omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Visual MODFLOW. Visual MODFLOW (VMOD) is a graphical interface (GUI) for the open source groundwater modeling engine MODFLOW. VMOD was developed by Waterloo Hydrogeologic and first released in 1994, the first commercially available GUI for MODFLOW. In May 2012 a .NET version of the software was rebranded as Visual MODFLOW Flex. The program includes proprietary extensions, such as MODFLOW-SURFACT, MT3DMS (mass-transport 3D multi-species) and a three-dimensional model explorer. Visual MODFLOW supports MODFLOW-2000, MODFLOW-2005, MODFLOW-NWT, MODFLOW-LGR,  MODFLOW-SURFACT, and SEAWAT.

The software is used primarily by hydrogeologists to simulate groundwater flow and contaminant transport.

History
The original version of Visual MODFLOW, developed for DOS by Nilson Guiguer, Thomas Franz and Bob Cleary, was released in August 1994. It was based on the USGS MODFLOW-88 and MODPATH code, and resembled the FLOWPATH program  developed by Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. The first Windows based version was released in 1997. The main programmers were Sergei Schmakov, Alexander Liftshits, and Sean Wilson. A .NET version that included non-grid-based, graphical conceptual modelling features was released in 2012.

On January 10, 2005, Waterloo Hydrogeologic was acquired by Schlumberger's Water Services Technology Group.

On May 1, 2012, Waterloo Hydrogeologic released Visual MODFLOW Flex.

On March 13, 2015, Waterloo Hydrogeologic was acquired by Nova Metrix.

References

External links
 
 Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc

Scientific simulation software
Hydrogeology software
Warri Airport. Osubi Airstrip  is an aviation facility located in Osubi, within  Okpe Local Government,  serving the city of  Effurun, Warri and its environs in Delta State, Nigeria. It is about  northeast of the city.

Osubi is a town in Okpe Local Government Area of Delta State, Southern Nigeria.

The runway length does not include a  displaced threshold/overrun on each end, making the total paved length . The Osubi non-directional beacon (Ident: OS) is located on the field.

Airstrip
Before the construction of the airport, a small airstrip had been created next to a congested part of the city of Warri during the 1960s. The runway was approximately  in length. There was a small terminal building and an aircraft hangar. Small charter aircraft of Aero Contractors and other firms provided service to and from Lagos airport and other Nigerian cities.

Construction of the airport

The federal government first drew up plans to build an airport here in the late 1970s to allow easy transport into Warri by air because of its status as an oil city, but the plan languished for over two decades. Meanwhile, people coming in and out of Warri continued to use the old airstrip in a congested part of the city. The airstrip could only accommodate small aircraft on its short runway, so that whenever a plane took off or landed, the authorities had to close off an adjacent road to traffic so that a passing car would not be clipped.

Finding it harder and harder to conduct business with the old airstrip, Shell decided to build one on its own. The airport was commissioned and opened for commercial use on 1 April 1999 with Shell (SPDC) landing a modern Dornier 328 and Aero Contractors 50-passenger Dash aircraft at the Osubi airport. Since the airstrip opened for public use, it is reckoned to be one of the busiest aviation facilities in Nigeria and it is being operated in partnership with other oil companies.

The maintenance and facilities are among the best in the country and traffic flow is one of the highest. In the first six months of the opening of Osubi Airstrip, more than 100,000 passengers passed through just as it handled 3,500 aircraft movements.

The Delta State government is making plans with the airstrip operator Shell to upgrade and build a longer second runway of  due to the increase in air traffic.

Airlines and destinations

Statistics 
These data show the number of passengers' movements into the airport, according to the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria's Aviation Sector Summary Reports.

See also
Transport in Nigeria
List of airports in Nigeria
List of the busiest airports in Africa

References

External links 
 Osubi Airstrip at Delta State website
OurAirports - Warri
SkyVector Aeronautical Charts

Airports in Nigeria
Delta State
Misuse detection. Misuse detection actively works against potential insider threats to vulnerable computer data.

Misuse
Misuse detection is an approach to detecting computer attacks. In a misuse detection approach, abnormal system behaviour is defined first, and then all other behaviour is defined as normal. It stands against the anomaly detection approach which utilizes the reverse: defining normal system behaviour first and defining all other behaviour as abnormal.
With misuse detection, anything not known is normal. An example of misuse detection is the use of attack signatures in an intrusion detection system. Misuse detection has also been used more generally to refer to all kinds of computer misuse.

References

Further reading
For more information on Misuse Detection, including papers written on the subject, consider the following:
Misuse Detection Concepts and Algorithms - article by the IR Lab at IIT.

Data security
Eikos. Eikos, Inc was a technology company based in Franklin, Massachusetts that developed transparent, electrically conductive carbon nanotube films and nanotube inks for transparent conductive coatings. Eikos branded its technology as Invisicon. It was founded in 1996 by Joseph Piche.

Eikos aimed to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) and conducting polymers with carbon nanotube transparent conductors in several common electronic devices, such as touch screens, LCDs, OLEDs, photovoltaics, electroluminescent lamps, electronic paper. Nanotube films have several advantages over ITO, which make them attractive in these markets. For example, nanotube films are exceptionally flexible and can be deposited using low cost, atmospheric coating methods.

Eikos' coatings were recognized by R&D Magazine with a R&D 100 Award in 2005 for environmentally friendly coatings and the Micro/Nano 25 in 2006. Eikos also was awarded a Technology Innovation Award for Materials and other Base Technologies by The Wall Street Journal in September, 2006.

References

External links
 Eikos Website

Companies based in Massachusetts
Chemical companies of the United States
Nanotechnology institutions
Defunct electronics companies of the United States
Nanotechnology companies
Companies established in 1996
Richards Bay Airport. Richards Bay Airport  is an airport in Richards Bay, South Africa.

Overview
It is independently managed and not part of the network of larger airports operated by the parastatal Airports Company South Africa (ACSA). The Airport is managed by Indiza Airport Management. The Airport is also home to one of the only aviation maintenance companies in the Northern KwaZulu-Natal, Alton Aero Engineering. South African Airlink used to fly the only scheduled flight service in and out of Richards Bay, using a fleet of Embraer E170 jet and BAe Jetstream 41 aircraft.

In late 2011, after much speculation, it was confirmed that the airport would undergo a major upgrade that would render the airport's status as International. The expansion project however, has been put on hold pending an outcome to the issue of the local township of Mandlanzini, with residents having settled in the path of the intended runway extension.

Airlines and destinations

Traffic statistics

References

External links
 Aerial photograph on Google Maps

Airports in KwaZulu-Natal
Richards Bay
HSwMS Visby (K31). HSwMS Visby (K31) is the lead ship of the s. It was created as a stealth ship, and underwent a decade long testing phase before it entered service with the Swedish Navy.

Design and description

HSwMS Visby is the lead ship of the s. It was built by Kockums at the Karlskrona naval base, and was the first of four vessels of the class which are designed for coastal warfare.

The hull of the vessel is made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic, a stealth technology, in order to make the vessel difficult to detect by other forces. A minimum of external equipment is stored outside of the vessel, with equipment such as liferafts being stored inside the hull. This hull also reduces the weight of the vessel by around half. It was intended to be radar silent until it moves within  of an enemy vessel, resulting in designer John Nilsson saying of it, "Naval officers fall in love with [this] ship. It's not classically beautiful. In fact it looks like a lunchbox. But it has better maneuverability and can achieve that level of stealth."

Construction and career
Visby completed sea trials in 2004.
The ship underwent a further eight years of tests by the Swedish Defence Procurement Agency, before being delivered to the Navy in late 2012. These tests included the firing of the RBS15 Mk2 AShM, which took place in July 2012. In October 2014, Visby was amongst the Swedish vessels patrolling in an exercise for finding the source of "foreign underwater activity" which was rumoured to be a Russian submarine, identified by distress call. This rumour was denied by the Swedish authorities, who described it as an "intelligence operation".

After Sweden joined NATO in march 2024, it was announced on January 21 2025 that Visby would be part of Standing NATO Maritime Group 1, contributing to operations under the Baltic Sentry initiative. The announcement comes after a recent series of suspected sabotages against underwater cables and other installations in the Baltic Sea area. This marks the first time in history that a Swedish naval ship is placed directly under NATO command.

References

External links

 FMV—Official homepage
 Kockums—Official homepage
 Swedish navy page on the Visby trials 

Visby-class corvettes
Corvettes of Sweden
2000 ships
Ships built in Karlskrona
Felixstowe Porte Baby. The Felixstowe Porte Baby (also known as the Porte F.B.2) was a British reconnaissance flying boat of the First World War, first flying in 1915.

Design and development
The Porte Baby was designed by John Cyril Porte RN at the naval air station, Felixstowe where the prototype was also built; ten more were made by May, Harden and May of Southampton. Between November 1915 and 1918 it was the largest flying boat built and flown in the United Kingdom.

The aircraft was an unequal-span, three-bay biplane of wood-and-fabric construction, the hull being mounted below the lower wing. The engines, normally three Rolls-Royce Eagles, (but sometimes with a 260 hp Green as the centre, pusher engine) were mounted between the wings; two in tractor configuration and the central one in pusher.
The two pilots were in an enclosed cockpit, the three gunners had open stations armed with machine guns.

The incongruously-named Baby was used to prove the concept of a larger aircraft carrying aloft and launching a lighter aircraft – in this case a Bristol Scout – taking off carrying the Bristol and successfully releasing it on 17 May 1916, a technique which came to be known variously as 'composite' or 'parasitic'.

Operational history
The production Porte Babies were used to fly patrols over the North Sea from Felixstowe, RNAS Killingholme, Houton Bay, Orkney and Catfirth, Shetland. Its slow speed and large size, however, made it vulnerable to fighter attack, and after one aircraft was almost destroyed by German aircraft, being forced down and having to taxi back from off the Dutch coast to England, the Portes were kept from patrolling areas where they could encounter enemy aircraft. The Porte Baby remained in service during October 1918.

Operators

Royal Naval Air Service
Royal Air Force

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 Porte Baby: British Aircraft Directory

External links

  including Porte Baby aircraft at RNAS Felixstowe.
 Sons of Our Empire: Film of the Royal Naval Air Service at Felixstowe, including a Porte Baby being hauled up a slipway, 1916.
 Porte Flying Boat: Film of Porte Baby (9801) at RNAS Felixstowe and in flight, released 1917.
 Flying boats over the Northern Isles: Article including the Porte Baby.

1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
Porte Baby
Three-engined push-pull aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Three-engined piston aircraft
John Kendrew (inventor). John Kendrew (1748-1800), a Darlington Quaker, is best known for having invented the first effective process for the mechanical spinning of flax. With Thomas Porthouse, a local clockmaker, he built a working machine and together in 1787 they patented the design in both England and Scotland.  They licensed the technology to others, and subsequently each built their own mill — Kendrew's being near Haughton le Skerne on the NE outskirts of Darlington. After Kendrew's death, Porthouse took out his own patent, as did others and most flax mills were technological descendants of the Kendrew/Porthouse design.

By 1776, Kendrew, a self-taught mechanic, had erected a water driven mill on the river Skerne, at Low Mill, just south of Darlington Bridge, for the purpose of grinding spectacle lenses in large numbers. After that date he was frequently described as an 'optician'. This mill continued in operating after his death, and achieved contemporary fame, though claims that it was the first of its kind in the country cannot be upheld.

References

British inventors
Textile workers
Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter. The Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter was an attempt to produce a fighter aircraft armed with a heavy calibre gun. The Coventry Ordnance Works (COW) 37 mm automatic gun was used, which had been developed for this purpose some years earlier.

Design and development
The design was in response to Air Ministry specification F.29/27. The design was an open cockpit  single engined metal monoplane with fabric covering. The aircraft design had already been submitted for specification F.20/27 as the Westland Interceptor but had lost out to the Gloster Gauntlet. The gun was in the fuselage and fired up at an angle, in order to attack bombers from below. This concept was similar to the Schräge Musik system used by Germany during World War II. The plane first flew at the end of 1930 but the trials did not give satisfactory results to continue with the idea.

The COW gun had been developed by 1918 for use in aircraft and had been trialled on the Airco DH.4.

Specifications (C.O.W. Gun Fighter)

See also

References

Bibliography

 James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam, 1991. .
 Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

External links
Westland COW Gun Fighter – British Aircraft Directory
Westland history  Accessed 1 Feb 2007
http://users.skynet.be/Emmanuel.Gustin/history/NoAllowance.html  Accessed 1 Feb 2007

1930s British fighter aircraft
COW
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Single-engined piston aircraft
Deuterated chloroform. Deuterated chloroform, also known as chloroform-d, is the organic compound with the formula . Deuterated chloroform is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. The properties of  (chloroform) are virtually identical.

Deuterochloroform was first made in 1935 during the years of research on deuterium.

Preparation
Deuterated chloroform is commercially available. It is more easily produced and less expensive than deuterated dichloromethane. Deuterochloroform is produced by the reaction of hexachloroacetone with deuterium oxide, using pyridine as a catalyst. The large difference in boiling points between the starting material and product facilitate purification by distillation.

Treating chloral with sodium deuteroxide (NaOD) gives deuterated chloroform.

NMR solvent
In proton NMR spectroscopy, deuterated solvent (enriched to >99% deuterium) is typically used to avoid recording a large interfering signal or signals from the proton(s) (i.e., hydrogen-1) present in the solvent itself. If nondeuterated chloroform (containing a full equivalent of protium) were used as solvent, the solvent signal would almost certainly overwhelm and obscure any nearby analyte signals. In addition, modern instruments usually require the presence of deuterated solvent, as the field frequency is locked using the deuterium signal of the solvent to prevent frequency drift. Commercial chloroform-d does, however, still contain a small amount (0.2% or less) of non-deuterated chloroform; this results in a small singlet at 7.26 ppm, known as the residual solvent peak, which is frequently used as an internal chemical shift reference. 

In carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, the sole carbon in deuterated chloroform shows a triplet at a chemical shift of 77.16 ppm with the three peaks being about equal size, resulting from splitting by spin coupling to the attached spin-1 deuterium atom ( has a chemical shift of 77.36 ppm). 

Deuterated chloroform is a general purpose NMR solvent, as it is not very chemically reactive and unlikely to exchange its deuterium with its solute, and its low boiling point allows for easy sample recovery. It, however, it is incompatible with strongly basic, nucleophilic, or reducing analytes, including many organometallic compounds.

Hazards 
Chloroform reacts photochemically with oxygen to form chlorine, phosgene and hydrogen chloride. To slow this process and reduce the acidity of the solvent, chloroform-d is stored in brown-tinted bottles, often over copper chips or silver foil as stabilizer. Instead of metals, a small amount of a neutralizing base like potassium carbonate may be added. It is less toxic to the liver and kidneys than  due to the stronger  bond as compared to the  bond, making it somewhat less prone to form the destructive trichloromethyl radical ().

References

Deuterated solvents
Organochlorides
Trichloromethyl compounds
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Optare Sigma. The Optare Sigma was a step-entrance single-deck bus body manufactured by Optare between 1994 and 1996 on the Dennis Lance chassis.

Design
Launched in April 1994, the full-size Sigma body was produced exclusively on the Dennis Lance chassis, beginning an effort by Optare to produce bodies for a more diverse range of chassis following the collapse of the United Bus manufacturing group. The Sigma body was constructed using the same Alusuisse bolted aluminium frame system used on the Vecta mid-size bus body, and the styling closely resembled the Vecta, albeit in longer form. Options included guide wheels for use on a guided busway, dual door configuration as well as a centre offside door for use on airport bus services.

The Sigma had a low entrance step height of , with a second step taking passengers into a seating compartment with capacity for up to 51 seated passengers; the Sigma's seats were mounted on tracking floor rails, allowing for seating to configured to the individual needs of operators. Other interior features included options for luggage racks and air conditioning, as well as tinted side and rear windows.

Operators
Compared to the Vecta, a significantly smaller number of Optare Sigmas were produced. Only three operators bought the Sigma in large batches: the largest was Brighton & Hove, who took delivery of 20 Sigmas in 1996, while Trent Buses additionally took delivery of 17 Sigmas in late 1995. Gateshead & District took delivery of 14 Sigmas in 1994 for use on services in Bishop Auckland competing with local independent OK Motor Services.

Two other operators purchased single a Sigmas each. These were Ipswich Buses, who took delivery of the first production Sigma in 1994, the only Sigma built to dual-door configuration, and Busways Travel Services, who took delivery of a Sigma later in 1994 for use on a Newcastle upon Tyne to Gateshead MetroCentre shuttle service.

References

External links

Sigma
Vehicles introduced in 1994
Model 123 mine. The Model 123 is a small Thai Claymore style directional anti-personnel mine. The mine has a square plastic main body with a convex front face marked with a triangle which is supported by two sets of scissor legs. Inside the main body is a layer of four hundred 5.5 millimeter steel ball bearings embedded in an RDX type explosive. The mine is normally used with an electrical detonator which is inserted into the top of the mine.

An electrical firing device which is encased in an identical plastic case to the mine is normally used to trigger the detonator. The firing device has a pair of red and black terminals on one end for connecting the wire from the detonator. A three position switch on the front face of the case is used to trigger the mine by moving the switch from safe, through test to fire.

On detonation the mine scatters the ball bearings in a 60° horizontal arc out to an effective range of approximately 30 meters, however some fragments will be propelled far beyond this range.

Status
Thailand has signed the Ottawa mine ban treaty and has destroyed all operational stocks of the mine, however it is believed to still be in use with various rebel groups in Thailand, Cambodia and possibly Burma

Specifications
 Width: 115 mm
 Height: 90 mm (180 mm including legs)
 Depth: 60 mm
 Weight: 1.5 kg
 Explosive content: 0.25 kg of RDX based explosive

References
 
 Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2005-2006
 Brassey's Essential Guide to Anti-personnel Mines, Eddie Banks

Notes

Anti-personnel mines
Frank Steglich. Frank Steglich (born 14 March 1941) is a German physicist and the founding director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids in Dresden, Germany.

Education and career
Steglich was born in Dresden and studied physics in the University of Münster and the University of Göttingen, where he received his PhD under Rudolf Hilsch.

Steglich discovered the first heavy fermion superconductor, CeCu2Si2, while working as a research associate in Cologne, Germany in 1979. CeCu2Si2 is the first metallic system to be discovered in which the superconductivity is driven by electron-electron interactions, rather than the electron-phonon interaction that is responsible for conventional BCS superconductivity. The discovery of this material revolutionized research into  superconductivity, establishing the reality of electronically mediated superconductivity and foreshadowing the discovery of a wide range of heavy electron superconductors, and the subsequent discovery of electronically mediated pairing in cuprates high temperature superconductors. The first published report of the phenomenon occurred in 1979, by which time Steglich had taken up a faculty position at the University of Darmstadt, and confirmed the existence of bulk superconductivity through the measurement of the specific heat anomaly at the transition temperature of Tc=0.5K.

Honors and awards
Steglich won the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize and the Gay-Lussac-Humboldt Prize in 1989, the American Physical Society International Prize for New Materials in 1990, the IUPAP Magnetism Award in 2000, the Stern-Gerlach Medal in 2004, the Bernd T. Matthias Prize for Superconducting Materials in 2006 and the Fritz London Memorial Prize in 2020. Steglich received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in 1986 and a number of other recognitions. He has been the Vice President of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation).

Steglich is member of several Academies of Sciences and Fellow of the American Physical Society. He received honorary doctorates from the universities of Augsburg, Cologne and Frankfurt/Main as well Kraków (Poland). Since 2012 he is distinguished visiting professor at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing) and at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou (China). At the latter school he became founding director of the Center for Correlated Matter (CCM) in 2012.

References

External links

 
 MPI CPfS page

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Living people
1941 births
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century German physicists
21st-century German physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Max Planck Institute directors
University of Göttingen alumni
University of Münster alumni
People from Dresden