omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Turbulence (NSA). Turbulence is a United States  National Security Agency (NSA) information-technology project started c. 2005. It was developed in small, inexpensive "test" pieces rather than one grand plan like its failed predecessor, the Trailblazer Project. It also includes offensive cyberwarfare capabilities, like injecting malware into remote computers. The U.S. Congress criticized the project in 2007 for having similar bureaucratic problems as the Trailblazer Project.

Criticism 
According to Siobhan Gorman in a 2007 Baltimore Sun article, "The conclusion in Congress, two former government officials said, was that Turbulence was over budget, not delivering and poorly led, and that there was little or no strategy to pull it all together."

Link to Trailblazer 
Trailblazer, the predecessor of Turbulence, had been cancelled in 2006 after a congressional investigation and a Defense Department's Inspector General's report found it over budget, wasteful, and ineffective.

One of the Trailblazer whistleblowers who helped with the inspector-general report, Thomas Andrews Drake, was later charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 for allegedly retaining five documents in his home. Two of those documents were about Turbulence; his defense pointed out that one of these documents was clearly marked "UNCLASSIFIED" and the other was declassified shortly after his indictment. Thomas Drake pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor count of unauthorized use of a computer on June 10, 2011, and was sentenced to one year probation.

Programs 
Turbulence includes nine core programs, of which names are known:
 TURMOIL
 Turmoil is involved in the process of decrypting communications.
 TUTELAGE
 TRAFFICTHIEF
 According to an XKeyscore presentation, TRAFFICTHIEF is a database of  "Meta-data from a subset of tasked strong-selectors"  According to the XKeyscore presentation, an example of a strong selector is an email address. In other words, it would be a database of the metadata associated with names, phone numbers, email addresses, etc., that the intelligence services are specifically targeting.  Marc Ambinder gives what he calls an educated guess: "raw SIGINT viewer for data analysis."

See also 

 ECHELON
 DCSNet
 Red Hook
 Stellar Wind
 Thinthread 
 William Binney
 Mark Klein
 Edward Snowden
 Thomas Tamm
 Russ Tice

References

External links 
 Unraveling NSA's TURBULENCE Programs
 Democracy Now interview with whistleblower William Binney

2005 establishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in the United States
National Security Agency
Projects established in 2005
Espionage projects
Cancelled projects
Richard Dudgeon. Richard Dudgeon (1819, Tain – 9 April 1895, New York City) was a mechanic, noted for his inventions of the hydraulic jack and steam carriage. Born in Scotland, he emigrated as a boy with his family to the United States, where he became a mechanic in New York.  He founded an engineering machine shop on Broome Street and this prospered, so that he was able to live well nearby and have a country estate in Harlem.  The business still exists as Richard Dudgeon, Inc.

References

1819 births
1895 deaths
American civil engineers
Hydraulic engineers
Scottish emigrants to the United States
People from Ross and Cromarty
19th-century American engineers
19th-century American inventors
Technical Error. "Technical Error"" is a science fiction short story by English writer Arthur C. Clarke. It was published in 1950 under the title "The Reversed Man" and appeared again in Clarke's collection of short stories Reach for Tomorrow, in 1956.

Plot summary

The first power plant to exploit superconductivity has been built, and technician Richard Nelson is "laterally inverted" following an accidental short-circuit while he is working inside the massive stator of the disassembled generator. Nelson finds himself wearing his wedding ring on the wrong hand. Written texts appear mirror-inverted, and coins and his technical diary have been affected. Nelson begins to starve; normal food does not nourish him because most biological molecules are chiral. A chemist, Prof. Vandenburg, develops mirror-inverted parallels of nutrients required by Nelson.

Ralph Hughes, the station's chief physicist, investigates the incident. He discovers that Nelson has traveled through a fourth spatial dimension. He dismisses the arguments of his curious secretary McPherson, who suspects that Albert Einstein had found this fourth dimension - time. The board of directors induce Nelson to partake in an experiment to "re-invert" him. Moreover, nobody is sure if they can continue to meet his unique dietary requirements.

When recreating the short-circuit as closely as possible, a number of disquieting questions are raised regarding the technical parameters and specifications to meet. Subsequently, Nelson disappears during the second replicated short-circuit and, in a rush to supply power, the generator's rotor is reinstalled. It remains unclear what became of Nelson after his disappearance; his assistant remarked that there "didn't seem to be a person in the generator immediately after the accident".

In the early hours of the morning, Hughes realises that the assistant's remark that he didn't see Nelson is evidence that he had momentarily disappeared in the first inversion. This leads him to believe that Nelson must have disappeared from time, but could re-materialize inside the running generator at any moment. He does not manage to contact the power station in time, and, in the distance, above the site of the station, a giant cloud of destruction is seen rising into the sky.

See also
Chiral life concept of chemically synthesizing mirror-inverted cells
Fourth dimension in literature
"Left to Right", a short story with a similar premise by Isaac Asimov
Spock Must Die!, a novel using a similar plot device
 H. G. Wells' The Plattner Story (1896), based on a similar idea

References

Sources

External links

Short stories by Arthur C. Clarke
Works originally published in science fiction magazines
1950 short stories
Oracle Service Bus. Oracle Service Bus (abbreviated OSB) is an enterprise service bus used by Oracle Corporation. Formerly named AquaLogic Service Bus, Oracle acquired this technology when it bought BEA Systems.

Message Format Language 
Message Format Language (MFL) is a BEA proprietary language describing the layout of binary data, which defines rules to transform the formatted binary data into XML data. It is a subset of XML. 

MFL can be used by the Oracle Service Bus (OSB) to assist in the creation of service types as part of service-oriented architecture (SOA) implementations.

References

External links  
 Product page: 

Oracle software
Enterprise application integration
NCOS. NCOS is the graphical user interface-based operating system developed for use in Oracle Corporation's Network Computers, which are discontinued. It was adapted by Acorn Computers from its own , which was originally developed for their range of Archimedes desktop computers. It shares with  the same 4 MB ROM size and suitability for use with TV displays.

In 1999, Pace acquired the set-top box (STB) division of Acorn Computers, this being a component in the disposal of assets around the takeover of Acorn by MSDW Investment Holdings. This gave Pace the rights to use and develop NCOS. RISCOS Ltd later announced Embedded RISC OS, which was to have similarities with NCOS.

Development 
NCOS originated in connection with the Network Computer project. It was used on various STB products. It branched from RISC OS 3.60 and was called RISC OS 3.61 before being named after Network Computer Operating System. It was merged back into the HEAD whilst at Pace, where it was known as  and RO-STB.

Features 
NCOS was designed in accord with the Network Computer Reference Profile and thus supports internet standards of the time. Being closely based on , it can also run many of that operating system's applications. Reporting on the launch of the Network Computer in 1996, it was noted that NCOS was essentially the same as RISC OS but with some features removed, such as "support for local file systems", whereas other features such as network support had been added to ROM. The actual differences involved the absence of "modules significant to the operation and networking" of existing RISC OS versions, including the Filer, TaskManager and Pinboard modules, plus a range of networking modules. The use of files stored on a server and accessed using the Network File System (NFS) also imposed restrictions on the files used by applications, with recommended techniques for the deployment of applications involving the transfer of files over NFS from RISC OS clients or the use of archives in the largely Acorn-specific Spark format, with these being unpacked on the server using an appropriate tool.

See also 
 Network operating system
 RISC OS character set

References 

Acorn Computers operating systems
ARM operating systems
Power Vehicle Innovation. Power Vehicle Innovation or PVI is a French truck and bus manufacturer, based in Gretz-Armainvilliers near Paris, France, specialized in electric powertrains.

History
PVI is a former subsidiary of Ponticelli Frères. Its current stockholders are the Marcel Dassault Industrial Group, the financial institution Centuria Capital and a business management holding company (Sovibus).
PVI has been the first company in France to market Electric buses, like the Oréos 55E, which is used by the RATP on a touristic bus line in Paris, the Montmartrobus.
More than half of the French electric buses in circulation in 2003 have been distributed by PVI.

Products

WATT System
Wireless Alternative Trolley Technology system from Power Vehicle Innovation (PVI) is a solution for electric buses that does not require catenaries. It was presented at the Transports Public 2014, the International Mobility Exhibition in Paris. The technology can be used to charge an electric bus in a few seconds at each stop and overcome the limited range of electric buses.  It uses an automated rapid-charging system combined with supercapacitors and where necessary, relayed by backup batteries.

Nice Côte d'Azur Airport will experiment with the Watt System solution under actual conditions. Connecting the two airport terminals at Nice, the demonstrator will rely on 7 totem poles (or recharge terminals) spread between the different stops along the route.

Electric vehicles
PVI manufactures and distributes the following electric vehicles:
 Oréos 2X, 22-places urban electric bus, with an average range of 120 kilometres
 Oréos 4X, 49-places urban electric bus, with an average range of 120 kilometres
 26T electric chassis, heavy electric truck used for household waste collection, streets cleaning, etc. It has a 9 tonne payload, a 255 kWh battery and lower noise than a diesel truck.

Furthermore, PVI integrates electric drivelines in the Renault Maxity Electric (Renault Trucks,) a 3.5T delivery vehicle dedicated to urban environments.

See also
 Supercondenser

References

External links
PVI's official website

Truck manufacturers of France
Electric bus manufacturers
Bus manufacturers of France
French brands
Electric vehicle manufacturers of France
French companies established in 2000
Perl PG-130 Penetrator. The Perl PG-130 Penetrator is an American mid-wing, single-seat glider that was designed and constructed by Harry Perl.

Design and development
The PG-130 was completed in 1953. The aircraft has a wooden structure, with the wings and tail covered in doped aircraft fabric covering. The  span wing employs a Göttingen Gö 549 airfoil and features dive brakes. The wing has a foam-filled leading edge. The tail is an all-flying design. The aircraft originally took off from a jettisonable take-off dolly and landed on a fixed skid, but was later modified with a fixed monowheel.

The sole example of the PG-130 was registered with the US Federal Aviation Administration  as an Experimental - Amateur-built.

Operational history
Soaring Magazine reported in 1983 that Perl still owned the aircraft and was flying it at that time. The PG-130 was removed from the FAA register prior to 1989 and now belongs to the National Soaring Museum, where it was listed as "in storage" in June 2011.

Aircraft on display
National Soaring Museum - in storage

Specifications (PG-130)

See also

References

1950s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1953
Mid-wing aircraft
Existence Genetics. Existence Genetics was a genetic analysis and genetic reporting company that was founded in 2005 and declared bankruptcy on November 21, 2012.

Company 
The company was founded in 2005 by Brandon Colby MD, who also served as CEO, and was headquartered in Los Angeles, California.

It provided the healthcare industry and health & wellness organizations with access to information about their client's genes.

The company used the Nexus DNA Chip, which was developed in-house, manufactured by Illumina, and run in a CLIA-certified laboratory in the USA. The Nexus DNA Chip was purported to test for thousands of clinically significant SNPs, DIPs, and CNVs, and be able to assess a person's risk of over 700 common and rare diseases.

In October 2010 Existence sued Wilson Sonsini for fraud and breach of contract concerning the law firm's representation of Existence in patent prosecution and over fund-raising advice.

In October 2011, Existence announced an upgrade to their genetic testing and analysis capabilities that they claimed allowed them to test for over 1,200 diseases, conditions, traits, and medication reactions.

It declared bankruptcy on November 21, 2012.

References 

Genomics companies
Companies based in Los Angeles
Teledyne Controls. Teledyne Controls is a business unit of Teledyne Technologies Incorporated (NYSE: TDY). Created in 1964, the company designs and manufactures onboard avionic and ground-based electronic systems for the aviation industry.

Teledyne Controls is headquartered in El Segundo (Los Angeles area), California, and has locations in the US and the UK, as well as sales offices in Toulouse, France; Seoul, Korea; Tokyo, Japan; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Beijing and Shanghai, China; and Singapore.

History 
In 1964, Teledyne Industries, Inc. purchased Servomechanisms Inc., which became Teledyne Systems Company, Controls Systems Division, located in El Segundo, California. In 1971 the Controls Systems Division broke away from Teledyne Systems and became Teledyne Controls.  In 1996, Teledyne Industries, Inc. merged with Allegheny Ludlum Steel forming a new corporation called Allegheny Teledyne, Inc. In 1999, Teledyne spun off from Allegheny and became Teledyne Technologies, Inc. Teledyne Controls is part of the Aerospace and Defense Electronics business segment.

Core business
Teledyne Controls' core products aim at helping aircraft operators better access and manage their aircraft data. They are designed to record a multitude of data from sensors and equipment on board the aircraft, transfer the data from the aircraft to a ground based replay station, where it is processed and analyzed. The purpose is the early detection of any abnormal operation or potential issues in order to take proactive action to prevent incidents.

Market segments
 Airline and cargo operators
 Aircraft manufacturers
 Business jet operators & owners
 Military / government operators

References

External links 
 Teledyne Controls and Thales jointly market solutions
 Five years of operational efficiency for Interjet
 Air China lauds real-time health monitoring
 Aircraft health-monitoring avionics for Navy E-6B TACAMO to be provided by Teledyne Controls
 Teledyne acquires Spirent business unit
 Teledyne Acquires Demo Systems LLC
 Allegheny Technologies Incorporated History

Teledyne Technologies
Electronics companies of the United States
Electronics companies established in 1964
American companies established in 1964
Avision. Avision () is a Taiwan based company founded in 1991 that designs and produces image scanners and multifunction printers.  The company was established in Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park in 1991.

Avision is member of the TWAIN Working Group, a nonprofit organization that maintains TWAIN standard specification, data source manager, sample code, software protocol and applications programming interface (API) for regulating communication between software applications and imaging devices. For business application, the company offers color imaging scanners and multifunction printers, as well as document capture software.

The head office is located in Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park, and the company operates worldwide. Avision owns and operates four branch offices in China, Germany, the United States, and Brasil, and employs approximately 2,000 individuals.

Timeline
In April 1991, Avision is established in Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC by a group of engineers with engineering experience in imaging processing technology.
In November 1992, Avision made its first document scanners (AV800C, ODM) with an ADF (auto document feeder) which can hold a 50-page document at one time.
In December 1993, Avision unveiled its first sheetfed scanner (AV100P, ODM) and won PC magazine's Editor's Choice
In February 1996, Avision introduced its first flatbed scanner (AV6240).
In February 1997, Avision introduced its first compact A4-size flatbed scanner - AV260, and its first A3-size flatbed scanner - AVA3 for the consumer market.
In December 1998, Avision's annual revenue exceeded NT$3,800M(US$108M). Its company stocks went public at the Taiwan Stock Exchange.
In May 1999, Avision unveiled its new product, NetDeliver @V2000, a network scan station to scan and distribute the scanned images over the network. The NetDeliver series allows users to scan single-sided or double-sided documents and deliver the electronic image to e-mail recipients, a network printer, ftp server, web site, or a computer on the network.
In December 1999, Avision expanded its head office to additional 3rd and 4th floor (entire working space 30,253 square meters).
In December 2000, Avision's annual revenue exceeded NT$9,400M (US$268M).
In November 2001, Avision expanded its manufacturing capacity by establishing its manufacturing base in Suzhou, China. (Fab I, 31,000 square meters)
In October 2004, Avision incorporated the technology of a scanner and a laser printer by introducing its first MFP, AM3000 series to the market. The AM3000 series are able to perform print, copy, and fax with an additional fax module.
In September 2006, Avision established additional manufacturing base in China-Avision Business Tech (Fab II, 33,568 square meters)

See also
 List of companies of Taiwan

References

External links

1991 establishments in Taiwan
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Manufacturing companies based in Hsinchu
1,6-Hexanediol. 1,6-Hexanediol is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CH2CH2OH)2. It is a colorless water-soluble solid.

History and synthesis 
W. H. Perkin Jr. and his graduate student Edward Haworth first prepared the compound in 1894 during their research on cyclohexane. They boiled 1,6-dibromohexane (which they were also the first to synthesize) with dilute potassium carbonate solution and named the product hexamethylene glycol.

1,6-Hexanediol is industrially made by the hydrogenation of adipic acid or its esters. Laboratory preparation could be achieved by reduction of adipates with lithium aluminium hydride, although this method is impractical on a commercial scale.

Properties
As 1,6-hexanediol contains hydroxyl groups, it undergoes the typical chemical reactions of alcohols such as dehydration, substitution, and esterification.  Oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate gives adipaldehyde.

Dehydration of 1,6-hexanediol gives oxepane, 2-methyltetrahydropyran and 2-ethyltetrahydrofuran. Corresponding thiophene and pyrrolidone can be made by reacting 1,6-hexanediol with hydrogen sulfide and ammonia respectively.

Uses 
1,6-Hexanediol is widely used for industrial polyester and polyurethane production..

1,6-Hexanediol can improve the hardness and flexibility of polyesters as it contains a fairly long hydrocarbon chain. In polyurethanes, it is used as a chain extender, and the resulting modified polyurethane has high resistance to hydrolysis as well as mechanical strength, but with a low glass transition temperature.

It is also an intermediate to acrylics as a crosslinking agent, e.g. hexanediol diacrylate. Unsaturated polyester resins have also been made from 1,6-hexanediol, along with styrene, maleic anhydride and fumaric acid.

Uses to study biomolecular condensates 
1,6-Hexanediol has been used to characterize biomolecular condensates.  The material properties of condensates can be examined to determine if they are solid or liquid condensates. 1,6-Hexanediol has been reported to interfere with weak hydrophobic protein-protein or protein-RNA interactions that comprise liquid condensates. 1,6-Hexanediol has been reported to dissolve liquid but not solid condensates. 2,5-Hexanediol and 1,4-butanediol have been observed to have minimal effect on behavior of disorderd proteins as compared to 1,6-hexanediol.

Safety

1,6-Hexanediol has low toxicity and low flammability, and is generally considered as safe. It is not irritating to skin, but may irritate the respiratory tract or mucous membranes. Dust or vapor of the compound can irritate or damage the eyes.

References

Alkanediols
Close (system call). A close system call is a system call used to close a file descriptor by the kernel.  For most file systems, a program terminates access to a file in a filesystem using the close system call.  This flushes file buffers, updates file metadata, which may include and end-of-file indicator in the data; de-allocates resources associated with the file (including the file descriptor) and updates the system wide table of files in use.  Some programming languages maintain a data structure of files opened by their runtime library and may close when the program terminates.  This practice is known as resource acquisition is initialization (RAII).  Some operating systems will invoke the close on files held by a program if it terminates.  Some operating systems will invoke the close syscall as part of an operating system recovery as a result of a system failure.

C library POSIX definition

The  close call is standardized by the POSIX specification
int close  (int filedes);
int fclose (FILE *stream);

The function returns zero to indicate the file was closed successfully.  If any error occurs, a value of -1 is returned and errno is appropriately set.

The errors that can occur include:
 
 The argument supplied was not a valid file descriptor
 
 The function call was interrupted by a signal
 
 An I/O error occurred

References
 POSIX close

External links
 

C POSIX library
System calls
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G. The Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research in applied sciences and technology dealing with aircraft and spacecraft, as well as their support systems. The journal was established in 1989 and is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2013 impact factor is 0.454, ranking it 20th out of 27 journals in the category "Engineering, Aerospace" and 102nd out of 126 journals in the category "Engineering, Mechanical".

References

External links 
 

Aerospace engineering journals
English-language journals
Institution of Mechanical Engineers academic journals
Academic journals established in 1989
SAGE Publishing academic journals
Journals published between 13 and 25 times per year