omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gas/oil ratio. When oil is produced to surface temperature and pressure it is usual for some natural gas to come out of solution.  The gas/oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of the volume of gas ("scf") that comes out of solution to the volume of oil — at standard conditions.

In reservoir simulation gas/oil ratio is usually abbreviated .

A point to check is whether the volume of oil is measured before or after the gas comes out of solution, since the remaining oil volume will decrease when the gas comes out. 

In fact, gas dissolution and oil volume shrinkage will happen at many stages during the path of the hydrocarbon stream from reservoir through the wellbore and processing plant to export. For light oils and rich gas condensates the ultimate GOR of export streams is strongly influenced by the efficiency with which the processing plant strips liquids from the gas phase. Reported GORs may be calculated from export volumes, which may not be at standard conditions.

The GOR is a dimensionless ratio (volume per volume) in metric units, but in field units, it is usually quoted in cubic feet of gas (at standard conditions: 0°C, 100 kPa) per barrel of oil or condensate, scf/bbl.

In the states of Texas and Pennsylvania, the statutory definition of a gas well is one where the GOR is greater than 100,000 ft3/bbl or 100 Kcf/bbl.
The state of New Mexico also designates a gas well as having over 100 MCFG per barrel.

The Oklahoma Geological Survey in 2015 published a map that displays gas wells with greater than 20 MCFG per barrel of oil. They go on to display oil wells with GOR of less than 5 MCFG/BBL and oil and gas wells between these limits.

The EPA's 2016 Information Collection Request for Oil and Gas Facilities (EPA ICR No. 2548.01, OMB Control No. 2060-NEW) divided well types into five categories:
1.  Heavy Oil (GOR ≤ 300 scf/bbl)
2.  Light Oil (GOR 300 < GOR ≤ 100,000 scf/bbl)
3.  Wet Gas (100,000 < GOR ≤1,000,000 scf/bbl)
4.  Dry Gas (GOR > 1,000,000 scf/bbl)
5.  Coal Bed Methane.

References

Bibliography 

 

Ratios
Petroleum production
Petroleum economics
Natural gas
ObjectWeb ASM. The ASM library is a project of the OW2 consortium. It provides a simple API for decomposing, modifying, and recomposing binary Java classes (i.e. bytecode). The project was originally conceived and developed by Eric Bruneton. ASM is Java-centric at present, and does not currently have a backend that exposes other bytecode implementations (such as .NET bytecode, Python bytecode, etc.).

The name "ASM" is not an acronym: it is just a reference to the asm keyword of C, which allows some functions to be implemented in assembly language.

Uses
ASM provides a simple library that exposes the internal aggregate components of a given Java class through its visitor oriented API. ASM also provides, on top of this visitor API, a tree API that represents classes as object constructs. Both APIs can be used for modifying the binary bytecode, as well as generating new bytecode (via injection of new code into the existing code, or through generation of new classes altogether.) The ASM library has been used in several diverse applications, such as:
Performance and Profiling
Instrumentation calls that capture performance metrics can be injected into Java class binaries to examine memory/coverage data. (For example, injecting instrumentation at entry/exit points.)
Implementation of New Language Semantics
For example, Groovy uses ASM to generate its bytecode.  Also, Aspect-Oriented additions to the Java language have been implemented by using ASM to decompose class structures for point-cut identification, and then again when reconstituting the class by injecting aspect-related code back into the binary. (See: AspectWerkz)

Invokedynamic

Since version 3.2, ASM has added support for the new invokedynamic code, which allows method invocation relying on dynamic type checking on the latest JDK 7 binaries, thus easing support for dynamically typed languages.

Release history 
This table presents only releases with significant steps in  ObjectWeb ASM history, aside from versions that mainly fixed bugs and improved performance.

See also
Byte Code Engineering Library
Javassist

References

External links

OW2 Home - The OW2 Consortium Home Page.
AspectWerkz - The AspectWerkz Project Home Page. (One of the high-visibility projects that makes use of ASM.)
 Bytecode Visualizer - free Eclipse plugin for viewing and debugging Java bytecode which makes use of ASM library

OW2
Java (programming language) libraries
Software using the BSD license
Overheating (economics). Overheating of an economy occurs when its productive capacity is unable to keep pace with growing aggregate demand. It is generally characterised by an above-average rate of economic growth, where growth is occurring at an unsustainable rate. Boom periods are often characterised by overheating in the economy. An economy is said to be overheated when producers are not able to supply all the goods that consumers demand. The main reason behind overheating is insufficient supply allocation because of excess spending by the people due to increase in consumer wealth.

Causes

High levels of aggregate demand tend to be the cause of overheating. If short run aggregate demand exceeds long run aggregate supply, then the excess demand for goods must be met via the over-employment of resources. This may be achieved by employing workers for extra shifts or using machinery beyond their recommended working hours. This type of production is considered unsustainable because the over-employment cannot be supported indefinitely. Overheating can be prevented by means of constant infrastructure expansion to eliminate bottlenecks.

Effects
Overheating is generally preceded by lower than average economic growth. Demand pull inflation occurs as suppliers try to capitalize on the excess demand which cannot be met via existing production constraints. These higher prices tend to reduce aggregate demand and exports (since goods and services become more expensive abroad) leading to reduced consumption. Central banks often simultaneously tighten monetary policy in response to increased inflationary pressures, reducing investment expenditure, which in tandem with decreased consumption, can lead to economic recession.

Historical instances
The Lawson Boom of the late 1980s/early 90s in the UK
Switzerland during the periods of 1962–1967, 1971–1974, 1988–1991
Imperial Iran during the Pahlavi dynasty from 1974 to 1978

See also
Economic bubble
Greenspan put
Hyperinflation
Roaring Twenties
1970s commodities boom

References

External links
Asia Times Online - China's Economy Rides the Razor's Edge

Economic growth
Macroeconomic problems
Tsybin RSR. The Tsybin RSR (Reactivnyy Strategicheskiy Razvedchik, Cyrillic Реактивный Стратегический Разведчик, Russian for "jet strategic reconnaissance") was a Soviet design for an advanced, long-range, Mach 3 strategic reconnaissance aircraft.

Development and design 

In 1954, the design bureau headed by Pavel Tsybin started development of a ramjet-powered supersonic strategic bomber, the RS. This design proved impracticable, and a smaller derivative, the 2RS was proposed, which would achieve intercontinental range by being air-launched from a modified Tupolev Tu-95 bomber.

This too was unsuccessful, with the aircraft unable to return to base if used on an intercontinental mission, while being incapable of carrying a thermonuclear bomb. The design was therefore revised again to a reconnaissance aircraft capable of operating from conventional runways, the RSR. As ramjets could not be used for take-off, they were replaced by turbofans.

The RSR was primarily of aluminium construction, with a long circular-section fuselage, which housed a pressurized cabin for the pilot together with cameras and fuel, with thin, low-aspect-ratio trapezoidal wings. The engines, two Soloviev D-21 turbofans, were mounted at the tips of the wings. The aircraft had a bicycle undercarriage, with outriggers under the engine nacelles. It was planned to cruise at greater than Mach 2 at a height of 20,000 m (65,600 ft) giving a range of .

A simplified, full-sized aerodynamic prototype for the novel layout, the NM-1 was built in 1957. Intended for low-speed handling tests, the NM-1 had a steel-tube fuselage with duraluminium and plywood skinning. This aircraft, powered by two Mikulin AM-5 turbojets first flew on 7 April 1959. Based on the results of these trials, the RSR was redesigned (as the R-020) to make it more manoeuvrable at high altitude (it was proposed to carry out barrel rolls to avoid surface-to-air missiles). More conventional Tumansky R-11 turbojets (the engine used in the MiG-21) replaced the unavailable Soloviev turbofans.  Five R-020 airframes were virtually complete, only awaiting engines by April 1961, with another 10 planned, when Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev cancelled the program.

Specifications (R-020)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Butowski, Piotr. "Steps Towards 'Blackjack': Soviet supersonic intercontinental bombers before the Tu-144". Air Enthusiast. No. 73, January - February 1998. Stamford, Lincolnshire: Key Publishing. Page 36-49.  .
 Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 - 1995. London: Osprey, 1995. .
 "Plane Facts:Soviet strategic reconnaissance". Air International, February 1977, Vol 12 No 2. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. p. 98.

External links
Tsybin RSR
Tsybin NM-1
 Clip  Tsybin  NM-1
Clip Tsybin  NM-1

1960s Soviet military reconnaissance aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Aircraft with retractable bicycle landing gear
RSR
Mid-wing aircraft
EnterpriseDB. EnterpriseDB (EDB) is an American company that provides software and services based on the open-source database PostgreSQL (also known as Postgres), and is one of the largest contributors to Postgres. EDB develops and integrates performance, security, and manageability enhancements into Postgres to support enterprise-class workloads. EDB has also developed database compatibility for Oracle to facilitate the migration of workloads from Oracle to EDB Postgres and to support the operation of many Oracle workloads on EDB Postgres.

History
EDB was founded in 2004, and in 2005, introduced its database, EnterpriseDB 2005. It was named Best Database Solution at LinuxWorld that year. EDB renamed the database EnterpriseDB Advanced Server with its March 2006 release. The database was renamed Postgres Plus Advanced Server in March 2008. In April 2016, with the introduction of the EDB Postgres Platform, EDB's fully integrated next-generation data management platform, the database was renamed to EDB Postgres Advanced Server.

In 2020, EDB acquired 2ndQuadrant, a global Postgres solutions and tools company based out of the UK, becoming the leader in the PostgreSQL market.

EDB initially operated under the leadership of Ed Boyajian as President and CEO. Kevin Dallas was named CEO in August 2023.

Ownership 
EnterpriseDB was purchased by Great Hill Partners in 2019. In June 2022, Bain Capital Private Equity purchased a majority stake in the company, with Great Hill Partners remaining a significant shareholder.

References

Free database management systems
American companies established in 2004
Free software companies
PostgreSQL
Cross-platform software
Software companies established in 2004
Software companies of the United States
Bain Capital companies
Muffle furnace. A muffle furnace or muffle oven (sometimes retort furnace in historical usage) is a furnace in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion, including gases and flying ash.  After the development of high-temperature heating elements and widespread electrification in developed countries, new muffle furnaces quickly moved to electric designs.

Modern furnace
Today, a muffle furnace is often a front-loading box-type oven or kiln for high-temperature applications such as fusing glass, creating enamel coatings, ceramics and soldering and brazing articles.  They are also used in many research facilities, for example by chemists in order to determine what proportion of a sample is non-combustible and non-volatile (i.e., ash). Some models incorporate programmable digital controllers, allowing automatic execution of ramping, soaking, and sintering steps. Also, advances in materials for heating elements, such as molybdenum disilicide, can now produce working temperatures up to , which facilitate more sophisticated metallurgical applications.  The heat source may be gas or oil burners, but more often they are now electric.

The term muffle furnace may also be used to describe another oven constructed on many of the same principles as the box-type kiln mentioned above, but takes the form of a long, wide, and thin hollow tube used in roll-to-roll manufacturing processes.

Both of the above-mentioned furnaces are usually heated to desired temperatures by conduction, convection, or blackbody radiation from electrical resistance heater elements.  Therefore, there is (usually) no combustion involved in the temperature control of the system, which allows for much greater control of temperature uniformity and assures isolation of the material being heated from the byproducts of fuel combustion.

Muffle kilns
Historically, small muffle ovens were often used for a second firing of porcelain at a relatively low temperature to fix overglaze enamels; these tend to be called muffle kilns.  The pigments for most enamel colours discoloured at the high temperatures required for the body and glaze of the porcelain.  They were used for painted enamels on metal for the same reason. 

Like other types of muffle furnaces, the design isolates the objects from the flames producing the heat (with electricity this is not so important).  For historical overglaze enamels the kiln was generally far smaller than that for the main firing, and produced firing temperatures in the approximate range of 750 to 950 °C, depending on the colours used. Typically, wares were fired for between five and twelve hours and then cooled over twelve hours.

References

Industrial furnaces
Decorative arts
Pottery
Metallurgy
Novotext. Novotext is a trade name for cotton textile-phenolic resin, essentially cotton-reinforced Bakelite.  It was often used in car engines for gear wheels used to provide a direct drive to the camshaft as it is flexible and quiet-running. One of the first luxury cars to use this material for its camshaft drive gears was the Maybach Zeppelin of 1928. The material is known under various other names such as Turbax, Resitex, Celeron and Textolit.  In bar form it is also known as Cartatextiel and Ferrozell and in sheet form as Harex, Tufnol and Micarta.

Tufnol
Tufnol is a composite material comprising phenolic resin and another material (paper, cotton fabric etc.). The two materials together complement each other's qualities. It is inherently water resistant and some grades are used as a lining in loaded bearings (e.g. stave bearings) where lubricating oil use is not feasible. Rather, it can be lubricated with water. It has very low friction characteristics; thus it finds its use in dusty, chemically sensitive environments. The ability to work without oil makes it a preferable choice for design engineers. Unfortunately, the preparation is not as environmentally friendly.

Production
Production is achieved through the use of chopped strand mat (CSM) technique.

References

Further reading 
 
 

Heterogeneous chemical mixtures
Composite materials
2-Naphthylamine. 2-Naphthylamine or 2-aminonaphthalene is one of two isomeric aminonaphthalenes, compounds with the formula C10H7NH2. It is a colorless solid, but samples take on a reddish color in air because of oxidation. It was formerly used to make azo dyes, but it is a known carcinogen and has largely been replaced by less toxic compounds.

Preparation
2-Naphthylamine is prepared by heating 2-naphthol with ammonium zinc chloride to 200-210 °C, the Bucherer reaction. Its acetyl derivative can be obtained by heating 2-naphthol with ammonium acetate to 270-280 °C.

Reactions
It gives no color with iron(III) chloride. When reduced by sodium in boiling amyl alcohol solution, it forms tetrahydro-3-naphthylamine, which exhibits the properties of the aliphatic amines in that it is strongly alkaline in reaction, has an ammoniacal odor and cannot be diazotized.

On oxidation, it yields ortho-carboxy-hydrocinnamic acid, HO2CC6H4CH2CH2CO2H.

Numerous sulfonic acid derivatives of 2-naphthylamine are used in commerce, such as precursors to dyes.  Owing to the carcinogenicity of the amine, these derivatives are mainly prepared by amination of the corresponding naphthols. Of them, the δ-acid and Bronner's acid are of more value technically, since they combine with ortho-tetrazoditolyl to produce fine red dye-stuffs.

2-Naphthylamine was previously used as a dye precursor and rubber antioxidant in the 1930s, 40s and 50s. Dupont stopped using it in the 1970s.

Role in disease
2-Naphthylamine is found in cigarette smoke and suspected to contribute to the development of bladder cancer.

It is activated in the liver but quickly deactivated by conjugation to glucuronic acid. In the bladder, glucuronidase re-activates it by deconjugation, which leads to the development of bladder cancer.

See also
Naphthalene
Naphthol
1-Naphthylamine
1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene

References

IARC Group 1 carcinogens
Naphthylamines
2-Naphthyl compounds
Configurable modularity. Configurable modularity is a term coined by Raoul de Campo of IBM Research and later expanded on by Nate Edwards of the same organization, denoting the ability to reuse independent components by changing their interconnections, but not their internals.  In Edwards' view this characterizes all successful reuse systems, and indeed all systems which can be described as "engineered".

See also 
 Flow-Based Programming

References 

Theoretical computer science
Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization. The Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization, generally known as the Heinlein Prize, was founded in 1988 to reward individuals who make practical contributions to the commercialization of space. The Heinlein Prize offers a cash award of $500,000 to one or more individuals for practical accomplishments in the field of commercial space activities awarded by the Heinlein Prize Trust.

Trustees for the award emphasize that the prize, which will be given as often as annually, is for effort by an individual or group of people, not government or corporate sponsored activities, and is intended to be worldwide in scope. The prize is awarded in July.

The Heinlein Prize honors the memory of Robert A. Heinlein, one of the most popular science fiction writers of the 20th century. The trust was established soon after his death in 1988 by his widow, Virginia Gerstenfeld Heinlein, whose estate will fund the prize.

Winners
Source: Heinlein Prize Trust

2006 - Peter Diamandis, for  accomplishments in commercial space activities

2011 - Elon Musk, for advances in space commercialization

2016 - Jeff Bezos, for his vision and leadership in commercial space activities that have led to historic firsts and reusability in the commercial spaceflight industry

See also

 List of space technology awards
 Private spaceflight

References

External links
Heinlein Prize Home

Awards established in 1988
Space-related awards
Raising (metalworking). Raising is a metalworking technique whereby sheet metal is formed over a  solid object by repeated "courses" of hammering and annealing. A sheet metal worker is often required to raise, or bump, the work into form from the flat metal by means of a raising hammer and raising block.  The raising block is made from substance giving resistance to the blows.

A modern term is synclastic raising, the dominant curves of the object being forged are at right angles and move in the same direction; as in a bowl. This results in a surface possessing elliptic geometry.

Anticlastic raising, on the other hand, refers to shaping an object where the dominant axes move in opposite directions; a familiar example of this is a potato crisp. This results in a surface possessing hyperbolic geometry.

See also
 Planishing
 Sinking (metalworking)

References

Bibliography 
Finegold, Rupert and William Seitz. Silversmithing. Krause; 1983. 

Metal forming
Advanced Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance System. Advanced Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance System (ATARS) is a system for image acquisition, data storage, and data link used by the United States Marine Corps on its F/A-18D Hornet aircraft. It consists of the Advanced Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance System (ATARS) with infrared and visible light sensors, two digital tape recorders, and a Reconnaissance Management System (RMS); an interface with the APG-73 Radar Upgrade (Phase II) which records synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery; and a digital data link mounted in a centerline pod. ATARS fits in the nose in place of the nose gun, with a small datalink pod mounted on the centerline station. The digital data link will transmit imagery and auxiliary data to any Common Imaging Ground/Surface Station (CIG/SS) compatible system including the Joint Services Imagery Processing System (JSIPS) or Marine Tactical Exploitation Group (TEG) based ashore and Navy JSIPS (JSIPS-N) aboard ship.

Operational use

Each of the four U.S. Marine Corps F/A-18D squadrons have three ATARS aircraft, giving a total of 12 ATARS equipped aircraft altogether. The first operational use of ATARS equipped aircraft occurred in February 2000 when MCAS Beaufort based VMFA(AW)-332 deployed to Hungary in Operation Allied Force. ATARS is a considerable advance in capability on the Marines old RF-4B/C aircraft.

References

 www.spyflight.co.uk
 www.fas.org

External links
 After Action report on ATARS after ‘’Allied Force’’

ATARS
Synthetic aperture radar
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
Wall unit. A wall unit is a premanufactured item of furniture. It is an assembly of several discrete components that are fixed to an internal wall of a room. Wall unit fixtures range in style from contemporary to traditional in order to match the decor of the home or business establishment in which they are installed. The furnishings are generally customized per installation at request of the customer to ensure the best fit and integration.

Wall units are often made from oak, maple, yellow cedar, paduk wood, American and European beech, purple heart wood, alder and cherry. Some companies combine solid and wood veneers or use MDF or particle board to create wall units that normally have amendable shelves. But aside from using wood, metal and glass can also be employed in their manufacture. Wall units are convenient for builders in that they can be easily installed. This kind of furniture can be utilised as storage, provide a surface for food preparation or to house whitegoods in kitchens, as entertainment centres for television or audio equipment or have many other household or office uses.

External links
 Pictures & Examples of Wall Units

Furniture
Cabinets (furniture)
Interior design