omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Beehive shelf. A beehive shelf is a piece of laboratory equipment, usually of pottery, used to support a receiving jar or tube while a gas is being collected over water with a pneumatic trough. It is used so that when the gas emerges from the delivery tube into the beehive shelf, it is funneled into the receiving jar instead of being released elsewhere.

History

The name derives from the design of early beehives made from bound grass called a skep. The squat circular shape was made by binding the grass bundles to form a flat wheel. Sides were added using the same material with a cutout to allow honey bees to enter and leave the hive.

See also

Pneumatic chemistry

Further reading

 Griffin, John Joseph, Chemical Handicraft: A Classified and Descriptive Catalogue of Chemical Apparatus, page 226, 1877

Laboratory equipment
Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing. Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, Inc. (CSM), was a Singaporean semiconductor company.

History 
Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing was founded in 1987, as a venture that included Singapore Technologies Engineering Ltd. The company signed a deal in 1994 with Toshiba for the use of their 0.5 micron process technology.

In 1996, Chartered began a partnership with the National University of Singapore and the NanyangTechnological University to develop improvements for the fabrication processes of advanced semiconductors. In 1999, a new 3 year agreement was signed between the three of them for research, development and manufacturing of deepsubmicron semiconductors (DSM).

In 2000 ST Engineering (Singapore Technologies Semiconductors), a subsidiary of Temasek Holdings acquired Chartered.

In 2002, Chartered joined the ARM Foundry Program and in November of that year, it signed a joint development and manufacturing agreement with IBM. The agreement was extended in 2004, and again in 2005 to include the 45-nanometer (nm) bulk CMOS.

CSM was the world's third largest dedicated independent semiconductor foundry, with its headquarters and main operations located in the Woodlands Industrial Park, Kranji Singapore. The company was listed on the Singapore Exchange under the trading symbol of CHARTERED, as well as on NASDAQ (CHRT).

In September 2009, it was announced that Chartered Semiconductor was to be acquired by the main stockholder of GlobalFoundries, a joint venture between AMD and Advanced Technology Investment Company (ATIC), of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.  The transaction was completed at the end of 2009 and cost of $1.8 billion USD.

By acquiring Chartered, ATIC expanded its investments and expertise in technology in the semiconductor industry.

Fabrication facilities
Chartered provides comprehensive wafer fabrication services and technologies to semiconductor suppliers and systems companies. Chartered's customer base is primarily high-growth, technologically advanced companies operating in the communication, computer and consumer sectors. It does not provide design services and works from customers' designs to produce communications chips.

Besides its own fabs, Chartered operates joint venture facilities with other firms, it offers chip assembly and test services through sister firm STATS ChipPAC. Chartered owns 6 fabrication facilities, all of which are located in Singapore, including the newest, Chartered's first 300-mm facility which started commercial shipment in June 2005.

The other major semiconductor foundries include TSMC and UMC, Taiwanese-based companies, which are primarily Chartered's main competitors.

In 2006, AMD announced that it will manufacture CPUs with Chartered on a 65 nanometer process. It also has alliances with IBM, Infineon, Samsung and Agere Systems.

References

External links
 Press release of the acquisition

Companies formerly listed on the Singapore Exchange
Defunct semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of Singapore
Temasek Holdings
GlobalFoundries
Defunct companies of Singapore
Roxor Games. Roxor Games, Inc. was a 25-person company based in Austin, Texas that develops video game software for the arcade and home markets. Founded in 2002, Roxor works with developers of open source software to deploy games on a Linux-based hardware platform in the arcade and on multiple home consoles. Although their most well known product, In The Groove, is proprietary software, the developers regularly contribute code back to the open source project StepMania upon which In The Groove is based.

Products
Their first product was an arcade redemption version of Tux Racer, where tickets are dispensed based on how well the player collects fish while guiding Tux (the Linux penguin mascot) down one of four snow-covered hills.  The sequel, Tux 2, featuring new characters and levels, was in market testing.

Their second product was In The Groove, a series of games in the arcade dance game genre.  Following the well-established practice of converting arcade systems via kits, Version 1.0 of In The Groove was released as an upgrade kit for existing arcade dance cabinets.  Roxor Games then developed a PlayStation 2 version of In The Groove, which was the first game ever published by RedOctane in June 2005.  In The Groove: PC/Mac was released in July 2006.

Pump It Up: In The Groove 2 was released in June 2005 both as an upgrade kit and in a dedicated cabinet manufactured by Andamiro (hence the addition of the Pump It Up name).  In The Groove 2 debuted on the arcade earnings chart of Replay Magazine in September 2005, and remained in the top 15 for over 23 months.  It hit #1 in February 2006.

However, following a lawsuit from Konami, the maker of Dance Dance Revolution, the series was acquired by them, and development for In The Groove 3 was halted prematurely. Roxor has not produced any rhythm games since, but a group of people who had developed In The Groove (including Kyle Ward and Chris Foy) formed "Fun In Motion" and continued working with Andamiro to produce a spinoff of their existing intellectual property instead, leading to the creation of Pump It Up Pro and its sequels. This group now operates as Step Revolution, LLC.

Roxor's latest product is a driving game titled Road Rebel. It is a multiplayer car combat game featuring support for a wide variety of driving cabinets and network play. Road Rebel will be offered as both an upgrade kit and a dedicated cabinet. It is currently on market test with Namco's arcade division.

References

External links
 

Companies based in Austin, Texas
Video game companies based in Texas
Low Bandwidth X. In computing, LBX, or Low Bandwidth X, is a protocol to use the X Window System over network links with low bandwidth and high latency. It was introduced in X11R6.3 ("Broadway") in 1996, but never achieved wide use. It was disabled by default as of X.Org Server 7.1, and was removed for version 7.2.

X was originally implemented for use with the server and client on the same machine or the same local area network. By 1996, the Internet was becoming popular, and X's performance over narrow, slow links was problematic.

LBX ran as a proxy server (). It cached commonly used information — connection setup, large window properties, font metrics, keymaps and so on — and compressed data transmission over the network link. 

LBX was never widely deployed as it did not offer significant speed improvements. The slow links it was introduced to help were typically insecure, and RFB (VNC) over a secure shell connection — which includes compression — proved faster than LBX, and also provided session resumption.  

Finally, it was shown that greater speed improvements to X could be obtained for all networked environments with replacement of X's antiquated font system as part of the new composited graphics system, along with care and attention to application and widget toolkit design, particularly care to avoid network round trips and hence latency.

See also 
 Virtual Network Computing (VNC)
 xmove - a tool allows you to move programs between X Window System displays
 xpra - a more recent tool which is similar to xmove
 NX technology, an X acceleration system

References 
lbxproxy(1) (man page)
Design and Implementation of LBX: An Experiment Based Standard (.tar.gz archive file) (Keith Packard, Eighth Annual X Technical Conference, The X Resource no. 9, O'Reilly & Associates, 1994)
Broadway/Xweb FAQ (broadwayinfo.com)
The LBX mini-HOWTO v1.04 (Paul D. Smith, 11 December 1997)
An LBX Postmortem (Keith Packard)
X Window System Network Performance (Keith Packard and Jim Gettys, 2003)
Design and Implementation of the X Rendering Extension (Keith Packard, 2001

History of software
X Window System
Proxy servers
X servers
Remote desktop
Krytox. Krytox, a registered trademark of The Chemours Company, is a group of colorless synthetic lubricants (oils and greases) with a variety of applications. Invented by researchers at DuPont, Krytox oils are fluorocarbon ether polymers of polyhexafluoropropylene oxide, with a chemical formula: F−(CF(CF3)−CF2−O)n−CF2CF3, where the degree of polymerization, n, generally lies within the range of 10 to 60. These compounds are collectively known by many names including perfluoropolyether (PFPE), perfluoroalkylether (PFAE), and perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPAE). A unique identifier is their CAS registry number, 60164-51-4.

In addition to PFPE, Krytox grease also contains telomers of PTFE and in fact was designed as a liquid or grease form of PTFE. It is thermally stable, nonflammable (even in liquid oxygen), and insoluble in water, acids, bases, and most organic solvents. It is nonvolatile and useful over a broad temperature range of  or higher. Its high resistance to ionizing radiation makes it useful for the aerospace and nuclear industries. Formulations exist which are able to withstand extreme pressure, resist outgassing in high vacuum, and operate under intense mechanical stress.

Other companies manufacture PFPE lubricants, such as Solvay's Fomblin range, with some formulations having comparable properties.

Safety
The manufacturer states on Krytox tubes, "May cause mild skin and eye irritation. Contact with very hot surfaces (above 500°F/260°C) can generate fumes which can cause coughing or respiratory irritation. Large amounts could lead to lung damage which might not be apparent for several hours. These fumes may also cause flu-like symptoms."

References

External links  
 

Non-petroleum based lubricants
DuPont
Fluorocarbons
Fluoropolymers
Perfluoropolyethers
Filter funnel. A filter funnel is a laboratory funnel used for separating solids from liquids via the laboratory process of filtering.

In order to achieve this, a cone-like shaped piece of filter paper is usually folded into a cone and placed within the funnel.  The suspension of solid and liquid is then poured through the funnel. The solid particles are too large to pass through the filter paper and are left on the paper, while the much smaller liquid molecules pass through the paper to a vessel positioned below the funnel, producing a filtrate.  The filter paper is used only once.  If only the liquid is of interest, the paper is discarded; if the suspension is of interest, both the solid residue and non-polar liquids, such as oil, may clog  of polyethylene or galvanized steel and using a brass or plastic mesh filter, are typically for automotive and workshop use, to filter debris from fuel, lubricating oil and coolant.  The screen is reusable, and may be cleaned by inverting the funnel and tapping it on a hard surface, or popping it out and washing it separately. This helps to avoid spilling any liquids.

References

Laboratory equipment
Water filters
Attenuation length. In physics, the attenuation length or absorption length is the distance  into a material when the probability has dropped to  that a particle has not been absorbed.  Alternatively, if there is a beam of particles incident on the material, the attenuation length is the distance where the intensity of the beam has dropped to , or about 63% of the particles have been stopped. 

Mathematically, the probability of finding a particle at depth  into the material is calculated by the Beer–Lambert law:

.

In general  is material- and energy-dependent.

See also
 Beer's Law
 Mean free path
 Attenuation coefficient
 Attenuation (electromagnetic radiation)
 Radiation length

References
 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050215215652/http://www.ct.infn.it/~rivel/Glossario/node2.html

External links
 http://henke.lbl.gov/optical_constants/atten2.html

Particle physics
Experimental particle physics
Consumer surplus for software products. Consumer surplus for software products can be calculated differently from other products. Customers tend to buy products with greater consumer surplus. Software companies should know what measure in their market analysis to determine their consumer surplus so that create products that are better at fulfilling their customers. Messerschmitt and Szyperski have studied what factors affect the perceived consumer surplus in the software product market. The value a customer places on software is affected by things such as compatibility with complementary products, degree of adoption in the market, usability, increases in productivity, differentiation from competitors, and innovativeness. These can be customer satisfaction dimensions. 

On the other hand, many things affect the total cost of ownership of software products besides price. These include implementation, training, management, and operations costs. Additionally, switching costs to competitors play a role because customers may fear that the vendor may discontinue the product or go out of business. These authors suggest that the price of software should be based on its consumer surplus. Pricing strategies can be used to gain the most revenue such as product bundling, forming separable modules, and price discrimination with product variants and target groups. (2004) Calculations of consumer surplus is one way that software firms can keep track of their perception by customers in an integrative way.

References
Messerschmitt, D. G. and C. Szyperski. “Marketplace Issues in Software Planning and Design.” IEEE Software. Volume: 21, Issue: 3 (May/June 2004), pp:62-70.

Consumer
Direct-drive mechanism. A direct-drive mechanism is a mechanism design where the force or torque from a prime mover is transmitted directly to the effector device (such as the drive wheels of a vehicle) without involving any intermediate couplings such as a gear train or a belt.

History
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, some of the earliest locomotives and cars used direct drive transmissions at higher speeds. Direct-drive mechanisms for industrial arms began to be possible in the 1980s, with the use of rare-earth magnetic materials. The first direct-drive arm was built in 1981 at Carnegie Mellon University.
Today the most commonly used magnets are neodymium magnets.

Design 
Direct-drive systems are characterized by smooth torque transmission, and nearly-zero backlash.
The main benefits of a direct-drive system are increased efficiency (due to reduced power losses from the drivetrain components) and being a simpler design with fewer moving parts. Major benefits also include the ability to deliver high torque over a wide range of speeds, fast response, precise positioning, and low inertia.

The main drawback is that a special type of electric motor is often needed to provide high torque outputs at low rpm. Compared with a multi-speed transmission, the motor is usually operating in its optimal power band for a smaller range of output speeds for the system (e.g., road speeds in the case of a motor vehicle).

Direct-drive mechanisms also need a more precise control mechanism. High-speed motors with speed reduction have relatively high inertia, which helps smooth the output motion. Most motors exhibit positional torque ripple known as cogging torque. In high-speed motors, this effect is usually negligible, as the frequency at which it occurs is too high to significantly affect system performance; direct-drive units will suffer more from this phenomenon unless additional inertia is added (i.e. by a flywheel) or the system uses feedback to actively counter the effect.

Applications
Direct-drive mechanisms are used in applications ranging from low speed operation (such as phonographs, telescope mounts, video game racing wheels and gearless wind turbines) to high speeds (such as fans, computer hard drives, VCR heads, sewing machines, CNC machines and washing machines.)

Some electric railway locomotives have used direct-drive mechanisms, such as the 1919 Milwaukee Road class EP-2 and the 2007 East Japan Railway Company E331. Several cars from the late 19th century used direct-drive wheel hub motors, as did some concept cars in the early 2000s; however, most modern electric cars use inboard motor(s), where drive is transferred to the wheels, via the axles.

Some automobile manufacturers have managed to create their own unique direct-drive transmissions, such as the one Christian von Koenigsegg invented for the Koenigsegg Regera.

See also 
 Belt-drive
 Chain-drive
 Direct-drive sim racing wheel
 Drive shaft
 Hubless wheel
 Linear motor
 Individual wheel drive

References 

Mechanisms (engineering)
Gearless electric drive
Matt Curtin. Matt Curtin (born 1973) is a computer scientist and entrepreneur in Columbus, Ohio best known for his work in cryptography and firewall systems.  He is the founder of Interhack Corporation, first faculty advisor of Open Source Club at The Ohio State University, and lecturer in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at The Ohio State University, where he teaches a Common Lisp course.  The author of two books, Developing Trust: Online Privacy and Security and Brute Force: Cracking the Data Encryption Standard.

Curtin's work includes helping to prove the weakness of the Data Encryption Standard and providing expert testimony in Blumofe v. Pharmatrak, in which a key ruling was made by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, showing how the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) applies to Web technology.

References

External links
Matt Curtin's homepage
Interhack Corporation

1973 births
Computer systems researchers
American computer scientists
Cypherpunks
Living people
Ohio State University faculty
Businesspeople from Columbus, Ohio
Place of birth missing (living people)
Engineers from Ohio
Salicylaldoxime. Salicylaldoxime is an organic compound described by the formula C6H4CH=NOH-2-OH.  It is the oxime of salicylaldehyde.  This crystalline, colorless solid is a chelator and sometimes used in the analysis of samples containing transition metal ions, with which it often forms brightly coloured coordination complexes.

Reactions
Salicylaldoxime is the conjugate acid of a bidentate ligand:
2 C6H4CH=NOH-2-OH  +  Cu2+   →   Cu(C6H4CH=NOH-2-O)2  +  2 H+
In highly acidic media, the ligand protonates, and the metal aquo complex and aldoxime are liberated.  In this way the ligand is used as a recyclable extractant.
It typically forms charge-neutral complexes with divalent metal ions.

Analytical chemistry

In the era when metals were analysed by spectrophotometry, many chelating ligands were developed that selectively formed brightly coloured complexes with particular metal ions.  This methodology has been eclipsed with the introduction of inductively coupled plasma methodology.  Salicylaldoxime can be used to selectively precipitate metal ions for gravimetric determination.  It forms a greenish-yellow precipitate with copper at a pH of 2.6 in the presence of acetic acid.  Under these conditions, this is the only metal that precipitates; at pH 3.3, nickel also precipitates.  Iron (III) will interfere.
  It has been used as an ionophore in ion selective electrodes, with good response to Pb2+ and Ni2+.

Extraction of metals
Saloximes are used in the extraction and separation of metals from their ores. In one application of hydrometallurgy, Cu2+ is extracted into organic solvents as its saloxime complex.

References

External links
 Chemical data at NIST Chemistry WebBook

2-Hydroxyphenyl compounds
Analytical chemistry
Aldoximes
Springald. A springald, or espringal, was a Torsion siege engine device for throwing bolts in medieval times. It is depicted in a diagram in an 11th-century Byzantine manuscript, but in Western Europe is more evident in the late 12th century and early 13th century. It was constructed on the same principles as an Ancient Greek or Roman ballista, but with inward swinging arms and threw bolts instead of stones. It was also known as a 'skein-bow', and was a torsion device using twisted skeins of silk or sinew to power two bow-arms.

History
The springald was a defensive bolt thrower based on the torsion mechanism of ancient ballistas, with two arms held in a skein of twisted sinew or hair. Unlike the ballista, it seems to have been housed in a rectangular box-like wooden structure and shot bolts instead of stones. According to digital models and projections, a springald could throw a bolt around 180 meters if mounted on a tower at an elevation of 15 degrees. It appears to have spread across Europe rapidly during the 13th century. According to J Liebel, its appearance may be connected to the invention of the spinning wheel in Europe around 1250, which made the winding of skeins easier. The earliest reference to the springald appears in France in 1249 and its presence is attested to in the arsenal at Reims in 1258. In England, an order of horsehair was made for springalds in 1266. Springalds were commonly used to defend gates from atop towers, where their skeins were safe from wet weather and their bolts could be shot a greater distance. Springalds were expensive to produce: Liebel's calculation for the cost of machines built for the pope at Avignon puts them at six months' wages for an unskilled laborer. By 1382, springalds were being phased out in favor of crossbows or firearms. In some parts of Germany and Switzerland, the springald survived until the early 15th century.

Reconstructions

Several reconstructed examples can be found, Jean Leibell produced a  model for his researches into "Springalds and Great Crossbows" which was commissioned by the Royal Armouries Museum, and a larger model can be seen at the Tower of London. The only known full-size example is in the Royal Armouries Museum at Fort Nelson, Portsmouth at around  long and capable of hurling a  bolt over  (in excess of its expected range) and a  bolt over . This example was removed by the manufacturer, The Tenghesvisie Mechanical Artillery Society, for further research into the winding mechanism and firing tests. The machine was to be returned to the museum in the spring of 2013 for a public demonstration of mechanical artillery at Fort Nelson. There also exists or existed a huge springald at Trebuchet Park, Albarracín, Spain.

In popular culture
 An espringal was mentioned in the penultimate episode of Game of Thrones.
 The Redwall book Loamhedge has a mouse named "Springald" (presumably after the contraption).
 Springalds appear in the video game Age of Empires IV.

See also 
 Trebuchet

References

Bibliography

 

Artillery by type