omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
COMPASS. COMPASS, COMPrehensive ASSembler, is any of a family of macro assembly languages for Control Data Corporation's 3000 series, and for the 60-bit CDC 6000 series, 7600 and Cyber 70 and 170 series mainframe computers. While the architectures are very different, the macro and conditional assembly facilities are similar.

COMPASS for 60-bit machines
There are two flavors of COMPASS on the 60-bit machines:
 COMPASS CP is the assembly language for the CP (Central Processor), the processor running user programs. See CDC 6600 CP architecture.
 COMPASS PP is the assembly language for the PP (Peripheral Processor), only running operating system code. See CDC 6600 PP architecture.

COMPASS is a classical two-pass assembler with macro and conditional assembly features, and generates a full listing showing both the source assembly code and the generated machine code (in octal). CDC's operating systems were written almost entirely in COMPASS assembly language.

Central processor (CP or CPU) hardware maintains 24 operational registers, named A0 to A7, X0 to X7 and B0 to B7. Registers X0 to X7 are 60 bits long and are used to hold data, while registers B0 to B7  are 18 bits long and their major purpose is to hold either addresses or be used as indexing registers, except that B0 is always zero. As a programming convention, B1 (or B7) often contains positive 1.

A or address registers are also 18 bits long.  Each A register pairs with the corresponding X register.   Whenever an address is set into any of A1 to A5 registers, the data at that memory location (address) is loaded into the corresponding X register.  Likewise, setting an address into one of A6 or A7 registers stores the data held in the corresponding X6 or X7 register to that memory location. However, A0 can be used to hold any address without affecting the contents of register X0.

CP instructions are written in a particularly user-friendly form: "SA1 A0+B1" denotes set address register A1 to the sum of address register A0 and index register B1.  The hardware then initiates a memory load from the computed address into register X1.

Peripheral processor (PP or PPU) instructions are completely different from CPU instructions. Peripheral processor hardware is simpler; it has an 18-bit A (accumulator register, a 12-bit Program Address register, a 12-bit Q register (not programmer-visible), and a 22-bit R register (used to accomplish address relocation during central memory read and write instructions on Cyber 180 systems). No special job validation was required to assemble peripheral processor programs, but to be executed, such programs were required to installed into the operating system via special system editing commands.

Further reading
 "Assembly Language Programming for the Control Data 6000 Series" by Ralph Grishman, Algorithmics Press, 1972.

References

External links
COMPASS for 24-bit systems CDC3100, 3200, 3300, and 3500
COMPASS for CDC3600 48-bit system
COMPASS for CDC6000 and 7000 60-bit systems
COMPASS version 3 for CDC CYBER systems

Assembly languages
Control Data Corporation mainframe software
Bachem Holding. Bachem Holding AG is a Swiss bio-technology company active in the fields of chemistry, biochemistry and pharmaceuticals. It specializes in the commercial production of peptides and complex organic compounds as active pharmaceutical ingredients, in the production of peptide-based biochemicals and in the development of manufacturing processes for these compounds. It was founded in 1971 and is a subsidiary of Ingro Finanz AG. The head office is in Bubendorf in the canton of Basel-Landschaft; there are production sites in Vionnaz in the canton of Valais, in the Californian cities of Vista and Torrance, and in Great Britain in St Helens near Liverpool, with a sales and distribution site in Tokyo. At the end of 2017, it had 1057 employees, revenue of CHF 261.6 million, and net income of CHF 41.8 million.

History 

In 2013 the company entered an agreement with GlyTech Inc. to cooperate on the production of  glycosylated proteins and peptides.

In 2015 it bought American Peptide, a bio-technology company in Sunnyvale, California.

References

External links

Biotechnology companies established in 1971
Biotechnology companies of Switzerland
Companies listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange
Companies based in Basel-Landschaft
Phillip Hagar Smith. Phillip Hagar Smith (April 29, 1905 – August 29, 1987) was an American electrical engineer, who became famous for his invention of the Smith chart.

Smith was born in Lexington, Massachusetts in 1905, and graduated from Tufts College in 1928 with a BS degree in electrical engineering. While working for Bell Telephone Laboratories, he invented his eponymous Smith chart (which was also invented independently in 1937 by Tōsaku Mizuhashi () and in 1939 by  ()).

When asked why he invented the chart, Smith explained, "From the time I could operate a slide rule, I've been interested in graphical representations of mathematical relationships." In 1969 he published the book Electronic Applications of the Smith Chart: In Waveguide, Circuit, and Component Analysis, a comprehensive work on the subject. He retired from Bell Labs in 1970. He was elected a fellow of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1952.

Although best known for his Smith chart, he made important contributions in a variety of fields, including radar, FM, and antennas (including use of the Lüneburg lens).

The IEEE History Center conducted an interview with Smith in 1973, the edited transcript and audio clips from which are on the web.

Smith died in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey in 1987.

References

1905 births
1987 deaths
Scientists at Bell Labs
Tufts University School of Engineering alumni
20th-century American engineers
Lester Hogan. Clarence Lester Hogan (February 8, 1920 – August 12, 2008) was an American physicist and a pioneer in microwave and semiconductor technology.

He grew up as a brother to three sisters in Great Falls, Montana, where his father worked for the Great Northern Railway. After graduating from Montana State University with a degree in chemical engineering he joined the United States Navy in 1942. He did some work on acoustic torpedoes in Chesapeake Bay, and when being approached by Bell Laboratories, subsequently went to the Pacific theatre to train submarine crews in the use of that technology.

After the war he did post-graduate studies at Lehigh University and obtained a Ph.D. in physics. He then joined Bell Labs in 1950. A couple of months later he invented the Microwave Gyrator (a device which can simulate inductance by substituting an RC circuit, thus getting rid of awkward coil assemblies). He worked under Bill Shockley, inventor of the transistor and Nobel Prize laureate. From 1953 through 1958 he was a professor at Harvard University, when he was asked by Dan Noble to join Motorola Semiconductor in Phoenix, Arizona, as vice president and general manager of the semiconductor operation.

In 1968 he moved to Fairchild Camera & Instrument as Chairman and CEO, taking eight senior executives (nicknamed Hogan's Heroes) with him. This move caused Motorola to sue Fairchild (unsuccessfully) for theft of trade secrets.

In 1975 he received IEEE's "Frederik Philips Award". In 1978 he was honoured with the "AeA Medal of Achievement". In 1993 he received the "MTT-S Microwave Pioneer Award". In 1996, a chair at the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley was named in his honor, currently held by Shafi Goldwasser. On October 20, 1999, he was inducted as "Eminent Member" of Eta Kappa Nu, "the society’s highest membership classification, to be conferred upon those select few whose technical attainments and contributions to society through leadership in the field of electrical and computer engineering have resulted in significant benefits to humankind".

C. Lester Hogan died at the age of 88 due to complications of Alzheimer's disease at his home in Atherton, California.

References

External links
 Stanford University (Silicon Genesis Project) (Interview with Les Hogan – 1995)
 Stanford University (Silicon Genesis Project) (Interview with Les Hogan – 1995)
 SU (Silicon Genesis Project) ("An Oral History of Semiconductor Technology")
 Electronic Engineering Times ("The Hogan bombshell" – October 30, 1997)
 Smithsonian Chips ("Motorola vs Fairchild case files")
 AeA (Gala: "60th anniversary of the founding of AeA" – October 16, 2003)
 ΗΚΝ ("ΗΚΝ Eminent Members List")
 Biography - Clarence Lester Hogan, Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions, Jan 1958 Biography - Clarence Lester Hogan

1920 births
2008 deaths
People from Great Falls, Montana
Montana State University alumni
Lehigh University alumni
Harvard University faculty
20th-century American physicists
Deaths from dementia in California
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in California
20th-century American inventors
Dornier Do 13. The Dornier Do 13 was a short-lived 1930s German bomber design. It was the designation given to the aircraft resulting from attempts to improve on the Do 11. However, only a few were built, because the design changes caused serious problems, with many of the first flights ending in crashes. Another redesign ensued, resulting in the Do 23 and Do 13s under construction were converted to the Do 23 design.

Variants
Do 13c : Initial production version.
Do 13d : Improved version.

Specifications (Do 13C)

See also

References

 

Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Do 013
1930s German bomber aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Dornier Do 23. The Dornier Do 23 was a German medium bomber of the 1930s.

Design and development
The earlier Do 11 had exhibited several problems, so two initiatives were launched to address those shortcomings. The first resulted in the Do 13. The second effort was a more extensive rework which resulted in the Do 23. With additional landing flaps at the rear of the wings several of the handling problems were corrected, but crew and military equipment were analogous to the Do 11 and performance was still considered mediocre.

Between 1934 and 1935 282 Dornier Do 23s were built for the Luftwaffe of which 273 were assigned to the units. In 1936 the machines were replaced by the first versions of the Do 17 and were transferred to the training duties. During the war, some Do 23s were used as minesweepers, known as Minensuch — literally, "mine-search" aircraft in German — and fitted with a current-carrying degaussing ring under the airframe to create a magnetic field that triggered submerged naval mines. These aircraft were usually given an -"MS" suffix to designate them, as had been done with the similarly equipped Bv 138 MS or Ju 52MS aircraft.

Experiments with spraying devices to blow off chemical warfare agents were also carried out with Do 23 with some aircraft used to fight pests.

Variants
First aircraft received letters A, C, E and F which were designation of aircraft, not variants. The only production version was G.

Do 23A: Aircraft WNr.231, registered as D-2485.
Do 23C: Aircraft WNr.293, registered as D-AHYL.
Do 23E: Aircraft WNr.294, registered as D-AGIR.
Do 23F: Aircraft WNr.295, used for stress and vibration tests.
Do 23G: Production version, manufactured in the Dornier main plants in Wismar and Friedrichshafen. Henschel and Blohm & Voss were also involved in the production with 24 aircraft each.

Operators

Luftwaffe

Royal Hungarian Air Force

Specifications (Do 23G)

See also

References

 

Do 023
1930s German bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Lockheed WP-3D Orion. The Lockheed WP-3D Orion is a highly modified P-3 Orion used by the Aircraft Operations Center division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The aircraft are operated by officers of the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps. Only two of these aircraft exist, each incorporating numerous features for the role of collecting weather information. During the Atlantic hurricane season, the WP-3Ds are deployed for duty as hurricane hunters. The aircraft also support research on other topics, such as Arctic ice coverage, air chemistry studies, and ocean water temperature and current analysis.

Design
The WP-3Ds are equipped with three weather radars, C band radar in the nose and on the lower fuselage, and an X-band radar in the aircraft's tail. They are also equipped with the ability to deploy dropsondes into storm systems, and have onboard temperature sensors, and other meteorological equipment. While the aircraft are not specially strengthened for flying into hurricanes, their decks were reinforced to withstand the additional equipment load.

It has a barber's pole sampler (named for its red and white stripes) that protrude from the aircraft's front, a tail Doppler weather radar, and other unique-looking instruments hanging from the wing.

Operational history
NOAA currently operates two WP-3Ds nicknamed Miss Piggy and Kermit, and their logos feature the characters created by Jim Henson Productions. NOAA's other hurricane hunting aircraft, the Gulfstream IV-SP, is named Gonzo; they complement the fleet of WC-130 aircraft operated by the United States Air Force 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron. As of 2014, the two Orions had each flown more than 10,000 hours and flown into more than 80 hurricanes. In 2024, NOAA announced plans to replace these two aircraft with modified C-130Js, and they are scheduled to be retired by 2030.

Between 2015 and 2017, the aircraft received major overhauls, costing a total of $35 million. This work was performed by the United States Navy's Fleet Readiness Center Southeast in Jacksonville Florida. The work included new wings and engines and upgraded radars and avionics. NOAA anticipates that these changes will allow the aircraft to fly until between 2032 and 2037.

Specifications (WP-3D Orion)

See also

Notes

External links

 AOC description of the WP-3D
 Military Officer magazine article on the WP-3D

1970s United States special-purpose aircraft
P-003, W
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Four-engined turboprop aircraft
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
WP-3
Fokker XA-7. The Fokker XA-7 was a prototype attack aircraft ordered in December 1929, and first flown in January 1931 by Fokker and then General Aviation Corporation after it bought Fokker-America in 1930, and entered in a competition held by the United States Army.  However, the Curtiss A-8 won the competition, and A-7 development was not continued.

Design and development
The XA-7 was a two-seat low-wing all-metal monoplane design. It featured a thick cantilever wing, tunnel radiator and two closely spaced open cockpits.

Despite some innovative features, the XA-7 did not proceed past flight test status. After testing, the sole prototype was scrapped.

Specifications (Fokker XA-7)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes of the 20th Century, Third Enlarged Edition. New York: Doubleday, 1982. .

External links

 General Aviation (Fokker) XA-7

A-7
A-07, Fokker
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Fokker aircraft
Lockheed YP-24. The Lockheed-Detroit YP-24 was a 1930s prototype two-seat fighter aircraft produced by Detroit Lockheed. An attack version called the A-9 was also proposed. The YP-24 is most notable for being the first fighter aircraft to bear the Lockheed name.

Design and development
In 1930, Detroit Aircraft Corporation undertook a private venture to develop a new fighter ("pursuit aircraft" in contemporary terminology) for US Army Air Corps based on the successful Lockheed Altair transport plane. Designed by Robert J. Woods, the aircraft was completed in 1931 with Detroit Aircraft fabricating the metal fuselage and Lockheed providing the wooden wings, essentially identical to the Altair. Wright Field assigned the prototype the designation XP-900. Vance Breese was hired to be the chief test pilot for the project. The aircraft was purchased by USAAC in September 1931 and redesignated YP-24, serial number 32-320. Early testing was sufficiently impressive to generate an order for five Y1P-24 fighters and four Y1A-9 attack aircraft intended to replace the Berliner-Joyce P-16. The A-9 differed in having four forward-firing machine guns, underwing racks for bombs, and a V-1570-27 engine better low-altitude performance.

Operational history

On 19 October 1931, the sole aircraft crashed. The aircraft had a partially stuck landing gear, and Wright Field pilots painted messages on the side of their P-12D and O-25C aircraft, indicating to test pilot Lt. Harrison Crocker to bail out.

Shortly after, in October 1931, events in the Great Depression forced Detroit Aircraft into bankruptcy with Lockheed following suit in June 1932. Although Lockheed was resuscitated by a group of investors only five days after it closed doors, the financial hardships had taken their toll and the P-24/A-9 project was cancelled with no aircraft built beyond the original prototype. Four pre-production Y1P-24s, 32-321/324, were cancelled. However, after Robert Woods left Detroit Aircraft for Consolidated Aircraft, he continued to develop the YP-24/A-9 concept into the Consolidated Y1P-25/Y1A-11 which eventually entered service as the Consolidated P-30.

Specifications (YP-24)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Andrade, John M. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. . 
 Bowers, Peter M. and Enzo Angellucci. The American Fighter. New York: Orion Books, 1987. .
 Francillon, René J. Lockheed Aircraft Since 1913. London: Putnam, 1982. .
 Francillon, René J. Lockheed Aircraft Since 1913. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987. .
 Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft Since 1909. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Publications, 1989. .

External links

 USAF Museum page on P-24/A-9

Detroit Aircraft Corporation aircraft
Lockheed P-24
Lockheed P-24
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Stop bath. Stop bath is an acidic solution used for processing black-and-white photographic films, plates, and paper. It is used to neutralize the alkaline developer, thus halting development.

Stop bath is commonly a 2% dilution of acetic acid in water, though a 2.5% solution of potassium or sodium metabisulfite works just as well. Because organic developers only work in alkaline solutions, stop bath halts the development process almost immediately and provides precise control of development time. Neutralizing the alkalinity of basic developers also helps to preserve the strength of the fixer, making it last longer.

Stop bath accounts for the vinegar-like odor of the darkroom. In its concentrated form it can cause chemical burns, but is harmless when diluted to a working solution. Stop bath becomes exhausted when carried over developer causes the solution to become alkaline. For indicator stop baths, which changes color to indicate when the bath is exhausted and no longer effective, a pH indicator dye like bromocresol purple is used. Low-odor stop baths use citric acid or sodium bisulfite in place of acetic acid.

References

Sources

Photographic processes
DSD. DSD may refer to:

Medical
 Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, disorder of urination
 Disorders of sex development, differences of sex differentiation

Technology
 Data structure diagram of a data model
 Direct Stream Digital, Sony and Philips digital recording trademark
 Document Structure Description, a schema language for describing valid XML

Organizations
 Defence Signals Directorate, an Australian intelligence agency
 Department for Social Development
 Det Stavangerske Dampskibsselskap, a Norwegian transport and shipping company
 Drainage Services Department, Hong Kong
 Davis School District, Utah
 Delaware School for the Deaf

Government
 United States District Court for the District of South Dakota, abbreviation in case decisions
 Downing Street Declaration, by UK PM and Irish Taoiseach
 New Zealand Distinguished Service Decoration, a medal awarded by the New Zealand Defence Force

Media
 Do Something Different, a British CBBC television show

Other uses
 Deutsches Sprachdiplom (German Language Diploma), of the German Academic Exchange Service
 Discover Scuba Diving program
 Driver's Safety Device, or dead man's switch
 Raindrop size distribution in rain, snow, etc...
 Dsd, the Köppen climate classification for an extremely rare subarctic climate variant with dry summers and extreme winters
Aleksey Tupolev. Aleksey Andreevich Tupolev (; 20 May 1925 – 12 May 2001) was a Soviet and later Russian aircraft designer who led the development of the first supersonic passenger jet, the Tupolev Tu-144. He also helped design the Buran space shuttle and the long-range heavy bomber Tu-2000, both of which were suspended for lack of funding.

Biography 
Aleksey Andreevich Tupolev was born on 20 May 1925 in Moscow. He was the son of the famed Soviet aircraft pioneer Andrei Tupolev.

Aleksey worked at the Tupolev Design Bureau in 1942–1949 as a factory designer. He graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1949. 

During Soviet leader Khrushchev's visit to the U.S. in September 1959, he insisted on taking Tu-114 despite that its maiden long-distance flight only occurred in May. In order to guarantee the safety, Aleksey Tupolev was sent by his father Andrei, along as a sign of his confidence in the plane. Khrushchev later said, "We didn't publicize the fact that Tupolev's son was with us" for "to do so would have meant giving explanations, and these might have been damaging to our image". 

His son, Andrey Alekseevich Tupolev, was born in 1961.

Aleksey became chief designer of the Tupolev Design Bureau in 1963 and general designer in 1973.

Aleksey Tupolev died on 12 May 2001. He was buried in Moscow.

Projects 

 Tupolev Tu-134  is a twin-engined, jet airliner built in the Soviet Union for short and medium-haul routes from 1966 to 1989.
 Tupolev Tu-144 is a Soviet supersonic passenger airliner.
 Tupolev Tu-154 is a three-engined, medium-range, airliner designed in the mid-1960s.
 Tupolev Tu-160  is a supersonic heavy strategic bomber.
 Tupolev Tu-204 is a twin-engined medium-range narrow-body jet airliner.
 "Buran" was the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme.
 Tupolev Tu-123 Yastreb  was one of the earliest Soviet reconnaissance drones.
 Tupolev Tu-142 is a Soviet/Russian maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft.

References

Tupolev
1925 births
2001 deaths
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Moscow Aviation Institute alumni
Soviet aerospace engineers
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Soviet inventors
Russian scientists