omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thames Water Authority. The Thames Water Authority was a UK regional water authority created by the Water Act 1973 to consolidate water management in the river Thames catchment area. It was dissolved in 1989 due to the privatisation of the water industry.

Predecessors 

The bodies subsumed by the Thames Water Authority included the Metropolitan Water Board, the Thames Conservancy, the Lee Conservancy Catchment Board and parts of the Essex and Kent River authorities.  It also took over water and sewage responsibility from the following water suppliers in the Thames catchment:

 Colne Valley Water Company
 Cotswold Water Board
 Croydon Corporation
 East Surrey Water Company
 Epsom and Ewell Corporation
 Lee Valley Water Company
 Mid Southern Water Company
 Middle Thames Water Board
 Oxfordshire and District Water Board
 Rickmansworth and Uxbridge Valley Water Company
 South West Suburban Water Company
 Sutton District Water Company
 Swindon Corporation
 Thames Valley Water Board
 Watford Corporation
 West Surrey Water Board
 Woking and District Water Company

Dissolution 

In 1989 the Thames Water Authority was partly privatised, under the provisions of the Water Act 1989 with the water and sewage responsibilities transferring to the newly established publicly quoted company of Thames Water, and the regulatory, land drainage and navigation responsibilities transferring to the newly created National Rivers Authority which later became the Environment Agency.

References 

Water supply and sanitation in England
Defunct companies based in London
Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom
History of the River Thames
Former water company predecessors of Thames Water
Water management authorities in the United Kingdom
Public utilities established in 1974
1974 establishments in England
River Clywedog. The River Clywedog is a river in Wrexham County Borough, Wales. Its uses have been watering crops, powering industrial machinery but is now used as walking trails or geography trips. The river originates to the west of Wrexham, and joins the River Dee some four miles south east of the city.

Course of the river
The river Clywedog rises in the hills west of the village of Minera. After flowing through Minera it turns south-east, past Coedpoeth, Bersham and Rhostyllen and through the Erddig Country Park, then east, passing slightly to the south of Wrexham. There is a path along the entire river bank from Minera to Wrexham. After passing the Wrexham industrial estate, the river joins the River Dee near the English/Welsh border.

History

During the 18th and early 19th centuries there were 17 watermills along the river: fulling mills for preparing cloth, mills for grinding corn and malt, and paper mills. Large waterwheels powered the bellows blasting air into the iron furnaces at Bersham, and drove winding and pumping machinery in the lead mines.

The population grew dramatically as the Industrial Revolution drew workers to the Wrexham area, serving the rapidly developing coal mines, lead mines, limestone quarries, ironworks and lead smelting works. The fertile Clywedog flood plain had always provided rich pasture and corn; but, to meet the increased demand for food for the expanding work force, new corn mills were built and additional areas of woodland were cleared for growing crops. When steam power took over in the late 19th and 20th centuries, new industries no longer needed to be sited close to the river. New technology and cheap imports led to a gradual industrial decline in the area.

Today the Clywedog has returned to nature and is a place for wildlife, relaxation and walking. Several of the old buildings and surrounding land are now museums, visitor centres and riverside country parks: Minera Lead Mines, Nant Mill Visitor Centre and Picnic Area, Bersham Heritage Centre and Ironworks and Erddig.

There is now a 7-mile (11 km) trail along the river through a number of the old industrial sites. Known as the Clywedog Trail, its starts at the Minera Lead Mines and finishes at Kings Mills.

Clywedog
Tourist attractions in Wrexham County Borough
1Clywedog
Yashavant Kanetkar. Yashavant Kanetkar is an Indian computer science author, known for his books on programming languages. He has authored several books on C, C++, VC++, C#, .NET, DirectX and COM programming. He is also a speaker on various technology subjects and is a regular columnist for Express Computers and Developer 2.0. His best-known books include Let Us C, Understanding Pointers In C and Test Your C Skills.

He received the Microsoft Most Valuable Professional award for his work in programming from Microsoft for five consecutive years.

He obtained his B.E. from Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute and M.Tech from IIT Kanpur. He is the director of KICIT, a training company, and KSET. Both these companies are based in Nagpur.

Brief history
Yashavant originally specialized in mechanical engineering. He came to Delhi with the intention of starting a manufacturing business of making VIP suitcase locks. However, he was unable to receive a business loan from any banks. A bank manager told him about a computer scheme that the government had launched. For the benefits of the scheme, Yashavant decided to start a business in IT.

Bibliography (of selected books)
 ASP.NET Web Services ()
 Understanding Pointers in C()
 C Column Collection ()
 C Pearls ()
 C Projects ()
 C#.NET Fundas ()
 C++.Net Fundas ()
 C++. Net ()
 Data Structure Through C ()
 Data Structure Through C++ ()
 Direct X Game Programming Fundas ()
 Exploring C ()
 Go Embedded ()
 Graphics Under C ()
 Introduction To OOPS & C++ ()
 Interview Questions in C Programming
 Interview Questions in C++ Programming
 Java Servlets JSP ()
 Let Us C - 9th Ed. ()
 Let Us C Solutions - 9th Ed. ()
 Let Us C++ (, )
 Let Us Python - 2nd Ed. (, )
 Object Oriented Programming with C++ ()
 Programming Experience in BASIC ()
 Test Your C Skill - 2nd Ed. ()
 Test Your C++ Skill ()
 Test Your C#.NET Skills: Language Elements Pt. 1 ()
 Test Your Unix Skill ()
 Test Your VB.NET Skills- Part II- Technology Skills () 
 Understanding Pointers in C - 4th Ed. ()
 Undocumented DOS Through C ()
 Unix Shell Programming ()
 VC++ Gems ()
 VC++, COM And Beyond ()
 Visual C++ Programming ()
 Visual C++ Projects ()
 Working With C (For DOE - A & B Level) ()
 Writing TSR's Through C ()
 Writing Windows Device Drivers
 BPB Let US C (Hindi)
 Let Us C# (Covers C# 3.0)
 XML Fundas ()
 Let Us Java ()

External links
 Official website
 IIT Kanpur Alumni Association Page

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
IIT Kanpur alumni
Indian computer programmers
he is very honest man
Shenandoah Valley Governor's School. The Shenandoah Valley Governor's School is one of Virginia's 18 state-initiated magnet Governor's Schools.  It is a part-time school where 11th and 12th grade students take advanced classes in the morning (receiving their remaining classes from their home high school).

Curriculum
There are two curricula at SVGS:

The curriculum for the Math Science and Technology program includes the following college prep and dual enrollment classes: Research and Engineering, Robotics, Advanced Technology, Astrophysics, AP Computer Science, Pre Calculus, AP Calculus, DE Calculus, DE Discrete Mathematics, AP Statistics, DE Molecular Biology, AP Environmental Science, DE Environmental Chemistry, DE Physics, and AP Chemistry.

The curriculum for the Arts and Humanities program includes DE Acting I (through JMU), Acting II, DE Introduction to Theatre (through JMU), Advanced Dramatic Theories and Criticism, advanced art classes, DE Humanities 111/112, DE Communication, DE Psychology, and DE The Humanities in Western Culture (through BRCC).

Contributing schools 
 Buffalo Gap High School
 Fort Defiance High School
 Riverheads High School
 Staunton High School
 Stuarts Draft High School
 Waynesboro High School
 Wilson Memorial High School

Extracurricular activities 
Electric Vehicle Team
Robotics Team
Network Team
Envirothon Team
Outreach (with elementary and middle schoolers)

References

External links 
 Shenandoah Valley Governor's School

Public high schools in Virginia
Magnet schools in Virginia
Schools in Augusta County, Virginia
Educational institutions established in 1993
1993 establishments in Virginia
Uranium tetrafluoride. Uranium tetrafluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula UF4. It is a green solid  with an insignificant vapor pressure and low solubility in water. Uranium in its tetravalent (uranous) state is  important in various technological processes. In the uranium refining industry it is known as green salt.

Production
UF4 is prepared from UO2 in a fluidized bed by reaction with Hydrogen fluoride. The UO2 is derived from mining operations. Around 60,000 tonnes are prepared in this way annually. A common impurity is UO2F2. UF4 is susceptible to hydrolysis as well.

UF4 is formed by the reaction of UF6 with hydrogen gas in a vertical tube-type reactor.
The bulk density of UF4 varies from about 2.0 g/cm3 to about 4.5 g/cm3 depending on the production process and the properties of the starting uranium compounds.

A molten salt reactor design, a type of nuclear reactor where the working fluid is a molten salt, would use UF4 as the core material. UF4 is generally chosen over related compounds because of the usefulness of the elements without isotope separation, better neutron economy and moderating efficiency, lower vapor pressure and better chemical stability.

Reactions
Uranium tetrafluoride reacts stepwise with fluorine, first to give uranium pentafluoride and then volatile UF6:
2UF4  +  F2  →  2UF5
2UF5  +  F2  →  2UF6

UF4 is reduced by magnesium to give the metal:
UF4  +  2Mg  →  U  + 2MgF2

UF4 reacts slowly with moisture at ambient temperature, forming UO2 and HF.

Structure
Like most binary metal fluorides, UF4 is a dense highly crosslinked inorganic polymer.  As established by X-ray crystallography, the U centres are eight-coordinate with square antiprismatic coordination spheres. The fluoride centres are doubly bridging.

Safety
Like all uranium salts, UF4 is toxic and thus harmful by inhalation, ingestion, and through skin contact.

See also
 Praseodymium(IV) fluoride which has the same crystal structure

References of historical interest

References

External links
 

Uranium(IV) compounds
Nuclear materials
Fluorides
Actinide halides
Inorganic compounds
Evolution@Home. evolution@home was a volunteer computing project for evolutionary biology, launched in 2001. The aim of evolution@home is to improve understanding of evolutionary processes. This is achieved by simulating individual-based models. The Simulator005 module of evolution@home was designed to better predict the behaviour of Muller's ratchet.

The project was operated semi-automatically; participants had to manually download tasks from the webpage and submit results by email using this method of operation. yoyo@home used a BOINC wrapper to completely automate this project by automatically distributing tasks and collecting their results. Therefore, the BOINC version was a complete volunteer computing project. yoyo@home has declared its involvement in this project finished.

See also
Artificial life
Digital organism
Evolutionary computation
Folding@home
List of volunteer computing projects

References

 Science in society
Free science software
Volunteer computing projects
Digital organisms
Bioinformatics
List of computer size categories. This list of computer size categories attempts to list commonly used categories of computer by the physical size of the device and its chassis or case, in descending order of size. One generation's "supercomputer" is the next generation's "mainframe", and a "PDA" does not have the same set of functions as a "laptop", but the list still has value, as it provides a ranked categorization of devices. It also ranks some more obscure computer sizes. There are different sizes like minicomputers, microcomputers, mainframe computers and super computers.

Large 

These are mainly used for scientific calculations or simulations and processing big data with high precission.
 Mainframe computer  
 Supercomputer
 Minisupercomputer

Intermediate 
 Midrange computer
 Workstation
 Minicomputer
 Superminicomputer

Microcomputer 

This is a very broad categorization that includes computers with a single microprocessor as their central processing unit (CPU).
 Personal computer (PC) 
 Desktop computer—see computer form factor for some standardized sizes of desktop computers
 Full-size
 All-in-one 
 Compact
 Home theater
 Home computer

Mobile 

 Desktop replacement computer or desknote
 Laptop computer
 Notebook computer
 Subnotebook computer
 Tablet personal computer
 Handheld computers, which include the classes:
 Ultra-mobile personal computer, or UMPC
 Personal digital assistant or enterprise digital assistant, which include:
 HandheldPC or Palmtop computer
 Pocket personal computer
 Electronic organizer
 E-reader
 Pocket computer
 Calculator, which includes the class:
 Graphing calculator
 Scientific calculator
 Programmable calculator
 Accounting / Financial Calculator
 Handheld game console
 Portable media player
 Portable data terminal
 Handheld
 Smartphone, a class of mobile phone
 Feature phone
 Wearable computer
 Single-board computer
 Wireless sensor network components
 Plug computer
 Stick PC, a single-board computer in a small elongated casing resembling a stick
 Microcontroller
 Smartdust
 Nanocomputer

Others 

 Rackmount computer
 Blade server
 Blade PC
 Small form-factor PC (SFF, ITX, DTX.etc.)

See also 
 Classes of computers
 Form factor (design)

References 

 List of computer size categories
Computer size categories
Repast (modeling toolkit). The Recursive Porous Agent Simulation Toolkit (Repast) is a widely used free and open-source, cross-platform, agent-based modeling and simulation toolkit. Repast has multiple implementations in several languages  and built-in adaptive features, such as genetic algorithms and regression. 

Repast was originally developed by David Sallach, Nick Collier, Tom Howe, Michael North and others at the University of Chicago.

Features
 variety of agents and examples
 fully object oriented
 fully concurrent discrete event scheduler 
 built-in simulation results logging and graphing tools 
 allows users to dynamically access and modify agents and model at run time
 libraries for genetic algorithms, neural networks, etc.
 built-in systems dynamics modeling
 social network modeling tools
 integrated geographical information systems (GIS) support
 implemented in Java, C#, etc.
 supports Java, C#, Managed C++, Visual Basic.Net, Managed Lisp, Managed Prolog, and Python scripting, etc.
 is available on virtually all modern computing platforms

See also
Agent-based social simulation
NetLogo
Sugarscape
Swarm

References
"Agent'97 Repast", agent2002.anl.gov.

External links
Repast homepage
Repast Self-Study Guide

Agent-based software
Refuse Act. The Refuse Act is a United States federal statute governing use of waterways.  The Act, a section of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, prohibited "dumping of refuse" into navigable waters, except by permit.

Implementation history
The Army Corps of Engineers administered the Act and initially focused on controlling debris that obstructed navigation.

Pollution control litigation in the 1960s
In the 1960s, due to increasing public and governmental concern about water pollution, the federal government began to use the Act to control pollution. The government pursued court cases to prosecute dischargers of industrial waste to waterways. Notable cases include United States v. Republic Steel Corp. (1960)  and U.S. v. Standard Oil Co. (1966).

1970 Discharge permit program
Congress had enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) in 1948 to address water pollution problems, but this law gave the government limited enforcement authority. The Department of Interior, which administered the FWPCA (prior to 1972), developed a policy with the Department of Justice and the Army Corps of Engineers to use the Refuse Act as an enforcement tool, to complement the FWPCA. In 1970 President Richard Nixon issued an Executive Order creating a new permit program under the Refuse Act. The focus of the new permit program was on industrial pollution.

The Corps of Engineers began to issue the new discharge permits, but in 1971 a legal challenge halted the program.

1972 FWPCA Amendments
Congress enacted major amendments to the FWPCA in 1972. (See Clean Water Act.) Included in the legislation was a new discharge permit program, called the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), which replaced the Refuse Act permit program. The amendments assigned lead responsibility for implementation of NPDES to the newly formed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Congress did not repeal the Refuse Act. The law is still used by the Corps of Engineers to prevent obstructions to navigation. In some pollution enforcement cases, the federal government has used it as a supplemental authority along with the FWPCA.

References

United States federal environmental legislation
Water pollution in the United States
1899 in the environment
1899 in American law
Cumana (company). Cumana, based in Guildford, England, was a manufacturer of computer peripherals including disc drives for Acorn, BBC Micro, Amiga, and Oric computers.

Cumana entered receivership in 1995, eventually emerging from receivership at the end of 1995 through the acquisition of the company's designs and brand name by Economatics, who did not take on any of the company's liabilities or pre-receivership obligations with regard to orders or guarantees, although the new owner indicated a willingness to honour warranties. Five employees from Cumana joined Economatics in the transaction. Cumana's electronics assembly facilities were acquired by Kenure Developments Ltd (KDL). Cumana was subsequently acquired from Economatics by educational hardware and software supplier Cannon Computing in late 1997.

References

External links
 
 "Cumana - request for information" thread on comp.sys.acorn.networking
 "Cumana RIP?" thread, ibid.
 KDL history

Companies based in Guildford
Defunct companies based in Surrey
Defunct computer companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct computer hardware companies
Science and technology in Surrey
Transversal. Transversal may refer to:
 Transversal (combinatorics), a set containing exactly one member of each of several other sets
 Transversal (geometry), a line that intersects two or more lines at different points
 Transversal (instrument making), a technique for subdividing graduations
 Transversal Corporation, a software company
 Transversal plane, a geometric concept
 Transversal, relating to the transverse plane in anatomy

See also
 Transverse (disambiguation)
 Transversality (disambiguation)
NBIC. NBIC may refer to:

 Acronym for the fields of Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information technology and Cognitive science
 Namibia Business Innovation Center (see Namibia University of Science and Technology)
 NanKang Biotech Incubation Center, a biotech business incubator in Taipei, Taiwan
 Nano/Bio Interface Center, University of Pennsylvania
 National Board Inspection Code (see National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors)
 Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre
John D. Silva. John D. Silva (1920-2012) was the chief engineer for KTLA-TV in Los Angeles, California and is most famous for inventing the first telecopter, or a helicopter fitted with a TV camera in 1958.

John D. Silva was born in San Diego, California  on February 20, 1920 and studied engineering at Stanford University. In 1942 he joined the Navy as a radar operator and was among the 91 wounded when the destroyer Shea was attacked by Japanese bombers during World War II. After the war, he moved to Los Angeles to join Paramount Pictures, which at the time was operating an experimental TV station, W6XYZ, later to become KTLA-TV. He was KTLA’s chief engineer for 21 years and was where he invented the telecopter.

Silva began designing and building an aerial broadcasting studio with a rented Bell Helicopter in a North Hollywood backyard in secret so as not to alert other TV stations. KTLA spent $40,000 on broadcasting equipment for the helicopter. Silva also configured the equipment to weigh a mere 368 pounds rather than its usual 2,000 pounds so that the helicopter would be able to take off. He later won an Emmy in 1974 for his invention as well as over 40 national and local awards for his live coverage of various events.

In 1978 Silva left KTLA to become an electronics design consultant.

Silva died of complications of pneumonia on November 27, 2012, in Camarillo, California, at age 92.

References

1920 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American engineers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Emmy Award winners
Paramount Pictures
People from Camarillo, California
Engineers from Los Angeles
People from San Diego
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
American people of Portuguese descent
Autobrake. An autobrake is a type of automatic wheel-based hydraulic brake system for advanced airplanes. The autobrake is normally enabled during takeoff and landing procedures, when the aircraft's longitudinal deceleration system can be handled by the automated systems of the aircraft itself in order to keep the pilot free to perform other tasks.

Landing
While landing, the autobrake can help to free up the pilot to allow monitoring other systems (such as the execution of the landing flare). There are usually several settings for the rate of deceleration. The selection of these settings are normally undertaken on the aircraft instrument panel before landing. Aircraft have multiple autobrake settings, with higher settings providing more aggressive braking forces. These are set based on factors such as runway length or desired exit point from the runway.

When the landing feature of the autobrake is engaged, the aircraft automatically engages pressurized wheel braking upon touchdown to the landing surface. During the roll out, application of the brake pedals transfers control back to the pilot.

One of the main advantages of engaging the autobrake as opposed to manually pressing on brake pedals is the uniform deceleration mechanism of the autobrake. The aircraft automatically decelerates at the selected level regardless of other factors, such as aircraft drag and other deceleration methods such as deployment of thrust reversers or spoilers.

Rejected takeoff 
While taking off, the aircraft's autobrake can be set to the rejected takeoff mode, commonly indicated on an aircraft instrument panel as RTO. In case of the Airbus A300-600 and A320 family models, "MAX" mode is set. In RTO setting, the aircraft monitors certain variables, depending on the autobrake model. Most autobrakes engage RTO braking if the pilot returns the throttle to the "idle" position, or if reverse thrust is engaged. Other autobrake systems may monitor critical flight controls for failures.

References

Aircraft undercarriage
Aircraft controls