omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ascendency. Ascendency or ascendancy is a quantitative attribute of an ecosystem, defined as a function of the ecosystem's trophic network.  Ascendency is derived using mathematical tools from information theory.  It is intended to capture in a single index the ability of an ecosystem to prevail against disturbance by virtue of its combined organization and size.

One way of depicting ascendency is to regard it as "organized power", because the index represents the magnitude of the power that is flowing within the system towards particular ends, as distinct from power that is dissipated naturally. Almost half a century earlier, Alfred J. Lotka (1922) had suggested that a system's capacity to prevail in evolution was related to its ability to capture useful power. Ascendency can thus be regarded as a refinement of Lotka's supposition that also takes into account how power is actually being channeled within a system.

In mathematical terms, ascendency is the product of the aggregate amount of material or energy being transferred in an ecosystem times the coherency with which the outputs from the members of the system relate to the set of inputs to the same components (Ulanowicz 1986).  Coherence is gauged by the average mutual information shared between inputs and outputs (Rutledge et al. 1976).

Originally, it was thought that ecosystems increase uniformly in ascendency as they developed, but subsequent empirical observation has suggested that all sustainable ecosystems are confined to a narrow "window of vitality" (Ulanowicz 2002). Systems with relative values of ascendency plotting below the window tend to fall apart due to lack of significant internal constraints, whereas systems above the window tend to be so "brittle" that they become vulnerable to external perturbations.

Sensitivity analysis on the components of the ascendency reveals the controlling transfers within the system in the sense of Liebig (Ulanowicz and Baird 1999). That is, ascendency can be used to identify which resource is limiting the functioning of each component of the ecosystem.

It is thought that autocatalytic feedback is the primary route by which systems increase and maintain their ascendencies (Ulanowicz 1997.)

References

 
  
 Ulanowicz, R.E.  1986. Growth & Development: Ecosystems Phenomenology. Springer-Verlag, NY.  203 p.
 Ulanowicz, R.E. 1997. Ecology, the Ascendent Perspective.  Columbia University Press, NY.  201p.
 
 

Information theory
Entropy and information
Trophic ecology
Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model. The Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model is a model in organometallic chemistry that explains the chemical bonding in transition metal alkene complexes. The model is named after Michael J. S. Dewar, Joseph Chatt and L. A. Duncanson.

The alkene donates electron density into a π-acid metal d-orbital from a σ-symmetry bonding orbital between the carbon atoms. The metal donates electrons back from a (different) filled d-orbital into the empty π* antibonding orbital. Both of these effects tend to reduce the carbon-carbon bond order, leading to an elongated C−C distance and a lowering of its vibrational frequency.

In Zeise's salt K[PtCl3(C2H4)].H2O the C−C bond length has increased to 134 picometres from 133 pm for ethylene. In the nickel compound Ni(C2H4)(PPh3)2 the value is 143 pm.

The interaction also causes carbon atoms to "rehybridise" from sp2 towards sp3, which is indicated by the bending of the hydrogen atoms on the ethylene back away from the metal. In silico calculations show that 75% of the binding energy is derived from the forward donation and 25% from backdonation. This model is a specific manifestation of the more general π backbonding model.

Main group elements can also form π-complexes with alkenes and alkynes.  The β-diketiminato aluminum(I) complex Al{HC(CMeNAr)2} (Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl), which bears an Al-based spx lone pair, reacts with alkenes and alkynes to give alumina(III)cyclopropanes and alumina(III)cyclopropenes in a process analogous to the formation of π-complexes by transition metals.  However, in most cases, the backbonding interaction is absent in these complexes due to the lack of energetically accessible filled orbitals for backdonation, resulting in π-complexes that dissociate readily and are therefore more challenging to observe or isolate.

References

Organometallic chemistry
Chemical bonding
MLV. MLV may refer to:

 The Roman numeral for 1055
 a number in the numbers number range
 the year AD 1055 CE

 M. L. Vasanthakumari (1928−1990; Madras Lalitangi Vasanthakumari), Indian singer
 Major League Volleyball, a women's professional volleyball league in the United States 1987−1989
 Mass-loaded vinyl, typically used for sound proofing/dampering.
 Medium-lift launch vehicle, a category of orbital rockets capable of lifting 2 to 20 tons to low Earth orbit
 Medium Launch Vehicle, a rocket developed by Firefly Aerospace
 Meningeal lymphatic vessels,  lymphatic vessels located in the Meninges
 Modern Literal Version, a modern literal translation of the Christian Bible
 Motor Luggage Van, British Rail Class 419 
 Multilamellar vesicle (biology and chemistry), a bubble of liquid with more than one phospholipid bilayer
 MultiLevel, Bombardier MultiLevel Coach
 Multi-layer varistor, a device providing electrostatic discharge protection to electronic circuits
 Multiple-language version, a film production strategy of making a single film in two or more different languages
 Murine leukemia virus, a retrovirus which causes cancer in mice

 Mwotlap language (ISO 639 langue code: mlv)
 Malvinas VOR-DME (beacon: MLV), at the Las Malvinas Airport
 Merluna Airport (IATA airport code: MLV); see List of airports in Australia
 Dutch Military Proficiency Badge (MLV; )

See also

 1055 (disambiguation)
 M55 (disambiguation)

 MIV (disambiguation)
3form. 3form Free Knowledge Exchange is one of the earliest examples of human-based computation and human-based genetic algorithm.  It uses both human-based selection and three types of human-based innovation (contributing new content, mutation, and recombination), in order to implement collaborative problem-solving between humans.

See also
 LinkedIn Answers
 Human-based Genetic Algorithm

References

 The Kaieteur Institute for Knowledge Management (2001), Categories of digital knowledge exchanges online
 Kosorukoff, A (2001), Human-based Genetic Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-2001, 3464-3469
 Hideyuki Takagi (2001), Interactive Evolutionary Computation: Fusion of the Capabilities of EC Optimization and Human Evaluation, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.89, no. 9, pp. 1275–1296
 Kosorukoff, A. & Goldberg, D. E. (2001) Genetic algorithms for social innovation and creativity (Illigal report No 2001005). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign online
 Kosorukoff, A, Goldberg D. E. (2002), Genetic algorithm as a form of organization, Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO-2002, pp 965–972
 Ajwani, D et al. (Eds) Fast Track to The Social Web, Digit magazine, August 2007 p. 116 online
 Gloor, P et al. (2008) MIT Handbook of collective intelligence, Examples of collective intelligence online
 Javadi, E.; Gebauer, J. "Collaborative Knowledge Creation and Problem Solving: A Systems Design Perspective," System Sciences, 2009. HICSS '09. 42nd Hawaii International Conference on, vol., no., pp. 1–10, 5-8 Jan. 2009 doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2009.111

External links
 3form website

Knowledge markets
Human-based computation
AR-1. AR1 may refer to
 AR-1 (multiple rocket launcher)
 Aerojet Rocketdyne AR1, a rocket engine
 Alba AR1, an experimental racing car
 Archaerhodopsin-1, a photoreceptor
 Arkansas's 1st congressional district
 Arkansas Highway 1
 ArmaLite AR-1, a bolt-action rifle manufactured by ArmaLite
 IPCC First Assessment Report
 , a repair ship of the United States Navy
 Acoustic Research AR-1, an acoustic suspension speaker from Acoustic Research
Sukhoi Su-12. The Sukhoi Su-12 (Aircraft RK) was a prototype Soviet reconnaissance and artillery spotter aircraft developed during World War II.

Development
In November 1943, the Sukhoi OKB designed an artillery spotter aircraft based on the German Focke-Wulf Fw 189. As designed, the aircraft had a crew of three and was powered by a pair of Shvetsov M-62 engines. The aircraft was initially denied funding but was eventually approved thanks to an intervention by the Soviet Chief Marshal of Artillery N.N. Voronov. As a result of evolving specifications, the crew was increased to four and the engines were changed to more powerful Shvetsov ASh-82M with 1,640 kW (2,200 hp).

The Su-12 prototype flew on 26 August 1947 with N.D. Fikson at the controls. The test flight program was completed by 30 October. Due to problems with the ASh-82M engines, the powerplant was changed to ASh-82FN making 1,380 kW (1,850 hp), but while reliable, the less-powerful engines caused the Su-12 to miss its top speed and service ceiling specifications. The Su-12 successfully completed government testing in September 1949 and was recommended for production. Due to lack of production capacity in the USSR, in October 1949 it was proposed to build the airplane in Czechoslovakia. However, the application for production was denied, citing failure to meet performance specifications. Subsequent efforts by the Sukhoi Design Bureau to secure funding and continue work on the Su-12 were denied.

Operators

Soviet Air Force

Specifications (Su-12)

See also

References
Antonov,Vladimir & Gordon, Yefim & others. ''OKB Sukhoi”. Leicester. Midland. 1996.

External links

Notes

Su-12
1940s Soviet military reconnaissance aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge. A LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge is a network bridge that joins AppleTalk networks running on two different kinds of link – LocalTalk, the lower layers AppleTalk originally used, and Ethernet. This was an important class of products in the late 1980s and early 1990s, before Ethernet support became universal on the Mac lineup.

Some LocalTalk–Ethernet bridges carried only AppleTalk traffic, while others were also able to carry other protocols. LocalTalk only carried AppleTalk traffic directly, but MacIP was a protocol that tunneled Internet Protocol (IP) traffic in AppleTalk. A LocalTalk–Ethernet bridge supporting MacIP allowed e.g. any Macintosh without an Ethernet port to be part of an IP network, such as the Internet.

Examples
Hardware devices:
 Asante: AsanteTalk
 Cayman Systems: GatorBox
 Compatible Systems: Ether Route/TCP, Ether Route II, RISC Router 3000E
 Dayna Communications: EtherPrint, EtherPrint Plus, EtherPrint-T, EtherPrint-T Plus
 Farallon: EtherPrint, EtherWave LocalTalk Adapter, InterRoute/5, StarRouter, EtherMac iPrint Adapter LT
 FOCUS Enhancements EtherLAN PRINT
Hayes Inter-bridge
 Kinetics: FastPath - in later years, available from Shiva Networks
 Sonic Systems: microPrint, microBridge TCP/IP
 Transware: EtherWay
 Tribe Computer Works: TribeStar
 Webster Computer Corporation: MultiGate, MultiPort Gateway, MultiPort/LT

Software in MacTCP era (<1995):
 Apple IP Gateway from Apple Computer
 SuperBridge/TCP from Sonic Systems
Software in Open Transport era (>1995):
 Internet Gateway from Vicomsoft
 IPNetRouter from Sustainable Softworks
 LocalTalk Bridge from Apple Computer
Other Software
 macipgw
 Netatalk

References

External links
Oxford University resource regarding DDP-IP Gateways
LocalTalk Bridge v2.1 download (CNET)
Sustainable Softworks IPNetRouter
Webster MultiPort/LT guide
Webster Computer Corporation Multiport Gateway - Software Version 4.7 & documentation
Asante AsantéTalk (Product Info)
Asante AsantéTalk (Online Shop)
Sonic MicroPrint Manual
Sonic MicroPrint Software
Usenet post regarding successful use of the AsanteTalk bridge with an Apple IIgs
macipgw project on Sourceforge

Apple Inc. hardware
Network protocols
Networking hardware
Physical layer protocols
Griffin PowerMate. The Griffin PowerMate is an input device produced by Griffin Technology. First released in 2001, it is a multifunction knob, which can be rotated, pressed, and rotated while pressed.  It is a type of paddle controller.  These actions can be programmed to invoke specific responses from a range of computer applications, such as changing the volume, or skipping through videos.

The PowerMate is also equipped with a blue LED on the underside, which can be programmed to flash, pulse, or remain illuminated at various intensities in response to input from the attached computer .

The original PowerMate required a USB port, but a wireless Bluetooth version was introduced in 2014.  More than one PowerMate could be used at one time.  At points in its history the PowerMate was available in black.  The product was discontinued in 2018.

Example setup
The PowerMate can be set up such that the clockwise/counter-clockwise rotation of the input device causes scrolling up and down of a web page in a web browser when it is in focus on the desktop, or the system audio volume when it is not. The status LED on the underside of the PowerMate could be set up as an indicator of resource usage, e.g., CPU usage, when the input device is not in use, and when in use the LED could be set to indicate volume level by LED brightness.

The configuration software allows for custom configuration for each software application. A video editing program can use the PowerMate to scroll through the timeline. Or it can be configured to scroll through your browser page history and push to refresh. It would also work well for breakout-style games.  By adding  "Key Press" actions, PowerMate can be configured to perform any particular software function for which there is a "send key" command - i.e., a keyboard shortcut of one or more keys.  By setting "Actions" (e.g., "Key Press") for "Triggers" (for example, "Long Press" or "Rotate Right"), a user can use PowerMate in place of the keyboard for any command.

System compatibility
The Griffin PowerMate was officially supported on Mac OS X, Windows XP and Vista. Griffin's software for Windows works under Windows 7 and 8 but crashes occasionally; for macOS, there is no official support past 10.12 ("Sierra", released in 2016), though their USB version and configuration software (PowerMate Manager) continues to work on later versions. There are Linux and Sierra+ macOS drivers, but they are unofficial.  PowerMate came with its own software.

References

External links
 Free PowerMate driver for Linux
 Gizmod PowerMate support for Linux
 Free PowerMate BT driver for macOS
 USB Overdrive for macOS

Computing input devices
Sukhoi Su-15 (1949). The Sukhoi Su-15 (Aircraft P) was a prototype Soviet all-weather interceptor which never reached production.

Development
The Su-15 was an early attempt at an all-weather jet-powered interceptor. Its development was ordered by the Soviet government in March 1947, with the approval of the Sukhoi Design Bureau's preliminary midwing design featuring a pressurized cabin, radar, swept wings and tandem engines, similar to that already attempted by the Lavochkin La-200 and Mikoyan-Gurevich I-320. Per TsAGI, the sweep of the wings was selected to be 35 degrees. The first prototype was completed on 25 October 1948 — only four months after its construction had started. 
The Su-15 first flew on 11 January 1949, piloted by Sukhoi test pilot G. M. Shiyanov. In testing, Su-15 reached 1032 km/h (557 knots, 641 mph; Mach 0.888) at  and 985 km/h (532 knots, 612 mph; Mach 0.926) at , but experienced excess vibration at speeds above Mach 0.87. 
During the 39th flight on 3 June 1949, the aircraft developed severe vibration, forcing the test pilot S.N. Anokhin to eject. The exact cause of the accident was never determined. At the time of the accident, 90% of the flight test program had been completed, over the course of 42 flights with a total flight time of 20 hours, 15 minutes.
The program was subsequently terminated, and the second prototype was not completed.

The Su-15 was an all-metal mid-wing monoplane with a 35° swept wing. The aircraft had several very unusual design features. Its twin Klimov RD-45 engines were positioned in tandem rather than side-by-side, due to their large diameter. The front engine sat low with its exhaust under the middle of the fuselage. The rear engine nozzle was at the tip of the aft fuselage. The cockpit had to be offset to the left to make room for the air intake ducting for the rear engine.

The wing had two spars with two wing fences ranging the entire chord, with hydraulically operated ailerons and Fowler flaps. The air intake was at the nose and was centrally divided by a central web. At the rear, two-start rockets were mounted and also two air brakes.

Operators

Soviet Air Force

Specifications (Su-15)

See also

References

Su-15 (1949)
1940s Soviet fighter aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Twinjets
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Cruciform tail aircraft
Diagnostic design specification. Diagnostic design specification is a document indicating how the diagnostics will be implemented on upcoming/new products that will be developed by the company. It describes the behavior of the diagnostics like how the test will execute, how the output messages are formatted, and how the final result is displayed (among others). This document is usually defined by the manufacturing team (more specifically, the manufacturing test engineers) and will be submitted to the software-diagnostic group for approvals.

In reality, not all the specifications can be delivered on time for the build-up of the first prototype boards so all the tests defined in the document usually are given in phases. Once both teams agree on the delivery timeline, the document is signed by both teams and put into some kind of document control. It is possible that the document may be changed from time to time like when other teams introduce new components or remove them.

References

See also
 Functional specification
 Specification (technical standard)

Hardware testing
List of Hawker Sea Hawk operators. The following countries and squadrons operated the Hawker Sea Hawk:

Operators

German Navy - Marineflieger
Marinefliegergeschwader 1
Marinefliegergeschwader 2

Indian Navy - Indian Naval Air Arm
300 Naval Air Squadron
551 Naval Air Squadron

Royal Netherlands Navy - Dutch Naval Aviation Service
No. 3 Squadron
No. 860 Squadron - Mk. 50 (1957-64)

Royal Navy - Fleet Air Arm

See also
Hawker Sea Hawk

References

Citations

Bibliography

Hawker Sea Hawk
Sea Hawk
Hawker aircraft
Isolator. Isolator may refer to:

 Isolator (EP), a 2006 EP by Two Hours Traffic
 The Isolator (helmet), a sensory protection device
 The Isolator, a 2015 Japanese light novel

Electronics
 Isolator (microwave), a two-port device that transmits microwave power in one direction only
 Isolator switch, used in electrical circuits
 Barrier isolator, a device that provides a physical barrier between a laboratory technician and a work process
 Optical isolator, a directional device in optical fiber communications
 Opto-isolator, a directional device in electronics
 Vibration isolator, any of various devices to isolate connected parts of an assembly from each other's vibrations
 Bushing (isolator), one type of vibration isolator

See also
 Isolation (disambiguation)
 Insulator (disambiguation)
Signaling End Point. In telecommunications, a Signaling End Point (SEP) is an SS7 endpoint. This is to be contrasted with a Signal Transfer Point (STP).

Examples include:
Intelligent Network components such as Service Control Points (SCPs) and Service Switching Points (SSPs)
Telephone exchanges implementing Telephone User Part (TUP) or ISDN User Part (ISUP)
Mobile Switching Centers implementing MAP

References 

Signaling System 7
Disguises (Robots in Disguise album). Disguises or Robots in Disguise is the eponymous debut album by English electropunk band Robots in Disguise.

Track listing 
All tracks written by Robots in Disguise.
 "Boys" – 5:06
 "Postcards from..." – 4:06
 "DIY" – 5:55
 "Bed Scenes" – 3:51
 "Argument" – 6:00
 "Hi-Fi" – 3:20
 "Mnemonic" – 3:47
 "Transformer" – 4:10
 "50 Minutes" – 4:21
 "What Junior Band Did Next" – 4:18
 "Outdoors" - 4:59
 "Cycle Song" – 3:51

Personnel 
Robots in Disguise
 Dee Plume - vocals, guitars
 Sue Denim - vocals, guitars

Additional musicians
 David Westlake – drum kit
 Paul Stone – drum kit

Production
 Chris Corner – record producer, mixer, engineering
 Noel Fielding – artwork

Samples
 'Transformer' sampled David Sylvian's track: 'Backwaters' (1984)
 'Cycle Song' sampled Yello Magic Orchestra's track: 'Technopolis' (1979)

Release history

References

2001 debut albums
Robots in Disguise albums
Klaus Sutner. Klaus Sutner is a Teaching Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, and is also a former Associate Dean of Undergraduate Programs for the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science. His research interests include cellular automata, discrete mathematics as pertains to computation, and computational complexity theory. He developed a hybrid Mathematica/C++ application named Automata that manipulates finite-state machines and their syntactic semigroups. He "has survived five decades in the martial arts. Barely." and is the head instructor at the Three-Rivers Aikikai.

References

External links
 Homepage at Carnegie Mellon University

American computer scientists
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Cellular automatists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Caesium bromide. Caesium bromide or cesium bromide is an ionic compound of caesium and bromine with the chemical formula CsBr. It is a white or transparent solid with melting point at 636 °C that readily dissolves in water. Its bulk crystals have the cubic CsCl structure, but the structure changes to the rocksalt type in nanometer-thin film grown on mica, LiF, KBr or NaCl substrates.

Synthesis 
Caesium bromide can be prepared via following reactions:
 Neutralization:
 CsOH (aq) + HBr (aq) → CsBr (aq) + H2O (l)
 Cs2(CO3) (aq) + 2 HBr (aq) → 2 CsBr (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
 Direct synthesis:
 2 Cs (s) + Br2 (g) → 2 CsBr (s)
The direct synthesis is a vigorous reaction of caesium with bromine. Due to its high cost, it is not used for preparation.

Uses 
Caesium bromide is sometimes used in optics as a beamsplitter component in wide-band spectrophotometers.

References
* Crystran Ltd experimental data July 2021

Cited sources

External links 

 MSDS at Oxford University 
 Crystran Physical data ,  IR transmission spectrum
 Ultra-violet photoabsorption measurements in alkali iodide and caesium bromide evaporated films

Caesium compounds
Alkali metal bromides
Caesium chloride crystal structure