omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Semantic analytics. Semantic analytics, also termed semantic relatedness, is the use of ontologies to analyze content in web resources. This field of research combines text analytics and Semantic Web technologies like RDF. Semantic analytics measures the relatedness of different ontological concepts.

Some academic research groups that have active project in this area include Kno.e.sis Center at Wright State University among others.

History
An important milestone in the beginning of semantic analytics occurred in 1996, although the historical progression of these algorithms is largely subjective. In his seminal study publication, Philip Resnik established that computers have the capacity to emulate human judgement. Spanning the publications of multiple journals, improvements to the accuracy of general semantic analytic computations all claimed to revolutionize the field. However, the lack of a standard terminology throughout the late 1990s was the cause of much miscommunication. This prompted Budanitsky & Hirst to standardize the subject in 2006 with a summary that also set a framework for modern spelling and grammar analysis.

In the early days of semantic analytics, obtaining a large enough reliable knowledge bases was difficult. In 2006, Strube & Ponzetto demonstrated that Wikipedia could be used in semantic analytic calculations. The usage of a large knowledge base like Wikipedia allows for an increase in both the accuracy and applicability of semantic analytics.

Methods
Given the subjective nature of the field, different methods used in semantic analytics depend on the domain of application. No singular methods is considered correct, however one of the most generally effective and applicable method is explicit semantic analysis (ESA). ESA was developed by Evgeniy Gabrilovich and Shaul Markovitch in the late 2000s. It uses machine learning techniques to create a semantic interpreter, which extracts text fragments from articles into a sorted list. The fragments are sorted by how related they are to the surrounding text.

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is another common method that does not use ontologies, only considering the text in the input space.

Applications
 Entity linking
 Ontology building / knowledge base population
 Search and query tasks
 Natural language processing
 Spoken dialog systems (e.g., Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, Microsoft's Cortana)
 Artificial intelligence
 Knowledge management

The application of semantic analysis methods generally streamlines organizational processes of any knowledge management system. Academic libraries often use a domain-specific application to create a more efficient organizational system. By classifying scientific publications using semantics and Wikipedia, researchers are helping people find resources faster. Search engines like Semantic Scholar provide organized access to millions of articles.

See also
Relationship extraction
Semantic similarity
Text analytics

References

External links 
 Semantic Scholar

Natural language processing
Semantic Web
George W. Littlehales. George Washington Littlehales (October 14, 1860, in Pottsville, Pennsylvania – August 12, 1943) was an American oceanographer and civil engineer, known for his work with the United States Hydrographic Office.

Biography
Littlehales graduated from the United States Naval Academy on June 9, 1883, but resigned from the Navy two years later to join the United States Hydrographic Office, with which he was associated until his retirement. There he served as Chief of the Division of Chart Construction and Chief of the Research  Division, and contributed to the design of the non-magnetic ship Carnegie.

He compiled many publications in navigation, terrestrial magnetism, and oceanography, and served as chairman of the Section of Physical Oceanography, American Geophysical Union, and as vice president of the Section of Oceanography, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.

Littlehales was a member of the Philosophical Society of Washington (and its president during 1905), the American Society of Naval Engineers, and the Washington Academy of Sciences.

From 1919 until retirement, Littlehales represented the United States at numerous hydrographic congresses and councils throughout the world.

Death
Littlehales died on August 12, 1943, in Washington, D.C.

Namesakes
Three U.S. Navy hydrographic survey ships have been named in his honor. The most recent was USNS Littlehales (T-AGS-52) serving 1992–2003 before being transferred to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and renamed.

References

External links
 

1860 births
1943 deaths
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Academy alumni
People from Pottsville, Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
American oceanographers
Hisam-ud-din Usta. Hisam-ud-din Usta (1910–1987) was a popular artist born in the erstwhile Bikaner State (present-day Rajasthan, India). Hisam-ud-din was the last formally trained painter in the Bikaner School style/tradition and became a celebrated artisan in the media of Naqqashi and Manoti. Manoti is an embossed medium where gold is layered with painted floral patterns using translucent and opaque oil and watercolours on bronze, wood, gold, silver, plaster of paris, and camel leather. Naqqashi has the same methods as Manoti in its application but the gold is unembossed. These media are proprietary methods practiced only by Usta artisans of Bikaner.

Awards and recognition
Hisam-ud-din received the National Award of master craftsperson in 1967, and was a recipient of the Padma Shri award in 1986, the highest honour given to an Indian artist by the President of India.

Death
Hisam-ud-din Usta died in Bikaner city in 1987.

See also 
Usta art

References

External links 

People from Bikaner
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
20th-century Indian Muslims
Indian artisans
1910 births
1987 deaths
New energy. New energy may refer to:

 Alternative energy, any energy source other than fossil fuels, which include:
 Renewable energy, energy from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, surface water, tides, wind waves and geothermal heat
 Nuclear power, the atomic energy harvested from the decay, fission or fusion of elemental atoms
Perpetual motion or "free energy", an elusive energy source which would violate the laws of thermodynamics

Art, entertainment, and media
New Energy, an album by British musician Four Tet

Businesses and organizations
 Icelandic New Energy, Iceland energy company promoting hydrogen fuel
 Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, China
 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan
Hayes similitude principle. The Hayes similitude principle enabled aerodynamicists to take the results of one series of tests or calculations and apply them to the design of an entire family of similar configurations where neither tests nor detailed calculations are available.

The similitude principle was developed by Wallace D. Hayes, a pioneer in hypersonic flow, which is considered to begin at about five times the speed of sound, or Mach 5, and is described in his classic book Hypersonic Flow Theory co-written with Ronald Probstein and first published in 1959.

The behavior of the physical processes in actual problems is affected by so many physical quantities that a complete mathematical description thereof is usually very difficult and sometimes practically impossible due to the complicated nature of the phenomena. We know from experience that if two systems are geometrically similar there usually exists some kind of similarity under certain conditions, such as kinematic similarity, dynamic similarity, thermal similarity, and similarity  of concentration distribution, and that if similarity conditions are satisfied we can greatly reduce the number of independent variables required to describe the behavior of the process. In this way, we can systematically understand. describe, and even predict the behavior of physical processes in real problems in a relatively simple manner. This principle is known as principle of similitude. Dimensional analysis is a method of deducing logical groupings of the variables, through which we can describe similarity criteria of the processes.

Physical quantities such as length [L], mass [M], time [T],  and temperature are dimensional quantities and the magnitude of each quantity can be described by multiples of the unit of each dimension namely m, kg, s, and K, respectively. Through experience, we can select a certain number of fundamental dimensions, such as those mentioned above, and express all other dimensional quantities in terms of products of powers of these fundamental dimensions. Furthermore, in describing the behavior of physical processes, we know that there is an implicit principle that we cannot add or subtract physical quantities of different dimensions. This means that the equations governing physical processes must be dimensionally consistent and each term of the equation must have the same dimensions. This principle is known as the principle of dimensional homogeneity.
(courtesy: Book: Mass transfer : from fundamentals to modern industrial applications, Publisher: Weinheim : WILEY-VCH, 2006.

References

External links
 Wallace Hayes, Pioneer of Supersonic Flight, Princeton University obituary
 Wallace Hayes, 82, Aeronautics Expert, Dies, The New York Times obituary
 Wallace D. Hayes Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, Volume 1, pp. 151–156.

Aerodynamics
Penetrator (video game). Penetrator is a 1982 ZX Spectrum video game made by Melbourne House programmers Philip Mitchell and Veronika Megler. The game is a  clone of Konami's 1981 Scramble arcade game. Penetrator was ported to the TRS-80 and Commodore 64.

Gameplay

In Penetrator, the player flies a ship which can shoot forward and drop bombs. Levels scroll from right to left, with a line representing the ground. The first level is in open air, with just mountains to dodge, missiles which try to hit the ship, and animated radars. From the second level onward, the game is inside increasingly complex caverns, so the ceiling is also a danger, as well as new enemies. The missiles are now sometimes replaced with skulls that can move up and down, blocking the path.

The levels flow seamlessly into each other, signified by screen colour changes. After four levels there is a short fifth level where a base needs to be destroyed by dropping a bomb precisely, and then there is a firework animation as a reward. After all levels are finished, the ship goes back through reversed levels. The ultimate level results in a seemingly impassible landscape, however due to a bug if the player accelerates into it, they can get through but the game crashes shortly after.

In addition to the single-player game, there's an alternating two player mode, and a training mode with unlimited lives and access to any of the levels, plus a level editor.

Reception
The Computer Gamer review of the Commodore 64 version in highlighted the versatility of the level editor. 

BYTE praised the graphics of the TRS-80 version of Penetrator and described the game as "eminently playable".

In a summary of game genres, Computer and Video Games chose Penetrator as an exemplary Spectrum Scramble-type game, noting the responsive controls and their "thoughtful" layout on the keyboard. One criticism was the slow pace of the title screen: the player is presented with a fireworks display and slowly-drawn title before play can proceed.

References

External links
 Penetrator at World of Spectrum
 Unofficial Apple II and Commander X16 ports

1982 video games
Commodore 64 games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
TRS-80 games
Video game clones
Video games developed in Australia
ZX Spectrum games
Daihatsu UFE-III. The UFE-III (Ultra Fuel Economy-third generation) is a mini-hybrid concept car being developed by Daihatsu.  The vehicle can transport three people (one driver, and two passengers in the rear).  The hybrid system comprises a 660-cubic centimeter direct-injection gasoline engine, two motors, and a nickel–metal hydride battery.  Daihatsu estimates the UFE-III's fuel economy at .  The body is in polymer and ultra-light aluminum with a canopy door and pointed LED headlamps.  The UFE-III has an aerodynamic  drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.168 and is controlled by steer-by-wire technology.  Third generation of the "Ultra Fuel Economy" UFE, it was first shown in October 2005 at the Tokyo Motor Show.

References

External links

 
 

Electric vehicles
Hybrid electric cars
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Kei cars
Hatchbacks
Cars introduced in 2005

UFE-III
Hexafluoroethane (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on Hexafluoroethane.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as SIRI, and follow its directions.
MSDS at Airgas
MSDS at Mathesontrigas
MSDS at Air Liquide

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

References

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Khuga Dam. Khuga Dam impounds the Khuga River south of Churachandpur town (Manipur), India. The multipurpose project supplies electricity and water. It was started in 1983 and resumed in 2002 after being at a standstill for a period of time. The work is nearing its completion and the structure was scheduled to be commissioned during 2007. On
12 November 2010 Sonia Gandhi inaugurated the dam and dedicated it to the nation.

Description

 Height:        38 meters
 Width:         230 meters
 Cost estimate: INR 2.5 billion

Implementing companies:
 NPCC for earthen dam, spillways and canal
 R M Sinha & Co for power house and water supply

Present Status:
 Although the project has been inaugurated in 2010 by Smt. Sonia Gandhi, the irrigation canal is functional up to a few kilometres downstream, and the remaining part remains dry. 
 The proposed hydroelectricity generation from the project never materialise. As of today not a single unit of electricity is generated from the dam. Paradoxically, no power house for generating electricity existed till today i.e. 17 March 2021 and may never be.

References 

 "Khuga completion still a long way off",  The Imphal Free Press 1 May 2006
 "CM looks to June for Khuga dam completion", The Sangai Express 21 April 2007
 "Khuga Dam photo gallery" http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=gallery_popup&gid=144
 "R.M Sinha & Co" http://www.rmsinha.com
 "Aerial view of Khuga dam" http://wikimapia.org/1445648/
 "Khuga Head Works Division, IFCD Deptt. Manipur Khuga Multipurpose Project, Khuga Canal Divn No. II" https://web.archive.org/web/20071006170726/http://ccpur.nic.in/IFCD_khuga.htm

Churachandpur district
Hydroelectric power stations in Manipur
Dams in Manipur
2010 establishments in Manipur
Dams completed in 2010
Ingo Rechenberg. Ingo Rechenberg (20 November 1934 – 25 September 2021) was a German researcher and professor in the field of bionics. Rechenberg was a pioneer of the fields of evolutionary computation and artificial evolution.   In the 1960s and 1970s he invented a highly influential set of optimization methods known as evolution strategies (from German Evolutionsstrategie). His group successfully applied the new algorithms to challenging problems such as aerodynamic wing design. These were the first serious technical applications of artificial evolution, an important subset of the still growing field of bionics.

Rechenberg was born in Berlin. He was educated at Technische Universität Berlin and at the University of Cambridge. Since 1972 he was a full professor at TU Berlin, where he headed the Department of Bionics and Evolution Techniques.

His awards include the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Evolutionary Programming Society (US, 1995) and the Evolutionary Computation Pioneer Award of the IEEE Neural Networks Society (US, 2002). In 1954, Rechenberg also became world champion in the field of model aeroplanes.

The Moroccan flic-flac spider, Cebrennus rechenbergi, was named in his honor, as he first collected specimens in the Moroccan desert.

Rechenberg died on 25 September 2021, at the age of 86.

Selected bibliography 
 Ingo Rechenberg (1971): Evolutionsstrategie - Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution (PhD thesis). Reprinted by Fromman-Holzboog (1973).
 Ingo Rechenberg: Evolutionsstrategie '94. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog 1994.

References

External links 
Rechenberg's Bionic's Lab in Berlin (in German) and in English

1934 births
2021 deaths
German computer scientists
Scientists from Berlin
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
DVD X Copy. DVD X Copy is a consumer software program that enabled novice computer users to copy any DVD movie to any blank DVD.  Most commercial DVD movies include Content Scrambling System (CSS), a copy-protection technology designed to prevent DVD movies from being copied.  This controversial DVD copy software program included technology that decrypts the CSS copy protection mechanism on DVD movie discs. DVD X Copy products are still being sold on the DVD X Copy website, although it was previously believed to be no longer sold or supported.

This DVD copy software program was created by 321 Studios.  The DVDXCopy product line included DVD X Copy, DVD X Copy Xpress, DVD X Copy Gold and DVD X Copy Platinum.  DVD X Copy Xpress enabled consumers to make a perfect "1Click DVD copy" of any DVD movie in under 30 minutes.  The product upgrade path to the premium priced DVD X Copy Platinum provided advanced features that give users increased control over the DVD backup process.  The highly popular DVD X Copy line of products were sold through major North American and International retailers and online via the official website.

Legal battle
Anticipating a lawsuit by the major Hollywood motion picture studios, in April 2002, 321 Studios filed a pre-emptive complaint against eight Hollywood studios contending that the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), a law that prohibits the circumvention of copy protection technology, violates consumer rights as provided in the Fair Use doctrine of the Copyright Act of 1976.  The Fair Use doctrine provides individuals with limited rights to copy certain forms of copyrighted material.  The complaint named MGM Studios, Tristar Pictures, Columbia Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Time Warner Entertainment, Disney Enterprises, Inc., Universal City Studios, The Saul Zaentz Company and Pixar as defendants.

In May 2003 seven of the Hollywood studios including MGM Studios, Tristar Pictures, Columbia Pictures, Time Warner Entertainment, Disney, Universal City Studios and The Saul Zaentz Company countersued 321 Studios by filing a series of claims alleging that the DVD X Copy products violated the DMCA.  

On February 23, 2004, Judge Susan Illston of the Northern District Federal Court for California ruled that 321 Studios' products violated copyright law and ordered an injunction that prohibited the sale of DVD X Copy products in the United States within seven days of the injunction.  321 Studios proceeded to remove all products from the US retail channel and from the http://www.dvdxcopy.com website.  The ruling caused 321 Studios to shut down with the company finally ceasing operations in August 2004.

See also
 DVD ripper type of software with similar feature
 AnyDVD
 DVD-Cloner

External links
 PC Mag article on DVD X Copy

DVD
DVD rippers
United States Internet case law
Chim-Nir Aviation. Chim-Nir Aviation was an airline based in Herzliya Airport, Israel.  It was Israel’s leading Aircraft operator of specialized flying services and the private helicopter services.

Fleet

The Chim-Nir Aviation fleet consisted of the following aircraft (as of May 2007):

 1 Bell 206 (1+4)
 1 Bell 206 L (1+6)
 1 Bell 407 (1+6)
 2 Twin-Star AS 355 F2 (1+5)
 1 MBB BO-105 (1+4)
 2 El Tomcat Mk.V (Version of Bell 47) for aerial application
 1 Cessna Citation S 550 Jet
 1 Piper Cheyenne III PA-42
 1 Beechcraft King Air C-90
 2 Piper PA-18
 2 Piper Pawnee PA-36
 2 Piper Cherokee PA-32
 8 Ayres Turbo Thrush S-2R 34

References

External links
Chim-Nir Aviation

Defunct airlines of Israel
Airlines established in 1991
Airlines disestablished in 2019
Companies disestablished in 2019
Concrete landscape curbing. Concrete landscape curbing (or concrete landscape bordering) is an alternative to plastic or metal landscape edging.  Landscape curbing is made with various elements of concrete depending on the climate where it is being used. Concrete landscape curbing has become more popular over the last decade with suppliers offering a variety of styling options.

Concrete landscape curbing or 'Stamped Concrete Edging' has been installed in every climate in the United States and throughout the world. It is usually installed using a specialized equipment that is expensive and takes a skilled and experienced person to operate.  The equipment most often utilized in landscape curbing is based on a design that originated in Australia around the 1970s.

Due to the need of professional installation, concrete landscape curbing is usually utilized as a complete system to create a permanent border.

Concrete landscape curbing can be used to highlight and emphasize a flowerbed or other landscaping area. Various colors and styles are available and the final look achieved will vary from installer to installer based on their level of training and experience. A lawn mower wheel can be run on the curbing which helps eliminate the need for edging where a curb is installed. Because of its weight and depth in the ground, the concrete landscape curbing border acts as a root barrier, and is more elegant looking and will last for years.

Paving
Concrete curbing can contain decomposed granite, pavers, brick, mulch, and other pavement and walking surfaces for paths, walkways, driveways, and other outdoor circulation.

References

Concrete
Lawn care
Garden features
Masonry