omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Martin XB-16. The Martin XB-16, company designation Model 145, was a projected heavy bomber designed in the United States during the 1930s.

Design and development
The XB-16 was designed to meet the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) request for a bomber that could carry  of bombs .

The XB-16 (Model 145A) was to use four Allison V-1710 liquid-cooled reciprocating V-engines; contemporary American aircraft used air-cooled radial engines.

In 1935, Martin revised the XB-16 design as the Model 145B. The wingspan was increased from  to , and a set of V-1710 engines added to the trailing edge. This version had a wingspan 20% greater than that of the B-29 Superfortress, the first operational bomber that would fill the role intended for the XB-16.

The XB-16 was canceled for essentially the same reason that the Boeing XB-15 project was, as it was not fast enough to meet the requirements set by the Army. Since both were canceled around the same time, Martin did not have time to produce an XB-16.

Specifications (Model 145A)

See also

References

External links

 USAF Museum description of XB-16
 Martin aircraft 146 specifications

Martin B-16
B-16
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Topo. Topo or TOPO may refer to:

 Topo (Calheta), a civil parish in the municipality of Calheta, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores
 Topo (climbing), in climbing, a graphical illustration of the line and key topological challenges of a route
 Topo (robot), a robot aimed at the consumer and educational market, produced during the 1980s by Androbot
 Topography or topographic map
 Trioctylphosphine oxide, abbreviated as TOPO
 TOPO cloning, in genetics
 Los Topos, a 1970s California theatre group, one of whose members was also known as Topo
 Topo (DC Comics), a fictional character in the Aquaman series
 Topo Gigio, a popular Italian puppet character, made famous by appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show
 Topos de Tlatelolco, an earthquake and natural disaster search and rescue squad from Mexico
 Topo, a genus of comb-footed spiders

El Topo may refer to:
 El Topo, 1970 Mexican film
 El Topo (Puerto Rican singer/songwriter), stage name for Antonio Caban Vale
 El Topo (criminal), Ecuadorian criminal and gang leader

See also 
 Topophilia
 Topol (disambiguation)
 Topos (disambiguation)
 Toppo (disambiguation)
Cost estimation models. Cost estimation models are mathematical algorithms or parametric equations used to estimate the costs of a product or project.  The results of the models are typically necessary to obtain approval to proceed, and are factored into business plans, budgets, and other financial planning and tracking mechanisms.

These algorithms were originally performed manually but now are almost universally computerized.  They may be standardized (available in published texts or purchased commercially) or proprietary, depending on the type of business, product, or project in question.  Simple models may use standard spreadsheet products.

Models typically function through the input of parameters that describe the attributes of the product or project in question, and possibly physical resource requirements.  The model then provides as output various resources requirements in cost and time. Some models concentrate only on estimating project costs (often a single monetary value). Little attention has been given to the development of models for estimating the amount of resources needed for the different elements that comprise a project.

Cost modeling practitioners often have the titles of cost estimators, cost engineers, or parametric analysts.

Typical applications include:
Construction
Software Development
Manufacturing
New product development

See also
Software development effort estimation
Estimation in software engineering
Parametric Estimating
Estimation
Elemental cost planning
Cost overrun
Parametric model
Cost estimate

References

Business terms
Qantas Defence Services. Qantas Defence Services is a defence service company that was formerly a wholly owned subsidiary of Qantas. In August 2013, QDS was sold to Northrop Grumman for A$80 million.

The subsidiary had been providing maintenance for Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft, as well as work on the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Airbus A330 Multi Role Tanker Transports and also maintained both Prime Ministerial Boeing Business Jets.

Qantas is providing increasing support for the RAAF:
Partnered with Airbus for the supply of Airbus A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport to replace the RAAF's Boeing 707s in the aerial refueling and strategic transport roles
Lease to RAAF of 2 Boeing Business Jets, including maintenance
Support of RAAF Boeing Wedgetail aircraft
Repair, Overhaul and Engineering Support of the T-56 Turboprop Engine (powering the RAAF Fleet of C-130H and P-3C Aircraft)
Repair and Overhaul of the Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour Mk 871-05 Turbofan Engine (powering the RAAF Fleet of BAE Hawks)
Deeper Level maintenance support of the RAAF's fleet of C-130 Hercules transport aircraft
Maintenance and Engineering support of the RAAF's fleet of P&W R2000-7M2 engines installed on Caribou transport aircraft.

References

External links

Qantas
Defence companies of Australia
Northrop Grumman
2013 mergers and acquisitions
Japan Highway Public Corporation. , or JH, was a  public company established after World War II to construct and manage highway networks in Japan, founded in 1956.

On October 1, 2005, JH was divided into three private enterprises, East Nippon Expressway Company Limited (NEXCO East), Central Nippon Expressway Company Limited (NEXCO Central), and West Nippon Expressway Company Limited (NEXCO West).

References

Expressway companies of Japan
Transport companies based in Tokyo
Transport companies established in 1956
Japanese companies established in 1956
Transport companies disestablished in 2005
Japanese companies disestablished in 2005
Douglas XB-19. The Douglas XB-19 was a four-engined, piston-driven heavy bomber produced by the Douglas Aircraft Company for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) during the early 1940s. The design was originally given the designation XBLR-2 (XBLR denoting "Experimental Bomber, Long Range"). It was the largest bomber built for the USAAF until 1946, with the Convair B-36 surpassing it in size.

Design and development
The XB-19 project was intended to test flight characteristics and design techniques for giant bombers. Despite advances in technology that made the XB-19 obsolete before it was completed, the Army Air Corps believed the prototype would be useful for testing despite Douglas Aircraft wanting to cancel the expensive project. Its construction took so long that competition for the contracts to build the XB-35 and XB-36 occurred two months before its first flight.

The plane first flew on 27 June 1941, more than three years after the construction contract was awarded. It was based at Wright Field from January to November 1942. In 1943, the Wright R-3350 engines were replaced with liquid-cooled W24 Allison V-3420-11 by the aircraft division of Fisher Body in support of the XB-39 project. As part of the program, it was equipped with engine driven auxiliary powerplants. After completion of testing, the XB-19 was earmarked for conversion into a cargo aircraft, but modifications were not completed, and the aircraft flew for the last time on 17 August 1946. It was eventually scrapped at Tucson in June 1949.

Surviving artifacts

The new U.S. Air Force had plans to save the XB-19 for eventual display, but in 1949 the Air Force did not have a program to save historic aircraft and the Air Force Museum had not yet been built. The XB-19 was therefore scrapped, but two of its enormous main tires were saved.

Specifications (XB-19)

See also

References

Footnotes

Notes

Further reading

External links

 Encyclopedia of American aircraft

1940s United States bomber aircraft
B-19
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1941
Four-engined piston aircraft
Conversion of scales of temperature. This is a collection of temperature conversion formulas and comparisons among eight different temperature scales, several of which have long been obsolete.

Temperatures on scales that either do not share a numeric zero or are nonlinearly related cannot correctly be mathematically equated (related using the symbol =), and thus temperatures on different scales are more correctly described as corresponding (related using the symbol ≘).

Celsius scale

Kelvin scale

Fahrenheit scale

Rankine scale

Delisle scale

Newton scale

Réaumur scale

Rømer scale

Comparison values chart

Comparison of temperature scales

* Normal human body temperature is 36.8 °C ±0.7 °C, or 98.2 °F ±1.3 °F.  The commonly given value 98.6 °F is simply the exact conversion of the nineteenth-century German standard of 37 °C. Since it does not list an acceptable range, it could therefore be said to have excess (invalid) precision.

Some numbers in this table have been rounded.

Graphical representation

Conversion table between the different temperature units

Converting units of temperature differences 
Converting units of temperature differences (also referred to as temperature deltas) is not the same as converting absolute temperature values, and different formulae must be used.

To convert a delta temperature from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius, the formula is 

To convert a delta temperature from degrees Celsius to kelvin, it is 1:1

See also 
 Outline of metrology and measurement
 Degree of frost
 Conversion of units
 Gas mark

Notes and references

Scales of temperature
Conversion of units of measurement
Asphaltite. Asphaltite (also known as uintahite, asphaltum, gilsonite or oil sands) is a naturally occurring soluble solid hydrocarbon, a form of asphalt (or bitumen) with a relatively high melting temperature. Its large-scale production occurs in the Uintah Basin of Utah and Colorado, United States. Although the substance has been historically mined in the Uintah Basin, resources are being discovered and mined more recently in other countries such as Colombia and Iran. Gilsonite is mined in underground shafts and resembles shiny black obsidian.
Discovered in the 1860s, it was first marketed as a lacquer, electrical insulator, and waterproofing compound approximately 25 years later by Samuel H. Gilson.

History
Gilsonite was discovered in the 1860s. By 1888 Samuel H. Gilson had started a company to mine the substance, but soon discovered the vein was on the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation. Under great political pressure Congress removed some  from the reservation on May 24, 1888 to allow mining to proceed legally. Gilsonite mining became the first large commercial enterprise in the Uintah Basin, causing most of its early population growth.

Mining gilsonite during World War II was manual, using a six-pound pick, then shoveling the ore into 200 pound sacks, which were sewn by hand. 

Gilsonite-brand uintahite's earliest applications included paints for buggies and emulsions for beer-vat lining. It was used by Ford Motor Company as a principal component of the japan black lacquer used on most of the Ford Model T cars.

Composition
Gilsonite is categorized as a soluble material in oil solutions such as carbon disulphide or TCE (trichloroethylene). A major component of gilsonite is carbon; it also contains several other elements including nitrogen and sulfur and some volatile compounds.

Reserves and uses
Gilsonite reserves are distributed globally, especially within basins. It has also been found on the dwarf planet Ceres and is predicted to exist on the Martian moon Phobos.

Gilsonite is used in more than 160 products, primarily in dark-colored printing inks and paints, oil well drilling muds and cements, asphalt modifiers, foundry sand additives, and a wide variety of chemical products. The trademark, registered in 1921, belongs to the American Gilsonite Company which filed for bankruptcy and after accepting re-organization seems to emerge from it at Jan 3rd 2017. 

Gilsonite is a common modifier for bitumen in asphalt. Blending gilsonite with bitumen increases the strength and resistance of pavements. This application is practised in countries such as China, India and Iran. Known as asfaltit in Turkish, it is burnt in Şırnak Silopi power station, a coal fired power station in Turkey.

References

External links
Uintahite on Mindat

Organic minerals
Asphalt
Galvanic. Galvanic (after Luigi Galvani) may refer to:

 Galvanic anode
 Galvanic bath
 Galvanic cell
 Galvanic corrosion
 Galvanic current
 Galvanic isolation
 Galvanic potential
 Galvanic series
 Galvanic skin response
 Galvanic vestibular stimulation
 Galvanism
 Galvanization
 Operation Galvanic, World War II attack which included the Battle of Tarawa

See also 
 List of forms of electricity named after scientists
Banyan Systems. Banyan Systems, Inc., was founded in 1983 by Anand Jagannathan, a software engineer and mid-level manager at Data General, Larry Floryan and David C. Mahoney. The company's distinctive logo was a Banyan tree and the logo's allegorical representation was of Banyan's product suite, Banyan VINES.  Jim Allchin, although not a founder, was one of the first employees hired.  The company was headquartered in Westboro, Massachusetts, along the high-tech I-495 corridor.

Banyan was a privately held entity for nearly ten years after its incorporation.  Later the company went public. Subsequently it went into decline, facing competition from Novell NetWare and even more so from Microsoft Windows NT.

In 1997, the company changed its name to Banyan Worldwide. In October 1999 Banyan Worldwide became , an internet services company providing collaboration, security and identity management solutions. At the same time, it announced the obsolescence of VINES and other Banyan products. On October 24, 2003  announced that it would cease operations and its assets would be acquired by Unisys.

References

External links
VINES Protocol

Defunct networking companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
Unisys
EADS Mako/HEAT. The EADS Mako/High Energy Advanced Trainer (Mako/HEAT) was a high-performance jet trainer or light attack aircraft intended for service with several European air forces. EADS proposed the Mako for the Eurotrainer program. The program was the final result of the AT-2000 project.

Design and development
The Mako design featured a single aft-mounted jet engine, fed by two air intake ramps at the roots of the mid-fuselage-wing.  It features a trapezoidal wing with a sharp taper.  The horizontal tail was an all-flying unit mounted close behind the wing and at nearly the same height.  The retractable landing gear was a tricycle unit. The two occupants shared a highly streamlined bubble canopy.

Subcontractors would have included Diehl Aerospace, Aermacchi (now Leonardo),  Saab, EAB and Dassault Aviation.

The Mako shows remarkable stealth aircraft features, partially due to faceting and partially due to composite materials, using some results from the MBB Lampyridae stealth program.

The intended engine was the General Electric F414M, which is a slightly derated version (at 75 kN) of the standard F414.

The Mako/HEAT was to be deployed at three shared bases around the continent of Europe, for use by all partner nations. There were nine candidate bases in seven countries, but no final selection was made. The Aermacchi M-346 trainer, also being proposed for Eurotrainer, made its maiden flight on 15 July 2004; , EADS had yet to announce a date for the Mako's maiden flight, and the project appeared to be defunct.

The Mako/HEAT bid for the 1998 South African Air Force strategic procurement project, but lost to the BAE Hawk and Saab Gripen.

Specifications

See also

References

External links
 UAE chooses M-346 as advanced lead-in fighter trainer
 Italy Orders M346 Jet Trainers

Cancelled military aircraft projects
Airbus Defence and Space aircraft
2000s international military trainer aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Delta-wing aircraft
Stealth aircraft
Landing helicopter dock. A landing helicopter dock (LHD) is a multipurpose amphibious assault ship that is capable of operating as a helicopter carrier and also has a well deck for supporting landing crafts. LHD vessels are built with a full flight deck similar in appearance to a light aircraft carrier to operate VTOL rotorcrafts such as utility and attack helicopters, and can also support tiltrotor aircraft (such as the MV-22 Osprey) and VSTOL fixed-wing aircraft (such as the AV-8 Harrier and the F-35B Lightning II). Some future designs might even support CATOBAR operations for light aircraft and UCAVs via aircraft catapults and arresting gears.

The United States Navy (USN) and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) use the term as a specific hull classification symbol. Examples of this kind of ship include the USN's , French Navy's  and ships of the Spanish Navy's Juan Carlos I class including those designs based on the class, such as the RAN's . Other nations also use the designation for their vessels, such as the Republic of Korea Navy for its . The Type 075 and Type 076 classes of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), though only regarded as amphibious assault ships in their native China, are considered LHDs in NATO reporting names.

The landing helicopter assault (LHA) is a similar USN hull classification with two classes that both precede and follow the ships classed LHD. Most LHAs also have well decks of a comparable size to LHDs, with the exception of the first two  ships (LHA-6 and LHA-7), which lack the well deck entirely to make room for larger hangars. However, LHA-8 will feature a well deck, returning the terms to their more interchangeable state.

See also
 Landing helicopter assault
 Landing platform helicopter
 Amphibious assault ship
 Helicopter carrier
 Drone carrier
 List of amphibious warfare ships
 List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships § Amphibious Assault Ship (Multi-Purpose) (LHD)

References

Amphibious warfare vessels
Helicopter carriers
Hyper Neo Geo 64. The Hyper Neo Geo 64 is an arcade system board created by SNK, and released in September 1997. As the successor of the popular Neo Geo (MVS), it was the first and only SNK hardware set capable of rendering in 3D, conceived to bring SNK into the 3D era that had arisen during the mid-1990s.

The system never managed to match the huge success of the 16-bit Neo Geo. Only seven games were produced, none of which proved particularly popular, and only one of them, Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition, has been ported to home systems. A home console version was rumored to be in development but was never confirmed by SNK.

History
The system was first announced in late 1995, and planned for release in late 1996. It was officially unveiled at the February 1997 AOU show, though all that was demonstrated at the show was a videotape containing a few seconds of footage of Samurai Shodown 64, which SNK announced would be the first game for the system. By mid-1997 test units were on display in Japan.

The system was released, only in arcade form, in September 1997, featuring a custom 64-bit RISC processor, 4 megabytes of program memory, 64 megabytes of 3D and texture memory, and 128 megabytes of memory for 2D characters and backgrounds. The first title released for the system was Road's Edge, with Samurai Shodown 64 and Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition following soon after. None were particularly well received. The system was a failure and by 1999 was discontinued, with only seven games released in total. SNK resumed releasing games on their older Neo Geo system.

Reportedly, SNK had been working on a successor hardware. This was reported in 2021 and dubbed SNK Millennium.

Specifications 

 Processors:
 CPU #1 (main): 100 MHz NEC VR4300 (64-bit MIPS III)
 CPU #2 (auxiliary, handles audio I/O): NEC V53@16 MHz 16-bit microcontroller (V33 superset)
 CPU #3 (auxiliary, handles communications I/O): KL5C80A12CFP@12.5 MHz 8-bit microcontroller (Z80 compatible)
 Memory layout:
 0x00000000..0x00FFFFFF: mainboard RAM (16 MiB)
 0x04000000..0x05FFFFFF: cartridge RAM (16 MiB)
 0x1FC00000..0x1FC7FFFF: ROM (512 KiB)
 Cartridge ROM mapping is variable.
 Sound chip: 
 L7A1045 L6028 DSP-A: 32-channel PCM audio, with maximum sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz (CD-quality) and 32 MB of sample RAM
 Display:
 Color palette: 16.7 million
 Maximum onscreen color palette: 4,096
 3D branch: 96 MB vertex memory, 16 MB maximum texture memory
 2D sprite branch: 60 frames per second animation, 128 MB character memory
 Main functions: scaling, montage, chain, mosaic, mesh, action, up/down, right/left reverse
 Sprites per frame: 1,536 sprites
 2D scrolling branch: Up to 4 game planes, 64 MB character memory
 Main functions: scaling, revolution, morphing; horizontal/vertical screen partitioning and line scrolling

List of games

See also
Aleck 64

References

External links
 Hyper Neo Geo 64 games and statistics

Arcade system boards
Neo Geo
Paul J. Perrone. Paul J. Perrone has written numerous books   and articles  on various Java-based software technologies. He has also founded Perrone Robotics fusing open and standard software technologies with the field of robotics. He has helped push robotics into the mainstream and brought the term "popular robotics" into the public eye.

In addition to robotics software for personal and professional use. Perrone was the team lead for Team Jefferson, a 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge team, and a DARPA Grand Challenge (2007) team.

He has been a frequent presenter at Sun Microsystem's JavaOne conference, namely James Gosling's keynote sessions presenting an autonomous dune buggy (Tommy), an unmanned helicopter , an autonomous Scion Xb (Tommy Jr) , and Lincvolt, an energy-efficient vehicle owned and spearheaded by rock star Neil Young. He received a Duke Award for Tommy, and a Golden Duke and Lifetime Achievement Award for Lincvolt .

He is featured in a documentary about a robotic car entered into the historic 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge  and was featured in a Discovery Science special called "RoboCars" for his robotic car entered into the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge .

In 2010, he was also one of 25 individuals living in Charlottesville, Virginia who are well regarded in their respective fields .

External links
http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/pr/2009-06/sunflash.20090601.3.xml
http://www.lincvolt.com
http://www.perronerobotics.com
http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/local/ap/va-firm-helps-convert-neil-youngs-car-63909752.html

Living people
People in information technology
Year of birth missing (living people)