omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GE B30-7. The GE B30-7 is a diesel-electric locomotive model produced by GE from 1977 to 1983 as part of their Dash 7 Series, featuring a 16 cylinder engine producing 3,000 horsepower. A total of 399 units were produced, including 120 cabless B30-7A units. The B30-7AB/A(B) is an unofficial model. The B30-7 was GE's successor to the U30B.

Design and production history 

The B30-7 was designed from the B23-7, and was nearly identical in appearance. However, the B30-7 featured 3,000 horsepower, compared to the B23-7's 2,300 horsepower. Almost all were built with FB2 trucks.

GE produced several variants of the B30-7. These were developed from an experimental modification of the B23-7's 12-cylinder engine in June 1980 to uprate it to 3,000 horsepower. By using the 12 cylinder prime mover instead of the 16 cylinder version, railroads saved money on fuel and maintenance, and most subsequent B30-7s incorporated a 12-cylinder engine. Variants using this engine were the B30-7A, B30-7A1 and the cabless B30-7A. The B30-7A without a cab is unofficially known as the B30-7A(B) to distinguish it from the version with a cab.

B30-7As were built only for the Missouri Pacific Railroad and are externally identical to the 16-cylinder version B30-7. B30-7A1s, which featured a high short hood, were built only for the Southern Railway.

Cabless B30-7A(B)s were built only for the Burlington Northern Railroad.

Operational history 
Shortline railroad Providence and Worcester Railroad acquired five ex-BN B30-7A(B) cabless units, reclassified as B30-7AB units, numbered #3004-3008, in 2001. National Railway Equipment acquired these locomotives in 2015. Most of the remaining B30-7A(B)s were retired in 1999.

Preservation 
, two B30-7 or B30-7As remain in remote control master unit service on the Union Pacific Railroad (out of the original 55 that were converted). As of the same time, multiple units also remain on the Minnesota Commercial Railway and West Tennessee Railroad, while the Natchez Railway was attempting to sell theirs.

In early 2017, CSX repainted ex-C&O B30-7 #8272 into its original Chessie System livery and donated it to the Lake Shore Railway Museum in North East, Pennsylvania.

Southern Pacific #7863 is preserved by a private owner in South Fork, Colorado.

Original owners

References 

 

B30-7
B-B locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1977
Locomotives with cabless variants
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
F35 (disambiguation). The F-35 is the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, an American stealth fighter aircraft.

F35 or F-35 may also refer to:

Military and transportation
 Saab 35 Draken (introduced 1955), an export variant of the Saab 35 Draken aircraft
 Possum Kingdom Airport (FAA code: F35), Texas, US
 Route F35 (Iceland), a highland road in Iceland
 F35 transmission (introduced 1984), a Saab-designed five-speed manual transaxle
 BMW 3 Series (F35) (introduced 2012), a long wheelbase version of the BMW 3 Series (F30)

Other uses
 F35 (classification), classification at the Paralympic Games for club, discus throw, shot put and javelin
Nemko. Norges Elektriske Materiellkontroll (NEMKO) is a Norwegian private organization that supervises safety testing for electrical equipment manufacturing.

The Nemko Group offers testing, inspection and certification services concerning products, machinery, installations and systems worldwide.

History

The original NEMKO was established in 1933 as an institution for mandatory safety testing and national approval of electrical equipment marketed and sold in Norway for connection to the public utility network.

Later, testing of radio interference requirements became another part of the approval regime.

In 1990, as Norway entered into the European Economic Area agreement, European Community Directives for product safety were adopted, and the traditional mandatory approval scheme was abandoned. As this stage, NEMKO was transformed into an independent, self-owned foundation, having a council of representatives from different interest groups (industry and trade organizations, consumer associations, utility companies etc.) as the highest level of supervision. At the same time, the foundation established and became the sole owner of Nemko AS, which constitutes the central operating company and is responsible for what is today denoted the Nemko Group.

Since 1992, both the scope of services and the global presence of Nemko have been greatly expanded.

See also

 Certification mark

References

External links
A brief history of Nemko

Business organisations based in Norway
Certification marks
Electrical safety standards organizations
Product-testing organizations
Product certification
ETL SEMKO. ETL SEMKO (formerly Electrical Testing Laboratory) is a division of Intertek Group plc (LSE: ITRK) which is based in London. It specializes in electrical product safety testing, EMC testing, and benchmark performance testing. ETL SEMKO operates more than 30 offices and laboratories on six continents. SEMKO (Svenska Elektriska Materielkontrollanstalten "The Swedish Electric Equipment Control Office") was, until 1990, the body responsible for testing and certifying electric appliances in Sweden. The "S" mark was mandatory for products sold in Sweden until the common European CE mark was adopted prior to Sweden's accession to the European Union.

See also
 Product certification
 Canadian Standards Association
 CE mark
 Certification mark
 Underwriters Laboratories

References

External links
 Intertek - Electrical Safety Testing

Certification marks
Electrical safety standards organizations
Product-testing organizations
Conduit. Conduit  may refer to:

Engineering systems 
 Conduit (fluid conveyance), a pipe suitable for carrying either open-channel or pressurized liquids
 Electrical conduit, a protective cover, tube or piping system for electric cables
 Conduit current collection, a system of ground-level power supply
 Duct (flow), for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning

Business 
 Conduit (finance) or asset-backed commercial paper program, a type of non-bank financial institution
 Conduit and Sink OFCs, a classification of offshore financial centres/tax havens

Computers and Internet 
 Conduit (company), an international software company
 Conduit toolbar a defunct web publishing platform by Conduit
 Conduit (software), an open-source synchronization program for GNOME

Arts and entertainment 
 Conduit (Coby Sey album), by Coby Sey, 2022
 Conduit (Funeral for a Friend album), by Funeral for a Friend, 2013
 The Conduit (album), by Jarboe, 2005
 Conduit (comics), a DC Comics supervillain
 Conduit (convention), an annual science fiction convention in Salt Lake City, Utah, US
 Conduit (mural), a public artwork by Emily Ginsburg in Portland, Oregon, US
 "Conduit" (The X-Files), a television episode
 The Conduit, a 2009 video game for the Wii console
 The Conduit, a fictional artifact in the video game Mass Effect
 Conduits, superhuman beings in the video game series Infamous

Other uses 
 Conduit (channeling), a means of contact with the spiritual realm
 Conduit (horse) (2005–2020), a Thoroughbred racehorse
 Conduit Road, a road in Hong Kong

See also 
 Channel (geography), a type of landform
 Gap junction, an intercellular conduit in molecular cell biology
 Membrane nanotube, another type of intercellular conduit
 Conveyance (disambiguation)
Small business software. Small business software refers to software specifically designed to help small business owners run their operations better, cut costs, and replace paper processes.

The small business software industry covers a wide variety of tools and packages, ranging from small business CRM software and Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS), to accounting, office productivity, and communications software.

The most pressing issue for small businesses has been to organize their financial records, mostly due to government requirements in tax reporting. This perhaps explains why accounting software for small business seems to be a growing market.

See also 

 Accounting software

References

Business software
Changing bag. A changing bag is a photographic bag specifically designed to be light-proof and therefore to protect the light sensitive (unexposed) film before intended use. A changing bag is made of light proof material, and usually is composed of synthetic fibre. They are convenient to use when a darkroom is not available, as when in the field. Many photographers do not own or have access to a darkroom, yet still need to being able to protect film from light, as when removing film from its canister to put it into a developing tank, or loading and unloading sheet film holders. They are also commonly found on the set of a film, where the clapper loader may need one if shooting on location or far away from a darkroom.

Usage
A changing bag is routinely used by amateur photographers and others when a darkroom is not available as is often the case in field shooting. It is also used in commercial photo processing labs, often to change paper.

Description
A changing bag has two sleeves at one end for both the user's arms, and a zipper (often more than one, for double layered changing bags) to insert the tools and film needed. There are several sizes available, from smaller ones for many still photography applications to larger bags used in large-format still photography or film making, which may need to hold both a magazine and a can of film stock which each have a 1000-foot capacity. Larger changing bag sizes are also available as "changing tents", where the top of the bag can be held in a dome-like configuration through the use of two curved rods.

References 

Photography equipment
Bags
Polyethylene naphthalate. Polyethylene naphthalate (poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) or PEN) is a polyester derived from naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and ethylene glycol. As such it is related to poly(ethylene terephthalate), but with superior barrier properties.

Production
Two major manufacturing routes exist for polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), i.e. an ester or an acid process, named according to whether the starting monomer is a diester or a diacid derivative, respectively. In both cases for PEN, the glycol monomer is ethylene glycol. Solid-state polymerization (SSP) of the melt-produced resin pellets is the preferred process to increase the average molecular weight of PEN.

Applications
Because it provides a very good oxygen barrier, it is well-suited for bottling beverages that are susceptible to oxidation, such as beer. It is also used in making high performance sailcloth.

Significant commercial markets have been developed for its application in textile and industrial fibers, films, and foamed articles, containers for carbonated beverages, water and other liquids, and thermoformed applications. It is also an emerging material for modern electronic devices.
 PEN was the medium for Advanced Photo System film (discontinued in 2011).
 PEN is used for manufacturing high performance fibers that have very high modulus and better dimensional stability than PET or Nylon fibers. 
 PEN is used as the substrate for most Linear Tape-Open (LTO) cartridges.

It also has been found to show excellent scintillation properties and is expected to replace classic plastic scintillators.

Benefits when compared to polyethylene terephthalate
The two condensed aromatic rings of PEN confer on it improvements in strength and modulus, chemical and hydrolytic resistance, gaseous barrier, thermal and thermo-oxidative resistance and ultraviolet (UV) light barrier resistance compared to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PEN is intended as a PET replacement, especially when used as a substrate for flexible integrated circuits.

References

Polyesters
Plastics

ja:ポリエステル#ポリエチレンナフタレート
Steven Kistler. Samuel Stephens Kistler (March 26, 1900  November 6, 1975) was an American scientist and chemical engineer, best known as the inventor of aerogels, one of the lightest known solid materials.

Biography
Kistler, the son of a shopkeeper, was born in the small town of Cedarville in the far northeastern corner of California. The family moved to the larger Santa Rosa when Kistler was 12, where he first became interested in chemistry. When he entered the College of the Pacific in 1917, however, his plan was to learn to play the cello, then pursue a degree in agriculture. Instead, he ended up taking every science course available, and after three years he moved to Stanford University and obtained a B.A. in chemistry, followed by a chemical engineering degree. He never did learn to play the cello. After a brief spell working for the Standard Oil Company of California, he returned to academia, teaching chemistry at the College of the Pacific until 1931, when he transferred to the University of Illinois.

Invention 
The exact circumstances of the creation of the first aerogels are not well recorded. A popular story is that they resulted from a competition between Kistler and one Charles Learned "to see if they could replace the liquid inside of a jelly jar without causing any shrinkage". Whether these experiments were performed at the College of the Pacific, still with limited facilities following the move in 1923 to the new Stockton campus, or at Stanford, where Kistler began pursuing a doctorate in 1927, is a source of some confusion. Either way, in 1931 Kistler published a paper in Nature (vol. 127, p. 741) titled "Coherent Expanded Aerogels and Jellies".

He left his teaching post at the University of Illinois in 1935 and signed a contract with Monsanto Company in the early 1940s to start developing granular silica aerogel products under the trademark Santocel. Largely used as a flattening agent in paints and for similar uses, the line was discontinued by Monsanto in 1970, probably due to the high cost of manufacture and competition from newer products. Kistler had returned to teaching, however, taking up a position as Dean of the University of Utah College of Engineering in 1952.

Glass strengthening 
In 1962 Kistler published an innovative paper on a new way of chemical strengthening of the glass by replacing the smaller sodium ions with larger potassium ones by ion exchange. The technology was further developed and soon commercialized by Corning, and it's now used in Gorilla Glass and similar products.

Death 
He died in Salt Lake City in November 1975, shortly before the resurgence of interest in aerogels caused by the discovery of a less time-consuming method of manufacture by researchers led by Stanislaus Teichner in France.

References

American chemical engineers
People from Modoc County, California
University of Utah faculty
1900 births
1975 deaths
Stanford University alumni
University of Illinois alumni
Engineers from California
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Monsanto employees
20th-century American chemists
Azuro. Azuro, Inc. is an electronic design automation (EDA) software company.   Formerly headquartered in Santa Clara, California with a development office in Cambridge, England, it is now part of Cadence Design Systems.

Azuro develops software for the design of integrated circuits. Azuro specializes in clock network implementation. Azuro's PowerCentric product takes an innovative approach to clock network implementation that produces lower power clock networks with lower clock skew and shorter insertion delay using a smaller area of the integrated circuit than competing tools.

Azuro has been particularly focussed on lower power design. In synchronous circuit designs all changes of state are coordinated by a clock, and this clock edge must be distributed to all parts of the chip.  Since the clock signal is distributed throughout the entire circuit it can consume a large percentage of the energy used. Azuro's technology allows clock gating and clock network implementation to be combined as a single step, allowing the clock to be prevented from reaching parts of the chip where it is not needed more effectively than competing technologies. The company has a number of patents in the area of low power design, clock tree synthesis and power analysis.

History

Azuro was founded in Cambridge in 2002 by Paul Cunningham and Steev Wilcox, using research from their doctoral studies.

On July 12, 2011 Cadence Design Systems announced that it had acquired Azuro for an undisclosed sum.

See also 
Electronic design automation
Design flow (EDA)
Integrated circuit design

References 

 EETimes: Power reduction tool extends to 65-nm
EETimes: Starc adopts Azuro's clock-tree synthesis.  
EDN: Azuro Cuts Power in 65nm Digital Designs 
EDN: Power-savvy tool replaces clock-tree synthesis
EETimes Europe: Startup targets power problems in wireless IC design

Electronic design automation companies
Millman's theorem. In electrical engineering, Millman's theorem (or the parallel generator theorem) is a method to simplify the solution of a circuit. Specifically, Millman's theorem is used to compute the voltage at the ends of a circuit made up of only branches in parallel.

It is named after Jacob Millman, who proved the theorem.

Explanation

Let  be the generators' voltages. Let  be the resistances on the branches with voltage generators . Then Millman states that the voltage at the ends of the circuit is given by:

That is, the sum of the short circuit currents in branch divided by the sum of the conductances in each branch.

It can be proved by considering the circuit as a single supernode. Then, according to Ohm and Kirchhoff, the voltage between the ends of the circuit is equal to the total current entering the supernode divided by the total equivalent conductance of the supernode.  The total current is the sum of the currents in each branch. The total equivalent conductance of the supernode is the sum of the conductance of each branch, since all the branches are in parallel.

Branch variations

Current sources
One method of deriving Millman's theorem starts by converting all the branches to current sources (which can be done using Norton's theorem).  A branch that is already a current source is simply not converted.  In the expression above, this is equivalent to replacing the  term in the numerator of the expression above with the current of the current generator, where the kth branch is the branch with the current generator.  The parallel conductance of the current source is added to the denominator as for the series conductance of the voltage sources.  An ideal current source has zero conductance (infinite resistance) and so adds nothing to the denominator.

Ideal voltage sources
If one of the branches is an ideal voltage source, Millman's theorem cannot be used, but in this case the solution is trivial, the voltage at the output is forced to the voltage of the ideal voltage source.  The theorem does not work with ideal voltage sources because such sources have zero resistance (infinite conductance) so the summation of both the numerator and denominator are infinite and the result is indeterminate.

See also
 Analysis of resistive circuits

References

 Bakshi, U.A.; Bakshi, A.V., Network Analysis, Technical Publications, 2009 .
 Ghosh, S.P.; Chakraborty, A.K., Network Analysis and Synthesis, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2010 .
 Singh, S.N., Basic Electrical Engineering, PHI Learning, 2010 .
 Wadhwa, C.L., Network Analysis and Synthesis, New Age International '

Electrical engineering
Circuit theorems
Unimation. Unimation was the world's first robotics company. It was founded in 1962 by Joseph F. Engelberger and George Devol and was located in Danbury, Connecticut. Devol had already applied for a patent an industrial robotic arm in 1954;  was issued in 1961.

Devol collaborated with Engelberger, who served as president of the company, to engineer and produce an industrial robot under the brand name Unimate. They introduced their new robot in 1961 at a trade show in Chicago.
The first Unimate prototypes were controlled by vacuum tubes used as digital switches though later versions used transistors. Further, parts available off-the-shelf in the late 1950s, such as digital encoders, were not adequate for the Unimate, so with Devol's guidance and a team of skilled engineers, Unimation designed and machined practically every part in the first Unimates.  They also invented a variety of new technologies, including a unique rotating drum memory system with data parity controls.

In 1960, Devol personally sold the first Unimate robot, which was shipped in 1961 to General Motors. GM first used the machine for die casting handling and spot welding of car bodies.  The first Unimate robot was installed at GM's Inland Fisher Guide Plant in Ewing Township, New Jersey in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die-casting machine and stack them. Soon companies such as Chrysler, Ford, and Fiat saw the necessity for large Unimate purchases.

The introduction of robotics to the manufacturing process effectively transformed the automotive industry, with Chrysler and the Ford Motor Company soon following General Motors' lead and installing Unimates in their manufacturing facilities. The rapid adoption of the technology also provided Unimation with a working business model: after selling the first Unimate at a $35,000 loss, as demand increased, the company was able to begin building the robotic arms for significantly less and thus began to turn a substantial profit.

Unimation was purchased by Westinghouse (1983). Westinghouse later sold Unimation to the Swiss company Stäubli (1988) after the robotics industry shifted from the hydraulic models built by Unimation to electrically powered robots.

PUMA

The PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly, or Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm) was developed by Victor Scheinman at Unimation in 1978. Initially developed for General Motors, the PUMA was based on the earlier Vicarm design Scheinman invented while at Stanford University.

References

Robotics companies of the United States
Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative. The Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative (SSETI) is a unique project put into execution by students from  different universities spread over European countries. In collaboration with space industry they aim to build microsatellites together.

Most universities do not have capabilities to build their own complete satellite. The SSETI aims to combine different academic capabilities to realise pan-European student missions. Space projects, which are beyond the local existing capabilities, will be made possible through the fragmentation and redistribution of many small, locally achievable tasks. Ambitious projects, such as a lunar lander, may be realised by this distributed development.

SWARM  
SWARM is the youngest project in line. SWARM will be developed consisting by a nanosatellite releasing femtosatellites into low Earth orbit from where scientific and/or technical experiments will be conducted.

ESEO  
The ESEO (European Student Earth Orbiter) project was started as part of the SSETI project family, in collaboration with the European Space Agency who ran the project independently from SSETI. ESEO was launched from Vandenberg AFB on 3 December 2018 as a part of Spaceflight's SmallSat Express and was expected to function for 6 to 18 months.

The Mission Control Center was located in Forlì (Italy).

The ESEO project concluded in December 2020, after operating for two years.

ESMO  

The ESMO (European Student Moon Orbiter) project was started as part of the SSETI project family, in collaboration with the European Space Agency who now run the project independently from SSETI.

SSETI Express

See also
 Mozhayets-5
 ESA
 SSETI Express Satellite
SEDS

References

External links 
 SSETI Website
 A3E Website (SPAIN/Catalan Division)
 Viktoria Schöneich "No, we are not calling E.T., we're going to the Moon! (YouTube Video) SpaceUp Stuttgart 2012

Proposed spacecraft
Space organizations
European Space Agency