omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CRISA. Computadores, Redes e Ingeniería, S.A. (CRISA) is a Spanish company founded in 1985 to develop and manufacture electronics and software products for aerospace applications.

In 2000, CRISA became part of the Airbus group.

CRISA is based north of Madrid and, in January 2004, had employed around 240 people.

External links
 CRISA website

Manufacturing companies of Spain
Companies based in the Community of Madrid
USS Augusta. Six vessels of the United States Navy have been named Augusta. The first two, as well as the fourth, were named after the city of Augusta, Georgia, while the fifth and sixth after Augusta, Maine. The third, (SP-946) has not yet been determined which city she was named for.

 , was a 14-gun brig in use from 1799 to 1801.
 , was built in 1853, purchased by the Navy in 1861 and sold in 1868.
 , was a wooden-hulled steam yacht, acquired by the Navy in 1917 and returned to her original owner in 1918.
 , was in service from 1931 to 1946.
 , was a Los Angeles-class nuclear attack submarine, commissioned in 1985 and decommissioned in 2008.
 , an Independence-class littoral combat ship, commissioned in 2023 and currently in active service.

Sources

United States Navy ship names
Gwyn Prosser. Gwynfor Matthews Prosser (born 27 April 1943) is a British politician and engineer who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Dover from 1997 to 2010. A member of the Labour Party, he worked as a marine engineer and served on Dover District Council and Kent County Council prior to his election to Parliament.

Early life and career
Gwynfor Matthews Prosser was born on 27 April 1943 in Swansea, Wales. He was educated at Dunvant Secondary Modern School and gained a  National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering from Swansea Technical College.

Prosser began his marine engineering career in 1960, as a Merchant Navy cadet engineer, and was later employed at BP and Blue Funnel Line. He became as a senior engineer in the 1970s, working for BR Shipping, John Kincaid of Greenock, Aramco in Saudi Arabia, and Anscar. Prosser was chief engineer for Sealink Ferries in Dover from 1979 to 1992. 

During his engineering career, he served on the executive of the National Union of Marine, Aviation and Shipping Transport Officers. Between the 1992 and 1997 general elections, he was a social survey interviewer for the civil service.

Political career
Elected to Dover District Council in 1987 and Kent County Council in 1989, he served as a committee chair on both during his tenure in the roles.

Prosser was elected as Member of Parliament for the Dover constituency at the 1997 general election, defeating incumbent Conservative David Shaw. He had unsuccessfully contested the seat at the 1992 general election, but substantially reduced Shaw's majority to less than 900 votes. 

Re-elected in 2001 and 2005, Prosser was a member of the Home Affairs Select Committee from 2001 to 2010. He was defeated by Conservative Charlie Elphicke at the 2010 general election, and subsequently retired from politics.

Personal life
Prosser married his wife in 1972, with whom he had two daughters and one son.

References

External links 
 Gwyn Prosser MP official site
 
 TheyWorkForYou.com - Gwyn Prosser MP

1943 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Politicians from Swansea
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Councillors in Kent
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dover
Cubical atom. The cubical atom was an early atomic model in which electrons were positioned at the eight corners of a cube in a non-polar atom or molecule.  This theory was developed in 1902 by Gilbert N. Lewis and published in 1916 in the article "The Atom and the Molecule" and used to account for the phenomenon of valency.  
Lewis' theory was based on Abegg's rule. It was further developed in 1919 by Irving Langmuir as the cubical octet atom. The figure below shows structural representations for elements of the second row of the periodic table.

Although the cubical model of the atom was soon abandoned in favor of the quantum mechanical model based on the Schrödinger equation, and is therefore now principally of historical interest, it represented an important step towards the understanding of the chemical bond. The 1916 article by Lewis also introduced the concept of the electron pair in the covalent bond, the octet rule, and the now-called Lewis structure.

Bonding in the cubical atom model

Single covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share an edge, as in structure C below. This results in the sharing of two electrons. Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of an electron from one cube to another without sharing an edge (structure A). An intermediate state where only one corner is shared (structure B) was also postulated by Lewis.

Double bonds are formed by sharing a face between two cubic atoms. This results in sharing four electrons:

Triple bonds could not be accounted for by the cubical atom model, because there is no way of having two cubes share three parallel edges. Lewis suggested that the electron pairs in atomic bonds have a special attraction, which result in a tetrahedral structure, as in the figure below (the new location of the electrons is represented by the dotted circles in the middle of the thick edges). This allows the formation of a single bond by sharing a corner, a double bond by sharing an edge, and a triple bond by sharing a face. It also accounts for the free rotation around single bonds and for the tetrahedral geometry of methane.

See also
History of the molecule

References

Obsolete theories in physics
Atoms
Chemical bonding
HH. HH may refer to:

Organizations
 HH Electronics, a British amplifier manufacturer
 Happy Hippie Foundation, a non-profit organization founded by Miley Cyrus
 Hartmann House Preparatory School, an independent preparatory school in Harare, Zimbabwe
 Heirs Holdings, a Nigerian conglomerate with diversified interests
 Helly Hansen, a Norwegian brand specializing in clothing and gear for oceans and mountains
 Heywood Hill, a bookshop in London

Science and technology
 Hh, a signalling molecule in Drosophila named for the Hedgehog signaling pathway
 hh blood group, a rare blood type
 Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, in biology and chemistry
 Herbig–Haro object, in astronomy
 Hitchhiker Program, a NASA program established in 1984
 Hodgkin–Huxley model, an electrical model of neurons
 Microsoft Compiled HTML Help (hh.exe)
 Hereditary haemochromatosis

Transportation
 HH (Court Street Shuttle), on the New York City Subway 1936–1946
 HH (Rockaway Shuttle), on the New York City Subway 1962–1972
 HH Ferry route between Helsingborg, Sweden, and Helsingør, Denmark
 HH Tunnel a proposed series of tunnels between Helsingborg and Helsingør

Other uses
 hh (digraph), in several languages
 HH, a brassiere cup size
 hh, an abbreviation for "hands high" when referring to the height of a horse
 HH, short for Hand-Held, a term in film production among camera staff
 HH, the production code for the 1967 Doctor Who serial The Moonbase
 Habbo, online community formerly known as Habbo Hotel
 Hakainde Hichilema, Zambian politician
 Hamburg, Germany (ISO 3166-2 code DE-HH) and HH ("Hansestadt Hamburg"), vehicle licence plate prefix
 Happy Hour, a period of time (not necessarily one hour) when bars and restaurants offer discounts on food and/or drinks
 Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, an island off the coast of South Carolina 
 Heath Hitler, White supremacist
 Heil Hitler, a chant prevalent in Nazi Germany and neo-Nazi groups
 His Highness, or Her Highness, a formal address
 His Holiness, or Her Holiness, a formal address
 Horrible Histories, media franchise
 Hulk Hogan, American professional wrestler
 Herbert Huncke, American writer
 HH, the name for the former mascot of the electronics/appliances store H. H. Gregg
1605 in science. The year 1605 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Exploration
 Habitation at Port-Royal established by France under Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons, the first European colonization of Nova Scotia in North America (at this time part of Acadia); the Gregorian calendar is adopted.

Chemistry
 First recorded use of the word Chemistry ("Chymistrie") in English, in Thomas Tymme's The Practice of Chymicall and Hermeticall Physicke, translated from Joseph Duchesne.
 The phenomenon of mechanoluminescence is first discovered by Sir Francis Bacon from scratching sugar with a knife.
 Michal Sedziwój publishes the alchemical treatise A New Light of Alchemy which proposes the existence of the "food of life" within air, much later recognized as oxygen.
 Chartreuse (liqueur) is first recorded in an alchemical manuscript; it will be made by Carthusian monks, named for the great charterhouse (la grande Chartreuse).

Births
 October 19 – Thomas Browne, English physician and encyclopedist (died 1682)
 Martin van den Hove, Dutch astronomer (died 1639)
 approx. date – Semyon Dezhnyov, Pomor navigator (died 1672)

Deaths
 May 4 – Ulisse Aldrovandi, Bolognese naturalist (born 1522)
 December 29 – John Davis, English explorer (born 1550)
 Roger Marbeck, English royal physician (born 1536)

References

 
17th century in science
1600s in science
Transience. Transience or transient may refer to:

Music
 Transient (album), a 2004 album by Gaelle
 Transience (Steven Wilson album), 2015
 Transience (Wreckless Eric album)

Science and engineering
 Transient state, when a process variable or variables have been changed and the system has not yet reached a steady state.
 Transient modelling, a way of looking at a process with the primary criterion of time, observing the pattern of changes in the subject being studied over time.
 Transient response, the response of a system to a change from an equilibrium or a steady state.
 Transient (acoustics), a high-amplitude, short-duration sound at the beginning of a waveform
 Transient (astronomy), an astronomical object or phenomenon of short duration 
 Transient (civil engineering), any pressure wave that is short lived
 Transient (computer programming), a property of any element in the system that is temporary
 Transient (oscillation), a short-lived burst of energy caused by a sudden change of state
 Transient climate simulation, a mode of running a global climate model (GCM) so that the climate of the model represents a realistic mode of possible change in the real world.

Other uses
 "Transience" (short story), by Arthur C. Clarke
 TRANSIENT, a US secret program to intercept Soviet satellite transmissions
 Transient, a 2005 short film by Australian director Craig Boreham
 Transients, a term for some homeless people
 "Transients", title short story in the 1993 collection Transients and Other Disquieting Stories by Darrell Schweitzer

See also
 Impermanence, an essential doctrine of Buddhism
 Mono no aware, a feeling of transience in Japanese culture
 Temporality, the linear progression of past, present, and future
1816 in science. The year 1816 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Botany
 Botanic Gardens, Sydney, established in Australia.

Chemistry
 Veuve Clicquot invents the riddling table process to clarify champagne.

Mathematics
 John Farey notes the Farey sequence.

Medicine
 René Laennec invents the stethoscope.
 Caleb Parry publishes An Experimental Inquiry into the Nature, Cause and Varieties of the Arterial Pulse, describing the mechanisms for the pulse.

Mineralogy
 Johann Fischer von Waldheim publishes Essai sur la Turquoise et sur la Calaite in Moscow, the first scientific treatise on the mineral turquoise.

Physics
 Sir David Brewster (1781–1868) discovers stress birefringence.

Technology
 January 9 – Sir Humphry Davy's Davy lamp is first tested underground as a coal mining safety lamp at Hebburn Colliery in north east England.
 The Spider Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill, a temporary iron-wire footbridge erected across the Schuylkill River, north of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is the first wire-cable suspension bridge in history.
 Johann Nepomuk Maelzel begins production of the metronome with a scale.
 Rev. Robert Stirling obtains a patent in the United Kingdom for the Stirling hot air engine.
 English inventor Francis Ronalds demonstrates the practicability of the electric telegraph but it is rejected as "wholly unnecessary" at this time.
 approx. date – Simeon North in New England produces a practicable milling machine for working metal.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Not awarded

Births
 January 2 – Anastasie Fătu, Moldavian and Romanian physician and naturalist (died 1886)
 July 7 – Rudolf Wolf, Swiss astronomer (died 1893)
 July 20 – Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet, English ophthalmologist, histologist and anatomist (died 1892)
 December 13 – Werner Siemens, German electrical engineer (died 1892)

Deaths
 January 2 – Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, French chemist (born 1737)
 April 7 – Christian Konrad Sprengel, German botanist (born 1750)
 September 18 – Bernard McMahon, Irish American horticulturalist (born c. 1775)
 September 28 – Edward Howard, English chemist (born 1774)
 December 15 – Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope, English engineer (born 1753)

References

 
19th century in science
1810s in science
List of human spaceflights, 2001–2010. This is a detailed list of human spaceflights from 2001 to 2010, including the first full era of the International Space Station, first Shenzhou flights and first commercial space flights.

Red indicates fatalities.
Green indicates a suborbital flight.

See also

List of human spaceflight programs
List of human spaceflights
List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970
List of human spaceflights, 1971–1980
List of human spaceflights, 1981–1990
List of human spaceflights, 1991–2000
List of human spaceflights, 2011–2020
List of human spaceflights, 2021–present

References
Vostok and Voskhod flight history
Mercury flight history
X-15 flight history (altitudes given in feet)
Gemini flight history
Apollo flight history (student resource)
Skylab flight history
Apollo-Soyuz flight history
Space Shuttle flight history infographic
Shenzhou flight history timeline
SpaceShipOne flight history

2001-2010
2000
Spaceflight timelines
2000s-related lists
RW. RW or rw may refer to:

In arts and entertainment
 The Real World (TV series), an American reality television show
 Road Wild, a World Championship Wrestling pay-per-view event
 Robbie Williams, a British pop star
 Robin Williams, an American actor
 Roger Waters, British musician
 Robot Wars (disambiguation)

In mathematics, science and technology

In computing
 Read–write access to files or directories, in file system permissions
 Read–write memory
 Rewritable media
 RenderWare, a 3-D rendering engine produced by Criterion Software

Other uses in mathematics, science, and technology
 Random walk, a mathematical process that can be used to explain phenomena in several disciplines
 Reaction wheel, a type of flywheel used primarily by spacecraft for attitude control
 Robertson–Walker metric, in cosmology
 Robin Wight, botanist, noted as R.W.
 RW is the designation for the 15th variable star named in a constellation:
 RW Cephei, an orange hypergiant located in the constellation Cepheus
 RW Cygni, a red supergiant located in the constellation Cygnus
 RW Leonis Minoris, a carbon star located in the constellation Leo Minor
 RW Ursae Minoris, a recurrent nova located in the constellation Ursa Minor
 A right of way may be referred to in civil engineering and drafting contexts as R/W or RW

Other uses
 Racewalking
 Real world, another term for reality in several contexts
 For other uses of "real world" see Real world (disambiguation)
 Respondent witness, in law
 Right-wing, one of the winger positions in sport
 Right-wing politics
 Rosewood, a type of wood used for guitar fingerboards
 Rukun warga, an administrative division of Indonesia
 Rwanda (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code)
 .rw, country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Rwanda
 Kinyarwanda, a language in Rwanda (ISO 639 alpha-2 code)
 Republic Airlines (IATA airline designator)
 Royal Wings, a Jordanian airline
 Remote work
PQ. PQ may refer to:

Places 
 Province of Quebec, the largest province of Canada by area
 Rancho Peñasquitos, San Diego, informally

Politics and law 
 Parti Québécois, a provincial political party in Quebec, Canada
 Parliamentary question, a question posed during Question time in a Westminster system legislature
 Previous question, a motion in Robert's Rules of Order to close debate

Computing and electronics
 Perceptual Quantizer, a transfer function for video display
 Picture quality; see video quality
 Power quality, the set of limits of electrical properties
Priority queue, an abstract data structure

Software
 PowerQuest, a producer of computer HDD software tools for the DOS/Windows platform
 Priority queuing, a data packet scheduling technique
 libpq, a C library for the PostgreSQL database

Videogames
 Police Quest, a video game series
 Police Quest: In Pursuit of the Death Angel (1987 video game), first game in the series
 PQ: Practical Intelligence Quotient (2005 video game), first game in the series
 Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth, a 2014 video game

Science, technology, and mathematics

Psychology
 Play Quotient, a theory in child development developed by Stevanne Auerbach
 Precision questioning, an intellectual toolkit for critical thinking and for problem solving

Chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology
 Performance qualification, in pharmaceutics, part of verification and validation
 Plastoquinone, a molecule involved in photosynthesis

Other uses 
 PQ International, a polo magazine
 PQ, outbound Arctic convoys of World War II

See also
 PQ1 (disambiguation)
 PQ2 (disambiguation)
 PQ3 (disambiguation)
HMAS Betano. HMAS Betano (L 133) was a  heavy landing craft operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

The eight-vessel Balikpapan class was ordered as a locally manufactured replacement for the Australian Army's LSM-1-class landing ship medium and ALC 50 landing craft. They are  long, with a beam of , and a draught of . The landing craft have a standard displacement of 316 tons, with a full load displacement of 503 tons.  They are propelled by two G.M. Detroit 6-71 diesel motors, providing 675 brake horsepower to the two propeller shafts, allowing the vessels to reach . The standard ship's company is 13-strong. The Balikpapans are equipped with a Decca RM 916 navigational radar, and fitted with two  machine guns for self-defence.

The LCHs have a maximum payload of 180 tons; equivalent to 3 Leopard 1 tanks, 13 M113 armoured personnel carriers, 23 quarter-tonne trucks, or four LARC-V amphibious cargo vehicles. As a troop transport, a Balikpapan-class vessel can transport up to 400 soldiers between a larger amphibious ship and the shore, or embark 60 soldiers in six-berth caravans for longer voyages. The vessel's payload affects the range: at 175 tons of cargo, each vessel has a range of , which increases to  with a 150-ton payload, and  when unladen. The flat, box-like keel causes the ships to roll considerably in other-than-calm conditions, limiting their ability to make long voyages.

Betano was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough, Queensland on 3 October 1972, launched on 12 December 1972, and commissioned into the RAN on 8 February 1974.

Operational history
In April 1974, Betano, Buna, and Brunei transited to Lord Howe Island as a demonstration of the Balikpanan class' oceangoing capabilities.

Following the destruction of Darwin by Cyclone Tracy during the night of 24–25 December 1974, Betano was deployed as part of the relief effort; Operation Navy Help Darwin. Betano sailed from Brisbane on 26 December.

From 1985 to 1988, Betano and Brunei were assigned to the Australian Hydrographic Officer and operated as survey ships in the waters of northern Australia and Papua New Guinea.

The ship was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian-led INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce from 19 January to 19 February 2000. Her service earned her the battle honour "East Timor 2000".

Decommissioning and fate
Betano was decommissioned at Darwin on 12 December 2012. The Philippine Navy has shown interest in acquiring the ship after the Australian government donated two sister ships,  and  in 2015. It was later confirmed that the Philippine Navy will acquire three more LCHs from Australia, including ex-HMAS Betano, at a token price.

References

Sources
Books

Journal articles

Balikpapan-class landing craft heavy
1972 ships
HMAS Bowen. HMAS Bowen (J285/M285), named for the town of Bowen, Queensland, was a  of the Royal Australian Navy.

Design and construction

In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of  The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a  top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype  did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including Bowen) ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.

Bowen was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough, Queensland on 9 February 1942, launched on 11 June 1942 by Mrs. Crittal and commissioned on 9 November 1942.

Operational history
The corvette operated in the South West Pacific area during World War II, and earned the battle honours "Pacific 1942–45" and "New Guinea 1943–44" for her service.

Fate
Bowen paid off on 17 January 1946 and was sold for scrap to the Hong Kong Rolling Mills on 18 May 1956.

Citations

References

Books

Journal and news articles

External links

Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in Queensland
1942 ships
World War II corvettes of Australia