omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Roadworks. Roadworks, also called road construction or road work, occur when part of the road, or in rare cases, the entire road, has to be occupied for work relating to the road, most often in the case of road surface repairs. In the United States road work could also mean any work conducted in close proximity of travel way (thoroughfare) such as utility work or work on power lines (i.e. telephone poles). The general term of road work is known as work zone.

Roadworks can, however, also happen when a major accident occurs and road debris from the crash needs to be cleared.

Roadworks are often signposted, although it is possible that the signage comes too late or too sudden or is missing.
Typical road work traffic controls are temporary signs, traffic cones, barrier boards and t-top bollards as well as other forms of warning devices. There are standards of temporary traffic control established in each country for various type of road work.

Roadworks are frequently carried out throughout the night so as to minimize traffic disruption.

Currently there are very few sources of accurate roadworks information sites available that report on the status of current works and future works.  In the United Kingdom, the government roadworks.org website aims to provide a national and live dataset of roadworks for the purpose of coordination and reporting. It includes roadworks information supplied by Local Authorities and national agencies like the Highways Agency.

Health effects

Mitigation

Signage 

Typically, roadworks signs are indicated by an orange diamond in most MUTCD-influenced countries.

The 1948 edition of the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices specified the legend MEN WORKING to indicate roadworks. For most European countries, the roadworks sign includes a red-bordered triangular sign with a symbol of roadworks.

The Federal Highway Administration (since 1990) and the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals (since 1968) prohibit the use of the "MEN WORKING" legend, replacing with the legend "ROAD WORK" and the symbolic roadworks sign (typically using a gender-neutral silhouette) respectively.

The worded legend of the warning sign upcoming roadworks, which is prohibited by the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals because UN-compliant signs must make use of more pictograms, is allowed in the United States by the 2009 MUTCD.

Lane markings 
In some countries, where lanes must be altered so as to accommodate roadworks, the new lanes (or interim lanes) are marked with a different colour and take precedence over the previous lanes. In Germany, Poland and many other European countries, it is yellow; in Switzerland and in Ireland, it is orange.

References

See also
 Concrete pavement restoration
 IGGA
 Road traffic control
 Roadblock
 Smart work zone
 Maintenance of traffic

 
Road infrastructure
Road transport
Wood auger. An auger is a  device to drill wood or other materials, consisting of a rotating metal shaft with a blade at the end that scrapes or cuts the wood.

Types

The classical design has a helical screw blade winding around the bottom end of the shaft.  The lower edge of the blade is sharpened and scrapes the wood; the rest of the blade lifts the chips out of the way.  It is powered with two hands, by a T-shaped handle attached to the top of the shaft.

More modern versions have elaborated auger bits with multiple blades in various positions. Modern versions also have different means to drive the shaft, resulting in various tools such as braces, wheel drills (the "eggbeater" drill), and power drills.

See also
 Augerino
 Gimlet

References

External links 

 

Agricultural machinery
Gardening tools
Mechanical hand tools
Gist (graphics software). 

General 
For scientific plotting applications, Gist is a scientific graphics library written in C by David H. Munro of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It supports three graphics output devices: X Window, PostScript, and Computer Graphics Metafiles (CGM). The library is promoted as being small (written directly to Xlib), efficient, and full featured. Portability is restricted to systems running X Window (essentially, the Unix world).

Python variant 
There is a Python port of Gist called PyGist; it is used as one of several optional graphics front ends of the scientific library SciPy. PyGist is also ported to Mac OS and Microsoft Windows.

References 

Unix programming tools
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
ChorusOS. ChorusOS is a microkernel real-time operating system designed as a message passing computing model. ChorusOS began as the Chorus distributed real-time operating system research project at the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) in 1979. During the 1980s, Chorus was one of two earliest microkernels (the other being Mach) and was developed commercially by startup company Chorus Systèmes SA. Over time, development effort shifted away from distribution aspects to real-time for embedded systems.

In 1997, Sun Microsystems acquired Chorus Systèmes for its microkernel technology, which went toward the new JavaOS. Sun (and henceforth Oracle) no longer supports ChorusOS. The founders of Chorus Systèmes started a new company called Jaluna in August 2002. Jaluna then became VirtualLogix, which was then acquired by Red Bend in September 2010. VirtualLogix designed embedded systems using Linux and ChorusOS (which they named VirtualLogix C5). C5 was described by them as a carrier grade operating system, and was actively maintained by them.

The latest source tree of ChorusOS, an evolution of version 5.0, was released as open-source software by Sun and is available at the Sun Download Center. The Jaluna project has completed these sources and published it online. Jaluna-1 is described there as a real-time Portable Operating System Interface (RT-POSIX) layer based on FreeBSD 4.1, and the CDE cross-platform software development environment. ChorusOS is supported by popular Secure Socket Layer and Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) libraries such as wolfSSL.

See also 
 JavaOS

References

Distributed operating systems
French inventions
Microkernel-based operating systems
Microkernels
Real-time operating systems
Sun Microsystems software
ARM operating systems
X86 operating systems
Robert Drost. Robert Drost is an American computer scientist. He was born in 1970 in New York City.

Life

Drost joined Sun Microsystems in 1993 after obtaining a B.S. and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University. In 2001 he earned a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and a Ph.D. minor in Computer Science from Stanford. As of 2011 he is a holder of over 95 patents  in microelectronics.

Until 2010, Drost was Distinguished Engineer and Senior Director of Advanced Hardware at Sun Microsystems, helping to pioneer wireless connections between computer chips called proximity communication.

Since 2010, Drost has had various roles, including CEO, COO, and CFO, at Pluribus Networks, Inc., a Palo Alto–based startup that he co-founded with Sunay Tripathi and Chih-Kong Ken Yang.

Distinctions
 Awarded Best Paper at Supercomputing 2008, the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis.
 Named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.
Wall Street Journal Gold Medal for Innovation in Computing Systems.
 Judge for the Wall Street Journal's Technology Innovation Awards since 2005.

References

External links
 New York Times Article on Proximity Communication
 VLSI Research group publications, Oracle (previously Sun Microsystems) Labs

American computer scientists
Living people
21st-century American businesspeople
Stanford University alumni
1970 births
Mohs. Mohs or MoHS can refer to:
Friedrich Mohs, a 19th-century German geologist who developed:
Mohs scale, a scale used in materials science to describe hardness
Frederic E. Mohs, an American doctor who developed:
Mohs surgery, a microscopically controlled surgery highly effective for common types of skin cancer
Erik Mohs, a German professional racing cyclist
Mohs Automobile, an automobile  built by the American Mohs Seaplane Corporation
Moanalua High School, a public, co-educational college preparatory high school in Hawaiʻi
The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, a 2006 anime sci-fi television series
Mount Olive High School, a U.S. public high school in Flanders, New Jersey
Ministry of Health and Sports (Myanmar), a ministry of the government of Myanmar

See also 
 Mho, an alternative name for the Siemens (unit)
Chore Boy. Chore Boy is a brand name of cleaning product, which includes copper and stainless steel scouring pads, and abrasive impregnated scouring cloths. 

During the first half of the 20th century, the product was marketed under the name Chore Girl.

Copper scrubbers
Chore Boy copper scrubbers are made of 99.997% pure copper.  Mineral oil is used to draw, spool, and unspool the copper wire. In addition, it helps to make the manufacturing process easier and protects the wire from scratches during use. These scrubbers are recommended for cleaning copper and aluminum cookware, broiler pans, barbecue grills, stove burners, and oven racks.

Stainless steel scouring pads
Chore Boy stainless steel scouring pads are recommended for cast iron, indoor and outdoor grills, workshop, and tools.

Golden Fleece scrubbing cloths
Chore Boy Golden Fleece scrubbing cloths are non-toxic and recommended for brushed stainless steel, cutting boards, oven racks, cooking utensils, pots and pans, trash containers, cast iron, and golf clubs.  You can also use them to clean vegetables. They are treated with an abrasive, some binder, and a colorant.

References

Cleaning product brands
Drug paraphernalia
Cerium(III) chloride. Cerium(III) chloride (CeCl3), also known as cerous chloride or cerium trichloride, is a compound of cerium and chlorine.  It is a white hygroscopic salt; it rapidly absorbs water on exposure to moist air to form a hydrate, which appears to be of variable composition, though the heptahydrate CeCl3·7H2O is known. It is highly soluble in water, and (when anhydrous) it is soluble in ethanol and acetone.

Preparation of anhydrous CeCl3
Simple rapid heating of the hydrate alone may cause small amounts of hydrolysis.

A useful form of anhydrous CeCl3 can be prepared if care is taken to heat the heptahydrate gradually to  over many hours under vacuum. This may or may not contain a little CeOCl from hydrolysis, but it is suitable for use with organolithium and Grignard reagents. Pure anhydrous CeCl3 can be made by dehydration of the hydrate either by slowly heating to  with 4–6 equivalents of ammonium chloride under high vacuum, or by heating with an excess of thionyl chloride for three hours. The anhydrous halide may alternatively be prepared from cerium metal and hydrogen chloride. It is usually purified by high temperature sublimation under high vacuum. Soxhlet extraction of  with thf gives .

Uses
Cerium(III) chloride can be used as a starting point for the preparation of other cerium salts, such as the Lewis acid cerium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate.

Organic synthesis
Cerium(III) chloride is a reagent in several procedures used in organic synthesis. 
Luche reduction of alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds has become a popular method in organic synthesis, where CeCl3·7H2O is used in conjunction with sodium borohydride. For example, carvone gives only the allylic alcohol 1 and none of the saturated alcohol 2.  Without CeCl3, a mixture of 1 and 2 is formed.

It can also deprotect MEM group to alcohol in the presence of other acetal protecting groups (e.g. THP.)

Another important use in organic synthesis is for alkylation of ketones, which would otherwise form enolates if simple organolithium reagents were to be used. For example, compound 3 would be expected to simply form an enolate without CeCl3 being present, but in the presence of CeCl3 smooth alkylation occurs:

It is reported that organolithium reagents work more effectively in this reaction than do Grignard reagents.

References

Further reading
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (58th edition), CRC Press, West Palm Beach, Florida, 1977.

Cerium(III) compounds
Chlorides
Lanthanide halides
Acid catalysts
Sift (disambiguation). Sift refers to the straining action of a sifter or sieve.

Sift or SIFT may also refer to:

 Scale-invariant feature transform, an algorithm in computer vision to detect and describe local features in images
 Selected-ion flow tube, a technique used for mass spectrometry
 Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade, a public university in Shanghai, China
 Summary of Information on Film and Television, a database of the British Film Institute National Library
 Summer Institute for Future Teachers, a residential summer program at Eastern Connecticut State University

See also
 Sieve (disambiguation), for the word "sift"
 Sifted (formerly VeriShip), an American logistics company
Code Reading. Code Reading () is a 2003 software development book written by Diomidis Spinellis.
The book is directed to programmers who want to improve their code reading abilities.
It discusses specific techniques for reading code written by others and outlines common programming concepts.

The code examples used in the book are taken from real-life software and uses C to illustrate basic concepts. Excerpts from prominent open-source code systems like the
Apache Web server,
the hsqldb Java relational database engine,
the NetBSD Unix distribution,
the Perl language,
the Tomcat application server,
and the X Window System are presented.

The book inaugurated Addison-Wesley's Effective Software Development Series, edited by Scott Meyers,
and received the 2004 Software Development Productivity Award in the “Technical Books” category.
It has been translated into Chinese, Greek, Japanese, Korean, Polish, and Russian.

See also
 Code review

References

External links
Book home page

Software engineering books
Addison-Wesley books.
Malkara (missile). The Malkara (from an Aboriginal word for "shield") was one of the earliest guided anti-tank missiles (ATGMs). It was jointly developed by Australia and the United Kingdom between 1951 and 1954, and was in service from 1958 until gradually replaced by the Vickers Vigilant missile in the late 1960s. It was intended to be light enough to deploy with airborne forces, yet powerful enough to knock out any tank then in service. The basic form was later adapted for the short-range surface-to-air role as the Seacat and influenced the development of the Ikara.

Development and operations
Design was principally undertaken at the Australian Government Aeronautical Research Laboratory, and this phase was also one of the first examples of computer simulation in engineering design. Development testing was carried out at Woomera Prohibited Area, and approval testing at the tank training range at Lulworth Cove, Dorset. Although testing at Dorset apparently achieved an impressive 90% Pkill, in service the missiles were not considered a great success, due to three principal failures:
 They were considered too heavy. As they were too heavy for manpacking, they could only be operated from their specialist vehicles, reducing flexibility; and
 Accuracy achieved in practice was poor. This may have been because the awkward control system required a lot of practice. Malkara had a training simulator integrated with the launch interface equipment. In their memoirs, some operators state that they only fired one missile in their careers.
Finally, their speed was low, taking almost 30 seconds to reach maximum range.

However, lessons learned from the Malkara project led to improvements in later programs. In addition, the basic airframe and expertise were directly used in the development of the Ikara anti-submarine missile and the Sea Cat naval surface-to-air missile.

Malkara was unusual among anti-tank missiles in that it had a High-explosive squash head (HESH), also known as High Explosive Plastic (HEP), warhead instead of the more usual shaped charge HEAT (High Explosive Anti Tank) warhead. The United Kingdom always showed interest for HESH, the main explosive-based anti-tank ammunition in British use including contemporary tanks like the Centurion. A 26/27 kg anti-tank warhead was well above the average, but Malkara had a calibre of .

Operators
 
 British Army

Specifications

 Length: 
 Diameter: 
 Wingspan: 
 Range: 
 Propulsion: Dual thrust solid rocket
 Speed: 146.19 m/s (327 mph) - low-subsonic, 28 sec to 4 km max range
 Overall weight: 93.5 kg (206 lb)
 Warhead:  HESH
 Guidance: Wire guided MCLOS, using a thumb joystick and visual observation of two flares on the wings.
 Number built: 1,000

See also

References

Sources 

War Machine encyclopedia, Aerospace Publishing Ltd., pag. 253 (in Italian version printed by De Agostini, 1984).
Rockets and Missiles - John W. R. Taylor - Hippo Books No 8 - Hamlyn, 1971 - 

Anti-tank guided missiles of Australia
Anti-tank guided missiles of the United Kingdom
Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s
Wire-guided missiles
Electric flux. In electromagnetism, electric flux is the total electric field that crosses a given surface.  The electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the total charge contained within that surface.

The electric field E can exert a force on an electric charge at any point in space. The electric field is the gradient of the electric potential.

Overview 
An electric charge, such as a single electron in space, has an electric field surrounding it. In pictorial form, this electric field is shown as "lines of flux" being radiated from a dot (the charge). These are called Gauss lines. Note that field lines are a graphic illustration of field strength and direction and have no  physical meaning as isolated lines. The density of these lines corresponds to the electric field strength, which could also be called the electric flux density: the number of "lines" per unit area. Electric flux is directly proportional to the total number of electric field lines going through a surface.  For simplicity in calculations it is often convenient to consider a surface perpendicular to the flux lines. If the electric field is uniform, the electric flux passing through a surface of vector area  is

where  is the electric field (having the unit ),  is its magnitude,  is the area of the surface, and  is the angle between the electric field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to .

For a non-uniform electric field, the electric flux  through a small surface area  is given by

(the electric field, , multiplied by the component of area perpendicular to the field). The electric flux over a surface is therefore given by the surface integral:

where  is the electric field and  is an infinitesimal area on the surface with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction.

For a closed Gaussian surface, electric flux is given by:

where
  is the electric field,
  is an infinitesimal area on the closed surface,
  is the total electric charge inside the surface,
  is the electric constant (a universal constant, also called the permittivity of free space) ()
This relation is known as Gauss's law for electric fields in its integral form and it is one of Maxwell's equations.

While the electric flux is not affected by charges that are not within the closed surface, the net electric field,  can be affected by charges that lie outside the closed surface. While Gauss's law holds for all situations, it is most useful for "by hand" calculations when high degrees of symmetry exist in the electric field.  Examples include spherical and cylindrical symmetry.

The SI unit of electric flux is the volt-meter (), or, equivalently, newton-meter squared per coulomb (). Thus, the unit of electric flux expressed in terms of SI base units is . Its dimensional formula is .

See also 
 Magnetic flux
 Maxwell's equations
 Electric field
 Magnetic field
 Electromagnetic field

Citations

References

External links 
 Electric flux – HyperPhysics

Electrostatics
Electromagnetic quantities
Permeance. Permeance, in general, is the degree to which a material admits a flow of matter or energy. Permeance is usually represented by a curly capital P: .

Electromagnetism
In electromagnetism, permeance is the inverse of reluctance. In a magnetic circuit, permeance is a measure of the quantity of magnetic flux for a number of current-turns. A magnetic circuit almost acts as though the flux is conducted, therefore permeance is larger for large cross-sections of a material and smaller for smaller cross section  lengths. This concept is analogous to electrical conductance in the electric circuit.

Magnetic permeance  is defined as the reciprocal of magnetic reluctance  (in analogy with the reciprocity between electric conductance and resistance):

which can also be re-written:

using Hopkinson's law (magnetic circuit analogue of Ohm's law for electric circuits) and the definition of magnetomotive force (magnetic analogue of electromotive force): 

where:
 , magnetic flux,
 , current, in amperes,
 , winding number of, or count of turns in the electric coil.

Alternatively in terms of magnetic permeability (analogous to electric conductivity):

where:
 , permeability of material,
 , cross-sectional area,
 ℓ, magnetic path length.

The SI unit of magnetic permeance is the henry (H), equivalently, webers per ampere.

Materials science
In materials science, permeance is the degree to which a material transmits another substance.

See also
Dielectric complex reluctance
Reluctance

Notes

References

Electromagnetism
 Properties of Magnetic Materials (units of magnetic permeance)

Material science
 Bombaru, D., Jutras, R., and Patenaude, A., "Air Permeance of Building Materials". Summary report prepared by, AIR-INS Inc. for Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, 1988.

Electric and magnetic fields in matter
DVK. DVK (, Interactive Computing Complex) is a Soviet PDP-11-compatible personal computer.

Overview
The design is also known as Elektronika MS-0501 and Elektronika MS-0502.

Early models of the DVK series are based on K1801VM1 or K1801VM2 microprocessors with a 16 bit address bus. Later models use the KM1801VM3 microprocessor with a 22 bit extended address bus.

Models
DVK-1
DVK-1M
DVK-2
DVK-2M
DVK-3
DVK-3M2
Kvant 4C (aka DVK-4)
DVK-4M

See also 
Elektronika BK-0010
SM EVM
UKNC

External links 
Articles about the USSR Computers  history
Images of the DVK computers
Archive software and documentation for Soviet computers UK-NC, DVK and BK0010.

Microcomputers
Ministry of the Electronics Industry (Soviet Union) computers
PDP-11
Computer-related introductions in 1983
DIDO (nuclear reactor). DIDO was a materials testing nuclear reactor at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom. It used enriched uranium metal fuel, and heavy water as both neutron moderator and primary coolant. There was also a graphite neutron reflector surrounding the core. In the design phase, DIDO was known as AE334 after its engineering design number.

DIDO was designed to have a high neutron flux, largely to reduce the time required for testing of materials intended for use in nuclear power reactors. This also allowed for the production of intense beams of neutrons for use in neutron diffraction.

DIDO was shut down in 1990 and is under planning for decommissioning.

In all, six DIDO class reactors were constructed based on this design:

DIDO, first criticality 1956.
PLUTO, also at Harwell, first criticality 1957.
HIFAR (Australia), first criticality January 1958.
Dounreay Materials Testing Reactor (DMTR) at Dounreay Nuclear Power Development Establishment in Scotland, first criticality May 1958.
DR-3 at Risø National Laboratory (Denmark), first criticality January 1960.
FRJ-II at Jülich Research Centre (Germany), first criticality 1962.

HIFAR was the last to shut down, in 2007.

See also
List of nuclear reactors

References

Buildings and structures in Oxfordshire
Former nuclear research institutes
Neutron facilities
Nuclear research institutes in the United Kingdom
Nuclear research reactors
Science and technology in the United Kingdom
Vale of White Horse