omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mead Education Alternative Department Alternative High School. M.E.A.D. Alternative High School is a learning community of non-traditional students and instructors in north Spokane, Washington.

General
Students apply to the school voluntarily and admissions are mediated by personal interview, which seeks to establish the willingness of applicants to challenge themselves and take responsibility in achieving personal and academic growth.

Instructors operate in a conference-style, consensus-building format. Student input is encouraged through the regular participation of student representatives. The campus is a drug, smoke and firearm free environment. There are band and choir rooms, as well as a community garden, large-group meeting and performance space, private conference and supply rooms, and art and science activity centers. Classes are not held in secluded rooms, but are instead conducted in the stations occupied by each instructor. Students sit at a common table at which they can face and communicate with everyone at the station.

Programs

CORE
The CORE program is a group-learning format involving independent projects and evaluation, group community service Field trips, and presentations, both school and community-wide.

GSL (Guided Student Learning)
The GSL program consists of weekly one-on-one meetings between the student and advisor, in which assignments are evaluated, proposed, delivered and designed. This option is most popular among students who may have other full- or part-time obligations such as child care, college classes, or work.

Extracurricular activities 
Extracurricular activities include:
Mount Rainier Service
Glacier National Park Service
Open mic

External links
M.E.A.D. Alternative High School website

High schools in Spokane County, Washington
Mead School District
Public high schools in Washington (state)
Flying Cloud Airport. Flying Cloud Airport  is a public airport located in the city of Eden Prairie in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, about 11 miles (18 km) southwest of the central business district (CBD) of Minneapolis.

History 
The airport was created in 1941 when the United States Navy was training pilots for World War II.  The Navy made arrangements with a local farmer, Martin "Pappy" Grill, to use a grass landing strip.  Pilots flying from Wold-Chamberlain Field, now Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport, would use this field for practicing approaches.  After the war, Grill sold the field and some adjoining land to American Aviation, Inc.  John Stuber named the field "Flying Cloud Airport" to reflect local Indian lore and flying.  The Metropolitan Airports Commission bought the airport in 1948 and paved the runway. The MAC built a control tower in 1963.  By 1966, it was ranked the second-busiest airport in the central United States, behind Chicago-O'Hare International Airport.  In 1968, with 446,198 takeoffs and landings, it was the ninth-busiest airport in the United States.  Today it is designated by the FAA as a reliever airport and aircraft are restricted to  or less, except in an emergency situation or when operated by the U.S. Government.

Because of the airport's proximity to the Valleyfair amusement park, the park's rides are restricted in height by FAA regulations.

In 2020 the airport received a $157,000 CARES Act award.

Facilities and aircraft 
Flying Cloud Airport covers an area of 543 acres (220 ha) at an elevation of 906 feet (276 m) above mean sea level. It has three asphalt paved runways. 

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 122,281 aircraft operations, an average of 335 per day: 96% general aviation, 3% air taxi, <1% commercial, and  <1% military. At that time, there were 324 aircraft based at this airport: 259 single-engine, 34 multi-engine, 29 jet and 2 helicopter.

On April 30, 2020 an FAA Airport Improvement Program Grant of $722,222 was awarded to rehabilitate taxiways at the airport. 

Viking Composite Squadron is a Civil Air Patrol squadron that has its airplane hangar at Flying Cloud Airport.

See also
List of airports in Minnesota

References 

MSP Reliever Airports: Flying Cloud Airport

External links 
  

Airports in Minnesota
Transportation buildings and structures in Hennepin County, Minnesota
Alistair Cockburn. Alistair Cockburn ( ) is an American computer scientist, known as one of the initiators of the agile movement in software development. He cosigned (with 16 others) the Manifesto for Agile Software Development.

Life and career 
Cockburn started studying the methods of object oriented (OO) software development for IBM. From 1994, he formed "Humans and Technology" in Salt Lake City. He obtained his degree in computer science at the Case Western Reserve University. In 2003, he received his PhD degree from the University of Oslo. His thesis was entitled "People and Methodologies in Software Development"

Cockburn helped write the Manifesto for Agile Software Development in 2001, the agile PM Declaration of Interdependence in 2005, and co-founded the International Consortium for Agile in 2009 (with Ahmed Sidky and Ash Rofail). He is a principal expositor of the use case for documenting business processes and behavioral requirements for software, and inventor of the Cockburn Scale for categorizing software projects.

The methodologies in the Crystal family (e.g., Crystal Clear), described by Alistair Cockburn, are considered examples of lightweight methodology. The Crystal family is colour-coded to signify the "weight" of methodology needed. Thus, a large project which has consequences that involve risk to human life would use the Crystal Sapphire or Crystal Diamond methods. A small project might use Crystal Clear, Crystal Yellow or Crystal Orange.

Cockburn presented his Hexagonal Architecture (2005) as a solution to problems with traditional layering, coupling and entanglement.

In 2015, Alistair launched the Heart of Agile movement which is presented as a response to the overly complex state of the Agile industry.

Selected publications 
Surviving Object-Oriented Projects, Alistair Cockburn, 1st edition, December, 1997, Addison-Wesley Professional, .
Writing Effective Use Cases, Alistair Cockburn, 1st edition, January, 2000, Addison-Wesley Professional, .
Agile Software Development, Alistair Cockburn, 1st edition, December 2001, Addison-Wesley Professional, .
Patterns for Effective Use Cases, Steve Adolph, Paul Bramble, with Alistair Cockburn, Andy Pols contributors, August 2002, Addison-Wesley Professional, .
People and Methodologies in Software Development, Alistair Cockburn, February 2003, D.Ph. dissertation, University of Oslo Press
Crystal Clear : A Human-Powered Methodology for Small Teams, Alistair Cockburn, October 2004, Addison-Wesley Professional, .
Agile Software Development: The Cooperative Game, Alistair Cockburn, 2nd edition, October 2006, Addison-Wesley Professional, ,  .

References

External links

Website

Living people
American computer programmers
American technology writers
Alistair
1953 births
Case Western Reserve University alumni
University of Oslo alumni
People from Salt Lake City
Agile software development
Project Halitosis. Project Halitosis was a 1965 undertaking by the United States Air Force to study the amount of radioactive gases released from their experimental nuclear-powered bomber program. The heavily modified NB-36H bomber contained a small, open-circuit nuclear reactor to test the physical and radiological stresses it placed on the airframe and was not used for power. The radioactive gases released from the air-cooled reactor gave the program its "bad breath" reference. The project was part of the U.S. Air Force's Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion project which operated between 1950 and 1967.

External links
 Cortright, Vincent, "Dream of Atomic Powered Flight", Aviation History, March 1995

Projects of the United States Air Force
Nuclear history of the United States
GCOS. GCOS may refer to:
Affymetrix GeneChip Operating Software
Global Climate Observing System
General Comprehensive Operating System, a family of operating systems oriented toward mainframes, originally called GECOS (General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor)

See also 
 GKOS keyboard
 Geckos
 Google Chrome Operating System An open source, lightweight operating system that will initially be targeted at netbooks

pl:GECOS
Saab SHARC. Swedish Highly Advanced Research Configuration (SHARC) is an experimental stealth unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) built by Saab AB. Saab also plays a role in the creation of UAVs such as the stealth UAV Filur and stealth UCAV Dassault nEUROn.

References

External links
SHARC Technology demonstrator (Saab AB)

Saab aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of Sweden
Stealth aircraft
List of aircraft of Japan during World War II. This is a list of aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

Fighters

Attack aircraft

Bombers

Reconnaissance aircraft

Trainers 
Trainer aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II were frequently modified from operational aircraft and differentiated by the suffix letter "K". Japanese training aircraft were red-orange where combat aircraft would have been camouflaged.

Transports 

A total of 85611 aircraft were produced by Japan in WW2.

Experimental aircraft

References

Aircraft
Japan
Karatmeter. The Karatmeter is a scientific instrument which uses X-rays to give an exact reading of the purity of gold. The Karatmeter is also referred to as a X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. Due to its very high precision and fast result, X-ray analysis has been adopted by international agencies in India as part of the certification process used to hallmark gold. It is an accurate, non-destructive means of testing the purity of gold and other related elements. Analyzing gold using XRF spectrometers gives the purity of gold, up to 10-12 microns and hence it gives the analysis of coating only.

Using this technique, the precise percentage or karat (of karat) in a solid piece of jewelry can be determined in 30 seconds. It also accurately (up to 10-12 microns) determines the element composition of all types of gold, white gold, platinum, silver, palladium, rhodium and related alloys.

Energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) is a simple, accurate and economic analytical methods for the determination of the chemical composition of many types of materials. It is non-destructive and reliable, requires very little sample preparation and is suitable for solid, liquid and powdered samples. It can be used for a wide range of elements, from Chlorine (17) to Uranium (92), and provides detection limits at the sub-ppm level.

There are many models of Gold Purity Testing machines available - from portable (light weight) to industrial grade machines.

Apart from X-ray spectrometer technique, other older traditional methods are using the TouchStone and Acid to test the gold purity. But TouchStone and Acid are destructive testing - a tiny sample of gold is cut and then tested. The sample is rubbed on TouchStone and a drop of acid is put on it and the goldsmith observes the residue using a magnifying lens. Based on experience, gold smith can determine purity of sample.

References

Gold
Measuring instruments
Eliahu I. Jury. Eliahu Ibrahim Jury (May 23, 1923 – September 20, 2020) was an Iraqi-born American engineer. He received his the E.E. degree from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Mandatory Palestine (now, Israel), in 1947, the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, in 1949, and the Sc.D. degree degree from Columbia University of New York City in 1953. He was professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Miami.

He developed the advanced Z-transform, used in digital control systems and signal processing. He was the creator of the Jury stability criterion, which is named after him.

He was a Life Fellow of the IEEE and received the Rufus Oldenburger Medal from the ASME, the First Education Award of IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and the IEEE Millennium Medal. In 1993, he received the AACC's Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award.

Bibliography 
Theory and Application of the z-Transform Method, John Wiley and Sons, 1964.
Inners and stability of dynamic systems, John Wiley & Sons, 1974

References

1923 births
2020 deaths
21st-century American engineers
Academics from Baghdad
Iraqi emigrants to the United States
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Control theorists
Iraqi engineers
People of Iraqi-Jewish descent
Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award recipients
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
University of Miami faculty
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
Volkswagen Wasserboxer engine. The Volkswagen wasserboxer is an overhead-valve (OHV), flat four-cylinder boxer petrol engine developed by Volkswagen. "Wasserboxer", abbreviated as WBX, is a German compound noun where "wasser" indicates that the engine is water-cooled, and "boxer" describes the arrangement and movement of the pistons.

Details
The wasserboxer features a cast aluminium alloy cylinder block, cylinder heads, and pistons; and a die-forged steel flat plane crankshaft with four main bearings.

As in Volkswagen's earlier air-cooled luftboxer engines, the wasserboxer's three-bearing camshaft is driven directly from the crankshaft by means of a small steel gear on the crankshaft and a larger aluminium gear on the camshaft, with the whole mechanism internal to the engine. The overhead poppet valves each feature two concentric valve springs, and are operated by pushrods and rocker arms, which are adjustable to facilitate setting valve clearances.

The wasserboxer also features a "Heron cylinder head" with "bowl-in-piston" type combustion chambers, in which combustion takes place within the piston area rather than a recess machined into the cylinder head.

The cylinder banks consist of cast iron cylinder liners inserted into the crankcase surrounded by a water jacket, with a "rubber lip" style water jacket seal. The tops of the cylinder liners are pressed into recessed cut-outs in the cylinder heads and sealed with compressible metal rings to prevent leakage.

The wasserboxer was available in two displacements — 1.9-litres and 2.1-litres. Both engines have the same cylinder bore, but the 2.1-litre has a longer stroke.

Some wasserboxers suffered from water jacket gasket failures, often erroneously referred to as head gaskets. Some design decisions, such as poorly placed sensors and a cooling system prone to leaks, may have made the engines more likely to experience this type of failure. Other possible explanations have focused on corrosion in the cooling system, and the use of phosphated coolant.

The switch to water-cooling for the boxer engines was made mid-1982, because Volkswagen could no longer make the air-cooled engines meet emissions standards.

The wasserboxer engine was only used in the Volkswagen Type 2 (T3). The previous generation Volkswagen Type 2 T2 was produced in Brazil until 2013, and changed to water-cooled Audi-sourced inline four engines on 23 December 2005 in response to Brazil's emission laws.

Variants
All data from ETKA and Owner's Manuals.

Oettinger WBX 6 engine

Volkswagen contracted Oettinger to develop a six-cylinder version of the wasserboxer. Although Volkswagen decided not to use it, Oettinger sold a T3 equipped with this engine.

See also
List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines

References

Boxer engines
Volkswagen Group engines
Lists of automobile engines
Microcomputer Associates. Microcomputer Associates, Inc., was an American computer company founded by Manny Lemas and Ray Holt.  It produced the low-cost Jolt Microcomputer, designed by Holt and released in 1975 for . A Jolt microcomputer was notably used in the Atari VCS prototype by Cyan Engineering.

MAI was later acquired by semiconductor manufacturer Synertek, a second source manufacturer of the 6502, and renamed Synertek Systems. It then created the SYM-1, a 6502-based single board microcomputer and spiritual successor to the KIM-1. In 1978 the company offered a number of processor and peripheral modules.

References

1975 establishments in California
1978 disestablishments in California
1978 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1975
American companies disestablished in 1978
Companies based in Santa Clara, California
Computer companies established in 1975
Computer companies disestablished in 1978
Defunct companies based in California
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Early microcomputers
Ray Holt. Raymond M. Holt (born in 1944, in Compton, California) is a computer designer and businessman in Silicon Valley.

Ray Holt graduated from California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.

From 1968 to 1970, Ray and his brother Bill Holt were on the Garrett AiResearch's small design team that developed what he claims is the world's first microprocessor chip set, the 20-bit Central Air Data Computer (CADC), for the F-14 Tomcat (although the Viatron 2101 multi-chip processor had already been available at the time of the CADC's release). The CADC was never deployed for any other purpose, thereby leaving room for the 4-bit Intel 4004 to become the first commercially produced microprocessor. Holt's story of the design and development of the CADC is presented in a podcast and a Wired article.

Holt was co-founder with Manny Lemas of Microcomputer Associates, Incorporated, later known as Synertek Systems where he designed the Jolt, Super Jolt and SYM-1 microcomputer cards as well as the first microcomputer pinball game, Lucky Dice, using the Intel 4004. One of Holt's computer boards, the SYM-1, was used in the first two military robots, Robart I and Robart II.

Holt is the founder and  president of Mississippi Robotics, a non-profit organization serving rural schools and ministries in Mississippi, teaching a STEM/Robotics curriculum and holding robot competitions twice a year.

References

External links
 First Microprocessor website
 Jolt Microcomputer

American computer scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Objectory AB. Objectory Systems was a software company based in Sweden that was instrumental in the development of Object-oriented program design. Founded in 1987 by Ivar Jacobson, the company developed Objectory, an object-oriented development method which was an extension of what is known as the Ericsson Approach, a modeling language developed at Ericsson. This language featured state charts with activity diagrams, as well as sequence diagrams.

In 1991, Ericsson purchased a substantial amount of the stake in Objectory Systems. As a result, Objectory Systems became known as Objectory AB — a subsidiary of Ericsson. In 1995, Rational Software Corporation acquired the subsidiary.

See also
Rational Software
Object-oriented software engineering

External links
What You Didn’t Know About RUP a Jacobson presentation about RUP — Rational Unified Process
Use Cases: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

Defunct software companies of Sweden
Companies established in 1987
Ericsson
Toni Hagen. Toni Hagen (17 August 1917 in Luzern – 18 April 2003 in Lenzerheide) was a Swiss geologist and a pioneer of Swiss development assistance.

Education
After taking a diploma in engineering and geology from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, he took a doctorate in the geology of the Welsh mountains and then became a research assistant at the Zurich Geological Institute.

Hagen first visited Nepal in 1950 with a first Swiss development assistance mission. In 1952 he was employed by the government of Nepal and also worked for the United Nations. He explored the geography of that Himalayan state.

Career
Dr. Hagen was the first foreigner to trek throughout Nepal during geological and geographic survey work and mapping on behalf of the United Nations. He walked over 14,000 km walking several times across Nepal, where the topography is mostly hilly to snow-covered. He filmed Nepalese cultural and ethnic diversity originally as produced as a silent documentary, and later with an English narration in his own voice. Dr. Hagen is also the author of several books including a book entitled Nepal (; LCCN 99937099) 

From 1966 to 1971, as adviser to the UN's Development Program, he was given a special mission in crisis-hit areas worldwide including Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Hagen was a pioneer in the field of development aid, undertaking missions to the Himalayas, eastern Africa and South America in a career spanning over 60 years.

After Tibet was taken over by China in 1959, Hagen used his influence to help the Tibetan refugees. During the next years he gained 14th Dalai Lama's confidence. He managed to bring approximately 1,000–1,500 Tibetans to Switzerland.

Hagen retired from the UN in 1972, worked as a freelance adviser for organisations involved in foreign aid and later returned to the Federal Institute of Technology at Zurich where he lectured on the problems of the developing world. In the early 1980s he established the Toni Hagen Foundation in Switzerland and Nepal to promote democratic reforms and better understanding between different ethnic groups in Nepal.

Film Production
In 1999 Dr. Toni Hagen filmed a story of his life, The Ring of the Buddha (German title: Der Ring des Buddha), which also included some original materials from the 1960s. Soon after the film was shown, he died in early 2003 at the age of 85 in his home in Lucerne on Good Friday, three days after his wife, Gertrud in Lenzerheide.

External links

References 

20th-century Swiss geologists
Swiss explorers
Swiss geographers
20th century in Tibet
Explorers of Nepal
1917 births
2003 deaths
Buddhism in Switzerland
20th-century geographers
Himalayan studies