omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Martin Naughton (businessman). Martin Naughton  (born 2 May 1939), an Irish-British billionaire businessman and engineer. He is the founder of GlenDimplex, a company specializing in electrical appliances

Early life
Naughton is an alumnus of De La Salle College Dundalk, where he funds an annual scholarship programme. He is a donor to a number of educational institutions, notably Trinity College Dublin and the University of Notre Dame.

Career
Naughton founded Glen Electric in August 1973 with a small manufacturing facility employing just ten people in Newry, County Down, Northern Ireland. In 1977, Dimplex, the leading brand in the UK electrical heating market was acquired by Glen Electrics forming the Glen Dimplex Group. The company set out acquiring further businesses across the UK, with Morphy Richards, the market leader in small domestic appliances in 1985 followed by Blanella, a manufacturer of electric blankets and Burco Dean Appliances, a manufacturer of products for the catering industry, all in the same year. The 1990s saw the company forge its powers of acquisition and strategic business thinking to acquire further businesses across Europe and beyond. An engineer by profession, Naughton has overseen his company to become the world's largest manufacturer in domestic heating appliances. His company has plants in the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and North America. His business has more than 8000 staff and 22 manufacturing facilities with annual sales of around $1.6 billion. Naughton's stake in the company is worth around £273 million with other investments including an art collection, property in Dublin and shares in the Merrion Hotel Group and the Sunday Tribune newspaper.

Naughton was involved in negotiating cross-border trade and promotion and support of businesses during the Northern Ireland conflict.

Honours
In 1995, Trinity College Dublin awarded him an honorary doctorate.

In 2016, Naughton was awarded the French Légion d'Honneur.

In 2017, Dublin City University awarded him an honorary doctorate.

Personal life
He is married, with three children, and lives in County Meath. In 2016, his son Fergal Naughton took over as CEO of GlenDimplex.

In 2016, Naughton and his wife Carmel were named philanthropists of the year by the Community Foundation for Ireland.

In May 2018, Business for Peace Foundation gave Naughton a Business for Peace Award in recognition of his efforts in promoting the private sector’s contribution to peace and environmental sustainability.

In November 2018, he was named as the Outstanding Contribution to Business Award winner at the Irish Post Awards 2018.

Naughton lives at Stackallan House, County Meath which he purchased from Margaret Heffernan.

References

Living people
20th-century Irish businesspeople
21st-century Irish businesspeople
Irish chief executives
Presidential appointees to the Council of State (Ireland)
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Irish billionaires
1939 births
People educated at De La Salle College Dundalk
Businesspeople from County Louth
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
Irish company founders
Manufacturing company founders
Circuit-level gateway. A circuit-level gateway is a type of firewall.

Circuit-level gateways work at the session layer of the OSI model, or as a "shim-layer" between the application layer and the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack. They monitor TCP handshaking between packets to determine whether a requested session is legitimate. Information passed to a remote computer through a circuit-level gateway appears to have originated from the gateway. Firewall traffic is cleaned based on particular session rules and may be controlled to acknowledged computers only. Circuit-level firewalls conceal the details of the protected network from the external traffic, which is helpful for interdicting access to impostors. Circuit-level gateways are relatively inexpensive and have the advantage of hiding information about the private network they protect. However, they do not filter individual packets.

See also
 Application firewall
 Application-level gateway firewall
 Bastion host
 Dual-homed

External links
 http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/generalsecurity/g/def_circgw.htm 
 http://www.softheap.com/internet/circuit-level-gateway.html
 http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=1450&page=5

Internet architecture
Network socket
Transmission Control Protocol
Aerotrain. Aerotrain may refer to:
 Aérotrain, a hovercraft train developed in France
 AeroTrain, an tiltrotor aircraft proposed by Karem Aircraft
 Aerotrain (GM), a passenger train built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division
 AeroTrain (Washington Dulles International Airport), an automated people mover at Washington Dulles International Airport
 Aerotrain (KLIA), an automated people mover in Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia
 Aerotrén, an automated people mover at Mexico City International Airport
Pkg-config. pkg-config is software development tool that queries information about libraries from a local, file-based database for the purpose of building a codebase that depends on them. It allows for sharing a codebase in a cross-platform way by using host-specific library information that is stored outside of yet referenced by the codebase. This indirection allows the codebase to build on a host without encoding host-specific library information in the codebase.

The tool is invoked via its command line interface (CLI), and it reports library information via standard output. Some information, such as version information, is more useful to the programmer. Other information, such as command-line options (flags), is more useful to build tools such as a compiler and a linker.

The tool was originally designed for Linux, and is now also available for BSD, Windows, macOS, and Solaris. The first implementation was written in shell script. Later, it was rewritten in C leveraging GLib.

Database 

To enable use of the tool, a referenced library must have a corresponding .pc file stored in the file system location designated for that purpose (the location varies by system). This file should be stored as part of the installation process as handled by RPM, deb, or other packaging system or by compiling from source code.

A .pc file contains various information such as the location of header files, library binaries and various descriptive information. It may also include a list of dependent libraries that programs using the library need to use.

Example

The following example .pc file defines information for libpng. It starts with defining variables that are used throughout the rest of the file. It includes descriptive information including name "libpng" and version "1.2.8". The Cflags entry defines an option that the C preprocessor uses to locate the library's header files  in /usr/local/include/libpng12. The Libs entry defines options that define the location of library binaries, /usr/local/lib, and identify which library binary files to link.

prefix=/usr/local
exec_prefix=${prefix}
libdir=${exec_prefix}/lib
includedir=${exec_prefix}/include
 
Name: libpng
Description: Loads and saves PNG files
Version: 1.2.8
Libs: -L${libdir} -lpng12 -lz
Cflags: -I${includedir}/libpng12

The following is an example build command that uses this file to specify options to gcc. The output of command pkg-config --libs --cflags libpng is passed to gcc via its command line interface.

$ gcc -o test test.c $(pkg-config --libs --cflags libpng)

Alternative implementations 

Notable variants of pkg-config:

 pkgconf – Re-write to eliminate GLib dependency; default (instead of pkg-config) on Alpine Linux, Arch Linux, CentOS 8+, Fedora, FreeBSD, Mageia 7+, Manjaro and NetBSD
 u-config – First-class Windows support
 PkgConfig – Written in Perl
 ruby-gnome/pkg-config – Written in Ruby

References

External links 
 pkg-config home at freedesktop.org
 
 
 pkgconf
 u-config
 PkgConfig
 ruby-gnome/pkg-config

Computer libraries
Freedesktop.org
Linux configuration utilities
Riverscape. A riverscape (also called river landscape) comprises the features of the landscape which can be found on and along a river. Most features of riverscapes include natural landforms (such as meanders and oxbow lakes) but they can also include artificial landforms (such as man-made levees and river groynes). Riverscapes can be divided into upper course riverscapes, middle course riverscapes, and lower course riverscapes.

The term riverine is sometimes used to indicate the same type of landscape as a riverscape, or only the riverbank. Riverine landscapes may also be defined as a network of rivers and their surrounding land, which is excellent for agricultural use because of the rich and fertile soil. The word riverine is also used as an adjective which means "relating to or found on a river or the banks of a river".

Upper course

In the upper course of rivers, channels are narrow and gradients are steep. Vertical erosion is the prominent land-forming process. Typical features of upper course riverscapes include:
 Interlocking spurs
 Braided channels
 V-shaped valleys
 Giant's kettles
 Plunge pools
 Alluvial fans
 Tributaries
 Waterfalls
 Potholes
 Gorges
 Rapids

Middle course

In the middle course of rivers, the discharge increases and the gradient flattens out. Typical features of middle course riverscapes include:
 U-shaped valleys
 Riparian forests
 Slip-off slopes
 Oxbow lakes
 Tributaries
 Cut banks
 Meanders
 Marshes
 Riffles
 Pools

Lower course

In the lower course of rivers, the channels are wide and deep, and the discharge is at its highest. Typical features of lower course riverscapes include:
 Wide flat-bottomed valleys
 River groynes
 Large bridges
 Distributaries
 River deltas
 Floodplains
 Meanders
 Levees
 Kolks

Landscape art
Riverscapes are popular subjects in landscape paintings. In addition to the use of the word riverscape in geography, the term is also associated with landscape art. In visual arts the term 'river scene' is considered a synonym for the word 'riverscape'. Related terms used in visual arts include 'seascape', 'cloudscape' and 'cityscape'. A well-known riverscape painter was Salomon van Ruysdael. Below are some examples of riverscape paintings.

Photo gallery

See also
 Fluvial processes
 River morphology
 River reclamation
 Riparian buffer
 Riparian zone
 Fresh water
 Canal

References

Rivers
Fluvial landforms
Water and the environment
Geomorphology
Embeddable Common Lisp. Embeddable Common Lisp (ECL) is a small implementation of the ANSI Common Lisp programming language that can be used stand-alone or embedded in extant applications written in C. It creates OS-native executables and libraries (i.e. Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) files on unix) from Common Lisp code, and runs on most platforms that support a C compiler. The ECL runtime is a dynamically loadable library for use by applications. It is distributed as free software under a GNU Lesser Public License (LGPL) 2.1+.

It includes a runtime system, and two compilers, a bytecode interpreter allowing applications to be deployed where no C compiler is expected, and an intermediate language type, which compiles Common Lisp to C for a more efficient runtime. The latter also features a native foreign function interface (FFI), that supports inline C as part of Common Lisp. Inline C FFI combined with Common Lisp macros, custom Lisp setf expansions and compiler-macros, result in a custom compile-time C preprocessor.

References

External links 
 Giuseppe Attardi. "The Embeddable Common Lisp", ACM Lisp Pointers 8(1), 1995, 30-41.
 
 Embeddable Common-Lisp on GitLab

Common Lisp implementations
Common Lisp (programming language) software
Free and open source compilers
Head Wrightson. Head Wrightson was a big heavy industrial firm based at Thornaby-on-Tees, North Yorkshire, England. It specialised in the manufacture of large industrial products such as fractional distillation columns, which sometimes needed special transport to get them to site. 

Its early products, which were made of cast iron or wrought iron, were used for boilers, railway chairs, naval ships, and many bridges across the world. In its first 17 years the firm had various names.

History
1724 to 1839: Land called Thornaby Carrs was used intermittently for horse racing.
(afterwards): There was a shipyard on Thornaby Carrs.
about 1840: Mr. Skinner settled in South Stockton.
1840: The Teesdale Iron Works (also named Teesdale Ironworks) was founded.
1851: Teesside's first blast furnace was built, after iron ore was discovered in the Cleveland Hills.
1859: Mr. Skinner bought the Teesdale Iron Works. Thomas Head and Joseph Wright took over the Teesdale Iron Works.
later: Joseph Ashby and Thomas Wrightson joined the firm and Joseph Wright retired.
1860: Mr. Skinner bought the Cotton Mill.
(later): The firm became Messrs. Head and Wright, and later Messrs. Head and Ashby.
1865: The firm became Messrs. Head Wrightson & Co Ltd. It made cast iron and wrought iron for boilers, railway chairs, naval ships, and many bridges across the world, the largest being in India. The firm employed 450 people.
1866: The firm became Head Wrightsons.
1877: The firm completed the Chenab Bridge in British India. The bridge is between Rabwah & Chiniot.
1889: The firm completed Fulham Railway Bridge.
1890: The works was three times as big as in 1860, and covered Thornaby Carrs.
1892: The firm employed 1200 people.
1893: The firm completed Newburn Bridge.
1895: The firm completed Barnes Railway Bridge.
1939-45: Manufactured the Bellman hangar, a 1936 design for a standard transportable aeroplane shed for the Air Ministry.
1965: Building the ice rink structure for the Billingham Forum.
1968: The firm employed nearly 6000 people and mostly made boilers and other heavy engineering. Its factory covered 68 acres.
1977: Davy Corporation acquired Head Wrightson.
1979: Davy Corporation was renamed "Davy McKee".
June 1987: Head Wrightsons closed.

References

Bibliography

External links

Google search for images

Companies based in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies established in 1840
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1987
Thornaby-on-Tees
William Pickersgill. William Pickersgill (1861 – 2 May 1928) was an English railway engineer, and was chief mechanical engineer of the Caledonian Railway from 1914  until Grouping in 1923.  He was appointed locomotive superintendent of the Northern Division of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway but retired in 1925.  He died in Bournemouth.

Career

Great Eastern Railway
Pickersgill was born in Nantwich, Cheshire. He started work on the Great Eastern Railway at Stratford in 1876, where he was a Whitworth Exhibitioner, and after several posts in the running department he was appointed district locomotive superintendent in Norwich in 1891.

Great North of Scotland Railway
In 1894, he succeeded James Johnson as the locomotive superintendent of the Great North of Scotland Railway, where he continued to develop the 4-4-0 type for that railway and was responsible for the new locomotive works at Inverurie which replaced the unsatisfactory premises at Kittybrewster.  He was chairman of the Association of Railway Locomotive Engineers in 1912 and was interested in flange and check rail dimensions.

Caledonian Railway
In March 1914 succeeded John F. McIntosh as locomotive, carriage & wagon superintendent of the Caledonian Railway. He further developed the McIntosh 4-4-0 type, introduced the class 60 4-6-0 for freight service, and an extraordinary 4-6-0 with derived motion which was highly unsuccessful.

London Midland and Scottish Railway
Following the Grouping, he was appointed mechanical engineer of the Northern Division of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway but retired in 1925.

Locomotive designs
William Pickersgill's locomotive designs for the Great North of Scotland Railway included:
 GNoSR class T 4-4-0: 26 built 1895–98 – became part of LNER class D41
 GNoSR class V 4-4-0: 18 built 1899–1915 – 5 sold new to South Eastern and Chatham Railway, becoming SECR G class; remainder became part of LNER class D40
 GNoSR class W 0-2-2 Railmotor: 2 built 1905

William Pickersgill's locomotive designs for the Caledonian Railway included:
Caledonian Railway 191 Class 4-6-0  (3P)
Caledonian Railway 60 Class 4-6-0   (4P)
Caledonian Railway 956 Class 4-6-0 (5P)
Caledonian Railway 113 class 4-4-0 Dunalastair V  (3P)
Caledonian Railway 72 Class 4-4-0 Dunalastair V  (3P)
Caledonian Railway 300 Class 0-6-0  (3F)
Caledonian Railway 159 Class 0-4-4T (2P)
Caledonian Railway 431 Class 0-4-4T (2P)
Caledonian Railway 944 Class 4-6-2T (4P)

See also
 Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway

References

External links
 William Pickersgill at steamindex.com

Locomotive builders and designers
1861 births
1928 deaths
English railway mechanical engineers
People from Crewe
People from Nantwich
Caledonian Railway people
Howard DGA-8. The Howard DGA-8, DGA-9, DGA-11, and DGA-12 were a family of four-place, single-engine, high-wing light monoplanes built by the Howard Aircraft Corporation, Chicago, Illinois from 1936.

Development

The various models were distinguished by different engine choices and detail changes, and were built and sold in parallel to each other. A number of examples were built as one type and converted to another during their lifetimes. The DGA-11, powered by a nine-cylinder  Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior radial engine, was purportedly the fastest four-seat civil aircraft of the late 1930s, able to achieve a top speed of about . A favorite of the high society and Hollywood circles, the DGA-11 cost about $16,500 in 1938. These aircraft were a direct developments of the famous Howard racing plane Mister Mulligan. Designer/pilot Ben Howard's "DGA" prefix stood for "Damned Good Airplane".

History

The DGA-6's racing success brought the DGA series much attention, and in its various permutations, differentiated mainly by different powerplants, the DGAs -8, -9, -11, -12 (and later DGA-15) emerged as coveted aircraft, owned by corporations, wealthy individuals, and movie stars, such as Wallace Beery, who was himself a pilot. Spanish conductor and pianist Jose Iturbi owned and flew a DGA-11 "El Turia" (NC22402). In an era when airlines were flying DC-3s, the Howards at 160 to  could match their speed and range. The rear seat exceeded airline leg room with limousine-like spaciousness. With its high wing loading, the Howards rode through most turbulence with airline-like solidity. The -11 was probably the ultimate of the series. Configured as a four-place aircraft with the  Pratt & Whitney R-985.

With America's entry into World War II, most of the civilian Howards were commandeered by the military. The Army used them as officer transports and as ambulance planes. They were used variously as an officer's utility transport and for instrument training. The Howard was and is an excellent instrument platform, very stable and solid, especially compared to modern light aircraft.

A number of these aircraft still fly, and another example of a DGA-11, restored by Jim Younkin, can be seen in the Arkansas Air & Military Museum.

Variants

 DGA-8 - version with Wright R-760 engine (18 built, 1 impressed by USAAF as UC-70C)
 DGA-9 - version with Jacobs L-5 engine (7 built, 2 impressed by USAAF as UC-70D)
 DGA-11 - version with Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior engine (4 built; several more converted from DGA-8, -9 etc.)
 DGA-12 - version with Jacobs L-6 engine (2 built, both impressed by USAAF as UC-70A)
 UC-70 - DGA-8/ -9/ -12 and -15 aircraft impressed into service with the USAAC as utility transports.

Specifications (DGA-11)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 Howard Aircraft Foundation website

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
DGA-08
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Video BIOS. Video BIOS is the BIOS of a graphics card in a (usually IBM PC-derived) computer. It initializes the graphics card at the computer's boot time. It also implements INT 10h interrupt and VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE) for basic text and videomode output before a specific video driver is loaded. In UEFI 2.x systems, the INT 10h and the VBE are replaced by the UEFI GOP.

Much the way the system BIOS provides a set of functions that are used by software programs to access the system hardware, the video BIOS provides a set of video-related functions that are used by programs to access the video hardware as well as storing vendor-specific settings such as card name, clock frequencies, VRAM types & voltages. The video BIOS interfaces software to the video chipset in the same way that the system BIOS does for the system chipset.
The ROM also contained a basic font set to upload to the video adapter font RAM, if the video card did not contain a font ROM with this font set instead.

Unlike some other hardware components, the video card usually needs to be active very early during the boot process so that the user can see what is going on. This requires the card to be activated before any operating system begins loading; thus it needs to be activated by the BIOS, the only software that is present at this early stage. The system BIOS loads the video BIOS from the card's ROM into system RAM and transfers control to it early in the boot sequence.

Early PCs contained functions for driving MDA and CGA cards in the system BIOS, and those cards did not have any Video BIOS built in. When the EGA card was first sold in 1984, the Video BIOS was introduced to make these cards compatible with existing PCs whose BIOS did not know how to drive an EGA card. Ever since, EGA/VGA and all enhanced VGA compatible cards have included a Video BIOS.

When the computer is started, some graphics cards (usually certain Nvidia cards) display their vendor, model, Video BIOS version and amount of video memory.

Modding 
Up until the mid 2010s, video ROMs were user-editable/modifiable, which allowed users to configure GPU features like core clocks, VRAM clocks or fan speed curves. In certain cases, a different GPU class could have been unlocked (the most famous example being the AMD Radeon HD6950 and HD6970 series who shared the same GPU, with some shading units disabled through the BIOS on the former. These units could be unlocked by replacing the original HD6950 BIOS with an HD6970 BIOS. The card would then behave as an actual HD6970). However, nowadays both NVIDIA and AMD digitally sign video firmware, which has made it impossible to make any changes to it. Still, in many cases, users can flash a firmware image from another OEM, thus unlocking higher performance modes or changing its mode of operation.

Older NVIDIA GPU ROMs up until the GeForce 900 series could be edited using NiBiTor (NVIDIA BIOS Editor).

See also
Graphics processing unit (GPU)
VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE)
Video Graphics Array (VGA)

References

Graphics cards
BIOS
Chaff algorithm. Chaff is an algorithm for solving instances of the Boolean satisfiability problem in programming. It was designed by researchers at Princeton University. The algorithm is an instance of the DPLL algorithm with a number of enhancements for efficient implementation.

Implementations 

Some available implementations of the algorithm in software are mChaff and zChaff, the latter one being the most widely known and used. zChaff was originally written by Dr. Lintao Zhang,  at Microsoft Research, hence the “z”. It is now maintained by researchers at Princeton University and available for download as both source code and binaries on Linux. zChaff is free for non-commercial use.

References 

 M. Moskewicz, C. Madigan, Y. Zhao, L. Zhang, S. Malik. Chaff: Engineering an Efficient SAT Solver, 39th Design Automation Conference (DAC 2001), Las Vegas, ACM 2001.

External links 
 Web page about zChaff

SAT solvers
Boolean algebra
Automated theorem proving
Constraint programming