omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Capacity optimization. Capacity optimization is a general term for technologies used to improve storage use by shrinking stored data. Primary technologies used for capacity optimization are data deduplication and data compression. These are delivered as software or hardware, integrated with storage systems or delivered as standalone products. Deduplication algorithms look for redundancy in sequences of bytes across comparison windows.  Typically using cryptographic hash functions as identifiers of unique sequences, sequences are compared to the history of other such sequences, and where possible, the first uniquely stored version of a sequence is referenced rather than stored again. Different methods for selecting data windows include 4KB blocks to full-file comparisons known as single-instance storage (SIS).

Capacity optimization generally refers to the use of this kind of technology in a storage system.  An example of this kind of system is the Venti file system  in the Plan9 open source OS.  There are also implementations in networking (especially wide-area networking), where they are sometimes called bandwidth optimization or WAN optimization.

Commercial implementations of capacity optimization are most often found in backup/recovery storage, where storage of iterating versions of backups day to day creates an opportunity for reduction in space using this approach.  The term was first used widely in 2005.

References 

Capacity optimization through sensing threshold adaptation for cognitive radio networks (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11590-011-0345-8)

Software optimization
William Deidrick. William Deidrick was an American inventor from Selma, California. He was a co-inventor of the Fresno Scraper, the machine that became the basis of most modern earth-moving equipment. On April 17, 1883, Deidrick received U.S. Patent 275,893 for his horse-drawn scraper, which was a variation on the Buck Scraper, invented by James Porteous of Fresno, California. Porteous, originally a manufacturer of wagons, purchased Deidrick's patent, and also one held jointly by Frank Dusy and Abijah McCall as he perfected the machine, an important tool in the building of the Panama Canal, among many other uses.

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
19th-century American inventors
People from Selma, California
Abijah McCall. Abijah McCall was a co-inventor of the Fresno Scraper, a horse-drawn (and later, tractor-drawn) earth-moving machine upon which modern road- and canal-building equipment is based. Along with his partner Frank Dusy, McCall devised an improvement on the Buck Scraper, invented by James Porteous. On June 15, 1885, McCall and Dusy received U.S. Patent 320,055 for their version of the scraper. Porteous purchased the patents held by Dusy and McCall and also a patent held by William Deidrick as he perfected the scraper, which Porteous also  manufactured at his factory in Fresno, California. The scraper was widely used in the Western United States and also put into use by U.S. engineers building the Panama Canal. Deidrick, Dusy, and McCall were all early residents of Selma, California, where McCall Avenue is named for McCall. McCall reputedly used a Fresno Scraper in building the road which runs through Selma and north to Clovis, California.

References

 Haddock, Keith. Earthmoving Machinery. St. Paul, Minn.: MBI Publishing Company, 1998. 
 Lay, M.G. Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and the Vehicles that Used Them. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992. 
 McFarland, J. Randall Centennial Selma: Biography of a California Community's First 100 Years. Selma, Calif.: McFarland/Selma Enterprise, 1980.  ASIN B0006E22C4
 McFarland, J. Randall, "Water for a Thirsty Land -- The Consolidated Irrigation District and Its Canal Development History", Selma, Calif.: Consolidated Irrigation District, 1996.

External links
 Bell, Diana. Speech to 1997 ASHGR Convention
 Fresno Historical Society. James Porteous papers

Engineers from California
19th-century American inventors
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
People from Selma, California
Conde McCullough. Conde Balcom McCullough (May 30, 1887 – May 6, 1946) was an American civil engineer who is primarily known for designing many of Oregon's coastal bridges on U.S. Route 101. The native of South Dakota worked for the Oregon Department of Transportation from 1919 to 1935 and 1937 until he died in 1946. McCullough also was a professor at Oregon State University.

Early life
Conde McCullough was born in Redfield, South Dakota, on May 30, 1887. In 1891, he and his family moved to Iowa, where his father died in 1904. McCullough then worked at various jobs to support the family. In 1910, he graduated from Iowa State University with a civil engineering degree.

Career

McCullough began working for the Marsh Bridge Company in Des Moines, Iowa, where he remained for one year. He then went to work for the Iowa State Highway Commission. He moved to Oregon in 1916 and became an assistant professor of civil engineering at Oregon Agricultural College, and the sole structural engineering professor at the school. In 1919, he became the head of the Bridge Division of the Oregon Department of Transportation, making him personally responsible for the design of Oregon's bridges at a time when the state was completing Highway 101. His first bridge ODT was the bridge in the town called Rock Point 1919. Concrete pillars are still visible on both sides of the Rogue River.

His designs are well known for their architectural beauty. McCullough advocated that bridges be built economically, efficiently, and with beauty. He helped design over 600 bridges, many with architectural details such as Gothic spires, art deco obelisks, and Romanesque arches incorporated into the bridges. In 1928, he graduated from Willamette University College of Law and passed the bar the same year. In 1935, he moved to San José, Costa Rica, to help design bridges on the Pan-American Highway. He returned to Oregon in 1937 to become the assistant state highway engineer.

Later life and legacy
In 1934, McCullough was granted an honorary doctorate from Oregon State University. He published The Engineer at Law with his son John McCullough who also was an attorney. McCullough died of a stroke at his home in Salem, Oregon, on May 6, 1946. He was close to his 59th birthday. He was interred in the Mount Crest Abbey Mausoleum at City View Cemetery in Salem. His wife Marie was interred there after her death in 1954. Following McCullough's death, the state of Oregon renamed the North Bend Bridge in his honor.

Works

See also 
 Samuel Hill
 Glenn Jackson
 Robert Moses

References

External links
 
 American Society of Civil Engineering profile
 Oregon State University profile
 

1887 births
1946 deaths
People from Redfield, South Dakota
American bridge engineers
Engineers from Oregon
Oregon State University faculty
Oregon lawyers
Willamette University College of Law alumni
Iowa State University alumni
History of transportation in Oregon
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American engineers
Engineers from South Dakota
Tanner graph. In coding theory, a Tanner graph is a bipartite graph that can be used to express constraints (typically equations) that specify an error correcting code.  Tanner graphs play a central role in the design and decoding of LDPC codes.  They have also been applied to the construction of longer codes from smaller ones.  Both encoders and decoders employ these graphs extensively.

Origins 
Tanner graphs were proposed by Michael Tanner as a means to create larger error correcting codes from smaller ones using recursive techniques. He generalized the techniques of Elias for product codes.

Tanner discussed lower bounds on the codes obtained from these graphs irrespective of the specific characteristics of the codes which were being used to construct larger codes.

Tanner graphs for linear block codes 

Tanner graphs are partitioned into subcode nodes and digit nodes. For linear block codes, the subcode nodes denote rows of the parity-check matrix H. The digit nodes represent the columns of the matrix H. An edge connects a subcode node to a digit node if a nonzero entry exists in the intersection of the corresponding row and column.

Bounds proven by Tanner 
Tanner proved the following bounds

Let  be the rate of the resulting linear code, let the degree of the digit nodes be  and the degree of the subcode nodes be . If each subcode node is associated with a linear code (n,k) with rate r = k/n, then the rate of the code is bounded by

Computational complexity of Tanner graph based methods 
The advantage of these recursive techniques is that they are computationally tractable.  The coding
algorithm for Tanner graphs is extremely efficient in practice, although it is not
guaranteed to converge except for cycle-free graphs, which are known  not to admit asymptotically
good codes.

Applications of Tanner graph 
Zemor's decoding algorithm, which is a recursive low-complexity approach to code construction, is based on Tanner graphs.

Notes 

Michael Tanner's Original paper
Michael Tanner's page

Coding theory
Application-specific graphs
Extrusion moulding. Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to make pipes, hoses, drinking straws, curtain tracks, rods, and fibre. The granules melt into a liquid which is forced through a die, forming a long 'tube like' shape. The shape of the die determines the shape of the tube. The extrusion is then cooled and forms a solid shape. The tube may be printed upon, and cut at equal intervals. The pieces may be rolled for storage or packed together.
Shapes that can result from extrusion include T-sections, U-sections, square sections, I-sections, L-sections and circular sections.

One of the most famous products of extrusion moulding is the optical fiber cable.

Extrusion is similar to injection moulding except that a long continuous shape is produced.

References

External links 
http://www.technologystudent.com/equip1/plasextru1.htm
Rotomolding

Molding processes
Engineering cybernetics. Engineering cybernetics, also known as technical cybernetics or cybernetic engineering, is the branch of cybernetics concerned with applications in engineering, in fields such as control engineering and robotics.

History
Qian Xuesen (Hsue-Shen Tsien) defined engineering cybernetics as a theoretical field of "engineering science", the purpose of which is to "study those parts of the broad science of cybernetics which have direct engineering applications in designing controlled or guided systems". Published in 1954, Qian's published work "Engineering Cybernetics" describes the mathematical and engineering concepts of cybernetic ideas as understood at the time, breaking them down into granular scientific concepts for application. Qian's work is notable for going beyond model-based theories and arguing for the necessity of a new design principle for types of system the properties
and characteristics of which are largely unknown.

In the 2020s, concerns with the social consequences of cyber-physical systems, have led to calls to develop "a new branch of engineering", "drawing on the history of cybernetics and reimagining it for our 21st century challenges".

Popular usage 
1960's - An example of engineering cybernetics is a device designed in the mid-1960s by General Electric Company. Referred to as a CAM (cybernetic anthropomorphous machine), this machine was designed for use by the US Army ground troops. Operated by one man in a "cockpit" at the front end, the machine's "legs" steps were duplicates of the leg movements of the harnessed operator.

 A common use includes the treatment of neurological disorders with the purposeful application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), or more precisely the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES). The most common used therapy is the 1980s introduced FES-cycling methods. Additional research is attempting to implement applications from control systems to improve FES-cycling. New research is being conducted using computer-controlled FES, where the musculoskeletal system is viewed as cybernetic system.

In Media 
1990's - Neon Genesis Evangelion the Japanese animation (anime) TV series featured giant robots piloted by humans that had a connection to the host machine via biological impulses.

See also

References

External links 
 Information on the program of study "Engineering Cybernetics" at the University of Stuttgart
 Information on the program of study "Technical Cybernetics" at the University of Magdeburg
 Department of Engineering Cybernetics at the Norwegian University of Science and technology

Qian Xuesen
Cybernetics
Christos V. Massalas. Christos V. Massalas is a Greek academic working in the field of mathematics and materials science. He is widely published and has held senior positions at the University of Ioannina and the University of Western Macedonia.

Biography 

Massalas was born in Ioannina, Greece. After graduating as a civil engineer, Massalas continued his education with a diploma degree in mathematics (MSc, PhD, habilitation in mechanics). During his education he obtained scholarships from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, the Fulbright Foundation and UNESCO. He worked as a professor in the Department of Mathematics until 2000 when he was appointed professor of mechanics of materials at the Department of Materials Science in the University of Ioannina. Massalas has worked as a visiting professor at Trinity College, Dublin (1989–1990). He is a vice-director of the Institute B.R.I. and is a member of the scientific committee of Onassis Foundation Science Lectures. He is the author of several books, monographs and more than 100 research papers. His administrative course started in 1992 as chairman of the Department of Mathematics and was followed as vice-rector (1994–1997) at the University of Ioannina, rector (1997–2003) and the following three years (2003–2006) vice-rector of the university as well as the president of the University of Western Macedonia, Greece (2003-). In addition, he is the chairman of the Board of Higher Education (SAPE).

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
People from Ioannina
Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities. A source-code-hosting facility (also known as forge software) is a file archive and web hosting facility for source code of software, documentation, web pages, and other works, accessible either publicly or privately. They are often used by open-source software projects and other multi-developer projects to maintain revision and version history, or version control. Many repositories provide a bug tracking system, and offer release management, mailing lists, and wiki-based project documentation. Software authors generally retain their copyright when software is posted to a code hosting facilities.

General information

Features

Version control systems

Popularity

Discontinued: CodePlex, Gna!, Google Code.

Specialized hosting facilities
The following are open-source software hosting facilities that only serve a specific narrowly focused community or technology.

Former hosting facilities 

 Alioth (Debian) – In 2018, Alioth has been replaced by a GitLab based solution hosted on salsa.debian.org. Alioth has been finally switched off in June 2018.
 BerliOS – abandoned in April 2014
 Betavine – abandoned somewhere in 2015.
 CodeHaus – shut down in May 2015
 CodePlex – shut down in December 2017.
 Fedora Hosted – closed in March 2017
 Gitorious – shut down in June 2015.
 Gna! – shut down in 2017.
 Google Code – closed in January 2016, all projects archived. See http://code.google.com/archive/.
 java.net – Java.net and kenai.com hosting closed April 2017.
 Phabricator – wound down operations 1 June 2021, all projects continued to be hosted with very limited support after 31 August 2021.
 Tigris.org – shut down in July 2020.
 Mozdev.org - shut down in July 2020.

See also

 Comparison of version-control software
 Distributed version control
 Forge (software)
 List of free software project directories
 List of version-control software
 Source code escrow for closed-source software
 Version control (source-code-management systems)

Notes

References

External links

Online services comparisons
 
Free software lists and comparisons
Cyberun. Cyberun is a ZX Spectrum video game by Ultimate Play the Game and published by U.S. Gold in 1986.  Although not part of the Jetman series, it has similarities to Jetpac in that the player must construct their spaceship from parts, then seek out resources and power-ups.

Gameplay

The player controls a spaceship trapped on a planet inhabited by hostile aliens.  The goal is to upgrade the spaceship with parts scattered around the planet and mine a valuable element called "Cybernite".  The atmosphere above ground is populated by flying aliens and clouds that drip acid, damaging the ship's shields.  The ship requires fuel to fly, and once exhausted will bounce along the ground of the planet unable to climb.  A similar enemy ship is also on the planet attempting to mine the Cybernite before the player.  Fuel can be replenished by tankers on the planet surface, but damaged shields cannot be repaired.  The player must venture into caverns below the surface in order to mine the Cybernite, which can only be done once the ship has been upgraded to include a mining laser.  Once sufficient Cybernite has been collected, the player can escape to the next planet in the Zebarema system.

Reception

The game was well received by critics, with Crash awarding it a 90% Crash Smash, and Your Spectrum giving it 8/10, describing the game as "a classic pick up the pieces and shoot em up with brilliant graphics".

References

External links 
 
 Cyberun review at CRASH magazine

1986 video games
Rare (company) games
ZX Spectrum games
Amstrad CPC games
MSX games
Science fiction video games
Scrolling shooters
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Multiplayer and single-player video games
High Blast Explosive. High Blast Explosive, or HBX, is an explosive used as a bursting charge in missile warheads, mines, depth bombs, depth charges, and torpedoes.

History
It was developed during World War II as a desensitized modification of Torpex explosives.

Properties
It is an aluminized (powdered aluminum) explosive having the same order of sensitivity as Composition B.

Tests indicate that it is about 98% to 100% as powerful as Torpex, that it is definitely less sensitive than Torpex in both laboratory impact and bullet impact, that it is slightly more sensitive in these respects than TNT, and that it is about the same order as Composition B.

A difficulty with HBX is that water slowly reacts with aluminium powder and produces hydrogen gas, building up pressure in the case during storage. It was discovered that adding calcium chloride to the mixture will absorb all the moisture and eliminate the gassing.

Composition
There are three types of HBX explosives: HBX-1, HBX-3, and H-6. Below is each type's "Grade A" composition based on weight:

 HBX-1

 HBX-3

 H-6

References 

Explosives
Joseph Nunn. Joseph Nunn (1905–1968) was an American engineer.

In 1956 he worked in collaboration with Dr. James G. Baker to design and manufacture a series of satellite tracking cameras. These were called Baker-Nunn cameras after their designers, and consisted of a very precise tracking system combined with an unusually large, wide-field camera for photographing large areas of the sky. Joseph Nunn was responsible for designing the mechanical elements of these cameras, while Dr. Baker worked on the camera. The optics were fabricated by the Perkin-Elmer Corporation, and the camera was assembled by Boller and Chivens.

This camera provided tracking data on the Soviet Union's Sputnik I satellite. An STP network of the 12 cameras were built by August 1958. The cameras remained in operation until 1991, when they were decommissioned. At least one of the cameras was later refurbished for use in the Asteroid tracking program.

Joseph Nunn lived in Pasadena and San Marino, California. He was a nephew of American entrepreneur and educator L.L. Nunn.

The crater Nunn on the Moon is named after him.

References

External links 
 The first Baker-Nunn camera. Left to right, Clyde Chivens, Harry Boller, Joseph Nunn. Source: Photograph provided by Don Winans, scanned and posted by Peter Abrahams 

1905 births
1968 deaths
American optical engineers
Engineers from California
People from Pasadena, California
People from San Marino, California
20th-century American engineers
Beetle (ASIC). The Beetle ASIC is an analog readout chip. It is developed for the LHCb experiment at CERN.

Overview
The chip integrates 128 channels with low-noise charge-sensitive pre-amplifiers and shapers. The pulse shape can be chosen such that it complies with LHCb specifications: a peaking time of 25 ns with a remainder of the peak voltage after 25 ns of less than 30%. A comparator per channel with configurable polarity provides a binary signal. Four adjacent comparator channels are being ORed and brought off chip via LVDS drivers.

Either the shaper or comparator output is sampled with the LHC bunch-crossing frequency of 40 MHz into an analog pipeline. This ring buffer has a programmable latency of a maximum of 160 sampling intervals and an integrated derandomising buffer of 16 stages. For analogue readout data is multiplexed with up to 40 MHz onto one or four ports. A binary readout mode operates at up to 80 MHz output rate on two ports. Current drivers bring the serialised data off chip.

The chip can accept trigger rates up to 1.1 MHz to perform a dead-timeless readout within 900 ns per trigger. For testability and calibration purposes, a charge injector with adjustable pulse height is implemented. The bias settings and various other parameters can be controlled via a standard I²C-interface. The chip is radiation hardened to an accumulated dose of more than 100 Mrad. Robustness against single event upset is achieved by redundant logic.

External links 
Beetle - a readout chip for LHCb
The Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment

Application-specific integrated circuits
CERN
A320 Airbus (video game). A320 Airbus is an amateur flight simulation video game released in 1991 in which the player pilots an Airbus A320. The game was developed over three years with cooperation from Lufthansa, Deutsche Airbus, and Jeppesen. The game was written by Rainer Bopf for the Amiga and converted to the Atari ST by Christian Jungen. The most recent version of the game is 1.44.

In 1993, Thalion published two data disks which could be played as a separate game. They were based on the latest version of the game engine, but focused on different flying areas. Europe Edition covered the area of Europe and USA Edition covered the area of USA. In the latter the player was able to choose the region of West Coast USA or North East USA.

In 1995, Games 4 Europe published an official sequel called A320 Airbus Vol. 2. It was entirely written by Rainer Bopf with no additional help from third parties.

References

External links
 
 
 

1991 video games
Airbus A320 family
Amiga games
Atari ST games
DOS games
General flight simulators
Single-player video games
Thalion Software games
Video games developed in Germany