omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Project 621. Project 621 was a project by the Dornier company with the intention of producing a sounding rocket with liquid-fuel propulsion. It was to use a paraglider system to return safely to earth for later re-use. It had a wet mass of 240 kg (520 lb) and a dry mass of 74 kg. The rocket itself was never launched.

The rocket of the project was supposed to reach an apogee of eighty kilometers, and then return from a height of forty kilometers, spiraling to the ground. In 1965, multiple drop tests of the paraglider system on the rocket test area in Salto di Quirra in Sardinia was performed.

The project was halted in 1966, after large problems occurred regarding the choice of a suitable wing material (textile wings could not handle the loads, while wings made of high-grade steel could not withstand the airflow without major problems).

References
 astronautix.com

Sounding rockets of Germany
Nike-Apache. The Nike Apache, also known as Argo B-13, was a two-stage sounding rocket developed by Aerolab, later Atlantic Research, for use by the United States Air Force and NASA. It became the standard NASA sounding rocket and was launched over 600 times between 1961 and 1978.

Development
The TE-307-2 Apache rocket motor was developed by Thiokol as an improvement of its Cajun series of rockets; the Apache was similar in appearance to Cajun, but had an improved propellant that allowed for better performance. Combined with a M5 Nike rocket booster for its first stage by Aerolab, the Nike-Apache sounding rocket was capable of lifting  of instruments to an apogee of .

Operational history
The first launch of Nike-Apache was conducted by the United States Air Force on 17 February 1961. Popular due to its low cost (US$6,000) and ability to be fired from many locales, 636 launches were conducted between 1961 and 1978, with the final launch of a Nike-Apache taking place in September 1978.

The Nike Apache was used to carry a variety of payloads to study a wide range of topics including radio astronomy, meteorology, aeronomy, atmospheric conditions, plasma physics, and solar physics. 

NASA flew them from Brazil, Canada, India, Norway, Pakistan, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, all across the US, and off of the converted escort carrier . Nike Apache was the first rocket launched by India from the TERLS (Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station) of Kerala in November 1963.

The Nike-Apache configuration was also used by one variation of the U.S. Army's MQR-13 BMTS target rocket.

References

External links

 Nike-Apache rocket performance handbook at NASA Technical Reports Server
 Nike Apache at Encyclopedia Astronautica

NASA space launch vehicles
Nike (rocket family)
Equipment of the United States Air Force
Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen. Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen (16 February 1826 – 13 February 1909) was a Danish chemist noted in thermochemistry for the Thomsen–Berthelot principle.

Life and work 
Thomsen was born in Copenhagen, where he spent his life. From 1847 to 1856 he taught chemistry at the Polytechnic, where from 1883 to 1892 he was the director. From 1856 to 1866 he was on the staff of the military high school. In 1866 he was appointed professor of chemistry at the university, and retained that chair until his retirement from active work in 1891.

A friend and colleague of Ludwig A. Colding, who was one of the early advocates of the principle of conservation of energy, Thomsen did much to found the field of thermochemistry. In particular, between 1869 and 1882, he carried out a great number of determinations of the heat evolved or absorbed in chemical reactions, such as the formation of salts, oxidation and reduction, and the combustion of organic compounds. His collected results were published from 1882 to 1886 in four volumes under the title , and also a resume in English under the title "Thermochemistry" in 1908. In 1857 he established in Copenhagen a process for manufacturing soda from cryolite, obtained from the west coast of Greenland. Although his efforts at determining the structure of benzene were unsuccessful, the Thomsen graph  in mathematical graph theory is named after him, from an 1886 paper in which he proposed a benzene structure based on this graph.

Thomsen was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1880, and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1884. He was awarded the Royal Society's Davy Medal in 1883.

Thomsen served on the Copenhagen City Council from 1861 to 1894, to which he lent his expertise in a number of areas during the city's development.

Katherine Alice Burke translated his book on systematic research in thermochemistry into English. This translation appeared in print in 1905.

Family
His brother, Carl August Thomsen (1834–1894), was lecturer on technical chemistry at the Copenhagen Polytechnic, and a second brother, Thomas Gottfried Thomsen (1841–1901), was assistant in the chemical laboratory at the university until 1884, when he abandoned science for theology, subsequently becoming minister at Norup and Randers.

See also
Extended periodic table
Periodic table
Oganesson
Thomsenolite
Marcellin Berthelot

References

Further reading
Thermochemistry by J. Thomsen (1908)

External links

 Biographical information
 Statue and picture of Thomsen

1826 births
1909 deaths
Danish chemists
18th-century Danish scientists
19th-century Copenhagen City Council members
Scientists from Copenhagen
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Royal Society
Rectors of the University of Copenhagen
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala
Altap Salamander. Altap Salamander (formerly known as Servant Salamander) is a freeware orthodox file manager for Microsoft Windows, originally inspired by Norton Commander. In contrast to several other file managers, it has a context aware user interface hiding complexity – for instance, the bottom function list changes on press of modifier keys, just showing the currently available hotkey function set.

Release history 

Servant Salamander 1.0 development was started in 1996 as a hobby project by Petr Šolín (from Czech Republic) during his studies at university and released as freeware in 1997. It was originally written in Watcom C++, later in Visual C++ 6.0.

Altap Salamander 2.0 the first shareware version was released in 2001 by a newly established company Altap. Salamander 2.0 included support for viewer and archiver plugins. During the development of 2.5 version the plugin architecture was expanded to support file system plugins to support FTP and other protocols.

Altap Salamander 2.5 plugin SDK allows plugin developers to create new viewer plugins (for file previews), archiver plugins (for browsing, unpacking, or packing archive files), file system plugins (for custom directory listing) and tools (like multi-rename or file compare). Custom column plugins known from Total Commander are not supported, neither yet non-latin alphabets of the Unicode.

Altap Salamander 3.x version series newly supports the Windows 7 and higher, two binaries are available, for users' choice: 32-bit and 64-bit.

Altap Salamander 4.0 was released are freeware in 2019 in the aftermath of Altap's acquisition by Fine. however active development has been indefinitely suspended as of July 2019.

Open Salamander 5.0. as open source code was released on December 4, 2023 under the GPL-2.0 license, no packages "releases" are yet published.

See also 
 comparison of file managers

References

External links 
 
 Release Notes

C++ software
FTP clients
Orthodox file managers
Windows-only shareware
Astrobee. Astrobee is the designation of series of American sounding rockets with one to three stages.

Designed by Aerojet, this family of solid-propellant rockets was conceived as a lower-cost replacement of the liquid-propellant Aerobee.

Versions

Astrobee 500 
The three-stage Astrobee 500 (first stage: Genius, second stage: Alcor, third stage: Asp) has a ceiling of 1000 km, a takeoff thrust of 161 kN, a takeoff weight of 900 kg, a diameter of 0.38 m and a length of 7.80 m. It was launched one time in 1960.

Astrobee 1500 
The three-stage Astrobee 1500 (first stage: Recruit, second stage: Aero jet, third stage: Alcor) has a ceiling of 1000 km, a takeoff thrust of 566 kN, a takeoff weight of 5200 kg, a diameter of 0.79 m and a length of 10.40 m. It was launched ten times between 1961 and 1969.

Astrobee 200 
The two-stage Astrobee 200 (first stage: Nike, second stage: Alcor), has a ceiling of 350 km, a takeoff thrust of 161 kN, a takeoff weight of 800 kg, a diameter of 0.38 m and a length of 6.30 m. It was launched ten times between 1961 and 1966

Astrobee D 
The single-stage Astrobee D has a ceiling of 140 km, a takeoff thrust of 23.00 kN, a takeoff weight of 100 kg, a diameter of 0.15 m and a length of 3.90 m. It was launched forty-two times between 1970 and 1980.

Astrobee F 
The single-stage Astrobee F has a ceiling of 375 km, a takeoff thrust of 178.00 kN, a takeoff weight of 1500 kg, a diameter of 0.38 m and a length of 11.50 m. It was launched forty-nine times between 1972 and 1983.

References 

Sounding rockets of the United States
Sintran. Sintran (a portmanteau of SINTEF and Fortran; stylized as SINTRAN) is a range of operating systems (OS) for Norsk Data's line of minicomputers. The original version of Sintran, was written in the programming language Fortran, released in 1968, and developed by the Department of Engineering Cybernetics at the Norwegian Institute of Technology together with the affiliated research institute, SINTEF. The different incarnations of the OS shared only a name, and to a degree, purpose.

Norsk Data took part in developing Sintran II, a multi-user software system that constituted the software platform for the Nord-1 range of terminal servers. By far the most common version of the OS was Sintran III, developed solely by Norsk Data and launched in 1974. This real-time multitasking system was used for Norsk Data's server machines (such as the Nord-10, -100) for the remainder of the company's lifetime, i.e. until 1992.

See also
Sintran III

Fortran software
Proprietary operating systems
Norsk Data software
Hagane. means "steel" in Japanese. 

Hagane may also refer to:

 Hagane: The Final Conflict, a video game
 Hagane, a manga by Masaomi Kanzaki
 A Space Noah Class starship from the game Super Robot Taisen: Original Generation and its sequel
 The nickname of the 4th Tank Division of the Imperial Japanese Army during the second world war
 A central character in the Japanese manga anthology Glass Wings
 A steel used for making blades (which may also be called tamahagane), such as those in Japanese swords, chisels or planes
Fuji T-1. The Fuji T-1 Hatsutaka was Japan's first jet-powered trainer aircraft. Its first flight was in January 1958. A total of 66 T-1 planes were built. It was retired in March 2006.

Design and development
After World War II, Japanese aircraft industry was banned from research as well as the destruction of materials and equipment related to aircraft. In 1952, a partial ban on aircraft research was lifted, making it possible to develop Japan's own domestic jet aircraft. In the spring of 1954, the Defense Agency's plan to develop a training jet aircraft emerged, which later lead to the development of the T-1 training plane.

The T-1 was the first indigenously designed Japanese jet aircraft to be developed since World War II. It was Japan's first mass-produced jet and the first aircraft to apply a swept wing. The development of a domestic jet engine was not completed in time, so the T-1A was powered by the British-designed Bristol Siddeley Orpheus turbojet and made its first flight on May 17, 1960. The T-1B was powered by the Ishikawajima-Harima J3 turbojet and 20 were produced between June 1962 and June 1963. Fuji was the successor to the Nakajima Aircraft Company (famous for building several aircraft such as Nakajima Ki-43 and Nakajima Ki-84 during WW2). The first aircraft of Fuji's own design was the T-1 jet trainer.

More than 200 T-1s were to be produced, but with the introduction of the Lockheed F-104J/DJ fighters, the education system changed and the Lockheed T-33A, which was in large numbers, took on the same role, and only 66 T-1s were introduced.

With the entry into service of its successor, the Kawasaki T-4, flight training with the T-1 was completed in December 2000. The last T-1 was retired on March 3, 2006.

Variants

Data from: Simpson 2001, p. 246
T1F1  powered by a Nippon J3 engine.
T1F2 Two prototypes, powered by  Bristol BOr.1 Orpheus engines.
T1F3 Initial designation for the production T-1A, powered by   Bristol BOr.4 Orpheus engines.
T-1A Powered by a 17.79 kN (4,000 lbf) Bristol Siddeley Orpheus Mk 805 turbojet engine. The original designation was T1F3. 46 built.
T-1BPowered by an 11.77 kN (2,645 lbf) Ishikawajima-Harima J3-IHI-3 turbojet engine. 20 built.
T-1C  Converted to 13.72 kN (3,085 lbf) Ishikawajima-Harima J3-IHI-7 engines.

Operators

 Japan Air Self Defense Force

Aircraft on display

 T-1B 25-5856 at Tokorozawa Aviation Museum, Saitama Prefecture
 T-1B 35-5870 at Saitama Subaru Sakitama Garden, Gyōda, Saitama Prefecture
 T-1B 05-5810 at Kakamigahara Air and Space Museum

Specifications (T-1A)

See also

References
Citations

Bibliography

 Donald, David and Jon Lake. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1996, Single Volume Edition. .
 
 Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965-66. London:Sampson Low, Marston, 1965.

External links

T-001
1950s Japanese military trainer aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
F-86 Sabre
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
DFM. DFM may refer to:

 D. F. M. Strauss (born 1946), South African philosopher
 Department of Family Medicine
 Deputy First Minister (disambiguation)
 Design for manufacturability, engineering term
Design for manufacturability (IC), specifically related to integrated circuits
 DetonatioN FocusMe, a Japanese professional League of Legends team
 Diesel Fuel Marine, also known as NATO F76
 Digital First Media, newspaper publisher
 Dimensional Fact Model, a conceptual model for Data Warehouse design in computer science
 DFM Engineering, an American telescope manufacturer
 Dongfeng Motor Corporation, one of the Chinese "Big Four" state-owned automakers
 Dubai Financial Market, a stock exchange in the United Arab Emirates
 The Distinguished Flying Medal, a British military decoration
 DFM RTV INT (radio station), an international audio-art radio station
 DFM (radio station), a Russian radio station
 Dynamic force microscopy, an alternative name for non-contact atomic force microscopy
Jec. JEC or Jec may refer to: 

 Jabalpur Engineering College, located in Madhya Pradesh, India
 Jaipur Engineering College, located in Jaipur, Rajasthan
 James E. Cornette, a stage name for American professional wrestling manager Jim Cornette 
 James Earl Carter (1924–2024), 39th president of the United States
 Jardine Engineering Corporation (JEC), an engineering corporation in Hong Kong, a member of Jardine Matheson Group
 Jersey Electricity Company, in Jersey, Channel Islands
 Jeunesse Etudiante Chrétienne, a worldwide group of young Christian students
 Jewish Educational Center, in New Jersey
 João Emanuel Carneiro, a popular Brazilian screenwriter and film director 
 Joinville Esporte Clube, football club in Brazil
 Jonsson Engineering Center, in New York State
 Jorhat Engineering College, in India
 Junta Electoral Central, the Spanish election overseer
IRI. IRI or I.R.I. refers to:

Businesses and organizations
 Iringa Airport, an airport in Tanzania serving Iringa and the surrounding Iringa Region by IATA airport code
 India Rejuvenation Initiative, an Indian anti-corruption organization formed by top bureaucrats and other dignitaries
 Industrial Research Institute, a nonprofit association for the sharing of best practices in research and development
 Innovative Routines International, Inc., an American software company specializing in data sorting, transformation, reporting, and privacy protection
 Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation, a French research institute, founded by Centre Pompidou and now operated independently
 Institutet för rättsinformatik (Law and Informatics Research Institute), a Swedish research body examining relationships between law and IT
 Intellectual Reserve, Inc., a legal entity of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 International Registries, Inc., a company that arranges tax and banking registration for the Marshall Islands
 Islamic Reporting Initiative, an independent nonprofit organization leading the creation of a sustainability reporting standard based on Islamic principles and values.
 International Republican Institute, a U.S. federal government-funded institution involved in supporting national political parties around the world
 International Research Institute for Climate and Society, a research unit of The Earth Institute
 International Resistance Initiative, a group claiming responsibility for two acts of sabotage in Québec
 IRI (company) (formerly SymphonyIRI Group), a market research company
 Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (Institute for Industrial Reconstruction), a former Italian industrial public group
 Italian Rotors Industries, a defunct Italian helicopter manufacturer

Science and technology
 Indiana Robotics Invitational, the largest off-season FIRST robotics competition
 International Reference Ionosphere, the international standard for modelling the Earth's ionosphere
 International Roughness Index, a dimensionless quantity used for measuring road roughness
 Internationalized Resource Identifier, a generalization of the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) allowing the use of Unicode
 Interpersonal Reactivity Index, a measurement tool (questionnaire) with a multidimensional approach to empathy assessment

Health care
 Ischemia-reperfusion injury, another name for reperfusion injury
 Irinotecan, a drug in chemotherapy for cancer

Places
 Islamic Republic of Iran, the official name of Iran since 1979
 Iri-ye Olya, a village in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran
 Iri-ye Sofla, a village in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran
 Former name of the city center and railway junction in Iksan, South Korea

People
 iri (artist), Japanese singer/songwriter

See also
StarTeam. StarTeam is a version control system used in software development, especially when a project involves multiple teams in different locations. StarTeam is an SCM and SDLC software application, created by Starbase Corporation,  which was acquired by Borland in January 2003  which was acquired by Micro Focus in July 2009 and later acquired by OpenText in 2023. The application is client-server, backed by a relational database that retains all changes made to a project during its evolution as well as the project requirements, task assignments, threaded discussions and bug tracking. Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle database are supported database servers.

History

Branching support
StarTeam supports branching and three-way merging, difference analysis, advanced user access and security management, checkpoints, end user and administrator auditing, view and revision labels, promotion states and customization features. The server supports remote use and strong encryption for remote connections. StarTeam allows "live" backups while the server is in active use and includes an optional publish/subscribe event system called StarTeam MPX to enhance scalability.

In addition to file versioning, StarTeam also stores requirements, project tasks, change requests, and discussions. All of these can be interlinked to enhance traceability within a project.

Clients
StarTeam includes a number of clients, including a web client, a cross-platform Java client, a command line interface and integrations for popular Integrated development environments such as Borland Delphi, Borland JBuilder and Eclipse. StarTeam includes several APIs for platforms including COM, Java, and the Microsoft .NET Framework. It also provides an MSSCCI compliant Source Control Plug-in API for integration with IDEs that offer integrated revision control features as well as other applications such as Mercury Interactive's TestDirector and IBM Rational DOORS.

Check-ins
All check-ins in StarTeam are atomic. Whenever more than one file is checked in as the result of a single transaction all of the files, and their associated process items, are updated in a single action. If for some reason, the check-in fails, none of the files are checked in, and the status of the associated process items is not updated. 
For example, suppose User A selects to check in all modified files in a StarTeam folder, but one of the selected files is locked by User B. Because of the locked file, none of the files are checked in (and none of the process items are updated as fixed) and User A is notified that none of the files were checked in because one of the files was locked by User B.

Reception

See also

DevPartner
MySQL
SilkTest

References

Further reading 
 
  (review for version 2.1)
  reviews Starbase Collaboration Suite in a featured round-up review of similar products (online version)
 Darryl K. Taft (2007-06-21) Borland Tops SCM Survey. Developers choose Borland's StarTeam as the top software configuration management tool in an Evans Data poll., eWeek

External links
StarTeam 14.2 Datasheet
StarTeam 1.0 page (archived)

OpenText
Proprietary version control systems
Borland software
1995 software
Temperature gradient. A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature spatial gradient is a vector quantity with dimension of temperature difference per unit length. The SI unit is kelvin per meter (K/m).

Temperature gradients in the atmosphere are important in the atmospheric sciences (meteorology, climatology and related fields).

Mathematical description 
Assuming that the temperature T is an intensive quantity, i.e., a single-valued, continuous and differentiable function of three-dimensional space (often called a scalar field), i.e., that

where x, y and z are the coordinates of the location of interest, then the temperature gradient is the vector quantity defined as

Physical processes

Meteorology 
Differences in air temperature between different locations are critical in weather forecasting and climate. The absorption of solar light at or near the planetary surface increases the temperature gradient and may result in convection (a major process of cloud formation, often associated with precipitation). 
Meteorological fronts are regions where the horizontal temperature gradient may reach relatively high values, as these are boundaries between air masses with rather distinct properties.

Clearly, the temperature gradient may change substantially in time, as a result of diurnal or seasonal heating and cooling for instance. This most likely happens during an inversion. For instance, during the day the temperature at ground level may be cold while it's warmer up in the atmosphere. As the day shifts over to night the temperature might drop rapidly while at other places on the land stay warmer or cooler at the same elevation. This happens on the West Coast of the United States sometimes due to geography.

Weathering 
Expansion and contraction of rock, caused by temperature changes during a wildfire, through thermal stress weathering, may result in thermal shock and subsequent structure failure.

Indoor temperature

See also 
 Atmospheric temperature for gradient of Earth's atmosphere
 Geothermal gradient
 Gradient
 Lapse rate

References

External links
 IPCC Third Assessment Report
 Pictorial Representation of Temperature Gradient (Tools).

Atmospheric dynamics
Climatology
Spatial gradient
Temperature
Physical quantities

fr:Gradient#Gradient de température