omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gibbs state. In probability theory and statistical mechanics, a Gibbs state is an equilibrium probability distribution which remains invariant under future evolution of the system.  For example, a stationary or steady-state distribution of a Markov chain, such as that achieved by running a Markov chain Monte Carlo iteration for a sufficiently long time, is a Gibbs state.

Precisely, suppose  is a generator of evolutions for an initial state , so that the state at any later time is given by .  Then the condition for  to be a Gibbs state is

 .

In physics there may be several physically distinct Gibbs states in which a system may be trapped, particularly at lower temperatures. 

They are named after Josiah Willard Gibbs, for his work in determining equilibrium properties of statistical ensembles. Gibbs himself referred to this type of statistical ensemble as being in "statistical equilibrium".

See also 
 Gibbs algorithm
 Gibbs measure
 KMS state

References

Statistical mechanics
Stochastic processes
François-Joseph de Camus. François Joseph des Camus (14 September 1672 – 1732), a French mechanic, was born near Saint-Mihiel, France. After studying for the church, he devoted himself to mechanical inventions, a number of which he described in his Traité des forces mouvantes pour la pratique des arts et métiers, Paris, 1722.

He died in England in 1732.

References

18th-century French inventors
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1672 births
1732 deaths
Daniel Treadwell. Daniel Treadwell (October 10, 1791 – February 27, 1872) was an American inventor. Amongst his most important inventions are a hemp-spinning machine for the production of cordage, and a method of constructing cannon from wrought iron and steel.

Biography
Daniel Treadwell was born on October 10, 1791, in Ipswich, Massachusetts. His first invention, made at an early age, was a machine for making wooden screws.  In 1818 he devised a new form of printing press, and in 1819 went to England, where he conceived the idea of a power press. This was completed in a year after his return, and was the first press by which a sheet was printed on this continent by other than hand power. It was widely used, and in New York City large editions of the Bible were published by its means.

In 1822, in conjunction with Dr. John Ware, he founded the Boston Journal of Philosophy and the Arts. Treadwell was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1823. In 1825 he was employed by the city of Boston to make a survey for the introduction of water, and in 1826 he devised a system of turnouts for railway transportation on a single track.

He completed the first successful machine for spinning hemp for cordage in 1829. Works capable of spinning 1,000 tons a year were erected in Boston in 1831. Machines that he furnished in 1836 to the Charlestown Navy Yard made all the cordage for some time for the U. S. Navy. These machines were used in Canada, Ireland, and Russia.  One of them, called a circular hackle or lapper, was generally adopted wherever hemp was spun for coarse cloth.

From 1841-1845 he devised a method for making built-up guns which resembled the process that was subsequently introduced by Sir William Armstrong. He patented it in 1844 through an agent and received government contracts, but the great cost of his cannon prevented a demand for them. He later filed a case against Robert Parrott about the Parrott rifles, but lost it in 1866, with S.D.N.Y. court deciding that his claim was invalidated by a 1843 British patent to John Frith.

From 1834 to 1845, he occupied the chair of Rumford professor at Harvard University. Also, theology was one of his interests; he is fictionalized as the theologian of Tales of a Wayside Inn by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

Treadwell died in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Works
 A Short Account of an Improved Cannon, and of the Machinery and Processes employed in its Manufacture (Cambridge, 1845)
 The Relations of Science to the Useful Arts (Boston, 1855)
 On the Practicability of constructing a Cannon of Great Calibre (Cambridge, 1856)
 On the Construction of Hooped Cannon (a sequel to the foregoing; 1864)

Notes

References
 
 Biographical sketch by M. Wyman in Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, volume xi,  (Cambridge, 1888)  
 Samuel Longfellow, Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, (Boston, 1886)

Further reading
 

1791 births
1872 deaths
19th-century American inventors
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University faculty
People from Ipswich, Massachusetts
Gibbs algorithm. In statistical mechanics, the Gibbs algorithm, introduced by J. Willard Gibbs in 1902, is a criterion for choosing a probability distribution for the statistical ensemble of microstates of a thermodynamic system by minimizing the average log probability

subject to the probability distribution  satisfying a set of constraints (usually expectation values) corresponding to the known macroscopic quantities.  in 1948, Claude Shannon interpreted the negative of this quantity, which he called information entropy, as a measure of the uncertainty in a probability distribution. In 1957, E.T. Jaynes realized that this quantity could be interpreted as missing information about anything, and generalized the Gibbs algorithm to non-equilibrium systems with the principle of maximum entropy and maximum entropy thermodynamics.

Physicists call the result of applying the Gibbs algorithm the Gibbs distribution for the given constraints, most notably Gibbs's grand canonical ensemble for open systems when the average energy and the average number of particles are given. (See also partition function).

This general result of the Gibbs algorithm is then a maximum entropy probability distribution.  Statisticians identify such distributions as belonging to exponential families.

References

Statistical mechanics
Particle statistics
Entropy and information
Reshef Tenne. Reshef Tenne (; 1944) is an Israeli scientist.

Biography
Born in Kibbutz Usha, Tenne received his BSc in Chemistry and Physics from Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1969, where he also received his MSc (1971) and PhD (1976).

Academic and scientific career
He then spent three years at the Battelle Institute in Geneva, Switzerland, before joining the Weizmann Institute on 1979. He was promoted to full professor in 1995.

Tenne is the Drake Family Professor and Head of the Department of Materials and Interfaces at the Weizmann Institute of Science, and Director of the Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Nanoscale Sciences, director of the G.Schmidt Minerva Center for Supramolecular Architectures and holds the Drake Family Chair in Nanotechnology. Tenne recently joined the Advisory Board of the newly launched Veruscript Functional Nanomaterials.

In 1992, following the discovery of carbon nanotubes, he predicted that nanoparticles of inorganic compounds with layered structures, such as MoS2, would not be stable against folding and would also form non-carbon nanotubes and fullerene-like structures.

Awards and recognition
In 2005, Tenne received the Materials Research Society (MRS) Medal for his work on inorganic fullerenes.
In 2020, awarded the EMET Prize

References

External links
Reshef Tenne home page at the Weizmann Institute of Science.

1944 births
Living people
Israeli scientists
Israeli chemists
Israeli nanotechnologists
Academic staff of Weizmann Institute of Science
Material ropeway. A material ropeway, ropeway conveyor (or aerial tramway in the US) is a subtype of gondola lift, from which containers for goods rather than passenger cars are suspended.

Description
Material ropeways are typically found around large mining concerns, and can be of considerable length. The COMILOG Cableway, which ran from Moanda in Gabon to Mbinda in the Republic of the Congo, was over  in length. The Kristineberg-Boliden ropeway in Sweden had a length of .

Conveyors can be powered by a wide variety of forms of energy, such as electricity, engines, or gravity (particularly in mountainous mining concerns, or where running water is available). Gravity-driven conveyors may qualify as zip-lines, as no electricity is used to operate them, instead relying on the weight of carts going down providing propulsion for empty carts going up.

Double-rope (bi-cable) ropeways, have a stationary carrying rope and a separate hauling rope that controls their movement. Single-rope (mono-cable) ropeways use one carrying-hauling rope.

History
The first recorded mechanical ropeway was by Croatian Fausto Veranzio who designed a bicable passenger ropeway in 1616.
The world's first cable car on multiple supports was built by Adam Wybe in Gdańsk, Poland in 1644. It was powered by horses and used to move soil over the river to build defences.

In Eritrea, the Italians built the Asmara-Massawa Cableway in 1936, which was  long. The Manizales - Mariquita Cableway (1922) in Colombia was  long.

Amongst the first material ropeways in India was the Amarkantak Ropeway in Chaktipani, Korba, Chhattisgarh, which was  long with capacity of 150 TPH constructed by Damodar Ropeways & Infra Ltd. (DRIL) (formerly known as (Damodar Enterprises Ltd. (DEL). It was made for Bharat Aluminium Company (Balco) in collaboration with Nikex, Hungary.

In the United Kingdom, aerial ropeways used for conveying mining goods and materials were historically common; however, just one remains in existence and operation, in Claughton, Lancashire, constructed in 1924 and used for quarrying shale to make bricks. It is scheduled to be demolished in 2036, once the last of the shale has been quarried.

List

Closed ropeways

See also 
 Ropeway
 Zip-line

References

External links 
 La Teleferica Massaua-Asmara (pictures of Ethiopian ropeway) www.trainweb.org
 Conveyor & Ropeways Services Pvt. Ltd. www.crspl.com
 Low-tech Magazine: "Aerial ropeways: automatic cargo transport for a bargain"
Financial Express: "Tracing the course of infra technology Indian ropeways have been using since the 1970s"
 An Unedited, Rain-Soaked Ride on Claughton's Aerial Ropeway
Trenton-Bleichert System of Aerial Tramways
The Bleichert System of Wire Rope Tramways
Wire Rope Transportation in All Its Branches
Aerial Rope Transport by J. W. Mackie (1916)

Aerial tramways
Gondola lifts
Cable box (outside). A cable box is a metal enclosure (found in the vicinity of a house that has cable service) that connects a house or building to the cable provider. The box is usually located near the connection points for other service connections (electric or telephone). Other locations of the cable box include centralized locations (apartment buildings), lawns, or telephone poles. This feature serves as the demarcation point in which the provider's responsibility ends and the customer's responsibility (cabling and connections) begins.

Purpose
Cable boxes direct cable service to the cable wiring inside the house or building being serviced. To control which channels are available to the subscriber, service providers may place analog filters at the transmitting or receiving end, a method once popular in the '90s although now less common. Digital cable providers now use digital methods to control the availability of channels.

See also

Junction box
Digital television
Digital cable
Power box
Telecommunications pedestal

References

Box
Power box. A power box (USA) or feeder pillar (UK) is a cabinet for electrical equipment, mounted in the street and controlling the electrical supply to a number of houses in a neighborhood. A power box is simply a layman's term for a transformer, cutout enclosure, or other enclosure used in conjunction with underground electrical distribution. In the United States, they are often painted olive drab (an olive-like green color), gray or "sand", a light tan color.

See also
 Electric power distribution

External links

Electric power distribution
DSMC. DSMC is an abbreviation for any of the following:

 Daniel Stewart's And Melville College, a private school in Edinburgh, Scotland
 Defense Systems Management College, a military acquisition training institution - part of the Defense Acquisition University
 Direct simulation Monte Carlo
 Distributed Storage Manager Client, the host based client portion of IBM Tivoli Storage Manager
 Digital Still and Motion Camera, a camera system by Red Digital Cinema Camera Company
 Data and Safety Monitoring Committee, see Data monitoring committee
 D.S. Senanayake College Media circle, see List of clubs and associations in DSSC
 Department of Sacred Music and Communications, a music organization of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church in Thiruvalla, Kerala India
ZX. ZX may refer to:

Arts and entertainment 
 Kamen Rider ZX (pronounced "Zed-Cross"), the tenth fictional superhero in the "Kamen Rider" franchise
 Mega Man ZX, a video game for the Nintendo DS
 ZX Tunes, remastered soundtracks of the "Mega Man ZX" game
 Z/X, Japanese collectible card game

Science 
 ZX-calculus, in quantum computing, a graphical language for reasoning about linear maps between qubits

Technology 
 Chinasat, a family of communications satellites (from the transliteration, Zhongxing)
 Walkman ZX Series, a series of digital audio players made by Sony
 ZX80, ZX81 and ZX Spectrum, home computers produced by Sinclair

Transport 
 ZX Auto, also known as Zitsubishi, a Chinese SUV and truck manufacturer
 Citroën ZX, a car model
 Nissan 300ZX, a car model
 Kawasaki Ninja series motorcycles (model designation codes ZX and ZX-R)
 Air Georgian (IATA airline code ZX, 1994–2020)
 Zoom Airlines Limited, the British subsidiary of Canadian airline Zoom Airlines (IATA airline code ZX, 2006–2008)
Silicon Image. Silicon Image Inc. was an American fabless semiconductor company based in Hillsboro, Oregon, and active from 1995 to 2015. The company designed circuits for mobile phones, consumer electronics and personal computers (PCs). It also manufactured wireless and wired connectivity products used for high-definition content. The company's semiconductor and IP products were deployed by manufacturers in devices such as smartphones, tablets, digital televisions (DTVs), and other consumer electronics, as well as desktop and notebook PCs. Silicon Image, in cooperation with other companies, was influential in the creation of some global industry standards such as DVI, HDMI, MHL, and WirelessHD.

Silicon Image was founded in 1995, and was headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, before moving to Hillsboro. The company reached peak employment of around 600 people worldwide and had regional engineering and sales offices in India, China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan, before being acquired by Lattice Semiconductor in 2015.

History 

The company was founded in 1995 by Silicon Valley engineers David Lee and Brian Underwood. In October 1999 it raised $46.8 million in an initial public offering.
 March 2000: Silicon Image Inc. agreed to buy the closely held DVDO Inc. for $45 million in stock to add technology for digital televisions, DVD players and high-definition video
 June 2001: acquired CMD Technology Inc., a provider of SCSI and Fibre Channel storage controllers for the UNIX, Open Systems and PC markets as well as a supplier of IDE/Ultra ATA semiconductors (including CMD064x chips) for the PC and embedded markets
 January 2007: Silicon Image completes acquisition of Sci-worx GmbH
 June 2007: Silicon Image shipped its 1 millionth DTV input processor
 January 2009: Silicon Image wins Emmy Award for HDMI technology

 December 2010: Silicon Image introduces ViaPort technology
 February 2011: Silicon Image completes acquisition of Anchor Bay Technologies
 May 2011: Silicon Image completes acquisition of SiBEAM, Inc.
 May 2011: Silicon Image unveils third-generation WirelessHD 60 GHz chipsets
 August 2013: MHL Consortium announces new specification with major advancements for mobile and consumer electronics connectivity
 September 2013: Silicon Image announces first 4K UltraHD MHL 3.0 receiver IC with HDCP 2.2 in support of secure premium content
 March 2015: Silicon Image is acquired by Lattice Semiconductor for $600 million.

References

External links 

 Official website, archived in February 2015

1995 establishments in California
2015 disestablishments in California
2015 mergers and acquisitions
1999 initial public offerings
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Companies based in Oregon
Computer companies established in 1995
Computer companies disestablished in 2015
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
Fabless semiconductor companies
Data encapsulation. Data encapsulation, also known as data hiding, is the mechanism whereby the implementation details of a class are kept hidden from the user. The user can only perform a restricted set of operations on the hidden members of the class by executing special functions commonly called methods to prevent attributes of objects from being easily viewed and accessed. Data encapsulation may refer to:

 The wrapping of private data in classes in object-oriented programming languages: see Encapsulation (object-oriented programming), information hiding, separation of concerns
 The wrapping of network data by a lower layer in the OSI model into a single unit where a higher layer can extract the relevant data: see Encapsulation (networking)
Jesse W. Reno. Jesse Wilford Reno (August 4, 1861 – June 2, 1947) was an American inventor and engineer. He invented the first working escalator in 1891 (patented March 15, 1892) used at the Old Iron Pier, Coney Island, New York City.  His invention was referred to as the "inclined elevator."  An earlier escalator machine, termed "revolving stairs" by its inventor Nathan Ames, was patented March 9, 1859, but was never built.

Reno was born in 1861 in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.  He was the son of American Civil War notable Jesse L. Reno.  He graduated from Lehigh University in 1883 with an engineering degree in mining, later a metallurgical degree, where he was a member of Chi Phi fraternity.

It has been said that Reno's inspiration for the escalator stemmed from his time as an undergraduate. Not only does Lehigh's campus feature the highest residence hall east of the Mississippi, but also there are approximately three hundred stairs that must be climbed to ascend 100+ meters from the lowest point on campus to the Chi Phi fraternity house on South Mountain.

References

External links
 Biography at the Elevator Museum 
 Patent US673890 Inclined Elevator

1861 births
1947 deaths
Lehigh University alumni
People from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
People from Pelham Manor, New York
American inventors
Engineers from New York (state)
Canadian Historical Aircraft Association. The Canadian Historical Aircraft Association is the former name of the Canadian Aviation Museum, a non-profit organization based in Windsor, Ontario which is committed to preserving aircraft which have significance to the history of Canadian aviation.  They have a 1941 Boeing Stearman, a 1952 Mark IV Harvard, a 1946 Fairchild 24R "Argus"  and two de Havilland Chipmunks available for special event fly-bys and donation flights.

The Canadian Aviation Museum is in charge of the maintenance and restoration of Lancaster FM212 which was purchased by the City of Windsor in 1964.  The Lancaster bomber was on display in Jackson Park for many years, and was transported to the Canadian Aviation Museum's restoration facilities at the Windsor Airport in order to protect it from the elements.

A Canadair Silver Star, more commonly known as a T-33, is on static display.  The CH2A is also building a de Havilland Mosquito bomber based on KB161, the first Canadian-built Mosquito bomber to enter WW2. Parts were recovered from a crash site at Pelly Lake and are being incorporated into the project. They are also restoring a Tiger Moth to flying condition. This aircraft once served in their hangar as a trainer at No.7 Elementary Flying Training School in the 1940s. Other restoration projects include a 1/2 scale Silver Dart and a functioning LINK Trainer.

The current President of the Canadian Aviation Museum is Don Christopher.

External links
http://www.canadianaviationmuseum.ca

Organizations based in Windsor, Ontario
Polyisobutene. Polyisobutene (polyisobutylene) is a class of organic polymers prepared by polymerization of isobutene. The polymers often have the formula Me3C[CH2CMe2]nH (Me = CH3). They are typically colorless gummy solids.  

Cationic polymerization, initiated with a strong Brønsted or Lewis acid, is the typical method for its production. The molecular weight (MW) of the resulting polymer determines the applications. Low MW polyisobutene, a mixture of oligomers with Mns of about 500, is used as plasticizers.  Medium and high MW polyisobutenes, with Mn ≥ 20,000, are components of commercial adhesives.

See also
Butyl rubber
Polybutene

References

Organic polymers
Perplexus. Perplexus, originally released as Superplexus, is a 3-D ball-in-a-maze puzzle or labyrinth game enclosed in a transparent plastic sphere. By twisting and turning it, players try to maneuver a small steel ball through a complex maze along narrow plastic tracks. The maze has many steps (varying across puzzles). The number of steps ranges from 30 in the Perplexus Twist to 225 in the Perplexus 3x3 Rubik's cube Hybrid. Some levels drop the ball into a cup or a small rim to utilize its 3-D nature. Players must complete obstacles varying in difficulty to reach the end.

Perplexus LLC is the manufacturer and a wholly owned subsidiary of Spin Master Ltd (since 2017).

History
Perplexus was co-invented by college professor Michael McGinnis and toy inventors Brian Clemens and Dan Klitsner of San Francisco-based KID Group—known for inventing Bop It, HyperDash, and other game titles. McGinnis first drew pictures for 3-D labyrinths in the late 1970s. In 1999, he showed drawings and rough prototypes to Clemens and Klitsner. After a year of collaboration and many prototypes, they perfected the toy's gameplay. It was easy enough for a young child to start, yet challenging any age for its many levels.

Versions

There are currently 27 versions of Perplexus: 

 Original (re-branded as Beast in 2019)
 Rookie (re-branded as Rebel in 2019)
 Epic
 Twist
 Warp
 Perplexus Giant
 World's Smallest: Twist
 World's Coolest: Teeter
 World's Coolest: Spiral
 World's Coolest: Cascading Cups
 World's Smallest: Original
 Twisted
 Q-Bot
 Death Star
 Mini Spiral
 Mini Cascading Cups
 Prophecy (recolor/rethemed Rookie/Rebel design)
 LightSpeed
 Drakko
 Go! Spiral
 Go! Stairs
 Go! Snitch
 Sidewinder
 Revolution Runner (has a motor with four settings and a button to start/stop the turning depending on the setting)
 Rubik's Hybrid (modeled after the 2x2 Rubik's cube)
 Rubik's Fusion (modeled after the 3x3 Rubik's cube, but only rotates on one axis)
 Portal, the newest Perplexus release

The Perplexus balls can also be colored differently. One example is the Yellow Rookie.

Superplexus

In 2001, a version of the Perplexus Ball, called Superplexus, launched with limited availability. This version has an electronic timer.

See also
 Ball-in-a-maze puzzle
 Rubik's 360
 Rolling ball sculpture
 Rubik's Cube

References

External links
 Michael McGinnis's page about the development of Superplexus
 An article in SFGate about SuperPlexus
 A video interview with Michael McGinnis about the development of Superplexus
 Spin Master, the makers of Perplexus

Games of physical skill
Puzzles
2000s toys
Products introduced in 2000
Physical activity and dexterity toys