omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Symbolic trajectory evaluation. Symbolic trajectory evaluation (STE) is a lattice-based model checking technology that uses a form of symbolic simulation. STE is essentially used for computer hardware, that is circuit verification. The technique uses abstraction, meaning that details of the circuit behaviour are removed from the circuit model. It was first developed by Carl Seger and Randy Bryant in 1995 as an alternative to "classical" symbolic model checking.

References
 C.-J. H. Seger, and R. E. Bryant, Formal Verification by Symbolic Evaluation of Ordered Trajectories, Formal Methods in System Design, Vol. 6, No. 2 (March, 1995), pp. 147–190

Model checking
Management cybernetics
Dicro. Dicro Oy is a Finnish contract manufacturer of electronics, cable and electromechanical assemblies for various industrial, medical and telecommunication branch businesses. The company headquarters is in the municipality of Vihti in the town of Nummela, Finland. It was founded in 1987 and in 2001 opened a new manufacturing plant in Estonia. On February 13, 2006, Dicro bought out another Nummela based firm, RFI filter manufacturer named GE Procond Oy, until then part of General Electric. The new daughter company was renamed Procond Oy.

Procond Oy

The company Procond Oy is based in Nummela and manufactures industrial RFI and EMP filters.

These include:
 Power line filters
 RFI filters
 EMC filters
 EMP filters
 Rectifiers

References

External links
 

Electronics companies of Finland
Electronics companies established in 1987
Finnish companies established in 1987
Vihti
Filter manufacturers
IBM Rivina. Rivina is an experimental 64-bit PowerPC microprocessor built by IBM in 2000. It was the successor to "guTS" (Gigahertz Unit Test Site) and the purpose of both was to build a processor able to reach very high frequencies. They were the first microprocessors to reach and surpass the 1 GHz mark.

Project work was conducted by fewer than twenty engineers over a course of two years. The idea was to use aggressive circuit design techniques, a carefully crafted floorplan and microarchitecture while keeping a short six stage pipeline. While guTS only supported a subset of about 100, mainly integer instructions, of the PowerPC instruction set, Rivina used the complete 64-bit PowerPC specification including dual precision floating point and address translation. guTS had a small single cycle 4 kB L1 cache, and Rivina used a two-cycle, two set associative 64 kB cache instead.

The processor comprised over 19 million transistors, manufactured using IBM's CMOS 7S, 0.22 μm copper fabrication process. It was able to reach 1.15 GHz, dissipating 112 watts at 101 °C.

References 

 Rivina 1.15GHz 64-bit PowerPC Processor
 Custom circuit design as a driver of microprocessor performance, IBM.com

Rivina
Rivina
Ringwork. A ringwork is a form of fortified defensive structure, usually circular or oval in shape. Ringworks are essentially motte-and-bailey castles without the motte. Defences were usually earthworks in the form of a ditch and bank surrounding the site.

Ringworks originated in Germany in the 10th century as an early form of medieval castle and at first were little more than a fortified manor house. They appeared in England just prior to the Norman conquest and large numbers were built during the late 11th and early 12th centuries. More elaborate versions (such as Stansted Mountfitchet Castle) comprise a ringwork and bailey, the ringwork replacing the more usual motte and the bailey acting as a military stronghold.

A survey published in 1969 identified 198 ringwork castles in England and Wales, with a further 50 sites that were considered to possibly be ringworks. D. J. Cathcart King and Leslie Alcock proposed the following classification of ringworks based on their surviving remains:
A – a bank and ditch encircling the site
B – a bank and ditch encircling the site, with an artificially raising interior
Bb – a bank and ditch encircling the site on a natural hillock, where the ground surface slopes so that the interior is higher than the exterior
C – a bank on one side with sloping ground on the other
D – a bank on one side with sloping ground on the other combined with a ditch and an artificially raised interior
Dd – a bank on one side with sloping ground on the other combined with a ditch and the interior raised by a natural hillock

See also

References

 
Castles by type
Paul Collard. Paul Trevor Collard (7 July 1952 – 28 December 2005) was an entrepreneur who founded U.S. Robotics in 1976 with Casey Cowell and Steve Muka.

Early life
Paul Collard was born in Weston-Super-Mare, England, to Roy and Margaret Collard. He went to the Weston-super-Mare Grammar School for Boys, and graduated from the University of Sussex with a degree in applied physics.

U.S Robotics

While working at the University of Chicago's Computation Center, Collard joined up with Casey Cowell, Stephen Muka, Stan Metcalf, and Tom Rossen to form U.S. Robotics. Paul began designing modems using the digital Design skills he learned at the University of Sussex. Paul left U.S. Robotics in 1987.

Midway Labs
After attending a lecture at the University of Chicago on solar power, Collard left to start Midway Labs a solar power company using Roland Winston's non-imaging optics to build concentrator solar electric panels.

Personal life
Paul Collard married Rebecca Janowitz from Chicago. They had two children.

External links
U.S. Robotics History - On USR's website
History of U.S. Robotics
Major milestones of University of Chicago Alumni
University of Chicago magazine Obituary

1952 births
2005 deaths
People from Weston-super-Mare
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Beckjord Power Station. The Walter C. Beckjord Generating Station was a 1.43-gigawatt (1,433 MW), dual-fuel power generating station located near New Richmond, Ohio, 22 miles east of Cincinnati, Ohio. The plant began operation in 1952 and was decommissioned in 2014. It was jointly owned by Duke Energy, American Electric Power (AEP), and Dayton Power & Light (DP&L).

Background
Of the two Beckjord power plants, one was coal-fired (Units 1–6) and the other was oil-fired (Units GT1–GT4). It was originally built by Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company (CG&E), which was bought by Duke Energy in 2006.  The plant is named after Walter C. Beckjord, the chairman of CG&E from 1957 to 1962. CG&E installed new electrostatic precipitators at Beckjord in the 1970s to reduce pollution mandated by the State of Ohio.

Closure and decommissioning
In July 2011, Duke Energy announced that Beckjord would shut down in January 2015 because of tightening environmental regulations from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) outweighed the benefits of retrofitting the plant.  The shut down was accelerated to November 2014 after an open valve caused an oil spill into the Ohio River the previous August. Duke Energy pleaded guilty in federal court in 2016 for spilling 9,000 gallons of diesel fuel into the Ohio River. The company was fined $1 million for the spill.

In 2015, Duke Energy installed a battery-based energy storage system at the site for the purpose of regulating frequency in the electric grid. As a part of the decommissioning process, Duke Energy terminated their lease with the New Richmond Soccer Association who played soccer matches adjacent to Beckjord.

Duke Energy and its co-owners, AEP and DP&L, agreed to sell Beckjord and adjacent lands to Commercial Liability Partners for an undisclosed amount in February 2018. Commercial Liability Partners intends to repurpose the brownfields for redevelopment.

In April 2023, local officials raised alarms after nearly 300 acres of the site, nearly one third, was purchased by a neighboring farmer.

See also

 List of power stations in Ohio

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1952
Energy infrastructure completed in 1953
Energy infrastructure completed in 1954
Energy infrastructure completed in 1958
Energy infrastructure completed in 1962
Energy infrastructure completed in 1969
Energy infrastructure completed in 1972
Buildings and structures in Clermont County, Ohio
Former coal-fired power stations in Ohio
Former oil-fired power stations in the United States
Duke Energy
American Electric Power
AES Corporation
1952 establishments in Ohio
2014 disestablishments in Ohio
Frank E. Ratts Generating Station. Frank E. Ratts Generating Station was Indiana’s first electric cooperative power plant, located on the White River near Petersburg in Pike County, Indiana. It was  downstream from the larger coal-fired Petersburg Generating Station. Ratts Generating Station was rated to produce 250 MW of electricity with two turbine generators that began commercial operation in 1970. It was owned by Hoosier Energy.

Rising eight stories above the ground, the Ratts Station stood on a foundation that was an acre of concrete  thick, extending to a depth of  beneath the turbine generators and boilers. In addition to two concrete stacks, each  high, the generating station was equipped with environmental controls and monitors; these included updated precipitators for the removal of fly ash to protect the air quality.

Most of the fuel for the facility was mined within a radius of .

On December 29, 2014 Unit 2 of Frank E. Ratts facilities was shut down per consent decree.

Legal Settlement
In July 2010 an agreement was reached between the EPA and Hoosier Energy to reduce emissions that are regulated under the Clean Air Act.  The agreement covers a civil penalty and a commitment to upgrade the air pollution at two power plants in Indiana, Merom Generating Station, and Frank E. Ratts Generating Station.

Per consent decree the Frank E. Ratts station was closed and idled/shut down completely. It was torn down during late 2016 and early 2017 and the site has been graded and seeded.

See also

 List of power stations in Indiana
 Global warming

References

External links
 Ratts Generating Station

1970 establishments in Indiana
2015 disestablishments in Indiana
Energy infrastructure completed in 1970
Buildings and structures demolished in 2016
Buildings and structures demolished in 2017
Buildings and structures in Pike County, Indiana
Coal-fired power stations in Indiana
Demolished power stations in the United States
Former coal-fired power stations in the United States
Former power stations in Indiana
Vickers Vendace. The Vickers Vendace was a 1920s British trainer aircraft. It was originally designed as a floatplane trainer for the Royal Air Force.

Background
In October 1924, the British Air Ministry issued Specification 5A/24 for a floatplane trainer. To meet this requirement, Vickers designed a two-seat biplane, the Vickers Type 120 Vendace I. In August 1925, the Air Ministry placed an order for a single prototype, in addition to competing aircraft from Parnall and Blackburn, (the Parnall Perch and Blackburn Sprat).

Design and development
The Vendace I was a two-bay biplane with folding wooden wings and a steel tube fuselage, powered by a Rolls-Royce Falcon engine. Its undercarriage could be changed from floats to wheels in ten minutes, while its fuel supply was held in two streamlined tanks above the upper wing.

The first Vendace first flew at Brooklands by March 1926, and then underwent successful trials as a landplane, including operation from the aircraft carrier . In 1927, these were followed by testing in seaplane configuration at the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment, Felixstowe. The trials were successful, with the Vendace being selected to meet the RAF's needs. The requirement was soon cancelled as a cost saving measure, although the RAF did retain the aircraft for experimental purposes.

Vickers built a second aircraft, the Type 157 Vendace II, as a private venture, with an ADC Nimbus (an inline six-cylinder engine derived from the Siddeley Puma) that replaced the Falcon of the Vendace I. It first flew in November 1927, and was sold to the Aircraft Operating Company for survey operations in South America.

Development continued with the Type 155 Vendace III powered by a  Hispano-Suiza 8F, and three were sold to Bolivia for use as trainers, at a cost of £ 9,997 for the three aircraft.

Operational history
In July 1929, the three Bolivian Vendaces entered service with the Escuela Militar de Aviación. While the Vendaces maintained good performance at the high altitude of Bolivia's training airfield at La Paz, they experienced engine problems, blamed on  dusty conditions in the Bolivian summer, resulting in the aircraft being grounded several times while waiting for spare parts for the engines to be delivered from France. Two Vendaces were listed as still being in service in 1933, with one being used as a communications aircraft during the Chaco War before being destroyed by Bolivian forces during a retreat in December 1933.

Variants
Type 120 Vendace I
 Prototype convertible landplane/seaplane for RAF, powered by  Rolls-Royce Falcon III engine. One (serial number N208) built.
Type 157 Vendace II
 Private venture aircraft powered by  ADC Nimbus engine. One (registered G-EBPX) built, converted for airborne survey purposes.
Type 155 Vendace III
Trainer for Bolivia, powered by  Hispano-Suiza 8F engine. Three built.

Operators

Bolivian Air Force
 
Aircraft Operating Company
Royal Air Force

Specifications (Vendace III)

See also

References

Bibliography

 
 
  
 
 

1920s British military trainer aircraft
Vendace
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Floatplanes
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Carbon diselenide. Carbon diselenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a yellow-orange oily liquid with pungent odor. It is the selenium analogue of carbon disulfide () and carbon dioxide (). This light-sensitive compound is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents.

Synthesis, structure and reactions
Carbon diselenide is a linear molecule with D∞h symmetry. It is produced by reacting selenium powder with dichloromethane vapor near 550 °C.

It was first reported by Grimm and Metzger, who prepared it by treating hydrogen selenide with carbon tetrachloride in a hot tube.

Like carbon disulfide, carbon diselenide polymerizes under high pressure. The structure of the polymer is thought to be a head-to-head structure with a backbone in the form of .
The polymer is a semiconductor with a room-temperature conductivity of 50 S/cm.

In addition, carbon diselenide is a precursor to tetraselenafulvalenes, the selenium analogue of tetrathiafulvalene, which can be further used to synthesize organic conductors and organic superconductors.

Carbon diselenide reacts with secondary amines to give :

Safety
Carbon diselenide has high vapor pressure. It has a moderate toxicity and presents an inhalation hazard. It may be dangerous due to its easy membrane transport. It decomposes slowly in storage (about 1% per month at –30 °C). When obtained commercially, its cost is high.

Pure distilled carbon diselenide has an odor very similar to that of carbon disulfide, but mixed with air, it creates extremely offensive odors (corresponding to new, highly toxic reaction products). Its smell forced an evacuation of a nearby village when it was first synthesized in 1936. Because of the odor, synthetic pathways have been developed to avoid its use.

References

Selenides
Inorganic carbon compounds
Foul-smelling chemicals
Dichalcogenides
IV-VI semiconductors
Improved water source. An improved water source (or improved drinking-water source or improved water supply) is a term used to categorize certain types or levels of water supply for monitoring purposes. It is defined as a type of water source that, by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is likely to be protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with fecal matter. 

The term was coined by the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation of UNICEF and WHO in 2002 to help monitor the progress towards Goal Number 7 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The opposite of "improved water source" has been termed "unimproved water source" in the JMP definitions.  

The same terms are used to monitor progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Target 6.1, Indicator 6.1.1) from 2015 onwards. Here, they are a component of the definition for "safely managed drinking water service".

Definitions

During SDG period (2015 to 2030) 
Indicator 6.1.1 of SDG 6 is "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services". The term "safely managed drinking water services" is defined as: "Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination".

In 2017, the JMP defined a new term: "basic water service". This is defined as the drinking water coming from an improved source, and provided the collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip. A lower level of service is now called "limited water service" which is the same as basic service but the collection time is longer than 30 minutes.

Service levels are defined as (from lowest to highest): Surface water, unimproved, limited, basic, safely managed.

During MDG period (2000 until 2015) 
To allow for international comparability of estimates for monitoring the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Health Organization/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation defines "improved" drinking water sources as follows: 

 Piped water into dwelling
 Piped water into yard/plot
 Public tap/standpipes
 Tubewell/boreholes
 Protected dug wells
 Protected springs (normally part of a spring supply)
 Rainwater collection
 Bottled water, if the secondary source used by the household for cooking and personal hygiene is improved

Water sources that are not considered as "improved" are:

 Unprotected dug wells
 Unprotected springs
 Vendor provided water
 Cart with small tank/drum
 Bottled water, if the secondary source used by the household for cooking and personal hygiene is unimproved
 Tanker-truck
 Surface water

See also
 Human right to water and sanitation

References

Water supply
Tourouvre. Tourouvre () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Tourouvre au Perche.

The first photovoltaic road in the world was under construction in Tourouvre in November–December 2016. It was built by Société Nouvelle Aeracem (SNA), and dedicated by the French Minister of Ecology, Ségolène Royal on 25 October 2016.  In 2019, Le Monde declared the experiment a failure.

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Orne department
 Perche

References

Former communes of Orne
Perche
Mnemosyne (software). Mnemosyne (named for the Greek goddess of memory, Mnemosyne) is a line of spaced repetition software developed since 2003. Spaced repetition is an evidence-based learning technique that has been shown to increase the rate of memorization.

Features
 Spacing algorithm based on an early version of the SuperMemo algorithm, SM-2, with some modifications that deal with early and late repetitions.
 Supports pictures, sound, video, HTML, Flash and LaTeX
 Portable (can be installed on a USB stick)
 Categorization of cards
 Learning progress statistics
 Stores learning data (represented as decks of cards that each have a question and an answer side) in ".mem" database files, which are interoperable with a number of other spaced repetition applications
 Plugins and JavaScript support
 Review cards on Android devices.
 Synchronization between other machines

Overview 
Each day, the software displays each card that is scheduled for repetition. The user then grades their recollection of the card's answer on a scale of 0–5. The software then schedules the next repetition of the card in accordance with the user's rating of that particular card and the database of cards as a whole. This produces an active, rather than passive, review process. The rationale behind this approach is that (because of the spacing effect), over time, the number of repetitions done per day is reduced, increasing the rate of recall (when compared to passive learning techniques), with minimal time spent learning.

Software
Mnemosyne is written in Python, which allows its use on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and . A client program for review on Android devices is also available but needs to be synchronized by the desktop program. Users of the software usually make their own database of cards, although pre-made Mnemosyne databases are available, and it is possible to import SuperMemo collections and text files. SQLite is used by the program to store files. Imports of flashcard databases from Anki, as well as databases from older versions of Mnemosyne are possible.

Research
Mnemosyne collects data from volunteering users and is a research project on long-term memory.

An August 2009 version of the dataset was made available via BitTorrent; a January 2014 version is available for download. Otherwise, the latest version is available from the author, Peter Bienstman, upon request.

See also

 Anki
 List of flashcard software

References

External links

Mnemosyne project website
Review of Mnemosyne and comparison with Anki and SuperMemo (Q1-Q2 2008)
Review of Mnemosyne at foolsworkshop.com
Review of Mnemosyne and comparison with Anki (Q1 2009)

2003 software
Free software programmed in Python
Free educational software
Spaced repetition software
Educational software that uses Qt
Software using the GNU Affero General Public License
Software using the GNU Lesser General Public License