omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GuitarBot. GuitarBot is a self-playing guitar created by the League of Electronic Musical Urban Robots (LEMUR) in 2002. The instrument consists of four modular string units, each of which can be controlled with MIDI. GuitarBot was used by guitarist Pat Metheny on his 2009 Orchestrion tour.

Mechanical
The GuitarBot modules are built on an aluminum base. Each base serves as a mounting point for the module's string, moving bridge subsystem, and pickwheel subsystem. The modules measure 91 centimeters long by 10 centimeters wide and are mounted vertically on a purpose-built support structure, which also houses the units' electronics.

Changing Pitch
GuitarBot uses a belt-drive mechanism to change pitch. An encoder-equipped DC motor drives a belt with an attached movable fret. As the belt moves the movable fret, the string's pitch is changed. The movable fret is mounted on a ball bearing linear slide, and can traverse its full displacement of 54.4 centimeters in 250 ms.

GuitarBot's movable fret system is configured as a slide mechanism and remains in constant contact with the string. To reduce friction between GuitarBot's wire-wound strings and the movable fret, flatwound strings are used. The flatwound strings' lack of ridges allow the movable bridge to slide over the string smoothly.

Other mechatronic guitar and string-playing systems that employ similar pitch-shifting mechanisms include Nicholas A. Baginsky's Aglaopheme self-playing guitar, Trimpin's prototype KrautKontrol guitar systems, James McVay's MechBass, and Festo Automation's Sound Machines.

String picking and damping
String picking is accomplished with a rotary pick wheel mechanism. Four picks are attached to an idler pulley on a belt-driven DC motor. As the motor spins, the pick wheel rotates.

A solenoid actuator is used to dampen GuitarBot's strings.

Electronics and software
Each GuitarBot module uses a PIC microcontroller to handle motor control, feedback, and damping. The modules on each unit receive MIDI input, allowing external sequencers to control GuitarBot.

A PID control scheme is used for the bridge positioning subsystem. The control coefficients used in the feedback systems for the pickwheel, bridge positioning system, and damper state can be modified on the fly with MIDI commands.

References

External links
Guitarbot information from the LEMUR website

Guitars
Shock sensitivity. Shock sensitivity is a comparative measure of the sensitivity to sudden compression (by impact or blast) of an explosive chemical compound. Determination of the shock sensitivity of a material intended for practical use is one important aspect of safety testing of explosives. A variety of tests and indices are in use, of which one of the more common is the Rotter Impact Test with results expressed as FoI (Figure of Insensitivity.) At least four other impact tests are in common use, while various "gap tests" are used to measure sensitivity to blast shock.

Sensitivities vary widely
A few materials such as nitrogen triiodide cannot be touched at all without detonating, and so are of purely academic interest. Some other compounds with a high sensitivity to shock, such as nitroglycerin and acetone peroxide, may detonate from a firm jolt and so cannot be legally transported in pure form. Acetone peroxide is often used by amateurs and terrorists as a means to detonate other explosives as well as acting as the main blasting agent, often resulting in injuries or death to those who underestimate its sensitivity. A number of methods are known to desensitize nitroglycerine so that it can be transported for medical uses, and it is also incorporated into other less sensitive explosives, such as dynamites and gelignites.

Many practical commercial materials of intermediate sensitivity, such as gelignites and water gel explosives, can be safely handled as they will not explode from casual shocks such as being dropped or lightly knocked by a tool. However, they may explode if struck forcefully by a metal tool, and would certainly explode in the barrel if they were used in an artillery shell. Reliable initiation of such materials requires the small explosion of a detonator. Apart from this another explosive material such as Armstrong's mixture is also used in commercial markets and even sold to the public in the form of  fireworks, cap guns and party poppers.

Still less sensitive materials such as blasting agents like ANFO, are so insensitive that the impulse from the detonator must be amplified by an explosive booster charge to secure reliable detonation. Some polymer bonded explosives — especially those based on TATB — are designed for use in insensitive munitions, which are unlikely to detonate even if struck by another explosive weapon.

Explosives
Caché ObjectScript. Caché ObjectScript is a part of the Caché database system sold by InterSystems. The language is a functional superset of the ANSI-standard MUMPS programming language. Since Caché is at its core a MUMPS implementation, it can run ANSI MUMPS routines with no change. To appeal as a commercial product, Caché implements support for object-oriented programming, a macro preprocessing language, embedded SQL for ANSI-standard SQL access to M's built-in database, procedure and control blocks using C-like brace syntax, procedure-scoped variables, and relaxed whitespace syntax limitations.

The language has private and public variables and globals. Global has a different meaning in this language than in most; such variables are global across routines, processes, and sessions. Thus, editing a global variable is making permanent and immediate changes to a system-universal database (which survives reboots, etc.).  The scope of a private variable is the local function, the scope of a public variable is the entire process. Variables, private and public, may be single elements or complete multi-dimensional arrays.

The great majority of Caché's feature-set is inherited from the ANSI MUMPS standard.  See that article for details on how data is represented and the different ways a programmer can think about the data during development.

Caché programming examples

Hello world program as a routine
hello // hello world routine
    write "hello world"
end quit  // end
Then in Caché Terminal (assuming you wrote the hello routine to the SAMPLE namespace):
SAMPLE> DO ^hello

Hello world program as a ClassMethod
Class User.Helloworld
{
  ClassMethod HelloWorld()
  {
    // Write to console
    Write "Hello World"
    Quit
  }
}
Then in Caché Terminal (assuming you wrote the User.Helloworld Class to the SAMPLE namespace):
SAMPLE> DO ##class(User.Helloworld).HelloWorld()

See also
 GT.M, an implementation of MUMPS
 Profile Scripting Language, an extension to MUMPS

References

External links
 http://www.intersystems.com/cache
 https://docs.intersystems.com/irislatest/csp/docbook/DocBook.UI.Page.cls?KEY=PAGE_objectscript

Persistent programming languages
Tŷ Croes. Tŷ Croes () is a small settlement two miles east of Rhosneigr, Anglesey, Wales.

It was, for a short time, the home of No. 144 Signals Unit RAF, an RAF Strike Command mobile radar reserve.

It has a railway station on the North Wales Coast Line which runs between Holyhead and Crewe.

Tŷ Croes is home to Anglesey Circuit that holds events at both club and national level. The circuit was extended in 2006 and is used by a number of groups for testing both cars and motorcycles. One advantage of the circuit is its comparative remoteness (from London) which allows testing to be done without attracting too much attention.

External links 
photos of Tŷ Croes and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk

Villages in Anglesey
Aberffraw
List of New York University alumni. This list of New York University alumni includes notable graduates and non-graduate former students of New York University.

Legend
The following abbreviations and notes are used to represent NYU schools and colleges:

In 1973, the New York University School of Engineering and Science merged into Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, which in turn merged into NYU to form New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering in 2014. In 2015, the school changed its name to NYU Tandon School of Engineering.

Academia and research

Educators

Professors, researchers and scientists

Abel Prize recipients

MacArthur Fellows

National Medals for Science, Technology and Innovation, Arts and Humanities recipients

Nobel laureates

Academic administrators
 Joe Gow (born 1960) (attended West Chester University before transferring to New York University,  later transferring to Penn State University, from where he graduated)  American academic, musician, pornographic actor, and university administrator, noted for being fired as Chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse in December 2023 after being outed for filming and starring in consensual pornographic videos with his wife, which they posted to public adult websites (without ever mentioning their names, careers, or university affiliations)

Business

Entertainment

Music

Academy Award winners

Emmy Award winners

Grammy Award winners

Tony Award winners

Medicine

Politics, law and government

Members of the United States House of Representatives

Members of the United States Senate

United States Governors

Ambassadors

Judges

Attorneys

United States Cabinet members, foreign government, royalty, and other

Activists and advocates

Religion

Press, literature, and arts

Pulitizer Prize winners

 Alex Pareene, editor-in-chief of Gawker
 Joel Shatzky (1943-2020), writer and literary professor

Sports 
As of 2013, NYU has been associated with at least 74 men and 10 women who have participated as athletes, coaches, or managers at Olympic Games, for a total of at least 28 Olympic medals.

 Martin Jay Davis (1937–2022), astrologer, author, and Olympic fencer
 Spencer Freedman (born 1998), college basketball player for the Harvard Crimson and  NYU Violets
 Jay Horwitz (born 1945), New York Mets executive
Ruth White (born 1951), Olympic fencer
 Hans Wieselgren (born 1952), Olympic fencer

Other

Fictional 
The following are characters in film, television, literature, and other media that have a connection to the university:

See also 

:Category:New York University alumni
List of NYU College of Arts and Science people
List of NYU Stern people
List of NYU Tandon School of Engineering people
List of NYU Courant Institute people
List of NYU GSAS people
List of NYU Law School people
List of NYU School of Medicine people
List of NYU Tisch School of the Arts people
List of NYU Gallatin people
List of NYU Steinhardt people
List of New York University honorary degree recipients
List of New York University faculty

References

External links

Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)

Alumni
Alumni lists
Cranberry glass. Cranberry glass or Gold Ruby glass is a red glass made by adding gold salts or  colloidal gold to molten glass.  Tin, in the form of stannous chloride, is sometimes added in tiny amounts as a reducing agent.  The glass is used primarily in expensive decorations.

Production 
Cranberry glass is made in craft production rather than in large quantities, due to the high cost of the gold.  The gold chloride is made by dissolving gold in a solution of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (aqua regia).  The glass is typically hand blown or molded.  The finished, hardened glass is a type of colloid, a solid phase (gold) dispersed inside another solid phase (glass).

History 
 
The origins of cranberry glass making are unknown, but many historians believe a form of this glass was first made in the late Roman Empire. This is evidenced by the British Museum's collection Lycurgus Cup, a 4th-century Roman glass cage cup made of a dichroic glass, which shows a different colour depending on whether light is passing through it or reflecting from it; red (gold salts) when lit from behind and green (silver salts) when lit from in front. Kitab al-Asrar, an Arabic work attributed to Abu Bakr al-Razi contains  one of the earliest modern descriptions of the preparation of gold ruby glass.

The craft was then lost and rediscovered in the 17th century Bohemian period by either Johann Kunckel in Potsdam or by the Florentine glassmaker Antonio Neri. Neither of them knew the mechanism which yielded the colour, however. Chemist and winner of the 1925 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Richard Adolf Zsigmondy was able to understand and explain that small colloids of gold were responsible for the red colour.

The most famous period of cranberry glass production was in 19th century Britain during the Victorian Era.

Legend holds that cranberry glass was first discovered when a noble tossed a gold coin into a mixture of molten glass. This legend is almost certainly not true, as the gold must be dissolved in aqua regia before being added to the molten glass.

Cranberry glass creations were most popular as a table display, often holding candy or flowers.

Cranberry glass was also frequently used for wine glasses, decanters, and finger bowls. Cranberry glass was also well known for its use in "Mary Gregory" glass. This glass had a white enamel fired onto the glass in a design, usually with a romantic theme.

See also
 Purple of Cassius
 Heart of Glass, a 1976 film by Werner Herzog on the secret of ruby glass

References

External links

 
 
 

Glass art
Glass trademarks and brands
Glass compositions
Craft materials
Thermal Hall effect. In solid-state physics, the thermal Hall effect, also known as the Righi–Leduc effect, named after independent co-discoverers Augusto Righi and Sylvestre Anatole Leduc, is the thermal analog of the Hall effect. Given a thermal gradient across a solid, this effect describes the appearance of an orthogonal temperature gradient when a magnetic field is applied.

For conductors, a significant portion of the thermal current is carried by the electrons. In particular, the Righi–Leduc effect describes the heat flow resulting from a perpendicular temperature gradient and vice versa. The Maggi–Righi–Leduc effect describes changes in thermal conductivity when placing a conductor in a magnetic field.

A thermal Hall effect has also been measured in a paramagnetic insulators, called the "phonon Hall effect". In this case, there are no charged currents in the solid, so the magnetic field cannot exert a Lorentz force. Phonon thermal Hall effect have been measured in various class of non-magnetic insulating solids, but the exact mechanism giving rise to this phenomenon is largely unknown. An analogous thermal Hall effect for neutral particles exists in polyatomic gases, known as the Senftleben–Beenakker effect.

Measurements of the thermal Hall conductivity are used to distinguish between the electronic and lattice contributions to thermal conductivity. These measurements are especially useful when studying superconductors.

Description
Given a conductor or semiconductor with a temperature difference in the x-direction and a magnetic field B perpendicular to it in the z-direction, then a temperature difference can occur in the transverse y-direction,

The Righi–Leduc effect is a thermal analogue of the Hall effect. With the Hall effect, an externally applied electrical voltage causes an electrical current to flow. The mobile charge carriers (usually electrons) are transversely deflected by the magnetic field due to the Lorentz force. In the Righi–Leduc effect, the temperature difference causes the mobile charge carriers to flow from the warmer end to the cooler end. Here, too, the Lorentz force causes a transverse deflection. Since the electrons transport heat, one side is heated more than the other.

The thermal Hall coefficient  (sometimes also called the Righi–Leduc coefficient) depends on the material and has units of tesla−1.  It is related to the Hall coefficient  by the electrical conductivity , as

.

See also 
 Hall effect

References 

Superconductivity
Thermal
Letov Kbely. Letov is an aircraft company located in Letňany, Prague, Czech Republic. It is the oldest aircraft company in the region.

History
Letov was founded in 1918 by the Czechoslovak Ministry of Defense to repair World War I trophy planes. The first indigenous aircraft, the Letov Š-1, was designed and built in 1920, and some 50 aircraft types were built by 1939. During World War II the factory served as repair shop for the German Luftwaffe. Production lines were also set up during World War II for combat versions of the Ju 290 aircraft, commencing with the Ju 290 A-2, which carried a search radar for its patrol role. Since the 1950s, the plant has manufactured parts for the MiG-15, MiG-19 and MiG-21.

Over 4,000 wings and empennages for L-29 Delfín, a jet trainer aircraft that became the standard jet trainer for the air forces Warsaw Pact nations in the 1960s, were built by Letov. The company has also built wings and empennages for 2500 L-39 Albatros trainer aircraft since the 1970s.

Following the fall of socialism in Czechoslovakia in 1989, Letov failed to assert itself on the international market and in 2000 it was bought by French Groupe Latécoère. The company now manufactures parts for large passenger aircraft.

Aircraft

See also
 Aero Vodochody
 Avia
 Beneš-Mráz
 Let Kunovice
 Zlin Aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
Manufacturing companies based in Prague
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1918
Czech brands
1918 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Evektor-Aerotechnik. Evektor-Aerotechnik  is a Czech aircraft manufacturer based in Kunovice, Czech Republic. The company produces a range of light sport aircraft, training, advanced ultralight aircraft and electric aircraft.

Evektor-Aerotechnik is also developing a 9–14 passenger, twin engine turboprop airplane, the EV-55 Outback.

History 
Evektor-Aerotechnik is based at Kunovice Airport, a region known for its aircraft industry since 1936. Evektor-Aerotechnik dates back to 1970 when Aerotechnik was established as a producer of small general aviation airplanes. Its first aircraft were gyrocopters and motor gliders, later diversifying into the overhaul and maintenance of a range of Czech general aviation aircraft, including the Zlin aircraft family.

The production of light sport aircraft and advanced ultralight aircraft started in 1996, starting with the P220UL Koala aircraft and followed by the EV-97 Eurostar (introduced in 1997) and SportStar. The SportStar became the first light sport aircraft accepted by the American Federal Aviation Administration in 2004. During 1997–2004 Evektor-Aerotechnik was an airframe parts subcontractor for the single engine turboprop Aero Ae 270 Ibis. In 2004 the company introduced the single engine, four-seater VUT100 Cobra and in 2010 started the twin engine turboprop Evektor EV-55 Outback. which was first flown in 2011.

In 2013 the company introduced the Evektor EPOS, an electric aircraft that remained under development in 2017.

Aircraft 
 Aerotechnik A-70 Autogyro
 Aerotechnik L-13, LET L-13 Blaník built by Aerotechnik
 Evektor SportStar family of designs
 Evektor VUT100 Cobra
 Evektor EV-55 Outback
 Evektor EPOS electric aircraft

See also
Light aircraft manufacturers in the Czech Republic

References

External links

 

Aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
Electric aircraft
Manufacturing companies established in 1970
1970 establishments in Czechoslovakia
League of Electronic Musical Urban Robots. The League of Electronic Musical Urban Robots, or LEMUR, was a Brooklyn-based group of artists and technologists developing robotic musical instruments. Founded in 2000 by musician and engineer Eric Singer, LEMUR's philosophy was to build robotic instruments that play themselves. In LEMUR designs, the robots are the instruments.

LEMUR was supported in part by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, the New York State Council on the Arts (NYSCA), the Greenwall Foundation, the Jerome Foundation, Arts International and Harvestworks Digital Media Arts Center.

Other LEMUR members included R. Luke DuBois and Michael Hearst. Musical artists who have utilized LEMUR include; Todd Reynolds, Mari Kimura, Lee Ranaldo, Morton Subotnick and They Might Be Giants.

LEMUR Instruments

References

External links

lemurbots.org

Music organizations based in the United States
Rockefeller Foundation
Robots of the United States
Light aircraft manufacturers in the Czech Republic. Czechoslovakia had a significant history in producing aircraft, but the aeronautical industry was extremely influenced by several negative factors at the end of the 1980s. The collapse of the East European market, combined with the global recession reduced the production of all aircraft manufacturers.

Since 1990, many small private companies specializing mainly in the production of light sporting aircraft were founded.  These firms are headed by very experienced engineers and workers, being former employees of big state owned aeronautical factories. By 2003, the Czech Republic became the third largest manufacturer of such planes in Europe (after France and Germany), with over 500 light aircraft produced yearly.

Incomplete list of manufacturers:
 ATEC v.o.s.
 BRM Aero
 Czech Sport Aircraft
 Dova Aircraft
 Evektor-Aerotechnik
 InterPlane Aircraft
 Skyleader
 TL-Ultralight
 UL-Jih
 Urban Air

References

External links
 

Aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
Sound generator. A sound generator is a vibrating object which produces a sound.  There are two main kinds of sound generators (thus, two main kinds of musical instruments).  

A full cycle of a sound wave will be described in each example which consists of initial normal conditions (no fluctuations in atmospheric pressure), an increase of air pressure, a subsequent decrease in air pressure which brings it back to normal, a decrease in air pressure (less pressure than initial conditions), and lastly, an increase which brings atmospheric pressure back to normal again.  Therefore, the final conditions are the same as the initial, at-rest conditions.  

The first kind is simple and is called the vibrating or oscillating piston.  Examples of this type of sound generator include the soundboard of a piano, the surfaces of drums and cymbals, the diaphragm of loudspeakers, etc.  The forward movement of something through the atmosphere causes an immediate increase in air pressure (compression) or condensation in the air adjacent to the piston.  A complete cycle, or one complete soundwave, consists of an increase of pressure in the air, a subsequent decrease of pressure so that the pressure is back to normal, and a following decrease in air pressure called rarefaction.  One complete cycle is produced when a drum is hit once with force. 

The second kind of sound generator is the method utilized by wind instruments, such as trumpets.   At the beginning of the cycle, sound pressure is normal.  Then, an opening called an aperture (such as the opening on the mouthpiece of a trumpet) is partially open and a short stream of air under pressure is released.  In the second step of a full cycle, the valve is completely open and pressure is at a maximum.  In the third cycle, the valve is partially closed, and the pressure has decreased from the maximum value.  Then, the valve is closed and the pressure is the same as normal undisturbed atmospheric pressure.  Thus, a full cycle is produced.  This happens very quickly in the vibration of lips (i.e., the aforementioned "valve") as they quickly open and close (or vibrate).  More examples of this type of sound instrument include sirens, organs, saxophones, and trombones.

References

Acoustics
Sound