omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Diskworld. Diskworld () was a disk magazine for the Apple Macintosh computer system, published by Softdisk beginning in 1988. It was a sister publication of Softdisk for the Apple II, Loadstar for the Commodore 64, and Big Blue Disk for the IBM PC. Diskworld ceased publication in 1998.

Overview
Diskworld was originally designed and created by Sean Golden (Managing Editor), Jeff Billings (Senior Programmer) and Lynda Fowler (Junior Programmer). Sean Golden wrote the original Diskworld "shell" program which provided access to the monthly disk contents. He also wrote most of the editorial content each month. Jeff Billings and Lynda Fowler developed monthly productivity, utility or game programs which were published on the disk. Jeff and Lynda also provided some editorial content, and Sean also contributed programs. Freelance programmers also provided content for a fee. The product was broken down into editorials, articles, reviews, artwork and software, all presented with the custom "shell" program which allowed users to run the disk without having to swap out system disks on the original Macintosh. The early issues were published on 400K disks, but moved to 800K disks when the 400K disks become obsolete.

Eventually it was possible to produce a version of the "shell" program that did not carry a duplicate version of the Mac OS when hard drives became commonplace. That allowed for more content to be published on each disk. Jeff Billings left the company and Lynda Fowler became Senior Programmer. When Sean Golden was promoted to Softdisk Publishing, Inc. Publisher, Lynda Fowler became Managing Editor of Diskworld.

Later, Diskworld was renamed Softdisk for Mac, but it ceased publication in 1998 along with the other disk magazines published by Softdisk (other than Loadstar, which broke off as an independent company and continued into the 2000s) as the company moved more into Internet development.

References

Disk magazines
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1988
Magazines disestablished in 1998
Softdisk
Countermeasure. A countermeasure is a measure or action taken to counter or offset another one. As a general concept, it implies precision and is any technological or tactical solution or system designed to prevent an undesirable outcome in the process. The first known use of the term according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary was in 1923.

Countermeasures can refer to the following disciplinary spectrum:
 Medicine
 Materials engineering
 Electro-magnetic engineering
 Policing
 Information technology
 International Law
 Diplomatic security
 Pollution prevention
 Aviation

Defense countermeasures are often divided into "active" and "passive".

Active
"Active" countermeasures mean the system user or the defender takes an active position because the incoming incident is known so the system takes active approaches to deal with such possible damage. Such an approach may include setting up a security method for the incident or actively trying to stop or intersect such damage.

Passive
"Passive" countermeasures mean the system is not aware of the incoming incident or potential security issues. To mitigate the result of any security issues, the system sets up a set of passive approach which only activates when the system encounters security problems. Usually, "Passive" countermeasures include: 
 Security Technology
This includes information on security or defensive technology, usually a way to protect the system. For example, security software or firewall could also be thought of as an approach to defensive technology. These methods detect potential security issues and report back to the system or protect the system when the system is under a certain threat.
 Damage Control
This means the system has damage control about the possible outcome of the security problem. For example, the system might have a backup in a remote area so even if the current system is damaged, the system could switch to the remote backup and works seamlessly. 
 Fortification
This means the system sets up a security approach to separate the core of the system. This approach is commonly used in a modern server network, where the server user has to go through a jump server to access the core server. The jump server works as a fortification to separate the core server and the outside, which the core server sometimes is not connected to the internet and only connects to the local network, so the user needs to access the jump server to access the core server

References

Strategy
Tupolev Tu-107. The Tupolev Tu-107 was a prototype Soviet military transport aircraft developed from the Tupolev Tu-104. It featured a rear ramp loading door and was intended to carry light vehicles, artillery pieces, or up to 70 paratroopers. The fuselage was unpressurized, which meant that passengers would have to use oxygen masks. A single prototype was built and flown, but the aircraft was not put in production.

Specifications (Tu-107)

See also

References

 

Tu-0107
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
1950s Soviet military transport aircraft
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Tupolev Tu-110. The Tupolev Tu-110 (NATO reporting name: Cooker) was a jet airliner designed and built in the USSR, which saw its maiden flight in 1957.

Design and development 

Realising that the export potential for the Tupolev Tu-104 was limited, the Council of Ministers issued directive No. 1511–846 on 12 August 1956, requiring the Tupolev Design Bureau to develop a four-engined version of the Tu-104, to enable the aircraft to safely cross large expanses of ocean, and improve safety on takeoff in case of engine failure.

The Tu-110 was a major redesign of the Tu-104, powered by four Lyulka AL-7 turbojets rated at 5,500 kgf (53.9 kN; 12,100 lbf) thrust each, with two staggered engines in the root of each extended centre-section. The first prototype was flown on 11 March 1957.

Production of the Tu-110 was authorised at the Kazan Aircraft Factory, with an initial order for ten aircraft, but only three aircraft were completed before the programme was terminated. The production aircraft featured extended-chord wings and enlarged baggage holds, as well as seating for up to 100 passengers in an all-tourist class seating arrangement.

All four aircraft were converted to Tu-110Bs with Soloviev D-20 turbofan engines, in an attempt to improve the performance of the aircraft, but to no avail. No further orders were forthcoming and the four Tu-110Bs were used for experimental work on avionics, missile systems and boundary layer control systems, remaining active into the 1970s.

Variants
Data from Tupolev Tu-104
 Tu-110 – The sole prototype of the Tu-110 (CCCP-L5600).
 Tu-110A – Production aircraft with doubled seating capacity (all economy class), increased capacity baggage holds, increased area flaps and increased MTOW of 87,200 kg (182,320 lb). Three aircraft were built (CCCP-L5511 – L5513)
 Tu-110B – Experimental medium-haul versions converted from the prototype and three production aircraft, fitted with four Soloviev D-20 turbofan engines.
 Tu-110L – The prototype aircraft modified with boundary layer control supplied with bleed air from the D-20 turbofan engines.
 Tu-110D – A projected medium-haul airliner with four D-20 engines in paired nacelles on either side of the rear fuselage,
 Tu-117 – A projected military transport version with a rear fuselage loading ramp and defensive tail turret.

Specifications (Tu-110 1st prototype)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Gordon, Yefim and Vladimir Rigmant. Tupolev Tu-104. Hinkley, UK: Midland, 2007. .
 Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875– 1995. London: Osprey, 1995. .
 Stroud, John. ''Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945. London: Putnam, 1968. .

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20170104235506/http://www.oldwings.nl/st/tu104_107_110_114_116_124_126_134.pdf

Tu-0110
1950s Soviet airliners
Quadjets
Low-wing aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects
Aircraft first flown in 1957
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
IDT. IDT may refer to:

Technology
 Information  and digital technology, a digitally focused information technology landscape 
 Interdigital transducer, or interdigitated transducer, a sensor and transmitter for a surface acoustic wave
 Interrupt descriptor table, a memory structure of x86 microprocessors
 Insulation-displacement technology, or insulation-displacement termination, an electrical connector
 Interactive data transformation, a form of data transformation via a visual interface intended for analysts and business users with limited technical knowledge

Organisations
 IDT Corporation, a long-distance telephone carrier
 Integrated Device Technology, a semiconductor manufacturer
 Integrated Display Technology, a Hong Kong-based producer of LCD products
 Integrated DNA Technologies, a U.S. supplier of custom nucleic acids
 International Display Technology, a joint-venture of IBM and the Taiwanese Chi Mei group
 IDT Entertainment, film producer

Other
 Inherited disorders of trafficking
 Israel Daylight Time
 It Dies Today, a metalcore band from Buffalo, New York
 Inactive Duty Training, U.S. military duty, for example in the Inactive National Guard
List of artificial objects on the Moon. This is a partial list of artificial materials left on the Moon, many during the missions of the Apollo program. The table below does not include lesser Apollo mission artificial objects, such as a hammer and other tools, retroreflectors, Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Packages, or the commemorative, artistic, and personal objects left by the twelve Apollo astronauts, such as the United States flags, the commemorative plaques attached to the ladders of the six Apollo Lunar Modules, the silver astronaut pin left by Alan Bean in honor of Clifton C. Williams whom he replaced, the Bible left by David Scott, the Fallen Astronaut statuette and memorial plaque placed by the crew of Apollo 15, the Apollo 11 goodwill messages disc, or the golf balls Alan Shepard hit during an Apollo 14 moonwalk.

Five S-IVB third stages of Saturn V rockets from the Apollo program crashed into the Moon, and are the heaviest human-made objects on the lunar surface. Humans have left over  of material on the Moon. Besides the 2019 Chang'e 4 and SLIM missions, the only artificial objects on the Moon that are still in use are the retroreflectors for the Lunar Laser Ranging experiments left there by the Apollo 11, 14, and 15 astronauts, Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander, and by the Soviet Union's Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2 missions.

Objects at greater than 90 degrees east or west are on the far side of the Moon, including Ranger 4, Lunar Orbiter 1, Lunar Orbiter 2, Lunar Orbiter 3, Chang'e 4 lander and Yutu-2 rover.

Because of increasing numbers of missions to and objects at the Moon, a global registry of lunar activities has been proposed in 2023 by the Open Lunar Foundation.

List

Legend

Table of objects

Image gallery

See also

Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces
List of retroreflectors on the Moon
Lunar plaques
Moon landing
List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies
List of missions to the Moon
Deliberate crash landings on extraterrestrial bodies
Human presence in space
Timeline of Solar System exploration
Tourism on the Moon

Notes

Footnotes

References

External links
 NASA catalogue of manmade material on the Moon
 List of Apollo 11 artifacts on the Moon
 Lunar Litter: A short film about debris left behind on crewed Moon missions

Artificial Objects On The Moon
Artificial Objects On The Moon

Moon
Moon
Operation Corona. Operation Corona was a Royal Air Force (RAF) initiative to confuse German nightfighter defences during RAF bomber raids on German cities during World War II. 

The RAF used both native speakers and people who could speak German to a standard where they could be taken for a native speaker to impersonate German air defence officers. They initiated communications via radio with German night fighter pilots and countermanded previously given orders, thus reducing the efficiency of German air defence.

Operation Corona was possible because before the war many people, mostly Jews, had fled Nazi Germany and some of them had settled in the United Kingdom. These people were very valuable to RAF Bomber Command, since between them they natively spoke any German accent and hence were capable of countermanding the orders given from the senior German officers in the Air Defence headquarters, and so could redirect the nightfighters to other targets or give them orders to land immediately at an airbase.

The first use of Corona was during a bombing raid on the German industrial centre of Kassel on the night of 22 to 23 October 1943.

In response to Corona the Luftwaffe replaced male fighter controllers with females. The RAF countered this by using German-speaking personnel from the Women's Auxiliary Air Force.

See also
 Aspidistra (transmitter)
 List of World War II electronic warfare equipment

Notes and references

External links
OPERATION CORONA - Claire's story

Conflicts in 1943
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre
History of the Royal Air Force during World War II
Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
World War II deception operations
Thermoluminescence. Thermoluminescence is a form of luminescence that is exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. The phenomenon is distinct from that of black-body radiation.

Physics
High energy radiation creates electronic excited states in crystalline materials. In some materials, these states are trapped, or arrested, for extended periods of time by localized defects, or imperfections, in the lattice interrupting the normal intermolecular or inter-atomic interactions in the crystal lattice. Quantum-mechanically, these states are stationary states which have no formal time dependence; however, they are not stable energetically, as vacuum fluctuations are always "prodding" these states. Heating the material enables the trapped states to interact with phonons, i.e. lattice vibrations, to rapidly decay into lower-energy states, causing the emission of photons in the process.

Use in dating

The amount of luminescence is proportional to the original dose of radiation received. In thermoluminescence dating, this can be used to date buried objects that have been heated in the past, since the ionizing dose received from radioactive elements in the soil or from cosmic rays is proportional to age. This phenomenon has been applied in the thermoluminescent dosimeter, a device to measure the radiation dose received by a chip of suitable material that is carried by a person or placed with an object.

Thermoluminescence is a common geochronology tool for dating pottery or other fired archeological materials, as heat empties or resets the thermoluminescent signature of the material (Figure 1).  Subsequent recharging of this material from ambient radiation can then be empirically dated by the equation:

Age = (subsequently accumulated dose of ambient radiation) / (dose accumulated per year)

This technique was modified for use as a passive sand migration analysis tool (Figure 2). The research shows direct consequences resulting from the improper replenishment of starving beaches using fine sands. Beach nourishment is a problem worldwide and receives large amounts of attention due to the millions of dollars spent yearly in order to keep beaches beautified for tourists, e.g. in Waikiki, Hawaii. Sands with sizes 90–150 μm (very fine sand) were found to migrate from the swash zone 67% faster than sand grains of 150-212 μm (fine sand; Figure 3). Furthermore, the technique was shown to provide a passive method of policing sand replenishment and a passive method of observing riverine or other sand inputs along shorelines (Figure 4).

References

Further reading
 Thermoluminescence dating by M. J. Aitken, 
 The Dating Game, Scientific American, June 11, 2001, page 2

External links

Luminescence
Pak Mun Dam. The Pak Mun Dam (, , ) is a barrage dam and run-of-the-river hydroelectric plant 5.5 km west of the confluence of the Mun and Mekong Rivers in Khong Chiam District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. It was constructed by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) with support from the World Bank at a total cost of US$240 million, and completed in 1994.

Environmental impact
The project has been criticized for adverse effects on the fisheries of the Mun River, insufficient compensation payments to affected villagers, and failure to produce the projected power output. The immediate impact of the dam was to flood 117 km2 of land and displace families. The original plan estimated the displacement of 262 families. In the end, 912 families were displaced and 780 households lost all or part of their land. In all, around 25,000 villagers claim to have been affected by the dam. Protests have been staged at the dam site and outside Government House in Bangkok and critics have called for the dam to be immediately decommissioned. , EGAT had paid out 377.7 million baht in relocation compensation, plus 356.9 million baht for loss of fisheries with unsettled fisheries claims amounting to an additional 200 million baht.

In response to concerns about the dam's likely impact on fisheries on the Mun River, a fish ladder was incorporated into the scheme to allow fish into the Mun River to spawn. The fish ladder has been "unsuccessful". A report from the World Commission on Dams found that of 265 fish species previously found in the Mun River, at least 50 had disappeared and numbers of others had declined significantly. The fish catch decreased by 60–80%. It is uncertain what proportion of this decrease is attributable to the dam, and what proportion to other factors.

In response to protests, the government opened the dam gates temporarily in June 2001. Subsequently, a study by Ubon Ratchathani University recommended keeping the gates open for a further five years, and a study by Living River Siam recommended decommissioning the dam. Instead, the Thai Cabinet decided to close the gates for eight months each year from November 2002.

As part of a two-year study to review the development effectiveness of large dams, the World Commission on Dams (WCD) commissioned the Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) to conduct a case study on the Pak Mun Dam. TDRI's report, published in 2000, concluded that "...EGAT over-stated the case of project benefits and did no justice to the method of benefit-cost analysis in exaggerating the value of net gains in power production and in claiming irrigation benefits on invalid grounds."

References

Further reading
 

Dams completed in 1994
Energy infrastructure completed in 1994
Isan
Dams in the Mekong River Basin
Dams in Thailand
Hydroelectric power stations in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Ubon Ratchathani province
1994 establishments in Thailand
Dams with fish ladders
Screentone. Screentone is a technique for applying textures and shades to drawings, used as an alternative to hatching. In the conventional process, patterns are transferred to paper from preprinted sheets. It is also known by the common brand names Zip-A-Tone (1937, now defunct), Chart-Pak (1949), and Letratone (1966, from Letraset).

A dry transfer screentone sheet, sometimes informally known as a "tone", consists of a flexible transparent backing, the printed texture, and a wax adhesive layer. The sheet is applied to the paper, adhesive down, and rubbed with a stylus (also called a burnishing tool) on the backing side. The backing is then peeled off, leaving the ink adhered to the paper where pressure was applied.

See also
 Ben-Day dots
 Dithering
 Grayscale
 Halftone
 Hatching, the representation of color by patterns of lines.
 Stippling

References

Drawing
Artistic techniques
Illustration
Dot patterns

it:Trasferelli#I retini
Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton. The Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX) is a robotic device that attaches to the lower body. Its purpose is to complement the user's strength by adding extra force to the user's lower extremity bodily movements. The BLEEX was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and developed by the Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory, a unit within the University of California, Berkeley Department of Mechanical Engineering.  DARPA provided the initial $50 million of start-up funds in 2001.

Design 
The BLEEX has four hydraulically actuated joints: two at the hip, one at the knee, and one at the ankle. The BLEEX is energetically autonomous, meaning it has an on-board power supply.

Development later moved to Lockheed Martin, where the device became known as the Human Universal Load Carrier, or HULC.

Performance 
The BLEEX consumes 1143 watts of hydraulic power during ground-level walking along with another 200 watts of electrical power for electronics. It can support a load of  while walking at , and can walk at up to  without any load.

References 

Robots of the United States
Robotic exoskeletons
2003 robots
University of California, Berkeley
List of 32X games. The 32X is an add-on for the Sega Genesis video game console. Codenamed "Project Mars", the 32X was designed to expand the power of the Genesis and serve as a holdover until the release of the Sega Saturn.  Independent of the Genesis, the 32X used its own ROM cartridges and had its own library of games, as well as two 32-bit central processing unit chips and a 3D graphics processor.  Despite these changes, the console failed to attract either developers or consumers as the Sega Saturn had already been announced for release the next year. In part because of this, and also to rush the 32X to market before the holiday season in 1994, the 32X suffered from a poor library of titles, including Genesis ports with minor improvements such as the number of colors that appeared on screen.  Originally released at US$159, Sega dropped the price to $99 in only a few months and ultimately cleared the remaining inventory at $19.95. 800,000 units were sold worldwide.

There were  games produced worldwide, including six that required both the 32X and the Sega CD add-ons, and ten that were only released in North America, as well as only one released exclusively for Brazil. Games that were announced or reported to be in development for the 32X, but never released, are listed at the list of cancelled 32X games.

Games

See also

List of cancelled 32X games
List of Sega Genesis games
List of Sega CD games

Notes

References

 
Sega 32X
32X