omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ungermann-Bass. Ungermann-Bass, Inc., also known as UB and UB Networks, was a computer networking company in the 1980s to 1990s. Located in Santa Clara, California, UB was the first large networking company independent of any computer manufacturer. Along with competitors 3Com and Sytek, UB was responsible for starting the networking business in Silicon Valley in 1979. UB was founded by Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass.  John Davidson, vice president of engineering, was one of the creators of NCP, the transport protocol of the ARPANET before TCP.

UB specialized in large enterprise networks connecting computer systems and devices from multiple vendors, which was unusual in the 1980s. At that time most network equipment came from computer manufacturers and usually used only protocols compatible with that one manufacturer's computer systems, such as IBM's SNA or DEC's DECnet. Many UB products initially used the XNS protocol suite, including the flagship Net/One, and later transitioned to TCP/IP as it became an industry standard in the late 1980s.

Before it became the industry standard, the Internet protocol suite TCP/IP was initially a "check box" item needed to qualify on prospective enterprise sales. As a network technology supplier to both Apple Inc. and Microsoft, in 1987-88 UB helped Apple implement their initial MacTCP offering and also helped Microsoft with a Winsock compatible software/hardware bundle for the Microsoft Windows platform.  With the success of these offerings and of the Internet protocol TCP/IP, both Apple and Microsoft subsequently brought the Internet technology in-house and integrated it into their core products.

UB marketed a broadband (in the original technical sense) version of Ethernet known as 10BROAD36 in the mid 1980s. It was generally seen as hard to install. UB was one of the first network manufacturers to sell equipment that implemented Ethernet over twisted pair wiring. UB's AccessOne product line initially used the pre-standard StarLAN and, when it became standard, 10BASE-T.

UB went public in 1983. It was bought by Tandem Computers in 1988. UB was sold in 1997 by Tandem to Newbridge Networks.  Over the next several months, Newbridge laid off the bulk of the Ungermann-Bass employees, and closed the doors of the Santa Clara operation.  Newbridge was later acquired by Alcatel, a French telecommunications company.

See also
 3Com
 Sytek

References

Defunct networking companies
XNS based protocols
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
USS Princeton. USS Princeton may refer to:

, a screw sloop, launched and commissioned in 1843, the first screw-driven vessel in the Navy and the subject of a fatal gun explosion in 1844
, a transport and training ship, launched in 1851 and commissioned in 1852
, a gunboat launched in 1897 and commissioned in 1898
, a light aircraft carrier, commissioned in 1943, sunk at Leyte Gulf in 1944
, an aircraft carrier commissioned in 1945, serving in the Korean War and Vietnam War, reclassified LPH-5 in 1959, decommissioned 1970
, a guided missile cruiser commissioned in 1989, currently in active service

United States Navy ship names
Remarkable (stationery). Remarkable Recycled Ltd (05394545 - Incorporated on 16 March 2005) is a UK company that makes stationery products out of recycled materials. With its sister company, Edvironment Ltd, it sells a range of recycled products, such as the recycled CD and vending cup pencil.

History
In 1996, Edward Douglas Miller founded the company with the aim to value waste as a resource. In 1998, it won UK Invention of the Year and a year later won UK environmental company of the year and UK recycled product of the year.

In 2000, as part of the UK millennium celebrations a Remarkable product was announced as a 'Millennium Product' by the Design Council’s Cool Britannia awards. For an exhibition in the Millennium Dome the company made 3.75 million pencils, recycled from plastic cups. In 2011, Edward Douglas Miller appeared on Channel 4's ''The Secret Millionaire.

In 2002, the company was granted £20,000 by London Remade, and bought brand new binding machines to bind the recycled notepads. This helped Remarkable to be able to create a greater range of products including plastic rulers (also made from vending machine cups), recycled rubber tyres; to make mouse mats and pencil cases.

In 2013, the company set the Guinness World Record for the longest pencil, by producing one 323.51 meters long. However, that length has since been surpassed.

Remarkable worked with Keep Britain Tidy (KBT), educating and linking the value of recycling waste and its conversion into recycled products. Products are co branded with the remarkable and KBT logo, with royalties going to support KBT.

Remarkable Eco solutions Ltd was dissolved in 2016 with the closure of the factory in Worcester in 2014, with the loss of some employees, because of a contract being cancelled with a major wholesaler. Some machinery was sold off, with the trade marks and IPR still remaining with the founder and inventor.

In 2017 production continues, turning UK waste into recycled products.

References

External links
 Remarkable.co.uk

Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Recycling organizations
Stationers of the United Kingdom
Bus mastering. In computing, bus mastering is a feature supported by many bus architectures that enables a device connected to the bus to initiate direct memory access (DMA) transactions. It is also referred to as first-party DMA, in contrast with third-party DMA where a system DMA controller actually does the transfer.

Some types of buses allow only one device (typically the CPU, or its proxy) to initiate transactions.  Most modern bus architectures, such as PCI, allow multiple devices to bus master because it significantly improves performance for general-purpose operating systems.  Some real-time operating systems prohibit peripherals from becoming bus masters, because the scheduler can no longer arbitrate for the bus and hence cannot provide deterministic latency.

While bus mastering theoretically allows one peripheral device to directly communicate with another, in practice almost all peripherals master the bus exclusively to perform DMA to main memory.

If multiple devices are able to master the bus, there needs to be a bus arbitration scheme to prevent multiple devices attempting to drive the bus simultaneously.  A number of different schemes are used for this; for example SCSI has a fixed priority for each SCSI ID.  PCI does not specify the algorithm to use, leaving it up to the implementation to set priorities.

See also
 Master/slave (technology)
 SCSI initiator and target

References
 How Bus Mastering Works - Tweak3D
 What is bus mastering?- Brevard User's Group

Computer buses
Motherboard
Process gain. In a spread-spectrum system, the process gain (or "processing gain") is the ratio of the spread (or RF) bandwidth to the unspread (or baseband) bandwidth. Research suggests that it is one of the important factors in making decisions over the performance of system in jamming environment.

It is usually expressed in decibels (dB). For example, if a 1 kHz signal is spread to 100 kHz, the process gain expressed as a numerical ratio would be / = 100. Or in decibels, 10 log10(100) = 20 dB.

Note that process gain does not reduce the effects of wideband thermal noise. It can be shown that a direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) system has exactly the same bit error behavior as a non-spread-spectrum system with the same modulation format.  Thus, on an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel without interference, a spread system requires the same transmitter power as an unspread system, all other things being equal.

Unlike a conventional communication system, however, a DSSS system does have a certain resistance against narrowband interference, as the interference is not subject to the process gain of the DSSS signal, and hence the signal-to-interference ratio is improved.

In frequency modulation (FM), the processing gain can be expressed as

where:
 Gp is the processing gain,
 Bn is the noise bandwidth,
 Δf is the peak frequency deviation,
 W is the sinusoidal modulating frequency.

References

Signal processing
MATH-MATIC. MATH-MATIC is the marketing name for the AT-3 (Algebraic Translator 3) compiler, an early programming language for the UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II.

MATH-MATIC was written beginning around 1955 by a team led by Charles Katz under the direction of Grace Hopper. A preliminary manual was produced in 1957 and a final manual the following year.

Syntactically, MATH-MATIC was similar to Univac's contemporaneous business-oriented language, FLOW-MATIC, differing in providing algebraic-style expressions and floating-point arithmetic, and arrays rather than record structures.

Notable features 

Expressions in MATH-MATIC could contain numeric exponents, including decimals and fractions, by way of a custom typewriter.

MATH-MATIC programs could include inline assembler sections of ARITH-MATIC code and UNIVAC machine code.

The UNIVAC I had only 1000 words of memory, and the successor UNIVAC II as little as 2000. MATH-MATIC allowed for larger programs, automatically generating code to read overlay segments from UNISERVO tape as required. The compiler attempted to avoid splitting loops across segments.

Influence 

In proposing the collaboration with the ACM that led to ALGOL 58, the Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik wrote that it considered MATH-MATIC the closest available language to its own proposal.

In contrast to Backus' FORTRAN, MATH-MATIC did not emphasise execution speed of compiled programs. The UNIVAC machines did not have floating-point hardware, and MATH-MATIC was translated via A-3 (ARITH-MATIC) pseudo-assembler code rather than directly to UNIVAC machine code, limiting its usefulness.

MATH-MATIC Sample program 

A sample MATH-MATIC program:

Notes

References

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Numerical programming languages
Programming languages
Programming languages created in 1957
RFA Sir Galahad (1987). RFA Sir Galahad (L3005) was a landing ship logistics (LSL) of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, later in service with the Brazilian Navy as the Garcia D'Avila.

Construction and design
Sir Galahad was ordered on 6 September 1984 to a design by the shipbuilder Swan Hunter, as a replacement for the landing ship of the same name that had been sunk in the 1982 Falklands War. The ship was laid down at Swan Hunter's Wallsend shipyard on 12 July 1985, was launched on 13 December 1986 and completed on 19 July 1987, entering service on 7 December that year.

The ship was  long overall and  between perpendiculars, with a beam of  and a draught of  at full load and  light. Displacement was  light and  full load. The ship was powered by two Mirrlees Blackstone K9 Major diesel engines, rated at a total of  which drove two propeller shafts, giving a speed of . The ship had a range of .

Service
RFA Sir Galahad was built by Swan Hunter and entered service in 1988. She was named and given the identical pennant number to the Sir Galahad sunk in the Falklands War. Built as a combined landing craft and ferry with two flight decks for helicopters and bow and stern doors, there was capacity for around 400 troops and 3,440 tonnes of supplies.

She was deployed in 1991 for Operation Granby, 1995 in Angola Operation Chantress and in 2003 for Operation Telic to transport supplies. In 2003 Sir Galahad transported humanitarian aid, docking in Umm Qasr Port on 28 March 2003, after being delayed while naval mines were cleared.

On 26 April 2007, it was announced that she was to be purchased by Brazil. On 20 July 2006, the ship sailed from Marchwood to Portsmouth, to be decommissioned.

She was commissioned into the Brazilian Navy as Navio de Desembarque de Carros de Combate (NDCC) "Garcia D'Avila" on 4 December 2007.

In Brazilian service, she was responsible for transporting vehicles and supplies to Port-au-Prince in support of United Nations peacekeepers deployed in Haiti during MINUSTAH.

In June 2019 it was announced than the ship will be decommissioned on 29 October 2019.

On 20 February 2024, the Brazilian Navy announced the former RFA Sir Galahad will be used to conduct SINKEX as a target for two helicopter-launched Penguin MK2 MOD7 missiles and a submarine-launched Mk48 torpedo.

Gallery

Citations

References

Galahad (1987)
Ships built on the River Tyne
1986 ships
Round Table-class landing ships logistics of the Brazilian Navy
Ships built by Swan Hunter
Type I submarine. The Type I U-boat was the first post–World War I attempt to produce an oceangoing submarine  for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine. The type was based on the Spanish Type E-1 and Finnish CV707, which were both designed by Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw. Only two Type IAs were built. They were not a successful design : due to its single rudder they had a large turning circle and were not very manoeuvrable. The gravity center of the U-boat was too forward so on the surface the type I had its propellers exposed when she was pitching. Whilst submerged there were problems with depth keeping and stability as air bubbles in the fuel tanks wobbled back and forth. Diving was very slow: at full speed and with six tons of negative buoyancy it took forty seconds to reach ten metres depth. As a result, the type was discontinued and the new type IX class of ocean-going U-boats was designed.

Service history
Constructed by Deschimag in Bremen, the first Type IA was launched on 14 February 1936. The two boats produced,  and , were primarily used as training vessels and for propaganda purposes to fly the Nazi flag. In 1940, the boats were called into combat duty due to the shortage of available submarines. Both boats experienced short, but successful combat careers. U-25 participated in five war cruises, sinking eight enemy ships. On 3 August 1940, while on a mine laying mission near Norway, U-25 struck a mine and sank with all hands on board.

U-26 carried out eight war cruises, sinking three merchant ships on its first mission laying mines. On its second war cruise it became the first U-boat during World War II to enter the Mediterranean Sea. U-26 participated in three other successful war patrols, sinking four additional merchant ships. On its eighth war cruise the boat sank three merchant ships and damaged another ship the next day. The attack on this ship led to severe depth-charging by two British warships, including . Unable to dive, U-26 was forced to surface where she was bombed by a Sunderland flying boat. The crew scuttled the submarine and were rescued by Allied warships.

List of Type I submarines

References

Bibliography

External links

 
Submarine classes
World War II submarines of Germany
Magnetic resonance. Magnetic resonance is a process by which a physical excitation (resonance) is set up via magnetism.

This process was used to develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS) technology.

It is also being used to develop nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computers.

History 
The first observation of electron-spin resonance was in 1944 by Y. K. Zavosky, a Soviet physicist then teaching at Kazan State University (now Kazan Federal University). Nuclear magnetic resonance was first observed in 1946 in the US by a team led by Felix Bloch at the same time as a separate team led by Edward Mills Purcell, the two of whom would later be the 1952 Nobel Laureates in Physics.

Resonant and non-resonant methods
A natural way to measure the separation between two energy levels is to find a measurable quantity defined by this separation and measure it. However, the precision of this method is limited by measurement precision and thus may be poor.

Alternatively, we can set up an experiment in which the system's behavior depends on the energy level. If we apply an external field of controlled frequency, we can measure the level separation by noting at which frequency a qualitative change happens: that would mean that at this frequency, the transition between two states has a high probability. An example of such an experiment is a variation of Stern–Gerlach experiment, in which magnetic moment is measured by finding resonance frequency for the transition between two spin states.

See also

Resonant inductive coupling, a method of transferring electrical power
Magnetic resonance (quantum mechanics), a quantum resonance process
Nuclear magnetic resonance, a special case
Giant resonance
Electron paramagnetic resonance

References

Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetism
Physical phenomena
Flooding algorithm. A flooding algorithm is an algorithm for distributing material to every part of a graph.  The name derives from the concept of inundation by a flood. Flooding algorithms are used in computer networking and graphics. Flooding algorithms are also useful for solving many mathematical problems, including maze problems and many problems in graph theory.

Different flooding algorithms can be applied for different problems, and run with different time complexities. For example, the flood fill algorithm is a simple but relatively robust algorithm that works for intricate geometries and can determine which part of the (target) area that is connected to a given (source) node in a multi-dimensional array, and is trivially generalized to arbitrary graph structures. If there instead are several source nodes, there are no obstructions in the geometry represented in the multi-dimensional array, and one wishes to segment the area based on which of the source nodes the target nodes are closest to, while the flood fill algorithm can still be used, the jump flooding algorithm is potentially much faster as it has a lower time complexity. Unlike the flood fill algorithm, however, the jump flooding algorithm cannot trivially be generalized to unstructured graphs.

See also 
 Flooding (computer networking)
 Water retention on mathematical surfaces
 Flood fill
 Graph traversal
 Spanning tree
 Spanning Tree Protocol
 Amnesiac Flooding

References

External links 
 Flooding edge or node weighted graphs, Fernand Meyer
 Water Retention Utility
WMS. WMS can refer to:

Technology and computing
Warehouse management system
Workflow management system
Web Map Service, a standard for Internet map servers
Windows Media Services, the streaming media server from Microsoft
Windows MultiPoint Server, a Microsoft Windows Server for Remote Desktops
WMS (hydrology software), watershed simulation software
Welfare Management System (NYC), New York, US
Workload management system, a component of gLite

Medicine
Wilderness Medical Society, US, for medical personnel working in the wilderness
Wechsler Memory Scale of memory function
Warwick Medical School, British medical school of Warwick University

Companies
WMS Industries and subsidiary WMS Gaming, US electronic gaming and amusement companies
Williams Medical Supplies, a medical supplies company, Rhymney, Wales

Schools
Waldron Middle School in Waldron, Arkansas 
West Monmouth School in Pontypool, Wales
White Mountain School in Bethlehem, New Hampshire,

Other
 Written ministerial statement, a formal announcement by a government minister that is released to the media (as opposed to being given in person in Parliament).
Nano-. Nano (symbol n) is a unit prefix meaning one billionth.  Used primarily with the metric system, this prefix denotes a factor of 10−9 or . It is frequently encountered in science and electronics for prefixing units of time and length.

Examples
 Three gold atoms lined up are about one nanometer (nm) long.
 If a toy marble were scaled down to one nanometer wide, Earth would scale to about  wide.
 One nanosecond (ns) is about the time required for light to travel 30 cm in air, or 20 cm in an optical fiber. 
 One nanometer per second (nm/s) is approximately the speed that a fingernail grows.

The prefix derives from the Greek  (Latin ), meaning "dwarf". The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) officially endorsed the usage of nano as a standard prefix in 1960.

When used as a prefix for something other than a unit of measure  (as for example in words like "nanoscience"), nano refers to nanotechnology, or means "on a scale of nanometres" (nanoscale).

Nanometre 
X-rays have a wavelength ranging from the size of 0.01 nm to 10 nm. 

Human fingernails grow at approximately one nanometer per second.

Nanosecond

See also 
 RKM code

References 

SI prefixes

simple:Nano-
Ben Cheese. Ben Cheese (1955 – 21 January 2001) was a British engineer who worked on Sinclair's ZX Microdrives. Authors Ian Adamson and Richard Kennedy, in their book Sinclair and the "Sunrise" Technology, write that "it seems only fair to note that it was the tenacity and imagination of R&D staffer Ben Cheese that got the product [i.e., the Microdrive] to the market".

When Sinclair was sold, Cheese formed a company called Flare Technology with two other former Sinclair engineers, John Mathieson and Martin Brennan. Brennan and Mathieson went on to form Flare II, and to develop the Atari Jaguar console. Meanwhile, Cheese worked with Argonaut Software and Nintendo to develop the Super FX chip used in Super Nintendo Entertainment System games such as Star Fox.

Besides his engineering work, Ben Cheese also drew some mildly subversive cartoons for the Sinclair in-house newsletter called WHAM!, or What's Happening At Milton.

Ben Cheese died from cancer at age 46.

References 

British electronics engineers
1955 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from cancer in the United Kingdom
Sinclair Research
Shear. Shear may refer to:

Textile production
Animal shearing, the collection of wool from various species
Sheep shearing
The removal of nap during wool cloth production
Scissors, a hand-operated cutting equipment

Science and technology

Engineering
Shear strength (soil), the shear strength of soil under loading
Shear line (locksmithing), where the inner cylinder ends and the outer cylinder begins in a cylinder lock
Shearing (manufacturing), a metalworking process which cuts stock without the formation of chips or the use of burning or melting
Shear (sheet metal), various tools to shear sheet metal
Board shear, in bookbinding, a tool to cut board or paper
Shear pin, in machinery, such as a plough, designed to shear (break) when a certain force is exceeded, to protect other components of the machine.
Shearing interferometer, in optics, a simple and very common means to check the collimation of beams by observing interference
Shearing in computer graphics, more commonly called screen tearing
Shear wall, a wall composed of braced panels to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure
Shear forming, different from conventional metal spinning in that a reduction of the wall thickness is induced

Mathematics/astronomy
Cosmic shear, an effect of distortion of image of distant galaxies due to deflection of light by matter, as predicted by general relativity (see also  gravitational lens)
Shear mapping, a particular type of mapping in linear algebra, also called transvection
Shear matrix in geometry, a linear transformation shearing a space

Solid materials
Shear (geology), a form of fault in rocks
Shear stress in physics, refers to a stress state that will cause shearing when it exceeds a material's shear strength
Shearing (physics), the deformation of a material substance in which parallel internal surfaces slide past one another
Shear strength

Wind/fluids
Simple shear, a special case of deformation of a fluid 
Shear (fluid), in fluid dynamics, refers to the shear stresses and responses thereto in fluids
Shear rate, a gradient of velocity in a flowing material
Shear line (meteorology), an area of wind shear
Wind shear, a difference in wind speed or direction between two wind currents in the atmosphere

Surnames
Shear (surname)
Shearing (surname)

Other
Shear (comics), a Marvel Comics superhero

See also

Shears (disambiguation)
Shearer (disambiguation)
Sheer (disambiguation)
Sher (disambiguation)
Shere, Surrey, England
Scissors (disambiguation)