omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Shuttle Down. Shuttle Down is a novel by American author G. Harry Stine, written under the pen name Lee Correy. First appearing as a four-part serial in Analog magazine between December 1980 and March 1981, the novel was later published by Ballantine/Del Rey in 1981, with a second edition following in 1985.

The book can best be described as an early form of the techno-thriller genre, later popularized by authors such as Tom Clancy.

Plot summary
In the book, the Space Shuttle Atlantis launches on a polar orbit flight from Vandenberg Air Force Base in Southern California. During the launch, the main engines cut off prematurely and the Shuttle is forced to make an emergency landing on Easter Island.

Officials at NASA must manage the technological challenge of recovering the shuttle. Problems include a lack of documents for the astronauts and shuttle, bringing in the crane that is used to lift the Shuttle onto the specially-modified 747 that carries it, widening the runway to accommodate the 747, building turn-arounds on the runway, and bringing in fuel for the plane.

A subplot involves efforts by the Soviet Union to take the Shuttle for itself.

References

External links 
 
 Review of Shuttle Down at Goldkeys.com

1981 American novels
Del Rey books
Novels about NASA
Novels first published in serial form
Novels set in Chile
Novels set in Easter Island
Space exploration novels
Techno-thriller novels
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Intrinsic viscosity. Intrinsic viscosity  is a measure of a solute's contribution to the viscosity  of a solution. If  is the viscosity in the absence of the solute,  is (dynamic or kinematic) viscosity of the solution and  is the volume fraction of the solute in the solution, then intrinsic viscosity is defined as the dimensionless number   It should not be confused with inherent viscosity, which is the ratio of the natural logarithm of the relative viscosity to the mass concentration of the polymer.  

When the solute particles are rigid spheres at infinite dilution, the intrinsic viscosity equals , as shown first by Albert Einstein.

In practical settings,  is usually solute mass concentration (c, g/dL), and the units of intrinsic viscosity  are deciliters per gram (dL/g), otherwise known as inverse concentration.

Formulae for rigid spheroids

Generalizing from spheres to spheroids with an axial semiaxis  (i.e., the semiaxis of revolution) and equatorial semiaxes , the intrinsic viscosity can be written

where the constants are defined

The  coefficients are the Jeffery functions

General ellipsoidal formulae

It is possible to generalize the intrinsic viscosity formula from spheroids to arbitrary ellipsoids with semiaxes ,  and .

Frequency dependence

The intrinsic viscosity formula may also be generalized to include a frequency dependence.

Applications

The intrinsic viscosity is very sensitive to the axial ratio of spheroids, especially of prolate spheroids.  For example, the intrinsic viscosity can provide rough estimates of the number of subunits in a protein fiber composed of a helical array of proteins such as tubulin.  More generally, intrinsic viscosity can be used to assay quaternary structure.  In polymer chemistry intrinsic viscosity is related to molar mass through the Mark–Houwink equation. A practical method for the determination of intrinsic viscosity is with a Ubbelohde viscometer or with a RheoSense VROC viscometer.

References

 
 
 
 
 

Fluid dynamics
Viscosity
Widom scaling. Widom scaling (after Benjamin Widom) is a hypothesis in statistical mechanics regarding the free energy of a magnetic system near its critical point which leads to the critical exponents becoming no longer independent so that they can be parameterized in terms of two values. The hypothesis can be seen to arise as a natural consequence of the block-spin renormalization procedure, when the block size is chosen to be of the same size as the correlation length.

Widom scaling is an example of universality.

Definitions 

The critical exponents  and  are defined in terms of the behaviour of the order parameters and response functions near the critical point as follows

, for 
, for 

where

 measures the temperature relative to the critical point.

Near the critical point, Widom's scaling relation reads

.

where  has an expansion
,
with 
being Wegner's exponent governing the approach to scaling.

Derivation 

The scaling hypothesis is that near the critical point, the free energy , in  dimensions, can be written as the sum of a slowly varying regular part  and a singular part , with the singular part being a scaling function, i.e., a homogeneous function, so that

Then taking the partial derivative with respect to  H and the form of M(t,H) gives

Setting  and  in the preceding equation yields

 for 

Comparing this with the definition of  yields its value,

Similarly, putting  and  into the scaling relation for M yields

Hence

Applying the expression for the isothermal susceptibility  in terms of M to the scaling relation yields

Setting H=0 and  for  (resp.  for ) yields

Similarly for the expression for specific heat  in terms of M to the scaling relation yields

Taking H=0 and  for  (or  for  yields

As a consequence of Widom scaling, not all critical exponents are independent but they can be parameterized by two numbers  with the relations expressed as

The relations are experimentally well verified for magnetic systems and fluids.

References
H. E. Stanley, Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena
H. Kleinert and V. Schulte-Frohlinde, Critical Properties of φ4-Theories, World Scientific (Singapore, 2001);  Paperback  (also available online)

Critical phenomena
Statistical mechanics
Bog garden. A bog garden is a type of garden that employs permanently moist (but not waterlogged) soil to create a habitat for plants and creatures which thrive in such conditions. It may exploit existing poor drainage in the garden, or it may be artificially created using pond liners or other materials to trap water in the area. Any such structure must allow a small amount of seepage to prevent the water stagnating. For instance, a pond liner must be pierced a few times. Typically a bog garden consists of a shallow area adjoining a pond or other water feature, but care must be taken to prevent water draining from a higher to a lower level. The minimum sustainable depth is . Good drainage is provided by gravel placed over the liner, and the bog can be kept watered by using a perforated hose below the surface.

Plants which enjoy boggy soil or shallow water around their roots (marginals) include:
 Butomus umbellatus (flowering rush)
 Caltha palustris (marsh marigold)
 Dionaea muscipula (Venus flytrap)
 Drosera (sundews)
 Iris pseudacorus (yellow flag)
 Lobelia cardinalis
 Lysimachia nummularia (creeping jenny)
 Menyanthes trifoliata (bogbean)
 Myosotis scorpioides (water forget-me-not)
 Osmunda regalis (royal fern)
 Persicaria amplexicaulis (red bistort)
 Persicaria bistorta (bistort)
 Pinguicula (butterworts)
 Primula pulverulenta (candelabra primula)
 Sarracenia (North American pitcher plants)
 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani 'Zebrinus' (striped rush)
 Scrophularia auriculata 'Variegata' (water figwort)
 Trollius × cultorum (globeflower)
 Utricularia (bladderworts)

See also

 Garden pond
 Water garden
 List of garden types

References

Types of garden
Bogs
Archer (automobile). The Archer was a British cyclecar designed by M Archer and made in 1920. 

It was powered by a two-cylinder JAP engine rated at 8/10 hp. The two seats were placed one behind the other.

The designer was more famous as the inventor of a trench mortar.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Cyclecars
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1920
Atomette. The Atomette was a British three-wheeled cyclecar manufactured by Allan Thomas in Cleveland Street, Wolverhampton in 1922. 

The car was powered by an air-cooled 3.5 hp Villiers two-stroke engine driving the single rear wheel through a three-speed gearbox. The body had no pretence of having a radiator. Prototypes & early cars were single seat and cost 90 guineas (£94.50). Later, cars were made which seated two people side by side. These cost 95 guineas (£99.75). The car could be ordered in a choice of blue, grey or green.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links
 Wolverhampton History & Heritage Atomette article, photos and drawings

Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Three-wheeled motor vehicles
Cyclecars
Companies based in Wolverhampton
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1922
V. C. Kulandaiswamy. V C Kulandaiswamy (14 July 1929 – 10 December 2016) was an Indian academic and author. He completed his Bachelor of engineering in Civil at Government College of Technology, Coimbatore. He obtained his Master of Technology degree from IIT Kharagpur and obtained a PhD in hydrology and water resources from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (United States).

Kulandaiswamy created an eponymous mathematical model for the rainfall-runoff relationship based on a general equation developed by him. Kulandaiswamy was a member of the UNESCO planning group (1978) for the preparation of the second six-year plan (1981–86) of the International Hydraulic Programme (IHP). He has authored more than 60 research reports and papers in the field of hydrology. He has authored six volumes of poems and seven of prose essays which earned him the Thiruvalluvar Award by Tamil Nadu government in 1999. He has received the Padma Bhushan (2002) and Padma Shri (1992), awarded by the president of India.

He worked for reform of Tamil script to make learning Tamil easier. He won the Sahitya Akademi Award (1988) for his book Vaazhum Valluvam. He died on 10 December 2016 after a short illness.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Scientists from Tamil Nadu
Tamil scholars
Tamil poets
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil
IIT Kharagpur alumni
Indian Tamil academics
People from Karur district
20th-century Indian educators
Indian hydrologists
AV (cyclecar). The AV was a British cyclecar manufactured by Ward and Avey in Somerset Road, Teddington Middlesex between 1919 and 1924.

It was one of the more successful cyclecars and was based on a design bought from Carden and built in the factory that they had previously used. At the peak they had 80 employees.

The first model was a single-seater, the Monocar, only  wide with bodies built by the Thames Valley Pattern Works  out of wood, plywood or even compressed paper. The complete car only weighed about . Engines were rear mounted, air-cooled and rated from 5 to 8hp. There was a choice of JAP (most commonly), Blackburne or rarely MAG units. Gearboxes were either a two-speed epicyclic unit with foot-operated change or three-speed Sturmey-Archer with chain drive to the rear axle. Steering was by a wire and bobbin system with the entire front axle being pivoted on early cars. Several hundreds of these cars were made.

The Monocar was described by Ixion of The Motor Cycle as "a low, coffin-shape projectile, moderately attractive in dense fog.

In 1920 a two-seater, the Bi-car, was added with the passenger behind the driver.  The width of the car increased to 36 inches.  About 50 were made.  A more conventional side by side model was added in 1921 called the Runabout with a  body  long.  The original Monocar and Bi-car were dropped in 1922 but production of the Runabout continued until 1924 and later to special order.

The company changed its name in 1923 to A.V. Motors Ltd and after the end of car production, became Jowett and later Rootes Group dealers.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links
 1919 AV Monocar advertisement

Vintage vehicles
Cyclecars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Vehicle manufacture in London
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1919
HB 876 mine. The HB 876 mine was an air dropped area denial weapon. It was used as part of the JP233 runway denial system and the 'Hades' variant of the BL755 cluster bomb. As a result of the anti-personnel mine ban it was withdrawn from British Royal Air Force service, and the last stockpiles of the mine were destroyed on 19 October 1999.

Description
The mine is a cylinder consisting of three sections. The top section contains the warhead, consisting of an upward facing Misznay-Schardin effect warhead that creates an explosively formed penetrator capable of punching through heavy bulldozer blades. The dimpled sides of the cylinder have a shotgun effect, generating a pattern of metal fragments capable of penetrating steel plate beyond 20 metres and aluminium plate beyond 50 meters. The middle section of the mine contains the fuze, comprising a battery, safety and arming mechanism and electronic sensors. The bottom contains the parachute and a spring-loaded self-righting mechanism which opens like the petals of a sunflower after the device hits the ground.

After the mine is ejected from either the 'Hades' cluster bomb or JP233 dispenser a drogue parachute is deployed to slow the mine. The drogue parachute is quickly followed by the main parachute. After impact and a brief delay the mine self-rights and after another delay it arms itself.

The mine is then either triggered by a toppling movement or electronically self-destructs after a pre-set delay of a few minutes to more than 24 hours.

Specifications
Diameter: 100 mm
Height: 150 mm
Weight: 2.4 kg
Explosive content: 590 g of Composition B

Variants
 HB 876
 HB 876IF Influence sensor version of the mine

References

See also
Area denial weapons
Anti-personnel mine
Land mine
Cluster bomb

Anti-personnel mines
Area denial weapons
Submunitions
Land mines of the United Kingdom
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Level of free convection. The level of free convection (LFC) is the altitude in the atmosphere where an air parcel lifted adiabatically until saturation becomes warmer than the environment at the same level, so that positive buoyancy can initiate self-sustained convection.

Finding the LFC
The usual way of finding the LFC is to lift a parcel from a lower level along the dry adiabatic lapse rate until it crosses the saturated mixing ratio line of the parcel: this is the lifted condensation level (LCL).  From there on, follow the moist adiabatic lapse rate until the temperature of the parcel reaches the air mass temperature, at the equilibrium level (EL).  If the temperature of the parcel along the moist adiabat is warmer than the environment on further lift, one has found the LFC.

Use
Since the volume of the parcel is larger than the surrounding air after LFC by the ideal gas law (PV = nRT), it is less dense and becomes buoyant rising until its temperature (at EL) equals the surrounding airmass.  If the airmass has one or many LFC, it is potentially unstable and may lead to convective clouds like cumulus and thunderstorms.

From the level of free convection to the point where the ascending parcel again becomes colder than its surroundings, the equilibrium level (EL), any air parcel gain kinetic energy which is calculated by its Convective available potential energy (CAPE), giving the potential for severe weather.

References

See also 
 Atmospheric convection
 Atmospheric thermodynamics

Atmospheric thermodynamics
Meteorological quantities
Severe weather and convection
Sorption. Sorption is a physical and chemical process by which one substance becomes attached to another. Specific cases of sorption are treated in the following articles:
 Absorption "the incorporation of a substance in one state into another of a different state" (e.g., liquids being absorbed by a solid or gases being absorbed by a liquid);
 Adsorption The physical adherence or bonding of ions and molecules onto the surface of another phase (e.g., reagents adsorbed to a solid catalyst surface);
 Ion exchange An exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex.

The reverse of sorption is desorption.

Sorption rate
The adsorption and absorption rate of a diluted solute in gas or liquid solution to a surface or interface can be calculated using Fick's laws of diffusion.

See also
 Sorption isotherm

References

Physical chemistry
War 2410. War 2410 is a turn-based strategy video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System developed by American studio Advanced Productions that takes place in the year 2410.

Story
In the year 2003, scientists have developed the perfect soldier through genetic engineering. Hundreds of years of technological advances gave them the sentience needed to ultimately make decisions for themselves on the battlefield (and beyond). Three groups of soldiers were originally designed to protect humanity have revolted against their masters after becoming completely self-aware. As a result, four factions are fighting it out for control of the Earth more than 400 years after the scientific breakthrough was first realized.

This war would decide the fate of humanity and set the stage clear for its sequel, War 3010: The Revolution. A mysterious intergalactic force known as the Kyllen would end up occupying the universe nearly 200 years after the end of this game's story line.

Gameplay

The player is in command of the GDA (Global Defense Alliance) and the primary objective for the game's twenty missions is the total annihilation of M.A.R.S. (a group of unsavory superhumans who have turned against their masters), the Orcs, and the Cromes (which can be summarized as a group of self-sentient, self-aware combat robots). Capturing a lab results in the ability to build a superweapon to destroy the other factions; some missions require players to capture enemy bases for the war effort. Players can take all the time that they want in these missions due to a lack of any form of limitation regarding time. Each side has infantry, tanks and the air force needed to get the job done.

Military-style medals can be earned through performing various acts of bravery. A complete map can be viewed as a part of the game's "radar intelligence" probe. Later missions tend to cover more than one quadrant of this 16-grid radar screen.

Reception
Allgame gave War 2410 a rating of 2.5 out of a possible 5 stars. Nintendo Power gave the game an overall rating of 3.25 out of 5 (the equivalent to a ranking of 65% or a letter grade of C).

References

1995 video games
North America-exclusive video games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Top-down video games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games about mecha
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the 25th century
Machinist calculator. A machinist calculator is a hand-held calculator programmed with built-in formulas making it easy and quick for machinists to establish speeds, feeds and time without guesswork or conversion charts. Formulas may include revolutions per minute (RPM), surface feet per minute (SFM), inches per minute (IPM), feed per tooth (FPT). A cut time (CT) function takes the user, step-by-step, through a calculation to determine cycle time (execution time) for a given tool motion. Other features may include a metric-English conversion function, a stop watch/timer function and a standard math calculator.

This type of calculator is useful for machinists, programmers, inspectors, estimators, supervisors, and students.

When Handheld Machinist calculators first came to market they were complicated to use due to their small liquid-crystal displays and were fairly expensive with a price of around $70-$80. These older units were missing many features and could not be upgraded. Modern smartphone app versions have additional features.

References

Calculators
Metalworking tools
SVG Working Group. The SVG Working Group is a working group created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to address the need for an alternative to the PostScript document format. The PostScript format was unable to create scalable fonts and objects without creating files which were inordinately larger than a file which used unscalable fonts and objects.

In April 1998, the W3C received a note from representatives of four corporate entities  – Adobe Systems, IBM, Netscape and Sun Microsystems  –  with regard to the Precision Graphics Markup Language (PGML), an XML-based markup language.

A second note was submitted came a month later from a team which included representatives of Hewlett-Packard, Macromedia, Microsoft, and Visio; the note contained a draft specification for the Vector Markup Language (VML), another XML-based markup language.

As a result of both missives, the W3C convened a working group, and within six months, the group published a working draft of requirements for the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format. This format, unlike Postscript, is optimized for the Web. It is able to describe two-dimensional graphics and graphical applications via XML.

Initial versions of the SVG specification have now been natively implemented by most modern browsers. The SVG Working Group continues to work on enhancements, which will be published as a comprehensive SVG 2.0 specification. As of September 2014, the various modules of this new specification were expected to reach Candidate Recommendation status in 2015 or early 2016.

Members
Members of the SVG Working Group include representatives from the following organizations:

 Adobe Systems Inc.
 Apple
 AutoCAD
 BitFlash
 Open Text (BitFlash Division)
 Canon, Inc.
 ERCIM
 Ericsson
 Expway
 France Telecom
 Groupe des Écoles des Télécommunications
 Ikivo AB
 ILOG
 Inkscape
 ITEDO Software GmbH
 KDDI Corporation
 Keio University
 Kodak
 Microsoft
 Mozilla
 Opera Software
 Research In Motion, Ltd. (RIM)
 Sharp Corporation
 Sun Microsystems Inc.

W3C has also invited several experts to collaborate with the working group.

Notes

External links
Official site
SVG Charter
SVG Roadmap
SVG Brings Fast Vector Graphics to Web

Working Group

Working groups
World Wide Web Consortium
Advanced transportation controller. The advanced transportation controller (ATC) is a standardization effort being undertaken by the United States Department of Transportation as part of their Intelligent transportation system (ITS) efforts.  The ATC is being developed to provide an open platform for hardware and software for a wide variety of ITS applications.  ATC has been identified as the highest priority standardization effort within the ITS community.  It is being developed by the Institute of Transportation Engineers. 

The ATC standard specifies a wide variety of hardware, the Linux operating system, and a defined API layer.  ATC applications will use the API layer.

References

External links
 Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) ATC web site.

Intelligent transportation systems
Free software projects