omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Atomiswave. The Atomiswave is a custom arcade system board and cabinet from Sammy Corporation. It is based on Sega's Dreamcast console, sharing similarities with the NAOMI, 
as far as it uses interchangeable game cartridges, as well as a removable module for changing the control scheme (including dual joysticks, dual light guns and a steering wheel), but unlike the NAOMI, the Atomiswave does not feature expanded RAM compared to the Dreamcast.

With the retirement of the aging Neo Geo MVS system, SNK Playmore chose the Atomiswave as its next system to develop games for. In a contract with Sammy, SNK Playmore agreed to develop five games for the Atomiswave system. Metal Slug 6 was SNK Playmore's fifth game for the Atomiswave, after which SNK moved on to a Taito Type X2 arcade board. Sega ended technical support for the system and its games on March 31, 2017. Since its discontinuation, the Atomiswave library has received homebrew conversions to the Dreamcast.

Specifications 

CPU: Hitachi SH-4 32-bit RISC CPU 200 MHz
Rated performance: 360 MIPS/1.4 GFLOPS
Graphics processor: PowerVR 2 100 MHz
Polygon performance: 3 to 5 million polygons/sec
Rendering speed: 500 M pixels/sec 
Additional features: bump mapping, fog, alpha-blending (transparency), MIP mapping (polygon-texture auto switch), tri-*linear filtering, anti-aliasing, environment mapping, and specular effect
Sound processor: ARM7 Yamaha AICA (with internal 32-bit RISC CPU, 64 channel ADPCM) 45 MHz
Memory
System: 16 MB
Graphics: 8 MB
Sound: 2 MB
Storage media: ROM board

AW-net 
In Japan, the Atomiswave was able to connect via a special modem to the AW-Net online system set up by Sammy. The AW-Net was primarily used to play online with other players and to create online player rankings. AW-Net was discontinued on 30 November 2006 following the merger of Sammy and Sega; the follow-up system was ALL.Net.

Games

Released

Unreleased 
Sushi Bar (Sammy, 2003)
Premier Eleven (Sammy/Dimps, 2003)
Chase 1929 (Sammy, 2004)
Force Five (Sammy, 2004)
Kenju (Sammy / DreamFactory, 2004)

References

External links 
http://atomiswave.forumer.com/
System16.com's Atomiswave Hardware page
https://segaretro.org/Atomiswave

Arcade system boards
Online video game services
SuperH architecture
Dreamcast
Overheating. Overheating may refer to:
 Overheating (economics), a rapid, very big growth of production that is thought to have a negative influence
 Overheating (electricity), unexpected rise of temperature in a portion of electrical circuit, that can cause harm to the circuit, and accidents
 Overheating (combinatorial game theory), an operation on combinatorial games that approximately reverses the effect of chilling
 Hyperthermia, also called sunstroke, an elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation
 Thermal shock, the overheating of a device leading to reduced efficiency, damage or even destruction

See also 
 "Overheated", a song by Billie Eilish from the studio album Happier Than Ever (2021)
Delfi (chess). Delfi is a Winboard/UCI chess engine written in Pascal designed by Italian chess programmer Fabio Cavicchio. It is designed to emulate a human playing style and is rated 2627 on the Chess Engines Grand Tournament. The latest released version is 5.4. Source code for version 5.1 is available.

Technical details
From its release page, Delfi does not use bitboards like Crafty, but uses 16 × 16 array of bytes for board presentation. It uses capture history heuristic and smart thinking time allocation, from 50% to 400% of the average time. When some moves seem equal in its evaluation, it makes random moves.

See also

 Computer chess
 World Computer Speed Chess Championship

References

External links
 

Chess engines
Thermoelectric power. Thermoelectric power may refer to:
Rate of change of the thermoelectromotive force of a thermocouple with temperature
 Electric power generated from a heat source, such as burning fossil fuel-coal, oil, indirectly through devices like steam turbines
 The thermopower, or Seebeck coefficient, of a material, which governs its thermoelectric properties (a misnomer, as this quantity has units of voltage per unit temperature)
 The power output of a thermoelectric generator that uses the Seebeck effect
 Radioisotope thermoelectric generator

See also
 Thermal power station
Ralph Griswold. Ralph E. Griswold (May 19, 1934, Modesto, CA – October 4, 2006, Tucson, AZ) was a computer scientist known for his research into high-level programming languages and symbolic computation. His language credits include the string processing language  SNOBOL, SL5, and Icon.

He attended Stanford University, receiving a bachelor's degree in physics, then an M.S. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering. Griswold went to Bell Labs in 1962, where he studied ideas for non-numerical computation. SNOBOL was the outcome; it was a radically different language in its time and still is. He became the head of the Labs' Programming Research and Development department in 1967.

In 1971, he was hired by the University of Arizona to be its first professor of computer science, subsequently organized the department, and was its head until 1981. While at Arizona, Griswold developed Icon.  The earlier Ratfor implementation of Icon was discarded and the language rewritten from scratch in C and UNIX.

In 1990 Griswold was appointed Regents' Professor, and he retired in 1995. "As one of the founders of the Bell Labs software culture that spawned UNIX, C, and many other essential contributions to modern software, Ralph Griswold brought to his academic research not only brilliance, but also experience and a value system that demanded that research ideas be tested by fire and proven useful and usable by real users, not just good-looking diagrams in academic papers."

After his retirement, his interests turned to the mathematical aspects of weaving.

Griswold died  on October 4, 2006, from cancer.

Griswold's son, Bill Griswold, is also a computer scientist.

References

External links
 Ralph Griswold home page at Arizona
 Obituary by Peter Salus
 Ralph E. Griswold and Madge T. Griswold oral histories 1990 and 1993 at the Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
 Oral history interview with Stephen Wampler, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Wampler discusses his work on the development of the Icon programming language in the late 1970s at the University of Arizona under Ralph Griswold.
 Oral history interview with Robert Goldberg, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Goldberg discusses his interaction with Ralph Griswold when working on the Icon programming language.
 Charles Hall Collection on the SNOBOL Programming Language at the Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
 Memorial

American computer scientists
1934 births
2006 deaths
Programming language designers
People from Modesto, California
Stanford University alumni
University of Arizona faculty
Deaths from cancer in Arizona
Multi-function display. A multifunction display (MFD) is a small-screen (CRT or LCD) surrounded by multiple soft keys (configurable buttons) that can be used to display information to the user in numerous configurable ways. MFDs originated in aviation, first in military aircraft, and later were adopted by commercial aircraft, general aviation, automotive use, motorsports use, and shipboard use.

MFDs in aviation 
Often, an MFD will be used in concert with a primary flight display (PFD), and forms a component of a glass cockpit. MFDs are part of the digital era of modern planes or helicopter. The first MFDs were introduced by air forces in the late 1960s and early 1970s; an early example is the F-111D (first ordered in 1967, delivered from 1970–73). The advantage of an MFD over analog display is that an MFD does not consume much space in the cockpit, as data can be presented in multiple pages, rather than always being present at once. For example, the cockpit of RAH-66 "Comanche" does not have analog dials or gauges at all. All information is displayed on the MFD pages. The possible MFD pages could differ for every plane, complementing their abilities (in combat).

Many MFDs allow pilots to display their navigation route, moving map, weather radar, NEXRAD, ground proximity warning system, traffic collision avoidance system, and airport information all on the same screen.

MFDs were added to the Space Shuttle (as the glass cockpit) starting in 1998, replacing the analog instruments and CRTs. The information being displayed is similar, and the glass cockpit was first flown on the STS-101 mission. Although many corporate business jets had them in years prior, the piston-powered Cirrus SR20 became the first part-23 certified aircraft to be delivered with an MFD in 1999 (and one of the first general aviation aircraft with a 10-in, flat-panel screen), followed closely by the Columbia 300 in 2000 and many others in the ensuing years.

In modern automotive technology, MFDs are used in cars to display navigation, entertainment, and vehicle status information.

See also 
 Index of aviation articles
 Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
 Primary flight display

References

Further reading 
 

Avionics
Aircraft instruments
Glass cockpit
Recording format. A recording format  is a format for encoding data for storage on a storage medium. The format can be container information such as sectors on a disk, or user/audience information (content) such as analog stereo audio.  Multiple levels of encoding may be achieved in one format. For example, a text encoded page may contain HTML and XML encoding, combined in a plain text file format, using either EBCDIC or ASCII character encoding, on a UDF digitally formatted disk.  

In electronic media, the primary format is the encoding that requires hardware to interpret (decode) data; while secondary encoding is interpreted by secondary signal processing methods, usually computer software.

Recording container formats
A container format is a system for dividing physical storage space or virtual space for data. Data space can be divided evenly by a system of measurement, or divided unevenly with meta data. A grid may divide physical or virtual space with physical or virtual (dividers) borders, evenly or unevenly.  Just as a physical container (such as a file cabinet) is divided by physical borders (such as drawers and file folders), data space is divided by virtual borders. Meta data such as a unit of measurement, address, or meta tags act as virtual borders in a container format. A template may be considered an abstract format for containing a solution as well as the content itself. 

 Systems of measurement
Metric system
 Geographic coordinate system
Page grid
 Film formats
 Audio data format
 Video tape format
 Disk format
 File format
 Meta data
 Text formatting
 Template
 Data structure

Raw content formats

A raw content format is a system of converting data to displayable information.  Raw content formats may either be recorded in secondary signal processing methods such as a software container format (e.g. digital audio, digital video) or recorded in the primary format. A primary raw content format may be directly observable (e.g. image, sound, motion, smell, sensation) or physical data which only requires hardware to display it, such as a phonographic needle and diaphragm or a projector lamp and magnifying glass.

Communication
Information science
Data management
Film and video technology
Computer storage media
Recording
Feeder line (network). A feeder line is a peripheral route or branch in a network, which connects smaller or more remote nodes with a route or branch carrying heavier traffic. The term is applicable to any system based on a hierarchical network.

In telecommunications, a feeder line branches from a main line or trunk line.

In electrical engineering, a feeder line is a type of transmission line. In addition Feeders are the power lines through which electricity is transmitted in power systems. Feeder transmits power from Generating station or substation to the distribution points. They are similar to distributors except the fact that there is no intermediate tapping done and hence the current flow remains same at the sending as well as the receiving end. In radio engineering, a feeder connects radio equipment to an antenna, usually open wire (air-insulated wire line) or twin-lead from a shortwave transmitter. In power engineering, a feeder line is part of an electric distribution network, usually a radial circuit of intermediate voltage.

In public transport 
The concept of feeder lines is important in public transportation. The term is particularly used in US air travel and rail transport. Feeder lines play a crucial role in public transportation systems by ensuring connectivity between high-capacity routes and more localized departure and destination points. In this hierarchical network, efficient, high-capacity routes serve as the main arteries, linking significant nodes such as major transit stations or central business districts. Feeder lines, on the other hand, branch off from these main routes, connecting smaller or more remote areas to these hubs. This structure helps facilitate smooth and efficient travel across a region, allowing passengers to transition seamlessly from local to long-distance travel segments. 

For instance, in urban transit planning, bus routes often act as feeders to high-capacity systems like subways or light rail, collecting passengers from various neighborhoods and transporting them to major transit hubs. This setup is essential for optimizing the overall efficiency and accessibility of public transportation networks, ensuring that even areas not directly served by high-capacity routes can still benefit from the broader transit system.

See also
 Feeder link

Power engineering
Public transport
Network topology
Junction (rail). A junction, in the context of rail transport, is a place at which two or more rail routes converge or diverge. The physical connection between the tracks of the two routes (assuming they are of the same gauge) is provided by turnouts (US: switches) and signalling.

Overview
In a simple case where two routes with one or two tracks each meet at a junction, a fairly simple layout of tracks suffices to allow trains to transfer from one route to the other. More complicated junctions are needed to permit trains to travel in either direction after joining the new route – for example by providing a triangular track layout.

Rail transport operations refer to stations that lie on or near a railway junction as a junction station. In the UK it is customary for the junction (and the related station) to be named after the next station on the branch, e.g. Yeovil Junction is on the mainline railway south of Yeovil, and the next destination on the branch is Yeovil Pen Mill. Frequently, trains are built up and taken apart (separated) at such stations so that the same train can be divided and proceed to multiple destinations. For goods trains (US: freight trains), marshalling yards (US: Classification yards) serve a similar purpose.

Measures to improve junction capacity
The capacity of the junctions limits the capacity of a railway network more than the capacity of individual railway lines. This applies more as the network density increases. Measures to improve junctions are often more useful than building new railway lines. The capacity of a railway junction can be increased with improved signaling measures, by building points suitable for higher speeds, or by turning level junctions into flying junctions, where tracks are grade-separated, and so one track passes over or under another. With more complicated junctions such construction can rapidly become very expensive, especially if space is restricted by tunnels, bridges or inner-city tracks.

Avoiding the need for junctions

The installation of junctions into a rail system poses many challenges, including increased maintenance costs, and problems in on-time performance. Metro rail systems have a rail network design where the number of junctions is minimized. Passengers, and not trains, move from one train station to another.

Gallery

See also

 Diamond crossing
 Double junction
 Interlocking
 Junction (traffic)
 Level junction

Notes

References

External links

Train-related introductions in 1831
1831 in rail transport
1831 establishments in England
 
 
Railway track layouts
Permanent way
Iconv. In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, iconv (an abbreviation of internationalization conversion) is a command-line program and a standardized application programming interface (API) used to convert between different character encodings. "It can convert from any of these encodings to any other, through Unicode conversion."

History 
Initially appearing on the HP-UX operating system,iconv() as well as the utility was standardized within XPG4 and is part of the Single UNIX Specification (SUS).

Implementations 
Most Linux distributions provide an implementation, either from the GNU Standard C Library (included since version 2.1, February 1999), or the more traditional GNU libiconv, for systems based on other Standard C Libraries.

The iconv function on both is licensed as LGPL, so it is linkable with closed source applications.

Unlike the libraries, the iconv utility is licensed under GPL in both implementations.
The GNU libiconv implementation is portable, and can be used on various UNIX-like and non-UNIX systems. Version 0.3 dates from December 1999.

The uconv utility from International Components for Unicode provides an iconv-compatible command-line syntax for transcoding.

Most BSD systems use NetBSD's implementation, which first appeared in December 2004.

The musl C library implements the iconv function with support for all encodings specified by the WHATWG Encoding Standard.

Support 
Currently, over a hundred different character encodings are supported in the GNU variant.

Ports 
Under Microsoft Windows, the iconv library and the utility is provided by GNU's libiconv found in Cygwin and GnuWin32 environments; there is also a "purely Win32" implementation called "win-iconv" that uses Windows' built-in routines for conversion. The iconv function is also available for many programming languages.

The  command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.

Usage 
stdin can be converted from ISO-8859-1 to current locale and output to stdout using:

iconv -f iso-8859-1

An input file infile can be converted from ISO-8859-1 to UTF-8 and output to output file outfile using:

iconv -f iso-8859-1 -t utf-8 <infile> -o <outfile>

See also 
 uconv
 luit
 List of Unix commands
 International Components for Unicode

References

External links 

 iconv() OpenGroup Standards page
 GNU libiconv, code
 win_iconv

HP software
Unix text processing utilities
Unix SUS2008 utilities
IBM i Qshell commands
C POSIX library
Thomas Andrews (metallurgist). Thomas Andrews (30 June 1811 – 19 June 1871) was a British metallurgist of international renown.

In 1850 Andrews, Samuel Burrows and John Burrows, trading as Andrews, Burrows and Co. took over the works at Wortley. Andrews' experiments on metal fatigue and fracture at Wortley Top Forge led to the manufacture of railway axles of internationally reputed quality.

After his death in 1871 his son Thomas Andrews (1847–1907) took an active part in running the forges.

References

1811 births
1871 deaths
People from Sheffield
British metallurgists
Engineers from Yorkshire
Koichi Tanaka. is a Japanese electrical engineer who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002 for developing a novel method for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules with John Bennett Fenn and Kurt Wüthrich (the latter for work in NMR spectroscopy).

Early life and education
Tanaka was born and raised in Toyama, Japan, his biological mother died one month after he was born. Tanaka graduated from Tohoku University with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1983, afterward he joined Shimadzu Corporation, where he engaged in the development of mass spectrometers.

Soft laser desorption

For mass spectrometry analyses of a macromolecule, such as a protein, the analyte must be ionized and vaporized by laser irradiation. The problem is that the direct irradiation of an intense laser pulse on a macromolecule causes cleavage of the analyte into tiny fragments and the loss of its structure. In February 1985, Tanaka found that by using a mixture of ultra fine metal powder in glycerol as a matrix, an analyte can be ionized without losing its structure. His work was filed as a patent application in 1985, and after the patent application was made public reported at the Annual Conference of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan held in Kyoto, in May 1987 and became known as soft laser desorption (SLD).

However, there was some criticism about his winning the prize, saying that contribution by two German scientists, Franz Hillenkamp and Michael Karas was also big enough not to be dismissed, and therefore they should also be included as prize winners. This is because they first reported in 1985 a method, with higher sensitivity using a small organic compound as a matrix, that they named matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Also Tanaka's SLD is not used currently for biomolecules analysis, meanwhile MALDI is widely used in mass spectrometry research laboratories. But while MALDI was developed prior to SLD, it was not used to ionize proteins until after Tanaka's report.

Recognition
1989 – Award of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan
2002 – Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2002 – Order of Culture
2002 – Person of Cultural Merit
2002 – honorary doctorate from Tohoku University
2003 – Honorary citizenship of Toyama Prefecture
2003 – Special Award of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan
2006 – Member of Japan Academy

See also

 History of mass spectrometry
 List of Japanese Nobel laureates

References

External links 

 
 Nobel Prize Announcement (Shimadzu Corporation)
 Tanaka Nobel Prize lecture
 Koichi Tanaka

1959 births
Living people
Japanese electrical engineers
Japanese Nobel laureates
Mass spectrometrists
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
People from Toyama (city)
Recipients of the Order of Culture
Tohoku University alumni