omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
J. Paul Hogan. John Paul Hogan (August 7, 1919 – February 19, 2012) was an American research chemist. Along with Robert Banks, he discovered methods of producing polypropylene and high-density polyethylene.

Hogan was born in Lowes, Kentucky to Charles Franklin and Alma (Wyman) Hogan and earned B.S. degrees in both Chemistry and Physics at Murray State University of Kentucky in 1942. He taught at both the high school and college level before going to work in research at the Phillips Petroleum Company in 1944.

His work was primarily in the area of plastics and catalysts. In 1951, he invented crystalline polypropylene and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with his fellow research chemist Robert Banks. The initial research drive was to oligomerize light olefins which were byproducts at the time from catalytic cracking reactions developed during WWII. Hogan and Banks had hoped to create a liquid fuel with high octane (antiknock) performance. However, in a series of experiments, and after having added chromium as a second transition metal promoter, the scientists created crystalline structures. These plastics were initially known by the name Marlex. He held (jointly) a number of important patents and authored research papers before he left Phillips in 1985.

After a few years as an independent consultant, he fully retired in 1993.

In 1987, he and Robert Banks together received the Perkin Medal Award and both were given a Heroes of Chemistry award by the American Chemical Society in 1989. In 2001, they were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Dr. Hogan was inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame in 2014.

References

1919 births
2012 deaths
American inventors
Murray State University alumni
People from Graves County, Kentucky
Polymer scientists and engineers
City of Culture of Galicia. The City of Culture of Galicia ( or simply Cidade da Cultura) is a complex of cultural buildings in Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, designed by a group of architects led by Peter Eisenman.

Construction was challenging and expensive  as the design of the buildings involves high degree contours, meant to make the buildings look like rolling hills. Nearly every window of the thousands that are part of the external façade has its own custom shape.  In 2013 it was announced that after more than a decade, construction of the project would be halted.  The International Art Center and Music and Scenic Arts Center will not be built.

History 

In February 1999 the Parliament of Galicia held an international design competition for a cultural center on Mount Gaiás. The entrants were Ricardo Bofill, Manuel Gallego Jorreto, Annette Gigon and Mike Guyer, Steven Holl, Rem Koolhaas, Daniel Libeskind, Juan Navarro Baldeweg, Jean Nouvel, Dominique Perrault, Cesar Portela, Santiago Calatrava, who later withdrew his proposal, and Eisenman, whose proposal was selected for both conceptual uniqueness and exceptional harmony with the place.

The concept of the project is a new peak on Monte Gaiás, made up of a stony crust reminiscent of an archaeological site divided by natural breaks that resemble scallops, the traditional symbol of Compostela.

The building site has also become the base for the development of a public transparency urban experiment by the Spanish architect and artist Andrés Jaque. With Jaque's 12 Actions to Make the Cidade da Cultura Transparent, the building site was equipped with devices that make the political implications and ecological extension of the construction works understandable for the general public.

In 2021 the Fontán Building (Edificio Fontán) was inaugurated, in the place where the auditorium was originally going to be built, using part of the already existing structure.

Controversy 

The project has more than doubled its original budget and has not attracted significant numbers of visitors, becoming a white elephant for subsequent governments and taxpayers. Construction of the final two planned buildings was stopped in 2012 and terminated definitively in March 2013 following high cost overruns.

Notes

References
 Codex: The City of Culture of Galicia. Eisenman Architects. Monacelli Press 2005.

External links

 Official City of Culture of Galicia website—
 Spain's extravagant City of Culture opens amid criticism. 2011-01-11
 Article discussing the decision to stop the project (Spanish)
 BBC Spain in crisis: Broken visions dot Galicia's landscape
 Official Government presentation
 Fragments of a program critic about the spending on Cidade da Cultura: Part 1 (11:28)(Same fragment, Entering the CC (first 5:40)), Part 2 (13:38)

Arts centres in Spain
Buildings and structures in Santiago de Compostela
Art museums and galleries in Spain
Museums in Galicia (Spain)
Tourist attractions in Galicia (Spain)
Peter Eisenman buildings and structures
Modernist architecture in Spain
OneSIS. oneSIS is an open-source software tool developed at Sandia National Laboratories aimed at easing systems administration in large-scale, Linux cluster environments.

The official tag line for oneSIS is that it is a thin, role-based Single Image System for scalable cluster management.  oneSIS is a simple and highly extensible method for deploying and managing one or more root images of supported Linux distributions into a master image used as the root of diskless nodes.  A single image can serve thousands of nodes.

Using oneSIS 
oneSIS requires functional infrastructure, such as DHCP, PXE, and NFSroot; see HOWTO. Sysadmin has to determine which machine will serve as the source for the image that will eventually be deployed to the remaining machines in the cluster.

One of the easy-to-use conventions of oneSIS is that all configuration settings for all nodes within a cluster are controlled by a single file on the master node, /etc/sysimage.  This file is used to list the machines in the cluster, define which machines belong to what class, and explains which classes boot which images from the NFSroot server and how their configuration settings differ.  Changes applied to the master images appear instantly to the nodes using said images.  Changing a node to boot into a different image only requires a quick modification to  and a reboot of the target client.  Since oneSIS was designed with the Linux-systems administrator in mind, users will not find proprietary-GUI frontends here; all the tools to image a box, copying root-images, converting diskless machines diskfull, etc. are accessible exclusively through the command line interface (CLI).  The goal is to let Linux systems administrators feel at home with the typical CLI tools they're already used to.

OneSIS benefits include:
Overall system complexity and administration overhead is reduced.
Potentially more stable and secure environment because sysadmins concentrate on hardening single images.
Images can be deployed in diskless and diskfull environments.
Uses standard tools and settings found in any Linux distribution and the open Linux kernel source.
Scalability.
Possibilities for load balancing and failover support.

External links
oneSIS Project Home
Sandia National Laboratories

See also
 Warewulf -- a similar diskless cluster package

System administration
Sandia National Laboratories
Planer. The term planer may refer to several types of carpentry tools, woodworking machines or metalworking machine tools.

Plane (tool), a hand tool used to produce flat surfaces by shaving the surface of the wood
Thickness planer (North America) or thicknesser (UK and Australia), a woodworking machine for making boards of even thickness
Planer (metalworking), a metalworking machine-tool having a reciprocating work table and a stationary cutting tool
Jointer (North America) or planer (UK, Canada, and Australia), a woodworking machine for making flat surfaces and straight edges on boards

Surname
Minna Planer (1809-1866) Saxonian actress
Franz Planer (1894-1963), cinematographer who moved to the U.S. in the 1930s
Nigel Planer (born 1953) English actor, comedian, novelist and playwright

See also 
Planar (disambiguation)
Planner (disambiguation)
Scabbling. Scabbling—also called scappling—is the process of reducing stone or concrete. In masonry, it refers to shaping a stone to a rough square by use of an axe or hammer. In Kent, rag-stone masons call this "knobbling". It was similarly used to shape grindstones. 

In modern construction, scabbling is a mechanical process of removing a thin layer of concrete from a structure, typically achieved by compressed air powered machines. A typical scabbling machine uses several heads, each with several carbide or steel tips that peck at the concrete. It operates by pounding a number of tipped rods down onto the concrete surface in rapid succession. It takes several passes with the machine to achieve the desired depth. 

Scabbling is used to remove road markings, surface contamination (used in the nuclear industry), to add a decorative or textured pattern to concrete, or to prepare a concrete surface prior to the installation of grout.

Scarifying machines with flails attached to a drum cage are sometimes referred to as rotary scabblers.  These walk behind machines are also referred to as concrete planers.

See also

References

Masonry
Stonemasonry
Construction
Articles containing video clips
IVT. IVT may refer to:

In computing
 Interrupt vector table, a memory construct in some processors
 Intel Virtualization Technology, a computer processor feature to simplify virtualization

Other
 Intermediate value theorem, an analysis theorem
 Initial value theorem, a mathematical theorem using Laplace transform
 Integrated water vapor transport, a meteorological term used in describing atmospheric rivers.
 Current, Voltage, Temperature
 Infinitely Variable Transmission, a type of continuously variable transmission system for motor vehicles and other applications
 Illini Variable Temperature diluent
 In Vitro transcription/translation, a molecular biology technique to produce RNA in a tube
 Intermittent vacuum therapy, a medical treatment for venous and arterial issues
Transport (recording). A transport is a device that handles a particular physical storage medium (such as magnetic tape, audio CD, CD-R, or other type of recordable media) itself, and extracts or records the information to and from the medium, to (and from) an outboard set of processing electronics that the transport is connected to.  

A transport houses no electronics itself for encoding and decoding the information recorded to and from a certain format of media. It only extracts and records information to the media, as well as handling mechanical operations for accessing the media itself, such as playing or rewinding a tape, or accessing the tracks on a disc.

An example of a transport for a storage medium would be an audiophile-grade audio CD transport, which houses no digital-to-analog converter (DAC), unlike most ordinary audio CD players.  Instead, the audio CD transport is connected to an external DAC via a coaxial (SPDIF) or optical (Toslink) digital audio connection to convert the digital audio information to analog for interfacing to most audio equipment.

Other examples of transports for recorded media include:

 A 16-track magnetic reel-to-reel tape recorder (using 1" wide tape) manufactured by Honeywell (the model 5600E) that was originally designed for recording instrumentation data, which was adapted for the Soundstream digital audio recording system developed in the mid-70s, and referred to by Soundstream as the "HTD" or Honeywell Tape Drive.  It was in this case connected to external digital audio processing hardware (the "DTR", or Digital Tape Recorder, although it housed just the electronics for the HTD) designed by Soundstream,
 The S-VHS videocassette mechanism utilized by ADAT-format multi-track digital audio recorders made by Alesis,
 The Hi8 videocassette mechanism utilized by DTRS-format multi-track digital audio recorders made by Tascam such as the DA-88, and
 A standard video cassette recorder (particularly using U-matic cassettes) used for recording digital audio with a PCM adaptor.

Audio storage
Lanthanum gallium silicate. Lanthanum gallium silicate (referred to as LGS in this article), also known as langasite, has a chemical formula of the form A3BC3D2O14, where A, B, C and D indicate particular cation sites. A is a decahedral (Thomson cube) site coordinated by 8 oxygen atoms. B is octahedral site coordinated by 6 oxygen atoms, and C and D are tetrahedral sites coordinated by 4 oxygen atoms. In this material, lanthanum occupied the A-sites, gallium the B, C and half of D-sites, and, silicon the other half of D-sites.

LGS is a piezoelectric material, with no phase transitions up to its melting point of 1470 °C. Single crystal LGS can be grown via the Czochralski method, in which crystallization is initiated on a rotating seed crystal lowered into the melt followed by pulling from the melt. The growth atmosphere is usually argon or nitrogen with up to 5% of oxygen. The use of oxygen in the growth environment is reported to suppress gallium loss from the melt; however, too high an oxygen level can lead to platinum (crucible material used for the melt) dissolution in the melt. The growth of LGS is primarily along the z direction. Currently the 3-inch (76 mm) langasite boules produced commercially have growth rates of 1.5 to 5 mm/h. The quality of the crystals tends to improve as the growth rate is reduced.

See also
Ceramic
lanthanum gallium tantalum oxide, langatite (CAS RN 83381-05-9) La6Ga11TaO28 (i.e., La3Ga5.5Ta00.5O14)

References

External links
Properties of a langasite crystal

Lanthanum compounds
Gallium compounds
Silicates
Piezoelectric materials
Ceramic materials
South Pacific Division. The United States Army Corps of Engineers South Pacific Division (SPD) is an Army organization providing civil works and military water resource services/infrastructure. It also supports economically viable and environmentally sustainable watershed management and water resources development in California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and New Mexico and is also responsible for parts of Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado and Texas.  It is headquartered in San Francisco, California.

The South Pacific Division has four districts:

Albuquerque District
Los Angeles District
Sacramento District
San Francisco District

The Division Commander is directly responsible to the Chief of Engineers.  Within the authorities delegated, the SPD Commander directs and supervises the individual District Commanders.  SPD duties include:

 Preparing engineering studies and design.
 Constructing, operating, and maintaining flood control and river and harbor facilities and installations.
 Administering the laws on civil works activities.
 Acquiring, managing, and disposing of real estate.
 Mobilization support of military, natural disaster, and national emergency operations.

External links
USACE South Pacific Division

This page incorporates public domain text from the South Pacific Division website.

Divisions of the United States Army Corps of Engineers
Kashin-class destroyer. The Kashin class, Soviet designation Project 61, were series of anti-aircraft guided-missile destroyers built for the Soviet Navy since the 1960s. , no ships remain in service with the Russian Navy, but three modified ships continue in service with the Indian Navy as s.

In the Soviet Union they were officially classified as "guard ships" (storozhevoi korabl – SKR), then "large ASW ships" (BPK) or "large missile ships" (BRK), but in the rest of world they are commonly regarded as missile destroyers due to their size and armament. They were the first Soviet purpose-built anti-air warfare ships and the first to carry an ASW helicopter.

Design

The design specification was approved in 1957; the first ship was laid down in 1959 and commissioned in 1962. Many new components were developed for these ships, including surface-to-air missiles, radars, and gas turbine engines. The gas turbines were arranged in two separate spaces and could be removed via the funnels for servicing. These were also the first Soviet ships designed to be closed down for nuclear fallout and had an operations room deep inside the ship rather than a large bridge.

The final ship in the class, Sderzhanyy, was completed to a modified design as the Project 61M or 61MP (Kashin-Mod), being fitted with four SS-N-2C Styx anti-ship missiles, new towed-array sonar, a raised helipad and four close range AK-630 Gatling guns. The two RBU-1000 ASW rocket launchers were mounted aft, but later removed. Six ships were modernised to this standard in the 1970s.

 was modernised (Project 01090) at Sevastopol in the early 1990s and fitted with new Kh-35 (SS-N-25 Switchblade, Harpoonski) anti-ship missiles and MNK-300 sonar. In 2020 she decommissioned and opened as a Museum at Sevastopol.

The  modification built for the Indian Navy has the aft gun turret replaced by a hangar for a helicopter, as well as SS-N-2C anti-ship missiles on the sides of the bridge.

Variants
 Project 61 (Kashin class): Original design (19 ships).
 Project 61MP (Modified Kashin class): Modernization of the Project 61 vessels (5 ships).
 Project 61M (Modified Kashin class): Upgraded design (1 ship).
 Project 61E (): Export version, used by the Indian Navy (5 ships).

Ships

In all, twenty ships were built for the Soviet Navy, one ship () was later transferred to Poland, while five similar ships were built to a modified design for the Indian Navy as Rajput class.

See also
List of ships of the Soviet Navy
List of ships of Russia by project number
List of naval ship classes in service

References

Notes

Sources
 
 V.V. Kostrichenko, A.A Prostokishin (В.В.Костриченко, А.А.Простокишин): "Poyushchiye fryegaty". Bolshiye protivolodochniye korabli proyekta 61 («Поющие фрегаты» Большие противолодочные корабли проекта 61), Morskaya Kollektsya 1/1999

External links 

 – article in Russian
– article in English from the Federation of American Scientists
All Russian Kashin Class Destroyers – Complete Ship List

 
Destroyer classes
Ships of the Russian Navy
Ships of the Soviet Navy
Make UK. Make UK, formerly the Engineering Employers' Federation, represents manufacturers in the United Kingdom.

Purpose 
Make UK provides businesses with advice, guidance and support in employment law, employee relations, health, safety, climate and environment, information and research and occupational health.

Through offices in London and Brussels, Make UK provides political representation on behalf of UK business in the engineering, manufacturing and technology-based sectors: lobbying government, MPs, regional development agencies, MEPs and European institutions.

History
EEF was formed in 1896 as the Engineering Employers' Federation and merged in 1918 with the National Employers' Federation.
A history of the EEF cited in  states that the original purpose of the EEF was "collective action to protect individual firms and local associations, the preservation of the ‘power to manage’, and the maintenance of industrial peace through established procedure." The EEF functioned as a 'Union' of Employers and negotiated from this stance with Trades Unions, for instance "twice, in 1897-8 and 1922, the Federation organised nationwide lock-outs. Procedural agreements for the avoidance of disputes were made with the unions at the conclusion of each of these lock-outs. These agreements provided for local and national joint conferences on disputed matters".

In November 2003 the EEF rebranded itself from the 'Engineering Employers' Federation' to 'EEF The Manufacturers' Organisation'. In February 2019 EEF rebranded to Make UK

The EEF archive  is curated by Warwick University's Modern Records Centre.

References

External links 
 Make UK website
Catalogue of the EEF archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Catalogue of the Engineering Employers' East Midlands Association archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Catalogue of the West Midlands Engineering Employers' Association archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Catalogue of the Coventry and District Engineering Employers' Association archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

Business organisations based in the United Kingdom
1896 establishments in the United Kingdom
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Manufacturing in the United Kingdom
Manufacturing trade associations
Organisations based in the City of Westminster
Organizations established in 1896
Soviet helicopter carrier Moskva. Moskva was the first of her class of helicopter carriers in service with the Soviet Navy. Laid down at Nikolayev South (Shipyard No.444), Moskva was launched in 1965 and she was commissioned two years later. Moskva was followed by , which was commissioned in late 1968; there were no further vessels built, reportedly due to the poor handling of the ships in rough seas. Both were conventionally powered.

The Moskvas were not true "aircraft carriers" in that they did not carry any fixed-wing aircraft; the air wing was composed entirely of helicopters. They were designed primarily as anti-submarine warfare (ASW) vessels, and her weapons and sensor suite was optimized against the nuclear submarine threat. Shipboard ASW armament included a twin SUW-N-1 launcher capable of delivering a FRAS-1 projectile carrying a 450 mm torpedo (or a 5 kiloton nuclear warhead); a pair of RBU-6000 ASW mortars; and a set of torpedo tubes. For self-defense, the Moskvas had two twin SA-N-3 SAM launchers with reloads for a total of 48 surface-to-air missiles, along with two twin 57 mm/80 guns. A "Mare Tail" variable depth sonar worked in conjunction with heliborne sensors to hunt submarines.

Their strategic role was to defend the Soviet ballistic missile submarine bastions against incursions by Western attack submarines, forming the flagships of an ASW task force.

On 2 February 1975, a fire in the ship's bow caused severe damage. She was out of action for a year whilst repairs were made. Leningrad was taken out of service in 1991, but Moskva remained in service until the late 1990s, when she, too, was scrapped.

Notes and references

References
Project 1123 Kondor - Moskva class
 Moskva class

External links

Moskva-class helicopter carriers
1965 ships
Aircraft carriers of the Russian Navy
Ships built at the Black Sea Shipyard
Ships built in the Soviet Union
Maritime incidents in 1975