omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Begin (video game). Begin, A Tactical Starship Simulation is a video game released for MS-DOS in 1984 and consists of combat between spaceships.

In 1991 it was followed by Begin 2. Begin 3 for Microsoft Windows was released in March 2009.

Gameplay 

Begin is a tactical starship simulator where the player commands a fleet of ships against an alien force.

The game is set in the Star Trek universe. Players can play as the Federation, Klingon, Romulans or Orion Pirates. Various weapons and functions are included, such as phasers, photon torpedoes and tractor beams.

Reception
In 1996, Michael Feir stated that Begin 2 is "the best and most
detailed simulator accessible to the blind." According to PC-SIG, the "computer strategy is quite effective."

Legacy 
Begin 2, released in 1991,  is a tactical starship simulator game set in the Star Trek universe released in 1991. It is the sequel to Begin. The screen is similar to the one in Begin. The main difference is that the sequel featured VGA graphics whereas the original used pure ASCII screen characters (text mode). Extra ships and weapons were added as well. However, each ship is individually represented in the game, and can be individually operated and commanded by the player. Each ship has a unique set of weapons and resources. As with the first game, one of the most notable features of this game is its highly mathematical nature, and its lack of random factors.

See also

Trek73
Star Trek games

References

External links
Begin: A Tactical Starship Simulation
The Starfleet Project Begin 3 support site
Begin 2 at Abandonia

1984 video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Single-player video games
Space combat simulators
Starship simulators based on Star Trek
Video games based on Star Trek
Video games developed in the United States
SV Tenacious. The SV Tenacious is a modern British wooden sail training ship, specially designed in the 1990s. When completed in 2000, it was the largest wooden ship to be built in the UK for over 100 years.

Design and construction 
The ship was built by the Jubilee Sailing Trust (JST) and designed by Tony Castro. With STS Lord Nelson, the pair are the only tall ships in the world that were built so that both disabled and non-disabled people can sail as crew, not passengers. Features that cannot be found on other ships include wheelchair lifts throughout, a unique ascender systems that allow wheelchair users to go aloft (either assisted or by their own efforts), a speaking compass for those with visual impairments, hearing loops, adjustable furniture for those with mobility difficulties, and a joystick to help individuals with dexterity limitations to steer the ship. Everyone plays a full and active role in the voyage. The JST is a UN-accredited charity offering sailing adventures to people of all abilities and backgrounds. The ship is owned and operated by Jubilee Sailing Trust (Tenacious) Ltd.

Launched in 2000, the sailing vessel Tenacious is the largest wooden tall ship built in the United Kingdom in the last 100 years. It is 65 metres (213.25 feet) long including bowsprit, and it is rigged as a three-masted barque with two mizzen gaffs. Its deck is 49.85 metres long, its hull is 54.02 metres long, and it has a beam of 10.6 metres at its widest point. Tenacious displaces about 714 tons (summer draft). A press release from the Belfast Maritime Festival on 22 June 2006 announced that the Tenacious was "the largest wooden ship still afloat".

History 
The ship's maiden voyage was on 1 September 2000 from Southampton to Sark, St Helier and Weymouth before returning to Southampton. The ship is owned by a UK-based charity, the Jubilee Sailing Trust, which also owns the 42-metre-long tall ship STS Lord Nelson (length including bowsprit is 55 metres and waterline length is 37 metres).

Tenacious featured in the first series of Channel 5's Sea Patrol UK, when one of the crew members had fallen ill and needed to be winched into an RAF Westland Sea King and taken to hospital. Due to the height of the masts and rigging, this posed a challenge to the helicopter's pilot and winch crew but the rescue attempt was successful and the crew member survived a potentially fatal condition.

In December 2023 the JST announced that Tenaciouss owning company was insolvent and had been put into liquidation and that all future cruises had been cancelled.

In 2024, a campaign group called 'Save Tall Ship Tenacious' was formed to save the ship.

References

External links
 Official website

2000 ships
Accessible transportation
Disabled boating
Tall ships of the United Kingdom
Individual sailing vessels
Barques
Sail training ships
Ships built in Southampton
Alfred Worm. Alfred Worm (14 June 1945 – 4 February 2007) was an Austrian journalist, author and vocational  high school teacher ("professor" in Austrian German).

Career
Worm was born in Gmünd, Lower Austria, and began his professional studies at HTL Mödling, an engineering school in Austria. He trained as an underground construction engineer, graduating in 1964. He worked nearly ten years  as an engineer in the construction industry, before he began to report on the dubious practices that he had observed within large construction firms.

In 1973, Worm uncovered the famous Bauring-Skandals (building ring scandals). At which point he changed to become a full-time investigative reporter.  He pursued the bribery and fraud affairs in large building projects in Austria. From 1974 - 1994 he was first an editor and then deputy editor-in-chief of profil, an Austrian news magazine. In 1980, he uncovered the AKH scandal, where a 1 billion schilling new hospital for Vienna programmed to begin construction in 1955 ended up being the most expensive hospital in Europe at 45,000,000,000 schillings. For which effort he received the Dr. Karl Renner journalism prize (Dr.-Karl-Renner-Publizistikpreis) in 1981.

In the mid-1980s, he uncovered the hidden past of Kurt Waldheim in what came to be known as the Waldheim Affair. In 1985, Worm uncovered the Noricum scandal. Noricum, a subsidiary of Austria's largest state-run steel and engineering group, was an arms manufacturer involved in illegal arm sales to Iran. In May 1994, he moved from Profil to News (an Austrian weekly news magazine) and worked under Wolfgang Fellner, who was then editor-in-chief.

From the mid-1980s, Worm taught at the Institute for Journalism and Communication Science at the University of Vienna. Beginning in 1988 he was considerably involved in getting the Institute its own building on the Schopenhauerstrasse. During his entire teaching career, Worm was not only concerned with solid journalist training, and the importance of ethics, but with the promotion of young journalists as well. As a very prominent journalist his work at the Institute attracted a substantial student body.

From 1983 - 1988, Worm acted as a consultant for the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) in the parliament (Landstag) of the Viennese federal state.

Just three days after receiving the honor of the 2006 Journalist of the Year award by the magazine Der Österreichische Journalist, he died in Vienna, sometime during the night of 4 February 2007, aged 61, of a heart attack.

References

External links
 Literature by and about Alfred Worm in the catalog of the German National Library (Deutschen Nationalbibliothek)
 Obituary from ORF in German
"Journalistenlegende Alfred Worm heute Nacht überraschend gestorben" Newsroom.at: Nachrichten fürJournalisten 5 February 2007 in German

1945 births
2007 deaths
People from Gmünd, Lower Austria
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
20th-century Austrian journalists
Overnight cost. Overnight cost is the cost of a construction project if no interest was incurred during construction, as if the project was completed "overnight."

This concept is used for providing a simplistic cost comparison between power plant projects or technologies, through a ratio with the maximum power the plant can deliver.

Power generation
The overnight capital cost is a term used in the power generation industry.

It is usually computed by dividing the overnight cost of building the plant by the maximum instantaneous power the plant can deliver. This overnight capital cost does not take into account:
 the life span of a plant or its key components,
 the capacity factor, i.e. the ratio between the effective mean power (actually delivered through the year) and the maximum power (maybe reached only a few hours per year) which typically varies from 10% (e.g. solar plants in Germany) to 90% (e.g. nuclear plants in USA) due to various causes : natural such as sun, clouds, wind or waterfall, technological such as maintenance constraints, financial such as fuel cost vs. electricity wholesale price, legal such as pollution reduction,
 the financing costs or escalation, noticeably the discount due to some interest rate or the comparative return of capital in other industries.

Hence :
 the overnight capital cost is not an actual estimate of construction cost,
 investors in the energy industry typically look rather to the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for comparing generation projects or technologies (e.g. solar power, natural gas) in the long term, as it includes ongoing fuel, maintenance, operation and financial costs.

The U.S. Department of Energy tracks and makes publicly available levelized cost of energy figures for competing technologies. These figures will vary substantially in other countries due to different energy policies and domestic energy sources.

See also
Economics of new nuclear power plants

References 

 

Costs
Energy production
Energy economics
Energy infrastructure
René 41. René 41 is a nickel-based high temperature alloy developed by General Electric. It retains high strength in the   temperature range. It is used in jet engine and missile components, and other applications that require high strength at extreme temperatures. René 41 is considered a nickel alloy based upon its chemical composition.

René 41 was used to create the outer shell of the Mercury space capsule, due to its ability to retain high strength at very high temperatures.

References

External links
 Technical data

Nickel alloys
Superalloys
Aerospace materials
Refractory metals
TOMLAB. The TOMLAB Optimization Environment is a modeling platform for solving applied optimization problems in MATLAB.

Description
TOMLAB is a general purpose development and modeling environment in MATLAB for research, teaching and practical solution of optimization problems. It enables a wider range of problems to be solved in MATLAB and provides many additional solvers.

Optimization problems supported
 TOMLAB handles a wide range of problem types, among them:
 Linear programming
 Quadratic programming
 Nonlinear programming
 Mixed-integer programming
 Mixed-integer quadratic programming with or without convex quadratic constraints
 Mixed-integer nonlinear programming
 Linear and nonlinear least squares with L1, L2 and infinity norm
 Exponential data fitting
 Global optimization
 Semi-definite programming problem with bilinear matrix inequalities
 Constrained goal attainment
 Geometric programming
 Genetic programming
 Costly or expensive black-box global optimization
 Nonlinear complementarity problems

Additional features
 TOMLAB supports more areas than general optimization, for example:
 Optimal control with PROPT using Gauss and Chebyshev collocation.
 Automatic differentiation with MAD
 Interface to AMPL

Further details 
TOMLAB supports solvers like CPLEX, SNOPT, KNITRO and MIDACO. Each such solver can be called to solve one single model formulation. The supported solvers are appropriate for many problems, including linear programming, integer programming, and global optimization.

An interface to AMPL makes it possible to formulate the problem in an algebraic format. The MATLAB Compiler enables the user to build stand-alone solutions. Sister products are available for LabVIEW and Microsoft .NET.

Modeling is mainly facilitated by the TomSym class.

References

External links 
 TOMLAB
 MAD (MATLAB Automatic Differentiation)
 PROPT - MATLAB Optimal Control Software

Numerical software
Mathematical optimization software
Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center. Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center (), formerly known as Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center (; BACCC or BACC), is a command center for the Chinese space program which includes the Shenzhou missions, and is located in a suburb northwest of Beijing under the administration of Haidian District.  The space center main entrance is located at the intersection of Beiqing Road and You Yi Road as shown by the photograph.

The BACC is subordinated to the People's Liberation Army's Aerospace Force, controlling both military and civilian launches and satellites.

BACC's primary functions include supervision, telemetry, tracking and command of spacecraft.  The building is inside a complex nicknamed Aerospace City. It was initially created for China's crewed space missions, a.k.a. "Project 921", hence also the name "921" among some insiders. It has evolved to be responsible for the Chang'e 1 mission and the Sino-Russian Interplanetary Space Mission, Fobos-Grunt. The BACC also oversees Shenzhou missions with the help of four Yuan Wang-class tracking ships. It has dedicated subsidiaries for SINOSAT and Inmarsat.
It was renamed to 北京航天飞行控制中心 (literally: Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center) in 2006.  As of March, 2009, no official announcement has been made to revise its formal name in English in accordance with its new Chinese name.

See also
Xi'an Satellite Control Center
Chinese space program

References

Chinese space program facilities
Brian Hancock. Brian Hancock (born 8 August 1950 in Cardiff) is a Welsh politician and member of Plaid Cymru. He was the Welsh Assembly Member for Islwyn for the Assembly's first term (1999–2003).

Background
Born in Cardiff in 1950, Hancock was educated at Lady Mary High School, Cardiff and Llandaff Technical College, also in Cardiff. He went on to earn a BSc in Chemical Engineering at the Polytechnic of Wales in Pontypridd.

He rose through the ranks in the world of chemical engineering, starting out at Monsanto Ltd as an engineer in 1974, eventually becoming Health, Safety and Environment Superintendent for BP Chemicals in 1988. He became a self-employed Health, Safety and Environment Consultant in 1992. He later worked part-time as a Business Development Adviser.

Among his interests are rugby and athletics, he has been the chair of Newport Harriers Athletic Club for nearly 20 years.

Political career
Hancock was elected Plaid AM for Islwyn in the First Welsh Assembly Elections in 1999 with a majority of 604 votes from the Labour Party. Islwyn was one of the several Labour strongholds in the South Wales Valleys which unpredictably fell to Plaid. Hancock served as Plaid's Deputy Whip and as Spokesman for Small Businesses. Irene James regained the seat for Labour in the 2003 Elections.

More recently, Hancock stood as Plaid's candidate for the Newport West constituency in the 2007 National Assembly Elections, coming fourth with 10.4% of the vote.

References

1950 births
Politicians from Cardiff
Living people
Plaid Cymru members of the Senedd
Wales AMs 1999–2003
Alumni of Loughborough University
Urban Aeronautics X-Hawk. The Urban Aeronautics X-Hawk is a proposed flying car designed by Rafi Yoeli in Yavne, Israel, being built by Metro Skyways Ltd., a subsidiary of Yoeli's privately held company, Urban Aeronautics. The firm claims to have flown the car to a height of , and that greater heights are possible. The X-Hawk and its smaller unmanned version, the Tactical Robotics Cormorant, would be used in search and rescue operations where a helicopter would be useless, or at least very dangerous, such as evacuating people from the upper stories of burning buildings, or delivering and extracting police and soldiers while very close to structures, narrow streets, and confined spaces, with a projected size similar to that of a large van.

Background
Urban Aeronautics Ltd. patented its design as Fancraft.
Fancraft technologies had registered 37 patents, with 12 additional patents pending in 2013.

Metro Skyways Ltd. (MSL), a subsidiary of Urban Aeronautics Ltd., led in developing the X-Hawk and exercises exclusive license of manned air-taxi (civil), air-rescue, and medical evacuation markets. Another subsidiary, Tactical Robotics Ltd. (TRL) has taken the lead in developing the Cormorant (formerly AirMule) and exercises exclusive licenses in unmanned military and national security markets.

Development
In 2004, the development and the proof-of-concept vehicle CityHawk completed more than 10 hours of hover testing near Ben Gurion Airport in Israel. Its success encouraged the development of the X-Hawk and the Mule, since renamed Cormorant.
Shortly after the X-Hawk LE concept was published by Urban Aeronautics.
Development is being done in parallel to the primary effort put into the Tactical Robotics Cormorant.

Urban Aeronautics plans to begin testing its CityHawk eVTOL in 2021.

Design
The X-Hawk is a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft with no exposed rotors, configured as a tandem-fan, turbine-powered vehicle. Pilots will use a fly-by-wire multi-channel flight control system, with automatic stabilization, to help control the aircraft and maintain level flight. The ducted fan design allows the car to achieve the speed and maneuverability of a helicopter.

Variants
 CityHawk prototype can carry two people, stay aloft for close to one hour, maximum ceiling  estimated to be , with flight speeds of . Merely  in size.
 X-Hawk LE is a more powerful version for law enforcement, 1 pilot + 3 officers, 3 h plus reserve at .
 X-Hawk EMS is for emergency medical services.

Partners
Urban Aeronautics is in contact with the militaries of the United States (Army), Italy, India, and other nations, for possible sale of the Cormorant.
Elbit Systems
Israel Aerospace Industries
Textron Inc. Bell Helicopter

Specifications (CityHawk)

See also
Tactical Robotics Cormorant, an unmanned version
Aerial Reconfigurable Embedded System
Piasecki VZ-8 Airgeep

References

External links
, Urban Aeronautics
, Metro Skyways Ltd.
Computer animation of the X-Hawk on YouTube
Piasecki Flying Geep - circa 1962 

Proposed aircraft of Israel
Unmanned aerial vehicles of Israel
Roadable aircraft
Lift fan
List of Soviet tank factories. This is a list of the former Soviet tank factories. Today most of them are located in the Russian Federation, while only the Malyshev Factory is located in Ukraine.

This list includes the heavy steel manufacturing plants where main production and assembly of medium and heavy armoured vehicles took place, initiated first in the late 1920s as a prerequisite for the developing Red Army doctrine that called for large tank forces. It does not list the related facilities which fabricated components for them, the many lighter automotive industries which built light tracked vehicles and armoured cars, nor the armoured vehicle repair and overhaul plants.

Keeping track of the tank factories can be difficult.  Many were based on pre-Soviet imperial Russian shipbuilding or locomotive factories, and may have changed names more than once.  The majority were evacuated and consolidated in the Urals in the fall of 1941, shortly after the disastrous German invasion of June 22.  After World War II, some remained in their new location, others were moved back or re-established at other factories.  Most were also known by their designation numbers as well as honorific names.

English translations of the factory names can also be confusing.  In various sources, the Russian "завод" is translated either as "factory", "plant", "works", or simply transliterated as "zavod".

List

See also 
 GABTU
 Soviet armored fighting vehicle production during World War II

References

Bibliography 
 Zaloga, Steven J. and James Grandsen (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two. London: Arms and Armour Press. .

External links 
 Compass in the world of machines and machine-building (in Russian) ()

Defence companies of the Soviet Union
 
Tank factories
Pandesic. Pandesic ( ) was an Intel-SAP joint venture founded in August 1997 intended to sell software and hardware to support e-commerce. In July 2000, it was shut down after failing to find "a timely road to profitability".

The company's failings inspired a Harvard Business School case study.

References

SAP SE
Defunct online companies of the United States
Web frameworks
Defunct companies based in California
Online companies of the United States
Former joint ventures
1997 software
Software companies disestablished in 2000
Grigorovich M-5. Grigorovich M-5 (alternative designation Shch M-5, sometimes also Shchetinin M-5) was a successful Russian World War I-era two-bay unequal-span biplane flying boat with a single step hull, designed by Grigorovich. It was the first mass production flying boat built in Russia.

Design and development
The aircraft designer Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich completed his first flying boat (the model M-1) in late 1913, and produced a series of prototypes, gradually improving the design, until the M-5 appeared in the spring of 1915, which was to be his first aircraft to enter series production, with at least 100 being produced, primarily to replace foreign built aircraft, including Curtiss Model K and FBA flying boats.

The M-5 was of a wooden construction, the hull was covered in plywood and the wings and tailplane were covered in fabric. Aft of the step the hull tapered sharply into little more than a boom, supporting a characteristic single fin and rudder tail unit, which was braced by means of struts and wires. It was normally powered by a 100 hp Gnome Monosoupape engine mounted as a pusher between the wings, but some used 110 hp Le Rhône or 130 hp Clerget engines. The pilot and the observer were accommodated side-by-side in a large cockpit forward of the wings, the observer provided with a single 7.62 mm Vickers machine gun on a pivoted mounting.

Operational history
Most of the M-5s served in the Black Sea or in the Baltic, initially with the Imperial Russian naval air arm and later with both sides in the Russian Civil War. Some remained in service until the late 1920s as trainers, reconnaissance and utility aircraft.

One M-5 fell into Finnish hands when it was found drifting at Kuokkala in 1918. The aircraft was flown by the Finnish Air Force until 1919, when it sank. Only one example survives today in the Istanbul Aviation Museum in Turkey, preserved in Ottoman Air Force markings.

Variants
M-5
Main version.
M-6
M-5 with 150 hp Sunbeam engine.  (Unsuccessful).
M-7
M-5 with rounded hull and larger keel. Poor take off characteristics.
M-8
Version with further rounded hull. Incapable of water take-off.
M-10
Smaller version built in 1916. Gnome Monosoupape engine.
M-20
Two-seat reconnaissance. Le Rhone 89 kW (120 hp) engine, built in limited numbers from 1916

Operators

Finnish Air Force

Imperial Russian Navy
White Army

Red Army

Soviet Naval Aviation

Specifications (M-5)

References

Sources

Heinonen, Timo: Thulinista Hornetiin - Keski-Suomen ilmailumuseon julkaisuja 3, Keski-Suomen ilmailumuseo, 1992, 

Biplanes
Flying boats
1910s Russian military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
M-05
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Rotary-engined aircraft
Global Emissions InitiAtive. Global Emissions InitiAtive (GEIA) is a community effort dedicated to atmospheric emissions information exchange and competence building. GEIA was created in 1990 under the (IGBP) and is a joint IGAC / iLEAPS / AIMES activity.  GEIA is governed by an international steering committee  and hosts biennial conferences.

Goals 
 Access: Make emissions data and information about emissions more readily available
 Analysis: Improve the scientific basis for emissions information and policy making
 Community: Strengthen the science and policy relationships to enhance access to and analysis of emissions
information

Partnerships 
 Emissions of atmospheric Compounds & Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD) provides data access to many emissions inventory datasets.

External links 
 GEIA website
 ECCAD website

References 

Air pollution
Climatological research organizations