omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NCOW. Net-Centric Operations Warfare (also referred to as NCOW, NCOW-RM, or Net-Centric Operations Warfare Reference Model ) describes how the United States Department of Defense will conduct business operations, warfare, and enterprise management in the future.  It is based on the information technology (IT) concept of an assured, dynamic, and shared information environment that provides access to trusted information for all users, based on need, independent of time and place. NCOW is an information-enabled concept of operations that generates increased combat power by networking sensors, decision makers, and shooters. This enables shared awareness, increased speed of command, higher tempo of operations, greater lethality, increased survivability, and a degree of self-synchronization. In essence, network-centric warfare translates information superiority into combat power by effectively linking knowledgeable entities in the battlespace.

NCOW is the result of a long history of United States Department of Defense systems acquisition where each acquisition program independently developed redundant and incompatible systems.  These weaknesses were identified in a number of Government Accountability Office audits and prompted the passage of the Clinger-Cohen Act, establishment of the Global Information Grid, and establishment of the DoD Architecture Framework as a part of the business transformation mission of the Department of Defense.  The net-centric model is the overarching enterprise architecture for information technology systems within DoD.

See also
 Network-centric warfare
 DODAF - Architectural framework used to describe and plan NCOW systems
 Network Simulator

External links
 NCOWiki
 DoD CIO/OASD(NII) Homepage

United States Department of Defense
Net-centric
B-staging. B-staging is a process that utilizes heat or UV light to remove the majority of solvent from an adhesive, thereby allowing a construction to be “staged”. In between adhesive application, assembly and curing, the product can be held for a period of time, without sacrificing performance.  

Attempts to use traditional epoxies in IC packaging often created expensive production bottlenecks, because, as soon as the epoxy adhesive was applied, the components had to be assembled and cured immediately. B-staging eliminates these bottlenecks by allowing the IC manufacturing to proceed efficiently, with each step performed on larger batches of product.

B stage laminates are also used in the electronic circuit board industry, where the laminates are reinforced with woven glass fibers called prepregs. This allows manufacturers to have clean and accurate setup for multilayer pressing of cores and prepregs for production of PCBs, without the need to hassle with liquid uncured epoxies.   

Semiconductor device fabrication
Zhou Chaochen. Zhou Chaochen (; born 1 November 1937) is a Chinese computer scientist.

Zhou was born in Nanhui, Shanghai, China. He studied as an undergraduate at the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, Peking University (1954–1958) and as a postgraduate at the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (1963–1967).

He worked at Peking University and CAS until his visit to the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science) (1989–1992). During this time, he was the prime investigator of the duration calculus, an interval logic for real-time systems as part of the European ESPRIT ProCoS project on Provably Correct Systems.

During the periods 1990–1992 and 1995–1996, Zhou Chaochen was visiting professor at the Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, on the invitation of Professor Dines Bjørner. He was Principal Research Fellow (1992–1997) and later Director of UNU-IIST in Macau (1997–2002), until his retirement, when he returned to Beijing.

In 2007, Zhou and Dines Bjørner, the first Director of UNU-IIST, were honoured on the occasion of their 70th birthdays. Zhou is a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Books
 Zhou, Chaochen and Hansen, Michael R., Duration Calculus: A Formal Approach to Real-Time Systems. Springer-Verlag, Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science, An EATCS Series, 2003. .

References

External links
 Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISCAS) information
 

1937 births
Living people
Chinese computer scientists
Formal methods people
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Peking University alumni
Academic staff of Peking University
Scientists from Shanghai
Academic staff of the Technical University of Denmark
Academic staff of United Nations University
Friction sensitivity. Friction sensitivity is an approximation of the amount of friction or rubbing a compound can withstand before prematurely exploding. For instance, nitroglycerin has an extremely high sensitivity to friction, meaning that very little rubbing against it could set off a violent explosion. There is no exact determination of the amount of friction required to set off a compound, but is rather approximated by the amount of force applied and the amount of time before the compound explodes. Various methods are in use, characterizing different aspects at different size ranges, and the relationship between size and sensitivity is not the same across all explosives.

References

Explosives engineering
IAR 95. The IAR 95 Spey was a Romanian project to produce a supersonic fighter jet for the Romanian Air Force. The project was started in the late 1970s and cancelled in 1981. Shortly after, the project was restarted again. The project was cancelled for good in 1988 due to lack of funds before a prototype could be built, although a full-scale mockup was being constructed.

Design and development
The design was a high-wing monoplane with lateral air intakes, a single fin, and a single engine. Designs with two fins and two engines were also considered, but it was decided to go with the single-engine single-fin design.  Other designations given to this project are IAR-101 and IAR-S and refer to different design layouts.

Romania considered a joint program with Yugoslavia, but the latter declined because it was designing its own supersonic fighter jet, the Novi Avion.

Specifications

The following technical data applies to the design that progressed the furthest:

See also

 FMA SAIA 90

References

Further reading

External links

Cancelled military aircraft projects
95
1980s Romanian fighter aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Formal Methods Europe. Formal Methods Europe (FME) is an organization whose aim is to encourage the research and application of formal methods for the improvement of software and hardware in computer-based systems. The association's members are drawn from academia and industry. It is based in Europe, but is international in scope. FME operates under Dutch law.

Activities include or have included:

 Dissemination of research findings and industrial experience through conferences (every 18 months) and sponsored events;
 Development of information resources for educators;
 Networking for commercial practitioners through ForTIA (Formal Techniques Industry Association).

The Chair of FME is John Fitzgerald of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

ForTIA
The Formal Techniques Industry Association (ForTIA) aimed to support the industrial use of formal methods under the umbrella organization of Formal Methods Europe. It was founded in 2003 through the initial efforts of Dines Bjørner and was chaired by Anthony Hall and Volkmar Lotz among others. Its scope was international and membership was by company. It organized meetings, especially in conjunction with conferences, for instance, industry days at the FM conferences organized by FME.

See also
 BCS-FACS Formal Aspects of Computing Science Specialist Group
 Formal methods
 Anthony Hall, founding chair of ForTIA

References

External links
FME website
Formal Method Europe group on LinkedIn
ForTIA website (2009)

Organizations with year of establishment missing
Formal methods organizations
International organizations based in Sweden
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Ancient UNIX. Ancient UNIX is any early release of the Unix code base prior to Unix System III, particularly the Research Unix releases prior to and including Version 7 (the base for UNIX/32V as well as later developments of AT&T Unix).

After the publication of the Lions' book, work was undertaken to release earlier versions of the codebase. SCO first released the code under a limited educational license.

Later, in January 2002, Caldera International (later to become SCO Group and made defunct) relicensed (but has not made available) several versions under the four-clause BSD license, namely:
Research Unix: (early versions only)
 Version 1 Unix
 Version 2 Unix
 Version 3 Unix
 Version 4 Unix
 Version 5 Unix
 Version 6 Unix
 Version 7 Unix
 UNIX/32V
, there has been no widespread use of the code, but it can be used on emulator systems, and Version 5 Unix runs on the Nintendo Game Boy Advance using the SIMH PDP-11 emulator. Version 6 Unix provides the basis for the MIT xv6 teaching system, which is an update of that version to ANSI C and the x86 or RISC-V platform.

The BSD vi text editor is based on code from the ed line editor in those early Unixes. Therefore, "traditional" vi could not be distributed freely, and various work-alikes (such as nvi) were created. Now that the original code is no longer encumbered, the "traditional" vi has been adapted for modern Unix-like operating systems.

SCO Group, Inc. was previously called Caldera International. As a result of the SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc. case, Novell, Inc. was found to not have transferred the copyrights of UNIX to SCO Group, Inc. Concerns have been raised regarding the validity of the Caldera license.

The Unix Heritage Society
The Unix Heritage Society was founded by Warren Toomey. First edition Unix was restored to a usable state by a restoration team from the Unix Heritage Society in 2008. The restoration process started with paper listings of the source code which were in PDP-11 assembly language.

References

External links
 Pamela Jones (August 23, 2003) Ancient UNIX Released Under What Terms?, Groklaw
The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS), for the preservation and maintenance of historical UNIX systems
code, disk images, and related at TUHS
Unix First Edition Manual Pages
Restoration of 1st Edition UNIX kernel sources from Bell Laboratories

Bell Labs Unices
Discontinued operating systems
James Duncan Davidson. James Duncan Davidson is an American software developer and photographer. He's currently the Vice President of Developer Productivity at Shopify. 

While a software engineer at Sun Microsystems (1997–2001), Davidson created Tomcat, a Java-based webserver application and the Ant Java-based build tool. Davidson is the author or co-author of several books on both using and writing software, including Learning Cocoa with Objective-C, Cocoa in a Nutshell, Running Mac OS X Panther, and Mac OS X Panther Hacks, all published by O’Reilly Media. He also contributed to Agile Web Development with Rails, published by The Pragmatic Programmers.

He was raised in Oklahoma and Texas, and is a resident of Berlin. Before he joined Shopify, he was a Principal Software Engineer and CTO in Residence at Microsoft for Startups. His work was to provide advice for startup founders and CTOs and help them prioritize, focus, and think through their work.

Starting in 2005, Duncan added photography to his other professional focuses.
He has served as the primary event photographer at several high-profile technology conferences. From 2009 to 2016 he was the main stage photographer for TED conferences, photographing every TED and TEDGlobal event. In 2010, Duncan was the photographer for the Mission Blue Voyage in the Galapagos Islands and led the TEDxOilSpill Expedition in the Gulf of Mexico. Davidson is also known for his artistic travel photos, often with an eye for architectural details, a clear reference to his university studies in architecture.

He was the co-founder and co-owner (along with Greg Koenig) of Luma Labs, a small company based in Portland, OR focused on making high quality camera accessories.

References

External links 

 Personal web site
 O'Reilly Author page; articles, links to books on Rails, Cocoa and Mac OS X
 Luma Labs
 Mission Blue at TED
 TEDxOilSpill Expedition

Living people
People from Lubbock, Texas
Photographers from Oregon
American computer programmers
Sun Microsystems people
Photographers from Berlin
Microsoft people
American expatriates in Germany
Year of birth missing (living people)
Spring steel. Spring steel is a name given to a wide range of steels used in the manufacture of different products, including swords, saw blades, springs and many more. These steels are generally low-alloy manganese, medium-carbon steel or high-carbon steel with a very high yield strength. This allows objects made of spring steel to return to their original shape despite significant deflection or twisting.

Grades

Many grades of steel can be hardened and tempered to increase elasticity and resist deformation; however, some steels are inherently more elastic than others:

Applications

 Applications include piano wire (also known as music wire) such as ASTM A228 (0.80–0.95% carbon), spring clamps, antennas, springs (e. g. vehicle coil springs or leaf springs), and s-tines.
 Spring steel is commonly used in the manufacture of swords with rounded edges for training or stage combat, as well as sharpened swords for collectors and live combat.
 Spring steel is one of the most popular materials used in the fabrication of lockpicks due to its pliability and resilience.
 Tubular spring steel is used in the landing gear of some small aircraft due to its ability to absorb the impact of landing.
 It is frequently used in the making of knives, machetes, and other edged tools.
 It is a key component in electrician's fish tape.
 It is used in binder clips.
Used extensively in shims due to its resistance to deformation in low thicknesses.

See also
 Martensite

References

Bibliography

Steels
Springs (mechanical)
Dichloromethane (data page). Please find below supplementary chemical data about dichloromethane.

MSDS sheets
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
 Baker

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 47th ed.

Spectral data

Structure and properties data

References

 NIST website
 G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby, Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants at National Physical Laboratory
 Heat capacity

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
DPE. DPE may refer for:

Organizations
 Department for Professional Employees, AFL-CIO, a US trade union body
 Department of Planning & Environment, New South Wales, Australia
 Department of Public Enterprises, South Africa
 Dis Politika Enstitüsü, a Turkish think tank

Science and technology
 Demilitarization Protective Ensemble, a disposable suit for handling chemical weapons
 Development, Printing, Enlargement, or film processing 
 Downstream promoter element, in genetics
 Dynamic programming equation, in mathematical optimization

Other uses
 Decriminalised Parking Enforcement, in UK law
 Designated Pilot Examiner, a person certified by FAA to conduct pilot rating
Cyberdyne. Cyberdyne may refer to:
Cyberdyne Inc., a Japanese company which sells a powered exoskeleton called HAL 5 (Hybrid Assistive Limb)
Cyberdyne (Cyber Dynamics Systems Corporation), a fictional corporation that created the Skynet system in the Terminator franchise
Cyberdyne, the name of a fictional manufacturer in the anime Hand Maid May

See also
Cyberdyne Ibaraki Robots, a Japanese professional basketball team
Norton Cyberdyne from the 1990 B horror/science fiction film Syngenor
Bridgman effect. The Bridgman effect (named after P. W. Bridgman), also called the internal Peltier effect, is a phenomenon that occurs when an electric current passes through an anisotropic crystal – there is an absorption or liberation of heat because of the non-uniformity in current distribution.

The Bridgman effect is observable in geology.  It describes  stick-slip behavior of materials under very high pressure.

References

Electricity
Texas Red. Texas Red or sulforhodamine 101 acid chloride is a red fluorescent dye, used in histology for staining cell specimens, for sorting cells with fluorescent-activated cell sorting machines, in fluorescence microscopy applications, and in immunohistochemistry.
Texas Red fluoresces at about 615 nm, and the peak of its absorption spectrum is at 589 nm. The powder is dark purple. Solutions can be excited by a dye laser tuned to 595-605 nm, or less efficiently a krypton laser at 567 nm. The absorption extinction coefficient at 596 nm is about 85,000 M−1cm−1.

The compound is usually a mixture of two monosulfonyl chlorides, i.e., as pictured, or with the SO3 and SO2Cl groups exchanged.  It can be used as a marker of proteins, with which it easily forms conjugates via the sulfonyl chloride (SO2Cl) group.  In water, the sulfonyl chloride group of unreacted Texas Red molecules hydrolyses to sulfonate and the molecule becomes the very water-soluble sulforhodamine 101 which is easy to wash out selectively. This is one of the advantages of conjugating with Texas Red vs. using a rhodamine-isothiocyanate for conjugation.

A protein with the Texas Red chromophore attached can then itself act as a fluorescent labeling agent; an antibody with a fluorescent marker attached will bind to a specific antigen and then show the location of the antigens as shining spots when irradiated. It is relatively bright, and therefore can be used to detect even weakly expressed antigens.  Other molecules can be labeled by Texas Red as well, e.g., various toxins.  The dye dissolves very well in water as well as other polar solvents, e.g., Dimethylformamide, acetonitrile.

Texas Red, attached to a strand of DNA or RNA, can be used in Fluorescent in situ Hybridisation (FISH) as a molecular beacon for highlighting specific sequences of DNA. Texas Red can be linked with another fluorophore. A tandem conjugate of Texas Red with R-phycoerythrin (PE-Texas Red) is often used.

Fluorophores, like Texas Red, are commonly used in molecular biology techniques like quantitative RT-PCR and cellular assays.

Newer rhodamine derivatives, such as Alexa 594 and DyLight 594, have been tailored to match the excitation and emission spectra of Texas Red and are used in various chemical and biological applications where greater photostability or higher fluorescence intensity are needed.

References

Staining dyes
Rhodamine dyes
Triarylmethane dyes
Nitrogen heterocycles
Oxygen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 7 or more rings
Drift pin. In metalworking, a drift pin, drift pin punch, simply drift, is the name for a tool used for localizing a hammer blow. A drift is smaller in diameter than the hammer face, thus concentrating the force into a smaller area. A drift is also used where the surrounding surfaces need to be protected from the hammer blow.

A drift is not used as a punch in the traditional sense of the term. Unlike most punches, force should never be applied to the tip of drift pin.

Drifts are constructed from wood, light alloys, copper, or steel which are usually rods cut to size as for the job. 

Drifts can be used to remove dents from inaccessible places, for striking pins and keys out.

Some drift pins are constructed with a taper, with the hammer acting on the large end of the taper. The tapered drift pin is used to align the two bolt holes in two separate components that are designed to mate. First the two components are maneuvered until the holes in each are in semi-alignment, such that the narrow end of the tapered drift pin can be inserted through the two holes. The pin is then driven into the two holes forcing them into true alignment, allowing for easy insertion of the fastener. This technique is especially useful for aligning fastener holes in structural steel members, which always have multiple holes, such that when one pair of mating holes comes into alignment, the others in the set are aligned, allowing a fastener, usually a bolt, to be inserted, before the drift pin is removed. In this situation the tapered drift pin is on the handle end of a spud wrench used for assembling trusses, structural steel beams, and steel pipe flanges. A spud wrench is seldom hammered to set the pin in the two holes.

See also
Punch (tool)

References

Metalworking hand tools
Single-responsibility principle. The single-responsibility principle (SRP) is a computer programming principle that states that "A module should be responsible to one, and only one, actor." The term actor refers to a group (consisting of one or more stakeholders or users) that requires a change in the module.

Robert C. Martin, the originator of the term, expresses the principle as, "A class should have only one reason to change". Because of confusion around the word "reason", he later clarified his meaning in a blog post titled "The Single Responsibility Principle", in which he mentioned Separation of Concerns and stated that "Another wording for the Single Responsibility Principle is: Gather together the things that change for the same reasons. Separate those things that change for different reasons." In some of his talks, he also argues that the principle is, in particular, about roles or actors. For example, while they might be the same person, the role of an accountant is different from a database administrator. Hence, each module should be responsible for each role.

History
The term was introduced by Robert C. Martin in his article "The Principles of OOD" as part of his Principles of Object Oriented Design, made popular by his 2003 book Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices. Martin described it as being based on the principle of cohesion, as described by Tom DeMarco in his book Structured Analysis and System Specification, and Meilir Page-Jones in The Practical Guide to Structured Systems Design. In 2014 Martin published a blog post titled "The Single Responsibility Principle" with a goal to clarify what was meant by the phrase "reason for change."

Example
Martin defines a responsibility as a reason to change, and concludes that a class or module should have one, and only one, reason to be changed (e.g. rewritten). 

As an example, consider a module that compiles and prints a report. Imagine such a module can be changed for two reasons. First, the content of the report could change. Second, the format of the report could change. These two things change for different causes. The single responsibility principle says that these two aspects of the problem are really two separate responsibilities, and should, therefore, be in separate classes or modules. It would be a bad design to couple two things that change for different reasons at different times.

The reason it is important to keep a class focused on a single concern is that it makes the class more robust. Continuing with the foregoing example, if there is a change to the report compilation process, there is a greater danger that the printing code will break if it is part of the same class.

See also
 Chain-of-responsibility pattern
 Coupling (computer programming)
 GRASP (object-oriented design)
 Information hiding
 SOLID—the "S" in "SOLID" represents the single responsibility principle 
 Separation of concerns

References

External links
 "The Principles of OOD" by Robert Martin
 "The Single Responsibility Principle (2007)" by Robert Martin
 "The Single Responsibility Principle (2014)" by Robert Martin

Software design
Programming principles