omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CLEO (router). CLEO - Cisco router in Low Earth Orbit, is an Internet router from Cisco Systems that was integrated into the UK-DMC Disaster Monitoring Constellation satellite built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) as a secondary experimental hosted payload, and launched into space with the satellite from Plesetsk on 27 September 2003.

CLEO and the UK-DMC satellite were tested over five years to show the feasibility of extending the Internet to orbit, using both the Internet Protocol and Mobile IP. CLEO was configured by NASA's Glenn Research Center to be used with Virtual Mission Operations Center (VMOC) software from General Dynamics as part of a large internetworking exercise from the field at Vandenberg Air Force Base in June 2004.

On 29 March 2007, CLEO was configured for and tested on IPsec and IPv6 use, making this the first use of IPv6 on board a satellite in orbit.

The use of CLEO builds on and validates the approach to use of the Internet Protocol articulated by Keith Hogie with NASA Goddard and first demonstrated as part of the Operating Missions as Nodes on the Internet (OMNI) effort on board the UoSAT-12 satellite built by SSTL.

CLEO was followed by the IRIS router on a geostationary Intelsat satellite.

See also 

 Cisco routers

References

External links
Papers, presentations and articles on CLEO
Information on the UK-DMC satellite and CLEO from the Earth Observation Portal
Cisco Systems Global Defense, Space and Security group

Cisco Systems
Satellite Internet access
Spacecraft instruments
Cisco products
Nihat Berker. Ahmet Nihat Berker (born 20 September 1949) is a Turkish scientist, theoretical chemist, physicist and emeritus professor of physics at MIT. Currently, he is the acting Dean of Engineering and Natural Sciences in Kadir Has University, Turkey. He is the son of a notable scientist and engineer Ratip Berker, who was deceased on 17 October 1997. His wife, Bedia Erim Berker, is a professor of chemistry at Istanbul Technical University, and one of his sons, Selim Berker, is a professor of epistemology in the department of philosophy at Harvard University. His other son, Ratip Emin Berker, is an alumnus of Harvard and a PhD student in Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science.

Academic life
After graduating from Robert College at first place in 1967, Nihat Berker received B.S. degrees in physics and chemistry from MIT in 1971. He received his M.S. and PhD degrees in physics from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1972 and 1977, respectively. During 1977–79, he was a postdoctoral research fellow in the department of physics at Harvard University. He was an assistant professor during 1979–82, associate professor during 1982–1988, and professor of theoretical physics during 1988–04 at MIT. From 1999 to 2004, he served as a professor and dean of the School of Sciences and Letters at The Istanbul Technical University. After losing the president (rector) elections in İTÜ, he left the Technical University of Istanbul for a professor position at Koç University. He became emeritus professor of Physics at MIT in 2004. He was an adjunct professor of Boğaziçi University in Bebek, Istanbul between 1996 and 2004, as well. During 2005–2009, he served as a professor of physics at Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sarıyer, Istanbul. From 2009 until his resignation on 11 September 2016, he was the president of Sabancı University in Tuzla, Istanbul. Currently, he is the acting dean of the faculty of engineering and natural sciences at Kadir Has University.

Research areas
Nihat Berker is best known for his research in statistical mechanics, especially on phase transitions applying renormalization group theory, with applications to surface physics and materials with defects.

References

Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Academic staff of Istanbul Technical University
Academic staff of Sabancı University
Theoretical physicists
Turkish physicists
Turkish chemists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Humboldt Research Award recipients
Recipients of TÜBİTAK Science Award
Members of the Turkish Academy of Sciences
Rectors of universities and colleges in Turkey
Living people
1949 births
Agostino Ramelli. Agostino Ramelli (1531–ca. 1610) was an Italian engineer best known for writing and illustrating the book of engineering designs Le diverse et artificiose machine del Capitano Agostino Ramelli, which contains, among others, his design for the bookwheel. 

Ramelli was born in Ponte Tresa or Mesanzena, today in Switzerland.  During the Siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573), he successfully engineered a mine under a bastion and breached the fortification, making him popular with his commander, Henri d'Anjou, who later became King Henri III of France.  

In 1588, Ramelli published Le diverse et artificiose machine del Capitano Agostino Ramelli, or The various and ingenious machines of Captain Agostino Ramelli. The book contains 195 designs, over 100 of which are water-raising machines, such as water pumps or wells. Other designs include bridges, mills, and a possible forerunner to the Wankel engine. The bookwheel is one of the most famous designs from this book. Le diverse et artificiose machine is still printed and sold.

References

External links 
 
Complete high-resolution scan of a 1588 printing of Le diverse et artificiose machine del Capitano Agostino Ramelli (all pages freely available for download in variety of formats from Science History Institute Digital Collections at digital.sciencehistory.org).
Diverse et artificiose machine From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
Schatzkammer mechanischer Künste, des Capitains Herrn Augustini de Ramellis. Leipzig Durch Henning Grossen den Jüngern, 1620. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Agostino Ramelli (1588) Le diverse et artificiose machine del Capitano Agostino Ramelli - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library

1531 births
1610 deaths

Italian engineers
Italian military engineers
People from Lugano District
People of the French Wars of Religion
DO-212. DO-212 is a performance standard published by RTCA, Incorporated. It contains Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for aircraft equipment required for the Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) function.  The supporting hardware can be a stand-alone ADS unit or alternatively, the ADS function may be installed within other on-board equipment.

Outline of contents
Purpose and Scope
Performance Requirements and Verification Procedures
Installed Equipment Performance
Terms and Acronyms
References
These references are noted in DO-212
ISO 7498  Information Processing Systems—Open Systems Interconnection—Basic Reference Model
ISO 8072  Information Processing Systems—Open Systems Interconnection—Transport Service definition
ISO 8073  Information Processing Systems—Open Systems Interconnection—Connection oriented transport protocol specification
ISO 8073 Addendum 4  Information Processing Systems—Open Systems Interconnection—Connection oriented transport protocol specification, Protocol enhancements
ISO 8473  Information Processing Systems—Data Communications—Protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service
ISO 8348  Information Processing Systems—Data Communications—Network Services Definition
ISO 8348 Addendum 1  Information Processing Systems—Data Communications—Network Services Definition, Connectionless-mode transmission
DO-178B  Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification
DO-205  Design Guidelines and Recommended Standards To Support Open Systems Interconnection for Aeronautical Mobile Communications.  Part 1—Internetworking
Appendix A: Suggested Timer Values

See also
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
Air traffic control
ACARS

RTCA standards
Avionics
Open Knowledge Initiative. The Open Knowledge Initiative (OKI) is an organization responsible for the specification of software interfaces comprising a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) based on high level service definitions. The OKI specifically focuses on educational software environments.

Description
The Open Knowledge Initiative was initially sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The goal of an SOA is to provide a separation between the interface of a service and its underlying implementation such that consumers (applications) can interoperate across the widest set of service providers (implementations) and providers can easily be swapped on-the-fly without modification to application code. Using this architectural style preserves the software development investment as underlying technologies and mechanisms evolve and allows enterprises to incorporate externally developed application software without the cost of a porting effort to achieve interoperability with an existing computing infrastructure.

OKI has designed and published a suite of software interfaces known as Open Service Interface Definitions (OSIDs), each of which describes a logical computing service. In contrast to other interface definitions that encapsulate a specific technology, an OSID more easily permits a variety of technologies to interoperate through its interfaces for a given service.

References
 Baving, T., Cook, D., Green, T. Integrating the Educational Enterprise. 2003.

External links
 
 

Information technology organizations based in North America
Service-oriented (business computing)
Standards organizations in the United States
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Nikolay Sevastyanov. Nikolai Sevastianov (born 1961, Chelyabinsk, USSR (now Russia)) graduated from the Aerodynamics and Space Exploration Department of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1984. In 1984 he took a job at NPO Energia as an engineer and rose through the ranks to the position of a deputy general designer. Since 2000 he has been director general of Gascom joint-stock company. In May 2005 – June 2007 he was President of Energia corporation.

External links 
 
 
 

1961 births
Soviet engineers
20th-century Russian engineers
Russian aerospace engineers
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Living people
Syntroleum. Syntroleum Corporation was a United States company engaged in development and commercialization of proprietary gas to liquids (GTL) process known as the Syntroleum Process. Renewable Energy Group acquired the company on June 4, 2014 and was in turn acquired by Chevron on February 28, 2022

History
Syntroleum was incorporated in 1984 by Kenneth Agee. It became a publicly held company on Nasdaq in August, 1998, when it merged with publicly traded SLH Corporation. 

On March 16, 2004, the company was reported shipping the first load of diesel from its gas-to-liquids demonstration plant at the Port of Catoosa near Tulsa to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for testing by the Department of Energy. 

Syntroleum worked with the U. S. Air Force to flight-test a synthetic jet fuel blend. The Air Force, which is the U.S. military's largest user of fuel, began exploring alternative fuel sources in 1999. On December 15, 2006, a B-52 took off from Edwards AFB for the first time powered solely by a 50–50 blend of JP-8 and Syntroleum's FT fuel. The seven-hour flight test was considered a success. The goal of the flight test program was to qualify the fuel blend for fleet use on the service's B-52s, and then flight test and qualification on other aircraft.

In June 2007, Syntroleum Corp and meat producer Tyson Foods Inc. announced plans to set up a $150 million plant in a Joint Venture that became known as Dynamic Fuels LLC, to produce fuel from animal fat, aimed at the renewable diesel and jet fuel markets. The facility at Geismar, Louisiana, completed in 2010, was the first large scale renewable diesel biorefinery built in the U.S.

The Dynamic Fuels JV represented a significant shift in corporate direction away from GTL technology and was accompanied by restructuring, leading to Kenneth Agee departing the company and buying Syntroleum’s research and laboratory facilities at Tulsa to form a new company Emerging Fuels Technology, also employing several former Syntroleum staff. This company continues to be focused on developing and commercializing GTL and upgrading technology. 

It was announced in December 2013 that Syntroleum's operations would be sold to Renewable Energy Group (REG) Inc. of Ames, Iowa. This transaction was completed on June 4, 2014. REG also bought out Tyson Food's interest in Dynamic Fuels. The Renewable Energy Group was acquired by Chevron on February 28, 2022 and is now known as Chevron Renewable Energy Group.

Technology
The Syntroleum Process produces synthetic fuel by the Fischer–Tropsch process, which can use natural gas, coal, biogas or biomass as feedstocks. The technology is detailed in Robert A. Meyers. 2004,1997,1986. Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill Education.

References

External links
 Renewable Energy Group Company Website
  Wright Patterson Air Force Base Tests Syntroleum R-8 Blend

Companies based in Tulsa, Oklahoma
Defunct oil companies of the United States
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Open service interface definition. An open service interface definition (OSID) is a programmatic interface specification describing a service. These interfaces are specified by the Open Knowledge Initiative (OKI) to implement a service-oriented architecture (SOA) to achieve interoperability among applications across a varied base of underlying and changing technologies.

Rationale 

To preserve the investment in software engineering, program logic is separated from underlying technologies through the use of software interfaces each of which defines a contract between a service consumer and a service provider. This separation is the basis of any valid SOA. While some methods define the service interface boundary at a protocol or server level, OSIDs place the boundary at the application level to effectively insulate the consumer from protocols, server identities, and utility libraries that are in the domain to a service provider resulting in software which is easier to develop, longer-lasting, and usable across a wider array of computing environments.

OSIDs assist in software design and development by breaking up the problem space across service interface boundaries. Because network communication issues are addressed within a service provider and below the interface, there isn't an assumption that every service provider implement a remote communications protocol (though many do). OSIDs are also used for communication and coordination among the various components of complex software which provide a means of organizing design and development activities for simplified project management.

OSID providers (implementations) are often reused across a varied set of applications. Once software is made to understand the interface contract for a service, other compliant implementations may be used in its place. This achieves reusability at a high level (a service level) and also serves to easily scale software written for smaller more dedicated purposes.

An OSID provider implementation may be composed of an arbitrary number of other OSID providers. This layering technique is an obvious means of abstraction. When all the OSID providers implement the same service, this is called an adapter pattern. Adapter patterns are powerful techniques to federate, multiplex, or bridge different services contracting from the same interface without the modification to the application.

List 

 Agent
 Assessment
 Authentication
 Authorization
 CourseManagement
 Dictionary
 Filing
 Grading
 Hierarchy
 Logging
 Messaging
 Repository
 Scheduling
 Workflow

References 

 Baving, T., Cook, D., Green, T.  Integrating the Educational Enterprise. 2003.
 Kraan, W.  O.K.I. and IMS, wires and sockets revisited.
 Kahn, J.  Screen Shots: Repository OSID Interoperability. 2005.
 Kumar, V., Merriman, J., Thorne, S. Open Knowledge Initiative Final Report. 2004.
 Kahn, J.  Repository Developer's Guide. 2006.
 Kahn, J. Managing Complexity and Surviving Technology Change. 2005.

External links 

 
 OSID wiki
 PHP OSIDs

Software architecture
Service-oriented (business computing)
Rusty bolt effect. The rusty bolt effect is a form of radio interference due to interactions of the radio waves with dirty connections or corroded parts. It is more properly known as passive intermodulation, and can result from a variety of different causes such as ferromagnetic conduction metals, or nonlinear microwave absorbers and loads. Corroded materials on antennas, waveguides, or even structural elements, can act as one or more diodes. (Crystal sets, early radio receivers, used the semiconductor properties of natural galena to demodulate the radio signal, and copper oxide was used in power rectifiers.) Galvanised fasteners and sheet roofing develop a coating of zinc oxide, a semiconductor commonly used for transient voltage suppression. This gives rise to undesired interference, including the generation of harmonics or intermodulation. Rusty objects that should not be in the signal-path, including antenna structures, can also reradiate radio signals with harmonics and other unwanted signals. As with all out-of-band noise, these spurious emissions can interfere with receivers.

This effect can cause radiated signals out of the desired band, even if the signal into a passive antenna is carefully band-limited.

Mathematics associated with the rusty bolt
The transfer characteristic of an object can be represented as a power series:

Or, taking only the first few terms (which are most relevant),

For an ideal perfect linear object K2, K3, K4, K5, etc. are all zero. A good connection approximates this ideal case with sufficiently small values.

For a 'rusty bolt' (or an intentionally designed frequency mixer stage), K2, K3, K4, K5, etc. are not all zero. These higher-order terms result in generation of harmonics.

The following analysis applies the power series representation to an input sine-wave.

Harmonic generation
If the incoming signal is a sine wave {Ein sin(ωt)}, (and taking only first-order terms), then the output can be written:

Clearly, the harmonic terms will be worse at high input signal amplitudes, as they increase exponentially with the amplitude of Ein.

Mixing product generation

Second order terms
To understand the generation of nonharmonic terms (frequency mixing), a more complete formulation must be used, including higher-order terms. These terms, if significant, give rise to intermodulation distortion.

Third order terms

Hence the second-order, third-order, and higher-order mixing products can be greatly reduced by lowering the intensity of the original signals (f1, f2, f3, f4, …, fn)

References

Radio electronics
Powerback. Powerback is used by aircraft to move backwards on the ground using the power of their engines in reverse thrust operation. Civil and general aviation aircraft equipped with reverse thrust are technically or theoretically able to use powerbacks as a means of "backing up" but such operation is prohibited or strongly discouraged by aircraft manufacturers as well as airport safety regulations in nations with actual aviation safety regulating agencies.

Background
While many aircraft are physically capable of performing powerbacks, many companies impose restrictions on the practice, mainly due to the risk of FOD (foreign object damage) from debris propelled into the air.  This problem is magnified even more with planes having wing-mounted engines, as their proximity to the ground can exacerbate debris ingestion if powerbacks are used. Small metal objects are particularly dangerous as they can be propelled into terminal windows, employees on the ground or even the aircraft itself. Applying the brakes when backing up also has the potential to cause a tailstrike.

During the 1980s, many aircraft with aft-mounted engines, such as DC-9s, Boeing 727s, and MD-80s used powerbacks to reduce the number of ground personnel required.
For example, Northwest Airlines' fleet of DC-9 aircraft used powerback operations at certain airports, but discontinued the practice in 2005 citing the need to conserve fuel. KLM also avoids using the procedure for the same reasons, noting that powerbacks cause extra wear on the engines.

In addition, in the United States, restrictions on powerbacks are enforced by the FAA, and the local aviation officials. Only certain gates at certain airports are approved for powerbacks, and are usually placarded as such. Many airlines impose stricter safety procedures for powerbacks, which often include disallowing a powerback under certain environmental conditions, such as rain or snow.

Military use
In several US military aircraft such as the C-130 Hercules, the C-5 Galaxy and the C-17 Globemaster III, powerback operation is technically possible as demonstrated at civil airshows but there are severe limitations on the ability of all reverse-thrust capable aircraft to perform actual "pushback" on their own in actual service.

See also 
 Taxiing
 Air Florida Flight 90

References

Aircraft operations
Implicit parallelism. In computer science,  implicit parallelism  is a characteristic of a programming language that allows a compiler or interpreter to automatically exploit the parallelism inherent to the computations expressed by some of the language's constructs. A pure implicitly parallel language does not need special directives, operators or functions to enable parallel execution, as opposed to explicit parallelism.

Programming languages with implicit parallelism include Axum, BMDFM, HPF, Id, LabVIEW, MATLAB M-code, NESL, SaC, SISAL, ZPL, and pH.

Example

If a particular problem involves performing the same operation on a group of numbers (such as taking the sine or logarithm of each in turn), a language that provides implicit parallelism might allow the programmer to write the instruction thus:

numbers = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7];
result = sin(numbers);

The compiler or interpreter can calculate the sine of each element independently, spreading the effort across multiple processors if available.

Advantages
A programmer that writes implicitly parallel code does not need to worry about task division or process communication, focusing instead on the problem that his or her program is intended to solve. Implicit parallelism generally facilitates the design of parallel programs and therefore results in a substantial improvement of programmer productivity.

Many of the constructs necessary to support this also add simplicity or clarity even in the absence of actual parallelism. The example above, of list comprehension in the sin() function, is a useful feature in of itself. By using implicit parallelism, languages effectively have to provide such useful constructs to users simply to support required functionality (a language without a decent for loop, for example, is one few programmers will use).

Disadvantages
Languages with implicit parallelism reduce the control that the programmer has over the parallel execution of the program, resulting sometimes in less-than-optimal parallel efficiency. The makers of the Oz programming language also note that their early experiments with implicit parallelism showed that implicit parallelism made debugging difficult and object models unnecessarily awkward.

A larger issue is that every program has some parallel and some serial logic. Binary I/O, for example, requires support for such serial operations as Write() and Seek(). If implicit parallelism is desired, this creates a new requirement for constructs and keywords to support code that cannot be threaded or distributed.

Notes 

Parallel computing