omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Danish pile-driving formula. The Danish pile-driving formula is a formula which enables one to have a good gauge of the bearing capacity of a driven pile.

History

The formula was constructed by the Danish civil engineer Andreas Knudsen in 1955. It was made as a part of his final project at The Technical University of Denmark and was published for the Geotechnic Congress in London in 1956. It later became part of the Danish Code of Practice for Foundation Engineering and was named.

The formula

in which

where

 Qdy = ultimate dynamic bearing capacity of driven pile
 α = pile driving hammer efficiency
 WH = weight of hammer
 H = hammer drop
 S = inelastic set of piles, in distance pr. hammer blow
 Se = elastic set of piles, in distance pr. hammer blow
 L = pile length
 A = pile end area
 E = modulus of elasticity of pile material

References 
 Dansk standard  DS/EN 1997-1, 2. udgave, 2007-06-22

Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, November 1967 

The Influence of Time on the Bearing capacity of Driven Piles

External links 
   – The Danish Code of Practice – homepage.

Equations
USS LSM-17. The USS LSM-17 was a  of the United States Navy, commissioned at Brown Shipyards in Houston, Texas, on 14 June 1944. During the remainder of World War II, it served in the Pacific.

References

Further reading
 Stevenson, William J., and Wendy Stevenson Clem. 2001. Lucky 17: Narratives from an LSM Crew as Part of the Amphibious Navy Fleet During WWII. Roseville, MI: CNC Systems, Inc.

1944 ships
LSM-1-class landing ships medium
Ships built in Houston
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ultra-Fab Sundowner. The Ultra-Fab Sundowner, also called the Sundowner Convertible, is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed by Bob Leinen and produced by Ultra-Fab. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a strut-braced high wing, a single-seat, conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by "V" struts and jury struts. A single aluminum tube acts as the fuselage keel and supports the tail at the aft end, the wings in the middle and the engine at the front. The engines supplied include the  Rotax 277 and the  Cuyuna UL II. The aircraft may be flown with an open cockpit or with zippered sailcloth cockpit enclosure panels installed for cold weather flying. The controls are conventional three-axis and include a center stick, adjustable rudder pedals and full-span ailerons. The landing gear has aluminum torsion suspension on all wheels and the tailwheel is steerable.

The aircraft was introduced just as the ultralight market in the US became saturated and demand collapsed. As a result, even though the Sundowner had many innovative features, it was not a commercial success.

Specifications (Sundowner)

References

External links
Drawing of the Sundowner

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
F. W. Hutchinson. Francis William Hutchinson (1910–1990) was an engineer, and a pioneer in HVAC research.

Hutchinson graduated from the California Institute of Technology in 1931, and received an M.S. and M.E. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1937. 
He was a professor of engineering at Berkeley and at Purdue University. At Purdue, he established a solar energy research program in which two experimental solar houses (one with large double glazed windows) were built on the Purdue campus in the summer of 1945. By analyzing this experiment, Hutchinson concluded that the solar gain through the double glazed house was greater than the excess heat loss. 
This study led to the manufacture of Thermopane  glass in 1946, which is widely used in modern architecture.

Hutchinson was the author or co-author of 178 papers & articles and 14 books on industrial topics.
He was a member of ASHRAE Hall of Fame.

References

The Solar Home Book - heating, cooling and designing with the sun, by Bruce Anderson with Michael Riordan, Brick House Publishing,  1976
Design of heating and ventilating systems, Hutchinson, Industrial Press, 1955
Panel Heating and Cooling Analysis, by Raber & Hutchinson, Wiley, 1947

1910 births
1990 deaths
20th-century American engineers
California Institute of Technology alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
Purdue University faculty
532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment. The 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment was a United States Army engineer unit that served in World War II  and the Korean War. It was designated the 532nd Engineer Amphibian Regiment in July 1943 and was assigned to the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade.

One member, Junior Van Noy, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for actions during the Huon Peninsula campaign.

Notes

References
Baldwin, William C. (1985). "Amphibian Engineers in World War II", Engineer, 4.
Becker, Marshall O. (1946). The Amphibious Training Center. Washington, D.C.: Historical Section, Army Ground Forces.
Stanton, Shelby L. (2006). World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939-1946 (Revised Edition). Mechanicsburg: Stackpole
 
 
 
Military units and formations established in 1943
1943 establishments in the United States
Engineer Regiments of the United States Army
United States Army regiments in World War II
United States Army units and formations in the Korean War
Uglich Hydroelectric Station. The Uglich Hydroelectric Station or Uglich GES () is a hydroelectric station on the Volga River in Uglich in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, and is the first of the Volga-Kama cascade of dams. It began operating on December 8, 1940, making it one of the oldest hydroelectric plants in Russia. The 120-MW plant is operated by RusHydro. There is also a Russian hydropower museum located at the hydroelectric plant dedicated to the development of hydropower.

History

Plant construction began in 1935 and the first excavator arrived in January 1936. The plant's design was approved on May 23, 1938 by the Economic Council of the USSR Council of People's Commissars, modeled after the Rybinsk hydroelectric station. Gulag prisoners were used in the construction. Many villages and the old part of Kalyazin were flooded by the reservoir created by the dam. Some of the oldest buildings in the region, including the 15th-century Intercession Monastery in Uglich and the 16th-century Trinity Monastery in Kalyazin, were submerged by the reservoir.

The first hydroelectric generator went into operation on December 8, 1940, and the second began operating on March 20, 1941.

Upgrades
In 2007 Voith Hydro acquired a contract to replace the second hydroelectric generator at the plant, after almost 70 years of operation. The generator's operation had fallen from an initial 55 MW to 35 MW after years of deterioration. The estimated cost of the replacement was 34 million euros.  The new generator was finished in 2011 and RusHydro began modernizing the plant's first generator in June 2011, with plans to complete the equipment replacement by 2020.

In 2024 a new rotor of the hydraulic unit was installed, replacing the one that was installed in 1940.

References

External links

Dams in Russia
Hydroelectric power stations built in the Soviet Union
Hydroelectric power stations in Russia
Buildings and structures in Yaroslavl Oblast
1940 establishments in the Soviet Union
Dams completed in 1940
Dams on the Volga River
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Yaroslavl Oblast
Basse und Selve. Basse und Selve (BuS) were German manufacturers of engines for automobiles, motorcycles, boats, aircraft and railcars, supplying engines for Selve cars built at the Selve Automobilwerke AG, but also various other manufacturers of automobiles and commercial vehicles, such as Beckmann, Mannesmann, and Heim. The Altena factory was founded in 1908 by Gustav Selve, employing 2,000 workers, with Dr. Walther von Selve taking over the firm on the death of Gustav Selve, his father.

Basse und Selve aero-engines did not make a big impact on the aviation industry in Germany, but did find limited use, particularly in several large aircraft. The largest and most powerful fighter fitted with a Basse & Selve engine was the Hansa-Brandenburg W.34, a single prototype of which was completed before hostilities ceased in 1918. Several large Riesenflugzeuge were also fitted with Basse & Selve engines, but they were generally replaced with Mercedes or Maybach alternatives as soon as possible.

Basse & Selve continued to build engines until closing its doors in 1932, two years before the closure of its sister company, Selve Automobilwerke AG, which closed in 1934.

Aero-engines

Basse und Selve is known to have produced the following engines for aircraft and/or airships:
 BuS.III
 BuS.IV
 BuS.IVa

Applications

Hansa-Brandenburg W.34
BuS.IVa
AGO S.I
 1 x 150 hp BuS.III (1918)
Rumpler C.I
 1 x 260 hp BuS.IV  (1918)
Siemens-Schuckert R.VIII
 6 x 300 hp BuS.IVa  (1918)
Rumpler C.IV
1 x BuS.IVa
Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI
4 x 300 hp BuS.IVa,  R.52/16 only, later replaced by four 245hp Maybach Mb.IVa engines

See also 

 List of aircraft engine manufacturers
 Gustav Selve
 Selve Automobilwerke AG, German car manufacturer
 Selve, Swiss metal company located in Thun in Switzerland.

External links

:de:Selve-Brunnen
a photo of a sectioned BuS.IV

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of Germany
Manufacturing companies established in 1908
German brands
Car manufacturers of Germany
Companies of Prussia
1908 establishments in Germany
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1934
1934 disestablishments in Germany
William Newnham (engineer). William Langston Newnham  (14 October 1888 – 15 March 1974) was a New Zealand civil engineer and engineering administrator. He was a key member of the Public Works Department for over forty years, working on the railways, including the Napier–Gisborne railway, Rimutaka deviation, the North Auckland main trunk, [the Stratford–main trunk link and the Otira rail tunnel. For many years he was a member of the Engineers Registration Board set up by the Engineers Registration Act 1924.

In the 1952 New Year Honours Newnham was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

References

1888 births
1974 deaths
People from Christchurch
New Zealand Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century New Zealand engineers
German submarine U-608. German submarine U-608 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. During the Battle of the Atlantic, she was commanded by Kapitänleutnant Rolf Struckmeier as a unit of Wolfpack Vorwärts.

She was scuttled in the Bay of Biscay on 10 August 1944 after being attacked by a RAF Liberator aircraft with depth charges.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-608 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-608 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Fate
She was scuttled in the Bay of Biscay on 10 August 1944 after being attacked by a RAF Liberator aircraft with depth charges. The damaged boat surfaced unnoticed and was scuttled by her crew, which was rescued by  six hours later suffering no losses.

Wolfpacks
U-608 took part in 19 wolfpacks, namely:
 Stier (29 August – 2 September 1942)
 Vorwärts (2 – 15 September 1942)
 Pfeil (1 – 9 February 1943)
 Neptun (18 February – 3 March 1943)
 Neuland (8 – 13 March 1943)
 Dränger (14 – 20 March 1943) 
 Trutz (1 – 16 June 1943)
 Trutz 1 (16 – 29 June 1943)
 Geier 1 (30 June – 15 July 1943)
 Schlieffen (14 – 22 October 1943)
 Siegfried (22 – 27 October 1943)
 Siegfried 1 (27 – 30 October 1943)
 Jahn (31 October – 2 November 1943)
 Tirpitz 2 (2 – 8 November 1943)
 Eisenhart 7 (9 – 11 November 1943)
 Schill 2 (17 – 22 November 1943) 
 Igel 2 (9 – 17 February 1944) 
 Hai 1 (17 – 22 February 1944) 
 Preussen (22 February – 14 March 1944)

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 U-608 at wrecksite.eu

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1942
U-boats sunk in 1944
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
World War II submarines of Germany
1941 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Maritime incidents in August 1944
Fixed-function. Fixed-function is a term canonically used to contrast 3D graphics APIs and earlier GPUs designed prior to the advent of shader-based 3D graphics APIs and GPU architectures.

History 
Historically fixed-function APIs consisted of a set of function entry points that would approximately or directly map to dedicated logic for their named purpose in GPUs designed to support them.  As shader based GPUs and APIs evolved, fixed-function APIs were implemented by graphics driver engineers using the more general purpose shading architecture.  This approach served as a segue that would continue providing the fixed-function API abstraction most developers were experienced with while allowing further development and enhancements of the newer shader-based architectures.
 
OpenGL, OpenGL ES and DirectX (Direct3D) are all 3D graphics APIs that went through the transition from the fixed-function programming model to the shader-based programming model.  Below is a table of when the transition from fixed-function to shaders was made:

Fixed function vs shaders 
Fixed function APIs tend to be a simpler programming abstraction with a series of well-defined and specifically named graphics pipeline stages.  Shader-based APIs treat graphics data (vertices and pixels / texels) generically and allow a great deal of flexibility in how this data is modulated.  More sophisticated rendering techniques are possible using a shader-based API.

References 

3D rendering
Java Grammatical Evolution. In computer science, Java Grammatical Evolution is an implementation of grammatical evolution in the Java programming language. Two examples include the jGE library and GEVA.

jGE Library
The jGE library was the first published implementation of grammatical evolution in the Java language.  GEVA is another published Java implementation. GEVA was developed at University College Dublin's Natural Computing Research & Applications group under the guidance of one of the inventors of grammatical evolution, Dr. Michael O'Neill.

The jGE library aims to provide an implementation of grammatical evolution as well as an open-source, extendable, and free framework for experimentation in the area of evolutionary computation. It supports the implementation of any evolutionary algorithm through additions and extensions. Its extendable architecture and design aims to facilitate the implementation and incorporation of new experimental implementations inspired by natural evolution and biology.

The jGE library binary file, source code, documentation, and an extension for the NetLogo modeling environment, named jGE NetLogo extension, can be downloaded from the jGE Official Web Site.

License
The jGE library is free software released under the GNU General Public License v3.

References

External links
 jGE Official Web Site

Evolutionary algorithms software
National Transonic Facility. The National Transonic Facility (NTF), also known internally as facility 1236, is a high-pressure, cryogenic, closed-circuit wind tunnel at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. It uses nitrogen gas, at high pressure, to cool the air which allows flight aerodynamics to be duplicated in small scale. The cross section of the tunnel is  high and  wide. Unlike full-scale wind tunnels, the NTF can adjust airflow to match any model size down to 1/50 scale. The facility can operate at temperatures ranging from -250°F to + 150°F. To achieve lower than ambient temperature, liquid nitrogen is sprayed into the tunnel through nozzles upwind of the fan used to accelerate the air.

The facility has tested aircraft such as the Boeing 777, Boeing 767, Space Shuttle as well as blended wing designs such as the B-2 bomber, A-6 Intruder, F-18 Hornet.

References

Langley Research Center
Wind tunnels
Buildings and structures in Hampton, Virginia
List of thread standards. A screw thread, often shortened to thread, is a helical structure used to convert between rotational and linear movement or force. A screw thread is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the former being called a straight thread and the latter called a tapered thread. More screw threads are produced each year than any other machine element.

Threads are generally produced according to one of the many standards of thread systems. Standards Development Organizations such as the American National Standards Institute, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, SAE International, International Organization for Standardization, Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization), British Association and others produce these standards for manufacturers to follow when producing threaded components.

Currently used thread standards

Obsolete thread standards

See also
ISO metric screw thread
"History of standardization" section of the screw thread article
National pipe thread

Notes

References

Lists of standards
Screws
NingBo Vocational Education Central School. Ningbo Vocational Education Central School (VEC; simplified Chinese: 宁波市职业技术教育中心学校; traditional Chinese: 寧波市職業技術教育中心學校) is a national-level key vocational school in Ningbo, China. It was established in 1957 under the name "Ningbo 18th High School" or "Yifu vocational senior high school".

Honor 
 National-level key vocational school
 Education and scientific research of advanced collective
 Modern education technology school

Departments 
 Dept. of Computer network technology 
 Dept. of Electronic commerce
 Dept. of Graphic design
 Dept. of Computerized accounting
 Dept. of Computer software design
 Dept. of CNC tooling making
 Dept. of Auto repair
 Dept. of Numerical control
 Dept. of Urban railway system control
 Dept. of Urban rail transit management
 Dept. of Mechatronics
 Dept. of Industrial product design

References 

Vocational education in China
George H. Pegram. George Herndon Pegram (1855–1937), most commonly known as George H. Pegram, was an engineer who patented the Pegram truss.

Biography
George H. Pegram was born in Council Bluffs, Iowa, on December 29, 1855. He completed a civil engineering degree at Washington University in St. Louis in 1877. He died in Brooklyn, New York, on December 23, 1937.

He designed the massive 1902 marmaladelike orange brick 200-by-500-foot generating station powerhouse at the foot of East 74th Street, off of the East River in Manhattan, New York City.

A number of Pegram truss bridges are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Examples include:
Cold Springs Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, built 1894, over the Big Wood River, 0.5 mi. S of jct. of US 93 and ID 367, Ketchum, ID, NRHP-listed
Conant Creek Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, over the Conant Creek. 1 mi. S of jct. of Squirrel Rd. and Old Ashton-Victor RR spur tracks Grainville, ID, NRHP-listed
Gimlet Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, over the Big Wood River, 0.5 mi. S of jct. of US 93 and E. Fork Wood River Rd., Ketchum, ID, NRHP-listed
Grace Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, over the Bear R. 0.5 mi. NNW of jct. of ID 34 and Turner Rd. Grace, ID, NRHP-listed
Ririe A Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, over the Snake R. 1 mi. NNE of jct. of Heise Rd. and East Belt Branch RR tracks Ririe, ID, NRHP-listed
Ririe B Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, over the Snake R. flood channel, 0.5 mi. NNE of jct. of Heise Rd. and East Belt Branch RR tracks Ririe, ID, NRHP-listed
St. Anthony Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, over Henry's Fork. 0.5 mi. S of jct. of S. Parker Rd. and West Belt Branch RR tracks St. Anthony, ID, NRHP-listed
St. Louis Union Station train shed, 1820 Market Street, St. Louis, Missouri
Yakima Valley Transportation Company Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, over the Naches River between Yakima and Selah, Washington Yakima, WA Listed on NRHP as part of listing for Yakima Valley Transportation Company

References

External links

American civil engineers
19th-century American inventors
McKelvey School of Engineering alumni
1855 births
1937 deaths
People from Council Bluffs, Iowa
Michael Gaster. Michael Gaster FRS is a British aerospace engineer, and Professor of Experimental Aerodynamics, at City University, London.

Gaster was awarded the Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics) for "outstanding contribution in the field of aerospace engineering" in 2010.

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052518/http://www.researchpublications.qmul.ac.uk/publications/staff/19299.html

British aerospace engineers
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring recipients
Engineering professors at the University of Cambridge
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Physical Society
MacFam Cavalier. The MacFam Cavalier is a homebuilt aircraft designed by Stan McLeod, developed through a progressing series of models, all using all-wooden construction.  The model range includes the SA102, SA102.5, SA103, SA104 and the SA105.

Design and development
The Cavalier was a new design based on the French wooden homebuilt GY-20 Minicab designed by Yves Gardan in 1949. The plans were translated from French to English and modified by Stan McLeod. The plans were marketed by K&S Aircraft of Calgary, Alberta and later MacFam.

The Cavalier is a two-seat side-by-side configuration homebuilt that uses all-wood construction. The landing gear may be configured as fixed, or retractable, in tricycle or conventional layout. The wing uses a single box spar covered in 3/32" plywood leading edge skins. The entire wing is fabric covered.

The early Cavalier SA102 series can accept any four cylinder aircraft engine ranging in weight up to  and , including the Continental O-200, Lycoming O-235 and Franklin 4AC. Later series can use larger engines. SA102 options included wing tip tanks and a third jump seat.

Variants
SA102
1963 Interchangeable tricycle gear to conventional gear configuration with sliding canopy.
SA102.5
1968 model
SA103
Conventional gear version of Super Cavalier
SA104
Tricycle gear version of Super Cavalier
SA105 Super Cavalier
1968 model retractable tricycle gear model. Engineered for larger 200hp engines.

Aircraft on display

Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport - main terminal building.

Specifications (SA105 Super Cavalier)

See also

References

Cavalier
1960s Canadian sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1963