omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
New Mill, Cross-in-Hand. New Mill is a Grade II* listed post mill at Cross in Hand near Heathfield, East Sussex, England. It was the last windmill working commercially by wind in Sussex, ceasing work by wind in 1969 when a stock broke.

History
New Mill was built at Mount Ephraim, Framfield in the early 19th century. In 1855, it was moved to a site some ¼ mile (400 m) south west of its current position. The move was done by Samuel Medhurst, the Lewes millwright. In 1868, it was moved again to its current position, joining another windmill which became known as the Old Mill. Medhurst was also responsible for this move. The mill was working until 1969, when a stock broke. Milling continued by auxiliary power in an adjoining building until 1971. The mill is currently under restoration.
In August 2014, concerns were raised about the condition of the mill, which is owned by brothers Brian and Geoff Newnham. Following inspection by a millwright in 2015, a crowdfunding appeal was launched to raise £3,000 for emergency repairs to the trestle. When the appeal closed on 8 June, £1,654 had been raised. The Mills Archive Trust also opened an appeal, allowing people to donate by cheque, with the added benefit of being able to increase their donations by 25% via Gift Aid. A total in excess of £7,000 was raised by the two appeals. Initial work to strengthen the trestle was scheduled to be completed in October 2015.

Description

New Mill is a post mill on a two-storey roundhouse. It had four patent sails carried on a cast iron windshaft and was winded by a tailpole-mounted fantail. When originally built, the fantail was roof-mounted, in a similar manner to that still to be seen at Hogg Hill, Icklesham. Medhurst fitted a five-bladed fantail, which was replaced in 1907 by an eight-bladed fantail of  diameter by Neve of Heathfield. The mill originally drove two pairs of millstones, driven by a  diameter head wheel and  diameter tail wheel. Later, another pair was added to the breast, driven by a spur gear arrangement, the spur wheel being  diameter. One pair of stones in the breast was removed in 1933.

The body of New Mill is  long and  wide. The mill is  high to the roof. The roundhouse is  diameter and the main post is  square.

Millers
William Kenward 1855 - 
Mrs Kenward - 1882
Jabez Ashdown 1882 - 1926
John Newnham 1882 -
John Ashdown 1926 - 1937
J B Newnham and Son 1937 - 1971
Sidney Ashdown 1937 - 1971

References for above:-

References

External links
Windmill World Page on New Mill

Further reading
 Online version

Windmills in East Sussex
Post mills in the United Kingdom
Grade II* listed buildings in East Sussex
Windmills completed in 1868
IAR-46. The IAR-46 is a very light two-seater airplane for flight schools, training and tourism.
Construction uses conventional riveted joints. The seats are arranged side by side, the conventional left seat being the pilot or student pilot seat. The aircraft has a low trapezoidal wing, empennage in "T" configuration, semi-retractable landing gear (mechanical), with the  tailwheel connected to the rudder.

The aircraft was certificated under JAR-VLA regulations by the Romanian Civil Aviation Authority in November 1999.

Variants
IAR 46 baseline production version
IAR 46SMore powerful  Rotax 912 S3 engine

Specifications (IAR.46)
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000, Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2004-05.'''
|prime units?=met

|genhide=

|crew=two
|capacity=
|length m=7.85
|span m=11.42
|height m=2.15
|wing area sqm=13.87
|aspect ratio=9.403:1
|airfoil=GA(W)-1
|empty weight kg=530
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=750
|fuel capacity=
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=Rotax 912 F3/A3
|eng1 type=4-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled piston engine
|eng1 kw=58

|prop blade number=2
|prop name=Hoffmann HO-V352F/170FQ
|prop dia m=1.7
|prop dia note=variable-pitch propeller

|max speed kmh=
|cruise speed kmh=150
|cruise speed note=(econ cruise)
|stall speed kmh=78
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=270
|range km=800
|range miles=
|range nmi=
|range note=(no reserve)
|ferry range km=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=5000
|ceiling ft=
|ceiling note=
|g limits=+4.4, -2.2
|roll rate=
|climb rate ftmin=846
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=54.1
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=12.58 kg/kW (20.67 lb/hp)
|more performance=

|avionics=
}}

Notes

References

Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. .
Taylor, Michael J.H. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000''. London:Brassey's, 1999. .

46
1990s Romanian civil trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1993
Low-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Motor gliders
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Gem and Jewelry Museum. Gem and Jewelry Museum is a museum in Bangkok, Thailand operated by the Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand Public Organization, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University. 

The displays include gems and mineral specimens, mining, the origins of gems and how they are cut and graded, precious metals and manufacturing procedures of gold, platinum and silver jewelries.

References

External links
 Gem and Jewelry Museum - official site

Museums in Bangkok
University museums in Thailand
Geology museums in Thailand
Natural history museums in Thailand
Jewellery museums
Mineralogy museums
Mercury(I) iodide. Mercury(I) iodide is a chemical compound of mercury and iodine. The chemical formula is Hg2I2. It is photosensitive and decomposes easily to mercury and HgI2.

Synthesis
Mercury(I) iodide can be prepared by directly reacting mercury and iodine.

Structure
In common with other Hg(I) (mercurous) compounds which contain linear X-Hg-Hg-X units, Hg2I2 contains linear IHg2I units with an Hg-Hg bond length of 272 pm (Hg-Hg in the metal is 300 pm) and an Hg-I bond length of 268 pm.  The overall coordination of each Hg atom is octahedral as it has in addition to the two nearest neighbours there are four other I atoms at 351 pm. The compound is often formulated as Hg22+ 2I−.

Historical Uses
Mercury(I) iodide was a commonly used as a drug in the 19th century, sometimes under the contemporary name of protiodide of mercury. It was used to treat a wide range of conditions; everything from acne to kidney disease and in particular was the treatment of choice for syphilis. It was available over the counter at any drugstore in the world, the most common form being a concoction of protiodide, licorice, glycerin and marshmallow.

Taken orally, and in low doses, protiodide causes excessive salivation, fetid breath, spongy and bleeding gums and sore teeth. Excessive use or an overdose causes physical weakness, loss of teeth, hemolysing (destruction of the red blood cells) of the blood and necrosis of the bones and tissues of the body. Early signs of an overdose or excessive use are muscular tremors, chorea, and locomotor ataxia. Violent bloody vomiting and voiding also occur.

Protiodide is banned as a medication, even though it persisted in use as a quack remedy until the early 20th century.

See also
Mercury(II) iodide, HgI2

References

Iodides
Metal halides
Mercury(I) compounds
Withdrawn drugs
Chemical compounds containing metal–metal bonds
Chromium nitride. Chromium nitride is a chemical compound of chromium and nitrogen with the formula CrN. It is very hard, and is extremely resistant to corrosion. It is an interstitial compound, with nitrogen atoms occupying the octahedral holes in the chromium lattice: as such, it is not strictly a chromium(III) compound nor does it contain nitride ions (N3−). Chromium forms a second interstitial nitride, dichromium nitride, Cr2N.

Synthesis
Chromium(III) nitride can be prepared by direct combination of chromium and nitrogen at 800 °C:

2 Cr +  → 2 CrN

It can also synthesize by Physical Vapour Deposition technique such as Cathodic arc deposition.

Applications
CrN is used as a coating material for corrosion resistance and in metal forming and plastic moulding applications. CrN is often used on medical implants and tools. CrN is also a valuable component in advanced multicomponent coating systems, such as CrAlN, for hard, wear-resistant applications on cutting tools.

Magnetism
The fundamental materials physics of CrN, giving rise to its favorable properties, has been debated recently in high-profile scientific journals such as Nature Materials. In particular, the importance of magnetism in both the low temperature and the high temperature phases has been demonstrated by means of quantum mechanical calculations of the electronic structure of the compound.

Natural occurrence
Though rare, carlsbergite - the natural form of chromium nitride - occurs in some meteorites.

References

Chromium(III) compounds
Nitrides
Rock salt crystal structure
Coatings
Bismuth(III) sulfide. Bismuth(III) sulfide () is a chemical compound of bismuth and sulfur. It occurs in nature as the mineral bismuthinite.

Synthesis
Bismuth(III) sulfide can be prepared by reacting a bismuth(III) salt with hydrogen sulfide:

Bismuth (III) sulfide can also be prepared by the reaction of elemental bismuth and elemental sulfur in an evacuated silica tube at 500 °C for 96 hours.

Properties
Bismuth(III) sulfide is isostructural with stibnite (stibnite is one of the forms of antimony(III) sulfide). Bismuth atoms are in two different environments, both of which have 7 coordinate Bismuth atoms, 4 in a near planar rectangle and three more distant making an irregular 7-coordination group. 

It can react with acids to produce the odoriferous hydrogen sulfide gas.

Bismuth(III) sulfide may be produced in the body by the reaction of the common gastrointestinal drug bismuth subsalicylate with naturally occurring sulfides; this causes temporary black tongue when the sulfides are in the mouth and black feces when the sulfides are in the colon.

Uses
It is used as a starting material to produce many other bismuth compounds.

References

Bismuth sulfide
Sesquisulfides
Manganese(II) sulfide. Manganese(II) sulfide is a chemical compound of manganese and sulfur. It occurs in nature as the mineral alabandite (isometric), rambergite (hexagonal), and recently found browneite (isometric, with sphalerite-type structure, extremely rare, known only from a meteorite).

Synthesis
Manganese(II) sulfide can be prepared by reacting a manganese(II) salt (such as manganese(II) chloride) with ammonium sulfide:

 +  → 2  + MnS

Properties
The crystal structure of manganese(II) sulfide is similar to that of sodium chloride.

The pink color of MnS likely results from poor coupling between the lowest energy unoccupied Mn orbitals, resulting in discrete states rather than a delocalized band. Thus the lowest energy band-to-band electronic transition requires very high energy (ultraviolet) photons.

See also
Alabandite, cubic MnS.
Manganese disulfide, MnS2, also known as Manganese(IV) Sulfide
Manganese(II) sulfate, MnSO4
Rambergite, hexagonal MnS.

References

Manganese(II) compounds
Monosulfides
Rock salt crystal structure
Tin(II) sulfide. Tin(II) sulfide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula is SnS. A black or brown solid, it occurs as the rare mineral herzenbergite (α-SnS).It is insoluble in water but dissolves with degradation in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Tin(II) sulfide is insoluble in ammonium sulfide.

Synthesis
The preparation of tin(II) sulfide has been extensively investigated, and the direct reaction of the elements is inefficient.  Instead, molten, potassium thiocyanate reliably reacts with stannic oxide to give SnS at 450 °C:
SnO2 + 2 KSCN → SnS + K2S + 2CO + N2

SnS also forms when aqueous solutions of tin(II) salts are treated with hydrogen sulfide.  This conversion is a step in qualitative inorganic analysis.

At cryogenic temperatures, stannous chloride dissolves in liquid hydrogen sulfide.  It then decomposes to the sulfide, but only slowly.

Structure
At temperatures above 905 K, SnS undergoes a second order phase transition to β-SnS (space group: Cmcm, No. 63). A new polymorph of SnS exists based upon the cubic crystal system, known as π-SnS (space group: P213, No. 198).
It has a layer structure similar to that of black phosphorus, featuring 3-coordinate Sn and S centers. As for black phosphorus, tin(II) sulfide can be ultrasonically exfoliated in liquids to produce atomically thin semiconducting SnS sheets that have a wider optical band gap (>1.5 eV) compared to the bulk crystal.

Photovoltaic applications
Tin(II) sulfide has been evaluated as a candidate for thin-film solar cells. Currently, both cadmium telluride and CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) are used as p-type absorber layers, but they are formulated from toxic, scarce constituents. Tin(II) sulfide, by contrast, is formed from cheap, earth-abundant elements, and is nontoxic. This material also has a high optical absorption coefficient, p-type conductivity, and a mid range direct band gap of 1.3-1.4 eV, arequired electronic properties for this type of absorber layer. Based on the a detailed balance calculation using the material bandgap, the power conversion efficiency of a solar cell utilizing a tin(II) sulfide absorber layer could be as high as 32%, which is comparable to crystalline silicon. Finally, Tin(II) sulfide is stable in both alkaline and acidic conditions. All aforementioned characteristics suggest tin(II) sulfide as an interesting material to be used as a solar cell absorber layer.

Power conversion efficiencies for tin(II) sulfide thin films in photovoltaic cells are less than 5%.  Barriers for use include a low open circuit voltage and an inability to realize many of the above properties due to challenges in fabrication.

References

Tin(II) compounds
Monosulfides
Reducing agents
IV-VI semiconductors
Teleplay Modem. The Teleplay Modem is an unreleased modem prototype for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) created by Keith Rupp and Nolan Bushnell, designed to eventually provide online play between NES, Sega Genesis, and Super Nintendo Entertainment System.

The first prototype, called the Ayota Modem, has a maximum speed of only 300 bit/s, too slow to render fullscreen NES quality graphics typical of an action game. It was unveiled at the 1992 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, where it received a fairly good reception.

Bushnell later dropped out of the project, and Keith Rupp founded the company Baton Technologies. He continued to develop the modem, changing its name to the Teleplay Modem, increasing the speed to 2400 bit/s.  He conceived the idea of allowing cross-platform play between compatibly designed games for Nintendo and Sega systems. Three games were developed internally (Battle Storm, Terran Wars, and Sea Battle) but never released. Both Nintendo and Sega refused to license the Teleplay Modem or the games developed for it.

Sega instead licensed AT&T and PF.Magic to develop a modem for the Sega Genesis called the Edge 16, but AT&T ultimately dropped plans to release the device so that they could devote their attentions to developing new telephone technologies. The venture capitalists behind Baton Technologies feared competing against AT&T and attempting to sell hardware and games without the all-important licensing, so Baton was unable to fulfill its first $300,000 order, and quickly folded thereafter in mid-1993.

In an unrelated venture, Catapult Entertainment later developed the 2400 bit/s XBand modem, similar to the Teleplay Modem in many respects. Although well funded by Viacom, Catapult failed to receive sufficient developer and gamer backing, folding in early 1997.

See also
 Atari 2600's GameLine
 Intellivision's PlayCable
 Sega Genesis's Sega Channel
 Super Famicom's Satellaview
 Famicom Modem
 XBAND

References

External links
 Revrob article on the history of online gaming
 Spotlight: Baton Teleplay Modem | Lost Levels

Nintendo Entertainment System accessories
Online video game services
ICA IS-32. The ICA IS-32 is an open class high-performance metal two-seat sailplane produced in Romania in the 1970s. A refinement of the IS-28B, it shared most of that aircraft's fuselage, mated to new wings and empennage. This new wing had a span of 20 metres, featuring interconnected ailerons and flaps, Schempp-Hirth-type airbrakes. It had no provision for water ballast. The monowheel undercarriage differed from the IS-28 in being fully retractable.

Specifications

References

Further reading
 
 
 

1970s Romanian sailplanes
ICA aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1977
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Forward-swept-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
IMAM Ro.44. The IMAM Ro.44 was a fighter seaplane developed in Italy, a single seater derivative of the Ro.43 that first flew in October 1936. While the Ro.43 had serious problems, the Ro.44 was an utter failure. Armed with two 12.7 mm machine guns fitted in the nose, the rear fuselage of the R.43 was redesigned to dispense with the observer's position, and changes were made to the tail. Overall, performance remained almost identical to that of the Ro.43, although the Ro.44 was more maneuverable.

Although it was fast enough to intercept machines like the Fairey Swordfish and Fairey Seafox, its actual performance (and sea-keeping capabilities) was so poor, that out of 51 ordered, only 35 were produced. They were used only in the Aegean Sea, with 161 Squadriglia having seven examples in service at the beginning of World War II but was soon retired from the front line and sent to seaplane schools. This was the last OFM/IMAM biplane to be designed.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications

See also

References

 
 
 

Ro.44
1930s Italian fighter aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
James Thorp. James S. Thorp (February 7, 1937 – May 2, 2018) was the head of the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech. He was the Hugh P. and Ethel C. Kelly Professor Emeritus & Research Professor. He received all his degrees (B.S. 1959, M.S. 1961, and Ph.D. 1962) from Cornell University.  Professor Thorp was a teacher, a researcher, and for many years served as the director, in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell, where he worked for 42 years: 1962–2004.

Along with fellow Virginia Tech professor Arun G. Phadke, Thorp received The Franklin Institute's 2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Electrical Engineering for their contributions to the power industry, particularly microprocessor controllers in electric power systems that have significantly decreased the occurrence and duration of power blackouts. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1996 for his "contributions to the development of digital techniques for power system protection, monitoring, and control" and also was an IEEE Fellow (since 1989).

References

1937 births
2018 deaths
Virginia Tech faculty
Cornell University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
IMPA Tu-Sa. The 
IMPA Tu-Sa, (IMPA - Industrias Metalúrgicas y Plasticas Argentinas S.A.), named as Impa Tu-Sa-O in the Flight reference, was a civil trainer developed in Argentina in the 1940s for aeroclub use. It was a conventional, low-wing monoplane with wide-track fixed tailwheel undercarriage. In service, the aircraft demonstrated a number of serious and fundamental design flaws that led to a series of accidents and pilots joking that Tu-Sa stood for Todo Un Sarcófago Aéreo ("Altogether an aerial coffin"). When it became apparent that the defects could not be corrected without a complete redesign of the aircraft, they were withdrawn from use.

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 
 

1940s Argentine civil trainer aircraft
IMPA aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mikoyan MiG-33. MiG-33 was the development designation of the aircraft that was eventually delivered as the MiG-29. Certain variants of the MiG-29 were designated MiG-33.

The designation MiG-33 has been associated with two different Mikoyan fighter designs. It was first employed for a single-engine, lightweight strike fighter similar in capabilities to the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. More formally known as "Project 33", development work began on this design about 1980, but was cancelled in 1986 as the result of changing Soviet Air Forces requirements. More recently, the MiG-33 designation was introduced at the 1994 Farnborough Airshow as the briefly used marketing name for the MiG-29ME export model of the MiG-29M Fulcrum-E, a comprehensively upgraded, fully multirole version of the MiG-29.  Although only a few MiG-29M aircraft were built (and none exported), they have served as prototypes for the development of the latest, most advanced Fulcrum variant, the MiG-35.

Project 33
Around 1980, the Mikoyan OKB design bureau began working on a light "strike fighter" that was intended to be a direct competitor to the F-16 Fighting Falcon.  This new Mikoyan design, designated Izdeliye 33 (Izd 33) (and variously translated as "Article 33", "Project 33", "Product 33", or "Project R-33"), was of conventional layout and similar in appearance to the F-16. It was powered by a single Klimov RD-33 afterburning turbofan engine – the same engine used by the twin-engined MiG-29.  While extensive wind tunnel testing was conducted on the design, no prototypes were built since the Soviet Air Force (VVS) dropped its support for concept about 1986. The program was one of several victims of the VVS’ changing operational needs, financial constraints, and a growing preference for multirole designs.

MiG-33 "Super Fulcrum"

During the early 1990s, it became briefly popular for Sukhoi and Mikoyan to assign new designations for upgraded models to make them appear "new and improved" instead of just "improved". The VVS did not accept these marketing designations and most were soon dropped.  Following Sukhoi's initiative in this approach, Mikoyan's first such offering was the MiG-29ME, which first publicly appeared as the MiG-33 at the 1994 Farnborough Airshow.  The MiG-29ME was the export version of the MiG-29M (Product 9.15) "Super Fulcrum", a comprehensively upgraded, fully multirole version of the MiG-29.

See also

References

External links

MiG-033
1970s Soviet fighter aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Naturmobil. The Naturmobil is a horse-powered vehicle for travel on paved roads.  The vehicle is controlled by a driver in a similar way to a motor-driven vehicle, with the horse inside the vehicle on a treadmill.  It weighs , or probably around  with the horse. It cruises at about , with a top speed of about  .  The treadmill also charges batteries which will power the vehicle if the horse needs a break.

The vehicle was invented by Abdolhadi Mirhejazi, an Iranian engineer, in 2008. At least one veterinarian, Dr. Matt Pietrak, has concerns for the horse's wellbeing while powering the vehicle.

References

External links
official site

Horse transportation
Animal-powered vehicles