omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sublimatory. A sublimatory or sublimation apparatus is equipment, commonly laboratory glassware, for purification of compounds by selective sublimation. In principle, the operation resembles purification by distillation, except that the products do not pass through a liquid phase.

Overview

A typical sublimation apparatus separates a mix of appropriate solid materials in a vessel in which it applies heat under a controllable atmosphere (air, vacuum or inert gas). If the material is not at first solid, then it may freeze under reduced pressure. Conditions are so chosen that the solid volatilizes and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residual impurities or solid products behind. 

The form of the cooled surface often is a so-called cold finger which for very low-temperature sublimation may actually be cryogenically cooled. If the operation is a batch process, then the sublimed material can be collected from the cooled surface once heating ceases and the vacuum is released. Although this may be quite convenient for small quantities, adapting sublimation processes to large volume is generally not practical with the apparatus becoming extremely large and generally needing to be disassembled to recover products and remove residue. 

Among the advantages of applying the principle to certain materials are the comparatively low working temperatures, reduced exposure to gases such as oxygen that might harm certain products, and the ease with which it can be performed on extremely small quantities. The same apparatus may also be used for conventional distillation of extremely small quantities due to the very small volume and surface area between evaporating and condensing regions, although this is generally only useful if the cold finger can be cold enough to solidify the condensate.

Temperature gradient
More sophisticated variants of sublimation apparatus include those that apply a temperature gradient so as to allow for controlled recrystallization of different fractions along the cold surface. Thermodynamic processes follow a statistical distribution, and suitably designed apparatus exploit this principle with a gradient that will yield different purities in particular temperature zones along the collection surface. Such techniques are especially helpful when the requirement is to refine or separate multiple products or impurities from the same mix of raw materials. It is necessary in particular when some of the required products have similar sublimation points or pressure curves.

See also
 Distillation
 List of purification methods in chemistry

References

External links

Alchemical processes
Laboratory glassware
Separation processes
Chemical equipment
Phase transitions
Junkers Ju 322. The Junkers Ju 322 Mammut (German for mammoth) was a heavy transport military glider, resembling a giant flying wing, proposed for use by the Luftwaffe in World War II; only two prototypes were completed, a further 98 were scrapped before completion.

Development
Designed in late 1940 by Junkers as the Junkers EF 094, the Ju 322 was to fulfill the same role as the Me 321 Gigant heavy transport glider. Fulfilling a requirement to be built out of non-strategic materials, using all-wooden construction, the Ju322 was to be able to carry  of cargo, equivalent to either a Panzer IV tank, a 88mm anti-aircraft gun, a half-track or a self propelled gun, including attendant personnel, ammunition and fuel. The cargo door was located in the centre section of the leading edge of the wing, with the cockpit offset to the port side above the cargo bay. The glider's tailplane extended from the centre section, and had a typical arrangement of stabilizing fins and vertical rudder. Armament for production gliders would have consisted of three manned turrets, each with a single 7.92 mm MG 15 machine gun.

Testing
During construction of the first prototype (Ju 322 V1), problems were encountered with building an all-wooden glider as Junkers did not have expertise in the use of such materials. A test with a battle tank compacted the cargo floor, leading to redesign, further reducing the payload. Consequently, the planned payload weight for the Ju 322 was reduced to , and later to . 

The Ju 322 V1 made its maiden flight in April 1941, towed by a Junkers Ju 90 four-engined transport. The test flight was largely successful after the Ju 90 had managed, with some effort, to tow the glider off the ground before running out of runway. However, the Ju 322 quickly gained height above the Ju 90 and so pulled the tugs tail up and prevented it from climbing and releasing the tow cable at the right height. The glider was also highly unstable under tow. After being released, it stabilized but landed in a field from which it took two weeks to be towed back to the launch airfield by tanks. Although design improvements were planned for the Ju 322, the RLM ordered the Ju 322 project dropped in May 1941, considering it an inherently poor design.

Following the cancellation of the project, the Ju 322 V1 completed a few more test flights, but was cut up for fuel along with the Ju 322 V2 and 98 partially completed gliders.

Specifications Ju 322 V1

See also

References

Further reading

 

1940s German military transport aircraft
1940s military gliders
Ju 322
Aircraft first flown in 1941
HIEW. HIEW, sometimes given as Hiew, (short for Hacker's view) is a console hex editor for Windows written by Eugene Suslikov (sen).  Amongst its feature set is its ability to view files in text, hex and disassembly mode.  The program is particularly useful for editing executable files such as COFF, PE, or ELF executable files.

Features

Hiew's features include:
 Built-in x86, x86-64 and ARMv6 assembler and disassembler.
 Pattern searching in hex/text/disassembler mode.
 Support for NE, LE, LX, PE and little-endian ELF executable formats.
 Built-in 64-bit calculator.
 Supports files of arbitrary length.
 Support for working with files and physical disks
 Functionality can be extended via exposed API with Hiew External Modules support.

See also
Beye

Sources

External links

HT hex editor — an open source HIEW clone

Hex editors
Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project. The Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project (POST) is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that researches the behavior of marine animals through the use of ocean telemetry and data management systems. This system of telemetry consists of highly efficient lines of acoustic receivers that create sections of the continental shelf along the coast of the Pacific Northwest.  The acoustic receivers pick up signals from the tagged animals as they pass along the lines, allowing for the documentation of movement patterns.  The receivers also allow for the estimation of parameters such as swimming speed and mortality. The trackers sit on the seabed of the continental shelf and in the major rivers of the world. This method can be used to improve fishing skills and management.

The program started in 2002 and was initially limited to the study of the movement and ocean-survival of both hatchery-raised and wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest. After the successful pilot period, the program has now moved into the tracking of trout, sharks, rockfish, and lingcod.

See also
Ocean Tracking Network

References

External links
 

Marine biology
Fisheries databases
Databases in Canada
Continental shelves
AntiPatterns. AntiPatterns: Refactoring Software, Architectures, and Projects in Crisis is a book about anti-patterns: specific repeated practices in software architecture, software design and software project management that initially appear to be beneficial, but ultimately result in bad consequences that outweigh hoped-for advantages. This study covers several recurring problematic software-related patterns, the forces that inspire their repeated adoption, and proven-in-practice remedial actions, called refactored solutions. The authors are William Brown, Raphael Malveau, Skip McCormick, and Tom Mowbray; with Scott Thomas joining in on second and third books. Four of the five authors worked together at Mitre  Corporation in the late 1990s.

Sometimes referred to as an "Upstart Gang-Of-Four" the authors were frequently (and often unfavorably) compared to the original Design Patterns by Gang of Four. This began with a favorable review and 1998 runner-up Jolt Productivity Award given by Software Development magazine. The controversy around this book, and the concept of an anti-pattern has been said to stem from a somewhat common misunderstanding that the authors were somehow opposed to design patterns. However the authors explained within the book itself that they are big fans of design patterns; their objective was to build on the concept by providing constructive means for dealing with the frequent "patterns of failure" they had professionally dealt with.

Reviews
 
 Reviewed in C/C++ Users Journal July 1998 v16 n7 p63(2) by Marc Briand July 1998/AntiPatterns - Refactoring Software, Architectures, and Projects in Crisis

References

External links
 AntiPatterns.com A web site maintained by the authors with several patterns defined and other related articles.
 Anti Patterns Book at WikiWikiWeb

Software engineering books
Software development books
Foundations of Physics. Foundations of Physics is a monthly journal "devoted to the conceptual bases and fundamental theories of modern physics and cosmology, emphasizing the logical, methodological, and philosophical premises of modern physical theories and procedures". The journal publishes results and observations based on fundamental questions from all fields of physics, including: quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, special relativity, general relativity, string theory, M-theory, cosmology, thermodynamics, statistical physics, and quantum gravity

Foundations of Physics has been published since 1970. Its founding editors were Henry Margenau and Wolfgang Yourgrau. The 1999 Nobel laureate Gerard 't Hooft was editor-in-chief from January 2007. At that stage, it absorbed the associated journal for shorter submissions Foundations of Physics Letters, which had been edited by Alwyn Van der Merwe since its foundation in 1988. Past editorial board members (which include several Nobel laureates) include Louis de Broglie, Robert H. Dicke, Murray Gell-Mann, Abdus Salam, Ilya Prigogine and Nathan Rosen. Carlo Rovelli was announced as new editor-in-chief in February 2016.

Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory 

Between 2003 and 2005, Foundations of Physics Letters published a series of papers by Myron W. Evans claiming to make obsolete well-established results of quantum field theory and general relativity.  In 2008,  an editorial was written by the new Editor-in-Chief Gerard 't Hooft distancing the journal from the topic of Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory.

Abstracting and indexing
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 1.276. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following databases:

References

External links
 

Physics journals
Philosophy of physics
Monthly journals
MIT General Circulation Model. The MIT General Circulation Model (MITgcm) is a numerical computer code that solves the equations of motion governing the ocean or Earth's atmosphere using the finite volume method. It was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was one of the first non-hydrostatic models of the ocean. It has an automatically generated adjoint that allows the model to be used for data assimilation. The MITgcm is written in the programming language Fortran.

History

See also 
 Physical oceanography
 Global climate model

References

External links 
 The MITgcm home page
 Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science at MIT
 The ECCO2 consortium

 

Physical oceanography
Numerical climate and weather models
Downs cell. Downs process is an electrochemical method for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium, in which molten NaCl is electrolyzed in a special apparatus called the Downs cell.  The Downs cell was invented in 1923 (patented: 1924) by the American chemist James Cloyd Downs (1885–1957).

Operation
The Downs cell uses a carbon anode and an iron cathode. The electrolyte is sodium chloride that has been heated to the liquid state. Although solid sodium chloride is a poor conductor of electricity, when molten the sodium and chloride ions are mobilized, which become charge carriers and allow conduction of electric current.

Some calcium chloride and/or chlorides  of barium (BaCl2) and strontium (SrCl2), and, in some processes, sodium fluoride (NaF) are added to the electrolyte to reduce the temperature required to keep the electrolyte liquid. Sodium chloride (NaCl) melts at 801 °C (1074 Kelvin), but a salt mixture can be kept liquid at a temperature as low as 600 °C at the mixture containing, by weight: 33.2% NaCl and 66.8% CaCl2. If pure sodium chloride is used, a metallic sodium emulsion is formed in the molten NaCl which is impossible to separate.  Therefore, one option is to have a NaCl (42%) and CaCl2 (58%) mixture.

The anode reaction is:

 2Cl− → Cl2 (g) + 2e−

The cathode reaction is:
 2Na+ + 2e− → 2Na (l)

for an overall reaction of

 2Na+ + 2Cl− → 2Na (l) + Cl2 (g)

The calcium does not enter into the reaction because its reduction potential of -2.87 volts is lower than that of sodium, which is -2.38 volts. Hence the sodium ions are reduced to metallic form in preference to those of calcium. If the electrolyte contained only calcium ions and no sodium, calcium metal would be produced as the cathode product (which indeed is how metallic calcium is produced).

Both the products of the electrolysis, sodium metal and chlorine gas, are less dense than the electrolyte and therefore float to the surface. Perforated iron baffles are arranged in the cell to direct the products into separate chambers without their ever coming into contact with each other.

Although theory predicts that a potential of a little over 4.07 volts should be sufficient to cause the reaction to go forward, in practice potentials of up to 8 volts are used. This is done in order to achieve useful current densities in the electrolyte despite its inherent electrical resistance. The overvoltage and consequent resistive heating contributes to the heat required to keep the electrolyte in a liquid state.

The Downs' process also produces chlorine as a byproduct, although chlorine produced this way accounts for only a small fraction of chlorine produced industrially by other methods.

References

Chemical processes
Electrolytic cells
Metallurgical processes
Boulton Paul Bobolink. The Boulton & Paul P.3 Bobolink was a World War I British single-engined single-seat fighter aircraft. It was built by Boulton & Paul Ltd.

Development and design
The Bobolink was the first aeroplane designed by Boulton & Paul Limited of Norwich. The company was a manufacturer of wooden buildings but during World War I it, like many other companies, built aircraft under Ministry contracts. Aircraft built included the Sopwith 1½ Strutter and Sopwith Camel.

The British Air Ministry requested proposals to replace the Sopwith Camel. Boulton & Paul designed and constructed the Bobolink and entered it in that competition. The prototype first flew in early 1918, undergoing official trials in March of that year.

The Bobolink had two-bay biplane wings and was powered by the same Bentley BR2 rotary engine as used by the competing Sopwith Snipe. An unusual feature of the aircraft was the use of jettisonable fuel tanks. These were fitted behind the pilot and separated by a sheet of armour, allowing an individual tank to be jettisoned in the event of a fire. While the Bobolink and Snipe had similar performance, the Snipe was easier to build, while the Bobolink was claimed to have poor ground handling, with the Snipe winning the Camel replacement competition. Only a single prototype was produced.

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
Boulton & Paul Bobolink – British Aircraft Directory

Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Bobolink
1910s British fighter aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Long Shop Museum. The Long Shop Museum is an industrial heritage museum in the town of Leiston in the English county of Suffolk. The museum features the history of Richard Garrett & Sons who manufactured a wide range of industrial and agricultural machinery, steam engines, and electric vehicles. The museum also celebrates the social history of a rural community that grew to be central to the Industrial Revolution.

The Museum is housed in  some of the remaining buildings of Garrett's Leiston Town Works. The centre-piece "Long Shop" was constructed in 1852 as the first purpose-built flow-line assembly workshop for the manufacture of portable steam engines. It consists of an open central area, and fitters' galleries on the level of the first floor. The building is a Grade II* listed building.

References

External links

Long Shop Museum

Museums in Suffolk
Steam museums in England
Agriculture museums in the United Kingdom
Industry museums in England
Grade II* listed buildings in Suffolk
Industrial archaeological sites in England
Walker Chess-player. The Walker Chess-player was a chess-playing "machine" created by the Walker Brothers of Baltimore, Maryland.  The machine was produced in the 1820s to compete with The Turk, a world-famous chess "machine".  Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, a Bavarian musician with an interest in various machines and devices who owned and operated the Turk, viewed the competing machine and attempted to buy it, but the offer was declined and the duplicate machine toured for a number of years, never receiving the fame that Mälzel's machine did, and eventually fell into obscurity.

These 19th-century machines were hoaxes that disguised a human player with stage-magic devices; unlike modern chess playing machines which play without human intervention.

References

 Tom Standage, The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine. Walker and Company, New York City, 2002. 
 Gerald M. Levitt, The Turk, Chess Automaton. McFarland and Company Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina, 2000.

1820s in Baltimore
1820s establishments in Maryland
Chess automatons
Chess in the United States
19th-century robots
Rubbing (art). A rubbing (frottage) is a reproduction of the texture of a surface created by placing a piece of paper or similar material over the subject and then rubbing the paper with something to deposit marks, most commonly charcoal or pencil but also various forms of blotted and rolled ink, chalk, wax, and many other substances. For all its simplicity, the  technique can be used to produce blur-free images of minuscule elevations and depressions on areas of any size in a way that can hardly be matched by even the most elaborate, state-of-the-art methods. In this way, surface elevations measuring only a few thousandths of a millimeter can be made visible.

Uses

Common uses for this technique include:
 Brass rubbing, to make copies of monumental brasses
 Forensic uses, including finding out what was written on a sheet of paper removed from a pad by rubbing the impressions left on subsequent sheets or other backing materials
 Frottage (from French frotter, "to rub"), a surrealist art form; a method of creative production developed by surrealist artist Max Ernst in 1925. The artist places a piece of paper over an uneven surface, then marks the paper with a drawing tool (such as a pastel or pencil), thus creating a rubbing. The drawing can be left as it is or used as the basis for further refinement. Ernst was inspired by an ancient wooden floor where the grain of the planks had been accentuated by many years of scrubbing. The patterns of the graining suggested strange images to him. He captured these by laying sheets of paper on the floor and then rubbing over them with a soft pencil.
 Stone rubbing, to make copies of patterns and inscriptions of gravestones or other incised or textured stone surfaces

See also
 Surrealist techniques

References

Bibliography

External links

Artistic techniques
Forensic techniques
Rubbing (art)
Lancair ES. The Lancair ES is an American amateur-built aircraft that was designed and produced by Lancair. While it was in production the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Production of the aircraft kit was ended in 2012.

Design and development
The aircraft features a cantilever low wing, a four-seat enclosed cabin that is  wide, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from composites. Its  span wing employs a McWilliams RXM5-217 airfoil at the wing root, transitioning to a NACA 64-212 at the wingtip. The wing has an area of  and mounts flaps. The aircraft's recommended engine power range is  and standard engines used include the  Continental IO-550 four-stroke powerplant. Construction time from the supplied kit is estimated to be 2000 hours.

When equipped with the  Continental IO-550-N the design was referred to as the Lancair Super ES. This was same powerplant used in the Columbia 300 and 350.

In July 2016 the company announced it would be selling the older Lancair lines of aircraft to concentrate on the Lancair Evolution instead. Once the transition is complete the company will change its name to the Evolution Aircraft Company.

Operational history
By December 2011, 90 examples had been completed and flown. At least two examples have utilized custom engine mounts to allow installation of Lycoming IO-540 engines.

Specifications (Super ES)

References

1990s United States sport aircraft
ES
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Fast Analog Computing with Emergent Transient States. Fast Analog Computing with Emergent Transient States or FACETS is a European project to research the properties of the human brain. Established and funded by the European Union in September 2005, the five-year project involves approximately 80 scientists from Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. 

The main project goal is to address questions about how the brain computes. Another objective is to create microchip hardware equaling approximately 200,000 neurons with 50 million synapses on a single silicon wafer. Current prototypes are running 100,000 times faster than their biological counterparts, which would make them the fastest analog computing devices ever built for neuronal computations.

The institutions involved are the University of Heidelberg, the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) of Gif sur Yvette, the CNRS of Marseille, the Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique, the University of Freiburg, the University of Graz, the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology, the University of London, the University of Plymouth, the University of Bordeaux, the University of Debrecen, the University of Dresden and the Institute for Theoretical Computer Science at Technische Universitat Graz.

External links 

 FACETS website 
 a quick introduction

Computational neuroscience
Neurophysiology