omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Karakeche. Karakeche (, also Kara-Keche) is a coal mining area in Jumgal District, Naryn Region, Kyrgyzstan. It is located in the valley of the river Karakeche (Naryn basin), between the mountain ranges Moldo Too and Kabak Too, 25–30 km south of Chaek. It is the site of five open cast coal mines, source of around half of Kyrgyzstan's national coal production with estimated reserves of 438 million tonnes. This coal is mostly sent to Bishkek via the railway at Balykchy. The extension of that railway all the way to Karakeche was proposed in 2013 while other reports have suggested that the mines might be offered to China in return for the construction of a trans-Kyrgyzstan railway linking Andijan, Uzbekistan with Kashgar, China.

On 31 March 2022, President Sadyr Japarov officially launched construction of the new 186 km railway from Balykchy to Karakeche.

History
The Kara-Keche mines were developed during the Soviet era, with first production in 1985. After independence they were partly privatised, though the main mine remained under the 70% state-owned firm Ak-Ulak. According to news reports, local people believed that smaller privately owned operating companies, Joldoshbaev's Besh-Sary,  Isabaev's Meerim-Sharbon and Sasykulov Ak-Jol, had asset stripped their respective operations and made little attempt to comply with basic financial or environmental standards. Whether or not this was true, the mines were dramatically seized on 6 June 2005 by people claiming allegiance to the Joomart movement of Jumgal politician Nurlan Motuev, in what Motuev reportedly described as an attempt at redistribution of wealth relevant to the March revolution. Motuev later served a prison sentence for the seizure, and in 2012 called for the mines' nationalisation.

References

Mines in Kyrgyzstan
Cray S-MP. The Cray S-MP was a multiprocessor server computer sold by Cray Research from 1992 to 1993. It was based on the Sun SPARC microprocessor architecture and could be configured with up to eight 66 MHz BIT B5000 processors. Optionally, a Cray APP matrix co-processor cluster could be added to an S-MP system.

The S-MP was originally designed by FPS Computing as the FPS Model 500EA. FPS were acquired by Cray Research in 1991, becoming Cray Research Superservers Inc., and the Model 500EA was relaunched by Cray in 1992 as the S-MP. 

The S-MP was a short-lived model, and was superseded by the Cray CS6400.

References
  New Computer by Cray Research Uses Sun Processor, New York Times
 Cockcroft, Adrian and Pettit, Richard (1998), Sun Performance and Tuning: Java and the Internet, Sun Microsystems. 

Smp
Supercomputers
32-bit computers
Nita Ing. Nita Ing (Chinese: 殷琪; born 17 March 1955, in Taipei) is the Taiwanese-American president of Continental Engineering Corporation and the former chairman of the board of the Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation, the company which built a high-speed railway system from Taipei to Kaohsiung. A supporter of the Democratic Progressive Party, she had been an advisor to the former President Chen Shui-bian.

Her career as a construction magnate took place largely within Taiwan's Continental Engineering Corporation, of which she has served as the chairman of the board.

Early life 
Nita's hometown is Wenzhou and comes from a Wenzhounese family. Her father, Wenzhounese businessman, Chi-Hou Ing, was the founder of Continental Engineering Corporation and paternal grandfather was the former deputy minister of Ministry of Finance of Republic of China in the early 20th century.

Nita Ing was expelled from Taipei American School for "rowdy behavior" and sent to a Massachusetts boarding school in the 1970's when she was a teenager. She then majored in economics at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), but was expelled from the University for setting up a fire for protesting women inequality.

She was briefly married to Paul Gittleson in 1979 in Los Angeles, but divorced a few years later. Her children were from a subsequent relationship. She currently lives in Taipei, Taiwan with her two daughters, who both attend Taipei American School.

Career 
After graduating, Ing started a career at Continental Engineering Corporation in August 1977, eventually rising to become president of the firm. From 1998 until 2009, she was the chairperson of the Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation. In 2010, she was appointed as the chairperson of Continental Holdings Corporation.

References

External links 
 Taiwan High Speed Rail official website 
 Taiwan High Speed Rail official website 
 Money magazine article
 Business Week article
 CEC Timeline

1955 births
Living people
American people of Chinese descent
Businesspeople from Taipei
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Tibetan Buddhists from the United States
Tibetan Buddhists from Taiwan
21st-century American women
20th-century American Buddhists
21st-century American Buddhists
Elektrisk Bureau. Elektrisk Bureau or EB was a Norwegian manufacturer of telecommunication equipment. It was founded in 1882 and lasted until 1993 when it became part of Asea Brown Boveri (ABB). The company was located at Billingstad in Asker.

History
In 1882 Carl Söderberg founded EB. The background was that Söderberg, who had started a telephone union in Christiania, felt that Bell System had been charging too high prices. In 1885 the company was made limited and a year later Akers Mekaniske Verksted became the largest owner. EB became the largest domestic producer of telephone systems as well as export. But during the 1920s when the automatic centrals were introduced, EB lost its leading position. Instead focus was moved to the consumer market, and in 1928 L. M. Ericsson became the main owner of EB, granting a great deal of patents that EB could utilize. EB also had close connections with Televerket, whom EB was the largest producer of telecommunication equipment for. This was especially true in the late 1960s to abolish waiting lists for telephone lines. The Swedish ASEA eventually bought 67% of EB, and in 1988 the company became part of the new Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) group, through the brand EB was used until 1993, when ABB bought the rest of EB.

Manufacturing companies established in 1882
Manufacturing companies based in Oslo
ABB
DSL Rings. DSL Rings (D.S.L.R.) is a telecommunications technology developed by Canadian start-up Genesis Technical Systems, based in Calgary, Canada. The DSL technology reuses existing copper telephone network cabling for a stated bandwidth of up to 50 Mb/s. The technology apparently includes quality of service (QoS) & efficient multicast, though that might not be entirely accurate.

Genesis reported that two unnamed European telecom providers began testing the technology in July 2010.

Technical overview

DSL Rings technology combines the capabilities of VDSL2, DSL bonding, Resilient Packet Rings (RPR) technologies and add-drop multiplexers (ADM) in a collector ring instead of the historic tree and branch approach.

The links between the houses are implemented via passive jumper wires that do not come back to the Convergence Node (CN). Therefore, a single CN design can efficiently manage 216 houses in a given ring. Genesis suggests a maximum of 16 houses in the ring due to the delay introduced by transiting each node to get back to the central office (CO); however, RPR has an upper limit of 255 nodes per ring.

Bonded pairs are used to obtain maximum bandwidth from the CO to the pedestal (DP). The Convergence Node, which is environmentally hardened and powered via the copper wire from the CO, terminates the bonded signals and acts as the gateway node for the subscriber 'collector' ring. 
DSL Rings technology is based on the Resilient Packet Rings (RPR) protocol. The technology enables a fail-safe in that, if a single pair is cut, the traffic goes in the opposite direction around the ring to get to the network gateway node. RPR also provides built in quality of service (QoS) for traffic differentiation and managed services as well as an Efficient Multicast (EM) capability that significantly reduces overall ring bandwidth requirements for multicast/broadcast video.

Within the DSL Rings architecture the bonded link to the CO/Exchange, which is typically a binder group (20–25 pairs depending on the telco), is terminated at the pedestal where a ring is initiated. DSL Rings provides the capability to both terminate the bonded link from the CO and initiate another bonded link towards another pedestal down the road.

References

External links
Genesis Technical Systems Corp.
G.Bond

Digital subscriber line
Companies based in Calgary
CFAV Glendyne (YTB 640). CFAV Glendyne (YTB 640) is a  naval tugboat operated by the Royal Canadian Navy. It was built at Yarrow Shipyard in Esquimalt, British Columbia. The ship was launched in 1975 and delivered on 8 August 1975. Attached to Maritime Forces Pacific, the ship is based at CFB Esquimalt.

References

Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy
1975 ships
Glen-class tugs (1975)
Auxiliary ships of the Royal Canadian Navy
Ships built in Esquimalt
CFAV Glendale (YTB 641). CFAV Glendale (YTB 641) is a  naval tugboat operated by the Royal Canadian Navy. Built at Yarrow Shipyard, Esquimalt, British Columbia and launched in 1975, the ship was delivered on 16 September 1975. Attached to Maritime Forces Pacific, the ship is based at CFB Esquimalt.

References

Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy
1975 ships
Glen-class tugs (1975)
Auxiliary ships of the Royal Canadian Navy
Ships built in Esquimalt
CFAV Glenside (YTB 644). CFAV Glenside (YTB 644) is a  naval tugboat operated by the Royal Canadian Navy. Built at Georgetown Shipyard, Georgetown, Prince Edward Island, and launched in 1977, the ship was delivered on 20 May 1977. Attached to Maritime Forces Atlantic, the ship is based at CFB Halifax.

References

Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy
1977 ships
Glen-class tugs (1975)
Auxiliary ships of the Royal Canadian Navy
Ships built in Prince Edward Island
CFAV Glenevis (YTB 642). CFAV Glenevis (YTB 642) is a  naval tugboat operated by the Royal Canadian Navy. Built at Georgetown Shipyard, Georgetown, Prince Edward Island, and launched in 1976, the ship was delivered on 9 August 1976. Attached to Maritime Forces Atlantic, the ship is based at CFB Halifax.

References

Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy
1976 ships
Glen-class tugs (1975)
Auxiliary ships of the Royal Canadian Navy
Ships built in Prince Edward Island
Nimrod (synchrotron). Nimrod (National Institute Machine Radiating on Downs, "the Mighty Hunter" Nimrod; name attributed to W. Galbraith) was a 7 GeV proton synchrotron operating in the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory  in the United Kingdom between 1964 and 1978. Nimrod delivered its last particles at 17:00 hrs on 6 June 1978. Although roughly contemporary with the CERN PS its conservative design used the "weak focussing" principle instead of the much more cost-effective "strong-focussing" technique, which would have enabled a machine of the same cost to reach much higher energies.

The design and construction of Nimrod was carried out at a capital cost of approximately £11 million. It was used for studies of nuclear and sub-nuclear
phenomena.

Nimrod was dismantled and the space it occupied reused for the synchrotron of the ISIS neutron source.

Magnet power supply
The magnet power supply included 2 motor-alternator-flywheel sets. Each drive motor was 5,000 HP. Each flywheel was 30 tonnes. Each alternator was 60 MVA 12.8kV. Magnet currents would pulse at 10,550 A.

References

External links
 http://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/about-isis/target-station-2/publications/issue-1-september-20038209.pdf 

Nuclear research institutes
Particle physics facilities
Research institutes in Oxfordshire
Synchrotron radiation facilities
Vale of White Horse
Salt print. The  salt print was the dominant paper-based photographic process for producing positive prints (from negatives) from 1839 until approximately 1860.

The salted paper technique was created in the mid-1830s by English scientist and inventor Henry Fox Talbot. He made what he called "sensitive paper" for "photogenic drawing" by wetting a sheet of writing paper with a weak solution of ordinary table salt (sodium chloride), blotting and drying it, then brushing one side with a strong solution of silver nitrate. This produced a tenacious coating of silver chloride in an especially light-sensitive chemical condition. The paper darkened where it was exposed to light. When the darkening was judged to be sufficient, the exposure was ended and the result was stabilized by applying a strong solution of salt, which altered the chemical balance and made the paper only slightly sensitive to additional exposure. In 1839, washing with a solution of sodium thiosulfate ("hypo") was found to be the most effective way to make the results truly light-fast.

The salt print process is often confused with Talbot's slightly later 1841 calotype or "talbotype" process, in part because salt printing was mostly used for making prints from calotype paper negatives rather than live subjects. Calotype paper employed silver iodide instead of silver chloride. Calotype was a developing out process, not a printing out process like the salt print. The most important functional difference is that it allowed a much shorter exposure to produce an invisible latent image which was then chemically developed to visibility. This made calotype paper far more practical for use in a camera. Salted paper typically required at least an hour of exposure in the camera to yield a negative showing much more than objects silhouetted against the sky. Gold toning of the salted paper print was a popular technique to make it much more permanent.

In the 21st century, salt prints remain a niche method in the art photography world.

References

Sources
 Taylor, Roger. Impressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840-1860 (NY, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007)

External links

 How to Make a Salt Print
(Wayback Machine copy)
 Salted Paper Printing Process
 Salt Prints
 William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877) and the Invention of Photography
 Luminous Lint
 See some of the world's earliest photographs

Alternative photographic processes
Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
Eager (novel). Eager is a children's science-fiction novel written by Helen Fox, and first published in 2003. Eager is the name of a self-aware robot in a futuristic society controlled by a company called LifeCorp. Eager was shortlisted for the West Sussex Children's Book Award 2005–2006.

Plot summary
The plot is set in Britain at the end of the 21st Century and revolves around an experimental type of robot that can think for itself, EGR3 (called Eager). Eager learns by experience as a human would, is intellectually curious, and capable of emotion. He can feel wonder, excitement, and loss. His inventor sends him as an assistant to an old-fashioned robot, Grumps, who acts as a butler to the Bell family. Though much-loved, Grumps is running down and can no longer be repaired.

Mr. Bell works for the all-powerful technocratic corporation, LifeCorp, which supplies the robots which cater to every human need. His children Gavin and Fleur learn of an underground group that opposes LifeCorp, and there is a danger of a robot rebellion brewing. The ultra-high-tech, eerily human BDC4 robots are behaving suspiciously and the Bell children and Eager are drawn into a great adventure. Eager's extraordinary abilities are tested to the limit and he tries to find out the answer to the question:  what does it mean to be alive?

Themes
Questions of where technology may be heading, what constitutes life and death, and the morality of creating self-aware machines to serve, or sometimes replace, humans, are raised.  Eager is the first of three novels

Reception
Kirkus Reviews describe Eager as "The Jetsons in a lightweight dystopia." but also "While Eager’s adventure isn’t thrilling, his discoveries about life, formed through amusing conversations with virtual reality Socrates, are thought-provoking."  A review posted to The Guardian.com called it "A very funny book and at one point a lesson in paranoia against technology."

Sequels
Two sequels were published; Eager's Nephew (2005) and Eager and the Mermaid (2007).

References

External links

Review of Eager 
Children's Reviews of Eager

2003 British novels
2003 children's books
2003 science fiction novels
British children's novels
British science fiction novels
Children's science fiction novels
Novels about robots
Novels set in the 2090s
Novels set in the 21st century
Hodder & Stoughton books
Digital perm. A digital perm is a perm that uses hot rods with the temperature regulated by a machine with a digital display, hence the name. The process is otherwise similar to that of a traditional perm. The name "digital perm" is trademarked by a Japanese company, Paimore Co. Hairstylists usually call it a "hot perm."

A normal perm basically requires only the perm solution. A digital perm requires a (different) solution plus heat. This type of perm is popular in several countries, including South Korea and Japan.

Difference between a normal perm and a digital perm
The biggest difference between other perms and a digital perm is the shape and the texture of the wave created by the digital process. A normal perm, or "cold perm," makes the wave most prominent when the hair is wet, and loose when it is dry. The hair tends to look moist and as locks. A digital perm makes the wave most prominent when the hair is dry, and loose when it is wet. Therefore, the dry and curly look of the curl iron or the hot curler can be created.

Digital perms thermally recondition the hair, though the chemicals and processing are similar to a straight perm. The hair often feels softer, smoother, and shinier after a digital perm.

Cost and time of a digital perm
The price depends on the hair salon, but a digital perm is usually a little more expensive than a cold perm. Also, some hair salons have systems where they can use the machine one at a time, in which case the price could be a lot higher.

The time it takes to perm the hair also depends on the hair salon and the hair type, but it usually takes longer than a cold perm. In some cases, it takes about the same time, but different salons use different solutions and machines, so the time varies.

Styling
A cold perm makes the hair most wavy when it is wet, so adding styling gel/foam when it is wet and air-drying it makes the wave most prominent. A digital perm makes the hair wavy when it is dry, so it can be dried with a blow dryer, and a hand can be used to make the curl. Styling is very easy, and if the curl is set in the morning, at the end of the day when the wave loosens, the curls can be revived by curling around a finger.

See also
Haircut
List of hairstyles

References

Further reading 
 Liu, Christine, Le Gala Hair Group: Introducing the digital perm, Boston's Weekly Dig, Wednesday, January 31, 2007, Issue 9.5.
 Pastor, Pam, Hi-tech hair, Philippine Daily Inquirer

Hairdressing
Hairstyles
2000s neologisms
2000s in technology
Temperature control
Japanese inventions
Isaacs Fury. The Isaacs Fury is a British homebuilt sporting biplane designed by John Isaacs as a seven-tenths scale replica of the Hawker Fury fighter.

Development
Using the Currie Wot construction methods as a basis, John Isaacs designed a single-seat wood and fabric sporting biplane for homebuilders. It was a seven-tenths replica of the 1935 Hawker Fury biplane fighter. It was a single-bay biplane with a fixed tailskid landing gear and powered by a  Walter Mikron III piston engine in the nose with a two-bladed propeller. It has a single-seat open cockpit just aft of the wing. The prototype (G-ASCM) built by the designer between 1961 and 1963 at Southampton, England, first flew from Thruxton Aerodrome on 30 August 1963.

Between 1966 and 1967 the aircraft was re-engined with a  Lycoming O-290-D engine and first flown as the Fury Mk 2 in May 1967. The design was made available to amateur constructors.

The rights to plans for the design are held by the UK Light Aircraft Association.

Variants
Fury Mk 1
Prototype with a  Walter Mikron III piston engine.
Fury Mk 2
Prototype re-engined with a  Lycoming O-290-D piston engine for amateur construction.

Specifications (Fury Mk 2)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Fury
1960s British sport aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Replica aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1963
Bordwell thermodynamic cycle. A Bordwell thermodynamic cycle use experimentally determined and reasonable estimates of Gibbs free energy (ΔG˚) values to determine unknown and experimentally inaccessible values.

Overview 

Analogous to Hess's law which deal with the summation of enthalpy (ΔH) values, Bordwell thermodynamic cycles deal with the summation of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) values.  Free energies used in these systems are most often determined from equilibriums and redox potentials, both of which correlate with free energy.  This is with the caveat that redox scales are not absolute and thus it is important that all electrons are evaluated in redox pairs.  This removes the offset of a given reference potential, otherwise the values are reported as potentials (V) against that reference.  It is also worth recognizing that the values of the pKa system are just moderately transformed Keq values.

When working with equilibrium energy values such as ΔG˚ and E˚1/2 values it common to employ a naught (˚) symbol.  The naught has a two-component definition. The first more common component is that it refers to the physical conditions being at standard state.  The second more significant component is that energy refers to an equilibrium energy even if there is a conditionally defined standard state.  Just as activation energy with the double dagger ΔG‡ refers the energy difference between reactants and the transition state, ΔG˚ refers to the energy difference between reactants and products.  The nought is assumed when working with equilibrium values such as Keq and pKa.

The example below contains four reactions that can be related through their associated free energies. [ An example of the former is the dissolution of ammonium nitrate. This process is spontaneous even though it is endothermic. It occurs because the favored increase in disorder that accompanies dissolution outweighs the unfavored increase in energy.] Given any three values and the fourth can be calculated.  Its important to note that the fourth reaction in the series is an inverted homolytic bond cleavage stated in terms of free energy.  The chemical transformation for the associated -ΔG˚ is the same it would be for a bond dissociation energy (BDE).  However, the -ΔG˚ is not a BDE, since BDE are by definition stated in terms of enthalpy (ΔH˚).  The two values are of course related by ΔG˚ = ΔH˚ - TΔS˚ and as a result educated comparisons can be made between ΔG˚ and ΔH˚.

R- ⇌ e- + R.  (Reaction 1) 
ΔG = -nFE˚1/2
H+ + e- ⇌ H.  (Reaction 2) 
ΔG = -nFE˚1/2

RH ⇌ H+ + R-  (Reaction 3) 
ΔG = RT(2.303)pKa

R. + H. ⇌ RH   (Reaction 4) 
ΔG = -RTln(Keq)

Conversions 

Relationships between Keq, pKeq, E˚1/2, and ΔG˚.

ΔG˚ = -RTln(Keq)

ΔG˚ = (2.303)RT(pKeq)

ΔG˚ = -nFE˚1/2

Useful conversion factors:

-23.06 (kcal/mol)(e−)−1(V)−1

1.37(pKeq) kcal/mol

1.37[-log(Keq)] kcal/mol

References 

Thermodynamic cycles