omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Junkers Ju 46. The Junkers Ju 46 was a German shipborne catapult-launched seaplane derivative of the W 34, constructed for pre-war Luft Hansas mail service over the Atlantic Ocean. The first production models were delivered in 1932 and replaced the Heinkel He 58, which, along with the He 12, had pioneered these ship-to-shore mail delivery flights.

Design and development
The Ju 46 was a strengthened version of the Junkers W 34, modified for catapult launches. It was externally almost identical to the W 34 apart from a revised vertical tail. Compared to the W 34, this carried a broader-chord rudder with a more rounded trailing edge and a noticeably squared-off top. This revision improved control of the aircraft during the low-speed launch. The ship to shore aircraft were all seaplanes (floatplanes), though some Ju 46 were used with a fixed wheeled undercarriage and tail-skid at times in their careers. The aircraft was equipped with a 441 kW (591 hp) BMW-C radial engine. A total of five aircraft were supplied, according to rebuilt civil registers, though other sources claim four. They were later equipped with more powerful BMW-E engines.

Operational history
The aircraft was used in the postal link service across the Atlantic Ocean and were based on board the NDL-liners  and . Each aircraft was associated with its ship and bore its name. The first Bremen and Europa were both Ju 46fi seaplane variants and went into use in 1932. Two (or three) more, Ju 46hi variants, joined them in mid-1933, one having started life as a landplane.

Both ships had been fitted with compressed air-driven catapults for this purpose. These catapults accelerated the 3,200 kg (7,050 lb) aircraft to a speed of 110 km/h (70 mph) at a distance of just 20 m (65 ft). The launch of these aircraft, painted bright red for easy spotting by rescue planes in case of emergency landings at sea, was always a special experience for the passengers. The launch at a distance of about 1,200 km (750 mi) from the destination allowed to land the mail some 24 hours ahead of the mother ship's docking. On Westbound crossings, they flew to New York; Eastbound to Southampton, where they refuelled and went on to Bremen. These activities were limited by weather to the summer months, beginning in April 1932.

After the end of their Luft Hansa service two of the Ju 46s flew with the Brazilian airline Syndicato Condor.

Operators

Syndicato Condor - Serviços Aéreos Condor

Luft Hansa in cooperation with shipping line Norddeutscher Lloyd

Specifications (Ju-46hi)

References

Further reading

 

1930s German mailplanes
Ju 046
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Junkers W33
Haute École de la Province de Liège. In 2007, the three Belgian Hautes Ecoles (Colleges) of the Province of Liège (Léon-Eli Troclet, André Vésale and Rennequin Sualem) came together in a single large ensemble called Haute Ecole de la Province de Liège (HEPL).

This college delivers different bachelor's and master's degrees in the following categories:

Technical: master in science in industrial engineering in chemistry, bio-chemistry, electronics, computer science, electro-mechanics, construction, land surveyor; bachelor in computer science and system, graphical techniques, electro-mechanics, construction, chemistry, industrial science.
Agronomic
Economics
Paramedics
Educational
Social

See also
List of colleges and universities by country

External links
Official Web site (www.hepl.be)

Buildings and structures in Liège Province
Universities in Belgium
Educational institutions established in 2007
Forestry in Belgium
2007 establishments in Belgium
Container glass. Container glass is a type of glass for the production of glass containers, such as bottles, jars, drinkware, and bowls. Container glass stands in contrast to flat glass (used for windows, glass doors, transparent walls, windshields) and glass fiber (used for thermal insulation, in fiberglass composites, and optical communication).

Composition 
Container glass has a lower magnesium oxide and sodium oxide content than flat glass, and a higher silica, calcium oxide, and aluminum oxide content. Its higher content of water-insoluble oxides imparts slightly higher chemical durability against water, which is required for storage of beverages and food.

Most container glass is soda-lime glass, produced by blowing and pressing techniques, while some laboratory glassware is made from borosilicate glass.

Glass containers 
Container glass is used in the following:
 Glass bottles:
 Beer bottle
 Bologna bottle
 Fiasco
 Milk bottle
 Sealed bottles
 Wine bottles
 Jars
 Antique fruit jar
 Killing jar
 Kilner jar
 Leyden jar
 Mason jar
 Fowler's jar
 Drinkware
 Bowls
 Pitchers
 Vases
 Laboratory glassware

See also
 Glass Packaging Institute

References 

 Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002, 
 Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
A119. A119 may refer to:

 Project A119, "A Study of Lunar Research Flights," a plan developed by the United States Air Force to nuke the Moon
 AgustaWestland AW119, a helicopter
 RFA Wave Laird (A119), a ship
 A119 road (England), a road connecting Ware and Watton-at-Stone 
 A119 road (Malaysia), a road in Perak connecting Kampung Kuala Dipang and Tapah 
 A119 road (Russia), a road connecting Cheboksary and Syktyvkar
Davoud Danesh-Jafari. Davoud Danesh-Jafari (Persian: داود دانش‌جعفری) (born 1954) is an Iranian politician, economist and former combat engineer who previously served as minister of economy and finance affairs of Iran from 2005 to 2008. He is currently a member of the Expediency Discernment Council.

Biography
Born in 1954 in Tehran, Danesh-Jafari graduated with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from National Institute of Technology, Srinagar in India. In 1992, he received a master's degree in economics from Tehran University and in 2001 he obtained a PhD from Allameh Tabatabaii University. He was a member of the parliament in the 5th term and the 7th term.

Since 2006 he was involved in plans to create the Iranian Oil Bourse, a commodity exchange for oil and oil byproducts, which would trade mostly in the Iranian currency and other major currencies In December 2006, he was reported as saying that he intended to reduce US dollar-based transactions as much as possible.

In January 2008, he announced that the Iranian Oil Bourse would be opened during the anniversary of the Islamic Revolution (February 1–11) a month later. Oil Minister Gholam Hossein Nozari later announced that Davoud Danesh-Jafari would become its head. The Oil Bourse opened on 17 February 2008 on Kish Island.

He served as the minister of economy and finance affairs in the cabinet of President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad from 2005 to 2008.

See also
 Hossein Samsami

References

1954 births
Living people
Finance ministers of Iran
Members of the Expediency Discernment Council
20th-century Iranian economists
Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran politicians
Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution politicians
Recipients of the Order of Fath
Members of the 5th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 7th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Jihad of Construction personnel of the Iran–Iraq War
Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces politicians
Presidential advisers of Iran
University of Kashmir alumni
University of Tehran alumni
Allameh Tabataba'i University alumni
Iranian campaign managers
Politicians from Tehran
21st-century Iranian economists
Forrest S. McCartney. Forrest Striplin McCartney (March 23, 1931 – July 17, 2012) was a United States Air Force lieutenant general and former director of NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center.

McCartney was born in Fort Payne, Alabama. He graduated from Gulf Coast Military Academy in 1949, received a Bachelor of Science degree, in electrical engineering, from Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn in 1952. He earned a master's degree, in nuclear engineering, from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1955, and also graduated from the Armed Forces Staff College.

McCartney received his commission through the Reserve Officer Training Corps, and entered the regular air force in 1952. In May 1959, he was assigned to the Satellite Control Facility in Sunnyvale, California and worked on the CORONA program deploying and operating the nation's first spy satellites for the National Reconnaissance Office.

McCartney was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on May 1, 1983, which is the rank at which he eventually retired. In 1986 he was selected, by NASA Administrator James C. Fletcher, to be the fourth director of the Kennedy Space Center. McCartney held this position from August 31, 1986, until December 31, 1991.

McCartney died in Palm Bay, Florida, on July 17, 2012, after a short illness.

References

External links
NASA biography

1931 births
2012 deaths
People from Fort Payne, Alabama
Auburn University alumni
Air Force Institute of Technology alumni
Joint Forces Staff College alumni
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Directors of the Kennedy Space Center
People from Palm Bay, Florida
Blondin (quarry equipment). Blondins (also known as Henderson Inclined Cableways) were a type of material ropeway; they were named after the famous tightrope walker Charles Blondin.

Description 
Blondins are a specialized type of material ropeway that incorporates a mechanism to raise and lower loads vertically from the suspended ropeway. This allowed them to cross wide, deep spaces such as quarries and move material from the floor up to the level of the ropeway and across to the edge of the quarry. They are powered either by a steam or electrical hoist.

History 

Blondins were developed by John Fyfe, a Scottish quarry engineer. He installed the first example in 1872 at Kemnay granite quarry at Garioch. In 1896, John M. Henderson and Co. introduced the first commercially available Blondin system, which used steel ropes instead of the earlier iron ropes. The first installation at a Welsh slate quarry was a pair of blondins at Pen-yr-Orsedd quarry in 1899. These were powered by stationary steam engines.

Penrhyn quarry in Bethesda was based around a single large pit over 400 feet deep, worked as a series of terraces. It adopted blondins in 1913. A variety of means were used to transport slate from the terraces to the mills where the rock was processed. The quarry already had an extensive internal narrow gauge railway system in place, and many terraces were connected via inclines. Blondins were used to connect more remote terraces directly to the mills - they were distinguished by the fact that rock was transported on the ropeways in railway wagons slung from cradles. The ropeways ran horizontally or nearly horizontally until the cradle hit a stop, at which point the wagons were automatically lowered to ground level, where they were moved by rail to the point of loading or unloading.

Uses 
Blondins were used in many countries, notably United Kingdom and the United States. Though most well-known in the Welsh slate industry, they were used in quarries of many sorts, and on bridge construction and other engineering projects.

References

Bibliography 

 

Slate industry in Wales
Mining equipment
Industrial railways in Wales
AVIA FL.3. The AVIA FL.3 (also later known as the Lombardi FL.3) was an Italian two-seat cabin monoplane designed and built by Azionaria Vercellese Industrie Aeronautiche (AVIA) who were later taken over by Lombardi in 1947.

Development
The FL.3 was a simple low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed landing gear and powered by an 85 hp (63 kW) Continental C-85 engine. It had room for a pilot and passenger sitting side-by-side and could either have an open or enclosed cockpit. The first aircraft flew in 1939 and production was started, but ended temporarily when the Second World War started.

Production resumed after the war and in 1947 the company was taken over by Lombardi. Over 700 aircraft had been built by AVIA and Lombardi when production stopped in 1948.

In 1953 Meteor SpA acquired the rights for the FL.3 and with some re-design produced it as the Meteor FL.53 and this was followed by a three-seat version the FL.54 powered by a 135 hp Lycoming engine. A four-seat version the FL.55 was also produced powered by either a 150 hp (112 kW) or 180 hp (134 kW) Lycoming engine.

Variants
AVIA FL.3
Production version by AVIA powered by a 60 hp (45 kW) CNA D.4 engine.
Lombardi FL.3
Production version by Lombardi.
Meteor FL.53
Modified version built by Meteor powered by a 65 hp (48 kW) Continental engine, eight built.
Meteor FL.53BM
FL.53 with a 90 hp (67 kW) Continental engine, four built.

Meteor FL.54
Three-seat variant powered by a 90 hp (67 kW) Continental C90-12F engine, 10 built by Meteor.
Meteor FL.55
Four-seat variant powered by 135 hp (100 kW) Lycoming engine, four built by Meteor.
Meteor FL.55BM
FL.55 powered by a 150 hp (112 kW) Lycoming engine, ten built by Meteor.
Meteor FL.55CM
FL.55 powered by a 180 hp (130 kW) Lycoming engine, one built by Meteor.
Meteor Super
The Super was a four-seat FL.55 with enlarged vertical tail and a 220 hp Meteor Alfa 4 engine, one built.
Meteor Bis
The Bis was a two-seat variant of the Super fitted with a 110 hp Meteor Alfa 2 engine.

Operators

Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske

Luftwaffe operated captured aircraft.

Regia Aeronautica
Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force

Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana

Italian Air Force

Specifications (FL.3)

See also

References

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 2380

External links

 World Aircraft Directory 
 Gruppo Amici Velivoli Storici
Photo gallery on airliners.net

Lombardi aircraft
1930s Italian civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Mohammed Abu Naser. Mohammed Abu Naser (; 2 April 1921 – 12 May 2004) was a Bangladeshi educator. He was the 2nd vice-chancellor of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). He received the Ekushey Padak, one of the highest civilian awards in Bangladesh.

Early life and education
Naser was born in Munshiganj District in erstwhile East Pakistan to his parents, M. Ismail Ali Khan and Abida Begum. He began his early education at the Kazir Pagla A. T. Institution at Lohajang Upazila in Munshiganj. In 1937, he passed the Matriculation Examination in the First Division. He completed the Intermediate Examination from the B. M. College, Barisal. He received the B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Sc. degrees in chemistry from the University of Dhaka, in 1942 and 1943, respectively. Then he went to the Bengal Engineering College at Shibpur, West Bengal, to study chemical engineering.

He got a scholarship to study for his M.S. in chemical engineering at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. This was a notable achievement for him to be selected for such a scholarship in undivided India. In 1962 he again went to the United States for his Ph.D. He completed his Ph.D. in four years. Of the four years, he spent about two years at Columbia University, and then he went to Texas A&M University to complete the rest of his Ph.D. He went to London under a fellowship from the Nuffield Foundation to study for a year at the University of London In 1955.

Career
After returning to East Pakistan, Naser first joined the Industries Ministry and then joined the Directorate of Technical Education. After a short while he joined the faculty at Ahsanullah Engineering College (later became BUET). In 1970, he became the vice-chancellor of BUET and continued holding his position after the liberation of Bangladesh. Naser is credited for the first convocation of BUET which was held in 1973. He became the chairman of the University Grants Commission in 1975. He retired from this position in 1980. He was a professor emeritus of chemical engineering in BUET until his death.

Achievements
Naser received the Ekushey Padak in 1987. The Dr M. A. Naser Trust Fund is introduced at BUET to offer scholarships for poor and meritorious students of the university.

Death and legacy
Naser died on 12 May 2004. He had four children and eight grandchildren. Khan H. Zahid, the second son, is currently the chief economist and vice president of Riyad Bank.

References

University of Dhaka alumni
Bangladeshi educators
Recipients of the Ekushey Padak
2004 deaths
1921 births
Vice-chancellors of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Indian expatriates in the United States
Pakistani expatriates in the United States
Transition temperature. In crystallography, the transition temperature is the temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state (allotrope) to another. More formally, it is the temperature at which two crystalline forms of a substance can co-exist in equilibrium. For example, when rhombic sulfur is heated above 95.6 °C, it changes form into monoclinic sulfur; when cooled 
below 95.6 °C, it reverts to rhombic sulfur. At 95.6 °C the two forms can co-exist. Another example is tin, which transitions from a cubic crystal below 13.2 °C to a tetragonal crystal above that temperature.

In the case of ferroelectric or ferromagnetic crystals, a transition temperature may be known as the Curie temperature.

See also 
 Crystal system

Crystallography
Threshold temperatures

References
Climate Data Analysis Tool. The Climate Data Analysis Tool (CDAT) is plotting software used in atmospheric sciences and climatology.

CDAT is a software used in atmospheric sciences and climatology to display meteorological fields such as pressure, temperature, or wind speeds. It allows to read gridded meteorological data in different formats such as netCDF or GRIB and plot time series of displays from several identical datasets with differing times. It is similar in scope to GrADS but with more extensive user interface and capabilities.

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20130728204121/http://www2-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cdat

Graphic software in meteorology
Waco CG-13. The Waco CG-13 was an American military transport glider aircraft developed during World War II.

Design and development
Wright Field Glider Branch realized a need for a glider larger than the CG-4A and requested designs. The response by several companies produced designs for five larger gliders. One of these designs was the XCG-13 by Waco Aircraft Company of Troy, Ohio.

The XCG-13 contract was for a 30-place design with an  useful load capacity to fly  at an altitude of  altitude. Flight testing of the prototype was performed at Clinton County Army Air Field and the type was approved on 10 March 1943. Testing found that a tricycle landing gear should be used, and that a hydraulic system be incorporated to open the top-hinged nose opening. These features were incorporated into the second XCG-13.

Ford Motor Company at Kingsford, Michigan and Northwestern Aeronautical at St. Paul, Minnesota built YCG-13 models  and were given contracts to build the production CG-13A. WACO was not given a production contract.  Northwestern Aeronautical built 49 production articles. Ford built 48 as 30 place and 37 as 42 place by adding a bench down the center of the cargo section. Between the two companies, 268 contracted articles were canceled in favor of producing more CG-4A gliders.

Operational history
The CG-13A glider maximum useful load was . The  stall speed was 19 mph higher than specified. One CG-13A was flown in combat in the Aparri Mission in the Philippines. The CG-13A gliders were not flown in combat in Europe but were used as transports in England and France.

Specifications (CG-13A)

See also

Operators

Royal Air Force
Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment - two CG-13As for trials in 1945.

United States Army Air Forces

References
 
Mondey, David, The Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor, 1996. I185152 706 0.SBN  
Silent Ones WWII Invasion Glider Test and Experiment Clinton County Army Air Field Wilmington Ohio

External links
Army Glider Can Carry A Fully Loaded Truck August 1944 article on CG-4A

Waco CG-13
1940s United States military gliders
CG-13
Aircraft first flown in 1943
High-wing aircraft
Glider aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Muroran Institute of Technology. , abbreviated as MuroranIT, MuIT, or Muroran Tech is a national university in Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan.

History
1897 Sapporo Agricultural College Department of Civil Engineering Established
1918 Sapporo Agricultural College promoted to Hokkaido Imperial University.
1939 Muroran National Industrial College Established
1944 Muroran National Industrial College promoted to Muroran National College of Technology.
1949 Muroran National College of Technology and Hokkaido Imperial University Department of Civil Engineering merged and Muroran Institute of Technology were founded.

Academics
Muroran Institute of Technology is a technical institute which is composed of
 the Faculty of Engineering, a four-year course leading to a bachelor's degree, which consists of six departments
 a Graduate School, which has a two-year course in six divisions for the master's degree
 a three-year course in four divisions for a Doctoral degree.

Campus
The university has a campus covering an area of 197,485 m2 in the city of Muroran, which is at the entrance of Uchiura Bay in the southwestern part of Hokkaido.

Departments
 Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture
 Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Materials Engineering
 Department of Applied Sciences
 Department of Information and Electronic Engineering

References

External links 
 

Universities and colleges established in 1887
Japanese national universities
Universities and colleges in Hokkaido
Engineering universities and colleges in Japan
1887 establishments in Japan
Hokkaido American Football Association
University of Miyazaki. is a national university primarily in the Kibana neighborhood of southern Miyazaki city, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. The name is sometimes shortened to the abbreviation "UoM" or the portmanteau "Miyadai." The predecessor of the school was founded in 1884, and it was chartered as a university in 2003. The university has undergraduate faculties in education and culture, regional innovation, medicine, engineering, and agriculture. The university also has graduate programs in agriculture, education, engineering, and medicine (inc. veterinary medicine).

The Center for International Relations provides several English-language guides directed at international students.

Faculties

Transportation

Bicycles
The University of Miyazaki offers multiple bicycle parking areas around the Kibana campus. Some areas are covered and some are not. Bicycles are not allowed in the central part of campus, only the periphery where cars also have access.

Cars, Motorcycles, and Mopeds
Automobiles are another popular form of transportation to the University of Miyazaki, and there are several parking lots positioned around the Kibana campus.

Walking
There are pedestrian paths (including sidewalks) leading in and out of the Kibana campus at multiple locations.

Public Transportation
The closest train station is Kibana Station (Kibana Eki). There is a bus stop on campus.

References

External links
Official website 
Official website 

Universities and colleges established in 1884
Japanese national universities
Forestry education
Universities and colleges in Miyazaki (city)
1884 establishments in Japan