omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Haughton–Mars Project. The Haughton–Mars Project (HMP) is an international interdisciplinary field research project being carried out near the  Haughton impact crater on Canada's northern Devon Island. Human-centered computing (HCC) studies are aimed at determining how human explorers might live and work on other planetary objects, in particular on Mars. Conducted jointly by SETI and the Mars Institute, the project's goal is to utilize the Mars-like features of Devon Island and the impact crater to develop and test new technologies and field operating procedures, and to study the human dynamics which result from extended contact in close quarters. This knowledge will be used in planning missions by both humans and robots to other terrestrial bodies.

The HMP came about as a postdoctoral research proposal by Pascal Lee, then a Cornell University graduate student. The proposal was approved by the National Research Council and NASA Ames Research Center in 1996. By 2000, the science and exploration research goals had been set, and a number of features which could serve as Mars analogs had been found. The core module of the NASA HMP Base Camp, the HMP X-1 Station, had been built. It serves as a hub, connecting a number of tents in a star-like configuration.

The project is funded primarily by NASA, but draws nearly half of its support from other sources. A large number of governmental and non-governmental organizations and agencies worldwide contribute annually to the project's activities. As well as financial contributions, the project has also been the recipient of gifts such as the Arthur Clarke Mars Greenhouse, donated by SpaceRef Interactive, and a specially-equipped Humvee, donated by AM General.

The active period of the project is in the summer, when tens of researchers, students, support staff, and media arrive on site. A core group of about ten stays the summer, while other individuals stay for shorter periods. Local high school students are hired to assist with field activities.

Ten participants in the project voluntarily underwent comprehensive field immunology assessments.  The purpose of the study was to evaluate mission-associated effects on the human immune system, as well as to evaluate techniques developed for processing immune samples in remote field locations.

See also
 Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station

References

External links
Haughton-Mars Project
Haughton-Mars Project Website
Mars on Earth: The NASA Haughton-Mars Project, Part 1
NASA Haughton-Mars Project - Summertime on a "Planet" Close to Home

Economy of Nunavut
Mars
Scientific organizations based in Canada
Human analog missions
Science and technology in Canada
Devon Island
Exco Technologies. Exco Technologies Limited is a Canadian global designer, developer, and manufacturer of dies, molds, components, assemblies, and consumable equipment founded in 1952. This equipment is made for the die-cast, extrusion, and automotive industries. This company has 20 manufacturing locations in 10 countries and approximately 5,000 employees. It is incorporated and domiciled in Canada, and is headquartered in Markham, Ontario.

The company's Castool division, which designs and manufactures tooling systems for die cast machines and extrusion presses, purchased all shares of Allper AG in 2010. Allper AG was a Swiss corporation that designs and markets proprietary consumable die cast tooling.

References

External links
 Official site

Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Companies based in Markham, Ontario
NPOESS. The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) was to be the United States' next-generation satellite system that would monitor the Earth's weather, atmosphere, oceans, land, and near-space environment. NPOESS satellites were to host proven technologies and operational versions of sensors that were under operational-prototyping by NASA, at that time.  The estimated launch date for the first NPOESS satellite, "C1" or "Charlie 1" was around 2013. Issues with sensor developments were the primary cited reason for delays and cost-overruns.

NPOESS was a tri-agency program led by an Integrated Program Office (IPO) containing staff from the US Department of Defense, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and NASA. NPOESS was to be operated by the NOAA/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) / NPOESS Program Executive Office Flight Operations at the NOAA Satellite Operations Facility (NSOF) in Suitland, MD. TRW, later Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) after TRW was acquired by Northrop Grumman, was the primary system integrator for the NPOESS project. Raytheon, Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. and Boeing were developing the sensors.

The NPOESS satellites were intended to be a replacement for both the United States Department of Defense's Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and the NOAA Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) series.  The NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) was planned as a pathfinder mission for NPOESS.  The project had to go through three Nunn-McCurdy reviews, Congressional hearings that are automatically triggered when a program goes over budget by more than 25%.  Suomi NPP was launched five years behind schedule, on October 28, 2011.

The White House announced on February 1, 2010, that the NPOESS satellite partnership was to be dissolved, and that two separate lines of polar-orbiting satellites to serve military and civilian users would be pursued instead:
 The NOAA/NASA portion is called the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS). The first satellite in the program – originally called JPSS-1, but now known as NOAA-20 – was constructed by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., under a fixed price contract of $248 million with a performance period through Feb. 1, 2015. The common ground system was constructed by Raytheon. NOAA-20 launched on November 18, 2017.
 The Defense Department's portion was called the Defense Weather Satellite System (DWSS). In January 2012, the US Air Force cancelled the program.

References

External links
 NPOESS at NOAA
 NOAA NESDIS POES Satellites

Weather satellites of the United States
Tyrolite. Tyrolite is a hydrous calcium copper arsenate carbonate mineral with the formula CaCu5(AsO4)2CO3(OH)4⋅6H2O. Tyrolite forms glassy, blue to green orthorhombic radial crystals and botryoidal masses. It has a Mohs hardness of 1.5–2.0 and a specific gravity of 3.1–3.2. It is translucent with refractive indices of nα = 1.694, nβ = 1.726, and nγ = 1.730.

It is a secondary mineral formed by the weathering of associated copper and arsenic minerals. It was first described in 1845 for an occurrence in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria.

References

Webmineral
Mindat with location data

Calcium minerals
Copper(II) minerals
Arsenate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 13
Minerals in space group 15
Fluocerite. Fluocerite, also known as tysonite, is a mineral consisting of cerium and lanthanum fluorides, with the chemical formula . The end members are classified as two different mineral types depending on the cation, fluocerite-(Ce) and fluocerite-(La), corresponding respectively to lanthanum trifluoride and cerium trifluoride. Both crystallize in the trigonal system. 

Fluocerite-(Ce) was first described (without the Ce) in 1845 from hydrothermal veins in granite in Sweden. Fluocerite-(La) was first described in 1969 from the type locality in central Kazakhstan. The name tysonite was given in 1880 to the same type of mineral found in Colorado. Tysonite-type structure is used for rare-earth fluorides with the P3c1 space group structure.

References

Lanthanide minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 165
Fluorine minerals
Calvin Gotlieb. Calvin Carl "Kelly" Gotlieb,  (March 27, 1921 – October 16, 2016) was a Canadian professor and computer scientist who has been called the "Father of Computing" in Canada. He was a Professor in Computer Science at the University of Toronto.

Biography 

He received a Bachelor of Science in physics in 1942, a Master of Arts in 1944 and a Ph.D. in 1947 from the University of Toronto.

In 1948, he co-founded the computation centre at the University of Toronto and was part of the first team in Canada to build computers and to provide computing services. In 1950, he created the first university course on computing in Canada and in 1951 offered the first graduate course. In 1964, he helped to found the first Canadian graduate department of computer science at the University of Toronto.

In 1958, he helped to found the Canadian Information Processing Society and was its president from 1960 to 1961.

In 1995, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and in 2006, a founding Fellow of the Canadian Information Processing Society. In 1994, he received the International Federation for Information Processing Isaac L. Auerbach Award and was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

He was married to Phyllis Bloom, a Canadian science fiction novelist and poet, from 1949 until her death in 2009. Kelly and Phyllis Gotlieb had three children: son Leo Gotlieb; daughters Margaret Gotlieb and Jane Lipson.

Kelly Gotlieb died on October 16, 2016, in Toronto.

References

External links
 
 Calvin Carl Gotlieb at The Canadian Encyclopedia
 Prof. Gotlieb, Classified Work interview with (archived), Stephen Ibaraki
 Prof. Gotlieb, Pioneer in Computing Profile by (archived), Stephen Ibaraki
 Prof. Gotlieb, International Science and Engineering Fair interview with (archived), Stephen Ibaraki
 Prof. Gotlieb, Security Trumps Privacy interview with (archived), Stephen Ibaraki
 Prof. Gotlieb, Skills Shortage interview with (archived), Stephen Ibaraki
 Prof. Gotlieb, Evolution of Computers interview with (archived), Stephen Ibaraki
 Prof. Gotlieb, Foundational work with the ACM interview with (archived), Stephen Ibaraki
 Prof. Gotlieb, IFIP and CIPS interview with (archived), Stephen Ibaraki
 C. C. (Kelly) Gotlieb interview: April 29, April 30, May 5, May 6 1992 and July 17, 2007 in ACM Oral History Interviews
Calvin Gotlieb archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

1921 births
2016 deaths
Canadian computer scientists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Members of the Order of Canada
Scientists from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
1994 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Lanthanum oxide. Lanthanum(III) oxide, also known as lanthana, chemical formula , is an inorganic compound containing the rare earth element lanthanum and oxygen. It is used in some ferroelectric materials, as a component of optical materials, and is a feedstock for certain catalysts, among other uses.

Properties

Lanthanum oxide is a white solid that is insoluble in water, but dissolves in acidic solutions.  absorbs moisture from air, converting to lanthanum hydroxide.
Lanthanum oxide has p-type semiconducting properties and a band gap of approximately 5.8 eV. Its average room temperature resistivity is 10 kΩ·cm, which decreases with an increase in temperature.  has the lowest lattice energy of the rare earth oxides, with very high dielectric constant ε = 27.

Structure
At low temperatures,  has an A- hexagonal crystal structure. The  metal atoms are surrounded by a 7 coordinate group of  atoms, the oxygen ions are in an octahedral shape around the metal atom and there is one oxygen ion above one of the octahedral faces. On the other hand, at high temperatures lanthanum oxide converts to a C- cubic crystal structure. The  ion is surrounded by six  ions in a hexagonal configuration.

Synthesis
Lanthanum oxide can crystallize in at least three polymorphs.

Hexagonal  has been produced by spray pyrolysis of lanthanum chloride.

An alternative route to obtaining hexagonal  involves precipitation of nominal  from aqueous solution using a combination of 2.5%  and the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate followed by heating and stirring for 24 hours at 80 °C:

Other routes include:

Reactions
Lanthanum oxide is used as an additive to develop certain ferroelectric materials, such as La-doped bismuth titanate ( - BLT).
Lanthanum oxide is used in optical materials; often the optical glasses are doped with  to improve the glass' refractive index, chemical durability, and mechanical strength.

The addition of the  to the glass melt leads to a higher glass transition temperature from 658 °C to 679 °C. The addition also leads to a higher density, microhardness, and refractive index of the glass.

Potential applications
Lanthanum oxide is most useful as a precursor to other lanthanum compounds.  Neither the oxide nor any of the derived materials enjoys substantial commercial value, unlike some of the other lanthanides.  Many reports describe efforts toward practical applications of , as described below.

 forms glasses of high density, refractive index, and hardness. Together with oxides of tungsten, tantalum, and thorium,  improves the resistance of the glass to attack by alkali.  is an ingredient in some  piezoelectric and thermoelectric materials.

 has been examined for the oxidative coupling of methane.

References

Lanthanum compounds
Inorganic compounds
Sesquioxides
Lutetium(III) oxide. Lutetium(III) oxide, a white solid, is a cubic compound of lutetium sometimes used in the preparation of specialty glasses. It is also called lutecia. It is a lanthanide oxide, also known as a rare earth.

History
In 1879, Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1817–1894) claimed to have discovered ytterbium, but he had found a mixture of elements. In 1907, French chemist Georges Urbain (1872–1938) reported that ytterbium was a mixture of two new elements and was not a single element. Two other chemists, Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858–1929) and Charles James (1880–1926) also extracted lutetium(III) oxide around the same time. All three scientists successfully separated Marignac's ytterbia into oxides of two elements which were eventually named ytterbium and lutetium). None of these chemists were able to isolate pure lutetium. James' separation was of very high quality, but Urbain and  Auer von Welsbach published before him.

Uses
Lutetium(III) oxide is an important raw material for laser crystals. It also has specialized uses in ceramics, glass, phosphors, and lasers. Lutetium(III) oxide is used as a catalyst in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. The band gap of lutetium oxide is 5.5 eV.

References

Lutetium compounds
Sesquioxides
Crystals in space group 206
The Imperial (Mumbai). The Imperial is a modernist style twin-tower skyscraper complex in the billionaires row of Mumbai, India. It was the tallest skyscraper in India from 2010 to 2019 when it was overtaken by Lodha The Park which was again overtaken by Palais Royale Mumbai. It has been home to several high-net-worth individuals. It is currently the 19th tallest building in India.

Location
Designed by architect Hafeez Contractor, The Imperial is built in Tardeo, South Mumbai and is perhaps contractor's most recognisable project to date. The project's use of the modern urban redevelopment model in which the building firm provides free land and rehabilitation to slum dwellers in exchange for rights for property development was the first implementation of this model on a large scale.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Mumbai
List of tallest buildings in India

References

External links

 The Imperial I at CTBUH
 The Imperial I at SkyscraperPage

Residential skyscrapers in Mumbai
Buildings and structures completed in 2010
Residential buildings completed in 2010
2010 establishments in India
Twin towers
Postmodern architecture in India
Titus Naikuni. Titus Naikuni is a mechanical engineer, businessman and corporate executive in Kenya. He is the chairman of the board of Airtel Kenya and Rift Valley Railways.

Previously, from February 2003 until December 2014, Naikuni served as the group managing director and chief executive officer of Kenya Airways, the national airline carrier.

Background and education
He was born in Kenya, circa 1961. He attended University of Nairobi, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering. Later, he attended the Harvard Business School’s Management Development Programme (PMD71), in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US. He also holds an honorary doctorate in science that was awarded to him by the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, in recognition of his contribution to development.

Career
He joined the Magadi Soda Company in 1979 as a trainee engineer and rose to the positions of managing director of that company in 1995 and managing director of the Magadi Railway Company (a subsidiary of Magadi Soda Company) in 1996.

Between August 1999 and March 2001, Naikuni was a member of a team of Kenyan technocrats, sponsored by the World Bank, who was known as the "Dream Team". These technocrats were engaged by the government to turn around the economy. In this capacity, Naikuni served as permanent secretary in the Ministry of Transport and Communications and was a member of the board of Kenya Airways.

He returned to Magadi Soda Company in April 2001, where he continued to serve as managing director, until his appointment to Kenya Airways in February 2003. Naikuni has extensive boardroom experience, having served on various company boards, including as a member of the board of Brunner Mond (South Africa), as chairman of Kenya Power and Lighting Company and as chairman of Housing Finance Company Limited. He received the Manager of the Year Award in Kenya in 2002.

Other responsibilities
As of February 2016, Naikuni served on the boards of eight companies, including the following:
 AccessKenya Limited
  Airtel Kenya
  Lafarge International Advisory Board
  Servair France
  Tata Chemicals Magadi
  Prudential Life Assurance Kenya
 Rift Valley Railways

See also
 Kenya Airways

References

Kenyan businesspeople
Kenyan mechanical engineers
Kenya Airways people
1961 births
Living people
Joseph Dutens. Joseph-Michel Dutens (15 October 1765 in Tours, France – 6 August 1848) was a French engineer and political economist.

He was a nephew of Louis Dutens.

He worked as a designer on the La Tranchasse Canal Bridge, and as an engineer on the Berry Canal in 1841.

Works
 Philosophie de l'économle politique (Paris 1835, 2 volumes)

References

French civil engineers
1765 births
1848 deaths
Jeremiah Burnham Tainter. Jeremiah Burnham Tainter (January 6, 1836 in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin – February 5, 1920) was an inventor and engineer known for having designed the Tainter gate in 1886. He began his work in hydrology in 1862, with the modification of pre-existing mill pond dams in Menomonie.  Tainter was employed by Knapp, Stout & Co., the largest lumber manufacturer in the United States in the last quarter of the 19th century. 

His brother, Andrew Tainter, was a principal in Knapp, Stout.

Tainter's inventions include:
  Thomas Parker, Jeremiah B. Tainter, Andrew Tainter & James Downing, "Sluiceway-gate." Issued April 13, 1880.
  Jeremiah Burnham Tainter, "Fifth wheel for vehicles." Issued May 10, 1881.
  Jeremiah Burnham Tainter, "Automatic sluiceway gate." Issued May 10, 1881.
  Jeremiah Burnham Tainter, "Coffer-dam." Issued July 6, 1886.
  Jeremiah Burnham Tainter, "Sluiceway gate." Issued July 6, 1886.
  Jeremiah Burnham Tainter, "Canal-lock." Issued July 6, 1886.
  Jeremiah Burnham Tainter & Nathan B. Noble, "Snap-hook." Issued April 2, 1889.
  Jeremiah B. Tainter, "Dam." Issued December 23, 1913.

References

External links

1836 births
1920 deaths
American engineers
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
American hydrologists
People from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
Engineers from Wisconsin
People from Menomonie, Wisconsin
ILE. ILE can refer to:
 Intermittent Layer Extrusion, a process which allows the extrusion of a variable layer thickness tube (see 2 1/2D)
 Institution of Lighting Engineers, (ILE) UK and Ireland's largest professional lighting association
 Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy, a surgical procedure. See Esophagectomy.
 Institución Libre de Enseñanza, a Spanish education organization associated with Residencia de Estudiantes
 Intuitive Logical Extrovert, a Socionics term
 Skylark Field, Killeen, Texas, IATA airport code
 Indefinite life extension, the hypothetical elimination of aging via medicine
 Integrated Language Environment, a programming language model developed by IBM for OS/400 (now known as IBM i)
 Intermediate Level Education, at United States Army Command and General Staff College
 iLe, a Puerto Rican singer

See also 
 Ile (disambiguation)
Bruce Jay Nelson. Bruce Jay Nelson (January 19, 1952 – September 19, 1999) was an American computer scientist best known as the inventor of the remote procedure call concept for computer network communications.

Bruce Nelson graduated from Harvey Mudd College in 1974, and went on to earn a master's in computer science from Stanford University in 1976, and a Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1982. While pursuing his Ph.D., he worked at Xerox PARC where he developed the concept of remote procedure call (RPC).
He and his collaborator Andrew Birrell were awarded the 1994 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Software System Award for the work on RPC.
In 1996 he joined Cisco Systems as Chief Science Officer.

He died on September 19, 1999, due to complications from an aortic dissection, while on a business trip to Tel Aviv, Israel.
In 2007 the Birrell and Nelson paper won an operating system hall of fame award from the ACM. Classmates and friends endowed a scholarship in his name at Carnegie Mellon. 
Harvey Mudd College also named a speaker series in his honor.

He was an avid photographer, backpacker, free-diver and world traveler.
His outgoing and eccentric personality included a fascination with crows, leading a friend to name his company "Caw Networks".

Published papers

References

1952 births
1999 deaths
Harvey Mudd College alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Deaths from aortic dissection
American computer scientists
Place of birth missing
Peter Richardson. Peter Richardson may refer to:

Peter Richardson (American director), American documentary filmmaker
Peter Richardson (engineer) (born 1935), British biomedical engineer and academic
Peter Richardson (British director) (born 1951), British actor, comedian, director and screenwriter
Peter Richardson (cricketer) (1931–2017), British cricketer
Peter Richardson (politician) (born 1939), former member of the Australian House of Representatives
Peter Richardson (boxer) (born 1970), British boxer
Pete Richardson, American football defensive back
Adkins–Peterson reaction. The Adkins–Peterson reaction is the air oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde with metal oxide catalysts such as iron oxide, molybdenum trioxide or combinations thereof.

Whilst this class of oxidation had been investigated previously, in-depth systemization of the behaviour of the iron oxide/molybdenum trioxide catalyst was carried out by Homer Burton Adkins and Wesley R. Peterson.

Reaction Conditions 

 The reaction is typically conducted at 300°C to 400°C.
 Equimolar proportions of iron and molybdenum oxides yields the highest conversion of methanol to formaldehyde, achieving over 90% conversion with carbon monoxide as the secondary product.

References 

Organic redox reactions
Name reactions
KLD. KLD may refer to:

Transport 
 Kildale railway station, England (station code)
 Klender railway station, Indonesia (station code)

Others 
 Gamilaraay language, ISO 639-3 language code
 High Council of Justice (Këshilli i Lartë i Drejtësisë), former council in Albania
 Kernel Loadable Module, the FreeBSD term for loadable kernel module
Ministry of Climate and Environment (Klima- og miljødepartementet), ministry in Norway
 Kongres Liberalno-Demokratyczny, Polish political party
 Kullback–Leibler divergence, a measure between probability distributions