Fighting machine (The War of the Worlds). The fighting machine (also known as a "Martian Tripod") is one of the fictional machines used by the Martians in H. G. Wells' 1898 classic science fiction novel The War of the Worlds. In the novel, it is a fast-moving three-legged walker reported to be  tall with multiple, whip-like tentacles used for grasping, and two lethal weapons: the Heat-Ray and a gun-like tube used for discharging canisters of a poisonous chemical black smoke that kills everything. It is the primary machine the Martians use when they invade Earth, along with the handling machine, the flying machine, and the embankment machine.

Description in the Novel
The fighting machines walk on three tall, articulated legs and have a grouping of long, whip-like metallic tentacles hanging beneath the central body, a single flexible appendage holding the heat-ray projector. Atop the main body a hood-like head houses a sole Martian operator. 

The fighting machines are armed with a heat-ray, which is fired by a camera-like device held by an articulated arm, and a chemical weapon known as "the black smoke", a poisonous gas which is deployed from gun tubes. The fighting machines can also discharge steam through nozzles that dissipates the black smoke, which then settles as an inert, powdery substance. 

The metallic tentacles, which hang below the main fighting machine body, are used as probes and for grasping objects. The height of the fighting machines is unclear; in the novel, a newspaper article describes them to be more than  tall. HMS Thunder Child, a Royal Navy torpedo ram, engages a trio of tripods that are pursuing a refugee flotilla heading to France from the southeast English coast; the Thunder Child is eventually destroyed by the Martian heat-ray, but not before taking out two fighting machines.

The original conceptual drawings for the fighting machines, drawn by Warwick Goble, accompanied the initial appearance of The War of the Worlds in Pearson's Magazine in 1897. Wells criticized the illustrations, writing in later editions of the story:

Adaptations

Ray Harryhausen's unmade film
In the artwork for Ray Harryhausen's unmade 1950s War of the Worlds movie, the fighting machines are based on flying saucers walking upon three legs with spiked feet, and fire their heat rays from the rims of their bodies.

The War of the Worlds (1953 film)

The Martian fighting machines, designed by Albert Nozaki for George Pal's 1953 Paramount film The War of the Worlds, barely resemble the same machines in the H. G. Wells novel. The novel's fighting machines are 10-story tall tripods and carry the heat-ray projector on an articulated arm connected to the front of the machine's main body, as well as possessing the poison black smoke canisters fired from gun-like tubes. In the film version, the war machines instead possess two different types of death ray weapons, the first having pulsing wingtip ray emitters that cause subatomic disintegration to whatever they shoot, while the second type of death ray each Martian machine uses is a visible, reddish heat-ray, atop a swiveling goose-neck, mounted in a cobra-like head. The film's war machines move about on three invisible legs of energy, which are only briefly visible when moving on the ground upon leaving their initial landing site.

Television series

The serialized War of the Worlds (1988–1990) television series was established as a sequel to the 1953 film with much of the alien technology in the first season cued with visual references to the design of those in the aforementioned film. An older model of the 1953 film's craft is shown to have physical legs more similar to the novel version.

War of the Worlds

There are several differences between the fighting machines as described in Wells' novel and those in Steven Spielberg's 2005 film, which come from an undisclosed alien world. In this version the tripods were long ago brought to Earth, having been buried underground sometime in the past. The aliens instead travel in capsules to their buried machines, which transport them underground to the Tripods. The fighting machines in this movie also have the roles of the Martian handling machines with the fighting machines capturing humans and placing them into two containers where they are harvested one-by-one. Rather than burning humans, the fighting machines' weapons can disintegrate humans into ash leaving their clothing intact. In a published interview screenwriter David Koepp stated his belief that they were planted by these extraterrestrials as a part of some kind of alien "contingency plan" (said plan never being revealed to the audience).

While the Tripods don't arrive to Earth in cylinders, before they emerge, the ground cracks and then rotates in a similar fashion to the cylinder's lid from the novel.

H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds (2005 film) 

In Pendragon Pictures' direct-to-DVD H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds the tripods have a large, free-moving head atop the smaller main body, giving its sole Martian occupant a panoramic view. It has three thick, metallic tentacles, which are held on high, made up of boxy-looking segments, making them appear like large bicycle chains rather than slim and whip-like, as described in Wells' novel; they are used mainly to capture humans during the film. The tripods have three long, ridged, and stilt-like legs, which occasionally stride with the right and rear leg moving forward together in a clumsy, unconvincing manner.

War of the Worlds 2: The Next Wave (2008 film)

In the Asylum's 2008 sequel War of the Worlds 2: The Next Wave, the walkers are tripods called squid-walkers, and are capable of flight. Unlike the first film, the Martians do not control the fighting machines directly from the inside but manipulate cyborgs by remote control. A heat-ray is attached to the walkers, as well as a kind of ray that teleports humans directly to the alien mothership, where humans are then drained of their blood to feed the invaders. Whereas Wells' fighting machines carried cages to hold captured humans, these tripods place humans directly into the tripods' interiors. These appear organic, with no windows or controls, and the walls absorb anyone unlucky enough to touch them, sending them to an unknown destination.

Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds

The fighting machines are described in Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds and depicted on the album artwork painted by Michael Trim. This version of the tripods has major inconsistencies when compared to Wells' description in the novel. Presumably, for that reason, it is one of the most popular depictions.

BBC War of the Worlds Mini-Series

In the 2019 BBC Mini-Series, the Tripods are made from black tree-like materials which cracks and breaks when they move and walk. Rather than arriving in cylinders like in the novel, the fighting machines arrive on Earth in the form of large black spheres. The spheres would begin to spin in a fast speed and hover above the ground shooting heat rays at any human victim setting them ablaze. Afterwards, the spheres burst into dust and settle into the ground where the Tripods are formed, seemingly from the ground. The fighting machines' arsenal includes a powerful laser which fires from their singular eye and Black Smoke which causes their victims to spew black liquid from their mouths once inhaled.

War of the Worlds: The Attack

The Tripods in the 2023 film War of the Worlds: The Attack are presented with spider-like elements such as multiple eyes.

Fox's War of the Worlds

In the Fox Series, the fighting machines' roles are taken by small robotic dogs inspired by the military robot dogs.

Parallel and sequel novels
In Kevin J. Anderson' The Martian War the Martians use two types of tripods, the ones from The War of the Worlds and a smaller, "overseer" variant. In Sherlock Holmes's War of the Worlds, it is hinted that the Martians may have accelerated their evolution using selective breeding and eugenics, and that their original body type may have resembled the form of the tripods.

Influence on later fiction
Creatures and machines similar to the fighting machines are featured in video games, such as the Annihilator Tripods from Command & Conquer 3, or the Striders from Half-Life. An enemy alien faction featured in Helldivers 2, the Illuminate, includes the Sentinel Tripod.

Inaccurate coinage
In 2021, the Royal Mint announced a new version of the UK two pound coin minted in tribute to H.G. Wells. The coins bear an image of a Martian Fighting Machine with four instead of three legs, and The Invisible Man wearing the wrong style hat, resulting in derision from fans and collectors of Wells' work.

References

Bibliography

 Dalby, Richard. The Golden Age of Children's Book Illustration. New York: Gallery Books, 1991, .
 Edge, Laura Bufano. Steven Spielberg: Director of Blockbuster Films. New York: Publishers, Inc., 2008. .
 Hagerty, Jack and Jon Rogers. The Saucer Fleet. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books, 2008. .
 Morris, Nigel. The Cinema of Steven Spielberg: Empire of Light. New York: Wallflower Press, Columbia University, 2007. .
 Rubin, Steve. "The War of the Worlds." Cinefantastique magazine, Volume 5, No. 4 1977.
 Vander Hook, Sue. Steven Spielberg: Groundbreaking Director. Edina, Minnesota: ABDO, 2009. .
 Warren, Bill. Keep Watching The Skies Vol I: 1950–1957. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1982. .

The War of the Worlds
Science fiction film characters
Literary villains
Fictional mecha
Extraterrestrial supervillains
Fictional elements introduced in the 1890s