omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Secure transmission. In computer science, secure transmission refers to the transfer of data such as confidential or proprietary information over a secure channel. Many secure transmission methods require a type of encryption. The most common email encryption is called PKI. In order to open the encrypted file, an exchange of key is done.

Many infrastructures such as banks rely on secure transmission protocols to prevent a catastrophic breach of security. Secure transmissions are put in place to prevent attacks such as ARP spoofing and general data loss. Software and hardware implementations which attempt to detect and prevent the unauthorized transmission of information from the computer systems to an organization on the outside may be referred to as Information Leak Detection and Prevention (ILDP), Information Leak Prevention (ILP), Content Monitoring and Filtering (CMF) or Extrusion Prevention systems and are used in connection with other methods to ensure secure transmission of data.

Secure transmission over wireless infrastructure 

WEP is a deprecated algorithm to secure IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. Wireless networks broadcast messages using radio, so are more susceptible to eavesdropping than wired networks. When introduced in 1999, WEP was intended to provide confidentiality comparable to that of a traditional wired network. A later system, called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) has since been developed to provide stronger security.

Web-based secure transmission 

Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as web browsing, e-mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and other data transfers. There are slight differences between SSL and TLS, but they are substantially the same.

References

Cybersecurity engineering
Come By Chance Refinery. Come By Chance Refinery is a renewable diesel refinery operated by Braya Renewable Fuels in Come By Chance, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It has a refining capacity of .

History
The refinery was built by John Shaheen's Shaheen Resources from 1971 to 1973, with the help of British company Procon Limited, for $155 million. The refinery began operation in December 1973 until the refinery went bankrupt in 1976, with Shaheen Resources owing about $500 million. After four years of inactivity, the refinery was purchased by Petro-Canada for $10 million in 1980, but decided against reactivation, and instead sold the refinery to Bermuda-based refinery Newfoundland Processing Ltd. for $1 in 1986, which reopened it the following year.

In August 1994, the Vitol Group purchased the refinery and the operating company North Atlantic Refining was founded. In 2014, it was acquired by SilverRange Capital Partners, a New York-based alternative asset manager. On May 28, 2020, Irving Oil announced that it was in negotiations to purchase the refinery. On October 5, 2020, the sale to Irving Oil collapsed and it was announced that the Come By Chance refinery would close permanently.

In November 2021, the U.S. private equity group Cresta Fund Management purchased a controlling stake of the idling refinery and announced plans to convert the plant to a biofuel operation. As part of the acquisition, the refinery was renamed to Braya Renewable Fuels.

On September 2, 2022, an explosion at the refinery injured 8 workers, one, Shawn Peddle of Clarenville (formerly of Hatchet Cove) died in hospital on October 15. The cause of the explosion is currently under investigation.

In late August, 2023, the Government of Newfoundland & Labrador awarded exclusive rights to pursue development of the Toqlukuti'k Wind and Hydrogen Ltd. Project to Braya partner ABO Wind. Braya had previously issued an exclusive letter of support to ABO Wind for the joint development of green hydrogen production at its refinery in Come By Chance. The Crown lands decision awarded ABO Wind exclusive rights to 267,000 acres, or 417 square miles, in close proximity to the refinery.

References

External links
North Atlantic Refining

Oil refineries in Canada
Buildings and structures in Newfoundland and Labrador
Arjun Makhijani. Arjun Makhijani is a nuclear engineer who is president of the anti-nuclear organization, the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research.  Makhijani has written reports analyzing the safety, economics, and efficiency of various energy sources.

Education
Makhijani has a Ph.D. (Engineering), from the University of California, Berkeley, where he specialized in nuclear fusion.

Publications
Arjun Makhijani has written publications analyzing the safety, economics, and efficiency of various energy sources, including nuclear power and renewable energy sources such as wind power and solar energy. He was also the principal author of the first overview study on Energy and Agriculture in the Third World (Ballinger 1975).  He was one of the principal technical staff of the Ford Foundation Energy Policy Project, and a co-author of its final report, A Time to Choose.

Awards
In 1989, Dr Makhijani received The John Bartlow Martin Award for Public Interest Magazine Journalism of the Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University, with Robert Alvarez; was awarded the Josephine Butler Nuclear Free Future Award in 2001; the 2007/2008 Jane Bagley Lehman Award for Excellence in Public Advocacy by the Tides Foundation.

See also
Anti-nuclear movement in the United States

References

External links
Nuclear isn’t necessary
Atomic Myths, Radioactive Realities

Living people
American anti–nuclear power activists
American anti–nuclear weapons activists
American nuclear engineers
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Charles Ward Engineering Works. The Charles Ward Engineering Works, Charleston, W. Va. was an iron and steel fabricator and shipyard founded by Charles Ward in 1872. They produced shallow draught boats at a plant on the south bank of the Kanawha River.  It remained in operation until 1931 headed by the founder’s son Charles E. Ward.

Ward designed and built many steam and diesel powered vessels, both paddlewheel and propeller driven.  Customers include the Army, Navy and Coast Guard.
 
Ward manufactured water-tube boilers in many sizes.  The firm also pioneered the development of the tunnel stern propeller driven towboats and were among the first companies to install diesel power in river towboats.

Notable vessels built by Charles Ward Engineering Works
P.A. Denny stern wheel towboat 1930
  US Army harbor ferry 1922
 US Army harbor ferry 1921
 Coast Guard river tender 1924

See also
Riverboat
Towboat

References
 West Virginina state archives Manuscript Collections  - Ward Engineering Works Collection, 1915-1930
Guide to the Records of the Ward Engineering Company: Maritime Innovators of Charleston, West Virginia, D. C. Cebula, Michael R. Ridderbusch West Virginia and Regional History Collection, 2006
Charles Ward and the James Rumsey: Regional Innovation in Steam Technology on the Western Rivers, by Parkinson, George P. Jr. and Brooks F. McCabe Jr., West Virginia History (magazine) Vol. 39, Nos. 2 & 3, 1978 January-April
Shipbuilding History: Charles Ward Engineering, Charleston WV 
The History of West Virginia, Old and New, by James Morton Callahan, American Historical Society, 1923
Steamboats.org Short history of Charles Ward Engineering

Paddle steamers
American naval architects
Charleston, West Virginia
Marine engine manufacturers
Latgyprogorstroy. Institute "Latgyprogorstoy" () - was a main institute of designing apartment houses in Latvian SSR.

Full name of the institute was Latvian state institute of designing state construction (). Founded in 1951, the institute took part in construction of the most modern Riga, Liepāja and Daugavpils neighbourhoods. Not artistic, with a big number of defects, these houses served the main purpose - to give Latvia a big number of cheap living space. Most of the Latgyprogorstroy's projects were standard and had a number consisting of three figures.

Houses built under the projects of the institute has a big safety factor and still are the main living fund of Latvian cities. Beside the projects of apartment houses the institute designed the projects of schools, kindergartens, water pipe and sewerage networks. 
Latgyprogorstroy also took part in the construction of the city Slavutych - the new living place for the victims of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident.

The main office building of the Latgyprogorstoy was located in Riga at Gorky St. 38 (now Kr. Valdemara St.). The institute also had the branches in Liepāja and Daugavpils. The institute ceased its existence in 1990. On the base of the institute was founded public limited company Pilsētprojekts.

Staff 
 Viktors Valgums
 Modris Ģelzis
 Normunds Pavārs
 Zane Kalinka
 Andris Kokins

References 

Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
Architecture in Latvia
Hong Kong Air International. Hong Kong Air International Ltd was founded in the 1970s to provide helicopter services in Hong Kong, such as scheduled flights, tourist flights, and external load lifting.

History
The company was started by Maurice Holloway, as part of Hutchison (now Hutchison Whampoa), in 1971(?) and ceased trading in 1976.

Fleet
VR-HGL  Bell 212

VR-HGT Aérospatiale AS-350 Ecureuil

VR-HGX Aérospatiale Alouette II - as seen in the movie Cleopatra Jones and the Casino of Gold

VR-HGM  Bell Helicopters Bell 47

VR-HCK ? Aérospatiale Alouette 3

References

External links
Helicopter Postcards - HKA
Airliners.net photo of VR-HGM in Feb. 1974
Airline Codes - Callsigns
Heli Express website
Hutchinson-whampoa.com
Brian Tilbrook's website
Collector's Guide to Airline Timetables - HKA August 1973

Defunct airlines of Hong Kong
Airlines established in 1971
Airlines disestablished in 1976
Defunct helicopter airlines
1976 disestablishments in Hong Kong
Métisse Motorcycles. Métisse Motorcycles is a British low-volume manufacturer of specialist motorcycles and motorcycle frames based in Carswell near Faringdon, Oxfordshire.

Since 1982, Métisse has produced motorcycle frame kits for British bike engines. Former owner Pat French bought the tooling originally used by the Rickman brothers (who produced the first Mk1 Metisse in 1959) to produce lightweight, strong frames and rolling chassis for competitive motocross use.

Métisse has focused on using high quality plated steel for their distinctive frames. French produced Mk IV frames, then MkIII for retro-scrambles until the mid-1990s when demand waned. A partnership was formed with Gerry Lisi to continue manufacture until French's retirement. French died in 2007. Lisi continues to run Métisse at his Carswell premises where the motorcycle operation is something of a sideline to the main  golf course business.

Métisse now manufactures complete motorcycles, usually using bought-in cycle parts and engines, although the recent Mk5 is fitted with Métisse's own  air and oil-cooled 360° parallel twin engine.

Steve McQueen Desert Racer
A limited edition of 300 complete motorcycles,  the Steve McQueen Métisse Desert Racer, is a replica of the motorcycle raced by actor Steve McQueen in 1966 and 1967.  The Desert Racer uses a fully reconditioned original Meriden Triumph unit construction 650 cc 6T engine. McQueen's actual bike had a Métisse frame and was built by his friend, the actor and stuntman Bud Ekins.

Métisse Hammer Mk3
Similar to the Desert Racer, the Hammer is a version of the Métisse Mk3 Scrambler that was the iconic motorcycle used by Ilya Kuryakin in the TV series "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.".

Métisse Mk5
The firm's most complete product is the Métisse Mk5, a bespoke retro-styled roadster. The Mk5 has not only a Métisse frame, but a new "Adelaide" 8-valve  air-&-oil-cooled 5-speed 360° parallel twin engine designed and manufactured in-house by Métisse. The Mk5 is a hand-crafted motorcycle and the riding position is adjusted to the customer's dimensions. The firm provides the buyer with a portfolio with images of the bike during its build, along with documentation of its particular specification.

The Mk5 is available either as a "Café Racer" (with or without a nose fairing) or as a "Street Scrambler". The bike has a 4130 chrome-moly cradle frame with 41mm non-adjustable Ceriani forks and twin Öhlins rear shocks. The engine produces claimed  and claimed  of torque with a top speed of . Front brakes are twin 320 mm discs with Brembo caliper, while the rear is a single 220 mm disc, also with a Brembo calliper. The 2010 prototype, with a dry weight of 180 kg was styled as a "Street Scrambler", is now in production.

References

External links 
 Métisse official site

Motorcycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Motorcycles powered by straight-twin engines
Companies based in Oxfordshire
Dirt biking
Atomic fountain. An atomic fountain measures an atomic hyperfine transition by letting a cloud of laser-cooled atoms fall through an interaction region under the influence of gravity.  The atomic cloud is cooled and pushed upwards by a counter-propagating lasers in an optical molasses configuration.
The atomic transition is measured precisely with coherent microwaves while the atoms pass through the interaction region. The measured transition can be used in an atomic clock measurement to high precision.

The measurement of the atomic transition in an atomic fountain uses the Ramsey method. In broad strokes, the Ramsey method involves exposing a cloud of atoms to a brief radiofrequency (rf) electromagnetic field; waiting a time T; briefly exposing the cloud to the rf field again; and then measuring what fraction of the atoms in the cloud have been driven from the initial state to final state. When the frequency of the rf field is resonant with the atomic transition, atoms are detected in the final state. The microwave frequency is swept across the atomic transition over many repeated measurements.

The precision of the Ramsey method is inversely proportional to the wait time T of the cloud. The use of an atomic fountain with a cooled atomic cloud allows for wait times on the order of one second, which is vastly greater than what can be achieved by performing the Ramsey method on a hot atomic beam, which may have interaction times on the order of tens of microseconds. This is one reason why NIST-F1, a caesium fountain clock, with a fractional instability of  can keep time more precisely than atomic clocks that use interrogate atomic beams, for example the NIST-7 caesium beam clock, with a fractional instability of .

History

The idea of the atomic fountain was first proposed in the 1950s by Jerrold Zacharias. Zacharias attempted to implement an atomic fountain using a thermal beam of atoms, under the assumption that the atoms at the low-velocity end of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution would be of sufficiently low energy to execute a reasonably sized parabolic trajectory. However, the attempt was not successful because fast atoms in a thermal beam struck the low-velocity atoms and scattered them.

References

Atoms
Atomic physics
Atomic clocks
Nuclear technology
Almenna Consulting Engineers. Almenna Consulting Engineers Ltd. () is an Icelandic engineering company. Founded in 1941 as "Almenna byggingarfélagið", it played an important role in modernising the infrastructure of the country as it took part in developing the country's first large hydroelectric power plants in the 1960s.

In 1971, the company was reorganized as Almenna Consulting Engineers Ltd. Since then, it has structurally designed many of Iceland's most high-profile buildings, such as the Reykjavík City Hall and the Leifur Eiriksson Air Terminal at Keflavík International Airport. Today, it has about 80 employees; f.x. civil engineers and mechanical engineers as well as graphic and technical designers.

The company's headquarters are at Fellsmúli 26, 108 Reykjavík. Also, it maintains three branch offices, in Akranes, Reykjanesbær and Fjarðabyggð. The managing director is Helgi Valdimarsson.

References

External links 
Company website

Engineering companies of Iceland
Technology companies established in 1941
Consulting firms established in 1941
1941 establishments in Iceland
Bremridge Wood. Bremridge Wood formerly part of the Domesday Book estate of Bremridge near South Molton, Devon, England, is the site of an Iron Age enclosure or hill fort. The earthwork is situated in woodland on a Hillside forming a promontory above the River Bray to the West of the Town at approx 175 Metres above Sea Level.

References

Hill forts in Devon
Forests and woodlands of Devon
Kurume Institute of Technology. is a private university in Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan, established in 1976.

KIT offers undergraduate degree programs in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, information engineering, architecture, and civil engineering. The college also offers a doctoral program in engineering. 

KIT offers undergraduate programs in five departments: Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Architecture. It also offers graduate programs in these areas, as well as in Applied Mathematics and Physics.

External links
 Official website in English

Universities and colleges established in 1976
Private universities and colleges in Japan
Kurume
Universities and colleges in Fukuoka Prefecture
Engineering universities and colleges in Japan
1976 establishments in Japan
Kochi University of Technology. is a prefectural university in Tosa Yamada, Kami, Kōchi, Japan.
After its foundation in 1997, Professor Yasuharu Suematsu was its first president.
Kochi University of Technology serves 2056 undergraduate students, 224 Master students and 74 Doctoral students (as of May 1, 2013).

School
 School of Systems Engineering
 School of Environmental Science and Engineering
 School of Information
 School of Economics & Management

Graduate school
Master's Program
Intelligent Mechanical Systems Engineering Course
Electronic and Photonic Systems Engineering Course
Infrastructure Systems Engineering Course
Environmental and Mathematical Sciences Course
Chemistry Course
Life Science and Technology Course
Materials Science and Engineering Course
Informatics Course
Entrepreneur Engineering Management Course
Advanced Educational Practice Course
Doctoral Program
Engineering Course
Entrepreneur Engineering Management Course
Special Course for Mid-career Professionals

Partner Institutions
 Taiwan
National Formosa University
National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology
College of Management, National Formosa University
National United University
 China
School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Shenyang University of Technology
Harbin Institute of Technology
Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
Yanshan University
Beijing Institute of Technology
Northeastern University
Harbin Normal University
Jilin University
Southwest Jiaotong University
Kunming University of Science and Technology
Heilongjiang University
Harbin Engineering University
School of Automation & Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing
Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Zhuhai College of Jilin University 
Anhui University
 Korea
Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology
Mokpo National Maritime University
Yeungnam University
 Thailand
Thammasat University
Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University
Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology
King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
 Cambodia
Institute of Technology of Cambodia
 Sri Lanka
University of Moratuwa
 Mongolia
Mongolian University of Science and Technology
 Indonesia
Bandung Institute of Technology
 Hong Kong
Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
 India
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
 United States
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Stanford University, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
University of Missouri-St. Louis
 Spain
Polytechnic University of Valencia
 Turkey
Istanbul Technical University
 UK
University of South Wales
 Australia
University of Western Sydney
 Czech Republic
University of Hradec Králové
 Germany
Institute for Large Area Microelectronics, University of Stuttgart

References

External links
 Official website  
 Official website 

Educational institutions established in 1997
Universities and colleges in Kōchi Prefecture
Engineering universities and colleges in Japan
1997 establishments in Japan
Public universities in Japan
Kami, Kōchi
Sanyo-Onoda City University. is a public university in San'yō-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan. The school was first established as a junior college in 1987. It became a four-year college in 1995.

Faculty & Graduate Schools 

 Faculty of Engineering
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Department of Electrical Engineering
 Department of Applied Chemistry
 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 
 Graduate School of Engineering
 Department of Engineering

External links
 Official website 

Universities and colleges established in 1987
Public universities in Japan
Universities and colleges in Yamaguchi Prefecture
1987 establishments in Japan
Advanced Graphics Riser. The Advanced Graphics Riser is a variation of the Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) used in some PCIe motherboards made by MSI to offer a limited backwards compatibility with AGP. It is, effectively, a modified PCIe slot allowing for performance comparable to an AGP 4x/8x slot, but with limited support of AGP cards. The manufacturer has published a non-exhaustive compatibility list of cards and chipsets that work with the modified slot.

References

Motherboard expansion slot
Ernest Kirkendall. Ernest Oliver Kirkendall (July 6, 1914 – August 22, 2005) was an American chemist and metallurgist. He is known for his 1947 discovery of the Kirkendall effect.

Life and works
He was raised in Highland Park, Michigan and received his bachelor's from Wayne State University. His master's and PhD came from the University of Michigan, but he returned to Wayne to teach chemical engineering. In 1984 he was inducted into the College of Engineering's Hall of Fame. He died in a nursing home in Alexandria, Virginia.

References

Further reading

American metallurgists
Wayne State University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Wayne State University faculty
1914 births
2005 deaths
People from Charlevoix County, Michigan
People from Highland Park, Michigan