omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
George Robert Stephenson. George Robert Stephenson (20 October 1819 – 26 October 1905) was a British civil engineer.

Life
Stephenson was born to Robert Stephenson Senior (brother of the famed George Stephenson) in Newcastle upon Tyne. In a family of civil engineers, his father was engineer of Pendleton Colliery and Nantlle Railway, while his uncle George Stephenson and cousin Robert Stephenson were prolific railway engineers. He was educated at King William's College, Isle of Man. It was with Robert that he collaborated most, working together on the South Eastern Railway. Upon Robert's death in 1859 he took over his locomotive works and several collieries.

In the 1860s, Stephenson travelled to New Zealand to supervise the survey and arrangements for the construction of a railway from Christchurch, through Mount Pleasant to Lyttelton Harbour. The Lyttelton rail tunnel is still in use today as the country's oldest operational rail tunnel. Stephenson enjoyed a long association with the country, for which he designed several other works in the mid-nineteenth century.

He is perhaps most famous for his close relationship with the Institution of Civil Engineers. He became a member in 1853 and was elected to the council in 1859. The expansion of the Institution's premises in 1868 was made possible by his donation of land to the rear of his offices at 24 Great George Street. He served as president of the Institution between December 1875 and December 1877.

He married Jane Brown in 1846 and had six children. After Jane died in 1884 he soon remarried to Sarah Harrison who died in 1893.

He died at his home in Cheltenham on 26 October 1905.

Honours 
 1880: Knight in the Order of Leopold.

References

English civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1819 births
1905 deaths
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
People educated at King William's College
Michael Burrows. Michael Burrows, FRS (born 1963) is a British computer scientist and the creator of the Burrows–Wheeler transform, currently working for Google. Born in Britain, as of 2018 he lives in the United States, although he remains a British citizen.

Education
Burrows studied Electronic Engineering with Computer Science at University College London and then completed his PhD in the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, where he was a postgraduate student of Churchill College, Cambridge supervised by David Wheeler.

Career
Upon leaving Cambridge, he moved to USA and worked at the Systems Research Center (SRC) at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) where, with Louis Monier, he was one of the two main creators of AltaVista.

Following Compaq's acquisition of DEC, Burrows worked briefly for Microsoft preventing spamming. Shortly thereafter he went to Google.

After his early work at the University of Cambridge, where he researched microkernels and basic matters of security, he went on to enlarge upon that work as systems were deployed at large scale on the Internet.

During his employment at Google, Burrows has studied concurrency & synchronisation and programming in the large – especially with respect to the C++ language. He designed the Chubby lock service for coordination between server nodes in large distributed systems.

Awards and honours
Burrows was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2013. His nomination reads:

Burrows received the SIGOPS Mark Weiser Award in 2003.

He received the IET Achievement Medal (Computer Engineering) in 2019.

References

1963 births
British computer scientists
Google employees
Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Computer security academics
Digital Equipment Corporation people
Ionic conductivity (solid state). Ionic conductivity (denoted by ) is a measure of a substance's tendency towards ionic conduction. Ionic conduction is the movement of ions.  The phenomenon is observed in solids and solutions. Ionic conduction is one mechanism of current.

In crystalline solids
In most solids, ions rigidly occupy fixed positions, strongly embraced by neighboring atoms or ions.  In some solids, selected ions are highly mobile allowing ionic conduction. The mobility increases with temperature.  Materials exhibiting this property are used in batteries. A well-known ion conductive solid is β''-alumina ("BASE"), a form of aluminium oxide that has channels through which sodium cations can hop. When this ceramic is complexed with a mobile ion, such as Na+, it behaves as so-called fast ion conductor.  BASE is used as a membrane in several types of molten salt electrochemical cell.

History
Ionic conduction in solids has been a subject of interest since the beginning of the 19th century. Michael Faraday established in 1839 that the laws of electrolysis are also obeyed in ionic solids like lead(II) fluoride () and silver sulfide (). In 1921, solid silver iodide () was found to have had extraordinary high ionic conductivity at temperatures above 147 °C, AgI changes into a phase that has an ionic conductivity of ~ 1 –1 cm−1. This high temperature phase of AgI is an example of a superionic conductor. The disordered structure of this solid allows the Ag+ ions to move easily. The present record holder for ionic conductivity is the related material . β''-alumina was developed at the Ford Motor Company in the search for a storage device for electric vehicles while developing the sodium–sulfur battery.

See also
 Lattice energy
 Fast ion conductor
 NASICON

References

External links
 J Chem Phys

Physical quantities
Electrochemistry
KSSU. KSSU may refer to:

 KSSU aircraft maintenance consortium (KLM, Swissair, SAS and UTA); see Union de Transports Aériens
 KSSU (AM), the internet radio station of California State University, Sacramento
 KSSU (FM), a radio station (91.9 FM) licensed to Durant, Oklahoma, United States
 Kirby Super Star Ultra, a Nintendo DS video game
Building life cycle. Building life cycle refers to the view of a building over the course of its entire life, viewing it not just as an operational building, but taking into account the design, construction, operation, demolition and waste treatment. The study of the entire impact of a building on its environment has become a de facto requirement for construction in most jurisdictions, owing to the resource-intensive nature of construction. Life cycle analysis considers various aspects of resource utilization in a building, for example, overall energy conservation. Current research is focused on exploring methods of incorporating a whole life cycle view of buildings. It is considered a subset of life-cycle analysis.

History

The concept of life cycle analysis evolved since the concept was initially considered in the 1970s and 1980s, when life cycle studies focused on the quantifying the energy and raw resources used by a building, and the load on the sewerage and sanitation systems imposed by waste generated in the building, during the operational life of the structure. Since then, the methods of analysis has evolved, and presently comprises four stages - definition of scope, inventory analysis and life cycle impact assessment. In the period from 2000 to 2014, studies on sustainable building strategies, for example, energy consumption, specific components of construction, materials, environmental impacts of building subsystems, integrated renewable energy systems, and electrical and thermal systems have been conducted, with the number of publications rising monotonically.

See also
 Life cycle analysis

References

Sustainable building
Industrial ecology
Environmental impact assessment
Maeda Corporation. is a Japanese corporation which was established in 1919. Its main areas of business are building construction and civil engineering.

Maeda has domestic offices in eleven Japanese cities, and overseas offices in Thailand, Hong Kong, and India.

History
Maeda became independent from  as  in 1919.  It became known as Maeda Corporation in 1946.  In 1960, the company completed Tagokura Dam, one of the largest dam projects in Japan.  In recent years, Maeda engaged in other large-scale public construction projects such as Seikan Tunnel and Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line in Japan.

Maeda is also well known in Hong Kong and has constructed such projects as the Hong Kong International Airport and Kap Shui Mun Bridge.

Construction projects
Not a complete list.
Kanmonkyo Bridge (1971)
Seikan Tunnel (1987)
Fukuoka Dome (1993)
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant (1995)
Hong Kong International Airport terminal (1998)
Tsing Yi MTR Station (1998)
Blue Line (Yokohama) Shimoiida Station (1997)

References

External links
 
Official site 
Official site 
Entry in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

Engineering companies of Japan
Construction and civil engineering companies based in Tokyo
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1919
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Japanese brands
Fuyo Group
Japanese companies established in 1919
Joseph C. Joyce. Joseph C. Joyce, executive associate vice president for agriculture and natural resources at the University of Florida is a Jacksonville, Florida native. He earned his B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Alabama. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Florida in 1982.

Joyce served as a limnologist with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. He was chief of the Corps' nationwide Aquatic Plant Control Operation Support Center and chief of the Natural Resources Management Section of the Corps of Engineers' Jacksonville District. In 1983, he joined the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences as director of the UF/IFAS Center for aquatic Plants, building on his background as a trained scientific manager. In 1988, he was appointed director of the UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants.

In 1993, Joyce was appointed interim dean for research and in 1994 was named associate vice president for agriculture and natural resources. He continued to serve as interim dean until 1995. He served as associate vice president until February 1998, when he was appointed interim vice president for agriculture and natural resources and served in this capacity until October 1998. In this position, Joyce served as the interim administrative head of IFAS, which includes Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, the Florida Cooperative Extension Service, the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the School of forest Resources and Conservation, and portions of the College of Veterinary Medicine. In 1998, Joyce was named executive associate vice president for agriculture and natural resources.

In 2008, he was appointed by Governor Charlie Crist to the Environmental Regulation Commission (ERC).  Joyce also joined the Board of Farm Credit of North Florida.

Joyce has held major leadership positions in professional organizations and has served in numerous leadership and governance roles at the University of Florida. He is also a retired Brigadier General, U.S. Army Reserves.

Education
 Bachelor's degree from the University of Alabama
 Master's degree from the University of Alabama
 Doctorate from the University of Florida

References

University of Florida alumni
Living people
University of Alabama alumni
21st-century American engineers
American limnologists
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
United States Army generals
Year of birth missing (living people)
DS80C390. The DS80C390 is a microcontroller, introduced by Dallas Semiconductor (later part of Maxim Integrated Products, now part of Analog Devices), whose architecture is derived from that of the Intel MCS-51 (aka. 8051) processor series. It contains a code memory address space of twenty-two bits. It also contains two Controller Area Network (CAN) controllers and a 32-bit integer coprocessor.

The open-source Small Device C Compiler (SDCC) supports the processor. It was used in the initial version of the Tiny Internet Interface (TINI) processor module where it was superseded by the DS80C400, a processor that also incorporates an Ethernet port.

External links
Home page of the SDCC compiler on SourceForge
Product page on the Analog Devices website

Microcontrollers
S400. S400 may refer to :
 S-400 missile system, a Russian anti-aircraft weapon system 
 S400 (rocket engine), an ArianeGroup rocket engine 
 Canon S400, a camera
 PV-S400 Plus, a Casio Pocket Viewer
 S400, or FireWire 400 computer port
 Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHYBRID, a car

See also
Xenofon Verykios. Xenofon Verykios (Greek: Ξενοφών Βερύκιος, born 1951) is a Greek poet, and a professor in chemical mechanics at the University of Patras.

The professor is the member of the Administrative Committee of TEI of the Ionian Islands and benefactor, he does reports and has benefits on an innovator at the production of electrical energy from biomatic uses as the first glass experiment.  He made several proceedings that succeeded the ciphered dirt emission  He is also the president of the Poetic Symposium and member of many unions and councils with his benefits.

He received a B.S. in chemical engineering from Bucknell University in 1975. He received an M.S. in 1977 and a Ph.D in 1979 from Lehigh University.

Books

References

 

1951 births
Living people
Greek poets
Greek inventors
Poets from Achaea
People from Achaea
Academic staff of the University of Patras
Bucknell University alumni
Lehigh University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Standardisierte Bewertung. Standardisierte Bewertung is an evaluation scheme to determine cost-benefit ratios of public transport projects in Germany. The process is part of a legal process to obtain federal funds (up to 85%) within the GVFG Law.

Background 
Standardisierte Bewertung is based on the work of the traffic scientist Gerhard Heimerl in Stuttgart and the Munich based Intraplan Consult start of the 80s. Updates have been published in 2000, 2006, and 2016, inter alia.

Goals
The evaluation is based on a comparison of a "With" and "Without" solution, so the effect of a continuation of the existing network will be compared to the effects of the planned project. The result of the Standardisierte Bewertung shall include most quantitatively measurable external effects, also for society and environment, of a planned project.  The evaluation scheme tries to deliver a comparable evaluation of different projects to allow a just distribution of public funding.

Process 
Several steps are taken. First any project effect will scrutinized whether a measurable (cardinal) effect is to be found or not. The non-measurable effects will be summarized in an appendix. Measurable effects are categorized as:
 measured in financial units
 transferable into monetary units via established processes (e.g. travel time reduction, pollution)
 not monetisable

The cost-benefit indicator of the monetisable components is the decisive factor for the GVFG funding. It is a simple number showing the cost / effect ratio. Funding will only be given for projects with a ratio bigger than 1. The process has started as a private consultancy scheme and was rather quickly established as part of the legal process. However the Standardisierte Bewertung assessment is ordered from private companies and consultants as further example and gained international acknowledgement, e.g. to obtain Transport and Works Act Order Applications and state funding in the UK.

Trivia
 For the Metrorapid and Munich Transrapid projects a Standardisierte Bewertung value of about 1.5 has been elaborated. However this was executed with a modified process which included enhanced German export successes, less traffic jams and enhanced international relationships. Based on the standard procedure for railway projects, the result would have been around 0.8 (not sufficient for funding). The critical assessment of the Bundesrechnungshof was not accepted by the Bundesverkehrsministerium.
 A use of an adapted scheme for a Tram-train project in Bristol is mentioned in 
 In Karlsruhe, dubbed the Mecca of Tram-train (with values of 2.5 for several projects) "Standi" as short term for Standardisierte Bewertung is as a household term explained in the local Stadtwiki (in German)

Sources 

Public transport in Germany
Law of Germany
Rain chain. Rain chains (,  or , literally "chain-gutter") are alternatives to a downspout. They are widely used in Japan.  Their purpose is largely decorative, to make a water feature out of the transport of rainwater from the guttering downwards to a drain or to a storage container.  (Rainwater is sometimes collected for household usage.)  They can also be found on temples.

Rain chains are typically either a series of metal cups, chained together with a hole in the bottom of each, or chain links that span vertically. Rain water run-off gets distributed from a rooftop gutter downward through the rain chain.

Rain chains have also been used in the West. Nordic vernacular architecture often used a simple stick as a rainwater guide, in similar fashion. They have also been used in the Modernist era, to juxtapose metal chains with a concrete or Portland stone facade.  They are often seen in cup-shape, link and loop style, as well as decorative.

References

Further reading 
 

Artworks in metal
Plumbing
Roofs
Water
Type 79 Jyu-MAT. The  is a Japanese SACLOS guided anti-tank missile that entered service with the JGSDF in 1984. It was initially issued to coastal defence units, intended to destroy troop and vehicle landing ships as they approached the shoreline. It is also known as KAM-9.

Description
The missile is stored in a cylindrical transport container. On launch the missile is ejected from the tube by a solid rocket motor. After traveling a safe distance from the operator, the Daicel flight motor ignites and takes the missile to its cruising speed of approximately 200 meters per second.

The missile is a thin cylinder with two sets of four pop-up fins positioned along the body of the missile. The warhead is either a shaped charge for use against tanks, or a semi-armour piercing fragmentation type with a delayed-action fuze for use against landing vessels.

Operation

The missile is steered in flight by command signals from the launcher transmitted over a guidance wire spooled out behind the missile. A xenon lamp on the rear of the missile allows the NEC manufactured launcher sight unit to compute an offset between the missile position and line of sight to the target, and calculate steering corrections based on this offset.

The Type 79 missile can be fired remotely, at a distance of up to fifty meters from the tripod mounted guidance system. It can be mounted on a Mitsubishi Type 73 jeep, similar to the Type 64 MAT and the Type 87 Chu-MAT. The Type 79 is also in use with the Mitsubishi Type 89 IFV.

See also

References

 
 
 
  Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991,

External links

 Official JGSDF Page

Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War
Anti-tank guided missiles of Japan
Cold War weapons of Japan
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Wire-guided missiles
Entropy (journal). Entropy is a monthly open access scientific journal covering research on all aspects of entropy and information theory. It was established in 1999 and is published by MDPI. The journal occasionally publishes special issues compiled by guest editors. The editor-in-chief is Kevin H. Knuth (University at Albany, SUNY).

Sections
Entropy consists of eight sections:
Thermodynamics Section 
Statistical Mechanics
Information Theory
Quantum Information
Complexity
Astrophysics and Cosmology
Entropy Reviews
Entropy and Biology

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 2.1.

2013 Paper on glyphosate
In 2013, Entropy published a review paper saying glyphosate may be the most important factor in the development of obesity, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and infertility. The paper does not contain any primary research results. It was criticized as pseudo-science by the science magazine Discover and Jeffrey Beall, founder of Beall's List of predatory open-access publishers, said "Will MDPI publish anything for money?". Beall removed MDPI from his list of predatory publishers in October 2015.

In response to the controversy, the editors of Entropy added an "Expression of Concern" to the article's frontmatter. In 2017 researchers Robin Mesnage and Michael N. Antoniou, both of whom are working to limit the use of glyphosate, said that "although evidence exists that glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic below regulatory set safety limits, the arguments of [authors] Samsel and Seneff largely serve to distract rather than to give a rational direction."

References

External links

Physics journals
Chemistry journals
Open access journals
MDPI academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1999
Diindenoperylene. Diindenoperylene (DIP) is an organic semiconductor which receives attention because of its potential application in optoelectronics (solar cells, OLEDs) and electronics (RFID tags). DIP is a planar perylene derivative with two indeno-groups attached to opposite sides of the perylene core. Its chemical formula is C32H16, the full chemical name is diindeno[1,2,3-cd:1',2',3'-lm]perylene. Its chemical synthesis has been described.

Properties and uses 
The molecular weight is 400.48 g/mol, the dimensions of the molecule in its plane are ~18.4×7 Å. and its sublimation temperature is above 330 °C. It is non-polar and therefore only slightly soluble, for example in acetone.

DIP is a red dye and has been used as active material for optical recording. Because of its ‘perylene-type’ optical emission in the visible spectrum, it has also been used in organic light emitting diodes. Organic field effect transistors of DIP have been studied. The charge carrier mobility achieved was up to 0.1 cm2/(V·s) for thin film transistors with silicon dioxide as gate dielectric, making DIP a good candidate for further optimisation.

The structure of bulk DIP crystals has recently been studied by Pflaum et al., who found two distinct phases at room temperature and at temperatures above 160 °C. In thin films for growth ‘near equilibrium’ (at substrate temperature of about 130 °C) by organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD), DIP has been shown to order very well. The structure of thin DIP films has been characterized ‘post-growth’, with structures differing from the room-temperature bulk structure. These thin-film structures depend on the substrate used, and also on the substrate temperature during growth.

References

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Organic semiconductors
FAC System. FAC System is a mechanical construction set, invented by Swedish artist Mark Sylwan and launched in 1952. It uses metallic parts, and extensively uses  steel rod. The company continued in business , supplying kits stated to give industry a basic construction system which gives the same freedom in 3D design as is available from the drawing board and CAD/CAM. Kits are suitable, and priced as, for laboratory work and teaching.

Shafts have a diameter of 6 mm, and have a groove along the shaft. Gears or other wheels have a bevel on either side of the hub of the wheel. A special sheet metal angle fits into this chamfer, and when the wheel is mounted on an axle, this sheet metal angle will fit into the groove on the axle. The design allows the wheel to be fixed on the axle and the stop screws on the wheel only have the task of ensuring that the wheel does not move along the axle.

See also
 Meccano

References

Structural system
Construction toys