omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Joseph K. Bratton. Lieutenant General Joseph K. Bratton (April 4, 1926 – June 2, 2007) was an American Army officer and nuclear engineer.

Biography
Bratton was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. He graduated third in the class of 1948 at the United States Military Academy and was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers. He served with an engineer battalion in Austria from 1949 to 1952 and with the divisional 13th Engineer Combat Battalion in Korea in 1953 and 1954, both before and after the armistice there. Likewise, he later commanded the 24th Engineer Battalion, 4th Armored Division, in Germany (1964–65) and the 159th Engineer Group in Vietnam (1969–70). Bratton also held numerous staff assignments. He was a military assistant to Secretary of the Army Stanley Resor from 1967 to 1969 and secretary to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 to 1972. Having received a master's degree in nuclear engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959, Bratton served as Chief of Nuclear Activities, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers, Europe (SHAPE), from 1972 to 1975 and Director of Military Applications at the U.S. Department of Energy from 1975 to 1979. Note -  the U.S. Department of Energy was called the "United States Energy Research and Development Administration" at this time,  not the current name of Department of Energy (DOE).  His last assignments before becoming Chief of Engineers in October 1980 were as Division Engineer of the Corps' South Atlantic Division (1979–80) and then briefly as Deputy Chief of Engineers.

Bratton died on June 2, 2007, of an aneurysm, at the age of 81 in Virginia. His wife had preceded him in death in 2006. He, alongside his wife, are interred in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

Awards and decorations
His military awards included;

References

This article contains public domain text from 

1926 births
2007 deaths
Military personnel from Saint Paul, Minnesota
American nuclear engineers
United States Army generals
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Military Academy alumni
American military engineers
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
20th-century American engineers
Critical Nuclear Weapon Design Information. Critical Nuclear Weapon Design Information (CNWDI, often pronounced SIN-widdy or SIN-wuh-dee)  is a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) category of Top Secret Restricted Data or Secret Restricted Data that reveals the theory of operation or design of the components of a thermonuclear or fission bomb, warhead, demolition munition, or test device. Specifically excluded is information concerning arming, fuzing, and firing systems; limited life components; and total contained quantities of fissionable, fusionable, and high explosive materials by type. Among these excluded items are the components that DoD personnel set, maintain, operate, test or replace. The sensitivity of DoD CNWDI is such that access is granted to the absolute minimum number of employees who require it for the accomplishment of assigned responsibilities on a classified contract. Because of the importance of such information, special requirements have been established for its control.

Markings
In addition to other required  markings, CNWDI material should be clearly marked, "Critical Nuclear Weapon Design Information-DoD Directive 5210.2 Applies." As a minimum, CNWDI documents shall show such markings on the cover or first page. Portions of documents that contain CNWDI shall be marked with an (N) or (CNWDI) following the classification of the portion. For example, TS(RD)(N) or TS(RD)(CNWDI).

Weapon Data 
That portion of Restricted Data or Formerly Restricted Data that concerns the design, manufacture, or utilization (including theory, development, storage, characteristics, performance, and effects) of atomic weapons or atomic weapon components and nuclear explosive devices is called Weapon Data and it has special protection provisions. Weapon Data is divided into eight Sigma categories the protection of which is prescribed by DOE Order 5610.2, CONTROL OF WEAPON DATA. However, certain Weapon Data has been re-categorized as CNWDI.

See also
 Q clearance

Sources
National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM), Feb 2006 edition

United States government secrecy
Classified information in the United States
Nuclear secrecy
Nuclear weapon design
Hiller VZ-1 Pawnee. The Hiller VZ-1 Pawnee (U.S. Army designation; earlier Army designation: HO-1) is a unique direct-lift rotor aircraft, using contra-rotating ducted fans for lift inside a flying platform upon which the single pilot shifted body weight for directional control. The platform was developed starting in 1953 under an Office of Naval Research (ONR) contract to Hiller Aircraft, and flew successfully beginning in 1955.

Design and development 
The original concept had been developed by Charles H. Zimmerman in the late 1940s. Further development followed, both by Hiller Aircraft and the De Lackner Company. There were two main models, the ONR model 1031-A-1, and the somewhat larger VZ-1 Pawnee model produced in 1956 for the U.S. Army. Three of each model were built as prototypes. Neither of the variants was put into production.

The smaller ONR model used two  Nelson H-59 piston engines, coupled to the propellers by a modified helicopter transmission built by the Industrial Power Division of Hall-Scott. The larger Pawnee model used three of those engines and had an extended duct area. The Pawnee had ineffective "kinesthetic control" and instead had the operator seated on a platform controlling the flight with conventional helicopter controls.

Testing and evaluation 
Due to aerodynamic effects in the duct within which the propellers rotated, the platform was dynamically stable, even though the pilot and center of gravity of the platform were fairly high up. In testing, the prototypes flew well, but the U.S. Army judged them to be impractical as combat vehicles as they were small, limited in speed and only barely flew out of the ground cushion effect.

Two of the six prototypes are known to survive; both are ONR 1031-A-1 models. One is located at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California, the other is at the National Air and Space Museum's Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. The latter platform was formerly on loan to the Pima Air & Space Museum. A replica of the 1031 platform is on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum.

Gallery

Specifications (Model 1031-A-1)

See also

References 
Notes

Bibliography

External links 

Flying Platform article at the Hiller Aviation Museum

Ducted fan-powered aircraft
VZ-1
Rotorcraft
Z-01 Pawnee
Flying platforms
VTOL aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1955
Standing pilot aircraft
Hiller Aircraft. Hiller Aircraft Company is an American private aerospace company, based in Firebaugh, California.  It was founded in 1942 as Hiller Industries by Stanley Hiller to develop helicopters.

History
Stanley Hiller, then seventeen, established the first helicopter factory on the West Coast of the United States, located in Berkeley, California, in 1942, under the name "Hiller Industries,"  to develop his design for the coaxial-rotor XH-44 "Hiller-Copter" for the U.S. Army.  The XH-44 became operational in 1944. In collaboration with Henry J. Kaiser, it became United Helicopters in 1945.  In the postwar years, United Helicopter produced a number of innovative helicopter designs for military and civilian purposes, including coaxial-rotor and tailless designs, as well as more conventional models.  In  January, 1949, a Hiller 360 became the first civilian helicopter to cross the United States.

Besides helicopters, in the year after World War II, Stanley Hiller researched a two-man rocket-jet aircraft design that took off and landed vertically, called the VJ-100, in which he tried unsuccessfully to interest the U.S. military.

The company was renamed Hiller Helicopters in 1948.  It was involved in the development of a number of prototype helicopters. From the early 1960s to 1969, its Palo Alto plant served as a CIA cover for the production of the CORONA reconnaissance satellites.

Hiller was purchased by Fairchild Aircraft in 1964.

Jeff Hiller, the son of Stanley Hiller, repurchased the company in 1994 with the help of a dozen Thai investors led by Patrick C. Lim, part owner of Siam Steel and many other Asian ventures. For ownership of Hiller aircraft, these investors helped cover the company's liabilities about $1 million and commit about $10 million to build at least 30 new helicopters at the new East Bay production site and also setting up the first aerospace company in Thailand.

Stanley Hiller donated money and a number of aircraft to form the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California, which opened in 1998.

In 2009, the Hiller (China) Aircraft Manufacturing Company  began construction of a production facility in Zhangjiakou City, northwest of Beijing. The company is a joint venture between Hiller Aircraft Corporation, Zhangjiakou Chahar General Aviation Company. At the time, Zhangjiakou Chahar General Aviation was already carrying out low-rate production of UH-12 parts and sub assemblies.

In July 2018 an accident in which a truck driver drove over his co-driver occurred at the Hiller Firebaugh facility. On May 4 a jury found Hiller 70% at fault for the accident and awarded the injured driver over 9 million dollars in damages. The company's website news update from February 15, 2021, indicates the company is struggling financially with the owners hesitating to provide further funding to keep the company operating.

Aircraft

References

External links

Hiller's home page
" Hiller Aircraft Ready To Takeoff"
 Hiller Helicopter Owners and Pilots Forum

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Helicopter manufacturers of the United States
Mean time to repair. Mean time to repair  (MTTR) is a basic measure of the maintainability of repairable items.  It represents the average time required to repair a failed component or device.  Expressed mathematically, it is the total corrective maintenance time for failures divided by the total number of corrective maintenance actions for failures during a given period of time.  It generally does not include lead time for parts not readily available or other Administrative or Logistic Downtime (ALDT).

In fault-tolerant design, MTTR is usually considered to also include the time the fault is latent (the time from when the failure occurs until it is detected). If a latent fault goes undetected until an independent failure occurs, the system may not be able to recover.

MTTR is often part of a maintenance contract, where a system whose MTTR is 24 hours is generally more valuable than for one of 7 days if mean time between failures is equal, because its Operational Availability is higher.

However, in the context of a maintenance contract, it would be important to distinguish whether MTTR is meant to be a measure of the mean time between the point at which the failure is first discovered until the point at which the equipment returns to operation (usually termed "mean time to recovery"), or only a measure of the elapsed time between the point where repairs actually begin until the point at which the equipment returns to operation (usually termed "mean time to repair"). For example, a system with a service contract guaranteeing a mean time to "repair" of 24 hours, but with additional part lead times, administrative delays, and technician transportation delays adding up to a mean of 6 days, would not be any more attractive than another system with a service contract guaranteeing a mean time to "recovery" of 7 days.

See also
 Mean time to recovery
 Mean time between failures
 Mean down time
 Time between overhauls

References 

Engineering failures
Reliability indices

de:Mean Time To Recover
fr:MTTR
ja:平均修復時間
sv:MTTR
Baeyer–Drewsen indigo synthesis. The Baeyer–Drewsen indigo synthesis (1882) is an organic reaction in which indigo is prepared from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone The  reaction  was  developed  by  von  Baeyer  and Viggo Drewsen in  1880  to  produce  the  first  synthetic indigo at laboratory scale. This procedure is not used at industrial scale.

The reaction is classified as an aldol condensation.  As a practical route to indigo, this method was displaced by routes from aniline.

Mechanism

Note
In the English literature this reaction is sometimes called Baeyer–Drewson reaction, although the author of the original paper was spelled Drewsen.

References

External links
 Lab Manual
 Lab-synthesis of indigo

Nitrogen heterocycle forming reactions
Organic reactions
Name reactions
SDO. SDO may stand for:

Astronomy
Scattered disc object in the Solar System
Solar Dynamics Observatory, a NASA mission to study the Sun
Subdwarf O star (sdO)

Computing, software, electronics
Service Data Object protocol under the CANopen protocol
Service Data Objects, allowing uniform data access
Intel Secure Device Onboard for IoT
Spatial Data Option, late Oracle Spatial and Graph
Silent Death Online (videogame), from Mythic Entertainment

Groups, companies, organizations 
Standards developing organization
San Diego Opera, California, USA
Secret Double Octopus, Israeli software company
SDO Bussum, Bussum, Netherlands; a Dutch association football club
Air Santo Domingo (ICAO airline code SDO)

Other uses 
 Sub Divisional Officer, a government officer in charge of a subdivision in a district in India.
Selective door operation on trains
Social dominance orientation, a personality trait
Bukar–Sadong language (ISO 639 language code sdo)
 (), Via della Pietra Sanguigna, Rome, Italy; a cancelled-planned business district around Quintiliani subway station

See also
Superstabilization. Superstabilization is a concept of fault-tolerance in distributed computing. Superstabilizing distributed algorithms combine the features of self-stabilizing algorithms and dynamic algorithms. A superstabilizing algorithm – just like any other self-stabilizing algorithm – can be started in an arbitrary state, and it will eventually converge to a legitimate state. Additionally, a superstabilizing algorithm will recover rapidly from a single change in the network topology (adding or removing one edge or node in the network).

Any self-stabilizing algorithm recovers from a change in the network topology – the system configuration after a topology change can be treated just like any other arbitrary starting configuration. However, in a self-stabilizing algorithm, the convergence after a single change in the network topology may be as slow as the convergence from an arbitrary starting state. In the study of superstabilizing algorithms, special attention is paid to the time it takes to recover from a single change in the network topology.

Definitions

The stabilization time of a superstabilizing algorithm is defined exactly as in the case of self-stabilizing algorithm: how long it takes to converge to a legitimate state from an arbitrary configuration. Depending on the computational model, time is measured, e.g., in synchronous communication rounds or in asynchronous cycles.

The superstabilization time is the time to recover from a single topology change. It is assumed that the system is initially in a legitimate configuration. Then the network topology is changed; the superstabilization time is the maximum time it takes for the system to reach a legitimate configuration again. Similarly, the adjustment measure is the maximum number of nodes that have to change their state after such changes.

The “almost-legitimate configurations” which occur after one topology change can be formally modelled by using passage predicates: a passage predicate is a predicate that holds after a single change in the network topology, and also during the convergence to a legitimate configuration.

References

, article 4.
, Section 7.1.

Distributed computing problems
Fault-tolerant computer systems
AIM-82. The AIM-82 was a missile planned by the US Air Force but cancelled before any prototypes were built. It was designed as a much more maneuverable replacement for the AIM-9 Sidewinder to give it better performance against enemy fighter aircraft in close combat. Development was cancelled in favor of joining the US Navy's similar project, the AIM-95.

Overview
In 1969 the USAF was developing the F-15 Eagle fighter. Planned as the ultimate air superiority aircraft, the F-15 was intended to be as perfect as possible in every respect. Rather than rely on the existing AIM-9 Sidewinder, it was decided to develop an entirely new short-range air-to-air missile to equip the aircraft. The AIM-82 was to be an infrared-guided, all-aspect missile, capable of locking onto the target from any angle; Sidewinders of this period could only achieve a target lock if fired from almost directly behind the target where the heat of the engines provided a large infrared signature to the missile's seeker head.

In 1970 a development contract was awarded to General Dynamics, Hughes Aircraft and Philco-Ford. Proposals were submitted later that year, but in that September the AIM-82 was canceled. The main reason was the existence of the United States Navy AIM-95 Agile program, which was developing a new short-range air-to-air missile for the F-14 Tomcat. Inter-service rivalry aside, there seemed little point in developing two missiles to perform essentially identical roles, so development on the AIM-95 was authorized. Eventually, the AIM-95 was also canceled and the AIM-9 was updated to remain in service—and indeed remains in service to this day.

Specifications
The AIM-82 was canceled at a stage where the basic design had not been selected; as a result, no specifications exist for the proposed missile.

See also
 List of missiles

References

AIM-082
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
AIM-97 Seekbat. The AIM-97 Seekbat or XAIM-97A Seek Bat was a long-range air-to-air missile developed by the United States. It was intended to counter the perceived capabilities of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 and proposed to arm both the F-15 Eagle and F-4 Phantom, the missile ultimately never entered service.

Overview
In the early to mid-1970s the United States was highly concerned by the perceived capabilities of the MiG-25, an aircraft which was known to be capable of speeds in excess of Mach 3 and which carried long-range air-to-air missiles. It was widely claimed that the Foxbat was a new generation "super-fighter", capable of comfortably outclassing any US or allied aircraft. The US initiated the F-15 Eagle program largely in response to this threat. To equip the F-15 the Air Force initiated development of the AIM-82 short-range missile and the AIM-97 Seekbat. The former was a dogfighting missile intended as a replacement for the AIM-9 Sidewinder, the latter was to be a new high-altitude long-range missile designed specifically to shoot down the MiG-25 - hence the name "Seekbat", the "bat" referring to the MiG-25's "Foxbat" NATO reporting name.

The Seekbat was based on the AGM-78 Standard ARM. It had a larger  propulsion unit and used semi-active radar homing with an infrared seeker for terminal guidance of the missile. The operational ceiling was .

Test firings began in late 1972,  but the Seekbat program did not make a great deal of progress and was cancelled in 1976.  By this time new knowledge of the MiG-25s capabilities and role led to the cancellation of the program because the missile's cost did not justify its procurement.

See also
Brazo
R-27 (air-to-air missile)
AIM-174B

References
Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 
 

General Dynamics
Proposed weapons of the United States
Cold War air-to-air missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Watercolour Challenge. Watercolour Challenge is a daytime television lifestyle game show that originally aired on Channel 4 from 15 June 1998 to 23 November 2001 and presented by Hannah Gordon. In 2022 the show returned for 20 episodes on Channel 5 and presented by Fern Britton.

Format

In the programme, three amateur artists were given four hours to paint, in watercolour, the same scene or landscape, often with widely different interpretations. A programme was screened each day when at the end of each episode, the guest professional artist for the week judged the paintings and selected the winner, who would then appear in a regional final on Friday, and if successful would compete in the end of series final.

The expert artist also had a segment where they provided tips for the viewers to improve their painting technique.

The locations of each landscape painted changed in each episode, with various regions of both Great Britain and Ireland being visited, as well as a special show from Provence. The 2001 final was held in Tuscany.

Expert art judges included the artists Jason Bowyer, Mike Chaplin, Dorothy Dunnett, Annette Kane, Hazel Soan, and Jenny Wheatley. In 1999, Timmy Mallett was a regional judge for one episode of the show. A celebrity edition was produced, including Bill Oddie and Phillip Franks. The show was briefly presented by Cherie Lunghi, when Hannah Gordon was unable to do so due to illness.

In 2001, the programme won a Royal Television Society (RTS) award in the category of Best Features - Daytime.

Transmissions

Original

Revival

Books 
Two books related to the television programme have been published:

 Watercolour Challenge: A Complete Guide to Watercolour Painting, 2001, Diana Vowles, Channel 4 Books, 
 Watercolour Challenge: Practical Painting Course, 2002, Channel 4 Books,

References

External links
 
 

1998 British television series debuts
2022 British television series endings
1990s British game shows
2000s British game shows
2020s British game shows
British television series revived after cancellation
Channel 4 game shows
Channel 5 (British TV channel) original programming
British English-language television shows
Television series by ITV Studios
Watercolor painting