omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Smart products. Recent innovations in mobile and sensor technologies allow for creating a digital representation of almost any physical entity and its parameters over time at any place. RFID technologies, for instance, are used to ground digital representations, which are used to track and geo-reference physical entities. In general, physical worlds and digital representations become tightly interconnected, so that manipulations in either would have effect on the other.

Integration of information and communication technologies into products anywhere and anytime enable new forms of mobile marketing in respect to situated marketing communication, dynamic pricing models and dynamic product differentiation models. As Fano and Gershman state: "Technology enables service providers to make the location of their customers the location of their business".

Smart products are specializations of hybrid products with physical realizations of product categories and digital product descriptions that provide the following characteristics:
 Situated: recognition and processing of situational and community contexts
 Personalized: tailoring to buyer's and consumer's needs and affects
 Adaptive: change according to buyer's and consumer's responses and tasks
 Pro-active: attempt to anticipate buyer's and consumer's plans and intentions
 Business aware: considering business and legal constraints
 Location aware: considering functional performing and restricted location choice
 Network capable: ability to communicate and bundle (product bundling) with another product (business) or product sets

The vision of smart products poses questions relevant to various research areas, including marketing, product engineering, computer science, artificial intelligence, economics, communication science, media economics, cognitive science, consumer psychology, innovation management and many more.

Since smart products combine a physical product with additional services, they are a form of product service system.

Categories of smart products 
The term smart product can be confusing as it is used to cover a broad range of different products, ranging from smart home appliances (e.g., smart bathroom scales or smart light bulbs) to smart cars (e.g., Tesla). While these products share certain similarities, they often differ substantially in their capabilities. Raff et al. developed a conceptual framework that distinguishes different smart products based on their capabilities, which features 4 types of smart product archetypes (in ascending order of "smartness")

 Digital 
 Connected
 Responsive
 Intelligent

See also
Ambient intelligence
Smart, connected products
Ubiquitous computing

References

Human–computer interaction
Wireless locating
IBM 603. The IBM 603 Electronic Multiplier was the first mass-produced commercial electronic calculating device; it used full-size vacuum tubes to perform multiplication and addition.  (The earlier IBM 601 and released in the same year IBM 602 used relay logic.) The IBM 603 was adapted as the arithmetic unit in the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator. It was designed by James W. Bryce, and included circuits patented by A. Halsey Dickenson in 1937.
The IBM 603 was developed in Endicott, New York, and announced on September 27, 1946.

IBM's CEO Thomas J. Watson was doubtful of the product, but commercialization was pushed for by his son Thomas J. Watson Jr. Only about 20 were built since the bulky tubes made it hard to manufacture, but the demand showed that the product was filling a need. Ralph Palmer and Jerrier Haddad were hired to develop a more refined and versatile version of the 603, which became the IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Punch. The 604 used miniature tubes and a patented design for pluggable modules, which made the product easier to manufacture and service. Throughout the following 10 years IBM would build and lease 5600 units of the IBM 604.

References

External links 
 Columbia University Computing History: The IBM 603
 IBM Archives: IBM 603 electronic multiplier
  US patent 2641408, filed October 26, 1951, issued June 9, 1953, Russel A. Rowley and Delmar C. Newcomb

603
Programmable calculators
1940s computers
AAM-4. The Mitsubishi AAM-4 (Type 99 air-to-air missile, ) is a medium-range active radar homing air-to-air missile. It is a modern beyond-visual-range missile developed in Japan and intended to replace the semi-active radar homing AIM-7 Sparrow missile in service. It has been operational since 1999. The main contractor is Mitsubishi Electric. The 2010 AAM-4B was the world's first air-to-air missile with an AESA radar seeker.

The AAM-4 is too large to fit in the internal weapons bay of the F-35 Lightning II. This has led to a program with MBDA UK to adapt the latest AAM-4 seeker technology to MBDA's Meteor missile airframe to produce the JNAAM.

Development
The improved AAM-4B was the world's first air-to-air missile with an AESA radar seeker. The AAM-4B entered production in 2010 for service on the F-15J and F-2, but it is too large to be carried in the weapons bay of the F-35 Lightning II. On 17 July 2014, Japan announced a collaboration with the United Kingdom to study the development of a new Joint New Air-to-Air Missile (JNAAM). MBDA UK is prime contractor on the Meteor missile which entered service on the Saab JAS 39 Gripen in 2016 and on the Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale in 2018, and can fit in the internal weapons bay of the F-35. It has a unique variable-flow ramjet motor that according to MBDA gives the Meteor the largest no-escape zone of any air-to-air missile. The JNAAM will "[combine] the UK's missile-related technologies and Japanese seeker technologies", possibly with some adjustments to help the missile fit better in the F-35 weapons bay.

Variants

AAM-4 – Original version with  range that entered service in 1999.
AAM-4B – Improved version introduced in 2010 with a Ka band millimetric frequency AESA seeker and  range. The seeker also utilized to the Type 12 surface-to-ship missile.
XRIM-4 – Naval surface-launched variant, project was previously canceled but effectively resurrected in 2016.
Ducted rocket flying object – Throttleable Ducted Rocket (TDR) Test model.

Operators

Japan Air Self-Defense Force
F-15J Eagle
Mitsubishi F-2

Specifications
 Length: 3,667 mm
 Diameter: 203 mm
 Wing span: 800 mm
 Weight: 
 Guidance: inertial guidance, mid-course update + terminal active radar homing
 Range: 100 km (AAM-4), 120 km (AAM-4B)
 Speed: Mach 4–5

See also

 – short range heatseeking missile introduced 2004

References

External links
FAS AAM4 
Global Security AAM4

Air-to-air missiles of Japan
Mitsubishi Electric products, services and standards
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
Fire-and-forget weapons
Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles
AAM-5 (Japanese missile). The Mitsubishi AAM-5 (Type 04 air-to-air missile, ) is a short-range air-to-air missile developed and produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. Development of the missile as a replacement for the AAM-3 (Type 90) missile commenced in 1991, and it has been operational since 2004.

Characteristics
Unlike the Type 90 guided missile, the AAM-5 does not have canard control surfaces, using thrust vectoring for high agility. The missile body has narrow strakes extending over most of its length.

The NEC manufactured seeker has also been improved. Addition of a triaxial gimbal to the infrared seeker has increased the field of view, and an infrared focal plane array multi-element seeker allows infrared imaging. In particular, the addition of an INS means mid-course updates and LOAL (Lock-on after launch) is possible. Terminal homing is via infrared imaging (IIR). In terms of generation, it is placed in the same generation as missiles such as the AIM-9X and IRIS-T.

Variants
AAM-5
Standard.
AAM-5B
Enhanced background discrimination capability and IRCCM. Seeker cooling time is extended by the adoption of a Stirling engine.

Operators

Japan Air Self-Defense Force
F-15J Eagle
Mitsubishi F-2

Gallery

Specifications
 Length: 3,105 mm
 Diameter: 130 mm
 Wing span: 440 mm
 Weight: 95 kg
 Guidance: AAM-5A: Terminal Infrared homing (IIR), INS+COLOS
 Guidance: AAM-5B: Terminal IIR with IRCCM, INS+COLOS)
 Warhead: blast fragmentation warhead
 Detonation Mechanism: laser proximity fuze and impact
 Range: 35 km
 Speed: Mach 3+

See also
 - Similar missile

References

AAM-5
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
Short range air-to-air missiles
Trevor Blackwell. Trevor Blackwell (born 4 November 1969, in Canada) is a Canadian-American computer programmer, engineer, entrepreneur and roboticist based in England.

Blackwell is a developer of humanoid robots. Blackwell is the founder and former CEO of Anybots and a partner at Y Combinator.

Life and career 

Blackwell grew up in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Blackwell studied engineering at Carleton University and received a Bachelor of Engineering in 1992, then studied Computer Science at Harvard University and received a PhD in 1998. His dissertation applied randomized methods to analyzing the performance of networks and compilers.

During graduate school Blackwell joined Viaweb for which he wrote the image rendering, order processing and statistics software. The company was acquired by Yahoo in 1998, and Blackwell moved to Silicon Valley to lead the Yahoo Store development group.

He founded Anybots in 2001 to build teleoperated humanoid robots. In 2006, Anybots announced a humanoid robot that walks and balances like people do, without depending on large feet for stability.

As side projects, he has built two other balancing vehicles: a two-wheeled balancing scooter similar to the Segway but with different steering, and the self-balancing Eunicycle. Several hobbyists have built vehicles based on the open design of the machine.

He co-founded Y Combinator in 2005.

References

External links 

 
 Biography
 Dexter Walks
 The Robots Among Us

1969 births
Canadian computer programmers
Harvard University alumni
Carleton University alumni
Living people
Canadian roboticists
Canadian computer scientists
American technology company founders
Canadian company founders
Canadian chief executives
People from Saskatoon
Businesspeople from Saskatchewan
Canadian engineers
Yahoo! employees
American roboticists
Y Combinator people
Rolls-Royce V-8 (1905). The Rolls-Royce V-8 was a car produced by Rolls-Royce in 1905 intended to compete with the then popular electric cars used in towns.

Claude Johnson, business partner of C. S. Rolls suggested there would be a market for an internal-combustion-engined car that could take on the electric car market. To do this it would have to be silent, vibrationless and smokeless.  The engine would also have to be mounted under the car to give the appearance of a town brougham and so needed to be very shallow.

To compete with early electric cars, the engine was a completely new design with smoothness and quietness as top priorities, with power a secondary consideration.  Production of the Rolls-Royce V-8 predated by a decade the first mass production of a V8 engine, by Cadillac, and three years after Leon Levavasseur built the very first V-8 engine of any type, with his patented, liquid-cooled Antoinette 8V aviation engine, also pioneering petrol direct injection for its induction system.

Henry Royce designed the engine in the form of a 90-degree, side-valve, , V-8. To reduce fumes the then common drip lubrication was replaced by a pressure system. The power also seems to have been limited to maximise smooth running.

Two body styles were proposed, a Landaulet par Excellence to attack the town electric market and the Legalimit. In reality, the Legalimit could travel at  but the engine was governed so as not to exceed the legal speed limit in Britain at the time of .

The Legalimit had the engine conventionally mounted at the front but under a very low bonnet.  Only one example of the V-8 was sold, a Legalimit (chassis number 40518) to Sir Alfred Harmsworth.  This was later taken back by the factory. All three cars then seem to have been used as works cars or for customer visits.  Rolls ordered three more chassis for delivery in 1906 but there is no evidence these were ever made.

Although the car cannot be judged a success, lessons were learned from the engine design that were later used on the six-cylinder models which helped establish the Rolls-Royce name.

The 1905 V-8 is the only car model made by Rolls-Royce of which no example survives.  Though none survive, Rolls-Royce at least emerges as the first to conceive of a passenger car designed from the outset as a V-8.

References 

V-8
Cars introduced in 1905
Brass Era vehicles
Cars discontinued in 1905
Holt Fleet Bridge. Holt Fleet Bridge, also known as Holt Bridge, is a cast-iron arch bridge over the River Severn, at Holt in Worcestershire, England. It  has a span of ; it was designed by Thomas Telford and opened in 1828. It is Grade II listed, and is similar to Telford's Galton Bridge, which is a Grade I listed structure that spans his BCN New Main Line canal at Smethwick.

The bridge was built with five cast-iron ribs, with X-braced spandrels, as were several of Telford's bridges. It was strengthened in 1928. when the upper and lower parts of each rib and some of the diagonal struts above them were encased in concrete. The road deck was rebuilt in reinforced concrete and widened at the same time.

Semicircular arches at each end, built in red sandstone, allow for the passage of riverbank foot-traffic and floodwater.

See also 
Crossings of the River Severn

References

External links

photos of Holt Fleet Bridge and surrounding area on geograph

The Holt Fleet - a historic restaurant adjacent to the Holt Fleet Bridge

Bridges across the River Severn
Bridges in Worcestershire
Bridges completed in 1828
Grade II listed buildings in Worcestershire
Bridges by Thomas Telford
Partial oxidation. Partial oxidation (POX) is a type of chemical reaction. It occurs when a substoichiometric fuel-air mixture is partially combusted in a reformer, creating a hydrogen-rich syngas which can then be put to further use, for example in a fuel cell. A distinction is made between thermal partial oxidation (TPOX) and catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX).

Principle
Partial oxidation is a technically mature process in which natural gas or a heavy hydrocarbon fuel (heating oil) is mixed with a limited amount of oxygen in an exothermic process. 

 General reaction: {C_\mathit{n}H_\mathit{m}} + \frac\mathit{n}{2}{O2} -> \mathit{n}{CO} + \frac\mathit{m}{2}H2
 Idealized reaction for heating oil:  {C12H24} + 6O2 -> {12CO} + 12H2
 Idealized reaction for coal: {C24H12} + 12O2 -> {24CO} + 6H2

The formulas given for coal and heating oil show only a typical representative of these complex fuels. Water may be added to lower the combustion temperature and reduce soot formation.  Yields are below stoichiometric due to some fuel being fully combusted to carbon dioxide and water.

TPOX
TPOX (thermal partial oxidation) reaction temperatures are dependent on the air-fuel ratio or oxygen-fuel ratio.  Typical reaction temperatures are 1200°C and above.

CPOX
In CPOX (catalytic partial oxidation) the use of a catalyst reduces the required temperature to around 800°C – 900°C.

The choice of reforming technique depends on the sulfur content of the fuel being used.  CPOX can be employed if the sulfur content is below 50 ppm.  A higher sulfur content can poison the catalyst, so the TPOX procedure is used for such fuels. However, recent research shows that CPOX is possible with sulfur contents up to 400ppm.

History
1926 – Vandeveer and Parr at the University of Illinois used oxygen to replace air.

See also
Hydrogen production
Industrial gas
PROX
Small stationary reformer
Glossary of fuel cell terms
Timeline of hydrogen technologies

References

Chemical reactions
Hydrogen production
Industrial gases
Redox
Castle Project. Castle Project (or Castle for short) is an open-source application framework for CLI platform implementations (e.g., .NET Framework). It was released on November 6, 2014. The project was founded by a member of the Apache Avalon and the Apache Excalibur projects.

History 
The project was founded by Hamilton Verissimo de Oliveira (aka "Hammett"), who was a member of the Apache Avalon and the Apache Excalibur projects. Keenly interested in the development of an inversion of control container, after he resigned from Avalon and became disillusioned with Excalibur, he went on to develop and release his own for the .NET platform.

Hammett was joined by other developers after publishing a series of articles on Code Project, and the Castle Project eventually expanded its mission "to provide a simple set of tools to speed up the development of common enterprise and web applications while promoting good architecture".

The Castle Project continues to gain acceptance and mind-share from the .NET community, including recognition from Microsoft thought leaders as a framework to assist with building "robust, extensible, working software".

In 2006, Hammett started his own company to offer commercial support for the Castle Project and for the applications developed using the framework. In August 2008, he joined Microsoft as a Program Manager on the MEF team.

On October 31, 2008, Hammett announced on his blog that the Castle Project had been split, and subsequently all subprojects would be maintained and released independently.

The first project to be released after the split was DynamicProxy, on May 4, 2009.

Features 
 MicroKernel, a core lightweight inversion of control (IoC) container.
 Windsor, a flexible and powerful configurable Inversion of Control container suitable for enterprise requirements.
 MonoRail, a MVC web application framework, inspired by Ruby on Rails
 ActiveRecord, an implementation of the active record pattern built on top of NHibernate.
 Aspect#, a simple aspect-oriented programming framework compliant with AOP Alliance recommendations.
 DynamicProxy, a popular lightweight proxy generator for interfaces and concrete classes.
 NVelocity, an improved fork from the official port of the Velocity template engine.

References

External links 

 
 Zen and the art of Castle maintenance 
 Oren Eini's blog

.NET programming tools
Web frameworks
Henri B. Kagan. Henri Boris Kagan (born 15 December 1930) is currently an emeritus professor at the Université Paris-Sud in France. He is widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of asymmetric catalysis.  His discoveries have had far-reaching impacts on the pharmaceutical industry.

He graduated from the Sorbonne and École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris and carried out his PhD under J. Jacques at the Collège de France. Subsequently, he was a research associate with A. Horeau. He then moved to Université Paris-Sud, Orsay where he is emeritus professor.  A landmark in his research was the development of C2-symmetric ligands, e.g., DIOP for asymmetric catalysis. This discovery led to the discovery of many related ligands that support catalysts used in a variety of practical applications. He was also responsible for the discovery of non-linear effects, of which he described the first examples in asymmetric catalysis but also established a rational explanation.

Honors
Dr Kagan is a member of the French Academy of Sciences and has won many awards in the field including:  Silver Medal of the French National Scientific Research Center, Prelog Medal, August-Wihelm-von Hoffman Medal, Nagoya Medal of Organic Chemistry, Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry, Wolf Prize in Chemistry,  Grand Prix de la Fondation de la Maison de la Chimie, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, JSPS Award for Eminent Scientists, Ryoji Noyori Prize, and the 2005 Benjamin Franklin Medal.

In 2001 controversy was caused when Kagan was not given the Nobel Prize which had been shared by K. Barry Sharpless of the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, Ryōji Noyori of Nagoya University, Japan, and William S. Knowles, formerly of Monsanto Company in St Louis, Missouri, for work on catalytic asymmetric synthesis. It was thought that as Kagan was one of the pioneers of the field he too should have been honoured. However, as the prize can be given to a maximum of three people he was left off.

References

 Short biography of Kagan

1930 births
Living people
People from Boulogne-Billancourt
20th-century French chemists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
CKD. CKD may refer to:

Chronic kidney disease, a slowly progressive loss of renal function
Complete knock down, a complete kit needed to assemble a product
Count Key Data, a disk architecture used in IBM mainframe computers
ČKD (Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk), an engineering company in the Czech Republic
Crooked Creek Airport in Alaska, United States (IATA airport code)
Cement Kiln Dust - waste from cement kilns
Crawford burner. A Crawford burner is a device used to test burn rate (chemistry) of solid propellants. It is also known as a strand burner.

A Crawford burner consists of a small pressure vessel in which a thin bar of propellant to be tested is mounted on a stand. The bar is coated with an external coating so that burning cross-sectional surface is restricted. The propellant is ignited at one end and burned to the other end. Wires are embedded in the propellant at certain intervals of distance so that when the propellant burning reaches the wire, it sends off electrical signals. These wires are connected to a chronometer and the electrical signals are recorded at different time intervals so that burning rate can be measured.

The burning rate measured from a strand burner is typically 4 to 12% less than actual burning rate observed in rockets. This is because the high temperature conditions in actual rockets are not simulated. The heat transfer characteristics are also different. Nevertheless, the strand burner experiment is easy to perform, can be repeated, and is a qualitative picture of the burning rate is obtained. The temperature sensitivity of burning rate is usually calculated from strand burner test data.

See also
 Solid rocket

References
 George P. Sutton and Oscar Biblarz. Rocket Propulsion Elements. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. .

External links
Crawford Burner System (Strand Burner)

Rocketry
Technology aware design. Technology Aware Design (TAD) is a research program that started in 2001 at IMEC (an international research & development organization), located at Leuven, in Belgium. It anticipates the end of the traditional "happy scaling" paradigm, where CMOS technology and CMOS design evolved on formally separate tracks, the interface between the two being standard cell, or SPICE compact models (see transistor models for circuit design).

Today, both sides (design and technology) are confronted with the need to understand the other in order to overcome new scaling induced issues. The TAD program pursues analysis and solutions for these scaling induced problems.

References 

Semiconductor technology
2001 establishments in Belgium
Science and technology in Belgium