omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Internet Explorer shell. An Internet Explorer shell is a class of computer program (web browser or otherwise) that uses the Internet Explorer browser engine, known as MSHTML and previously Trident. This engine is closed-source, but Microsoft has exposed an application programming interface (API) that permits the developers to instantiate either MSHTML or a full-fledged chromeless Internet Explorer (known as the WebBrowser control) within the graphical user interface of their software.

Web browsers
These applications supplement some of the usual user interface components of Internet Explorer (IE) for browsing, adding features such as popup blocking and tabbed browsing. For example, MSN Explorer can be considered an Internet Explorer shell, in that it is essentially an expansion of IE with added MSN-related functionality. A more complete list of MSHTML-based browsers can be found under the list of web browsers.

Actively maintained:
IE Tab
Lunascape
Maxthon (formerly MyIE2)
MSN Explorer
Sleipnir
SlimBrowser
Tencent Traveler

Discontinued:
AOL Explorer
Deepnet Explorer
GreenBrowser
NeoPlanet
NetCaptor
Netscape Browser 8.x

Non-browser shells

Other applications that are not primarily for web browsing, such as Intuit's Quicken and QuickBooks, AOL, Winamp, and RealPlayer, use the rendering engine to provide a limited-functionality "mini" browser within their own user interfaces.

On Windows, components of Internet Explorer are also used in Windows Explorer, the operating system shell that provides the default file system browsing and desktop services. For example, folder views in Windows Explorer on versions of Windows prior to Windows XP utilize IE's DHTML processing abilities; they are essentially little web pages. Active Desktop technology is another example.

MSHTML was, until Outlook 2007, also used to render HTML portions of email messages in Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express email clients (Outlook 2007 now uses Microsoft Word to render HTML e-mail). This integration is an often-exploited "back door", since the Internet Explorer components make available more of the functionality within the HTML code.

Microsoft Windows also supports HTML Applications, computer programs written in HTML, CSS and JavaScript and bear a .hta filename extension. They run with HTML Application Host, which is a plain Internet Explorer shell without any GUI elements around it.

See also
Browser Helper Object: another way of customizing Internet Explorer's look and feel

References

 
Internet Explorer
Blue River Reservoir. Blue River Reservoir is an artificial impoundment, about  long, of the Blue River in Lane County in the U.S. state of Oregon. The reservoir is about  north of Oregon Route 126 in the Willamette National Forest about  east of Eugene.

In 1968 the United States Army Corps of Engineers built Blue Lake Dam and Saddle Dam about  from the mouth of the Blue River on the McKenzie River to create a reservoir for flood control and irrigation. Despite frequent blooms of blue-green algae, the lake is heavily used for recreation. Trout are the principal fish, supplemented from local hatcheries.

Recreation
Blue River Reservoir is used for fishing, boating, swimming, and waterskiing. The United States Forest Service manages Mona Campground, on the north side of the reservoir, and Lookout Campground, on the northeast side. The Forest Service also manages two launching sites for motorized and non-motorized boats, one near Lookout Campground and the other near Saddle Dam on the south shore. The reservoir supports populations of native coastal cutthroat trout and stocked rainbow trout.

See also
 List of lakes in Oregon

References

External links
 
 McKenzie Watershed Council
 Photo of the reservoir at sunset by Chris Ten Eyck

Reservoirs in Oregon
Willamette National Forest
1968 establishments in Oregon
GDDR3 SDRAM. GDDR3 SDRAM (Graphics Double Data Rate 3 SDRAM) is a type of DDR SDRAM specialized for graphics processing units (GPUs) offering less access latency and greater device bandwidths. Its specification was developed by ATI Technologies in collaboration with DRAM vendors including Elpida Memory, Hynix Semiconductor, Infineon (later Qimonda) and Micron. It was later adopted as a JEDEC standard.

Overview 

It has much the same technological base as DDR2, but the power and heat dispersal requirements have been reduced somewhat, allowing for higher performance memory modules, and simplified cooling systems. GDDR3 is not related to the JEDEC DDR3 specification.  This memory uses internal terminators, enabling it to better handle certain graphics demands.  To improve throughput, GDDR3 memory transfers 4 bits of data per pin in 2 clock cycles.

The GDDR3 interface transfers two 32 bit wide data words per clock cycle from the I/O pins. Corresponding to the 4n-prefetch a single write or read access consists of a 128 bit wide, one-clock-cycle data transfer at the internal memory core and four corresponding 32 bit wide, one-half-clock-cycle data transfers at the I/O Pins. Single-ended unidirectional Read and Write Data strobes are transmitted simultaneously with Read and Write data respectively in order to capture data properly at the receivers of both the Graphics SDRAM and the controller. Data strobes are organized per byte of the 32 bit wide interface.

Commercial implementation
Despite being designed by ATI, the first card to use the technology was nVidia's GeForce FX 5700 Ultra in early 2004, where it replaced the GDDR2 chips used up to that time. The next card to use GDDR3 was nVidia's GeForce 6800 Ultra, where it was key in maintaining reasonable power requirements compared to the card's predecessor, the GeForce 5950 Ultra. ATI began using the memory on its Radeon X800 cards. GDDR3 was Sony's choice for the PlayStation 3 gaming console's graphics memory, although its nVidia based GPU is also capable of accessing the main system memory, which consists of XDR DRAM designed by Rambus Incorporated (Similar technology is marketed by nVidia as TurboCache in PC platform GPUs). Microsoft's Xbox 360 has 512 MB of GDDR3 memory. Nintendo's Wii also contains 64 MB of GDDR3 memory.

Advantages of GDDR3 over DDR2

 GDDR3's strobe signal unlike DDR2 SDRAM is unidirectional & single-ended (RDQS, WDQS). This means there is a separate read and write data strobe allowing for a quicker read to write ratio than DDR2.
 GDDR3 has a hardware reset capability allowing it to flush all data from memory and then start again.
 Lower voltage requirements leads to lower power requirements, and lower heat output.
 Higher clock frequencies, due to lower heat output, this is beneficial for increased throughput and more precise timings.

See also
List of interface bit rates

References

External links
JEDEC Standard 3.11.5.7 - GDDR3 Specific SGRAM Functions

SDRAM
BMW M60. The BMW M60 is a naturally aspirated V8 petrol engine which was produced from 1992 to 1996. It was BMW's first V8 engine in over 25 years.

The M60 was replaced by the BMW M62 engine.

Development
During the 1970s, BMW produced a prototype V8 engine for the E23 7 Series, however this engine did not reach production.

Development of the M60 began in 1984.

Design
The M60 engine has double overhead camshafts with four valves per cylinder. The camshaft is driven by a dual-row timing chain with a self-adjusting tensioner. Valves had hydraulic lash adjustment to reduce maintenance. The ignition and fuel injection systems are controlled by the Bosch Motronic 3.3 system, and the ignition system is a coil-on-plug design with knock sensors.

To reduce weight, the engine uses aluminum for both the engine block and cylinder head, magnesium valve covers and a plastic intake manifold. The M60 was BMW's first car engine to use a "split conrod" design, where sintered connecting rods are made as a single piece and then fractured in order to ensure increased rigidity and an exact fit. The dry weight of the engine is between  and .

Versions

M60B30
The M60B30 has a bore of  and a stroke of , for a displacement of . Compression ratio is 10.5:1, giving an output of  at 5800 rpm and  at 4500 rpm.

Applications:
 1992–1995 E34 530i
 1992–1994 E32 730i
 1994–1996 E38 730i

M60B40
The M60B40 has a bore of  and a stroke of , for a total displacement of . Compression ratio is 10.0:1, giving  at 5800 rpm and  at 4500 rpm. It had a forged crankshaft.

Applications:
 1993–1995 E34 540i
 1992–1994 E32 740i
 1994–1996 E38 740i
 1992–1996 E31 840i
 1993–1998 De Tomaso Guarà

Alpina versions 
Alpina produced a high compression (10.8:1) version of the M60B40 for the BMW Alpina B10 4.0 (based on the E34 5 Series) and the B11 4.0 (based on the E32 7 Series) and in some B8 4.0 models (based on the E36 3 Series) produced for the Japanese market. The M60 engine produced  in the B10 4.0.

The engine's displacement was later enlarged to  for use in the B8 4.6 and B10 4.6. The power output is  in the B10 4.6 and  in the B8 4.6.

Nikasil damage from high-sulfur fuels
The M60 uses Nikasil- an alloy containing aluminium, nickel and silicon alloy- to line the cylinders bores. In fuels with high sulfur content (such as used fuels sold at the time in the United States, United Kingdom and South America), the sulfur damages the Nikasil bore lining, causing the engine to lose compression. In the U.S. and U.K., sulfur rich fuel is being phased out.

BMW replaced engines under warranty and Nikasil was eventually replaced by Alusil.

Nikasil engines are unlikely to be a problem today, as cars with affected engines are off the road or have received replacement engines.

See also 
 BMW
 List of BMW engines

References

BMW engines
V8 engines
Gasoline engines by model
Carl Richard Nyberg. Carl Richard Nyberg (28 May 1858 – 25 March 1939) was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. Nyberg was a pioneer in mechanical engineering. He received a patent for a blow lamp and was an aviation pioneer.

Biography
Nyberg was born at Arboga in Västmanland, Sweden. After school he started working for a jeweller and later he moved to Stockholm and worked with various metalworks. He later worked for Johan Erik Erikson (1838-1883) at J. E. Eriksons mekaniska verkstad.

While working there he had the idea of the blowtorch. He later worked on the idea and created a blowtorch with strong, directed heat and with several safety measures. In 1882 he set up a workshop at Luntmakargatan in Stockholm making blowtorches. However the business didn't work well because it took too long to both manufacture and sell.

In 1884 he moved his workshop to Sundbyberg. In 1886, he met Max Sievert (1849–1913) who had founded AB  Sieverts Kabelverk in Sundbyberg. Sievert became interested in Nyberg's blowtorch and started selling it. Nyberg started  AB Alpha and after encouragement from Lars Magnus Ericsson (1846–1926), founder of telephone equipment manufacturer Ericsson,  he started producing wire.

After Primus started producing blowtorches he also decided to make paraffin oil/kerosene cookers. The first model, called Viktoria, wasn't very successful, but the later Svea did better. He delivered many to Russia and soon he produced 3000 per week. In 1906 the company was changed into a stock company. He was generous to his workers and often gave them stock in the company.

Nyberg worked on many other inventions including steam engines, aeroplanes and boat propellers. He was most known as an aviation pioneer. From 1897 and onward until around 1910, outside his home in Lidingö he built and tested his Flugan  on a circular wood track in his garden and on the ice during the wintertime.  He worked with the help of professor Johan Erik Cederblom (1834-1913) at KTH in the development of wing profiles but did not succeed to get  Flugan in the air. He also designed and built his own wind tunnel in order to test of small wing models.  Flugan had a wingspan of 5 meters, and the surface area of the wings was 13 m2. The engine was a steam engine of his own design, with a boiler heated by four of his blowtorches. It produced a maximum of 10 hp (7 kW) at 2000 rpm. The total weight of the plane was 80 kg.

Images

References

Bibliography

External links  
 

1858 births
1939 deaths
People from Västmanland
19th-century Swedish inventors
Aviation pioneers
Swedish industrialists
Swedish company founders
19th-century Swedish businesspeople
Unburned hydrocarbon. Unburned hydrocarbons (UHCs) are the hydrocarbons emitted after petroleum is burned in an engine.

When unburned fuel is emitted from a combustor, the emission is caused by fuel "avoiding" the flame zones. For example, in piston engines, some of the fuel-air mixture "hides" from the flame in the crevices provided by the piston ring grooves. Further, some regions of the combustion chamber may have a very weak flame, that is, they have either very fuel-lean or very fuel-rich conditions and consequently they have a low combustion temperature. These regions will cause intermediate species such as formaldehyde and alkenes to be emitted. Sometimes the term "products of incomplete combustion," or PICs, is used to describe such species.

Formation 

The hydrocarbon is an auspicious way to reach low NOx (nitrogen oxide) emissions in diesel engines but one of its disadvantages is drastic increasing amount of unburned hydrocarbons. E standard, one is all metal single-cylinder diesel engine and another is an equivalent optically-accessible engine.

References

Fossil fuels
Hydrocarbons
Thermal ionization. Thermal ionization, also known as surface ionization or contact ionization, is a physical process whereby the atoms are desorbed from a hot surface, and in the process are ionized.

Thermal ionization is used to make simple ion sources, for mass spectrometry and for generating ion beams. Thermal ionization has seen extensive use in determining atomic weights, in addition to being used in many geological/nuclear applications.

Physics 

The likelihood of ionization is a function of the filament temperature, the work function of the filament substrate and the ionization energy of the element.

This is summarised in the Saha–Langmuir equation:
 
where
  = ratio of ion number density to neutral number density
  = ratio of statistical weights (degeneracy) of ionic (g+) and neutral (g0) states
  = work function of surface
  = ionization energy of desorbed element
  = Boltzmann constant
  = surface temperature

Negative ionization can also occur for elements with a large electron affinity  against a surface of low work function.

Thermal ionization mass spectrometry 

One application of thermal ionization is thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). In thermal ionization mass spectrometry, a chemically purified material is placed onto a filament which is then heated to high temperatures to cause some of the material to be ionized as it is thermally desorbed (boiled off) the hot filament.  Filaments are generally flat pieces of metal around  wide,  thick, bent into an upside-down U shape and attached to two contacts that supply a current.

This method is widely used in radiometric dating, where the sample is ionized under vacuum. The ions being produced at the filament are focused into an ion beam and then passed through a magnetic field to separate them by mass.  The relative abundances of different isotopes can then be measured, yielding isotope ratios.

When these isotope ratios are measured by TIMS, mass-dependent fractionation occurs as species are emitted by the hot filament. Fractionation occurs due to the excitation of the sample and therefore must be corrected for accurate measurement of the isotope ratio.

There are several advantages of the TIMS method. It has a simple design, is less expensive than other mass spectrometers, and produces stable ion emissions. It requires a stable power supply, and is suitable for species with a low ionization energy, such as strontium and lead.

The disadvantages of this method stem from the maximum temperature achieved in thermal ionization. The hot filament reaches a temperature of less than , leading to the inability to create atomic ions of species with a high ionization energy, such as osmium and tungsten.  Although the TIMS method can create molecular ions instead in this case, species with high ionization energy can be analyzed more effectively with MC-ICP-MS.

See also 
 Langmuir–Taylor detector
 Irving Langmuir
 Meghnad Saha

References 

Ion source
Ionization
High Road Bridge. The High Road Bridge is a road bridge over Long Run Creek in Lockport Township, Illinois. It is the world's first road bridge built using the hybrid composite beams (also known as Hillman-Composite Beam) (HCB's) invented by John R. Hillman and developed by the HC Bridge Company LLC. The HCB's are stronger, lighter and more corrosion resistant than the traditional concrete or steel beams. The HCB beam with a life span of 80 to 100 years and with minimal or no maintenance to the bridge girders is a cost competitive alternative to steel and concrete beam.
	
It was designed by Teng & Associates and constructed by Herlihy Mid-Continent Company in 2008. The 17.4 m (57 ft) long, single-span bridge consists of six HCBs supporting a conventional 20 cm  (8 in) thick reinforced concrete deck.

References

External links
 HC Bridge Company official webpage

Road bridges in Illinois
Beam bridges in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Will County, Illinois
Lockport, Illinois
Bridges completed in 2008
Alice (programming language). Alice ML is a general-purpose, high-level, multi-paradigm, functional programming language designed by the Programming Systems Laboratory at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany. It is a dialect of Standard ML, augmented with support for lazy evaluation, concurrency (multithreading and distributed computing via remote procedure calls) and constraint programming.

Overview
Alice extends Standard ML in a number of ways that distinguish it from its predecessor. Alice provides concurrency features as part of the base language through the use of a future type that represents a value being provided by an independent thread of execution. A thread that uses a future value will block on an attempt to access the value until the thread performing it has completed the computation. A related concept is also provided termed a promise, allowing a thread to provide a future value that it will compute to another thread. Future and promise typed variables are used to implement data-flow synchronizing.

Like the Haskell functional language, Alice provides facilities to allow a lazy evaluation strategy in programs, unlike the traditional eager evaluation strategy of Standard ML. While Haskell uses the lazy model by default, Alice uses an eager evaluation model by default, needing an explicit programming statement for a computation to evaluate lazily.

The Alice implementation from Saarland University uses the Simple Extensible Abstract Machine (SEAM) virtual machine. It is free software, and features just-in-time compilation to bytecode and native code for the x86 architecture.

Early versions of Alice ran on the Mozart Programming System (Oz) virtual machine (VM), allowing interfacing between Alice and Oz code.

Alice's remote procedure calling depends on the virtual machine, because it may send code to be computed from one computer to another.

Example
Alice extends Standard ML with several primitives for lazy evaluation and concurrency. For example, threads may be created using the spawn keyword. Consider the naive algorithm for computing the Fibonacci numbers:
 fun fib 0 = 0
   | fib 1 = 1
   | fib n = fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);
For large values of n, fib n will take a long time to compute. This computation can be performed in a separate thread by

 val x = spawn fib n;

The variable x is now bound to a so-called future. When an operation requires the value of x, it blocks until the thread is done with the computation. To exploit parallelism one could even define fib as follows:
 fun fib 0 = 0
   | fib 1 = 1
   | fib n = spawn fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);

See also 
 Oz (programming language)

References

External links 
 
 Multiple publications about Alice ML and its concepts

ML programming language family
High-level programming languages
Logic programming languages
Functional logic programming languages
Programming languages created in 2000
College of Food and Environment Technology in Buraydah. College of Food and Environment Technology in Buraydah () was founded in 1977 in Buraydah in Saudi Arabia. It was converted from the Technical Institute to Buraydah College Of Agricultural Technology in 2000, and last renamed in 2008 to College of Food and Environment Technology in Buraydah.

CFET offers Bachelor's and Master's degree programs in several areas of study, including Food Science and Technology, Nutrition, Environmental Science, Agricultural Engineering, and Horticulture. The college conducts research on various topics related to food, nutrition, and the environment.

See also
 List of technical colleges in Saudi Arabia
 List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia

External links
www.tvtc.gov.sa  

Educational institutions established in 1977
Universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia
Education in Buraidah
1977 establishments in Saudi Arabia
Ian Waitz. Ian A. Waitz is the Vice President for Research  at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as the Jerome C. Hunsaker Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics. From 2017 to 2024, he was the Vice Chancellor for Undergraduate and Graduate Education. He was a MacVicar Faculty Fellow from 2003 to 2013.

Waitz received his BS in Aerospace Engineering in 1986 from the Pennsylvania State University, his MS in 1988 from George Washington University and his PhD in 1991 from the California Institute of Technology, both in Aeronautics.

References

External links
Biography of Ian A. Waitz
Ian A. Waitz named dean of MIT's School of Engineering

Living people
George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Penn State College of Engineering  alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
California Institute of Technology alumni
Mong MS1 Sport. The Mong MS1 Sport is a 1950s American homebuilt biplane design with over 400 sets of plans for the aircraft have been sold.

Design and development
The first Mong Sport was built as a personal aircraft by the designer Ralph Mong, Jr. Plans for homebuilding were provided afterward in collaboration with Frank Powell, an Aerospace Engineer and draftsman for Aero Commander at the time, due to demand.

The original biplane was built around a Continental A65  engine. The biplane has the unique feature of lift struts placed between the lower fuselage frame and the upper wing I strut attachment. The biplane did not require expensive, drag producing support wires, using steel tubing instead. The fuselage is steel tube with aircraft fabric covering.

Operational history
In the mid 1960s, a biplane class was added to the Reno Air Races. The Mong Sport met the basic qualifications, and has been extensively modified over the years by builders to be used as a biplane racer. In 1965, Bill Boland won with his "Boland Mong" at 148 mph and again in 1967 and 1970 with speeds of 151 mph and 177 mph respectively. The Mongster won the 1968 Biplane class of the Reno National Championship. Long Gone Mong won in 1987 and 1989. A highly modified Mong Phantom with carbon fiber wings won in 2006 with a speed of 251.958 mph, and has recently raised the record to 284.454mph.

Variants
MS-1
MS-3
Green Sky Adventures Micro Mong
An ultralight designed by Ed Fisher at the suggestion of Ralph Mong in 1993. In 1996 Ed Fisher acquired the rights to the Mong Sport aircraft. In 2019, Mike Stewart acquired the rights from Fisher and currently sells plans for the MS-2 and MS-3, with some corrections to errors made in the original blueprints.

Aircraft on display
A Mong MS1 Sport is on display at the Planes of Fame Air Museum, Chino, California.

Specifications (Mong MS1 Sport)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
1950s United States sport aircraft