omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Digital Signal 0. Digital Signal 0 (DS0) is a basic digital signaling rate of 64 kilobits per second (kbit/s), corresponding to the capacity of one analog voice-frequency-equivalent communication channel. The DS0 rate, and its equivalents E0 in the E-carrier system and T0 in the T-carrier system, form the basis for the digital multiplex transmission hierarchy in telecommunications systems used in North America, Europe, Japan, and the rest of the world, for both the early plesiochronous systems such as T-carrier and for modern synchronous systems such as SDH/SONET.

The DS0 rate was introduced to carry a single digitized voice call. For a typical phone call, the audio sound is digitized at an 8 kHz sample rate, or 8000 samples per second, using 8-bit pulse-code modulation for each of the samples. This results in a data rate of 64 kbit/s.

Because of its fundamental role in carrying a single phone call, the DS0 rate forms the basis for the digital multiplex transmission hierarchy in telecommunications systems used in North America. To limit the number of wires required between two involved in exchanging voice calls, a system was built in which multiple DS0s are multiplexed together on higher capacity circuits. In this system, twenty-four (24) DS0s are multiplexed into a  DS1 signal. Twenty-eight (28) DS1s are multiplexed into a DS3. When carried over copper wire, this is the well-known T-carrier system, with T1 and T3 corresponding to DS1 and DS3, respectively.  

Besides its use for voice communications, the DS0 rate may support twenty 2.4 kbit/s channels, ten 4.8 kbit/s channels, five 9.67 kbit/s channels, one 56 kbit/s channel, or one 64 kbit/s clear channel.

E0 (standardized as ITU G.703) is the European equivalent of the North American DS0 for carrying  a single voice call. However, there are some subtle differences in implementation. Voice signals are encoded for carriage over E0 according to ITU G.711. Note that when a T-carrier system is used as in North America, robbed bit signaling can mean that a DS0 channel carried over that system is not an error-free bit-stream. The out-of-band signaling used in the European E-carrier system avoids this.

References

See also
DS0A
Digital Signal 1
Digital Signal 3

Telecommunications standards
Digital transmission group. In telecommunications, a digital transmission group is a group of digitized voice or data channels or both with bit streams that are combined into a single digital bit stream for transmission over communications media.  

Digital transmission groups usually are categorized by their maximum capacity, not by a specific number of channels. However, the maximum digital transmission group capacity must be equal to or greater than the sum of the individual multiplexer input channel capacities.

See also
Digital Signal 1
E-carrier
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

References

Multiplexing
Disengagement originator. In telecommunications, a disengagement originator is the user or execution unit that initiates a disengagement attempt. The disengagement originator may be the originating user, the destination user, or the communications system. The communications system may deliberately originate the disengagement because of preemption, or inadvertently due to system malfunction.

See also
 Call setup
 Clearing (telecommunications) (a.k.a. teardown)
 Signaling System 7

References

Teletraffic
Disturbance voltage. In telecommunications, a disturbance voltage is an unwanted voltage induced in a system by natural or man-made sources.

In telecommunications systems, the disturbance voltage creates currents that limit or interfere with the interchange of information. An example of a disturbance voltage is a voltage that produces (a) false signals in a telephone, (b) Noise (radio) in a radio receiver, or (c) distortion in a received signal.

References

Electrical parameters
Telecommunications engineering
Noise (electronics)
DTE. DTE may refer to:

 Data terminal equipment, an end instrument used in telecommunication and data transmission
 Distance to empty, a feature in an automobile electronic instrument cluster
 Dithioerythritol, a chemical
 DTE (direct to edit), a digital video recording method
 DTE Energy, a Detroit, Michigan-based utility
 Dora the Explorer, a children's animated television show.
 Dual-Tile encoding, another name for byte pair encoding
 Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra, an Indian state government agency for higher education.
 Department of Technical Education, a higher education governance body under the government of Kerala, India

See also
 Down to Earth (disambiguation)
Dual access. In telecommunications, the term dual access has the following meanings: 

The connection of a user to two switching centers by separate access lines using a single message routing indicator or telephone number.
In satellite communications, the transmission of two carriers simultaneously through a single communication satellite repeater.

Also, network hardware company D-Link has named technology which allows two simultaneous connections over one cable, for example 1) Internet and 2) provider's local FTP or game servers or IPTV data flow.

References

Network access
Efficiency factor. Efficiency factor is a ratio of some measure of performance to an expected value.

Data communication
In data communications, the factor is the ratio of the time to transmit a text automatically at a specified modulation rate to the time actually required to receive the same text at a specified maximum error rate. All of the communication facilities are assumed to be in the normal condition of adjustment and operation. The practical conditions of measurement should be specified, especially the duration of the measurement.

Telegraph communications may have different temporal efficiency factors for the two directions of transmission.

Industrial engineering
In industrial engineering, the efficiency factor is the relationship between the allowance time and the time taken, in the form of percentage.

Efficiency factors are used in performance rating and remuneration calculation exercises. The efficiency factor is an extremely simple to use and readily comprehensible index, the prerequisite being exact time management for maintaining the allowed times.

References

Data transmission
Industrial engineering
Time management
Electromagnetic environment. In telecommunications, the term electromagnetic environment (EME) has the following meanings:
For a telecommunications system, the spatial distribution of electromagnetic fields surrounding a given site.  The electromagnetic environment may be expressed in terms of the spatial and temporal distribution of electric field strength (volts per metre), irradiance (watts per square metre), or energy density (joules per cubic metre).
The resulting product of the power and time distribution, in various frequency ranges, of the radiated or conducted electromagnetic emission levels that may be encountered by a military force, system, or platform when performing its assigned mission in its intended operational environment. It is the sum of electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic pulse; hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel, ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural phenomena effects of lightning and p-static.
 All electromagnetic phenomena observable in a given location.

References

Electromagnetic radiation
Telecommunications engineering
Electromagnetic compatibility
Reliability engineering
Electromagnetic interference control. In Electrical systems, such as telecommunications, power electronics, industrial electronics, power engineering; electromagnetic interference (EMI) control  is the control of radiated and conducted energy such that emissions that are unnecessary for system, subsystem, or equipment operation are reduced, minimized, or eliminated. 

Note:  Electromagnetic radiated and conducted emissions are controlled regardless of their origin within the system, subsystem, or equipment. Successful EMI control with effective susceptibility control leads to electromagnetic compatibility.

References

See also 
 Radio resource management

Interference
Electronic switching system. In telecommunications, an electronic switching system (ESS) is a telephone switch that uses solid-state electronics, such as digital electronics and computerized common control, to interconnect telephone circuits for the purpose of establishing telephone calls.

The generations of telephone switches before the advent of electronic switching in the 1950s used purely electro-mechanical relay systems and analog voice paths. These early machines typically utilized the step-by-step technique. The first generation of electronic switching systems in the 1960s were not entirely digital in nature, but used reed relay-operated metallic paths or crossbar switches operated by stored program control (SPC) systems.

First announced in 1955, the first customer trial installation of an all-electronic central office commenced in Morris, Illinois in November 1960 by Bell Laboratories. The first large-scale electronic switching system was the Number One Electronic Switching System (1ESS) of the Bell System, cut over in Succasunna, New Jersey, in May 1965.

Just three years later, in September 1968, Britain's Post Office opened the world's first all-digital pulse-code modulation (PCM) exchange named Empress (three decades after British scientist Alec Reeves had invented the PCM encoding system without the digital components to take full advantage). Other nations vying to reach the forefront of technical innovation would adopt metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) and PCM technologies to make their own transitions from analog to digital telephony throughout the '70s. Later electronic switching systems implemented the digital representation of the electrical audio signals on subscriber loops by digitizing the analog signals and processing the resulting data for transmission between central offices. Time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology permitted the simultaneous transmission of multiple telephone calls on a single wire connection between central offices or other electronic switches, resulting in dramatic capacity improvements of the telephone network.

With the advances of digital electronics starting in the 1960s telephone switches employed semiconductor device components in increasing measure.

In the late 20th century most telephone exchanges without TDM processing were eliminated and the term electronic switching system became largely a historical distinction for the older SPC systems.

See also
List of telephone switches
Stored program control
5ESS Switching System

References

Telephone exchanges
Electronic warfare support measures. In military telecommunications, electronic support (ES) or electronic support measures (ESM) gather intelligence through passive "listening" to electromagnetic radiations of military interest. They are an aspect of electronic warfare involving actions taken under direct control of an operational commander to detect, intercept, identify, locate, record, and/or analyze sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for the purposes of immediate threat recognition (such as warning that fire control radar has locked on a combat vehicle, ship, or aircraft) or longer-term operational planning.  Thus, electronic support provides a source of information required for decisions involving electronic protection (EP), electronic attack (EA), avoidance, targeting, and other tactical employment of forces. Electronic support data can be used to produce signals intelligence (SIGINT), communications intelligence (COMINT) and electronics intelligence (ELINT).

Electronic support measures can provide (1) initial detection or knowledge of foreign systems, (2) a library of technical and operational data on foreign systems, and (3) tactical combat information utilizing that library.  ESM collection platforms can remain electronically silent and detect and analyze RADAR transmissions beyond the RADAR detection range because of the greater power of the transmitted electromagnetic pulse with respect to a reflected echo of that pulse.  United States airborne ESM receivers are designated in the AN/ALR series.

Desirable characteristics for electromagnetic surveillance and collection equipment include (1) wide-spectrum or bandwidth capability because foreign frequencies are initially unknown, (2) wide dynamic range because the signal strength is initially unknown, (3) narrow bandpass to discriminate the signal of interest from other electromagnetic radiation on nearby frequencies, and (4) good angle-of arrival measurement for bearings to locate the transmitter.  The frequency spectrum of interest ranges from 30 MHz to 50 GHz.  Multiple receivers are typically required for surveillance of the entire spectrum, but tactical receivers may be functional within a specific signal strength threshold of a smaller frequency range.

See also 
 AWACS
 Boeing E-3 Sentry
 Boeing E-4
 Electronic warfare
 Electronic countermeasure
 Lockheed Orion
 Low-probability-of-intercept radar
 MGARJS

References 

Military technology
Military communications
Electronic warfare
Electro-optics. Electro–optics is a branch of electrical engineering, electronic engineering, materials science, and material physics involving components, electronic devices such as lasers, laser diodes, LEDs, waveguides, etc. which operate by the propagation and interaction of light with various tailored materials. It is closely related to photonics, the branch of optics that involves the application of the generation of photons. It is not only concerned with the "electro–optic effect", since it deals with the interaction between the electromagnetic (optical) and the electrical (electronic) states of materials.

Electro-optical devices 
The electro-optic effect is a change in the optical properties of an optically active material in response to changes in an electric field. This interaction usually results in a change in the birefringence, and not simply the refractive index of the medium. In a Kerr cell, the change in birefringence is proportional to the square of the electric field, and the material is usually a liquid.  In a Pockels cell, the  change in birefringence varies linearly with the electric field, and the material is usually a crystal. Non-crystalline, solid electro-optical materials have generated interest because of their low cost of production. These organic, polymer-based materials are also known as organic EO material, plastic EO material, or polymer EO material. They consist of nonlinear optical chromophores in a polymer lattice. The nonlinear optical chromophores can produce Pockels effect.

See also
Photoferroelectric imaging

References

External links
 Introduction to Electro-Optical Systems in Unmanned Vehicle Applications - Unmanned Systems Technology

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Optoelectronics
Nonlinear optics
Endurability. In telecommunications, endurability is the property of a system, subsystem, equipment, or process that enables it to continue to function within specified performance limits for an extended period of time, usually months, despite a severe natural or man-made disturbance, such as a nuclear attack, or a loss of external logistic or utility support.  

Endurability is not compromised by temporary failures when the local capability exists to restore and maintain the system, subsystem, equipment, or process to an acceptable performance level.

References

 Federal Standard 1037C
 MIL-STD-188

Telecommunications engineering
Fault tolerance
Telecommunications facility. In telecommunications, a facility is defined by Federal Standard 1037C as:
 A fixed, mobile, or transportable structure, including (a) all installed electrical and electronic wiring, cabling, and equipment and (b) all supporting structures, such as utility, ground network, and electrical supporting structures.
 A network-provided service to users or the network operating administration.
 A transmission pathway and associated equipment.
 In a protocol applicable to a data unit, such as a block or frame, an additional item of information or a constraint encoded within the protocol to provide the required control.
 A real property entity consisting of one or more of the following: a building, a structure, a utility system, pavement, and underlying land.

Global Telecom Facility
Telecommunications facility, is where a service can be offered. A location where a Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs) have their Hardware to process Telecom services. A phone call made to Jamaica can not be processed by a Telecom Facility in Canada or USA. If a phone number series belongs to say operator or carriers in Jamaica then only that operator knows if that phone number is valid and further if that phone number is on net to place a valid phone call. So all carriers in the world get the signal from the Telecom Facilities of the Digicel in Jamaica.

In Canada
Telecommunications facility, is same as Airport Facility. A location where a Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs) have their Hardware to process Telecom services.
Under Canadian federal and Québécois provincial law, a telecommunications facility, for the purposes of determining whether GST applies, is defined by §123(1) of the GST Act to be "any facility, apparatus, or other thing (including any wire, cable, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic system, or any similar technical system or any part thereof) that is used or is capable of being used for telecommunications".  This is a very broad definition that includes a wide range of things from satellites and earth stations, to telephones and fax machines.

References

Telecommunications buildings
Facsimile converter. In telecommunications, the term facsimile converter has the following meanings: 
 In a facsimile receiver, a device that changes the signal modulation from frequency-shift keying (FSK) to amplitude modulation (AM).  
 In a facsimile transmitter, a device that changes the signal modulation from amplitude modulation (AM) to frequency-shift keying (FSK).

References

Communication circuits
Computing terminology
Field strength. In physics, field strength is the magnitude of a vector-valued field (e.g., in volts per meter, V/m, for an electric field E). 
For example, an electromagnetic field has both electric field strength and magnetic field strength.
As an application, in radio frequency telecommunications, the signal strength excites a receiving antenna and thereby induces a voltage at a specific frequency and polarization in order to provide an input signal to a radio receiver. Field strength meters are used for such applications as cellular, broadcasting, wi-fi and a wide variety of other radio-related applications.

See also
 Dipole field strength in free space
 Field strength tensor
 Signal strength in telecommunications

References

Electromagnetism
Physical quantities
Filled cable. In telecommunications, a filled cable is a cable that has a non-hygroscopic material, usually a gel called icky-pick, inside the jacket or sheath. The nonhygroscopic material fills the spaces between the interior parts of the cable, preventing moisture from entering minor leaks in the sheath and migrating inside the cable. 

A metallic cable filled with a dielectric material, such as a coaxial cable or a metal waveguide, is not considered to be a "filled cable".

References

Further reading
See Telcordia GR-421-CORE, Generic Requirements for Metallic Telecommunications Cables, for filled, polyolefin-insulated conductor (PIC) cable requirements.

Signal cables
Four-wire circuit. In telecommunications, a four-wire circuit is a two-way circuit using two paths so arranged that the respective signals are transmitted in one direction only by one path and in the other direction by the other path. The four-wire circuit gets its name from the fact that is uses four conductors to create two complete electrical circuits, one for each direction. The two separate circuits (channels) allow full-duplex operation with low crosstalk.

In telephony a four-wire circuit was historically used to transport and switch baseband audio signals in the phone company telephone exchange before the advent of digital modulation and the electronic switching system eliminated baseband audio from the telco plant except for the local loop. The local loop is a two-wire circuit for one reason only: to save copper. Using half the number of copper wire conductors per circuit means that the infrastructure cost for wiring each circuit is halved. Although a lower quality circuit, the local loop allows full duplex operation by using a telephone hybrid to keep near and far voice levels equivalent.

As the public switched telephone network expanded in size and scope, using many individual wires inside the telco plant became so impractical and labor-intensive that in-office and inter-office signal wiring progressed to high bandwidth coaxial cable (still a popular interconnection method in the 21st century, used with the Lucent 5ESS Class-5 telephone switch to present day), microwave radio relay and ultimately fiber-optic communication for high-speed trunk circuits. At the end of the 20th century, four-wire circuits saw renewed growth for corporate local loop service for use in dedicated line service for computer modems to interconnect company computer networks and to connect networks to an Internet service provider for Internet connectivity before commodity DSL and cable modem connectivity was widely available.

References

 A History of engineering and science in the Bell System: transmission technology (1925-1975)

Communication circuits
Telephony
Four-wire terminating set. A four-wire terminating set (4WTS) is a balanced transformer used to perform a conversion between four-wire and two-wire operation in telecommunication systems.

For example, a 4-wire circuit may, by means of a 4-wire terminating set, be connected to a 2-wire telephone set. Also, a pair of 4-wire terminating sets may be used to introduce an intermediate 4-wire circuit into a 2-wire circuit, in which loop repeaters may be situated to amplify signals in each direction without positive feedback and oscillation. 

The 4WTS differs from a simple hybrid coil in being equipped to adjust its impedance to maximize return loss.

Four-wire terminating sets were largely supplanted by resistance hybrids in the late 20th century.

References

Telephony equipment