omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ryan VZ-3 Vertiplane. The Ryan VZ-3 Vertiplane, also known by the company designation Ryan Model 92 was an American experimental vertical/short take-off (VSTOL) aircraft built by the Ryan Aeronautical Company for the United States Army.

Design and development
The VZ-3 was a simple proof-of-concept experimental aircraft using blown flaps to achieve a short or near vertical take-off. It was a high-wing monoplane powered by an Avco Lycoming T53 turboshaft engine located inside the fuselage driving two large-diameter propellers mounted, one on each wing. It had a T-tail and originally a tailwheel fixed landing gear. It had wide-span double retractable trailing-edge flaps, these were extended into the propeller slipstream for takeoff. To enable control while in the hover it had a universally-jointed jet-deflection nozzle at the rear of the aircraft. It was later modified with a nose-wheel landing gear.

The VZ-3 could make a near-vertical takeoff within 30 ft (9m) at a speed of 25 mph (40 km/h) and the aircraft could be put into the hover up to a height of 3,700 ft (1,100 m).

Operational history
The aircraft conducted a 21-flight test program for the United States Army until it crashed in 1959. It was rebuilt with an open cockpit lengthened fuselage and handed over to NASA for further trials. Following retirement the VZ-3 is on display at the United States Army Aviation Museum.

Operator

United States Army
NASA

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Andrade, John M. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979, p. 178. .
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985, p. 2837.
 Taylor, John W.R. Jane's Pocket Book of Research and Experimental Aircraft, London, Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd, 1976. .

External links

 "Vertiplane Really Puts Flaps Down." Popular Mechanics, April 1960, p. 128.

Z-03 Vertiplane
VZ-3
NASA aircraft
Single-engined twin-prop tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Turboshaft-powered aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
T-tail aircraft
STOL aircraft
VTOL aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Leigh Clifford. Richard Leigh Clifford  (born 1948) is an Australian businessman and corporate executive who served as Chairman of Qantas from 2007 to 2018. Clifford was appointed Chairman at the company's November 2007 Annual General Meeting, succeeding Margaret Jackson. He is also Chairman of Bechtel Australia.

Early life and education
Clifford was educated at the Anglican Church Grammar School and the University of Melbourne, where he graduated with Bachelor of Engineering (Mining) and Master of Engineering Science degrees.

Career
His career with the Rio Tinto Group, starting as a mining engineer and retiring as chief executive, spanned 37 years and included time both in Australia and overseas.

Clifford was the chief executive officer of the Rio Tinto Group from April 2000 to April 2007. He succeeded Peter Costello as the number-one ticketholder for the Essendon Football Club in March 2008. However he was, in turn, replaced by Lindsay Tanner in September 2009. Clifford also served as chairman of the Murdoch Children's Research Institute.

On 28 June 2018, Clifford announced his intention to resign as Chairman of Qantas. Former Wesfarmers CEO Richard Goyder replaced Clifford as Chairman in October 2018.

Honours
Clifford was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 2008 Australia Day Honours for "service to business through executive roles in the mining industry, to the promotion of international trade and the development of export markets, and to the arts". In June 2022, in the 2022 Queen's Birthday Honours, Clifford was promoted to Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for "eminent service to business in the aviation, arts and education sectors, to the community through charitable support and scholarships, and for philanthropic contributions".

Clifford was awarded a Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) by the University of Melbourne in February 2022.

Personal life
Clifford currently resides in Melbourne, Australia. He is married and has two daughters.

References

|-

1948 births
Australian corporate directors
Australian mining engineers
Businesspeople from Melbourne
Companions of the Order of Australia
Living people
People educated at Anglican Church Grammar School
Qantas people
University of Melbourne alumni
Adam Leventhal (programmer). Adam Leventhal (born 1979 in the United States) is an American software engineer, and one of the three authors of DTrace, a dynamic tracing facility in Solaris 10 which allows users to observe, debug and tune system behavior in real time. Available to the public since November 2003, DTrace has since been used to find opportunities for performance improvements in production environments. Adam joined the Solaris kernel development team after graduating cum laude from Brown University in 2001 with his B.Sc. in Math and Computer Science. In 2006, Adam and his DTrace colleagues were chosen Gold winners in The Wall Street Journal's Technology Innovation Awards contest by a panel of judges representing industry as well as research and academic institutions. A year after Sun Microsystems was acquired by Oracle Corp, Leventhal announced he was leaving the company. He served as Chief Technology Officer at Delphix from 2010 to 2016.

References

Articles

External links 
Adam Leventhal's blog on dtrace.org
Adam Leventhal's blog from Sun, now hosted by Oracle
Open Solaris Community
The Scoble Show interviews DTrace's creators
Interview with Adam Leventhal in the San Francisco Chronicle
A ZFS developer’s analysis of the good and bad in Apple’s new APFS file system

American computer programmers
American computer scientists
Open source people
Free software programmers
Living people
Solaris people
Brown University alumni
1979 births
AeroTrain (Washington Dulles International Airport). AeroTrain is a  underground automated people mover system at Washington Dulles International Airport, in Dulles, Virginia, United States.

Description 
The AeroTrain transports passengers between the Main Terminal Building and Concourses A, B, and C. From the Main Terminal Station, trains travel to Concourse A and Concourse C in one direction, and to Concourse B in the other direction. The track map for AeroTrain is shaped like a fishhook, with the Main Terminal Station at the bottom. The AeroTrain runs four trains consisting of three cars from 5:00 AM to around 3:00 PM, after which seven three-car trains run from 3:00 PM until 11:00 PM. From midnight to 5 AM, there are usually two three-car trains – although there is only a single three-car train. 

There is supposed to be a maximum headway of two minutes between trains. The trains transport passengers to the concourses in about two minutes, at ; the mobile lounges travel about .

The AeroTrain is equipped with Thales SelTrac Communications-based train control (CBTC) moving block signaling system. The AeroTrain utilizes 29 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover vehicles as its rolling stock.

History 
The AeroTrain system was scheduled to open in fall 2009, but was delayed until 2010 in order to complete reliability tests. It opened to Dulles employees on January 20, 2010, and to passengers on January 26, 2010. The system mostly replaced the mobile lounges which transport passengers from the concourses to the Main Terminal. The system cost about $1.4 billion, and the project also included the construction of a new security screening mezzanine. 

Since the existing Concourse C/D (built in 1985 and renovated in 2006 to extend its life for 8-10 more years) is a temporary concourse, the Concourse C station has been built at the site of the future permanent Concourse C/D, and is connected to the existing concourse by an underground walkway.

Future 
There are plans for future expansion of the system. The AeroTrain can be expanded to include stations for the future Concourse D, two stations for an additional midfield Concourse (Concourses E and F), and a South Terminal.

Once fully built out, the trains will run in a two-way loop around the airside of the airport.

Gallery

References

External links
 Dulles International Airport Homepage 

Airport people mover systems in the United States
Crystal Mover people movers
Railway lines opened in 2010
Dulles International Airport
2010 establishments in Virginia
Diosmectite. Diosmectite (brand names Smecta, Smecdral) is a natural silicate of aluminium and magnesium used as an intestinal adsorbent in the treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases, including infectious and non-infectious acute and chronic diarrhoea, including irritable bowel syndrome diarrhea subtype. Other uses include: chronic diarrhea caused by radiation-induced, chemotherapy-induced, and HIV/AIDS-associated chronic diarrhea.

It is insoluble in water. It is usually taken orally as a suspension in warm water. In the field of geology, it is more commonly known as montmorillonite. Diosmectite is a contraction of "dioctahedral smectite".

Mechanism of action
Its effectiveness in improving stool consistency is the result of its alleged ability to absorb bacteria, viruses and toxins as well as strengthening the intestinal mucus barrier to reduce luminal antigens passing through the mucus barrier which in turn helps to reduce inflammation.

Diosmectite may be a useful additive in the treatment of acute childhood diarrhoea. As evidence is of ‘low quality’, future research is needed with higher quality designs before any firm recommendations can be made.

See also 
 Geophagy
 Medicinal clay

References

Further reading 

 

Digestive system
Medicinal clay
Kennedy Giant. The Kennedy Giant was a British biplane heavy bomber designed by Kennedy Aeroplanes Ltd. during the First World War. The design was an imitation of works by Igor Sikorsky, with whom the owner of Kennedy Aeroplanes Ltd., C. J. H. Mackenzie-Kennedy, had ostensibly worked prior to setting up the company. The aeroplane was a notorious failure; its size meant that construction had to take place in an open field as none of the hangars near Hayes, Middlesex, where the prototype was assembled, were large enough to house it. For its weight, the aircraft's four engines were inadequate, and the resulting under-powered aircraft could only fly in a straight line once airborne. 

Following the unimpressive test flight, the design was cancelled and the prototype was left derelict at Northolt Aerodrome for a number of years.

Specifications

See also
Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
Slesarev Svyatogor

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
letter on McKenzie-Kennedy in Flight 1967
further letter in Flight 1967
Giant
1910s British bomber aircraft
Four-engined push-pull aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Robots, Androids, and Mechanical Oddities. Robots, Androids, and Mechanical Oddities: The Science Fiction of Philip K. Dick is a collection of science fiction stories by American writer Philip K. Dick.  It was first published by the Southern Illinois University Press in 1984 and was edited by Patricia S. Warrick and Martin H. Greenberg.  The stories had originally appeared in the magazines Fantasy and Science Fiction, Galaxy Science Fiction, Space Science Fiction, Astounding, Future, Orbit, Science Fiction Stories, Imagination, Amazing Stories, Rolling Stone College Papers and Playboy.

Contents

 Introduction, by Patricia S. Warrick & Martin H. Greenberg
 "The Little Movement"
 "The Defenders"
 "The Preserving Machine"
 "Second Variety"
 "Impostor"
 "Sales Pitch"
 "The Last of the Masters"
 "Service Call"
 "Autofac"
 "To Serve the Master"
 "War Game"
 "A Game of Unchance"
 "The Electric Ant"
 "The Exit Door Leads In"
 "Frozen Journey" (Title changed to "I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon".)

References

1984 short story collections
Short story collections by Philip K. Dick
Androids in literature
Short stories about robots
Generic Substation Events. Generic Substation Events (GSE) is a control model defined as per IEC 61850 which provides a fast and reliable mechanism of transferring event data over entire electrical substation networks. When implemented, this model ensures the same event message is received by multiple physical devices using multicast or broadcast services. The GSE control model is further subdivided into GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Events) and GSSE (Generic Substation State Events).

Generic Object Oriented Substation Events
Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) is a controlled model mechanism in which any format of data (status, value) is grouped into a data set and transmitted within a time period of 4 milliseconds.  The following mechanisms are used to ensure specified transmission speed and reliability.

 GOOSE data is directly embedded into Ethernet data packets and works on publisher-subscriber mechanism on multicast or broadcast MAC addresses.
 GOOSE uses VLAN and priority tagging as per IEEE 802.1Q to have separate virtual network within the same physical network and sets appropriate message priority level.
 Enhanced retransmission mechanisms - The same GOOSE message is retransmitted with varying and increasing re-transmission intervals. A new event occurring within any GOOSE dataset element will result in the existing GOOSE retransmission message being stopped.  A state number within the GOOSE protocol identifies whether a GOOSE message is a new message or a retransmitted message.
 GOOSE messages are designed to be brand independent. Some vendors offer intelligent electronic devices (IED) that fully support IEC 61850 for a truly interoperable approach within the substation network without requiring vendor specific cables or algorithms.

Generic Substation State Events
Generic Substation State Events (GSSE) is an extension of event transfer mechanism in UCA2.0. Only Status data can be exchanged through GSSE and it uses a status list (string of bits) rather than a dataset as is used in GOOSE. GSSE messages are transmitted directly over IEC/ISO 8802-2 and 8802-3 using a similar mechanism to GOOSE messages (refer IEC 61850-7-1 Clause 12.2, IEC 61850-8-1 Clause 6.4). As the GSSE format is simpler than GOOSE it is handled faster in some devices. GSSE is being progressively superseded by the use of GOOSE and support for it may eventually disappear.

Non-standard event reporting models
Equipment manufacturers have started to offer non-standard protocols to report events over substation networks, citing advantages to these approaches. 

 Fixed GOOSE - This is implemented in GE IEDs and makes use of the GSSE data format (list of bits) over the GOOSE protocol. This is said to be faster than GOOSE as it uses (shorter) unstructured data in the transmission string instead of structured data format required used by GOOSE.

See also
Manufacturing Message Specification

References

Electric power distribution
Networking standards
Smart grid
Parallel slowdown. Parallel slowdown is a phenomenon in parallel computing where parallelization of a parallel algorithm beyond a certain point causes the program to run slower (take more time to run to completion).

Parallel slowdown is typically the result of a communications bottleneck. As more processor nodes are added, each processing node spends progressively more time doing communication than useful processing. At some point, the communications overhead created by adding another processing node surpasses the increased processing power that node provides, and parallel slowdown occurs. 

Parallel slowdown occurs when the algorithm requires significant communication, particularly of intermediate results. Some problems, known as embarrassingly parallel problems, do not require such communication, and thus are not affected by slowdown.

References

See also 

Mythical man month, an analogous situation for a team programmers where productivity is affected by human communication.

Analysis of parallel algorithms
Ternac. TERNAC is an emulation written in FORTRAN of a ternary computer on another binary machine, a Burroughs B1700. It was implemented in 1973 at State University of New York, Buffalo (SUNY Buffalo).  The implementation provided both fixed-point and floating-point capability; fixed-point words were 24 trits in length and the floating-point words had 42 trits for mantissa and 6 trits for exponent.

TERNAC was intended primarily to discover if the implementation of a nonbinary structure on a binary computer was feasible, and to ascertain the cost in memory storage and time for such an implementation. As a feasibility test, it was successful, and proved that both speed and price are comparable with that of binary computers.

See also
Setun (ternary computer constructed in USSR)

References
^ DSSP & Forth : Compare And Analysis
G. Frieder, A. Fong, and C. Y. Chao. A Balanced Ternary Computer. Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, pages 68–88, 1972
Ternary computers: part I: motivation for ternary computers 	G. Frieder, 1972; Proceeding MICRO 5 Conference
Ternary computers: part 2: emulation of a ternary computer G. Frieder, 1972; Proceeding MICRO 5 Conference

External links
Development of ternary computers at Moscow State University
Nikolai Brusentsov's Setun entry
Pioneers of Soviet Computing

Mainframe computers
Ternary computers

de:Setun
pl:Setun (komputer)
Vought XSB3U. The Vought XSB3U was an American biplane scout bomber developed by Vought-Sikorsky for the United States Navy during the 1930s. Developed as an alternative to the SB2U Vindicator monoplane, the aircraft proved unsatisfactory to the Navy in comparison, and development was not pursued.

Design and development
In late 1934, the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) issued a specification for new scout bomber and torpedo bomber designs. Eight companies submitted ten designs in response, evenly split between monoplanes and biplanes.

Exemplifying the Bureau of Aeronautics' reluctance to fully embrace the monoplane configuration for carrier-based aircraft, the XSB3U-1 was proposed as a more conventional alternative to Vought's XSB2U-1, which was designed as a modern monoplane. The XSB3U was modified from the last production SBU Corsair, using essentially the same airframe, including a fully enclosed cockpit, and Pratt & Whitney R-1535 radial engine, but with a more streamlined surface and cowling. In addition, the XSB3U had fully retractable landing gear.

Operational history
The XSB3U-1 was delivered to Naval Air Station Anacostia for evaluation by the U.S. Navy in April 1936, at the same time as its primary competitor, the XSB2U-1. Comparative testing of the two aircraft during 1936 proved the complete superiority of the monoplane configuration; on the same power, the SB2U-1 was  faster despite being larger and heavier than the biplane. However, the Navy was impressed by the XSB3U's method of landing gear retraction, which provided a more streamlined surface after retraction than most other methods used at the time.

Following the end of the evaluation, the XSB3U was retained by the Navy, and used for experimental and liaison purposes by the Navy, also being used by NACA at Langley Field for testing of tail loads starting in  August 1938, continuing through January 1939 when the aircraft was returned to the Navy, being retired shortly thereafter.

Operators

United States Navy
NACA

Specifications (XSB3U-1)

See also

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Grumman XSB3U-1 Aviation Enthusiast Corner
 Vought official website

SB03U
1930s United States attack aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Jebel Ali refinery. The Jebel Ali refinery was constructed from 1996 to 1999. It is located in Dubai and operated by the Emirates National Oil Co. (ENOC), which is owned by the Government of Dubai. It is a 120 kbpd gas condensate refinery, and processes mainly condensate or light crude oil. These inputs are processed to various products, including LPG, naphtha, jet fuel, diesel fuel and fuel oil. The plant consists of two 60 kbit/s condensate distillation units (often referred to as condensate splitters) and five merox sweetening units. 

An upgrade - costing $850 million (US) - was implemented in 2010 for the production of reformat and low-sulfur naphtha through installation of a reformer and a hydrotreater. In 2014, a contract for a new upgrade project was awarded to KBR. The upgrade will lead to the production of Euro V grade products.

See also

 Oil refinery
 Petroleum
 List of oil refineries

External links
 Refinery history and details

Oil refineries in the United Arab Emirates
James C. McGroddy Prize. The James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society since 1975, but was only given that name following its endowment by IBM in 1999. Prior to that it was known as the International Prize for New Materials. The recipients are chosen for "Outstanding achievement in the science and application of new materials". The prize is named after James C. McGroddy, himself a winner of APS's George E. Pake Prize in 1995, and comes with a cash award of $10,000.

Recipients 
Source: 
 2023: Emanuel Tutuc, James Hone, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi
 2022: Daniel C. Ralph
 2021: Darrell G. Schlom, Ivan Božović, James N. Eckstein
 2020: Mikhail Eremets
 2019: B. Andrei Bernevig, Claudia Felser, Xi Dai
 2018: Rodney S. Ruoff
 2017: Paul C. Canfield
 2016: Mercouri Kanatzidis
 2015: Hideo Hosono
 2014: Zhong Lin Wang
 2013: Costas M. Soukoulis, David R. Smith, John B. Pendry
 2012: Robert Cava
 2011: Arthur P. Ramirez
 2010: Nicola A. Spaldin, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Sang-Wook Cheong
 2009: , William L. Johnson
 2008: Arthur F Hebard, , 
 2007: Arthur J. Epstein, Joel S. Miller
 2006: Alex Zettl, Hongjie Dai
 2005: Yoshinori Tokura
 2004: Loren Pfeiffer
 2003: Charles M. Lieber
 2002: Donald S. Bethune, Sumio Iijima
 2001: Arthur Charles Gossard
 2000: M. Brian Maple
 1999: Eugene E. Haller, Thomas Richard Anthony
 1994: Peter Grünberg, Albert Fert, Stuart Parkin
 1993: Gordon C. Osbourn
 1992: Robert F. Curl, Harold W. Kroto, Richard E. Smalley
 1991: Francis J. DiSalvo, Jr., Frederic Holtzberg
 1990: James L. Smith, Hans R. Ott, Frank Steglich, Zachary Fisk
 1989: J.B. MacChesney, R.D. Maurer, Charles K. Kao
 1988: J. Georg Bednorz, Paul C. W. Chu, K. Alex Muller
 1987: Dan Shechtman
 1986: John Croat, Jan Herbst, Norman C. Koon, Masato Sagawa
 1985: Leroy L. Chang, Leo Esaki, Raphael Tsu
 1984: J. P. Remeika
 1983: David Turnbull
 1982: John R. Arthur, Jr., Alfred Y. Cho
 1981: LeGrand G. van Uitert
 1980: Pol E. Duwez, William Klement, Jr.
 1979: J. Eugene Kunzler, Bernd T. Matthias, John K. Hulm
 1978: J. H. Sinfelt
 1977: Francis Bundy, H. Tracy Hall, Herbert Strong, Robert H. Wentorf, Jr.
 1976: William G. Pfann, Henry C. Theurer
 1975: Heinrich Welker

See also

 List of physics awards

References

External links 
James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials, American Physical Society

Awards of the American Physical Society
Awards established in 1975