omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Irsching Power Station. Irsching Power Station near Vohburg at the Danube, Germany, is operated as a so-called peaking power plant.

From the original three units only unit 3 with a capacity of 415 MW is operated, the older two units, with a capacity of 151 MW (unit 1) and 312 MW (unit 2), are in cold reserve. The power station can be operated with light fuel oil and with natural gas. The owner and operator of the units 3 and 4 is Uniper, a formally subsidiary of E.ON Energy, while Unit 5, also operated by Uniper, is owned by Gemeinschaftskraftwerke Irsching, a joint venture of Uniper, Nuremberg's N-ERGIE, Mainova and HEAG Südhessische Energie.

On December 20, 2007, a planned 18-month trial operation period of Siemens SGT5-8000H, the world's largest and most powerful gas turbine (capable of generating 375MW), started. After trial period the plant expanded to a high-efficiency combined-cycle power plant with a total output of about 570 MW and an efficiency of 60%.  The unit 4 was commissioned in 2011.

An additional unit 5 was built, consisting of two smaller gas turbines and one steam turbine. This unit has capacity of 860 MW of electricity with an efficiency of 58%. It was commissioned in 2010.

Due to the growth of Renewable energy in Germany which often covers daytime peak demand with solar power, the owners claim that they lose several million € a year. On March 30, 2015, the owners of unit 5, organised as Gemeinschaftskraftwerk Irsching GmbH (GKI), declared they wanted to close down all of its operations effective from April 1, 2016. This was denied, as due to the shutdown of nuclear power, network operator TenneT considers all power plants in its Southern German area as system relevant and having to remain as stand-by reserve. The operators demand better compensation for that.

Another request for shutdown of unit 5 was denied in August 2017, as Tennet again demanded from GKI that, according to Netzreserveverordnung, unit 5 remains operational, despite double digit M€ losses. GKI claims that Tennet plans to build similar gas powered peaker plants which are, unlike GKI's unit 5, entitled to compensation.

References

External links

 Irsching power plant: Incubator for high-efficiency gas turbines (Control Engineering)

Oil-fired power stations in Germany
Natural gas-fired power stations in Germany
Uniper
Elbs reaction. The Elbs reaction is an organic reaction describing the pyrolysis of an ortho methyl substituted benzophenone to a condensed polyaromatic. The reaction is named after its inventor, the German chemist Karl Elbs, also responsible for the Elbs oxidation.  The reaction was published in 1884. Elbs however did not correctly interpret the reaction product due to a lack of knowledge about naphthalene structure.

Scope 
The Elbs reaction enables the synthesis of condensed aromatic systems. As already demonstrated by Elbs in 1884 it is possible to obtain anthracene through dehydration. Larger aromatic systems like pentacene are also feasible. This reaction does not take place in a single step but leads first to dihydropentacene that is dehydrogenated in a second step with copper as a catalyst.
 

The acyl compounds required for this reaction can be obtained through a Friedel-Crafts acylation with aluminum chloride.

The Elbs reaction is sometimes accompanied by elimination of substituents and can be unsuited for substituted polyaromatics.

Mechanism 
At least three plausible mechanisms for the Elbs reaction have been suggested. The first mechanism, suggested by Fieser, begins with a heat-induced cyclisation of the benzophenone, followed by a [1,3]-hydride shift to give the compound . A dehydration reaction then affords the polyaromatic.

Alternatively, in the second mechanism, due to Cook, the methylated aromatic compound instead first undergoes a tautomerization followed by an electrocyclic reaction to give the same intermediate, which then similarly undergoes a [1,3]-hydride shift and dehydration.

A third mechanism has also been proposed, involving pyrolytic radical generation.

Variations 
It is also possible to synthesise heterocyclic compounds via the Elbs reaction. In 1956 an Elbs reaction of a thiophene derivative was published. The expected linear product was not obtained due to a change in reaction mechanism after formation of the first intermediate which caused multiple free radical reaction steps.

References

Organic reactions
Name reactions
Benzophenones
Immobilization (soil science). Immobilization in soil science is the conversion of inorganic compounds to organic compounds by microorganisms or plants by which the compounds become inaccessible to plants.  Immobilization is the opposite of mineralization. In immobilization, inorganic nutrients are taken up  by soil microbes and become unavailable for plant uptake. Immobilization is therefore a biological process controlled by bacteria that consume inorganic nitrogen and form amino acids and biological macromolecules (organic forms). Immobilization and mineralization are continuous processes that occur concurrently whereby nitrogen of the decomposing system is steadily transformed from an inorganic to an organic state by immobilization and from an organic to an inorganic state by decay and mineralization.

C:N Ratio
Whether nitrogen is mineralized or immobilized depends on the C/N ratio of the plant residues. For example, incorporating materials high in carbon to nitrogen ratio such as saw dust and straw will stimulate soil microbial activity, increase demand for nitrogen, leading to immobilization. This is known as priming effect.  In general plant residues entering the soil have too little nitrogen for the soil microbial population to convert all of the carbon into their cells. If the C:N ratio of the decomposing plant material is above about 30:1 the soil microbial population may take nitrogen in mineral form (e.g. nitrate). This mineral nitrogen is said to be immobilized. Microorganisms out-compete plants for NH4+ and NO3- during immobilization, and therefore plants can easily become nitrogen deficient.

As carbon dioxide is released via decomposition the C:N ratio of the organic matter decreases, and the microbial demand for mineral nitrogen is decreased. When the C:N ratio falls below about 25:1 further decomposition results in simultaneous mineralization of nitrogen which is in excess to that required by the microbial population.

When decomposition is virtually complete soil mineral nitrogen will be higher than it was initially due to mineralization of the plant residue nitrogen.

Mechanisms of nitrogen immobilization

There are two mechanisms of nitrogen immobilization: Nitrogen accumulation in microbial biomass and accumulation of nitrogen in by-products of microbial activity. Nitrogen Accumulation in by-products of microbial activity nitrogen accumulation in decaying plant debris follows a two-phase mechanism. Following the initial leaching of soluble materials from fresh detritus, exoenzymes depolymerize the detritus substrate producing reactive carbohydrates, phenolics, small peptides, and amino acids, this is a period whereby microbial growth is rapid, with microbes converting substrate nitrogen and exogenous nitrogen into microbial biomass and exuded products of microbial activity.

See also 
 Mineralization (soil science)
 Nitrogen cycle
 Nitrification

References

External links

Soil science
Nitrogen
Benzimidazole fungicide. Benzimidazole fungicides are a class of fungicides including benomyl, carbendazim (MBC), thiophanate-methyl, thiabendazole and fuberidazole. They can control many ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, but not oomycetes. They are applied to cereals, fruits, vegetables and vines, and are also used in postharvest handling of crops.

The solubility of benzimidazole fungicides is low at physiological pH and becomes high at low pH. In plants, carbendazim, thiabendazole and fuberidazole are mobile, i.e. systemic, and benomyl and thiophanate-methyl are converted to carbendazim. This conversion also occurs in soils and animals. In soil and water, carbendazim is mainly degraded by microbes. They are metabolized through hydrolysis and photolysis in plants. These fungicides kill cells during mitosis by distorting the mitotic spindle; β-tubulin, a protein important in forming the cytoskeleton, is targeted. They mostly inhibit polymerization of β-tubulin by interacting with it directly, but other interactions also exist.

Starting in the late 1960s, they were widely used to control fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea, Cercospora, powdery mildew and eyespot. These systemic fungicides were very effective at first. Because there is only one target site,  – fungicide resistance to this class – quickly became a serious problem. When they were the only fungicides used, pathogens became resistant after two to four seasons; when mixed with other fungicides, resistance developed more slowly. Resistant genotypes with certain point mutations were selected. Mutant pathogens resistant to one benzimidazole fungicide are usually resistant to all of them. The F200Y and E198A,G,K mutations are the most common. Because of resistance problems, use of benzimidazole fungicides has declined. They are suspected to be toxic to animals, including humans. The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee lists them as having a high risk of resistance evolution.

References

Fungicides
Benzimidazoles
Seoul Semiconductor. Seoul Semiconductor develops and commercializes light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for automotive, general illumination, specialty lighting, and backlighting markets. It is the fourth-largest LED manufacturer globally.

References

External links

Seoul Semiconductor
Emcod LED Drivers

Electronics companies established in 1992
Light-emitting diode manufacturers
Electronics companies of South Korea
South Korean brands
Companies listed on KOSDAQ
South Korean companies established in 1992
Test Site. Test Site is a relational art installation, that was displayed in the turbine hall of Tate Modern in London, UK, between October 2006 and 9 April 2007. Test Site was designed by Carsten Höller, and is the seventh commission of the series of works in the turbine hall sponsored by Unilever known as "The Unilever Series".

The exhibit consisted of a series of metal slides. There is a total of five slides, two starting on the second floor, and one on each floor after that up to the 5th floor. The slides were composed of metal and fibreglass, and covered all the way around.

Visitors could slide down the slides of the installation free, but timed entry tickets were required for all but the second floor slides.

References

External links
The Unilever Series: Carsten Höller from Tate Online

Tate galleries
2006 sculptures
Installation art works
Relational art
ASDEX. ASDEX may refer to:

ASDEX (Axially Symmetric Divertor Experiment), a tokamak operated 1980–1990 in Garching, Germany, then continued as HL-2A in China
ASDEX Upgrade (Axially Symmetric Divertor Experiment Upgrade), a tokamak operated since 1991 in Garching, Germany
ASDE-X (Airport Surface Detection Equipment, Model X), an airport runway safety tool
Nonterraqueous. Nonterraqueous is a computer game for the Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum, and Commodore 64, released by Mastertronic in 1985.

Gameplay 

The player controls a robot (which resembles an eyeball) whose mission is to destroy the central computer currently in control of the planet Nonterraqueous.  The robot has a "psyche" value which is reduced every time contact is made with a surface, requiring fine control over the robot's movements. Barring the way are enemies which can be shot with the robots lasers, "photon thrusters" (white barriers that pulsate and kill the robot instantly if they contact), and other obstacles, some of which can only be destroyed by finding a bomb and dropping it in the room.

Along the way, there are stations at which the robot can "recharge" its psyche, although some are deadly to use, and knowing which ones can only come from experience. There are also "SWAP" stations that allow the robot to transform into a form which doesn't allow shooting lasers but is invulnerable to some otherwise deadly obstacles. Also along the way is a long vertical corridor which is seemingly impassable until a rocket at the bottom of the vertical shaft is activated, catapulting the player up several dozens levels and through the barrier.

The overall size of the game was considered daunting for the time, consisting of 1004 separate locations.

Development

Reception

Sequel 
A sequel to the game exists and is called Soul of a Robot; the gameplay is quite different.

References

External links

Nonterraqueous at CPC WIKI

1985 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Commodore 64 games
Mastertronic games
Single-player video games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set on fictional planets
ZX Spectrum games
Soul of a Robot. Soul of a Robot is a video game sequel to Nonterraqueous for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and MSX, released by Mastertronic in 1985. It was sometimes called Nonterraqueous 2.

Plot 
The attempt to destroy the rogue computer from Nonterraqueous failed. Now the computer threatens to self-destruct with old age, taking the planet Nonterraqueous with it. The people of the planet create another robot, one with the mind of a man. On a kamikaze mission to the computer's core, it must find the three keys to allow it to transport to the next section, before self-destructing inside the computer's core.

Gameplay 
Gameplay is rather different from the prequel Nonterraqueous. The robot that is controlled by the player does not "fly" like in the previous game, but leaps similarly to an ordinary platformer. However, the ability to fly is available in the game, and necessary to complete it. The robot still has a "psyche" value which decreases with certain actions and must not be allowed to drop to zero. The "laser" from the previous game also remains.

The game was considered much more difficult than its prequel, relying on perfectly timed and aimed jumps (the player is able to choose five "strengths" of jump) in order to progress, and enjoyed much less commercial success. The gameplay was much slower and jumps and flying could take a lot of time and effort to perform correctly. There also seemed to be a particular influence from Underwurlde in the gameplay and sounds used in the game.

Soul of a Robot was also a much smaller game, the map containing only a third as many individual screens as its prequel, with only 256 rooms.

Reception

Soul of a Robot received positive reception from video game critics.

References

External links

Soul of a Robot at CPC Wiki

1985 video games
ZX Spectrum games
Amstrad CPC games
MSX games
Mastertronic games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set on fictional planets
Single-player video games
Lancashire Aero Club. The Lancashire Aero Club is the oldest established flying club in the United Kingdom, it was founded in 1909 to organise the Blackpool Aviation Week, Britain's first officially recognised air show.

Early history 
 October 1909: The original club was founded in Blackpool.
 Late 1922: The club was re-formed by John F. Leeming and a group of friends who had started to build a glider in Leeming's garage at his home in Bowdon near Altrincham Cheshire. It was named "Aero Club" because at the time many racing pigeon clubs called themselves "<placename> Flying Club".
 Early 1924: The LPW Glider was completed and was taken to Alexandra Park Aerodrome. The club flew the glider many times at Alexandra Park, launching it by towing behind a car.
 August 1924: Alexandra Park Aerodrome closed. The club moved to Avro's Woodford Aerodrome.
 21 July 1925: Alan Cobham delivered the club's first powered aircraft (a de Havilland DH.60 Moth) to Woodford
 August 1925: Another followed it.
 22 December 1926: John F. Leeming and Bert Hinkler (1892–1933), the chief test pilot of A.V.Roe Avro Manchester, landed on Helvellyn in the Lake District. This was the first aeroplane to land on a mountain in Great Britain.
 Mid 1927 onwards: Woodford-built Avro Avians joined the club. The LAC's fleet continued to be based at Woodford.
 1929: Aircraft were frequently detached to Manchester (Wythenshawe) Aerodrome for the convenience of locally resident members. 
 5 July 1930: Winifred Brown, a club member, won the King's Cup Air Race hosted at Barton Aerodrome, flying an Avro Avian biplane built at Woodford. 
 September 1939: The Second World War stopped club activities. The club's aircraft were stored in Avro's hangars at Woodford where the club was based until then.

Post-war operations

 1946: Avro asked the club to relocate elsewhere. The club moved to Barton Aerodrome. Flying training and aircraft rental was provided to members, initially using Auster Autocrat and De Havilland Tiger Moth aircraft. 
 2007: The club decided to leave Barton, due to terms being required by Peel Holdings that the Lancashire Aero Club's committee deemed to be unacceptable.
 July 2009: The club started operating from a single grass strip airfield at Kenyon Hall Farm, near Warrington, which it is hoped will become its new home if planning permission is granted.

References
Notes

Bibliography

 
  
  The Flightglobal Archive, of 'Flight Magazine' published 1925–1929, numerous issues, feature aviation and business news of John F Leeming, his wife, Lancashire Aero Club and his company, Northern Airlines (Manchester), Ltd.

External links
 Lancashire Aero Club 

Aviation organisations based in the United Kingdom
Flying clubs
Clubs and societies in Greater Manchester
1922 establishments in England
Organisations based in Salford
Footloose industry. Footloose industry refers to an industry that can be located at any place without effect from factors of production such as resources, land, labour, and capital. These industries do not have strong preferences for location as the necessary resources can be found in multiple locations, making them prone to relocation.

These industries typically incur fixed costs that are unaffected by the location of product assembly. Quaternary industries, such as software development, are also usually footloose as they are not bound by a supply of raw materials and can be operated anywhere with the technologies required.

Footloose industries are generally ones that do not produce products that experience large weight change during production and transportation. The production of honey serves as an example of this as the weight of the raw honey and wax is the same as the finishing product. Therefore, whether the honey is processed near the source of the raw materials or at the location of the final product demand, the transportation costs are the same.

References

Economic geography
World Tour Golf. World Tour Golf is a 1986 video game by Evan and Nicky Robinson, Paul Reiche III and published by Electronic Arts for Commodore 64, Amiga, Apple IIGS, and DOS.

Development

After completing Mail Order Monsters in 1985, developers and producers at EA were playing Nintendo Golf, and the Robinsons decided to create a golf game for DOS including a golf course editor.

Evan Robinson worked on the game and graphics code (which was adapted from code written by Dan Silva for an internal EA editor named Prism, which eventually became Deluxe Paint) for World Tour Golf, while Nicky Robinson created the editor and Paul Reiche acted as game designer and artist.  In 1986 it was unusual for a game to have more than one programmer, and this gave them an easy way to neatly subdivide the work.  It also allowed World Tour Golf to be a significantly larger game in scope than many contemporary titles.  The editor supported the accurate (for its day) re-creation of real golf courses, as well as comical courses that were made up of a series of islands, 270-degree doglegs, etc.  This followed in the spirit of Racing Destruction Set, which had been developed at EA the year before.

Reception
COMPUTE! called World Tour Golf "a great game for the novice and the expert". The game was reviewed in 1988 in Dragon #132 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 4½ out of 5 stars.

David M. Wilson and Johnny L. Wilson reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "IBM owners with CGA used to have to play with magenta trees and blue fairways, but a revision has corrected that aesthetic problem and supports EGA, as well. The EGA version still offers only the four best colors, however."

Reviews
Happy Computer (1987)
64'er (Mar, 1988)
Commodore User (Feb, 1988)
ST/Amiga Format (Sep, 1988)
Tilt (Oct, 1988)
The Games Machine (Sep, 1988)
ACE (Advanced Computer Entertainment) (Sep, 1988)
Info (Nov, 1988)
ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) (Mar, 1987)
Zzap! (Mar, 1988)
Zzap! (Oct, 1988)

References

External links 
 

1986 video games
Amiga games
Apple IIGS games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Electronic Arts games
Golf video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Monroe Epic. The Monroe EPIC was a programmable calculator that came on the market in the 1964. It consisted of a large desktop unit which attached to a floor-standing logic tower and was capable of being programmed to perform many computer-like functions. However, the only form of a branching instruction available was a hard-coded unconditional branch (GOTO) that always executed at program completion (the end of the operation stack) to return to the starting instruction of the program (looped back to the beginning of operation stack). This made the creation of conditional branching logic, such as IF-THEN-ELSE, impossible.

References

External links
Old Calculators Museum Images of the Monroe Epic
Old Calculators Museum Images of the Monroe Epic
Vintage Calculators Images of the Monroe Epic
Vintage Calculators Advertisements
EPIC 3000 at Dawn of Personal Electronic Calculators and Computers

Programmable calculators