omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ceramic mold casting. Ceramic mold casting, also known ambiguously as ceramic molding, is a group of metal casting processes that use ceramics as the mold material. It is a combination of plaster mold casting and investment casting. There are two types of ceramic mold casting: the Shaw process and the Unicast process.

These casting processes are commonly used to make tooling, especially drop forging dies, but also injection molding dies, die casting dies, glass molds, stamping dies, and extrusion dies.

Shaw process
The , also known as the , uses a mixture of refractory aggregate, hydrolyzed ethyl silicate, alcohol, and a gelling agent to create a mold. This slurry mixture is poured into a slightly tapered flask and a reusable pattern (i.e. the item used to create the shape of the mold) is used. The slurry hardens almost immediately to a rubbery state (the consistency of vulcanized rubber). The flask and pattern is then removed. Then a torch is used to ignite the mold, which causes most of the volatiles to burn-off and the formation of ceramic microcrazes (microscopic cracks). These cracks are important, because they allow gases to escape while preventing the metal from flowing through; they also ease thermal expansion and contraction during solidification and shrinkage. After the burn-off, the mold is baked at  to remove any remaining volatiles. Prior to pouring metal, the mold is pre-warmed to control shrinkage.

Unicast process
The Unicast process is very similar to the Shaw process, except it does not require the mold to be ignited and then be cured in a furnace. Instead, the mold is partially cured so the pattern can be removed and it is then completely cured by firing it at approximately . If a metal with a low melting point is cast then the firing can be skipped, because the mold has enough strength in the "green state" (un-fired).

Characteristics
The main advantages of ceramic molds are: a reusable pattern (the item used to create the shape of the mold), excellent surface finish, close dimensional tolerances, thin cross-sections, and intricate shapes can be cast. For undercuts and other difficult to cast features, part of the pattern can be made from wax in conjunction with a standard pattern; essentially using investment and ceramic mold casting techniques together. The main disadvantages are: it is only cost effective for small- to medium-sized production runs and the ceramic is not reusable. Ferrous and high-temperature non-ferrous are most commonly cast with these processes; other materials cast include: aluminum, copper, magnesium, titanium, and zinc alloys.

Weight limits are 100 grams to several thousand kilograms (3.5 oz to several tons). Cross-sections as thin as  are possible, with no upper limit. Typical tolerances are 0.1 mm for the first 25 mm (0.005 in for the first inch) and 0.003 mm per additional mm (0.003 in per each additional in). A draft of 1° is typically required. The typical surface finish is 2–4 um (75–150 uin) RMS.

See also
 Ceramic forming techniques

References 

Casting (manufacturing)
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965, Title III of , was enacted October 27, 1965, by the 89th United States Congress.  The act authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to design and construct numerous navigation and beach erosion projects.  

The Flood Control Act of 1965 was also part of  (Title II).

Navigation
Sec 305 of the Act authorized 46 navigation projects in Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Washington DC, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Texas, California, Oregon, Washington, and Hawaii.

Beach erosion
The Act authorized 9 beach erosion projects in Rhode Island, New Jersey, South Carolina, Florida, Illinois, and Hawaii.

Surveys
The Act authorized surveys of 19 rivers and bodies of water, including the Great Lakes, Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway.

Chesapeake Bay
The Act authorized a complete investigation by the Corps of Engineers of the Chesapeake Bay basin in all aspects, to include navigation, fisheries, flood control, aquatic plants, water quality, water supply, beach erosion, and recreation.

Modification of other acts
 Modified the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1958 to include a comprehensive program for eradication of noxious aquatic plants.
 Changed dates or funding amounts in the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1948, the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1960, and the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1962.
 Substantially changed Sec 111 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1958 dealing with protection, alteration, relocation, reconstruction, or replacement of existing navigation projects as determined by the Chief of Engineers.

See also
Clean Water Act
Rivers and Harbors Act
Flood Control Act

each of which deal with water resource issues.

References

United States federal environmental legislation
1965 in the environment
1965 in American law
Armstrong Siddeley Screamer. The Armstrong Siddeley Screamer was a British rocket engine intended to power the Avro 720 manned interceptor aircraft (Avro's competitor to the Saunders-Roe SR.53 for a rocket-powered interceptor). Thrust was variable, up to a maximum of .

Design and development
Work on the Screamer started in 1946, with the first static test at Armstrong Siddeley's rocket plant at Ansty in March 1954. The programme was cancelled, as was the Avro 720, before flight testing.

In 1951, a Gloster Meteor F.8 was experimentally fitted with a Screamer mounted below the fuselage.

The Screamer project was cancelled in March 1956, at a reported total cost of £650,000.

Engines on display 

 A preserved Screamer is part of the engine collection on display at the Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust in Derby.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 

Aircraft rocket engines
Armstrong Siddeley rocket engines
Rocket engines using kerosene propellant
Armstrong Siddeley Beta. Armstrong Siddeley Beta was an early rocket engine, intended for use in supersonic aircraft.

The Miles M.52, the intended British contender for supersonic flight, had been cancelled in 1946 due to uncertainty concerning its turbojet engine's thrust potential and the risks of crewed supersonic flight. A scale model was then built by Vickers with a 362 kg (800 lbf) thrust hydrogen peroxide 'hot' motor evolved at Westcott derived from the Walter HWK 109-509 engine. This initiated the Beta and the subsequent Delta engines. In October 1948 the Vickers Transonic model flew at 930 mph (Mach 1.5) in level flight at 35,000 ft.

To reduce the risks of single-sourced engines, other makers were given experience of work with hydrogen peroxide. In 1952 Napier were providing their NRE.17 engines for missile trials, as a line of development from Beta.

Variants 
 Beta II
 Larger version of Beta I

References 

Beta, Armstrong Siddeley
Rocket engines using cold cycle hydrogen peroxide propellant
Beta
Beta
Full-mold casting. Full-mold casting is an evaporative-pattern casting process which is a combination of sand casting and lost-foam casting. It uses an expanded polystyrene foam pattern which is then surrounded by sand, much like sand casting. The metal is then poured directly into the mold, which vaporizes the foam upon contact.

Process
First, a pattern is usually made from polystyrene foam, which can be done many different ways. For small volume runs the pattern can be hand cut or machined from a solid block of foam; if the geometry is simple enough it can even be cut using a hot-wire foam cutter. 

If the volume is large, then the pattern can be mass-produced by a process similar to injection molding. Pre-expanded beads of polystyrene are injected into a preheated aluminum mold at low pressure. Steam is then applied to the polystyrene which causes it to expand more to fill the die. The final pattern is approximately 97.5% air and 2.5% polystyrene. 

The finished patterns can be hot glued to pre-made pouring basins, runners, and risers to form the final pattern. The pattern is then coated with a refractory material. The coated pattern (2) is placed in a flask and packed carefully with green sand (4) or a chemically bonded sand. 

Finally, the molten metal (1) is poured into the mold, which vaporizes the foam (3) allowing the metal to fill the entire mold. The vapor is simultaneously extracted from the flask through the sand.

The casting is allowed to cool and then dumped out of the flask (5) ready to use. The sand does not need to be reprocessed so it can be directly reused.

Details
The minimum wall thickness for a full-mold casting is . Typical dimensional tolerances are 0.3% and typical surface finishes are from 2.5 to 25 μm (100 to 1000 millionths of an inch) RMS. The size range is from  to several tonnes (tons).

Full-mold casting is often used to produce cylinder heads, engine blocks, pump housings, automotive brake components, and manifolds. Commonly employed materials include aluminium, iron, steel, nickel alloys, and copper alloys.

Advantages and disadvantages
This casting process is advantageous for very complex castings, that would regularly require cores. It is also dimensionally accurate, requires no draft, and has no parting lines so no flash is formed. As compared to investment casting, it is cheaper because it is a simpler process and the foam is cheaper than the wax. Risers are not usually required due to the nature of the process; because the molten metal vaporizes the foam the first metal into the mold cools more quickly than the rest, which results in natural directional solidification.

The two main disadvantages are that pattern costs can be high for low volume applications and the patterns are easily damaged or distorted due to their low strength. If a die is used to create the patterns there is a large initial cost.

History

The first patent for an evaporative-pattern casting process was filed in April 1956, by H.F. Shroyer. He patented the use of foam patterns embedded in traditional green sand for metal casting.

References

Notes

Bibliography
. 
.

Casting (manufacturing)
Vapor degreasing. Vapor degreasing is a surface finishing process.  It involves solvents in vapor form to cleanse the workpiece in preparation for further finishing operations.

Process
The acting principle behind the vapor degreaser process is that the solvents will dissolve the contaminants on the workpiece and remove them by dripping off the part.  A basin of solvent is set up with a heating coil to bring the solvent to boil.  As the solvent evaporates it rises to the Fill line in the chamber, above which is air with a much lower density than the solvent.  This contains the vaporized solvent in a closed space where the workpiece is placed.  The solvent condenses on the more frigid workpiece and the now liquid solvent dissolves the greases on the part.  With the impurities contained in the liquid beads, the solvent runs off the part.  Some systems are designed to capture and reclaim this solvent, making the process much more economical.

Other adaptations to the simple system include:
Several tanks for solvents and rinsing
Having a solvent spray to coat the workpiece prior to entry into the chamber to speed up the process and to allow for more complex parts to be cleaned.  The spray must be below the vapor line.
Vacuum degreasers

Benefits
n-propyl bromide (nPB) based solvents for vapor degreasing, in comparison to other solvents for vapor degreasing, are environmentally friendly. nPB solvents are non flammable (no flashpoint), non chlorinated, U.S. EPA SNAP approved, non hazardous waste (per U.S. Department of Transportation), and non ozone layer depleting. However, "Exposure to 1-BP can cause irritation (for example, of the eyes, mucous membranes, upper airways and skin) and can damage the nervous system. Neurologic effects can appear as headaches, dizziness, loss of consciousness, slurred speech, confusion, difficulty walking, muscle twitching, and/or loss of feeling in arms and legs."
Can be used on electronic parts to remove excess oil, grease, wax and other non-water soluble particles because water is not used.
Used where water-based system are impractical.
Cleans and prepares part surfaces for various finishing processes like painting, welding, soldering, and bonding.
Issues of part oxidation and water spots are not present.
With vacuum degreasers, there is no solvent emitted.  However they have a high cost and low production rate.

References

Metalworking
RATF. RATF (Robustness Analysis and Technology Forecasting) is a software development methodology acting as a plug in to the Rational Unified Process (RUP), ICONIX, Extreme Programming (XP) and Agile software development. The first part of the method was first published by in 2005 at the IASTED International conference on Software Engineering.

RATF makes use of principles provided by the TRIZ innovation method and its techniques such as ARIZ and Technology forecasting, supported by Robustness analysis. The novel principle provided by RATF is to elaborate on potential software evolution in a method loop consisting of the steps:
 Extended Robustness Analysis - that investigates preliminary design options based on system expectations and system environment, thus identifying weaknesses in terms of system conflicts and likeliness for change.
 Technology Forecasting - which proposes likely, better and fruitful system design and evolution
 Extended Robustness Analysis - that investigates consequences of such evolution, identifying weaknesses and system conflicts
 Then the Technology Forecasting step is repeated, and so on.

Essentially the RATF method is expected to give improve decision for future system architecture and design, taking advantage of technology forecasting and innovation, thus "enabling design of tomorrow's system, today".

References 
 1.  & Calås, G. Makefors-Christierning, S. Boklund, A. (2005). A Case Study Evaluation of 11 Hypothetical Software System Evolution Laws included in the Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering, 2005. ACTA press. ()

Software development process
Software project management
Agile software development
Hansa-Brandenburg. Hansa und Brandenburgische Flugzeugwerke (more usually just Hansa-Brandenburg) was a German aircraft manufacturing company that operated during World War I. It was created in May 1914 by the purchase of Brandenburgische Flugzeugwerke by Camillo Castiglioni, who relocated the factory from Liebau to Brandenburg an der Havel. Brandenburg's chief designer, Ernst Heinkel was retained by the new enterprise. By Autumn 1915, it had become the largest aircraft manufacturer in Germany, with a capital of 1,500,000 Marks, 1,000 employees, and two more factories - one in Rummelsburg, Berlin, and one in Wandsbek, Hamburg.

Although manufacturing was carried out in Germany, Castiglioni was an Austrian, and many of the firm's military aircraft were produced for the Austro-Hungarian aviation corps. The firm became especially known for a highly successful series of floatplane fighters and reconnaissance aircraft that were used by the Imperial German Navy during the war. Hansa-Brandenburg did not survive in the post-war market, and ceased operations during 1919. A number of the firm's designs continued to be produced in other countries, however, most notably Finland and Norway.

Aircraft
Hansa-Brandenburg B.I
Hansa-Brandenburg C.I
Hansa-Brandenburg CC
Hansa-Brandenburg D.I
Hansa-Brandenburg G.I
Hansa-Brandenburg GW
Hansa-Brandenburg KDW
Hansa-Brandenburg W
Hansa-Brandenburg W.11
Hansa-Brandenburg W.12
Hansa-Brandenburg W.13
Hansa-Brandenburg W.19
Hansa-Brandenburg W.20
Hansa-Brandenburg W.27
Hansa-Brandenburg W.29
Hansa-Brandenburg W.33

References

 
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Companies of Prussia
Companies based in Brandenburg
Oare Windmill. Oare Mill is a Grade II listed  house converted Tower mill in Oare, Kent, England that was built in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century.

History

Oare mill was built in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century. It was marked on the 1819–42 Ordnance Survey map and Greenwood's map of 1821. The mill was working until June 1919. There was a steam engine, the boiler of which once exploded and damaged the Mill Cottages and Windmill Inn. Photographs show that the cap was still on the mill in 1952, but the roof had gone by 1963. In that year the derelict mill was converted into a house, retaining some machinery. A new domed polygonal roof fitted to replace the original cap.

Description

Oare Mill is a five-storey tower mill with a stage at first-floor level. It formerly had four single patent sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft, and a Kentish-style cap. The cap was the largest on any mill in Kent, measuring  by  in plan and  high. The mill was winded by a fantail. It drove four pairs of millstones  overdrift. The wallower remains, mounted at the top of the Upright Shaft, which is wooden and  square. The Great Spur Wheel also remains.

Millers

Elliott - 1819
Thomas K Hope
Robert Shrubsole
Kennett 1841
F Inge
H W Elliott 1862
Thomas K Hope 1878
B Filmer
Herbert Filmer 1882–1886
F Ralph 1891
Herbert Filmer Sep 1917 – Jun 1919
References for above:-

References

External links
Windmill World page on the mill.

Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Windmills in Kent
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Tower mills in the United Kingdom
Grade II listed buildings in Kent
Lohner L. The Lohner L was a reconnaissance flying boat produced in Austria-Hungary during World War I. It was a two-bay biplane of typical configuration for the flying boats of the day, with its pusher engine mounted on struts in the interplane gap. The pilot and observer sat side by side in an open cockpit, and both the upper and lower sets of wings featured sweepback.

Development
The design was essentially a more powerful version of the Lohner E, and became highly influential. Apart from licensed production by UFAG, the L provided the basis for designs by other major manufacturers. In Germany, Hansa-Brandenburg manufactured a modified version of it as their first flying boat, the , and in Italy, a captured example was used as a pattern aircraft by Macchi, who produced it as the L.1. In turn, the L.1 would provide the foundation for a large number of Macchi designs over the coming years.

The captured aircraft (serial L.40) was taken intact near the naval air station of Porto Corsini. The captured flying boat was copied by Macchi-Nieuport and the L.1 was built within a month. The L.1s were delivered to Italian maritime reconnaissance and bombing units based on the Adriatic. An improved version was developed as the Macchi L.2

A restored example of an Austro-Hungarian Lohner L (serial L.127) is preserved at the Italian Air Force Museum at Vigna di Valle.

This model appears in the film Porco Rosso, by Studio Ghibli in 1992

Operational history
Lohner seaplanes saw extensive use before and during World War I, and those aircraft that survived the war served for several years. Some important and interesting events are related, such as:
Immediately after the declaration of war by Austria-Hungary on Serbia and Montenegro, from 28 July 1914 to 2 August 1914, Lohner L seaplanes from Kumbor patrolled and photographed the Montenegrin artillery positions, representing the first use of aircraft in World War I.
On 16 September 1915 Lohner L 132 piloted by a Lieutenant Commander Dimitrije Konjović and Lohner L 135 piloted by Walter Železni, on regular reconnaissance missions off Cattaro found the French Brumaire-class submarine Foucault and attacked it with bombs. The submarine was  damaged in the attack and was abandoned by her crew. One Lohner flying boat landed at sea, captured two French officers and transported them to Kumbor. The other members of the crew were rescued by an Austro-Hungarian torpedo boat. This was the first sinking of a submarine from the air in the history of aviation.

Variants
 Lohner L
 Lohner R - Photo-reconnaissance version
 Lohner S - Trainer version
 Macchi L.1 - with Fiat machine gun and Isotta-Fraschini V.4a engine (14 built)

Operators

Austro-Hungarian Navy

Kaiserliche Marine

Regia Marina (Macchi L.1)

Yugoslav Royal Navy - 4 aircraft Lohner TL

Specifications (Lohner L)

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

1910s Austro-Hungarian military reconnaissance aircraft
L
Lohner L
L.01
Flying boats
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Robert Disque. Robert C. Disque (March 14, 1883 – May 7, 1968) was a professor of electrical engineering and interim president of what is now Drexel University.

Early life
Born in Burlington, Iowa, Disque went on to attend the University of Wisconsin where he received his Bachelor of Letters in 1903. He furthered his education, receiving his Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1908. After his graduation Disque accepted a teaching position at his alma mater, and served as an instructor until 1917.

During the World War I Disque served as a first lieutenant in the United States Army Air Service, and attained the rank of captain. After the war ended Disque served as major in the reserves.

Drexel Institute

Teaching
In 1918 or 1919 Disque was hired by the Drexel Institute of Technology as a professor and the head of the Department of Electrical Engineering. He served as professor until October 16, 1924 when he was appointed to the newly created position of Academic Dean (later known as the dean of the College of Engineering). In the following year Disque was appointed the Dean of Faculty. During his employment at Drexel Disque's efforts in the Department of Engineering helped to establish the 5 year co-op in the College of Engineering.

Interim presidency
Before becoming interim president of the Institute Disque was one of a four-member executive committee, the Four Horsemen, that made decisions regarding the internal affairs of the Institute. Due to this, and his other leadership experiences within the institute, Disque was the most qualified candidate to lead Drexel when George Rea resigned. He was named as interim president on July 29, 1944. During his presidency the athletics department underwent growth; intercollegiate football, basketball, and baseball programs were re-established and the department of physical education and intercollegiate athletics was established.

With the appointment of James Creese as president in 1945, Disque resumed his administrative duties as the Dean of Faculty and dean of the College of Engineering. He retired in 1953. In 1967 Disque Hall was dedicated in his honor.

Later life
Disque died on May 7, 1968, in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, at the Pennsylvania Hospital.

References
General

Specific

1883 births
1968 deaths
Drexel University faculty
People from Burlington, Iowa
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
Educators from Iowa
20th-century American academics
Propellants, Explosives and Rocket Motor Establishment. Propellants, Explosives and Rocket Motor Establishment, usually known for brevity as PERME, operated at two sites:
 Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills, known from 1977 as PERME Waltham Abbey
 Rocket Propulsion Establishment established at RAF Westcott in 1946, also known as PERME Westcott
 RAF Spadeadam, also known as the Rocket Establishment was not officially part of PERME but was often confused with it.

Research institutes in England
Rocket engines of the United Kingdom
Rocketry