omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Reynolds analogy. The Reynolds Analogy is popularly known to relate turbulent momentum and heat transfer. That is because in a turbulent flow (in a pipe or in a boundary layer) the transport of momentum and the transport of heat largely depends on the same turbulent eddies: the velocity and the temperature profiles have the same shape. 

The main assumption is that heat flux q/A in a turbulent system is analogous to momentum flux τ, which suggests that the ratio τ/(q/A) must be constant for all radial positions.

The complete Reynolds analogy* is:

Experimental data for gas streams agree approximately with above equation if the Schmidt and Prandtl numbers are near 1.0 and only skin friction is present in flow past a flat plate or inside a pipe. When liquids are present and/or  form drag is present, the analogy is conventionally known to be invalid.

In 2008, the qualitative form of validity of Reynolds' analogy was re-visited for laminar flow of incompressible fluid with variable dynamic viscosity (μ).  It was shown that the inverse dependence of Reynolds number (Re) and skin friction coefficient(cf) is the basis for validity of the Reynolds’ analogy, in laminar convective flows with constant & variable μ.  For μ = const. it reduces to the popular form of Stanton number (St) increasing with increasing Re, whereas for variable μ it reduces to St increasing with decreasing Re.  Consequently, the Chilton-Colburn analogy of St•Pr2/3 increasing with increasing cf is qualitatively valid whenever the
Reynolds’ analogy is valid.  Further, the validity of the Reynolds’ analogy is linked to the applicability of Prigogine's Theorem of Minimum Entropy Production.  Thus, Reynolds' analogy is valid for flows that are close to developed, for whom, changes in the gradients of field variables (velocity & temperature) along the flow are small.

See also
 Reynolds number
 Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy

References

Transport phenomena
Analogy
Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy. Chilton–Colburn J-factor analogy (also known as the modified Reynolds analogy) is a successful and widely used analogy between heat, momentum, and mass transfer. The basic mechanisms and mathematics of heat, mass, and momentum transport are essentially the same. Among many analogies (like Reynolds analogy, Prandtl–Taylor analogy) developed to directly relate heat transfer coefficients, mass transfer coefficients and friction factors, Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy proved to be the most accurate. The factors are named after Thomas H. Chilton and Allan Philip Colburn (1904–1955).  

It is written as follows,

This equation permits the prediction of an unknown transfer coefficient when one of the other coefficients is known. The analogy is valid for fully developed turbulent flow in conduits with Re > 10000, 0.7 < Pr < 160, and tubes where L/d > 60 (the same constraints as the Sieder–Tate correlation). The wider range of data can be correlated by Friend–Metzner analogy.

Relationship between Heat and Mass;

See also
 Reynolds analogy

References

 Geankoplis, C.J. Transport processes and separation process principles (2003). Fourth Edition, p. 475.

External links

 Lecture notes on mass transfer coefficients: http://facstaff.cbu.edu/rprice/lectures/mtcoeff.html

Transport phenomena
Analogy
Michał Życzkowski. Michał Życzkowski (12 April 1930 – 24 May 2006) was a Polish mechanical engineer.

Career
Życzkowski was born in Kraków. In 1954 he graduated at the Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology, and in 1958 he received a diploma at the Imperial College London. He became Professor and doctor honoris causa of the Cracow University of Technology, full member of Polish Academy of Sciences and Polish Academy of Learning, Foreign Corresponding Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

He was the youngest professor in the history of Poland during his time. He became professor at the age of 31. 
He advised 29 Ph.D. students, 11 of them were promoted to professors.

He had four children, among them Karol Życzkowski. He died in his home city of Krakow.

Editor
Member of Editorial Boards of: 
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences
Structural Optimization
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik.

Works
 Sprężystość i plastyczność (with Wiesław Krzyś), Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN Warsaw, 1962
 Obciążenia złożone w teorii plastyczności, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN Warsaw, 1973
 Combined loadings in the theory of plasticity, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN Warsaw, 1981
 294 scientific publications

References

External links
Pro Memoria web page of Prof.Michał Życzkowski

1930 births
2006 deaths
Polish scientists
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology alumni
Morton Heilig. Morton Leonard Heilig (December 22, 1926 – May 14, 1997) was an American pioneer in virtual reality (VR) technology and a filmmaker. He applied his cinematographer experience and with the help of his partner developed the Sensorama over several years from 1957, patenting it in 1962.

Sensorama
The Sensorama is big, bulky, and shaped like a 1980s era video arcade game. It was impressive for 1960s technology. The viewing cabinet gave the viewer the experience of riding a motorcycle on the streets of Brooklyn. The viewer felt the wind on their face, the vibration of the motorcycle seat, a stereoscopic 3D view, and smells of the city.

Heilig wanted to create “cinema of the future.”  The Sensorama was doomed, however, from the high costs of the filmmaking. The problem was not that the apparatus addressed the wrong senses; the business community just couldn't figure out how to sell it. He was not able to find the amount of funds necessary to create new 3-D films “obtained with three 35 mm cameras mounted on the cameraman.”

Filmmaker

Heilig was the producer, director, writer, cinematographer and editor of the short films Assembly Line (1961), which was awarded the San Giorgio Medal at the Venice Film Festival, and Destination: Man (1965), as well as The Film Maker about the making of The Greatest Show on Earth. He was the producer, director, writer, cinematographer and editor of the feature film Once (1974). For the US Information Agency, he produced WIlson Riles  (1972) about the superintendent of public instruction in the state of California and served as a cinematographer on The Entrepreneur: Malcolm Arbita. He also directed the TV series Diver Dan (1961). He was a production executive for the film They Shoot Horses Don't They? (1969).

Morton Heilig is buried at Eden Memorial Park Cemetery in Mission Hills, Los Angeles, California, USA.

References

External links 
 mortonheilig.com

1926 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American inventors
Burials at Eden Memorial Park Cemetery
Virtual reality pioneers
Albert S. Humphrey. Albert S. Humphrey (2 June 1926 – 31 October 2005) was an American business and management consultant who specialized in organizational management and cultural change. Initially earning degrees in chemical engineering in Illinois, he eventually moved to London.

Education 
Albert Humphrey was educated at the University of Illinois, where he graduated with a B.Sc. in chemical engineering. After this he gained a master's degree in chemical engineering at M.I.T. and an MBA at Harvard University.

Career 
Humphrey said that while he worked at the Stanford Research Institute (later SRI International), he was involved with the team that came up with the "International Executive Seminar in Business Planning", which became known as TAM (Team Action Management), and also with a team led by Robert Stewart, who published the SOFT framework (as Humphrey described it: "What is good in the present is Satisfactory, good in the future is an Opportunity; bad in the present is a Fault, and bad in the future is a Threat"). For a summary of the relationship of SOFT to SWOT analysis, see .

During his working life Humphrey acted as consultant to over 100 companies globally. In 2005 he was listed in:

 Who's Who in the World
 Debrett's People of Today
 Who's Who in the City
 The Directory of Directors

In 2004 he was listed in the Who's Who in Science and Engineering, 7th Edition (2003–2004).

References 

1926 births
2005 deaths
American business theorists
American management consultants
Harvard Business School alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
SRI International people
MAKS (spacecraft). The MAKS (Multipurpose aerospace system) (Russian: МАКС (Многоцелевая авиационно-космическая система)) is a Soviet air-launched orbiter reusable launch system project that was proposed in 1988, but cancelled in 1991. The MAKS orbiter was supposed to reduce the cost of transporting materials to Earth orbit by a factor of ten. The reusable orbiter and its external expendable fuel tank would have been launched by an Antonov AN-225 airplane, developed by Antonov ASTC (Kiev, Ukraine). Had it been built, the system would have weighed  and been capable of carrying a  payload.

Three variants of the MAKS system were conceived: MAKS-OS, the standard configuration with the orbiter on top of the fuel tank; MAKS-T, with upgraded payload capability and a configuration that involved the fuel tank above the orbiter; and MAKS-M, a version that included its fuel tank within the envelope of the orbiter.

As of June 2010, Russia was considering reviving the MAKS program. In Ukraine, this project has developed into other air-launched orbiter projects, such as Svityaz and Oril.

See also 
Air launch to orbit
Buran programme

RD-701 - main engine

References

Proposed spacecraft
Spaceplanes
Cancelled Soviet spacecraft
Kin-Buc Landfill. The Kin-Buc Landfill is a  Superfund site located in Edison, New Jersey where  of liquid toxic waste and 1 million tons of solid waste were dumped.  It was active from the late 1940s to 1976. It was ordered closed in 1977. Cleanup operations have been underway to address environmental issues with contamination from 1980s through to 2000s. This site was one of the largest superfund sites in New Jersey having taken in around . The site is heavily contaminated with PCBs, which leaked into Edmonds Creek, a tributary of the Raritan River.

History
From around 1947 the site was used for dumping of municipal, industrial and hazardous waste.

From 1971 to 1976 the site was state approved for liquid and solid wastes but the state approval was revoked in 1976 due to violations of state and federal environmental laws. Large quantities of PCBs were dumped without proper containment, and PCBs consequently leaked into Edmonds Creek, a tributary of the Raritan River.
By 1979 legal action had been launched and in 1980 as part of the settlement between Kin-Buc Ltd. and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) began clean-up operations with large amounts of waste shipped off site and incinerated between 1984 and 1994. There have been several phases of clean-up undertaken and later reviews of progress (1999–2000 and 2004).

In 2005 a legal agreement was reached in which US$2.6 million to pay for some of the ongoing cleanup as well as other actions to help clean up the pollution at the site.

See also
Landfill in the United States

References

External links
 Picture gallery containing shots of the landfill

Superfund sites in New Jersey
Edison, New Jersey
Landfills in the United States
Ebulliometer. In physics, an ebulliometer () is an instrument designed to accurately measure the boiling point of liquids by measuring the temperature of the vapor–liquid equilibrium either isobarically (at constant pressure) or isothermally (at constant temperature).

The primary components in a Świętosławski ebulliometer, which operates isobarically, are the boiler, the Cottrell pumps, the thermowell, and the condenser. Such an ebulliometer can be used for extremely accurate measurements of boiling temperature, molecular weights, mutual solubilities, and solvent purities by using a resistance thermometer (RTD) to measure the near-equilibrium conditions of the thermowell.

The ebulliometer is frequently used for measuring the alcohol content of dry wines. See also Sweetness of wine and Oechsle scale.

References 
 
 
 

Laboratory equipment
Science and technology in Poland
Polish inventions
Tadeusz Żyliński. Tadeusz Żyliński (4 November 1904 in Vilnius – 11 September 1967 in Łódź) was a Polish technician, textilist and mechanical engineer. He was a professor of Technical University of Łódź, creator of Polish school of textile metrology. Author of Metrologia włókiennicza and Nauka o włóknie.

References
 

1904 births
1967 deaths
Polish non-fiction writers
Polish male non-fiction writers
20th-century Polish engineers
Engineers from Vilnius
String-net liquid. In condensed matter physics, a string-net is an extended object whose collective behavior has been proposed as a physical mechanism for topological order by Michael A. Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen. A particular string-net model may involve only closed loops; or networks of oriented, labeled strings obeying branching rules given by some gauge group; or still more general networks.

Overview
The string-net model is claimed to show the derivation of photons, electrons, and U(1) gauge charge, small (relative to the Planck mass) but nonzero masses, and suggestions that the leptons, quarks, and gluons  can be modeled in the same way. In other words, string-net condensation provides a unified origin for photons and electrons (or gauge bosons and fermions). It can be viewed as an origin of light and electron (or gauge interactions and Fermi statistics).
However, their model does not account for the chiral coupling between the fermions and the SU(2) gauge bosons in the standard model.

For strings labeled by the positive integers, string-nets are the spin networks studied in loop quantum gravity. This has led to the proposal by Levin and Wen, and Smolin, Markopoulou and Konopka that loop quantum gravity's spin networks can give rise to the standard model of particle physics through this mechanism, along with fermi statistics and gauge interactions. To date, a rigorous derivation from LQG's spin networks to Levin and Wen's spin lattice has yet to be done, but the project to do so is called quantum graphity, and in a more recent paper, Tomasz Konopka, Fotini Markopoulou, Simone Severini argued that there are some similarities to spin networks (but not necessarily an exact equivalence) that gives rise to U(1) gauge charge and electrons in the string net mechanism.

Herbertsmithite may be an example of string-net matter.

Examples

Z2 spin liquid
Z2 spin liquid obtained using slave-particle approach may be the first theoretical example of string-net liquid.

The toric code
The toric code is a two-dimensional spin-lattice that acts as a quantum error-correcting code. It is defined on a two-dimensional lattice with toric boundary conditions with a spin-1/2 on each link. It can be shown that the ground-state of the standard toric code Hamiltonian is an equal-weight superposition of closed-string states. Such a ground-state is an example of a string-net condensate which has the same topological order
as the Z2 spin liquid above.

References

Quantum phases
Condensed matter physics
Chemical engineering
Phases of matter
Aero Design DG-1. The Aero Design DG-1 (registered N10E) is an American racing aircraft designed by David Garber in an attempt to break the world airspeed record for a piston-engined aircraft. It is a single-seat aircraft with two Mazda RX-3 engines installed, one driving a tractor propeller, the other driving a pusher. The fuselage is bullet-shaped and highly streamlined and features a mid-wing and cruciform tail. It first flew on 25 July 1977.

After being displayed at the Sun 'n Fun air museum at Lakeland, Florida for some years, the aircraft was being offered for sale in 2005 with an asking price of $125,000 (USD).

Specifications (Aero Design DG-1)

References

 Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 27
 Aerofiles
 Aero Trader, October 2005
 Air Progress, June 1975 
 Sport Aviation, March 1976 
 Sport Aviation, February 2002, p. 44–49

External links
 Mazda Wankel Rotary Engines for Aircraft Website has a photo of the partially dismantled airframe and a three-view drawing of the complete aircraft.

Aero Design Associates aircraft
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
1970s United States sport aircraft
Wankel-engined aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1977
Comp Air. Comp Air Inc, formerly known as Aerocomp Inc, is an aircraft manufacturer based in Merritt Island, Florida, owned by Ron Lueck.

The firm originally manufactured floats for seaplanes, using  composite materials. It later branched out into aircraft, marketing them in kit form for homebuilding. It now offers 3-10 place kit aircraft, with the latest developments being in the experimental Jet market. In 2004, the company test-flew its most ambitious project, a homebuilt jet aircraft, the Aerocomp Comp Air Jet.

A wholly owned subsidiary, with partner Patrick Farrell, Forward.Vision, manufactures Infra-red viewing systems for aviation use.

List of Aircraft

Aerocomp Merlin (1987) Single-engine two-seat high-wing ultralight aircraft. Built by Blue Yonder Aviation of Indus, Alberta and marketed by Comp Air as kit homebuilt (discontinued)
Aerocomp EZ Flyer (1997) Single-engine two-seat high-wing ultralight aircraft. Built by Blue Yonder Aviation of Indus, Alberta and marketed by Comp Air as kit homebuilt (discontinued)
Comp Air 3 (2002) Single-engine high-wing aircraft.  Development of Comp Air 4.  Marketed as kit homebuilt (discontinued)
Comp Air 4 Single-engine four-seat civil utility aircraft.  Marketed as kit homebuilt.
Comp Air 6 Single-engine six-seat high-wing civil utility aircraft.  Marketed as kit homebuilt.
Comp Air 7 Single-engine seven-seat high-wing turboprop engine aircraft.  Marketed as kit homebuilt.
Comp Air 8 Single-engine eight-seat high-wing turboprop engine aircraft (stretch version of Comp Air 7).  Marketed as kit homebuilt.
Comp Air 9 (2008) Single-engine six-seat high-wing turboprop engine aircraft. Marketed as kit homebuilt, but the company intends to produce a certificated version.
Comp Air 10 Single-engine ten-seat high-wing turboprop engine aircraft (larger version of Comp Air 8).  Marketed as kit homebuilt.
Comp Air 11 (2009) Single-engine six-seat low-wing turboprop engine aircraft. Marketed as kit homebuilt, but the company intends to produce a certificated version.
Comp Air 12 (2007) Single-engine low-wing turboprop engine, tricycle undercarriage.  Type certification being pursued; factory-built
Comp Air Jet (2004) Single turbofan jet engine, eight-seat low-wing aircraft with tricycle undercarriage.  Marketed as kit homebuilt.

References

External links

 

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Brevard County, Florida
Aero-Flight. The Aero-Flight Aircraft Corporation was founded by ex-Curtiss-Wright employee James Nagamatsu at Buffalo, New York, U.S. in 1946 to produce a two-seat light aircraft, the Streak. However, due to the post-war saturation of the light aircraft market, the company was unable to generate any interest in the product and ceased business in 1953/

References
 Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 28
 Aerofiles

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in New York (state)
Defunct companies based in New York (state)
Aero-Flight Streak. The Aero-Flight Streak was an American two-seat light aircraft built in 1946 by Aero-Flight Aircraft Corporation at Buffalo, New York. Advanced for its time, it was of all-metal construction with tricycle undercarriage, and accommodated the pilot and passenger in tandem beneath a sliding, bubble canopy.

Initially flown powered by a Continental C85, successively more powerful engines were fitted in an attempt to arouse interest in the marketplace. Due to the saturation of the light aircraft market in the years immediately following World War II, no production ensued and the project was dead by 1953.

Variants
AFA-1 Streak-85Powered by  Continental C85-12J.
AFA-2 Streak-125Powered by  Continental C125.
AFA-3 Streak-165Powered by Franklin 6A4
AFA-4 Streak-225Powered by a 225 hp Continental engine

Specifications (AFA-3)

References

Bibliography

 Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 28
 Aerofiles

External links

 
 

Streak
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
Benoît Potier. Benoît Potier (; born 3 September 1957) is a French businessman who was CEO of the French multinational industrial gas company Air Liquide from 2006 to 2022, and is now chairman.

Education  
Potier graduated with an engineer's degree from École Centrale Paris in 1979. Potier also attended the executive training program of the Wharton International Forum and the INSEAD Advanced Management program.

Professional career 
Potier joined Air Liquide in 1981 as a Research and Development engineer. After working as a Project Manager in the Engineering and Construction Division, he was made Vice-President of Energy Development in the Large Industries business line. In 1993, he became Director of Strategy & Organization and, in 1994, was put in charge of the Chemicals, Metal & Steel, Oil and Energy Markets. He was made an Executive Vice-President of Air Liquide in 1995 with additional responsibilities over the Engineering & Construction Division and the Large Industries operations in Europe. Benoît Potier was appointed Senior Executive Vice-President in 1997. He was appointed to the Board of Directors in 2000 and became Chairman of the Management Board in November 2001.  Potier was chairman and chief executive officer of Air Liquide from 2006 to 2022. He has been holding the office of Chairman of the Board of Directors of Air Liquide since June 1, 2022.

Other activities

Corporate boards
 Temasek Holdings, Member of the European Advisory Panel (since 2022)
 Siemens, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2018)

Non-profit organizations
 CentraleSupélec, Member of the Board
 Association Nationale des Societes par Actions (ANSA), Member of the Board 
 Association Française des Entreprises Privées (AFEP), Member of the Board 
 Cercle de l’Industrie, Member of the Board
 INSEAD, Member of the French Board 
 La Fabrique de l’Industrie, Member of the Board  
 European Roundtable of Industrialists (ERT), Vice-chairman

Recognition
Potier has been awarded with France's Knight of the French Legion of honour "Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur" and with the distinction of "Officier de l’Ordre du Mérite" in 2006.

References

External links
 Category:French businesspeople

1957 births
Living people
Air Liquide people
Siemens people
Groupe Danone people
Michelin people
Businesspeople from Mulhouse
École Centrale Paris alumni
INSEAD alumni
French chief executives
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Continental O-280. The Continental C115, C125 and C140 aircraft engines were manufactured by Continental Motors in the 1940s, all sharing the US military designation O-280. These engines feature a flat-6 configuration and produce 115 hp (86 kW) 125 hp (93 kW) or 140 hp (104 kW) respectively.

The C115 was in production from 1945 to 1951, the C125 was in production from 1945 to 1952, and the C140 from 1945 to 1946.

The C125 has the same crankcase as the Continental C145, although the engines differ in stroke, compression ratio and carburetor jetting. The C125 features a cast iron camshaft and hydraulic tappets.

Applications

C125
 Aero-Flight Streak
 Baumann Brigadier
 Call-Air A-3
 Globe Swift
 Grumman Tadpole
 Hockaday Comet
 SAI KZ VII
 Meyers MAC 125
 Miles Gemini

Specifications (C125)
Reference: Engines for Homebuilt Aircraft & Ultralights

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. (1986) World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Patrick Stephens: Wellingborough.
 Erickson, Jack. Horizontally-Opposed Aero Engines

Boxer engines
1940s aircraft piston engines
O-280