omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Larry McVoy. Larry McVoy (born 1962 in Concord, Massachusetts, United States) is the CEO of BitMover, the company that makes BitKeeper, a version control system that was used from February 2002 to early 2005 to manage the source code of the Linux kernel.

He earned BS and MS degrees in computer science in 1985 and 1987, respectively, from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and has been employed by Sun Microsystems and Silicon Graphics. His work generally included performance enhancements to the various Unix operating systems developed by his employers. While McVoy worked at Sun, he worked on a peer-to-peer SCM system named TeamWare that would form the basis of his later BitKeeper product.

Linux 
McVoy started working with the Linux kernel around its 0.97 version (1992) and developed the LMbench kernel benchmark. LMbench was maintained until 2009 by Carl Staelin.

The BitKeeper source control system was also developed and integrated into the Linux development process in 2002, but after McVoy decided to charge for the use of BitKeeper, the Linux development community prompted the development of the Git tool that began serving as the source control system for the Linux kernel in 2005. As a response to McVoy's decision to charge the Linux development team, Richard Stallman wrote the satirically titled essay "Thank you, Larry McVoy." In this essay, Stallman thanks McVoy for inadvertently strengthening the case for adopting free and open-source software more generally as to avoid similar scenarios to BitKeeper in the future.

Sourceware Operating System 
While working at Sun in the early 1990s, McVoy and a number of other high-profile Unix community members urged the company to open-source their flagship Unix product, SunOS, in cooperation with Novell, to compete with Microsoft's new Windows NT operating system. The proposal would have involved creating a copyleft version of SunOS at a time before Linux had reached its 1.0 version. McVoy predicted (accurately) that Linux would displace Unix if the companies didn't do so.

Bibliography

References

External links
McVoy's resume
 The Sourceware Operating System Proposal
2002 interview with Larry McVoy (archived version)  
 (April 2005 Newsforge interview about Linux controversy)

1962 births
Living people
People from Concord, Massachusetts
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Sun Microsystems people
American computer programmers
Unix people
Churn drill. The churn drill is a large drilling machine that bores large diameter holes in the ground. In mining, they were used to drill into the soft carbonate rocks of lead and zinc hosted regions to extract bulk samples of the ore. Churn drills are also called percussion drills, as they function by lifting and dropping a heavy chisel-like bit which breaks the rock as it falls. Churn drills are most effective in soft- to medium-density rock of relative shallow depth (10–50 metres).

History
Churn drills were invented as early as 221 BC in Qin dynasty China, capable of reaching a depth of 1500 m. Churn drills in ancient China were built of wood and labor-intensive, but were able to go through solid rock. The churn drill appeared in Europe during the 12th century. A churn drill using steam power, based on "the ancient Chinese method of lifting and dropping a rod tipped with a bit," was first built in 1835 by Isaac Singer in the United States, according to The History of Grinding. In America, they were common in the Tri-State district areas during the lead and zinc mining in Missouri, Oklahoma, and Kansas.

There is an example of one of these machines at the Northern Life Museum in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada. It was used in 1929–1930 at the Pine Point lead and zinc mine in the Northwest Territories.

References

External links
Churn drill

Tools
Mining equipment
Chinese inventions
Digital Systems. Digital Systems Inc., was an American accounting service and technology development company active between 1966 and 1979. It was founded by John Q. Torode in Seattle, Washington. The company was reorganized into the microcomputer design and development company Digital Microsystems, Inc. (DMS), Oakland, USA, founded in 1979. In 1984, it was sold to the new UK operation Digital Microsystems Ltd. (DML) (owned by Extel Group Plc) and finally ended its US operations in 1986. Without Torode, Digital Microsystems Ltd.'s product HiNet (Hierarchical Integration Network) was sold to Apricot Computers Plc in 1987. In 1986, Torode founded a new company, IC Designs, Inc., based partly on Theodore "Ted" H. Kehl's VLSI technology at the University of Washington (UW), which was bought by Cypress Semiconductor Corp. in 1993.

References

Further reading
 
 
 

Internet service providers of Bulgaria
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies

External links
Tetradymite. Tetradymite is a mineral consisting of bismuth, tellurium and sulfide, Bi2Te2S, also known as telluric bismuth. If sulfur is absent the mineral is tellurobismuthite and the formula is then Bi2Te3. Traces of selenium are usually present.

Crystals are rhombohedral, but are rarely distinctly developed; they are twinned together in groups of four; hence the name of the mineral, from the Greek for fourfold. There is a perfect cleavage parallel to the basal plane and the mineral usually occurs in foliated masses of irregular outline. The color is steel-gray, and the luster metallic and brilliant. The mineral is very soft (H = 1.52) and marks paper. The specific gravity is 7.2 to 7.9.

The type locality is Zupkov (Zsubko; Schubkau), Stredoslovenský Kraj, Slovak Republic where it was reported in 1831. It was first found, in 1815, at Telemark in Norway. It often occurs in high temperature hydrothermal quartz veins associated with native gold and in contact metamorphic deposits.

References

Attribution:

External links

Bismuth minerals
Telluride minerals
Sulfide minerals
Tetradymite group
Trigonal minerals
Glances
Minerals in space group 166
Carolyn Meinel. Carolyn P. Meinel (born 1946) is notable for being one of the targets in the hacking scene during the 1990s.

Biography
In 1983, Meinel received an M.S. in industrial engineering from the University of Arizona. Her father is Aden Meinel and mother is Marjorie Meinel. Meinel married her first husband, Howard Keith Henson, in 1967 and divorced in 1981. Meinel has four daughters, one of whom is Valerie Aurora. In August 1975, Meinel co-founded (with her then-husband, Keith Henson) the L5 Society, since merged into the National Space Society, and was its president for several years.

In 1996, Meinel was among the targets of a high-profile email bomber known as "Unamailer" or "johnny xchaotic".

Some security experts, such as Brian Martin of Attrition, have criticized her writings, claiming that they are inaccurate and generally misrepresent hacking.

Publications

Books

Articles
 "How the West Was Won... or, The L-5 Society Defeated the Moon Treaty," Spacefaring Gazette, Vol. 10, No. 3, June/July 1994, pp. 1, 8.
 "How Hackers Break in  and How they Are Caught," Scientific American, Oct. 1998,
"For Love of a Gun," the history, technologies of electromagnetic guns, IEEE Spectrum, July, 2007, pp. 40  46.
(Many other articles)

Notes

External links
Happy Hacker - Carolyn Meinel's site

1946 births
Living people
Space advocates
American technology journalists
20th-century American women journalists
20th-century American journalists
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American women journalists
Firn. 

Firn (; from Swiss German  "last year's", cognate with before) is partially compacted névé, a type of snow that has been left over from past seasons and has been recrystallized into a substance denser than névé. It is ice that is at an intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice. Firn has the appearance of wet sugar, but has a hardness that makes it extremely resistant to shovelling. Its density generally ranges from 0.35 g/cm3 to 0.9 g/cm3, and it can often be found underneath the snow that accumulates at the head of a glacier.

Snowflakes are compressed under the weight of the overlying snowpack. Individual crystals near the melting point are semiliquid and slick, allowing them to glide along other crystal planes and to fill in the spaces between them, increasing the ice's density. Where the crystals touch, they bond together, squeezing the air between them to the surface or into bubbles.

In the summer months, the crystal metamorphosis can occur more rapidly because of water percolation between the crystals. By summer's end, the result is firn.

The minimum altitude that firn accumulates on a glacier is called the firn limit, firn line or snowline.

List of firns
Antarctic Firn
Daniel Bruun Firn
Dreyer Firn
East Northwall Firn
Rink Firn
Sven Hedin Firn
West Northwall Firn

Other uses 
In colloquial and technical language, "firn" is used to describe certain forms of old snow, including:
 old snowfields, known as Firnfelder (), even if the snow is not yet one year old
 the more recent snow layers of a temperate, or "firned", glacier
 used in skiing, the uppermost, soft layer of snow that is frozen overnight and, as a result of spring sunshine and high air temperatures, melts and reforms on an area of old snow or harsch (, referring to the snow's rough texture)
As in the last context, a ski slope that experiences melting and refreezing into harsch is said to "firn up". In Switzerland, these slopes are called Sulz, but in Germany, Sulz more often refers to a depth at which skiing downhill is no longer enjoyable.

References

Sources
 
 

 

Glaciology
Water ice
Montane ecology
Snow
Riley Pathfinder. The Riley Pathfinder is an automobile which was produced by Riley Motors Limited in the United Kingdom from 1953 to 1957. It was first presented at the London Motor Show in October 1953 and replaced the RMF as Riley's top-line model.

Designed as the "RMH" just before the 1952 merger of Riley-parent, the Nuffield Organization, with Austin to form BMC, the Pathfinder is seen as the last proper Riley car.  It used Riley's  , 2.5-litre —  — twin-cam, "Big Four" straight-4 engine fitted with twin SU carburettors and had a separate all-steel chassis with coil spring rear (this was changed to leaf springs towards the end of production) and front torsion bar independent suspension. From 1956, an overdrive gearbox became optional.
The  Girling drum brakes had a Clayton Dewandre Vac Hydro Servo fitted as standard.

In the front, buyers could choose between two single seats and the optional full width bench seat, with the front corner of the seat squab contoured so as to accommodate the gear lever and allow seating for three. The rear seat had a fold down centre armrest and leather covers were used. A heater was fitted as standard. The car was available in black, maroon, green, blue or grey finish. The gear lever was floor mounted by the driver's door, so drivers in right hand drive markets had to change gear with their right hand.  The handbrake was operated by a lever under the dashboard in both bench and individual front seat versions.

The body was similar in appearance to the Wolseley 6/90, although there were detail differences such as the Riley's opening bonnet including the radiator grille, whereas the Wolseley's grille was fixed.  The Riley was launched in 1953 and the Wolseley in 1954, and both were designed by Morris' Gerald Palmer for the Nuffield Organization before the merger.  All Pathfinders featured the front independent suspension developed from the RMF, but the sophisticated Riley rear suspension was replaced by a conventional leaf spring type in the last few examples. An essential part of the location of the rear axle was a Panhard rod which on some early examples sheared on hard cornering resulting in the unfortunate 'Ditchfinder' nickname.

A car tested by The Motor magazine in 1955 had a top speed of  and could accelerate from 0- in 16.8 seconds. A fuel consumption of  was recorded. The test car cost £1240 including taxes.

The Pathfinder was replaced by the short-lived Wolseley 6/90-derived Riley Two-Point-Six in 1957.

Die-cast models

Corgi No. 205 (production 1956–61), Riley Pathfinder, approximately O scale (1:44). 
Corgi No. 205M (production 1956–59) Riley Pathfinder, approximately O-scale (1:44) with friction drive.
Corgi No. 209 (production 1958–61), Riley Pathfinder Police car, approximately O-scale (1:44).
Base Toys produced a 00 scale model of the Riley Pathfinder

References

Further reading

Cars introduced in 1953
Pathfinder
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans
Microsoft Pascal. Microsoft Pascal is a discontinued implementation of the Pascal programming language developed by the Microsoft Corporation for compiling programs for running on its MS-DOS and Xenix operating systems and, in later versions, on OS/2 (like many other Microsoft programming tools, albeit they are only capable of generating 16-bit programs for the latter).

Overview
Microsoft Pascal version 1.0 was released in 1980.  The last version of Microsoft Pascal to be released was version 4.0 in 1988, when Microsoft Pascal was superseded by Microsoft QuickPascal, a cheaper development tool that Microsoft produced in order to compete with Borland's Turbo Pascal.

Microsoft Pascal was priced at , whereas QuickPascal was priced between , and the differences between the two were similar to those between Microsoft BASIC Professional Development System and Microsoft QuickBASIC.

Unlike the ISO-compliant Microsoft Pascal product, QuickPascal went after the ultimate compatibility with Turbo Pascal. This included not only source-level compatibility, but rather complete binary compatibility with widely available unit libraries for the competitor's compiler. To achieve this level of compatibility, QuickPascal moved away from the common file format (OBJ) and tool set (LINK, LIB) shared by Microsoft's other compilers.

References

Notes

 Jon Udell, Clash of the Object-Oriented Pascals, BYTE, July, 1989.
 M.I.Trofimov, The End of Pascal?, BYTE, March, 1990, p. 36.

Pascal
Pascal programming language family
Riley Two-Point-Six. The Riley Two-Point-Six is an automobile produced by British Motor Corporation Limited (BMC) from August 1957 until 1959. It replaced the Pathfinder as Riley's flagship model when it was announced on 23 August 1957. While its predecessor retained the renowned Riley four-cylinder twin-cam cross-flow engine, coil rear suspension and gearbox, the Two-Point-Six was virtually identical to the Wolseley Six-Ninety Series III. It featured both monotone and duotone paintwork, as did the last of the Pathfinders. As per the Wolseley Six-Ninety Series III, right hand drive cars with a manual gearbox had a right hand gear lever; LHD cars a left hand gear lever. An automatic transmission and an overdrive for the manual gearbox were available as options.

Externally the most obvious differences from the Pathfinder were the bonnet arrangement – while the Pathfinder's grille lifted with the bonnet, the Two-Point-Six, in common with the 6/90, had a fixed grille – and the wheel arches having a raised edge.

It used the BMC C-Series straight-6, an engine that produced . This was actually less than the 2½ Litre Riley "Big Four" straight-four engine it replaced. The Two-Point-Six was sold to a specific clientele and was never intended to be mass-produced. It sold at the same pro-rata rate as the previous Riley Pathfinder until the end of production in May 1959. It was the last large Riley, although BMC kept the badge alive in replacing it with the Farina-styled Riley 4/68, similar to the Wolseley 15/60 and MG Magnette.

Engine:
 2.6 L (2639 cc) C-Series straight-6,

References

Two-Point-Six
Cars introduced in 1957
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans
Schapfen Mill Tower. The Schapfen-Mill-Tower is a  silo tower near Ulm, Germany. Construction began in 2004 and was completed in 2005. It held the title of the tallest operational grain elevator following the demolition of Henninger Turm in 2013, until it was surpassed in 2016 by the completion of the Swissmill Tower in Zürich, Switzerland.

Inside the tower, there are 30 cells that can store about 8,000 metric tons of grain. The intake capacity is 120 tonnes per hour. The facade on the south side is equipped with a photovoltaic system consisting of 1300 CIS solar modules, which produces about 70,000 kWh of electricity annually. However, due to the vertical mounting, the system yields only about 70 percent of the theoretically possible yield.

References

External links 
 
 
 Official Website

Towers in Germany
Buildings and structures in Ulm
Industrial buildings completed in 2005
2005 establishments in Germany
Grain elevators
Hotelling's rule. Hotelling's rule defines the net price path as a function of time while maximizing economic rent in the time of fully extracting a non-renewable natural resource. The maximum rent is also known as Hotelling rent or scarcity rent and is the maximum rent that could be obtained while emptying the stock resource. In an efficient exploitation of a non-renewable and non-augmentable resource, the percentage change in net-price per unit of time should equal the discount rate in order to maximise the present value of the resource capital over the extraction period.

This concept was the result of analysis of non-renewable resource management by Harold Hotelling, published in the Journal of Political Economy in 1931, on the basis of his previous research on depreciation (see Hotelling 1925), which invites us to consider with caution the application of Hotelling's rule to concrete natural resources, in particular fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas). Devarajan and Fisher note that a similar result was published by L. C. Gray in 1914, considering the case of a single mine owner.

The simple rule can be expressed by the equilibrium situation representing the optimal solution.

when P(t) is the unit profit at time t and δ is the discount rate.

The economic rent obtained is an abnormal rent, often referred to as resource rent, since it generates from a situation where the resource owner has open access to the resource for free. In other words, the resource rent is the resource royalty or resource's net price (price received from selling the resource minus costs. In this case costs are zero). The resource rent therefore equals the shadow value of the natural resource or natural capital.

See also
Economic rent
Ricardian equivalence
Von Thünen rent
Faustmann's formula
Hartwick's rule

References

Notes

Eponyms in economics
Renting
Non-renewable resources
Resource economics
Biodegradability prediction. Biodegradability prediction is biologically inspired computing and attempts to predict biodegradability of anthropogenic materials in the environment. Demand for biodegradability prediction is expected to increase with governments stepping up environmental regulations (see, for instance, testing for bioaccumulation in the REACH proposal).

Example:
 Development of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSARs) for biodegradation, for instance, biochemical oxygen demand for chemicals released into the environment with the aid of  machine learning and other artificial intelligence methods.
 The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis and Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD), which contains information on microbial biocatalytic reactions and biodegradation pathways for primarily xenobiotic, chemical compounds. One of its many features allows the prediction of microbial catabolic reactions using substructure searching, a rule-base, and atom-to-atom mapping.

See also 
Anaerobic digestion
Biodegradation
Composting
Landfill gas monitoring
List of environment topics
List of ecology topics
Petersen matrix

References

External links 
 UM-BBD

Biodegradation
Biodegradable waste management
Barcelona Supercomputing Center. The Barcelona Supercomputing Center () is a public research center located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It hosts MareNostrum, a 13.7 Petaflops, Intel Xeon Platinum-based supercomputer, which also includes clusters of emerging technologies. , it ranked 13th in the world. , it dropped to 88th. It is expected to host one of Europe's first quantum computers.

Location and management
The Center is located in a former chapel named Torre Girona, at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), and was established on April 1, 2005. It is managed by a consortium composed of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (60%), the Government of Catalonia (30%) and the UPC (10%). Professor Mateo Valero is its main administrator. The MareNostrum supercomputer is contained inside an enormous glass box in a former chapel.

Budget
The Barcelona Supercomputing Center had an initial operational budget of €5.5 million/year (about US$7 million/year) to cover the period of 2005–2011. The center has had a very rapid growth and in 2018 had a workforce of around 600 workers and an annual global budget of more than 34 million euros.

The Center has contributed to the development of the IBM cell microprocessor architecture.

Staff
Director: Mateo Valero
Associate director: Josep Maria Martorell
Computer Sciences director: Jesús Labarta
Computer Sciences associate director: Eduard Ayguadé
Life Sciences director: Alfonso Valencia
Earth Sciences director:
Computer Applications for Science and Engineering director: José María Cela
Operations director: Sergi Girona

In popular culture
The Barcelona Supercomputing Center appears in Dan Brown's 2017 science fiction mystery thriller novel Origin, as the home of the E-Wave device.

Notes

External links 
 Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC)

Research institutes in Catalonia
Polytechnic University of Catalonia
Supercomputer sites
2005 establishments in Catalonia
Research institutes established in 2005