omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
HMS Starfish (1895). HMS Starfish was a  which served with the Royal Navy.  Built by Vickers, she was launched in 1895 and sold in 1912.

Construction and design
On 8 November 1893, the British Admiralty placed an order with the Naval Construction and Armament Company of Barrow-in-Furness (later to become part of Vickers) for three "Twenty-Seven Knotter" destroyers as part of the 1893–1894 construction programme for the Royal Navy, with in total, 36 destroyers being ordered from various shipbuilders for this programme.

The Admiralty only laid down a series of broad requirements for the destroyers, leaving detailed design to the ships' builders. The requirements included a trial speed of , a "turtleback" forecastle and a standard armament of a QF 12 pounder 12 cwt ( calibre) gun on a platform on the ship's conning tower (in practice the platform was also used as the ship's bridge), with a secondary armament of five 6-pounder guns, and two 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes.

The Naval Construction and Armament Company produced a design with a length of  overall and  between perpendiculars, with a beam of  and a draught of . Displacement was  light and  deep load. Three funnels were fitted, with the foremast between the ship's bridge and the first funnel. Four Blechyndnen water-tube boilers fed steam at  to two three-cylinder triple expansion steam engines rated at . 60 tons of coal were carried, giving a range of  at a speed of . The ship's crew was 53 officers and men.

HMS Starfish was laid down on 22 March 1894 as the second of Naval Construction and Armament Company's three destroyers, and was launched on 26 January 1895. During sea trials in October 1895, Starfish made an average speed of  over six runs over a measured mile, meeting the  requirement of the specification. Starfish was commissioned in January 1896.

Service
Starfish served throughout her career in home waters, being prone to failures of her propeller brackets, which were made of forged scrap iron. In late January 1900 it was announced that she would be commissioned as tender to the gunnery school . In 1900–1901, Starfish was used in tests of a modified spar torpedo for use as an anti-submarine weapon. The  long spar, carrying an explosive charge, would be swung out and immersed in the water in action, and detonated as the submarine was passed.

Starfish was attached to the torpedo school  at Portsmouth in 1901, participating in the 1901 Naval Manoeuvres. She took part in the fleet review held at Spithead on 16 August 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII. In April 1903, Starfish was used for trials of the use of kites designed by Samuel Cody for lifting radio antennae. On 26 October 1907 a minor collision took place between Starfish and the destroyer  at Devonport, both ships' hulls being dented.

Starfish was laid up at Devonport for disposal in 1910, and was sold for scrap to Thos. W. Ward of Preston on 15 May 1912.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography
 

 
 

Sturgeon-class destroyers
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1895 ships
Victorian-era destroyers of the United Kingdom
Travelair. Travelair may refer to:

Beechcraft Travel Air, a twin-engined light aircraft of the 1950s/1960s
Travel Air, a 1920s US aircraft manufacturer, taken over in 1929 by Curtiss-Wright
, the frequent flyer program of Olympic Air, a Greek airline
Travel Air, a German airline
Travel Air, a Costa Rican airline (1991-2000), later renamed Nature Air
Keith Alexander (engineer). Keith Vivian Alexander is a New Zealand mechanical engineer and inventor. He is a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Canterbury, in Christchurch, and the inventor of the springfree trampoline.

Alexander began his professional life as a primary school teacher. After 4 years of teaching he returned to university to complete a degree in engineering, conducting research on an invention of his own to gain his PhD.

Post graduation, Alexander worked for an engineering consultancy for a period of 6 years, in which time he led a team in developing advanced heavy presses for the New Zealand wool industry. Following this, Alexander moved to CWF Hamilton, a New Zealand company which pioneered the jet boat, where he worked on a number of projects including waterjet development which resulted in patented innovations. 1996 saw Alexander take up a position at the University of Canterbury where he still teaches mechanical engineering design & product innovation.

Since 1999 he and some of his students have been involved in the development of the Martin Jetpack. In 2003 he became involved in the development of Alan Gibbs' Aquada amphibious car.

Whilst at the university he has been responsible for several patented inventions including the springfree trampoline. The trampoline won the 2010 Consumer Product of the Year Award in the United States following earlier awards in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In the same year Alexander was awarded the New Zealand Engineering Innovator of the Year award by the New Zealand Engineering Excellence Awards.

In 2018 Alexander was a member of the ASTM Standards Committee on trampolines.

References 

 

New Zealand inventors
Academic staff of the University of Canterbury
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Messerschmitt M 17. The M 17 was a German single-engine high-wing sports monoplane. It was designed by Willy Messerschmitt in 1925 in Bamberg. This aircraft won many competitions and allowed Willy Messerschmitt to build his first factory.

Development
The design of the M 17 could be traced back via the powered S 16 and S 15 aircraft to the Messerschmitt-Hirth S 14 glider. The aircraft was a two-seater almost completely made of wood and weighed only 198 kg (437 lb). The engine was a 22 kW (29 hp) Bristol Cherub II. The pilot had no forward visibility.

In September 1926, pilot Eberhard von Conta, and the writer Werner von Langsdorff flew in an M 17 from Bamberg to Rome. This marked the first time the central Alps were crossed with a light aircraft. The flight lasted more than 14 hours and they had to refuel every three hours, since the tank could hold only 28 L (7 US gal). They reached an altitude of 4,500 m (14,760 ft).

Survivors/Replicas
Only one of the six-eight machines built survived and is today in the Deutsches Museum in Munich.

A replica was built by the Messerschmitt Foundation (first flight April 14, 2004) and makes regular appearances at the International Aerospace Exhibition in Berlin. It weighs 40 kg (90 lb) more than the original due to additional equipment (radio and rescue system) and is now at the  Manching Aviation Museum in Ingolstadt, Bavaria.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

M-17 at Ugolok Neba - photos and drawings

M 17
1920s German sport aircraft
Articles containing video clips
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with auxiliary rocket engines
Stress field. A stress field is the distribution of internal forces in a body that balance a given set of external forces. Stress fields are widely used in fluid dynamics and materials science. Consider that one can picture the stress fields as the stress created by adding an extra half plane of atoms to a crystal. The bonds are stretched around the location of the dislocation and this stretching causes the stress field to form. Atomic bonds further and further away from the dislocation centre are less and less stretched which is why the stress field dissipates as the distance from the dislocation centre increases. Each dislocation within the material has a stress field associated with it. The creation of these stress fields is a result of the material trying to dissipate mechanical energy that is being exerted on the material. By convention, these dislocations are labelled as either positive or negative depending on whether the stress field of the dislocation is mostly compressive or tensile.

By modelling of dislocations and their stress fields as either a positive (compressive field) or negative (tensile field) charges, we can understand how dislocations interact with each other in the lattice. If two like fields come into contact with one another they will be repelled by one another. On the other hand, if two opposing charges come into contact with one another they will be attracted to one another. These two interactions will both strengthen the material in different ways. If two equivalently charged fields come in contact and are confined to a particular region, excessive force is required to overcome the repulsive forces needed to elicit dislocation movement past one another. If two oppositely charged fields come into contact with one another they will merge with one another to form a jog. A jog can be modelled as a potential well that traps dislocations. Thus, excessive force is needed to pull the dislocations apart. Since dislocation motion is the primary mechanism behind plastic deformation, increasing the stress required to move dislocations directly increases the yield strength of the material.

The theory of stress fields can be applied to various strengthening mechanisms for materials. Stress fields can be created by adding different sized atoms to the lattice (solute strengthening). If a smaller atom is added to the lattice, a tensile stress field is created. The atomic bonds are longer due to the smaller radius of the solute atom. Similarly, if a larger atom is added to the lattice, a compressive stress field is created. The atomic bonds are shorter due to the larger radius of the solute atom. The stress fields created by adding solute atoms form the basis of the material strengthening process that occurs in alloys.

Further reading
 Arno Zang, Ove Stephansson, Stress Field of the Earth's Crust, Springer, 2010. Chapter 1, Introduction, page 1

Classical mechanics
Materials science
Wharton Regional Airport. Wharton Regional Airport  is a public airport located five miles (8 km) southwest of the central business district of Wharton, a city in Wharton County, Texas, United States. It is owned by the City of Wharton.

Note that ARM was assigned to Armidale Airport in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. The airport's former FAA identifier was 5R5.

Facilities and aircraft 
Wharton Regional Airport covers an area of  which contains one asphalt paved runway (14/32) measuring 5,004 x 75 ft (1,525 x 23 m). 

For the 12-month period ending April 14, 2023, the airport had 4,480 aircraft operations, an average of 86 per week: 98% general aviation and 2% military.

The airport is used by the South Texas Balloon Launch Team, an amateur radio balloon group based out of Houston, for free float balloon launches. The team launch BLT-27 on Saturday, August 20, 2019 at 10am.

See also
 List of airports in Texas

References

External links 

Airports in Texas
Transportation in Wharton County, Texas
Buildings and structures in Wharton County, Texas
Subscriber location function. The subscriber location function, or SLF is a function within an IP multimedia subsystem that provides information about the home subscriber server (HSS) that is associated with a particular user profile.  It is generally implemented using a database. If the home domain contains more than one HSS, I-CSCF and S-CSCF will communicate with SLF, and find the appropriate HSS based on user profile. CSCF communicates with the SLF using diameter Dx  interface and the application server communicates with the SLF using Sh interface. SLF function currently has limited source material.

References

Telecommunications infrastructure
Ioannis Kakadiaris. Ioannis A. Kakadiaris is a Greek-born American computer scientist who has developed an identity verification system at the University of Houston. He is a Hugh Roy and Lillie Cranz Cullen University Professor of Computer Science, Electrical & Computer Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Houston, a position to which he was appointed in 2011.

Early life and education
Ioannis A. Kakadiaris received his BSc in physics (1989) from the University of Athens.
After moving to the United States, he received MSc in computer science (1991) from Northeastern University (Boston, MA) and his PhD in computer science (1997) from the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA).

Identity verification system
The system works by extracting a unique biometric signature of a person's face based on combination of 3D shape, texture, infrared, and time variables. While earlier face recognition methods have focused on appearance - capturing, representing, and matching facial characteristics as they appear on 2D images in the visible spectrum, the proposed URxD system uses a webcam to capture a continuous video stream which is used to detect whether a person is facing the 3D camera, and if the subject is facing the camera relatively still for more than two seconds, the system triggers the optical scanner and the 3D data are captured. It can also determine whether the person is wearing glasses. The system has achieved the best published results when tried to 4,007 datasets as a part of the international face recognition Grand Challenge organized by NIST in 2007.

References

External links
 Ioannis Kakadiaris's rating
 About the URxD system's hardware
 About "3D Data Extraction"
 About "Infrared Mapped onto 3D Data"
 "The New Face of Identity...", University of Huston's 30 July 2007 News Release
 Video interview with Professor Kakadiaris

Living people
Greek emigrants to the United States
Northeastern University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
American computer scientists
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Houston faculty
Photon Factory. The Photon Factory (PF) is a synchrotron located at KEK, in Tsukuba, Japan, about fifty kilometres from Tokyo.

History
The Photon Factory turned on its synchrotron for the first time in 1982, becoming the first light source accelerator in Japan to produce x-rays. In 1997, it joined the Institute of Materials Structure Science (IMSS), a Japanese-run international particle physics organization based at KEK.

The current head of the Photon Factory is N. Igarashi.

Research and design
There are two major facilities, the Photon Factory itself which is a 2.5GeV synchrotron with a beam current of around 450mA, and the PF-AR 'Advanced Ring for Pulsed X-Rays', which is a 6.5GeV machine running in a single-bunch mode with a beam current of around 60mA. It operates with a pulse width of about 100 picoseconds.

The Photon Factory’s photon accelerator is one of the Institute of Materials Structure Science’s four quantum beams used for  particle physics research. Its macromolecular crystallography beam is used substantially for Japan's structural genomics project. More recently, the Photon Factory has partnered with the Saha Institute and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre in India to create the Indian Beam, which is open to Indian particle and nuclear physicists to use for experiments in power diffraction, scattering, and reflectivity.

References

External links
Photon Factory - KEK IMSS website

Synchrotron radiation facilities
Michael Hinchey. Michael Gerard Hinchey (born 1969) is an Irish computer scientist and former Director of the Irish Software Engineering Research Centre (Lero), a multi-university research centre headquartered at the University of Limerick, Ireland. He now serves as Head of Department of the Department of Computer Science & Information Systems at University of Limerick.

Mike Hinchey studied at the University of Limerick as an undergraduate (was the leading student in his graduating year), Oxford University (at Wolfson College) for his MSc and Cambridge University (at St John's College) for his PhD.

Hinchey has been a promulgator of formal methods throughout his career, especially CSP and the Z notation. He was Director of the NASA Software Engineering Laboratory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and is the founding editor-in-chief of the NASA journal Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering, launched in 2005.

He has held many academic positions, both visiting and permanent, at a number of universities including the University of Nebraska, Queen's University Belfast, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Hiroshima University the University of Skövde in Sweden and was at Loyola College in Maryland (now Loyola University Maryland), United States, before his current post.

Hinchey is a Member of Academia Europaea, a Fellow of the IET, a Fellow of the IMA, and a Senior Member of the IEEE. He is a Chartered Engineer, Chartered Professional Engineer, Chartered Mathematician and Chartered IT Professional.

As of 2016, Hinchey has been serving as President of IFIP (International Federation for Information Processing).

Selected publications
 Hinchey, M.G. and Bowen, J.P., editors, Applications of Formal Methods. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, 1995. .
 Dean, C.N. and Hinchey, M.G., editors, Teaching and Learning Formal Methods, Academic Press, London, 1996. .
 Bowen, J.P. and Hinchey, M.G., editors, High-Integrity System Specification and Design. Springer-Verlag, London, FACIT series, 1999. .
 Hinchey, M.G. and Bowen, J.P., editors, Industrial-Strength Formal Methods in Practice. Springer-Verlag, London, FACIT series, 1999. .

References

External links
 Mike Hinchey web page
 
 
 Interview – The Irish Times

1969 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Limerick
Alumni of Wolfson College, Oxford
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Irish computer scientists
Formal methods people
Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
NASA people
Loyola University Maryland faculty
Academics of the University of Limerick
Irish book editors
Irish non-fiction writers
Irish male non-fiction writers
Senior members of the IEEE
Computer science writers
Academic journal editors
Academic staff of the University of Skövde
Surface force. Surface force denoted fs is the force that acts across an internal or external surface element in a material body. 
Normal forces and shear forces between objects are types of surface force. All cohesive forces and contact forces between objects are considered as surface forces.
Surface force can be decomposed into two perpendicular components: normal forces and shear forces. A normal force acts normally over an area and a shear force acts tangentially over an area.

Equations for surface force

Surface force due to pressure 
 , where f = force, p = pressure, and A = area on which a uniform pressure acts

Examples

Pressure related surface force 

Since pressure is , and area is a ,

a pressure of  over an area of  will produce a surface force of .

See also 
Body force
Contact force

References 

Classical mechanics
Fluid dynamics
Force
Univac Text Editor. ED or ED-1100 is an interactive text editor implemented on the UNIVAC 1100/2200 series.  

"ED was developed at Univac in the mid-60s. It was loosely based on the Project MAC editor developed for the MULTICS system at MIT."-Tom McCarthy

"Project MAC editor was programmed by Jerry Saltzer as a way to produce documentation. In fact, that editor became the first interactive word-processor ever programmed." 

"The command TYPSET is used to create and edit 12-bit BCD line-marked files"

ED was improved by Dr. Roger M. Firestone in the mid-1970s.

See also
List of UNIVAC products
History of computing hardware

References

External links 
 
 

History of software
UNIVAC software
Text editors
Kan Balam. Kan Balam (Spanish pronunciation:kan' balaːm, Tzotzil Maya pronunciation: 'kʱaŋ βalɒm) is a computer cluster located in Mexico City, on the main campus of the UNAM. With a rated capacity of 7.1 teraFLOPS, 3.02 TB of RAM and 160 TB of storage. It started working on January 16, 2007, and was ranked as the number one in Latin America until June 2008. The current best supercomputer in Latin America is run by Brazil.

Among the objectives of this super computer is to allow Mexican researchers to work with highly modern infrastructure without the necessity of leaving the country, thus helping to stop the brain drain that the country has had in the last years.

The principal subjects aided by this computer are astrophysics, particle physics, quantum physics, geology and is mainly devoted towards seismic engineering. It will also be used for weather measurements and it will be available for public and private companies.

Characteristics

Processing

The computer has 1368 AMD Opteron 2.6 GHz processors and 3016 GB RAM, distributed in 337 calculation nodes, each with 8 GB RAM and two DUO processors and in five specialized nodes with 64 GB RAM each.

Storage

KanBalam has a storage system of 768 hard disks, with 200 GB each.

Interconnection

The processing nodes communicate with the storage system in a high-speed network. It connects 576 ports with 2 switches infiniband, reaching a speed of the order of 10 Gbyte/s.

Control

The computer has 4 HP service nodes.

OS

Kan Balam runs in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Operative System.

Issues
At the very beginning the computer was unable to run at optimal speed or make use of the full power of the processors, a problem which DGSCA was already well aware of (it was inaugurated before its final installation was completed). Technically a whole 1/3 of the nodes were unable to run due to temperature issues in the work room (when running all nodes at 100% their capacity). In recent dates, the computer's performance has been stabilized (with the addition of two more cooling units) and is near optimal condition. 
This prompted an alarmist reaction among the first users which provoked a local periodical to falsely publish and fabricate a supposed "meltdown" of the nodes in early June 2007.

In 2011, UNAM acquired the Miztli supercomputer, an HP cluster with 5320 Cores, speed of 118 Tflops, 13 Tbytes RAM, 344 HP Proliant servers.

References

External links 
 Gaceta UNAM N°3953. La UNAM, líder del supercómputo en AL
 La Jornada - La Kan Balam puede realizar 7.1 billones de operaciones matemáticas por segundo
 Esmas.com - Inaugura UNAM nueva supercomputadora

X86 supercomputers
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Science and technology in Mexico