omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cessna 414. The Cessna 414 is an American light, pressurized, twin-engine transport aircraft built by Cessna. It first flew in 1968 and an improved variant was introduced from 1978 as the 414A Chancellor.

Design and development
The pressurized 414 was developed to appeal to owners of unpressurized, twin-engined aircraft, and was based on the fuselage of the Cessna 421 and used the wing design of the Cessna 401. The 414 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit and a retractable tricycle landing gear. It is powered by two wing-mounted 310 hp (231 kW) Continental TSIO-520-J horizontally opposed, six-cylinder engines. The prototype, registered N7170C, first flew on 1 November 1968, and production aircraft were available in a number of optional seating arrangements and avionics packages. The name Chancellor was used for models marketed from 1976.  An improved variant the Cessna 414A Chancellor was introduced in 1978 with the major change being a redesigned and increased-span wing with integral fuel tanks and an extended nose to give more baggage space.

Modifications
Many supplemental type certificates exist for the aircraft that allow upgrades to improve performance. Common are engine and aerodynamic modifications, including winglets.

In 1974, American Jet Industries built a turboprop-powered conversion of the Cessna 414, named the Turbo Star Pressurized 414, using Allison 250-B17B engines. Scenic Airlines of Las Vegas purchased the rights to the design in 1977.

Thielert has offered engine conversions using their Centurion Engines. This involves the installation of FADEC-controlled aviation diesel piston engines that run on commonly available jet fuel. Thielert claims increased power and improved fuel economy over other available conventional piston engines.

Variants

414
Initial production variant, 516 built
414A Chancellor
Improved 414 with narrower vertical tail, longer span bonded wet wing without tip tanks, a lengthened nose, redesigned landing gear, and powered by two 310 hp (231kW) TSIO-520-N engines, 554 built.
Riley Rocket 414
Conversion of Cessna 414 aircraft by fitting two 400 hp Lycoming IO-720 engines

Operators

Military operators

Accidents and incidents
The American Christian singer Keith Green and 11 other people were killed on July 28, 1982, in a Cessna 414 shortly after takeoff at the private Garden Valley Airport, near Garden Valley, Texas. The NTSB report indicates that the probable cause of the crash was a combination of the aircraft being overloaded (the occupants were four adults and eight children, while the aircraft has only seven seats) and pilot's failure to calculate weight and balance relative to the aircraft's design parameters.

Specifications (414A Chancellor)

References

Further reading

External links

Cessna 421 & 414 photo

414
1960s United States business aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1968
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
WinComm. WinComm was a terminal emulator program for Windows that was offered by Delrina in the mid-1990s.

Seeing a growing business in online communications utilities, Delrina launched WinComm PRO. It was used primarily to connect to Bulletin Board Systems of the time, prior to the advent of the Internet. By double-clicking on an icon, the program would automatically connect to any of a number pre-defined online services, such as Delphi, Compuserve or GEnie, or to any other local BBS a user may have had defined.

Delrina tried to expand aggressively into this market space, first by acquiring the Canadian online bulletin board service CRS Online, and then using it as a distribution channel for free versions of its WinComm LITE and DOS-based FreeComm products in March 1995. The WinComm PRO product culminated in version 7.0, which was bundled with the CommSuite 95 software package, which also included versions of WinFax, Cyberjack, and TalkWorks.

WinComm was a relative latecomer to the market, which was dominated at the time by Datastorm's Procomm series of products.

References

External links
Review of WinComm PRO 7.0, accessed November 6, 2005

Communication software
Terminal emulators
Windows-only proprietary software
Delrina software
Cessna Citation family. The Cessna Citation is a family of business jets manufactured by Cessna that entered service in 1972. In the fifty years following the type's first flight in 1969, more than 7,500 Citations were delivered, forming the largest business jet fleet in the world. Deliveries reached 8,000 by 2022, while logging over 41 million flight hours.

The line started with the small Citation I prototype flying on September 15, 1969, and produced until 1985, developed into the 1978-2006 Citation II/Bravo, the 1989-2011 Citation V/Ultra/Encore and the CitationJet since 1993.
The standup Citation III/VI/VII was delivered from 1983 to 2000; its fuselage was reused in the Citation X/X+ delivered from 1996 to 2018, the Sovereign from 2004 to 2021 and the Excel since 1998.
The Mustang was a Very Light Jet delivered from 2006 to 2017 while the flat floor fuselage Latitude has been delivered since 2015 and the larger Longitude from 2019.

The aircraft are named after Citation, a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the American Triple Crown.

Lineage

Models

Citation I

Citation II/Bravo

Citation III/IV/VI/VII

Citation V/Ultra/Encore

CitationJet

CitationJet (trainer)

The Model 526 CitationJet was a twin-engine, two-seat tandem military trainer developed from the Model 525 as a candidate for the Joint Primary Aircraft Training System competition (JPATS). The two models share 75% of their parts, including wing, engines, landing gear, and other systems. First flown in December 1993, the 526 did not succeed at the JPATS contest, and only two examples were built in total.

Citation X/X+

Excel/XLS/XLS+

Sovereign

Mustang

Columbus

Latitude

Longitude

Hemisphere

Current models

See also

References

Notes

External links

Cessna Citation home page
 

 

United States civil aircraft
United States business aircraft
Twinjets
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1969
Childrenite. Childrenite is a rare hydrated phosphate mineral with elements iron, manganese, aluminium, phosphorus, oxygen and hydrogen. Its chemical formula is  and it has a molecular weight of 229.83 g/mol. Its specific gravity is 3.2 and it has a Mohs hardness of 4.5 to 5. It is usually translucent and non-fluorescent, with imperfect cleavage. It has a vitreous lustre with a white streak, and is brown or yellow in color. It has a conchoidal, uneven fracture, and an orthorhombic crystal system.

History and formation 
Childrenite was discovered in 1823 by John George Children (1777–1852), who was a prominent English chemist and mineralogist. This secondary mineral was first found in the George and Charlotte Mine near Tavistock in Devon. Its formation is probably from the alteration of granitic phosphates like  lithiophilite and triphylite. Childrenite is also found in some ore veins.

Relationship to other species 
Childrenite forms a solid solution series with eosphorite. The chemical composition of eosphorite only differs by being rich in manganese and not in iron. The structures are the same, and differences in properties can be traced to the iron/manganese percentage. Of the two, childrenite is denser. Furthermore, eosphorite is normally pink in color, which can be attributed to manganese.

References 

 Mineral Galleries
 Athena Minerals
 University of Delaware

Manganese(II) minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Aluminium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 41
CADR. CADR may refer to:

 CAR and CDR, a programming language construct used in Common Lisp or Scheme
 CADR, the name of a computing system developed at M.I.T.; see Lisp machine
 Clean Air Delivery Rate, a rating system developed for portable room air cleaners
 Continuous Adiabatic Demagnetisation Refrigeration, a multi-stage magnetic refrigeration system
 Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution, an institution that provides training and accreditation
Dassault Falcon 10. The Dassault Mystère/Falcon 10 is an early corporate jet aircraft developed by French aircraft manufacturer Dassault Aviation. Despite its numbering sequence it was actually developed after the Falcon 20, and although it is sometimes considered as a scaled-down version of that aircraft, it was totally redesigned with a non-circular fuselage, a new wing with slotted flaps, a split passenger door and many simplified circuits compared to the Falcon 20.

Production began in 1971 and ceased in 1989, but it remains a popular business jet on the second hand market.

By 2018, Falcon 10s from the 1970s were priced at $300,000 to $600,000.

Variants
Minifalcon  This was the original name of the Dassault Falcon 10.
  Executive transport aircraft.
Falcon 10MER  Seven aircraft used by the French Navy as instrument trainers, VIP transports, and communications and liaison aircraft. MER stood for ‘Marine Entraînement Radar – Navy Radar Training’.
Falcon 100 Designed to replace the Falcon 10, the Series 100 had an increased takeoff weight, larger luggage compartment, and glass cockpit.

Operators

Civil operators

 Air Nunavut

 Government of Croatia – Former operator.

Military operators

 French Navy - received seven Falcon 10 MER aircraft, of which six remain operational with Escadrille 57S as instrument trainers, VIP transports and liaison aircraft as of December 2020.

Specifications

See also

References

 Details on Airliners.net

External links

Falcon 0010
1970s French business aircraft
1970s French military transport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Twinjets
Cruciform tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1970
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
HRL. HRL may refer to:
 HRL (software), an artificial intelligence program named for mathematicians Hardy, Ramanujan and Lakatos
 HRL, a Rockwell scale of materials' hardness
 HRL Laboratories, formerly Hughes Research Laboratories, in Malibu, California, United States
 Harlech railway station, in Wales
 Hilandar Research Library of medieval Slavic manuscripts, at Ohio State University, United States
 IBM Haifa Research Laboratory, in Haifa, Israel
 Valley International Airport (IATA airport code), serving Harlingen, Texas, United States
Ostwald–Freundlich equation. The Ostwald–Freundlich equation governs boundaries between two phases; specifically, it relates the surface tension of the boundary to its curvature, the ambient temperature, and the vapor pressure or chemical potential in the two phases.

The Ostwald–Freundlich equation for a droplet or particle with radius  is:

  = atomic volume
  = Boltzmann constant
  = surface tension (J  m−2)
  = equilibrium partial pressure (or chemical potential or concentration)
  = partial pressure (or chemical potential or concentration)
  = absolute temperature

One consequence of this relation is that small liquid droplets (i.e., particles with a high surface curvature) exhibit a higher effective vapor pressure, since the surface is larger in comparison to the volume.

Another notable example of this relation is Ostwald ripening, in which surface tension causes small precipitates to dissolve and larger ones to grow.  Ostwald ripening is thought to occur in the formation of orthoclase megacrysts in granites as a consequence of subsolidus growth. See rock microstructure for more.

History

In 1871, Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) obtained the following relation governing a liquid-vapor interface:

where:
  = vapor pressure at a curved interface of radius 
  = vapor pressure at flat interface () = 
  = surface tension
  = density of vapor
  = density of liquid
 ,  = radii of curvature along the principal sections of the curved interface.

In his dissertation of 1885, Robert von Helmholtz (son of the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz) derived the Ostwald–Freundlich equation and showed that Kelvin's equation could be transformed into the Ostwald–Freundlich equation.  The German physical chemist Wilhelm Ostwald derived the equation apparently independently in 1900; however, his derivation contained a minor error which the German chemist Herbert Freundlich corrected in 1909.

Derivation from Kelvin's equation 

According to Lord Kelvin's equation of 1871,

If the particle is assumed to be spherical, then ; hence,

Note: Kelvin defined the surface tension  as the work that was performed per unit area by the interface rather than on the interface; hence his term containing  has a minus sign.  In what follows, the surface tension will be defined so that the term containing  has a plus sign.

Since , then ; hence,

Assuming that the vapor obeys the ideal gas law, then

where:
 = mass of a volume  of vapor
 = molecular weight of vapor 
 = number of moles of vapor in volume  of vapor
 = Avogadro constant
 = ideal gas constant = 

Since  is the mass of one molecule of vapor or liquid, then

 volume of one molecule  .

Hence
 where  .

Thus

Since

then

Since  , then  . If , then . Hence

Therefore

which is the Ostwald–Freundlich equation.

See also
Köhler theory
Kelvin equation

References

Thermodynamic equations
Petrology
Surface science
Soil inference system. Inference is a process of deriving logical conclusion from the basis of empirical evidence and prior knowledge rather than on the basis of direct observation. Soil inference system (SINFERS) is the term proposed by McBratney et al. (2002) as a knowledge base to infer soil properties and populate the digital soil databases. SINFERS takes measurements with a given level of certainty and infers data that is not known with minimal uncertainties by means of logically linked predictive functions. These predictive functions, in a non-spatial context are referred to as pedotransfer functions. The basic assumption underlying SINFERS is that if one knows or is able to predict the basic fundamental properties of a soil, one should be able to infer all other physical and chemical properties using PTFs. Pedotransfer functions relate basic soil properties to other more difficult or expensive to measure soil properties by means of regression and various data mining tools. 
Crucial to the operation of SINFERS are reliable inputs, the ability to link basic soil information, and the quantification of uncertainty.

Current status
During 2007–2009, Grant Tranter of the University of Sydney, Australia in collaboration with Jason Morris of Morris Technical Solutions, US, completed a working prototype of SINFERS.  This implementation of the SINFERS concept uses Jess to pattern match object representations of subsets of soil properties in working memory to the argument list of known pedotransfer functions.  The SINFERS' knowledge base knows which PTF rules to apply and how to choose the most certain computed values.  SINFERS computes new properties not only from an original input set, but also from all newly inferred properties.  Some of the design aspects of this application were presented at the October Rules Fest 2009.  See October Rules Fest 2009.

In November 2009, the formal work on the project was suspended for more than two years. However, as of March 2012, the research has been resumed by Jason Morris, now at the University of Sydney. As of January 2013, the latest progress has been presented in Sydney (April 2012), and the general concepts were discussed in Italy (July 2012) and also in Tasmania (December 2012).

Current project scope includes deployment as an interactive web application and exposure as a web service. Public release is scheduled for late 2013.

See also
Digital soil mapping
Pedometrics
Pedotransfer function

References

Pedology
Leslie Clifford Bateman. Tan Sri Leslie Clifford Bateman (12 March 1915 – 26 October 2005) was the last non-citizen of Malaysia to be appointed to any establishment connected to the government of Malaysia, as the Controller of Rubber Research in 1962. Bateman was a strong proponent of grading rubber, and pushed for the introduction of the process into the Malaysian rubber industry as the Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) scheme. He believed this was the only way natural rubber could survive against the synthetic rubber products introduced during World War II.

Bateman received his early education from Bishopshalt School, Uxbridge, and went on to the University College London, where he received a First class Honours degree in chemistry in 1935. He went on to earn a PhD and win the Ramsay Memorial Prize for best student of the year. During his life, Bateman wrote a total of 70 papers on natural rubber, mostly dealing with oxidation and sulphuration reactions.

During World War II Bateman devised rubber hoses that could handle petroleum, and later joined the British Rubber Producers Research Association as a physical chemist. He became the association's director of research in 1954. In 1962, he was appointed as the Controller of Rubber Research and the chairman of the Malayan Rubber Fund Board. Batesman left these postings in 1974 and became the secretary-general of the International Rubber Study Group in 1975. In Mar 1968 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society

He retired in 1983, and suffered a stroke in 2002. He died on 26 October 2005, and was eulogised in an obituary placed in the New Straits Times by the director-general and staff of the Malaysian Rubber Board.

References

 Manavalan, Theresa (6 November 2005). "Bateman bet on rubber and won". New Sunday Times, p. F5.

1915 births
2005 deaths
Malaysian civil servants
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of University College London
British expatriates in Malaysia
Rubber industry in Malaysia
20th-century British chemists
Sandin Image Processor. The Sandin Image Processor is a video synthesizer, usually introduced as  invented by Dan Sandin and designed between 1971 and 1974. Some called it the "video equivalent of a Moog audio synthesizer." It accepted basic video signals and mixed and modified them in a fashion similar to what a Moog synthesizer did with audio. An analog, Modular Synthesizer, real time, video processing instrument, it provided video processing performance and produced subtle and delicate video effects of a complexity not seen again until well into the digital video revolution.

Its real time nature led to its use in live theater performance, including "Electronic Visualization Events" where it was seen processing the output of Tom DeFanti's Graphics Symbiosis System. The Sandin Image Processor fostered many imaginative videotapes seen, for example at early SIGGRAPH conferences. Sandin's instrument, and his personally delivered instruction in video, trained many of the people who were later to engineer the digital video revolution.

Physically, an Image Processor system would be built out of modules.  Several types of modules were defined and typically would be an aluminum box containing a circuit board inside, video connectors and knobs on front of box and power connector on back of box. The modules would be organized in rows. Individual systems could vary in size and increase in power with the addition of more modules. Typical modules would be signal sources, combiners and modifiers, effects modules, sync, color encoder, color decoder, and NTSC video interface.

Sandin was an advocate of education and a "copy it right distribution religion". Accordingly, he placed the circuit board layouts with a commercial circuit board company where anyone could buy them for ordinary manufacturing costs and freely published schematics and other documentation. A following of video artists, students, and others interested in video electronics would assemble these modules kit style and try to build up their synthesizers. From time to time Sandin and staff would hold fix-it parties where modules that failed to come up for non-electronics oriented artists would be repaired by the senior staff. This distribution method was unique in the proprietary and competitive industrial field of advanced electronics.

Other analog video instruments from the same era include the Paik-Abe video synthesizer, the Rutt/Etra Video Synthesizer (by Steve Rutt and Bill Etra), and the work of Steina and Woody Vasulka with Jeff Schier and Diana Dosch.

Module types
Oscillator
Camera Input
Adder Multiplier
Comparator
Differentiator ( Edge Emphasizer )
Amplitude Classifier
Function Generator
Color Encoder

References

The Sandin Analog Image Processor at Dan Sandin's UIC website
Computer Lib/Dream Machines, a  book by Ted Nelson
Description of Sandin IP modules

Video
Screen pop. Screen pop is a call centre term that refers to the feature of a computer telephony integration (CTI) which automatically displays customer information via a window or dialog box on an agent's computer upon answering a customer's call.

For inbound calls, the data displayed typically contains call information such as:

 Caller ID (CID)  
 Automatic number identification (ANI)
 Dialed Number Identification Service (DNIS)
 Information entered from an Interactive voice response (IVR) system.
 Extended information derived from one of the above. For example, the CTI system looking up in a database an order the caller just entered in an IVR, and displaying that order's information to the agent.

For outbound calls, the data displayed typically contains information that was sent to the outbound dialer as part of the customer call record.

See also
 Computer telephony integration

References

Telephone service enhanced features