omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Strasbourg Agreement (1675). The Strasbourg Agreement of 27 August 1675 is the first international agreement banning the use of chemical weapons. The treaty was signed between France and the Holy Roman Empire, and was created in response to the use of poisoned bullets. The use of this weaponry was preceded by Leonardo da Vinci's invention of arsenic and sulfur-packed shells that can be fired against ships. These weapons had been used by Christoph Bernhard von Galen, Bishop of Munster, in the Siege of Groningen (1672) - thus provoking the Strasbourg Agreement between the belligerents of the Franco-Dutch War.

The Hague Convention of 1899 also contained a provision that rejected the use of projectiles capable of diffusing asphyxiating or deleterious gases. The next major agreement on chemical weapons did not occur until the 1925 Geneva Protocol. Today, the prohibition on the use of chemical weapons is different from the use of poison as a method of warfare and is particularly noted by the International Committee of the Red Cross as existing independent of each other.

See also
 1874 Brussels conference (no accord, but recommended banning the use of poisonous or poisoned weapons)
 Hague Declaration of 1899 (outlawing "the use of projectiles the sole object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases.")
 1919 Treaty of Versailles

References

"Chemical Weapons and the Chemical Weapons Convention" 
Clarke, Robin (1968), We all Fall Down: The Prospect of Biological and Chemical Warfare (London: Allen Lane; The Penguin Press).
Hersh, Seymour M. (1968), Chemical and Biological Weapons: America's Hidden Arsenal (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company).

Arms control treaties
Treaties of the Kingdom of France
Treaties of the Holy Roman Empire
Chemical warfare
1675 in France
1675 in the Holy Roman Empire
1675 in military history
1675 treaties
France–Holy Roman Empire relations
Dodge Super 8 Hemi. The Dodge Super 8 Hemi was a concept car created by Dodge. It was first introduced at the 2001 North American International Auto Show. It is a combination of the classic design from Dodge's past vehicles and the design from Dodge's SUVs and trucks.

Specifications
The Super 8 Hemi came equipped with a Chrysler 5.7-liter EZB/EZD HEMI OHV V8 engine developing up to ,   torque and has a top speed of . It will go from 0-60 in about 5.7 seconds and mated with a four-speed automatic transmission with an Autostick.

Appearances
The Super 8 Hemi was featured in Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition Remix.

Maisto released an accurate 1/64 die-cast scale model that resembles the real car. Hot Wheels' version was unique with its low centre gravity rendition.

External links
Hot Wheels Guide - 2005 First Editions 
     Automotive Intelligence Article for the Super 8 Hemi

Super 8 Hemi
Retro-style automobiles
Palladium on carbon. Palladium on carbon, often referred to as Pd/C, is a form of palladium used as a catalyst. The metal is supported on activated carbon to maximize its surface area and activity.

Uses

Hydrogenation
Palladium on carbon is used for catalytic hydrogenations in organic synthesis. Examples include reductive amination, carbonyl reduction, nitro compound reduction, the reduction of imines and Schiff bases and debenzylation reactions.

Hydrogenolysis
Palladium on carbon is a common catalyst for hydrogenolysis.  Such reactions are helpful in deprotection strategies. Particularly common substrates for hydrogenolysis are benzyl ethers:

Other labile substituents are also susceptible to cleavage by this reagent.

Coupling reactions
Palladium on carbon is also used for coupling reactions. Examples include the Suzuki reaction and Stille reaction.

Preparation
A solution of palladium chloride and hydrochloric acid is combined with aqueous suspension of activated carbon.  The palladium(II) is then reduced by the addition of formaldehyde. Palladium loading is typically between 5% and 10%.  Often the catalyst mixture is stored moist.

See also
Palladium black
Platinum on carbon
Platinum dioxide
Rhodium-platinum oxide
Lindlar catalyst
Raney nickel
Urushibara nickel

References

Palladium
Hydrogenation catalysts
Carbon
ASUE (Germany). ASUE (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sparsamen und Umweltfreundlichen Energieverbrauch e. V.) -  The Association for the Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Use of Energy - is a German association founded in 1977.

The association's aim is to assist in the development and production of energy-saving and eco-friendly technologies. Its members include over 40 companies and corporations in the German gas industry.

External links

ASUE website

References 

Environmental organisations based in Germany
Energy organizations
Energy conservation in Germany
Skandinavisk Aero Industri. Skandinavisk Aero Industri A/S (abbreviated SAI; English: Scandinavian Aero Industries) was a Danish manufacturer of aeroplanes that existed between 1937 and 1954. The company was founded by technician Viggo Kramme (1905–1984) and engineer Karl Gustav Zeuthen (1909–1989) and based in Copenhagen.

The company's aeroplanes were labelled "KZ" for Kramme and Zeuthen, the first being the KZ I from 1937. The KZ IV was built as an ambulance plane for Zone-Redningskorpset and introduced in 1944. Post-war sales never reached the company's expectations, and production turned unprofitable in the early 1950s, driving the company to shut down. In total, about 200 planes were built by the company.

A number of the KZ planes have been preserved. As of 2005, Dansk Veteranflysamling (The Danish Collection of Vintage Aircraft) exhibits a specimen of each of the 11 aircraft models manufactured by the company.

Aircraft

References

External links 

 History of The Danish Collection of Vintage Aircraft and the KZ planes
 List of aeroplanes at The Danish Collection of Vintage Aircraft
 Skandinavisk Aero Industri and the KZ planes (in Danish) from The Danish Collection of Vintage Aircraft
 The KZ & Vintage Aircraft Club
 About the KZ IV planes (in Danish) from The Danish Aviation Historical Society

Aviation in Denmark
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Denmark
Manufacturing companies based in Copenhagen
Danish companies established in 1937
Manufacturing companies established in 1937
Technology companies established in 1937
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1954
Hardiman. Hardiman was the first attempt to build a practical powered exoskeleton, by General Electric between 1965 and 1971. The machine was intended to allow the wearer to lift loads of 1500 pounds (680 kg) with ease. The project was led by the engineer Ralph Mosher, who had previously worked on the Handyman.

The project was not successful overall. Any attempt to use the full exoskeleton resulted in a violent uncontrolled motion, and as a result, the exoskeleton was never turned on with a person inside. Mosher wrote of these difficulties in designing a powerful machine functioning as an extension of the human body, noting that a machine lacking the ability to receive and interpret force feedback would be very likely to cause the machine to destroy whatever object it was interacting with in performing the task at hand. According to General Electric's Hardiman Project Report from 1969, "When turned on power to operate the shoulder joint, the arm lurched and the elbow would not operate." Further research concentrated on one arm. Although it could lift its specified load of 750 pounds (340 kg), it weighed three quarters of a ton, just over twice the liftable load. Without getting all the components to work together the practical uses for the Hardiman project were limited.

References

External links
 Do You Even Lift, Bro? Hardiman Was GE’s Muscular Take On The Human-Machine Interface. GE Reports, August 25, 2016.
 General Electric: The Story Behind the Real ‘Iron Man’ Suit . GE Reports, November 23, 2010.
Hardiman images
Hardiman I Project. Report. (1 May 1971)

Robotic exoskeletons
1960s robots
Robots of the United States
AMPAC. AMPAC is a general-purpose semiempirical quantum chemistry program.  It is marketed by Semichem, Inc. and was developed originally by Michael Dewar and his group.

The first version of AMPAC (2.1) was made available in 1985 through the Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange (QCPE). Subsequent versions were released through the same source, representing minor updates and optimized versions for other platforms.

In 1992, Semichem, Inc. was formed at Professor Dewar's urging to maintain and market the program. AMPAC 4.0 with Graphical User Interface was released in August of that year. Semichem's current version of AMPAC is 10.

AMPAC current implements the SAM1, AM1, MNDO, MNDO/d, PM3, MNDOC MINDO/3, RM1 and PM6 semi-empirical methods and AMSOL and COSMO salvation models.

See also 
 Quantum chemistry computer programs

References

Computational chemistry software
German Aircraft GmbH. German Aircraft GmbH is a former aircraft manufacturer. Its main product was the German Aircraft Sky-Maxx, formerly produced as the S.A.I. Aeronautica G97 Spotter, developed by Stephan Kohl. Kohl renamed his aircraft the Kohl Mythos (Greek for "legend" or "story") and put it into production himself under contract in Italy.

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Nyquist (programming language). Nyquist is a programming language for sound synthesis and analysis based on the Lisp programming language. It is an extension of the XLISP dialect of Lisp, and is named after Harry Nyquist.

With Nyquist, the programmer designs musical instruments by combining functions, and can call upon these instruments and generate a sound just by typing a simple expression. The programmer can combine simple expressions into complex ones to create a whole composition, and can also generate various other kinds of musical and non-musical sounds.

The Nyquist interpreter can read and write sound files, MIDI files, and Adagio text-based music score files.  On many platforms, it can also produce direct audio output in real time.

The Nyquist programming language can also be used to write plug-in effects for the Audacity digital audio editor.

One notable difference between Nyquist and more traditional MUSIC-N languages is that Nyquist does not segregate synthesis functions (see unit generator) from "scoring" functions. For example Csound is actually two languages, one for creating "orchestras" the other for writing "scores". With Nyquist these two domains are combined.

Nyquist runs under Linux and other Unix environments, Mac OS, and Microsoft Windows.

The Nyquist programming language and interpreter were written by Roger Dannenberg at Carnegie Mellon University, with support from Yamaha Corporation and IBM.

References

External links 

 Computer Music Project at Carnegie Mellon, home of the Nyquist interpreter

Audio programming languages
Software synthesizers
Carnegie Mellon University software
ITFET. The inverted-T field-effect transistor (ITFET) is a type of field effect transistor invented by Leo Mathew at Freescale Semiconductor.  Part of the device extends vertically from the horizontal plane in an inverted T shape, hence the name.

References 

 Freescale upends thinking on transistor channels (EE Times, December 5, 2005)

Transistor types
Field-effect transistors
Born–von Karman boundary condition. Born–von Karman boundary conditions are periodic boundary conditions which impose the restriction that a wave function must be periodic on a certain Bravais lattice.  Named after Max Born and Theodore von Kármán, this condition is often applied in solid state physics to model an ideal crystal.  Born and von Karman published a series of articles in 1912 and 1913 that presented one of the first theories of specific heat of solids based on the crystalline hypothesis and included these boundary conditions. 

The condition can be stated as

 

where i runs over the dimensions of the Bravais lattice, the ai are the primitive vectors of the lattice, and the Ni are integers (assuming the lattice has N cells where N=N1N2N3).  This definition can be used to show that

 

for any lattice translation vector T such that:

 

Note, however, the Born–von Karman boundary conditions are useful when Ni are large (infinite). 

The Born–von Karman boundary condition is important in solid state physics for analyzing many features of crystals, such as diffraction and the band gap.  Modeling the potential of a crystal as a periodic function with the Born–von Karman boundary condition and plugging in Schrödinger's equation results in a proof of Bloch's theorem, which is particularly important in understanding the band structure of crystals.

References

Condensed matter physics
Boundary conditions
Max Born
Otto C. Winzen. Otto C. Winzen (1917–1979) was a German-American aeronautics engineer who made significant advances in the materials and construction of high-altitude balloons after World War II.

Winzen emigrated to the United States in 1937 and spent time during the war in internment camps.

He studied aeronautical engineering at the University of Detroit. After World War II, Winzen became involved in high-altitude balloon research, working with Jean Piccard. In 1949 he started his own company with his wife Vera Simons, called Winzen Research, Inc.

He created a number of plastic balloons, in particular of polyethylene, which he sold to the United States Army and Navy including the Skyhook balloon, and the Air Force's Project Manhigh. In 1972 he developed the Winzen Research Balloon, which achieved the record for the highest unmanned balloon flight, setting a record altitude of 51,816 m over Chico, California.

Otto C. Winzen Lifetime Achievement Award
The Otto C. Winzen Lifetime Achievement Award is given out biannually by the American Institution of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) in memory of Winzen's influence on modern ballooning.

Sources

References

1979 deaths
American aerospace engineers
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
University of Detroit Mercy alumni
Year of birth uncertain
Bragg peak. The Bragg peak is a pronounced peak on the Bragg curve which plots the energy loss of ionizing radiation during its travel through matter. For protons, α-rays, and other ion rays, the peak occurs immediately before the particles come to rest. It is named after William Henry Bragg, who discovered it in 1903 using alpha particles from radium, and wrote the first empirical formula for ionization energy loss per distance with Richard Kleeman.

When a fast charged particle moves through matter, it ionizes atoms of the material and deposits a dose along its path. A peak occurs because the interaction cross section increases as the charged particle's energy decreases. Energy lost by charged particles is inversely proportional to the square of their velocity, which explains the peak occurring just before the particle comes to a complete stop. In the upper figure, it is the peak for alpha particles of 5.49 MeV moving through air. In the lower figure, it is the narrow peak of the "native" proton beam curve which is produced by a particle accelerator of 250 MeV. The figure also shows the absorption of a beam of energetic photons (X-rays) which is entirely different in nature; the curve is mainly exponential.

This characteristic of proton beams was first recommended for use in cancer therapy by Robert R. Wilson in his 1946 article, Radiological Use of Fast Protons. Wilson studied how the depth of proton beam penetration could be controlled by the energy of the protons. This phenomenon is exploited in particle therapy of cancer, specifically in proton therapy, to concentrate the effect of light ion beams on the tumor being treated while minimizing the effect on the surrounding healthy tissue. 

The blue curve in the figure ("modified proton beam") shows how the originally monoenergetic proton beam with the sharp peak is widened by increasing the range of energies, so that a larger tumor volume can be treated. The plateau created by modifying the proton beam is referred to as the spread out Bragg Peak, or SOBP, which allows the treatment to conform to not only larger tumors, but to more specific 3D shapes. This can be achieved by using variable thickness attenuators like spinning wedges. Momentum cooling in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities enables a sharper distal fall-off of the Bragg peak and the attainment of high dose rates.

See also
Stopping power (particle radiation)
Bremsstrahlung
Linear energy transfer
Proton therapy

References

External links 
 
 

Ionizing radiation
Experimental particle physics
Radiation therapy
Bus (disambiguation). A bus is a vehicle designed to carry passengers.

Bus, Buş, Buš, or BUS may also refer to:

People
 Bus (nickname) for the nickname and people with that name
 Bus (surname) for the Dutch surname and people with that name
 Buș for the Romanian surname and people with that name

Places
 Bus (Bithynia), a town of ancient Bithynia, now in Turkey
 Bus Bloc, a concession in the Congo Free State
 Buš, Czech Republic
 Bus, Pas-de-Calais, France, a commune
 Bus or Buss Island, a phantom island in the North Atlantic Ocean
 Bus-Saint-Rémy, a former commune, Normandy, France
 Batumi International Airport (IATA airport code BUS), in the country of Georgia

Science and technology
 Bus (computing), transferring data
 Software bus, the software architecture equivalent to the above
 Audio bus, a group of audio tracks
 Bus network, a type of network topology
 Busbar, an electric power distribution channel
 Satellite bus, a general spacecraft model for multiple-production satellites
 Vehicle bus, a specialized internal communications network in automotive engineering

Other uses
 Bus (Bulgarian play), 1980
 Belle Urban System, the transit agency serving Racine, Wisconsin, US
 Bank of the United States (disambiguation)
 The South African term for a pacesetter in running

See also

 The Bus (disambiguation)
 
 
 
 Buss (disambiguation)
 Buus, municipality in the canton of Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland
List of rock textures. This page is intended to be a list of rock textural and morphological terms.

A 
 Adcumulate
 Agglomeritic
 Adamantine a type of lustre
 Amygdaloidal
 Anhedral
 Antitaxial veins
 Aphanitic
 Aplitic; aplite
 Augen textured gneiss
 Axiolitic texture

B 
 Botryoidal
 Brecciated
 Bedding fissile; bedding fissility
 Boudinage; boudins

C 
 Cataclastic
 Chilled margin
 Clastic; see also breccia 
 Cleaved
 Crenulated
 Cross-bedding
 Cross-stratification; also trough-cross stratification.
 Cumulate; see also layered intrusion

D 
 Decussate
 Devitirification; devitrified
 Dendritic texture; dendrites
 Diatextite; see also schlieren and migmatite

E 
 Embayed minerals; see igneous texture
 Equigranular
 Euhedral
 Eutaxitic
 Epiclastic

F 
 Fiamme
 Foliation
 Fissile; see also Bedding fissility.
 Fossiliferous

G 
 Glomeroporphyritic
 Gneissose; gneissic
 Granoblastic 
 Granophyric
 Granulitic
 Graphic

H 
 Holocrystalline 
 Hyaline texture
 Hyalopilitic

I 
 Imbricate
 Intergrowth texture

J 
 Jointed

K 
 Kelyphitic

L 
 Lepidoblastic
 Leucocratic
 Lineation, lineated
 L-tectonite

M 
 Melanocratic
 Mesocratic
 Mesocumulate
 Mylonitic

N 
 Nematoblastic

O 
 Ocelli
 Oolitic; see also limestone 
 Ophitic texture
 Orbicular texture
 Orthocumulate

P 
 Panidiomorphic
 Pegmatitic
 Peloidal
 Perthitic
 Phaneritic
 Phyllitic
 Pisolitic
 Poikilitic
 Poikiloblastic
 Porphyroclastic
 Porphyroblastic
 Porphyritic texture; see also porphyry
 Ptygmatic (folding); see migmatite

Q 
 Quench textures; see obsidian, tachylyte or aphanitic

R 
 Rapakivi texture

S 
 Sandy
 Schistose; schistosity
 Seriate texture
 Shear; sheared; shear fabric
 Slaty; slaty cleavage
 Specular
 Spherulite
 Spinifex texture; see also komatiite
 S-tectonite
 Stratabound
 Stratum
 Stromatolitic
 Stylolitic
 Subhedral
 Symplectite

T 
 Tuffaceous
 Trachytic texture

U

V 
 Vesicular texture
 Variolitic
 Vitreous 
 Vuggy

W - Z

See also 

 Crystallography
 Fracture (geology)
 Fracture (mineralogy)
 List of minerals
 List of rock types
 Rock microstructure

Mineralogy
Petrology
Rock textures
Light metal. A light metal is any metal of relatively low density. These may be pure elements, but more commonly are metallic alloys. Lithium and then potassium are the two lightest metallic elements.

Magnesium, aluminium and titanium alloys are light metals of significant commercial importance. Their densities of 1.7, 2.7 and 4.5 g/cm3 range from 19 to 56% of the densities of other structural metals, such as iron (7.9) and copper (8.9).

See also
 Heavy metals
 List of elements by density

References

Sets of chemical elements
Metals
Yugra Bridge. The Yugra Bridge (; or Surgut Bridge, ) is a cable-stayed bridge across the Ob River at Surgut, Russia. It is one of the longest in Siberia. The bridge is  long and has only one tower. Its central span of  makes it the longest single-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world. The bridge was inaugurated in September 2000 and bridge carries road traffic. A steel truss rail bridge runs parallel to the Yugra Bridge.

See also
List of largest cable-stayed bridges

References

External links
 

Cable-stayed bridges in Russia
Bridges completed in 2000
Transport in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Road bridges in Russia
Bridges over the Ob River
Neoware. Neoware Systems, Inc., was a company that manufactured and marketed thin clients. It also developed and marketed enterprise software, thin client appliances, and related services aimed at reducing the TCO of IT infrastructure.

Neoware owned one of the three available "OS Streaming" technologies that make it possible to remote boot diskless computers under Microsoft Windows and Linux.

On July 23, 2007, HP announced that it has signed a definitive merger agreement to purchase Neoware for $241 million. The acquisition was completed on October 1, 2007.

Products
 Thin clients
 Neoware TeemTalk (Pericom was acquired July 2003)
 Neoware Image Manager (Qualystem Technology S.A.S. was acquired April 2005)
 LBT Linux-Based Terminal 
 ezRemote Manager
 Thintune Linux/Manager (the brand was acquired from eSeSIX in March 2005)
 Neoware Device Manager
 NeoLinux 4
 Windows XPe
 Windows CE

References

 PC Magazine Editors' Choice, March 2000
 Deloitte's Technology Fast 50 Program for the Delaware Valley
 Various press releases in Neoware's site "press releases" section 

1992 establishments in Pennsylvania
2007 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
American companies established in 1992
American companies disestablished in 2007
Companies based in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Computer companies established in 1992
Computer companies disestablished in 2007
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer systems companies
Hewlett-Packard acquisitions
Situated. In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. The term situated is commonly used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if:

 they exist in a dynamic (rapidly changing) environment, which
 they can manipulate or change through their actions, and which
 they can sense or perceive.

Examples might include web-based agents, which can alter data or trigger processes (such as purchases) over the internet, or virtual-reality bots which inhabit and change virtual worlds, such as Second Life.

Being situated is generally considered to be part of being embodied, but it is useful to consider each perspective individually.  The situated perspective emphasizes that intelligent behaviour derives from the environment and the agent's interactions with it. The nature of these interactions are defined by an agent's embodiment.

References 
 Hendriks-Jansen, Horst (1996) Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Artificial intelligence