omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System. The Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS) is an air traffic control automation system manufactured by Raytheon and is currently being used in many TRACONs around the United States by the FAA. STARS replaced the Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS) at FAA air traffic control facilities across the US, as well as the previous automation systems employed by the DoD.

The STARS system receives and processes target reports, weather, and other non-target messages from both terminal and en route digital sensors. Additionally, it automatically tracks primary and secondary surveillance targets and provides aircraft position information to the enhanced traffic management system (ETMS). Finally, it also detects unsafe proximities between tracked aircraft pairs and provides a warning if tracked aircraft are detected at a dangerously low altitude. Additional features include converging runway display aid (CRDA) which displays "ghost" targets as an aid to controllers attempting to tightly space aircraft to converging/crossing runways in the terminal environment.

Features 

The system is currently being used at all TRACON sites throughout the US and USAF RAPCON, USN RATCF and USA ARAC terminal facilities.

STARS was installed as part of the FAA's TAMR project to replace the aging/obsolete ARTS hardware and software at TRACONS.  TAMR Segment 3 Phase 1 replaced the 11 largest TRACONS CARTS with STARS. The smaller ARTS IIA sites transitioned to the STARS ELITE (Enhanced Local Integrated Tower Equipment) version of software and hardware, which is similar to TAMR, but with minimum redundancy.  The FAA plans to complete this process in 2019.

References

External links
 FAA STARS
 Raytheon STARS - DoD
 Raytheon STARS - FAA
 Raytheon STARS LITE
 Raytheon STARS LITE (Brochure)

Avionics
Air traffic control
Full flight simulator. Full flight simulator (FFS) is a term used by national (civil) aviation authorities (NAA) for a high technical level of flight simulator. Such authorities include the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).

There are currently four levels of full flight simulator, levels A
through D, with level D being the highest standard and being eligible for zero flight time (ZFT) training of civil pilots when converting from one airliner type to another. In about 2012, these FFS levels will be changed as a result of work by an international working group chaired by the UK Royal Aeronautical Society Flight Simulation Group (RAeS FSG), which rationalised 27 previous categories of flight training device into 7 international ones.  This work has been accepted by ICAO and is published under ICAO document 9625 Issue 3.  The new Type 7 Full Flight Simulator will be the old Level D with enhancements in a number of areas including motion, visual and Communications/air traffic simulations.

A Level D/Type 7 simulator simulates all aircraft systems that are accessible from the flight deck and are critical to training.  For instance, accurate force feedback for the pilot's flight controls is provided through a simulator system called "control loading", and other systems such as avionics, communications and "glass cockpit" displays are also simulated.

This standard of simulator is used both for initial and recurrent training for commercial air transport (CAT) aircraft.  Initial training is for conversion to a new aircraft type, and recurrent training is that which all commercial pilots must carry out at regular intervals (such as every six months) in order to retain their qualification to fly "fare-paying passengers" in CAT aircraft, loosely "airliners".

A Level D/Type 7 FFS also provides motion feedback to the crew through a motion platform upon which the simulator cabin is mounted.  The motion platform must produce accelerations in all of the six degrees of freedom (6-DoF) that can be experienced by a body that is free to move in space, using a principle called acceleration onset cueing, generally using the Stewart platform design.

Visual system 

Visual systems of full flight simulators are typically based on the cross-cockpit collimated display concept, in which the computer-generated out-the-window view is projected on the back of a translucent screen. The image that forms on the other side is then reflected by a curved mirror that extends around the entire cockpit, providing a field of view that can reach 200° horizontally and 40° vertically. The collimating design of the mirror gives the occupants a realistic impression of three-dimensionality when looking at distant objects.

See also 

 Index of aviation articles
 Latency (engineering)
 Simulator ride
 Ames Research Center

References 

Flight training
Ambrosini SAI.3. The Ambrosini SAI.3 was a two-seat Italian touring airplane first flown in 1937.

Design and development
The SAI.3 was a low-wing monoplane with a graceful, elliptical wing, and fixed tailwheel undercarriage.  Customers could choose between enclosed or open cockpits, and between an inline Alfa Romeo 115 engine or a radial Fiat A.50.  A revised version was marketed as the SAI.3S with a smaller-chord wing and a Siemens-Halske Sh 14 radial engine, this offering far superior performance to the original SAI.3 design.

Specifications

References

 
 
 Авиация от A до Z (translated from: Donald. Aircraft of XX century)

SAI Ambrosini aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1930s Italian civil utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Future Internet Research and Experimentation. Future Internet Research and Experimentation (FIRE) is a program funded by the European Union to do research on the Internet, its prospects, and its future, a field known as "future Internet".

History
Some researchers met with government officials in Zurich in March 2007.
The first FIRE projects started in 2008, with a budget of 40 million Euro from the seventh of the Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FP7).
This was known as "call 2".
In 2010, a second set of projects with a budget of 50 million Euro included technologies such as sensor networks, cloud computing and service-oriented architectures.
A third wave of projects were funded in 2011.
It included a web site and some conferences called a "Network of Excellence in InterNet Science".
A joint project with Brazil called Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe (FIBRE) had an organizational meeting in October 2011 in Poznań, Poland.

In 2012, Call 8, with a budget of 25 million Euro, led to a fourth wave of projects which were expected to start in the Fall. The focus was on federation of FIRE facilities and on experimentation on existing facilities, with innovative applications.
Call 10 of WP2013 was published 10 July 2012 (OJ C202) with deadline of 15 January 2013.

The FIRE project funded a workshop on 21 September 2012 in Brussels called "FIRE in Horizon 2020".

Federation for Future Internet Research and Experimentation 

A follow-on project was called the Federation for Future Internet Research and Experimentation (Fed4FIRE). An Integrated Project in the 7th EU Framework Programme funded under grant agreement No 318389, it started in October 2012 and ran until September 2016.
Fed4FIRE+ started in January 2017 and will run for 60 months, until the end of December 2021. The Fed4FIRE+ project is the successor of the Fed4FIRE project.

See also 
 Future Internet
 Named data networking (U.S)
 Universal Identifier Network (China)

References

External links
 

European Union and science and technology
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Internet architecture
Quest Aircraft. The Quest Aircraft Company was an American aircraft manufacturer located in Sandpoint, Idaho. Quest was started in 2001 to design and provide aircraft suitable for humanitarian applications. Its sole product was the Kodiak single engine short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft.

In February 2015, the company was sold to Setouchi Holdings of Japan. Setouchi had been acting as a dealer for Quest before purchasing the company. In 2019, Quest was sold to the French industrial group Daher.

History
In 1998, the Idaho Air Group was founded by Tom Hamilton and David Voetmann. Hamilton and Voetmann saw a need to develop an aircraft uniquely suited to the rugged flying environment found in humanitarian aviation. After raising the necessary funding, the Quest Aircraft Company launched in 2001 with a staff of 14. After a 27,000 square foot facility was prepared in 2002, work started on the first prototype aircraft, later leading to the production of the Quest Kodiak.

Paul Schaller became CEO of the company in 2004, and by 2009 the employment force was 340 people.

In 2010 the workforce was reduced to 155 employees, but 2011 saw infusion of capital and a change in executive leadership, with Schaller migrating to a consulting role in the company.

Sam Hill was the CEO from 2012 to January 2017, after previous experience at Embraer Aircraft Corporation and Honda Aircraft Company.

In February 2015, the company was purchased by Setouchi Holdings, part of the Tsuneishi Group of Japan.

In June 2016, the company's headquarters were expanded, bringing the main facility to . A  research and development hangar  was also completed.

In January 2017, Robert H. Wells was named CEO, having been in management at Tag Aviation, Beechcraft and Landmark Aviation.

On June 13, 2019, French industrial conglomerate Daher announced its acquisition of Quest Aircraft from Setouchi Holdings. The deal was completed by October 1, 2019, after which Quest was renamed Kodiak Aircraft and then absorbed into the parent company.

Products
 Quest Kodiak

See also
 List of companies based in Idaho

References
 Marsh, Alton K. AOPA Pilot 2006

External links

 CAM Case Study of Quest Kodiak

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Idaho
2004 establishments in Idaho
Car and Driver (video game). Car and Driver is a racing video game for MS-DOS developed by Lerner Research and published by Electronic Arts in 1992.

Gameplay
The game's title screen and menus are designed to imitate the appearance of pages in a Car and Driver magazine issue. Selecting a car directs the player to a full-length review or retrospective of the vehicle by a Car and Driver editor alongside detailed technical statistics. The game features 10 controllable cars: The Porsche 959, Toyota MR2, Ferrari F40, Lotus Esprit, Ferrari 250 Testarossa, Shelby Cobra, Lamborghini Countach, Eagle Talon, Corvette ZR-1, and Mercedes-Benz C11. The game showcases 10 "tracks", although small sections of famous driving roads such as California Route 1 and even a parking lot are included as playable areas. Of particular note is the strange Dobbs Raceway, which takes its name from the Church of the Subgenius parody religion's figurehead J.R. "Bob" Dobbs and appears to have been an inside joke by the developers. The side of the track is adorned with gigantic images of Dobbs, Subgenius propaganda, and low-flying aircraft.

Reception

Computer Gaming World praised the game's realism and controls, stating that it "offers more interesting cars than any competing driving software". Power Unlimited gave the game a score of 90% commenting: "Car & Driver was one of the best racing games of its time. Cars and backgrounds looked fantastic and a very high speed could be achieved. The perfect pastime for a car thief in jail.

References

1992 video games
Advergames
DOS games
DOS-only games
Electronic Arts games
Magazine-branded video games
Racing video games set in the United States
Racing video games
Single-player video games
Video games set in Arkansas
Alfred John Hill. Alfred John Hill   (1 January 1862–1 January 1927) was Chief Mechanical Engineer at the Stratford Works of the Great Eastern Railway from 1912 to 1922.

His best-known design is probably the GER Class L77 0-6-2 tank locomotive which was perpetuated (as Class N7) by Nigel Gresley of the London and North Eastern Railway after the 1923 grouping.

He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1918 Birthday Honours.

Locomotive designs
GER Class C72 (LNER Class J68 0-6-0T)
GER Class B74 (LNER Class Y4 0-4-0T)
GER Class L77 (LNER Class N7 0-6-2T)
GER Class T77 (LNER Class J19 0-6-0)
GER Class D81 (LNER Class J20 0-6-0)
GER Class H88 (LNER Class D16 4-4-0)
GER Class S69 (LNER Class B12 4-6-0)

References

Locomotive builders and designers
1862 births
1927 deaths
Great Eastern Railway people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Ambrosini SAI.10. The Ambrosini SAI.10 Grifone ("Griffon") was a military trainer aircraft produced in small numbers for the Italian Regia Aeronautica early in World War II.

History
With the approach of war, the Ministero dell' Aeronautica began a programme to increase the number of pilots available, and ordered a prototype primary trainer from Ambrosini. This aircraft, a parasol monoplane of mixed construction, first flew on July 8, 1939, with Guiliano Ferrari at the controls.  A production batch of 50 was ordered, but this was quickly reduced to just 10 planes, all of which were delivered in 1940.

Variants
Production aircraft differed by having a Fiat A.50 radial engine in place of the prototype's CNA D.  Other engine fits that were tried included an example with a Siemens-Halske Sh 14, and one with an Alfa Romeo 110; this latter machine was designated SAI.11.  Another experimental development that did not enter production was a float-equipped SAI.10 Gabbiano ("Seagull").

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications

References

  
 
 

SAI Ambrosini aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
1930s Italian military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Robert Sinclair (locomotive engineer). Robert Sinclair (1 July 1817 – 20 October 1898) was born in London but came from a Caithness family. He became Chief Mechanical Engineer of several British railways and also worked in France. He retired to Italy, where he died.

Career

Early years
He was apprenticed to a shipbuilder and later worked for Robert Stephenson, the Grand Junction Railway and the Paris and Rouen Railway.

Chief mechanical engineer
He was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Caledonian Railway (CR) from 1847–1856, the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) from 1856–1862 and, following a merger of railways, of the Great Eastern Railway (GER) from 1862–1865.

Consulting engineer
Sinclair resigned from the GER 1865, and became a consulting engineer. In this capacity, he designed a fast 2-4-2 locomotive for the Great Luxemburg Railway, and an outside cylinder 2-4-0 for the East Indian Railway. The Luxembourg 2-4-2 design was later adapted into a 2-4-2T for commuter services on the GER.

Locomotive designs
 Caledonian, see Locomotives of the Caledonian Railway
 ECR/GER, see Locomotives of the Great Eastern Railway

Innovations
Sinclair was an early user of:
 the Giffard injector
 the use of steel for railway axles and wheel tyres
 roller bearings for carriages

References

Locomotive builders and designers
British railway pioneers
British railway mechanical engineers
1817 births
1898 deaths
Great Eastern Railway people
Caledonian Railway people
People educated at Charterhouse School
19th-century British businesspeople
Massey Bromley. Massey Bromley  was the English Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Great Eastern Railway in 1878–81. During that brief period he established the Stratford Works in East London as the place where most of the Great Eastern's locomotives were built. Bromley was killed in the Penistone rail crash of 1884.

Sources
LNER Encyclopedia (see below)

External links
Massey Bromley – LNER Encyclopedia
Massey Bromley – steamindex.com

1846 births
1884 deaths
Locomotive builders and designers
English railway mechanical engineers
Railway accident deaths in England
Great Eastern Railway people
People from Wolverhampton
Engineers from the West Midlands (county)
Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor. The Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor is the first Center of Competence dedicated to the promotion and development of Sony Toshiba IBM's Cell microprocessor, an eight-core multiprocessor designed using principles of parallelism and memory latency.  The center is part of the Georgia Institute of Technology's College of Computing and is headed by David A. Bader.

According to IBM, the center is intended "to build a community of programmers and broaden industry support for the Cell BE processor." So far, the program has resulted in two workshops that involved detailed lectures on and training with various basic cell programming concepts, and has deployed a cluster of 28 IBM BladeCenter QS20 Servers (14 blades) for student and faculty use.

References

External links 
 
 Cell Programming Workshop 

Cell BE architecture
Georgia Tech
Ambrosini SAI.403. The Ambrosini SAI.403 Dardo ("Dart") was a light fighter aircraft built in Italy during World War II.

Design and development
SAI.403 Dardo was a considerably refined version of the SAI.207, designed during the delays in that type's development.  The improvements induced the Ministero dell' Aeronautica in 1943 to cancel its order for 2,000 of the SAI.207 so as to order 3,000 of the SAI.403 instead (800 from Ambrosini, 1,000 from Caproni, and 1,200 from Savoia-Marchetti).  Apart from the fighter's superlative performance, its all-wood construction was attractive at a time when Italy was facing a shortage of strategic materials.  However, by the time of the Armistice, the first of these was yet to leave the factory.

Operational history
The single prototype (MM.518) was seized by the Germans and evaluated by the Luftwaffe at Vergiate. Japanese pilots then stationed in Germany were also given a chance to fly the aircraft, with the result that it was ordered into production by both Heinkel and Mitsubishi. None of these flew before the end of the war.

Variants
SAI.403A
Point-defense fighter (gross weight 2,478 kg/5,460 lb) armed with 2 × 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns.
SAI.403B
Standard fighter (gross weight 2,643 kg/5,830 lb) armed with 2 × 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns and 2 × 15 mm MG 151/15 cannons or 2 × 20 mm MG 151/20 guns.
SAI.403C
Long-range fighter with 2 × 20 mm cannons and an extra  internal fuel with 2x  drop tanks for a total range of .

Operators

Luftwaffe (captured)

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications (prototype)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Cattaneo, Gianni. SAI-Ambrosini 207 e derivati (bilingual Italian/English). Roma, Italy: La Bancarella Aeronautica, 2005.
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989.

SAI Ambrosini aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
1940s Italian fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Richard Merrill (computer scientist). Richard Merrill was a Digital Equipment Corporation employee who invented the FOCAL programming language and programmed the first two interpreters for the language in 1968 and 1969, for the PDP-8.  He also developed later versions of the interpreter for the PDP-7 and PDP-9, later ported it to the PDP-11.

Merrill also designed and programmed the EDIT-8 text editor (using paper-tape).

Rick Merrill is an alumnus of Episcopal High School, a preparatory school in Alexandria, VA and of M.I.T BS'63 MS'65 and Clark University MBA'85

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
American computer scientists
Digital Equipment Corporation people
Programming language designers
Living people
Sukhoi Su-17 (1949). The Sukhoi Su-17 (Aircraft R) was a prototype Soviet fighter. The name was later reused for an entirely different fighter-bomber, see Sukhoi Su-17.

Development
The Su-17 was designed to closely match the theoretical TsAGI calculations for supersonic performance. The aircraft had a 50° swept wing fitted with air brakes and boosted controls. A unique feature was that in addition to an ejection seat, the entire nose section of the aircraft could separate from the rest of the airframe. The project was canceled with no flights due to problems with wing structure, ongoing difficulties with the development of the TR-3 engine, and the closure of the Sukhoi OKB. The only example was eventually used as a gunfire target.

Specifications (Su-17 interceptor)

References

Su-17 (1949)
1940s Soviet fighter aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Mid-wing aircraft
Cruciform tail aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
M432 mine. The M432 is a Portuguese bounding anti-personnel mine, which traces the roots of its design to the Second World War German S-mine, although it is probably more directly related to the Belgian NR 442 mine and United States M16 mine. , all operational stocks of the mine have been destroyed, although some may have been retained for training purposes.

The mine has an olive green steel cylindrical body which has an offset fuze well on the top. The mine is used with the T253 trip and pressure fuze, similar to the M605 fuze used with the US M16 mine. The fuze has three prongs with a central post for attaching a trip wire. The fuze is triggered by either pressure applied to the prongs or tension on an attached tripwire.

Once the fuze is triggered, the inner mine body is projected into the air by a small explosive charge. The outer shell of the mine remains in the ground, and is attached to the inner body by a short length of wire. This wire pulls taut once the mine has risen to a height of approximately one metre. The jerking action pulls a striker into a detonator, triggering the main charge of the mine.

The detonation of the mine scatters approximately 1,240 fragments to an effective radius of approximately 25 meters, with widely spaced fragments still lethal at a range of at least 50 meters. The mine is reported to also be effective against soft skinned vehicles.

Specifications
 Height: 131 mm (body) 
 268 mm (body and fuze)
 Diameter: 105 mm
 Weight: 3.9 kg
 Explosive content: 0.8 kg

References
 Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2005-2006
 Brassey's Essential Guide to Anti-Personnel Landmines, Eddie Banks
 

Anti-personnel mines
Håkon Flood. Håkon Flood (25 September 1905 – 9 October 2001) was a professor of inorganic chemistry at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim, Norway, from 1953 to 1975. He also worked as the director of the Institute of Silicate Research (Institutt for Silikatforskning) at NTH. Professor Flood was one of the pioneers of molten salt chemistry and, together with Hermann Lux, is known for the Lux-Flood theory of acid–base reactions.

References 

1905 births
2001 deaths
Norwegian chemists