omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Orfeo Programme. The Orfeo programme is an agreement to implement co-operation for setting up an Earth observation capability using optical and radar sensors, and mainly to define the context in which the dual-purpose system (military and civilian) is to be developed and used. It is currently composed of 6 high-resolution satellites: 4 Cosmo-Skymed X-band satellites from Italy, and 2 Pleiades optical satellites from France.

Spain, Belgium, Sweden and Austria will also be users of this system.

External links
CNES article about Orfeo
Alenia Spazio (Finmeccanica) COSMO-Skymed webpage

European Space Agency
Spaceflight
Moore's second law. Rock's law or Moore's second law, named for Arthur Rock or Gordon Moore, says that the cost of a semiconductor chip fabrication plant doubles every four years. As of 2015, the price had reached about 14 billion US dollars.

Rock's law can be seen as the economic flip side to Moore's (first) law – that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles every two years. The latter is a direct consequence of the ongoing growth of the capital-intensive semiconductor industry— innovative and popular products mean more profits, meaning more capital available to invest in ever higher levels of large-scale integration, which in turn leads to the creation of even more innovative products.

The semiconductor industry has always been extremely capital-intensive, with ever-dropping manufacturing unit costs. Thus, the ultimate limits to growth of the industry will constrain the maximum amount of capital that can be invested in new products; at some point, Rock's Law will collide with Moore's Law.

It has been suggested that fabrication plant costs have not increased as quickly as predicted by Rock's law – indeed plateauing in the late 1990s – and also that the fabrication plant cost per transistor (which has shown a pronounced downward trend) may be more relevant as a constraint on Moore's Law.

See also
Semiconductor device fabrication
Fabless manufacturing
Wirth's law, an analogous law about software complicating over time
Semiconductor consolidation

References

External links

Adages
Computer architecture statements
Computer industry
Computing culture
Electronic design
Temporal exponentials
Rules of thumb
Electronics industry
Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers. The Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland discusses the lives of the people who were concerned with building harbours and lighthouses, undertook fen drainage and improved river navigations, built canals, roads, bridges and early railways, and provided water supply facilities. The first volume, published in 2002, covers the years from 1500 to 1830; the second one, published in 2008, covers 1830 to 1890. The third and final volume, published 2014, covers 1890 to 1920. The principal editor of the first volume was Professor A. W. Skempton, and the entries were written by a number of specialist historians.

An 18-page introduction in the first volume discusses the practice of civil engineering from 1500-1830. The work concludes with appendices discussing wages, costs and inflation, a chronology of major civil engineering works, and indices of places and names. Volume Two's introduction discusses the practice of civil engineering from 1830-1890.

See also
List of civil engineers

References
 
 
 

2002 non-fiction books
Civil Engineers, Biographical Dictionary of
British biographical dictionaries
Ekibastuz–Kokshetau high-voltage line. The Ekibastuz–Kokshetau high-voltage line is an alternating current electrical power transmission line in Kazakhstan from Ekibastuz to Kokshetau.  It was the first commercially used power line in the world which operated at 1,150 kV, the highest transmission line voltage in the world.  It is a part of the Itatsk (Sharypovo)–Barnaul–Ekibastuz–Kokshetau–Kostanay–Chelyabinsk (Siberia–Kazakhstan–Urals) transmission system, which was designed to transfer electricity from Siberia and Kazakhstan to industrial regions in the Urals.

Designated as power line number 1101, it runs  from Ekibastuz to Kokshetau.  It is mounted on transmission towers with an average height of .  The weight of the conductors between the spans is approximately 50 tons. With a voltage of 1,150 kV, the line had a maximum transfer capacity of 5,500 MW.

The whole length of the Siberia–Kazakhstan–Urals line is , of which  is located in Kazakhstan and the rest is located in Russia.

History
In 1973, the Soviet Union built a three-phase UHV experimental test circuit over a kilometre long at the Beily Rast substation, near Dmitrov in Moscow region.  In 1978, a 270 km UHV test line for industrial use was built from Sharypovo to Novokuznetsk.  In 1985, this test line became part of the Siberia–Urals line.  At the time, no other country had an operational UHV line of this voltage, although several other countries were running experiments.

On 24 March 1977, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union took a decision to construct the Ekibastuz–Centre (Tambov) 1,500 kV direct current line.  This line was put under construction but never finished.  In addition, the Ekibastuz–Urals line was planned. Construction of this line started in 1980. The Ekibastuz–Kokshetau line was commissioned at the end of July 1985.  The technical design of the line was done by Energosetproekt. The main contractor was Specsetstroy, while contractors for the 1,150 kV substations were Ekibastuzenergostroy and Yuzhuralenergostroy. Equipment for substations was provided by Zaporozhtransformator, Elektrosila, and Uralelektrotyazhmash.

In 1988, this 1,150 kV line was extended to Kostanay. By 1990, the whole line from Barnaul to Chelyabinsk was built; however, as 1,150 kV substations were built only in the territory of Kazakhstan, the rest of this system operated at 500 kV. After dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the whole Siberia–Urals transmission system was downgraded to 500 kV.  In 1998, the Siberia–Urals line was extended from Barnaul to Itatsk.

Sites

References

Bibliography
 Research Institute of Development Assistance (Japan), Regional cooperation in central Asia : focusing on infrastructure development, The Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund, Japan, Research Papers No. 27, July 1998 .
 
 

Buildings and structures built in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Electric power infrastructure in Kazakhstan
High-voltage transmission lines
Energy in the Soviet Union
1985 establishments in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
S21. S21 or S-21 may refer to:

Automobiles 
 Chery S21, a city car
 Sisu S-21, a Finnish lorry

Aviation 
 De Schelde S.21, a proposed Dutch fighter
 Rans S-21 Outbound, an American homebuilt aircraft
 SIAI S.21, an Italian racing flying boat
 Sikorsky S-21, the first four-engine aircraft in the world
 Short S.21 Maia, a British flying boat mother ship
 Spalinger S.21, a Swiss training glider
 Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21, a proposed American business jet
 Sunriver Airport in Sunriver, Oregon

Rail and transit

Lines 
 S21 (Berlin), a planned S-Bahn line in Berlin, Germany
 S21 (RER Fribourg), an S-Bahn line in the canton of Freibourg, Switzerland
 S21 (ZVV), an S-Bahn line in the cantons of Zürich and Zug in Switzerland
 Stuttgart 21, a transportation and urban project in Stuttgart, Germany
 S21, a line of the Hamburg S-Bahn

Stations 
 Ginzan Station, in Niki, Hokkaidō, Hokkaidō, Japan
 Moto-Yawata Station, in Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
 Shin-Fukae Station, in Osaka, Japan
 Tokushige Station, in Midori-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

Roads 
 S21 Guangzhou–Huidong Expressway, China
 County Route S21 (California), United States

Submarines 
 , of the Argentine Navy
 
 , of the Royal Navy
 , of the Indian Navy
 , of the Indian Navy
 , of the United States Navy

Other uses 
 40S ribosomal protein S21
 British NVC community S21, a swamps and tall-herb fens community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
 Forward voltage gain or transmission coefficient  of a two-port network
 S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine, a 2003 documentary film 
 S21: When using do not smoke, a safety phrase
 Samsung Galaxy S21, a series of smartphones
 Security Prison 21, now the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum in Cambodia
 Serbia 21, a political organization in Serbia
 s21 notice, in England & Wales, from a landlord instructing tenants to leave
Galvanic series. The galvanic series (or electropotential series) determines the nobility of metals and semi-metals. When two metals are submerged in an electrolyte, while also electrically connected by some external conductor, the less noble (base) will experience galvanic corrosion. The rate of corrosion is determined by the electrolyte, the difference in nobility, and the relative areas of the anode and cathode exposed to the electrolyte. The difference can be measured as a difference in voltage potential: the less noble metal is the one with a lower (that is, more negative) electrode potential than the nobler one, and will function as the anode (electron or anion attractor) within the electrolyte device functioning as described above (a galvanic cell). Galvanic reaction is the principle upon which batteries are based.

See the table of  standard electrode potentials for more details.

Galvanic series (most noble at top)
The following is the galvanic series for stagnant (that is, low oxygen content) seawater.  The order may change in different environments.

Graphite
Palladium
Platinum
Gold
Silver
Titanium
Stainless steel 316 (passive)
Stainless Steel 304 (passive)
Silicon bronze
Stainless Steel 316 (active)
Monel 400
Phosphor bronze
Admiralty brass
Cupronickel
Molybdenum
Red brass
Brass plating
Yellow brass
Naval brass 464
Uranium 8% Mo
Niobium 1% Zr
Tungsten
Tin
Lead
Stainless Steel 304 (active)
Tantalum
Chromium plating
Nickel (passive)
Copper
Nickel (active)
Cast iron
Steel
Indium
Aluminum
Uranium (pure)
Cadmium
Beryllium
Zinc plating (see galvanization)
Magnesium

Visual Representation

The unshaded bars indicate the location on the chart of those steels when in acidic/stagnant water ( like in the bilge ), where crevice-corrosion happens.

Notice how the *same* steel has much different galvanic-series location, depending on the electrolyte it's in, making prevention of corrosion .. more difficult.

This chart is from the link, below, to the Australian site's document..

See also
 Cathodic protection
 Anodic index
 Galvanic corrosion
 Noble metal

References

External links
Corrosion Doctors
Galvanic Corrosion Table of Metals in Seawater
Atlas Steels Tech Note No. 7: Galvanic Corrosion

Chemical properties
Corrosion
UPortal. uPortal is a Java-based framework for creating enterprise web portals. It is sponsored by Apereo (formerly Jasig), a consortium of educational institutions and commercial affiliates sponsoring open source software projects focused on higher education. uPortal is free software under the Apache License 2.0.  uPortal has integrated Apache Software Foundation's Pluto software to become JSR 168 and JSR 286 compliant allowing it to host portlets.

References

External links 

 
  ESUP-Portal (French universities using uPortal)

Java enterprise platform
Software using the Apache license
Casein paint. Casein paint, derived from milk casein (milk protein), is a fast-drying, water-soluble medium used by artists.

Description
It generally has a glue-like consistency, but can be thinned with water to the degree that fits a particular artist's style and desired result. It can be used on canvas panels, illustration boards, paper, wood, and masonite. Because the dried paint film is inflexible and brittle, it is not appropriate for heavy impasto on flexible supports like canvas; canvas laminated to board is more suitable. Casein paint is reworkable and can be used for underpainting. It generally dries to a matte finish.

Uses
Casein paint has been used since ancient Egyptian times as a form of distemper paint, and is still used today. One of the qualities for which artists value casein paint is that unlike gouache, it dries to an even consistency, making it ideal for murals. Also, it can visually resemble oil painting more than most other water-based paints, and works well as an underpainting.

Casein paint loses its solubility with time and exposure and becomes water-resistant. It is suited most to inflexible surfaces, including furniture. It can be buffed to a soft velvet finish when dry, or varnished for a gloss finish.

Manufacture
The binder for casein paint is made by dissolving casein in an alkali, usually lime, ammonium carbonate, or borax. Casein itself is precipitated from milk by the action of an acid or the enzyme rennet.  Lime casein works well on porous surfaces, even outdoors, though it has a short shelf life and must be used with pigments that are balanced against the binder's low pH.  Ammonium carbonate casein has similar strengths and weaknesses.  Borax casein has a shelf life of several weeks, is pH neutral, and can be used outdoors through the addition of linseed oil.

Casein artists
Yantonai Dakota artist Oscar Howe of South Dakota used casein extensively.

Santa Clara Pueblo artist Pablita Velarde created a series of more than 70 paintings of everyday Native American life in New Mexico for Bandelier National Monument between 1937 and 1943, painted mostly on masonite using casein paints.

Casein was widely used by commercial illustrators as the material of choice until the late 1960s when, with the advent of acrylic paint, casein became less popular. John Berkey continued to use casein in combination with acrylics in most of his paintings. Dick Tracy (1960), and Popeye (1960), two early paintings by Andy Warhol, who had been a commercial illustrator before becoming a fine artist, were painted with casein.

See also
 Milk paint

References

External links
A Simple Recipe for the Casein Binder

Watermedia
Dortmund–Ems Canal. The Dortmund–Ems Canal is a  long canal in Germany between the inland port of the city of Dortmund () and the seaport of Emden. The artificial southern part of the canal ends after  at Herbrum lock near Meppen. The route then takes the river Ems for  to Oldersum lock. From there, the canal continues along a second artificial segment of . This latter section was built because inland ships at the time of the construction of the canal were not built for the open sea, which they would have faced at the Dollart and the entry to the sea port of Emden. It is connected to the Ems-Jade Canal from Emden to Wilhelmshaven.

History 
The canal was opened in  to reduce demand on the railway network, which could not cope with the transport of products from the Ruhr area. Also, the canal was supposed to make coal from the Ruhr area more competitive compared to imported English coal. Furthermore, the steel industry in the eastern Ruhr area needed to import ore from abroad.

The canal was attacked numerous times during World War II due to its strategic importance. During June through August 12th 1940 a series of raids culminating in a raid by 49 and 83 Squadrons damaged the aqueducts that crossed the River Elbe - putting the canal out of commission for short periods.  Operation Garlic, an attack in September 1943 by  617 Squadron RAF (the "Dambusters") was unsuccessful and costly. The squadron attacked it again in September 1944 using Tallboy "earthquake" bombs breaching it and causing considerable damage. In August of 1944, 571 squadron attacked it with de Havilland Mosquitos, dropping mines into the canal. It was repaired after the conflict.

Description 
The best known building of the Dortmund-Ems canal is the Henrichenburg boat lift in Waltrop, which enabled a ship to bridge a difference in height of . It operated until 1962, and was then replaced by a new elevator and a lock. Today it houses the Westfälisches Industriemuseum.

Some kilometres to the north, the canal reaches the city of Datteln, which lies at the crossroads of four canals:
 Datteln-Hamm Canal
 Wesel-Datteln Canal
 Dortmund–Ems Canal
 Rhein-Herne Canal

The old route of the canal crosses the rivers Lippe, Stever and Ems on bridges. These bridges are built with large arches, and the bridge over the Lippe lies  above the river.

After the Second World War, the canal had to be widened. Those parts that were above ground level could not easily be widened, and therefore a new route was constructed between Olfen and Münster. It lies parallel to the old route, and new river crossings were also built. The old route was closed for shipping.

 is a 350 km long official long-distance cycling route next to the canal.

Towns along the canal
Dortmund - 
Waltrop - 
Datteln - 
Olfen -
Lüdinghausen - 
Senden - 
Hiltrup - 
Münster - 
Dörenthe - 
Hörstel - 
Bevergern - 
Rheine - 
Hesselte - 
Lingen - 
Geeste - 
Meppen - 
Haren - 
Papenburg -
Düthe - 
Heede - 
Lehe - 
Aschendorf - 
Oldersum - 
Emden -

References

Canals in Lower Saxony
Münster (region)
Dortmund
Federal waterways in Germany
Canals opened in 1899
1899 establishments in Germany
B Engineering. B Engineering is a small-volume automobile manufacturer located in Italy.  It is made up of several former employees of the Bugatti firm when it was under the leadership of Romano Artioli.

Edonis

B Engineering is the company behind the super-exclusive Edonis supercar, based on the Bugatti EB110. Thanks to several engine modifications, it has higher performance than the vehicle on which it is based.

The first model, presented in 2001, was called Edonis, based on the Bugatti EB110 Super Sport, but had been extensively revised: the only element, which kept from the original Bugatti, was the carbon fiber frame. Both the exterior and the interior of the car had been completely renewed. Bugatti's 3.5-liter engine was increased to 3760 cm³ of displacement. The original IHI turbochargers had been replaced by two larger units from the same manufacturer; Thanks to this, the engine power had increased from 610 CV DIN (448 kW) and 650 Nm of torque to 680 CV DIN (500 kW) at 8000 rpm and 735 N.

A production of 21 units was initially planned, all to be delivered by 2002 at a price of around €760000, but, after being advertised by the press and having participated in some motor shows, since 2004 the traces of the project have been lost.

Bugatti Service
Because of the close relation of the Edonis to the Bugatti EB110 and EB112, B Engineering provides service and parts for these models.

Padane Bus
After the closure of Padane (a bus manufacturer), B Engineering acquired the spare parts warehouse and archive materials. Currently, B Engineering uses these facilities to provide service, spare parts and general advice to Padane bus owners.

References

External links
Official Website

Car manufacturers of Italy
George Barton House. The George F. Barton House was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, built 1903–1904, and is located at 118 Summit Avenue in Buffalo, New York. The Barton House is part of the larger Darwin D. Martin House Complex, considered to be one of the most important projects from Wright's Prairie School era.

History
The complex was commissioned by Darwin D. Martin, an entrepreneur who worked at the Larkin Soap Company. The site was purchased by Martin in 1902 as a location where he planned to build two houses: one for himself, and one for his sister, Delta Martin Barton, and her husband, George F. Barton.

Martin and Barton were colleagues at the Larkin Company, and Wright also designed houses for other Larkin employees William R. Heath and Walter V. Davidson, as well as the Larkin Company's administration building.

Of the Martin Complex's six buildings construction on the Barton House began first and not only was it the first building of the complex to be completed but also the first of Wright's in Buffalo.

The Barton House is on the north east corner of the complex.

The basic floor plan is cruciform, with the principal living spaces concentrated in the center two-story portion of the house where the reception, living and dining areas open into each other. The two main bedrooms are on the second story, at either end of a narrow hall. The kitchen is at the north end, behind the main stairway, while an open porch is to the south.

Wright's K. C. DeRhodes House in South Bend, Indiana, has a nearly identical floor plan to the Barton House—although on a 90-degree axis in relation to the front veranda. The F.B. Henderson House in Elmhurst, Illinois is also similar in plan.

The Martin House Restoration Corporation operates guided public tours and presents educational programs for both volunteers and the general public.

See also
 List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
Darwin D. Martin House Complex

References

William Allin Storrer, The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University of Chicago Press, 2006, , (S.303)

External links

Graycliff Official Site, member of the Great Lakes Seaway Trail

Houses completed in 1904
Martin House
Historic house museums in New York (state)
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
New York (state) historic sites
Museums in Buffalo, New York
Houses in Buffalo, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Buffalo, New York
MFD. MFD may refer to:

Fire departments
 Madison Fire Department, US
 Minneapolis Fire Department, US
 Milwaukee Fire Department, US
 Mumbai Fire Brigade, India

Science, technology, and medicine
 Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram, a type of fundamental diagram of traffic flow in transportation engineering
 Microfarad, a unit of electrical capacitance sometimes written as "MFD"
 Minimum focus distance, in macro photography
 Mode field diameter, an expression of distribution of the irradiance, across the end face of a single-mode fiber
 Modular function deployment, a method for product modularization

 Multifunction display, an interactive system for presenting various information
 Mutation Frequency Decline, a gene/gene product used in transcription-coupled repair

Computing
 Multifunction device, an office all-in-one device (copier, printer, scanner)
 Micro Floppy Disk, the 3½-inch floppy disk format; See History of the floppy disk
 Mini Floppy Disk, the 5¼-inch floppy disk format; See History of the floppy disk

Hiring
 m/f/d, an initialism welcoming "male, female and disabled (or diverse)" candidates.

Transportation
Mansfield Lahm Regional Airport (IATA airport code)
Minoan Flying Dolphins, a Greek ferry company

See also
 Mladá fronta DNES (MF DNES), a daily newspaper in the Czech Republic
A50. A50, A.50 or A-50 may refer to:

Aviation
 Beriev A-50, a Russian airborne early warning aircraft
 Fiat A.50, a 1928 Italian seven-cylinder, air-cooled radial engine for aircraft
 A-50 Golden Eagle, a light attack variant of the South Korean KAI T-50 Golden Eagle advanced trainer aircraft
 Junkers A50, a German sports plane of 1930s
 A-50, a caesium-containing additive in the fuel JP-7
 Aerozine 50, a type of rocket fuel

Roads
 A50 highway (Canada), a road in Québec connecting the Outaouais and National Capital region and the Greater Montreal area 
 A50 road (England), a road connecting Warrington and Leicester
 A50 motorway (France), a road connecting Marseille and Toulon
 A50 road (Northern Ireland), a road connecting Portadown and Newcastle in Northern Ireland
 A50 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting Eindhoven and Zwolle
 A50 highway (Spain), a road connecting Salamanca and Ávila
 A50 autostrada (Poland), a planned motorway being part of new Warsaw bypass

Other uses
 Queen's Pawn Game (Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code: A50)
 FTSE China A50 Index, a stock exchange index
 Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
 United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
 Austin A50 a UK medium sized saloon car 1954-57
 Samsung Galaxy A50, smartphone released in 2019
 A-series light bulb of diameter 50 mm

See also

 List of highways numbered 50
 A-50/FA-50/TA-50 variants of the KAI T-50 Golden Eagle
 
 
 
 
 A500 (disambiguation)
 A5 (disambiguation)