omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Savoia-Marchetti S.72. The Savoia-Marchetti S.72 was an Italian three-engine transport monoplane designed and built by Savoia-Marchetti as an enlarged and strengthened version of the earlier S.71. The S.72 was a three-engine, high-wing cantilever monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear. Designed as a heavy bomber, the prototype was first flown in 1934 powered by three 410 kW (550 hp) Alfa Romeo licence-built Bristol Pegasus radial engines.

Operational history
The Regia Aeronautica showed no interest in the aircraft as a heavy bomber and the prototype was used as a VIP transport. After being demonstrated in China in 1935 the prototype was handed over to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek as a gift. Six more aircraft were ordered by the Chinese and assembled in China. It is presumed that all the aircraft were destroyed in Japanese air raids in 1937.

Operators

 Regia Aeronautica

 Chinese Nationalist Air Force operated 6 aircraft.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 "The World's Race to Arms" Popular Mechanics, December 1935 - various rare photos 

S.72
1930s Italian airliners
Trimotors
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Adolphe Carnot. Marie Adolphe Carnot (27 January 1839 – 20 June 1920) was a French chemist, mining engineer and politician. He came from a distinguished family: his father, Hippolyte Carnot, and brother, Marie François Sadi Carnot, were politicians, the latter becoming President of the third French Republic. His uncle, military engineer Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, is considered the father of modern thermodynamics.

He was born in Paris and studied at the École Polytechnique and the École des Mines. He became a member of the Corps des mines, and from 1864 to 1867, served as a mining engineer in Limoges. From 1868 to 1877 he was a professor of preparatory courses and general chemistry at the École des Mines in Paris, where from 1877 to 1901, he worked as a professor of analytical chemistry.

In 1881 he was appointed Chief Engineer of Mines, and in 1894, was named Inspector General of Mines. He became director of the École des Mines in 1901, a post he held until 1907. Aside from administrative work and teaching and training many engineers, he wrote a treatise on the chemical analysis of minerals (Traité d'analyse des substances minérales, published 1898) and pursued research. The uranium ore carnotite is named after him.

He was honoured with membership of the Académie d'Agriculture (1884) and Académie des sciences (1895), and was made a Commander of the Légion d'honneur (1903). He also pursued a political career.

References

1839 births
1920 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Politicians of the French Third Republic
French mining engineers
19th-century French chemists
Scientists from Paris
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Carnot family
AIDA/Web. Aida/Web is an object-oriented, open source Smalltalk web application server using the model-view-controller (MVC) architectural pattern.

History
Aida/Web was written in 1996. Its first commercial application was the Gas Billing System of the Slovenia national gas company in 1998. In 2000 Aida/Web was made open-source software and its web server part was merged with Ken Treis's Hydrogen to form the basis of Swazoo an open-source, vendor-agnostic, Smalltalk web server.

In 2003 BiArt/ISO Quality management system was built onto Aida's core document management functionally (which now forms the core of the Scribo CMS). In 2005 BiArt/BPM web-based Business Process Management framework for executing business processes according to standard BPMN was built using Aida/Web.

In 2007 the Aida/Web community developed its own mailing list and web site, and in 2008 Scribo has been developed on top of it.

Community development
Aida/Web is an open source project with a community providing support and development, with tutorials available in English, French and Spanish.

Features
Aida/Web provides:

 Integrated Ajax support
 Ajax libraries for Prototype and Scriptaculous
 A collection of web components to build web pages programmatically
 MVC compliant separation of presentation from domain
 REST-like bookmarkable url links
 Integrated session and security management
 Multilingual support
 Real-time statistics
 Built-in Joomla templates
 A built in Swazoo web server
 HTML is generated programmatically

Architecture
First developed in 1996 by Janko Mivsek, Aida/Web was designed to integrate distinct object and web philosophies. Viewing the web as essentially a web of objects, Aida/Web declares that each object should have its own URI. This means that web pages can have meaningful, bookmarkable addresses, unlike some other approaches to web design. This idea anticipated a call one year later by Alan Kay at OOPSLA97 where he suggested every object should have its own URI.

Aida/Web aims to simplifying the inherent complexity found within multiple interacting objects, and is designed to reduce the need for difficult and complicated HTML programming. Since Smalltalk objects maintain their own state and respond to requests, Aida/Web uses the Smalltalk language with the aim of simplifying the building of web sites, providing dynamic content with persistent state management.

The MVC paradigm is fundamental to Aida/Web because it provides distinction between the object model, the various presentations (views) of the objects and the control of their relationships. This provides clarity between the functional and presentational aspects of a web page and aims to overcome what its designers believe to be design and complexity issues otherwise created by use of  HTML, Active Server Pages (ASP) and JavaServer Pages (JSP).

This Model-View-Controller principle has been used in Smalltalk since the 1970s and has recently been rediscovered in Java Struts.

References

External links
 
 Aida/Web Architecture
 Custom WordPress Development

Web frameworks
Free software application servers
Smalltalk programming language family
Software using the MIT license
Handley Page Hare. 

The Handley Page HP.34 Hare was a British two-seat high-altitude day bomber designed and built at Cricklewood by Handley Page. It was designed by Harold Boultbee to meet the requirements of Air Ministry Specification 23/25 for a replacement for the Hawker Horsley in the day bomber role, competing against the Blackburn Beagle, Hawker Harrier, Gloster Goring and Westland Witch. The Hare was a conventional biplane, with single-bay unequal-span staggered wings, of mixed wood and metal construction (although the specification required that any production aircraft be of all-metal construction). It had a crew of two with the pilot in an open cockpit aft of the wing with a gunner/bomb aimer behind him.

Only one aircraft was built, with the serial J8622. It was first flown on 24 February 1928, powered by a Gnome-Rhône Jupiter as the planned Jupiter VIII was unavailable. Testing showed that the aircraft had poor handling and was prone to vibration, and it was modified with a 2 ft (0.61 m) longer fuselage and a revised tail, which improved handling. It was decided to modify the aircraft so that it could meet the requirements of Specification 24/25 to replace the Horsley in its other role as a shore-based torpedo bomber.

The Hare was unsuccessful in meeting both competitions, with the day bomber competition being abandoned in favour of purchasing the more advanced Hawker Hart built to Specification 12/36, while the torpedo bomber requirement was met by the Vickers Vildebeest. It remained in use with the Royal Air Force as a trials aircraft until 1932. It was then sold for a proposed long-distance flight by J.N. Addinsell and registered G-ACEL. The Hare was flown to London Air Park, Hanworth in 1933 where it was redoped and painted in civilian colours. It never flew again and was scrapped in 1937.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Handley Page Hare – British Aircraft Directory

1920s British bomber aircraft
Hare
Biplanes
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
River Key. The River Key is a tributary of the River Thames in England which flows through Wiltshire.

Course
The river rises at Braydon Forest near Purton and runs north-east through Purton Stoke, joining the Thames on the southern bank near Cricklade, just upstream of the A419 Road Bridge.

The river was crossed by the now-derelict North Wilts Canal a few hundred yards south of Cricklade. In December 2000, as part of regeneration of the canal, rescue work was started on the River Key Aqueduct. The river was also crossed by a bridge of the Midland & South Western Junction Railway.

Water quality
The Environment Agency measures the water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.

Water quality of the River Key in 2019:

See also
 Tributaries of the River Thames
 List of rivers in England

References

Rivers of Wiltshire
1Key
Winterization of oil. Winterization of oil is a process that uses a solvent and cold temperatures to separate lipids and other desired oil compounds from waxes. Winterization is a type of fractionation (also known as fractionate crystallization), the general process of separating the triglycerides found in fats and oils, using the difference in their melting points, solubility, and volatility.

Winterization is an oil refinement technique commonly used in biotechnology. The process involves dissolving the extract in ethanol, then placing the mixture in a freezer to chill. The cold allows for the separation of compounds by differences in their melting and precipitation points. In the cooling process, the fats and waxes with higher melting points will precipitate out and can then be removed by filtration, centrifugation, decantation, or other separation processes. A pure, liquid oil extract is left behind, ready to be further processed for consumer use.

Bioindustry applications 
Food products containing non-processed oils, such as fats and waxes with higher melting points, will crystallize in refrigeration temperatures. This precipitation could result in products like salad dressings separating during cold storage. Winterization is used to refine oil in salad dressings, mayonnaise, cooking oils like sunflower oil, and botanical oils.

Rice bran oil is one of the most commonly winterized oils, as it has a high content of waxes, fatty acids and lipids.

Winterization is also used in refining biofuel, as it improves low temperature flow properties. This is necessary in preventing crystallization of certain compounds in the fuel, which could cause problems with compression engines.

Winterization is also a common process in the cannabis industry, used to remove unwanted compounds from cannabis oil extracts. Winterization often follows supercritical CO2 extraction, for the production of cannabis oils to be used in vape pens and capsules.

References

Oil refining
Tom Swift and His Air Scout. Tom Swift and His Air Scout, Or, Uncle Sam's Mastery of the Sky, is Volume 22 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap.

Plot summary

World War I still rages on in Europe, and Tom Swift is still inventing wartime technology, but inspiration comes in the form of infatuation: while taking Mary Nestor for a brief flight, he is unable to communicate due to the noise of the engine, which sets Tom onto the track of developing a totally silent airship. While Mary Nestor was the spark, Tom intends to offer this to the United States government for use on the western front.

While this is still a germ of an idea, Tom is approached by Mr. Gale and Mr. Ware, representatives of the Universal Flying Machine Company, a competing airship manufacturer. Tom is offered a lucrative salary to join the firm, but Tom is uninterested in the money. Tom's refusal infuriates the men, and events are set in motion, which include the (accidental) kidnapping of Mr. Nestor, Mary's father.

Inventions & Innovation

Tom builds a special silencer for airship engines. The silencer consists of several components: a new type of propeller, retooling the engine compression, but most importantly, a new type of muffler. The muffler system is simply described as a series of baffles. The end result is an airship which produces no discernible noise, to be used on scouting missions in the war.

 Tom Swift and His Air Scout e-text at Project Gutenberg

1919 American novels
Tom Swift
American young adult novels
Novels set during World War I
Aviation novels
Annular velocity. Annular velocity is the speed of the drilling fluid's movement in a column called an annulus in oil wells. It is commonly measured in feet per minute (ft/min) or meters per minute (m/min). Annular velocity is often abbreviated as AV, though this is not exclusively so, as AV also refers to apparent viscosity which is calculated from rheometer readings from tests that the mud engineer performs.

Scope

For this article, annular velocity is described, as used in drilling fluid applications in the oil exploration industry. There may be other applications in other fields of study such as fluid mechanics (the study of the movement of fluid) or fluid dynamics (the study of the flow of fluid).

Determination

The annular velocity can be calculated using one of the following formulas.

Or

Where:
AV = annular velocity in Ft/min (feet per minute)
PObpm = pump output in bpm (barrels per minute) 1 barrel = 42 gallons
POgpm = pump output in gpm (gallons per minute) 1 gallon = 0.0238095238 barrels
ID2 = inside diameter of the wellbore or casing, squared
OD2 = outside diameter of the drill pipe or tubing, squared
1029.4 = A conversion factor constant used to calculate the volume between the outside of a tube within  the inside of another tube, using barrels.
24.5 = A conversion factor constant used to calculate the volume between the outside of a tube within  the inside of another tube, using gallons.
Pump Output = Refers to the measurement of the quantity of a fluid (to put that fluid in motion).

Application

The annular velocity is one of two major variables in the process of cleaning
solids (drill cuttings) from the wellbore. By maintaining the annular velocity at certain rates (speeds) in conjunction with the rheological properties of the drilling fluid, the wellbore is kept clean of the drill cuttings to prevent them  from settling back down to the bottom and causing drilling problems.

The other major variable is the rheology of the drilling fluid. Rheology is sometimes thought of as viscosity to the uninitiated, though improperly. Viscosity (sometimes thought of as its thickness) is a very basic measurement of the fluids resistance to change in movement or flow. The viscosity of a fluid can be measured with a Marsh Funnel. Rheology is the study of viscosity and requires more precise and complicated procedures and equipment for its determination. For drilling fluid applications a rheometer is used.

See also

Petroleum Engineering
Drilling rig
Oilfield
Oil well
List of acronyms in oil and gas exploration and production
List of oilfield service companies
List of oil fields
Natural gas field

References

Fluid dynamics
Drilling fluid
ITools Resourceome. iTools is a distributed infrastructure for managing, discovery, comparison and integration of computational biology resources. iTools employs Biositemap technology to retrieve and service meta-data about diverse bioinformatics data services, tools, and web-services. iTools is developed by the National Centers for Biomedical Computing as part of the NIH Road Map Initiative.

See also
 Biositemaps

References

External links 
 Interactive iTools Server

Knowledge representation
Bioinformatics
Altair (rocket stage). The Altair  was a solid-fuel rocket with a fiberglass casing, initially developed for use as the third stage of Vanguard rockets in 1959. It was manufactured by Allegany Ballistics Laboratory (ABL) as the X-248. It was also sometimes called the Burner 1.

Altair
The X-248 was one of two third-stage designs used during Project Vanguard. Early launches used a stage developed by the Grand Central Rocket Company, but the last used the X-248 which enabled the Vanguard to launch more massive payload.

The X-248 was used as the second stage of some early Thor flights. These vehicles were designated "Thor-Burner".

Altairs were used as the third stage of early Delta rockets.

The fourth stage of the Scout-X rocket used the "Altair-1A" stage, powered by a X-248A engine.

Altair 2

The Altair 2 (X-258) Thiokol (Star 25, TE-M-184-3) solid rocket engine first flew in 1963 and was the kick stage motor for Delta D, Scout A, Scout X-4, and Atlas-D OV1 as part of the Orbiting Vehicle satellites. It was retired in 1973.

Altair 3 
The Altair 3 (FW-4S) solid rocket engine first flew in 1968 and was used on the Atlas-E/F OV1 as part of the OV1 upper stage. It was also used as the second stage of the ASM-135 ASAT anti-satellite missile. It as proposed as the fourth stage for Advanced Scout. The FW-4S motor is similar to Thiokol Star 20 (TE-M-640), and both are designated by NASA as Altair IIIA.

See also 
 Algol (rocket stage)
 Castor (rocket stage)

References 

Rocket stages
Solid-fuel rockets
Pollack's rule. Pollack's Rule states that microprocessor "performance increase due to microarchitecture advances is roughly proportional to [the] square root of [the] increase in complexity". This contrasts with power consumption increase, which is roughly linearly proportional to the increase in complexity. Complexity in this context means processor logic, i.e. its area.

The rule, which is an industry term, is named for Fred Pollack, a lead engineer and fellow at Intel.

Pollack's Rule gained increasing relevance in 2008 due to the broad adoption of multi-core computing and concern expressed by businesses and individuals at the huge electricity demands of computers.

A generous interpretation of the rule allows for the case in which an ideal device could contain hundreds of low-complexity cores, each operating at very low power and together performing large amounts of (processing) work quickly. This describes a massively parallel processor array (MPPA), which is currently being used in embedded systems and hardware accelerators.

However, Pollack's Law  as originally  formulated  was considered to be a limit on the performance improvements for single CPUs as the number of transistors increased, as well as for multiprocessor systems.

Implications of the rule on chip performance
According to Moore's law, each new technology generation doubles number of transistors. This increases their speed by 40%. On the other hand, Pollack's rule implies that microarchitecture advances improve the performance by another . Therefore, the overall performance increase is roughly two-fold, while the power consumption stays the same. In practice, however, implementing new microarchitecture every new generation is difficult, so microarchitecture gains are typically less.

References

External links

Computer architecture statements
Electronic design
Apparent viscosity. In fluid mechanics, apparent viscosity (sometimes denoted ) is the shear stress applied to a fluid divided by the shear rate: 

For a Newtonian fluid, the apparent viscosity is constant, and equal to the Newtonian viscosity of the fluid, but for non-Newtonian fluids, the apparent viscosity depends on the shear rate. Apparent viscosity has the SI derived unit Pa·s (Pascal-second), but the centipoise is frequently used in practice: (1 mPa·s = 1 cP).

Application
A single viscosity measurement at a constant speed in a typical viscometer is a measurement of the instrument viscosity of a fluid (not the apparent viscosity). In the case of non-Newtonian fluids, measurement of apparent viscosity without knowledge of the shear rate is of limited value: the measurement cannot be compared to other measurements if the speed and geometry of the two instruments is not identical. An apparent viscosity that is reported without the shear rate or information about the instrument and settings (e.g. speed and spindle type for a rotational viscometer) is meaningless.

Multiple measurements of apparent viscosity at different, well-defined shear rates, can give useful information about the non-Newtonian behaviour of a fluid, and allow it to be modeled.

Power-law fluids 

In many non-Newtonian fluids, the shear stress due to viscosity, , can be modeled by

where

 k is the consistency index
 n is the flow behavior index
 du/dy is the shear rate, with velocity u and position y

These fluids are called power-law fluids.

To ensure that  has the same sign as du/dy, this is often written as

where the term

gives the apparent viscosity.

See also
Fluid Dynamics
Rheology
 Viscosity

References 

Fluid dynamics
Petroleum engineering
Tribology
Tasmanian One Design. The Tasmanian One Design is a class of Australian sail boat.

Origin

In February 1900, The Rudder magazine published plans, by William Hand Jr, of a "knockabout".  E H Webster, a prominent member of the Derwent Sailing Boat Club (later to become the Royal Yacht Club of Tasmania (RYCT)), was looking for a yacht to be used as a One-Design class for the club. The yacht Elf was built using (loosely) Hand's design.  A few more yachts were built to variations of the design, including Caprice and Erica (built by Logan Bros in Auckland), but a one-design class was not formed.

Webster had Hand's design modified, by Hobart naval architect Alf Blore, to suit local sailing conditions and boat building practice and by 1911 had persuaded several yachtsman to build identical yachts. These yachts, built for the sum of about £200, became known simply as "One-Designers".

A total of 7 One-Designers were built in Tasmania. They are listed below, by sail number:

 Weene - Built 1910 by Charles Lucas for E H Webster
 Pandora - Built 1910 by Charles Lucas for D Barclay Jr
 Curlew - Built 1911 by Charles Lucas for Douglas, Tarleton and Knight
 Vanity  - Built 1911 by Charles Lucas for W Darling, Dr Ireland and Stanley Crisp
 Pilgrim - Built by E A Jack of Launceston for Richmond Tinning
 Canobie - Built 1912 by Charles Lucas
   "Gannet"   - Built 1911 by Charles Lucas 

Two One-Designers were built in New Zealand.  These were known in New Zealand as Tasmanian One-Designers.  The first, Pacific, was built by T Le Huquet in 1914 for Frank Rule, a Tasmanian. It was hoped that more would be built but the World War I put a stop to that. Pacific was wrecked in a gale in February 1918.  In 1922, Vanitiewas built by Joe Slattery for the Morris brothers.  She had a very successful racing career and won the Tauranga Gold Cup for the Auckland-Tauranga race in 1925.  At some stage in the 1960s she was burnt out but was repaired with untreated timber. By 1983 the dry-rot was so extensive she was stripped of her fittings and cut up.

Varuna was built in Bombay, India some time prior to 1916.

In later years, Blore further modified Hand's design, lengthening it to  over all,  waterline, and several were built and sailed within the A Division of the RYCT.

The One-Designers went on to dominate racing on the River Derwent until the 1920s. Eventually outclassed by the later and larger "A-Class" yachts in the 1920s and 1930s, and too large for the "B-Class", Vanity and Weene were simply cut in half and lengthened to once again lead the fleet. Pandora had her foredeck raised and Curlew had her topsides raised by two planks. Canobie and Gannet have hulls in more or less original condition, with Canobie reverting to gaff rig in recent years.

Original specifications

References

Sailing yachts
1900s sailboat type designs