omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
God object. In object-oriented programming, a god object (sometimes also called an omniscient or all-knowing object) is an object that references a large number of distinct types, has too many unrelated or uncategorized methods, or some combination of both. The god object is an example of an anti-pattern and a code smell.

Characteristics 

A common programming technique is to separate a large problem into several smaller problems (a divide and conquer strategy) and create solutions for each of them. Once the smaller problems are solved, the big problem as a whole has been solved. Therefore a given object for a small problem only needs to know about itself. Likewise, there is only one set of problems an object needs to solve: its own problems. This also follows the single-responsibility principle.

In contrast, a program that employs a god object does not follow this approach. Most of such a program's overall functionality is coded into a single "all-knowing" object, which maintains most of the information about the entire program, and also provides most of the methods for manipulating this data. Because this object holds so much data and requires so many methods, its role in the program becomes god-like (all-knowing and all-encompassing). Instead of program objects communicating among themselves directly, the other objects within the program rely on the single god object for most of their information and interaction. Since this object is tightly coupled to (referenced by) so much of the other code, maintenance becomes more difficult than it would be in a more evenly divided programming design. Changes made to the object for the benefit of one routine can have a ripple effect on other unrelated functions.

A god object is the object-oriented analogue of failing to use subroutines in procedural programming languages, or of using far too many global variables to store state information.

Whereas creating a god object is typically considered bad programming practice, this technique is occasionally used for tight programming environments (such as microcontrollers), where the performance increase and centralization of control are more important than maintainability and programming elegance.

See also 

 Ravioli code – the opposite pattern

References

External links 
 Anti-Patterns and Worst Practices – Monster Objects.
 Code Smell 14 — God Objects
Anti-patterns
Object (computer science)
DCML (markup language). Data Center Markup Language (DCML) is an XML-based markup language which provides a means for describing data center environments such as dependencies between data center components and managerial policies governing those environments with an open, vendor-neutral language.

DCML can be used to, for example, link a server provisioning system with a server monitoring system so that when a new server is provisioned, it is also automatically monitored. The DCML document transmitted to the monitoring system in this instance would include information about the machine's IP address and any special ports and services running on the machine that are to be monitored. The DCML document would also contain information about what application the server belongs to and whom to contact, as well as how to contact them, when it goes down. This information is imported into the system that is available to NOC personnel for consultation when an alert occurs.

DCML is being developed by the Data Center Markup Language Interest Group in conjunction with OASIS. In 2004 it was still in its early stages of development in draft form.

External links
DCML.org: Data Center Markup Language Official Web Site
OASIS Web Site

XML markup languages
ALGOL X. ALGOL X was the code name given to a programming language which was being developed as a successor to ALGOL 60, by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which supports and maintains the languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68. It attempted to find a "short-term solution to existing difficulties". ALGOL N and ALGOL W were two other ALGOL versions proposed to fulfill this need.

According to de Morgan, "... the Algol 60 devotees had not been idle... they set out to eliminate the dreaded Remaining Trouble Spots. They called their Algol 60 'Modified'."

One ALGOL X compiler is known to have existed. It was written with the Automated Engineering Design (AED-0) system, also termed ALGOL Extended for Design, by Douglas T. Ross of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Example class definition: (an extract from AB26.2.2)
 class expression is constant (real value) ora variable (string printname)
    ora class pair is (sum ora difference ora product 
        ora quotient)((expression) left operand, right operand, derivative);
Example class usage:
  (expression) X; (constant) Y; (pair) Z; (product) Q;
 
  X := Y:= constant(10.5);
  Z := Q := product(variable("ALPHA"), constant(2.), constant(2.))

"Initially the proposal for an update to Algol was Algol X, with Algol Y being the name reserved for
the corresponding metalanguage. Van Wijngaarden produced a paper for the 1963 IFIP programming language
committee, entitled “Generalized Algol,” which contained the basic concepts which were eventually
incorporated into Algol 68."

References

External links
 Investigations in CAD FR035 Chapter IV- AED beyond Algol 60
 ALGOL X and ALGOL Y; Lambert Meertens; CWI Lectures in honour of Adriaan van Wijngaarden; November 2016

ALGOL 60 dialect
ALGOL N. ALGOL N (N for Nippon – Japan in Japanese) is the name of a successor programming language to ALGOL 60, designed in Japan with the goal of being as simple as ALGOL 60 but as powerful as ALGOL 68. The language was proposed by Nobuo Yoneda. ALGOL N tried to use extensibility to solve the problem that language designers faced when trying to make an inextensible language for all domains, or having to make many domain-specific languages (DSLs), one for each domain. It avoided type conversion (coercion) while not making things more difficult for programmers.

References

ALGOL 68 dialect
Paul H. Cress. Paul H. Cress (1939–2004) was a Canadian computer scientist.

He was a young lecturer in computer science at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) when, starting in 1966, he and his colleague Paul Dirksen led a team of programmers developing a fast Fortran programming language compiler called WATFOR (WATerloo FORtran), for the IBM System/360 family of computers.  The /360 WATFOR project was initiated by Professor J. Wesley Graham, following the successful implementation in 1965 of a WATFOR compiler for the IBM 7040 computer.  An enhanced version of the /360 WATFOR compiler was called WATFIV, variously interpreted to mean "WATerloo Fortran IV" or "WATFOR-plus-one".

WATFOR and WATFIV made Fortran programming accessible to university students and researchers and even  high schoolers, and largely established Waterloo's early reputation as a centre for software and Computer Science research. In 1972, Cress and Dirksen were joint winners of the Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery, "For the creation of the WATFOR Compiler, the first member of a powerful new family of diagnostic and educational programming tools."   
Cress died August 20, 2004, aged 65.

Publications

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

1939 births
2004 deaths
Fortran
Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Canadian computer scientists
FME. FME may refer to:

Entertainment 
 Film and Music Entertainment, a British film production company
 Finnish Metal Expo, a music festival

Technology 
 FME connector, a type of coaxial cable connector
 FME (software), a spatial data integration and conversion application
 Fairbanks Morse Engine, engine manufacturing subsidiary of EnPro Industries
 Fourier–Motzkin elimination, a mathematical technique
 Fujitsu Microelectronics Europe GmbH, former name of Fujitsu Semiconductor Europe GmbH

Other uses 
 Federación Mexicana de Esgrima, the Mexican Fencing Federation
  (Financial Supervisory Authority (Iceland), an Icelandic government agency 
 Force medical examiner, any doctor employed by police in the United Kingdom as an expert in a law enforcement matter
 Forest Movement Europe, an environmental organization
 Formal Methods Europe, an NGO for encouraging formal methods in computer hardware and software development
 Free-market environmentalism, a political philosophy
 FME, IATA code for Tipton Airport, in Maryland, United States
Edmund Germer. Edmund Germer (August 24, 1901 – August 10, 1987) was a German inventor, recognized as the father of the fluorescent lamp. His father was an accountant. He obtained a doctorate from the University of Berlin in lighting technology.

He applied for a patent for a fluorescent lamp with Friedrich Meyer and Hans J. Spanner on December 10, 1926, which led to . The patent was later purchased by the General Electric Company, which also licensed his patent on the high-pressure mercury-vapor lamp.

The idea of coating the tube of an arc lamp emitting in the ultraviolet with fluorescing powder to transform UV into visible light led to the realization of arc discharge emitters with spectral quality competing with incandescent emitters. Prior to that, the unpleasant color of the emitted light made these lamps unfit for daily use, despite their much higher efficiency.

He co-founded a company that worked on developing inert gas-glowing cathode rectifiers, and subsequently in the 1930s worked as an independent inventor for companies such as Osram and Philips.

After World War II, he was invited by Engelhard Industries, Newark to continue his research.

He and Hans Spanner were each awarded the Franklin Institute's Frank P. Brown Medal in 1954.

References

External links
 Bio

20th-century German inventors
1901 births
1987 deaths
People associated with electricity
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Engineers Europe. Engineers Europe (stylized as ENGINEERS EUROPE), formally FEANI (Fédération Européenne d'Associations Nationales d'Ingénieurs / European Federation of National Engineering Associations) prior to 01 January 2023, is a federation of national professional bodies representing engineering in European countries.  Founded in 1951, it aims to promote the recognition, mobility and interests of Europe's engineering profession. Engineers Europe maintains a database of recognised engineering qualifications and also maintains a (non-comprehensive) register of professionally qualified engineers from member countries.

The Engineers Europe register and European Engineer status
Engineers Europe maintains a register of professionally qualified engineers from member countries.  Individuals may have their names added to the register through the national member institution of their own country.  To register, candidates need to have undergone at least seven years of "formation" including at least three years of engineering education and at least two years of professional engineering experience. (The balance of three years can be made up of any combination of engineering education, training and professional engineering experience.)

Engineers Europe grants engineers whose names are on the Engineers Europe register the title European Engineer and the corresponding "Eur Ing", "EUR ING" prefix.  However, European Engineer and the Eur Ing designation are not legally recognised in all countries.
The European Commission has acclaimed the register as a good example of a profession's self-regulation, and indicated that member states will find the Engineers Europe register helpful when deciding whether foreign engineers are qualified to practice; the Commission concluded that engineers on the register "should not normally be required to undertake an adaptation period or sit an aptitude test" in order to practice in European countries.

List of national members

References

External links
 Engineers Europe official website

Engineering societies
International scientific organizations based in Europe
1951 establishments in Europe
Organisations based in Brussels
Organizations established in 1951
Grafham Water. Grafham Water is an  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) north of Perry, Huntingdonshire. It was designated an SSSI in 1986. It is a reservoir with a circumference of about , is  deep at maximum, and is the eighth largest reservoir in England by volume and the third largest by area at . An area of  at the western end is a nature reserve managed by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire.

The lake was created by building an earth and concrete dam, constructed by W. & C. French in 1965, and water is extracted and processed at an adjacent Anglian Water treatment plant before being piped away as drinking water. It was shown from the air, before it opened, in 'Look at Life (film series)' ' 1965 episode, 'Will Taps Run Dry ?', narrated by Tim Turner.

The reservoir was immediately colonised by wildlife and a nature reserve was created at the western side of the reservoir. The nature reserve contains semi-natural ancient (at least 400 years old) woodlands and more recent plantation woodlands, grasslands and wetland habitats such as reedbeds, willow and open water. The reservoir has nationally important numbers of wintering great crested grebes, tufted ducks and coots, and of moulting mute swans in late summer. A pond has a population of the nationally uncommon warty newt.

Water is obtained by pumping water from the River Great Ouse nearby. There are two pumping stations associated with the reservoir. One is located just behind the dam, the other at Offord Cluny alongside the River Great Ouse. At times of high potential flood risk, Grafham Water treatment works can increase the amount of water it takes up to maximum capacity to help reduce the risk of flooding along the river.

As of January 2011, it was the only site in England, and the first in the UK, to harbour the invasive killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus).

Grafham Water is popular for a range of leisure activities including sailing, fly fishing and cycling. In 2019, a live-action gaming centre, Rumble Live Action Gaming, was opened in the woodland arenas on the edge of the reservoir.

See also
 List of reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom

References

External links

 Wildlife Trust Reserve

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cambridgeshire
Drinking water reservoirs in England
Nature reserves in Cambridgeshire
Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire reserves
Reservoirs in Cambridgeshire
Slick Aircraft Slick 360. The Slick Aircraft Slick 360 is a South African aerobatics aircraft produced by the Slick Aircraft Company of Pretoria, South Africa. It is designed exclusively as an aerobatic competition aircraft, to compete in events such as the Advanced World Aerobatics Championships (AWAC).

Development
The Slick 360 was designed to fill a gap in the light aerobatic aircraft segment, as the aircraft which dominate this segment, the Yak-55, Zlin Z-50 and Extra 230 have all ceased production, making them increasingly hard to obtain. While other Extras are still in production (260, 300, 300S, 300L and 330), they are fitted with six-cylinder (260/300 hp) engines and therefore not allowed to compete in the AWAC. New aircraft have been created in an attempt to replace these three, such as the One Design and the Cap 222, but they have failed to dominate, purportedly due to their excessively-high aileron roll rates, which, being faster than their flick roll rates, results in the flick roll scores being downgraded. In addition, their small size has made them difficult to judge. The result being that neither of the two new designs has yet managed to achieve better results than the older established designs, with the past five AWAC events being won by the Extra 230, Zlin Z-50 and Yak-55. This was borne out by the winner of 2003 AWAC, who was a French pilot who chose to fly an Extra 230 despite the fact that he had access to the French team's Cap 222.

Due to this, the Slick 360 was envisaged as a newer version of the Extra 230, using the same basic concept and design, but with as many upgrades and improvements as possible. To this end, the size, basic wing shape and control system of the Extra 230 were used as the basis for the new aircraft, but the flick roll characteristics were designed to be closer to that of the Laser, from which the Extra 230 was originally derived.

The aircraft's wings were made from a carbon-fibre composite material, and designed by François Jordaan, an aeronautical and structural engineer who had previously designed the wings of the Celstar aerobatic glider and the Ravin 500. In addition to the improvements made to the wing itself, the latest aileron designs were fitted, giving the aircraft a roll rate of around 400 degrees per second.

The aircraft is fitted with a Lycoming AEIO-360-A1B6 engine from AeroSport Power of Canada, which is a fully aerobatic-qualified engine with only one restriction due to the oil system: The pilot is restricted to 10 seconds of vertical flight or steep dives; inverted flight, steep dive; zero "g" manoeuvres and wing-down or knife-edge flights.

Operational history
The Slick 360 is in production and to date 9 have been sold.

However, the pre-production Slick 360 took part in the South African National Aerobatics Championships in June 2004, achieving the unusual distinction of winning the event in its first outing.

Specifications

See also

References

2000s South African sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2004
Mid-wing aircraft
DNP. DNP may refer to:

Science and technology
 2,4-Dinitrophenol, a small organic molecule formerly marketed as a pharmaceutical "diet aid"
 Deoxyribonucleoprotein, a complex of DNA and protein
 Distance to neutral point, a quantity which is important when considering thermal expansion mismatch
 Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3), a protocol used in SCADA systems for communication with remote terminal units and intelligent electronic devices
 "Do not populate" or "do not place", a term used in printed circuit board design to denote the omitting of a component
 Dynamic nuclear polarization, a technique used in NMR spectroscopy

Government and politics
 German National Party (German: Deutsche Nationalpartei), a former German political party in Czechoslovakia
 "Duty Not Paid", in the context of cigarette smuggling
 Dutch National Police, the police agency in the Netherlands

Other uses
 Dai Nippon Printing, the world's largest printing company, based in Japan
 Defects notification period (applicable to a construction contract), an additional period of time following completion during which the duty to perform the contract continues to exist
 Deosai National Park, Pakistan
 Der Neue Pauly, a more compact edition of Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Pauly-Wissowa)
 Doctor of Nursing Practice, a professional doctorate in nursing
 "Did not play", a label seen in sports box scores. Also see Glossary of basketball terms
Cloning (programming). In computer science, cloning refers to the making of an exact copy of an object, frequently under the paradigm of instance-based programming, or object-oriented programming (OOP).

Shallow copies
In most programming languages (exceptions include Ruby), primitive types such as double, float, int, long, etc. simply store their values somewhere in the computer's memory (often the call stack). By using simple assignment, you can copy the contents of the variable to another one:

Copying primitive types in Java or C++:
int original = 42;
int copy = 0;

copy = original;

Many OOP programming languages (including Java, D, ECMAScript, and C#) make use of object references. Object references, which are similar to pointers in other languages, allow for objects to be passed around by address so that the whole object need not be copied.

A Java example, when "copying" an object using simple assignment:
Object original = new Object();
Object copy = null;

copy = original; // does not copy object but only its reference

The object is not duplicated, the variables 'original' and 'copy' are actually referring to the same object. In C++, the equivalent code

Object* original = new Object();
Object* copy = NULL;
copy = original;

makes it clear that it is a pointer to the object being copied, not the object itself.

Cloning
The process of actually making another exact replica of the object instead of just its reference is called cloning. In most languages, the language or libraries can facilitate some sort of cloning. In Java, the Object class contains the clone() method, which copies the object and returns a reference to that copied object. Since it is in the Object class, all classes defined in Java will have a clone method available to the programmer (although to function correctly it needs to be overridden at each level it is used). 

Cloning an object in Java:
Object originalObj = new Object();
Object copyObj = null;

copyObj = originalObj.clone(); // duplicates the object and assigns the new reference to 'copyObj'→

C++ objects in general behave like primitive types, so to copy a C++ object one could use the '=' (assignment) operator. There is a default assignment operator provided for all classes, but its effect may be altered through the use of operator overloading. There are dangers when using this technique (see slicing). A method of avoiding slicing can be implementing a similar solution to the Java clone() method for the classes and using pointers. (There is no built-in clone() method.)

A C++ example of object cloning:
Object originalObj;
Object copyObj(originalObj); // creates a copy of originalObj named copyObj

A C++ example of object cloning using pointers (to avoid slicing see):
Object* originalObj = new Object;
Object* copyObj = nullptr;

copyObj = new Object(*originalObj); // creates a copy of originalObj and assigns its address to copyObj

References

Object-oriented programming
Elliott ALGOL. Elliott ALGOL is a compiler for the programming language ALGOL 60, for the Elliott 803 computer made by Elliott Brothers in the United Kingdom. It was implemented by Tony Hoare and others. It differed slightly from the reference version of ALGOL, particularly in the supported character set. First released in February 1962, it is believed to be the first implementation of an ALGOL 60 compiler in a commercial context and was an unexpectedly popular product for the company.

References

ALGOL 60 dialect
Systems programming languages
Procedural programming languages
Programming languages created in 1962
ALGOL 68S. ALGOL 68S is a programming language designed as a subset of ALGOL 68, to allow compiling via a one-pass compiler. It was mostly for numerical analysis.

Implementations
A compiler for ALGOL 68S was available for the PDP-11, written in the language BLISS. The multiprocessor version designed for the C.mmp has been preserved at the PDP Unix Preservation Society archive.

Charles H. Lindsey created another implementation of ALGOL 68, named ALGOL 68S, for Sun-3, Sun SPARC (under SunOS 4.1), Sun SPARC (under Solaris 2), Atari ST (under GEMDOS) and Acorn Archimedes (under RISC OS).

Chief differences from ALGOL 68
The main differences between ALGOL 68 and 68S, as summarised from Appendix 4 of the Informal Introduction, include:
 No union
 No flex, but strings are handled specially
 No arrays inside structures (but references to arrays were allowed) and a similar restriction on arrays of arrays (multidimensional arrays are nonetheless permitted)
 Limits on use of long and short to aid implementing on small computers
 No heap
 No parallel processing
 Limits on the order of declaration and other small syntactic differences to allow one-pass compiling
 No formats

References

Subset