omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Timewarp (computer graphics). A timewarp is a tool for manipulating the temporal dimension in a hierarchically described 3D computer animation system. The term was coined by Jeff Smith and Karen Drewery in 1991. Continuous curves that are normally applied to parametric modeling and rendering attributes are instead applied to the local clock value, which effectively remaps the flow of global time within the context of the subsection of the model to which the curves are applied. The tool was first developed to assist animators in making minor adjustments to subsections of animated scenes that might employ dozens of related interpolation curves. Rather than adjust the timing of every curve within the subsection, a timewarp curve can be applied to the model section in question, adjusting the flow of time itself for that element, with respect to the timing of the other, unaffected elements.

Originally, the tool was used to achieve minor adjustments, moving a motion forward or back in time, or to alter the speed of a movement. Subsequent experiments with the technique moved beyond these simpler timing adjustment and began to employ the timing curves to create more complex effects, such as continuous animation cycles and simulating more natural movements of large collections of models, such as flocks or crowds, by creating numerous identical copies of a single animated model and then applying small random perturbation timewarps to each of the copies, giving the impression of a less robotic precision to the group's movements.

The tool has since become common in both 3D animation and video editing software systems.

See also
Animation
Computer animation

References

3D computer graphics
Computer animation
The Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal. The Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal (POEEJ) was a quarterly technical journal published by the Institution of Post Office Electrical Engineers between 1908 and 1982. 74 volumes were published in all.

When Post Office Telecommunications became British Telecom in 1981, shortly before the latter's privatisation, the Institution changed its name to the Institution of British Telecommunications Engineers. Publication of the POEEJ then ceased in favour of a new journal, British Telecommunications Engineering.

The POEEJ documented the development of Britain's telecommunications network throughout most of the  20th century. Special issues marked key events such as the end of World War II, the construction of TAT-1 and the introduction of Subscriber trunk dialling.

According to one source, in 1972 the journal had 38,000 readers, of which about 4,500 were not Post Office employees.

See also
 Pochtovo-Telegrafnyi Zhurnal
 Telecommunications in the United Kingdom

References

External links
 BT Group Archives
 Index of POEEJ articles at the ITP
 POEEJ volumes in the Internet Archive

BT Group
Telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Defunct journals of the United Kingdom
Publications established in 1908
Publications disestablished in 1982
1908 establishments in the United Kingdom
Central Centaur IIA. The Central Centaur IIA, a.k.a. Central C.F.2a, was a British civil six-passenger joyriding biplane aircraft produced by Central Aircraft Company Limited of London.

Design and development
Following the success of the earlier Centaur IV for joyriding, A.A. Fletcher designed a larger twin-engined aircraft.  Designated the Centaur IIB the first aircraft, registered G-EAHR, first flew during July 1919. The fuselage had an open cockpit for the two crew and six passengers. A second example, registered G-EAPC, was built. It had the same designation Centaur IIB but had an enclosed cabin for seven passengers. The second aircraft first flew in May 1920.

The second aircraft was tested by the Air Ministry in the 1920 Commercial Aeroplane Competition. It was described at the time as old-fashioned and low-powered, another problem was that loaded with all the fuel required for the three and half-hour test flight meant it was unable to carry passengers or pilots. The aircraft did not win the competition. The prototype was destroyed in an accident at Northolt Aerodrome in July 1919, shortly after the competition. The second aircraft crashed on the 25 September 1920 at Hayes, Middlesex, with a loss of six lives. No further examples were built.

Aircraft
 Centaur IIA – G-EAHR – open cockpit version for six passengers, destroyed 1919.
 Centaur IIA – G-EAPC – enclosed cabin version for seven passengers, destroyed 1920.

Operators

Central Aircraft Company Limited

Specifications (Centaur IIA)

References
Notes

Further reading

Aviation accidents and incidents in England
1910s British airliners
Centaur 2A
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Twin-engined piston aircraft
Twin-engined tractor aircraft
SPPS. SPPS can refer to:
Saint Paul Public Schools
Solid phase peptide synthesis
Solution precursor plasma spray
Steam Powered Preservation Society
South Park Primary School, a primary school in London, United Kingdom
Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society
Social Psychological and Personality Science, a quarterly academic journal for social and personality psychology-related topics
Spectral Parameter Power Series, a method for solving Sturm–Liouville equations
Super Proton-Antiproton Collider (SpS), a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron, an accelerator at CERN
Leopold Katzenstein. Leopold Katzenstein (July 23, 1843) Rhina (today Haunetal), former Kreis Hünfeld,  Hessen, Germany – December 4, 1915 New York City) was a Naval Architect and Marine engineer and the head of the firm of Leopold Katzenstein & Co..

Katzenstein immigrated to the United States between 1868–1869 and founded L Katzenstein & Sons at 358 West Street in New York City. His company were general machinists and sold engineer’s supplies including flexible tubular metallic packing for slipjoints and on steam pipes and highest grade anti-friction metal for bearings. He was also a successful inventor who held a number of patents; among others these included: -

 Improvement In Packing, US Pat. No. 105,462 dated 19 July 1870.
 Metallic Packing For Piston-Rods &c., US Pat. No. 228,200 dated 1 June 1880.
 Metallic Rod-Packing, US Pat. No. 267,750 dated 21 November 1882.
 Rod-Packing, US Pat. No. 301,998 dated 15 July 1884.
 Water-Tight Bulkhead-Door, US Pat. No. 432,070 dated 15 July 1890.
 Stuffing-Box, US Pat. No. 538,681 dated 7 May 1895.
 Water-Tight Bulkhead-Door, US Pat. No. 539,953 dated 28 May 1895.

Katzenstein married Sarah Hecht whose uncle Samuel Hecht, Jr founded Hecht's in Baltimore. Katzenstein was one of the founders of Temple Israel NYC,. He was a member of the Society of Naval Architects, the Society of Marine Engineers, the Railroad Club, the Society of Naval Engineers of Washington, D. C.; the Technischer Verein of Germany, and a number of charitable organizations.

References 

American naval architects
19th-century German Jews
Immigrants to the United States
1843 births
1915 deaths
People from Hersfeld-Rotenburg
SS Bessemer Victory. SS Bessemer Victory was one of 534 Victory ships built during World War II. Named for Bessemer, Alabama, an industrial city honoring Sir Henry Bessemer (the Englishman who invented a steel manufacturing process), she was one of 218 such ships that were named after American cities.

Bessemer Victory was laid down on 28 May 1945 at Los Angeles by the California Shipbuilding Corporation as a Maritime Commission type (VC2-S-AP2) hull under Maritime Commission contract (MCV hull 806). Launched 26 July 1945, she was delivered to the Maritime Commission 30 August 1945.

During War II she was operated by Hammond Shipping Company as charter shipping with the United States Maritime Commission and War Shipping Administration. The ship was run by its Hammond Shipping Company crew and the United States Navy supplied United States Navy Armed Guards to man the deck guns and radio.

In the Korean War she was part of the Echelon Movement Group X Corps Troops.

One of 12 Victory ships selected for transfer from the National Defense Reserve Fleet to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) for cargo-carrying service during the Vietnam War, she was assigned the name USNS Bessemer and the designation T-AG-186 on 1 February 1966 (though the ship never served with MSTS because the program was cancelled; however, she did carry cargo to Vietnam as Bessemer Victory under a commercial charter). Returned to the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Bessemer Victory remained in the Maritime Administration's berthing area in Virginia's James River until she was scrapped in 1991 at Alang, India.

References

 
 

World War II merchant ships of the United States
Ships built in Los Angeles
1945 ships
Victory ships
Central Aircraft Company. Central Aircraft Company Limited was a British aircraft manufacturer from its formation in 1916 to its closure in 1926.

History
The company was formed in 1916 as a subsidiary of the woodworking firm R. Cattle Limited. In common with other joinery companies during the First World War it turned to sub-contract manufacturing of aircraft components. In 1919 shortly after the end of the war the company produced two original designs, the Centaur IV and Centaur IIA. The aircraft were built at the company works at Kilburn, London. The first aircraft were flown from a field next to the factory, but later aircraft were test flown and operated from Northolt Aerodrome. Unable to sell the aircraft the company used the Centaur IV for joyriding and training. The last aircraft produced was the Sayers Monoplane, built for the 1922 Itford Hill gliding competition. The company closed in May 1926.

Aircraft designs
Central Centaur IV
Central Centaur IIA
Sayers S.C.W.

References

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing. 
 Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft Since 1919 Volume 1. London: Putnam, 1974. . 
 Smith, Ron. British Built Aircraft Greater London. London: Tempus Publishing, 2002. .

External links
 Central – British Aircraft Directory

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1916
Albatros B.I. The Albatros B.I, (post-war company designation L.1) was a German military reconnaissance aircraft designed in 1913 and which saw service during World War I.

Design and development
The B.I was a two-seat biplane of conventional configuration that seated the observer and the pilot in separate cockpits in tandem. The wings were originally of three-bay design, but were later changed to a two-bay, unstaggered configuration; featuring a typical aileron control cable system for German aircraft of the time, that allowed for a horizontal control horn that fitted into a structural pocket in the wing structure at neutral. A floatplane version was developed as the Albatros W.I.

Variants

B.I German production aircraft for the Luftstreitkräfte
Phönix 20.01First prototype for Austrian production.
Phönix 20.02second prototype for Austrian production.
B.I(Ph) series 21Production by Phönix Flugzeug-Werke AG at Vienna for the Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops.
B.I(Ph) series 24Production by Phönix Flugzeug-Werke AG at Vienna for the Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops.
B.I(Ph) series 25Production by Phönix Flugzeug-Werke AG at Vienna, with the KNV (Knoller Verspannung) for the Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops; 48 ordered, reduced to 16 due to delays and persistent problems.

Operational history
The B.Is were withdrawn from front line service in 1915 but some examples served as trainers for the remainder of the war.

Operators

 Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops

 Bulgarian Air Force

 Luftstreitkräfte
 Kaiserliche Marine

 Royal Netherlands Air Force

 The Polish Air Force operated this type postwar.

 Romanian Air Corps – One Albatros purchased from Germany in 1913

 Ottoman Air Force

Surviving aircraft
The Phönix 20.01, prototype for Austrian production of the Albatros B.I(Ph), is preserved at the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum in Vienna.

Specifications (B.I)

See also

References

Bibliography

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
B.I
Aircraft first flown in 1913
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Don Libes. Don Libes is a computer scientist at NIST performing computer science research on interoperability.  He works in the Manufacturing Systems Integration Division, which performs research on software integration methods, creating custom software that implements draft standards and serves as an interface to other components provided by separate vendors.

Libes is responsible for numerous implementations of STEP, a family of ISO standards and draft standards for product management.  He is the creator of the NIST Identifier Collaboration Service, a free service to allow collaborative management of unmanaged namespaces.  Libes is also responsible for one of the earliest network-shared memory ports on UNIX and the first port of XINU on UNIX.

Libes's book Obfuscated C Code and Other Mysteries explains the winning entries in the Obfuscated C Code Contest, as an educational tool.

Libes is best known for Expect, which is public domain software for automating and testing interactive applications such as Telnet, FTP, passwd and hundreds of other programs that have no internal control language (or too limited of a control language) of their own.  Libes also developed Expectk, which glues Expect to Tk thereby allowing a character-graphic or line-oriented program to be entirely hidden with a modern graphical user interface.

Expect has been successively ported to Perl(expect.pm), Python(pexpect) and Java(expect4j): the aforementioned ports are all open source and are as such subject to caution concerning their conformity to Libes' original software.  Massive network automation with the original language or these variants is patent within many ISP's autonomous systems worldwide - the tectonic plates of the Internet, and also within large national and international corporate networks.

Publications

Books
Source:

References

American computer scientists
Computer systems researchers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mercedes D.I. The Mercedes D.I (also known as the Type E6F) was a six-cylinder, water-cooled, SOHC valvetrain inline engine developed in Germany for use in aircraft in 1913. Developing 75 kW (100 hp), it powered many German military aircraft during the very early part of World War I.

Applications
 AEG B.I
 AEG G.I
 Albatros B.I
 Albatros G.I
 Aviatik B.I
 DFW B.I
 DFW Floh
 Fokker D.I
 Friedrichshafen FF.19
 Gotha G.I
 LFG V 39
 LFG Roland Arrow
 Stahlwerk-Mark R.V
 Pfalz E.V

Specifications (D.I)

See also

References

Further reading

Mercedes aircraft engines
1910s aircraft piston engines
Benz Bz.III. The Benz Bz.III was a six-cylinder, water-cooled, inline engine developed in Germany for use in aircraft in 1914. Developing 112 kW (150 hp) at 1,400 rpm from 14.3 L (875 cu in), it powered many German military aircraft during World War I. It was replaced in production by the unrelated Benz Bz.IIIa. and eventually the V-8 Benz Bz.IIIb. The Benz Bz.III was built under licence in Sweden by AB Thulinverken, known as the Thulin E.

Applications

 AEG C.I
 AEG C.II
 AEG C.III
 AEG C.IV
 AEG G.II
 Albatros C.I
 Albatros C.II
 Albatros C.III
 Albatros D.I
 Albatros W.3
 Albatros G.II
 Friedrichshafen FF.33
 Friedrichshafen FF.41
 Friedrichshafen G.I
 Gotha G.I
 Hansa-Brandenburg KDW
 Hansa-Brandenburg W.12
 Hansa-Brandenburg W.29
 LFG Roland D.VII
 Riesenflugzeuge – Germany's giant aircraft of WWI

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography
 
 Kyrill von Gersdorff, Kurt Grasmann. Flugmotoren und Strahltriebwerke, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1981, 
 Smith, Herschel. Aircraft Piston Engines. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981. .

External links 
 
 

1910s aircraft piston engines
Thulinverken
Ultimate Factories. Ultimate Factories, also known as Megafactories in non-US markets, is an American documentary television series that premiered in 2006 on the National Geographic Channel. The program explored the inner workings of factories worldwide. Each episode profiles the machinery and manpower behind each factory's main product, featuring close-ups, breakdowns, interviews, and side stories to show the sequence of events to produce the product in the factory.

History
National Geographic Megafactories was also broadcast under the name Ultimate Factories in the United States. The show was an hour long television program and they featured a variety of factories. National Geographic's camera crews were able to get raw footage for a one hour program in seven days.

Episodes
As of 11 August 2013, the National Geographic Channel has broadcast the following episodes of the series:

Season 1 (2006–2007)

Season 2 (2007–2008)

Season 3 (2009–2010)

Season 4 (2011)

Season 5 (2011-2012)
Because the season number, episode number and some of the airdates cannot be confirmed, these episodes are listed by their production / copyright year listed at the end of the credits of the show.

Season 6 (2013)
Because the season number, episode number and airdate cannot be confirmed, these episodes are listed by their production / copyright year listed at the end of the credits of the show

Reception
Kirby Garlitos from Top Speed said, because the show has featured exotic vehicles,  it has always been a hot ticket.

See also 
 Mega Builders

References

External links
 

2007 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
Documentary television series about industry
National Geographic (American TV channel) original programming
Thermal contact. In heat transfer and thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system is said to be in thermal contact with another system if it can exchange energy through the process of heat. Perfect thermal isolation is an idealization as real systems are always in thermal contact with their environment to some extent.

When two solid bodies are in contact, a resistance to heat transfer exists between the bodies. The study of heat conduction between such bodies is called thermal contact conductance (or thermal contact resistance).

References

See also
Thermal equilibrium - When two objects A and B are in thermal contact and there is no net transfer of thermal energy from A to B or from B to A, they are said to be in thermal equilibrium. The majority of objects experiencing thermal equilibrium still do exchange thermal energy but do so equally so that the net heat transfer is zero. 
Perfect thermal contact
Zeroth law of thermodynamics - When two objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C then, A and B are said to be in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Thermodynamics
Heat transfer
John Samsen. John R. 'Dick' Samsen (November 29, 1927 – November 6, 2020) was an aero engineer turned product designer; Ford designer 1952–1955, co-designer of 1955 Ford Thunderbird and Chrysler designer 1955–1976.

Most notable for his work on the 1955 Thunderbird  and the Plymouth Barracuda models, Samsen published a documentary DVD "We Dreamed the Dream Cars", a history of American car designing. Aerospace engineer, industrial designer, and artist, John Samsen's thirty-five-year career included design work on the first Thunderbird and two experimental cars at Ford, and the co-design of Barracuda, Fury, Road Runner, Imperial, Duster, and many other projects at Chrysler Corp.

Besides doing free-lance and consultant work for several other corporations, Samsen used his skills to produce acrylic and watercolor paintings and digital fine art. His work has received awards in shows and many pieces are in private collections. In 1978, John experienced a metanoia, a transformation of consciousness, and wrote the book Gems Among the Stones, the story of his life and awakening. Samsen was married to Mary "Tucky" Samsen, a nursing educator. They resided in Hilton Head, SC.

References

External links
Official Website

Place of birth missing
1927 births
2020 deaths
Chrysler designers
American designers
Friedrich Fischer. Friedrich Fischer (March 19, 1849 – October 2, 1899) from Schweinfurt, Germany is considered the father of the modern ball bearing, having invented the process for milling standard bearings in 1883.

Biography
Fischer designed the ball grinding mill, a machine that allows steel balls to be ground to an absolutely round state in large volumes for the first time. His innovation was to tilt slightly the grinding wheel by 1.9°, forcing the balls to rotate on both their axis while they are ground. Thanks to this innovation, he laid the foundation for the entire rolling bearing industry. Thus, the worldwide success story of the ball bearing begins in Schweinfurt.

Later, 1883 is officially declared the year in which the company was founded.

1890 - On July 17, Fischer received the patent for his ball grinding machine from the Kaiserliches Patentamt.
1895 - The UK Imperial Patent Office grants Fischer patent number 10925A for his ball grinding and milling machine.
1896 - Fischer applies for permission to build a new plant near the train station in Schweinfurt – a step towards a new industrial dimension. The new plant produces 10 million balls per week. The company is incorporated one year later.
1899 - Friedrich Fischer suffered a stroke and died at the age of 50 on October 2. He did not have any children. With the death of this innovator and entrepreneur, his 400 employees lost the driving force of the company. The company's financial situation worsened. This was also due to the persisting crisis in the ball industry, which was caused by overproduction, competitive pressure, protective duties, etc.
1905 - On July 29, the FAG brand is registered with the patent office in Berlin. The registered trademark FAG, which stands for Fischers Aktien-Gesellschaft, is protected in over 100 countries today.

Legacy
Today the FAG brand is owned by the Schaeffler Group.

References

19th-century German inventors
1849 births
1899 deaths
German mechanical engineers
Engineers from Bavaria
People from Schweinfurt
Maynard Electronics. Maynard Electronics was an American company based in Lake Mary, Florida that produced magnetic tape data storage related products.

The company was founded by Kim and Alison Knapp in 1982.  It was acquired by Archive Corp. in 1989, but the brand was maintained.  In order to make it easier to sell tape drives, the company created driver software that came to be called MaynStream.  After Conner Peripherals acquired Archive, the software product was renamed Backup Exec.

External links 
 History of Backup Exec.

1982 establishments in Florida
1989 establishments in Florida
American companies established in 1982
American companies disestablished in 1989
Companies based in Seminole County, Florida
Computer companies established in 1982
Computer companies disestablished in 1989
Computer storage companies
Defunct companies based in Florida
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Manufacturing companies based in Florida
Tape-based computer storage