omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cis-Lunar. Cis-Lunar was a company specializing in the production of automatic, computer-controlled, and closed-circuit rebreathers for astronauts and underwater divers. The company was formed in 1984 and was acquired by Stone Aerospace in 2004.

History
Cis-Lunar originally aimed to develop space suit kits, but the early 2000s recession reportedly hindered its ability to finance the mass production of the MK5 rebreather, which featured designs intended to reduce system and mission failures.

In 2005, the Swedish diving equipment manufacturer Poseidon acquired Cis-Lunar's technology. Bill Stone, founder of Stone Aerospace, was appointed to lead a Poseidon team designing a new closed-circuit rebreather.

Etymology
The word cis-lunar comes from Latin and means "on this side of the Moon" or "not beyond the Moon".

See also

References

Rebreather makers
Companies with year of establishment missing
Microsoft Security Development Lifecycle. The Microsoft Security Development Lifecycle (SDL) is the approach Microsoft uses to integrate security into DevOps processes (sometimes called a DevSecOps approach). You can use this SDL guidance and documentation to adapt this approach and practices to your organization.  

The practices described in the SDL approach can be applied to all types of software development and all platforms from classic waterfall through to modern DevOps approaches and can be generally applied across:  

 Software – whether you are developing software code for firmware, AI applications, operating systems, drivers, IoT Devices, mobile device apps, web services, plug-ins or applets, hardware microcode, low-code/no-code apps, or other software formats. Note that most practices in the SDL are applicable to secure computer hardware development as well.   
 Platforms – whether the software is running on a ‘serverless’ platform approach, on an on-premises server, a mobile device, a cloud hosted VM, a user endpoint, as part of a Software as a Service (SaaS) application, a cloud edge device, an IoT device, or anywhere else.   

The SDL recommends 10 security practices to incorporate into your development workflows. Applying the 10 security practices of SDL is an ongoing process of improvement so a key recommendation is to begin from some point and keep enhancing as you proceed. This continuous process involves changes to culture, strategy, processes, and technical controls as you embed security skills and practices into DevOps workflows. 

The 10 SDL practices are:

 Establish security standards, metrics, and governance
 Require use of proven security features, languages, and frameworks
 Perform security design review and threat modeling
 Define and use cryptography standards
 Secure the software supply chain
 Secure the engineering environment
 Perform security testing
 Ensure operational platform security
 Implement security monitoring and response
 Provide security training

Versions

See also 
 Trusted computing base

Further reading 

 Establish culture, strategy and processes - Innovation security (CAF Secure)
 Define Security Practices and Controls - DevSecOps controls
 Assess your current workloads with the well architected security assessment - Well Architected Review

External links 
 

Software development process
Microsoft initiatives
Data security
Security
Crime prevention
National security
Cryptography
Information governance
Si6. Si6 is the codename of the Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Seguridad Informática (Information Security Research and Development Laboratory) of the Argentine CITEFA (Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de las Fuerzas Armadas, Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Institute).

SI6 belongs to the Information Security Division of CITEFA's Information Technology Department.

History
The Si6 was created in January 2004 to analyze and provide the Argentine Ministry of Defense with scientific and technical assistance on subjects related to computer security.
Si6 creation was somehow hard to accomplish, mainly because it's very difficult to admit new workers into Argentina's Government. Finally it was possible thanks to the support and effort a lot people made.

Goal
Its mission is to create and direct information security R&D activities for both general purpose and national defense areas.

Philosophy
Si6 believes that the sum of community efforts through applied research of innovative technologies is one of the most efficient ways to achieve technology knowledge. At the same time, Si6 think that improved education, specially on those areas, is a basic pillar of the society welfare.

All Si6 public projects are published under the GPL license. As part of this common knowledge exchange policy, CITEFA makes different agreements with public and private institutions in order to establish a national research and development network.

Work
SI6 is currently working on intruder detection, intruder classification, intruder identification, honeypots, pattern analysis, biometric authentication, virtual private networks, firewalls, digital signature, penetration tests, etc.

Location
Si6 is located at CITEFA headquarters, Buenos Aires.

External links
 Si6 official website

2004 establishments in Argentina
Military of Argentina
Research institutes in Argentina
Computer science institutes
Military research installations
Organizations established in 2004
System usability scale. In systems engineering, the system usability scale (SUS) is a simple, ten-item attitude Likert scale giving a global view of subjective assessments of usability. It was developed by John Brooke at Digital Equipment Corporation in the UK in 1986 as a tool to be used in usability engineering of electronic office systems.

The usability of a system, as defined by the ISO standard ISO 9241 Part 11, can be measured only by taking into account the context of use of the system—i.e., who is using the system, what they are using it for, and the environment in which they are using it. Furthermore, measurements of usability have several different aspects:

 effectiveness (can users successfully achieve their objectives)
 efficiency (how much effort and resource is expended in achieving those objectives)
 satisfaction (was the experience satisfactory)

Measures of effectiveness and efficiency are also context specific. Effectiveness in using a system for controlling a continuous industrial process would generally be measured in very different terms to, say, effectiveness in using a text editor. Thus, it can be difficult, if not impossible, to answer the question "is system A more usable than system B", because the measures of effectiveness and efficiency may be very different. However, it can be argued that given a sufficiently high-level definition of subjective assessments of usability, comparisons can be made between systems.

The formula for computing the final SUS score requires converting the raw scores, by subtracting 1 from each raw score, then utilizing the following equation:

SUS has generally been seen as providing this type of high-level subjective view of usability and is thus often used in carrying out comparisons of usability between systems. Because it yields a single score on a scale of 0–100, it can be used to compare even systems that are outwardly dissimilar. This one-dimensional aspect of the SUS is both a benefit and a drawback, because the questionnaire is necessarily quite general.

Recently, Lewis and Sauro suggested a two-factor orthogonal structure, which practitioners may use to score the SUS on independent Usability and Learnability dimensions. At the same time, Borsci, Federici and Lauriola by an independent analysis confirm the two factors structure of SUS, also showing that those factors (Usability and Learnability) are correlated.

The SUS has been widely used in the evaluation of a range of systems. Bangor, Kortum and Miller have used the scale extensively over a ten-year period and have produced normative data that allow SUS ratings to be positioned relative to other systems. They propose an extension to SUS to provide an adjective rating that correlates with a given score.  Based on a review of hundreds of usability studies, Sauro and Lewis proposed a curved grading scale for mean SUS scores.

References

Further reading

External links 
 System Usability Scale (SUS) Analysis Toolkit
 System Usability Scale (SUS) Score Calculator

Computer-related introductions in 1986
User interfaces
Systems engineering
Human–computer interaction
Qualitative research
Survey methodology
Usability
Egyptian Air Defense College. The Egyptian Air Defenses College (Arabic: كلية الدفاع الجوي), One of the colleges of the Egyptian Military Academy, is the country's scientific military college aimed to supply the Egyptian Armed Forces with its need of the professional engineers. It was established in 1974. Graduates of the Air Defenses College get commissioned as officers in the Egyptian Air Defense Command.

Its director is Maj. Gen. Yehia Abd-elgawwad Alshazely.

Academic Objectives
Preparing a qualified scientifically militant officer, capable of commanding a sub unit effectively with high physical fitness as well as his capability of dealing with the high technology Air Defence weapons to keep up with the modern airwar methods. 

Upon Graduation;
 Bachelor's degree of Air Defense sciences after the completion of the fourth educational year.
 Bachelor's degree of Engineering in communications and Electronics section after the completion of the fifth educational year.

Organization

The college is divided into four main sections:
 The first section
The college administration which is responsible for training, planning and following up under the supervision of the college commandant.

The Second Section
It includes the following educational branches

 Engineering Science branch
Is equipped with modern laboratories that serve the Engineering study and allow the cadets to do the engineering experiments with the rate of 4 cadets for each experiment.
 Air Defence specialize branches
Cadets receive an academic and practical training on the Air Defence Equipment in these branches.
 General Training branch
It is responsible for adapting cadets to military life and teaching them military sciences.

 The third section
It is responsible for the college logistics and providing it with its administrative needs.

The fourth section
It contains the cadet brigade formation that is responsible for cadets discipline and providing their needs.

References
http://www.mmc.gov.eg/Academies/airdef%20academy/director.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20120206004526/http://www.mmc.gov.eg/Academies/academie.htm

Military academies of Egypt
Military units and formations established in 1974
Prefactoring. Prefactoring is the application of experience to the creation of new software systems.  Its relationship to its namesake refactoring is that lessons learned from refactoring are part of that experience.

Experience is captured in guidelines that can be applied to a development process.  The guidelines have come from a number of sources, including Jerry Weinberg, Norm Kerth, and Scott Ambler.  

These guidelines include:
 "When you're abstract, be abstract all the way"
 "Splitters can be lumped more easily than lumpers can be split"
 "Use the client’s language"

References

Further reading 
 (this book won the Jolt award in 2006)

External links
 What Is Prefactoring? 

Code refactoring
Sasken Technologies. Sasken Technologies Limited (formerly Sasken Communication Technologies Limited) is an Indian multinational technology company, based in Bangalore, India, which provides product engineering and digital transformation services to global customers in industries such as semiconductors, automotive, consumer electronics, enterprise grade devices, Smart devices and wearables, industrials, and telecommunication.

Origin 
Sasken began as the brainchild of Rajiv C Mody, its Chairman & MD, and three other co-founders: Krishna Jhaveri, Suresh Dholakia, and Badruddin Agarwala. Sasken came into being as Silicon Automation Systems (SAS) in 1989 in a small warehouse in Fremont, California. Later, the company changed its name to Sasken Communication Technologies Limited. The name 'Sasken' is an portmanteau of its original name (SAS) and 'ken', the Scottish word for knowledge.

In February 2017, Sasken announced that it had changed its name to Sasken Technologies Limited to serve customers in businesses ranging from automotive, enterprise grade devices, smart devices and wearables, industrials, and satellite communication. In January 2018, Sasken unveiled a new logo to reflect its 30-year-old heritage.

Sasken employs 2000+ people, operating from development centers in Bengaluru, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad (India), Kaustinen and Tampere (Finland), Detroit (USA), and Beijing and Shanghai (China). Sasken also has a presence across Germany, Japan, UK, and USA.

In July 2022, Sasken announced that Abhijit Kabra was appointed as the CEO.

Subsidiaries 

Sasken Network Engineering Limited (SNEL), a wholly owned subsidiary of Sasken, was created when the company acquired the operations of Blue Broadband Technologies.
Sasken acquired iSoftTech Private Limited, Chennai in June 2006.
In September 2006, Sasken also acquired a Finnish company named Botnia Hightech Oy. It is now known as Sasken Finland Oy.
On 24 January 07 Sasken has entered into a joint venture with Tata Autocomp. The JV will be known as TACO Sasken Automotive Electronics Pvt Ltd (TSAE).

References 

Software companies of India
Companies based in Bengaluru
Indian companies established in 1989
Software companies established in 1989
1989 establishments in Karnataka
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Airborne Laser. An airborne laser (ABL) is a laser system operated from a flying platform, as in the:

 Soviet/Russian Beriev A-60 (1981, active)
 American Boeing YAL-1 (2002-2012, scrapped)
 An American modified NKC-135A unit (1975-1984, in storage.)

Development 
Development of airborne lasers in the United States began with the Airborne Laser Laboratory (ALL) developed at the USAF Weapons Lab (AFWL), now known as Phillips Laboratory, in the late 1970's and early 1980's. The ALL was based on a carbon dioxide gas dynamic laser (GDL), operating at the infrared wavelength of 10.6 microns, and mounted on a modified Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker (NC-135). It was successfully tested, and in 1983 destroyed five AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and a simulated cruise missile (BQM-34).

Of note is that the ALL demonstrated one of the early uses of deformable mirror technology. To compensate for various atmospheric aberrations arising from turbulence and absorption of energy from the beam itself, it was necessary to modify the wavefront of the beam after it emerged from the laser resonator in order to ensure it would arrive at the target as a tightly focused spot.

Subsequent to the Gulf War, in 1996 the Airborne Laser (ABL) program was begun using a Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL), also developed at AFWL in the 1970's and 1980's.  The ABL was mounted on a modified Boeing 747.  See Boeing YAL-1 for further discussion.

Functionality  
The original ALL, being a relatively long wavelength, sub-megawatt laser, killed its targets via two mechanisms.  One was by direct illumination and heating of the guidance sensor of an air-to-air missile, which defeated its tracking system.  The other was by heating a cruise missile or similar vehicle to the extent that the fuel tank exploded and destroyed the vehicle.  Tracking used a conical scanning technique, which employed the beam of the boresighted high-energy laser to acquire and track the target vehicle via its illuminated infrared return.

The newer ABL had enough energy when fired to vaporize the metal of the missile that it was currently targeting.  "It deposits enough heat to laze a hole through it. It's like taking a magnifying glass and burning a hole through a piece of paper, but we do it through metal,"  said Dr. Keith Truesdell, Phillips Lab chief of the applied laser technology branch. To help with firing, newer ABL systems utilize tracking lasers which have been tested recently in 2007 when the US Missile Defense Agency tested the track illuminator laser (TILL). The TILL is a solid state laser and is a key part of the fire control of the ABL system.

Issues
Operational costs of an airborne laser are quite high. The projected cost of the ABL program was listed as 5.1 billion USD in 2009 according to the US Department of Defense.

References

Military lasers
Legacy mode. In computing, legacy mode is a state in which a computer system, component, or software application behaves in a way that is different from its standard operation in order to support older software, data, or expected behavior. It differs from backward compatibility in that an item in legacy mode will often sacrifice newer features or performance, or be unable to access data or run programs it normally could, in order to provide continued access to older data or functionality. Sometimes it can allow newer technologies that replaced the old to emulate them when running older operating systems.

Examples
 x86-64 processors can be run in one of two states: long mode provides larger physical address spaces and the ability to run 64-bit applications which can use larger virtual address spaces and more registers, and legacy mode. These processors' legacy mode allows these processors to act as if they were 16- or 32-bit x86 processors with all of the abilities and limitations of them in order to run legacy 16-bit and 32-bit operating systems, and to run programs requiring virtual 8086 mode to run in Windows.
 32-bit x86 processors themselves have two legacy modes: real mode and virtual 8086 mode. Real mode causes the processor to mostly act as if it was an original 8086, while virtual 8086 mode allows the creation of a virtual machine to allow the running of programs that require real mode in order to run under a protected mode environment. Protected mode is the non-legacy mode of 32-bit x86 processors and the 80286.
 Most PC graphic cards have a VGA and a SVGA mode that allows them to be used on systems that have not loaded the device driver necessary to take advantage of their more advanced features.
 Operating systems often have a special mode allowing them to emulate an older release in order to support software applications dependent on the specific interfaces and behavior of that release. Windows XP can be configured to emulate Windows 2000 and Windows 98. Windows 11 can run programs in "compatibility mode" for Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista (Service Pack 2), Windows Vista (Service Pack 1), Windows Vista, Mac OS X can support the execution of Mac OS 9 applications on PowerPC-based Macintoshes.
 Computer buses emulated through legacy mode:
 Emulated bus (Host bus)
 ISA (LPC)
 PCI (PCI Express)
 PS/2 or RS-232 mouse (USB mouse)
 PS/2 or AT keyboard (USB keyboard)
 Many SATA disk controllers offer a legacy mode of operation for compatibility i.e. parallel ATA emulation
 Some niche markets have enabled Compact Flash and SD cards to emulate IDE hard drives for old DOS and Windows 95 computers.
 The Wii U can be run in a special "Wii Mode" that activates an emulated version of the Wii Menu as a means of playing games made for the latter system (it is not compatible with GameCube games without system modification, however).

See also
 Backward compatibility
 Compatibility mode
 Dongle
 Legacy system

Backward compatibility
Legacy hardware
Legacy systems
Nail file. A nail file is a tool that can be used to gently grind down and shape the edges of nails. They are often used in manicures and pedicures after the nail has been trimmed using appropriate nail clippers.  Nail files may either be emery boards, ceramic, glass, crystal, plain metal files or metal files coated with corundum.

A nail drill is a powered rotary tool, which is used by a nail technician to file nails in a faster, more precise way.

Materials

Emery board

Emery boards are small, flat, long objects that have emery or emery paper glued to them, making them both abrasive and flexible, used for fingernail and toenail care.  They are used by manicurists to shape and smooth the nail during manicure and pedicure sessions.  Emery boards are inexpensive and disposable, making them a sanitary alternative to metal nail files. The emery board was first patented by J. Parker Pray of New York in 1883.

Emery boards are generally less abrasive than metal nail files, and hence, emery boards may take longer to file down nails than metal nail files.   Emery boards are usually less expensive than metal nail files and so can be economically disposed of after use on a single person.
The nail can be smoothed and shaped accurately by taking light, even strokes in one direction across the top of the nail. Twenty to thirty easy strokes can typically shorten excessively long fingernails, while five to ten strokes are sufficient for shaping the nails.

Guitar players have also been known to use emery boards to smooth out calluses which may snag the strings of their guitars.

Emery pitches

Baseball pitchers and cricket bowlers have been known to use emery boards to scuff the outside of the ball. The roughness can offer more grip and hand control. Surface scratches also alter the ball's aerodynamics making it more susceptible to spin and movement when in flight.  However, the deliberate manipulation of the ball using an emery board is classified as cheating in baseball and cricket.

In a 1987 Major League Baseball incident, Joe Niekro of the Minnesota Twins was caught with an emery board in his pocket and suspended for ten games. He claimed it was for filing his nails.

Glass
Glass nail files are more recently available. Since glass nail files have a smoother and more even surface, they do not splinter the nail like emery boards or metal nail files. This makes them a preferred instrument by manicurists, although they are sometimes difficult to find in stores. Glass nail files come in very different qualities, some of them solid glass, others merely glass covered with an abrasive surface.

History
Although the modern nail file only appeared at the end of the 19th century, evidence of nail file-like tools exist further back in history. Marie Antoinette was known for her fondness with the lime à ongles, which was a nail file-like tool made of pumice stone. When her perfectly shaped nails were seen, it became the latest female trend in the French Court of Versailles. The pumice stone was carved into a pencil-like shape, which was used to trim and shape the edges of the nail.

See also 

 Nail buffing

References

Nail care
Toiletry
Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems. The NSF Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (ERC WIMS) was formed in 2000 in Michigan — through the collaboration of the University of Michigan (UM), Michigan State University (MSU), and Michigan Technological University.

The center is funded by the National Science Foundation. Additional contributions came from the state of Michigan, the three partnering core universities, other federal agencies, and a consortium of about twenty companies.

Purpose
The center researches innovations for  wireless integrated microsystemss. The ERC WIMS works on merging micropower circuits, wireless interfaces, biomedical, and environmental sensors and subsystems, and advanced packaging to create microsystems that will have a pervasive impact on society during the next two decades.

The partnership combined UM's programs in sensors and microsystems with MSU's leadership in materials, especially in diamond and in carbon nanotubes, and Michigan Tech's expertise in packaging, micromilling, and hot embossing.

See also

External links
NSF Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems at the University of Michigan

Engineering research institutes
Science and technology in Michigan
Michigan State University
Michigan Technological University
University of Michigan
Economy of Metro Detroit
Wireless network organizations
Research institutes established in 2000
2000 establishments in Michigan