omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
This paper presents the derivation of the Lorentz factor and time dilation used in the Einstein’s theory of special relativity. Keywords: relativistic speed , mass -energy equivalence, Pythagoras theorem 1. Introduction In Einstein's theory of special relativity [1-5], the relativistic speed is concerned with the speed of an object whose velocity approaches the speed of light. In this case, the relativistic time refers to time dilation and the relativistic time dilation denotes the observed time interval between two events. 2. Lorentz Factor and Time Dilation Let's consider that a metal tube of mass 𝑚0 and length ℎ is at a stationary position and the light takes time t to travel from point A to point D. 𝐴𝐷=ℎ=𝑐𝑡 Also ,𝐵𝐶=𝐴𝐷=ℎ=𝑐𝑡, where 𝑐 is the speed of light . Page | 2 Suppose the metal tube moves with velocity 𝑣 horizontally and the light travels from point A along with the moving metal tube . When the light reaches point C at time 𝑡′, the metal tube moves to point B at time 𝑡′. 𝐴𝐵=𝑣𝑡′𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐶=𝑐𝑡′ By the Pythagorean theorem, we can derive the time dilation and Lorentz factor as follows: (𝐴𝐶)2=(𝐴𝐵)2+(𝐵𝐶)2 (𝑐𝑡′)2=(𝑣𝑡′)2+(𝑐𝑡)2 𝑡′2(1−𝑉2 𝐶2)=𝑡2 𝑡′=𝑡 √1−𝑣2 𝑐2,where 𝑡′ 𝑖s time dilation . 𝛾=1 √1−𝑣2 𝑐2,where 𝛾=𝑡′ 𝑡. Here, 𝛾 is the Lorentz factor. The Einstein’s mass -energy equivalence states that 𝐸=𝑚𝑐2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚=𝛾𝑚0, where 𝑚 is the relativistic mass and 𝑚0is the rest mass . 3. Conclusion In this article, the Lorentz factor and time dilation have been derived used in the Einstein’s theory of special relativity.
—Proliferation of smart grid technologies has en- hanced observability and controllability of distribution systems. If coordinated with the transmission system, resources of b oth systems can be used more efﬁciently. This paper proposes a model to operate transmission and distribution systems in a coordinated manner. The proposed model is solved using a Surrogate Lagrangian Relaxation (SLR) approach. The computational performance of this approach is compared against existing methods (e.g. subgradient method). Final ly, the usefulness of the proposed model and solution approach is demonstrated via numerical experiments on the illustrat ive example and IEEE benchmarks. Index Terms —Distribution system operations, transmission system operations, Surrogate Lagrangian Relaxation. I. I NTRODUCTION Active deployment of smart grid technologies in distri- bution systems has affected the way how these systems interact with the transmission systems. It is anticipated that distribution systems of the future will be equipped to actively engage in transmission system operations, [1]. This will require a coordination mechanism to co-optimize generation resources available in both systems to achieve least-cost operations, while respecting objective functi ons and satisfying technical constraints of each system. Coordination between the transmission and distribution systems has previously been investigated for economic dis- patch and optimal power ﬂow frameworks.
Rural off -grid renewable energy solutions often fail due to uncertainties in household energy demand, insufficient community engagement, inappropriate financial models, policy inconsistency and lack of political will. Social shaping of technology (SST) of specific household electric appl iances provides a critical lens of understanding the involved socio -technical drivers behind these constraints. This study employs an SST lens to investigate appliance uptake drivers in Rwanda using the EICV5 micro dataset, such that these drivers can aid in policy design of a socially inclusive renewable energy transition. The methodology includes a systemic and epistemological review of current literature on the drivers of appliance uptake in the Global South. These drivers were then analysed using binary logistic regression on 14,580 households. Results show that appliance uptake is highly gendered in Rwanda and the type of appliance determines its diffusion across the welfare categories, commonly referred as to Ubudehe categories. Regression results sho w that mobile phones, radios and TV -sets have a higher likelihood of ownership than welfare appliances (refrigerator and laundry machine) by low -income households. There is also a high likelihood of uptake of power stabilisers in urban areas, indicating po or power quality. Policy implications were drawn using the lens of disruptive innovation. Keywords : Energy transition ; Off-grid system ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Social Shaping of Technology ; Gender ; Disruptive innovation *corresponding author: Behaviour and Building Performance Group, The Martin Centre of Architectural and Urban Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge - CB2 1PX, United Kingdom. Email: rd545@cam.ac.uk Funding : Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through the Gates Cambridge Scholarship awarded to RD at the University of Cambridge under the grant number OPP1144. Muza, O., & Debnath, R. (2020, March 31). Socially inclusive renewable energy transition in sub -Saharan Africa: A social shaping of technology analysis of appliance uptake in Rwanda. https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/q3nr2 2 1. Introduction Gendered perceptions, p
— This study presents an analysis of nitrocellulose- based solid-state calibration standards for point-of-care (POC) fluorometers. Our findings show that the manual assembly process introduces significant variations in the alignment/offset of printed lines with respect to the optical aperture. A Claremont BioSolutions and BioDot automated dispenser were compared to determine efficacy in producing high-quality calibration standards. Qualitative analysis of line morphology shows less pronounced irregularities in lines printed by the BioDot. The BioDot also demonstrated significantly lower variation in the width of printed lines, with a CV of 6.4% compared to the Claremont’s 27.0%. However, fluorescence intensity measurements using a POC fluorometer revealed a mean inter-sample CV of 15.0% and 14.2% for the Claremont and BioDot, respectively. Direct and indirect fluorophore immobilization methods were compared. The results indicated that the direct method is a viable approach, but the indirect method presents challenges with increased background and fluorophore depletion, rendering it unsuitable for calibration standard production. Clinical relevance — This work investigates the efficacy of nitrocellulose-based solid-state standards for calibrating POC fluorometers, which are essential for ensuring accurate diagno- sis and screening of patient samples. I. INTRODUCTION Fluorometers play an important role in diagnostics and biomedical research due to their high sensitivity and speci- ficity [1]. In point-of-care (POC) applications, fluorometers enable rapid, on-site analysis, which is essential for early detection and effective interventions [2]. Accurate and re- liable calibration of POC fluorometers is vital for ensuring consistent performance and reproducible results. Calibration involves using standard
Reinforcement learning is an interesting area of machine learning which deals with how intelligent agents take actions in an environment to maximize the notion of gaining a cumulative reward. It is one of three basic machine learning paradigms. In Reinforcement Learning (RL), the agents are trained on the basis of a reward and punishment mechanism where it is rewarded for performing correct moves and punished for the incorrect ones. In doing so, the agent tries to minimize incorrect moves and maximize the correct ones. This paper focuses on exhaustive examples of RL being applied in real-life scenarios and solving global problems in a resource and time efficient manner. 1 Introduction Reinforcement learning is a subset of Machine[ 1] Learning. It involves taking the right action to maximize reward and is employed by many machines to find the best possible path that it should take in a particular situation. Reinforcement learning differs from supervised learning as it refers to the training data which contains the answer key with it and thus, the model is trained with the correct answer itself. Whereas in reinforcement learning, there is no answer but the reinforcement agent decides what to do to perform the given task. In the absence of a training data set, it is bound to learn from its experience. In essence, Reinforcement Learning is the science of decision-making and learning about the optimal behavior in an environment to obtain the maximum reward.[2] 2 Applications 2.1 Autonomous Navigation Some of the autonomous driving[ 3] tasks where reinforcement learning could be applied include trajectory optimization, controller optimization, motion planning and scenario-based learning[ 4] policies for highways. Lane changing can be achieved using Q-Learning while overtaking can be implemented by learning an overtaking policy while avoiding collision and maintaining a steady speed thereafter. Q-learning is a model-free method of reinforcement learning that will find the best course of action, based on the current state of the agent. AWS Deep Racer is an example of an autonomous racing car that has been designed to test out RL on a physical track. It uses cameras to visualize the runway and a reinforcement learning model to control the throttle and direction.[5] 2.2 Trading and Finance Supervised time series models are certain sequence of data observations that a system collects within specific periods of time, which can be used for predicting future sales as well as predicting stock prices.[ 6] An RL agent can decide on this task; whether to hold, buy, or sell, and is evaluated using market benchmark standards to ensure that it’s performing optimally and maximise profits. This automation brings consistency into the process, unlike previous manual methods where analysts would have to make every single[ 7] decision that would prove to be inconsistent due to human borne biases. 2.3 News Recommendation User p
— New results on the nilpotency of the waveform relaxation (WR) algorithm are presented for chains of general linear time -invariant circuits. Strictly dissipative impedance coupling is used in the WR method to decouple the cascaded parts. Three relaxation schemes: Gauss -Jacobi, Gauss -Seidel and relaxation by forward and reverse sweep ing implement the WR iteration s. The analysis of the operator matrices in the Fourier domain leads to the characterization of the nilpotent WR operator for the three relaxation schemes. Index Terms —Waveform relaxation, impedance coupling, transmission conditions , iteration matrix, nilpotent operators, transient simulation . I. INTRODUCTION AVEFORM RLAXATION (WR) techniques [1] –[7] were introduced in the early 1980s as an alternative to direct time-stepping algorithms used by circuit simulators for solving ordinary differential equations. The concept of WR is based on partitioning the original circuit into subcircuits that are solved independently of each other on the entire time interval of int erest. Coupling effects among individual subcircuits are represented by time -domain sources that are initially assumed to be known. Circuit response is reached iteratively through repeated estimations of the se coupling effects. The main steps of WR circuit computing can be found in [ 8]. Several techniques were proposed in the literature to improve the efficiency of WR analysis including dynamic partitioning, scheduling, and time windowing , see [9, Ch. 8, pp. 41 -123] and
In this paper, experimental data from tests of a helical ﬂuid inerter are used to model the observed hysteretic behaviour. The novel idea is to test the feasibility of employing mem-models, which are time-invariant herein, to capture the observed phenomena by using physically meaningful state variables. Firstly we use a Masing model concept, identiﬁed with a multilayer feedforward neural network to capture thephysicalcharacteristicsofthehysteresisfunctions.Followingthis,amorereﬁned approach based on the concept of a multi-element model including a mem-inerter isdeveloped.Thisiscomparedwithpreviousdeﬁnitionsintheliteratureandshown tobeamoregeneralmodel.Through-outthispaper,numericalsimulationsareused to demonstrate the type of dynamic responses anticipated using the proposed time- invariantmem-models.Correspondingexperimentalmeasurementsareprocessedto demonstrate and validate the new mem-modeling concepts. The results show that it is possible to have a uniﬁed model constructed using both the damper and inerter from the mem-model family. This model captures many of the more subtle features of the underlying physics, not captured by other forms of existing model. KEYWORDS: hysteresis; inerter; mem-models; dual input-output pairs; higher-order element; Masing model; mem- inerter 1INTRODUCTION The inerter is a novel dynamic device that has been the subject of substantial research interest in both academia and industry. In particular, systems with inerters have been developed to improve passive control of dynamic systems, such as automotive suspensions,andmorerecentlyapplicationsincivilengineeringstructures.Thispaperdescribesthedevelopmentofaseriesof hysteresis models for an inerter by using new concepts recently introduced from other disciplines. The results are compared to experimental results from a ﬂuid inerter system based on a ﬂuid ﬁlled cylinder that induces ﬂow in a helical pipe system. TheterminerterwasﬁrstintroducedbySmith(1)usingtheforce-currentanalogybetweenmechanicalandelectricalnetworks. Inthiscontext,theinerterisconsideredtorepresenttheequivalentofthecapacitor.Asaresultithasthepropertythattheforce generated is proportional to the relative acceleration between its end points (or nodes). The constant of proportionality for the inerter is called inertance and is measured in kilograms. Ofcourse,inmechanicalengineeringtheﬂywheelconcepthadbeenusedformanycenturiespreviously,buttypicallywithout relative accelerations. However in earthquake engineering, particularly in Japan since the late 1990s, several researchers have used inertial components to enhance the eﬀectiveness of damping devices – see summary by (2) and
This study introduces a novel bibliometric model to enhance the integration and application of interdisciplinary theories in construction project management (CPM), focusing on sustainability. Utilizing bibliometric methods and tools such as VOSviewer, the research systematically identifies and maps interdisciplinary intersections in CPM. Grounded in pragmatism, the study emphasizes practical applications of theoretical insights and diverse perspectives to address real -world problems. The analysis highlights dominant sources like Sustainability Switzerland and Energies, and leading institutions such as Delft University of Technology and University of Johannesburg, which contribute significantly to sustainable construction literature. Prolific authors includin g Wang N., Aranda -Usón A., and Yuan J. frequently employ theories like Governmentality Theory, Lean Theory, and Ecological Modernisation Theory, demonstrating their impact on advancing theoretical and practical knowledge. The findings reveal a reliance on established theories to address sustainability issues and underscore the need for more structured theoretical approaches in future research. Despite notable contributions, there is a gap in the systematic application of theoretical frameworks, necessitatin g a rigorous theoretical foundation for empirical investigations. A thematic analysis of 41 documents showcases the varied application of PREPRINT – 29/07/2024 – VERSION 5 – CC BY -SA 4.0 DEED – SUBMITTED TO THE JOURNAL OF SUST AINABLE FUTURES AT THE RECOMMENDATION OF THE ELSEVIER MANUSCRIPT TRANSFER SERVICE WITH A WORD COUNT OF: 14,091 (JOURNAL ACCEPTANCE RATE – UNKNOWN % AT TIME OF SUBMISSION) Page 2 of 63 theoretical frameworks and their implications for transdisciplinary research. The results highlight the importance of theory in providing structured frameworks for analysis, fostering interdisciplinary integration, and enhancing predictive power. The study advocates for promoting theory -driven research, developing comprehensive theoretical models, and enhancing bibliometric tools for 'co -theory' analysis. These steps aim to foster innovative solutions and sustainable practices in construction, ensuring theo retical advancements effectively contribute to sustainable development goals. This research underscores the critical role of theory in addressing the complex challenges of sustainable CPM . Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, Construction project management, Co -Theory, Model of Transdisciplinarity, Identifying Theory using Bibliometrics. Word Count: Original Manuscript - Research Article (14,091 ), this submission does not relate to a conference or a special issue , and is the original work of the authors, this submitted version coincides with the Preprint number stated in the header of the article . (Word count excludes title, author names , author affiliations, abstract keywords, abbreviations, table/figure captions, acknowledgments, front matter and
. This report is mainly based in four different data sources all based in energy efficiency and its implementation in new as well old buildings. They are namely: Clean Energy Solutions – an international institute (supported by UN-Energy and the Clean Energy Ministerial), which helps governments design and adopt policies and programs that support the deployment of clean energy technologies; Bridging Information Gap of Energy Efficiency in Buildings (bigEE) - an international initiative of research institutes for technical and policy advice and public agencies in the field of energy and climate, co-ordinated internationally by the Wuppertal Institute of Germany and implemented nationally by South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) . Its aim is to develop the international web-based knowledge platform called http://www.bigee.net for energy efficiency in buildings, building-related technologies, and appliances in the world’s main climatic zones, which will be discussed in the future pages of the report; The last source that enriches this work comes from a scientific article covering Barriers to Retrofitting Buildings for Energy Efficiency in South Africa. Key words: Buildings, Efficiency, bigEE, SANEDI, Barriers, Retrofitting, South Africa, Clean Energy Solution Center. Energy Retrofits in the RSA BH055 Failures and Reconstruction 2019/2020 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Barriers ............................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Positives and Negatives of Building Retrofitting for Energy Efficiency ................................... 4 2.1.1 Negatives Aspects ........................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Positives Aspects ............................................................................................................. 5 3 Energy Efficiency Strategy ............................................................................................................... 8 4 Building Retrofitting for Energy Efficiency .................................................................................... 10 5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 11 6
—In recent years, the development of Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms has been an important issue for secure against quantum computers. Therefore, surveying and summarizing the research articles of PQC can provide the devel- opment directions for PQC beginners. Furthermore, ChatGPT is a powerful tool to quickly search the relevant studies through prompts. Therefore, this study proposes sequential prompts to use ChatGPT for generating the reviews of PQC. The detailed prompts that have been presented in Section II can be applied for other research topics. Index Terms —Post-quantum cryptography, lattice-based cryp- tography, ChatGPT I. I NTRODUCTION Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) aims to provide secure cryptographic algorithms that can resist attacks from quantum computers, which are expected to break many classical cryp- tographic systems. Here are the objectives of PQC in detail, along with some
This paper aims to conduct a literature review and analyze the current AI techniques used in product design and development within industries in a competitive manner. With a proper implementation process, AI techn iques will positively impact organizations to manage the increasing complexity of products and customers’ requirements within a short product life cycle. Manufacturers must process and manage complex information efficiently, effectively reducing time -to-market. These requirements have led to the rise in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in product design and development to manage the process. Also, it attracted significant attention to a new design paradigm called AI -enabled produc t design. Incorporating AI into the Product Development Process (PDP) facilitates the product design process to be more intelligent, accurately interprets vast data, and achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation. The paper reviews the AI techniques that set the foundations for PDP development. Subsequently, this paper will cover how AI -enabled design has helped in product design and development, such as e.g., extending product life. Furthermore, it can contribute versatile designs to meet a variety of customer demands since AI can process excess data instantly and provide predictions to optimize product design strategies such as matching mechanisms. With the support of AI technology, manufacturers can develop more effective maintenance and recovery by measurement of their products in real -time. Finally, a conclusion about the advantages/limits of the (AI) -enabled design and future research perspectives are discussed in the last section. 2 1. Introduction Product design and development is a crucial stage for organizations as they determine whether the product produced can be sold successfully in the market effectively and sustainably. The rapid progress in information technology and living standards has shifted product p