omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GSI3D. GSI3D (Geological Surveying and Investigation in 3 dimensions) is a methodology and associated software tool for 3D geologic modeling developed by Hans-Georg Sobisch (INSIGHT Geologische Softwaresysteme, Germany) over the last 20 years initially in collaboration with the Geological Survey of Lower Saxony (LBEG) and the Oldenburg-Ostfriesland Waterboard (OOWV) in Germany and from 2006–2010 in collaboration with the British Geological Survey. GSI3D has been further developed and is now solely available as INSIGHT's SubsurfaceViewer MX. The software is written in Java and data is stored in extensible mark-up language XML.

A brief outline of the methodology 

GSI3D utilises a digital elevation model, surface geological linework and downhole borehole and geophysical data to enable the geologist to construct cross sections by correlating boreholes and the outcrops to produce a geological fence diagram. Mathematical interpolation between the nodes along the drawn sections and the limits of the units produces a solid model comprising a stack of triangulated objects each corresponding to one of the geological units present. Scientists draw their sections based on facts such as borehole logs correlated by intuition – the shape 'looks right' to a geologist. This 'looks right' element pulls on the geologists' wealth of understanding of earth processes, examination of exposures and theoretical knowledge gathered over a career in geology. GSI3D enables the efficient capture of tacit and implicit knowledge which was until now trapped in geologist's heads.

GSI3D Research Consortium 

Between April 2010 and April 2015, The British Geological Survey operated the 5-year GSI3D Research Consortium under license from INSIGHT GmbH. This not-for-profit consortium provided subscription-based access to a BGS-customized version of GSI3D along with a website and support package as a platform to develop a geological modelling community based around the cross-section methodology. The consortium successfully brought together Geological Surveys, commercial companies and academics from around the globe.

External links 
 Luikonlahti geological model
 GSI3D at the Illinois Geological Survey
 3D geological model featured on the BBC
 a GSI3D model featured on the BBC website
 A GSI3D model of the City of Halle, Germany
 Hydrogeological GSI3D Models in NW Germany
 GSI3D in use at the BGR
 Dr.Hans-Georg Sobisch, developer and holder of the intellectual property rights for GSI3D 

Geology software
Methodology
SS5. SS5 may refer to:
 SS-5 Skean, a Soviet theatre ballistic missile
 Signaling System No. 5, a multi-frequency telephone signalling system
 SPARCstation 5, a workstation produced by Sun Microsystems
 , a submarine of the United States Navy
 Form SS-5 of the Social Security Administration of the federal government of the United States, "Application for a Social Security Number Card"
AmiExpress. AmiExpress - also known as /X - by Synthetic Technologies was a popular BBS software application for the Amiga line of computers. By 1995, AmiExpress had become one of the most popular Amiga BBS applications, and it was widely used within the warez scene for trading (exchanging) software.

AmiExpress was created and updated between 1992 and 1995. The software was originally written by Michael Thomas of Synthetic Technologies and later sold to Joseph Hodge of Lightspeed Technologies. Mike Thomas worked on AmiExpress for about two years, modelling the software after the commercial PC BBS software PCBoard. He first ran a BBS on PCBoard on a PC himself, but he was not happy with the PC platform in general and decided to make a comparable product on the Amiga.

A Usenet post (by /X author Joseph Hodge) later stated that both programming on /X and the developer company (LightSpeed Technologies Inc.) were to be dissolved, with plans for a new bulletin board system - Millennium BBS. This never surfaced.

In 2018 AmiExpress was revived by Darren Coles. He obtained permission from Joseph Hodge to continue development of the product and to continue using the name AmiExpress. Version 5.0.0 was released publicly at the end of 2018. This version was re-written in Amiga-E by taking the publicly released source code for v3 and reverse engineering the new functionality present in v4.20. It is highly backwards compatible with the v4.x versions and adds many new features and the source code is available on github.

References

External links
AmiExpress information and live demonstration
Lightspeed Technologies AmiExpress Professional 4.0 software & source code download

Bulletin board system software
Amiga software
Chlorine bomb. A chlorine bomb is a small explosive device which uses the pressure of chemically produced chlorine gas or other chlorine-containing gases such as hydrogen chloride to produce an explosion. It is made with an airtight container part-filled with different types of chlorine tablet and other reagents. The reaction produces an expansive increase in pressure, eventually rupturing the container. Usually, such a device is not made on a large scale, often being manufactured from common household objects.

Such a device is a more toxic and acidic alternative to a dry ice bomb, but likewise typically made by young people for amusement and recreational use rather than with any intent to harm. However, exposure to chlorinous gases and the reactive substances involved can cause respiratory problems from inhalation and also cause injury to other mucous membranes, similar to tear gas. Most injuries relating to these devices involve bruised hands, blinding and other eye injuries. 

Contrary to the belief of chemical laymen and some public security experts, chlorine is not generated by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with ammonia, but instead ammonium chloride is produced. Also chlorine is not formed by the reaction of chlorine bleach with ammonia. The reaction of bleach with ammonia forms monochloramine, nitrogen trichloride, and a number of other toxic and explosive products depending on the circumstances of the chemical reaction, but not pure chlorine.

See also 
 Dry ice bomb
 Pipe bomb

References 

Improvised explosive devices
Chlorine
Sagar Pawan. Sagar Pawan () was an aerobatics demonstration team of the Indian Navy's aviation arm. The team was formed as a part of squadron 551 in 2003. While in operation, it was one of the only two naval aerobatic teams in the world along with the Blue Angels of the US Navy.

The team used four modified Hindustan Aeronautics HJT-16 Kiran trainer aircraft, painted in dark blue and white colour scheme. The team was based out of INS Hansa in Dabolim, Goa and had performed across India on various occasions such as the Navy Day celebrations. In late 2010, the team was disbanded due to the shortage of Kiran training aircraft.

History 
The Sagar Pawan team was established as a part of the Indian Naval Air Arm squadron 551 in 2003. While in operation, it was one of the two naval aerobatic teams in the world part from the Blue Angels of the US Navy. It operated a fleet of HAL HJT-16 Kiran aircraft, painted in dark blue and white colour scheme. The team was based out INS Hansa at Dabolim, Goa.

The team performs using four aircraft and the aircraft are modified to generate colored smoke for displays. The team had performed across various venues in India and on occasions such as the Navy Day celebrations. 

In late 2010, the team was disbanded due to the shortage Kiran training aircraft. Commander of the squadron Thiagarajan said that the team would resume the aerobatic displays once the training schedule relaxed and that new BAE Systems Hawk aircraft would be inducted by 2013-14.

Incidents 
On 3 March 2010, a HJT-16 Kiran aircraft of the team crashed in Hyderabad while performing in an airshow. Commander Suresh Kumar Maurya and Lt Commander Rahul Nair were killed in the crash.

See also 
 Surya Kiran
 Sarang

References

External links
Video of Sagar Pawan performing in Mumbai
Image of the team performing

Aerobatic teams
Indian naval aviation
USCGC Thetis (WMEC-910). USCGC Thetis (WMEC-910) is a United States Coast Guard Famous-class medium endurance cutter.  She is the 10th ship of the Famous Class cutters designed and built for the U.S. Coast Guard and the third Coast Guard cutter to bear the name.  Laid down August 24, 1984 by Robert Derecktor Shipyard Incorporated of Middletown, Rhode Island. She was launched April 29, 1986 and named for the cutters USRC Thetis, which served from 1899 to 1916, and USCGC Thetis (WPC-115), which served from 1931 to 1947. The Greek goddess Thetis, incidentally, was the mother of Achilles.  The Famous Class cutter Thetis was commissioned on June 30, 1989. She conducts patrols throughout the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico.

Her homeport is Key West, Florida.

Her duties include law enforcement, search and rescue, homeland security, and national defense. Patrols last anywhere up to two to three months.

As part of Operation Martillo, the Thetis conducted drug interdiction missions in the Eastern Pacific, along the coasts of Central and South America.  Its 68-day patrol netted 15,000 pounds of cocaine and other illegal narcotics.

In December 2021, after visiting Fortaleza in Brazil, the Thetis escorted the new fast response cutters Glen Harris and Emlen Tunnell across the Atlantic Ocean on the way to their assigned homeport of Manama, Bahrain. On January 5, 2022, the three Coast Guard vessels and a Royal Moroccan Navy frigate rescued 103 migrants from two rafts that were taking on water and also recovered two bodies forty miles west of the Moroccan coast.

References

External links

 Thetis home page

Ships of the United States Coast Guard
Famous-class cutters
1986 ships
Ships built in Middletown, Rhode Island
Employee monitoring software. Employee monitoring software, also known as bossware or tattleware, is a means of employee monitoring, and allows company administrators to monitor and supervise all their employee computers from a central location. It is normally deployed over a business network and allows for easy centralized log viewing via one central networked PC. Sometimes, companies opt to monitor their employees using remote desktop software instead.

Purpose 
Insiders are the leading cause of data breaches around the globe. IBM found that 60% of all cyberattacks were caused by insiders. In its annual Data Breach Investigations Report, Verizon found an even higher impact, with 82% of all data breaches caused by unsecure or unintentional behaviors of employees. IT organizations have turned to employee monitoring software to help detect and prevent insider threats.

Employee monitoring software is used to supervise employees' performance, prevent illegal activities, avoid confidential info leakage, and catch insider threats. Nowadays employee monitoring software is widely used in technology companies.

Features 
An employee monitoring system can monitor almost everything on a computer, such as keystrokes, mouse movements and passwords entered, websites visited, chats in Facebook Messenger, Skype and other social media. A piece of monitoring software can also capture screenshots of mobile activities. E-mail monitoring includes employers having access to records of employee’s e-mails that are sent through the company’s servers. Companies may use keyword searches to natural language processing to analyze e-mails. The administrator can view the logs through a cloud panel, or receive the logs by email.

Other kinds of monitoring include webcam and/or microphone activation, and "invisible" monitoring. Employee monitoring software has been called a form of spyware. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of these systems by companies to monitor their employees increased.

Criticism 
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), which originated the term "bossware", has denounced employee monitoring software as a violation of privacy. The Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT) denounced bossware as a threat to the safety and health of employees.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, members of the r/antiwork subreddit shared various mouse jiggler strategies to combat monitoring software intended to monitor the productivity of remote workers.

A study by Reports and Data predicts that the global market for employee remote monitoring software will hit $1.3 billion by 2027.

See also

References

Business software
Computer security software
Computer surveillance
Labor
Spyware
Deception
Espionage devices
Espionage techniques
Hydrodealkylation. Hydrodealkylation is a chemical reaction that often involves reacting an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as toluene, in the presence of hydrogen gas to form a simpler aromatic hydrocarbon devoid of functional groups. An example is the conversion of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene to xylene. This chemical process usually occurs at high temperature, at high pressure, or in the presence of a catalyst. These are predominantly transition metals, such as chromium or molybdenum.

Examples
 Toluene hydrodealkylation to benzene
 Transalkylation

References

Addition reactions
Network tomography. Network tomography is the study of a network's internal characteristics using information derived from end point data. The word tomography is used to link the field, in concept, to other processes that infer the internal characteristics of an object from external observation, as is done in MRI or PET scanning (even though the term tomography strictly refers to imaging by slicing). The field is a recent development in electrical engineering and computer science, dating from 1996. Network tomography seeks to map the path data takes through the Internet by examining information from “edge nodes,” the computers in which the data are originated and from which they are requested.

The field is useful for engineers attempting to develop more efficient computer networks. Data derived from network tomography studies can be used to increase quality of service by limiting link packet loss and increasing routing optimization.

Recent developments
There have been many published papers and tools in the area of network tomography, which aim to monitor the health of various links in a network in real-time. These can be classified into loss and delay tomography.

Loss tomography
Loss tomography aims to find “lossy” links in a network by sending active “probes” from various vantage points in the network or the Internet.

Delay tomography
The area of delay tomography has also attracted attention in the recent past. It aims to find link delays using end-to-end probes sent from vantage points. This can potentially help isolate links with large queueing delays caused by congestion.

More applications
Network tomography may be able to infer network topology using end-to-end probes. Topology discovery is a tradeoff between accuracy vs. overhead. With network tomography, the emphasis is to achieve as accurate a picture of the network with minimal overhead. In comparison, other network topology discovery techniques using SNMP or route analytics aim for greater accuracy with less emphasis on overhead reduction.

Network tomography may find links which are shared by multiple paths (and can thus become potential bottlenecks in the future).

Network Tomography may improve the control of a smart grid

See also
Network science
Computer network

References

Networks
Electrical engineering
Jack Olding. Jack Olding of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England had a company (Jack Olding & Co. Ltd), which specialised in the import and modification of tanks and tractors during the Second World War (notably being the sole importer into the UK of Caterpillars). Before this Jack had several prestige Car Dealerships in Mayfair and other London locations.

He had a factory on the A1 just to the north of Hatfield, at a site now known as either Oldings Corner or Caterpillar Island.

In 1935, Fred Myers, already the sole UK importer for Caterpillar machines, under the banner of H. Leverton & Co. Ltd. , forged an alliance with his friend Jack Olding in agreement with Caterpillar USA, to split the UK Caterpillar Dealerships in two throughout England and Wales. Fred and Jack also formed a joint company, L.O. Tractors , which looked after Scotland. After the war, partly because of government pressure caused by a shortage of dollars, he made an ultimately unsuccessful gamble by relinquishing the Caterpillar agency for what proved to be the less than successful bid, having been offered Worldwide Rights to the new Vickers Vigor tractor. Indeed, the company is recognized as the only Caterpillar dealer to voluntarily give up the franchise. They were also distributors for the Opperman Motocart. From 1936 to 1950, they also distributed John Deere Tractors and Farm Equipment.

W. A. Robotham of Rolls-Royce recalls him as a "great sportsman, a charming host and an able administrator" with his main hobbies "racing" (he ran horses in the Grand National), "shooting and playing games of chance"; but he was an unlucky punter, and Robotham learned not to follow his racing tips. The Vickers tractor used a Rolls-Royce engine, and Oldings set up a worldwide service organisation for the tractor. But Vickers-Armstrongs had to fly urgently-needed tractor parts around the world at great expense, and stopped production after making about a thousand tractors.

On his death, the company passed to Scottish Land Development and became known as SLD Olding.

Jack Olding's real name was Henry John Douglas Olding.

See also 
List of Road Junctions in the United Kingdom
Hobart's Funnies

References 

English businesspeople
20th-century British businesspeople
Catabiosis. Catabiosis is the process of growing older, aging and physical degradation.

The word comes from Greek "kata"—down, against, reverse and "biosis"—way of life and is generally used to describe senescence and degeneration in living organisms and biophysics of aging in general.

One of the popular catabiotic theories is the entropy theory of aging, where aging is characterized by thermodynamically favourable increase in structural disorder. Living organisms are open systems that take free energy from the environment and offload their entropy as waste. However, basic components of living systems—DNA, proteins, lipids and sugars—tend towards the state of maximum entropy while continuously accumulating damages causing catabiosis of the living structure. 

Catabiotic force on the contrary is the influence exerted by living structures on adjoining cells, by which the latter are developed in harmony with the primary structures.

References

External links 
 Onpedia definition of catabiosis
 Catabiotic force
 Dictionary.com - Catabiosis

Medical aspects of death
Biology terminology
Senescence
Rima River. The Rima River is a river in the northern part of Nigeria. At its northernmost point it is joined by the Goulbi de Maradi river. It runs southwest and joins the Sokoto River near Sokoto, then continues south to the Niger River. The upper Rima is a seasonal river and flows only during the rainy season.
The Zauro polder project, a major irrigation scheme, has been planned for many years. It would irrigate  of farmland in the Rima floodplain between Argungu and Birnin Kebbi.

Pollution 
Sokoto-Rima River is a significant wellspring of water supply, domesticated animals watering

also, water system and fisheries assets to the networks living around it. Surface run-off and erosion are the sources  of pollutants discharge into the rivers. Direct human disposal of waste products, industrialization and other agricultural activities at different segments of the rivers no doubt accentuate pollution stress on the aquatic environments and endanger the lives of fisheries resources in Rima River.

References

 
Rivers of Nigeria
Sokoto River
Scleronomous. A mechanical system is scleronomous if the equations of constraints do not contain the time as an explicit variable and the equation of constraints can be described by generalized coordinates. Such constraints are called scleronomic constraints. The opposite of scleronomous is rheonomous.

Application

In 3-D space, a particle with mass , velocity  has kinetic energy 

Velocity is the derivative of position  with respect to time .  Use chain rule for several variables:

where  are generalized coordinates.

Therefore,

Rearranging the terms carefully,

where , ,  are respectively homogeneous functions of degree 0, 1, and 2 in generalized velocities.  If this system is scleronomous, then the position does not depend explicitly with time:

Therefore, only term  does not vanish:

Kinetic energy is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in generalized velocities.

Example: pendulum

As shown at right, a simple pendulum is a system composed of a weight and a string.  The string is attached at the top end to a pivot and at the bottom end to a weight.  Being inextensible, the string’s length is a constant.  Therefore, this system is scleronomous; it obeys scleronomic constraint

where  is the position of the weight and  is length of the string.

Take a more complicated example. Refer to the next figure at right, Assume the top end of the string is attached to a pivot point undergoing a simple harmonic motion

where  is amplitude,  is angular frequency, and  is time.

Although the top end of the string is not fixed, the length of this inextensible string is still a constant.  The distance between the top end and the weight must stay the same.  Therefore, this system is rheonomous as it obeys constraint explicitly dependent on time

See also
Lagrangian mechanics
Holonomic system
Nonholonomic system
Rheonomous
Mass matrix

References 

Mechanics
Classical mechanics
Lagrangian mechanics

de:Skleronom
Rheonomous. A mechanical system is rheonomous if its equations of constraints contain the time as an explicit variable.  Such constraints are called rheonomic constraints. The opposite of rheonomous is scleronomous.

Example: simple 2D pendulum

As shown at right, a simple pendulum is a system composed of a weight and a string. The string is attached at the top end to a pivot and at the bottom end to a weight. Being inextensible, the string has a constant length. Therefore, this system is scleronomous; it obeys the scleronomic constraint
 ,
where  is the position of the weight and  the length of the string.

The situation changes if the pivot point is moving, e.g. undergoing a simple harmonic motion
,
where  is the amplitude,  the angular frequency, and  time.

Although the top end of the string is not fixed, the length of this inextensible string is still a constant. The distance between the top end and the weight must stay the same. Therefore, this system is rheonomous; it obeys the rheonomic constraint
.

See also
Lagrangian mechanics
Holonomic constraints

References

Mechanics
Classical mechanics
Lagrangian mechanics
Carl Friedrich Meerwein. Carl Friedrich Meerwein (2 August 1737 – 6 December 1810) was a German civil engineer and aviation pioneer.

Meerwein was born in Leiselheim. He built flying devices with moving wings. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica he succeeded in flying with one of these devices, an ornithopter in 1781, at Giessen, Holy Roman Empire. Further attempts were less successful. There is a legend that he only survived one of his flights in 1784 because he hit exactly upon a dung pile.

"Meerwein, the architect of the Prince of Baden, built an orthopteric machine, and protested against the tendency of the aerostats which had just been invented." (Verne, Robur)

Meerwein died in Emmendingen, as a result of a fall from a horse.

Notes

Sources
This article is based in part on material from the German Wikipedia.

Further reading
 "Airplane:History of Flight" (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 17, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica
 Hart, Clive (1972). The dream of flight: aeronautics from classical times to the Renaissance Faber and Faber, London,

External links 

 Sportfliegerclub Carl Friedrich Meerwein e.V. Emmendingen
 Encyclopædia Britannica: history of transportation

Aviation inventors
German aviation pioneers
18th-century German inventors
German civil engineers
1737 births
1810 deaths
People from Worms, Germany
18th-century German engineers