omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
OnSpeed. Onspeed (stylised as ONSPEED) was a web accelerator service designed to accelerate an internet connection using compression techniques.

Onspeed primarily improves the speed of an internet connection, including dial-up, wireless, low-speed broadband, and mobile connections such as 3G, GPRS and UMTS. The Onspeed software is installed onto the user's hard drive and using the existing ISP connection to the internet, it utilises data compression techniques to process a website, before it is transmitted by the user's ISP to their computer.

The Onspeed software works by compressing text and graphics contained on any website (or within emails). Each internet access is routed through their UK, United States, South Africa and Indian based servers, which then compress the data before transmitting them to a computer.

Onspeed has dedicated algorithms for compressing the following web page elements (all protected by 9 pending patents):
Photo-realistic images (e.g., JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP),
Line Art and Drawings (e.g., GIF, BMP),
Animated objects (GIF),
HTML objects,
Text,
Office Documents (Word, Excel, PowerPoint),
PDF Documents,
and Macromedia Flash. It does not accelerate secure websites or certain files such as music and video files (MP3, AVI etc.).

Onspeed Mobile
Onspeed also provides a service for mobile phone users using a GPRS/UMTS connection. Operating in a similar way to its PC service, it accelerates and resizes most websites so they can be viewed easily on a mobile phone.

Proxies
AOL customers often experience problems with the service due to AOL's proxy settings. However, Onspeed's website states that AOL customers may still use the service providing they use an alternative browser such as Mozilla Firefox.

Onspeed claims that the software can be used in any country worldwide, however this is not entirely true. Onspeed usually will not work in certain African and Middle Eastern countries that connect to the Internet via a forced proxy.

References

External links
 Onspeed website
Web accelerators
ITE College East. ITE College East (ITECE) is a post-secondary education institution and statutory board under the purview of the Ministry of Education in Singapore.

It is one of the Institute of Technical Education's three colleges under the "One ITE System, Three Colleges" Governance and Education Model.

Academic schools and courses
ITE College East has four Schools - Business & Services, Electronics & Info-comm Technology, Engineering and the School of Health Sciences.

See also 
 Institute of Technical Education
 ITE College Central
 ITE College West

External links

References 

Institutes of Technical Education in Singapore
Educational institutions established in 2005
Education in Singapore
Tampines
Simei
2005 establishments in Singapore
Fax demodulator. A fax demodulator is a device used to intercept fax messages by listening in on a telephone line or radio signal.

Function
A typical (Group III) fax transmission requires a two-way conversation between two modems (that is, each participant must both transmit and receive). 

Each modem may be part of a “fax machine” incorporating an image scanner and a printer.

Application
A demodulator can only be used to observe a conversation between two fax modems, usually to record the image transmitted. 

It cannot be used to receive a fax transmission in the usual sense, because a sending modem cannot transmit an image without first negotiating a connection with a receiving modem.

See also
 Alfa DiskFax

References

External links
Faxing Solutions

Communication circuits
Fax
Louis Nashelsky. Louis Nashelsky, is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Technology at Queensborough Community College of the City University of New York (CUNY). He is also Chairman of the Department of Electrical and Computer Technology.

Engineering and science students around the western world will be familiar with the names Boylestad and Nashelsky.  With his colleague Robert Boylestad at Queensborough College, they were the authors of many fundamental publications on electronic devices and circuits.

Their seminal work "Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory" is a university level text that is currently in its 11th edition (April 30, 2012) and which was initially published in 1972. While there are many other texts in the field, this one has remained a staple of scientific educators throughout the modern period of electronics and computer revolution, and during the emergence of ubiquitous Integrated Circuits and Computers.

Nashelsky has a BSEE and an MSEE from City College, CUNY. He received his PhD from Worcester Polytechnic Institute.

References
"Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory," Prentice Hall, Boylestad, R and Nashelsky, L.  9th ed. 2005.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
City College of New York alumni
Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni
American electrical engineers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Queensborough Community College faculty
Robert Boylestad. Robert L. Boylestad (born 1939) was professor emeritus of electrical and computer technology at Queensborough Community College, part of the City University of New York, and was an assistant dean in the Thayer School of Engineering of Dartmouth College.

His first text, Introductory Circuit Analysis, first published in 1968,  over 40 years ago, is now entering its 14th edition making it one of the most successful in the field. Translations include Spanish, French, Portuguese, Greek, Taiwanese and Korean,Bangla.

Their work "Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory" is a university level text that is currently in its 11th edition (April 30, 2012) and which was initially published in 1972. While there are many other texts in the field, this one has remained a staple of scientific educators throughout the modern period of the electronics and computer revolution, and during the emergence of ubiquitous Integrated Circuits and Computers.

Books
"Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory," Pearson, Boylestad, R and Brian A. Olivari 14th ed. 2023;  
"Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory," Pearson, Boylestad, R and Nashelsky, L. 11th ed. 2012.
"Introductory Circuit Analysis," Prentice Hall, Boylestad, R and Nashelsky, L. 13th ed. 2016; 
"FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS," Prentice Hall, Boylestad, R and Nashelsky, L. 4th ed. 1997
"Essentials of Circuit Analysis,"Prentice Hall, Boylestad    2003

References

1939 births
Living people
Dartmouth College faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Queensborough Community College faculty
Along Airport. Along Airport  also  known as Aalo Airport is located at Along in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, India.

The Government of Arunachal Pradesh handed over the airstrip to the Ministry of Defence in June 2009. The government has proposed to operationalise a civil enclave at the airport.

The Airports Authority of India (AAI) had sent a report to the state government and the Indian Air Force in July 2011 for the removal of obstacles around the aerodrome for safe flight operations and cited a requirement of seven acres of land for the development of the civil enclave.

Incidents
On 7 April 1964, a Kalinga Airlines Dakota overshot the runway and caught fire. There were no casualties, though the aircraft was damaged beyond economic repair.

References

External links
 Along Airport

Airports in Arunachal Pradesh
West Siang district
Airports with year of establishment missing
Flash of genius. In United States patent law, the flash of genius doctrine was a test for patentability used by the United States Federal Courts for just over a decade, beginning circa 1940.

Origin
The doctrine was formalized by the Supreme Court's opinion in Cuno Engineering v. Automatic Devices (1941), which held that the inventive act had to come into the mind of an inventor in a "flash of genius" and not as a result of tinkering: "The new device, however useful it may be, must reveal the flash of creative genius, not merely the skill of the calling. If it fails, it has not established its right to a private grant on the public domain."

Overturned 

The test was eventually rejected by Congress in its 1952 revision of the patent statute, now codified in Title 35 of the United States Code. Section 103 was amended to state the new standard of non-obviousness: "Patentability shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made."

The United States Supreme Court acknowledged this new language in its landmark opinion on obviousness, Graham v. John Deere Co. (1966), noting that the language in Cuno establishing the doctrine had never been intended to create a new standard in the first instance.

See also 
 Cripps question, a question used to assess inventive step under UK patent law
 Epiphany (feeling), an illuminating realization or discovery
 Brainstorming
 Eureka effect, named from a famous legend that the ancient Greek polymath Archimedes, having found inspiration at a public bath, ran home naked, shouting "eureka" (I have found [the solution])
 Build a better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to your door

References

Further reading 
 

 
 
United States patent law
Michael D. Smith (computer scientist). Michael David Smith is a professor at the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences of Harvard University and has been serving as the school's interim dean since 2023. Smith's titles within Harvard include John H. Finley, Jr. Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Distinguished Service Professor. Smith's previous appointments as an academic administrator include service as dean of the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

Education 
Smith graduated from the Peddie School in 1979. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering and computer science from Princeton University in 1983, his Master of Science from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1985, and his Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1993. His doctoral thesis, Support for Speculative Execution in High-Performance Processors, was published as a technical report in 1992; his advisor was Mark Horowitz, and additional advising was provided by Monica S. Lam.

Career 
From 1989 to 1992, Smith worked as a teaching and research assistant at Stanford University. He became an instructor at Harvard in 1992, received successive promotions, and taught the course CS50 from 2002 to 2006. In 2007, while serving as the associate dean for computer science and engineering, Smith was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, effective July 2007. During his tenure as dean, he was described as taking a "hands-off approach" to a wave of cheating in CS50. Smith was described in a 2013 feature in The Harvard Gazette as "a remarkably adept problem solver in navigating FAS through the financial crisis." He announced that he was stepping down from the role in March 2018, and served until August of that year. Smith was appointed to a new role in July 2023 as Interim Dean of the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. He also serves as a faculty athletics representative for the Harvard Crimson.

References 

Living people
American computer scientists
Peddie School alumni
Princeton University alumni
Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences faculty
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Powdered activated carbon treatment. Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT) is a wastewater technology in which powdered activated carbon is added to an anaerobic or aerobic treatment system.  The carbon in the biological treatment process adsorbs recalcitrant compounds that are not readily biodegradable, thereby reducing the chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater and removing toxins.  The carbon also acts as a "buffer" against the effects of toxic organics in the wastewater.

In such a system, biological treatment and carbon adsorption are combined into a single, synergistic treatment step.  The result is a system which offers significant cost reduction compared to activated sludge and granular carbon treatment options. The addition of the powdered activated carbon stabilizes biological systems against upsets and shock loading, controls color and odor, and may reduce disposal costs while removing soluble organics.

System Description 

In an aerobic treatment system, influent first enters an aeration tank where the powdered carbon is added, making up a portion of mixed liquor suspended solids. Once the aeration is completed, the treated wastewater and the carbon-biomass slurry are allowed to settle.  In cases where complete solids separation is needed, such as for reuse, an MBR may be used in place of the clarifer.

Following treatment, a portion of the carbon and biomass slurry is wasted to solids handling. Due to the presence of the powdered activated carbon, the sludge settles, thickens, and dewaters better compared to conventional activated sludge processes.  These solids can be wasted and disposed of as a slurry, dewatered to a compact, stable cake, or pumped as a slurry to a wet air oxidation unit for further processing to regenerate the carbon and destroy the biological solids.

Commercial Applications 
The system as it exists today was developed in the 1970s under a collaborative effort between DuPont and Zimpro. PACT systems can be used to treat very difficult to treat wastewaters including
 refinery, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, chemical, textile/dye and other industrial wastewaters
 landfill leachate
 highly contaminated surface water or groundwater.
Powdered activated carbon is also used in the processing of drinking water at treatment facilities, primarily on a seasonal basis in order to deal with aesthetic problems with the water such as odor and taste issues associated with Geosmin and 2-MIB.

Today there are over 100 PACT systems worldwide.  Some of these installations have been retrofits to existing conventional activated sludge processes to meet more stringent effluent requirements.  Several PACT systems have been built in China in recent years as a result of higher treatment regulations for difficult-to-treat industrial wastewaters.  PACT systems have also been used to meet bioassay and toxicity requirements as well as allow for water reuse.

See also 
Wet oxidation
Fred Zimmermann
Water purification
Activated sludge
list of waste water treatment technologies

References

Waste treatment technology
Powders
Arthur Hinkel. Arthur Ralph Hinkel (January 9, 1916 – January 17, 1993) was an American electrical engineer best known for developing the Blend Method of electrology.

Hinkel met electrologist Henri St. Pierre in the 1930s while Hinkel worked at the medical division of General Electric. They began work on developing an epilator that combined electrolysis and thermolysis. In 1948, the St. Pierre Epilator Company Inc., owned by St. Pierre and Hinkel, received a patent for a blended current epilator.

Hinkel also owned a chain of electrology businesses. He sold the manufacturing portion of the business in 1984, which still operates under the name A.R. Hinkel.

Bibliography

Hinkel AR, Lind RW (1968). Electrolysis, Thermolysis and the Blend: the principles and practice of permanent hair removal.Los Angeles, CA: Arroway Publishers,

External links
Arthur Hinkel biography

1916 births
1993 deaths
American electrical engineers
20th-century American engineers
Spent caustic. Spent caustic is a waste industrial caustic solution that has become exhausted and is no longer useful (or spent). Spent caustics are made of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, water, and contaminants.  The contaminants have consumed the majority of the sodium (or potassium) hydroxide and thus the caustic liquor is spent, for example, in one common application H2S (gas) is scrubbed by the NaOH (aqueous) to form NaHS (aq) and H2O (l), thus consuming the caustic.

Types
 Ethylene spent caustic comes from the caustic scrubbing of cracked gas from an ethylene cracker.  This liquor is produced by a caustic scrubbing tower.  Ethylene product gas is contaminated with (g) and (g), and those contaminants are removed by absorption in the caustic scrubbing tower to produce (aq) and (aq). The sodium hydroxide is consumed and the resulting wastewater (ethylene spent caustic) is contaminated with the sulfides and carbonates and a small fraction of organic compounds.
Refinery spent caustic comes from multiple sources: the Merox processing of gasoline; the Merox processing of kerosene/jet fuel; and the caustic scrubbing/Merox processing of LPG. In these streams sulfides and organic acids are removed from the product streams into the caustic phase. The sodium hydroxide is consumed and the resulting wastewaters (cresylic for gasoline; naphthenic for kerosene/jet fuel; sulfidic for LPG -spent caustics) are often mixed and called refinery spent caustic. This spent caustic is contaminated with sulfides, carbonates, and in many cases a high fraction of organic acids.

Treatment technologies
Spent caustics are malodorous wastewaters that are difficult to treat in conventional wastewater processes. Typically the material is disposed of by high dilution with biotreatment, deep well injection, incineration, wet air oxidation, Humid Peroxide Oxidation or other speciality processes. Most ethylene spent caustics are disposed of through wet air oxidation.

References
Suarez, F. "Pluses and Minuses of Caustic Treating", Hydrocarbon Processing, pp 117–123, Oct 1996.
Maugans, C.; Ellis, C. "Age Old Solution for Today's SO2 and NOx", Pollution Engineering, April 2004.
Carlos T.; Maugans, C. "Wet Air Oxidation of Refinery Spent Caustic: A Refinery Case Study", NPRA Conference, San Antonio, TX, September 2000.  WAO for Refinery Spent Caustic
Kumfer, B.; Felch, C.; Maugans, C. "Wet Air Oxidation of Spent Caustic in Petroleum Refineries", NPRA, March 2010, San Antonio, TX.  WAO for Spent Caustic in Petroleum Refineries

Water pollution
Waste
Laurel River Lake. Laurel River Lake, located west of Corbin, Kentucky, in the U.S., is a reservoir built in 1977 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on the Laurel River, a tributary of the Cumberland River, in the Daniel Boone National Forest. The lake covers parts of Laurel and Whitley counties.

The  high dam was built between 1964 and 1974.  It is a combination earth and rock-fill dam.  Hydropower production began in 1977. As of 2006, it produced an average annual energy of 67 gigawatt hours of hydroelectricity.

The Army Corps of Engineers and the Forest Service cooperate on developing recreational facilities around the reservoir. Today most of the lake is managed by the Forest Service as part of Daniel Boone National Forest. The Army Corps of Engineers manages the operation of the dam itself, and runs recreational facilities at the dam.

Laurel River Lake's drainage area is .  The area of the lake changes based on how full it is, but it is about  long, with  of shoreline.  Its area ranges from about , with a maximum flood control size of . It has a maximum depth of 85 meters. The reservoir's storage capacity (volume) also changes, but is about .

References

External links

Corps Lakes Gateway: Kentucky - Laurel River Lake
Nashville District > Locations > Lakes > Laurel River Lake

Reservoirs in Kentucky
Protected areas of Laurel County, Kentucky
Protected areas of Whitley County, Kentucky
Daniel Boone National Forest
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Rivers of Laurel County, Kentucky
Rivers of Whitley County, Kentucky
Terminal mode. A terminal mode is one of  a set of possible states of a terminal or pseudo terminal character device in Unix-like systems and determines how characters written to the terminal are interpreted.  In cooked mode data is preprocessed before being given to a program, while raw mode passes the data as-is to the program without interpreting any of the special characters.

The system intercepts special characters in cooked mode and interprets special meaning from them.  Backspace, delete, and Control-D are typically used to enable line-editing for the input to the running programs, and other control characters such as Control-C and Control-Z are used for job control or associated with other signals.  The precise definition of what constitutes a cooked mode is operating system-specific.

For example, if "ABC<Backspace>D" is given as an input to a program through a terminal character device in cooked mode, the program gets "ABD". But, if the terminal is in raw mode, the program gets the characters "ABC" followed by the Backspace character and followed by "D". In cooked mode, the terminal line discipline processes the characters "ABC<Backspace>D" and presents only the result ("ABD") to the program.

Technically, the term "cooked mode" should be associated only with streams that have a terminal line discipline, but generally it is applied to any system that does some amount of preprocessing.

cbreak mode

cbreak mode (sometimes called rare mode) is a mode between raw mode and cooked mode.  Unlike cooked mode it works with single characters at a time, rather than forcing a wait for a whole line and then feeding the line in all at once. Unlike raw mode, keystrokes like abort (usually Control-C) are still processed by the terminal and will interrupt the process.

See also 
 Terminal emulator
 Serial communications
 Chapter Serial communications in Linux and Unix of the Serial Data Communications Programming Wikibook
 Command and Data modes

References

Computer terminals
Unix
Barium oxalate. Barium oxalate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is a barium salt of oxalic acid. It consists of barium cations  and oxalate anions . It is a white odorless powder that is sometimes used as a green pyrotechnic colorant generally in specialized pyrotechnic compositions containing magnesium metal powder. Flame color is rich and vivid without additional chlorine donors. Such compositions burn rate is satisfied without commonly used oxidizers as nitrates, chlorates and perchlorates.

Properties
Though largely stable, barium oxalate can be reactive with strong acids. A mild skin irritant, the compound is considered toxic when ingested, causing nausea, vomiting, kidney failure, and injury to the gastrointestinal tract.

It is different from most pyrotechnic colorants in that it is a reducing agent and not an oxidizing agent. It is extremely insoluble in water and converts to barium oxide when heated.

Preparation
The raw materials that are required to prepare barium oxalate are oxalic acid and barium hydroxide (or its octahydrate).

It can also be prepared by using an oxalic acid solution and a barium chloride solution, with the reaction as follows:

References

rec.pyrotechnics FAQ
MSDS
Barium Oxalate
ChemSpider

External links

Oxalate
Oxalates
Pyrotechnic colorants
Charles Bright. Charles Bright may refer to:

 Charles Edward Bright (1829–1915), businessman in colonial Victoria
 Charles Tilston Bright (1832–1888), British electrical engineer who oversaw the laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable
 Sir Charles Bright (1863–1937), British electrical and civil engineer, son of Charles Tilston Bright
 Charles Bright (judge) (1912–1983), Australian judge