omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Zinc iodide. Zinc iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula ZnI2. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a dihydrate.  Both are white and readily absorb water from the atmosphere. It has no major application.

Preparation
It can be prepared by the direct reaction of zinc and iodine in water or refluxing ether:
 Zn + I2  →  ZnI2
Absent a solvent, the elements do not combine directly at room temperature.

Structure as solid, gas, and in solution
The structure of solid ZnI2 is unusual relative to the dichloride. While zinc centers are tetrahedrally coordinated, as in ZnCl2, groups of four of these tetrahedra share three vertices to form “super-tetrahedra” of composition {Zn4I10}, which are linked by their vertices to form a three-dimensional structure. These "super-tetrahedra" are similar to the P4O10 structure.

Molecular ZnI2 is linear as predicted by VSEPR theory with a Zn-I bond length of 238 pm.

In aqueous solution the following have been detected: Zn(H2O)62+, [ZnI(H2O)5]+, tetrahedral ZnI2(H2O)2, ZnI3(H2O)−, and ZnI42−.

Applications 
Zinc iodide is often used as an x-ray opaque penetrant in industrial radiography to improve the contrast between the damage and intact composite.
United States patent 4,109,065  describes a rechargeable aqueous zinc-halogen cell that includes an aqueous electrolytic solution containing a zinc salt selected from the class consisting of zinc bromide, zinc iodide, and mixtures thereof, in both positive and negative electrode compartments.
In combination with osmium tetroxide, ZnI2 is used as a stain in electron microscopy.
As a Lewis acid, zinc iodide catalyzes for the conversion of methanol to triptane and hexamethylbenzene.
 It can be used as a topical antiseptic.

References

zinc
Metal halides
iodide
American Astronautical Society. Formed in 1954, the American Astronautical Society (AAS) is an independent scientific and technical group in the United States dedicated to the advancement of space science and space exploration. AAS supports NASA's Vision for Space Exploration and is a member of the Coalition for Space Exploration and the Space Exploration Alliance. The AAS also focuses on strengthening the global space program through cooperation with international space organizations. The society has a long history of supporting space exploration through scholarships.

AAS members include: engineers, scientists, administrators, institutions and corporations working in support of the nation's space activities, as well as military space specialists, physicians, lawyers, educators, historians, journalists, artists and other professionals.

The AAS runs national meetings, symposia and publications. Members meet with leaders in their field and in related disciplines, exchange information and ideas, discuss career aspirations and expand their horizons.

The AAS sponsors professional, scientific and engineering meetings and maintains a publications program.

Publications 
The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences is the official journal of the AAS, published by Springer Publishing.

Space Times is a magazine with an American focus looking at recent developments in the history and government approach to space development. In the past, it has included policy speeches by NASA officials and reprints of articles from other sources that are relevant to its membership. 

The group also runs the Research Notes of the AAS (RNAAS), which is a non-peer reviewed index of works-in-progress published by IOP Publishing.

See also 
 List of astronomical societies
 NewSpace

References

External links
American Astronautical Society Official website
The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences Springer Publishing listing
Space Times on the AAS website
Research Notes of the AAS IOP Publishing listing

 
Non-profit organizations based in Springfield, Virginia
1954 establishments in New York (state)
Scientific organizations established in 1954
Hydrophobic sand. Hydrophobic sand (or magic sand) is a toy made from sand coated with a hydrophobic compound. The presence of the hydrophobic compound causes the grains of sand to adhere to one another and form cylinders (to minimize surface area) when exposed to water, and form a pocket of air around the sand.  The pocket of air makes magic sand unable to get wet.  A variation of this, kinetic sand, has several of the same properties, but acts like wet sand that will not dry out.  Hydrophobic sand, whether the wet or dry type, will not mix with water.

History

The earliest reference to waterproof sand is in the 1915 book The Boy Mechanic Book 2 published by Popular Mechanics.  The Boy Mechanic states waterproof sand was invented by East Indian magicians.  The sand was made by mixing heated sand with melted wax.  The wax would repel water when the sand was exposed to water.  

Magic sand was originally developed to trap ocean oil spills near the shore.  This was done by sprinkling magic sand on floating petroleum, which would then mix with the oil and make it heavy enough to sink.  Due to the expense of production, however, it is no longer used for this purpose. 

Hydrophobic sand has also been tested by utility companies in Arctic regions as a foundation for junction boxes, as it never freezes.  It is also used as an aerating medium for potted plants.

Properties

Magic sand
The properties of Magic sand are achieved using ordinary beach sand, which contains tiny particles of pure silica, and exposing it to vapors of trimethylsilanol (CH3)3SiOH, an organosilicon compound.  Upon exposure, the trimethylsilanol compound bonds to the silica particles while forming water. The exteriors of the sand grains are thus coated with hydrophobic groups.  When Magic sand is removed from water, it is completely dry and free-flowing.

Brands

Kinetic Sand
 A toy trademarked and produced by Spin Master.  Kinetic Sand looks like regular wet sand but is available in different colors.  It can be molded into any desired shape. It is 98% ultra-fine grain sand mixed with 2% dimethicone (polydimethylsiloxane), and coated with olive oil.  Because of its oil coating, the sand never dries out.  It mimics the physical properties of wet sand.
Aqua Sand
 Similar properties as above.

See also
 List of toys

References

External links
 acs.org, Magic Sand experiment from the American Chemical Society
 youtube.com, Video of how to make Magic Sand

Wham-O brands
Chemistry classroom experiments
Water toys
Educational toys
Construction toys
Sand
Sensory toys
Office toys
Stalin (Scheme implementation). In computing, Stalin (STAtic Language ImplementatioN) is a programming language, an aggressive optimizing batch whole-program Scheme compiler written by Jeffrey Mark Siskind. It uses advanced data flow analysis and type inference and a variety of other optimization methods to produce code. Stalin is intended for production use in generating an optimized executable.

The compiler runs slowly, with little or no support for debugging or other niceties. Full R4RS Scheme is supported, with a few minor and rarely encountered omissions. Interfacing to external C libraries is straightforward. The compiler does lifetime analysis and hence does not generate as much garbage as might be expected, but global reclamation of storage is done using the Boehm garbage collector.

The name is a joke: "Stalin brutally optimizes."

Stalin is free and open-source software, licensed under a GNU General Public License (GPL), and is available online.

See also

 Chicken (Scheme implementation)
 Gambit (Scheme implementation)

References

External links

A Google Code project – includes a Windows version and a GUI
Research Statement by Siskind (compares Stalin with other Scheme compilers, and states that "STALIN often generates code that outperforms handwritten C and Fortran code.")
Flow-Directed Lightweight Closure Conversion by Siskind (presents a lightweight closure-conversion method that is driven by the results of whole-program interprocedural flow, reachability, points-to, and escape analyses, used in the Stalin compiler)

Scheme (programming language) compilers
Scheme (programming language) implementations
Free and open source compilers
Kinetite. Kinetite was an explosive material patented in 1884 by T. Petry and O. Fallenstein, It consisted of nitrobenzene thickened or gelatinised by the addition of some collodion-cotton incorporated with finely ground potassium chlorate and precipitated antimony sulphide. 
It is an orange coloured, plastic mass, with the characteristic strong smell of nitro-benzol. It was manufactured by dissolving gun cotton in nitrobenzene.

Developed as a safer alternative to dynamite, its manufacture and manipulation were claimed to be without danger, as it required a very high temperature to ignite and, under ordinary circumstances, could not be exploded by heat alone when unconfined. Instead, it detonated only under shock, and then only the part exposed to concussion. Largely manufactured in Germany, it was introduced to Australia in 1885 by Thomas Wilkins. In the same year it was reported to be both £5 per ton cheaper than dynamite, and more efficient for mining operations: In sinking a shaft, a given weight of dynamite enabled  to be sunk in 114 shifts, and with the same weight of kinetite  were sunk in 94 shifts.

Safety
It was largely unaffected by short immersion in water, when immersion was prolonged however the chlorate dissolved out, leaving a practically non-explosive residue. However, if  exposed to moist and dry air alternately, the chlorate crystallised out on the surfaces rendering the explosive very sensitive.

In testing however it was found to be extremely sensitive to combined friction and percussion, and could be readily ignited by a glancing blow with wood. Found also to be chemically unstable, it was known to ignite spontaneously both in the laboratory 
and in a magazine. A report of the French commission on the use of explosives in the presence of fire-damp in mines concluded that "The presence of chlorate of potash makes this substance too dangerous, for its use to be recommended."

Composition
The principle of the mixture was the enveloping of each particle of the salts in an elastic jelly composed of hydrocarbons and nitrogen. The jelly additionally supplied material to the explosion.

An 1887 analysis gave the following composition:

References

Explosives
1884 introductions
ZED-2. ZED-2 (Zero Energy Deuterium) is a zero-power nuclear research reactor built at the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario, Canada. It is the successor to the ZEEP reactor. Designed by AECL for CANDU reactor support, the unit saw first criticality on 7 September 1960. The reactor is still operating at Chalk River where it is used for reactor physics and nuclear fuel research.

Description
The ZED-2 is a low-power (200 W), tank-type ( diameter,  high), heavy-water moderated reactor capable of a peak flux of 109  n/cm².s. Seven special Zirconium-alloy fuel assemblies are used and reactor control is via moderator level adjustment. Liquid (light or heavy water) and gas (CO2) coolants can be used and be heated to  at  while the heavy water moderator can be heated or cooled independently of the coolant in the Zr assemblies.
 
ZED-2 has also been used for definitive studies of the effects of heavy water and alternative ordinary (light) water and organic coolants. Sufficient CANFLEX (43-element) bundles are being built containing SEU fuel to provide "full-core" simulation for the Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR) project.

In November 2010, the American Nuclear Society officially honoured the ZED-2 reactor with the title of 'nuclear historic landmark', recognising its 50 years of service and many contributions in the field of nuclear research and technology.

References

External links
The Canadian Nuclear FAQ
AECL - Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission
Canadian Nuclear Society
Canadian Nuclear Association
Canadian reactor a historic landmark

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Nuclear research reactors
Walter Savitch. Walter John Savitch (February 21, 1943 – February 1, 2021) was best known for defining the complexity class NL (nondeterministic logarithmic space), and for Savitch's theorem, which defines a relationship between the NSPACE and DSPACE complexity classes. His work in establishing complexity classes has helped to create the background against which non-deterministic and probabilistic reasoning can be performed. 

He also did extensive work in the field of natural language processing and mathematical linguistics. He was focused on computational complexity as it applies to genetics and biology for over 10 years.

Aside from his work in theoretical computer science, Savitch wrote a number of textbooks for learning to program in C/C++, Java, Ada, Pascal and others.

Savitch received his PhD in mathematics from University of California, Berkeley in 1969 under the supervision of Stephen Cook. Since then he was a professor at University of California, San Diego in the computer science department.

References

External links
Richard J. Lipton, Savitch’s Theorem. Gives a historical account on how Savitch's Theorem was discovered.

American computer scientists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, San Diego faculty
1943 births
2021 deaths
Computational linguistics researchers
Santa Clara University School of Engineering. Santa Clara University School of Engineering was founded and began offering bachelor's degrees in 1912. Over the next century, as the Santa Clara Valley transformed from a largely agricultural area to an industrial center, the school added master and doctoral programs designed to meet the area's growing need for expert engineers. Today, the Silicon Valley provides a setting for the school's programs offered through a broad range of departments.

Academics
The School of Engineering offers eight undergraduate majors, twelve Master's degrees, nine academic minors, three Doctor of Philosophy degrees, and fourteen graduate academic certificates. They offer a Bachelor of Science and Master of Science Five-Year B.S. and M.S. Degree program through which students may complete some units toward the master’s degree while still enrolled as undergraduates.
Bachelor of Science (BS)
Degrees in Bioengineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, General Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Web Design and Engineering
Master of Science (MS)
Degrees in Aerospace Engineering, Applied Mathematics, Bioengineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering Management and Leadership, Mechanical Engineering, Power Systems and Sustainable Energy, Robotics and Automation. 
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Degrees in Computer Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

The Dean of the School of Engineering is Elaine Scott as of August 2019.

Departments and programs

Aerospace Engineering Program
Applied Mathematics
Bioengineering
Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Engineering Management and Leadership
General Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Power Systems and Sustainable Energy Program

Student organizations

 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
 Association for Computing Machinery - Women's Chapter (ACM-W)
 AI Collaborate
 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
 Associated General Contractors of America (AGC)
 Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES)
 Energy Club
 Engineers Without Borders (EWB)
 Engineering World Health (EWH)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 Maker Club
 National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE)
 Pi Tau Sigma (Mechanical Engineering Honor Society)
 Santa Clara Theta Tau
 Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE-SCU)
 Society of Women Engineers (SWE)
 Tau Beta Pi (Engineering Honor Society)
 Upsilon Pi Epsilon (Honor Society for CSE, WEB,  CS, MIS, & AIS Majors)
 Women in STEM

References

External links
 Santa Clara University School of Engineering

Universities and colleges established in 1912
Santa Clara University schools and colleges
Engineering universities and colleges in California
Catholic engineering schools and colleges in the United States
1912 establishments in California
LNER Thompson Class A2. LNER Thompson Class A2 may refer to:

 LNER Thompson Class A2/1, four locomotives (nos. 3696-9, later 507-510) built new in 1944–45 and modified from class V2 during construction
 LNER Thompson Class A2/2, six locomotives (nos. 2001-6, later 501-6) rebuilt from class P2 in 1943–44
 LNER Thompson Class A2/3, 15 locomotives (nos. 500, 511-524) built new in 1946–7

See also
LNER Class A2
LNER Peppercorn Class A2
JSP model 1 architecture. In the design of Java Web applications, there are two commonly used design models, referred to as Model 1 and Model 2.

In Model 1, a request is made to a JSP or servlet and then that JSP or servlet handles all responsibilities for the request, including processing the request, validating data, handling the business logic, and generating a response. The Model 1 architecture is commonly used in smaller, simple task applications due to its ease of development. 

Although conceptually simple, this architecture is not conducive to large-scale application development because, inevitably, a great deal of functionality is duplicated in each JSP. Also, the Model 1 architecture unnecessarily ties together the business logic and presentation logic of the application. Combining business logic with presentation logic makes it hard to introduce a new 'view' or access point in an application. For example, in addition to an HTML interface, you might want to include a Wireless Markup Language (WML) interface for wireless access. In this case, using Model 1 will unnecessarily require the duplication of the business logic with each instance of the presentation code.

References

Software design patterns
Software architecture
Mini-TES. The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) is an infrared spectrometer used for detecting the composition of a material (typically rocks) from a distance.  By making its measurements in the thermal infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, it has the ability to penetrate through the dust coatings common to the Martian surface which is usually problematic for remote sensing observations.  There is one on each of the two Mars Exploration Rovers.

Development
The Mini-TES was originally developed by Raytheon for the Department of Geological Sciences at Arizona State University. The Mini-TES is a miniaturized version of Raytheon's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) TES, built by Arizona State University and Raytheon SAS’ Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The MGS TES data helped scientists choose landing sites for the Spirit and Opportunity Mars explorer rovers.

Martian soil
The Mini-TES is used for identifying promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and to determine the processes that formed Martian rocks.  It measures the infrared radiation that the target rock or object emits in 167 different wavelengths, providing information about the target's composition.  One particular goal is to search for minerals that were formed by the action of water, such as carbonates and clays.  The instrument can also look skyward to provide temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere and detect the abundance of dust and water vapor.

The instrument is located inside the warm electronics box in the body of the rover - the mirror redirects radiation into the aperture from above. The Mini-TES instruments aboard the MERs Opportunity and Spirit were never expected to survive the cold Martian winter even if the rovers themselves survived. It was thought that a small potassium bromide (KBr) beamsplitter which was housed in an aluminium fitting would crack due to the mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion. This never happened however and the miniTES instrument on both rovers has survived several Martian winters, and the Spirit rover continues to periodically use the Mini-TES for remote sensing.  (The miniTES on the Opportunity rover is not currently being used because of accumulated dust on the mirror following the 2007 dust storm).

There are two other types of spectrometers mounted on the rover's arm which provide additional information about the composition when the rover is close enough to touch the object.

Mini-Tes can work with Pancams to analyze surroundings.

The Mini-TES weighs 2.1 kg (4.6 lb) of the total 185 kg (408 lb) for the whole rover.

See also
Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package  (included an infrared radiometer)

References

External links
 NASA JPL web-page stating purpose of Mini-TES
 Technical academic publication on Mini-TES for Mars Exploration Rover
 Web-page regarding information recorded by Mini-TES
 Slide show of Mini-TES operational details

Mars Exploration Rover mission
Spectrometers
Spacecraft instruments
BDE. BDE may refer to:

Chemistry 
 Bond-dissociation energy, the dissociation energy of a chemical bond
 Brominated diaryl (or diphenyl) ethers, see Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Technology 
 BitLocker Drive Encryption, a full disk encryption feature included with Microsoft Windows
 Borland Database Engine, a database engine by Borland

Other 
 Baudette International Airport (IATA code), airport in Baudette, Minnesota
 Bde, an abbreviation for the military unit brigade
 BDE, the station code for Bairnsdale railway station, Victoria, Australia
 Big dick energy, a modern slang phrase

See also
BDEs (disambiguation)