omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
DAR 9 Siniger. The DAR-9 Siniger, was a trainer produced in Bulgaria during World War II.

Design and development
To provide the Bulgarian Air Force with a modern trainer, DAR took out a licence to build the Focke-Wulf Fw 44J. The first series, powered by a Siemens-Halske Sh 14 radial engine, was built at the DAR factory, but subsequent series were built at the DSF (Derzhavna Samoletna Fabrika)

Surviving aircraft in 1948 were re-engined with Walter Minor 6.III inline engines due to difficulty in procuring spares and the poor condition of the Siemens-Halske engines.

DAR 9 production consisted of the series 1, which was built at the DAR factory and which carried the construction numbers 88 to 93 and Series 2 to Series 5, built at the DSF factory and which carried construction numbers 95 to 130.

Operational history
The DAR 9s were used for training at the Kazanlak Air School until at least 1949. Nine surplus DAR 9s were transferred to the Yugoslavian Air Force in 1947, withdrawn from service by 1958. One DAR 9 is preserved at the Technicki Muzej, Zagreb, Croatia.

Variants
DAR 9
Initial designation of the Sh-14-powered aircraft.
DAR 9A
Aircraft re-engined with Walter Minor 6.III engines were redesignated DAR 9A.

Operators

 Bulgarian Air Force
Kazanlak Air School

 Yugoslavian Air Force

Specifications (DAR 9)

References

Bibliography 

 Insignia Issue 9 August 1998 pp26–31
 Wings of Fame Vol.13

External links
 DAR DAR-9 Siniger

DAR 09 Siniger
1940s Bulgarian military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
The Robotic Workshop. The Robotic Workshop was a toy kit, much like Lego Mindstorms, that allowed users to build and program robots using a home computer. 

Access Software announced The Robotic Workshop in the January 1987 issue of Ahoy! magazine. A review later appeared in the May 1988 issue of Compute! magazine. The kit included over 50 Capsela parts, including two motors, gears, wheels, and sensors. It also included an electronic control unit that plugged into the user port of a , an instruction manual with 50 tutorial projects, and special programming software on a floppy disk. It was later released for Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, and IBM PC.

External links
Review in Compute!

Robot kits
1987 robots
Robots of the United States
School of Military Engineering. School of Military Engineering may refer to a training institution for military engineering such as:
Royal School of Military Engineering of the British Army
Canadian Forces School of Military Engineering of both the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force
College of Military Engineering, Pune of the Indian Army
Military College of Engineering, Risalpur of the Pakistani Army
Sri Lanka School of Military Engineering of the Sri Lanka Army
New Zealand School of Military Engineering of the New Zealand Army
Military Engineering-Technical University of the Russian Army
School of Military Engineering of the Australian Army
Hu Haiyan. Hu Haiyan (; born 1956) is president of Beijing Institute of Technology. He is a fellow of the Chinese Academy of Science and a leading scientist in mechanics.

Biography
He graduated with PhD from the Nanjing Aeronautics and Astronautics University. He was a researcher at the University of Stuttgart from 1992 to 1994. He was a visiting professor at Duke University from 1996 to 1997. He previously served as president of the Nanjing Aeronautics and Astronautics University. He was appointed as president of Beijing Institute of Technology in 2007.

External links
 Introduction from BIT's website 

1956 births
Living people
Academic staff of Beijing Institute of Technology
Educators from Shanghai
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics alumni
Presidents of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Presidents of Beijing Institute of Technology
Scientists from Shanghai
TWAS fellows
Luxology. Luxology, LLC is a software company that creates 3D software products. One of its primary products is the 3D art software Modo. In September 2012, the company merged with The Foundry.

Before its merger with The Foundry, Luxology’s Modo was known for several standout features that made it popular among 3D artists and designers in the early 2000s. The software was recognized for its innovative 3D modeling and rendering technology, as well as its user-friendly tools and community-driven approach.

Luxology’s focus on creating artist-friendly tools and advanced technologies contributed to its popularity in various markets, including visual effects, design and games. The software was known for its speed and efficiency in handling 3D modeling, animation, texturing and rendering tasks.

References

External links 

 Luxology on CNET

Software companies based in California
Software companies based in London
Software companies of the United States
Apple Design Awards recipients
Gebirgsflak 38. The Gebirgsflak 38 was a German anti-aircraft weapon of World War II, a lightweight version of the 2 cm FlaK 38 designed for airborne and mountain troops as a dual-purpose gun for use against air and ground targets. The main difference was that the carriage was smaller and lighter than the carriage for the FlaK 38. The gun and carriage were designed to allow the weapon to be broken into several pack loads for transport. The carriage has two wheels and when raised the gun has a 360° traverse. Unlike the Flak 38, the light carriage is not designed for high towing speeds.

The Gebirgsflak 38 was fired using a foot pedal on the right front of the flak mount. The gunlayer's seat was mounted behind the gun and rotated with the mount in traverse. Elevating and traversing of the gun were manual using handwheels located on the right and left sides of the mount respectively. There are two speeds, high and low, in both elevating and traversing.

References
2 cm Flak 38 Geb.: A.A./A.T. Mountain Gun , Catalog of Enemy Ordnance, 1945.

Anti-aircraft guns of Germany
World War II anti-aircraft guns
World War II artillery of Germany
20 mm artillery
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1941
Davis DA-2. 

The Davis DA-2 is a light aircraft designed in the United States in the 1960s and was marketed for homebuilding.  While it is a low-wing monoplane of largely conventional design with fixed tricycle undercarriage, the DA-2 is given a distinctive appearance by its slab-like fuselage construction and its V-tail. The pilot and a single passenger sit side-by-side. Construction of the aircraft is sheet aluminum throughout, with the sole compound curves formed a fiberglass cowling and fairings.

The prototype made its first flight on May 21, 1966, and was exhibited at that year's Experimental Aircraft Association annual fly-in, where it won awards for "most outstanding design" and "most popular aircraft".

A major design consideration was ease of assembly for a first time home aircraft builder. Examples of this include: few curved components, a V-tail is one less control surface to build, and each wing is made from two sheets of aluminum with no trimming involved.

The DA-3 was a single DA-2 enlarged to accommodate four people. Work proceeded through 1973-74, but the aircraft was never completed.

Plans have been intermittently available over the years.  They are as of August 2019, available from D2 Aircraft.

Operational history
Examples of the DA-2 have been completed in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom and are currently (2015) actively flying in those countries.

Variants
DA-2 -- Continental A-65 powered
DA-2A—Continental O-200A powered
DA-2B—3 inch lower roof line
DA-3
DA-Bandit-Corvair powered

Specifications (typical DA-2)

References
Notes

Sources

External links
 http://www.yahoogroups.com/da2a
Builder Group 
 http://www.davisda2.com Current source for plans also a users forum.

1960s United States civil utility aircraft
Davis aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1966
Davis DA-5. 

The Davis DA-5, a.k.a. DA-5A, is a single-seat sport aircraft designed in the United States in the 1970s and marketed for homebuilding. Like designer Leeon D. Davis's successful DA-2, it is a low-wing monoplane with fixed tricycle undercarriage and a V-tail, but with a much narrower fuselage accommodating only the pilot, and a lengthened nose. Design work was carried out in 1972, but the prototype was not built until 1974, when it was completed in only 67 days.

Specifications

References

External links 
Source for plans and information on the Davis DA-5 http://davisda2.com

1970s United States sport aircraft
Davis aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1974
Leeon D. Davis. Leeon D. Davis (March 9, 1930 – April 7, 2007) was an American aircraft designer, noted for his homebuilt aircraft.

Davis started building aircraft models at the age of six. Davis graduated with a high school education and a correspondence course in drafting and engineering from the Ryan Aeronautical Institute. Davis specialized as an aircraft mechanic while in the Air Force. Davis worked as a sheet-metal worker at Aero Commander before undertaking his own designs.

On 6 March 1957, Davis formed Davis Aircraft Corporation to build aircraft of his own design. All of Davis' aircraft featured a characteristic V-tail, and the most successful of these was the DA-2. Plans to develop this basic design into an aircraft capable of certification went unrealized.

In 1964, Davis and George P. Migo won the United States Weather Bureau's public service award for taking off in two planes alongside a Tornado that formed near Chicago, and flew ahead of its path warning people on the ground and via radio.

Leeon Davis died on 7 April 2007 at the age of 77.

References

External links
 Short video primarily about Leeon Davis' DA-11 aircraft

Aircraft designers
2007 deaths
Sheet metal workers
1930 births
Common Arrangement of Work Sections. Common Arrangement of Work Sections (CAWS), first published in 1987, is a construction industry working convention in the UK. It was designed to promote standardisation of, and detailed coordination between, bills of quantities and specifications. It is part of an industry-wide initiative to produce coordinated projects information (now managed by the Construction Project Information Committee). CAWS has been used for the arrangement of the National Building Specification, the National Engineering Specification and the Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works (SMM7) (7th ed).

The new edition aligns CAWS with the Unified Classification for the Construction Industry (Uniclass) which was published in 1997.

The Common Arrangement is the authoritative UK classification of work sections for building work, for use in arranging project specifications and bills of quantities. Over 300 work sections are defined in detail to give:

 good coordination between drawings, specifications and bills of quantities
 predictability of location of relevant information
 fewer oversights and discrepancies between documents
 flexibility to the contractor in dividing the project information into work packages.

The classification of work sections is separate from, and complementary to, the classification of other concepts such as building types, elements, construction products and properties/characteristics. Uniclass, published in 1997, is the definitive overall classification tables, one of which is for work sections for buildings, comprising the Common Arrangement group, sub-group and work section headings.

External links
 NBS

Civil engineering
Construction industry of the United Kingdom
Richard Anschütz. Carl Johann Philipp Noé Richard Anschütz  (10 March 1852 – 8 January 1937) was a German organic chemist.

Anschütz received his PhD at the University of Bonn for his work with August Kekulé. He became Kekulé's assistant and in 1898, his successor as Professor of Chemistry at the University of Bonn. His biography of Kekulé opened a view on the claims of Archibald Scott Couper as an independent co-discoverer of the ability of carbon atoms to link to each other to form chains (the theory of chemical structure).

References

Further reading

Richard Anschütz, August Kekulé, 2 volumes (Berlin: Verlag Chemie, 1929)

1852 births
1937 deaths
20th-century German chemists
University of Bonn alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
19th-century German chemists
Advances in Production Engineering & Management. Advances in Production Engineering & Management (APEM) is an interdisciplinary refereed journal. It is published quarterly by Production Engineering Institute (PEI), an organisational unit of the Faculty of mechanical engineering at the University of Maribor. The main goal of journal is to present high quality research developments in all areas of production engineering and production management, as well as their applications in industry and services, to a broad audience of academics and practitioners. Like most scientific journals, it can be obtained in print or in electronic form.

Advances in Production Engineering & Management is abstracted and indexed in the world’s leading bibliographic databases, including Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded – SCIE, Journal Citation Reports – JCR, and Current Contents – CC), Scopus, Inspec, EBSCO, and ProQuest.

In the Web of Science (THOMSON REUTERS) bibliographic database the journal is included into two categories:

1. Engineering, Manufacturing; 

2. Material Science, Multidisciplinary.

The journal Advances in Production Engineering & Management has received its first impact factor calculated by Thomson Reuters in June 2016. The current impact factor is 1.125 (Journal Citation Reports 2016, year 2015).

References

External links
 APEM
 Production Engineering Institute (PEI)

Engineering journals
English-language journals
University of Maribor
Gorges, Somme. Gorges () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Gorges is situated on the D933 road, some  east of Abbeville.

Population

World War II
After the liberation of the area by Allied Forces in 1944, engineers of the Ninth Air Force IX Engineering Command began construction of a combat Advanced Landing Ground outside of the town.  Declared operational on 16 August, the airfield was designated as "A-26", it was used by the 379th Bombardment Group which flew B-26 Marauder medium bombers until early September when the unit moved into Central France.  Afterward, the airfield was closed.

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)
JWalk. JWalk is a unit testing toolkit for the Java programming language. Created by Anthony Simons, JWalk supports a testing paradigm called Lazy Systematic Unit Testing.  This is based on the two notions of lazy specification, the ability to infer the evolving specification of a class on the fly by dynamic analysis, and systematic testing, the ability to explore and test the class's state space exhaustively to bounded depths.

Using JWalk

JWalk is used to test single, compiled classes in the Java programming language (so far, the only supported language).  It can be directed to explore all method protocols systematically, printing a lengthy test report, or to perform automated testing according to a state-based model of the class under test.  The specification is constructed interactively, as the programmer confirms or rejects test outcomes, and adapts itself quickly to changes in the evolving code.  JWalk is therefore well-suited to test-driven development, as used in the Extreme Programming approach to software development.

Comparisons

JWalk is efficient in helping a programmer to generate unit tests that adequately cover the test class's state space.  Using JWalk compares favourably against expert manual testing (using JUnit).  This is because the tool explores the test class systematically, suggesting test-cases that a programmer usually forgets, and focuses the programmer's attention on the subset of unique test cases that require manual confirmation.

References

Unit testing
Lazy systematic unit testing. Lazy Systematic Unit Testing is a software unit testing method based on the two notions of lazy specification, the ability to infer the evolving specification of a unit on-the-fly by dynamic analysis, and systematic testing, the ability to explore and test the unit's state space exhaustively to bounded depths.  A testing toolkit JWalk exists to support lazy systematic unit testing in the Java programming language.

Lazy Specification

Lazy specification refers to a flexible approach to software specification, in which a specification evolves rapidly in parallel with frequently modified code.  The specification is inferred by a semi-automatic analysis of a prototype software unit.  This can include static analysis (of the unit's interface) and dynamic analysis (of the unit's behaviour).  The dynamic analysis is usually supplemented by limited interaction with the programmer.

The term Lazy specification is coined by analogy with lazy evaluation in functional programming.  The latter describes the delayed evaluation of sub-expressions, which are only evaluated on demand.  The analogy is with the late stabilization of the specification, which evolves in parallel with the changing code, until this is deemed stable.

Systematic Testing

Systematic testing refers to a complete, conformance testing approach to software testing, in which the tested unit is shown to conform exhaustively to a specification, up to the testing assumptions.  This contrasts with exploratory, incomplete or random forms of testing.  The aim is to provide repeatable guarantees of correctness after testing is finished.

Examples of systematic testing methods include the Stream X-Machine testing method and equivalence partition testing with full boundary value analysis.

References

Unit testing
Intent log. An intent log is a mechanism used to make computer operations more resilient in the event of failures. They are used in database software, transaction managers, and some file systems. In database area, transaction log is widely used. In file system area, intent log is used more often.

Before performing an operation, a record of the intent to perform it is written, usually to some relatively permanent medium such as a hard disk drive. After the operation is performed, another record is written. Usually, an operation will change some data in a system. In some cases, the intent record will contain a copy of the data before and after the operation.

This adds overhead, sometimes a significant amount. Enough data is written to the log to either redo or to undo the operation later.

If a failure occurs, then when the system is recovering, it can use the intent log to detect what operations were still in process during the failure, and use the intent log to help recover from the failure, usually by either undoing a partially completed operation, or by redoing one that might need to be completed.

See also 
 Journaling file system
 Write-ahead logging

References 

Transaction processing
Borgward Hansa 2400. The Borgward Hansa 2400 was an executive six-cylinder saloon (E-segment) presented in 1951, and manufactured by the Bremen based auto-manufacturer Carl F. W. Borgward GmbH from 1952 until 1959. The car was launched as a four-door fastback saloon; a longer-wheelbase notchback version appeared a year later. The Hansa 2400 suffered from teething troubles including inadequate brakes and problems with the automatic transmission Borgward developed for it. In a small closely contested market, the large Borgwards lost out to less flamboyant models from the German south.

Chronology and design

The Hansa 2400 commenced production in 1952 as a large fastback saloon, its profile reminiscent of the recently introduced Hudson Super Wasp. It had presence. Unusually at this time, all four doors were forward opening to presumably facilitate access and egress. The body was an all-steel integral structure, similar to on the car's four-cylinder sibling.

Sales material emphasized the car's luxury features, such as a heating and ventilation system ducting air direct to rear passengers as well as to the front, with each system and side separately adjustable. Luxury details such as the cigarette lighter, self-parking windshield wipers, and side windows lowering completely into the doors barely-merited a mention. The spare wheel was stowed flat in a compartment beneath the boot, accessible through a hatch behind a section of the rear bumper so a wheel change could be accomplished without the need to empty the luggage.

New shape
A year later a longer-wheelbase notchback limousine version appeared. Options included a partition to enable the car to be used for traditional chauffeur operations.

In 1955, production of the fastback saloon ceased. The long-wheelbase car underwent a minor facelift involving prominent headlamp surrounds. It was produced through 1959.

Power

According to rumors, the vehicle was intended for the anemic four-cylinder 1758 cc engine. That engine went into an uprated version of the Hansa 1500. In the promotional event, the larger car launched with a six-cylinder engine of 2337 cc with a claimed power output of  and a top speed of . The 1955 package of improvements included engine modifications increasing the advertised output to .

Power was delivered to the rear wheels via a four-speed manual gearbox with synchromesh on all ratios. An automatic gear change option was also advertised, making the car, according to some sources, the first German car to be offered with automatic transmission.

References

This entry is based on information from the German Wikipedia Borgward article.

Hansa 2400
Cars introduced in 1952
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Executive cars
Sedans
Limousines
2-Naphthol. 2-Naphthol, or β-naphthol, is a fluorescent colorless (or occasionally yellow) crystalline solid with the formula C10H7OH. It is an isomer of 1-naphthol, differing by the location of the hydroxyl group on the naphthalene ring. The naphthols are naphthalene homologues of phenol, but more reactive. Both isomers are soluble in simple alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. 2-Naphthol is a widely used intermediate for the production of dyes and other compounds.

Production
Traditionally, 2-naphthol is produced by a two-step process that begins with the sulfonation of naphthalene in sulfuric acid:
C10H8  +  H2SO4   →   C10H7SO3H  +  H2O
The sulfonic acid group is then cleaved in molten sodium hydroxide:
C10H7(SO3H)  + 3 NaOH   →   C10H7ONa  +  Na2SO3  +  2 H2O
Neutralization of the product with acid gives 2-naphthol.

2-Naphthol can also be produced by a method analogous to the cumene process.

2-Naphthol-derived dyes
The Sudan dyes are popular dyes noted for being soluble in organic solvents.  Several of the Sudan dyes are derived from 2-naphthol by coupling with diazonium salts.  Sudan dyes I–IV and Sudan Red G consist of arylazo-substituted naphthols.

Reactions
Some reactions of 2-naphthol are explicable with reference to its tautomerism, which produces a small amount of the keto tautomer.

One consequence of this tautomerism is the Bucherer reaction, the ammonolysis of 2-naphthol to give 2-aminonaphthalene.

2-Naphthol can be oxidatively coupled to form BINOL, a C2-symmetric ligand popularized for use in asymmetric catalysis.  

2-Naphthol converts to 2-naphthalenethiol by reaction with dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride via the Newman–Kwart rearrangement. The OH→Br conversion has been described.

Electrophilic attack occurs characteristically at the 1-position as indicated by nitrosylation to give 1-nitroso-2-naphthol. Bromination and alkylations proceed with similar regiochemistry. Ring-opening reactions have been documented.

Carbonation of 2-naphthol gives 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid.

Safety
2-Naphthol has been described as "moderately toxic.

References

External links 
 NIST Chemistry WebBook 2-Naphthalenol
 

 
2-Naphthyl compounds