omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Axiomatic design. Axiomatic design is a systems design methodology using matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of customer needs into functional requirements, design parameters, and process variables.  Specifically, a set of functional requirements(FRs) are related to a set of design parameters (DPs) by a Design Matrix A:

The method gets its name from its use of design principles or design Axioms (i.e., given without proof) governing the analysis and decision making process in developing high quality product or system designs.  The two axioms used in Axiomatic Design (AD) are:

 Axiom 1: The Independence Axiom.  Maintain the independence of the functional requirements (FRs).
 Axiom 2: The Information Axiom.  Minimize the information content of the design.

Axiomatic design is considered to be a design method that addresses fundamental issues in Taguchi methods.

Coupling is the term Axiomatic Design uses to describe a lack of independence between the FRs of the system as determined by the DPs.   I.e., if varying one DP has a resulting significant impact on two separate FRs, it is said the FRs are coupled.  Axiomatic Design introduces matrix analysis of the Design Matrix to both assess and mitigate the effects of coupling.

Axiom 2, the Information Axiom, provides a metric of the probability that a specific DP will deliver the functional performance required to satisfy the FR.  The metric is normalized to be summed up for the entire system being modeled. Systems with less functional performance risk (minimal information content) are preferred over alternative systems with higher information content.

The methodology was developed by Dr. Suh Nam Pyo at MIT, Department of Mechanical Engineering since the 1990s. A series of academic conferences have been held to present current developments of the methodology.

See also
 Design structure matrix (DSM)
 New product development (NPD)
 Design for Six Sigma
 Six Sigma
 Taguchi methods
 Axiomatic product development lifecycle (APDL)
 C-K theory

References

External links
A discussion of the methodology is given here: 
 Axiomatic Design for Complex Systems is a professional short course offered at MIT
 Axiomatic Design Technology described by Axiomatic Design Solutions, Inc.
Axiomatic Design Conferences:

Past proceedings of International Conferences on Axiomatic Design can be downloaded here:

 ICAD2016
 ICAD2015
 ICAD2014
 ICAD2013
 ICAD2011
 ICAD2009
 ICAD2006 
 ICAD2004
 ICAD2002 
 ICAD2000 

Engineering concepts
Industrial engineering
Quality management
Systems engineering
Shock cooling. Shock cooling refers to the theory that damage to engines (particularly air-cooled aviation piston engines) may occur because of an excessively rapid decrease in temperature.

The situation where rapid cooling arises is on descent from altitude. In this condition, less power is demanded of the engine (it is throttled back) so it is developing much less heat. In a descent, the plane's airspeed increases, simultaneously increasing the cooling rate of the engine. As metals expand and contract under temperature changes, dimensional changes in the engine may exceed tolerance limits.

Manifestation
Damage from shock cooling is most commonly believed to manifest itself as stuck valves, excessively worn or cracked pistons and cracked cylinders and cylinder heads.

Analysis
While the subject is very controversial, some believe shock cooling, as commonly explained, is nothing but a myth. This position is supported by the fact twin engine planes commonly experience ideal conditions for shock cooling during simulated, single engine failures, yet statistically show no difference in wear or damage probability distribution between engines. Doubts have been raised regarding the plausibility of achieving the temperature reduction in cylinder heads during flight that is purported to cause damage in most engines. Equally, it has been pointed out the rate cylinder head temperatures drop off after a normal engine shutdown is often much faster than the usual rates deemed to present a shock cooling risk. Complicating the analysis, high operating temperatures in of themselves, can contribute to excessive component wear and damage, which is typically associated with "shock cooling".

Detection and prevention

A single cylinder head temperature (CHT) sensor, or in more sophisticated installations, an array of sensors, one for each cylinder, may be employed to monitor the temperature and cooling rate of the engine. Spoilers on the wings may also be deployed to lose lift without having to reduce engine power substantially, slowing the rate of engine cooling.

Notes and references

Aircraft engines
List of pioneers in computer science. This is a list of people who made transformative breakthroughs in the creation, development and imagining of what computers could do.

Pioneers 

~ Items marked with a tilde are circa dates.

See also

 Computer Pioneer Award
 IEEE John von Neumann Medal
 Grace Murray Hopper Award
 History of computing
 History of computing hardware
 History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
History of software
 List of computer science awards
 List of computer scientists
 List of Internet pioneers
 List of people considered father or mother of a field § Computing
 The Man Who Invented the Computer (2010 book)
 List of Russian IT developers
 List of Women in Technology International Hall of Fame inductees
 Timeline of computing
 Turing Award
 Women in computing

References

Sources

External links
 Internet pioneers

Pioneers
Computer, List
Impact ionization. Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge carrier can lose energy by the creation of other charge carriers. For example, in semiconductors, an electron (or hole) with enough kinetic energy can knock a bound electron out of its bound state (in the valence band) and promote it to a state in the conduction band, creating an electron-hole pair. For carriers to have sufficient kinetic energy a sufficiently large electric field must be applied, in essence requiring a sufficiently large voltage but not necessarily a large current.

If this occurs in a region of high electrical field then it can result in avalanche breakdown.  This process is exploited in avalanche diodes, by which a small optical signal is amplified before entering an external electronic circuit. In an avalanche photodiode the original charge carrier is created by the absorption of a photon.

The impact ionization process is used in modern cosmic dust detectors like the Galileo Dust Detector and dust analyzers Cassini CDA, Stardust CIDA and the Surface Dust Analyser for the identification of dust impacts and the compositional analysis of cosmic dust particles. 

In some sense, impact ionization is the reverse process to Auger recombination.

Avalanche photodiodes (APD) are used in optical receivers before the signal is given to the receiver circuitry the photon is multiplied with the photocurrent and this increases the sensitivity of the receiver since photocurrent is multiplied before encountering of the thermal noise associated with the receiver circuit.

See also
Multiphoton ionization
Avalanche breakdown
Avalanche diode
Avalanche photodiode

References

External links
Animation showing impact ionization in a semiconductor

Semiconductors
Ionization
C. Thomas Elliott. Charles Thomas Elliott (known as Tom Elliott),  (born 16 January 1939), is a scientist in the fields of narrow gap semiconductor and infrared detector research.

Early life
Hailing from County Durham, he attended Washington Grammar Technical School.  After gaining his Ph.D. he worked at the University of Manchester

Career
He joined RRE in Malvern, Worcestershire in the late 1960s. In the 1970s he invented the SPRITE detector (Signal PRocessing In The Element) which was also known as the TED (Tom Elliott's Detector). This was a photoconductor device in which the infrared scene was scanned across the detector (made from HgCdTe) at the same rate as the carriers drifted under an applied controlled constant bias current. This device became part of TICM - the standard UK thermal imaging common module used since the 1980s by UK armed forces. Tom Elliott received a Rank Prize in 1982 for this work and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1988. He was appointed CBE in the 1994 Birthday Honours.

He won the Clifford Paterson Medal and Prize in 1997.

Tom Elliott also contributed to the development of the semiconductor indium antimonide (InSb) as an infrared detector, magnetic sensor and fast, low voltage transistor material. He was involved in the exploitation of negative luminescence in diode structures.

He retired from the successor to RRE, DERA in 1999 and is an honorary professor at Heriot-Watt University.

Personal life
A conference centre at DERA Malvern (by 2007 QinetiQ) was named 'The Tom Elliott Centre' in his honour when opened by the Princess Royal in 2007. He lives in Malvern.

Bibliography
 Infrared Detectors and Emitters: Materials and Devices, edited by Peter Capper and C T Elliott,  Springer (2000)  
 An infrared detector with integrated signal processing, C. T. Elliott, Electron Devices Meeting, 1982 International, Vol. 28 Page(s): 132 - 135 (1982) 
 Uncooled InSb/In1–xAlxSb mid-infrared emitter, T. Ashley, C. T. Elliott, N. T. Gordon, R. S. Hall, A. D. Johnson, and G. J. Pryce, Applied Physics Letters Vol. 64, Iss. 18, pp. 2433-2435 (1994) 
 Negative luminescence and its applications, C. T. Elliott, Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 359, Number 1780 pp. 567 - 579 (2001)

See also
 SPRITE infrared detector
 Negative luminescence

References

External links
 QinetiQ conference centre opening 2007

1939 births
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Elliot, C. T.
English physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
People associated with Malvern, Worcestershire
Scientists from County Durham
Semiconductor physicists
Living people
Society of Professional Engineering Employees in Aerospace. The Society of Professional Engineering Employees in Aerospace (SPEEA), IFPTE Local 2001 is a professional labor union representing more than 24,000 engineers, technical workers and other professionals in the aerospace industry. SPEEA represents employees at The Boeing Company, Spirit AeroSystems, BAE Systems and Triumph Composite Systems. Members work in Washington, Kansas, Oregon, Utah, Texas, California, and Florida.

SPEEA is governed by an elected Executive Board and Council, but daily operations are handled by a professional staff and Executive Director. Union headquarters are in Seattle, with branch offices and union halls in Everett, Washington and Wichita, Kansas.

History 
According to Richard Henning, SPEEA's co-founder and engineer, SPEEA's earliest beginnings were meetings at the Seattle YMCA in 1945 to frame its first constitution.  

SPEEA was formed in 1946 by a group of Boeing engineers in Seattle, Washington and is an affiliated local union of the International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers (IFPTE). On behalf of its members, SPEEA negotiates contracts with employers; it also provides assistance with resolving workplace and benefit issues. SPEEA originally stood for Seattle Professional Engineering Employees Association.

In an interview in February 2015, the centenarian co-founder Richard Henning, who retired in 1979 as a Boeing Executive remarked,

“It’s a smart idea to have an organization speak for an individual instead of one on one. In the old days, if you sat down to negotiate with the chief of engineering it was pretty difficult to express ideas. Whereas in a union, there was discussion to bring out points and that happened on a daily basis.”

References

External links

Society of Professional Engineering Employees in Aerospace website

Aerospace engineering organizations
Engineering societies based in the United States
Trade unions in the United States
Organizations based in Seattle
.
.
Trade unions established in 1946
1946 establishments in the United States
American engineers
Land-attack missile. A land-attack missile (LAM) is a naval  surface-to-surface missile that is capable of effectively attacking targets ashore, unlike specialized anti-ship missiles, which are optimized for striking other ships. Some dual-role missiles are suitable for both missions.

Like long-range anti-ship missiles, land-attack missiles are usually turbojet or turbofan powered cruise missiles. To prevent early detection and counter-measures, they usually fly near the ground at very low altitude, employing terrain-following techniques, either with terrain-following radar or with precise navigation system, like GPS, combined with a stored map of obstacles and ground elevation data (TERCOM).

Land-attack missiles are usually programmed before launch to follow a set of way-points up to the target. Terminal guidance can be done with active radar homing, passive radar or electronic warfare support measures, infrared homing or optical guidance, or the (fixed) target was predesignated with as final way-point.

Some missiles allow mid-course updates after launch and some may even send information back to the launch platform or other units.

List of missiles

References

Naval weapons
Data island. A data island is a data store, such as on a PDA or other computing device, that has non-existent or limited external connectivity. This limits the ability of the user to synchronize with or copy the data to other devices.  Though new data can be added to the system, the ability to move that data elsewhere is impractical or impossible. Data islands, in general, contain a very huge set of data relative to its small physical space that it occupies.

The connectivity here does not necessarily imply a hardware interface.  For example, it may be a result of poorly written system interface software.

A data island is a subset of entities that are connected to each other via relationships, but that are independent of other entities within the same data store.

References 

Data synchronization
5400. 5400 or variation, may refer to:

In general
 A.D. 5400, a year in the 6th millennium CE
 5400 BC, a year in the 6th millennium BCE
 5400, a number in the 5000 (number) range

Electronics and computing
 Texas Instruments 5400 series ICs, a variant of the 7400-series integrated circuits
 Intel Pro 5400s SSD
 Intel 5400 chipset
 Power Macintosh 5400 personal computer

Other uses
 5400 (1989 CM), an asteroid in the Asteroid Belt, the 5400th asteroid registered; see List_of_minor_planets:_5001–6000
 5400 (District of Skrapar), one of the postal codes in Albania
 BS 5400 (British Standard 5400) in bridge construction
 GWR 5400 Class, pannier steam locomotive train class
 Red Flag 5400-class locomotive

See also
Chrysler Airflite. The Chrysler Airflite was a concept car created by the American car manufacturer Chrysler.  It was first introduced at the 2003 Geneva Auto Show. The Airflite's looks were a combination of a sporty design, stylish looks, and some of the design cues from another one of Chrysler's cars, the Crossfire.


Design

The Chrysler Airflite was based on a shortened version of Chrysler's LX platform, which was used on the Chrysler 300. The Airflite was powered by a 90° V6 engine. The rest of the Airflite's engine power and torque is still unknown to the public.

The major styling approach of the Airflite that typically seen on a sporty two-door coupé model; however, it had the practicality and function of a four-door sedan.

The Airflite blended the design of the Chrysler Crossfire and Pacifica in its exterior design. Most of the looks of the Airflite (mainly the front and rear) were based on the Crossfire. The seven-spoke road wheel design was based on the Crossfire, as was the satin trimmed windshield.

The interior of the Airflite was very spacious and upscale. A dominant center spine connected the interior from the dashboard all the way to the back. The floor was stepped up behind the rear seats to create a raised cargo area.

Major styling cues from the Airflite eventually made it into the 2007 Chrysler Sebring sedan.

Original Airflyte
Airflite is a variation of Airflyte, which described the functional styling and monocoque construction of a car made by Nash Motors (a company that merged with Hudson Motors to form American Motors (AMC), which was acquired by Chrysler in 1987). The Nash "Airflyte" was introduced in 1949, featuring a roomy interior and an advanced design. Unusual for the time, its aerodynamic shape was developed in a wind tunnel to reduce the car's drag coefficient, which resulted in the new Nash Airflyte having a smooth, wide, and low body.

See also
Chrysler Crossfire
Chrysler Pacifica

References
Automotive Intelligence: Chrysler Airflite 
Car Design News "Chrysler Airflite concept to debut at the Geneva Motor Show", Retrieved on: July 20, 2007.

Airflite
Tim McKnight. Timothy Eric McKnight is an American biologist. He has been a key developer of a cell transfecting method using vertically aligned carbon nanofibers.  Arrays of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers are modified with DNA and pressed into cells and tissue.  Surviving cells can express DNA that is delivered during the penetration event, even when the DNA is covalently bound to the penetrant nanofiber element.  This gene delivery technique has been termed Impalefection.

Selected publications

21st-century American biologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mechanical engineering technology. Mechanical engineering technology is the application of engineering principles and technological developments for the creation of useful products and production machinery.

Technologists
Mechanical engineering technologists are expected to apply current technologies and principles from machine and product design, production and material and manufacturing processes.

Expandable specialties may include aerospace, automotive, energy, nuclear, petroleum, manufacturing, product development, and industrial design.

Mechanical engineering technologists can have many different titles, including in the United States: 
 Mechanical Engineering Technologist
 Mechanical Engineer 
 Product Engineering Technologist
 Mechanical Designer
 Product Development Engineering Technologist
 Manufacturing Engineering Technologist

Training
Mechanical Engineering Technology coursework is less theoretical, and more application based than a mechanical engineering degree.  This is evident through the additional laboratory coursework required for a degree.  The ability to apply concepts from the chemical engineering and electrical engineering fields is important.

Some university Mechanical Engineering Technology degree programs require mathematics through differential equations and statistics.  Most courses involve algebra and calculus.

Oftentimes, a MET graduate could get hired as an engineer; job titles may include Mechanical Engineer and Manufacturing Engineer. 
In the U.S. it is possible to get an associates or bachelor's degree.  Individuals with a bachelor's degree in engineering technology may continue on to complete the E.I.T. (Engineer in Training) examination to eventually become Professional Engineers if the program is ABET accredited.

Applications
Software tools such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are often used to analyze parts and assemblies. 3D models can be made to represent parts and assemblies with computer-aided design (CAD) software.

Through the application of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), models may also be used directly by software to create "instructions" for the manufacture of objects represented by the models, through computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining or other automated processes.

See also

References

External links
 

technology
Industrial design
Mechanical designers
ETRAX CRIS. The ETRAX CRIS is a RISC ISA and series of CPUs designed and manufactured by Axis Communications for use in embedded systems since 1993. The name is an acronym of the chip's features: Ethernet, Token Ring, AXis - Code Reduced Instruction Set. Token Ring support has been taken out from the latest chips as it has become obsolete.

Types of chips
The CGA-1 (Coax Gate Array) was the first microprocessor developed by Axis Communications. It contains IBM 3270 (coax) and IBM 5250 (Twinax) communications. The chip has a microcontroller and various I/O's such as serial and parallel. The CGA-1 chip was designed by Martin Gren and Staffan Göransson.

ETRAX 

 In 1993, Axis developed the ETRAX-1 Ethernet Controller, which has 10 Mbit/s Ethernet and Token Ring controllers. 

 In 1995, Axis introduced the ETRAX-4 SoC which contains a Ethernet Controller, CPU, Memory Interface, SCSI controller, and parallel and serial I/O. 

 In 1997, Axis introduced the ETRAX 100 SoC which features a 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet Controller, ATA controller, and Wide SCSI controller. The chip introduced on-chip unified instruction and data cache along with direct memory access.

ETRAX 100LX 

In 2000, Axis Introduced the ETRAX 100LX SoC which features a MMU, USB controller, and SDRAM interface. The CPU is capable of 100 MIPS. The chip is able to run the Linux kernel without modifications except for low-level support. The chip's maximum TDP is 0.35 Watts. As of Linux kernel 4.17, the architecture has been dropped due to being obsolete. 

Specifications:
 32-bit RISC CPU core
 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet controller
 4 asynchronous serial ports
 2 synchronous serial ports
 2 USB ports
 2 Parallel ports
 4 ATA (IDE) ports
 2 Narrow SCSI ports (or 1 Wide)
 Support for SDRAM, Flash, EEPROM, SRAM

ETRAX 100LX MCM
The ETRAX 100LX MCM is based on the ETRAX 100 LX. The chip has internal flash memory, SDRAM, and an Ethernet PHYceiver. The Chip can come with 2 MB flash and 8 MB SDRAM or 4 MB flash and 16 MB SDRAM.

ETRAX FS 
Introduced in 2005 with full Linux 2.6 support, the chip features:

 A 200 MIPS 32-bit RISC CRIS CPU core with 16 kB instruction and data cache
 128 kB on-chip RAM
 Two 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet controllers
 Crypto accelerator supporting AES, DES, Triple DES, SHA-1, and MD5
 I/O processor supporting PC-Card, PCI, USB, SCSI and ATA

ARTPEC

References

External links 
 Home page
 Developers wiki

Embedded microprocessors
Grasshopper cannon. Grasshopper was the nickname for a cannon used by the British in the late 18th century as a light battalion gun to support infantry. It was designed for service in rough terrain such as the frontiers of British North America.

Its barrel was made of bronze instead of iron. Bronze is less brittle than cast iron, and so the barrel could be made thinner and lighter than that of an iron gun. If a bronze gun developed a defect it would rupture; an iron gun with a flaw would shatter, at great cost to its own crew. It fired a  ball (or same weight of canister shot).

Using the conventional bracket or split trail, the gun could be moved by its own crew using drag ropes and wooden shafts much like a handcart. Two straight shafts were placed on each side of the cheek pieces facing forward, and two angled ones at the trail.  The appearance of the shafts when fixed in place led to the nickname of Grasshopper.

Famous battles with grasshopper cannon

Cowpens in the American Revolution
Guilford Courthouse in the American Revolution
Yorktown in the American Revolution
Craney Island in the War of 1812
Frenchtown in the War of 1812
Queenston Heights in the War of 1812

See also

American Revolution
Artillery
Leather cannon
War of 1812

Sources

http://johnsmilitaryhistory.com/threepdr.html

Artillery of the United Kingdom
Field artillery
Infantry guns