omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bay d'Espoir Hydroelectric Power Station. The Bay D'Espoir Hydroelectric Development, built by the Newfoundland and Labrador Power Commission is located on the south coast of Newfoundland near the rural community of Bay d'Espoir.  It was the second major hydroelectric project undertaken on Newfoundland.

History
The hydroelectric potential of this area was known by the early 1920s but its development was not seriously considered until 1954 when British Newfoundland Development Corporation (BRINCO) became interested in the site.  In 1957 a Shawinigan Engineering survey confirmed the feasibility of building a hydroelectric plant. By 1959 BRINCO had set up a subsidiary, Southern Newfoundland Power and Development Corporation, to carry out the project.  However, the subsidiary was unable to attract industrial customers to the area; this, it felt, was necessary before undertaking the project, so in 1964 it sold all its rights and assets to the Newfoundland Government.

The government, by taking over the project, became eligible for a $20 million grant from the Atlantic Development Board a Federal Government agency.  The engineering and construction work was carried out by ShawMont Newfoundland Engineering, a joint venture company formed by Shawinigan Engineering and Montreal Engineering in 1964.

The Bay D'Espoir Hydroelectric Development was undertaken to provide the province with a large source of low-cost electric power which would allow the Island's utilities to extend their services, stimulate the expansion of the industries already in the province and attract new industries to Newfoundland and Labrador.  The Electric Reduction Company of Canada Industries Limited (ERCO), phosphorus plant at Long Harbour and the Come by Chance Oil Refinery at Come by Chance were built partially because of the availability of cheap power.

Units 1 through 4 went online between 1967 and 1968, with each unit having a rated capacity of 75 MW.

Generating unit 2 underwent a major refurbishment during the summer of 2010, including a stator rewind, rotor pole re-insulation and protection upgrade. This project was the first stator rewind on a unit of this size in Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro's history.

Design
The headwaters of the Bay d'Espoir system begin at Victoria Lake at an approximate elevation of 320 metres.  Through a man-made array of dams and canals, this water is directed to generating plants at Granite Canal, Upper Salmon and, finally, 150 km from Victoria Lake to its final tidewater destination at Bay d'Espoir.  Water is collected, stored and diverted from a number of drainage areas between Victoria Lake and Long Pond, the forebay for the two Bay d'Espoir generating stations.

The seven generating units at Bay d'Espoir utilize approximately 176 m of head to produce a rated output of 613.4 MW with a rated flow of 397 m3/s.  The plant produces an average of 2,657 GWh annually, making it the largest hydroelectric plant on Newfoundland.

References

External links

 Bay d'Espoir Hydroelectric Generating Facility website

Dams in Newfoundland and Labrador
Hydroelectric power stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
Superhydrophilicity. Superhydrophilicity refers to the phenomenon of excess hydrophilicity, or attraction to water; in superhydrophilic materials, the contact angle of water is equal to zero degrees. This effect was discovered in 1995 by the Research Institute of Toto Ltd. for titanium dioxide irradiated by sunlight. Under light irradiation, water dropped onto titanium dioxide forms no contact angle (almost 0 degrees).

Superhydrophilic material has various advantages. For example, it can defog glass, and it can also enable oil spots to be swept away easily with water. Such materials are already commercialized as door mirrors for cars, coatings for buildings, self-cleaning glass, etc.

Several mechanisms of this superhydrophilicity have been proposed by researchers. One is the change of the surface structure to a metastable structure, and another is cleaning the surface by the photodecomposition of dirt such as organic compounds adsorbed on the surface, after either of which water molecules can adsorb to the surface. The mechanism is still controversial, and it is too soon to decide which suggestion is correct. To decide, atomic scale measurements and other studies will be necessary.

See also
Superhydrophobicity, the opposite phenomenon

References

Further reading

Chemical properties
Surface science
Waterlogging. Waterlogging or water logging may refer to:

 Waterlogging (agriculture), saturation of the soil by groundwater sufficient to prevent or hinder agriculture
 Waterlogging (archeology), the exclusion of air from an archeological site by groundwater, preserving artifacts
 Underwater logging, the process of harvesting trees that are submerged under water
 Watered stock, an asset with artificially high value

Waterlog may refer to:

 Waterlog: A Swimmer's Journey Through Britain, a 1999 book by Roger Deakin
Intermittent mechanism. An intermittent mechanism or intermittent movement is a device or movement which regularly advances an object, web, or plastic film and then holds it in place. This process is commonly used in industry and manufacturing.  

This motion is critical to the use of  film in a movie camera or movie projector. This is in contrast to a continuous mechanism, whereby the film is constantly in motion and the image is held steady by optical or electronic methods. The reason the intermittent mechanism "works" for the viewer is because of a phenomenon called persistence of vision.

History
Intermittent mechanisms were first used in sewing machines, in order for the fabric to be fed through correctly - ensuring it is stationary as each stitch is made, while moving the required distance between stitches.

Methods used

The intermittent mechanism must be employed in concert with a rotating shutter which blocks light transmittance during the motion of the film and allows light through while the film is held in place usually by one or more registration pins. The intermittent mechanism can be accomplished in many ways, but most often, it is done with sprocket wheels, claws, or pins coupled to the camera or projector drive mechanism. 

In movie theater projectors, the intermittent movement is often produced by a Geneva drive (Maltese cross mechanism).

However, in a movie camera, it is done through a process by which a shutter opens exposing the film negative to light for a split second, then the shutter closes blocking light from reaching the negative. Once the shutter is completely closed, a claw pulls down the next film frame of negative film by the sprocket holes into the film gate and the process begins again. A movie projector works in a similar way.

The standard exposure period for regular motion in North America is 1/48 of a second, which corresponds to 180 degrees, but shutters with 200 degrees were popular back when the then-available color negative film had an ASA of 50; today's color negative film is available with an ASA of 500.

See also
Dwell mechanism
Fast motion
Slow motion

References

External links

Examples of camera movements

Mechanical synchronization
Upper Salmon Hydroelectric Development. The Upper Salmon Hydro Development is a hydroelectric plant in Newfoundland and Labrador. It utilises a portion of the residual head between Meelpaeg Lake Reservoir and Round Pond within the watershed of the Bay d'Espoir Hydroelectric Development.

The plant operates at a normal supply level of 241 m under a net head of 51 metres. The average rated flow of 189.5 m3/s is used to generate 84 megawatts (MW) of electrical power with an average annual production of 541 GWh. The unit, which is equipped with a Francis turbine, was first synchronized on January 19, 1983.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
Paradise River Hydroelectric Generating Station. The Paradise River Hydroelectric Generating Station is a hydroelectric generating plant located near the mouth of the Paradise River in Newfoundland and Labrador.  The plant is owned by Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro, and was first synchronized in 1989.  It operates with an average rated flow of 25 m3/s to generate 8 MW of electrical power, with an average annual production of 37 GWh. The unit is equipped with a Francis runner.  The project, which operates under a run-of-river philosophy, has a 43m high concrete arch dam with an overflow spillway, the largest structure of this design in Eastern North America.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
Dams in Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
Granite Canal Hydroelectric Generating Station. The Granite Canal Hydroelectric Generating Station is a component of the Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Corporation's Bay d’Espoir Hydro Electric Development system. The generating station has a rated capacity of 40 MW with an annual average energy production of 224 gigawatt hours (GWh). The generating unit at Granite Canal utilizes approximately 37 metres of head with a rated plant flow of 122.4 cubic metres per second. The unit is equipped with a Kaplan turbine and was first synchronized on May 26, 2003.

A fish habitat compensation system was included in this development to ensure any aquatic habitat loss was avoided, reduced or replaced. A Fish Habitat Compensation Agreement was signed with Fisheries and Oceans Canada to ensure proper construction, utilization and long term viability of the facility.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
Drew Endy. Andrew (Drew) David Endy (born 1970) is a synthetic biologist and tenured associate professor of bioengineering at Stanford University, California.

Education
Endy received his PhD from Dartmouth College in 1997 for his work on genetic engineering using T7 phage.

Career
Endy was a junior fellow for three years and later an Assistant Professor of Biological Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2002–2008). In 2008, Endy moved to Stanford University, where he currently serves as an Associate Professor of Bioengineering.

Research
With Thomas Knight, Gerald Jay Sussman, Randy Rettberg, and others at MIT, Endy worked on synthetic biology and the engineering of standardized biological components, devices, and parts, collectively known as BioBricks. Endy is one of several founders of the Registry of Standard Biological Parts, and invented an abstraction hierarchy for integrated genetic systems.

Endy has been one of the early promoters of open source biology, and helped start the Biobricks Foundation, a not-for-profit organization that will work to support open-source biology. He was also a co-founder of the now defunct Codon Devices, a biotechnology startup company that aimed to commercialize synthetic biology.

In 2009, Michael Specter called Endy "synthetic biology’s most compelling evangelist" in his book Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Hinders Scientific Progress, Harms the Planet, and Threatens Our Lives, as Endy is persistent in discussing both the prospects and dangers of synthetic biology.

Endy headed a team of researchers that in March 2013 created the biological equivalent of a transistor, which they dubbed a "transcriptor".  The invention was the final of the three components necessary to build a fully functional biocomputer: data storage, information transmission, and a basic system of logic.

Endy is a founder and steering group member of the Build-a-Cell Initiative, an international collaboration investigating creation of synthetic live cells.

References

External links
 Lab webpage
 Personal page on OpenWetWare for Drew Endy
 Abstraction hierarchy for integrated genetic systems
 Steal This Genome
 Biology Yearns to be Free
 Gen9
 Article on the commercialization of DNA synthesis
 Registry of Standard Biological Parts
 Interview with Drew Endy in Edge - the third culture
 Northwestern Silverstein Lecture

1970 births
Living people
Synthetic biologists
MIT School of Engineering faculty
American bioengineers
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Junkers EF 132. The EF 132 was a planned jet bomber, under development for the Luftwaffe during World War II. It was the last aircraft project development undertaken by Junkers during the war, and was the culmination of the Ju 287 design started in 1942.

Design
The shoulder-mounted wings were swept back 35° and featured a small amount of anhedral. Six Junkers Jumo 012 jet engines, each of which developed 24.5 kN (5,500 lbf) of thrust, were buried in the wing roots. Wind tunnel results showed the advantages of having the engines within the wing, rather than causing drag by being mounted below the wing surfaces. Several wooden mockups were built of the wing sections, in order to find the best way to mount the engines without wasting too much space while at the same time providing maintenance accessibility. The trailing edge flaps were designed to be split flaps, and the goal was to make the gearing and operation simple. Because of the high placement of the wings to the fuselage, an unbroken bomb bay of 12 m (39 ft 4 in) could be utilized in the center fuselage. The tailplanes were also swept back and the EF 132 had a normal vertical fin and rudder. An interesting landing gear arrangement was planned, that consisted of a nose wheel, two tandem main wheels beneath the center rear fuselage, and outrigger-type wheels under each outer wing. A fully glazed, pressurized cockpit located in the extreme fuselage nose held a crew of five. Armament consisted of two remotely-controlled twin 20 mm cannon turrets (one located aft of the cockpit, the other beneath the fuselage) and a tail barbette containing another pair of 20 mm cannons. All of this defensive armament was remotely controlled from the cockpit, and a bomb load of 4,000–5,000 kg (8,820–11,020 lb) was envisioned to be carried.

Tests and outcome
A windtunnel model was tested in early 1945, and a full-scale wooden mockup was also built at the Dessau Junkers facility. The development stage had progressed far when the Red Army reached the Dessau complex and took possession of the Junkers Ju 287, EF 131 and EF 132 designs and components. In October, 1946 the whole complex and the German engineers were transferred to GOZ No.1 (Gosoodarstvenny Opytnyy Zavod, State Experimental Plant), at Dubna in the Soviet Union, to continue development of the EF 131 and EF 132. Design work on the EF 132 continued under Dr. Brunolf Baade at OKB-1 (the design bureau attached to GOZ No.1), under order of Council of Ministers directive No.874-266, an unpowered example was constructed to gather additional data, but only slow progress was made before the project was terminated on 12 June 1948, by CoM directive 2058-805.

Specifications (EF 132, as designed)

See also

References

External links

1940s German bomber aircraft
EF 132
Strategic bombers
World War II jet aircraft of Germany
Kawanishi Baika. The  was a pulsejet-powered kamikaze ("divine wind") aircraft under development for the Imperial Japanese Navy towards the end of World War II. The war ended before any were built.

History
Nazi Germany supplied the Japanese with a great deal of technical data, including details of the Argus As 014 pulse jet engine. It remains debatable whether that technical data included examples of the V1, let alone the piloted Fieseler Fi 103R (Reichenberg). It is noted that wartime U.S. intelligence reports stated that the Japanese knew of the V-1 by October 1943, and one report stated that Japan received one example in November 1944. The reports also suggested that the Japanese were very interested in the V-1 air-launching techniques as used by the Germans.

One U.S. Army Air Force document from 1946 shows the Baika as being a copy of the Reichenberg. The cargo manifest of the Japanese submarine I-29 lists a single V-1 fuselage as being included in a shipment of equipment. Some contemporary Japanese historians debate on what, if any, V-1 and Fi 103R data the Japanese actually received and whether the Baika may simply have been an independent design.
 
The only tangible outcome of the Axis cooperation, however, was the construction of prototypes of the Maru Ka10 pulse-jet engine which was to power the Baika.

Variants
Type IPulsejet intake located above and behind the cockpit, droppable landing gear. Intended for conventional take off on own power (possibly with the help of droppable rocket boosters).
Type IISimilar to Type I, but with pulsejet moved forwards, no landing gear. Intended for submarine launch.
Type IIIPulsejet mounted ventrally, no landing gear. Presumably, this version was intended to be air-launched by medium bombers such as the Mitsubishi G4M, Nakajima G8N or Yokosuka P1Y.

The currently accepted illustrations of the Baika come from the 1953 published book Koku Gijutsu No Zenbo in which Technical Commander Iwaya (the man who brought the Me 163 and BMW 003 info to Japan) provided drawings of all three versions of the Baika with all versions shown with tricycle landing gear in place.

Specifications (Baika, as designed)

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Dyer, Edwin M. Japanese Secret Projects: Experimental Aircraft of the IJA and IJN 1939–1945. Midland Publishing, 2009. .

Baika
Baika, Kawanishi
Pulsejet-powered aircraft
Baika, Kawanishi
World War II jet aircraft of Japan
Low-wing aircraft
Yokosuka Tenga. The Yokosuka Tenga (, "Milky Way") was a proposal to provide the Imperial Japanese Navy with a jet-powered bomber towards the end of World War II. The concept was to replace the piston engines of the Yokosuka P1Y1 with turbojets. 

The powerplant selected was the  thrust Ishikawajima Ne-30 then under development. However, before a single example could be built, both the Ne-30 project and the Tenga were cancelled due to technical difficulties with the turbojet design.

See also
 Yokosuka P1Y
 Arado Ar 234

References

Bibliography

 Miranda, Justo and P. Mercado. Unknown! No. 3. Madrid, Spain: Self-published.

1940s Japanese experimental aircraft
Tenga, Yokosuka
Tenga
PL/P. The PL/P programming language (an acronym of Programming Language for Prime (computers)) is a mid-level programming language developed by Prime Computer to serve as their second primary system programming language after Fortran IV.  PL/P was a subset of PL/I.

Additions to the PRIMOS operating system for Prime 50 Series computers were written mostly in PL/P in later years.  Certain PRIMOS modules written in Fortran IV during PRIMOS's early years were rewritten in PL/P.  PL/P was the most widespread compiled programming language used for commercial PRIMOS applications, outpacing the use of the Prime C compiler, the CPL (PRIMOS) scripting language, and the Fortran IV compiler in commercial applications.

References

Systems programming languages
PL/I programming language family
Machine coordinate system. In the manufacturing industry, with regard to numerically controlled machine tools, the phrase machine coordinate system refers to the physical limits of the motion of the machine in each of its axes, and to the numerical coordinate which is assigned (by the machine tool builder) to each of these limits. CNC Machinery refers to machines and devices that are controlled by using programmed commands which are encoded on to a storage medium, and NC refers to the automation of machine tools that are operated by abstract commands programmed and encoded onto a storage medium.

Types of Machine Coordinate Systems 
The absolute coordinate system uses the cartesian coordinate system, where a point on the machine is specifically defined. The cartesian coordinate system is a set of three number lines labeled X, Y, and Z, which are used to determine the point in the workspace that the machine needs to operate in. This absolute coordinate system allows the machine operator to edit the machine code in a way where the specifically defined section is easy to pinpoint. Before putting in theses coordinates though, the machine operator needs to set a point of origin on the machine. The point of origin in the cartesian system is 0, 0, 0. This allows the machine operator to know which directions are positive and negative in the cartesian plane. It also makes sure that every move made is based on the distance from this origin point.

The relative coordinate system, also known as the incremental coordinate system, also uses the cartesian coordinate system, but in a different manner. The relative coordinate system allows the machine operator to define a point in the workspace based on, or relative to, the previous point that the machine tool was at. This means that after every move the machine tool makes, the point that it ends up at is based on the distance from the previous point. So, the origin set on the machine changes after every move.

The polar coordinate system does not use the cartesian coordinate system. It uses the distance from the point of origin to the point, and the angle from either the point of origin or the previous point used. This means that the polar coordinate system can be used in tangent with either the absolute coordinate system or the relative coordinate system. This just has to be specified within the code of the machine being used. The points in the polar coordinate system can be measured using a rule and protractor to get an approximate point, or the machine operator can use trigonometry to find the exact number needed for the machine to work.

References 

Industrial machinery
Bombardier Challenger. The Challenger is a family of  mid-sized business jets produced by Canadair, and later by Bombardier Aerospace.

Aircraft include:

 Bombardier Challenger 600 series, the original family of business jets, with the CL-600, CL-601, CL-604, and CL-605
 Bombardier Challenger 300, business jet, originally called the Bombardier Continental
 Bombardier Challenger 800/850, a business jet derived from the CRJ-200

Challenger
Challenger
Low-wing aircraft
Peroxymonosulfuric acid. Peroxymonosulfuric acid, also known as persulfuric acid, peroxysulfuric acid is the inorganic compound with the formula .  It is a white solid.  It is a component of Caro's acid, which is a solution of peroxymonosulfuric acid in sulfuric acid containing small amounts of water.  Peroxymonosulfuric acid is a very strong oxidant (E0 = +2.51 V).

Structure
In peroxymonosulfuric acid, the S(VI) center adopts its characteristic tetrahedral geometry; the connectivity is indicated by the formula HO–O–S(O)2–OH. The S-O-H proton is more acidic.

History
The German chemist Heinrich Caro first reported investigations of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid.

Synthesis and production
One laboratory scale preparation of Caro's acid involves the combination of chlorosulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide:

Patents include more than one reaction for preparation of Caro's acid, usually as an intermediate for the production of potassium monopersulfate (PMPS), a bleaching and oxidizing agent.  One route employs the following reaction:

This reaction is related to "piranha solution".

Uses in industry
 and Caro's acid have been used for a variety of disinfectant and cleaning applications, e.g., swimming pool treatment and denture cleaning.  It is used in gold mining  to destroy the cyanide in the waste stream ("Tailings"). 

Alkali metal salts of , especially oxone, are widely investigated.

Hazards
These peroxy acids can be explosive. Explosions have been reported at Brown University and Sun Oil. As with all strong oxidizing agents, peroxysulfuric acid is incompatible with organic compounds.

See also
 Peroxydisulfuric acid ,
 Peroxomonosulfate

References

Hydrogen compounds
Sulfur oxoacids
Liquid explosives
Persulfates
Peroxy acids
Explosive chemicals