omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Heinkel HD 37. The Heinkel HD 37 was a fighter aircraft, designed in Germany in the late 1920s, but produced in the USSR for Soviet Air Force service. It was a compact, single-bay biplane with staggered wings of unequal span, braced by N-type interplane struts. The pilot sat in an open cockpit, and the main units of the tailskid undercarriage were linked by a cross-axle.

Design and development
It had been designed for the clandestine air force that the Reichswehr was training at Lipetsk, but had been rejected by German officials, who purchased the Fokker D.XIII instead.

The Soviet Air Force was experiencing a crisis with the obsolescence of its main fighter, the Polikarpov I-5, with no replacement apparently forthcoming from domestic manufacturers. When Heinkel was approached to provide an alternative, the firm was able to offer the HD 37, and the two prototypes were flown to Moscow in early 1928. Flight testing produced mixed results. While the basic design was apparently sound, Soviet test pilots reported many deficiencies in handling, and Heinkel was presented with a long list of complex changes to be made. Heinkel responded with the HD 43, and when the same Soviet test pilots found that they liked it even less than the HD 37, attention shifted once again to the previous design by the end of 1929. Early the following year, the Soviet government bought a licence to manufacture the type for the next three years, paying Heinkel 150,000 Marks for it. Manufacturing was carried out by TsKB (Tsentrahl'noye konstrooktorskoye byuro - central construction bureau) and Polikarpov, given the designation I-7.

Many of the improvements that had been adopted in the creation of the HD 43 were eventually implemented in the I-7 as well, along with other modifications, and by the time the first examples flew in summer 1931, flight test results were positive. Despite on-going difficulties in obtaining materials, 131 examples were produced by 1934. Most of these served briefly with units in Belarus, but by the time the last examples were leaving the factory, the type was already obsolete.

Variants
HD 37a 1 built.
HD 37b 1 built.
HD 37c The third sub-series, produced under licence by Polikarpov after adaptation by TsKB (Tsentrahl'noye konstrooktorskoye byuro - central construction bureau): 132+ built.
Polikarpov I-7 The licence-built HD 37c adapted by TsKB by fitting a Mikulin M-17F engine, PV-1 machine guns and Soviet radio.

Operators

Soviet Air Force

Specifications (I-7)

References

Further reading

 

1920s German fighter aircraft
HD 37
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Spalding Power Station. Spalding Power Station is a 860 MW gas-fired power station one mile north of Spalding on West Marsh Road close to the River Welland. The current site provides enough electricity for one million households.

History
The power station, known as the Spalding Energy Facility, is sited on a former sugar beet site of British Sugar. It was first proposed in October 1996 and given approval by the DTI in November 2000. It is run by the Spalding Energy Company Ltd, a subsidiary of InterGen. InterGen is owned by the Sev.en Global Investments.

The electricity is supplied to Centrica under a 17-year deal agreed on 22 May 2002; Centrica originally had 50% of the equity in the project in December 1999, and they supply the gas. It was the first power station to be project financed under the New Electricity Trading Arrangements in England and Wales, and funded by Barclays Capital.

It was InterGen's third UK power station after Rocksavage and Coryton. InterGen is based in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Construction began in March 2002. It opened in October 2004 at a cost of £425 million.

Expansion
In 2016 InterGen won 15-year Capacity Market contract from the UK Government. The expansion is on land adjacent to the existing power station. The new power plant is valued at £100 million. Construction of new 300MW facility is expected to be completed in June 2019.

In October 2018 new Siemens F-class Open cycle gas turbine brought to the construction site.

Specification
It is powered by natural gas in a combined cycle (CCGT) plant. It features two General Electric 9FA+e gas turbines with two VOGT-NEM heat recovery steam generators and one Hitachi steam turbine. VOGT Power International is based in Louisville, Kentucky, and is owned by Babcock Power Inc. It uses two GE air-cooled turbo generators, rated at 296 MVA with a terminal voltage of 15.5 kV on each of the gas turbines. On the three-stage steam turbine is a Hitachi hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator, with a rating of 430 MVA and a terminal voltage of 24 kV. Actual power output depends on atmospheric conditions, such as temperature and humidity. 360 MW comes from the steam turbine generator, and 265 MW from each of the gas turbine generators.

See also

 Sutton Bridge Power Station
 Peterborough Power Station, also supplies electricity for Centrica

References

External links

 Spalding Energy

News items
 Expansion given government approval in November 2010
 Plans for expansion in November 2008

Natural gas-fired power stations in England
Power stations in Lincolnshire
Power stations in the East Midlands
South Holland, Lincolnshire
Centrica
Moir Lockhead. Sir Moir Lockhead OBE DHC (born 25 April 1945 in County Durham, England) is an English businessman. He was Chief Executive and Deputy Chairman of UK transport group FirstGroup. Originally a mechanical engineer, he left school (West Cornforth Secondary Modern) at 15 to become apprentice mechanic in a bus garage in Darlington, before working for a short period as a management trainee with Tarmac. In 1979, he was appointed Chief Engineer of Glasgow City Transport. He joined Grampian Regional Transport in 1985 as General Manager, and went on to lead the successful employee buy-out as GRT Group.

He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1996 for services to the bus industry. He is a past President of the Confederation of Passenger Transport. He was knighted in the 2008 Birthday Honours. In 2009, the University of Aberdeen awarded him a Doctorate honoris causa (DHC). In 2010, he was awarded the VisitScotland Silver Thistle Award for outstanding services to the tourism industry in Scotland.

In 2011, he was appointed Chairman of the Scottish Rugby Union. In 2014, he was re-appointed for a second three-year term. In 2014, he was appointed Chairman of the National Trust for Scotland.

In January 2011, First Great Western powercar 43160 was named Sir Moir Lockhead as was First ScotRail diesel multiple unit 170401 in March 2011.

Personal life
Lockhead is married with four children and lives on his family's  cattle farm near Aberdeen where he breeds Highland cattle.

References 

Living people
1945 births
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
English businesspeople
Knights Bachelor
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People in bus transport
British public transport executives
FirstGroup people
People from County Durham
Rugby union people in Scotland
Flight operations quality assurance. Flight operational quality assurance (FOQA, ) also known as flight data monitoring (FDM) or flight data analysis, is a method of capturing, analyzing and/or visualizing the data generated by an aircraft moving from one point to another.  Applying the information learned from this analysis helps to find new ways to improve flight safety and increase overall operational efficiency. Several airlines and various national air forces have initiated FOQA programs to collect, store and analyze recorded flight data. The goal is to improve overall aviation safety, increase maintenance effectiveness and reduce operational costs.

Acronyms
FOQA = flight operational quality assurance,
FDM = flight data monitoring,
FDA = flight data analysis,
MOQA = maintenance operational quality assurance,
MFOQA = military flight operational quality assurance,
SOQA = simulator operational quality assurance,
CFOQA = corporate flight operational quality assurance,
HFDM = helicopter flight data monitoring,
HOMP = helicopter operational monitoring program.

Applications
As a result of an ICAO Annex 6 mandate, all airlines are required under regional legislation to implement Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) programs. However, in the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) does not yet require FOQA programs for commercial operators. The data recorded can be either pilot generated (as he or she moves the controls) or mechanically induced by related systems in the aircraft itself. "A significant barrier to wider adoption in the United States is pilot's universal lack of trust in who will see and act on the flight data once it is recorded and studied."

The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) requirement is defined in EU-OPS section 1.037.

The FAA defined FOQA in its Advisory Circular #120-82, dated April 12, 2004. The agency's Air Transportation Operations Inspector's Handbook (FAA Order 8400.10, August 9, 2006) details what a valid FOQA system contains.  An excerpt from Volume 1, Chapter 5, Section 2, page 1-221 of this FAA document states: "Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA) is a voluntary safety program designed to improve aviation safety through the proactive use of flight-recorded data."

In India, Directorate General Civil Aviation (DGCA) has made it mandatory for all airline operators to carry out Flight Data Analysis for flight safety. Instruction clearly states the need for a flight safety department for all scheduled operators. Non-scheduled operators are required to present a safety report on a half-yearly basis to DGCA.

Literature 
 US DOT: Advisory Circular: Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA), AC No: 120-82, 12. April 2004.
 European Union: Regulations: EU-OPS 1, COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 8/2008 of 11 December 2007.
 CAA Safety Regulation Group, CAP 739 Flight Data Monitoring. A Guide to Good Practise. First issue 29. August 2003.
 swiss49 ag, FDM booklet for Pilots, V1.0, 13. January 2009
 IATA, IOSA Standards Manual, January 2008.

References

Aerospace engineering
Aviation safety
Jie Wu. Jie Wu () is a Chinese computer scientist. He is the Associate Vice Provost for International Affairs and Director for Center for Networked Computing at Temple University. He also serves as the Laura H. Carnell professor in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences. He served as Program Director of Networking Technology and Systems (NeTS) at the National Science Foundation from 2006 to 2008.

Jie Wu is noted for his research in routing for wired and wireless networks. His main technical contributions include fault-tolerant routing in hypercube-based multiprocessors, local construction of connected dominating set and its applications in mobile ad hoc networks, and efficient routing in delay tolerant networks, including social contact networks.

He served as the General Chair of IEEE ICDCS 2013, IEEE IPDPS 2008, and IEEE MASS 2006 and the Program Chair of CCF CNCC 2013, IEEE INFOCOM 2011, and IEEE MASS 2004. He is a Fellow of IEEE, for contributions to mobile ad hoc networks and multicomputer systems, and serves on the editorial board for a number of journals, including IEEE Transactions on Computers (TC), IEEE Transactions on Services Computing (TSC), and Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing (JPDC).

He received 2011 China Computer Federation (CCF) Overseas Outstanding Achievements Award. He was a Fulbright Senior Specialist. He was also an IEEE Distinguished Visitor and an ACM Distinguished Speaker and is currently a CCF Distinguished Speaker.

He resides in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania.

References

External links
Biography at the Temple University.
NSF contact information of Jie Wu.

Living people
Temple University faculty
Educators from Shanghai
Year of birth missing (living people)
Luís Moniz Pereira. Luís Moniz Pereira (born in 1947 in Lisbon, Portugal) is Professor of Computer Science and Director of the AI centre at New University of Lisbon. His research is in the field of logic programming and in knowledge representation, reasoning and cognitive science more generally.

He was the founding president of the Portuguese AI association, and has been a founding member of the editorial boards of the journals of Logic Programming, Automated Reasoning, New Generation Computing, Theory and Practice of Logic Programming, Universal Computer Science, Applied Logic, Electronic Transactions on AI, and of the Computational Logic Newsletter. He is also advisory editor of the International Journal of Reasoning-Based Intelligent Systems and Associate Editor for Artificial Intelligence of the ACM Computing Surveys.

He was awarded the Doctor honoris causa by the Technical University of Dresden in 2006, and became an ECCAI Fellow in 2001. He coordinates the Erasmus Mundus European MSc in Computational Logic at UNL, is vice-president of EASE, the European Association for semantic Web Education, and belongs to the Board of Trustees and to the Scientific Advisory Board of the IMDEA Software Institute.

References

External links
Homepage

Academic staff of NOVA University Lisbon
1947 births
Living people
Logic programming researchers
Tube beading. Tube beading is a metal forming process that forms a bead on the end of a tube. Tube beads can be used to help hold a hose on the end of a tube or to strengthen the end of the tube. There are two forming processes: internal roll forming and ram forming.

Internal roll forming
Internal roll forming is generally slower than ram forming but it holds tight tolerances.  Serrated clamp jaws are used to hold the tube while radial pressure is applied by an internal roller to form the bead.

Ram forming
Ram forming is quicker and usually preferred when speed of production is a concern.  The automotive industry usually uses this process over internal roll-forming.  A clamp is used to hold the tube, the tube is expanded to desired diameter by an expansion punch, and then another punch is used to reduce the tube back to pilot diameter.  Multiple beads are possible using this process.

References

Metal forming
Chassis Air Guide. Chassis Air Guide or CAG in abbreviation, is Intel's thermal system to PC chassis.

The system includes an air duct for CPU, because in an environment of increasing thermal loads, the processor is generally the most demanding component in terms of system thermal design.

It also describes optimal locations for intake and exhaust fans.
 
Lower chassis temperature brings lower processor die temperature, while most computer enclosures typically provide an internal thermal environment of approximately 40-45°C at a 35°C room, Intel claims. CAG provides a system to lower processor's thermal environment.

The initial revision known as CAG 1.0 was released in May 2002. The recent version known as CAG 1.1 was then released in September 2003.

See also
 Thermally Advantaged Chassis

External links
Chassis Air Guide Design Guide, Version 1.0, May 2002
Chassis Air Guide Design Guide, Version 1.1, September 2003
Chassis Air Guide Design Guide, Version 2.0, February 2008

Computer hardware cooling
Computer enclosure
Ion beam lithography. Ion-beam lithography is the practice of scanning a focused beam of ions in a patterned fashion across a surface in order to create very small structures such as integrated circuits or other nanostructures.

Details
Ion-beam lithography has been found to be useful for transferring high-fidelity patterns on three-dimensional surfaces.

Ion-beam lithography offers higher resolution patterning than UV, X-ray, or electron beam lithography because these heavier particles have more momentum.  This gives the ion beam a smaller wavelength than even an e-beam and therefore almost no diffraction.  The momentum also reduces scattering in the target and in any residual gas. There is also a reduced potential radiation effect to sensitive underlying structures compared to x-ray and e-beam lithography.

Ion-beam lithography, or ion-projection lithography, is similar to Electron beam lithography, but uses much heavier charged particles, ions.  In addition to diffraction being negligible, ions move in straighter paths than electrons do both through vacuum and through matter, so there seems be a potential for very high resolution.  Secondary particles (electrons and atoms) have very short range, because of the lower speed of the ions.  On the other hand, intense sources are more difficult to make and higher acceleration voltages are needed for a given range.  Due to the higher energy loss rate, higher particle energy for a given range and the absence of significant space charge effects, shot noise will tend to be greater.

Fast-moving ions interact differently with matter than electrons do, and, owing to their higher momentum, their optical properties are different.  They have much shorter range in matter and move straighter through it.  At low energies, at the end of the range, they lose more of their energy to the atomic nuclei, rather than to the atoms, so that atoms are dislocated rather than ionized.  If the ions don't defuse out of the resist, they dope it.  The energy loss in matter follows a Bragg curve and has a smaller statistical spread.  They are "stiffer" optically, they require larger fields or distances to focus or bend.  The higher momentum resists space charge effects.

Collider particle accelerators have shown that it is possible to focus and steer high momentum charged particles with very great precision.

See also
E-beam lithography
Maskless lithography
Nanochannel glass materials
Photolithography

References

Semiconductor device fabrication
CINDI. CINDI, or the Coupled Ion-Neutral Dynamics Investigation is a NASA mission of opportunity payload aboard the C/NOFS satellite. Mission of opportunity is part of the Explorer program.

Its host spacecraft re-entered the Earth's atmosphere in November 2015.

See also
List of heliophysics missions

References

External links
CINDI home page
CINDI in Space comic book

Space science experiments
Explorers Program
Piggyback mission
Heinkel HD 38. The Heinkel HD 38 was a fighter aircraft developed in Germany in the late 1920s. It was a compact, single-bay biplane with staggered wings of unequal span, braced with N-type interplane struts, a refined version of the HD 37 that had been evaluated and rejected by the Reichswehr for use at the secret training facility at Lipetsk. The HD 38 was designed in the hope of capturing a different niche - that of a seaplane fighter, and was designed with a twin pontoon undercarriage that could be quickly removed and replaced with wheels. It was accepted in this role, but did not serve in it for long before being relegated to general training duties. Even then, it was not long before Germany abandoned the Lipetsk base to the Soviet Union.

Specifications (with wheels)

References

 

1920s German fighter aircraft
Floatplanes
HD 38
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
PRINT (command). In computing, the print command
provides single-user print spooling capability in a number of operating systems. It is roughly similar to that provided by the UNIX System V lp and BSD lpr print spooler systems.

Implementations 
The command is available in the DEC RT-11, OS/8, RSX-11, TOPS-10, and TOPS-20 operating systems and also in DR FlexOS,  DR DOS, TSL PC-MOS, Paragon Technology PTS-DOS, SISNE plus, IBM OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS, Microsoft Windows, FreeDOS, Stratus OpenVOS, AROS, HP MPE/iX, and OpenVMS.

The FreeDOS version was developed by James Tabor and is licensed under the GPL.

DOS, OS/2, Windows

Background 
The command was introduced in MS-DOS/IBM PC DOS 2.0. DR DOS 6.0 includes an implementation of the  command.

In early versions of DOS, printing was accomplished using the copy command: the file to be printed was "copied" to the file representing the print device. Control returned to the user when the print job completed.  Beginning with DOS 2.0, the print command was included to allow basic print spooling:  the ability to continue to use the computer while printing occurred in the background, and the ability to create a queue of jobs to be printed.

Description 
The print command allowed specifying one of many possible local printer interfaces, and could make use of networked printers using the net command.  A maximum number of files and a maximum buffer size could be specified, and further command-line options allowed adding and removing files from the queue.  Margins, page lengths and number of copies could also be set, as well as a parameter to adjust between favoring printing speed versus computer responsiveness.

Retrospect 
Users of the initial release of the print command commented on the slow print speed and high resource usage, as well as the lack of support for the newly introduced subdirectories.  The command was among the first RAM-resident programs and was the first to achieve widespread use, with many users disassembling the binary in order to determine how RAM-resident programs should be written.

See also
List of DOS commands
List of Unix commands

References

Further reading

External links

print | Microsoft Docs
Open source PRINT implementation that comes with MS-DOS v2.0

External DOS commands
OS/2 commands
Windows commands
Microcomputer software
Microsoft free software
Windows administration
Computer printing
Strachan & Henshaw. Strachan & Henshaw was a defence and nuclear engineering company based in Ashton Gate in Bristol, England.

History
The company was founded by Robert Price Strachan and George Henshaw in 1879 as a partnership specialising in the manufacture of paper-bag making machinery, operating from Lewin's Mead in Bristol. In 1920 the business was bought by E. S. & A. Robinson.

In the 1950s, as part of a consortium involving Clarke Chapman, Head Wrightson, C. A. Parsons & Co., A. Reyrolle & Co. and Whessoe and known as the Nuclear Power Plant Company ('NPPC'), it was awarded a contract for reactor mechanical plant at Oldbury nuclear power station. It was subsequently awarded similar contracts at Heysham 2, Hinkley Point B, Hunterston B and Torness nuclear power stations.

In 1966 the company's owners, E.S. & A. Robinson Ltd, merged with John Dickinson Ltd to form Dickinson Robinson Group.

In 1972 the company became the prime contractor for launch systems for the  fleet. Then in 1989 Roland Franklin of Pembridge Associates acquired Dickinson Robinson Group and went on to sell Strachan & Henshaw to Weir Group in July 1990.

In April 1998, it bought Bridgetest Holdings Ltd, a Manchester-based engineering company whose subsidiaries included Cunnington & Cooper Ltd, Nuclear and General Engineering Ltd and Wingrove & Rogers, all well-established businesses in the UK nuclear industry. Then in May 2000 the company sold its materials handling equipment division to Sweden's Svedala.

The business was acquired by Babcock International Group for £65 million in April 2008; it was subsequently fully integrated into Babcock and the Strachan & Henshaw name is no longer used.

References

Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Companies established in 1879
Defunct companies based in Bristol
Manufacturing companies based in Bristol
Companies disestablished in 2008