omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Convair XB-53. The Convair XB-53 was a proposed jet-powered medium bomber aircraft, designed by Convair for the United States Army Air Forces. With a radical tailless, forward-swept wing design, the aircraft appeared futuristic; however, the project was canceled before either of the two prototypes were completed.

Design and development
The project was originally designated XA-44 in 1945 under the old "attack" category. An unusual forward-swept wing-design powered by three J35-GE turbojets, the project was developed in parallel with Convair's XB-46. The original design had a wing with a 12° forward-sweep and a solid nose section, but when the Army Air Force revamped the advanced attack aircraft requirement into a light bomber requirement in 1946, the aircraft was redesignated XB-53 and the wing redesigned with a 30° forward-sweep and 8° dihedral that was borrowed from German wartime research, but also a glazed nose section. The swept-forward configuration would give the aircraft a greater climb rate and maneuverability. It looked promising enough at one point for the Army Air Force to consider canceling the XB-46 in favor of the XA-44, since there was not enough funding for both.

Classified as a medium bomber, the XB-53 would have carried up to 12,000 pounds of bombs as well as 40 High Velocity Aerial Rockets (HVAR) mounted on underwing pylons.

Convair argued for completion of the XB-46 prototype as a flying testbed, without armament and other equipment, and with the substitution of two XA-44s for the other two B-46 airframes on contract. The Air Force ratified this in June 1946 but the project did not progress, nor were additional B-46s built. The XB-53 program was reinstated in February 1949 but only for a short while.

Specifications (XB-53 estimated)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Andrade, John M. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Earl Shilton, Leicester: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. .
 Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Bombers, B-1 1928 to B-1 1980s. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1962, second edition 1974. .
 Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems, Volume II – Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, USAF, 1988. .
 Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes – Second Edition.  Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1968. .

External links

 Convair XB-53, from USAF Museum
 Convair XB-53 – Aviation Enthusiast Corner
 Fantastic Plastic model of the Convair XB-53

B-53
Forward-swept-wing aircraft
Tailless aircraft
Trijets
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Frankenstein complex. The Frankenstein complex is a term coined by Isaac Asimov in his robot series, referring to the fear of mechanical men.

History
Some of Asimov's science fiction short stories and novels predict that this suspicion will become strongest and most widespread in respect of "mechanical men" that most-closely resemble human beings (see android), but it is also present on a lower level against robots that are plainly electromechanical automatons. 

The "Frankenstein complex" is similar in many respects to Masahiro Mori's uncanny valley hypothesis.

The name, "Frankenstein complex", is derived from the name of Victor Frankenstein in the 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley. In Shelley's story, Frankenstein created an intelligent, somewhat superhuman being, but he finds that his creation is horrifying to behold and abandons it. This ultimately leads to Victor's death at the conclusion of a vendetta between himself and his creation.

In much of his fiction, Asimov depicts the general attitude of the public towards robots as negative, with ordinary people fearing that robots will either replace them or dominate them, although dominance would not be allowed under the specifications of the Three Laws of Robotics, the first of which is:
 "A robot may not harm a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm."
However, Asimov's fictitious earthly public is not fully persuaded by this, and remains largely suspicious and fearful of robots.  I, Robots short story "Little Lost Robot" is about this "fear of robots". 

In Asimov's robot novels, the Frankenstein complex is a major problem for roboticists and robot manufacturers. They do all they can to reassure the public that robots are harmless, even though this sometimes involves hiding the truth because they think that the public would misunderstand it. The fear by the public and the response of the manufacturers is an example of the theme of paternalism, the dread of paternalism, and the conflicts that arise from it in Asimov's fiction. 

The same theme occurs in many later works of fiction featuring robots, although it is rarely referred to as such.

Examples of human hostility towards robots have occurred in real life; for example, during a test of self-driving cars in Arizona, residents vandalized the vehicles.

See also
Frankenstein argument – an argument against engineered intelligent beings (but not specifically robots)
Uncanny valley – a hypothesis that posits a gap in emotional response to things created to resemble humans that fall short of perfect mimicry.

Bibliography
Jean-Jacques Lecercle, Frankenstein: Mythe et Philosophie (Press Universitaires de France, 1997)
Shuntaro, Ono, Frankenstein Complex: what can change someone into a monster(Seisoushobou, 2009) 小野俊太郎『フランケンシュタイン・コンプレックス』（青草書房 2009年）

References

Isaac Asimov
Robotics
Frankenstein
Science fiction themes
Technophobia
William Watson (scientist). Sir William Watson, FRS (3 April 1715 – 10 May 1787) was a British physician and scientist who was born and died in London. His early work was in botany, and he helped to introduce the work of Carl Linnaeus into England. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1741 and vice president in 1772. He was knighted in 1786.

In 1746, he showed that the capacity of the Leyden jar could be increased by coating it inside and out with lead foil. In the same year, he proposed that the two types of electricity—vitreous and resinous—posited by DuFay were actually a surplus (a positive charge) and a deficiency (a negative charge) of a single fluid which he called electrical ether, and that the quantity of electrical charge was conserved. He acknowledged that the same theory had been independently developed at the same time by Benjamin Franklin—the two men later became allies in both scientific and political matters. He also suggested that electricity is more akin to magnetism and light than to a fluid, since it passes through glass and cloth, and can be concentrated as a spark to light up flammable materials.

On 14 August 1747 he made an experiment to conduct electricity through a 6,732 foot long wire at Shooter's Hill in London. At another experiment he made, the wire was 12,276 feet. Previous experiments in France had only tried shorter distances.

See also
The plant genus Watsonia
The botanical journal Watsonia

References

 Biography of Watson
Biography at Wolfram Research
"Watson, Sir William", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004–2005

Works

External links

1715 births
1787 deaths
18th-century British botanists
18th-century English medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
Writers from London
Recipients of the Copley Medal
18th-century British physicists
Technical University of Valencia. The Technical University of Valencia (; , ), shortened to UPV, is a Spanish university located in Valencia, with a focus on science, technology, and arts. It was founded in 1968 as the Higher Polytechnic School of Valencia and became a university in 1971, but some of its schools are more than 100 years old.

Characteristics 
The Polytechnic University of Valencia consists of three campuses: (Valencia, Gandia and Alcoy) and 13 schools and faculties: School of Civil Engineering (1972), School of Architecture (1972), School of Industrial Engineering (1972), School of Agricultural Engineering and the Environment (1972), School of Building Engineering (1972), School of Design Engineering (1972), Higher Polytechnic School of Alcoi (1972), Faculty of Fine Arts (1978), School of Informatics (1982), School of Telecommunication Engineering (1989), Higher Polytechnic School of Gandia (1993), School of Engineering in Geodesy, Cartography and Surveying (1994), and Faculty of Business Administration and Management (1999).

The university offers 53 bachelor's and master's degrees and 32 doctoral programs.

Notable alumni
Victoria Francés (born 1982), illustrator.
Santiago Calatrava (born 1951), architect and structural engineer.
Rosa Visiedo Claverol (living), Chancellor of CEU Cardinal Herrera University
Enrique Lores (born 1965), business executive and CEO of HP Inc.
Iker Marcaide (born 1982), industrial engineer, founder of Flywire and Zubi Group.
Marcela Miró (1952–2024), class of 1975, agricultural engineer and politician, first woman to serve as  President of the Corts Valencianes (1999–2003)
Joan Ribó (born 1947), mayor of Valencia, 2015–2023.
Blanca Rodriguez, computer scientist who is Professor of Computational Medicine, Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow and head of computational biology at the University of Oxford
Fernando Guallar (born 1989), actor.

See also
Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia
Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio of the Universitat Politècnica de València
Polimedia
Xarxa Vives d'Universitats

Notes and references

External links

Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática
Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio 
Spanish Universities' ranking
Electronic Design for Nuclear Applications
Doctoral School

Universities and colleges established in 1971
Engineering universities and colleges in Spain
 
1971 establishments in Spain
Universities and colleges in Spain
Education in Valencia
MacProject. MacProject was a project management and scheduling business application released along with the first Apple Macintosh systems in 1984. MacProject was one of the first major business tools for the Macintosh which enabled users to calculate the "critical path" to completion and estimate costs in terms of money and time. If a project deadline was missed or if available resources changed, MacProject recalculated everything automatically.

MacProject was written by Debra Willrett at Solosoft, and was published and distributed by Apple Computer to promote the original Macintosh personal computer.  It was developed from an earlier application written by Debra Willrett for Apple's Lisa computer, LisaProject.  This was the first graphical user interface (GUI) for project management.  There were many other project management applications on the market at the time, but LisaProject was the first to simplify the process by allowing the user to interactively draw their project on the computer in the form of a PERT chart. Constraints could be entered for each task, and the relationships between tasks would show which ones had to be completed before a task could begin.  Given the task constraints and relationships, a "critical path", schedule and budget could be calculated dynamically using heuristic methods.

One of the early proponents of MacProject was James Halcomb, a well known expert in the use of the Critical Path Method.  Having supervised hand-drawn network diagrams for countless complex projects, Halcomb immediately recognized the promise of the WYSIWYG graphical interface and computerized calculation of the critical path.  Using a Lisa computer housed in a case designed to fit under an airplane seat, Mr. Halcomb traveled the United States demonstrating this new technology in his CPM courses. In consultation with the software's developers he authored the book Planning Big with MacProject, which introduced a generation of Mac users to PERT and CPM.

In December 1987, an updated version of MacProject, called MacProject II, was introduced as a part of Claris's move to update its suite of Mac office applications.

In 1991, Microsoft Project was ported to the Macintosh from Microsoft Windows and became MacProject's main competitor.  However, after the release of version 3.0 of Microsoft Project in 1993, Microsoft terminated support for the Macintosh release.

MacProject 1.0 is not Y2K-compliant as it cannot schedule tasks past 1999.

See also 
 MacPaint
 MacWrite
 MacDraw
 List of project management software

References 
 TidBits reviews September 1993

External links
 MacProject on Mac512.com

1984 software
Classic Mac OS-only software made by Apple Inc.
Project management software
Discontinued software
List of airport people mover systems. This is a list of automated people mover systems located at airports around the world. These systems are used to transport people from one location within an airport to another. 

Many different types of people movers are used at airports, including automated guideway transit, monorail, and maglev. Airport people movers typically lack seating and compartment spaces, while also having wide doors for quick alighting and boarding of passengers and their hand luggage.

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

Defunct

See also
 List of airport rail link systems

Notes

References

Resources
Guidebook for Planning and Implementing Automated People Mover Systems at Airports - Planning Manual for implementing airport people mover systems

 
Airport people mover systems
P-Toluic acid. p-Toluic acid (4-methylbenzoic acid) is a substituted benzoic acid with the formula CH3C6H4CO2H.   It is a white solid that is poorly soluble in water but soluble in acetone. A laboratory route to p-toluic acid involves oxidation of p-cymene with nitric acid.

Role in production of terephthalic acid
p-Toluic acid is an intermediate in the conversion of p-xylene to terephthalic acid, a commodity chemical used in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate. It is generated both by the oxidation of p-xylene as well as the hydrogenolysis of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde.  In related processes it is converted to methyl p-toluate, which is oxidized to monomethyl terephthalate.

See also 
 o-Toluic acid
 m-Toluic acid

References

External links
Material Safety Data Sheet

Benzoic acids
Plug flow. In fluid mechanics, plug flow is a simple model of the velocity profile of a fluid flowing in a pipe.  In plug flow, the velocity of the fluid is assumed to be constant across any cross-section of the pipe perpendicular to the axis of the pipe.  The plug flow model assumes there is no boundary layer adjacent to the inner wall of the pipe.

The plug flow model has many practical applications.  One example is in the design of chemical reactors.  Essentially no back mixing is assumed with "plugs" of fluid passing through the reactor. This results in differential equations that need to be integrated to find the reactor conversion and outlet temperatures.  Other simplifications used are perfect radial mixing and a homogeneous bed structure.

An advantage of the plug flow model is that no part of the solution of the problem can be perpetuated "upstream". This allows one to calculate the exact solution to the differential equation knowing only the initial conditions.  No further iteration is required.  Each "plug" can be solved independently provided the previous plug's state is known.

The flow model in which the velocity profile consists of the fully developed boundary layer is known as pipe flow.  In laminar pipe flow, the velocity profile is parabolic.

Determination 
For flows in pipes, if flow is turbulent then the laminar sublayer caused by the pipe wall is so thin that it is negligible. Plug flow will be achieved if the sublayer thickness is much less than the pipe diameter (<<D).

where  is the Darcy friction factor (from the above equation or the Moody Chart),  is the sublayer thickness,  is the pipe diameter,  is the density,  is the friction velocity (not an actual velocity of the fluid),  is the average velocity of the plug (in the pipe),  is the shear on the wall, and  is the pressure loss down the length  of the pipe.  is the relative roughness of the pipe.
In this regime the pressure drop is a result of inertia-dominated turbulent shear stress rather than viscosity-dominated laminar shear stress.

See also 
Hagen-Poiseuille flow
Plug flow reactor model

Notes 

Fluid dynamics
Abraham Lempel. Abraham Lempel (; 10 February 1936 – 4 February 2023) was an Israeli computer scientist and one of the fathers of the LZ family of lossless data compression algorithms.

Biography
Lempel was born on 10 February 1936 in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine). He studied at Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, and received a B.Sc. in 1963, an M.Sc. in 1965, and a D.Sc. in 1967. Since 1977 he held the title of full professor, and was a professor emeritus at Technion.

His historically-important works start with the presentation of the LZ77 algorithm in a paper entitled "A Universal Algorithm for Sequential Data Compression" in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (May 1977), co-authored by Jacob Ziv.

Lempel was the recipient of the 1998 Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society; and the 2007 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal for "pioneering work in data compression, especially the Lempel-Ziv algorithm".

Lempel founded HP Labs—Israel in 1994, and served as its director until October 2007.

Lempel died on 4 February 2023, at age 86.

Works 
The LZ77 and LZ78 algorithms authored by Lempel and Jacob Ziv have led to a number of derivative works, including the Lempel–Ziv–Welch algorithm, used in the GIF image format, and the Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain algorithm, used in the 7-Zip and xz compressors. The algorithms have also been used as originally published in formats such as DEFLATE, used in the PNG image format.

Bibliography

See also
 Timeline of algorithms
 Data compression
 Oblivious transfer

References

External links
 Abraham Lempel – GHN: IEEE Global History Network
 
 Technion: Computer Science Department: Prof. Abraham Lempel 
 
 

1936 births
2023 deaths
Israeli computer scientists
Modern cryptographers
Data compression researchers
Israeli information theorists
Academic staff of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Jewish scientists
Scientists from Lviv
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Polish emigrants to Israel
A9home. The A9home was a niche small-form-factor desktop computer running RISC OS Adjust32. It was officially unveiled at the 2005 Wakefield Show, and is the second commercial ARM-based RISC OS computer to run a 32-bit version of RISC OS. When the Iyonix PC was withdrawn from sale, the A9home remained the only hardware to be manufactured specifically for the  marketplace.

Details
The A9home was smaller than the Mac Mini and housed in cobalt-blue aluminium casing, measuring  ×  ×  in size. The machine runs on a  Samsung ARM9 processor, has 128 MB SDRAM of main memory and  VRAM and houses an internal hard disk of . On the front, it features two  ports, a microphone and a headphones socket. On the rear, it has two  ports, two PS/2 ports, 10/100 BaseT network port, a RS-232 serial port and a power connection socket. Like the Mac Mini of 2009 and earlier, it is powered by an external PSU (, ). Furthermore, it has a power/reset switch, a status/health indicator and a drive activity indicator LED. The A9home is not designed to be internally expanded.

The A9home could use a program called Aemulor to emulate older 26-bit applications. This was originally developed for Castle's Iyonix PC.

In April 2006, Advantage Six Ltd announced that they were focussing on connectivity in the run-up to that year's Wakefield Show. At the show, they demonstrated integrated Bluetooth. Although the A9home was officially released for purchase by end users, its custom version of  remained unfinished. , RISCOS Ltd closed after failing to release any information in 2012 about when or if the OS will become feature complete.

History  

In 2004, RISCOS Ltd privately began work on a version of RISC OS that supported 32-bit addressing modes found on later ARM architectures, RISC OS Adjust (Adjust 32), which is compatible with current ARM processors and designed for both embedded and desktop forms. The first, and so far only, machine to make use of the 32-bit version of the OS is the Advantage6 A9home. It was released in May 2006 after a 12-month Beta testing process, although the current build of Adjust 32, namely RISC OS 4.42, is a prerelease and no final version of the OS has yet been released. It was intended to be the first in a series of machines, with others running Linux.

Both 26- and 32-bit builds of new RISC OS 4 releases can now be compiled from the same source code, but will have to be modified to run on each individual machine supported, as the OS has no HAL at present. Instead it has a hardware-abstracted kernel, which allows specific code to be substituted for each platform supported.

Other configurations 
The A9home was the retail version of the A9, for OEM customers was the A9 also available in a half-width single rack unit (1U) rack mountable ruggedised case, "A9RM" and as a wall/bulkhead-mountable unit with integral  TFT touchscreen, GPS and GSM/GPRS, "A9Loc". These were marketed from about 2004 through 2009.

References

External links 
 About The A9home
 Advantage six reveal A9Home to the press 
 News article on the A9home
 A9home specification brochure

RISC OS
ARM-based home computers
Computer-related introductions in 2006
HPM. HPM may refer to:

 Harbarian process modeling
 Hargeisa Provincial Museum, in Hargeisa, Somalia
 Haystack Prayer Meeting, held in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1806
 High-power microwave, directed-energy weapon using electromagnetic radiation
 high performance mobile, a semiconductor production type parametric variant of TSMC
 Hospice and Palliative Medicine, a medical specialty that focuses on symptom management, relief of suffering and end-of-life care 
 Human performance modeling
 Human Potential Movement, self-improvement movement of the 1960s
 Hydrogen-moderated self-regulating nuclear power module, a type of nuclear power generator
A high proper motion star
 High performance material, type of special technical plastic
 High Performance Process Manager - type of Honeywell-produced device widely used in industry to control chemical and refining processes 
 Honda Prospect Motor, an automobile manufacturing company