omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Spam Cube. Spam Cube, Inc was a high-tech startup company based in the midtown area of New York City. The company invented and manufactured the Spam Cube, a SaaS (Security As A Service) network security hardware device for consumers that blocked spam e-mail, computer viruses and phishing. The company invented a SaaS delivery platform technology that enables any home networking embedded device such as a Broadband cable modem, DSL modem, Wireless router or Femtocell to offer network Security As A Service technology that blocks spam e-mail, computer viruses and phishing. The Spam Cube SaaS platform gave the consumer the choice to select spam e-mail, computer viruses, and phishing blocking technology that was powered by either McAfee or Symantec managed enterprise Security As A Service technology.

Trademark issues 
In May 2006, the company ran into a costly legal battle with Hormel Foods over its trademark "Spam Cube". Hormel Foods claimed that the company's "Spam Cube" brand name was causing confusion amongst consumers and that consumers were not able to tell the difference between the Spam Cube, a cube-shaped home network security device, and Hormel's cube-shaped SPAM canned meat product. In February 2008, the company won the legal battle against Hormel Foods in the United States. The SPAM trademark dispute was widely publicized since the dispute would have forced the company into bankruptcy had Hormel Foods won.

Competitors 

Three years after Spam Cube released its technology, Cisco Systems teamed up with Trend Micro to manufacture the Linksys Home Network Defender. Linksys and Trend Micro competed directly with Spam Cube for market share in the embedded device SaaS market.

See also 
 Anti-spam appliances

References

External links
Spam Cube, Inc | Home Page
PC World - Spam Slayer: Don't Can Spam, Cube It
New York Times - On the Job, A Spam Fighter Is Learning
Picture of Spam Cube article on the front page of the March 30 edition of the New York Times
NY1 interview with David J. Soares, CBDO of Spam Cube
ABC News interview with Joseph P. Marino, CEO of Spam Cube
Spam Cube's LinkedIn Company Profile

Companies based in New York City
Networking companies of the United States
Technology companies established in 2005
Privately held companies based in New York City
2005 establishments in New York City
Center for Computational Innovations. The Center for Computational Innovations (CCI), (formerly the Computational Center for Nanotechnology Innovations) is a supercomputing center located at the Rensselaer Technology Park in Troy, New York.

Motivation
The center is the result of a $100 million collaboration between RPI, IBM, and New York State to further nanotechnology innovations. The center's main focus is on reducing the cost associated with the development of nanoscale materials and devices, such as used in the semiconductor industry. The university has also stated the center will also be used for interdisciplinary research in biotechnology, medicine, energy, and other fields.

Capabilities
At the release of the TOP500 supercomputer rankings in June 2010 the CCI was ranked the 80th most powerful supercomputer in the world, with a peak processing power of 91.75 Teraflops or 91.75 trillion floating point operations per second. When finished, all of the systems at the center will have a combined power surpassing 100 teraflops.

Hardware
The original supercomputer consisted of a series of IBM BlueGene/L systems which contain a total of 32,768 PowerPC 440 700 MHz processors. There is also a heterogeneous array of Power-based Linux machines and AMD Opteron processor-based clusters running on a common file system with the main supercomputer. Together, these systems created over 100 TeraFLOPS of computational power with associated high-speed networking and storage. In April 2013, the CCI Blue Gene/L was decommissioned and powered off.

In August 2012, the CCI installed a 1 rack IBM Blue Gene/Q containing 16,384 A2 cores. The system was expanded to two racks (32,768 cores) in February 2013 placing at #76 on the June 2013 Top500 list. The system was expanded again to a total of 5 racks (81920 cores) by October 2013 when the new name of the system, AMOS, was announced. Capable of performing over 1.1 petaFLOPS, the 5 rack system placed #38 on the next Top500 list in November 2013.

The CCI connects to the Rensselaer Troy campus and the NYSERNet optical research infrastructure, enabling gigabit/second connections to the Internet and Internet2, National LambdaRail (NLR), and most of the research networks in the world through a peering point in Manhattan.

References

External links 
 
Original Press Release
CCI Wiki

Supercomputer sites
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Hypobromite. The hypobromite ion, also called alkaline bromine water, is BrO−. Bromine is in the +1 oxidation state. The Br–O bond length is 1.82 Å. Hypobromite is the bromine compound analogous to hypochlorites found in common bleaches, and in immune cells. In many ways, hypobromite functions in the same manner as hypochlorite, and is also used as a germicide and antiparasitic in both industrial applications, and in the immune system.

Preparation
Hypobromite salts form upon treating bromine with aqueous alkali, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide. At 20 °C the reaction is rapid.

 Br2 + 2 OH−(aq) → Br− + BrO− + H2O

In this reaction the bromine disproportionates (some undergoes reduction and some oxidation) from oxidation state 0 (Br2) to oxidation state −1 (Br−) and oxidation state +1 (BrO−). Sodium hypobromite can be isolated as an orange solid.

A secondary reaction, where hypobromite spontaneously disproportionates to bromide (bromine oxidation state −1) and bromate (bromine oxidation state +5)  takes place rapidly at 20 °C and slowly at 0 °C.

 3 BrO− →  2 Br− + 

Hence, in reaction 2, the formation and proportions of the −1, +1 and +5 bromine oxidation state products can be controlled by temperature. Hypobromite is not thermodynamically stable at any pH (see Pourbaix diagram for bromine at http://www.eosremediation.com/download/Chemistry/Chemical%20Properties/Eh_pH_Diagrams.pdf ), but it is kinetically locked toward a further disproportion into bromate and bromide above the pKa of HBrO. 

These reactions of bromine are analogous to those of chlorine forming hypochlorite and chlorate. The corresponding chlorine reaction 1 (to form ClO−) is fast at 20 °C and reaction 2 (to form ) is slow at 20 °C and fast at 70 °C.

Compounds
A hypobromite is a compound that contains this anion. Examples include sodium hypobromite and potassium hypobromite.

In nature and industry 
Bromide from the diet, naturally present in the blood, is used by eosinophils, white blood cells of the granulocyte class, specialized for dealing with multi-cellular parasites. These cells react the bromide with peroxide to generate hypobromite by the action of eosinophil peroxidase, a haloperoxidase enzyme which preferentially uses bromide over chloride for this purpose.

Simple bromide salts (such as sodium bromide) are also sometimes used in hot tubs and spas as mild germicidal agents, using the action of an added oxidizing agent (such as hydrogen peroxide) to generate in situ hypobromite, in a similar fashion to the action of peroxidase on bromide in eosinophils.

Hypobromite has been proposed to be a reactive intermediate in the Hofmann rearrangement.

See also 
Other bromine anions:

References

Hypobromites
System X. X System or System X may refer to:

System X
 IBM System x, server platform
 System X (album)
 System X (supercomputer), supercomputer
 System X (telephony), digital switching platform

X System
 X-sistemo in Esperanto orthography
 SIGSALY, secure voice transmission system; sometimes called "X System"
 X Window System

See also

 System 10 (disambiguation)
 OSX (disambiguation)
 OS 10
Le Bioscope. Le Bioscope is a former theme park at Ungersheim, in the Upper Rhine (the Haut-Rhin département) of France.  The 12½-hectare(31 acre) park – described in a European Commission 2004 press release as a place where visitors learn about health, life and the environment "whilst having fun" – is laid out in concentric circles, a design by Frédéric Jung meant to evoke the shockwaves caused by the impact of the Ensisheim meteorite, which struck nearby in 1492.

The Alsace region first proposed the park in 1994.  Bright White, a York-based firm, was responsible for "development, engineering and project management of the design phase", with the idea of meeting the park's goal to educate people "to take responsibility for their own actions with respect to equilibrium with the environment."

The park closed in September 2012.

Operation
Bioscope was built and is operated as a public-private partnership, with government financing the purchase of the land and part of the construction, and a private company being granted a 30-year concession to build and operate the park. In exchange, the concession holder pays a fee based on turnover.

In July 2001, the Alsace region and the General Council of the Haut-Rhin announced their decision to grant the concession to Grévin & Cie, the company that operates facilities such as Musée Grévin, Parc Astérix, and the Dolfinarium in Harderwijk.

References

External links
Official website, archived at the Internet Archive

Amusement parks in France
Defunct amusement parks in France
Amusement parks opened in 2006
Amusement parks closed in 2012
Parks in France
Buildings and structures in Haut-Rhin
Compagnie des Alpes
Tourist attractions in Haut-Rhin
2012 disestablishments in France
21st-century architecture in France
Saul Amarel. Saul Amarel (1928 – December 18, 2002) was a professor of computer science at Rutgers University, and best known for his pioneering work in artificial intelligence (AI). He also had a career as a scientist, engineer, and teacher. He was a contributor to advanced computing and AI methodologies, both applied to scientific inquiry as well as engineering practice.

Biography
Amarel was born into a Thessaloniki, Greek Jewish family in 1928. He served in the Greek Resistance movement during World War II as the Germans invaded Greece. He was forced to flee with his family to Gaza, which was then in British Palestine.

Amarel graduated from Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in engineering and worked for the Israeli Ministry of Defense before heading to the United States. There he obtained his master's degree in 1953 and then a doctorate in Electrical Engineering in 1955 from Columbia University in New York.

From 1958 to 1969, Amarel led the Computer Theory Research Group at RCA Sarnoff Labs.

In 1969, Amarel founded the Department of Computer Science at Livingston College of Rutgers University, in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

From 1985 to 1988, Amarel served as Director of the Information Sciences and Technology Office for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).

In 1988, Amarel returned to Rutgers and was appointed the Alan M. Turing Professor of Computer Science, pioneering research in the field of AI.

Amarel received the Allen Newell Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for his wide-ranging contributions to Artificial Intelligence, especially in advancing our understanding of the role of representation in problem solving, and of the theory and practice of computational planning.  He was elected a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence in 1990 and of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1994.

Amarel lived in Princeton, New Jersey, where he died in 2002 from a heart attack following a six-year battle with cancer. This occurred just as the celebration of his retirement from Rutgers University, after more than 40 years of leadership in computer science nationally and internationally, was under preparation for December 20, 2002.

References

External links
AI Article
Article from Smart Computing
Oral history interview with Saul Amarel, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

1928 births
2002 deaths
Greek Jews
Jews from Thessaloniki
Jews in the Greek resistance
Greek emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli emigrants to the United States
American people of Greek-Jewish descent
Rutgers University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Jewish American scientists
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Israeli people of Greek-Jewish descent
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
20th-century Greek Jews
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Terence Parr. Terence John Parr (born 1964 in Los Angeles) is a professor of computer science at the University of San Francisco. He is best known for his ANTLR parser generator and contributions to parsing theory. He also developed the StringTemplate engine for Java and other programming languages.

Education
Parr holds a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, a Master's degree in Engineering, and a PhD in Computer Engineering from Purdue University. He was a postdoctoral fellow in the Army High-Performance Computing Research Center (also known as AHPCRC), located in the University of Minnesota.

Books

References

External links
 Personal homepage

American computer scientists
University of San Francisco faculty
1964 births
Living people
Manure-derived synthetic crude oil. Manure-derived synthetic crude oil  is a synthetic bio-oil chemically engineered (converted) from animal or human manure. Research into the production of manure-derived synthetic fuel began with pig manure in 1996 at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign by the research team led by professors Yuanhui Zhang and Lance Schideman. They developed a method for converting raw pig manure into bio-oil through thermal depolymerization (thermochemical conversion). This process uses a thermochemical conversion reactor to apply heat and pressure for breaking down carbohydrate materials. As a result, bio-oil, methane and carbon dioxide are produced.

With further research, large-scale chemical processing in a refinery-style environment could help process millions of gallons of "pig biocrude" per day.  However, this technology is still in its infancy and could produce only  of oil per  of manure.  In 2006, preparations for a construction of a pilot plant started. It is developed by Snapshot Energy, a start-up firm.

According to the tests conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology pig manure biocrude produced by current technology contains 15% water, sulfur and char waste containing heavy metals, which should be removed to improve the quality of oil.

See also 
 Alternative fuels
 Energy and the environment
 Poultry litter

References 

Feces
Sustainable technologies
Biofuels
Synthetic fuels
Axel Scherer. Axel Scherer is the Bernard Neches Professor of Electrical Engineering, Physics, and Applied Physics at the California Institute of Technology. He is also a distinguished visiting professor at Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College. He is known for fabricating the world's first semiconducting vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) at Bell Labs. In 2006, Scherer was named the director of the Kavli Nanoscience Institute. He graduated from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in 1985. At Caltech, he teaches a very popular freshman lab course on semiconductor device fabrication, Applied Physics 9ab, for which he wrote the textbook for the course.

Research 
His research focuses on the design and microfabrication of optical, magnetic and fluidic devices. In the 1980s, he pioneered the development of the first monolithic vertical cavity lasers (VCSELs), now widely used in data communications systems. More recently, his group developed electromagnetic design tools and fabrication techniques for the definition of lithographically integrated optical devices. This led to pioneering work in photonic bandgap lasers, silicon photonic circuits, as well as tunable microfluidic dye lasers, leading to new classes of integrated optics. The first demonstration of strong coupling between single quantum dots and optical nanocavities recently emerged from a collaboration between Axel Scherer and Hyatt Gibbs. Collaborations with Larry Dalton (University of Washington) resulted in some of the world's smallest and fastest light modulators. 

Scherer also fabricated some of the first surface plasmon enhanced high brightness light emitting diodes. His group miniaturized fluidic systems and demonstrated the first multi-layer replication molded fluidic chips, with thousands of valves creating microfluidic “laboratories” and single cell analysis systems. Schere leads a group focused on the miniaturization and integration of fluidic, optical, electronic and magnetic devices for applications in biotechnology.

Scherer has co-authored over 300 publications and holds over 50 patents on the area of microfabrication and design of devices.

Other professional work 
He is co-founder and an advisor to Luxtera, a California manufacturer of photonics devices,    Helixis, a California manufacturer of molecular diagnostic devices  that was acquired by Illumina in 2010,  and ChromaCode, a California manufacturer of molecular diagnostic reagents.

Scherer is a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors.

References

American Institute of Physics - Physics News Update - Number 363 (Story #1), March 23, 1998 by Phillip F. Schewe and Ben Stein

External links
Dr. Scherer's profiles: from Applied Physics, from Electrical Engineering
Dr. Scherer's Research Group

20th-century births
21st-century American physicists
Living people
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
Thayer School of Engineering faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Optical engineers
Optical physicists
Terminating Reliable Broadcast. Terminating Reliable Broadcast (TRB) is a problem in distributed computing that encapsulates the task of broadcasting a message to a set of receiving processes in the presence of faults. In particular, the sender and any other process might fail ("crash") at any time.

Problem description

A TRB protocol typically organizes the system into a sending process and a set of receiving processes, which may include the sender itself. A process is called "correct" if it does not fail at any point during its execution. The goal of the protocol is to transfer data (the "message") from the sender to the set of receiving processes. A process may perform many I/O operations during protocol execution, but eventually "delivers" a message by passing it to the application on that process that invoked the TRB protocol.

The protocol must provide important guarantees to the receiving processes. All correct receiving processes, for example, must deliver the sender's message if the sender is also correct. A receiving process may deliver a special message,  ("sender faulty"), if the sender failed, but either all correct processes will deliver  or none will. A correct process is therefore guaranteed that data delivered to it was also delivered to all other correct processes.

More precisely, a TRB protocol must satisfy the four formal properties below.

 Termination: every correct process delivers some value.
 Validity: if the sender is correct and broadcasts a message , then every correct process delivers .
 Integrity: a process delivers a message at most once, and if it delivers some message , then  was broadcast by the sender.
 Agreement: if a correct process delivers a message , then all correct processes deliver .

The presence of faults in the system makes these properties more difficult to satisfy. A simple but invalid TRB protocol might have the sender broadcast the message to all processes, and have receiving processes deliver the message as soon as it is received. This protocol, however, does not satisfy agreement if faults can occur: if the sender crashes after sending the message to some processes, but before sending it to others, then the first set of processes may deliver the message while the second set delivers .

TRB is closely related, but not identical, to the fundamental distributed computing problem of consensus.

References

Distributed computing problems
Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer. Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer is a flight simulation video game published by Electronic Arts in 1987. It was originally released as Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Simulator. Due to a legal dispute with Microsoft over the term "Flight Simulator", the game was pulled from shelves and renamed. Many copies of the original version were sold prior to this. Chuck Yeager served as technical consultant for the game, where his likeness and voice were prominently used.

The game allows a player to "test pilot" 14 different airplanes, including the Bell X-1, which Yeager had piloted to become the first man to exceed Mach 1.

The game is embellished by Yeager's laconic commentary: When the user crashes one plane, Yeager remarks "You sure bought the farm on that one", or other asides.

Aircraft
Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer includes 12 real aircraft and three experimental aircraft designed by the developers. The fictional experimental aircraft were named after people who worked on the game.
Real aircraft
Bell X-1
Cessna 172
Douglas X-3 Stiletto
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
North American P-51 Mustang
Piper PA-28 Cherokee
Sopwith Camel
SPAD S.XIII
Supermarine Spitfire
Vought F4U Corsair
Experimental aircraft
Grace Industries XPG-12 Samurai
Hilleman Ltd. XRH4 MadDog
Lerner Aeronautics XNL-16 Instigator

Reception

The game was a big hit for EA, selling 100,000 copies by December 1987. In May 1988, it was awarded a "Platinum" certification from the Software Publishers Association for sales above 250,000 units. Game reviewers Hartley and Patricia Lesser complimented the game in their "The Role of Computers" column in Dragon #126 (1987), giving PC/MS-DOS version of the game 4 out of 5 stars. The Lessers reviewed the Macintosh version of the game in 1988 in Dragon #140 in "The Role of Computers" column, giving that version 4 stars as well. Compute! criticized the blocky graphics and sound, but noted that the simple graphics resulted in a high frame rate. It concluded that Chuck Yeager differed from other games in simulating flying high-performance experimental aircraft. Computer Gaming World reviewed the game and stated that Yeager has been a top gun performer for the San Mateobased software company, also noting that the game went SPA "Gold" quickest of any Electronic Arts title (in a little over three months of sales).

In a 1994 survey of wargames Computer Gaming World gave the title one-plus stars out of five.

Legacy
This game was followed in 1989 by Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer 2.0 and in 1991 by Chuck Yeager's Air Combat.

References

External links
 
 

1987 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Advanced Flight Trainer
Classic Mac OS games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Flight simulation video games
MSX games
Single-player video games
Tandy 1000 games
Video games developed in the United States
ZX Spectrum games