omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
MEG. MEG may refer to:

 Mono-Ethylene glycol, an alternative name ethylene glycol, organic compound ethane-1,2-diol
 Madras Engineer Group, regiment of the Corps of Engineers of the Indian Army
 Maghreb-Europe Gas Pipeline, a natural gas pipeline linking Africa and Europe
 Magnetoencephalography, mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by currents in the brain
 Malange Airport, by IATA code, airport in Malanje, Angola
 Media General, by NYSE stock symbol, defunct American media company
 Melody Garden stop, by MTR station code, a light rail stop in Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
 Midland Examining Group, former exam board in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
 Motionless electromagnetic generator, purported perpetual motion machine
 The Mu to E Gamma experiment, a particle physics experiment in muon decay
 Multiple exciton generation, a concept in quantum electronics
 Musée d'ethnographie de Genève, an ethnographic museum in Geneva (Switzerland)
 Museum Ethnographers Group, a collective of ethnographic researchers
 Meg (singer), a living Japanese singer, songwriter and model
 Meghalaya, a state in northeastern India (postal code MEG)

See also 

 Meg (disambiguation)
 Meg, for people with the name
 

ja:メグ
Compile time. In computer science, compile time (or compile-time) describes the time window during which a language's statements are converted into binary instructions for the processor to execute.
The term is used as an adjective to describe concepts related to the context of program compilation, as opposed to concepts related to the context of program execution (runtime).
For example, compile-time requirements are programming language requirements that must be met by source code before compilation and compile-time properties are properties of the program that can be reasoned about during compilation.
The actual length of time it takes to compile a program is usually referred to as compilation time.

Compile time/Early binding vs Run time 
The determination of execution model have been set during the compile time stage.
Run time- the method of execution and allocation - have been set during the run time and are based on the run time dynamicity.

Overview
Most compilers have at least the following compiler phases (which therefore occur at compile-time): syntax analysis, semantic analysis, and code generation.
During optimization phases, constant expressions in the source code can also be evaluated at compile-time using compile-time execution, which reduces the constant expressions to a single value.
This is not necessary for correctness, but improves program performance during runtime.

Programming language definitions usually specify compile time requirements that source code must meet to be successfully compiled.
For example, languages may stipulate that the amount of storage required by types and variables can be deduced.

Properties of a program that can be reasoned about at compile time include range-checks  (e.g.,  proving that an array index will not exceed the array bounds), deadlock freedom in concurrent languages, or timings  (e.g., proving that a sequence of code takes no more than an allocated amount of time).

Compile-time occurs before link time (when the output of one or more compiled files are joined) and runtime (when a program is executed).
Although in the case of dynamic compilation, the final transformations into machine language happen at runtime.

There is a trade-off between compile-time and link-time in that many compile time operations can be deferred to link-time without incurring run-time cost.

See also
Link time
Run time (program lifecycle phase)
Compiling
Type system
Dynamic compilation
 Just in time compilation

References

Compiler construction
DHT. DHT may refer to:

Science and technology
 Discrete Hartley transform, in mathematics
 Distributed hash table, lookup service in computing

Chemistry
Dihydrotestosterone, hormone derived from testosterone
Dihydrotachysterol, synthetic vitamin D analog

Other
 DHT (band), Belgian dance duo
 Dr Hadwen Trust, UK charity promoting animal experiments alternatives
 Dalhart Municipal Airport, (IATA code), an airport near Dalhart, Texas
 Grande Prairie Daily Herald-Tribune, a newspaper in Canada
 David Hume Tower, the former name of 40 George Square, a University of Edinburgh building

See also
Dolly. Dolly may refer to:

Tools
Dolly (tool), a portable anvil
Dolly pot, also known as a dolly, a portable tool used for crushing small quantities of ore-bearing rock, by hand, in a process known as dollying
 A posser, also known as a dolly, used for laundering
 A variety of wheeled tools, including:
Dolly (trailer), for towing behind a vehicle
Boat dolly or launching dolly, a device for launching small boats into the water
Camera dolly, platform that enables a movie or video camera to move during shots
Hand truck, sometimes called a dolly
Flatbed trolley, sometimes called a dolly

People
 Dolly (name), a list of people with the given name or nickname
 Dolly Parton, American singer (born 1946)

In arts and entertainment

Fictional characters 
 One of Bonnie's toys in the film Toy Story 3
 Dolly Gopher, in the television film Re-Animated
 Dolly Gallagher Levi, in the movie Hello Dolly
 Dolly for Sue, from the 1964 film Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
 Dolly (character), from The Story of Tracy Beaker
 In the film Sea Monsters: A Prehistoric Adventure, short for Dolichorhynchops
 One of the characters from 101 Dalmatian Street
 Dolly Mishra, a character played by Kareena Kapoor in the 2006 Indian film Omkara
 Dolly, a self-titled character played by Dolly Ahluwalia in the 2012 Indian film Vicky Donor

Film and television 
Dolly shot, a type of film sequence
Dolly (film), a 1929 French silent film directed by Pierre Colombier
Dolly (1976 TV series), a television show starring Dolly Parton
Dolly (1987 TV series), a television show starring Dolly Parton

Music
Dolly (French band)
Dolly (Japanese band)
Dolly (Fauré), a collection of duet pieces for piano by Gabriel Fauré
Dolly (album), a 1975 album by Dolly Parton
Dolly (song), a song by rapper Lil Tecca feat. Lil Uzi Vert

Print
Dolly (magazine), an Australian publication
"Dolly" (story), a 2011 short story by Elizabeth Bear

Other uses
Tropical Storm Dolly, various storms
Dolly (sheep), the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell
Dolly (company), a Brazilian company and soft drink brand
Dolly's Cay, or Dolly's Rock, Bahamas
Mephedrone, drug referred to in slang as "dolly" or "dollies" 
Dolly, fanclub of the Korean musical group F-ve Dolls

See also
 Dolly mixture, a British confection
 Dolley, a similarly spelled given name
 Doily, an ornamental mat
 Deccani cinema or Dollywood, Deccani/Hyderabadi Urdu film industry in India
 Dollie (disambiguation)
UNIVAC 1102. The UNIVAC 1102 or ERA 1102 was designed by Engineering Research Associates for the United States Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Center in Tullahoma, Tennessee in response to a request for proposal issued in 1950. The Air Force needed three computers to do data reduction for two wind tunnels and an engine test facility. 

The 1102 was a variant of the UNIVAC 1101, using its 24-bit word and a smaller (only 8,192 words) drum memory. The machine had 2,700 vacuum tubes, weighed , and occupied  of floor area.

The computers were connected to data channels coming from the wind tunnels and the engine facility. There were five typewriters for printed output, five paper tape punches, and four pen plotters to produce graphs.

The three computers and related peripherals were delivered between July 1954 and July 1956 at a total price of $1,400,000. Software for the computers was developed entirely at the Arnold Engineering Development center. All programming was done in machine code (assemblers and compilers were never developed).

See also
List of UNIVAC products
History of computing hardware
List of vacuum-tube computers

References 

1102
24-bit computers
Vacuum tube computers
Military computers
Computer-related introductions in 1953
I486SL. The Intel i486SL is the power-saving variant of the i486DX microprocessor. The SL was designed for use in mobile computers. It was produced between November 1992 and June 1993. Clock speeds available were 20, 25 and 33 MHz. The i486SL contained all features of the i486DX.

In addition, the System Management Mode (SMM) (the same mode introduced with i386SL) was included with this processor. The system management mode makes it possible to shut down the processor without losing data. To achieve this, the processor state is saved in an area of static RAM (SMRAM).

In mid-1993, Intel incorporated the SMM feature in all its new 80486 processors and discontinued the SL series.

Refer to the respective section of the list of Intel microprocessors for technical details.

References

80486SL
32-bit microprocessors
Computer-related introductions in 1992
SBN. SBN can mean:

 Naval Aircraft Factory SBN, a scout/torpedo bomber from the mid-1930s
 Sehar Broadcasting Network, a television channel in Pakistan
 Servizio bibliotecario nazionale, the National Library Service of Italy
 Small Business Network, by PCM, Inc.
 Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology
 Sonlife Broadcasting Network of the Jimmy Swaggart Ministries
 South Bend International Airport, IATA code
 Southern Broadcasting Network, in the Philippines
 Standard Beatbox Notation
 Standard Book Numbering, which developed into ISBN
 Strontium barium niobate
 Former Student Broadcast Network, UK
 Subtract and branch if negative, computer opcode
 Supervision Broadcasting Network, Mongolia
Tripod. A tripod is a portable three-legged frame or stand, used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of some other object. The three-legged (triangular stance) design provides good stability against gravitational loads as well as horizontal shear forces, and better leverage for resisting tipping over due to lateral forces can be achieved by spreading the legs away from the vertical centre.
Variations with one, two, and four legs are termed monopod, bipod, and quadripod (similar to a table).

Etymology

First attested in English in the early 17th century, the word tripod comes via Latin tripodis (GEN of tripus), which is the romanization of Greek  (tripous), "three-footed" (GEN , tripodos), ultimately from  (tri-), "three times" (from , tria, "three") +  (pous), "foot". The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek , ti-ri-po, written in Linear B syllabic script.

Cultural use 

Many cultures, including the ancient peoples of China and Greece, used tripods as ornaments, trophies, sacrificial altars, cooking vessels or cauldrons, and decorative ceramic pottery. Tripod pottery have been part of the archaeological assemblage in China since the earliest Neolithic cultures of Cishan and Peiligang in the 7th and 8th millennia BC. Sacrificial tripods were found in use in ancient China usually cast in bronze but sometimes appearing in ceramic form. They are often referred to as "dings" and usually have three legs, but in some usages have four legs.

The Chinese use sacrificial tripods symbolically in modern times, such as in 2005, when a "National Unity Tripod" made of bronze was presented by the central Chinese government to the government of northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to mark its fiftieth birthday. It was described as a traditional Chinese sacrificial vessel symbolizing unity.

In ancient Greece, tripods were frequently used to support lebes, or cauldrons, sometimes for cooking and other uses such as supporting vases.

Firearms

Tripods are commonly used on machine guns to provide a stable mount for the weapon when firing.

Tripods are generally restricted to heavier weapons where the weight would be an encumbrance. For lighter weapons such as rifles, a bipod is more common. However, in recent times tripod saddles have become popular for precision rifle shooting sports, with the weapon placed in a vise-like rest which is mounted to a tripod head or with the weapon mounted directly to the tripod head.

Photography

Surveying

Astronomy
The astronomical tripod is a sturdy three-leg stand used to support telescopes or binoculars, though they may also be used to support attached cameras or ancillary equipment. The astronomical tripod is normally fitted with an altazimuth or equatorial mount to assist in tracking celestial bodies.

Laboratory

See also 
 ISO 1222 (tripod screw mount)
 Trivet
 Triskelion

References

External links 
 
 
Complete information of tripods
Firearm components
Photography equipment
Tools

pl:Statyw
sr:Tronožac
Leik Myrabo. Leik Myrabo is an aerospace engineering professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute who retired from there in 2011. He made the first demonstrations of the use of ground-based lasers to propel objects, lifting them hundreds of feet. His goal was to use ground-based lasers to propel objects into orbit; possibly reducing orbit-flight costs by large factors.

Research
Professor Myrabo first had the idea for laser-propelled Lightcraft in the early 1980s, while working on "Star Wars" anti-missile technology. In 1985 he co-wrote, with SF author Dean Ing, a popularization of this and other unconventional propulsion concepts in "The Future of Flight", published by Baen. Myrabo's "lightcraft" design is a reflective funnel-shaped craft that channels heat from the laser, towards the center, causing it to literally explode the air underneath it, generating lift. This method, however is dependent entirely on the laser's power, and even the most powerful models currently can only serve for modest test purposes. To keep the craft stable, a small jet of pressurized nitrogen spins the craft at 6,000 revolutions per minute. Lightcraft were limited to paper studies until about 1996, when Myrabo and Air Force scientist Franklin Mead began trying them out.

The first tests succeeded in reaching over 100 feet, which compares to Robert Goddard's first test flight of his rocket design. In 2000, a new flight record was set with a flight lasting 10.5 seconds and reaching 72 meters (236 feet).

See also
Lightcraft
Spacecraft propulsion

External links
Prof. Leik Myrabo at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
CNN Special Report on Myrabo's work
Biography
The Space Show - Dr. Leik Myrabo

References

21st-century American engineers
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
PKI. PKI may refer to:

 Partai Komunis Indonesia, the Communist Party of Indonesia
 Peter Kiewit Institute, an Information Technology and Engineering school of the University of Nebraska system
 Protein kinase inhibitor, a type of enzyme inhibitor that specifically blocks the action of one or more protein kinases
 Public key infrastructure, a computer security technology
 Paramount’s Kings Island, a theme park in Ohio (now simply Kings Island)
Superminicomputer. A superminicomputer, colloquially supermini, is a high-end minicomputer. The term is used to distinguish the emerging 32-bit architecture midrange computers introduced in the mid to late 1970s from the classical 16-bit systems that preceded them. The development of these computers was driven by the need of applications to address larger memory. The term midicomputer had been used earlier to refer to these systems. Virtual memory was often an additional criteria that was considered for inclusion in this class of system. The computational speed of these machines was significantly greater than the 16-bit minicomputers and approached the performance of small mainframe computers. The name has at times been described as a "frivolous" term created by "marketeers" that lacks a specific definition. Describing a class of system has historically been seen as problematic: "In the computer kingdom, taxonomic classification of equipment is more of a black art than a science." There is some disagreement about which systems should be included in this class. The origin of the name is uncertain.

As technology improved rapidly the distinction between minicomputer and superminicomputer performance blurred. Companies that sold mainframe computers began to offer machines in the same price and performance range as superminicomputers. By the mid-1980s microprocessors with the hardware architecture of superminicomputers were used to produce scientific and engineering workstations. The minicomputer industry then declined through the early 1990s. The term is now considered obsolete but still remains of interest for students/researchers of computer history.

Notable companies 
Notable manufacturers of superminicomputers in 1980 included: Digital Equipment Corporation, Perkin-Elmer, and Prime Computer. Other makers of systems included SEL/Gould and Data General. Four years later there were about a dozen companies producing a significant number of superminicomputers. 

Perkin-Elmer spun off their Data Systems Group in 1985 to form Concurrent Computer Corporation which continued making these systems. Nixdorf Computer, Norsk Data, and Toshiba also produced systems.

Significant superminicomputers 
 Interdata 7/32, 1974
 Digital Equipment Corporation VAX-11/780, 1978
 Prime Computer 750, 1979
 Data General Eclipse MV/8000, 1980
 IBM 4361, 1983
 IBM 9370, 1987

External links

References 

Super
Classes of computers
ILLIAC I. The ILLIAC I (Illinois Automatic Computer), a pioneering computer in the ILLIAC series of computers built in 1952 by the University of Illinois, was the first computer built and owned entirely by a United States educational institution.

Computer
The project was the brainchild of Ralph Meagher and Abraham H. Taub, who both were associated with Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study before coming to the University of Illinois. The ILLIAC I became operational on September 1, 1952. It was the second of two identical computers, the first of which was ORDVAC, also built at the University of Illinois. These two machines were the first pair of machines to run the same instruction set.

ILLIAC I was based on the IAS machine Von Neumann architecture as described by mathematician John von Neumann in his influential First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. Unlike most computers of its era, the ILLIAC I and ORDVAC computers were twin copies of the same design, with software compatibility.  The computer had 2,800 vacuum tubes, measured 10 ft (3 m) by 2 ft (0.6 m) by 8½ ft (2.6 m) (L×B×H), and weighed . ILLIAC I was very powerful for its time; in 1956, it had more computing power than all of Bell Telephone Laboratories.

Because the lifetime of the tubes within ILLIAC was about a year, the machine was shut down every day for "preventive maintenance" when older vacuum tubes would be replaced in order to increase reliability. Visiting scholars from Japan assisted in the design of the ILLIAC series of computers, and later developed the MUSASINO-1 computer in Japan. ILLIAC I was retired in 1962, when the ILLIAC II became operational.

Innovations
 1955 – Lejaren Hiller and Leonard Isaacson used ILLIAC I to compose the Illiac Suite which was one of the first pieces of music to be written with the aid of a computer.
 1957 – Mathematician Donald B. Gillies, physicist James E. Snyder, and astronomers George C. McVittie, S. P. Wyatt, Ivan R. King and George W. Swenson of the University of Illinois used the ILLIAC I computer to calculate the orbit of the Sputnik 1 satellite within two days of its launch.
 1960 – The first version of the PLATO computer-based education system was implemented on the ILLIAC I by a team led by Donald Bitzer. It serviced a single user. In early 1961, version 2 of PLATO serviced two simultaneous users.

See also
 ILLIAC II
 ILLIAC III
 ILLIAC IV
 MISTIC – Similar computer specifically inspired by ILLIAC I
 SILLIAC - Sydney version of the Illinois Automatic Computer, built by the University of Sydney
 List of vacuum-tube computers

References

External links

 ILLIAC I history including computer music
 ILLIAC I documentation at bitsavers.org
 I. R. King, G. C. McVittie, G. W. Swenson, Jr., and S. P. Wyatt, Jr., "Further observations of the first satellite," Nature, No. 4593, November 9, 1957, p. 943.
 Digital Computer, 'electronic brain' at the University of Illinois. Digital Public Library of America 
 Photos from University of Illinois archives

IAS architecture computers
40-bit computers
Vacuum tube computers
Computer-related introductions in 1952
AVIDAC. The AVIDAC or Argonne Version of the Institute's Digital Automatic Computer, an early computer built by Argonne National Laboratory, was partially based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann. It was built by the Laboratory's Physics Division for $250,000 and began operations on January 28, 1953.

As with almost all computers of its era, it was a one-of-a-kind machine that could not exchange programs with other computers (even other IAS machines).

See also
 List of vacuum-tube computers

References

External links

IAS architecture computers
MANIAC I. 

The MANIAC I (Mathematical Analyzer Numerical Integrator and Automatic Computer Model I) was an early computer built under the direction of Nicholas Metropolis at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.  It was based on the von Neumann architecture of the IAS, developed by John von Neumann. As with almost all computers of its era, it was a one-of-a-kind machine that could not exchange programs with other computers (even the several other machines based on the IAS).  Metropolis chose the name MANIAC in the hope of stopping the rash of silly acronyms for machine names, although von Neumann may have suggested the name to him.

The MANIAC weighed about .

The first task assigned to the Los Alamos MANIAC was to perform more precise and extensive calculations of the thermonuclear process. In 1953, the MANIAC obtained the first equation of state calculated by modified Monte Carlo integration over configuration space.

In 1956, MANIAC I became the first computer to defeat a human being in a chess-like game.  The chess variant, called Los Alamos chess, was developed for a 6×6 chessboard (no bishops) due to the limited amount of memory and computing power of the machine.

The MANIAC ran successfully in March 1952 and was shut down on July 15, 1958. However, it was
transferred to the University of New Mexico in bad condition, and was restored to full operation by Dale Sparks, PhD. It was featured in at least two UNM Maniac programming dissertations from 1963. It remained in operation until it was retired in 1965. It was succeeded by MANIAC II in 1957.

A third version MANIAC III was built at the Institute for Computer Research at the University of Chicago in 1964.

Notable MANIAC programmers
 Mary Tsingou – developed algorithm used in the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem
 Klara Dan von Neumann – wrote the first programs for MANIAC I
 Dana Scott – programmed the MANIAC to enumerate all solutions to a pentomino puzzle by backtracking in 1958.
 Marjorie Devaney – one of the first MANIAC I programmers.
 Arianna W. Rosenbluth – wrote the first full implementation of the widely used Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm.
 Paul Stein and Mark Wells – implemented Los Alamos chess.

Gallery

See also
 List of vacuum-tube computers

References

Brewster, Mike. John von Neumann: MANIAC's Father (archived) in BusinessWeek Online, April 8, 2004.
Harlow, Francis H. and N. Metropolis. Computing & Computers: Weapons Simulation Leads to the Computer Era, including photos of MANIAC I

External links

Photos:

IAS architecture computers
40-bit computers
Vacuum tube computers