omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
The Coroner's Toolkit. The Coroner's Toolkit (or TCT) is a suite of free computer security programs by Dan Farmer and Wietse Venema for digital forensic analysis. The suite runs under several Unix-related operating systems: FreeBSD, OpenBSD, BSD/OS, SunOS/Solaris, Linux, and HP-UX. TCT is released under the terms of the IBM Public License.

Parts of TCT can be used to aid analysis of and data recovery from computer disasters.

TCT was superseded by The Sleuth Kit. Although TSK is only partially based on TCT, the authors of TCT have accepted it as official successor to TCT.

References

External links

Official home page
Feature: The Coroner's Toolkit
Frequently Asked Questions about The Coroner's Toolkit

Computer forensics
Unix security-related software
Hard disk software
Digital forensics software
Silver iodide. Silver iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula AgI.  The compound is a bright yellow solid, but samples almost always contain impurities of metallic silver that give a grey colouration.  The silver contamination arises because some samples of AgI can be highly photosensitive.  This property is exploited in silver-based photography.  Silver iodide is also used as an antiseptic and in cloud seeding.

Structure
The structure adopted by silver iodide is temperature dependent:
 Below 420 K, the β phase of AgI, with the wurtzite structure, is most stable. This phase is encountered in nature as the mineral iodargyrite.  
 Above 420 K, the α phase becomes more stable. This motif is a body-centered cubic structure which has the silver centers distributed randomly between 6 octahedral, 12 tetrahedral and 24 trigonal sites.  At this temperature, Ag+ ions can move rapidly through the solid, allowing fast ion conduction. The transition between the β and α forms represents the melting of the silver (cation) sublattice. The entropy of fusion for α-AgI is approximately half that for sodium chloride (a typical ionic solid). This can be rationalized by considering the AgI crystalline lattice to have already "partly melted" in the transition between α and β polymorphs.
 A metastable γ phase also exists below 420 K with the zinc blende structure.

Preparation and properties
Silver iodide is prepared by reaction of an iodide solution (e.g., potassium iodide) with a solution of silver ions (e.g., silver nitrate). A yellowish solid quickly precipitates. The solid is a mixture of the two principal phases. Dissolution of the AgI in hydroiodic acid, followed by dilution with water, precipitates β-AgI. Alternatively, dissolution of AgI in a solution of concentrated silver nitrate followed by dilution affords α-AgI. Unless the preparation is conducted in dark conditions, the solid darkens rapidly, the light causing the reduction of ionic silver to metallic. The photosensitivity varies with sample purity.

Cloud seeding

The crystalline structure of β-AgI is similar to that of ice, allowing it to induce freezing  by the process known as heterogeneous nucleation. Approximately 50,000 kg are used for cloud seeding annually,  each seeding experiment consuming 10–50 grams. (see also Project Stormfury, Operation Popeye).

Safety
Extreme exposure can lead to argyria, characterized by localized discolouration of body tissue.

References

Cited sources

Metal halides
Iodides
Silver compounds
Photographic chemicals
Weather modification
Antiseptics
Light-sensitive chemicals
Wurtzite structure type
Zincblende crystal structure
Snefru. Snefru is a cryptographic hash function invented by Ralph Merkle
in 1990 while working at Xerox PARC.
The function supports 128-bit and 256-bit output. It was named after the Egyptian Pharaoh Sneferu, continuing the tradition of the Khufu and Khafre block ciphers.

The original design of Snefru was shown to be insecure by Eli Biham and Adi Shamir who were able to use differential cryptanalysis to find hash collisions. The design was then modified by increasing the number of iterations of the main pass of the algorithm from two to eight. Although differential cryptanalysis can break the revised version with less complexity than brute force search (a certificational weakness), the attack requires  operations and is thus not currently feasible in practice.

References

External links
  on Ecrypt
 , an open source command-line tool, which can calculate and verify Snefru-128 and Snefru-256

Broken hash functions
Display device. A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual or tactile form (the latter used for example in tactile electronic displays for blind people). When the input information that is supplied has an electrical signal the display is called an electronic display.

Common applications for electronic visual displays are television sets or computer monitors.

Types of electronic displays

In use 
These are the technologies used to create the various displays in use today.

Mechanical types 
 Ticker tape (historical)
 Split-flap display (or simply flap display)
 Flip-disc display (or flip-dot display)
 Vane display
 Rollsign
 Tactile electronic displays are usually intended for the blind. They use electro-mechanical parts to dynamically update a tactile image (usually of text) so that the image may be felt by the fingers.
 Optacon, using metal rods instead of light in order to convey images to blind people by tactile sensation.

See also 

 Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
 Graphical user interfaces
 History of display technology
 User interface
 Input device
 Text display

References

External links

Society for Information Display - An international professional organization dedicated to the study of display technology
University of Waterloo Stratford Campus - A university that offers students the opportunity to display their work on the school's 3-storey Christie MicroTile wall.

 
Video hardware
User interfaces
Ferdinand Schichau. Ferdinand Gottlob Schichau (30 January 1814 – 23 January 1896) was a German mechanical engineer and businessman.

Schichau was born in Elbing, West Prussia (modern Elbląg, Poland) to a smith and iron worker. He studied engineering in Berlin and visited the Rhineland and England. In 1837 he started his own company in Elbing. He also built a shipyard in Pillau near Königsberg (East Prussia) (today Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast).

The Schichau-Werke became a large industrial complex, which employed several thousand people. Schichau made hydraulic presses, industrial machines and steam engines. For his workers he erected a large living quarter section in Elbing. The Borussia, constructed by him, was the first screw-vessel in Germany.

Schichau gained an associate when his daughter married around 1873 Carl H. Ziese (1848 -1917) the constructor in 1874 of the first compound steam engine to be integrated in a German gunship.

The company had so many orders that it became necessary to construct another large shipyard in nearby Danzig (Gdańsk) as well. In 1896 Schichau employed about 4,000 labourers his private assets were appraised at 30 million German gold mark. Schichau died in Elbing on 23 January 1896, his son in law (Ziese) continued to lead the company till his own death in 1917. Ziese's only daughter, Hildegard, married Swedish Engineer Carl Carlson.

After her husband's death, Hildegard Carlson ran the former firm of her father Carl and grand father Ferdinand building, mainly, railway engines till the thereafters of a company active till no less than 1945.

When Elbing and Danzig were transferred to Poland after World War II, Schichau's memory all but disappeared. The street in Elbing named after him (Schichaustraße) was renamed ul. Stoczniowa, and his statue was destroyed. His contributions only recently became known in Poland at the end of the Cold War.

Schichau's name remains in the Schichau Seebeck Shipyard at Bremerhaven.

References

External links
 

1814 births
1896 deaths
People from Elbląg
19th-century German businesspeople
German mechanical engineers
19th-century German inventors
People from West Prussia
German railway mechanical engineers
German railway entrepreneurs
Georg Steenke. Georg Jakob Steenke (30 June 1801 in Königsberg – 22 April 1884 in Elbing) was a German architect and a königlicher Baurat (royal construction councillor) of the Kingdom of Prussia. His father Johann Friedrich Steenke and his grandfather, both also from Königsberg, were involved with maritime trade.

In 1833 Steenke built a canal, the Seckenburger Kanal, in the Memel (Klaipėda) area. He designed the Oberländischer Kanal (now called Elbląg Canal), which was built between 1844–58 from the Drausensee (Drużno) to the Drewenz (Drwęca) River. Inaugurated in 1860, it connected the cities of Deutsch Eylau (Iława), Osterode (Ostróda), and Elbing (Elbląg). It connected territories with about 100 yard differences in height by putting ships on carriage carts on tracks and using pulley wheels and cables to have the ships glide up the hills.

From the time the canal was opened until his retirement, he resided at the Czulpa residence by Lake Ruda Woda.

A monument to honor Steenke was removed after the area became part of Poland in 1945. When UNESCO placed the canal on its list of architectural marvels, the monument was put up again in 1986.

1801 births
1884 deaths
German engineers
Architects from Königsberg
19th-century German architects
Engineers from the Kingdom of Prussia
Hellmuth Hirth. Hellmuth Hirth (; 24 April 1886 – 1 July 1938) was a German engineer who founded the Mahle GmbH and Hirth companies, manufacturing engine components and complete aircraft engines respectively.

Biography
Hirth was born in Heilbronn, the son of engineer and tool-maker Albert Hirth. He was the elder brother of Wolf Hirth who would go on to become a famous sailplane designer and manufacturer.

As a young man, Hirth was sent to the United States to train with the Edison General Electric Company as a mechanic. While abroad, he developed an interest in aircraft, and on his return to Germany in 1909 became involved with the emerging industry. He built his own aircraft in 1910 and soon went to work for the Zeppelin Company building airships. He also became a prominent pilot.

Since 1914 he was a Leutnant of the Fliegertruppe, winning the Iron Cross II and being severely wounded.

In 1920, he founded his own company to manufacture engine components out of light alloys, and by 1927 split the company in order to focus more closely on the aero engine side of the business.

Death
On 1 July 1938 Hirth was killed in a plane crash in Karlsbad.

See also
Hirth
Hirth joint

References
 

1886 births
1938 deaths
German aerospace engineers
Businesspeople from Baden-Württemberg
People from Heilbronn
German businesspeople in transport
Engineers from Baden-Württemberg
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1938
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Germany
Ski lift. A ski lift is a mechanism for transporting skiers up a hill. Ski lifts are typically a paid service at ski resorts. The first ski lift was built in 1908 by German Robert Winterhalder in Schollach/Eisenbach, Hochschwarzwald.

Types 

 Aerial lifts transport skiers while suspended off the ground. Aerial lifts are often bicable ropeways, the "bi-" prefix meaning that the cables have two different functions (carrying and pulling).
Aerial tramways
 Chairlifts and detachable chairlifts
 Funifors
 Funitels
 Gondola lifts
 Hybrid lifts
 Surface lifts, including T-bars, magic carpets, and rope tows.
 Cable railways, including funiculars
 Helicopters are used for heliskiing and snowcats for snowcat skiing. This is backcountry skiing or boarding accessed by a snowcat or helicopter instead of a lift, or by hiking. Cat skiing is less than half the cost of heliskiing, more expensive than a lift ticket but is easier than ski touring. Cat skiing is guided. Skiing at select, extreme resorts, like Silverton Mountain, is also guided, even when skiing just off the lift.

Locations
 
Ski lifts are built in many parts of the world. 
Extreme locations of outdoor ski lifts:
 The northernmost is near Tromsø, Norway
 The southernmost is near Ushuaia, Argentina
 The closest to the equator in the northern hemisphere is near Liang, China
 The closest to the equator in the southern hemisphere is near Mahlasela, Lesotho

References

External links 
 

 
Articles containing video clips
Vertical transport devices
Defect tracking. In engineering, defect tracking is the process of tracking the logged defects in a product from beginning to closure (by inspection, testing, or recording feedback from customers), and making new versions of the product that fix the defects. Defect tracking is important in software engineering as complex software systems typically have tens, hundreds, or thousands of defects; therefore, managing, evaluating and prioritizing these defects is a difficult task. When the number of defects gets quite large, and the defects need to be tracked over extended periods of time, use of a defect tracking system can make the management task much easier.

See also

 Bug tracking
 Comparison of issue tracking systems

References

Bug and issue tracking software
Product testing
Portland Pattern Repository. The Portland Pattern Repository (PPR) is an online repository for computer programming software design patterns. It was accompanied by the website WikiWikiWeb, the world's first wiki. The repository has an emphasis on extreme programming, and is hosted by Cunningham & Cunningham (C2) of Portland, Oregon. The PPR's motto is "People, Projects & Patterns".

History 
On 17 September 1987, programmer Ward Cunningham with Tektronix and Apple Computer's Kent Beck co-published the paper "Using Pattern Languages for Object-Oriented Programs" This paper, about software design patterns, was inspired by Christopher Alexander's architectural concept of "patterns" It was written for the 1987 OOPSLA programming conference organized by the Association for Computing Machinery. Cunningham and Beck's idea became popular among programmers because it helped them exchange programming ideas in an easy to understand format.

Cunningham & Cunningham, the programming consultancy that would eventually host the PPR on its Internet domain, was incorporated in Salem, Oregon, on 1 November 1991, and is named after Ward and his wife, Karen R. Cunningham, a mathematician, school teacher, and school director. Cunningham & Cunningham registered their Internet domain, c2.com, on 23 October 1994. Ward created the Portland Pattern Repository on c2.com as a means to help object-oriented programmers publish their computer programming patterns by submitting them to him. Some of those programmers attended the OOPSLA and PLoP conferences about object-oriented programming, and posted their ideas on the PPR. The PPR is accompanied, on c2.com, by the first ever wiki, a collection of reader-modifiable Web pages, which is named WikiWikiWeb.

References

External links 
 

Software design patterns
Computing websites
DDL. DDL may refer to:

Technology
Data definition language or data description language, relating to databases
Description Definition Language, part of the MPEG-7 standard
Device Description Language,  related to field devices for process and factory automation
Digital data logger, a type of data logger, an electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location
Direct download link, hyperlink for file downloads
Dolby Digital Live, real-time audio compression
Drop-down list, graphical user interface control element
An acronym for the Australian light destroyer project

People
Daniel Day-Lewis, actor

Businesses
Det Danske Luftfartselskab, Danish airline
Dutch Defence League, a Dutch offshoot of the English Defence League

Other
Data-driven learning, an approach to learning foreign languages
Den Danske Landinspektørforening, the Danish Association of Chartered Surveyors
Nondeterminism. Nondeterminism or nondeterministic may refer to:

Computer science
Nondeterministic programming
Nondeterministic algorithm
Nondeterministic model of computation
Nondeterministic finite automaton
Nondeterministic Turing machine
Indeterminacy in computation

Other
Indeterminism (philosophy)

See also
Indeterminacy (disambiguation)
Walter Bright. Walter G. Bright (born March 10, 1959) is an American computer programmer who created the D programming language, the Zortech C++ compiler, and the Empire computer game.

Early life and education
Bright is the son of the United States Air Force pilot Charles D. Bright. He taught himself computer programming from the type-in programs in BASIC Computer Games.

Bright graduated from Caltech in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering and a minor in Aeronautical Engineering. While at university he wrote the Empire wargame for the PDP-10 mainframe.

Career
Bright wrote Mattel Intellivision games while at Caltech, then worked as a mechanical engineer after graduation. After learning C in the early 1980s he ported Empire to the IBM PC, stating that C "might as well have been called EIL, for 'Empire Implementation Language.'" Bright developed the Datalight C compiler, also sold as Zorland C and later Zortech C.

Bright was the main developer of the Zortech C++ compiler (later Symantec C++, now Digital Mars C++), which was the first C++ compiler to translate source code directly to object code without using C as an intermediate.

D programming language
Bright is the creator of the D programming language.  He has implemented compilers for several other languages, and is considered an expert in many areas related to compiler technology. Walter regularly writes scientific and magazine articles about compilers and programming and was a blogger for Dr. Dobb's Journal.

Around 2014, Bright wrote Warp, a fast C/C++ preprocessor written in D, for Facebook.

References

External links
 Walter Bright home page
 Computerworld Interview with Walter Bright on D Programming Language
 

American computer programmers
Living people
Programming language designers
1959 births
California Institute of Technology alumni
Memory corruption. Memory corruption occurs in a computer program when the contents of a memory location are modified due to programmatic behavior that exceeds the intention of the original programmer or program/language constructs; this is termed as violation of memory safety. The most likely causes of memory corruption are programming errors (software bugs). When the corrupted memory contents are used later in that program, it leads either to program crash or to strange and bizarre program behavior. Nearly 10% of application crashes on Windows systems are due to heap corruption.

Modern programming languages like C and C++ have powerful features of explicit memory management and pointer arithmetic. These features are designed for developing efficient applications and system software. However, using these features incorrectly may lead to memory corruption errors.

Memory corruption is one of the most intractable class of programming errors, for two reasons: 
The source of the memory corruption and its manifestation may be far apart, making it hard to correlate the cause and the effect.
Symptoms appear under unusual conditions, making it hard to consistently reproduce the error.

Memory corruption errors can be broadly classified into four categories:

Using uninitialized memory: Contents of uninitialized memory are treated as garbage values. Using such values can lead to unpredictable program behavior.
Using non-owned memory: It is common to use pointers to access and modify memory. If such a pointer is a null pointer, dangling pointer (pointing to memory that has already been freed), or to a memory location outside of current stack or heap bounds, it is referring to memory that is not then possessed by the program. Using such pointers is a serious programming flaw. Accessing such memory usually causes operating system exceptions, that most commonly lead to a program crash (unless suitable memory protection software is being used).
Using memory beyond the memory that was allocated (buffer overflow): If an array is used in a loop, with incorrect terminating condition, memory beyond the array bounds may be accidentally manipulated. Buffer overflow is one of the most common programming flaws exploited by computer viruses, causing serious computer security issues (e.g. return-to-libc attack, stack-smashing protection) in widely used programs. In some cases programs can also incorrectly access the memory before the start of a buffer.
Faulty heap memory management: Memory leaks and freeing non-heap or un-allocated memory are the most frequent errors caused by faulty heap memory management.

Many memory debuggers such as Purify, Valgrind, Insure++, Parasoft C/C++test, AddressSanitizer are available to detect memory corruption errors.

See also 
Storage violation

References

External links
 Memory Corruption Tutorial An introduction to exploitation techniques and protection mechanisms

Software bugs
Computer memory
Computer security exploits
HMAS Horsham. HMAS Horsham (J235/M235), named for the city of Horsham, Victoria, was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of  The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a  top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype  did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including Horsham) ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.

Horsham was laid down by HMA Naval Dockyard at Melbourne, Victoria on 26 June 1941. She was launched on 16 May 1942, and was commissioned into the RAN on 18 November 1942.

Operational history
Horsham entered active service in January 1943. She was initially assigned to Fremantle as an anti-submarine patrol ship, where she remained until August 1944. The corvette was then deployed to Darwin as a survey ship, and remained there until the end of World War II. In September 1945, Horsham was present at the Japanese surrender of Timor. She continued in the survey role until November 1945, when she returned to Fremantle.

Decommissioning and fate
Horsham paid off into reserve in Fremantle on 17 December 1945. She was sold for scrapping to the Hong Kong Delta Shipping Company on 8 August 1956.

Citations

References
Books

Journal and news articles

Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in Victoria (state)
1942 ships
World War II corvettes of Australia
Survey ships of the Royal Australian Navy