omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cobalt(II) iodide. Cobalt(II) iodide or cobaltous iodide are the inorganic compounds with the formula CoI2 and the hexahydrate CoI2(H2O)6.  These salts are the principal iodides of cobalt.

Synthesis
Cobalt(II) iodide is prepared by treating cobalt powder with gaseous hydrogen iodide.  The hydrated form CoI2.6H2O can be prepared by the reaction of cobalt(II) oxide (or related cobalt compounds) with hydroiodic acid.

Cobalt(II) iodide crystallizes in two polymorphs, the α- and β-forms. The α-polymorph consists of black hexagonal crystals, which turn dark green when exposed to air.  Under a vacuum at 500 °C, samples of α-CoI2 sublime, yielding the β-polymorph as a yellow crystals.  β-CoI2 also readily absorbs moisture from the air, converting into green hydrate. At 400 °C,  β-CoI2 reverts to the α-form.

Structures
The anhydrous salts adopt the cadmium halide structures.

The hexaaquo salt consists of separated [Co(H2O)6]2+ and iodide ions as verified crystallographically.

Reactions and applications
Anhydrous cobalt(II) iodide is sometimes used to test for the presence of water in various solvents.

Cobalt(II) iodide is used as a catalyst, e.g. in carbonylations.  It catalyzes the reaction of diketene with Grignard reagents, useful for  the synthesis of terpenoids

References

Cobalt(II) compounds
Iodides
Metal halides
Indian Institute of Aeronautical Engineering. The Indian Institute of Aeronautical Engineering is a college of engineering at Dehradun, Uttarakhand, northern India.

It was founded in 1992 at 15/1, Kalidas Road, Dehradun. In 1995 it moved to 179 Kalidas Road, and in 2006 relocated near Jolly Grant Airport. The site has class rooms and hostels with all aircraft training facilities.

The institute was founded by Mr. Mahendra Kumar, a Chartered Engineer and life member of bodies including the Institution of Engineers (India), Aeronautical Society of India and Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering. His personal awards include the Glory of India Award. He is the Institute's Managing Director.

Indian Institute of Aeronautical Engineering trains its students by way of theoretical classes and practical training. The qualifications it offers include three-year and four-year Bachelor of Engineering degree courses; the first two years are taken on site, and the remainder at Perth College UHI in the United Kingdom.

References

External links 
www.iiaedehradun.org Official website

Aeronautics organizations
Engineering colleges in Uttarakhand
Universities and colleges in Dehradun
Science and technology in Dehradun
1992 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 1992
Mark XII. Mark XII or Mark 12 often refers to the twelfth version of a product, frequently military hardware. "Mark", meaning "model" or "variant", can be abbreviated "Mk." 

Mark XII or Mark 12 may refer to:

In technology

In military and weaponry
 BL 6 inch Mk XII naval gun, a British naval gun
 MK-3-12 (1907), a Russian naval main weapon that used three 12-inch guns in a single mounting
 Mark 12 torpedo (1930), an American 21-inch torpedo
 5"/38 caliber gun or Mark 12 5"/38 (1934), a widely used American 5-inch naval gun
 18 inch Mark XII torpedo (1935), a British 18 inch torpedo
 Supermarine Spitfire Mk XII (1942–1944); the first Griffon-engined Spitfire variant
 Hawker Hurricane Mk XII (1942), a Canadian-built Hurricane variant
 Gloster Meteor Mk XII, a British night fighter variant with American radar
 21-inch Mark 12 (1952), a British torpedo
 Mark 12 nuclear bomb (1954–1962), an American nuclear bomb
 Colt Mk 12 cannon, a US Navy aircraft gun used in the 1950s and 1960s
 Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle (2002), a weapon system in use by United States Special Operations Forces

Other technology
 Sumlock ANITA calculator Mk 12 (1966), a Sumlock ANITA desktop model

Other uses
 Mark 12 or Mark XII, the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible
 Vox Mark XII, a 12-string variant of the Vox Mark electric guitar made in the 1960s
 MK12, a graphic design company
6X. 6X or 6-X may refer to:

6X, a brand of beer by Wadworth Brewery
6x, or six times in multiplication
Saab 9-6X
Alberta Highway 6X; see List of Alberta provincial highways
 Six Men Getting Sick (Six Times), film
6X, the production code for the 1985 Doctor Who serial The Mark of the Rani

Aircraft
Dassault Falcon 6X, a business jet
SZD-6X Nietoperz, a Polish experimental glider 
Piper 6X; see Piper PA-32
A/MH-6X, a model of Boeing AH-6

See also
X6 (disambiguation)
 6S (disambiguation)
Heading (metalworking). Heading is a metalworking process which incorporates the forging, extruding and upsetting process. It is often performed in the cold state, resulting in cold working. This process typically produces a near net shape workpiece, which means the final product is almost finished although it can sometimes create the final product less plating or heat treating.

An important consideration in heading is the tendency for the wire to buckle if its unsupported length to diameter ratio is too high.  This ratio usually is limited to less than 3:1 but with appropriate dies, it can be higher.

There are a variety of cold heading machines but typically for fastener manufacturing you will see one die two blow up to five die six blow and beyond. Multi-die headers allow for more complex parts to be formed as part of one process due to the above limitations of diameter ratio reductions.

Some advantages of cold heading a part over using a CNC lathe or Swiss screw machine include reduced part cost both through production speed (60-400 parts per minute) and the minimal scrap generated from a cold headed part. Also, because the part is formed rather than cut, the grain flow stays intact and creates a much stronger part for its size.

References

Metal forming
Rhenium(IV) oxide. Rhenium(IV) oxide or rhenium dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula ReO2. This gray to black crystalline solid is a laboratory reagent that can be used as a catalyst. It adopts the rutile structure.

Synthesis and reactions
It forms via comproportionation:
2 Re2O7  +  3 Re    →   7 ReO2
Single crystals are obtained by chemical transport, using iodine as the transporting agent.:
 ReO2  +  I2  ReO2I2

At high temperatures it undergoes disproportionation:
7ReO2   →   2Re2O7  +  3Re

It forms rhenates with alkaline hydrogen peroxide and oxidizing acids. In molten sodium hydroxide it forms sodium rhenate:

 2NaOH  +  ReO2   →   Na2ReO3  +  H2O

References

Rhenium(IV) compounds
Transition metal oxides
Abbott-Firestone curve. The Abbott-Firestone curve or bearing area curve (BAC) describes the  surface texture of an object. The curve can be found from a profile trace by drawing lines parallel to the datum and measuring the fraction of the line which lies within the profile.

Mathematically it is the cumulative probability density function of the surface profile's height and can be calculated by integrating the probability density function.

The Abbott-Firestone curve was first described by Ernest James Abbott and Floyd Firestone in 1933. It is useful for understanding the properties of sealing and bearing surfaces. It is commonly used in the engineering and manufacturing of piston cylinder bores of internal combustion engines. The shape of the curve is distilled into several of the surface roughness parameters, especially the Rk family of parameters.

References

Engineering mechanics
Tribology
Friedrich Geiger. Friedrich Geiger (24 November 1907 – 13 June 1996) was a German automobile designer whose most notable cars, the pre-World War II Mercedes-Benz 540K and post-war Mercedes-Benz 300SL, are among the most highly regarded in automotive history.

Biography
Born in Süßen in the Swabian region of southern Germany, Geiger originally trained as a cartwright, before studying as a design engineer at University prior to joining Daimler-Benz in April 1933. He began in the special vehicles manufacturing department, where, in the 1930s, he was responsible for the 500K and 540K sports cars.

Geiger left Daimler-Benz in April 1948, but returned to the company two years later, this time as a test engineer in the styling department. He became head of styling within a few years, after designing the 300SL gullwing coupé, named one of the ten greatest Mercedes ever built and one of the 25 greatest cars of the 20th century.

Geiger continued to work at Daimler-Benz until his retirement in December 1973, by which time he had helped create the W111/W112 (1959) and W110 (1961) "Fintails", the W113 "Pagoda" (1963) and R107 (1971) SL coupé/convertibles, the W108/109 (1965) and W116 (1972) series of the S-Class, and the Mercedes-Benz 600 limousine (1963).

Geiger was succeeded by Bruno Sacco, one of his staff at the styling department.

Geiger died in Bad Überkingen in 1996, aged 88.

Gallery

Notes

References
 
 
 

1907 births
1996 deaths
German automobile designers
29erXX. The 29erXX is a high performance sailing skiff, it was designed to allow light crews, particularly female crews, to sail twin trapeze boats and as a training boat for the more powerful 49er. The class gained International Sailing Federation Class status in May 2011, but lost it in 2014.

History
The 29erXX was designed by Julian Bethwaite with help from Jen Glass. The 29erXX is a high-powered rig for the existing 29er hull, indeed the new rig is extremely similar to the 29er's big brother - the 49er. This new rig is 0.45m longer than the standard 29er mast, and features carbon construction, double trapeze wires and three sets of shrouds. A masthead kite adds considerable speed downwind while the responsive 29er platform requires the sailors to move with precision through manoeuvres. Carbon tubes extend out the back of each rail to allow the crew to keep their weight further aft and the bow out of the water. Although initially many thought that the hull would be too small for its rig, extensive training on San Francisco Bay has disproved that notion. The lack of an adjustable rudder or other extra controls make the 29erXX a simple design, yet it is extremely sensitive to sailors' movements. 29erXX sailors must be incredibly athletic and coordinated as the skiff provides a continuous challenge to even the most advanced sailors.

The first international regatta was held in Weymouth, UK, in the summer of 2006. The event brought together 27 men's, women's and mixed teams from 8 countries providing
valuable input to help make this a mature, well designed boat.

Downwind the 29erXX has a considerable advantage over the original 29er due to the increased sail size, masthead kite and the ability to have both crew members on the wire. Upwind the difference is less noticeable but again the 29erXX has the advantage.

In April 2007, at the Women's High Performance Dinghy Evaluation Event in Hyères, France, ISAF conducted extensive trials of the 29erXX as a possible choice for a women's high performance dinghy class at the 2016 Olympics

Events

World Champions

References

External links
UK 29er Class Association

Dinghies
Former classes of World Sailing
2000s sailboat type designs
Rate of penetration. In the drilling industry, the rate of penetration (ROP), also known as penetration rate or drill rate, is the speed at which a drill bit breaks the rock under it to deepen the borehole.  It is normally measured in feet per minute or meters per hour, but sometimes it is expressed in minutes per foot.

Generally, ROP increases in fast drilling formation such as sandstone (positive drill break) and decreases in slow drilling formations such as shale (reverse break). ROP decreases in shale due to diagenesis and overburden stresses. Over pressured zones can give twice of ROP as expected which is an indicative of a well kick. Drillers need to stop and do the bottoms up.

See also
Drilling rig

References

External resources
Rate of penetration

Drilling technology
Physical quantities
Penetration
Guidance Solutions. Guidance Solutions, Inc. is a website development company that builds e-commerce websites, Web 2.0 solutions, and mobile applications for retailers such as Burlington Coat Factory and Foot Locker. The company was founded in Hawthorne, California in 1993 by Joe Tang, Pillan Thirumalaisamy, and Vijay Kotrappa. The services offered by the site include e-commerce development elements such as site definition, development, as well as mobile and social websites and apps.

History 
Between March 2007 and January 2008, the company underwent a series of changes, such a choosing to have a booth at a local Earth Day fair, to try to be a carbon-neutral company. In February 2008, the company was purchased by its employees and is currently owned by CEO Jason Meugniot and CIO Jon Provisor.

References and footnotes

External links

Software companies based in California
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Software companies established in 1993
1993 establishments in California
Software companies of the United States
William Gates Building, Cambridge. The William Gates Building, or WGB, is a square building that houses the Computer Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, on the University's West Cambridge site in JJ Thomson Avenue south of the Madingley Road in Cambridge, England.  Construction on the building began in 1999 and was completed in 2001 at a cost of £20 million.  Opened by Maurice Wilkes, it was named after William H. Gates Sr., the father of Microsoft founder Bill Gates. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided 50% of the money for the building's construction.

Building features
The building has the following features:

 The glass wall in the "fishbowl," a communal seating area in the building, is decorated with a paper-tape representation of the original EDSAC "Initial Orders" (boot program) written by David Wheeler and of a program written by Maurice Wilkes in 1949 to compute squares
 The building's main thoroughfare, called "The Street", has tiles that match the binary, UTF-8 representation of 'Computer Laboratory — AD 2001 — ☺'
 The fishbowl contains the original door to the Mathematical laboratory

Energy efficiency
The William Gates Building aims to be energy-efficient. Its energy-saving measures include:

 Aggressive sleep scheduling of desktop computers.
 Use of a chilled-beam convection-based cooling system, with Oventrop valves, to cool rooms in the summer, and warm the floor above in the winter.
 Turning off lights in corridors, and the street, using motion sensors.

See also
 Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science, USA
 Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford, USA

References

2001 establishments in England
Buildings and structures completed in 2001
Buildings and structures of the University of Cambridge
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Alfred Wilm. Alfred Wilm (25 June 1869 – 6 August 1937) was a German metallurgist who invented the alloy Al-(3.5%-5.5%)Cu-Mg-Mn, now known as Duralumin which is used extensively in aircraft.

Research Work 
Whilst working in private military-industrial laboratory  (Center for Scientific-Technical Research) in Neubabelsberg in 1901, Wilm discovered age hardening, in particular age hardening of aluminium alloys. This discovery was made after hardness measurements on Al-Cu alloy specimens were serendipitously found to increase in hardness at room temperature. This increase in hardness was identified after his measurements were interrupted by a weekend, and when they were resumed on the Monday the hardness had increased.

By 1906, Wilm had developed an alloy – Al-(3.5–5.5%)Cu-Mg-Mn (Mg and Mn were < 1%), for which a patent was filed. Later this patent was purchased and the alloy marketed as Duralumin. Somewhat unusually, Wilm did not write his first article on age hardening until 1911.

Death 
At the time Wilm was developing an aluminium alloy to replace brass in ammunition. The patent on Duralumin was ignored and breached by many firms, and he struggled without success to protect his rights under it. In 1919, Wilm retired from research and became a farmer. He died at his farm in Saalberg on 6 August 1937.

References

German metallurgists
1869 births
1937 deaths
Wrightsoft. Wrightsoft is a software development firm for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). Established in 1985, Wrightsoft has served residential, commercial, and educational markets by providing HVAC design, specification, and sales software. Wrightsoft is headquartered in Lexington, Massachusetts, USA.

History 
In 1985, while conducting a graduate HVAC seminar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Bill Wright entered into a partnership with the Air Conditioning Contractors of America to design software for HVAC Manual J load calculations.  As the original technical software partner of ACCA, Wrightsoft Corp became the first HVAC software company to create a computerized version of their Manual J, Manual D, and Manual N calculation methods.

The Air Conditioning Contractors of America and Wrightsoft released the very first Manual J Load calculation software (Right-J) in February 1986.

Corporate Logos

See also 
 Heating, Ventilating & Air Conditioning (HVAC)
 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
 ASHRAE Handbook

Sources 
 Weil, Michael S. "From Drafting Table to CAD and Beyond" Contracting Business (May 1997) p60-65
 Wright, Bill. "New diagram-based software offers a higher level of automated design" ACHR theNews, (May 10, 1999), Vol. 207 Issue 2, p18
 Feldman, William, and Patti Feldman. "Software may be Wright for commercial jobs." Contractor 48.7 (July 2001): 32
 Hall, John R. "Contractor demonstrates residential design software. (MIACCA)." Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration News 216.3 (May 20, 2002): 9(1)
 Dunlop, Jodi "2004 AHR Expo Innovation Award Winners Selected" ASHRAE Journal (Jan 2004): Vol. 46 Issue 1, pS14-S15, 2p
 Bushnell, Davis "He caught wind of a software need" The Boston Globe [0743-1791] (June 28, 2007)
 Harris, Angela D. "Software adds sizzle to the sale." Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration News 233.9 (Feb 25, 2008): p1(3)

References 

Companies based in Massachusetts
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning companies
Software companies of the United States
1985 establishments in Massachusetts
Chloroacetone. Chloroacetone is a chemical compound with the formula . At STP it is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor.  On exposure to light, it turns to a dark yellow-amber color. It was used as a tear gas in World War I.

Synthesis
Chloroacetone may be synthesized from the reaction between chlorine and diketene, or by the chlorination of acetone.

Applications
Chloroacetone is used to make dye couplers for colour photography, and is an intermediate in chemical manufacturing. It is also used in the Feist-Benary synthesis of furans.

Reaction of phenoxide with chloroacetone gives phenoxyacetone, which is used to make a wide variety of different pharmaceuticals. A catalytic amount of potassium iodide is also necessary to facilitate a Finkelstein reaction.

Purification
Chloroacetone purchased from commercial suppliers contains 5% impurities including mesityl oxide, which is not removed by distillation. Mesityl oxide can be oxidized using acidified KMnO4 to form a diol (followed by separation with ether), which is removed on subsequent distillation.

Transportation regulations
Transportation of unstabilized chloroacetone has been banned in the United States by the US Department of Transportation.  Stabilized chloroacetone is in hazard class 6.1 (Poison Inhalation Hazard). Its UN number is 1695.

See also
Bromoacetone
Dichloroacetone
Fluoroacetone
Hexachloroacetone
Use of poison gas in World War I

References

External links
 The Halogenation of Carbonyls

Organochlorides
Lachrymatory agents
World War I chemical weapons
Ketones
Extrusion coating. Extrusion coating is the coating of a molten web of synthetic resin onto a substrate material. It is a versatile coating technique used for the economic application of various plastics, notably polyethylene, onto paperboard, corrugated fiberboard, paper, aluminium foils, cellulose, non-wovens, or plastic films. It was. first developed in the 1940s for polyethylene coated paper for bags and packaging.

Process

Coating
The actual process of extrusion coating involves extruding resin from a slot die at temperatures up to 320°C directly onto the moving web which may then passed through a nip consisting of a rubber covered pressure roller and a chrome plated cooling roll. The latter cools the molten film back into the solid state and also imparts the desired finish to the plastic surface.  The web is normally run much faster than the speed at which the resin is extruded from the die, creating a coating thickness which is in proportion to the speed ratio and the slot gap.

Laminating
Extrusion laminating is a similar process except that the extruded hot molten resin acts as the bonding medium to a second web of material.

Co-extrusion
Co-extrusion is, again, a similar process but with two, or more, extruders coupled to a single die head in which the individually extruded melts are brought together and finally extruded as a multi-layer film.

Uses
The market for extrusion coating includes a variety of end-use applications such as liquid packaging, photographic, flexible packaging,  mill and industrial wrappings, transport packaging, sack linings, building, envelopes, medical/hygiene, and release base.

See also
Curtain coating
Calender

References

 Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002, 
 Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, 

Coatings
Plastics industry
Nanoimpellers. Nanoimpellers are an experimental technology developed to eliminate some of the harmful effects of chemotherapy by facilitating treatment of only specific areas of the body. Nanoimpellers are nanoscale, light-activated containers filled with cancer-fighting drugs that only release their contents when hit by a specific type of laser.

Nanoimpellers for cancer drug delivery were first demonstrated in 2008. Initial work used ultraviolet light, however the low penetration in tissue and potential for toxicity mean this is not well suited for delivery in patients. Later work has shifted to using near infrared light and two photon excitation (TPE) to trigger release.

See also
Nanochemistry
Two-photon excitation microscopy

References

External links 

Radiation therapy