omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lambda diode. A lambda diode is an electronic circuit that combines a complementary pair of junction gated field effect transistors into a two-terminal device that exhibits an area of differential negative resistance much like a tunnel diode. The term refers to the shape of the V–I curve of the device, which resembles the Greek letter λ (lambda).

Lambda diodes work at higher voltage than tunnel diodes.  Whereas a typical tunnel diode may exhibit negative differential resistance approximately between 70 mV and 350 mV, this region occurs approximately between 1.5 V and 6 V in a lambda diode due to the higher pinch-off voltages of typical JFET devices. A lambda diode therefore cannot replace a tunnel diode directly.

Moreover, in a tunnel diode the current reaches a minimum of about 20% of the peak current before rising again towards higher voltages.  The lambda diode current approaches zero as voltage increases, before rising quickly again at a voltage high enough to cause gate–source Zener breakdown in the FETs.

It is also possible to construct a device similar to a lambda diode by combining an n-channel JFET with a PNP bipolar transistor.
A suggested modulatable variant but is a bit more difficult to build uses a PNP based optocoupler and can be tweaked by using its IR diode. This has the advantage that its properties can be fine tuned with a simple bias driver and used for high sensitivity radio applications. Sometimes, a modified open can PNP transistor with IR LED can be used instead.

Applications

Like the tunnel diode, the negative resistance aspect of the lambda diode lends itself naturally to application in oscillator circuits and amplifiers.  In addition, bistable circuits such as memory cells have been described.

References

Literature
 

Analog circuits
Split beam nut. A split beam nut, also known as a split hex nut or slotted beam nut, is a locknut with slots cut in the top that separate the outside end into two or more sections that are bent slightly inward, making the thread diameter undersized in the slotted portion. As the nut is threaded on, these sections are forced back out to their original position and increase the friction between the nut and the fastener, creating the locking action.

High temperature use
High strength grades retain their locking ability up to , unlike nyloc nuts. Military grade nuts can be reused at least a dozen times.

Trademark
Aerotight is a tradename for a specific type of split beam nut. Other names for this type of nut are stiff nut and Allmetal self locking nut.

See also
Elliptical offset locknut

References

Notes

Bibliography
.

Nuts (hardware)
LB&SCR I1 class. The LB&SCR I1 class was a class of 4-4-2 steam tank locomotives designed by D. E. Marsh for suburban passenger service on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway.

History

This class was intended to haul secondary passenger trains, especially in the south London suburbs, and twenty locomotives were constructed by Brighton works between June 1906 and December 1907. The locomotives proved to be reliable but with disappointing performance in their original form, being poor steamers, but all of them passed to the Southern Railway in 1923. They reportedly gained the nickname "Wankers" due to the aforementioned steaming issues, but were also known as 'Wealden Tanks'.

I1X class

Between 1925 and 1932 they were rebuilt by Richard Maunsell with spare boilers left over after the rebuilding of the B4 and I3 classes. The rebuilt engines were designated I1x class, and these new larger boilers greatly improved their performance.

Withdrawals

Two worn-out members of the class were withdrawn by the Southern Railway in 1944 and 1946 respectively, but the remainder survived into British Railways (BR) ownership in 1948, although all had been withdrawn by July 1951 and none have been preserved.

Numbering

The first ten were numbered 595–604 and the second ten were numbered 1–10. The Southern Railway initially added a "B" prefix to these numbers and later renumbered them 2595–2604 and 2001–2010. BR added 30000 to the numbers but it is believed that only 32005 actually carried its number.

Locomotive Summary

Notes

Sources

 Dendy Marshall, C. F., History of the Southern Railway, Ian Allan 1988, page 270,

External links
 Marsh I1/Maunsell I1x Class 4-4-2T Southern E-Group

I1
4-4-2T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1906
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Coupling nut. A coupling nut, also known as extension nut, is a threaded fastener for joining two male threads, most commonly a threaded rod, but also pipes. The outside of the fastener is usually hexagonal so a wrench can hold it. Variations include reducing coupling nuts, for joining two different size threads; sight hole coupling nuts, which have a sight hole for observing the amount of engagement; and coupling nuts with left-handed threads.

Coupling nuts can be used to tighten a rod assembly inward or to press a rod assembly outward.

Along with bolts or studs, coupling nuts are also often used to make homemade bearing and seal pullers/presses. The advantage of a connecting nut over a standard nut in this application is that, due to its length, a greater number of threads are engaged with the bolt. This helps to spread the force over a larger number of threads, which reduces the possibility of stripping or galling the threads under a heavy load.

References

Nuts (hardware)
Southwest Air Fast Express. Southwest Air Fast Express (SAFE), also known as S.A.F.E.way, was a United States airline. It was founded by Erle P. Halliburton, the founder of the New Method Oil Well Cementing Company (now known as Halliburton), and Zero Halliburton, a briefcase manufacturer.

History
Founded in 1928 with Oklahoma oilmen as stockholders, S.A.F.E.way began offering Ford Tri-Motor service between St. Louis and Dallas on April 2, 1929. 

In June 1929 service was expanded to include Los Angeles and New York City. Operating for a little more than a year, the airline was purchased by American Airlines for $1,400,000.00 through a complicated agreement primarily to obtain the Contract Air Mail (CAM) 33 mail services contract won by Halliburton and Southwest Air Fast Express. American renamed the airline Southern Transcontinental Airways and operated the CAM-33 route under that name until June 30, 1931 when American Airways took over.

See also
 List of defunct airlines of the United States

References

Defunct airlines of the United States
American companies established in 1928
Defunct companies based in Oklahoma
Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant. The Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant is located at 1514-1524 Cuming Street in North Omaha, Nebraska. In its 16 years of operation, the plant employed 1,200 people and built approximately 450,000 cars and trucks. In the 1920s, it was Omaha's second-biggest shipper.

History

Ford plant
The plant was designed by Albert Kahn as a Model T assembly plant, and built in 1916. Its design represents an important step in the development of Ford's assembly process. Previously, each step in the assembly of an automobile had taken place in a different building, which entailed a cost in time and labor to move the product from one building to another. From 1903 to 1916, Kahn designed "all-under-one-roof" buildings for a variety of manufacturers. In such buildings, Ford's usual practice was to begin assembly on the top floor and move downward until the product was finished at ground level. The Omaha plant was an exception to this: assembly began on the lowest floor and moved upward. It is speculated that the roof was used for storage of finished automobiles.

In 1917, Kahn designed the first single-floor assembly plant with a continuous moving assembly line at Ford's Rouge River plant. This design supplanted the older one; the Model A, which replaced the Model T, used a continuous line that could not be installed in the Omaha plant. Assembly ceased at the Omaha plant in 1932. Ford continued to use the building as a sales and service center until 1955.

Post-Ford

After Ford's departure, the building was used as a warehouse by the Western Electric Company from 1956 to 1959. It was then vacant until 1963, when it was occupied by Tip Top Products, an Omaha manufacturer of liquid solder, hair accessories, and other plastic goods founded by Carl W. Renstrom. Tip Top left the building in 1986, after which it was again vacant for several years. It served as a tire warehouse and retail outlet for some time, but then fell vacant again.

In 2005, the building was opened as TipTop Apartments, a mixed-use building with office space on the first floor and with 96 loft-style apartments on the upper levels; an adjoining building houses a banquet-and-conference center.

See also
 History of Omaha

References

Industrial buildings completed in 1916
National Register of Historic Places in Omaha, Nebraska
Ford factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Omaha, Nebraska
History of Downtown Omaha, Nebraska
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
Motor vehicle manufacturing plants on the National Register of Historic Places
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Nebraska
Mill architecture
T-slot nut. A T-slot nut is used with a threaded clamp to position and secure pieces being worked on in a workshop. The T-slot nut slides along a T-slot track, which is set in workbench or table for a router, drill press, or bandsaw.  T-slot nuts are also used with T-slot structural framing to build a variety of industrial structures and machines.

A T-slot bolt is generally stronger than a T-slot nut and hex-head cap screw.

A heavy-duty T-slot nut with a  M12 bolt is rated to support 10000 N (about 1 imperial ton at rest). 

Profile 40×40 (40 mm by 40 mm, with 8 mm grooves) extruded aluminum profile and the T-slot nuts to fit into them comprised the first modular system developed for use in mechanical engineering in 1980 by item Industrietechnik. The item aluminum framing system has since been expanded to include a variety of t-slot nuts that have been designed for specific applications.  

The item system is very similar to the "channel-and-groove design" used in some toys.

See also 
T-slot structural framing

References
 Erik Oberg et al. "T-Bolts, slots, nuts and tongues" (2008). Machinery's Handbook, 28th ed. New York: Industrial Press. p. 1632–1634.
 ASME B5 standards committee

Further reading

 ANSI/ASME B5.1M-1985 (R1998) standard, "T-Slots: Their Bolts, Nuts, and Tongues."  

Nuts (hardware)
Rivet nut. A rivet nut, also known as a blind rivet nut, or rivnut, is a one-piece internally threaded and counterbored tubular rivet that can be anchored entirely from one side. It is a kind of threaded insert. There are two types: one is designed to form a bulge on the back side of the panel as a screw is tightened in its threads. The other is similarly drawn in using a screw, but is drawn into the sleeve instead of creating a bulge.

History 
The first rivet nut was created by BF Goodrich in the 1930s, and sold under the trademark RIVNUT®. It was first used to mount rubber de-icing boots to aircraft wings.

Usage 
In the field of aviation, rivet nuts are often used to attach various items, such as static dischargers and inspection access covers, to the surface of an aircraft. Rivet nuts are an ideal replacement for weld nuts because they will not distort base materials, eliminate weld splatter, toxic fumes, and other by-products of the welding process, and can be installed in many different kinds of material including steel, plastic, composites, and fiberglass.

See also 
 Swage nut
 Friction drilling

References

Notes

Bibliography 

.
.

Nuts (hardware)
Speed nut. A speed nut, aka sheet metal nut or Tinnerman nut, is a type of locknut with two sheet metal prongs that act as one thread. They are made from spring steel.

Description
The fastener serves the functions of both a lock washer and a nut. As the fastener is tightened in the nut the prongs are drawn inward until they exert pressure on the root of the thread on the fastener. When the fastener is tightened, the base of the nut, which is arched, elastically deforms and applies a force to the fastener, which locks it from loosening under vibrations.

There are many different types of speed nuts, mostly dependent on the shape of the nut, how it attaches to the workpiece, and what type of screw can be used. Most types are designed for either machine screws or sheet metal screws. Some nuts do not attach to the workpiece. These are usually shaped as either a rectangle, a flange nut, or a hex nut; the rectangular speed nut is also known as a flat-style speed nut. Speed nuts that attach to the workpiece usually are some form of a J-nut or U-nut.

History

The speed nut was invented in 1923 and patented in 1924 by Albert H. Tinnerman, son of George Tinnerman, who founded Tinnerman Steel Range Company. The company, established in 1870, originally manufactured sheet metal kitchen ranges. However, after Tinnerman invented the nut to resolve issues with stove shipping, the invention became so successful it led the company away from building stoves to building fasteners.

Tinnerman Products was formed in 1939, and evolved from the Speed Nut development with manufacturing plants in Cleveland, Ohio. A manufacturing plant was constructed on Brookpark Road in the early 1950s. Tinnerman Products later merged with Eaton Yale & Towne in 1969. In 1999, Eaton sold Tinnerman to TransTechnology for $173 million. In 2009, ARaymond purchased Tinnerman for an undisclosed sum.

See also
Plate nut

References

Notes

Bibliography
.
.

Plain Dealer Publishing Co, (1906), Progressive Men of Northern Ohio https://books.google.com/books?id=9NYyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA26
R. Coates, William, (1924), A History of Cuyahoga County and the City of Cleveland
Survey of Buying Power (1951) - Volume 67 - Page 146 
https://www.riversidecemeterycleveland.org/rs_hs_g.htm#tinnerman

Nuts (hardware)
SEGPHOS. SEGPHOS is a chiral ligand developed by Takasago International Corporation that is used in asymmetric synthesis.  It was developed after BINAP and was investigated since it has a narrower dihedral angle between the aromatic faces.  This was predicted and then confirmed to increase the enantioselectivity and activity of metal complexes of SEGPHOS.  After its commercialization, SEGPHOS and its substituted derivatives have been found to constitute a privileged ligand class for a variety of transition metal catalysts and chemical transformations beyond its original application in ruthenium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation.

In addition to the parent ligand bearing phenyl groups on the phosphorus atoms, the bulkier derivatives DM-SEGPHOS and DTBM-SEGPHOS are also commercially available.  In DM-SEGPHOS and DTBM-SEGPHOS, the phenyl groups of SEGPHOS are replaced by 3,5-dimethylphenyl and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. 

According to Takasago, as BINAP is likened to a butterfly, SEGPHOS is like a seagull that "flies higher and faster" than a butterfly. Thus the ligand was named SE(A)G(ULL) + PHOS.

References 

Diphosphines
Phyz. Phyz (Dax Phyz) is a public domain, 2.5D physics engine with built-in editor and DirectX graphics and sound. In contrast to most other real-time physics engines, it is vertex based and stochastic. Its integrator is based on a SIMD-enabled assembly version of the Mersenne Twister random number generator, instead of traditional LCP or iterative methods, allowing simulation of large numbers of micro objects with Brownian motion and macro effects such as object resonance and deformation.

Description

Purpose
Dax Phyz is used to model and simulate physical phenomena, to animate static graphics, and to create videos, GUI front-ends and games. There is no specified correlation between Phyz and reality.

Features
 Deformable and breakable objects (soft body dynamics).
 N-body particle simulation.
 Rod, stick, pin, slot, rocket, charge, magnet, heat, actuator and custom constraints.
 Turing complete, real-time logic components (Phyz Logics).
 Explosives.
 Collision and break sound effects.
 Message-based application programming interface.
 Real-time, constraint-aware editing.
 Metaballics effects.
 Bitmap import.
 OpenMP 2.0 support.

Platform availability
Phyz requires Windows with DirectX 9.0c or later, a display adapter with hardware support for DirectX 9, a CPU with full SSE2 support, and 1 GB of free RAM.
The metaballics effects require a GPGPU-capable display adapter.

PhyzLizp
PhyzLizp, included with Phyz, is an external application based on the Lisp programming language (Lizp 4). It can be used to measure and control events in Phyz, and to create Phyz extensions such as graphical interfaces, network gateways, non-linear constraints or games.

Screenshots

 Hammer scene (upper left; deformable objects): The hammer's centre of mass is displaced from its rotational axis, creating a torque which keeps the ruler from rotating.
 Wedge scene (upper right; breakable objects): How to make an impression.
 Yoda scene (lower left; bitmap import, metaballics): 3.446 vertices and 13.336 rods; the vertices form metaballs with colour information from a photograph of a clay model.
 Balloon scene (lower right; heat constraints): "Why am I lighter in the water?" Dax asked after a recent swimming lesson. Dax, like balloons, floats since there are more particles pushing on the bottom than on the top, as in buoyancy.

 Contained Air Burst (N-body particle system, soft body dynamics): 32.068 vertices, 35.283 constraints. After a brief mushroom formation, the semi-spherical shockwaves propagate to the rectangular container walls, where they are reflected, eventually forming a wedge shape in the middle, quickly degrading to a half-sphere under the influence of gravity.

See also

 Electrostatics
 Game physics
 Magnetism
 Physics engines
 Rigid body dynamics
 Soft body dynamics

References

External links
 Official Dax Phyz Homepage

Articles containing video clips
Computer physics engines
Physics software
Public-domain software

de:Physik-Engine#Physik-Engines
fr:Moteur physique#Moteurs propriétaires
sv:Phyz
2008 Paris Motor Show. The 2008 Paris Motor Show took place from 4 October to 19 October 2008, in Paris expo Porte de Versailles.

This edition of the Paris Motor Show featured a high number of hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs), that led a blogger with The New York Times to ask, "Who killed the non-electric cars?".

Concept cars

 Audi A1 Sportback
 BMW X1 (E84)
 BMW 7 Series ActiveHybrid
 Chevrolet Orlando
 GT by Citroën
 Citroën C-Cactus Hybrid
 Citroën Hypnos
 Honda Insight
 LADA Revolution III
 Lamborghini Estoque
 Lexus LF-Xh
 Maserati GranTurismo MC

 Mazda Kiyora
 Mercedes-Benz ConceptFASCINATION
 MINI Crossover
 Nissan Nuvu
 Optimal Energy Joule
 Peugeot Prologue
 Peugeot RC
 Pininfarina B0
 Renault Ondelios
 Renault Z.E.
 Saab 9-X Air BioHybrid
 SsangYong C200

Production cars

 Aston Martin One-77
 Audi RS6
 Audi S4
 Bentley Arnage Final Edition
 BMW 3 Series E90 mid-life refresh
 BMW 7 Series F01
 Cadillac CTS Sport Wagon
 Chevrolet Cruze
 Chevrolet Volt (European, auto show introduction)
 Citroën C3 Picasso (introduced as the "Drooneel" concept car)
 Dacia Logan MCV facelift
 Dacia Logan eco2
 Dacia Sandero
 Ferrari California
 Fiat 500 Abarth SS
 Ford Fiesta Panel Van
 Ford Ka Mk II
 Ford Kuga Individual
 Hyundai i20
 Infiniti EX37
 Infiniti FX37
 Kia Soul
 Lexus IS 250C/350C convertible
 Lumeneo SMERA (battery electric quadricycle)
 Mazda MX-5 mid-life facelift

 Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHybrid
 Mitsubishi Lancer Sportback
 Nissan Note
 Nissan Pixo
 Opel Insignia
 Peugeot 308 CC
 Peugeot 407 restyle
 PGO Hemera
 Porsche 911 Targa (update)
 Porsche Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2
 Porsche Cayenne S Transsyberia
 Porsche Cayman S Sport
 Renault Kangoo II Be Bop
 Renault Laguna III Coupe
 Renault Mégane Mk III
 SEAT Exeo
 Smart Fortwo ED (Electric Drive)
 Subaru Forester (European diesel introduction)
 Suzuki Alto
 Suzuki SX4 FCV
 Škoda Octavia, Mk II restyle
 Toyota Avensis
 Toyota iQ
 Toyota Urban Cruiser
 Volkswagen Golf 6
 Volvo C30/S40/V50 1.6D DRIVe

Motorsport cars

 Citroën C4 WRC Hymotion 4 (Eco-Concept)
 Peugeot 207 WRC
 Suzuki SX4 WRC

Taxis du Monde

As usual, Hall 8 hosted a special exhibition. In this edition, the subject was "Taxis du Monde" (Taxis from around the world), and it featured a variety of taxi vehicles from different cities and eras, such as a New York checker cab, a Chicago yellow cab, London black cabs, a Manila Jeepney, a Bangkok Tuk Tuk, etc., as well as several Parisian taxis, starting with the classic Renault Taxi de la Marne and ending with the proposed future taxi Peugeot Expert Tepee.

See also
 Paris Motor Show

References

 http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/enn.cfm#id_12040

External links

Official web site
9 Sexiest Electric Cars from the Paris Auto Show .

Auto shows in France
Paris Motor Show
Motor Show
Events in Paris
Paris Motor Show
Software factory (Microsoft .NET). 

Implementations
 The Enterprise Framework Factory (the EFx Factory) from Microsoft Services was one of the first pioneering architectural software factories to use a unique combination of model driven development, and integrated runtime environment tools to build Service-Oriented Enterprise Applications and Services.
 EFx Factory Blog
 Microsoft Patterns and Practices Team have developed four software factories:
 SharePoint Software Factory, for SharePoint 2007/2010 and Visual Studio 2008/2010
 Smart Client Software Factory, for Visual Studio 2008 (released: April 2008)
 Web Service Software Factory (released: July 2006, updated December 2006, 2010, a new Service Factory : Modeling Edition version (incompatible with the previous ones) released in November 2007)
 Mobile Client Software Factory (released: July 2006)
 Project Glidepath is a Micro ISV-oriented Software Factory, also from Microsoft.
 Project Glidepath Blog
 Project Glidepath Forums
 NConstruct is Windows and Web rapid enterprise application development tool and environment for .NET Framework environment.

See also
Software Product Line

References

 Jack Greenfield, Keith Short (Microsoft)|Keith Short, Steve Cook, Stuart Kent, John Crupi, Software Factories: Assembling Applications with Patterns, Models, Frameworks, and Tools, 
 Jack Greenfield, Software Factories: Assembling Applications with Patterns, Models, Frameworks, and Tools (Microsoft, 2004)

External links
 SMART-Microsoft Software Factory by Ordina (.NET 3.0 and DSL based)
 Software Factories: Assembling Applications with Patterns, Models, Frameworks, and Tools
 MSDN Web Client Software Factory 2010

.NET terminology