omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Safe Speed. Safe Speed was a United Kingdom-based pressure group that campaigned against speed cameras, claiming that it did so on the grounds of road safety.

History
The organisation was started in 2001 by Paul Smith, a former computer electronics engineer, which ran from Smith's home in Scotland. Following Smith's death in 2007 the campaign was taken over by his partner Claire Armstrong.

Criticism
There have been few formal studies evaluating the claims made by Safe Speed:

George Monbiot has argued that Safe Speed is much more about speed than safety, and is part of a "culture of speed".
The claim that "one third of road deaths are due to speed cameras" was disputed by the Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety (PACTS) and by the National Safety Camera Scheme which cite seatbelt and alcohol laws introduced prior to the 1990s, and recent increased road use and mobile phone use as better explanations for the perceived increase in casualties. Safe Speed's method of extrapolating from two years' data is also disputed.
Which? magazine reported that the Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety (PACTS) and the National Safety Camera Liaison (NSCL) cite three studies which do allow for long-term trends, and which confirm the correlation between speed cameras and accident reduction. The magazine also reported that the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) disputes Safe Speed's interpretation of TRL 323. In particular they state that the study was dependent on subjective judgements of primary cause, and that many of the other primary causes listed also implied excessive speed. Other TRL studies (e.g. 421 and 511) have examined the relationship between speed and accidents and suggest a strong association. A study of over 300 roads, encompassing several hundred thousand observations, demonstrated that the higher the average speed of traffic on a given type of road, the more accidents there are. The study also demonstrated that injury accidents rise as average speed increases (if all else remains constant).

References

Further reading 
 DfT's "four-year" report.

External links
 

Traffic enforcement cameras
Road safety in the United Kingdom
Advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
William Summer Johnson. William Summer Johnson (February 24, 1913 – August 19, 1995) was an American chemist and teacher.

From 1940 to 1958, Johnson was an instructor and then professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.  In 1958, he moved to  Stanford University in California where he spent the remainder of his scientific career. He did important research in the artificial production of steroids and was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1987.

The Lemieux–Johnson oxidation, in which an olefin is converted into two aldehyde or ketone fragments, is named after him and Raymond Lemieux.

Education
PhD, Harvard University (1940)
AM, Harvard University
BA, magna cum laude, Amherst College (1936)

Awards
 1968 William H. Nichols Medal
 1987 National Medal of Science
 1989 Arthur C. Cope Award.
1991 Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry & BioMedicinal Chemistry

References

External links

Memorial biography at Stanford University
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1913 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American chemists
National Medal of Science laureates
Amherst College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Acoustic interferometer. An acoustic interferometer is an instrument that uses interferometry to measure the physical characteristics of sound waves in a gas or liquid. It may be used to measure velocity, wavelength, absorption, or impedance of the sound waves. The principle of operation is that a vibrating crystal creates ultrasonic waves that are radiated into the medium being analyzed. The waves strike a reflector placed parallel to the crystal. The waves are then reflected back to the source and measured.

See also
 Acoustic microscopy
 Acoustic emission

References

Acoustics
TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.. TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc., 532 U.S. 23 (2001), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the field of trademark law. The case determined that a functional design could not be eligible for trademark protection, and it established a presumption that a patented design is inherently functional.

Background
The plaintiff, Marketing Display, Inc., held patents (, ) for a two-spring design used to stabilize traffic signs in strong winds. Following the expiration of the plaintiff's patents, the defendant, TrafFix Devices, Inc., started producing their own signs utilizing the same design. The plaintiff filed a lawsuit, alleging trade dress infringement based on the imitation of the distinctive design. The central legal issue addressed by the courts was whether trade dress protection could be granted to a product that was previously covered by an expired patent.

Opinion of the Court
The Court, in a unanimous opinion by Justice Anthony Kennedy, held that there can be no trademark protection for something that is functional because that would work as a detriment to competitors based on something other than reputation, which is the key consideration in trademark law.

The Court noted that the plaintiff has the burden of proving that the characteristic for which protection is sought is not functional—but having a patent for a design raises a very strong presumption that the design was functional. A design is functional if it serves any purpose that makes the product work better, or makes the product less expensive to produce. That an alternative design is available does not undercut the functionality of a given design.Discussing trademarks, we have said “ ‘[i]n general terms, a product feature is functional,’ and cannot serve as a trademark, ‘if it is essential to the use or purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or quality of the article.’ ”. Expanding upon the meaning of this phrase, we have observed that a functional feature is one the “exclusive use of [which] would put competitors at a significant non-reputation-related disadvantage.” . . . Where the design is functional under the Inwood formulation there is no need to proceed further to consider if there is a competitive necessity for the feature. Here, Justice Kennedy said, the design was clearly functional, and the plaintiff could not carry the burden of proving otherwise because the very characteristic that is sought to be protected by trademark is the one whose functionality was previously sought to be covered by patent.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 532
 List of United States Supreme Court cases

References

External links
 

2001 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States trade dress case law
Honda MH02. The Honda MH02 was an experimental business jet built by Honda, in cooperation with Mississippi State University, to research engine placement and composite construction. The prototype was completed in 1992, making its first flight on 5 March 1993.

The MH02 was never intended for production, but was nonetheless the first all-composite light business jet to fly; by 1996 over 170 test flight hours were accumulated on the airframe. Aside from the already unusual above-the-wing engine mounts, the design features a T-tail and a forward-swept wing. The aircraft was deregistered and exported to Japan in 1998.

Specifications (MH02)

See also

 VFW-Fokker 614: Twin overwing jet engines
 HFB 320 Hansa Jet: Forward-swept wing

References

External links

 Honda Worldwide
 HondaJet

Forward-swept-wing aircraft
MH02
1990s Japanese experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1993
Mississippi State University aircraft
1990s United States experimental aircraft
Twinjets
Kielce University of Technology. The Kielce University of Technology () is a relatively young institution, although the traditions of higher education in Kielce go back to the beginning of the 19th century. It was here that Stanisław Staszic founded the Mining Academy, one of the first higher schools in Poland, which operated in the years 1816–1826 and provided qualified personnel to meet the needs of the Old Polish Industrial Basin. Higher education became available in Kielce again in 1965 when Kielce-Radom Evening Higher Engineering School was established. It was transformed into the Kielce University of Technology in 1974.

The University has five faculties:

 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture,
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Computer Science,
 Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering,
 Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering,
 Faculty of Management and Computer Modelling.

At present, over 9,400 students take courses in seven fields of studies: Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Mechanics and Machinery Design, Management and Marketing, Management and Production Engineering. The University is entitled to award a Doctor's degree in five academic disciplines: civil engineering, environmental engineering, electrical engineering, machine building and operation, mechanics, and a degree of Doctor Habilitated in machine building and operation. In the last discipline doctoral courses are also run.

Staff of 403 academic teachers, including 81 Professors and Doctors Habilitated and 153 PhDs together with laboratories (e.g. those of acoustic emission, laser technologies, soil mechanics, cracking mechanics, geometrical quantities measurement or materials strength) provide education in all fields of studies and specializations.

27 bilateral agreements provide basis for collaboration in research and teaching with 50 universities from 27 countries. The University is currently running 10 projects being a part of international programmes and also research tasks, one of which belongs to the Fifth EU Framework Programme.

See also
 List of universities in Poland

References

Universities and colleges in Poland
University of Technology
1965 establishments in Poland
Ravi Jagannathan. Ravi Jagannathan is an American economist. He is a chaired professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. With the exception of the period 1989–1997 when he was a professor at the University of Minnesota, Jagannathan has been at Kellogg since graduate school.

Jagannathan received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the College of Engineering, Guindy of University of Madras in 1970, an MBA from the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, India  and his Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University.

His research interests are in the areas of asset pricing, capital markets and financial institutions. Along with Zhenyu Wang, in 1996 he advanced a variation on the capital asset pricing model known as "conditional CAPM."  Some recent empirical work on options prices supports this model.

He is also among those known for the Hansen–Jagannathan bounds, which provide a way to use security market data to restrict the volatility of the stochastic discount factor.

References

External links
 Faculty Page, kellogg.northwestern.edu
 
 

1950s births
University of Minnesota faculty
Kellogg School of Management faculty
Indian emigrants to the United States
Living people
American financial economists
21st-century American economists
Tepper School of Business alumni
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni
American academics of Indian descent
The Review of Financial Studies editors
Indian scholars
Extended Remote Copy. Extended Remote Copy or XRC is an IBM zSeries and System z9 mainframe computer technology for data replication.  It combines supported hardware and z/OS software to provide asynchronous replication over long distances.  It is complementary to IBM's Peer to Peer Remote Copy (PPRC) service, which is designed to operate either synchronously or asynchronously over shorter distances.

XRC as a z/OS copy services solution can be compared to Global Mirror for ESS, which is a controller-based solution for either the open systems or z/Series environments. Both Global Mirror for ESS (Asynchronous PPRC) and XRC (Global Mirror for z/Series) are asynchronous replication technologies, although their implementations are somewhat different.

Extended Remote Copy or XRC is now known as Global Mirror for z/Series (XRC).

XRC is a z/Series asynchronous disk mirroring technique which is effective over any distance. It keeps the data time consistent across multiple ESS (Enterprise Storage Server) or HDS (Hitachi Data Systems) disk subsystems at the recovery site. 

XRC functions as a combination of disk (IBM ESS or HDS licensed) Microcode and application code running on a z/Series host and provides a recovery point that is time consistent across multiple disk subsystems.

The host component of the software is called the System Data Mover or SDM.  The SDM ensures that no dependent writes are made out of sequence and data residing on the secondary volumes will always provide a time consistent copy of the primary volumes being mirrored.

See also
 Peer to Peer Remote Copy

IBM mainframe technology
NC-CAM. NC-CAM is a computer-aided manufacturing software program introduced in 1989, and used by printed circuit board manufacturers to create, modify, and optimize the CNC program files used by printed circuit board drilling and routing machines.  In particular, NC-CAM is used to optimize the RS-274C Excellon format files used to program Excellon, Hitachi and other printed circuit board drilling and routing machines.

NC-CAM was first developed for MS-DOS by Robert Henningsgard, and it is today developed and supplied for Microsoft Windows by FASTechnologies, Corp. of Big Lake, Minnesota, USA.

External links

 European Circuits

Computer-aided manufacturing software
Kalpana (supercomputer). Kalpana was a supercomputer at NASA Ames Research Center operated by the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division and named in honor of astronaut Kalpana Chawla, who was killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster and had worked as an engineer at Ames Research Center prior to joining the Space Shuttle program. It was built in late 2003 and dedicated on May 12, 2004.

Kalpana was the world's first single-system image (SSI) Linux supercomputer, based on SGI's Altix 3000 architecture and 512 Intel Itanium 2 processors. It was originally built in a joint effort by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Ames Research Center (AMC), and Goddard Space Flight Center to perform high-res ocean analysis with the ECCO (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean) Consortium model. The supercomputer was "used to develop substantially more capable simulation models to better assess the evolution and behavior of the Earth's climate system," said NASA's Deputy Associate Administrator for Earth Science, Ghassem Asrar in 2004.

It served as one of several testbed systems NASA purchased to determine what architecture to proceed with for new supercomputing projects and lead to the purchase and construction of the Columbia supercomputer, named in honor of the STS-107 crew lost in 2003. In July 2004 the Kalpana system was integrated, as the first node, into the 20-node supercomputer.

References

NASA supercomputers
Ames Research Center
One-of-a-kind computers
Kalpana Chawla
Very long instruction word computing
SGI supercomputers
MBus (SPARC). MBus is a computer bus designed and implemented by Sun Microsystems for communication between high speed computer system components, such as the central processing unit, motherboard and main memory. SBus is used in the same machines to connect add-on cards to the motherboard.

MBus was first used in Sun's first multiprocessor SPARC-based system, the SPARCserver 600MP series (launched in 1991), and later found use in the SPARCstation 10 and SPARCstation 20 workstations. The bus permits the integration of several microprocessors on a single motherboard, in a multiprocessing configuration with up to eight CPUs packaged in detachable MBus modules. In practice, the number of processors per MBus is limited to four.  Single processor systems were also sold that use the MBus protocol internally, but with the CPUs permanently attached to the motherboard to lower manufacturing costs.

MBus specifies a 64-bit datapath, which uses 36-bit physical addressing, giving an address space of 64 GB. The transfer rate is 80 MB/s sustained (320 MB/s peak) at 40 MHz, or 100 MB/s  (400 MB/s peak) at 50 MHz. Bus controlling is done by an arbiter. Interrupt, reset, and timeout logic are also specified.

Related buses 
Several related buses were also developed:

XBus 
XBus is a packet-switched bus used in the SPARCserver 1000, SPARCcenter 2000 and Cray CS6400. This corresponds to the circuit-switched MBus, with identical electrical characteristics and physical form factor but an incompatible signalling protocol.

KBus 
KBus is a high-speed interconnection system for linking multiple MBuses, used in Solbourne Computer Series 6 and Series 7 computer systems.

History 

The MBus standard was cooperatively developed by Sun and Ross Technology and released in 1991.

Manufacturers who produced computer systems using the MBus included Sun, Ross Technology, Hyundai/Axil, Fujitsu, Solbourne Computer, Tatung, GCS, Auspex, ITRI, ICL, Cray, Amdahl, Themis, DTK and Kamstrup.

See also
List of interface bit rates

References

External links
 The Rough Guide to MBus Modules, sunhelp.org
 MBus Specification

Computer buses
Sun Microsystems hardware
McAlpine Locks and Dam. The McAlpine Locks and Dam are a set of locks and a hydroelectric dam at the Falls of the Ohio River at Louisville, Kentucky. They are located at mile point 606.8, and control a  long navigation pool. The locks and their associated canal were the first major engineering project on the Ohio River, completed in 1830 as the Louisville and Portland Canal, designed to allow shipping traffic to navigate through the Falls of the Ohio.

History

From 1925 to 1927, the dam for generating hydroelectric power was added, and the locks were expanded, first by a private company and then by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The hydroelectric plant at the time was the seventh largest hydroelectric plant in the United States.

The system was renamed the McAlpine Locks and Dam in 1960 in honor of William McAlpine, who was the only civilian to have ever served as district engineer for the Corps of Louisville. At present, the normal pool elevation is  above sea level and the drainage area above the dam is 91,170 square miles (236,000 km2). The average daily flow at McAlpine is 118,000 cubic feet per second (3,340 m3/s). The lock chambers are located at the dam on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River and are capable of a normal lift of  between the McAlpine pool upstream and the Cannelton pool downstream. The hydroelectric plant consists of eight turbine units with a net power generation capacity of 80,000 kilowatts.

In October 2003, McAlpine was designated a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

The McAlpine locks underwent a 10-year, $278 million expansion project scheduled to be completed in 2008, but was completed in early 2009.

Ownership
The hydroelectric plant is owned and operated by Louisville Gas & Electric, a subsidiary of PPL Corporation while the locks are operated by the Army Corps of Engineers.

See also

 List of crossings of the Ohio River
 List of locks and dams of the Ohio River
 Transportation in Louisville, Kentucky
 List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area

Gallery

External links
LG&E Plants
McAlpine Locks and Dam 2007 version from Wayback Machine
McAlpine Locks and Dam from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 29 April 2017
McAlpine Locks and Dam fact sheet from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 29 April 2017
History of navigation development on the Ohio River from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 29 April 2017
 Provides historical context for McAlpine Locks and Dam; good bibliography.

Transport infrastructure completed in 1830
Dams completed in 1927 
Energy infrastructure completed in 1927
Transportation buildings and structures in Louisville, Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Louisville, Kentucky
Canals in Kentucky
Dams in Kentucky
Dams in Indiana
Dams on the Ohio River
Hydroelectric power plants in Kentucky
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
1830 establishments in Kentucky
Locks of Kentucky
Locks of Indiana
Shibuichi. is a historically Japanese copper alloy, a member of the irogane class, which is patinated into a range of subtle greys and muted shades of blue, green, and brown, through the use of niiro processes, involving the rokushō compound.

Naming
Shibuichi means "one-fourth" in Japanese, and indicates the standard formulation of one part silver to three parts copper, though this may vary considerably according to the desired effect.
Several major variants of the alloy have specific names, as detailed below. In addition, the metal in general, and especially the paler shades, may be named rogin.

Composition
Aside from the basic 25% silver to 75% copper mix, combinations as divergent as 5% silver to 95% copper are also marketed as "shibuichi". A wide range of colours can be achieved using the whole range of alloy compositions, even above 50% silver, e.g. 90% copper and 10% silver for a dark grey and down to 70% copper and 30% silver for lighter greys.

Kuro-Shibuichi (Kin-IchibuSashi)

Kuro is black in Japanese and kuro-shibuichi is different from other variants in the table, being a mixture of shibuichi (~40%) and shakudō (~60%) with around 1% of gold (proportions could be, for example, 9.9% silver, 87.3% copper, and 2.8% gold). Kuro-shibuichi will develop a black patina which is different from the black patina of shakudo.

It is a common misconception that both copper and silver oxides form, but in fact a detailed study has shown that only copper oxides are formed on the copper rich regions of the material's microstructure, while the silver rich regions are left largely untouched.

History
The first official mention of the material is from the early 18th century, in documents from the State Mint, though it is believed to have existed before that.  For most of its history, shibuichi was mostly used to ornament various fittings for Japanese swords until the Meiji reforms, when most swordmakers began to make purely decorative objects instead. The material is often used in mokume-gane combinations.  Similar alloys have been used elsewhere but the use of shibuichi to achieve different colored patinas appears to have remained nearly unknown outside Japan, until recent interest from artisans in the West.

See also

 
 
 
 
  (Black bronze)

References

External links
Reactive Metal Studio Inc. -- Shakudo & Shibuichi Data Sheet

Irogane
Precious metal alloys
Silver
Copper