omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kemppi. is a Finnish company, founded in 1949 by . The company is a manufacturer of welding equipment. It is located in Lahti city. The company has subsidiaries in 13 countries, sales offices and retailers in over 70, and its turnover is more than €90 million. Kemppi Oy was formerly known as Veljekset Kemppi Oy and changed its name to Kemppi Oy in 1968. The company has production plants in Lahti region, Finland; and Chennai, India.

Kemppi Oy designs and manufactures arc welding equipment to its customers worldwide. It provides MIG/MAG welding products, such as compact machines, MIG welding sets and guns, and accessories; TIG welding products, including DC and AC/DC TIG welding products, TIG torches, and accessories; MMA welding machines; welding automation products; and accessories, such as welding helmets, panels, monitoring products, remote control units, cables and connectors, hanging devices and swing arms, transport units, and consumable parts. The company also offers welding gun, wire feed mechanism, power source, cooling unit, and TIG welding torch maintenance services. Its products are used in metal fabrication workshops; automotive industry; construction; chemical, process, and oil and gas industries; shipbuilding and offshore; welding automation; and other applications. In recent years the company has also expanded its product lineup into automated welding monitoring, pioneering tools for demanding industrial construction and manufacturing.

See also
List of Finnish companies

References

External links 
 
Kemppi Russia - Official Premium dealer Kemppi in Russia, Moscow
Kemppi Russia - Official dealer Kemppi in Russia, Moscow
Kemppi Russia - Official dealer Kemppi in Russia, Taganrog
Kemppi Russia - Official dealer Kemppi in Russia, Ural
Kemppi St-Petersburg - General representative Kemppi in Russia, St-Petersburg

Manufacturing companies of Finland
Manufacturing companies established in 1949
1949 establishments in Finland
Car Nicobar Air Force Station. Car Nicobar Air Force Station  is located in IAF Camp village, on Car Nicobar Island in the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

History
The 37 Wing Air Force Station at Car Nicobar has an area of . The  bitumen runway was built by the Japanese during their occupation of these islands between 1942 and 1945. After 1945, it was used by the British Royal Air Force as a refuelling base for regular (generally twice-weekly) flights between RAF Negombo (now Colombo International Airport) in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) and RAF Changi in Singapore (& vice versa), with an additional stop in RAF Butterworth, on the Malayan peninsula (opposite Penang). These flights were generally operated by Vickers Valetta twin-prop aircraft. The runway was extended to  by the Indian Air Force (IAF) in 1967. The first Mi-8 helicopter arrived here in 1982. Besides the No. 122 Helicopter Flight, IAF of Mi-8 helicopters, Dorniers and an Air Defence unit are based here.

The airstrip was brought into operation by the IAF by raising Staging Post in the year 1956, with its role as a refuelling station for all aircraft flying across the Bay of Bengal. The Helicopter Flight was later inducted on 1 April 1985. The Base was upgraded to Forward Base Support Units (FBSU) on 23 August 1986 and subsequently as a Wing on 15 September 1993.

The air station was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, when 116 IAF officers and men, and wives and children, died. Little remained of the air base, which was established as India's southernmost defence post. IAF personnel worked night and day: the runway was repaired, navigational aids and the basic infrastructure were put back in place. On 14 April, just three-and-a-half months later, the Car Nicobar Air Station resumed operations.

Structure
The airport resides at an elevation of  above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 02/20 with a concrete surface measuring .

Commercial services 
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Administration operates biweekly flights every Monday and Friday between Port Blair and Campbell Bay via Car Nicobar with 10 seater D228 aircraft chartered from the Indian Air Force. There is also a regular helicopter service by Pawan Hans between Car Nicobar, Port Blair and the various islands of Nicobar district.

References

Carnicobar (Iaf)
Code:	VOCX*
IATA Code:	CBD
Lat,Lon:	9.1525,92.8196
State:	India
Elevation:	5
City:	Iaf Camp
FIR:	VOMF
Schedule:	No

Airports in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
World War II sites in India
1940s establishments in India
Military airbases established in the 1940s
20th-century architecture in India
Type casting (typography). Type casting is a technique for casting the individual letters known as sorts used in hot metal typesetting by pouring molten metal into brass moulds called matrices.

Gutenberg
Woodblock printing had been known in China for centuries. It was innovations in type casting that made for Gutenberg's breakthrough of commercially printing. Although using matrices was a technique known well before his time, Johannes Gutenberg adapted their use to a conveniently adjustable hand mould, enabling one to easily and accurately cast identical multiple instances of any character.

The ultimate product of manual typecasting were letters, known as sorts for letterpress printing, and the process starts with the installation of a matrix with the impression of a particular glyph into the bottom of the hand mould which is adjusted for the width of the body and locked in preparation for casting. Molten type metal alloy would be carefully poured into a straight-sided vertical cavity at the top of the mould. The type caster would then give the mould a quick shake to aid the flow of type metal into every cavity of the matrix. In practice it was discovered that different glyphs would require different shakes to cast the characters properly. As the casting cooled down and solidified, the mould would be unlocked and the sort removed, ready for later finishing operations and locked again ready for the next character.

Manual casting was a long drawn-out process, but was able to produce precise and consistent excellent results.

Automation
In 1805 Henri Didot of Paris, France patented a type casting machine.

David Bruce invented the first automated type casting machine in 1838, but it was the Monotype and Linotype machines that first effectively speeded up the process. 

In 1887, Tolbert Lanston invented the Monotype mechanical typesetting machine. This was a type casting system that produced individual characters, in which a matrix case is used for holding all the font's matrices. In a manner somewhat reminiscent to hand type casting, every time a character is to be cast, the selection mechanism would position the matrix case so that the correct matrix is over the mould, hot metal would be injected, the sort removed and the process repeated until the job is finished.

Although the Linotype (1886) and Intertype (1914) approach to mechanical typesetting produced cast slugs that usually represent the complete line instead of individual characters, it still made use of individual bronze matrices stored in a magazine at the top of the machine, dispensed one per keystroke, assembled, sent to the caster where the slug was cast and the matrices re-distributed using a clever V-shaped keying mechanism.

The Ludlow display typecasting system is similar, in that it is also a linecasting process, although all the typesetting operations (matrix assembly and later distribution) are executed manually by a compositor.

Subsequent typesetting technologies made use of glyphs represented as photographic negatives or digital descriptions.

See also 
Movable type
Type foundry

References

Typography
Printing
Spice Lisp. Spice Lisp (Scientific Personal Integrated Computing Environment) is a programming language, a dialect of Lisp. Its implementation, originally written by Carnegie Mellon University's (CMU) Spice Lisp Group, targeted the microcode of the 16-bit workstation PERQ, and its operating system Accent. It used that workstation's microcode abilities (and provided microcodes for the languages Pascal, C, and Ada) to implement a stack machine architecture to store its data structures as 32-bit objects and to enable run time type-checking. It would later be popular on other workstations.

Spice Lisp evolved into an implementation of Common Lisp, and was renamed CMU Common Lisp (CMUCL).

References

External links

FOLDOC

Common Lisp implementations
Lisp programming language family
VAX Common Lisp. VAX LISP was an implementation of Common Lisp for VMS and ULTRIX on 32-bit VAXs. It was the first Common Lisp to be written for non-Lisp machines. It was initially boot-strapped from Carnegie Mellon University's Spice Lisp by recompiling its output but for VAX machine instruction and to use the large VAX stack.  Some of the original developers came from CMU.

Features included:

 dumb-terminal IDE with Emacs-like editor (programming in Common Lisp)
 DECwindows- (X11-)based workstation IDE (with editor, debugger, and inspector)
 multi-threading (based on POSIX threads)
 a compiler that generated intermediate files which could be "fast-loaded"
 a patented mechanism for writing and reading the executable state of the entire virtual machine

During the development of the never-released V4.0 the product was sold off to Lucid Inc.

References

  

Common Lisp implementations
Grahame-White. Grahame-White was an early British aircraft manufacturer, flying school and later manufacturer of cyclecars.

The company was established as Grahame-White Aviation Company by Claude Grahame-White at Hendon in 1911. The firm built mostly aircraft of its own design, including the successful Type XV, but during World War I produced Morane-Saulnier types under licence for the British military. The company ceased aircraft manufacturing operations in 1920.

In the same year the company was renamed Grahame-White Company Ltd. and manufactured cyclecars until 1924 when the company ceased its operations completely.

Aircraft

 Grahame-White Baby
 Grahame-White Type VI
 Grahame-White Type VII Popular
 Grahame-White Type X Charabanc
 Grahame-White Type XI
 Grahame-White Type XIII Circuit of Britain biplane/scout
 Grahame-White Type XV
 Grahame-White Type 18
 Grahame-White G.W.19 (License-built Breguet Bre.5)
 Grahame-White Type 20 Scout (Prototype only)
 Grahame-White Type 21 Scout (Prototype only)
 Grahame-White Ganymede
 Grahame-White G.W.E.7
 Grahame-White Bantam

Cyclecars

From 1920 onwards a very basic two-seat 3.3 hp type with air-cooled single-cylinder engine of 348 cc capacity was offered. It had a two-speed transmission with final chain drive. The car had quarter elliptical spring suspension front and rear as well as flex in the wood frame and seat cushions. In 1921 a 7 hp type with a Coventry Victor twin-cylinder engine (capacity: 689 cc) and friction drive was added for one year only followed in 1924 by a four-cylinder 10 hp type with a Dorman engine of 1,094 cc, but very few were made. The final Angus-Sanderson cars were also made in the factory.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

 
 
 

Cyclecars
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
1911 establishments in England
British companies established in 1911
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1911
Vehicle manufacture in London
Isobutylgermane. Isobutylgermane (IBGe, Chemical formula: (CH3)2CHCH2GeH3, is an organogermanium compound.  It is a colourless, volatile liquid that is used in MOVPE (Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy) as an alternative to germane. IBGe is used in the deposition of Ge films and Ge-containing thin semiconductor films such as SiGe in strained silicon application, and GeSbTe in NAND Flash applications.

Properties
IBGe is a non-pyrophoric liquid source for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) of semiconductors. It possesses very high vapor pressure and is considerably less hazardous than germane gas. IBGe also offers lower decomposition temperature (the onset of decomposition at ca. 325-350 °C)., coupled with advantages of low carbon incorporation and reduced main group elemental impurities in epitaxially grown germanium comprising layers such as Ge, SiGe, SiGeC, strained silicon, GeSb, and GeSbTe.

Uses
Rohm and Haas (now part of The Dow Chemical Company), IMEM, and CNRS have developed a process to grow germanium films on germanium at low temperatures in a Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor using isobutylgermane. The research targets Ge/III-V hetero devices.  It has been demonstrated that the growth of high quality germanium films at temperatures as low as 350 °C can be achieved.  The low growth temperature of 350 °C achievable with this new precursor has eliminated the memory effect of germanium in III-V materials. Recently IBGe is used to deposit Ge epitaxial films on a Si or Ge substrate , followed by the MOVPE deposition of InGaP and InGaAs layers with no memory effect, to enable triple-junction solar cells and integration of III-V compounds with silicon and germanium.
It was demonstrated that isobutylgermane could be also used for the growth of germanium nanowires using gold as catalyst

References

Further reading
 IBGe: Brief description from National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap.
Élaboration et Physique des Structures Épitaxiées (LPN) Hétérostructures III-V pour l’optoélectronique sur Si: Article in French from LPN-CNRS, France.
Designing Novel Organogermanium OMVPE Precursors for High-purity Germanium Films; Journal of Crystal Growth, January 25, 2006.
Ge Precursors for Strained Si and Compound Semiconductors; Semiconductor International, April 1, 2006.
Development of New Germanium Precursors for SiGe Epitaxy; Deo Shenai and Egbert Woelk, Presentation at 210th ECS Meeting, Cancun, Mexico, October 29, 2006.

External links
 Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN CNRS
 IMEM-CNR Institute

Semiconductors
Organogermanium compounds
Germanium(IV) compounds
Isobutyl compounds
Impostor (short story). "Impostor" is a science fiction short story by American writer Philip K. Dick.  It was first published in Astounding SF magazine, 3 June 1953.

Plot
Spence Olham, a member of a team designing an offensive weapon to destroy invading aliens known as the Outspacers, is confronted by a colleague and accused by security officer Major Peters of being an android impostor designed to sabotage Earth's defenses.  The impostor's spaceship was damaged and has crashed just outside the city.  The android is supposed to detonate a planet-destroying bomb on the utterance of a deadly code phrase.  Olham, in an attempt to clear his name and prove his humanity, manages to escape his captors and return to Earth after they fail to kill him on the Moon.  Upon reaching Earth, Olham contacts his wife, Mary, but is soon ambushed by security officers waiting for him by his house.  Out of options and with Major Peters' forces closing in, Olham decides to prove he is a human by finding the crashed Outspacer spaceship and recovering the android's body from the wreckage.  The discovery of a bloody knife by the wreckage indicates to Olham that Peters was correct and that the real Spence Olham had already been killed.  The android, now aware of the truth of its existence, proclaims "If that's Olham, then I must be..." causing the bomb to detonate, the explosion visible even to the Outspacers of Alpha Centauri.

Adaptations
The story was adapted in 1962 as an episode of the British science fiction television series Out of This World. Like most episodes of the show, it was wiped and is now lost, although an incomplete audio-only recording has survived and is available on DVD.

Impostor, a feature film based on the story, was released in 2002 starring Gary Sinise, Madeleine Stowe and Vincent D'Onofrio.

Anthologies
The story was widely anthologised, including in the Slovak as  "Votrelec" in Stratený robot (1 January 1986) Mladé Letá.

See also
 1953 in science fiction
 Science Fiction Golden Age

References

External links
 
 Impostor by Philip K. Dick (1953)
 Imposter at philipkdick.com

1953 short stories
Short stories adapted into films
Short stories by Philip K. Dick
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
it:Le presenze invisibili#Impostore
Theorem of corresponding states. According to van der Waals, the theorem of corresponding states (or principle/law of corresponding states) indicates that all fluids, when compared at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure, have approximately the same compressibility factor and all deviate from ideal gas behavior to about the same degree.

Material constants that vary for each type of material are eliminated, in a recast reduced form of a constitutive equation. The reduced variables are defined in terms of critical variables.

The principle originated with the work of Johannes Diderik van der Waals in about 1873 when he used the critical temperature and critical pressure to derive a universal property of all fluids that follow the van der Waals equation of state. It predicts a value of  that is found to be an overestimate when compared to real gases.  

Edward A. Guggenheim used the phrase "Principle of Corresponding States" in an oft-cited paper to describe the phenomenon where different systems have very similar behaviors when near a critical point. 

There are many examples of non-ideal gas models which satisfy this theorem, such as the van der Waals model, the Dieterici model, and so on, that can be found on the page on real gases.

Compressibility factor at the critical point

The compressibility factor at the critical point, which is defined as , where the subscript  indicates physical quantities measured at the critical point, is predicted to be a constant independent of substance by many equations of state.

The table below for a selection of gases uses the following conventions:
 : critical temperature [K]
 : critical pressure [Pa]
 : critical specific volume [m3⋅kg−1]
 : gas constant (8.314 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1)
 : Molar mass [kg⋅mol−1]

See also
Van der Waals equation
Equation of state
Compressibility factors
Johannes Diderik van der Waals equation
Noro-Frenkel law of corresponding states

References

External links
 Properties of Natural Gases. Includes a chart of compressibility factors versus reduced pressure and reduced temperature (on last page of the PDF document)
Theorem of corresponding states on SklogWiki.

Laws of thermodynamics
Engineering thermodynamics
Continuum mechanics
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
CRRC Tangshan. CRRC Tangshan Co., Ltd., is a manufacturer of rolling stock located in Tangshan, Hebei province, People's Republic of China. While Datong built mainline steam locomotives until 1988, Tangshan built steam for industrial use until 1999, becoming the last works in the world to build steam for non-tourist use.

History
The predecessor of the subsidiary, Tangshan Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works was founded before the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. It was nationalized and remaining as an entity of the Ministry of Railways until 2002, when it was a manufacturing facility of   (LORIC). In 2002, LORIC was split into CNR Group and CSR Group, which Tangshan works belonged to the former due to geographical location. CNR Group and CSR Group also belonged to newly established State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, another department of the State Council.

Due to the initial public offering of China CNR, the assets of the works was injected to a newly incorporated subsidiary, which was known as Tangshan Railway Vehicle Co., Ltd..

In November 2005, CNR Group signed a 669 million euro agreement with Siemens under CEO Klaus Kleinfeld that gave them access to the intellectual property jewels of the latter. The first of these trains were to run in 2008 on the Beijing-Tianjin route. Only the first three of 60 trains were to be built in Germany. The balance were built at the plant which is now named CRRC Tangshan.

After the merger of CSR and CNR to CRRC, the subsidiary also renamed to , known as just CRRC Tangshan Co., Ltd. in English.

Products

Steam locomotives
"Rocket of China", first locomotive built in China (1881)
China Railways SY (from 1958 to 1999)
Two tourist railways in the United States own Tangshan steam locomotives - The New York, Susquehanna and Western Technical and Historical Society (on the Belvidere and Delaware River Railway) and the Valley Railroad.

Diesel locomotives
 China Railways DF5

Passenger coaches
25B		
25G		
25K		
25T

Multiple units
 TSD09		
 CRH3, Chinese version of the Siemens Velaro train set		
 Two DMUs using Voith transmissions for suburban use with Ghana Railway Corporation.		
 20 DMU for Bangladesh (2011) 		
 :es:Unidad de tren diésel CNR for Trenes Argentinos
 High-speed freight train

Metro
 Tianjin Metro line 1	
 Fuzhou Metro line 1
 Shijiazhuang Metro line 1
 Xiamen Metro

Intercity commuter rail
 CRHCJ-2
 CRHCJ-3
 CR200J

Regional rail
 Bi-Level cars for RTM in Montreal, Canada and SEPTA Regional Rail in Southeastern Pennsylvania (SEPTA order cancelled in April 2024)

LRV
 Changchun Tram licensed from Siemens Mobility
 Samsun Tram, Turkey
 İzmir Metro

Maglev
 Line S1 (Beijing Subway) Medium-low Speed Maglev

References

External links 

 

 
CRRC Group
John Linn (Royal Engineer). John Linn was a British Royal Engineer. He was born in Corstorphine and joined the Army in 1846. Two years later he moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia where he was stationed for 9 years. He later settled in British Columbia in 1859. He died on 18 April 1876 from a paralytic stroke. North Vancouver's Lynn Valley is named after him.

References
The Royal Engineers Living History Group
District of North Vancouver's Lynn Canyon Park Guide
A Short History of the North Shore by Cherry Bouton
Namely Vancouver: A Hidden History of Vancouver Place Names (2001) By Tom Snyders, Jennifer O'Rourke, page 172.

Military personnel from Edinburgh
Royal Engineers soldiers
North Vancouver (district municipality)