omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
AASHTO Soil Classification System. The AASHTO Soil Classification System was developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and is used as a guide for the classification of soils and soil-aggregate mixtures for highway construction purposes. The classification system was first developed by Hogentogler and Terzaghi in 1929, but has been revised several times since.

Plasticity index of A-7-5 subgroup is equal to or less than the LL - 30.  Plasticity index of A-7-6 subgroup is greater than LL - 30.

References

See also 
 Unified Soil Classification System

Soil classification
602nd Aircraft Design Institute. 602nd Aircraft Design Institute is a Chinese design institute and jointer partners with Xian Aircraft Industry Corporation of military aircraft. The institute is located at 20 Renmin Road in Yanliang District of Xi'an near the Yanliang Air Base.

Their key clients are the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force and the People's Liberation Army Air Force.

They are a main contractor for the Xian JH-7, a two-seater twin-engine fighter-bomber in service with the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF).

Products
 Xian JH-7 - tandem fighter-bomber

References

Aerospace companies of China
Companies with year of establishment missing
Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation. Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation, also known as Xi'an Aircraft Company Limited (XAC), is a Chinese aircraft manufacturer and developer of large and medium-sized airplanes. It is based in Yanliang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, adjacent to Xi'an Yanliang Airport. It is joint partners with No. 603 Aircraft Design Institute of military aircraft. XAC was established in 1958 and has more than 20,000 employees.

Its key clients include the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force and People's Liberation Army Air Force. Currently, it is a subsidiary of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). One of its own subsidiaries and a listed company is Xi'an Aircraft International Corporation (). It is responsible for the production of China's biggest internally manufactured military aircraft, the Xi'an Y-20.

Products

Turboprops
 Xi'an MA60 turbo-prop airliner
 Xi'an MA600 turbo-prop airliner
 Xi'an MA700 turbo-prop airliner (in development)

Bombers and fighter-bombers
 Xi'an H-6 twin engine bomber - Chinese-upgraded variant of the Tupolev Tu-16 Badger
 Xi'an H-8 heavy strategic bomber (cancelled)
 Xi'an JH-7 Flying Leopard twin engine fighter-bomber. 
 Xi'an H-20 heavy strategic stealth bomber; under development

Trainers
 Y-7H trainer based on Y-7-100

Parts
 ACAC ARJ21 Xiangfeng -wings and fuselage
Boeing 737 - vertical fins, horizontal stabilizers, forward access doors
Boeing 737NG - vertical fins (30+ year partnership)
Boeing 747 - trailing edge ribs, aluminum and titanium forgings
Boeing 747-8 - 747-8 inboard flaps, the single largest piece of aircraft structure that Boeing purchases from China.
Boeing 787

Transport
 Yun-7 (Y-7) twin-engine turboprop transport 
 Yun-14 (Y-14) twin-engine turboprop transport
 Xi'an Y-20 four-engine turbofan transport
 Xi'an KJ-600 AE&C - using Y-7 based Xi'an JZY-01 as testbed

Partnerships
 Safran Landing Systems

See also

 Xi'an Aero-Engine Corporation
 ACAC consortium
 Aviation Industry Corporation of China
 Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation
 Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
 Guizhou Aircraft Industry Co.
 Harbin Aircraft Industry Group
 Hongdu Aviation Industry Corporation
 Shanghai Aviation Industrial Company
 Shaanxi Aircraft Company
 Shenyang Aircraft Corporation

References

External links
 

Aircraft manufacturers of China
Defence companies of the People's Republic of China
Government-owned companies of China
Manufacturing companies based in Xi'an
Manufacturing companies established in 1958
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1958
1958 establishments in China
Chinese brands
Yanliang District
Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Company. Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Company (), formerly Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Factory, was founded in 1950 with a registered capital of four billion yuan, with two bases, Pudong and Dachang, with more than 5,000 employees. It is a Shanghai-based aerospace company with business in:

 aircraft manufacturing
 parts and components subcontractor
 repair and overhaul
 non-aerospace products: aerial ladders, hovercraft, glass wall manufacturing, Swerve rack for magnetic aerotrain

It now belongs to the Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC) that was established in 2008.

Aims
It aims to continuously enhance:
 the assembly and integration
 core key component manufacturing
 supply chain construction and management
 new technology, new method, new material application and development
 manufacturing process control
 civil aircraft delivery
And aims to shoulder the important mission of the development of China's large aircraft.

Products

Regional Jets
 Comac ARJ21 - final assembly

Jetliners
 Shanghai Y-10 jetliner
 MD-82 jetliner
 MD-83 jetliner
 MD-90 jetliner
 Airbus single aisle family cargo door frame
 Boeing 737 tail section assembly & Boeing 777 vertical stabilizers .
 COMAC C919
 COMAC C929

References

External links
 

Aircraft manufacturers of China
Chinese companies established in 1950
Manufacturing companies based in Shanghai
Comac
Shenyang Aircraft Corporation. Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC) is a Chinese aircraft manufacturer in Shenyang, Liaoning and a subsidiary of AVIC. Founded in 1951 as the classified 112 Factory, it is the oldest aircraft manufacturer in the People's Republic of China. The company mainly focuses on designing and manufacturing civilian and military aircraft and related components including jet engines, as well as UAVs such as SYAC UAV.

Aircraft produced by SAC include J-5, JJ-1, J-8, J-11, J-15, J-16, and J-35.

Facilities
 Shenyang Airframe Plant
 Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute

Products

Fighters
 J-2, Chinese variant of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15.
 Shenyang J-5, Chinese variant of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17.
 Shenyang J-6, Chinese variant of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19.
 Chengdu J-7, Chinese variant of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21. Production was moved to Chengdu in the 1970s.
 Shenyang J-8, Indigenously developed 3rd generation fighter aircraft. NATO reporting name Finback.
 Shenyang J-11, Chinese variant of the Russian Sukhoi Su-27.
 Shenyang J-13, Cancelled air superiority fighter project.
 Shenyang J-15, Carrier-borne naval multirole fighter
 Shenyang J-16, Strike fighter aircraft

In development 

 Shenyang J-31, A mid weight fifth-generation fighter aircraft (in testing phase).
 Shenyang J-50, A cranked arrow configuration with sharply swept wing aircraft, possibly a Sixth-generation fighter (in development).

Civilian jetliners
 ACAC ARJ21 Xiangfeng, collaborating with other companies of AVIC I.

Bombers
 Xian H-6 bomber: Chinese variant of the Soviet Tupolev Tu-16 Badger. Collaboration with Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation.
 Nanchang Q-5 fighter bomber.  Designed in Shenyang and later moved to Nanchang Aircraft for production.

General aviation aircraft
 Shenyang type 5: Chinese production version of the Russian Yakovlev Yak-12 utility aircraft.
 Cessna 162

Engines
 Turbofan WS-10, Taihang
 Turbojet WP-14, Kunlun
 Turbofan WS-20

Parts
 Associated Lyulka AL-31 turbofan engine
 Whole tail sections and cargo doors for Boeing
 Parts for Bombardier Aerospace (CSeries fuselage) and McDonnell Douglas

UAVs and Drones
 Shenyang BA-5

Canceled
 Shenyang J-13: a cancelled 1971 Chinese light fighter aircraft

Partnership with Cessna
On 27 November 2007, Cessna announced that the Cessna 162 Light Sport Aircraft would be produced by the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation. The first production Cessna 162 took flight at Shenyang on 17 September 2009. The aircraft was not a success and production ended in January 2014 after 192 were sold.

See also

 ACAC consortium
 Aviation Industry Corporation of China
 Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation
 Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
 Guizhou Aircraft Industry Co.
 Harbin Aircraft Industry Group
 Hongdu Aviation Industry Corporation
 Shaanxi Aircraft Company
 Shanghai Aviation Industrial Company
 Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation

References

 Shenyang Aircraft Corp

External links

 

1953 establishments in China
Aircraft manufacturers of China
Companies based in Shenyang
Defence companies of the People's Republic of China
Manufacturing companies established in 1953
Nitrogen rejection unit. A nitrogen rejection unit (NRU) selectively removes nitrogen from a gas. The name can be applied to any system that removes nitrogen from natural gas.

For high flow-rate applications, typically above  per day at standard pressure, cryogenic processing is the norm. This is a distillation process which utilizes the different volatilities of methane (boiling point of −161.6 °C) and nitrogen (boiling point of −195.69 °C) to achieve separation. In this process, a system of compression and distillation columns drastically reduces the temperature of the gas mixture to a point where methane is liquified and the nitrogen is not. For smaller applications, a series of heat exchangers may be used as an alternative to distillation columns.

For smaller volumes of gas, a system utilizing pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is a more typical method of separation.  In PSA, methane and nitrogen can be separated by using an adsorbent with an aperture size very close to the molecular diameter of the larger species, in this case methane (3.8 angstroms). This means nitrogen is able to diffuse through the adsorbent, filling adsorption sites, whilst methane is not. This results in a purified natural gas stream that fits pipeline specifications. The adsorbent can then be regenerated, leaving a highly pure nitrogen stream. PSA is a flexible method for nitrogen rejection, being applied to both small and large flow rates.

The operating conditions of various PSA units are quite variable.  Depending on the vendor, high degrees of pretreatment of the gas stream (removal of water vapor and heavy hydrocarbons) may be necessary for the system to operate optimally and without damage to the adsorbent material.  Moreover, the degree of hydrocarbon recoveries (75% vs 95%) and purities can vary considerably.  The economic viability of any PSA unit will be highly dependent on such factors.

An estimated 25% of the US natural gas reserves contain unacceptably large quantities of nitrogen.  Nitrogen is inert and lowers the energy value per volume of natural gas.  It also takes up capacity in pipelines that could be used for valuable methane.

Pipeline specifications for nitrogen are extremely variable, though no more than 4% nitrogen is a typical specification.

References

External links
G.I. Dynamics Cryogenic Nitrogen Rejection Technology
California Energy Commission Glossary
Molecular Gate Adsorption Technology

Further reading
 
 

Natural gas technology
Industrial gases
Collision (telecommunications). A collision is the situation that occurs when two or more demands are made simultaneously on equipment that can handle only one at any given instant. It may refer to:

 Collision domain, a physical network segment where data packets can "collide"
 Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance, (CSMA/CA) used for example with wireless LANs
 Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection, (CSMA/CD) used with Ethernet
 Late collision, a specific type of collision that should not occur on properly operating networks
 Local collision is a collision that occurs in the network interface rather than on the network itself

See also
 Collision (disambiguation)
 Contention (telecommunications)

References

Telecommunications engineering
Dielectric thermal analysis. Dielectric thermal analysis (DETA), or dielectric analysis (DEA), is a materials science technique similar to dynamic mechanical analysis except that an oscillating electrical field is used instead of a mechanical force. For investigation of the curing behavior of thermosetting resin systems, composite materials, adhesives and paints, Dielectric Analysis (DEA) can be used in accordance with ASTM E 2038 or E 2039. The great advantage of DEA is that it can be employed not only on a laboratory scale, but also in process.

Measuring principle

In a typical test, the sample is placed in contact with two electrodes (the dielectric sensor) and a sinusoidal voltage (the excitation) is applied to one electrode. The  resulting sinusoidal current (the response) is measured at the second electrode. The response signal is attenuated in amplitude and shifted in phase in relation to the mobility of the ions and alignment of the dipoles. Dipoles in the material will attempt to align with the electric field and ions (present as impurities) will move toward the electrode of opposite polarity. The dielectric properties of permittivity ε' and loss factor ε" are then calculated from this measured amplitude and phase change.

References 

Materials science
Scientific techniques
MiniGLX. MiniGLX is a specification for an application programming interface which facilitates OpenGL rendering on systems without windowing systems, e.g. Linux without an X Window System or embedded systems without a windowing system. The interface is a subset of the GLX interface, plus a minimal set of Xlib-like functions.

Programs written for Mini GLX can run unchanged on systems with the X Window System and the GLX extension. The intention is to allow flexibility for prototyping and testing.

MiniGLX is currently implemented within the Mesa 3D project that provides a means to use the Direct Rendering Infrastructure when the X Window System is not used. In essence it provides functions that mimic those of X, so that programs written using MiniGLX should be compilable as X Window programs. MiniGLX renders directly to the framebuffer device or through accelerated DRI drivers. MiniGLX allows only one window (which fills the whole framebuffer) to exist.

If the existing source code were extended, MiniGLX could be used by GPGPU applications, using the power of graphics card processors for general, non-graphical tasks, as long as no other driver uses the graphics card. Nvidia has already integrated support for using the graphics processing unit on Nvidia cards for application programming into its proprietary 3D graphic driver.

See also

 Graphics hardware and FOSS
 MiniGL

External links
   
 

Application programming interfaces
Graphics libraries
OpenGL
Composite UI Application Block. The Composite UI Application Block (or CAB) is an addition to Microsoft's .NET Framework for creating complex user interfaces made of loosely coupled components. Developed by Microsoft's patterns & practices team, CAB is used exclusively for developing Windows Forms. A derivative version of CAB exists in both the Web Client and Mobile Client Software Factories as well. It encourages the developer to use either the Model-View-Controller or Model-View-Presenter architectural pattern, to encourage reuse of the individual User Controls (referred to in CAB as "SmartParts") by not coupling them with their underlying data elements or presentation code.

It is part of the foundation of the Smart Client Software Factory, another patterns & practices deliverable. It is also part of the Mobile Client Software Factory which is a version of the Smart Client Software Factory for use with the .NET Compact Framework 2.0.

See also 
 Software Factories

External links 
 CAB Home page
 Smart Client Software Factory Home page

Microsoft software factories
Software architecture
Cactus Framework. Cactus is an open-source, problem-solving environment designed for scientists and engineers. Its modular structure enables parallel computation across different architectures and collaborative code development between different groups. Cactus originated in the academic research community, where it was developed and used over many years by a large international collaboration of physicists and computational scientists.

The name Cactus comes from the design of a central core (or "flesh") which connects to application modules (or "thorns") through an extensible interface. Thorns can implement custom developed scientific or engineering applications, such as computational fluid dynamics. Other thorns from a standard computational toolkit provide a range of computational capabilities, such as parallel I/O, data distribution, or checkpointing.

Cactus runs on many architectures. Applications, developed on standard workstations or laptops, can be seamlessly run on clusters or supercomputers. Cactus provides easy access to many cutting-edge software technologies being developed in the academic research community, including the Globus Toolkit, HDF5 parallel file I/O, the PETSc scientific library, adaptive mesh refinement, web interfaces, and advanced visualization tools.

History 

Cactus was originally developed at the AEI, and is now developed jointly at AEI, Cardiff University, and the Center for Computation & Technology at LSU.  There are several large packages built on Cactus, among others a general relativistic spacetime evolution code, an adaptive mesh refinement driver (Carpet), and a general relativistic hydrodynamics code (Whisky).

Staff with the LSU Center for Computation & Technology, who were part of the original group at AEI who created Cactus, celebrated the program's 10th birthday in April 2007.

See also 

 Application framework
 Software framework
 Cactus the plant
 Embedded HTTP server
 Numerical relativity

References

External links 
 
 Center for Computation & Technology
 Numerical relativity group at the Albert Einstein Institute
 www.whiskycode.org Whisky — the EU Network GR Hydrodynamics code
 einsteintoolkit.org Einstein Toolkit

Integrated development environments
Charles L. Coffin. Charles L. Coffin (1844-1926) of Detroit was awarded  for an arc welding process using a metal electrode.  This was the first time that metal melted from the electrode carried across the arc to deposit filler metal in the joint to make a weld. Two years earlier, Nikolay Slavyanov presented the same idea of transferring metal across an arc, but to cast metal in a mold.

References 

American inventors
1844 births
1926 deaths
HMS Alderney (P416). HMS Alderney (P416/S66), was an  of the Royal Navy, built by Vickers-Armstrongs at Barrow and launched 25 June 1945 by Mrs Molly Wallis, wife of Sir Barnes Wallis. She was the 12th of the class and was scrapped in 1972.

Design
Like all Amphion-class submarines, Alderney had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. It had a total length of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Admiralty ML eight-cylinder diesel engines generating a power of  each. It also contained four electric motors each producing  that drove two shafts. It could carry a maximum of  of diesel, although it usually carried between .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, it could operate at  for  or at  for . When surfaced, it was able to travel  at  or  at . Alderney was fitted with ten 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, one QF 4 inch naval gun Mk XXIII, one Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, and a .303 British Vickers machine gun. Its torpedo tubes were fitted to the bow and stern, and it could carry twenty torpedoes. Its complement was sixty-one crew members.

Operational service
Alderney completed three commissions between 1954 and 1963 with the 6th Submarine Squadron at Halifax, Nova Scotia, carrying out exercises with the Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force. In September 1952  replaced the damaged Alderney, which had developed issues while training with vessels of the Royal Canadian Navy off Bermuda. She was modernised during a long refit in Portsmouth Dockyard between 1956 and 1958. In 1965 she recommissioned for the eighth time and was allocated to the 1st Submarine Squadron at . In 1965 and 1966 she was present at Portsmouth Navy Days. She was decommissioned in 1966 and was broken up at Troon, Scotland on 1 February 1970.

References

Publications

External links
 Pictures of HMS Alderney at MaritimeQuest

Amphion-class submarines
Cold War submarines of the United Kingdom
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1945 ships
Shaanxi Aircraft Corporation. Shaanxi Aircraft Corporation () is a Chinese aircraft manufacturer and supplier to the Chinese military based in Hanzhong, Shaanxi province. It is a subsidiary of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).

Products

Transports

 Shaanxi Y-8 medium size medium range transport, near copy of the Antonov An-12
 Y-8 ESM ESM aircraft
 Y-8 C3I airborne command post aircraft
 Y-8 battlefield surveillance
 Y-8 radar test bed
 Y-8 maritime patrol aircraft
 Y-8 avionics test bed
 Y-8-F600 transport
 Y-9 multi-purpose transport, developed as a stretched version of the Shaanxi Y-8F with greater payload and range.  The Y-9 is considered China's attempt to build a C-130J class transport aircraft.
 Y-5 transport, copy of the Antonov An-2
 Y-7 transport, copy of the Antonov An-24

See also
 Aviation Industry Corporation of China
 Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation
 Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
 ACAC consortium
 Guizhou Aircraft Industry Co.
 Harbin Aircraft Industry Group
 Hongdu Aviation Industry Corporation
 Shanghai Aviation Industrial Company
 Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
 Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation

References

External links

 Shaanxi Aircraft Corporation Official Website 

Aircraft manufacturers of China
Defence companies of the People's Republic of China
Companies based in Shaanxi
Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation. Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation (GAIC) or Guizhou Aviation Aircraft Co Ltd (GAC) is a Chinese aircraft manufacturer and military aircraft based in Guiyang, Guizhou. It is a subsidiary of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). The company's core products include trainers, turbojets, UAVs, missiles and launchers. Within a joint venture with Subaru named Yunque (), they've also built Chinese license versions of cars like Subaru Rex and Subaru Vivio.

Products

Trainers
JL-9
FTC2000 Mountain Eagle 2-seat trainer - based on JJ-7 / MIG-21U fighter trainer

Fighters
JJ-7
 upgraded version of the original MiG-21

Unmanned aerial vehicles
WZ-2000
multipurpose unmanned aerial vehicle
Xiáng Lóng (Soaring Dragon)
Harrier Hawk

Turbofan engine
WS-13
 Major application: JF-17 light weight fighter and J-31 stealth fighter.

See also
 Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC)
 ACAC consortium
 Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation
 Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
 Harbin Aircraft Industry Group
 Hongdu Aviation Industry Corporation
 Shaanxi Aircraft Corporation
 Shanghai Aviation Industrial Company
 Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
 Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation

References

External links
 Guizhou Aviation Industry Import/Export Company website 

Aircraft manufacturers of China
Aircraft engine manufacturers of China
Gas turbine manufacturers
Defence companies of the People's Republic of China
Companies with year of establishment missing
Companies based in Guizhou