omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Distributor. A distributor  is an electric and mechanical device used in the ignition system of older spark ignition engines. The distributor's main function is to route electricity from the ignition coil to each spark plug at the correct time.

Design 

A distributor consists of a rotating arm ('rotor') that is attached to the top of a rotating 'distributor shaft'. The rotor constantly receives high-voltage electricity from an ignition coil via brushes at the centre of the rotor. As the rotor spins, its tip passes close to (but does not touch) the output contacts for each cylinder. As the electrified tip passes each output contact, the high-voltage electricity is able to 'jump' across the small gap. This burst of electricity then travels to the spark plug (via high tension leads), where it ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.

On most overhead valve engines, the distributor shaft is driven by a gear on the camshaft, often shared with the oil pump; on most overhead camshaft engines, the distributor shaft is attached directly to a camshaft.

Older distributor designs used a cam on the distributor shaft that operates the contact breaker (also called points). Opening the points causes a high induction voltage in the ignition coil. This design was superseded by an electronically controlled ignition coil with a sensor (usually Hall effect or optical) to control the timing of the ignition coil charging.

Ignition advance 
In older distributors, adjusting the ignition timing is usually achieved through both mechanical advance and vacuum advance. Mechanical advance adjusts the timing based on the engine speed (rpm), using a set of hinged weights attached to the distributor shaft. These weights cause the breaker points mounting plate to slightly rotate, thereby advancing the ignition timing. Vacuum advance typically uses manifold vacuum to adjust the ignition timing, for example to improve fuel economy and driveability when minimal power is required from the engine.

Most distributors used on electronic fuel injection engines use electronics to adjust the ignition timing, instead of vacuum and centrifugal systems. This allows the ignition timing to be optimised based on factors other than engine speed and manifold vacuum.

Direct ignition 
Since the early 2000s, many cars have used a 'coil-on-plug' direct ignition system, whereby a small ignition coil is located directly above the spark plug for each cylinder. This design means that high-voltage electricity is only present in the small distance between each coil and the spark plug. See Saab Direct Ignition.

Gallery

History 
The first mass-produced electric ignition was the Delco ignition system, which was introduced in the 1910 Cadillac Model 30. In 1921, Arthur Atwater Kent Sr invented the competing Unisparker ignition system.

By the 1980s and 1990s, distributors had been largely replaced by electronic ignition systems.

See also 
List of auto parts

References 

Electric power distribution
Engine components
Ignition systems
Heat death. Heat death may refer to:

Heat death of the universe, a proposed cosmological event
 Heat death paradox, a philosophical examination of the cosmological event
Hyperthermia, injury up to and including death, from excessive heat
Thermal shock, the destruction of equipment by overheating
A Supernova, heat death of a star, along with the death of the star itself

In arts
The Heat Death of the Universe, 2003 album by punk band Off Minor
"The Heat Death of the Universe", a short story by Pamela Zoline

See also 

 Dead Heat (disambiguation)
 Heat Death of the Universe (disambiguation)
William Robert Renshaw. William Robert Renshaw (1845 – 1923) was an English industrialist and foundryman.

Renshaw was born  to an agricultural family in Handforth in the county of Cheshire, England. He began his career as an apprentice button-maker at the Union Foundry of Barker and Cope in Kidsgrove, Staffordshire.

In 1880 he was in business with his own foundry, the Victoria Works in Tunstall, Staffordshire, where he produced equipment for collieries, forges and mills, before returning to Kidsgrove to acquire the Union Foundry as a member of a partnership known as Renshaw, King and Company.

He later moved to the Phoenix Works at Cliffe Vale, where electrical and railway equipment was manufactured and where specialist railway carriages and wagons were built for use by the Barnum & Bailey Circus, (see Phineas Taylor Barnum) during its tour of Britain and Europe which began in 1886.

Among other children and grandchildren he had two grandsons worthy of note, namely George and John Starr, both of whom were members of the Special Operations Executive organisation
during World War II.

Industrial sites
 Coleham Pumping Station Shrewsbury

External links
 Renshaw bio
 Renshaw bio

1845 births
1923 deaths
People from Handforth
English industrialists
Foundrymen
Acer. Acer often refers to:
 Acer (plant), the genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples
 Acer Inc., a computer company in Taiwan

Acer may also refer to:

People 
 David Acer (born 1970), Canadian stand-up comedian and magician
 David J. Acer (1949–1990), American dentist
 Ebru Acer (born 2002), Turkish female para table tennis player

ACER 
 European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, an agency
 Armored Combat Engineer Robot, a military robot created by Mesa Robotics
 Australian Council for Educational Research, research organization based in Camberwell, Victoria

See also
ACerS, the American Ceramic Society
Jude Acers (born 1944), American chess master
Folding. Fold, folding or foldable may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media
Fold (album), the debut release by Australian rock band Epicure
Fold (poker), in the game of poker, to discard one's hand and forfeit interest in the current pot
Above the fold and below the fold, the positioning of news items on a newspaper's front page according to perceived importance
Paper folding, or origami, the art of folding paper

Science, technology, and mathematics

Biology
Protein folding, the physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure
Folding@home, a powerful distributed-computing project for simulating protein folding
Fold coverage, quality of a DNA sequence
Skin fold, an area of skin that folds

Computing
Fold (higher-order function), a type of programming operation on data structures
fold (Unix), a computer program used to wrap lines to fit in a specified width
Folding (DSP implementation), a transformation technique using in DSP architecture implementation
Folding (signal processing), an aspect of aliasing
Folding editor, a text editor that supports text folding or code folding, allowing the user to hide and reveal blocks of text
case folding is the conversion of letter case in a string
Constant folding, a compiler optimization technique
Folding@home, a powerful distributed-computing project for simulating protein folding

Electronics
Foldable display
Flexible display

Other uses in science and mathematics
Fold (geology), one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces that are bent or curved as a result of plastic deformation
Folding (chemistry), the process by which a molecule assumes its shape or conformation
Folding (Dynkin diagram), in Lie theory, a way of obtaining one Dynkin diagram from another
Fold change, a measure of the difference between two quantities
e-folding, exponential growth or decay
Polygon folding, or polyhedron folding

Other uses
Amicus Therapeutics, NASDAQ stock trading symbol FOLD
Book folding, in book production
Foldable smartphone, a smartphone with a folding form factor 
Folding bicycle, a bicycle designed to fold into a compact form
Folding bridge, a bridge that can be folded, mainly to open for higher boats
Folding clothes, allows apparel to be stored compactly, prevents unwanted creasing, preserves wanted creases, and presents them in a pleasing manner, for instance when displayed on sale in stores
Pen (enclosure), or sheep fold, a sheep pen in British English
-fold, a feature in British toponymy
Samsung Galaxy Fold, a smartphone
Scottish Fold, a cat breed

See also

Bend (disambiguation)
Crease (disambiguation)
Folder (disambiguation)
Inorganic compound. An inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds⁠that is, a compound that is not an organic compound. The study of inorganic compounds is a subfield of chemistry known as inorganic chemistry.

Inorganic compounds comprise most of the Earth's crust, although the compositions of the deep mantle remain active areas of investigation.

All allotropes (structurally different pure forms of an element) and some simple carbon compounds are often considered inorganic. Examples include the allotropes of carbon (graphite, diamond, buckminsterfullerene, graphene, etc.), carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide , carbides, and salts of inorganic anions such as carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, etc. Many of these are normal parts of mostly organic systems, including organisms; describing a chemical as inorganic does not necessarily mean that it cannot occur within living things.

History 
Friedrich Wöhler's conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea in 1828 is often cited as the starting point of modern organic chemistry. In Wöhler's era, there was widespread belief that organic compounds were characterized by a vital spirit.  In the absence of vitalism, the distinction between inorganic and organic chemistry is merely semantic.

Modern usage 
 The Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) in its definition of "inorganic" carbon compounds, states that such compounds may contain either C-H or C-C bonds, but not both.
 The book series Inorganic Syntheses does not define inorganic compounds. The majority of its content deals with metal complexes of organic ligands.
 IUPAC does not offer a definition of "inorganic" or "inorganic compound" but does define inorganic polymer as "...skeletal structure that does not include carbon atoms."

See also 
 Inorganic compounds by element
 List of inorganic compounds
 List of named inorganic compounds
 Mineral acid

References
Augite. Augite, also known as Augurite, is a common rock-forming  pyroxene mineral with formula . The crystals are monoclinic and prismatic. Augite has two prominent cleavages, meeting at angles near 90 degrees.

Characteristics

Augite is a solid solution in the pyroxene group. Diopside and hedenbergite are important endmembers in augite, but augite can also contain significant aluminium, titanium, and sodium and other elements. The calcium content of augite is limited by a miscibility gap between it and pigeonite and orthopyroxene: when occurring with either of these other pyroxenes, the calcium content of augite is a function of temperature and pressure, but mostly of temperature, and so can be useful in reconstructing temperature histories of rocks. With declining temperature, augite may exsolve lamellae of pigeonite and/or orthopyroxene. There is also a miscibility gap between augite and omphacite, but this gap occurs at higher temperatures. There are no industrial or economic uses for this mineral.

Locations
Augite is an essential mineral in mafic igneous rocks; for example, gabbro and basalt and common in ultramafic rocks. It also occurs in relatively high-temperature metamorphic rocks such as mafic granulite and metamorphosed iron formations. It commonly occurs in association with orthoclase, sanidine, labradorite, olivine, leucite, amphiboles and other pyroxenes.

Occasional specimens have a shiny appearance that give rise to the mineral's name, which is from the Greek augites, meaning "brightness", although ordinary specimens have a dull (dark green, brown or black) luster. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1792.

See also
 Fassaite

References

Further reading

 Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A., and Zussman, J. (1992). An introduction to the rock-forming minerals (2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman 

Sodium minerals
Calcium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Iron minerals
Pyroxene group
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Gemstones
Minerals described in 1792
Single-track vehicle. A single-track vehicle is a vehicle that leaves a single ground track as it moves forward. Single-track vehicles usually have little or no lateral stability when stationary but develop it when moving forward or controlled. In the case of wheeled vehicles, the front and rear wheel usually follow slightly different paths when turning or when out of alignment.

Single-track vehicles have unique dynamics that, in the case of wheeled vehicles, are discussed at length in bicycle and motorcycle dynamics, that usually require leaning into a turn, and that usually include countersteering. Single-track vehicles can roll on wheels, slide, float, or hydroplane.

Wheeled
bicycle, tandem bicycle, tall bike, and recumbent bicycle
motorcycle, scooter, and feet forward motorcycle
gyrocar and gyro monorail
kick scooter
unicycle, self-balancing unicycle, Uno (dicycle), and monowheel
inline skate and roller ski (when only one is in contact with the ground or when the second follows behind the first)

Sliding
the snowboard and monoski
the skirider
the ice skate (when only one is in contact with the ice or when the second follows behind the first)

Intermittent contact
the pogo stick
the bipedal robot

Hydroplaning
the slalom water ski
the wakeboard

Narrow-track vehicle

A vehicle is approximately single-track when the axle track is small enough with respect to the center of mass height to require leaning into a turn. Countersteering may or may not be required.
the skateboard and all its varieties, such as the snakeboard
the surfboard
the caster board (when the rear wheel closely follows the front wheel)
the Uno dicycle

See also
Dicycle
List of land vehicles types by number of wheels

References 

Vehicles by type
The Hacker's Handbook. The Hacker's Handbook is a non-fiction book in four editions, each reprinted numerous times between  1985 and 1990, and  explaining how phone and computer systems of the period could be 'hacked'. It contains candid and personal comments from the book's British author, Hugo Cornwall, a pseudonym of Peter Sommer who is now Professor of Digital Forensics at Birmingham City University, and frequently appears in the United Kingdom courts as an expert on digital evidence and computer forensics for both prosecution and defence as well as being a media pundit and author on information security topics. He advised the UK Parliament on the Investigatory Powers Act, 2016.

One popular aspect of the book is the apparently salacious printouts of actual hacking attempts (although confidential details, such as passwords, are blacked out).

The first edition, the version most easily available for download, was published in 1985. The last of four editions , edited by Steve Gold appeared in 1989 with reprints running into 1990. In 1990, the UK Parliament passed the Computer Misuse Act. Publication of additional editions might have been construed to be incitement to commit an offence under that Act.

The book is now largely of historic interest.  Cornwall / Sommer wrote two other books: DataTheft in 1987 and Industrial Espionage Handbook in 1992.

See also
Timeline of hacker history

References

Further reading
 The full text of this book is available online on textfiles.com.

1985 non-fiction books
Hacking (computer security)
Works published under a pseudonym
Computer security books
British non-fiction books
Works about computer hacking
Carnotite. Carnotite is a potassium uranium vanadate radioactive mineral with chemical formula K2(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O. The water content can vary and small amounts of calcium, barium, magnesium, iron, and sodium are often present.

Occurrence

Carnotite is a bright greenish-yellow mineral that occurs typically as crusts and flakes in sandstones. Amounts as low as one percent will color the sandstone a bright yellow. The high uranium content makes carnotite an important uranium ore. It is a secondary vanadium and uranium mineral usually found in sedimentary rocks in arid climates.

In the United States it is an important ore of uranium in the Colorado Plateau region of the United States where it occurs as disseminations in sandstone and concentrations around petrified logs. It also occurs in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Colorado, South Dakota, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. It also occurs incidentally in Grants, New Mexico, and Carbon County, Pennsylvania.

Carnotite is reported in Congo (Kinshasa), Morocco, Australia (Radium Hill) and Kazakhstan.  In Pakistan carnotite occurs in the Upper Miocene middle Siwaliks sandstone (Dhokpathan Formation), in the vicinity of Takhat Nasrati, Karak District.

Name and discovery
The mineral was first described in 1899 by French scientists M. M. C. Freidel and E. Cumenge, who identified it in specimens from Roc Creek in Montrose County, Colorado, United States. It is named for Marie Adolphe Carnot (1839–1920), French mining engineer and chemist.

Uses 
Carnotite is an ore of uranium.  At times in the early 20th century, it was mined primarily for radium or vanadium.

The mineral was used to produce quack devices involving radioactive substances.

Related mineral species
Several related mineral species exist, including: margaritasite ((Cs,K,H3O)2(UO2)(VO4)2·H2O) and  tyuyamunite, (Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2·5-8H2O).

See also

List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

External links

Mineral Galleries

Potassium minerals
Uranium(VI) minerals
Vanadate minerals
Trihydrate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Minerals described in 1899
Presence and Instant Messaging. Presence and Instant Messaging (PRIM) was an early proposal to the IETF of a standard protocol for instant messaging. 

The abstract model was first published as a pair of IETF Request for Comments, RFC 2778  "A Model for Presence and Instant Messaging" and RFC 2779 "Instant Messaging / Presence Protocol Requirements" in February 2000, which was authored by Mark Day of SightPath (formerly of Lotus Software where helped develop IBM Lotus Sametime, now Chief Scientist at Riverbed Technology), Jonathan Rosenberg of dynamicsoft (now the Chief Technology Officer and Vice President of Collaboration at Cisco Systems) and Hiroyasu Sugano of Fujitsu Laboratories LtdLtd.

No work has been done on it since 2001.  Currently, SIP and its derivative SIMPLE (both of which Jonathan Rosenberg also co-authored or invented), and XMPP are being considered for use as instant messaging protocols.

These were Informational RFCs, which describe the model and requirements for the way an Instant Messaging Protocol should work on the Internet. A new working group - the Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol group was established to develop the model in more detail.

See also
Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol (IMPP)
eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

References

External links
Presence and Instant Messaging Protocol (prim) WG - IETF Datatracker

Instant messaging protocols
Working groups
HTM. HTM may refer to:

Computing
 .htm or .html, file extension for HTML
 Hierarchical temporal memory, a machine learning mode
 Hierarchical triangular mesh, a compact spherical location encoding method

Other uses
 Held to maturity, an accounting term
 HTM Personenvervoer, The Hague, Netherlands, public transport company 
 Khatgal Airport, Mongolia, IATA code
Decane. Decane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C10H22.  Although 75 structural isomers are possible for decane, the term usually refers to the normal-decane ("n-decane"), with the formula CH3(CH2)8CH3.  All isomers, however, exhibit similar properties and little attention is paid to the composition. These isomers  are flammable liquids. Decane is present in small quantities (less than 1%) in gasoline (petrol) and kerosene.  Like other alkanes, it is a nonpolar solvent, and does not dissolve in water, and is readily combustible.  Although it is a component of fuels, it is of little importance as a chemical feedstock, unlike a handful of other alkanes.

Reactions
Decane undergoes combustion, just like other alkanes. In the presence of sufficient oxygen, it burns to form water and carbon dioxide.

2 C10H22  +  31 O2  →  20 CO2  +  22 H2O
With insufficient oxygen, carbon monoxide is also formed.

It can be manufactured in the laboratory without fossil fuels.

Physical properties
It has a surface tension of 0.0238 N·m−1.

See also
 Higher alkanes
 List of isomers of decane

References

External links
 
 Material Safety Data Sheet for Decane 
 CHEMINFO Decane 

Alkanes
Backchannel (disambiguation). A backchannel is a real-time online conversation using networked computers that takes place alongside live spoken remarks.

Backchannel may also refer to:
 Back Channel, Port of Long Beach, a canal in California

 Return channel, a low-speed, or less-than-optimal, telecommunications transmission channel in the opposite direction to the main channel
 Backchanneling, the method a malicious malware program uses to secretly communicate to command and control servers from a compromised computer
 Backchannel diplomacy or Track II diplomacy, an unofficial channel of communication between states or other political entities
 Backchannel (linguistics), listener responses that can be both verbal and non-verbal in nature
 Backchanneling, an organizational practice in business that involves bypassing recognized or official chains of command in order to create vulnerability at the level(s) skipped
 Backchannel (blog), a technology publication on the blog-publishing platform Medium
List of aircraft of the Israeli Air Force. List of aircraft of the Israeli Air Force:

Aircraft highlighted in blue are currently in service.

Fixed wing combat types

Fixed wing auxiliary

Fixed wing trainers

Rotary wing - helicopters

Unmanned aerial vehicles

References

Bibliography
 Wisker Thomas J. "Talkback". Air Enthusiast, No. 10, July–September 1979, p. 79. 

Israeli Air Force
Israeli military-related lists
Israeli Air Force Aircraft
Applied probability. Applied probability is the application of probability theory to statistical problems and other scientific and engineering domains.

Scope
Much research involving probability is done under the auspices of applied probability. However, while such research is motivated (to some degree) by applied problems, it is usually the mathematical aspects of the problems that are of most interest to researchers (as is typical of applied mathematics in general).

Applied probabilists are particularly concerned with the application of stochastic processes, and probability more generally, to the natural, applied and social sciences, including biology, physics (including astronomy), chemistry, medicine, computer science and information technology, and economics.

Another area of interest is in engineering: particularly in areas of uncertainty, risk management, probabilistic design, and Quality assurance.

History
Having initially been defined at a symposium of the American Mathematical Society in the later 1950s, the term "applied probability" was popularized by Maurice Bartlett through the name of a Methuen monograph series he edited, Applied Probability and Statistics. The area did not have an established outlet until 1964, when the Journal of Applied Probability came into existence through the efforts of Joe Gani.

See also

Areas of application:
Ruin theory
Statistical physics
Stoichiometry and modelling chemical reactions
Ecology, particularly population modelling
Evolutionary biology
Optimization in computer science
Telecommunications
Reliability engineering
Quality control
Options pricing in economics
Ewens's sampling formula in population genetics
Operations research
Gaming mathematics
Stochastic processes:
Markov chain
Poisson process
Brownian motion and other diffusion processes
Queueing theory
Renewal theory
 Additional information and resources
Applied Probability Trust
INFORMS Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

References

Further reading

Baeza-Yates, R. (2005) Recent advances in applied probability, Springer. 
Blake, I.F. (1981) Introduction to Applied Probability, Wiley.

External links
 The Applied Probability Trust.