omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Scamp. Scamp may refer to:

Computers and engineering
 National Semiconductor SC/MP (pronounced Scamp), an early 8 bit microprocessor
 Single-Channel Antijam Man-Portable Terminal, part of the Advanced Extremely High Frequency system
 Single-Chip A-series Mainframe Processor, a single-chip implementation of the Burroughs large systems computer architecture
 Special Computer APL Machine Portable, a prototype name for a single-user, portable computer concept made by IBM Research in 1973
 Standardised Compatible Audio Modular Package, an audio processor range from Audio & Design (Recording) Ltd

Military
 SS Sea Scamp, a 1943 Type C3 ship S-A2 troop transport in World War II
 SS-14 Scamp, the NATO reporting name for the RT-15 theatre ballistic missile of the Soviet Union
 USS Scamp, several ships
 USS Scamp (SS-277), a Gato class submarine (1942–1945)
 USS Scamp (SSN-588), a Skipjack class submarine (1961–1988)

Transportation
 Aerosport Scamp, a small biplane designed for home building
 Clark Scamp, a simple, bicycle-based moped
 Honda Scamp, a.k.a. Honda N360, car made 1967–1970
 Mini Scamp, a kit car based on the Mini
 Plymouth Scamp (disambiguation), either of two small vehicles from Plymouth
 SCAMP (boat) or Small Craft Advisor Magazine Project, a wooden or fiberglass hulled sailing dinghy
 Scottish Aviation Scamp, prototype electric microcar produced by Scottish Aviation
 Southern Aeronautical Scamp, an American aircraft designed for home construction and Formula V Air Racing
 Supersonic Cruise and Maneuvering Program, the initial name for the General Dynamics F-16XL prototype aircraft

Other uses
 The Scamp, a 1957 British drama film
 Scamp (comics), a Disney cartoon puppy from Lady and the Tramp
 Scamp grouper (Mycteroperca phenax), a grouper fish
 Colt SCAMP or small caliber machine pistol, conceived in 1969 as a replacement to the aging Colt M1911A1 pistol
 Supercritical Air Mobility Pack, breathing set in diving
"Scamps", a television episode

People with the surname
 Gilderoy Scamp (1812-1893), King of the Romani
 William Scamp (1801–1872), English architect and engineer
Disk controller. A disk controller is a controller circuit that enables a CPU to communicate with a hard disk, floppy disk or other kind of disk drive. It also provides an interface between the disk drive and the bus connecting it to the rest of the system.

Early disk controllers were identified by their storage methods and data encoding.  They were typically implemented on a separate controller card. Modified frequency modulation (MFM) controllers were the most common type in small computers, used for both floppy disk and hard disk drives. Run length limited (RLL) controllers used data compression to increase storage capacity by about 50%.   Priam created a proprietary storage algorithm that could double the disk storage.  Shugart Associates Systems Interface (SASI) was a predecessor to SCSI. 

Modern disk controllers are integrated into the disk drive as peripheral controllers. For example, SCSI disks have built-in SCSI controllers. In the past, before most SCSI controller functionality was implemented in a single chip, separate SCSI controllers interfaced disks to the SCSI bus.

These integrated peripheral controllers communicate with a host adapter in the host system over a standardized, high-level storage bus interface. The most common types of interfaces provided nowadays by host controllers are PATA (IDE) and Serial ATA for home use. High-end disks use Parallel SCSI, Fibre Channel or Serial Attached SCSI.

Disk controllers can also control the timing of access to flash memory which is not mechanical in nature (i.e. no spinning disk).

Disk controller versus host adapter
The component that allows a computer to talk to a peripheral bus is a host adapter or host bus adapter (HBA, e.g. Advanced Host Controller Interface or AHDC). A disk controller allows a disk to talk to the same bus. Signals read by a disk read-and-write head are converted by a disk controller, then transmitted over the peripheral bus, then converted again by the host adapter into the suitable format for the motherboard's bus, and then read by the CPU into the memory (RAM).

Sometimes there may be yet another controller between a host adapter and a disk controller - a disk array controller that allows hardware RAID to be formed. Sometimes it may be even physically integrated with an HBA.

References

See also
 Disk array controller
 Floppy-disk controller
 Forensic disk controller

Computer data storage
Integrated circuits

fr:Disque dur#Contrôleur de disque
Gaston Briart. Gaston Briart was a Belgian geologist and mining engineer who worked and studied rock formations at Prince Léopold mine, Kipushi, Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The mineral Briartite, discovered in Kipushi in 1965, is named in his honour.

See also
 Jean de Heinzelin de Braucourt
 Paul Fourmarier
 William van Leckwijck

References
J.J. Lhoest, Famous mineral localities: The Kipushi mine, Zaire in Mineralogical Record volume 26, Number 3: May–June 1995 p. 163

External links
Prince Léopold Mine

Belgian mining engineers
Belgian geologists
HSR. HSR may refer to:

Arts and media 
 Historical Social Research, a quarterly journal
 Honkai: Star Rail, a 2023 gacha video game

Biology and medicine 
 Health services research
 Heat shock response, via HSPA1A gene
 Homogeneously staining region

Computing 
 Hidden surface removal
 Hierarchical state routing
 High-availability Seamless Redundancy

Places 

 Haliburton Scout Reserve, a Scouts Canada camp
 Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil, a university in St. Gallen, Switzerland
 HSR Layout, a suburb of Bangalore, India

Transport 
 Hamilton Street Railway, a transit agency in Ontario, Canada
 High-speed rail
 Higher-speed rail
 High-Speed Research Program, a 1990–1999 NASA supersonic jet program
 Hisar Junction railway station, in Haryana, India
 Historic Sportscar Racing, an American historic motorsport series
 Holyoke Street Railway, a former transit system in western Massachusetts
 Hot Springs Municipal Airport, South Dakota, US
 Mitsubishi HSR, a concept car

Other uses 
 Hart–Scott–Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act, a 1976 US federal law
Larry Burns (General Motors). Lawrence D. Burns is the former corporate vice president of Research and Development for General Motors. Burns oversaw GM's advanced technology, innovation programs, and corporate strategy. He was a member of GM's Automotive Strategy Board and Automotive Product Board. Within GM, he personally championed vehicle electrification, “connected” vehicles, fuel cells, bio-fuels, advanced batteries, autonomous driving, and a series of innovative concept vehicles. He has been a leading advocate for design and technology innovation focused on the total customer experience and the application of operations research before his retirement in 2009. He is the author of Autonomy: The Quest to Build the Driverless Car—And How It Will Reshape Our World and a co-author of Reinventing the Automobile: Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century.

Burns was invited to speak at the 2005 TED Conference.

In 2011, Burns was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for leadership and technical contributions to automotive technologies.

Burns advises organizations on the future of mobility, logistics, manufacturing, energy and innovation. His clients include Waymo (previously Google Self-Driving Cars), Peloton Technology and Kitson & Partners.

References

External links
 General Motors
 
 TED Talks: Larry Burns on the future of cars (TED2005)

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American businesspeople
University of Michigan faculty
University of Michigan alumni
Orders of magnitude (power). This page lists examples of the power in watts produced by various sources of energy. They are grouped by orders of magnitude from small to large.

Below 1 W

1 to 102 W

103 to 108 W

The productive capacity of electrical generators operated by utility companies is often measured in MW.  Few things can sustain the transfer or consumption of energy on this scale; some of these events or entities include: lightning strikes, naval craft (such as aircraft carriers and submarines), engineering hardware, and some scientific research equipment (such as supercolliders and large lasers).

For reference, about 10,000 100-watt lightbulbs or 5,000 computer systems would be needed to draw 1 MW.  Also, 1 MW is approximately 1360 horsepower. Modern high-power diesel-electric locomotives typically have a peak power of 3–5 MW, while a typical modern nuclear power plant produces on the order of 500–2000 MW peak output.

109 to 1014 W

1015 to 1026 W

Over 1027 W

See also
Orders of magnitude (energy)
Orders of magnitude (voltage)
World energy resources and consumption
International System of Units (SI)
SI prefix

Notes

References

Power
Power (physics)
Vertical. Vertical is a geometric term of location which may refer to:

 Vertical direction, the direction aligned with the direction of the force of gravity, up or down
 Vertical (angles), a pair of angles opposite each other, formed by two intersecting straight lines that form an "X"
 Vertical (music), a musical interval where the two notes sound simultaneously
 "Vertical", a type of wine tasting in which different vintages of the same wine type from the same winery are tasted
 Vertical Aerospace, stylised as "Vertical", British aerospace manufacturer
 Vertical kilometer, a discipline of skyrunning
 Vertical market, a market in which vendors offer goods and services specific to an industry
 Vertical integration, a management term describing a style of ownership and control

Media 
 Vertical (film), a 1967 Soviet movie starring Vladimir Vysotsky
 "Vertical" (Sledge Hammer!), 1987 television episode
 Vertical (novel), 2010 novel by Rex Pickett
 Vertical (film company), an American independent film distributor and production company
 Vertical (publisher), a novel and manga imprint of Kodansha USA
 Vertikal, a 2013 album by the Swedish band Cult of Luna

See also 
 Vertical blinds, a type of window blind
 Vertical jump, a measure of how high an individual or athlete can elevate off the ground from a standstill
 Vertical loop, a section of roller coaster track which causes the riders to complete a 360 degree turn
 Horizontal (disambiguation)
 Horizontal and vertical (disambiguation)
 ↕, see Arrow (symbol)#Arrows in Unicode
Acrylic. Acrylic may refer to:

Chemicals and materials

 Acrylic acid, the simplest acrylic compound
 Acrylate polymer, a group of polymers (plastics) noted for transparency and elasticity
 Acrylic resin, a group of related thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic substances
 Acrylic fiber, a synthetic fiber of polyacrylonitrile
 Acrylic paint, fast-drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion
 Poly(methyl methacrylate), also known as acrylic glass or Plexiglass, a transparent thermoplastic

Other uses
 Acrylic (album), by American rapper Leikeli47
 "Acrylic" (song), by English band The Courteeners

See also
Opcode. In computing, an opcode (abbreviated from operation code) is an enumerated value that specifies the operation to be performed. Opcodes are employed in hardware devices such as arithmetic logic units (ALUs), central processing units (CPUs), and software instruction sets. In ALUs, the opcode is directly applied to circuitry via an input signal bus. In contrast, in CPUs, the opcode is the portion of a machine language instruction that specifies the operation to be performed.

CPUs
Opcodes are found in the machine language instructions of CPUs as well as in some abstract computing machines. In CPUs, an opcode may be referred to as an instruction machine code, instruction code, instruction syllable, instruction parcel, or opstring. For any particular processor (which may be a general CPU or a more specialized processing unit), the opcodes are defined by the processor's instruction set architecture (ISA). They can be described using an opcode table. The types of operations may include arithmetic, data copying, logical operations, program control, and special instructions (e.g., CPUID).

In addition to the opcode, many instructions specify the data (known as operands) the operation will act upon, although some instructions may have implicit operands or none. Some instruction sets have nearly uniform fields for opcode and operand specifiers, whereas others (e.g., x86 architecture) have a less uniform, variable-length structure. Instruction sets can be extended through opcode prefixes, which add a subset of new instructions made up of existing opcodes following reserved byte sequences.

Software instruction sets
Opcodes can be found in so-called byte codes and other representations intended for a software interpreter rather than a hardware device. These software-based instruction sets often employ slightly higher-level data types and operations than most hardware counterparts but are nevertheless constructed along similar lines. Examples include the byte code found in Java class files, which are then interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), the byte code used in GNU Emacs for compiled Lisp code, NET Common Intermediate Language (CIL), and many others.

See also

 Gadget (machine instruction sequence)
 Illegal opcode
 Syllable (computing)
 Fused operation

References

Machine code
Security protocol notation. In cryptography, security (engineering) protocol notation, also known as protocol narrations and Alice & Bob notation, is a way of expressing a protocol of correspondence between entities of a dynamic system, such as a computer network. In the context of a formal model, it allows reasoning about the properties of such a system.

The standard notation consists of a set of principals (traditionally named Alice, Bob, Charlie, and so on) who wish to communicate. They may have access to a server S, shared keys K, timestamps T, and can generate nonces N for authentication purposes.

A simple example might be the following:

This states that Alice intends a message for Bob consisting of a plaintext X encrypted under shared key KA,B.

Another example might be the following:

This states that Bob intends a message for Alice consisting of a nonce NB encrypted using public key of Alice.

A key with two subscripts, KA,B, is a symmetric key shared by the two corresponding individuals. A key with one subscript, KA, is the public key of the corresponding individual. A private key is represented as the inverse of the public key.

The notation specifies only the operation and not its semantics — for instance, private key encryption and signature are represented identically.

We can express more complicated protocols in such a fashion. See Kerberos as an example. Some sources refer to this notation as Kerberos Notation. Some authors consider the notation used by Steiner, Neuman, & Schiller as a notable reference.

Several models exist to reason about security protocols in this way, one of which is BAN logic.

Security protocol notation inspired many of the programming languages used in choreographic programming.

References 

Cryptography
DARPA LifeLog. LifeLog was a project of the Information Processing Techniques Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). According to its bid solicitation pamphlet in 2003, it was to be "an ontology-based (sub)system that captures, stores, and makes accessible the flow of one person's experience in and interactions with the world in order to support a broad spectrum of associates/assistants and other system capabilities". The objective of the LifeLog concept was "to be able to trace the 'threads' of an individual's life in terms of events, states, and relationships", and it has the ability to "take in all of a subject's experience, from phone numbers dialed and e-mail messages viewed to every breath taken, step made and place gone".

Goals and capabilities 

LifeLog aimed to compile a massive electronic database of every activity and relationship a person engages in. This was to include credit card purchases, web sites visited, the content of telephone calls and e-mails sent and received, scans of faxes and postal mail sent and received, instant messages sent and received, books and magazines read, television and radio selections, physical location recorded via wearable GPS sensors, biomedical data captured through wearable sensors. The high level goal of this data logging was to identify "preferences, plans, goals, and other markers of intentionality".

Another of DARPA's goals for LifeLog had a predictive function. It sought to “find meaningful patterns in the timeline, to infer the user’s routines, habits, and relationships with other people, organizations, places, and objects, and to exploit these patterns to ease its task".

Generically, the term lifelog or flog is used to describe a storage system that can automatically and persistently record and archive some informational dimension of an object's (object lifelog) or user's (user lifelog) life experience in a particular data category.

News reports in the media described LifeLog as the "diary to end all diaries—a multimedia, digital record of everywhere you go and everything you see, hear, read, say and touch".

According to U.S. government officials, LifeLog is not connected with DARPA's Total Information Awareness.

The LifeLog program was canceled on February 4th 2004 after criticism concerning the privacy implications of the system.

See also
 Information Processing Techniques Office
 Information Awareness Office
 Lifelogging
 Surveillance
 Facebook, a social media website perceived by some to be similar to the project.

References

DARPA
2004 disestablishments in the United States
Year of establishment missing
Abandoned military projects of the United States
Military intelligence
Privacy in the United States
Privacy controversies
Krishna Saraswat. Krishna Saraswat is a professor in Stanford Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States. He is an ISI Highly Cited Researcher in engineering, placing him in the top 250 worldwide in engineering research, and a recipient of IEEE's Andrew S. Grove Award for "seminal contributions to silicon process technology".

Education and positions

Saraswat received his B.E. degree in electronics in 1968 from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS) and his M.S. (1968) and Ph.D. (1974) in electrical engineering from Stanford University. Saraswat stayed at Stanford as a researcher and was appointed professor of electrical engineering in 1983. He also has an honorary appointment of an adjunct professor at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India, since January 2004 and a visiting professor during the summer of 2007 at IIT Bombay, India. He is Stanford's Rickey/Nielsen Professor in the School of Engineering, and courtesy professor of materials science and engineering.

Career
Saraswat has worked on modeling of CVD of silicon, conduction in polysilicon, diffusion in silicides, contact resistance, interconnect delay, and oxidation effects in silicon. He pioneered the technologies for aluminum/titanium layered interconnects, which became an industry standard, as well as CVD of MOS gates with alternative materials such as tungsten, WSi2, and SiGe.

Saraswat worked on microwave transistors in graduate school, and his thesis was on high voltage MOS devices and circuits. During the late 1980s he focused on single wafer manufacturing and developed equipment and simulators for it. Jointly with Texas Instruments a microfactory for single wafer manufacturing was demonstrated in 1993. Since the mid 1990s, Saraswat has worked on technology for scaling MOS technology to sub-10 nm regime and pioneered several new concepts of 3-D ICs with multiple layers of heterogeneous devices. His present research focuses on new materials, particularly SiGe, germanium, and III-V compounds, to replace silicon as nanoelectronics scales further.

As of July 2019, Krishna Saraswat has been granted approximately 15 patents.

Awards and honors
  2013; 1989 - Elected Fellow of the IEEE ('89) and Life Fellow ('13)
 2012 - Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) University Researcher of the Year Award
 2012 - Alum of the Year Award Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani

References

External links
 Stanford profile, Krishna Saraswat
 Google Scholar, Krishna Saraswat

Stanford University alumni
American Hindus
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty
Living people
1947 births
American academics of Indian descent
Fellows of the IEEE
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni
Detasheet. Detasheet is a flexible rubberized explosive, somewhat similar to plastic explosives, originally manufactured by DuPont.  Its ingredients are PETN with nitrocellulose and a binder.

Properties 
It was manufactured in thin flexible sheets with a rubbery texture, technically known as a rubberized explosive and is generally colored either reddish/orange (commercial) or green (military). In use, it is typically cut to shape for precision engineering charges.

Compared to other explosives detasheet is very stable. It is detonated with a blasting cap or primercord but not by small-arms fire, heat, water, pressure, or concussion. Detasheet is relatively expensive compared to other explosives.

Ingredients 
Detasheet C, the last and most common version produced, was made up of 63% PETN, 8% nitrocellulose, and 29% acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), an organic plasticizer.

Production status 
DuPont ceased manufacturing explosives in the 1990s and when they did the Ensign-Bickford Aerospace and Defense Company bought their product line, including all their equipment and trademarks.   The Detasheet trademark is now owned by the Ensign-Bickford Aerospace and Defense Company, which has been selling an identical explosive sheet product called Primasheet since 1984.  Primasheet-1000 and Detasheet are identical and when purchased the packaging contains both trademarks.

Deta Flex 
A military variant of Detasheet, called Deta Flex, was manufactured in a single thickness (0.25 inch (6.25 mm)) and olive green colored.  Deta Flex contains a higher percentage of PETN (70%).

LX-02-1 
A version of Deta Flex is manufactured for Department of Energy research purposes, colored blue and manufactured in various thicknesses.  LX-02-1 contains 73.5% PETN, 17.6% butyl rubber, 6.9% ATBC, and 2.0% Cab-o-sil.

See also 
 Rubberized explosives

References 

Explosives
Rubberized explosives