omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
FMA I.Ae. 27 Pulqui I. The I.Ae. 27 Pulqui I was an Argentine jet designed at the "Instituto Aerotecnico" (AeroTechnical Institute) in 1946. Only one prototype was completed; unsatisfactory performance led to the aircraft being superseded by a later design.

Design and development

The design was created by a team led by the French engineer Émile Dewoitine which included engineers Juan Ignacio San Martín (mil.), Enrique Cardeilhac, Cesare Pallavicino and Norberto L. Morchio.

The fuselage was semi-monocoque with an elliptical cross-section housing a single Rolls-Royce Derwent 5 engine with the air intake in the nose and the ducting surrounding the cockpit. The reduced internal fuselage volume forced the fuel tanks to be installed in the wings, which resulted in a significant reduction of its range.

Operational history

The prototype flew on 9 August 1947 with test pilot 1st. Lt. Osvaldo Weiss at the controls. The history of this aircraft was brief, limited to testing and evaluation of the only prototype, as its performance was considered unsatisfactory and in the meantime studies for the more developed FMA IAe 33 Pulqui II were quite advanced. Nevertheless, its role in the history of aviation is quite significant as it was the first jet aircraft developed and built in Argentina and Latin America.

Operators

Argentine Air Force

Aircraft on display

The restored prototype is currently displayed at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina of the Argentine Air Force at Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 "Article on the 50th anniversary of the "Fabrica Militar de Aviones"(in Spanish)- listing all the aircraft developed and manufactured there since 1927. Aerospacio (Buenos Aires), 1977.
 Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1951. London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1951.
 Ogden, Bob. Aviation Museums and Collections of the Rest of the World. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2008. .

Further reading
 Burzaco, Ricardo. Las Alas de Perón (Wings of Perón) . Buenos Aires: Artes Gráficas Morello, 1995. .

External links

  Development and Specifications
 IAe 27 Pulqui / Flickr
   "El Pulqui vuelve a sobrevolar la historia" - Article about Pulqui I restoration and history, La Nacion newspaper, 2001-10-08 (retrieved 2014-05-16)
 IPMSStockholm.org (en) article about Pulqui I & II, with illustrations. (retrieved 2019-02-24)

IAe27
1940s Argentine fighter aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Talarian. Talarian was a provider of real-time infrastructure software. Now part of TIBCO, it was a veteran provider of message-oriented middleware.

Talarian was a member of the Business Integration Group (BIG), the Internet Protocol Multicast Initiative (IPMI), the Securities Industry Middleware Council (SIMC), the Object Management Group (OMG), and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

SmartSockets 

SmartSockets was the main product of Talarian. It is a real-time message-oriented middleware (MOM) which is scalable and fault tolerant. Its programming model is built specifically to offer high-speed interprocess communication (IPC) for multiprocessor architecture, scalability and reliability.

It supports a variety of communication paradigms including publish-subscribe, adaptive multicast, redundant connections, peer-to-peer, and RPC.

Included as part of the SmartSockets package are graphical tools for monitoring and debugging applications.

It is supported on a wide range of platforms: 
 HP-UX
 AIX
 Linux
 Compaq NSK/OSS
 Tru64
 OpenVMS
 Windows
 Solaris
 Irix
 VxWorks

Applications using SmartSockets can be developed with the following languages:
 C API
 C++ Class Libraries
 ActiveX Components
 Java Class Library

SmartSockets is now a product of TIBCO. See acquisition below.

Acquisition by TIBCO 

In January 2002 TIBCO acquired Talarian for approximately $115 million. It was its primary competitor in the delivery of high-performance messaging solutions.

TIBCO paid $5.30 per share, half in stock and half in cash, for each of Talarian's outstanding shares.

Customers 

Talarian customers were large end-users, OEMs and systems integrators in need of solutions where real-time data flow supports high-information volumes.

List of Famous Customers:
 Boeing 
 AT&T 
 Hewlett-Packard 
 Cisco
 MTR 
 New York Stock Exchange
 NASA's ground control station for the Hubble Space Telescope

References
Talarian : Everything You Need To Know About Middleware

2002 mergers and acquisitions
Middleware
Software companies based in California
Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies established in 1989
Software companies disestablished in 2002
Jalan Kim Chuan. Jalan Kim Chuan, or Jalan Batu Unjur, Federal Route 3218 (formerly Selangor state route B8), is an industrial federal road in Klang District, Selangor, Malaysia.

At most sections, the Federal Route 3218 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.

List of junctions

References

Malaysian Federal Roads
Calcium aluminates. Calcium aluminates are a range of materials obtained by heating calcium oxide and aluminium oxide together at high temperatures.  They are encountered in the manufacture of refractories and cements.

The stable phases shown in the phase diagram (formed at atmospheric pressure under an atmosphere of normal humidity) are:

 Tricalcium aluminate, 3CaO·Al2O3 ()
 Dodecacalcium hepta-aluminate, 12CaO·7Al2O3 () (once known as mayenite)
 Monocalcium aluminate, CaO·Al2O3 (CA) (occurring in nature as krotite and dmitryivanovite – two polymorphs)
 Monocalcium dialuminate, CaO·2Al2O3 () (occurring in nature as grossite )
 Monocalcium hexa-aluminate, CaO·6Al2O3 () (occurring in nature as hibonite, a representative of magnetoplumbite group)

In addition, other phases include:

 Dicalcium aluminate, 2CaO·Al2O3 (), which exists only at pressures above 2500 MPa.  The crystal is orthorhombic, with density 3480 kg·m−3. The natural dicalcium aluminate, brownmillerite, may form at normal pressure but elevated temperature in pyrometamorphic zones, e.g., in burning coal-mining heaps.
 Pentacalcium trialuminate, 5CaO·3Al2O3 (), forms only under an anhydrous and oxygen free atmosphere.  The crystal is orthorhombic, with a density of 3067 kg·m−3. It reacts rapidly with water.
 Tetracalcium trialuminate, 4CaO·3Al2O3 (), is a metastable phase formed by dehydrating 4CaO·3Al2O3·3H2O ().

Hydration reaction
In contrast to Portland cements, calcium aluminates do not release calcium hydroxide () portlandite or lime during their hydration.

See also
 Calcium aluminate cements
 Cement
 Cement chemist notation (CCN)in which the following abbreviations for calcium and aluminium oxides are defined as:
 C = CaO
 A = 
 Hydrocalumite
 Mayenite
 Ye'elimite, , a rare natural anhydrous calcium sulfoaluminate

References

Further reading

 

Aluminates
Calcium compounds
Cement
Ceramic materials
Refractory materials
I.Ae. 25 Mañque. 

The I.Ae. 25 Mañque (en: Vulture) was an Argentine assault troop/cargo glider designed at the Instituto Aerotecnico de Cordoba. The prototype was finished on 11 August 1945, flying only once before it was cancelled. Its structure was constructed with Argentine woods mañio, araucaria and guatambú.

Its design was based on the American military glider CG-4A Waco, its exterior configuration being very similar. It had a crew of two and carried 13 fully loaded soldiers.

Specifications

See also

 Altinger Lenticular 15S
 I.Ae. 34 Clen Antú
 I.Ae. 41 Urubú

References

 
 Article on the 50th anniversary of the "Fabrica Militar de Aviones" listing all the aircraft developed and manufactured there since 1927, Aerospacio, Buenos Aires, 1977. (in Spanish)
 Article online on the 75th anniversary of the "Fabrica Militar de Aviones", Aerospacio, Buenos Aires, 2002. (in Spanish)

External links

 Development and Specifications (in Spanish)

1940s Argentine sailplanes
1940s Argentine military transport aircraft
1940s military gliders
FMA aircraft
World War II military equipment of Argentina
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Fieseler Fi 98. The Fieseler Fi 98 was a prototype ground-attack aircraft produced by German aircraft manufacturer Fieseler as a rival to the Henschel Hs 123.

Design and development
Fieseler developed the model in response to the Reich Air Ministry specification of 11 February 1934 calling for a robust biplane for low-level attack and dive bombing.

Three prototypes were ordered, of which one prototype was completed, and the design was rejected in favour of the Hs 123.  The design of the model, a braced-wing biplane, was essentially obsolescent.

Specifications (Fi 98)

See also

References

1930s German attack aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Fi 098
Kinematic diagram. In mechanical engineering, a kinematic diagram or kinematic scheme (also called a joint map or skeleton diagram) illustrates the connectivity of links and joints of a mechanism or machine rather than the dimensions or shape of the parts.  Often links are presented as geometric objects, such as lines, triangles or squares, that support schematic versions of the joints of the mechanism or machine. 

For example, the figures show the kinematic diagrams (i) of the slider-crank that forms a piston and crank-shaft in an engine, and (ii) of the first three joints for a PUMA manipulator.

|- style="text-align:center;"
|  || 
|- style="text-align:center;"
| PUMA robot || and its kinematic diagram

Linkage graph
A kinematic diagram can be formulated as a graph by representing the joints of the mechanism as vertices and the links as edges of the graph.  This version of the kinematic diagram has proven effective in enumerating kinematic structures in the process of machine design.

An important consideration in this design process is the degree of freedom of the system of links and joints, which is determined using the Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion.

Elements of machines
Elements of kinematics diagrams include the frame, which is the frame of reference for all the moving components, as well as links (kinematic pairs), and joints.  Primary Joints include pins, sliders and other elements that allow pure rotation or pure linear motion.  Higher order joints also exist that allow a combination of rotation or linear motion.  Kinematic diagrams also include points of interest, and other important components.

See also 
 Free body diagram
 Kinematic synthesis
 Left-hand–right-hand activity chart

References

Mechanisms (engineering)
Diagrams
Classical mechanics
Dornier Do 29 (1934). The Dornier Do 29 was a proposed Zerstörer, or heavy fighter, designed by Dornier as a competitor to the Messerschmitt Bf 110.

The design answered the Reich Air Ministry requirement in autumn 1934 for a heavy fighter. Highly derivative of the earlier Do 17, the design was rejected before the prototype stage, and work stopped in 1936.

Specifications (estimated)

See also

References

 

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Do 029
1930s German fighter aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear

de:Dornier Do 29
Isotta Fraschini Delta. The Delta was a 12-cylinder inverted-V aircraft engine built by Isotta Fraschini prior to and during World War II.

Design and development
The Delta is a fairly rare example of a large air-cooled inline engine, which normally have cooling problems with the rearmost cylinders. It produced about 750 hp in common versions, although others were rated up to 900 hp. The Delta was not widely used, although it could be found on a number of production aircraft and some advanced prototypes.

The engine included a number of otherwise advanced features. For instance, the valves were powered by dual overhead cams driven by power shafts at the rear of the engine. Exhaust ports were arranged to exit toward the middle of the engine, one cylinder bank being the mirror of the other, allowing the piping to be ganged below the engine nacelle.

Variants
 Delta R.C.20/55 ID-IS
 Delta R.C.21/60
 Delta R.C.35
 Delta R.C.35 I
 Delta R.C.35 IS
 Delta R.C.40 IS
 Delta R.C.40 ID-IS
 Delta R.C.48
 Delta III R.C.40 
 Delta IV R.C.17/50

Applications

Ambrosini SAI.107 
Ambrosini SAI.207 prototype
Ambrosini SAI.403 prototype
CANT Z.515
Caproni Ca.313
Caproni Ca.314 
Caproni Ca.331  
Caudron C.714 (C.760) prototype
Henschel Hs 129 prototype
Reggiane Re.2001 prototype
 Savoia-Marchetti SM.86

Specifications (Delta RC35-IDS)
 
{{pistonspecs|

|ref=Aircraft engines of the World.
|type=12-cylinder air-cooled 60 degree inverted vee 
|bore=
|stroke=
|displacement=
|length= 
|width=     
|height=    
|weight=510 kg (1,124 lb)       
|valvetrain= Two poppet valves per cylinder, sodium cooled exhaust valves, double overhead camshafts
|supercharger=Single-stage, single-speed centrifugal type supercharger, gear ratio 9.8:1  
|fuelsystem=Four Isotta Fraschini downdraft carburetors
|fueltype=80/87 octane petrol (aviation gasoline)
|oilsystem=Dry sump, double scavenge pump, single pressure pump
|coolingsystem=Air-cooled
|power=
 at 2,600 rpm (take off)
 at 2,600 rpm at 
|specpower=21.5 kW/L (0.47 hp/in³)
|compression=6.4:1
|fuelcon= 
|specfuelcon= 270 grams/hp*hour maximum, 250 grams/hp*hour cruise (70%)
|oilcon=
|power/weight=1.1 kW/kg (0.68 hp/lb)
|reduction_gear= Ratio 0.64:1
}}

See also

References

Bibliography

Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. 
Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1989. 
 Wilkinson, Paul H. Aircraft engines of the World 1945. New York, Paul H. Wilkinson, 1945.

Delta
Aircraft air-cooled V piston engines
1920s aircraft piston engines
Inverted V12 aircraft engines
Marangoni number. The Marangoni number (Ma) is, as usually defined, the dimensionless number that compares the rate of transport due to Marangoni flows, with the rate of transport of diffusion. The Marangoni effect is flow of a liquid due to gradients in the surface tension of the liquid. Diffusion is of whatever is creating the gradient in the surface tension. Thus as the Marangoni number compares flow and diffusion timescales it is a type of Péclet number.

The Marangoni number is defined as:

A common example is surface tension gradients caused by temperature gradients. Then the relevant diffusion process is that of thermal energy (heat). Another is surface gradients caused by variations in the concentration of surfactants, where the diffusion is now that of surfactant molecules.

The number is named after Italian scientist Carlo Marangoni, although its use dates from the 1950s and it was neither discovered nor used by Carlo Marangoni.

The Marangoni number for a simple liquid of viscosity  with a surface tension change  over a distance  parallel to the surface, can be estimated as follows. Note that we assume that  is the only length scale in the problem, which in practice implies that the liquid be at least  deep. The transport rate is usually estimated using the equations of Stokes flow, where the fluid velocity is obtained by equating the stress gradient to the viscous dissipation. A surface tension is a force per unit length, so the resulting stress must scale as , while the viscous stress scales as , for  the speed of the Marangoni flow. Equating the two we have a flow speed . As Ma is a type of Péclet number, it is a velocity times a length, divided by a diffusion constant, ,  Here this is the diffusion constant of whatever is causing the surface tension difference. So,

Marangoni number due to thermal gradients 
A common application is to a layer of liquid, such as water, when there is a temperature difference  across this layer. This could be due to the liquid evaporating or being heated from below. There is a surface tension at the surface of a liquid that depends on temperature, typically as the temperature increases the surface tension decreases. Thus if due to a small fluctuation temperature, one part of the surface is hotter than another, there will be flow from the hotter part to the colder part, driven by this difference in surface tension, this flow is called the Marangoni effect. This flow will transport thermal energy, and the Marangoni number compares the rate at which thermal energy is transported by this flow to the rate at which thermal energy diffuses.

For a liquid layer of thickness , viscosity  and thermal diffusivity , with a surface tension  which changes with temperature at a rate , the Marangoni number can be calculated using the following formula:

When Ma is small thermal diffusion dominates and there is no flow, but for large Ma, flow (convection) occurs, driven by the gradients in the surface tension. This is called Bénard-Marangoni convection.

References

Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics
Fluid dynamics
VoltAir. VoltAir is a wholly owned subsidiary of Airbus which is developing a proposed electrically powered airliner that was publicly announced in 2011. The preliminary concept drawings released at that time showed a low unswept wing on a conventional small-diameter fuselage. A large duct at the fuselage's rear contains two counter-rotating propellers, which would be driven by two large electric motors. Power would be supplied by a lithium-air battery pack mounted in a detachable pod on the lower fuselage nose, where it could be removed and replaced as part of the normal airport turnaround process in passenger-carriage service.

Lithium-air batteries rely on oxidation of lithium to produce their current flow. The technology holds the potential of providing much greater energy density than lithium-ion batteries.

As part of the development process, a smaller prototype called the Airbus E-Fan was built and flown in 2014. The first flight was from the company's facility in Bordeaux, France. The E-Fan is a composite, tandem two-seat low-wing aircraft. Two ducted fans are mounted on either side of its aft fuselage; each fan is driven by an electric motor of 30 kW maximum output. The batteries are lithium-ion type, sized to provide about 30 minutes of flight time.

References

Drawing of proposed electric airliner
Picture of E-Fan prototype

External links
 Airbus Group E-Aircraft Day

Airbus subsidiaries and divisions
Aircraft on ground. Aircraft On Ground  or  AOG is a term in aviation maintenance indicating that a problem is serious enough to prevent an aircraft from flying.  This can involve problems as simple as a light bulb being out, or as complex as a damaged engine. Boeing estimates that a 1-2 hour AOG situation will cost an airline from $10,000 to $20,000 and possibly even as high as $150,000 per hour depending on the type of aircraft and route flown.

Causes of AOG incidents 
AOG incidents can arise from various factors, including:

 Mechanical failures: Unexpected mechanical issues or failures during flight or pre-flight checks can ground an aircraft.
 Maintenance delays: Scheduled maintenance that extends beyond the expected timeframe can result in AOG status.
 Supply chain issues: Delays in obtaining necessary parts or components can hinder timely repairs, leading to extended grounding periods
 Regulatory compliance: Aircraft may be grounded due to non-compliance with safety regulations or certification requirements.
 AOG can also refer to an aircraft waiting for a flight crew at a different airport, where flight crew are not available. Crew scheduling can designate an inbound deadheading crew, to operate this flight, as "AOG" which makes this crew the highest priority to get seats on the flight. Passengers, even in first class can be "bumped" to accommodate the AOG crew.

References

Air freight
Aircraft maintenance
Dick Grune. Dick Grune is a Dutch computer scientist and university lecturer best known for inventing and developing the first version of the Concurrent Versions System (CVS). Grune was involved in the construction of Algol 68 compilers in the 1970s and the Amsterdam Compiler Kit in the 1980s.

He also named gnome sort, a sorting algorithm invented by Hamid Sarbazi-Azad, who originally published it under the name stupid sort.

Selected publications 
 Henri E. Bal and Dick Grune. Programming Language Essentials. Addison-Wesley, 1994. .
 Dick Grune and Ceriel J. H. Jacobs. Parsing Techniques: A Practical Guide (Second Edition). Springer, 2008. .
 Dick Grune, Kees van Reeuwijk, Henri E. Bal, Ceriel J. H. Jacobs, and Koen G. Langendoen. Modern Compiler Design (Second Edition). John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

References

External links 
Dick Grune's home page
Dick Grune's blog

Living people
Dutch computer scientists
Academic staff of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Concurrent Versions System
People from Enschede
Year of birth missing (living people)
Deuterated acetone. Deuterated acetone ((CD)CO), also known as acetone-d, is a form (isotopologue) of acetone (CH)CO in which the hydrogen atom (H) is replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope (H or D). Deuterated acetone is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy.

Properties
As with all deuterated compounds, the properties of deuterated acetone are virtually identical to those of regular acetone.

Manufacture
Deuterated acetone is prepared by the reaction of acetone with heavy water, HO or DO, in the presence of a base. In this case, the base used is deuterated lithium hydroxide:

In order to fully deuterate the acetone, the process is repeated several times, distilling off the acetone from the heavy water, and re-running the reaction in a fresh batch of heavy water.

References

Deuterated solvents
Deuterated benzene. Deuterated benzene (C6D6) is an isotopologue of benzene (C6H6) in which the hydrogen atom ("H") is replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope ("D").

Properties
The properties of deuterated benzene are very similar to those of normal benzene, however, the increased atomic weight of deuterium relative to protium means that the melting point of C6D6 is about 1.3 °C higher than that of the nondeuterated analogue. The boiling points of both compounds, however, are the same: 80 °C.

Applications
Deuterated benzene is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. It is widely used for taking spectra of organometallic compounds, which often react with the cheaper deuterated chloroform.

A slightly more exotic application of C6D6 is in the synthesis of molecules containing a deuterated phenyl group. Deuterated benzene will undergo all the same reactions its normal analogue will, just a little more slowly due to the kinetic isotope effect. For example, deuterated benzene could be used in the synthesis of deuterated benzoic acid, if desired:

Many simple monosubstituted aromatic compounds bearing the deuterated phenyl (C6D5) group may be purchased commercially, such as aniline, acetophenone, nitrobenzene, bromobenzene, and more.

References

Deuterated solvents
Benzene
Pressurisation ductwork. Pressurisation ductwork is a passive fire protection system. It is used to supply fresh air to any area of refuge, designated emergency evacuation or egress route.

Purpose
The purpose of pressurisation ductwork is to maintain positive pressure in building spaces to prevent smoke from entering from other spaces in which a fire is occurring. It is typically used in exit stairways, corridors, and lobbies.

Requirements
Pressurisation ductwork is certified on the basis of fire testing such as ISO 6944.

Systems
There are two means of providing fire-resistance rated ductwork:

Inherently fire-resistant, or proprietary factory assembled ducts which are made of sheet metal shells filled with mixtures of rockwool, fiber and silicon dioxide
Sheet metal duct with exterior fireproofing materials such as blanket rockwool, ceramic fiber, or intumescent paint.

See also
 Heat and smoke vent
 Fire protection
 Smoke exhaust ductwork
 Emergency evacuation

External links

ISO 6944-1:2008 Fire containment -- Elements of building construction -- Part 1: Ventilation ducts

Active fire protection
Pressure
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning