omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Willam–Warnke yield criterion. The Willam–Warnke yield criterion  is a function that is used to predict when failure will occur in concrete and other cohesive-frictional materials such as rock, soil, and ceramics.  This yield criterion has the functional form

where  is the first invariant of the Cauchy stress tensor, and  are the second and third invariants of the deviatoric part of the Cauchy stress tensor. There are three material parameters ( - the uniaxial compressive strength,  – the uniaxial tensile strength,  - the equibiaxial compressive strength) that have to be determined before the Willam-Warnke yield criterion may be applied to predict failure.  

In terms of , the Willam-Warnke yield criterion can be expressed as

where  is a function that depends on  and the three material parameters and  depends only on the material parameters. The function  can be interpreted as the friction angle which depends on the Lode angle ().  The quantity  is interpreted as a cohesion pressure.  The Willam-Warnke yield criterion may therefore be viewed as a combination of the Mohr–Coulomb and the Drucker–Prager yield criteria.

Willam-Warnke yield function 

In the original paper, the three-parameter Willam-Warnke yield function was expressed as

where  is the first invariant of the stress tensor,  is the second invariant of the deviatoric part of the stress tensor,  is the yield stress in uniaxial compression, and  is the Lode angle given by

The locus of the boundary of the stress surface in the deviatoric stress plane is expressed in polar coordinates by the quantity  which is given by 

where

The quantities  and  describe the position vectors at the locations  and can be expressed in terms of  as (here  is the failure stress under equi-biaxial compression and  is the failure stress under uniaxial tension)

The parameter  in the model is given by

The Haigh-Westergaard representation of the Willam-Warnke yield condition can be
written as

where

Modified forms of the Willam-Warnke yield criterion 

An alternative form of the Willam-Warnke yield criterion in Haigh-Westergaard coordinates is the Ulm-Coussy-Bazant form:

where

and 

The quantities  are interpreted as friction coefficients.  For the yield surface to be convex, the Willam-Warnke yield criterion requires that  and .

See also 
 Yield (engineering)
 Yield surface
 Plasticity (physics)

References 

 Chen, W. F. (1982). Plasticity in Reinforced Concrete. McGraw Hill. New York.

External links 
 Kaspar Willam and E.P. Warnke (1974). Constitutive model for the triaxial behavior of concrete
 Palko, J. L. (1993). Interactive reliability model for whisker-toughened ceramics
 The ‘‘Chunnel’’ Fire. I: Chemoplastic softening in rapidly heated concrete by Franz-Josef Ulm, Olivier Coussy, and Zdeneˇk P. Bazˇant.

Plasticity (physics)
Solid mechanics
Yield criteria
Xi'an Aero-Engine Corporation. Xi'an Aero-Engine Corporation (XAEC, ) is one of the major aircraft engine designers and manufacturers in China, originally established in 2001. It along with its parent company (via the Xihang Group), Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation, is affiliated with the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). XAEC is primarily located in the province of Shaanxi.

The company with 96,000 employees, is focused on designing, manufacturing and testing of aircraft engines. The Huarong Asset Management Corporation is/was also an equity partner in XAEC through the Xihang Group.

Products
WP-8
WS-9 - Chinese license production of  Rolls-Royce Spey 202
WS-15 to power J-20 stealth fighter.
WS-20 to power Xi'an Y-20 heavy transport.

See also
China Beijing Equity Exchange

External links
Official Site 
GlobalSecurity.org entry on Xi'an Aero-Engine (Group) Co., Ltd. (XAE) Accessed 18 March 2015

Aircraft engine manufacturers of China
Manufacturing companies established in 2001
Gas turbine manufacturers
Companies based in Shaanxi
2001 in Xi'an
New Computer Express. New Computer Express was a weekly magazine published by Future Publishing in the UK from 1988 to 1991.

History and profile
New Computer Express was started in 1988. The first issue appeared in November 1988. The launch editor was Chris Anderson. During this time 8-bit micros were still prevalent, and 16-bit micros were growing their share of the market. The PC had yet to cement its hold on the home market and as a result it was a varied landscape. NCE was a multi-format magazine which tried to cover developments in the whole area. For example, in December 1989 it had articles covering the Amiga, Atari ST, PC, Amstrad CPC, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 64, MSX, Atari XE, Amstrad PCW, ZX Spectrum, and Sinclair QL. The magazine ceased publication in 1991.

References

External links
 Archived New Computer Express magazines on the Internet Archive

Future plc
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom
1991 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct computer magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1988
Magazines disestablished in 1991
HOAP. The HOAP series robots are an advanced humanoid robot platform manufactured by Fujitsu Automation in Japan. HOAP is an abbreviation for "Humanoid for Open Architecture Platform".

The HOAP series should not be confused with the HRP series (also known as Promet).

History
In 2001, Fujitsu realized its first commercial humanoid robot named HOAP-1. The HOAP-2 was released in 2003 followed by the HOAP-3 in 2005.

Specifications of HOAP-2
HOAP-2 is  high and weighs . Its system consists of the robot body, PC and power supplies, and the PC OS uses RT-Linux (open C/C++language). The robot's smooth movement was achieved because the electric current control of the motor was possible (except neck and hand). The USB interface for the internal LAN facilitates easy modification or addition of new actuators and sensors.
The neck, waist and hands now have movement capability, allowing smooth movement. The robot is easy to program and has a simple initial start up using a sample program included with the purchase of the robot.

Capabilities of HOAP-2

HOAP-2 has been demonstrated with capabilities to successfully perform various tasks, including walking on flat terrain, performing sumo movements, cleaning a whiteboard, following a ball, and grasping thin objects, such as pens and brushes.

References

External links
 

Robotics at Fujitsu
Bipedal humanoid robots
2001 robots
Orthoferrite. An orthoferrite is any of a class of chemical compounds with the formula RFeO, where R is one or more rare-earth elements.  Orthoferrites have an orthorhombic crystal structure with a space group Pbnm and most are weakly ferromagnetic.
At the Néel temperature  the subsystem of iron ions orders into a slightly canted antiferromagnetic structure with antiferromagnetic moment G and a weak ferromagnetic moment F. The rare-earth ion subsystem acquires magnetization m due to an interaction with the iron subsystem.

The orthoferrites are particularly interesting because of the presence of an antisymmetric exchange interaction which involves the vector cross product of neighboring spins as opposed to the usual scalar product. In the absence of this interaction, the orthoferrites would be antiferromagnetic. Its presence leads to a small canting of the sublattices, making the orthoferrites “weak” ferromagnets with . Another interesting feature of these materials is the fact that some of them exhibit a transition as a function of temperature, in which the direction of the antiferromagnetically ordered spins and consequently also of the net magnetization rotates by 90°.

Applications
The combination of high magnetic resonance frequencies with very large magnetooptical effects makes the orthoferrites interesting objects for study of laser-induced dynamics.
Orthoferrites are transparent, and can modify the polarisation of a beam of light under the control of a magnetic field (Faraday rotation).  This makes them potentially useful as optical sensors and actuators for use in optical communications.
 They were also once used as the magnetic material in bubble memory.

Examples
 Lanthanum orthoferrite, LaFeO
 Dysprosium orthoferrite, DyFeO

References

Iron(III) compounds
Columbus (company). Columbus Tubi is a manufacturer of steel tubing used in bicycle frames, located in Settala, in the Province of Milan. The company was founded in 1919 by A.L. Colombo and was taken over by Colombo's youngest son, Antonio, in 1977. It is now a division of Gruppo SPA, which also owns the bicycle manufacturer Cinelli.

Columbus tubing was the main competitor to TI Reynolds 531 in the bicycle tube set market with many of the big name Italian manufacturers of bicycles and framesets utilising their products. Famous name builders such as Bianchi, Centurion Bicycles (after 1981), De Rosa, Ciocc, Pinarello, and Colnago all specified the Columbus tubesets as part of their range.

Today the company produces a wide variety of butted tubes, and also produces pre-formed carbon fiber components.

See also

 Reynolds Technology
 Tange International Co.
 List of bicycle parts
 List of companies of Italy

References

External links

 Columbus
 List of tubings available from around 1989

Manufacturing companies of Italy
Cycle parts manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1919
Italian companies established in 1919
Italian brands
Companies based in Lombardy
Victoria Viaduct. Victoria Viaduct, originally known as the Victoria Bridge, is a stone arch rail viaduct spanning the River Wear about  south-east of Washington in the City of Sunderland North East England.  It was built as part of the Durham Junction Railway under the supervision of Thomas Elliot Harrison.

History and design
The bridge was constructed as part of the Durham Junction Railway, which had been sanctioned by act of parliament in 1834; the act allowed for traffic tolls on a bridge over the Wear, including tolls for road and foot crossing. A  iron bridge suitable for passage by rail, foot and road vehicle was designed by John Green of Newcastle, but instead a stone arch bridge designed by James Walker was chosen. The contract to build the bridge was given to John Gibb & Son. of Aberdeen.

The design was based upon the Alcántara Bridge in Spain. Construction began 17 March 1836 and was completed on 28 June 1838, the date of the coronation of Queen Victoria; as a result it was called 'Victoria Bridge'. The cost of construction was £40,338 5s. 10d.

The bridge is  in length and  in width, with a height above water level of the top point of the arches of approximately  It was constructed entirely of locally quarried Penshaw sandstone, excluding the quoins stones of the main arches, made of aberdeen granite. The viaduct carried a double track railway, and had a walkway on either side for pedestrians.

The main arches had spans of ; ;  ; and . At either end of the viaduct were sets of three smaller spans of . The main arches were semicircular with the exception of the main 160 ft span, which was a circular segment, spanning 160 ft with a rise of 72 ft. The three main piers and one of the arch abutments were founded on bedrock, the river pier required excavation to a depth of  below the river bed to obtain that footing. One arch abutment was founded on  long,  diameter scotch fir piles, spaced at . Above the first  the piers contained voids to minimise mass.

The bridge and line opened in August 1838. As built it was one of the largest bridges in Europe, being exceeded in arch length by the River Dee bridge at Chester, and in height by the Alcántara bridge, but not by other structures in both dimensions.

Scheduled passenger trains on the line and viaduct ceased in 1964 following the Beeching Axe. The bridge continued to carry freight, and was renovated in 1989/90. Diverted passenger trains also used it occasionally, especially while the East Coast Main Line was being electrified. After closure of the freight terminal at  Follingsby in 1991 the line and bridge were mothballed. The structure was grade II* listed in 1985.

Future 
The proposed Tyne and Wear Metro Washington extension would use the viaduct.

See also
Leamside line

Notes

Further reading

Notes

References

External links

Bridges across the River Wear
Bridges completed in 1838
Railway viaducts in Tyne and Wear
Transport in the City of Sunderland
Grade II* listed buildings in Tyne and Wear
Former railway bridges in the United Kingdom
Grade II* listed railway bridges and viaducts
Barnet Gate Mill. Barnet Gate Mill or Arkley Windmill is a grade II* listed tower mill at Barnet Gate in the London Borough of Barnet, originally in Hertfordshire. There is no public access.

History

Barnet Gate Mill was probably built between 1822 and 1840. A claim that it was built during the Napoleonic Wars (c.1800) has not been substantiated. Although steam had been added in 1895, it was working by wind until 1916. The mill was restored in 1930. A new cap, fantail and gallery around the cap being made. The work was done by Thomas Hunt, the Soham millwright. In a further restoration in 1985, the missing pair of sails was replaced.

Description

Barnet Gate Mill is a four-storey tower  mill with an ogee cap which has a gallery. It has two Patent sails and two Common sails carried on a cast iron windshaft. The cap is winded by a fantail.

Machinery

The mill may have started life with two Common sails and two Spring sails carried on a wooden windshaft as the wooden clasp arm Brake Wheel has had to be fitted with packing pieces to enable it to fit the current windshaft, which being of iron is a smaller diameter than a wooden one would be. The Wallower is of cast iron, carried on a wooden upright shaft. This carries the Great Spur Wheel, which is of iron with wooden cogs and drove the two pairs of millstones underdrift. A third pair was added when steam power was installed. Only one pair of millstones remains today.

Millers

John Whitehead 1843–1851
Frederick Edwards 1870–1899
Noah Edwards 1896–1918

References

External links
Windmill World webpage on Barnet Gate mill

Tower mills in the United Kingdom
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Windmills completed in 1823
Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Barnet
Windmills in London
Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Barnet
Arkley
Towers completed in 1823
John J. Carty. John Joseph Carty (April 14, 1861 – December 27, 1932) was an American electrical engineer and a major contributor to the development of telephone wires and related technology. He was a recipient of the Edison Medal.  As Chief Engineer of AT&T, he was instrumental in the development of the first transcontinental telephone line. Carty was president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers from 1915 to 1916.

He died at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore on December 27, 1932.

Honors
 Edward Longstreth Medal of the Franklin Institute (1905)
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1915)
 Trustee of the Carnegie Institution (1916–1932)
 Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute (1916)
 IEEE Edison Medal (1917)
 Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1917)
 Member of the American Philosophical Society (1921)
 John J. Carty Award of the National Academy of Sciences (1932)(inaugural)

See also
John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science

References

External links

 
 Carty Award
 
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1861 births
1932 deaths
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
IEEE Edison Medal recipients
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
John Fritz Medal recipients
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Recipients of Franklin Medal
Land Tamer. The Land Tamer is a range of remote access vehicles made by the Hydratrek company.

Commercial applications
 In oil and gas exploration, the Land Tamer is able to travel over adverse terrain, such as muskegs and swamps to service natural gas well heads that could normally only be accessed by helicopter. 
 Weed and pest control, for access to remote noxious weeds and pests vector control. 
 Search and rescue (amphibious rescue missions.)

Military applications
Squad Mission Support System (SMSS), uses the Land Tamer vehicle as a robotic military support vehicle.  The SMSS decreases the amount of time a soldier has to spend controlling robotic systems by providing vehicles with a greater perception of their surroundings on the battlefield and allow vehicles to follow a soldier across terrain, allowing payload to be available whenever it is required. It is designed to provide manned and unmanned transport and logistical support to Light and Early Entry Forces.
Mine Stalker is used as a remote controlled system designed to detect and mark anti-tank mines. It consists of a remote control commercial platform fitted with ground penetrating radar (GPR) to produce radar imaging of targets.

Technical details
Body - aluminum construction.
Engine - choice of 60hp Diesel Kubota, 80hp Diesel Deutz AG.
Drive - 6 or 8 all wheel drive. Hydrostatic with sealed gear drive system.
Steering - dual knob controlling all driving functions or electronic servo controlled pumps for robotic applications.
Water Propulsion - powered by auxiliary PTO
Three Point Hitch - system with hydraulic lift and 540 RPM PTO (power take off) will accept Category 1 three point hitch attachment.
 Rubber tracks for mud and snow

References

Grant Banks, "Squad Mission Support System set for Afghanistan", gizmag, 14 December 2010 (Accessed 16 June 2013)
Kris Osborn, "Army Robots: Will Humans Still Be in Control?", Time, 15 March 2009 (Accessed 16 June 2013)
Mike Hanlon, "Supervised autonomy for unmanned ground vehicles", gizmag, 31 August 2006 (Accessed 16 June 2013)
"Squad Mission Support System from Lockheed Martin", Defense Update, 2007 (Accessed 16 June 2013)

External links

Land Tamer Remote Access Vehicle

ATVs
Wheeled amphibious vehicles
Comparison of real-time operating systems. This is a list of real-time operating systems (RTOSs). This is an operating system in which the time taken to process an input stimulus is less than the time lapsed until the next input stimulus of the same type.

References

External links
 2024 RTOS Performance Report (FreeRTOS / ThreadX / PX5 / Zephyr) - Beningo Embedded Group
 2013 RTOS Comparison (Nucleus / ThreadX / ucOS / Unison) - Embedded Magazine

Embedded operating systems

Real-time operating systems
Canadian Society of Safety Engineering. The Canadian Society of Safety Engineering is a Canadian association which promotes accident prevention. It was founded in 1949 by a small group of individuals drawn together in the common cause of accident prevention. It grew from a provincially based organization to become a large professional organization for health and safety practitioners.

Today, the society has over 5,000 members across Canada, the United States, and around the world. It supports the operation of 35 local chapters, which provide a local forum for information exchange and networking among professionals. Through chapter meetings and activities, members promote and enhance the profile of the profession in communities throughout Canada.

The mission of the society is to be the resource for professional development, knowledge and information exchange to its members, its profession and the Canadian public.

Certified Health and Safety Consultant This designation is awarded to health and safety professionals who have met certain academic and experience requirements and passed a series of examinations designed to test knowledge of occupational health and safety.

It promotes active participation of members, individuals and organizations during North American Occupational Safety and Health Week, which, along with its strategic partners, seeks to raise awareness of occupational safety and health.  It holds an annual conference.

References

External links
 North American Occupational Safety & Health Week
 Canadian Society of Safety Engineering Home Page 

Trade associations based in Canada
Occupational safety and health organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Ontario
Chloroformic acid. Chloroformic acid is a chemical compound with the formula . It is the single acyl-halide derivative of carbonic acid (phosgene is the double acyl-halide derivative). Chloroformic acid is also structurally related to formic acid, in a way that the non-acidic hydrogen of formic acid is replaced by chlorine. Despite the similar name, it is very different from chloroform. It is described as unstable.

Chloroformic acid itself is too unstable to be handled for chemical reactions. However, many esters of this carboxylic acid are stable and these chloroformates are important reagents in organic chemistry. They are used to prepare mixed carboxylic acid anhydrides used in peptide synthesis.
Important chloroformate esters include 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylchloride, benzyl chloroformate and ethyl chloroformate.

See also
 Chloroacetic acids
 Dichloroacetic acid
 Trichloroacetic acid

References

Carboxylic acids
Chloroformates
RWD 16. The RWD-16 was a Polish two-seat low-wing sports plane of 1936, constructed by the RWD team, that remained a prototype.

Development
The aircraft was designed in 1935 by Andrzej Anczutin of the RWD bureau, as a light and economical sports plane. The plane was a wooden low-wing monoplane, with two seats side-by-side in a closed cockpit, powered by 50 hp Walter Mikron I straight engine.

The prototype was built and first flown in early 1936 (registration SP-AXY), funded by the Polish division of Osram factory. The plane did not appear a successful design, though. Test revealed lack of directional stability, therefore its rudder was much enlarged, the wings were fitted with fixed slats and a windshield was redesigned. It did not improve the situation much, and in 1937-1938 the prototype was rebuilt and fitted with stronger 60 hp Avia 3 engine in a lengthened nose, while the vertical stabilizer and rudder were made smaller. Most significant feature became a front windshield with a negative slope.

After final changes, the prototype still was not satisfactory, but it served as a basis for the RWD-16bis design, which was a new, redesigned aircraft, produced as the RWD-21. The prototype RWD-16 was given then to a known touring aviator Zbigniew Babiński.

Description
Wooden construction low-wing cantilever monoplane, conventional in layout, with a fixed landing gear and a closed cockpit. The fuselage was semi-monocoque, plywood-covered. Single-piece trapezoid wings with rounded tips, two-spar, plywood (in front) and canvas covered. Conventional cantilever empennage, plywood (fins) and canvas (elevators and rudder) covered. Two seats side-by-side, with twin controls, under a common canopy, with a fixed windshield. Conventional fixed landing gear with a rear skid.

 Walter Mikron I inline engine in front, with two-blade wooden propeller Szomański, 1.8 m diameter. In later variant,  Avia 3 inline engine was installed.

Specifications (RWD 16bis)

References

External links

Photos and drawings at Ugolok Neba

1930s Polish sport aircraft
RWD-16
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936