omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Keystone B-5. The Keystone B-5 is a light bomber made by the Keystone Aircraft company for the United States Army Air Corps in the early 1930s. The B-5A was a Keystone B-3A with Wright Cyclone rather than Pratt & Whitney engines.

Design and development
Three B-3A (LB-10A) were reengined with Wright R-1750-3 radial engines and were redesignated Y1B-5. The Army Air Corps changed the design of the last 27 LB-10As on order, replacing the Pratt & Whitney R-1690 radial engines with the Wright R-1750-3. The Pratt & Whitney-powered aircraft were designated B-3A, and the Wright-powered aircraft became B-5A. They provided the backbone of the U.S. bomber force from then to 1934.

Operational history
B-5A were first line bombers of the United States for the period between 1930 and 1934. Afterwards, they remained in service primarily as observation aircraft until the early 1940s.

Variants
LB-14
Designed as LB-10 with 575 hp (429 kW) Pratt & Whitney GR-1860 engines; three ordered, but redesigned with 525 hp (392 kW) Wright R-1750-3 engines and delivered as the Y1B-5.
Y1B-5
Three pre-production aircraft redesignated from LB-14 before delivery.
B-5A
Wright R-1750-3 version originally ordered as B-3A, 27 built

Operators

United States Army Air Corps

Specifications (B-5A)

See also

External links

USAF Museum article on B-5
USAF Museum article on LB-14

B-5
Light bombers
Keystone B-05
Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Mettlen–Lavorgo powerline. The Mettlen–Lavorgo powerline, also called the Lukmanier powerline, is the 400 kV three-phase alternating current high voltage electric power transmission line over the Lukmanier Pass in Switzerland, from Mettlen substation (), next Inwil, about  south of Hochdorf, to Lavorgo substation (), next Lavorgo, about  south of Faido. Trees falling on the line in 2003 caused a major blackout in Italy.

History
The powerline was built in 1948–1949. In 2006, 17 transmission towers between Sisikon and Ingenbohl and in 2008, 28 transmission towers between Arth and Küssnacht am Rigi were replaced.

On 28 September 2003, during a storm, two trees hit the powerline in Brunnen causing a major blackout in Italy.
The loss of power affected most of all peninsula; nearly 50 million people remained cut-off for up to 18 hours.

Description

On the  long section from Mettlen to Amsteg it shares the pylons with the Gotthard Powerline. After Amsteg the Lukmanier Powerline runs on its own track.

On the section between Mettlen and Amsteg 160 pylons are used with two level and three level arrangements of the conductors. For the  long section between Amsteg and Lavorgo over the Lukmanier Pass 145 pylons for one circuit with one level arrangement of the three conductors are used. The mean height of the used pylons is .

A unique aspect of this line is the 75-metre-high anchor pylon, which stands on 28-metre-high feet of concrete in the artificial lake of Santa Maria, canton Graubünden. This pylon was built in 1949 as a normal pylon. At the construction of the Santa María Dam it was replaced in 1957 by the existing pylon on concrete feet to protect the steel construction from the water and at wintertime from ice on the lake. This pylon carries one crossarm for one circuit.
The mean span width of the line is , the biggest span width between two pylons is . As conductors bundles of two and three conductors of Aldrey (an aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy) with a cross section of  are used. The diameter of each single conductor is . As ground wire two steel ropes with a cross section of  are used.

In the Mittelplatten area, the culminating point, the powerline consists of the highest transmission tower in the Swiss power grid, stationed  above sea level.  The steel lattice mast is  tall.

Sources
Elektro-Energietechnik 2, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. sc. techn. Gerhard Schwickaardi, AT Verlag Aarau, 1979, pages 218–220Gerhard Schwickardi, Elektro-Energietechnik. Energie-Übertragung, Netze, Energieverteilung, Freileitungen, Kabelleitungen, Schaltgeräte, Schaltanlagen, Energie-Umformung, Messwandler, Transformatorenstationen, Unterwerke, Automatisierung von Schaltwarten'', Band 2, Aarau, Stuttgart 1979

References

High-voltage transmission lines
Electric power infrastructure in Switzerland
Energy infrastructure completed in 1949
1949 establishments in Switzerland
Otto A. Knopp. Otto Albrecht Knopp (24 August 1877 – 19 December 1946) was a German-American innovator of the standard testing transformer and the Compensation Winding. He was also the patentee of what has become known as the Knopp set in honor of him, and the author of a number of technical reports, including New Current Balance for Calibration Work, published in 1920.

References

1946 births
1953 deaths
Electrical engineers
People from Berlin
German emigrants to the United States
Sussexite. Sussexite is a manganese borate mineral MnBO2(OH). Crystals are monoclinic prismatic and typically fibrous in occurrence. Colour is white, pink, yellowish white with a pearly lustre. It has a Mohs hardness of 3 and a specific gravity of 3.12.

It is named after the Franklin Mining District in Sussex County, New Jersey, US where it was first discovered in 1868.

Sussexite also occurs in France, Italy, Namibia, North Korea, South Africa, Switzerland, and the US states of Michigan, New Jersey, Utah and Virginia.

References

External links

 Abandoned Mines of New Jersey

Manganese(II) minerals
Nesoborates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Minerals described in 1868
August Wöhler. August Wöhler (22 June 1819 – 21 March 1914) was a German railway engineer, best remembered for his systematic investigations of metal fatigue.

Life
Born in the town of Soltau, Hanover, the son of local teacher Georg Heinrich Wöhler, he showed early mathematical ability and won a scholarship to study at the Higher Vocational College of Hannover from 1835, under the direction of Karl Karmarsch.

In 1840, he was recruited to the Borsig works in Berlin where he worked on the manufacture of rail tracks. In 1843, after a brief stay in Hannover, he started to receive instruction in locomotive driving in Belgium, returning as an engineer on the Hanover-Brunswick line of the Royal Hanoverian State Railways. By 1847, Wöhler was chief superintendent of rolling stock on the Lower Silesian-Marcher railway in Frankfurt (Oder).

The railroad was nationalised by the Prussian state railways in 1852 and Wöhler's growing reputation led to his appointment by the Prussian Ministry of Commerce to investigate the causes of fracture in railroad axles, work that was to occupy Wöhler over the next two decades. The recognition of his keen administration and technical leadership resulted in his appointment as director of the newly formed Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine in 1874, based at the board's headquarters in Straßburg, a post he held until his retirement in 1889.

Fatigue studies
Wöhler started his axle investigations by research into the theory of elasticity and was led, in 1855, to a method for predicting the deflection of lattice beams that anticipated the work of Émile Clapeyron. He also introduced the practice of supporting one end of a bridge on roller bearings to allow for thermal expansion.

His work on fatigue marks the first systematic investigation of S-N curves, also known as Wöhler curves, to characterise the fatigue behaviour of materials. Such curves can be used to minimise the problem of fatigue by lowering the stress at critical points in a component. Wöhler showed clearly that fatigue occurs by crack growth from surface defects until the product can no longer support the applied load. The history of a fracture can be understood from a study of the fracture surface. He developed apparatus for repeated loading of railway axles, mainly because many accidents were caused by sudden fatigue fracture. The presentation of his work at the Paris Exposition in 1867 brought it to a wide international audience.

Wöhler was an advocate of state standardisation, testing and certification of iron and steel.

He died in Hannover in 1914.

References

Further reading

External links

1819 births
1914 deaths

German railway mechanical engineers
People from the Kingdom of Hanover
Simon Goodrich. Simon Goodrich (1773–1847) was an engineer to the British Navy Board.

Life

He was said to have been born 28 October 1773 in Suffolk. His education and training is unknown. In 1796 he was appointed draughtsman in the office of Sir Samuel Bentham, Inspector General of Naval Works, and in 1799 was promoted to the post of Mechanist and Bentham's deputy. On the incorporation of the Naval Works Department with the Navy Board in 1808, he was given the title of Mechanist under the Civil Architect and Engineer.  The office was discontinued on 25 Dec. 1812 on the abolition of the office of   Civil Architect, when it was provided that Goodrich should have   preference over others of his profession whenever his services were   wanted.

Goodrich was responsible to Bentham for the management of the installation of the machinery at the Portsmouth Block Mills, and for the Metal Mills and millwright's shop at Portsmouth. He was also responsible for the mechanical engineering work at all the other Naval Dockyards, and travelled incessantly on Naval business.

As well as his main responsibilities over time he was involved in devising machinery for testing anchor chains; for investigating different firefighting apparatus used on shipboard; reporting on machinery for making rope and cordage, and on saw-milling apparatus; for making seagoing trials of steam vessels. He was also involved greatly in the day-to-day management of the manufacturing staff. He was in close contact with many of the important engineers of the time, including Richard Trevithick, Matthew Murray, Henry Maudslay, Sir Marc Isambard Brunel and, particularly, Joshua Field.

Family
Goodrich married Susanna Lloyd on 25 December 1797 at the Navy church of Saint Martin in the Fields, Westminster and had two daughters. He lived at  9 Upper Eton St Pimlico in 1811 and in various locations in Portsmouth. On his retirement Goodrich moved to Lisbon, and died there 3 September 1847 and was survived by his wife.

Legacy
After his death, Goodrich's papers and drawings were returned to England, and by 1875 were in a library collection somewhere (the location has yet to be discovered). They were later transferred to the library of the Science Museum, London which has now been transferred to Wroughton, Swindon. The SML accessioning records give no clue about the origins. The Simon Goodrich papers are a source of detailed information about what is something of a dark age in our knowledge of the engineering background to the Industrial Revolution.

References

 Woolrich, A. P., Goodrich, Simon, in A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers vol 1, (2002) p 261 
 Coad, Jonathan, The Portsmouth Block Mills : Bentham, Brunel and the start of the Royal Navy's Industrial Revolution, 2005,

1773 births
1847 deaths
Engineers from Suffolk
Quench (disambiguation). A quench, in materials science, is a rapid cooling.

Quench or quenching may also refer to:

Science and technology
 Quenching (astronomy), a process in which a galaxy loses cold gas ending star formation
 Quenching (fluorescence), any process which decreases the fluorescence intensity of a given substance
 Quenching (scrubber), a type of pollution scrubber
 Magnet quench, a loss of superconductivity resulting in a rapid rise of resistance and temperature, such as in a superconducting magnet
 Dark quencher, a dye that absorbs light, but does not emit it, used in molecular biology
 the means by which a Geiger–Müller tube is able to distinguish individual particles
 in a super-regenerative receiver, the process of interrupting the main RF oscillation with a lower frequency oscillation
 the process of stopping an electrical arc, for example in a fuse or spark-gap transmitter
 in an internal combustion engine, the rapid cooling of fuel inside the combustion chamber that prevents it from burning
 rapid evaporative cooling of a gas by injection of a liquid
 a secondary gas in a neon tube filled with a Penning mixture

Other uses
 Quench (album), by the Beautiful South, 1998
 Quench (band), a British rock band
 Quench (company), an American water-cooler company
 Quench (musician), Australian dance music producer
 Quench, a magazine published by gair rhydd, a student newspaper of Cardiff University
 Quench, a program on the Food Network
 Quench, a Zimbabwean soft drink

See also
 ICMP Source Quench, a message that is part of the internet core protocol
 Lily Quench, a series of children's books
Fokker XB-8. The Fokker XB-8 was a bomber built for the United States Army Air Corps in the 1930s, derived from the high-speed Fokker O-27 observation aircraft.

Design and development

During assembly, the second prototype XO-27 was converted to a bomber prototype, dubbed the XB-8. While the XB-8 was much faster than existing biplane bombers, it did not have the bomb capacity to be considered for production. Two YB-8s and 4 Y1B-8s were ordered, but these were changed mid-production to Y1O-27 configuration.

The wing of the XB-8 and XO-27 was built entirely from wood, although the fuselage was constructed of steel tubes covered with fabric with the exception of the nose which had a corrugated metal. They featured the first retractable landing gear ever fitted to an Army Air Corps bomber or observation craft. The undercarriage retracted electrically. The crew was three in tandem position.

Operational history
It competed against the Douglas Y1B-7/XO-36. Both promised to greatly exceed the performance of the large biplane bombers then used by the Army Air Corps. However, the Douglas XB-7 was markedly better in performance than the XB-8, and no further versions of Fokker's aircraft were built.

Operators

United States Army Air Corps

Specifications (XB-8)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 Pelletier, Alain J. "Fokker Twilight". Air Enthusiast, No. 117, May/June 2005, pp. 62–66. ISSN 0143-5450.
 Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes. New York: Doubleday, 1982. .

External links

 O-27 USAAS 1000 Aircraft Photos
 Army's Mystery Plane Passes Speed Test – ''Popular Science
 Atlantic (Fokker) XB-8 – National Museum of the US Air Force

B-8
Fokker B-08
Mid-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Ministry of the Environment (Japan). The  is a Cabinet-level ministry of the government of Japan responsible for global environmental conservation, pollution control, and nature conservation. The ministry was formed in 2001 from the sub-cabinet level Environmental Agency established in 1971. The Minister of the Environment is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is chosen by the Prime Minister, usually from among members of the Diet.

In March 2006, the then-Minister of the Environment Yuriko Koike, created a furoshiki cloth to promote its use in the modern world.

In August 2011, the Cabinet of Japan approved a plan to establish a new energy watchdog under the Environment Ministry, and the Nuclear Regulation Authority was founded on September 19, 2012.

Organization

 Minister's Secretariat (大臣官房)
 (総合環境政策統括官)
 Global Environment Bureau (地球環境局)
 Environment Management Bureau (水・大気環境局)
 Nature Conservation Bureau (自然環境局)
 (環境再生・資源循環局)

Cool Biz
The Ministry of the Environment began advocating the Cool Biz campaign in summer 2005 as a means to help reduce electric consumption by limiting use of air conditioning and allowing the wearing of less formal officewear. This idea was proposed by then-Minister of the Environment Yuriko Koike under Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi.

Super Cool Biz 
Following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in March 2011, the shut down of many nuclear power plants for safety reasons lead to energy shortages. To conserve energy, the government recommended setting air conditioners at 28 degrees Celsius, switching off computers not in use, and called for shifting work hours to the morning and taking more summer vacation than usual. The government then launched a Super Cool Biz campaign to encourage workers to wear outfits appropriate for the office yet cool enough to endure the summer heat. Polo shirts and trainers are allowed, while jeans and sandals are also acceptable under certain circumstances. June 1 marked the start of the Environment Ministry's campaign, with full-page newspaper ads and photos of ministry workers smiling rather self-consciously at their desks wearing polo shirts and colorful Okinawa kariyushi shirts. The campaign was repeated in 2012 and 2013.

See also

 Environmental issues in Japan

References

External links

Official website

2001 establishments in Japan
Ministries established in 2001
Environment ministries
Government ministries of Japan
Energy in Japan
Zirkelite. Zirkelite is an oxide mineral with the chemical formula . It occurs as well-formed fine sized isometric crystals. It is a black, brown or yellow mineral with a hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 4.7.

Name and discovery
Zirkelite was first discovered in Brazil in 1895. It was named for German petrographer Ferdinand Zirkel (1838–1912).

Occurrence
Initial discovery was from the Jacupiranga carbonatite, São Paulo, Brazil. It is also found in Canada, Kazakhstan, Norway, Russia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

See also
 List of minerals named after people

References

Webmineral data
Mindat localities
Mineral Data Publishing

Calcium minerals
Thorium minerals
Zirconium minerals
Titanium minerals
Niobium minerals
Lanthanide minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225
Oxide minerals
Minerals described in 1895
Autobike. An autobike or automatically geared bicycle is a bicycle with a derailleur or internally geared hub (transmission) that shifts gears without intervention from the rider.

History 
The CSA Autobike Classic was the first commercially sold autobike and was equipped with a system of centrifugal weights on the rear wheel with a rear derailleur attached to them. When the rider started pedaling it would cause the weights to spin outwards, which shifted the derailleur to a higher gear. When the rider stops pedaling and the bike comes to a stop, the weights would return to the center position, shifting the bike into its lowest gear so it is easier to get started again. The Autobike was featured on several infomercials in the latter half of the 1990s. CSA, the maker of the Autobike, eventually went bankrupt. Also of note was the Trek Lime from the 2000s. It used an internal 3-speed hub gear that was electrically shifted based on the rider's speed. Power was provided by a dynamo on the front hub. 

Current autobike designs of the 2020s build on the principles introduced by the Trek Lime. The front wheel uses a hub dynamo to generate electricity. Wires connect the dynamo through the frame to the bottom bracket area where it joins a small onboard computer with sensors that detect the rider's speed and cadence. The computer uses this information to actuate a motorized shifter mounted on the rear wheel's hub gear to change the gear ratio. The rear hub used is the Nuvinci N360 CVP which is a continuously variable transmission using a planetary gear system.

See also 
 Centrifugal governor
 Variomatic

References 

Bicycles
Differential TTL. Differential TTL is a type of binary electrical signaling based on the transistor-transistor logic (TTL) concept. It enables electronic systems to be relatively immune to noise. RS-422 and RS-485 outputs can be implemented as differential TTL.

Normal TTL signals are single-ended, which means that each signal consists of a voltage on one wire, referenced to a system ground.  The "low" voltage level is zero to 0.8 volts, and the "high" voltage level is 2 volts to 5 volts.  A differential TTL signal consists of two such wires, also referenced to a system ground.  The logic level on one wire is always the complement of the other.  The principle is similar to that of low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS), but with different voltage levels.

Differential TTL is used in preference to single-ended TTL for long-distance signaling.  In a long cable, stray electromagnetic fields in the environment, or stray currents in the system ground, can induce unwanted voltages that cause errors at the receiver.  With a differential pair of wires, roughly the same unwanted voltage is induced in each wire.  The receiver subtracts the voltages on the two wires, so that the unwanted voltage disappears, and only the voltage created by the driver remains.

A second advantage of differential TTL is that the differential pair of wires can form a current loop.  The driver sources a current from the power supply into one wire.  This current passes along the wire to the receiver, through the termination resistor and back up the other wire, then back through the driver and down to ground.  No net current is exchanged between the driver and receiver, which means that none of the signal current has to return through the ground connection (if there is one) between the two ends.  This arrangement prevents the signal from injecting currents into the ground connection, which might upset other circuits attached to it.

Differential TTL is the most common type of high-voltage differential signaling (HVDS).

Applications 
Differential TTL signaling was used in the Serial Storage Architecture (SSA) standard devised by IBM, but this is mostly obsolete.  More efficient signaling techniques such as LVDS are now used instead.

See also
Differential signalling

References

Logic families