omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Beryllonite. Beryllonite is a rare   phosphate mineral with formula NaBePO4. The tabular to prismatic monoclinic crystals vary from colorless to white or pale yellowish, and are transparent with a vitreous luster. Twinning is common and occurs in several forms. It exhibits perfect cleavage in one direction. The hardness is 5.5 to 6 and the specific gravity is 2.8. Refractive indices are nα = 1.552, nβ = 1.558 and nγ = 1.561. A few crystals have been cut and faceted, but, as the refractive index is no higher than that of quartz, they do not make very brilliant gemstones.

It occurs as a secondary beryllium mineral in granitic and alkalic pegmatites. It was first described from complex crystals and as broken fragments in the disintegrated material of a granitic vein at Stoneham, Oxford County, Maine where it is associated with feldspar, smoky quartz, beryl and columbite. It was discovered by James Dwight Dana in 1888, and named beryllonite for its beryllium content.

References

Sources
Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1951) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. II, pp. 677–679

Beryllium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Phosgenite. Phosgenite is a rare mineral consisting of lead carbonate chloride, (PbCl)2CO3. The tetragonal crystals are prismatic or tabular in habit: they are usually colorless and transparent, and have a brilliant adamantine lustre. Sometimes the crystals have a curious helical twist about the tetrad or principal axis. The hardness is 3 and the specific gravity 6.3. The mineral is rather sectile, and consequently was earlier known as corneous lead, (German Hornblei).

Name and occurrence

The name phosgenite was given by August Breithaupt in 1820, after phosgene, carbon oxychloride, because the mineral contains the elements carbon, oxygen, and chlorine.

It was found associated with anglesite and matlockite in cavities within altered galena in a lead mine at Cromford, near Matlock: hence its common name cromfordite. Crystals are also found in galena at Monteponi near Iglesias in Sardinia, and near Dundas in Tasmania. It has also been reported from Laurium, Greece; Tarnowitz, Poland; the Altai district, Siberia; the Touissit mine, near Oujda, Morocco; Sidi Amor ben Salem, Tunisia; Tsumeb, Namibia; Broken Hill, New South Wales; and Boleo, near Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur. In the US it has been reported from the Terrible mine, Custer County, Colorado; the Stevenson-Bennett mine, Organ Mountains, Doña Ana County, New Mexico; and the Mammoth mine, Tiger, Pinal County, Arizona.

Crystals of phosgenite, and also of the corresponding bromine compound PbBr2CO3, have been prepared artificially.

See also
 Barstowite, another lead chloride carbonate

References

Carbonate minerals
Halide minerals
Lead minerals
Luminescent minerals
Minerals in space group 127
Tetragonal minerals
Murder board. A murder board, also known as a "scrub-down", is a committee of questioners set up to critically review a proposal and/or help someone prepare for a difficult oral examination.

The term originated in the U.S. military, specifically from the Pentagon, but has spread to academic and government appointment contexts.  NASA contends the murder board was created by Hans Mark, Director of Ames Research Center from 1969 to 1977, derived from the earlier concept of the tiger team.

In highly risk-averse, technical endeavors where extreme efforts are taken to prevent mistakes (e.g. satellite operations), murder boards are used to aggressively review, without constraint or pleasantries, a situation's problem, assumptions, constraints, mitigations, and the proposed solution.  The board's goal is to kill the well-prepared proposal on technical merit; holding back even the least suspicion of a problem is not tolerated.  Such argumentative murder boards consist of many subject matter experts of the specific system under review and of all interfacing systems.

In project management, a murder board is a process where a committee asks questions from project representatives as part of the project selection process.

In U.S. politics, murder boards are used in preparing candidates for debates and presidential appointees for Senate confirmation hearings.

On April 20, 2010 representative Mary Jo Kilroy asked former Lehman Brothers CEO Dick Fuld if he had set up a murder board to prepare for his testimony before the House Financial Services Committee concerning the 2008 Lehman Brothers failure. Fuld expressed confusion at the expression, apparently unfamiliar with the term. Fuld indicated that he had not set up a murder board after Barney Frank explained what it meant.

See also 
Red team
Dutch uncle

References

Military terminology
Terminology of the United States Congress
United States presidential elections terminology
LNER Thompson Class O1. The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) Thompson Class O1 was a class of 2-8-0 steam locomotive designed by Edward Thompson for freight work. None have survived to preservation.

Construction
Because of wartime restrictions on new-build locomotives, they were rebuilds of LNER Class O4 "ROD" 2-8-0s built before and during World War I, although most of the locomotive was replaced during this rebuild.  The first LNER rebuild took place in February 1944, at Gorton Works  and a total of 58 locomotives were rebuilt to class O1 in total, with the last being locomotive 63856 in October 1949 during the early British Railways era, after which the programme was halted. The main modification to the original  GCR Robinson Class 8K 2-8-0 design was the incorporation of a standard LNER 100A boiler, Walschaerts valve gear and new cylinders. The locomotives kept the same numbers those being locomotives 3571, 3575, 3578-3579, 3589-3592, 3594, 3596, 3610, 3619, 3630, 3646, 3650, 3652, 3663, 3670, 3676, 3678, 3687, 3689, 3711-3712, 3725, 3740, 3746, 3752, 3755, 3760, 3768, 3773, 3777, 3780, 3784, 3786, 3789, 3792, 3795-3796, 3803, 3806, 3808, 3817, 3838, 3854, 3856, 3863, 3865, 3867-3869, 3872, 3874, 3879, 3886-3887, 3890 and 3901.

British Railways
The locomotives passed to British Railways (BR) Eastern and North Eastern Regions on 1 January 1948 and were given BR running numbers in the range 63570-63920. However, this range included many unrebuilt O4s.

Preservation
None of the Thompson O1s have been secured for preservation.

Models
In 2013, Hornby Railways introduced an OO gauge model of the O1 in BR black livery.

References

External links 

 The Thompson O1 2-8-0 Locomotives LNER encyclopedia
 Class O1 Details at Rail UK

O1 Thompson
2-8-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1944
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
1′D h2 locomotives
Freight locomotives
Second stage manufacturer. A second stage manufacturer, known in the industry as "bodybuilder," builds such products as bus and truck bodies, ambulances, motor homes, and other specialized vehicles. Such a manufacturer usually takes an incomplete structure from a first-stage manufacturer, and installs additional equipment to render it suitable for delivery to a buyer for use.

Neither their product, nor the first stage portion, called an incomplete motor vehicle, are fully compliant with all of the requirements for a complete motor vehicle without the other . 

Cutaway van chassis are one of the more popular incomplete motor vehicles for second stage manufacturers to use as a platform for their products. A large portion of small school buses, minibuses, and recreational vehicles are based upon cutaway van chassis.

School buses
Trucks
Recreational vehicle manufacturers

References
PAG. PAG may refer to:

Science and medicine
 Polyalkylene glycol (PAG), a synthetic oil
 Periaqueductal gray (PAG), a brain region
 Polyacrylamide gel (PAG), used in an electrophoresis analysis technique
 Potential acoustic gain, a measure of sound reinforcement system performance

Businesses and organisations
 PAG (investment firm), an Asian investment firm
 Penske Automotive Group, NYSE ticker PAG
 Positive Action Group, a political pressure group on the Isle of Man
 Premier Automotive Group, a group within Ford Motor Company

Transportation
 Pagadian Airport, Philippines, IATA code PAG
 Perimeter Aviation, a Canadian airline, ICAO code PAG

See also
 Pag (disambiguation)
 Pags (disambiguation)
 Professional agrologist (PAg), the professional designation for the agrology profession in Canada
ESTAR project. The eSTAR project was a multi-agent system that aimed to implement a heterogeneous network of robotic telescopes for automated observing, and ground-based follow-up to transient events. The project is a joint collaboration between the Astrophysics Group of the University of Exeter and the Astrophysics Research Institute at Liverpool John Moores University. The project was led by Alasdair Allan and Tim Naylor at the University of Exeter, and Iain Steele at Liverpool John Moores University. The eSTAR Project was affiliated with the RoboNet Consortium, and the global Heterogeneous Telescope Networks Consortium.

Begun in 2001, the project was part of the virtual observatory. By 2006 the project was running autonomous software agent for observations of variable stars implementing the optimal sampling techniques of Saunders et al. (2006), and the prototype was successfully tested on the RoboNet network of telescopes which includes: the Liverpool Telescope, the Faulkes Telescope North and the Faulkes Telescope South.

By 2007 the eSTAR Project was "live" supporting two real-time observing projects. 

The first was automated follow-up observations of gamma-ray bursts performed using the 3.8m United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) operated by Joint Astronomy Centre in Hawaii (JACH). The first ground based observations of GRB 090423 were triggered via the eSTAR Project, with initial observations by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission  automatically followed by UKIRT just a few minutes after the initial observation by the SWIFT satellite. The observations autonomously triggered by the eSTAR software were reported in Tanvir et al. This gamma-ray burst was, at the time of discovery, the most distant object then known in the Universe.

The second project was the search for extra-solar planets by placing observations on the RoboNet system of telescopes on behalf of the PLANET collaboration. The technique of gravitational microlensing is used to monitor large numbers of stars in the galactic bulge looking for the tell-tale signature of cool planets orbiting those stars.

The project also operated the heaviest used of the initial generation of Virtual Observatory VOEvent brokers, exposing its real-time alert system to other collaborators, like the TALONS Project.

In 2009 the project lost funding and was shuttered.

References

Observational astronomy
University of Exeter
Liverpool John Moores University
Robotic telescopes
Agent-based software
2006 robots
Robots of the United Kingdom
Rebecca Wirfs-Brock. Rebecca J. Wirfs-Brock (born 1953 in Portland, Oregon) is an American software engineer and consultant in object-oriented programming and object-oriented design, the founder of the information technology consulting firm Wirfs-Brock Associates, and inventor of Responsibility-Driven Design, the first behavioral approach to object design.

Wirfs-Brock holds a B.A. in computer and information science and psychology from the University of Oregon. She worked at Tektronix for 15 years as a software engineer before moving on to Instantiations (founded by her husband Allen Wirfs-Brock), which was acquired by Digitalk which merged with Parc Place Systems to become ParcPlace-Digitalk in 1995. She was the Chief Technologist for the professional services organization of a Smalltalk language vendor.

She holds a U.S. Patent #4,635,049 "Apparatus for Presenting Image Information for Display Graphically" together with Warren Dodge.

Wirfs-Brock first coined the "-driven" meme in an OOPSLA 1989 paper she co-authored with Brian Wilkerson. Before that time, the most prevalent way of structuring objects was based on entity-relationship modeling ideas (popularized by James Rumbaugh, Steve Mellor and Sally Shlaer).

She wrote about object role stereotypes in 1992 in a Smalltalk Report article and this influenced the UML notion of stereotypes. Her invention of the conversational (two-column) form of use cases was then popularized by Larry Constantine. Most of the more recent "driven" design approaches acknowledge their roots and the influence of RDD, of which class-responsibility-collaboration cards are one popular technique. She was the design columnist for IEEE Software until December 2009.

Bibliography
 Designing Object-Oriented Software, with Brian Wilkerson and Lauren Wiener, Prentice-Hall, 1990, 
 Object Design: Roles, Responsibilities, and Collaborations, with Alan McKean. Addison-Wesley, 2003,

References

External links

 An Interview with Rebecca Wirfs-Brock
 Wirfs-Brock Consulting
 SE Radio Interview With Rebecca Wirfs-Brock

Living people
American technology writers
1953 births
Writers from Portland, Oregon
University of Oregon alumni
Tektronix people
Engineers from Oregon
Electro-mat. An electro-mat, sometimes referred to as an anti-moose mat, is an electrical mat used to keep large wildlife such as moose or bears away from certain areas where their presence could cause issues. The mats give off a mild shock at a low electric current when stepped on, deterring animals from crossing over them.

In October 2005, the municipal airport in Wasilla, Alaska, a town about 40 miles (65 km) north of Anchorage, installed mats around the airfield to prevent moose from walking onto the runway and colliding with aircraft. The government of Arizona installed electro-mats in combination with electric fences and ramps in Tijeras Canyon in 2007 in an effort to deter wildlife from crossing at unsafe locations along Interstate 40 and New Mexico State Road 333.

In 2011, Parks Canada began a 5-year study to determine the feasibility of deploying electro-mats along the CP Rail lines inside Banff National Park. A large number of animals, including 12 grizzly bears, 30 black bears, 8 wolves, and over 300 ungulates were known to have died on the tracks between 2004-2013, and it was hoped that the use of the mats would be able to sufficiently deter wildlife and reduce those numbers.

References

Animal welfare
Kuromido. Kuromido (Japanese: 黒味銅) is an historically Japanese copper alloy, typically of 99% copper and 1% metallic arsenic, one of the class of irogane metals.

It is used in the production of other alloys, and in decorative fittings, as well as in mokume-gane processes.

See also
 Shakudō
 Shibuichi
 Corinthian bronze and hepatizon (Black bronze)
 Electrum
 Orichalcum
 Panchaloha
 Tumbaga

External sources

References

Irogane
Copper alloys
Arsenic
Sam Schwartz. Samuel I. Schwartz, also known as Gridlock Sam, is an American transportation engineer, formerly the New York City Traffic Commissioner, notable for popularizing the phrase "gridlock".

Life and career
Schwartz was educated at Brooklyn College (BS Physics) and the University of Pennsylvania (MSCE), and first worked as a New York City cabbie before being hired by the City of New York in 1971. He served as NYC Traffic Commissioner from 1982 to 1986, and when the traffic department became subsumed by the Department of Transportation he held the second-in-command post of First Deputy Commissioner and Chief Engineer from 1986-1990. While employed with the city, he attempted to introduce bicycle lanes and public plazas. They were vetoed at the last minute by then-mayor John Lindsay. He earned the nickname Gridlock Sam during the 1980 transit strike when he developed a series of transportation contingency plans, called the Grid-Lock Prevention Program.

It was under Schwartz's watch that the city almost became the first city to implement congestion pricing. The city's bridges had not been tolled since 1911 and beginning in 1973 he worked with Mayor Lindsay to reintroduce them. Even with a change in leadership (Mayor Lindsay was replaced by Abe Beame in 1974) it looked like the tolls would be reinstated. However, an act of Congress nixed the proposal in 1977. See: Congestion pricing in New York City.

After he left city government around 1996, he started his own firm. He writes columns for New York City's Daily News, lower Manhattan’s Downtown Express, The Queens Chronicle and in the Yiddish News Report as Gridlock Shmuel. He also tweets, and blogs for the Public Broadcasting Service and Engineering News-Record.

References

External links 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Brooklyn College alumni
University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Transport engineers
American civil engineers
American columnists
American taxi drivers
Trass. Trass is the local name of a volcanic tuff occurring in the Eifel, where it is worked for hydraulic mortar. It is a grey or cream-coloured fragmental rock, largely composed of pumiceous dust, and may be regarded as a trachytic tuff. It much resembles the Italian pozzolana and is applied to like purposes. Mixed with lime and sand, or with Portland cement, it is extensively employed for hydraulic work, especially in the Netherlands; while the compact varieties have been used as a building material and as a fire-stone in ovens. Trass was formerly worked extensively in the Brohl valley and is now obtained from the valley of the Nette, near Andernach.

See also
Pozzolan
Pozzolana
Pozzolanic reaction
Pumice

References

Natural materials
Geology of Germany
Masonry
Kernel Normal Form. Kernel normal form, or KNF, is the coding style used in the development of code for the BSD operating systems. Based on the original KNF concept from the Computer Systems Research Group, it dictates a programming style to which contributed code should adhere prior to its inclusion into the codebase. KNF started out as a codification of how Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie formatted the original UNIX C source code. It describes such things as how to name variables, use indents and the use of ANSI C or K&R C code styles. Each BSD variant has its own KNF rules, which have evolved over time to differ from each other in small ways.

The SunOS kernel and userland also uses a similar indentation style that was derived from AT&T style documents and that is sometimes known as Bill Joy Normal Form. The correctness of the indentation of a list of source files can be verified by a style checker program written by Bill Shannon. This style checker program is called cstyle.

See also 
 Programming style
 Indent style

References

External links 

 
 

Berkeley Software Distribution
Source code
Pengi. Pengi is a game for the Acorn Electron and BBC Micro, released by Visions Software in 1984. It is a direct clone of the 1982 Sega arcade game Pengo, even down to calling the enemies "snow bees," as in the original.

Gameplay
The player takes the role of a penguin named Pengi who finds himself in a maze made up of ice blocks that is surrounded by an electric fence. If the blocks are kicked, they will slide along until they hit another block or the fence. If however, the block is already touching something else (in the direction it would slide), it breaks and disappears. As in Pengo, three of the blocks are marked with diamonds and cannot break.

The maze is inhabited by deadly "snow bees". They move in a semi-random way: a bee may sometimes choose to get away from Pengi instead of chasing him (especially on early levels). The bees can be killed by crushing them with a moving ice block (bees do not stop the blocks so more than one bee can be killed with one kick) or by kicking the fence while they are touching it. This momentarily stuns them and they can be crushed by simply walking over them. Only a set number of bees are on the screen at once (e.g. 3 on level 1) but there are more (a total of 6 on level 1) which emerge from the diamond blocks as others are killed. A level is completed either by killing all of the bees or by lining up the special diamond blocks. This is the preferred way of completing the level because a huge points bonus is awarded (5,000 if they are touching the fence, 10,000 if they are not).

The game continues with different coloured bees in a new maze. The number of bees on screen, the number of "reserve" bees, the speed of the bees and the intelligence of the bees all increase on each successive level, making it much more difficult to successfully line up the diamond blocks.

Reception
Electron User (#2.04, January 1985) gave a particularly favourable review: "Visions' Pengi is far superior to any Pac-Man program... The graphics are excellent as is the sound... If you're into arcade games, you will love this one."

References 

1984 video games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron-only games
Maze games
Single-player video games
Video game clones
Video games about penguins
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd. Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705 is a famous decision by the House of Lords on the ability to impose liability upon a corporation. The decision expands upon the earlier decision in Salomon v Salomon & Co. [1897] AC 22 and first introduced the "alter ego" theory of corporate liability.

Facts
A ship owned by Lennard's Carrying Co was transporting some goods on a voyage from Novorossiysk to the Asiatic Petroleum Company, a joint venture of the Shell and Royal Dutch oil companies. The ship sank and the cargo was lost. The judge found that the director, Mr Lennard, did know or should have known about defects in the ship, which led its boiler to catch fire, and ultimately sink the ship. There was an exemption from liability in section 502 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c. 60), stating that a ship owner would not be liable for losses if an event happened without 'actual fault or privity'. Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd sued Mr Lennard's company for negligence under the Act. At issue was whether the guilty acts of a director would be imposed upon the corporation. Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd argued that it was not liable and could be exempt under section 502.

Judgment
The House of Lords held that liability could be imposed on a corporation for the acts of the directors because there is a rebuttable presumption the directors are the controlling minds of the company. Here Mr Lennard did not rebut the presumption. Viscount Haldane explained the "directing mind" principle of corporate liability:

In considering the case of Mr Lennard himself he stated:

Significance
Prior to this case the primary means of imposing liability on a corporation was through vicarious liability, but that applied only to employees of the company, which excluded the directors. After the Lennard case, the alter ego theory has become the most powerful method of imposing liability on a corporation. It has proved to be particularly effective for imposing criminal liability.

References

External links
Full case text

1915 in case law
House of Lords cases
United Kingdom company case law
1915 in British law
Shell plc
BFO. BFO is an abbreviation that stands for:

 Basic Formal Ontology
 Beat frequency oscillator used to create an audio frequency signal for receiving continuous wave (Morse code) transmissions 
 The Black Forest Observatory in Germany
 BiFeO3 (Bismuth ferrite), an inorganic chemical compound
 Boron monofluoride monoxide
 Budapest Festival Orchestra
 Bunker Fuel Oil, a (low-cost) type of fuel oil
 Federal Consultative Assembly (Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg), an organisation of federal states of the United States of Indonesia