omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Anchorage in reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete is concrete in which reinforcement bars ("rebars"), reinforcement grids, plates or fibers are embedded to create bond and thus to strengthen the concrete in tension. The composite material was invented by French gardener Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867.

Description
Conventionally the term concrete refers only to concrete that is reinforced with iron or steel. However, other materials are often used to reinforce concrete e.g. organic and inorganic fibres, composites in different forms. While compared to its compressive strength, concrete is weak in tension. Thus adding reinforcement increases the strength in tension. The other purpose of providing reinforcement in concrete is to hold the tension cracked sections together.

Mechanism of composite action of reinforcement and concrete

The reinforcement in a RC structure, such as a steel bar, has to undergo the same strain or deformation as the surrounding concrete in order to prevent discontinuity, slip or separation of the two materials under load. Maintaining composite action requires transfer of load between the concrete and steel. The direct stress is transferred from the concrete to the bar interface so as to change the tensile stress in the reinforcing bar along its length. This load transfer is achieved by means of bond (anchorage) and is idealized as a continuous stress field that develops in the vicinity of the steel-concrete interface.

Anchorage (bond) in concrete: Codes of specifications

Because the actual bond stress varies along the length of a bar anchored in a zone of tension, most international codes of specifications  use the concept of development length rather than bond stress. The same concept applies to lap splice length mentioned in the codes where splices (overlapping) provided between two adjacent bars in order to maintain the required continuity of stress in the splice zone.

See also
 Reinforced solid

References 

Concrete
Concrete buildings and structures
Reinforced concrete
Structural engineering
Dimefox. Dimefox, also known as TL-792 or T-2002, is a highly toxic organophosphate insecticide. In its pure form it is a colourless  liquid with a fishy odour. Dimefox was first produced in 1940 by the group of Gerhard Schrader in Germany. It was historically used as a pesticide, but has been deemed obsolete or discontinued for use by the World Health Organization  It is not guaranteed that all commercial use of this compound ceased, but in most countries it is no longer registered for use as a pesticide. It is considered an extremely hazardous substance as defined by the United States Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.

See also
Mipafox
Schradan

References

Obsolete pesticides
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Organophosphate insecticides
Fluorine compounds
Dimethylamino compounds
D19E. The D19E, also known as Đổi mới, is a series of diesel locomotives currently used on the Vietnamese railway network.

History
The series is one of the most recently acquired by state railway company Vietnam Railways; 40 were in service as of 2005, and 80 in 2012. The series, of the diesel electric locomotive CKD7F, was constructed by Chinese manufacturer CRRC Ziyang Locomotive Co. Ltd.

No. 901 to 920 (built 2001–2002) and 921 to 940 (built 2004) have a more angular body. No. 941 to 960 (built 2007–2008) were built with a rounded front; in No. 961 to 980 (built 2011–2012) the windows and headlights were modified and the front air intake omitted. From No. 941 the final assembly took place at the Gia Lâm works of Vietnam Railways. No. 981 to 1000 (built 2024–2025) which uses the 16V280ZJG engine (4,000 kW or 5,400 hp), Nevertheless, the design mirrors in part the modular concept found From CRRC other locomotives (the HXD1D HXD3D and DF11G and DF8B). The main frame is one such module. The drivers cabins are also modular components at the Gia Lâm works of Vietnam Railways.

The engine is 16V280ZJG model - similar to that used in the DF11G DF8B except with 12 instead of 16 cylinders.

Accidents and incidents

On March 12, 2005, locomotive No.909 was involved in an accident at Lang Co while pulling the train E1 (A.K.A SE1). 8 of the 13 coaches derailed, claiming the lives of 12 people and injuring hundreds. The result was because the train was over-speeding.

On 10 March 2015 locomotive No.968 was written off in an accident near Dien Sanh when it, while hauling the SE5 train, collided with a lorry on a level crossing.

On May 24, 2018, locomotive No. 927 towing the SE19 carrying 400 passengers had an accident in Thanh Hoa because of a collision with a truck, causing two deaths: driver Nguyen The Hung (born 1976) and Nguyen Xuan De (born 1985) The accident investigated was caused by two guards who forgot to close the barriers.

On January 27, 2022, locomotive No. 946 hauling the SE4 was involved in an accident where the train smashed into a lorry carrying wood at Km 46+270 which made a driver injured.

On January 14, 2023, locomotive No. 908 pulling the train SE3 bumped into a van on a level crossing near Giap Bat, Hanoi. The result was bad damage to the van, and other express trains including the one involved had to cross the section slowly.

On January 28, 2023, locomotive No. 908 pulling the train SE5 was damaged in an accident in Cho Tia, Hanoi, when the express collided with a truck that was stuck on level crossing.

On March 13, 2024, locomotive No. 921 pulling the SE8 crashed into a lorry on level crossing.

Galleries

References

External links
 
 CKD7F diesel locomotive, CSR Ziyang, 2009-07-31

Diesel–electric locomotives of Vietnam
CSR Ziyang Locomotive Co., Ltd. locomotives
Metre gauge diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2001
ABG fast interceptor craft. ABG fast interceptor craft are a series of thirteen  high-speed interceptor boats designed and supplied in knocked down kits by Henderson based Global Marine Design (Headed by Gavin Mair) and assembled by ABG Shipyard, Surat for the Indian Coast Guard.

Design
They are wide aluminum-hulled, water jet-propelled vessels for operations in close coastal and shallow waters. They have an endurance of  at  and capable of doing high speed up to . The ABG fast interceptors are fitted with a 12.7 mm "Prahari" Heavy Machine Gun (HMG). They have a crew of eleven enrolled personnel, with one officer and ten sailors.

History
Initially two units were ordered by the Indian Coast Guard for evaluation during 1999–2000 at a cost of Rs 26.5 crore. The first unit (C-141) was launched in October 2000 and was delivered in 2001. The second unit (C-142) was delivered on 8 February 2002. They were commissioned at Porbandar and were extensively tested by the Coast Guard for ascertaining their speed and design specifications. The boats achieved the desired speed during trials. Thereafter a follow-on order was placed on 30 March 2006 for 11 boats. The cost price of each unit in the follow-on order was Rs 17.63 crore, aggregating to Rs 193.94 crore for the whole order.

Ships

See also
 Solas Marine Fast Interceptor Boat
 L&T-class fast interceptor craft
 Couach fast interceptor boats
 Cochin Fast Patrol Vessels
 Alcock Ashdown Survey Catamaran
 Rajshree-class patrol vessel
 Rani Abbakka-class patrol vessel
 GSL-class offshore patrol vessel

References

External links
 Marine Kits catalogue
 Capital Market
 Aviation Week

Fast attack craft of the Indian Coast Guard
Patrol boat classes
Auxiliary search and rescue ship classes
Ships of the Indian Coast Guard
Military boats
Scanlan SG-1A. The Scanlan SG-1A is an American, single seat, pod-and-boom, high-wing, strut-braced glider that was designed by Thomas W. Scanlan in 1970 and sold in the form of plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
The SG-1 was conceived as a very simple and economical aircraft that could be built with modest construction skills and very little financial investment. The prototype was completed in 1970 for US$400 and subsequent aircraft were built for under US$1000.

The SG-1 is constructed with a welded steel fuselage and tail surfaces and covered with doped aircraft fabric. The wing is made from an aluminium structure, covered in aluminum sheet and features upper-surface spoilers and a modified Gö 549 airfoil. The landing gear is a monowheel with the forward fuselage protected by a skid. The airframe was static tested to 9g without failing.

With a very low stall speed of , pilots who have flown the aircraft claim that the SG-1 can fly a thermal inside a Schweizer SGS 1-26.

Operational history
In April 2011 there was one SG-1 and one SG-1A on the Federal Aviation Administration registry.

Variants
SG-1
Prototype design, with V-struts and a constant-chord wing. One built.
SG-1A
 Improved model, with double-tapered wings and single wing struts. About four built.

Aircraft on display
US Southwest Soaring Museum

Specifications (SG-1A)

See also

References

1970s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1970
Townsend Thunderbird. The Townsend Thunderbird is a homebuilt design created by the experienced cropduster Gid Townsend and built in 1956 with assistance of Curtis Pitts.

Design
The Thunderbird is powered by a  Jacobs radial engine with a constant speed propeller. The horizontal stabilizer and aluminum wings are the outer panels of a Vultee BT-13 trainer. The engine cowl is from a Cessna UC-78. The fuselage is welded tubing with fabric covering. The landing gear is from a Cessna 180.

Operational history
By 1974 the prototype was unflyable. The aircraft was later metalized, the turtledeck was removed, and it was converted to use a Wright R-975 radial engine.

Specifications (Townsend Thunderbird)

References

External links
 

Homebuilt aircraft
List of touch input manufacturers. This is a list of notable companies that manufacture touch input devices or components.

Touchscreens

Capacitive 
3M
Alps Electric Corporation
Atmel
Cirque
Cypress
SCHURTER Input Systems
Synaptics

Projected capacitive (PCAP) 
3M
Planar
SCHURTER Input Systems
Visual Planet
Zytronic

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) 
Planar

Bending wave
3M

Resistive

4-wire 
Planar
SCHURTER Input Systems

5-wire 
SCHURTER Input Systems

Touchpads 
These manufacturers provide components to touchpads or trackpads.

Capacitive 
Alps Electric Corporation
Cirque
Synaptics
Sensel

Resistive 
Interlink

References

Touch input
L&T-class fast interceptor craft. L&T fast interceptor craft are a series of high-speed interceptor boats being built by L&T Shipyard for the Indian Coast Guard. The ships are intended for patrol and rescue operations in India's Exclusive Economic Zone.

Design
The interceptor boats are of planing-type, designed by the L&T Marine & Ship Design Division, an in-house facility of  Larsen & Toubro Limited. They are 30 metres long with 90 tonnes displacement and can achieve a maximum speed of 45 knots. The interceptor boats has full aluminum-alloy hull for reduced weight and is powered by twin water-jet propulsion systems to enable quick response. The vessels are fitted with state-of-the-art navigation and communication equipment and medium-range armament. Each vessel is powered by two Caterpillar Marine Power Systems 3516C marine propulsion engines (2525 bkW @ 1800 rpm, 'D' Rating) and two C-4.4 auxiliary generator sets (86 eKW @ 1500 rpm). The water-jets for the high-speed interceptor boats are being supplied by MJP Waterjets. Delivery of the water-jets began in 2010 and will continue until 2013. They are also fitted with MARIS ECDIS900 SmartLine Mk10 Flat Panel Computer with radar kit.

The vessel's crew consists of one officer and eleven personnel and are designed to perform coastal surveillance, search and rescue, anti-smuggling and anti-poaching operations in close coast and can also operate effectively in shallow water.

Orders
M/s L&T secured an order on 22 March 2010 for building 36 high speed interceptor boats for Rs 977 crores. It further secured an additional order on 22 January 2013 to produce 18 similar Interceptor boats for Rs 447 crore. The boats were constructed at L&T's existing shipyard at Hazira and at  Kattupalli Shipyard near Ennore.

Commission and deployment
ICGS C-401, the first of the series was commissioned at Porbandar by Air Marshal A.K. Gogoi, Air Officer, Commanding-in-Chief South Western Air Command on 20 December 2012. Its first deployment is at Mundra under the administrative and operational control of the Commander Coast Guard (North-West) region and commanded by Deputy Commandant Lakshya Sharma.

The second vessel of the class, C-402, was commissioned at Mumbai Naval Dockyard on 12 April 2013, followed by C-403 at Mundra on 11 August 2013, and C-404 at Beypore on 6 December 2013. The ICGS C-421 was commissioned on 21 September 2015 at Androth (L&M Islands) commanded by Deputy Commandant Rohit Kulkarni. The ICGS C-422 was commissioned at the Karaikal Port on 28 November. The vessel will patrol the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, along the Bay of Bengal. C-405 was donated to the Seychelles Coast Guard in February 2016 and recommissioned as SCGS Hermes.

On 29 July 2019, the government of India donated two vessels of the class to Mozambique Navy.

All 36 boats ordered in the first batch were commissioned by January 2020.

Ships of Class

See also
 List of active ships of the Indian Coast Guard
 ABG fast interceptor craft

References

Patrol boat classes
Auxiliary search and rescue ship classes
Fast attack craft of the Indian Coast Guard
Ships of the Indian Coast Guard
Larsen & Toubro
QF 4-inch naval gun Mk XIX. The QF 4-inch Mk XIX gun was a British low-velocity 4-inch 40-calibre naval gun used to arm small warships such as  and  and some   in World War II, mainly against submarines.

Description
It succeeded the higher-velocity World War I-era BL 4-inch Mk IX (typically deployed on s in the escort role).  The Mk XIX fired fixed ammunition which was  long and weighed .  The weight of the projectile was increased from  for the Mk IX to  for the Mk XIX.  The high-angle mounting used for the XIX added some anti-aircraft capability and allowed it to fire starshells to illuminate the battle area at night.

Ammunition

Surviving examples
 On  at Williamstown, Victoria, Australia.
 On the parade ground at the Irish Naval Service Base, Haulbowline, Co. Cork, Ireland

Notes

References

Bibliography
 John Campbell, "Naval Weapons Of World War Two", Annapolis : Naval Institute Press, 1985,

External links

 Tony DiGiulian, Britain 4"/40 (10.2 cm) QF Mark XIX

Naval guns of the United Kingdom
World War II naval weapons of the United Kingdom
100 mm artillery
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
Tony Tan Lay Thiam. Tony Tan Lay Thiam (; born 1970) is a Singaporean politician and businessman.

Education
Tan attended Victoria Junior College before receiving a Singapore Armed Forces Merit Scholarship to study Engineering at Trinity College, Cambridge where he graduated with first class honours. Tan also holds BSci (BioMed) degree from Central Queensland University and an MBA from the University of Leicester.

Biography 
After completing his degree, Tan served in the Singapore Army and was promoted to the rank of Major when he was 27. During his service, he was named the Top Student for the Basic Army Intelligence Course, Company Tactics Course and Combat Engineer Advanced Officer Course. After nine years, he left the armed forces at the age of 31.

In 1999, Tan and his wife established Smartlab Education Centre Pte Ltd, a chain of education centres. Tan was a recipient of the Spirit of Enterprise Award in 2006 and the company under his leadership was a recipient of a Singapore Prestige Brand Award (Promising Brand) in 2007.

Political career 
Tan and his wife joined the Reform Party ahead of the 2011 general election and were slated to stand as candidates for the party in the election. However they were among six members of the party who resigned in February 2011. Differences of opinion with the party's leaders were cited as the cause for their resignation.

Tan and Poa then joined the National Solidarity Party. In the 2011 general election, Tan and Poa were members of the party's five-person team which stood in the Chua Chu Kang Group Representation Constituency. The NSP's team lost to the team from the governing People's Action Party (PAP) by 56,885 votes (38.8%) to 89,710 (61.2%). As a husband and wife pair of former government scholars standing for an opposition party, Tan and Poa drew notable media attention during the election campaign.

Personal life 
He met his future wife Hazel Poa while they were both students at Cambridge. They got married and has two adopted sons.

References

National Solidarity Party (Singapore) politicians
Reform Party (Singapore) politicians
Singaporean politicians of Chinese descent
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Victoria Junior College alumni
1970 births
Living people
Pakistan Locomotive Factory. Pakistan Locomotive Factory (, or PLF) is a manufacturer of locomotives for Pakistan Railways, located in Risalpur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The company was established in 1993. A total of 2,130 coaches have been manufactured at Carriage Factory Islamabad since 1971. The factory had overhauled 1,039 coaches up to 30 June 2015.

History
The factory was established in Risalpur in 1993 at a total cost of . Its function is to manufacture indigenous diesel electric locomotives and electric locomotives, thus allowing Pakistan Railways to have less dependency on foreign technology.

In January 2016, the Minister for Railways, Khawaja Saad Rafique announced that Pakistan Locomotive Factory is to enter a joint venture with private sector participation.

Function
The designed production capacity of the factory is 25 diesel electric locomotives per year. The production capacity can however be increased by introducing double shifts. Technology for manufacturing of locomotives have been acquired over the years from Hitachi, General Electric, Adtranz and Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works. Since 1993, the factory has manufactured a total of 102 new 2000-3000 hp diesel-electric locomotives for Pakistan Railways. It has also refurbished 26 outdated locomotives of 2000-2400 hp. Various spare parts for locomotives are also manufactured.

According to a report for 2014-2015, a total of 1,052 work orders have been completed for Pakistan Railways, amounting to . Work orders completed for private sector are 34 in number, amounting to  and work orders completed for major repairs of DE locomotives are 138 number amounting to .

Projects

Current
 75 DE locomotives from General Electric, comprising:
 55 CBUs of 4000 hp
 2 CBUs of 2000 hp
 18 CKDs of 2000 hp
 Locomotive Rehabilitation Project MGPR

Completed
 23 DE locomotives (2000 hp, Hitachi), 1993-97, Class PHA 20 
 Rehabilitation of 5 DE locomotives (2000 hp, GE), 1997–98, Class RGE 20 
 30 DE locomotives (3000 hp, GE & Adtranz), 1999-01, Class AGE 30 
 Rehabilitation of 21 DE locomotives (2000/2400 hp, GE), 2001-03, Class RGE 24 
 25 DE locomotives (2000 hp, Chinese), 2003–08, Class DPU 20 
 44 DE locomotives (3000 hp, Chinese), 2003–08, Class DPU 30 
 5 DE locomotives (3000 hp, Chinese), 2014–15

Abbreviations
 CBU = Completely built unit (locomotives supplied fully assembled)
 CKD = Complete knock down (locomotives supplied in kit form and assembled locally)
 DE = Diesel-electric
 hp = Horsepower

Note
There are some disagreements between sources irfca.org  and pakistanrail.com .  For example, on horsepower of Class DPU 30. There are also minor differences in building dates.

See  also
 Locomotives of Pakistan
 Pakistan Railways Carriage Factory
 Moghalpura Railway Workshops

References 

Locomotive manufacturers of Pakistan
Rolling stock manufacturers of Pakistan
Government-owned companies of Pakistan
Manufacturing companies established in 1993
Pakistani companies established in 1993
Total element long run incremental cost. Total element long-run incremental cost (TELRIC) is a calculation method that the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) to use to charge competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) for interconnection and colocation, effectively imposing a price ceiling. A variant of long-run incremental cost (LRIC), it "measures the forward-looking incremental cost of adding or subtracting a network element" from a hypothetical system (that is efficient and uses current technologies). This allows the incumbent to recover a share of the fair value of their inputs in the long run. 

The FCC used the telecommunications term for the first time when it interpreted TELRIC's role under the 1996 Telecommunications Act, which had been based on a higher level of ILEC unbundling. In short, the act assumed that "ILECs would have to lease components of the local telephone network to prospective competitors", who would then "expect to blend these components together, possibly using their own elements to offer appropriate services to end users".

TELRIC pricing is not without controversy, as some economists have argued that TELRIC prices reduce the incentives of ILECs and CLECs to make investments in existing facilities and new technologies.

References

Telephony
United States communications regulation
Scott T. Acton. Scott T. Acton is a professor in the Charles L. Brown Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and in the Biomedical Engineering Department of the  University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science, Charlottesville campus. Acton was born in California. He is the director of the  Virginia Image and Video Analysis (VIVA) group there.   He works in the fields of  video tracking and  anisotropic diffusion.

His B.S. degree (1988) is from Virginia Tech, his  M.S.(1990) and Ph.D. (1993) degrees from the University of Texas at Austin, where his advisor was Alan Bovik.
He is a Fellow of the IEEE., and served as Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing from 2014 to 2017. Acton has been at the University of Virginia since 2000. Before that time, he worked in the academic world for Oklahoma State University and in the engineering world for AT&T, Motorola and the Mitre Corporation.

Publications
He has published over 60 peer-reviewed journal articles, and 90 peer-reviewed conference presentations.

Books
S.T. Acton and N. Ray, Biomedical Image Analysis: Tracking, Morgan and Claypool Publishers, 2006.
S.T. Acton and N. Ray, Biomedical Image Analysis: Segmentation, Morgan and Claypool Publishers, 2009.

References

External links
 

University of Virginia faculty