omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical engineering. Biomechanical engineering, also considered a subfield of mechanical engineering and biomedical engineering, combines principles of physics (with a focus on mechanics), biology, and engineering. Topics of interest in this field include (experimental and theoretical) biomechanics, computational mechanics, continuum mechanics, bioinstrumentation, design of implants and prostheses, etc. This is a highly multidisciplinary field, and engineers with such a background may enter related niche careers, e.g., as an ergonomics consultant, rehabilitation engineer, biomechanics researcher, and biomedical device engineer.

Biomechanical engineers can be seen as mechanical engineers that work in a biomedical context. This is not only due to occasionally mechanical nature of medical devices, but also mechanical engineering tools (such as numerical software packages) are commonly used in analysis of biological materials and biomaterials due to the high importance of their mechanical properties. Some research examples are computer simulation of the osteoarthritis, patient-specific evaluation of cranial implants for virtual surgical planning, computed tomography analysis for clinical assessment of osteoporosis, to name a few.

Application domains and related areas 
Core applications:

 Design, manufacturing, and maintenance of biomechanical devices (e.g., implants)
 Occupational biomechanics
 Orthopedic biomechanics
 Cardiovascular biomechanics
 Dental biomechanics
 Plant biomechanics
 Tissue mechanics
 Mechanobiology
 Forensic biomechanics

Also, contributing extensively to:

 Biomaterials and tissue engineering
 Biomechatronics and biorobotics
 In silico medicine
 Sports engineering
 Digital twin
 Bionics

Research Groups 
Some examples of the research groups and departments:
 Delft University of Technology
 Georgia Institute of Technology
 Iran University of Science and Technology
 University of Twente
 Stanford University

References

Engineering disciplines
DSV Shinkai 6500. The Shinkai 6500 (しんかい) is a crewed research submersible that can dive up to a depth of . It was completed in 1990. The Shinkai 6500 is owned and run by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) and it is launched from the support vessel Yokosuka.

Two pilots and one researcher operate within a  titanium pressure hull with an internal diameter of . Buoyancy is provided by syntactic foam.

Three  methacrylate resin view ports are arranged at the front and on each side of the vehicle.

A Lego set based on the submersible was created through the Lego Cuusoo website.

References

External links 

 JAMSTEC Shinkai 6500 page
 On June 23, 2013, the world's first live broadcast from 5,000 metres deep was carried out by the Shinkai 6500

Deep-submergence vehicles
Research submarines of Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
1990 ships
Commodity plastics. Commodity plastics or commodity polymers are plastics produced in high volumes for applications such as packaging, food containers, and household products, including both disposable products and durable goods. In contrast to engineering plastics, commodity plastics tend to be inexpensive to produce and exhibit relatively weak mechanical properties. Widely used commodity plastics include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Products made from commodity plastics include disposable plates, disposable cups, photographic and magnetic tape, clothing, reusable bags, medical trays, and seeding trays.

Further reading
 Engineering plastics
 High performance plastics
 Haugan, Harold W. Fantastic Plastics—Welcome Aboard (Exposition Press Books, 1974)

References

Plastics
Inversion temperature. The inversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all gases in reality) that is expanding at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience a temperature increase. This temperature change is known as the Joule–Thomson effect, and is exploited in the liquefaction of gases. Inversion temperature depends on the nature of the gas. 

For a van der Waals gas we can calculate the enthalpy  using statistical mechanics as
 
where  is the number of molecules,  is volume,  is temperature (in the Kelvin scale),  is the Boltzmann constant, and  and  are constants depending on intermolecular forces and molecular volume, respectively.

From this equation, if enthalpy is kept constant and there is an increase of volume, temperature must change depending on the sign of . Therefore, our inversion temperature is given where the sign flips at zero, or
 ,
where  is the critical temperature of the substance. So for , an expansion at constant enthalpy increases temperature as the work done by the repulsive interactions of the gas is dominant, and so the change in kinetic energy is positive. But for , expansion causes temperature to decrease because the work of attractive intermolecular forces dominates, giving a negative change in average molecular speed, and therefore kinetic energy.

See also 
 Critical point (thermodynamics)
 Phase transition
 Joule–Thomson effect

References

External links 
 Thermodynamic Concepts and Processes (Chapter 2) (part of the Statistical and Thermal Physics (STP) Curriculum Development Project at Clark University)

Temperature
Thermodynamic properties
Engineering thermodynamics
Industrial gases
Gases
List of British Rail unbuilt locomotive classes. There have been a number of TOPS class numbers assigned to proposed locomotives in the UK that have not been built for one reason or another.

Diesel locomotives

Type 1 locomotives
Class 18 – A proposed new Type 1 locomotive proposed in the mid 1980s. A 1988 proposal was for a 6-wheeled 800 hp locomotive with a maximum speed of 50 mph, similar in concept to Class 14. No prototype was constructed.

Type 3 locomotives
Class 38 – Projected classification for new generation of Type 3 freight locomotives in the 1980s. The Class 38 was dropped in favour of the Class 60.

Type 4 locomotives
Class 41 – The third use of Class 41 was for a proposed class of Class 60 locomotives with 2,500 hp engines in the early 1990s.
Class 48 – The second use of Class 48 was a proposal for a new class of locomotive for the 1990s, with gearing differences for slower freight work or higher speed loco-hauled for InterCity or parcels trains. The proposal included using proven technology for engines and electrical systems to avoid lengthy introduction and development costs associated with developing new technology.

Type 5 locomotives
Class 51 – Projected classification for the proposed "Super Deltic" locomotive intended as a follow on from the Class 50 and Class 55.
Class 62 – Projected classification for proposed Type 5 coal train locomotives in the early 1990s.
Class 65 – Projected classification for proposed 4,000 hp freight working locomotive intended for liner trains.

Electro-diesel locomotives
Class 75 – Spare classification for projected "super electro-diesel" follow on from Class 73 and Class 74.

Electric locomotives
Class 88 – The first use of Class 88 was for a proposed electric version of the Class 58, powered through 25 kV AC from overhead wire.
Class 93 – Proposed electric locomotive for use on the West Coast Main Line as part of the InterCity 250 project.

References

Sources

External links

British Rail locomotives
British Rail Unbuilt Locomotive Classes
Deep-sub-voltage nanoelectronics. Deep-sub-voltage nanoelectronics are integrated circuits (ICs) operating near theoretical limits of energy consumption per unit of processing.  These devices are intended to address the needs of applications such as wireless sensor networks which have dramatically different requirements from traditional electronics.  For example, for microprocessors where performance is a primary metric of interest, but for some new devices, energy per instruction has become a more sensible metric.

The important case of fundamental ultimate limit for logic operation is the reversible computing.

The tiny autonomous devices (for example smartdust or autonomous Microelectromechanical systems) are based on deep-sub-voltage nanoelectronics.

References

Meindl J. Low power microelectronics: retrospect and prospect. Proc. IEEE 1995. V.83. NO.4. P. 619-635.
Frank M.P. Reversible computing and truly adiabatic circuits: The next great challenge for digital engineering. Powerpoint slideshow
Meindl J., Davis J. The fundamental limit on binary switching energy for terascale integration (TSI).  IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2000. V.35. NO.10. P. 1515-1516.
Itoh K. Ultra-low voltage nano-scale memories.  Springer. 2007.
Silvester D. IC design Strategies at ultra-low voltages 
Cavin R. K., Zhirnov V. V., Herr D. J. C., Avila A., Hutchby J. Research directions and challenges in nanoelectronics.  Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2006 V.8. P. 841–858.
Hanson S., Zhai B., Bernstein K., Blaauw D., Bryant A., Chang L., Das K. K., Haensch W., Nowak E. J., Sylvester D. M.  Ultra-low-voltage, minimum-energy CMOS.  IBM J. RES. & DEV. 2006.  V. 50. NO. 4/5. P. 469-490.
Alexander Despotuli, Alexandra Andreeva.  High-capacity capacitors for 0.5 voltage nanoelectronics of the future.  Modern Electronics № 7, 2007, P. 24-29 
Alexander Despotuli, Alexandra Andreeva.  A short review on deep-sub-voltage nanoelectronics and related technologies. International Journal of Nanoscience, 2009. V.8. NO.4-5. P. 389-402.

Nanoelectronics
WHAT IF software. WHAT IF is a computer program used in a wide variety of computational  (in silico) macromolecular structure research fields. The software provides a flexible environment to display, manipulate, and analyze small and large molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and their interactions.

History
The first version of the WHAT IF software was developed by Gert Vriend in 1987 at the University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Most of its development occurred during 1989–2000 at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg, Germany. Other contributors include Chris Sander, and Wolfgang Kabsch. In 2000, maintenance of the software moved to the Dutch Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI) in Nijmegen, Netherlands. It is available for in-house use, or as a web-based resource.
, the original paper describing WHAT IF has been cited more than 4,000 times.

Software
WHAT IF provides a flexible environment to display, manipulate, and analyze small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and their interactions. One notable use was detecting many millions of errors (often small, but sometimes catastrophic) in Protein Data Bank (PDB) files. WHAT IF also provides an environment for: homology modeling of protein tertiary structures and quaternary structures; validating protein structures, notably those deposited in the PDB; correcting protein structures; visualising macromolecules and their interaction partners (for example, lipids, drugs, ions, and water), and manipulating macromolecules interactively.

WHAT IF is compatible with several other bioinformatics software packages, including YASARA and Jmol.

See also
 List of molecular graphics systems
 Molecule editor

External links

References

Molecular modelling software
Bioinformatics software
Protein structure
Decipol. The decipol is a unit used to measure the perceived air quality. It was introduced by Danish professor P. Ole Fanger.

One decipol (dp) is the perceived air quality (PAQ) in a space with a sensory load of one olf (one standard person) ventilated by 10 L/s. It was developed to quantify how the strength of indoor pollution sources indoors influence air quality as it is perceived by humans.

References 

Air pollution
Units of measurement
International Manufacturing Technology Show. The International Manufacturing Technology Show (IMTS), first held in Cleveland, Ohio in 1927
, is a trade show that features industrial machinery and technology. It is the largest manufacturing technology trade show in North America, and in 1990 was renamed from the original "International Machine Tool Show" to reflect the growing scope of the show to additional technologies such as welding, lubrication, and materials engineering. The show is managed by the Association for Manufacturing Technology.

An agreement between the AMT and the CECIMO (European Machine Tool Industry Association), which organizes the European-based EMO trade show for the metal working industry, coordinates the IMTS and the EMO such that every even-numbered year the IMTS is held in Chicago, and every odd-numbered year the EMO is held in Europe.

The next show is scheduled for September 9-14, 2024 at Mccormick Place, Chicago Illinois. https://www.imts.com/show/abouttheshow.cfm

Scale & Exhibitors 
The six-day show is held in even-numbered years at Chicago's McCormick Place and draws attendees and exhibitors from the U.S. and some 119 other countries. IMTS was cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but reconvened for 2022. For 2018, there were 129,415 registrants and 2,563 exhibitors across four buildings and  of exhibit space.

Since 2004, IMTS has sponsored the Emerging Technology Center, where the latest academic and industrial advancements are showcased. IMTS 2012, for example, featured a Local Motors Rally Fighter car built live on the show floor, MTConnect, the open-source communication and interconnectivity standard, and MTInsight, the game-changing customized manufacturing business intelligence system.

References

External links
 
 Official Youtube Channel

Industrial equipment
Trade shows in the United States
Events at McCormick Place
IMOD. IMOD can mean: 
Interferometric modulator display - a Qualcomm display technology.
iPod - Apple iPod Modification
Kaavo imod - Cloud Computing Management Application by Kaavo
IMOD (software) - a set of programs used to visualize, reconstruct and segment microscopy images.
Ministry of Defense (Israel) - Israeli Ministry of Defense.

See also 
 Imode (disambiguation)
David Goldberg. David Goldberg may refer to:

David E. Goldberg (born 1953), American professor of engineering and computer science at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
David Theo Goldberg (born 1952), South African philosopher and director of the University of California Humanities Research Institute
David Goldberg (PARC), engineer and computer scientist known for papers on floating point arithmetic and "Unistroke" handwriting recognition in the 1990s
Dave Goldberg (1967–2015), American Internet entrepreneur 
David Goldberg (psychiatrist) (1934–2024), British academic and social psychiatrist

See also
Adam David Goldberg (born 1980), American football offensive tackle
Gary David Goldberg (1944–2013), American writer and producer for television and film
Pizzagate conspiracy theory, instigated by Tweet from @DavidGoldbergNY
Combat Tactical Vehicle (Technology Demonstrator). The Combat Tactical Vehicle (Technology Demonstrator) was a testbed vehicle built by the Nevada Automotive Test Center (NATC), for the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle's Combat Tactical Vehicle (CTV), under contract for the Office of Naval Research (ONR). The United States Marine Corps tested and evaluated the vehicle at the NATC proving ground in Nevada for cross country mobility. Also included was ballistic testing of several armor solutions.

The vehicle demonstrated several new technologies, such as a fully adjustable front and rear suspension, with 21in wheel travel. The chassis and basic armor were made from aluminum by BAE Systems. The aluminum armor offered high level protection, concentrated throughout the lower hull. A B kit armor package, designed by Plasan, could be fit to protect the higher portions of the cabin. The B kit armor used a combination of composites and ceramics attached to sockets embedded in the basic vehicle. Blast deflecting structures and seats were used to protect against mine and blast effects.

The engine was a Detroit Diesel/MTU Friedrichshafen 926 turbo-diesel with  and  torque. There was optional rear wheel steering, along with a central tire inflation system and VFI runflat tires. It was capable of fording water at depth of 30" (60" with preparation). It featured an electronically controlled braking (ABS) system and electronic stability control (ECS). There was 30 kW onboard electrical power and 10 kW mobile power.

Sources

Armored personnel carriers of the United States
Joint Light Tactical Vehicle
Flying gyroscope. A flying gyroscope (also known as a flying cylinder or flying tube) is a cylindrical wing or annular airfoil. It is thrown like a football, and can fly very far. The William Mark Corporation invented their flying gyroscope, X-Zylo, in 1993. It was invented by Mark Forti, a Baylor University student, and refined within the aerospace industry. In 1994, X-Zylo unofficially broke the existing world flying disc distance record when it was thrown .

"Toobee, The Amazing Flying Can" is a flying gyroscope developed in 1978. It resembles the top third of an aluminum soda can.

A simple flying gyroscope can be folded from a sheet of paper.

See also
Boomerang
Flying disc
Flying ring

References

Physical activity and dexterity toys
Toyota USA Automobile Museum. The Toyota USA Automobile Museum was an automobile museum located in Torrance, California, adjacent to the Toyota Motor Sales USA. The  location had its grand-reopening on its 10th anniversary. The museum closed on September 28, 2017. It was the only official Toyota Museum outside Japan; with the Toyota Automobile Museum located in Nagakute, Japan.

The museum, which was maintained by the TMS Corporate Communications Department. was intended to preserve a collection of historical models milestone vehicles representing Toyota’s history in the United States. The museum's inventory consisted of more than 100 Toyota, Lexus and Scion vehicles, dating from 1958 to 2013.

Notable exhibits
 Hollywood/Futuristic: the Lexus “Minority Report” Tom Cruise movie prototype, three very rare Toyota 2000GTs, along with a poster of the James Bond movie, “You Only Live Twice”, where the car appeared, plus a cutaway drawing and technical schematics
 Racing: Ivan “Ironman” Stewart's famous off-road stadium truck; GTP race cars; a Long Beach Grand Prix historical photo wall; and the Chip Ganassi Target Champ Car, NASCAR, and the Land Speed Record Prius.
 New Brand: the recently introduced Scion xA and xB and tC vehicles
 Environmental: The Prius, an early mass-produced gasoline/electric hybrid vehicle, along with a cutaway drawing
 Design: CALTY studio concept drawings, clay and 3-D fiberglass models
 One of a Kind: several serial No. 1 vehicles from U.S. and Canadian manufacturing plants, along with some pre-production prototype vehicles

See also
 Official Toyota USA Automobile Museum website

References

Automobile museums in California
Museums in Los Angeles County, California
Buildings and structures in Torrance, California
Automobile Museum
Benson Hall. Benson Hall is a building in the University of Washington campus. It is home to the chemical engineering department. The building was named after Henry K. Benson, a faculty member from 1904 to 1954. During this time, he held the position of Chair of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Leonard William Bindon and John LeBaron Wright designed Benson Hall.

Benson Hall is located along Stevens Way, on the south side of the University of Washington campus. It is southwest of Bagley Hall, southeast of the Chemistry Library, and northwest of the Medicinal Herb Garden.

The building itself consists of three above ground floors and a basement. The main floor is home to a computer lab, the main office, a student lounge, a lobby, a research lab, and two classrooms. The second and third floors hold faculty offices, grad student offices, a classroom, and many research laboratories. The basement contains the remainder of the graduate student offices, research laboratories, and the Unit operations lab.

Benson Hall is home to the University of Washington student chapter of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (UW AIChE). The UW AIChE chapter is responsible for a variety of student events on campus.

Chemical engineering coursework 
The chemical engineering program at the University of Washington generally involves two years of coursework as well as two years of prerequisites prior to admission to the program.

Chemical Engineering classes are structured such that the entire class progresses together over the course of final two years, beginning with Material and Energy Balances, and finishing with Process Design II.

References

External links
 UW Chemical Engineering Website
 AIChE

University and college academic buildings in the United States
University of Washington buildings
Adolfo Bartoli. Adolfo Bartoli (19 March 1851  – 18 July 1896) was an Italian physicist, who is best known for introducing the concept of radiation pressure from thermodynamical considerations.

Born in Florence, Bartoli studied physics and mathematics at the University of Pisa until 1874. He was a professor of physics at the Technical Institute of Arezzo from 1876, at the University of Sassari from 1878, at the Technical Institute of Firenze from 1879, at the University of Catania from 1886 to 1893, and at the University of Pavia from 1893.

In 1874 James Clerk Maxwell found out that the existence of tensions in the ether, in other words radiation pressure, follows from his electromagnetic theory. 
 In 1876 Bartoli derived the existence of radiation pressure from thermodynamics, and his derivation influenced Boltzmann.

Like how the thermodynamics of gas is independent of microscopic details of what gas is, his derivation does not depend on a theory of what light is, such as Maxwell's electromagnetism. In contrast, Maxwell predicted radiation pressure directly from his theory of electromagnetism. Therefore, radiation pressure was also called "Maxwell-Bartoli pressure".

Later the radiation pressure played an important role in the work of Albert Einstein in connection with mass–energy equivalence and the photoelectric effect. Einstein lived in Pavia at that time (1895), when Bartoli held the Physics chair at the local University. However, it is unknown whether Einstein was directly influenced by Bartoli.

Bartoli died in Pavia in 1896.

Bartoli's argument for radiation pressure 

Consider a perfectly reflexive piston with a mirror in the middle, and two black bodies connected to two heat baths at its two ends. One body is hot at temperature , and the other is cold at temperature . Now, consider the following heat-engine cycle:

 Move the mirror towards the hot body. The hot body would be forced to absorb photons, while the cold body would be forced to emit more photons to fill the space. 
 Insert another mirror in the middle.
 Remove the first mirror, and wait for the radiation trapped between the two mirrors to reach equilibrium with the hot body. 

With one cycle, we have pumped energy away from the cold body. Since the energy has nowhere else to go, it must have ended up in the hot body. If light has no pressure, then this transports energy from a colder to a hotter body. To avoid this violation of the second law of thermodynamics, it is necessary that light imparts pressure to the mirror.

Selected publications
 with G. Poloni: 
 
 
 
 with E. Stracciati: 
 with E. Stracciati: 
 with E. Stracciati: 
 
 with E. Stracciati: 
 
 
 with E. Stracciati & G. Raffo:

References

External links
 Paths of Physics: Anthology of Italian Physics - Adolfo Bartoli
 Mathpages: Another Derivation of Mass-Energy Equivalence
 Bevilacqua, Bordoni, Fregonese: Adolfo Bartoli and the young Einstein

1851 births
1896 deaths
Scientists from Florence
19th-century Italian physicists
University of Pisa alumni
Academic staff of the University of Sassari
Academic staff of the University of Catania
Academic staff of the University of Pavia