omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Phenylpropiolic acid. Phenylpropiolic acid, C6H5CCCO2H, formed by the action of alcoholic potash on cinnamic acid dibromide, C6H5CHBrCHBrCO2H, crystallizes in long needles or prisms which melt at 136–137 °C. When heated with water to 120 °C, it yields phenylacetylene (C6H5CCH). Chromic acid oxidizes it to benzoic acid; zinc and acetic acid reduce it to cinnamic acid, C6H5CH=CHCO2H, whilst sodium amalgam reduces it to hydrocinnamic acid, C6H5CH2CH2CO2H. Ortho-nitrophenylpropiolic acid, NO2C6H4CCCO2H, prepared by the action of alcoholic potash on ortho-nitrocinnamic acid dibromide, crystallizes in needles which decompose when heated to 155–156 °C. It is readily converted into indigo.

References

Phenyl compounds
Alkyne derivatives
Carboxylic acids
Spectrum S-33 Independence. The Spectrum S-33 Independence is a very light jet designed and built by Spectrum Aeronautical using a carbon fiber construction process that makes the airplane weigh about two-thirds as much as a comparably sized aluminum-frame airplane.

The aircraft is designed to cruise at 45,000 ft. at speeds up to 415 knots (Mach 0.72) and fly as far as 2000 nm (3700 km) while using about half the fuel of comparably sized aluminum-framed business aircraft. FAA and JAA Type Certifications of the S-33 Independence were expected to be completed in 2009, but were not. The company has provided no press releases to explain the long delay in gaining certification.

The aircraft is reported to be able to accommodate 5–6 passenger seats, a full-sized private lavatory, and will have a maximum take-off weight of 7,300 lb., with a range of over 2,000 miles.

The retail sales price of the aircraft, which is equipped with Williams FJ-33 engines is supposed to be US-$3.95 million. The aircraft is to be released about 12 months after the bigger S-40 "Freedom". In May 2011 Spectrum president Austin Blue said, "We are still trying to get the programs advancing, but it is not easy".

Accident
The only completed S-33, registration N322LA, crashed in a test flight on July 25, 2006 in Spanish Fork, Utah, killing the two test pilots aboard, Glenn Maben and Nathan Forrest. The aircraft rolled right immediately after takeoff, reaching a 90-degree angle before the wingtip struck the ground. The preliminary NTSB report revealed that the control linkage had been connected backward during maintenance after the previous flight, resulting in opposite control output (a left roll input on the control stick resulting in the aircraft rolling right).

Specifications

See also
 Spectrum S-40 Freedom

References

External links
 Spectrum Aeronautical

S-33
2000s United States business aircraft
Very light jets
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 2006
Ontario Clean Water Agency. The Ontario Clean Water Agency (OCWA) is a Crown agency of the Government of Ontario that provides operation, maintenance and management services for more than 450 water and wastewater treatment facilities  in the province.

History

OCWA was created in 1993 by the NDP government of Premier Bob Rae under the Ontario Capital Investment Plan Act and initially took over provincial ownership of 153 water-treatment plants and 77 sewage-treatment facilities. It also operated 116 municipally owned water and sewage facilities.

By 1996, it had 800 employees and held contracts to operate 429 facilities in the province, comprising 25 per cent of Ontario's water-treatment plants and 57 per cent of the wastewater-treatment plants. In October of that year, the Progressive Conservative government under Premier Mike Harris, which came to power in 1995, announced its plans to turn ownership of the facilities over to the municipalities and privatize OCWA as an environmental consulting firm.

Ownership of the facilities was transferred to the municipalities, but OCWA was not sold. It was transformed into a management services organization and in 1998 won what was then Canada's largest water and wastewater operations and maintenance contract—a 10-year, $213 million deal to operate the South Peel system. By 2000, OCWA operated and maintained more than 300 municipally-owned water and sewage treatment facilities on behalf of about 200 Ontario municipalities.

Walkerton tragedy

In May 2000, an outbreak of E. coli contamination occurred in the water system of Walkerton, Ontario. In the aftermath of the disaster and the ensuing reforms to water treatment, the OCWA was put in charge of the cleanup of the water supply system of the town. This included a complete flushing of all the pipes in Walkerton, including those located in every building in the town.

See also 
Water supply and sanitation in Canada

Footnotes

External links
Ontario Clean Water Agency

Crown corporations of Ontario
Ontario government departments and agencies
Water supply and sanitation in Canada
Health in Ontario
Food and drink in Ontario
Magnalium. Magnalium is an aluminium alloy with 50% magnesium and 50% aluminum.

Properties
Alloys with small amounts of magnesium (about 5%) exhibit greater strength, greater corrosion resistance, and lower density than pure aluminium. Such alloys are also more workable and easier to weld than pure aluminum. Alloys with high amounts of magnesium (around 50%) are brittle and more susceptible to corrosion than aluminum.

Uses
Although they are generally more expensive than aluminium, the high strength, low density, and greater workability of alloys with low amounts of magnesium leads to their use in aircraft and automobile parts.  It is also used for making balance beams and other components of light instruments.

Pyrotechnics
Alloys; which are generally not true alloys but intermetallic compounds;  with about 50% magnesium are brittle and corrode easily, which makes them unsuitable for most engineering uses. 

These compounds are flammable when powdered, are more resistant to corrosion than pure magnesium, and are generally more reactive than pure aluminium; they are used in pyrotechnics as a metal fuel for colored flames, to produce sparks in some glitter and streamer stars, and as a more consistent replacement for separate magnesium and aluminum powders in crackling microstars (dragon eggs).  Magnalium powder also burns with a crackling sound if burnt by itself.  

It is somewhat less reactive than magnesium in most cases, showing no reaction with sulfur in particular, but is nearly as reactive as magnesium with antimony trisulfide (producing the extremely poisonous and flammable Hydrogen sulfide gas) and more dangerously reactive with  nitrates, slowly reacting to produce ammonia gas where magnesium only reacts slowly to produce inert products.

In some cases the normally faster-reacting magnesium component of magnalium serves to slow down a reaction due to its higher reactivity in a composition.  This occurs in dragon eggs, where slower oxidation of magnesium by Lead tetraoxide () allows time for the formed Lead monoxide () gas to build up without reacting with the aluminum portion, so when the magnesium is finally consumed the aluminum reaction occurs rapidly enough to produce an explosion.  If too much magnesium is present in the alloy (or added to the mix), it will burn continuously but not produce the desired effect. Similarly too little magnesium will prevent enough  vapor from building up to react rapidly and the aluminum will simply burn.

See also 

 Magnesium alloy
 Birmabright

References

External links
 Making Magnalium
 http://www.thegreenman.me.uk/pro/magnalium.html

Aluminium–magnesium alloys
Aluminium alloys
Magnesium alloys
Pyrotechnic fuels
EM2. The term EM2 may refer to :

Science and technology
 Energy Multiplier Module, a nuclear fission reactor under development by General Atomics
 Exploration Mission-2, a previous name of Artemis 2, a planned mission for NASA's Orion spacecraft
 Expression Media 2, Microsoft digital asset management software, a precursor of Phase One Media Pro
 Haplogroup E-M2, an African haplogroup in human DNA
 EM2, a designation for a vacuum tube, of Magic Eye type

Transport
 British Rail Class 77, or Class EM2, an electric locomotive used on the Woodhead electrified railway line
 Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia, abbreviated EM2, a commercial aircraft manufactured in Brazil
 Elias EM-2, a 1920s US military biplane
 Freightliner eM2, an all-electric medium-duty cube truck
 EM2, chassis code for a 2001–2005 Honda Civic coupe
 EM-2, a model of farm tractor by the Greek company Malkotsis

Other
 EM-2 rifle, an experimental British assault rifle
 Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two, a video game
 EM2, or Electrician's Mate 2nd Class, an enlisted rate in the US Navy and US Coast Guard
 EM2, a category for streaming pupils formerly used in education in Singapore
Blanc chloromethylation. The Blanc chloromethylation (also called the Blanc reaction) is the chemical reaction of aromatic rings with formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride to form chloromethyl arenes.  The reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids such as zinc chloride.  The reaction was discovered by Gustave Louis Blanc (1872-1927) in 1923.

Mechanism and scope
The reaction is carried out under acidic conditions and with a ZnCl2 catalyst. These conditions protonate the formaldehyde carbonyl making the carbon much more electrophilic. The aldehyde is then attacked by the aromatic pi-electrons, followed by rearomatization of the aromatic ring. The benzyl alcohol thus formed is quickly converted to the chloride under the reaction conditions.

Other possibilities for the electrophile include (chloromethyl)oxonium cation (ClH2C–OH2+) or chlorocarbenium cation (ClCH2+), which may be formed in the presence of zinc chloride. These species may account for the fact that moderately and strongly deactivated substrates that are inert to Friedel-Crafts reactions like acetophenone, nitrobenzene and p-chloronitrobenzene do show marginal reactivity of limited synthetic utility under chloromethylation conditions. Deactivated substrates give better results under modified chloromethylation conditions using chloromethyl methyl ether (MOMCl) in the presence of 60% H2SO4.

Highly activated arenes like phenols and anilines are not suitable substrates, since they undergo further electrophilic attack by Friedel-Crafts alkylation with the formed benzylic alcohol/chloride in an uncontrolled manner. In general, the formation of diarylmethane side product is a common outcome.

Although the reaction is an efficient means of introducing a chloromethyl group, the production of small amounts of highly carcinogenic bis(chloromethyl) ether is a disadvantage for industrial applications.

The corresponding fluoromethylation, bromomethylation and iodomethylation reactions can also be achieved, using the appropriate hydrohalic acid.

Related chloromethylations
Chloromethylation of thiols can be effected with concentrated HCl and formaldehyde:
ArSH + CH2O + HCl → ArSCH2Cl + H2O

Chloromethylation can also be effected using chloromethyl methyl ether:
ArH + CH3OCH2Cl → ArCH2Cl + CH3OH 
This reaction is employed in the chloromethylation of styrene in the production of ion-exchange resins and Merrifield resins.

Additional reading

Safety
The reaction is performed with care as, like most chloromethylation reactions, it produces highly carcinogenic bis(chloromethyl) ether as a by-product.

See also
Friedel-Crafts alkylation
Quelet reaction
Bouveault–Blanc reduction

References

Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Name reactions
Substitution reactions
Ken Coar. Ken Coar (born 1960) is an American software developer known for his participation in the creation of The Apache Software Foundation.

Open source
Coar has been active in open software projects, and lectures internationally about open development methodologies and distributed collaboration. He is co-author with David R. Robinson of RFC 3875, the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) specification.

Apache Software Foundation

Coar is a founder of The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) and was a Director on its board from its incorporation in 1999 through June 2007.  He is also the primary contributor to the Apache Pulse project, which provides  daily analyses of all of the Apache mailing lists. Coar was responsible for the ApacheCon shows, held in North America and Europe since 2000. He was the initial chair of the Apache Commons project and helped in the creation of the Apache Incubator project.

Publications
Coar is the author of the books Apache Server for Dummies, Apache Server Unleashed, and Apache Cookbook, and has written articles for a number of publications including Linux Magazine, ACM Queue, Linux Today, PHPBuilder, EnterpriseIT Planet, and Apache Today.

See also
 Apache Software Foundation
 Open Source Initiative
 PHP

References

American bloggers
American computer programmers
Free software programmers
Linux people
Living people
Members of the Open Source Initiative board of directors
1960 births
Don Towsley (computer scientist). Donald Fred Towsley (born 1949) is an American computer scientist who has been a 
distinguished university professor in the College of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

His research interests include network measurement, modeling, and analysis. Towsley currently serves as editor-in-chief of the IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking and on the editorial boards of Journal of the ACM and IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications. He is currently the chair of the IFIP Working Group 7.3 on computer performance measurement, modeling, and analysis. He has also served on numerous editorial boards, including those of IEEE Transactions on Communications and Performance Evaluation. He has been active in the program committees for numerous conferences, including IEEE Infocom, ACM SIGCOMM, ACM SIGMETRICS, and IFIP Performance conferences for many years, and has served as technical program co-chair for ACM SIGMETRICS and Performance conferences. He has received the 2008 ACM SIGCOMM Award, the 2007 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award, the 2007 ACM SIGMETRICS Achievement Award, the 1999 IEEE Communications Society William Bennett Award, and several conference/workshop best paper awards. He is also the recipient of the University of Massachusetts Chancellor's Medal and the Outstanding Research Award from the College of Natural Science and Mathematics at the University of Massachusetts. He is one of the founders of the Computer Performance Foundation.

References

American computer scientists
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Living people
Fellows of the IEEE
1949 births
Heat wave (disambiguation). A heat wave is a prolonged period of unusually hot weather.

Heat Wave or heatwave  may refer to:

Fictional characters
 Heat Wave (comics), a fictional supervillain from the DC universe
 Heatwave (Transformers), a fictional character in the Transformers universe

Films
 Heat Wave (1935 film), a British comedy
 The House Across the Lake, a 1954 film released as Heat Wave in the US
 Heatwave!, a 1974 film with Ben Murphy and Bonnie Bedelia
 Heatwave (film), a 1982 Australian film directed by Phillip Noyce
 Heatwave (2022 film), directed by Ernie Barbarash
 Heat Wave (1990 film), an American television film
 Heat Wave (2009 American film), a television film featuring Jamie Luner
 Heat Wave (2009 Canadian film), featuring Marie-Thérèse Fortin
 Heat Wave (2011 film), a French drama film
 Heat Wave (2015 film), a French film

Music

Groups
 Heatwave (band), an international funk/disco music band
 Heatwave (English band), a London-based band active between 1969 and 1972
 Heat Wave Drum and Bugle Corps, Tampa, Florida
The Heatwave, a dancehall sound system and production crew from London

Albums 
 Heat Wave (Ahmad Jamal album), 1966
 Heat Wave (Cal Tjader and Carmen McRae album), 1982
 Heat Wave (Martha and the Vandellas album), 1963
 Heat Wave (The Jazz Crusaders album), 1963 
 Heatwave (Univers Zero album), 1986
 Heatwave, a 2021 EP by A.C.T
 Heatwave (Bronze Avery album), 2024

Songs 
 "Heat Wave" (Alphabeat song), 2010
 "Heat Wave" (Irving Berlin song), 1933
 "Heat Wave" (Martha and the Vandellas song), a 1963 Holland–Dozier–Holland song recorded by Martha and the Vandellas, and later recorded by Linda Ronstadt and The Who
 "Heatwave" (Robin Schulz song), 2015, featuring Akon
 "Heatwave" (Wiley song), 2012
 "Heat Waves", a song by Glass Animals from the album Dreamland
 "Heat Wave", a song by Snail Mail from the album Lush
 "Heatwave", a song by the Blue Nile from the album A Walk Across the Rooftops
 "Heatwave", a song by Bronski Beat from the album The Age of Consent (album)
 "Heatwave", a song by Bronze Avery from the album Heatwave (Bronze Avery album)

Other arts, entertainment, and media
 Heat Wave (novel), a novel attributed to fictional character Richard Castle of the TV series Castle
 Heatwave (festival), a music festival held in 1980 at Mosport, Canada
 Heatwave (magazine), an anarchist magazine in the 1960s by Charles Radcliffe
 ECW Heat Wave, a pay-per-view event by the now-defunct Extreme Championship Wrestling

See also 
 Heat burst
 Heat haze, a type of mirage caused by refraction of light in hot air
 Wave of Heat, a 2010 album by Izzy Stradlin
Pyotr Mozharov. Pyotr Vladimirovich Mozharov (1888 – 1934) was a  Soviet engineer who is often referred to as the father of the Soviet Motorcycle Industry. He is most famous for his early work at IZH as well as the design of the NATI (PMZ)-A-750 motorcycle for the Red Army. Mokharov together with English designer Baugham independently developed the concept of driving the sidecar wheel in 1928.

References

Soviet engineers
1888 births
1934 deaths
Soviet inventors
Alcantara (material). Alcantara is the brand name of a synthetic textile with a soft, suede-like microfibre pile, noted for its durability. Alcantara was developed in the 1970s by Miyoshi Okamoto and initially manufactured by the Italian company Alcantara. The term has an Arabic root () and means "the bridge".

Alcantara is produced by combining an advanced spinning process (producing very low denier bicomponent "islands-in-the-sea" fiber) and chemical and textile production processes (needle punching, buffing, impregnation, extraction, finishing, dyeing, etc.) which interact with each other.

Alcantara is commonly seen in automotive applications, as a substitute for leather and vinyl in vehicle interior trim. It is also used in the design, fashion, consumer electronics and marine industries.

History 

The material was developed in the early 1970s by Miyoshi Okamoto, a scientist working for the Japanese chemical company Toray Industries. It was based on the same technology as another product from the same company named Ultrasuede. Around 1972, a joint venture between Italian chemical company ENI and Toray formed Alcantara SpA in order to manufacture and distribute the material. The company is now owned by Toray and Mitsui.

Composition 

Alcantara is composed of about 68% polyester and 32% polyurethane, giving increased durability and stain resistance. The appearance and tactile feel of the material is similar to that of suede, and it may be erroneously identified as such.

Some versions are designated as flame retardant in order to meet certain fire standards for both furnishings and automobile applications.

Uses 

Alcantara applications include furniture, clothing, jewelry, safety helmets and automobiles. In the latter it is used in seating, dashboard trim and headliners by many high-end OEM automotive suppliers. It is commonly used as steering wheel covering in many performance oriented vehicles. Louis Vuitton uses Alcantara linings in many of its bags. It appears in the collaboration with Takashi Murakami under the creative direction of fashion designer Marc Jacobs, wherein the white Multicolor Monogram bags have a bright fuchsia Alcantara lining.

Alcantara is used as a flame-retardant driver seat covering material for Formula One race cars, including the Williams Formula One 2011 FW33 car. Alcantara has a velvety texture and is soft to the touch, making it ideal for use in high-end phone cases, wallets, and other small accessories. It is also used as a covering material for high-end headphones, including the Sennheiser HD800, the Sennheiser Momentum On-Ear, and Bose QuietComfort 35 as well as for other consumer products, such as Microsoft's Alcantara keyboard cover for Surface Pro (2017) and Surface Go, Microsoft's Surface Laptop keyboard and Samsung's Galaxy S8, S8+, S9, S9+ and Note 8 smartphone covers. Alcantara is also used in the SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule. Overall, these factors and Alcantara's unique texture and luxurious feel make it a sought-after material in the fashion industry.

References

External links 

 
 Alcantara cleaning tips

Automotive technologies
Artificial leather
Japanese inventions
Textiles
Controlled lab reactor. In chemistry, a Controlled Lab Reactor or CLR is any reaction system where there is an element of automated control. Generally these devices refers to a jacketed glass vessel where a circulating chiller unit pumps a thermal control fluid through the jacket to accurately control the temperature of the vessel contents. Additional to this, it is common to have a series of sensors (temperature, pH, pressure) measuring and recording parameters about the reactor contents. It is additionally possible to control pumps to act on the reactor.

Historical background

The first controlled lab reactors were derived from the control systems used in chemical plants. These were generally dedicated to specific tasks as reprogramming was difficult. These first systems were often home built and used hardware that was adapted rather than designed for the task

Current systems

Modern CLR systems take a wide range of forms with the ability to work on a range of different volume reactors (and indeed reactor styles). Data is usually transmitted back to a PC to be recorded (and indeed complex recipe based control is usually performed here too) though other systems may use off-line data logging.

Embedded sensors

In the most sophisticated systems that exist, analytical instruments such as raman spectrometers and FTIR probes can also be integrated with the reactor. These more sophisticated systems also allow the closed loop control of the reactor as a result of taking readings from the sensors and analytical instruments concerned.

Reaction calorimeters

Most reaction calorimeters can be used as controlled lab reactors (indeed some calorimeters are based on CLR's).

See also
 Reaction Calorimeter

References

Calorimetry