omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ERDLator. The ERDLator was a field water treatment device developed during World War II at the U.S. Army's United States Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory (ERDL) at Ft. Belvoir, Virginia.

Technically named the "Water Purification Unit, Van-Type, Body Mounted, Electric Motor Driven", the laboratory's acronym was incorporated into the name of the purification device itself, creating the name by which it was most widely known, ERDLator, pronounced "erda-later".

The device was introduced into the field as a van-type body-mounted mobile unit, and proved vitally important to the operational effectiveness of deployed units under harsh field conditions, providing not only the water needed for survival, but clean potable water for staying healthy. This passage from a description of the United States Marine Corps Engineer Battalion illustrates the ERDLator's significance:
"One of the most important units was the water supply platoon.  This platoon operated...water purification plants called Erdalators  that could remove silt and suspended matter, filter, and purify even contaminated stream water.  Producing from 1-3,000 gallons (about 4,000 to 12,000 liters) per day -- the larger number was achieved using separate large rubberized settling tanks -- one unit could adequately supply an infantry battalion under adverse conditions" 

ERDLator units of several production capacities were used for field water purification during the Vietnam War.

The unit was replaced in 1979 by the Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit (ROWPU) ("row-pew"), also developed by a U.S. Army laboratory. Developing water purification systems for military use has led to technological breakthroughs which have benefited the civilian community; the ERDLator was evaluated for technology transfer to the civilian sector for the decontamination of water polluted with asbestos fibers.

References

Military technology
Water treatment
Mitsubishi Concept-ZT. The Mitsubishi Concept-ZT is a concept car developed by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors, and first exhibited at the 40th Tokyo Motor Show in September 2007.

The car has an aluminium space frame chassis, and features a 4N14 2.2-litre clean diesel producing  and , powering all four wheels through the company's S-AWC drivetrain and SST twin-clutch transmission. Following the lead of other recent Mitsubishi prototypes, "green plastic" recyclable resin is used extensively in the body panels and interior for environmental reasons.

Although there was initially no official confirmation, the automotive press was confident that this prototype presaged the next generation of the Mitsubishi Galant, and the Galant-based Mitsubishi 380 in Australia. However, in August 2008 the company announced that it had abandoned production plans using the same drivetrain and a steel body, claiming they could no longer make a business case for the car.

References

ZT
Wall chaser. A wall chaser is a specialised power tool used for cutting narrow grooves in walls, brickwork, blockwork, or concrete. Wall chasers are often used to lay electrical cable inside the walls, with openings about 30mm wide. The tool is usually powered by an electric motor that drives a pair of abrasive discs like those found in an angle grinder, positioned closely together.

See also 
 Plunge saw

References

Grinding machines
Hand-held power tools
CDXL. CDXL is motion video file format developed by Commodore in the late 1980s and early 1990s for the Amiga computer platform. It is notable for being one of the earliest formats created for motion video playback from CD-ROM.

Background
In an era shortly after the introduction of CD-ROM drives and before low cost MPEG decoding hardware became available the CDXL format was created, primarily for the Commodore CDTV, to permit playback of video from CD-ROM. CDXL is tailored for the Amiga chipset and takes advantage of DMA transfers, thus achieving playback with a low CPU load. As a result, CDXL can only support weak video compression and therefore relatively low video resolutions and moderate frame rates.

CDXL is a simple streaming format, consisting of linear concatenated chunks (packets), each with an uncompressed frame and associated audio data. There is no overall file header, just a header per chunk. The frame rate is constant but not stored in the file, so it is necessary to set the playback speed in the player software manually. The CDXL format initially allowed playback of up to 24 frames per second with up to 4096 colors encoded in HAM-6. Audio support allows for 8-bit mono or stereo sound. With the advent of the Amiga CD32, the CDXL format has been extended to support AGA color modes (up to 262,144 on-screen colors from a 24-bit color palette) and higher display resolutions.

Usage
A number of Amiga CD-ROM games and entertainment software uses CDXL for motion video.

CDXL is supported by AmigaOS through its datatype system, which allows playback of CDXL files on compatible systems.

Performance
Playback performance can be thought of as impressive at the time of release given the CDTV's Motorola 68000 processor, OCS chipset and single-speed CD-ROM drive constraints. A single-speed (150 kB/s) CD-ROM drive permits resolutions equivalent to 160×100 with 4,096 colors at 12 frame/s with 11025 Hz 8-bit mono audio. At these settings audio and visual quality is perceived as considerably worse than VHS.

A CDXL stream at 300 kB/s (equivalent to 256×128 at 12 frame/s) allows approximately 36 minutes of video to fit on CD-ROM. In comparison, a Video CD encoded in MPEG-1 format allows approximately 72 minutes of 352×288 (PAL) 24-bit color video at 25 frame/s .

See also

 ANIM
 Interchange File Format

References 

Graphics file formats
Amiga
Computer file formats
Digital container formats
Film and video technology
Miss England I. Miss England I was the first of a series of speedboats used by Henry Segrave and Kaye Don to contest world water speed records in the 1920s and 1930s.

Design and construction 
Miss England was built for Henry Segrave in 1928, in an attempt to retrieve the Harmsworth Trophy from the American Gar Wood. Gar Wood's series of "Miss America" boats were using multiple high-powered aero-engines to establish an apparently unbeatable record. Segrave had already used multiple aero-engines in his land-speed record setting Sunbeam, but Miss England used a single Napier Lion engine and relied on an advanced planing hull design.

The hull was of an advanced lightweight construction, which some designers, including Gar Wood, regarded as too light and flexible. Wood made many sportsmanlike contributions to his competitor, particularly sharing his experience of propeller and rudder design – he wanted a close race with a worthy opponent.

Racing career 
Miss England raced successfully against Gar Wood's Miss America VII in Miami in 1929. It had been a successful trip for Segrave, having also taken the land speed record in Golden Arrow, and he was knighted on his return.

A record for single-engined boats of  was established. The racing success though was due to Segrave's brave driving and some mechanical problems for Miss America. However Miss England was always outclassed by the far more powerful and faster American boats.

Survival today 
Miss England I survives to this day and is on display in the Science Museum, London

See also
Miss England (speedboat)

References 

Racing motorboats
Vehicles powered by Napier Lion engines
Roll program. A roll program or tilt maneuver is an aerodynamic maneuver that alters the attitude of a vertically launched space launch vehicle. It consists of a partial rotation around the vehicle's vertical axis, allowing the vehicle to then pitch to follow the proper azimuth toward orbit.

A roll program is usually completed after the vehicle clears the tower. In the case of many NASA crewed launches, the commander reports the roll to the mission control center which is then acknowledged by the capsule communicator.

Saturn V
The Saturn V's roll program was initiated shortly after launch and was handled by the first stage.  It was open-loop: the commands were pre-programmed to occur at a specific time after lift-off, and no closed loop control was used. This made the program simpler to design at the expense of not being able to correct for unforeseen conditions such as high winds.  The rocket simply initiated its roll program at the appropriate time after launch, and rolled until an adequate amount of time had passed to ensure that the desired roll angle was achieved.

Roll on the Saturn V was initiated by tilting the engines simultaneously using the roll and pitch servomechanisms, which served to initiate a rolling torque on the vehicle.

Space Shuttle

During the launch of a Space Shuttle, the roll program was simultaneously accompanied by a pitch maneuver and yaw maneuver.

The roll program occurred during a Shuttle launch for the following reasons:
 To place the shuttle in a heads down position
 Increasing the mass that can be carried into orbit (this was actually the initial reason - a 20% payload increase due to more efficient aerodynamics and moment balancing between the boosters and main engines)
 Increasing the orbital altitude
 Simplifying the trajectory of a possible Return to Launch site abort maneuver
 Improving radio line-of-sight propagation
 Orienting the shuttle more parallel toward the ground with the nose to the east

The RAGMOP computer program (Northrop) in 1971–72 discovered a ~20% payload increase by rolling upside down. It went from ~40,000 lb to ~48,000 lb to a 150 NM equatorial orbit without violating any constraints (max Q, 3 G limit, etc.). So the incentive to roll was initially for the payload increase by minimizing drag losses and moment balancing losses by keeping the main engine thrust vectors more parallel to the SRBs.

References

Spaceflight
Rocketry
Aerodynamics
Event tree. An event tree is an inductive analytical diagram in which an event is analyzed using Boolean logic to examine a chronological series of subsequent events or consequences. For example, event tree analysis is a major component of nuclear reactor safety engineering.

An event tree displays sequence progression, sequence end states and sequence-specific dependencies across time.

Analytical tool
Event tree analysis is a logical evaluative process which works by tracing forward in time or forwards through a causal chain to model risk.  It does not require the premise of a known hazard. An event tree is an inductive investigatory process.

In contrast, the Fault tree analysis (FTA) evaluates risk by tracing backwards in time or backwards through a cause chain.  The analysis takes as a premise a given hazard.  FTA is a deductive investigatory process.

Applications
An event tree may start from a specific initiator such as loss of critical supply, or component failure.

Some industries use both fault trees and event trees.  Software has been created for fault tree analysis and event tree analysis and is licensed for use at the world's nuclear power plants for Probabilistic Safety Assessment.

See also
 Event structure
 Root cause analysis
 Ishikawa diagram
 Why-Because analysis
 Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)

Notes

References
 National Research Council (US), Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies. (2002). Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: the Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ;  OCLC 231950695
 Wang, John X. and Marvin L. Roush. (2000). What Every Engineer Should Know About Risk Engineering and Management. London: CRC Press. ;  OCLC 5030452

Quality
Reliability engineering
Risk analysis methodologies
Safety engineering
Vattikuti Urology Institute. The Vattikuti Urology Institute (VUI) at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, is a clinical and research center for urological care.

It is known for being the first institute to implement robotic surgery as a type of treatment for patients with prostate cancer. To date, the institute has performed more than 10,000 robotic procedures.

The Vattikuti Urology Institute has been ranked highly by U.S. News & World Report. The VUI treats nearly 50,000 patients annually.

History 
The Henry Ford Hospital recruited Dr. Mani Menon as department chair in 1997. In 1999, Raj Vattikuti announced a research initiative to help patients with prostate cancer. The University of Michigan, William Beaumont Hospital, and Henry Ford Hospital competed for the funds. Menon's proposal, submitted by Henry Ford Hospital, was to establish an institute to develop techniques for minimally invasive surgery for prostate cancer. This proposal was accepted by the Vattikuti Foundation, and the Vattikuti Urology Institute was initialized in 2001.

The Vattikuti Foundation 
The Vattikuti Foundation was registered with the State of Michigan as a nonprofit on October 30, 1997 and is named after Raj Vattikuti and his wife, Padma Vattikuti. The Vattikuti Foundation is a philanthropic organization located in Michigan, founded by the Vattikuti's. Vattikuti is also the founder and CEO of Covansys Corporation in Farmington Hills, Michigan. The Vattikuti Foundation is notable for making the largest philanthropic contribution to cancer research in Michigan. The Foundation donated $20 million to the Henry Ford Hospital and also $20 million to the William Beaumont Hospital, establishing the Vattikuti Digital Breast Diagnostic Center in 2001. The donation to Henry Ford Hospital was used to support the treatment and study of prostate cancer, research, and treatment advances.

Chairmen 
 1997–2019: Dr. Mani Menon (Chairman Emeritus)
 2019–present: Dr. Craig Rogers

References

Urology organizations
Surgical organizations
Cancer hospitals
Computer-assisted surgery
Robotics organizations
Medical associations based in the United States
Gotha LD.1. The Gotha LD.1 (for Land Doppeldecker - "Land Biplane") and its derivatives were a family of military aircraft produced in Germany just before and during the early part of World War I. Used for training and reconnaissance, they were conventional designs with two-bay unstaggered wings, tailskid landing gear, and two open cockpits in tandem. Made quickly obsolete by the rapid advances in aviation technology, several were supplied as military aid to the Ottoman Empire when withdrawn from German service.

Variants
LD.1
Basic open-cockpit biplane
LD.1a
1915 variant with a  Oberursel U.I rotary engine.
LD.2
Similar to the LD 1a but fitted with a  Mercedes D.I inline piston engine.
LD.6a
Minor changes and engine variations.
LD.7 (B.I)
Minor changes and fitted with a  Mercedes D.II inline piston engine.

Operators

Luftstreitkrafte

Ottoman Air Force

Specifications (LD.1)

See also

References

Further reading

External links
 Das Virtuelle Luftfahrtmuseum

LD.1
1910s German military utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Klemm Kl 36. The Klemm Kl 36 is a 1930s German four-seat cabin touring and competition monoplane. It was designed by Klemm and Friedrich Fechner and built by Klemm.

History

Development
Following the success of the 3-seat touring plane Klemm Kl 32 in the European touring plane championship Challenge 1932, the company was ordered by the German Reichs luftfahrt ministerium (RLM) to develop another aircraft to take part in Challenge 1934. Due to changes in contest rules, it had to be a more modern machine, a 4-seater, featuring better performance and better STOL capabilities. As a result, the Kl 36 was a streamlined, comfortable four-seat plane with wing mechanization. It was the fastest of all Klemm's builds.

Four aircraft were built of the Kl 36A series (two powered by  Argus As 17 inverted 6-cylinder in-line engines, and two by  Hirth HM8U inverted V8 engines - D-IHEK, D-IHAV. Both engines were air-cooled).

Later, 8 0-series aircraft were built, designated Kl 36B. They were powered with different engines, including  Siemens-Halske Sh 14 A-1 radial engines. One was completed with retractable landing gear (D-IUHU). Because there was no weight limit, they were somewhat heavier than the Kl 36A.

Operational history
Four Kl 36As took part in the Challenge 1934 touring plane championship in August–September, but none completed a rally over Europe. Fritz Morzik, who won two challenges, had to withdraw due to a fuel pump breakdown, but flew the rally track off the contest. During the technical part, they obtained good results in a minimal speed trial (57.67  km/h), but  proved generally inferior to the Fieseler Fi 97.

During World War II, Klemm Kl 36s served as a liaison aircraft in the Luftwaffe.

Technical description
The Klemm Kl 36 is a mixed-construction, low-wing, cantilever monoplane. It contains a conventional tail unit, a three-part wing structure, and a steel frame fuselage with a canvas covering. Surfaces on the outer parts of the wings and tail are covered in plywood. The wings are fitted with slats and flaps, which fold rearwards. The plane has a fixed tail skid landing gear. The landing wheels were often fit with teardrop covers. The median load of the plane was 490 kg, and the fuel tank had a capacity of 230L. The plane used a two-blade propeller, powered by a front-mounted engine.

The Kl 36 could fit 3 people, including the pilot.

Specifications

See also

References

Sources
 Marian Krzyżan: "Międzynarodowe turnieje lotnicze 1929–1934", WKiŁ, Warsaw 1988,  (Polish language)

1930s German civil utility aircraft
1930s German military utility aircraft
1930s German sport aircraft
Klemm aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page). This page lists chemical and physical properties of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.

* Acceptable Exposure Limit (AEL) is an airborne inhalation exposure limit established by DuPont that specifies time-weighted average concentrations to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effects.

References

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Internet messaging platform. An Internet messaging platform is any system on the Internet that exchanges messages for the purpose of human communications.

Messaging platforms are considered one of few key Internet infrastructure elements. What used to be only referred to as email and IM has evolved into a complex multi-media email, instant messaging, and related fixed and mobile messaging infrastructure. One can argue that everything transmitted on the Internet and wireless telecommunication links is a message of one sort or another.

History
In the beginning there was Sendmail and many other mail delivery agents soon followed (Postfix etc.) Once email spam and computer virus problems started becoming prevalent in the early 1990s. These critical Internet infrastructure systems had to be patched and the underlying protocols changed -or in some cases ignored- to deal with these issues. Thus was born the messaging platform. Large telecommunication operators and internet service providers needed flexible, easily deployed and scaled messaging systems for quickly growing messaging services and cell phone networks (for examples see SMS and BlackBerry.) The flexibility required related to the deployment or integration with anti-spam, anti-virus, business and end user required customization, prompted by in-house marketing concerns and usually provided by third party solutions. At the same time they had to be able to work with already deployed account authentication systems.

Some medium and large telecommunication operators have large investments in in-house solutions, others have always purchased third-party solutions. Smaller operators and ISPs have generally relied on open-source software, like Sendmail, and in-house system administrators for maintenance.

See also
Mail Delivery Agent
Mail User Agent

References

External links
 Sendmail Consortium, sendmail.org
 Sendmail, Inc., sendmail.com
 Milter.org, Sendmail MILTERs 
 Daniel J. Bernstein, Internet SMTP server survey, October 2001
 Mike Brodbelt, A brief history of mail
 
  — presented at the USENIX Annual Technical Conference
 

Message transfer agents
Free email server software
Standard Aircraft Corporation. The Standard Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer, founded in Plainfield, New Jersey, in 1916

Standard Aircraft anticipated American entry into World War I, despite an expressed policy of isolationism. The same year it was founded, Standard Aircraft became a very early supplier of aircraft to the U.S. Army Signal Corps (perhaps fifth or sixth ever).

The corporation supplied the Sloane H as the Standard H-2 and H-3 to the Army, and the float-equipped H-4H to the Navy, after the Sloane company was reorganised as the Standard Aircraft Co.

A more significant type was the Standard J series trainer, similar to the Curtiss JN-4, which began with the SJ prototype, followed by the production J-1 (or SJ-1), of which some 800 were built. They were badly hampered by the choice of engine, and attempts to cure the problems with subsequent designs were not successful. Only handfuls of JRs and JR-1Bs were built; some were also purchased by the Post Office.

Standard's last type was the E-1. Intended as a fighter, 100 served as advanced trainers, about half with a provision for fitting machineguns, as the M-Defense.

In 1918 the corporation had a large factory and airfield at Bayway, near the Elizabeth and Linden boundary. It was here that they assembled and tested 107 Handley Page O/400 bombers during 1918, mostly for shipment to Britain. They were powered by Liberty L-12 engines. A plan to fly them across the Atlantic was abandoned, and a further contract for 1,000 more O/400s was cancelled with the end of World War I.

Designer Charles Healy Day later teamed with barnstormer/showman Ivan Gates to design and build aircraft specifically for the civilian and military markets. They formed the Gates-Day Aircraft Company (later renamed the New Standard Aircraft Company) in 1927, and built a number of different aircraft—including the Gates-Day D-24 and the New Standard D-25.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, p. 854, "Standard aircraft". Etobicoke, Ontario: Prospero Books, 1997.

External links 

 A 1918 Standard Aircraft Corporation Standard E-1 advanced trainer at Virginia Aviation Museum
 New Standard D-25

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Union County, New Jersey
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1916
Plainfield, New Jersey