omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Enrique Marcatili. Enrique A. J. Marcatili (born July 22, 1925, in Villa María Córdoba, Argentina - died January 19, 2021, in N.J.) was an Argentine-American physicist. Together with Stewart E. Miller and Tingye Li, all of Bell Laboratories in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, he was winner of the IEEE's Baker Prize in 1975. Marcatili has been described as "a pioneer in optical fiber research," and he was a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Marcatili was a resident of Rumson, New Jersey.

References 
 

1925 births
American electrical engineers
21st-century American physicists
Fellows of the IEEE
2021 deaths
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
People from Rumson, New Jersey
Scientists at Bell Labs
Engineers from New Jersey
Hispanic and Latino American physicists
Replenishment (photography). Replenishment is a component in the processing of photographic film and paper, where fresh chemistry is used to replace exhausted chemistry in a continuous or per-batch fashion. Replenishment rates are calculated by the quantity of film processed in each individual bath; as well as by the amount of film push-processed in the E-6 process; and by film type in the C-41 process.

C-41 and C41-RA process replenishing 

   
C-41 color developer exhaustion volumes vary according to the speed and contrast of the films. Please see Table 3–2 in chapter 3 of the Kodak Process C-41 Processing Manual Z-131 (broken link) to see the different color developer exhaustion rates for the various Kodak color negative films.

External links
Kodak process E6 Ektachrome (color transparency) processing manual Z-119
Kodak process E6 Q-LAB processing manual Z-6 (more details than processing manual Z119 above)
Kodak RA-4 process lab manual Z-130

Photographic processes
Peter Schwerdtfeger. Peter Schwerdtfeger (born 1 September 1955) is a German scientist. He holds a chair in theoretical chemistry at Massey University in Auckland, New Zealand, serves as director of the Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, is the head of the New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, and is a former president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

Academic career 

Schwerdtfeger took his first degree in chemical engineering at Aalen University in 1976, after finishing a degree as chemical-technical assistant at the Institute Dr. Flad in Stuttgart in 1973. He studied chemistry, physics and mathematics at Stuttgart University where he received his PhD in theoretical chemistry in 1986. He received a Feodor-Lynen fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to join the chemistry department and later the School of Engineering at University of Auckland in 1987. After a two years research fellowship at the Research School of Chemistry (Australian National University), he returned to Auckland University in 1991 for a lectureship in chemistry. He received his habilitation and venia legendi (Privatdozent) in 1995 from the Philipps University of Marburg. He held a personal chair in physical chemistry for five years until moving to Massey University Albany in 2004, where he established the Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics. He became a founding member of the New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study in 2007. In 2007 he received the Royal Society Australasian Chemistry Lectureship, and was the Källen Lecturer in Physics at Lund University (Sweden) in 2015. From 2017-2018 he was member of the Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He has published 350 papers in international journals. He was awarded eight consecutive Marsden awards by the Royal Society of New Zealand.

One of Schwedtfeger's notable doctoral students is Patricia Hunt, professor at Victoria University of Wellington.

Fellowships and awards 
2001 James Cook Fellowship 
2011 Fukui Medal  
2012 Fellow of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
2014 Royal Society of New Zealand's Rutherford Medal.
2019 Dan Walls Medal

Selected publications

References

External links
Official web site

1955 births
Living people
20th-century German chemists
Academic staff of Massey University
Scientists from Stuttgart
Recipients of the Rutherford Medal
21st-century New Zealand chemists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
Theoretical chemists
James Cook Research Fellows
Kfar Galim. Kfar Galim () is a boarding school and youth village in northern Israel. Located near Tirat Carmel, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

History
The school was established in 1952 as a partnership between the Haifa municipal council and the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption.

Kfar Galim runs a middle school, a high school, an engineering college and a farm. It also has dormitory facilities.

Kfar Galim accepts students in 7th to 12th grade. It offers majors in biology and environmental sciences, communication and society (radio and television) and physical education. It also runs an electronic and computer engineering technology program in collaboration with the Israel Air Force (13th and 14th grades). Graduates of this program are awarded a Practical Engineering degree and can do their military service in the air force.
The boarding school has an enrollment of 170 students from all over the country. Many are new immigrants or children of Russian and Ethiopian immigrants. Admission is also open to Israeli teenagers.

Archaeology
Archaeological excavations in the region of Kfar Galim found evidence of an ancient olive oil industry. Thousands of olive pits and waste from processing the olives were discovered there, attesting to the existence of one of the earliest known Neolithic agro-pastoral-fishing subsistence systems on the Levantine coast.

Notable alumni
Ayoob Kara

See also
Education in Israel

References

Education in Israel
Youth villages in Israel
Populated places in Haifa District
1952 establishments in Israel
Words and phrases in Modern Hebrew
Ingenic Semiconductor. Ingenic Semiconductor is a Chinese fabless semiconductor company based in Beijing, China founded in 2005. They purchased licenses for the MIPS architecture instruction sets in 2009 and design CPU-microarchitectures based on them. They also design system on a chip products including their CPUs and licensed semiconductor intellectual property blocks from third parties, such as Vivante Corporation, commission the fabrication of integrated circuits at semiconductor fabrication plants and sell them.

XBurst microarchitecture 

Early XBurst CPU microarchitectures were based upon the MIPS32 revision 1 and newer models are based on the MIPS32 revision 2 instruction set. It implements an 8-stage pipeline XBurst CPU technology consists of 2 parts:
 A RISC/SIMD/DSP hybrid instruction set architecture which enables the processor to have the capability of computation, signal processing and video processing. This includes the Media Extension Unit (MXU), a 32-bit SIMD extension. All JZ47xx series CPUs with Xburst uA support MXU, except for the JZ4730.
 MXU has its own register set, distinct from the general purpose MIPS registers. It consists of sixteen 32-bit data registers and a 32-bit control register. CPUs which support MXU are used in MIPS Creator single-board computers. They are also present in various tablets, handheld game devices, and embedded devices.

XBurst2 microarchitecture 
XBurst2 development was, in summer 2013, expected to be completed by the first half of 2014. However, XBurst2 was eventually introduced in 2020 in the X2000, with the microarchitecture offering a dual-issue/dual-threaded CPU design based on MIPS32 Release 5.

XBurst-based SoCs 

SoCs incorporating the XBurst microarchitecture:

Adoption 
XBurst1-based SoCs are commonly used in tablet computers, portable media players, digital photo frames and GPS devices:

The JZ4730 CPU is used in the Skytone Alpha-400 and its variants. The Jz4720 is utilized in the Copyleft Hardware project Ben NanoNote. Another popular device, the Dingoo gaming handheld, uses the JZ4732, a de facto JZ4740. Game Gadget is using the JZ4750. Velocity Micro T103 Cruz and T301 Cruz 7-Inch Android 2.0 Tablets used JZ4760. The JZ4770 SoC is used in several of the Ainol Novo 7 Android tablets and 3Q Tablet PC Qoo! IC0707A/4A40. JZ4770 SoC is also used in the dedicated handheld Neo Geo X and open source handheld GCW Zero running on OpenDingux. The JZ4780 is used in ImgTec's MIPS based single-board computer (SBC); The Creator CI20

See also 

 Lantiq
 Cavium
 Loongson
 Qualcomm Atheros
 MediaTek
 OpenWrt
 Ainol
 Ben Nanonote

References

External links 
 
 Application Processor Overview
 Linux developer page
 rockbox.org, Hardware docs
 MT-V656 (JZ4755)
 Ingenic Semiconductor Licenses MIPS32® Architecture for Mobile Devices (January 4, 2011) 
 EE Times Article
 [ IPO Prospectus (May 19, 2011)]

Fabless semiconductor companies
Embedded microprocessors
Companies based in Beijing
Electronics companies established in 2005
Chinese brands
Microprocessors made in China
MIPS architecture
Robert A. Woodruff. Robert A. Woodruff (born September 1943) is an American physicist who is known principally for having designed and worked on a wide variety of instruments for space telescopes. These include Skylab (1967–1970), Apollo–Soyuz (1970s), Galileo (~1980), SIRTF and MIPS (1970s-1990s), and Hubble Space Telescope instruments [1977–present] (GHRS, STIS, COSTAR, ACS, COS, WFC3); James Webb Space Telescope (1995–2000), Kepler space telescope (mid-1990s), TPF (2001 to present), and Destiny (2003–present).  He has had one or more instruments flying continuously in space since the early 1970s.

Woodruff has over 45 years experience designing optical systems for United States space program missions. He has made significant contributions to projects ranging from Skylab, Nimbus, Apollo–Soyuz, Galileo, SIRTF/Spitzer, microgravity science, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), Beyond Einstein, Exo-planet detection, Kepler, as well as others. He has wide and varied experience in the definition of optical space-borne telescopes and instruments. His technical specialties are optical physic, optics design, and optical system engineering. He has served in various technical roles in optical design, system engineering, system test, and system calibration in the development of more than 20 flight hardware instruments, so one or more of his designs have been operational in space continuously for nearly 40 years. Among his accomplishments, two activities standout: 1) He helped fix the Hubble Space Telescope spherical aberration flaw and 2) He conceived and generated the optical concept and design for the Kepler mission. He is the author or co-author of well over 25 published or presented papers. He is also an Associate of Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy (CASA) of the University of Colorado in Boulder, CO. He retired from Lockheed Martin as a Technical Fellow and Chief Scientist for Optical Systems.

In 2012, Woodruff was the Ernest Fox Nichols Distinguished Lecturer at Kansas State University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1964. He also has a master's degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

PATENTS

•	U.S. Patent # 5,898,529 dated April 27, 1999. “Deployable Space-sed Telescope”
•	U.S. Patent # 5,420,681 dated May 30, 1995. “Modular Multiple Spectral Imager & Spectral Imager”.
•	U.S. Patent # 4,391,525 dated July 5, 1983. “Interferometer”. A Michelson Interferometer that is unchirped and inherently insensitive to mechanical perturbations.

Works
R. Woodruff, B. Woodgate, C. Ludtke.  "Optical Design of the Advanced Camera for Surveys, a Third Generation HST axial science instrument",  Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3356, p. 249, Kona, (1998).

References

Living people
1943 births
People from Manhattan, Kansas
21st-century American physicists
Kansas State University alumni
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
George Medhurst. George Medhurst (1759–1827) was an English mechanical engineer and inventor, who pioneered the use of compressed air as a means of propulsion. His ideas led directly to the development of the first atmospheric railway.

He was born in Shoreham, Kent and trained as a clockmaker at Clerkenwell, London, but later became interested in pneumatics.

In 1799, he filed a patent for a wind pump for compressing air to obtain motive power and the following year he patented his ‘Aeolian’ engine which used compressed air to power vehicles. In his pamphlet On the properties, power, & application of the Aeolian engine, with a plan and particulars for carrying it into execution, Medhurst proposed the establishment of Aeolian coach services, operated by pumping stations along the route.

In 1810, he published A new method of conveying letters and goods with great certainty and rapidity by air, but did not patent the idea. This was followed in 1812 by his Calculations and remarks tending to prove the practicability, effects and advantages of a plan for the rapid conveyance of goods and passengers upon an iron road through a tube of 30 feet in area by the power and velocity of air. He also envisioned carriages running on rails, propelled by a continuous tube beneath the rails, as would later happen in the atmospheric railway. Neither of these ideas was put into practical operation at the time. Shortly before his death in September 1827 Medhurst returned to the idea of pneumatic propulsion with his publication of A New System of Inland Conveyance, for Goods and Passengers ... with the velocity of sixty miles in an hour ... without the aid of horses or any animal power. [With plates.]

Other, more successful, inventions by Medhurst included a steam carriage, a ‘leak proof’ canal lock gate and a variety of weighing and balancing machines.

References

Sources
R. B. Prosser, ‘Medhurst, George (bap. 1759, d. 1827)’, rev. Anita McConnell, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 9 Jan 2009.

 p. 240.

People from Shoreham, Kent
1759 births
1827 deaths
English inventors
English mechanical engineers
18th-century English engineers
Richard Statman. Richard Statman (born September 6, 1946) is an American computer scientist whose principal research interest is the theory of computation, especially symbolic computation. His research involves lambda calculus, type theory, and combinatory algebra.

Career
In 1974, Statman received his Ph.D. from Stanford University for his Ph.D. dissertation, supervised by Georg Kreisel, entitled Structural Complexity of Proofs. His achievements include the proof that the type inhabitation problem in simply typed lambda calculus is PSPACE-complete, lower bounds on simply typed lambda calculus, logical relations, and intersecton types. He was a co-author of the book Lambda Calculus with Types.

References

External links

Carnegie Mellon profile

American computer scientists
Living people
1946 births
Selenium tetrachloride. Selenium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound composed with the formula SeCl4. This compound exists as yellow to white volatile solid.  It is one of two commonly available selenium chlorides, the other example being selenium monochloride, Se2Cl2.  SeCl4 is used in the synthesis of other selenium compounds.

Synthesis and structure

The compound is prepared by treating selenium with chlorine.  When the reacting selenium is heated, the product sublimes from the reaction flask.  The volatility of selenium tetrachloride can be exploited to purification of selenium.

Solid SeCl4 is actually a tetrameric cubane-type cluster, for which the Se atom of an SeCl6 octahedron sits on  four corners of the cube and the bridging Cl atoms sit on the other four corners.  The bridging Se-Cl distances are longer than the terminal Se-Cl distances, but all Cl-Se-Cl angles are approximately 90°.

SeCl4 has often been used as an example for teaching VSEPR rules of hypervalent molecules.  As such, one would predict four bonds but five electron groups giving rise to a seesaw geometry.  This clearly is not the case in the crystal structure. Others have suggested that the crystal structure can be represented as SeCl3+ and Cl−. This formulation would predict a pyramidal geometry for the SeCl3+ cation with a Cl-Se-Cl bond angle of approximately 109°. However, this molecule is an excellent example of a situation where maximal bonding cannot be achieved with the simplest molecular formula. The formation of the tetramer (SeCl4)4, with delocalized sigma bonding of the bridging chloride is clearly preferred over a "hypervalent" small molecule.
Gaseous SeCl4 contains SeCl2 and chlorine, which recombine upon condensation.

Reactions
Selenium tetrachloride can be reduced in situ to the dichloride using triphenylstibine:
SeCl4 + SbPh3 → SeCl2 + Cl2SbPh3

Selenium tetrachloride reacts with water to give selenous and hydrochloric acids:
SeCl4 + 3 H2O → H2SeO3 + 4 HCl

Upon treatment with selenium dioxide, it gives selenium oxychloride:
SeCl4 + SeO2 → 2SeOCl2

References

Selenium(IV) compounds
Chlorides
Nonmetal halides
Chalcohalides
Selenium halides
Milliwatt test. A Milliwatt test (Milliwatt line) is a test method or test facility used in telecommunications to measure line quality and transmission loss between stations or points in an analog telephone system.

The test consists of transmitting an analog sinusoidal signal at the frequency of 1004 Hz with the power level of 0 (zero) dBm. By definition, this is the equivalent of a continuous power dissipation of 1 mW (milliWatt), i.e., the power consumed if a voltage of 0.775 V(RMS) is applied to a telephone line with 600 Ohm nominal impedance.

In the Bell System, central offices provided this type of service on a dedicated telephone number (102 type Milliwatt line) for remote subscriber line testing. In conjunction, a second line (type 100 line) provided quiet termination. Various types of test lines were known as "100", "102", "104" etc., because these numbers accessed the test line in tandem offices in lieu of an area code.

In digital central office installations, the Milliwatt test facility was implemented using a synthesized version of the 1004 Hz signal, often known as the digital milliwatt. +1 (503) 697-1000 is an example of such a Milliwatt from a digital central office.

See also 
Loop around
Plant test number
Transmission level point

References 

Telecommunications systems
Communication circuits
Telephony
Telephone numbers
Flying Cloud. Flying Cloud may refer to:

 Flying Cloud (clipper), an 1851 clipper built by Donald McKay
 Flying Cloud (log canoe), a 1932 log canoe built by John B. Harrison
 Flying Cloud Airport, an airport in Eden Prairie, Minnesota
 REO Flying Cloud, a car produced by the REO Motor Car Company
 , either of two type C2 ships built for the United States Maritime Commission
 WS-124A Flying Cloud, a Cold War balloon bomb project of the United States Air Force

See also
 All Sail Set: A Romance of the Flying Cloud, a children's book by Armstrong Sperry
Fire-class fireboat. The Fire-class fireboats/yard tractor tugs were two fireboats operated by the Royal Canadian Navy. The two vessels are  and .

Design and construction
Firebird was based at CFB Halifax, and Firebrand at CFB Esquimalt. According to the Canadian American Strategic Review the class was designed by naval architects Robert Allan Limited, and were built at Vancouver Shipyards in North Vancouver in 1978, and later acquired by the Canadian Forces.

The two ships displaced  and were  long, with a beam of  and a draught of . The ships were powered by two  azimuthing Z-drives and one hydraulic tunnel bow thruster. This gave the vessels a maximum speed of . The ships had a crew of five firefighters.

The Fire class was equipped with three manually-controlled  water cannons, two diesel-driven fire pumps capable of expending 2,500 gpm at  each.

Ships in class

Service history
In 2008, Firebird helped extinguish a fire aboard the former Canadian Coast Guard vessel  in Halifax harbour.

On 4 December 2012 the Department of National Defence published a Letter of Interest (LOI)/Request for Information (RFI) for Canadian shipbuilders interested in building replacements for the Glen-class tugs¸ and Fire-class fireboats.

A single class would replace both the tugs and the fireboats, and would be operated by civilian crews. The replacement vessels would have water cannons that could be controlled remotely, by a single individual. The replacement vessels would have bollard pull of 40 tons—almost six times as much as the 7.5 tons the Fire-class vessels are capable of.

On 29 January 2014, the availability of Firebird to fight fires was reduced due to budget cuts, being on standby only during weekdays during normal working hours. On 4 December 2014, Firebird was taken out of service in Halifax, and placed on the disposal list as a result of budget cuts. The ship will be replaced using tugboats from around the harbour.

Replacement

On 29 April 2019 the Government of Canada announced Ocean Industries of Isle-aux-Coudres, Quebec was awarded the contract to build four tow-tug/rescue vessels to replace both the Fire-class fireboat/tractor tugs and  yard tugs with delivery expected from 2021 to 2023. The new tugs will be staffed by civilian crews and be restricted to the naval base/yard only.

References

Auxiliary fireboat classes
 
Ships of Canada
Tugboats of the Royal Canadian Navy
Channel bank. In telecommunications, a channel bank is a device that performs multiplexing or demultiplexing ("demux") of a group of communications channels, such as analog or digital telephone lines, into one channel of higher bandwidth or higher digital bit rate, such as a DS-1 (T1) circuit, so that all the channels can be sent simultaneously over a single cable called a trunk line.

A channel bank may be located in a telephone exchange, or in an enterprise's telephone closet or enclosure where it "breaks out" individual telephone lines from a high-capacity telephone trunk line connected to the central telephone office, or the enterprise's PBX system.

See also 
 Multiplexer
 Multiplexing
 Digital Signal 1
 Carrier system

Telecommunications systems
Communication circuits
Multiplexing
Horst H. Baumann. Horst H. Baumann (19 June 1934 Aachen – 24 May 2019) was a German architect, designer, light artist, and photographer. He was best known for designing Rheinturm Düsseldorf, in Düsseldorf, Germany.

Life
He studied metallurgical engineering from 1954 to 1957 and from 1972 to 1974 at the RWTH Aachen, and from 1994 to 2004 at the Heinrich-Heine University in Düsseldorf.
He worked as a photographer and designer from 1957 to 2019, and from 1966 to 2019 as a lighting artist.
In 1963–1964, he was a visiting lecturer at the Hochschule für Gestaltung in Ulm.
In 1977, he took part in documenta 6 in Kassel, where he installed, with Peter Hertha, the first permanent laser sculpture in the world.

Other installations include the Rheinturm in Düsseldorf (1982), the Neonskulptur "Pass the Cross" in Bielefeld-Sennestadt (1988), and the light remodeled at the Rheinturm Düsseldorf 2003.

His work has been shown internationally, including in the Museum of Modern Art, in New York City in 1965, and in 1967 and 1969 in the Biennale des Jeunes in Paris.

He died on 24 May 2019, aged 84.

References

External links
Laserscape
"Horst H. Baumann", Artnet

1934 births
2019 deaths
20th-century German architects
People from Aachen
RWTH Aachen University alumni