omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Society of Fire Protection Engineers. The Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) is a professional society for fire protection engineering established in 1950 and incorporated as an independent organization in 1971. It is the professional society representing those practicing the field of fire protection engineering. The Society has over 5,000 members and more than 120  chapters and over 20 student chapters worldwide. SFPE also includes the SFPE foundation with the following mission "Enhancing the scientific understanding of fire and its interaction with the social, natural and built environments".

SFPE and NFPA publish the Fire Technology Journal through Springer, and Fire Protection Engineering magazine is published quarterly by SFPE.

The current CEO is Chris Jelenewicz while the SFPE President is Bob Libby.

Conferences 
SFPE hosts an Annual Conference & Expo, which attracts over 400 professionals from around the globe including experts from the U.S., Canada, Europe, South America, Asia, Africa, Middle East, and the Oceanic. Each year, SFPE hosts the Europe Conference on Fire Safety Engineering or International Performance-Based Design Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods Conference.

Codes and standards 
The association's codes and standards include:

SFPE Standard on Calculating Fire Exposures to Structures
SFPE Standard on Calculation Methods to Predict the Thermal Performance of Structural and Fire Resistive Assemblies

Handbooks 
SFPE have developed 5 Handbooks on Fire Protection Engineering. The latest 5th edition was published in 2015 with the Springer Nature as a publisher. It includes 90 chapter and 5 appendixes.

Engineering guides 
SFPE have released several guidelines in the last 25 years:
 Guide to Human Behavior in Fire, 2nd edition
 Engineering Guide: Fire Safety for Very Tall Buildings
 Guide for Substantiating a Fire Model for a Given Application
 Guide for Peer Review in the Fire Protection Design Process
 Performance-Based Fire Protection, 2nd Edition
 Predicting Room of Origin Fire Hazards (Archived)
 Guide for Fire Risk Assessment
 Code Officials Guide to Performance-Based Design Review
 Piloted Ignition of Solid Materials Under Radiant Exposure
 Evaluation of the Computer Fire Model DETACT-QS
 Engineering Guide to Predicting 1st and 2nd Degree Skin Burn
 Engineering Guide to Assessing Flame Radiation to External Targets from Liquid Pool Fires

SFPE awards 
SFPE recognize excellence in Fire Protection Engineering through different awards:

 SFPE Lund Award for Professional Recognition;
 SFPE Lucht Award for Contributions to Education;
 SFPE Nelson Award for Inspired Service;
 SFPE Ahern President's Award;
 SFPE Bryan Mentoring Award;
 SFPE Jensen Award for Committee Service;
 SFPE Fire Protection Person of the Year Award;
 SFPE Spotlight Award;
 SFPE Trailblazer Award;
 SFPE Award for Chapter Excellence;
 SFPE 5 Under 35 Award.

References

External links
 
 Fire Protection Engineering (magazine)
 Fire Technology Journal

Firefighters associations
Professional associations based in the United States
Organizations based in Maryland
National Council of Structural Engineers Associations. The National Council of Structural Engineers Associations (NCSEA) is a professional association in the United States, with member organizations in 44 states.  NCSEA was established in 1993.  As of 2003, NCSEA represented 12,000 individual engineers, who are members of local state associations.

NCSEA advances the practice of structural engineering and, as the national voice for practicing structural engineers, protects the public's right to safe, sustainable and cost effective buildings, bridges and other structures. It was formed to constantly improve the level of standard of practice of the structural engineering profession throughout the United States, and to provide an identifiable resource for those needing communication with the profession. NCSEA serves the needs of the structural engineering profession, its clientele, as well as architects, building code and enforcement authorities, construction industry, owners, developers, public building agencies, disaster response organizations, licensing and registration boards, legislatures and regulatory agencies, structural material trade groups, public news media, professional and trade organizations, and engineering societies.

NCSEA publishes STRUCTURE Magazine, which provides resources to engage and empower structural engineers. This publication covers topics pertinent to the ongoing education of practicing engineers, such as technical updates, building code reviews, innovative solutions, and project highlights.

See also
 Delaware Valley Association of Structural Engineers
 Structural Engineers Association of Northern California

References

External links
 
 Job Board
 Member Organizations
 Excellence in Structural Engineering Awards
 STRUCTURE Magazine
 Structural Engineering Certification Board - SECB

.
American engineering organizations
Professional associations based in the United States
Loftus Perkins. Loftus Perkins (8 May 1834 – 27 April 1891) was an English engineer, particularly involved in developing the practical technologies of central heating and refrigeration.

Life
Perkins was born in London, the son of Angier March Perkins and was likely apprenticed to his father. His grandfather, Jacob Perkins, had arrived in England from New England and the family still had many contacts in the U.S. so, in 1853-4 Loftus worked in America. After further work for his father, and in Hamburg and Berlin before establishing the partnership of A. M. Perkins & Son with his father.

He devoted his energies to heating and refrigeration and combined great imagination with practical engineering instincts. He also contributed to the development of the steam engine. Among his innovations were:
The "Polly Perkins" - mobile steam ovens for the British Army;
Steam ovens for use in bakeries;
High-pressure steam tractors;
The Anthracite - a 70-ton yacht powered by high-pressure steam;
Express - a 160 ft steamship powered by a Perkins 800 horse power quadruple compound engine;
the "Arktos" cold chamber (1888) for preserving food.

Family
He married Emily Patton (born 1837/8) from New York. Loftus was joined in the family business by his sons:
Loftus Patton Perkins (born 1867); and
Ludlow Patton Perkins (1872–1928).

Perkins died in London and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. The firm subsequently merged with Joseph Baker, Sons & Co., as Baker Perkins.

Memberships
Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, (1861);
Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, (1881)

See also
Timeline of low-temperature technology

References

Bibliography
Obituaries:
The Engineer, 1 May 1891, 349

McConnell, A. (2004) "Perkins, Loftus (1834–1891)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 21 August 2007 

The Baker Perkins Historical Society

1834 births
1891 deaths
English engineers
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
National Air Barrier Association. The National Air Barrier Association (NABA) began in the Province of Manitoba.  The Association includes a variety of stakeholders in the air barrier industry and was the first to utilize the Air Barrier Quality Assurance Program (QAP).  While there is still an emphasis on the Province of Manitoba, projects have been specified NABA in Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Nunavut.  It is the goal of the Association to see projects specified NABA in all regions of the country.

External links
 
 Specifying a Higher Standard for your Air Barrier

Trade associations based in Canada
Alkali hydroxide. The alkali hydroxides are a class of chemical compounds which are composed of an alkali metal cation and the hydroxide anion (). The alkali hydroxides are:
Lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Rubidium hydroxide (RbOH)
Caesium hydroxide (CsOH)
Francium hydroxide (FrOH)

Production 
Alkali hydroxides are formed in the reaction between alkali metals and water. A typical school demonstration demonstrates what happens when a piece of an alkali metal is introduced to a bowl of water. A vigorous reaction occurs, producing hydrogen gas and the specific alkali hydroxide. For example, if sodium is the alkali metal:

Sodium hydroxide is an important industrial chemical, where it is produced by the chloralkali process.

Properties and uses 
The alkali metal hydroxides form white crystals that are hygroscopic and readily soluble in water, generating large amounts of heat upon dissolution. The solubility increases down the column as the alkali metal ions become larger and the lattice enthalpies decrease. 

All alkali metal hydroxides are strong bases, meaning that they dissociate completely in solution to give  ions. As strong bases, alkali hydroxides are highly corrosive and are used in cleaning products. Sodium hydroxide is readily available in most hardware stores in products such as a drain cleaner. Similarly, potassium hydroxide is available as a solution used for cleaning terraces and other areas made out of wood. Both NaOH and KOH are also used in the production of soap and detergents (saponification).

Due to their hygroscopic properties, alkali hydroxides are used as desiccants. They also readily absorb carbon dioxide and are therefore used in carbon dioxide scrubbers.

See also 
Hydroperoxide, a peroxide analog of hydroxide
Hydrosulfide, a sulfur analog of hydroxide
Hydroselenide, a selenium analog of hydroxide
Azanide, a nitrogen analog of hydroxide
Phosphanide, a phosphorus analog of hydroxide and azanide
Arsanide, an arsenic analog of hydroxide and azanide

References 

Hydroxides
Alkali metals
Flugwerk Deutschland GmbH. Flugwerk Deutschland GmbH was a German aircraft manufacturer based in Brand, a district of Aachen.

Its articles of association were ratified on February 15, 1912, and the entry in the Aachen Commercial Register was effected on March 5, 1912. Düsseldorf engineer Carl von Voigt was the Chairman of the Board of Management. The business made and sold aircraft, machinery and equipment and operated airfields and aerodromes. Flugwerk Deutschland manufactured several biplanes and a monoplane.

The company took part in the General Air Show in Berlin in 1912.

The Taube (German for dove) had been developed in 1910 by Igo Etrich, and was built in large numbers by various manufacturers, including Flugwerk Deutschland. The Taube got its name from the structure and shape of its wings. A slow, unarmed, two-seater monoplane, it entered service in the first year of World War I and was used for observation and reconnaissance until 1916.

A branch was set up for aeroengine production at Schleissheimerstrasse 8 in Munich-Milbertshofen in 1912 and Karl Rapp and Joseph Wirth were given power of attorney in Munich, on May 20, 1912.
Karl Rapp designed the Flugwerk Deutschland FD 1416 four-cylinder aeroengine of nominal  at 1,300 / 1,100 rpm in 1912, which then competed at the German Kaiserpreis aircraft engine contest of 1912/13 but was not successful.
The Flugwerk Deutschland engine later became the basis for most of Karl Rapps other engine designs.

The company was dissolved by a resolution of the shareholders on April 16, 1913, and Joseph Wirth was appointed as sole liquidator. After the liquidation process had been brought to an end, the company was wound up on August 8, 1916.

References

Bibliography

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Manufacturing companies established in 1912
1912 establishments in Germany
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1916
1916 disestablishments in Germany
Standard Interchange Language. The Standard Interchange Language  is a data interchange language standard developed by the Food Distribution Retails Systems Group  for the interchange of information between software programs. It is a subset of SQL (Structured Query Language) and acts as an interface standard for transferring data between proprietary store systems like Direct Store Delivery  and Point of sale. It was introduced in 1989 in the United States.

References

External links 
 Expert: standard interchange language
 Supermarket industry develops common software protocol

Constructed languages introduced in the 1980s
1989 introductions
SQL
Data interchange standards
Food retailing
1989 establishments in the United States
Savoia-Marchetti SM.93. The Savoia-Marchetti SM.93 was an Italian dive bomber designed and produced in Italy from 1943.

Design
The SM.93 was an all-wood single-engined low-wing monoplane with retractable undercarriage. The fuselage had a monocoque structure, with a single fin and low-set tailplane. The crew of two were accommodated under a long greenhouse-style canopy, with the pilot lying in a prone position above the rear of the engine, a Daimler-Benz DB 605A liquid-cooled V12 engine, while the  gunner/radio-operator sat facing rearwards on a conventional seat. 

The two-spar wings were in three parts with the inner wings sharply tapered to the join, outboard of the landing gear attachments, and the outer wings moderately tapered to the rounded wingtips. The prone position for the pilot was intended to enable the pilot to resist the onset of g-induced loss of consciousness, but the position was uncomfortable for normal flight and severely limited the rearwards view of the pilot.

Development
The SM.93 made its maiden flight on 31 January 1944, and up to 29 March 1944 the SM-93 had made 16 test-flights with speeds up to  achieved in a dive, demonstrating the low drag and clean aerodynamics.

Operational history
Flight testing was carried out under the aegis of the Luftwaffe and despite the good performance, the prone position was found to be unsatisfactory, being uncomfortable and restricting rearward vision. The programme was halted by the German control Commission that was running weapons production in the Repubblica Sociale Italiana - RSI after the 1943 armistice.

Specifications (SM.93)

References

 "Plane Facts: Unique dive bomber". Air International, August 1982, Vol 23 No 2. p. 98. ISSN 0306-5634.

SM.093
1940s Italian attack aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Prone pilot aircraft
Multiwavelength optical networking. Multiwavelength optical networking (MONET), is a method for communicating digital information using lasers over optical fiber.  The method provides the next level of communication networks after SONET optical networks. MONET optical networks provide an even greater bandwidth capacity. This new method employs wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology for transporting large amounts of telephone and data traffic and  allow for interoperability between equipment from different vendors.

First developed by the secretive National Security Agency as author James Bamford points out in his book, "Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency".  It was also discussed at the 1996 Military Communications Conference.

References
Multiwavelength Optical Networking Consortium (broken)
Multiwavelength Optical Networks - A layered Approach by Thomas E. Stern and Krishna Bala
Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency by James Bamford
Military Communications Conference, 1996

Synchronous optical networking
Fiber-optic communications
Network protocols
Janice Peaslee Bridge. The Janice Peaslee Bridge (formerly known as the Maidstone-Stratford Hollow Bridge) is a pin-connected steel & wrought iron Pratt through truss bridge crossing the Connecticut River between Stratford, New Hampshire and Maidstone, Vermont.

History and construction 
The bridge was originally completed in 1893 by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company, East Berlin, Connecticut.  It was closed "temporarily" in 1990 for safety reasons.  Due to the perseverance of Vermont State Representative Janice L. Peaslee, it underwent a total rebuild which was completed in 2005.

In order to facilitate reconstruction of the abutments, the bridge was placed on land for repairs while the foundations were rebuilt and a new approach was created.

Since the bridge was resurrected as a result of Janice Peaslee's efforts, the bridge was renamed in her honor in 2006.

The bridge was closed starting July 5, 2023 due to unspecified damage.  However, it reopened in early 2024 and is currently operational.

Image gallery

See also 
 List of crossings of the Connecticut River

References

External links

Bridges over the Connecticut River
Buildings and structures in Maidstone, Vermont
Bridges completed in 1893
Bridges completed in 2005
Bridges in Coös County, New Hampshire
Bridges in Essex County, Vermont
Road bridges in New Hampshire
Road bridges in Vermont
Wrought iron bridges in the United States
Steel bridges in the United States
1893 establishments in New Hampshire
1893 establishments in Vermont
Interstate vehicle bridges in the United States
Fiat A.14. The Fiat A.14 was an Italian 12-cylinder, liquid-cooled, V aero engine of World War I.  The A.14 held the distinction at the end of World War I of being the largest and most powerful aircraft engine in the world.  First produced in 1917, 500 were built by the end of the war.

Applications
Fiat BR.1
Macchi M.19
SIA.9

Specifications (Fiat A.14)

See also

References

A.14
1910s aircraft piston engines
V12 aircraft engines
Australian Partnership for Advanced Computing. The Australian Partnership for Advanced Computing (APAC) was an Australian organisation established in 1998 to provide advanced computing and grid infrastructure for Australian research communities.  APAC was established under the Systemic Infrastructure Initiative objective of the Australian Government's Backing Australia's Ability innovation plan.  The Australian National University was the host institution for APAC.

In 2007, APAC was replaced by the Platforms for Collaboration (PfC) capability 5.16 of the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS).  The APAC National Facility was replaced with the National Computational Infrastructure component of PfC.  The APAC Grid program was replaced with the Interoperation and Collaboration Infrastructure (ICI) component of PfC.

APAC Partners 
 AC3 - Australian Centre for Advanced Computing and Communications in NSW
 ANU - The Australian National University
 CSIRO
 iVEC -  Organisation for advanced computing in Western Australia 
 QCIF - Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation
 SAPAC - South Australian Partnership for Advanced Computing
 TPAC - University of Tasmania acting as host for the Tasmanian Partnership for Advanced Computing
 VPAC - Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing

APAC Programs 
 APAC National Facility
 The APAC National facility hosted a SGI Altix 3700 Bx2, with 1,680 Intel Itanium 2 processors, known as the "ac".  This was ranked 26th in the world in the June 2005 Top500 list.
 APAC Computational Tools & Techniques (CT&T)
 APAC Grid
 Education, Outreach and Training (EOT)

References

External links
  Archive

Scientific organisations based in Australia
Computer science organizations
List of aluminium smelters. This is a list of primary aluminium smelters in the world. Primary production is the process by which alumina is smelted to pure aluminum. Secondary production is the process of recycling aluminum scrap into aluminum that can be used again. Capacity here refers to metric tonnes of output aluminum. The list is incomplete and missing some data.

See also
 List of alumina refineries
 List of countries by aluminium production

References

External links
Primary Aluminum Smelters of the World

 
aluminium smelters
Gertrude Rogallo. Gertrude S. Rogallo (January 13, 1914 – January 28, 2008) was one of the co-inventors of the flexible wing.  These wings are now known as Rogallo wings.  She and her husband, Francis Rogallo, invented the wing and obtained two United States patents on different versions of it in the early 1950s.  Rogallo wings are commonly used today in kites, hang gliders and powered hang gliders.

Patents
Rogallo, Gertrude et al., “Flexible Kite”, US patent 2,546,078, Filed November 23, 1948
Rogallo, Gertrude et al., “Flexible Kite”, US patent 2,751,172, Filed November 17, 1952

2008 deaths
Aerodynamicists
1914 births
20th-century American engineers
Charles F. Scott (engineer). Charles Felton Scott (September 19, 1864 in Athens, Ohio – December 17, 1944) was an electrical engineer, professor at Yale University and known for his invention of the Scott-T transformer in the 1890s.

He graduated from Ohio State University in 1885 and went on to graduate study at Johns Hopkins University. Scott joined the engineering staff of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in Pittsburgh, PA, in 1888. He assisted the inventor Nikola Tesla with his work on the alternating-current induction motor. Scott also carried out experimental high voltage transmission line work at Telluride, Colorado with Ralph D. Mershon.

He was president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE later IEEE). He received the 1929 AIEE Edison Medal.

References 

1864 births
1944 deaths
People from Athens, Ohio
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
IEEE Edison Medal recipients
Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni
Whiting School of Engineering alumni
Yale University faculty
19th-century American inventors
Engineers from Ohio
Talum. Talum is a major Slovenian company based in Kidričevo and specialising in alumina and aluminium products with an annual production capacity of around 156,000 tonnes.

History 
The company was founded in 1942 by the German company Vereinigte Aluminium Werke, which built the first alumina factory in Slovenia in Strnišče (now Kidričevo). By the end of World War II, the factory was 70% completed, but the construction had to be halted.

The factory was finished in February 1954 and the first aluminium was produced in November the same year. The early capacity of the factory was 45,000 tonnes of alumina and 15,000 tonnes of aluminium per year.

The first contract was established in 1957 with the French company Pechiney to supply a quantity of 80,000 tonnes of alumina.

In 2004, a large-scale modernisation programme started at Talum, which involved the construction of other new potlines for aluminium smelting. The total aluminium production from November 1954 to August 2004 amounted to around 2,560,069 tonnes, resulting in an annual production of around 51,000 tonnes of aluminium.

Due to the long-term loss, several subsidiaries were closed in 2015: Talum Ulitki, Talum Livarna.

In 2016, the company became the "best employer in the Podravje region", with Talum employing more than 1,300 workers.

In 2017, the company received the title "Podravska podjetje of the year" by the newspaper Večer and the Styrian Chamber of Commerce.

External links 

 Official website

References 

Slovenian brands
Aluminium companies of Slovenia
Manufacturing companies established in 1947
1947 establishments in Slovenia