omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane. 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) is a haloalkane with the chemical formula CH3CClF2.  It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both ozone depletion and global warming when released into the environment.  It is primarily used as a refrigerant where it is also  known as R-142b and by trade names including Freon-142b.

Physiochemical properties 
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is a highly flammable, colorless gas under most atmospheric conditions.  It has a boiling point of -10 °C.  Its critical temperature is near 137 °C.

Applications
HCFC-142b is used as a refrigerant, as a blowing agent for foam plastics production, and as feedstock to make polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). It was introduced to replace the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were initially undergoing a phase-out per the Montreal Protocol, but HCFCs still have a significant ozone-depletion ability.  As of year 2020, HCFC's are replaced by non ozone depleting HFCs within many applications.

In the United States, the EPA stated that HCFCs could be used in "processes that result in the transformation or destruction of the HCFCs", such as using HCFC-142b as a feedstock to make PVDF.   HCFCs could also be used in equipment that was manufactured before January 1, 2010. The point of these new regulations was to phase-out HCFCs in much the same way that CFCs were phased out. HCFC-142b production in non article 5 countries like the United States was banned on January 1, 2020, under the Montreal Protocol.

Production history
According to the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), in 2006 global production (excluding India and China who did not report production data) of HCFC-142b was 33,779 metric tons and an increase in production from 2006 to 2007 of 34%.

For the most part, concentrations of HCFCs in the atmosphere match the emission rates that were reported by industries. The exception to this is HCFC-142b which had a higher concentration than the emission rates suggest it should.

Environmental effects

The concentration of HCFC-142b in the atmosphere grew to over 20 parts per trillion by year 2010.   It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.07.  This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere by year 1985 (prior to introduction of HCFC-142b and the Montreal Protocol).

HCFC-142b is also a minor but potent greenhouse gas.  It has an estimated lifetime of about 17 years and a 100-year global warming potential ranging 2300 to 5000.  This compares to the GWP=1 of carbon dioxide, which had a much greater atmospheric concentration near 400 parts per million in year 2020.

See also 
 IPCC list of greenhouse gases
 List of refrigerants

References

Refrigerants
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
Greenhouse gases
Ozone-depleting chemical substances
Geomerics. Geomerics was a software company based in Cambridge, UK, that specialised in creating lighting technology for the video game industry.

The company's main product was Enlighten, software code that calculates indirect lighting ("radiosity") in real-time for live action games running on systems such as the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and personal computers.  The company licensed this code to game companies for incorporation into their proprietary rendering engines.
The software was ported to Nvidia's CUDA platform in 2011.

The first system to incorporate the middleware was the Frostbite 2 engine, created by the EA DICE studio, used in Battlefield 3 (2011) and Need for Speed: The Run (2011). Enlighten has also been licensed for a variety of other titles, including Eve Online, has an integration for Unreal Engine 3 & 4, and was built into Unity from version 5 to 2020 LTS.

Advanced real-time global illumination system Enlighten has since become property of and is further developed by Silicon Studio.

History
The company was formed by Angle PLC an LSE listed company (LSE:AGL) in 2005. The project was led by Chris J. L. Doran as a spin out from Cambridge University. Its chief executive included Gary Lewis, who prior to joining the company was the Global Chief Operating Officer at Take 2 Interactive in New York.

The development of Enlighten started in 2006 and saw major distribution with the release of Battlefield 3 in 2011 and updates to ongoing massively multiplayer online game Eve Online. According to the company, "Enlighten's revolutionary technology ensures that, for the first time, lighting can be updated in real time, in game, on today's consoles."

In December 2013 ARM, a Cambridge-based mobile CPU and GPU designer, acquired Geomerics, "for a number of reasons but foremost was Enlighten, Geomerics' award-winning technology for real-time lighting" said Dennis Laudick, ARM's vice president of partner marketing. The terms of the deal were not made public.
 
In July 2014, Geomerics was awarded £1 million from the United Kingdom's Technology Strategy Board (TSB) to take the company's real-time graphics capabilities from computer gaming to film-making.

See also
 Silicon Studio

References

External links
 Geomerics website (Wayback Machine copy)
 Silicon Studio Enlighten homepage

Software companies of the United Kingdom
DfI Roads. Department for Infrastructure Roads or DfI Roads (formerly Transport NI, and the Roads Service) is the public body responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of highways and roads in Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom.  It is an executive agency of the Department for Infrastructure.

The agency has over 2,000 staff and as such employs more people than its parent department. In 2010-11 the agency was responsible for just over 25,000 kilometres (15,534 miles) of public roads, approximately 9,500 kilometres (5,903 miles) of footways, 5,800 bridges, 265,000 streetlights and 370 public car parks.

DfI Roads was part of the Department of the Environment but was transferred to the then Department for Regional Development (DRD) upon the latter's creation in 1998. In 2016, DRD became the Department for Infrastructure.

References

External links
 DfI Roads Website

Northern Ireland Executive
Economy of Northern Ireland
Road transport in Northern Ireland
Road authorities
Transport organisations based in the United Kingdom
Eco Shooter: Plant 530. Eco Shooter: Plant 530, known as  in Japan and Europe, is a light-gun shooter video game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Wii's WiiWare service. It was first released in Japan on November 24, 2009, and later released in North America on December 21, 2009 and in Europe on January 29, 2010.

Gameplay 

Eco Shooter: Plant 530 is a light-gun shooter where players utilize the Wii Zapper to shoot down robots made of metal cans. Each shot requires a set amount of Gun Energy, which can be obtained by vacuuming up energy spheres, defeating enemies or destroying oil drums; the vacuum can overheat if the button is held for too long. Shooting targets in succession is counted as combos. Each level ends with the player facing a special boss character. A challenge mode is available after clearing the game's three chapters, in which the Gun Energy does not refill automatically in-between chapters.

Reception 

The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Sean Aaron of Nintendo Life praised the graphics, novel concept and the game's utilization of the Wii Zapper, but criticized its extremely short length. Keza MacDonald of Eurogamer was less positive, noting its lack of variety and short length to be detrimental to the game's experience.

References

External links 
 

2009 video games
Intelligent Systems games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo games
Shooter games
Video games developed in Japan
Wii games
Wii-only games
WiiWare games
Anodic aluminium oxide. Anodic aluminum oxide, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO), or anodic alumina is a self-organized form of aluminum oxide that has a honeycomb-like structure formed by high density arrays of uniform and parallel pores.  The diameter of the pores can be as low as 5 nanometers and as high as several hundred nanometers, and length can be controlled from few tens of nanometers to few hundred micrometers. Porous AAO is formed by electrochemical oxidation (anodization) of aluminum in acid electrolytes in the conditions that balance the growth and the AAO films are formed with limited thickness.

Anodizing aluminum has been widely used since early last century for corrosion protection and decorative purposes.  The porous nature of anodic alumina films was discovered in the 1930s and further elaborated in the 1950s–1970s. Processes for producing anodic aluminum oxide membranes using chromic acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, or phosphoric acid appear in a patent attributed to Alan W. Smith of the Boeing Company in 1974.

The formation of AAO with highly ordered 2D hexagonal porous structure was first demonstrated in 1995. Further empirical research of anodization processes showed that well-ordered AAO structures can be generated solely within narrow windows of applied voltages. The study of these self-ordering conditions received a great impetus when the electroconvective nature of hexagonal cells in AAO was discovered. At these voltages which correspond to stable self-ordering conditions, AAO cells of equal size are formed and neatly packed into a hexagonal lattice. However, an array consisting of electroconvective cells with different sizes emerges within the intermediate voltage ranges, which appears like a chaotic arrangement.

Starting in the late 1980s, owing to uniform nanostructure, AAO began to attract interest in the area of nanotechnology, in particular as a template for deposition of the uniform arrays of nanowires.   Since several key publications on using AAO for bottom-up templated nanofabrication appeared by the mid-1990s, AAO became widely recognized and very popular platform for design and synthesis of high density arrays of nanostructures (nanowires, nanotubes) and functional nanocomposites.

AAO-based nanomaterials have a broad range of applications, from nanoelectronics and magnetic storage media to photonics and energy conversion to nanoporous substrates and nanotags for bioanalysis.  The number of AAO-related publications in this area greatly increased since 1990s, with over 75% of the papers focused on use of AAO in nanotechnology.

The significance of AAO in science and technology is underpinned by the fact that its structure and chemistry could be controllably engineered at the nanoscale over very large areas and in practical formats, enabling development of new materials and products with desired properties and functionality. For example, AAO membranes have been used as a platform for chemical and biological sensors. Protein molecules like thrombin have been detected using AAO membranes.

References

External links 

 Electrochemistry Encyclopedia / Anodizing

Oxides
Oxygen compounds
Aluminium compounds
Martin M-1. The Martin M-1 was an American gull winged, single-seat glider that was designed and built by Volmer Jensen in 1939.

Design and development
Jim Martin contracted Jensen to design and built him a glider for contest flying just before the Second World War. Jensen completed the aircraft in 1939.

The aircraft was constructed with a wooden structure and covered in doped aircraft fabric covering. The cantilever gull-style wing employed a NACA 4400 series airfoil. The tail was a conventional low-tail design and featured strut-bracing. The M-1 was registered as an Experimental - Amateur-built aircraft and was not type certified.

Operational history
Martin flew the aircraft in a number of US Nationals, as did a later owner of the M-1, Emil Lehecka. While Lehecka owned it the aircraft picked up the nickname of the Whatsit. By the 1970s the aircraft was owned by Francis Kalinowsky and was based at the Circle X airport in Florida. At that time it was reportedly in good repair and was well maintained.

The aircraft was removed from the Federal Aviation Administration registry and its whereabouts are unknown.

Specifications (M-1)

See also

References

1930s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Volmer aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Gull-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Monohalomethane. The monohalomethanes are organic compounds in which a hydrogen atom in methane is replaced by a halogen. They belong to the haloalkanes or to the subgroup of halomethanes.

The four common members are fluoromethane, chloromethane, bromomethane and iodomethane.

Historical name for this group is methyl halides; it's still widely used. The compounds of this class are often described as  or MeX (X - any halogen, Me - methyl group).

Related compounds 

There are analogs with more than one hydrogen atom in methane is replaced by a halogen:
 Dihalomethane, , two hydrogen atoms replaced
 Trihalomethane, , three hydrogen atoms replaced
 Tetrahalomethane, , all four hydrogen atoms replaced
Analogs with carbon atom replaced with a heavier group 14 element are also known:
 Monohalosilane,  (with silicon, related to silane)
 Monohalogermane,  (with germanium, related to germane)
 Monohalostannane,  (with tin, related to stannane)

See also 
 Methyl halide transferase, an enzyme producing some methyl halides

Notes

References
Phonon noise. Phonon noise, also known as thermal fluctuation noise, arises from the random exchange of energy between a thermal mass and its surrounding environment. This energy is quantized in the form of phonons. Each phonon has an energy of order , where  is the Boltzmann constant and  is the temperature. The random exchange of energy leads to fluctuations in temperature. This occurs even when the thermal mass and the environment are in thermal equilibrium, i.e. at the same time-average temperature. If a device has a temperature-dependent electrical resistance, then these fluctuations in temperature lead to fluctuations in resistance. Examples of devices where phonon noise is important include bolometers and calorimeters. The superconducting transition edge sensor (TES), which can be operated either as a bolometer or a calorimeter, is an example of a device for which phonon noise can significantly contribute to the total noise.   

Although Johnson–Nyquist noise shares many similarities with phonon noise (e.g. the noise spectral density depends on the temperature and is white at low frequencies), these two noise sources are distinct. Johnson–Nyquist noise arises from the random thermal motion of electrons, whereas phonon noise arises from the random exchange of phonons. Johnson–Nyquist noise is easily modeled at thermal equilibrium, where all components of the circuit are held at the same temperature. A general equilibrium model for phonon noise is usually impossible because different components of the thermal circuit are nonuniform in temperature and also often not time invariant, as in the occasional energy deposition from particles incident on a detector. The transition edge sensor typically maintains the temperature through negative electrothermal feedback associated with changes in internal electrical power.

An approximate formula for the noise-equivalent power (NEP) due to phonon noise in a bolometer when all components are very close to a temperature T is

where G is the thermal conductance and the NEP is measured in .  In calorimetric detectors, the rms energy resolution  due to phonon noise near quasi-equilibrium is described using a similar formula,

where C is the heat capacity.

A real bolometer or calorimeter is not at equilibrium because of a temperature gradient between the absorber and the bath. Since G and C are generally nonlinear functions of temperature, a more advanced model may include the temperature of both the absorber and the bath and treat G or C as a power law across this temperature range.

See also
Thermal fluctuations

References

Condensed matter physics
Noise (electronics)
Superconducting detectors
British Columbia Aviation Museum. The British Columbia Aviation Museum is located in Sidney, British Columbia, Canada. It is on the grounds of the Victoria International Airport at 1910 Norseman Road on the east side of the airport.

The Museum consists of a display area spread over two hangars, a classroom, a restoration workshop and a gift shop. Displays include historical civilian and military artifacts including uniforms, medals and models. Aircraft are displayed and museum volunteers are constantly working on restoring new acquisitions.

History
In September 2018 the museum acquired Avro Lancaster FM104, which is one of only 17 surviving Lancasters in the world. The aircraft, which was formerly in storage in Toronto, is now under restoration to airworthy status and will be finished in her post-War search-and-rescue configuration. In January 2021, the museum acquired an Grumman S2F Tracker that had been in storage with the Canadian Military Education Centre. The museum acquired a CF-104 in July 2023 and two Piasecki H-21s that September. In March 2024, the museum announced it was acquiring one of two surviving Martin Mars flying boats, the Hawaii Mars, from Coulson Aviation. The aircraft arrived at the museum on August 11, 2024 and is currently being prepared to be opened to the public on September 28th.

Collection

Aircraft

Helicopters

References

External links 

Aerospace museums in British Columbia
Saanich Peninsula
31 Building. 31 Building (), also called Samil Building, is an office building in Seoul, South Korea. Completed in 1970, the 31 Building was the tallest building in Seoul until 1979, when Lotte Hotel Seoul was completed.

The architect of the 31 Building was Kim Chung-up, a famous architect in South Korea.

It was selected as 'Seoul Future Heritage' because it is considered a valuable building in the history of architecture in Seoul.

See also

 List of tallest buildings in South Korea

References

Skyscraper office buildings in Seoul
Office buildings completed in 1970
1970 establishments in South Korea
20th-century architecture in South Korea
Seoul Future Heritages
1847 in Denmark. Events from the year 1847 in Denmark.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Christian VIII
 Prime minister – Poul Christian Stemann

Events
 26 June – The first railway line in the Kingdom of Denmark, the railway line from Copenhagen to Roskilde, was completed for the Zealand Railway Company () by British engineering company William Radford.
 1217 July  The 5th Scandinavian Scientist Conference is held in Copenhagen.
 10 November – The first beer is brewed at J.C. Jacobsen's new Carlsberg brewery on Valby Hill in Copenhagen.

Culture

Art
 Wilhelm Marstrand paints his Italian Osteria Scene.

Births

JanuaryMarch
 24 February  Charles Ambt, engineer (died 1919)
 8 March – Anton Marius Andersen, American Lutheran minister (died 1941)

AprilJune

JulySeptember
 11 April  Axel Helsted, painter (died 1907)
 23 September  Johanne Christine Petersen, school principal (died 1922)

OctoberDecember
 13 October – Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia (died 1928)
 21 October – Edvard Brandes, politician, author and editor (died 1931)
 3 December – Arthur Ivan Allin, musician (died 1926)
 16 December  Bertha Wegmann, painter (died 1926)
 25 December  Albert Jensen, architect (died 1913)

Deaths
 12 November – William Christopher Zeise, chemist (born 1789)
 17 November   Henriette Jørgensen, actress (born 1791)
 17 December  Conrad Christian Bøhndel, painter and lithographer  (born 1779)

References

 
1840s in Denmark
Denmark
Years of the 19th century in Denmark
La Esmeralda Dam. La Esmeralda Dam is an embankment dam on the Batá River northwest of Santa María in Boyacá Department, Neira Province, Valle de Tenza (Tenza Valley) Colombia, 52 km to south of Tunja city. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production and it is part of the Chivor Hydroelectric Project. Water from the Batá is diverted by the dam to a power station that discharges to the Lengupá River. The power station supplies 8% of Colombia's power demand.

History
Initial studies for the project began in 1954. The idea behind the dam was to divert water from the Batá to the Lengupá which lies at a much lower elevation. This idea was originally suggested by a topographer at The Electric Promotion Institute and later contemplated by an American-French delegation that was helping to develop Colombia's Electrification Plan at the time. Colombia's president at the time, Gustavo Rojas Pinilla promoted the project as well and it was dubbed "Project Gustavo". In 1958, further studies including geological and hydrological began. The hydroelectric project was designed in two 500 MW stages and it became apparent that additional funding would be needed to construct it. In November 1970, Ingetec S.A — under the supervision of Interconexión Electrica S.A — began construction on stage one after receiving a World Bank loan. Stage one was complete in 1977 and a year prior, construction on stage two had started in June. By 1982, stage two was completed and inaugurated. Stage two required a World Bank loan as well. In 1996, operation and ownership of the dam and power plant was transferred from the public to the private sector.

Dam
La Esmeralda dam is a  tall and  long central core rock-fill embankment dam with a structural volume of . The dam's reservoir has a  capacity, of which  is active storage. The reservoir has a surface area of  and a maximum depth of . Its maximum length is  at a normal elevation of  above sea level and its maximum width is . Helping to withhold the reservoir are two auxiliary dams.

Chivor Power Station
Chivor Power Station, lies to the southeast and is fed with water from reservoir by two separate  long tunnels (stage one and two). Near the banks of the Lengupá River, the tunnels split into eight separate penstocks to supply each  Pelton turbine-generator with water. Once utilised for electricity, the water is discharged into the Lengupá. The normal drop in elevation from the reservoir to the power station is .

See also

List of power stations in Colombia
List of conventional hydroelectric power stations

References

External links
AES Chivor Homepage

Dams completed in 1976
Dams in Colombia
Rock-filled dams
Buildings and structures in Boyacá Department