Loop fission and fusion. Loop fission (or loop distribution) is a compiler optimization in which a loop is broken into multiple loops over the same index range with each taking only a part of the original loop's body. The goal is to break down a large loop body into smaller ones to achieve better utilization of locality of reference. This optimization is most efficient in multi-core processors that can split a task into multiple tasks for each processor.

Conversely, loop fusion (or loop jamming) is a compiler optimization and loop transformation which replaces multiple loops with a single one. Loop fusion does not always improve run-time speed. On some architectures, two loops may actually perform better than one loop because, for example, there is increased data locality within each loop. One of the main benefits of loop fusion is that it allows temporary allocations to be avoided, which can lead to huge performance gains in numerical computing languages such as Julia when doing elementwise operations on arrays (however, Julia's loop fusion is not technically a compiler optimization, but a syntactic guarantee of the language). 

Other benefits of loop fusion are that it avoids the overhead of the loop control structures, and also that it allows the loop body to be parallelized by the processor by taking advantage of instruction-level parallelism. This is possible when there are no data dependencies between the bodies of the two loops (this is in stark contrast to the other main benefit of loop fusion described above, which only presents itself when there are data dependencies that require an intermediate allocation to store the results). If loop fusion is able to remove redundant allocations, performance increases can be large. Otherwise, there is a more complex trade-off between data locality, instruction-level parallelism, and loop overhead (branching, incrementing, etc.) that may make loop fusion, loop fission, or neither, the preferable optimization.

Fission

Example in C 

int i, a[100], b[100];
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    a[i] = 1;
    b[i] = 2;
}

is equivalent to:

int i, a[100], b[100];
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    a[i] = 1;
}
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    b[i] = 2;
}

Fusion

Example in C++ and MATLAB 
Consider the following MATLAB code:x = 0:999; % Create an array of numbers from 0 to 999 (range is inclusive)
y = sin(x) + 4; % Take the sine of x (element-wise) and add 4 to each elementThe same syntax can be achieved in C++ by using function and operator overloading:#include <cmath>
#include <cassert>
#include <memory>
#include <iostream>

class Array {
    size_t length;
    std::unique_ptr<float[]> data;
    
    // Internal constructor that produces an uninitialized array
    Array(size_t n) : length(n), data(new float[n]) { }
    
public:
    // Factory method to produce an array over an integer range (the upper
    // bound is exclusive, unlike MATLAB's ranges).
    static Array Range(size_t start, size_t end) {
        assert(end > start);
        size_t length = end - start;
        Array a(length);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
            a[i] = start + i;
        }
        return a;
    }
    
    // Basic array operations
    size_t size() const { return length; }
    float& operator[](size_t i) { return data[i]; }
    const float& operator[](size_t i) const { return data[i]; }

    // Declare an overloaded addition operator as a free friend function (this
    // syntax defines operator+ as a free function that is a friend of this
    // class, despite it appearing as a member function declaration).
    friend Array operator+(const Array& a, float b) {
        Array c(a.size());
        for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); ++i) {
            c[i] = a[i] + b;
        }
        return c;
    }
    
    // Similarly, we can define an overload for the sin() function. In practice,
    // it would be unwieldy to define all possible overloaded math operations as
    // friends inside the class like this, but this is just an example.
    friend Array sin(const Array& a) {
        Array b(a.size());
        for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); ++i) {
            b[i] = std::sin(a[i]);
        }
        return b;
    }
};

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
    // Here, we perform the same computation as the MATLAB example
    auto x = Array::Range(0, 1000);
    auto y = sin(x) + 4;
    
    // Print the result out - just to make sure the optimizer doesn't remove
    // everything (if it's smart enough to do so).
    std::cout << "The result is: " << std::endl;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < y.size(); ++i) {
        std::cout << y[i] << std::endl;
    }
    
    return 0;
}However, the above example unnecessarily allocates a temporary array for the result of sin(x). A more efficient implementation would allocate a single array for y, and compute y in a single loop. To optimize this, a C++ compiler would need to:

 Inline the sin and operator+ function calls.
 Fuse the loops into a single loop.
 Remove the unused stores into the temporary arrays (can use a register or stack variable instead).
 Remove the unused allocation and free.

All of these steps are individually possible. Even step four is possible despite the fact that functions like malloc and free have global side effects, since some compilers hardcode symbols such as malloc and free so that they can remove unused allocations from the code. However, as of clang 12.0.0 and gcc 11.1, this loop fusion and redundant allocation removal does not occur - even on the highest optimization level.

Some languages specifically targeted towards numerical computing such as Julia might have the concept of loop fusion built into it at a high level, where the compiler will notice adjacent elementwise operations and fuse them into a single loop. Currently, to achieve the same syntax in general purpose languages like C++, the sin and operator+ functions must pessimistically allocate arrays to store their results, since they do not know what context they will be called from. This issue can be avoided in C++ by using a different syntax that does not rely on the compiler to remove unnecessary temporary allocations (e.g., using functions and overloads for in-place operations, such as operator+= or std::transform).

See also
 Expression templates
Loop transformation

References

Loop fission

Articles with example C code
Compiler optimizations