omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Richard Shoup (programmer). Richard Shoup (July 30, 1943 – July 18, 2015) was an American computer scientist and entrepreneur, mainly known from his pioneering work on computer graphics and animation. Originally from Gibsonia, Pennsylvania, he last resided in San Jose, California.

He earned a B.S.E.E. and a Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University. His Ph.D. thesis was the first to explore programmable logic and reconfigurable hardware, now widely used in computers and consumer electronics.

In 1973, while working as one of the first employees at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, he built SuperPaint, one of the first image editing programs.  Future Pixar cofounder Alvy Ray Smith contributed to program development as an independent contractor.

Although he had been directly recruited by Robert Taylor following the collapse of the Berkeley Computer Corporation, Shoup's interests in video graphics and color, pixel-based imaging clashed with the office of the future research program cultivated by Taylor and Butler Lampson, ultimately precipitating his departure from Xerox. In 1979, he co-founded Aurora Systems, a company that was an early producer of digital animation hardware and software. He received a special Emmy Award (shared with Xerox) in 1983 and an Academy Scientific Engineering Award (shared with Smith and Thomas Porter) in 1998 for his work on SuperPaint.

During the 1990s, he was a member of the research staff at Interval Research Corporation in Palo Alto. From 2000 until his death, he was an associate at the Boundary Institute for the Study of Foundations, a nonprofit organization involved in research into physical sciences and parapsychology.

An avid musician in his spare time, Shoup played jazz trombone for many years in various big bands throughout the San Francisco Bay Area.

Shoup died from lung cancer on July 18, 2015.

References

1943 births
2015 deaths
American computer scientists
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Scientists at PARC (company)
St. Louis Aircraft Corporation. St. Louis Aircraft Corporation  was an American aircraft manufacturer founded in September 1917.

In 1915, the St. Louis Car Company had been approached by Thomas W. Benoist to build 1000 flying boats. A prototype was built, but the concept did not go into production.

In 1917 The United States government needed to form a production interest for World War I aircraft production needs. The St. Louis Aircraft Corporation was founded by A.J. Seigel of the Huttig Sash and Door company, and Edwin B Meissner of the St. Louis Car Company.  Their two companies had skilled labor and facilities needed to construct wood-framed aircraft. The company became one of six across the country to produce the Curtiss JN-4D Jenny with first deliveries in 1918. The first order (720552) was for 200 aircraft, the company delivered 30 aircraft a month, and 57 JN-4D's in October 1918.

The company went dormant until 1928 when it started production of the Cardinal and later the Cardinal Senior. The company ordered 100 100 hp Kinner K-T radial engines to power the light monoplane, but production ceased in 1931 in the peak of the depression.

The company continued to build parts while aircraft production was not viable. It specialized in supplying components for the Engineering section at Wright Field. In the buildup to World War II, the company developed its own biplane trainer the St. Louis PT-35, which lost to the Boeing Stearman. It also produced a low winged trainer to compete in an Army contract, the St. Louis PT-LM-4. It lost out to the Fairchild PT-19 model.

The company was put into service again for World War II production. The company subcontracted aircraft parts for the effort and built 44 Fairchild PT-19 and 306 PT-23 licensed aircraft designs.  It also was one of 8 companies that competed for a combat troop glider. Its XCG-5 did not go into production.

In 1945, the St. Louis Aircraft Corporation was shut down after wartime contracts ended.

Aircraft

References

Bibliography

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in St. Louis
Defunct companies based in Missouri
BATES. BATES is an acronym for BAllistic Test and Evaluation System, which is a standardized system for measuring solid rocket propellant performance designed and developed by the United States Air Force Research Laboratory in 1959 through the early 1960s, used for almost forty years thereafter, and again beginning in 2010.  Then through 2016. According to this reference, a single propellant grain weighing 68 to 70 pounds was used in the original AFRL BATES motor design.  An AFRL BATES propellant grain is inhibited, usually by a flame resistant cartridge case, on the OD, burning only on the two outer ends and the central bore, and is dimensioned so the burning area does not change significantly (< 3% in the original BATES motor) through the burn, generating a flat-topped thrust curve (neutral burn) to minimize propellant characterization costs and simplify the data analysis.

The first official description of the BATES system was published by and available from the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC): “Development and Evaluation of the USAF Ballistic Test Evaluation System for Solid Rocket Propellants”.

An official press release in 1964 included BATES information.

In 2016 the AIR FORCE published through DTIC an overview the included a summary of BATES use.

In modern usage, BATES often refers to a type of solid-fuel rocket motor grain geometry.  A BATES grain consists of one or more cylindrical grain segments with the outer surface inhibited, but free to burn both on the segment ends and the cylindrical core.  Such grains are very easy to cast, while allowing for the user to configure a progressive, regressive, or neutral thrust curve by changing various dimensions. The neutral BATES length is calculated by the equation , where  is the length of the grain,  is the outer diameter of the grain, and  is the diameter of the core of the grain.

References

Rocket engines
Rockets and missiles
Model rocketry
Stanford Engineering Everywhere. Stanford Engineering Everywhere, or SEE is an initiative started by Andrew Ng at Stanford University to offer a number of Stanford courses free online.  SEE's initial set of courses was funded by Sequoia Capital, and offered  instructional videos, reading lists and assignments. The portal was designed to assist both the students and teachers across the world.  This is similar to initiatives like MIT OpenCourseWare, where some of the courses are available for viewing for the online students community at no charge.

Project 

SEE initially offered ten courses from the Stanford School of Engineering, including three course introductory sequence from computer science.  The courses offered are from the fields of databases, artificial intelligence and computer programming.   

In Fall 2011, the SEE program was expanded to offer full online courses in Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Databases.  Each of these courses had an enrollment of about 100,000 students and up, and students can register and view the courses, raise queries and submit assignments online.  Some of the courses are divided into "basic" and "advanced" categories.

External links
 Official website
 The complete list of the courses offered
 ml-class.org
 ai-class.org
 db-class.org

Stanford University
Engineering education in the United States
OpenCourseWare
Locomotives of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway. The locomotives of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway can be broken down into four eras:
 The period of independence up to 1874;
 The period of joint ownership when Samuel Waite Johnson was Locomotive Superintendent for the Midland Railway (1875–1906);
 The period when Henry Fowler was Locomotive Superintendent of the Midland Railway, and later Chief Mechanical Engineer if its successor, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (1907–1929);
 The period after 1930 when the locomotives had been absorbed into the stock of the LMS (1930–1966).

The railway had a locomotive, carriage and wagon works at Highbridge, Somerset, but this closed in 1930. Note that the locomotive history of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway is complicated by the many reboilerings, rebuildings, and renumberings, not all of which are captured in the table.

Early era

Johnson era

Fowler era

LMS era

References

 
Somerset and Dorset
Somerset and Dorset
Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway
Paris-Rhône. Paris-Rhône was a French producer of small three-wheeler electric cars based in Lyon. The vehicle was first presented in 1941 and production ended in 1950.

Origins
By the time of the Second World War, the Lyon based Paris-Rhône company had been in business as a supplier of specialist electric components to the auto-industry for approximately twenty years, which made them particularly well placed to join the electric cars band wagon that gathered pace after the German invasion of 1940 as petrol for civilian use became  virtually unobtainable in France.   Unlike many converts to the manufacture of electric cars, Paris-Rhône would have no problems producing their own electric motors in house.

The car
The company produced only electric cars. The first three-wheeler, the Paris-Rhône VPR, was presented to the public in the spring of 1941. It was just  long and  wide, weighing approximately  of which 210 kg was accounted for by six large batteries located under and behind the seat and mounted on a cradle that also accommodated the motor which drove the two rear wheels. The front wheel was mounted on a motor-cycle style fork, but the mechanism was concealed from view by the body work. The electric motor appears to have been an existing unit from the company’s range, and delivered 2.5 hp at 2,300 rpm. A top speed of 30 km/h (19 mph) and a range of approximately 65 kilometers (40 miles) were quoted. The three-wheeled car had one bench seat suitable for two thin people and featured a simple cabriolet body.

A single seater utility version with 125 kg of load capacity was also offered, using the same basic engine type (model TA 14), but in this version the engine tension was only 24 volts as against 36 volts for the two person vehicle, and performance claims for the utility version were correspondingly more modest.

The design was developed by an engineer called Henri Lanoy who the next year produced an updated version called the Baby-Rhône with a closed top body and a slightly less basic arrangement for the front wheel, now incorporating an element of suspension. An updated version of this vehicle, the Baby-Rhône II, was exhibited for the first time at the Lyon Fair in 1942. The little “coupé” body was produced by a coach building company called Faurax et Chassende who had their premises on the “Saint-Priest Road” in Lyon, a few hundred meters along the road from Paris-Rhône’s own factory.

Enthusiasts
A 1942 Paris-Rhône can be seen, in 2011, at the Musée Automobile de Provence at Orgon in south-east France.

Sources and further reading
 G.N. Georgano: Autos. Encyclopédie complète. 1885 à nos jours. Courtille, 1975 

https://www.valeo.com/en/our-story/

External links

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Manufacturing companies based in Lyon
Microcars
Three-wheeled motor vehicles
Cars introduced in 1941
Cars discontinued in 1950
Skoog. The Skoog is a customizable electronic musical instrument that has been designed to be inclusive and accessible – especially to those unable to play conventional musical instruments. Its primary market is special needs education and music therapy.

The Skoog itself is a soft cube that plugs, via USB, into a computer running its accompanying software, which uses physical modeling technology to allow direct correlations between the expressive gestures the player makes on the Skoog and the sound that comes out of the software. The current version of the software features twenty one such instruments. The Skoog can also be used as a MIDI controller, as well as a sampler.

See also 

  System for making music by disrupting laser beams

References

Electronic musical instruments
List of bidding systems. This is a list of bidding systems used in contract bridge. Systems listed have either had an historical impact on the development of bidding in the game or have been or are currently being used at the national or international levels of competition. 

Bidding systems are characterized as belonging to one of two broadly defined categories:
 natural bidding systems and
 artificial bidding systems.

Nevertheless, each contains elements of the other given the number and variety of treatments and conventions that have been developed by bridge bidding theorists.

Natural four card majors systems
 5-4-4-3 System
 Acol
 Baron, an English system developed in the 1940s by Leo Baron, Adam Meredith and others.
 CAB, acronym for Two Clubs, Ace-asking and Blackwood
 Canapé
 Colonial Acol
 Culbertson
 EFOS, the Economical Forcing System developed by Eric Jannersten and others in Sweden in the sixties and seventies
 EHAA, acronym for Every Hand An Adventure
 Four Aces Team
 Goren
 Nordic
 Official System
 Reith One-over-one

Natural five card majors systems
 2/1 game forcing
 5-5-4-2 System
 5-5-5-1 System
 Aces Scientific
 Alpha
 Bridge World Standard
 Eastern Scientific
 Five Card Majors
 Kaplan–Sheinwold
 Majeure Cinquième
 Romex
 Roth–Stone
 Standard American
 Western Scientific

Strong club systems
 Blue Club
 Black Club
 Canary Club
 Carrot Club
 French Club
 Hybrid Club
 Icelandic Precision
 Modified Italian Canape System (MICS), constructed and published by Ken Rexford
 Moscito
 Neapolitan Club
 Nottingham Club
 Power Precision Club
 Precision Club
 Schenken Big Club
 Simplified Precision
 Super Precision Club
 Ultimate Club
 Vanderbilt Club

Artificial one club systems
 Betangina
 Bissell
 Lea System
 Little Roman Club
 Polish Club
 Power Club
 Roman Club
 Swedish Club
 Trefle Squeeze
 Vienna
 Vision Categoria:Sistema Vision

Strong diamond systems
 Big Diamond
 Magic Diamond
 Leghorn Diamond (Livorno)
 Mirror Diamond
 CS System

Weak opening systems
 Carrotti
 Delta
 No Name
 Regres
 Säffle Spade, a forcing Pass system

Artificial systems
 HUM Systems
 Little Major
 Marmic
 Relay Systems

Losing trick count systems 
 Imperspicuity

Other systems
 Amsterdam Club
 Bangkok Club
 Churchill Style
 Crane
 Dutch Spade
 Kamikaze Notrump
 Monaco
 New South Wales
 Orange Club
 Pro System
 Simplified Club
 Sims
 Stone Age Acol With Pakistani Preempts
 Symmetric Relay
 Ultimate Club
 Walsh
 Winslow
 MMMMajor Bridge Bidding System

References
Germanide. A germanide is any binary compound of germanium and a more electropositive element. The composition of most germanides is analogous to that of the corresponding silicides and does not follow formal valence rules. The germanides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, are readily decomposed by water and acids to give germanium hydrides; most germanides of the transition metals resist the action of acids and alkalies. The main method of producing germanides is the melting or sintering of the components.

The IUPAC Red Book uses the name tetragermide for compounds containing  and instead uses the term germanide (or trihydridogermanate(1-)) for the  anion.

Examples 
 Copper germanide

References
River Trail (JavaScript engine). River Trail (also known as Parallel JavaScript) is an open-source software engine designed by Intel for executing JavaScript code using parallel computing on multi-core processors.

River Trail was announced at the Intel Developer Forum in September 2011, and demonstrated using a Firefox extension developed by Intel. Brendan Eich, the original author of JavaScript, promised that he would promote River Trail within Ecma International, saying "The demo shows a 15x speedup over serial JavaScript. It lights up the ridiculously parallel hardware in modern CPUs and GPUs, for audio, video, image processing, automated voice response, computer vision, 3D gaming, etc. – all written in memory-safe, clean, functional JavaScript, without threads and their data races and deadlocks." Because River Trail leverages Intel's OpenCL SDK  it can exploit multiple CPU cores as well as data parallel instructions (ex. AVX, SSE) and the speedup can be greater than the CPU core count would imply.

A native implementation of River Trail in Firefox's SpiderMonkey JavaScript engine was announced in September 2012 and was added to nightly Firefox builds in April 2013. By January 2015, the code had been removed from Firefox.

Operation 
To use the engine scripts uses a special API, based on three pillars: a type called ParallelArray, several methods of Prototype of ParallelArray, and elementary functions.

References

External links
 Tour of the SpiderMonkey Parallel JS Implementation: Part 1; Part 2
 InfoQ interview: Rick Hudson on Parallel JavaScript (RiverTrail)
 Proposed Parallel EcmaScript API
 mozilla.dev.tech.js-engine.rivertrail discussion group
 RiverTrail source on GitHub

Intel software
JavaScript engines
Echo Ranger. Echo Ranger is a marine autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) built by Boeing.

Originally built in 2001 to capture high-resolution sonar images of sea beds for oil and natural gas companies, such as the Exxon Mobil Corporation, Echo Ranger underwent testing for possible use by the military. Among its possible military uses are to stalk targets in enemy waters, patrol local harbors to detect national security threats, and scour ocean floors to detect environmental hazards. The submersible weighs more than five tons (4.5 metric tons), is  long and is able to descend to .

See also
Echo Voyager, a successor Boeing AUV

Sources 
Hennigan, W., J., "Boeing tests submarine drone off Santa Catalina Island," Los Angeles Times, August 19, 2001.
auvac.org AUV System Spec Sheet: Echo Ranger platform 
boeing.com Echo Ranger

Robotic submarines
2001 ships
Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture. The Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture (SICSA) is a nonprofit academic research and planning organization at the University of Houston. It was founded in 1987 after an endowment gift provided by Japanese industrialist Ryōichi Sasakawa. The institute supports the world's first and only Space Architecture program, which focuses on the development of habitats and structures in extreme environments on Earth, other planets, and outer space.

History
SICSA's foundations were established by James Calaway, Guillermo Trotti, and Larry Bell after founding private space startups Space Industries Incorporated and Bell & Trotti, Inc. Because the idea of private sector space research and development was at the time unheard of, the organization was formally realized by the help of Japan Shipbuilding Industry Foundation Chairman Ryōichi Sasakawa, who provided a $3 million endowment to kick-start the schools programs. This was the largest foreign gift ever received by the University of Houston and the organization was renamed from The Center for Experimental Architecture to the Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture in his honor. In 2003, its multidisciplinary Masters of Space Architecture degree program was designated by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board as a Masters of Science "STEM degree" instead of a Masters of Arts.

Research

SICSA's central mission is providing research and education programs to advance peaceful and beneficial uses of space and space technologies. The program is growing and partnering with other universities and aerospace companies. It is presently involved in conceptual design of the Houston Spaceport at Ellington Field and working with Boeing on Mars Transit Habitat designs. The faculty is mostly composed of architects and former or current NASA employees.

Facilities

Despite the department's re-location to the Cullen College of Engineering at the University of Houston in 2014, SICSA's facility remains within the Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture's main building designed by Philip Johnson. The School was founded in Houston because of its proximity to NASA's Johnson Space Center and other aerospace industries.

References

External links
 
 

Scientific organizations established in 1986
1986 establishments in Texas
University of Houston campus
HRS Computing. HRS Computing is an open-source scientific software which simulates the hyper Rayleigh scattering (HRS) in nonlinear optics.
The software is designed for researchers, and it is used to verify the agreement between theoretical models and experimental data.

Main features

From the physics point of view the software provides coefficients that are useful for the determination of the microscopic structure of composites, molecules, etc.
 the dipolar and quadripolar coefficients
 the depolarization factor

Using these coefficients, the software also provides:
 the visualization of simulated polar graphics generated by HRS
 molecular position and dipolar momentum in 3D
 easy data and graphics export

External links
 HRS Computing official site

References 

Physics software
Gondola (airplane). Gondola is the general term for the usually-armored ventral casemate-style positions used on many World War II-era military bomber aircraft, especially on German designs, where they were usually known as Bodenlafette, often shortened to Bola (from German Boden, 'floor', + Lafette 'gun carriage or mounting', from French l'affût, gun carriage).

Gondolas were either used to house a gunner or a bombardier.

Gallery 
Examples of gondolas on World War II military aircraft:

See also 
Other types of aircraft equipped with gondolas:
 Airship
 Balloon (aircraft)

References 

Aircraft weapons
Energy Valley. The Energy Valley, formerly called Subsea Valley (SSV) is a business cluster organization of Norwegian subsea engineering companies in Fornebu, Sandvika, Asker, Tranby, Drammen, Hokksund and Kongsberg, totaling approximately 75 km in length. The organization consists of 184 firms and incorporates three of the five major subsea engineering companies that compete in the industry. The major engineering companies within the EV are FMC Technologies, Aker Solutions and GE Vetco. With regard to subsea production systems, Norwegian suppliers have gained global market shares in the range of 60-70%, and companies such as FMC Technologies, Aker Solutions and GE are truly global players within this segment. The competitors located outside the cluster are Cameron and DrillQuip. A report by TESS stated that in addition to the companies, which are present in the SSV area, as many as 600 companies are in one or another way connected to the valley.  The three central companies in Subsea Valley – FMC Technologies, Aker Solutions and GE Vetco – are supplying oil & gas extraction equipment to such hydrocarbon operators as Statoil, Exxon and Petrobras.

History
The Subsea Valley cluster organization was formally established on June 8, 2010. Some early members were FMC Technologies, Aker Solutions, BI Drammen and TESS as. The initiative was largely taken by TESS as with help from BI Drammen. In its early phase a vision of developing into a “global knowledge hub”, thus keeping the world leading competence simultaneously with further developments in the industry, was declared by the SSV. Erik Jølberg adds further that some cluster specific initiatives have been recorded. The establishment of a subsea program at the Buskerud College with FMC employees as teachers began in January 2011. An internet page has been set up. To facilitate inter-firms communication the “Speed Match meeting” has been established, allowing suppliers and producers to meet for 15 minutes and discuss their products and needs. Also, attempts to secure founding from governmental institutions (e.g. Innovasjon Norge) have been undertaken.

In 2019 the cluster organization was rebranded as Energy Valley.

External link 

 Website of the organization

References 

High-technology business districts
Economy of Norway