omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PWB/UNIX. The Programmer's Workbench (PWB/UNIX) was an early, now discontinued, version of the Unix operating system that had been created in the Bell Labs Computer Science Research Group of AT&T. Its stated goal was to provide a time-sharing working environment for large groups of programmers, writing software for larger batch processing computers.

Prior to 1973 Unix development at AT&T was a project of a small group of researchers in Department 1127 of Bell Labs. As the usefulness of Unix in other departments of Bell Labs was evident, the company decided to develop a version of Unix tailored to support programmers in production work, not just research. The Programmer's Workbench was started in 1973, by Evan Ivie and Rudd Canaday to support a computer center for a 1000-employee Bell Labs division, which would be the largest Unix site for several years. PWB/UNIX was to provide tools for teams of programmers to manage their source code and collaborate on projects with other team members. It also introduced several stability improvements beyond Research Unix, and broadened usage of the Research nroff and troff text formatters, via efforts with Bell Labs typing pools that led to the -mm macros.

While PWB users managed their source code on PDP-11 Unix systems, programs were often written to run on other operating systems. For this reason, PWB included software for submitting jobs to IBM System/370, UNIVAC 1100 series, and SDS Sigma 5 computers. In 1977 PWB supported a user community of about 1100 users in the Business Information Systems Programs (BISP) group of Bell Labs.

Two major releases of Programmer's Workbench were produced. PWB/UNIX 1.0, released July 1, 1977 was based on Version 6 Unix; PWB 2.0 was based on Version 7 Unix. The operating system was advertised by Bell System Software as late as 1981 and edition 1.0 was still on an AT&T price list for educational institutions in 1984. Most of PWB/UNIX was later incorporated in the commercial UNIX System III and UNIX System V releases.

Features
Notable firsts in PWB include:
 The Source Code Control System, the first UNIX revision control system, written by Marc J. Rochkind
 The remote job entry batch-submission system
 The PWB shell, written by John R. Mashey, which preceded Steve Bourne's Bourne shell
 The restricted shell (rsh), an option of the PWB shell, used to create widely-available logins for status-checking, trouble-reporting, but made safe by restricting commands 
 The troff -mm (memorandum) macro package, written by John R. Mashey and Dale W. Smith
 Utilities like find, cpio, expr, all three written by Dick Haight, xargs, egrep and fgrep
 yacc and lex, which, though not written specifically for PWB, were available outside of Bell Labs for the first time in the PWB distribution

See also
 Research Unix
 Writer's Workbench ("WWB")

References

External links
 
 Unix ad mentioning PWB, from a 1981 issue of Datamation (on Dennis Ritchie's homepage)
 PWB distributions, from the Ancient UNIX Archive

Unix history
Unix variants
Bell Labs Unices
AMD (disambiguation). AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) is an American semiconductor manufacturer.

AMD may also refer to:

Science/technology
 Acid mine drainage
 Age-related macular degeneration of the eye
 Algorithmic mechanism design, a field of economics
 AMD64 CPU architecture
 AMD-65 Automata Módosított Deszantfegyver (Automatic Modified Descent), a Hungarian rifle
 Asynchronous module definition, a JavaScript API
 amd, the Berkeley Automounter, a daemon on Unix-like operating systems
 Alpha-mannosidosis, a lysosomal storage disorder

Business/politics
 Certified AM Directional Specialist, in broadcasting
 Aircraft Manufacturing and Design
 Alliance for a Democratic Mauritania, or Alliance pour une Mauritanie démocratique, a former political movement
 AMD Holdings Inc., an American doll manufacturer
 American Micro Devices, a 1964–1965 technology company
 Arbeitsstelle für Molekularelektronik Dresden, a former name for technology company ZMDI
 Armenian dram, ISO 4217 currency code AMD
 Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Hyderabad, India
 Avions Marcel Dassault, a French aircraft manufacturer

Other
 AMD Academy of Fashion and Design, Germany
 A Modest Destiny, a webcomic by Sean Howard
 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad, India, IATA code AMD

See also 
 `Amd
 Amdahl
Voice browser. A voice browser is a software application that presents an interactive voice user interface to the user in a manner analogous to the functioning of a web browser interpreting Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Dialog documents interpreted by voice browser are often encoded in standards-based markup languages, such as Voice Dialog Extensible Markup Language (VoiceXML), a standard by the  World Wide Web Consortium.

A voice browser presents information aurally, using pre-recorded audio file playback or text-to-speech synthesis software.  A voice browser obtains information using speech recognition and keypad entry, such as DTMF detection. 

As speech recognition and web technologies have matured, voice applications are deployed commercially in many industries and voice browsers are supplanting traditional proprietary interactive voice response (IVR) systems. Voice browser software is delivered in a variety of implementations models.

Systems that present a voice browser to a user, typically provide interfaces to the public switched telephone network or to a private branch exchange.

See also
Call Control eXtensible Markup Language (CCXML)
Speech Recognition Grammar Specification (SRGS)
Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition (SISR)
Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML)
Pronunciation Lexicon Specification (PLS)
ECMAScript - Scripting language supported by most voice browsers

External links
 W3C's list of VoiceXML browsers
 Ken Rehor's VoiceXML platform list
 VoiceXML Forum
 W3C Voice Browser Working Group
 Voximal the VoiceXML Browser for Asterisk PBX
 VoiceXML Development Guide
 Voice Browsing IE Toolbar by Yan Michalevsky
 Project metalmouth - Developing an open source voice browser extension for Chrome

Web browsers
Speech synthesis
Kaminsky catalyst. A Kaminsky catalyst is a catalytic system for alkene polymerization. Kaminsky catalysts are based on metallocenes of group 4 transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf) activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO). These and other innovations have inspired development of new classes of catalysts that in turn led to commercialization of novel engineering polyolefins.



Catalyst development
The catalyst is named after German chemist Walter Kaminsky, who first described it in 1980 along with Hansjörg Sinn and others. Prior to Kaminsky's work, titanium chlorides supported on various materials were widely used (and still are) as heterogeneous catalysts for alkene polymerization. These halides are typically activated by treatment with trimethylaluminium. Kaminsky discovered that titanocene and related complexes emulated some aspects of these Ziegler–Natta catalysts but with low activity. He subsequently found that high activity could be achieved upon activation of these metallocenes with methylaluminoxane (MAO). The MAO serves two roles: (i) alkylation of the metallocene halide and (ii) abstraction of an anionic ligand (chloride or methyl) to give an electrophilic catalyst with a labile coordination site.

Ligand design
Kaminsky's discovery of well-defined, high activity homogeneous catalysts led to many innovations in the design of novel cyclopentadienyl ligands. These innovations include ansa-metallocenes, Cs-symmetric fluorenyl-Cp ligands, constrained geometry catalysts, Some Kaminsky-inspired catalysts use of chiral metallocenes that have bridged cyclopentadienyl rings. These innovations made possible highly stereoselective (or stereoregular) polymerization of α-olefins, some of which have been commercialized.

References

Homogeneous catalysis
Organometallic chemistry
Polymer chemistry
Catalysts
Mobile station. A mobile station (MS) comprises all user equipment and software needed for communication with a mobile network.

The term refers to the global system connected to the mobile network, i.e. a mobile phone or mobile computer connected using a mobile broadband adapter. This is the terminology of 2G systems like GSM. In 3G systems, a mobile station (MS) is now referred to as user equipment (UE).

In GSM, a mobile station consists of four main components:

Mobile termination (MT) - offers common functions such as: radio transmission and handover, speech encoding and decoding, error detection and correction, signalling and access to the SIM. The IMEI code is attached to the MT. It is equivalent to the network termination of an ISDN access.
Terminal equipment (TE) - is any device connected to the MS offering services to the user. It does not contain any functions specific to GSM.
Terminal adapter (TA) - provides access to the MT as if it were an ISDN network termination with extended capabilities. Communication between the TE and MT over the TA takes place using AT commands.
Subscriber identity module (SIM) - is a removable subscriber identification token storing the IMSI, a unique key shared with the mobile network operator and other data.

In a mobile phone, the MT, TA and TE are enclosed in the same case. However, the MT and TE functions are often performed by distinct processors. The application processor serves as a TE, while the baseband processor serves as a MT, communication between both takes place over a bus using AT commands, which serves as a TA.

See also 
 GSM procedures
 Radio station
 Radiocommunication service

References

Mobile telecommunications user equipment
Telecommunications equipment
Telecommunications infrastructure
3GPP standards
Garage. A garage is a covered structure built for the purpose of parking, storing, protecting, maintaining, and/or repairing vehicles. Specific applications include:

Garage (residential), a building or part of a building for storing one or more vehicles
Automobile repair shop, also called a garage, where vehicles are serviced and repaired
Bus garage, a building or complex used for storage of buses when not in use
Filling station, an automotive service station where vehicles take on fuel or recharge
Multistorey car park, or parking garage, a building serving as a public parking facility

Other meanings of garage may include:

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films
Garage (film), a 2007 film by Lenny Abrahamson
The Garage (1920 film), a film by Roscoe Arbuckle
The Garage (1980 film), a film by Eldar Ryazanov

Video game 
Garage (video game), a 1999 Japanese horror adventure video game

Music

Groups and genres
 Garage (band), a Czech rock band
 Garage house, a form of dance music that emerged in the 1980s
 UK garage (also known as simply "garage"), a form of dance music that emerged in the 1990s
 Garage rock, a form of rock and roll that emerged in the 1960s

Albums
 Garage (album), a 2005 album by Cross Canadian Ragweed
Garage Inc., a 1998 compilation of cover songs by Metallica

Periodicals
 Garage (fanzine), a 1980s music fanzine from New Zealand
 Garage Magazine, a biannual publication dedicated to contemporary art and fashion

Brands and enterprises
 Garage (clothing retailer), a US/Canadian retailer for teenage girls
 Garage (drink), a Finnish alcopop drink
 Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, Moscow
 Paradise Garage, also known as "the Garage" or the "Gay-rage", a now-defunct New York City discotheque located in a parking garage

See also
GarageBand, a music production software application published by Apple Computer

Disambiguation pages to be converted to broad concept articles
John Pybus. Sir Percy John Pybus, 1st Baronet,  (25 January 1880 – 23 October 1935) was a British Liberal Party politician.

Business career
Having completed an engineering apprenticeship John Pybus joined electrical engineers Phoenix Dynamo Manufacturing Company when aged 26. During World War I he was appointed managing director. Phoenix became a major constituent of the amalgamation of businesses named English Electric in 1918 and Pybus became a joint managing director with two others. He was appointed managing director of English Electric in March 1921 and chairman in April 1926. He was a member of many boards of directors including The Times newspaper and chairman of others including Phoenix Assurance.

In October 1928 he was selected as Liberal candidate for the Harwich Division. He remained a director of English Electric.

Parliament
Pybus was first elected at the May 1929 general election, as the Liberal Member of Parliament for Harwich in Essex.

In 1931, when Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald split the party and formed a National Government. Pybus was one of the Liberal MPs to receive a ministerial post but then left to help form the breakaway Liberal National Party. Re-elected in Harwich at the 1931 general election as a Liberal National, Pybus served as Minister of Transport from 1931 until 1933.

Honours
Created a Commander of the British Empire in 1917 he was made a baronet, of Harwich in the County of Essex, in January 1934, and died on 23 October 1935, just weeks before the 1935 general election. His title became extinct on his death.

References

External links 
 

1880 births
1935 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
Pybus, Sir Percy, 1st Baronet
National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) politicians
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Secretaries of state for transport (UK)
Diaphragm (mechanical device). In mechanics, a diaphragm is a sheet of a semi-flexible material anchored at its periphery and most often round in shape. It serves either as a barrier between two chambers, moving slightly up into one chamber or down into the other depending on differences in pressure, or as a device that vibrates when certain frequencies are applied to it.

A diaphragm pump uses a diaphragm to pump a fluid. A typical design is to have air on one side constantly vary in pressure, with fluid on the other side. The increase and decrease in volume caused by the action of the diaphragm alternately forces fluid out the chamber and draws more fluid in from its source. The action of the diaphragm is very similar to the action of a plunger with the exception that a diaphragm responds to changes in pressure rather than the mechanical force of the shaft.

A diaphragm pressure tank is a tank which has pressurant sealed inside on one side of the diaphragm. It is favored in certain applications due to its high durability and reliability. This comes with a downside, as the vessel needs to be replaced in the case of a rupture of the diaphragm.
Diaphragm tanks are used to store hypergolic propellant aboard space probes and various other spacecraft.

Pressure regulators use diaphragms as part of their design.  Most uses of compressed gasses, for example, in gas welding and scuba diving rely on regulators to deliver their gas output at appropriate pressures.  Automotive fuel systems frequently require fuel-pressure regulators; this is true of many fuel injection systems as well as in vehicles fueled with liquefied petroleum gas (autogas) and compressed natural gas.

See also
Gas engine
Hybrid vehicle

References

Mechanics.
Jurgis Kairys. Jurgis Kairys (born 6 May 1952 in Krasnoyarsk Krai) is a Lithuanian aerobatic pilot and aeronautical engineer.

See also
Competition aerobatics

References

External links

Jurgis Kairys— leader of Airbandits team of aerobatics 
Video of inverted flight under bridge

1952 births
Living people
Aerobatic pilots
Lithuanian aerospace engineers
Air racers
Lithuanian motorsport people
Lithuanian aviators
People from Krasnoyarsk
Red Bull Air Race World Championship pilots
Soviet engineers
20th-century engineers
Soviet aviators
Ingrain wallpaper. Ingrain (or wood-chip) wallpaper is a decorating material. It consists of two layers of paper with wood fibre in between; different kinds of ingrain wallpaper are distinguished by the size and form of the fibre pieces.

Ingrain wallpaper was invented by German pharmacist Hugo Erfurt in 1864; marketed by the company his grandfather founded, it was first used as a decoration for shop windows, but began seeing use as a wallpaper from the 1920s on as well.

Ingrain wallpaper is the most commonly used type of wallpaper in Germany. It was also commonplace in the United Kingdom from the 1960s onwards.

It can also be very difficult to remove, especially when several coats of paint have been applied.

References 

Paper products
Wallcoverings
German inventions
1864 introductions
1864 in the German Confederation
Foil (metal). A foil is a very thin sheet of metal, typically made by hammering or rolling. Foils are most easily made with malleable metal, such as aluminium, copper, tin, and gold. Foils usually bend under their own weight and can be torn easily. For example, aluminium foil is usually about , whereas gold (more malleable than aluminium) can be made into foil only a few atoms thick, called gold leaf. Extremely thin foil is called metal leaf. Leaf tears very easily and must be picked up with special brushes.

See also

 Aluminium foil
 Copper foil
 Tin foil
 Gold leaf
 Metal leaf

References

Metalworking
Ed Heinemann. Edward Henry Heinemann (March 14, 1908 – November 26, 1991) was a military aircraft designer for the Douglas Aircraft Company.

Biography
Heinemann was born in Saginaw, Michigan. He moved to California as a boy and was raised in Los Angeles. A self-taught engineer, he joined Douglas Aircraft as a draftsman in 1926, but was laid off within a year.  After stints at International Aircraft, Moreland Aircraft, and the first Northrop Corporation, Heinemann rejoined Douglas after it acquired Northrop. Heinemann became Douglas' Chief Engineer in 1936. He remained with the company through 1960, when he left to join Guidance Technology. In 1962 he joined General Dynamics as Corporate Vice President of Engineering.  In this position he oversaw the development of the F-16.  He retired in 1973.

The airplane designer Burt Rutan listed Heinemann as among the leading pioneers in aviation who had inspired him to become an aerospace engineer.

His approach to aircraft design was uncomplicated, once saying that he simply took the most powerful engine available and designed the aircraft around it.

Designs
During his long career at Douglas, Heinemann designed more than 20 combat aircraft, primarily for the U.S. Navy, including many that became legends in aviation history. His designs included the following aircraft:

 SBD Dauntless dive bomber
 A-20 Havoc light bomber/attack aircraft
 A-26 Invader light bomber/attack aircraft
 A-1 Skyraider attack aircraft
 A-3 Skywarrior bomber
 A-4 Skyhawk light bomber
 F3D Skyknight night fighter
 F4D Skyray carrier-based fighter aircraft
 Douglas Skystreak and Douglas Skyrocket research aircraft

One of the first aircraft to be designed by Heinemann was the Moreland M-1 Trainer of 1929, a braced-wing parasol wing monoplane. Due to the 1929 recession only a small number were sold before the company ceased trading in 1933.

Awards and medals
 1953: Collier Trophy (for the F4D Skyray)
 1978: Guggenheim Medal
 1981: National Aviation Hall of Fame 
1982: International Air & Space Hall of Fame
 1983: National Medal of Science

The Naval Air Systems Command awards the Edward H. Heinemann Award annually to an individual or group that makes a significant contribution to aircraft design.

References

Further reading
 
 Edward H. Heinemann and Rosario Rausa, "Ed Heinemann – Combat Aircraft Designer",

External links
Heinemann biography at Skyhawk Association site
 Edward Henry Heinemann Personal Papers, San Diego Air and Space Museum Library and Archives
 Edward Henry Heinemann (Photo Collection), Flickr, San Diego Air and Space Museum Archives

1908 births
1991 deaths
People from Saginaw, Michigan
American aerospace engineers
National Medal of Science laureates
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
20th-century American engineers
Punya Thitimajshima. Punya Thitimajshima (9 November 1955 – 9 May 2006), a Thai professor in the department of telecommunications engineering at King Mongkut's Institute of Technology at Ladkrabang, was the co-inventor with Claude Berrou and Alain Glavieux of a groundbreaking coding scheme called turbo codes.

Thitimajshima was educated at King Mongkut's Institute of Technology at Ladkrabang, where he earned his bachelor's degree in control engineering and master's degree in electrical engineering. Later he went to École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne and Universite de Bretagne Occidentale in France, where he studied telecommunications engineering and received a doctoral degree in 1993 for a dissertation titled "Systematic recursive convolutional codes and their application to parallel concatenation." Thitimajshima joined the faculty of KMITL in 1995 as a lecturer, and became associate professor.

He was the recipient of the 1998 Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society together with Berrou and Glavieux. In 2003 he received the Outstanding Technologist Award presented by the Foundation for Promotion of Science and Technology under the Patronage of His Majesty the King of Thailand. He died on 9 May 2006 at the age of 51 from illness.

References

External links
 King Mongkut's Institute of Technology at Ladkrabang
 

1955 births
2006 deaths
Telecommunications in Thailand
Punya Thitimajshima
Information theorists
Telecommunications engineers
Electrical engineers
20th-century engineers