omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Neumark–Greiz railway. The Neumark–Greiz railway was a branch line in the German states of Saxony and Thuringia, which was built by the Greiz-Brunn Railway Company. It ran from Neumark in the Vogtland district of Saxony to Greiz in Thuringia, but was closed in 1999.

History
As early as 1839, manufacturers in Greiz had sought a connection to the then projected Saxon-Bavarian Railway (Leipzig–Hof railway). Ultimately, this line was built entirely on Saxon territory, although an alignment through the Elster valley would have made the major bridges (the Göltzsch and Elster Viaducts) in Vogtland unnecessary. Saxony also had no interest in a subsequent railway in the Elster valley, because it did not want any competition with its own lines.

In 1855, an Eisenbahn-Bauverein (railway building association) was established in Greiz to build a rail connection to the Saxon-Bavarian Railway. A treaty between the Principality of Reuss Elder Line  and the Kingdom of Saxony was signed on 3 November 1863 as the basis for its construction. On 30 June 1864, the Greiz-Brunn Railway Company () was formed.

Construction
On 17 September 1864, construction began on the line. The starting point of the new line was Neumark station and initially the line ran along the tracks of the Saxon-Bavarian Railway. The line branched off from the main line to the newly built Brunn station in order to continue through the Aubach valley to Greiz-Aubachtal station, which was the end of the line. The line was built fairly quickly, so that the line was completed in October 1865. On 21 October 1865 the line was opened with a procession; regular train services were recorded on 23 October 1865.

On 1 January 1876, the Greiz-Brunn Railway Company was nationalised and the Neumark–Greiz line became part of the Royal Saxon State Railways. Immediately thereafter, construction began on a short connecting line to the Elster Valley Railway. A 200 metre long tunnel was excavated immediately west of Greiz-Aubachtal station in order to connect with the Elster Valley Railway running from the south into Greiz station. On 15 October 1879, the two kilometre long rail link was put into operation.

The last development of the line was the building of a separate track between Neumark and Brunn, which was opened on 19 May 1886.

In 1924, the line was officially reclassified from a main line to a branch line.

Decline
After the political changes in 1989/1990 the number of passengers on the line continued to fall. Passenger services were finally close at the timetable change on 31 May 1997, freight operations were discontinued at the end of 1995. The line was formally closed on 28 February 1999. A little later, the connection between the tracks of the Saxon-Franconian trunk line and the Neumark-Greiz line were removed.

References

Sources

External links 

 

Railway lines in Saxony
Railway lines in Thuringia
Railway lines opened in 1865
Buildings and structures in Vogtlandkreis
Greiz (district)
S55. S55 may refer to:

Aircraft
 Savoia-Marchetti S.55, an Italian flying boat
 Sikorsky S-55, an American helicopter
 Sukhoi S-55, a proposed Russian fighter aircraft

Automobiles 
 BMW S55, an automobile engine 
 Mercedes-Benz S 55 AMG, a luxury car
 Mercury S-55, an American full-size car
 Shorland S55, a British armoured personnel carrier

Rail and transit 
 S55 (New York City bus) serving Staten Island
 S55 (St. Gallen S-Bahn), a former S-Bahn line in Thurgau, Switzerland
 S55 (ZVV), a former line of the Zürich S-Bahn
 FGC line S55, a suburban train line in Catalonia, Spain

Other uses
 S55 (star) in the constellation Sagittarius
 Ariel 1, a British satellite
 County Route S55 (Bergen County, New Jersey)
 Explorer S-55 (satellite), a failed American spacecraft
 , a submarine of the Indian Navy
 Siemens S55, a mobile phone
 Wandandian language
Feedback-controlled electromigration. Feedback-controlled electromigration (FCE) is an experimental technique to investigate the phenomenon known as electromigration. By controlling the voltage applied as the conductance varies it is possible to keep the voltage at a critical level for electromigration.

Theory
FCE has been shown to be reversible, demonstrating the fact that the electrons are moving rather than thermomigration or sublimation. The migration occurs due to the electronic wind force experienced by the metallic adatom. The electromigration occurs at a critical power dissipation  in the neck of the bridge. This leads to Electromigrated Nanogaps.

Uses
FCE is often used in forming nanogaps in metallic bridges.

Problems
Thermal runaway can occur when the neck is narrower than about 20 nm.

References and external links

Electronic design automation
Semiconductor device defects
Nanoelectronics
1953 Nutts Corner BEA Vickers Viking accident. On 5 January 1953, a Vickers Viking airliner operated by British European Airways crashed on approach to Belfast Nutts Corner Airport, Northern Ireland. The aircraft was on a domestic flight from London Northolt Airport with 31 passengers and 4 crew on board. Twenty-four of the passengers and three crew members died in the accident.

Aircraft
The Vickers Type 610 Viking 1B airliner, powered by two Bristol Hercules 634 14-cylinder radial engines, was registered G-AJDL with manufacturer's serial number 262. It was delivered to British European Airways in March 1949. Originally named Vortex by the airline, it was renamed Lord St Vincent around 1951.

Accident
G-AJDL left Northolt at 07:27, 25 minutes late. Two hours later it was on approach to Nutts Corner. When the aircraft was  out from the runway threshold it was  above the glideslope. The aircraft then rapidly lost height and hit the pole supporting an approach light a short distance from the aerodrome. Following the initial impact the aircraft hit further poles; it then hit a mobile standard beam approach van before striking a brick building housing equipment operating the instrument landing system about  from the runway. This impact caused the aircraft to break up. There was a slight fire after the accident.

Investigation
A board of inquiry was formed to investigate the accident, chaired by David Scott Cairns, QC. It opened in London on 14 April 1953. After hearing evidence, the board concluded that the pilot, Captain Hartley, made "errors of judgement" but that no moral blame was to be attached to him regarding the accident. The board mentioned that hitting the van stopped any chance of the aircraft reaching the runway, and then hitting the building made a tragedy inevitable. The approach lights were found to not be at the top of the poles, to ease maintenance; although that was not judged a factor in the crash, the lights were moved to the top of the poles following the accident. It was also recommended that when the ILS building was rebuilt that it should be offset from the approach path, or that it should be sited underground.

References

Bibliography

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1953
Aviation accidents and incidents in Northern Ireland
19530105
Accidents and incidents involving the Vickers VC.1 Viking
1953 disasters in the United Kingdom
1953 in Northern Ireland
20th century in Belfast
Airliner accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom
January 1953 events in the United  Kingdom
R.F.D. 2. The R.F.D. 2 was a single seat, wooden sailplane built in the UK in 1930.  Interchangeable centre sections allowed it to be configured either as a sailplane or a shorter span secondary (advanced training) glider.  Only one was completed.

Design and development

Named for design lead Reginald Foster Dagnall, the all-wood R.F.D. 2's unusual dual span cantilever wing had outer sections with constant chord, slight sweep, blunt tips and full width ailerons, joined by a choice of two rectangular centre sections.  The sailplane centre section was about 15 ft (4.57 m) long, reduced to about 5 ft (1.52 m) for the secondary trainer role. The wing was not fitted with flaps or airbrakes.

The fuselage of the R.F.D. 2 was a flat-sided monocoque with the wing mounted directly on top of it. The single seat open cockpit was immediately ahead of the wing leading edge. The main landing skid ran from the nose to about mid-chord and there was a small tail skid.  The triangular tailplane, mounted on top of the fuselage, and curved fin were both small but carried generous, curved edged control surfaces.  The rudder extended to the bottom of the fuselage, moving between the elevators.

The R.F.D. 2 first flew in February 1931 but seems not to have received certification or registration.  Only one had been built when, in January 1932, the R.F.D. company announced it was selling its glider interests to the British Aircraft Company and would concentrate on its products for the Air Ministry.

Specifications

References

External links
3-view of R.F.D. 2

1930s British sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Aircore Cadet. The Aircore Cadet is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed by Jim Scott and produced by Aircore Industries in the early 1980s. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Cadet was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a strut-braced high-wing, single-seat, open cockpit, single tractor engine configuration, and is equipped with tricycle landing gear.

The aircraft is made from bolted together aluminum alloy tubing, with the wings and tail covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing employs "V" lift struts and jury struts. The aircraft keel is an aluminum tube that runs from the tail, mounts the wings and the engine at its forward end. The standard factory-supplied engine is the  Rotax 277, driving a  diameter fixed-pitch propeller with a  pitch. The pilot sits on an open seat without a windshield. The control system is conventional three-axis, with half-span ailerons. The main landing gear is sprung steel and the nosewheel incorporates steering. There is a small tail caster to protect the tail. Brakes are optionally available.

Reviewer Andre Cliche describes the Cadet as "a clean and simple design that is inexpensive to maintain."

Specifications (Cadet)

References

External links
Photo of an Aircore Cadet

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Ángel Gaud González. Ángel Gaud González is one of the longest serving professors at the  University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. For more than 50 years as professor of Physics, Math and Science.

Biography
Born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. He studied Mechanical engineering, M.S. (1968) University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez and J.D. (1980) Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico.

Career
Has been a lecturer and visiting professor at several institutions of higher education as: Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico [1999].

Family life
Married for more than 56 years to Mrs. Elsie Velez. They have 3 children and 7 grandsons.

Accolades
 The Physics Department Building now bears his name.
 Distinguished Veteran Awarded by the Senate of Puerto Rico on November 7, 2008.

References 

 http://www.uprm.edu/fisica/personal.php
 Rivera, Carlos M. (2005). Leadership: Past, resent & Future, p. vi. Power Publications, Inc.; 1 edition (March 2005), USA. .
 http://sondki.com/
 http://mayaguezsabeamango.com/
http://www.oslpr.org/files/docs/%7BEAB9C8A4-6CC4-4877-B4B2-D6FA73CD7E4C%7D.doc

Puerto Rican scientists
Living people
People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico alumni
1930 births
Shivani College of Engineering and Technology. Shivani College of Engineering & Technology (SCET) (Formerly Shivani Institute of Technology) is an ISO 9001:2008 Certified  College of Engineering situated on the Trichy-Dindigul Highways in Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu, India. It was started in 2009 and it is affiliated to Anna University. It is also approved by AICTE, New Delhi. SCET is a college under Shivani Group of Institutions.

Founder and Chairman 
Dr. P. Selvaraj is the founder chairman of Shivani Group of Institutions. He has been instrumental for the rapid growth of several institutions in and around Tamil Nadu. He is the secretary of the Consortium of Self-Financing Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu and he plays a key role in the development of technical education in Tamil Nadu in the fields of science & Engineering. He is also a member of the Trichy District welfare committee headed by the District Collector, Trichy. He was awarded the Doctorate by the Florida University, USA for this 'Methods of preventing children from discontinuing their education in the primary level'.

Campus 
Shivani College of Engineering & Technology is situated in a serene 40 acre green campus on the Trichy-Dindigul Highways. The college is located 12 km from the city.

Courses Offered

Undergraduate Degrees:

 B.E Mechanical Engineering (Mech)
 B.E Civil Engineering (Civil)
 B.E Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
 B.E Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)
 B.E Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)

Postgraduate Degrees:

 M.E VLSI Design
 M.E Manufacturing Engineering
 M.E Power electronics and Drives

Sister Institutions 
 Shivani School of Business Management (SSBM), Trichy 
 Shivani Engineering College (SEC), Trichy
 AKKV Matriculation School, Annamalai Nagar, Trichy.
 SSK college of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore.
 SSK Polytechnic College, Trichy.
 Sri Rengeswarar Polytechnic College, Pottireddypatti.
 Sri Rengeswarar College of Education, Pottireddypatti.
 Sri Rengeswarar Teacher Training Institute, Pottireddypatti.
 Sri Mariamman College of Education, Trichy.
 Sri Mariamman Teacher Training Institute, Trichy.
 Shivani Matriculation School, Thantengarpet, Trichy.
 Shiva College of Education, Thantengarpet, Trichy.
 Sivabackiam Industrial School, Thantengarpet, Trichy.

References

External links 
 Official Website

Private engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Education in Tiruchirappalli district
Educational institutions established in 2009
2009 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Universities and colleges in Dindigul district
Dholera International Airport. Dholera International Airport  is an under-construction international airport and a greenfield airport, which will serve the Dholera Special Investment Region (DSIR) in Gujarat, India. It is being built near Navagam in the Dholera taluka of Ahmedabad district. The project site is spread over 1,426 hectares about  from Ahmedabad and around  from the Dholera Special Investment Region (DSIR). 75 hectares of government land has been allocated for commercial development.

The airport would serve the logistics requirements of the DSIR, which is planned as a huge industrial township in the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) project, as well as to relieve congestion of the existing Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport serving the cities of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar, the capital of Gujarat. It is expected to be commissioned by December 2025.

Development
The Airports Authority of India (AAI) inspected the site in January 2010 to carry out a techno-economical feasibility study and gave its technical clearance the following month. The project received "site clearance" from the central government in July 2014. The Environment Ministry gave its approval in December 2015.

Dholera International Airport Company Ltd (DIACL) was set up in 2012 by the State Government of Gujarat as a special-purpose vehicle to develop the airport. The Airports Authority of India picked up a 51% stake in DIACL in 2018. Following this, the Gujarat government holding dropped to 33% while the remaining 16% is held by the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (DMICDC).

The Airports Authority of India (AAI) signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the State Government in January 2019 for the construction of airport.
In 2021, the Airport Authority of India released a Rs. 987 crore tender for Phase 1 of airport project. Phase 1 civil works involved construction of the airport’s infrastructure including a 3,200 metre long runway suitable for 4E category aircraft, taxiways, aprons and road network. The contract was awarded to Jodhpur-based Varaha Infrastructure in June 2021 which was the lowest bidder at 636.45 crores. 

In June 2022, the Union Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved the development of Phase I at an estimated cost of Rs. 1305 crore, to be completed within 48 months. 

In January 2024, DIACL awarded a Rs 333 crore EPC contract to Ahmedabad-based Yashnand Engineers and Contractors.
The scope of the contract includes the construction of a new integrated passenger terminal building, ATC tower, cargo complex, and environmental support services (ESS) among others, with a construction deadline of 18 months.

References

Airports in Gujarat
Proposed airports in Gujarat
Advance Passenger Information System. Advance Passenger Information System or APIS is an electronic data interchange system established by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). 

APIS governs the provision of a limited number of data elements (identification details from the passport and basic flight information) from commercial airline and vessel operators to the computer system of the destination state.  Required information should conform to specifications for UN/EDIFACT Passenger List Message (PAXLST) formats.

Beginning in May 2009, private aircraft pilots must also provide the necessary information to the CBP. The regulations were put into effect in December 2008 with a 180-day voluntary compliance period.

 (electronic APIS) is a public website which allows small commercial carriers to transmit data to the CBP electronically.

When travelling to or from certain countries, passengers are required to provide advance passenger information (API) before they check in or they will be unable to fly. These countries include

 Antigua
 Australia
 Barbados
 Belgium
 Brazil
 Canada
 China
 Costa Rica
 Cuba
 Dominican Republic
 France
 Grenada
 India
 Ireland
 Jamaica
 Japan
 Maldives
 Mexico
 New Zealand 
 Panama
 Portugal
 Republic of Korea
 Russian Federation
 Saint Lucia
 Spain (except for Schengen Area passengers)
 Taiwan
 Trinidad & Tobago
 United Kingdom
 United States
and some more

The required information consists of:

 Full name (last name, first name, middle name if applicable)
 Gender
 Date of birth
 Nationality
 Country of residence
 Travel document type (normally passport)
 Travel document number (expiry date and country of issue for passport)
 [For travelers to the US] Address of the first night spent in the US (not required for US citizens/nationals, legal permanent residents, or alien residents of the US entering the US)

See also
Automated Targeting System
Fltplan.com
Immigration Advisory Program
Passenger name record

References

External links
 U.S. Customs and Border Protection – Travel / For Travel Industry Personnel / APIS: Advance Passenger Information System
 British Airways, Advance Passenger Information.
 eAPIS Online Transmission System (at cbp.gov)
 eAPIS UN/EDIFACT Implementation Guide (Specification – pdf)

Aviation security
National security
Identity documents of the United States
Scott Viking 1. The Scott Viking 1 was a single seat, high-performance glider designed and built in the UK just before the Second World War. Only four were constructed, one setting records in Argentina and another remaining active into the 1980s.

Design and development

The Viking 1 was an all-wood aircraft, with a single spar cantilever shoulder wing which was fabric covered behind the spar.  In plan, the wing had constant chord in the central section and tapered outer panels with rounded tips. The outer panels, each about one third of the span, carried full width, variable droop ailerons.  A pair of hinged plate spoilers was fitted at mid-chord on the centre section.  The wing had slight dihedral.

The fuselage was oval in section and plywood skinned.  The single seat cockpit was just ahead of the wings and had a multi-part, detachable, transparent canopy with a rather abrupt forward profile and a brief fairing aft. The fuselage narrowed to the rear where the tapered tailplane was mounted just above the fuselage on a short sub-fin or pedestal.  There was no fixed fin; the tapered, rounded, fabric covered rudder extended to the lower fuselage and moved in a cut-out in the elevators.  A single main skid reached from the nose to below the trailing edge of the wing, with a bumper style tail skid on the extreme rear fuselage.

A larger span derivative, the Scott Viking 2, was the first British high performance two seat sailplane.

Operational history

The prototype Viking 1 first flew, from Dunstable Downs, on 6 November 1938.  Three more were completed.  The prototype was taken to Buenos Aires by R. P. Cooper, who flew, then sold, it there.  By 1944 it was being flown in Argentina by Roberto Madson, setting new records.  A Viking 1 took part, though without distinction, in the last pre-war UK National Soaring Competition, held at the Derbyshire and Lancashire Gliding Club's site at Camphill, Great Hucklow in mid-July 1939.

At least two of the three UK-based Vikings, all of which had appeared on the British Gliding Association register, were impressed into war service. From August 1940 BGA425 served at RAF Ringway with the Glider Flight, renamed the Glider Training Squadron on 22 August 1940 and transferred to a new base at RAF Thame on 28 December 1940. Its initial role at Ringway was to develop glider instrumentation for military use.

Another example of the type was with the Air Training Corps; they may have been engaged in radar calibration experiments; both were taken out of use by 1942.  The third Viking, registered BGA 416, remained active with the Leicestershire Gliding Club at Husbands Bosworth until at least 1984. It was moved to the Gliding Heritage Centre at Lasham Airfield in August 2015.

Specifications

References

External links
Göttingen 535 airfoil

1930s British sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Tellurium dichloride. Tellurium dichloride is a chloride of tellurium with the chemical formula TeCl2.

Preparation 
Tellurium dichloride can be produced by reacting tellurium with difluorodichloromethane.

It can also be produced by the comproportionation of tellurium and tellurium tetrachloride.

Properties
Tellurium dichloride is a black solid that reacts with water. It melts into a black liquid and vapourizes into a purple gas. The gas consists of monomeric TeCl2 molecules with Te–Cl bond lengths of 2.329 Å and a Cl–Te–Cl bond angle of 97.0°.

Tellurium dichloride (TeCl2) is unstable with respect to disproportionation.  Several complexes of it are known and well characterized.  They are prepared by treating tellurium dioxide with hydrochloric acid in the presence of thioureas.  The thiourea serves both as a ligand and as a reductant, converting Te(IV) to Te(II).

References

Tellurium(II) compounds
Chlorides
Gases with color