omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
STS-56. STS-56 was a NASA Space Shuttle Discovery mission to perform special experiments. It was Discovery's 16th flight. The mission was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on April 8, 1993.

Crew

Crew seat assignments

Mission highlights 

The primary payload of the flight was the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science-2 (ATLAS-2), designed to collect data on the relationship between the Sun's energy output and Earth's middle atmosphere and how these factors affect the ozone layer. It included six instruments mounted on a Spacelab pallet in the cargo bay, with the seventh mounted on the wall of the bay in two Get Away Special (GAS) canisters. Atmospheric instruments included the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment, the Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS), and the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV/A) spectrometer (on the cargo bay wall). Solar science instruments were the solar spectrometry instrument SOLSPEC, the Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM), and the Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR) and Solar Constant (SOLCON) experiments.

ATLAS-2 is one element of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth program. All seven ATLAS-2 instruments first flew on ATLAS-1 during STS-45, and flew a third time in late 1994 on STS-66.

On April 11, 1993, the crew used the remote manipulator arm (Canadarm) to deploy the Shuttle Point Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy-201 (SPARTAN-201), a free-flying science instrument platform designed to study velocity and acceleration of the solar wind and observe the Sun's corona. Collected data was stored on tape for playback after return to Earth. SPARTAN-201 was retrieved on April 13, 1993.

The crew also made numerous radio contacts to schools around the world using the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX II), including brief radio contact with the Russian Mir space station, the first such contact between Space Shuttle and Mir using amateur radio equipment. It was arguably the first time that the astronauts received amateur television video from the ham radio club station (W5RRR) at JSC.

Other cargo bay payloads were the Solar Ultraviolet Experiment (SUVE), sponsored by Colorado Space Grant Consortium and located in a GetAway Special canister on the cargo bay wall.

The middeck payloads were the Commercial Materials Dispersion Apparatus Instrumentation Technology Associates Experiment (CMIX), the Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE), Space Tissue Loss (STL-1) experiment, the Cosmic Ray Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM) experiment. the Hand-held, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES), Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME III), and an Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) calibration test.

Gallery

See also 

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 Nikon NASA F4
 Outline of space science
 Space Shuttle

References

External links 
 NASA mission summary 
 STS-56 Video Highlights 

Space Shuttle missions
Spacecraft launched in 1993
LTP. LTP may refer to:

Biology and medicine
 Lateral tibial plateau, part of a leg bone
 Lipid transfer proteins, proteins found in plant tissues
 Long-term potentiation (neurophysiology), a long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between neurons
 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project, a project to create a phylogeny of all Bacteria and Archaea

Transportation and vehicles
 Local Tangent Plane, a geographical coordinate system commonly used in aviation
 Local transport plan, part of transport planning in England
 LTP tank, two different World War II-era tank designs:
 A Czech factory designation for Panzer 38(t)
 A Soviet light tank design by Lieutenant Provornov, never built

Technology
 Long-tailed pair, a differential pair amplifier
 Linux Test Project, a body of regression tests

Communications
 Lightweight Telephony Protocol, a signaling protocol
 Licklider Transmission Protocol, a communication protocol for use in deep space links
 Long Term Prediction, a method of sound compression and quantization in mobile communications

Other uses
 Lunar Transient Phenomena, a short-lived change in appearance of Earth's moon
 Leaning Tower of Pisa, a tower in the Italian city of Pisa
 Lullabies to Paralyze, an album by American hard rock band Queens of the Stone Age
 Liberia Transformation Party. a political party in Liberia

See also

 LTPS (disambiguation)
 ITP (disambiguation)
Acoustical intelligence. Acoustical intelligence (ACOUSTINT, sometimes ACINT) is an intelligence gathering discipline that collects and processes acoustic phenomena.  It is a subdiscipline of MASINT (Measurement and Signature Intelligence).

This uses broadband and narrowband analysis of acquired acoustic signatures from surface ships and submarines, although it can also be used for low-flying aircraft such as helicopters.  Broadband analysis concerns the overall noise created by a platform, whereas narrowband analysis examines the spectra of the received energy at a more precise level.

Broadband analysis is useful for identifying any vessel at a long range, whereas narrowband analysis is generally more useful for identifying the category, type and ideally the individual vessel name.  The category might be for example differentiating between a commercial vessel and a warship; the type might be narrowing this down to an individual class and hence identifying nationality, and the individual name might identify the specific ship or submarine.  

As a simple example, narrowband analysis might identify whether a subject of interest has single or multiple propeller shafts; how many blades per shaft and other salients that may help identify the platform.  This may include the fundamental or harmonic emissions based on the electric services used, the gearing between shaft and engine and also the combination of gear teeth used in the ratio(s).  For nuclear vessels, necessary pump frequencies can be detected.  It is possible for an expert to work out how many gears, teeth and ratios are used from engine right through to propeller; this can be used to identify a particular type.  Sometimes, there are machining faults - however small - introduced at the manufacturing stage.  This can help to identify individual platforms.

See also
 Acoustic cryptanalysis

References

Intelligence
Intelligence gathering disciplines
Dassault Étendard. French aircraft manufacturer Dassault used the name Étendard ("Standard", in the sense of a flag or banner) for a family of related aircraft projects beginning in the late 1950s. Versions that at least reached prototype stage were:

Dassault Étendard II, a prototype for the French Air Force
Dassault Étendard IV, a strike fighter produced for the French Navy
Dassault Étendard VI, an unsuccessful competitor in the NBMR-1 NATO fighter competition
Dassault Super Étendard, a derivative of the Étendard IV that served with Argentine Naval Aviation, French Naval Aviation and the Iraqi Air Force.
HAKMEM. HAKMEM, alternatively known as AI Memo 239, is a February 1972 "memo" (technical report) of the MIT AI Lab containing a wide variety of hacks, including useful and clever algorithms for mathematical computation, some number theory and schematic diagrams for hardware – in Guy L. Steele's words, "a bizarre and eclectic potpourri of technical trivia".
Contributors included about two dozen members and associates of the AI Lab. The title of the report is short for "hacks memo", abbreviated to six upper case characters that would fit in a single PDP-10 machine word (using a six-bit character set).

History 
HAKMEM is notable as an early compendium of algorithmic technique, particularly for its practical bent, and as an illustration of the wide-ranging interests of AI Lab people of the time, which included almost anything other than AI research.

HAKMEM contains original work in some fields, notably continued fractions.

Introduction 
Compiled with the hope that a record of the random things people do around here can save some duplication of effort -- except for fun.

Here is some little known data which may be of interest to computer hackers. The items and examples are so sketchy that to decipher them may require more sincerity and curiosity than a non-hacker can muster. Doubtless, little of this is new, but nowadays it's hard to tell. So we must be content to give you an insight, or save you some cycles, and to welcome further contributions of items, new or used.

See also
 Hacker's Delight
 AI Memo

References

External links
 
 HAKMEM facsimile (PDF) (searchable version)

Algorithms
Computer science papers
1972 in Massachusetts
Memoranda
February 1972 in the United States
History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Intelligent Whale. Intelligent Whale is an experimental hand-cranked submarine developed for potential use by the United States Navy in the 1860s.

History
Intelligent Whale was built on the design of Scovel Sturgis Merriam in 1863 by Augustus Price and Cornelius Scranton Bushnell. In 1864 the American Submarine Company was formed, taking over the interests of Bushnell and Price and there followed years of litigation over the ownership of the craft. Intelligent Whale was completed and launched in 1866.  When title was established by a court the submarine was sold on 29 October 1869 through a contract made by owner Oliver Halstead and Secretary of the Navy George M. Robeson to the United States Navy Department, with most of the price to be paid after successful trials. In September 1872 the first trial was held and was unsuccessful, whereupon the Department refused further payments and abandoned the project.

Intelligent Whale submerged by filling water compartments, and expelled the water by pumps and compressed air. It was estimated that it could stay submerged for about ten hours. Thirteen crewmen could be accommodated, but only six were needed to make her operational. The only known trial, reported by submarine pioneer John Philip Holland, was made by a certain General Sweeney and two others. They submerged the boat in  of water and Sweeney, clad in a diver's suit, emerged through a hole in the bottom, placed a charge under a scow, and reentered the submarine. The charge was exploded by a lanyard and a friction primer attached to the charge, sinking the scow.

Following the failed trial in 1872, Intelligent Whale was put on display at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and remained there until 1968 when she was moved to the Washington Navy Yard where she remained until being relocated to the National Guard Militia Museum of New Jersey in Sea Girt, New Jersey, where she is currently on display.

The U.S. Navy did not accept a submarine for service until the USS Holland was commissioned in 1900.

See also
Turtle (submersible)
Nautilus (1800 submarine)
CSS H.L. Hunley
CSS David
USS Alligator (1862)
Plunger (1897)
USS Holland (SS-1)
Fenian Ram

Sources
 HNSA Web Page: USS Intelligent Whale

External links

Intelligent Whale Submarine Today Photos of the Intelligent Whale at the Militia Museum of New Jersey in Sea Girt, NJ

19th-century submarines of the United States
Abandoned military projects of the United States
Museum ships in New Jersey
Museums in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Hand-cranked submarines
1866 ships
Harri Porten. Harri Porten (born 1972) is  a software engineer. Porten, a KDE developer and former Trolltech employee, is the CEO of Froglogic, a consultancy company related to Qt development. He lives in Hamburg, Germany.

Porten originally wrote the KJS JavaScript engine for Konqueror, the KDE project's file manager and web browser. KJS was eventually used by Apple as the basis for JavaScriptCore. He also contributed to the development of KPPP, the KDE project's Internet dialer.

Porten took part  in the development of Qt, a GUI toolkit used by Windows, macOS, and X11 developers.

His company Froglogic is known for Squish, a professional cross-platform automated GUI testing framework for applications written using Qt.

References

External links 

 "People behind KDE" Interview from February 26th 2001
 photo of Harri, from same interview

Porten, Harri
Porten, Harri
KDE
German software engineers
Free software programmers
German computer scientists
20th-century German engineers
21st-century German engineers
Engineers from Hamburg
Carl Strandlund. Carl Strandlund (5 March 1899 – 26 December 1974) was a Swedish-born American inventor and entrepreneur.

Background
Carl Gunnar Strandlund  was born in Sundsvall in Västernorrland County, Sweden. Strandlund came to the United States at the age of four and grew up in Moline, Illinois. As a young man, he took correspondence school classes in engineering. His grandfather had been an engineer in Sweden. His father worked in the United States for John Deere.

Career
Strandlund held over 150 farm implement patents through his work as a production engineer at the Minneapolis-Moline tractor company, including the creation of rubber tires for tractors. He later served as president of the Oliver Farm Equipment Company.

He was hired by the Chicago Vitreous Enamel Product Company  to transform the factory for defense production. Strandlund invented manufacturing techniques to build non-warping metal plates for tanks during World War II, created air conditioning systems for movie theaters, and invented a wallpaper-removing machine. The company rewarded him with a promotion to vice president and general manager in September 1943.

Strandlund was most noted for inventing and promoting the Lustron house (built of porcelain-enameled steel panels - ) to help address the housing shortage after World War II. 2498 homes were built 1948–1950 at a large assembly plant in Columbus, Ohio, through financing from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. The Lustron plant assembly line was some 9 miles long and the plant consumed more power than the rest of the entire city of Columbus. Mismanagement, politics, and corruption were blamed for the downfall of Lustron, which shut down amid foreclosure and bankruptcy in 1953. As of 2004, the majority of the 2,498 Lustron homes built were still standing. Fifty Lustrons have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In a September 12, 1982, Minneapolis Tribune article, Strandlund's widow Clara related how Strandlund reacted to the closure of Lustron: "He was physically and mentally destroyed," she said. "Everything we had went. They took everything but our home."  He died in Edina, a suburb of Minneapolis, at the age of 75. Strandlund is interred next to his wife Clara at Lakewood Cemetery, Minneapolis, MN.

References

External links
Lustron Preservation

1899 births
1974 deaths
Swedish emigrants to the United States
20th-century American inventors
Batch production. Batch production is a method of manufacturing where the products are made as specified groups or amounts, within a time frame. A batch can go through a series of steps in a large manufacturing process to make the final desired product. Batch production is used for many types of manufacturing that may need smaller amounts of production at a time to ensure specific quality standards or changes in the process. This is opposed to large mass production or continuous production methods, where the product or process does not need to be checked or changed as frequently or periodically.

Characteristics 
In the manufacturing batch production process, the machines are in chronological order directly related to the manufacturing process. The batch production method is also used so any temporary changes or modifications can be made to the product if necessary during the manufacturing process. For example, if a product needed a sudden change in material or details changed, it can be done in between batches. As opposed to assembly production or mass production where such changes cannot be easily made. The time between batches is called cycle time. Each batch may be assigned a lot number.

Advantages

Because batch production involves small batches, it is good for quality control. For example, if there is a mistake in the process, it can be fixed without as much loss compared to mass production. This can also save money by taking less risk for newer plans and products etc. As a result, this allows batch manufacturing to be changed or modified depending on company needs. In certain cases, batch production may require less expensive equipment, thus reducing the capital cost required to set up this type of system.

Disadvantages
There can be downtime between individual batches. Or if the product is constantly changing or being modified throughout the process, this also can cost downtime. Other disadvantages are that smaller batches need more planning, scheduling and control over the process and collecting data. Because of these factors, items made using batch production may have higher unit cost and take more time compared to continuous production.

See also

Lot number

References

Production and manufacturing
Salvage. Salvage may refer to:

 Marine salvage, the process of rescuing a ship, its cargo and sometimes the crew from peril
 Water salvage,  rescuing people from floods.
 Salvage tug, a type of tugboat used to rescue or salvage ships which are in distress or in danger of sinking
 Recycling, the conversion of waste materials into new materials and objects, was usually referred to in the mid-20th century as "salvage"
 Salvage for Victory, a US Government campaign to salvage materials for the American war effort in World War II
 Paper Salvage 1939–50, a British government campaign to encourage the recycling of paper, initially to aid the war effort
 Data salvage, the process of data recovery from damaged, failed, corrupted, or inaccessible primary storage media
 Salvage archaeology, an archaeological survey and excavation carried out in areas threatened by construction or development
 Salvage ethnography, the practice of salvaging a record of what was left of a culture before it disappeared
 Salvage therapy, medical treatment for those patients not responding adequately to first line treatment

Business
 Waste sorting
 Salvage value, the estimated value of an asset at the end of its useful life

Arts and entertainment
 Salvage (1921 film), a 1921 American silent film directed by Henry King
 Salvage (2006 film), a 2006 American horror film
 Salvage (2009 film), a 2009 British horror film
 "Salvage", an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents
 Salvage 1, a 1979 ABC science fiction-comedy series
 "Salvage" (The X-Files), a 2001 episode of the television series The X-Files
 "Salvage" (Angel), a 2003 episode of the television series Angel
 Salvage, a 1962 episode in the Hallmark Hall of Fame
 Salvage (Transformers), an Autobot from Transformers
 "Salvage" (short story), a 1986 short story by Orson Scott Card
 Salvage, a 1919 novel by Mary Roberts Rinehart
 "Salvage", an episode of the television show The Expanse

Other
 Salvage, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
 Extrajudicial punishment resulting in death is referred to as salvage in the Philippines
 Salvage title, a form of vehicle title branding in North America

See also
 Lifesaving
 Selvage (disambiguation)
 Wrecking (shipwreck)
PAE. PAE may refer to:

Science and technology
 Predicted Aligned Error, AlphaFold output file format for errors of protein structure prediction
 Physical Address Extension, an x86 computer processor feature for accessing more than 4 gigabytes of RAM
 Power added efficiency, a percentage that rates the efficiency of a power amplifier
 Post Antibiotic Effect, the period of time following removal of an antibiotic drug during which there is no growth of the target organism
 Port Access Entity, in the IEEE 802.1X networking environment
 Primary amoebic encephalitis, another name for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
 Prostatic artery embolization, a treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia

Places
 City of Port Adelaide Enfield, South Australia
 Paine Field (IATA airport code), an airport in Everett, Washington

Other uses
 Pacific Architects and Engineers, a United States defense contractor
 Post-autistic economics, a criticism of neoclassical economics
 Provisional Admission Exercise, an interim exercise/period in Singapore education
 Patent assertion entity, a patent troll company

See also
 Large Physical Address Extension (LPAE), in the ARM architecture
PL-11. PL-11 is a high-level machine-oriented programming language for the PDP-11, developed by R.D. Russell of CERN in 1971. Written in Fortran IV, it is similar to PL360 and is cross-compiled on other machines.

PL-11 was originally developed as part of the Omega project, a particle physics facility operational at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) during the 1970s. The first version was written for the CII 10070, a clone of the XDS Sigma 7 built in France. Towards the end of the 1970s it was ported to the IBM 370/168, then part of CERN's computer centre.

A report describing the language is available from CERN.

References

Procedural programming languages
Programming languages created in 1971
CERN software
Exergonic reaction. In chemical thermodynamics, an exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction where the change in the free energy is negative (there is a net release of free energy). This indicates a spontaneous reaction if the system is closed and initial and final temperatures are the same. For processes that take place in a closed system at constant pressure and temperature, the Gibbs free energy is used, whereas the Helmholtz energy is relevant for processes that take place at constant volume and temperature. Any reaction occurring at constant temperature without input of electrical or photon energy is exergonic, according to the second law of thermodynamics. An example is cellular respiration.

Symbolically, the release of free energy, , in an exergonic reaction (at constant pressure and temperature) is denoted as

Although exergonic reactions are said to occur spontaneously, this does not imply that the reaction will take place at an observable rate. For instance, the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide releases free energy but is very slow in the absence of a suitable catalyst. It has been suggested that eager would be a more intuitive term in this context.

More generally, the terms exergonic and endergonic relate to the free energy change in any process, not just chemical reactions. By contrast, the terms exothermic and endothermic relate to an enthalpy change in a closed system during a process, usually associated with the exchange of heat.

See also
Endergonic reaction

References

Thermochemistry
Thermodynamic processes
Richard Wallace (scientist). Richard S. Wallace is an American author of AIML and Botmaster of A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity).  He is also the founder of the A.L.I.C.E Artificial Intelligence Foundation. Dr. Wallace's work has appeared in the New York Times, WIRED, CNN, ZDTV and in numerous foreign language publications across Asia, Latin America and Europe.

Wallace began work on A.L.I.C.E. in 1995, and the project has gained contributions from over 500 developers from around the world. A.L.I.C.E. won the Loebner Prize in 2000, 2001, and 2004. In 2002, Wallace began a collaboration with Franz, Inc. which resulted in Pandorabots, an AIML server and interpreter implemented in Common Lisp. Wallace then became the Chief Science Officer of Pandorabots, Inc.

Richard Wallace was born in Portland, Maine in 1960.  He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1989.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
American artificial intelligence researchers
American computer programmers
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
American computer scientists