omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SAE. SAE or Sae may refer to:

Science, technology, and medicine

 Selective area epitaxy, local growth of epitaxial layer through a patterned dielectric mask deposited on a semiconductor substrate
 Sepsis-associated encephalopathy, neurological complications of sepsis
 Serious adverse event, in a clinical trial
 Simultaneous Authentication of Equals, a password authentication protocol in computer networking
 Sparse autoencoder, a class of text encoders in machine Learning
 Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, a disease
 Sum of absolute errors, in mathematics
 Supervised agricultural experience
 System Architecture Evolution, the core network architecture of 3GPP's LTE wireless communication standard

Units and standards
 SAE, several units of measurement of power; See Horsepower
 SAE viscosity number, of motor oils
 SAE steel grades
 SAE fastener
 SAE thread
 United States customary units, e.g. inches and miles rather than millimeters and kilometers

Linguistics
 South African English, the first-language dialects of English spoken by South Africans
 Standard Average European, a sprachbund consisting of the major part of the Indo-European languages
 Standard American English (disambiguation), the standardized form of written American English
 Southern American English

Organizations
 SAE Institute (formerly the School of Audio Engineering), a private college founded in 1976
 SAE Online (formerly SAE Graduate college), distance learning programs run by SAE Institute
 SAE International (originally the Society of Automotive Engineers), a US-based, global professional association and standards developing organization for engineering professionals in various industries
 SAE Renewables (formerly SIMEC Atlantis Energy) a renewable energy company incorporated in Singapore, but with headquarters in Edinburgh
 SAE – World Council of Hellenes Abroad, the main body representing people of Greek ethnic descent, the Greek Diaspora (Omogeneia) living outside the boundaries of the Greek state
 , the Brazilian Intelligence Agency
 Sigma Alpha Epsilon, a fraternity
 Society of Accountants in Edinburgh, founded in 1853, a predecessor of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland
 Soviet Antarctic Expedition, part of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute of the Soviet Committee on Antarctic Research of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
 Stichting Academisch Erfgoed, a Dutch organization

Places
 Sae, Harju County, village in Kose Parish, Harju County, Estonia
 Sae, Lääne-Viru County, village in Vinni Parish, Lääne-Viru County, Estonia
 Shah Alam Expressway, an expressway in Klang Valley, Malaysia
 Sae Island, an island within the Western Islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea

Other uses
 Sae (given name), a feminine Japanese given name
 Sale railway station, Victoria
 Société anonyme égyptienne ("Egyptian Anonymous Society"), Egyptian variant of S.A.
 Stamped addressed envelope

See also
 Sexual assault evidence collection kit (SAECK), in forensics
Bilayer. A bilayer is a double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules.

The properties of bilayers are often studied in condensed matter physics, particularly in the context of semiconductor devices, where two distinct materials are united to form junctions, such as p–n junctions, Schottky junctions, etc. Layered materials, such as graphene, boron nitride, or transition metal dichalcogenides, have unique electronic properties as bilayer systems and are an active area of current research.

In biology, a common example is the lipid bilayer, which describes the structure of multiple organic structures, such as the membrane of a cell.

See also
 Monolayer
 Non-carbon nanotube
 Semiconductor
 Thin film

References

Phases of matter
Thin films
Standard Delay Format. Standard Delay Format (SDF) is an IEEE standard for the representation and interpretation of timing data for use at any stage of an electronic design process. It finds wide applicability in design flows, and forms an efficient bridge between dynamic timing analysis and static timing analysis.

It was originally developed as an OVI standard, and later modified into the IEEE format. Technically only the SDF version 4.0 onwards are IEEE formats.

It is an ASCII format that is represented in a tool and language independent way and includes path delays, timing constraint values, interconnect delays and high level technology parameters.

It has usually two sections: one for interconnect delays and the other for cell delays. 

SDF format can be used for back-annotation as well as forward-annotation.

See also 

 VITAL
 EDIF

References

IEC 61523-3:2004

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20130524215112/http://www.eda.org/sdf/
Standard Delay Format Specification in PDF format, version 3.0 (1995)

EDA file formats
IEEE DASC standards
IEC standards
Boulton, Watt and Murdoch. Boulton, Watt and Murdoch is a gilded bronze statue depicting Matthew Boulton, James Watt, and William Murdoch by William Bloye, assisted by Raymond Forbes Kings. It stands on a plinth of Portland stone in Centenary Square, Birmingham and marks the contribution these individuals made to the development of the steam engine and hence the start of the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century.

It is also known as The Golden Boys after its colour, or The Carpet Salesmen after the partially rolled-up plan of a steam engine which they are examining (and an oblique nod to the often-aggressive marketing that emerged with the rise of industrialization). 

In 1939 an £8,000 bequest from Richard Wheatley, and £7,500 from the City Council, enabled the work to be created and it was unveiled in 1956, from preliminary designs drawn up in 1938. In 1956 the statue was erected temporarily outside the Birmingham Register Office which is where it stood until the statue was restored and re-gilded in September 2006.

In 2017 it was temporarily put into storage to allow construction of the West Midlands Metro. It was reinstalled on the plinth in Centenary Square outside Symphony Hall on 29 April 2022.

See also
St. Mary's Church, Handsworth (memorials inside the church)
Soho Manufactory
Soho Foundry
Soho Mint
Boulton & Watt steam engine

References

Further reading

External links

 Birmingham City Council page about the statue

Lunar Society of Birmingham
Outdoor sculptures in Birmingham, West Midlands
1956 sculptures
Gold sculptures
Bronze sculptures in England
Statues in England
1956 establishments in England
Science in art
SPL. SPL may refer to:

Association football
 Saudi Professional League
 Scottish Premier League
 SportPesa Premier League, Kenya
 Singapore Premier League
 RoboCup Standard Platform League, matches between autonomous robots

Cricket
 Saurashtra Premier League, an Indian cricket league

Computing

Programming languages
 System programming language, the general concept of language for programming operating systems
 Systems Programming Language, a systems programming language for HP/3000 minicomputers
 Shakespeare Programming Language, an esoteric language that looks like Shakespeare's plays
 Space Programming Language, influenced by JOVIAL

Other uses in computing
 Spl (Unix) functions to set priority level
 Secondary Program Loader
 Software product line
 Solana Program Library, a collection of programs on the Solana blockchain platform
 Standard PHP Library, used in PHP5 onwards
 Sun Public License, Sun Microsystems
 RoboCup Standard Platform League, autonomous robot association football matches

Businesses and organisations

Political
 Sammarineses for Freedom, Italian: Sammarinesi per la Libertà, a political party in San Marino
 Socialist Party of Latvia, formed in 1994
 Secular Pro-Life, in the United States

Other businesses and organisations
 Finnish Wood Workers' Union, a former trade union
 Service de police de Longueuil, the police department of Longueuil, Quebec
 Saudi Post (SPL), logistics company

Places
 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Netherlands (by former IATA code)
 Scottish Poetry Library, Edinburgh, Scotland

Science and medicine
 Scanning probe lithography, a direct contact method of lithography
 Sound pressure level, a measure of sound pressure
 Spore photoproduct lyase, an enzyme
 Stretched penile length, measuring Human penis size
 Structured Product Labeling of prescription drug
 Superior parietal lobule

Other uses
 Senior Patrol Leader, voluntary role in the Boy Scouts of America or Baden-Powell Scouts' Association
 SPL: Sha Po Lang, 2005 Hong Kong action film
 Sailplane Pilot Licence, a basic pilot licence
Slip-critical joint. Slip-critical joint, from structural engineering, is a type of bolted structural steel connection which relies on friction between the two connected elements rather than bolt shear or bolt bearing to join two structural elements.

Shear (and tension) loads can be transferred between two structural elements by either a bearing-type connection or a slip-critical connection.

In a slip-critical connection, loads are transferred from one element to another through friction forces developed between the faying surfaces of the connection.  These friction forces are generated by the extreme tightness of the structural bolts holding the connection together.  These bolts, usually tension control bolts or compressible washer tension indicating type bolts, are tensioned to a minimum required amount to generate large enough friction forces between the faying surfaces such that the shear (or tension) load is transferred by the structural members and not by the bolts (in shear) and the connection plates (in bearing). The "turn of the nut" method is also widely used to achieve that state of friction.

If slip-critical connections fail (by slipping), they revert to bearing-type connections, with structural forces now transferred through bolt shear and connection plate bearing.  Thus a slippage failure of a slip-critical connection is not necessarily a catastrophic failure.  However, slippage of a slip-critical connection in columns may lead to column instability. Slippage of a slip critical joint in a roof truss could result in unintended ponding effects.

The faying surfaces of slip-critical connections must be properly prepared in order to maximize friction forces between the surfaces joined.  Usually, this requires cleaning, descaling, roughening, and/or blasting of the faying surfaces. Painting the faying surfaces with a class B primer also allows being in accordance with most of the design that asks for Slip-critical joint.

Structural connectors
Design life. The design life of a component or product is the period of time during which the item is expected by its designers to work within its specified parameters; in other words, the life expectancy of the item. It is not always the actual length of time between placement into service of a single item and that item's onset of wearout.

Another use of the term design life deals with consumer products.  Many products employ design life as one factor of their differentiation from competing products and components. A disposable camera is designed to withstand a short life, whilst an expensive single-lens reflex camera may be expected to have a design life measured in years or decades.

Long design lives
Some products designed for heavy or demanding use are so well-made that they are retained and used well beyond their design life. Some public transport vehicles come into this category, as do a number of artificial satellites and spacecraft. In general, entry-level products—those at the lowest end of the price range fulfilling a certain specification—will tend to have shorter design lives than more expensive products fulfilling the same function, since there are savings to be made in using designs that are cheaper to implement, or, conversely, costs to be passed onto the customer in engineering to provide a safe margin leading to an increased working life. This economic truism leads to the phenomenon of products designed (or appearing to be designed) to last only so long as their warranty period.

Obsolescence
Design life is related to but distinct from the concept of planned obsolescence. The latter is the somewhat more nebulous notion that products are designed so as to become obsolete—at least in the eyes of the user—before the end of their design life. Two classic examples here are digital cameras, which become genuinely obsolete as a result of the very rapid rate of technological advances, although still in perfect working order; and non-digital cameras, which are perceived as obsolete after a year or so as they are no longer "the latest design" although actually capable of years of useful service.

See also
Availability
Circular economy
Consumables
Disposable product
Durability
Interchangeable parts
Maintainability
Planned obsolescence
Repairability
Service life
Source reduction
Throwaway society
ISO 15686

References

Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change, Victor Papanek, Academy Chicago Publishers; 2nd Rev edition (December 1985), 

Industrial design
Product design
Sustainable design
Signal trace. In electronics, a signal trace or circuit trace on a printed circuit board (PCB) or integrated circuit (IC) is the equivalent of a wire for conducting signals. Each trace consists of a flat, narrow part of the copper foil that remains after etching. Signal traces are usually narrower than power or ground traces because the current carrying requirements are usually much less.

See also
Ground plane
Stripline
Microstrip

References 

Electrical connectors
Printed circuit board manufacturing
List of largest buildings. Buildings around the world listed by usable space (volume), footprint (area), and floor space (area) comprise single structures that are suitable for continuous human occupancy. There are, however, some exceptions, including factories and warehouses.

The Aerium near Berlin, Germany is the largest uninterrupted volume in the world, while Boeing's factory in Everett, Washington, United States is the world's largest building by volume. The AvtoVAZ main assembly building in Tolyatti, Russia is the largest building in area footprint. The New Century Global Center in Chengdu, China is the largest building in terms of total floor area. Due to the incomplete nature of this list, buildings are not ranked.

Largest usable volume

Buildings around the world with the largest usable space, sorted by volume, having a volume of at least :

Largest floor area

Buildings with the largest usable floor area including multiple stories of at least :

Special categories

Other buildings which are the largest of their type:

See also
 List of largest office buildings
 List of largest shopping malls
 List of tallest buildings
 List of largest mosques

References
Biodome. Biodome may refer to:

a closed ecological system
 Bio-Dome, a 1996 movie starring Pauly Shore and Stephen Baldwin and directed by Jason Bloom.
 the Montreal Biodome, a facility located in Montreal that allows visitors to walk through replicas of four ecosystems found in the Americas.
 the Montreal Biosphère, a geodesic dome on Ile Sainte-Hélène in Montreal, Quebec, Canada used as the pavilion for the 1967 World Exhibition Expo 67.
 Biosphere 2, an artificial closed ecosystem in Oracle, Arizona.
 BIOS-3, a closed ecosystem at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia.
Phthalic acid. In organic chemistry, phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, with formula  and structure . Although phthalic acid is of modest commercial importance, the closely related derivative phthalic anhydride is a commodity chemical produced on a large scale. Phthalic acid is one of three isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid.

Production
Phthalic acid is produced by the catalytic oxidation of naphthalene or ortho-xylene directly to phthalic anhydride and a subsequent hydrolysis of the anhydride.

Phthalic acid was first obtained by French chemist Auguste Laurent in 1836 by oxidizing naphthalene tetrachloride. Believing the resulting substance to be a naphthalene derivative, he named it "naphthalic acid". After the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac determined its correct formula, Laurent gave it its present name. Manufacturing methods in the nineteenth century included oxidation of naphthalene tetrachloride with nitric acid, or, better, oxidation of the hydrocarbon with fuming sulfuric acid, using mercury or mercury(II) sulfate as a catalyst.

Synthesis
Naphthalene, on oxidation with potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate, gives Phthalic anhydride, which, through hydrolysis with hot water, gives Phthalic acid.

Uses
Phthalic acid in the form of phthalic anhydride is an important industrial chemical, used for making phthalates (esters of phthalic acid) that are used as plasticizers. However, phthalic anhydride is usually not made by dehydration of phthalic acid but from p-xylene or naphthalene.

Reactions

It is a dibasic acid, with pKas of 2.89 and 5.51. The monopotassium salt, potassium hydrogen phthalate is a standard acid in analytical chemistry. Typically phthalate esters are prepared from the widely available phthalic anhydride. Reduction of phthalic acid with sodium amalgam in the presence of water gives the 1,3-cyclohexadiene derivative.

Safety
The toxicity of phthalic acid is moderate with  (mouse) of 550 mg/kg.

Biodegradation
The bacteria Pseudomonas sp. P1 degrades phthalic acid.

See also
 Isophthalic acid
 Phthalate
 Phthalic anhydride
 Potassium hydrogen phthalate, a primary standard for acid–base titrations
 Terephthalic acid

References

 Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178

External links
International Chemical Safety Card 0768

Benzoic acids
Dicarboxylic acids
Portlet. Portlets are pluggable user interface software components that are managed and displayed in a web portal. A portlet responds to requests from a web client with and generates dynamic content. A portlet is managed by a portlet container.

Description 
A portlet is a pluggable user interface software component that is managed and displayed in a web portal, for example an enterprise portal or a web CMS. A portlet can aggregate (integrate) and personalize content from different sources within a web page. A portlet responds to requests from a web client with and generates dynamic content.

Portlets produce fragments of markup (HTML, XHTML, WML) that are aggregated into a portal. Hence, a portlet (or collection of portlets) resembles a web-based application that is hosted in a portal. Some examples of portlet applications are e-mail, weather reports, discussion forums, and news.

Portlet containers 
A portlet is managed by a portlet container. A portlet container runs portlets, provides them with the required runtime environment, manages their life cycles. A container also provides persistent storage mechanisms for the portlet preferences.

A portlet container receives requests from the portal to execute requests on the portlets hosted by it. A portlet container sends data to the portal for aggregation, but is not responsible for aggregating the content produced by the portlets; the portal itself handles aggregation. A portal and a portlet container can be built together as a single component of an application suite or as two separate components of a portal application.

Standards 

Portlet standards are platform independent application programming interfaces that are intended to enable software developers to create portlets that can be plugged into any portal supporting the standards. An example is the Java Portlet Specification.

See also
 Applet
 Java Portlet Specification
 Software widget

References

External links

Web portals
NEAT. NEAT may refer to:

Science and technology
 Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking, a program run by NASA  and the JPL to discover near-Earth objects
 Neuroevolution of augmenting topologies, a genetic algorithm for the generation of evolving artificial neural networks 
 NEAT chipset, a three-chip chipset for IBM PC compatible computers.  The acronym stands for "New Enhanced Advanced Technology." 
 Non-exercise activity thermogenesis, a way of heat production in organisms
 National Electronic Autocoding Technique, a language for NCR 315 computers

Other uses
 NRLA (German abbreviation NEAT), the New Railway Link through the Alps
 North European Aerospace Test range, an organisation operating rocket test ranges in Sweden
 Northeast Asia Trade Tower, an office building in South Korea
 New England Air Transport, an airline operating in Maine from 2008 to 2009
 National Exchange for Automated Trading, the trading system of the National Stock Exchange of India
 National English Ability Test, a Korean standardized test of ability in English

See also
 Neat (disambiguation)
 Neet (disambiguation)
System 7 (disambiguation). System 7 or System/7 may refer to:

Computing
 IBM System/7, a minicomputer developed by IBM; premiered in 1971

Operating systems: 

 Macintosh System 7, the Apple operating system introduced in 1991
 Operating System/7, the UNIVAC operating system introduced in 1974
 System Manager 7, a successor to Multiuser DOS by Datapac
 Version 7 Unix, otherwise known as (Unix Time Sharing) System 7; released in 1979

Other
 System 7 (album), eponymous, debut studio album of System 7; released in 1991
 System 7 (band), a British electronic music duo
 Signalling System 7, telephony signaling protocols
 System 7 Napoleonics, tabletop miniatures wargaming
 STS-7 (Space Transportation System-7), the Space Shuttle mission

See also
 Series 7 (disambiguation)
Charles Meik. Charles Scott Meik (1853 – 5 July 1923) was an English civil and mechanical engineer, and part of a minor engineering dynasty. His father Thomas Meik was also a civil engineer, as was Charles' brother Patrick Meik; collectively, they established a company which became one of the UK's major engineering consultancies.

Early career
Both brothers were born in Crow Tree Road, Bishopwearmouth. For three years from 1870, Charles Meik was an apprentice at Leith-based Hawthorne & Co, after which he spent two years in William Armstrong's Elswick engine works.

After three years (1875-1878) working for the borough engineer of Hull on riverside improvements, he became assistant to Sir Thomas Bouch. However, Bouch's career was finished by the Tay Bridge disaster on 28 December 1879 in east Scotland when the 13 high girders forming the central part of the bridge crashed into the river carrying a train and 75 men, women and children with it.

In 1881, Charles Meik entered the office of Thomas Meik and Sons, as chief assistant, and was taken into partnership in 1882, working on the design and construction of dock and harbour works until 1887. He then went to Japan and worked as Chief Engineer of Harbours and Rivers for the Japanese government, returning to work in London with his brother Patrick in 1894.

PW & CS Meik
After Thomas Meik retired in 1888, his firm (renamed Thomas Meik & sons) had passed into the hands of his sons, and in 1896, it was renamed PW Meik and CS Meik.

Charles then assisted Patrick on the firm's first venture into Wales, a massive commission to construct docks and a railway at Port Talbot for the Port Talbot Railway and Docks Company, followed by an equally ambitious scheme to expand the port of Seaham, officially opened in 1905. The Meiks' expertise saw port and railway designs developed in many parts of the British Empire, including Christmas Island, India, Burma and Mozambique.

The firm was then commissioned to design the Kinlochleven hydroelectric scheme in the Scottish Highlands. This was a huge undertaking at the time and it was to lead to an even greater hydroelectric project, the Lochaber Water Power Scheme. Meik died before construction started, leaving the project's completion in the hands of William Halcrow (the firm name later changed to CS Meik and Halcrow, and later traded as the Halcrow Group). Meik is remembered on the family memorial in Duddingston Kirkyard.

References

1923 deaths
English civil engineers
People from Sunderland
Engineers from Tyne and Wear
1853 births