omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Potassium pyrosulfate. Potassium pyrosulfate, or potassium disulfate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula K2S2O7.

Production
Potassium pyrosulfate is obtained by the thermal decomposition of other salts, most directly from potassium bisulfate:
 2 KHSO4 → K2S2O7 + H2O
Temperatures above 600°C further decompose potassium pyrosulfate to potassium sulfate and sulfur trioxide however:
 K2S2O7 → K2SO4 + SO3

Other salts, such as potassium trisulfate, can also decompose into potassium pyrosulfate.

Chemical structure
Potassium pyrosulfate contains the pyrosulfate anion which has a dichromate-like structure. The geometry can be visualized as a tetrahedron with two corners sharing the SO4 anion's configuration and a centrally bridged oxygen atom. A semi-structural formula for the pyrosulfate anion is O3SOSO32−. The oxidation state of sulfur in this compound is +6.

Uses
Potassium pyrosulfate is used in analytical chemistry; samples are fused with potassium pyrosulfate, (or a mixture of potassium pyrosulfate and potassium fluoride) to ensure complete dissolution prior to a quantitative analysis.

The compound is also present in a catalyst in conjunction with vanadium(V) oxide in the industrial production of sulfur trioxide.

See also
 Sodium pyrosulfate

References

Potassium compounds
Pyrosulfates
Martin Odersky. Martin Odersky (born 5 September 1958) is a German computer scientist and professor of programming methods at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland. He specializes in code analysis and programming languages. He spearheaded the design of Scala and Generic Java (and Pizza before).

In 1989, he received his Ph.D. from ETH Zurich under the supervision of Niklaus Wirth, who is best known as the designer of several programming languages, including Pascal. He did postdoctoral work at IBM and Yale University.

In 1997, he implemented the GJ compiler, and his implementation became the basis of javac, the Java compiler.

In 2002, he and others began working on Scala which had its first public release in 2003.

In 2007, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

On 12 May 2011, Odersky and collaborators launched Typesafe Inc. (renamed Lightbend Inc., ), a company to provide commercial support, training, and services for Scala.

He teaches three courses on the Coursera online learning platform: Functional Programming Principles in Scala, Functional Program Design in Scala and Programming Reactive Systems.

See also
 Timeline of programming languages
 Scala programming language

References

External links

Biographical notice, EPFL website

Interview with Martin Odersky about Scala Dr. Dobb's, 2011
Martin Odersky on the Future of Scala, Interview by Sadek Drobi on Jan 10, 2012
Martin Odersky on the release of Scala 3.0.0

Living people
German computer scientists
Programming language designers
Programming language researchers
2007 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Scala (programming language)
1958 births
ETH Zurich alumni
Academic staff of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells is a scientific journal  published by Elsevier covering research related to solar energy materials and solar cells. According to the Journal Citation Reports, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells has a 2020 impact factor of 7.267.

Controversies 
A paper titled "Ageing effects of perovskite solar cells under different environmental factors and electrical load conditions" published in 2018 in the journal corresponded to a paper previously published in the journal Nature Energy as "Systematic investigation of the impact of operation conditions on the degradation behaviour of perovskite solar cells".
It led to an investigation of plagiarism.

See also
 List of periodicals published by Elsevier

References

External links 
 

Elsevier academic journals
Energy and fuel journals
English-language journals
Materials science journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1968
Solar energy
Domestic energy consumption. Domestic energy consumption refers to the total energy consumption of a single household. Globally, the amount of energy used per household may vary significantly, depending on factors such as the standard of living of the country, the climate, the age of the occupant of the home, and type of residence. Households in different parts of the world will have differing levels of consumption, based on latitude and technology.

United States 
According to the US EIA as of 2022, the average annual amount of electricity sold to a U.S. residential electric-utility customer was 10,791 kilowatt-hours (kWh), or an average of about 899 kWh per month. The US state of Louisiana had the highest annual electricity purchases per residential customer at 14,774 kWh and the US state of Hawaii had the lowest at 6,178 kWh per residential customer.

As of 2008, in an average household in a temperate climate, the yearly use of household energy is comprised as follows:

European Union 
According to eurostat as of 2021, households represented 27% of final energy consumption in the EU. The main use of energy by households was for heating their homes (64.4% of final energy consumption in the residential sector), with renewables accounting for more than a quarter (27%) of EU households space heating consumption.

See also
 2000-watt society
 Zero-energy building

References

Energy consumption
Bundesautobahn 93. is an autobahn in Bavaria, Germany.

Route

Summary 

It consists of two parts: one is a short track, from the A 8, near the Austrian border, to the Inntal Autobahn (A12) in Tyrol, Austria, the other from Hof A 72 in the north of Bavaria to Holledau A 9. A connection between the two parts was planned but not implemented. For a connection of the two tracks Bundesstraße B 15n is in construction and will be the foundation of the Autobahn A 93 later on. Currently, the A 93 has an overall length of .

Exit list 

 

  

 

  

 
 

 
 

 
 

  

 

|-
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|Austria
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Accidents 
On 1 August 2023, an American military vehicle collided with a civilian truck while trying to enter A 93. One American soldier was killed in the collision. The A 93 was closed for several hours afterward.

References

093
A093
Asterisk Gateway Interface. Asterisk Gateway Interface (AGI) is a software interface and communications protocol for application level control of selected features of the Asterisk PBX.

AGI allows an external, user-written program, launched from the Asterisk dial plan via pipes to control telephony operations on its associated control and voice channels. It is similar to the CGI feature of web servers in allowing any language to be used for writing the external program which communicates with Asterisk via stdin and stdout.

While the initial feature set of AGI included only a procedural control of Asterisk operations via commands and response handshake, Enhanced AGI (EAGI) also provided out-of-band access to the incoming audio stream.

FastAGI is an extension to AGI which allows the external program to run at a separate network host to avoid the overhead of creating a new process for every call on the Asterisk server. It uses a TCP socket for communication to the external host which provides the function of an AGI service, in a manner of the client–server model. The default TCP port for FastAGI is 4573. Similar to HTTP uniform resource identifiers (URIs), FastAGI employs a URI format of .

The AGI feature set of Asterisk is implemented as an Asterisk loadable module (res_agi). The features may be access by a variety of application programming interfaces in various languages, such as phpagi, Perl AGI Library, CAGI, NanoAGI, and PyST

References

VoIP software
Streaming vibration current. The streaming vibration current (SVI) and the associated streaming vibration potential is an electric signal that arises when an acoustic wave propagates through a porous body in which the pores are filled with fluid.

Streaming vibration current was experimentally observed in 1948 by M. Williams. A theoretical model was developed some 30 years later by Dukhin and coworkers. This effect opens another possibility for characterizing the electric properties of the surfaces in porous bodies.

See also
Interface and colloid science

References

Chemical mixtures
Colloidal chemistry
Soft matter
Quilt (software). Quilt is a software utility for managing a series of changes to the source code of any computer program. Such changes are often referred to as "patches" or "patch sets". Quilt can take an arbitrary number of patches as input and condense them into a single patch. In doing so, Quilt makes it easier for many programmers to test and evaluate the different changes amongst patches before they are permanently applied to the source code.

Tools of this type are very important for distributed software development, in which many programmers collaborate to test and build a single large codebase.  For example, quilt is heavily used by the maintainers of the Linux kernel.

Quilt evolved from a set of patch-management scripts originally written by Linux kernel developer Andrew Morton, and was developed by Andreas Grünbacher for maintaining Linux kernel customizations for SuSE Linux. It is now being developed as a community effort, hosted at the GNU Savannah project repository and distributed as free software (its license is the GNU General Public License v2, or later).  Quilt's name originated from patchwork quilts.

Quilt has been incorporated into dpkg, Debian's package manager, and is one of the standard source formats supported from the Debian "squeeze" release onwards. This source format is identified as "3.0 (quilt)" by dpkg.  Quilt is integrated into the Buildroot, which is notably used by OpenWrt. Quilt is also integrated into and supported by the similar Yocto Project build system supported by the Linux Foundation.

Mercurial queues (mq), an extension of the Mercurial revision control system, provides similar functionality; and StGit provides an equivalent functionality on top of Git.

See also

 Apache Subversion
 Git (software)

References

External links
 
 Quilt Tutorial (PDF)

Free computer programming tools
Farrel Corporation. The Farrel Corporation is an American manufacturing company based in Ansonia, Connecticut.  Today, they manufacture process equipment for the plastics industry, and employ roughly 100 people.

History
Farrel was founded in 1848 as a foundry by Almon Farrel.  During the American Civil War, they produced bayonets and cannon barrels.  In 1926, Farrel Foundry merged with Birmingham Iron Foundry of Derby, Connecticut.  During the 1920s, Farrel-Birmingham began creating gears for use in US Navy propulsion systems in Buffalo, New York.  In 1941, the Navy contracted with Farrel-Birmingham and General Motors to begin manufacturing a rapid reversal gear system that would allow vessels to reverse engines without first slowing down.  In 1942, Farrel-Birmingham
received the E award from the Navy for their efforts.

In 1963, Farrel Birmingham adopted the current name of Farrel Corporation and began manufacturing process equipment for plastic plants.  During the 1970s and 1980s, Farrel went through several owners.  In 1986, a group of private equity investors including Rolf Liebergesell, Charles S. Jones and Alberto Shaio, acquired the company from Emhart Corporation (which later merged with Black & Decker) for $1.0 million plus assumption of debt.  At the CEO’s direction, Charles S. Jones’s firm divested the Roll Grinder products division, the Railroad products division, the steel extrusion division, and a 25% equity stake in the Italian Pomini enterprise.  The Railroad products division was acquired by Simmons Machine Tool Corporation (now NSH USA Corporation) in Albany, New York. Then, Farrel, under Liebergesell’s direction, focused exclusively on its core operations of plastic and rubber equipment.  By 1991, under the leadership of Al Shaio, head of sales, revenue doubled to $105 million, with $5.4 million in operating income.

In 1992, Charles S. Jones led Farrel’s IPO on NASDAQ, underwritten by Paine Webber and First Albany for a pre-money valuation of $52.1 million, giving the original investors a 52.1x return in less than six years, with an IRR of 92.1%.  Following the acquisition, Charles S. Jones led the acquisition of Farrel’s major competitors, including Rockstedt OHG in Germany, Francis Shaw Rubber Machinery Ltd. and PRC Fabrications Ltd in the United Kingdom and Skinner Engine in Erie, Pennsylvania.

In 2009, Farrel was acquired by the HF Machinery Group division of L. Possehl & Co., of Lübeck, Germany.

In 2016, Farrel built a new facility in Ansonia.

References

External links

Manufacturing companies based in Connecticut
Companies based in New Haven County, Connecticut
American companies established in 1848
Manufacturing companies established in 1848
1848 establishments in Connecticut
2009 mergers and acquisitions
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. The ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) series of academic conferences is generally considered the most prestigious in the field of human–computer interaction and is one of the top-ranked conferences in computer science. It is hosted by ACM SIGCHI, the Special Interest Group on computer–human interaction. CHI has been held annually since 1982 and attracts thousands of international attendees.

History
The CHI conference series started with the Human Factors in Computer Systems conference in Gaithersburg, Maryland, US in 1982, organized by Bill Curtis and Ben Shneiderman. During this meeting the formation of the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer–Human Interaction (SIGCHI) was first publicly announced. ACM SIGCHI became the sponsor of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. The first CHI conference was held in Boston, Massachusetts, US, in 1983. The second conference took place in San Francisco, in 1985. Since then, CHI conferences have been held annually in spring each year. Until 1992 the conference was held in Canada or the US. In 1993 CHI moved to Europe for the first time and was held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Over the years, CHI has grown in popularity. The 1982 meeting drew 907 attendees. CHI 90 attracted 2,314. Attendance has been fairly stable since then. After the early years CHI became highly selective. Since 1993 the acceptance rate for full papers was consistently below 30 percent. After 1992 the average acceptance rate was around 20 percent. The number of accepted full papers is slowly increasing and reached 157 accepted papers with an acceptance rate of 22 percent in 2008. CHI reached over 3,300 attendees in 2013 and 3,855 in 2019.

CHI 2020, which was originally planned to take place on April, was cancelled due to COVID-19, and CHI 2021 was held online as a virtual conference chaired by Yoshifumi Kitamura and Aaron Quigley. CHI 2021 “making waves, combining strengths” was originally scheduled to take place in Yokohama.

Tracks
The CHI conference consists of multiple tracks, including:

 Academic papers and notes (short papers) on a variety of topics, such as (ubiquitous computing, visualization, usability and user experience design)
 Posters and demonstrations
 Workshops and courses hosted by domain experts
 Invited panels on relevant topics
 Case studies from industry practitioners

Past and upcoming CHI conferences
Past and future CHI conferences include:

Notes

References

External links
 ACM SIGCHI website

Computer science conferences
Human–computer interaction
Association for Computing Machinery conferences
Yamuna Action Plan. The Yamuna Action Plan is a bilateral project between the Government of India and Japan, introduced in 1993. It is one of the largest river restoration projects in India. The Government of Japan, via the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), has provided financial aid to carry out the project, which is being executed by the National River Conservation Directorate, the Ministry of Environment and Forests, and the Government of India. Phase I, which began in 1993, marked its end in 2003, although it was expected to be completed by 2000.

Yamuna Action Plan Phase II
The Yamuna Action Plan Project Phase II, begun in 2003, is regarded as the core project under the National River Conservation Plan of Government of India. The project addresses the abatement of severe pollution of the River Yamuna by raising sewage treatment capacity, caused by rapid population growth, industrialization and urbanization in the towns of the river basin, which includes Delhi, the capital of India. Building new sewage treatment plants and expanding capacity of old ones and laying and rehabilitating sewers will be done to enhance the treatment capacity particularly in Delhi and Agra. These works will lead to improvement of the sanitation conditions for the residents of towns in the river basin. Public participation and awareness activities which are part of the project shall ensure the residents' recognition of the necessity of water quality conservation in the River Yamuna, and would establish linkage between the river conservation and their own living environments.

 the project was still going forward with an additional phase to clean pollution from the river.  The Yamuna is a tributary of the Ganges. Water Resources Minister Mr. Gadkari was hopeful that the Ganges River will be completely free of pollution by March 2020.

References
Yamuna Mission

External links
 "The status and effects of the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP)" Deepshikha Sharma and Arun Kansal, TERI University, 2008, retrieved June 8, 2019

 Yamuna Action Plan website
 Official consultant to the YAP project
 An article on the YAP project at The Tribune
 Yamuna Mission

Yamuna River
Environment of Delhi
Water pollution in India
India–Japan relations
Proposed infrastructure in India
Chlorine nitrate. Chlorine nitrate, with chemical formula ClONO2 is an important atmospheric gas present in the stratosphere.  It is an important sink of reactive chlorine and nitrogen, and thus its formation and destruction play an important role in the depletion of ozone.



Chemical properties
It explosively reacts with metals, metal chlorides, alcohols, ethers, and most organic materials. When it is heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of Cl2 and NOx.

Synthesis and reactions
It can be produced by the reaction of dichlorine monoxide and dinitrogen pentoxide at 0 °C:
Cl2O + N2O5 → 2 ClONO2

or by the reaction:
ClF + HNO3 → HF + ClONO2

It can also react with alkenes:
(CH3)2C=CH2 + ClONO2 → O2NOC(CH3)2CH2Cl

Chlorine nitrate reacts with metal chlorides:
4 ClONO2 + TiCl4 → Ti(NO3)4 + 4 Cl2

References 

Inorganic chlorine compounds
Nitrates
Oxidizing agents
Chlorine(I) compounds
Hypochlorites
HMAS Glenelg (ACPB 96). HMAS Glenelg (ACPB 96), named for the city of Glenelg, South Australia was an Armidale-class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

The Armidale-class patrol boats are  long, with a beam of , a draught of , and a standard displacement of 270 tons. The semi-displacement vee hull is fabricated from aluminium alloy, and each vessel is built to a combination of Det Norske Veritas standards for high-speed light craft and RAN requirements. The Armidales can travel at a maximum speed of , and are driven by two propeller shafts, each connected to an MTU 16V M70 diesel. The ships have a range of  at , allowing them to patrol the waters around the distant territories of Australia, and are designed for standard patrols of 21 days, with a maximum endurance of 42 days.

The main armament of the Armidale class is a Rafael Typhoon stabilised  gun mount fitted with an M242 Bushmaster autocannon. Two  machine guns are also carried. Boarding operations are performed by two , waterjet propelled rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RHIBs). Each RHIB is stored in a dedicated cradle and davit, and is capable of operating independently from the patrol boat as it carries its own communications, navigation, and safety equipment.

Each patrol boat has a standard ship's company of 21 personnel, with a maximum of 29. The Armidales do not have a permanently assigned ship's company; instead, they are assigned to divisions at a ratio of two vessels to three companies, which rotate through the vessels and allow the Armidales to spend more time at sea, without compromising sailors' rest time or training requirements. A 20-berth auxiliary accommodation compartment was included in the design for the transportation of soldiers, illegal fishermen, or unauthorised arrivals; in the latter two cases, the compartment could be secured from the outside. However, a malfunction in the sewerage treatment facilities aboard  in August 2006 pumped hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide into the compartment, non-fatally poisoning four sailors working inside, after which use of the compartment for accommodation was banned across the class.

Glenelg was one of two patrol boats ordered in 2005, following a 2004 federal election promise that the Coalition would provide a dedicated patrol force for the oil and gas producing facilities located off the north-west coast of Australia. Glenelg was constructed by Austal in Henderson, Western Australia. She was the last ship of the class to be commissioned, on 22 February 2008.

Operational history
She was based at HMAS Coonawarra, assigned to the Aware Division, and performs border protection duties.

Citations

References
Books

 The chapter is available separately as Semaphore, Issue 4, 2006 in PDF and HTML formats.

Journal and news articles

Websites and other media

External links
Royal Australian Navy webpage for HMAS Glenelg

Armidale-class patrol boats
Naval ships of Australia
R100 (disambiguation). The R100 was a British rigid airship in operation from 1929–1930.

R100 may also refer to:
Any of several BMW motorcycles from the 1970s and 1980s, including the R100R, R100RT, R100LT, and R100 GS
Imme R100, a German motorcycle made from 1948–1950
Mazda R100, a coupe car
Radeon R100, a graphics chip
NEC R100, prototype for the PaPeRo, a personal robot
R100 (film), a 2013 film by Hitoshi Matsumoto
Norristown High Speed Line, previously named R100
 R100, a NIOSH air filtration rating for respirators
 Canon EOS R100, an entry-level mirrorless camera