omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aniline point. The aniline point of an oil is defined as the minimum temperature at which equal volumes of aniline () and lubricant oil are miscible, i.e. form a single phase upon mixing.

The value gives an approximation for the content of aromatic compounds in the oil, since the miscibility of aniline, which is also an aromatic compound suggests the presence of similar (i.e. aromatic) compounds in the oil. The lower the aniline point, the greater is the content of aromatic compounds in the oil.

The aniline point serves as a reasonable proxy for aromaticity of oils consisting mostly of saturated hydrocarbons (i.e. alkanes, paraffins) or unsaturated compounds (mostly aromatics).  Significant chemical functionalization of the oil (chlorination, sulfonation, etc.) can interfere with the measurement, due to changes to the solvency of the functionalized oil.

Aniline point indicates if an oil is likely to damage elastomers (rubber compounds) that come in contact with the oil.

Determination of aniline point
Equal volumes of aniline and oil are stirred continuously in a test tube and heated until the two merge into a homogeneous solution. Heating is stopped and the tube is allowed to cool. The temperature at which the two phases separate out is recorded as aniline point.

References

 Gupta, O.P. Fuels, Furnaces, Refractories.

See also
 Lubricant
 Grease (lubricant)
 Oil analysis
 Viscosity index
 Saponification value
 Cloud point
 Pour point
 Flash point
 Fire point
 Softening point
 Glass transition temperature (Tg)

Chemical properties
Cell (EDA). A cell in the context of electronic design automation (EDA) is an abstract representation of a component within a schematic diagram or physical layout of an electronic circuit in software. 

A cell-based design methodology is a technique that enables designers to analyze chip designs at varying levels of abstraction.  For example, one designer may focus on the logical function (high-level) and another may concentrate on physical implementation (low-level).  The technique also enables designers to reuse components in more complex designs without understanding all of the implementation details.

See also
Standard Cell
PCell
Integrated Circuits
Circuit Design

Electronic design automation

References
Brookville BL20GH. The Brookville BL20GH is a diesel-electric locomotive built by the Brookville Equipment Corporation. The locomotive is designed for both freight and passenger service. Brookville built 12 in 2008 for the Metro-North Railroad. The Staten Island Railway operates four nearly identical BL20G locomotives, built by Brookville in December 2008, in work service.

Design
The BL20GH is a low emissions locomotive. Originally equipped with a V12 MTU-Detroit Diesel 12V4000 engine rated at , rebuilt units now feature a Cummins QSK50 prime mover rated at  . It has a separate Caterpillar engine for head end power, allowing the locomotive to be used in passenger service for branch line shuttle trains. The Metro-North locomotives are equipped with Automatic train control (ATC).

BL20G

The BL20G is a nearly identical locomotive that operates on the Staten Island Railway. Four were built by Brookville Corporation in December 2008. Numbered 776–779, these locomotives lack the head-end power generator and the associated ventilation grates of the BL20GH, and thus they are only used in work train service unless performing a rescue of their R44 EMU's.

History
Brookville built a single demonstrator for the Connecticut Department of Transportation (CDOT); CDOT and the Metro-North combined to order eleven more in 2008, for a total of twelve locomotives. CDOT owns six of the locomotives, which it originally painted in its "McGinnis" paint scheme, named after former New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad president Patrick B. McGinnis. This scheme consisted of a black nose, with a white stripe and an orange rear, with white New-Haven lettering overlapping the orange rear. The first public run of the BL20GH occurred on June 9, 2008.

These locomotives are used in branch service on the Metro-North Railroad, including the Danbury Branch and Waterbury Branch. They are used on shuttle trains operating on routes where there is no third rail (such as the Upper Harlem Line, between Southeast and Wassaic stations.) They lack third-rail shoes and thus rarely operate into Grand Central Terminal.

The BL20GH locomotives began a rebuild program by MotivePower in 2019. The rebuilt units, designated as BL20GHM, are equipped with Cummins QSK50 prime movers, which are compliant with Tier 3 of the Environmental Protection Agency's standards for locomotive emissions. All units owned by ConnDOT were repainted into a paint scheme similar to the ones used on its CT Rail services.

References

External links 

 Description of the BL20GH

B-B locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
EPA Tier 2-compliant locomotives of the United States
Brookville locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 2008
Electroless nickel immersion gold. Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG or ENi/IAu), also known as immersion gold (Au), chemical Ni/Au or soft gold, is a metal plating process used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs), to avoid oxidation and improve the solderability of copper contacts and plated through-holes. It consists of an electroless nickel plating, covered with a thin layer of gold, which protects the nickel from oxidation. The gold is typically applied by quick immersion in a solution containing gold salts. Some of the nickel is oxidized to  while the gold is reduced to metallic state.  A variant of this process adds a thin layer of electroless palladium over the nickel, a process known by the acronym ENEPIG.

ENIG can be applied before or after the solder mask, also known as "overall" or "selective chemical Ni/Au," respectively. The latter type is more common and significantly cheaper as less gold is needed to cover only the solder pads.

Advantages and disadvantages
ENIG and ENEPIG are meant to replace the more conventional coatings of solder, such as hot air solder leveling (HASL/HAL).  While more expensive and require more processing steps, they have several advantages, including excellent surface planarity (important for ball grid array component mounting), good oxidation resistance, prevents 'copper migration', and suitability for movable contacts such as membrane switches and plug-in connectors. 

Early ENIG processes had poor adhesion to copper and lower solderability than HASL. In addition, a non-conductive layer containing nickel and phosphorus, known as "black pad", could form over the coating due to sulfur-containing compounds from the solder mask leaching into the plating bath.

Standards
The quality and other aspects of ENIG coatings for PCBs are covered by IPC Standard 4552A, while IPC standard 7095D, about ball array connectors, covers some ENIG problems and their remediation.

See also
 Immersion silver plating (IAg)
 Immersion tin plating (ISn)
 Organic solderability preservative (OSP)
 Reflow soldering
 Wave soldering

References

Printed circuit board manufacturing
Metal plating
Immersion silver plating. Immersion silver plating  (or IAg plating) is a surface plating process that creates a thin layer of silver over copper objects.  It consists in dipping the object briefly into a solution containing silver ions.

Immersion silver plating is used by the electronics industry in manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs), to protect copper conductors from oxidation and improve solderability.

Advantages and disadvantages
Immersion silver coatings have excellent surface planarity, compared to more traditional coating processes such as hot air solder leveling (HASL). They also have low losses in high-frequency applications due to the skin effect.

On the other hand, silver coatings will degrade over time due to oxidation or air contaminants such as sulfur compounds and chlorine. A problem peculiar to silver coatings is the formation of silver whiskers under electric fields, which may short out components.

Specifications
IPC Standard: IPC-4553

See also
 Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG)
 Hot air solder leveling (HASL)
 Organic solderability preservative (OSP)
 Reflow soldering
 Wave soldering

References

External links
PCB Assembly & PCBA Manufacturing
Bluetooth PCBA Manufacturing

Printed circuit board manufacturing
Universal Avionics. Universal Avionics Systems Corporation, also known as Universal Avionics, is an international company headquartered in Tucson, Arizona in the United States. It primarily focuses on flight management systems (FMS) and cockpit instrument displays for private, business, and commercial aircraft. The company has domestic offices in Arizona, Kansas, Washington, and Georgia, and overseas offices in Switzerland.

History 
Universal Avionics was founded in 1981 by Hubert L. Naimer. Its first FMS was introduced in 1982. In 1999, Universal Avionics started its Instrument Division with the purchase of a line of flat panel integrated displays from Avionic Displays Corporation of Norcross, Georgia. On September 12, 2004, Hubert L. Naimer died and his son Joachim L. Naimer assumed the position of President and CEO.  On September 25, 2007, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) gave TSO approval to Universal's WAAS/SBAS enabled Flight Management Systems.  It was the first FMS to be certified for WAAS LPV. In March 2018 it was announced that the Naimer family was selling the company to Israel's Elbit Systems; the sale was completed the following month.

Following  the acquisition Universal Avionics  will continue to operate, with the same management and workforce and under the same name, as a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary of Elbit Systems of America.

Products

Flight Management Systems 
Universal has been offering the UNS-1 line of Flight Management Systems since 1982.

Synthetic Vision 
Universal offers the Vision-1 Synthetic Vision (SVS) System. The Vision-1 was the first SVS product certified for Part 25 aircraft.

Terrain Awareness and Warning System 
Universal offers a Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) with a 3D perspective mode.

Flat Panel Integrated Displays 
Universal offers Flat Panel Integrated Displays.

Communications Management Units 
Universal offers the 1 MCU UniLink CMU (Communication Management Unit) with or without a built-in VDR (VHF Data Radio). The UniLink CMU is capable of operating in 25 kHz and 8.333 kHz channel spacing environments and operating as part of the ACARS data network.

References 

Companies based in Tucson, Arizona
Electronics companies of the United States
Companies established in 1981
Electronic design
Avionics companies
SQL Access Group. The SQL Access Group (SAG) was a group of software companies that was formed in 1989 to define and promote standards for database portability and interoperability. Initial members were Oracle Corporation, Informix, Ingres, DEC, Tandem, Sun and HP.

The SAG started the development of the SQL Call Level Interface which later was published as an X/Open specification.

In 1992, Microsoft released version 1.0 of ODBC which was based on the X/Open SQL CLI specification.

The SQL Access Group transferred its activities and assets to X/Open in the fourth
quarter of 1994.

External links
 Introduction to SAG CLI by the SAG Chairman on Dr. Dobbs
 Data Management: SQL Call Level Interface (CLI)  Apr 1995

SQL
Direct carbon fuel cell. A Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is a fuel cell that uses a carbon rich material as a fuel such as bio-mass or coal. The cell produces energy by combining carbon and oxygen, which releases carbon dioxide as a by-product. It is also called coal fuel cells (CFCs), carbon-air fuel cells (CAFCs), direct carbon/coal fuel cells (DCFCs), and DC-SOFC.

The total reaction of the cell is C + O2 → CO2. 
The process in half cell notation:
 Anode: C + 2O2− → CO2 + 4e−
 Cathode: O2 + 4e− → 2O2−

Despite this release of carbon dioxide, the direct carbon fuel cell is more environmentally friendly than traditional carbon burning techniques. Due to its higher efficiency, it requires less carbon to produce the same amount of energy. Also, because pure carbon dioxide is emitted, carbon capture techniques are much cheaper than for conventional power stations. Utilized carbon can be in the form of coal, coke, char, or a non-fossilized source of carbon.
At least four types of DCFC exist.

Solid oxide fuel cell based design 
 Anode reactions: 

Direct electrochemical oxidation path:
 C + 2O2− → CO2 + 4e−
 C + O2− → CO+ 2e−

Indirect electrochemical oxidation path: CO + O2− → CO2 + 2e−

Boudouard reaction (indirect chemical reaction path): C + CO2 → 2CO

 Cathode reaction:  O2 + 4e− → 2O2−

Molten hydroxides fuel cell 
William W. Jacques obtained US Patent 555,511 in this type of fuel cell in 1896. Prototypes have been demonstrated by the research group, SARA, Inc.

Molten carbonate fuel cell 
William W. Jacques obtained a Canadian patent for the  molten carbonate fuel cell in 1897
It has been developed further at the  Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.

Molten tin anode 
This design utilizes molten tin and tin oxide as an inter stage reaction between oxidation of the carbon dissolving in the anode and reduction of oxygen at the solid oxide cathode.

See also
Glossary of fuel cell terms

External links
CSIRO Energy
ERTL, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 
CSIRO Advanced carbon power
Direct Carbon Fuel Cells an ultra low emission technology for power generation
Direct Carbon Fuel Cells, Alternative to a Hydrogen Economy? 
Direct Carbon Fuel Cell Workshop
A closer look at Direct Carbon Fuel Cells: the ultimate biomass conversion technology?
DCFC Paper, Enhanced anode interface for electrochemical oxidation of solid fuel in direct carbon fuel cells: The role of liquid Sn in mixed state
Science and Technology Review

References

Fuel cells
IKey. iKey, LTD, also known as iKey Industrial Peripherals, is an Austin, Texas-based manufacturer of rugged computer keyboards, mice and other peripherals.  The company was founded in 1989 and currently works with several Fortune 500 companies. The company was formerly known as Texas Industrial Peripherals.

Products

iKey’s core product line includes specially sealed keyboards in either stainless steel or ABS polycarbonate cases, most of which have silicon keypads. The devices are either wireless or connect via USB or PS2 cables.

The company also manufactures custom products for industrial, medical, and public safety customers.  Common options for custom projects include metal keys, backlighting, and variable key layouts. Often, iKey keyboards are incorporated into mobile computer systems using Ram Mounts, rack mounts, and other mounting systems.

iKey's medical keyboards have demonstrated the ability to prevent cross-contamination of bacteria and viruses.

Product certifications

 NEMA 4, 4X
 UL-1950 
 CE
 Factory Mutual: Intrinsically safe (IS), Non-incendive (NI)
 FCC Class 15, Part B
 RoHS 
 WEEE
 China RoHS
 D-Mark

International presence

iKey products are sold in over one hundred countries, either directly by iKey or through distributors, resellers, system integrators, and others.

The keyboards are built in seventeen different language layouts including American English, Arabic, Cyrillic, Danish, Finnish, French, French Canadian, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss, Turkish, and UK English.

External links
 Company Web site
 Hoovers Fact Sheet
 FB Peripherals Ltd - UK Main Agent / Distributor Web site

References

Manufacturing companies based in Austin, Texas
Manufacturing companies established in 1989
Daniel Paluska. Daniel Paluska is an American artist and roboticist known for his computer art installations and collaborations. Paluska is originally from Michigan,. He received both his BS and master's degrees in Mechanical Engineering from MIT where he worked on perfecting the movement of robotic legs. His work on walking robotics was featured in a cover article of Wired Magazine in September, 2000. Paluska is currently the VP of robotics at Pickle Robot, a startup he co-founded in 2018.

With Jeff Lieberman, Paluska created the Absolut Quartet, an interactive music-making machine commissioned by Absolut Vodka. He also collaborated with Amorphic Robotics in 2006 to create the ToteMobile, a transformational sculpture inspired and commissioned by Citroen. Paluska is the proprietor of Brooklyn Mobile, a mobile internet videotelephony booth.

External links 

 Absolut Machines Demo Video
 Absolut Machines Homepage (Archived from the original)

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American artists
Artists from Michigan
American roboticists
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Aerobus. Aerobus is a self-propelled electrically powered bus-like vehicle riding on a suspended overhead cable. The cable arrangement, similar to a suspension bridge, allows for long spans of up to 600 metres between pylons. The Aerobus system was invented in the late 1960s by Gerhard Mueller of the GMD Mueller aerial lift company in Switzerland. The patents to Aerobus are currently owned by Aerobus International Ltd. of Houston, Texas, United States.

Installations 
 1970 – First test track in Schmerikon (Switzerland)
 1975 – Test track sold and moved to Mont-Sainte-Anne (Canada) where it stayed in operation until 1992.
 1974 New test track in Dietlikon (Switzerland).
 1975 Temporary installation in Mannheim (Germany) with 8 cars and 2.2 million people transported in six months.
 1992 (not installed) - awarded Phase I planning study funding for Milwaukee County, (Wisconsin) Regional Medical Center. 
 2000 (not installed)– Chinese city of Chongqing awards a contract to Aerobus for a 2.6 km system with three stations that crosses the Yangtze and Jialing rivers in the downtown area, with pylons up to 300 ft high.  This was project was apparently cancelled, as the rapidly growing city installed bigger, more costly transit modes instead.
 2007 (not installed)– Final approval for construction of a 4.2 km-long installation carried by eight pylons in Weihai (China).  The system would connect Liugong Island with the mainland city of Weihei, with a large observation-tower station in the center.  According to a company spokesman in early 2009 construction was underway on the $100 million Weihai line, with completion originally scheduled for 2011. However the project seems to have been cancelled or stalled as there are no further reports of any progress.
 2013 (proposal)- Reports indicate that  the company is seeking to sell the system in Quito, Ecuador
 Proposed Malacca Aerorail is supposed to use Aerobus technology
 Proposed Phnom Penh Skytrain is  prefer to use Aerobus technology than AGT

References

External links 
Official Aerobus web page
Photos of the Mannheim installation
Aerobus by Parks corporate video
Aerobus container transportation demo video
Promotional video for design of tourist-oriented Weihai Aerobus line & sightseeing tower

Suspended monorails
Cable cars in Switzerland
Aerial tramways
Sphere mapping. In computer graphics, sphere mapping (or spherical environment mapping) is a type of reflection mapping that approximates reflective surfaces by considering the environment to be an infinitely far-away spherical wall.  This environment is stored as a texture depicting what a mirrored sphere would look like if it were placed into the environment, using an orthographic projection (as opposed to one with perspective).  This texture contains reflective data for the entire environment, except for the spot directly behind the sphere.  (For one example of such an object, see Escher's drawing Hand with Reflecting Sphere.)

To use this data, the surface normal of the object, view direction from the object to the camera, and/or reflected direction from the object to the environment is used to calculate a texture coordinate to look up in the aforementioned texture map.  The result appears like the environment is reflected in the surface of the object that is being rendered.

Usage example 
In the simplest case for generating texture coordinates, suppose:
 The map has been created as above, looking at the sphere along the z-axis.
 The texture coordinate of the center of the map is (0,0), and the sphere's image has radius 1.
 We are rendering an image in the same exact situation as the sphere, but the sphere has been replaced with a reflective object.
 The image being created is orthographic, or the viewer is infinitely far away, so that the view direction does not change as one moves across the image.
At texture coordinate , note that the depicted location on the sphere is  (where z is ), and the normal at that location is also .  However, we are given the reverse task (a normal for which we need to produce a texture map coordinate).  So the texture coordinate corresponding to normal  is .

See also 
 Skybox (video games)
 HEALPix, mapping with little distortion, arbitrary precision, and equal-sized fragments

Texture mapping
SET 7. 

The SET 7 was a military trainer & reconnaissance aircraft that was produced in Romania in the mid-1930s. It was originally designed as a conventional single-bay biplane, with slightly staggered wings, a standard undercarriage with fixed tailskid, and a tandem open-cockpit arrangement for the pilot and instructor or observer. Power was supplied by an Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar radial engine, and, from the outset, the aircraft was equipped for wireless & photographic reconnaissance duties.

An armed version followed in 1934, adding a trainable machine gun for the observer and a fixed machine gun for the pilot. This version, the 7K, was powered by a neatly cowled Gnome-Rhône 7Ksd engine, and the 7KB (fitted with bomb racks) & 7KD were specialised subtypes that followed it. A floatplane version was produced as the 7H.

Variants
SET 7 - initial unarmed trainer version with Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar engine (50 built, 1932–1934)
SET 7K - armed reconnaissance version with Gnome-Rhône 7Ksd/7Ksf engine (20 built, delivered by August 1936)
SET 7KB - 7K fitted with IAR-built Barbieri-type bomb racks (20 built, delivered by September 1937)
SET 7KD - 7K stripped of most equipment and used for liaison duties (Divizionar - "army division use") (20 built, delivered between October and December 1938)
SET 7H - floatplane for Romanian Navy

Operators

Royal Romanian Air Force
Royal Romanian Navy
Transnistrian air section

Specifications (7K)

References

Further reading

External links

 Уголок неба
 Aviatia magazine website 

1930s Romanian military trainer aircraft
1930s Romanian military reconnaissance aircraft
S07
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1931
CSX Bellwood Subdivision James River Bridge. The CSX Bellwood Subdivision James River Bridge is a plate girder bridge that carries the Bellwood Subdivision over the James River in Richmond, Virginia.  The bridge was built by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad between 1897 and 1900.

The bridge begins just south of the Main Street Station and constitutes the middle part of the Triple Crossing, going under the Rivanna Subdivision and over the Richmond District (Norfolk Southern) prior to crossing the James River.

References

Railroad bridges in Virginia
Bridges over the James River (Virginia)
CSX Transportation bridges
Seaboard Air Line Railroad
Bridges in Richmond, Virginia
Plate girder bridges in the United States