omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aarne Haapakoski. Aarne Haapakoski (1904–1961) was a Finnish pulp writer. He is known for a detective fiction series about architect/detective Klaus Karma and a science fiction series about a robot named Atorox. Both series were written under the pseudonym Outsider. The Atorox Award for Finnish science fiction is named after Atorox.

References

1904 births
1961 deaths
People from Pieksämäki
People from Mikkeli Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Writers from South Savo
Finnish mystery writers
Finnish science fiction writers
Burials at the English Cemetery, Málaga
Sparkle (software). Sparkle is an open-source software framework for macOS designed to simplify updating software for the end user of a program. Sparkle's primary means of distributing updates is through "appcasting," a term coined for the practice of using an RSS enclosure to distribute updates and release notes.

History
Sparkle 0.1 (beta) was released in January 2006 by Andy Matuschak to provide apps "instant self-update" functionality, which very few applications had at the time.

In August 2009, Sparkle added support for delta updates for installing smaller and faster incremental updates. This was first used to update WebKit's nightly builds.

In 2016, Radek discovered a man-in-the-middle attack vulnerability in applications that use Sparkle to receive updates through an unencrypted channel.

References

External links

 Sparkle homepage
 Sparkle development page at GitHub
 Sparkle at MacUpdate

MacOS programming tools
Patch utilities
Software using the MIT license
Engineering College (English specialist school). Engineering Colleges were introduced in 2002 as part of the Specialist Schools Programme in England. The system enabled secondary schools to specialise in certain fields, in this case engineering. Schools that successfully applied to the Specialist Schools Trust and became Engineering Colleges received extra funding for teaching from this joint private sector and government scheme. Engineering Colleges act as a local point of reference for other schools and businesses in the area. Schools can currently become Engineering Colleges through the Dedicated Schools Grant or by becoming an academy. This is because the Specialist Schools Programme has been defunct since 2011.

List of specialist engineering colleges

References

External links
Specialist Schools Trust

2002 in education
2002 introductions
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Specialist schools programme

hi:इंजीनियरी महाविद्यालय
ta:பொறியியல் மற்றும் தொழிநுட்பவியல் கல்லூரி
Steel fence post. A steel fence post, also called (depending on design or country) a T-post, a Y-post, or variants on star post, is a type of fence post or picket.  They are made of steel and are sometimes manufactured using durable rail steel.  They can be used to support various types of wire or wire mesh.  The end view of the post creates an obvious T, Y, or other shape.  The posts are driven into the ground with a manual or pneumatic post pounder.  All along the post, along the spine, there are studs or nubs that prevent the barbed wire or mesh from sliding up or down the post.  They are generally designated as 1.01, 1.25 or 1.33, referring to the weight in pounds per lineal foot. They are commonly painted with a white tip on top; white improves the visibility of the fence line. When driving the post with a post pounder the white top paint is a visual means to ensure the user doesn’t raise the pounder too high while pounding.  Raising the pounder too high allows it to lean towards the user and could lean to striking them in the head.    

While T-Posts are more common in the United States, Y-posts are more common in Australia and New Zealand where they are sometimes called either star pickets or "Waratahs", after the company which registered a patent for them in 1926.  In New Zealand  Waratahs are often used for trail blazing.

In areas (such as the British Isles) where treated timber is relatively inexpensive, wooden fence-posts are used and steel ones are unusual for agricultural purposes.  In the British Isles steel posts are however often used for fencing into solid rock.  In this case a hole is drilled into the rock, and the post is fixed using cement or epoxy.
In Australia these are normally called a star picket and sizing is by length, normally one notch on the top and holes down the length. They are often covered in a black bituminous coating.

See also
Agricultural fencing
 Stanchion

References

Building materials
Metal fences
Fence
Steel objects
Corona poling. Corona poling is a technique in optoelectronics.  

Corona discharge is a partial breakdown of air, usually at atmospheric pressure, and is initiated by a discharge in an inhomogeneous electric field (see Figure 1). Corona discharge has been used to pole films of electro-optic materials to enhance their electro-optic properties.

Although corona poling can be performed at room temperature, poling at elevated temperature has several advantages. For example, raising the temperature in a polymer guest-host system close to its glass-rubber transition temperature before poling increases the mobility of the guest molecules and allows rotation to occur during poling. If during poling the temperature is lowered well below the transition temperature, the guest molecules are fixed in their new orientation.

References

Optoelectronics
Sill plate. A sill plate or sole plate in construction and architecture is the bottom horizontal member of a wall or building to which vertical members are attached. The word "plate" is typically omitted in America and carpenters speak simply of the "sill". Other names are rat sill, ground plate, ground sill, groundsel, night plate, and midnight sill.

Sill plates are usually composed of lumber but can be any material. The timber at the top of a wall is often called a top plate, pole plate, mudsill, wall plate or simply "the plate".

Timber sills

In historic buildings the sills were almost always large, solid timbers framed together at the corners, carry the bents, and are set on the stone or brick foundation walls, piers, or piles (wood posts driven or set into the ground). The sill typically carries the wall framing (posts and studs) and floor joists.

There are rare examples of historic buildings in the U.S. where the floor joists land on the foundation and a plank sill or timber sill sit on top of the joists. Another rare, historic building technique is for the posts of a timber-frame building to land directly on a foundation or in the ground and the sills fit between the posts and are called interrupted sills.

Stick framing
In modern wood construction, sills usually come in sizes of 2×4, 2×6, 2×8, and 2×10. In stick framing, the sill is made of treated lumber, and is anchored to the foundation wall, often with J-bolts, to keep the building from coming off the foundation during a severe storm or earthquake. Building codes require that the bottom of the sill plate be kept 6 to 8 inches above the finished grade, to hinder termites, and to prevent the sill plate from rotting.

Automobiles
In automobiles, the sill plate is located underneath the door and sometimes displays the make or model of the vehicle.

Naval architecture
In naval architecture, sill also refers to the lower horizontal plate (frame) height, above which doors and access opening are fixed.

References

 Burrows, John (2005). Canadian Wood-Frame House Construction. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, .

External links
 US Coast Guard Load Line Technical Manual 

Building engineering
Structural system
Woodworking
Architectural elements
Carpentry
Sled kite. The sled kite was invented and patented by the American William Allison in the 1950s. This kite helped pave the way for a class of kites known as "semi-rigid."

Allison's kite has only vertical spars. The wind pressure curves the single sheet of material between the spars into a semicircle. The positioning of the two horizontal wingtip bridle attachments acts in the same manner as a vertical bridle on a structured kite, guiding the kite's attitude to the wind.

The delay in the issuing of the patent was due to the title “Flexible Kite”. The Patent Office's concern was that Allison's design might infringe on Rogallo's recently issued flexible wing patent.

References

Kites
Avro Bison. The Avro 555 Bison  was a British single-engined fleet spotter/reconnaissance aircraft built by Avro.

Development and design
The Bison was designed to meet British Specification 3/21 for a carrier-based fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft. An order for three prototypes was placed in October 1921, along with three of the competing design from Blackburn Aircraft, the Blackburn Blackburn. Avro's design, the Type 555 Bison, was a two-bay biplane, powered, like the Blackburn, by a Napier Lion engine. The deep slab-sided fuselage was constructed from steel tubing, with the pilot sitting in an open cockpit forward of the wings, and the engine cowling sloping steeply down ahead of the pilot.  An enclosed cabin with large rectangular windows on each side housed the navigator and radio operator and all their equipment, with sufficient headroom to stand upright, while a cockpit for a gunner armed with a Lewis gun on a Scarff ring was provided in the rear fuselage.  The upper wings were mounted directly on the top of the fuselage.

The first  prototype flew in 1921, with an order for 12 Bison Is following. The aircraft had handling problems, however, caused by interference of the pilots cockpit with the airflow over the upper wing. This was resolved by revising the wing design of the second prototype, raising the centre section of the upper wing by 2 ft (0.6 m) and removing dihedral from the upper wings, flying in this form in April 1923. Further production orders followed with these modifications incorporated as the Bison II, while some Bison Is were modified to a similar standard, sometimes known as the Bison IA. A Bison I was fitted with floats and retractable wheels but tests proved the design was not suitable for seaborne use.

Operational history
Although designed for a naval requirement the first deliveries were to the Royal Air Force in 1922 to replace the Westland Walrus for coastal reconnaissance work with No. 3 Squadron RAF. In April 1923, 3 Squadron was broken up to form a number of Fleet Spotter Flights of the Fleet Air Arm. Naval aircraft served on ,  and  and onshore at Gosport, England and Hal Far, Malta. The aircraft were retired in 1929 when they were replaced by the Fairey IIIF.

Operators

 Royal Air Force
 421 Fleet Spotter Flight Fleet Air Arm
 423 Fleet Spotter Flight Fleet Air Arm

Variants
Avro 555 Bison
Three prototypes to Air Ministry specification 3/21.
Avro 555 Bison I
Twelve Lion II powered production aircraft, survivors rebuilt as IAs
Avro 555 Bison IA
Bison Is modified with a biplane gap and additional dorsal fin.
Avro 555A Bison II
Improved variant with biplane gap modification, 23 built.
Avro 555B Bison I
One Bison I converted to an amphibian to meet Air Ministry Specification 8/23, not ordered into production.

Specifications (Bison II)

See also

Footnotes

References

 
 
 
 

1920s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Bison
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Short Scion Senior. The Short S.22 Scion Senior was a 1930s British four-engined nine-passenger floatplane built by Short Brothers.

Design and development
The Scion Senior was developed as an enlarged version of the Scion light transport for nine passengers. Unfortunately, the aircraft failed to win orders from internal airline operators, who had already adopted the De Havilland Dragon and Dragon Rapide; instead it proved attractive as a seaplane for survey and river transport purposes overseas, and the first order came from the Irrawaddy Flotilla Co. in Burma, with a promise of further orders if the first seaplane proved satisfactory. So the Scion Senior was designed basically as a seaplane with an alternative land chassis. The first two aircraft, built as floatplanes, were shipped to Rangoon as soon as they had received their Certificate of Airworthiness; the third aircraft was built as a landplane for Shorts to use as a demonstrator; the remaining three were built as floatplanes, although one (S.835, G-AENX) was actually first flown as a landplane before being converted to its intended floatplane configuration.

Operational history

The last aircraft built (serial number L9786) was acquired by the Air Ministry for testing flying boat hull designs particularly for the Short Sunderland. Redesignated the Scion Senior FB (for Flying Boat), it was fitted with a duralumin, flush-riveted central float and outrigger floats. During 1942, a series of trials by the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE) was undertaken, determining attitude and stability characteristics of the design. The sole test example was lost at sea on 15 March 1944 off Helensburgh, Argyll, when an attempt was made to take off from the Clyde in frosty conditions. H.G. White, a Flight Test Officer at MAEE Helenburgh, died when the aircraft stalled into the water and sank. The other two members of the crew were rescued.

The Scion Senior landplane was eventually sold to Palestine Air Transport in December 1938, to be based in Haifa. It was impressed into Royal Air Force service in the Middle East in February 1942 and lost in action on 22 September 1943.

Operators
Floatplane

Irrawaddy Flotilla Co Ltd

Palestine Airways Ltd
Sierra Leone
Elders Colonial Airways Ltd

Air Ministry (MAEE)
Royal Air Force
West of Scotland Air Services Ltd

Landplane

Iraq Petroleum Transport Co Ltd

Jersey Airways Ltd
Royal Air Force
Short Brothers (demonstrator)

Specifications (Scion Senior Floatplane)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 .
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (part: 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.

External links

Short Scion Senior – British Aircraft of World War II

1930s British airliners
Floatplanes
Short Brothers aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Four-engined piston aircraft
Franz Dischinger. Franz Dischinger (8 October 1887 - 9 January 1953) was a pioneering German civil and structural engineer, responsible for the development of the modern cable-stayed bridge. He was also a pioneer of the use of prestressed concrete, patenting the technique of external prestressing (where the prestressing bars or tendons are not encased in the concrete) in 1934.

After completing Gymnasium in Karlsruhe, Germany, Dischinger went to the Technische Hoschschule Karlsruhe (now Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) where he studied and received a degree in building engineering. After getting his degree in 1913, he then started working for Dyckerhoff & Widmann A.G., an engineering firm in Germany. In 1928 Dischinger went back to school to receive his doctorate at the Technische Hoschschule Dresden (now TU Dresden), Germany.
 
In 1922, he designed the Zeiss Planetarium in Jena with Walther Bauersfeld, using a thin-shell concrete roof in the shape of a hemisphere. Their system was subsequently patented, and Dischinger published a paper on the relevant mathematics in 1928.

Since the previous stay and cable bridges in Dischinger's opinion were both flawed technically and disturbing looking, he decided to publish his own cable stayed bridge. This design has been used ever since, more than 100 of these cable stayed bridges have been built. 

For the 1938 design of a rail suspension bridge (not built), he had studied historical bridges incorporating inclined stay elements, such as those by Ferdinand Arnodin and John Roebling. He went on to design the 183 m span Strömsund Bridge in Sweden, completed in 1955 and generally considered the first of the modern tradition of cable-stayed bridges, although there had been many isolated examples of the bridge form before then. This employed a steel deck and cables, with large spacings between the stays typical of the early designs. It appears in Strömsund's coat of arms.

Other key works include:

 Großmarkthalle, Basel, Switzerland, 1929 (dome roof)
 Market Hall, Leipzig, Germany, 1930 (polygonal dome roofs)
 Koblenz bridge, Germany, 1935 (three arch concrete bridge)
 Aue bridge, Germany, 1936
 Cologne Rodenkirchen Bridge, Cologne, Germany, 1954 (with others, including Fritz Leonhardt)

Notes

External links
 
 
 Cable-Stayed Bridges from ASCE journal library

Bridge engineers
Structural engineers
German civil engineers
1887 births
1953 deaths
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
20th-century German engineers
Engineers from Karlsruhe
Engineers from the German Empire
OSSEC. OSSEC (Open Source HIDS SECurity) is a free, open-source host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS). It performs log analysis, integrity checking, Windows registry monitoring, rootkit detection, time-based alerting, and active response. It provides intrusion detection for most operating systems, including Linux, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, OS X, Solaris and Windows. OSSEC has a centralized, cross-platform architecture allowing multiple systems to be easily monitored and managed. OSSEC has a log analysis engine that is able to correlate and analyze logs from multiple devices and formats.

History 
In June 2008, the OSSEC project and all the copyrights owned by Daniel B. Cid, the project leader, were acquired by Third Brigade, Inc. They promised to continue to contribute to the open source community and to extend commercial support and training to the OSSEC open source community.

In May 2009, Trend Micro acquired Third Brigade and the OSSEC project, with promises to keep it open source and free.

In 2018, Trend released the domain name and source code to the OSSEC Foundation.

The OSSEC project is currently maintained by Atomicorp who stewards the free and open source version and also offers a commercial version.

Characteristics 
OSSEC consists of a main application, an agent, and a web interface.

 Manager (or server), which is required for distributed network or stand-alone installations.
 Agent, a small program installed on the systems to be monitored.
 Agentless mode, can be used to monitor firewalls, routers, and even Unix systems.

Features 
 Log based Intrusion Detection (LID): Actively monitors and analyzes data from multiple log data points in real-time.
 Rootkit and Malware Detection: Process and file level analysis to detect malicious applications and rootkits.
 Active Response: Respond to attacks and changes on the system in real time through multiple mechanisms including firewall policies, integration with 3rd parties such as CDN's and support portals, as well as self-healing actions.
 Compliance Auditing: Application and system level auditing for compliance with many common standards such as PCI-DSS, and CIS benchmarks.
 File Integrity Monitoring (FIM): For both files and windows registry settings in real time not only detects changes to the system, it also maintains a forensic copy of the data as it changes over time.
 System Inventory: Collects system information, such as installed software, hardware, utilization, network services, listeners and other information.

See also 

 Host-based intrusion detection system comparison

References

External links
 

Computer network security
Free network-related software
Free security software
Intrusion detection systems
Linux security software
Internet Protocol based network software
Metal Aircraft Flamingo. The Metal Aircraft Flamingo was a monoplane produced in Cincinnati, Ohio by the Metal Aircraft Corporation in the 1930s.

Design and development
The Metal Aircraft Corporation purchased the design from the Halpin Development Co. and unveiled it at the 1929 National Air Races with Elinor Smith. Following an accident at Bowman Field in May 1928, the prototype Flamingo was redesigned with a different nose, windscreen, and tail. The interior was insulated with Balsam-Wool Blanket.

Operational history
The Flamingo was first flown from Lunken Airport on 8 April 1928 by Thomas E. Halpin. At one point, the aircraft carried an African-American porter in a red suit named Benny Smith. Following a teaser, marketing for the new airplane began in March 1929 and dealers were being solicited by the following month.

One G-2-W, named El Rio Caroní, is best remembered for its role in the discovery of Angel Falls by Jimmy Angel in 1935. Although well known to the local indigenous population, the falls had been glimpsed only by European explorers until Jimmy Angel crash-landed while attempting to land above the falls on Auyán-tepui during gold exploration.

The Metal Aircraft Corporation Flamingo that crashed above the falls was recovered by helicopter in the 1960s by the Venezuelan government and is on display at the entrance of the Ciudad Bolívar airport, in Venezuela. A replica was put in its place for visitors of the crash site.

Other operators included the Mason & Dixon airline. Another operator of the aircraft was United States Airways which flew a route from Denver to Kansas City in the early 1930s. Stops were made Goodland, Salina, and Topeka, Kansas.

Variants

Halpin Flamingosix-passenger 410hp P&W
G-1five-passenger 450hp P&W
G-2six-passenger
G-2-Hsix-passenger 525hp P&W

G-2-Weight-passenger 410hp P&W
G-MT-6five-passenger 410 or 525 P&W

Operators

 Comet Air Express
 Embry-Riddle Division of American Airways
 Iowa Airways Corporation
 Mason & Dixon Airlines – 4 aircraft
 United States Airways
 Vermilya-Huffman Flying Service

Accidents and incidents
 On 26 May 1928, a Flamingo nosed over on landing at Bowman Field in Louisville, Kentucky, injuring the pilot, mechanic, and a passenger.
 On 8 November 1930, a G-2 operated by the Embry-Riddle Company made an emergency landing near Indianapolis following an in-flight fire.

Specifications (Flamingo G-2-W)

References

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
History of aviation
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft