omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Southern Museum of Flight. The Southern Museum of Flight is a civilian aviation museum Birmingham, Alabama.  The facility features nearly 100 aircraft, as well as engines, models, artifacts, photographs, and paintings.  In addition, the Southern Museum of Flight is home to the Alabama Aviation Hall of Fame, which presents Alabama Aviation History through collective biography.

Overview
The Lake Murray B-25C Mitchell bomber crashed in South Carolina during a 1943 training exercise. The right engine was torn off during the crash but the crew was able to escape unharmed before it sank to a depth of 150 feet (46m). The aircraft became a dive site for local technical divers until it was raised from the depths of the lake in September 2005. Dr. Bob Seigler who spearheaded the project, John Hodge and Dr. Bill Vartorella, formed the Lake Murray B-25 Rescue Project to salvage the aircraft from the bottom of Lake Murray. After recovery the remains of the aircraft were moved to the Southern Museum of Flight in Birmingham, Alabama for conservation and museum display. A video crew, including maritime video experts from Nautilus Productions, documented the recovery for the Mega Movers series on the History Channel.

Featured on display is a diorama exhibit honoring Alabama's famed Tuskegee Airmen, as well as the Korean War Jets Exhibit and Vietnam War Helicopters Exhibit.

The museum is currently on the grounds of the Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport but plans to reopen at the Grand River Technology Park.

In 2017, the museum announced plans to move to the Barber Motorsports Park. In 2023, after delays, the museum stated that it was going to retain its original campus, although it would continue to move forward with plans for the new location as an expansion.

Selected aircraft on display

Military aircraft

Civilian aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography 

 Barsanti, B. J. Interview with James T. Griffin (20 Jan 2013).
 Stevenson, E. W. "The History of the Southern Museum of Flight", SMF Trustee Manual, 15 May 2004.

External links

Southern Museum of Flight website
Alabama Aviation Hall of Fame  website
Lake Murray's B-25
Lake Murray's Mitchell
Podcast: Southern Museum of Flight
 Rubicon Foundation

Aerospace museums in Alabama
Museums in Birmingham, Alabama
Museums established in 1966
1966 establishments in Alabama
Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport
VEF I-12. The VEF I-12 was a tandem, two-seat Latvian trainer aircraft designed by Kārlis Irbītis and produced by VEF in Riga.

Design and development

The single engine, tandem, two seat I-12 was a development of the similarly laid out I-11, strengthened for aerobatics. It was an all wood low-wing monoplane, entirely plywood covered apart from the tail control surfaces and with a fixed, conventional undercarriage. Its cantilever wing was built around a main and an auxiliary box spar, both made from spruce and plywood. The short wing centre section was integral with the fuselage, with the main undercarriage legs on it.  These and the wheels, fitted with brakes, were faired.   Outboard, the wing panels tapered to rounded tips, carrying both the balanced and slotted differential ailerons and hand-operated camber-changing split flaps.

The fuselage was a rectangular box formed from spruce longerons, with a ply roof behind the cabin, where a long, multipart canopy enclosed the pilot and passenger's seats. The pilot sat at the rear; both had removable sections for access. In front of them the  Blackburn Cirrus four cylinder in-line, inverted engine was mounted on steel bearers, driving a wooden propeller.  At the rear of the fuselage the empennage was conventional, with the tailplane mounted on the fin above the fuselage line and braced from below with a steel strut on each side.  The elevators were hinged forward of the rudder, which carried a trim tab, but were shaped to allow its movement as it extended to the keel.

Operational history
The I-12 first flew on 26 June 1937, the first of twelve units built. The first prototype, on a European tour begun in July 1937, made several demonstrations in Paris. In the UK it raced at Ramsgate, coming fifth in the handicapped Thanet Air Race at Ramsgate, as well as winning first prize for the best turned out aircraft. Late in August it came in second in the Cinque Ports Wakefield Cup races at Lympne. Its tour ended the following July, and it was flown back to Riga by P. Avery in a record nine hours, non-stop from London. Avery flew another I-12 in 1939, coming fifth in the London to Isle of Man race and competing in the Isle of Man competition in May.

The I-12 was enthusiastically reviewed by the British aeronautical press and Rollasons were designated as distributors after the I-12 had been adjusted to meet UK certification requirements.  It was also offered for sale in the UK by D.R.P. Engines at £750 but no examples reached the UK civil register.

At least four were purchased as trainers by the Aizsargi in early 1938, most surviving to the Soviet occupation of 1940.

Replicas 
An airworthy replica of the I-12 was built in 2009 by retired sports teacher Juris Grīnbergs after a seven-year long project. The maiden flight of the replica took place near Iecava in 2010. It was put on display at Riga International Airport in August 2023.

Operators

Aizsargi
Latvian Air Force

Specifications (I-12)

See also

References

1930s Latvian military trainer aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
VEF aircraft
ANBO IV. The ANBO IV was a reconnaissance aircraft used by the Lithuanian Air Force in World War II, designed by Lithuanian aircraft designer Antanas Gustaitis. The Lithuanian ANBO 41 was far ahead of the most modern foreign reconnaissance aircraft of that time in structural features, and most importantly in speed and in climb rate. All ANBO 41 aircraft were likely destroyed during World War II.

Development
The ANBO IV was developed from the ANBO III trainer. The design was supervised by Colonel Antanas Gustaitis. The first flight took place on 14 July 1932, the prototype being powered by a Wasp engine. After successful trials, series production began. Thirteen series-built aircraft were powered by British Bristol Pegasus engines and were manufactured by Lithuanian Aircraft State Factory. It could be armed with two pairs of light machine guns and could carry 200 kg of bombs.

Operational history
ANBO IVs were introduced into Lithuanian Air Force in 1934 and shortly before that a few aircraft made demonstration flights in a few European countries: France, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and most Scandinavian countries. Between 25 June and 29 July 1934, three aircraft commanded by colonel Gustaitis flew  route.

ANBO IV and ANBO 41 aircraft equipped one and two reconnaissance squadrons respectively in Lithuanian Air Force, at the time of the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states in the summer of 1940.

A photo exists showing that at least one Anbo IV or Anbo 41 survived this period and was operated by the Luftwaffe during the German occupation.

Variants
ANBO IV
Designation of prototype and 13 serial-built aircraft used for night and day reconnaissance.
ANBO 41
Second production version with more powerful engine and three-blade wooden propeller. It was then the only aircraft in Europe to employ a wooden three-blade propeller.

Operators

Lithuanian Air Force

Soviet Air Force incorporated Lithuanian units with equipment and personnel.

Luftwaffe used at least one Anbo 41 captured from the Soviet Air Force for training and liaison purposes in 1941–1942.

Specifications (ANBO 41)

See also
 Antanas Gustaitis
 Lithuanian Air Force

References

 
 
 
 
 
 Lithuanian Aviation Museum

External links 

Lithuanian description 

1930s Lithuanian military reconnaissance aircraft
4
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Ensoniq Signal Processor. The Ensoniq ESP was used in many of the company's musical instruments and on their Soundscape Elite PC ISA sound card. It was used to enhance the synthesizer's audio samples with digital effects, enhancing the realism of the overall sound. 

The ESP chip was a custom digital signal processor (DSP) chip with over 75,000 transistors. It had an instruction set that was optimized for manipulating audio data, which has typical sample rates of between 10 kHz and 50 kHz. The ESP was capable of creating a wide range of digital effects including reverb, delay, echo, flanging, chorusing, harmonizing, equalization, and distortion, and was capable of generating multiple effects simultaneously.

The ESP was a VLSI device designed in a 1.0 micrometre double-metal CMOS process. The multiplicity and flexibility of the data paths in the ESP allowed many DSP operations to be accomplished in a minimum number of microinstructions steps. Its nominal instruction cycle was 250 ns, yielding program lengths from about 64 to 160 microinstructions at typical sample rates. Because the ESP chip was fully programmable, the range of effects was unlimited.

The major features of the ESP chip were:

48 Pin DIP or 52 Pin PLCC
Separate Address Generator ALU
4 Programmable Serial I/O Channels (I²S or Sony Format)
On-Chip Data and Microprogram Memory
8-Bit Address/Data Multiplexed Host CPU Interface
External Sample Rate Synchronization
Multiplexed Addressing for Simple DRAM Interface
Host Access to ESP DRAM

The architecture of the ESP chip was implemented by the following major components:

ALU - 24-bit wide, capable of 16 different instructions
Multiplier - 24x24 bit with dedicated 48 bit accumulator
Separate Address Generator ALU
Microinstruction Memory Array (160 x 45 bits)
General Purpose Register Array (192 x 24 bits)
23 Special Purpose Registers
Three 24-bit wide data paths
Serial Digital I/O (4 stereo channels, I2S or Sony)
Host interface

References

Sound cards
Ensoniq ES-5506 OTTO. The Ensoniq ES-5506 "OTTO" is a chip used in implementations of sample-based synthesis. Musical instruments and IBM PC compatible sound cards were the most popular applications.

OTTO is capable of altering the pitch and timbre of a digital recording and is capable of operating with up to 32 channels at once. Each channel can have several parameters altered, such as pitch, volume, waveform, and filtering. The chip is a VLSI device designed to be manufactured on a 1.5 micrometre double-metal CMOS process. It consists of approximately 80,000 transistors. It was part of the fourth generation of Ensoniq audio technology.

Major features
 Real-time digital filters
 Frequency interpolation
 32 independent voices
 Loop start and stop positions for each voice (bidirectional and reverse looping)
 Motorola 68000 compatibility for asynchronous bus communication
 Separate host and sound memory interface
 At least 18-bit accuracy
 6-channel stereo serial communication port
 Programmable clocks for defining a serial protocol
 Internal volume multiplication and stereo panning
 ADC input for pots and wheels
 Hardware support for envelopes
 Support for dual OTTO systems
 Optional compressed data format for sample data
 Up to 16 MHz operation

Implementations
 Taito Cybercore/F3 System
 Seta SSV System
 Ensoniq TS10/TS12 Synthesizers
 Ensoniq Soundscape S-2000
 Ensoniq Soundscape Elite
 Ensoniq SoundscapeDB daughterboard
 Westacott Organs DRE (Digital Rank Emulator)
 QRS Pianomation Chili  and Sonata MIDI players  1998
 Boom Theory Corp 0.0 Drum Module Interface

References

 

Sound chips
Sound cards
Disperse Red 9. Disperse Red 9, or 1-(methylamino)anthraquinone, is a red dye derived from anthraquinone. Disperse Red 9 is used in some older red and violet-red colored smoke formulations. It is used in the M18 colored smoke grenade and also often in dye packs. Its smoke-producing properties can be improved by coating the dye particles with an inert material, e.g. an epoxy resin.

References

Anthraquinone dyes
Aromatic amines
Secondary amines
SSPC. SSPC may refer to:

 Samar State Polytechnic College, predecessor of the Samar State University in the Philippines
 Scottish School of Primary Care, an academic institution
 Slope Stability Probability Classification, a classification system for slope engineering
 Society for Protective Coatings, a professional organization for the industrial coatings industry
 Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster, “Research Cluster”
 Southern Sudan Peace Commission, a government organization in South Sudan
 Statewide Suicide Prevention Council, an advisory body in Alaska
 Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection (Mexico), an agency in Mexico supervising public safety and security
Disperse Red 11. Disperse Red 11, or 1,4-diamino-2-methoxyanthraquinone, is a red disperse dye derived from anthraquinone. It is water insoluble. 

Disperse Red 11 can be used in plastics and textiles industry to dye polyvinylchloride, polyester, polyamide, and polyurethane materials, such as synthetic fibers and foams. It is also used in cosmetics and in some red and violet-red colored smoke formulations.

References

Anthraquinone dyes
Phenol ethers
Aromatic amines
David Stuart Parker. David Stuart Parker (March 22, 1919 – May 9, 1990) was an American military officer who served as the governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1971 to 1975.

Biography
He was born on March 22, 1919, at Fort Huachuca in Arizona to an Army officer, Roscoe Parker. He had a brother, Ambassador Richard Bordeaux Parker.

Parker was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point from Washington state and graduated with a B.S. degree in June 1940. He then served with the 19th Engineer Combat Regiment at Fort Ord, California until March 1942. Parker was assigned to the Engineer School at Fort Belvoir, Virginia from March 1942 to May 1944, graduating from the Field Officers Course in 1943. He commanded the 1299th Engineer Combat Battalion at Camp Bowie, Texas from June 1944 to January 1945. Parker was promoted to lieutenant colonel in January 1945.

In World War II, he served on the staff of Admiral Chester Nimitz and on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur in Tokyo, Japan as the chief of construction. In 1948, he returned to the United States and completed an M.S. degree in civil engineering from the University of California, Berkeley in June 1949. He married Betty Augur and they had three sons, David, Bruce and Steven Parker; and a daughter, Anne Parker Diggory.

Parker taught military topography at West Point from 1949 to 1952. He then served as military assistant to the governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1952 to 1954. Parker was promoted to colonel in July 1955. He attended the United States Army War College from 1956 to 1957. Parker commanded the 36th Combat Engineering Group in South Korea from 1960 to 1961.

Parker was Lieutenant Governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1963 to 1965. He was promoted to brigadier general in August 1965 and major general in September 1967. Parker served a tour in Vietnam commanding engineers from 1968 to 1969. He was Governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1971 to 1975.

Parker died of congestive heart failure on May 9, 1990, at Marin General Hospital in Greenbrae, California. He was 71 years old, and had been living in Belvedere, California. Parker was interred at Arlington National Cemetery one week later.

References

External links

 Panama Canal Authority biography 
 BillionGraves.com Headstone Record

1919 births
1990 deaths
People from Fort Huachuca, Arizona
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Washington (state)
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
United States Army personnel of World War II
American expatriates in Japan
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
American civil engineers
United States Military Academy faculty
United States Army War College alumni
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Governors of the Panama Canal Zone
People from Belvedere, California
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Oil Blue 35. Oil Blue 35 is a blue anthraquinone dye used for colouring alcoholic and hydrocarbon based solvents, including oils, fats, and waxes. It is used also in lacquers and inks. In some countries, it is used as a fuel dye. It is also used in some blue colored smoke formulations. In microscopy, it is used as a staining dye. When exposed to 5% hydrochloric acid solution, it becomes dirty green.

See also
 Oil Blue A

References

Staining dyes
Sudan dyes
Fuel dyes
Anthraquinone dyes
Aromatic amines
Butyl compounds
TURBOMOLE. TURBOMOLE is an ab initio computational chemistry program that implements various quantum chemistry methods. It was initially developed by the group of Prof. Reinhart Ahlrichs at the University of Karlsruhe. In 2007, TURBOMOLE GmbH, founded by R. Ahlrichs, F. Furche, C. Hättig, W. Klopper, M. Sierka, and F. Weigend, took over the responsibility for the coordination of the scientific development of TURBOMOLE program, for which the company holds all copy and intellectual property rights. In 2018 David P. Tew joined the TURBOMOLE GmbH. Since 1987, this program is one of the useful tools as it involves in many fields of research including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, organic and inorganic chemistry, spectroscopy as well as biochemistry. This can be illustrated by citation records of Ahlrich's 1989 publication which is more than 6700 times as of 18 July 2020. In the year 2014, the second Turbomole article has been published. The number of citations from both papers indicates that the Turbomole's user base is expanding.

General features
Turbomole was developed in 1987 and turned into a mature program system under the control of Reinhart Ahlrichs and his collaborators. Turbomole can perform a large-scale quantum chemical simulations of molecules, clusters, and later periodic solids. Gaussian basis sets are used in Turbomole. The functionality of the program concentrates extensively on the electronic structure methods with effective cost-performance characteristics such as density functional theory, second–order Møller-Plesset and coupled cluster theory. Aside from energies and structures, an assortment of optical, electrical, and magnetic properties are available from analytical energy derivative for electronic ground and excited states. However, up to the year 2000, Turbomole was only limited to the calculation of molecules in gas phase, thus, COSMO has been implemented in the Turbomole in a cooperative initiative of BASF AG and Bayer AG. Turbomole version 6.5 releasing in the year 2013, comes with post-Kohn–Sham calculations within the random-phase approximation. Turbomole also comes with another significant additions including nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, ultra-efficient higher order CC methods, new density functionals and periodic calculations. TmoleX is available as a graphical user interface for Turbomole allowing the user to perform the entire workflow of a quantum chemical investigation ranging from building of an initial structure to the interpretation of the results.

Version history
The current version of Turbomole is V7.8 released in December 2023

References

External links 
 
 TURBOMOLE PowerPoint Presentation from unist.ac.kr

Computational chemistry software
Solvent Yellow 124. Solvent Yellow 124 is a yellow azo dye used in European Union as a fuel dye. It is a marker used since August 2002 to distinguish diesel fuel intended for heating from a higher-taxed motor diesel fuel. It is added to fuels not intended for motor vehicles in amounts of 6 mg/L or 7 mg/kg under the name Euromarker.

Euromarker

Solvent Yellow 124 is a dye with structure similar to Solvent Yellow 56. This dye can be easily hydrolyzed with acids, splitting off the acetal group responsible for its solubility in nonpolar solvents, and yielding a water-soluble form which is easy to extract to water. Like a similar methyl orange dye, it changes color to red in acidic pH. It can be easily detected in the fuel at levels as low as 0.3 ppm by extraction to a diluted hydrochloric acid, allowing detection of the red diesel added into motor diesel in amounts as low as 2-3%.

Solvent Yellow 124 is intended to be difficult to remove from the fuel in an economical way.  The Customs, familiar with various tricks including dual fuel systems with hidden fuel tanks, will take samples from the fuel lines to the engine itself if such equipment is suspected in the car.

As the amount of Solvent Yellow 124 added to the fuel is known, by measuring its content in the fuel it is possible to calculate how much of the low-taxed fuel was added to the legal one.

Concerns
The UK government expressed concerns about the possibility of "laundering" the dye out of "illicit" fuel, hampering the detection.  Denmark expressed concerns about the dye's toxicity.

Euromarker is intended to be replaced later by newer technology markers, such as biological markers or fuel markers with non-destructive analytical methods. These are all special chemicals tailored for the individual products, and perhaps even for individual refineries, allowing the identification of the source of the material by its content of the molecular markers.

In 2014, a new fuel marker more resistant to removal was announced for the United Kingdom.

References

Azo dyes
Solvent dyes
Vehicle taxes
Fuel dyes
Acetals
Ethanolamines
Tertiary amines
CRYSTAL (software). CRYSTAL is a quantum chemistry ab initio program, designed primarily for calculations on crystals (3 dimensions), slabs (2 dimensions) and polymers (1 dimension) using translational symmetry, but it can also be used for single molecules. It is written by V.R. Saunders, R. Dovesi, C. Roetti, R. Orlando, C.M. Zicovich-Wilson, N.M. Harrison, K. Doll, B. Civalleri, I.J. Bush, Ph. D’Arco, and M. Llunell from Theoretical Chemistry Group at the University of Torino and the Computational Materials Science Group at the Daresbury Laboratory near Warrington in Cheshire, England. The current version is CRYSTAL23. Earlier versions were CRYSTAL88, CRYSTAL92, CRYSTAL95, CRYSTAL98, CRYSTAL03, CRYSTAL06, CRYSTAL09, CRYSTAL14, and CRYSTAL17.

Program structure
The program is built of two modules: crystal and properties. The crystal program is dedicated to perform the SCF calculations, the geometry optimizations, and the frequency calculations for the structures given in input. At the end of the SCF process, the program crystal writes information on the crystalline system and its wave function as unformatted sequential data in Fortran unit 9, and as formatted data in Fortran unit 98.
One-electron properties and wave function analysis can be computed from the SCF wave function by running  the program properties.

The main advantage of the crystal code is due to the deep and optimized exploitation of symmetry, at all levels of calculation (SCF as well gradients and vibrational frequencies calculations). This allows significant reduction of the computational cost for periodic calculations. Note that while the symmetry generally reduces to identity in large molecules, large crystalline system usually show many symmetry operators.

See also
Crystal structure
Mercury
Quantum chemistry programs

References

External links
CRYSTAL
Computational Materials Science Group
Theoretical Chemistry Group  University of Torino

Computational chemistry software