omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Charles Weiss. Charles "Chuck" Weiss is an American computer scientist and software designer.

Life and career 
Weiss was a childhood friend of Larry Ellison. He graduated from the College of Engineering at Cornell University in 1966.

Weiss worked at American Airlines, where he developed one of the first data-driven decision support systems with Richard Klaas from 1970 to 1974.

Weiss was one of the first employees of the technology company Oracle Corporation, now the third-largest software company in the world. He joined the company in 1982, when there were only twenty-five employees. The positions of Weiss at Oracle including being the executive director of product design and later the senior director of technology marketing. Weiss is the inventor of the DUAL table.

In 2001, Weiss and his wife Barbara created an endowment for the Charles F. and Barbara D. Weiss Directorship of the Information Science Program in the Faculty of Computing and Information Science at Cornell University. Weiss had also worked as a Silicon Valley advisor for the university.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American computer scientists
Oracle employees
Cornell University alumni
Diathermancy. Diathermancy (from "dia" through and "thermē" heat) is the property of some fluids that allows rays of light through them without itself being heated. A diathermanous substance is thus "permeable" by heat. Diathermancy was first described by German physicist and chemist Heinrich Gustav Magnus in the 1800s.

Air is diathermanous; therefore atmospheric air is not heated by sunshine. Atmospheric air is heated by long-wave thermal radiation emitted by soil, and especially, by water on the Earth's surface.

Water is not diathermanous, and it is heated directly by sunshine.

Atmospheric heating from oceanic waters

Atmospheric heat comes from long-wave radiation from the soil and, mostly, from the water surface (oceans, lakes, rivers), because water is a not diathermanous body and covers three quarters of Earth's surface. Diathermancy cause subsidence above damp or water surfaces. That is because these areas tend to absorb heat radiation directly from the Sun but very slowly and also emit this radiation to the atmosphere very slowly. Therefore, cold ocean currents have very clear skies, without clouds, because subsidence from cold and heavy air avoids or limits convection because they are opposite processes.

See also
Greenhouse effect
Outgoing longwave radiation

References

External links

Atmosphere of Earth
TAPPI. TAPPI is a registered not-for-profit, international Non-Governmental Organization of about 14,000 member engineers, scientists, managers, academics and others involved in the areas of pulp, and paper. In addition to pulp and paper, the TAPPI membership includes some allied areas of packaging (such as corrugated fiberboard, flexible packaging, lamination, adhesives, coatings and extrusion).

It was founded in 1915 as the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry.

TAPPI provides a forum for the professionals involved in the industry. It publishes articles, standards, and books, conducts events for peer-reviewed information relevant to the industry and offers scholarships.

Peer-reviewed journals published by TAPPI include:
 Journal of Pulp and Paper Science
 TAPPI Journal
 until 2018 - The Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics.

The TAPPI website serves as a focal point for the members' access to knowledge and networks. TAPPI also serves as a major contributor to world standards involving paper and is a member of ANSI (American National Standards Institute).

References

Professional associations based in the United States
Paper
Blériot X. 

The Blériot X was an unfinished early French aeroplane by Louis Blériot. Its design was quite unlike anything else he had built and was modelled closely on the successful aircraft of the Wright brothers: a pusher biplane with elevators and rudders carried on outriggers. After exhibiting it at the Salon de l'Automobile et de l'Aéronautique in Paris in December 1908, Bleriot abandoned it and returned to developing his increasingly successful monoplane designs.

Specifications

References

 
 
 Devaux, Jean and Michel Marani. "Les Douze Premiers Aéroplanes de Louis Blériot". Pegase No 54, May 1989.
 Nova: A Daring Flight
 earlyaviators.com

1900s French experimental aircraft
10
Canard aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Unflown aircraft
Japan Atomic Power Company. The  is a company initially formed to jump start the commercial use of nuclear power in Japan, and currently operates two different sites.  According to the official web site, JAPC is "the only power company in Japan solely engaged in nuclear energy".

JAPC owns both units at the Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant and the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant with plans to expand at Tsuruga.

The company is jointly owned by Japan's major electric utilities: The Tokyo Electric Power Company (28.23%), Kansai Electric Power (18.54%), Chubu Electric Power (15.12%), Hokuriku Electric Power Company (13.05%), Tohoku Electric Power (6.12%), and Electric Power Development Company (J-Power) (5.37%).

Accidents 
On 11 March 2011 several nuclear reactors in Japan were badly damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
The Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant lost external electric power, experienced the failure of one of its two cooling pumps, and two of its three emergency power generators. External electric power could only be restored two days after the earthquake.

Selling uranium stock 
In February 2013 in an attempt to raise money to be able to pay back loans due in April 2013, Japan Atomic Power did sell part of its uranium-stock. Streamlining and selling the uranium would be needed to pay back 40 billion yen. After April 2013 the major shareholders were expected to guarantee the payments for some 100 billion yen in loans. Japan Atomic Power refused to disclose the buyer.

Activities abroad 
Japan's first nuclear activity in a previously non-nuclear country was to be four 1000 MW reactors at Ninh Thuận 2 Nuclear Power Plant. The feasibility study was to be carried out by Japan Atomic Power Company.  Japan Atomic Power Company were also to consult the project.  The plant was to be built by a consortium, International Nuclear Energy Development of Japan Co, which comprises 13 Japanese companies.  The plant was to be owned and operated by state-owned electricity company EVN.

Unit 1 was expected to be commissioned in 2021, unit 2 in 2022, unit 3 in 2024 and unit 4 in 2025. However, the project was suspended in 2016, and in 2023, the provincial government returned the land-use rights to the families who previously owned them.

References 

Non-renewable resource companies established in 1957
Nuclear power companies of Japan
Electric power companies of Japan
Energy companies established in 1957
Japanese companies established in 1957
Haxonite. Haxonite is an iron nickel carbide mineral found in iron meteorites and carbonaceous chondrites. It has a chemical formula of , crystallises in the cubic crystal system and has a Mohs hardness of  - 6.

It was first described in 1971, and named after Howard J. Axon (1924–1992), metallurgist at the University of Manchester, Manchester, England. Co-type localities are the Toluca meteorite, Xiquipilco, Mexico and the Canyon Diablo meteorite, Meteor Crater, Coconino County, Arizona, US.

It occurs associated with kamacite, taenite, schreibersite, cohenite, pentlandite and magnetite.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics
 Edscottite

References

Carbide minerals
Iron minerals
Nickel minerals
Meteorite minerals
Cubic minerals
Native element minerals
Höhere Berufsfachschule für Wirtschaftsinformatik. The Höhere Berufsfachschule für Wirtschaftsinformatik (HBFS-WI) located in Saarbrücken, Germany is a school providing higher vocational education in information technology and economics awarding the designation "Staatlich geprüfte(r) Wirtschaftsinformatiker(in)" (English: "state-examined business informatics/software engineer"). According to the German Qualifications Framework, the designation is at the same level to a university-level bachelor's degree.

Entry requirements 
As entry requirements matriculation standard or advanced technical college entrance qualification are demanded.

Characteristics of education

Episodes and duration 
The degree is divided into a year of lower grade followed by a year of upper grade. In between the two grades students are required to complete a mandatory internship in the fields of business information systems of a minimum of eight weeks.

Education contents 
The education covers both economics and information technology.

The HBFS-WI teaches the following subjects in the lower grade year: Programming in the computer languages C# and Visual Basic .NET in the technical environment of the .NET-Framework as well as methods of programming and algorithms. In the subject area of system integration students deal with the operating systems Microsoft Windows XP-Professional, Windows Server 2003,  Linux, and hardware technologies. The subject software development uses tools of process modelling such as ARIS and tools of project management such as MS Project.
The design and appliance of databases are taught using Microsoft database MS Access whereas the SQL language is taught as well. In the lower grade term the subject software application provides professional knowledge of the office programs Excel and Microsoft Word. In this context VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) is taught as well. Furthermore, students practice presentation skills using PowerPoint. Web design and HTML are further parts of this subject.

The subject area of economics deals with business administration, national economics, law and mathematics.

In the upper grade students choose to focus either in system integration or programming. While the system integration focus provides deeper knowledge of operating systems and network technologies, students choosing programming continue their education in the programming subjects. Students are provided professional learning materials by the cooperation with the Cisco Networking Academy and the Microsoft Academic Alliance enabling students to absolve special Cisco Systems Certifications.

Location
The HBFS-WI is a specialized technology school located in Saarbrücken, in the center of the European Union (EU), neighboring France (10 km) and Luxembourg (50 km).

References

External links
Höhere Berufsfachschule für Wirtschaftsinformatik

Universities and colleges in Saarland
Education in Saarbrücken
Chemical transport reaction. In chemistry, a chemical transport reaction describes a process for purification and crystallization of non-volatile solids.  The process is also responsible for certain aspects of mineral growth from the effluent of volcanoes.  The technique is distinct from chemical vapor deposition, which usually entails decomposition of molecular precursors  and which gives conformal coatings.
The technique, which was popularized by Harald Schäfer, entails the reversible conversion of nonvolatile elements and chemical compounds into volatile derivatives.  The volatile derivative migrates throughout a sealed reactor, typically a sealed and evacuated glass tube heated in a tube furnace.  Because the tube is under a temperature gradient, the volatile derivative reverts to the parent solid and the transport agent is released at the end opposite to which it originated (see next section).  The transport agent is thus catalytic.  The technique requires that the two ends of the tube (which contains the sample to be crystallized) be maintained at different temperatures.  So-called two-zone tube furnaces are employed for this purpose. The method derives from the Van Arkel de Boer process which was used for the purification of titanium and vanadium and uses iodine as the transport agent.

Cases of the exothermic and endothermic reactions of the transporting agent
Transport reactions are classified according to the thermodynamics of the reaction between the solid and the transporting agent.  When the reaction is exothermic, then the solid of interest is transported from the cooler end (which can be quite hot) of the reactor to a hot end, where the equilibrium constant is less favorable and the crystals grow.  The reaction of molybdenum dioxide with the transporting agent iodine is an exothermic process, thus the MoO2 migrates from the cooler end (700 °C) to the hotter end (900 °C):
MoO2  +  I2    MoO2I2  ΔHrxn < 0 (exothermic)
Using 10 milligrams of iodine for 4 grams of the solid, the process requires several days.  

Alternatively, when the reaction of the solid and the transport agent is endothermic, the solid is transported from a hot zone to a cooler one. For example:
Fe2O3  +  6 HCl    Fe2Cl6+ 3 H2O  ΔHrxn > 0 (endothermic)
The sample of iron(III) oxide is maintained at 1000 °C, and the product is grown at 750 °C.  HCl is the transport agent.  Crystals of hematite are reportedly observed at the mouths of volcanoes because of chemical transport reactions whereby volcanic hydrogen chloride volatilizes iron(III) oxides.

Halogen lamp
A similar reaction like that of MoO2 is used in halogen lamps. The tungsten is evaporated from the tungsten filament and converted with traces of oxygen and iodine into the WO2I2, at the high temperatures near the filament the compound decomposes back to tungsten, oxygen and iodine. 

WO2  +  I2    WO2I2,  ΔHrxn < 0 (exothermic)

References

Inorganic chemistry
Solid-state chemistry
Doubly connected edge list. The doubly connected edge list (DCEL), also known as half-edge data structure, is a data structure to represent an embedding of a planar graph in the plane, and polytopes in 3D. This data structure provides efficient manipulation of the topological information associated with the objects in question (vertices, edges, faces). It is used in many algorithms of computational geometry to handle polygonal subdivisions of the plane, commonly called planar straight-line graphs (PSLG). For example, a Voronoi diagram is commonly represented by a DCEL inside a bounding box. 

This data structure was originally suggested by Muller and Preparata for representations of 3D convex polyhedra. Simplified versions of the data structure, as described here, only consider connected graphs, but the DCEL structure may be extended to handle disconnected graphs as well by introducing dummy edges between disconnected components.

Data structure 

DCEL is more than just a doubly linked list of edges. In the general case, a DCEL contains a record for each edge, vertex and face of the subdivision. Each record may contain additional information, for example, a face may contain the name of the area. Each edge usually bounds two faces and it is, therefore, convenient to regard each edge as two "half-edges" (which are represented by the two edges with opposite directions, between two vertices, in the picture on the right). Each half-edge is "associated" with a single face and thus has a pointer to that face. All half-edges associated with a face are clockwise or counter-clockwise. For example, in the picture on the right, all half-edges associated with the middle face (i.e. the "internal" half-edges) are counter-clockwise. A half-edge has a pointer to the next half-edge and previous half-edge of the same face. To reach the other face, we can go to the twin of the half-edge and then traverse the other face. Each half-edge also has a pointer to its origin vertex (the destination vertex can be obtained by querying the origin of its twin, or of the next half-edge).

Each vertex contains the coordinates of the vertex and also stores a pointer to an arbitrary edge that has the vertex as its origin. Each face stores a pointer to some half-edge of its outer boundary (if the face is unbounded then pointer is null). It also has a list of half-edges, one for each hole that may be incident within the face. If the vertices or faces do not hold any interesting information, there is no need to store them, thus saving space and reducing the data structure's complexity.

See also 

 Quad-edge data structure
 Doubly linked face list
 Winged edge
 Combinatorial map

References 

Graph data structures
Geometric graph theory
Geometric data structures
Kaya identity. The Kaya identity is a mathematical identity stating that the total emission level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide can be expressed as the product of four factors: human population, GDP per capita, energy intensity (per unit of GDP), and carbon intensity (emissions per unit of energy consumed). It is a concrete form of the more general I = PAT equation relating factors that determine the level of human impact on climate. Although the terms in the Kaya identity would in theory cancel out, it is useful in practice to calculate emissions in terms of more readily available data, namely population, GDP per capita, energy per unit GDP, and emissions per unit energy. It furthermore highlights the elements of the global economy on which one could act to reduce emissions, notably the energy intensity per unit GDP and the emissions per unit energy.

Overview 
The Kaya identity was developed by Japanese energy economist Yoichi Kaya. It is the subject of his book Environment, Energy, and Economy: strategies for sustainability co-authored with Keiichi Yokobori as the output of the Conference on Global Environment, Energy, and Economic Development (1993 : Tokyo, Japan). It is a variation of Paul R. Ehrlich & John Holdren's I=PAT formula that describes the factors of environmental impact.Kaya identity is expressed in the form:

Where:
 F  is global  emissions from human sources
 P  is global population
 G  is world GDP
 E  is global energy consumption

And:
 G/P  is the GDP per capita
 E/G  is the energy intensity of the GDP
 F/E  is the emission intensity of energy

 Use in IPCC reports 
The Kaya identity plays a core role in the development of future emissions scenarios in the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. The scenarios set out a range of assumed conditions for future development of each of the four inputs. Population growth projections are available independently from demographic research; GDP per capita trends are available from economic statistics and econometrics; similarly for energy intensity and emission levels. The projected carbon emissions can drive carbon cycle and climate models to predict future CO2 concentration and global warming.

 Other uses 
 Bill Gates used a form of the Identity, without attribution, at a TED Talk called "Innovating to zero!". Writing in ThinkProgress'', Joseph J. Romm disputed the validity of Gates' arguments, as well as clarifying the key idea behind the identity.

See also
Eco-economic decoupling
Eco-efficiency
Eco-sufficiency
Global carbon reward
Industrial ecology
I = PAT
Life cycle analysis
Transport ecology

References

External links 
 
 
 
 
 

Systems thinking
Environmental economics
Prediction
Climate change
Alok R. Chaturvedi. Alok R. Chaturvedi is a professor of information systems and the founder and the director of SEAS Laboratory at the Krannert School of Management, Purdue University. His research is focused on using artificial intelligence, computational ecology, and enterprise integration for wargaming enterprise situations. He received a Ph.D. (1989) and M.S (1985) in Management Information Systems from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and a B.Sc. (1980) in Mechanical Engineering from B.I.T Ranchi (India).

Alok R. Chaturvedi is also:
the director of Purdue Homeland Security Institute, United States;
the founder, chairman, and the CEO of Simulex Inc.;
the technical lead for the Sentient World Simulation project initiated by US Joint Forces Command;
the principal investigator and the project director for several major grants from National Science Foundation, Indiana 21st Century Research and Technology Fund, Office of Naval Research and others.

In 2005, he was awarded the Sagamore of the Wabash by the Governor of Indiana, the lowest civilian honor which the Governor of Indiana bestows for his service to the state. He has also served as an adjunct research staff member at the Institute for Defense Analyses.

See also
Chaturvedi
Social simulation
Simulated reality

Sources and notes

Living people
American artificial intelligence researchers
American computer scientists
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra alumni
Krannert School of Management faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
NCC Class X. The Northern Counties Committee (NCC) Class X was a solitary diesel-hydraulic shunting (switcher) locomotive built by Harland and Wolff (H&W) for service in the NCC's yards and at Belfast docks. It was one of several pioneering designs of diesel locomotive produced by H&W under their Harlandic trademark during the 1930s and 1940s.

History
There was only one member of Class X, No.17. It was built by Harland and Wolff in Belfast and delivered to the NCC in 1936 under a lease arrangement; it was not actually taken into stock until 1941 when the NCC purchased it. No.17 had an 0-6-0 wheel arrangement and was powered by an eight-cylinder diesel engine developing  at 1200 rpm.

Transmission was via a torque converter and a jackshaft final drive mounted ahead of the leading coupled wheels. In addition, there was a two-speed gearbox with ratios of 5.76:1 and 19.52:1 giving top speeds of  and  respectively in both forward and reverse. As delivered, it had its maker's trade name Harlandic on a plate just below the front headlight.

No.17 spent its career working out of the limelight on the Belfast Harbour Commissioners’ lines at Belfast and within the NCC's own yards. It survived Ulster Transport Authority (UTA) ownership and entered Northern Ireland Railways stock in 1967 but saw little or no work before it was scrapped in mid-1970.

Livery
Under NCC ownership, No.17 was painted black with red bufferbeams. It had brass number plates with red backgrounds which bore a highly stylised "17" in the same manner as the NCC steam engines. The initials "NCC" were applied to the side panels in shaded gold serif capitals.

When the UTA took over, No.17 was repainted black with vermilion and yellow lining. The UTA roundel replaced the "NCC" on the side panels.

References
 
 
 

X
Diesel locomotives of Northern Ireland
C locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Diesel–hydraulic locomotives
Individual locomotives of Ireland
Shunting locomotives
Onionskin. Onionskin or onion skin is a thin, lightweight, strong, often translucent paper, named for its resemblance to the thin skins of onions. It was usually used with carbon paper for typing duplicates in a typewriter, for permanent records where low bulk was important, or for airmail correspondence.  It is typically 25–39 g/m2 (9-pound basis weight in US units), and may be white or canary-colored.

In the typewriter era, onion skin often had a deeply textured cockle finish which allowed for easier erasure of typing mistakes, but other glazed and unglazed finishes were also available then and may be more common today.

Onionskin paper is relatively durable and lightweight due to its high content of cotton fibers. Because of these attributes and its crispness when folding, onionskin paper is one of the best papers to use for toy kites and advanced paper airplanes. Paper airplanes made from onionskin paper tend to fly very well due to their low weight and high integrity once folded.

Onionskin paper has also been regularly used in traditional cel animation. Due to its translucency, it is used as a guide in drawing the frames between key-frames. This is a process that animators refer to as "in-betweening". The process of "onionskinning" is also used in digital animation where frames are represented by digital layers in a production.

References

Paper
Onions