omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Strand jack. A strand jack (also known as strandjack) is a jack used to lift very heavy loads (e.g. thousands of tons or more with multiple jacks) for construction and engineering purposes.  Strandjacking was invented by VSL Australia's Patrick Kilkeary & Bruce Ramsay in 1969 for concrete post tensioning systems, and is now widely used for heavy lifting, to erect bridges, offshore structures, refineries, power stations, major buildings and other structures where the use of conventional cranes is either impractical or too expensive.

Use 

Strand jacks can be used horizontally for pulling objects and structures, and are widely used in the oil and gas industry for skidded loadouts. Oil rigs of 38,000 t have been moved in this way from the place of construction on to a barge.
Since multiple jacks can be operated simultaneously by hydraulic controllers, they can be used in tandem to lift very large loads of thousands of tons. Tandem use of even two cranes is a very difficult operation.

How it works 
A strand jack is a hollow hydraulic cylinder with a set of steel cables (the "strands") passing through the open centre, each one passing through two clamps - one mounted to either end of the cylinder.

The jack operates in the manner of a caterpillar's walk: climbing (or descending) along the strands by releasing the clamp at one end, expanding the cylinder, clamping there, releasing the trailing end, contracting, and clamping the trailing end before starting over again. The real significance of this device lies in the facility for precision control.

The expansion and contraction can be done at any speed, and paused at any location.  Although a lone jack may lift only 1700 tons or so, there exist computer control systems that can operate 120 jacks simultaneously, offering fingertip feel movement control over extremely massive objects.

In construction 
Strand jacking is a construction process whereby large pre-fabricated building sections are carefully lifted and precisely placed. The alternative would be to do all assembly in situ, even if expensive, technically risky, or dangerous.

Strand jacks used for heavy lifting and skidding operations are owned and operated by a large number of construction and heavy lifting companies around the world. They are manufactured by a small number of companies based in Europe.

Notable uses 
Kursk submarine disaster
Uses outside of construction 
 Costa Concordia disaster, in the ship salvage phase.

References

Construction equipment
Machines
JNR Class D62. The  is a type of 2-8-4 wheel arrangement steam locomotive built by the Japanese National Railways (JNR) in 1950 and 1951. They were designed by Hideo Shima and rebuilt at Hamamatsu Works between 1950 and 1951. 

20 Class D62s were rebuilt from the earlier World War 2 built Class D52, which had a 2-8-2 wheel arrangement.

List of D62 locomotives
D62 1 rebuilt from D52 358 (March 1st 1950)
D62 2 rebuilt from D52 448 (March 2nd 1950)
D62 3 rebuilt from D52 401 (April  3rd 1950)
D62 4 rebuilt from D52 450 (May  4th 1950)
D62 5 rebuilt from D52 449 (June 5th 1950)
D62 6 rebuilt from D52 42  (July 6th 1950)
D62 7 rebuilt from D52 344 (August  7th 1950)
D62 8 rebuilt from D52 366 (September 19th) 1950
D62 9 rebuilt from D52 94 (October 1st-20th 1950)
D62 10 rebuilt from D52 132 (November 3rd-30th 1950)
D62 11 rebuilt from D52 337 (January 1st-5th 1951)
D62 12 rebuilt from D52 397 (January 6th-15th 1951)
D62 13 rebuilt from D52 211 (January 19th-23rd 1951)
D62 14 rebuilt from D52 334 (February 1st-8th 1951)
D62 15 rebuilt from D52 377 (February 12th-19th 1951)
D62 16 rebuilt from D52 338 (February 25th-March 1st 1951)
D62 17 rebuilt from D52 343 (March 2nd-March 6th 1951)
D62 18 rebuilt from D52 360 (March 15th-March 20th 1951)
D62 19 rebuilt from D52 339 (March 21st-March 24th 1951)
D62 20 rebuilt from D52 462 (March 25th-31st 1951)

Preservation
No examples of the class have been preserved.

In popular culture
The D62 is the model upon which the Transformers character Astrotrain is based despite that Astrotrain is based on the JNR Class D51.

See also
 Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification

References

Steam locomotives of Japan
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
2-8-4 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1950
1′D2′ h2 locomotives
Rebuilt locomotives 
Scrapped locomotives
Freight locomotives
SP1. SP1 and variants may refer to:

 Bowlus SP-1 Paper Wing, glider
 SP-1 switch, a late 1960s telecommunications switch by Northern Electric
 Sp1 transcription factor, a human protein
 Dallara SP1, a race car
 Savoia-Pomilio SP.1, a reconnaissance and bomber aircraft built in Italy during the First World War
 USS Arawan II (SP-1), a motor yacht that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1918
 Vektor SP1/SP2, a pistol
 SP-01, a variant of the CZ 75 pistol
 Shapley 1, an annular planetary nebula in the constellation of Norma
 Service pack 1, a collection of computer program patches and alterations
 Surface Pro, a laplet by Microsoft
 Skulduggery Pleasant (novel), a young adult fiction novel by Derek Landy
 a model of steam toy made by British manufacturer Mamod
 a sink in the Sima Pumacocha, a cave in Peru
Zirconolite. Zirconolite is a mineral, calcium zirconium titanate; formula CaZrTi2O7.  Some examples of the mineral may also contain thorium, uranium, cerium, niobium and iron; the presence of  thorium or  uranium would make the mineral radioactive. It is black or brown in color.

References

Calcium minerals
Zirconium minerals
Titanium minerals
Oxide minerals
David Britz. David Alexander Britz (born November 23, 1980) is an American scientist and engineer who is best known for his contributions to the field of materials science and nanotechnology.

In 2004, Britz and his colleagues at Oxford and the University of Nottingham won a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for creating the world's smallest test tube, by performing chemical reactions inside carbon nanotubes: "the nanotube has an inner diameter of approximately 1.2 nanometres, and a length of about 2 micrometers. Its volume is two zeptolitres (a zeptolitre is 10−21 litres), and around 2,000 molecules react in that space." 

Britz graduated magna cum laude from the University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science in Mechanical Engineering.  He completed his Doctor of Philosophy in Materials Science in the UK at the University of Oxford, Christ Church, Oxford college in the Department of Materials, and completed his doctoral thesis, titled "Structure and Bonding of Fullerenes and Nanotubes", in 2005.  During his work at Oxford, David Britz created more than ten new carbon nanotube- and fullerene-based materials and processes.  He has been awarded Honorable Mention for the 2002 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.

Dave Britz also competed for Oxford University in the 2005 Varsity Boxing Match against Cambridge, earning a Full Blue.

Britz worked for the nanotechnology company Eikos in Franklin, Massachusetts, and developed carbon nanotube inks for highly conductive transparent coatings and circuits to be used in a variety of ways, including for use in solar cells, the commercial displays market, and military applications.  He lives in Boston, Massachusetts.

David Britz participated in the 3M Strategic Business Development Summer Olympics in 2012.

External links
Article on David Britz in Nanotech Now
Tiny carbon cylinders set record

1980 births
Living people
American nanotechnologists
University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
American scientists
PERI. PERI is a manufacturer and supplier of formwork and scaffolding systems founded in 1969 in Weißenhorn, Germany.

Etymology 
The company's name is derived from the Greek preposition "peri", meaning around. It references the scaffold and concrete that surrounds and supports a building.

History 

The company was founded in 1969 by Artur Schwörer and his wife Christl Schwörer in Weißenhorn, Germany. The company has developed techniques in formwork and scaffolding technology, and the use of aluminum and 3D printers in complex construction projects.

In 2014, Schaltec became part of the PERI group. Three years later the company opened the modern head plant for scaffolding systems in Günzburg, Germany.  A galvanizing plant was acquired by the company in 2020.

Products and services 
The PERI product range can be divided into the following business segments: formwork, scaffolding, civil engineering, panel products, industrial scaffolding, components, services, and 3D construction printing.

Projects 
Due to a tight deadline, PERI's formwork technology was used in the construction of Cuatro Torres Highrise in 2008. From 2011 to 2014, 1,100 containers of PERI's innovative scaffolding and formwork technology was delivered and used in the expansion of the Panama Canal. A custom rail climbing system from PERI was used to build the Absolute World buildings in 2012. PERI's technology was used due to the incline of the buildings making it impossible for cranes to raise the scaffold.

In 2017, prefabricated tunnel elements for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge were built using PERI tools. Later that year the company constructed three pylons for the Mersey Gateway Bridge with the use of their rail climbing system. In 2018, the National Veterans Memorial and Museum building was completed using PERI formwork. In 2019, PERI's formwork was used to create Lakhta Center, the tallest building in Europe at the time.

Controversy 

In 2022, Peri Duo lost preliminary injunction proceedings against Geoplast in Italy. This resulted in the prohibition of production and distribution of Peri Duo formwork in Italy.

References

Companies based in Bavaria
Construction and civil engineering companies of Germany
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1969
German companies established in 1969
Differential technological development. Differential technological development is a strategy of technology governance aiming to decrease risks from emerging technologies by influencing the sequence in which they are developed. Using this strategy, societies would strive to delay the development of harmful technologies and their applications while accelerating the development of beneficial technologies, especially those that offer protection against harmful technologies.

History of the idea 
Differential technological development was initially proposed by philosopher Nick Bostrom in 2002 and he applied the idea to the governance of artificial intelligence in his 2014 book Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. The strategy was also endorsed by philosopher Toby Ord in his 2020 book The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, who writes that "While it may be too difficult to prevent the development of a risky technology, we may be able to reduce existential risk by speeding up the development of protective technologies relative to dangerous ones."

Informal discussion 
Paul Christiano believes that while accelerating technological progress appears to be one of the best ways to improve human welfare in the next few decades, a faster rate of growth cannot be equally important for the far future because growth must eventually saturate due to physical limits. Hence, from the perspective of the far future, differential technological development appears more crucial.

Inspired by Bostrom's proposal, Luke Muehlhauser and Anna Salamon suggested a more general project of "differential intellectual progress", in which society advances its wisdom, philosophical sophistication, and understanding of risks faster than its technological power. Brian Tomasik has expanded on this notion.

See also
 Existential risk

References

Technology forecasting
Transhumanism
Technological change
Existential risk
Audi Roadjet. The Audi Roadjet is a compact concept car developed by the German manufacturer Audi, and was officially unveiled at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan.  It is a study of a sporty and luxurious mid-size hatchback. According to Audi, this study is a technology demonstrator of innovative electronic systems that will be built into the production models in the next few years.

Characteristics  
The concept vehicle is particularly notable because it is the first model to feature a newly developed 3.2-liter V6 Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) petrol engine with direct fuel injection.  The engine develops a maximum output of  at 7,000 rpm and 363 Nm (244 lb·ft) of torque at 4,500 rpm, which is reached through the fixed intake manifold and the innovative valve control system called Audi Valvelift System.  The Roadjet, also notable to be the first model equipped with the 7-speed Direct-Shift Gearbox, should be able to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (60 mph) in 6.4 seconds, while its top speed is electronically limited at 250 km/h (155 mph). The vehicle also features Audi's trademark four-wheel drive system - quattro.

This concept previewed the styling of the Audi A3's 2008 facelift.

External links

 Audi corporate website

Audi concept vehicles

Hatchbacks
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Franz Kolb. Franz Kolb (fl. 1880s) was a German pharmacist and the inventor of the modeling paste Plastilin. In English-speaking countries this material is also known as "plasticine." Because of different patent rights in Germany and England there are different views about who actually invented plasticine. In England, William Harbutt is seen as the inventor, while in Germany it is Franz Kolb. Kolb's German patent is from 1880 while Harbutt's English one is from 1897. The exact formulation of the two products is different.

References
 Kolb Technology

19th-century German inventors
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
German pharmacists
Livic. LIVIC ("civil" spelt backwards, hence a "reflection of Civil Engineering") is the newspaper of the Civil Engineering Society (CivSoc) at Imperial College London. It is a monthly, free, A4-sized paper established in 2004, edited by an elected committee member of the society.  The newspaper has a typical circulation of 250.

In 2006, LIVIC launched 'livique', a one-off special printed for the International Trip to Paris. Similar spin-offs have included 'livek', prepared for the trip to Budapest in 2007 and 'livøc' for the 2008 trip to Copenhagen.

While not a notable student publication, LIVIC aims to highlight current Civil & Environmental Engineering concerns and complications to undergraduates who are likely to be contributing to the shaping of the built environment in the long-term, and is therefore an invaluable resource to them.

Articles from LIVIC were published online through the City and Guilds College Union's media website 'Live' in order to help expand its readership numbers and so it is accessible to all at any time. It could be found here: Livic at Live

The articles are now posted to the Imperial College Union's website which can be found here: LIVIC

Student newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Newspapers established in 2004
Sanna 77. The Sanna-77 (from South Africa) is the end of a line of submachine guns which can trace their existence and lineage to the days of Rhodesia and their Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965.

History
The small landlocked Rhodesian state faced international sanctions and an arms-embargo from 1965 as well as guerrilla warfare from 1966 and so began producing their own arms.  Having been supplied a quantity of the now ubiquitous Uzi submachine gun, Rhodesia set up facilities to produce a similar sub-gun based on the CZ-25 which incidentally was also the inspiration for the Uzi.

The first attempt was the LDP, which was taken from the initials of the manufacturing firm (Lacoste Engineering) and the engineer/designer (Alex DuPlessis), although many Rhodesians felt that it stood for "Land Defence Pistol". The LDP was strikingly based upon the CZ or Vz-25 series of sub-guns, which was the first to have a telescoping bolt and a magazine situated inside the pistol grip of the weapon.

It is not exactly clear when the production moved south of Rhodesia to South Africa but it appears that some production began in the early 1970s. The name changed to the Kommando-LDP, the Kommando making extensive use of plastics in the frame. The Kommando was tested as a potential submachine gun for use with "Counter-Terror Forces" as well as having a semi-auto version for civilian use with a three-round burst facility.  However the Kommando, which used an Uzi magazine, proved somewhat unreliable as the selector would sometimes trip between semi-, burst- or full-auto mode.  It essentially failed as both a civilian product as well as a military one, the South African Defence Force using either the Israeli Uzi or the locally South African produced Milkor BXP submachine gun.

Dogged by unreliability, legislative restrictions on licences and being no more than a heavy semi-auto pistol, the Sanna-77 was a commercial failure. The Sanna-77 has long since ceased to be produced and is no longer commercially available.

Description
The Sanna-77 was of all metal construction, unlike the plastic framed Kommando LDP, and has the magazine in the grip and a folding metal stock. The front sight was hooded and the cocking handle located high on the left side of the receiver.  The Sanna-77 is not really a submachine gun, being made for civilian use only and therefore, due to legal restrictions, only available in the semi-auto mode of fire. It is therefore better termed a pistol-caliber carbine rather than a submachine gun.

See also
 Cobra Carbine

References
 Ian Hogg, Jane's Guns Recognition Guide(2002),  (Infobox Info)
 Ian V. Hogg and John S. Weeks, Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, 7th Edition (2000).
 Sanna 77

9mm Parabellum submachine guns
Cold War firearms of South Africa
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
Weapons of Rhodesia
Rhodesia–South Africa relations
Network Computer Reference Profile. Network Computer Reference Profile (NC reference profile, NCRP) was a specification for a network computer put forward by Oracle Corporation, endorsed by Sun Microsystems, IBM, Apple Computer, and Netscape, and finalized in 1996.

NC1

The first version of this specification was known as the NC1 Reference Profile.

NCRP specified minimum hardware requirements and software protocols. Among the software requirements were support of IP-based protocols (TCP/IP, FTP, etc.), www standards (HTTP, HTML, Java), email protocols, multimedia file formats, security standards. Operating systems used were NCOS or JavaOS.

The minimum hardware requirements were:
 minimum screen resolution of 640 x 480 (VGA) or equivalent
 pointing device
 text input ability
 audio output

Although this initial NC standard was intended to promote the diskless workstation model of computing, it did not preclude computers with additional features, such as the ability to operate either as a diskless workstation or a conventional fat client. Thus, an ordinary personal computer (PC) having all the required features, could technically be classified as a Network Computer; indeed, Sun noted that contemporary PCs did indeed meet the NC reference requirements.

StrongARM 

The reference profile was subsequently revised to use the StrongARM processor.

Intel 
After a trip by Ellison to Acer Group headquarters in 1996, he realised the importance to industry of having products based on Intel (x86-compatible) processors. NCI president Jerry Baker noted that "nobody [corporate users] had ever heard of the ARM chip".

Options 

Many NCs operated via protocols such as BOOTP, DHCP, RARP and NFS.

Both for ISP-bound and LAN-based reference implementation NCs, a smartcard option was available. This allowed user authentication to be performed in a secure manner, with SSL providing transport security. The smartcard also provided minimal local storage for ISP dialup configuration settings. This configuration data was not required for LAN-based NCs.

See also 
 Network Computer, the brand, created by Oracle, for which the NCRP was the specification

References 

Network computer (brand)
Networking standards
Enclosure Services Interface. The Enclosure Services Interface (ESI) is a computer protocol used in SCSI enclosures.  This is part of a chain of connections that allows a host computer to communicate with the enclosure to access its power, cooling, and other non-data characteristics.  This overall approach is called SCSI attached enclosure services:

                                                              

The host computer communicates with the disks in the enclosure via a Serial SCSI interface (which may be either FC-AL or SAS).  One of the disk devices located in the enclosure is set up to allow SCSI Enclosure Services (SES) communication through a LUN.  The disk-drive then communicates with the SES processor in the enclosure via ESI.  The data sent over the ESI interface is simply the contents of a SCSI command and the response to that command.

In fault-tolerant enclosures, more than one disk-drive slot has ESI enabled to allow SES communications to continue even after the failure of any of the disk-drives.

ESI electrical interface
The ESI interface was designed to make use of the seven existing "SEL_n" address signals which are used at power-on time for establishing the address (ALPA) of a disk-drive.  An extra eighth signal called "-PARALLEL ESI" is used to switch the function of the SEL_n signals.

ESI command sequence
A SCSI Send Diagnostic command or Receive Diagnostic Results command is sent from the host computer to the disk-drive to initiate an SES transfer.  The Disk-drive then asserts "-PARALLEL ESI" to begin this sequence of ESI bus phases:

Finally, the disk-drive deasserts "-PARALLEL ESI".

The above sequence is just a simple implementation of a 4-bit wide parallel interface which is used to execute a SCSI transaction.  If the CDB is for a Send Diagnostic command then the data is sent to a SCSI diagnostic page in the enclosure.  If the CDB is for a SCSI Receive Diagnostic Results command then the data is received from a SCSI diagnostic page.  No other CDB types are allowed.

Alternatives to ESI
There are two common alternatives ESI:

Standalone Enclosure Services uses a direct connection which does not require ESI
SSA enclosures use an interface called DSI which is similar to ESI

Specifications
The definition of the ESI protocols is owned by an ANSI committee and defined in their specifications ANSI SFF-8067 and ANSI SFF-8045.

SCSI
Boulder Bridge, Barnsley. Boulder Bridge is an area of land adjacent to a large bird sanctuary run by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The area is synonymous with a number of large scrap yards that specialise, for the most part, in recycling cars and commercial vehicles, mainly buses. The area is the biggest commercial vehicle recycling base in the UK and is located between the small villages of Shafton and Carlton.

In the past Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council have battled hard to stop the illegal burning of buses on many of these yards and the environmental impact of them is still contentious.

References

Geography of Barnsley
Hall Hibbard. Hall Livingstone Hibbard (July 26, 1903 – June 6, 1996) was an engineer and administrator of the Lockheed Corporation beginning with the company's purchase by a board of investors led by Robert E. Gross in 1932. Born in Kansas, he received a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics at the College of Emporia in 1925. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology two years later. He worked for Stearman as a draftsman, before joining Robert Gross' Viking Flying Boat Company. He served on the board of the newly revived Lockheed Corporation and led the design departments as chief engineer. Engineers such as Clarence "Kelly" Johnson and Willis Hawkins worked under him.

He died in 1996 in Los Angeles at the age of 92.

References

 Boyne, Walter J., Beyond the Horizons: The Lockheed Story. St. Martin's Press: New York, 1998.

1903 births
1996 deaths
People from Kansas
Emporia State University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
American aerospace engineers
Businesspeople in aviation
Lockheed people
20th-century American engineers