omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of minerals of Pakistan. This is a list of minerals, both metallic and non-metallic found in Pakistan province wise.

Mining areas 
Minerals are found richly, in all of the Provinces of Pakistan. They may be mined in common locations or regions based on their popularity. Different minerals may also be mined in different regions such as the Hindu Kush, Himalaya, and Karakorum ranges.

Punjab

Non-metallic minerals

 Brine
 Calcite
 Coal
 Ilmenite
 Kaolin
 Lignite
 Limestone
 marble
 Mica
 Rock phosphate
 Potash
 Pyrite
 Radioactive minerals
 Rock salt
 Silica sand
 Soapstone
 Sulphur
 Uranium
 Vermiculite
 Chromite
 Gypsum

Gemstones

Gemstones, also known as semi-precious stones or gems, are minerals widely used in jewelry and for ornamental purposes. Northern and western regions of Pakistan are rich in high quality gemstones. Some of the major gemstones are enlisted below;
 Peridot
 Aquamarine
 Topaz - in various colours including violet, pink, golden, and champagne
 Ruby
 Emerald
 Bastnaesite - rare earth mineral
 Xenotime - rare earth mineral
 Sphene
 Tourmaline
 Quartz of various types
 Diamond
The main mining areas of these gems are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Balochistan.

See also
 Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation 
Gemstones of Pakistan

References

 Encyclopedia of Pakistan by Zahid Hussain Anjum, Jahangir Book Depot, Pakistan 2005-2006

Minerals
Geology of Pakistan
Daniel Crevier. Daniel Crevier (born 1947) is a Canadian entrepreneur and artificial intelligence and image processing researcher. He is also the author of AI: the Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence. In 1974 Crevier received a Ph.D. degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1979 Crevier founded Coreco Imaging (COntractual REsearch COmpany), which was acquired by Dalsa in 2005.

Notes

1947 births
Living people
Canadian academics
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Softex. Softex S.A. is a Greek paper towel company, headquartered in Athens, west of downtown. The company is located at the Acteon Building in Irinis Street, Neo Faliro, Athens. The first owner of the company was Apostolos Nikolaidis.

It manufactures paper towels and napkins and had two factories, in Athens and Drama. Softex suffered a fire in August 1994 that destroyed its machines, building and shipping centre. The company operated from other premises until the factory was rebuilt with fireproof technology.

External links
 Bolton Group webpage

Manufacturing companies based in Athens
Pulp and paper companies of Greece
Greek brands
The Gateway (Singapore). The Gateway is a 37-storey, , skyscraper complex completed in April 1990 on Beach Road in the Downtown Core of Singapore. The two buildings are named The Gateway East and The Gateway West.

The embassy of Mexico is located on the 3rd floor of The Gateway East. The Singapore office of Mott MacDonald, a global engineering, management and development consultancy, is located on the 35th floor of The Gateway East.

Architecture
The architecture of The Gateway has been described as "world class" by the National Library Board. The buildings were designed by the U.S.-based architect, I. M. Pei. The local Singaporean architectural firm that worked on this project was Chua Ka Seng and Partners Chartered Architects (CKSP).  T.Y. Lin Structural Engineers from San Francisco also collaborated on the project.

The shape of the buildings is trapezoidal, which is similar to the form used by I. M. Pei in the critically acclaimed National Gallery of Art East Building in Washington, D.C.

Tenants
The building's anchor tenants include companies like DHL, Mott MacDonald, Canon, Y Soft as well as the International Table Tennis Federation and Remy Cointreau International.

References

External links

Pei Cobb Freed and Partners Architects LLP

1990 establishments in Singapore
Buildings and structures completed in 1990
Downtown Core (Singapore)
I. M. Pei buildings
Skyscraper office buildings in Singapore
20th-century architecture in Singapore
Baer–Babinet law. In geography, the Baer–Babinet law, sometimes called Baer's law, identifies a way in which the process of formation of rivers is influenced by the rotation of the Earth. According to the hypothesis, because of the rotation of the Earth, erosion occurs mostly on the right banks of rivers in the Northern Hemisphere, and in the Southern Hemisphere on the left banks.

The concept was originally introduced by a French physicist Jacques Babinet in 1859 using mathematical deduction and Coriolis force. A more definitive explanation was given by Baltic German scientist Karl Ernst von Baer in 1860.

Although it is possible that an aggregate measurement of all rivers would lead to a correlation with the Baer–Babinet law, the Coriolis force is orders of magnitude weaker than the local forces on the river channel from its flow. Therefore, this is unlikely to be important in any given river. Albert Einstein wrote a paper in 1926 explaining the true causes of the phenomenon (see tea leaf paradox).

See also 
Secondary flow

References

Further reading
 Baer, K. E. v., "Über ein allgemeines Gesetz in der Gestaltung der Flußbetten", Kaspische Studien, 1860, VIII, pp. 1–6.
 Einstein, A., "Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flußläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes", Die Naturwissenschaften, 1926, 11, pp. 223–224.
 Einstein, A., "The Causes of the Formation of Meanders in the Courses of Rivers and of the so-called Baer's Law", translation in Ideas and Opinions, Bonanza Books, 1954.

Geomorphology
Geological processes
Rivers
CoMotion. The CoMotion platform is a commercial product from General Dynamics C4 Systems that provides a synchronous and asynchronous collaborative workspace enabling data sharing, data visualization, and messaging. It allows potentially hundreds of users to collaborate live, sharing all or part of their persistent workspace and all data contained therein. It is the core platform for the Army's Command Post of the Future, USTRANSCOM's TransViz software, and Array BioPharma's Discovery product. CoMotion builds substantially on earlier work developed at Carnegie Mellon University, MAYA Design Inc., and DARPA.

Data visualization in software often uses a selected Model (as in Model–View–Controller) to organize the information. CoMotion treats the model and the view as data, so that the underlying information can be seen through different models or different views simultaneously. In CoMotion jargon this is known as a "blueprint" of how a visualization is seen. The "frame", or view, can be shared amongst different users of the software. Even with the same underlying information, it's possible for two users to interact around different blueprints or different frames.

All data is stored in "u-forms", which are a universal property list (name-value pairs) that can contain basic types, arrays, and links to other u-forms. This directed graph of u-forms forms the basis for all data in the system, including visualized data, blueprints, as well as the frame locations and clipping states.

Until the commercialization of CoMotion, no enterprise software products existed that allowed for this interaction. Prior, all systems either collaborated on the data itself, or only on the view of that data.

A session describing of CoMotion, its Java underpinnings, and the unique nature of its workspace's UI-data connections was submitted as a paper to Sun Microsystems' 2008 JavaOne conference.

See also 
 Collaboration
 Collaborative software

External links 
 An Interactive Visualization Environment for Data Exploration Foundational work which led to CoMotion
 General Dynamics C4 Systems CoMotion Platform
 Toward the Universal Database: U-forms and the VIA Repository

Groupware
183 series. The  was a Japanese limited express electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1972 by Japanese National Railways (JNR). Following the privatization of JNR, the 183 series was operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR-West). In terms of design, it is closely based on the late-model AC/DC 485 series, with minor cosmetic differences and DC-only drive. The last 189 series sets were withdrawn on 29 March 2019.

The trains were built by Hitachi, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo, Nippon Sharyo, and Tokyu Car Corporation.

Former operations

JR East

 Azusa (seasonal only)
 Kaiji (seasonal only)
 Wing
 Moonlight Shinshū
 Moonlight Nagara
 Sazanami
 Wakashio
 Shiosai
 Ayame
 Suigo
 Toki
 Amagi
 Odoriko
 Asama
 Myōkō
 Ohayō Liner
 Chūō Liner (until March 2008)
 Ōme Liner (until June 2002)

JR-West

The 183 series trains operated by JR-West were actually DC-only conversions of 485 series trainsets. They were used on limited-express services from Kyoto and Shin-Osaka to the northern coast of Kyoto and Hyogo prefectures, as part of the "." These trainsets were gradually phased out from spring 2011 in favor of the new 287 series, and completely removed from regular scheduled services by the start of the revised timetable on 16 March 2013.
 Kitakinki (until March 2011)
 Kounotori (until 15 March 2013)
 Kinosaki (until March 2013)
 Tamba (until March 2011)
 Hashidate (until March 2013)
 Maizuru (until March 2011)
 Monju (until March 2011)

References

 
 

Train-related introductions in 1972
Electric multiple units of Japan
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Kawasaki multiple units
Nippon Sharyo multiple units
Kinki Sharyo multiple units
Tokyu Car multiple units
Sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate. Sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (NOBS) is an important component of laundry detergents and bleaches.  It is known as a bleach activator for active oxygen sources, allowing formulas containing hydrogen peroxide releasing chemicals (specifically sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate, sodium persulfate, and urea peroxide) to effect bleaching at lower temperatures.

Synthesis
NOBS is formed by the reaction of nonanoic acid (or its esters) with phenol followed by aromatic sulfonation using SO3 to form a sulfonic acid at the para-position.

Bleach activation
NOBS was developed by Procter & Gamble in 1983 and was first used in American laundry detergents in 1988. NOBS is the main bleach activator used in the U.S.A. and Japan. Compared to TAED, which is the predominant bleach activator used in Europe, NOBS is efficient at much lower temperatures. At 20 °C NOBS is 100 times more soluble than TAED in water. 
When attacked by the perhydroxyl anion (from hydrogen peroxide), NOBS forms peroxynonanoic acid (a peroxy acid) and releases the leaving group sodium 4-hydroxybenzene sulfonate, which is an inert by-product.

References

Cleaning product components
Benzenesulfonates
Anionic surfactants
Organic sodium salts
Nonanoate esters
Narayanan Shivakumar. Shiva Shivakumar is an entrepreneur that worked for Google between 2001 and 2010. He was a Vice President of Engineering and Distinguished Entrepreneur, helped build Google's R&D centers at Seattle-Kirkland, Zurich, and Bangalore; he and his teams launched AdSense, Dremel, Sitemaps
, Google Search Appliance and other key products. 

Before he joined Google in its early days, he obtained his PhD in Computer Science from Stanford University. His advisor was Prof. Hector Garcia-Molina. Before Google, he cofounded Gigabeat.com, an online music startup acquired by Napster.

References 
Shivakumar's keynote at Google Developer Day, Beijing June '07.

External links
Shivakumar's personal webpage.

American computer programmers
American computer scientists
Stanford University alumni
Living people
Google employees
Year of birth missing (living people)
American academics of Indian descent
BioWeb. The BioWeb is the connotation for a network of web-enabled biological devices (e.g. trees, plants, and flowers) which extends an internet of things to the Internet of Living Things of natural sensory devices. The BioWeb devices give insights to real-time ecological data and feedback to changes in the environment. The biodiversity of today is one giant ecological mesh network of information exchange, and a resource humanity should be able to access for a better understanding of the state of our global ecology.

Technology
The BioWeb information technologies emerge from the interdisciplinary fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology. The devices for reading individual ecological systems can be either wireless transmitters implemented into the organic structure of seeds or external inserted network nodes with the ability to read information and wirelessly transmit the information to the Internet (or network).

See also
Mesh networking, a way to route information between nodes
Biotechnology, technology based on biology where technology is a concept that deals with knowledge of skills

External links
Cellbiol.com: The Bio-Web
Mrs. King's BioWeb
The BioWeb and BioNews Search Engines
Botanicalls

Biotechnology
Tinsel wire. Tinsel wire is a type of electrical wire used for applications that require high mechanical flexibility but low current-carrying capacity. Tinsel wire is commonly used in cords of telephones, handsets, headphones, and small electrical appliances. It is far more resistant to metal fatigue failure than either stranded wire or solid wire.

Construction
Tinsel wire is produced by wrapping several strands of thin metal foil around a flexible nylon or textile core. Because the foil is very thin, the bend radius imposed on the foil is much greater than the thickness of the foil, leading to a low probability of metal fatigue. Meanwhile, the core provides high tensile strength without impairing flexibility.

Typically, multiple tinsel wires are jacketed with an insulating layer to form one conductor. A cord is formed from several conductors in either a round profile or a flat cable.

Connections
Tinsel wire is commonly connected to equipment with crimped terminal lugs that pierce the insulation to make contact with the metal ribbons, rather than stripping insulation.  Separated from the core, the individual ribbons are relatively fragile, and the core can be damaged by high temperatures. These factors make it difficult or impractical to terminate tinsel wire by soldering during equipment manufacture, although soldering is possible, with some difficulty, to repair a failed connection. However, the conductors tend to break at their junction with the rigid solder.

Applications
Tinsel wires or cords are used for telephony and audio applications in which frequent bending of electric cords occurs, such as for headsets and telephone handsets. It is also used in power cords for small appliances such as electric shavers or clocks, where stranded cable conductors of adequate mechanical size would be too stiff. Tinsel cords are recognized as type TPT or TST in the US and Canadian electrical codes, and are rated at 0.5 amperes.

Manufacturers and suppliers

 Maeden
 Dacon Systems, Inc.
 Gavitt Wire & Cable Co., Inc.

See also
 Litz wire

References

Electrical wiring
Telephony equipment
HMAS Bundaberg (J231). HMAS Bundaberg (J231/M231), named for the city of Bundaberg, Queensland, was one of 60 s constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of  The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a  top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype  did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including Bundaberg) ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.

Bundaberg was laid down by Evans Deakin and Company at Brisbane on 7 June 1941, launched on 1 December 1941 by Mrs. Hurwood, wife of the Director of Evans Deakin, and commissioned on 12 September 1942.

Operational history
The ship was awarded the battle honours "Pacific 1942–45" and "New Guinea 1943–44" for her service during World War II.

Fate
Bundaberg paid off to reserve on 26 March 1946, and was sold for scrap to the Kinoshita Company of Japan on 6 January 1961.

Citations

References

Books

Journal and news articles

Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in Queensland
1941 ships
World War II corvettes of Australia
South Somerset Hydropower Group. The South Somerset Hydropower Group (SSHG) is a group of 10 owners of former watermills in the South Somerset area of England who are installing micro-hydro turbines for electricity generation.  The Group was founded as a result of an initiative by South Somerset District Council, and was the first of its kind in the United Kingdom. The Group won one of the 2005 Ashden Awards, and the concept has been adopted by a number of other similar groups.

The South Somerset Hydropower Project was begun in 2001 and the first turbine, at Gants Mill (Pitcombe), was commissioned in 2003.  It now produces up to 12 kW of electricity from a 300 mm cross-flow turbine. Other sites in the Project include Clapton Mill (Clapton), Cole Manor (Bruton), Cary's Mill (Martock) and Cutterne Mill (Evercreech). When all the mills are in operation it is expected that they will collectively generate around 600 MWh per year, sufficient to supply about 150 homes and avoid the production of 260 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions.

The SSHG estimates that there are about 40,000 mill sites that might be suitable for micro-hydropower in the United Kingdom. It has been calculated that harnessing the power from all the streams and rivers in the UK could generate 10,000 GWh per year, enough to supply 3% of national generating capacity.

See also 

:Category:Community electricity generation in the United Kingdom
Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom
Energy policy of the United Kingdom
Energy conservation
Renewable energy

References

External links
Gant's Mill (Mill's own site)
Clapton Mill (Mill's own site)
Hydro Generation - Micro-hydro System Supplier

Community electricity generation in the United Kingdom
Electric power companies of the United Kingdom
Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom
South Somerset
Companies based in Somerset
K12-B. The K12-B is a natural gas field in the Netherlands sector of the North Sea (in the northern part of the country).  It is located approximately  northwest of Amsterdam. Natural gas production in the field started in 1987.

To resolve the production-related carbon dioxide emissions issue, the project of re-injection  into the gas reservoir has been implemented.  In addition to the recovery of natural gas production, it serves also as a  storage project.  Several research projects use the  storage project at K12-B as a source of data to validate models and gain insight into various related processes.

See also

List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea
North Sea oil
K7-K12 gas fields

References

External links
K12-B
More info on  project in k12-b 

Natural gas fields in the Netherlands
North Sea energy
Mendip Power Group. The Mendip Power Group is a group of owners installing micro-hydroelectric turbines in a number of historic former watermills in the Mendip area of Somerset, England. The Group is one of several formed after the concept was developed by the South Somerset Hydropower Group.

The first to start electricity generation was Tellisford Mill, on the River Frome, which began operating in April 2007 and which is ultimately expected to produce 75 kW.

Other mills in the Group, together with initial assessments of their capacity, include: Stowford Mill (37 kW) and Shawford Mill (31 kW), Jackdaws Iron Works (10 kW), Glencot House (5.8 kW), Burcott Mill (5.2 kW), Bleadney Mill (5.4 kW), Coleford Mill (6.6 kW), Old Mill (5.2 kW) and Farrants Mill (9.9 kW).

It has been calculated that harnessing the power from all the streams and rivers in the UK could generate 10,000 GWh per year, enough to supply 3% of national generating capacity.

See also

:Category:Community electricity generation in the United Kingdom
Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom
Energy policy of the United Kingdom
Energy conservation
Renewable energy

External links
Tellisford Mill’s 50kW hydro plant lights up the community

References

Community electricity generation in the United Kingdom
Electric power companies of the United Kingdom
Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom
Mendip District
Arnold Dumey. Arnold I. Dumey (1906-1995) was the co-inventor of the postal sorting machine and cryptanalyst first for SIS and then NSA. During World War II he worked for the Army Signal Corps and at Arlington Hall, headquarters of the US Army's Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) cryptography, under William and Elizabeth Friedman on breaking the German and Japanese codes. Dumey is also considered by some the inventor of hashing. He published the first hashing paper in 1956.

Later, as a consultant, he co-invented the postal sorter and wrote the code that is used on the front of all USPS envelopes and packages in order to facilitate delivery. In addition, he developed the first system to charge theater tickets to a credit card over the phone for the League of NY Theaters.

The "Dumey microsecond" is a term of art in the intelligence community of the United States where Dumey spent much of his career. The Dumey Microsecond was a crucial event that Arnold claimed was common to all projects: It is that microsecond during which you can impact the flow of, or design of, a project. Before this microsecond, it is too early. After, it is too late to have an impact.

Through the early 1970s, Dumey, then working for the Institute for Defense Analysis in Princeton, was the longest-serving member in the history of the NSA scientific advisory board.

References

1906 births
1995 deaths
Signals Intelligence Service cryptographers
20th-century American engineers
American inventors
United States Army personnel of World War II
Malter effect. The Malter effect is named after Louis Malter, who first described the effect. Following exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., electrons, ions, X-rays, extreme ultraviolet, vacuum ultraviolet), secondary electron emission from the surface of a thin insulating layer results in the establishment of a positive charge on the surface. This positive charge produces a high electric field in the insulator, resulting in the emission of electrons through the surface. This tends to pull more electrons from further beneath the surface. Eventually the sample replenishes the lost electrons, by picking up the collected secondary electrons through the ground loop.

The Malter effect often arises in wire chambers (aka drift chambers). After six years of operation, the BES III science team reported on a serious problem caused by the effect and how they coped with the problem.

References

Bibliography
 

Insulators