omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wale (ship part). A wale is one of the strakes of wooden planking that forms the outer skin of the hull of a ship, but substantially thicker than the other strakes. It provides extra stiffening and strength to the hull. It was a common feature of heavy wooden ship construction, particularly from the Middle Ages to the early years of the 19th century, being a major constructional component of ships like ,  and many earlier vessels.

A wale (or "waler") is a horizontal supporting member of a concrete forming system, vertically reinforced by a "strongback".

A wale is also a horizontal member of a geotechnical tieback wall, which transmits the force from the tieback to the beams.

See also
Strake

References

External links

Shipbuilding
IDA-Opel. IDA-Opel was a Yugoslav car manufacturer based in Kikinda, Serbia. It operated from 1977 until 1992.

Name
The company name "IDA" is the abbreviation of "Industrija Delova Automobila" (eng. Industry of Automobile Parts) and "Opel" in its name stems from co-operation with the German automotive company Adam Opel AG (Opel).

History
The original plant was established in 1908 as a workshop attached to a local brick factory.

In 1977, after eight years of successful co-operation, the iron foundry in Kikinda signed a joint venture and long-term co-operation manufacturing contract valid for a period of 15 years with Adam Opel AG (Opel). US$78.5 million were invested in the newly established IDA-Kikinda factory, funded 51% by Kikinda Iron Foundry and 49% by General Motors.

The first delivery of manufactured parts from two new factories in Kikinda (Livac and Metalac), took part in December 1979. The export of Yugoslav-made parts allowed IDA to import mostly finished Opels, about 3,000 per year in the early 1980s, and have them treated as Yugoslav products.

By exporting partly manufactured and fully manufactured parts/components for Opel vehicles, an import/export ratio of 1:1 was enabled. Up to the imposition of economic sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in May 1992, 38,700 Opel vehicles and large number of spare parts worth around DM 100 million were produced. During the 12 years of IDA-Opel manufacturing co-operation, over DM 1.3 billion have been made from this joint venture. The plant was later restructured as the Livnica Kikinda metal foundry, which was taken over by Slovenia's Cimos in 2004 and manufactures auto parts for various European manufacturers.

 total number of vehicles produced: 38,700
 models produced: Opel Kadett, Opel Rekord, Opel Ascona, Opel Senator, Opel Corsa, Opel Vectra and the Opel Omega

The 1983 model year and onwards Opel Senator was sold in the Yugoslav market sold under the name "Opel Kikinda."

See also

 Zastava special cars
 Fiat Automobili Srbija
 Opel
 List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

References

Opel
Defunct companies of Serbia
Car manufacturers of Serbia
Car manufacturers of Yugoslavia
Companies based in Kikinda
Serbian brands
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1977
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1992
1977 establishments in Yugoslavia
1992 disestablishments in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Intel Quartus Prime. Intel Quartus Prime is programmable logic device design software produced by Intel; prior to Intel's acquisition of Altera the tool was called Altera Quartus Prime, earlier Altera Quartus II. Quartus Prime enables analysis and synthesis of HDL designs, which enables the developer to compile their designs, perform timing analysis, examine RTL diagrams, simulate a design's reaction to different stimuli, and configure the target device with the programmer. Quartus Prime includes an implementation of VHDL and Verilog for hardware description, visual editing of logic circuits, and vector waveform simulation.

Features
Quartus Prime software features include:

 Platform Designer (previously QSys, previously SOPC Builder), a tool that eliminates manual system integration tasks by automatically generating interconnect logic and creating a testbench to verify functionality.
 SoCEDS, a set of development tools, utility programs, run-time software, and application examples to help you develop software for SoC FPGA embedded systems.
 DSP Builder, a tool that creates a seamless bridge between the MATLAB/Simulink tool and Quartus Prime software, so FPGA designers have the algorithm development, simulation, and verification capabilities of MATLAB/Simulink system-level design tools
 External memory interface toolkit, which identifies calibration issues and measures the margins for each DQS signal.
 Generation of JAM/STAPL files for JTAG in-circuit device programmers.

Editions

Lite Edition
The Lite Edition is the free version of Quartus Prime. This edition provides compilation and programming for a limited number of Intel FPGA devices. The low-cost Cyclone family of FPGAs is fully supported by this edition, as well as the MAX family of CPLDs, meaning small developers and educational institutions have no overheads from the cost of development software.

Standard Edition
The Standard Edition supports an extensive number of FPGA devices but requires a license.

Pro Edition
The Pro Edition supports only the latest FPGA devices.

See also
 Xilinx ISE
 Xilinx Vivado
 ModelSim

External links
Intel Quartus Prime Software
Intel FPGAs and Programmable Devices official website

Electronic design automation software
Proprietary software that uses Qt
Software that uses Qt
Eduard Simon. Johann Eduard Simon (18 September 1789 – 19 June 1856) was an apothecary in Berlin, Germany.

Johann Eduard Simon accidentally discovered polystyrene in 1839. Simon distilled an oily substance from storax, the resin of the Sweetgum tree, Liquidambar orientalis, which he named "styrol". Several days later he found that the styrol had thickened, presumably due to polymerisation, into a jelly which he dubbed styrol oxide ("Stryroloxyd").

References
The History of Plastic

Notes

19th-century German chemists
German apothecaries
1789 births
1856 deaths
Chemists from the Kingdom of Prussia
Schreder RS-15. The RS-15 is a Richard Schreder-designed metal Racing Class sailplane that was offered as a kit for homebuilding during the 1970s and 1980s.

Unlike Schreder's other designs, which are all designated HP (for High Performance), the RS-15 takes its nomenclature from the designer's initials and its wingspan in metres.

Design and development
The dominating aesthetic feature of the RS-15 is its pod-and-boom fuselage. The forward fuselage is a composite molding, and the aft portion is a 6" diameter aluminum tube. The V-tail is essentially the same as on other contemporary Schreder sailplanes, differing only in detail design from that of the HP-18.

Unlike Schreder's HP-series gliders, the RS-15 was intended to achieve more modest performance, sacrificing performance for a shortened build time.

Early RS-15 models featured wings that were essentially the same as the HP-16, and using the same one-piece machined aluminum I-beam wing spar. Later units were supplied with wing kits nearly identical to those of the HP-18, using that ship's riveted aluminum box spar. Unlike the HP-18, however, RS-15 examples usually lack the flap/aileron interconnect that adjusts the neutral aileron deflection to match that of the flap in the range of -10 to +10 flap deflection. Some of these sailplanes with the updated HP-18 wings have -10 to +90 degrees flap deflection.

Major features:
Pod-and-boom fuselage with relatively deep cockpit
V-tail that folds upwards for easy storage
Wing structure composed of spars with caps pre-machined from solid aluminium plate and aluminium wing skins bonded to closely spaced foam ribs
Fiberglass fuselage pod, wing tip skids and tail fairings
Tubular aluminum aft fuselage
Winglets added by some homebuilders
Water ballast carried inside the hollow aluminium wing spars
Typical Schreder trailing edge flaps/airbrakes

Specifications

See also

References

Schreder Designs webpage
Sailplane Directory

1970s United States sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Schreder aircraft
V-tail aircraft
DISPERSION21. DISPERSION21 (also called DISPERSION 2.1) is a local scale atmospheric pollution dispersion model developed by the air quality research unit at Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), located in Norrköping.

The model is widely used in Sweden by local and regional environmental agencies, various industrial users, consultant services offered by SMHI and for educational purposes.

Features and Capabilities

Some of the basic features and capabilities of DISPLAY21 are:

Source types: Multiple point, area, and volume sources as well as street canyons.
Source releases: Surface, near surface and elevated sources.
Source locations: Urban or rural locations. 
Plume types: Continuous or intermittent buoyant plumes
Plume dispersion treatment: Gaussian model treatment using Green's functions and includes multiple reflections.
Terrain types: Simple terrain with no more than 10 degree slopes. 
Building effects: Building downwash algorithms are included. 
Meteorological data: The model includes a preprocessor to produce the meteorological parameters needed to characterize the atmospheric turbulence as well as to produce wind speed and direction profiles.
 The street canyon module includes some atmospheric chemistry for photochemical reactions.

See also
Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
List of atmospheric dispersion models
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Further reading
For those who are unfamiliar with air pollution dispersion modelling and would like to learn more about the subject, it is suggested that either one of the following books be read:

 www.crcpress.com
 www.air-dispersion.com

References

External links
 SMHI web site click on 'Products & Services', then on 'Environment', and then on 'Dispersion'

Atmospheric dispersion modeling
JAWSAT. The Joint Air Force-Weber State University Satellite (JAWSAT) is an American military mini-satellite launched aboard a Minotaur rocket on January 27, 2000 from Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) in California. After its own launch, JAWSAT deployed four microsatellites: FalconSAT-1, OCSE, OPAL, and ASUSat. JAWSAT also carried NASA's Plasma Experiment Satellite Test (PEST).

See also
 Weber-OSCAR 18

 2000 in spaceflight

References

Satellites orbiting Earth
Spacecraft launched in 2000
Spacecraft launched by Minotaur rockets
Amateur radio satellites
Société Anonyme des Plieuses Automatiques Lausanne. SAPAL (Société Anonyme des Plieuses Automatiques Lausanne) was a Swiss company founded in August 1906 by Jean-Jaques Kohler. Backed by a group of investors, this chocolate maker from Lausanne, Switzerland, had acquired the US patent for the "folding box" die-fold system, designed by Richard Berger, a German engineer, which enabled an envelope style of wrap around small chocolate blocks, and done in a single operation. The development and commercialization of this invention enabled fast rationalization in the packaging sectors of the food industry and more particularly, in the chocolate industry.

Diverse applications 
SAPAL added its own technical design department in 1908 and a production facility in 1909. It diversified its product range to wrap not only chocolate tablets but also soup cubes (1909), tobacco packets (1910), pressed candies and soaps (1911), biscuits (1912), chewing gum (1913), aspirin cases (1926), ice cream (1927), photographic plates (1928) and pharmaceutical tablets (1929).

In order to meet the growing and worldwide demand for automation, in 1963 SAPAL introduced the first packaging line linking the wrapping machines directly to the production process.

The premises in Lausanne became too small, so SAPAL moved in 1964 to a new factory in Écublens, on the outskirts of Lausanne, which is the present location of the company.

In 1989, SAPAL became a subsidiary of the SIG Pack Division of the SIG Group and in July 2004, SIG Pack was acquired by the Bosch Packaging Technology Group. 

In 2007, SAPAL has acquired the Geneva-based brand Kustner (packaging of cheese). Cheese packaging machines make up nearly half of the turnover of SAPAL. 

In 2017, the Navigator Group managed to acquire SAPAL as it turned out to have little synergy potential with other Bosch Packaging Technology divisions.

The number of employees has dropped from up to 400 in the 1990s to approximately 80 who construct and export their machines to 70 countries.

References

External links
 SAPAL website

Packaging companies of Switzerland
University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt. The University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt (, FHWN for short) is an Austrian Fachhochschule founded in 1994.  It has eight areas of specialization. The main campus is in Wiener Neustadt and two smaller campuses are located in Wieselburg and Tulln (both in Lower Austria).

Austria's first and largest Fachhochschule for business and engineering, the University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, also called FHWN.

Degree Programs 

The business school also offers a course called "Business Consultancy International", a bachelor's degree program, which is exclusively taught in English.

Another program taught in English is the Aerospace Engineering Master program. This program features an intensive theoretical education but also many possibilities for hands-on learning. One of the most famous example of this approach is the "Small Sat Program". In this program the students develop so-called CubeSats. The first CubeSat of the FHWN was launched in June, 2017 and is since then operating successfully in space. Several other CubeSats are in preparation.

Its MedTech program is also an innovative unique master's degree programme in Europe, taught exclusively in English and organized as a part-time and consequence distance learning study. MedTech combines technical and physical aspects of functional imaging, image processing and therapy planning with its applications in a medical environment.

External links

References 

Universities of Applied Sciences in Austria
Educational institutions established in 1994
1994 establishments in Austria
Open-circuit voltage. Open-circuit voltage (abbreviated as OCV or VOC) is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of an electronic device when disconnected from any circuit. There is no external load connected. No external electric current flows between the terminals.  Alternatively, the open-circuit voltage may be thought of as the voltage that must be applied to a solar cell or a battery to stop the current. It is sometimes given the symbol Voc. In network analysis this voltage is also known as the Thévenin voltage.

The open-circuit voltages of batteries and solar cells are often quoted under particular conditions (state-of-charge, illumination, temperature, etc.).

The potential difference mentioned for batteries and cells is usually the open-circuit voltage.

The value of the open-circuit voltage of a transducer equals its electromotive force (emf), which is the maximum potential difference it can produce when not providing current.

Example 
Consider the circuit:

If we want to find the open-circuit voltage across the 5Ω resistor, first disconnect it from the circuit:

Find the equivalent resistance in loop 1 to find the current in loop 1. Use Ohm’s law with that current to find the potential drop across the resistance C. Note that since no current is flowing through resistor B, there is no potential drop across it, so it does not affect the open-circuit voltage.

The open-circuit voltage is the potential drop across the resistance C, which is: 

This is just an example. Many other ways can be used.

See also
 Electromotive force
 Short circuit
 Thevenin's Theorem

References

Electrical parameters
Opération Baliste. Opération Baliste was a French aeronaval operation off Lebanon aimed at securing citizens of the European Union in the context of the 2006 Lebanon War.

Components 

Opération Baliste employed 1,700 men under Counter Admiral Xavier Magne. The operation was threefold :
 An aerial transport group, composed with one Transall C-160 and 3 Eurocopter Cougar
 A battlegroup of the French Army, including motorised infantry, engineering, ALAT and light armour.
 An amphibious naval group composed with the amphibious operation ships  and , and the frigates  and . The group had hospital capabilities, combat helicopters, transport helicopters, and landing craft.

History 
On 18 August 2006, 14,500 people had been evacuated (including 11,300 French citizens). On 20 August, the amphibious assault ship  and the frigate  sailed from Toulon to join the theatre and convoy elements from the 2nd and 13th Regiments of Engineering, as well as over 100 engineering vehicles for the UNIFIL

On 3 October, an Israeli fighter penetrated the  defence perimeter of the stealth frigate , triggering a diplomatic incident. Israel apologised after official protests from the French government.

References

External links 
 French Defence Ministry

2006 Lebanon War
Battles involving the French Foreign Legion
France–Israel relations
France–Lebanon relations
Non-combat military operations involving France
21st-century military history of France
Gallium phosphate. Gallium phosphate (GaPO4 or gallium orthophosphate) is a colorless trigonal crystal with a hardness of 5.5 on the Mohs scale.  GaPO4 is isotypic with quartz, possessing very similar properties, but the silicon atoms are alternately substituted with gallium and phosphorus, thereby doubling the piezoelectric effect.  GaPO4 has many advantages over quartz for technical applications, like a higher electromechanical coupling coefficient in resonators, due to this doubling.
Contrary to quartz, GaPO4 is not found in nature.  Therefore, a hydrothermal process must be used to synthesize the crystal.

Modifications
GaPO4 possesses, in contrast to quartz, no α-β phase transition, thus the low temperature structure (structure like α-quartz) of GaPO4 is stable up to 970°C, as are most of its other physical properties.  Around 970°C another phase transition occurs which changes the low quartz structure into another structure similar with cristobalite.

Structure
The specific structure of GaPO4 shows the arrangement of tetrahedrons consisting of GaO4 and PO4 that are slightly tilted.  Because of the helical arrangement of these tetrahedrons, two modifications of GaPO4 exist with different optical rotation (left and right).

Sources
GaPO4 does not occur in nature; thus it must be grown synthetically.  Presently, only one company in Austria produces these crystals commercially.

History and technical importance
Pressure sensors based on quartz have to be cooled with water for applications at higher temperatures (above 300°C).  Starting in 1994 it was possible to substitute these big sensors with miniaturized, non cooled ones, based on GaPO4.
Further exceptional properties of GaPO4  for applications at high temperatures include its nearly temperature independent piezo effect and excellent electrical insulation up to 900°C.  For bulk resonator applications, this crystal exhibits temperature compensated cuts of up to 500°C while having Q factors comparable with quartz. Due to these material properties, GaPO4  is very suitable for piezoelectric pressure sensors at high temperatures and for high temperature microbalance.

Literature

External links
data sheet

Gallium compounds
Phosphates
Piezoelectric materials
Gordon England (coachbuilder). Gordon England was a British coachbuilding company based in Putney, South West London and later in the Palace of Industry, Wembley, North London with a showroom at 28 South Molton Street, Mayfair, London W1.

Gordon England

E. C. Gordon England, after beginning an engineering apprenticeship with Great Northern Railway in Doncaster, changed to aviation and went on to pilot and design both gliders and powered aircraft and was works manager at Bristol Aeroplane Company during World War I. After that war he raced cars and also developed and patented lightweight car bodies.

Lightweight bodies for cars

After the war his interest turned to motor racing and in 1922 he obtained a chassis version of the new Austin 7 which he tuned and entered successfully at several events. This led him to make and sell a series of cars to the public based on his racers. He believed that car performance was being held back by the heavy coachwork being fitted to many models and set about designing bodies largely of plywood covered with fabric and fixed to the chassis with three rubber mountings. To make these George England (Motor Bodies) Ltd was incorporated in 1925.

Construction
Gordon England took four years to develop his own construction technique using a solid plywood shell without Weymann's skeletal frame. His seats and floorboards were mounted directly onto the chassis, as was the scuttle and instrument panel. The body was given a hollow box-girder of plywood around its base  and attached to the frame at three points. This way the body on its three separate mounting points was able to maintain its shape even over rough roads.

Austin
The first model to be sold was the Brooklands Super-sports Austin 7 and although his racing version had been fabric covered the production version was aluminium panelled. Each one was supplied with a certificate stating that it would attain 80 mph (130 km/h).  The "Cup" model followed in 1925 and then a fabric saloon which came out before the official factory version.  In 1927 almost 20,000 bodies were supplied for the Austin 7.

Work extended beyond Austin and in 1925 a Rolls-Royce was fitted followed by work on Bentleys, MG, Morris, Standard and Wolseley. The Putney premises were outgrown and in 1927 the company moved to Wembley and exhibited at the London Olympia Motor Show with an Invicta on the stand.

The company was reformed as Gordon England (1929) Ltd and claimed to be making 35 bodies a day. However, the fabric body started to lose out to all-metal types, the company's fortunes declined and in 1930 it closed.

First road test in history
The weekly magazine Autocar claims to have invented the road test. Its very first published test in 1928 was of an Austin 7 (Gordon) England Sunshine saloon, Sunshine because it had a very large sunroof.

See also
 Eric Gordon England
 Gordon England glider
 Bristol Gordon England biplanes

References

 Old Framlinghamians
 A-Z of British Coachbuilders. Nick Walker. Bay View Books. 1997. 
 Gordon England history

External links

 Autocar tests another Austin 7
 Gordon England Register

Coachbuilders of the United Kingdom
Vehicle manufacture in London
Self-amplified spontaneous emission. Self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) is a process within a free-electron laser (FEL) by which a laser beam is created from a high-energy electron beam. 

The SASE process starts with an electron bunch being injected into an undulator, with a velocity close to the speed of light and a uniform density distribution within the bunch. In the undulator the electrons are wiggled and emit light characteristic of the undulator strength but within a certain energy bandwidth. The emitted photons travel slightly faster than the electrons and interact with them each undulator period. Depending on the relative phase between electrons and photons, electrons gain or lose energy (velocity), i.e. faster electrons catch up with slower ones. Thereby the electron bunch density is periodically modulated by the radiation which is called microbunching. The structured electron beam amplifies only certain photon energies at the cost of kinetic energy until the system goes into saturation. SASE energy spectra show a noise-like distribution of intense spikes on top of a lower-amplitude background. The micro-bunch structuring reduces the phase space available to the photons, thus they are also more likely to have a similar phase and the emitted beam is quasi-coherent.

This concept has been demonstrated at the SPring-8 FEL SACLA in Japan, the Free electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH) and the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC.

See also
Spontaneous emission
List of laser articles

References

Laser science
Synchrotron radiation