omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Optical transport network. An optical transport network (OTN) is a digital wrapper that encapsulates frames of data, to allow multiple data sources to be sent on the same channel. This creates an optical virtual private network for each client signal.

ITU-T defines an optical transport network as a set of optical network elements (ONE) connected by optical fiber links, able to provide functionality of transport, multiplexing, switching, management, supervision and survivability of optical channels carrying client signals. An ONE may re-time, re-Amplify, re-shape (3R) but it does not have to be 3R it can be purely photonic. Unless connected by optical fibre links, it shall not be OTN. Mere functionality of switching, management, supervision shall not make it OTN, unless the signals are carried through optical fibre. Unlike SONET/SDH, OTN provides a mechanism to manage multiplexed wavelengths in a DWDM system.

Comparing OTN and SONET/SDH

Standards

OTN was designed to provide higher throughput (currently 400G) than its predecessor SONET/SDH, which stops at 40 Gbit/s, per channel.

ITU-T Recommendation G.709 is commonly called Optical Transport Network (OTN) (also called digital wrapper technology or optical channel wrapper). As of December 2009, OTN has standardized the following line rates.

The OTUk (k=1/2/2e/3/3e2/4) is an information structure into which another information structure called ODUk (k=1/2/2e/3/3e2/4) is mapped. The ODUk signal is the server layer signal for client signals. The following ODUk information structures are defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.709

Equipment
At a very high level, the typical signals processed by OTN equipment at the Optical Channel layer are:
SONET/SDH
Ethernet/FibreChannel
Packets
OTN

A few of the key functions performed on these signals are:
Protocol processing of all the signals:-
Mapping and de-mapping of non-OTN signals into and out of OTN signals
Multiplexing and de-multiplexing of OTN signals
Forward error correction (FEC) on OTN signals

Packet processing in conjunction with mapping/de-mapping of packet into and out of OTN signals

Switch Fabric
The OTN signals at all data-rates have the same frame structure but the frame period reduces as the data-rate increases. As a result, the Time-Slot Interchange (TSI) technique of implementing SONET/SDH switch fabrics is not directly applicable to OTN switch fabrics. OTN switch fabrics are typically implemented using Packet Switch Fabrics.

FEC Latency
On a point-to-point OTN link there is latency due to forward error correction (FEC) processing. Hamming distance of the RS(255,239) code is 17

See also
 G.709

References

External links
 Anritsu Poster - Details of all OTN areas including breakdown of the full frame 

 Optical Transport Network (OTN) Tutorial, ITU-T, only covers G.709 (2003/03)
  Hot topics in Optical Transport Networks, Steve Trowbridge (Nokia), Chairman, ITU-T Study Group 15

 
ITU-T recommendations
Watercut meter. A water cut meter measures the water content (cut) of crude oil and hydrocarbons as they flow through a pipeline.  While  the title "Water cut" has been traditionally used, the current API naming is Water Cut Analyser or WCA as OWD or On-Line Water Determination is trademarked.  The API and ISO committees have not yet come out with a standard for these devices. Though the API is currently in late stages of balloting a draft. There are however standards in place for fiscal automatic sampling of crude oil namely API 8.2 and ISO 3171.

Water cut meters are typically used in the petroleum industry to measure the water cut of oil flowing from a well, produced oil from a separator, crude oil transfer in pipelines and in loading tankers. 
There are several technologies used. The main technologies are dielectric measurements using radio or microwave frequency and NIR measurements and less common are gamma ray based instruments.

The water cut is the ratio of water produced compared to the volume of total liquids produced from an oil well. The water cut in waterdrive reservoirs can reach very high values.

References

Measuring instruments
Net-SNMP. Net-SNMP is a suite of software for using and deploying the SNMP protocol (v1, v2c and v3 and the AgentX subagent protocol).  It supports IPv4, IPv6, IPX, AAL5, Unix domain sockets and other transports.  It contains a generic client library, a suite of command line applications, a highly extensible SNMP agent, perl modules and python modules.

Distribution

Net-SNMP is housed on SourceForge and is usually in the top 100 projects in the SourceForge ranking system. It was the March 2005 SourceForge Project of the Month.
It is very widely distributed and comes included with many operating systems including most distributions of Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, and OS X. It is also available from the Net-SNMP web site.

History

Steve Waldbusser of CMU started a freely available SNMP tool kit in 1992.  The package was later abandoned by CMU and Wes Hardaker at UC Davis renamed it to UCD-SNMP and extended it to meet the network management needs of the Electrical Engineering department there.  Eventually Mr. Hardaker left the university and realized that the project was now network wide and thus renamed it to Net-SNMP to reflect its distributed development.

The roots of the Net-SNMP project are long and a full description can be found on the Net-SNMP history page.

SNMP Applications Included With Net-SNMP

Snmpget
The command snmpget uses the snmpget application to retrieve information associated with a specific object identifier (OID) from a target device.

Example
An example of snmpget usage (this will retrieve a specific OID 'sysUpTime' under the community string 'demopublic', with 'test.net-snmp.org' as the host name of the agent to query:

Snmpwalk
The command snmpwalk uses the SNMP GETNEXT request to query a network for a tree of information.

An object identifier (OID) may be given on the command line. This OID specifies which portion of the object identifier space will be searched using GETNEXT requests.  All variables in the subtree below the given OID are queried and their values presented to the user. If no OID argument is present, snmpwalk will search the subtree rooted at SNMPv2-SMI::mib-2 (including any MIB object values from other MIB modules, that are defined as lying within this subtree).

Example
An example of snmpwalk usage (this will retrieve all of the variables under the system OID):

References

 snmpwalk man page

Application layer protocols
Internet protocols
Internet Standards
Multi-agent network management software
Software using the BSD license
System administration
Free network management software
Internet Protocol based network software
Stanisław Rogalski. Stanisław Rogalski (25 May 1904 – 6 February 1976) was a Polish aircraft designer, born in Olomouc, best known as one of the founding trio of the inter-war period RWD airplane factory in Warsaw. He obtained his degree at Warsaw University of Technology. During World War II he became technical director at the Turk Hava Kurumu Ucak Fabrikasi factory. In 1949 he moved to the United States, where he ended his career at Grumman as an aerodynamics expert.

References

Polish aerospace engineers
1904 births
1976 deaths
People from Olomouc
Polish emigrants to the United States
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Aircraft designers
Aerodynamicists
Warsaw University of Technology alumni
DCL Technology Demonstrator programme. The US DCL (Detection Classification and Localisation) demonstrator program is aimed at proving that an active torpedo detection system is able to resolve a salvo of torpedoes with sufficient time and accuracy that an anti-torpedo torpedo may be fired back to hit and destroy the threat.

Overview
The DCL systems consist of an active source emitter which sends high-frequency pings into the water. Reflections from in-water objects are received by a towed array tuned to those frequencies. By processing the reflections it is possible to determine whether objects are torpedoes, or non-threat objects.

The system is also combined with a passive acoustic towed array specifically designed for torpedo detection. The passive acoustic array is able to analyse the structured sound emanating from a torpedo and thereby classify the weapon type and mode of operation.

Two teams were building alternative DCL demonstration systems, the first to test was Ultra Electronics who in 2006 successfully resolved a salvo of torpedoes. The second company was APC.

The aim of the programme is to resolve threats sufficiently well that an anti-torpedo torpedo may be fired at the threat to neutralise it (a hard-kill solution). This differs from the UK S2170 Surface Ship Torpedo Defence solution which utilises soft-kill.

See also
Torpedo defence
AN/SLQ-25 Nixie#Further development
SSTD

References
"Briefs" (2006) 12 Ocean News & Technology 36
"Ultra torpedo defence win" in "News in Brief" (2005) 110 Jane's Navy International 5
(2007) 111 Jane's Navy International 26
"Torpedo Defence" (2005) 38 Jane's International Defense Review 5
"US Navy invests in DCL" in "Briefs" (2004) 37 Jane's International Defense Review 30
"Torpedo Defense Demonstration" in "Business Byte". Signal. Volume 59. No 8. April 2005. p 77.
"Ultra Electronics wins $18M anti-torpedo contract". Boston Business Journal. 8 December 2004.
2007 Program Guide to the U.S. Navy. pp 109 and 110.

DCL
DCL
SSTD. The United Kingdom Surface Ship Torpedo Defence (SSTD) system entered into service with the Royal Navy in 2004. The system is produced by Ultra Electronics and is known as S2170 or Sonar 2170 by the Royal Navy and as Sea Sentor in the export market.

The system consists of
 an acoustic passive towed array
 a towed acoustic countermeasure (flexible)
 a single-drum winch
 a processing cabinet
 2 display consoles
 2 expendable acoustic device launchers (1 port, 1 starboard)
 16 expendable acoustic devices (8 in each launcher)

The system is a footprint compatible replacement for the AN/SLQ-25 Nixie system previously installed on RN warships.

The passive acoustic towed array is specifically designed to detect torpedoes (unlike traditional ASW sonars) and has additional in-built non-acoustic as well as acoustic intercept sensors. Through advanced AI processing it is able to generically identify torpedoes as well as classify specific weapon types and modes and undertake threat evaluation and posturing analysis. The system provides tactical advice dependent upon the specific threat weapon, mode and posture to maximise vessel survivability, which typically involves vessel manoeuvres and also includes the deployment of countermeasures. The countermeasures - both towed and expendable variants - lure the threat away from the vessel in a soft-kill manner.

Ultra Electronics also produces a hard-kill variant known as the TRAPR DCL system currently under development for the US Navy.

References

Close-in weapon systems
Equipment of the Royal Navy
Naval warfare
Weapons countermeasures
GumTree. GumTree is an open-source scientific workbench for performing scientific experiments under a distributed network environment. It provides a multi-platform graphical user interface for instrument data acquisition, online or offline data visualisation and analysis. GumTree is designed to provide a highly Integrated Scientific Experiment Environment (ISEE), allowing interaction between different components within the workbench. Several instrument control server systems including TANGO, EPICS and SICS have been adapted to GumTree. Current developments include acquisition, control and analysis on neutron and synchrotron beamlines. In the future it will be extended telescope control and other scientific instruments with distributed hardware.

History
GumTree was first started as a small graphical user interface project to fulfill the IT requirement for the Neutron Beam Instrument Project (NBIP) at ANSTO.  Later in the year, the GumTree project has been approved to go open source for international collaboration.
 02/2004 GumTree project started
 08/2004 GumTree was approved to go open source
 09/2005 GumTree 1.0 milestone 7 released
 03/2006 GumTree has received the Best Open Source RCP Application from the Eclipse Foundation
 01/2007 Codehaus has accepted to host the GumTree Project on their website
 09/2008 GumTree 1.0 released

Architecture
GumTree is based on the Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP).  In order to support scientific operations, GumTree extends RCP with data handling framework and visualisation toolkit as part of the GumTree platform API.

GumTree Extension
Adapting GumTree on a particular instrument requires special customisation to fit the scientific workbench to its instrument ecosystem. Customisation of GumTree can be achieved by adding new plug-ins to the existing GumTree application. In a broader sense, the common base of GumTree is a generic platform which provides all the necessary infrastructure to realise the ISEE concept for the scientific instrument. This platform, known as the GumTree Platform, is built and modelled upon an award-winning Java based universal platform called Eclipse. The GumTree Platform consists of an Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP) application, and an application framework for handling data exchange, experiment life cycle, device control (via distributed control system e.g. TANGO), application accessibility, data visualisation, and data analysis. All services from the platform can be extended and modified to suit any particular scientific instrument. A developer adds a GumTree workbench (or RCP based GumTree application) which integrates all services provided by the GumTree Platform. The GumTree Platform encourages developers to encapsulate the knowledge of an experiment method or procedure in the workbench.

External links
 Official GumTree website (at web.archive.org) - Project Information, News and Issue Tracking
 SourceForge project page - GumTree project at SF.net.
 GumTree M7 – New and Noteworthy - Available features from the latest GumTree release.

Free science software
LORAX. The Life On ice: Robotic Antarctic eXplorer or LORAX was an experimental robotics project developed by the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University, and supported by NASA. The intent of the project was to create an autonomous rover to survey the distribution of microbes on Antarctica's ice sheets. It is unknown whether it intentionally shared a name with The Lorax, the environmentalist Dr. Seuss character.

The goal was to create a robotic platform with full navigational autonomy and clean, sustainable power systems. This complete isolation would've allowed the robot to operate unattended and avoid any possible contamination of its results. The project aimed for the robot to be able to operate for one month without human intervention. The rover's power systems incorporated a combination of solar power and wind power. Several solar panels were mounted on the shell of the rover. It also had a deployable wind turbine for generating further power.

A working model of the LORAX rover called Nomad was tested in 2005 on the frozen Mascoma Lake in New Hampshire. The rover completed a ten kilometer test run, traversed ice obstacles and conducted a successful test of its wind turbine. The rover, independent of any human guidance, traveled over fourteen kilometers in all on the frozen lake and returned to its starting point. The test also yielded further calibrations to many of the rover's systems.

See also 
 Scarab (rover)

References

Notes

Sources

External links 
 Project Page at the Robotics Institute
 Project page featuring test results, images and movies

Carnegie Mellon Vehicles and Rovers
Planetary rovers
Robots of the United States
2005 robots
Four-wheeled robots
Isopropyl nitrate. Isopropyl nitrate (IPN, 2-propyl nitrate) is a colorless liquid monopropellant.  It is used as a diesel cetane improver.  IPN is a low-sensitivity explosive, with a detonation velocity of approximately 5400 m/s.

Isopropyl nitrate is extremely flammable and burns with a practically invisible flame. This presents unique hazards in its handling. The flame is significantly less luminous than hydrogen or methanol flame and is only visible due to the turbulent hot air it generates.  Nevertheless, it is officially classed as safe to transport provided it is labelled as flammable. 

Isopropyl nitrate was previously used in a jet engine rapid starting system for military interceptor aircraft (a requirement for fast scrambling, as it provided simultaneous, near-instantaneous engine starting for twin engines) and was known as AVPIN. Early systems, as used on the Gloster Javelin, used a simple pressurising cartridge and had a poor reputation for misfires, including engine-destroying explosions. Nevertheless, Rolls-Royce was able to demonstrate that the fuel is extremely stable and that a cannon shell could be fired through a container of it with no dramatic effect. Isopropyl nitrate was also sold by the Turbonique company under the brand name "Thermolene" as a fuel for their line of turbine-powered "drag axles" and superchargers, during the 1960s.

The exhaust fumes from an AVPIN monopropellant engine may themselves be explosive, if mixed with further air.  Although engine starters do not require an air supply for their basic operation, air was supplied to later designs, such as that of the English Electric Lightning, by an automatic scavenge pump simply to control these fumes. The history of AVPIN use on the Lightning demonstrated it was both safe and effective in use. The reduced availability of AVPIN is now a restriction on the continued operation of some preserved military aircraft, such as Lightnings in the UK and South Africa and some are thus being converted to electric starting.

It has also been used as a fuel for power supply and actuation in guided weapons, notably in the British Royal Navy.

References

External links 
 EPA Substance registry system

Liquid explosives
Alkyl nitrates
Isopropyl esters
Monopropellants
Military operations area. A military operations area (MOA) is an airspace established outside Class A airspace to separate or segregate certain nonhazardous military activities from IFR Traffic and to identify for VFR traffic where these activities are conducted. Similar structures exist under international flight standards.  These are designed for routine training or testing maneuvers. Areas near actual combat or other military emergencies are generally designated as restricted airspace. See Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR).

A MOA is a type of special use airspace (SUA), other than restricted airspace or prohibited airspace, where military operations are of a nature that justify limitations on aircraft not participating in those operations.  The designation of SUA's identifies for other users the areas where military activity occurs, provides for segregation of that activity from other fliers, and allows charting to keep airspace users informed.  Local flight service facilities maintain current schedules and contacts for the agency controlling each MOA.

MOA's are often positioned over isolated, rural areas to provide ground separation for any noise nuisance or potential accident debris.  Each designated MOA appears on the relevant sectional charts, along with its normal hours of operation, lower and upper altitudes of operation, controlling authority contact, and using agency. The MOA system was established around mid-1970s after a few military-civilian aircraft midair collisions and near misses.

Whenever an MOA is active, nonparticipating IFR traffic may be cleared through the area provided ATC can ensure IFR separation; otherwise, ATC will reroute or restrict nonparticipating IFR traffic.  Although MOA's do not restrict VFR operations, pilots operating under VFR should exercise extreme caution while flying within, near, or below an active MOA. Military pilots do, on occasion, underfly their prescribed MOA at lower altitudes without warning. Additionally, prior to entering an active MOA, pilots are encouraged to contact the controlling agency for traffic advisories due to the frequently changing status of these areas.

See also
Military training route (MTR)
European Aviation Safety Agency
Federal Aviation Administration, United States
International Civil Aviation Organization

References

Advisory Circular 210-5B 

Military air traffic control
Military aviation
Special use airspaces
Gene Tools. Gene Tools, LLC is a limited liability company located in Philomath, Oregon, United States that manufactures Morpholino antisense oligos and delivery reagents. Gene Tools was founded in 1997 and began regularly shipping custom-sequence Morpholino oligos in 2000. Current products include Morpholino oligos and Vivo-Morpholinos (for improved delivery into cells). 

The manager and general partner, Jim Summerton, is a pioneer in antisense research, conceived of and was co-inventor of the Morpholino antisense oligo structural type and founded the first antisense therapeutics company, Sarepta Therapeutics Inc. (formerly AntiVirals Inc., renamed AVI BioPharma Inc., renamed Sarepta Therapeutics Inc.).

References

External links
Gene Tools

Companies based in Oregon
Benton County, Oregon
Privately held companies based in Oregon
American companies established in 1997
1997 establishments in Oregon
Central Power Electric Cooperative. Central Power Electric Cooperative is a North Dakota-based electrical generation and transmission cooperative founded in 1949 and which is based in Minot, North Dakota.  Central Power purchases power from Basin Electric Power Cooperative to serve its six member rural electric cooperatives.  It also built the William J. Neal Station near Voltaire, ND in 1951 to meet its members' needs, with the power being delivered over the lines of the Otter Tail Power Company. When Central Power joined Basin Electric, Neal Station was transferred to Basin as a condition of membership. In its later years, Neal Station was modified to burn sunflower seed hulls in addition to lignite coal, but had been decommissioned and removed by the early 2000s.

Central Power owns and operates over 170 substations, the majority of which are distribution substations across its member cooperatives' territories. The remainder are transmission substations which provide power to the distribution substations. These lines are operated at 230kV, 115kV, 69kV, 57kV, and 41.6kV, and are also interconnected with the Western Area Power Administration, Basin Electric, Otter Tail Power, Montana-Dakota Utilities, and Xcel Energy systems.

Member cooperatives
Capital Electric Cooperative
Dakota Valley Electric Cooperative - previously James Valley Electric and RSR Electric
McLean Electric Cooperative
North Central Electric Cooperative
Northern Plains Electric Cooperative - previously Baker Electric and Tri-County Electric
Verendrye Electric Cooperative

External links
Central Power Electric Cooperative site

Google Books link Multiple sources for Central Power Electric Cooperative

References

Electric cooperatives in North Dakota
Minot, North Dakota
Electric generation and transmission cooperatives in the United States
Tuft (aeronautics). In aeronautics, tufts are pieces of yarn or string, typically around  long, attached to an aircraft surface in a grid pattern and imaged during flight. Their motion can be observed and recorded to locate air flow features such as boundary layer separation and reattachment. Tufting is, therefore, a technique for flow visualization. They are used during flight testing to study air flow direction, strength, and boundary layer properties.

The world's largest bed of tufts (18.6 m by 18.6 m, 61 feet by 61 feet) was created at NASA Ames Research Center to study air flow fields involving a helicopter's rotor disk.

See also
Yaw string

References

Aeronautics
Yarn