omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Verilog Procedural Interface. The Verilog Procedural Interface (VPI), originally known as PLI 2.0, is an interface primarily intended for the C programming language. It allows behavioral Verilog code to invoke C functions, and C functions to invoke standard Verilog system tasks. The Verilog Procedural Interface is part of the IEEE 1364 Programming Language Interface standard; the most recent edition of the standard is from 2005. VPI is sometimes also referred to as PLI 2, since it replaces the deprecated Program Language Interface (PLI).

While PLI 1 was deprecated in favor of VPI (aka. PLI 2), PLI 1 is still commonly used over VPI due to its much more widely documented tf_put, tf_get function interface that is described in many verilog reference books.

Use of C++
C++ is integrable with VPI (PLI 2.0) and PLI 1.0, by using the "extern C/C++" keyword built into C++ compilers.

Example
As an example, consider the following Verilog code fragment:

val = 41;
$increment(val);
$display("After $increment, val=%d", val);

Suppose the increment system task increments its first parameter by one. Using C and the VPI mechanism, the increment task can be implemented as follows:

// Implements the increment system task
static int increment(char *userdata) {
  vpiHandle systfref, args_iter, argh;
  struct t_vpi_value argval;
  int value;

  // Obtain a handle to the argument list
  systfref = vpi_handle(vpiSysTfCall, NULL);
  args_iter = vpi_iterate(vpiArgument, systfref);

  // Grab the value of the first argument
  argh = vpi_scan(args_iter);
  argval.format = vpiIntVal;
  vpi_get_value(argh, &argval);
  value = argval.value.integer;
  vpi_printf("VPI routine received %d\n", value);

  // Increment the value and put it back as first argument
  argval.value.integer = value + 1;
  vpi_put_value(argh, &argval, NULL, vpiNoDelay);

  // Cleanup and return
  vpi_free_object(args_iter);
  return 0;
}

Also, a function that registers this system task is necessary. This function is invoked prior to elaboration or resolution of references when it is placed in the externally visible vlog_startup_routines[] array.

// Registers the increment system task
void register_increment() {
  s_vpi_systf_data data = {vpiSysTask, 0, "$increment", increment, 0, 0, 0};
  vpi_register_systf(&data);
}

// Contains a zero-terminated list of functions that have to be called at startup
void (*vlog_startup_routines[])() = {
  register_increment,
  0
};

The C code is compiled into a shared object that will be used by the Verilog simulator. A simulation of the earlier mentioned Verilog fragment will now result in the following output:

VPI routine received 41
After $increment, val=42

See also
SystemVerilog DPI

Sources

IEEE Xplore

Sources for Verilog VPI interface
Teal, for C++
JOVE, for Java
Ruby-VPI, for Ruby
ScriptEDA, for Perl, Python, Tcl
Cocotb , for Python
OrigenSim, for Ruby

External links
Verilog PLI primer
Verilog VPI tutorial

IEEE standards
Layered Model of Regulation. The layered model of telecommunication regulation is a proposal for nascent US telecommunication public policies that mimic the horizontal characteristics of Internet Protocol communication and the OSI model.  Advocates of layered telecommunication policies argue that current US regulations are not longer appropriate for new information technologies as functionally similar services (such as DSL and cable modems) are not governed by a common set of rules but instead subject to separate regulatory systems written for each distinct media type such as the telephone or cable television systems.

The layered policy model proposes a regulatory system that classifies technologies based on their common layered characteristics instead of regulating each communication technology with a disparate set of rules.  Horizontal policy advocates argue that this modular approach to regulation promotes competition by forcing all telecommunication services to adhere to a uniform set of characteristic-based rules, thereby enhancing the competitive characteristics of an open marketplace.

Layered policy advocates argue that horizontal policies will provide regulatory clarity for current technologies and they will also be adaptable to future technologies.  Layered policies could also provide an equal framework for local governments to provide municipal broadband services in a fair and competitive manner alongside private telecommunication providers.

See also
 Telecommunications policy of the United States

References

United States communications regulation
Decillionix. Decillionix was a company based in Sunnyvale, California which sold computer music hardware and software in the mid-1980s. Its first product was the DX-1 for the Apple II, sold in 1983. The DX-1 consisted of a monophonic 8-bit audio input card, a monophonic 8-bit audio output card, and the DX-1 Effects II software. Decillionix later produced MIDI software and hardware.

Decillionix was run by Dan Retzinger.

Decillionix ceased operations in 1987.

Products

 Original DX-1 two-card sampler, and Effects II software for Apple II (1983)
 Single card version of the hardware for Apple II (1984)
 Splash, an audio visualization program for Apple II (1984)
 Echo II, an effects program for Apple II (1985)
 P-Drum, a percussion sequencing program for Apple II (1985)
 Synthestra, an hierarchical MIDI sequencing program for Apple II (1986)
 The Box, a standalone MIDI effects device (1986)

Splash, P-Drum, and Synthestra were written by David Van Brink who also wrote Tubeway.

References

Defunct computer companies based in California
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Computer companies established in 1983
Software companies established in 1983
Computer companies disestablished in 1987
Software companies disestablished in 1987
1983 establishments in California
1987 disestablishments in California
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
PMAC (cryptography). PMAC, which stands for parallelizable MAC, is a message authentication code algorithm.  It was created by Phillip Rogaway.
PMAC is a method of taking a block cipher and creating an efficient message authentication code that is reducible in security to the underlying block cipher.

PMAC is similar in functionality to the OMAC algorithm.

Patents
PMAC is no longer patented and can be used royalty-free. It was originally patented by Phillip Rogaway, but he has since abandoned his patent filings.

References

External links
 Phil Rogaway's page on PMAC
 Changhoon Lee, Jongsung Kim, Jaechul Sung, Seokhie Hong, Sangjin Lee. "Forgery and Key Recovery Attacks on PMAC and Mitchell's TMAC Variant", 2006.  (ps)
 Rust implementation

Message authentication codes
St. Claude Avenue Bridge. The St. Claude Avenue Bridge is a bascule bridge with four vehicular lanes over the Industrial Canal in New Orleans, Louisiana. The bridge was designed by the Strauss Bascule Bridge Company of Chicago and built in 1919 by the Bethlehem Steel Bridge Corporation. It was originally a combination railroad and automobile bridge, with two pairs of railroad tracks in the center of the lift span and automobile lanes straddling it. The railroad is no longer there, its place on the bridge taken by additional vehicular lanes. One lane in each direction passes through the truss of the bridge and one lane passes alongside the truss. The bridge is integrated into the Industrial Canal Lock structure, on the river side of the lock chamber; it raises when marine traffic enters or exits the lock.

The Upper Ninth Ward, which includes neighborhoods such as the Bywater neighborhood, is on the upriver side of the bridge, and the Lower Ninth Ward on the downriver side.

In the aftermath of the levee failures during Hurricane Katrina in 2005, many people took refuge from the flooding atop the bridge, and people from the severely flooded Lower Ninth Ward used it to get to the dry, high ground near the river on the upriver side of the bridge. For some months after the storm the bridge was the only open direct route between the Lower Ninth Ward and the rest of New Orleans.

References

Bridges in New Orleans
Bascule bridges in the United States
Road-rail bridges in the United States
Road bridges in Louisiana
Railroad bridges in Louisiana
Baldwin Red Devil. The Baldwin Red Devil is a series of early pusher configuration aircraft employing steel tube construction. The aircraft were designed by Thomas Scott Baldwin.

Development

After building several aircraft, Baldwin had C. and A. Wittemann of Staten Island, New York build an aircraft similar to the basic Curtiss Pusher. The aircraft used fabric covered steel tubing instead of wood construction. A , Hall-Scott V-8 provided enough power for  flights. The aircraft was named "Red Devil III", and subsequent designs would be named  "Baldwin Red Devil". Each of the Red Devil's tubing were painted a bright red, with yellow contrasting wings.

Design
The airplane was powered by water cooled Hall-Scott V-8 engine of , The aircraft was covered with vulcanized fabric that was tacked to the ribs rather than rib-stitched. The landing gear was made from steel tubes with hickory wood inserts. Control cables were routed through copper tubing. It had a left foot controlled throttle and a right foot controlled magneto kill switch.

Operational history
The "Red Devil III" was test flown by Baldwin over Mineola Field. The first flight resulted in a wreck into a telegraph pole, with no major injuries. The Baldwin School offered flying lessons in the aircraft for $500 (1911 dollars), if the student proved they had life insurance for flight. It was the student's responsibility to also find an insurance broker to provide the policy, because there were no flight training policies available at that time.  Baldwin previously had toured the country in Curtiss aircraft and his own designs. By the time he had produced the "Red Devil", he had more bookings then he could handle, the "Red Devil" would be advertised in several towns in close proximity, then substitute pilots and aircraft would be flown with full crowds of spectators. In one display in St. Louis he flew the "Red Devil" under the Eads and McKinley Bridges in St.Louis.
On October 12, 1913, Tony Jannus flew actress Julia Bruns in a Red Devil in a New York Times Derby.

Variants
A Red Devil is on display at the Smithsonian Institution's Udvar-Hazy Center (UHC) of the  National Air and Space Museum. This example has a different configuration without a forward mounted elevator. The aircraft was purchased in 1950 from an established display at Roosevelt Field, in Mineola, Long Island, New York by Paul E. Garber along with a Bleriot XI, and Nieuport 10 for $2500.

Specifications (Baldwin Red Devil)

See also

References

1910s United States experimental aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Red Devil
Aircraft first flown in 1911
Biplanes
Vero Charles Driffield. Vero Charles Driffield (7 May 1848 – 14 November 1915) was an English chemical engineer who also became involved in photographic research.

Driffield was educated at Liverpool Collegiate and Sandbach Grammar School.  He also attended a private school in Southport where he came into contact with a Swiss master called Dr Knecht.  Leaving school he became an apprentice to a photographer in Southport but then decided to study engineering.  In 1871 he became an engineer at the Gaskell–Deacon Works in Widnes, Lancashire where the chief chemist was the Swiss Ferdinand Hurter.  Through a common interest in music they became friends and around 1876 Driffield persuaded Hurter to take up photography as a hobby.  Hurter applied his scientific mind to photography and together they carried out important research into the subject.  They published eight papers and in 1898 they were jointly awarded the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society.

Driffield died in 1915 and is buried in the churchyard of Farnworth church near his former collaborator Ferdinand Hurter.

Notes

References

See also
Hurter and Driffield
H&D speed numbers for film speed measurements

British chemical engineers
1848 births
1915 deaths
People from Widnes
I-10 High Rise Bridge. The I-10 High Rise Bridge, known locally as the High Rise, is a bridge carrying 6 lanes of Interstate 10 (I-10) over the Industrial Canal in New Orleans, Louisiana. It also has multiple parts.

See also

References

Bridges in New Orleans
Road bridges in Louisiana
Interstate 10
Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
1966 establishments in Louisiana
Bridges completed in 1966
Jack (human modeling). The Jack human simulation system was developed at the Center for Human Modeling and Simulation at the University of Pennsylvania in the 1980s & 1990s under the direction of Professor Norman Badler.  Conceived as an ergonomic assessment and virtual human prototyping system for NASA space shuttle development, it soon gathered funding from the U.S. Navy and U.S. Army for dismounted soldier simulation, from the U.S. Air Force for maintenance simulation, and from various other government and corporate users for their own applications.  In 1996 the software was spun off into a privately held company and is now sold as an ergonomic human simulation toolkit (called Tecnomatix Jack) by Siemens. The research and development of the Jack system have led to such standards as H-anim and MPEG4 Body Animation Parameters.

The roots of most modern human animation Inverse kinematics systems can be traced to the research and development done for the Jack system.  Some of these animation systems include those integrated with Autodesk's 3ds max, Maya, and proprietary in-house systems used by various animation studios, such as Industrial Light and Magic.

Corporate history
The original Jack software company was called Transom.  It was sold to Engineering Animation, Inc. (EAI) which later was acquired by Unigraphics Solutions (UGS).  Unigraphics was then re-incorporated into Electronic Data Systems (EDS) and then spun off again as a privately held company called UGS.  After the acquisition of Tecnomatix, Jack became officially part of the Tecnomatix product line.  UGS was eventually acquired by Siemens.

References

External links
 Jack product website
 Tecnomatix Assembly Planning and Validation

Simulation software
Paris Road Bridge. The Paris Road Bridge is the name of the bridge carrying Louisiana Highway 47 across the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet between St. Bernard Parish and New Orleans East in Louisiana, United States. It is also known as the Green Bridge. The name "Green Bridge" came from it originally being painted green. It was repainted brown in 1980, and recently repainted grey, but locals continue to call it "the Green Bridge".

The bridge was built by the Army Corps of Engineers and opened to traffic on July 21, 1967 with the bridge being completed on November 14 of that year.

Interstate 510 ends just north of the bridge. Both ends of the bridge are in Orleans Parish, but Chalmette is a short distance south of the bridge, which provides the most important road link for St. Bernard Parish, and is one of only four routes into the parish, the others being Judge Perez Drive, the Chalmette Ferry, and the St. Bernard Highway.

References

Bridges in New Orleans
Road bridges in Louisiana
Steel bridges in the United States
Through arch bridges in the United States
Pontoon bridges in the United States
1967 establishments in Louisiana
Bridges completed in 1967
EgyptSat 1. EgyptSat 1 or MisrSat-1 was Egypt's first Earth remote sensing satellite. This satellite was jointly built by Egypt's National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences together with the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Ukraine and was launched on board a Dnepr rocket on 17 April 2007 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

The effort was spearheaded by Dr. Aly Sadek, chairman of the Egyptian Council for Space Science and Technology Research. It in many ways was considered a huge step for the Egyptians since it marked the first time they opted for technology transfer during the manufacturing the satellite rather than simply purchasing one (as in case of the Nilesat satellites). On 23 October 2010, the National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences announced that control and communication with the satellite had been lost since July 2010.

History
In 2001, Egypt posted an international tender for the development of the first Egyptian satellite for the observation and remote sensing and bidders from Ukraine, UK, Russia, Korea and Italy competed for the deal.

on June 26, 2001 KB Yuzhnoe design bureau from Ukraine announced winner and on October 24, a contract had been signed in Egypt.

A consortium consisted of KB Yuzhnoe design bureau and sub-contractors Ukrainian companies:
 Yuzhnoye - prime contractor responsible for the platform and the launch
 Yuzhmash - Scientific Research Institute of Radio Engineering Measurements
 Khartron-Konsat and Khartron-Yukom - Research and Scientific Production Enterprises
 KONEX - State Research and Production Enterprise
 CONECS - responsible for the development of the two optical payloads, the onboard payload command and data handling subsystem, as well as for the development of the data processing in the ground segment
 Arsenal - optics manufacturing

Achievements and future plans
EgyptSat 1 Launched successfully on April 17, 2007.
EgyptSat 2 with spatial resolution of  was planned to be launched on October 1, 2013 but the launch was put on hold in 2011 following all contact being lost with EgyptSat 1. EgyptSat 2 launched into orbit 16 April 2014; last contact with the satellite was April 14, 2015.  
DesertSat with spatial resolution of  which specialized in identifying and monitoring desert resources is planned to be launched in 2017.

The objective of the three satellites is to provide comprehensive images of Egypt.

Equipment 
Egyptsat 1 is considered a miniaturized satellite weighing 100 kg and is carrying two devices: an infrared sensing device and a high resolution multispectral imager together with store and forward communications payload.

See also 

 EgyptSat 2
 2007 in spaceflight
 Egyptian Space Program

References

External links
 http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/egyptsat-1.htm
 Egypt to launch first spy satellite
 Egypt to launch its first scientific satellite 
 Egypt to launch first scientific satellite in late 2007
 http://www.nilesat.com.eg

Earth imaging satellites
Spacecraft launched in 2007
Satellites of Egypt
2007 in Egypt
Spacecraft launched by Dnepr rockets
Dean Roden Chapman. Dean Roden Chapman (8 March 1922 – 4 October 1995) was a mechanical engineer at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and at Stanford University.

Biography
He played basketball for the oft-maligned Caltech Beavers men's basketball team while he got a B.S. from Caltech. He began his professional career at Ames Aeronautical Laboratory (now the Ames Research Center) in 1948, where he later became Director of Astronautics. He left government service in 1980 to join the faculty at Stanford University. At the time of his death from cancer at age 73, he was Professor Emeritus of the Department of Aeronautics and the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University. Chapman was internationally known for his research into fluid dynamics, and for pioneering modern computational fluid dynamics. He is also remembered for his research and controversial theories on the origin of tektites.

External resources

Obituary archive at Stanford University
Obituary at Lunar Planetary Institute

1922 births
1995 deaths
American mechanical engineers
American aerospace engineers
Engineering educators
California Institute of Technology alumni
Engineers from California
20th-century American engineers
Stanford University Department of Mechanical Engineering faculty
Volkswagen Volksbus. The Volkswagen Volksbus is a range of step-floor city bus chassis assembled in Germany and produced by the Brazilian manufacturer Volkswagen Truck & Bus from 1993 to the present day.

Today Volkswagen Truck & Bus produce bus chassis in the 5 to 18 tonne category as microbuses, minibuses, midibuses and coaches, the majority of them are powered by MWM engines.

Variants
Note: E = Electronic versions, D = Front engine, T = Rear engine
8.140 CO
8.150 OD
8.150 EOD
9.150 OD
9.150 EOD
9.160 OD
15.180 EOD
16.180 CO
16.210 CO Euro II
17.210 OD
17.210 EOD
17.240 OT
17.260 EOT
18.310 OT
18.310 OT Titan
18.320 EOT

Current range
Microbus
5.140 EOD
8.120 OD Euro III
8.150 OD (Export)
8.150 EOD

Minibus
9.150 OD (Export)
9.150 EOD
9.160 OD

Medium
15.180 EOD
15.190 EOD
17.210 EOD
17.230 EOD
17.260 EOT

Coach
18.280 OT LE
18.320 EOT

Conversions
All bodies are assembled by private coachbuilders.  The coachbuilders then manufacture them to desired configuration e.g. school bus, shuttle bus, tour bus & coaches etc.

Main users of Volksbus chassis' are:

South American manufacturers
Irizar
Marcopolo
Neobus
Caio Induscar
Rosmo
Comil
AGA
Mascarello
Modasa
Inrecar
Metalpar

Mexican Manufacturers
AYCO
Novacapre

South African manufacturers
Busmark 2000
Busaf
Irizar
Marcopolo
Kenyan Manufacturers
Banbros

See also 

 Microbus
 Minibus
 Midibus
 Coach (bus)

References

External links

Volkswagen Volksbus International portal
South African Constellation & Volksbus specifications
VW de México truck site 
Autobuses AGA de Colombia

Volksbus
Bus chassis
Buses of Germany
Coaches (bus)
Midibuses
Minibuses
Vehicles introduced in 1993