omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ormosil. Ormosil is a shorthand phrase for organically modified silica or organically modified silicate.  In general, ormosils are produced by adding silane to silica-derived gel during the sol-gel process. They are engineered materials that show great promise in a wide range of applications such as:
 alternative to viral vectors for gene delivery, with higher transient transfection efficiencies
 suspension media and substrates for next generation solar cells (quantum dots)and photocatalytic oxidation of water 
 matrix material for UV-protection coating
 matrix material for laser dye-doped organic-inorganic solid state dye lasers

This technology has been demonstrated as a nonviral vector to successfully deliver DNA loads to specifically targeted cells in living animals. Confirmation of results demonstrated that new DNA was working and expressed genes in the animal.

Sono-Ormosil
Sono-Ormosils are organically modified silicates, which were prepared by using high-performance ultrasound during the sol-gel process. When high intense ultrasound is introduced in liquid, cavitation is produced. Due to the cavitational shear forces, molecular weight is lowered by particle size reduction and polydispersity is achieved. Multiphase systems are dispersed and emulsified very efficiently, so that very fine mixtures are prepared. This means that ultrasound accelerates the polymerization significantly over conventional stirring. The resulting polymer shows a higher molecular weight with a lower polydispersity. The product is a molecular-scaled composite material with improved mechanical properties. Sono-Ormosils are distinguished in comparison with conventional gels by a higher density as well as improved thermal stability. This may be a result from the higher degree of polymerization.

See also

 Organic laser
 Organic photonics

References

Nanomaterials
Organosilicon compounds
Caesium acetate. Caesium acetate or cesium acetate is an ionic caesium compound with the molecular formula CH3COOCs. It is a white solid that may be formed by the reaction of caesium hydroxide or caesium carbonate with acetic acid.

Uses 
It is used in organic synthesis. One example is in the Perkin synthesis: the formation of unsaturated cinnamic-type acids by the condensation of aromatic aldehydes with fatty acids. Replacement of the commonly used sodium acetate with caesium acetate has been shown to improve yields by up to 10 times.

It is often used to invert secondary alcohols. After converting the alcohol to a good leaving group, such as a mesylate, direct SN2 substitution with the acetate produces the O-acetate with inverted stereochemistry, which can be converted back to a hydroxyl group.

Caesium acetate is occasionally used instead of caesium formate in petroleum drilling fluids.

References

Further reading
.

External links
Caesium acetate factsheet from Chemetall GmbH

Caesium compounds
Acetates
Reagents for organic chemistry
A Scow. The A Scow is an American scow-hulled sailing dinghy that was designed by John O. Johnson as a racer and first built in 1901.

The A Scow design was developed into the V38, by Victory by Design, LLC in 2005.

Production
The design was initially built by Johnson Boat Works in White Bear Lake, Minnesota United States, but that company closed in 1998 and production passed to Melges Performance Sailboats, who continue to build it.

Design
The A Scow traces its origins back to a Johnson-designed prototype in 1896. Over time the class has changed and evolved into essentially a one design class today. At  length overall, the design is the largest scow raced today and is one of the largest dinghies produced.

The A Scow is a racing sailboat, with the early versions built from wood and the more recent ones built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop with a masthead spinnaker. The hull is a scow design with a raised counter, vertical transom; dual spade-type rudders controlled by dual tillers and dual retractable centerboards. It displaces  and carries no ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with a centerboard extended and  with both retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

For sailing the design is equipped with an asymmetrical spinnaker of , flown from a retractable bowsprit.

The design is raced with a crew of at least five sailors and normally has a total of six or seven crew members to help balance the boat.

Operational history
The boat is supported by a national class club, the National Class A Scow Association, which regulates the class and organizes races. The A Scow is mostly raced on lakes in the midwestern United States.

A film was made about racing A Scows, The Ultimate Ride, by racer Peter Crawford.

A review in Sailing World in 2006 by Gary Jobson, wrote, "these boats sail best when heeled more than 20 degrees, and in a breeze, it takes a lot of courage to do this. The boat rocks up and you feel as if you're about to be catapulted out of the cockpit. But a subtle tug on the tiller, a slight ease of the main and spinnaker sheets, and zingo, you're sailing at 25 knots. There's no crew weight limit, so depending on the wind strength, 5 to 7 crew can be piled on the rail with sailors rotating on or off in between races."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Dinghies
Scows
1900s sailboat type designs
Sailboat type designs by John O. Johnson
Sailboat types built by Johnson Boat Works
Sailboat types built by Melges Performance Sailboats
Sanjay Mittal. Sanjay Mittal is a Professor of computational fluid dynamics in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.

Early life and education 
After doing his B.Tech. from IIT Kanpur in 1988, he got enrolled at University of Minnesota, Twin Cities for M.S. program. He then received his Ph.D. and worked as a research associate under Tayfun Tezduyar.

Career 
After working for two years at Army High Performance Computing center he returned to India and joined IIT Kanpur in the year of 1994 as an assistant professor.

Awards 
Mittal has been the recipient of various awards.

 2006 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology
 2015 G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research

References

Indian aerospace engineers
IIT Kanpur alumni
Computational fluid dynamicists
Academic staff of IIT Kanpur
IIT Kanpur
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
Indian fluid dynamicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
Alpha (programming language). The Alpha language was the original database language proposed by Edgar F. Codd, the inventor of the relational database approach. It was defined in Codd's 1971 paper "A Data Base Sublanguage Founded on the Relational Calculus". Alpha influenced the design of QUEL. It was eventually supplanted by SQL (which is however based on the relational algebra defined by Codd in "Relational Completeness of Data Base Sublanguages"), which IBM developed for its first commercial relational database product.

See also
 QUEL query languages

References

Query languages
Declarative programming languages
SQL
Visual reasoning. Visual reasoning is the process of manipulating one's mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing a piece of machinery to experiment with different mechanisms. In a frequently cited paper in the journal Science and a later book, Eugene S. Ferguson, a mechanical engineer and historian of technology, claims that visual reasoning is a widely used tool used in creating technological artefacts. There is ample evidence that visual methods, particularly drawing, play a central role in creating artefacts. Ferguson's visual reasoning also has parallels in philosopher David Gooding's argument that experimental scientists work with a combination of action, instruments, objects and procedures as well as words. That is, with a significant non-verbal component.

Ferguson argues that non-verbal reasoning does not get much attention in areas like history of technology and philosophy of science because the people involved are verbal rather than visual thinkers.

Those who use visual reasoning, notably architects, designers, engineers, and certain mathematicians conceive and manipulate objects in "the mind's eye" before putting them on paper. Having done this the paper or computer versions (in CAD) can be manipulated by metaphorically "building" the object on paper (or computer) before building it physically.

Nicola Tesla claimed that the first alternating current motor he built ran perfectly because he had visualized and "run" models of it in his mind before building the prototype.

See also 
 Diagrammatic reasoning
 Scientific visualization
 Visual analytics

References

Cognition
Reasoning
PTM. PTM may refer to:

 Parent-teacher meeting, a meeting of parents with teachers to discuss the progress of school students
 President's Tatrakshak Medal, a military decoration of the Indian Coast Guard
 Pashtun Tahafuz Movement, a human rights movement in Pakistan for the Pashtun people
 Polygyny threshold model, a theory explaining polygyny
 Polynomial texture mapping, a digital imaging technique
 Portugal. The Man, an American rock band
 Post-translational modification, covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis by ribosomes
 Post-transition metal, a grouping of chemical elements
 Probabilistic Turing machine
 Pulse-time modulation, an alternative name for Pulse-width modulation
Vršac Airfield. Vršac Airfield ( / Aerodrom Vršac)  is a small aerodrome and training facility owned and operated by the SMATSA Aviation Academy, and located in Vršac, Serbia.

There are five hangars at the airfield, which accommodate aircraft of the flight school and of the agricultural aviation division. An office building with classrooms and a control tower are adjacent to the hangars and the concrete aircraft apron.

History
The first flight on the slopes of Vršački breg was performed by the Romanian pilot-engineer Aurel Vlaicu on 11 August 1912. The starting year of aeronautical tradition was 1925, when aeronautical club "Naša krila" (English: "Our Wings") was founded. A study was made about the advantages of this region for development of gliding sport, and this had initiated the investors to build the first hangar in 1934.

After World War II, the intensive training of glider pilots continued. In 1954, Vršac becomes official State Aeronautical Centre. Glider pilots were now joined by parachutists, airplane pilots and aircraft-model makers. Vršac was the recruitment centre for recreational aeronautics until 1972. Fliers from this center took place in many world championships and brought many medals and records. In 1972, Vršac hosted the 13th World Gliding Championships (WGC).

In 1972, the national airline of Yugoslavia, JAT Yugoslav Airlines, now known as Air Serbia, started training future airline pilots at the academy they opened at Vršac. The Jat Airways Flight Academy each year organizes the "Vršac Airshow".

The first international flight from Vršac was to Podgorica Airport in Montenegro on February 5, 2007. The aerodrome received international airport status in 2006.

Services

SMATSA Aviation Academy

Vršac Airfield is home to the SMATSA Aviation Academy, formerly known as the Jat Airways Flight Academy.

In October 2005, the Maintenance Department of the SMATSA Aviation Academy received certification of conforming to European Union (JAA) standards in the maintenance of light aircraft - EASA part 145. This certification opens the possibility of maintaining aircraft for clients throughout Europe.

Vršac Airfield has trained many pilots from different airports over the years. In 2007, the airport will be the training base for future pilots from India and China. Vršac has also trained pilots from Air Algérie, Air Mali, Air Malta, Iraqi Airways, Libyan Arab Airlines, TAAG Angola Airlines and Turkish Airlines.

Maintenance Centre
Light Aircraft Maintenance Centre in Vršac at SMATSA Aviation Academy holds an EASA 145 Certificate, as required for maintaining and repairing smaller planes from the European Union. Aircraft from the fleet of the Greek business air carrier GAA, whose pilots have recently renewed their flying licenses in the institution, are also maintained in Vršac.

See also
 List of airports in Serbia
 Airports of Serbia
 Transport in Serbia
 AirSerbia

References

External links 

Opština Vršac
Vršac airport information (PDF)
Međunarodni aerodrom biće i u Vršcu (b92.net, 05.10.2011)
I veliki avioni sletaće na aerodrom u Vršcu (eVrsac.rs, 18.02.2011)

Airports in Serbia
Buildings and structures in Vojvodina
Banat
Vršac
HMAS Success (H02). HMAS Success was an Admiralty  destroyer of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Built for the Royal Navy during World War I, the ship was not completed until 1919, and spent less than eight months in British service before being transferred to the RAN at the start of 1920. The destroyer's career was uneventful, with almost all of it spent in Australian waters. Success was decommissioned in 1930, and was sold for ship breaking in 1937.

Design and construction

Success was built to the Admiralty design of the S-class destroyer, which was designed and built as part of the British emergency war programme. The destroyer had a displacement of 1,075 tons, a length of  overall and  between perpendiculars, and a beam of . The propulsion machinery consisted of three Yarrow boilers feeding Brown-Curtis turbines, which supplied  to the ship's two propeller shafts. Success had a maximum speed of , and a range of  at . The ship's company was made up of 6 officers and 93 sailors.

The destroyer's primary armament consisted of three QF 4-inch Mark IV guns. These were supplemented by a 2-pounder pom-pom, two 9.5-inch howitzer bomb throwers, five .303 inch machine guns (a mix of Lewis and Maxim guns), two twin 21-inch torpedo tube sets, two depth charge throwers, and two depth charge chutes.

Success was laid down by William Doxford and Sons Limited at their Sunderland shipyard in 1917. The destroyer was launched on 29 June 1918, and completed on 15 April 1919. The ship was briefly commissioned into the Royal Navy in April 1919, but was quickly marked for transfer to the RAN, along with four sister ships. Success was commissioned into the RAN on 27 January 1920.

Operational history

Success and three of her sister ships sailed for Australia on 20 February, visiting ports in the Mediterranean, India, Singapore, and the Netherlands East Indies before reaching Sydney on 29 April. Success operated in Australian waters until 6 October 1921, when she was placed in reserve. The destroyer was reactivated on 1 December 1925. In late May 1926, Success visited Port Moresby.

Decommissioning and fate
Success paid off on 21 May 1930. She was sold to Penguins Limited for ship breaking in 1937.

Citations

References

S-class destroyers (1917) of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built on the River Wear
1918 ships
Craig Nevill-Manning. Craig Graham Nevill-Manning (né Nevill) is a New Zealand computer scientist who founded Google's first remote engineering centre, located in midtown Manhattan, where he was an Engineering Director. He also created Froogle (now Google Shopping), a product search engine. He is now Head of Engineering at Sidewalk Labs.

Academic and professional career
Nevill-Manning graduated with a BSc in computer science from the University of Canterbury. He received his PhD from the University of Waikato where he was a co-creator of the Weka machine learning suite and the Greenstone digital library software. His doctoral advisor was Ian Witten. In 1994, he invented the sequitur algorithm, which uses data compression to infer the structure of a sequence of symbols.

Craig was invited to join Google at its formation but declined and then joined a little later on. 

Prior to joining Google in 2001 as a senior research scientist, he was an assistant professor in the Computer Science Department at Rutgers University, and was a post-doctoral fellow in the Biochemistry department at Stanford University. His research interests centre on using techniques from machine learning, data compression and computational biology to provide more structured search over information.

In 2016, Nevill-Manning joined Alphabet, Inc. subsidiary Sidewalk Labs as CTO.

Awards
In 2009 he won a World Class New Zealand Award in the Information and Communications category.

In 2010 Nevill-Manning received a distinguished alumni award from the University of Waikato.

Community
In his own time Craig manages a website service that puts Olympic glory in proportion. He asks: "Who leads the world in medals when you correct for population? That is, which country wins the most medals per capita?" His site, which is updated daily during the Olympics, provides the answer: https://medalspercapita.com/. Media interest in per-capita statistics typically surround his website each Olympic games.

References

External links
 University of Canterbury graduate profile

American computer scientists
Google employees
Living people
New Zealand computer scientists
University of Canterbury alumni
University of Waikato alumni
Rutgers University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Marlborough Boys' College
Sympiesometer. A sympiesometer is a compact and lightweight type of barometer that was widely used on ships in the 19th century.  The sensitivity of this barometer was also used to measure altitude.

The sympiesometer consists of two parts. One is a traditional mercury thermometer that is needed to calculate the expansion or contraction of the fluid in the barometer proper. The other is the barometer, consisting of a J-shaped tube open at the lower end and closed at the top, with small reservoirs at both ends of the tube. The lower end of the J and its associated reservoir were filled with colored almond oil, while the upper portion and its reservoir were filled with hydrogen gas. Increasing air pressure would cause the oil to be pushed out of the lower reservoir and into the tube, compressing the hydrogen gas into the upper reservoir. The pressure was indicated by the position of the top of the oil. To correct for temperature, a sliding scale was used; the operator would first use the thermometer to set the scale and then measure the pressure from it.

The basic idea is similar to the common weather glass that had been in use for some time, but the use of highly compressible hydrogen in a long, thin tube allowed much more accurate measurements, as changes in pressure resulted in much more movement of the liquid. The basic concept was initially demonstrated by Robert Hooke, which he referred to as the Otheometer. However it remained unused until it was re-introduced by Alexander Adie.

References

Pressure gauges
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
Scottish inventions
Eötvös number. In fluid dynamics the Eötvös number (Eo), also called the Bond number (Bo), is a dimensionless number 
measuring the importance of gravitational forces compared to surface tension forces for the movement of liquid front. Alongside the capillary number, commonly denoted , which represents the contribution of viscous drag,  is useful for studying the movement of fluid in  porous or granular media, such as soil. The Bond number (or Eötvös number) is also used (together with Morton number) to characterize the shape of bubbles or drops moving in a surrounding fluid. The two names used for this dimensionless term commemorate the Hungarian physicist Loránd Eötvös and the English physicist Wilfrid Noel Bond, respectively. The term Eötvös number is more frequently used in Europe, while Bond number is commonly used in other parts of the world.

The inverse of the Bond number is sometimes known as the Jesus number (Je), named after the Biblical passage of Jesus walking on water.

Definition
Describing the ratio of gravitational to capillary forces, the Eötvös or Bond number is given by the equation:

 : difference in density of the two phases, (SI units: kg/m3)
 g: gravitational acceleration, (SI units : m/s2)
 L: characteristic length, (SI units : m) (for example the radii of curvature for a drop)
 : surface tension, (SI units : N/m)

The Bond number can also be written as

where  is the capillary length.

A high value of the Eötvös or Bond number indicates that the system is relatively unaffected by surface tension effects; a low value (typically less than one) indicates that surface tension dominates. Intermediate numbers indicate a non-trivial balance between the two effects. It may be derived in a number of ways, such as scaling the pressure of a drop of liquid on a solid surface. It is usually important, however, to find the right length scale specific to a problem by doing a ground-up scale analysis. 

Other similar dimensionless numbers are:

where Go and De are the Goucher and Derjaguin numbers, which are identical: the , named after Canadian scientist Frederick Shand Goucher (1888–1973), arises in wire coating problems and hence uses a radius as a typical length scale while the Derjaguin or Deryagin number, named after Boris Derjaguin, arises in plate film thickness problems and hence uses a Cartesian length.

In order to consider all three of the forces that act on a moving fluid front in the presence of a gas (or other fluid) phase, namely viscous, capillary and gravitational forces, the generalized Bond number, which is denoted commonly as Bo*, can be used. This is defined as:

Walking on water 

The Bond number can be thought as the ratio of the weight of an object and the surface tension, aswhere M is the mass of the object and L its contact perimeter length. An object or an insect can float on water due to surface tension if Bo < 1. Its inverseis known as the Jesus number. Conversely, an insect can float over water if Je >1. This principle allows for animal locomotion on the surface of water.

References

Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Bubbles (physics)
Fluid dynamics