omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Shaastra. Shaastra is the annual technical festival of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, India. The Sanskrit word ‘Shaastra’ means a subject of study/branch of knowledge and the festival accordingly consists of various engineering, science and technology competitions, summits, lectures, video conferences, exhibitions, demonstrations and workshops. The festival is traditionally held over four days and four nights during the first week of January. It has so far seen twenty one editions, having started in its current avatar in the year 2000. Shaastra attracts participation from all over India, and seeks to provide collegiate students with a platform to showcase their scientific and engineering talents. Shaastra is entirely student managed and is the first such event in the world to be ISO 9001:2015 certified for implementing a Quality Management System. It is one of Asia's largest completely student-run techno-managerial festivals.

History 
In 1996, Prof. R Natarajan took over as director and instituted several committees to study several ways of improving IIT Madras. One of his committees, the committee on new mechanisms of Teacher Learning Interactions, was tasked with coming up with ways of inspiring students. This committee, headed by Prof. Ajit Kumar Kolar, came up with a suggestion to create a technology festival in IIT Madras. On the behest of Prof. U R Rao, chairman of the board of governors of the institute, in 1997, several students came together and staged 'Pragmaa', a technical festival, in 1997, and then in 1999.

Students applied for and took on the role of Coordinators for various events. A set of colleges around the country was targeted and the amount required to run the event was raised through sponsorship agreements. The first edition of Shaastra was thus planned and took place starting 9 March 2000. Since then, Shaastra has continued to expand year by year, and has established itself as one of the premiermost technical fest in India. The 2020 edition of Shaastra, was held in January, with the theme 'Parsec to Planck'. The 2020 edition of Shaastra saw prominent speakers including Dr. V.K. Saraswat, Mr. Suresh Prabhu, Mr. Robin Li, Arunachalam Muruganathan and Dr. C. Rangarajan. The last two editions of Shaastra, in 2021 & 2022, were held completely virtually keeping in mind the pandemic restrictions. These editions featured several prominent speakers gracing the fest, including Dr. Shashi Tharoor, Dr. Raghuram Rajan, Ms. Carolina Marin & Dr. John L. Hennessy.

References

Indian Institutes of Technology festivals
Technical festivals in India
Festivals established in 2000
2000 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Collaboration Data Objects for Windows NT Server. Collaboration Data Objects for Windows NT Server (CDONTS) is a component included with Microsoft's Windows NT and Windows 2000 server products.  It facilitates creating and sending e-mail messages from within web application scripts, typically ASP pages.  It is implemented as a COM component, and requires a locally installed SMTP server to handle mail delivery.

CDONTS was deprecated in Windows 2000, and removed completely in Windows Server 2003 in favour of a significantly improved interface, Collaboration Data Objects (CDOSYS).

External links
 MSKB 324649 - Description of CDONTS and how to troubleshoot CDONTS problems in Windows 2000 and in Windows NT 4.0
 MSKB 810702 - How to migrate the Collaboration Data Objects for NTS applications to Microsoft Collaboration Data Objects for Windows 2000
 Using CDOSYS with Coldfusion

Microsoft server technology
Photonic force microscope. Photonic force microscopy (PFM) is an optical-tweezers-based microscopy technique.  A small dielectric particle (20 nm to several micrometres) is held by a strongly focused laser beam.

The forward scattered light, i.e. the light whose orientation is slightly changed while passing through the particle, and unscattered light are collected by a lens and projected onto a Quadrant Photo-Diode (QPD), i.e. a Position sensitive device (PSD).  These two components interfere in the detector and produce signals, which permit the detection of the bead's position in three dimensions.  The precision is very good (as low as 0.1 nm) and the recording speed is very high (up to 1 MHz).  Brownian motion deflects the bead from the resting position. A time sequence of measured positions allows one to derive the optical potential in which the particle is held.

The PFM is sensitive to the environment of the particle and has been used in a variety of different experiments that e.g. monitor space that can be filled by particles inside agarose or the fate of small latex beads captured by macrophages.

A similar concept of scanning a bead with an optical trap over a surface was invented in 1993 by Ghislain and W. W. Webb. The name of photonic force microscope was first used in 1997 by Ernst-Ludwig Florin, Arnd Pralle, J. Heinrich Hoerber and Ernst H.K. Stelzer during their stays at EMBL, when they developed 3D position detection and began using the Brownian motion as scanner.

References 
Florin, E.-L., Pralle, A., Horber, J.K.H., and Stelzer, E.H.K. (1997) Photonic force microscopy based on optical tweezers and two-photon excitation for biological applications. J. Struct. Biol. 119, 202-211. 
Pralle, A., Florin, E.-L., Stelzer, E.H.K., and Horber, J.K.H. (1998) Local viscosity probed by photonic force microscopy. Appl. Phys. A 66, S71-S73. 
Florin, E.-L., Pralle, A., Horber, J.K.H., and Stelzer, E.H.K. (1998) Photonic force microscopy calibration by thermal noise analysis. Appl. Phys. A 66, S75-S78.

Commercial PFM system 
 Elliot Scientific Ltd.
 JPK Instruments

Microscopes
Scientific techniques
Per Bak. Per Bak (8 December 1948 – 16 October 2002) was a Danish theoretical physicist who coauthored the 1987 academic paper that coined the term "self-organized criticality."

Life and work 
After receiving his Ph.D. from the Technical University of Denmark in 1974, Bak worked at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He specialized in phase transitions, such as those occurring when an insulator suddenly becomes a conductor or when water freezes. In that context, he also did important work on complicated spatially modulated (magnetic) structures in solids. This research led him to the more general question of how organization emerges from disorder.

In 1987, he and two postdoctoral researchers, Chao Tang and Kurt Wiesenfeld, published an article in Physical Review Letters setting a new concept they called self-organized criticality. The first discovered example of a dynamical system displaying such self-organized criticality, the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld sandpile model, was named after them.

Faced with many skeptics, Bak pursued the implications of his theory at a number of institutions, including the Brookhaven National Laboratory, the Santa Fe Institute, the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, and Imperial College London, where he became a professor in 2000.

In 1996, he took his ideas to a broader audience with his ambitiously titled book, How Nature Works.  In 2001, Bak learned that he had myelodysplastic syndrome and died from complications of a stem-cell transplant. 
Bak is survived by his second wife, Maya Paczuski, a fellow physicist and current professor at the University of Calgary, with whom he has coauthored papers, and his four children.

Selected publications 
 
 
 1996, How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality, New York: Copernicus.

References

References

1948 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
People from Brønderslev
Academics of Imperial College London
Complex systems scientists
20th-century Danish physicists
Brookhaven National Laboratory staff
Fellows of the American Physical Society
System Y. System Y is the terminology used by BT, the main operator of the telephone network in the United Kingdom, to refer to the Ericsson AXE digital switching system.

In the mid-1980s, British Telecom chose the well established AXE10 digital switch to provide competition for System X developed by a consortium of Plessey, General Electric Company (GEC) (companies later combined as GPT), STC and BT's state owned predecessor, the GPO. The newly privatised BT brought in Ericsson as a competitive alternative supplier ending Plessey/GEC's monopoly on the provision of switching systems. 

Initially, the AXE systems installed in the UK were partially locally manufactured in partnership with Thorn EMI and later directly by Ericsson. While System X exchanges were more widespread in BT's network, AXE10 (and subsequent versions) remain common in the classic BT PSTN until their eventual replacement when the network is closed, which at the time of the writing is expected to be in 2025 

AXE10 covers two main types of digital telephony switching equipment: the remote subscriber switch (RSS) and the AXE10 local switch. RSS acts as a remote concentrator and deals with the conversion of analogue telephony signals used in the access network, which is the copper pairs between exchange buildings and customer premises, also called local loop, and the multiplexing of customer lines over cabling to the AXE10 local switching unit. The AXE10 local switch uses a processor-controlled switch to route calls and data depending on the destination of the telephony transmission.

BT's AXE10 network, which has been in service since 1986, is maintained in house by its own engineers although Ericsson still provide high-level support, software upgrades and repairs at component level.

AXE/System Y, System X and other TDM technologies are already being be phased out as BT, in common with many networks around the world, implements its next generation access network, which will ultimately be based predominantly on fibre to premises (FTTP), with voice services provided using VoIP technology.

References

Telephone exchange equipment
BT Group
Humphrey Gainsborough. Humphrey Gainsborough (1718 – 23 August 1776) was an English non-conformist minister, engineer, and inventor.

Humphrey Gainsborough was pastor to the Independent Church in Henley-on-Thames, England. He was the brother of the artist Thomas Gainsborough. He invented the drill plough (1766), winning a prize of £60 from the Royal Society for his efforts. He also invented the tide mill (1761), which allowed a mill wheel to rotate in either direction, winning a £50 prize from the Society for the Encouragement of Arts in London. In addition, he designed a self-ventilating fish wagon (1762).

Gainsborough designed Conway's Bridge, built in 1763 at Park Place close to Henley, an interesting rustic arched stone structure that still carries traffic on the road between Wargrave and Henley today. In 1768, he improved the slope on the road up the steep White Hill to the east of Henley, straightening it in the process.

James Watt perhaps included some of – and at least built on – Gainsborough's ideas on his steam engine. Watt had been working independently on improvements to the Newcomen "atmospheric engine" and subsequently patented these in 1769. Gainsborough is thus probably less well-known than he might have been.

The lock, weir and footbridge at Marsh Lock, just upstream from Henley on the River Thames, were designed by Gainsborough, together with other early locks from Sonning to Maidenhead (1772–73).

A blue plaque in Gainsborough's honour can be found in the town of Henley itself on the gates of the Manse, the house where he lived next to the Christ Church United Reformed Church. Inside he designed an early security chain and plate on one of the outside doors, allowing the door to be partially opened, that is still there now. Similar designs are used on many people's front doors today.

Epitaph
Philip Thicknesse wrote in The Gentleman's Magazine in 1785:

References

Bibliography
 
 

1718 births
1776 deaths
18th-century English clergy
18th-century English engineers
People from Henley-on-Thames
English inventors
English civil engineers
English mechanical engineers
British structural engineers
English Christian religious leaders
People associated with the Royal Society
Humphrey
Lian Li. Lian Li Industrial Co., Ltd. () is a Taiwanese computer case and accessories manufacturer. It is one of the largest manufacturers of aluminium computer cases in Taiwan and is also a major world competitor in the premium aftermarket computer case industry.

Products
Lian Li cases are constructed with either brushed or anodised aluminium and are lightweight and offered in silver, black, grey, golden, red, blue, and green shades. In addition to their various cases, they produce aluminum desks, power supplies and accessories such as window kits, CPU coolers, Liquid CPU Coolers, fans, removable hard drive bays, bezel covers, and memory card readers. The company also provides OEM and ODM services.

History
Lian Li Industrial Co., Ltd. was founded in 1983.

Location
Lian Li has its headquarters in the Liudu Industrial Park (六堵工業區, Liùdǔ Gōngyèqū) in Keelung.

Subsidiary brand
In 2009 Lian Li launched LanCool as a subsidiary to produce cases without their signature aluminium in an effort to bring costs down. These cases feature a tool-less architecture aimed at gamers and PC enthusiasts. With LanCool producing the non-aluminium midtower cases, Lian Li is well known as a high-end aluminium chassis manufacturer. In August 2018, after years without new product releases, Lian Li revived the LanCool branding and presented the LanCool One chassis featuring tempered glass panels and RGB lighting.

See also
 List of companies of Taiwan
 Antec
 Cooler Master	
 NZXT	
 Razer	
 Thermaltake
 Zalman

 Case modding

References

External links

 Official homepage 

1983 establishments in Taiwan
Computer companies of Taiwan
Computer hardware companies
Companies established in 1983
Computer enclosure companies
Computer power supply unit manufacturers
Companies based in Keelung
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Taiwanese brands
Octene. Octene is an alkene with the formula . Several isomers of octene are known, depending on the position and the geometry of the double bond in the carbon chain. 

The simplest isomer is 1-octene, an alpha-olefin used primarily as a co-monomer in production of polyethylene via the solution polymerization process. Several useful structural isomers of the octenes are obtained by dimerization of isobutene and 1-butene. These branched alkenes are used to alkylate phenols to give precursors to detergents. The dimerisation of isobutane generates diisobutenes

References

External links
OSHA Safety and Health Topics: 1-Octene

Alkenes
Monomers
Robotic Lunar Observatory. The Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) is an astronomical observatory funded by NASA and located at the United States Geological Survey Flagstaff Science Campus atop McMillan Mesa in Flagstaff, Arizona. Its purpose is to enable the Moon to be used as a radiometric calibration reference for Earth-orbiting remote-sensing spacecraft instruments. The ROLO project is currently ongoing, but the program ceased observations in September 2003. The facility is maintained for calibration and instrument characterization purposes. It consists of two  Ritchey-Chrétien telescopes attached to an equatorial mount made by DFM Engineering.  One telescope is fitted with a sensor optimized for visible and near-infrared (VNIR) wavelengths, while the other is tuned to short-wavelength infrared (SWIR). The VNIR camera began operations in 1995 and the SWIR camera in 1997.

See also
 Lowell Observatory
 Astrogeology Research Program
 List of astronomical observatories

References

External links
 USGS Astrogeology Science Center
 USGS Flagstaff Science Campus

Astronomical observatories in Arizona
Buildings and structures in Flagstaff, Arizona
Defunct astronomical observatories
Firing points. A firing point is a prepared fighting position from which infantry can defend territory with minimal exposure to return fire. Construction ranges from simple sandbag walls to sophisticated, permanent fortifications. Large artillery emplacements, for example, are vulnerable to attack by lightly armed and mobile troops who can avoid the primary armament's field of fire by dispersal or stealth, or by taking advantage of the limitations in the weapon's traverse or depression. Military engineers typically include firing points in these constructions, allowing defenders to deflect such an attack. This includes slit trenches, pillboxes, and redoubts.

References

Military tactics
Fortifications by type
Hubert Gautier. Henri Gautier, sometimes called Hubert Gautier (21 August 1660 – 27 September 1737) was a French engineer. He was born in Nîmes, France.

Career 
Gautier initially trained as a medical doctor, turning to mathematics and finally engineering. He served as an engineer for 28 years in the province of Languedoc. He was appointed Inspecteur général des ponts et chaussées in 1713, and moved to Paris where he continued working until his retirement in 1731.

In 1716, he wrote the first book on building bridges, Traité des ponts. 
He died in Paris, France at the age of 77.

Publications 
Gautier wrote several published works on engineering, civil engineering and geology.

 La bibliotheque des philosophes, volumes I-II
 Traité de la construction des chemins

See also 

 Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet
 Thomas Telford
 John Loudon McAdam

References 

French civil engineers
Corps des ponts
French bridge engineers
1660 births
1737 deaths
People from Nîmes
Zirconium nitride. Zirconium nitride () is an inorganic compound used in a variety of ways due to its properties.

Properties
ZrN grown by physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a light gold color similar to elemental gold. ZrN has a room-temperature electrical resistivity of 12.0 μΩ·cm, a temperature coefficient of resistivity of 5.6·10−8 Ω·cm/K, a superconducting transition temperature of 10.4 K, and a relaxed lattice parameter of 0.4575 nm. The hardness of single-crystal ZrN is 22.7±1.7 GPa and elastic modulus is 450 GPa.

Uses

Zirconium nitride is a hard ceramic material similar to titanium nitride and is a cement-like refractory material. Thus it is used in cermets and laboratory crucibles. When applied using the physical vapor deposition coating process it is commonly used for coating medical devices, industrial parts (notably drill bits), automotive and aerospace components and other parts subject to high wear and corrosive environments. 

Zirconium nitride was suggested as a hydrogen peroxide fuel tank liner for rockets and aircraft.

References

Nitrides
Zirconium(III) compounds
Superhard materials
Refractory materials
Rock salt crystal structure
Beryllium nitride. Beryllium nitride, Be3N2, is a nitride of beryllium. It can be prepared from the elements at high temperature (1100–1500 °C); unlike beryllium azide or BeN6, it decomposes in vacuum into beryllium and nitrogen. It is readily hydrolysed forming beryllium hydroxide and ammonia. It has two polymorphic forms cubic α-Be3N2 with a defect anti-fluorite structure, and hexagonal β-Be3N2. It reacts with silicon nitride, Si3N4 in a stream of ammonia at 1800–1900 °C to form BeSiN2.

Preparation
Beryllium nitride is prepared by heating beryllium metal powder with dry nitrogen in an oxygen-free atmosphere in temperatures between 700 and 1400 °C.
 3Be + N2  → Be3N2

Uses
It is used in refractory ceramics as well as in nuclear reactors.

It is used to produce radioactive carbon-14 for tracer applications by the  + n →  + p reaction. It is favoured due to its stability, high nitrogen content (50%), and the very low capture cross section of beryllium for neutrons.

Reactions
Beryllium nitride reacts with mineral acids producing ammonia and the corresponding salts of the acids:
 Be3N2 + 6 HCl → 3 BeCl2 + 2 NH3

In strong alkali solutions, a beryllate forms, with evolution of ammonia:
 Be3N2 + 6 NaOH → 3 Na2BeO2 + 2 NH3

Both the acid and alkali reactions are brisk and vigorous. Reaction with water, however, is very slow:
 Be3N2 + 6 H2O → 3 Be(OH)2 + 2 NH3

Reactions with oxidizing agents are likely to be violent. It is oxidized when heated at 600 °C in air.

References

Nitrides
Beryllium compounds
Refractory materials
Toshiba 4S. The Toshiba 4S (Ultra super safe, Small and Simple) is a micro sodium-cooled nuclear fission reactor design.

General description 

The plant design is developed by a partnership that includes Toshiba and the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) of Japan.

The technical specifications of the 4S reactor are unique in the nuclear industry. The actual reactor would be located in a sealed, cylindrical vault 30 m (98 ft) underground, while the building above ground would be 22×16×11 m (72×52.5×36 ft) in size.  This power plant is designed to provide 10 megawatts of electrical power with a 50 MW version available in the future.

The 4S is a fast neutron sodium reactor. It uses neutron reflector panels around the perimeter to maintain neutron density. These reflector panels replace complicated control rods, yet keep the ability to shut down the nuclear reaction in case of an emergency. Additionally, the Toshiba 4S utilizes liquid sodium as a coolant, allowing the reactor to operate 200 degrees hotter than if it used water.  Although water would readily boil at these temperatures, sodium remains a liquid; the sodium coolant therefore exerts very low pressure on the reactor vessel even at extremely high temperatures. 

The Toshiba 4S Nuclear Battery was proposed as the power source for the Galena Nuclear Power Plant in Alaska, but the project was abandoned in 2011 and Toshiba did not proceed with an application for certification of the design.

Criticism 
A research team including Allison Macfarlane and Rodney C. Ewing evaluated waste production of a number of small nuclear reactors, including the 4s, and published their findings in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. They found that small modular reactors produce more radioactive waste than conventional reactors. These claims were contested by NuScale Power.

See also
 CAREM
 NuScale
 Hyperion nuclear reactor (hydride)
 mPower by Babcock & Wilcox Company
 Traveling wave reactor

References

External links 
 IAEA Advanced Reactors Information System: 4S (2013)
 IAEA ARIS Status Report (2019)
 NRC overview Official information from Nuclear Regulatory Commission
 Atomic Insights article information about the reactor, its specifications, and engineering aspects and challenges.
 ROE: Technical details about the 4S planned for Galena, Alaska.
 http://www.yritwc.org/Portals/0/PDFs/nuclearreactorletterucs.pdf

Nuclear power reactor types
Nuclear technology in Japan
MacroML. MacroML is an experimental programming language based on the ML family, seeking to reconcile ML's static typing and the types of macro systems commonly found in dynamically typed languages like Scheme; this reconciliation is difficult since Turing-complete macro transformations can break type safety guarantees that static typing is supposed to provide.

External links 
Some papers related to MacroML include:
"Macros as Multi-Stage Computations: Type-Safe, Generative, Binding Macros in MacroML" (citeseer)
Staged Notational Definitions (citeseer)

Experimental programming languages
ML programming language family
Metaprogramming