omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Adobe After Effects. Adobe After Effects is a digital visual effects, motion graphics, and compositing application developed by Adobe Inc.; it is used for animation and in the post-production process of film making, video games and television production. Among other things, After Effects can be used for keying, tracking, compositing, and animation. It also functions as a very basic non-linear editor, audio editor, and media transcoder. In 2019, the program won an Academy Award for scientific and technical achievement.

History
After Effects was originally created by David Herbstman, David Simons, Daniel Wilk, David M. Cotter, and Russell Belfer at the Company of Science and Art in Providence, Rhode Island. The first two versions of the software, 1.0 (January 1993) and 1.1, were released there by the company. CoSA, whose CEO was William J. O'Farrell. CoSA with After Effects was acquired by Aldus Corporation in July 1993, which in turn was acquired by Adobe in 1994. Adobe acquired PageMaker as well. Adobe's first new release of After Effects was version 3.0.

Third-party integrations

After Effects functionality can be extended through a variety of third-party integrations, the most common integrations are: plug-ins, scripts, and extensions.

Plug-ins

Plug-ins are predominantly written in C or C++ and extend the functionality of After Effects, allowing for more advanced features such as particle systems, physics engines, 3D effects, and the ability to bridge the gap between After Effects and another application.

Scripts

After Effects Scripts are a series of commands written in both JavaScript and the ExtendScript language.

After Effects Scripts, unlike plug-ins, can only access the core functionality of After Effects.
Scripts are often developed to automate repetitive tasks, to simplify complex After Effects features, or to perform complex calculations that would otherwise take a long time to complete.

Scripts can also use some functionality not directly exposed through the graphical user interface.

Extensions

After Effects Extensions offer the ability to extend After Effects functionality through modern web development technologies like HTML5, and Node.js, without the need for C++.

After Effects Extensions make use of Adobe's Common Extensibility Platform or CEP Panels, which means they can be built to interact with other Adobe CC apps.

Similar products
 Nuke – The Foundry
 Flame – Autodesk
 Motion – Apple Inc.
 VSDC Free Video Editor
 Natron
 Autograph – Left Angle
 Video Star — VSP (for IOS only)
 Boris RED – Boris FX
 Silhouette – Boris FX
 Fusion – Blackmagic Design
 HitFilm – Artlist
 CapCut – ByteDance
 Alight Motion (for mobile devices)

While not dedicated to compositing, the open source software Blender contains a limited node-based compositing feature which, among other things is capable of basic keying and blurring effects.

See also
 Lottie (file format), a standard for the JSON export of an After Effects animation.

References

External links
 

After Effects
After Effects
Video editing software
Compositing software
Visual effects software
Animation software
Aldus software
1993 software
LDT. LDT may stand for:

 Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, a nucleus in the brain stem
 Laboratory developed test,  in vitro diagnostics
 Labordatentransfer, a German xDT format to transfer laboratory tests
 Large deviations theory, field of probability theory
 Learning Design and Technology, an academic program
 Lexical decision task in psychology experiments
 Lightning Data Transport, later HyperTransport computer bus
 Local Descriptor Table, an x86 data structure
 Telbivudine or LdT, a drug for hepatitis B
 Computer file extension for EULUMDAT
Sixteen-segment display. A sixteen-segment display (SISD) is a type of display based on sixteen segments that can be turned on or off to produce a graphic pattern. It is an extension of the more common seven-segment display, adding four diagonal and two vertical segments and splitting the three horizontal segments in half. Other variants include the fourteen-segment display which does not split the top or bottom horizontal segments, and the twenty-two-segment display that allows lower-case characters with descenders.

Often a character generator is used to translate 7-bit ASCII character codes to the 16 bits that indicate which of the 16 segments to turn on or off.

Applications
Sixteen-segment displays were originally designed to display alphanumeric characters (Latin letters and Arabic digits). Later they were used to display Thai numerals and Persian characters.  Non-electronic displays using this pattern existed as early as 1902.

Before the advent of inexpensive dot-matrix displays, sixteen and fourteen-segment displays were used to produce alphanumeric characters on calculators and other embedded systems.  Later they were used on videocassette recorders (VCR), DVD players, microwave ovens, car stereos, telephone Caller ID displays, and slot machines.

Sixteen-segment displays may be based on one of several technologies, the three most common optoelectronics types being LED, LCD and VFD. The LED variant is typically manufactured in single or dual character packages, to be combined as needed into text line displays of a suitable length for the application in question; they can also be stacked to build multiline displays.

As with seven and fourteen-segment displays, a decimal point and/or comma may be present as an additional segment, or pair of segments; the comma (used for triple-digit groupings or as a decimal separator in many regions) is commonly formed by combining the decimal point with a closely 'attached' leftwards-descending arc-shaped segment. This way, a point or comma may be displayed between character positions instead of occupying a whole position by itself, which would be the case if employing the bottom middle vertical segment as a point and the bottom left diagonal segment as a comma. Such displays were very common on pinball machines for displaying the score and other information, before the widespread use of dot-matrix display panels.

Examples

See also

 Seven-segment display
 Eight-segment display
 Nine-segment display
 Fourteen-segment display
 Dot-matrix display
 Nixie tube display
 Vacuum fluorescent display

References

External links

 View and create sixteen-segment display characters - Editable SVG-Font, Open Font License
 Sixteen Segment Display with the HTML5 Canvas
 Web App to design segment-display
 Spinning segment display
 TwentyfourSixteen — CC0 sixteen segment TTF font based on the HP/Siemens/Litronix DL-2416 character set

Display technology
Cybernetics (disambiguation). Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems, their structures, constraints, and possibilities, but has other definitions.

Cybernetics may also refer to:

Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, a 1948 book by Norbert Wiener
Cybernetics and Human Knowing, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal
Cybernetics and Systems, formerly Journal of Cybernetics, a peer-reviewed scientific journal
 Cybernetics Society, a British society for the promotion of cybernetics

See also
 
 
 
 Second-order cybernetics, the cybernetics of cybernetics
 Cyberneticist
 Cyber (disambiguation)
Transend Networks. Transend Networks Pty Ltd was a Tasmanian government-owned business which operated between 1998 and 2014 as the electricity transmission network provider for Tasmania, Australia. It was formed by the disaggregation of the Hydro-Electric Commission, and ceased operation when it was merged on 1 July 2014 with the distribution division of Aurora Energy to form the combined network business TasNetworks.

Transend transmitted electricity from power stations in Tasmania and on mainland Australia (via Basslink) to its customers around the state. Transend's customers included electricity generators, electricity retailers and major industrial customers.

Transend was a participant in Australia's National Electricity Market (NEM). The NEM operates on an interconnected power system that extends from Queensland to South Australia. Tasmania is connected to the NEM via Basslink. Transend was a regulated monopoly that received its revenue cap from the Australian Energy Regulator.

Transend also owned and operated a telecommunications business that served customers in the electricity supply industry and in other industries.

References

External links
 Tasmanian Electricity Reform website

Companies based in Tasmania
Companies established in 1998
Companies disestablished in 2014
Defunct utility companies of Australia
Defunct government-owned companies of Tasmania
Electric power monopolies
Australian companies established in 1998
Energy companies established in 1998
Australian companies disestablished in 2014
Energy companies disestablished in 2014
Defunct electric power companies of Australia
Garth Gibson. 

Garth Alan Gibson is a computer scientist from Carnegie Mellon University. Gibson developed the RAID taxonomy of redundant data storage systems, along with David A. Patterson and Randy Katz.

Biography 
Born in Aurora, Ontario, he holds a Ph.D. and a M.S. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley, and a B.Math in computer science from the University of Waterloo. He was involved in informed prefetch computing and network-attached secure disks, a precursor to the SCSI object storage device command set.  Gibson was the initial director of the Parallel Data Laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University, and founder and chief technology officer for Panasas, a computer data storage hardware and software company. Gibson was the first president and chief executive officer of the  Vector Institute.

In 2005 he became the 11th awardee of the J.W. Graham Medal, named in honor of Wes Graham an early influential professor of computer science at the University of Waterloo, and annually awarded to an alumnus of the university's Faculty of Mathematics.

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links
 Garth Gibson, biography - Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science
 Panasas
 Parallel Data Lab

People from Aurora, Ontario
Computer systems researchers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Waterloo alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
American chief technology officers
J.W. Graham Medal awardees
Rocket science. Rocket science is a colloquial term for aerospace engineering and orbital mechanics.

It may also include the chemistry and engineering behind rockets.

In popular terminology, it's not rocket science is layperson's a passive aggressive phrase uttered meaning something that is not difficult to understand to attack one's inactions that is a byproduct of anti-intellectualism.

It may also refer to:

Business 
 Rocket science in finance, a professional activity
 Rocket Science Games, a video game development company

Entertainment 
 Rocket Science (miniseries), a 2002 documentary series
 Rocket Science (film), a 2007 comedy-drama film
 Rocket Science (TV series), a 2009 BBC television series
 It Is Rocket Science, a 2011–14 BBC Radio 4 series
It's Not Rocket Science, a British television show that aired on ITV in 2016

Music 
 Rocket Science (band), an Australian alternative rock band
 Rocket Science (Apoptygma Berzerk album), 2009
 Rocket Science (Hugh Blumenfeld album), by folk artist Hugh Blumenfeld
 Rocket Science (Tribal Tech album), by the jazz fusion band Tribal Tech
 Rocket Science (Béla Fleck and the Flecktones album), 2011
 Rocket Science (Wolf album), 2001
 Rocket Science (Rocket Science album), 2013
 Rocket Science (Rick Springfield album), 2016
 "Not Rocket Science" (song), a six-song music album released by Be Your Own Pet in 2007
 "Rocket Science", a song by Swedish group Icona Pop on the Spotify release of the album Icona Pop
Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout. A front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (FR), also called Système Panhard is a powertrain layout with an engine in front and rear-wheel-drive, connected via a drive shaft. This arrangement, with the engine straddling the front axle, was the traditional automobile layout for most of the pre-1950s automotive mechanical projects. It is also used in trucks, pickups, and high-floor buses and school buses.

Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout

A front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (FMR) places the engine in the front half of the vehicle but behind the front axle, which likewise drives the rear wheels via a driveshaft. Shifting the engine's center of mass rearward aids in front/rear weight distribution and reduces the moment of inertia, both of which improve a vehicle's handling.

FMR cars are often characterized by a long hood and front wheels that are pushed forward to the corners of the vehicle, close to the front bumper. 2+2-style grand tourers often have FMR layouts, as a rear engine does not leave much space for rear seats.

Gallery

See also
Weissach axle

References

Car layouts
Bathsheba Grossman. Bathsheba Grossman (born 1966) is an American artist who creates sculptures using computer-aided design and three-dimensional modeling, with metal printing technology to produce sculpture in bronze and stainless steel. Her bronze sculptures are primarily mathematical in nature, often depicting intricate patterns or mathematical oddities (for instance, a figure with only one side but three edges).  Her website also has crystals that have been laser etched with three-dimensional patterns, including models of nearby stars, the DNA macromolecule, and the Milky Way Galaxy.

Grossman's works have featured in art galleries around the world, as well as The New York Times, and the television series Numb3rs and Heroes. In July 2012, her work The Rygo was installed in the VanDusen Botanical Garden in Vancouver; at 2 meters high, as of the time of installation it is the largest 3D print in North America.

She studied under sculptor Erwin Hauer at Yale University as a mathematics undergraduate, and later with Robert Engman at the University of Pennsylvania.

Her brothers are the writers Austin Grossman and Lev Grossman.  She is the daughter of the poet Allen Grossman and the novelist Judith Grossman. Grossman's father was born Jewish and her mother was raised Anglican.

References

External links

 Bathsheba.com
 Profile and gallery in symmetry magazine

1966 births
Living people
Jewish American artists
Jewish sculptors
Jewish women sculptors
20th-century American sculptors
21st-century American sculptors
People from Santa Cruz, California
Yale University alumni
University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Mathematical artists
21st-century American women sculptors
21st-century American Jews
20th-century American women sculptors
Program Manager. Program Manager is the shell of Windows 3.x and Windows NT 3.x operating systems. This shell exposed a task-oriented graphical user interface (GUI), consisting of icons (shortcuts for programs) arranged into program groups. It replaced MS-DOS Executive, a file manager, as the default Windows shell.

OS/2 2.0 and later included the Program Manager as part of its Win-OS/2 compatibility layer. Win-OS/2, including the Program Manager, are still included in later derivatives of OS/2 such as ArcaOS.

Overview
Program Manager descends from Desktop Manager (also known as Presentation Manager), the shell for OS/2 1.2. Unlike Desktop Manager, which presents its program groups in a simple list, and opens each group in a separate window, Program Manager opens program groups in child windows using the new multiple document interface in Windows 3.x. The icons used to represent Program Manager itself, program groups, and DOS applications in Windows 3.0 are carried over from OS/2 1.2. Windows 3.1 uses updated versions of these icons.

When executables were dropped into Program Manager from File Manager, Program Manager automatically used the executable's default icon embedded as data inside the .EXE file.  Additionally, the Windows Setup program, which populated Program Manager with the standard icons of a fresh install, could also be used to add new icons in bulk after installation. Using SETUP /P from the command line, a standard layout could be installed on many machines in an enterprise using a single SETUP.INF configuration file.

Beginning with Windows 3.1, Program Manager contained a StartUp group. Programs and files placed into that group would be loaded when Windows starts.

Holding down the shift key while selecting File then Exit Windows will save the current configuration of Program Manager to PROGMAN.INI, including the position of all program group icons, assuming that auto-arrange has been disabled.  This allowed Microsoft testers to try many different configurations, but the feature remained in the shipped version.

In later versions of Microsoft Windows, starting with Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0, Program Manager was replaced by Windows Shell. The Start menu, the Desktop, and the Taskbar took over program organization and launching duties.

Program Manager was still included in later versions of Windows, and could be accessed by executing PROGMAN.EXE from the command line or Run dialog. It could be used as the default shell by specifying the Shell value in Windows Registry at either HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon (per machine) or HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon (per user).

Microsoft replaced Program Manager in Windows XP Service Pack 2 with a compatibility stub that simply redirects to Windows Explorer. In Windows Vista and later, PROGMAN.EXE was permanently removed from the operating system.

See also
Presentation Manager
Windows shell replacement

References

Windows components
Graphical user interfaces
Discontinued Windows components
MHSnet. MHSnet is a store-and-forward Message Handling System for wide area networks. MHSnet and its precursor, SUNIII, were used to implement the Australian Computer Science network, commonly known as ACSnet, which connected Australia's Universities to each other and to ARPANET.

MHSnet was originally developed at the University of Sydney by Piers Lauder and Bob Kummerfeld and was originally known as SUNIII (Sydney University Network version 3).  Technically, it is similar in concept to UUCP in that it enabled the transfer of email, Usenet, and files in an efficient manner over non-dedicated links.  In addition, it supported dynamic routing and a hierarchical name space avoiding the limitations of hardwired network addresses.

MHSnet was a key technology in the introduction of Internet access in Australia. Due to the prohibitive costs of telecommunications structure, and the small amount of bandwidth available both internally and to other countries, MHSnet provided a system that could more efficiently use network resources. Gateways between ACSnet and the Internet were provided by many universities, and access to non-academic users was granted in the early 1990s.

In 1989, with the introduction of AARNet which directly connected Australia's Universities to the Internet, the ACSnet and MHSnet became obsolete.

ACSnet connected hosts in Australia resided in a .oz domain, which was moved into the Internet's .au namespace as .oz.au.

References

External links 
 History of the Internet in Australia

Network file transfer protocols
History of the Internet
Internet in Australia
Echelon (2001 video game). Echelon () is a 3-D science fiction flight simulator video game developed by Saint Petersburg developers MADia Entertainment. It was published in Russia by Buka Entertainment, and in all other territories by Bethesda Softworks.

Gameplay

It involves flying futuristic fighters in combat scenarios. The game can be played locally or on a local area network with up to 32 players. The Russian version of the game is called "Шторм" ("Storm"). Operation: Matriarchy (also developed by MADia) takes place in the same continuity as Echelon.

Plot
In the game, you decide the fate of the entire Galactic Federation. The aggressors from the planet Velian, having new weapons that make them almost invincible, are trying to destroy the Federation and capture all of its colonies. The Velians are ruthless to those who are trying to get in their way. They calmly burn entire planets if they show resistance.
The player will have to go from the cadet of the Training Center of the Air Force of the Federation to one of the best Air Force aces, who is assigned the most difficult tasks.

Development
The game went gold on April 26, 2001. The game was originally called Storm but that name later proved unavailable. Pete Hines (Bethesda's director of marketing and public relations) and Bethesda's Todd Vaughn were given the task of renaming the game. One morning Todd came to Hine's desk and said, 'How about Echelon?' They liked the military reference and it just sounded cool, so they went with it, hoping there would be no conflicts. The name idea was sent to Brent Erickson, who was VP of development at Bethesda West the company's subsidiary that developed the Bethesda racing titles for a number of years. Erickson liked the name.

Reception

Echelon received above-average reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Steve Butts of IGN said, "In all Echelon is a very welcome addition to the flight sim genre. It takes an approach that most other developers have neglected. Still, the execution and design aren't entirely up to the possibility of the concept. You'll play it, you'll enjoy and, ultimately, put it aside for more traditional games that offer a lot more sparkle." GameSpot said, "In spite of its problems, Echelon does hit close enough to the mark to offer some fast and flashy, but ultimately shallow, thrills." However, Jim Preston of NextGen said of the game, "Credit to Buka for trying to combine two genres, but predictably it neither soars nor crashes."

Awards
The game was a runner-up for "Sci-Fi Simulation Game of the Year" at GameSpots Readers' Choice Awards 2001.

Sequel

Controversy

There was controversy regarding the U.S release of the game in which Bethesda refused to pay MADia for boxed sales of the game.

References

External links

2001 video games
Bethesda Softworks games
Buka Entertainment games
Combat flight simulators
Military science fiction video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer online games
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in Russia
Windows games
Windows-only games
LBL. LBL can mean:
 Laidback Luke, Dutch Music Producer/DJ 
 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, formerly Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
 Liberal Mid-America Regional Airport, IATA code LBL
 Long base line sonar
 Landsforeningen for Bøsser og Lesbiske, former name of LGBT Danmark
 Layer by layer, a thin film fabrication technique
 Layer by Layer, a Rubik's cube solving technique
 London Borough of Lambeth
 London Borough of Lewisham

Sports
 Latvian Basketball League
 Lech Basket Liga
 Liège–Bastogne–Liège, a one-day classic cycling race in Belgium
James Fischer. James Fischer (December 27, 1927 – July 3, 2004) was an American engineer, who developed high-purity silicon technology for Texas Instruments.

Born in Boaz, Alabama, Fischer grew up in Gentry, Arkansas. Fischer graduated from the University of Arkansas and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Hired by Texas Instruments in 1955, Fischer, with a master's degree in chemical engineering, worked with the technical staff on high-purity silicon, and helped develop the high-purity silicon manufacturing plant. In 1978, he became vice president of the company's worldwide semiconductor operations, and in 1980, became executive vice president of the company.

He retired from Texas Instruments in 1984 and died of cancer in 2004, in Richardson, Texas.

Notes

1927 births
2004 deaths
People from Boaz, Alabama
Deaths from cancer in Texas
Engineers from Arkansas
Engineers from Texas
University of Arkansas alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
People from Benton County, Arkansas
20th-century American engineers