omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gas gun. Gas gun may refer to:

 Air gun, a gun that fires projectiles by means of compressed air or other gases
 Airsoft gun, a replica gun used in airsoft sports
 Astronaut propulsion unit, a device used to move an astronaut relative to the spaceship during a spacewalk
 Dynamite gun, any of a class of artillery pieces that use compressed air to propel an explosive projectile
 Gas pistol, a non-lethal weapon used for self-defense and other purposes
 Gas-operated reloading, a system of operation used to provide energy to operate locked breech, autoloading firearms
 Holman Projector, a naval anti-aircraft weapon
 Light-gas gun, a highly specialized gun designed to generate extremely high velocities
 M61 Vulcan, a hydraulically, electrically, or pneumatically driven, six-barrel, air-cooled, electrically fired Gatling-style rotary cannon
 Potato cannon, a pipe-based cannon that uses air pressure, or combustion of a flammable gas to fire projectiles, usually potatoes
 Propane cannon, a type of bird scarer
 Riot gun, a type of firearm used to fire non-lethal ammunition for the purpose of suppressing riots or apprehending suspects with minimal harm or risk
 Vortex ring gun, a non-lethal weapon that fires gas vortex rings
Zmacs. Zmacs is one of the many variants of the Emacs text editor. Zmacs was written for the MIT Lisp machine and runs on its descendants (Symbolics Genera, LMI Lambda, TI Explorer). Zmacs is written in Lisp Machine Lisp (called ZetaLisp on Symbolics Lisp Machines). It is based on the ZWEI programming substrate, which stands for "Zwei Was EINE Initially"; Zwei was a collection of routines which could be used to easily implement other programs, like the Symbolics mail program, Zmail.

A distinctive feature of Zmacs, which can also be found in Hemlock and LispWorks, is that commands look like  instead of  as modern Emacsen, like GNU Emacs, generally format commands.

Zmacs also supports buffers and modes. Zmacs also uses the window system of the Lisp Machine with support for mouse and windows. Zmacs supports unlimited backup of files, since the file system of the Lisp Machine supports file versions. It is not compatible with GNU Emacs and its Emacs Lisp.

External links
 Zmacs Manual (PDF)  For the Texas Instruments' Explorer Lisp Machine implementation.

Emacs
HMPNGS Salamaua. HMPNGS Salamaua is a  heavy landing craft operated by the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF). Prior to 1974, the vessel was called HMAS Salamaua (L 131) and was operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

The eight-vessel Balikpapan class was ordered as a locally manufactured replacement for the Australian Army's LSM-1-class landing ship medium and ALC 50 landing craft. They are  long, with a beam of , and a draught of . The landing craft have a standard displacement of 316 tons, with a full load displacement of 503 tons.  They are propelled by two G.M. Detroit 6-71 diesel motors, providing 675 brake horsepower to the two propeller shafts, allowing the vessels to reach . The standard ship's company is 13-strong. The Balikpapans are equipped with a Decca RM 916 navigational radar, and fitted with two  machine guns for self-defence.

The LCHs have a maximum payload of 180 tons; equivalent to 3 Leopard 1 tanks, 13 M113 armored personnel carriers 23 quarter-tonne trucks, or four LARC-V amphibious cargo vehicles. As a troop transport, a Balikpapan-class vessel can transport up to 400 soldiers between a larger amphibious ship and the shore, or embark 60 soldiers in six-berth caravans for longer voyages. The vessel's payload affects the range: at 175 tons of cargo, each vessel has a range of , which increases to  with a 150-ton payload, and  when unladen. The flat, box-like keel causes the ships to roll considerably in other-than-calm conditions, limiting their ability to make long voyages.

Salamaua was laid down Walkers Limited at Maryborough, Queensland on 29 May 1972, launched on 27 July 1972, and commissioned into the RAN on 19 October 1973.

Operational history
Salamaua was transferred to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force on 14 November 1974. She was in active service as of 2013.  She was retired on June 19, 2020.

References

Sources
Books

Journal articles

Balikpapan-class landing craft heavy of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force
1972 ships
Ships built in Queensland
Software law. Software law refers to the legal remedies available to protect software-based assets. Software may, under various circumstances and in various countries, be restricted by patent or copyright or both. Most commercial software is sold under some kind of software license agreement.

See also 
 Legal aspects of computing
 Software copyright
 Software patent
 Software license
 Software license agreement
 Proprietary software
 Free and open source software

References

Frederic William Neitzke. A Software Law Primer. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1984. Google
Robert Gomulkiewicz. Software Law and its Application. Aspen Publishing. 2023. Google
Energy value of coal. The energy value of coal, or fuel content, is the amount of potential energy coal contains that can be converted into heat. This value can be calculated and compared with different grades of coal and other combustible materials, which produce different amounts of heat according to their grade.

While chemistry provides ways of calculating the heating value of a certain amount of a substance, there is a difference between this theoretical value and its application to real coal. The grade of a sample of coal does not precisely define its chemical composition, so calculating the coal's actual usefulness as a fuel requires determining its proximate and ultimate analysis (see "Chemical Composition" below).

Chemical composition
Chemical composition of the coal is defined in terms of its proximate and ultimate (elemental) analyses. The parameters of proximate analysis are moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon. Elemental or ultimate analysis encompasses the quantitative determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen within the coal. Additionally, specific physical and mechanical properties of coal and particular carbonization properties 

The calorific value Q of coal [kJ/kg] is the heat liberated by its complete combustion with oxygen. Q is a complex function of the elemental composition of the coal. Q can be determined experimentally using calorimeters. Dulong suggests the following approximate formula for Q when the oxygen content is less than 10%: 

Q = 337C + 1442(H - O/8) + 93S,

where C is the mass percent of carbon, H is the mass percent of hydrogen, O is the mass percent of oxygen, and S is the mass percent of sulfur in the coal.  With these constants, Q is given in kilojoules per kilogram.

See also
 Coal assay techniques
 Energies per unit mass
 Heat of combustion

References

"Using Charcoal Efficiently."  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.  Retrieved 10 Nov 2011. 
"Combustion Training."  (c)2011 E Instruments International, LLC.

Coal technology
Thermodynamic properties
Programmed Airline Reservations System. Programmed Airline Reservations System (PARS) is an IBM proprietary large scale airline reservation application, a computer reservations system, executing under the control of IBM Airline Control Program (ACP) (and later its successor, Transaction Processing Facility (TPF)). Its international version was known as IPARS.

By the 1960s, with the American Airlines SABRE reservations system up and running, IBM offered its expertise to other airlines, and soon developed Deltamatic for Delta Air Lines on the IBM 7074, and PANAMAC for Pan American World Airways using an IBM 7080. By 1967/8 IBM generalized its airline reservations work into the PARS system, which ran on the larger members of the IBM System/360 family and which could support the largest airlines' needs at that time (e.g. United Airlines ran about 3000 reservations terminals online in the 1972 timeframe). In the early 1970s IBM modified its PARS reservations system so it could accommodate the smaller regional airlines on smaller members of the 370 systems family. The high performance PARS operating system evolved from ACP (Airlines Control Program) to TPF (Transaction Processing Facility).

In the early days of automated reservations systems in the 1960s and 1970s the combination of ACP and PARS provided unprecedented scale and performance from an on-line real-time system, and for a considerable period ranked among the largest networks and systems of the era. In the early 1970s major US banks were developing major on-line teleprocessing applications systems and were in urgent need of ACP's high performance capabilities. ACP was made available by IBM to the banking industry in the mid-1970s. This system was used by the great majority of large airlines in the US and internationally; and its smaller 1970's version was used by many smaller regional airlines. PARS (and IPARS) was extremely successful, and it massively improved and revolutionized the efficiency of airlines passenger operations and their profitability.

Along with many other major and regional US airlines, the PARS system was later used by TWA and Northwest Airlines.   In this context PARS was also used as a marketing name by TWA when selling their system to travel agencies.
Swiss International Air Lines and Brussels Airlines discontinued using PARS beginning of 2016. IranAir, the Iranian National Airline, discontinued using IBM-ACP/IPARS at the beginning of 2000 due to Year 2000 (Y2K) problem.

CPARS (Compact Programmed Airlines Reservations) was used by smaller airlines (e.g. Icelandair).   Among other limitations (compared to PARS) was a shorter booking horizon of 90 days.

References

Further reading 
 Winston, Clifford, "The Evolution of the Airline Industry", Brookings Institution Press, 1995. . Cf. p. 62.

IBM software
Travel technology
IBM mainframe software
SabreTalk. SabreTalk is a discontinued dialect of PL/I for the S/360 IBM mainframes running the TPF platform. SabreTalk was developed jointly by American Airlines, Eastern Air Lines and IBM. SabreTalk is known as PL/TPF (Programming Language for TPF).

In 1973, Eastern Air Lines' computing division was selling the SabreTalk compiler for US$95,000.

SabreTalk programs still run in the British Airways Flight Operations system (FICO) under ALCS, using a commercially available automatic converter to translate SabreTalk programs to C programs.  Both the Reservations and Operations Support System (OSS) of Delta Air Lines were developed using both SabreTalk and IBM 360 Assembler.  Although development is currently restricted to C++, the majority of Delta's programming platform remained in Sabretalk until recently in the 2010s.

Because of the availability of translators 
from SabreTalk to C and discontinued support by the original developers, several companies are beginning the move away from SabreTalk to purely C-based programs.

Code Sample:
 SAMPLE: PROCEDURE;
       DECLARE ARRAY(10) DECIMAL(5) BASED(POINTUR);
       DECLARE COUNTER BINARY(15) ALIGNED;
       DECLARE TOTAL BINARY(31) ALIGNED;
       START(POINTUR=#RG1);                  /* RECEIVE POINTER TO ARRAY IN REGISTER 1 */
       TOTAL = 0;
 LOOP: 
       DO COUNTER = 0 TO 10 BY 2;
         TOTAL = TOTAL + ARRAY(COUNTER);     /* TALLY EVEN NUMBERED ITEMS */
       END LOOP;
       IF TOTAL = 0 THEN                     /* VALUE OF TOTAL COMPUTED? */ 
          ENTRC ERRO;                        /* N=CHECK VALIDITY IN PROG ERRO W/RETURN EXPECTED*/
       BACKC(#RAC= TOTAL);                   /* BACK TO CALLING PROGRAM PASSING VALUE OF       */
 END SAMPLE;                                 /*  TOTAL IN REGISTER RAC.                        */

References

External links 
 

Legacy systems
PL/I programming language family
IBM software
A35. A35 or A-35 may refer to:
 A-35 anti-ballistic missile system, a system deployed around Moscow, currently upgraded to the A-135 system
 Aero A.35, a Czech airliner of the 1930s
 Archambault A35, a French sailboat design
 Archambault A35R, a French sailboat design
 Austin A35, a car made by the British Motor Corporation under the Austin Motor Company marque
 Junkers A 35, a German aircraft of the 1920s
 Vultee A-35, a US attack aircraft of World War II, an improved version of the A-31 Vengeance

and also :
 English Opening, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code

Roads
 A35 expressway (Canada), a road in Quebec connecting Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu at the United States border and A-10 in Chambly
 A35 road (England), a road connecting Honiton, Devon and Southampton, Hampshire
 A35 motorway (France), a road connecting the German and the Swiss borders via Strasbourg
 
 A35 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting Enschede and Wierden
 A35 motorway (Spain), a road in Valencia connecting Xàtiva and the N-340/ CV-40 to Almansa
 A35 road (Sri Lanka), a road connecting Paranthan and Mullaitivu

See also
 List of highways numbered 35
Software Engineering 2004. The Software Engineering 2004 (SE2004) —formerly known as Computing Curriculum Software Engineering (CCSE)— is a document that provides recommendations for undergraduate education in software engineering. SE2004 was initially developed by a steering committee between 2001 and 2004. Its development was sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery and the IEEE Computer Society. Important components of SE2004 include the Software Engineering Education Knowledge, a list of topics that all graduates should know, as well as a set of guidelines for implementing curricula and a set of proposed courses.

External links
 SE2004 Home Page

 Software Engineering 2004 - Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Software Engineering
Software engineering papers
Computer science education
Anti-twister mechanism. The anti-twister or antitwister mechanism is a method of connecting a flexible link between two objects, one of which is rotating with respect to the other, in a way that prevents the link from becoming twisted. The link could be an electrical cable or a flexible conduit.

This mechanism is intended as an alternative to the usual method of supplying electric power to a rotating device, the use of slip rings. The slip rings are attached to one part of the machine, and a set of fine metal brushes are attached to the other part. The brushes are kept in sliding contact with the slip rings, providing an electrical path between the two parts while allowing the parts to rotate about each other.

However, this presents problems with smaller devices. Whereas with large devices minor fluctuations in the power provided through the brush mechanism are inconsequential, in the case of tiny electronic components, the brushing introduces unacceptable levels of noise in the stream of power supplied. Therefore, a smoother means of power delivery is needed.

A device designed and patented in 1971 by Dale A. Adams and reported in The Amateur Scientist in December 1975, solves this problem with a rotating disk above a base from which a cable extends up, over, and onto the top of the disk. As the disk rotates the plane of this cable is rotated at exactly half the rate of the disk so the cable experiences no net twisting.

What makes the device possible is the peculiar connectivity of the space of 3D rotations, as discovered by P. A. M. Dirac and illustrated in his Plate trick (also known as the string trick or belt trick). Its covering Spin(3) group can be represented by unit quaternions, also known as versors.

See also
Quaternions and spatial rotation
Candle dance

References

External links 

 An anti-twist mechanism made with LEGO

Electrical generators
Mechanisms (engineering)
Spinors
Wietse Venema. Wietse Zweitze Venema (born 1951) is a Dutch programmer and physicist best known for writing the Postfix email system. He also wrote TCP Wrapper and collaborated with Dan Farmer to produce the computer security tools SATAN and The Coroner's Toolkit.

Biography
He studied physics at the University of Groningen, continuing there to get a PhD in 1984 with the dissertation Left-right symmetry in nuclear beta decay. He spent 12 years at Eindhoven University as a systems architect in the Mathematics and Computer Science department, and spent part of this time writing tools for Electronic Data Interchange. Since emigrating to the U.S. in 1996 and until 2015, he has been working for the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in New York State. On March 24, 2015, he announced he was leaving IBM for Google.

Awards
Awards Venema has received for his work:

 Security Summit Hall of Fame Award (July 1998)
 SAGE Outstanding Achievement Award (November 1999)
 NLUUG Award (November 2000)
 Sendmail Milter Innovation Award (November 2006)
 The 2008 Free Software Foundation Award for the Advancement of Free Software (March 2009)
 ISSA Hall of Fame Award (October 2012)

References

External links
 

Dutch computer scientists
20th-century Dutch physicists
1951 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Computer security specialists
Dutch emigrants to the United States 
Google employees
Academic staff of the Eindhoven University of Technology
University of Groningen alumni
21st-century Dutch physicists
Google people
HLL. HLL can have several meanings:

 High-level programming language, abbreviated to High-level Language.
 HLL Lifecare Limited (formerly Hindustan Latex Limited), an Indian Public Sector Undertaking
 Horo Records hll jazz series, e.g. hll 101-4
 Horizontal Life Line, used for  fall arrest
 HyperLogLog, algorithm for the count-distinct problem
 Hell Let Loose, multiplayer WWII first-person shooter video game
FreeSBIE. FreeSBIE is a live CD, an operating system that is able to load directly from a bootable CD with no installation process or hard disk. It is based on the FreeBSD operating system. Its name is a pun on frisbee. Currently, FreeSBIE uses Xfce and Fluxbox.

FreeSBIE 1.0 was based on FreeBSD 5.2.1 and released on February 27, 2004. The first version of FreeSBIE 2 was developed during the summer of 2005, thanks to the Google Summer of Code. FreeSBIE 2.0.1, which is a complete rewrite of the so-called toolkit, is based on FreeBSD 6.2 and was released on February 10, 2007. According to DistroWatch the FreeSBIE project is discontinued.

Goals 
The goals of the FreeSBIE project are:
To develop a suite of programs to be used to create one's own CD, with all the personalizations desired
To make various ISO images available, each with its different goals and possible uses

See also 
 Comparison of BSD operating systems

References

External links 
historic FreeSBIE project homepage (archive.org)
An interview with a FreeSBIE developer

FreeBSD
Live CD
Staurolite. Staurolite is a reddish brown to black, mostly opaque, nesosilicate mineral with a white streak. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, has a Mohs hardness of 7 to 7.5 and the chemical formula: Fe2+2Al9O6(SiO4)4(O,OH)2. Magnesium, zinc and manganese substitute in the iron site and trivalent iron can substitute for aluminium.

Properties

Staurolite often occurs twinned in a characteristic cross-shape, called cruciform penetration twinning. In handsamples, macroscopically visible staurolite crystals are of prismatic shape. The mineral often forms porphyroblasts.

In thin sections staurolite is commonly twinned and shows lower first order birefringence similar to quartz, with the twinning displaying optical continuity. It can be identified in metamorphic rocks by its swiss cheese appearance (with poikilitic quartz) and often mantled porphyroblastic character.

Name
The name is derived from the Greek, stauros for cross and lithos for stone in reference to the common twinning.

Occurrence

Staurolite is a regional metamorphic mineral of intermediate to high grade. It occurs with almandine garnet, micas, kyanite; as well as albite, biotite, and sillimanite in gneiss and schist of regional metamorphic rocks.

It is the official state mineral of the U.S. state of Georgia and is also to be found in the Lepontine Alps in Switzerland.

Staurolite is most commonly found in Fannin County, Georgia. It is also found in Fairy Stone State Park in Patrick County, Virginia. The park is named for a local name for staurolite from a legend in the area. Samples are also found in Island Park, Idaho, near Henrys Lake; Taos, New Mexico; near Blanchard Dam in Minnesota; and Selbu, Norway.

Use
Staurolite is one of the index minerals that are used to estimate the temperature, depth, and pressure at which a rock undergoes metamorphism.

References

External links
Mineral galleries

Magnesium minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Zinc minerals
Aluminium minerals
Nesosilicates
Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state)
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Stellar atmosphere. The stellar atmosphere is the outer region of the volume of a star, lying above the stellar core, radiation zone and convection zone.

Overview
The stellar atmosphere is divided into several regions of distinct character:

 The photosphere, which is the atmosphere's lowest and coolest layer, is normally its only visible part. Light escaping from the surface of the star stems from this region and passes through the higher layers. The Sun's photosphere has a temperature in the  range. Starspots, cool regions of disrupted magnetic field, lie in the photosphere.
 Above the photosphere lies the chromosphere. This part of the atmosphere first cools down and then starts to heat up to about 10 times the temperature of the photosphere.
 Above the chromosphere lies the transition region, where the temperature increases rapidly on a distance of only around .
 Additionally, many stars have a molecular layer (MOLsphere) above the photosphere and just beyond or even within the chromosphere. The molecular layer is cool enough to contain molecules rather than plasma, and may consist of such components as carbon monoxide, water vapor, silicon monoxide, and titanium oxide.
 The outermost part of the stellar atmosphere, or upper stellar atmosphere, is the corona, a tenuous plasma which has a temperature above one million Kelvin. While all stars on the main sequence feature transition regions and coronae, not all evolved stars do so. It seems that only some giants, and very few supergiants, possess coronae. An unresolved problem in stellar astrophysics is how the corona can be heated to such high temperatures. The answer is believed to lie in magnetic fields, but the exact mechanism remains unclear.
 The astrosphere, which is in the case of the Sun the heliosphere, can be in a broader understanding considered the furthest part of a stellar atmosphere, before interstellar space begins at the heliopause. The astrosphere is not to be confused with the Solar System and its outermost region the Oort cloud, which extends much further than the astrosphere, therefore far into interstellar space.

During a total solar eclipse, the photosphere of the Sun is obscured, revealing its atmosphere's other layers. Observed during eclipse, the Sun's chromosphere appears (briefly) as a thin pinkish arc, and its corona is seen as a tufted halo. The same phenomenon in eclipsing binaries can make the chromosphere of giant stars visible.

See also
 Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, who first proposed the presently-accepted composition of stellar atmospheres
 Circumstellar envelope
 Heliosphere

Notes

Atmosphere