omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chrysocolla. Chrysocolla ( ) is a hydrous copper phyllosilicate mineral and mineraloid with the formula  (x < 1) or . 

The structure of the mineral has been questioned, as a 2006 spectrographic study suggest material identified as chrysocolla may be a mixture of the copper hydroxide spertiniite and chalcedony.

Chrysocolla typically forms amorphously.

History
The name chrysocolla comes from the Ancient Greek  () and  (), meaning "gold" and "glue" respectively, in allusion to the name of the material used to solder gold. The word was first used by Theophrastus in 315 BC.

Geology
Chrysocolla has a cyan (blue-green) color and is a minor ore of copper, having a hardness of 2.5 to 7.0. It is of secondary origin and forms in the oxidation zones of copper ore bodies. Associated minerals are quartz, limonite, azurite, malachite, cuprite, and other secondary copper minerals.  It is typically found as botryoidal or rounded masses and crusts, or vein fillings.

A 2006 study has produced evidence that chrysocolla may be a microscopic mixture of the copper hydroxide mineral spertiniite, amorphous silica and water.

Jewelry
Due to being somewhat more common than turquoise, its wide availability, and vivid, beautiful blue and blue-green colors, chrysocolla has been popular for use as a gemstone for carvings and ornamental use since antiquity. It is often used in silversmithing and goldsmithing in place of turquoise and is relatively easy to work and shape. Chrysocolla exhibits a wide range of Mohs hardness ranging from 2 through 7, which is dependent on the amount of silica incorporated into the stone when it is forming. Generally, dark navy blue chrysocolla is too soft to be used in jewelry, while cyan, green, and blue-green chrysocolla can have a hardness approaching 6, similar to turquoise. Chrysocolla chalcedony is a heavily silicified form of chrysocolla that forms in quartz deposits and can be very hard and approach a hardness of 7.

Gallery

See also
Chrysocolla (gold-solder)

References

Copper ores
Phyllosilicates
Orthorhombic minerals
Gemstones
Blendes
Z-Stoff. Z-Stoff (, "substance Z") was a name for calcium permanganate or sodium permanganate mixed in water. It was normally used as a catalyst for T-Stoff (high-test peroxide) in military rocket programs by Nazi Germany during World War II.

Z-Stoff was used in the cold engine of the Messerschmitt Me 163 A airplane, in the earlier, self-contained HWK 109-500 Starthilfe RATO booster motor for crewed aircraft (usually in pairs or multiples of two for such uses), and a smaller derivation of the Starthilfe unit, the HWK 109-507 booster engine used with the Henschel Hs 293 anti-ship guided missile. T-Stoff decomposed by Z-Stoff was commonly used by World War II German military to generate steam for powering of fuel pumps in airplanes and rockets.

The reaction produces manganese dioxide, which tends to clog the steam generators. Later generations of the Walter Rocket used solid-state catalyst instead of its water solution.

See also
List of stoffs

References

Rocket propellants
Audio Stream Input/Output. Audio Stream Input/Output (ASIO) is a computer audio interface driver protocol for digital audio specified by Steinberg, providing high data throughput, synchronization, and low latency between a software application and a computer's audio interface or sound card.

ASIO was initially released in 1997 in order to enable streaming of one or more audio streams from an (multi-input/output) audio interface to a software and vice versa with minimal latency and sample accurate synchronization of the audio streams. It allows the audio streams to use any sample rate and supports bit resolutions of 16, 24, 32 bit integer and 32 or 64 bit floating point.

The release of ASIO 2.0 in 1999 brought further enhancements such as ASIO Direct Monitoring, where an audio signal is monitored directly from the audio interface with basically zero latency, and ASIO Positioning Protocol, used to sample accurately synchronize a computer to other digital machines such as ADAT recorder or also other computers.

ASIO 2.3 introduced monitoring for dropouts in the audio stream.

ASIO bypasses the normal audio path from a user application through layers of intermediary operating system software so that an application connects directly to the sound card hardware. Each layer that is bypassed means a reduction in latency (the delay between an application sending audio information and it being reproduced by the sound card, or input signals from the sound card being available to the application). In this way, ASIO offers a relatively simple way of accessing multiple audio inputs and outputs independently.

Operating systems
Currently only Microsoft Windows (AMD/Intel x86-64) is supported by the ASIO SDK. Microsoft announced to incorporate ASIO into their USB Audio Class 2 driver for their Arm64 architecture.

While originally supporting MacOS, the introduction of Core Audio with macOS X made ASIO support for this OS unnecessary.

There is also an experimental ASIO driver for Wine, WineASIO, for a Windows compatibility layer for Linux. WineASIO driver uses the JACK sound server as its audio back-end and allows many ASIO-aware applications to run with low latency under WINE.

Licensing 
The license to use the ASIO software development kit (SDK) and to distribute an ASIO driver is free of charge. Yet an SDK license agreement has to be signed.

Distribution of the source code is not allowed. For example, the user manual of the Audacity audio editor states: "Licensing restrictions prevent us including ASIO support in released versions of Audacity, but Audacity can be compiled with ASIO support for private, non-distributable use."

See also
 JUCE, an open-source C++ toolkit that includes support for ASIO audio devices.
 JACK Audio Connection Kit, a similar system primarily for Linux.

References

External links
 Steinberg third-party developers support site where the ASIO SDK can be downloaded

Application programming interfaces
Audio libraries
Digital audio
Micromount. Micromount is term used by mineral collectors and amateur geologists to describe mineral specimens that are best appreciated using an optical aid, commonly a hand-lens or a binocular microscope. The magnification employed ranges from 10 to 40 times.

A micromount is permanently mounted in some kind of box and labelled with the name of the mineral and the location from which it came.  Proper mounting both preserves delicate crystals, and facilitates their handling.

Micromount specimen collecting has a number of advantages over collecting larger specimens.
Micromount specimens take up less space and cost less than larger specimens.
Small crystals are usually more perfect than larger ones.
Micromount material can often be readily collected at locations that rarely if ever yield specimens with large crystals.
Crystals of many rare species are only found in microscopic sizes.

Micromounting is a craft, as much as it is a collecting activity. Two English language books on
micromounting have been published, by Milton Speckels
in 1965, and by Quintin Wight
in 1993.

External links
 The British Micromount Society
 Micromounters of New England (USA)
 http://www.njminerals.org/micro.html
 http://rocky-mountain-micromineral-association.com/how_to_mount_micros
 http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/micro_top_ten.html

References

Mineralogy
Robustness. Robustness is the property of being strong and healthy in constitution. When it is transposed into a system, it refers to the ability of tolerating perturbations that might affect the system's functional body. In the same line robustness can be defined as "the ability of a system to resist change without adapting its initial stable configuration". 
"Robustness in the small" refers to situations wherein perturbations are small in magnitude, which considers that the "small" magnitude hypothesis can be difficult to verify because "small" or "large" depends on the specific problem. Conversely, "Robustness in the large problem" refers to situations wherein no assumptions can be made about the magnitude of perturbations, which can either be small or large.
It has been discussed that robustness has two dimensions: resistance and avoidance.

See also

 Fault-tolerant system
 Resilience (disambiguation)
 Robustness principle

References

Personality traits
Systems
Caproni Ca.5. The Caproni Ca.5 was an Italian heavy bomber of World War I and the postwar era. It was the final version of the series of aircraft that began with the Caproni Ca.1 in 1914.

Development
By late World War I, developments in aircraft technology made older bomber designs unable to penetrate targets defended by modern fighters. Caproni's response to this problem was to uprate the power significantly on the existing Ca.3 design, with some versions of the Ca.5 eventually carrying engines with nearly five times the total power that the first Ca.1 had.

Apart from greater power, various refinements were made to the design, including modifications to the main nacelle and undercarriage, and completely new wings. The first prototype flew in late 1917 and the type remained in production until 1921. Some 659 of all versions were built by Caproni, and another three were licence-built in the US (two Ca.44s by Standard, and one Ca.46 by Fisher). Planned licensed production in France was cancelled with the end of the war.

During the war, Caproni designated these aircraft according to the total power of their engines. Afterwards, the company redesignated them.

Design
The Ca.5 was a three-engine biplane of a wooden construction, covered with fabric. The crew of four was placed in an open central nacelle (front gunner, two pilots and rear gunner-mechanic). The rear gunner manned upper machine guns, standing upon the central engine in a protective "cage", just before a propeller.

Armament consisted of two to four Revelli 6.5 mm or 7.7 mm machine guns, one on a front ring mount and one, two or sometimes even three on an upper ring mount. Bombs were suspended under the hull.

Variants
 Ca.44 - main production version, originally powered by three Fiat A.12 engines of 149 kW (200 hp) each, hence the name Caproni 600 hp. Later, the A-12bis was used, and aircraft so equipped were known as Caproni 600/900 hps
 Ca.45 - variant selected for French service, powered by three Isotta Fraschini V.6s of 186 kW (250 hp) each. (Caproni 600/750 hp, or simply Caproni 750 hp)
 Ca.46 - late-war variant with three 269 kW (360 hp) Liberty engines.
 Ca.47 - (or I.Ca) seaplane version of Ca.44 (ten built)
 Ca.50 - Ca.44s modified as air ambulances
 Ca.57 - (or Breda M-1) - airliner conversion of war-surplus Ca.44s.

Operators

 Corpo Aeronautico Militare

 United States Navy

Specifications (Ca.44)

See also

Bibliography

 

1910s Italian bomber aircraft
Ca.005
Three-engined push-pull aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Three-engined piston aircraft
Computer-aided industrial design. Computer Aided Industrial Design (CAID) is a subset of computer-aided design (CAD) software that can assist in creating the look-and-feel or industrial design aspects of a product in development.

CAID programs tend to provide designers with improved freedom of creativity compared to typical CAD tools. However a typical workflow may follow a simple design methodology as follows:

 Creating sketches, using a stylus
 Generating curves directly from the sketch
 Generating surfaces directly from the curves

The end result is generally a 3D model that represents the main intent of the designer had in mind for the physical product. Such models can then be saved in formats for more convenient exchange with others (such as OBJ for virtual viewing in 3D graphics programs) or manufacturing (such a STL to create a real-life model via a rapid prototyping machine). CAID helps the designer focus on the technical aspect of the design methodology rather than the sketching and modelling aspects, contributing to the selection of a better product proposal in less time. When product pre-requisites and parameters have been more completely defined, output from the CAID software can be imported into a CAD program for pre-production testing, adjustment, and generation of technical drawings and manufacturing data such as CNC tool-paths.

CAID is far more conceptual and less technically focused than CAD. CAID programs tend to offer more tools that allow a designer to freely express themselves with more organic shapes and complex curves, whilst CAD software tends to be more focused on tools for the simple curves and straight lines more suitable for easy manufacturing.

CAD implementations have evolved dramatically since initial 3D offerings in the 1970s, which were typically limited to producing drawings similar to hand-drafted output. Advances in programming and computer hardware,[21][22] notably solid modelling in the 1980s, have allowed more versatile applications of computers in design activities.

See also
 Industrial Design
 Freeform surface modelling
 Class A Surfaces
 Production
 Injection molding
 Automobile design(Y)
 AliasStudio, ICEM Surf, NX Shape Studio, CATIA Shape Design and Styling, SolidThinking, Rhinoceros,  examples of CAID software

References

External links
 ASIS proceedings on CAID
 ACM Siggraph abstract on CAID

 
Product lifecycle management
Industrial design
Computer-aided design
Caproni Ca.37. The Caproni Ca.37 was a ground attack aircraft designed and built in Italy by Caproni around 1916.

Design and development
During 1916 Caproni embarked on the design of a small light ground attack aircraft which followed the design philosophy of its much larger cousins the Ca.3 and Ca.4.

The Ca.37 followed the twin boom layout with central nacelle, which housed the tandem cockpits and the  Lancia Tipo 4 6-cylinder in-line piston engine, driving a 2-bladed pusher propeller. The tail-plane spanned across the two tail-booms and mounted two all-flying rudders for yaw control. Twin main-wheel units were strut mounted under each boom which also carried wooden tail-skids.

The front cockpit was to house a gunner with a flexibly mounted machine-gun. Small bombs were also to be carried for trench attacks and anti-personnel attacks.

Limited further development, in the form of streamlined pod and booms, was carried out as the Ca.38, but no production resulted.

Variants
Ca.37 The sole Ca.37 prototype.
Ca.38A new-build aircraft, or conversion of the sole Ca.37, with streamlined pod and booms for improved performance, but still no production orders.

Specifications (Ca.37)

References

Ca.37
1910s Italian bomber aircraft
Biplanes
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
MPD (programming language). Multithreaded, Parallel, and Distributed Programming (MPD) is a concurrent programming language whose syntax is derived from the one used in the book Foundations of Multithreaded, Parallel, and Distributed Programming. The name lists the distinguishing features of the language, namely that it supports all three of these concurrent programming techniques.

MPD is implemented as a variant of the SR programming language. It has a different parser, but it uses the same intermediate form and run-time system as SR. Consequently, MPD provides the same variety of concurrent programming mechanisms as does SR.

MPD programs can execute on single processors, shared-memory multiprocessors, or clusters of (homogeneous) processors. The implementation transparently supports a variety of different kinds of processors and Unix systems.

Sample Code
resource helloWorld()
    writes("Hello World\n")
end

External links
 MPD page at University of Arizona (copy in archive.org)

Concurrent programming languages
SR programming language family
ACC (programming language). ACC is a near-C compiler for the MS-DOS operating system on the IBM PC line of computers for programs. The compiler and compiled programs will run on any Intel 80386 or above PC running MS-DOS. Included with the compiler are a 386 assembler and a linker for combining multiple object files. There are also two libraries, which are a protected mode DOS extender (based on Thomas Pytel's, AKA Tran's PMODE30B + PMODE307 DOS extenders), and a library of functions callable by C programs.

Pointers are 4 bytes, and can access all available memory. All memory can be allocated too. The compiler, assembler and linker are all very small and reportedly very fast.

ACC uses simple commands which place objects and change them. As such, it is very hard to make games with complicated sprites, because there is no command which can group objects. Almost every type of command is two or three letters, for example: tx=text, col=color, oct=octagon, etc. It is similar to Batch.

References 

C programming language family
Inflexible. Inflexible may refer to:

Stiffness, the rigidity of an object, the extent to which it resists deformation in response to an applied force
Beardmore Inflexible, a British three-engined all-metal prototype bomber aircraft of the 1920s
HMS Inflexible, one of several Royal Navy ships of this name
Inflexible-class ship of the line built for the Royal Navy in the late 16th century
French submarine Inflexible (S615), a French nuclear submarine
LMS Jubilee Class 5727 Inflexible, a steam locomotive constructed in 1936.
ST Inflexible, a French tugboat

See also
Flexibility (disambiguation)
Aalborg Air Base. Aalborg Air Base () also Air Transport Wing Aalborg is a military air base for the Royal Danish Air Force . It is located at Vadum, near Aalborg, Denmark.
Aalborg Air Base shares its runway system as well as some services (Air Traffic Control etc.) with Aalborg Lufthavn.

Residing Royal Danish Air Force units are:
 721 Squadron which is an air transport squadron equipped with 
four Lockheed C-130J-30 Hercules 
four CL-604 Challenger aircraft

It is also the base for Denmark's elite Jægerkorpset special forces unit.

Until their decommissioning on 10 January 2006, Aalborg Air Base was also home to:
 723 Squadron
 726 Squadron
These two squadrons were reconnaissance and fighter squadrons equipped with Lockheed F-16MLU Fighting Falcon aircraft.
The aircraft from these squadrons were transferred to Skrydstrup Air Base instead.

History 
Aalborg Air Base was established along with Aalborg Airport in 1938, serving the first Danish domestic flight between Aalborg and Copenhagen. The air base was established following pressure from the Aalborg Portland cement factory as local authorities were hesitant to invest in air traffic infrastructure.

When Germany invaded Denmark on 9 April 1940, the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) launched one of the first airborne operations in history, in which paratroopers captured the airport. Aalborg Lufthavn was considered a crucial element in the ferrying of troops and equipment from Germany to Norway as it acted as a refuelling base for Luftwaffe transport planes, especially Junkers Ju 52/3m, during the campaign.

A well known air battle took place over the airport on 13 August 1940, when a squadron of Royal Air Force Bristol Blenheim bombers attacked the German aircraft based there. All eleven attacking aircraft were shot down by either German anti-aircraft fire or Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft.

The Luftwaffe greatly expanded the airport - which they called Fliegerhorst Aalborg West - from 140 to 2750 hectares of land.

On June 16, 1944, RAF de Havilland Mosquitoes attacked the airfield. One of the RAF pilots, New Zealand fighter ace Michael Herrick, was killed leading aircraft of No. 305 Polish Bomber Squadron.  His earlier service had included flying night fighters in the Battle of Britain and two operational tours flying Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawks in the Pacific before returning to Britain to fly Mosquitoes against the Luftwaffe.

After the war, an internment camp for Baltic German refugees was set up at the location.

When the Royal Air Force arrived at the airport in 1945 most military and airport equipment had been destroyed. At this time the airport is by far the largest in Denmark.

When the Royal Danish Air Force was created in 1950, it took over the Fliegerhorst.

See also
 List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries

References

Airports in Denmark
Air Base
Air Base
Military installations of Denmark
Royal Danish Air Force
Air Base
Conté. Conté (; ), also known as Conté sticks or Conté crayons, are a drawing medium composed of compressed powdered graphite or charcoal mixed with a clay base, square in cross-section. They were invented in 1795 by Nicolas-Jacques Conté, who created the combination of clay and graphite in response to the shortage of graphite caused by the Napoleonic Wars (when the British naval blockade of France prevented import). Conté crayons had the advantage of being cost-effective to produce, and easy to manufacture in controlled grades of hardness.

They are now manufactured using natural pigments (iron oxides, carbon black, titanium dioxide), clay (kaolin), and a binder (cellulose ether).

Conté crayons are most commonly found in black, white, and sanguine tones, as well as bistre, shades of grey, and other colors.

Colors sets are especially useful for field studies and color studies. Some artists create entire paintings with them, using them more like pastels than like a drawing medium. They are also used often to sketch under pastel paintings or lay down initial layers before using dry pastels. Colors can be layered to produce different hues or values. Color Conté mixes better on paper than many hard pastel products.

They are frequently used on rough paper that holds pigment grains well. They can also be used on prepared primed canvases for underdrawing for a painting. Conté crayons are hard and have square edges, making them more suitable for detailed hatched work as opposed to the bolder painterly drawing style demanded by soft pastels.

Georges Seurat 
In the 1880s, Georges Seurat used Conté crayons to produce many of his studies.

See also
 List of art media
 Tortillon
 Trois crayons

References

External links 
 

Visual arts materials
Drawing

fr:Pastel#Pastels durs
Grammy Award for Best Engineered Recording – Special or Novel Effects. The Grammy Award for Best Engineered Recording – Special or Novel Effects was awarded from 1960 to 1965.  The award had several minor name changes:

From 1960 to 1961 the award was known as Best Engineering Contribution – Novelty Recording
From 1962 to 1963 it was awarded as Best Engineered Recording – Novelty 
From 1964 to 1965 it was awarded as Best Engineered Recording – Special or Novel Effects

This award was presented alongside the awards for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical and Best Engineered Album, Classical.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

Recipients

References

Engineered Recording Special or Novel Effects
TDS. TDS may refer to:

Business and finance
 Tax Deducted at Source, in India
 Tenancy Deposit Scheme (England and Wales)
 Telephone and Data Systems, a US company
 TDS Telecom, a subsidiary
 Thompson Dorfman Sweatman, a law firm, Winnipeg, Canada

Technology
 Tabular Data Stream, a computer protocol
 TeX Directory Structure, for TeX system files
 Transposition driven scheduling, in parallel computer systems
 Time-driven switching, in data communications
 Technical data sheet in CDMA technology
 An oscilloscope series by Tektronix

Military
 Tonga Defence Services
 United States Army Trial Defense Service

Science
 Ter die sumendum, a medical abbreviation for 3 times daily
 Thermal desorption spectroscopy, to observe molecules desorbed from a surface
 Tornado debris signature on weather radar
 Total dissolved solids in water
 Transderivational search or fuzzy search in psychology
 Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome

Other uses
 The Daily Show, US TV program
 TopDrawerSoccer.com, a website
 Trump derangement syndrome, term used by supporters of US President Donald Trump
 Tokyo DisneySea, Japan
 TDS Racing, a French auto racing team
 The Downward Spiral, a 1994 album by Nine Inch Nails
 Tower Defense Simulator, a tower defense game on Roblox

See also

 
 TD (disambiguation)