omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Albert G. Lee. Lieutenant Colonel Sir Albert George Lee MC (24 May 1879 – 26 August 1967) was a British radio pioneer.

Lee was born in Conwy, Wales, and in 1903 entered the General Post Office Engineering Service, where he designed and tested submarine and other cables. In World War I he served in the Royal Engineers (Signal Service) commanding a telegraph construction company, and later was Officer-in-Charge, General Headquarters Signal Area. In 1920 Lee became involved with radios, and soon became Staff Engineer in charge of the radio section of the General Post Office. He was associated with the development of a coupled circuit arc, the Rugby, Warwickshire high-power station, and the transatlantic telephone and shortwave telephone service.

Lee was a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and chaired its Wireless Section from 1927 to 1928. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1929, knighted in the 1937 New Year Honours and awarded the IRE Medal of Honor in 1939 "for his accomplishments in promoting international radio services and in fostering advances in the art and science of radio communication."

References 
 IEEE History Center biography
 Lee, A.G., "The Radio Communication Services of the British Post Office", Proceedings of the IRE, volume 18, issue 10, October 1930, pages 1690–1731.

1879 births
1967 deaths
People from Conwy
Royal Engineers officers
British electrical engineers
Radio pioneers
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
British Army personnel of World War I
Knights Bachelor
Recipients of the Military Cross
Military personnel from Conwy County Borough
Stack resource policy. The Stack Resource Policy (SRP)  is a resource allocation policy used in real-time computing, used for accessing shared resources when using earliest deadline first scheduling. It was defined by T. P. Baker. SRP is not the same as the Priority ceiling protocol which is for fixed priority tasks (FP).

Function 

Each task is assigned a preemption level based upon the following formula where  denotes the deadline of task  and  denotes the preemption level of task i:

Each resource R has a current ceiling  that represents the maximum of the preemption levels of the tasks that may be blocked, when there are  units of  available and  is the maximum units of  that  may require at any one time.  is assigned as follows: 

There is also a system ceiling  which is the maximum of all current ceilings of the resources.

Any task  that wishes to preempt the system must first satisfy the following constraint:

This can be refined for Operating System implementation (as in MarteOS) by removing the multi-unit resources and defining the stack resource policy as follows
 All tasks are assigned a preemption level, in order to preserve the ordering of tasks in relation to each other when locking resources. The lowest relative deadline tasks are assigned the highest preemption level.
 Each shared resource has an associated ceiling level, which is the maximum preemption level of all the tasks that access this protected object.
 The system ceiling, at any instant in time, is the maximum active priority of all the tasks that are currently executing within the system.
 A task is only allowed to preempt the system when its absolute deadline is less than the currently executing task and its preemption level is higher than the current system ceiling.

Relevancy 

The 2011 book Hard Real-Time Computing Systems: Predictable Scheduling Algorithms and Applications by Giorgio C. Buttazzo featured a dedicated section to reviewing SRP from Baker 1991 work.

References

Real-time computing
Pouch Attachment Ladder System. The Pouch Attachment Ladder System or PALS is a grid of webbing invented and patented by United States Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center used to attach smaller equipment onto load-bearing platforms, such as vests and backpacks. It was first used on MOLLE rucksacks, but is now found on a variety of tactical equipment, such as the U.S. Improved Outer Tactical Vest, Interceptor body armor, USMC improved load-bearing equipment backpack and Modular Tactical Vest. It is used to attach items such as holsters, magazine pouches, radio pouches, knife sheathes, and other gear. A wide variety of pouches are commercially available, allowing soldiers to customize their kit. There is also a variety of attachment methods including the Alice Clip, the Natick snap, and soft, interwoven straps. The PALS system has begun to be adopted by other forces, such as the British Army, who use it on their Osprey body armor.

PALS consists of webbing sewn onto the load-bearing equipment and corresponding webbing and straps on the attachment. The straps are interwoven between the webbing on each of two pieces and finally snapped into place, making for a very secure fit which can be detached with moderate effort. New types are laser cut out of single piece fabric rather than webbing straps sewn onto fabric. This is common on many new tactical items from backpacks to chest rigs. The spacing is the same standard so new lasercut ladders are 100% backwards compatible with older pouches made for webbing strap construction rigs.

Specifications

The PALS grid consists of horizontal rows of  commercial item descriptions (CID) A-A-55301A (replacing Mil-W-43668) Type III nylon webbing (most commercial vendors use Type IIIa), spaced 25 mm apart, and reattached to the backing at  intervals.
The stitchings are spaced 38 mm (1.5 in) apart, with a range of 35–40 mm (1.4–1.6 in) considered acceptable in practice.

Newer styles come in various laser cut fabric, most commonly 1000D cordura nylon (some vendors use 500D–600D). The benefits often quoted for laser cut single piece style is significant weight saving especially on plate carriers/rigs and items with large amount of ladder area as well as less bulk. Another consideration is fabrics can be made in new popular patterns without need to source webbing in compatible shades including viewing conditions under night vision devices. Many of these specialist patterns are also available in NIR treated forms for optimal camouflage viewed through such night vision devices.

Gallery

References

External links
 olive-drab.com: MOLLE Pouch Attachment Ladder System (PALS) 
 

Personal military carrying equipment
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
DB Class 66. The DB Class 66 (German: Baureihe 66) was a class of two Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) locomotives designed for fast goods train and passenger train services on the main and branch lines of Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB), the national railway of the former West Germany.

History
The Class 66 were one of several newly designed locomotive classes, the so-called Neubauloks, built for the DB after the Second World War. The 66s had a top speed of 100 km/h and an axle load of only 15 tonnes which made them ideally suited to such duties. They were intended to replace the former state railway (Länderbahn) locomotives of DRG classes 38.10 (ex-Prussian P 8), 78 (ex-Prussian T 18) and 93 (ex-Prussian T 14). However increasing competition from diesel locomotives meant that no more engines were built after the two prototypes, even though they fully met all expectations and were a very successful design. The Class 66 was the penultimate locomotive class to be built as part of the DB's Neubaulok construction programme.

Design
The engines were equipped with a welded, high-performance boiler with a combustion chamber, roller bearings, a mixer preheater and a welded plate frame. Because great emphasis was placed on the working conditions for the engine driver and stoker, the Class 66 had a fully enclosed driver's cab, skylights, floor heating and upholstered seats with back rests. From autumn 1967 both engines were fitted equipment for working push-pull services.

Locomotive number 66 001 was retired in 1967 due to damage to its drive, and stored at Gießen; the second engine was retired in 1968.

Preservation 

Locomotive 66 002 was bought after its retirement by the German Railway History Company (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Eisenbahngeschichte or DGEG) and is currently (2007) homed in Bochum-Dahlhausen Railway Museum.

See also
 List of DB locomotives and railbuses

References 

 Modelleisenbahner: Prestige Projekt - 66.002. Mai 2007, Seite 26 - 29

66
066
2-6-4T locomotives
Henschel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1955
Passenger locomotives
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
1′C2′ h2t locomotives
Isopropyl chloride. Isopropyl chloride  is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2CHCl.  It is a colourless to slightly yellow, volatile, flammable liquid with a sweet, ether-like (almost like petroleum) odour. It is used as an industrial solvent. 

It is produced industrially by the addition of HCl to propylene: 
CH3CH=CH2  +  HCl  →  (CH3)2CHCl

Isopropyl chloride can be easily produced in the lab by reacting concentrated hydrochloric acid with isopropyl alcohol in the presence of a calcium chloride or zinc chloride catalyst. The common ratio of alcohol to acid to catalyst is 1:2:1 using 30% HCl and near pure isopropyl alcohol.  The reaction mixture is refluxed for several hours, or distilled over several hours. The isopropyl chloride is then separated from the remaining isopropyl alcohol by washing with water (the isopropyl chloride will form in insoluble layer above the water, while the alcohol will dissolve into solution along with any HCl present).

In the presence of a catalyst, dry isopropyl chloride reacts with magnesium to give isopropylmagnesium chloride.

When burned, isopropyl chloride releases copious amounts of hydrogen chloride gas, water vapor, carbon oxides, and some soot. It burns inefficiently with a smoky, yellowish flame.

Further reading

References

Chloroalkanes
Isopropyl compounds
Stingray catamaran. The Stingray Catamaran sport catamaran is an Australian designed 5.5 m long beach catamaran with a twin trapeze setup.

It is sailed doublehanded with a jib and mainsail.

Overview

Built out of plywood or a fiberglass/foam composition the Stingray has an 18 (5.5m) foot hull that weighs 88.5 kg, which is light for a boat of its size. The boat has both a mainsail and a jib totaling 225 square feet (20.9m2) of sail surface area. Due to its simplicity of design and efficient rig system even sailors with little experience can navigate it easily.

Originally designed in the 1960s, the Stingray platform was overhauled in the 1980s with a taller wing-shaped mast and greater sail area. There are now two types of stingrays; those of the original design, called Mk1; and those with the "Big Rig," referred to as Mk2 Stingrays. Very few of the original Mk1's are still in existence.

The stingray continues to be considered a fast boat although it could be seen as an older design. With its very large jib it is quite fast on a reach. Stingrays are well renowned racing boats, particularly in passage style races like the Goolwa-Milang in South Australia.

Class development
The Stingray is still actively sailing in South Australia and Victoria.  National titles continue to be held each summer.

Although outside class rules and unable to be used in class competition (i.e. National Titles) recent years have seen Asymmetric Spinnakers or 'Kites' added to the Stingray for increased downwind performance.  Two of the Kite enabled Stingrays were set up in South Australia by members of the Victor Harbor Yacht Club.  Despite speculation that the rig would not be able sustain the high loads inflicted by the Kite The Shadow (#582) now based in VIC is yet to have any serious malfunction, and the manufacturer of the "Superwing" mast feels the mast is strong enough.

See also
History of sailing

References

More information
http://www.stingraycatamaran.com

Catamarans
Brabender plastograph. The plastograph, or Brabender plastograph, is a device for the continuous observation of torque in the shearing of a polymer with a range of temperatures and shear rates.  The generic device records lubricity, plasticity, scorch, cure, shear, and heat stability.

Perhaps the most popular use of the plastograph is its use in baking where it is known as a Farinograph.

It was designed by Carl Wilhelm Brabender and produced by Brabender Industries, founded in 1923.

External links
 Official website

Polymers
ARINC 828. In avionics, ARINC 828 defines electronic flight bag (EFB) interfaces used in all types of aircraft. ARINC 828 specifies connectors, interwiring and signal types using MIL-DTL-38999 connectors which can be used to connect EFBs of all hardware classes with aircraft.

ARINC 828 combines classical aircraft interfaces like discretes, ARINC 429 or ARINC 717 buses with PC technology like USB, DVI, LVDS, and Ethernet.

ARINC 828 was first adopted by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) in September 2007. At the request of airlines and the supplier community, ARINC 828 will be updated as more airlines install EFBs.

References

External links
 aviation-ia.com

Avionics
RF connectors
Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property. The Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property () is a Norwegian government agency that manages central parts of the real estate portfolio of the Government of Norway.

Operation
The Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property provides construction and property management services on behalf of the Norwegian Government. This includes 2.7 million square meters in 2,350 buildings, of which 115 are located abroad. The portfolio includes office buildings, heritage sites, campuses, operational facilities, and other buildings. The directorate also manages the Global Seed Vault in Svalbard.  The agency has at any time about 200 construction projects under way, completing about 10 to 20 new structures each year. The directorate has 860 employees. The head office is situated on Bishop Gunnerus Street (Biskop Gunnerus' gate) in Oslo. There are regional offices in Porsgrunn, Bergen, Trondheim, and Tromsø.

Some parts of the public real estate are managed by other agencies, including railways, the military, and healthcare facilities. Part of the government portfolio, which is subject to competition, is managed by the limited company Entra Eiendom, which was demerged from the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property in 2000. The directorate is subordinate to the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development (Kommunal- og distriktsdepartementet).

History
The agency dates back to 1816, when King Charles II appointed Christian Ancher Collett as a consultant to manage the royal buildings around Christiania. In 1886 the agency was created by law as Statens bygnignsinspektorat (The state building inspectorate), later changing its name to Riksarkitekten. In 1959 the agency was reorganized as Statens bygge- og eiendomsdirektorat and from 1993 as Statsbygg. Since 1991 the directorate has had to compete with private companies to secure rental agreements with public institutions.

References

External links
History of Statsbygg
Statsbygg official website

Government agencies of Norway
Real estate companies of Norway
Organisations based in Oslo
Government agencies established in 1816
1816 establishments in Norway
Wilford B. Poe. Dr. Wilford B. Poe (born 1937) and received his bachelor's degree from the University of Florida in 1958. He is the current vice-president for the Space Systems Group.  He focuses on attitude control systems for Space Station Freedom, flight control systems for the Space Shuttle and guidance systems for the Atlas Centaur and Titan 4 launch vehicles.

University of Florida alumni
1937 births
Living people
Heidenhain. Dr. Johannes Heidenhain GmbH is a privately owned enterprise located in Traunreut, Germany. Heidenhain manufactures numerical controls for machine tools, as well as mechatronic measuring devices for length and angle.

Their linear and angle encoders are built for use in automated machines and systems, particularly in machine tools.

History

The company began as a metal etching factory founded in Berlin by Wilhelm Heidenhain in 1889 that manufactured templates, company plaques, product labels, and scales.

In 1928 Heidenhain invented the Metallur process. This lead-sulfide copying process made it possible for the first time to make exact copies of an original grating on a metal surface for industrial use. By 1943, Heidenhain was producing linear scales with accuracy of  ± 15 μm and circular scale disks with accuracy of ± 3 angular seconds.

After World War II, in 1948, Dr. Johannes Heidenhain, a pupil of Otto Hahn, founded the present company in Traunreut.

Its invention of the Diadur process enabled it to apply very fine structures of chromium on suitable substrates, such as glass.

The Diadur process was the basis in 1952 for adding optical position measuring devices for machine tools to the product program. These were followed in 1961 by photoelectrically scanned linear and angle encoders.

In 1968 Heidenhain manufactured its first digital readouts.

The first Heidenhain numerical control was launched in 1976.

In 1987, a linear encoder series operating on the principle of light interference was introduced. It permitted measuring steps as fine as one nanometer.

According to Heidenhain, in 2006 the company had regional sales locations in 43 countries and employed about 7,000 people, 2,600 of whom worked in the main facility in Traunreut, Germany.

By the end of 2006 the company had manufactured about 10.5 million linear or angle encoders, 420,000 position displays and nearly 200,000 CNC controls.

Critique of Activities in Russia 
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Chief Executive Leadership Institute of the US Yale University criticized that Heidenhain was still operating in Russia through a third party, which was not disclosed publicly. Heidenhain products are used in the Russian arms industry.

External links
Official site of Heidenhain
Heidenhain distributor and service agent in Australia
Heidenhain distributor and service agent in UK

References 

German brands
Companies based in Bavaria
Manufacturing companies established in 1948
Engineering companies of Germany
Robotics companies of Germany
Technology companies established in 1948
Swiss Air Traffic Control Technical Association. Swiss ATSEP Technical Association (SATTA) is the association of Swiss Air Navigation Service (ANS) technical professionals a and member of IFATSEA (International Federation of Air Traffic Safety Electronics Associations). SATTA represents more than 120 professionals (ATSEP) from different companies spread over Switzerland.

External links 
 SATTA Website
 IFATSEA Website

Aviation-related professional associations
Air traffic control in Europe
Aviation organisations based in Switzerland
Bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I). Bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I) is an inorganic compound of rhenium, commonly used for the syntheses of other rhenium complexes.

Preparation
Bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I) is commercially available. It is also easily and inexpensively synthesized by the oxidation of dirhenium decacarbonyl with bromine:

Re2(CO)10 + Br2 → 2 ReBr(CO)5

It was first prepared by the "reductive carbonylation" of rhenium(III) bromide:

ReBr3  +  2 Cu  +  5 CO   →  BrRe(CO)5  +  2 CuBr

Copper(I) bromide is a byproduct.

Reactions
Bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I) is a precursor to other rhenium complexes. It reacts with zinc and acetic acid to give pentacarbonylhydridorhenium (HRe(CO)5).
 Re(CO)5Br + Zn + HO2CCH3  →   ReH(CO)5  +  ZnBrO2CCH3

It also reacts with tetraethylammonium bromide in diglyme to give [NEt4]2[ReBr3(CO)3)], an important precursor to compounds containing the rhenium tricarbonyl fragment.

Heating bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I) in water give the triaquo complex:

ReBr(CO)5 + 3 H2O → [Re(H2O)3(CO)3]Br + 2 CO

This route avoids the formation of the tetraethylammonium bromide byproduct, which is often difficult to remove from reaction mixtures.

References

Organorhenium compounds
Carbonyl complexes
Bromo complexes
Materials science in science fiction. Materials science in science fiction is the study of how materials science is portrayed in works of science fiction. The accuracy of the materials science portrayed spans a wide range – sometimes it is an extrapolation of existing technology, sometimes it is a physically realistic portrayal of a far-out technology, and sometimes it is simply a plot device that looks scientific, but has no basis in science. Examples are:
 Realistic: In 1944, the science fiction story "Deadline" by Cleve Cartmill depicted the atomic bomb. The properties of various radioactive isotopes are critical to the proposed device, and the plot. This technology was real, unknown to the author.
 Extrapolation: In the 1979 novel The Fountains of Paradise, Arthur C. Clarke wrote about space elevators – basically long cables extending from the Earth's surface to geosynchronous orbit. These require a material with enormous tensile strength and light weight. Carbon nanotubes are strong enough in theory, so the idea is plausible; while one cannot be built today, it violates no physical principles.
 Plot device: An example of an unsupported plot device is scrith, the material used to construct Ringworld, in the novels by Larry Niven. Scrith has unreasonable strength, and is unsupported by known physics, but needed for the plot.

Critical analysis of materials science in science fiction falls into the same general categories. The predictive aspects are emphasized, for example, in the motto of the Georgia Tech's department of materials science and engineering – Materials scientists lead the way in turning yesterday's science fiction into tomorrow's reality. This is also the theme of many technical articles, such as Material By Design: Future Science or Science Fiction?, found in IEEE Spectrum, the flagship magazine of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

On the other hand, there is criticism of the unrealistic materials science used in science fiction. In the professional materials science journal JOM, for example, there are articles such as The (Mostly Improbable) Materials Science and Engineering of the Star Wars Universe and Personification: The Materials Science and Engineering of Humanoid Robots.

Examples 

In many cases, the materials science aspect of a fictional work was interesting enough that someone other than the author has remarked on it. Here are some examples, and their relationship to real world materials science usage, if any.

See also
 Science in science fiction
 Hypothetical types of biochemistry.  Most of these potential types of biochemistry have been used in science fiction.
 Unobtainium
 List of fictional elements, materials, isotopes and atomic particles
 :Category:Fictional materials
 :Category:Fiction about physics

References

 The Science in Science Fiction by Brian Stableford, David Langford, & Peter Nicholls (1982)

Fiction about science
Materials science
Science in popular culture
Nordmøre Energiverk. Nordmøre Energiverk is a power company based in the town of Kristiansund in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway.  The company operates hydroelectric power plants and the power grid in the municipalities of Aure, Averøy, Kristiansund, Smøla and Tingvoll. Along with the municipalities, TrønderEnergi owns 49% of the company. The company also operates fiberoptic broadband in the region.

History
The company was created in 1991 after the merger of Nordmøre Interkommunale Kraftlag, Aure og Stemshaug Kraftlag, Averøya Kraftlag, Freiøya Kraftlag, Kristiansund Elektrisitetsverk, Smøla Kraftlag, Tingvoll Kommunale Kraftlag and Tustna Kraftlag. TrønderEnergi bought part of the company in 2001.

References

Electric power companies of Norway
Companies based in Kristiansund
Energy companies established in 1991
Norwegian companies established in 1991