omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Subsonic and transonic wind tunnel. Transonic wind tunnels, between , are designed on similar principles as subsonic tunnels but present additional challenges, primarily due to the reflection of shock waves from the walls of the test section. To mitigate this, perforated or slotted walls are used to reduce shock reflection. In transonic testing, both Mach number and Reynolds number are critical and must be properly simulated. This often necessitates the use of large-scale facilities and pressurized or cryogenic wind tunnels. These tunnels are crucial for studying aerodynamic properties of objects at speeds approaching and surpassing the speed of sound, such as high-speed aircraft and spacecraft during critical phases of flight.

Closed wind tunnel

In a return-flow wind tunnel the return duct must be properly designed to reduce the pressure losses and to ensure smooth flow in the test section.

Transonic tunnel

High subsonic wind tunnels, between Mach 0.4 and 0.75, and transonic wind tunnels, between Mach 0.75 and 1.2, are designed on the same principles as the subsonic wind tunnels. Testing at transonic speeds presents additional problems, mainly due to the reflection of the shock waves from the walls of the test section. Therefore, perforated or slotted walls are required to reduce shock reflection from the walls. Since important viscous or inviscid interactions occur (such as shock waves or boundary layer interaction) both Mach and Reynolds number are important and must be properly simulated.
Large-scale facilities and pressurized or cryogenic wind tunnels are used.

References

See also 
 Wind tunnel
 Supersonic wind tunnel
 Hypersonic wind tunnel
 Gustave Eiffel
 National Aerospace Laboratory, Netherlands
 Calspan
Wind tunnels
Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre. Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre, Vancouver Harbour Water Aerodrome or Vancouver Coal Harbour Seaplane Base , is a registered aerodrome located at Coal Harbour in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The flight centre is within walking distance of the HeliJet heliport and Waterfront Station, a public transit hub in Downtown Vancouver.

After five years of preparation, consultation and construction, Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre seaplane terminal opened for passenger service on May 25, 2011. The Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre is a partnership between the Clarke Group of Companies and Ledcor Group of Companies.

It is classified as an aerodrome and as an airport of entry by Nav Canada. It is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.

Control tower

The Vancouver Harbour Control Tower is the only one in Canada specifically for a water aerodrome. At  above ground it is the highest control tower in the world. and is located on top of the Granville Square building. In 2009 the airport handled 54,741 aircraft movements, the 35th busiest in Canada. It is also the 8th busiest aerodrome in BC and the busiest water aerodrome in Canada. Itinerant aircraft movements (from one airport to another) for the aerodrome were 54,711 while local movements were 30.

Operations

The actual aircraft docking area, at , is situated just west of Canada Place. This part of Burrard Inlet is listed by Nav Canada as a restricted area and no aircraft are permitted to take off, land or move through the zone at a high speed. Just north of Canada Place is a rectangular section called "Area Alfa", centred on the official coordinates, which is the main aircraft operating zone.

In 2007, the link to Victoria Inner Harbour Airport was, according to the Official Airline Guide, Canada's busiest air route by the number of weekly flights.

Airlines and destinations

See also
 List of airports in the Lower Mainland

References

External links

CXH - Vancouver, British Columbia (Coal Harbour SPB)

Airports in Greater Vancouver
Seaplane bases in British Columbia
Registered aerodromes in British Columbia
Victoria Airport Water Aerodrome. Victoria Airport Water Aerodrome  is a seaplane base located  north northwest of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, adjacent to Victoria International Airport.

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.

Today, Pat Bay serves as an alternate airport for Harbour Air flights to Victoria Inner Harbour. Charters in and out of Pat Bay are rare, but not out of the question.

See also
 List of airports in Greater Victoria
 Floatplane

References

Seaplane bases in British Columbia
Saanich Peninsula
Transport in the Capital Regional District
Registered aerodromes in British Columbia
Skatemill. A skatemill is a practice machine for professional ice hockey players to improve their skating techniques, which is very important to achieve the level of skating ability to play on an NHL team.

Skatemills resemble standard runners' treadmills, but wider, longer, and rather than a gripping rubber belt, skatemills have specially designed surfaces that allow players to practice skating techniques on a surface that resembles ice. Skatemills have variable speeds, usually topping out at between 20 and 30 miles per hour, and can also be set to varying inclines to add to the difficulty for the person training. Often, skatemills will include handgrips and a harness system to keep the players from falling while on the skatemill.

Skatemills are currently only commonly found in the training facilities of NHL teams; for example, there is a skatemill in Vancouver for the players of the Vancouver Canucks, and one in Troy, Michigan for the benefit of the Detroit Red Wings. The skatemill has yet to be introduced widely to European hockey players.

Skatemills are becoming very common in hockey training centers on North America as well as in fitness centers. Some companies have created low profile commercial fitness models. These models can be found in fitness centers and gyms around North America.

As of today there are more than 100 skating treadmills around the world.

References

Ice hockey equipment
Yevgeny Murzin. Yevgeny Alexandrovich Murzin (; 1914–1970) was a Russian audio engineer and inventor of the ANS synthesizer.

Academic life and military service 
Murzin began his academic life studying municipal building at the Moscow Institute of Engineers. When Nazi Germany invaded the USSR in 1941, he joined the soviet Artillery Academy as a Senior Technical Lieutenant. During his time in military service, Murzin was responsible for developing an electro-mechanical anti-aircraft detector which was later adopted by the Soviet Army. After the war, Murzin joined the Moscow Higher Technical School where he completed a thesis on Thematics and was involved in the development of military equipment including an artillery sound ranging device, instruments for the guidance of fighters to enemy bombers and air-raid defence systems.

Murzin's synthesizer
In 1938,  invented a design for composers based on synthesizing complex musical sounds from a limited number of pure tones; this proposed system was to perform music without musicians or musical instruments. The technological basis of his invention was the method of photo-optic sound recording used in cinematography, which made it possible to obtain a visible image of a sound wave, as well as to realize the opposite goal—synthesizing a sound from an artificially drawn sound wave.

Despite the apparent simplicity of his idea of reconstructing a sound from its visible image, the technical realization of the ANS as a musical instrument did not occur until twenty years later.
Murzin was an engineer who worked in areas unrelated to music, and the development of the ANS synthesizer was a hobby and he had many problems realizing on a practical level.  It was not until 1958 that Murzin was able to establish a laboratory and gather a group of engineers and musicians in order to design the ANS.

Legacy
Murzin's synthesizer was used by Alfred Schnittke, Stanislav Kreitchi, Sofia Gubaydulina, Edward Artemyev, and some other experimenting composers in Moscow.
Much of the music for Andrey Tarkovsky film Solaris (1972) was created by Artemyev with the ANS.
In 2003, British band Coil had released an album named ANS (using the synth itself).
ANS (For Evgeny Murzin), Track 11 of the album For 2 by German musician Carsten Nicolai, released in 2010, was recorded live with the ANS Synthesizer at Theremin Center, Moscow State Conservatory.

External links
Link
From the Thermin center 1
From the Thermin center 2
Habr.ru
Yevgeny Murzin's wiki.ru page
The ‘ANS Synthesiser’ Yevgeny Murzin. Russia, 1958

Russian audio engineers
1970 deaths
1914 births
Graphical sound
Soviet inventors
Metropolitan Railway K Class. The Metropolitan Railway K Class consisted of six 2-6-4T steam locomotives, numbered 111 to 116.

Construction
They were built by Armstrong Whitworth in 1925, using parts manufactured at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, to the design of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway N class 2-6-0 locomotives and part of a family of 200 or so "mogul" engines designed by Richard Maunsell. Final design was by the Metropolitan Railway's George Hally.  The boilers had been made by Robert Stephenson and Company of Darlington. Some unusual variations included footsteps below the buffer beam and curved handrails at the front either side of the smokebox.

Service
The K Class were used on heavy freight trains along London's Metropolitan Railway mainline, including coal to the power station at Neasden, although they were used on occasional passenger trains. In 1937, all six were transferred to the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) where they were based at Neasden (LNER) Shed. The LNER numbered them 6158–6163, and classified them as L2 Class.  They were used for passenger services for a short stint in 1938 and 1942 when H2 4-4-4T's were unavailable for maintenance or transferred elsewhere.

Withdrawal
All were withdrawn and scrapped between 1943 and 1948.

References 

K
2-6-4T locomotives
Armstrong Whitworth locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1925
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain

Passenger locomotives
Freight locomotives
Rankine body. The Rankine body, discovered by Scottish physicist and engineer Macquorn Rankine, is a feature of naval architecture involving the flow of liquid around a body/surface.

In fluid mechanics, a fluid flow pattern formed by combining a uniform stream with a source and a sink of equal strengths, with the line joining the source and sink along the stream direction, conforms to the shape of a Rankine body.

See also 
 Rankine half body

External links
 Derivation of the Rankine body using potential flow. 

Fluid dynamics
Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride. Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride (SMEAH; trade names Red-Al,  Synhydrid, Vitride) is a hydride reductant with the formula NaAlH(OCHCHOCH). The trade name Red-Al refers to its being a reducing aluminium compound. It is used predominantly as a reducing agent in organic synthesis.  The compound features a tetrahedral aluminium center attached to two hydride and two alkoxide groups, the latter derived from 2-methoxyethanol. Commercial solutions are colorless/pale yellow and viscous. At low temperatures (below -60°C), the solution solidifies to a glassy pulverizable substance with no sharp melting point.

SMEAH is a versatile hydride reducing agent. It readily converts epoxides, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, acyl halides, and anhydrides to the corresponding alcohols. Nitrogen derivates such as amides, nitriles, imines, and most other organonitrogen compounds are reduced to the corresponding amines. Nitroarenes can be converted to azoxyarenes, azoarenes, or hydroazoarenes, depending on the reaction conditions.

Some common functional group reductions using SMEAH can be found below:

Comparison with lithium aluminium hydride
As a reagent, SMEAH is comparable with lithium aluminium hydride (LAH, LiAlH).

It is a safer alternative to LAH and related hydrides. SMEAH exhibits similar reducing effects, but does not have the inconvenient pyrophoric nature, short shelf-life, or limited solubility of LAH. Upon contact with air and moisture, SMEAH reacts exothermically but does not ignite, and tolerates temperatures up to 200°C. Under dry conditions it has unlimited shelf life. It is soluble in aromatic solvents, whereas LAH is only soluble in ethers. For example, a solution greater than 70 wt.% concentration in toluene is commercially available. The reagent can be modified to effect partial reductions.

SMEAH in toluene under reflux has been used to reduce aliphatic p-toluenesulfonamides (TsNR) to the corresponding free amines and is one of the few reagents that can carry out this challenging reduction in general settings.  Notably, LiAlH does not reduce this functional group unless forcing conditions are used.

References

External links
 

Hydrido complexes
Reducing agents
Aluminium complexes
Alkoxides
Sodium compounds
Wesley P. Dahlberg. Wesley Paul Dahlberg (September 24, 1917 – November 1, 2023) was an American car designer. He is best known for designing the Ford Taunus P3 17M, the Badewanne.

Biography
Wesley Paul Dahlberg was the son of Swedish immigrants, emigrating to the United States from Medelpad in northern Sweden. He became a car designer  for the Ford Motor Company in Detroit. In the late 1950s, Ford sent him to West Germany to lead the build-up of Ford's new European design studio in Cologne. Along with the studio's executive chief Uwe Bahnsen, Dahlberg played a major part in the design of the famed Taunus 17m (project "Adria", series P3), produced from 1960 to 1964. Dahlberg continued working with Ford's operations in Europe for about a decade before returning to Detroit. His first assignment back in Detroit was to design the new Lincoln Continental series, which launched in the late 1960s. Dahlberg retired in 1973 to devote his time to artistic pursuits. He died in Claremont, California on November 1, 2023, at the age of 106.

References

1917 births
2023 deaths
American men centenarians
Ford designers
American people of Swedish descent
List of California Institute of Technology people. The California Institute of Technology has had numerous notable alumni and faculty.

Notable alumni

Alumni who went on to become members of the faculty are listed only in this category.

Physics and astronomy

Chemistry and chemical engineering

Biology, biological engineering, and medicine

Mathematics and computer science

Engineering and applied science

Geological, environmental, and planetary sciences

Business

Economics, finance, and social science

Government and politics

Other fields

Notable faculty

Members of the faculty are listed under the name of the academic division to which they belong.

Physics, mathematics, and astronomy

Chemistry and chemical engineering

Biology and biological engineering

Engineering and applied science

Geological and planetary sciences

Humanities and social sciences

See also 
 List of Nobel laureates affiliated with California Institute of Technology

References

Lists of people by university or college in California
Jasik debugger. The Jasik Debugger (or more correctly, The Debugger from Jasik Designs), was a debugger tool for the classic Mac OS. Pitched as a much more powerful alternative to Macsbug, it was a popular choice among professional Mac developers until the advent of more advanced source-level debuggers such as that built into Metrowerks Codewarrior. This debugger first appeared in the late 1980s and was usually referred as MacNosy.

"MacNosy" because it had a built-in powerful code-path tracer and disassembler.  One could point it at an entry point into the code and MacNosy would disassemble code from that point down and follow calls and jumps and disassemble those sections too.  When it o go a computed jump, it could find the associated jump table and then disassemble from those pointed-to locations.  The command syntax for doing this was a bit obscure, but it could be made to work.  In this way one could disassemble large programs, such as the Turbo Pascal compiler.

While Jasik's debugger featured a graphical user interface, it was laid out in a very arbitrary and peculiar way, with buttons seemingly randomly sized and positioned. This gave it a reputation as difficult to use.

References 
 Jasik Designs page describing debugger features

Macintosh operating systems development
Debuggers
Discontinued development tools
Classic Mac OS programming tools
Bridge graft. A bridge graft is a grafting technique used to re-establish the supply of nutrients to the rootstock of a woody perennial when the full thickness of the bark has been removed from part of the trunk.     

Damage to the innermost layer of the bark, called the phloem, can interrupt the transport of photosynthesized sugars throughout the tree. This damage is often caused by rodents and lagomorphs, stripping and girdling the tree. The inability to transport sugars causes stored nutrients to deplete, resulting in the plant's death.    

A bridge graft uses scions to 'bridge' the gap. Each scion is taper cut to match the cambium layers of the scion with those of the tree to which it is being grafted. It is also vital that the scions be placed so that the end which was closest to their own roots, before they were cut, is at the bottom of the graft, and the end which was closest to the growing tip, is at the top. Incorrect placement, such as cells in the scion being upside down, will result in its death. Once in place, the graft wounds must be completely sealed, in order to facilitate adhesion and prevent infection of the site.    

Where one-quarter or less of the trunk circumference has been girdled, it may not be necessary to use this technique. It can also be difficult to apply on small diameter trunks.

Steps 
According to contemporary arboricultural practices, the use of wound dressings and pruning paints is believed to potentially reduce a tree's natural resistance to infections. As a result, it is advised that such treatments should not be applied prior to performing grafting procedures. Trees naturally initiate the formation of callus tissues in response to injury, effectively compartmentalizing the damaged area into isolated sections. This defense mechanism is further influenced by environmental factors, including early colonization of bacteria and fungi on the exposed tissues, which can prompt the activation of the tree's innate protective responses.

Materials 

Grafting wax
Grafting knife
Raffia (used to secure the graft prior to waxing)
Scions

References 

Horticulture
Emacspeak. Emacspeak is a free computer application, a speech interface, and an audio desktop (as opposed to a screen reader). It employs Emacs (which is written in C), Emacs Lisp, and Tcl. Developed principally by T. V. Raman (himself blind since childhood, and who has worked on voice software with Adobe Software and later IBM), it was first released in April 1995. It is portable to all POSIX-compatible OSs. It is tightly integrated with Emacs, allowing it to render intelligible and useful content rather than parsing the graphics (hence it is sometimes referred to not as a separate program, but a subsystem of Emacs); its default voice synthesizer (as of 2002, IBM's ViaVoice Text-to-Speech (TTS)) can be replaced with other software synthesizers when a server module is installed. Emacspeak is one of the most popular speech interfaces for Linux, bundled with most major distributions. In 2014, Raman wrote an article describing how the software's design was impacted by shifts in computer technology and its general usage over 20 years.

Emacspeak achieves its integration by being written largely in Emacs Lisp using "advice", enabling it to literally be a wrapper around most functions that change or otherwise modify the display. Auditorily, verbalizations are pre-emptible, and common actions like opening a menu or closing a file have a brief sound associated with that particular action; it also immediately verbalizes all insertions of characters, and attempts to speak as much of the context sentences around the cursor's present location as possible.

Emacspeak facilitates access to a wide variety of content, from the web to DAISY books.

On Monday, April 12, 1999, Emacspeak became part of the Smithsonian Museum's Permanent Research Collection on Information Technology at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History.

Version history
As of November 22, 2023, Emacspeak is at version 59. Each release was codenamed after a dog.

References
http://emacspeak.sourceforge.net/#synths

External links

 
 
 Official list of Emacs applications that work with Emacspeak (~146); notably Sawfish, Dired, w3m/lynx, erc, mplayer, OpenSSH, ispell etc.
 Emacspeak mailing list
 Paper on Emacspeak by T. V. Raman
 Blog by T. V. Raman, on using Emacspeak
 Emacspeak Installation HOWTO -(from The Linux Documentation Project)
 
 "A Gentle Introduction to Emacspeak: a quickstart for normal people"
 
 Emacspeak on the EmacsWiki
 Emacspeak Tricks

Emacs
Free screen readers
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in Lisp
Free software programmed in Tcl
INIT. Init or INIT may refer to:
 init, the first process started during boot of a Unix system
 INIT (Mac OS), a system-extension mechanism in Apple Macintosh operating system prior to OS X 
 INIT II, an intranasal insulin clinical trial
 Init Records, an American record label
 International IT College of Sweden
 INIT SE, a German technology company in the public transport industry

See also 
 Initialization (disambiguation)
Mitchell Gallery of Flight. The Mitchell Gallery of Flight is an aviation museum located inside Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the United States.

Description 
Permanent gallery exhibits highlight aviation history along with some of Milwaukee's contributions to the aerospace industry.

 Richard Bong from Poplar, Wisconsin is recognized as the United States' all time "Ace of Aces".
 Charles Lindbergh and his visit to Milwaukee after the historic non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
 James A. Lovell, Jr. is a former NASA astronaut and commander of the infamous Apollo 13 mission.
 Lester Maitland, born in Milwaukee, was a World War II air commander and respected endurance flier.
 Billy Mitchell was an American general who is regarded as the father of the United States Air Force.
 Lance Sijan was a United States Air Force officer and fighter pilot who was awarded the Medal of Honor.
 Antique propellers dating back to World War I, which were manufactured by Matthews Brothers Woodworking Company of Milwaukee.
 An exhibit dedicated to Milwaukee-based Midwest Airlines, which operated out of Mitchell Airport.
 Milwaukee In Space is a presentation for a laser experiment from St. Mary's Hospital that was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia.
 A twenty-two foot model of the LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II, sister ship of the LZ 129 Hindenburg was on display for many years, but has been moved to the EAA Aviation Museum in Oshkosh as of 2021.

It is operated by The Friends of the Mitchell Gallery of Flight, a non-profit corporation formed to foster and promote the museum and its exhibits.

References

External links 

Exhibit Photos

Aerospace museums in Wisconsin
Museums in Milwaukee