omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CoSy. CoSy, short for Conferencing System, was an early computer conferencing system developed at the University of Guelph.

The CoS software grew out of an interest in group computer mediated communication systems in 1981 by Dick Mason and John Black. A project was initiated in the Institute of Computer Science to investigate and possibly acquire an asynchronous computer conferencing system, and a small team of Bob McQueen, Alastair Mayer and Peter Jaspers-Fayer undertook the investigation of two existing systems, EIES from New Jersey, and COM from Sweden. It was then decided that developing a new system in-house would be the best path to take.

A new system started to take shape, written in C and operating under a UNIX operating system on a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 with dial-up telephone ports. Much thought was given to the user interface and group interaction processes, especially as most of the user dial-up connections were originally at very slow 300 bits (30 characters) per second through acoustic modems. The system was gradually introduced to and tested by a small group of users, and eventually made available to other external organizations beginning in 1983.  Licenses to use the Unix version of the software were granted to other sites, mainly universities, and a VMS version was also developed and made available for license. CoSy was selected by Byte to launch their BIX system in 1985    

In addition to BIX, it was used to implement a similar British system named CIX, as well as numerous other installations such as CompuLink Network.  CoSy was also chosen for the Open University's "electronic campus".

The software was used at the University of Victoria in the Creative Writing department in the 1980s. This exposure to Dave Godfrey led to some rights to the software being later acquired by the British Columbia company SoftWords, who developed it into CoSy400 and added a simple web interface, before losing interest.

When the BIX system closed down, several former "bixen" approached University of Guelph and SoftWords and obtained the right to release the original version of CoSy under the GPL.  It is now developed as an open source project, and was the basis of the BIX-like NLZero (Noise Level Zero) conferencing service.

References

External links 
 WebCoSy
 CoSy at SourceForge
 NLZ website

Free groupware
ISTC. ISTC may refer to:

 Illinois Sustainable Technology Center housed at the Prairie Research Institute
 Incunabula Short Title Catalogue
 Independent Sector Treatment Centre, part of the UK National Health Service
 Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators 
 International Science and Technology Center
 International Space Training Center, the fictional institution behind Mission: Space ride at Epcot
 International Standard Text Code, a numeric code in development by the ISO for textual works
 International Student Travel Confederation
 The former Iron and Steel Trades Confederation trade union, now part of Community (trade union)
Intel 80387SX. The Intel 80387SX (387SX or i387SX) is the math coprocessor, also called an FPU, for the Intel 80386SX microprocessor. Introduced in 1987, it was used to perform floating-point arithmetic operations directly in hardware. The coprocessor was designed only to work with the 386SX, rather than the standard 386DX. This was because the original 80387 could not communicate with the altered 16 bit data bus of the 386SX, which was modified from the original 386DX's 32 bit data bus. The 387SX uses a 68-pin PLCC socket, just like some variants of the 80286 and the less common 80186 CPU, and was made in speeds ranging from 16 MHz to 33 MHz, matching the clock speed range of the Intel manufactured 386SX. Some chips like the IIT 3C87SX could get up to 40 MHz, matching the clock speeds of the fastest 386SX CPUs.

With the 386SX/387SX combination, it provides three to five times the floating-point performance compared to these 80286/80287 combination.

Intel released the low power version of 387SX coprocessor.

There was boxed version of 387SX for USD $506.

The 25-MHz Intel387 SX math coprocessor was available in manufacturer's suggested retail price of USD $189.

References

External links
Coprocessor.info : 80387 manufacturers overview and pictures

80387SX
Computer-related introductions in 1987
Coprocessors
Floating point
Intel 80386EX. The Intel 80386EX (386EX) is a variant of the Intel 386 microprocessor designed for embedded systems. Introduced in August 1994 and was successful in the market being used aboard several orbiting satellites and microsatellites.

Intel did not manufacture another integrated x86 processor until 2007, when it confirmed the Enhanced Pentium M-based Tolapai (EP80579).

Characteristics
 Introduced August 1994
 Variant of 80386SX intended for embedded systems
 26-bit memory addressing for up to 64 MiB of DRAM
 16-bit data bus, limiting performance but reducing system cost
 Static core, i.e. may run as slowly (and thus, power efficiently) as desired, down to full halt
 On-chip peripherals:
 clock and power management
 timers/counters
 watchdog timer
 serial I/O units (synchronous and asynchronous) and parallel I/O
 DMA
 RAM refresh
 JTAG test logic
 Significantly more successful than the 80376
 Used aboard several orbiting satellites and microsatellites
 Used in NASA's FlightLinux project
 Used in USRobotics Courier I modem V.everything (Internal ISA and External RS232 ISDN Terminal Adapters with 56KBPS analog remote access server).
 Used in Ericsson R290 and Globalstar/Qualcomm GSP-1600 satellite phone.
 Used in many older Garmin GPS units, such as the GPS 48, II, III, and 12.
 Used in Akai S5000 & S6000 digital samplers.
 Used in Nokia 9000 Communicator phone.
 Used in Swarco ITC-2 traffic light controller.
 Used in Sperry Marine Navigat X MKI/MKII gyro compasses.
 Used in Gallagher/Cardax FT 3000

See also
Intel 80186/Intel 80188
Intel 80376
Intel Timna
Atom (system on chip)
Intel Quark

References

External links
386EX characteristics

80386EX
16-bit microprocessors
Computer-related introductions in 1994
Mitsubishi Q2M. The Mitsubishi Q2M "Tai'yō" (大洋, Great Sea) design was derived from the Mitsubishi Ki-67-I Hiryū ("Peggy") heavy/torpedo bomber of the Japanese Army and its Naval variant, "Yasukuni". It was ordered for design and construction in the last stages of war.

Development 

Powerful engines of  would have been used to drive five-blade propellers. Such an aircraft would have been managed by five or six crew. Due to technical troubles and a long development of the theoretical design, this aircraft did not advance from paper plans in last days of conflict.

Specification (Q2M)

References

Notes

Sources 

1940s Japanese anti-submarine aircraft
Q2M
Twin-engined piston aircraft
NS Class 1700. The Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) Class 1700 is a class of electric locomotives built by Alstom in 1990-1994.

Description 
The Class 1700 locomotives were built by Alstom in 1990-1994. 81 of these locomotives, numbered 1701-1781, were built.

The Class 1600 was ordered in 1978, after several types of locomotives were tested in the 1970s. One of those was the French Class BB 7200, on which the 1600 is based. The 58 locomotives were delivered between 1981 and 1983. As a result of their delivery, the old Class 1000 and Class 1500 were taken out of service.

Thanks to the electronic power control, these locomotives were the most economical but also the most powerful locomotives that Dutch Railways had.

The Class 1700 are similar but not entirely equal to the Class 1600/1800. The newer 1700 series have updated and extended electronics, a newer safety system (ATB phase 4 vs ATB phase 3 in the 1600 series) and a different braking system. The locomotives are fitted with monomotor bogies.

Most visual difference between the 1700 and 16/1800 series is the automatic coupler on 1701-1728 subseries. These locomotives are used with NS DD-AR double-decker coaches in a push-pull setup and treated as an EMU. The couplers, from BSI (Bergische Stahl Industrie, Germany), allow a mechanical, pneumatic and electrical connection between two DD-AR sets. From the remaining 1729-1781 series a large number are converted to be used in push-pull sets with coaches from the rebuild ICRm series. Several of these coaches have been rebuilt with a drivers cab, allowing the loco to be remotely controlled. When not used in push-pull service, the loco is used in regular trains, available for maintenance or as reserve.

mDDM 
In 2012, many were put back in service with former mDDM double-decker cars and driving cars for Sprinter services.

Fleet list 

In 2010, the Dutch Railways took a few class 1700 out of service because there wasn't enough work for all locomotives. Number 1735 has been scrapped, due to a devastating fire, which occurred on 24 February 2000 in Venlo. Refurbishment was too expensive, so the loco was scrapped in 2002. Some locomotives carry names of towns and cities in the Netherlands, the table underneath shows which engines.

 t = These engines have been taken out of service and are not expected to return in service in the near future.
 † = This engine has been scrapped

References

1700
Alstom locomotives
B-B locomotives
1500 V DC locomotives
Electric locomotives of the Netherlands
Standard gauge locomotives of the Netherlands
Railway locomotives introduced in 1990
Hydrazinium nitroformate. Hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) is a salt of hydrazine and nitroform (trinitromethane).  It has the molecular formula  and is soluble in most solvents.

Hydrazinium nitroformate is an energetic oxidizer. Research is being conducted at the European Space Agency to investigate its use in solid rocket propellants.  It tends to produce propellants which burn very rapidly and with very high combustion efficiency.  Its high energy leads to high specific impulse propellants.  It is currently an expensive research chemical available only in limited quantities. A disadvantage of HNF is its limited thermal stability.

References

Further reading 

Rocket oxidizers
Hydrazinium compounds
Nitro compounds
Weaponeering. Weaponeering is the field of designing an attack with weapons. It is a portmanteau of weapon and engineering. The term should not be confused with weapons engineering, which is the actual engineering design and development of weapon systems.

The United States Department of Defense defines the term as the process of determining the quantity of a specific type of lethal or nonlethal weapons required to achieve a specific level of damage to a given target, considering target vulnerability, weapon effect, munitions delivery accuracy, damage criteria, probability of kill and weapon reliability.

Military science

References
Hotchkiss machine gun. The Hotchkiss machine gun was any of a line of products developed and sold by Hotchkiss et Cie, (full name Société Anonyme des Anciens Etablissements Hotchkiss et Cie), established by United States gunsmith Benjamin B. Hotchkiss. Hotchkiss moved to France and set up a factory, first at Viviez near Rodez in 1867, then at Saint-Denis near Paris in 1875, manufacturing arms used by the French in the Franco-Prussian War.

Variants
At the turn of the twentieth century, the company introduced the gas-actuated Hotchkiss machine gun, a sturdy and reliable weapon which was widely used during World War I and thereafter by the French Army. Weapons manufactured in the Hotchkiss machine gun line include:

Hotchkiss 1897 machine gun
Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun, light machine gun also known as the "Hotchkiss Mark I" in British service and the "Benét–Mercié" in American service.
Hotchkiss Mle 1914, medium machine gun
Hotchkiss 37mm, autocannon based on the M1897-M1914 model
Hotchkiss M1922, light machine gun
Hotchkiss M1929, heavy machine gun
25 mm Hotchkiss anti-aircraft gun, autocannon but sometimes referred to as a machine gun
Hotchkiss Type Universal submachine gun

The Hotchkiss design was also used on foreign productions:
The Japanese Type 3 heavy machine gun
The Type 11 light machine gun
The Type 92 heavy machine gun
The Italian Breda Model 1931 machine gun
The Polish Ckm wz. 25 Hotchkiss
The EYP Hotchkiss, a Greek modification used in World War II

References

External links 
 

Hotchkiss et Cie
Light machine guns
Machine guns of France
Machine guns of the United Kingdom
Machine guns of the United States
World War I French infantry weapons
World War I machine guns
World War II infantry weapons of France
Subframe. A subframe is a structural component of a vehicle, such as an automobile or an aircraft, that uses a discrete, separate structure within a larger body-on-frame or unibody to carry specific components like the powertrain, drivetrain, and suspension. The subframe is typically bolted or welded to the vehicle. When bolted, it often includes rubber bushings or springs to dampen vibrations.

The primary purposes of using a subframe are to distribute high chassis loads over a wide area of relatively thin sheet metal of a monocoque body shell and to isolate vibrations and harshness from the rest of the body. For example, in an automobile with its powertrain contained in a subframe, forces generated by the engine and transmission can be sufficiently damped to prevent disturbing the passengers. Modern vehicles use separate front and rear subframes to reduce overall weight and cost while maintaining structural integrity. Additionally, subframes benefit production by allowing subassemblies to be created and later introduced to the main body shell on an automated line.

There are generally three basic forms of the subframe:
 A simple "axle" type, which usually supports the lower control arms and steering rack.
 A perimeter frame, which supports the lower control arms, steering rack, and engine.
 A perimeter frame with full support, which supports the lower control arms, steering rack, engine, transmission, and possibly the full suspension, commonly used in front-wheel-drive cars.

Subframes are typically made of pressed steel panels that are thicker than body shell panels and are welded or spot-welded together. Hydroformed tubes may also be used in some designs.

The revolutionary monocoque, transverse-engined, front-wheel-drive 1959 Austin Mini set the template for modern front-wheel-drive cars by using front and rear subframes to provide accurate road wheel control while maintaining a stiff, lightweight body. The 1961 Jaguar E-Type (XKE) used a tubular space frame–type front subframe to mount the engine, gearbox, and long bonnet/hood to a monocoque "tub" passenger compartment. Beginning with the 1960s, subframes saw regular production with General Motors' X- and F-platform bodies, and the Astro/Safari mid-size vans.

Subframes are prone to misalignment, which can cause vibration and alignment issues in the suspension and steering components. Misalignment is caused by space between the mounting bolts and the mounting hole. Several companies in the automotive aftermarket, including TyrolSport in the US and Spoon Sports in Japan, offer solutions for subframe misalignment and movement issues.

References

Automotive chassis types
Auto parts
Structural system
Structural engineering
Physical medium dependent. Physical medium dependent sublayers or PMDs further help to define the physical layer of computer network protocols. They define the details of transmission and reception of individual bits on a physical medium. These responsibilities encompass bit timing, signal encoding, interacting with the physical medium, and the properties of the cable, optical fiber, or wire itself. Common examples are specifications for Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

For cable modems physical medium dependent sublayers define the physical sub-layer.

Description
The Ethernet PMD sublayer is part of the Ethernet physical layer (PHY). The hierarchy is as follows:

 Data link layer (Layer 2)
 Logical link control (LLC) sublayer
 Medium access control (MAC) sublayer
 Reconciliation sublayer (RS)This sublayer processes PHY local/remote fault messages and handles DDR conversion
 PHY layer (Layer 1)
 Physical coding sublayer (PCS)This sublayer performs auto-negotiation and coding such as 8b/10b
 Physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayerThis sublayer performs PMA framing, octet synchronization/detection, and  scrambling/descrambling
 Physical medium dependent (PMD) sublayerThis sublayer consists of a transceiver for the physical medium

Physical medium dependent sublayer specifications

10 Gigabit Ethernet
10GBASE-E has been defined for single-mode fiber operation only. It operates in the 1550 nm band allowing for distances of up to 40 km to be reached.

10GBASE-L was also defined for single-mode fiber operations, uses the 1300 nm band allowing it to reach up to 10 km.

10GBASE-S was defined for use in multimode fiber and ultimately costs less than the other 10GbE standards. It uses 850 nm lasers and only reaches distances ranging between 26 and 82 metres on older fiber technology. In newer optimized multimode fibers (a.k.a. OM3) it can reach up to 300 m.

10GBASE-LX4 uses four lasers that each transmit at 3.125 Gbit/s. The receiver is arranged in a wavelength-division multiplexing manner. On legacy  FDDI multimode fiber it can reach up to 300 m while on single-mode fiber it can reach up to 10 km.

After these specifications have been laid out, they are then completed with local area network and wide area network specifications using different physical coding sublayer standards.

References

Ethernet 1000BASE-X PCS/PMA Technology Basics
IEEE 802.3-2012 Specification

Ethernet
Pose (computer vision). In the fields of computing and computer vision, pose (or spatial pose) represents the position and the orientation of an object, each usually in three dimensions. Poses are often stored internally as transformation matrices. The term “pose” is largely synonymous with the term “transform”, but a transform may often include scale, whereas pose does not.

In computer vision, the pose of an object is often estimated from camera input by the process of pose estimation. This information can then be used, for example, to allow a robot to manipulate an object or to avoid moving into the object based on its perceived position and orientation in the environment. Other applications include skeletal action recognition.

Pose estimation

The specific task of determining the pose of an object in an image (or stereo images, image sequence) is referred to as pose estimation. Pose estimation problems can be solved in different ways depending on the image sensor configuration, and choice of methodology. Three classes of methodologies can be distinguished:

 Analytic or geometric methods: Given that the image sensor (camera) is calibrated and the mapping from 3D points in the scene and 2D points in the image is known. If also the geometry of the object is known, it means that the projected image of the object on the camera image is a well-known function of the object's pose.  Once a set of control points on the object, typically corners or other feature points, has been identified, it is then possible to solve the pose transformation from a set of equations which relate the 3D coordinates of the points with their 2D image coordinates. Algorithms that determine the pose of a point cloud with respect to another point cloud are known as point set registration algorithms, if the correspondences between points are not already known.
 Genetic algorithm methods: If the pose of an object does not have to be computed in real-time a genetic algorithm may be used. This approach is robust especially when the images are not perfectly calibrated. In this particular case, the pose represent the genetic representation and the error between the projection of the object control points with the image is the fitness function.
 Learning-based methods: These methods use artificial learning-based system which learn the mapping from 2D image features to pose transformation.  In short, this means that a sufficiently large set of images of the object, in different poses, must be presented to the system during a learning phase.  Once the learning phase is completed, the system should be able to present an estimate of the object's pose given an image of the object.

Camera pose

See also
Gesture recognition
Homography (computer vision)
Camera calibration
Structure from motion
Essential matrix and Trifocal tensor (relative pose)

References 

Computer vision
Geometry in computer vision
Robot control
University of Colorado Engineering Management Program. 

History 

The Lockheed Martin Engineering Management Program within the College of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Colorado Boulder was initiated in 1987 with an endowment from Lockheed Martin to meet the needs of the high-tech industry in Colorado. The Program offers graduate education, both on campus and via distance learning, for technical professionals preparing to assume significant management responsibilities. Working professionals from companies across the nation and the world have graduated from the program including employees of high-tech companies such as Lockheed Martin, IBM, Maxtor, Hewlett-Packard, Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Seagate, Raytheon, and Sun Microsystems.

Mission 
The mission of the program is to prepare full time working engineers and applied science professionals for early to mid-career technical management assignments. It is one of the aims of the program to provide flexible and portable education supply using distance education platforms to reach as well local, national and international students. In collaboration with the industry, learning partnerships should be established to provide students with practical experience.

Engineering Management 
According to The American Society for Engineering Management (ASEM) "Engineering Management is the art and science of planning, organizing, allocating resources, and directing and controlling activities which have a technological component." ASEM goes on to note that "Engineering managers are distinguished from other managers by the fact that they possess both an ability to apply engineering principles and a skill in organizing and directing technical projects and people in technical jobs."

Graduate offerings 
A Masters of Engineering Degree in Engineering Management

Professional Certificates in core competence areas:
 Project Management
 Engineering Management in the Aerospace Industry
 Innovation & Entrepreneurship in Engineering
 Leadership and Management
 Engineering Management

Professional resources 
 American Society for Engineering Management
 Canadian Society for Engineering Management
 ASME Engineering Management Journal
 IEEE Engineering Management Magazine
 Engineering Management Certification International

engineering management system