omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thomas Oliver. Thomas or Tom Oliver may refer to:
Thomas Oliver (architect) (1791–1857), classical architect active in Newcastle upon Tyne, England
Thomas Oliver (Canadian politician) (1821–1880), Canadian businessman and political figure
Thomas Oliver (engineer), engineer who invented the first machine for forging bolts in England
Thomas Oliver (farmer) (died 1991), IRA murder victim
Thomas Oliver (lieutenant governor) (1733–1815), last Royal Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts
Thomas Oliver (logician) (died 1624), English logician writing at the end of the 16th century
Thomas Oliver (physician) (1853–1946), Scottish physician and industrial hygienist
Thomas Oliver (religious writer) (1871–1946), teacher, magazine editor, author and wool expert
Thomas Oliver (Salem witch trials) (1601–1679), husband of Bridget Bishop, victim of the Salem witchcraft trials
Thomas Oliver (songwriter), Tyneside poet and songwriter
Thomas Oliver (Vermont politician), state legislator
Thomas Oliver (1852–1909), Canadian/American typewriter inventor; see Oliver Typewriter Company
Tom Oliver (baseball) (1903–1988), center fielder for the Boston Red Sox
Tom Oliver (born 1938), English actor
Tom Oliver (Big Brother), contestant on Big Brother 2009 (UK)
Tommy Oliver, fictional character from Power Rangers

See also
Tom Olliver (1812–1874), English jockey and racehorse trainer
Thomas Olivers (1725–1799), Welsh preacher and hymn-writer
Stantley Thomas-Oliver, American football cornerback
Tom Olivar (born 1963), Philippine film and television actor
Octave Levenspiel. Octave Levenspiel (January 1, 1926 – March 5, 2017)  was a professor of chemical engineering at Oregon State University (OSU). His principal interest was chemical reaction engineering, and he was the author of a major textbook Chemical Reaction Engineering as well as numerous research publications.

Life
Levenspiel was born in Shanghai, Republic of China, in 1926, the son of Abe and Lily Levenspiel, who were Polish Jews who had gone to China to escape oppression in Europe. At the age of 15, he was on a ship to the US when the Attack on Pearl Harbor occurred, so he was interned in Manila until the end of the war.  In the US, he graduated with a bachelor's degree from Berkeley in 1947.  He obtained his PhD from OSU in 1952, and after a period teaching at other schools returned to OSU where he spent the remainder of his career, retiring in 1991 but continuing as emeritus professor.

In 1952 he married Mary Jo Smiley and they had three children.  He died on March 5, 2017.

Work
The Levenspiel plot is named after him.

Levenspiel was well known among his students for his ability to do quick back-of-the-envelope calculations. GNU Octave, a high-level language primarily intended for numerical computations and developed by John W. Eaton, a former student of Octave Levenspiel, is named after him.

Books
All of Levenspiel's books listed below have been translated to several other languages.

Chemical Reaction Engineering, Wiley; 3 Sub edition (August 13, 1998), 
The Chemical Reactor Omnibook, Oregon St Univ Bookstores (January 1993),  
Fluidization Engineering (coauthored), Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd; (October 1991), 
Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange, Plenum Pub Corp (Dez. 1984), 
Understanding Engineering Thermo, Prentice Hall PTR; (September 4, 1996), 
''Rambling through Science and Technology, Lulu, 2007

Awards
R.H. Wilhelm award (AIChE)
W.K. Lewis award (AIChE)
Founders award with gold medal (AIChE)
ChE Lectureship award (ASEE)
P.V. Danckwerts award (IChemE)
Honorary doctorates from France, Serbia, and the Colorado School of Mines
Elected into the National Academy of Engineering (2000)
Amundson award (ISCRE/NASCRE) (2001)

References

Links 
 Octave Levenspiel Home page
 Levenspiel fountain
 Octave, Tavy, Professor, Dad, Octopus, Papa

1926 births
2017 deaths
American chemical engineers
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Oregon State University alumni
Oregon State University faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Greg Kroah-Hartman. Greg Kroah-Hartman is a major Linux kernel developer. , he is the Linux kernel maintainer for the  branch, the staging subsystem, USB, driver core, debugfs, kref, kobject, and the sysfs kernel subsystems, Userspace I/O (with Hans J. Koch), and TTY layer. He also created linux-hotplug, the udev project, and the Linux Driver Project. He worked for Novell in the SUSE Labs division and, , works at the Linux Foundation.

Biography
Kroah-Hartman is a co-author of Linux Device Drivers (3rd Edition) and author of Linux Kernel in a Nutshell, and used to be a contributing editor for Linux Journal. He also contributes articles to LWN.net, the Linux news site.

Kroah-Hartman frequently helps in the documentation of the kernel and driver development through talks and tutorials. In 2006, he released a CD image of material to introduce a programmer to working on Linux device driver development.

He also initiated the development of openSUSE Tumbleweed, the rolling release model edition of openSUSE.

Books

References

External links 

 Greg Kroah-Hartman's blog
 Greg Kroah-Hartman's Linux page
 List of articles written by Greg Kroah-Hartman in Linux Journal
 List of articles written by Greg Kroah-Hartman in LWN
 Greg Kroah-Hartman's HOWTO article on Linux kernel development
 Linux Driver Project
 Video with Greg Kroah-Hartman at Hannover Industry Trade Fair, Germany, May 2008
 Greg Kroah-Hartman Linux Plumbers Keynote (video)

Linux kernel programmers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
SUSE Linux
Novell people
Gentoo Linux people
Linux Foundation fellows
James Millholland. James Millholland (1812–1875) was an American railway master mechanic who is particularly well known for his invention of many railway mechanisms. His association with the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company as master machinist spanned fifty years in the early development of the American railroad. He also founded the locomotive shops at Mount Savage, Maryland, the center of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad.

Millholland's inventions and contributions include the cast-iron crank axle, wooden spring, plate girder bridge, poppet throttle, anthracite firebox, water grate, drop frame, and steel tires. He was also an early user and advocate of the superheater, the feedwater heater, and the injector. Several of his innovations were adopted as standard practice by the railroad industry.

His son, James A. Millholland, was a railroad executive.

References
White, John H. "James Millholland and Early Railroad Engineering". Contributions From the Museum of History and Technology #252 (1968): 3-36.

1812 births
1875 deaths
People from Mount Savage, Maryland
American people in rail transportation
Waco C-72. C-72 was a blanket designation given to a variety of privately owned Waco enclosed-cabin biplanes pressed into service by the United States Army Air Forces in 1942. In all, 42 aircraft were taken and used for light transport duty wherever needed.

Variants

UC-72
12 impressed civil Waco SRE, powered by a  Pratt & Whitney R-985-33 Wasp Junior.
UC-72A
One impressed civil Waco ARE, powered by a  Jacobs R-915-1 (Jacobs L-6-1).
UC-72B
Four impressed civil Waco EGC-8, powered by a  Wright R-760-E2 Whirlwind.
UC-72C
Two impressed civil Waco HRE, powered by a  Lycoming R-680-9.
UC-72D
Two impressed civil Waco VKS-7, powered by a  Continental R-670-3 (Continental W-670-3).
UC-72E
Four impressed civil Waco ZGC-7, powered by a  Jacobs R-830-1 (Jacobs L-5-1).
UC-72F
One impressed civil Waco CUC-1, powered by a  Wright R-760E Whirlwind.
UC-72G
One impressed civil Waco AQC-6, powered by a  Jacobs R-915-1.
UC-72H
Five impressed civil Waco ZQC-6, powered by a  Jacobs R-830-1.
UC-72J
Three impressed civil Waco AVN-8, powered by a  Jacobs R-915-1.

UC-72K
Two impressed civil Waco YKS-7, powered by a  Jacobs R-755-1 (Jacobs L-4-1).
UC-72L
One impressed civil Waco ZVN-8, powered by a  Jacobs R-830-1.
UC-72M
Two impressed civil Waco ZKS-7, powered by a  Jacobs R-830-1. One later factory retrofitted with a  Lycoming R-680-13.
UC-72N
One impressed civil Waco YOC-1, powered by a  Jacobs R-830-1.
UC-72P
Two impressed civil Waco AGC-8, powered by a  Jacobs R-915-1.
UC-72Q
One impressed civil Waco ZQC-6, powered by a  Jacobs R-830-1.

References
Notes

Sources
 

Waco C-072
C-72
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Biplanes
Fairchild XC-120 Packplane. The Fairchild XC-120 Packplane was an American experimental modular aircraft first flown in 1950. It was developed from the company's C-119 Flying Boxcar, and was unique in the unconventional use of removable cargo pods that were attached below the fuselage, instead of possessing an internal cargo compartment.

Design and development
The XC-120 Packplane began as a C-119B fuselage (48-330, c/n 10312) with a point just below the flight deck cut off to create the space for the detachable cargo pod. The fuselage was raised by several feet, and smaller diameter "twinned" wheels were installed forward of each of the main landing gear struts to serve as nosewheels, while the main struts were extended backwards.

All four landing gear units, in matching "nose" and "main" sets, could be raised and lowered to allow cargo to be preloaded into the pods; it was claimed that such an arrangement would speed up loading and unloading cargo.

Production aircraft were to be designated C-128.

Operational history
Only one XC-120 was built. Though the aircraft was tested extensively and made numerous airshow appearances in the early 1950s the project went no further. It was tested by the Air Proving Ground Command at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, in 1951, before the project was abandoned in 1952. The prototype was eventually scrapped.

Specifications (XC-120)

See also

References

Evans, Stanley H. "Cargo Carrier Concept:Design-logic for Airborne Logistics: The Fairchild XC-120 Pack-plane". Flight, 21 September 1950. pp. 331–333.

External links

Video about the XC-120
 Contains segment about the plane.

Fairchild C-120 Packplane
C-120
Twin-boom aircraft
Modular aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1950
Mid-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Individual aircraft
Aircraft with retractable quad landing gear
Waco C-62. The Waco C-62 was a proposed high wing transport airplane similar in size and capacity to the Douglas DC-3. 13 pre-production aircraft were ordered in October 1941, with a contract for 240 production models awarded in early 1942; however, the project was canceled in September 1943 in favor of the Curtiss-Wright C-76 Caravan before any aircraft were built.

Specifications

References

C-062
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Boeing Model 493. The Boeing Model 493 was a proposed, large, turboprop-driven transport aircraft envisaged in the early 1950s by the United States aircraft manufacturer Boeing for use by the USAF.

Design and development
The Model 493-3-2 was similar to the baseline C-97 Stratofreighter but differed in having a gull-wing and increased wingspan, but also turboprop engines. The wingspan measured 165 feet from tip to tip, and the fuselage diameter was increased to 214 inches to accommodate a second deck as on the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II.

Although a promising design, the Model 493 never left the drawboard because of the USAF's announcement of the XC-Heavy competition based on the concept of pod-equipped airlifter.

The Model 493-3-2 is known in some sources as the C-127, but Air Force records show that the C-127 designator was allocated to the Douglas C-124B.

See also
 List of military aircraft of the United States

References

 

Model 493
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Thomas Bushnell. Thomas Bushnell  (born December 13, 1967), formerly known as Michael Bushnell, is a software developer and Gregorian friar. He was the founder and principal architect of GNU's official kernel project, the GNU Hurd.  Bushnell was Hurd's official maintainer from its instigation until November 2003. Bushnell was previously a Debian developer, and was employed by Google LLC from July 2010 until the January 2024 layoffs. He is a member of Saint Mark's Episcopal Church in Glendale, California.

Early life and education
Bushnell was born on 13 December 1967 in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Bushnell attended Carnegie Mellon University for one year in 1985-1986, and then almost two years at the University of New Mexico. Later on, he eventually graduated 1999 summa cum laude from the University of Massachusetts Boston with Bachelor's degrees in philosophy and classics. In 2007 he completed his PhD at the University of California, Irvine under supervisor Professor , with his dissertation titled Peter Abelard's Conception of the Good.

Software development

GNU Hurd

The GNU Hurd kernel was launched in 1990 and Bushnell was the lead developer. This kernel was to be one of the last free software components needed to complete the GNU operating system.  The project was experiencing delays however for various reasons, one of them being that Bushnell "several times redesigned and rewrote large parts of the code based on what he had learned, rather than trying to make the Hurd run as soon as possible", according to Richard Stallman. Stallman stated that "it was good design practice, but it wasn’t the right practice for our goal: to get something working ASAP".

Bushnell was Hurd's official maintainer from its instigation until November 2003, when he posted to the GNU project's discussion mailing list saying that he had been dismissed by Stallman for criticizing the GNU Free Documentation License. Stallman said the dismissal was because Bushnell had been inactive since 2001 and wasn't responding to mail.

Goobuntu
Bushnell previously worked on Goobuntu, a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu created by Google.

Comments on Stallman
Following Richard Stallman's resignation as president of the Free Software Foundation and his guest position at MIT, Bushnell wrote on Medium that although he felt sympathy for Stallman, he believes it was good for the free software community that he stepped down.

References

External links

The Deeds of the Divine Augustus translated by Thomas Bushnell
"Towards a New Strategy of OS Design" (an architectural overview of the HURD) by Bushnell
YouTube: Bushnell's talk about Goobuntu at NYLUG on 2012-11-08

Living people
Free software programmers
Members of Anglican religious orders
GNU people
1967 births
Google employees
Kernel programmers
Alejandro Plaz. Alejandro Plaz Castillo is a founder of the Venezuelan volunteer civil association, Súmate.

Plaz is a Venezuelan electrical engineer and management consultant who holds three master's degrees (two from Stanford University), and was a Senior partner for McKinsey & Company in Latin America, before taking a leave of absence to co-found Súmate with María Corina Machado.

Life and education

Plaz was born on 2 December 1955, in Caracas, Venezuela. He attended the Colegio de San Agustín, and graduated from high school at the Colegio La Salle La Colina. He graduated in 1977 with a degree in electrical engineering from the Universidad Simón Bolívar in Caracas. After working for two years, he left for the United States. He stayed there for four years, during which he graduated with a master's degree in electrical engineering from Georgia Tech, a master's degree from Stanford University in industrial engineering, and a second master's degree from Stanford in operations research. He returned to Venezuela at the age of 26, where he took a job with the consulting firm McKinsey & Company, where he worked for 23 years.

After working for 20 years with McKinsey, Plaz was offered a one-year sabbatical. He used this time to co-found Súmate, a Venezuelan civil organization that monitors elections. Not long after, he started devoting the majority of his time to it.

Work with Súmate

Plaz states that Súmate is not a political organization, but rather a group of concerned professionals such as engineers and others with technical careers who want to see concrete results and effective democracy.

Plaz and other members of Súmate were charged with treason and conspiracy for receiving a $31,000 grant from the National Endowment for Democracy which, according to the United States Department of State, was "aimed at strengthening citizen participation in the democratic, constitutional processes of their country".  The trial was suspended in February 2006 because of due process violations by the trial judge, and has been postponed several times.

References

External links
 Official Súmate website
 Bloomberg
 El Universal
 New York Times
 Washington Post
 LA Times
 Globovision

Community activists
Venezuelan human rights activists
Venezuelan democracy activists
Living people
1955 births
Simón Bolívar University (Venezuela) alumni
McKinsey & Company people
Mechanical singularity. In engineering, a mechanical singularity is a position or configuration of a mechanism or a machine where the subsequent behaviour cannot be predicted, or the forces or other physical quantities involved become infinite or nondeterministic.

When the underlying engineering equations of a mechanism or machine are evaluated at the singular configuration (if any exists), then those equations exhibit mathematical singularity.

Examples of mechanical singularities are gimbal lock and in static mechanical analysis, an under-constrained system.

Types of singularities 
There are three types of singularities that can be found in mechanisms: direct-kinematics singularities, inverse-kinematics singularities, and combined singularities. These singularities occur when one or both Jacobian matrices of the mechanisms becomes singular of rank-deficient. The relationship between the input and output velocities of the mechanism are defined by the following general equation:

where  is the output velocities,  is the input velocities,  is the direct-kinematics Jacobians, and  is the inverse-kinematics Jacobian.

Type-I: Inverse-kinematics singularities 
This first kind of singularities occurs when:

Type-II: Direct-kinematics singularities 
This second kind of singularities occurs when:

Type-III: Combined singularities 
This kind of singularities occurs when for a particular configuration, both  and  become singular simultaneously.

References 

Mechanical engineering
Perchloryl fluoride. Perchloryl fluoride is a reactive gas with the chemical formula . It has a characteristic sweet odor that resembles gasoline and kerosene. It is toxic and is a powerful oxidizing and fluorinating agent. It is the acid fluoride of perchloric acid.

In spite of its small enthalpy of formation (ΔfH° = ), it is kinetically stable, decomposing only at 400 °C. It is quite reactive towards reducing agents and anions, however, with the chlorine atom acting as an electrophile. It reacts explosively with reducing agents such as metal amides, metals, hydrides, etc. Its hydrolysis in water occurs very slowly, unlike that of chloryl fluoride.

Synthesis and chemistry
Perchloryl fluoride is produced primarily by the fluorination of perchlorates. The initial syntheses in the early 1950s used fluorine gas or fluorides and anodic oxidation as the fluorinating agents, but these give explosive gaseous mixtures.  A common fluorinator in modern syntheses is antimony pentafluoride:
 + 3 HF + 2  →  +  + 2 
Alternatively, potassium perchlorate reacts with excess fluorosulfuric acid to give potassium bisulfate and perchloryl fluoride:
KClO4 + HFSO3 → KHSO4 + FClO3

 reacts with alcohols to produce alkyl perchlorates, which are extremely shock-sensitive explosives.  In the presence of a Lewis acid, it can be used for introducing the  group into aromatic rings via electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Applications

Perchloryl fluoride is used in organic chemistry as a mild fluorinating agent. It was the first industrially relevant electrophilic fluorinating agent, used since the 1960s for producing fluorinated steroids.  In the presence of aluminum trichloride, it has also been used as an electrophilic perchlorylation reagent for aromatic compounds.

Perchloryl fluoride was investigated as a high performance liquid rocket fuel oxidizer. In comparison with chlorine pentafluoride and bromine pentafluoride, it has significantly lower specific impulse, but does not tend to corrode tanks. It does not require cryogenic storage. Rocket fuel chemist John Drury Clark reported in his book Ignition!  that perchloryl fluoride is completely miscible with all-halogen oxidizers such as chlorine trifluoride and chlorine pentafluoride, and such a mixture provides the needed oxygen to properly burn carbon-containing fuels. It can also be used in flame photometry as an excitation source.

Safety
Perchloryl fluoride is toxic, with a TLV of 3 ppm. It is a strong lung- and eye-irritant capable of producing burns on exposed skin. Its IDLH level is 100 ppm. Symptoms of exposure include dizziness, headaches, syncope, and cyanosis. Exposure to toxic levels causes severe respiratory tract inflammation and pulmonary edema.

See also
Periodyl fluoride
Perbromyl fluoride

References

Inorganic chlorine compounds
Oxyfluorides
Rocket oxidizers
Fluorinating agents
Perchloryl compounds
Sweet-smelling chemicals
JSLEE. The JSLEE (JAIN Service Logic Execution Environment) is a Java programming language API for developing and deploying network services. It was standardized in Java Specification Requests JSR 22 and JSR 240 by Sun Microsystems and OpenCloud (now Metaswitch) with the participation of more than 80 operators and software vendors.

The technical specification is designed so that implementations can meet the stringent requirements of communications applications, like high throughput, low latency, scalability, availability and software portability. Furthermore, it allows software developers to write robust components as it integrates the ACID properties of transactions into the programming model.

The JSLEE environment acts as an integration point for multiple network resources and communications protocols.

See also
 Mobicents - Open source JSLEE Project
 Parlay - Open API for the telephone network
 Parlay X - Open APIs defined as set of simple-to-use, high-level, telecom-related Web services

Java specification requests
Telephony
VoIP software
Design code (United Kingdom). A design code is a document that sets rules for the design of a new development in the United Kingdom. It is a tool that can be used in the design and planning process, but goes further and is more regulatory than other forms of guidance commonly used in the English planning system over recent decades. It can be thought of as a process and document – and therefore a mechanism – which operationalises design guidelines or standards which have been established through a masterplan process. The masterplan or design framework is the vision. It should be accompanied by a design rationale that explains the objectives, with the design code providing instructions to the appropriate degree or precision of the more detailed design work.

In this way a design code may be a tool which helps ensure that the aspirations for quality and quantity for housing developments, particularly for large-scale projects, sought by the Government and other agencies are actually realised in the final schemes. It has the potential to deliver the consistency in quality exposed as lacking by CABE’s Housing Audit (2004).

Examples of developments where design codes are being used include:
Poundbury, Dorchester
Fairford Leys, Aylesbury
Fairfield, Bedfordshire
Ashford Barracks, Ashford
Upton, Northampton

See also
 Building code

External links
Government Advice on Preparing Design Codes in the UK
The Future of Design Codes in the UK

Urban planning