates from the confidence trick of applying a gold coating to a brick of worthless metal—while workers may appear industrious or productive on the surface, in reality they are less valuable.

A 1999 report estimated that in the United States, because human employees sometimes use internet access at work for non-work related activities, $1 billion a year of employers' computer-resource costs did not yield their desired profitability. Additionally, instances of goldbricking increased markedly when broadband Internet connections became commonplace in workplaces. Before that, the slow speed of dial-up connections meant that spending work-time browsing on the Internet was rarely worthwhile.

Many firms deploy surveillance software to track employees' Internet activity in an effort to limit liability and to improve productivity.

Goldbricking became a mainstream topic when Yahoo! announced in late February 2013 the banning of remote work:  it had discovered that its remote workers were not logging into the corporate VPN often enough.

Alternative views 
Research has indicated that permitting employees to utilize computer resources for personal use actually increases productivity. Moreover, a study by the National University of Singapore entitled Cyberloafing at the workplace: gain or drain on work? concluded that using the internet for personal use served the same purpose as a coffee break and helped workers concentrate and stay engaged. Additionally, new research also shows that employees might use cyberloafing to cope with abusive and stressful conditions in the workplace when they perceive that they are being treated unfairly, disrespected, or given unreasonable deadlines.

See also 
 Counterproductive work behavior
 Internet addiction disorder
 Interruption science
 List of confidence tricks
 Sandbagging (disambiguation)
 Slacker
 Work aversion

References 

Employee relations
Cromemco Octart. The Cromemco Octart was an expansion card made by Cromemco for their range of S-100 bus based computer systems. The card provided eight serial bus channels and a single bi-directional parallel port. The serial connections were often used to interface eight computer terminals to the host system. In combination with the Cromemco Cromix multi-user operating system, this allowed different users to concurrently work on the system.  The parallel port was typically connected to an IEEE 1284-type printer.

Octart superseded Cromemco's TUART and QUADART and IOP boards.  Unlike earlier boards, which merely formatted and exchanged individual data characters, the Octart featured a sophisticated DUART communications circuit plus an independent Z80A processor with 64 KB bytes of memory. This enabled the Octart to:
 Perform all protocol and error-detection/recovery functions.
 Buffer large amounts of serial data.
 Pass only preprocessed data over the host bus using interrupt-driven I/O.

This reduced the processing load on the host computer's central processing unit and dramatically increased system throughput.

The Octart was a versatile serial subsystem. Under program control, it could switch its internal memory configuration from 16 KB bytes of ROM and 32 KB bytes of RAM to a full 64 KB bytes of RAM.

Thus the board can include a ROM bootstrap program which loads an application program, and then switches to 64 KB bytes of RAM for maximum buffer space. The eight serial channels could operate independently of one another in any of four modes: full duplex, auto echo, local loopback, and remote loopback.

Each channel could be programmed to automatic wake-up mode for multidrop applications.

The Octart required Z80 Cromix version 11.24 or later, or 68000 Cromix 20.61 or later.

External links
Cromemco Octart Asynchronous Communications Processor Instruction Manual

Octart
Serial buses
Cunliffe-Owen Concordia. The Cunliffe-Owen Concordia was a 1940s British twin-engined small airliner built by Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft.

History
The Concordia was 12-seat medium range transport aircraft. A separate luggage compartment could accommodate 45 lbs of luggage per passenger. Designed by W. Garrow-Fisher and built at Eastleigh, Hampshire in 1947. The prototype aircraft Y-0222 was first flown at Eastleigh on 19 May 1947. A second aircraft G-AKBE was displayed at the 1947 SBAC Show at Radlett and made an extensive European sales tour.

Work was suspended on 18 November 1947 on a production batch of six aircraft. These included one aircraft for the Nawab of Bhopal and two for British European Airways. Air Malta placed an order for one example in early 1947. It was concluded there was not a market for the aircraft. Shortly afterward the company ceased to work in the aircraft industry.

The Belgian COGEA company styled themselves exclusive agents for the Concordia for Belgium and its then colony Congo; no results are documented.

Specifications

References
Notes

Further reading

Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
1940s British airliners
Concordia
Twin-engined piston aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Jumbo Water Tower. Jumbo Water Tower is a water tower at the Balkerne Gate in Colchester, Essex. Charles Clegg (c.1855-c.1904), the Borough Surveyor and Engineer, designed the structure. The tower is 40.1m tall overall and contains 1.2 million red bricks. The tower was nicknamed ’Jumbo’ after the London Zoo elephant as a term of derision in 1882 by Reverend John Irvine who was annoyed that the tower dwarfed his nearby rectory at St. Mary-at-the-Walls.

Construction and design
Construction took around 20 months and was completed in 1883. 1,200,000 bricks and 819 tons of stone and cement were used in the construction of the tower. The tank is constructed of cast-iron bolted panels and when it was in use could hold 1069 cubic metres (37,800 cubic ft) of water. It was claimed at the time to be the second largest water tower in England.

Inside the central pier are 157 steps to a cupola which at 35.37 metres (116 ft) above ground offers views a long way over Colchester and the surrounding area.

It was listed in 1971 and is at Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England.

Post use history
After a century of service the water tower became superfluous to the water supply system and was sold off by Anglian Water in 1987. It has had multiple owners since. In 2001 after prolonged controversy permission was granted on appeal to replace the tank with a glass walled penthouse, but work on this never started and permission expired. In 2006 at the height of the UK property boom, Jumbo was sold at auction for £330,000 to a local developer. In 2008 a local charity, the Balkerne Tower Trust, was formed with the aim of restoring the Grade II* listed tower and making it a heritage attraction with guided public access.

In September 2011 a subsequent planning application to convert the tower into a penthouse, flats and restaurant was rejected by Colchester Borough Council by 7 votes to 5.  Further planning applications in 2013 were also refused,
 and the building was put up for sale in May 2014, selling for £190,000 at auction  to local poultry farmer Paul Flatman  A scheme devised by North Essex Heritage, a Building Preservation Trust to construct a restaurant, gift shop and heritage centre within the tower was set back in July 2018 when an application for a Heritage Lottery Fund grant was turned down.

In December 2021 the tower was leased by Paul Flatman to North Essex Heritage for a 150 year term. The Trust plans to adapt the tower to house a restaurant, visitor experience and historical interpretation space. In April 2024, comedian Griff Rhys Jones, also the President of The Victorian Society, gave his support to the restoration project.

See also
Tower Hill Water Tower, a water tower of similar design in Ormskirk, Lancashire

References

External links

Balkerne Tower Trust
North Essex Heritage

Buildings and structures in Colchester (town)
Water towers in the United Kingdom
Grade II* listed buildings in Essex
Towers completed in 1883
USV. USV may refer to:

Businesses and organizations
 Union Square Ventures, an American venture capital company
 University of Silicon Valley
 USV Private Limited, an Indian pharmaceutical company

Government and military
 United States of Venezuela
 United States Volunteers, non-regular US Army troops
 76 mm divisional gun M1939 (USV), a WWII Soviet field gun

Other uses
 Ultrasonic vocalization by animals such as bats and rodents
 Unmanned surface vehicle, an unmanned vessel/boat, a nautical drone

See also