omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kirby 23. The Kirby 23 is a sailboat that was designed by Canadian Bruce Kirby as a racer-cruiser and first built in 1985.

The Kirby 23 is a development of the Sonar, with a cabin modified for cruising use. It is very similar to the Blazer 23.

Production
The design was built by Ross Marine starting in 1985, with six boats completed, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Kirby 23 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and is normally fitted with a small outboard motor for docking and manoeuvring.

The design has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related development
Blazer 23
Sonar (keelboat)

References

External links

Photo of a Kirby 23

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Bruce Kirby
Sailboat types built by Ross Marine
Charcoal lighter fluid. Charcoal lighter fluid is a flammable fluid used to accelerate the ignition of charcoal in a barbecue grill. It can either be petroleum based (e.g., mineral spirits) or alcohol based (usually methanol or ethanol). It can be used both with lump charcoal and briquettes. Lighter-fluid infused briquettes, that eliminate the need for separate application of lighter fluid, are available. The use of lighter fluid is somewhat controversial as the substance is combustible, harmful or fatal if swallowed, and may impart an unpleasant flavor to food cooked upon fires lit with it.

The sale of petroleum-based charcoal lighter fluid is regulated in some jurisdictions due to its potential to cause photochemical smog through evaporation of its volatile organic compounds.  The South Coast Air Quality Management District requires that all charcoal lighter fluids sold in its jurisdiction (essentially Southern California) meet the air quality standards set forth in District Rule 1174. Common substitutes to aid in the starting of charcoal fires are chimney and electric fire starters.

In former Soviet countries, the alcohol-based lighter fluid is sometimes consumed as a surrogate alcohol among very poor alcoholics because of its cheap price compared to vodka, just as it is with Troynoy Eau de Cologne. Lighter fluid is poisonous and should never be consumed.

Charcoal lighter fluid, known as LF-1, was used in the Pratt & Whitney J57 engine, which powered the Lockheed U-2 aircraft. With an additive to improve thermal oxidative stability, it was covered by a military specification and known as Thermally Stable Jet Fuel, JPTS.

References

Fuels
Barbecue
Grazing incidence diffraction. Grazing incidence diffraction (GID) is a technique for interrogating a material using small incidence angles for an incoming wave, often leading to the diffraction being surface sensitive. It occurs in many different areas:

 Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), where electrons of relatively high energy diffract at small angles from a surface. RHEED is used to interrogate surface structure.
 Surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD), which is similar to RHEED but uses X-rays, and is also used to interrogate surface structure.
 X-ray standing waves, another X-ray variant where the intensity decay into a sample from diffraction is used to analyze chemistry.
 Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS) a hybrid approach using small scattering (diffraction) angles with X-rays or neutrons.
 X-ray reflectivity, yet another related technique, but here the intensity of the specular reflected beam is measured.
 Grazing incidence atom scattering, where the fact that atoms (and ions) can also be waves is used to diffract from surfaces.
 Quantum reflection, where very low kinetic energy atoms or molecules are diffracted (reflected) from surfaces.
 Evanescent waves, which occur with all of the above and also photons where there is no flow of energy into the material. 

More details and citations on these can be found in the links provided above.

See also 
 X-ray diffraction
 Neutron scattering
 Electron diffraction

References 

Scientific techniques
Don Simmons (artist). Don Simmons (Born 1973 in St. John's, Newfoundland) is a Canadian experimental artist and writer whose work materializes itself as robotics, electronics, audio, installation and performance. 

Simmons' work addresses problematic concepts like the automation and the psychological effects of simulated processes. He often treats the body as a machine and tool for collecting data/information. Simmons will create situations for 'false' emotional states to occur in the audience, in turn questioning the reality of simulated emotions. His work has also dealt with scatological, littoral, and tactical art practices. He also exhibits collaboratively as the Tactical Art Coalition, EMMAX and the Work group.

Simmons has participated in exhibitions internationally, including exhibitions at the Walter Phillips Gallery, Banff, curated by Jim Drobnick, the College for Creative Studies, Detroit, curated by Melanie Manos, Video In Studios, Vancouver, as a part of the Signal & Noise Festival, and at EMMEDIA, Calgary. His performative installation called 'One Month' at the Truck Gallery, Calgary, involved several clown/drag queen hybrids performing during gallery hours. The clown/drag queen hybrids would wander the gallery in depressed mood avoiding the gallery's visitors. 

Other past exhibitions have included Western Front, Vancouver, curated Victoria Singh & Velveeta Krisp for That 70's Ho Performance Series, Galerie SAW Gallery, Ottawa, curated by Jason & Stefan St-Laurent for SCATALOGUE: 30 Years of Crap in Contemporary Art with Mikiki, Southern Alberta Art Gallery, Lethbridge, curated by David Diviney, Eastern Edge Gallery, St. John's, NL, Anna Leonowens Gallery, Halifax, Trinity Square Video, Toronto, The Music Gallery, Toronto.

Simmons has released three audio art CDs called "Don Simmons vs. Marcel duChamp", "Beautiful Losers", "birthday song - EMMAX (Ken Buera & Don Simmons)". 

Simmons has been on faculty at the Alberta College of Art and Design in their Media Arts and Digital Technologies Department. His critical writing has been published internationally in publications such as: Parachute, Image and Text, and Handheld Media.

References

External links
Official Site
Truck Gallery
Aural Cultures - Walter Phillips Gallery
Experimental Television Center – Video History Project
EMC performance
Eastern Edge Gallery
EMMAX Collective
The New Gallery
ACAD Faculty Profile

Canadian contemporary artists
Living people
Canadian installation artists
Artists from Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian conceptual artists
1973 births
Prony brake. The Prony brake is a simple device invented by Gaspard de Prony in 1821 to measure the torque produced by an engine. The term "brake horsepower" is one measurement of power derived from this method of measuring torque. (Power is calculated by multiplying torque by rotational speed.)

Essentially the measurement is made by wrapping a cord or belt around the output shaft of the engine and measuring the force transferred to the belt through friction. The friction is increased by tightening the belt until the frequency of rotation of the shaft is reduced to a desired rotational speed. In practice more engine power can then be applied until the limit of the engine is reached.

In its simplest form an engine is connected to a rotating drum by means of an output shaft.  A friction band is wrapped around half the drum's circumference and each end attached to a separate spring balance.  A substantial pre-load is then applied to the ends of the band, so that each spring balance has an initial and identical reading. When the engine is running, the frictional force between the drum and the band will increase the force reading on one balance and decrease it on the other.  The difference between the two readings multiplied by the radius of the driven drum is equal to the torque.  If the engine speed is measured with a tachometer, the brake horsepower is easily calculated.

An alternate mechanism is to clamp a lever to the shaft and measure using a single balance. The torque is then related to the lever length, shaft diameter and measured force.

The device is generally used over a range of engine speeds to obtain power and torque curves for the engine, since there is a non-linear relationship between torque and engine speed for most engine types.

Power output in SI units may be calculated as follows:

Rotary power (in newton-meters per second, N·m/s) = 2π × the distance from the center-line of the drum (the friction device) to the point of measurement (in meters, m) × rotational speed (in revolutions per second) × measured force (in newtons, N).

Or in Imperial units:

Rotary power (in pound-feet per second, lbf·ft/s) = 2π × distance from center-line of the drum (the friction device) to the point of measurement (in feet, ft) × rotational speed (in revolutions per second) × measured force (in pounds, lbf).

References

Dynamometers
French inventions
Niemeyer–Dolan technique. The Niemeyer–Dolan technique, also called the Dolan technique, angular evaporation, or the shadow evaporation technique, is a thin-film lithographic method to create nanometer-sized overlapping structures.

This technique uses an evaporation mask that is suspended above the substrate (see figure). The evaporation mask can be formed from two or more layers of resist, to allow creation of the extreme undercut needed. Depending on the evaporation angle, the shadow image of the mask is projected onto different positions on the substrate. By carefully choosing the angle for each material to be deposited, adjacent openings in the mask can be projected onto the same spot, creating an overlay of two thin films with a well-defined geometry.

Efforts to create multilayered structures are complicated by a need to align each layer with those below it; as all openings are on the same mask, shadow evaporation reduces this need by being self-aligning. Additionally, this allows the substrate to be kept under high vacuum, as there is no need to increase pressure to switch between multiple masks. Due to its downsides, including restrictions on feature density from excess evaporated material, shadow evaporation is generally only suitable for very low scale integration.

Usage
The Niemeyer–Dolan technique is used to create multi-layer thin-film electronic nanostructures such as quantum dots and tunnel junctions.

References

Nanoelectronics
Object-oriented modeling. Object-oriented modeling (OOM) is an approach to modeling an application that is used at the beginning of the software life cycle when using an object-oriented approach to software development.

The software life cycle is typically divided up into stages going from abstract descriptions of the problem to designs then to code and testing and finally to deployment. Modeling is done at the beginning of the process. The reasons to model a system before writing the code are:

Communication. Users typically cannot understand programming language or code. Model diagrams can be more understandable and can allow users to give developers feedback on the appropriate structure of the system. A key goal of the Object-Oriented approach is to decrease the "semantic gap" between the system and the real world by using terminology that is the same as the functions that users perform. Modeling is an essential tool to facilitate achieving this goal . 
Abstraction. A goal of most software methodologies is to first address "what" questions and then address "how" questions. I.e., first determine the functionality the system is to provide without consideration of implementation constraints and then consider how to take this abstract description and refine it into an implementable design and code given constraints such as technology and budget. Modeling enables this by allowing abstract descriptions of processes and objects that define their essential structure and behavior.  

Object-oriented modeling is typically done via use cases and abstract definitions of the most important objects. The most common language used to do object-oriented modeling is the Object Management Group's Unified Modeling Language (UML).

See also
 Object-oriented analysis and design

References 

Object-oriented programming
Software design
COGO. COGO is a suite of programs used in civil engineering for modelling horizontal and vertical alignments and solving coordinate geometry problems. Cogo alignments are used as controls for the geometric design of roads, railways, and stream relocations or restorations.

COGO was originally a subsystem of MIT's Integrated Civil Engineering System (ICES), developed in the 1960s. Other ICES subsystems included STRUDL, BRIDGE, LEASE, PROJECT, ROADS and TRANSET, and the internal languages ICETRAN and CDL. Evolved versions of COGO are still widely used.

Some basic types of elements of COGO are points, Euler spirals, lines and horizontal curves (circular arcs).

More complex elements can be developed such as alignments or chains which are made up of a combination of points, curves or spirals.

See also
Civil engineering software

References
"Engineer's Guide to ICES COGO I", R67-46, Civil Engineering Dept MIT (Aug 1967)
"An Integrated Computer System for Engineering Problem Solving", D. Roos, Proc SJCC 27(2), AFIPS (Spring 1965). Sammet 1969, pp.615-620.

Mathematical software
Surveying
History of software
Dakota Gasification Company. The Dakota Gasification Company is a synthetic natural gas producing company founded in 1984 in Beulah, North Dakota, United States. It is an operator of the Great Plains Synfuels Plant.

Processes 

The plant uses lignite coal to produce synthetic natural gas utilizing a coal gasification process. The plant processes 16 thousand tons of coal daily. Coal is oxidized to coal gas, which is then converted from a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen to methane, by hydrogenation over a nickel catalyst. The synthetic natural gas (95% methane, 975 BTU per cubic foot) is pipelined to the Northern Border Pipeline which transports gas from Canada, Montana and North Dakota to the Ventura, Iowa area, where the pipeline interconnects with many pipelines supplying the eastern United States.

The company ships generated byproduct carbon dioxide via a high pressure pipeline to an oilfield in Saskatchewan in Canada where it is used for enhanced oil recovery from the Weyburn oil field near Weyburn, Saskatchewan (Canada).

The plant also produces ammonium sulfate, anhydrous ammonia, phenol, cresylic acid, methanol, and urea naphtha.  These materials are by-products of coal gasification.  The plant also produces liquid nitrogen, krypton and xenon as a by-product of liquid oxygen production.  Oxygen is utilized in the initial oxidation of coal.

History 

The Dakota Gasification Company is a subsidiary of the Basin Electric Power Cooperative which is located in Bismarck, North Dakota. 
On August 16, 2021, it was announced Bakken Energy would be acquiring the Dakota Gasification Company to be transformed to a blue hydrogen project.

Board of directors
The board of Dakota Gasification Company is made up of five directors chosen from among the various directors of Basin Electric plus three additional external directors. Former Governor of Wyoming Jim Geringer currently serves as a director on the board. Senator Heidi Heitkamp served as an external director until December 2012 after she was elected to the U.S. Senate.

References

External links
 
 Department of Energy Gasifipedia article

Energy companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in North Dakota
Synthetic fuel facilities
Coal infrastructure
Fuels infrastructure in the United States
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1984
1984 establishments in North Dakota
Basin Electric Power Cooperative. Basin Electric Power Cooperative is a wholesale electric generation and transmission cooperative based in North Dakota that provides electricity to 3 million customers in nine U.S. states.  The roots of the cooperative go back to 1960 when Leland Olds and ten power suppliers created Giant Power Cooperative.  Giant Power was first going to be a generation and transmission cooperative, but to keep electricity cheaper for rural customers, Basin Electric Power Cooperative was started in 1961. Today, Basin Electric's power sources include coal, natural gas, hydroelectric, wind, waste heat, and nuclear. 

The current CEO and General Manager is Todd Telesz. A subsidiary of Basin Electric, Dakota Gasification Company, operates the Great Plains Synfuels Plant, which captures and sequesters nearly 50% of its carbon dioxide emissions in a system developed during the Carter administration. In 2005, the membership of Basin Electric passed a resolution requiring 10 percent of electricity demand to be provided by renewable forms of energy. At the end of 2009, Basin Electric finished construction on a 77 turbine wind energy project.

Member cooperatives

Direct purchasing
Grand Electric Cooperative - Bison, South Dakota
KEM Electric Cooperative - Linton, North Dakota
Minnesota Valley Cooperative Light & Power Association - Montevideo, Minnesota
Minnesota Valley Electric Cooperative - Jordan, Minnesota
Mor-Gran-Sou Electric Cooperative - Flasher, North Dakota
Powder River Energy Corporation - Sundance, Wyoming
Roughrider Electric Cooperative - Hazen, North Dakota
Rosebud Electric Cooperative - Gregory, South Dakota
Wright-Hennepin Cooperative Electric Association - Rockford, Minnesota

G&T
Central Power Electric Cooperative - Minot, North Dakota
Central Montana Electric Power Cooperative - Great Falls, Montana
Corn Belt Power Cooperative - Humboldt, Iowa
East River Electric Power Cooperative - Madison, South Dakota
L & O Power Cooperative - Rock Rapids, Iowa
Northwest Iowa Power Cooperative - LeMars, Iowa
Rushmore Electric Power Cooperative - Rapid City, South Dakota
Upper Missouri G&T Electric Cooperative - Sidney, Montana
Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association - Denver, Colorado

Class D Members
Flathead Electric Cooperative - Kalispell & Libby, Montana
Wyoming Municipal Power Agency - Lusk, Wyoming

States served by Basin Electric
Colorado
Iowa
Minnesota
Montana
Nebraska
New Mexico
North Dakota
South Dakota
Wyoming

Subsidiary companies
Basin Telecommunications Inc.
Basin Cooperative Services
Dakota Gasification Company 
Dakota Coal Company
Montana Limestone Company
Prairie Winds ND 1, Inc.
Prairie Winds SD 1, Inc.
Souris Valley Pipeline Ltd.

Board of directors

Source:

External links
Basin Electric Power Cooperative website
Google Books link Multiple sources for Basin Electric Power Electric Cooperative

References

External links
 

Electric cooperatives in North Dakota
Electric generation and transmission cooperatives in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in North Dakota
Gordon Slemon. Gordon Richard Slemon,  (August 15, 1924 – September 26, 2011) was a Canadian electrical engineer and professor.

Born in Bowmanville, Ontario, he received a B.A.Sc. in electrical engineering in 1946 and a M.A.Sc. in electrical engineering in 1948 from the University of Toronto. He received a Ph.D. from the University of London in 1952.

From 1953 to 1955, he was an assistant professor at the Nova Scotia Technical College. In 1955, he joined the University of Toronto as an associate professor and was appointed a professor in 1964. He was made a professor emeritus in 1990. From 1966 to 1976, he was the head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and from 1979 to 1986 was dean of the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering.

He is the co-author of Scientific Basis of Electrical Engineering (1961), Electric Machinery (1979), and Power Semiconductor Drives (1984). He is the author of Magnetoelectric Devices (1966) and Electric Machines and Drives (1992).

In 1994, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for his work as "a world authority on the analysis, design and development of electric machines and controlled drive systems, he has dedicated his professional life to teaching and research in engineering". In 1990, he was awarded the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award, given each year to a team or to an individual that has made an outstanding contribution to the generation or utilization of electric power. He was elected to Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering.  In 2011, he received the Engineering Institute of Canada's highest award, the Sir John Kennedy Medal.

References

External links
 
 
Gordon Slemon archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

1924 births
1996 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Canadian academics in engineering
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Officers of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Engineering Institute of Canada
Fellows of the Canadian Academy of Engineering
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
People from Clarington
Canadian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Rasterscan. Rasterscan is a video game published in 1987 by Mastertronic for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, and MSX. It was written by Binary Design based in Parsonage Gardens, Manchester with the C64 version programmed by Phillip Allsopp.

Plot
The Rasterscan, a large damaged spacecraft, is drifting uncontrollably towards a nearby star. The Rasterscan can still be controlled and piloted to safety but only by a droid called MSB. Unfortunately, MSB is also damaged and (without help) can only repair toasters. The player needs to control MSB and, hopefully, use it to save the unfortunate spacecraft.

Gameplay
The player controls MSB, a spherical droid who can float through the interior of the ship in all directions. MSB can interact with the craft's machinery and instruments, which all serve a purpose. It also needs to solve logic-puzzles in order to open doors (different puzzles for each door) to allow it access to more parts of the spacecraft.

References

External links

Rasterscan at CPC WIKI

1987 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Binary Design games
Commodore 64 games
Mastertronic games
MSX games
Puzzle video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
Java Model Railroad Interface. Java Model Railroad Interface (JMRI) is an open source program for model railroad hobbyists, released under GNU General Public License v2. It allows users to control LED lights, horn, or switch the railway of hobbyist open-source or commercials closed-sourced trains.

JMRI is a suite of tools distributed via a single download. The two most popular tools are DecoderPro for programming Digital Command Control (DCC) decoders, and PanelPro for controlling layouts.

Starting in 2005, JMRI's project administrator, Bob Jacobsen, was involved in a legal dispute with Matt Katzer in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.  Significantly, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled that infringing on the copyright of open source software by violating its license terms could result in monetary damages. The case was settled in early 2010.

See also 
Jacobsen v. Katzer

References

 FLOSS Weekly 117: Bob Jacobsen for JMRI.org., at the FLOSS Weekly podcast, April 20, 2010, retrieved April 22, 2010.

External links
JMRI website
JMRI's legal defense page
JMRI's page of articles about the Court case

Digital model train control
Solid film lubricant. Solid film lubricants are paint-like coatings of very fine particles of lubricating pigment blended with a binder and other additives.  The lubricant is applied to a substrate by spray, dip or brush methods and, once cured, creates a solid film which repels water, reduces friction and increases the wear life of the substrate to which it has been applied.  Certain film lubricants also offer additional properties such as corrosion inhibition.  Solid film lubricants are used in the automotive, transportation and aerospace industries. 2 commonly used ones are graphite and molybdenum disulfide.

References

Lubricants