omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pavement engineering. Pavement engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to design and maintain flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavements. This includes streets and highways and involves knowledge of soils, hydraulics, and material properties. Pavement engineering involves new construction as well as rehabilitation and maintenance of existing pavements.

Maintenance often involves using engineering judgment to make maintenance repairs with the highest long-term benefit and lowest cost. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is an example of an engineering approach applied to existing pavements.  Another example is the use of a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to non-destructively test existing pavements. Calculation of pavement layer strengths can be performed from the resulting deflection data. The two methods - empirical or mechanistic is used to determine pavement layer thicknesses.

Evaluation of pavement 
The evaluation of existing road pavements is done based on 3 factors

 Functional surface condition: where all the distresses such as cracks, potholes, rutting and others are analyzed.
 Structural condition: which analyzes pavement's structural strength to take loading from trucks.
 Roughness: using parameters such as the International Roughness Index to evaluate comfort for drivers.

See also
Cool pavement
Energy-efficient landscaping
Highway engineering
NCAT Pavement Test Track
Pavement light
Permeable paving
Reflective surfaces (climate engineering)
Transportation engineering

References

 
Transportation engineering

Further reading
Walking on sunshine: The pavements that generate solar energy. BBC News. Published 11 May 2018.
Neil Trevett. Neil Trevett is an electrical engineer and executive involved in 3D computer graphics technology.

Biography
Trevett holds a first-class with honors joint B.Sc. electronic engineering and computer science degree from the University of Birmingham, England.

In 1985, Trevett joined benchMark Technologies as head of graphics systems. (benchMark became DuPont Pixel Systems, evolved into the independently owned 3Dlabs, Inc., and was acquired by Creative Labs). Trevett held the position of senior vice president of 3Dlabs from 1994 to 2005. He holds several patents  in graphics technology.

From 1997–2005, Trevett served as president of the Web3D Consortium. Trevett was elected president of the Khronos Group in 2001, where he created and chaired the OpenGL ES working group, which has defined a standard for 3D graphics on embedded devices.  Trevett also chairs the OpenCL working group at Khronos defining an open standard for heterogeneous computing.

In July 2005 he became vice president of mobile ecosystem at Nvidia where he is responsible for enabling and encouraging visual computing applications on non-PC platforms, including mobile phones.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Bridport
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
British electronics engineers
Businesspeople in software
Vanadium(III) bromide. Vanadium(III) bromide, also known as vanadium tribromide, describes the inorganic compounds with the formula VBr3 and its hydrates.  The anhydrous material is a green-black solid.  In terms of its structure, the compound is polymeric with octahedral vanadium(III) surrounded by six bromide ligands.

Preparation 

VBr3 has been prepared by treatment of vanadium tetrachloride with hydrogen bromide:
2 VCl4  + 8 HBr  →  2 VBr3  +  8 HCl  +  Br2
The  reaction proceeds via the unstable vanadium(IV) bromide (VBr4), which releases Br2 near room temperature.

It is also possible to prepare vanadium(III) bromide by reacting bromine with vanadium or ferrovanadine:

 2 V + 3 Br2 → 2 VBr3
2 VFe + 6 Br2 → 2 VBr3 + FeBr3

Properties

Physical 

Vanadium(III) bromide is present in the form of black, leafy, very hygroscopic crystals with a sometimes greenish sheen. It is soluble in water with green color. Its crystal structure is isotypic to that of vanadium(III) chloride with space group Rc (space group no. 167), a = 6.400 Å, c = 18.53 Å. When heated to temperatures of around 500 °C, a violet gas phase is formed, from which, under suitable conditions, red vanadium(IV) bromide can be separated by rapid cooling, which decomposes at −23 °C.

Chemical 

Like vanadium(III) chloride, vanadium(III) bromide forms red-brown soluble complexes with dimethoxyethane and THF, such as mer-VBr3(THF)3.

Aqueous solutions prepared from VBr3 contain the cation trans-[VBr2(H2O)4]+.  Evaporation of these solutions give the salt trans-[VBr2(H2O)4]Br.(H2O)2.

Further reading
Stebler, A.; Leuenberger, B.; Guedel, H. U.  "Synthesis and crystal growth of A3M2X9 (A = Cs, Rb; M = Ti, V, Cr; X = Cl, Br)"    Inorganic Syntheses  (1989),  volume 26, pages 377–85.

References

Bromides
Metal halides
Vanadium(III) compounds
Chipkill. 
Chipkill is IBM's trademark for a form of advanced error checking and correcting (ECC) computer memory technology that protects memory systems from single memory chip failures and multi-bit errors from any portion of a single memory chip. One simple scheme to perform this function scatters the bits of a Hamming code ECC word across multiple memory chips, such that the failure of any single memory chip will affect only one ECC bit per word. This allows memory contents to be reconstructed despite the complete failure of one chip. Typical implementations use more advanced codes, such as a BCH code, that can correct multiple bits with less overhead.

Chipkill is frequently combined with dynamic bit-steering, so that if a chip fails (or has exceeded a threshold of bit errors), another, spare, memory chip is used to replace the failed chip. The concept is similar to that of RAID, which protects against disk failure, except that now the concept is applied to individual memory chips. The technology was developed by the IBM Corporation in the early and mid-1990s. An important RAS feature, Chipkill technology is deployed primarily on SSDs, mainframes, and midrange servers.

An equivalent system from Sun Microsystems is called Extended ECC, while equivalent systems from HP are called Advanced ECC and Chipspare. A similar system from Intel, called Lockstep memory, provides double-device data correction (DDDC) functionality. Similar systems from Micron, called redundant array of independent NAND (RAIN), and from SandForce, called RAISE level 2, protect data stored on SSDs from any single NAND flash chip failure.

A 2009 paper using data from Google's data centers provided evidence demonstrating that in observed Google systems, DRAM errors were recurrent at the same location, and that 8% of DIMMs were affected each year. Specifically, "In more than 85% of the cases a correctable error is followed by at least one more correctable error in the same month." DIMMs with Chipkill error correction showed a lower fraction of DIMMs reporting uncorrectable errors compared to DIMMs with error-correcting codes that can only correct single-bit errors. A 2010 paper from the University of Rochester also showed that Chipkill memory resulted in substantially fewer memory errors, using both real-world memory traces and simulations.

See also 

 ECC memory
 Lockstep memory
 Memory ProteXion
 Redundant array of independent memory
 Single-error correction and double-error detection (SECDED)

References

External links 
 Intel E7500 Chipset MCH Intelx4 Single Device Data Correction (x4 SDDC) Implementation and Validation, Intel Application note AP-726, August 2002.
 DRAM study turns assumptions about errors upside down, Ars Technica, October 7, 2009
 Enabling Memory Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability Features on Dell PowerEdge Servers, 2005
 Chipkill correct memory architecture, August 2000, by David Locklear
 The Mathematics of Chipkill ECC, October 2015, by Bob Day

Computer memory
Error detection and correction
IBM computer hardware
David M. Brienza. David M. Brienza is a professor of rehabilitation science at the University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences. He holds additional professorial appointments in bioengineering and electrical engineering.

Biography
Brienza earned a B.S. from the University of Notre Dame in Electrical Engineering (1986) and a M.S. (1988) and Ph.D. (1991) in Electrical Engineering from the University of Virginia. From 1987 to 1991, he worked as a research assistant at the Rehabilitation Engineering Center at the University of Virginia, and in 1991 he joined the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh. 

Currently, he is the director of the Seating and Soft Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, and continues to actively pursue research and development in the areas of wheelchair cushions, pressure sore and ulcer prevention, soft tissue biomechanics, telerehabilitation technology and wheelchair technology.

Selected publications 
Kim, JB and Brienza, DM; Development of a remote accessibility assessment system through three-dimensional reconstruction technology. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2006; 43(2): 257–272.
Jan, YK and Brienza DM. Technology for Pressure Ulcer Prevention. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury. Spring 2006; 11(4): 30–41.
Jan YK, Brienza DM, and Geyer MJ. Analysis of week-to-week variability in skin blood flow measurements using wavelet transforms. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 2005; 25(5): 253–262.
Brienza DM, Geyer MJ, and Jan YK. A comparison of changes in rhythms of sacral skin blood flow in response to heating and indentation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2005 June; (86)6: 1245–1251.
Brienza, David M. PhD; Geyer, Mary Jo PhD, PT, CWS, CLT-LANA. Using Support Surfaces to Manage Tissue Integrity. Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 18(3):151-157, April 2005
Geyer MJ, Jan YK, Brienza DM, and Boninger ML. Using wavelet analysis to characterize the thermoregulatory mechanisms of sacral skin blood flow. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2004; 41(6):797-806.

References

External links

 Webpage at UPSHRS
 Bio at UPMC

American scientists
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Notre Dame College of Engineering alumni
University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Living people
1964 births
O'Sullivan Dam. O'Sullivan Dam (National ID # WA00268), one of the largest earthfill dams in the United States (200 ft/61 m high; 19,000 ft/5,791 m long; completed 1949), is on Crab Creek in the U.S. state of Washington, about 45 km south of Ephrata and 25 km south of Moses Lake.

The  Potholes Reservoir formed by this dam collects return flows from all irrigation in the upper portion of the project for reuse in the southern portion. A system of wasteways has been built on both the West and East Low Canals to provide operational safety for the canals and a means of delivering water into Potholes Reservoir to supplement the natural and return flows.

The dam was built as part of the Columbia Basin Project.

Statistics 
Active storage capacity: 
Structural height of dam: 200.0 ft (60 m)
Construction date: 1947-1949
Normal water surface elevation: 1052.0 ft (320.6 m)
Drainage area: 3,920.0 sq mi (10,153 km²)
Storm duration: 72 hr

See also
Columbia Basin Project

External links
 O'Sullivan Dam

Dams in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Grant County, Washington
Dams completed in 1949
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
S14. S14 may refer to:

Aircraft 
 Fokker S.14 Machtrainer, a Dutch jet trainer
 Letov Š-14, a Czechoslovakian fighter
 Rans S-14 Airaile, an American civil utility aircraft
 Short S.14 Sarafrand, a British biplane flying boat
 Sikorsky S-14, a Russian aircraft design proposal

Automobiles 
 BMW S14, an automobile engine
 Nissan Silvia (S14), a Japanese sports car
 Nissan 240SX (S14), a sports car sold in North America

Rail and transit

Lines 
 S14 (St. Gallen S-Bahn), in Thurgau, Switzerland
 S14 (ZVV), in Zürich and Zug, Switzerland
 Line S14 (Milan suburban railway service)

Locomotives 
 LSWR S14 class, a steam locomotive

Stations 
 Aratama-bashi Station, in Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
 Gakuen-Toshi Station, in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan
 Iyo-Shirataki Station, in Ōzu, Ehime Prefecture, Japan
 Minami-Otaru Station, in Otaru, Hokkaido, Japan
 Nishi-Nagahori Station, in Nishi-ku, Osaka, Japan
 Nishi-ojima Station, in Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan

Roads 
 Expressway S14 (Poland)
 County Route S14 (California), United States

Science 
 40S ribosomal protein S14
 British NVC community S14, a swamps and tall-herb fens community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
 S14: Keep away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer), a safety phrase
 S14, a star orbiting Sagittarius A*

Vessels 
 
 , an armed yacht of the Royal Canadian Navy
 , a submarine of the Royal Navy
 , a torpedo boat of the Imperial German Navy
 , a submarine of the United States Navy

Other uses 
 S14 (classification), a Paralympic swimming disability classification for intellectually disabled athletes
 S14 (Ukrainian group), a radical nationalist group in Ukraine
 S14, a postcode district in Sheffield, England
Diana Merry. Diana Merry-Shapiro (née Mayhugh; born August 25, 1939) is an American computer programmer.  

Merry-Shapiro was born in Iowa. She graduated from Valparaiso University in 1961.

In the early 1970s, Merry-Shapiro began working as a secretary for Xerox PARC. She shifted from working as a secretary to becoming a computer programmer with PARC's Learning Research Group. As one of the original developers of the Smalltalk programming language, she helped write the first system for overlapping display windows. Merry-Shapiro was also a co-inventor of the BitBLT routines for Smalltalk, subroutines for performing computer graphics operations efficiently.

After leaving PARC in 1986, Merry-Shapiro worked as a financial software developer. As of 2003, she was still using Smalltalk as an employee of Suite LLC, a financial consulting firm. Merry-Shapiro retired in 2014.

Personal life 
Merry-Shapiro is a trans woman. She discussed her gender transition and experiences at the Casa Susanna resort in the 2022 documentary Casa Susanna.

Merry-Shapiro was previously married to a woman named Julie before her gender transition. In 1968, Merry-Shapiro married Don Merry; they later divorced. Merry-Shapiro met her current spouse, Carol Shapiro, in November 1986. They live in the New York metropolitan area.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer programmers
Scientists at PARC (company)

American transgender women
Vanadium(II) chloride. Vanadium(II) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula VCl2, and is the most reduced vanadium chloride. Vanadium(II) chloride is an apple-green solid that dissolves in water to give purple solutions.

Preparation, properties, and related compounds
Solid VCl2 is prepared by thermal decomposition of VCl3, which leaves a residue of VCl2:
2 VCl3 → VCl2 + VCl4
VCl2 dissolves in water to give the purple hexaaquo ion [V(H2O)6]2+. Evaporation of such solutions produces crystals of [V(H2O)6]Cl2.

Vanadium dichloride is used as a specialty reductant in organic chemistry.  As an aqueous solution, it converts cyclohexylnitrate to cyclohexanone. It reduces phenyl azide into aniline.

Structure
Solid VCl2 adopts the cadmium iodide structure, featuring octahedral coordination geometry. VBr2 and VI2 are structurally and chemically similar to the dichloride. All have the d3 configuration, with a quartet ground state, akin to Cr(III).

References

Vanadium(II) compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Moling. In the construction industry, moling is a trenchless method used to lay pipes.  During the moling process, a pneumatically-driven machine known as a mole forces its way through the soil along the desired path of the pipe.  Moling avoids the need to dig a trench and can be used to lay water pipes and the heating coils of heat pump systems.

Recently moles that are steerable have been developed allowing an operator to correct the track of the mole and to achieve curved bores.

The standard approach to moling is to dig a hole about 1 m square and 2 m deep. Such a hole is small enough that it can be dug by hand instead of by machine in inaccessible locations.  The mole is then entered into the earth on the horizontal face at the bottom of this hole.  A destination hole of similar proportions is also dug, and this is where the mole emerges.  The mole itself is a steel cylinder about 60 cm long and 6 cm in diameter.  It works as a pneumatic cylinder with pulsed compressed air causing the head of the mole to repeatedly hammer against the soil in front of the mole.  Once the mole has passed through the earth the pipe can be pulled through the long horizontal hole.

References

Trenchless technology
Swedish Road Administration. The Swedish Road Administration (), formerly The Royal Board for Public Road and Water Structures, was a  Government agency in Sweden. Its primary responsibility was to organise building and maintenance of the road network in Sweden.
Its headquarters were located in Borlänge.

History
The Swedish Road Administration was founded in 1841 as The Royal Board for Public Road and Water Structures () and was responsible for Sweden's canals and roads.

In 1993 the National Road Safety Administration (Trafiksäkerhetsverket) was merged into SRA.

In 2009 the responsibility for the vehicle register and issuing of drivers' licenses, was moved to a new authority, Transportstyrelsen.  At the same time the department for the actual road work was separated from Vägverket into a government owned company, called Svevia.  For a number of year this department, then called Vägverket Produktion, was a profit-making organisation competing with private companies.

The agency was merged with the Swedish Rail Administration (Banverket) on 1 April 2010 to create the new Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket).

References

External links
Swedish Road Administration (to be phased out)
Information about the Swedish driver's license

Road Administration
Road authorities
1841 establishments in Sweden
2010 disestablishments in Sweden
Government agencies established in 1841
Government agencies disestablished in 2010
Borlänge
Transport organizations based in Sweden
Defunct transport organizations based in Sweden
Sink (computing). In computing, a sink,  or data sink generally refers to the destination of data flow.

The word sink has multiple uses in computing. In software engineering, an event sink is a class or function that receives events from another object or function, while a sink can also refer to a node of a directed acyclic graph with no additional nodes leading out from it, among other uses.

In software engineering 

An event sink is a class or function designed to receive incoming events from another object or function. This is commonly implemented in C++ as callbacks. Other object-oriented languages, such as Java and C#, have built-in support for sinks by allowing events to be fired to delegate functions.

Due to lack of formal definition, a sink is often misconstrued with a gateway, which is a similar construct but the latter is usually either an end-point or allows bi-direction communication between dissimilar systems, as opposed to just an event input point . This is often seen in C++ and hardware-related programming , thus the choice of nomenclature by a developer usually depends on whether the agent acting on a sink is a producer or consumer of the sink content.

In graph theory 

In a Directed acyclic graph, a source node is a node (also known as a vertex) with no incoming connections from other nodes, while a sink node is a node without outgoing connections.

Directed acyclic graphs are used in instruction scheduling, neural networks and data compression.

In stream processing 

In several computer programs employing streams, such as GStreamer, PulseAudio, or PipeWire, a sink is the starting point of a pipeline which consumes a stream of data, while a source is the end point which emits a stream a data (often after performing some processing function on the data).

An example is an audio pipeline in the PulseAudio sound system. An input device such as a microphone is an audio device which will send data to a sink for consumption. The audio signal will then be made available as an audio source, which may have undergone audio processing, such as volume adjustment. Typically, it will also pass through other stages, such as audio mixing. In this way the volume adjustment processing receives audio samples via its sink, emits them from its source, which is then connected to a mixer sink, which mixes audio, ultimately emitting the processed audio from its source. Referred to as an output source in PulseAudio. The configuration and connection of these pipelines can be complex and dynamic. 

The terms sink and source may be confusing, but they specifically refer to the point of entry (source) and exit (sink) in systems. The terminology is exactly analogous to that used in other domains, such as electrical engineering.

Other uses 

The word sink has been used for both input and output in the industry. Mobile sink is proposed to save sensor energy for multihop communication in transferring data to a base station (sink) in wireless sensor networks.

See also 

 Flow network
 Event-driven architecture

References 

Object-oriented programming
Network theory
Networks
MKEK-4. The MKEK-4 Uğur (Turkish: "Luck") was a basic trainer aircraft which was used by the Turkish Air Force between 1955-1963. Originally developed as the THK-15, in total 57 Uğurs were produced in Turkey, all of which were used in the Turkish AF Flight School except three which were donated to the Royal Jordanian Air Force.

Operators

 Royal Jordanian Air Force

 Turkish Air Force

Specifications

References

 Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1955–56, New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1955.
Nikolajsen, Ole. "Lucky or Not? The Story of the Miles Magister in Turkey". Air Enthusiast. Thirty-Three, May–August 1987. pp. 69–73.

External links
 Turkish Air Force Academy, Aviation Museum
 tayyareci.com

1950s Turkish military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Turkish Aeronautical Association aircraft
Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation aircraft