omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BASIX. BASIX or Building Sustainability Index is a scheme introduced by the government of New South Wales, Australia on 1 July 2004 to regulate the energy efficiency of residential buildings. It offers an online assessment tool for rating the expected performance of any residential development in terms of water efficiency, thermal comfort and energy usage. It aims to reduce water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by 40% compared to pre-BASIX (2004) buildings. In order to meet these expectations, many people install rainwater tanks and environmentally friendly, water saving spouts.

Developers have complained about additional costs for apartment buildings.

Monitoring
Monitoring of occupied BASIX single dwellings conducted by Sydney Water confirmed that the actual water savings were 40.6% in 2008 and 37.6% in 2009. BASIX has won a number of awards in Australia, the most recent one being in 2007 for "Energy in Society - For contributing to policy, law and the community" at the Australian Institute of Energy. Experts of Economics say that by 2050, the total net savings in New South Wales is between $294 million and $1.1 billion.

See also
Green building in Australia

References

External links
BASIX - Building Sustainability Index
Energy Labels For Homes & Business Premises
A Guide to BASIX Certificates
A Detailed Guide On The BASIX Certificate: Smart Solution For Sustainable Homes

Sustainable building in Australia
Building energy rating
Urban planning in Australia
Energy in New South Wales
ALPS. ALPS may refer to:
 A Language for Process Specification
 Airport Logistics Park Singapore
 Alps Electric, a multinational corporation based in Japan
 Automated Language Processing Systems, a company in Salt Lake City, credited with developing the first commercial assisted-translation software
 Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
 Advanced Liquid Processing System developed by Toshiba for treating Fukushima contaminated water with a multi-nuclide removal equipment
 Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS) data format
 Amphipathic lipid packing sensor motifs is a protein motif that senses membrane curvature

See also
 Alps (disambiguation)
PS10 solar power plant. The PS10 Solar Power Plant (), is the world's first commercial concentrating solar power tower operating near Seville, in Andalusia, Spain. The 11 megawatt (MW) solar power tower produces electricity with 624 large movable mirrors called heliostats. It took four years to build and so far has cost €35 million (US$46 million).
PS10 produces about 23,400 megawatt-hours (MW·h) per year, for which it receives €271 (US$360) per MW·h under its power purchase agreement, equating to a revenue of €6.3 million per year.

Suppliers
The mirrors were delivered by Abengoa, the solar receiver was designed and built by , and the Solar Tower was designed and built by ALTAC, both Spanish engineering and construction companies.

Specifications
Each of the mirrors has a surface measuring  that concentrates the sun's rays to the top of a 115-meter (377 ft) high, 40-story tower where a solar receiver and a steam turbine are located. The turbine drives a generator, producing electricity.

The PS10 is located 20 km west of Seville (which receives at least nine hours of sunshine 320 days per year, with 15 hours per day in mid summer). The solar receiver at the top of the tower produces saturated steam at 257 °C. The energy conversion efficiency is approximately 17%.

Plans

PS10 is the first of a set of solar power generation plants to be constructed in the same area that will total more than 300 MW by 2013. Power generation will be accomplished using a variety of technologies. The first two power plants to be brought into operation at Sanlúcar la Mayor are the PS10, and Sevilla PV, the largest low concentration system photovoltaic plant in Europe.

300 MW:
Completed and is operating:
 PS10 (10 MW)
 PS20 (20 MW)
 Solnova 1 (50 MW)
 Solnova 3 (50 MW)
 Solnova 4 (50 MW)
total: 180 MW.

Three more plants are planned:
 AZ20 (20 MW)
 Solnova 2 (50 MW)
 Solnova 5 (50 MW)
Total 120 MW.

PS20 and AZ20 are twin 20 MWe tower plants based on the same concept as PS10.

Energy storage
The PS10 solar power tower stores heat in tanks as superheated and pressurized water at 50 bar and 285 °C. The water evaporates and flashes back to steam, releasing energy and reducing the pressure. Storage is for 30 minutes. It is suggested that longer storage is possible, but that has not been proven in an existing power plant. However, there are many considerations for using molten salt as an energy storage medium due to the great capability of storing energy for long periods without substantial losses (see Concentrated solar power). Another possibility is to use a phase-change material as thermal storage where latent heat is used to store energy.

See also

 List of solar thermal power stations
 Renewable energy in the European Union
 Solar power in Spain
 Solar thermal energy
 Solucar

References

External links

 Final technical progress report, for European Union officials (November 2006)
 Power station harnesses Sun's rays
 Description and pictures
 Power tower reflects well on sunny Spain

Solar power stations in Spain
Solar thermal energy
Energy development
Energy in Andalusia
DFS 331. After the success of the 1940 airborne assaults involving the DFS 230, the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM/German Aviation Ministry) invited the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug/DFS and Gotha to submit plans for a larger capacity glider. The result was the DFS 231, a twenty-seat troop designed by Hans Jacobs, who had previously produced the successful, nine seat DFS 230.

The visibility from the cockpit was good, with the entire nose being glazed, and the body was very wide, allowing it to carry light Flak guns and small military vehicles. A single prototype, the V1, was built and flown in 1941. The best glide ratio, at fully loaded weight, was 17.5. The project was passed over in favour of the Gotha Go 242.

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading
 
 

1930s German military transport aircraft
Glider aircraft
DFS 331
Aircraft first flown in 1942
EKS. EKS  may refer to:

Airports 
 Big Sky Airport, in Montana, United States
 Shakhtyorsk Airport, in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia

Other uses 
 EKS (company), a Finnish disk jockey hardware manufacturer
 EKS (satellite system), an advanced Russian early warning satellite programme
 EKS RX, a World Rallycross Championship team from Sweden
 Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS), a managed Kubernetes service running on top of EC2 without needing to provision or manage instances
 Internationalist Communist Left (), a former Turkish political party
 X, the twenty-fourth letter of the modern English alphabet
SECR D class. The SECR D class is a class of 4-4-0 tender locomotives  designed by Harry Wainwright for the South Eastern and Chatham Railway.

Overview

The construction of the initial 20 engines was shared between Ashford railway works and the Glasgow builder, Sharp, Stewart and Company. The first of the class to enter service in 1901 was a Glasgow product, and by 1907 fifty-one were in traffic. Of these twenty-one were Ashford built while the rest were supplied by outside contractors.
The D class was a Harry Wainwright design and he was responsible for the overall look of the engine.  The detail work was undertaken by Robert Surtees, his chief draughtsman at Ashford works.

D1 class

In 1913, Richard Maunsell started the rebuilding of 21 D Class locomotives with Belpaire fireboxes to produce the more powerful D1 class. These bigger engines were needed to cope with increasing loads on the Kent Coast Line through Chatham.

Operation

Initially the D class was put to work on the Kent coast and Hastings services out of London.  By the 1930s the largest allocation of D class 4-4-0s was at Gillingham depot in Kent but they had by now been reduced to secondary train duties and were now carrying the livery of the Southern Railway. 
At the outbreak of World War II in 1939 some of the D class were placed into storage.  Then in 1941 others were transferred to Nine Elms depot.  A handful were based at Redhill on the Reading-Tonbridge cross-country line.

In 1948 British Railways inherited 28 of the Wainwright 4-4-0s.  Their final years saw them concentrated at Guildford in Surrey and the last of the D class, No.31075, was withdrawn from there on 15 December 1956.  The last of the D1s, meanwhile, were Nos. 31489, 31739, and 31749 from Bricklayers Arms on 11 November 1961.

Preservation

One engine, No.31737, has been preserved and is in its original livery – that of the South Eastern & Chatham Railway – at the National Railway Museum in York.

Models

Dapol, in association with Rails of Sheffield and Locomotion, released a model of the D Class in OO scale in 2021. On February 22, 2022, Dapol and Rails of Sheffield announced a further model of the D1 Class, which was released in June 2023.

References

Herring, Peter (2000) Classic British Steam Locomotives, Enderby: Abbeydale,

External links

NRM South Eastern & Chatham Railway steam locomotive No 737
Kent Rail D1 class page
Rail UK database entry

D
4-4-0 locomotives
Dübs locomotives
Sharp Stewart locomotives
Robert Stephenson and Company locomotives
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1901
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Passenger locomotives
Grid-tied electrical system. A grid-tied electrical system, also called tied to grid or grid tie system, is a semi-autonomous electrical generation or grid energy storage system which links to the mains to feed excess capacity back to the local mains electrical grid. When insufficient electricity is available, electricity drawn from the mains grid can make up the shortfall. Conversely when excess electricity is available, it is sent to the main grid. When the Utility or network operator restricts the amount of energy that goes into the grid, it is possible to prevent any input into the grid by installing Export Limiting devices.

When batteries are used for storage, the system is called battery-to-grid (B2G), which includes vehicle-to-grid (V2G).

How it works

Direct Current (DC) electricity from sources such as hydro, wind or solar is passed to an inverter which is grid tied. The inverter monitors the alternating current mains supply frequency and generates electricity that is phase matched to the mains. When the grid fails to accept power during a "black out", most inverters can continue to provide courtesy power.

Battery-to-grid
A key concept of this system is the possibility of creating an electrical micro-system that is not dependent on the grid-tie to provide a high level quality of service. If the mains supply of the region is unreliable, the local generation system can be used to power important equipment.

Battery-to-grid can also spare the use of fossil fuel power plants to supply energy during peak loads on the public electric  grid. Regions that charge based on time of use metering may benefit by using stored battery power during prime time.

Environmentally friendly
Local generation can be from an environmentally friendly source such as pico hydro, solar panels or a wind turbine. Individuals can choose to install their own system if an environmentally friendly mains provider is not available in their location.

Small scale start
A micro generation facility can be started with a very small system such as a home wind power generation, photovoltaic (solar cells) generation, or micro combined heat and power (Micro-CHP) system.

Sell to and buy from mains
Excess electricity can be sold to mains.
Electrical shortfall can be bought from mains.

List of countries or regions that legally allow grid-tied electrical systems

Armenia
Australia
Bangladesh
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
European Union
Guatemala
India
Iran
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Mexico
New Zealand
Pakistan
Panama
Philippines (via Meralco)
Russia (from Dec 2019)
Singapore
South Africa (Only by arrangement with municipality)
Sri Lanka
United States of America
Venezuela (no legal restrictions)

See also 

 Cost of electricity by source
 Distributed network
 Electric power transmission
 Electranet
 Photovoltaic system
 Grid tie inverter
 Inverter
 Deep cycle battery
 Power outage
 V2G
 Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
 Off the grid - direct current buildings

References

External links
 
 Grid Tied Solar explained

Distributed generation
Battery (electricity)

Electric power
Low-carbon economy
Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering of Warsaw University of Technology. Faculty  of Power and Aeronautical Engineering (pl.: Wydział Mechaniczny Energetyki i Lotnictwa, MEL, MEiL) is located on the Central Campus of the Warsaw University of Technology. The Faculty consists of three organisation units: The Institute of Heat Engineering, the Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics and the Dean's Office.

History
The Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering was created in 1960 by merging the Faculty of Aviation and the Faculty of Mechanics and Constructions. Władysław Fiszdon became the first dean of the new-created faculty. In the year 1970 the central government decided to extirpate the Polish aerospace industry, and due to this decision aviation courses were forbidden and the Faculty changed its name to the Wydział Mechaniczny Energetyki Cieplnej (Faculty of Mechanics and Power). In May 1970, the decision was canceled and the Faculty reverted to the old name.

Previous Deans:
Janusz Frączek 2016–present
Jerzy Banaszek 2008-2016
Krzysztof Kędzior 2002-2008
Tadeusz Rychter 1996-2002
Andrzej Styczek 1990-1996
Piotr Wolański 1987-1990
Jacek Stupnicki 1984-1987
Jerzy Maryniak 1978-1984
Wiesław Łucjanek 1975-1978
Marek Dietrich 1973-1975
Roman Gutowski 1969-1973
Piotr Orłowski 1967-1969
Jan Oderfeld 1965-1967
Zbigniew Brzoska 1963-1965
Władysław Fiszdon 1960-1963

Courses
Aerospace Engineering
Automatics and Robotics
Mechanical Engineering
Power Engineering
Nuclear engineering

Authorities
Dean: Janusz Frączek, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Vice-Dean for General Affairs: Artur Rusowicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Vice-Dean for Teaching Affairs: Maciej Jaworski, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Vice-Dean for Student Affairs: Marta Poćwierz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

External links
Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering
Collegiate Club SAE
Students' Division of Vehicles' Aerodynamics

Aeronautical engineering schools
Warsaw University of Technology
Greenleaf (automobile). The Greenleaf was an automobile manufactured in Lansing, Michigan by the Greenleaf Cycle Company in 1902.  The Greenleaf was a light surrey that was powered by a two-cylinder horizontal engine that developed 10 hp at 700 rpm.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Vehicles built in Lansing, Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Calo tester. The Calo tester, also known as a ball crater or coating thickness tester, is a simple and inexpensive piece of equipment used to measure the thickness of coatings.  Coatings with thicknesses typically between 0.1 to 50 micrometres, such as Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coatings or Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) coatings, are used in many industries to improve the surface properties of tools and components.  
The Calo tester is also used to measure the amount of coating wear after a wear test carried out using a Pin-on-Disc Tester.

The Calo tester consists of a holder for the surface to be tested and a steel sphere of known diameter that is rotated against the surface by a rotating shaft connected to a motor whilst diamond paste is applied to the contact area.  The sphere is rotated for a short period of time (less than 20 seconds for a 0.1 to 5 micrometre thickness) but due to the abrasive nature of the diamond paste this is sufficient time to wear a crater through thin coatings.

Calculating coating thickness using the Calo tester 
An optical microscope is used to take two measurements across the crater after the Calo test and the coating thickness is calculated using a simple geometrical equation. 

Where
t = coating thickness,
d = diameter of the sphere 
x = difference between the radius of the crater and radius of the part of the crater at the bottom of the coating
x+y = diameter of the crater

References

External links
 www.pvd-coatings.co.uk on Coasting Thickness Tester
 Determination of layer thickness with a spherical cap grinder (Calotest)

Industrial processes
Measuring instruments
Physical vapor deposition
Autodesk Simulation. Autodesk Simulation is a general-purpose multiphysics finite element analysis software package initially developed by ALGOR Incorporated and acquired by Autodesk in January 2009.

It is intended for use with Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. It is distributed in a number of different core packages to cater to specific applications, such as mechanical event simulation and computational fluid dynamics.

Under the ALGOR name, the software was used by scientists and engineers worldwide. It has found applications in aerospace.

Typical uses 
Typical uses include bending, mechanical contact, thermal (conduction, convection and radiation) fluid dynamics, and coupled or uncoupled multiphysics.

Materials and elements database 
Autodesk Simulation's library of material models includes metals and alloys, plastics, glass, foams, fabrics, elastomers, Concrete (with rebar), soils and user-defined materials.

Autodesk Simulation's element library depends on the geometry and the type of analysis performed. It includes 8 and 4 node solid, 8 and 4 node shell, as well as beam and rod elements.

References

External links 
 Autodesk simulation products page

Finite element software
Science software for Linux
Finite element software for Linux
Proximity sensor. A proximity sensor (often simply prox) is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.

A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive proximity sensor or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target.

Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between the sensor and the sensed object.

Proximity sensors are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings.

A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch.

Use with smartphones and tablet computers 
Proximity sensors are commonly used on mobile devices. When the target is within nominal range, the device lock screen user interface will appear, thus emerging from what is known as sleep mode. Once the device has awoken from sleep mode, if the proximity sensor's target is still for an extended period of time, the sensor will then ignore it, and the device will eventually revert into sleep mode. For example, during a telephone call, proximity sensors play a role in detecting (and skipping) accidental touchscreen taps when mobiles are held to the ear.

Proximity sensors can be used to recognise air gestures and hover-manipulations. An array of proximity sensing elements can replace vision-camera or depth camera based solutions for hand gesture detection.

Types of sensors 
 Capacitive
 Capacitive displacement sensor
 Doppler effect (sensor based on doppler effect)
 Inductive
 Magnetic, including magnetic proximity fuse
 Optical
 Photoelectric
 Photocell (reflective)
 Laser rangefinder
 Passive (such as charge-coupled devices)
 Passive thermal infrared
 Radar
 Reflection of ionizing radiation
 Sonar (typically active or passive)
 Ultrasonic sensor
 Fiber optics sensor
 Hall effect sensor

Applications 

 Parking sensors, systems mounted on car bumpers that sense distance to nearby cars for parking
 Inductive sensors
 Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety
 Vibration measurements of rotating shafts in machinery
 Top dead centre (TDC)/camshaft sensor in reciprocating engines.
 Sheet break sensing in paper machine.
 Anti-aircraft warfare
 Roller coasters
 Conveyor systems
 Beverage and food can making lines
 Mobile devices
 Touch screens that come in close proximity to the face
 Attenuating radio power in close proximity to the body, in order to reduce radiation exposure
 Automatic faucets

See also 
 Motion detector
 Occupancy sensor
 Range imaging
 Time of flight detector

References 

Position sensors
Bréguet 521 Bizerte. The Bréguet 521 Bizerte was a long-range military reconnaissance flying boat built by the French aviation company Breguet.

Development

An all-metal sesquiplane with three engines mounted in nacelles between the upper and lower wings, the aircraft was a development of the Breguet S.8/2 Calcutta, which itself was a militarised licensed version of the British Short S.8 Calcutta. It was built to meet a 1932 French Navy specification for a long-range flying boat, competing against proposals from Latécoère (the 582), Lioré et Olivier (the unbuilt LeO H42) and Loire Aviation (the Loire 70). The prototype made its first flight on 11 September 1933, which resulted in the prototype being purchased, and an order placed for two more on 4 January 1934.

A series of small orders for production Bizertes was placed, starting with an order for three in 1934, with the last order, for 12 (nine of which were later cancelled) being placed in September 1939. In total, 37 Bizertes were built, with the last three not being completed until after the French surrender in June 1940.

In 1935 a civilian version – the Breguet Br.530 Saigon – was produced.

Operational history
After the first flight in September 1933, 37 aircraft were produced, which served with five squadrons of the French Navy from 1935 until 1940. Two squadrons remained in service with the Vichy Navy after the armistice, at Berre in Southern France and Karouba in Tunisia, with six aircraft each. The German Luftwaffe purchased a number of Bizertes for its Seenotdienst (Air-Sea Rescue) service in 1940, which (in addition to the three undelivered Bizertes) it  used to equip a squadron based at Brest on the French Atlantic coast. When Vichy France was occupied by the Germans following the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942, the remaining Vichy Bizertes were taken over by the Luftwaffe, allowing further Seenotdienst units to be established at Biscarrosse and Berre. Following the Allied Invasion of Southern France in August 1944, one of the Luftwaffe Bizertes was discovered by French forces and used for communications duties until spares ran out.

Variants
Breguet 521.01
Prototype, powered by three Gnome-Rhône 14Kdrs 14-cylinder two-row radial engines
Breguet 521 Bizerte
Long-range flying boat, powered by three Gnome-Rhône 14Kirs 14-cylinder two-row radial engines or three Gnome-Rhône 14N radial engines.
Breguet 522
Re-engined version of Breguet 521. Three  Hispano-Suiza 14AA radial engines. One built.
Breguet 530 Saigon
Civil version of the Breguet 521. Three Hispano-Suiza 12Ybr liquid-cooled inlines. Two built.

Specifications (Br.521)

Operators

 Aviation Navale
 Air France operated 37 Br.530s from 1935

 Vichy French Air Force

 Luftwaffe 8 seized aircraft were used for air-sea rescue.

See also
Latécoère 611
Potez-CAMS 141

References

Bibliography

External links

 

 0521
1930s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
Trimotors
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1933