omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Statnett. Statnett is a Norwegian state-owned enterprise responsible for owning, operating and constructing the stem power grid in Norway. The company has its headquarters in Oslo, Norway.

Statnett also owns 30% of the Nord Pool Spot along with other Nordic transmission system operators.

Network

Statnett is the transmission system operator in Norway, operating  of high power lines. There are plans to upgrade the western grid from 300 to 420 kV at a cost of 8 billion NOK, partly to accommodate cables to Germany and England.

The power grid in Norway is divided into three sectors: the stem net, the regional net and the local net. While it is often local municipalities who own the regional and local net, the government through Statnett owns the stem net. The stem net typically has 300 to 420 kilovolts (kV) and is used to transport electricity across long distances.

There are a number of international power cables from Norway to abroad, including lines to Sweden (3,600 MW), Finland (120 MW), Russia (50 MW), Denmark (1,700 MW submarine cable Cross-Skagerrak) and the Netherlands (700 MW submarine cable NorNed). Statnett also participates in the NORD.LINK and North Sea Link projects (proposed submarine cables to Germany and England, respectively).

History
Statnett's operations were originally part of Norges vassdrags- og energiverk (NVE). In 1986 NVE was split in an operation company, Statskraftverkene and a directorate, Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat. Statskraftverkene was split into Statnett (power grid) and Statkraft (production) in 1992.

See also

Statnett participates in the following international organisations:
European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity
ebiX

References

External links
 

Electric power transmission system operators in Norway
Government-owned companies of Norway
Energy companies established in 1992
Ministry of Petroleum and Energy
Government-owned energy companies
Norwegian companies established in 1992
List of railway bridges and viaducts in the United Kingdom. This is a list of viaducts and significant bridges of the United Kingdom's railways, past and present.

See also
:Category:Railway bridges in the United Kingdom
List of bridges in the United Kingdom
List of canal aqueducts in the United Kingdom
List of lattice girder bridges in the United Kingdom
List of tunnels in the United Kingdom
List of bridges in Wales
List of bridges and viaducts in Lincolnshire

References

External links
 Forgotten Relics-Bridges and Viaducts

 

Rail
Railway Bridges And Viaducts
Aeronautical operational control. Aeronautical operational control (AOC) is a group or the entirety of applications used for communication of an aircraft with its airline or service partners on the ground. An AOC application was traditionally hosted on an ACARS MU or Communications Management Unit (CMU). AOC communication is required for the exercise of authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or termination of flight for safety, regularity and efficiency reasons.

AOC were often user-defined, because they were only exchanged between an airline and its own aircraft; controlling both ends, there was no need for standardization.

However, by introducing airframe-defined ACARS messages (e.g. the Airbus A380) and because of the increasing need to connect airline handling partners such as fuel suppliers or de-icing companies, a need to standardize appeared. In 2007, ARINC 633  was created developed to standardize these AOC messages.

See also
High Frequency Data Link

References

Aviation communications
Plasma contactor. Plasma contactors are devices used on spacecraft in order to prevent accumulation of electrostatic charge through the expulsion of plasma (often Xenon).

An electrical contactor is an electrically controlled switch which closes a power or high voltage electrical circuit.  A plasma contactor changes the electrically insulating vacuum into a conductor by providing movable electrons and positive gas ions.  This conductive path closes a phantom loop circuit to discharge or neutralize the static electricity that can build up on a spacecraft.

Space contains regions with varying concentrations of charged particles such as the plasma sheet, and a static charge builds up as the spacecraft moves between these regions, or as the electrical potential varies within such a region.

Static electricity may also build up on a spacecraft as a result of space radiation, including sunlight, depending on the materials used on the surfaces of the spacecraft.

A plasma contactor is mounted on the Z1 segment of the International Space Station Integrated Truss Structure.

References

 
 
 
 Michael J. Patterson "Cathodes Delivered for Space Station Plasma Contactor System," Research And Technology 1998, NASA Technical Report TM-1999-208815, NASA Glenn Research Center (retrieved 30 November 2012)

Plasma technology and applications
Spacecraft components
Continental R-670. The Continental R-670 (factory designation W670) was a seven-cylinder four-stroke radial aircraft engine produced by Continental displacing 668 cubic inches (11 litres) and a dry weight of . Horsepower varied from 210 to 240 at 2,200 rpm. The engine was the successor to Continental's first radial engine, the 170 hp Continental A-70. This engine was used on many aircraft in the 1930s and 1940s. The R-670 was widely used in the PT-17 Stearman primary training aircraft of the U.S. military.

In addition to being used in aircraft, the R-670 was used in a number of light armored vehicles of World War II.

Variants
Data from: Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938
Variants of the W670 included:
W670-Kcarburetor, 5.4:1 compression, 65 Octane, front exhausts and 
W670-Lcarburetor, 5.4:1 compression, 73 Octane, rear exhausts and 
W670-Mcarburetor, 6.1:1 compression, 80 Octane, front exhausts and 
W670-Ncarburetor, 6.1:1 compression, 80 Octane, rear exhausts and 
W670-K1fuel injection, 5.4:1 compression, 73 Octane, front exhausts and 
W670-L1fuel injection, 5.4:1 compression, 73 Octane, rear exhausts and 
W670-M1fuel injection, 6.1:1 compression, 80 Octane, front exhausts and 
W670-N1fuel injection, 6.1:1 compression, 80 Octane, rear exhausts and

Applications

Aircraft
 American Airmotive NA-75
 Boeing-Stearman Model 75 (PT-17, N2S)
 CallAir Model A
 Cessna 190
 Eagle Aircraft Eagle 220
 Fairchild PT-23
 Funk F-23
 G class blimp
 Grumman G-164 Ag Cat
 Kellett K-2A, K-4
 Morane-Saulnier MS.317
 Timm N2T Tutor
 Waco 240-A
 Waco Standard Cabin series (UEC, UIC, UKC, UKC-S, UKS, VKS)
 Waco Custom Cabin series (UOC, VQC)
 Waco A series (UBA, ULA)
 Waco F series (UBF, UMF, UPF)

Armored fighting vehicles
 T2 Combat Car
 T4 Combat Car
 M1 Combat Car
 M2 Light Tank
 M3 Stuart
 Landing Vehicle Tracked (LVT-2, -4; LVT(A)-1, -2, -4, -5)

Specifications (R-670-K)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. 
 Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1998.

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20070807212519/http://www.oldengine.org/members/diesel/Duxford/usaero1.htm

1930s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
R-670
Schweizer's reagent. Schweizer's reagent is a metal ammine complex with the formula [. This deep-blue compound is used in purifying cellulose. This salt consists of tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cations () and hydroxide anions ().

It is prepared by dissolving copper(II) hydroxide in an aqueous solution of ammonia.

It forms an azure solution. Evaporation of these solutions leaves light blue residue of copper hydroxide, reflecting the lability of the copper-ammonia bonding. If conducted under a stream of ammonia, then deep blue needle-like crystals of the tetrammine form. In presence of oxygen, concentrated solutions give rise to nitrites . The nitrite results from oxidation of the ammonia.

Reactions with cellulose
Schweizer's reagent was once used in production of cellulose products such as rayon and cellophane (see cupro). Cellulose, which is quite insoluble in water (hence its utility as clothing), dissolves in the presence of Schweizer's reagent. Using the reagent, cellulose can be extracted from wood pulp, cotton fiber, and other natural cellulose sources. Cellulose precipitates when the solution is acidified. It functions by binding to vicinal diols.

Presently, the reagent is used in the analysis of the molecular weight of cellulose samples.

History
These properties of Schweizer's reagent were discovered by the Swiss chemist Matthias Eduard Schweizer (1818–1860), after whom the reagent is named. The French chemist Louis-Henri Despeissis then proposed a procedure where cellulose is extruded into diluted sulphuric acid. This leads to the complex no longer being stable enough to hold the cellulose in solution and it precipitates out forming strings. These strings were later used in industry to make artificial silk which was called rayon in the US and viscose in the UK. It was also originally used to make cellophane.

See also
 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate

Footnotes

References

Copper complexes
Hydroxides
Ammine complexes
Tetraamminecopper(II) compounds
Sulfuryl chloride fluoride. Sulfuryl chloride fluoride is a chemical compound with the formula SO2ClF.  It is a colorless, easily condensed gas. It is a tetrahedral molecule.

Liquified sulfuryl chloride fluoride is employed as a solvent for highly oxidizing compounds.

Preparation
The laboratory-scale synthesis begins with the preparation of potassium fluorosulfite:
SO2 + KF → KSO2F
This salt is then chlorinated to give sulfuryl chloride fluoride
KSO2F + Cl2 → SO2ClF + KCl
Further heating (180 °C) of potassium fluorosulfite with the sulfuryl chloride fluoride gives sulfuryl fluoride.
KSO2F + SO2ClF → SO2F2 + KCl  +  SO2

Alternatively, sulfuryl chloride fluoride can be prepared without using gases as starting materials by treating sulfuryl chloride with ammonium fluoride or potassium fluoride in trifluoroacetic acid.
SO2Cl2 + NH4F → SO2ClF + NH4Cl

References

Sulfuryl compounds
Sulfur oxohalides
Nonmetal halides
Inorganic solvents
Bob Kelly (author). Bob Kelly (born April 17, 1971, in Massachusetts) best known as an expert on the deployment of the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Kelly was a cryptologic technician in the US Navy from 1989 to 1997, finishing his service as the systems administrator for communications system at the White House during the Clinton administration.

Bob Kelly is a subject-matter expert on Microsoft Windows deployment and Windows Installer technologies. He is the founder of AppDeploy.com – a resource focused on desktop management products and practices. He is author of the Start to Finish Guide to Scripting with KiXtart and The Definitive Guide to Windows Desktop Administration as well as several white papers and articles on similar topics. Kelly is also co-founder and president of iTripoli, Inc.– a software company focused on producing helpful tools for Windows administrators where he produces and supports applications like Admin Script Editor (a scripting editor for Windows Administrators).

References
Kelly, Bob. Start to Finish Guide to Scripting with KiXtart  / Bob Kelly. Greenland, NH : Agility Press, 2004. 
Kelly, Bob. The Definitive Guide To Windows Desktop Administration / Bob Kelly. San Francisco, CA : Realtimepublishers, 2004. eBook
Kelly, Bob. "Deploying and Administering Windows Vista Bible" /Bob Kelly. Wiley 

1971 births
Living people
Writers from Massachusetts
Clinohedrite. Clinohedrite is a rare silicate mineral. Its chemical composition is a hydrous calcium-zinc silicate; CaZn(SiO4)·H2O. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system and typically occurs as veinlets and fracture coatings. It is commonly colorless, white to pale amethyst in color. It has perfect cleavage and the crystalline habit has a brilliant luster. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 3.28–3.33.

Under short wave ultraviolet light it fluoresces a rich orange color.  It is frequently associated with minerals such as hardystonite (fluoresces violet blue), esperite (fluoresces bright yellow), calcite (fluoresces orange-red), franklinite (non-fluorescent) and willemite (fluoresces green).

Clinohedrite was found primarily at the Franklin zinc mines in New Jersey, the type locality, but has also been reported from the Christmas mine, Gila County, Arizona, and the Western Quinling gold belt, Gansu Province, China.

It was first described in 1898 and was named for its crystal morphology from the Greek klino for incline, and hedra for face.

References

Calcium minerals
Nesosilicates
Zinc minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 9
Minerals described in 1898
Kettering Ironstone Railway. The Kettering Ironstone Railway was an industrial  narrow gauge railway that served the ironstone quarries around Kettering.

History 

Ironstone was discovered to the north of Kettering in 1858 when the Midland Railway mainline was driven through the hills. In 1876 quarrying started just to the west of the railway, with short horse-worked tramways used to haul the ore to a fan of sidings beside the Midland. An ironworks was constructed beside the sidings, opening in 1878.

To feed the newly installed blast furnaces, the tramways were extended to new ore fields to the south and west. In 1879 a 3ft gauge steam locomotive arrived from Black, Hawthorn & Co to deal with the greater traffic. 

As the closer ironstone pits became worked out. the tramways expanded to reach new sources of ore. In 1890 a much larger Manning Wardle locomotive was acquired second-hand to work these longer lines. In all three of these "long boiler special" 0-6-0ST locomotives were acquired for the railway.

In 1913 quarrying started on land near the village of Thorpe Malsor, more than two miles from the ironworks. A new branch of the tramway was laid to reach these, requiring a substantial viaduct to cross the valley below the village. In 1926 a unique double Sentinel locomotive was purchased for the Thorpe Malsor branch, though it was not a great success.

A final new set of ore fields were opened at Bunker Hill in 1933, again served by a new tramway branch.

After the Second World War, there was a general decline in demand for iron. The Thorpe Malsor pits were abandoned and the branch removed in 1949. The ironworks were nationalised in 1951, and the Bunker Hill pits were immediately abandoned. This left only the pits around Rothwell village in operation, served by a long tramway branch. The whole system was purchased by Stewarts & Lloyds in late 1956. The furnaces shut down in 1959, but ore extraction continued to supply the much larger Corby ironworks. Trains continued to run until October 1962. The remaining tramways were lifted by early 1963.

Locomotives

References

See also

 British industrial narrow gauge railways

3 ft gauge railways in England
Industrial railways in England
Rail transport in Northamptonshire
Eminent Technology. Eminent Technology is an American audio electronics company based in Florida, established in 1983 by Bruce Thigpen. Their first product was an air bearing straight-line tracking tonearm for phonograph playback, and was the first implementation of a captured air bearing for tonearm use. It was followed by a more advanced version of the tonearm.

In 1985 the company began developing planar magnetic loudspeakers and in 1987 introduced the world's first full-range push-pull planar magnetic loudspeaker, the LFT-3. 
Another of the company's products is the Thigpen Rotary Woofer. Typical subwoofer products are inefficient at producing desired sound pressure levels at frequencies below 20 Hz, but the TRW is designed to cover the range down to 1 Hz of the sound spectrum. (The technical principle would allow even zero Hz.)

In the 90s Eminent Technology developed a smaller planar transducer for automotive applications.
This was adapted for computer speakers as the LFT-11, a multimedia speaker system,  The company licensed the technology to Sonigistix and it appeared in Monsoon and other brands.

Currently five US patents have been granted to Eminent Technology products. The company manufactures most of its products at its own facility in Tallahassee, Florida.

References

External links
Rotary Woofer site
International Audio Review site
Sound and Vision review
Stereophile discussion of Bruce Thigpen's contribution to turntable tonearm development, the linear-tracking tonearm
Michael Fremer writeup on Eminent Technology and the Rotary Woofer breakthrough
Eminent Technology website

Phonograph manufacturers
Loudspeaker manufacturers
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States
Rolls-Royce RB.106. The Rolls-Royce RB.106 was an advanced military turbojet engine design of the 1950s by Rolls-Royce Limited. The work was sponsored by the Ministry of Supply. The RB.106 project was cancelled in March 1957, at a reported total cost of £100,000.

Design and development 
The RB.106 was a two-shaft design with two axial flow compressors each driven by its own single stage turbine and reheat. It was of similar size to the Rolls-Royce Avon, allowing it to be used as a drop-in replacement, but it would have produced about twice the thrust (with reheat) at 21,750 lbf (96.7 kN). The two-shaft layout was relatively advanced for the era; the single-shaft de Havilland Gyron matched it in power terms, while the two-spool Bristol Olympus was much less powerful at its then-current state of development.

Apart from being expected to power British aircraft such as those competing for Operational Requirement F.155, it was selected to be the powerplant for the Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow. The American company Westinghouse was reported in 1956 to be serious about acquiring a licence to build the RB.106. A scaled-up version of the RB.106 intended for F.155 was the Rolls-Royce RB.122. The competing Bristol two-spool engine to the same specification was to have been the Bristol Zeus.

However funding was cut with the 1957 Defence White Paper which terminated most aircraft development then under way. The Arrow moved to an indigenous two-spool design similar to the RB.106, the Orenda Iroquois.

Applications (proposed)
Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow
Supermarine Type 553

Specifications (RB.106)

See also

References

External links
 The initial announcement of the existence of the RB106 in a 1956 edition of Flight

1950s turbojet engines
RB106
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport. Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport ()  is an airport serving the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, a territory of Australia located in the Indian Ocean. The airport is on West Island, one of the South Keeling Islands and capital of the territory.

History

The airfield was built during World War II to support Allied aircraft in the war against Japan. Two airstrips were built, and three bomber squadrons were moved to the islands to conduct raids against Japanese targets in Southeast Asia and to provide support during the planned re-invasion of Malaya and reconquest of Singapore. The first aircraft to arrive were  Supermarine Spitfire Mk VIIIs of No. 136 Squadron RAF. They included some B-24 Liberator bombers from No. 321 (Netherlands) Squadron RAF (members of exiled Dutch forces serving with the Royal Air Force), which were also stationed on the islands. 
 South African Airways aircraft operated between Johannesburg and Perth refuelled at this airport en-route before 1970.

The 2016 Australian Defence White Paper stated that the airfield would be upgraded to support the RAAF's P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft. Work was scheduled to begin in early 2023 and completed by 2026, though the costs of the upgrade had increased significantly. It is planned that the airfield will act as a forward operating base for Australian surveillance and electronic warfare aircraft in the region.

Facilities
The airport has one runway, designated 15/33, with an asphalt surface measuring  and an elevation of  above sea level.

Airlines and destinations

Statistics
Cocos Island Airport served 14,896 revenue passengers during financial year 2017–2018.

See also
 List of airports in territories of Australia
 Aviation transport in Australia

References

Footnotes

Notes

Further reading

External links

 Cocos Islands Airport: a pictorial history archived version – compiled by Geoff Goodall
 Photos of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport

Airports in territories of Australia
Airports in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
North East Land, Sea and Air Museums. The North East Land, Sea and Air Museums (NELSAM), formerly the North East Aircraft Museum, is a volunteer-run aviation museum situated on the site of the former RAF Usworth/Sunderland Airport, between Washington and Sunderland, in Tyne and Wear, England. The museum has the largest aviation collection between Yorkshire and Scotland and houses over 30 aircraft and a wide collection of aero engines. The museum also has a small collection of other items such as weaponry, vehicles and other historical exhibits.

The museum also has special displays showing a replica of a Second World War British street and one honouring No. 607 Squadron RAF, which was based at RAF Usworth.

NELSAM is an English registered charity.

History
The North East Land, Sea and Air Museums traces its origins back to the formation of the North East Vintage and Veteran Aircraft Association (NEAVVAA), which started meeting in March 1974 at the Sunderland Airport, which had been RAF Usworth. In March 1975 the group purchased a Westland WS-51 Dragonfly helicopter from a scrapyard and this became its first aircraft. The group continued to accumulate aircraft and in May 1977 changed its name to the Northumbian Aeronautical Collection. In 1979 the name was changed again, to North East Aircraft Museum. More aircraft were added, including an Avro Vulcan in January 1983.

In April 1984 the local government, Sunderland Council announced that the airport would be closed to make way for an automobile manufacturing plant. After protracted negotiations the museum was given a lease on a four-acre site just outside the airfield. In 1987 the museum was opened to the public on a full-time basis. In 1989 the museum started to fund raise to construct buildings to house at last some of the collection indoors and in 1991 planning authority was granted for a new hangar to be built, actual construction of which was started in 1993.

The museum used the old Sunderland Airport control tower for storage and administrative use and it was burnt in an arsonist attack in September 1996. On 23 January 1997, arsonists destroyed the museum's Vickers Valetta C2 (VX577), which was one of only three Valettas in existence. The Valletta's restoration work had taken two years and was completed the previous summer.

A military vehicle collection previously displayed in Newcastle upon Tyne began relocation to the museum's new large Romney hut in early 2012. This addition  resulted in the name change of the facility to its present name, North East Land, Sea and Air Museums.

The North Eastern Electrical Traction Trust (NEETT) moved trams and buses to a new tram shed on the site in April 2013. It was completed and track installed in December 2013.

Collection

The museum's collection includes:

Aircraft

Aero Engines

Buses, transport and trains

Military vehicles and equipment

See also
List of aerospace museums
List of museums in Tyne and Wear
List of transport museums

References

External links 

Museums in the City of Sunderland
Aerospace museums in England
Charities based in England