omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PKP class ED72. The ED72 (manufacturer's designation: Pafawag 5Bs/6Bs) is a Polish four-car, long distance electric multiple unit operated by Przewozy Regionalne (Polregio). Like its cousin (EN71), the ED72 is based on the EN57 and became the basis for its successor: the ED73.

History
Between 1993 and 1997, 21 units were built by Pafawag. The newly built ED72s were assigned to large interregional transit operations in the towns of Poznań, Szczecin, Kraków, and Bydgoszcz.

The series was created as an "upmarket" replacement for the more spartan EN57 and EN71 electric multiple units. The express passenger service, InterRegio, for which the series was designed, did not find the ED72 to be as comfortable as they had anticipated.

Currently, all 21 units are still in use, servicing mostly InterRegio and some local Regio and RegioPlus trains.

Modifications
The ED72 introduced a number of innovations over the previous series of EMUs. Amongst these was converting the rb (rear control cars) sections to first class units which were fitted with more comfortable seats, as well as new upholstery in the second class carriages. Double glazed windows were fitted; buttons for opening and closing the doors were installed — rather than having to wait for the driver to operate them; and matrix route manifests were installed, as opposed to the traditional blinds which only displayed the train's destination. The last unit to be produced — ED72-021 — is unique in that it has sliding doors that open outwards.

In terms of the unit's appearance, the major difference — apart from the red and yellow colour scheme — is the control cars' front ends. Furthermore, ED72s were originally equipped with single-arm pantographs, but most have been converted to using the traditional, diamond-shaped, double-arm version.

The ED72's couplers allow it to be easily connected to other EMUs, and this is done quite frequently.

Rebuilds and refurbishment

20 of the 21 ED72 units (except the last one) have been either rebuilt by ZNTK "Minsk Mazowiecki" and PESA Bydgoszcz or refurbished by Polregio Rolling Stock Repair Plant in Kruszewiec between 2011 and 2020. 6 units have been rebuilt to ED72A in 2011–2013, sporting a redesigned driver's cab design similar to rebuilt EN57 and EN71 "turbokibels", while another 6 units were rebuilt to ED72Ac in 2017–2018, sporting a much more streamlined driver's cab nose design somewhat reminiscent of the Pesa Elf. Both ED72A and ED72Ac units also had their original traction motors replaced with newer asynchronous ones, enabling an increase in maximum speed to . Interior-only refurbishments were performed by the aforementioned Polregio Rolling Stock Repair Plant on the remaining 8 units, mainly including new bicycle racks.

Resources
Modern Locos Gallery
Rail Service
www.lokomotywy.prv.pl
Mikoleje
Chabówka Rail Museum

See also
Polish locomotives designation

Electric multiple units of Poland
Pafawag multiple units
1-Octene. 1-Octene is an organic compound with a formula CH2CHC6H13. The alkene is classified as a higher olefin and alpha-olefin, meaning that the double bond is located at the alpha (primary) position, endowing this compound with higher reactivity and thus useful chemical properties. 1-Octene is one of the important linear alpha olefins in industry. It is a colourless liquid.

Synthesis
In industry, 1-octene is commonly manufactured by two main routes: oligomerization of ethylene and by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis followed by purification. Another route to 1-octene that has been used commercially on a small scale is dehydration of alcohols. Prior to the 1970s, 1-octene was also manufactured by thermal cracking of waxes, whereas linear internal octenes were also manufactured by chlorination/dehydrochlorination of linear alkanes.

There are five commercial processes that oligomerize ethylene to 1-octene. Four of these processes produce 1-octene as a part of a wide distribution of alpha-olefins. In typical circumstances, 1-hexene content of the entire distribution of alpha-olefins ranges from about 25% of the distribution in the Ethyl (Innovene) process to about 8% of distribution in some modes of the Gulf (CP Chemicals) and Idemitsu processes.

The only commercial process to isolate 1-octene from a wide mixture of C8 hydrocarbons is practiced by Sasol, a South African oil and gas and petrochemical company. For commercial purposes, Sasol employs Fischer–Tropsch synthesis to make fuels from synthesis gas derived from coal and recovers 1-octene from these fuel streams, where the initial 1-octene concentration in a narrow distillation cut may be 60%, with the remainder being vinylidenes, linear and branched internal olefins, linear and branched paraffins, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Another route to 1-octene involves butadiene telomerization of butadiene.  This technology was commercialized by Dow in a facility in Tarragona. 1-Methoxy-
2,7-octadiene is an intermediate in this process.

Yet another route converts 1-heptene to 1-octene plant based on a Fischer-Tropsch-derived C7 olefin stream (Sasol, Secunda). 

Other 1-octene technologies exist based on selective tetramerisation of ethylene.

Applications
The main use of 1-octene is as a comonomer in production of polyethylene. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) use approximately 2–4% and 8–10% of comonomers, respectively.

Another significant use of 1-octene is for production of linear aldehyde via oxo synthesis (hydroformylation) to give the C9 aldehyde (nonanal). Oxidation of this aldehyde gives the short-chain fatty acid nonanoic acid. Hydrogenation of the same aldehyde gives the fatty alcohol 1-nonanol, which is used as a plasticizer.

References

Alkenes
List of Daimler AG transmissions. Daimler AG (today: Mercedes-Benz Group AG) is a German car manufacturing company. It manufactures its own automobile transmissions and only purchases from suppliers in individual cases. They may be used in passenger cars and SUVs, or light commercial vehicles such as vans and light trucks.

Basically there are two types of motor vehicle transmissions:
 Manual – the driver has to perform each gear change using a manually operated clutch
 Automatic – once placed in drive (or any other 'automatic' selector position), it automatically selects the gear ratio dependent on engine speed and load

Basically there are two types of engine installation:
 In the longitudinal direction, the gearbox is usually designed separately from the final drive (including the differential). The transaxle configuration combines the gearbox and final drive in one housing and is only built in individual cases
 In the transverse direction, the gearbox and final drive are very often combined in one housing due to the much more restricted space available

Every type of transmission occurs in every type of installation.

Mercedes-Benz Manual Transmissions 

For manual transmissions G for gearbox and two digits are used. See G56 — 6-speed manual as an example. In 2019, Daimler AG discontinued the production of manual transmissions.

Mercedes-Benz Automatic Transmissions 

Mercedes-Benz uses the number "720" to currently "725" to identify automatic, dual-clutch (DCT), Continuously variable (CVT), and automated manual transmissions (AMT).

References

 
Daimler AG transmissions
Chemical law. Chemical laws  are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry. The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that it is actually energy that is conserved, and that energy and mass are related; a concept which becomes important in nuclear chemistry. Conservation of energy leads to the important concepts of equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics.

The laws of stoichiometry, that  is, the gravimetric proportions by which chemical elements participate in chemical reactions, elaborate on the law of conservation of mass.  Joseph Proust's law of definite composition says that pure chemicals are composed of elements in a definite formulation.

Dalton's law of multiple proportions says that these chemicals will present themselves in proportions that are small whole numbers (i.e. 1:2 O:H in water); although in many systems (notably biomacromolecules and minerals) the ratios tend to require large numbers, and are frequently represented as a fraction. Such compounds are known as non-stoichiometric compounds.

The third stoichiometric law is the law of reciprocal proportions, which provides the basis for establishing equivalent weights for each chemical element. Elemental equivalent weights can then be used to derive atomic weights for each element.

More modern laws of chemistry define the relationship between energy and transformations. 

 In equilibrium, molecules exist in mixture defined by the transformations possible on the timescale of the equilibrium, and are in a ratio defined by the intrinsic energy of the molecules—the lower the intrinsic energy, the more abundant the molecule.
 Transforming one structure to another requires the input of energy to cross an energy barrier; this can come from the intrinsic energy of the molecules themselves, or from an external source which will generally accelerate transformations.  The higher the energy barrier, the slower the transformation occurs.
 There is a transition state (TS), that corresponds to the structure at the top of the energy barrier.  The Hammond-Leffler Postulate states that this state looks most similar to the product or starting material which has intrinsic energy closest to that of the energy barrier.  Stabilizing this transition state through chemical interaction is one way to achieve catalysis.
 All chemical processes are reversible (law of microscopic reversibility) although some processes have such an energy bias, they are essentially irreversible.

References

History of chemistry
Unified Soil Classification System. The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) is a soil classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. The classification system can be applied to most unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-letter symbol. Each letter is described below (with the exception of Pt):

If the soil has 5–12% by weight of fines passing a #200 sieve (5% < P#200 < 12%), both grain size distribution and plasticity have a significant effect on the engineering properties of the soil, and dual notation may be used for the group symbol. For example, GW-GM corresponds to "well-graded gravel with silt."

If the soil has more than 15% by weight retained on a #4 sieve (R#4 > 15%), there is a significant amount of gravel, and the suffix "with gravel" may be added to the group name, but the group symbol does not change. For example, SP-SM could refer to "poorly graded SAND with silt" or  "poorly graded SAND with silt and gravel."

Symbol chart

ASTM D-2487

See also 

 AASHTO Soil Classification System
 AASHTO
 ASTM International
 USDA Soil Taxonomy (Soil classification for agricultural purposes)

References 

Specific

Soil classification
Feigenbaum test. A Feigenbaum test is a variation of the Turing test where a computer system attempts to replicate an expert in a given field such as chemistry or marketing. It is also known, as a subject matter expert Turing test and was proposed by Edward Feigenbaum in a 2003 paper.

The concept is also described by Ray Kurzweil in his 2005 book The Singularity is Near. Kurzweil argues that machines who pass this test are an inevitable consequence of Moore's Law.

See also

Notes

References
 
 
 , p. 503-505

Further reading

Turing tests
Parviz Moin. Parviz Moin ( Parviz Mo'in from Tehran, Iran) is a fluid dynamicist. He is the Franklin P. and Caroline M. Johnson Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University. Moin has been listed as an ISI Highly Cited author in engineering.

Biography
Moin is from Iran, and now lives in California. He received his Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1974, his Master's degree in mathematics and his Master's and Ph.D degrees in mechanical engineering from Stanford in 1978. Moin became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1981. He held the posts of National Research Council Fellow, Staff Scientist and Senior Staff Scientist at NASA Ames Research Center. He joined the Stanford faculty in September 1986.

Research
Moin pioneered the use of direct numerical simulation and large eddy simulation techniques for the study of turbulence physics, control and modelling concepts and has written widely on the structure of turbulent shear flows. His current interests include: interaction of turbulent flows and shock waves, aerodynamic noise and hydroacoustics, turbulence control, large eddy simulation and parallel computing.

Moin is the founding director of the Center for Turbulence Research at Stanford and Ames. Established in 1987 as a research consortium between NASA and Stanford, the Center for Turbulence Research is devoted to fundamental studies of turbulent flows.
He served as an Editor of the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics from 2002-2024.

Awards and honors
Moin has been awarded NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal (1985), Space Act Award, the Lawrence Sperry Award of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the Humboldt Prize of the Federal Republic of Germany. Moin is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering. He is the recipient of Fluid Dynamics Prize of APS in 1996.
In 2010 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 2011 he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.

References

1952 births
American people of Iranian descent
American mechanical engineers
Computational fluid dynamicists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Iranian expatriate academics
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
American fluid dynamicists
Annual Reviews (publisher) editors
Seam sealant. Seam sealants are chemical coating compositions.

Textiles
Seam sealants are applied to waterproof seams of items such as rainwear, tents, backpacks, shoes, drysacks, and drysuits. They are often applied by the consumer post-purchase.

Automotive industry
Seam sealing was already performed manually successfully for preventing perforation corrosion in the 1980s. Today used in the OEM automotive industry primarily for the purpose of seals against air leaks and to waterproof sheetmetal overlaps that occur in the assembly of a vehicle. Such overlaps are typically decorative rather than structurally supportive. Accordingly, they are usually only spot welded and this process results in a closure that is not air or water tight.

Seam sealants are sprayed or extruded over the joined edges of these overlaps, and they then either cure to a flexible waterproof "seal" by drying (dehydrating) in the case of water borne compositions, or thermoset irreversibly to a flexible adherent seam seal by going through an oven bake in the case of plasticized polyvinylchloride compositions. Most interior seam seals are not visible after the vehicle is finished, because they are covered by carpeting, interior roof headliner, or decorative trim panels. Exterior seam seals are always painted over and are referred to as "coach joint seals."

The flat-stream application with many special solutions (special nozzles) was increasingly used as the most flexible procedure.

References

Further reading 

Detlef Symietz; Andreas Lutz: Strukturkleben im Fahrzeugbau. Eigenschaften, Anwendungen und Leistungsfähigkeit eines neuen Fügeverfahrens. In: Die Bibliothek der Technik, Verlag Moderne Industrie, 2006, 

Seals (mechanical)
Materials
David J. Gingery. David J. Gingery (; December 19, 1932 – May 3, 2004) was an American inventor, writer, and machinist, best known for his series of books on how to build machine tools.

Gingery is most famous for his Build Your Own Metal Working Shop From Scrap series, which details how to build a reasonably complete machine shop at low cost, often from scrap metal and other items. The hobbyist starts by constructing a small foundry capable of melting silicon-aluminum and zinc alloys from recycled automotive parts. Then green sand castings are used to make a metal lathe. The lathe is the first machine built since it can be used to help build itself. The lathe and foundry are then used to make more complicated machine tools.

The books in the series are, in the suggested sequence of construction:

 The Charcoal Foundry
 The Metal Lathe
 The Metal Shaper
 The Milling Machine
 The Drill Press
 The Dividing Head & Deluxe Accessories
 Designing & Building The Sheet Metal Brake

There is another book by Gingery, not usually counted as part of the series, entitled Building a Gas Fired Crucible Furnace (1988).

The dominant themes of the series are recycling, using inexpensive and free materials, and bootstrapping the shop's capabilities.  Gingery is noted for using basic methods, seldom used today, in order to make it possible for a skilled hobbyist to build the machines in the book series, usually without the aid of power tools or other expensive instruments.

In addition to the Build Your Own Metal Working Shop From Scrap series, Dave Gingery and his son Vincent have published a large number of booklets on shop practices, engine construction and mechanical miscellanea.

Personal life 
Gingery was an amateur musician (primarily tenor banjo) and vocalist performing the music of the Great American Songbook and classic country. He participated in many musical jam sessions in southwest Missouri and also practiced yodeling. He was married and had children.

References

External links
Gingery's website
A mailing list dedicated to Gingery machines
Illustrated building of the Gingery lathe
A video series illustrating the construction of a Gingery lathe

American technology writers
1932 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American inventors
The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques. The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques is a reference book by Ralph Mayer (1895–1979). Intended by the author for use by professional artists, it deals mostly with the chemical and physical properties of traditional painterly materials such as oil, tempera, and encaustic, as well as solvents, varnishes, and painting mediums. It also has extensive coverage of ancillary activities such as stretching and preparing canvas, care and maintenance of tools, and conservation of older paintings.

Originally published in 1940, the Handbook was referred to as "the painter's bible" at the time, and still remains on the reading list in American universities. It underwent three extensive revisions during Mayer's lifetime, and the fifth posthumous edition is still in print.

Ralph Mayer's archives of writing and research on materials and techniques are now at the Ralph Mayer Learning Center, Yale University School of Art.

References

Encyclopedias of art
Books about the visual arts
1940 non-fiction books
NZR AA class. {{DISPLAYTITLE:NZR AA class}}

The NZR AA class consisted of ten steam locomotives built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1914 to an order by Chief Mechanical Engineer, H. H. Jackson for operation on New Zealand's national rail network.

Introduction and design 
Built to a similar but vastly improved design to the Q class of 1901, they had a wheel arrangement of 4-6-2 and were suited to hauling freight services in the North Island (Originally they were to be classed QB but as they were to supplement the A class, given their aforementioned designation.) The United States built locomotives were an urgent order needed due to heavy demand with both New Zealand and British workshops unable to supply as the First World War was draining resources and manpower for the war effort. Construction was completed less than two months after the order was placed and all ten entered service in New Zealand in June 1915. Bar frames were used by the American builders instead of NZR's preferred plate frames, and the class had superheaters as built. Water capacity was double that of the A class and coal a quarter more.

Service 
They were worked hard for four decades before being supplanted by the more powerful "K" and "J" class families. In 1919 No. 654 was used for a very short experiment in the use of pulverized coal. Only one trip is known to have been made before the engine was converted back. They were initially equipped with grates smaller than either the A or AB class. Not an issue with hard coal, increasing use of soft Waikato coal meant a larger grate was desirable. Thus the entire class had their boilers replaced with AB class types starting in 1940 giving the reliable locomotives more life. This soon became a blessing when they were worked hard through the Second World War. They were used extensively on the steeply graded central North Island Main Trunk, Wanganui and Gisborne sections. In the mid-1950s most of the class were still in reasonable condition and the engines were regarded as a very successful class, capable of taking somewhat heavier loads than an AB class. The first withdrawals occurred in December 1955, when six were taken out of service with their boilers returned to the AB class boiler repair pool. The remaining four continued to operate until February 1957. None were preserved.

See also
 NZR Q class (1901)
 NZR A/AD class (1906)
 NZR AB class
 NZR G class (1928)
 Locomotives of New Zealand

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links 
 Baldwin Steam Trust - New Zealand locomotives built by Baldwin, including AA class statistics
 Plan of an AA class locomotive by Derek Brown

Aa class
4-6-2 locomotives
Baldwin locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1915
Lockheed Martin Desert Hawk. The Lockheed Martin Desert Hawk is a miniature UAV used for base perimeter protection. It was designed by Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works for the United States Air Force Force Protection Airborne Surveillance System (FPASS) Program on a quick-reaction contract issued late in the winter of 2002, with the first system delivered in the early summer. It was designed quickly, because the program leveraged technology and design studies developed for the MicroStar MAVs. The program was run by Electronic Systems Center.  In 2007, the U.S. Air Force FPASS office switched all of their UAV systems over to the RQ-11B Raven.

It is made mostly of plastic foam, resembling hobby grade model airplanes, and uses an electric motor driving a pusher propeller as a powerplant, making it very quiet. It is launched with a bungee cord, carries three small CCD cameras, has an endurance of about an hour. It flies mostly under autonomous control, with the operator keeping track of its activity with a laptop computer.

The Desert Hawk is also used by the 32nd Regiment Royal Artillery of the British Army as a tactical surveillance system, and has been used in Afghanistan and Mali.

Desert Hawk has since been replaced with the more capable and rugged Desert Hawk III.

Specifications
 Wingspan: 52 in (1.32 m)
 Length: 34 in  (0.86 m)
 Battery Weight(1.5kg)
 Weight: 7 lb (3.2 kg)
 Engine: electric motor driving a quiet pusher propeller
 Endurance: approx. 1 hour

References

External links

 Official website
 Desert Hawk: Mini UAV Goes Operational, CodeOne Magazine, 2003
 DESERT HAWK UP: New Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Part 1, Military.com
 , 332 AEW Public Affairs, 10/24/2003
 , 379 AEW Public Affairs, 7/21/2004
 Desert Hawk III - Armed Forces International
 Lockheed Martin Flies First 360-degree Infrared Sensor on Small Unmanned Aircraft System, Lockheed Martin Press Release 8/10/2009

Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Desert Hawk
2000s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Electric aircraft
High-wing aircraft
V-tail aircraft