omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mac Hack. Mac Hack is a computer chess program written by Richard D. Greenblatt. Also known as Mac Hac and The Greenblatt Chess Program, it was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mac Hack VI was the first chess program to play in human tournament conditions, the first to be granted a chess rating, and the first to win against a person in tournament play. A pseudocode for the program is given in Figure 11.16 of.

Its name comes from Project MAC ("Multi-Level Access Computer" or "Machine-Aided Cognition") a large sponsored research program located at MIT. The number VI refers to the PDP-6 machine for which it was written.

Development
Greenblatt was inspired to write Mac Hack upon reading MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 41, or a similar document describing Kotok-McCarthy, which he saw while visiting Stanford University in 1965. A good chess player, he was inspired to make improvements at MIT in 1965 and 1966.

In about 2004, he had an opportunity to tell Alan Kotok that searching the 7 best moves at each of the first two plies, and limiting the search depth to two would have done better than the default widths of "4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1", attempting eight plies in Kotok-McCarthy's REPLYS subroutine which generated each player's next plausible moves.

Greenblatt added fifty heuristics that reflected his knowledge of chess. Mac Hack was written in MIDAS macro assembly language on the PDP-6 computer DEC donated to MIT (the first working PDP-6, serial number 2). Many versions may exist. During this period the program was compiled about two hundred times.

Tournament play
By the time it was published in 1969 Mac Hack had played in eighteen tournaments and hundreds of complete games. The PDP-6 became an honorary member of the Massachusetts State Chess Association and the United States Chess Federation, a requirement for playing tournaments. In 1966 the program was rated 1243 when it lost in the Massachusetts Amateur Championship. In 1967, the program played in four tournaments, winning three games, losing twelve, and drawing three. In 1967 Mac Hack VI defeated Ben Landy with a USCF rating of 1510 in game 3, tournament 2 of the Massachusetts State Championship.

Greenblatt published the program with Donald E. Eastlake III and Stephen D. Crocker in MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 174 and recorded some games there.

Influence
Mac Hack played by teletype, was ported to the PDP-10 and was the first computer chess program to be widely distributed. Mac Hack was the first chess computer to use a transposition table, which is a vital optimization in game tree search. Greenblatt and Tom Knight went on to advance artificial intelligence and build the Lisp machine in 1973.

References

Bibliography
 Photo: Richard Greenblatt and Thomas Knight with the CADR LISP Machine at MIT, 

Chess software
History of chess
KM3. KM3 or Kernel Meta Meta Model is a neutral computer language to write metamodels and to define Domain Specific Languages. KM3 has been defined at INRIA and is available under the Eclipse platform.

References 
                                            
KM3: a DSL for Metamodel Specification Jouault, F, and Bézivin, J (2006). In: Proceedings of 8th IFIP International Conference on Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems, LNCS 4037, Bologna, Italy, pages 171-185. 
ADT Download
Eclipse GMT site
softwarefactories.com article
Softmetaware.com article
uio.no article
softmetaware.com article
trese.cs.utwente.nl présentation
bis.uni-leipzig.de présentation

Related Concepts 
 Model-driven architecture  (MDA is an OMG Trademark),
 Model Driven Engineering   (MDE is not an OMG Trademark)
 Domain Specific Language (DSL)
 Domain-specific modelling (DSM)
 Model-based testing (MBT)
 Meta-modeling
 ATL
 XMI
 OCL
 MTL
 MOF
 Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD)
 Kermeta

External links
 KM3 @ Eclipse.

Specification languages
William Moore (mathematician). William Moore () was a British mathematician and early contributor to rocket theory. He worked at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. His 1813 Treatise was the first exposition of rocket mechanics based on Newton's third law of motion.  Little is known of his life, because many relevant historical documents were destroyed by German bombing in World War II.

Publications 
 Theory on the motion of Rockets (1810)
 A Treatise on the Doctrine of Fluxations (1811)
 A Treatise on the Motion of Rockets; to which is added, an Essay on Naval Gunnery (1813)

See also
 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
 Tsiolkovsky rocket equation

References 

19th-century British mathematicians
Rocket science pioneers
Tire Science and Technology. Tire Science and Technology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original research and reviews on experimental, analytical, and computational aspects of tires. Since 1978, the Tire Society has published the journal. The current editor-in-chief is Michael Kaliske (Dresden University of Technology).

History

The journal was founded in 1973 and was originally published by a committee of the American Society for Testing and Materials until 1977, when the Tire Society was incorporated for the purpose of continuing the journal.

Content 
Topics of interest to journal readers include adhesion, aerospace, aging, agriculture, automotive, composite materials, constitutive modeling, contact mechanics, cord mechanics, curing, design theories, durability, elastomers, finite element analysis, force and moment behavior, groove wander, heat build up, hydroplaning, impact, manufacturing, mechanics, military, noise, pavement, performance evaluation, racing, rolling resistance, snow and ice, soil, standing waves, stiffness, strength, traction, vehicle dynamics, vibration, and wear.

Past Editors 

 1977 –1982: Dan Livingston (Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company)
 1983 – 1994: Raouf Ridha (Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company)
 1995 – 1999: Jozef DeEskinazi (Continental)
 2000 – 2007: Farhad Tabaddor (Michelin)
 2008 – 2009: William V. Mars (Cooper Tire)
 2010 – present: Michael Kaliske (TU Dresden)

External links

References
  

Tires
Engineering journals
Materials science journals
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies
Academic journals established in 1973
English-language journals
Quarterly journals
Replay Professional. Replay Professional was a sound sampling product for the Atari ST. This was released  in 1988.
It consisted of a cartridge which interfaced an analog to digital converter (with 10, 12 and 14 bit variants) and software.

It included a suite of offline DSP functions Fast Fourier transform, a range of filters, so called fast  (IRR) and slow (FIR) filters], MIDI sequencing and a drum machine.

Compact discs were a relatively new consumer product at that time, and the front cover used CD-like artwork, although no CD media was included and the programs themselves came on three 3.5 inch floppy disks.

External links
  - the file format used for the samples
 Atari ST Replay 16: Atari Mania

Gallery

Atari ST software
Node (circuits). In electrical engineering, a node is any region on a circuit between two circuit elements. In circuit diagrams, connections are ideal wires with zero resistance, so a node consists of the entire section of wire between elements, not just a single point.

Details
According to Ohm's law, , the voltage  across any two points of a node with negligible resistance  is

showing that the electric potential at every point of a node is the same.

There are some notable exceptions where the voltage difference is large enough to become significant:
 High-precision resistance measurements using a Kelvin connection
 The difference in voltage between ground and neutral, between the neutral wire and the ground in domestic AC power plugs and sockets, can be fatal. A properly installed electrical system connects them together at only one location, leading many people to the fatally incorrect conclusion that they are at "the same" voltage, or that the safety ground is "redundant and unnecessary"
 The Seebeck effect and the Peltier effect
 Joints involving aluminium wire

Dots used to mark nodes on a circuit diagram are sometimes referred to as meatballs.

References

Electricity
Comparison of geographic information systems software. This is a comparison of notable GIS software. To be included on this list, the software must have a linked existing article.

The selection of GIS software is a non-trivial task typically undertaken at project commencement.  The use of appropriate selection criteria and methodology can be critical to a project's success, with considerations including outlay costs, ease of use, data and system harmonization and maintenance, incorporation of advances in technology, and downstream system integration.

License, source, & operating system support

Pure server

Map servers

Map caches

Pure web client

Libraries

See also
 Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo)
 Geographic information system software
 GIS Live DVD

References

GIS software
GIS
Aluminosilicate. Aluminosilicate refers to materials containing anionic Si-O-Al linkages. Commonly, the associate cations are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and protons (H+). Such materials occur as  minerals, coal combustion products and as synthetic materials, often in the form of zeolites.  Both synthetic and natural aluminosilicates are of technical significance as structural materials, catalysts, and reagents.

Important representatives

Feldspar is a common tectosilicate aluminosilicate mineral made of potassium, sodium, and calcium cations surrounded by a negatively charged network of silicon, aluminium and oxygen atoms.

Many aluminosilicates are synthesized by reactions of silicates, aluminates, and other compounds.  They have the general formula  where M+ is usually H+ and Na+. The Si/Al ratio is variable, which provides a means to tune the properties. Many of these materials are porous and exhibit properties of industrial value. Naturally occurring microporous, hydrous aluminosilicate minerals are also referred to as zeolites.

See also
Aluminium silicate
Geopolymer cement
Silicate minerals
Calcium aluminosilicate
Sodium aluminosilicate
Gorilla Glass – a type of aluminosilicate glass

References 

 
Glass compositions
Nesosilicates
MC Scow. The MC Scow is an American sailing dinghy that was designed as a one-design racer and first built in 1956.

The boat is a development of the John O. Johnson-designed J Scow of the mid-1950s, significantly re-designed by Melges.

Production
The design has been built by Melges Performance Sailboats and Johnson Boat Works in the United States since 1956, with a total of 2,760 boats completed. Johnson went out of business in 1998, but the boat remains in production by Melges.

Design
The MC Scow is a recreational sailboat, with the reverse sheer scow hull built predominantly of fiberglass, with mahogany wood trim. It has a catboat rig with anodized aluminum spars, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and dual retractable bilgeboards. It displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with a bilgeboard extended and can be transported on a trailer.

For sailing the design is equipped with hiking straps and has a mainsail window to improve visibility. It also has a 2:1 mechanical advantage, four-part mainsheet traveler, a Cunningham, a 12:1 boom vang and a 3:1 outhaul.

It is normally raced by a crew of one to three sailors.

Operational history
By 1994 the boat was being raced in 21 fleets in Texas, Georgia, Oklahoma, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Carolina, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa. By 2020 it was being raced in over 100 fleets across the United States.

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "single-hander? Catboat? Scow? Well, it has bilgeboards. The
MC can be sailed single-handed, but it is a big boat and will easily carry more ... The MC is perhaps not quite as athletic as most single-handers."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Dinghies
Scows
1950s sailboat type designs
Two-person sailboats
Sailboat types built by Johnson Boat Works
Sailboat types built by Melges Performance Sailboats
Seasonal Attribution Project. The Seasonal Attribution Project is a climate'prediction.net sub-project, with support from the WWF.  It runs a high resolution model in order to try to determine the extent to which extreme weather events are attributable to human-induced global warming.

The project did cease giving out more work, however there has been a project extension to try a fourth sea surface temperature pattern. Current work will still be accepted and used for collaborations and possibly revisions of papers during the review process.

A further extension will start soon.

The experiments
United Kingdom floods of Autumn 2000 – Current project.
Mountain snowpack decline in western North America Developed in collaboration with the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington.
Heatwave occurrence in South Africa and India

The latter two will use the same models. Information has been uploaded but analysis of information generated has not yet started.

See also
Effects of global warming

References

External links
Seasonal Attribution Website

Science in society
Free science software
Numerical climate and weather models
Volunteer computing projects

de:Seasonal Attribution Project
Woodbridge Tide Mill. Woodbridge Tide Mill in Woodbridge, Suffolk, England is a rare example of a tide mill whose water wheel still turns and is capable of grinding a wholemeal flour.

The mill is a Grade I listed building. It is a three-storey building constructed from wood; externally it is clad in white Suffolk boarding and has a Gambrel roof. Its machinery reflects the skills and achievements of the early Industrial Revolution.  It has been preserved and is open to the public. The reservoir constructed for demonstration purposes is roughly half an acre in extent, the original  one is now a marina.

History

The first recording of a tide mill on this site was a medieval mill in 1170; it is unknown how many mills have stood here, but probably three. The mill, which was operated by the local Augustinian priory in the Middle Ages, was acquired by Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536.  It is possible that the Augustinians rebuilt the mill shortly before the dissolution.  This mill and the former Woodbridge Priory was granted to Thomas Seckford by  Elizabeth I.  That mill passed through the hands of various private owners until it was rebuilt in the seventeenth century.  This is the mill preserved today.

By the outbreak of World War II the mill was one of only a handful still operating. In 1957 it closed as the last commercially operating tide mill in Britain. In 1968 the derelict mill was purchased by Mrs Jean Gardner and a restoration programme was launched. It was opened to the public five years later in 1973.  It is now managed by a charitable trust (Woodbridge Tide Mill Trust) staffed by volunteers, and in 2011 the trust undertook a further and more complete restoration and modernisation project, including a new water wheel and fully restored machinery, which allowed milling to begin again.  It re-opened in 2012 and is now the only tide mill in the UK that can regularly grind wheat grain producing wholemeal flour for resale, since the Eling Tide Mill in Hampshire is currently suffering a maintenance issue.

See also
 Watermills in the United Kingdom
 Eling Tide Mill

Other mills in, or strongly connected with Woodbridge:-
Buttrum's Mill, Woodbridge
Tricker's Mill, Woodbridge
Ramsey Windmill, Essex

References

External links

 Woodbridge Tide Mill
 Types of Mills 
 Page at geograph with several images of the mill
 

Watermills in Suffolk
Museums in Suffolk
Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk
Grade I listed industrial buildings
Mill museums in England
Woodbridge, Suffolk
Tide mills
Grade I listed water mills
Drag area. In mechanics and aerodynamics, the drag area of an object represents the effective size of the object as it is "seen" by the fluid flow around it. The drag area is usually expressed as a product  where  is a representative area of the object, and  is the drag coefficient, which represents what shape it has and how streamlined it is.

The drag coefficient plays a role in Reynold's drag equation,

Here,  is the drag force,  the density of the fluid, and  the speed of the object relative to the fluid.

See also
Drag (physics)
Automobile drag coefficient#Drag area
Zero-lift drag coefficient

Drag (physics)
Stability model. In software development, the stability model (SM) is a method for designing and modelling software. It is an extension of object-oriented software design (OOSD) methodology, such as Unified Modeling Language (UML), but adds its own set of rules, guidelines, procedures, and heuristics to achieve more advanced object-oriented (OO) software. 

The motivation is to achieve a higher level of OO features, such as
 Stability: the objects will be stable over time and will not need changes
 Reusability: the objects can be reused for various kind of applications
 Maintainability: the objects will need the least amount of maintenance

Principles
The design tries to make use of common sense while guiding through the process of SM based design. It will need minimum amount of rampup time for people to understand new applications and objects once the process and methodology is kept in mind.

The stability model is built using three main concepts -
 Enduring business themes (EBT)
 Business objects (BO)
 Industrial objects (IO)

History
The SM method of OOSD was formulated by Dr Mohamed Fayad. He has been the editor in chief of the Computer magazine of the IEEE for many years. He has taught OOSD in two US universities and has written and currently writing few books on this subject.

References

Bibliography

External links

Object-oriented programming
Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato. The Higher Technological Institute of Irapuato (In Spanish: Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato), popularly known as ITESI, is a public, coeducational university located in the city of Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

The ITESI offers 17 bachelor's degrees and 4 masters programs in the areas of management and social sciences and engineering.  By October 20, 1995, the state government of Guanajuato decreed the creation of ITESI; and the latter began its academic activities on August 18, 1996.

References

External links

Universities and colleges in Guanajuato
Irapuato
Public universities and colleges in Mexico
Technical universities and colleges in Mexico
Soil and Water Environmental Enhancement Program. The Soil and Water Environmental Enhancement Program (SWEEP), was a Canadian agricultural program administered by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and carried out by the province of Ontario. Designed to examine the effects of tillage on many types of soil, the program ran from 1986 through 1988. The impetus for the program was the Canada-U.S. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, calling for a reduction in phosphorus pollution in the Lake Erie basin of 2000 tonnes per year. Canada agreed to reduce phosphorus run-off by 300 tonnes per year—200 from agricultural cropland sources and 100 from industrial and municipal sources by 1990.

External links
 https://wayback.archive-it.org/10225/20190221203835/http://agrienvarchive.ca/sweep/sweephom.html
See related Ontario Agri-Environmental Archive: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/13065 (Archive Reports now hosted by Univ. of Guelph Library (Atrium). 
See Related Clean Up Rural Beaches (C.U.R.B.) Program (1991–1996): https://wayback.archive-it.org/10225/20190221195141/http://agrienvarchive.ca/curb/curb.html
See Related: PLUARG (Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group, International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes Basin)(1972–1979):
https://wayback.archive-it.org/10225/20190221195137/http://agrienvarchive.ca/pluarg/pluarg.html (more than 80 PDF reports available)
See related ManureNet Canada site at: https://wayback.archive-it.org/10225/20190221162351/http://agrienvarchive.ca/bioenergy/manurenet.html

Agriculture in Canada
1986 establishments
CompuMate. The CompuMate SV010 was a home computer peripheral manufactured by Spectravideo International for the Atari 2600 home video game console. It was released on 6 January 1983 at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada.

In Germany, the CompuMate was marketed by Quelle, a catalogue company, as the Universum Heimcomputer. In Brazil (circa 1985), at least two clones of CompuMate were made: the Dactar-Comp by Milmar Electronics, and the CompuGame.

Hardware
The ComputeMate consists of a membrane keyboard, output interfaces, and read-only internal storage. It connects to the console's module slot and to both controller ports. The user could optionally place the ComputeMate on top of the console—although not when used with the Atari 2600 Jr. model.

The CompuMate has a 3.5-mm phone connector in order to connect a Compact Cassette unit for non-volatile data storage. Its read-only memory is preinstalled with three computer programs.

PAL and NTSC versions of the CompuMate were manufactured.

Software
The CompuMate has three simple computer programs in its internal read-only memory:

 Magic Easel, a drawing and animation program with a 40×40-pixel canvas and 10 selectable colors. It can animate up to nine frames in a repeating loop. It has two demonstration pictures: a world map and a snowman.
 Music Composer, a software synthesizer with four demonstration songs: "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star", "Long, Long Ago", "Jingle Bells", and "My Bonnie".
 Microsoft BASIC editor and interpreter

Spectravideo only published two programs for the CompuMate on Compact Cassette,  PictureMate (1983) and SongMate (1983).

See also
 BASIC Programming cartridge for the Atari 2600

References

External links
Spectravideo CompuMate, Oldcomputers.net
Atari 2600 VCS CompuMate, scans of instructions

The CompuMate List(Loadable programs) - Atari 2600 - AtariAge Forums
CompuMate Basic Programs
Stella -- A multi-platform Atari 2600 Emulator Supports CompuMate emulation.
z26 -- An Atari 2600 Emulator Supports CompuMate emulation.

6502-based home computers
Home computers
Atari 2600
Computer-related introductions in 1983
BASIC programming language family
Spectravideo
Contact area. When two objects touch, only a certain portion of their surface areas will be in contact with each other. This area of true contact, most often constitutes only a very small fraction of the apparent or nominal contact area. In relation to two contacting objects, the contact area is the part of the nominal area that consists of atoms of one object in true contact with the atoms of the other object.  Because objects are never perfectly flat due to asperities, the actual contact area (on a microscopic scale) is usually much less than the contact area apparent on a macroscopic scale. Contact area may depend on the normal force between the two objects due to deformation. 

The contact area depends on the geometry of the contacting bodies, the load, and the material properties. The contact area between the two parallel cylinders is a narrow rectangle. Two, non-parallel cylinders have an elliptical contact area, unless the cylinders are crossed at 90 degrees, in which case they have a circular contact area. Two spheres also have a circular contact area.

Friction and contact area
It is an empirical fact for many materials that F = μN, where F is the frictional force for sliding friction, μ is the coefficient of friction, and N is the normal force. There isn't a simple derivation for sliding friction's independence from area.

Methods for determining contact area
One way of determining the actual contact area is to determine it indirectly through a physical process that depends on contact area. For example, the resistance of a wire is dependent on the cross-sectional area, so one may find the contact area of a metal by measuring the current that flows through that area (through the surface of an electrode to another electrode, for example.)

See also 
 Contact mechanics
 Contact resistance

References
	

Force