omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Multiple units of Ireland. A wide variety of diesel and electric multiple units have been used on Ireland's railways. This page lists all those that have been used. Except with the NIR Class 3000, the numbers given by each class in the lists below are those allocated to the coaches that make up the units in that class, otherwise, unit numbers are not used in Ireland.

Republic of Ireland
Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ), which controlled the Republic's railways between 1945 and 1987, mainly used locomotives and hauled stock for its passenger trains. What diesel multiple unit cars it did have were numbered in the 26xx series. Since 1987, Iarnród Éireann (IÉ) has been increasing the use of this type of train, to replace older locomotives and carriages. The only electrified railway network in Ireland is the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) system, in addition to the Luas which runs on a separate network. Its fleet of electric multiple units are numbered in the 8xxx series.

Despite appearing to be a DMU (especially the Driving Van-Trailer end), the Dublin Cork service Mark 4 is an 8-car Push–pull train.

Diesel multiple units

Electric multiple units

Northern Ireland
The majority of passenger services in Northern Ireland have been operated by diesel multiple units since the mid-1950s (the major exception being the locomotive-hauled Enterprise service between Belfast and Dublin), under the tenure of both the Ulster Transport Authority (1948–1966) and Northern Ireland Railways (since 1967). From 2001, all items of rolling stock in use on NIR had 8000 added to their number so as to be part of the Translink number series, which incorporates their road vehicles. The 3000 Class stock are the first multiple units to be numbered from new in the Translink series. NIR purchased an additional 20 Class 4000 DMUs which entered service in 2011 and 2012.

NIR purchased a Windhoff Multi-Purpose Vehicle for use as the Rail Head Treatment Train, equipped to lay sandite and high-pressure water. The MPV was procured to replace a converted Class 80 unit.

Great Northern Railway (Ireland)
The Great Northern Railway (Ireland) straddled the border between the Republic and Northern Ireland, and so was not incorporated in either the CIE or UTA. However, mounting losses saw the network purchased jointly by the Irish and British governments on Tuesday 1 September 1953. It was run as a joint board, independent of the CIE and UTA, until Tuesday 30 September 1958 when it was dissolved and the remaining stock split equally between the 2 railways.
 AEC Class
 BUT Class

Railcars in preservation

See also
 Coaching stock of Ireland
 Diesel locomotives of Ireland
 Rail freight stock of Ireland
 Steam locomotives of Ireland
 Steam railmotors of Ireland

External links
 Irish Rail DART Fleet Information webpage 
 Irish Rail Commuter Fleet Information webpage
 Japan Transport Engineering Company webpage
Tenterhook. Tenterhooks or tenter hooks are hooked nails used with a device known as a tenter,  a wooden frame, used since at least the 14th century in the process of making woolen cloth, over which wet cloth would be stretched to prevent shrinkage as it dries, but now superseded by the stenter in the textile manufacturing industry.

The phrase "on tenterhooks" has become a metaphor for nervous anticipation.

Cloth-making 

After a piece of cloth was woven, it still contained oil and dirt from the fleece; a craftsmen known as a fuller (in Scotland, ), cleaned the woollen cloth in a fulling mill, and thereafter dry it without allowing the fabric to shrink. To this end, the fuller stretches the wet cloth over a large wooden frame, called a tenter (), leaving it to dry outdoors. The lengths of wet cloth were stretched on the tenter using tenterhooks, hooked nails made with a long shank that was driven into the wooden tenter frame around its perimeter, on which the  selvedges were fixed so that the cloth would retain its shape and size as it dried. 

Historically, tentergrounds (alternatively, tenter-fields), large open spaces full of tenters, wherever cloth was made, and as a result the word "tenter" is found in place names throughout the United Kingdom and its former colonial possessions, for example several streets in Spitalfields, London, and Tenterfield House in Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland, which in turn gave its name to Tenterfield in New South Wales, Australia.

The word tenter is still used today to refer to production line machinery employed to stretch polyester films and similar fabrics. The spelling stenter is also found.

Metaphor 

By the mid-18th century, the phrase on tenterhooks came to mean being in a state of tension, uneasiness, anxiety, or suspense, i.e., figuratively stretched like the cloth on the tenter.

John Ford's 1633 play Broken Heart contains the lines: "There is no faith in woman. Passion, O, be contain'd! My very heart-strings Are on the tenters."

In 1690 the periodical The General History of Europe used the term in the modern sense: "The mischief is, they will not meet again these two years, so that all business must hang upon the tenterhooks till then."

In 1826, English periodical Monthly magazine or British register of literature, sciences, and the belles-lettres contained the line "I hope (though the wish is a cruel one) that my fair readers, if any such readers have deigned to follow me thus far, are on tenterhooks to know to whom the prize was adjudged." In a letter to his wife the same year, American educator Francis Wayland (waiting for his promised appointment as President of Brown University) wrote "I was never so much on tenter hooks before."

The misuse of "on tender hooks" instead of "on tenterhooks" is one of the most misused English phrases, or eggcorns, according to a 2017 survey of two thousand British adults, ranking in fifth place.

References

Metalworking
Textile arts
Computer-assisted telephone interviewing. Computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) is a telephone surveying technique in which the interviewer follows a script provided by a software application. It is a structured system of microdata collection by telephone that speeds up the collection and editing of microdata and also permits the interviewer to educate the respondents on the importance of timely and accurate data. The software is able to customize the flow of the questionnaire based on the answers provided, as well as information already known about the participant. It is used in B2B services and corporate sales.

CATI may function in the following manner:

 A computerized questionnaire is administered to respondents over the telephone.
 The interviewer sits in front of a computer screen.
 Upon command, the computer dials the telephone number to be called.
 When contact is made, the interviewer reads the questions posed on the computer screen and records the respondent's answers directly into the computer.
 Interim and update reports can be compiled instantaneously, as the data are being collected.
 CATI software has built-in logic, which also enhances data accuracy.
 The program will personalize questions and control for logically incorrect answers, such as percentage answers that do not add up to 100 percent.
 The software has built-in branching logic, which will skip questions that are not applicable or will probe for more detail when warranted.
 Automated dialers are usually deployed to lower the waiting time for the interviewer, as well as to record the interview for quality purposes.

Automated computer telephone interviewing
Automated computer telephone interviewing (ACTI) is a technique by which a computer with speaker-independent voice recognition capabilities asks respondents a series of questions, recognizes then stores the answers, and is able to follow scripted logic and branch intelligently according to the flow of the questionnaire based on the answers provided, as well as information known about the participant. This technique is also referred to as interactive voice response (IVR).

See also

 Computer-assisted personal interviewing
 Computer-assisted web interviewing
 Random digit dialling

References
 

 Marketing Research. School of Business & Accountancy, Ngee Ann Polytechnic. Jonas Lee. Pearson.

Speaker recognition
Survey methodology
Types of polling
Mediumwave transmitter Flevoland. The mediumwave transmitter Flevoland (Middengolf Zendstation Flevoland) was a broadcasting facility for medium wave near Zeewolde in the province of Flevoland, Netherlands, situated at 5°25′ E and 52°23′ N.
It has been used for broadcasting on 747 kHz (until September 2015) and 1008 kHz with a nominal power of 400 kilowatts. As aerial two guyed steel framework masts with a height of 195 metres are used, which form an anti-fading aerial. These masts are grounded and carry a cage aerial, which is upperward the separation insulator, separating the masts in a height of 95 metres in two parts, connected toward the mast construction. The radiation diagram is directional, with a maximum gain of 4 dB in South-Eastern direction, to compensate for the variation in electrical admittance of terrain in the Netherlands.

The station, which came into service in 1980, initially carried the programmes of Hilversum 1 and Hilversum 2. In 1985, following an overhaul of the Dutch public radio service, the frequencies were reassigned to NPO Radio 1 and NPO Radio 5 for 747 kHz and 1008 kHz respectively. In 2003, the 1008 kHz frequency was auctioned by the Dutch Government while NPO Radio 5 remained on 747 kHz. Since then, the 1008 kHz has been used by Radio 10 Gold (from 2004 to 2007) and Groot Nieuws Radio, a Dutch privately owned religious station.

In June 2013, NPO announced that distribution of NPO Radio 5 on Medium wave would be discontinued as of September 2015. On 1 September 2015 at 00:02 CEST, the 747 kHz and 1251kHz  transmitters closed down, marking the end of Medium wave transmissions by the Dutch Public Broadcasters. The 1008 kHz remained in use by Groot Nieuws Radio, though at reduced power of 100 kW. Groot Nieuws Radio ceased broadcasting at 31 December 2018.

On 9 January 2019 the masts were demolished with explosives, marking the definitive end of mediumwave broadcasting from this location. This was the last large mediumwave transmitter in The Netherlands, marking the end of a 90-year era of mediumwave broadcasting.

See also
List of masts

References

External links
 MW antenna site Flevoland, published by http://www.waniewski.de/id208.htm
 http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b36124
 http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b36125

Radio in the Netherlands
Communication towers in the Netherlands
Towers in Flevoland
Zeewolde
USAS (application). USAS is software suite for mainframe computers, mainly intended for use in the airline, transportation, and hospitality industries. It is made up of a series of diverse and relatively complex applications written for the Unisys 1100-series, 2200-series, and Clearpath IX environments. 

All Nippon Airways became the first company to adopt the system in the late 1970s. Its name was originally an acronym for Univac Standard Airline Systems, but the product line is now referred to simply as "USAS". With advancements in computing, USAS is slowly being replaced in the airline industry with other software, with Unisys also developing AirCore to replace its USAS offering.

Applications in the suite
USAS was mainly developed for use by airlines. Check-in, reservations, and cargo operations are therefore among its main components. The original USAS applications such as USAS*RES (Reservation System), USAS*CGO (Cargo Application) were written in the early 70s and have been adapted in different forms in varying degrees of customization.

Most (if not all) USAS applications are written as text-based online transaction systems which are designed for low overhead and fast response times.  The environment most commonly used is HVTIP (Unisys' High-Volume Transaction Processing).

Development
Older USAS applications such as USAS*RES (Reservations System) or USAS*FDC (Flight Data Control) were written originally in Fortran, but elements of various applications were also written in COBOL, Unisys 1100/2200 assembly language (ASM or MASM), and the LINC 4GL. Lufthansa plays a major role in developing the USAS suite.

Current Users

Unisys Cargo Hosting Services, Minneapolis :: Delta Cargo, Air Canada Cargo
Air Iberia
Travel Sky, China
Amadeus
NorthWest (cargo)
Cathay Pacific
Qantas Airways
Air India

See also
List of UNIVAC products

References

Business software
Fortran software
UNIVAC software
Saturable reactor. A saturable reactor in electrical engineering is a special form of inductor where the magnetic core can be deliberately saturated by a direct electric current in a control winding. Once saturated, the inductance of the saturable reactor drops dramatically. This decreases inductive reactance and allows increased flow of the alternating current (AC).

Design considerations
Saturable reactors provide a very simple means to remotely and proportionally control the AC through a load such as an incandescent lamp; the AC current is roughly proportional to the direct current (DC) through the control winding.

The power windings, the control winding, and the core are arranged so that the control winding is well isolated from the AC power. The AC power windings are also usually configured so that they self-cancel any AC voltage that might otherwise be induced in the control winding.

Because the required inductance to achieve dimming varies with the size of the load, saturable reactors often have multiple taps, allowing a small inductance to be used with a large load or a larger inductance to be used with a smaller load. In this way, the required magnitude of the control current can be kept roughly constant, no matter what the load.

Obsolete technology
Saturable reactors designed for mains (power-line) frequency are larger, heavier, and more expensive than electronic power controllers developed after the introduction of semiconductor electronic components, and have largely been replaced by thyristor dimmers using triacs or SCRs.

However, as of 2015, there has been renewed interest in using these devices for control of "smart grids" with multiple current tested installations in California, as well as the United Kingdom.

See also 
 Magnetic amplifier
 Constant voltage transformer
 Transductor

Citations

References

External links

Electromagnetic components
Steam rupture. A steam rupture occurs within a pressurized system of super critical water when the pressure exceeds the design plus safety margin specification.  A steam rupture can occur in any high temperature pressurized system, including, but not limited to:  automobile cooling systems, stationary power plants, mobile power plants, steam driven tools (such as some trip hammers), and even the delivery systems for application processes such as cleaning and fabric fullering.

References

Mechanical engineering
Engineering failures
Ionosonde Juliusruh. The Ionosonde Juliusruh is a facility of the institute for atmospheric physics near Juliusruh in northeastern Germany for sounding the ionosphere with radar systems in the short wave range (frequencies between 1 MHz and 30 MHz). The landmark of the station is a 70 metre high grounded free standing steel framework tower, which was built in 1960/61 and which carries a cage aerial for the transmitter of the ionosonde.

See also
List of towers

External links
 http://www.ionosonde.iap-kborn.de/indexeng.htm
 
 http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b45849

Research institutes in Germany
Towers
Time-variant system. A time-variant system is a system whose output response depends on moment of observation as well as moment of input signal application. In other words, a time delay or time advance of input not only shifts the output signal in time but also changes other parameters and behavior. Time variant systems respond differently to the same input at different times. The opposite is true for time invariant systems (TIV).

Overview 
There are many well developed techniques for dealing with the response of linear time invariant systems, such as Laplace and Fourier transforms. However, these techniques are not strictly valid for time-varying systems.  A system undergoing slow time variation in comparison to its time constants can usually be considered to be time invariant: they are close to time invariant on a small scale.  An example of this is the aging and wear of electronic components, which happens on a scale of years, and thus does not result in any behaviour qualitatively different from that observed in a time invariant system: day-to-day, they are effectively time invariant, though year to year, the parameters may change.  Other linear time variant systems may behave more like nonlinear systems, if the system changes quickly – significantly differing between measurements.

The following things can be said about a time-variant system:
 It has explicit dependence on time.
 It does not have an impulse response in the normal sense. The system can be characterized by an impulse response except the impulse response must be known at each and every time instant. 
 It is not stationary in the sense of constancy of the signal's distributional frequency. This means that the parameters which govern the signal's process exhibit varaition with the passage of time. See Stationarity (statistics) for in-depth theoretics regarding this property.

Linear time-variant systems 
Linear-time variant (LTV) systems are the ones whose parameters vary with time according to previously specified laws. Mathematically, there is a well defined dependence of the system over time and over the input parameters that change over time.

In order to solve time-variant systems, the algebraic methods consider initial conditions of the system i.e. whether the system is zero-input or non-zero input system.

Examples of time-variant systems 
The following time varying systems cannot be modelled by assuming that they are time invariant:
 The Earth's thermodynamic response to incoming Solar irradiance varies with time due to changes in the Earth's albedo and the presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Discrete wavelet transform, often used in modern signal processing, is time variant because it makes use of the decimation operation.

See also 
Control system
Control theory
System analysis
Time-invariant system

References 

Control theory
Nipper (tool). A nipper or tile nipper (like a pair of scissors or pliers) is a tool used to "nip" or remove small amounts of a hard material, such as pieces of a tile, which needs to be fitted around an odd or irregular shape.

For tile that requires a straight cut a tile cutter is used. This is a small mechanical device where the tile is placed, aligned and clamped on a platform; lightly "scored" with a cutting wheel and snapped in two with a handled slicer (blade similar to a paper cutter in appearance).
For larger jobs an electric tile saw or wet saw is used; this saw is similar to a small mitre saw except that water is distributed on the saw blade to lessen the effects of heat and friction.

A rail nipper is used in rail transport modelling to cut rail tracks.

See also
Tin snips
Pliers
Electrical wire cutting

References 
 Reader's Digest Book of Skills & Tools 

Cutting tools
Adamite. Adamite is a zinc arsenate hydroxide mineral, Zn2AsO4OH. It is a mineral that typically occurs in the oxidized or weathered zone above zinc ore occurrences. Pure adamite is colorless, but usually it possess yellow color due to Fe compounds admixture. Tints of green also occur and are connected with copper substitutions in the mineral structure. Olivenite is a copper arsenate that is isostructural with adamite and there is considerable substitution between zinc and copper resulting in an intermediate called cuproadamite. Zincolivenite is a recently discovered mineral being an intermediate mineral with formula CuZn(AsO4)(OH). Manganese, cobalt, and nickel also substitute in the structure. An analogous zinc phosphate, tarbuttite, is known.

Occurrence
Adamite occurs as a secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of zinc- and arsenic-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits. It occurs in association with smithsonite, hemimorphite, scorodite, olivenite, calcite, quartz and iron and manganese oxides.

The yellow to bright lime-green colored crystals and druze along with its distinctive fluorescence make adamite a favorite among mineral collectors. Found in Mapimí, Durango, Mexico; Greece; and California and Utah in the United States.

Adamite was named after the French mineralogist Gilbert-Joseph Adam (1795–1881). It was first described in 1866 for an occurrence at the type locality of Chañarcillo, Copiapó Province, Atacama Region, Chile.

See also
 List of minerals
 List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association
 List of minerals named after people

References

Zinc minerals
Arsenate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 58
Luminescent minerals
Minerals described in 1866
Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress. The XB-38 Flying Fortress was a single example conversion of a production B-17E Flying Fortress, testing whether the Allison V-1710 V type engine could be substituted for the standard Wright R-1820 radial engine during early World War II.

Design and development
The XB-38 was the result of a modification project undertaken by Vega (a subsidiary of Lockheed) on a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress to fit it with liquid-cooled Allison V-1710-89 V-12 engines. It was to be an improved B-17, and an alternative if the normally fitted air-cooled Wright R-1820 radial engines became scarce. Completing the modifications took less than a year, and the XB-38 made its first flight on May 19, 1943. Only one was built, and it was modified from a regular production aircraft.

The XB-38 delivered a higher top speed, but its ceiling was lower. After a few flights it was grounded due to exhaust gas leaks from the engine manifolds. Once this had been fixed, testing resumed until the ninth flight on June 16, 1943 when the inboard starboard engine caught fire and the crew bailed out. The XB-38 was destroyed and the project was canceled, in part because the V-1710 engines were in high demand for Lockheed P-38 Lightning, Curtiss P-40 Warhawk and North American P-51A Mustang fighters.

Operators

United States Army Air Forces

Specifications (XB-38)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Francillon, René J. Lockheed Aircraft since 1913. London:Putnam, 1982. .
 Hess, William N. and Jim Winchester. ""Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress:Queen of the Skies". Wings Of Fame. Volume 6. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1997. . ISSN 1361-2034. pp. 38–103.
 Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Bombers, B-1 1928 to B-1 1980s. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1962, second edition 1974. .

External links

B-38 Flying Fortress
Boeing B-38 Flying Fortress
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
B-38
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Four-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear