omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Perchloromethyl mercaptan. Perchloromethyl mercaptan is the organosulfur compound with the formula CCl3SCl.  It is mainly used as an intermediate for the synthesis of dyes and fungicides (captan, folpet).  It is a colorless oil, although commercial samples are yellowish. It is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.  It has a foul, unbearable, acrid odor.  Perchloromethyl mercaptan is the original name. The systematic name is trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride, because the compound is a sulfenyl chloride, not a mercaptan.

History
It was used as a chemical warfare agent by the French in the 1915 battle of Champagne. Shortly thereafter, wartime use was abandoned due to the clear warning properties, the decomposition in the presence of iron and steel, and the easy removal of the vapor by charcoal.

Preparation
The method to prepare perchloromethyl mercaptan was first described by Rathke in 1873 and is still used. Carbon disulfide is chlorinated using an iodine catalyst. The following equations operate most efficiently at temperatures below about 30 °C

CS2 + 3 Cl2 → CCl3SCl + SCl2

2 CS2 + 5 Cl2 → 2 CCl3SCl + S2Cl2

At higher temperatures, the chlorination gives carbon tetrachloride and additional sulfur chlorides. The formation of byproducts can be suppressed by performing the reaction in the presence of diketones. Another byproduct is thiophosgene. The more volatile byproducts such as carbon tetrachloride and sulfur dichloride can be removed by distillation. The separation of perchloromethyl mercaptan from S2Cl2 by distillation is challenging since their boiling points are very close. Another byproduct that forms is hexachloroethane. Innovations in the basic Rathke method have been reported.

Reactivity
The compound slowly hydrolyzes:

CSCl4 + 2 H2O → CO2 + 4 HCl +  S8

The compound is corrosive to most metals. It reacts with iron, evolving carbon tetrachloride.  Perchloromethyl mercaptan is oxidized by nitric acid to trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride (Cl3CSO2Cl), a white solid.

Toxicity

When it is heated or in a fire, it will emit toxic and corrosive gases. It is also very toxic by inhalation or skin absorption.

At least two mechanisms could account for the toxicity of perchloromethyl mercaptan, as hypothesized by Althoff (1973). The first mechanism is a reaction between perchloromethyl mercaptan and biological functional groups such as hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, amino and carboxyl groups. This results in an inactivation of key enzymes.  A second general pathway reaction is the hydrolysis to give hydrochloric acid.

References

External links
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Organosulfur compounds
Trichloromethyl compounds
Pulmonary agents
Foul-smelling chemicals
Albatros L103. 

The Albatros L 103 (company designation) / Albatros Al 103 (RLM designation) was a German experimental aircraft of the 1930s. It was a parasol-wing landplane of conventional configuration, seating the pilot and flight test observer in separate, open cockpits. The Al 103 was used to test variations in sweepback, dihedral and tailplane area.

Specifications (L 103)

Notes

References

External links
 German Aircraft between 1919-1945

Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1930s German experimental aircraft
L 103
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Single-engined piston aircraft
Admission control. Admission control is a validation process in communication systems where a check is performed before a connection is established to see if current resources are sufficient for the proposed connection.

Applications
For some applications, dedicated resources (such as a wavelength across an optical network) may be needed in which case admission control has to verify availability of such resources before a request can be admitted.

For more elastic applications, a total volume of resources may be needed prior to some deadline in order to satisfy a new request, in which case admission control needs to verify availability of resources at the time and perform scheduling to guarantee satisfaction of an admitted request.

Admission control systems
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Audio Video Bridging using Stream Reservation Protocol
Call admission control
IEEE 1394
Integrated services on IP networks
Public switched telephone network

References

External links
Papers about Admission Control in DiffServ systems on Google Scholar
Deadline-aware Admission Control for Large Inter-Datacenter Transfers

Internet Standards
Networking standards
SS Mona (1878). SS (RMS) Mona (II) No. 76302 (the second vessel in the line's history to be so named) was a packet steamer operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company. Mona was the first screw-driven ship in the company's history.

Construction & dimensions
Mona was built at Birkenhead by William Laird & Co., who also supplied her engines and boilers, and she was launched on Friday 31 May 1878. 
Length 200'; beam 26'; depth 13'. She had an original tonnage of  but this was later increased to 562 gross registered tons. Mona's purchase cost was £19,500.

Mona had a nominal horsepower of 160 HP, and this gave her a speed of 13 knots.

Service life
A passenger-cargo ship, Mona was an important vessel in the history of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company. She was the line's first single-screw ship, but was also fitted with vertical compound steam engines. She proved much more economical to run and far better suited to winter service than the paddle steamers which had previously made up the company's fleet.

On 21 December 1878, she was involved in a collision with the steam barge Mersey at Liverpool and was severely damaged.

Loss
Under the command of Captain James Brew, whilst Mona was lying at anchor in the Formby Channel () in the approaches to Liverpool in 1883, the Spanish steamer Rita collided with her. Mona sank almost immediately. Rita was outward bound from Liverpool, but she sustained damage in the collision that forced her to return to port. Mona's crew, together with two women who were the only passengers on board, took to the lifeboats and were saved, some being picked up by the Formby Lightship.

Ironically, in 1881, Hughes & Co., brokers of Liverpool, who had foreign customers for reasonably new screw steamers, had offered £18,000 for the vessel, but the Steam Packet refused - their price being £21,000.

References

Bibliography

Ships of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company
1878 ships
Ferries of the Isle of Man
Steamships
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Ships built on the River Mersey
Maritime incidents in December 1878
Maritime incidents in 1883
Shipwrecks in the Irish Sea
Shipwrecks of the River Mersey
Reacher Satellite Ground Terminal. Reacher is a mobile X‐Band Satellite ground terminal (SGT) acquired by the British Ministry Of Defence, it is designed to replace all medium and large legacy SGTs used in the land environment. It is intended to deliver services through Skynet 5 satellites, and to assist in the transition to TCP/IP network protocol services. Reacher was brought into service in 2007.

Secure communications are delivered through the Skynet 5 private finance initiative contract with Airbus Defence and Space (previously Paradigm Secure Communications) in partnership with Information Systems and Services at MOD Corsham.

Variants
Reacher came initially in three variants, 44 of which were delivered to the military:

 Reacher Large, mounted on a Mowag Duro III vehicle, provides an assured data rate of 8 Mbit/s through a  antenna. Reacher Large takes15  minutes to set up and can only be used when stationary.
 Reacher Medium is mounted on a Mowag Duro III 6 x 6 vehicle and provides an assured data rate of 2 Mbit/s through a  antenna. It is ready for immediate use.
 Reacher Royal Marine (RM). Reacher RM is mounted on two amphibious  Bandvagn 206 vehicles and provides an assured data rate of 2 Mbit/s through a 2.4 m antenna. It is designed for use in amphibious warfare. It has been used in Operations Telic and Herrick on land in the same role as Reacher Medium.

As of 2014, two new variants were under development:
 High Capacity Reacher, a variant of Reacher Medium to deliver throughput up to 32 Mbit/s
 Reacher Hub, a variant of Reacher Large to deliver throughput up to 64 Mbit/s and the ability to interoperate with commercial satellite terminals

Transport
All Reacher terminals are transportable using Chinook helicopters (underslung). The Large variant can be transported by C-17 Globemaster III and the Medium and RM variants by C-130 Hercules.

References

Military communications of the United Kingdom
U Tin. Sithu U Tin (1890–1972) was a prominent Burmese architect and engineer, best known for designing the Yangon City Hall, the Yangon Central Railway Station and Basic Education High School No. 2 Dagon (formerly Myoma High School). He was known for his syncretic architectural style, by fusing indigenous elements, such as tiered roofs called pyatthat with Western designs.

References

Burmese engineers
1890 births
1972 deaths
20th-century engineers
Konrad Zuse Medal. The Konrad Zuse Medal for Services to Computer Science is the highest award of the  (German Computer Science Society), given every two years to one or sometimes two leading German computer scientists. It is named after German computer pioneer Konrad Zuse.
Note that a different medal with the same name is also given out by the Zentralverband des Deutschen Baugewerbes (Central Association of German Construction).

Recipients
Source: Gesellschaft für Informatik

1987: Heinz Billing
1989: 
1989: Robert Piloty
1991: 
1993: Carl Adam Petri
1995: Kurt Mehlhorn
1997: José Luis Encarnação
1999: Günter Hotz
2001: Theo Härder
2003: Thomas Lengauer
2006: Ingo Wegener
2007: Manfred Broy
2009: Reinhard Wilhelm
2011: Fritz-Rudolf Güntsch
2011: Volker Strassen
2013: Markus Gross
2015: Arndt Bode
2017: Johannes Buchmann
2019: Dorothea Wagner
2021: Gerhard Weikum
2023: Anja Feldmann
2024: Thomas Liebich, André Borrmann

See also
 List of computer science awards
 List of prizes named after people

References

1987 establishments in Germany
Awards established in 1987
Computer science awards
German science and technology awards
Lists of computer scientists
Lists of German people
Medal
RS-122. The RS-122 is a Georgian mobile multiple rocket launcher firing 122 mm rockets. It was developed in 2011 and put on production display in February 2012. The RS-122 is a heavily modified version of the Soviet BM-21 Grad. Its main characteristics are the armoured crew cabin (using elements from MRAP and BAE Caiman), improved firing, operational range and accuracy. The vehicle was developed by the state-owned Scientific Technical Centre Delta.

Technical characteristics
The rocket launcher is designed to defeat personnel, armored targets, artillery batteries, command posts and fortifications.
The RS-122 is capable of control fire without the preliminary preparation of a position and exposed crew action, thus minimizing the salvo time and maximizing unit protection.

Armor 
The vehicle's armoured crew cabin provides protection for its five-man crew in accordance to STANAG 4569 level 2 against shell splinter and fragments.

Transporter 
The RS-122 is based on an armored KrAZ-63221 chassis and has an operational range of .

Gallery

See also

References 

Multiple rocket launchers
Wheeled self-propelled rocket launchers
Military equipment of Georgia (country)
Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s
Ambros Speiser. Ambrosius Paul Speiser (November 13 1922, in Basel – May 10 2003, in Aarau) was a Swiss engineer and scientist. He led the development of the first Swiss electronic computer.

Speiser studied electrotechnology at Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), where in 1948 he earned his diplom in communications engineering. In 1949, Eduard Stiefel sent Heinz Rutishauser and Speiser to study in Harvard under Howard H. Aiken and in Princeton under John von Neumann; Rutishauser and Speiser became acquainted with the Harvard Mark III and the IAS machine. In 1950, the Institut für angewandte Mathematik (Institute for Applied Mathematics, founded in 1948) of ETH acquired the Zuse Z4. As there were no other commercially available electronic computers which were suitable for scientific applications aside from the Z4, this led the Swiss to the idea of developing their own computer inspired by the Z4. Under Speiser's technical direction between 1950 and 1955, Switzerland's first electronic calculating machine, ERMETH, originated. 

Speiser earned his doctorate and habilitation during the development of ERMETH, but began an industrial career when he joined IBM in 1955. From 1956 to 1966 he was the director of IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in Rüschlikon, the only research center of IBM outside of the USA at the time. In 1966 he left IBM to become the director of research for Brown, Boveri & Cie in order to develop the company's research center in Dättwil. He also served as the second president of the International Federation for Information Processing from 1965 to 1968.

In 1962 ETH made Speiser a full professor. For years, he taught one of the first courses in computer science at the ETH. In 1986 ETH honored him with an honorary doctorate for his pioneering work at the frontier of informatics. The Schweizerische Akademie der Technischen Wissenschaften chose Speiser on 1987 as president of its executive committee and upon his resignation in 1993 made him an honorary member. Speiser was also a member of the Schweizerischen Schulrats, member of the board of trustees of the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds, and from 1983 to 1988 president of Vororts (now Economiesuisse).

Works 
 Ambros P. Speiser: Entwurf eines elektronischen Rechengerätes unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Erfordernis eines minimalen Materialaufwandes bei gegebener mathematischer Leistungsfähigkeit. Dissertation ETH Zürich, 1950.
 Heinz Rutishauser, Ambros Paul Speiser, Eduard Stiefel: Programmgesteuerte digitale Rechengeräte (Elektronische Rechenmaschinen). Basel: Birkhäuser, 1951.
 Ambros P. Speiser: Ueber die Zukunft der Technik. Eine weltweite Betrachtung. Referat und Diskussion der 33. Sitzung der Studiengruppe Energieperspektiven, Baden, 28. Januar 1988.

References

External links 
 
 
 
 Evelyn Boesch Trüeb: Speiser, Ambros. Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (in German).
 ETH Zürich: Biographie
 Porträt des Monats der ETH-Bibliothek

20th-century Swiss engineers
ETH Zurich alumni
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
1922 births
2003 deaths
1996 in the environment. This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1996. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.

Events

The IPCC Second Assessment Report is published.
The woodchipping of indigenous forests in New Zealand is stopped.
The Western Shield wildlife conservation programme commences in Western Australia.
Construction of the Bakun Dam begins in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. When completed it will flood  of rainforest and displace more than 9000 indigenous people.

January 
The North Cape oil spill occurred when the tank barge North Cape and the tug Scandia grounded on Moonstone Beach in South Kingstown, Rhode Island in the United States.

February 
The Sea Empress oil spill occurred at the entrance to the Milford Haven Waterway in Pembrokeshire, Wales.

May 
The Convention of the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region or Nairobi Convention of 1985, a regional framework agreement for marine environmental management, comes into effect.
US president Bill Clinton signed the Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act.

June 
The Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act is passed in New Zealand.

August 
US president Bill Clinton signed the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996.
US president Bill Clinton signed the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996.

November 
World-renowned bird expert Tony Silva is sentenced to seven years in prison without parole for leading an illegal parrot smuggling ring.

December 
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification entered into force.

See also

Human impact on the environment
List of environmental issues
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Enamel Plant. The Pittsburgh Plate Glass Enamel Plant is an Art Moderne-styled factory in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, built in 1937 by the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. In 2009 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

History
The plant was constructed as part of the expansion of the paint and varnish division of what is now PPG Industries based in Pittsburgh. The building is four stories, 200 feet long, with a brick-clad exterior and a graceful glass tower at the northwest corner. It was designed by the firm of Eschweiler & Eschweiler. Hallmarks of the Art Moderne style are the simple, smooth shapes and curves resembling an airplane and the independence from any historic architectural styles.  PPG manufactured enamel paint in the building from 1937 until 1976.

After Pittsburgh, Transpack made boxes in the plant until 2007. Renovated in 2008 for commercial and business use, the four-story building houses offices for Knight-Barry Title Group, and the headquarters for data security and compression company, PKWARE.

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Buildings and structures in Milwaukee
Streamline Moderne architecture in Wisconsin
Industrial buildings completed in 1937
National Register of Historic Places in Milwaukee
PPG Industries
Outline of computers. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computers:

Computers – programmable machines designed to automatically carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations. The sequences of operations can be changed readily, allowing computers to solve more than one kind of problem.

What type of thing is a computer? 

Computers can be described as all of the following:
 Tools –
 Machines –
 Business machines –
 Systems –

Types of computers 
 Mainframe computer –
 Super computer –
 Midrange computer –
 Personal computer –
 Desktop computer –
 Microcomputer –
 Mobile computer and mobile device –
 Smartphone –
 Tablet computer –
 Laptop –
 Computer appliance –
 Business machine –
 Information appliance –
 Smartphone –
 Smart TV –

Computer architecture 

Computer architecture –

Computer components 
 Motherboard –
 Processor –
 Graphics processor –
 RAM –
 ROM –
 Floppy disk –
 Hard drive –
 Input devices –
 Keyboard –
 Keyboard technology –
 Projection keyboard –
 Roll-up keyboard
 Virtual keyboard –
 Wireless keyboard –
 Mouse –

Computer performance 

 Computer performance by orders of magnitude

Computing 
 See: Outline of computing

Computer science 
 See: Outline of computer science

History of computers 

History of computing hardware
Analog computers
 History of computer components
Punched cards
History of general purpose CPUs
History of the floppy disk
 History of personal computers

Computers and culture 
 Social media
 memes

Computer industry

Computer manufacturing 
 List of computer hardware manufacturers
Hewlett-Packard
Toshiba
Dell
Apple
Acer
Asus

Computer engineering 
 See: Outline of computer engineering

Software industry 
 Personal computers
 Microsoft
 Apple
 Linux
 Business computers
 IBM
 Oracle
 Internet
 Google
 Facebook
 Yahoo!
 AOL
 eBay
PayPal

Software development 
Software development –
 List of software development philosophies
 Programming language

Software engineering 
 See: Outline of software engineering

Computer organizations 

 Users' group   (list)

Computer publications 
Computer magazines –
See List of computer magazines
Online –
 CNET
 ZDNet
 Wired.com
 Wired.co.uk
 Huffington Post
 Techcrunch
 Engadget
 News Corp
 All things D

Persons influential in computers 
 List of pioneers in computer science
 Charles Babbage
 Alan Turing
 Grace Hopper
 Thomas J. Watson
 Thomas Watson, Jr.
 Bill Gates
 Paul Allen
 Steve Jobs
 Steve Wozniak
 Robert Noyce
 Andrew Grove
 Linus Torvalds

See also 

 Outline of computer engineering
 Outline of computer programming
 Outline of computer science
 Outline of computer security
 Outline of computer vision
 Outline of computing

References

External links 

outline
Computers
Computers
Benoit Michel. Benoit Michel (born 1950) is a Belgian engineer. He is the author or co-author of more than 20 technical books on microcomputing, cinema, and stereoscopy.

Biography 
Michel received his degree in civil engineering from Université de Liège, Belgium, 1976 .

Professional history 
Michel co-founded “Neurones”, one of the first 3D cartoon studios in Europe in 1989. After that, he switched to R&D project management in telecommunications, human-machine interaction, digital cinema, and multimedia and is now at the University of Louvain, successively managing the SIMILAR network of excellence on multimodal interfaces, the EDCINE project on enhanced digital cinema, the 3D Media research project focusing on stereoscopic and 3D imaging. He is now working on a medical imaging project called "InVivo/IGT" improving the way 3D images are driving proton therapy machines to cure cancer.

He is a member of the editorial board of ERCIM News, and is working as a consultant for the European Commission, the TWIST cluster of Walloon companies and various private companies and he is the editor of the free “StereoscopyNews” newsletter. He is co-founder of The European Spaceward Association, a non-profit association with a goal to preserve and improve life on earth by going into space.

Bibliography 

 Programmes internes du Commodore PET/CBM (ed B.C.M.)
 Le livre du VIC (ed B.C.M.)
 Le livre du 64 (ed B.C.M.)
 Le livre de l'AmigaBasic (ed P.S.I.)
 PC, XT, AT: Maintenance et améliorations (ed B.C.M.)
 Le livre du Pick (ed B.C.M.)
 Clefs pour Amiga (ed P.S.I.)
 Personnalisez votre MS-DOS (ed B.C.M.)
 Programmation Windows en Visual BASIC (ed. Dunod Tech, 1992)
 Digital cinema : Revolution or Evolution (in 'Film Journal International', Aug 2001)
 Similar Dreams 'Multimodal interfaces in our future life' (chapter 8 only) (ed. PUL, 2005)
 Beyond DCI: The integration of object oriented 3D sound into the Digital Cinema (conference paper presented at NEM Summit 2008)
 3DTV Le futur de la télévision stéréoscopique, avec J-F. Nivart, R. Roberts et V. Breuls de Tiecken, ed. TWIST
 La Stéréoscopie Numérique (ed Eyrolles, 2011, )
 La Voiture Électrique (ed Now Future, 2018, )
 The electric car here and now (ed Now Future, 2019, )

References 

Living people
People from Liège
Belgian male writers
Belgian technology writers
1950 births