omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Fault scarp. A fault scarp is a small step-like offset of the ground surface in which one side of a fault has shifted vertically in relation to the other. The topographic expression of fault scarps results from the differential erosion of rocks of contrasting resistance and the displacement of land surface by movement along the fault. Differential movement and erosion may occur either along older inactive geologic faults, or recent active faults.

Characteristics

Fault scarps often involve zones of highly fractured rock and discontinuities of hard and weak consistencies of rock. Bluffs can form from upthrown blocks and can be very steep, as in the case of Pakistan's coastal cliffs. The height of the scarp formation tends to be defined in terms of the vertical displacement along the fault. Active scarp faults may reflect rapid tectonic displacement and can be caused by any type of fault including strike-slip faults. Vertical displacement of ten meters may occur in fault scarps in volcanic bedrock, but is usually the result of multiple episodic movements of 5 to 10 meters per tectonic event.

Due to the dramatic uplift along the fault, which exposes its surface, the fault scarp is very prone to erosion. This is especially true if the material being uplifted consists of unconsolidated sediment. Weathering, mass wasting, and water runoff can soon wear down these bluffs, sometimes resulting in V-shaped valleys along runoff channels. Adjacent V-shaped valley formations give the remaining fault spurs a very triangular shape. This formation is known as a triangular facet; however, this landform is not limited to fault scarps.

Fault scarps may vary in size from a few centimeters to many meters. Fault-line scarps are typically formed due to the differential erosion of weaker rocks along a fault. Such erosion, occurring over long time periods, may shift a physical cliff far from the actual fault location, which may be buried beneath a talus, alluvial fan or filled-in valley sediments. It may therefore be difficult to distinguish between fault scarps and fault-line scarps.

Examples

 The Teton Range in Wyoming is an example of an active fault scarp. The dramatic topography of the Tetons is due to geologically recent activity on the Teton Fault.
 Fault scarps in Motosu, Japan, created by the 1891 Mino–Owari earthquake.
 The fault scarps bounding the East African Rift Valley.
 The fault scarps bounding the Rio Grande Rift in New Mexico.
 The Bree fault scarp of the Roer Valley in northeast Belgium

References

Tectonic landforms
Structural geology
Seismic faults
Derivatization. Derivatization is a technique used in chemistry which converts a chemical compound into a product (the reaction's derivate) of similar chemical structure, called a derivative.

Generally, a specific functional group of the compound participates in the derivatization reaction and transforms the educt to a derivate of deviating reactivity, solubility, boiling point, melting point, aggregate state, or chemical composition. Resulting new chemical properties can be used for quantification or separation of the educt.

Derivatization techniques are frequently employed in chemical analysis of mixtures and in surface analysis, e.g. in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy where newly incorporated atoms label characteristic groups.

Derivatization reactions
Several characteristics are desirable for a derivatization reaction:
 The reaction is reliable and proceeds to completion. Less unreacted starting material will simplify analysis. Also, this allows a small amount of analyte to be used.
 The reaction is general, allowing a wide range of substrates, yet specific to a single functional group, reducing complicating interference.
 The products are relatively stable, and form no degradation products within a reasonable period, facilitating analysis.

Some examples of good derivatization reactions are the formation of esters and amides via acyl chlorides.

Classical qualitative organic analysis
Classical qualitative organic analysis usually involves reacting an unknown sample with various reagents; a positive test usually involves a change in appearance — color, precipitation, etc.

These tests may be extended to give sub-gram scale products. These products may be purified by recrystallization, and their melting points taken. An example is the formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones from ketones and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.

By consulting an appropriate reference table such as in Vogel's, the identity of the starting material may be deduced. The use of derivatives has traditionally been used to determine or confirm the identity of an unknown substance. However, due to the wide range of chemical compounds now known, it is unrealistic for these tables to be exhaustive. Modern spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques have made this technique obsolete for all but pedagogical purposes.

For gas chromatography
Polar N-H and O-H groups on which give hydrogen bonding may be converted to relatively nonpolar groups on a relatively nonvolatile compound. The resultant product may be less polar, thus more volatile, allowing analysis by gas chromatography. Bulky, nonpolar silyl groups are often used for this purpose.

Chiral derivatizing agent

Chiral derivatizing agents react with enantiomers to give diastereomers. Since diastereomers have different physical properties, they may be further analyzed by HPLC and NMR spectroscopy.

References

Chemical processes
Monsanto process. The Monsanto process is an industrial method for the manufacture of acetic acid by catalytic carbonylation of methanol.  The Monsanto process has largely been supplanted by the Cativa process, a similar iridium-based process developed by BP Chemicals Ltd, which is more economical and environmentally friendly.

This process operates at a pressure of 30–60 atm and a temperature of 150–200 °C and gives a selectivity greater than 99%. It was developed in 1960 by the German chemical company BASF and improved by the Monsanto Company in 1966, which introduced a new catalyst system.

Catalytic cycle

The catalytically active species is the anion cis-[Rh(CO)2I2]− (top of scheme). The first organometallic step is the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to cis-[Rh(CO)2I2]− to form the hexacoordinate species [(CH3)Rh(CO)2I3]−. This anion rapidly transforms, via the migration of a methyl group to an adjacent carbonyl ligand, affording the pentacoordinate acetyl complex [(CH3CO)Rh(CO)I3]−. This five-coordinate complex then reacts with carbon monoxide to form the six-coordinate dicarbonyl complex, which undergoes reductive elimination to release acetyl iodide (CH3C(O)I). The catalytic cycle involves two non-organometallic steps: conversion of methanol to methyl iodide and the hydrolysis of the acetyl iodide to acetic acid and hydrogen iodide.

The reaction has been shown to be first-order with respect to methyl iodide and [Rh(CO)2I2]−. Hence the oxidative addition of methyl iodide is proposed as the rate-determining step.

Tennessee Eastman acetic anhydride process
Acetic anhydride is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate in a process that is similar to the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis.  Methyl acetate is used in place of methanol as a source of methyl iodide.

 CH3CO2CH3  + CO  →   (CH3CO)2O

In this process lithium iodide converts methyl acetate to lithium acetate and methyl iodide, which in turn affords, through carbonylation, acetyl iodide. Acetyl iodide reacts with acetate salts or acetic acid to give the anhydride. Rhodium iodides and lithium salts are employed as catalysts. Because acetic anhydride hydrolyzes, the conversion is conducted under anhydrous conditions in contrast to the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050412040850/http://www.uyseg.org/catalysis/ethacid/ethacid2.htm

Organometallic chemistry
Rhodium
Catalysis
Chemical processes
Monsanto
PC/SC. PC/SC (short for "Personal Computer/Smart Card") is a specification for smart-card integration into computing environments.

Microsoft has implemented PC/SC in Microsoft Windows 200x/XP and makes it available under Microsoft Windows NT/9x.
A free implementation of PC/SC, PC/SC Lite, is available for Linux and other Unixes; a forked version comes bundled with Mac OS X.

Work group

Core members
 Gemalto
 Infineon
 Microsoft
 Toshiba

Associate members
Advanced Card Systems Alcor Micro Athena Smartcard Solutions Bloombase C3PO S.L. Cherry Electrical Products Cross S&T Inc.Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.  Feitian Technologies Kobil Systems GmbH Silitek Nidec Sankyo Corporation O2Micro, Inc. OMNIKEY (HID Global) Precise Biometrics Realtek Semiconductor Corp. Research In Motion Sagem Orga  SCM Microsystems Siemens Teridian Semiconductor Corp.

See also
 CT-API, an alternative API

External links
 PC/SC Workgroup
 Free Implementation (PCSCLite)
 pcsc-tools free commandline tools for PC/SC
 Winscard Smart Card API functions in Microsoft Windows XP/2000
 SMACADU open source smart card analyzing tools
 PC/SC Reader List PC/SC-standard readers

de:PC/SC#Der PC/SC-Standard
Aircraft marshalling. Aircraft marshalling is visual signalling between ground personnel and pilots on an airport, aircraft carrier or helipad.

Activity

Marshalling is one-on-one visual communication and a part of aircraft ground handling. It may be as an alternative to, or additional to, radio communications between the aircraft and air traffic control. The usual equipment of a marshaller is a reflective safety vest, a helmet with acoustic earmuffs, and gloves or marshalling wands – handheld illuminated beacons.

At airports, the marshaller signals the pilot to keep turning, slow down, stop, and shut down engines, leading the aircraft to its parking stand or to the runway. Sometimes, the marshaller indicates directions to the pilot by driving a "Follow-Me" car (usually a yellow van or pick-up truck with a checkerboard pattern) prior to disembarking and resuming signalling, though this is not an industry standard.

At busier and better equipped airports, marshallers are replaced on some stands with a Visual Docking Guidance System (VDGS), of which there are many types.

On aircraft carriers or helipads, marshallers give take-off and landing clearances to aircraft and helicopters, where the very limited space and time between take-offs and landings makes radio communications a difficult alternative.

U.S. Air Force procedures
Per the most recent U.S. Air Force marshalling instructions from 2012, marshallers "must wear a sleeveless garment of fluorescent international orange. It covers the shoulders and extends to the waist in the front and back. [...] During daylight hours, marshallers may use high visibility paddles. Self-illuminating wands are required at night or during restricted visibility."

Marshallers, like other ground personnel, must use protective equipment like protective goggles or "an appropriate helmet with visor, when in rotor wash areas or in front of an aircraft that is being backed using the aircraft's engines."
It also prescribes "earplugs, muff-type ear defenders, or headsets in the immediate area of aircraft that have engines, Auxiliary Power Unit, or Gas Turbine Compressor running."

Noise exposure 
Excessive noise can cause hearing loss in marshallers, either imperceptibly over years or after a one-time acoustic trauma. In the United States noise limits at work are set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Fixed wing aircraft hand signals 

Despite efforts to standaridize aspects of aviation communication, such as terminology and language, hand signals used to guide aircraft on the ground still vary between various major organizations, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the Federal Aviation Administration.

FAA hand signals
During darkness or periods of poor visibility, the signals remain the same, but the signaler should use illuminated marshaling wands, or another handheld light source.

Helicopter signals

References

External links

 UK marshalling signals, airfield markings and lighting standards., from the CAA.

Aircraft ground handling
Articles containing video clips
Sign systems
Irreversible circuit. In the study of reversible computing, an irreversible circuit is a circuit whose inputs cannot be reconstructed from its outputs. Such a circuit, of necessity, consumes energy. More precisely, there is a lower bound derived from quantum physics on the minimum amount of energy needed for each computation with such a circuit. In contrast, reversible circuits can, theoretically, be designed to operate on arbitrarily small amounts of energy.

Any irreversible circuit can be simulated by a reversible circuit that is padded with additional outputs.

See also 
Reversible computing

References

Integrated circuits
SIL. SIL, Sil and sil may refer to:

Organizations
 Servis Industries Limited, Pakistan
 Smithsonian Institution Libraries
 SIL International, formerly Summer Institute of Linguistics
 Apex Silver Mines (former American Stock Exchange ticker symbol)
 Societas Internationalis Limnologiae, now International Society of Limnology
 Society for Individual Liberty
 Scooters India Limited

Science and technology
 Solid immersion lens for microscope
 Standard Interchange Language, for information exchange between software
 Software-in-the-Loop, in software testing; see Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems
 STIL or SIL, a human gene
 Surge impedance loading of electrical transmission lines
 Squamous intraepithelial lesion
 Safety Integrity Level of a safety function
 Speech Interference Level, an acoustical parameter
 SIL Open Font License

Fiction
 Sil (Doctor Who), a villain in the TV series
 Sil, a character in the film Species
 Silvio Dante, a character in The Sopranos

People
 Narasingha Sil (born 1937), historian
 Sil Campusano (born 1965), a former baseball player
 Sil Austin (1929–2001), American jazz saxophonist
 Sil, member of the Dutch rap-metal band Urban Dance Squad
 Silvy De Bie or Sil (born 1981), Belgian singer
 Sil, project name of Dutch house musician Olav Basoski (born 1968)

Places
 Sil (river), Galicia, Spain
 Sile (river), Italy, also called Sil
 Sil (village), a small village on the northwestern part of Soledar, Ukraine.

Transport
 South Island line, Hong Kong

Other uses
 Sierra Leone, UNDP country code
 Tumulung Sisaala (ISO 639-3 language code), a language
 Silence-Lotto (UCI code), a bicycle racing team
 SIL code, a 3-letter language code used by SIL International
 sister-in-law

See also
 Sill (disambiguation)
 Sils (disambiguation)
 CIL (disambiguation)
Virtual Light Machine. The Virtual Light Machine (VLM) is a light synthesizer developed by Jeff Minter in 1990. It was installed into a number of electronics, including the Atari Jaguar CD and Nuon DVD players.

The Virtual Light Machine is similar to what would later be seen in music visualizations included with Winamp and other Media players. When an audio CD is put into a VLM compatible device, the VLM loads, manifesting visualizations which appear on the screen that change with the music. The VLM is set apart from simple music visualizers by an interactive mode that allows users to manipulate graphics generation on the fly.

VLM versions
Three versions of the VLM software were released. VLM-1 is the version installed and developed for the Atari Jaguar CD. Nuon players featured version VLM-2. VLM-3 was to be the basis of the video game Unity, which was in turn upgraded to form the basis of the Neon light synthesizer, utilized in the Xbox 360 and Minter's Space Giraffe.

A prototype dubbed VLM-0 was demonstrated at several concerts and raves but was not made widely available.

VLM in Nuon DVD players
Every Nuon player used the same version of VLM; however there were differences in the number of effects available between players.

The player released by Toshiba only featured 8 VLM effects, less than the Samsung DVDN-2000. The Samsung DVDN-2000 featured a higher resolution than the Toshiba player. The Samsung DVDN-501 has the most VLM effects (about 150) but these effects were presented in a lower resolution than the DVDN-2000. Interactive mode is only available on Nuon players with attached joysticks.

RCA also released 2 Nuon DVD players that also featured VLM but these RCA players are missing many of the Nuon features that the Toshiba and Samsung players contain.

See also
Psychedelia (light synthesizer)
Trip-a-Tron
Neon (light synthesizer)
List of music software

References

1990 software
Atari Jaguar games
Music visualization software
Llamasoft software
Nuon games
Glass Plus. Glass Plus is a glass and multi-surface cleaner.

Information
Glass Plus is currently manufactured by Reckitt Benckiser, who purchased the brand from S. C. Johnson.  SC Johnson had purchased it from Dow Chemical. Dow Chemical acquired it through its 1986 purchase of Texize. This product does not contain the chemicals ammonia, alcohol, animal byproducts, bleach, or phosphates. It does include biodegradable cleaning ingredients along with water and aromas to add fragrance to the product. It will leave streaks if used on a warm surface or within direct sunlight. Glass Plus sells a 32-ounce or 64 ounce bottle of Multi-Surface cleaner and also Multi-Surface cleaner wipes in a 30 count container.

Ingredients
Glass Plus includes the following ingredients and their purpose to make up its product:
Water (Dilutent)
Propylene Glycol Butyl Ether (Solvent)
Methoxyisopropanol (Other)
Propylene Glycol (Solvent)
 Ethanolamine	 (pH Adjuster)
Sodium Laureth Sulfate (Anionic Surfactant)
 Alkyl polyglucoside (Nonionic Surfactant)
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (Anionic Surfactant)
Fragrance (Frangrant)
Acid Blue 182 (Colorant)

References

External links

Cleaning product brands
Household chemicals
Reckitt brands
Lincity. Lincity is a free and open-source construction and management simulation game, which puts the player in control of managing a city's socio-economy, similar in concept to SimCity. The player can develop a city by buying appropriate buildings, services and infrastructure. Its name is both a Linux reference and a play on the title of the original city-building game, SimCity, and it was released under the GNU General Public License v2.

Gameplay 

Lincity features complex 2D and top-down gameplay.

The simulation considers population, employment, basic water management and ecology, goods (availability and production), raw materials (ore, steel, coal), services (education, health, fire protection, leisures), energy (electricity and charcoal, coal with finite reserves, solar and wind power) and other constraints such as finance, pollution and transports. The player has to take care of population growth and various socio-economic balances.

Lincity can be won in two ways: reaching sustainable development, or evacuating the entire population with spacecraft. The Lincity homepage has a Hall of Fame, listing players who have succeeded in one of these two goals.

History 
Lincity was created around 1995 as SimCity clone for Linux by I. J. Peters and hosted on SourceForge in 2001. Lincity was originally designed for Linux, but was ported later to Microsoft Windows, BeOS, OS/2, AmigaOS 4, and other operating systems. Mac OS X is supported when compiled from source code using GCC and run using X11.app. It uses SVGALib or X11 as its graphics interface API on Unix systems. As Lincity does software rendering it requires no 3D graphics card and also has very low demands on other computing resources, e.g. much memory or a fast processor. Since 1999 there have been only minor changes to Lincity; the last update was in August 2004.

Critical reception
In 2000, a CNN article on Linux games highlighted Lincity sophistication.
It was The Linux Game Tome Game of The Month for January 2005.
Lincity was 2008 a featured freeware title on 1up.com.
The Washington Post featured Lincity in 2009.

Successor

In 2005 significant development continued with the fork LinCity-NG, which was later transferred to Google Code and then to GitHub. Lincity-NG uses SDL2 and OpenGL, and features an isometric view, based on SimCity 3000, and graphics which resemble SimCity 3000's.

See also 

 List of open source games
 Simutrans
 OpenTTD
 OpenCity
 Micropolis

References

External links 

 Lincity, at SourceForge
 Lincity-NG Source, at GitHub (mirror)
 Lincity-NG downloads (alternate)

1995 video games
AmigaOS 4 games
BeOS games
Open-source video games
City-building games
Fan games
Linux games
OS/2 games
Video game clones
Amiga games
Free software programmed in C
MacOS games
SimCity
Unix games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games with isometric graphics
Windows games
SVGAlib programs
Atari ST BASIC. Atari ST BASIC (or ST Basic) was the first dialect of BASIC that was produced for the Atari ST line of computers. This BASIC interpreter was bundled with all new STs in the early years of the ST's lifespan, and quickly became the standard BASIC for that platform. However, many users disliked it, and improved dialects of BASIC quickly came out to replace it.

Development

Atari Corporation commissioned MetaComCo to write a version of BASIC that would take advantage of the GEM environment on the Atari ST. This was based on a version already written for Digital Research called DR-Basic, which was bundled with DR's CP/M-86 operating system. The result was called ST BASIC. At the time the ST was launched, ST BASIC was bundled with all new STs.

A further port of the same language called ABasiC was supplied for a time with the Amiga, but Commodore quickly replaced it with the Microsoft-developed AmigaBASIC.

Interface
The user interface consists of four windows:
EDIT, for entering source code
LIST, where the source code can be browsed
COMMAND, where instructions are entered and immediately executed
OUTPUT
The windows can only be selected with the mouse.

Bugs
ST BASIC has many bugs. Compute! in September 1987 reported on one flaw that it described as "among the worst BASIC bugs of all time". Typing x = 18.9 results in

function not yet done
System error #%N, please restart

Similar commands, such as x = 39.8 or x = 4.725, crash the computer; the magazine described the results of the last command as "as bad a crash as you can get on the ST without seeing the machine rip free from its cables, drag itself to the edge of the desk, and leap into the trash bin". After citing other flaws (such as ? 257 * 257 and ? 257 ^ 2 not being equivalent) the magazine recommended "avoid[ing] ST BASIC for serious programming". Regarding reports that MetaComCo was "one bug away" from releasing a long-delayed update to the language, it jokingly wondered "whether Atari has only one more bug to eliminate from ST BASIC or one more to add".

Alternatives

The relatively low quality of ST BASIC quickly opened up a market for third-party BASICs on the ST. FaST BASIC and GFA BASIC were two of the first of these third-party BASICs to be released. As these BASICS were not free, a program written in one of these BASICs could only be listed and run if the user had that BASIC. However, compilers and run-time executables started to appear for these BASICs that produced executable code that could run on all STs, and type-in programs became less fashionable, so there was no longer a need for a standard BASIC. By then, HiSoft BASIC, Omikron BASIC and STOS BASIC had appeared. Some of these BASICs even started to be bundled with new STs in the later years.

Books 
  
  Atari ST BASIC Quick Reference Guide — by Atari, copyright 1986, revision A. {DDB-G22}
   Revision B. {DDB-G22}

References

Atari ST software
Programming languages created in 1985
Atari ST
BASIC interpreters
BASIC programming language family