omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ICAN-II. ICAN-II was a proposed crewed interplanetary spacecraft that used the antimatter-catalyzed micro-fission (ACMF) engine as its main form of propulsion. The spacecraft was designed at Penn State University in the 1990s as a way to accomplish a crewed mission to Mars. The proposed ACMF engine would require only 140 nanograms of antiprotons in conjunction with traditional fissionable fuel sources to allow a one-way transit time to Mars of 30 days. This is a considerable improvement over many other forms of propulsion that can be used for interplanetary missions, due to the high thrust-to-weight ratio and specific impulse of nuclear fuels. Some downsides to the design include the radiation hazards inherent to nuclear pulse propulsion, as well as the limited availability of the antiprotons used to initialize the nuclear fission reaction. Even the small amount required by the ACMF engine is equal to the total antimatter production at the facilities CERN and Fermilab over many years, although these create antimatter only as a byproduct of physics experiments, not as a goal. ICAN-II is similar to the Project Orion design put forth by Stanislaw Ulam in the late 1950s. The Orion was intended to be used to send humans to Mars and Venus by 1968. The ICAN-II also, in a sense, utilizes nuclear "bombs" for thrust. However, instead of regular fission bombs like the Orion would utilize, ICAN-II uses what are, essentially, many tiny hydrogen bombs, set off by a stream of anti-protons. Ecological concerns would probably require that ICAN-II be assembled in space.

The radiation from ICAN-II's ACMF engine would be intercepted by a 4-meter radius silicon carbide shell. Additionally, 1.2 meters of lithium hydride will shield the fuel rings from high-energy neutrons that are ejected from the nuclear explosions, and 2.2 meters of shielding will protect the crew modules. The spacecraft would have a total mass of 625 metric tons, with 82 additional metric tons available for payload. This is more than sufficient to carry a Mars lander and exploration vehicles.

See also
 AIMStar
 Nuclear pulse propulsion

References

External links
 Antimatter Space Propulsion at Penn State University (LEPS) 
 Antimatter Catalyzed Micro Fission/Fusion Drive
 ICAN-II

Proposed spacecraft
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion
French military mission to Japan (1918–1919). The French Aeronautical Mission to Japan (1918-1919) was the first foreign military mission to Japan since the 1890s. 

In 1918, Japan invited the fourth French Military Mission, composed of 50 members and equipped with several of the newest types of airplanes, to establish the fundamentals of the Japanese airforce (the planes were several Salmson 2A2, Nieuport, Spad XIII, two Breguet XIV, as well as Caquot dirigeables).

The mission, headed by Jacques-Paul Faure, an artillery Colonel, and composed of members of all arms, including about 20 members of the French air services. 

The success of the mission prompted the Japanese Navy to invite the Sempill Mission from Britain.

References
"Sabre et pinceau", Christian Polak.

20th-century military history of Japan
France–Japan military relations
1918 in France
1919 in France
20th-century military history of France
1918 in Japan
1919 in Japan
1919 in international relations
1918 in international relations
1918 in military history
1919 in military history
Field magnet. Field magnet refers to a magnet used to produce a magnetic field in a device. It may be a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. When the field magnet is an electromagnet, it is referred to as a field coil.

Although the term usually refers to magnets used in motors and generators, it may refer to magnets used in any of the following devices:

Alternator
Cathode ray tube
Dynamo
Electric motor
Electrical generator
Fusion reactor
Loudspeaker
Maglev trains
Magnetic Separator
Magneto
Mass spectrometer
Metal detector
MRI scanner
Particle accelerator
Read/write head
Relay
Solenoid
Stepping switch
Tape head

See also

Rotor (electric)
Stator

Electromagnetism
Types of magnets
Marti G. Subrahmanyam. Marti G. Subrahmanyam is the Charles E. Merrill Professor of Finance at the Stern School of Business at New York University.

Biography
Professor Subrahmanyam holds a Ph.D. from the MIT Sloan School of Management, an MBA from the Indian Institute of Management and a BTech in Mechanical Engineering from IIT Madras.

He has been teaching at the Stern School of Business since 1974. He has also been a visiting professor at academic institutions around the world like the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, University of Melbourne in Australia, LUISS in Italy and Singapore Management University in Singapore.

Works
Financial Options: From Theory to Practice, Richard D Irwin, 1990. , 
Financial Risk and Derivatives, Springer, 1996. , .
Derivative Valuation & Hedging a Trade: A Trader's Perspective, John Wiley & Sons, 2002. , .

References

External links
Homepage of Marti G Subrahmanyam
Marti Subrahmanyam as Infosys Director

Living people
American economics writers
American male writers of Indian descent
American finance and investment writers
American Hindus
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
New York University faculty
American business theorists
IIT Madras alumni
Corporate finance theorists
American academics of Indian descent
American male non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
General Glass Industries. General Glass Industries was a United States–based wholly owned subsidiary of General Glass International.  Also known as "GGI", this company manufactured sheet glass from 1988 until 1993 using the Fourcault process.  GGI also produced cut sheet and window glass from flat glass produced by other manufacturers. The site of GGI was located in Jeannette, Pennsylvania, which is located east of Pittsburgh, PA.  GGI was one of the largest single employers in Jeannette and was one of the last of the "major" glass plants to operate in the "Glass City".  According to local rumors the "Window House" as it was known, was once the largest producer of window glass in the world.

History 
Production ceased in July 1993 at the end of the campaign, or expected life of a glass furnace before it requires a rebuild or overhaul. After that time the parent company, General Glass International, weighed its options before electing to liquidate operations to pursue initiatives in other locations. 

The site was purchased by the Westmoreland Industrial Development Corporation. It is now called Jeannette Industrial Park, and is part of the Westmoreland County Industrial Parks. After some demolition and remediation operations, it now hosts a variety of businesses.

The parent company of GGI, General Glass International, continues to market flat glass products to this day.

See also 
Parent company
Manufacturer

External links
General Glass International
Jeannette Industrial Park

Glassmaking companies of the United States
Defunct glassmaking companies
Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies established in 1988
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1993
1988 establishments in Pennsylvania
1993 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Companies based in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
History of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
HTL. HTL may refer to:

 Language technology
 HTL Buses, a bus company based in Merseyside, England
 Bell HTL a light helicopter
 Halifax Tool Library, a tool-lending library in Nova Scotia, Canada
 Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire, in England
 High tension line, used for electric power transmission
 Histology technologist
 High Threshold Logic, an electronic logic technology
 Höhere Technische Lehranstalt, engineering-focused secondary schools in Austria
 Hydrothermal liquefaction, a thermochemical depolymerisation process
 Roscommon County – Blodgett Memorial Airport, in Michigan, United States
Nitromethane (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on nitromethane.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. MSDS is available from Mallinckrodt Baker.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Distillation data

Spectral data

References

Cited sources

Further reading
 

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Flexible intermediate bulk container. A flexible intermediate bulk container (FIBC), jumbo bag, bulk bag, super sack or a big bag is an industrial container made of flexible fabric that is designed for storing and transporting dry, flowable products, such as sand, fertilizer, and granules of plastic.

FIBCs are most often made of thick woven strands of oriented polypropylene, either coated or uncoated, and normally measure around  in diameter and varies in height from . Its capacity is normally around , but the larger units can store even more. A FIBC designed to transport  of material will itself only weigh .

Transporting and loading is done on either pallets or by lifting it from the loops. Bags are made with either one, two, or four lifting loops. The single loop bag is suitable for one-man operation as there is no need for a second man to put the loops on the loader hook. The bags are emptied via a special opening in the bottom such as a discharge spout, of which there are several options, or by cutting it open.

History
Although there is disagreement on exactly where FIBCs were first made and used, it is certain that they have been employed for a variety of packaging purposes since the 1940s. These forerunners of the FIBC as we know it today were manufactured from PVC rubber and generally utilized within the rubber industry for the transportation of carbon black to be used as a reinforcing agent in a variety of rubber products.

By the 1960s, with the development of polypropylene combined with advances in weaving, the bulk bags as we know them today came into being and were rapidly adopted by a wide variety of oil and chemical companies to store and transport powdered and granular products.

It was during the oil crisis of the mid-1970s that the FIBC really came into its own for transporting huge quantities of cement to the Middle East from across Europe for the rapid expansion of the oil producing countries. At its zenith, upwards of  of cement was being shipped out on a weekly basis to feed the vast building program.

The modern FIBC transports a growing figure of over  of product each year and is used to handle, store and move products as varied as cereals to powdered chemicals and flour to animal feeds. With a capacity of up to  and load capability ranging from  FIBCs are highly cost effective, easily recyclable and ideal for virtually any free-flowing granule, powder, pellet or flake. FIBCs are also being developed to hold and filter fluid products.

See also
 Geotextile
 Intermediate bulk container
 Packaging

References

Further reading
 Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, 
 Guide for Handling Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers, 
 BS EN 1898:2001 Specifications for flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBCs) for non-dangerous goods

Packaging
Shipping containers
Thomas Zacharia. Thomas Zacharia (born 1957 in Kerala, India) is an Indian-born American computer scientist. He received his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from National Institute of Technology, Karnataka in 1980 and a master's degree in Materials Science from the University of Mississippi in 1984. He obtained his doctoral degree from Clarkson University in 1987.

He has contributed to research in computational materials science, particularly on Marangoni Effect in solidification processes. He previously served as the executive vice president and chief port officer captain at Qatar Science & Technology Park at Qatar Foundation.

Zacharia was previously deputy director for science and technology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and a professor at the University of Tennessee.

On June 1, 2017, UT-Battelle named Zacharia as ORNL's new laboratory director, succeeding Thom Mason. During his tenure, he launched the UT-Oak Ridge Innovation Institute, the Stable Isotope Production and Research Center, and the Quantum Science Center, among other initiatives. He retired in December 2022.

References

1957 births
Indian emigrants to the United States
Living people
American people of Malayali descent
Scientists from Kerala
Georgia Tech faculty
Oak Ridge National Laboratory people
University of Tennessee faculty
National Institute of Technology, Karnataka alumni
Qatar Foundation people
Avia BH-25. 
The Avia BH-25 was a biplane airliner built in Czechoslovakia in 1926.

Typical of airliners of its time, it seated five passengers within its fuselage, whilst the pilots sat in an open cockpit above. Of conventional configuration, it was a single-bay bi-plane of equal span and unstaggered wings, with fixed tailskid landing gear. Originally designed for a Lorraine-Dietrich engine, this was changed to a Bristol Jupiter in service. After their withdrawal from airline use in 1936, some were used by the military for a while before finally becoming training targets.

Variants
 BH-25L – with Lorraine Dietrich engine
 BH-25J – with Bristol Jupiter engine

Operators

 Czechoslovakian Airlines – eight aircraft
 Československá Letecká Společnost (ČLS)

 Royal Romanian Air Force
 SNNA – four aircraft

Specifications (BH-25J)

References

Further reading

External links

 airwar.ru

1920s Czechoslovak airliners
BH-25
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Triphenylamine. Triphenylamine is an organic compound with formula (C6H5)3N. In contrast to most amines, triphenylamine is nonbasic. At room temperature it appears as a colorless crystalline solid, with monoclinic structure. It is well miscible in diethyl ether and benzene, but it is practically insoluble in water, and partially in ethanol. Its derivatives have useful properties in electrical conductivity and electroluminescence, and they are used in OLEDs as hole-transporters.

Triphenylamine can be prepared by arylation of diphenylamine.

Chemical properties 
Triphenylamine has three aromatic groups directly linked to the central nitrogen atom. Each aromatic group acts as an electron attractor, directing the electron cloud of the lone pair of nitrogen towards it. With the delocalization of the nitrogen lone pair, a partial positive charge is conferred to nitrogen, counterbalanced by the partial negative charge localized on the aromatic groups. This arrangement prevents nitrogen protonation, a key mechanism for providing basicity to a solution.

From this characteristic, moreover, it follows that the three N-C bonds all lie on the same plane and that they are located at 120° from each other, which is not the case with aliphatic amines and ammonia, where the orbitals of nitrogen are arranged in a tetrahedron. Due to steric hindrance, the phenyl groups are not on the same plane defined by the three N-C bonds, but are twisted, giving the molecule its characteristic "propeller-like" shape.

See also 
 Triarylamine
 Triphenylphosphine

References

External links 
 International Chemical Safety Card 1366
 SDS sheet at www.sigmaaldrich.com
 CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Spectroscopy of triphenylamine (gas phase neutral, radical cation, protonated)

Tertiary amines
Phenyl compounds
Electrocar. Electrocar, Electrocart is an electric vehicle, typically a small cart with an electrical driving gear and a storage battery.

In the United Kingdom, similar small electric vehicles were known as electric drays.

A typical Soviet/Belarusian electrocar EC-1.00 (and also its modifications, including EC-1.00-1 designed and manufactured () at Mogilev Automobile Plant (MoAZ) is frequently used in factories for the transportation of not so heavy loads, because it does not emit harmful exhaust.

MoAZ EC-1.00 specifications 

 Maximum load - 
 Full mass - 
 Dimensions - 3315 mm (length) x 1300 mm (width) x 2200 mm (height)
 Cargo platform dimensions - 2050 mm (l) x 1300 mm (w)
 Max loading height - 
 Min outer turning radius - 
 Max velocity - 
 Nominal engine power - 4,0 kW
 Nominal voltage - 80V
 Control system - thyristor-impulse- (GTO) or contactor-based

See also

 Battery electric vehicle
 Forklift truck
 Electric platform truck

External links

  Electrocar EC-1.00 
  MoAZ EC-1.00-1
  MoAZ EC-2.00, open platform car, modernized version of 1.00
  Electrocars ET-2054 produced at the Kalinin Machine-Building Plant
  Official site of Electrocar B.V., Dutch Electrocar Manufacturer
  Open Bus Electrocar "Capella Leichenwagen"
  "Colibri" Electrocar

Electric vehicles
Microcars
Avia BH-26. 
The Avia BH-26 was a two-seat armed reconnaissance aircraft built in Czechoslovakia in 1927. It was a single-bay unstaggered biplane with equal-span wings and a fixed tailskid undercarriage. Both upper and lower wings featured long-span ailerons, which were dynamically balanced by a small auxiliary airfoil mounted to the upper surface of the lower ailerons. Its design was typical of this type of aircraft built during World War I and the years following; pilot and observer sat in tandem open cockpits with the observer armed with a machine gun on a ring mount. As with many other Avia designs, the BH-26 originally had no fixed fin, only a rudder, but this was changed in service.

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading
 
 
 

BH-26
1920s Czechoslovak military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Framewave. Framewave (formerly AMD Performance Library (APL)) is computer software, a high-performance optimized programming library, consisting of low level application programming interfaces (APIs) for image processing, signal processing, JPEG, and video functions. These APIs are programmed with task level parallelization (multi-threading) and instruction-level parallelism single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) for maximum performance on multi-core processors from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).

Framewave is free and open-source software released under the Apache License version 2.0, which is compatible with the GNU General Public License 3.0.

Overview
The AMD Performance Library was developed by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) as a collection of popular software routines designed to accelerate application development, debugging, and optimization on x86 class processors. It includes simple arithmetic routines, and more complex functions for applications such as image and signal processing. APL is available as a static library for 32- or 64-bit versions of GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.1 and Microsoft Visual Studio 2005, and as a 32- or 64-bit dynamic library for the operating systems Linux, Solaris, and Windows.

In 2008, AMD deprecated the APL library in favor of an open-source derivative named Framewave.

Framewave is available as 32- and 64-bit static libraries for GCC 4.3 and Microsoft Visual Studio 2008, and as 32- and 64-bit dynamic libraries for the operating systems Linux, macOS, Solaris, and Windows. Relative to Framewave 1.0, noticeable performance gains occurred in several APIs, including JPEG.

Features
Framewave consists of the following main components:

 Simple interface to take advantage of latest hardware innovations
 MMX
 Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE), SSE2
 Multi-core processors
 Faster development of multimedia projects
 Media players
 Codecs – including MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 decoders
 Image editors
 Audio applications
 Easy path to multi-threading

APL 1.1
Released on 2007-09-19, APL 1.1 added these feature enhancements:

 Video Decoding (H.264) support
 JPEG support
 AMD "Barcelona" quad-core processor optimizations
 Support for Sun Studio compilers for Solaris

See also

 AMD Core Math Library
 Open64 - AMD has its own Open64 distribution that is tuned for AMD processors
 Integrated Performance Primitives (IPP)

References

External links
 
 Framewave main page
  User's Guide
 Using the New AMD Performance Library
 AMD Performance Library: Blazing your Way to Glory
 Framewave (SourceForge) main page
 Framewave * Programming Reference in .pdf format
AMD software
Graphics libraries
Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility. The Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), formerly the National Leadership Computing Facility, is a designated user facility operated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Department of Energy.  It contains several supercomputers, the largest of which is an HPE  OLCF-5 named Frontier, which was ranked 1st on the TOP500 list of world's fastest supercomputers as of June 2023. It is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

History
Under its former name of the National Leadership Computing Facility, the OLCF was founded in 1992 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to advance the state of the art in high-performance computing (HPC) by bringing a new generation of parallel computers out of the laboratory and into the hands of the scientists who could most use them.  It was called the Center for Computational Sciences, or CCS, and had an Intel Paragon computer. Over time, it expanded to contain many supercomputers including the Intel Paragon, an IBM system based on the POWER3, an IBM system based on the POWER4, SGI Altix, and more recently, the Cray X1E, Cray XD1, Cray XT3, Cray XT4, Cray XT5, and Titan.

The OLCF is a collaboration of the DOE-SC and a world-class team from national laboratories, research institutions, computing centers, universities, and vendors. It evaluates and deploys technology designed to maximize the performance of scientific applications and engages the scientific and engineering communities for the purpose of advancing science and technology research in the United States. To accomplish this, the OLCF has developed and implemented a three-pronged strategy for building and engaging the research communities to define critical computational needs, work with the manufacturers of HPC resources to express and meet those needs, and develop the tools and algorithms to best take advantage of the HPC resources.

Computers and projects
OLCF's fastest computer, Frontier, is a 1.102 ExaFLOPs HPE OLCF-5 supercomputer with a CPU/GPU hybrid architecture. The combination of CPUs and GPUs will allow Titan and future systems to overcome power and space limitations inherent in previous generations of high-performance computers.

The facility also contains a petabyte High Performance Storage System (HPSS) that currently stores upwards of 29 petabytes of data.

OLCF facilities are accessible through the Energy Sciences Network or ESnet.

Resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility are dedicated to a limited number of high-impact, grand challenge scale projects. Calls for proposals are initiated throughout the year and large, multi-institution proposals are considered. 95% of the OLCF resources are dedicated to these projects. Participants may inquire about joining an existing project by contacting the project's Principal Investigator.

External links
 

Supercomputer sites
Oak Ridge National Laboratory