omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
William A. Pailes. William Arthur Pailes (Colonel, USAF) (born June 26, 1952) is a former USAF astronaut in the Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program during the mid-1980s.  He served as a payload specialist on STS-51-J Atlantis (October 3–7, 1985).

Personal
Pailes was born in Hackensack, New Jersey, but considers Kinnelon, New Jersey, to be his hometown. He is married and is a former deacon and treasurer of his church in El Segundo, California. He has retired from teaching the AFJROTC Program at Temple High School in Temple, Texas. He was the senior aerospace science instructor until August 2018.

Education

Pailes graduated from Kinnelon High School in Kinnelon, New Jersey, in 1970. He then received his Bachelor of Science degree in computer science at the USAF Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado, four years later.

From 1974 to 1975 he attended pilot training at the Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, where he trained as a HC-130 rescue pilot in the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service. In 1978, he attended the Squadron Officer School.

Pailes received his Master of Science degree in computer science at Texas A&M University in 1981.

Experience

He was an HC-130 pilot in Air Force Rescue from December 1975 to July 1980 in McClellan Air Force Base, California, and Royal Air Force Base, Woodbridge, England. He was then manager, minicomputer operating systems software development, from January 1982 to December 1982 at Headquarters Military Airlift Command, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. He was a manned spaceflight engineer from January 1983 at USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineering Program, Los Angeles Air Force Station, California.

From August 2002 to 2011 he was the instructor of the AFJROTC Program, Corsicana, Texas, as a JROTC senior aerospace science instructor. From August 2011 to 2019, he was the instructor of the AFJROTC Program, Temple, Texas, as a JROTC senior aerospace science instructor.

He now lives in Missouri.

Spaceflight experience
Colonel Pailes flew as a payload specialist on STS-51-J Atlantis (October 3–7, 1985) which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California. STS-51-J was the second Space Shuttle Department of Defense mission. It was also the maiden voyage of the Atlantis orbiter. Pailes traveled over 1.6 million miles in 64 Earth orbits and logged more than 97 hours in space.

External links
Spacefacts biography of William A. Pailes

References

1952 births
Living people
Kinnelon High School alumni
People from Hackensack, New Jersey
People from Kinnelon, New Jersey
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force officers
People from St. Clair County, Illinois
Texas A&M University alumni
United States Air Force astronauts
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Military personnel from Illinois
Military personnel from New Jersey
Aleksandr Poleshchuk. Aleksandr Fyodorovich Poleshchuk (, born October 30, 1953) is a former Russian cosmonaut.

Biography 
Born in Cheremkhovo, Irkutsk region, he graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1977 with a mechanical engineering diploma. He then joined RSC Energia as a test engineer, where he was occupied with perfecting repair and assembly techniques performed during space flights. He has extensive experience in test work under simulated weightlessness conditions. In February 1989 he was selected as a test cosmonaut candidate (1989 Cosmonaut Candidates Class, Group 14, Civil Specialists). From September 1989 to January 1991 he underwent the complete course of general space training and was qualified as a test cosmonaut, and then until March 1992 he undertook advanced training for the Soyuz-TM transport vehicle and Mir station flight.

In 1992 he was selected as the backup flight engineer of the Soyuz TM-15 joint Russian-French mission, and consequently nominated as the flight engineer of the prime crew of Soyuz TM-16. In space from January 24 to July 22, 1993, he participated in a 179-day space flight with Gennady Manakov. During the flight he performed two EVAs totaling 9 hours and 58 minutes. Also testing of the androgynous peripheral docking subassembly of the Kristall module was performed.

October 1994 to March 1995 he trained as back-up flight engineer for the Soyuz TM-21 transport vehicle and Mir Station 18th primary expedition flights.

Poleshchuk is married and has one daughter.

See also
List of Heroes of the Russian Federation

External links 
Biography at NASA

1953 births
Living people
Heroes of the Russian Federation
Russian Air Force officers
Russian cosmonauts
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Spacewalkers
Mir crew members
Stinger (disambiguation). A stinger is an organ or body part found in various animals, typically arthropods, that usually delivers some kind of venom

Stinger may also refer to:

Military and transport
 A type of military camouflage with a primarily yellow base
 A brand of radar detector/LIDAR detector
 Operation Stinger, a military operation during the Croatian War of Independence

Aircraft
 The AC-119K version of Fairchild AC-119 gunship was nicknamed Stinger
Preceptor Stinger, an American single-seat parasol-wing ultralight design
Rans S-17 Stinger, an American single-seat ultralight design
Rans S-18 Stinger II, an American two-seat ultralight design
Williams W-17 Stinger, an American racing aircraft design

Automobiles
 Kia Stinger, a sport sedan
 Pacer Stinger, a 1976 show car by American Motors
 Stinger (law enforcement), a bait car system developed by BSM Wireless
 Police slang for a spike strip, a device used in pursuits to deflate vehicle tires

Ships
 , a United States Navy patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1919
 Stinger, an extension over board the stern of an offshore pipe lay barge used to provide additional support at the over bend of an S-lay during offshore construction

Weapons
 FIM-92 Stinger, a surface-to-air missile
 Air-to-Air Stinger, derived from the FIM-92
 M2 Stinger, a USMC field modification of the .30 AN/M2 Browning machine gun variant
 Stinger grenade or sting grenade, a type of hand grenade
 Stinger round, a type of specialty ammunition for shotguns
 Stinger, a series of airsoft guns manufactured by Crosman

Sports
Edmonton Stingers, a professional basketball team in Canada
Salt Lake Stingers, former name of the Salt Lake Bees Minor League Baseball team
 "Stinger", a nickname for American professional wrestler Steve Borden aka Sting
 Stinger, is a mascot name for teams such as the Columbus Blue Jackets and Baldwin Wallace University

Entertainment
 Stinger (comics), any of several comic book characters named Stinger
 Stinger, a 1988 science fiction horror novel by Robert R. McCammon
 Stingers (TV series) (1998–2004)   Australian police drama television series
 Stinger (radio), a short sound clip used to divide sections of a radio program or podcast, also known as a sounder
 Stinger (filmmaking), film industry slang for a post-credits scene
 Stinger (arcade game), a 1983 arcade shoot 'em up by Seibu Denshi
 Moero TwinBee: Cinnamon-hakase o Sukue!, a 1986 Family Computer game that was released in 1987 for the Nintendo Entertainment System under the title of Stinger
 Stinger (Dorney Park), a defunct roller coaster in Allentown, Pennsylvania, US
 Stinger, a final note used at the end of some American march music
 Stinger Guitars, made by C. F. Martin & Company
 The Stinger (album)

Other
 Stinger (cocktail), a drink composed of brandy and white creme de menthe
 Stinger (sculpture), an outdoor work by Tony Smith in Seattle, Washington, US
 Stinger (medicine), a minor neurological injury suffered by athletes
 Stinger, the conductor with higher voltage to neutral than the other two conductors in a high-leg delta three-phase electric power system

See also
 Sting (disambiguation)
 Stung (disambiguation)
Tint (disambiguation). In color theory, a tint is the mixture of a color with white. Tint or TINT may also refer to:
 Tint (magazine), a women's magazine from Detroit, Michigan
 T.I.N.T. (mixtape), a mixtape by Efya
 Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology
 Tint (name)
 "Tints" (song), 2018 single by Anderson .Paak

See also
 Brick tinting, the process of physically changing the color of bricks
 Film tinting, the process of adding color to black-and-white film
 Tint control, an adjustment to correct for phase error in the picture color on a NTSC television set
 Tinted windows or window film, a treatment to achieve a variety of tinting effects in windows
David Bates (physicist). Sir David Robert Bates  (18 November 1916 – 5 January 1994) was a Northern Irish mathematician and physicist.

Born in Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland, he moved to Belfast with his family in 1925, attending the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. He enrolled with the Queen's University of Belfast in 1934. In 1939 he became a research student under Harrie Massey.

During the Second World War he worked at the Admiralty Mining Establishment where he developed methods of protecting ships from magnetically activated mines.

Working at University College London from 1945 until 1951, he then returned once more to the Queen's University, Belfast where he founded the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. Although he officially retired in 1982 he continued to work in the department as an emeritus professor until his death.

His contributions to science include seminal works on atmospheric physics, molecular physics and the chemistry of interstellar clouds. He was knighted in 1978 for his services to science, was a Fellow of the Royal Society and vice-president of the Royal Irish Academy. In 1970 he won the Hughes Medal. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974.

Bates was a lifelong advocate of peace and a non-sectarian Northern Ireland. He was a founding member of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland.  He was married to Barbara Morris in 1956 and they had two children.

The Mathematics Building at Queens University Belfast, is named after him.

Two scientific awards have been created in his honour; the David Bates Medal of the European Geophysical Society is awarded yearly for outstanding contributions to planetary and solar system science, and the Institute of Physics have the David Bates Prize, awarded in even dated years, for distinguished achievement in atomic, molecular, optical and plasma physics.

See also 
 Alexander Dalgarno
 Atomic physics
 Molecular physics

References

External links 
 Dept of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, QUB
 AMOP Group at University College London 
 Biography by EGU

1916 births
1994 deaths
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Academics of University College London
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Knights Bachelor
People from Omagh
20th-century physicists from Northern Ireland
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Admiralty personnel of World War II
Scientists from County Tyrone
20th-century mathematicians from Northern Ireland
Styrophone. A styrophone is an acoustic device made from expanded polystyrene foam (often referred to by the genericized trademark Styrofoam).  There are at least two varieties:

 an acoustic musical instrument 
 a type of loudspeaker

Musical instrument

The musical Styrophone is a type of friction idiophone created by Robert Rutman in the 1990s as a parody of his well-known sheetmetal instrument, the Bow Chimes. It consists of a foam box from which protrude a series of thin brass rods played with a violin bow. Rutman's ensemble would build the impromptu instruments prior to a performance, and then destroy them through the process of their use. Other versions have been created with wooden sticks used in place of metal.

Styrophone loudspeaker

An inexpensive alternative to heavy-duty amplification systems, the Styrophone loudspeaker is usually of a cheap homemade variety that consists of a crystal earpiece attached to a cone made from a foam cup or sections of packing material.

References

Idiophones
Sylver vertical launching system. The Sylver (système de lancement vertical) is a vertical launching system (VLS) designed by DCNS and introduced in 2001.

Specifications

The basic unit of Sylver VLS is an eight-cell module fitted with two rows of 56 cm missile cells surrounding the uptake for exhaust gas, and the specifications for different models are as follows:

 

The launcher comes in several variants, each distinguished by their height. A-35 and A-43 were developed for launching short range surface-to-air missiles, the A-50 for the long-range PAAMS air defense system, and the A-70 launcher for longer missiles such as the MdCN naval land attack cruise missile. The numbers refer to the approximate length of the missile which can be accommodated, in decimetres, i.e. the A-43 can hold missiles which are up to  long whilst the A-70 can accommodate missiles up to  long.

The launchers come in eight-cell modules, except A-35 available in four-cell modules, with each eight-cell module occupying  of deck space. Inner size cell is  long and  wide, and each cell has its own exhaust vent. Crotale NG (VT1) missiles can be quad-packed in one cell.

The primary application of the launcher has been the Aster. The Sylver, together with the Aster, is the primary component of the PAAMS naval anti-air warfare system. Using PAAMS, up to eight missiles can be launched in 10 seconds.

France has developed a sea-based deep strike cruise missile capable of being launched from the Sylver. Called the MdCN, the missile gives the French Navy a land-attack capability in the mould of the U.S. Tomahawk.

Usage

Future users

 2 x 8 Sylver VLS A50 will be used on Italian Navy FREMM EVO class, two planned in 2023 for commissioning begin 2029
 6 x 8 Sylver VLS A50 and 4 x 8 Sylver VLS A70 will be used on Italian Navy DDX class, two financed since 2021 for commissioning begin 2029
 2 x 8 Sylver VLS A50 will be used on Italian Navy EPC / MMPC class, financed since 2022 for commissioning begin 2030

 4 x 8 Sylver A50 will be used by the Hellenic Navy on each of the three FDI HN frigates for MBDA Aster 30 missiles

 Sylver VLS A35 will be used by Royal Malaysian Navy on s

 Sylver VLS A50 will be used on Qatari Emiri Navy vessels (1 x 8 on one LPD and 2 x 8 on four frigates), ordered on 16 June 2016 to Fincantieri for commissioning begin 2022

See also
 GJB 5860-2006 - A vertical launching system of People's Liberation Army Navy.
 K-VLS - A vertical launching system of Republic of Korea Navy.
 Mark 41 Vertical Launching System - A vertical launching system of United States Navy.
 Poliment-Redut - A vertical launching system of Russian Navy, navalized version of S-350.
 3S-14 - A vertical launching system of Russian Navy for cruise, anti-ship and anti-submarine missiles.

References

External links
 Official DCNS website
 Naval Institute Guide re: quad-packing Crotale VT-1s.

French Navy technology
Ship-based missile launchers
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s

Vertical launch systems
TFR. TFR may refer to:

Military 
 Task Force Ranger, the U.S. military task force deployed to Somalia in 1993 during Operation Gothic Serpent
 Operation TFR, the U.S. military operation that became the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu

Science and engineering 
 Total fertility rate
 Transferrin receptor (TfR)
 Time–frequency representation of a signal
 Tokamak de Fontenay aux Roses, 1970s tokamak in France

Transportation
 Isuzu Faster, truck named Isuzu TFR in Thailand
 Temporary flight restriction, U.S.
 Terrain-following radar, for military aircraft
 Transnet Freight Rail, a South African rail transport company

Other 
 Texans for Fiscal Responsibility, a U.S. nonprofit for political advocacy of lower spending and lower taxes
 Thrift Financial Report, a required report from financial institutions in the U.S.
 Teribe language (ISO 639 code tfr)

See also
TAUM system. TAUM (Traduction Automatique à l'Université de Montréal) is the name of a research group which was set up at the Université de Montréal in 1965. Most of its research was done between 1968 and 1980. 

It gave birth to the TAUM-73 and TAUM-METEO machine translation prototypes, using the Q-Systems programming language created by Alain Colmerauer, which were among the first attempts to perform automatic translation through linguistic analysis. The prototypes were never used in actual production.

The TAUM-METEO name has been erroneously used for many years to designate the METEO System subsequently developed by John Chandioux.

External links 
 www.chin.gc.ca, Canadian Heritage Information Network, CHIN, 2003 

Computational linguistics
Machine translation
Symbol level. In knowledge-based systems, agents choose actions based on the principle of rationality to move closer to a desired goal.  The agent is able to make decisions based on knowledge it has about the world (see knowledge level).  But for the agent to actually change its state, it must use whatever means it has available.  This level of description for the agent's behavior is the symbol level. The term was coined by Allen Newell in 1982.

For example, in a computer program, the knowledge level consists of the information contained in its data structures that it uses to perform certain actions. The symbol level consists of the program's algorithms, the data structures themselves, and so on.

See also
Knowledge level modeling

References

Artificial intelligence
List of survey vessels of the Royal Navy. 

Active ships

Antarctic patrol vessel
  (2011–) which carries the survey motor boat (SMB) James Caird IV.

Ocean survey vessels
  (1997–)

Coastal survey vessels
 Survey Motor Launch
  (2018–)

Decommissioned ships

Antarctic patrol vessels
  (1955–70)
  (1968–91)
  (1991–2008)

Ocean survey vessels
 
  (1964–97)
  (1965–90)
  (1966–86)
  (1974–2001)

Coastal survey vessels
 
  (1968–2002)
  (1968–2001)
  (1968–91)
  (1968–89)
  (1986–2010)
 Echo-class multi–purpose survey vessels
  (2003–2022) which carries SMB Sapphire. 
  (2003–2023) which carries SMB Spitfire.

Inshore survey vessels
 
  (1958–85)
  (1959–85)
  (1959–85)
 
 HMS Waterwitch (ex–HMS Powderham) (1964–86)
 HMS Woodlark (ex–HMS Yaxham) (1964–86)
 
 HMS Mermaid (ex–HMS Sullington) (1964–68)
 HMS Myrmidon (ex–HMS Edderton) (1964–68)

Survey Motor Launches (SML)
 SML 2
 SML 4
 SML 6
 SML 322
 SML 323
 SML 324
 SML 325
 SML 326
  (ex–HDML 1301) (1945–1966)
  (ex–HDML 1387) (1952–1965)
  (1983–2018)

Earlier survey vessels 
  (1666–1698), the Navy's first hydrographic survey vessel
  (1839–65)
  (1867–88)
 
   (1906–14, 1920–24)
  (1913–42)
  (1918–19)
  (1932–53)
  (1939–45)
  (1954–71)
 
  (1920–35)
  (1920–38)
  (1920–38)
  (1920–38)
 
  (1923–31)
 HMS Herald (ex–HMS Merry Hampton) (1924–39)
  (1924–36)
 
  (1936–39)
 
  (1938)
  (1938)
 
  (1938–52)
  (1938–39)
  (1938–39)
  (1939–64)
  (1946–50)
  (1946–62) – renamed HMS Shackleton, 1955
 
  (1948–68)
  (1949–65)
  (1950–64)
  (1950–66)

References

 

Lists of Royal Navy ships by type
 List
Ronald W. Schafer. Ronald W. Schafer (born February 17, 1938) is an American electrical engineer notable for his contributions to digital signal processing.

After receiving his Ph.D. degree at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1968, he joined the Acoustics Research Department at Bell Laboratories, where he did research on digital signal processing and digital speech coding. In 1974 he joined the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he became a professor in electrical engineering, until leaving to join Hewlett-Packard in March 2005.

He has served as associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing and as vice-president and president of the IEEE Signal Processing Society. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America. He is also a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1994 for research, teaching, and leadership in signal processing.

He has received the IEEE Region 3 Outstanding Engineer Award, the 1980 IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award, the Distinguished Professor Award at the Georgia Institute of Technology, the 1992 IEEE Education Medal and the 2010 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal.

Books 
 Digital Signal Processing, A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, Prentice Hall, 1975
 Digital Processing of Speech Signals, L. Rabiner, R. W. Schafer, Pearson Education, 1978.
 Discrete-Time Signal Processing, A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, Pearson, 2010.
 Computer-Based Exercises for Signal Processing Using MATLAB, J. H. McClellan, C. S. Burrus, A. V. Oppenheim, T. W. Parks, R. W. Schafer, H. W. Schuessler, Prentice Hall, 1998
 DSP First: A Multimedia Approach J. H. McClellan, R. W. Schafer, M. A. Yoder, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998.
 Signal Processing First J. H. McClellan, R. W. Schafer, M. A. Yoder, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2003.

References

External links 
 Hewlett-Packard press release on HP Fellow Ronald Schafer
 Publications from Google Scholar

1938 births
Living people
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Georgia Tech faculty
Scientists at Bell Labs
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America
Speech processing researchers
People from Tecumseh, Nebraska
Fly!. Fly! is a flight simulator video game for Windows and Macintosh developed by Terminal Reality and published by Gathering of Developers.

Gameplay

It includes simulation of air traffic control features as well as aircraft's on-board systems, and was acclaimed for its highly detailed fully working interactive cockpits. Featured aircraft are fixed-wing light to medium aircraft. An enhanced version, Fly! 2K, and add-on, Wilco's 737 for Fly!, were released in 2000. Fly! 2K added user-created add-ons, enhanced graphics, real world and real-time weather generation via the ability to import METAR reports from NOAA, and support for Roger Wilco. The improvements were made available for owners of the original Fly! via a free patch. Another version titled Fly! 2K: German Edition was released in early 2001. It added Ruhr area to the game. It is intended to replace the Fly! 2 main program (exe) and remain fully compatible with previous versions, scenery, aircraft, etc. The first publicly available version was released in 2010.

Development
The game was in development for more than three years. It was developed by a team of 20 people.

Reception

Fly! and Fly! 2K received mixed or average reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. It sold 93,000 units by October 2001.

Sequel
Fly! II is a sequel to Fly! released on April 26, 2001 for Windows and Macintosh. Macintosh version was distributed by MacSoft. Said sequel and Fly! 2K sold combined 47,000 units by October 2001.

Reception

Danny Atkin for Computer Gaming World said "Fly! II is this year's poster child for programs shoved out the door before completion–publisher Gathering of Developers not only shipped FLY! II with bugs and missing features, it even left out most of the manual. The shame of it all is that the finished parts are quite good, and developer Terminal Reality has been very quick to post patches and missing terrain data."

See also
Flight Unlimited III
Microsoft Flight Simulator 2000
Microsoft Flight Simulator 2002
X-Plane

References

External links 
Official Fly! II website (archived)
Fly! at Terminal Reality (archived)
Fly! II at Terminal Reality (archived)
Fly at Gathering of Developers (archived)
Fly! II at Gathering of Developers (archived)

1999 video games
General flight simulators
Classic Mac OS games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Take-Two Interactive franchises
Flight simulation video games
Gathering of Developers games
Terminal Reality games
Single-player video games