omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Boris Aronov. Boris Aronov (born March 13, 1963) is a computer scientist, currently a professor at the Tandon School of Engineering, New York University. His main area of research is computational geometry. He is a Sloan Research Fellow.

Aronov earned his B.A. in computer science and mathematics in 1984 from Queens College, City University of New York. He went on to graduate studies at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University, where he received his M.S. in 1986 and Ph.D. in 1989, under the supervision of Micha Sharir.

References

External links
 Aronov's Poly faculty page

1963 births
American computer scientists
Living people
Researchers in geometric algorithms
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences alumni
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
Categorical abstract machine. The categorical abstract machine (CAM) is a model of computation for programs that preserves the abilities of applicative, functional, or compositional style. It is based on the techniques of applicative computing.

Overview 
The notion of the categorical abstract machine arose in the mid-1980s. It took its place in computer science as a kind of theory of computation for programmers, represented by Cartesian closed category and embedded into the combinatory logic. CAM is a transparent and sound mathematical representation for the languages of functional programming. The machine code can be optimized using the equational form of a theory of computation. Using CAM, the various mechanisms of computation such as recursion or lazy evaluation can be emulated as well as parameter passing, such as call by name, call by value, and so on. In theory, CAM preserves all the advantages of object approach towards programming or computing.

The main current implementation is OCaml, which added class inheritance and dynamic method dispatch to Caml the Categorical Abstract Machine Language.  Both are variants of MetaLanguage ML, and all three languages implement type inference.

Implementation 
One of the implementation approaches to functional languages is given by the machinery based on   supercombinators, or an SK-machine, by D. Turner. The notion of CAM gives an alternative approach. The structure of CAM consists of syntactic, semantic, and computational constituents. Syntax is based on  de Bruijn’s  notation, which overcomes the difficulties of using bound variables. The evaluations are similar to those of  P. Landin’s SECD machine. With this coverage, CAM gives a sound ground for syntax, semantics, and theory of computation. This comprehension arises as being influenced by the functional style of programming.

See also 

Combinatory logic
Typed lambda calculus
Cartesian closed category
 Applicative computing systems
Anonymous recursion
Evaluation strategy
Explicit substitution
SKI combinator calculus
Unlambda
 Currying
 Caml

References

Further reading 

 Wolfengagen, V.E. Combinatory Logic in Programming: Computations with Objects through Examples and Exercises. 2nd ed. M.: "Center JurInfoR" Ltd., 2003. x+337 с. .  

Implementation of functional programming languages
Models of computation
Applicative computing systems
WindShear. The Windshear Full Scale Rolling Road Wind Tunnel is an automotive wind tunnel in Concord, North Carolina. 

In January 2008 Wind Shear, a division of US machine tool builder Haas Automation, completed construction on one of the most advanced automotive wind tunnels in the world. The full-scale tunnel is located adjacent to Concord Regional Airport in Concord, North Carolina. The commercial operation was designed for vehicles from race industries: stock car, Formula One, IndyCar, drag racing, as well as production car industries.

Wind Shear's tunnel is a closed air circuit, temperature-controlled system built around a rolling road. The rolling road, akin to a giant treadmill, is 10 ft wide by 29.5 ft long (3 m x 9 m) and accommodates full-size cars. Air and rolling road speeds are coordinated up to . Air temperature, critical to repeatable data collection, is maintained at a constant , plus or minus one degree. Air is moved through the massive  air circuit at the maximum rate of  per second by a  motor and 29 carbon fiber blades  in diameter.

In wind tunnel testing, the size of the test chamber can greatly affect the quality of the test. An example of this, the blockage effect, is the condition where air flow in the wind tunnel is partially blocked by the vehicle. The blockage becomes more critical as the cross section of the test vehicle increases relative to the size of nozzle and airstream. As the vehicle increases in size relative to the nozzle, test data become less reliable as increased blockage effects the quality of the actual windstream. Windshear's solution was to build a sufficiently large air circuit. Nozzle size is a relatively large 180 square feet (16.7 square meters).

See also
Wind shear

References

Bibliography

External links 

Test SLATE - Automated Test Software by JACOBS Used in the Operation of the Windshear Tunnel

Wind tunnels
Buildings and structures in Cabarrus County, North Carolina
MessageCast. MessageCast was a venture-backed start-up, syndicating RSS over SMS and IM. Launched in 2002 by two co-founders, MessageCast offered large scale message delivery. The company was acquired by Microsoft (symbol MSFT) in May, 2005.

History
MessageCast was started by two co-founders, Royal Farros and Dave Hodson in 2002.

The company was acquired by Microsoft in May, 2005.

References

Software companies established in 2002
Groove (engineering). In manufacturing or mechanical engineering a groove is a long and narrow indentation built into a material, generally for the purpose of allowing another material or part to move within the groove and be guided by it. Examples include:

 A canal cut in a hard material, usually metal. This canal can be round, oval or an arc in order to receive another component such as a boss, a tongue or a gasket. It can also be on the circumference of a dowel, a bolt, an axle or on the outside or inside of a tube or pipe etc. This canal may receive a circlip, an o-ring, or a gasket.
 A depression on the entire circumference of a cast or machined wheel, a pulley or sheave. This depression may receive a cable, a rope or a belt.
 A longitudinal channel formed in a hot rolled rail profile such as a grooved rail. This groove is for the flange on a train wheel.
Grooves were used by ancient Roman engineers to survey land.

See also  

 Fluting (architecture)
 Gland (engineering)
 Glass run channel
 Groove (joinery)
 Grooved rail
 Labyrinth seal
 Ridge
 Tongue and groove
 Tread

References 
Metalworking terminology
Error 33. The term "error 33" is jargon for the failure due to predicating one research project on the success of another, or, alternatively, for allowing one's own research project to be on the critical path of another project.

Origin
"Error 33" was originally coined by George Pake, the first director of Xerox Parc.

Usage
As alumni of Xerox Parc have spread to other companies throughout Silicon Valley, this phrase has been broadened in scope to general research and engineering projects as well as research efforts.

The advice to leaders of any project with a substantial development risk is ensure that as many dependencies as possible use established technology, engineering, or research results.

Xerox Parc alumnus Alan Kay has elaborated this into two "sets of theories" that contradict each other. In one direction, avoidance of error 33 suggests that teams avoid building their own tools - in his example, software languages and operating systems - because it can sink an incredible amount of time that doesn't move the primary project objective forward. In the opposite direction, error 33 is avoided by creating exactly the right tools for the job at hand, and avoiding reliance upon external vendors, teams, or projects for success.  Kay cites the development of Ethernet as an example of avoiding error 33: Metcalfe, Boggs, Lampson, and Thacker avoided designing a protocol that depended upon an error-free network, and instead depended upon retry and recovery in a way that eventually would send messages perfectly, even under extreme conditions.

In the same paper, Kay cites the Bravo text editor (precursor to Microsoft Word) as a project that delivered WYSIWYG printing, but avoiding dependence on a reliable platform by incorporating the ability to replay right up to the point of a crash.

Neil Gunther, also a Xerox Parc alumnus, suggests that Web 2.0 sites that depend heavily for their commercial success upon Amazon.com's (at the time of writing in 2008) barely-out-of-research Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) technology is just such an error 33.  A February 2008 failure of Amazon's EC2 systems did impact many websites.

References

Reliability engineering
Hydroxylammonium sulfate. Hydroxylammonium sulfate [NH3OH]2SO4, is the sulfuric acid salt of hydroxylamine. It is primarily used as an easily  handled form of hydroxylamine, which is explosive when pure.

Synthesis
Hydroxylammonium sulfate is prepared industrially via the Raschig hydroxylamine process, which involves the reduction of nitrite with bisulfite. This initially gives hydroxylamine disulfonate, which is hydrolysed to hydroxylammonium sulfate:
It can also be obtained by the acid-base reaction of hydroxylamine with sulfuric acid:

Applications

Hydroxylammonium sulfate is used in organic synthesis to convert aldehydes and ketones to oximes, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (e.g. esters) to hydroxamic acids, isocyanates to N-hydroxyureas and nitriles to amidoximes. Hydroxylammonium sulfate is also used to generate hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid from oleum or chlorosulfuric acid.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate is used in the production of anti-skinning agents, pharmaceuticals, rubber, textiles, plastics and detergents. It is a radical scavenger that terminates radical polymerization reactions and serves as an antioxidant in natural rubber. (NH3OH)2SO4 is a starting material for some insecticides, herbicides and growth regulators. It is used in photography as a stabiliser for colour developers and as an additive in photographic emulsions in colour film.

Decomposition
At 120 °C, hydroxylammonium sulfate begins to decompose to sulfur trioxide, nitrous oxide, water, and ammonia:

The reaction is exothermic above 138 °C, and is most exothermic at 177 °C. Metals (especially copper, its alloys and its salts) catalyse the decomposition of hydroxylammonium sulfate. The instability of this compound is mainly due to the hydroxylammonium ion's weak nitrogen to oxygen single bond.

References

External links
International Chemical Safety Card 0898

Hydroxylammonium compounds
Sulfates
Photographic chemicals
Hannover CL.II. The Hannover CL.II was an escort fighter, produced in Germany during World War I, designed in response to a 1917 requirement by the Idflieg for such a machine to protect reconnaissance aircraft over enemy territory.

Design and development
The CL.II was a compact biplane of largely conventional configuration with single-bay staggered wings of unequal span. The fuselage was a thin plywood paneled, wooden monocoque design, very similar to the style of fuselage in Robert Thelen's Albatros series of single-seat fighters.

The main units of the fixed tail skid undercarriage were linked by a cross-axle and the pilot and tail gunner sat in tandem, open cockpits, with the gunner's cockpit elevated above the line of the upper fuselage to afford him a greater field of fire. For the same purpose, the aircraft featured an unusually compact empennage, with a short fin integral with the rear fuselage structure and a biplane tail unit that allowed the rear gunner to have a larger field of fire aft when defending the aircraft. Smaller than the usual C-class reconnaissance aircraft, it was easy for enemy pilots to mistake it for a single-seat fighter; a mistake that would bring them into the line of fire of the rear facing observer when closing from astern.

The CL.II was also produced under licence by LFG, under the designation CL.IIa. The type was widely produced, and as the war continued, was increasingly employed as a ground attack machine, remaining in service in this role until the Armistice.

A copy of Hannover CL.II, named CWL SK-1 Słowik, was the first aircraft built in independent Poland, in CWL in Warsaw in 1919. It however crashed during a public flight on August 23, 1919 in Warsaw, due to faulty bracing wires, killing its constructor Karol Słowik.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

 

1910s German fighter aircraft
Hannover aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Flying car (disambiguation). A flying car is a roadable aircraft, a vehicle which can travel both on roads and in the air.

Flying car may also refer to:

 The Flying Car (1920 film), a German silent film directed by Harry Piel
 The Flying Car (2002 film), a short film written and directed by Kevin Smith
 Flying Cars, a defunct attraction at Riverview Park in Chicago, Illinois, United States

See also
 Hovercar, a car or automobile similar to commercial and military hovercraft vehicles
 Fly-car, a rapid response medical assistance vehicle
 Aerocar (disambiguation)
 Aircar (disambiguation)
 Skycar (disambiguation)
Breakthrough Software. Breakthrough Software was a software company based in Novato, California. Breakthrough developed and sold the Time Line project management software for PC DOS computers, releasing the first version in 1984, and version 2.0 in July, 1985. Company staff in the 1980s included William Lohse (1984-1985) as president, Victoria Lohse as COO and CEO and Andrew Layman as president starting in 1986.

Negotiations to merge Breakthrough into Integrated Software Systems Corp. (ISSCO) reached an agreement in principle in October, 1986 but broke down soon afterwards when Computer Associates, developer of a different project management program, announced an agreement to acquire ISSCO.

Breakthrough was acquired by Symantec in 1987. Symantec continued to release versions of Timeline until at least version 6.0 in 1994.

References 

Software companies based in California
Defunct companies based in California
Defunct software companies of the United States
Dynamic Microprocessor Associates. Dynamic Microprocessor Associates, Inc. (DMA), was a software company in the United States. Though best known for its remote administration product pcAnywhere, DMA also developed and marketed the relational database management system Formula IV, the BBS software Chairman and the modem control software ASCOM. It was acquired by Symantec on August 21, 1991, for US$22 million.

References

Defunct software companies of the United States
Gen Digital acquisitions
Walker Hall (Gainesville, Florida). Walker Hall, originally known as the Mechanical Engineering Building, is an historic classroom building on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, in the United States. It was designed by Rudolph Weaver in the Collegiate Gothic style and was built in 1927 It was later named for Col. Edgar S. Walker, a civil engineering professor.

Walker Hall is a contributing property in the University of Florida Campus Historic District which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 20, 1989.

See also 
 University of Florida
 Buildings at the University of Florida
 Campus Historic District

References

External links 

  UF Historic Sites Guide: Walker Hall

Category:University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida

Rudolph Weaver buildings
Buildings at the University of Florida
Guy Fulton buildings
Historic district contributing properties in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Gainesville, Florida
University and college buildings completed in 1927
1927 establishments in Florida
Hannover CL.V. The Hannover CL.V was a biplane ground-attack aircraft built in Germany during World War I, which saw some service and additional production in Norway following the war.

Development
Derived from the Hannover CL.II, the CL.V shared the same conventional biplane configuration and incorporated the overhanging, aerodynamically-balanced ailerons developed for the Hannover CL.III. The characteristic biplane tail used on earlier Hannover CL-class machines was dispensed with, and a conventional empennage was fitted to the prototype, although German production machines reverted to the earlier tail.

The CL.V was first tested in July 1918, which led to an initial order from Idflieg for 20 aircraft powered by the Mercedes D.III engine for evaluation.  Further orders followed for CL.Vs powered by the BMW IIIa engine, which gave superior performance and were intended as dedicated two-seat fighters.  Only 46 were built before the end of the war, and none of them had been put into service by that time. Hannover built another 62 examples after the Armistice.

In its civil configuration, designated F.6, the aircraft dispensed with the rear cockpit, and used the monoplane tail unit that had been fitted to the CL.V prototype. One stripped-down example was used to set a world altitude record of 8,340 m (27,335 ft) on 22 October 1919.

In 1923, another 14 CL.Vs were produced for the Norwegian Army Air Service by Kjeller Flyvemaskinsfabrik with the original monoplane tail. These were known by the Norwegians as the Kjeller FF.7 Hauk ("Hawk") and remained in service until 1929.

Operators

Luftstreitkräfte

Norwegian Army Air Service

Survivors
 Kjeller FF7. Hauk. Cockpit section at Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology in Oslo, Norway

Specifications (CL.V)

Notes

Bibliography
 

 
 

1910s German attack aircraft
Hannover aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Biplanes
Napier Scorpion. The Napier Scorpion series of rocket engines are a family of British liquid-fuelled engines that were developed and manufactured by Napier at the Napier Flight Development Establishment, Luton, in the late 1950s. The Scorpion range were designed and flight tested as boosters to improve aircraft take-off performance.

Design and development
After World War II the Air Ministry issued specifications for a wide variety of rocket engines, both liquid and solid-fuelled. Napier responded with the design of a liquid-fuelled rocket which used catalysed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in the form of High-Test Peroxide (HTP) as oxidiser and Kerosene as fuel.

The Scorpion was a regeneratively-cooled HTP (High Test Peroxide/Kerosene) bi-propellant rocket engine. Fuel and oxidiser were pumped by a single shaft turbo-pump driven by super-heated steam, generated by catalysing HTP. Engine starting was achieved by an electric pump supplying HTP to the turbo-pump decomposition chamber. Once started, a bleed off the turbo-pump oxidiser outlet fed the turbo-pump decomposition chamber to maintain flow of fuel and oxidiser. Due to the single-shaft turbo-pump operating both fuel and oxidiser pumps, flow of fuel and oxidiser were automatically maintained at the correct ratio. The Kerosene fuel is ignited thermally by the super-heated steam from HTP, decomposed by passing over a catalyst in a decomposition chamber, which is injected simultaneously into the combustion chamber.

First run on 19 May 1956, the N.Sc.1 Scorpion was also fired in the air on the following day, mounted in the bomb-bay of an English Electric Canberra B.2.

Double Scorpion 
The Double Scorpion engine was simultaneously developed with the single-chamber Scorpion, consisting of two Scorpion engines mounted together with each unit individually controllable, developing double the thrust. From 1956 Double Scorpion engines were fitted experimentally to three Canberra light bombers, to improve high altitude performance. On 28 August 1957 WK163, fitted with a Double Scorpion, broke the world altitude record, exceeding .

The Double Scorpion was also considered for use in the English Electric P.1A interceptor (which gave rise to the Lightning) and Aerojet General was chosen for projected United States production.

Triple Scorpion
A triple-chamber version was also developed as the Napier Triple Scorpion, emerging as a Double Scorpion with a third chamber mounted centrally under the other two.

Cancellation
The Scorpion project was cancelled in February 1959, at a reported total cost of £1.25 million.

Variants
Scorpion NSc.1 
Initial development single-chamber engine.

Double Scorpion NScD.1 
Double-chamber engine.

Triple Scorpion NScT.1 
Triple-chamber engine.

Engines on display
A sectioned Napier Double Scorpion engine is on display at the Royal Air Force Museum London.
Another Napier Double Scorpion engine is on display at the Solent Sky Museum Southampton.

Specifications (Double Scorpion)

See also

Notes and references 

Scorpion
Aircraft rocket engines
Rocket engines using hot cycle hydrogen peroxide propellant
Hannover F.10. The Hannover F.10 was an early German airliner developed shortly after World War I by Hannoversche Waggonfabrik based on their wartime escort fighters; the Hannover CL.II and its derivatives. Unlike those aircraft, which were all biplane designs, the F.10 was a single-bay triplane, with a middle wing mounted flush with the fuselage top, and a top wing mounted on struts above it. I-struts were used in the interplane gap, as on the Hannover CL.V. The fuselage was essentially similar to its military forebears, but the tail gunner's position was now enclosed as a cabin for two passengers and the wing-mounted radiator was substituted for a frontal radiator. The F.10 also featured the characteristic biplane tail unit that had been developed originally to give the tail gunner a good field of fire.

Specifications

References
 

1920s German airliners
Hannover aircraft
Triplanes
Auxiliary hydraulic system. An auxiliary hydraulic system delivers pressurized hydraulic fluid from a hydraulic pump to operate auxiliary equipment or attachments. The addition of an auxiliary hydraulic system to heavy construction equipment increases the versatility of the vehicle by allowing it to perform additional functions with different attachments.

Usage
An auxiliary hydraulic system is needed to operate heavy construction attachments, such as:
Hydraulic breakers
Hydraulic brush cutters
Hydraulic compactors
Hydraulic crushers
Hydraulic grapples
Hydraulic processors
Hydraulic shears
Hydraulic thumbs
Hydraulic tilt bucket
Hydraulic augers

Configurations
Depending upon the vehicle, whether an excavator, a back-hoe or a front-end-loader, the auxiliary hydraulic system may vary. Vehicle interface fittings, length from pump to attachment and vehicle control systems require various configurations of an auxiliary hydraulic system. Auxiliary hydraulic systems usually include external fluid fittings to facilitate connecting and disconnecting the hydraulic fluid supply lines of the attachments to the vehicles' hydraulic pump. They also usually include valves configured to control the supply of hydraulic fluid through the fittings.

Terminology
Auxiliary hydraulic systems are also referred to as auxiliary hydraulics, hydraulic kits, wet kits and plumbing kits.

See also
Auxiliary power unit

References 

Hydraulics
Whitewater Group. Whitewater Group is an Object-oriented software company in the United States. It was acquired by Symantec on June 9, 1992, for US$3.28 million.

Products 

 Whitewater Resource Editor for Windows (OEMed to Borland which later replaced it with Resource Workshop)
 Actor object-oriented programming language
 Designed and implemented (under contract) OWL 1.0 framework for Borland C++
 Had active Object-oriented design services division

References

Defunct software companies of the United States
Gen Digital acquisitions