omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
MNOS (operating system). MNOS (MobilNaya Operatsionnaya Sistema, МобильНая Операционная Система (МНОС), or Portable Operating System) is a Unix-like operating system developed in the Soviet Union.

Overview
The system is derived from Version 6 Unix and then modified to incorporate features of Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix. From 1983 until 1986, it enjoyed popularity in the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries, due to its small size and faster performance than that of other Version 7 Unix (and later BSD Unix-based) alternatives.

Its development began in the IPK Minavtoproma in Moscow in 1981, and continued in cooperation with other institutes, including Kurchatov Institute. MNOS and its alternative, DEMOS version 1.x, were gradually merged from 1986 until 1990 resulting in the joint OS, DEMOS version 2.x. MNOS became the first fully bilingual version of Unix, and uses a proprietary 8-bit Cyrillic script character set, U-code, which was dropped in favor of KOI-8 in the process of merging with DEMOS.

The origin of the version qualifier RL is Rabochaya Loshadka (The working horsy)

See also
DEMOS
MOS (operating system)

References 

Computing in the Soviet Union
Soviet inventions
Unix variants
Discontinued operating systems
PZL S-4 Kania 2. The PZL S-4 Kania 2 was a Polish trainer and glider towing aircraft of the 1950s, not built in series. The first prototype was designated S-3 Kania. There is also a helicopter named PZL Kania.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed by Eugeniusz Stankiewicz in 1950, its primary purpose was towing gliders. The first prototype was named S-3 Kania (kite (bird), S for Stankiewicz, it probably had no PZL prefix). It was built in the Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny (SZD, Glider Experimental Works) in Bielsko-Biała and first flew on 17 May 1951. It appeared quite successful, and was cheaper in production and service, than the CSS-13 (licensed Polikarpov Po-2), but was not produced, because the Aviation Institute (Instytut Lotnictwa, IL) found some lacks in calculations and too weak landing gear. The work ceased, while the prototype was abandoned to ruin.

In 1956, the design was taken over by WSK-Mielec factory (partly due to an interest of the press, combined with shortages of aircraft in aero clubs). It was developed and improved by Stankiewicz's team and on 2 September 1957, a new prototype, the PZL S-4 Kania-2, was flown. On 19 September 1958, another further improved prototype, the PZL S-4 Kania-3, flew, with enlarged tailfin. This underwent state trials in 1960 with good results. It offered good handling and was useful to training, glider towing, and basic aerobatics. It could tow 2 or 3 gliders at a time. The S-4 did not enter production, though, because due to a long development, the design had become dated. At that time, it was preferred to use metal aircraft in aeroclubs, and the PZL-104 Wilga was in development. The other thing was, production of the obsolete M-11 engine had ceased in Poland.

Work on the third S-4 prototype was suspended, but completed by the Aircraft Repair Works in Krosno in 1964.

Description
The S-4 was a high-wing monoplane (parasol wing) of wooden construction, conventional in layout, with a semi-monocoque fuselage and fixed tail-wheel landing gear. The crew of two, sat in tandem open cockpits with windshields.

Operational history
The first S-4 Kania-2 prototype (registration SP-PAA) was shown on World Gliding Championship at Leszno in 1958, towing several gliders. Along with the second S-4 prototype (registration SP-PBB), the first S-4 was used by the aero club in Mielec, whilst the third S-4 prototype was used at Krosno (registration SP-PBE).

Operators

Aeroklub Polski operated two S-4 prototypes in Mielec and the third S-4 prototype in Krosno.
Polish Air Force one aircraft only.

Surviving aircraft
The second prototype S-4 Kania-3 (SP-PBB) is preserved in the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków, from 1971.

Specifications (S-4)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Photos at Ugolok Neba site

1950s Polish civil trainer aircraft
1950s Polish civil utility aircraft
S04
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1951
Griswold (automobile). The Griswold was an American automobile manufactured in Detroit, Michigan by the Griswold Motor Car Company in 1907. The Griswold was offered with three different chassis, with two-cylinder water-cooled engines rated at 10 hp, 15 hp, and 20 hp each. The track was an unusual  size.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Detroit
Cars introduced in 1907
Cars discontinued in 1907
Minerva Networks. Minerva Networks, Inc. is an American company based in Silicon Valley that develops video compression technology and broadcast systems used for delivery of video services over broadband IP networks, interactive television(iTV) services, and video conferencing. 

It was founded in 1992. Minerva also makes data compression hardware used to transmit video over IP networks. 

In 2006, Nortel Networks and Minerva announced that they would jointly develop an Application Interface (API) enabling the integration of real-time IPTV services with Minerva's iTVManager software, allowing it to interoperate with Nortel's IMS service delivery platform.

As of June 2008, Minerva Networks changed focus to developing  IPTV middleware and applications software with over 220 telco deployments worldwide.  In the same month, the company also announced ten significant new IPTV installations, including Mt. Horeb Telephone in Wisconsin, Tullahoma Utilities in Tennessee, and GTA TeleGuam in Guam.

References

Companies established in 1992
Companies based in Santa Clara, California
Networking software companies
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Software companies of the United States
Holmatro. Holmatro is an international company producing hydraulic equipment and systems for industrial applications and emergency services using hydraulic rescue tools. Headquartered in the Netherlands, it was founded in 1967 to supply hydraulic equipment to the shipbuilding industry. Holmatro has branches in the  US and China, as well as a worldwide dealer network. Its American branch, Holmatro USA, began in 1984 as a one-man sales office, followed in 1988 by a manufacturing and distribution facility near Baltimore/Washington International Airport in Glen Burnie, Maryland. At the time, the privately-owned company had $15-20 million in worldwide sales and 100 employees.

Between 1996 and 2018, the company had a sponsorship arrangement with the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and IndyCar. The Holmatro Safety Team performed extrication using their rescue tools and included emergency medical treatment personnel for American open-wheel car racing events nationwide. The Team, acclaimed for its extrication expertise, travels around the US for every IndyCar race and has demonstrated the techniques used at car racing trade shows. IndyCar racer James Hinchcliffe praised the Holmatro Safety Team for saving his life when he was impaled by his car and severely injured in a horrific crash on May 18, 2015, during an Indianapolis 500 practice run. In the aftermath of the Hinchcliffe crash, IndyCar Track Safety personnel consulted with Holmatro for improved methods to cut through Zylon panels that had made the extrication more difficult, compared to ordinary steel or aluminum car bodies. Since 2018, the IndyCar Safety Team has been sponsored by AMR, although Holmatro continues to provide the Team's rescue tools. 

Holmatro's hydraulically-powered spreaders and cutters are used by fire rescue services to extricate accident victims quickly from mangled vehicles. Although sometimes colloquially called "jaws of life", that term is a registered trademark of Hurst, a North Carolina–based competitor making similar devices. Automotive manufacturers provide information about the design of their products and materials used to the rescue tool makers. Holmatro, for example, provides a book to fire departments depicting the location of air bag and seat belt tensioners, which can otherwise hamper extrication efforts. The company's representatives conduct demonstrations of their extrication tools for fire departments, using wrecked automobiles provided by insurance companies.

References

External links

 Holmatro Global
 Holmatro UK

Manufacturing companies of the Netherlands
Emergency services equipment makers
Auster D.4. The Auster D.4 was a two-seat British light aircraft, a development of the Auster Arrow with a horizontally opposed Lycoming engine, which originated from a Portuguese Air Force requirement for a liaison/training aircraft. Six were built by Auster Aircraft at their Rearsby, Leicestershire, factory, of which five went to Portugal, and nine more were built under licence in Portugal by the Oficinas Gerais de Material Aeronáutico OGMA from sets of components built by Auster and shipped from Rearsby. The original contract was for 25 sets of components but this was reduced in favour of the same number of additional Auster D5/160 sets.

Operational history
Most D4 aircraft were operated in Portugal by government sponsored groups. One example is still active (2018) owned by a UK-based private pilot owner.

Operators

Portuguese Air Force

Specifications

References

 
 

Single-engined tractor aircraft
1960s British civil utility aircraft
Auster aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1960
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Beagle Husky. The Beagle Husky (originally, the Auster D.5 and initially designated the Auster J/1Y) was a three-seat British light aircraft built in the 1960s which originated from a Portuguese Air Force requirement for a liaison/training aircraft, a development of the Auster Alpha. It first flew as an Auster design in January 1960, but that company was taken over by Beagle Aircraft in September that year. It was initially available with a 160 hp Lycoming O-320 engine as the Auster D5/160.

Twenty-two D5/160 were built for Portugal by Auster Aircraft at their Rearsby, Leicestershire, factory, in addition to a single D5/180 (the first such aircraft, with a 180 hp Lycoming O-360 engine). 141 sets of components for D5/160s were built by Auster and shipped to Portugal from Rearsby for assembly by the Oficinas Gerais de Material Aeronautico OGMA under licence, and 5 modification kits to bring a D5/160 to D5/180 standard were also sent. The exact number of aircraft completed by OGMA is a point of contention but it is probable that 138 D.5 aircraft were completed with one kit becoming a test airframe and two kits remaining as a source of spares. The Portuguese Air Museum preserves two; one in flying condition.

A further three Auster D5/160 were sold to the Congo. Subsequently, Beagle developed the D5/160 as the "Beagle D5/180 Husky" with a 180 hp Lycoming O-360 engine, the first being G-ASBV first flown in 1962. Only 15 Huskys were made before production was discontinued in 1967. Since each aircraft was made to order to each customer's specification and there was no standard design of a Beagle Husky, production was accordingly uneconomic. It was estimated that the cost of each Husky was £6,045, which was £1,747 more than the UK market price.

The last Husky, OE-DEW (c/n 3691), was the last of approximately 3868 aeroplanes in the Auster line to be produced by Auster/Beagle; this aircraft is now back in the UK, registered G-AXBF and is still airworthy (2018). Later a few more airframes of a variety of Auster models were completed from spare fuselages or converted privately.

The designation "A.113" was only a design number and was not used in promotional material or in aircraft registrations with the Civil Aviation Authority where the term 'D5/180' was preferred. Additionally, the name Husky was only given to this version and not to the D5/160.

Operators

Burma Air Force

Portuguese Air Force

Royal Thai Police
Thai Border Patrol Police - One aircraft only.

Royal Air Force – One Beagle Husky (XW635) was won by Sir Billy Butlin in a raffle and presented to the RAF's Air Training Corps in 1969.  It flew with No. 5 Air Experience Flight, flying air cadets from Cambridge Airport until it was retired in 1989 and sold to a civilian user.

Specifications (D.5/160)

See also

References

Bibliography

  

 

Husky
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1960s British civil utility aircraft
Auster aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Glider tugs
Aircraft first flown in 1960
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Auster D.6. The Auster D.6 was a four-seat British light aircraft, a development of the Auster Autocar with a horizontally opposed engine. It was available with a choice of two engines, a 160 hp Lycoming O-320 or 180 hp Lycoming O-360. When Auster was taken over by Beagle Aircraft in September 1960, development of the D.6 was dropped, while the D.4 and D.5 continued in limited production. Only four D.6 aircraft were completed, one D.6/160 (later converted to D.6/180 standard) and three as D.6/180. A fifth airframe was never completed and was later stored at Carr Farm, Newark (2003).

Specifications (D.6/180)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 

Single-engined tractor aircraft
1960s British civil utility aircraft
Auster aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1960
LOCOS. LOCOS, short for LOCal Oxidation of Silicon, is a microfabrication process where silicon dioxide is formed in selected areas on a silicon wafer having the Si-SiO2 interface at a lower point than the rest of the silicon surface. As of 2008 it was largely superseded by shallow trench isolation.

This technology was developed to insulate MOS transistors from each other and limit transistor cross-talk. The main goal is to create a silicon oxide insulating structure that penetrates under the surface of the wafer, so that the Si-SiO2 interface occurs at a lower point than the rest of the silicon surface. This cannot be easily achieved by etching field oxide. Thermal oxidation of selected regions surrounding transistors is used instead. The oxygen penetrates in depth of the wafer, reacts with silicon and transforms it into silicon oxide. In this way, an immersed structure is formed. For process design and analysis purposes, the oxidation of silicon surfaces can be modeled effectively using the Deal–Grove model.

References

See also
 Shallow trench isolation

microtechnology
semiconductor technology
Clay modeling. Clay modeling (or clay model making) for automobile prototypes was first introduced in the 1930s by automobile designer Harley Earl, head of the General Motors styling studio (known initially as the Art and Color Section, and later as the Design and Styling Department).

Industrial plasticine, or "clay", which is used for this purpose, is a malleable material that can be easily shaped, thus enabling designers to create models to visualize a product. Clay modeling was soon adopted throughout the industry and remains in use today.

References

External links
 General Motors – Car Design History

1930s introductions
Vehicle design
Modelling clay
Manufacturing Technologies Association. The Manufacturing Technologies Association (MTA) is a UK trade association representing the manufacturing technologies industry. The MTA sits at the core of the engineering based manufacturing sector and as an association works to ensure member companies are as commercially successful as possible.

The association's key activities include:
- Representing engineering based manufacturing and supporting the advanced engineering sector through lobbying, media contact and networking.
- Providing relevant and specific industry intelligence 
- Encouraging talent through funding and support for workplace training and education initiatives in schools, colleges and universities.
- Delivering the UK's only major exhibition focused on manufacturing technologies – MACH (owned and organised by the MTA)

Membership of the MTA is open to companies involved with the manufacturing technologies sector and end users of such technology.

Function
The MTA represents UK companies, their associates and affiliates who drive UK manufacturing technology, innovation and quality.

The website contains a member & product directory by geographic position. It also provides information and statistics on the economic health of the British manufacturing markets.

MTA is the owner and organiser of the UK's premier manufacturing event - the MACH exhibition, a week-long event held biennially in April at the NEC.

The types of manufacturing technologies covered by the organisation, and the exhibition, include:
 Metalcutting
 Metalforming
 Automation and robotics
 CAD/CAM
 Engineering lasers
 Measurement and inspection
 Tooling and workholding
 Welding and metal fabrication
 Rapid manufacturing and rapid prototyping

History
The original Machine Tools Trades Association (MTTA) was formed in 1919, becoming the Machine Tools Technologies Association. Since its formation the association has evolved into a trade body with a global support network, promoting internationally competitive trade in manufacturing technologies.

Structure
The MTA is based in London, with close contact with the British Government through the Department of Business Innovation and Skills (BIS) (United Kingdom), CBI and UK Trade & Investment.

The association's offices are located on Bayswater Road (A402) next to Lancaster Gate tube station.

The association also provides a secretariat service to the Federation of British Hand Tool Manufacturers (FBHTM), and the MTA Tooling Group, formerly the British Hard Metal and Engineers' Cutting Tools Association (BHECTA).

See also
 Manufacturing in the United Kingdom
 EMO (European trade show)
 MACH Exhibition (UK trade show)

References

Trade associations based in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1919
Tool manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the City of Westminster
Electronics industry in London
Technology trade associations
Rowland Brotherhood. Rowland Brotherhood (or sometimes Roland Brotherhood) was a British engineer.  He was born in Middlesex in 1812 and died in Bristol in 1883.

Career
From 1835, he took on a number of contracts for building parts of the Great Western Railway (GWR).  By 1838, he was resident in Reading, Berkshire, and continued to do contract work for the GWR.

In 1841, he moved to Chippenham, Wiltshire, where he bought Orwell House on New Road, and took over a blacksmith's business. Soon after, he began production of railway fittings and developed an ironworks on land north of Chippenham station. The business expanded in the 1850s and 1860s, with more land purchased to the north and east. Contract work for the GWR continued until 1861 when there was a dispute with that company; from 1861 to 1869 Brotherhood built components for railways and bridges across the British Empire, together with wagons and a small number of locomotives.

Activity at the Chippenham Works declined in the mid-1860s, and in 1869 it closed with extensive financial losses incurred by Brotherhood. The Works remained empty until the 1890s when the site was bought by Saxby and Farmer, railway signalling manufacturers, later becoming the Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company.

Brotherhood left Chippenham in 1868 and was appointed general manager of the Bute Ironworks in Cardiff.  In 1874 he moved to Bristol and in 1875 he took a contract to build a goods shed for the GWR. From 1877 to 1879 Brotherhood assisted his son, also called Rowland, in sinking shafts for the Severn Tunnel.

Rowland Brotherhood (senior) died at his home in Bristol on 4 March 1883, and is buried there in Arnos Vale Cemetery.

Personal life 
He married Priscilla Penton in 1835 and they had 14 children. One son, also Rowland, played cricket for Gloucestershire.

See also
 Peter Brotherhood – engineering firm owned by his son and descendants

Sources

1812 births
1883 deaths
19th-century British engineers
English engineers
People from Middlesex (before 1889)
Burials at Arnos Vale Cemetery
Aardvark JSFU. The Aardvark AMCS Mk4 is a British-made mine flail vehicle built by Aardvark Clear Mine Ltd of Dumfries, Scotland.

The AMCS flail system was developed in Aberdeenshire by David Macwatt of Elgin, Scotland and George Sellar & Son of Huntly (system designers were James (Barney) Hepburn, Pat McRobbie and Alistair Birnie) with the cooperation of Ford Motor Co, Basildon. George Sellar & Son owned a number of patents concerning the rotor and chain design and electronic depth contouring system and manufactured the flail assembly. The armoured vehicle was manufactured by Glover & Webb of Southampton until their acquisition by GKN who continued to armour vehicles for a period before Penman Engineering were given the contract.

Aardvark Clear Mine Ltd was acquired in 2016 from Penman Engineering Ltd of Dumfries, and is now owned by its shareholders.

Aardvark's global business is managed from the UK with operational and training facilities in Dumfries in the Scottish Borders and Insch in Aberdeenshire. The company also has offices in Washington, D.C. and in Riyadh in Saudi Arabia.

Aardvark clearance machines have been used by the military, the UN, NGOs, and other charitable organisations for humanitarian mine clearance operations in Europe, Africa and in the Middle and Far East. Aardvarks have also been chosen by the British and American forces for landmine clearance in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Design
The vehicle consists of an armoured cab with a front-mounted flail system. The system has 72 chains with 66 striker tips.

 Armour: 56 mm armoured glass windows, double-skin cab floor
 Crew: two - one operator, one crew member
 Powertrain: 160 hp six-cylinder turbo charged New Holland diesel engine
 Transmission: four-speed synchromesh; four gears, 16-speed
 Flail system: 72 chains, 66 tips

Users

Users of the AardvarkJSFU system:
  - (Azerbaijan Army)
  - (Pakistan Army)
  - (Canadian Army) - deployed in Afghanistan
  - (French Army)
  - (Botswana Ground Force)
  - (Indonesian Army)
  - (Irish Army)
  - (Royal Jordanian Land Force)
  - (Latvian Special Forces)
  - (Royal Netherlands Army)
  - (Royal Saudi Land Force)
  - (Singapore Army)
  - (Republic of Korea Army)
  Syrian opposition
  - (United States Army)
  - (British Army)

See also
 Mine plow
 Mine roller
 Sisu RA-140 DS

References

External links

Military engineering vehicles of the United Kingdom
Mine warfare countermeasures