omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
LECO Corporation. LECO Corporation, founded in 1936 by Carl Schultz and George Krasl, operates its analytical instrumentation research and development, and manufacturing from its headquarters located in St. Joseph, Michigan. LECO develops and manufactures elemental measurement and molecular Time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrumentation, following ISO 9000 standards. The LECO trademark is an acronym of the original name, Laboratory Equipment Corporation.  One of LECO's early products was a combustion analyzer invented by Krasl in 1957 that used crucibles invented by his employee Eugene Bennet., 

LECO carries out research in many fields of analytical chemistry including protein measurement in foods, sulfur in coal emissions, glow discharge emission in metals, multi-dimensional gas chromatograph mass spectrometry, environmental monitoring, air quality, Metabolomics, and diverse medical and pharmaceutical applications.  LECO has been a manufacturer and distributor of metallographic equipment since the 1970s, and makes ceramic products for the foundry industry.  LECO Corporation has sales subsidiaries worldwide.

As of June 8, 1977, Robert J. Warren (1933-2022), husband of Elizabeth D. Schultz and son-in-law of Carl Schultz, and family have become the sole owners of the company, acquiring outstanding stocks which had become the property of the George J. Krasl Trust following George Krasl's death on August 5, 1976.  Bob Warren was hired by LECO in 1968 and became its president in 1975.  LECO became a worldwide supplier of instruments and metallographic equipment under Warren's management, and one of southwestern Michigan's larger employers.  He was succeeded as CEO by his sons upon his retirement in 2016.

See also 
 Scientific instruments

References

Technology companies of the United States
Companies based in Michigan
Cable machine. A cable machine is an item of equipment used in weight training or functional training. It consists of a rectangular, vertically oriented steel frame about 3 metres wide and 2 metres high, with a weight stack attached via a cable and pulley system to one or more handles. The cables that connect the handles to the weight stacks run through adjustable pulleys that can be fixed at any height. This allows a variety of exercises to be performed on the apparatus.  One end of the cable is attached to a perforated steel bar that runs down the centre of the weight stack.  To select the desired amount of resistance, move the metal pin into the labelled hole in the weight stack.  The other end of the cable forms a loop, which allows the user to attach the appropriate handle for the exercise.  Most cable machines have a minimum of 20 pounds (~9 kilograms) of resistance in order to counterbalance the weight of the typical attachment.

See also 
 Free weight (equipment), for example dumbbells or barbells
 Hydraulic exercise equipment
 Pneumatic exercise equipment

References

Weight training equipment
BLU-109 bomb. The BLU-109/B is a hardened bunker buster penetration bomb used by the United States Air Force (BLU is an acronym for Bomb Live Unit). As with other "bunker busters", it is intended to penetrate concrete shelters and other hardened structures before exploding. In addition to the US, it is part of the armament of the air forces of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, and United Arab Emirates.

Design
The BLU-109/B has a steel casing about  thick. Its warhead is filled with  of tritonal. It has a mechanical-electrical delayed-action FMU-143 tail-fuze. 

The BLU-109 entered service in 1985. It is also used as the warhead of some marks of the GBU-15 electro-optically guided bomb, the GBU-24 Paveway III and GBU-27 Paveway III laser-guided bombs, as well as the GBU-31 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and AGM-130 air-to-surface missile.

Variants
The BLU-118 is reportedly a thermobaric explosive filler variation on the BLU-109 casing and basic bomb design.  It contains PBXIH-135, a traditional explosive.

In 2015, General Dynamics started a $7.2 million development of a version called HAMMER, which is intended to destroy chemical and biological substances by spreading dozens of Kinetic Fireballs Incendiaries (KFI) (not explosions) inside a bunker.  The KFIs evolved out of the earlier Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program by Exquadrum, Inc. of Adelanto, California.

Operators
The BLU-109 has been sold to key US allies including South Korea, Israel, Greece, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Pakistan, and Turkey

 :  United States Air Force
 : Royal Moroccan Air Force
 :  Republic of Korea Air Force
 :  Hellenic Air Force
 :  Turkish Air Force
 :  Israeli Air Force
 :  Serbian Air Force
 : Pakistan Air Force
 :  Royal Saudi Air Force
 :  United Arab Emirates Air Force
 : Royal Netherlands Air Force

Operational history
In late 2023, the United States delivered 100 BLU-109 bombs to Israel. Israeli F-15I fighter jets are believed to have used BLU-109s with JDAM guidance kits in the strikes that killed Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut on 27 September 2024.

See also
 BLU-116

References

External links

 BLU-109/B Hard-target Warhead fact sheet, at Hill AFB website, US air Force

Aerial bombs of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Robocrane. The Robocrane is a kind of manipulator resembling a Stewart platform but using an octahedral assembly of cables instead of struts. Like the  Stewart platform, the Robocrane has six degrees of freedom (x, y, z, pitch, roll, & yaw).

It was developed by Dr. James S. Albus of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), using the Real-Time Control System which is a hierarchical control system.  Given its unusual ability to "fly" tools around a work site, it has many possible applications, including stone carving, ship building, bridge construction, inspection, pipe or beam fitting and welding.

Albus invented and developed a new generation of robot cranes based on six cables and six winches configured as a Stewart platform. The NIST RoboCraneTM has the capacity to lift and precisely manipulate heavy loads over large volumes with fine control in all six degrees of freedom. Laboratory RoboCranes have demonstrated the ability to manipulate tools such as saws, grinders, and welding torches, and to lift and precisely position heavy objects such as steel beams and cast iron pipe. In 1992, the RoboCrane was selected by Construction Equipment magazine as one of the 100 most significant new products of the year for construction and related industries. It was also selected by Popular Science magazine for the "Best of What's New" award as one of the 100 top products, technologies, and scientific achievements of 1992.

A version of the RoboCrane has been commercially developed for the United States Air Force to enable rapid paint stripping, inspection, and repainting of very large military aircraft such as the C-5 Galaxy. RoboCrane is expected to save the United States Air Force $8 million annually at each of its maintenance facilities. This project was recognized in 2008 by a National Laboratories Award for technology transfer. Potential future applications of the RoboCrane include ship building, construction of high rise buildings, highways, bridges, tunnels, and port facilities; cargo handling, ship-to-ship cargo transfer on the high seas, radioactive and toxic waste clean-up; and underwater applications such as salvage, drilling, cable maintenance, and undersea waste site management.

References

External links
Manipulation and Mobility Systems Group
Citations: The NIST ROBOCRANE - Albus, Bostelman, Dagalakis
 RoboCrane a page from Carnegie Mellon University
MEL Gallery Movies RoboCrane

-
Morris Cohen (scientist). Morris Cohen (November 27, 1911 – May 27, 2005), born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, United States, was a Jewish American metallurgist, who spent his entire career affiliated with MIT. He graduated from his undergraduate degree in 1933, receiving his doctorate three years later, and was appointed assistant professor of metallurgy in 1937. He was appointed Professor of Physical Metallurgy in 1946, and an Institute Professor in 1975. He took emeritus status in 1982.

He worked on the Manhattan Project during the Second World War. He and his colleagues developed fuel rods for Enrico Fermi's nuclear reactor at the University of Chicago.

He has been awarded the gold medal by the ASM International (formerly American Society for Metals) (1968) and the Japan Institute of Metals (1970), the National Medal of Science in 1976, and the Kyoto Prize in 1987.

References

External links 
 MIT newsoffice obituary

1911 births
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American metallurgists
Jewish American scientists
Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology
MIT School of Engineering faculty
National Medal of Science laureates
People from Chelsea, Massachusetts
Manhattan Project people
2005 deaths
Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
SR Class SL. The Southern Railway (SR) in the UK gave the designation SL to the fleet of AC overhead electric multiple units used on the South London Line between Victoria and London Bridge station. These had been built by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway in 1909, but with the abandonment of the Elevated Electric service in 1928 they were converted to DC third rail units.

Construction
The SL (South London stock) units were built in 1909 for use on the LBSCR AC overhead electrified lines in South London. This stock comprised eight three-car units, originally formed Driving Motor Brake Third + Trailer First + Driving Motor Brake Third. They were built by the Metropolitan Amalgamated Carriage & Wagon Company at Birmingham and each motor coach had four  Winter Eichberg motors.

The Trailer First cars were later removed and used as locomotive-hauled stock, from when the driving cars were paired with former loco-hauled coaches converted to Driving Trailer Composite cars.

After the replacement of the AC overhead equipment by the standard SR 660 V DC third-rail system on 17 June 1928, these units were rebuilt. The Driving Motor cars were paired together again to form eight units designated 2SL. The Trailer First cars (which had been out of EMU stock for nearly twenty years) were included in this programme, and were rebuilt into Driving Motor and Driving Trailer pairs to form four units designated 2Wim, for use on the Wimbledon-West Croydon line.

Formations
The LB&SCR purchased sufficient cars for 8 permanent sets, numbered 1E to 8E. However, later Brighton practice was to dispense with fixed sets.

When the units were reformed into 2-car sets, 14 driving trailers were provided for 16 driving motor cars, because it was found that the motor cars required more time under maintenance.

References

Southern Electric Group; SEG Historical Features LBSCR A.C. Fleets 

SR SL
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
SL
Train-related introductions in 1909
Metropolitan Cammell multiple units
SR Class CW. The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation CW to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the lines to Coulsdon and Wallington.  They were planned by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, but were delayed by World War I and the grouping and were introduced by the Southern Railway.

Construction 
The CW (Coulsdon and Wallington stock) units were built in 1923–1924, as the last electric train stock for use on the LBSCR AC overhead electrified lines in South London.  This stock comprised some hundred carriages, which were used in five-car formations: Driving Trailer Third (DTT) + Driving Trailer Composite (DTC) + Motor Luggage Van (MLV) + Trailer Composite (TC) + Driving Trailer Third (DTT).

The stock, built by the Metropolitan Carriage, Wagon and Finance Company at Birmingham, was as follows:

 21 Motor Luggage Vans
 60 Driving Trailers
 20 Trailers

The Motor Luggage Vans (nicknamed "Milk Vans") each had four  GEC traction motors.

After the replacement of the AC overhead equipment by the 660 V DC third rail system adopted as standard by the SR, the carriages that formed these units were rebuilt accordingly, the Motor Luggage Vans becoming bogie goods train brake vans.

References

SR CW
CW
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
Train-related introductions in 1925

Metropolitan Cammell multiple units
Atlantic and Mexican Gulf Canal Company. The Atlantic and Mexican Gulf Canal Company was a canal project approved February 23, 1876 and owned by Joseph E. Johnston, General Lafayette McLaws and Joseph Shepard of Georgia,  and others. The purpose was constructing a canal from the St. Marys river in Georgia, across the Okeefinokee Swamp, and thence westward by the most direct and practicable route, as the company may determine, to connect with the waters of the Gulf of Mexico on the coast of Florida, for the purpose of transporting from the Atlantic to the Gulf along the route indicated, and to market on either side, the timber, lumber and other products of the country, and other commercial products as may be offered, and the convenience of the route may determine of may attract to it.

American politician, journalist and industrialist Duff Green also worked with the Gulf Canal Company, hoping to connect the Savannah River with St. Marys  and Suwannee Rivers to the Gulf of Mexico.

Florida state law chapter 3500, approved March 1, 1883, gave the company, together with George F. Drew, Jesse J. Finley and George Rainsford Fairbanks of Florida and James S. Bailey of Georgia authority to build the canal in Florida and to extend it along the Gulf coast as far as the western limits of the State, and to connect with any water way which would communicate with Mobile or New Orleans.
The company was promised land grants along its line, provided it selected the route within one year, ten miles were finished within two years, and the canal was completed within ten years.

Florida state law chapter 3647, approved February 16, 1885, amended the list of owners to remove George R. Fairbanks and James S. Bailey and add S. A. Swann of Florida and S. L. Burns, Alex Curtis and William Rogers of Savannah, Georgia. Time limits were extended to three years, four years, and ten years.

References

Canals in Florida
Canals in Georgia (U.S. state)
Flying banana. The nickname "flying banana" or Flying Banana may be applied to:

Trains on British railways
 GWR diesel railcar – introduced in 1932
 InterCity 125 – referring to the original livery of the British Rail High Speed Train
 New Measurement Train – used by Network Rail to check track and signalling equipment

Other uses
 DFW B.I — Imperial German unarmed two-seat observation biplane with "banana-planform" wings (1914)
 Piasecki H-21 – a military helicopter
 Handley Page H.P.42 - a British biplane airliner
 HRP Rescuer – an American tandem-rotor helicopter
 Geostationary Banana Over Texas – a proposed work of art that received funding from the Canadian government but was never created
 Southern yellow-billed hornbill – a hornbill found in southern Africa
 The airplanes of Hughes Air West were known as "flying bananas" due to their distinctive banana-yellow fuselage and tail colors.
Slate (writing). A slate is a thin piece of hard flat material, historically slate stone, which is used as a medium for writing.

Usage 

The writing slate consisted of a piece of slate, typically either 4x6 inches or 7x10 inches, encased in a wooden frame. Split slate was prepared by scraping with a steel edge, grinding with a flat stone and, finally, polishing with a mix of slate powder in water. Pencils were of a softer stone, such as shale, chalk or soapstone. In 1853 Charles Goodyear patented a compound of hard-vulcanised rubber with powdered porcelain, from which to make white pencils for writing on slates.

Usually, a piece of cloth or slate sponge was used to clean it and this was sometimes attached with a string to the bottom of the writing slate.

History 
The exact origins of the writing slate remain unclear. References to its use can be found in the fourteenth century and evidence suggests that it was used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The central time period for the writing slate, however, "appears to begin in the later eighteenth century, when developments in sea and land transport permitted the gradual expansion of slate quarrying in Wales and the growth of a substantial slate workshop industry."

By the nineteenth century, writing slates were used around the world in nearly every school and were a central part of the slate industry. At the dawn of the twentieth century, writing slates were the primary tool in the classroom for students. In the 1930s (or later) writing slates began to be replaced by more modern methods. However, writing slates did not become obsolete. They are still made in the twenty-first century, though in small quantities.

The writing slate was sometimes used by industry workers to track goods and by sailors to calculate their geographical location at sea. Sometimes multiple pieces of slate were bound together into a "book" and horizontal lines were etched onto the slate surface as a guide for neat handwriting.

See also 

 Clay tablet
 Blackboard

References

Sources

Writing media
Slate
Educational devices
Defibrator. The defibrator is a thermo mechanical pulping refiner in which the pulp material, such as wood chips, is ground in an environment of steam between a rotating grinding disc (rotor) and a stationary disc (stator) each with radial grooves that provides the grinding surface. Wood chips are fed into the centre and are broken down as the centrifugal force pushes them towards the circumference of the discs where the grooves are finer to produce wood fibre. The size of the refined fibres can to some extent be controlled by altering the distance between the discs where a closer distance produces finer fibres but also requires higher grinding force. The capacity per machine is largely determined by the size of the machine, as well as the motor speed 1500 rpm or 1800 rpm.

History
In 1931 the Swedish engineer Arne Asplund filed a patent on a method to defibrate wood chips. As opposed to the Masonite-method, the defibrator-method (also known as the Asplund-method) uses pressurised steam to soften the wood chips, then grinding discs to pull the wood fibres apart. This grinding unit is what Asplund called the defibrator. It became the key product of his company, AB Defibrator. The Defibrator trademark is now held by Valmet, the successor of AB Defibrator, for its line of refiners for the panelboard industry.

References

Papermaking
Pulp and paper industry
F16 (disambiguation). F16, F 16, F-16 or FI6 may refer to:
 General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, a 1974 American multirole fighter jet aircraft
 FI6 (antibody), an antibody that targets influenza A viruses
 F 16 Uppsala, a Swedish air force base
 Formula 16, a 5-metre catamaran
 Nacra F16 a Formula 16 catamaran design
 Volvo F16, a truck
 Half-precision floating-point format, a 16-bit computer number format
 Shibuya Station, a railway station in Tokyo, coded as F16 on the Fukutoshin Line
 Fluorine-16 (F-16 or 16F), an isotope of fluorine

See also
 F-16 Rachanon (born 1991), Thai kickboxer
Fluoromethane. Fluoromethane, also known as methyl fluoride, Freon 41, Halocarbon-41 and HFC-41, is a non-toxic, liquefiable, and flammable gas at standard temperature and pressure. It is made of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. The name stems from the fact that it is methane (CH4) with a fluorine atom substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms. It is used in semiconductor manufacturing processes as an etching gas in plasma etch reactors.

Fluoromethane (originally called "fluorohydrate of methylene") became the first organofluorine compound to be discovered when it was synthesized by French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugène-Melchior Péligot in 1835 by distilling dimethyl sulfate with potassium fluoride.

Composition 
The compound is the lowest mass member of the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) family, compounds which contain only hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon. These compounds are related to the chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), but since they do not contain chlorine, are not destructive to the ozone layer. Fluorocarbons are, however, potent greenhouse gasses, and the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol is an attempt to phase them out due to their contribution to global warming.

The C−F bond energy is 552 kJ/mol and its length is 0.139 nm. Its molecular geometry is tetrahedral. Its Dipole Moment is 1.85 D.

Its specific heat capacity (Cp) is 38.171 J·mol−1·K−1 at 25 °C. The critical point of fluoromethane is at 44.9 °C (318.1 K) and 6.280 MPa.

See also
Organofluorine chemistry
Halomethanes

References

External links 
 Thermochemical data at chemnet.ru

Fluoroalkanes
Halomethanes
Refrigerants
Gases
Hydrofluorocarbons
Eisenacher Motorenwerk. Eisenacher Motorenwerk (EMW) was an East German manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles based in Eisenach. EMW also entered Formula One as a constructor in 1953, but participated in only one race, the 1953 German Grand Prix. The car retired after 12 laps with exhaust problems.

Continuing BMW production

One of the pre-World War II BMW factories was located in Eisenach, which after the war was taken over by the Soviets, since Eisenach was situated in the Soviet occupation zone. The factory continued producing cars and motorcycles under the BMW brand, but after a lawsuit in 1952 they had to change the name to EMW instead. The logotype was also similar, but instead of the blue BMW used, EMW used red.

The Kasernierte Volkspolizei (a paramilitary police branch which preceded the National People's Army) and the succeeding East German armed forces needed vehicles and expressed interest in reviving production of the BMW 325, an unsuccessful wartime off-road Einheits-PKW (standardized military light utility vehicle) built by BMW in Eisenach. This was developed into the new EMW 325/3, of which 166 were built in 1952. This remilitarization, however, was in violation of the terms of the Potsdam Conference and led to protests from the West.

New designs
Later the automobile section of EMW became VEB Automobilwerk Eisenach and built the Wartburg. Motorcycle manufacture ended in the 1950s and was replaced by the AWO 425 built by Simson at Suhl.

Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key)

* Constructors' Championship not awarded until .

References

Formula One constructors
Formula One entrants
BMW
German auto racing teams
German racecar constructors
Auto racing teams established in 1953
Auto racing teams disestablished in 1953
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Motorenwerk
Transport in East Germany
Car manufacturers of East Germany
1945 establishments in Germany
1953 disestablishments in East Germany

de:Eisenacher Motorenwerk
Principle of good enough. The principle of good enough or "good enough" principle is a rule in software and systems design. It indicates that consumers will use products that are good enough for their requirements, despite the availability of more advanced technology.

See also

80:20 rule
Heuristic
KISS principle
Minimalism (computing)
Perfect is the enemy of good
Proof of concept
Rule of thumb
Satisficing
Worse is Better
You aren't gonna need it

References

 ''Software Craftsmanship: The New Imperative'
 Creating a Software Engineering Culture
 Fundamental Concepts for the Software Quality Engineer, Volume 2
 Software Creativity 2.0
 Software War Stories: Case Studies in Software Management

External links 
 "The New Mantra of Tech: It's Good Enough" (Gizmodo by Mark Wilson April 27, 2009)

Software architecture