omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of semiconductor fabrication plants. This is a list of semiconductor fabrication plants, factories where integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, are manufactured. They are either operated by Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDMs) that design and manufacture ICs in-house and may also manufacture designs from design-only (fabless firms), or by pure play foundries that manufacture designs from fabless companies and do not design their own ICs. Some pure play foundries like TSMC offer IC design services, and others, like Samsung, design and manufacture ICs for customers, while also designing, manufacturing and selling their own ICs.

Glossary of terms
 Wafer size – largest wafer diameter that a facility is capable of processing. (Semiconductor wafers are circular.)
 Process technology node – size of the smallest features that the facility is capable of etching onto the wafers.
 Production capacity – a manufacturing facility's nameplate capacity. Generally max wafers produced per month.
 Utilization – the number of wafers that a manufacturing plant processes in relation to its production capacity.
 Technology/products – Type of product that the facility is capable of producing, as not all plants can produce all products on the market.

Open plants 
Operating fabs include foundries from TSMC, GlobalFoundries, Silex Microsystems, Tower Semiconductor, Advanced Micro Foundry, VTT, SilTerra and IHP Microelectronics amongst others.

Number of open fabs currently listed here: 

(NOTE: Some fabs located in Asia don't use the number 4, or any 2 digit number that adds up to 4, because it is considered bad luck; see tetraphobia.)

Closed plants

Number of closed fabs currently listed here:

See also
 List of Intel manufacturing sites
 List of integrated circuit manufacturers
 Semiconductor device fabrication

References

External links

 Memory and Foundry Account For More Than Half of Worldwide IC Capacity // IC Insights, Global Semiconductor Alliance, 2013-07-09
SEMI World Fab Forecast 2013 // SEMI, 2013

Semiconductor device fabrication
Intel
Motorola
Texas Instruments
Semiconductor
Manufacturing plants
Bartos/Nobel BN-1 Phantom. The Bartos/Nobel BN-1 Phantom is an American, two-seat, mid-wing glider designed by Gene Bartos in the late 1960s.

Design and development
Bartos developed the BN-1 using the fuselage from a Laister-Kauffman TG-4 and designing new wings. The fuselage was highly modified to include an all-flying T-tail and new cockpit canopy. The wings have a  greater span than the TG-4 using a NACA 44-series airfoil. The new wing uses top-surface spoilers in place of flaps. The new wing results in a glide ratio improved from 22:1 to 25:1.

The fuselage is made from steel tube, while the wings are of wooden construction, all finished with doped aircraft fabric covering. The landing gear is a fixed monowheel, supplemented by a nose skid.

Operational history
In 1983 it was reported that the sole example had been based at El Mirage, California since it was new and was regularly flown. By April 2011 the aircraft had been de-registered by the Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications (BN-1)

See also

References

1960s United States sailplanes
Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene. Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene (BTMSA) is an organosilicon compound with the formula Me3SiC≡CSiMe3 (Me = methyl). It is a crystalline solid that melts slightly above room temperature and is soluble in organic solvents. This compound is used as a surrogate for acetylene.

BTMSA is prepared by treating acetylene with butyllithium followed by addition of trimethylsilyl chloride (Me = CH3, Bu = C4H9):
HC≡CH   +  2 BuLi  →   LiC≡CLi  +  2 BuH
LiC≡CLi   +  2 Me3SiCl  →   Me3SiC≡CSiMe3  +  2 LiCl

Applications 
BTMSA is used as a nucleophile in Friedel-Crafts type acylations and alkylations and a precursor to lithium trimethylsilylacetylide. The TMS groups can be removed with tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) and replaced with protons.  BTMSA is also a useful reagent in cycloaddition reactions. Illustrating its versatility, BTMSA was used in a concise total synthesis of (±)-estrone. A key step in this synthesis was the formation of the steroidal skeleton, catalyzed by CpCo(CO)2.

BTMSA also serves as a ligand in organometallic chemistry. For example, it forms stable adducts with metallocenes.
 Cp2TiCl2 + Mg + Me3SiC≡CSiMe3 → Cp2Ti[(CSiMe3)2] + MgCl2

References 

Alkyne derivatives
Trimethylsilyl compounds
Hexaferrum. Hexaferrum and epsilon iron (ε-Fe) are synonyms for the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase of iron that is stable only at extremely high pressure.

A 1964 study at the University of Rochester mixed 99.8% pure α-iron powder with sodium chloride, and pressed a 0.5-mm diameter pellet between the flat faces of two diamond anvils. The deformation of the NaCl lattice, as measured by x-ray diffraction (XRD), served as a pressure indicator. At a pressure of 13 GPa and room temperature, the body-centered cubic (BCC) ferrite powder transformed to the HCP phase in Figure 1. When the pressure was lowered, ε-Fe transformed back to ferrite (α-Fe) rapidly. A specific volume change of −0.20 cm3/mole ± 0.03 was measured. Hexaferrum, much like austenite, is more dense than ferrite at the phase boundary. A shock wave experiment confirmed the diamond anvil results. Epsilon was chosen for the new phase to correspond with the HCP form of cobalt.

The triple point between the alpha, gamma and epsilon phases in the unary phase diagram of iron has been calculated as T = 770 K and P = 11 GPa, although it was determined at a lower temperature of T = 750 K (477 °C) in Figure 1. The Pearson symbol for hexaferrum is hP2 and its space group is P63/mmc.

Another study concerning the ferrite-hexaferrum transformation metallographically determined that it is a martensitic rather than equilibrium transformation.

While hexaferrum is purely academic in metallurgical engineering, it may have significance in geology. The pressure and temperature of Earth's iron core are on the order of 150–350 GPa and 3000 ± 1000 °C. An extrapolation of the austenite-hexaferrum phase boundary in Figure 1 suggests hexaferrum could be stable or metastable in Earth's core. For this reason, many experimental studies have investigated the properties of HCP iron under extreme pressures and temperatures. Figure 2 shows the compressional behaviour of ε-iron at room temperature up to a pressure as would be encountered halfway through the outer core of the Earth; there are no points at pressures lower than approximately 6 GPa, because this allotrope is not thermodynamically stable at low pressures but will slowly transform into α-iron.

References 

Metallurgy
Iron
Steel
Chris Wise. Christopher Mark Wise (born 1956) is an English academic and engineer. Wise began his career with Ove Arup and Partners in 1979. After working in UK, Australia and US, he became Arup's youngest Director in 1992, and later became one of five Board Directors responsible for Building Engineering's 500 engineers and support staff. In 1999 he left Arup and co-founded Expedition Engineering together with Seán Walsh.

In 2008 Wise, Walsh and Ed McCann, the three remaining shareholders in Expedition Engineering, gave the company over to the benefit of its employees, becoming the Useful Simple Trust.

Wise was the first Professor of Creative Design at Imperial College, as well as Master of the Royal Designers for Industry 2007–2009. He is co-director of the Royal Designers Summer School and has been co-presenter at the BBC's reconstruction of several pieces of ancient technology.

Since 2012 Wise has spent two days a week at University College London (UCL) as Professor of Civil Engineering Design.

Wise has been a Member of IStructE since the 1980s and was awarded their Gold Medal in 2012. He is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, and was awarded the academy's highest individual honour, the silver medal, in 2007.  Since 2003 he has been a Trustee of the Design Council. In 2008, he became a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers by presidential invitation.

"One of the most outstanding engineers of his generation. Projects such as the Torre del Collaerola, the War Museum in Duxford and the headquarters of the Commerzbank in Frankfurt exemplify his design flair. His enthusiasm and creativity inspire his colleagues and students. He is one of those rare role models which the profession desperately needs."

Notable projects
 2012 Olympic Velodrome, London
 Infinity Bridge, Stockton-on-Tees
 Millennium Bridge, London
 American Air Museum, Duxford

References
Notes

External links
 Chris Wise CV (26 April 2011)
 www.expedition.uk.com
 www.arup.com

Living people
English engineers
1956 births
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Kasper Bekas. The Kasper Bekas is a family of American mid-wing, tailless gliders designed by Witold Kasper and derived from the earlier 1959 Brochocki BKB-1 design.

Design and development
The Bekas series was an attempt by Kasper to create an experimental tailless glider with a higher glide ratio, better ground handling and rigging, using a flexible wing to study the effects of wing flexing on stability and controllability in flight.

The Bekas is built from wood and covered in plywood. The wing uses a NACA 8-H-12 airfoil and has greater span and higher aspect ratio than the BKB-1 to achieve its goals. The wing features outboard trailing edge control surfaces that act both as elevator for pitch control and aileron for roll control. The wing is swept 15° and has a chord of . The landing gear is a fixed monowheel.

The design resulted in a high glide ratio for a  wingspan of 45:1, along with a reasonably low sink rate of 2.0 feet per second.

Operational history
The first Bekas, an "N" model, was built by Kasper in 1968. It was destroyed and removed from  FAA records in 1977.

Two others were completed. One model 1-A was started by Al Wilson of Seattle, Washington and completed by Clifford Johnson of Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1972, which features a wider chord wing. The final one was completed by Don Mattson of Seattle.

Variants
Bekas N
The "N" (for narrow wing) was first flown in April 1968.
Bekas 1-A
Variant with longer wing chord.

Specifications (Bekas N)

See also

References

External links
Photo of Kasper Bekas
Photo of Kasper Bekas

1960s United States sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1968
Tailless aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Shop-replaceable unit. A shop-replaceable unit (SRU) or shop-replaceable component (SRC) is a modular component of an airplane, ship or spacecraft that is designed to be replaced by a technician at a backshop.  Repair at backshops is known as field-level maintenance or intermediate-level (I-level) maintenance.

SRUs are similar in nature to line-replaceable units (LRUs), but rather than being complete functional units, represent component functions, such as circuit card assemblies, of a larger LRU.  SRUs are typically assigned logistics control numbers (LCNs) or work unit codes (WUCs) to manage logistics operations.

SRUs can be stocked to allow for quick remove and replace (R&R) operations on their parent LRUs or LLRUs, while also allowing for more extended repair operations at the backshop.

Calibration and repair of United States Air Force test equipment is conducted at shops known as precision measurement equipment laboratories.

See also
 Aircraft maintenance
 Avionics
 Field-replaceable unit
 Level of Repair Analysis
 Line-replaceable unit
 Maintenance, repair, and operations
 Spare part

Aircraft components
Military aviation
Military maintenance
Electricity sector in Luxembourg. Electricity sector in Luxembourg describes electricity issues in Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a member of OECD and European Union. Luxembourg imports most of its energy. Luxembourg is the EU country with the second smallest forecast of renewables in 2020. Luxembourg has one of the highest emissions of carbon dioxide per person in Europe.

Use 
According to IEA, the electricity use (gross production + imports – exports – transmission/distribution losses) in  Luxembourg in 2008 was 7.7 TWh and population 0.49 million people. Luxembourg was dependent on imported energy in 2008. Own production was 2% of primary energy in 2008. In 2008, electricity use per person in Luxembourg was 2.6 times greater than in the United Kingdom.

Wind power 
Total installed wind power was 42 MW at end of 2010. In the end of 2010 the installed wind power equalled in average 1.1% of electricity use. The European average was 5.3%. Wind power share was only lower than in Luxembourg in Latvia, Czech Republic, Finland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Malta Wind power target capacity in 2020 is 131 MW and 3.6% of electricity. According to EWEA 300 MW of installed wind capacity in Luxembourg
could cover up to 14% of the country's electricity consumption.

Global warming
Emissions of carbon dioxide in total, per capita in 2007 were 22.4  tons CO2 compared to EU 27 average 7.9 tons CO2.

In 2009 the emissions of carbon dioxide in total, per capita in Luxembourg were 21.5 tons  compared to the European average 7.1 tons .  The % change between 2008 and 2009 was both in Europe and North America minus 6.9% but in Luxembourg minus 11.2%. Globally annual declines of the country specific global warming emissions were substantially influenced by the financial recession of the world during 2008–2009 instead of measurable sustainable changes in the emissions sources development. The annual decline of 11.2%   in Luxembourg was 14th to 16th top decline in the world sharing the same value with Belgium and Ireland. Decline was the highest in Ukraine (−28,2 %), Brunei (−27,1), Tonga (−23,1) and Nigeria (−22,4).

European Union targets
Only Luxembourg (−2.1%) and Italy (−0.9%), have informed the European Commission that they envisage using the cooperation mechanisms to meet their national renewable energy target 11% by 2020. Luxembourg is the EU
country with the second smallest forecast penetration of renewables, with the NREAP assuming that only 12%
of electricity consumption will be met by renewables in 2020.

References
Okamura N-52. The Okamura N-52 is a low-wing, side-by-side seating sport aircraft, that was designed in Japan by students.

Development
The N-52 Started as a design experiment at Nihon University. Three test airframes were funded by Asahi Press for analysis.

Design
The N-52 is powered by a Continental A-65 engine. The aircraft features a single open cockpit with side-by-side seating and a taildragger landing gear. The aircraft was designed to accommodate up to  engines. Controllability with a  engine was considered sluggish.

Specifications (Okamura N-52)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1953
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
1950s Japanese civil aircraft
Japanese experimental aircraft
Brus equation. The Brus equation or confinement energy equation can be used to describe the emission energy of quantum dot semiconductor nanocrystals in terms of the band gap energy Egap, the Planck constant h, the radius of the quantum dot r, as well as the effective mass of the excited electron me* and of the excited hole mh*.  The equation was named after Louis E. Brus who  independently discovered it.

The radius of the quantum dot affects the wavelength of the emitted light due to quantum confinement, and this equation describes the effect of changing the radius of the quantum dot on the wavelength λ of the emitted light (and thereby on the emission energy , where c is the speed of light). This is useful for calculating the radius of a quantum dot from experimentally determined parameters.

The overall equation is
 

Egap, me*, and mh* are unique for each nanocrystal composition.
For example, with cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals:
 Egap (CdSe) =  = ,
 me* (CdSe) = 0.13 me = ,
 mh* (CdSe) = 0.45 me = .

References 

Quantum dots
Nanoparticles
Quantum electronics
Johanneberg Science Park. Johanneberg Science Park was established in December 2009 by the Chalmers University of Technology Foundation and the City of Gothenburg to create better conditions for regional sustainable growth, based on the activities currently conducted within Chalmers University of Technology at Campus Johanneberg in Gothenburg, Sweden.

The Science Park primarily support development of activities within the disciplines of Urban Development, Environment, Energy, Materials and Nanoscience.

External links
www.johannebergsciencepark.com

Science parks in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Gothenburg
2009 establishments in Sweden
Chalmers University of Technology
Robert T Beaty. Professor Robert T Beaty OBE FREng FIEE, FIProdE, engineer, is a former chairman of Renfrewshire Enterprise, Chairman of the Court of the University of Paisley and the University of the West of Scotland, and member of the Scottish Industrial Development Advisory Board.

Robert Thompson Beaty was born in 1943 and received his schooling at Hamilton Academy before entering the University of Glasgow at which he was Hoover scholar, BSc.

Following further training in engineering with the Hoover Company at Cambuslang, Scotland, Beaty has held numerous positions including those with IBM, of which he was a director (IBM, Greenock, Scotland, 1994–96), the Scottish Electronics Forum (chief executive 1996-97) and Semple Cochrane plc (non-executive director, 1996–99.) From 1996 Beaty has been visiting professor of product design at the University of Glasgow.

In 1995 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "The Growth of Information Technology".

In 1999, Robert Beaty was appointed chairman of Renfrewshire Enterprise, part of the Scottish Enterprise network, a position he held to 2003 in which year he was awarded the OBE for services to enterprise.

Beaty has also served as a member of the board of the Scottish Institute for Enterprise (2002–05) and of the Engineering Education Scheme for Scotland in addition to being a member of the court of the University of Paisley (merging with Bell College in 2007 to become the University of the West of Scotland) since 1999, and chairman 2006–10, and from 2000 a member of the management committee of James Watt College, and vice-chair 2005–07. In 2003 Beaty was also appointed to the Scottish Industrial Development Board.

In 1985 Robert Beaty was elected a Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (now merged to become in 2006 the Institution of Engineering and Technology) and in 1989 a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

References

External links 
University of the West of Scotland
James Watt College
Royal Academy of Engineering
Institution of Engineering and Technology

1943 births
People educated at Hamilton Academy
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Scottish engineers
Scottish scholars and academics
Living people
John Brown Francis Herreshoff. John Brown Francis Herreshoff (February 7, 1850 – January 30, 1932) was   second winner of the Perkin Medal. He was also the president of The General Chemical Company.

Biography
Herreshoff was born February 7, 1850, Bristol, Rhode Island, to the marriage of Charles Frederick Herreshoff III (1809–1888) and Julia Ann Lewis (; 1811–1901).

Herreshoff was a metallurgical chemist affiliated with the firm of Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, builders of yachts and torpedo boats. Herreshoff was hired by G. H. Nichols and Company in 1880 or 1882. He invented and built for them a water-jacketed furnace and quickly became a partner in the company.

Herreshoff was also the president of The General Chemical Company, which was founded in 1899 and merged in 1920 with Allied Corporation.

Recipient of the Perkin Medal
Herreshoff, in 1908, received the Perkin Medal, an award conferred annually by the American section of the Society of Chemical Industry to a scientist residing in America for an "innovation in applied chemistry resulting in outstanding commercial development." It is considered the highest honor given in the U.S. chemical industry.

Death
Herreshoff died January 30, 1932, at the home of his daughter in New York City. Interment was at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.

Family 
John Brown Francis Herreshoff was married four times. 
<li> He first married – on February 9, 1876 – Grace Eugenia Dyer (; 1851–1880), with whom he had a daughter, Louise Chamberlain Herreshoff (1876–1967), who went on to become a painter.
<li> After Grace's death, he married – on October 25, 1882, in Philadelphia – Emaline Duval ("Mildred") Lee (; 1863–1930). From that marriage, he had two sons and a daughter. One of the sons, Frederick Herreshoff (1888–1920), became a noted American amateur golfer. By way his daughter from that marriage, Sarah Lothrop Herreshoff (1889–1958), a grandson, Guido Borgianni (it) (1914–2011), became a noted Italian painter.
<li> Herreshoff and Mildred divorced June 4, 1919, in Manhattan, and five days later, on June 9, 1919, Herreshoff married Carrie Lucas Ridley (; 1878–1924), her second.
<li> On October 5, 1924 ( months after Carrie's death), Herreshoff married Carrie's sister, Irma Grey Ridley (1872–1946).

References

External links
 

1850 births
1932 deaths
Herreshoff family
Presidents of the American Chemical Society
American chemists
George Edwin Bailey. Sir George Edwin Bailey CBE MIMechE MIEE (19 October 1879 – 14 October 1965) was a British electrical engineer and industrialist.

He was born in Loughborough, Leicestershire, the tenth child of master tailor Thomas W. Bailey, and educated at Loughborough Grammar School. He became an apprentice at the Loughborough works of the Brush Electrical Engineering Company, continuing his technical education at the University College, Nottingham.

In 1907 he joined British Westinghouse as a draughtsman in the engine department at Trafford Park, Manchester, and was promoted to chief draughtsman in 1909. By 1913 he had been made superintendent of the engine department, becoming responsible for manufacture. When British Westinghouse became the Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company in 1919, Bailey was appointed works manager, becoming director and general manager of manufacture in 1927.

In 1929 he joined the board of Metropolitan-Vickers and when Associated Electrical Industries was created in 1931 was appointed the first Works Director. Within two years he had become Managing Director.

During the Second World War he served on various committees and was responsible for the urgent manufacture of the first thousand radar transmitters. He was awarded the CBE in 1941 and knighted in 1944. In 1951 he became Chairman of AEI.

He served as President of a number of societies and organisations, including the British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers' Association (1954), the Engineering and Allied Employers' National Federation (1940–43), the Institution of Production Engineers (1939–42), the Manchester District Engineering Employers Association and the Manchester Engineering Council.

He died in 1965 at his home in Berkshire. He had married Margaret Fanny, the daughter of Loughborough farmer Thomas Bolesworth, and had one daughter.

References 

 Grace's Guide
 ‘BAILEY, Sir George Edwin’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 accessed 26 April 2011
 H. West, ‘Bailey, Sir George Edwin (1879–1965)’, rev. Anita McConnell, first published 2004, 816 words 

1879 births
1965 deaths
People from Loughborough
People educated at Loughborough Grammar School
British electrical engineers
Knights Bachelor
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Metropolitan-Vickers people