omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GE B39-8. The GE B39-8 is a 4-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by GE Transportation Systems. It is part of the GE Dash 8 Series of freight locomotives. Following the production of the first three units for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, GE made many mechanical and electrical improvements that were reflected in a redesigned carbody for the remainder of production; these later units are sometimes unofficially referred to as B39-8E.

Original owners

See also
List of GE locomotives

References 

 
 
 

Dash 8-39B
B-B locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
IBM 610. The IBM 610 Auto-Point Computer is one of the first personal computers, in the sense of a computer to be used by one person whose previous experience with computing might only have been with desk calculators. It was controlled interactively by a keyboard. The principal designer of this machine was John Lentz, as part of his work for the Watson Lab at Columbia University.

The IBM 610 was introduced in 1957.  It was small enough to easily fit in an office; it weighed about . It was designed to be used in a normal office, without any special electrical or air conditioning requirements.  It used vacuum tubes, a magnetic drum, and punched paper tape readers and punchers.  The input was from a keyboard and output was to an IBM electric typewriter, at eighteen characters per second.  It was one of the first computers to be controlled from a keyboard.  The term "auto-point" referred to the ability to automatically adjust the decimal point in floating-point arithmetic.

Its price was $55,000, or it could be rented for $1150 per month ($460 academic). 180 units were made. It was a slow and limited computer, and was generally replaced by the IBM 1620.

See also
List of vacuum-tube computers

References

External links
The IBM 610 Auto-Point Computer
IBM 610 Autopoint Computer 1961 BRL report
 IBM Archives: IBM 610 — Auto-Point Computer

610
Computer-related introductions in 1957
Visco fuse. A visco fuse is a higher-quality fuse used for consumer fireworks. It is most commonly colored green, red, or pink and is found as a twisted, coated strand. It is also used to create delays in the firing of multiple firework displays for safety.

Description 

Visco is a 3/32 - 1/8 inch (2–3 mm)-diameter cord with a black powder core. There are three external layers to visco fuse. First, a layer of string is wound around the core, then a second, less tight, layer of string is wound in the opposite direction to prevent unraveling. The last layer is a low-nitrate nitrocellulose lacquer that keeps the fuse from falling apart.  The last layer helps to make the visco fuse water resistant and to prevent moisture from degrading the black powder core.  Unlike dynamite safety fuse, visco fuse burns with a visible external flame. After ignition, most visco fuses can burn underwater.

Variants 
 Cannon fuse is a visco fuse that is most often thicker, steadier burning, and often extra coated to be more waterproof. Most cannon fuses of high quality can burn while under water. Cannon fuse is normally red or green in color.

 Flying fish fuse is a modified type of visco-type fuse used in fireworks.  The composition in the core is a metallic spark composition or another effect instead of/as well as black powder. Flying fish can thus perform as a main effect instead of just an initiator. For example, simply lighting a short piece of flying fish on the ground makes it fly through the air, seeming to swim in random directions while emitting sparks and noise. An aerial shell loaded with many such pieces results in myriad fragments sparking and whizzing high in the air as a substitute for standard pyrotechnic stars.

 Igniter Cord is a commercial grade of visco fuse that is designed to ignite multiple safety fuses.  Like visco, igniter cord burns with an external, visible flame.  It is often heavily lacquered for water resistance, and sometimes has an inner wire core for mechanical strength.

References

See also 
 Fuse (explosives)

Pyrotechnic initiators
GEORGE (computer). GEORGE was an early computer built in 1957 by Argonne National Laboratory, was based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann.  (The name "GEORGE" is apparently not an acronym.  It may have been derived from the sentence, "Let George do it," which was said when a person didn't want to do something himself).  As with almost all computers of its era, it was a one of a kind machine that could not exchange programs with mother computers (even other IAS machines).

References

IAS architecture computers
IMAC. iMac is a line of Apple Macintosh computers.  

IMAC or Imac may also refer to:
 iMac (Intel-based), the Intel line of the iMac
 iMac (Apple silicon), the Apple silicon iMac 
 Necmettin Imac (born 1987), Netherlands footballer
 Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, a technique to purify proteins
 Independent Medicare Advisory Council, intended to monitor health care in the United States
Independent Monitoring Association for Child Labor (IMAC), who monitor child labour in the football-making industry under the Atlanta Agreement
 International Miniature Aerobatic Club, a non-profit organization devoted to miniature aircraft in Northern America
 Install-Move-Add-Change, in IT Service Management
 I Marine Amphibious Corps, a former military formation of the United States Marine Corps during the Second World War
 International Movement of the Apostolate of Children, a Catholic organization, also known as MIDADE (Mouvement International d’Apostolat des Enfants) - and related to the Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life (former Pontifical Council for the Laity) of the Vatican
 Isochronous media access controller, a method of transferring data that must not be interrupted (telecommunications).
Sequential function chart. Sequential function chart (SFC) is a visual programming language used for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It is one of the five languages defined by IEC 61131-3 standard. The SFC standard is defined as Preparation of function charts for control systems, and was based on  (itself based on binary Petri nets).

It can be used to program processes that can be split into steps.

Main components of SFC are:
 Steps with associated actions;
 Transitions with associated logic conditions;
 Directed links between steps and transitions.

Steps in an SFC diagram can be active or inactive. Actions are only executed for active steps. A step can be active for one of two motives:
 It is an initial step as specified by the programmer.
 It was activated during a scan cycle and not deactivated since.

Steps are activated when all steps above it are active and the connecting transition is superable (i.e. its associated condition is true). When a transition is passed, all steps above are deactivated at once and after all steps below are activated at once.

Actions associated with steps can be of several types, the most relevant ones being Continuous (N), Set (S), and Reset (R). Apart from the obvious meaning of Set and Reset, an N action ensures that its target variable is set to 1 as long as the step is active. An SFC rule states that if two steps have an N action on the same target, the variable must never be reset to 0. It is also possible to insert LD (Ladder Diagram) actions inside an SFC program (and this is the standard way, for instance, to work on integer variables).

SFC is an inherently parallel programming language in that multiple control flows — Program Organization Units (POUs) in the standard's parlance — can be active at once.

Non-standard extensions to the language include macroactions: i.e. actions inside a program unit that influence the state of another program unit. The most relevant such macroaction is "forcing", in which a POU can decide the active steps of another POU.

See also
 DRAKON-chart
 UML activity diagram
 Continuous Function Chart

References

External links

 SFC/GRAFCET free stencils for Microsoft Visio
 Rockwell Automation, Allen-Bradley. Sequential Function Charts
 CODESYS

Programmable logic controllers
Visual programming languages
Drum wrench. The drum wrench or bung wrench is a tool which is commonly used to open drum bungs and openings.
When unopened, a large drum's contents may be under enormous pressure. If a drum is opened without the proper tools and precautions, the pressure may escape suddenly and violently, causing injury. A drum wrench reduces pressure during the opening process. A drum wrench is a convenient tool for safely opening and removing materials drums, but they are not the only means of protection from the hazards of said drums. Some drums act as a vacuum with very low internal pressures, increasing the risk of the top "popping up" soon after opening.

See also
 44 or 55 gallon drum

References

Wrenches
Packaging
Lithium borate. Lithium borate, also known as lithium tetraborate is an inorganic compound with the formula Li2B4O7. A colorless solid, lithium borate is used in making glasses and ceramics.

Structure
Its structure consists of a polymeric borate backbone.  The Li+ centers are bound to four and five oxygen ligands.  Boron centers are trigonal and tetrahedral.

Lithium borate can be used in the laboratory as LB buffer for gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA.  It is also used in the borax fusion method to vitrify mineral powder specimens for analysis by WDXRF spectroscopy.

See also
LB buffer
Lithium metaborate (LiBO2)

References

Borates
Lithium compounds
Lithium acetate. Lithium acetate  (CH3COOLi) is a salt of lithium and acetic acid. It is often abbreviated as LiOAc.

Uses 

Lithium acetate is used in the laboratory as buffer for gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA. It has a lower electrical conductivity and can be run at higher speeds than can gels made from TAE buffer (5-30V/cm as compared to 5-10V/cm). At a given voltage, the heat generation and thus the gel temperature is much lower than with TAE buffers, therefore the voltage can be increased to speed up electrophoresis so that a gel run takes only a fraction of the usual time. Downstream applications, such as isolation of DNA from a gel slice or Southern blot analysis, work as expected when using lithium acetate gels.

Lithium boric acid or sodium boric acid are usually preferable to lithium acetate or TAE when analyzing smaller fragments of DNA (less than 500 bp) due to the higher resolution of borate-based buffers in this size range as compared to acetate buffers.

Lithium acetate is also used to permeabilize the cell wall of yeast for use in DNA transformation. It is believed that the beneficial effect of LiOAc is caused by its chaotropic effect; denaturing DNA, RNA and proteins.

References 

 

Acetates
Lithium salts
Organolithium compounds
Grumman G-118. 

The Grumman G-118 (sometimes called the XF12F, though this was never official) was a design for an all-weather missile-armed interceptor aircraft for use on US Navy aircraft carriers. Originally conceived as an uprated F11F Tiger, it soon evolved into a larger and more powerful project. Although two prototypes were ordered in 1955, development was cancelled the same year in favor of the F4H Phantom II before any examples were built. Grumman's next (and last) carrier fighter would be the F-14 Tomcat, ordered in 1968.

Design
The Grumman Design 118 was a two-seat, twin-engined, rocket augmented, carrier-based all-weather supersonic fighter aircraft. It had a 45° swept wing, a "T-tail" empennage, two small folding ventral fins, and a landing gear of tricycle configuration. For ejection, the tandem crew were encapsulated and ejected downwards. It also featured a boundary layer control system to improve low speed handling.

The G-118 was to be powered by two J79-GE-3 engines, with accommodations for the more powerful J79-GE-207 engines each producing 18,000 lbf of afterburning thrust. Similar to the contemporary Vought XF8U-3 Crusader III, it was designed with an additional throttleable liquid-fueled rocket engine using a mixture of JP-4 fuel and hydrogen peroxide oxidizer which produced 5,000 lbf of thrust.

Armament stores would have been under the fuselage in two semi-recessed hardpoints for the AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missile and an internal weapons bay for an additional AIM-7 or three AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles.

Specifications (G-118, as designed)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
  (Magazine)
 
  (Magazine)

External links 
 

G-118
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Carrier-based aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Twinjets
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Naval Aircraft Factory XN5N. The Naval Aircraft Factory XN5N was a prototype United States  monoplane  trainer aircraft produced by the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1941. A single prototype was built and evaluated.

The type was not placed in production.

Specifications (XN5N-1)

See also

References

External links

NN5, Naval Aircraft Factory
N5N
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1941
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Naval Aircraft Factory SBN. The Naval Aircraft Factory SBN was a United States three-seat mid-wing monoplane scout bomber/torpedo aircraft designed by the Brewster Aeronautical Corporation and built under license by the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The landing gear was similar to that on the Brewster F2A Buffalo fighter aircraft. The SBN had non-folding wings with perforated flaps.

Development
The United States Navy issued specifications for a scout bomber in 1934 and Brewster won the competition. The Navy ordered one prototype, designated the XSBA-1, on 15 October 1934. It was a two-seat, single-engine monoplane with retractable landing gear and an internal bomb bay that could accommodate a 500-pound (227-kg) bomb. The crewman in the rear seat was armed with a flexible machine gun.

The prototype XSBA-1 first flew on 15 April 1936, and was delivered to the Navy for testing. With a Wright R-1820-4 Cyclone 770-horsepower (570-kilowatt) engine, it achieved a top speed of 254 mph (409 km/h), with an estimated range of 1,000 miles at cruising speed. Some minor problems were found during testing and less than a year after its first flight, the aircraft was given a revised tail and rudder and a more powerful Wright R-1820-22 Cyclone 950-horsepower (710-kilowatt) engine, with which it reached a top speed of 263 mph (424 km/h). At the time, it was believed to be the fastest single-engine bomber in the world.

Because of the pressures of developing and producing the Brewster F2A Buffalo fighter, Brewster was unable to manufacture any production models of the XSBA-1, and the Navy acquired a license to produce the aircraft itself at the Naval Aircraft Factory. In September 1938, the Navy placed an order for 30 production aircraft. Due to pressures of work at the NAF, it did not deliver the first aircraft, now designated the SBN, until November 1940; the remaining aircraft were delivered between June 1941 and March 1942.

Operational history

Most of the SBNs were delivered to Bombing Squadron 3 (VB-3) aboard the aircraft carrier . Obsolete before their delivery in 1941, some of the early production aircraft were used for carrier operations trials with Torpedo Squadron Eight (VT-8) in 1941 and then passed on for use as trainers aboard the aircraft carrier . None of the SBNs saw combat. With a lack of spare parts, the aircraft were withdrawn from service in August 1942.

Variants
XSBA-1
Brewster-built prototype, one built (Bu9726).
SBN-1
Naval Aircraft Factory license-built production aircraft, 30 built (Bu1522/1551).

Operators

United States Navy

Specifications (SBN-1)

See also

References

Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, Second edition 1976. .
Andrade, John M. . U.S Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Leicester : Midland Counties Publications, First edition 1979. .

SB01A
SBN
SBN
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Sodium oxide. Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula . It is used in ceramics and glasses. It is a white solid but the compound is rarely encountered. Instead "sodium oxide" is used to describe components of various materials such as glasses and fertilizers which contain oxides that include sodium and other elements. Sodium oxide is a component.

Structure
The structure of sodium oxide has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Most alkali metal oxides  (M = Li, Na, K, Rb) crystallise in the antifluorite structure. In this motif the positions of the anions and cations are reversed relative to their positions in , with sodium ions tetrahedrally coordinated to 4 oxide ions and oxide cubically coordinated to 8 sodium ions.

Preparation
Sodium oxide is produced by the reaction of sodium with sodium hydroxide, sodium peroxide, or sodium nitrite:

To the extent that NaOH is contaminated with water, correspondingly greater amounts of sodium are employed. Excess sodium is distilled from the crude product.

A second method involves heating a mixture of sodium azide and sodium nitrate:

Burning sodium in air produces a mixture of  and sodium peroxide ().

A third much less known method involves heating sodium metal with iron(III) oxide (rust):

the reaction should be done in an inert atmosphere to avoid the reaction of sodium with the air instead.

Applications

Glassmaking
Glasses are often described in terms of their sodium oxide content although they do not really contain . Furthermore, such glasses are not made from sodium oxide, but the equivalent of  is added in the form of "soda" (sodium carbonate), which loses carbon dioxide at high temperatures:

A typical manufactured glass contains around 15% sodium oxide, 70% silica (silicon dioxide), and 9% lime (calcium oxide). The sodium carbonate "soda" serves as a flux to lower the temperature at which the silica mixture melts. Such soda-lime glass has a much lower melting temperature than pure silica and has slightly higher elasticity. These changes arise because the -based material is somewhat more flexible.

Reactions
Sodium oxide reacts readily and irreversibly with water to give sodium hydroxide:

Because of this reaction, sodium oxide is sometimes referred to as the base anhydride of sodium hydroxide (more archaically, "anhydride of caustic soda").

References

Oxides
Sodium compounds
Fluorite crystal structure
Sodium peroxide. Sodium peroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2O2. This yellowish solid is the  product of sodium ignited in excess oxygen. It is a strong base. This metal peroxide exists in several hydrates and peroxyhydrates including Na2O2·2H2O2·4H2O, Na2O2·2H2O, Na2O2·2H2O2, and Na2O2·8H2O. The octahydrate, which is simple to prepare, is white, in contrast to the anhydrous material.

Properties
Sodium peroxide crystallizes with hexagonal symmetry. Upon heating, the hexagonal form undergoes a transition into a phase of unknown symmetry at 512 °C.  With further heating above the 657 °C boiling point, the compound decomposes to Na2O, releasing O2.
 2 Na2O2  →   2 Na2O   +   O2

Preparation
Commercially, sodium peroxide is produced from the elements in a two-stage process.  First sodium is oxidized to sodium oxide:

Subsequently, this oxide is treated with more oxygen:

This was the method by which the substance was discovered in 1810 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, as well as how it was for the first time commercially made by Hamilton Castner in the 1890s.

It may also be produced by passing ozone gas over solid sodium iodide inside a platinum or palladium tube. The ozone oxidizes the sodium to form sodium peroxide. The iodine can be sublimed by mild heating. The platinum or palladium catalyzes the reaction and is not attacked by the sodium peroxide.

The octahydrate can be produced by treating sodium hydroxide with hydrogen peroxide.

Uses
Sodium peroxide hydrolyzes to give sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide according to the reaction
 Na2O2 + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2O2

Sodium peroxide was used to bleach wood pulp for the production of paper and textiles.  Presently it is mainly used for specialized laboratory operations, e.g., the extraction of minerals from various ores.  Sodium peroxide may go by the commercial names of Solozone and Flocool. In chemistry preparations, sodium peroxide is used as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as an oxygen source by reacting it with carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sodium carbonate:
 Na2O2 + CO2 → Na2CO3 +  O2
 Na2O2 + H2O + 2 CO2 → 2 NaHCO3 +  O2
It is thus particularly useful in scuba gear, submarines, etc. Lithium peroxide and potassium superoxide have similar uses.

Sodium peroxide was once used on a large scale for the production of sodium perborate, but alternative routes to that cleaning agent have been developed.

References

External links
International Chemical Safety Card 1606

Peroxides
Sodium compounds
Oxidizing agents
Oxetane. Oxetane, or 1,3-propylene oxide, is a heterocyclic organic compound with the molecular formula , having a four-membered ring with three carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.

The term "an oxetane" or "oxetanes" refer to any organic compound containing the oxetane ring.

Production
A typical well-known method of preparation is the reaction of potassium hydroxide with 3-chloropropyl acetate at 150 °C:

Yield of oxetane made this way is c. 40%, as the synthesis can lead to a variety of by-products including water, potassium chloride, and potassium acetate.

Another possible reaction to form an oxetane ring is the Paternò–Büchi reaction.  The oxetane ring can also be formed through diol cyclization as well as through decarboxylation of a six-membered cyclic carbonate.

Derivatives 
More than a hundred different oxetanes have been synthesized. Functional groups can be added into any desired position in the oxetane ring, including fully fluorinated (perfluorinated) and fully deuterated analogues. Major examples are:

Taxol
 
Paclitaxel (Taxol) is an example of a natural product containing an oxetane ring. Taxol has become a major point of interest among researchers due to its unusual structure and success in the involvement of cancer treatment. The attached oxetane ring is an important feature that is used for the binding of microtubules in structure activity; however little is known about how the reaction is catalyzed in nature, which creates a challenge for scientists trying to synthesize the product.

Reactions
Oxetanes are less reactive than epoxides, and generally unreactive in basic conditions, although Grignard reagents at elevated temperatures and complex hydrides will cleave them.  However, the ring strain does make them much more reactive than larger rings, and oxetanes decompose in the presence of even mildly acidic nucleophiles.  In non-nucleophilic acids, they mainly isomerize to allyl alcohols.  

Noble metals tend to catalyze isomerization to a carbonyl.  

In industry, the parent compound, oxetane polymerizes to polyoxetane in the presence of a dry acid catalyst, although the compound was described in 1967 as "rarely polymerized commercially".

See also
β-Propiolactone or 2-oxetanone.
3-Oxetanone

References