omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aircraft Operations Center. The Aircraft Operations Center (AOC) is the main aircraft base for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States government, under the operation of the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps. AOC houses 10 NOAA aircraft, including the Hurricane Hunters.

It is the home of the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center, which houses multiple light aircraft, and three Hurricane Hunters aircraft. This base plays a large role every hurricane season, supporting NOAA flights in and around tropical cyclones for research and forecasting.

The AOC has been located at Lakeland Linder International Airport in Lakeland, Florida, since June 2017 and is under the NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation Operations. The AOC resided at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida, from January 1993 to June 2017.

Aircraft 
NOAA operates a fleet of ten crewed aircraft:
 Two Lockheed WP-3D Orion – heavily instrumented turboprops used for hurricane hunting nicknamed "Kermit" (N42RF) and "Miss Piggy" (N43RF)
 One Gulfstream IV-SP (G-IV) – twin turbofan jet aircraft for high-altitude hurricane research and atmospheric river research nicknamed "Gonzo" (N49RF)
 Four De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter – twin turboprop for marine mammal, hydrological, remote sensing, air chemistry and emergency response programs
 Three Beechcraft King Air 350CER – twin turboprop aircraft for coastal mapping, snow and soil moisture surveys, emergency response, and GRAV-D

See also 
 NOAA ships and aircraft

References

External links 
 Aircraft Operations Center

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Lakeland, Florida
Cocamide MEA. Cocamide MEA, or cocamide monoethanolamine, is a solid, off-white to tan compound, often sold in flaked form. The solid melts to yield a pale yellow viscous clear liquid. It is a mixture of fatty acid amides which is produced from the fatty acids in coconut oil when reacted with ethanolamine.

Uses
Cocamide MEA and other cocamide ethanolamines such as cocamide DEA are used as foaming agents and nonionic surfactants in shampoos and bath products, and as emulsifying agents in cosmetics.

See also
 Cocamide

References

Non-ionic surfactants
Cosmetics chemicals
Fatty acid amides
SECG. In cryptography, the Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group (SECG) is an international consortium founded by Certicom in 1998. The group exists to develop commercial standards for efficient and interoperable cryptography based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC).

Links and documents
 SECG home page
 SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (Version 1.0 - Superseded by Version 2.0)
 SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (Version 2.0)
 SEC 2: Recommended Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters (Version 1.0 - Superseded by Version 2.0
 SEC 2: Recommended Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters (Version 2.0)
 Certicom Patent Letter

See also
 Elliptic curve cryptography

Cryptography organizations
Cryptography standards
Nanoviridae. Nanoviridae is a family of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are currently 12 species in this family, divided among 2 genera and one unassigned species. Diseases associated with this family include: stunting.

Taxonomy
The recognized genera are:
 Babuvirus
 Nanovirus

The unassigned species is Coconut foliar decay virus.

Virus structure and genome
Viruses in the family Nanoviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and round geometries, and T=1 symmetry. The diameter is around 18–19 nm.

Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the ssDNA rolling circle model. After infection of a host cell, the small DNA molecules that have become encapsidated with the genomic ssDNA act as primers. They bind to complementary regions and help in initiation of DNA synthesis by host polymerases. On completion of synthesis, there will be a double stranded intermediate that is transcribed unidirectionally. Most individual nanovirus particles only encode for a single protein.
DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear pore export, and tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector (aphids).

References

External links
 ICTV Report Nanoviridae
 
 Notes on Nanoviridae
 Viralzone: Nanoviridae

 
Virus families
Ostrich algorithm. In computer science, the ostrich algorithm is a strategy of ignoring potential problems on the basis that they may be exceedingly rare. It is named after the ostrich effect which is defined as "to stick one's head in the sand and pretend there is no problem". It is used when it appears the situation may be more cost-effectively managed by allowing the problem to continue to occur rather than to attempt its prevention.

Use with deadlocks

This approach may be used in dealing with deadlocks in concurrent programming if they are believed to be very rare and the cost of detection or prevention is high. A set of processes is deadlocked if each process in the set is waiting for an event that only another process in the set can cause. 

The ostrich algorithm pretends there is no problem and is reasonable to use if deadlocks occur very rarely and the cost of their prevention would be high. The UNIX and Windows operating systems take this approach.

Although using the ostrich algorithm is one of the methods of dealing with deadlocks, other effective methods exist such as dynamic avoidance, banker's algorithm, detection and recovery, and prevention.

See also
Crash-only software
End-to-end principle

References

External links
Ostrich algorithm
Non-Hard Locking Read-Write Locker 
Deadlock Basics + Modelling + Ostrich Algorithm

Concurrent algorithms
Smart Battery System. Smart Battery System (SBS) is a specification for managing a smart battery, usually for a portable computer. It allows operating systems to perform power management operations via a smart battery charger based on remaining estimated run times by determining accurate state of charge readings. Through this communication, the system also controls the battery charge rate.  Communication is carried over an SMBus two-wire communication bus. The specification originated with the Duracell and Intel companies in 1994, but was later adopted by several battery and semiconductor makers.

The Smart Battery System defines the SMBus connection, the data that can be sent over the connection (Smart Battery Data or SBD), the Smart Battery Charger, and a computer BIOS interface for control. In principle, any battery operated product can use SBS.

A special integrated circuit in the battery pack (called a fuel gauge or battery management system) monitors the battery and reports information to the SMBus. This information might include battery type, model number, manufacturer, characteristics, charge/discharge rate, predicted remaining capacity, an almost-discharged alarm so that the PC or other device can shut down gracefully, and temperature and voltage to provide safe fast-charging.

See also 
 List of battery types
 Power Management Bus (PMBus)

References

External links
SBS-IF Smart Battery System Implementers Forum
Battery Firmware Hacking Inside the innards of a Smart Battery

Rechargeable batteries
Battery charging
Computer hardware standards
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama. Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama (TMMAL) manufactures engines for cars and trucks near Huntsville, Alabama, United States. It is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor North America, itself a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan. Construction of the factory was completed in 2003.

Engines produced
 A25A-FXS I4 (2018–present) for Highlander and Sienna
 M20A-FKS I4 (2018–present) for Corolla, Corolla Cross, and RAV4
 V35A-FTS twin-turbo V6 (2021–present) for Sequoia and Tundra
 2TR-FE I4 (2005–2023) for Tacoma

Former production
 1GR-FE V6 (2005–2015) for Tacoma
 2GR-FE V6 (2013–2019) for Highlander
 1UR-FE V8 (2008–2019) for Tundra and Sequoia
 3UR-FE V8 (2007–2021) for Tundra and Sequoia
 AR engine I4 (2011–2019) for various models
 2GR-FKS V6 (2016–2023) for Tacoma

See also 
 List of Toyota manufacturing facilities

References

External links

  (archived)

Industrial buildings completed in 2003
Motor vehicle engine manufacturers
Buildings and structures in Madison County, Alabama
Toyota factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Alabama
Companies based in Huntsville, Alabama
Engine manufacturers of the United States
NASU Institute of Electrodynamics. NASU Institute of Electrodynamics (IED) () is a Ukraine leading science institution in field of electrical engineering, thermal power (heat energy), and research of electrodynamics located in Kyiv, Ukraine as a part of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. It is well known for the prominent achievements in the field of computer science and electronics, made in early 1950s by Sergei Alekseyevich Lebedev.

The institute was established in 1947 on the basis of electrical engineering department of the NASU Energy Institute as the NASU Institute of Electrical Engineering. In 1963 it was renamed as the NASU Institute of Electrodynamics.

Notable achievements
 MESM, an abbreviation for small electronic calculating system

Directors
 1947 — 1952 Sergei Lebedev
 1952 — 1959 Anatoliy Nesterenko
 1959 — 1973 Oleksandr Milyakh
 1973 — 2007 Anatoliy Shydlovskyi
 2007 — Oleksandr Kyrylenko

External links 
  Official website
  IED NASU. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Research institutes in Kyiv
Computing in the Soviet Union
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Computer science institutes in Ukraine
Energy research institutes
The Shaw Group. The Shaw Group is a pipe and steel fabrication firm specializing in induction bending. Headquartered in Houston, Texas, Shaw employs approximately 1,400 people across its offices and operations in North America and the Middle East.

History 

Shaw was founded in 1986 by J.M. Bernhard Jr., Oscar J.LaFleur, and A.W. Angelo as a fabrication shop. The company was originally known as Shaw Industries Inc.  Shaw grew by acquiring stock of Alloy Piping Products, Fronek A/DE, Inc, Naptech, Inc., Pipe Shields Inc., United Crafts, Inc., Merit Industrial Constructors, Inc., Cojafex B.V., Prospect Industries plc, joined with Entergy Corporation to create EntergyShaw L.L.C., Stone & Webster Inc., IT Corporation, Envirogen, Inc., MWR, Inc., Badger Technologies from Washington Group International, and Energy Delivery Services from Duke Energy Global Markets, Inc.

In 2006 the company acquired a 20% interest in the Westinghouse Electric Company, the rest majority owned by Toshiba. In September 2011, Toshiba was reported to be in talks to acquire the Shaw stake. Toshiba is paying $1.6 billion for the 20% stake under a Shaw-owned option, Shaw CEO J.M. Bernhard Jr. said. Shaw said it was the 50% rise in the yen on its yen-denominated debt over five years which led it to exercise its sale option. The option was part of the 2006 purchase terms. The transaction was completed in January 2013, and brought Toshiba's stake in Westinghouse to 87%.

In July 2012 CB&I agreed to buy Shaw for approximately $3 billion. In December 2012 shareholders from both companies approved the transaction and it officially closed in February 2013. In 2018 CB&I was acquired by McDermott International for approximately $6 billion.

In January 2020 McDermott filed for Chapter 11. On June 1, 2020 it was announced that McDermott has sold the former Shaw Group's pipe fabrication assets to Shaw Acquisitions Holdings LLC for an unknown price. The assets include pipe fabrication, piping, structural steel fabrication, mechanical assembly, and modularization subsidiaries. In this transaction, Shaw Acquisitions Holdings LLC received seven facilities located in Walker and Lake Charles, Louisiana; El Dorado, Arkansas; Laurens, South Carolina; Clearfield, Utah; Abu Dhabi, UAE; and Askar, Bahrain. "As part of the deal, Shaw also acquired rights to The Shaw Group trademark" 

The Shaw Group has moved its headquarters from Baton Rouge, Louisiana to Houston, Texas. The CEO is Mike Childers, COO is Sachin Singh, and CFO is Andrew Cannon.

See also 

 Shaw Center for the Arts

References

External links

 

Companies based in Houston
American companies established in 1986
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
2013 mergers and acquisitions
XBill. XBill is an arcade style game for the X Window System. The game features a bespectacled character known as "Bill" (a spoof of Bill Gates). The goal is to prevent Bill's legions of clones from installing "Wingdows", a virus "cleverly designed to resemble a popular operating system" (a parody of Windows), on a variety of computers running other operating systems. It was very popular among Linux gamers at the end of the 1990s, beating out Quake, though not Quake II, as Linux Journal reader's favourite Linux game in 1999.

Gameplay 
The operating systems are represented by logos shown on the computer screens. The computers the player must defend include PCs running Linux and BSD, SPARCstations with Solaris, SGI IRIX workstations, Apple Macintosh, PalmPilots, and NeXTcubes. When Bill installs Wingdows onto a computer, its current operating system is placed beside it.

Using the mouse, the player must squash Bill and drag discarded operating systems back to their computers. At the end of the level, points are accrued for every computer that is still running its original operating system.

On later levels, computers are connected to each other with LAN cables, causing Wingdows to spread faster. Some computers may also catch fire. This can be cured by dragging buckets of water onto them.

History 
The game was written by Brian Wellington and Matias Duarte in summer 1994. Originally written in C++, the code base was later with version 2.1 refactored to C.

The game was later in the end 1990s, deliberately ported to Microsoft Windows. Ports to many other platforms as Mac OS X, Openmoko, Android, and Maemo phones followed due to its open source nature. Re-implementations of the game also exist.

In 2009, the project was resurrected as XBill-NG, similar in concept to Lincity-NG.

Reception and impact 
XBill was very popular among Linux gamers at the end of the 1990s, beating out Quake, though not Quake II, as Linux Journal readers' favourite Linux game in 1999.

The game holds four out of five stars on the Linux Game Tome and was noted by DesktopLinux.com.

Despite its status, it is not always packaged with Linux distributions due to its "disparaging" content: for instance Fedora does not integrate it while Debian does.

Somewhat illustrating its notoriety, graphics from the game are used on the website of the 2009 Free Software Foundation campaign Windows 7 Sins.

See also
Neko (software)
Xsnow
xTux

References

External links 

 
 XBill - Freecode

1994 video games
Open-source video games
Unix games
Linux games
Classic Mac OS games
Cultural depictions of Bill Gates
Maemo games
MacOS games
Parody video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Software wars
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Video games based on real people
Atlantic Bridge (flight route). The Atlantic Bridge is a flight route from Gander International Airport in Gander, Newfoundland, Canada, to Scotland, with a refueling stop in Iceland. Traditionally, the Scottish airport most associated with the Atlantic Bridge has been Prestwick International Airport, owing to its long association with US and Canadian military traffic.

During the Second World War, new bombers flew this route. Today, it is seldom used for commercial aviation, since modern jet airliners can fly a direct route from Canada or the United States to Europe without the need for a fueling stop. However, smaller private or military aircraft which do not have the necessary range to make a direct crossing of the ocean still routinely use this route, or may alternatively stop in Greenland, typically via Narsarsuaq and Kulusuk or the Azores for refueling. The most common users of this route are ferry pilots delivering light aeroplanes (often six seats or fewer) to new owners. Smaller commercial jet airliners with insufficient range to make the crossing were once ferried this way but is becoming less common as fuel efficiency has improved over the years – for example the latest versions of the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 can now comfortably cross the ocean directly (even with a full passenger load) with no need for a refuelling stop.

This route is longer overall than the direct route and involves an extra landing and takeoff, which is costly in fuel terms. However, the Icelandic carrier Icelandair strongly markets the Atlantic Bridge as part of its business model (allowing for free stopovers in Iceland to encourage tourism) by joining major US and Canadian hubs with Western European destinations via its base at Keflavík International Airport.

See also
Transatlantic flight

References

Trans-oceanic aviation
Aircraft ferrying
Aviation in the Atlantic Ocean
Airline routes
Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador
Cope and drag. In foundry work, the terms cope and drag refer respectively to the top and bottom parts of a two-part casting flask, used in sand casting. The flask is a wood or metal frame, which  contains the molding sand, providing support to the sand as the metal is poured into the mold. In flaskless molding, the same terms are used, cope for the top or upper piece and drag for the bottom or lower piece.

In the simplest sand casting procedure, the drag is placed upside down on a board, around a pattern of the part to be cast. The pattern is a model of the desired casting.  Talcum powder is often dusted over the pattern to aid in the removal of the pattern. Sand is sifted over the pattern until the model is covered by a few inches of sand.  More sand is then dumped into the drag, and rammed with a wooden wedge, or mechanically vibrated to pack the sand down.  The sand is then struck level with the top edge of the drag, using a wooden or metal strake.  A board is then placed on top of the drag and the drag is flipped over.

Then, the cope is placed on the drag, and dowels (or pins) are put in the sand to make holes for the sprue and one or more risers.  Talcum powder and sand are again sifted over the pattern, and rammed to fill the cope.  The pins are then carefully pulled out of the sand.  The critical part of the operation is to separate the cope and drag to remove the pattern.  The pattern may be vibrated with a powered vibrator, or the pattern, and maybe the cope and drag flask, will be lightly tapped with a small hammer. The pattern is lifted from the sand, leaving a molding cavity.  A passageway for metal to enter the mold, called a "gate", is then cut from the sprue hole to the void left by the pattern, and a runner is cut from the sand to allow metal to flow into the riser.

The flask is then put back together, and metal can be poured into the mold.  The metal will flow down the sprue, into the mold cavity, and back up the riser (of which there may be several).  Once the metal has cooled enough to solidify, the flask can then be separated again, and the sand removed to reveal the rough casting.  The rough casting is separated from the sprue and riser(s) either by sawing them off, or just breaking the thin metal of the gates and runners.

In some cases the part design is more complicated, and intermediate flasks and mold sections are needed between the cope and drag. These sections are called cheeks.

Sources

Casting (manufacturing)
Armwrestling match of EAP robotic arm against human. The armwrestling match of EAP robotic arm against human (AMERAH) is a challenge posed by Yoseph Bar-Cohen of the JPL in 1999. The initial challenge is to create a simple human-like robotic arm which, using electroactive polymers (EAP) as artificial muscles, can beat a human opponent (e.g., a high school student) in an arm wrestling match. The ultimate goal, however, is to create an arm using EAP as similar as possible to a human arm, which can beat any human in an arm wrestling competition. The competition aims to stimulate research in the field of electroactive polymers, as well as arouse interest both in the general public and among potential investors.

The first trial was held on March 7, 2005, at the International Society for Optical Engineering's (SPIE) 2005 Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) conference  in San Diego, California. Three teams entered robotic contestants:

Environmental Robots Incorporated, of Albuquerque, New Mexico;
The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), of Dübendorf, Switzerland;
A team of three undergraduate students from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University: Steven Deso, Stephen Ros, and Noah Papas, advised by John Cotton, an associate professor.

The human opponent was Panna Felsen, a straight-A high school student from the San Diego school district with an interest in robotics. She beat all three robotic contenders easily, one in just three seconds.

See also
 Electroactive polymers

External links
Conference
The AMERAH page at JPL
The  SPIE Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices conference page

Robotics competitions
Yoseph Bar-Cohen. Yoseph Bar-Cohen is a physicist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory who specializes in electroactive materials and ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE), and is responsible for the Nondestructive Evaluation and Advance Actuators (NDEAA) lab at JPL. Bar-Cohen is a fellow of the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) and the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT).

Bar-Cohen received a M.Sc. in materials science in 1973 and a Ph.D. in physics in 1979, both from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Bar-Cohen started SPIE's Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) conference, which he has chaired six times, as well as proposing the Armwrestling Match of EAP Robotic Arm Against Human.

Age 76

External links
Dr. Bar-Cohen's biography at JPL

21st-century American physicists
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mitsubishi PS platform. The Mitsubishi PS platform, also known as "Project America", is mid-size, front wheel drive platform developed by Mitsubishi Motors North America. It is used for the Endeavor, Galant, and Eclipse. The platform was designed in North America, and vehicles based on it were built at its manufacturing facility in Normal, Illinois.

The Galant-derived 380, built at Mitsubishi Motors Australia's plant in Tonsley Park, Adelaide between 2005 and 2008, also used the PS platform.

References 

PS
Universal integration platform. A universal integration platform is a development- and/or configuration-time analog of a universal server. The emphasis on the term: "platform" implies a middleware environment from which integration oriented solutions are derived. Likewise, the term: "Universal" implies depth and breadth of integration capabilities that transcend disparate operating systems, protocols, APIs, data sources, programming languages, composite processes, discrete services, and monolithic applications.

Related Technologies
 Integration platform
 Enterprise service bus (ESB)
 Enterprise information integration (EII)

Relevant Protocols
 WebDAV
 HTTP
 SOAP
 UDDI
 SMTP
 POP3
 IMAP
 NNTP
 m-BizMaker

Relevant Data Access APIs
 ODBC
 JDBC
 ADO.NET
 OLE DB

Typical Data Sources
 SQL
 XML exposed via URIs
 Free Text

Universal Integration Platform Solutions
 Virtuoso Universal Server from OpenLink Software
 Prova

Enterprise application integration