omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Random vibration. In mechanical engineering, random vibration is motion which is non-deterministic, meaning that future behavior cannot be precisely predicted. The randomness is a characteristic of the excitation or input, not the mode shapes or natural frequencies. Some common examples include an automobile riding on a rough road, wave height on the water, or the load induced on an airplane wing during flight. Structural response to random vibration is usually treated using statistical or probabilistic approaches. Mathematically, random vibration is characterized as an ergodic and stationary process.

A measurement of the acceleration spectral density (ASD) is the usual way to specify random vibration. The root mean square acceleration (Grms) is the square root of the area under the ASD curve in the frequency domain.  The Grms value is typically used to express the overall energy of a particular random vibration event and is a statistical value used in mechanical engineering for structural design and analysis purposes.

While the term power spectral density (PSD) is commonly used to specify a random vibration event, ASD is more appropriate when acceleration is being measured and used in structural analysis and testing.

Crandall is uniformly considered as the father of random vibrations (see also books by Bolotin, Elishakoff et al.).

Random vibration testing 
Test specifications can be established from real environment measurements using an ASD envelope or a fatigue damage equivalence criterion (Extreme response spectrum and Fatigue damage spectrum). Random vibration testing is one of the more common types of vibration testing services performed by vibration test labs.  Some of the more common random vibration test standards are MIL-STD-810, RTCA DO-160, and IEC 60068-2-64.

See also 
 Random noise

References 

 Random Vibrations, Spectral & Wavelet Analysis, D.E. Newland
Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis. Volume 3: Random Vibration, Second Edition, ISTE - Wiley, 2009.

External links
 NASA Goddard website about random vibration analysis
 NASA Mars Orbiter website

Mechanical vibrations
Diffuser (sewage). An air diffuser or membrane diffuser is an aeration device typically in the shape of a disc, tube or plate, which is used to transfer air and with that oxygen into the
sewage or industrial wastewater. Oxygen is required by microorganisms/bacteria residents in the water to break down the pollutants. Diffusers use either rubber membranes or ceramic elements typically and produce either fine or coarse bubbles.

Types
Diffusers are generally referred to as either:

 Fine Bubble/Fine Pore
 Coarse Bubble

Other diffused aeration devices include: jet aerators, aspirators, and U tubes.

Design specifications

Typical efficiency of a full floor coverage diffused aeration system in clean water is 2%/ft submergence or 6.6%/m submergence.  When converted to mass transfer into process or dirty water, it is typically closer to about half of those figures. Manufacturers of fine bubble systems have supported claims that the type, number and size of "pores" have a great effect on efficiency of a diffused aeration system.

Types of diffused aeration systems
Diffusers are typically connected to a piping system which is supplied with pressurized air by a blower. This system is commonly referred to as a diffused aeration system or aeration grid.

There are two main types of diffused aeration systems, retrievable and fixed grid, that are designed to serve different purposes.  In the case of a plant with a single tank, a retrievable system is desirable, in order to avoid stopping operation of the plant when maintenance is required on the aeration system. Fixed systems, on the other hand, are typically less costly, and often more efficient because it is easier to make full use of the floor.

See also
 List of waste-water treatment technologies

References

Sewerage
Water treatment
Environmental engineering
Water technology
Membrane technology
HMS Tumult (R11). HMS Tumult was a T-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War.

Description
Tumult displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. She had an overall length of , a beam of  and a deep draught of . She was powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Tumult carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave her a range of  at . Her complement was 170 officers and ratings.

The ship was armed with four 45-calibre 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark XII guns in dual-purpose mounts. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, Tumult had one twin mount for Bofors 40 mm guns and four twin  Oerlikon autocannon. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple mounts for  torpedoes. Two depth charge rails and four throwers were fitted for which 70 depth charges were provided.

Second World War
On 29 November 1943 German U-boat U-86 was sunk east of the Azores, in position 40°52'N, 18°54'W, by depth charges from the British destroyers HMS Tumult and .

Construction and career
In 1946, Tumult was placed into reserve at Portsmouth. She remained in reserve until 1953 when was converted by Grayson Rollo at Birkenhead, into a Type 16 fast anti-submarine frigate, with the new pennant number F121. She emerged from the conversion in 1954. In November 1956 she was part of the 2nd Training Squadron at Portsmouth. Between December 1957 and December 1960 she was part of the Chatham reserve. From December 1960 until October 1965 she was part of the Rosyth reserve.

Following sale for scrap she was taken to Arnott Young at Dalmuir for breaking up, where she arrived on 25 October 1965.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Naval-History.net HMS Tumult

S and T-class destroyers
Ships built on the River Clyde
1942 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Cold War destroyers of the United Kingdom
Type 16 frigates
Cold War frigates of the United Kingdom
HMS Tyrian (R67). HMS Tyrian was a T-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War.

Description
Tyrian displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. She had an overall length of , a beam of  and a deep draught of . She was powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Tyrian carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave her a range of  at . Her complement was 170 officers and ratings.

The ship was armed with four 45-calibre 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark XII guns in dual-purpose mounts. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, Tyrian had one twin mount for Bofors 40 mm guns and four twin  Oerlikon autocannon. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple mounts for  torpedoes. Two depth charge rails and four throwers were fitted for which 70 depth charges were provided.

Construction and career
Between 1946 and 1951 Tyrian was held in reserve at Harwich. Between 1951 and 1952 she was converted to a Type 16 fast anti-submarine frigate, by Harland & Wolff at Liverpool. She was also allocated the new pennant number F67. From August 1952 until 1956 she was part of the 2nd Training Squadron at Portland. In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. On 29 September 1953, Tyrian ran aground on Haisborough Sands, South-East of Cromer. She was refloated later that day.

In November 1956 Tyrian was placed in reserve at Chatham. Between 1957 and 1965 she was part of the Lisahally reserve. She was subsequently sold for scrap and arrived at Troon for breaking up on 9 March 1965.

References

Bibliography
 
 
 
 
 
 

S and T-class destroyers
Ships built on the River Tyne
1942 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Cold War destroyers of the United Kingdom
Type 16 frigates
Cold War frigates of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1953
SCB-125. SCB-125 was the United States Navy designation for a series of upgrades to the  of aircraft carriers planned by the Ship Characteristics Board and conducted between 1954 and 1959. These upgrades included the addition of an angled flight deck and other enhancements (such as with catapults and elevators)  aimed at improving flight operations and seakeeping.

Principal alterations

The SCB-125 modifications included
 Angled flight deck
 Enclosed hurricane bow
 Mirror landing system 
 Mark 7 arresting gear
 Primary Flight Control moved to aft end of island
 Air conditioning
 No 1 (forward) elevator lengthened (SCB-27C ships only)
 No 3 (aft) elevator moved from centerline to starboard deck edge (on SCB-27A ships; had been part of SCB-27C refits)

Program history

The SCB-125 upgrade program was first applied to the final three Essex-class carriers to undergo the SCB-27C modernization while they were still in the midst of their original refit. Ultimately every SCB-27 ship would undergo the SCB-125 modification with the exception of .

Despite the drastic alteration of the carriers' appearance, the SCB-125 refit involved relatively little modification of the ships' existing structure compared to SCB-27, and took around six to nine months as against the approximately two years of the earlier program. The original SCB-27A vessels, which were fitted with a pair of H 8 hydraulic catapults, were not upgraded with the C 11 steam catapults fitted to their SCB-27C sister ships due to machinery space limitations. The SBC-27As also did not receive the enlarged No. 1 (forward) elevator installed in the 27C ships as part of SBC-125.

The first three 27C ships (Hancock, Intrepid and Ticonderoga) had had their No 3 elevators moved from the centerline to the starboard deck edge, in a position relatively far aft.  The next three (Shangri-La, Lexington and Bon Homme Richard), which underwent 27C and 125 concurrently, had the elevator relocated to a deck-edge position farther forward, and this location was used for the 27A ships as they in turn underwent SCB-125.

, the prototype for the SCB-27 conversion, was the final Essex to undergo SCB-125 conversion and as such, received further enhancements.  As a result of the addition of aluminum flight-deck cladding, Mk 7-1 arresting gear and more-powerful C 11-1 steam catapults to the standard SCB-125 modifications, Oriskany alone was referred to as a SCB-125A vessel. These changes also made Oriskany the only SCB-27A vessel to receive steam catapults.

Modified vessels
Source: www.history.navy.mil 

1 Lexington was redesignated CVA upon completion of SCB-27C/125

References

 Naval Historical Center page on SCB-125 program 

Essex-class aircraft carriers
Demonstration (teaching). Demonstration involves showing by reason or proof, explaining or making clear by use of examples or experiments. Put more simply, demonstration means 'to clearly show'.

Overview
In teaching through demonstration, students are set up to potentially conceptualize class material more effectively as shown in a study which specifically focuses on chemistry demonstrations presented by teachers. Demonstrations often occur when students have a hard time connecting theories to actual practice or when students are unable to understand application of theories.

Teachers not only demonstrate specific learning concepts within the classroom, they can also participate in demonstration classrooms to help improve their own teaching strategies, which may or may not be demonstrative in nature. Although the literature is limited, studies show that the effects of demonstration classroom teachers includes a change of perspective in relating to students, more reflection in the teachers’ own classroom strategies, and more personal responsibility for student learning.

Demonstration, or clearly showing (a gamut that ranges from mere pointing to more sophisticated strategies such as chemical reactions), can possibly be used in portraying ideas such as defining words. At first, simple observation and communication through pointing to an object, area, or place, like the sun, moon, or a large mountain top, occurs. Then basic definitions of words emerge. These definitions allow humans to communicate, interact, plan, and co-ordinate in ways that help us to build cities, large buildings, technology, gain knowledge and to successfully communicate with computers. Further, basic concepts centered on time, space, and mathematics are first required to demonstrate and teach probable theories that accurately describe universal phenomenon such as nature, planets, species, and the world around us.

The history of phenomenon demonstrating concepts, which lead to specific definitions, goes back to the careful observations of ancient Greek philosophers and natural philosophy. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle attempted to carefully define words that included natural phenomena and objects. John Longeway notes that in the Middle Ages, the theory of demonstration, which developed the thinking in Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, was considered "the culmination of logic". The modern scientific method often uses demonstrations that carefully describe certain processes and parts of nature in great detail. In science, often one demonstrates how an experiment is done and shows this to others.

People can also communicate values and ideas through demonstrations. This is often done in plays, movies, and film. Pictures without words can show or demonstrate various types of actions and consequences.

When using demonstration, there is a four-step process that will allow the students to have a clear understanding of the topic at hand.

See also 
 Knowledge by acquaintance
 Scientific demonstration
 Physics Instructional Resource Association

References

Educational practices
Indian Association for Research in Computing Science. The Indian Association for Research in Computing Science (IARCS) provides leadership in computing within India. Its members are leading researchers in Computer Science drawn from major institutions from all over the country. Madhavan Mukund was the President of the association as of 2016.

IARCS aims to promote excellence in computing. It does so by facilitating interaction amongst its members, acting as a bridge between Academia and Industry and finally by elevating the quality of Computer Science education within the country.

IARCS runs the hugely successful and the longest running conference in computer science in India; International Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science. The FSTTCS conference is in its 26th year. Since its inception in 1981, the conference (held in the month of December) has helped in nurturing and creating an environment for exchange of ideas amongst the research community in the country by attracting top scientists around the world to the conference.

IARCS recognizes the impact of computing science in school education. To actively promote good practices, it has become involved in the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI). IARCS is involved in all aspects of training and selection of the young talent to represent the country at this prestigious Olympiad. It also recognizes a role for itself in correcting the biases in the current curriculum for computer science in the country. The national program is called Indian Computing Olympiad.

IARCS has also initiated a new program to train the teachers as a way of spreading knowledge down to the grassroots level.

External links
 Official website

Computer science organizations
Paravaran Asseman (Paaviation). Paravaran Asseman (founded in 1974) is an Iranian aviation specialist organization. Paravaran Asseman is Iran’s only internationally certified and approved paraglider producer.

History 
Paravaran Asseman was founded in 1974 and is located in Tehran, Iran. In 2007, Paaviation supplied a Britten Norman Islander aircraft to the Iranian Government as the first new western-made aircraft that had been purchased by the Iranian Government since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

Paravaran Asseman is the dealer for Britten-Norman in Iran and the Middle East and a representative for Normarc Flight Inspection Systems. Paaviation is the exclusive Iran and Middle East representative of flying schools and has a flying club in Tehran that gives pilot training for PPL CPL Licenses in Iran and the Middle East. Paravaran Asseman is the Iranian dealer and treatment specialist for aircraft anti-corrosion treatment ACF50.

References

External links
 Official Paaviation website

Aircraft manufacturers of Iran
Glider aircraft
Transport companies established in 1974
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1974
1974 establishments in Iran
Manufacturing companies based in Tehran
Havok (company). Telekinesys Research Limited (TR), doing business as Havok Group, is an Irish software company founded on 9 July 1998 by Hugh Reynolds and Steven Collins, based in Dublin, Ireland, and owned by Microsoft's Ireland Research subsidiary. They have partnerships with Activision, Electronic Arts, Nintendo, Xbox Game Studios, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Bethesda Softworks and Ubisoft.

Its cross-platform technology is available for PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, PlayStation Portable, Xbox, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X and Series S, Wii, Wii U, GameCube, Nintendo Switch, MacOS, IOS and PCs. Havok's technology has been used in more than 150 game titles, including World of Tanks, Half-Life 2, Halo 2, Dark Souls, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, Age of Empires III, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Starfield (video game), The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom, the Assassin's Creed series, the Call of Duty series, and Final Fantasy XVI . Havok products have also been used to drive special effects in movies such as Poseidon, The Matrix, Troy, Kingdom of Heaven and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Havok provides the dynamics driving for Autodesk 3ds Max.

Intel announced the acquisition of Havok in a press release on 14 September 2007. On 2 October 2015, Intel sold Havok to Microsoft for an undisclosed amount.

History and awards

History
Havok was founded in 1998 by Hugh Reynolds and Steven Collins of the computer science department in Trinity College, Dublin. Research and development is carried out in offices in Dublin, San Francisco and Tokyo.

Technology 

 Havok (software)
 Vision (game engine)

Awards
 US National Academy of Television, Arts & Sciences Award, 2008 - (Technical Emmy)
 Red Herring 100 - 2006 Winner
 Best Choice of Computex - 2006 Winner
 OnHollywood - 2006 Winner
 Develop Industry Excellence Awards - 2006 Nominee - Best Tools Provider, 2005 Winner - Best Tools Provider, 2004 Nominee - Best Tools Provider
 Game Developer Frontline Award -  2006 Finalist - Middleware, 2003 Winner - Best Game Component, 2002 Winner - Best Game Component
 FileFront - "Most Advanced Technology" of 2004
 Computer Graphics World - CGW 2003 Innovation Award

See also
 Havok (software)

References

External links 
 Havok Company Site
 Titles using Havok Engine

Irish companies established in 1998
2007 mergers and acquisitions
2015 mergers and acquisitions
Companies based in Dublin (city)
Computer animation
Intel acquisitions
Microsoft acquisitions
Microsoft subsidiaries
Software companies established in 1998
Software companies of Ireland
Video game development companies
Video game companies of Ireland
Leeds College of Technology. Leeds College of Technology (formerly Kitson College) was a further education college in Leeds, in West Yorkshire, England. With a strong technical bias, the college supported the computing, engineering, social care and transport industries. In addition, the college was a national centre for print training and offered English language learning and teaching (ESOL). The Woodhouse Lane building was built in 1957 and opened in 1959, it was part of Leeds City College until June 2019 when the college closed after 60 years of activity and these facilities were moved to a brand new campus at Quarry Hill opposite the bus station.

It was founded in 1824 as part of the Leeds Mechanics' Institute, and in 1868 the college became the Leeds Institute of Science, Art and Literature, then the Branch College of Engineering and Science. It was renamed Kitson College in 1967 in honour of James Kitson, 1st Baron Airedale, and then Leeds College of Technology.

The college served more than 5,000 students each year.

On 1 April 2009, Leeds College of Technology merged with Leeds Thomas Danby and the Park Lane College to form the new Leeds City College. The site on Cookridge Street was then known as the Technology Campus of the new college. On 26 January 2016 it was announced that the Health and Social Care services was to move to a new Quarry Hill campus then being built next to West Yorkshire Playhouse, now Leeds Playhouse. The whole building closed in July 2019 and was demolished during the summer of 2021 to make way for student lets. Work began on the Quarry Hill Campus in September 2016 and the building opened in July 2019. West Yorkshire Consortium of Colleges operated from Technology Campus until 2018.

The Technology Campus has played its part in rock history. The Who's album Live at Leeds had two tracks re-recorded here and Pink Floyd's song "See Emily Play" was written here after a gig in the building when it was still known as Kitson College.

References

External links
 Leeds City College – official website
 QAA Review 2002

Educational institutions established in 1824
Further education colleges in Leeds
ARTS. ARTS or Arts may refer to:
 Active Real-time Tracing System, a technology improving programme reception in FM tuners by Pioneer
 Alpha Repertory Television Service, one of the predecessors that formed the A&E Network
 aRts, analog real time synthesizer, an audio component of the KDE desktop environment
 National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts, their program known formerly as the Arts Recognition and Talent Search
 Association for Retail Technology Standards program
 Pasadena Area Rapid Transit System, the Pasadena, CA bus system known as Pasadena ARTS
 ARTS-Dance, the Alliance of Round, Traditional and Square-Dance, Inc.
 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator, radiative transfer model 
 Automated Radar Terminal System, also known as Common ARTS, an air traffic control computer system
 Action real-time strategy, a term for the video game subgenre, multiplayer online battle arena
 The arts, the general types of artistic expression
 Liberal arts, broad categories of study
 Classic Arts Showcase
 Arts and Humanities Focus Program, a Nebraska school commonly referred to as "Arts"
 "Arts", a Series A episode of the television series QI (2003)
 Tenille Arts (born 1994), Canadian country musician

See also 

Art (given name), the name
ART (disambiguation), the three letter acronym
Art (disambiguation), the word