omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Valmet Tuuli. The Valmet Tuuli was a trainer aircraft, developed for the Finnish Air Force by the State Aircraft Factory (Valtion lentokonetehdas, VL). The aircraft was to be produced in 3 different versions. The last version, Tuuli III was redesigned from scratch, and is basically an entirely different aircraft.

History 
The design work on the aircraft was initiated in February 1941 under the leadership of the chief engineer Martti Vainio. The aircraft was a low-winged, tandem-seated trainer aircraft. The Finnish Air Force ordered a prototype, Tuuli I, in August 1942. The design work and its construction was ended in the spring of 1944, when the aircraft manufacturer was forced to put all its efforts in repairing the front-line aircraft. The Aircraft Factory built only stress testing models of the Tuuli I's wings and fuselage.

VL became part of the company Valtion metallitehtaat (Valmet) in 1945 and therefore, the Tuuli II's prototype became Valmet's first aircraft. Valmet wanted to transform weapons factories, which were currently focused on war-reparations to the Soviet Union, into a productive and profitable industry. Artillery factories were transformed into paper machine factories, etc. The leaders of the aircraft factory became professors of the Helsinki Technical University and directors of VTT. At this stage, the design of aircraft in Finland was cooled down and the quality suffered.

In September 1945 the design of the Tuuli II prototype began  and was led by Torolf Eklund. The prototype was ready in the autumn of 1948. After this, the development stopped for a couple of years. The Finnish Air Force funded the prototype, and promised an order if it filled their requirements. The requirements had changed, and now the aircraft had to have side-by-side seating. The maiden flight with the Tuuli II was on 26 September 1951. Due to its low wing loading, its turning maneuvers was bad – this was from the military's view a serious deficiency. The aircraft was destroyed on 26 October 1951. The accident happened after the control stick had broken off, due to a forgotten stage of rivetting.

In 1957–1959, a third prototype, the Tuuli III was designed, after the FAF had announced the requirement of a new trainer aircraft. However, the Tuuli III lost the competition to the Swedish Saab 91 Safir, which was much cheaper and was already in production. The Tuuli III was to be the last military aircraft designed in Finland until the Valmet L-70 Vinka in the 1970s.

Variants
Valmet Tuuli I – Prototype trainer aircraft, only stress testing models built.
Valmet Tuuli II – Prototype trainer aircraft (1951), one built.
Valmet Tuuli III – Prototype trainer aircraft (1957–1959), one built.
Valmet Tuuli IV – Production trainer aircraft, cancelled and not a single aircraft ever built.

Specifications (Tuuli III)

Operators

Finnish Air Force

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Valmet Tuuli III (in Finnish)

Tuuli
1950s Finnish military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1951
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Lamé parameters. In continuum mechanics,  Lamé parameters (also called the Lamé coefficients, Lamé constants or Lamé moduli) are two material-dependent quantities denoted by λ and μ that arise in strain-stress relationships. In general, λ and μ are individually referred to as Lamé's first parameter and Lamé's second parameter, respectively. Other names are sometimes employed for one or both parameters, depending on context. For example, the parameter μ is referred to in fluid dynamics as the dynamic viscosity of a fluid (not expressed in the same units); whereas in the context of elasticity, μ is called the shear modulus, and is sometimes denoted by G instead of μ. Typically the notation G is seen paired with the use of Young's modulus E, and the notation μ is paired with the use of λ.

In homogeneous and isotropic materials, these define Hooke's law in 3D,  where  is the stress tensor,  the strain tensor,  the identity matrix and  the trace function. Hooke's law may be written in terms of tensor components using index notation as  where  is the Kronecker delta.

The two parameters together constitute a parameterization of the elastic moduli for homogeneous isotropic media, popular in mathematical literature, and are thus related to the other elastic moduli; for instance, the bulk modulus can be expressed as .  Relations for other moduli are found in the (λ, G) row of the conversions table at the end of this article.

Although the shear modulus, μ, must be positive, the Lamé's first parameter, λ, can be negative, in principle; however, for most materials it is also positive.

The parameters are named after Gabriel Lamé. They have the same dimension as stress and are usually given in SI unit of stress [Pa].

See also 
Elasticity tensor

Further reading 
 K. Feng, Z.-C. Shi, Mathematical Theory of Elastic Structures, Springer New York, , (1981)
 G. Mavko, T. Mukerji, J. Dvorkin, The Rock Physics Handbook, Cambridge University Press (paperback), , (2003)
 W.S. Slaughter, The Linearized Theory of Elasticity, Birkhäuser, , (2002)

References

Elasticity (physics)
SPRING. SPRING was a freeware geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing image processing system. It was developed with an object-oriented data model and used for the integration of raster and vector data representations. It had Windows and Linux versions and provided a comprehensive set of functions, including tools for satellite image, digital terrain modeling, spatial analysis, geostatistics and spatial statistics, spatial databases and map management.

SPRING was developed since 1992 by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) in Brazil. It had required over 200 man-years of development and included extensive documentation, tutorials and examples. More than 70,000 users from 60 countries have downloaded the software, as of January 2007. It was discontinued in 2019 and succeeded by INPE's TerraLib.

References

External links
 

Freeware
Discontinued software
GIS software
Feature-oriented scanning. Feature-oriented scanning (FOS) is a method of precision measurement of surface topography with a scanning probe microscope in which surface features (objects) are used as reference points for microscope probe attachment. With FOS method, by passing from one surface feature to another located nearby, the relative distance between the features and the feature neighborhood topographies are measured. This approach allows to scan an intended area of a surface by parts and then reconstruct the whole image from the obtained fragments. Beside the mentioned, it is acceptable to use another name for the method – object-oriented scanning (OOS).



Topography
Any topography element that looks like a hill or a pit in wide sense may be taken as a surface feature. Examples of surface features (objects) are: atoms, interstices, molecules, grains, nanoparticles, clusters, crystallites, quantum dots, nanoislets, pillars, pores, short nanowires, short nanorods, short nanotubes, viruses, bacteria, organelles, cells, etc.

FOS is designed for high-precision measurement of surface topography (see Fig.) as well as other surface properties and characteristics. Moreover, in comparison with the conventional scanning, FOS allows obtaining a higher spatial resolution. Thanks to a number of techniques embedded in FOS, the distortions caused by thermal drifts and creeps are practically eliminated.

Applications
FOS has the following fields of application: surface metrology, precise probe positioning, automatic surface characterization, automatic surface modification/stimulation, automatic manipulation of nanoobjects, nanotechnological processes of “bottom-up” assembly, coordinated control of analytical and technological probes in multiprobe instruments, control of atomic/molecular assemblers, control of probe nanolithographs, etc.

See also
 Counter-scanning
 Feature-oriented positioning

References
1.  (Russian translation is available).

2.  (Russian translation is available).

3. 

4.  (in Russian).

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12.

External links
Feature-oriented scanning, Research section, Lapshin's Personal Page on SPM & Nanotechnology

Microscopes
Nanotechnology
Load dump. Load dump means the disconnection of a powered load. It can cause two problems: 
 failure of supply to equipment or customers
 large voltage spikes from the inductive generator(s)

In automotive electronics, it refers to the disconnection of the vehicle battery from the alternator while the battery is being charged. Due to such a disconnection of the battery, other loads connected to the alternator experience a surge in the voltage on the battery bus. This surge may be as high as 120 volts and the surge may take up to 400 ms to decay. It is typically clamped to 40 V in 12 V vehicles and about 60 V in 24 V systems.

Overview 
The field winding of an alternator has a large inductance. When the vehicle battery is being charged, the alternator generates a large current, the magnitude of which is controlled by the current in the field winding. If the battery becomes disconnected while it is being charged the load on the alternator suddenly decreases. However, the vehicle's voltage regulator cannot quickly cause the field current to decrease sufficiently, so the alternator continues to generate a large current. This large current causes the voltage on the vehicle bus to increase significantly—well above the normal and regulated level.

All the loads connected to the alternator see this high voltage spike. The strength of the spike depends on many factors including the speed at which the alternator is rotating and the current which was being supplied to the battery before it was disconnected. These spike may peak at as high as 120 V and may take up to 400 ms to decay. This kind of a spike would damage many semiconductor devices, e.g. ECUs, that may be connected to the alternator. Special protection devices, such as TVS diodes, varistors which can withstand and absorb the energy of these spikes may be added to protect such semiconductor devices.

Various automotive standards such as ISO 7637-2 and  SAE J1113-11 specify a standard shape of the load dump pulse against which automotive electronic components may be designed.

There can also be a smaller inductive spike due to the inductance of the stator windings. That may have a larger voltage, but it will be for a much shorter duration, as relatively little energy is stored in the inductance of these windings. Load dump can be more damaging because the alternator continues to generate power until the field current can decrease, so much more energy can be released.

References

Power electronics
Arturo Soria y Mata. Arturo Soria y Mata (1844-1920) was an internationally important Spanish urban planner whose work remains highly inspirational today.  He is most well known for his concept of the Linear City (exemplified in Madrid's Ciudad Lineal). 
He studied the civil engineer career (Ingeniero de Caminos), but he didn't finish it.

Arturo Soria y Mata's idea of the Linear City (1882) replaced the traditional idea of the city as a centre and a periphery with the idea of constructing linear sections of infrastructure - roads, railways, gas, water, etc.- along an optimal line and then attaching the other components of the city along the length of this line. As compared to the concentric diagrams of Ebenezer Howard and other in the same period, Soria's linear city creates the infrastructure for a controlled process of expansion that joins one growing city to the next  in a rational way, instead of letting them both sprawl. The linear city was meant to ‘ruralize the city and urbanize the countryside’, and to be universally applicable as a ring around existing cities, as a strip connecting two cities, or as an entirely new linear town across an unurbanized region.

References

1844 births
1920 deaths
Spanish urban planners
F103. F103 may refer to :

 Audi F103, a 1965 internal designation for a series of car models
 Blas de Lezo (F103), a 2004 Spanish Navy Álvaro de Bazán class frigate
 Tamiya F103, a 1/10 scale radio controlled Formula One chassis by Tamiya Corporation
 General Electric F103, a jet engine
 HMS Lowestoft (F103), a British Royal Navy Rothsay class anti-submarine frigate
 Republic XF-103 Thunderwarrior, a cancelled fighter aircraft development project
Path integral Monte Carlo. Path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) is a quantum Monte Carlo method used to solve quantum statistical mechanics problems numerically within the path integral formulation. The application of Monte Carlo methods to path integral simulations of condensed matter systems was first pursued in a key paper by John A. Barker.

The method is typically (but not necessarily) applied under the assumption that symmetry or antisymmetry under exchange can be neglected, i.e., identical particles are assumed to be quantum Boltzmann particles, as opposed to fermion and boson particles. The method is often applied to calculate thermodynamic properties such as the internal energy, heat capacity, or free energy. As with all Monte Carlo method based approaches, a large number of points must be calculated.

In principle, as more path descriptors are used (these can be "replicas", "beads," or "Fourier coefficients," depending on what strategy is used to represent the paths), the more quantum (and the less classical) the result is.  However, for some properties the correction may cause model predictions to initially become less accurate than neglecting them if a small number of path descriptors are included. At some point the number of descriptors is sufficiently large and the corrected model begins to converge smoothly to the correct quantum answer.   Because it is a statistical sampling method, PIMC can take anharmonicity fully into account, and because it is quantum, it takes into account important quantum effects such as tunneling and zero-point energy (while neglecting the exchange interaction in some cases).

The basic framework was originally formulated within the canonical ensemble, but has since been extended to include the grand canonical ensemble and the microcanonical ensemble. Its use has been extended to fermion systems as well as systems of bosons.

An early application was to the study of liquid helium. Numerous applications have been made to other systems, including  liquid water and the hydrated electron. The algorithms and formalism have also been mapped onto non-quantum mechanical problems in the field of financial modeling, including option pricing.

See also 
 Path integral molecular dynamics
Quantum algorithm

References

External links 
  Path Integral Monte Carlo Simulation

Quantum chemistry
Quantum Monte Carlo
Quantum information theory
Quantum algorithms
Centralne Warsztaty Lotnicze. Centralne Warsztaty Lotnicze (Central Aviation Workshops, CWL) was the Polish state-owned aircraft repair works and manufacturer in Warsaw, active between 1918 and 1928. The workshops were created on 20 November 1918, just after Poland had regained independence after World War I and Warsaw was liberated from German occupation. They were located in Warsaw at the fringe of the airport in Mokotów at 2a Puławska Street. Initially its main task were repairs of engines and aircraft. It also produced aircraft under French licence in the 1920s:

Hanriot HD.14 (as H-28, 125 built in 1925-1926).
SPAD 61
 
Some aircraft were designed by engineers working for CWL, but none entered production.

Selected aircraft designed in CWL:

CWL WZ.X
D1 Cykacz
ST-3

In early 1920s, CWL was renamed Warsztaty Centralnych Zakładów Lotniczych (Workshops of the Central Aviation Works). In 1928 CWL was transformed into the Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze, soon to become the largest Polish aircraft manufacturer.

References

Andrzej Glass (1977): "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" (Polish aviation constructions 1893-1939), WKiŁ, Warsaw 

Aircraft manufacturers of Poland
Manufacturing companies based in Warsaw
Mokotów
INVECS. INVECS (Intelligent & Innovative Vehicle Electronic Control System) is the brand name used by Mitsubishi Motors for its electronic automatic transmission technology.

INVECS
The first generation of INVECS debuted in the seventh generation of the Mitsubishi Galant, which was introduced in 1992. An array of sensors continuously monitored six parameters and, using "fuzzy logic", adapted the shift patterns in the automatic gearbox "on the fly" according to the driver's style. The four-wheel drive, four-wheel steering, traction control system and suspension were all similarly adapted based on the same sensor data. INVECS would, for example, downshift to increase engine braking while travelling downhill, or similarly automate transmission processes which were previously only controlled manually by the driver.

INVECS-II
Despite sharing its name with the previous system, the second version of INVECS was a radical development, based on Porsche's Tiptronic technology. As with Porsche's version it allowed for either a fully-automatic mode, or a clutchless manual mode if the driver wished to control the up- and down-shift points. It also offered the same Adaptive Shift Control software which monitored and "learned" the driver's habits over time and adjusted the smoothness or aggression of the gearshifts to suit their driving style. It was first implemented in the new Mitsubishi FTO in 1994.

INVECS-III
The third version of INVECS was further advanced, and now offered a continuously variable transmission when in fully-automatic mode, or a simulated six-speed clutchless manual if the driver wished to control the up- and down-shift points. A further innovation for Mitsubishi was the introduction of paddle-shifters allowing the driver to make manual gear changes while their hands remain on the steering wheel.

INVECS-III was introduced in 2000, in the eighth generation of the Mitsubishi Lancer. The paddle-shift option was first seen on the second generation Mitsubishi Outlander which debuted in 2005.

References

External links
Mitsubishi Motors technology library page: INVECS-III

Automatic transmission tradenames
Mitsubishi Motors technologies
Continuously variable transmissions
China Railways SS9. The Shaoshan 9 () is a type of electric locomotive used on the People's Republic of China's national railway system. They are mainly used in pulling sub-highspeed passenger trains. Developed and built by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works, the SS9 was designed for the fifth national railway speedup, and 2 prototypes were completed on December 26, 1998.

Modified version
Zhuzhou built 43 first generation SS9's. Beginning in 2002, a modified version of the SS9 was designed and built. A total of 173(0004 & 0044～0213) SS9s have been built.

Accident
Number SS9-0004 was scrapped and replaced by a new modified one due to a derailment accident which occurred on November 19, 2004.

Gallery

External links

 SS9 electric locomotive_Official product specification (Zhuzhou)

25 kV AC locomotives
Co′Co′ locomotives
SS9
Zhuzhou locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1998
Tiltrotator. A tiltrotator (known under a number of trade names) is a hydraulic attachment/tool used on most excavators, and backhoes between 1,5 and 40 tons in the Nordic countries (Sweden, Finland, and Norway). A tiltrotator is mounted on the excavator such that the excavator bucket can be rotated through 360 degrees and one tilts +/- 45 degrees, in order to increase the flexibility and precision of the excavator. The Tiltrotator (also known as a Rototilt) was introduced to the market in Sweden in the early 1980s by the Norgrens under the family owned and operated company named Noreco, and has become the standard in Scandinavia. The concept has recently gained popularity in other countries such as the Netherlands, Germany, UK, Japan, Canada and United States.

Description 
A tiltrotator can best be described as a wrist between the arm of the excavator and bucket, or whatever other tool is fitted to the tiltrotator's quick coupler.  With its integral quick coupler and rotary swivel, the tiltrotator can also use extra hydraulic functions to power and manipulate other worktools below it such as a breaker, grapple or an auger,  which can be attached to the quickcoupler on the tiltrotator, for simplified attachment mounting, dramatically increasing the excavator's utilization on the jobsite. Control systems which allows the operator to operate the machine fully through the joysticks. Recognized control systems are SVAB, ICS by Rototilt, Engcon Microprop DC2 and Steelwrist XControl G2. The tiltrotator is nowadays controlled through machines two or four electro-proportionally controlled hydraulic lines.

References

Construction equipment
Swedish inventions
Science and technology in Sweden
Raoul Weiler. Raoul Weiler (20 October 1938 - 21 February 2019) was the founding president of the EU-Chapter of The Club of Rome.

He spent several years as a post doctoral fellow at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC in the United States and at the Centre de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris, France. Weiler's career included applied research, engineering and information technology.

During his professional activities,  mainly as an ICT manager at Bayer Antwerpen N.V., he was elected president of the Royal Flemish Engineers Association (K VIV), counting 11.000 academic engineers. He was a long-time, active founder-president of various technological working groups and president of several international symposia, conferences and the World Congress on Filtration.

Weiler lectured at different universities and taught at the University of Leuven about the relationship between technology and society for last-year students in engineering and doctoral students.

Weiler actively participated in the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva and Tunis, with a variety of initiatives centered on ICT and Education,
and was a member of the Advisory Board of the Wikimedia Foundation.

In 2017 Weiler published together with Kris Demuynck a book entitled "Food Scarcity Unavoidable by 2100?
the Impact of Demography & Climate Change", of which a slide presentation is available.

References

External links
 Biography of Weiler from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, with list of publications

1938 births
2019 deaths
Wikimedia Foundation Advisory Board members
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill fellows
Catholic University of America people