omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Byte-oriented protocol. Byte-oriented framing protocol is "a communications protocol in which full bytes are used as control codes. Also known as character-oriented protocol."  For example UART communication is byte-oriented.

The term "character-oriented" is deprecated,  since the notion of character has changed. An ASCII character fits to one byte (octet) in terms of the amount of information. With the internationalization of computer software, wide characters became necessary, to handle texts in different languages. In particular, Unicode characters (or strictly speaking code points) can be 1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes in UTF-8, and other encodings of Unicode use two or four bytes per code point.

See also
 Bit-oriented protocol

References

Data transmission
Robert Fischell. Robert Fischell (born February 10, 1929) is a physicist, prolific inventor, and holder of more than 200 U.S. and foreign medical patents. His inventions have led to the creation of several biotechnology companies. He worked at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory full-time for 25 years and part-time for an additional 13 years. He contributed to APL's satellite navigation work; he later developed a rechargeable implantable pacemaker that could be programmed with radiowaves, (Pacesetter Systems purchased by Siemens, now the CRM division of St. Jude Medical). He and his team at Hopkins also helped miniaturize the implantable cardiac defibrillator. Mr. Fischell went on to invent the implantable insulin pump (MiniMed, spun off from Pacesetter Systems in 1985), numerous coronary stents used to open clogged arteries (IsoStent merged with Cordis, in turn purchased by Johnson & Johnson), and two feedback systems that provide early warning of epileptic seizures (NeuroPace) and heart attacks (Angel Medical Systems). Fischell recently donated $30 million to the University of Maryland College Park Foundation to establish a bioengineering department and an institute for biomedical devices at the A. James Clark School of Engineering.

In 2005, he was awarded the TED Prize, receiving $100,000 and three wishes, including a braintrust on medical liability and the successful design of a device to cure migraines.

Fischell received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Duke University in 1951. He received his M.S. from the University of Maryland in 1953 in physics, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. Fischell was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Maryland in 1996.

He has three sons (from oldest to youngest), David, Tim, and Scott Fischell. He is married to Susan R. Fischell, and they live in Maryland.

He was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation in 2016.

References

External links
 Duke Pratt School of Engineering Alumni Profile
 
 Dr. Fischell's introductory video at TED Conference 2005.
 "My wish: Three unusual medical inventions" (TED2005)

1929 births
Living people
20th-century American inventors
21st-century American inventors
21st-century American physicists
American biomedical engineers
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Duke University Pratt School of Engineering alumni
Natrophilite. Natrophilite is a mineral with the chemical formula NaMnPO4. In a pure form it has a yellow coloration. Its crystals are orthorhombic to dipyramidal. It is transparent to translucent. It is not radioactive. Natrophilite is rated 4.5 to 5 on the Mohs Scale.

References

 Webmineral entry

Sodium minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Phosphate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Spidernaut. The Spidernaut is a concept for an extra-vehicular robot developed by NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 

The Spidernaut was originally developed and designed in 2005 as part of a group of robots designed to assemble solar arrays on the moon, working as a team independent of human control.  As upcoming space science platforms and vehicles are considered unwieldy to launch constructed as self-contained payloads, the ability to constructing and maintaining these structures in orbit presents unique challenges which may be overcome by Extra-Vehicular Robotics (EVR), such as the Spidernaut. The usage of multiple legs allows for more gentle and even distribution of loads while EVRs climb across space platforms, and mitigate torques which may spin the platform. 

The design of the Spidernaut's software was led by a team at Carnegie Mellon University, which included ensuring that the programming of the spidernaut would not result in any major problems, such as trapping itself inside a structure it has built. Three prototype Spidernauts were completed in 2005 within the span of nine months.

References

Space program of the United States
Formosa BBS. Formosa BBS (or NSYSU Formosa BBS) was one of the earliest telnet-based Bulletin board systems (BBS) to have Chinese language capability.  Work used from creating Formosa was combined with the open source Pirate BBS to create Eagle BBS from which the more user friendly Phoenix BBS was derived.  The open source Phoenix BBS was the parent of the widely used Firebird BBS and Maple BBS.

Taiwanese BBS software

Formosa BBS
Formosa BBS established in October 1992 by Professor Nien-Hsing Chen of the National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU). The objective was to provide a means for professors, universities and students to communicate.

Eagle BBS 
In developing the Formosa BBS Chinese language interface Professor Chen used code from the open source Pirate BBS.  The developed code was returned to the Pirate BBS developers who created Eagle BBS as an open source BBS with a Chinese language interface.

Phoenix BBS 
Phoenix BBS was development of the Eagle BBS but incorporated a more user-friendly interface.

Firebird BBS 
Firebird BBS is one of two main telnet-based Bulletin board systems developed in Taiwan. It is also gained popularity in mainland China and was adopted by most sites there. Several derived BBS systems are based on its source code.  Some popular sites like SMTH BBS and HKiBBS are using the derived system of the Firebird.

Maple BBS 
Maple BBS is one of two main telnet-based Bulletin board systems developed in Taiwan, the other being  Firebird BBS. In Taiwan most BBS adopted Maple or its descendants in preference to Firebird BBS.  Several BBS systems are based on its source code. In Taiwan Maple BBS and its descendants generally gained market share from FireBird BBS.

References

See also
 Chinese input methods for computers

Bulletin board system software
QuickWin. QuickWin was a library from Microsoft that made it possible to compile command line MS-DOS programs as Windows 3.1 applications, displaying their output in a window.

Since the release of Windows NT, Microsoft has included support for console applications in the Windows operating system itself via the Windows Console, eliminating the need for QuickWin. But Intel Visual Fortran still uses that library.

Borland's equivalent in Borland C++ 5 was called EasyWin.

There is a program called QuickWin on CodeProject, which does a similar thing.

See also
Command-line interface

References

Computer libraries
Wiley mill. The Wiley mill is a laboratory-scale machine for grinding materials to a powder, and belongs to the family of cutting mills. These mills prepare materials for analysis with minimal moisture loss. Well-dried samples are preferred. In the grinding mill, the material is loaded cut into crude pieces or lumps and loaded into a hopper.  From the hopper, the material drops by gravity into the path of a set of revolving hard tool steel blades driven by an electric motor.  The revolving knives work against stationary knives and the resulting powder is forced through a steel screen.  The powdered material then drops into a waiting collection vessel underneath.

The Wiley mill is most commonly used in agriculture and soil science laboratories but can be used on a wide variety of materials.  The Wiley mill was originally designed for grinding fertilizer materials, animal hair, hoofs and other materials. The hard, tool steel cutting edges of the knives allow for milling of a wide range of materials, including plastics.

References

Laboratory equipment
Boeing F3B. The Boeing F3B was a biplane fighter and fighter bomber that served with the United States Navy from 1928  into the early 1930s.

Design and development
Designed by the company as its Model 74, the plane was an incremental improvement over the F2B. The Navy-designated prototype XF3B-1 still had the tapered wings of the F2B for instance, but was built as a single-float seaplane using the FB-5 undercarriage. However, the growing use of aircraft carriers took away most of the need for floating fighters, and by the time other test results had been taken into account, the production F3B-1 (Model 77) had a larger upper wing that was slightly swept back and a redesigned tail with surfaces made from corrugated aluminum. It also eliminated the spreader bar arrangement of the undercarriage and revised the vertical tail shape.

Operational history
It first flew on 3 February 1928, turning in a respectable performance and garnering Boeing a contract for 73 more. F3Bs served as fighter-bombers for some four years with the squadrons VF-2B aboard , VB-2B aboard  (later VF-6B), and VB-1B on , during which period some were fitted with Townend rings and others with streamlined wheel fairings. The aircraft remained in first-line service to 1932 and were then retained as "hacks" (command and staff transports) for several more years.

Variants
XF3B-1(Model 74) One prototype serial number A7674
F3B-1(Model 77) Single-seat fighter biplane for the US Navy, 73 aircraft serial numbers A7675-A7691; A7708-A7763

Operators

United States Navy

Specifications (F3B-1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Eden, Paul and Soph Moeng, eds. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2002. .
 Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Naval Fighters. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1977. .
 Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976. .

External links
 Boeing F3B-1s on carrier deck
 

Boeing F3B
F3B
Carrier-based aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Boeing XF6B. The Boeing XF6B-1 / XBFB-1 was Boeing's last biplane design for the United States Navy. Only the one prototype, Model 236, was ever built; although first flying in early 1933, it rammed into a crash barrier in 1936 and the design was not pursued further.

Design and development
Ordered by the U.S. Navy on 30 June 1931, the fighter aircraft was a derivative of the Boeing F4B; it was almost entirely of metal construction, with only the wings still fabric-covered. The aircraft was powered by a 625 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1535-44 Twin Wasp engine.

The intended role of this design turned out to be uncertain. While its rugged construction was capable of withstanding high g-forces, it weighed in at 3,704 pounds (700 pounds more than the F4B), and did not have the maneuverability needed in a fighter aircraft. It was, however, suitable as a fighter-bomber, and in March 1934 the prototype was redesignated XBFB-1 in recognition of its qualities. Even so, various ideas were tried to improve its fighter qualifications, such as an improved engine cowling, streamlining around the landing gear, and even a three-bladed propeller (two-bladed props being standard).

Operational history
Performance of the Boeing XF6B remained unsatisfactory with the U.S. Navy instead opting for the Curtiss F11C Goshawk.

Operators

United States Navy

Specifications

References

Citations

Bibliography

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1965.
 Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Naval Fighters. Fallbrook California: Aero Publishers, 1977, pp. 115–117. .
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989. .
 World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing, 1985.

F6B
1930s United States fighter aircraft
Boeing BFB-01
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Curtiss F6C Hawk. The Curtiss F6C Hawk is a late 1920s American naval biplane fighter aircraft. It was part of the long line of Curtiss Hawk airplanes built by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company for the American military.

Originally designed for land-based use, the Model 34C was virtually identical to the P-1 Hawk in United States Army Air Corps service. The United States Navy ordered nine, but starting with the sixth example, they were  strengthened for carrier-borne operations and redesignated Model 34D. Flown from the carriers  and  from 1927–30, most of the later variants passed to Marine fighter-bomber units, while a few were flown for a time as twin-float floatplanes.

Operators

 VF-9M (US Marines) operated 5 Model 34C, F6C-1 and XF6C-4 from land bases.
 VF-2 (US Navy) operated 4 Model 34D, F6C-2 from 
 VF-5S, later renamed VF-1B (US Navy) along with VF-8M (US Marines) operated 35 Model 34E, F6C-3 from 
 VF-2B (US Navy) operated 31 Model 34H, F6C-4 from Langley

Variants

F6C-1 Model 34C virtually identical to the P-1 series.
F6C-2 Model 34D strengthened for carrierborne operations and fitted with arrester hooks.
F6C-3 Model 34E modified version of the F6C-2.
XF6C-4 Model 34H prototype F6C-1 with a Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp radial engine.
F6C-4 Model 34H production version of the XF6C-4.
XF6C-5 Model 34H prototype F6C-1 with a Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet radial of .
F6C-6 Model 34E  modified for racing, with its radiator located inside the fuselage.
XF6C-6 Model 34E the F6C-6 which had won the 1930 Curtiss Marine Trophy was converted to parasol-wing monoplane configuration and given wing surface radiators; after achieving the fastest lap in the 1930 Thompson Trophy race the XF6C-6 crashed when its pilot was overcome by fumes.
XF6C-7 Model 34H testbed for an experimental  Ranger SGV-770C-1 air-cooled inverted Vee engine.

Specifications (F6C-4)

See also

References

Eden, Paul and Soph Moeng. The complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London:Amber Books, 2002.
Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London:Putnam, Second edition, 1976. .

F06C Hawk
Curtiss F06C
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Curtiss F7C Seahawk. The Curtiss F7C Seahawk was a carrier-capable biplane fighter aircraft of the United States Navy Marine Corps in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

Design and development
Curtiss' Model 43 was their first aircraft designed expressly for the Navy, rather than a modified Army type. While clearly a descendant of the P-1 Hawk, its wings were constant-chord rather than tapered, and the upper wing had a slight sweepback. The engine was a  Pratt & Whitney R-1340-B Wasp radial. Entirely fabric-covered, the top wing was framed with spruce, while the fuselage was built from a combination of aluminum and steel tubing, sufficiently strong to serve as a dive bomber as well as a fighter.

Operational history
The prototype XF7C-1 first flew on 28 February 1927. After some modification demanded by the Navy (such as the wing sweepback), 17 production aircraft F7C-1 Seahawks were built, and entered service in the USMC's VF-5M at Quantico. In 1930 VF-9M organized the Marines' first aerobatic stunt team, "The Red Devils", with F7Cs featuring red painted noses. They continued in service until 1933.

Variants

XF7C-1: Prototype aircraft; one built.
F7C-1 Seahawk: Single-seat fighter aircraft, main production version; 17 built.
XF7C-2: Single F7C-1 conversion for evaluation with the  Wright R-1820-1 radial engine and large-span full-span flaps.
XF7C-3: A demonstration prototype for China with an armament of four  M1919 Browning machine guns, I-type interplane struts, and ailerons on both the upper and lower wings rather than on just the upper wing. The type was superseded by the Model 64, F11C Goshawk.

Operators

United States Marine Corps

Specifications (F7C-1)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Barrow, Jess C. WWII Marine Fighting Squadron Nine (VF-9M) (Modern Aviation Series). Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books Inc., 1981. . 
 Eden, Paul and Soph Moeng, eds. cover The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2002. .
 Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Naval Fighters. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1977, pp. 50–52. .

1920s United States fighter aircraft
F07C Seahawk
Carrier-based aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Open implementation. In computing, open implementation platforms are systems where the implementation is accessible.  Open implementation allows developers of a program to alter pieces of the underlying software to fit their specific needs.  With this technique, it is far easier to write general tools, though it makes the programs themselves more complex to design and use.

There are also open language implementations, which make aspects of the language implementation accessible to application programmers.

Open implementation is not to be confused with open source, which allows users to change implementation source code, rather than using existing application programming interfaces.

See also 

 Aspect-oriented programming as a successor concept in research
 Metaobject protocol for the primary implementation means
 Software architecture for organization of software in general

External links
Links pertaining to open implementation

Free software culture and documents
Hands-free computing. Hands-free computing is any computer configuration where a user can interface without the use of their hands, an otherwise common requirement of human interface devices such as the mouse and keyboard. Hands-free computing is important because it is useful to both able and disabled users. Speech recognition systems can be trained to recognize specific commands and upon confirmation of correctness instructions can be given to systems without the use of hands. This may be useful while driving or to an inspector or engineer in a factory environment. Likewise disabled persons may find hands-free computing important in their everyday lives. Just like visually impaired have found computers useful in their lives.

This can range from using the tongue, lips, mouth, or movement of the head to voice activated interfaces utilizing speech recognition software and a microphone or bluetooth technology.

Examples of available hands-free computing devices include mouth-operated joystick types such as the TetraMouse, the QuadJoy, the Jouse2, the QuadStick, and the IntegraMouse, camera based head tracking systems such as SmartNav, Tracker Pro, FreeTrack, HeadMouse Extreme, HeadMaster, KinesicMouse and Smyle Mouse, and speech recognition specialized for disabilities such as Voice Finger. The joystick types require no physical connections to the user and enhances the user's feeling of independence. Camera types require targets mounted on the user, usually with the help of a caregiver, that are sensed by the camera and associated software. Camera types are sensitive to ambient lighting and the mouse pointer may drift and inaccuracies result from head movements not intended to be mouse movements. Other examples of hands-free mice are units that are operated using switches that may be operated by the feet (or other parts of the body), such as the NoHands Mouse and the switch-adapted TetraMouse. Speech recognition specialized for disabilities and hands-free computing focus more on low-level control of the keyboard and mouse than on usual areas like dictation.

References

See also
 Amazon Alexa
 Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
 Footmouse
 Eye tracking
 Speech recognition
 Touchless user interface
 Tetraplegia

Assistive technology
User interface techniques
EN 14214. EN 14214 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization that describes the requirements and test methods for FAME - the most common type of biodiesel.

The technical definition of biodiesel is a fuel suitable for use in compression ignition (diesel) engines that is made of fatty acid monoalkyl esters derived from biologically produced oils or fats including vegetable oils, animal fats and microalgal oils. When biodiesel is produced from these types of oil using methanol fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are produced. Biodiesel fuels can also be produced using other alcohols, for example using ethanol to produce fatty acid ethyl esters, however these types of biodiesel are not covered by EN 14214 which applies only to methyl esters i.e. biodiesel produced using methanol.

This European Standard exists in three official versions - English, French, German. The current version of the standard was published in November 2008 and supersedes EN 14214:2003.

Differences exist between the national versions of the EN 14214 standard. These differences relate to cold weather requirements and are detailed in the national annex of each standard.

It is broadly based on the earlier German standard DIN 51606. The ASTM and EN standards both recommend very similar methods for the GC based analyses.

Blends are designated as "B" followed by a number indicating the percentage biodiesel. For example: B100 is pure biodiesel.  B99 is 99% biodiesel, 1% petrodiesel.  B20 is 20% biodiesel and 80% fossil diesel.

Specifications

See also 
 ASTM D6751 — the standard used in USA and Canada
 EN
 EN 590
 List of EN standards

References

External links 
 CEN homepage 
 Country specific CFPP requirements according to national annexes of EN 14214
 
14214
Biodiesel