omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Conservation areas of India. Conservation Areas in India refer to well-demarcated large geographical entities with an established conservation plan, and were part of a joint Indo-US project on "landscape management and protection". The project ran from 1996 to 2002. These areas are home to many Conservation reliant species.

Locations

Four Conservation Areas were selected for this project:

 Annamalai Conservation Area in Tamil Nadu
 Garo Hills Conservation Area in Meghalaya
 Satpura Conservation Area in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
 Terai Conservation Area in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand

Participants

The participating entities in the project were:

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India
Wildlife Institute of India
United States Forest Service

Goals

The primary goal was to develop experience in "landscape protection" - protection of large geographical entities as a whole, only parts of which may be under federal control and protection. Each of the conservation areas contained fully protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, managed resources like reserved forests and  communal forests, as well as privately held land. The size of the selected regions constituted more than one forest division, and in one case was spread over two states.

External links
Wildlife Institute of India

References 

Protected areas of India
Optics Communications. Optics Communications is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers all fields of optical science and technology and was established in 1969.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemical Abstracts 
Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology 
Current Contents/Physics, Chemical, & Earth Sciences 
Ei Compendex
Engineering Index 
Inspec
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.4.

References

External links

Optics journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1969
English-language journals
Biweekly journals
Repeater insertion. Repeater insertion is a technique used to reduce time delays associated with long wire lines in integrated circuits. This technique involves cutting the long wire into one or more shorter wires, and then inserting a repeater between each pair of newly created short wires.

The time it takes for a signal to travel from one end of a wire to the other end is known as wire-line delay or just delay.  In an integrated circuit, this delay is characterized by RC, the resistance of the wire (R) multiplied by the wire's capacitance (C).  Thus, if the wire's resistance is 100 ohms and its capacitance is 0.01 microfarad (μF), the wire's delay is one microsecond (μs).

The resistance of a wire on an integrated circuit is directly proportional, or linear, according to the wire's length. If a 1 mm length of the wire has 100 ohms resistance, then a 2 mm length will have 200 ohms resistance.

For the purposes of our highly simplified discussion, the capacitance of a wire also increases linearly along its length.  If a 1 mm length of the wire has 0.01 μF capacitance, a 2 mm length of the wire will have 0.02 μF, a 3 mm wire will have 0.03 μF, and so on.

Thus, the time delay through a wire increases with the square of the wire's length.  This is true, to first order, for any wire whose cross-section remains constant along the length of the wire.

A consequence of this behavior is that, while a single 2 mm length of wire has a delay of 4 μs. Two separate 1 mm wires only have a delay of 1 μs each and cover the same distance in half the time. By cutting the wire in half, one can double its speed.

To make this science trick work properly, an active circuit must be placed between the two separate wires so as to move the signal from one to the next. An active circuit used for such a purpose is known as a repeater. In a CMOS integrated circuit, the repeater is often a simple inverter.

Reducing the delay of a wire by cutting it in half and inserting a repeater is known as repeater insertion. The cost of this procedure is the additional new delay through the repeater itself, plus power cost because the repeater is an active circuit that must be powered, whereas the plain unrepeated wire was originally an unpowered passive component.

For more details, see for example Anikreddy and Burleson's paper, 
Repeater Insertion in deep sub-micron CMOS: Ramp-based 
Analytical Model and Placement Sensitivity Analysis,
in ISCAS 2000, the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 
May 28–31, 2000, Geneva, Switzerland
(https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=856173).

References

Integrated circuits
Cluster Computing (journal). Cluster Computing: the Journal of Networks, Software Tools and Applications is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on parallel processing, distributed computing systems, and computer communication networks. The journal was established in 1998.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 1.809. The editor-in-chief is Salim Hariri (University of Arizona).

References

External links
 

Computer science journals
Cluster computing
Academic journals established in 1998
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Quarterly journals
Marquardt Space Sled. The Marquardt Space Sled was developed by the Marquardt Corporation in the 1960s as part of an effort to build a device that would allow astronauts to maneuver freely in space without needing to be tethered to their spacecraft or stations.

The design was shelved in favor of technology that evolved into maneuvering systems like the MMU of the Space Shuttle and the SAFER system used by the crew of the International Space Station.

See also
Manned Maneuvering Unit
Jet pack
Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER)
National Museum of the United States Air Force

References

Human spaceflight
Tropical cyclone engineering. Tropical cyclone engineering, or hurricane engineering, is a specialist sub-discipline of civil engineering that encompasses planning, analysis, design, response, and recovery of civil engineering systems and infrastructure for hurricane hazards. Hurricane engineering is a relatively new and emerging discipline within the field of civil engineering. It is an integration of many recognized branches of engineering, such as structural engineering, wind engineering, coastal engineering, and forensic engineering, with other recognized sciences and planning functions such as, climatology, oceanography, architecture, emergency management and preparedness, hazard mitigation, and hazard vulnerability analysis. Hurricane engineering aims to minimize risks to human safety, the natural and built environment, and business processes.

United States 
As a result of the tremendous threats to life safety and economic disruptions caused by the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons, governmental organizations, such as the United States National Science Foundation, have recognized the need to better understand hurricane threats and further establish this discipline. In September 2006, the National Science Board released recommendations to the United States Congress calling for major new investments in hurricane science and engineering.

Accredited university engineering programs, such as the Louisiana State University civil engineering department and University of Notre Dame Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, are establishing programs to better understand these catastrophic storms and their interaction with the environment. The LSU Hurricane Center has begun to offer hurricane engineering courses with the focus of educating students on the unique threats caused by hurricanes.

The past two decades have witnessed exponential growth in damage due to hurricanes and the situation continues to deteriorate. The most vulnerable areas, coastal counties along the Gulf and Atlantic seaboards, are experiencing greater population growth and development than anyplace else in the country. If the trend of rapidly increasing losses caused by hurricanes is to be reversed, a whole new philosophy of understanding, planning, and preparedness is required. The Hurricane Engineering curriculum is the result of a multidisciplinary project aimed at giving engineering students a comprehensive understanding of the hazards associated with hurricanes: 
Extreme winds 
Windborne debris 
Storm surges
River flooding 
Rain-induced landslides

Northwest Pacific 
In the Northwest Pacific, where the term for strong tropical cyclones is typhoon, the concept of typhoon engineering, which is very similar to Hurricane Engineering, is being proposed.

References

External links 
 NSF Hurricane Engineering and Science Recommendations
 American Society of Civil Engineers: papers and articles about hurricane analysis, response and mitigation
 LSU Hurricane Engineering curriculum development

Environmental engineering
Aviation Traders Accountant. The Aviation Traders ATL-90 Accountant was a 1950s British twin-engined 28-passenger turboprop airliner built at Southend Airport England by Aviation Traders, a member of the airline and aircraft engineering group controlled by Freddie Laker.

History
The ATL-90 Accountant was a turboprop airliner designed as a replacement for the Douglas DC-3. It was powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart turboprops and first flew from Southend on 9 July 1957. The only Accountant, initially flown using the test serial G-41-1, but quickly registered G-ATEL, was displayed at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1957 but did not attract much commercial interest. The aircraft last flew on 10 January 1958, development was abandoned and the aircraft was scrapped in February 1960.

Specifications (Accountant I)

See also

Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 

Accountant
1950s British airliners
Low-wing aircraft
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1957
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Interagency Border Inspection System. The Interagency Border Inspection System (IBIS) is a United States computer-based system that provides the law enforcement community with files of common interest. IBIS provides access to the Federal Bureau of Investigation National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and allows its users to interface with all 50 U.S. states via the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (NLETS). IBIS physically resides on the Treasury Enforcement Communications System (TECS) at the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Data Center. 

Regulatory and law enforcement personnel from more than 20 federal agencies or bureaus use IBIS, including:
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Interpol
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
United States Coast Guard
United States Department of State (for use by Consular Officers at United States embassies and consulates)
United States Secret Service (USSS)

Field access is provided by a network with more than 24,000 IBIS terminals, located at ports of entry including border checkpoints, seaports, and airports to track information on suspect individuals, businesses, vehicles, aircraft, and watercraft. IBIS terminals can also be used to access records on wanted persons, stolen vehicles, vessels or firearms, license information, criminal histories, and previous federal inspections, allowing the border enforcement agencies to focus their limited resources on those potential non-compliant travelers.

Notes

Law enforcement databases in the United States
Living Environs. Living Environs is a Perth-based construction company that provides landscape architecture, landscape construction, home improvement and project management services.

History
Established in 2009, Living Environs worked on numerous landscape and home improvement projects and has been mainly noted for designing and constructing outdoor spaces like backyards, pools and alfresco entertainment areas for residential homes. The company is reported to prepare a 3D 'walk through' CAD before going ahead with the project which allows the home owner to visualize the project and make required design changes before making modifications to their outdoor space.

In March 2011, the company became a member of Urban Development Institute of Australia. The company is also a member of HIA and MBA. Living Environs was noted among 2013 BRW Fast Starters and ranked in the top 100 in the Startup Smart Awards that same year.

References

Companies based in Perth, Western Australia
Union Building, Shanghai. The Union Building is a building on the Bund in Shanghai, China. It is located at No. 3, the Bund (formerly no. 4).

Completed in 1916, the building was used by a number of insurance companies. The six-storey building was the first work in Shanghai of P&T Architects and Surveyors (Palmer & Turner), and was the first building in Shanghai to use a steel structure. The building occupied 2241 square metres, with a floor area of 13760 square metres. Because it had a narrow frontage onto the Bund, the main door was located on the adjacent Guangdong Road. 
 

The building is in Neo-Renaissance style with a symmetrical facade, but with some Baroque style details. The roof features a domed corner pavilion. 

In 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army threatened Shanghai. Being unable to indemnify war damages, the insurance companies had their assets frozen. The Union Bank then purchased the building. In 1949 the Union Bank evacuated from Shanghai in the wake of the Communist takeover. From 1953 the building was used by the Shanghai Civil Architecture and Design Institute. In 1997 a private equity fund from Singapore purchased the building, and in 2004 converted it to a shopping centre, called "Three on the Bund". The restoration was led by American architect Michael Graves who meticulously restored the Beaux-Arts facade, reinforced the structure, and installed new building systems. He hailed his efforts as a model of adaptive reuse and won the 2006 design in Asia award.

References

External links
 Three on the Bund
 High resolution architectural photographs of historical buildings in Shanghai
 Historic Architecture of "The Bund - Shanghai"

Buildings and structures completed in 1916
Buildings and structures in Shanghai
Landmarks in Shanghai
The Bund
1916 establishments in China
1916 in Shanghai
Eugene E. Covert. Eugene Edzards Covert (February 6, 1926 – January 15, 2015) was an aeronautics specialist born in Rapid City, South Dakota credited with the world's first practical wind tunnel magnetic suspension system, and was a member of the Rogers Commission. In the 1970s he was the chief scientist of the US Air Force and technical director of the European Office of Aerospace Research and Development.

Education 
Covert graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1946. 

He received a Masters in Aeronautical Engineering in 1948. 

In 1958, he received his doctorate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Honors 

 Exceptional Civilian Service Award from the United States Air Force (1973, 1976)
 University Educator of the Year, Engineering Science Division, American Society of Aerospace Education, National Aeronautic Association (1980)
 NASA Public Service Award (1981)
 MIT Graduate Student Council Outstanding Teacher Aware (1985)
 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Ground Testing Aware (1990)
 Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development von Karman Medal (1990) 
 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics W. F. Durand Lectureship (1992)  
 Daniel Guggenheim Medal for aviation (2005)
 Outstanding Achievement Award from the University of Minnesota (2007)

References

External links

2015 deaths
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
People from Rapid City, South Dakota
Chief Scientists of the United States Air Force
1926 births
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American scientists
OOHDM. OOHDM (Object-Oriented Hypermedia Design Method) is a method for the development of Web applications. 
It was one of the first methods to postulate the separation of concerns that defines its various models – requirements, conceptual, navigation, abstract interface and implementation. OOHDM, and its successor, SHDM (Semantic Hypermedia Design Method, which uses Semantic Web models) are supported by an open source, freely available environment, HyperDE.

See also 
 Web engineering
 Web modeling

External links

 OOHDM Wiki
 HyperDE.

Software architecture
Web applications
Web development
Modèle 1939 (mine). The Mle 1939 (Model 1939) was a French anti-personnel bounding mine used at the start of the Second World War, it was developed largely in response to the German S-mine bounding mine. It saw very little service before the fall of France. The plans escaped to the US via Major Pierre Delalande, a member of the French Corps of Engineers, and were used as the basis for the American M2 bounding mine which saw wider service during the war but  was considered largely ineffective. The M2 mine was replaced almost immediately afterwards with the M16 bounding mine, an almost exact copy of the German S-mine. The French also later produced a copy of the S-mine, the Mle 1951 mine.

Description
The mine consisted of a large cylindrical main body containing a 60 mm mortar shell linked by a steel tube to a fuse holder which held either a pressure fuse or a pull fuse for use with tripwires. A rectangular thin metal plate positioned halfway up the main body of the mine provides additional support. When the fuse is triggered, a flash travels along the steel tube to the base of the main body, where it ignites a 0.8 g black powder charge, launching the mortar shell from the mine and igniting a pyrotechnic delay.

The mine weighs 5.5 lb and is overall 8.25 in high. The metal supporting plate measures 6.4 in by 4 in. The explosive charge consists of 5 ounces of Melinite.

The delay triggers the mine once it has risen to a height of between 0.5 m and 2 m, where it detonates scattering shrapnel.

References

Anti-personnel mines
Land mines of France
World War II weapons of France
Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology. Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology (DCRUST), formerly Chhotu Ram State College of Engineering, Murthal (CRSCE), is a state university located in Murthal, Sonipat, Haryana, India. It was established in 2006 by an Act of the Government of Haryana, upgrading a 1986 established college.

History 
It was founded in 1986 by the Government of Haryana in memory of Sir Chhotu Ram (1881–1945). It was then known as the Chhotu Ram State College of Engineering, Murthal until the government of Haryana upgraded it to University on 6 November 2006 through an Act 29 of 2006 of the Legislature of the state of Haryana. The university has been considered eligible for grants under Section 12(B) of UGC Act, 1956 in March, 2009

Location 
The university is in Murthal on National Highway No. 44,  from Inter State Bus Terminal, Delhi and  from Sonipat bus stand.  The campus of the college has been developed on  of land which falls within the industrial and commercial belt extending from Kundli to Panipat.

Departments 
The university has the following departments:

Engineering/science 
 Architecture
 Biomedical
 Biotechnology
 Center of Excellence for Energy and Environment Studies (CEEES)
 Chemical
 Civil
 Computer science
 Electrical
 Electronics and communication
 Mechanical
Education

Management and humanities 
 Humanities
 Management

Sciences and mathematics 
 Chemistry 
 Mathematics
 Physics
 Environmental science

Hostels
The university campus has a total of 7 hostels, three for women and 4 for men. The capacity of the women's hostels is 450; the men's hostels, 966.

Foreign collaborations 
The university is a member of Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU).

See also
List of universities in India

References

External links 

 Official website

Engineering colleges in Haryana
Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology
Sonipat district
Science and technology in Haryana
Universities and colleges established in 1986
1986 establishments in India
Nitro Nobel Gold Medal. The Nitro Nobel Gold Medal is an explosives industry award given by the Nitro Nobel Company of Sweden (now part of Dyno Nobel).

The medal is gold, and features the same obverse as the Nobel Prize, but a different reverse. The medal has sometimes been confused with the Nobel Prize.

The award has only been given three times since its creation in 1967. The recipients are:

 1967 — Dr. Robert W. Van Dolah, for the development of a theory he developed to explain the accidental initiation of liquid explosives
 1968 — Dr. Melvin A. Cook, for the discovery of slurry explosives
 1990 — Dr. Per-Anders Persson for the invention of the Nonel fuze.

See also

 List of engineering awards

References

Explosives engineering awards
Swedish awards
Propionic anhydride. Propionic anhydride is an organic compound with the formula (CH3CH2CO)2O. This simple acid anhydride is a colourless liquid.  It is a widely used reagent in organic synthesis as well as for producing specialty derivatives of cellulose.

Synthesis
Industrial route to propionic anhydride involves thermal dehydration of propionic acid, driving off the water by distillation:
2 CH3CH2CO2H  →  (CH3CH2CO)2O  +  H2O
Another routes is the Reppe carbonylation of ethylene with propionic acid and nickel carbonyl as the catalyst:
CH2=CH2  + CH3CH2CO2H +  CO →  (CH3CH2CO)2O

Propionic anhydride has also been prepared by dehydration of propionic acid using ketene: 
 2 CH3CH2CO2H  +  CH2=C=O  →  (CH3CH2CO)2O  +  CH3CO2H

Safety
Propanoic anhydride is strong smelling and corrosive, and will cause burns on contact with skin. Vapour can burn eyes and lungs.

Legal Status
Due to its potential use as a precursor in the synthesis of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, propanoic anhydride is regulated by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration as a List I chemical under the Controlled Substances Act.

References

Carboxylic anhydrides
Lachrymatory agents
List of Egyptian architects. This is a list of architects, urban planners, engineers, overseers and officials that were either born in Egypt, or lived and worked there for a significant part of their career and who had a notable impact on buildings and towns there.

Ancient Egyptian overseers 
 Imhotep (3rd dynasty)
 Hemiunu (4th dynasty)
 Senenmut (18th dynasty)
 Amenhotep, son of Hapu (18th dynasty)

19th-century planners and engineers 
During the 19th century, planning and construction of villages and infrastructure was undertaken by archaeologists and engineers, especially those who headed the public works departments.

 Pascal Coste (1787–1879)
 Joseph Hekekyan (1807–1875)
 Linant Pasha (1799–1883)
 Ali Mubarak (1823–1893)

Pioneer architects 
A term coined by historians and peers for architects in Egypt that were very influential in the shaping of the profession, especially initiating a home-grown blend of Egyptian Modernist architecture, roughly during the second quarter of the 20th Century.

 Ali Labib Gabr (1898–1966)
 Mahmoud Riad (1905–1977)
 Mohamed Kamal Ismail (1908–2008)
 Naoum Shebib (1915–1985)
 Sayed Karim (1911–2005)
 Charles Ayrout (1905–1961)

Neo-vernacularists 
Architects that sought significant inspiration in their work, whether  from local vernacular architecture.

 Ramses Wissa Wassef (1911–1974)
 Hassan Fathy (1900–1989)
 Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil (1943– )

Pioneer and contemporary civil engineers 
 Michel Bakhoum (1913–1981)
 Milad Hanna (1924–2012)
 Hani Azer (1948– )

See also

 List of architects
 List of Egyptians

References

Egyptian
Architects