omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Jean-Yves Le Gall. Jean-Yves Le Gall (born 30 April 1959) is an engineering graduate from the École supérieure d'optique (1981) and holds a doctorate in engineering from the University of Paris-Sud (1983). He began his career in 1981 as a researcher at the Astronomy Laboratory, French National Scientific Research Center, where he worked on the European scientific satellites project Hipparcos and ISO. In 1985 he joined the Department of Industry and was assigned to the Space Office where he was particularly in charge of relations with the space industry.

The Minister for the Postal Service, Telecommunications and Space appointed Le Gall as advisor for space affairs in 1985. In this position, he participated in the definition of CNES and ESA programs. In 1993, he joined Novespace, a subsidiary of CNES, of which he was Managing Director. Le Gall was appointed as CNES Deputy Managing Director in 1996. In this function, he was the French Representative to the ESA. In 1998, he was appointed as Chairman and CEO of Starsem.

In 2001, he joined Arianespace as COO. Since 2002 till April 2013 he worked as an Arianespace CEO, was succeeded by Stéphane Israël. Since 2013 Jean-Yves Le Gall is a president of CNES.

Honors and recognitions
Le Gall was named by Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine as its 2014 Laureate for Space, based on his work at Arianespace. In 2006 he received title of "Satellite Executive of the Year" from Via Satellite magazine.

References

1959 births
Living people
Paris-Sud University alumni
French engineers
Businesspeople from Marseille
French people of Breton descent
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Commanders of the Ordre national du Mérite
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class
Scientists from Marseille
CNES presidents
Proto 2. Proto 2 is the name of the $55 million initiative of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, to create a thought-controlled prosthetic arm. Its predecessor was called Proto 1 and was capable of reasonably complicated movements like rolling the shoulders, wrists, flexing the fingers. etc. 

Proto 2 is a critical milestone of thought-controlled mechanical arms. It is complete with hand and articulated fingers—that can perform 25 joint motions. This dexterity approaches that of a real arm (which makes about 30 motions)- a great improvement over the Proto 1. A person wearing a Proto 2 could "conceivably play the piano".

The next steps are to shrink the battery, develop more-efficient motors, and refine the bulky electrodes used to read electrical signals in muscles.

How it works 

 Control System
Researchers are experimenting with injectable myoelectric sensors (IMES) that detect muscle activity and wirelessly transmit commands to the prosthetic arm- in order to eliminate the bulkiness. A wire coil wrapped over the shoulder supplies wireless power to the implants and relays signals to computers in the prosthetic that decipher the command and tell the arm to move. The team is also considering implanting electrodes directly on nerves. 

 Power
Researchers are exploring a hydrogen-peroxide pneumatic system to replace electric motors, which are bulky, slow and weak. The hydrogen peroxide reacts with an iridium catalyst to drive the arm's movements. The wearer would install a fresh hydrogen-peroxide canister each morning. 

 Flexibility
The Proto 2 performs 25 joint motions: The shoulder and wrist are capable of roll, pitch and yaw, the elbow can flex, and the fingers and thumbs bend at each knuckle. Each joint brings together two lightweight "bones" made of carbon fiber and aluminum alloys. 

 Building blocks
Modular construction—shoulder to elbow, elbow to wrist—allows doctors to adapt the limb to patients' needs.

Status 

Researchers hoped for it to be accepted for clinical trials by 2009.

See also 
 Prosthetic
 Bionics
 Brain-computer interface
 Myoelectric prosthesis

References

External links 
Popular Science, August 2007 issue- Details and images of Proto 2

Research projects
DARPA
DARPA projects
List of vacuum-tube computers. Vacuum-tube computers, now called  first-generation computers, are programmable digital computers using vacuum-tube logic circuitry. They were preceded by systems using electromechanical relays and followed by systems built from discrete transistors. Some later computers on the list had both vacuum tubes and transistors.

This list of vacuum-tube computers is sorted by date put into service:

See also
 List of transistorized computers
 History of computing hardware

References

Vacuum tube computers
 
Computers, list of vacuum tube
PAS 2010. PAS 2010 is a Publicly Available Specification published by the British Standards Institution.  It is particularly relevant to land use and spatial planning in terrestrial, coastal and freshwater environments, but its principles can also be applied to planning in the marine environment.  It shows where and how competent authorities can have regards to seek to further biodiversity conversation in the exercise of their planning functions – as required under statutory obligations.

 PAS 2010:2006,

External links
 British Standards Institution

British Standards
Environmental standards
Daihatsu Esse. The  is a kei car manufactured by the Japanese automaker Daihatsu. It was launched in December 2005, which at launch was the cheapest car in Japan.

It was available as a 5-door hatchback in two distinct styles - Esse or Esse Custom. The Esse was available in Eco, D, L and X grade levels with front- or four-wheel drive layout. The Esse Custom was added in November 2006. All versions were powered by a  KF-VE three-cylinder petrol engine.

The production ended in September 2011 and replaced by the Mira e:S.

According to Daihatsu, the name "Esse" was derived from the Latin root for the English word "essence", although it has also been used as a backronym for "Eco, Smart, Simple & Easy" in marketing.

References

External links 

 

Esse
Cars introduced in 2005
Cars discontinued in 2011
2010s cars
Kei cars
Hatchbacks
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Multiscale decision-making. Multiscale decision-making, also referred to as multiscale decision theory (MSDT), is an approach in operations research that combines game theory, multi-agent influence diagrams, in particular dependency graphs, and Markov decision processes to solve multiscale challenges in sociotechnical systems. MSDT considers interdependencies within and between the following scales: system level, time and information.

Multiscale decision theory builds upon decision theory and multiscale mathematics. Multiscale decision theory can model and analyze complex decision-making networks that exhibit multiscale phenomena. The theory's results can be used by mechanism designers and decision-makers in organizations and complex systems to improve system performance and decision quality.

Multiscale decision theory has been applied to manufacturing enterprise enterprises, service systems, supply chain management, healthcare, systems engineering, among others. In healthcare, for example, MSDT has been used to identify multi-level incentives that can improve healthcare value (quality of outcomes per dollar spent). The Multiscale Decision Making Laboratory at Virginia Tech directed by Dr. Christian Wernz is working at the forefront of MSDT theory and applications.

Multiscale decision theory is related to:
 Multiscale modeling
 Decision analysis
 Cooperative distributed problem solving
 Decentralized decision making

References

Bibliography

 Filar, J., Vrieze, K., Competitive Markov Decision Processes, Springer, 1996. 
 Mesarović, M. D., Macko, D. and Takahara, Y., Theory of Hierarchical, Multilevel, Systems, Mathematics in Science and Engineering, Volume 68, Academic Press, 1970. 
 Schneeweiss, C., Distributed Decision Making, Springer, 2003. 
 Wernz, C., Multiscale Decision-Making: Bridging Temporal and Organizational Scales in Hierarchical Systems, Dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3336994/

External links
 Multiscale Mathematics Initiative: A Roadmap
 Multiscale Decision Making Laboratory, Virginia Tech
 Multi-Scale Behavioral Modeling and Analysis Promoting a Fundamental Understanding of Agent-Based System Design and Operation

Decision analysis

Markov processes
Pukka Electric MiniBike. The Pukka Electric Mini-bike is a small, battery-powered, two-wheeled electric vehicle formerly manufactured by Pukka USA, LLC. It is capable of carrying a single passenger, weighing a maximum of , to speeds up to .

Components 
The Pukka is powered by two 12-volt sealed lead–acid batteries contained in a rear compartment, held by the frame behind the seat. It has an electronic motor control board which uses pulse-width modulation, and can provide up to 55 amps when required. It receives low voltage signals from the throttle, which is attached to the right handle bar. The braking system is a drum brake activated through a metal brake cable from a brake handle on the left handle bar. A circuit runs through the brake handle to allow the motor control board to detect when the brake is being used and shut off power to the motor. Thus, the Pukka is designed so that the motor and the brakes cannot be used at the same time.

Models 
The Pukka was available in only one model, the GX400C, released in 2002 and quietly discontinued ca. 2007. During its production run it underwent many minor parts changes, including the coulomb valve, kickstand, and internal circuit board or PWM controller. It was sold for approximately $400 through a small, primarily online dealer network. In the midst of significantly declining sales, Pukka USA was acquired by the "blank check" company Sunrise USA in mid-2006. Sales of the GX400C were phased out sometime over the course of the next year.

References

External links
 Information about the Pukka from Powerstream, the designer of the PWM controller
 Information about the Electric Razor Pocket Rocket Mini Bike

Electric scooters
Battery electric vehicles
Wellsite Information Transfer Specification. The Wellsite Information Transfer Specification (WITS) is a specification for the transfer of drilling rig-related data. This petroleum industry standard is recognized by a number of companies internationally and is supported by many hardware devices and software applications.

WITS is a multi-layered specification:

 Layer 0 describes an ASCII-based transfer specification
 Layer 1 describes a binary-based format based on 25 predefined fixed-size records and the Log Information Standard (LIS) data-transmission specification
 Layer 2 describes bidirectional communication using LIS Comment records
 Layer 2b describes buffering of data
 Layer 4 extends the previous layers to use a different data exchange format, RP66

Though still in active use as of 2013, the specification has been superseded by the XML-based WITSML.

See also
Wellsite information transfer standard markup language

Drilling technology
Petroleum technology
IMPA. IMPA may refer to:

 Impa, a recurring character in The Legend of Zelda series
Impa Kasanganay (born 1994), American mixed martial artist
 Industrias Metalúrgicas y Plasticas Argentinas S.A., an Argentine aircraft manufacturer which made the IMPA Tu-Sa, a civil aviation trainer aircraft

 International Marine Purchasing Association, a marine supply-chain organization; see IMPA coding
 Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-A (IMP-A or IMP 1), a research satellite launched in 1963 as part of the Explorer program
 International Motor Press Association, a trade association representing automotive journalists and public relations professionals in the United States
 Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, Brazil's National Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics
 EET Nº7 Taller Regional Quilmes (IMPA), a high school in Quilmes, Buenos Aires
 isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, a metabolite of sarin
 International Mission Photography Archive (IMPA), a repository in the USC Digital Archive offering historical photographs from the archives of international missionary organizations.
 IMPA1 (Inositol(myo)-1(or 4)-monophosphatase 1), a human gene
 Impa shilup, or "Nalusa chito", the soul eater, one of the Choctaw mythology Shadow-like beings
Inside the Robot Kingdom. Inside the Robot Kingdom: Japan, Mechatronics, and the Coming Robotopia is a 1988 book about robotics in Japan by Frederik L. Schodt. In 2011, it was also issued as an e-book for the Kindle, Nook, and iBookstore platforms, with a new cover designed by Raymond Larrett, added color photographs, and free-flowing, searchable text.

This book describes the fascination that Japan has had from the very beginning of acquiring technology, from the first visit by Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853 to Tokyo and the integration of technology into Japanese society, which they, according to the book, feel will strengthen and improve their society, economy and life in Japan and the world. They regard technology, according to the book, as a savior from dangerous and monotonous jobs that robots can be designed to do instead, freeing up the human labor force to do more worthwhile pursuits.

The book mentions Isaac Asimov's proposed Three Laws of Robotics, and also talks about the Japanese comic book character Astro Boy as examples of robotic integration into Japanese society.

References 

Sociology books
Books about Japan
Robotics books
1988 non-fiction books
MK-DOS. MK-DOS was one of the most widespread operating systems for Elektronika BK personal computers, developed by Mikhail Korolev and Dmitriy Butyrskiy from 1993. Like ANDOS, the system provided full compatibility for all models, emulating the BK-0010 environments on the more modern BK-0011 and BK-0011M machines. All program requests to a magnetic tape (if they were made through proper ROM functions) were redirected to the disk.

The system supported up to 4 physical disk drives (the actual number was limited by the disk ROM installed) and as many hard disk partitions as the number of letters in the Latin alphabet, which could be used as separate logical drives, each with a volume of up to 32 MB. Starting from version 3.0 the system also supported mounting disk images as logical drives. When booted on a BK-0011 or BK-0011M the system automatically created a RAM disk in the computer's memory.

The most widespread file system along MK-DOS users was MicroDOS. It did not support file fragmentation (like the file system used with RT-11) and required frequent spatial reallocation to maintain optimum contiguous free space (RT-11 users would use the 'SQUEEZE' command, which worked the same way as the *COMPACT command on Acorn's DFS for the BBC Micro). Although MK-DOS was incompatible with the RT-11's file system, both shared many principles. MicroDOS' file system had read-only support in ANDOS. The filename length was limited by 14 symbols (the filename extension was not recognized separately and was considered as part of the filename).

A minimal installation of the system took as little as 8 KB of the computer's memory. It had a functional Norton Commander-like file manager called MCommander. It also shipped with a number of utilities including drivers for the RT-11, FAT12 and CSI-DOS file systems as add-ons for the file manager.

Notes

External links
 Disk image of MK-DOS 2.10
 Disk image of MK-DOS 3.15
 Disk image of MK-DOS 3.17
 Disk image of MK-DOS 3.18
 Mikhail Korolev homepage (Original documentation for MK-DOS 3.15)
  V.P.Yurov. BK-0010(.01) with disk drive (Comparison of operating systems for BK-0010). Magazine "Personal computer BK-0010 - BK-0011M", 1993
  V.P.Yurov. Disk operating systems for BK-0011(M). Magazine "Personal computer BK-0010 - BK-0011M", 1994 (djvu)

Elektronika BK operating systems
Zune 4, 8, 16. The Zune 4, Zune 8, and Zune 16 are second-generation models of the Zune lineup, they were first announced on October 2, 2007 and released on November 13, 2007 in the United States and June 13, 2008 in Canada. They are flash memory-based players meant to compete with the iPod Nano and the Sansa Fuze, both smaller and cheaper than the three hard drive-based Zune devices, the Zune 30, Zune 80, and Zune 120. They feature music, video, and podcast support, and come with Wi-Fi and FM Radio.

Overview
The D-pad of the original Zune has been replaced by the Zune pad, which allows for touch-sensitive controls in addition to 5-way clicking. Wi-Fi is used for wireless synchronization and for sharing photos, podcasts, and music with other Zunes, although shared songs may only be played three times by the receiving Zune. The FM Radio includes RBDS support for displaying song and station metadata, but does not support HD-Radio. The flash Zune models also feature scratch resistant glass screens, similar to the screens used on the v2 Zunes.

Reception

The Zune 4, 8, and 16 have gotten generally positive reception. Positives and negatives mimic those of the Zune 80 and 120, as the 4, 8, and 16 are very similar devices in a smaller package: the Wi-Fi, user interface, and excellent sound quality are praised. Some reviews have mentioned the lack of TV shows in the Zune Marketplace, it has since been updated with the ability to purchase and rent TV shows and movies.

Specifications
The specifications as listed by the official web site of the Zune:

 1.8-inch color display with 320×240 resolution
 4, 8, and 16 GB flash memory options
 CPU: 399 MHz ARM Core Freescale i.MX31L
 RAM: 64 MB
 802.11b/g Wi-Fi compatible with open, WEP, WPA, and WPA2 authentication modes and WEP 64-bit and 128-bit, TKIP, and AES encryption modes
 Built in Li-Ion rechargeable with up to 24 hours of audio playback (wireless off) and video, up to 4 hours
 Size: 41.4 mm x 91.5 mm x 8.5 mm
 Weight: 1.7 ounces (47 grams)
 FM radio tuner
 Audio support:
 CBR and VBR audio, up to 48 kHz sample rate:
 WMA Standard Up to 320 kbit/s
 WMA Pro stereo up to 384 kbit/s
 WMA Lossless stereo up to 384 kbit/s
 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)(.mp4, .m4a, .m4b, .mov) up to 320 kbit/s
 MP3 (.mp3): up to 320 kbit/s
 Video Support:
 CBR or VBR for:
 WMV Main and Simple Profile
 MPEG-4 Part 2 Advanced Simple Profile up to 2.5 Mbit/s bit rate
 H.264 Baseline profile up to 2.5 Mbit/s
 Picture Support:
 JPEG (.jpg)

References

External links
Product overview on Zune.net
Information about the Zune and question / answers

Portable media players
Zune
Audiovisual introductions in 2007
Top of descent. In aviation, the top of descent, also referred to as the TOD or T/D, is the computed transition from the cruise phase of a flight to the descent phase, or the point at which the planned descent to final approach altitude is initiated. The top of descent is usually calculated by an on-board flight management system, and is designed to provide the most economical descent to approach altitude, or to meet some other objective (fastest descent, greatest range, etc.).

The top of descent may be calculated manually as long as distance, air speed, and current altitude are known. This can be done by finding the difference between current altitude and desired altitude, dividing the result by the desired rate of descent, and then multiplying that figure by the quotient of the ground speed (not airspeed) and 60. ((C-T)/RoD)*(KGS/60)=TOD. The result dictates how far from the destination descent must begin.

See also
Flight management system
Autopilot
Top of climb

References

Flight phases
Top of climb. In aviation, the top of climb, also referred to as the TOC or T/C, is the computed transition from the climb phase of a flight to the cruise phase, the point at which the planned climb to cruise altitude is completed.  The top of climb is usually calculated by an on-board flight management system and is designed to provide the most economical climb to cruise altitude or to meet some other objective (fastest climb, greatest range, etc.).  The top of climb may be calculated manually with considerable effort.

Alternatively, when manual planning and monitoring a VFR flight, TOC is an elegant and efficient way for a pilot to eliminate all the vaguery and variability of departing any airport (the turns assigned, changes of runway the pilot cannot control). TOC establishes a "starting gate" for the en route portion of a flight to allow timing and tracking along the course. A clearly determined TOC is predicated in planning along the intended route of flight far enough from the departure so that the aircraft is at altitude, on course, trimmed up in cruise flight. The variability of departure is now over and accurate tracking and monitoring of progress are beginning.

Once past TOC (and by definition stabilized on course) a pilot can efficiently ascertain whether the wind and weather are "as forecast" and the groundspeed attained will allow for the safe completion of the flight "as planned" or within an acceptable margin for safety. If the forecast headwind along the route is more than was forecast and planned on the ground it should immediately be obvious and an alternate fuel stop planned to accommodate the added time aloft. Unlike when driving a motor vehicle, the aircraft's progress over the earth (groundspeed) is in every instance unique and surprising. Despite planning from forecast data, it is essential to immediately determine this in flight and adjust for variability to assure a safe outcome. Similarly, changes in visibility en route from the flight planned forecasts must be accommodated and adjusted in visual flight.

Pilots of small airplanes need to do a flight plan to compute fuel usage and time of the trip because they often don't have a flight management system.  Because climbing to cruise altitude burns fuel quicker, the takeoff to cruise altitude is calculated separately.  The airplane's Pilot Operating Handbook has a table of fuel burned, time, and distance to reach a given altitude from sea level.  To calculate the values for airport at , you subtract the values for sea level to  from the sea level to cruise altitude.

See also
Autopilot
Top of descent

References

Flight phases
Micro T-Kernel. μT-Kernel is an open source real-time operating system (RTOS) designed for 16- and 8-bit microcontrollers. "μ” in the name stands for "micro" and pronounced as such. It is not pronounced as "mu".  It is freely available under T-License.

Supported CPU list is available.

The latest version, μT-Kernel 3.0, is available from Github.

μT-Kernel was standardized by T-Engine Forum (now merged into TRON Forum) and later it became the basis of IEEE Standard 2050-2018, "IEEE Standard for a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) for Small-Scale Embedded Systems"  published  by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standards Association (IEEE SA).

Its specification is available both in English and Japanese.  The source code is available from the TRON Forum website and GitHub.

An article comparing nine RTOSs in which μT-Kernel was evaluated and given favorable remarks appeared in IEEE publication.

History 
μT-Kernel was developed as a smaller subset of T-Kernel, a full-featured real-time operating system. For example, it does not assume the use of MMU unlike the original T-Kernel. For more on its history and the overall philosophy behind the TRON real-time OS family, please see the entry of T-Kernel.

See also
 T-Kernel

References

External links
, TRON Forum

μT-Kernel specifications in English and Japanese
IEEE Publishes Standard Addressing Real-Time Architecture for Embedded Systems
Information about T-Engine, T-Kernel and μT-Kernel Programming 
Introducing the μT-Kernel 
μT-Kernel for M16C/62P source code and documentation

Embedded operating systems
IEEE standards
Internet of things
Operating system kernels
TRON project