omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bush hammer. A bush hammer, also known as an axe hammer, is a masonry tool used to texturize stone and concrete. The term is derived from the German word bosshammer, where Old German bossen meant "to beat".

Description and use

Bush hammers exist in many forms, from simple hand-held hammers to large electric machines, but the basic functional property of the tool is always the same – a grid of conical or pyramidal points at the end of a large metal slug. The repeated impact of these points into stone or concrete creates a rough, pockmarked texture that resembles naturally weathered rock. They can help to increase bonding effectiveness when applying new concrete to an existing concrete surface by increasing the surface area of the bonding zone.

The bush hammer has been modernized, making it easier for the users to perform tasks while still producing the intended effect. Powered machines are built to give the impression that a hand-powered bush hammer has been applied to the concrete. This allows contractors to work on a larger amount of the material without using individual hammers for the project. This saves time and labor costs for those working with the tool. There are angled points that rotate to help imitate this tool.

History 
In 1831, Joseph Richards (1784–1848) invented the bush hammer. The US patent was issued February 20, 1828, for a stone-working tool, with a patent number of 5010X. His patent sparked many other inventors' designs for the bush hammer.

Similar tools 
The bush hammer is the patented title for this tool but has also been called different names over the years. The other most common name was the patent hammer which is described to have the same features and was used around the same time of the bush hammer. Another name this tool can go by is the axe hammer. This is due to the sharp conical edges the face of the hammer would contain.

Gallery

See also

References

Hammers
Stonemasonry tools
Jiří Buquoy. Georg Franz August Graf von Buquoy   (; 7 September 1781 in Brussels – 9 or 19 April 1851 in Prague) was a Bohemian aristocrat, mathematician, and inventor. He studied mathematics, natural science, philosophy, and economics at the Prague and Vienna universities. In 1810 he constructed an early steam engine. Most of all, he was engaged in the glass works in Nové Hrady region. On the basis of many experiments he succeeded in inventing an original process technology of a black opaque glass called hyalite (1817), as well as completing the production process for red hyalite (1819).

See also
Lords of Bucquoy

External links
Short biography

1781 births
1851 deaths
Scientists from the Austrian Empire
Scientists from Bohemia
SOX (operating system). SOX is a discontinued UNIX clone.  It was developed from scratch in Brazil, in the late 1980s, by Computadores e Sistemas Brasileiros S/A (now Cobra Tecnologia), under the leadership of Ivan da Costa Marques.  Certified as UNIX-compatible by X/Open (through UniSoft) in early 1989, SOX was one of the first re-implementations of UNIX, fully independent of AT&T, that passed the X/Open verification tests, and the only one ever completed entirely outside the United States.

SOX was designed to run on COBRA's own minicomputers and was the result of the Brazilian Informatics Policy, which aimed to achieve technological independence from the United States.  Despite being a technical success, SOX came too late, when COBRA had largely lost its support.  SOX development stopped soon after it was certified, when the government decided to allow use of UNIX System V Release 4.0.

See also
COSIX
History of Unix
SISNE plus

References
 Peter Evans (1995) Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
 Gustavo Gindre Monteiro Soares (2002) "A Politica dos Artifatos na Lei de Informática: o Caso SOX", XXV Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência de Comunicação, Salvador, Bahia.
 Luis Ferreira (aka Luix). Proposta de uma Arquitetura para um Sistema Operacional de Tempo Real. 1985. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Sistemas e Computação) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Orientadores: Sueli Bandeira Teixeira Mendes and Firmo Freire.
 Márcia de Oliveira Cardoso. SOX: Um UNIX-compatível brasileiro a serviço do discurso de autonomia tecnológica. 2013. Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação História das Ciências e das Técnicas e Epistemologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Orientador: José Carlos de Oliveira. http://sox-4s.pbworks.com/w/page/7219509/FrontPage

Information technology in Brazil
Unix variants
Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing. Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing is a short documentary film from 1972, produced by Steven King and directed/edited by Peter Chvany, about ARPANET, an early packet-switching network and one of the first networks to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP.

Content
The 30 minute film features many of the most important names in computer networking, especially J. C. R. Licklider and others from MIT's Project MAC who had connected a computer to ARPANET the year before. According to a history of computing equipment by Columbia University it "begins with a montage of equipment ... and then has interviews with ARPANET creators." The film discusses "the potential that this network has for revolutionizing so many industries and institutions".

Participants

Speaking parts:
 Fernando J. Corbató (Corby): (voice 0:45-1:15, face 1:00-1:15, 15:10-15:40) Turing Award winner, implementer of multitasking operating systems.
 J. C. R. Licklider (Lick): (1:00-1:40), and many times throughout the film. Licklider discusses how, despite the invention of the printing press being a revolution, the transmission of information on paper was slow. He also discusses collaboration, access to digital libraries, the transition to electronic information and the social processes involved in this.
 Lawrence G. Roberts: (voice 1:40-2:25) SIGCOMM Award winner.
 Robert Kahn: (2:25-2:35, 3:15-6:25, 6:55-) Turing Award winner.
 Frank Heart: (2:35-3:15, 6:25-6:55)
 William R. Sutherland (Bert): (13:50-15:10)
 Richard W. Watson: (17:34-18:30, 25:05-25:15) mass storage researcher
 John R. Pasta: (18:30-19:25)
 Donald W. Davies: (19:25-21:55) packet switching inventor.
 George W. Mitchell: (21:55-24:05, voice only)

Non-speaking:
 Daniel L. Murphy: (Behind the titles, several other times including about 15:44)

Unidentified:
 (8:27-8:32, with beard and glasses): previously misidentified as Jon Postel

Reception
Cory Doctorow called the documentary a "fantastic 30 minutes of paleo-nerd memorabilia". Matt Novak of Gizmodo said "When you hear a man like J.C.R. Licklider describe the information age before it had even begun to trickle into the public consciousness, we understand how forward-thinking these people developing the ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s truly were." Mark Liberman described it as "amazing".

See also 

 History of the Internet
 List of Internet pioneers
 Nerds 2.0.1 – 1998 documentary about the development of the ARPANET, the Internet, and the World Wide Web
 Protocol Wars
 Resource sharing

References

External links
  - full film
 Transcript

1972 short documentary films
ARPANET
History of the Internet
Documentary films about the Internet
Russian submarine Vladimir Monomakh. K-551 Vladimir Monomakh (Russian: АПЛ Владимир Мономах) is a Russian ballistic missile submarine of the fourth generation  (Project 955) that became operational in 2015. It is named after Vladimir II Monomakh (1053–1125), the Grand Duke of Kievan Rus'.

Development

The project was developed by the Rubin Design Bureau, and the chief designer was Sergei Nikitich Kovalev. The keel was laid down on 19 March 2006 at the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk. The hull of the  K-480 Ak Bars was used in the construction of Vladimir Monomakh.

The submarine will be armed with 16 of the newest submarine-launched ballistic missile developed in Russia, the Bulava (NATO designation SS-N-32). Vladimir Monomakh and its sister ships will replace the Delta III and IV classes in the Russian Navy. The submarine was launched on 30 December 2012 and began moored tests in January 2013.

The submarine finished its first sea trials on 8 October 2013 when returning from a 25-day trial at sea. On 9 September 2014 a Bulava missile was launched from the submarine.

Service history
Vladimir Monomakh entered service on 19 December 2014. It arrived to its permanent base in the Pacific Fleet on 26 September 2016.

The submarine launched a salvo of Bulava ballistic missiles during training exercises in November 2015 and in December 2020.

References

External links
 Коммерсантъ 
 Эхо Москвы 
 Bellona 

Borei-class submarines
Ships built by Sevmash
2012 ships
Karlheinz Kaske. Karlheinz Kaske (April 19, 1928 in Essen – September 27, 1998) was a German manager and CEO of the Siemens AG from 1981 to 1992.

Kaske studied Physics at RWTH Aachen and joined Siemens in 1950, when he became an engineer in the Siemens factory at Karlsruhe. Later he was a lecturer for electrical engineering at RWTH Aachen and he continued academic teaching during his following years in Siemens’ development department. In 1975, Kaske became a member of the board of directors and since 1977 he was director of the power engineering department. He succeeded Bernhard Plettner as CEO in 1981. He passed the office to Heinrich von Pierer in October 1992.

References
Shaping the Future. The Siemens Entrepreneurs 1847–2018. Ed. Siemens Historical Institute, Hamburg 2018, .

External links 
Presidents and Chief Executive Officers of Siemens AG

1998 deaths
1928 births
Engineers from Essen
German electrical engineers
People from the Rhine Province
Siemens people
RWTH Aachen University alumni
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
Michael Szwarc. Michael Szwarc (9 June 1909, Będzin, Poland – 4 August 2000, San Diego, California) was a British and American polymer chemist who discovered and studied ionic living polymerization.

Biography 
Michael Mojżesz Szwarc was born into a Polish-Jewish family in Będzin, Poland. In 1932 he received the title of engineer in chemistry at the Warsaw University of Technology. In 1935 he emigrated to Palestine, where he joined his sister and cousin. In 1942 he defended his first Ph.D. dissertation in organic chemistry at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

In 1945 he joined Michael Polanyi's research group at the University of Manchester in the UK. In 1947 he defended his second Ph.D. thesis, this time in physical chemistry. Two years later, he was awarded D.Sc. for work on measurements of energy distribution of chemical bonds, and was promoted to senior lecturer at the University of Manchester.

In 1952 Michael Szwarc moved to the United States and was a professor of physical chemistry and polymers at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse. He created his own research team at SUNY, developing living polymerization techniques in accordance with his long-term program published in Nature in 1956, in which he introduced the living polymerization term for the first time. In 1964 he received a Distinguished Professor at SUNY, and in 1967 he founded the Center for Research Polymers, which he led until his retirement in 1979.

At SUNY he was a consultant for scientific projects conducted by Union Carbide, Dow Corning, Dow Chemical and 3M. After retirement he moved to Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at USC, where he continued his scientific work, in collaboration with former students from SUNY. He focused on solving practical problems associated with the living polymerization techniques in the industry. He also wrote several books and monographs about polymer chemistry synthesis.

Michael Szwarc and his Polish wife, Marysia (Maria), had three children - a son and two daughters. He played piano and was a long-distance open water swimmer.

Awards and memberships 
Fellow of The Royal Society (1966)
Foreign member of Nobel Prize Committee (1968–72)
The American Chemical Society Award: Witco Award in Polymer Chemistry (1969); Award of the Division of Polymer Chemistry (1990)
Kyoto Prize(1991)
International Award of the Plastics Engineers (1972)
Gold Medal of Benjamin Franklin's Association (1978)
Foreign member of Polish Academy of Sciences (1988)
honoris causa' of: Leuven University (1974), Uppsala University, Pasteur Institute (1978), Jagiellonian University (2000)

References 

Polymer scientists and engineers
1909 births
2000 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
British physical chemists
Jewish chemists
British organic chemists
Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology
Jewish British scientists
HAI Pegasus. The HAI Ε1-79 Pegasus () is a Greek indigenous medium-altitude long-endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (MALE - UAV) produced by the Hellenic Aerospace Industry (HAI/EAB). It entered service with the Hellenic Air Force as Pegasus in 1992, and as the upgraded version Pegasus II in 2005. Its main mission is Intelligence Surveillance & Reconnaissance over-battlefield (ISR-OB).

Design and development 

Development on the Pegasus was handled jointly between the Hellenic Air Force Research and Development Center (KETA) and HAI, and began in 1979 with the maiden flight in prototype form in 1982.

The Pegasus is conventional by Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) standards, incorporating a twin-boom, pusher-prop engine along with a slab-sided fuselage and high-mounted wings. The twin booms emanate from the trailing edge of each mainplane and are capped at the rear by vertical tailplanes, joined together by a shared horizontal plane. The undercarriage is of a tricycle non-retractable type and the aircraft is wheeled for take-off. Over the fuselage is a protruding component, seating a disc-shaped telecommunications antenna. A trainable turret is seen under the fuselage housing sensors and camera equipment.

E1-79 Pegasus 

The first generation Pegasus had a length of 2.1 meters (6.9 feet), wingspan of 5 meters (16.4 feet), maximum speed 160 km/h (100 miles-per-hour), minimum speed 75 km/h, takeoff load of 130 kilograms and autonomy of 3.5 hours. Ten units including the ground station infrastructure were produced by Hellenic Aerospace, and a number of them by KEA to facilitate its performance optimization. It became operational by 1992.

E1-79 Pegasus II 

The upgraded MALE design named Pegasus II (Block I), was introduced in 2005. It featured advanced electronics, an increased fuselage length of 4.3 meters (14.1 feet), increased wingspan 6.2 meters (20.34 feet), takeoff load of 250 kg (551 lb) and increased autonomy of 15 hours. From the 16 units initially produced by  the State Aircraft Factory (KEA) and HAI between 2005 and 2007, four units remain operational including the ground stations and equipment. Pegasus II can carry a maximum payload weight of 50 kg and thanks to the wide use of composite materials for its construction, it represents a substantial improvement from the initial design. Its technical features make it suitable for ISR-OB missions and it is evaluated as an ELINT payload carrier. Expectations for its use as a weapons carrier were limited, as the relatively small payload capacity makes it less suitable for these type of missions.

Operators 

 The Hellenic Air Force operates 4 units with the HAF Unmanned Aircraft Squadron "Acheron" of the 110 Fighter Wing in Larissa, Greece.

References

Further reading

L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)

Pegasus
Unmanned military aircraft of Greece
Unmanned aerial vehicles of Greece
Daniel Murphy (computer scientist). Daniel L. Murphy is an American computer scientist notable for his involvement in the development of TECO (an early text editor and programming language), the operating systems TENEX and TOPS-20, and email.

Biography
Murphy attended MIT from 1961 and graduated in 1965.
In 1962, he created the text editor Text Editor and Corrector (TECO), later implemented on most of the PDP computers.
He also developed a simple software demand paging system in software for the PDP-1 while at MIT.

Murphy joined  Bolt, Beranek and Newman BBN in 1965. There he used an SDS 940 computer running the Berkeley Timesharing System, which provided page memory management in hardware. When the PDP-10 was announced, he was one of the architects of the TENEX operating system developed for the custom paging hardware designed at BBN. As part of the development of TENEX, Murphy and Ray Tomlinson wrote the original email program.

In October 1972, he joined Digital Equipment Corporation where he first worked as a contractor porting TENEX to the KI10 model of the PDP-10 family. On January 2, 1973, he joined DEC as an employee, heading the team responsible for the development of the TOPS-20 operating system, an evolution of TENEX for the newer models of the PDP-10 family. TOPS-20 was first marketed in 1976 on the DECSYSTEM-20.

References

Further reading
 Daniel G. Bobrow, Jerry D. Burchfiel, Daniel L. Murphy, Raymond S. Tomlinson, TENEX, A Paged Time Sharing System for the PDP-10 (Communications of the ACM, Vol. 15, pp. 135–143, March 1972)

External links
 Daniel Murphy's Homepage
 TECO, TENEX, and TOPS-20 Papers and Pictures

Living people
American computer scientists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Kernel programmers

Year of birth missing (living people)
HAT LS2. HAT LS2 (designation standing for "Landplane, Single engine, 2-seater) is a light airplane developed by Hellenic Aeronautical Technologies (HAT), a small Greek manufacturer of aerospace components. Design started in 1990 followed by prototype construction. After a temporary delay of the program, first flight of prototype (SX-LS2) was made on May 23, 1997. Air-worthiness certificate was awarded on September 2, 1999. The plane is a light two-seater sporting airplane constructed of fiber-reinforced composites, designed for sale in the form of construction plans.

Specifications (LS2)

References

Further reading

1990s Greek sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1997
KEA Chelidon. 

The Chelidon (Χελιδών, meaning 'Swallow' in Greek, also spelled in English as Helithon) was the first airplane developed by the Greek EAF (KEA) aircraft factory with management provided by Blackburn Aircraft Limited at the time. As mentioned in the contemporary Jane's edition, it was designed largely by Greeks (under the supervision of Mr. Charles H. Lowe-Wylde), according to Greek Navy specifications. The development of the Chelidon was completed in the virtually record time of eight weeks, and the first flight was made on 20 February 1927, as a two-seater military biplane designed for advanced training and other roles including reconnaissance and could also be transformed into a hydroplane. Powered by a  Salmson 9AC engine, (future variants were to use the Armstrong Siddeley Lynx engine), and had a maximum speed of .

An order was originally placed in December 1926, by the Greek Navy, for 18 aircraft but no further production followed, as, after the three-month test flight period, it was considered inferior to alternative proposed models. The example built was used for technical personnel training at KEA and was probably scrapped in 1938.

Specifications (Chelidon)

References

Further reading

Greek ERGA magazine, December 15, 1926 issue (info about Greek Navy order)

1920s Greek military trainer aircraft
Stoping (geology). Stoping is a process accommodating the ascent of magmatic bodies from their sources in the mantle or lower crust to the surface.  The theory was independently developed by Canadian geologist Reginald Aldworth Daly and American geologist Joseph Barrell.

The process involves the mechanical disintegration of the surrounding country/host rock, typically through fracturing due to pressure increases associated with thermal expansion of the host rock in proximity of the interface with the melt. After fractures are formed, melt and/or volatiles will typically invade, widening the fracture and promoting the foundering of host rock blocks (i.e. stoped blocks).  Once suspended in the melt, stoped blocks may either sink or float depending upon the density of the block relative to that of the melt.  Additionally, blocks submerged within melt are subject to further thermally-induced fracturing which may account for the often observed "lack of evidence" for the process of stoping.

See also
 Methods of pluton emplacement

References

Igneous petrology
Geological processes
List of Airbus A320 orders and deliveries. These are the orders and deliveries the Airbus A320 family, which includes the A320ceo family and the A320neo family.

Orders and deliveries 
List of orders, deliveries and operators of the Airbus A320 family, as of 31 December 2024:

 Ord — number of aircraft ordered from Airbus
 Del — number of aircraft delivered by Airbus
Bl — number of aircraft still to be delivered to the specified customer
 
 

Data through end of December 2024.

See also

 List of Airbus A320neo family orders
 List of Airbus A320 family operators
 List of Boeing 737 MAX orders
 List of Airbus A220 orders

References

Orders
320
No. 679 Squadron RAF. No. 679 Squadron RAF was an anti-aircraft co-operation squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.

History
No. 679 Squadron was formed on 1 December 1943 at RAF Ipswich, Suffolk, from 1616 and 1627 (anti-aircraft co-operation) Flight for anti-aircraft training duties in East Anglia, and operated upon formation Westland Lysanders, Miles Martinets, Hawker Henleys and Hawker Hurricanes, receiving Fairey Barracudas and Hurricane Mk.IVs in March 1944 and Vultee Vengeances in April 1945. It was disbanded at RAF Ipswich on 26 June 1945.

Aircraft operated

Squadron bases

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 History of No. 679 Squadron
 History of No.'s 671–1435 Squadrons at RAF Web

Military units and formations established in 1943
Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
679 Squadron