omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau. Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau (), usually abbreviated as IFA, was a conglomerate and a union of companies for vehicle construction in the former East Germany.

IFA produced bicycles, motorcycles, light commercial vehicles, automobiles, tractors, vans and heavy trucks. All East German vehicle manufacturers were part of the IFA, including Barkas, EMW (which made Wartburg cars), IWL, MZ, Multicar, Robur, Sachsenring (which made Trabant cars) and Simson.

Car production
IFA cars were based on pre-war DKW designs and made in the former Horch factory in Zwickau. The F8 had a two-cylinder  engine, and the F9 had a three-cylinder  unit. The F8 bodies were straight copies of the pre-war models, and rapidly looked old-fashioned, but some had more modern coachwork by Baur of Stuttgart, then in West Germany. The three cylinder cars (F9) had not got into production before war broke out in 1939, and so had more up to date bodies similar to the West German DKWs. More than 26,000 F8's and 30,000 F9s were built. IWL produced W50 and L60 trucks and Robur light trucks and vans.

The IFA badge was dropped from cars in 1956, and the F8s became Zwickau P70s, and the F9 was rebodied to become the Wartburg and production transferred to Eisenach.

Vehicle gallery

Two wheels

Cars

Transporters, trucks and tractors

References

External links 

UK-based official Wartburg, Trabant and IFA owners' club

 
Defunct truck manufacturers
Defunct bus manufacturers
Emergency services equipment makers
Motorcycle manufacturers of Germany
Cycle manufacturers of Germany
Car manufacturers of East Germany
Bus manufacturers of Germany
Baykar Bayraktar Mini UAV. The Bayraktar Mini UAV is a miniature UAV produced by the Turkish company Baykar.

Development

System design activities started in 2004 with the concept of short range day and night aerial reconnaissance and surveillance applications. The initial prototype, Bayraktar A, was developed in 2005, and following successful autonomous flight demonstrations, Baykar received a contract to begin serial production. The first batch of the order by the Turkish Armed Forces was composed of 19 aircraft which were mainly deployed to the southeast parts of Turkey to be used in counterterrorism operations. After hundreds of hours flight trials and feedback, the system was subjected to major modifications and a superior version began development. The Bayraktar B Mini UAV System was completed and became operational in December 2007 to be operated by the Turkish Armed Forces. Due to its success in the region, the system was also awarded with an export deal to the Qatar Armed Forces in 2012. The development of the aircraft is being continued. According to the company, the most recent version, the Bayraktar MINI UAV D, has 2 times greater communication range and 3 times higher maximum altitude compared to its predecessors.

Overview

Bayraktar B is a hand-launched, portable UAV system, designed to operate under harsh geographic and meteorological conditions. Bayraktar B is fielded with small army units, and as of 2021 have recorded more than 100,000 flight hours. System offers a complete autonomy with protective features with a high rank of reliability and easiness for the operators, which makes it a valuable technological asset.

The main features of the Bayraktar B are:
 Automatic waypoint navigation
 Secure digital communication
 Home return and automatic parachute landing in case of lost communication
 Smart battery management system
 Remote-range command/control and monitor (WAN Relay)
 Ground control switching
 Automatic take off
 Automatic cruising
 Automatic belly landing / parachute deployment
 Joystick assisted semi-automatic control
 Automatic stall control in case of electric motor dysfunction
 Automatic spin control in case of very harsh wind conditions
 Real-time Google Earth integration (display of telemetry data, routes etc. in real-time)
 On-screen video display
 Target coordinate estimation with an accuracy of within 10 meters
 Automatic tracking antenna system
 Enhancing Situational Awareness by FLIR's Tau Core

Operators

Confirmed Operators Of Bayraktar Mini UAV 

  [2007]
 Turkish Armed Forces
  [2012]
 Army
  [2020]
 Army
  [2022]
 Army

Specifications

References

External links

 Mini UAV Company Web Site
 Bayraktar Mini UAV in military drill (Efes Drill 2010)

Mini UAV
2000s Turkish military aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Turkish military reconnaissance aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Camille Alphonse Faure. Camille Alphonse Faure (21 May 1840, Vizille – 14 September 1898) was a French chemical engineer who in 1881 significantly improved the design of the lead-acid battery, which had been invented by Gaston Planté in 1859. Faure's improvements greatly increased the capacity of such batteries and led directly to their manufacture on an industrial scale. The patents were assigned to the Société La Force et la Lumière. The right to use the patents in the British Isles were sold to the Faure Electric Accumulator Company on 29 March 1881. Faure was a consultant engineer with William Edward Ayrton for this company.

Biography
He was born at Vizille and trained at the Ecole des Arts et Métiers at Aix.  From 1874 until about 1880, he worked as a chemist at the new factory of the Cotton Powder Company at Uplees, Faversham, Kent, England. While there, he and the factory manager, George Trench, took out patents for tonite, a new high explosive (1874), and an improved dynamite detonator (1878).

In 1880, Faure patented a method of coating lead plates with a paste of lead oxides, sulphuric acid and water, which was then cured by gentle warming in a humid atmosphere. The curing process caused the paste to change to a mixture of lead sulphates which adhered to the lead plate. During charging the cured paste was converted into electrochemically active material (the "active mass") and gave a substantial increase in capacity compared with Planté's battery. It was a significant breakthrough that led to the industrial manufacture of lead-acid batteries, now used for starting motor cars.

Towards the end of his life, Faure was granted further patents, among them ones for the manufacture of aluminium alloys, improvements to hot air engines, and motor vehicle steering mechanisms.

Notes

1840 births
1898 deaths
People from Vizille
19th-century French inventors
19th-century French chemists
Battery inventors
Electrochemistry
Jacob Samuda. Jacob Samuda (24 August 1811 – 12 November 1844) was an English civil engineer born in London. He is described  as "the first Jewish engineer" on his tombstone, in the Sephardic cemetery, Mile End, London. He was the elder son of Abraham Samuda, an East and West India merchant of London, and Joy, daughter of H. d'Aguilar of Enfield Chase, Middlesex. Jacob's cousin married Hanna Ricardo, the sister of David Ricardo, the economist. After his apprenticeship with John Hague, an engineer, Jacob went into partnership with his brother Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda setting up the firm Samuda Brothers, a major London shipbuilder in the mid to late 19th century.

Jacob was an ingenious inventor and made a number of important discoveries. One of these, the atmospheric railway, received at first with considerable opposition, was subsequently adopted as a means of transit by several important companies, the first being Dublin and Kingstown Railway in 1842. Sir Robert Peel later recommended its adoption to the House of Commons and the Board of Trade. The first line to use it in England was from Epsom to London; and later the South Devon Railway adopted the principle of the new invention.

Jacob also made significant improvements in marine engines. In 1843, he contracted to build the Gypsy Queen, an iron boat to be fitted with his improved engine. On the trial trip, the ship exploded  nd he met his death along  with six other persons.

The Samuda Estate, on the site of his shipyard in Cubitt Town, is named after him and his brother.

Samuda is buried in the Sephardic Burial Ground in the Mile End Road.

References

Jacob Samuda at jewishencyclopedia.com

1811 births
1844 deaths
19th-century Sephardi Jews
English shipbuilders
British naval architects
English Sephardi Jews
19th-century English businesspeople
General Dynamics Nexus. The NEXUS reusable rocket was a concept design created in the 1960s by a group at General Dynamics led by Krafft Arnold Ehricke. It was intended as the next leap beyond the Saturn V, carrying up to eight times more payload. Several versions were designed, including 12,000 and 24,000 short ton vehicles with payloads of one thousand and two thousand short tons respectively. The larger version had a diameter of 202 feet (61.5 metres). It was never built. 

It was a single-stage-to-orbit vehicle that would be fully recoverable upon landing in the ocean.
It would use parachutes to slow descent, with retrorockets (on top) for a final soft touchdown.

Notes

External links
SP-4221 The Space Shuttle Decision - Chapter 2 refs "Astronautics, January 1963, pp. 50-56." re Nexus
Encyclopedia Astronautica - Nexus
diagrams of NEXUS versions

Space launch vehicles of the United States
Hypothetical spacecraft
Cancelled space launch vehicles
Nexus
Pierre Henri Hugoniot. Pierre-Henri Hugoniot (born in Allenjoie, Doubs, France on 5 June 1851; died in Nantes, France in February 1887) was an inventor, mathematician, and physicist who worked on fluid mechanics, especially on issues related to material shock. He mostly lived in Montbéliard, (Franche-Comté).

After going into the marine artillery upon his graduation from the École Polytechnique in 1872, Hugoniot became professor of mechanics and ballistics at the School of Artillery Lorient (1879-1882) and Deputy Director of the Central Laboratory of the artillery Navy (1882-1884). He was promoted to captain in January 1884, and in April was appointed assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the École polytechnique. He conducted, along with his colleague Hippolyte Sébert (1839-1930), research on the trigger gas accompanying the detonation of a cannon.

He invented the theory based on conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, which allowed for improvements in fluid flow studies (with applications to aerospace). The Rankine–Hugoniot equation (or adiabatic dynamics of gas) has been named in his honor.

References

Works
 Hugoniot (1887) "Mémoire sur la propagation du mouvement dans un fluide indéfini," Journal de Mathématiques pures et appliquées (4th series), vol. 3, pages 477-492 and vol. 4, pages 153-168.
 
 

1851 births
1887 deaths
People from Doubs
Ballistics experts
French engineers
French fluid dynamicists
École Polytechnique alumni
Octol. Octol is a melt-castable, high explosive mixture consisting of HMX and TNT in different weight proportions.

Composition
Two formulations are commonly used:
 70% HMX & 30% TNT
 75% HMX & 25% TNT

Given that HMX has a much higher detonation velocity than TNT (over 2,000 metres per second faster) and forms the main part of this explosive blend, the brisance characteristics of Octol can be inferred.

Applications
The applications of Octol are generally military; e.g., shaped charges and warheads that are used in guided missiles and submunitions. Octol is somewhat more expensive than RDX-based explosives, such as Composition B and Cyclotol. The advantage of Octol is that it significantly reduces the size and weight of the explosive charge required. These are important considerations where smart weapons such as guided missiles are concerned.  A light (but effective) warhead means a superior power to weight ratio. This in turn results in a higher velocity missile with a longer range and shorter flight time. As a result, the target has less opportunity to recognise and evade the attack.

Alternative names
Octol is also referred to as Oktol, particularly in Eastern Europe.

Nominal Properties
Reported properties:
 Density: 1.80 g/cm³
 Detonation Velocity: 8.55 mm/μsec

See also
 OKFOL, another HMX-based explosive.
 Cyclotol
 RE factor

References

External links
Reference to Octol used as a booster

Explosives
Trinitrotoluene
CHIP (programming language). CHIP (Constraint Handling in Prolog) is a constraint logic programming language developed by M. Dincbas, Pascal Van Hentenryck and colleagues in 1985 at the European Computer-Industry Research Centre (ECRC), initially using a Prolog language interface.
It was the first programming language to implement constraint programming over finite domains,

and subsequently to introduce the concept of global constraints.

CHIP V5 is the version developed and marketed by COSYTEC in Paris since 1993 with Prolog, using C, C++, or Prolog language interfaces. The commercially successful ILOG CPLEX solver is also, partly, an offshoot of the ECRC version of CHIP.

References

External links
 CHIP - History of Programming Languages (archived version)

Logic programming languages
Constraint logic programming
Floating body effect. The floating body effect is the effect of dependence of the body potential of a transistor realized by the silicon on insulator (SOI) technology on the history of its biasing and the carrier recombination processes. The transistor's body forms a capacitor against the insulated substrate. The charge accumulates on this capacitor and may cause adverse effects, for example, opening of parasitic transistors in the structure and causing off-state leakages, resulting in higher current consumption and in case of DRAM in loss of information from the memory cells. It also causes the history effect, the dependence of the threshold voltage of the transistor on its previous states. In analog devices, the floating body effect is known as the kink effect.

One countermeasure to floating body effect involves use of fully depleted (FD) devices. The insulator layer in FD devices is significantly thinner than the channel depletion width. The charge and thus also the body potential of the transistors is therefore fixed. However, the short-channel effect is worsened in the FD devices, the body may still charge up if both source and drain are high, and the architecture is unsuitable for some analog devices that require contact with the body. Hybrid trench isolation is another approach.

While floating body effect presents a problem in SOI DRAM chips, it is exploited as the underlying principle for Z-RAM and T-RAM technologies. For this reason, the effect is sometimes called the Cinderella effect in the context of these technologies, because it transforms a disadvantage into an advantage. AMD and Hynix licensed Z-RAM, but as of 2008 had not put it into production. Another similar technology (and Z-RAM competitor) developed at Toshiba and refined at Intel is Floating Body Cell (FBC).

References

Further reading
 

Semiconductors
Acrylate polymer. An acrylate polymer (also known as acrylic or polyacrylate) is any of a group of polymers prepared from acrylate monomers. These plastics are noted for their transparency, resistance to breakage, and elasticity.

Acrylate polymer is commonly used in cosmetics, such as nail polish, as an adhesive.

History 

The first synthesis of acrylic polymer was reported by G. W. A. Kahlbaum in 1880.

Acrylic elastomers 

Acrylic elastomer is a general term for a type of synthetic rubber whose primary component is acrylic acid alkylester (ethyl or butyl ester). Acrylic elastomer possesses characteristics of heat and oil resistance, with the ability to withstand temperatures of 170–180 °C. It is used primarily for producing oil seals and packaging related to automobiles.

Acrylic elastomer can generally be characterized as one of two types. "Old" types include ACM (copolymer of acrylic acid ester and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether) containing chlorine and ANM (copolymer of acrylic acid ester and acrylonitrile) without chloride. "New" types do not contain chlorine and are less prone to mold-related staining. Other than the slightly better water resistance of ANM there are no physical differences between the two types.

The material is less resistant in terms of cold weather with a saturation point of −15 °C for old types and −28 °C to −30 °C for new types. In terms of vulcanization, the standard method for the old type is amine vulcanization. To minimize permanent deformation, the old type requires curing for 24 hours at a temperature of 150 °C. On the other hand, for the new type, the press curing time and follow-up vulcanization time are significantly reduced by combining metal soap and sulfur. It has no special characteristics. The rebound resilience and abrasion resistance of the new type are poor, and even its electrical characteristics are considerably poor compared with acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and butyl rubber.

Uses 

 Polyacrylate emulsion, water-borne coating, are used as binder for outdoor and indoor "latex" house paints.
 Acrylic paints as artist paints.
 Acrylic fibre.
 Sodium polyacrylate water-soluble thickeners, a polymer for the production of the Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) used in disposable diapers due to its high absorbency per unit mass.
 Acrylic resin as pressure-sensitive adhesive.
 "Super glue" is a formulation of cyanoacrylate.
 Polymethyl methacrylate is the clear break-resistant sheeting sold as acrylic glass (or simply acrylic sheet) or under the trade name Plexiglas, Perspex, etc.
 Polyacrylates are used in cosmetic products as rheology modifiers and film formers, and these are typically polymers of acrylic acid fluids.

Related polymers 

 PVAc copolymer emulsion glue of vinyl acetate (VAM) and acrylic acid (VAA)
 Polyacrylamide copolymer used as flocculation agent in water treatment

See also 
 Dishmaker
 (Meth)acrylate

References 

 
Acrylate esters
Optical materials
Plastics
Elastomers
Deutz Suspension Bridge. The Deutz Suspension Bridge () was a self-anchored suspension bridge using eyebar chains, located across the Rhine at Deutz in Cologne, Germany. It was built from 1913 to 1915. In 1935, it was named Hindenburg Bridge after Germany's second President died the previous year. It collapsed on 28 February 1945 during repair works and was replaced in 1948 by the Deutz Bridge, the world's first steel box girder bridge, designed by Fritz Leonhardt and Gerd Lohmer. H. D. Robinson, who later worked with David B. Steinman on the Florianopolis Bridge, another eyebar chain bridge, consulted on the towers for the design of this Cologne bridge. It reportedly later served as inspiration for American bridge engineers and was specifically cited as a design influence on the Three Sisters bridges in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as well as for the Kiyosu Bridge on the Sumida River in Tokyo.

Statistics

span lengths 	92 m – 185 m – 92 m
deck width 	18.7 m / 27.50 m

External links
 
 Deutzer entry at "Bridges of Koeln"
HAER report on Three Sisters mentions H. D. Robinson involvement in the tower design of this bridge.

Suspension bridges in Germany
Self-anchored suspension bridges
Bridges completed in 1915
Chain bridges
Buildings and structures in Cologne
Buildings and structures demolished in 1945
Demolished bridges
1915 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany
Innenstadt, Cologne
SOFEL. (stands for SOFtware Engineering Laboratory) is a Japanese information technology company involved with business application systems development, multimedia service and system development, and the development of RFID services and systems. It was established in May 1979 to provide software such as COMPS to their major clients.

The company was briefly involved with video games in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It produced games for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Game Boy. Its best-known games include Casino Kid and Wall Street Kid.

External links
 Official SOFEL Website (Japan)

Video game companies of Japan
Software companies based in Tokyo
Engineering companies based in Tokyo
Software companies established in 1979
Radio-frequency identification
Japanese companies established in 1979
Japanese brands
B. Muthuraman. Balasubramanian Muthuraman (born 26 September 1944) is an Indian industrialist, corporate executive, he was the Vice Chairman of Tata Steel, India's largest steel manufacturer and chairman Tata International.

Early life and career 
He studied metallurgical engineering at IIT Madras, followed by M.B.A. from XLRI Jamshedpur, and started his career at Tata Steel in 1966.  He is also an alumnus of the GMP (General Management Program) at CEDEP, the European Center for Executive Development, where Tata Steel has been a Corporate Member since 1991.

He is also the former chairman of the board of governors of XLRI- Xavier School of Management (XLRI), Jamshedpur and National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur (N. I. T.).  

B. Muthuraman, was also nominated as the chairman of the board of governors of IIT Kharagpur by the Honourable President of India, Pratibha Patil. He is currently the chairman of the board of governors of UVCE. He is also currently the chairman of XIME, Chennai. 

He retired at the age of 70, as per norms laid out by the Tata Group. He has been awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Indian government in 2012. 

B. Muthuraman joined Tata Steel as a trainee in 1966, where he worked for 20 years.

References 

Businesspeople from Mumbai
INSEAD alumni
IIT Madras alumni
Tata Steel people
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry
Tata Group people
1944 births
Living people
XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni
Cathryn Mataga. Cathryn Mataga (born William Mataga) is a game programmer and founder of independent video game company Junglevision. Under the name William, she wrote Atari 8-bit computer games for Synapse Software in the early to mid 1980s, including Shamus, a flip-screen shooter.

Career
Mataga designed the game Shamus in 1982, credited under the name William for the Atari 8-bit computers. Much of the game's appeal was said to come from Mataga's sense of humor, such as creating a "grand rendition" of the Alfred Hitchcock theme song in the game's introduction. Mataga followed it with a sequel Shamus: Case II and scrolling shooter Zeppelin.

Steve Hales of Synapse Software, in an interview for the book Halcyon Days, states that he and Mataga convinced company founder Ihor Wolosenko to get the company into interactive fiction.

Mataga developed an interactive fiction programming language known as BtZ (Better than Zork) for Broderbund, in the early 1980s.  Mataga worked with Hales and poet Robert Pinsky on the interactive fiction game Mindwheel (1984).

Mataga was one of the programmers working at Stormfront Studios on the original Neverwinter Nights MMORPG. Don Daglow credits Mataga as one of the programmers who proved Daglow's assertion that he could make Neverwinter Nights a success.

Games
Shamus (1982), Synapse Software
Shamus: Case II (1983), Synapse Software
Zeppelin (1983), Synapse Software
Mindwheel (1984), Broderbund Software
Essex (1985), Broderbund
Brimstone (1985), Broderbund
Breakers (1986), Broderbund
Neverwinter Nights (1991), Strategic Simulations
Gateway to the Savage Frontier (1991), Strategic Simulations
Treasures of the Savage Frontier (1992), Strategic Simulations
Stronghold (1993), Strategic Simulations
Dark Sun Online: Crimson Sands (1996), Strategic Simulations
Rampage 2: Universal Tour (1999), Midway Games
X-Men: Reign of Apocalypse (2001), Activision
Spyro: Season of Ice (2001), Universal Interactive
Rayman (2001), Ubi Soft
Dragon's Lair (2001), Capcom
Grand Theft Auto Advance (2004), Rockstar Games
Spider-Man 2 (2004), Activision
Rayman: 10th Anniversary (2005), Ubisoft

References

External links
Jungle Vision
Cathryn Mataga profile on MobyGames

20th-century American LGBTQ people
21st-century American LGBTQ people
American transgender women
American video game programmers
Dungeons & Dragons video game designers
Living people
Women video game programmers
Year of birth missing (living people)