omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Emory Leon Chaffee. Emory Leon Chaffee (April 15, 1885 – March 8, 1975) was an American physicist. He was a professor at Harvard University from 1911 to 1953.

Chaffee was born in Somerville, Massachusetts. He studied electrical engineering and received his bachelor's degree from MIT in 1907. Afterward he made further studies at the Harvard University and took his master's degree and his Ph.D.

He was made an instructor in electrical engineering in 1911 and got a position as assistant professor of physics in 1917. In 1923, he became an associate professor and a professor in 1926. He was appointed Rumford Professor of Physics in 1940, and Gordon McKay Professor of applied physics in 1946. Chaffee became chairman of the Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Physics from 1949 till 1952.

Chaffee was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1959. He was best known for his work on thermionic vacuum tubes. In 1911, he invented the concept of the Chaffee Gap which was a way of producing continuous oscillations for radio transmissions, and in 1924, he started to work on controlling weather, using aircraft to break up clouds with electrically charged grains of sands.

Chaffee died in Waltham, Massachusetts.

External links
Oral history interview transcript with Emory Leon Chaffee on 31 January 1964, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

Today in Science History
IEEE
 Geocities.com

1885 births
1975 deaths
20th-century American physicists
20th-century American engineers
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Sparkman & Stephens. Sparkman & Stephens is a naval architecture and yacht brokerage firm with offices in Newport, Rhode Island and Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. The firm performs design and engineering of new and existing vessels for pleasure, commercial, and military use. Sparkman & Stephens also acts as a ship and yacht brokerage. The firm offers similar design and engineering services for the performance optimization of existing yachts.

Their designs have won most of the major international yacht races such as the America's Cup, for several decades, including a string of victories in the Fastnet and Sydney to Hobart as well as winning twice the Whitbread Round the World Race by Sayula II in 1974 and Flyer in 1978.  S&S has a number of custom yacht design projects as well as being designers for boat builders such as Nautor's Swan, Grand Banks Yachts, and Morris Yachts. With more than 100 units built, the S&S design #1710 also known as Swan 36 became the most utilized design in the history of Sparkman & Stephens.

During World War II the company was employed to design the hulls for the invaluable DUKW 'army duck' and the Ford GPA amphibious jeep. For this Roderick Stephens was awarded the Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award.

History

Sparkman & Stephens Inc was formally created on October 28, 1929, with five partners: Drake Sparkman and his younger brother James Sparkman, James Murray, and brothers Olin J. Stephens and Roderick Stephens.

The Stephens brothers began their careers as self-taught sailors on Barnstable Bay, Massachusetts. Both entered the marine industry at an early age – Olin apprenticing in yacht design under Philip Rhodes, and Roderick learning shipbuilding at the prominent Nevins Yard in City Island, New York, which would later produce several of his firm's designs. With their father's backing, the 21-year-old Olin and his brother entered into a partnership with the already successful yacht broker Drake Sparkman, and Sparkman & Stephens, Inc. was formed.

S&S remains involved in designs having created a range of production sailing yachts such as the Morris 36 and 52 and a number of custom super-sailers including Victoria of Strathern and the 52-meter ketch Nazenin V, recently bestowed with multiple Superyacht of the Year Awards.

In August 2018 Donald Tofias purchased S&S and is now the firm's president.

The brokers at Sparkman & Stephens represent over 800 crewed charter yachts worldwide in both sail and power, from 55 to 200 + ft.

Designs

See also
List of sailboat designers and manufacturers
William Shaw (yacht designer)
Jessica Watson

References

External links 

Official website
S&S Association

Sparkman & Stephens
Jim Kajiya. James Kajiya is a pioneer in the field of computer graphics. He is perhaps best known for the development of the rendering equation.

Kajiya received his PhD from the University of Utah in 1979, was a professor at Caltech from 1979 through 1994, and is currently a researcher at Microsoft Research.

In 2002, Kajiya was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to formal and practical methods of computer image generation.

References

External links 
 Biography at Microsoft

Microsoft employees
University of Utah alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
Computer graphics professionals
American computer scientists
Computer graphics researchers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners
Chichibu Main Line. The  is a railway line in Japan, owned by the private railway operator Chichibu Railway, linking  and , both in Saitama Prefecture.

Stations

Rolling stock
, the Chichibu Railway operates the following fleet of rolling stock on the line.

 5000 series 3-car EMUs x3 (formerly Toei 6000 series) (since 1999)
 6000 series 3-car EMUs x3 (formerly Seibu 101 series) (since March 2006)
 7000 series 3-car EMUs x2 (formerly Tokyu 8500 series) (since March 2009)
 7500 series 3-car EMUs x7 (formerly Tokyu 8090 series) (since March 2010)
 7800 series 2-car EMUs x4 (formerly Tokyu 8090 series) (since 16 March 2013)
 Class C58 steam locomotive (No. C58 363 for Paleo Express)
 Four 12 series passenger coaches for Paleo Express (OHaFu 12-101 and 102, OHa 12-111 and 112)
 DeKi 100 electric locomotives (x6)
 DeKi 200 electric locomotive (x1)
 DeKi 300 electric locomotives (x3)
 DeKi 500 electric locomotives (x7)

Rolling stock previously used
 300 series 2-car EMUs (from 1959 until October 1992)
 500 series 2-car EMUs (from 1957 until March 1992)
 800 series 2-car EMUs (formerly Odakyu 1800 series) (from 1979 until 1990)
 1000 series 3-car EMUs (formerly JNR 101 series) (from 1986 until March 2014)
 2000 series 4-car EMUs (formerly Tokyu 7000 series) (from 1991 until 2000)
 3000 series 3-car EMUs x3 (formerly JR East 165 series) (from 1992 until December 2006)
 43 series passenger coaches (for Paleo Express)

History 
The  opened the section between  and  on 7 October 1901 operated by the use of steam haulage. The line was extended in stages, reaching Chichibu in 1914. The line was electrified at 1,200 V DC on 15 March 1918. On 1 August 1922, the Chichibu Railway acquired the  operating between Hanyū and Kumagaya. The line reached Mitsumineguchi in 1930.

From 1 February 1952, The line voltage was raised to 1,500 V DC.

Former connecting lines
 Kumagaya Station: The Tobu Kumagaya Line operated between 1943 and 1983.

References

External links

  

Railway lines in Japan
Rail transport in Saitama Prefecture
1067 mm gauge railways in Japan
Chichibu Railway
Railway lines opened in 1901
1901 establishments in Japan
Millrind. A millrind or simply rind is an iron support, usually four-armed or cross-shaped, for the upper ("runner") stone in a pair of millstones.

The rind is affixed to the top of the square-section main shaft or spindle and supports the entire weight of the runner stone, which can be as much as several tons. The face of a runner stone usually has a carved depression, called the "Spanish cross", to accommodate the millrind. The rind is necessary because the grain is fed through the runner stone's central hole, so the spindle cannot be inserted through it like a cartwheel on an axle.

Mechanism
A later refinement, replacing the cross, was to mount a mace onto the spindle, which fitted into a gimbal let into the runner stone. The device allowed the runner stone to move in two planes and thus follow the nether (stationary) stone more closely, but great care had to be taken to ensure that its weight was properly balanced. The separation of the nether stone from the runner, controlling the fineness of the grind, was adjusted by the tenter mechanism: a screw jack to raise or lower the bearing carrying the base of spindle.

In heraldry
The millrind occasionally appears as a charge in heraldry, in which it is often known by the French name fer-de-moline ("iron of a mill"). Like real millrinds, the fer-de-moline is highly variable in form. The 16th century writer Bossewell characterized it as a symbol fit for judges and magistrates, who keep men on a straight course just as a millrind does with a runner stone. However it is more often found in canting arms of families with names such as Miller, Milne and Mills and Turner, Turnor and Turnour.

Another charge based on the millrind is the cross moline, which takes the form of a cross with bifurcated ends (sometimes with a pierced centre and sometimes without). In early blazons the term fer-de-moline often refers to the cross moline.

Gallery

References

Heraldic charges
Grinding mills
Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals. A glass-ceramic-to-metal seal is a type of mechanical seal which binds glass-ceramic and metal surfaces. They are related to glass-to-metal seals, and like them are hermetic (airtight).

Properties
Glass-ceramics are polycrystalline ceramic materials prepared by the controlled crystallization of suitable glasses, normally silicates. Depending on the starting glass composition and the heat-treatment schedule adopted, glass-ceramics can be prepared with tailored thermal expansion characteristics. This makes them ideal for sealing to a variety of different metals, ranging from low expansion tungsten (W) or molybdenum (Mo) to high expansion stainless steels and nickel-based superalloys.

Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals offer superior properties over their glass equivalents including more refractory behaviour, in addition to their ability to seal successfully to many different metals and alloys. They have been used in electrical feed-through seals for such applications as vacuum interrupter envelopes and pyrotechnic actuators, in addition to many applications where a higher temperature capability than is possible with glass-to-metal seals is required, including solid oxide fuel cells.

Process
In the formation of a glass-ceramic-to-metal seal, the parts to be joined are first heated, normally under inert atmosphere, in order to melt the glass and allow it to wet and flow into the metal parts, in much the same way as when preparing a more conventional glass-to-metal seal. The temperature is then normally reduced into a temperature regime where many microscopic nuclei are formed in the glass. The temperature is then raised again into a regime where the major crystalline phases can form and grow to create the polycrystalline ceramic material with thermal expansion characteristics matched to that of the particular metal parts.

Examples 
The white opaque "glue" between the panel and the funnel of a colour TV cathode ray tube is a
devitrified solder glass based on the system ––. While
this is a glass-ceramic-to-glass seal, the basic patent of S.A. Claypoole considers
glass-ceramic-to-metal seals as well.

References 
  (devitrified solder glass)

Seals (mechanical)
Industrial processes
Glass applications
Glass compositions
Glass engineering and science
Glass-ceramics
Castagna Imperial Landaulet. The Castagna Imperial Landaulet is a four-wheel drive luxury sports coupe by the Carrozzeria Castagna design firm, now known for their MINI concepts and conversions and known in the past for the Isotta Fraschini.

The Castagna Imperial Landaulet was shown at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show as a concept car and was inspired by a model invented by Castagna in the Thirties. The car is  in height and features 'scissor doors' with no central column with a running board that acts as a footrest.

References

External links

Concept cars
Cars of Italy
JACDEC. Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre (JACDEC) is a company that provides commercial aviation safety analysis.

The company promotes the ‘JACDEC Safety Index’, a rating system developed from the company's proprietary database. The JACDEC Centre also monitors current safety occurrences and provides updates on airline safety issues on several social networks.

The ratings take into account the number and fatality rate of the hull losses (destroyed aircraft) they have suffered in the past 30 years, more recent safety data, and number of flights flown without incident. These results, however, do not take into account the cause of the hull losses or whether the airline is at fault.

JACDEC Airline Safety Ranking
Since 2002, JACDEC has published an annual ranking of the "Safest 60 Airlines". The index rating, JACDEC distinguishes whether an event is a total loss or a serious incident: Both will be recorded in the JACDEC Database, but in the final weighting, a total loss counts considerably more. The term "total loss" means that any repair costs of accident damage exceed the residual value of the aircraft or the aircraft was destroyed. JACDEC includes only flights where paying passengers were on board. Therefore, all freight– ferry, training, or maintenance flights– are disregarded.JACDEC considers the operational environment as one important factor for an airline's safety performance. The results of this investigation are published and can be viewed by everyone.

Controversies
JACDEC's methodology has been criticized within the airline evaluation industry as unreliable and not transparent.

The inaccuracy of the company's indexing has been debated after a list was issued for the German Newspaper Bild's website after the crash of Air France Flight 447, displaying the safety index of the world's 60 biggest airlines. The list included Turkish Airlines as the list's 60th, and least safe, airline. The starting year for the list was precisely chosen as 1973, some 36 years back. Turkish Airlines Flight 981 crashed in 1974 at a time when most of the airlines that were listed did not even exist, such as JetBlue Airways which was founded in 1999, and other regional companies with less flight frequency.

JACDEC's 2013 report was heavily criticized by Air India, after it was named as the 3rd least safest airline. The report stated that for the 30 year period, Air India had 3 hull losses, while the airline reported that it had only one fatal crash and hull loss of Air India Flight 182 in that timeframe that resulted in 329 fatalities, which was caused by an act of terrorism and not a safety factor.

References

External links
JACDEC - current JACDEC Safety Indices

Aviation statistics
Aviation safety organizations
Immersion blender. An immersion blender, also known as a stick blender, mini blender, hand blender, or wand blender, is a kitchen blade grinder used to blend ingredients or purée food in the container in which they are being prepared. The immersion blender was invented in Switzerland by , who patented the idea on March 6, 1950. He called the new appliance "bamix", a portmanteau of the French "battre et mixer" (beat and mix). Larger immersion blenders for commercial use are sometimes nicknamed boat motors (popularized by Emeril Lagasse and Alton Brown). Uses include puréeing soups and emulsifying sauces.

An immersion blender comprises an electric motor driving rotating cutting blades at the end of a shaft which can be immersed in the food being blended, inside a housing which can be held by hand. The shaft with blades is often detachable to facilitate cleaning, and there may be multiple different attachments available. Some blenders can be used in a pan while on the stove. Immersion blenders are distinguished from worktop blenders and food processors that require food to be placed in a special vessel for processing, and from hand mixers, which mix but do not chop.

Models for home and light commercial use typically have an immersible shaft length of about , but heavy-duty commercial models are available with a shaft up to  or more. Home models are available in corded or cordless versions. Motor power rating ranges from about 120 W to over 600 W for a heavy-duty model. Domestic models may be supplied with a goblet or other accessories.

References

General references
"The spin on sticks," by Janice Matsumoto. Restaurants & Institutions, March 1, 2000.Vol.110, Issue 6, page 95.
"A Whirling Dervish That Dips Right Into Your Pot," by Amanda Hesser. New York Times,  August 19, 1998, page F.3.

External links

Food preparation appliances
20th-century inventions
Swiss inventions
Fabrik (software). Fabrik is a visual programming integrated development environment implemented in Smalltalk and designed at Apple Computer by Dan Ingalls, Scott Wallace, Yu-Ying Chow, Frank Ludolph, Ken Doyle and others during the mid-1980s. It consists of a kit of computational and graphic user interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

References

External links
Fabrik - A Visual Programming Environment
Fabrik History
Fabrik entry from the Squeak Swiki

Visual programming languages
Mather, Dixon and Company. Mather, Dixon and Company was an engineering firm in Liverpool, England. It was established in 1826 at the Bath Street Foundry to build marine and stationary steam engines. Production of steam locomotives began in 1827.

Products

Early years
The first engine was a small four-coupled tank locomotive in 1827, in addition to a steam traverser and two mobile cranes. These were for their own use, their main business being marine and stationary engines.

Contracts from Edward Bury and Company
They received contracts from Edward Bury and Company for three engines for the Petersburg Railroad. Two were four coupled and the other was a four-wheeled single, completed in 1833. The following year a number of orders were fulfilled for tank engines among other equipment.

Six wheeled engines
In 1836 they had four designs for six wheeled engines: , ,  and , which they built initially for display purposes.

Standard and broad gauge locomotives
Between 1836 and 1839 they supplied engines for the London and Birmingham Railway, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway among others. These were all "Bury" types. some two dozen in all. However they also built broad gauge engines for the Great Western Railway with seven and eight foot drivers.

Changes and closure
In 1839 the company moved to the North Foundry, in William Street, Bootle. In 1842, John Grantham joined the company, which was renamed Mather, Dixon and Grantham. After 1840, however, trade had declined and, although six engines had been built for stock, the firm closed down in 1843, having built seventy five locomotives in all.

References 

 Lowe, J.W., (1989) British Steam Locomotive Builders, Guild Publishing

Locomotive manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies established in 1826
1826 establishments in England
British companies established in 1826
Royd Moor Wind Farm. The Royd Moor Wind Farm is located at Penistone, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England, and consists of thirteen 450 kW turbines. The site is located approximately  north west of Penistone, above the A628 trunk road between Barnsley and Manchester. The turbines are set in two parallel, staggered rows of six and seven, on a ridge in hilly fell land lying  above sea level.

These turbines were completed in 1993 and are  in height to the hub and have a rotor diameter of . The maximum output is 6 mW, equivalent to the annual energy required to power 3,300 homes.

The original planning application was for a 25-year operation but an extension until the end of 2027 was granted in 2021.

References

External links

Renewables: Building a Sustainable future for generations to come

Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley
Wind farms in England
Penistone
Power stations in Yorkshire and the Humber
ThingLab. ThingLab is a visual programming environment implemented in Smalltalk and designed at Xerox PARC by Alan Borning.

A conventional system allows a user to provide inputs that produce outputs.  A constraint-oriented system, such as ThingLab, allows the user to provide arbitrary inputs or outputs, then solves for whatever is unknown. ThingLab is viewed as one of the earliest constraint-oriented systems.

ThingLab is credited in "Fumbling the Future" as a big reason Xerox continued to fund computer development.

External links
ThingLab Sources

Visual programming languages
Integrated development environments
Train speed optimization. Train speed optimization, also known as Zuglaufoptimierung, is a system that reduces the need for trains to brake and accelerate, resulting in smoother and more efficient operation.

While train speed optimization needs some technical infrastructure, it is more of an operational concept than a technical installation. One can relatively easily implement train speed optimization using for instance cab signalling (e.g. using ETCS), but the presence of a cab signalling system does not necessarily mean that it uses train speed optimization. Train speed optimization may also be implemented using conventional signalling.

Conventional signal operation
Usually, trains are allowed to run at the maximum speed the track allows until the distant signal of next occupied block. This is inefficient in many cases, because this way the train comes to a halt in front of the red signal and has to accelerate again from zero.

Advantages using train speed optimization
If the train slows down much earlier, given the right timing, it reaches the distant signal just when the home signal switches to green, and so does not need to stop. Thus, wear on the brakes is reduced and the train uses less energy. But the main reason, especially for trains that accelerate slowly, is that the train passes the home signal at high speed, compared to the conventional case where the train often has to accelerate from standstill. This effectively increases track capacity, because the time it takes for the train to run from the distant signal (that has just turned green) to the home signal is often much less than the time it takes for a train to accelerate from the home signal.

Equipment
For a train speed optimization system to work, it is necessary to have a signalling system which is capable of displaying several different speeds, for instance 40, 60, 90 km/h and the full line speed, which also requires a train protection system that is able to handle these cases (cab signalling may replace these installations). Further, the track must be equipped with inductive loops that detect the presence of trains with sufficient precision (or other means of detecting the positions of the trains). Finally a computer system is needed that is able to reasonably predict the movements of the trains for the next few minutes.

Train speed optimization in practice
The expensive and complicated installations usually only make sense for heavily used routes.

Swiss Federal Railways:
 Lenzburg-Killwangen (since 2000)
 Zurich-Altstetten
 Around Olten (installed 2004, current status unknown)
 Probably other places (Zürich S-Bahn?)

References

External links
 Train speed optimization: SBB's funnel into Zurich

Rail technologies