omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Operation Lifesaver. Operation Lifesaver is the largest rail safety education organization in the United States. It was founded by the Union Pacific Railroad in the early 1970s.

History
In 1972, the Idaho State Highway Patrol, then-Governor Cecil Andrus and the Union Pacific Railroad mounted campaign to promote "Stop, Look and Listen" safety at highway-rail grade crossings. The initial teams spoke to civic groups, school groups, school bus and truck drivers. Idaho experienced a 43% reduction in fatalities that first year.

In 2022, Operation Lifesaver celebrated 50 years of rail safety education. 

Operation Lifesaver has trained instructors and authorized volunteer speakers who provide free rail safety education programs across the U.S. and abroad. They give free presentations to school groups, driver education classes, community members, professional drivers, law enforcement officers, and emergency responders. Their programs are co-sponsored by federal, state and local government agencies, highway safety organizations and America's railroad systems.

Campaigns
In 2006, Operation Lifesaver requested that Disney edit a scene of the Pixar film Cars in which the character of Lightning McQueen races a train to a grade crossing while the crossing lights are flashing. Disney/Pixar removed the scene in question from theater showings, but the DVD release of the movie still included the scene. Disney/Pixar created a series of PSAs featuring Lightning McQueen to promote safe driving habits.

On October 14, 2016, Operation Lifesaver requested via a Facebook post that Hollister Co. remove advertisements from their website showing teenagers walking on railroad tracks. Hollister removed the advertisements five days later on October 19.

In September 2017, Operation Lifesaver spearheaded the observance of Rail Safety Week across the U.S. to raise awareness of the need for caution near railroad tracks and property. 

In 2018, Operation Lifesaver Canada, which had been holding rail safety week observances for years, aligned its Rail Safety Week dates to coincide with the U.S. observance.

In 2024, Operation Lifesaver, Inc. renamed its observance of Rail Safety Week to See Tracks? Think Train® Week (ST3Week for short) throughout the U.S. to better represent what the week-long observance is all about:

 - Preventing railroad crossing and trespass incidents 
 - Concentrating public attention on the need for rail safety education

Criticism
Operation Lifesaver has been criticized for its strong ties to the railroad industry and the group's skew toward the railroad industry. The industry has reduced its support of the group’s efforts by providing fewer workers to help spread the group’s safety message. The group has also been criticized for not doing enough to support pedestrian railroad safety in the United States.

Gallery

References

External links 
 
 Operation Lifesaver Canada - Official website

Transportation organizations based in the United States
Level crossings
Public service announcements of the United States
Railway safety
Union Pacific Railroad
1970s establishments in the United States

simple:Non-profit
SDSS. SDSS may refer to:

 Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a major multi-filter imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey
 Social Democratic Party of Slovakia
 Spatial Decision Support System, a GIS based decision aiding system
 Independent Democratic Serb Party, a political party of Croatian Serbs (Samostalna demokratska srpska stranka in Serbo-Croatian)
 South Delta Secondary School, a school in Delta, British Columbia, Canada
TCP Wrappers. 

TCP Wrappers (also known as tcp_wrappers) is a host-based networking ACL system, used to filter network access to Internet Protocol servers on (Unix-like) operating systems such as Linux or BSD. It allows host or subnetwork IP addresses, names and/or ident query replies, to be used as tokens on which to filter for access control purposes.

The original code was written by Wietse Venema in 1990 to monitor a cracker's activities on the Unix workstations at the Department of Math and Computer Science at the Eindhoven University of Technology. He maintained it until 1995, and on June 1, 2001, released it under its own BSD-style license.

The tarball includes a library named libwrap that implements the actual functionality. Initially, only services that were spawned for each connection from a super-server (such as inetd) got wrapped, utilizing the tcpd program. However most common network service daemons today can be linked against libwrap directly.  This is used by daemons that operate without being spawned from a super-server, or when a single process handles multiple connections.  Otherwise, only the first connection attempt would get checked against its ACLs.

When compared to host access control directives often found in daemons' configuration files, TCP Wrappers have the benefit of runtime ACL reconfiguration (i.e., services don't have to be reloaded or restarted) and a generic approach to network administration.

This makes it easy to use for anti-worm scripts, such as DenyHosts or Fail2ban, to add and expire client-blocking rules, when excessive connections and/or many failed login attempts are encountered.

While originally written to protect TCP and UDP accepting services, examples of usage to filter on certain ICMP packets exist too, such as 'pingd' – the userspace ping request responder.

1999 Trojan
In January 1999, the distribution package at Eindhoven University of Technology (the primary distribution site until that day) was replaced by a modified version. The replacement contained a trojaned version of the software that would allow the intruder access to any server that it was installed on. The author spotted this within hours, upon which he relocated the primary distribution to his personal site.

See also

DNS-based blackhole list
Forward-confirmed reverse DNS
Firewall
IP blocking
Nullroute

References

External links
TCP Wrappers source code
Softpanorama TCP Wrappers Information

Unix network-related software
BSD software
Free security software
Wrapper
Internet Protocol based network software
Shewhart Medal. The Shewhart Medal, named in honour of Walter A. Shewhart, is awarded annually by the American Society for Quality for ...outstanding technical leadership in the field of modern quality control, especially through the development to its theory, principles, and techniques. The first medal was awarded in 1948.

See also

 List of mathematics awards
 Wilks Memorial Award

References

External links
Official website

Awards established in 1948
Statistical awards
Regius Professor of Engineering (Cambridge). The Regius Professorship of Engineering is a professorship at the University of Cambridge. England, established in 2011. The Regius professorship was created by the University, with the permission of the Queen, to commemorate the end of the Duke of Edinburgh's 34-year tenure as Chancellor. The professorship has been held by a single incumbent, David J. C. MacKay, from its creation until his death in 2016.

Regius Professors of Engineering 

 David J. C. MacKay (2013–2016)
 Steven Barrett (2024-current)

References 

Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Engineering, Regius
School of Technology, University of Cambridge
Engineering, Regius, Cambridge
2011 establishments in England
Engineering, Cambridge
Fiber simulation. Fiber simulation is a branch of mechanics that deals with modeling the dynamics and rheology of fibers, i.e. particles of large aspect ratio length to diameter. Fiber simulations are used to gain a better understanding of production processes including fibers (textile and paper industry), biological systems or computer graphics.

Modeling fibers 
Many of the models used to simulate fibers were developed by researchers in the field of rheology. Rheologically speaking fiber suspensions are non-Newtonian fluids, and can display normal stress differences.

Simulation techniques 
Early fiber simulations employed particles which were rigid rods or prolate spheroids, whose equations of motion have analytical solutions.  More recent models are able to represent flexible fibers. The models rely heavily on continuum mechanics concepts  and the numerical methods employed have some similarities to those employed in molecular dynamics, or in  dynamics of multi body systems.

The use of computers facilitates greatly the solution of fiber simulation problems. The complexity of the simulations arise from the system having a large number of degrees of freedom, and from the numerous possible interparticle interactions having place, such as friction, hydrodynamic interactions, and other kinds of interparticle forces such as colloidal forces that exert attractive or repulsive forces.

References 

Materials science
Amilcar Italiana. Amilcar Italiana manufactured some French Amilcar automobile models in Italy from 1925 to 1928 under licence granted in 1925 to Compagnia Generale Automobili S.A., of Rome to build cyclecars and in 1927 to Societa Industriale Lombardo Veneta Automobili of Verona.

See also 
 List of automobile manufacturers

External links
 Amilcar Italiana - "Italia" (www.ideahobby.it via web.archive.org)

Cyclecars
Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Italy
Standard Superior. The Standard Superior was an automobile, produced from 1933 to 1935 by Standard Fahrzeugfabrik of Ludwigsburg, Germany, founded by motorcycle maker Wilhelm Gutbrod and unrelated to the Standard Motor Company of England. These small cars were designed according to the patents by Josef Ganz and featured rear-mounted two-stroke engines.

After World War II, the same company made Gutbrod cars and introduced the model Gutbrod Superior.

History
In the first half of 1932, Wilhelm Gutbrod, the President of the Standard Fahrzeugfabrik, came into contact with German engineer Josef Ganz. Ganz had been working on a small car design since the early 1920s and had so far built two prototypes, one for Ardie in 1930 and one for Adler in 1931, called the Maikäfer (May Beetle). After a demonstration with the Maikäfer by Ganz, Gutbrod was most interested in building a small car according to this design. The Standard Fahrzeugfabrik then purchased a license from Ganz to develop and build a small car according to his design. The prototype of this new model, which was to be called Standard Superior, was finished in 1932. It featured a tubular chassis, a rear mid-mounted engine, and an independent wheel suspension with swing-axles at the rear.

Models

The first production model of the Standard Superior was introduced at the IAMA (Internationale Automobil- und Motorradausstellung) in Berlin in February 1933. It had a transverse 396cc, two-cylinder, two-stroke engine mounted in front of the rear axle. Because of some criticism to the body design, not in the least by Josef Ganz in Motor-Kritik, it was followed in April 1933 by a slightly altered model.

In November 1933 the Standard Fahrzeugfabrik introduced yet another new and improved model for 1934, which was slightly longer with one additional window on each side and had a small seat for children or as luggage space in the back. This car was advertised as the German "Volkswagen" (a term that means, literally, "people's car").

The Volkswagen Beetle connection
With the Ardie-Ganz, Adler Maikäfer and Standard Superior cars, as well as his progressive writings and promotion of the concept of a Volkswagen (people's car) in Motor-Kritik magazine since the 1920s, Josef Ganz is claimed by some to have had input into the Volkswagen Beetle. These cars had some of  features of the later Volkswagen Beetle, such as the tubular chassis, rear-mounted engine and independent wheel suspension with swing axles. While the Volkswagen Beetle was produced in its millions after World War Two, the name of Josef Ganz was largely forgotten. In 2004, Dutch journalist Paul Schilperoord started researching the life and work of Josef Ganz, and in 2011 he published The Extraordinary Life of Josef Ganz: The Jewish Engineer Behind Hitler's Volkswagen.

References

Did Josef Ganz Create the Beetle?
Joseph Ganz Archive
Joseph Ganz Foundation

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Volkswagen Group
Rear-engined vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Automobiles with backbone chassis
CRC Press. The CRC Press, LLC is an American publishing group that specializes in producing technical books. Many of their books relate to engineering, science and mathematics. Their scope also includes books on business, forensics and information technology. CRC Press is now a division of Taylor & Francis, itself a subsidiary of Informa.

History 
The CRC Press was founded as the Chemical Rubber Company (CRC) in 1903 by brothers Arthur, Leo and Emanuel Friedman in Cleveland, Ohio, based on an earlier enterprise by Arthur, who had begun selling rubber laboratory aprons in 1900. The company gradually expanded to include sales of laboratory equipment to chemists.  In 1913 the CRC offered a short (116-page) manual called the Rubber Handbook as an incentive for any purchase of a dozen aprons.  Since then the Rubber Handbook has evolved into the CRC's flagship book, the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Another one of CRC's highly successful reference handbooks, CRC Standard Mathematical Tables, has sold over 2 million copies.

In 1964, Chemical Rubber decided to focus on its publishing ventures, and in 1973 the company changed its name to CRC Press, Inc, and exited the manufacturing business, spinning off that line as the Lab Apparatus Company. 

In 1986 CRC Press was bought by the Times Mirror Company. Times Mirror began exploring the possibility of a sale of CRC Press in 1996, and in December announced the sale of CRC to Information Ventures. In 2003, CRC became part of Taylor & Francis, which in 2004 became part of the UK publisher Informa.

See also 
Chapman & Hall
MathWorld

References

External links 
  of CRC Press

Publishing companies established in 1903
Book publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies of the United States
Companies based in Boca Raton, Florida
LVM. LVM can stand for:
 Las Vegas Monorail, a rail transport system in Las Vegas
 Latent variable model, a statistical model
 Left ventricular mass, a cardiac measurement
 Legio V Macedonica, a Roman legion
 Levenshulme railway station, Manchester, England (National Rail station code)

 Logical volume management, a method of transparently storing computer data spread over several partitions
 Logical Volume Manager, an implementation of logical volume management in the Linux kernel
 Ludwig von Mises Institute, a libertarian academic organisation
 Ministry of Transport and Communications' acronym in Finnish, Liikenne- ja viestintäministeriö.
Visual Objects. Visual Objects is an object-oriented computer programming language that is used to create computer programs that operate primarily under Windows. Although it can be used as a general-purpose programming tool, it is almost exclusively used to create database programs.

The original Visual Objects project (code-named Aspen) was started as part of Nantucket's attempts to bring the Clipper language to Windows, and move from the procedural to the object-oriented style. It also converted Clipper from a p-code system to being a true native compiler and introduced more elements of the C language (such as typed variables), while including Windows extensions (such as COM, ODBC, and later ADO). With its symbol datatype, it offers the ability to form name-based linkages, which may be used to connect menu events to object methods or form direct linkages between server columns and controls.

The Windows version was finally brought to market by Computer Associates.  Unfortunately it was released before it was market-ready and in almost head-to-head competition with the first release of the Borland Delphi product. The language is still in use however the last release by GrafX Software was in 2012 of version 2.8 sp4 (version number 2838). GrafX announced that after this no new versions would be released. The next incarnation of the Visual Objects language is Vulcan.NET, written by GrafX from scratch to be both Visual Objects compatible and be a true CLS compliant .NET language, taking full advantage of the .NET framework.

See also
 XBase
 Clipper (programming language)
 Harbour (software)
 Visual FoxPro

References

External links
 
 

Fourth-generation programming languages
XBase programming language family
Table-oriented programming
Entropy of fusion. In thermodynamics, the entropy of fusion is the increase in entropy when melting a solid substance. This is almost always positive since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from an organized crystalline solid to the disorganized structure of a liquid; the only known exception is helium. It is denoted as  and normally expressed in joules per mole-kelvin, J/(mol·K).

A natural process such as a phase transition will occur when the associated change in the Gibbs free energy is negative. 

where  is the enthalpy of fusion.
Since this is a thermodynamic equation, the symbol  refers to the absolute thermodynamic temperature, measured in kelvins (K).
 
Equilibrium occurs when the temperature is equal to the melting point  so that 

and the entropy of fusion is the heat of fusion divided by the melting point:

Helium
Helium-3 has a negative entropy of fusion at temperatures below 0.3 K. Helium-4 also has a very slightly negative entropy of fusion below 0.8 K. This means that, at appropriate constant pressures, these substances freeze with the addition of heat.

See also
Entropy of vaporization

Notes

References

Thermodynamic entropy
Thermodynamic properties
John B. Moore (engineer). John Barratt Moore (1941–2013) was an Australian engineer specialising in signal processing and control systems.

Moore completed his undergraduate and Masters studies in engineering at the University of Queensland in 1962 and 1963 respectively; he then went on to work for Fairchild Semiconductor and received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Santa Clara in 1966. He returned to Australia and took an academic position at the University of Newcastle; he moved to the Department of Information Engineering at the Australian National University in 1982. Moore has published over 200 papers and 6 books, his work has been applied commercially in numerous application including the polynomial solving routine he developed which has been used in IBM software since 1996.

In 1979, Moore was elevated to the grade of IEEE fellow for contributions to optimal estimation and control and leadership in electrical engineering education.

In 2001 he received the Centenary Medal "For service to Australian society and science in systems engineering", and in 1994 was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science.

References

Australian electrical engineers
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
1941 births
2013 deaths
Fire clay. Fire clay is a range of refractory clays used in the manufacture of ceramics, especially fire brick. The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines fire clay very generally as a "mineral aggregate composed of hydrous silicates of aluminium (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) with or without free silica."

Properties
High-grade fire clays can withstand temperatures of 1,775 °C (3,227 °F), but to be referred to as a "fire clay" the material must withstand a minimum temperature of . Fire clays range from flint clays to plastic fire clays, but there are semi-flint and semi-plastic fire clays as well. Fire clays consist of natural argillaceous materials, mostly kaolinite group clays, along with fine-grained micas and quartz, and may also contain organic matter and sulphur compounds.

Fire clay is resistant to high temperatures, having fusion points higher than ; therefore it is suitable for lining furnaces, as fire brick, and for manufacture of utensils used in the metalworking industries, such as crucibles, saggars, retorts and glassware. Its stability during firing in the kiln means that it can be used to make complex items of pottery such as pipes and sanitary ware.

Chemical composition
The chemical composition typical for fire clays are 23-34% Al2O3, 50-60% SiO2 and 6-27% loss on ignition together with various amounts of Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O and TiO2. Chemical analyses from two 19th-century sources, shown in table below, are somewhat lower in alumina although a more contemporary source quotes analyses that are closer.

Extraction
Unlike conventional brick-making clay, some fire clays (especially flint clays) are mined at depth, found as a seatearth, the underclay associated with coal measures.

References

Ceramic materials
Silicates
Refractory materials
Bricks
Clay
Systemantics. General Systemantics (retitled to Systemantics in its second edition and The Systems Bible in its third) is a systems engineering treatise by John Gall in which he offers practical principles of systems design based on experience and anecdotes.

It is offered from the perspective of how not to design systems, based on system engineering failures. The primary precept of the treatise is that large complex systems are extremely difficult to design correctly despite best intentions, so care must be taken to design smaller, less-complex systems and to do so with incremental functionality based on close and continual touch with user needs and measures of effectiveness.

History 
The book was initially self-published after Gall received rejection letters from 30 publishers. After several reviews in academic journals, it was picked up by Quadrangle–The New York Times Book Company, who published it in 1977. A condensed version was also published in The New York Times prior to the book's publication.

Title origin 
The term systemantics is a commentary on prior work by Alfred Korzybski called general semantics which conjectured that all systems failures could be attributed to a single root cause – a failure to communicate. Gall observes that, instead, system failure is an intrinsic feature of systems. He thereby derives the term general systemantics in deference to the notion of a sweeping theory of system failure, but attributed to an intrinsic feature based on laws of system behavior. He observes as a side-note that system antics also playfully captures the concept that systems naturally "act up."

Reception 
Money stated in 1978 that the author "clearly set out to write another Peter Principle". A 1977 review in Etc: A Review of General Semantics states that the book's aim is unclear, commenting, "As a put-down of institutional practices it works well, as good as anything in print", but "As a slam at systems theory the book is less successful, even ambiguous." A Library Journal review from 1977 comments, "Like some of its predecessors, the book pretends to rebuke people for their manifold stupidities, but is, in fact, an invitation to take pleasure in them. That's not a failing, just a fact. Recommended." A 2004 review in the American Society of Safety Professionals' Professional Safety says, "It is at once deadly serious with all the outrageous contrived irony of Gary Larson's 'Far Side' cartoons" and that "the book is one continuous insight after another." PCMag called the book "small but insightful".

See also 
 The purpose of a system is what it does

References

Sources

External links 
 Bart Stewart's Explanation of Systemantics
 Commentary on the principles of "Systemantics", by Anthony Judge
 c2 wiki entry on Systemantics

1977 non-fiction books
Systems theory books