omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Project DReaM. Project DReaM was a Sun Microsystems project aimed at developing an open interoperable DRM architecture that implements standardized interfaces. Its primary goal was the creation of a royalty-free digital rights management industry standard. On 22 August 2005, Sun announced that it was opening up Project DReaM, which had started as an internal research project, as part of their Open Media Commons initiative. It was released under the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL). Due to inactivity on the project, it was closed and archived in August 2008. DReaM is an acronym that stands for "DRM everywhere/available".

Project DReaM included of a Java Stream Assembly API to support digital video management and distribution, a hardware- and operating system-independent interoperable DRM standard called DRM-OPERA, and the Sun Streaming Server to stream video and audio over IP. The key characteristics of Project DReaM were as follows:
 Network identity focus: Project DReaM approaches DRM (and CAS) from a network identity management-focused perspective, rather than a device-centric approach.
 Interoperability: Project DReaM uses an open approach and fully specifies everything necessary to build heterogeneous, interoperable, vendor neutral implementations.
 No reliance on security through obscurity: Project DReaM's architecture does not follow the traditional model of security through obscurity which must maintain a closed source code base in order to operate securely.
 Royalty-free design model: Project DReaM is designed to be royalty free, allowing developers to avoid encumbered technology that carries onerous licensing costs.

Project DReaM technology required the software code to be signed and run on trusted computing hardware, on which unauthorized or unsigned code cannot be run. This approach was criticized by journalist Cory Doctorow, who characterized Project DReaM as crippleware. Project DReaM was favorably mentioned by Mike Linksvayer in a 2008 article discussing its support for fair use and Creative Commons-licensed content.

See also
 Open Media Commons

References

External links
 OpenMediaCommons.org website
 Project DReaM press release

Sun Microsystems
Digital rights management standards
Software using Common Development and Distribution License
Open Media Commons. The Open Media Commons, sometimes referred to as the Open Media Commons initiative, is a computer industry group whose goal is to "develop open, royalty-free digital rights management and codec solutions". One of their largest supporters is Sun Microsystems, who released their internal digital rights management (DRM) project, Project DReaM, as part of the Open Media Commons initiative on 22 August 2005.

Project DReaM one of several project organized through the Open Media Commons initiative:
 DRM-OPERA: An interoperable DRM architecture that is not dependent upon a specific hardware set or operating system.
 Java Stream Assembly: Java-based server software that allows for distribution of video over a network.
 OMS Video: a royalty-free codec loosely based on the H.261 with new tools & optimizations.

References

External links 
 OpenMediaCommons.org official homepage

Digital rights management standards
Sun Microsystems
Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique. Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) is a network analysis technique used in project management that allows probabilistic treatment both network logic and estimation of activity duration. The technique was first described in 1966 by Dr. Alan B. Pritsker of Purdue University and WW Happ.

Compared to other techniques, GERT is only rarely used in complex systems. Nevertheless, the GERT approach addresses the majority of the limitations associated with PERT/CPM technique. GERT allows loops between tasks. The fundamental drawback associated with the GERT technique is the complex programme (Monte Carlo simulation) required to model the GERT system. Development in GERT includes Q-GERTS - allowing the user to consider queuing within the system.

General GERT rules 

GERT uses activity-on-arrow notation only. That means that each activity is described on arrow. The nodes are used to connect activities, but also to determine type and conditions of relations between them.

Each task has two parameters: duration and probability of appearance.

There are three logical operators in GERT which concern activities incoming to the node:

 XOR - alternative (only one path possible)
 OR - alternative (one or more paths can be performed)
 AND - all paths have to be performed

The most common is AND, which means that every incoming activity has to happen before the outcoming one start.

There are also two types of relations that concern activities outcoming from the node:

 deterministic - every outcoming activity has probability equal to 1, which means that everyone will be performed
 probabilistic - each outcoming activity has some probability of appearance.

GERT vs. other network diagrams 
It's much less popular than PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) or CPM (Critical Path Method) however, it allows some of those methods limitations to be addressed. The main limitations of PERT or CPM  that might be addressed by GERT are:

 there are no alternative paths - all activities have to be performed
 there are no loops - it is not possible to repeat activity, next similar activity has to be added
 there are no decisions in the diagram - no and, or, xor options which help to choose proper path
 there is no scaling - it is not possible to replace some detailed group of activities with the one summary task.

GERT can help address these but at the cost of more sophisticated diagrams.

References

Project management techniques
Network analysis
Cummins C Series engine. The Cummins C Series engine is a straight-six diesel engine with a displacement of .  Cummins began producing the engines in 1985 as the 6C8.3 (this was co-designed with the Case Corporation, along with the smaller 6B5.9).  The first electronic version, known as the C8.3E and designed for the urban bus market exclusively, went into production in late 1996. The ISC was introduced in 1998 and used a CAPS electronically controlled injection system along with a 24 valve head, vs 12 valves on the 6C8.3.

By late 2003, Cummins announced that they will revise the engine to sport a High-Pressure Common-Rail (HPCR) system to help with emissions and also a variable geometry turbocharger system to help with the performance on this engine.

The Cummins ISC also has a sister engine which is designed off the existing ISC 8.3-litre cylinder block which runs on compressed natural gas (CNG).  Cummins reintroduced this engine as the C PLUS engine which has a maximum power rating of .  A few thousand units of this engine are now roaming in the world operating on a variety of applications.

Applications

Medium Duty Trucks
Buses
Marine
Excavators
Fork Lifts
Generators
Heavy Equipment

Popular power ratings
Excavator 
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,400 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
Generators 
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,200 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,400 rpm

Excavator /generator 
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,400 rpm

References

 CumminsEngines.com.(2011). http://cumminsengines.com/sites/every/applications/motorhome/EPA_2010_ISC83_MH.page

External links
Cummins.com official website

Cummins diesel engines
Diesel engines by model
Straight-six engines
Elegant degradation. Elegant degradation is a term used in engineering to describe what occurs to machines which are subject to constant, repetitive stress.

Externally, such a machine maintains the same appearance to the user, appearing to function properly. Internally, the machine slowly weakens over time. Unable to withstand the stress, it eventually breaks down. Compared to graceful degradation, the operational quality does not decrease at all, but the breakdown may be just as sudden.

This term's meaning varies depending on context and field, and may not be strictly considered exclusive to engineering. For instance, this is used as a mechanism in the food industry as applied in the degradation of lignin, cellulose, pentosan, and polymers, among others. The concept is also used to extract chemicals such as the elegant degradation of Paederus fuscipes to obtain pederin and hemiacetal pseuodopederin. In this process degradation is induced by heat. A play with the same name also used it as a metaphor for the current state of the world.

See also 
 Fail safe
 Fail soft

References 

Fault tolerance
Mechanical engineering
User requirements document. The user requirement(s) document (URD) or user requirement(s) specification (URS) is a document usually used in software engineering that specifies what the user expects the software to be able to do.

Once the required information is completely gathered it is documented in a URD, which is meant to spell out exactly what the software must do and becomes part of the contractual agreement.  A customer cannot demand features not in the URD, while the developer cannot claim the product is ready if it does not meet an item of the URD.

The URD can be used as a guide for planning cost, timetables, milestones, testing, etc.  The explicit nature of the URD allows customers to show it to various stakeholders to make sure all necessary features are described.

Formulating a URD requires negotiation  to determine what is technically and economically feasible.  Preparing a URD is one of those skills that lies between a science and an art, requiring both software technical skills and interpersonal skills.

Pharmaceutical Industry Use 
User Requirement Specifications (URS) are important in the pharmaceutical industry for regulatory and business purposes. URS support regulatory and business considerations for processes, equipment, and systems. For example, a business consideration could be the foot print of equipment prior to installation to ensure there is enough room. Likewise, a regulatory consideration could be the ability for the system to provide an audit trail to ensure the system meets regulatory requirements.

URS writing pitfalls 
Commonly, when companies are purchasing systems, processes, and equipment - not everything is considered. URS ensure everything is considered and the supplier provides the components, features, and design required to meet the company needs. By considering more and having the components, features, and design required, the system, process, or equipment can be aligned with company interests and easily integrated.

See also
 Product requirements document
 Market requirements document
 Requirements management
 Use case
 Use case survey

References

External links
ISO 25065 "User requirements specification"

Software requirements
Cascade (chemical engineering). In chemical engineering, a cascade is a plant consisting of several similar stages with each processing the output from the previous stage. Cascades are most commonly used in isotope separation, distillation, flotation and other separation or purification processes.

Cascade process
Cascade process is any process that takes place in a number of steps, usually because the single step is too inefficient to produce the desired result. For example, in some uranium-enrichment processes the separation of the desired isotope is only poorly achieved in a single stage; to achieve better separation the process has to be repeated a number of times, in a series, with the enriched fraction of one stage being fed  to the succeeding stage for further enrichment. Another example of cascade process is that operating in a cascade liquefier.

Examples
If a still removes 99% of impurities from water (leaving .01 the original amount of impurities), a cascade of three stills will leave (1-0.99)3 = 0.000001 = 0.0001% the amount of impurities (99.9999% removed).

References

Chemical process engineering
UNISURF. UNISURF was a pioneering surface CAD/CAM system, designed to assist with car body design and tooling. It was developed by French engineer Pierre Bézier for Renault in 1968, and entered full use at the company in 1975. One of the car parts developed with the assistance of UNISURF was the body of the Peugeot 204. By 1999, around 1,500 Renault employees made use of UNISURF for car design and manufacture.

References

External links

Computer-aided design software
1968 software
Renault
Arthur William Sidney Herrington. Arthur William Sidney "Art" Herrington (March 30, 1891 – September 6, 1970) was an American engineer and manufacturer. He designed the Jeep, military trucks, trolleys, and buses.

Early life
Born in Coddenham, England, Herrington migrated to the US with his family at the age of five, settling in Madison, New Jersey. He attended Stevens Institute of Technology and took his first job with Harley Davidson.

Military service
During World War I, Herrington was a lieutenant in the American Expeditionary Forces, serving as a motorcycle dispatch rider in Europe. During this time, he observed the difficulties of conventional vehicles when driving off road. He was discharged from regular service at the end of the war with the rank of captain. He was given a reserve commission, working as a consultant.

Later career
Herrington left military service in 1925 after observing a truck built by a private company, Coleman Motors, outperformed army trucks. He subsequently joined Coleman Motors and worked there for six years, designing vehicles for military use, before founding the Marmon-Herrington company. Here, he built four and six wheel drive trucks which were later used in World War II. During this conflict, Herrington served as technical adviser to the American Mission to India and as director of the American Medical Center for Burma.

Death
Herrington died in Indianapolis, Indiana, on September 6, 1970, after sustaining fatal head injuries in a car accident. He is interred at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.

References

1891 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American engineers
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
F40. F40, F.40, or F-40 may refer to:

Transportation

Aircraft
 Farman F.40, a French pusher biplane reconnaissance aircraft
 Hirth F-40, a German aircraft engine
 F40, the NATO code for the JP-4 jet fuel

Automobiles
 Beijing F40, a Chinese subcompact pickup truck
 Ferrari F40, an Italian mid-engine sports car
 BMW 1 Series (F40), a German subcompact hatchback
 GM F40 transmission, a car gearbox

Trains
 EMD F40C, an American diesel-electric locomotive
 EMD F40PH, an American diesel locomotive

Watercraft
 Brazilian frigate Niterói (F-40), a Niteroi-class frigate of the Brazilian Navy
 HMS Jervis Bay (F40), a British armed merchant cruiser
 HMS Roberts (F40), a Roberts-class monitor of the Royal Navy
 HMS Sirius (F40), a Leander-class frigate of the Royal Navy
 INS Talwar (F40), the lead ship of the Talwar-class frigates of the Indian Navy

Other uses
 F40 (classification), a disability sport classification for athletes of short stature
F40 (full name F40T12) is a common size fluorescent lamp, at 4 foot or 1.2m
Alloy 20. Alloy 20 is an austenitic stainless steel containing less than 50% iron developed for applications involving sulfuric acid. Its corrosion resistance also finds other uses in the chemical, petrochemical, power generation, and plastics industries. Alloy 20 resists pitting and chloride ion corrosion, better than 304 stainless steel and on par with 316L stainless steel. Its copper content protects it from sulfuric acid. Alloy 20 is often chosen to solve stress corrosion cracking problems, which may occur with 316L stainless. Alloy of the same name with the designation "Cb-3" indicates niobium (also known as columbium) stabilized.

Composition 
 Nickel, 32–38%
 Chromium, 19–21%
 Carbon, 0.06% maximum
 Copper, 3–4%
 Molybdenum, 2–3%
 Manganese, 2% maximum
 Silicon, 1.0% maximum
 Niobium, (8.0 X C), 1% maximum
 Iron, 31–44% (balance)

Other names 
 UNS N08020
 DIN 2.4660
 CN7M
 Carpenter 20 CB-3
 AL 20
 Carlson Alloy C20
 Nickelvac 23
 Nicrofer 3620 Nb, also known as VDM Alloy 20

Specifications 
 ASTM B729, B464, B366, B463, B473, B462, A182, A351, ASTM A743
 ASME SB729, SB464, SB366, SB473, SB462,SA 182, SA351
 ANSI / ASTM A555-79
 EN 2.4660
 UNS N08020
 Werkstoff 2.4660
 Castings are designated CN7M

References 

Steels
Chromium alloys
Nickel alloys
Myasishchev VM-T. The Myasishchev VM-T Atlant (Russian: Мясищев ВМ-Т «Атлант» ("Atlas"), with the "VM-T" ("BM-T") standing for Vladimir MyasishchevTransport) was a variant of Myasishchev's M-4 Molot bomber (the "3M"), re-purposed as a strategic-airlift airplane. The VM-T was modified to carry rocket boosters and the Soviet space shuttles of the Buran program. It is also known as the 3M-T.

Design and development

The design was conceived in 1978 when Myasishchev was asked to solve the problem of transporting rockets and other large space vehicles to the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Engineers used an old 3M (a modified M-4 bomber) and replaced the empennage with dihedrall horizontal stabilizers having large, rectangular end-plate tailfins to accommodate payloads measuring as large as twice the diameter of the aircraft's fuselage. A large, aerodynamically optimized cargo container, placed on top of the aircraft, would contain the freight. In addition, a new control system was added to the plane to compensate for the added weight.

The Atlant first flew in 1981 and made its first flight with cargo in January 1982. Its main task was to ferry Energia rocket boosters from their development plant to the Baikonur Cosmodrome. On several occasions, the then-incomplete Soviet space shuttle Buran was piggybacked to the Cosmodrome as well.

Two Atlants were built. They were replaced in 1989 by Antonov's An-225 Mriya. One Atlant (RF-01502) is kept at the Zhukovsky International Airport in Russia owned by TsAGI and Gromov Flight Research Institute, the other one (RA-01402) at Dyagilevo (air base) in Ryazan.

Cargo configurations
0GT was the Buran spaceplane without tailplane and equipment, 1GT was the hydrogen tank of the Energia rocket, 2GT was the engine frame and front aerodynamic cover of Energia,  and 3GT was the oxygen tank of the Energia. All configurations were equipped with aerodynamic covers to decrease the drag.

Specifications (VM-T)

See also

References

External links

 History and details about the VM-T Atlant
 VM-T with Buran Orbiter and with very large cargo onboard
 Aviation.ru
 VM-T stored at Dyagilevo AFB (google maps)
 VM-T stored at Zhukovsky International Airport (google maps)
 Specifications

Myasishchev aircraft
1980s Soviet cargo aircraft
Quadjets
Aircraft first flown in 1981
Aircraft related to spaceflight
Microsoft Diagnostics. Microsoft Diagnostics (MSD) was a software tool developed by Microsoft to assist in the diagnostics of 1990s-era computers.  Users primarily deployed this tool to provide detailed technical information about the user's software and hardware and to print the gathered information, usually for use by support technicians in troubleshooting and resolving problems. The assumptions made by the program were valid until the late 1990s: it does not handle plug-and-play USB or other new technologies that appeared around 2000.

In PC DOS 6.1 and above, QCONFIG.EXE provides similar functionality. Commercial alternatives include Manifest MFT.EXE from Quarterdeck's QEMM.

History 
MSD.EXE first shipped with Microsoft Word for Windows, and was later included in Windows 3, MS-DOS 6, and on the Windows 9x CD-ROMs.  Because OS/2 and Windows NT contain code forked from DOS at the DOS 5 level, the versions of MSD.EXE included here correspond to that of that era (i.e. version 2.0).

Windows NT 3 and NT 4 have WINMSD, a program with similar features.  However, the DOS/Windows specific functions were replaced by similar Windows NT concerns.  WINMSDP.EXE, included in the resource kits, provides the print functionality of MSD.EXE for WINMSD.  Since NT 5 (Windows 2000), WINMSD.EXE has been a loader for MSINFO32.EXE.

Usage 
Users generally started the program from the DOS Command Prompt using the command MSD.EXE.  Starting the program under a DOS window in either Windows or OS/2 shows only the DOS details allocated for that DOS session, not for the machine in general.

Scope 
Aspects of the system for which MSD.EXE provided technical information:

 computer brand and processor information
 memory (total, EMS, and XMS)
 video (type such as VGA and manufacturer)
 network
 operating-system versions
 type of mouse (if installed)
 disk drives (and partitions), excluding CD-ROM drives etc.
 LPT ports
 COM ports
 IRQ status
 Terminate-and-stay-resident programs
 device drivers
 other adapters

Successor software 
Microsoft replaced MSD.EXE with MSINFO32.EXE. This has similar features, but targets more recent machines.  It first appeared in MS-Word, and later was distributed with Plus! for Windows 95 and Windows 98. MSINFO32.EXE under Windows XP stores system history from WMI in the XML files in Windows\PCHealth\HelpCtr\Datacoll. In the interest of backward compatibility, WINMSD became a loader for MSINFO32.

See also 
 List of DOS commands
 MS-DOS
 PC DOS
 System Information (Windows)
 System profiler

References

Further reading

Diagnostics
DOS software
External DOS commands
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. The IEEE Annals of the History of Computing is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the IEEE Computer Society. It covers the history of computing, computer science, and computer hardware. It was founded in 1979 by the American Federation of Information Processing Societies.

The journal publishes scholarly articles, interviews, "think pieces", and memoirs by computer pioneers, and news and events in the field. It was established in July 1979 as Annals of the History of Computing, with Bernard Galler as editor-in-chief. The journal became an IEEE publication in 1992, and was retitled to IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. The 2020 impact factor was 0.741. The current editor in chief is Troy Astarte at Swansea University in Wales.

See also
 Technology and Culture
 Information & Culture
 Computer History Museum
 Charles Babbage Institute

References

External links
 

Annals of the History of Computing
Computer science journals
History of computing
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 1979
English-language journals
Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology. The Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology (MCAST) () is a vocational education and training institution in Malta.

Established in 2001, MCAST offers 180 full-time and over 300 part-time vocational courses ranging from certificates to Doctoral degrees (MQF Level 1 to Level 8).

Institutes

The following institutes make up MCAST:

Institute of Applied Sciences
Institute for the Creative Arts
Institute of Engineering and Transport
Institute of Business Management and Commerce
Institute of Community Services
Institute of Information and Communication Technology
Gozo Campus
Pathway to Independent Living

International collaboration 
In 2021 MCAST landed a formal collaboration with the Oslo-based Kuben Upper Secondary School, and will receive a class students from the vocational programs of computer electronics and engineering. The Norwegian students will attend MCAST for a full schoolyear.

References

External links

Education in Malta
Paola, Malta
Universities and colleges in Malta
2001 establishments in Malta
Educational institutions established in 2001