omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Fokker E.III. The Fokker E.III was the main variant of the Eindecker (literally meaning "one wing") fighter aircraft of World War I. It entered service on the Western Front in December 1915 and was also supplied to Austria-Hungary and Turkey.

Design and development
The E.III was basically an E.II fitted with larger, newly designed wings that had a slightly narrower chord of 1.80 meters ( in), compared to 1.88 meters (74 in) on the earlier Eindeckers, going back to Fokker's original M.5 monoplane aircraft. The E.III retained the same 75 kW (100 hp) Oberursel U.I engine, and therefore also used the larger-diameter "horseshoe" pattern cowling that also mandated the inclusion of the E.II's soffit-like extensions to the sides of the upper nose sheet metalwork, but had a larger 81 L (21.5 gal) drum-shaped main fuel tank just behind the cockpit, which increased the Eindeckers endurance to about  hours, an hour more than the E.II. Most E.IIIs were armed with a single 7.92 mm (.312 in) Spandau LMG 08 machine gun with 500 rounds of ammunition; however, after the failure of the twin-gun Fokker E.IV as a viable successor, some E.IIIs were fitted with twin guns.

Fokker production figures state that 249 E.IIIs were manufactured; however, a number of the 49 E.IIs were upgraded to E.III standard when they were returned to Fokker's Schwerin factory for repairs.

Operational history
The E.III was the first type to arrive in sufficient numbers to form small specialist fighter units, Kampfeinsitzer Kommandos (KEK) in early 1916. Previously, Eindeckers had been allocated singly, just as the E.I and E.II had been, to the front-line Feldflieger Abteilungen that carried out reconnaissance duties. On 10 August 1916, the first German Jagdstaffeln (single-seat fighter squadrons) were formed, initially equipped with various early fighter types, including a few E.IIIs, which were by then outmoded and being replaced by more modern fighters. Standardisation in the Jagdstaffeln (and any real success) had to wait for the availability in numbers of the Albatros D.I and Albatros D.II in early 1917.

Turkish E.IIIs were based at Beersheba in Palestine while others operated in Mesopotamia during the Siege of Kut-al-Amara.

Surviving aircraft

The only known surviving original Eindecker, bearing IdFlieg serial number 210/16, was brought down in the Somme area in 1916 by the British and then evaluated by the War Office until it was transferred to the London Science Museum in 1918. It is currently on display fully assembled, but with its fabric covering removed to illustrate its internal construction.

Operators

Kaiserliche und Königliche Luftfahrtruppen
Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine

Bulgarian Air Force

Luftstreitkräfte
Kaiserliche Marine
Marine-Fliegerabteilung 

Ottoman aviation squadrons were supplied with 22 E.III aircraft.

Specifications (E.III)

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links 

 Fokker E.III 634 made 1915

E.III
1910s German fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Rotary-engined aircraft
Fokker E.IV. The Fokker E.IV was the final variant of the Eindecker fighter aircraft that was operated by Germany during World War I.

Design and development

Given the Fokker designation of M.15, the E.IV was essentially a lengthened Fokker E.III powered by the 119 kW (160 hp) Oberursel U.III two-row, 14-cylinder rotary engine, a copy of the Gnome Double Lambda. The more powerful engine was intended to enable the Eindecker to carry two or three 7.92 mm (.312 in) machine guns, thereby increasing its firepower and providing redundancy if one gun jammed - a common occurrence at the time. However, the E.IV was a troubled design that never achieved the success of its predecessor and was soon outclassed by French and British fighters.

The prototype E.IV was accepted for testing by the German Inspektion der Fliegertruppen in September 1915. It was fitted with three forward-firing 7.92 mm (.312 in) lMG 08 "Spandau" machine guns, mounted to fire upwards at 15°. Anthony Fokker demonstrated the E.IV at Essen but the complicated triple-synchronization gear failed and the propeller was damaged. The removal of the left-side gun is believed to have been pioneered on Oswald Boelcke's E.IV, believed to have borne IdFlieg serial 123/15, with a simpler double-synchronisation system used on the retained center-line and right side MG 08 Spandau guns. The fitment of dual MG 08 "Spandau" forward-firing synchronized machine guns became the standard armament for production E.IVs, and indeed for all subsequent German D-type biplane fighters. The angling of the guns was also abandoned.

Operational history

The modified prototype underwent combat evaluation on the Western Front by Oberleutnant Otto Parschau in October 1915, making it the first twin-gun fighter in service. Leading German ace Oswald Boelcke evaluated the E.IV at Fokker's Schwerin factory in November. The pilots discovered that mounting the much heavier Oberursel U.III onto the Eindecker airframe did not produce a better aircraft - one pilot described it as "practically a flying engine." The inertial and gyroscopic forces of the spinning mass made the E.IV less manoeuvrable than the E.III and any loss of efficiency from the notoriously unreliable engine made the aircraft virtually uncontrollable, requiring the engine to be switched off. Turning under such conditions was exceedingly difficult because the E.IV still used wing warping instead of ailerons. Furthermore, the engine worked well when new, but lost power after only a few hours of operation.

Only 49 E.IVs were built out of the total Eindecker production run of 416 aircraft. Over half of the E.IVs entered service in June 1916 and the last were delivered in December 1916 by which time they were obsolete.

Operators

Luftstreitkräfte operated 48 aircraft.
Kaiserliche Marine received one aircraft.

Specifications (E.IV)

See also

References

Bibliography
 
 

E.IV
1910s German fighter aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Rotary-engined aircraft
Monokote. MonoKote was a commercially available lightweight plastic shrink wrap film available in various colors. It had a heat-activated adhesive on one side and was used to cover the surfaces of a model aircraft. The material is cut to size and applied to the airframe surfaces using a hobby iron and heat gun. Top Flite MonoKote covering film is produced by General Formulations of Sparta, Michigan.

The name MonoKote, a registered trademark of model aircraft manufacturer Top Flite, refers to the fact that it is a one-step covering material to coat the surface of the model. MonoKote was discontinued by Top Flite's subsequent owners, Horizon Hobbies.
The patent for Top Flite MonoKote is held by Sidney Axelrod

Unrelated to the model aircraft material, MonoKote is also a type of fireproofing material, which is either gypsum- or cement-based and is spray-applied. The name MONOKOTE is the subject of global trademark registrations owned by GCP Applied Technologies Inc., a Delaware Corporation formed from the Grace Construction Products and Packaging businesses that were spun off from W. R. Grace & Co. in February 2016 (e.g., US Registration No. 1,468,327; Canadian Registration No. 858389; and other international registrations).

See also
 Ultracote

References

External links
 Top Flite MonoKote

Radio-controlled aircraft
William Heerlein Lindley. Sir William Heerlein Lindley  (30 January 1853, in Hamburg – 30 December 1917, in London) was a British civil engineer.

One of three sons of the famous British engineer William Lindley, WH Lindley worked together with his father on a number of projects and was a respected engineer in his own right. Between 1881 and 1889 he oversaw the construction of Warsaw waterworks, designed by his father in 1876–1878. He oversaw the construction of the sewage system in Prague, built between 1895 and 1906, which is still in use today, and Sewage plant in Bubeneč in Prague, which was in use from 1907 until 1967 and currently its building serves as a museum of Prague's sewage system and is highly dedicated to Lindley. Between 1897 and 1898 he worked on the project for a water-supply system for Iași, which he linked, via an underground cast-iron aqueduct, to an aquifer located 103 kilometres away, in Timișești, Neamț County; Lindley's project was materialised in 1911, and the water system is still used. He also coordinated the project for Baku's water supply system, working from 1899 up until his death in 1917. In 1909 he also designed a water and sewerage system for Łódź, Poland, although the expense of the system meant the project was shelved until the 1920s.

Literature
 Jaroslav Jásek: William Heerlein Lindley a pražská kanalizace (William Heerlein Lindley and sewage works in Prague), Scriptorium, Prague, 2006, . A Czech language monograph.
 Franz Lerner, William Heerlein Lindley (1853–1917). Umriss seines Lebens von Franz Lerner, in: Archiv für Frankfurts Geschichte und Kunst, Heft 49, Frankfurt am Main 1965, s. 123–133.
 The Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, Vol. 33
 Ryszard Żelichowski, Lindleyowie. Dzieje inżynierskiego rodu (The Lindleys. Works of a family of engineers), Warszawa 2002,

Notes

External links
 How Baku Got Its Water-The British Link
 The Old Prague Sewage Works

1853 births
1917 deaths
British civil engineers
Knights Bachelor
Saveetha Engineering College. Saveetha Engineering College is a co-educational Institution. The college is affiliated with Anna University, Chennai, the largest technical university in India. Saveetha Engineering College is granted Autonomous status by University Grants Commission (UGC)., Affiliated to Anna University located in Chennai, India. It was founded in 2001 by the Saveetha Medical and Educational Trust, a registered charitable society. Approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), a statutory body of the Government of India, and also by the Government of Tamil Nadu. The campus is facing Chembarambakkam lake on the Chennai-Bangalore National Highway (NH4), Thandalam, Kancheepuram District, Chennai, Pin: 602105. Located about  from Poonamalee township.

Rankings 
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked the college in 201-300 band in the engineering rankings in 2024.

References

All India Council for Technical Education
Engineering colleges in Chennai
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Abraham–Minkowski controversy. The Abraham–Minkowski controversy is a physics debate concerning electromagnetic momentum within dielectric media. Two equations were first suggested by Hermann Minkowski (1908) and Max Abraham (1909) for this momentum. They predict different values, from which the name of the controversy derives. Experimental support has been claimed for both. 

The two points of view have different physical interpretations and thus neither need be more correct than the other.
David J. Griffiths argues that, in the presence of matter, only the total stress–energy tensor carries unambiguous physical significance; how one apportions it between an "electromagnetic" part and a "matter" part depends on context and convenience.

Several papers have claimed to have resolved this controversy.

The controversy is still claimed to have importance in physics beyond the Standard Model where electrodynamics gets modifications, like in the presence of axions.

References

External links
 
 

Electric and magnetic fields in matter
Hermann Minkowski
1908 introductions
Hydraulic press. A hydraulic press is a machine press using a hydraulic cylinder to generate a compressive force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, and was also known as a Bramah press after the inventor, Joseph Bramah, of England. He invented and was issued a patent on this press in 1795. As Bramah (who is also known for his development of the flush toilet) installed toilets, he studied the existing literature on the motion of fluids and put this knowledge into the development of the press.

Main principle
The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle. The pressure throughout a closed system is constant. One part of the system is a piston acting as a pump, with a modest mechanical force acting on a small cross-sectional area; the other part is a piston with a larger area which generates a correspondingly large mechanical force. Only small-diameter tubing (which more easily resists pressure) is needed if the pump is separated from the press cylinder.

Application
Hydraulic presses are commonly used for assembly and disassembly of tightly-fitting components.  In manufacturing, they are used for forging, clinching, molding, blanking, punching, deep drawing, and metal forming operations. Hydraulic presses are also used for stretch forming, rubber pad forming, and powder compacting. The hydraulic press is advantageous in manufacturing, it gives the ability to create more intricate shapes and can be economical with materials. A hydraulic press will take up less space compared to a mechanical press of the same capability.

In geology a tungsten carbide coated hydraulic press is used in the rock crushing stage of preparing samples for geochemical analyses in topics such as understanding the origins of volcanism.

In popular culture

The room featured in Fermat's Room has a design similar to that of a hydraulic press. Boris Artzybasheff also created a drawing of a hydraulic press, in which the press was created out of the shape of a robot.

In 2015, the Hydraulic Press Channel, a YouTube channel dedicated to crushing objects with a hydraulic press, was created by bengie
, a factory owner from Tampere, Finland. The Hydraulic Press Channel has since grown to over 9 million subscribers on YouTube. There are numerous other YouTube channels that publish videos involving hydraulic presses that are tasked with crushing many different items, such as bowling balls, soda cans, plastic toys, and metal tools.

A hydraulic press  features prominently in the Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb".

See also
 Universal testing machine

References

External links 

Hydraulic machinery
Press tools
Machine tools
Metalworking tools
Almarian Decker. Almarian William Decker (born 1852, Ohio; d. Aug. 1893, Sierra Madre, California; interred Sierra Madre Pioneer Cemetery) was an American pioneer of electrical engineering involved in the early development of three-phase electrical power. In 1892 he was hired by H. H. Sinclair and Henry Fisher of the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, a Californian generating company, to design a new three-phase generator for the Mill Creek No. 1 hydroelectric plant.  The plant opened in 1893 and is still in operation today (2004).  This was the first commercial application of three-phase electrical power in the United States and probably the world.  Its success led to the widespread adoption of three-phase power, in preference to single-phase and direct current.

Decker was also hired by Prof. Thaddeus Lowe of the Mount Lowe Railway which opened in Altadena, California in 1893. Decker was responsible for the daily supervision of the electrical installations on the railway, and had also computed the electrical requirements for the Great Incline operating system, even considering a series of rechargeable batteries since there was such a lack of resources for hydroelectric generation. Decker suffered from tuberculosis which left him so weak that he had to be ferried out to the work sites in a wheelbarrow daily to oversee the electrical installations. He died a little more than a month after the railroad opened.

Many of Decker's theories of electrical methodology were underestimated during his life, and it wasn't until after his death that his theories were put to test and proved applicable.

References

External links 
IEEE History Center - Mill Creek generator
Edison Electric Historical Timeline

1852 births
1893 deaths
Engineers from Cleveland
American electrical engineers
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
People from Sierra Madre, California
Engineers from California
Tuberculosis deaths in California
Manifold (disambiguation). A manifold is an abstract mathematical space which, in a close-up view, resembles the spaces described by Euclidean geometry.

Manifold may also refer to:

Arts and music
 Manifold (comics), a fictional character in Marvel Comics publications
 Manifold Records, a record label
 Manifold Trilogy, by science fiction author Stephen Baxter

Engineering
 Manifold (fluid mechanics), a machine element used to split or combine a fluid
 Hydraulic manifold, a component used to regulate fluid flow in a hydraulic system, thus controlling the transfer of power between actuators and pumps
 Manifold (scuba), in a scuba set, connects two or more diving cylinders
 Vacuum gas manifold, a piece of apparatus used in chemistry to manipulate gases
 Exhaust manifold, an engine part which collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into one pipe
 Inlet manifold or "intake manifold", an engine part which supplies the air or fuel/air mixture to the cylinders

Mathematics
 Manifold, an abstract mathematical space which, in a close-up view, resembles the spaces described by Euclidean geometry.
 Manifold (magazine), a former magazine of the University of Warwick mathematical community
 Topological manifold, a topological space which is a locally Euclidean Hausdorff space
 Almost complex manifold
 Algebraic manifold
 Analytic manifold
 Calabi–Yau manifold
 Complex manifold, a manifold over the complex numbers
 Differentiable manifold
 Einstein manifold
 Flag manifold
 Flat manifold
 G2 manifold
 Hermitian manifold
 Iwasawa manifold
 Orientable manifold

People
 James Chester Manifold (1867–1918), Australian politician and philanthropist
 John Manifold (1915–1985), Australian poet and critic
 Peter Manifold (1817–1885), English pastoralist and politician in Australia
 Sir Walter Manifold (1849–1928), Australian grazier and politician

Places
 Manifold, Pennsylvania, US
 River Manifold, a river in Staffordshire, West Midlands, England
 Manifold Way, a footpath and cycleway following the route of a former railway

Science
 Manifold (fluid mechanics), a machine element used to split or combine a gas or liquid
 various applications such as automotive exhaust manifolds: see Engineering section
 Vacuum manifold, in quantum field theory

Software
 Manifold System, a geographic information system software package
 ManifoldCF, Apache Software Foundation open-source project for transferring content between repositories or search indexes
 Manifold (prediction market), a reputation-based prediction market
3-Pentanone. 3-Pentanone (also known as diethyl ketone) is a simple, symmetrical dialkyl ketone.  It is a colorless liquid ketone with an odor like that of acetone. It is soluble in about 25 parts water, but miscible with organic solvents.

Uses
3-Pentanone is primarily used as starting material in chemical synthesis. A major application is in the industrial synthesis of  vitamin E. It has also been used in the synthesis of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu).

3-Pentanone itself finds some use as a specialty solvent in paint, although it is less common than butanone.

Syntheses

Ketonic decarboxylation route
3-Pentanone is produced by ketonic decarboxylation of propanoic acid using metal oxide catalysts:
2 CH3CH2CO2H  →  (CH3CH2)2CO  +  CO2  +  H2O

in the laboratory, the reaction can be conducted in a tube furnace.

Carbonylation route
It can also be prepared by combining ethylene, CO, and H2.  When the reaction is catalyzed by dicobalt octacarbonyl, water can be used as a source of hydrogen. A proposed intermediate is the ethylene-propionyl species [CH3C(O)Co(CO)3(ethylene)] which undergoes a migratory insertion to form [CH3COCH2CH2Co(CO)3]. The required hydrogen arises from the water shift reaction. For details, see
If the water shift reaction is not operative, the reaction affords a polymer containing alternating carbon monoxide and ethylene units. Such aliphatic polyketones are more conventionally prepared using palladium catalysts.

Safety
The TLV value for 3-pentanone is 200 ppm (705 mg/m3). 3-pentanone can be hazardous if it comes in contact with the skin or eyes, and can cause irritation of the skin and redness, watering, and itching of the eyes. This chemical can also cause nervous system or organ damage if ingested. Although considered stable, 3-pentanone is extremely flammable if exposed to flame, sparks, or another source of heat. For safety, it should be stored in a flammable materials cabinet away from heat or sources of ignition, preferably in a cool, well-ventilated area.

See also
 2-Pentanone
 Methyl isopropyl ketone

References

Ketone solvents
Pentanones
Aglets (software). Aglets is a Java-based mobile agent platform and library for building mobile agents based applications. They are able to autonomously and spontaneously move from one host to another in a computer network carrying a piece of code with it. It can be programmed to execute at a remote host and show different behaviours at different hosts. Java based security implementations take care of authorised access to local resources at the remote hosts. A development kit, IBM Aglets Workbench (AWB), provided the API and the platform to run aglets.

Aglets was originally developed by Mitsuru Oshima ("") and Danny Lange at the IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory. IBM was responsible for most of the 1.x release. However the project is now hosted at SourceForge.net as an open source project, where it is distributed under the IBM Public License. In the beginning, the SourceForge releases had been only bug-fix ones, but 2.x series (most of which came from open source community only) had better security and thread management. It now includes a log4j based logging system and a few bug-fixes of the older versions.

See also 
Mobile agent

References

External links 
http://aglets.sourceforge.net/ — Aglets portal site
https://web.archive.org/web/20100514184915/http://www.trl.ibm.com/aglets/ — IBM Research
http://www.artima.com/underthehood/aglets.html — "The Architecture of Aglets", Bill Venners, April 1997

Java platform software
IBM software
AGO system. The AGO system is the industrial process for manufacturing stitchless (glued) shoes. 

The first effective and reliable adhesive was invented and patented in 1909 by the Italian chemist Francesco Rampichini, who also developed the whole manufacturing process and the relevant machinery in 1910–13.

The name AGO (from the Greek ago, meaning "attract", "fasten"), still used in the industry, was chosen by Rampichini for the glue and the process in 1910.

Other reading
For earlier unsuccessful trials, starting with J. Bernard of France, 1857, and technical details, see Die mechanische Schuhreparatur, by Felix Fluss, Vienna 1932.

References

Industrial processes
Shoemaking