omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology. The Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology (), abbreviated GPNTB () is a national library for engineering, science, and technology in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1958 on the basis of the State Science Library of the Ministry of Higher Education of the Soviet Union. It is located in Khoroshyovsky district of Moscow.

The mission of the library is to collect and store national and foreign science and technical literature, then disseminate information and bibliographical services for commercial, organisations and other institutions of the Russian Federation, development and application of up-to-date automated information technologies.

References

External links 
 

National libraries in Russia
Culture in Moscow
Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union
Buildings and structures in Moscow
Education in Moscow
Libraries in Moscow
Education in the Soviet Union
1958 establishments in the Soviet Union
Science libraries
Libraries established in 1958
Temel Kotil. Temel Kotil (born 1959) is an aeronautical engineer and served as the CEO of Turkish Aerospace Industries from 2016 to 2024. Previously, he served as the CEO of Turkish Airlines from April 2005 to October 2016.

He graduated in Aeronautical Engineering from Istanbul Technical University with a B.Sc degree in 1983. Awarded a scholarship by the Turkish Ministry of Industry in 1984, he was educated at the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor (USA), where he obtained an M.Sc degree in Aerospace Engineering in 1986 and another M.Sc in Mechanical Engineering in 1987 from the same university. Kotil continued his studies there and received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering in 1991.

After returning home in 1991, he was appointed an associate chair in the Department of Aeronautical Engineering at Istanbul Technical University. He founded and managed the laboratories of aircraft design, structural mechanics and advance computational mechanics. At the same time, Kotil was charged with duties of the manager of the department's computer center. From 1994 until 1997, he served as the manager of a technical department at Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Between 2002-03, he worked as the head of the Research, Planning and Coordination Department at Advance Innovative Technologies Inc. in New York. In 2003, he returned to Turkey and was employed by Turkish Airlines in Istanbul becoming its executive vice president in charge of technical affairs. In April 2005, Kotil was appointed to assume the position of the General Manager and CEO of the biggest airline company of Turkey. Kotil retired as CEO of Turkish Airlines in October 2016, being succeeded by Bilal Ekşi.

Kotil is a member of the Turkish Mechanical Engineering Society since 1991 and has been a member of the Board of Governors at the International Air Transport Association since 2006. In 2010 he was elected as a Board of Governors of Association of European Airlines (AEA) and became Vice President between 2012 and 2013.  On 1 January 2014, Kotil became President of the AEA.

Awards
2014 Airline Strategy Awards - Executive Leadership Award

References

External links
 "Flying the Flag", economist.com; accessed 27 December 2014.

1959 births
People from Rize
Living people
Istanbul Technical University alumni
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Academic staff of Istanbul Technical University
Turkish chief executives
Turkish Airlines
Structural engineers
Businesspeople in aviation
Turkish mechanical engineers
Dangerously irrelevant operator. In statistical mechanics and quantum field theory, a dangerously irrelevant operator (or dangerous irrelevant operator) is an operator which is irrelevant at a renormalization group fixed point, yet affects the infrared (IR) physics significantly (e.g. because the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of some field depends sensitively upon the coefficient of this operator).

Critical phenomena 
In the theory of critical phenomena, free energy of a system near the critical point depends analytically on the coefficients of generic (not dangerous) irrelevant operators, while the dependence on the coefficients of dangerously irrelevant operators is non-analytic ( p. 49).

The presence of dangerously irrelevant operators leads to the violation of the hyperscaling relation  between the critical exponents  and  in  dimensions. The simplest example ( p. 93) is the critical point of the Ising ferromagnet in  dimensions, which is a gaussian theory (free massless scalar ), but the leading irrelevant perturbation  is dangerously irrelevant. Another example occurs for the Ising model with random-field disorder, where the fixed point occurs at zero temperature, and the temperature perturbation is dangerously irrelevant ( p. 164).

Quantum field theory
Let us suppose there is a field  with a potential depending upon two parameters,  and .

Let us also suppose that  is positive and nonzero and  > . If  is zero, there is no stable equilibrium. If the scaling dimension of  is , then the scaling dimension of  is  where  is the number of dimensions. It is clear that if the scaling dimension of  is negative,  is an irrelevant parameter. However, the crucial point is, that the VEV

.

depends very sensitively upon , at least for small values of . Because the nature of infrared physics also depends upon the VEV, it looks very different even for a tiny change in  not because the physics in the vicinity of  changes much — it hardly changes at all — but because the VEV we are expanding about has changed enormously.

Supersymmetric models with a modulus can often have dangerously irrelevant parameters.

Other uses of the term 
Consider a renormalization group (RG) flow triggered at short distances by a relevant perturbation of an ultra-violet (UV) fixed point, and flowing at long distances to an infra-red (IR) fixed point. It may be possible (e.g. in perturbation theory) to monitor how dimensions of UV operators change along the RG flow. In such a situation, one sometimes calls dangerously irrelevant a UV operator whose scaling dimension, while irrelevant at short distances:  , receives a negative correction along a renormalization group flow, so that the operator becomes relevant at long distances: . This usage of the term is different from the one originally introduced in statistical physics.

References

Renormalization group
List of founding members of the National Academy of Engineering. This is a list of the founding members of the United States National Academy of Engineering.

 Hendrik Wade Bode
 Walker Lee Cisler
 Hugh Latimer Dryden
 Elmer William Engstrom
 William Littell Everitt
 Antoine Marc Gaudin
 Michael Lawrence Haider
 George Edward Holbrook
 John Herbert Hollomon, Jr.
 Thomas Christian Kavanagh
 Augustus Braun Kinzel
 James Nobel Landis
 Clarence Hugo Linder
 Clark Blanchard Millikan
 Nathan Mortimore Newmark
 William Hayward Pickering
 Simon Ramo
 Arthur Emmons Raymond
 Thomas Kilgore Sherwood
 Julius Adams Stratton
 Chauncey Guy Suits
 Frederick Emmons Terman
 Charles Allen Thomas
 Eric Arthur Walker
 Ernst Weber

References 
 

National Academy of Engineering
Cdrkit. cdrkit is a collection of computer programs for CD and DVD authoring that work on Unix-like systems.
cdrkit is released under the GNU General Public License version 2.
Fedora, Gentoo Linux, Mandriva Linux, and Ubuntu all include cdrkit.
Joerg Jaspert is cdrkit's leader and release manager.

It was created in 2006 by Debian developers as a fork of cdrtools based on the last GPL-licensed version when cdrtools licensing changed.

Major components of cdrkit include:
 wodim (an acronym for write optical disk media), which was forked from the cdrecord program in cdrtools.
icedax (an acronym for incredible digital audio extractor), which was forked from the cdda2wav program in cdrtools.
 genisoimage (short for "generate ISO image"), which was forked from the mkisofs program in cdrtools.

Features 
The cdrkit includes many features for CD and DVD writing, such as
 creation of audio, data, and mixed (audio and data) CDs
 burning CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R.
 usage without root identity is possible in many cases, some device drivers still may fail, show unexplainable problems
 can use device node instead of SCSI ID numbers on Linux
 Creation of disc images with ISO9660, with optional Rock Ridge and Joliet extensions, and optionally with UDF 1.02 to support files beyond 4 GiB.

genisoimage is different from file archival utilities like tar in that it places the files and folders from the specified parent directory directly in the root directory of the disc image, not inside a directory with the name of the parent directory.

Front-ends 
Other software can use cdrkit tools in the back-end. cdrkit tools will maintain interface compatibility with cdrtools 2.01.01a08 at least for the near future. Numerous programs can therefore use it, including the growisofs command-line utility and graphical tools like Brasero (the default GNOME Desktop CD/DVD application), K3b (the default KDE desktop application), and X-CD-Roast (desktop environment independent).

History

A license dispute arose between the Debian maintainers and the since deceased cdrtools author Jörg Schilling. The Debian developers said that the GPL license is not compatible with the CDDL license that covers part of the cdrtools code. In contrast, cdrtools maintainer Jörg Schilling stated that there is no problem with the license, and also felt that the Debian fork is not legally redistributable. The Red Hat legal team differed with Schilling's position, saying that he has not provided them with any proof of either license or copyright violation in cdrkit.

Schilling also said that the cdrkit fork reintroduced various bugs from the first versions of cdrtools, which were already fixed in later cdrtools versions. Debian developers considered that some of these changes were necessary to solve existing problems, rather than being bugs.

References

External links
 cdrkit (fork of cdrtools) uploaded to Debian, please test (fork announcement)
 Cdrtools - why do Linux distributions create bad forks?, essay by Jörg Schilling referring to cdrkit without mentioning its name
 Debburn SVN repository which contains cdrkit

Debian
Free optical disc authoring software
Optical disc authoring software
Brødrene Hartmann. Brødrene Hartmann A/S is the world’s leading manufacturer of moulded-fibre egg packaging, a market-leading manufacturer of fruit packaging in South America and India and the world’s largest manufacturer of technology for the production of moulded-fibre packaging.

Hartmann has 15 factories in Europe and Israel, North and South America, India and Russia (discontinuing).

History
Brødrene Hartmann A/S was founded in 1917 by Louis, Carl and Gunnar Hartmann.  The three brothers inherited their father's paper bag plant in Kongens Lyngby.  By 1936, Brødrene Hartmann was producing moulded fibre packaging products in Denmark.

The company's group revenue increased to DKK 3,350 million in 2022. Operating profit was DKK 252 million corresponding to a profit margin of 7.5%. Investments decreased to DKK 186 million.

Corporate governance

Board of directors
Jan Klarskov Henriksen, Chairman
Michael Strange Midskov, Member and Vice Chairman
Jan Madsen, Board Member
Pernille Fabricius, Board Member
Klaus Bysted Jensen, Board Member, Employee Elected
Palle Skade Andersen, Board Member, Employee Elected

Executive Board
Torben Rosenkrantz-Theil, CEO
Kenneth Kongsgaard Kristensen, CFO

References

External links
Brødrene Hartmann
 Headquarters (Denmark): 

Companies based in Gentofte Municipality
Packaging companies of Denmark
Pulp and paper companies of Denmark
Multinational companies
Danish companies established in 1917
Manufacturing companies established in 1917
Shell shoveling. Shell shoveling, in network security, is the act of redirecting the input and output of a shell to a service so that it can be remotely accessed, a remote shell.

In computing, the most basic method of interfacing with the operating system is the shell. On Microsoft Windows based systems, this is a program called cmd.exe or COMMAND.COM. On Unix or Unix-like systems, it may be any of a variety of programs such as bash, ksh, etc. This program accepts commands typed from a prompt and executes them, usually in real time, displaying the results to what is referred to as standard output, usually a monitor or screen.

In the shell shoveling process, one of these programs is set to run (perhaps silently or without notifying someone observing the computer) accepting input from a remote system and redirecting output to the same remote system; therefore the operator of the shoveled shell is able to operate the computer as if they were present at the console.

See also
 Console redirection
 CTTY (DOS command)
 Serial over LAN redirection (SOL)
 Remote Shell

References

Further reading
 

Computer network security
 Command shells
Henry Katzenstein. Henry Sour Katzenstein (January 9, 1927 – January 10, 2003) was an American physicist and entrepreneur. He founded a company called Brooktree in 1983 to commercialize a new architecture for digital to analog converters that he developed.

The company name was taken from the street name where Dr. Katzenstein lived at the time he invented the then-novel circuit arrangement.

The company's first product to reach the market was an 8-bit CMOS D/A converter intended for video applications.  Introduced in early 1985, the first "VideoDAC" had an output clock rate of up to 75 MHz and 1/4 LSB accuracy—3-8 times better than typical contemporary devices. A headline in the 27 June edition of Electronic Design called the device "trailblazing".

References

1927 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Belt grinding. Belt grinding is an abrasive machining process used on metals and other materials. It is typically used as a finishing process in industry. A belt, coated in abrasive material, is run over the surface to be processed in order to remove material or produce the desired finish.

Applications
Belt grinding is a versatile process suitable for all kinds of different applications. There are three different applications of the belt grinding technology:

 Deburring: Radiusing, burr removal, edge breaking
 Finishing: Surface roughness, removal of micro burrs, cosmetic finishes, polishing 
 Stock removal: High stock removal, cleaning (e.g. of corrosion), eliminating mill or tool marks, dimensioning

Grinding methods
Wide belt grinding is a familiar process in industry as well as home applications. There are several basic methods for belt grinding:

 Stroke belt
 Platen belt
 Wide belt
 Centreless
 Portable (manual)
 Backstand (pressure)

In general there are three basic elements of the belt-grinding machine: work rest support, grinding head and a regulating head. These components differ for all the methods but in general the workpiece is pressed between the grinding head and the rest support. The objective of the regulating head is to coordinate the belt pressure.

Wide belt grinding
One of the most common methods is wide belt grinding. The belt grinding process is variable by adjusting certain parameters such as belt speed, grinding pressure, feed speed, durometer of the contact drum, size of the contact drum and the abrasive belt that is used. The machines can be made for wet or dry operation. Furthermore, a wide belt grinding machine can be constructed with single or multiple heads. The first head is used for coarse grinding and the next heads gradually make a finer finish. Wide belt grinding is also used as a high stock removal method for special metals (e.g. stainless steel, titanium, and nickel alloys).

Changing variables
There are several objectives possible for grinding with coated abrasives. Among them are the right application (e.g. finish or stock removal), time saving and efficiency of the abrasive tool. To achieve the above objectives, it is essential to look in more detail to the variables which affect them. These include the work material properties, the grit and abrasive type of the grinding belt, belt speed, belt sequences, contact wheel hardness and diameter, serration, type of lubricant (or dry) and grinding pressure. Changing these variables will affect the performances of the belt grinding process.  

In the wide belt method, a contact wheel supports the abrasive belt. The selection of the contact wheel and abrasive to match the grinding parameters required for a specific operation is very critical. Stock removal generally requires a harder, serrated rubber contact wheel, and coarse grade ceramic abrasives. Finishing generally requires the use of a smooth faced contact wheel and fine grade abrasives.

See also
 Cryogenic grinding

References

External links
Sanding Disc
Polishing Tools

Grinding and lapping
FastPath. The Kinetics FastPath was a LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge (now referred to as a router) created in 1985 to allow Apple Macintosh computers (which at the time only had LocalTalk network connections) to communicate with other computers on Ethernet networks.  The product had five significant revisions (known as KFPS-1 through KFPS-5) during its lifetime and was ultimately sold to Shiva Networks late in its existence.  The original FastPath was developed to extend AppleTalk on Ethernet for Apple Computer, but from the beginning it was also modeled after an implementation of the Stanford Ethernet–AppleTalk Gateway (SEAGATE) created at Stanford University Medical Center by Bill Croft in 1984 and 1985.  SEAGATE was a combination of hardware and software that picked up IP packets from the Ethernet network and encapsulated them inside of DDP packets on the AppleTalk network and conversely picked up specially-encoded DDP packets on the AppleTalk network and placed them on the Ethernet network as IP packets.

Although a few sites used the original SEAGATE multibus hardware as defined, it served as a proof-of-concept and was eclipsed by the Kinetics FastPath and similar hardware gateways by other companies.  However, many university and research FastPath owners continued to be able to run the Stanford gateway software (later called KIP incorporating MacIP) inside the Kinetics FastPath.  This is because KIP was an open source interface to the Kinetics hardware and local modifications and adaptations could be made.

By 1987, Apple had begun shipping Macintosh computers that were capable of having Ethernet connections directly, but the LocalTalk networking products prospered into the early 1990s, due to the popularity of Apple's plug-and-play networking and the continued existence of popular LocalTalk devices such as the LaserWriter.

See also

 GatorBox
 LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge
 MacIP

References

External links
 Information about the Shiva FastPath 5

Networking hardware
Fantom. Fantom is a Swedish velomobile with four wheels, two in the front and two in the rear. It has no front suspension, but has suspension in the rear.

Fantom was never sold as a finished product. Instead it was sold as a set of drawings. The drawings are not exact and should be used as a guide. Hobbex bought the rights to the drawings and have sold it continuously since the 1940s apart from a short break in the 1990s. Over 100,000 copies of the drawing were sold, but only ten documented builds were finished. The drawings had no measurements, and if you would follow the blueprints, you would not be able to open the door.

In the 1980s the Fantom was rediscovered by Carl-Georg Rasmussen who built a redesigned version called Leitra.

References

External links 
 Fantom

Velomobiles
A-normal form. In computer science, A-normal form (abbreviated ANF, sometimes expanded as administrative normal form or as atomic normal form) is an intermediate representation of programs in functional programming language compilers. 
In ANF, all arguments to a function must be trivial (constants or variables).  That is, evaluation of each argument must halt immediately. 

ANF was introduced by Sabry and Felleisen in 1992 as a simpler alternative to continuation-passing style (CPS).  Some of the advantages of using CPS as an intermediate representation are that optimizations are easier to perform on programs in CPS than in the source language, and that it is also easier for compilers to generate machine code for programs in CPS. Flanagan et al. showed how compilers could use ANF to achieve those same benefits with one source-level transformation; in contrast, for realistic compilers the CPS transformation typically involves additional phases, for example, to simplify CPS terms.

Grammar

Consider the pure λ-calculus with constants and let-expressions. The ANF restriction is enforced by
 allowing only values (variables, constants, and λ-terms), to serve as operands of function applications, and
 requiring that the result of a non-trivial expression (such as a function application) be immediately captured in a let-bound variable.

The following BNF grammars show how one would modify the syntax of λ-expressions to implement the constraints of ANF:

Variants of ANF used in compilers or in research often allow records, tuples, multiargument functions, primitive operations and conditional expressions as well.

Examples

The expression:

 f(g(x),h(y))

is written in ANF as:

 let v0 = g(x) in
     let v1 = h(y) in
         f(v0,v1)

By imagining the sort of assembly this function call would produce:
 ;; let v0 = g(x)
 move x into args[0]
 call g
 move result into temp[0]
 ;; let v1 = h(y)
 move y into args[0]
 call h
 move result into temp[1]
 ;; f(v0, v1)
 move temp[0] into args[0]
 move temp[1] into args[1]
 call f

One can see the immediate similarities between ANF and the compiled form of a function; this property is a part of what makes ANF a good intermediate representation for optimisations in compilers.

See also 
 Continuation-passing style
 Static single assignment form

References 

Functional programming
Implementation of functional programming languages
NCSA Telnet. NCSA Telnet is an implementation of the Telnet protocol developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, first released in 1986 and continuously developed until 1995. The initial implementation ran under Mac OS and Microsoft MS-DOS, and provided basic DEC VT102 terminal emulation with support for multiple simultaneous connections and an FTP client. NCSA Telnet was the first implementation of telnet for the Macintosh or PC that provided the ability to connect to multiple hosts simultaneously.

Over time, the program evolved with added features and revisions to the user interface.  Support for Tektronix 4010/4014 vector terminal emulation and a protocol for downloading and viewing raster images were added.

In 1987, a short-lived version for Sun Microsystems SunOS was released.

Although the MS-DOS version of NCSA Telnet lost popularity after Microsoft Windows became widespread, the Macintosh version remained in use throughout the 1990s as a basic connectivity tool in academic and commercial installations.

NCSA Telnet originally used a built-in TCP/IP protocol stack to communicate over the network.  As standard APIs became available for network communication, the program was adapted to use them, most notably Apple's MacTCP.  However, the built-in stack, one of the few completely independently developed TCP/IP stacks in use at the time, continued to ship in the software for years.

NCSA Telnet was released as free and open source software (although the term "open source" was not yet in use), and as such spawned a number of spin-off products including

 BetterTelnet
 Brown tn3270
 BYUTelnet
 InterCon's TCP/Connect series
 MacBlue Telnet (Chinese-language version)
 MacTelnet
 NCSA Telnet-J (Japanese-language version)

References

External links

Free terminal emulators
1986 software
Clear text protocols
History of the Internet
Telnet