omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bert Hopwood. Herbert Hopwood (1908 – 17 October 1996) was a British motorcycle designer.  He was, at least, partly responsible for some of the most influential designs for the British motorcycle industry and worked for Ariel, Norton, BSA and Triumph.

Motorcycle design career
Hopwood left school at an early age to work for Ariel under designer Val Page. Following Jack Sangster's purchase of Triumph in 1936, Hopwood moved there under Edward Turner and assisted with the design of the Triumph Speed Twin which influenced many motorcycles of the time and since.  His success led to an offer from rival manufacturer Norton in April 1947, where he designed the 500cc Norton Dominator engine. This came to a somewhat acrimonious end when the Technical Director, Joe Craig, refused to release the complete machine for production, despite Norton's financial situation. This was based on the allegation that the engine lacked power and the performance was below par as a result. It was subsequently produced, following serious modifications to the cylinder head, after Hopwood had left the company.

In May 1948 he joined BSA, which subsequently purchased Triumph in 1951. April 1955 found him at Norton once more, still with Gilbert Smith as MD, but now under the aegis of AMC at Woolwich. When Gibert Smith retired in 1958, Hopwood and the financial director at Bracebridge Street, Alec Skinner, were allowed to get on with taking this part of AMC forward with much improved results. Together with Doug Hele, as Chief Engineer, good results were achieved. However this was to no avail, as the parent company was in a situation which absorbed all the modest profits made by Norton & Francis-Barnett, the only profitable members of AMC. With the AMC implosion imminent, both Hopwood and Hele left for BSA-Triumph. Recruited by Edward Turner in May 1961, supposedly as his successor, Hopwood was installed as Triumph Director and General Manager.

The Norton Dominator, BSA Golden Flash and the BSA Rocket 3/Triumph Trident motorcycles were amongst the best known Hopwood designs.

Writing career

Hopwood wrote Whatever Happened to the British Motor Cycle Industry which was published in 1981 by Haynes. A significant work of 315 pages with hundreds of illustrations, it was intended to provide a definitive account of the demise of the British motorcycle industry but has been described by reviewers as an "autobiography of Bert Hopwood, who attempts to distance himself from the events leading up to the industry's demise."

References

External links
Comments from his book on the collapse of the British motorcycle industry
Bert Hopwood and the Norton Dominator
Doug Hele on Bert Hopwood
Reference to the "late Bert Hopwood"

1908 births
British automotive engineers
British motorcycle pioneers
British motorcycle designers
1996 deaths
Pyridine (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on pyridine.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as eChemPortal, and follow its directions. MSDS is available from Sigma - Aldrich.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Spectral data

References

 

Chemical data pages
Pyridines
Chemical data pages cleanup
AMS-Flight Carat. The AMS-Flight Carat A is a single-seat, high performance motorglider. The sailplane was originally designed and built by Technoflug in Germany and is now manufactured by AMS-Flight in Slovenia.

Design and development

The Carat was designed by Technoflug around the wings and horizontal tail of the Schempp-Hirth Discus sailplane, marrying these to a new fuselage, fin, undercarriage and engine..  Structurally the aircraft is a mixture of fibreglass and carbon fibre composites. The wings have PVC foam cores.  In plan the wings have parallel chord inner panels and two outer sections of increasing straight taper. Winglets are an option. Schempp-Hirth type airbrakes are mounted on the upper surfaces of the inner panels, with turbulators on the underside to ensure a controlled boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent flow without separation. The wings have 3° of dihedral.

Though the Discus and the Carat share wings, they position them differently: the Discus is a mid-wing aircraft, the Carat a low-wing one. Like the Discus, the Carat has a high T-tail with separate tailplane and elevators. The tailplane, like the wings, is detachable for easy transport. The cockpit, enclosed in a large clear single piece canopy, is at the trailing edge of the wing, with the main spar under the pilot's knees. The Carat has a conventional electrically-operated inwardly retractable undercarriage. The main wheels have hydraulically operated disc brakes and there is a parking brake. The non-retractable tailwheel is steerable.

The Carat is powered by an air-cooled, four cylinder, Volkswagen derived, 40 kW (54 hp) Sauer S1800 piston engine.  This drives the unique feature of the Carat, its folding two blade propeller: the blades fold forward like spears to minimize drag when the engine is off. This is in contrast to other motorgliders which mostly either store the propeller inside the fuselage, or merely feather the propeller blades.  The Carat's propeller is opened by the centrifugal force on the turning blades, working against a folding force provided by a gas damping spring mechanism.  This folding mechanism has the advantage of simplicity, but it means that the engine can not be windmill-started if the battery is flat. Because of the forward pointing blades when the engine is off, the Carat cannot be towed aloft like traditional sailplanes.

The first flight was made on 16 December 1997 and the first production model displayed at Aero '99 at Friedrichshafen in April 1999 as the Technoflug TFK-2 Carat.  Certification was achieved in 2003, by which time marketing had been passed to AMS.

Operational history
Six production aircraft had been built by the end of 2003 and thirty one by September 2009.  The majority of these were flying in the United States, the rest mostly in Western Europe.

Specifications

References

2000s Slovenian sailplanes
Motor gliders
Aircraft first flown in 1997
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Apache Camel. Apache Camel is an open source framework for message-oriented middleware with a rule-based routing and mediation engine that provides a Java object-based implementation of the Enterprise Integration Patterns using an application programming interface (or declarative Java domain-specific language) to configure routing and mediation rules.

The domain-specific language means that Apache Camel can support type-safe smart completion of routing rules in an integrated development environment using regular Java code without large amounts of XML configuration files, though XML configuration inside Spring Framework is also supported.

Camel is often used with Apache ServiceMix, Apache ActiveMQ and Apache CXF in service-oriented architecture projects.

Tooling
 Several Apache Maven-plugins are provided for validation and deployment.
 Graphical, Eclipse-based tooling is freely available from Red Hat. It provides graphical editing and debugging and advanced validation.
 Eclipse based tooling from Talend.

See also
 AdroitLogic UltraESB
 Apache ServiceMix
 Red Hat Fuse
 Guaraná DSL
 Mule (software) 
 Open ESB
 Service Component Architecture (SCA)
 Petals ESB
 IBM Integration Bus
 Akka (toolkit)  open-source toolkit and runtime for Reactive programming, concurrent and distributed applications on the JVM with camel integration.

Books

References

External links
 Apache Camel Home

Camel
Enterprise application integration
Java enterprise platform
Message-oriented middleware
Service-oriented architecture-related products
Web scraping
Enterprise Integration Patterns. Enterprise Integration Patterns is a book by Gregor Hohpe and Bobby Woolf which describes 65 patterns for the use of enterprise application integration and message-oriented middleware in the form of a pattern language.

The integration (messaging) pattern language 
The pattern language presented in the book consists of 65 patterns structured into 9 categories, which largely follow the flow of a message from one system to the next through channels, routing, and transformations. The book includes an icon-based pattern language, sometimes nicknamed "GregorGrams" after one of the authors. Excerpts from the book (short pattern descriptions) are available on the supporting website (see External links).

Integration styles and types
The book distinguishes four top-level alternatives for integration:
 File Transfer
 Shared Database
 Remote Procedure Invocation
 Messaging

The following integration types are introduced:
 Information Portal
 Data Replication
 Shared Business Function
 Service Oriented Architecture
 Distributed Business Process
 Business-to-Business Integration
 Tightly Coupled Interaction vs. Loosely Coupled Interaction

Messaging
 Message Channel
 Message
 Pipes and Filters
 Message Router
 Message Translator
 Message Endpoint

Message Channel
 Point-to-Point Channel
 Publish-Subscribe Channel
 Datatype Channel
 Invalid Message Channel
 Dead Letter Channel
 Guaranteed Delivery
 Channel Adapter
 Messaging Bridge
 Message Bus

Message Construction
 Command Message
 Document Message
 Event Message
 Request-Reply
 Return Address
 Correlation Identifier
 Message Sequence
 Message Expiration
 Format Indicator

Message Router
 Content-Based Router
 Message Filter
 Dynamic Router
 Recipient List
 Splitter
 Aggregator
 Resequencer
 Composed Message Processor
 Scatter-Gather
 Routing Slip
 Process Manager
 Message Broker

Message Transformation
 Envelope Wrapper
 Content Enricher
 Content Filter
 Claim Check
 Normalizer
 Canonical Data Model

Message Endpoint
 Messaging Gateway
 Messaging Mapper
 Transactional Client
 Polling Consumer
 Event-Driven Consumer
 Competing Consumers
 Message Dispatcher
 Selective Consumer
 Durable Subscriber
 Idempotent Receiver
 Service Activator

System Management
 Control Bus
 Detour
 Wire Tap
 Message History
 Message Store
 Smart Proxy
 Test Message
 Channel Purger

The pattern language continues to be relevant as of today, for instance in cloud application development and integration, and in the internet of things. In 2015, the two book authors reunited—for the first time since the publication of the book—for a retrospective and interview in IEEE Software.

Implementation
Enterprise Integration Patterns are implemented in many open source integration solutions. Notable implementations include Spring Integration, Apache Camel, Red Hat Fuse, Mule ESB and Guaraná DSL.

See also 
 Enterprise messaging system
 Loose coupling
 Software design pattern

References

External links

American non-fiction books
2003 non-fiction books
Software engineering books
Software design patterns
Enterprise application integration
Message-oriented middleware
Monographs
Arthur Carty. Arthur J. Carty,  (born 12 September 1940), is a Canadian academic and former National Science Advisor to the Government of Canada.

Carty was the inaugural director of the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology at the University of Waterloo, special advisor to the President on international science and technology collaboration and research professor in the department of chemistry. From 2004-08, he served as Canada's first national science advisor to the prime minister and to the Government of Canada. Prior to his appointment as national science advisor, he was president of the National Research Council, Canada's leading knowledge and innovation organization, for ten years (1994-2004).

He earned a PhD in inorganic chemistry from the University of Nottingham. Before joining NRC in 1994, he spent two years at Memorial University and 27 years at the University of Waterloo where he was successively professor of chemistry, director of the Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry, a pioneering joint graduate program, chair of the chemistry department and dean of research.

Carty maintains an active interest in research in organometallic chemistry and new materials. He has over 300 publications in peer reviewed journals and five patents to his credit. He is a former president of the Canadian Society for Chemistry, an honorary fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada and of the Fields Institute for Research in the Mathematical Sciences and a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Affiliations
 Atomic Energy Control Board (AECB) and its successor CNSC
 Council of the Canadian Space Agency
 Boards of Genome Canada
 MITACS
 The Stroke Network
 Networks of Centre of Excellence (NCE) and of Environment Canadand National Defense Research
 Founding Chairman of the Board of the Canadian Light Source (CLS; 1999-2008)
 Council of Japan's Science and Technology Forum in Society 
 International Advisory Boards of the APEC Centre for Technology Foresight and the Euroscience Open Forum (ESOF)
 Inaugural Canadian co-chair of the Joint S and T Cooperation Committee for the Canada-India science and technology agreement
 Member of the Advisory Board of Bilcare Global Clinical Services based in Pune, India
 Member of the Advisory Board of the Centre for Electron Microscopy at McMaster University
 Chairman of the Board of Innovative Materials Technologies (IMT)
 Member of the Board of Governors of Carleton University.

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Canadian chemists
Canadian university and college faculty deans
English expatriates in Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Academic staff of the Memorial University of Newfoundland
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Rowlands Gill
Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Erik Tambuyzer. Erik Tambuyzer (born 1949) is a Belgian bio-engineer and businessman. He is Chairman of the Board of the Flemish Center for Medical Innovation (CMI).

Education
Tambuyzer holds a doctoral degree in bio-industrial sciences from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, (Leuven, Belgium).

Career
Having started his professional career at Baxter Healthcare (Baxter-Travenol in Europe) in 1977, Tambuyzer pursued his career six years later at Innovi NV (Brussels, Belgium), a technology management and consultancy company. He also worked as a consultant on biotechnology for minister-president Gaston Geens of the Flemish government. In 1985 he made the business plan and co-founded, together with Hugo Van Heuverswyn, the healthcare biotech company Innogenetics NV (Ghent, Belgium), of which he was General Manager until 1992, at which time he joined Genzyme. He was Senior Vice President Corporate Affairs for Genzyme Europe and International, and a member of the European Management Committee of Genzyme Corporation until 2010, when he joined the Flemish Center for Medical Innovation (CMI).

Tambuyzer is a founding Board member and past Chairman of EuropaBio, the European Association for Bioindustries, and founder of the Ethics Working Group of this Association, as well as the Chair of the joint EBE/EFPIA-EuropaBio Orphan medicines Task Force.  He is also Vice-Chair of EPPOSI, the European Platform for Patients' Organizations, Science & Industry. He published on policies regarding orphan medicines and advanced therapies in Europe and internationally, on the European Clinical Trial Directive, and on the impact of biotechnology on healthcare systems.

Sources
 Global biotech speakers
 Europe's researchers ready for entrepreneurism

Flemish businesspeople
Living people
KU Leuven alumni
1949 births
Technology company founders
Biotechnologists
Knudsen cell. In crystal growth, a Knudsen cell is an  effusion  evaporator source for relatively low partial pressure elementary sources (e.g. Ga, Al, Hg, As). Because it is easy to control the temperature of the evaporating material in Knudsen cells, they are commonly used in molecular-beam epitaxy.

Development
The Knudsen effusion cell was developed by Martin Knudsen (1871–1949). A typical Knudsen cell contains a crucible (made of pyrolytic boron nitride, quartz, tungsten or graphite), heating filaments (often made of metal tantalum), water cooling system, heat shields, and an orifice shutter.

Vapor pressure measurement
The Knudsen cell is used to measure the vapor pressures of a solid with very low vapor pressure. Such a solid forms a vapor at low pressure by sublimation. The vapor slowly effuses through the pinhole, and the loss of mass is proportional to the vapor pressure and can be used to determine this pressure. The heat of sublimation can also be determined by measuring the vapor pressure as a function of temperature, using the Clausius–Clapeyron relation.

References

Crystallography
Semiconductor growth
Staf Van Reet. Staf Van Reet is a Belgian scientist and businessman. Currently he is Managing Director of the biotech company Viziphar Biosciences BVBA, and member of the Board of Directors of Janssen Pharmaceutica and the VIB. He was succeeded as Chairman of FlandersBio by Johan Cardoen.

Education
He obtained a degree of engineering in applied biological sciences and a PhD in agricultural sciences from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven, Belgium) and a law degree from the University of Antwerp (Antwerp, Belgium).

Career
In 1972, he started his career at Janssen Pharmaceutica, as a scientist in the Department of Theoretical Medicinal Chemistry. After a year he moved to the Department of Patents and Pharmacochemical Data Processing of Janssen Pharmaceutica, and he headed the department from 1977 until 1989. Since 1987 continued his career as General Manager of Janssen Biotech, Chairman of the Management Board of the Janssen Research Foundation (JRF) and from 1991 until 1999 as President of the Janssen Research Foundation and Managing Director of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. Until he retired, he was responsible for corporate venturing activities in Europe for Johnson & Johnson. In 2007 he founded Movetis together with Remi Van den Broeck, Dirk Reyn and Jan Schuurkes.

Sources
 Staf Van Reet
 Europe's researchers ready for entrepreneurism

Flemish businesspeople
Flemish scientists
Living people
KU Leuven alumni
University of Antwerp alumni
Janssen Pharmaceutica people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Kadenacy effect. The Kadenacy effect is an effect of pressure-waves in gases. It is named after Michel Kadenacy who obtained a French patent for an engine utilizing the effect in 1933. There are also European and US patents. In simple terms, the momentum of the exhaust gas leaving the cylinder of an internal combustion engine creates a pressure-drop in the cylinder which assists the flow of a fresh charge of air, or fuel-air mixture, into the cylinder. The effect can be maximized by careful design of the inlet and exhaust passages.

Uses
The Kadenacy effect has been utilized in pulse jet engines and in two-stroke piston engines and is important in the design of high-performance motorcycle engines.

Pulse jets

Two-stroke engines
In a two-stroke engine the pressure-drop resulting from the Kadenacy effect assists the flow of a fresh fuel-air mixture charge into the cylinder. However, the Kadenacy effect alone is not sufficient and must be boosted in some way. In small engines this is done by crankcase compression and, in large engines, by the use of a roots supercharger or turbocharger.

See also
Exhaust pulse pressure charging
Inertial supercharging effect
Pressure wave supercharger
Supercharger

References
 Pulse-jets website

External links
Reference to European patent
Reference to US patents

Engine technology
Two-stroke engine technology
Supercharging
Exhaust systems
Global hectare. The global hectare (gha) is a measurement unit for the ecological footprint of people or activities and the biocapacity of the Earth or its regions. One global hectare is the world's annual amount of biological production for human use and human waste assimilation, per hectare of biologically productive land and fisheries.

It measures production and consumption of different products. It starts with the total biological production and waste assimilation in the world, including crops, forests (both wood production and CO2 absorption), grazing and fishing.
The total of these kinds of production, weighted by the richness of the land they use, is divided by the number of hectares used. Biologically productive areas include cropland, forest and fishing grounds, and do not include deserts, glaciers and the open ocean. 

"Global hectares per person" refers to the amount of production and waste assimilation per person on the planet. In 2012 there were approximately 12.2 billion global hectares of production and waste assimilation, averaging 1.7 global hectares per person.
Consumption totaled 20.1 billion global hectares or 2.8 global hectares per person, meaning about 65% more was consumed than produced. This is possible because there are natural reserves all around the globe that function as backup food, material and energy supplies, although only for a relatively short period of time. Due to overconsumption, these reserves are being depleted at an ever increasing tempo (see Earth Overshoot Day).

The term "global hectare" was introduced in the early 2000s, based on a similar concept from the 1970s named "ghost acreage".
Opponents and defenders of the concept have discussed its strengths and weaknesses.

Applications
The global hectare is a useful measure of biocapacity as it can convert things like human dietary requirements into common units, which can show how many people a certain region on earth can sustain, assuming current technologies and agricultural methods. It can be used as a way of determining the relative carrying capacity of the earth.

Different hectares of land can provide different amounts of global hectares. For example, a hectare of lush area with high rainfall would scale higher in global hectares than would a hectare of desert.

It can also be used to show that consuming different foods may increase the earth's ability to support larger populations. To illustrate, producing meat generally requires more land and energy than what producing vegetables requires; sustaining a meat-based diet would require a less populated planet.

Hectare equivalents
On average, a global hectare can be produced in the area of a standard hectare. A hectare (; symbol ha) is a unit of area equal to  (a square 100 metres on each side or 328 feet on each side), 2.471 acres, 0.01 square kilometers, 0.00386102 square miles, or one square hectometre (100 metres squared).

See also

References

Ecology