omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
VPU. VPU may refer to:

Technology
 Vector processing unit, a special processor architecture with features of pipelining for vector processing
 Versatile Processor Unit, an Intel AI accelerator for inference, computer vision and deep learning
 Video processing unit and visual processing unit, related to graphics processing units
 Vision processing unit, a class of processor intended for accelerating machine vision tasks

Other uses
 Viral protein U (Vpu), a regulatory protein found in HIV-1
 Vancouver Police Union, a trade union in Canada

See also
Carmor. Carmor Integrated Vehicle Solutions (previously known as Hatehof) is an Israeli company that manufactures tankers, aircraft refuelers, fire fighting trucks, armored vehicles and special purpose trailers.

Overview

Carmor is based in the Ziporit industrial zone in Nazareth Illit, Israel.

The company employs a team of engineers from many fields, and works on multiple projects/builds simultaneously. Carmor currently has around 100 employees and provides the required services in-house, such as the design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, professional literature, and cataloging. It is also a major supplier to the Israeli army.

History
Carmor was found in 1947 as Ha-tech-of - Haifa Technical Office, as a workshop for installing armour on tracks, to protect them against rifle fire during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, prior to the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

In 1954, Carmor started manufacturing Fuel tankers and Aircraft refuelers, and become the major supplier to the Israeli Civil and military markets.

In 1981, Carmor had an initial public offering on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, raising funds to enable the company to diversify and expand its product lines. The company started manufacturing Fire engines and Vehicle Trailer.
  
In 2001, Carmor signed a deal to supply airplane and helicopter refuelers to the Turkish Army. The contract was worth some NIS 28 million.

In 2005, Carmor introduced the Wolf Armoured Vehicle, a 4x4 multi-purpose armored vehicle with a high degree of flexibility, built utilizing a low-cost commercial 4x4 chassis of the Ford F550 with an automatic gearbox driven by a diesel engine, jointly developed with Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. The vehicle's armor and design offers a high degree of protection. It is available in troop carrier, command vehicle, rescue vehicle, logistics support and ambulance configurations. The Israel Ministry of Defense placed a $20 million order for Wolf Armoured Vehicle. The vehicles replaced aging light vehicles used by the Armed Forces of Israel.

In 2011, the company was in financial straits due to a drop in orders and NIS 200 million in debts. The company's creditor banks appointed a trustee to save it.

In 2016 Hatehof was renamed Carmor.

Products

Armoured vehicles

 Zibar Ultra-High Mobility Special Operations Vehicle
 Wolf Armoured Vehicle
 Hurricane MRAP
 Mantis MRAP
 Xtream High Mobility Armored Vehicle

Homeland security

  Fire engines
  Riot control Vehicles

Civilian
 Tank trucks
 Aircraft refuelers

References

External links
 Carmor website

Defense companies of Israel
Manufacturing companies of Israel
Iris-class cruiser. The Iris class consisted of two ships,  and , built for the Royal Navy in the 1870s. They were the first British all-steel warships.

Design and description
The Iris-class ships were designed as dispatch vessels by William White under the direction of Nathaniel Barnaby, Director of Naval Construction, and were later redesignated as second-class protected cruisers. The only visible difference between the sister ships was that  had a clipper bow and was longer than  with her straight stem. Iris was  long overall while Mercury was  long. The sisters had a beam of , and a draught of . They displaced  at normal load and were the first British warships with an all-steel hull. Their crew consisted of 275 officers and ratings. The ships were not armoured but extensive internal subdivision gave them some protection against flooding, as did the  double bottom under the propulsion machinery compartments.

The Iris class was powered by a pair of horizontal four-cylinder Maudslay, Sons and Field compound-expansion steam engines that were configured with a pair of high-pressure cylinders with a bore of  and a pair of low-pressure cylinders  in diameter. All cylinders had a  stroke. Each engine drove one propeller shaft using steam from eight oval and four cylindrical boilers with a working pressure of . The engines were designed to produce a total of  for a speed of , which was handily exceeded by the sisters. Iris initially reached a maximum speed of  from  during her sea trials, but after new propellers were fitted, achieved  from . Mercury became the fastest warship in the world when she made  from . The ships carried a maximum of  of coal, enough to steam  at . They were initially fitted with a barque sailing rig, but this was removed after a few years.

The Iris-class ships were originally armed with ten 64-pounder () rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns, eight on the main deck and the remaining pair on the upper deck on pivot mounts to serve as chase guns fore and aft.

Ships

Construction and career
Iris was launched in 1877 and sold in 1905 while Mercury, launched a year later, was hulked at Chatham in 1914 and sold for scrap in 1919.

Citations

Bibliography

 

Cruiser classes
 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Nylatron. Nylatron is a tradename for a family of nylon plastics, typically filled with molybdenum disulfide lubricant powder. It is used to cast plastic parts for machines, because of its mechanical properties and wear-resistance.

Nylatron is a brand name of Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, Inc. and was originally developed and manufactured by Nippon Polypenco Limited.

Nylatron is used in several applications such as:
 rotary lever actuators where unusual shapes are required
 heavy-duty caster wheels, normally as a replacement for cast iron or forged steel
 plain bearing material, especially in screw conveyor applications

References

External links
 Matweb datasheets
 Nylatron Plastic Material Datasheets

Polymers
7000 series. 7000 series may refer to:

Japanese trains 
 Chichibu Railway 7000 series electric multiple unit (EMU)
 Echizen Railway 7000 series EMU
 Hankyu 7000 series EMU
 Hokushin Kyuko Electric Railway 7000 series EMU operating for the Kobe Municipal Subway
 Hokuso 7000 series
 HOT7000 series DMU
 IGR 7000 series EMU
 Iyotetsu 7000 series EMU
 Joshin 7000 series EMU
 JR Shikoku 7000 series
 Keio 7000 series EMU
 Keihan 7000 series EMU
 Kintetsu 7000 series EMU
 Meitetsu 7000 series EMU
 Nagoya Municipal Subway 7000 series EMU
 Nankai 7000 series EMU, operated by Nankai Electric Railway
 Nishitetsu 7000 series EMU
 Odakyu 7000 series LSE EMU
 Semboku 7000 series EMU
 Sotetsu 7000 series EMU
 Sapporo Municipal Subway 7000 series
 Toei 7000 series tramcars operated in Tokyo
 Tokyo Metro 7000 series EMU
 Tokyu 7000 series EMU

Korean trains 
 SMRT 7000 series, operated by Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation

US trains 
 Chicago "L" 7000-series
 Washington Metro 7000-Series

Other 
 7000-series highways, a series of highway designations in the Canadian province of Ontario
 Dell Inspiron 7000 series laptop computers
 IBM 7000 series, discrete transistor digital computers in the late 1950s and 1960s
 Navistar 7000 series military vehicles
 Radeon HD 7000 series of AMD graphics processing units
 Radeon RX 7000 series of AMD graphics processing units
Photochemical Reflectance Index. The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) is a reflectance measurement developed by John Gamon during his tenure as a postdoctorate fellow supervised by Christopher Field at the Carnegie Institution for Science at Stanford University. The PRI is sensitive to changes in carotenoid pigments (e.g. xanthophyll pigments) in live foliage. Carotenoid pigments are indicative of photosynthetic light use efficiency, or the rate of carbon dioxide uptake by foliage per unit energy absorbed. As such, it is used in studies of vegetation productivity and stress. Because the PRI measures plant responses to stress, it can be used to assess general ecosystem health using satellite data or other forms of remote sensing. Applications include vegetation health in evergreen shrublands, forests, and agricultural crops prior to senescence. PRI is defined by the following equation using reflectance (ρ) at 531 and 570 nm wavelength:

Some authors use

The values range from –1 to 1.

Sources 
 ENVI Users Guide
 John Gamon, Josep Penuelas,  and Christopher Field (1992). A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency. Remote Sensing of environment, 41, 35-44.
 Drolet, G.G. Heummrich, K.F. Hall, F.G., Middleton, E.M.,  Black, T.A., Barr, A.G. and Margolis, H.A. (2005). A MODIS-derived photochemical reflectance index to detect inter-annual variations in the photosynthetic light-use efficiency of a boreal deciduous forest. Remote Sensing of environment, 98, 212-224.

Biophysics
Botany
Remote sensing
1992 introductions
Villamil Libélula Viblandi. The Libélula Viblandi, or Libélula Española (Spanish dragonfly), was an early helicopter developed from 1924 by Federico Cantero Villamil, a Spanish civil engineer also known for the dams he constructed and planned along the river Duero.

The project
Federico Cantero Villamil founded a workshop with precision machinery purchased in 1900 at the Universal Exposition in Paris. He began his experiments on "rotating wings" (a kind of propeller invented by him) in Zamora in 1908, and two years later he was patenting a
"...procedure or idea in order to obtain the lift of a body or apparatus on the air, as well as the propulsion if wanted, both things simultaneous or not, by means of special wheels of one or more blades, jointed, moveable, gradually leaning, depending on the variation and form explained in the body of the current Memory."
Several patents on propellers were developed between 1912 and 1936; as a consequence, Villamil began to construct his helicopter in 1935, assisted by Pedro Blanco Pedraza, a young student of aeronautical engineering, and Antonio Díaz, the owner of a precision engineering workshop. The names of these three people form the acronym VIBLANDI which was the definitive name of the helicopter.

In July 1936 the Spanish Civil War began, and the construction of the helicopter was interrupted until 1940. In September 1941 the helicopter was completed, with testing commencing in October 1941, with unknown results. During the next years Villamil improved the helicopter, registered three more patents, and continued testing the machine. Photographs show the aircraft with a three-bladed rotor of relatively large diameter with a three-bladed tail rotor above the rear fuselage, most sources describe these photographs as the second prototype, but there is no other evidence to suggest that Villamil built a second airframe.

Patents
The helicopter was patented under the name Libélula Viblandi in 1940 with registration number 149788 at the Spanish Office of Patents and Trademarks. This and other patents on propellers by Federico Cantero Villamil that led to the Libélula española may be found at the Oficina española de patentes y marcas.

Sources
The works of Villamil were forgotten for many years, but they have been recently rediscovered by Isabel Díaz de Aguilar and Federico Suárez Caballero, based on the patents he registered and two books written by Cantero about the Libélula Española.

See also
 Juan de la Cierva
 Autogyro
 Igor Sikorsky

References

Bibliography

1920s Spanish helicopters
Spanish inventions
Aircraft manufactured in Spain
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Unflown aircraft
S3 Group. S3 Group is a technology company that has provided software products to operators, OEM's, semiconductors and healthcare providers. Founded in 1986 as Silicon & Software Systems (S3), S3 Group has a history in systems, embedded software and silicon design for consumer, wireless, WiMAX and related applications.

In 2015, the group's "S3 TV Technology" business unit was sold to Accenture, and in 2018, the "S3 Semiconductors" division sold to Adesto Technologies. The remaining "S3 Connected Health" unit had, as of 2018, approximately 200 employees.

References

External links 
 

Companies based in Dublin (city)
E-puck mobile robot. The e-puck is a small (7 cm) differential wheeled mobile robot. It was originally designed for micro-engineering education by Michael Bonani and Francesco Mondada at the ASL laboratory of Prof. Roland Siegwart at EPFL (Lausanne, Switzerland). 
The e-puck is open hardware and its onboard software is open-source, and is built and sold by several companies.

Technical details 
 Diameter: 70 mm
 Height: 50 mm
 Weight: 200 g
 Max speed: 13 cm/s
 Autonomy: 2 hours moving
 dsPIC 30 CPU @ 30 MHz (15 MIPS)
 8 KB RAM
 144 KB Flash
 2 step motors
 8 infrared proximity and light (TCRT1000)
 color camera, 640x480
 8 LEDs in ring + one body LED + one front LED
 3D accelerometers
 3 microphones
 1 loudspeaker

Extensions 

New modules can be stacked on top of the e-puck; the following extensions are available:
 a turret that simulates 1D omnidirectional vision, to study optic flow,
 ground sensors, for instance to follow a line,
 color LED turret, for color-based communication,
 Zigbee communication,
 2D omnidirectional vision,
 magnetic wheels, for vertical climbing,
 Pi-puck extension board, for interfacing with a Raspberry Pi single-board computer.

Scientific use 
Since the e-puck is open hardware, its price is lower than competitors. This is leading to a rapid adoption by the scientific community in research despite the original educational orientation of the robot.
The e-puck has been used in collective robotics  , evolutionary robotics , and art-oriented robotics  .

References

External links
 Homepage - the e-puck project homepage
 e-puck at Mobots - the e-puck homepage at Mobots, the group who developed the e-puck
 e-puck at gna - the gna page of e-puck onboard software
 e-puck model - Documentation of the e-puck model in the Webots robotics simulator. 
 Cyberbotics' robot curriculum - a robotics curriculum based on the e-puck robot
  - epuck2 MATLAB kernel

Micro robots
Robots of Switzerland
Differential wheeled robots
Open-source robots
Multi-robot systems
DSB Class ME. The DSB class ME are a series of diesel-electric locomotives, introduced in 1981. Henschel built 37 for DSB. They were among the first AC drive locomotives in serial production. As of 2017, 33 units are still in service. The last was withdrawn in December 2021.

History 
The locomotives were designed to haul heavier regional services in Sjælland, Denmark, in the early 1980s.

The first unit, 1501 arrived in 1981 after many years of delay. Three years later, in 1983, DSB had received a total of 30 units. Although there had been some serious trouble with the locomotives, DSB found a solution on the problems, and an additional seven units were delivered in 1985.

As of 2017, 33 units were still in service, three had been scrapped and one preserved at the Danish Railway Museum. The ME locomotives was expected to be replaced by IC3 train sets when the IC4 train sets were ready to take over Intercity services. The IC4 train set are very unstable in service and have a variety of problems, however, so they are not going to replace the IC3 train sets in Intercity services. As a result of this DSB have ordered 26 new electric locomotives that are going to replace the ME locomotives by 2020. The units were originally painted in DSB's black/red livery, but in 2006 they were all painted dark blue with red details on the side. In October 2016, DSB began painting the locomotives red to match their new logo.

The exhaust stack is below the air intake of the Bombardier double-decker coaches used in regional services. The air in the coaches was found to have a high concentration of diesel particulate matter, which induces cancer. DSB changed the air filters in 2013, providing a DPM reduction of 40%. But the concentration could still induce cancer for train staff, because they spend a long time in the coaches.

The last was withdrawn on 11 December 2021. Four were sold to Nordic Re-Finance as the TME class.

Polish SKPL Cargo has six locomotives, one of them has been given the designation SU175.

References

External links
 

ME
Co′Co′ locomotives
Henschel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1981
Diesel–electric locomotives of Denmark
Standard gauge locomotives of Denmark
Altran Praxis. Altran UK (formerly known as Altran Praxis, Praxis High Integrity Systems, Praxis Critical Systems, Altran Xype, Xype and Altran Technologies) is a division of parent company Altran. Altran Praxis was a British software house that specialised in critical systems. This role is continued under the banner of high-tech engineering consultancy services provided by the rest of the Altran group.

The division formerly known as Praxis (the critical systems specialists) is based in SouthGate, Bath, England, close to Bath Spa railway station, and also has offices in London, Loughborough, Paris, Sophia Antipolis, and Bangalore.

Altran UK as a whole has offices in Bath, Bristol, London, Loughborough, Manchester, Slough and Coventry.

History 

The company Praxis Systems Limited was founded by Martyn Thomas and David Bean in 1983:
it was incorporated on 1 June 1983 and commenced business on 1 July 1983. On 28 June 1985 it became a Public limited company Praxis Systems plc.
Until 1988, Praxis was owned almost entirely by its staff.
In 1988 Praxis obtained venture capital finance in order to provide funds for future acquisitions and working capital for continued growth.
On 27 November 1992 Praxis was acquired by Deloitte Consulting (then known as Touche Ross), an international firm of accountants and management consultants.
The critical systems part of the company was acquired by the Altran Group in 1997.
In 2004, Praxis Critical Systems and HIS Consulting merged to form Praxis High Integrity Systems. In January 2010, the company was merged with SC2 by Altran to form Altran Praxis.  The company has since been rebranded to Altran along with Altran Xype and Altran Technologies.
In December 2012, AdaCore along with Altran Praxis released SPARK Pro 11. In 2013, Altran acquired Sentaca, a specialty telecoms consultancy.

A distinguishing feature of the former Praxis office's is its extensive use of formal methods such as the Z notation and the SPARK toolset (acquired through the takeover of the developers Program Validation Limited in 1994) in its approach to improving the reliability of software engineering. A major project using Z has been an enhancement for the United Kingdom's National Air Traffic Services (NATS).

See also 
 Anthony Hall, a former employee, now a consultant
 IPSE (Praxis was a key participant in the influential IPSE2.5 project)

References

External links 
 Company website

Companies established in 1983
1983 establishments in England
Companies based in Bath, Somerset
Software companies of the United Kingdom
Formal methods organizations
Petri Net Markup Language. Petri Net Markup Language (PNML) is an interchange format aimed at enabling Petri net tools to exchange Petri net models. PNML is an XML-based syntax for high-level Petri nets, which is being designed as a standard interchange format for Petri net tools.
It will end up being the second part of the ISO standard ISO/IEC 15909.
PNML grammar is publicly available on its reference site.

The first part of this international standard, provides the mathematical definitions for high-level Petri nets.
These definitions are called the semantic model.

It also provides the graphical form definition, known as High-level Petri Net Graph (HLPNG), and its mapping to the semantic model.

 the first part is an international standard.

References

External links 
 pnml.org - PNML reference site

XML-based standards
Petri nets
AUSTAL2000. Austal2000 is an atmospheric dispersion model for simulating the dispersion of air pollutants in the ambient atmosphere. It was developed by Ingenieurbüro Janicke in Dunum, Germany under contract to the Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety.  

Although not named in the TA Luft, it is the reference dispersion model accepted as being in compliance with the requirements of Annex 3 of the TA Luft and the pertinent VDI Guidelines.

Description

It simulates the dispersion of air pollutants by utilizing a random walk process (Lagrangian simulation model) and it has capabilities for building effects, complex terrain, pollutant plume depletion by wet or dry deposition, and first order chemical reactions. It is available for download on the Internet free of cost.

Austal2000G is a similar model for simulating the dispersion of odours and it was also developed by Ingenieurbüro Janicke. The development of Austal 2000G was financed by three German states: Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen and Baden-Württemberg.

See also

 List of atmospheric dispersion models
 UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau
 UK Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee

Further reading
 www.crcpress.com
 www.air-dispersion.com

References

Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Horst H. Berger. Horst H. Berger (born March 30, 1933) is a German electrical engineer noted for his contributions to semiconductor technologies for integrated circuits.

Berger was born in Liegnitz (Legnica), Lower Silesia, and received the Vordiplom. from the Technische Hochschule of Dresden, then worked at the IBM Laboratories in Böblingen. Afterwards he became a researcher and teacher at Technische Universität Berlin.

Together with Siegfried K. Wiedmann, Berger received the 1977 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for the invention and exploration of the Merged Transistor Logic, MTL".

Selected works 
 H. H. Berger and S. K. Wiedmann, "Merged-Transistor Logic (MTL) – A Low-Cost Bipolar Logic Concept",  IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-7, No. 5, Oct. 1972, pp. 340–346.

References 
 Fruchtbare Quelle: Horst Berger wurde 70 (German)
 Contributors, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Volume 7, Issue 5, pages 435–440. October 1972.

1933 births
Living people
People from Legnica
German electrical engineers
IBM employees
People from the Province of Lower Silesia
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
Computer hardware engineers
Semiconductor technology