omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Application lifecycle management. Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the product lifecycle management (governance, development, and maintenance) of computer programs. It encompasses requirements management, software architecture, computer programming, software testing, software maintenance, change management, continuous integration, project management, and release management.

ALM vs. Software Development Life Cycle 

ALM is a broader perspective than the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is limited to the phases of software development such as requirements, design, coding, testing, configuration, project management, and change management. ALM continues after development until the application is no longer used, and may span many SDLCs.

Integrated ALM 

Modern software development processes are not restricted to the discrete ALM/SDLC steps managed by different teams using multiple tools from different locations. Real-time collaboration, access to the centralized data repository, cross-tool and cross-project visibility, better project monitoring and reporting are the key to developing quality software in less time.

This has given rise to the practice of integrated application lifecycle management, or integrated ALM, where all the tools and tools' users  are synchronized with each other throughout the application development stages. This integration ensures that every team member knows Who, What, When, and Why of any changes made during the development process and there is no last minute surprise causing delivery delays or project failure.

Today's application management vendors focus more on API management capabilities for third party best-of-breed tool integration which ensures that organizations are well-equipped with an internal software development system that can easily integrate with any IT or ALM tools needed in a project.

A research director with research firm Gartner proposed changing the term ALM to ADLM (Application Development Life-cycle Management) to include DevOps, the software engineering culture and practice that aims at unifying software development (Dev) and software operation (Ops).

ALM software suites 

Some specialized software suites for ALM are:

See also

 Application Lifecycle Framework
 Business transaction management
 Open Services for Lifecycle Collaboration
 Systems development life-cycle
 Software project management
 Comparison of project management software
 Bug tracking system
 Forge (software)

References

Further reading

External links
 Chappell, David, What is Application Lifecycle Management? (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2014
 Gartner Analyst Sean Kenefick, Market Profile: Application Life Cycle Management (ALM) Tools, 2012
 Margaret Rouse, application lifecycle management (ALM)
 Dave West, Integrated ALM Tools Are Fundamental to Success
 Dominic Tavassoli, Integrating application lifecycle management (ALM) processes provides additional benefits
 Zane Galviņa1, Darja Šmite, Software Development Processes in Globally Distributed Environment

Software project management
Prayagraj Express. The 12417 / 12418 Prayagraj S. F Express is a daily Overnight Superfast Express VVIP train which runs between the cities of Prayagraj (earlier known as Allahabad) and New Delhi, India.

Prayagraj Express along with Shram Shakti Express, Shiv Ganga Express, Lucknow Mail and Shaan-e-Bhopal Express enjoys highest priority all over the route.

Rakes
This train used ICF coach till December 2016. On 18 December 2016, replacing the old ICF coach, this train got new German LHB rakes with a total of 24 coaches. Modern LHB coach with a MPS (Maximum Permissible Speed) of 160 km/h are more comfortable. The new coaches, based on a German technology Linke Hoffman Busch (LHB), are made of stainless steel which do not turn turtle during accidents. The light-weight coaches will also improve the train's speed. Bigger windows, biotoilets, lamps at all AC seats and sound insulation are the other features.

Schedule 

12417 PRAYAGRAJ EXPRESS departs Prayagraj Junction every day at 10.10 PM IST and arrives New Delhi at 07.00 AM IST

12418 PRAYAGRAJ EXPRESS departs New Delhi at 10.10 PM IST and arrives Prayagraj Junction at 07.00 AM IST

Coaches
This train runs with two AC first-class coach, five AC 2 tier coaches, three AC 3 tier coaches, one AC 3 tier economy coach, nine sleeper coaches, two general coaches along with two EOG coaches. Thus, having a total of 24 LHB coach. It is the only train in India to be running with 24 LHB coach.

Route & Halts
It runs from Allahabad Junction via , , ,  to New Delhi.

Traction
It is hauled by a Kanpur-based WAP-7 locomotive on its entire journey.

Accident
In dense fog, on 2 January 2010, the Gorakhdham Express and Prayagraj Express collided near the Panki railway station near Kanpur, about 60 miles (100 kilometers) southwest of Lucknow. Ten people died and about 54 were injured.

See also
 New Delhi railway station
 Allahabad Junction (now officially Prayagraj Junction)
 Allahabad New Delhi Humsafar Express
 Purushottam Express
 Shiv Ganga Express

References

1. "10 killed as trains collide in dense fog U.P.". The Hindu. 2 January 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2020.

External links
Prayagraj Express at India Rail Info

Transport in Delhi
Named passenger trains of India
Trains from Prayagraj
Express trains in India
Rail transport in Delhi
Railway services introduced in 1986
DCMU. DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is an algicide and herbicide of the aryl urea class that inhibits photosynthesis. It was introduced by Bayer in 1954 under the trade name of Diuron.

History
In 1952, chemists at E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company patented a series of aryl urea derivatives as herbicides. Several compounds covered by this patent were commercialized as herbicides: chlortoluron (3-chloro-4-methylphenyl) and DCMU, the (3,4-dichlorophenyl) example. Subsequently, over thirty related urea analogs with the same mechanism of action reached the market worldwide.

Synthesis
As described in the du Pont patent, the starting material is 3,4-dichloroaniline, which is treated with phosgene to form a isocyanate derivative. This is subsequently reacted with dimethylamine to give the final product.
Aryl-NH2 + COCl2 → Aryl-NCO
Aryl-NCO + NH(CH3)2 → Aryl-NHCON(CH3)2

Mechanism of action
DCMU is a very specific and sensitive inhibitor of photosynthesis. It blocks the QB plastoquinone binding site of photosystem II, disallowing the electron flow from photosystem II to plastoquinone. This interrupts the photosynthetic electron transport chain in photosynthesis and thus reduces the ability of the plant to turn light energy into chemical energy (ATP and reductant potential).

DCMU only blocks electron flow from photosystem II, it has no effect on photosystem I or other reactions in photosynthesis, such as light absorption or carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle.

However, because it blocks electrons produced from water oxidation in PS II from entering the plastoquinone pool, "linear" photosynthesis is effectively shut down, as there are no available electrons to exit the photosynthetic electron flow cycle for reduction of NADP+ to NADPH.
In fact, it was found that DCMU not only does not inhibit the cyclic photosynthetic pathway, but, under certain circumstances, actually stimulates it.

Because of these effects, DCMU is often used to study energy flow in photosynthesis.

Toxicity
DCMU (Diuron) has been characterized as a known/likely human carcinogen based on animal testing.

References

Herbicides
Ureas
Anilines
Chlorobenzene derivatives
Suspected carcinogens
Cobweb (clustering). COBWEB is an incremental system for hierarchical conceptual clustering. COBWEB was invented by Professor Douglas H. Fisher, currently at Vanderbilt University.

COBWEB incrementally organizes observations into a classification tree. Each node in a classification tree represents a class (concept) and is labeled by a probabilistic concept that summarizes the attribute-value distributions of objects classified under the node. This classification tree can be used to predict missing attributes or the class of a new object.

There are four basic operations COBWEB employs in building the classification tree. Which operation is selected depends on the category utility of the classification achieved by applying it. The operations are:
 Merging Two Nodes  Merging two nodes means replacing them by a node whose children is the union of the original nodes' sets of children and which summarizes the attribute-value distributions of all objects classified under them.
 Splitting a node A node is split by replacing it with its children.
 Inserting a new node A node is created corresponding to the object being inserted into the tree.
 Passing an object down the hierarchy Effectively calling the COBWEB algorithm on the object and the subtree rooted in the node.

The COBWEB Algorithm

   COBWEB(root, record):
   Input: A COBWEB node root, an instance to insert record
   if root has no children then
     children := {copy(root)}
     newcategory(record) \\ adds child with record’s feature values.
     insert(record, root) \\ update root’s statistics
   else
     insert(record, root)
     for child in root’s children do
       calculate Category Utility for insert(record, child),
       set best1, best2 children w. best CU.
     end for
     if newcategory(record) yields best CU then
       newcategory(record)
     else if merge(best1, best2) yields best CU then
       merge(best1, best2)
       COBWEB(root, record)
     else if split(best1) yields best CU then
       split(best1)
       COBWEB(root, record)
     else
       COBWEB(best1, record)
     end if
   end

External links
Working python implementation of COBWEB

References 

Cluster analysis algorithms
CD-Cops. CD-Cops was the first CD-ROM protection system to use the geometry of the CD-ROM media rather than a hidden "mark". It was invented in 1996 by Danish Link Data Security, known for its Cops Copylock key-diskette security used in the 1990s by Lotus 1-2-3.

Overview

As a copy (CD-R or CD-ROM) will have a different geometry, Data Position Measurement needs to be used for copies. The geometry is not known before CDs have been produced, therefore a CD-code expressing the layout of the CD-ROM must be entered the first time a user runs the protected software. Using a special production process in some cases the CD-code is embedded on the CD-ROM. CD-Cops is popular for encyclopaedias/dictionaries and business applications but not used as much for games.

DVD-Cops, based on the same principles, was the first DVD-ROM protection system, made in 1998.

References

Sources
Analysis
Report
cdmediaworld
PDF
article

External links
CD-Cops  at linkdata.com
DVD-Cops  at linkdata.com

Compact Disc and DVD copy protection
Digital rights management for macOS
Materialise Mimics. Materialise Mimics is an image processing software for 3D design and modeling, developed by Materialise NV, a Belgian company specialized in additive manufacturing software and technology for medical, dental and additive manufacturing industries. Materialise Mimics is used to create 3D surface models from stacks of 2D image data. These 3D models can then be used for a variety of engineering applications. Mimics is an acronym for Materialise Interactive Medical Image Control System. It is developed in an ISO environment with CE and FDA 510k premarket clearance. Materialise Mimics is commercially available as part of the Materialise Mimics Innovation Suite, which also contains Materialise 3-matic, a design and meshing software for anatomical data. The current version is 24.0(released in 2021), and it supports Windows 10, Windows 7, Vista and XP in x64.

Process
Materialise Mimics calculates surface 3D models from stacked image data such as Computed Tomography (CT), Micro CT, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Confocal Microscopy, X-ray and Ultrasound, through image segmentation. The ROI, selected in the segmentation process is converted to a 3D surface model using an adapted marching cubes algorithm that takes the partial volume effect into account, leading to very accurate 3D models. The 3D files are represented in the STL format.

Uploading Data 
DICOM data from CT or MRI images can be uploaded into Materialise Mimics in order to begin the segmentation process. From this data, 3 different views are present: the coronal, axial, and sagittal views. Another window is present to display 3D objects.

Mask Creation 
The "New Mask" tool can be used to highlight specific anatomy from the DICOM data.

Printing Models 
Models can be sent to 3D printers in the form of STLs.

Gallery

See also
3D modeling
3D Slicer
Computer representation of surfaces
Computed tomography
Medical imaging

References

External links
 
 User community

Biomedical engineering
Windows graphics-related software
3D graphics software
Computer-aided design software
Peanut butter wrench. A peanut butter wrench, also known as a crank bolt spanner or a crank spanner,  is a single-ended box wrench or ring spanner used in cycling to tighten older 14 mm and 15 mm crank bolts, or the wheel nuts (track nuts) on hubs with solid axles commonly found on track bicycles, particularly the 15 mm wrench made by Campagnolo. This is the only one-piece wrench that can be used to tighten or loosen the bolt or nut which holds the crank to a square-taper bottom bracket spindle (although a thin-walled 15 mm socket and handle will also serve), whereas any wrench/spanner of the correct size will tighten or loosen wheel nuts. 

While Campagnolo produces the wrench most commonly associated with the name Peanut Butter Wrench, several other companies made, or continue to make, a similar product. These companies include:

 Specialities T.A. (France) 2 known variations
 Stronglight (France)
 Park Tool (United States) Came in 14/15/16mm. Part number CCW14/15/16
 Zeus (Spain)
 Sugino (Japan)
 Suntour (Japan)
 Tacx (Netherlands)
 ATD- Artisan Tool and Die (United States)
 Elite (Italy)
 VAR (France)
 Williams (United Kingdom)
 Saavedra (Argentina)
 Cobra (Italy) 2 known variations
 Savoretti (Argentina)
 VeloSolo (United Kingdom)

Additionally, there were several variations of the traditional Campagnolo version*.

Its name is derived from the fact that the wrench handle is reportedly a good size and shape to scoop peanut butter (a fairly cheap energy food for track cyclists) out of the jar.

External links
 Bicycle glossary by Sheldon Brown

Bicycle tools
Timeline of the Space Race. This is a timeline of achievements in Soviet and United States spaceflight, spanning the Cold War era of nationalistic competition known as the Space Race. 

This list is limited to first achievements by the USSR and USA which were important during the Space Race in terms of public perception and/or technical innovation. This excludes first uses of specific on-board equipment and new scientific discoveries, or achievements by other countries.

Beginning

1957–1959

1960–1969

1970–1979

1980–1989 

On 1991 December 31, the United Nations accepted the dissolution of the USSR, which meant the end of the space race.

See also

List of communications satellite firsts
List of space exploration milestones, 1957–1969
Timeline of space exploration
Timeline of first orbital launches by country
Timeline of space travel by nationality

Notes

References

External links 
Timeline of the Space Race/Moon Race
Chronology: Moon Race at russianspaceweb.com

Lists of firsts in outer space
Space policy
Technological races
Space Race
History of science and technology in the United States
Soviet Union–United States relations
Space Race
Space Race
Antimony triiodide. Antimony triiodide is the chemical compound with the formula SbI3.  This ruby-red solid is the only characterized "binary" iodide of antimony, i.e. the sole compound isolated with the formula SbxIy. It contains antimony in its +3 oxidation state. Like many iodides of the heavier main group elements, its structure depends on the phase.  Gaseous SbI3 is a molecular, pyramidal species as anticipated by VSEPR theory.  In the solid state, however, the Sb center is surrounded by an octahedron of six iodide ligands, three of which are closer and three more distant.   For the related compound BiI3, all six Bi—I distances are equal.

Production
It may be formed by the reaction of antimony with elemental iodine, or the reaction of antimony trioxide with hydroiodic acid.

Alternatively, it may be prepared by the interaction of antimony and iodine in boiling benzene or tetrachloroethane.

Uses
SbI3 has been used as a dopant in the preparation of thermoelectric materials.

References

External links

Iodides
Metal halides
Antimony(III) compounds
Antimony triselenide. Antimony triselenide is the chemical compound with the formula . The material exists as the sulfosalt mineral antimonselite (IMA symbol: Atm), which crystallizes in an orthorhombic space group. In this compound, antimony has a formal oxidation state +3 and selenium −2. The bonding in this compound has covalent character as evidenced by the black color and semiconducting properties of this and related materials. The low-frequency dielectric constant (ε0) has been measured to be 133 along the c axis of the crystal at room temperature, which is unusually large. Its band gap is 1.18 eV at room temperature.

The compound may be formed by the reaction of antimony with selenium and has a melting point of 885 K.

Applications
 
 is now being actively explored for application thin-film solar cells. A record light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 9.2% has been reported.

References

Selenides
Antimony(III) compounds
Scandium(III) sulfide. Scandium(III) sulfide is a chemical compound of scandium and sulfur with the chemical formula Sc2S3.  It is a yellow solid.

Structure
The crystal structure of Sc2S3 is closely related to that of sodium chloride, in that it is based on a cubic close packed array of anions. Whereas NaCl has all the octahedral interstices in the anion lattice occupied by cations, Sc2S3 has one third of them vacant. The vacancies are ordered, but in a very complicated pattern, leading to a large, orthorhombic unit cell belonging to the space group Fddd.

Synthesis
Metal sulfides are usually prepared by heating mixtures of the two elements, but in the case of scandium, this method yields scandium monosulfide, ScS. Sc2S3 can be prepared by heating scandium(III) oxide under flowing hydrogen sulfide in a graphite crucible to 1550 °C or above for 2–3 hours.  The crude product is then purified by chemical vapor transport at 950 °C using iodine as the transport agent.

Sc2O3 + 3H2S → Sc2S3 + 3H2O

Scandium(III) sulfide can be prepared by reacting scandium(III) chloride with dry hydrogen sulfide at elevated temperature:
2 ScCl3 + 3 H2S → Sc2S3 + 6 HCl

Reactivity
Above 1100 °C, Sc2S3 loses sulfur, forming nonstoichiometric compounds such as Sc1.37S2.

References

Sesquisulfides
Scandium compounds
Inorganic compounds
Political engineering. In political science, political engineering is the designing of political institutions in a society and often involves the use of paper decrees, in the form of laws, referendums, ordinances, or otherwise, to try to achieve some desired effect.

The criteria and constraints used in such design vary depending on the optimization methods used. Usually democratic political systems have not been deemed suitable as subjects of political engineering methods. Political engineering can also be employed to design alternative voting procedures in a democratic system.

References

Further reading

 Benjamin Reilly, Democracy and Diversity: Political Engineering in the Asia-Pacific, 2006.
 Democracy in Divided Societies. Electocal Engineering for Conflict Management, 2001.
 Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering, 2nd Ed. 1997.
 Andrés Tinoco, Ingeniería Política y de Gobierno, 2007.

Control (social and political)
Political science terminology
Samarium(III) oxide. Samarium(III) oxide (Sm2O3) is a chemical compound. Samarium oxide readily forms on the surface of samarium metal under humid conditions or temperatures in excess of 150°C in dry air. Similar to rust on metallic iron, this oxide layer spalls off the surface of the metal, exposing more metal to continue the reaction. The oxide is commonly white to off yellow in color and is often encountered as a highly fine dust like powder.

Uses
Samarium(III) oxide is used in optical and infrared absorbing glass to absorb infrared radiation.  Also, it is used as a neutron absorber in control rods for nuclear power reactors.  The oxide catalyzes the dehydration and dehydrogenation of primary and secondary alcohols.  Another use involves preparation of other samarium salts.

Preparations
Samarium(III) oxide may be prepared by two methods:

1. thermal decomposition of samarium(III) carbonate, hydroxide, nitrate, oxalate or sulfate:
 Sm2(CO3)3 → Sm2O3 + 3 CO2

2. by burning the metal in air or oxygen at a temperature above 150 °C:
 4 Sm + 3 O2 → 2 Sm2O3

Reactions
Samarium(III) oxide dissolves in mineral acids, forming salts upon evaporation and crystallization:
 Sm2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 SmCl3 + 3 H2O

The oxide can be reduced to metallic samarium by heating with a reducing agent, such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide, at elevated temperatures.

References

Sesquioxides

Crystals in space group 206
Samarium(III) compounds
Computon. A computon is a combined unit of computing power, including processor cycles, memory, disk storage and bandwidth, proposed in 2005 by researchers at Hewlett-Packard, with the word being a cross between "computation" and "photon", the name for a packet of electromagnetic energy.  HP hoped that the computon would become the computing industry's equivalent to public utility's watt-hour.

See also
 Computron
 Grid computing
 Distributed computing
Computronium

References
 Who wants to buy a computon?, The Economist, 12 March 2005 Grid computing: Electricity is sold by the kilowatt-hour. Now a researcher has proposed that computing power should be sold by the computon

External links
 Sun Power Units

Computer performance
Samarium(III) sulfide. Samarium(III) sulfide (Sm2S3) is a chemical compound of the rare earth element samarium, and sulfur. In this compound samarium is in the +3 oxidation state, and sulfur is an anion in the −2 state.

Production
One way to make Samarium(III) sulfide is to heat samarium metal with sulfur. Another way to make a thin film is to alternatively soak in samarium(III) chloride tartaric acid complex, and sodium thiosulfate.

Properties
The low temperature α form crystallises in the orthorhombic crystal system. The unit cell has dimensions a=7.376, b=3.9622 c=15.352 Å with volume 448.7 Å3. There are four of the formula in each unit cell (Sm8S12). The density comes out to 5.88 kg/liter. There are two kinds of samarium coordination in the solid, one is eight coordinated with sulfur surrounding in a bicapped trigonal pyramid. The other is a sevenfold  capped distorted octahedral arrangement. This structure is similar to other light rare-earth element sulfides.

Samarium(III) sulfide is a semiconductor with a band gap of 1.7 eV. As a thin film on high area electrodes, it is under investigation as a super capacitor dielectric, with specific capacitances of up to 360 Farads per gram.

Related
Related samarium sulfides include the monosulfide SmS and the mixed valent Sm3S4 which are also semiconductors. KSm2CuS6 is a layered quaternary sulfide.

References

Sesquisulfides
Samarium(III) compounds