omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Organisation-based access control. In computer security, organization-based access control (OrBAC) is an access control model first presented in 2003.  The current approaches of the access control rest on the three entities (subject, action, object) to control the access the policy specifies that some subject has the permission to realize some action on some object.

OrBAC allows the policy designer to define a security policy independently of the implementation. The chosen method to fulfill this goal is the introduction of an abstract level.

 Subjects are abstracted into roles.  A role is a set of subjects to which the same security rule apply.
 Similarly, an activity is a set of actions to which the same security rule apply.
 And, a view is a set of objects to which the same security rule apply.

Each security policy is defined for and by an organization. Thus, the specification of the security policy is completely parameterized by the organization so that it is possible to handle simultaneously several security policies associated with different organizations. The model is not restricted to permissions, but also includes the possibility to specify prohibitions and obligations. From the three abstract entities (roles, activities, views), abstract privileges are defined. And from these abstract privileges, concrete privileges are derived.

OrBAC is context sensitive, so the policy could be expressed dynamically. Furthermore, OrBAC owns concepts of hierarchy (organization, role, activity, view, context) and separation constraints.

See also

References

External links
 OrBAC site
 MotOrBAC site (OrBAC simulation and conflict detection tool)

Computer access control
Access control
BiM. BiM (Binary MPEG format for XML) is an international standard defining a generic binary format for encoding XML documents.

The technical specifications for BiM are found in: MPEG systems technologies - Part 1: Binary MPEG format for XML (ISO/IEC 23001-1) It is also known as MPEG-B Part 1.

Overview 
BiM addresses a broad spectrum of applications and requirements by providing generic methods for transmitting and compressing XML documents.
The binary MPEG format for XML relies on schema knowledge between encoder and decoder in order to reach high compression efficiency, while providing fragmentation mechanisms for ensuring transmission and processing flexibility.
BiM also defines means to compile and transmit schema knowledge information to enable the decoding of compressed XML documents without a priori schema knowledge at the receiving terminal.

BiM is used as the standard binary format for XML encoding in the following technical specifications:

 MPEG-4 Part 20 (ISO/IEC 14496-20) - Lightweight Application Scene Representation (LASeR) and Simple Aggregation Format (SAF).
 MPEG-7 Systems (ISO/IEC 15938-1)
 MPEG-21 Binary Format (ISO/IEC 21000-16)
 TV-Anytime - Broadcast and On-line Services: Search, select, and rightful use of content on personal storage systems (ETSI TS 102 822)
 ARIB - Coding, Transmission and Storage Specification for Broadcasting System Based on Home Servers (ARIB-STD B38)
 ISDB#ISDB-Tmm -  ISDB-Tmm (ARIB-B33)
 DVB - Carriage and signalling of TV-Anytime information in DVB transport streams (ETSI TS 102 323)
 DVB - Carriage of Broadband Content Guide information over Internet Protocol (ETSI TS 102 539)
 DVB - Datacast over DVB-H: Electronic Service Guide  (ETSI TS 102 471)

See also
 Binary XML
 EXI
 Extensible MPEG-4 Textual Format

References

External links
 BiM white paper
 ISO/IEC 23001-1:2006 - MPEG systems technologies -- Part 1: Binary MPEG format for XML
 ISO/IEC 23001-1, First edition 2006-04-01, Binary MPEG format for XML - preview

MPEG
Boeing Model 1. The Boeing Model 1, also known as the B & W Seaplane, was a United States single-engine biplane seaplane aircraft. It was the first Boeing product and carried the initials of its designers, William Boeing and Lt. Conrad Westervelt USN.

Design
The first B & W was completed in June 1916 at Boeing's boathouse hangar on Lake Union in Seattle, Washington.  It was made of wood, with wire bracing, and was linen-covered. It was similar to the Martin trainer aircraft that Boeing owned, but the B & W had better pontoons and a more powerful engine. The first B & W was named Bluebill, and the second was named Mallard. They first flew on 15 June 1916, and in November.

Operational history
The two B & Ws were offered to the United States Navy. When the Navy did not buy them, they were sold to the New Zealand Flying School and became the company's first international sale. On June 25, 1919, the B&W set a New Zealand altitude record of 6,500 feet. The B & Ws were later used for express and airmail deliveries, making New Zealand's first official airmail flight on December 16, 1919.

Former operators

New Zealand Flying School

Specifications (B & W Seaplane)

References

 Bowers, Peter M. Boeing aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1989. .

External links 
Photo of Boeing Model 1 in Raglan Harbour in 1920 

Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s United States military utility aircraft
Floatplanes
001, Boeing
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Fiat CR.25. The Fiat CR.25 was an Italian twin-engine reconnaissance-fighter aircraft which served in small numbers for the Regia Aeronautica during World War II.

History
40 CR.25s were ordered (later reduced to ten, the two prototypes and other eight airplanes) after the operative failure of the apparently more promising Breda Ba.88 bomber. Later, it was decided to use the CR.25 as a reconnaissance plane and as escort fighter, with a total of nine aircraft (a prototype and the eight pre-production aircraft) for this role. It was used during the war by the 173a Squadriglia Ricognizione Strategica Terrestre (Strategic Land Reconnaissance Squadron), operating from Sicily. Despite positive reports from the pilots, and a proposal by Fiat to resume production, no further aircraft were produced.

The prototype MM 332, refurbished as personnel transport, was assigned to the Italian embassy in Berlin.

Variants

 CR.25 : Twin-engined reconnaissance bomber aircraft, two prototypes built.
 CR.25bis : Strategic reconnaissance aircraft, long-range escort fighter aircraft, eight preproduction aircraft built.
 CR.25 D : The prototype MM (Matricola Militare) 332 aircraft, redesignated CR.25 D as a transport for the Italian air attaché in Berlin.
 CR.25quater : The CR.25quater,  was a more heavily armed version with a slight increase in wing area and 1175 HP engines proposed from FIAT in the spring of 1943. It remained on the drawing tables.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications (CR.25bis)

See also

References

 Fiat CR.25
 Garello, GianCarlo. CR 25. Turin: La Bancarella Aeronautica, 1997.
 
 

CR.25
1930s Italian bomber aircraft
1930s Italian military reconnaissance aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Avro Avenger. The Avro 566 Avenger was a prototype British fighter of the 1920s, designed and built by Avro. It was a single-seat, single-engine biplane of wood and fabric construction. Although it was a streamlined and advanced design, it never entered production.

Development
The Avenger was designed as a private venture and Roy Chadwick penned a machine of great aerodynamic cleanliness for its time. As originally built, it was powered by a 525 hp (391 kW) Napier Lion VIII and it first flew on 26 June 1926, but no order was forthcoming; this was partly because by the time it was evaluated, the Air Ministry did not favour the Lion as a fighter engine.

In May 1928, the machine was modified as a racer, with equi-span wings of 28 ft (8.53 m) and revised struts and ailerons; it was fitted with a 553 hp (412 kW) Lion. The machine was subsequently redesignated Avro 567 Avenger II.

The Avenger ended its days as an instructional airframe.

Specifications (Avenger)

References

External links

 Avro Avenger – British Aircraft Directory

1920s British fighter aircraft
Avenger
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Béchamp reduction. The Béchamp reduction (or Béchamp process) is a chemical reaction that converts aromatic nitro compounds to their corresponding anilines using iron as the reductant:

This reaction was once a major route to aniline, but catalytic hydrogenation is the preferred method.

Reaction history and scope

The reaction was first used by Antoine Béchamp to reduce nitronaphthalene and nitrobenzene to naphthylamine and aniline, respectively. The Béchamp reduction is broadly applicable to aromatic nitro compounds. Aliphatic nitro compounds are however more difficult to reduce, often remaining as the hydroxylamine. Tertiary aliphatic nitro compounds, however, are converted in good yield to the amine using the Béchamp reduction.

The reduction proceeds in a multistep manner. First, the nitro group is reduced to nitroso, which undergoes hydrogenation to a hydroxylamino group prior to further reduction to the amine.

Laux process
The traditional Béchamp reduction cogenerates gray-black iron oxides. The Laux process is based on the finding that the oxide coproduct is strongly affected by various additives, such as ferrous chloride, aluminium chloride, and even simply sulfuric acid, which are added before heating the iron-nitrobenzene mixture. The innovations from Laux have shifted the emphasis of the Béchamp reduction for the manufacture of anilines to the production of valuable iron oxide pigments. The method is still effective for reduction of nitroaromatics.

Further reading
Organic Reactions 2, 428 (1944)

References 

Name reactions
Organic redox reactions
Raymond McKay. 

Raymond T. McKay (November 15, 1925 – August 9, 1993) was an American labor leader.  He was president of American Maritime Officers (AMO) from 1957 until his death in 1993.

After World War II, McKay sailed as a second engineer on a Sinclair Oil tanker.  He was active in organizing the fleet of the Isthmian Steamship Company for the Brotherhood of Maritime Engineers, which would later be renamed to American Maritime Officers.  The labor agreement with Isthmian was secured in August 1951,  and in 1953, McKay was chosen to direct the union's Department of Welfare and Special Services.  In this position, he helped the union gain jurisdiction over the east coast tugboat industry.

In 1954, McKay was elected as one of the union's vice presidents.  Three years later, Wilbur Dickey resigned the presidency and McKay took the position on January 17, 1957.  Later that year, on October 29, 1957, McKay and then-president of the Marine Engineers Beneficial Association H.L. Daggett signed an accord leading BME to merge with several MEBA locals.  The newly formed entity was known as MEBA's Great Lakes District Local 101.  In 1960, after an internal reorganization of MEBA, this entity was now known as "District 2 MEBA."

McKay served as the union's president until his death on August 9, 1993.  He was succeeded as president by his son, Michael McKay.  The younger McKay later resigned the office after he was convicted of "three counts of mail fraud and two recordkeeping offenses. He was found not guilty of embezzling from an employee benefit plan.".

McKay's other son, former AMO National Secretary-Treasurer Robert McKay was convicted of two counts of mail fraud, embezzlement, and two recordkeeping offenses.

Memorials
 The AMO's training facility in Dania Beach, Florida is named The Raymond T. McKay Simulation, Training, Assessment and Research Center, as was its former facility in Toledo, Ohio.

See also

 American Maritime Officers
 Michael Sacco
 Harry Lundeberg
 Paul Hall (labor leader)
 Seafarers International Union

References

External links
 Raymond T. McKay Star Center, Dania

American trade union leaders
1993 deaths
1925 births
MSX (disambiguation). MSX is a computer standard.

MSX may also refer to:
 MSX, a disease caused by the Haplosporidium nelsoni pathogen of oysters
 Metal Slug X, a video game
 Midcourse Space Experiment, an infrared satellite telescope
 MSX, IATA code for Mossendjo Airport in the Republic of the Congo
 Stanford MSx, a management program at Stanford University, formerly known as the Sloan Fellows Program
Liquid Ass. Liquid Ass (stylized as Liquid ASS) is a stink bomb product. It was invented by former engineer Alan Wittman when he was in high school. In 2005, he founded Liquid Ass Novelties, LLC, in North Carolina, alongside fellow engineer Andrew Masters.

Liquid Ass is sold in retail locations in the United States and at least 8 other countries, as well as online. According to the manufacturer, the product will not stain most fabrics and the odor dissipates in less than a day.

The U.S. Military uses Liquid Ass in training to prepare troops for the odor of the battlefield. It is also used in medical training, as the product's smell is similar to that of the human colon.

References

External links
 

Novelty items
Practical joke devices
Foul-smelling chemicals
Dimitrie Leonida. Dimitrie Leonida (May 23, 1883–March 14, 1965) was a Romanian energy engineer.

Born in Fălticeni, his father Atanase was a cavalry officer, while his mother (née Gill) was the daughter of a French building engineer. He had seven surviving siblings, and despite the family’s financial difficulties, all had distinguished careers, including Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu and Gheorghe Leonida. Frequently moving due to Atanase’s profession, Dimitrie ultimately graduated from Mihai Viteazul National College in Bucharest. He then entered the Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg, graduating with distinction in 1908. While a student, he proposed a subway system for Bucharest.

His thesis proposed what would become the Bicaz-Stejaru Hydroelectric Power Station late in his life, and he spent years advocating for the project. Meanwhile, after returning to Romania, Leonida was hired to direct electrification at Căile Ferate Române railway carrier. For decades, he promoted the electrification of Romania. In 1908, he founded the country’s first school for electricians and mechanics, teaching there without pay for 44 years. He also taught at Politehnica University of Timișoara (1924-1941) and at Politehnica University of Bucharest (1941-1945).

In 1909, he founded what would become the Dimitrie Leonida Technical Museum. The Communist regime awarded him the State Prize in 1954 and the Order of Labor in 1961. The Dimitrie Leonida station of the Bucharest Metro is named after him.

Notes

1883 births
1965 deaths
People from Fălticeni
Romanian people of French descent
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Politehnica University of Timișoara
Academic staff of the Politehnica University of Bucharest
Căile Ferate Române people
Romanian electrical engineers
Mihai Viteazul National College (Bucharest) alumni
Ali R. Rabi. Ali R. Rabi is an Iranian-born academic. He was born in Tehran and went to the United States after graduation from High School in 1966.

Education
He earned his B.S. and M.S. in Architectural Technology and Ph.D. in City and Regional Planning.

Academic career
He returned to Iran in 1974 where he taught at the University of Tehran School of Architecture while practicing regional planning at the Plan and Budget Organization. He also served as the senior advisor in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. After the Iranian Revolution, he served at the Vice Chancellor and Dean of Education at Farabi University. From 1982 to 1984, he served as the Chief Planner of Fisheries, Ahwaz Still Mill Plant, and  Regional Planning Group.

Business activities
He moved back to United States and established his own business in Northern Virginia. He operated this business until 2000. In 2001, he initiated the International University of Iran as the platform for bridging Iranian specialists and academics abroad with the scientific communities in Iran.

Dr. Rabi has been working on the Virtual University project during the past 10 years in Iran, the Middle East, Europe and the United States. He is currently a visiting scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park, Center for International Development and Conflict Management. His areas of interests include: *Information Society,
Information Technology and International Development,
e-Learning 
Political Economy.

He is also the founder and co-chair of the Middle East Citizens Assembly.

Ali Rabi has interest in poetry, painting and politics.

Positions held
Chancellor, International University of Iran (IUI)
Founding Chair, Middle East Citizens Assembly (MECA)
Board Member, Iran-America Peace Forum 
Board Member, Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran CASMII 
Visiting Scholar, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.

Notes

Academic staff of the University of Tehran
Iranian emigrants to the United States
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of Tehran University of Art
Aerotécnica AC-12. The Aerotécnica AC-12 Pepo is a Spanish two-seat light helicopter manufactured in 1956 by Aerotécnica.

Design and development 
Aerotécnica AC-12 was designed by Jean Cantinieau and like other Cantinieau designs featured a distinctive "spine" above the fuselage pod that carried the engine ahead of the rotor assembly. Development costs were borne by the Spanish government, and the first of two prototypes took to the air on 20 July 1954.

Operational history
Twelve (including two prototypes) were ordered for the Spanish Air Force where they served for three years under the designation EC-XZ-2.

Operators 

 Spanish Air Force

Specifications

Gallery

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Apostolo, Giorgio. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. New York: Bonanza Books, 1984. .
 Jane, Fred Thomas. Jane's Fighting Craft: Janes's Encyclopedia of Aviation, 5 Vols. in One. London: Gramercy Books, 1989. . 
 Simpson, Rod W. Airlife's Helicopters & Rotorcraft. London: Airlife Pub Limited, 1998. . 
 Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1961–62. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1961.

1950s Spanish helicopters
1950s Spanish military utility aircraft
AC-12
Single-engined piston helicopters
Aerotécnica. 
Aerotécnica was a Spanish aircraft manufacturer established in Madrid in 1954 to develop Jean Cantinieau's helicopter designs. After manufacturing small numbers of the AC-12 and AC-14, the firm ceased trading in 1962, as a consequence of lower cost for Spanish Air Force of US Helicopters, surplus of Korea War.

Aircraft
 Aerotécnica AC-11 
 Aerotécnica AC-12 
 Aerotécnica AC-13 
 Aerotécnica AC-14
 Aerotécnica AC-15 
 Aerotécnica AC-21

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Spain
Manufacturing companies based in Madrid
Serine hydrolase. Serine hydrolases are one of the largest known enzyme classes comprising approximately ~200 enzymes or 1% of the genes in the human proteome. A defining characteristic of these enzymes is the presence of a particular serine at the active site, which is used for the hydrolysis of substrates. The hydrolysis of the ester or peptide bond proceeds in two steps. First, the acyl part of the substrate (the acid part of an ester or the part of a peptide ending in a carboxyl group) is transferred to the serine, making a new ester or amide bond and releasing the other part of the substrate (the alcohol of an ester or the part of the peptide ending in an amino group) is released. Later, in a slower step, the bond between the serine and the acyl group is hydrolyzed by water or hydroxide ion, regenerating free enzyme. Unlike other, non-catalytic, serines, the reactive serine of these hydrolases is typically activated by a proton relay involving a catalytic triad consisting of the serine, an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine), although variations on this mechanism exist.

Superfamilies of serine hydrolases includes:

 Serine proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin
 Extracellular lipases, including pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, gastric lipase, endothelial lipase, and lipoprotein lipase
 Intracellular lipases, including hormone sensitive lipase, monoacylglycerol lipase, adipose triglyceride lipase, and diacylglycerol lipase
 Cholinesterases, including acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase
 Small molecule thioesterases, including fatty acid synthase and the acyl-CoA thioesterases
 Some phospholipases, including phospholipase A2 and platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase
 Protein and glycan hydrolases, including protein phosphate methylesterase 1, acyloxyacyl hydrolase and sialic acid acetylesterase
 Some amidases, including fatty acid amide hydrolase
 Some peptidases, including dipeptidyl peptidase 4, fibroblast activation protein, and prolylendopeptidase

See also 
 Activity-based proteomics
 Alpha/beta hydrolase fold
 Amide
 Enzyme
 Ester
 List of enzymes
 Thioester

References

Hydrolases
EC 3.1
Aerotécnica AC-14. The Aerotécnica AC-14 was a Spanish five-seat light helicopter of the 1950s, designed by Jean Cantinieau, based on enlarging his Nord Norelfe design.

The AC-14 continued the Cantinieau practice of mounting the engine forward of the main rotor, and like the Norelfe, used the ducted exhaust from the turboshaft to counter the torque of the main rotor at low speeds, while at high speeds the exhaust gases were deflected rearwards to increase speed, torque being compensated for by movable twin tail fins.

The first of prototype flew on 16 July 1957. The Spanish Air Force placed a pre-production order for ten machines where they served for a short time under the designation EC-XZ-4. No full production ensued, as they were much more expensive than second-hand Bell 47G-2 and G-3s.

Operators 
 
 Spanish Air Force - Ten pre-production aircraft only.

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

 
 

1950s Spanish helicopters
1950s Spanish military utility aircraft
AC-14
Single-turbine helicopters