omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lim Kim Choon. Lim Kim Choon  () is a Singaporean former civil servant and former major-general who served as Chief of Air Force between 2001 and 2006.

Education
Lim studied at Raffles Institution, and was awarded the Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Scholarship in 1977 to study production engineering at Loughborough University, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science. He also holds a Master of Science in management from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

He also attended the Air Command and Staff Course at the Air Command and Staff College, and a six-week Advanced Management Program in Harvard Business School in 2009.

Military career
Lim enlisted in the Singapore Armed Forces in December 1976 and served in the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) as an F-16 pilot. Throughout his military career, he held various appointments, including: Head, Air Intelligence Department; Head, Air Operations Department; Deputy Commander, Tengah Air Base; Commander, Tengah Air Base; Chief of Staff (Air Staff).

He was appointed as the Chief of Air Force on 1 April 2001, succeeding Raymund Ng. During his tenure as Chief, the RSAF acquired various new systems, such as the F-15SG, AH-64D Apache Longbow and SH-60 Seahawk. 

Lim also directed the RSAF in humanitarian assistance operations, such as Operation Flying Eagle in Aceh, Indonesia in 2005 and Singapore's response in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

On 1 July 2002, Lim was promoted from the rank brigadier-general to major-general.

Lim retired on 24 March 2006 and was succeeded by Ng Chee Khern as the Chief of Air Force.

Post-military career
Lim joined the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore on 2 May 2006 and was appointed as the director-general on 1 July 2007, before stepping down from the position on 1 July 2009.

Awards and decorations 

  Public Administration Medal (Military) (Gold), in 2003.
  Public Administration Medal (Military) (Silver), in 1996.
  Long Service Medal (Military), in 2002.
  Singapore Armed Forces Long Service and Good Conduct (20 Years) Medal
  Singapore Armed Forces Long Service and Good Conduct (10 Years) Medal with 15 year clasp
  Singapore Armed Forces Good Service Medal
  Legion D'Honneur (Commandeur), in 2004.
  Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama (1st Class), in 2005.
  Commander of the Legion of Merit, in 2006.

References

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Living people
Singaporean civil servants
Singaporean military leaders
Chiefs of the Republic of Singapore Air Force
Alumni of Loughborough University
Singaporean chief executives
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
1958 births
Raffles Institution alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Tentera)
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
XPG. The acronym XPG can refer to the following:
 xpg, ISO 639-3 code for the Phrygian language
 XPG, IATA airport code for railway station Gare du Nord, Paris 
 XPG ("Xtreme Performance Gear"), the gaming hardware and accessories product line of the Taiwanese memory and storage manufacturer ADATA
 X/Open Portability Guide, which specifies the requirements for any system which is intended to be a Unix system, and a predecessor to the POSIX standard
 Xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group G, a genetic disorder and a possible source of skin tumors
 an endonuclease involved in nucleotide excision repair
Labtec. Labtec Enterprises Inc. was an American manufacturer of computer accessories active as an independent company from 1980 to 2001. They were best known for their budget range of peripherals such as keyboards, mice, microphones, speakers and webcams. In the United States, the company had cornered the market for computer speakers and headphones for much of the 1990s before being acquired by Logitech in 2001.

History 

Labtec Enterprises Inc. was founded in 1980 by Charles Dunn and based in Vancouver, Washington, for most of its independent existence. The company was initially focused on providing audio gear (primarily headsets) for the airline industry before branching out to providing peripherals for personal computers in 1990. By the mid-1990s Labtec catered to three segments: the personal computer buyer, providing speakers and microphones; the airline industry, providing headphones and headsets; and the professional audiovisual and telephonics industry, providing audio cables, switches, and junction boxes. The company employed 20 people domestically at the company's combined headquarters and warehouse in Vancouver, Washington, in 1993. Meanwhile, the bulk of the company's products were manufactured overseas in Hong Kong and Taiwan. In 1993, the company was selling about 150,000 speakers to consumers a month.

In 1998, Labtec merged with Spacetec IMC Corporation, becoming a new publicly traded corporation in the process. The combined company changed its name to Labtec Inc. in February 1999. Spacetec IMC had manufactured 6DOF controllers for use with CAD software. A Spaceball 2003 controller was used to control the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft in 2000.

In 2001, Logitech bought Labtec for approximately USD$125 million in cash, stock and debt in order to expand its line of audio products for personal computers and other devices.

References

External links 
 

Telecommunications companies of the United States
Telecommunications equipment vendors
Videotelephony
Companies based in Vancouver, Washington
Telecommunications companies established in 1981
Technology companies disestablished in 2001
Logitech
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Tetra-amido macrocyclic ligand. Tetra-amido macrocyclic ligands (TAMLs) constitute a class of macrocyclic ligands. When complexed to metals, TAMLs are proposed as environmentally friendly catalysts. Although never commercialized, iron-TAML complexes catalyze the degradation of pesticides, effluent streams from paper mills, dibenzothiophenes from diesel fuels, and anthrax spores.

References

Macrocycles
X Image Extension. X Image Extension, or XIE was an extension to the X Window System to enhance its graphics capability. It was intended to provide a powerful mechanism for the transfer and display of virtually any image on any X-capable hardware. It was first released with X11R6 in 1994. It is no longer included in the X11 reference distribution, having been removed with X11R6.7 in 2004.

XIE never gained significant usage — according to Jim Gettys, "it failed due to excessive complexity and lack of a good implementation."

While not intended for use as a general-purpose image-processing engine, XIE did provide a set of image rendition and enhancement primitives that could be combined into arbitrarily complex expressions. XIE also provided import and export facilities for moving images between client and server, and for accessing images as resources. The client side programming library, XIElib, was documented in the Prentice Hall book Developing Imaging Applications with XIElib by Syd Logan (). In addition to the server and client library, a performance and test tool, xieperf, was included in X11R6. This client was also written by Syd Logan.

XIE was developed under contract to the X Consortium by a San Diego, CA company (no longer extant) called AGE Logic. Principal team members include Larry Hare, Bob Shelley, Dr. Dean Verheiden, Dr. Ben Fahey, Dr. Gary Rogers, and Syd Logan.

For all practical purposes, the Image Extension is obsolete. Adequate image performance is instead gained through use of the ubiquitous MIT-SHM extension, which allows transfer of large images between the client and server on the same machine (the common use-case) via shared memory.

See also
 The Open Group
 POSIX
 X/Open Portability Guide

References

External links
 X Image Extension Overview paper
 Page supporting the book Developing Imaging Applications with XIELib

X Window extensions
Freedesktop.org
Application programming interfaces
Application layer protocols
Free graphics software
XPC. XPC may refer to the following:

 Pecheneg language, ISO 639-3 code 'xpc'
 Shuttle XPC, popular line of barebones computers and cases.
 SPEC XPC, the X Performance Characterization group working under the SPEC GPC group.
 Xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group C, a human gene
 xPC Target, a product from MathWorks
 XPC Golf Clubs, a proprietary brand from Golfsmith
Xmark93. Xmark93 is a standardized benchmarking tool for measuring the performance of computer systems running the X Window System.  It was developed by the SPEC XPC group in 1993.

Xmark93 allows systems evaluators and vendors to compare the performance of X server/hardware systems for a broad set of X basic functions, covering a wide range of applications. The benchmark provides a standardized method for summarizing X11perf results, providing a single-number measure of overall X11 server/hardware performance.

Specifications
Xmark93 is derived by calculating the ratio between the geometrically weighted mean of the 447 individual X11perf tests for the server/hardware being evaluated and the corresponding results from a Sun Microsystems SPARCstation 1. Weightings for each of the X11perf tests were obtained by   a survey of X11 technical experts. The weightings reflect the experts' ratings of the relative importance of individual X11perf operations within a wide mix of applications.

References 

Benchmarks (computing)
X Window System
9000. 9000 may refer to:

 9000 (number)
 The last year of the 9th millennium, an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday

Business 
 ISO 9000, a family of standards for quality management systems
 TL 9000, a quality management system

Entertainment 
 BFG 9000, a fictional weapon
 HAL 9000, a fictional computer

Technology 
 IBM ES/9000, a mainframe computer
 IBM System 9000, a family of microcomputers
 HP 9000, a family of workstation and server computers
 VAX 9000, a mainframe computer
 Nokia 9000 Communicator, a smart phone introduced in 1996
 ATI Radeon 9000, a computer graphics card series

Transport 
 9000 series (disambiguation), Japanese, Korean, Latin America and Spanish train types
 Saab 9000, an executive car

Other 
 9000 Hal, an asteroid
 It's Over 9000!, an internet meme
Launch and Early Orbit phase. In spacecraft operations, Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) is one of the most critical phases of a mission. Spacecraft operations engineers take control of the satellite after it separates from the launch vehicle. LEOP generally concludes once the satellite is safely positioned in its final orbit.

During this period, operations staff work typically 24 hours a day to activate, monitor and control the various subsystems of the satellite, including the deployment of any satellite appendages (such as antennas, solar arrays, reflectors, and radiators), and undertake critical orbit and attitude control manoeuvres. Extra support staff are typically on hand and on-call during LEOP, relative to staffing during normal operations.

For geostationary satellites, the launch vehicle typically carries the spacecraft to Geostationary Transfer Orbit, or GTO. From this elliptical orbit, the LEOP generally includes a sequence of apogee engine firings to reach the circular geostationary orbit.

Autonomous commissioning
For some spacecraft like the Intuitive Machines Nova-C lunar lander, initial commissioning is performed autonomously.

See also
Ground segment
Satellite space segment

References

ESA Spacecraft Operations website

Spaceflight concepts
Spaceflight
Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things is a 2002 non-fiction book by German chemist Michael Braungart and US architect William McDonough. It is a manifesto detailing how to achieve their Cradle to Cradle Design model. It calls for a radical change in industry: a switch from a cradle-to-grave pattern to a cradle-to-cradle pattern. It suggests that the "reduce reuse recycle" methods perpetuate this cradle-to-grave strategy, and that more changes need to be made. The book discourages downcycling, but rather encourages the manufacture of products with the goal of upcycling in mind. This vision of upcycling is based on a system of "lifecycle development" initiated by Braungart and colleagues at the Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency in the 1990s: after products have reached the end of their useful life, they become either "biological nutrients" or "technical nutrients". Biological nutrients are materials that can re-enter the environment. Technical nutrients are materials that remain within closed-loop industrial cycles.

The book uses historical examples such as the Industrial Revolution along with commentary on science, nature, and society.

Background
William McDonough and Michael Braungart met at an Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency reception in New York City. They began discussing toxicity and design. They were immediately interested in working together to create a better world for each other, and in 1991 they coauthored The Hannover Principles: a set of design guidelines for the 2000 World's Fair that were issued at the 1992 World Urban Forum and United Nations forum of the Earth Summit. In 1995 they founded McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry, a firm to assist companies in implementing sustainable design protocols.

Publication
The book was published in 2002 by North Point Press. The book itself is printed using DuraBook technology. The pages are not paper, but rather synthetics created from plastic resins and inorganic fillers. The books are more durable and strong than traditional paper books, waterproof, and upcyclable. It is considered a "technical nutrient" in the lifecycle development system.

The book has been translated into 12 languages.

See also
Life cycle assessment
Sustainable products

References

External links
Video of speech of Michael Braungart at Global Eco Forum 2008
Royal Institute of British Architecture: William McDonough & Michael Braungart: Cradle to Cradle (video)

2002 non-fiction books
2002 in the environment
Sustainability books
Environmental non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Micro-Cap. Micro-Cap is a SPICE compatible analog/digital circuit simulator with an integrated schematic editor that provides an interactive sketch and simulate environment for electronics engineers.  It was developed by Spectrum Software, and was only available with a paid commercial license.  In July 2019, Spectrum Software closed down and Micro-Cap was released as freeware.  Software updates and technical support are no longer available.  In early 2023, their website went offline, though it was previously backed up at archive.org.

Version history
The name Micro-Cap was derived from the term Microcomputer Circuit Analysis Program.  The forerunners to the Micro-Cap simulator were the Logic Designer and Simulator. Released in June 1980, this product was the first integrated circuit editor and logic simulation system available for personal computers. Its primary goal was to provide a “circuit creation and simulation” environment for digital simulation.

In August 1981, the analog equivalent of the first program, Circuit Designer and Simulator, was released. Its integrated text editor created circuit descriptions for a simple, linear, analog simulator.  September 1982 saw the release of the first Micro-Cap package as a successor to the Circuit Designer and Simulator.

 1982 Micro-Cap
 1984 Micro-Cap 2
 1988 Micro-Cap 3
 1992 Micro-Cap 4
 1995 Micro-Cap 5
 1997 Micro-Cap 5 2.0
 1999 Micro-Cap 6
 2001 Micro-Cap 7
 2004 Micro-Cap 8
 2007 Micro-Cap 9
 2010 Micro-Cap 10
 2013 Micro-Cap 11
 2018 Micro-Cap 12 - the final major version

See also
 Comparison of EDA software
 List of free electronics circuit simulators

References

Notes

 Spice Programs: Computerized Circuit Analysis For Analog EEs
 Analysis of digital filters via SPICE-family programs
 Modeling IIj Noise in HEMTS with SPICE-Based Micro-Cap
 AC Analysis of Idealized Switched-Capacitor Circuits in Spice-Compatible Programs
 White Paper: A New Zobel Network for Audio
 Get more power with a boosted triode

External links
 
 Download Micro-Cap, archived
 Micro-Cap Brochure, archived
 Micro-Cap Application Notes, archived

Electronic design automation software
Electronic circuit simulators
Spectrum Software. Spectrum Software was a software company based in California, whose main focus is electrical simulation and analysis tools, most notably the circuit simulator Micro-Cap. It was founded in February 1980 by Andy Thompson. Initially, the company concentrated on providing software for Apple II systems.

One of the earliest products was Logic Designer and Simulator. Released in June 1980, this product was the first integrated circuit editor and logic simulation system available for personal computers. In many ways it was the forerunner of the Micro-Cap products. Its primary goal was to provide a “circuit creation and simulation” environment for digital simulation.

In August 1981, the analog equivalent of the first program, Circuit Designer and Simulator, was released. Its integrated text editor created circuit descriptions for a simple, linear, analog simulator. September 1982 saw the release of the first Micro-Cap package as a successor to the Circuit Designer and Simulator. The name Micro-Cap was derived from the term Microcomputer Circuit Analysis Program.

As of July 4, 2019, the company has closed and the software is now free.   In early 2023, their website went offline.

References

 Micro-CAP: An Analog Circuit Design System for Personal Computers
 Spice Programs: Computerized Circuit Analysis For Analog EEs
 Analysis of digital filters via SPICE-family programs
 Modeling IIj Noise in HEMTS with SPICE-Based Micro-Cap
 AC Analysis of Idealized Switched-Capacitor Circuits in Spice-Compatible Programs
 White Paper: A New Zobel Network for Audio
 Get more power with a boosted triode

External links
 

Software companies based in California
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Defunct software companies of the United States
Wood's glass. Wood's glass is an optical filter glass invented in 1903 by American physicist Robert Williams Wood (1868–1955), which allows ultraviolet and infrared light to pass through, while blocking most visible light.

History
Wood's glass was developed as a light filter used in communications during World War I. The glass filter worked both in infrared daylight communication and ultraviolet night communications by removing the visible components of a light beam, leaving only the "invisible radiation" as a signal beam.  Wood's glass was commonly used to form the envelope for fluorescent and incandescent ultraviolet bulbs ("black lights"). In recent years, due to its disadvantages, other filter materials have largely replaced it.

Composition
Wood's glass is special barium-sodium-silicate glass incorporating about 9% nickel oxide.  It is a very deep violet-blue glass, opaque to all visible light rays except longest red and shortest violet.  It is quite transparent in the violet/ultraviolet in a band between 320 and 400 nanometres with a peak at 365 nanometres, and a fairly broad range of infrared and the longest, least visible red wavelengths.

Properties and uses
Wood's glass has lower mechanical strength and higher thermal expansion than commonly used glasses, making it more vulnerable to thermal shocks and mechanical damage.

The nickel and barium oxides are also chemically reactive, with tendency to slowly form a layer of hydroxides and carbonates in contact with atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide.

The susceptibility to thermal shock makes manufacture of hermetically sealed glass bulbs difficult and costly. Therefore, most contemporary "black-light" bulbs are made of structurally more suitable glass with only a layer of a UV-filtering enamel on its surface; such bulbs, however, pass much more visible light, appearing brighter to the eye. Due to manufacturing difficulties, Wood's glass is now more commonly used in standalone flat or dome-shaped filters, instead of being the material of the light bulb.

With prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation, Wood's glass undergoes solarization, gradually losing transparency for UV.

Photographic filters for ultraviolet photography, notably the Kodak Wratten 18A and 18B, are based on Wood's glass.

Health effects
Bulbs made of Wood's glass are potentially hazardous in comparison with those made of enameled glass, since the reduced visible light output may cause observers to be exposed to unsafe levels of UV, because the source appears dim. The low output of black lights is not considered sufficient to cause DNA damage or cellular mutations, but excessive exposure to UV can cause temporary or permanent damage to the eye.

See also
 Black light
 Dichroic filter
 Wood's lamp

References

Further reading
 
 
 

Optical filters
Glass trademarks and brands
Glass compositions
American inventions
Mental Images. Mental Images GmbH (stylized as mental images) was a German computer generated imagery (CGI) software firm based in Berlin, Germany, and was acquired by Nvidia in 2007, then rebranded as Nvidia Advanced Rendering Center (ARC), and is still providing similar products and technology. The company provides rendering and 3D modeling technology for entertainment, computer-aided design, scientific visualization and architecture.

The company was founded by the physicists and computer scientists Rolf Herken, Hans-Christian Hege, Robert Hödicke and Wolfgang Krüger and the economists Günter Ansorge, Frank Schnöckel and Hans Peter Plettner as a company with limited liability & private limited partnership (GmbH & Co. KG) in April 1986 in Berlin, Germany. The Mental Ray software project started in 1986. The first versions of the rendering software were influenced, tested and used for production by Mental Images' then operating large commercial computer animation division, led by the visual effects supervisors John Andrew Berton (1986–1989), 2000 Academy Award winner John Nelson (1987–1989), and 1996, and 2000, Academy Award nominee Stefen Fangmeier (1988–1990).

In 2003, Mental Images completed an investment round led by ViewPoint Ventures and another large international private equity investor. Since December 2007, Mental Images GmbH is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Nvidia corporation with headquarters in Berlin, subsidiaries in San Francisco (Mental Images Inc.) and Melbourne (Mental Images Pty. Ltd.) as well as an office in Stockholm. After acquisition by Nvidia the company has been renamed Nvidia Advanced Rendering Center (Nvidia ARC GmbH).

Products
Mental Images was the developer of the rendering software Mental Ray, iray, mental mill, RealityServer, and DiCE.

Filmography
 Mental Images (1987) (a short film of the same name)
 Asterix in America (1994) (3D computer animation "Storm Sequence" and digital effects, software development)
 Heaven (2002) (images computed with Mental Ray)

References

External links
 
 Technical Oscars: The 75th Scientific & Technical Awards 2002 / 2003
 
 mental images office at the Kant Dreieck tower
 

1986 establishments in Germany
2007 mergers and acquisitions
3D graphics software
3D imaging
Computer-aided design software
Nvidia
Software companies established in 1986
Software companies of Germany