omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee. The National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee (NJATC) is the former name for the Electrical Training Alliance, a nonprofit organization created in 1941 by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) and the National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA).

The NJATC helped developing and standardizing education in the electrical industry by helping members of NECA and the IBEW, create a skilled workforce. The organization worked with various experts to ensure that electrical apprentices in the organized labor movement had access to the most-up-to date training initiatives in the electrical construction industry. 

The organization had also hosted the National Training Institute (NTI), the largest electrical training seminar in North America. Nearly 2,000 electrical workers attend this event to learn about new industry trends, to see new products, and to attend in-depth training seminars. NTI is also home to one of the largest electrical trade shows in the construction industry.

As of 2007, there were more than 40,000 electrical apprentices enrolled in JATC programs throughout the United States and Canada. Since its inception, more than 325,000 electrical apprentices have completed NJATC training programs and become competent journeymen, making the organization one of the largest electrical training and apprenticeship programs of its kind.

Overview

Across the United States and Canada more than 200 local Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committees (JATCs) used the NJATC’s curricula to help train electrical apprentices. The NJATC developed electrical training curricula for Inside Wireman, Outside Lineman, Voice-Data-Video (VDV), and Residential Wireman programs. Emerging technologies such as photovoltaics (solar power generation), wind power generation and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are also encompassed in the NJATC curricula, along with codes and safety and instrumentation training. The organization is also responsible for spearheading a variety of electrical industry certifications such as cable splicing and conduit bending.

Its “Earn While You Learn” initiative allows electrical apprentices to work and earn living wages while receiving related instructional training. This program allowed JATC electrical apprenticeship programs to operate without the financial support of taxpayers. With the help of the American Council on Education; the NJATC has also developed a program that allows electrical apprentices to translate their instructional training into college credits. Depending on their area of study pursued, electrical apprentices could transfer up to 60 college credit hours from their electrical apprenticeship to colleges, universities, or community colleges.

References

External links
NJATC website
NECA website
IBEW website

Electrical trades organizations
Vocational education in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1941
Internships
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
Apprenticeship
1941 establishments in the United States
Arsenic trifluoride. Arsenic trifluoride is a chemical compound of arsenic and fluorine with the chemical formula AsF3. It is a colorless liquid which reacts readily with water. Like other inorganic arsenic compounds, it is highly toxic.

Preparation and properties
It can be prepared by reacting hydrogen fluoride, HF, with arsenic trioxide:
6HF + As2O3 → 2AsF3 + 3H2O

It has a pyramidal molecular structure in the gas phase which is also present in the solid. In the gas phase the As-F bond length is 170.6 pm and the F-As-F bond angle 96.2°.

Arsenic trifluoride is used as a fluorinating agent for the conversion of non-metal chlorides to fluorides, in this respect it is less reactive than SbF3.

Salts containing AsF4− anion can be prepared for example CsAsF4. the potassium salt KAs2F7 prepared from KF and AsF3  contains AsF4− and AsF3 molecules with evidence of interaction between the AsF3 molecule and the anion.

AsF3 reacts with SbF5. The product obtained could be described as the ionic compound AsF2+ SbF6−. However, the authors conclude the formed product cannot be viewed only as an ionic compound nor entirely as the neutral adduct AsF3SbF5. The crystal structure displays characteristics of both an ionic pair, and a neutral adduct, taking the middle ground in between both models.

References

Arsenic(III) compounds
Arsenic halides
Fluorides
Fluorinating agents
O-Anisidine. o-Anisidine (2-anisidine) is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H4NH2. A colorless liquid, commercial samples can appear yellow owing to air oxidation.  It is one of three isomers of the methoxy-containing aniline derivative.

Production and use
It is prepared via methanolysis of 2-chloronitrobenzene:
NaOCH3  +  ClC6H4NO2  →   CH3OC6H4NO2  +  NaCl
The resulting o-nitroanisole is reduced to o-anisidine.

o-Anisidine is used in the manufacture of dyes. It is nitrated to give 4-nitroanisidine.  It is also a precursor to o-dianisidine.

One special use is as a heartwood indicator. An acid solution of o-anisidine is  diazotized by adding a sodium nitrite solution. This mixture is applied to the wood and by reaction with polyphenols in the heartwood a reddish brown azo dye is formed.

Safety and environmental aspects
o-Anisidine is a dangerous pollutant from the production of dyes.  It is listed as RCRA hazardous waste, with the code K181. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified o-anisidine as a Group 2B, possible human carcinogen.

References

External links 

2-Aminophenyl compounds
Hazardous air pollutants
IARC Group 2A carcinogens
Anisidines
Oil Industry Safety Directorate. The Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) is a technical advisory body in India. It was established in 1986 by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. The OISD formulates and implements safety standards for the oil industry.

Overview
The main responsibilities of OISD are:
 Standardization;
 Accident analysis;
 Evaluation of safety performance.

OISD has framed rules and guidelines for safe distances to be observed for various facilities in an oil installation. All the new liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) bottling plants in India are designed based on the guidelines of OISD. OISD has also issued guidelines for the safe operations of petrol stations and standards related to petroleum installations.

See also

 Energy law
 Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization
 Petrol stations in India

References

External links
 

Petroleum industry in India
Government agencies for energy (India)
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Berkeley algorithm. The Berkeley algorithm is a method of clock synchronisation in distributed computing which assumes no machine has an accurate time source. It was developed by Gusella and Zatti at the University of California, Berkeley in 1989. Like Cristian's algorithm, it is intended for use within intranets.

The algorithm 
Unlike Cristian's algorithm, the server process in the Berkeley algorithm, called the leader, periodically polls other follower processes. Generally speaking, the algorithm is:

 A leader is chosen via an election process such as Chang and Roberts algorithm.
 The leader polls the followers who reply with their time in a similar way to Cristian's algorithm.
 The leader observes the round-trip time (RTT) of the messages and estimates the time of each follower and its own.
 The leader then averages the clock times, ignoring any values it receives far outside the values of the others.
 Instead of sending the updated current time back to the other process, the leader then sends out the amount (positive or negative) that each follower must adjust its clock. This avoids further uncertainty due to RTT at the follower processes.

With this method the average cancels out individual clock's tendencies to drift. Gusella and Zatti released results involving 15 computers whose clocks were synchronised to within about 20-25 milliseconds using their protocol.

Computer systems normally avoid rewinding their clock when they receive a negative clock alteration from the leader. Doing so would break the property of monotonic time, which is a fundamental assumption in certain algorithms in the system itself or in programs such as make. A simple solution to this problem is to halt the clock for the duration specified by the leader, but this simplistic solution can also cause problems, although they are less severe.  For minor corrections, most systems slow the clock, applying the correction over a longer period of time.

Often, any client whose clock differs by a value outside of a given tolerance is disregarded when averaging the results.  This prevents the overall system time from being drastically skewed due to one erroneous clock.

References 

Distributed algorithms
Cristian's algorithm. Cristian's algorithm (introduced by Flaviu Cristian in 1989) is a method for clock synchronization which can be used in many fields of distributive computer science but is primarily used in low-latency intranets. Cristian observed that this simple algorithm is probabilistic, in that it only achieves synchronization if the round-trip time (RTT) of the request is short compared to required accuracy. It also suffers in implementations using a single server, making it unsuitable for many distributive applications where redundancy may be crucial.

Description 
Cristian's algorithm works between a process P, and a time server S connected to a time reference source. Put simply:

 P requests the time from S at time .
 After receiving the request from P, S prepares a response and appends the time  from its own clock.
 P receives the response at time  then sets its time to be , where .

If the RTT is actually split equally between request and response, the synchronisation is error-free. But due to unpredictable influences, this assumption is regularly not true. Longer RTTs indicate interference that is generally asymmetrical. Offset and jitter of the synchronisation are thus minimised by selecting suitable RTT from a set of many request/response pairs. Whether an RTT can be accepted at a given time depends on the drift of the clock and on the statistics of the RTT. These quantities can be measured in the course of synchronisation, which optimises the method by itself.

See also

 Allan variance
 Berkeley algorithm
 Clock synchronization
 Daytime Protocol, older time synchronization protocol using TCP or UDP port 13
 ICMP Timestamp and ICMP Timestamp Reply, older time synchronization protocol using ICMP
 International Atomic Time
 NTP pool, a collection of worldwide computers that provide a highly accurate time via the Network Time Protocol
 NTP server misuse and abuse
 ntpd, OpenNTPD and Ntpdate
 Precision Time Protocol
 Synchronization
 Time Protocol, older time synchronization protocol using TCP or UDP port 37
 Time server

References

Distributed algorithms
Synchronization
IAR 824. The IAR-824 (originally known as the ICA IS-24) was a utility aircraft built in Romania in the 1970s.

Development
Developed from the ICA IS-23A, it was a conventional high-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction with fixed tricycle undercarriage and seating for six people within an enclosed cabin.

Production
The first prototype made its maiden flight on 23 May 1971 with the type gaining its type certificate on 13 May 1972. It was exhibited at the 1973 Paris Air Show. Ten examples were built, including the prototype, some of which were fitted with a tailwheel undercarriage for glider towing, with five going to Romania's Aeroclub for training and glider towing.

Aircraft on display

The aircraft with construction number 5 and registration YR-ISF is on display at the Clinceni Airfield near Bucharest.

The aircraft with registration YR-ISG is on display in Brașov.

Specifications

See also

References

 
 
  
 
 Уголок неба

1970s Romanian civil utility aircraft
824
ICA aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1971
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
IAR-827. The IAR-827 was an agricultural aircraft built in Romania in the 1970s and 1980s. The penultimate member of the family of designs that began with the IAR-821, it was, like the others, a conventional low-wing monoplane with fixed, tailwheel undercarriage, and shared the all-metal construction of the IAR-826. The prototype flew in 1976, powered by a Lycoming IO-720 engine, but the production examples that followed all had the PZL-3S.

In 1981, the IAR-827 prototype was re-engined with a Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A turboprop and redesignated first as the IAR-827TP and later as the IAR-828. Plans to produce the aircraft either with the Pratt & Whitney Canada engine or a Walter 601 never materialised.

Variants
 IAR-827 - prototype with Lycoming IO-720 engine
 IAR-827A - production version with PZL-3S engine
 IAR-827TP, later IAR-828 - turboprop version with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-15AG

Specifications (IAR-827A)

References

 

Уголок неба

1970s Romanian agricultural aircraft
827
Aircraft first flown in 1976
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Telegarden. The TeleGarden was a telerobotic community garden for the Internet. Starting in the mid-1990s, it allowed users to view, plant and take care of a small garden, using an Adept-1 industrial robotic arm controlled online.

History
The project began at the University of Southern California with project directors Ken Goldberg of University of Southern California, and Joseph Santarromana, a University of California, Irvine artist at the time known for his video installations. They envisioned it as an art installation challenging the notion of the Internet and "consider[ing] the 'post-nomadic' community, where survival favors those who work together."

Project members included George A. Bekey, Steven Gentner, Rosemary Morris, Carl Sutter, Jeff Wiegley, and Erich Berger.
The Telegarden went online in June 1995.  During its first year, it attracted over 9000 members. In September 1996, the Telegarden was moved to the Ars Electronica Center in Austria where it was originally planned to be on display for one year,  though it ended up remaining active until .

The Telegarden was a fusion between old technology (agriculture) and new technology (the Internet). The notion of a physical garden that is operated by users online was appealing to Goldberg because "it was the most absurd".

This new media art raised questions of legitimacy. How are users to know that the garden actually exists, or that any of their motions matter? Goldberg stressed that, "media technology generally facilities the suspension of disbelief."

In its nine years, the installation had 10,000 members, and 100,000 people visited the physical exhibit. Users interactivity created a miniature social network. People became protective of plants, even territorial.

References

Further reading

External links
Telegarden homepage  from Ken Goldberg
Ken Goldberg's UC Berkeley homepage
Introduction to Telegarden by Ars Electronic (Linz, Austria)
Photo Collage and Description from "Database of Virtual Art" (virtualart.at)
"Telematic Connections," Curated Piece on the Development of Telepresence from the Walker Art Center
"A Performance Space without Geographical Boundaries" (1977) from ecafe.com
Muntadas's "File Room" (1994)

Community gardening
Internet art
Installation art works
Student activities at the University of Southern California
Types of garden
Internet properties established in 1995
2004 disestablishments
Polypure. Polypure is a Norwegian company that manufactures and markets monodisperse PEG (polyethylene glycol) derivatives for applications in nanotechnology, biotechnology and in pharmaceutical sciences. 

Its headquarters are located in the Oslo Innovation Center, Oslo, Norway. The company has been in operation since 1999.

The compounds are produced using a proprietary purification technology called Sample Displacement Chromatography (SDC). The technique exploits the correlation between molecular weight and binding strength of PEG species. That is, individual PEG molecules bind to the matrix within a chromatography column at differing affinity depending on their molecular weight. Because of this property, when PEG is applied to the top of a chromatography column, strong binding species take possession of the first binding positions available and thereby force weaker binders to follow the liquid flow down the column to the next vacant positions. This results in the spatial separation of PEG species within the column according to affinity and thereby molecular weight.

Monodisperse PEG products are used as linkers or molecular tethers to join molecular entities (as in Cipriano and Dunn). They are also coupled to substances to make use of the hydrophilic property of PEG to enhance water solubility, or to facilitate penetration of a coupled substance through cell membranes  as well as to reduce immunogenicity of proteins used as therapeutic agents.

The major shareholders in the company are Erik Agner, co-founder and CEO of the Company, and Gamma Group AS.

References

Manufacturing companies based in Oslo
Lifecycle management. Lifecycle management or life-cycle management may refer to:

 Application lifecycle management in software
 Building lifecycle management, the design and construction of buildings
 Engineering lifecycle management, a product and software development platform by IBM
 Information lifecycle management, in computer data storage
 Plant lifecycle management, in industrial facility management
 Product lifecycle management (marketing)
 Product lifecycle management, in engineering and manufacturing
 Virtual machine lifecycle management, in computer systems administration

See also 
LCM (disambiguation)
Life-cycle assessment
Morgan Sparks. Morgan Sparks (July 6, 1916 – May 3, 2008) was an American scientist and engineer who developed the microwatt bipolar junction transistor in 1951, which was a critical step in making transistors usable for every-day electronics. Sparks directed Sandia National Laboratories.

Early life and education

Sparks was born in Pagosa Springs, Colorado and earned his BA and MA degrees, both in chemistry, at Rice University. He then did his PhD work in physical chemistry at the University of Illinois, Urbana.

Career
Sparks went on to work at Bell Labs where John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley were developing the first transistor. Sparks stayed at Bell Labs and worked there to develop the microwatt bipolar junction transistor which helped make transistors practical enough for common use. Later, Sparks left Bell Labs to become the director of Sandia National Laboratories.

See also
 History of the transistor

References

External links
 Obituary: NY Times
 Obituary: Times

1916 births
2008 deaths
People from Pagosa Springs, Colorado
Rice University alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
United States Department of Energy National Laboratories personnel
20th-century American engineers
Scientists at Bell Labs
Sandia National Laboratories people
ICA IS-28. The ICA IS-28 is a two-seat sailplane produced in Romania in the 1970s. An all-metal aircraft of conventional design with a T-tail, it was originally produced with 15-metre wings, but in 1973, production shifted to the IS-28B with 17-metre wings and numerous aerodynamic refinements. These included a smaller tail with decreased dihedral, decreased dihedral on the wings, and redesigned fuselage contours. This version first flew on 26 April 1973 and was subsequently produced in versions with flaps (IS-28B2) and without (IS-28B1). Around 100 had been built by the early 1980s, with a substantial number sold for export. On April 7, 1979, Tom Knauff and R. Tawse set a world record with the IS-28 B2 glider, covering a distance of 829 kilometres on a predetermined out-and-return course from the Ridge Soaring Gliderport in Julian, Pennsylvania.

The IS-28B2 is depicted in the film Escape from New York (1981) 

The IS-28 was also produced as a motorglider, initially as just a powered version of the IS-28B2 (designated the IS-28M1) and then as the more radically redesigned IS-28M2. This version had an entirely new forward fuselage offering side-by-side seating for the two occupants, wings relocated to a low-set position on the fuselage, and tailwheel undercarriage with main units that semi-retracted backwards into the wings. The rear fuselage, empennage, and outer wing panels remained identical with the sailplane version.

The IS-29 is a single-seat sailplane that was designed and manufactured to complement training carried out in the IS-28 two-seater.

The IS-30 is a refined IS-28B2, identical in most respects other than having all-metal control surfaces (where the IS-28 has fabric-covered surfaces) and a re-designed horizontal stabiliser.

Variants

 IS-28 - sailplane with 15 metre wings
 IS-28B
 IS-28B1 - sailplane with 17 metre wings and DFS-style airbrakes
 IS-28B2 - similar to IS-28B1 with flaps and Schempp-Hirth-style airbrakes
 IS-28M
 IS-28M1 (aka IAR-34)- tandem seat motorglider version of IS-28B1 with Limbach SL.1700E1 engine
 IS-28M2 - motor-glider with side-by-side seating and three-point undercarriage
 IAR-28M2A - IS-28M2 with new wing, split flaps and Limbach L.2000E01 engine
 IS-30 - all-metal IS-28B2 with new tailplane.
 IAR-46 - trainer version of IS-28M2 with reduced wingspan and Rotax 912A engine

Operators

Romanian Air Force - received 10 IAR-28MA from 1984.
The  - still using IS-28B2 and IS-29D2 for glider pilots in training and performer pilots. A fleet of 5 IS-28M2 motor-gliders were restored and declared able to fly again.

Specifications (IS-28B2)

References

Further reading

 
 
 
 
 

1970s Romanian sailplanes
ICA aircraft
IAR aircraft
Motor gliders
Aircraft first flown in 1970
T-tail aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft