omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
WS-MetadataExchange. WS-MetaDataExchange is a web services protocol specification, published by BEA Systems, IBM, Microsoft, and SAP.  WS-MetaDataExchange is part of the
WS-Federation roadmap; and is designed to work in conjunction with WS-Addressing, WSDL and WS-Policy to allow retrieval of metadata
about a Web Services endpoint.

It uses a SOAP message to request metadata, and so goes beyond the basic technique of appending "?wsdl" to a service name's URL

See also
 List of web service specifications
 Web services

References

External links
 W3C Working Draft of WS-MetadataExchange
 WS-MetadataExchange Specification

Web service specifications
CATOBAR. CATOBAR (catapult-assisted take-off but arrested recovery or catapult-assisted take-off barrier arrested recovery) is a system used for the launch and recovery of aircraft from the deck of an aircraft carrier. Under this technique, aircraft launch using a catapult-assisted take-off and land on the ship (the recovery phase) using arrestor wires.

Although this system is costlier than alternative methods, it provides greater flexibility in carrier operations, since it imposes less onerous design elements on fixed wing aircraft than alternative methods of launch and recovery such as STOVL or STOBAR, allowing for a greater payload for more ordnance and/or fuel. CATOBAR can launch aircraft that lack a high thrust to weight ratio, including heavier non-fighter aircraft such as the E-2 Hawkeye and Grumman C-2 Greyhound.

Types

The catapult system in use in most modern CATOBAR carriers is the steam catapult. Its primary advantage is the amount of power and control it can provide. During World War II the US Navy used a hydraulic catapult.

The United States and China completed the development of electromagnetic catapult to launch carrier-based aircraft using a linear motor drive instead of steam. The electromagnetic catapult is found on the American Gerald R. Ford-class carriers (the  electromagnetic aircraft launch system) and the Chinese carrier Fujian.

Current users
Following the decommissioning of Brazil's NAe São Paulo in February 2017, only three states currently operate carriers that use the CATOBAR system: the U.S. with its Nimitz-class and Gerald R. Ford-class, France with its Charles De Gaulle, and China with its Type-003 Fujian.

Active CATOBAR aircraft carrier classes

CATOBAR carriers under construction

List of CATOBAR aircraft 

 F/A-18E/F – only operated by the US Navy.
 EA-18G – only operated by the US Navy.
 C-2A – only operated by the US Navy.
 F/A-18 – only operated by the US Navy and Marine Corps.
 Rafale M – only operated by the French Navy.
 E-2C/D – only active with the US Navy and the French Navy.
 F-35C – only operated by the US Navy and Marine Corps.
 J-15T - active in PLAN already. 
 KJ-600 - under development.

Potential users
The Chinese Fujian (Type 003) features an integrated electric propulsion system that will allow the operation of electromagnetic catapults, similar to the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) used by the United States Navy.

INS Vishal, India's second indigenous aircraft carrier of the Vikrant-class, is planned to be of 65,000 ton displacement and to utilize the EMALS catapults developed by General Atomics, as it supports heavier fighters, AEW aircraft and UCAVs that cannot launch using a STOBAR ski jump ramps.

Under Project Ark Royal, the Royal Navy plans to install catapults and arrestor equipment to its two STOVL-configured s to launch and recover combat drones which are being procured under Project Vixen.

See also
 List of all aircraft carriers

References

Aircraft carriers
Naval aviation technology
Types of take-off and landing
Xiafs. Xiafs was a file system for the Linux kernel which was conceived and developed by Ge (Frank) Xia and was based on the MINIX file system. Today it is obsolete and not in use, except possibly in some historic installations.

History
Linux originally used the MINIX file system, but it had a number of limitations. For example, the length of filenames was limited to 14 characters and the partition size was limited to 64 MB. To replace the MINIX file system, the extended file system (or ext) was developed. However, ext retained some problems such as poor performance and the lack of some date stamps. Two contenders for replacing ext were quickly developed: ext2 and Xiafs. The two file systems were included in the standard kernel in December 1993 (Linux 0.99.15). ext2 and Xiafs had the same goal: To offer good performance, reasonable limitations, and fixing the flaws of ext. Initially, Xiafs was more stable than ext2, but being a fairly minimalistic modification of the MINIX file system, it was not very well suited for future extension.

The result was that Xiafs changed very little while ext2 evolved considerably, rapidly improving stability and performance, and adding extensions. ext2, after some shakedown time, quickly became the standard file system of Linux. Since then, ext2 has developed into a very mature and robust file system.

Xiafs and the original ext were removed from Linux version 2.1.21, as they were no longer in use and were not maintained. ext2, ext3, and their successor ext4 are in the Linux kernel. As an exercise in computer history and as a file system tutorial, Xiafs was ported to modern Linux in 2013.

Comparison with ext2

Xiafs was less powerful and offered less functionality than ext2. The maximum size of a file was 64 MiB and the maximum size of a partition was 2 GiB. While this was an improvement over ext, it did not measure up to ext2. Xiafs used less disk space for its control structures and it had greater stability at that time.

See also
List of file systems
Comparison of file systems

External links
A modern implementation of Xiafs

References

Disk file systems
File systems supported by the Linux kernel
Open Desktop Workstation. The Open Desktop Workstation, also referred to as ODW is a PowerPC based computer, by San Antonio-based Genesi. The ODW has an interchangeable CPU card allowing for a wide range of PowerPC microprocessors from IBM and Freescale Semiconductor.

It is a standardized version of the Pegasos II. It was the first open source based PowerPC computer and gave PowerPC a host/target development environment. Genesi have released the complete specification (design and component listing) free of charge. The ODW-derived Home Media Center won the Best in Show award at the Freescale Technology Forum in 2005. It also features an ATI certification and a "Ready for IBM Technology" certification.

It supports a variety of operating systems such as MorphOS, Linux, QNX and OpenSolaris. Manufacturing of the ODW have been discontinued in favour for EFIKA.

Specification

 Freescale 1.0 GHz MPC7447 processor
 512 MB DDR RAM (two slots, up to 2 GB)
 80 GB ATA100 hard disk
 Dual-Layer DVD±RW Drive
 Floppy disk support
 3× PCI slots
 AGP based ATI Radeon 9250 graphics (DVI, VGA and S-Video out)
 4× USB
 PS/2 mouse and keyboard support
 3× FireWire 400 (two external)
 2× Ethernet ports, 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit
 AC'97 sound - in/out, analog and digital (S/PDIF)
 PC game/MIDI-port
 Parallel and serial ports (supporting IrDA)
 MicroATX motherboard (236×172 mm)
 Small Footprint Case - (92×310×400 mm)

References

External links
 Genesi's ODW page
 ODW specification at PowerDeveloper.org
 Linux resources for ODW at Freescale

PowerPC mainboards
J. K. Greye Software. J.K. Greye Software was a British software company set up by J.K. Greye in early 1981 and six months later joined by Malcolm Evans after they met at a Bath Classical Guitar & Lute Society meeting in Bath in 1981. They produced computer games for the ZX81 and ZX Spectrum home computers.

They struck gold with the revolutionary 3D Monster Maze, the first 3D game for a home computer, which John Greye suggested they produce after seeing a basic 3D Maze that Evans had programmed in Z80 Assembler. In the spring of 1982, Evans split up the company and founded his own company, New Generation Software (a name taken from an advertising slogan by Greye), which continued to produce games for the ZX Spectrum.

Greye later set up J.K. Greye Enterprises Ltd, a separate company which split off around February–March 1983, to produce games for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum.

List of games
This softography is a merged list between J.K. Greye Software and J.K. Greye Enterprises Ltd.

Sinclair ZX81
 10 Games for 1K ZX81 (1981)
 1K Breakout (1981)
 Catacombs (1981)
 3D Defender (1981) (later re-released by N.G.S.)
 3D Monster Maze (1981) (later re-released by N.G.S.)
 Pyramid (1981)
 Starfighter (1981)
 ZX81 Artist (1981) (these last three released on one "gamestape")

ZX Spectrum
 Ufo (1982)
 Minefield (1982)
 Invasion (1982)
 Kamikaze (1982)
 The Arcadian (1982)
 3D Vortex (1983)
 4-Star (1984)

References 

1981 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies established in 1981
Defunct video game companies of the United Kingdom
Software companies disestablished in 1984
Software companies established in 1981
Software companies of the United Kingdom
Thermal physics. Thermal physics is the combined study of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory of gases.  This umbrella-subject is typically designed for physics students and functions to provide a general introduction to each of three core heat-related subjects.  Other authors, however, define thermal physics loosely as a summation of only thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
Thermal physics can be seen as the study of system with larger number  of atom,  it unites thermodynamics to statistical mechanics.

Overview
Thermal physics, generally speaking, is the study of the statistical nature of physical systems from an energetic perspective.  Starting with the basics of heat and temperature, thermal physics analyzes the first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics from the statistical perspective, in terms of the number of microstates corresponding to a given macrostate.  In addition, the concept of entropy is studied via quantum theory.

A central topic in thermal physics is the canonical probability distribution.  The electromagnetic nature of photons and phonons are studied which show that the oscillations of electromagnetic fields and of crystal lattices have much in common.  Waves form a basis for both, provided one incorporates quantum theory.

Other topics studied in thermal physics include: chemical potential, the quantum nature of an ideal gas, i.e. in terms of fermions and bosons, Bose–Einstein condensation, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free energy, chemical equilibrium, phase equilibrium, the equipartition theorem, entropy at absolute zero, and transport processes as mean free path, viscosity, and conduction.

See also 

Heat transfer physics
Information theory
Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics
Thermodynamic instruments

References

Further reading

External links
Thermal Physics Links on the Web

Physics education
Thermodynamics
Advanced Digital Information Corporation. Advanced Digital Information Corporation (ADIC) was an American manufacturer of tape libraries and storage management software which is now part of Quantum Corp.  Their product line included both hardware, such as the Scalar line of robotic tape libraries, and software, such as the StorNext File System and the StorNext Storage Manager, a Hierarchical Storage Management system.  Partners and resellers included Apple, Dell, EMC, Fujitsu-Siemens, HP, IBM and Sun.

ADIC was acquired by Quantum in August 2006.

References

1983 establishments in Washington (state)
2006 disestablishments in Washington (state)
2006 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1983
American companies disestablished in 2006
Computer companies established in 1983
Computer companies disestablished in 2006
Defunct companies based in Redmond, Washington
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Free entropy. A thermodynamic free entropy is an entropic thermodynamic potential analogous to the free energy. Also known as a Massieu, Planck, or Massieu–Planck potentials (or functions), or (rarely) free information. In statistical mechanics, free entropies frequently appear as the logarithm of a partition function. The Onsager reciprocal relations in particular, are developed in terms of entropic potentials. In mathematics, free entropy means something quite different: it is a generalization of entropy defined in the subject of free probability.

A free entropy is generated by a Legendre transformation of the entropy. The different potentials correspond to different constraints to which the system may be subjected.

Examples

The most common examples are:

where

 is entropy
 is the Massieu potential
 is the Planck potential
 is internal energy

 is temperature
 is pressure
 is volume
 is Helmholtz free energy

 is Gibbs free energy
 is number of particles (or number of moles) composing the i-th chemical component
 is the chemical potential of the i-th chemical component
 is the total number of components
 is the th components.

Note that the use of the terms "Massieu" and "Planck" for explicit Massieu-Planck potentials are somewhat obscure and ambiguous. In particular "Planck potential" has alternative meanings. The most standard notation for an entropic potential is , used by both Planck and Schrödinger. (Note that Gibbs used  to denote the free energy.) Free entropies were invented by French engineer François Massieu in 1869, and actually predate Gibbs's free energy (1875).

Dependence of the potentials on the natural variables

Entropy

By the definition of a total differential,

From the equations of state,

The differentials in the above equation are all of extensive variables, so they may be integrated to yield

Massieu potential / Helmholtz free entropy

Starting over at the definition of  and taking the total differential, we have via a Legendre transform (and the chain rule)

The above differentials are not all of extensive variables, so the equation may not be directly integrated. From  we see that

If reciprocal variables are not desired,

Planck potential / Gibbs free entropy

Starting over at the definition of  and taking the total differential, we have via a Legendre transform (and the chain rule)

The above differentials are not all of extensive variables, so the equation may not be directly integrated. From  we see that

If reciprocal variables are not desired,

References

Bibliography

Thermodynamic entropy
Walton Evans. Anthony Walton White Evans (October 31, 1817 – November 28, 1886), known as Walton Evans, was an American civil engineer whose work included countless railroad and canal commissions in North and South America during the mid-nineteenth century.

Birth
He was born on October 31, 1817, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, to Thomas M. Evans and Eliza Mary White. His siblings included: Elizabeth Margaret Evans and Isabelle Johanna Evans. His maternal grandfather was Brigadier General Anthony Walton White, an American Revolutionary War veteran.

Education
He attended local schools before entering the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1834. He left the school in October 1836, and then served as an assistant engineer on the Erie Canal. In 1845 he became an assistant to Allan Campbell in the construction of the New York and Harlem Railroad extension to Albany, New York. The following year he became the resident engineer on the job but resigned in 1850 to join Campbell in building the Copiapo Railroad in Chile. Evans completed the road in 1853 after Campbell's departure. Evans then served as Chief Engineer for the construction of the Arica and Tacna Railroad in Peru from 1853 to 1856.

He returned to New York and worked as a consultant for the Lima and Oroya Railway in Peru.  In that capacity, he designed the Verrugas Viaduct.  This bridge was engineered by Leffert L. Buck.  Also working on the railway was Virgil Bogue.  Both of these men were fellow RPI graduates.

Marriage
Evans returned to the United States and married Anna Zimmerman on June 24, 1856. The couple moved to Chile where Evans supervised the building of the Southern Railroad, which ran for fifty miles south of Santiago. The railroad was completed in 1860.

After his return to New York in 1860 he became a consulting engineer, and designed the Varrugas Viaduct on the Luna & Oroya Railroad. He acted as agent for a number of foreign railways to purchase equipment and recruit staff, including two locomotives for the Victorian Railways in Australia in 1876 and the NZR K class of 1877, the first American locomotives supplied to the New Zealand Government Railways. He always recommended the use of American locomotives and cars over those built in Europe. From 1862 to 1864, he served as the engineer for the Port of New York and in 1865, he became President of the United States Petroleum Company. He also was President of the Spuyten Duyvil Rolling Mill.

He was interested in what would become the Panama Canal in Central America, and he attended the 1879 International Congress on the Canal in Paris, France. Evans collected books, and paintings which were displayed at his home, Sans Souci, in New Rochelle, New York. He donated his collection to the Smithsonian Institution before his death. He died on November 28, 1886.

References

External links
Evan's Family Papers at the RPI archives website

1817 births
1886 deaths
Morris family of Morrisania and New Jersey
American civil engineers
People from New Rochelle, New York
People from New Brunswick, New Jersey
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Engineers from New York (state)
Engineers from New Jersey
Radio SHARK. radio SHARK (the capitalization is a trademarked logotype) is a computer-controlled radio designed by Griffin Technology, introduced in late 2004. A second generation (radio SHARK 2) superseded it in 2007; they are distinguishable by color (the first model is white, the second is black). The radio connects the computer through a USB interface, which also supplies power to the radio.  The device is shaped like a shark fin, which includes four internal LED lights attached to three pieces of clear plastic on each side of the device's case, two LEDs of which glow blue when plugged in, the other two of which glow red when recording radio.

Software designed for radio SHARK allows users to record radio programs at specific times and frequencies. The software also facilitates listening of "live" radio using time-shifting technology. Using the time-shifting features of the software, users can pause, rewind, and fast-forward "live" radio, in a manner similar to how users of TiVo or other digital video recorders can time-shift video. The radio SHARK uses the computer's hard drive to store audio files that allow for the time-shifting functionality. 

The radio SHARK tunes in (Standard mode) 87.5 through 108.0 MHz FM, (Japanese mode) 76.0 through 90.0 MHz FM, and 522 through 1710 kHz AM. radio SHARK can tune both odd and even increments of FM frequencies, and either 9 or 10 kHz increments on AM.  

Currently, radio SHARK is compatible with both Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. The Macintosh version of the radio SHARK software can load recorded audio files directly into iTunes, facilitating easy transfer of recorded radio programs to an iPod or CD. The product has now been discontinued by the manufacturer, who also says, "We do not support the use of this product in Lion, Mac OS 10.7 and later."

External links
radio Shark - official site
radio Shark 2 - official site
Macworld review
Ars Technica review
iLounge review of version 2

Computer peripherals
Frenkel defect. In crystallography, a Frenkel defect is a type of point defect in crystalline solids, named after its discoverer Yakov Frenkel. The defect forms when an atom or smaller ion (usually cation) leaves its place in the structure, creating a vacancy and becomes an interstitial by lodging in a nearby location. In elemental systems, they are primarily generated during particle irradiation, as their formation enthalpy is typically much higher than for other point defects, such as vacancies, and thus their equilibrium concentration according to the Boltzmann distribution is below the detection limit. In ionic crystals, which usually possess low coordination number or a considerable disparity in the sizes of the ions, this defect can be generated also spontaneously, where the smaller ion (usually the cation) is dislocated. Similar to a Schottky defect the Frenkel defect is a stoichiometric defect (does not change the over all stoichiometry of the compound). In ionic compounds, the vacancy and interstitial defect involved are oppositely charged and one might expect them to be located close to each other due to electrostatic attraction. However, this is not likely the case in real material due to smaller entropy of such a coupled defect, or because the two defects might collapse into each other.  Also, because such coupled complex defects are stoichiometric, their concentration will be independent of chemical conditions.

Effect on density
Even though Frenkel defects involve only the migration of the ions within the crystal, the total volume and thus the density is not necessarily changed: in particular for close-packed systems, the structural expansion due to the strains induced by the interstitial atom typically dominates over the structural contraction due to the vacancy, leading to a decrease of density.

Examples

Frenkel defects are exhibited in ionic solids with a large size difference between the anion and cation (with the cation usually smaller due to an increased effective nuclear charge)

Some examples of solids which exhibit Frenkel defects:
 zinc sulfide,
 silver(I) chloride,
 silver(I) bromide (also shows Schottky defects),
 silver(I) iodide.
These are due to the comparatively smaller size of Zn^2+ and Ag+ ions.

For example, consider a structure formed by Xn− and Mn+ ions. Suppose an M ion leaves the M sublattice, leaving the X sublattice unchanged. The number of interstitials formed will equal the number of vacancies formed.

One form of a Frenkel defect reaction in MgO with the oxide anion leaving the structure and going into the interstitial site written in Kröger–Vink notation:

Mg + O → O + v + Mg

This can be illustrated with the example of the sodium chloride crystal structure. The diagrams below are schematic two-dimensional representations.

See also
Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS)
Schottky defect
Wigner effect
Crystallographic defect

References

Further reading
 

Crystallographic defects
Michael Howard (Microsoft). Michael Howard (born 1965) is a software security expert from Microsoft. He is the author of several computer security books, the most famous being  Michael Howard is a frequent speaker at security-related conferences and frequently publishes articles on the subject.

Books 
 Michael Howard, David LeBlanc : Writing Secure Code (2nd edition). 
 Michael Howard, John Viega, David LeBlanc: The 19 Deadly Sins of Software Security. 
 Michael Howard: Designing Secure Web-Based Applications for Microsoft(r) Windows(r) 2000.

External links
 Michael Howard's Blog

Microsoft employees
Living people
Writers about computer security
1965 births
Place of birth missing (living people)