omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
George Cogar. George R. Cogar (1932 – disappeared September 2, 1983) was an American computer scientist and engineer. He disappeared in 1983 while on a private plane flying over Canada; no wreckage has ever been found.

Professional career

Cogar was the head of the UNIVAC 1004 electronic design team code named the "bumblebee project", and later the "barn project", and co-founder of Mohawk Data Sciences Corporation, a Herkimer, New York-based multimillion-dollar business. His most successful invention was the Data Recorder magnetic tape encoder, which was introduced in 1965 and eliminated the need for keypunches and punched cards by direct encoding on tape. He also founded the Cogar Corporation, where he built an intelligent terminal—an early forerunner of the modern personal computer—which he called the Cogar System 4 or Cogar 4. The Cogar 4 became the Singer 1500 after Singer Business Machines acquired Cogar Corporation. In 1976, International Computers Limited (ICL) acquired Singer Business Machines, changing the name of the computer to the ICL 1500.

Disappearance
Cogar was last seen Friday, September 2, 1983, when a private plane, a Britten-Norman Islander, went down somewhere in British Columbia, Canada.

Philanthropy
Cogar and his wife Ann established the Cogar Foundation for the express purpose of awarding grants and scholarships to students of Herkimer County. The Cogar Gallery at Herkimer County Community College is named for them.

Patents

See also

List of people who disappeared
MDS 2400
List of missing aircraft
Mohawk Data Sciences

References

External links
 https://georgecogar.com/

1932 births
Possibly living people
People from Gassaway, West Virginia
American computer scientists
American inventors
Missing air passengers
Missing American people
Missing person cases in Canada
1980s missing person cases
Wittemann brothers. Paul W. Wittemann and Adolph (Walter) Wittemann and Charles Rudolph Wittemann (September 15, 1884 – July 8, 1967) were early aviation pioneers.

Biography
They were the children of Emily Wittemann (née Schirzinger) of Missouri. Their father, * Adolph Wendelin Wittemann was born on Dec. 01. 1846 in Karlsruhe (top right # 218) (Gottesaue)/Germany. Charles and Adolph had a company, C. & A. Wittemann of Staten Island, New York. At Teterboro they built the largest bomber (Witteman-Lewis XNBL-1) of the time. Adolph left the company and Charles teamed up with Samuel P. Lewis to form the Wittemann-Lewis Aircraft Company, Inc.

In 1920 Charles was living in Hackensack, New Jersey. He died in July 1967 in Farmingdale, New Jersey.

Other siblings include Herman Wittemann, aka Harold; Walter; Marie; Elizabeth; and Paul. All the Wittemann children were born in New York City on Staten Island.

Timeline
1884 Birth of Charles Rudolph Wittemann (1884–1967)
1906 Charles and Adolph Wittemann, Aeronautical Engineers, Ocean Terrace & Little Clove Road, Staten Island 
1910 Living on Staten Island 
1917 Charles, founder of Teterboro Airport
c. 1917 Wittemann-Lewis Aircraft Company, Inc. founded by Charles Rudolph Wittemann with Samuel P. Lewis
1918 Charles, president of Wittemann-Lewis Aircraft Company, Inc. in Newark, New Jersey
1919 Teterboro, New Jersey factory
1919 Contractors to United States Postal Service and United States Navy for aircraft
1920  in the 1920 United States Census with Charles Randolph Wittemann (1884–1967) in Hackensack, New Jersey
1923 Ended production to concentrate on engineering research
1924 Bankruptcy and Teterboro, New Jersey property acquired by Anthony Fokker
1967 Death of Charles Rudolph Wittemann (1884–1967)

Archive
Wichita University
Largest Flying Boat Never Built—the Witteman Air Liner

Patent
Aeroplane

See also
Boland brothers
Wright brothers
Voisin brothers

References

External links
Early Birds: Wittemann brothers
Paul & Walter Wittemann

Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
People from Farmingdale, New Jersey
People from Staten Island
Brother duos
Skyles Electric Works. Skyles Electric Works is a company founded in 1978 in California by Bob Skyles, a former Commodore engineer, to produce hardware add-ons for the Commodore PET. Like Apple Computer, it began in a garage in Cupertino, California, but for most of the company's existence it was based in nearby Mountain View. The company employed 13 between 1985 and 1987 and reached annual sales of over $501,000 in those years.

The first products from Skyles Electric Works were memory expansions and keyboards (the first PETs had calculator-style keys which were unsuited to touch-typing).

The earliest software products were firmware, including the Command-O and Disk-O-Pro, which enhanced the BASIC language of the PET.

The company also published cassette and disk-based software including Busicalc, the first spreadsheet program for the Commodore 64, and which was licensed from Supersoft in England. Busicalc and the follow-up products Busicalc 2 and Busicalc 3 were highly successful in the US market during 1983 and 1984, and encouraged Skyles Electric Works to source other similar products which were rebranded to form part of the Busi series, notably Busidata . Another C64 title was the game Megapede written by Paul Andrus. Among the company's last offerings were memory expansion boards for the 500, 1000, and 2000 models of the Amiga computer.

Skyles Electric Works dissolved in 1993.

References

External links
 

1978 establishments in California
1993 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 1978
American companies disestablished in 1993
Computer companies established in 1978
Computer companies disestablished in 1993
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer companies based in California
LRK. Long Range Kinematic (LRK) technology is a sophisticated kinematic method developed by Magellan (formerly Thales) Navigation that optimises the advantages of dual-frequency GPS operation. Other conventional methods use the dual-frequency only during initialisation. LRK makes solving ambiguities during initialisation easy and continuous dual-frequency kinematic operation possible at distances up to 40 kilometres.

Conventional dual-frequency kinematic operation is limited to about 10 kilometres, using a combined observation on GPS L1 and L2 frequencies to produce an initial wide lane solution, ambiguous to around 86 centimetres. During a second phase, the conventional kinematic method uses measurements from the L1 frequency only. This method only allows for kinematic operation as long as the de-correlation of atmospheric errors is compatible with a pure phase single-frequency solution.

Similar to the KART process, LRK is a simple and reliable method that allows any initialisation mode, from a static or fixed reference point, to On The Fly ambiguity resolution, when performing dual-frequency GPS positioning. LRK technology reduces initialisation times to a few seconds by efficiently using L2 measurements in every mode of operation. LRK maintains optimal real-time positioning accuracy to within a centimetre at a range up to 40-50 kilometres, even with a reduced number of visible satellites.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060821080822/http://products.thalesnavigation.com/en/products/aboutgps/rtk.asp

Global Positioning System
Navigation
Navigational equipment
HMAS Ararat (ACPB 89). HMAS Ararat (ACPB 89), named for the town of Ararat, Victoria, was an Armidale-class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

The Armidale-class patrol boats are  long, with a beam of , a draught of , and a standard displacement of 270 tons. The semi-displacement vee hull is fabricated from aluminium alloy, and each vessel is built to a combination of Det Norske Veritas standards for high-speed light craft and RAN requirements. The Armidales can travel at a maximum speed of , and are driven by two propeller shafts, each connected to an MTU 16V M70 diesel. The ships have a range of  at , allowing them to patrol the waters around the distant territories of Australia, and are designed for standard patrols of 21 days, with a maximum endurance of 42 days.

The main armament of the Armidale class is a Rafael Typhoon stabilised  gun mount fitted with an M242 Bushmaster autocannon. Two  machine guns are also carried. Boarding operations are performed by two , waterjet propelled rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RHIBs). Each RHIB is stored in a dedicated cradle and davit, and is capable of operating independently from the patrol boat as it carries its own communications, navigation, and safety equipment.

Each patrol boat has a standard ship's company of 21 personnel, with a maximum of 29. A 20-berth auxiliary accommodation compartment was included in the design for the transportation of soldiers, illegal fishermen, or unauthorised arrivals; in the latter two cases, the compartment could be secured from the outside. However, a malfunction in the sewerage treatment facilities aboard  in August 2006 pumped hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide into the compartment, non-fatally poisoning four sailors working inside, after which use of the compartment for accommodation was banned across the class.

Ararat was constructed by Austal in Henderson, Western Australia. She was commissioned into the RAN in Melbourne on 10 November 2006.

Operational history
Ararat was assigned to Assail Division, is based in Darwin, and performed border protection and fisheries protection patrols.

This vessel participated in Exercises Triton Thunder and Cassowary during May 2012. Ararat operated off Dundee Beach in Darwin in concert with units from the Indonesian Navy and the RAN Fleet Air Arm.

The ship was decommissioned at HMAS Coonawarra on 2 July 2022.

Citations

References
Books

 The chapter is available separately as Semaphore, Issue 4, 2006 in PDF and HTML formats.

Journal and news articles

External links
Royal Australian Navy webpage for HMAS Ararat

Naval ships of Australia
Armidale-class patrol boats
2006 ships
PWRficient. PWRficient is a microprocessor series by P.A. Semi where the PA6T-1682M was the only one that became an actual product.

PWRficient processors comply with the 64-bit Power ISA, and are designed for high performance and extreme power efficiency. The processors are highly modular and can be combined to multi-core system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs, combining CPU, northbridge, and southbridge functionality on a single processor die.

Details
The PA6T is the first and only processor core from P.A. Semi, in two distinct product lines: 16xxM dual core and 13xxM/E single core. The PA6T lines differed in L2 cache size, memory controllers, communication functionality, and cryptography offloading features. P.A. Semi planned up to 16 cores.

The PA6T is the first Power ISA core designed from scratch in the previous ten years outside the AIM alliance, which included IBM, Motorola, Freescale, and Apple Inc. Since Texas Instruments was an investors in P.A. Semi, it was suggested that its fabrication plants would have manufactured the PWRficient processors.

PWRficient processors were initially shipped to select customers in February 2007 and were released worldwide in Q4 2007.

P.A. Semi was bought by Apple Inc. in April 2008, and closed development of PWRficient architecture processors.  However, it will continue to manufacture, sell, and support these components for the foreseeable future due to an agreement with the US Government for some military applications. Some components of the P.A. Semi PWRficient were later integrated into Apple silicon.

Implementation

PWRficient processors comprise three parts:

CPU
PA6T
Superscalar, out-of-order 32-bit/64-bit Power ISA processor core
Adheres to the Power ISA v.2.04
Little endian or big endian operation
64/64 kB instruction and data L1 caches. 32 GB/s bandwidth.
Six execution units including a double precision FPU and AltiVec unit
Hypervisor and virtualization support
Maximum 7 W at 2 GHz
11 million transistors, 10 mm² large @ 65 nm.

Memory system
CONEXIUM
 scalable cross-bar interconnect
 1–8 SMP cores
 1–2 L2 caches, 512 KB – 8 MB large. 16 GB/s bandwidth.
 1–4 1067 MHz DDR2 memory controllers. 16 GB/s bandwidth.
 64 GB/s peak bandwidth
 MOESI coherency

I/O
ENVOI
 Centralized DMA engine, 32 GB/s bandwidth
 16–64 SerDes lanes
 XAUI
 PCI Express
 SGMII
 Offload engine for cryptography, RAID, TCP

Users
 Curtiss-Wright planned the 1682M processor for its signal processing systems.
 Mercury Computer Systems planned the 1682M processor for its signal and image processing systems.
 NEC planned the 1682M processor for its storage array systems.
 AmigaOne X1000 has the 1682M processor as CPU.

References

External links 

PA Semi attacks performance/Watt
FPF 2005: P.A. Semi's PA6T-1682M System on a Chip – Real World Technologies
Judicious Clocking Subdues Power-Architecture Cooling Needs – Electronic Design

Power microprocessors
Biodrying. Biodrying is the process by which biodegradable waste is rapidly heated through initial stages of composting to remove moisture from a waste stream and hence reduce its overall weight. 
In biodrying processes, the drying rates are augmented by biological heat in addition to forced aeration. The major portion of biological heat, naturally available through the aerobic degradation of organic matter, is utilized to evaporate surface and bound water associated with the mixed sludge. This heat generation assists in reducing the moisture content of the biomass without the need for supplementary fossil fuels, and with minimal electricity consumption. It can take as little as 8 days to dry waste in this manner. This enables reduced costs of disposal if landfill is charged on a cost per tonne basis.  Biodrying may be used as part of the production process for refuse-derived fuels. 
Biodrying does not however greatly affect the biodegradability of the waste and hence is not stabilised. Biodried waste will still break down in a landfill to produce landfill gas and hence potentially contribute to climate change. In the UK this waste will still impact upon councils LATS allowances. Whilst biodrying is increasingly applied within commercial mechanical biological treatment (MBT) plants, it is also still subject to on-going research and development.

See also
List of solid waste treatment technologies
Waste management

References

Biodegradable waste management
Industrial composting
Waste treatment technology
Logistics center. A logistics center, or depot, is a facility dedicated to logistical operations. A logistics center might be a warehouse, freight forwarder, or a repair depot.

The United States Air Force (USAF) is serviced by three air logistics centers (also known as depots) at which Maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) operations are performed:

 Ogden Air Logistics Center (OO-ALC)
 Warner Robins Air Logistics Center (WR-ALC)
 Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center (OC-ALC)

The United States Coast Guard is serviced by the Aviation Logistics Center at Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City.

See also
 Precision measurement equipment laboratory
 Distribution center

Logistics
1987 in motoring. 1987 in motoring includes developments in the automotive industry throughout the year 1987 by various automobile manufacturers, grouped by country. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles.

United Kingdom
The Rover Group's Leyland Bus division became the independent Leyland Bus company as the result of a management buyout.

Ford released a facelifted version of the Sierra in February, updating the styling and adding a saloon version - the Sierra Sapphire. The 1.3 petrol engine was replaced with a 1.8 petrol engine, while the Peugeot 2.3 diesel was replaced by Ford's own 1.8 diesel.

The old style Sierra was briefly maintained - and the three-door version reintroduced - for a limited run of high performance Sierra Cosworths capable of 150 mph.

The MK2 Fiesta enjoyed its best sales year in the UK with over 150,000 sold. 

Jaguar brought out a redesigned version of its XJ Series saloon range, which included a new "Sovereign" version.

France

PSA made two car launches during 1987. The first was the 5-door version of the Citroën AX, a small hatchback based around the running gear of the Peugeot 205. It went on sale across Europe in the Summer replacing the Visa. At the end of the year, PSA launched its Peugeot 405 family saloon, which replaced the long-running 305. With its Pininfarina-styled bodyshell, the new car won the European Car of the Year award by a record margin. The saloon version was assembled at the Ryton plant near Coventry, while the forthcoming estate was to be assembled in France. UK sales began in January 1988.

Italy

In the "Type Four" platform a fourth and final car was launched, the Alfa Romeo 164. Powered by a 3.0 V6 engine, the new four-door saloon was launched in the same sector as the BMW 5 Series and Audi 100. Its Pininfarina-designed body bore a resemblance to Peugeot's new 405, with a redesigned interior. A smaller-engined version was also planned.

Eastern Europe

Three years after it was launched in the USSR, the Lada Samara was imported to Western Europe. With 1.1 and 1.3 engines initially, (a 1.5 version came in 1988), the range included three- and five-door hatchback bodystyles.

Japan

In Japan Honda launch of a redesigned Honda Prelude. The current version debuted in 1983, and the latest version had a VTEC engine.

Toyota brought out the latest version of their Corolla family car.

Mazda launched a new entrant into the mini-car market - the 121. Similar in size to the Ford Fiesta, it offered more headroom and legroom within a redesigned high-roofed body. Three and five-door hatchback bodystyles were on offer.

See also
1986 in motoring - the previous year
1988 in motoring - the next year

Motoring by year
Motoring
Kirklees EfW. The Kirklees EfW is a major moving grate incineration plant in Huddersfield, Kirklees, England. The incinerator is owned and operated by Suez Recycling and Recovery UK who signed a 25-year contract with Kirklees Council in 1998 with an option to increase the time period to 2028. The plant is integral to the waste strategy and Unitary Development plan of Kirklees Council, treating  of locally generated municipal waste, which when incinerated, will produce enough electricity to power 15,000 homes. Only  of waste is actually incinerated, the other tonnages permitted are recovered materials such as metals (for recycling) and Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) and Fly ash.

The incinerator has been operational since 2002 and was one of the first waste projects financed by PFI in the United Kingdom. The plant, which employs 29 staff and operates 24 hours a day, cost £35 million.

See also

Isle of Man Incinerator

References

External links

Photograph of Kirklees Incinerator
Kirklees Incinerator Background

Waste power stations in England
Buildings and structures in Huddersfield
RFA Pearleaf (A77). RFA Pearleaf (A77) was a  support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary of the United Kingdom. She was the second ship to bear the name.

Citations

References

External links
 The Falklands Conflict - Data Library - Ships

1959 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Leaf-class tankers
Tankers of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
HMS Keppel (F85). HMS Keppel (F85) was one of a dozen Blackwood-class frigate (also known as the Type 14 class) of second-rate anti-submarine frigates built for the Royal Navy in the 1950s. She was named for Augustus Keppel, who served during the Seven Years' War and was admiral of the Western Squadron during the American War of Independence.

Description
The Blackwood class displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The ships were powered by one English Electric geared steam turbine that drove the single propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The turbine developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . The Blackwoods had a range of  at . Their complement was 140 officers and ratings.

The ships were armed with three Bofors 40 mm guns in single mounts. The mount on the quarterdeck was later removed as it was unusable in heavy seas. They were equipped with two triple-barrelled Limbo Mark 10 anti-submarine mortars. The Blackwood-class ships had the same sonar suite as the larger s where the Limbo mortars were controlled by three sonars, the Type 174 search set, Type 162 target-classification set and the Type 170 'pencil beam' targeting set to determine the bearing and depth of the target.

Construction and career
Keppel was laid down by Yarrow Shipbuilders at their Scotstoun shipyard on 27 March 1953, launched on 31 August 1954 and completed on 6 July 1956.

On commissioning, Keppel joined the Second Training Squadron, based at Portland Harbour. She paid off for an extended refit in March 1958, during which her hull was strengthened as a result of operating experience of ships of the class in heavy seas. In September 1960, Keppel returned to the Portland Training Squadron, and from June 1963 to April 1964 served with the Fishery Protection Squadron.

In February 1973, Keppel was reduced to reserve, joining the Standby Squadron at Chatham. She was listed for disposal when a boiler explosion on sister ship , serving with the 2nd Frigate Squadron at Portland, caused Keppel to return to active service to replace Hardy in July 1975. Keppel remained with the 2nd Frigate Squadron, serving in the training role, until November 1976.
 
She was again placed on the disposal list in 1977 and was scrapped at Sittingbourne in 1979.

Notes

Bibliography

 

 

Blackwood-class frigates
1954 ships
Ships of the Fishery Protection Squadron of the United Kingdom