omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Radial shaft seal. Radial shaft seals, also known as lip seals, are used to seal rotary elements, such as a shaft or rotating bore.  Common examples include strut seals, hydraulic pump seals, axle seals, power steering seals, and valve stem seals.  Early radial shaft seals utilized rawhide as the sealing element, and many present-day elastomeric seal companies were once tanneries.  The advent of modern elastomers replaced rawhide, industry also added a garter spring, which helps the sealing lip compensate for lip wear and elastomer material changes.

The seal construction consists of a sprung main sealing lip which has a line contact with the shaft. The line contact is formed by two angles, with the air side angle usually less than the oil side angle.  Depending on the seal type these two angles are varied to create a pressure distribution at the seal contact line which has a steeper slope on the oil side of the seal.  The shallower the slope on the oil side of the seal, the wetter the seal will run. The spring is positioned such that axially the centerline of the spring is biased to the air side of the lip contact line.  These seals can be designed with a wide range of lip configurations to optimize lubrication retention and contaminant exclusion.

In order to exclude contaminants numerous types of dust lips or exclusionary lips may be used.  Common elastomers include FKM, ACM, NBR, HNBR, and AEM.  In order to resist wear, the compounds' durometer (hardness) is typically 70 to 85 Shore A (between that of an automobile tire and a soft inline-skate wheel).

A different seal design for similar applications is a rotating face seal.

Simmerring 

A commonly used expression is "Simmerring". This product name and Simmer-Ring are trademarks of Freudenberg Sealing Technologies.

Simmerring is derived from the name of the developer, the Austrian engineer Walther Simmer, who worked for Freudenberg. The first development 1929 in Kufstein Tirol  Austria,  consisted of leather and metal.

Standards 
Standards and other documents relating to radial shaft seals

ISO 6194-1:1982 	Rotary shaft lip type seals – Nominal dimensions and tolerances
ISO 6194-2:1991 	Rotary shaft lip type seals – Vocabulary
ISO 6194-3:1988 	Rotary shaft lip type seals – Storage, handling and installation
ISO 6194-4:1988 	Rotary shaft lip type seals – Performance test procedures
ISO 6194-5:1990 	Rotary shaft lip type seals – Identification of visual imperfections
SAE J946-1989 	Application Guide to Radial Lip Seals
RMA OS-4, 1984 	Application Guide for Radial Lip Type Shaft Seals
RMA OS-7, 1982 	Storage and Handling Guide for Radial Lip Type Shaft Seals
RMA OS-8, 1977 	Visual Variations Guide for Rotating Shaft Seals
DIN 3760 	Radial-Wellendichtringe (Radial shaft seals)
DIN 3761 	Radial-Wellendichtringe für Kraftfahrzeuge (Motor Vehicles Radial shaft seals), Parts 1-15. This standard covers all aspects including vocabulary, material requirements and test methods.
GOST 8752-79. CIS standard for rotary shaft seals.

See also 
 Stuffing box
 Gland seal

References

External links 

 Description & schematic of a shaft seal

Seal rings
List of web service protocols. The following is a list of web service protocols.

BEEP - Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol
CTS - Canonical Text Services Protocol
E-Business XML
Hessian
Internet Open Trading Protocol
JSON-RPC
JSON-WSP
SOAP - outgrowth of XML-RPC, originally an acronym for Simple Object Access Protocol
Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI)
Web Processing Service (WPS)
WSCL - Web Services Conversation Language
WSFL - Web Services Flow Language (superseded by BPEL)
XINS Standard Calling Convention - HTTP parameters in (GET/POST/HEAD), POX out
XLANG - XLANG-Specification (superseded by BPEL)
XML-RPC - XML Remote Procedure Call

See also

List of web service frameworks
List of web service specifications
Service-oriented architecture
Web service

Application layer protocols
web service
Astragal. An astragal is a moulding profile composed of a half-round surface surrounded by two flat planes (fillets). An astragal is sometimes referred to as a miniature torus.  It can be an architectural element used at the top or base of a column, but is also employed as a framing device on furniture and woodwork.

The word "astragal" comes from the Greek for "ankle-joint", , .

On doors
An astragal is commonly used to seal between a pair of doors. The astragal closes the clearance gap created by bevels on one or both mating doors, and helps deaden sound. The vertical member (molding) attaches to a stile on one of a pair of either sliding or swinging doors, against which the other door seals when closed.  Exterior astragals are kerfed for weatherstripping. The weatherstripping at the bottom of garage doors is also referred to as an astragal.

An astragal may also be known as a "meeting stile seal". It is sometimes confused with the wooden trim that divides the panes of a multi-light window or door, known as a muntin.

References

 
 
 

Architectural elements
Woodworking tools

de:Astragal
Piloti. Pilotis, or piers, are supports such as columns, pillars, or stilts that lift a building above ground or water. They are traditionally found in stilt and pole dwellings such as fishermen's huts in Asia and Scandinavia using wood, and in elevated houses such as Old Queenslanders in Australia's tropical Northern state, where they are called "stumps". Pilotis are a fixture of modern architecture, and were recommended by the modern architect Le Corbusier in his manifesto, the Five Points of Architecture.

Function
In modern architecture, pilotis are ground-level supporting columns. A prime example is Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye in Poissy, France. Another is Patrick Gwynne's The Homewood in Surrey, England.

Beyond their support function, the pilotis (or piers) raise the architectural volume, lighten it and free a space for circulation under the construction. They refine a building's connectivity with the land by allowing for parking, garden or driveway below while allowing a sense of floating and lightness in the architecture itself.  In hurricane-prone areas, pilotis may be used to raise the inhabited space of a building above typical storm surge levels.

Le Corbusier used them in a variety of forms from slender posts to the massive Brutalist look of the Marseilles Housing Unit (1945–1952) with a range of bases, inclusions and surfaces. This was part of Le Corbusier's idea of machine-like efficiency where land, people and buildings would work together optimally.

Notes

References

Article: "Pilote, die" in: Pevsner, Honour, Fleming: Lexikon der Weltarchitektur, München 1987
 Primer on architecture of the Musée Picardie, accessed 2009-06-20
 "pilotis", The Urban Conservation Glossary, University of Dundee, , online version accessed 2009-06-20

Architectural elements
Sunbird Aviation. Sunbird Aviation was an airline in Kenya which merged with Air Kenya in 1987 to form Airkenya Aviation. The airline was owned by the Cole Family.

Accidents and incidents
One of Sunbird's aircraft, a Beechcraft Super King Air 200, registration number N 821CA was intended to transport the exile government of James Mancham as well as Kenyan military support from Mombasa following the failed 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt.

On 15 August 1987, Douglas DC-3 5Y-DAK crashed on approach to Kilaguni Airport. All 28 people on board survived.

References

External links
aviation-safety.net

Defunct airlines of Kenya
Airlines disestablished in 1987
Dimethoxyethane. Dimethoxyethane, also known as glyme, monoglyme, dimethyl glycol, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl cellosolve, and DME, is a colorless, aprotic, and liquid ether that is used as a solvent, especially in batteries. Dimethoxyethane is miscible with water.

Production
Monoglyme is produced industrially by the reaction of dimethylether with ethylene oxide:
CH3OCH3 + CH2CH2O → CH3OCH2CH2OCH3

Applications as solvent and ligand

Together with a high-permittivity solvent (e.g. propylene carbonate), dimethoxyethane is used as the low-viscosity component of the solvent for electrolytes of lithium batteries.  In the laboratory, DME is used as a coordinating solvent.

Dimethoxyethane is often used as a higher-boiling-point alternative to diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. Dimethoxyethane acts as a bidentate ligand for some metal cations. It is therefore often used in organometallic chemistry. Grignard reactions and hydride reductions are typical application. It is also suitable for palladium-catalyzed reactions including Suzuki reactions and Stille couplings.  Dimethoxyethane is also a good solvent for oligo- and polysaccharides.

Sodium naphthalide dissolved in dimethoxyethane is used as a PTFE etching solution that removes fluorine atoms from the surface, which get replaced by oxygen, hydrogen, and water. This physically etches the surface as well to prepare the surface for better adhesion.

References

External links
 Clariant Glymes Homepage www.glymes.com
 1,2-Dimethoxyethane - chemical product info: properties, production, applications.
 International Chemical Safety Card 1568
 Chemical hazard links

Glycol ethers
Ether solvents
Ligands
Hazardous air pollutants
Class I. Class I  may refer to:
Class I antiarrhythmic
Class I electrical appliance, a device constructed according to electrical grounding specifications in the IEC 60536-2 standard
Class I bacteriocin, a type of toxin produced by some bacteria
Class I biosafety cabinet
Class I laser, a type of eye-safe laser defined in the ANSI Z136 standard
Class I rail carrier, a type of major freight railroad company in Canada
Class I railroad, a type of major freight railroad company in the United States

See also
Class 1 (disambiguation)
I class (disambiguation)
MV Karen Danielsen. The M/V Karen Danielsen, is a multipurpose container feeder, built in March 1985 by J.J. Sietas KG, at their shipbuilding yard in Hamburg-Neuenfelde, Germany, and labelled a type 111a. This ship is registered as the 970 new-build ship by J.J. Sietas KG.

Chartered 1987 by Herbert Drewes under the name Esperanza. Sold 1988 and renamed to Mánafoss and registered in Antigua. In 1992 it returned to Herbert Drewes and was again renamed to Esperanza and sailed under A German flag.

The ship was bought by the Danish shipping company Otto Danielsen (located in Virum, Denmark) on 30 December 2002 and was renamed M/V Karen Danielsen, and re-registered under the Bahamas flag.

Great Belt Bridge accident 
M/V Karen Danielsen crashed into the Danish Great Belt Bridge on 3 March 2005 during a trip from Svendborg to Finland, and is currently out of service.

The crash knocked two cranes off the ship, and destroyed the top deck of the ship's bridge. A fire also broke out on board. The chief officer was at the helm, and was killed in the crash. His body was discovered in the hold. An autopsy revealed that he had a blood alcohol concentration of at least 1.55 parts per 1000. Several of the other crew members, all of whom were from Croatia, were badly injured, including the captain.

The bridge received no structural damage and was able to reopen several hours later.

External links
 News Article at News24.com
 Bridge Vs. Bridge - March. 2005 – "Singles Only" (includes photographs of the damaged ship)
 22 August 2005 Karen Danielsen collision with the Great Belt West Bridge on 3 March 2005 – Marine Accident Report

Ships of Denmark
Container ships
Maritime incidents in 2005
EMD SW1001. The EMD SW1001 is a  diesel switcher locomotive built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division between September 1968 and June 1986. A total of 230 were constructed, mainly for North American railroads and industrial operations.

The SW1001 was developed because EMD's SW1000 model had proved unpopular among industrial railroad customers, as the heights of its walkway and cab eaves were much greater than those of earlier EMD switcher models. The overall height was similar, but the SW1000's roof was much flatter in curvature. Industrial railroads that only operated switchers often had facilities designed to the proportions of EMD's earlier switchers.

The SW1001, in essence, placed the hood and powertrain of the SW1000 with the underframe and cab of the earlier SW1200. The EMD 645-series diesel engine had a deeper crankcase and oil pan than the SW1200's EMD 567-series engine. The engine had to be mounted on risers for sufficient clearance, raising the whole hood about  above the walkway compared to the SW1000, and requiring a spacer under the hood. The cab was similar to that of the SW1200, but not identical; it is longer, and has a different window arrangement. The SW1001 uses the same pilot plates as the SW1000; given the lower frame height, these protrude above the walkway deck height, giving the most obvious SW1001 spotting feature.

Export models
The SW1001 locomotive type was used in a number of countries outside the USA: in the Americas four units were bought by Canadian businesses; two by Saskatchewan Power and two by the National Harbours Board. 18 by companies in Mexico: 12 by AHMSA, 3 by Lazaro Cardenas Steel (ArcelorMittal), and 3 by Pemex.

In Africa five were supplied to the Boke project in Guinea in the early 1970s and 18 were acquired by the railways of Morocco (ONCF) in 1982 as type DI 500. In Asia the Korean National Railway acquired 28 between 1969 and 1971.

One was acquired in 1980 by Foster Yeoman (vehicle code Y44), and another by Hanson Aggregates in 2000 both for use on quarry industrial sites in the England. They are based at Whatley Quarry and Merehead Quarry, both part of Mendip Rail operations.

Five were bought for the government railways of Saudi Arabia in 1981.

Additionally 60 variants with a redesigned cab were built under license as the Renfe Class 310 for the railways of Spain between 1989 and 1991.

See also
List of GM-EMD locomotives

References

External links 

 The EMD SW1001 American-Rails.com

B-B locomotives
SW1001
Diesel locomotives of the United States
Diesel–electric locomotives of Canada
Diesel–electric locomotives of Mexico
Diesel–electric locomotives of Guinea
Diesel–electric locomotives of South Korea
Diesel–electric locomotives of Morocco
Diesel–electric locomotives of Saudi Arabia
Railway locomotives introduced in 1968
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada
Standard gauge locomotives of Mexico
Standard gauge locomotives of Guinea
Standard gauge locomotives of South Korea
Standard gauge locomotives of Morocco
Standard gauge locomotives of Saudi Arabia
Shunting locomotives
Sling (implant). In surgery, a sling is an implant that is intended to provide additional support to a particular tissue. It usually consists of a synthetic mesh material in the shape of a narrow ribbon but sometimes a biomaterial (bovine or porcine) or the patient’s own tissue. The ends are usually attached to a fixed body part such as the skeleton.

In stress incontinence

In stress incontinence, a sling is a potential method of treatment, and is placed under the urethra through one vaginal incision and two small abdominal incisions. The idea is to replace the deficient pelvic floor muscles and provide a backboard of support under the urethra.

For this purpose, Pelvicol (a porcine dermal sling) implant sling had a comparable patient-determined success rate with TVT.

In female genital prolapse
Slings can also be used in the surgical management of female genital prolapse.

Chin sling
A chin sling is a synthetic lining used in chin augmentation to lift the tissues under the chin and neck. The sling is surgically implanted under the skin of the chin and hooked behind the ears, giving a more youthful appearance, and reversing the effects of aging such as accumulated fat, lost skin elasticity and stretched muscle lining, all of which cause the neck to droop and sag.

References

Implants (medicine)
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Otorhinolaryngology
Plastic surgery
Medical_devices
Ian Bell (programmer). Ian Colin Graham Bell (born 31 October 1962 in Hatfield, Hertfordshire) programmed, designed and developed the computer game Elite (1984) with David Braben, which met with much acclaim.

Education
Bell attended the independent St Albans School. He studied at Jesus College, Cambridge, graduating with a degree (1st) in Mathematics in 1985, and a Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science in 1986.

Career

Game development
His work on Elite (1984), included programming in machine code using assembly. The game was based on an open-ended non-linear game model, and included revolutionary 3D graphics, at the time. Prior to Elite, he developed Free Fall, a game set inside a coriolis space station with the player controlling an alien punching astronaut, described by Bell as "the first ever Beat 'em up". Free Fall, also a game for the BBC Micro, was published by Acornsoft in 1983. Bell put later Free Fall and Elite with the associated source code for free download on his website.

Bell was a speaker at the 2009 GameCity game festival. Bell mentioned in his speech about the impact of games:You're reaching into the minds and the imaginary spaces of children, and you're to an extent shaping their characters and their life stories. I'm glad [Elite] isn't Doom because I'm glad that even though we didn't really think in these terms, I think its effect on players and on people's lives is good, both in the sense of giving them good memories but also in making people think in different ways and awakening interest.

Subsequent career
After the initial success of Elite and having completed ports of it to the Commodore 64 (1985), Apple II (1986), and NES (1991), Bell spent a number of years undertaking personal research. In 2008 he joined Autodesk as a Senior Software Engineer. As of 2024 he was still working in Computer Aided Design.

References

External links
Personal website
The Guardian article Masters of Their Universe (2003)
Gameplay video of Free Fall (1983)

1962 births
Living people
British video game programmers
British computer programmers
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
People from Hatfield, Hertfordshire
British video game designers
Video game producers
ICL Direct Machine Environment. Direct Machine Environment, abbreviated DME, was a mainframe environment for the ICL 2900 Series of computing systems from International Computers Limited that was developed in the 1970s. DME was more-or-less an ICL 1900 order code processor in microcode, which permitted the ICL 1900 series executive, operating systems and program libraries to operate on the ICL 2900 series.

Reason for Development

At this time most companies that had computers had large teams of programmers to write their applications. DME was developed so that customers could buy the new hardware and run their 1900 or System 4 applications whilst they developed their replacement VME applications. This led to some users running DME and VME alternately on the same machine for some years. Unfortunately this led to situations where development teams were waiting around for time to run their new applications. This, and the fact that some users were not moving to the new system, led ICL to develop a system called Concurrent Machine Environment (CME) under which VME ran DME as a subsystem, enabling 1900 and System 4 applications to be run on a 2900 or Series 39 machine alongside VME applications.

References 

Direct Machine Environment
Pont de Normandie. The Pont de Normandie () is a cable-stayed road bridge that spans the river Seine linking Le Havre to Honfleur in Normandy, northern France. Its total length is  –  between the two piers. It is also the last bridge to cross the Seine before it empties into the ocean. It is a motorway toll bridge with a footpath and a narrow cycle lane in each direction allowing pedestrians and cyclists to cross the bridge free of charge, while motorcycling is also toll-free.

Construction
The bridge was designed by Michel Virlogeux, the general studies having been led by Bernard Raspaud from Bouygues. The works management was shared between G. Barlet and P. Jacquet. The architects were François Doyelle and Charles Lavigne. Construction by Bouygues, Campenon Bernard, Dumez, Monberg & Thorsen, Quillery, Sogea and Spie Batignolles began in 1988 and lasted seven years. The bridge opened on 20 January 1995.

At the time it was both the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world, and also had a record distance between piers for a cable-stayed bridge. It was more than  longer between piers than the previous record-holder. This record was lost in 1999 to the Tatara Bridge in Japan. Its record for length for a cable-stayed bridge was lost in 2004 to the 2883 meters of the Rio-Antirrio. The total cost of the bridge, ancillary structures and financing was $465 million. The bridge proper cost €233 million (US$250 million).

The cable-stayed design was chosen because it was both cheaper and more resistant to high winds than a suspension bridge. Shortly after opening, the longest cables exhibited excessive vibrations, so several damping systems were quickly retrofitted.

Structure 
The span,  wide, is divided into four lanes for vehicular traffic and two lanes for pedestrians. The pylons, made of concrete, are shaped as upside-down Ys. They weigh more than  and are  tall. More than  of steel and 184  cables made by fr:Freyssinet were used.

Gallery

See also
 List of bridges in France
 List of crossings of the River Seine
 List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans
 List of tallest bridges in the world

References

External links

 Website of Pont de Normandie and Pont de Tancarville 
 Website of the company operating the bridge 

Bridges over the River Seine
Cable-stayed bridges in France
Bridges completed in 1995
Pont de Normandie
Pont de Normandie
Pont de Normandie
Pont de Normandie
Toll bridges in France