omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PANHA. Iran Helicopter Support and Renovation Company (IHSRC) (, abbreviated as , PANHA) is an Iranian helicopter manufacturing company.

History
Following the purchase by Iran of some Italian helicopters from Agusta Company, it became important to establish a plant for support and repair these helicopters. This plant was named Iran Joint Helicopter Industry. Later on, after purchase of some number of helicopters from Bell, planning for expansion of this plant to support the new fleet started. Part of this expansion was to create three sections.

1. (NMP)  Repair and Maintenance Centre
2. (HDMC) Main Fleet Repair Centre
3. (NICP) Logistics and Support Centre

After Iran’s revolution in 1979, US embargo on Iran, and the start of the Iran-Iraq war, PANHA started its operations with a goal of supporting and maintaining helicopters in the war. After a few years, they became self-sufficient in repair and maintenance of Iran's military helicopters. In 1986, their task of repair, maintenance, and support expanded to other organizations like communication, oil, Red Cross of Iran, and power plants.

As of 2006, this organization repaired and maintained ten kinds of military and non-military helicopters in sixteen different models. In 1994, PANHA Company completed the structure of their first helicopter called Shabaviz. After this, they received their first official permit to start manufacturing commercial helicopters. PANHA has been instrumental in reverse-engineering helicopters, their upgrades and servicing the fleet of Iranian helicopters.

Duties
 Repair and maintain nine kinds of helicopters in fifteen different models. (Bell 205, Bell 206, Bell 212, Bell 214, CH, RH, SH, 412, Mil 17)
 Body structure and upgrading helicopters
 Design and configuration of variety of helicopters windows and glasses
 Design and manufacturing fixtures

Products

Helicopters
Panha 2091 - based on Bell AH-1 SuperCobra
Panha Shabaviz 2-75 - based on Bell 204/205
Panha Shabaviz 2061 - based on Bell 206
Homa - The twin-engine helicopter can seat 14 people and fly in different weathers.
 Sorena (helicopter)
 Saba-248 (helicopter)

See also
Iran Aviation Industries Organization
Iranian Military Industry

References

External links

Iran Aerospace research and industries - Helicopter industries
IHSRC - Iranian Helicopter Support and Renewal Company (2014)

Aircraft manufacturers of Iran
Helicopter manufacturers
Iranian brands
Defence companies of Iran
manufacturing companies based in Tehran
Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Industry in Iran
Organisations based in Tehran
Companies established in 1979
Aerospace companies
Companies of Iran
Qods Aviation Industry Company. Qods Aviation Industry Company (also spelled Ghods) is an Iranian state-owned aerospace company established in 1985. It specializes in UAVs.

It was formed under the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). In early 1998 it was reorganized under the Aerospace Industries Organization. As of 2011, it had hundreds of employees.

Products and services include:

 Manufacturing drones: Saeghe, Talash, and Mohajer;
 Developing a variety of parachutes (Freefall Personnel Parachutes, Strato Cloud parachutes, Ofogh parachutes, and Fakhte parachutes)
 Manufacturing powered paragliders;
 Manufacturing and design of ground control station (GCS) systems, imagery, targeting, optical tracking and aviation systems.

Qods Aviation is subject to American OFAC sanctions.

See also
Iran Aviation Industries Organization
Iranian Military Industry

References

Aerospace companies of Iran
Aircraft manufacturers of Iran
Defence companies of Iran
Iranian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
Entrainment. Entrainment may refer to:

 Air entrainment, the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete
 Brainwave entrainment, the practice of entraining one's brainwaves to a desired frequency
 Entrainment (biomusicology), the synchronization of organisms to an external rhythm
 Entrainment (chronobiology), the alignment of a circadian system's period and phase to the period and phase of an external rhythm
 Entrainment (engineering), the entrapment of one substance by another substance
 Entrainment (hydrodynamics), the movement of one fluid by another
 Entrainment (meteorology), a phenomenon of the atmosphere
 Entrainment (physical geography), the process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow
 Entrainment (physics), the process whereby two interacting oscillating systems assume the same period
 Lexical entrainment, the process in conversational linguistics of the subject adopting the terms of their interlocutor
 Photoentrainment (chronobiology), the synchronization by light of organisms to environment rhythm

See also
 "That's Entrainment", a Van Morrison song
 Entrains-sur-Nohain, a commune in the Nièvre department in central France
Underseal. 

On vehicles
Underseal (often called undercoating in the U.S.) is a thick resilient coating applied to the underbody or chassis of an automobile to protect against impact damage from small stones, which would rapidly chip ordinary paint, allowing rusting to begin.

Historically, a bitumen-based compound was used, but after approximately a decade, this becomes brittle and water can become trapped between the underseal and body metal, counterproductively creating a more favourable environment for rust than if no underseal was applied at all.  Wax-based underseals do not have this disadvantage, but can be eroded and eventually washed off by enthusiastic use of a hot pressure washer.  Rubber-based underseals are also sometimes used.

Vehicles for sale in some territories are not undersealed, because the climate is not sufficiently aggressive to warrant it.  If such a vehicle is subsequently imported into a country with high rainfall, cold winters, and where salting of the roads is common, application of underseal is strongly recommended to ensure the vehicle has a long life.

On roads
When concrete on streets, parking lots, or warehouse floors begins to degrade, there are a few methods of repair available. Concrete undersealing is a process by which hot asphalt is pumped underneath the concrete slab so it flows into patches that were hollow and eroded. After concrete undersealing, the concrete is more stable and can be overlaid with a thin layer of asphalt to repair cracks, saving the expense and time of replacing the entire surface.

Automotive technologies
Corrosion prevention
Rheidol Power Station. Rheidol power station is a 56MW hydroelectric scheme near Aberystwyth, Wales. It was built between 1957 and 1962 and was officially opened on 3 July 1964.  It has been operated by Statkraft since 2009 after it was transferred from E.ON UK as part of a swap for shares. In 1964/65 Rheidol Power Station was awarded the Christopher Hinton trophy in recognition of good housekeeping.

The power plant is the largest of its kind in England and Wales. It was constructed under the terms of the North Wales Hydro-Electric Power Act 1955. The plant has generated renewable energy by using rainwater that falls on the surrounding mountains since 1962. The plant covers a total area of  and is made up of an interconnected group of reservoirs, dams, pipelines, aqueducts, and power stations. The upper reaches of the scheme are over  above sea level in the Plynlimon mountains. A series of aqueducts collects the water and channels it into the Nant-y-Moch reservoir. Water flows from this reservoir to a power station at Dinas where it drives a 13MW generator. From the power station, the water flows into Dinas reservoir. Dinas reservoir supplies water to the largest power station at Cwm Rheidol where there are two 20.5MW generators. At Cwm Rheidol a further reservoir has been created to avoid large variations in the flow of water. This reservoir collects water that flows through the power station and releases it slowly through a 1MW generator.

References

External links
 
 
 

 

Hydroelectric power stations in Wales
Buildings and structures in Ceredigion
Parsé Semiconductor Co.. Parsé Semiconductor Co. was established in 2003 in Tehran, Iran, is a digital design house for ASIC, SoC and FPGA designs. In 2006, the company announced it has both designed and produced a 32-bit computer microprocessor inside the country for the first time.

The computer microprocessor called Aristo has been manufactured by Iranian researchers and engineers at Parsé Semiconductor with the support the company has received from the Modern Industries Center of the ministry of Industries of Iran. In addition, Parsé has released its own chip called Tachra, which includes the Aristo processor core, together with a suite of Tachra development tools. These architectures seem to have much in common with Leon3.

See also
Economy of Iran

External links
Official Website

References

Electronics companies established in 2003
Iranian brands
Semiconductor companies of Iran
Iranian companies established in 2003
EAEC. EAEC may refer to:

 European Automobile Engineers Cooperation, part of the Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Ingénieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile
 East African Examinations Council
 East Asia Economic Caucus, a regional free trade zone proposed in 1990
 Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, a virulence property of Escherichia coli
 Eurasian Economic Community
 Edge Analytics and Edge Computing, see Edge Computing
 European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) an international organisation which is legally distinct from the European Union, but has the same membership
Lime render. Lime render is the first coat of lime "plaster or the like" applied to the external surfaces of traditionally-built stone or brick buildings.

It allows the building to 'breathe' – as lime is porous, it allows for the collection and evaporation of moisture. Portland cement in contrast, an often applied render for stone or brick buildings, traps moisture behind the stonework, which can result in the erosion of the masonry.

A lime render may be covered by a lime wash.

References

External links 
 Some explanations on a commercial website

Wallcoverings
Building materials
Plastering
Cuthbert in the Mines. Cuthbert in the Mines (shown on the title screen as Cuthbert in the Mine) is a platform game for the Dragon 32 home computer published by Microdeal in 1984. It stars Cuthbert, a character who appeared in other releases, including Cuthbert Goes Walkabout and Cuthbert Goes Digging. The gameplay is based on Frogger, but with a vertical playfield. Tandy Corporation licensed it for the TRS-80 Color Computer.

Plot
The player guides Cuthbert from hell through levels of mines while avoiding railcars and the fireball-throwing devil.

References

1984 video games
Dragon 32 games
TRS-80 Color Computer games
Video game clones
Platformers
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Microdeal games
Dynamic scattering mode. George Heilmeier proposed the dynamic scattering effect which causes a strong scattering of light when the electric field applied to a special liquid crystal mixture exceeds a threshold value.

A DSM cell requires the following ingredients:
 a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy (aligns the LC long axis perpendicular to the electric field),
 homeotropic alignment of the LC (i.e. perpendicular to the substrate planes),
 doping of the LC with a substance that increases the conductivity of the LC to allow a current to flow.

With no voltage applied the LC-cell with the homeotropically aligned LC is clear and transparent. With increasing voltage and current, the electric field tries to align the long molecular axis of the LC perpendicular to the field while the ion transport through the layer has the tendency to align the LC perpendicular to the substrate plates. As a result, a pattern of repetitive striped regions called Williams domains is generated in the cell. Increasing the voltage further causes this regular pattern to be replaced by a turbulent state which strongly scatters light. This effect belongs to the class of electro-hydrodynamic effects in LCs. Electro-optic displays can be realized with the effect in the transmissive and reflective mode of operation. The driving voltages required for light scattering are in the range of several tens of volts, and the non-trivial current depends on the area of the activated segments. Historically the DSM effect was thus poorly suited for displays in battery-powered devices.

References 
 G. Heilmeier, L.A. Zanoni, and L. Barton, Proc. IEEE 56, 1162 (1968)
 B. Bahadur, Liquid Crystals: Applications and Uses, World Scientific, 1990

Liquid crystal displays
Video capture. Video capture is the process of converting an analog video signal—such as that produced by a video camera, DVD player, or television tuner—to digital video and sending it to local storage or to external circuitry. The resulting digital data are referred to as a digital video stream, or more often, simply video stream. Depending on the application, a video stream may be recorded as computer files, or sent to a video display, or both.

Early 16-bit ISA capture cards emerged in the early 90s. These cards were supported by VIDCAP as part of the Video for Windows package. One early card was a sandwich of two cards as early processors needed more logic to even get up to 15 frames per second. 

PCI capture cards offered 30 frames per second. These cards could also handle capturing VHS tapes etc. but VHS image quality was poor so many adopted new video cameras until eventually digital cameras surfaced. Capturing video from digital cameras delivered excellent results above DVD quality.

Devices

Special electronic circuitry is required to capture video from analog video sources. At the system level this function is typically performed by a dedicated video capture device. Such devices typically employ integrated circuit video decoders to convert incoming video signals to a standard digital video format, and additional circuitry to convey the resulting digital video to local storage or to circuitry outside the video capture device, or both. Depending on the device, the resulting video stream may be conveyed to external circuitry via a computer bus (e.g., PCI/104 or PCIe) or a communication interface such as USB, Ethernet or Wi-Fi, or stored in mass-storage memory in the device itself (e.g., digital video recorder).

See also
 TV tuner cards, which employ video capture circuitry to capture broadcast television
 Frame grabber
 Uncompressed video
 Dazzle (video recorder)

References 
Convergence Culture. Where Old and New Media Collide, Buying Into American Idol, Henry Jenkins, 2006 New York University Press.

Codecs
PPS-1350. PPS-1350 is a Hall-effect thruster, a kind of ion propulsion system for spacecraft. It was used in the SMART-1 mission to the moon and one geostationary satellites: Inmarsat-4A F4.

It creates a stream of electrically charged xenon ions accelerated by an electric field and confined by a magnetic field. The PPS-1350 is built by Snecma, a French aerospace firm, in cooperation with Fakel, who designed the SPT-100, on which the PPS 1350 is based.

Specifications

See also 
 Comparison of orbital rocket engines

References

Ion engines
Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research. The Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR) is a  automotive and motorsports research campus in Greenville, South Carolina. The facility includes a graduate school offering Master's and Doctoral degrees in automotive engineering, and offering programs focused on systems integration.

Ozen Engineering Incorporated announced plans to base its East Coast operations at CU-ICAR.

References

Clemson University
Education in Greenville, South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Greenville, South Carolina
Victor Meyer apparatus. The Victor Meyer apparatus is the standard laboratory method for determining the molecular weight of a volatile liquid. It was developed by Viktor Meyer, who spelled his name Victor in publications at the time of its development. In this method, a known mass of a volatile solid or liquid under examination is converted into its vapour form by heating in a Victor Meyer's tube. The vapour displaces its own volume of air. The volume of air displaced at experimental temperature and pressure is calculated. Then volume of air displaced at standard temperature and pressure is calculated. Using this, mass of air displaced at 2.24 × 10−2 m3 of vapour at STP is calculated. This value represents the molecular mass of the substance. The apparatus consists of an inner Victor Meyer's tube, lower end of which is in form of a bulb. The upper end of tube has a side tube that leads to a trough filled with water. The Victor Meyer's tube is surrounded by an outer jacket. In the outer jacket, a liquid is placed, which boils at a temperature at least 30 K higher than the substance under examination. A small quantity of glass-wool or asbestos pad covers the lower end of the Victor Meyer's tube to prevent breakage, when a glass bottle containing the substance under examination is dropped to it

Procedure
The liquid in the outer jacket is heated until no more air escapes from the side tube. Then, a graduated tube  filled with water is inverted over the side tube dipping in a trough filled with water. A small quantity of substance is weighed exactly in a small stoppered bottle and is dropped in the Victor Meyer's tube and sealed immediately. The bottle falls on the asbestos pad and its contents suddenly change into vapour, blows out the stopper and displaces an equal volume of air in graduated tube. The volume of air displaced is measured by taking the graduated tube out, closing its mouth with thumb and dipping in a jar filled with water. When water levels inside and outside the tube is equal, the volume of air displaced is noted. The atmospheric pressure and laboratory temperature are noted.

Victor Meyer method of alcohol distinction
Victor Meyer suggested a method for determining the types of alcohol i.e. (primary, secondary or tertiary). In this method the sample alcohol is treated with PI3 to get the iodoalkane which is again treated with AgNO2 to get the nitroalkane. The nitroalkane is then treated with nitrous acid which is obtained by NaNO2 and HCl. The resulting solution is treated with KOH and the colour is observed. The red, blue and no colour indicates the primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol respectively.

References
 
General Chemistry-John Russel by McGraw Hill International Editions 3rd edition
University General Chemistry-An Introduction to Chemical Science edited by CNR Rao by McMillan Indian Ltd.
Inorganic Chemistry, by P.L.Soni
Tamil Nadu State Board class 11 textbook vol.1 page-31.

Laboratory equipment
Dialer management platform. A dialer management platform (DMP) is used to dynamically update the information held within a least cost routing dialler.  The dialler is programmed to call into the DMP periodically, when it does it can supply the service provider with information such as calling patterns.

The DMP at the same time can reprogram the dialler with new routing tables in order to supply the end user better calling rates.

References

Telephony
Telecommunications economics
Teletraffic
Rasti. Rasti (from the German verb rasten, 'to secure, to place firmly, to lock into its place') is a construction toy made from plastic—similar to Lego, Tente and Mis Ladrillos—that was produced by the Knittax company in Argentina during the 1960s and 1970s. In 2007, manufacturing began again.

Construction 
The construction method allows a person to join pieces by using medium pressure, locking the blocks together with semi-rigid plastic pins which, unlike other brands, avoids the friction and wear between the pins and the internal surfaces of the blocks. This system avoids the fragility and instability in the models, giving a solidity unequaled by any other construction toy or block system.

Quality 
Rasti bricks produced in Argentina were made with quality in mind—the shafts were made in chromed steel with plastic points for joining the special holes in the wheels. They were so popular that the word "Rasti" became regularly used as a synonym for durability and stability. It is still used as a generic noun to describe objects that can be assembled or disassembled in pieces saying: "it was broken like a Rasti" or "you can build it like a Rasti".

Having obtained a considerable popularity in the toy market in Argentina, the "Rasti" was exported to countries such as Canada and Germany (from where the original design came) until its production moved to Brazil where its license was granted to the company Hering, and remained in production for several years. The brand "Rasti" comes from the German word "rasten" which means "to affirm, to establish giving solidity, stability and firmness" which is the concept that governs the plastic blocks that are embedded to form various structures.

In Europe, with new colors but with the same basic pieces, the Rasti still continued selling after the new millennium (“Rasti-2000”).
Between the more popular sets sold in the Rasti decades, there are the Minibox 600, the Multibox 800, the technical kits 501 and 502, the three variants of Rasti Mobil (202, 203 and 204), the Motobox 45 and its more complete version the Motobox 90, and the larger set, "Starbox 1000".

External links 
Rasti in Argentina
 Rasti official page
 República Rasti
 Rasti Club Argentina

References 

Construction toys
Conductivity factor. The conductivity factor (CF) of dissolved salts in a given solution is a measurement of conductivity. Using the electrical conductivity between two electrodes in a water solution, the level of dissolved solids in that solution can be measured. Measurements can then be used to dose the solution with the necessary nutrients in the case of hydroponics.  Conductivity measurements are also used in ecology and environmental sciences to assess the level of nutrients in lakes and rivers.  For a discussion of conductivity in this context, see Total dissolved solids.

CF (conductivity factor) is basically EC multiplied by 10, and is used in some places because it eliminates the need for a decimal point, so an EC of 0.1 is equal to a CF of 1.

Electrical conductivity can be expressed using a number of different units but the international standard is EC, and the unit of measurement is usually milliSiemens or microSiemens. The difference between these two units of measurement is the placement of the decimal point, so 1 milliSiemens is equal to 1000 microSiemens.

References

See also
EC meter
TDS meter

Measurement
Electricity
Pharsalia Technologies. Pharsalia Technologies, Inc. was founded in December 1999, located in Roswell, Georgia, as an emerging company developing network infrastructure products for the Internet market. Led by a team of over 28 software engineers, Pharsalia focused on developing software products for the rapidly escalating content delivery market. The company was headed by Chip Howes, whose team is the inventor of record for over 30 patents in the area of TCP/IP server load balancing, and are credited with the invention of the technology in 1996.

Pharsalia was acquired by Alteon WebSystems of San Jose, California on July 21, 2000 in a stock swap worth about $221 million. Subsequently, Alteon was acquired by Nortel Networks on October 4, 2000.

After integrating the company into Nortel Networks, most of the original team was laid off by August 2003.  The founders went on to start another company, Steelbox Networks, and hired back many of the same engineers.

Trivia 

Pharsalia is a name related to the location of Julius Caesar's victory over Pompey.
Pharsalia Technologies was named after Pharsalia Plantation in Massies Mill, VA, the birthplace of Sarah Howes, mother of founder, Chip Howes.

References

External links 
 Pharsalia Technologies
 Pharsalia Technologies acquired by Alteon

Companies based in Roswell, Georgia
Defunct software companies of the United States
Networking companies of the United States
Telecommunications companies established in 1999
Defunct companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)
1999 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)