omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Almost 60 years after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 the majority of Americans are still reluctant to believe the official reports of commis sions from 1964 and again in 1976 that determined the direction of the shot resulting in the fatal head injury. Long - withheld, confidential government files released in 2017 r eignited the controversy. The present investigation computationally simulated pro jectile -skull impacts from the direction specified in official reports and from three other directions. Detailed geometric models of the human head and amm unition, as well as known parameters from the assassination site served as the supportive base for an alysis. Constitutive mathematical models for the impact of projectile material with skull tissues at supersonic speed we re employed to analyze bone and bullet fragmentation mechanics. Simulated fracture characteristics of the bone and the bullet were compared with photographic and X-ray evidence . The most likely origin of the fatal shot was determined based on the degree of corresponding deformation and fragmentation between simulation and documented evidence. Computational corroboration could be established as physically consistent with high -speed impact from the rear, as established by the official commission s. Simulations of three other speculative shot origins did not correspond to the documented evidence. Keywords : Cranial gunshot , bone and bullet fracture mechanics, finite element simulation 1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Potential shot origins 2.2 Initial conditions prior to bullet impact 2.3 Projectile geometry and mass distribution 2.4 Skull geometry 3 Constitutive modeling and FE representation 3.1 Projectile model 3.2 Head model 3.2.1 Scalp skin 3.2.2 Skull bone 3.2.3 Cerebrospinal fluid 3.2.4 Brain tissue 4 Forensic evidence 4.1 Bullet fragments 4.2 Autopsy X-rays of Kennedys' head 4.3 Autopsy photographic evidence 5 Results 5.1 Simulated shot from the TSBD -direction 5.2 Simulated shot from the GK-direction 5.3 Simulated shot from t he SD-direction 5.4 Simulated shots from the SK-direction 5.5 Simulated post-impact phase: head and upper body motion 6 Discussion 7 Conclusions Appendix Simulated post -impact phase: bullet fragment traces resulting from a shot from the TSBD
The design documented in this paper is author attempt to design a stirling engine in Catia V5 poweredbySuninspace. Keywords Stirlingengine,Sun,Space,Catia. Introduction Stirling engine was invented by Robert Stirling in 1816. [1] This design is a creative attempt to redesigninCatiaV5combinedwithheattransferanalysisinCOMSOLMultiphysics.Thedesign has beenuploadedat https://grabcad.com/library/space-engine-1andis presentedbelow. Design Figure 1& 2 Figure 1 and 2 depict the finished design with retractable fins attached to heat sink components mountedandburiedinside the gas chamber. Figure 3 Figure 3 depicts same design with transparent air chamber to make the grid inside visible. The engine works on expanding and contracting gas (preferrably a mixture of Hydrogen/Helium for compressibilityandagreenhousegas),andwhenthepiston(depictedinfigure4)goestotheend positionthe retractable attachments closes toallow the heat tobe movedvia external heat sink. Figure 4 Figure 5& 6 Figure 5and6illustrates the import andmeshingofthe gas chamberwithgridinCOMSOL. Figure 7& 8 Figure 7 and 8 are results of initial temperature being 0 degree celsius and the foremost plane of gaschamberbeingat500K,andanalysishasbeendonewithconvectiveheatfluxgoingoutwards from the grid tops at 1 W/m^2K. The countour shows the drop of temperature is 93K at <30% length. Conclusion/Remarks Thestirlingenginedesignsholdskeytopassivelocomotiveforcegenerationaroundsunandmust be furtherinnovatedupon.
23 The last decade has seen a large growth in fluorescence guided surg ery (FGS) imaging and 24 interventions. With the increasing number of clinical specialties implementing FGS, the range of 25 systems with radically different physical designs, image processing approaches and performance 26 requirements is expanding. This variety of systems makes it nearly impossible to specify uniform 27 performance goals, yet at the same time, utilization of different devices in clinical trials indicates 28 some need for common knowledge bases an d a quality assessment paradigm to ensure that 29 effective translation occurs. It is feasible to identify key fundamental image quality characteristics 30 and corresponding objective test methods that should be determined such that there are consistent 31 conventi ons across a variety of FGS devices. This report outlines test methods, tissue simulating 32 phantoms and suggested guidelines, as well as personnel needs and professional knowledge bases 33 that can be established. This report frames the issues with guidance and feedback from related 34 societies and agencies having vested interest in the outcome , coming from an independent 35 scientific group formed from academics and international f ederal agencies for the establishment 36 of these professional guidelines. 37 GUIDANCE FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR FLUORESCENCE GUIDED SURGERY SYSTEMS 3 Table of Contents 38 1. Introduction 39 1.1 General introduction on rationale for the report 40 1.2 Scope of the report 41 2. Background 42 2.1 Theory of light -tissue interaction as it affects images 43 2.2 System use and performance expectations 44 2.3 Phantoms to simulate human tissue 45 3. Protocol 46 3.1 Methods for performance testing 47 3.2 Performance testing paradigms 48 3.3 Considerations for clinical implementation of QA procedures 49 4. Recommendations for technical evaluation and guidance of new systems 50 4.1 Recommendation s for technical evaluation 51 4.2 Recommendation s for technical guidance for new systems 52 4.3 Recommendation s for “qualified personnel” for using the FGS system 53 4.4 Suggestion for in service requirement for a staff to be qua lified for using the FGS 54 system. 55 5. Limitations of this report 56 6. Summary 57 7. Acknowledgements 58 8. Conflicts of Interest 59 9.
Mechanical Ene rgy is a form of energy associated with the motion and position of an object with mass. The relativistic kinetic energy is conce rned with the motion of a body whose velocity approaches the speed of light. This paper presents an equation of mass -energy equivalence derived from the kinetic energy connected wit h the relativistic mass. Keywords: kinetic energy, relativistic mass , speed of light 1. Introduction The sum of kinetic and potential energy is known as a total mechanical energy. In the Einstein’s theory of special relativity [1-4], the relativistic mechanics is conce rned with the motion of bodies whose velocities approach the speed of light . 2. Relativistic Mass -Energy Relation Kinetic Energy (𝐸)=1 2𝑚𝑣2. By differentiating with respect to time, we get 𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝑡=1 2(𝑚2𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡)⟹𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝑡=𝑚𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡=𝐹𝑣=𝑣𝑑(𝑚𝑣) 𝑑𝑡=𝑣𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑡, where 𝑎=𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡,𝐹=𝑚𝑎,𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝=𝑚𝑣. From this above expression, we conclude that 𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝑡=𝐹𝑣=𝑣𝑑(𝑚𝑣) 𝑑𝑡. (1) Now ,let us derive an equation equivation to 𝑣𝑑(𝑚𝑣) 𝑑𝑡 from the relativistic mass . The equation of relativistic mas states that 𝑚=𝑚0 √1−𝑣2 𝑐2. From the relativistic mass equation, we obtain 𝑚2=𝑚02 1−𝑣2 𝑐2⟹𝑚2𝑐2−𝑚2𝑣2−𝑚02𝑐2=0,where rest mass 𝑚0 and 𝑐 are constants . By differentiating with respect to time, we get Page | 2 𝑐22𝑚𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑡−2𝑚𝑣𝑑(𝑚𝑣) 𝑑𝑡=0 𝑣𝑑(𝑚𝑣) 𝑑𝑡=𝑐2𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑡 (2) From the equation s (1) and (2), we get 𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝑡=𝐹𝑣=𝑣𝑑(𝑚𝑣) 𝑑𝑡=𝑐2𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝐸=𝑐2𝑑𝑚 Note that the term 𝑐2𝑑𝑚 allows the hypothesis of variable mass as it actually occurs at high speed. Also, 𝑐2𝑑𝑚 is equal to the kinetic energy (𝑑𝐸). By integrating the equation 𝑑𝐸=𝑐2𝑑𝑚, ∫𝑑𝐸𝐸 0=𝑐2∫𝑑𝑚𝑚 0, we conclude that 𝐸=𝑚𝑐2, which is mass -energy equivalence. 3. Conclusion The mass -energy equivalence along with relativistic mass , momentum , and energy play a n important role in the Einstein ’s theory of special relativity. Also, th e relativistic mechanics is conce rned with the motion of bodies whose velocities approach the speed of light . In this article , the mass -energy equivalence has been derived using the kinetic energy and relativisti c mass equation.
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a label -free, accurate, fast, and low-cost diagnostic technique that uses the principles of polarization and the motion of bioparticles in applied electric fields. DEP occurs when uncharged particles in the solution are subject to a spatially non -uniform alternating -current (AC) electric field, resulting in the motion of particl es by creating a polarizability gradient between the particles and the suspending medium. The movement of particles in DEP is based on the difference in polarizability between the particles and the surrounding medium. If the particles move toward the elect rode edge, the region of high electric field gradient, the response is called positive DEP (p -DEP) . At the same time, if the particles move away from the electrode edge, the response is called negative DEP (n -DEP). This phenomenon provides a powerful and v ersatile tool for the non-destructive manipulation of nanoscale materials, allowing for the control of the resistance and the type of the assembly. This technique has been proven to be beneficial in various fields, including environmental research, polyme r research, sensors, biosensors, microfluidics, medicine , and diagnostics. This paper reviews the fundamentals of DEP and its specific application in the incorporation of graphene , graphene oxide (GO) , and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) , enabling the assembly of individual two -dimensional nanostructures at predefined locations in microdevices for gas sensor applications. The review provides an essential framework for parallel fabrication approaches of graphene - based devices. Keywor ds: Dielectrophoresis, Graphene materials, gas sensors . 2 Contents 1. introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 4 1.1. DEP background ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 4 1.2. DEP theor y ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 4 1.3. Electronic properties of graphene, GO, RGO ................................ ................................ .................... 6 2. Employing dielectrophoresis for graphene -based gas sensors ................................ ............................... 7 2.1. Gas sensors based on GO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 7 2.2. Gas Sensor based on RGO ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 10 Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 15
Regarding global environmental crisis, the effort of various institutions to reduce hunger have not yet been enough. The dominant model of extensive agro -industry reveals a serious problem of instability, due to the use of agrochemicals and the non -rotatio n of crops. In this context, the academic community is increasingly interested in alternative agricultural models such as indigenous agriculture. Indigenous communities from the Andes have inherited highly complex agroecological systems whose practices for stability could be replicated in other agricultural models around the world. This qualitative research focuses on the functional and / or spatial relations of the traditional indigenous farms of the Quillacinga ethnic group in southern Colombia and seeks to verify that their practices coincide with what is exposed in authority texts. These relations and their role in the stability of soil fertility are explained through diagrams. The information collected can be expanded and contrasted with other studies o n other Andean ethnic groups. These studies would seek to make a contribution to reduce the instability of the extensive agro -industrial model and potentially contribute to reduce hunger in the world. Keywords: Indigenous Agriculture, Agroecology, Agroeco systems, Quillacingas, Spatial Relation 1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Relevance Concerning the global environmental crisis, there are several obstacles to environmental development. One of them is the dominant culture of consumerism and excessive industrialization, promoted by dysfunctional economic policies. (Holmgren, 2015 ). Despite the growing industrialization processes in food production, it should be noted that in 2011 -2013 twelve percent of the world population was not able to meet their minimum dietary requirements, for which it is estimated that one in eight people in the worl d suffers from chronic hunger, the vast majority live in developing countries (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013 ). Asian Institute of Research Engineering and Technology Quarterly Reviews Vol.4, No. 1, 202 1 25 To solve this problem, the concept of Food Security is important, its four main principles are: availability, access, use and stability ( FAO, 2015 ). However, the aforementioned principle of ‘stability’ is threatened in the extensive agro -industrial model, due to long -term infertility in the soil caused by the use of agrochemicals and non-rotation of crops. (FAO, 2015 ). 1.2 Theoretical framework The long -term instability shown by the extensive agro -industrial model has awakened a growing interest in academia to investigate more stable agricultural models such as permaculture or traditional indigenous agriculture, furthermore the efforts of influential countries such as China are currently focused on strengthening their food security, threatened by environmental crises such as climate change (Piao et al., 2010) . Within the theoretical framework to carry out this research, first -hand texts from influential authors were considered, as well as publications from international organizations such as the UN and FAO, as can be found in the bibliographic
Modular refineries are refineries whose hardware are built in fragments with the intent of easy transportation, installation, and decommission. A modular refinery can produce a range of specific petroleum products, commonly naphtha, diesel, kerosene, and r esidue, at a time thereby meeting the immediate fuel needs of Nigeria. The establishment of modular refineries at strategic locations would reduce the importation of refined petroleum products, curb pipeline vandalism, impact the nation's GDP, and provide employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workforce. The daily consumption of diesel in Nigeria according to NMDPRA in 2021 was about 13 million litres per day, hence it is necessary to control the liquid level in the diesel chimney tray of the crude distillation column . This work develops an input -output transfer function model used for designing the diesel chimney tray liquid level in the crude distillation column . Four tuning methods were used: Ziegler Nicholas; Cohen -Coon; Integral Time Weighted Absolute Error (ITAE); and Internal Model Control (IMC) tuning methods. The ITAE tuning method with controller parameters KC, τi , and τD of 2.48154, 2.14899, and 0.31699 respectively gave the best dynamic response with 4% overshoot, 2.5s rise time, 7s settling time, and minimal oscillation. Tuning the programmable logic controller in the distributed control system of Walter -Smith modular refinery using the ITAE process parameters gotten above would minimize weeping and flooding in the column thereby ensuring maximum draw of product and maint aining temperature and pressure distribution across the tray, t hus ensuring premium product quality . viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL iii DECLARATION iv DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi ABSTRACT vii TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xii NOTATIONS xiii CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of Study 1 1.2 Problem Statement 6 1.3 Justification of Project 7 1.4 Aims and Objectives of Study 7 1.5 Relevance of the Study 7 CHAPTER TWO - LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 Modularization 8 ix 2.2 Modular Refinery 9 2.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Modular Refinery 11 2.2.2 Location of a Modular Refinery 12 2.2.3 Environmental Limitations of a Modular Refinery 14 2.2.4 Optimum Configuration of a Modular Refinery 16 2.2.5 Modeling & Simulation of Modular Refineries 26 2.2.6 Optimization Studies of a Modular Refinery 28 2.2.7 Control of a Modular Refinery 31 CHAPTER THREE - METHODOLOGY 34 3.1 Development of Transfer Function Model of a Modular Refinery Using Input / Output Method 34 3.2 Data Generation for Crude Distillation Unit 50 3.3 Control Scheme for a Modular Refinery 59 CHAPTER FOUR - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 62 4.1 Effect of Feed Flow Rate on Product Yield 62 4.2 Temperature Variation in the Column 63 4.3 Control of Level at the Diesel Chimey Tray 66 CHAPTER FIVE – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 71 CONCLUSION 71 x RECOMMENDATION 71
Theauthorattemptstodesignaspacestructureusingtheevidentfactabout gammaraysandmirrorsandthuscombinesperiscopeandpolarizersinacertain configurationtobeusedbyfuturevisitorsofsun,aroundsunandpossiblystars. Keywords Periscope,Polarizer,Spacestructure,Star-gazing,GammaRay. Introduction JohannesHeveliusdescribedpolemoscopein1647inhisworkSelenographia. PeriscopeshavebeenusedinworldwarstotheextentthatUSNationalDefence researchcommitteeranfieldcomparisonteststwocenturieslaterin November-Decemberof1947onstereoscopicandcoincidencerangefinders.[1] ErasmusBartholinaround1669noticeddoubleimagegenerationfromcrystals (splitting).In1808,EtienneLouisMalus,afrenchmathematicianobservedthat imagesmadefromreflectedlightwouldsometimesdisappearandconcludedthat thispropertyisnotdependentoncrystalsbutlightitself.Andin1812,SirDavid Brewsterdescribedthefeaturesofpolarizedlight.[2] Combiningthesetwotechnologies,theauthorhasdreamedlikeothersaboutan evidentdesignthatcouldallowobserversto“see”theSun,up-close,withnaked eyes. Design ThedesignhavebeenillustratedinFigure1. Figure1 Fromthelefttop,thetopviewhavebeendepicted,toprighthasa3dviewand bottompanelhastherightsideview.Inthelastviewitcanbeseenthatdueto thephenomenonofgamma,X-rayandUVwavelengthspassingthroughthe atomsofmirrortheperiscopedesignwouldallowthesetoneverreachthe observerindense/magneticprotection.Inordertoproducemirrorsthatwould reflecttheseelectromagneticwavelengths,specificinnovationshavebeenmade[3] and/orgrazingincidencehavebeenused.[4]Furthermore,theintensityofSun rayscanbeloweredbyusingtwopolarizersonthewindowjoiningthestructure. Itshouldbenotedthatnootherpolarizersshouldbeallowednearthepolarizers asevenatinypercentageofastar’srayscandestroyand/orendangerobservers, asinsimplestterms,afterbeingpolarizedoncetherayswouldbeorientedone wayandthentheotherwhichblocks“ALL”rays,whileathirdpolarizerswould allowhalftheraysafterfirstpolarizationtobepolarizedagainincertain directionandthusresultinginlessblockagethanonlytwo. Note:Thewingsarenecessitytoreducethermalexpansionandareartisticin theseillustrations.
—Information-aware connected and automated vehi- cles (CA Vs) have drawn great attention in recent years due to its potentially signiﬁcant positive impacts on roadway safety and operational efﬁciency. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth review of three basic and key interrelated aspects of a CA V: sensing and communication technologies, human factors, and information-aware controller design. First, different vehicular sensing and communication technologies and their protocol stacks, to provide reliable information to the information-aware CA V controller, are thoroughly discussed. Diverse human factor issues, such as user comfort, p
Carnot’s general proposition, also referred to as one of Carnot’s principles, states that the work producing potential of heat—harvested by reversible heat engines—is independent on the working /fl.ligauid and on engine internal details, being only a function of the temperatures of the reservoirs with which the engine exchanges heat. /T_h.ligais concept, usually presented to ME students in the context of the second law of thermodynamics, is usually proven by contradiction, using second law concepts and abstractions, without concrete examples, even though Carnot’s proposition mentions concrete things such as working /fl.ligauids and engine internal details. /T_h.ligais work proposes to document the usage of reversible Stirling engine models that take the engine arrangement and /fl.ligauid properties into account towards illustrating the validity of Carnot’s general proposition. Keywords Carnot principles — Carnot general proposition — Second law of /T_h.ligaermodynamics — Reversible Stirling engine models — /T_h.ligaermal e/f_f_i.ligaciency Highlights Revisits Carnot’s ‘fundamental’ and ‘general’ propositions — Identi/fi.ligaes a link between Carnot’s general proposition and the later Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of /T_h.ligaermodynamics — Draws insights and points out connections between published models and thermodynamics theory. /one.lfAdjunct Professor. Universidade Tecnol ´ogica Federal do Paran ´a – UTFPR, C ˆampus Guarapuava. Grupo de Pesquisa em Ci ˆencias T ´ermicas. /two.lfGraduate Student. Universidade Tecnol ´ogica Federal do Paran ´a – UTFPR, C ˆampus Pato Branco. Programa de P ´os-Graduac ¸ ˜ao em Eng. El ´etrica – PPGEE. /three.lfAssistant Professor. Universidade Tecnol ´ogica Federal do Paran ´a – UTFPR, C ˆampus Pato Branco. Programa de P ´os-Graduac ¸ ˜ao em Eng. El ´etrica – PPGEE. ?Corresponding author : NaaktgeborenC ·PhD@gmail ·com License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Contents /one.lf Introduction /one.lf /two.lf Reversible Stirling Engine Model /two.lf /three.lf Illustration of Carnot’s General Proposition /five.lf /four.lf Conclusions /five.lf
This paper deals with the nonlinear stochastic dynamics of an orchard tower sprayer subjected to random excitations due to soil irregularities. A consistent stochastic model of uncertainties is constructed to describe ran- dom loadings and to predict variabilities in mechanical system response. The dynamics is addressed in time and frequency domains. Monte Carlo method is employed to compute the propagation of uncertainties through the stochas- tic model. Numerical simulations reveals a very rich dynamics, which is able to produce chaos. This numerical study also indicates that lateral vibra- tions follow a direct energy cascade law. A probabilistic analysis reveals the possibility of large lateral vibrations during the equipment operation. Keywords: orchard tower sprayer, nonlinear dynamics, uncertainty quanti cation, parametric probabilistic approach, Karhunen-Lo eve decomposition 1. Introduction The proliferation of pests in agricultural industry can be harmful to con- sumers and producers, since it can cause problems such as a reduction in the Corresponding author. Email addresses: americo@ime.uerj.br (Americo Cunha Jr), jorge.felix@uffs.edu.br (Jorge Luis Palacios Felix), jmbaltha@ita.br (Jos e Manoel Balthazar) Preprint submitted to Journal of Sound and Vibration July 13, 2017 products quality, partial/total loss of the plantation, etc. Thus, the process of agricultural spraying for pest control is of great importance in orchards, vegetable gardens, etc. In general, the spraying of orchards is done with the aid of an equipment called tower sprayer , that consists of a reservoir and sev- eral fans mounted on an articulated tower, which is supported by a vehicle suspension [1]. Due to soil irregularities this equipment is subjected to loads of random nature, which may hamper the uid spraying proper dispersion. Primary studies on this topic are presented in [1, 2, 3], using a mathe- matical model that considers an inverted pendulum mounted on a moving base to emulate the equipment. These works perform deterministic analyzes to investigate the in uence of certain parameters (sti ness, torsional damp- ing, etc) in the model response. In addition,