omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Abcoulomb. The abcoulomb (abC or aC) or electromagnetic unit of charge (emu of charge) is the derived physical unit of electric charge in the cgs-emu system of units.  One abcoulomb is equal to ten coulombs.

The name "abcoulomb" was introduced by Kennelly in 1903 as a short form of (absolute) electromagnetic cgs unit of charge that was in use since the adoption of the cgs system in 1875.  The abcoulomb was coherent with the cgs-emu system, in contrast to the coulomb, the practical unit of charge that had been adopted too in 1875.

CGS-emu (or "electromagnetic cgs") units are one of several systems of electromagnetic units within the centimetre gram second system of units; others include CGS-esu, Gaussian units, and Heaviside–Lorentz units.  In these other systems, the abcoulomb is not used; CGS-esu and Gaussian units use the statcoulomb instead, while the Heaviside–Lorentz unit of charge has no specific name.

In the electromagnetic cgs system, electric current is a fundamental quantity defined via Ampère's law and takes the permeability as a dimensionless quantity (relative permeability) whose value in a vacuum is unity.  As a consequence, the square of the speed of light appears explicitly in some of the equations interrelating quantities in this system.

The definition of the abcoulomb follows from that of the abampere: given two parallel currents of one abampere separated by one centimetre, the force per distance of wire is 2 dyn/cm.  The abcoulomb is the charge flowing in 1 second given a current of 1 abampere.

References

Units of electrical charge
Centimetre–gram–second system of units
Comp Air 3. 

The  Comp Air 3 is a small civil utility aircraft marketed in kit form by Comp Air. It is a conventional, high-wing monoplane built largely of composite materials and which can be configured with either tailwheel or tricycle undercarriage. The design is based on the Comp Air 4, but the fuselage has been reduced in width, sacrificing seating for improved aerodynamics. The prototype first flew on February 25, 2002.

The company website does not list it as being in production in 2022.

See also

References

External links
Official website archives on Archive.org

3
2000s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Reciprocating compressor. A  reciprocating compressor or piston compressor is a positive-displacement compressor that uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure. Pressures of up to 5,000 psig are commonly produced by multistage reciprocating compressors.

The intake gas enters the suction manifold, then flows into the compression cylinder where it gets compressed by a piston driven in a reciprocating motion via a crankshaft, and is then discharged. Applications include railway and road vehicle air brake systems oil refineries, gas pipelines, oil and gas production drilling and well services, air and nitrogen injection, offshore platforms, chemical plants, natural gas processing plants, air conditioning, and refrigeration plants. One specialty application is the blowing of plastic bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

See also
 Centrifugal compressor
 Diving air compressor
 Vapor-compression refrigeration

References

External links
 Calculation of required cylinder compression for a multistage reciprocating compressor

Gas compressors
XE8000. The XE8000 series is a low-power microcontroller family from XEMICS (now a business unit of Semtech). Advanced analog features are combined with a proprietary RISC CPU named CoolRISC on all XE8000 devices. The CPU has 8-bits data bus and 22 bits instruction bus. All instructions (including 8*8 bit multiplication) are executed in 1 clock cycle. The analog features include the ZoomingADC a new type of delta-sigma modulator for analog-to-digital conversion that includes capabilities to amplify and offset the input signal during the acquisition.

UART, timers, RAM, MTP-ROM ("flash" program memory), watchdog timer, analog-to-digital converter, digital-to-analog converter, RC and XTAL oscillators, interrupts, I/O, drivers for seven segment displays and RF interface are possible on-chip features.

XE8000 devices 

For sensor interfacing:
 XE88LC01A
 XE88LC02 (with display drivers)
 XE88LC05A (with DAC)

For RF interfacing:
 XE88LC06A
 XE88LC07A

Typical target applications 

 Sensor interface
 4-20 mA current loop
 Battery supplied devices
 RF interface

External links 

 http://www.xemics.com/
 http://www.raisonance.com/ (Compiler)
 http://www.phyton.com/ (Compiler, programmer and emulators)

Microcontrollers
Bloch MB.162. The Bloch MB.162 was a  French four-engine, long-range bomber developed by Société des Avions Marcel Bloch in the late 1930s. Only a single prototype was built; after capture by German forces, it was pressed into service with the Luftwaffe as a transport.

Development
Developed from the speedy MB.160 long-range civil transport, the MB.162 was originally developed as a mail plane. The MB.162 01 bomber prototype first flew in June 1940 and was captured subsequent to the Armistice. Had the MB.162 entered production in 1941 as planned, it would have been a notable and fast heavy bomber for the French, somewhat analogous to the B-17 but much faster and less well-armed.

Operational history
The MB.162 did not fly a single combat mission, nor did the MB.162 B.5 production model ever enter production. The prototype was used by the Luftwaffe in I/KG 200 for clandestine affairs during 1943–1944.

Variants
MB.160:
civil transport prototype with smaller span, longer, single central fin. Three built.
 MB.161 produced postwar as airliner SE.161 Languedoc. 100 built
 MB.162 Raid
Long-range mailplane version
 MB.162.01
prototype, one built
 MB.162 Bn.5
Production model - never produced

Military operators
 
 Armee de l'Air (postwar)
 
 Luftwaffe

Specifications (MB.162 B5)

See also

Notes

Bibliography
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft, Volume Seven. London: Macdonald, 1967.

External links

Aviafrance
MB 162 - Dassault Aviation

MB.162
Four-engined tractor aircraft
1930s French airliners
1940s French bomber aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1940
Four-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
RBU-12000. The RBU-12000 Udav-1 is a Russian ship-borne anti-submarine weapon system. The weapon fires a number of different types of rockets, which in addition to attacking submarines provide a multi-layer defense against torpedoes and frogmen. The system operates in conjunction with the ship's sonar.

The system consists of:
A KT-153 remotely controlled multi-barrel automated rocket launcher with indirect elevation/traverse stabilization;
 111SG depth-charge rockets with HE warhead and impact-time fuse to engage underwater targets;
 111SZ mine-laying rockets with hydro-acoustic proximity fuse for remote mining of a water area to make a barrier for incoming torpedoes;
 111SO decoy rockets to divert homing torpedoes from the surface ship by creating false acoustic target;
 fire control devices;
 an ammunition loading device;
 ground support equipment.

Specifications 
 Number of barrels:  10
 Number of rockets (including reloads):  40-60
 Effective range:  3,000 meters
 Effective dept:  600 meters
 Firing modes:  single, salvo
 Rocket caliber:  300 mm
 Rocket length:  2,200 mm
 Reaction time:  15 seconds
 Intercept probability (salvo):  0.9 vs. torpedoes, 0.76 vs. homing torpedoes

Ship deployment 
 Kiev-class aircraft carrier
 Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier
 Kirov-class battlecruiser
 Udaloy-class destroyer

References 

Anti-submarine missiles of the Soviet Union
NPO Splav products
Weapons countermeasures
Cheongju University. Cheongju University () is a private university located in Cheongju City, the capital of North Chungcheong province, South Korea.

Academics
Undergraduate studies at the university are divided among eight colleges:  Economics & Business Administration, Law, Humanities, Science & Engineering, Education, Arts, Social Sciences, and the Evening College (which offers part-time evening instruction in diverse subject areas).  Graduate programs are provided through five graduate schools:  Higher Education, Industrial Engineering, Public Administration, Business Administration, and Education.  In addition, several research institutes operate on the campus.  These include the Research Institute of Industrial Management, the Industrial Science Research Institute, the Information and Communication Research Center, and two business incubators:  the Technology & Business Incubator and the Internet Business Incubating Center.

History
The school opened its doors as Cheongju Commercial College (청주상과대학) on June 6, 1947.  It became simply Cheongju College in 1951.  It gained university status in 1981.  A second campus was constructed near the first one in 1989.

Notable people
Jung Jin-young, singer and actor (B1A4)
Kang Suk-jung, actor
Kim Young-ho, actor
Lee Jin-wook, actor
Park Seong-ho, comedian
Song Il-gook, actor
Kim Ji-eun, actress
Kwangchul Youn (born 1966), operatic bass and academic voice teacher
Yi Jeong-gyu

See also
Cheongju National University of Education (another nearby university)
List of colleges and universities in South Korea
Education in South Korea

External links
Official school website, in English, Korean, and Chinese

Universities and colleges in North Chungcheong Province
Cheongju
Universities and colleges established in 1947
1947 establishments in South Korea
Macrocell array. 

Macrocell arrays in PLDs 

Programmable logic devices, such as programmable array logic and complex programmable logic devices, typically have a macrocell on every output pin.

Macrocell arrays in ASICs 

A macrocell array is an approach to the design and manufacture of ASICs. Essentially, it is a small step up from the otherwise similar gate array, but rather than being a prefabricated array of simple logic gates, the macrocell array is a prefabricated array of higher-level logic functions such as flip-flops, ALU functions, registers, and the like. These logic functions are simply placed at regular predefined positions and manufactured on a wafer, usually called master slice. Creation of a circuit with a specified function is accomplished by adding metal interconnects to the chips on the master slice late in the manufacturing process, allowing the function of the chip to be customised as desired.

Macrocell array master slices are usually prefabricated and stockpiled in large quantities regardless of customer orders. The fabrication according to the individual customer specifications may be finished in a shorter time compared with standard cell or full custom design. The macrocell array approach reduces the mask costs since fewer custom masks need to be produced. In addition manufacturing test tooling lead time and costs are reduced since the same test fixtures may be used for all macrocell array products manufactured on the same die size.

Drawbacks are somewhat low density and performance than other approaches to ASIC design. However this style is often a viable approach for low production volumes.

A  standard cell library is sometimes called a "macrocell library".

References 

Gate arrays
MR electric units. The Midland Railway experimented with electrification on its Heysham–Morecambe–Lancaster line in Lancashire, England. Electric trains started to run over this route in 1908, using the overhead 6.6 kV, 25 Hz AC electric supply installed and generated at the MR's own power station in Heysham.

The electric multiple units consisted of three driving motor coaches and six driving trailer coaches. Since the DM cars had a cab at each end, this allowed trains of one, two, or three cars to be formed.

Driving motors
The three DM cars were built by the MR at their Derby Works and were  in length. Two had Siemens electrical equipment fitted, while the third had Westinghouse equipment.

LMS numbers for the motor coaches 28610-28612

Driving trailers
Of the six DT cars, four were built new by the MR at their Derby works, while the other two were converted from existing hauled stock compartment coaches.

Withdrawal
In February 1951, these venerable units were finally withdrawn from service. Steam locomotive-hauled trains operated passenger services over the Lancaster–Heysham Line from then until August 1953, when electric trains took over again, this time the prototype  Class AM1 units following the installation of the appropriate new equipment.

The line voltage remained at 6,600 but the frequency was altered to 50 Hz and this was transformed and rectified on the trains to supply DC traction motors.  This experiment led to the introduction of the 25 kV, 50 Hz system as standard for new electrification on British Railways.

Sources

 Marsden, Colin J. (1985) 100 Years of Electric Traction, Oxford Publishing Company, 
 Ian Allan Ltd (1948) ABC Of British Electric Trains

MR
6600 V AC electric multiple units
Scrapped locomotives
Train-related introductions in 1908
UNIVAC EXEC II. EXEC II is a discontinued operating system developed for the UNIVAC 1107 by Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) while under contract to UNIVAC to develop the machine's COBOL compiler. They developed EXEC II because Univac's EXEC I operating system development was late. Because of this the COBOL compiler was actually designed to run under EXEC II, not EXEC I as specified in the original contract.

EXEC II is a batch processing operating system that supports a single job stream with concurrent spooling.

See also
List of UNIVAC products
History of computing hardware

References

External links

EXEC 2
Comp Air 4. The Comp Air 4 (also known as the Comp Monster) is an American light civil utility aircraft manufactured in kit form by Comp Air. Builders are able to choose between an airframe designed for engines in the 140-180 hp (104-134 kW) range, and a heavier one for 250 hp (187 kW) units. The latter airframe can be fitted with up to six seats, while the standard airframe seats four. The Comp Air 4 may be built with tailwheel, tricycle, float, or amphibious float undercarriage.

The company website does not list it as being in production in 2022.

Specifications (typical Comp Air 4 on wheels)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. .

External links
Official website archives on Archive.org

4
Homebuilt aircraft
1990s United States civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1995
Comp Air 6. The Comp Air 6 is a light civil utility aircraft manufactured in the United States by Comp Air.

Design and development
The Comp Air 6 is a stretched and widened development of the four-seat Aerocomp CompMonster which had first flown on 3 April 1995.

The Comp Air 6 has a fore-and-aft fuselage splice to widen and lengthen the cabin from the original design. It is usually supplied in kit form. The design is configured as a conventional high-wing monoplane and may be built with either tricycle or tailwheel undercarriage and may alternately be equipped with floats as the CA6SF, amphibious as the CA6AF, or with skis.

Specifications (Comp Air 6, 220 hp Franklin engine)

References

 Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK, 2003. . 
Simpson, Rod, Airlife's World Aircraft, 2001, Airlife Publishing Ltd, .

External links

6
Homebuilt aircraft
1990s United States civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
EMC EA/EB. The EMC EA/EB is an early passenger train-hauling diesel locomotive built from May 16, 1937, to 1938 by Electro-Motive Corporation of La Grange, Illinois for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. They were the first model in a long line of passenger diesels of similar design known as EMD E-units. Each locomotive unit developed  from two  Winton 201-A diesel engines, driving the wheels through an electric transmission—the generator driven by each engine provided current for traction motors. The locomotives were of A1A-A1A wheel arrangement—two three-axle trucks of which only the outer two axles were powered. Six two-unit  locomotives were produced, each consisting of a lead cab-equipped EA A unit and a cabless booster EB B unit. They were numbered 51 through 56; the A units bore the bare number and the B units the number followed by 'X'.

Trains hauled 
The six locomotives hauled some of the major named trains of the B&O; the Royal Blue, the Capitol Limited, the National Limited, and others. These trains were streamliners in appearance, but they were built largely of refurbished heavyweight passenger cars rebuilt with smooth sides, smooth rooflines, air conditioning, new interiors and modern appointments.

B&O 52 was sold to the Alton Railroad in 1940. This locomotive became a Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad unit in 1947.

Significance and influence 
The EA/EB—along with the more-or-less simultaneous E1 for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and the E2 for the Union Pacific Railroad, Chicago and North Western Railway and Southern Pacific Railroad—represented an important step in the evolution of the passenger diesel locomotive. While the EA, E1 and E2 were each built for a specific railroad, they were largely identical mechanically and were a step further away from the custom-built, integrated streamliner and towards mass-produced passenger locomotives—a step achieved with the E3 and E6, EMD's later models.

Styling 
The EA/EB and E1 featured largely identical and innovative styling showing the influence of the Electro-Motive Corporation's new buyer General Motors. While mechanically they had much in common with previous, experimental EMC locomotives, GM understood the importance of looking new and exciting, not primerely being technically innovative. This basic "slant nose" style was continued in the subsequent E3, E4, E5 and E6 models, while a more "bulldog nose" style was tried in the E2 and a style somewhere in between was used for the E7, E8 and E9, as well as the EMD F-Units.

Its initial design was protected under US Patent D106,918.

Preservation 
B&O #51, the first EA built, has been preserved at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. The EA has completed cosmetic restoration and is now on exhibit.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

A1A-A1A locomotives
E0
Baltimore and Ohio locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1937
Locomotives with cabless variants
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Streamlined diesel locomotives
Active vibration control. Active vibration control is the active application of force in an equal and opposite fashion to the forces imposed by external vibration.  With this application, a precision industrial process can be maintained on a platform essentially vibration-free.

Many precision industrial processes cannot take place if the machinery is being affected by vibration. For example, the production of semiconductor wafers requires that the machines used for the photolithography steps be used in an essentially vibration-free environment or the sub-micrometre features will be blurred. Active vibration control is now also commercially available for reducing vibration in helicopters, offering better comfort with less weight than traditional passive technologies.

In  the past, passive techniques were used. These include traditional vibration dampers, shock absorbers, and base isolation.

The typical active vibration control system uses several components:
 A massive platform suspended by several active drivers (that may use voice coils, hydraulics, pneumatics, piezo-electric or other techniques)
 Three accelerometers that measure acceleration in the three degrees of freedom
 An electronic amplifier system that amplifies and inverts the signals from the accelerometers. A PID controller can be used to get better performance than a simple inverting amplifier.
 For very large systems, pneumatic or hydraulic components that provide the high drive power required.

If the vibration is periodic, then the control system may adapt to the ongoing vibration, thereby providing better cancellation than would have been provided simply by reacting to each new acceleration without referring to past accelerations.

Active vibration control has been successfully implemented for vibration attenuation of beam, plate and shell structures by numerous researchers.
For effective active vibration control, the structure should be smart enough to sense external disturbances and react accordingly. In order to develop an active structure (also known as smart structure), smart materials must be integrated or embedded with the structure. The smart structure involves sensors (strain, acceleration, velocity, force etc.), actuators (force, inertial, strain etc.) and a control algorithm (feedback or feed forward). The number of smart materials have been investigated and fabricated over the years; some of them are shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, optical fibers, electro-rheological fluids, magneto-strictive materials.

See also
 Active noise control
 Active vibration isolation
 Magnetorheological fluid
 Noise-cancelling headphones

References 

Mechanical vibrations
Earthquake engineering
Hotfix. A hotfix is a software update that is released outside the normal update cycle or intended to be applied to a live system; often to fix a bug.

Originally, hotfix referred to patching a hot system  a production server that is actively serving clients. For development, such a change usually must be designed quickly and outside normal development processes; at relatively high cost and disrupting other development effort. For the user, a hotfix is relatively risky since it is applied to a server without time for testing it. The risk of applying the hotfix must be weighed against the risk of not applying it. The problem to be fixed might be so critical that inaction is riskier than the potential loss of service.

Over time, the meaning has shifted to an update that is created with urgency or released outside the normal update cycle for the software.

Applying (installing) a hotfix generally involves the same process as any software update. Most modern operating systems and desktop applications can download and apply updates automatically. Network administrators may use software programs to automate and simplify applying updates to the machines they manage.

Use by Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation used the terms hotfix or quick-fix engineering update (QFE)  but has stopped in favor of new terminology. Updates are either delivered in the general distribution release (GDR) channel or the limited distribution release (LDR) channel  the latter synonymous with QFE. GDR updates receive extensive testing whereas LDR updates are meant to fix a certain problem in a small area and are not released to the general public. GDR updates may be received from the Windows Update service or the Microsoft Download Center but LDR updates must be received via Microsoft Support.

See also

References

Debugging
Software release
Software maintenance
System administration