omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Post Irradiation Examination. Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) is the study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel. It has several purposes. It is known that by examination of used fuel that the failure modes which occur during normal use (and the manner in which the fuel will behave during an accident) can be studied. In addition information is gained which enables the users of fuel to assure themselves of its quality and it also assists in the development of new fuels. After major accidents the core (or what is left of it) is normally subject to PIE in order to find out what happened. One site where PIE is done is the ITU which is the EU centre for the study of highly radioactive materials.

Materials in a high radiation environment (such as a reactor) can undergo unique behaviors such as swelling and non-thermal creep.  If there are nuclear reactions within the material (such as what happens in the fuel), the stoichiometry will also change slowly over time.  These behaviors can lead to new material properties, cracking, and fission gas release:

Fission gas release 
As the fuel is degraded or heated the more volatile fission products which are trapped within the uranium dioxide may become free.

Fuel cracking 
As the fuel expands on heating, the core of the pellet expands more than the rim which may lead to cracking. Because of the thermal stress thus formed the fuel cracks, the cracks tend to go from the centre to the edge in a star shaped pattern.

In order to better understand and control these changes in materials, these behaviors are studied.  . Due to the intensely radioactive nature of the used fuel this is done in a hot cell. A combination of nondestructive and destructive methods of PIE are common.

In addition to the effects of radiation and the fission products on materials, scientists also need to consider the temperature of materials in a reactor, and in particular, the fuel.  Too high fuel temperatures can compromise the fuel, and therefore it is important to control the temperature in order to control the fission chain reaction.

The temperature of the fuel varies as a function of the distance from the centre to the rim. At distance x from the centre the temperature (Tx) is described by the equation where ρ is the power density (W m−3) and Kf is the thermal conductivity.

Tx = TRim + ρ (rpellet2 - x2) (4 Kf)−1

To explain this for a series of fuel pellets being used with a rim temperature of 200 °C (typical for a BWR) with different diameters and power densities of 250 Wm−3 have been modeled using the above equation. Note that these fuel pellets are rather large; it is normal to use oxide pellets which are about 10 mm in diameter.

Further reading 

Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, G. Choppin, J-O Liljenzin and J. Rydberg, 3rd Ed, 2002, Butterworth-Heinemann,

References

External links 
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) - Post Irradiation Examination Facilities Database

Nuclear materials
Nuclear reprocessing
Nuclear technology
Nuclear chemistry
Radioactive waste
Actinides
Mahatma Gandhi Road (Lucknow). MG Road Lucknow is one of the busiest roads in Lucknow, India, with upmarket shopping arcades, office skyscrapers, pubs, bars, discos, hotels, coffee shops, hypermarkets and restaurants.  It also has several state and national level institutions. It is the basic node of Hazratganj and breaks into several high end roads like Shahnajaf road, Sapru marg, Ashok Marg (the central business district of the city), etc.

Form 
It is a 4-laned one sided bustling road made of non-skid technology from France with rubber coating to prevent water logging and carved with ample amount of radium  based signals.

It is 4 km long at stretch with roads leading to the main business and governmental district of the city form its downtown with high rises and skyscrapers.  It extends from the Cantonement area of Lucknow up to the Old city area, making it one of the major roads in the city.

References 

Roads in Lucknow
Economy of Lucknow
Andreasson BA-11. 

The Andreasson BA-11 was an acrobatic biplane designed for homebuilding. The design was based on that of the BA-4B, but the BA-11 added a second cockpit in tandem with the pilot's, and a more powerful engine.

Specifications

See also

References
 
 Andreasson BA-4, BA-4B och BA-11

1970s Swedish sport aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1977
JX (operating system). JX is a free, open source, microkernel operating system developed by the University of Erlangen with both the kernel and applications implemented using the Java programming language.

Overview

JX is implemented as an extended Java virtual machine (the JX Core), adding support to the Java system for features such as protection domains and hardware access, along with several components written in Java that provide kernel facilities to applications running on the computer. Because Java is a type-safe language, JX can provide isolation between running applications without needing to use hardware memory protection. This technique, known as language-based protection means that system calls and inter-process communication in JX does not cause an address space switch, an operation which is slow on most computers. JX runs on standard PCs, supporting a limited range of common hardware elements.

The primary benefits of JX include:

 Based on a small trusted computing base (TCB) security system
 Lack of address space switching.
 It is a highly flexible operating system with different configuration possibilities.

See also

JavaOS

References

External links
Project home page
The JX Operating System
The Structure of a Type-Safe Operating System
A Java Operating System as the Foundation of a Secure Network Operating System

Operating system kernels
Microkernels
Free software operating systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
Discontinued Java virtual machines
X86 operating systems
Windows File Protection. Windows File Protection (WFP), a sub-system included in Microsoft Windows operating systems of the Windows 2000 and Windows XP era, aims to prevent programs from replacing critical Windows system files. Protecting core system files mitigates problems such as DLL hell with programs and the operating system. Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 include WFP under the name of Windows File Protection; Windows Me includes it as System File Protection (SFP).

Operation 
With Windows File Protection active, replacing or deleting a system file that has no file lock to prevent it getting overwritten causes Windows immediately and silently to restore the original copy of the file. The original version of the file is restored from a cached folder which contains backup copies of these files. The Windows NT family uses the cached folder . Windows Me caches its entire set of compressed cabinet setup files and stores them in the  folder.

WFP covers all files which the operating system installs (such as , , ,  etc.),  protecting them from deletion or from replacement by older versions. The digital signatures of these files are checked using code signing and the signature catalog files stored in the } folder. Only certain operating system components such as the Package Installer (Update.exe) or Windows Installer (Msiexec.exe) can replace these files. Changes made using any other methods in order to replace these files are reverted and the files are silently restored from the cache. If Windows File Protection cannot automatically find the file in the cached folder, it searches the network path or prompts the user for the Windows installation disc to restore the appropriate version of the file.

WFP integrates with the System File Checker () utility.

Windows Vista and later Windows systems do not include Windows File Protection, but they include Windows Resource Protection which protects files using ACLs. Windows Resource Protection aims to protect core registry keys and values and prevent potentially damaging system configuration changes, besides operating system files.

The non-use of ACLs in Windows File Protection was a design choice: Not only did it allow operation on non-NTFS systems, but it prevented those same "bad" installers from failing completely from a file access error.

External links 
 Overview of Windows File Protection
 Registry settings for Windows File Protection
 Whitepaper on Windows File Protection
 Overview of System File Protection (Windows Me)
 Hacking Windows File Protection
 Effective Files Protection Tool

Discontinued Windows components
Oil-filter wrench. An oil-filter wrench is a tool for removing spin-on type oil filters.

Wrench
These filters are smooth, cylindrical canisters with knurling on the bottom that are difficult to grip, especially when they are oily.

One common type of wrench is shown on the right. The loop of chain is placed around the filter, and the bar is turned anticlockwise by hand until the chain wraps itself tightly around the filter.  A socket wrench or adjustable spanner is then used to turn the hexagonal bar further in the same direction. This increases the tension in the chain, which bites into the soft metal casing of the oil filter which helps prevent slippage.

Another type uses a metal band that is attached at both ends to a handle. The looped band is placed around the filter and the handle is turned anticlockwise, which puts tension on the band, causing it to grip the filter.

A third common type of wrench utilizes a metal or plastic cup that is shaped much like a socket. The cup is placed on the end of the filter, which engages the knurling. A socket or wrench is then used to loosen the filter.  Volkswagen Group and BMW cars require this type of wrench to remove their filters (or the lid of the filter housing, where a non-cartridge filter is used).

Finally, a "claw" type of wrench, manufactured by Sykes-Pickavant and others, has three geared metal prongs and accommodates a (typically) " ratchet driver.  As the driver is turned anticlockwise the gears make the prongs clench the filter body harder.  This type is very effective on tight filters and can be used in more confined spaces than a strap or chain type.

K&N has designed their oil filters so that removal and installation can be done with a " or 19mm socket or wrench.

References

Wrenches
DRIEMS University. DRIEMS University, formerly Dhaneswar Rath Institute of Engineering and Management Studies (DRIEMS), is a state private university and group of technical and professional institutions located in Tangi, Cuttack district of Odisha, India.

History
In 1999, DRIEMS University founded as Dhaneswar Rath Institute of Engineering and Management Studies (DRIEMS) by Dr. Pramod Chandra Rath in the memory of his father and social worker, philanthropist Dhaneshwar Rath in a rural area of Cuttack district. 

It is situated on a sprawling 150 acre campus, DRIEMS now offers more than 50 courses across 12 disciplines, including Engineering, Medical Science, Paramedical, Nursing, Pharmacy, Management, and Polytechnic programs. During the Covid pandemic the DRIEMS Society started Padmini Care Multi-Specialty Hospital. Named after Late Padmini Rath (wife of Dr. Pramod Chandra Rath).

Schools
 School of Engineering & Technology
 Institute of Health Sciences & Hospital
School of Management
 School of Professional Studies
 School of Paramedical & Allied Science
 School of Nursing
 School of Hotel Management
 School of Fashion Design
 School of Occupational & Physiotherapy
 School of Pharmacy
 School of Humanities & Social Sciences
 School of Natural Sciences

DRIEMS Higher Secondary School
This school started as a Junior college in 2003 offering science education for grades 11th and 12th. The intake is 192 students per year, as of 2015. This college is affiliated to CHSE(O). The college consists of physics, chemistry, information technology and biology laboratories.

DRIEMS Polytechnic
The diploma school at DRIEMS provides a diploma in engineering in five streams. Started in 2003, the school has the capacity of 500 students per annum. It is affiliated to the SCTE&VT, Odisha The school provides the following streams:
Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics & Telecommunications
Civil Engineering

Affiliation
From 1999 to 2003 it was affiliated to Utkal University for its engineering & management programmes. From 2004 till it attained university status in 2023, it was affiliated to the Biju Patnaik University of Technology.

Recognition & Accreditation
It has been recognized with the highest ‘A’ grade by NAAC. It is an ISO 9001:2008 certified institution. Moreover, DRIEMS has earned the ISTE Best Engineering College award in 2018 and the Best Student Chapter award in 2019.

References

External links
 DRIEMS website

Universities and colleges in Odisha
Colleges affiliated with Biju Patnaik University of Technology
Educational institutions established in 1999
1999 establishments in Orissa
Palladium(II) bis(acetylacetonate). Palladium(II) bis(acetylacetonate) is a compound with formula Pd(C5H7O2)2. This yellow solid is the most common palladium complex of acetylacetonate. This compound is commercially available and used as a catalyst precursor in organic synthesis. The molecule is relatively planar with idealized D2h symmetry.

See also
 Platinum(II) bis(acetylacetonate)
 Nickel(II) bis(acetylacetonate)

References

Palladium compounds
Acetylacetonate complexes
Catalysts
Ernest de Burgh. Ernest Macartney de Burgh ( ; 18 January 1863 – 3 April 1929) was an Irish-born Australian civil engineer, chief-engineer for water supply and sewerage in New South Wales.

Early life

De Burgh was the youngest son of the Rev. William de Burgh, D.D., and his wife Janette, née Macartney. He was born at Sandymount, County Dublin, Ireland. He was educated at Rathmines school and the Royal College of Science for Ireland, and was for some time employed on railway construction in Ireland.

Engineering in Australia

De Burgh then migrated to Australia, arriving in Melbourne on the Orient 21 March 1885. Travelling to Sydney de Burgh immediately obtained a position in the New South Wales public works department and was engaged on survey work for Sydney's southern outfall sewer. In 1887 he was sent to the countryside in charge of the construction of steel bridges, and eventually became engineer of bridges. He was in this capacity responsible for several bridges over the Murray, Murrumbidgee, Lachlan, Hunter and other rivers. He was also responsible for the Hampden Bridge (see picture) over the Kangaroo River.

In 1903 de Burgh became acting principal assistant engineer of water supply and sewerage, a year later visited Europe to study dam construction and water supply, and after his return did important work in connection with the Burrinjuck Dam and Murrumbidgee irrigation scheme. He was appointed chief-engineer for harbours and water supply in 1909, and in 1913 chief-engineer for water supply and sewerage. He designed and supervised the construction of the great reservoirs for the Sydney water supply at Cataract, Cordeaux, Avon, and Nepean, for the Chichester scheme for Newcastle district, and the Umberumberka scheme at Broken Hill. While he was chief-engineer for harbours, he directed the design of the No1. Jetty at Port Kembla, a coal jetty and ship-loader of an advanced design for its time.

Later life and legacy
De Burgh was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, and was twice winner of the Telford premium. De Burghs Bridge over the Lane Cove River, Sydney, is named after him. The De Burgh Dam near the Burrinjuck Dam was also named after him.  The dam is considered to be the first reinforced-concrete thin arch dam in Australia.

He married Constance Mary, née Yeo, on 20 March 1888 who survived him along with two sons and a daughter. (Thomas de Burgh also an engineer with MWS&DB)

De Burgh retired on 22 November 1927 and died of tuberculosis at , Sydney on 3 April 1929.

De Burgh timbertruss 

Ernest De Burgh's bridges were the fourth type of timber truss bridge in a series of five used. These included 1865 Old PWD, 1884 McDonald, 1894 Allan, 1899 de Burgh and 1905 Dare. Each was a technical improvement on its predecessor.

Gallery

References

Citations

Bibliography

1863 births
1929 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Australian civil engineers
Engineers from Dublin (city)
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Australia
People from Sandymount
Australian people of Anglo-Irish descent
Infectious disease deaths in New South Wales
Irish emigrants to colonial Australia
Pharmaceutical ink. Pharmaceutical ink is an ingestible form of water-based ink used on most medicine pills to indicate which drug it is, and/or how many milligrams the pill contains.

History 

The first U.S. patent for pharmaceutical inks was filed on 28 June 1966, and its method involved ethyl alcohol, shellac, titanium dioxide and propylene glycol.

Most pharmaceutical inks since the early 1990s eliminate ethyl alcohol in favour of faster ink drying times, and may include methyl alcohol and isopropanol in addition to the traditional ingredients titanium dioxide and propylene glycol.

External links 
 U.S. Patent no. 3,258,347 - original pharmaceutical ink patent
 U.S. Patent no. 5,006,362, filed 9 April 1991 - eliminates ethanol in favor of faster ink drying times

See also 
Pharmaceutical glaze

Inks
Pharmacy
Michael Barr (software engineer). Michael Barr is a software engineer specializing in software design for medical devices and other embedded systems. He is a past editor-in-chief of Embedded Systems Design magazine and author of three books and more than seventy articles about embedded software.

Barr has often worked as an expert witness, including testifying in the Toyota Sudden Unintended Acceleration litigation.  In October 2013, after reviewing Toyota's source code as part of a team of seven engineers, he testified in a jury trial in Oklahoma that led to a "guilty by software defects" finding against Toyota.  There are several technical articles that discuss the various electronic throttle control defects he testified were linked to unintended acceleration that caused deaths in Toyota Camry vehicles.

Earlier in his career, Barr testified as an expert witness in the DirecTV anti-piracy end user litigation, which involved over 25,000 end users.  He has also worked as a testifying expert witness in other high-profile litigation involving software, such as SmartPhone Technologies vs Apple and in a copyright dispute about EA's early Madden Football video game source code.

Barr began his career working as an embedded programmer at Hughes Network Systems, where he wrote software for products including the first-generation Hughes-branded DirecTV receiver, which sold in the millions of units.  He subsequently wrote embedded software at TSI TelSys, PropHead Development, and Netrino.  His three books are Programming Embedded Systems in C with GNU Development Tools, Embedded Systems Dictionary (co-authored by Jack Ganssle), and "Embedded C Coding Standard".

Barr studied electrical engineering at the University of Maryland in College Park, from which he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1994 and a Master of Science degree in 1997.  From 2000 to 2002, he taught ENEE 447 Operating Systems Theory as an adjunct professor in the same Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.

References

External links
 Barr Code blog
 Barr Group website
 Embedded Systems Design magazine (formerly Embedded Systems Programming)

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
ANF Les Mureaux. 

ANF Les Mureaux (full name: Les Ateliers de Construction du Nord de la France et des Mureaux) was a French aircraft manufacturer founded in Les Mureaux in 1918 as Les Ateliers des Mureaux building aircraft under license. Significant products included Vickers Vimys and Breguet 14s during the 1920s. Under head designer André Brunet, it also produced a few original parasol-winged monoplanes that eventually led to the firm's greatest success, the 113 military reconnaissance aircraft of 1931 and its derivatives.

In 1928, it purchased French seaplane manufacturer Besson and in 1930 amalgamated with Ateliers de Construction du Nord de la France, a railway firm. In 1937, it was nationalized and made part of SNCAN.

Aircraft built by Les Mureaux and ANF Les Mureaux.

References

 
 Golden Years of Aviation

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1918
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1937
French companies established in 1918
1937 disestablishments in France
1930 mergers and acquisitions
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. The Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management is a monthly scientific journal of engineering published by the American Society of Civil Engineers since 1943. The journal covers the development of methods, theories, and applications to current administrative, economic, engineering, planning, and social issues as they apply to water resources management. It publishes papers on analytical, experimental, and numerical methods with regard to the investigation of physical or conceptual models related to these issues. It also publishes technical notes, book reviews, and forum discussions. The journal requires the use of the metric system, but allows for authors to also submit their papers in other systems of measure in addition to the SI system.

The current editor in chief is David W. Watkins, Jr. (Michigan Tech University).

External links
 ASCE Library
 Journal homepage

Hydraulic engineering
Engineering journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 1993
English-language journals
Environmental planning
Urban studies and planning journals
American Society of Civil Engineers academic journals
Swarf. Swarf, also known as chips or by other process-specific names (such as turnings, filings, or shavings), are pieces of metal, wood, or plastic that are the debris or waste resulting from machining, woodworking, or similar subtractive (material-removing) manufacturing processes. Swarf can be small particles (such as the gritty swarf from grinding metal or the sawdust from sawing or sanding wood); long, stringy tendrils (such as the springy chips from turning tough metals, or long shavings from whittling); slag-like waste (such as is produced within pipe during pipefitting work); or stone fragments and dust (as in masonry).

Some of these terms are mass nouns (such as swarf and sawdust) and some of them are count nouns (such as chips, filings, or shavings).

Wood swarf is discussed at sawdust.

Metal swarf

Chips can be extremely sharp and they can cause serious injuries if not handled correctly. It is not uncommon for chips flying off the cutter to be ejected with great force and to fly several yards.

Due to its high surface area, swarf composed of some reactive metals can be highly flammable.  Swarf may also spontaneously combust, especially if the swarf is coated with cutting oil. To extinguish swarf fires, a special fire extinguisher is needed, designed for fighting Class D (metal) fires.

When machining without coolant, swarf is usually very hot and can easily burn the machine operator. Machinists typically wear long pants, eye protection and other personal protective equipment for this reason.

Some engineering materials such as beryllium are hazardous when finely divided and appropriate measures should be taken to prevent exposure.

For ease of transport and handling, swarf may be compressed into bricks. Metal swarf can usually be recycled.

See also
 Particulates

References

Machining
Metalworking terminology