omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
British Rail Class AM1. Class AM1 was allocated to the prototype AC electric multiple units, converted from fourth-rail DC electric stock in 1952 and used on the Lancaster/Morecambe/Heysham route. This route had been electrified by the Midland Railway at 6.6 kV, 25 Hz AC. These were withdrawn in 1952 and the service reverted to steam haulage. The line voltage was changed to 6.6 kV at 50 Hz in 1953 and the AM1s were introduced. Thus was a test to see if power could be drawn from the National Grid rather than railway owned power stations. The AM1s were fitted with mercury arc rectifiers but one was later converted to a solid state rectifier as a test.  The stock was maintained at Meols Cop works near Southport.

The line was closed to passengers and the stock withdrawn in early 1966. Unlike classes AM2-AM11, which became TOPS Classes 302–311, class AM1 was withdrawn before it could take its place in the system as class 301. However, it was the success of these tests that contributed to the decision to choose 25 kV AC overhead electrification as standard in Great Britain outside the Southern Region.

History
The electric service started on 17 August 1953, and the trains, very much seen as experimental, ran until 2 January 1966, when they were withdrawn. Each of the four electric trains contained different unique features to test them, and although the original MR electrification equipment, which was still in situ, was used in places, other sections were used for trials of the proposed BR standard electrification features. There was little demand for the service outside the summer holiday season, and the presence of the duplicate former-LNWR route between the Lancaster and Morecambe allowed a replacing diesel service to use that route. The service was complex to operate, for, from the main line ex-LNWR Lancaster Castle station, it ran downhill a short distance to the ex-MR Lancaster Green Ayre station, where trains reversed to run westward along the River Lune to Morecambe Promenade station, where trains reversed again to run to Heysham.

Previous use
The carriages converted to form the prototype units were drawn from former LNWR electric units built in 1914 by the Metropolitan Carriage, Wagon & Finance Company for use on the West London line fourth-rail DC electrification. They had been stored early in World War II after the West London route on which they worked was closed to passengers due to bomb damage. The interiors were modernised with bus-type seating. Driving motor coach 28221 was fitted with a germanium rectifier and displayed at the International Railway Congress, Willesden, London between 26 and 29 May 1954.

Formations
Unit numbers were not allocated, but sets were referred to by the last two digits of the DMBSO number. The numbers of individual carriages were:

See also
 MR electric units
 Morecambe branch line

References

Books
 100 Years of Electric Traction by Colin J Marsden, published by Oxford Publishing Company in 1985, 

AM1
6600 V AC electric multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1952
Metropolitan Cammell multiple units
Erlenmeyer. The word Erlenmeyer may mean:
 Richard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer (1825–1909), German chemist
 Erlenmeyer flask, conical glassware invented by Richard Erlenmeyer
 The bony deformity named Deformity type Erlenmeyer flask because of  the similarity to the shape of the flask
 Friedrich Gustav Carl Emil Erlenmeyer (1864–1921), son of R. A. C. E. Erlenmeyer
 Erlenmeyer Rule proposed by R. A. C. E. Erlenmeyer
 "The Erlenmeyer Flask", an episode of the television series The X-Files
British Rail Class 316. There have been three distinct types of British Rail electric multiple unit that are referred to as Class 316.

British Rail Class 316 (Picc-Vic), an unbuilt class of electric multiple unit intended as part of the BREL 1972 "PEP" family for the Picc-Vic tunnel, proposed in the 1970s
British Rail Classes 316 and 457, a single testbed EMU, converted from the Class 210 DEMU for the upcoming Networker series of EMUs in the 1980s
British Rail Class 307, a single Class 307 electric multiple unit converted in 1992 for use as a testbed for the traction equipment to be used in the upcoming Class 323
General Motors Local Area Network. General Motors Local Area Network (GMLAN) is an application- and transport-layer protocol using controller area network for lower layer services. It was standardized as SAE J2411 for use in OBD-II vehicle networks.

Transport-layer services
Transport-layer services include the transmission of multi-CAN-frame messages based on the ISO 15765-2 multi-frame messaging scheme. It was developed and is used primarily by General Motors for in-vehicle communication and diagnostics. GM's Tech2 uses the CANdi (Controller Area Network diagnostic interface) adapter to communicate over GMLAN.

Applications
Some software applications that allow interfacing to GMLAN are Intrepid Control Systems, Inc.'s Vehicle Spy 3; Vector's CANoe; Dearborn Group's Hercules, ETAS' ES-1222, ES590, ES715, and ES580; ScanTool.net's OBDLink MX; EControls by Enovation Controls' CANCapture; and GMLAN vehicle universal remote control GMRC for Android devices

Tesla uses J2411 (single-wire CAN over the Control Pilot) for their DC Supercharger (newer units are also capable of PLC over the control pilot) and AC Destination Charging.

References

General Motors
Serial buses
Pneumatic hammer. Pneumatic hammer may refer to:

Air hammer (fabrication), a pneumatic hand tool used to carve in stone, and to break or cut metal objects apart
Air hammer (pile driver), a pile driver that is driven by air
Jackhammer, a pneumatic or electro-mechanical tool that combines a hammer directly with a chisel
Nail gun, a form of hammer used to drive nails into wood or other materials
Pneumatic hammer (forging), a pneumatically driven forging hammer
Rivet gun, an air-power hammer that uses pneumatics to drive the hammer

See also
Air hammer (disambiguation)
Mark Overmars. Markus Hendrik "Mark" Overmars (; born 29 September 1958) is a Dutch computer scientist and teacher of game programming known for his game development application GameMaker. GameMaker lets people create computer games using a drag-and-drop interface. He is the former head of the Center for Geometry, Imaging, and Virtual Environments at Utrecht University, in the Netherlands. This research center concentrates on computational geometry and its application in areas like computer graphics, robotics, geographic information systems, imaging, multimedia, virtual environments, and games.

Overmars received his Ph.D. in 1983 from Utrecht  University under the supervision of Jan van Leeuwen, and continued to be a member of the faculty of the same university until September 2013. Overmars has published over 100 journal papers, largely on computational geometry, and is the co-author of several books including a widely used computational geometry text.

Overmars has also worked in robotics. He was the first to develop the probabilistic roadmap method in 1992, which was later independently discovered by Kavraki and Latombe in 1994. Their joint paper, Probabilistic roadmaps for path planning in high-dimensional configuration spaces, is considered one of the most influential studies in motion planning, and has been widely cited (more than 2500 times as of 2014 according to Google Scholar).

In 2011, Overmars and game designer Jochem Schut developed a snake video game called Super Snake HD as a mobile app; it was published by YoYo Games.

Overmars founded and was CTO of Tingly Games from 2012 until it was acquired by CoolGames in 2016. Tingly focused on HTML5 games and e-cards / casual games, the latter of which is called "greeting games".

He founded Quarterfall in June 2020 together with Arjan Egges. Quarterfall is a teaching product that helps teachers use formative assessment to improve the learning processes their students, compared to just assessing their performance.

He is also the original author of the XForms toolkit.

Books

 2nd ed., 2000; 3rd ed., 2008.

References

1958 births
Living people
Researchers in geometric algorithms
Dutch computer scientists
Dutch computer programmers
Roboticists
People from Zeist
Utrecht University alumni
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Dutch software engineers
Skybridge. Skybridge may refer to:
 Skyway or skybridge, a type of pedestrian bridge
 Jet bridge or skybridge, a retractable connecting bridge between an airport and an aircraft
 SkyBridge (people mover), a people mover in Rome
 Skybridge (TransLink), a bridge in Metro Vancouver, Canada
 Skybridge, Chicago, a building in Chicago, United States
 SkyBridge Capital, an American investment firm
 Sky Bridge 721, a bridge in Dolní Morava, Czech Republic
 Davenport Skybridge, a bridge in Iowa, United States
 Gatlinburg Skybridge, a bridge in Tennessee, United States
 Langkawi Sky Bridge, a bridge in Malaysia

See also 
 Skye Bridge, a bridge in Scotland
 Airbridge (disambiguation)
 Skywalk (disambiguation)
 Skyway (disambiguation)
MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology. The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology (often simply called the MacDiarmid Institute) is a New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE) specialising in materials science and nanotechnology. It is hosted by Victoria University of Wellington, and is a collaboration between five universities and two Crown Research Institutes.

Background

The Institute is named after Alan MacDiarmid, a New Zealander who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000. It is funded by the New Zealand government through the Tertiary Education Commission.

The Institute divides its work into four research areas:
Towards Zero Waste - Reconfigurable Systems
Towards Zero Carbon - Catalytic Architectures
Towards Low Energy Tech - Hardware for Future Computing
Sustainable resource use - Mātauranga Māori Research Programme

Awards 
From 2004 to 2007, the MacDiarmid Institute sponsored the annual Young Scientist of the Year awards for up-and-coming scientists and researchers in New Zealand, organised by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology.  These awards replaced the FiRST Scholarship Awards, and have subsequently been replaced by the Prime Minister's MacDiarmid Emerging Scientist Prize.

Directors

See also
 Cather Simpson
Alison Downard
Catherine Bishop

References

External links
MacDiarmid Institute website
MacDiarmid Institute's BioNanotechnology network

Research institutes in New Zealand
Victoria University of Wellington
Nanotechnology institutions
2002 establishments in New Zealand
New Zealand awards
Science and technology in New Zealand
Bill English (computer engineer). William Kirk English (January 27, 1929July 26, 2020) was an American computer engineer who contributed to the development of the computer mouse while working for Douglas Engelbart at SRI International's Augmentation Research Center. He would later work for Xerox PARC and Sun Microsystems.

Early life
English was born on January 27, 1929, in Lexington, Kentucky. The only son of Harry English and Caroline (Gray) English, he had two half-brothers from his father's previous marriage. Harry English was an electrical engineer who managed coal mines and Caroline was a homemaker. William, or Bill as he was known, attended a boarding school in Arizona and then studied electrical engineering at the University of Kentucky.

Career
English served in the US Navy until the late 1950s, including postings in northern California and Japan. He then joined the Stanford Research Institute in the 1960s to work on magnets, and built one of the first all-magnetic arithmetic units with Hewitt Crane. In 1964, he was the first person to join Douglas Engelbart's lab, the Augmentation Research Center.

He and Douglas Engelbart share credit for creating the first computer mouse in 1963; English built the initial prototype, and was its first user, based on Engelbart's notes. English led a 1965 project, sponsored by NASA, which evaluated the best way to select a point on a computer display; the mouse was the winner. English was also instrumental at The Mother of All Demos in 1968, which showcased the mouse and other technologies developed as part of their NLS (oN-Line System). In particular, English figured out how to connect a terminal in the San Francisco Civic Auditorium to the host computer at SRI  away, and also transmitted audio and video between the locations.

He left SRI in 1971 and went to Xerox PARC, where he managed the Office Systems Research Group. While working at PARC, English developed a ball mouse, in which a ball replaced the original set of wheels. It worked similarly to a moveable ball-based mouse device called Rollkugel, which had been developed by Telefunken, Germany, and was offered since 1968 as input device for their computers.

In 1989, he went to work for Sun Microsystems on internationalization efforts.

English died of respiratory failure in San Rafael, California, on July 26, 2020, aged 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Computer hardware engineers
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
Place of birth missing
SRI International people
Scientists at PARC (company)
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Scientists from Kentucky
Engineers from Kentucky
CruiseControl. In software development, CruiseControl is a Java-based framework for a continuous build process. It includes, but is not limited to, plugins for email notification, Ant, and various source control tools. A web interface is provided to view the details of the current and previous builds.  It allows one to perform a continuous integration of any software development process.

CruiseControl is free, open-source software, distributed under a BSD-style license. It was one of the first of its kind of software, originally created by employees of ThoughtWorks to allow for continuous integration on a project they were working on. It was later extracted into a stand-alone application.

There is a version of CruiseControl for .NET called CruiseControl.NET (aka CCNet) and a version for Ruby called CruiseControl.rb.

The current version is 2.8.4, released in 2010.

Build loop
The build loop is designed to run as a daemon process, which periodically checks the revision control system for changes to the codebase, builds if necessary, and publishes a notice regarding the status of the software build.

Build reporting
CruiseControl provides two ways of reporting build status. The first (classic) reporting is the reporting JSP and the second is the dashboard.

Results JSP
The build reporting is designed to present the results of the CruiseControl build loop. It is based on a HTML report managed by a JSP page. The left side of the page displays whether CruiseControl is currently building a project, and provides links to the details of previous builds. The right side of the page presents the results of the build—including compilation errors, test results and details about what files have changed since the last build.

Dashboard
The dashboard was introduced in the 2.7 release. The dashboard is a web page to enable visualising the project build statuses. Previous project build results are colour-coded providing a snapshot of how the projects are doing at that moment. Users can hover the cursor over icons to see the name and information about the project.
The 'Builds' tab of the dashboard shows all projects (colour-coded) sorted by name providing some more information.

References

External links
Official CruiseControl homepage

Compiling tools
Java development tools
Continuous integration
Software using the BSD license
Discontinued development tools
JCM. JCM may refer to:

People 
James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), Scottish physicist 
John Cougar Mellencamp (born 1951), American singer

Science and technology 
Japan Collection of Microorganisms
Jaynes-Cummings model
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Journal of Communications
AGM-169 Joint Common Missile
JunoCam, a camera on a planned space probe to the planet Jupiter

Other uses 
Jewish Children's Museum
Jackson Central-Merry High School, a public high school in Jackson, Tennessee
Joint Council of Municipalities
Rocket-based combined cycle. The RBCC, or rocket-based combined cycle propulsion system, was one of the two types of propulsion systems that may have been tested in the Boeing X-43 experimental aircraft.  The RBCC, or strutjet as it is sometimes called, is a combination propulsion system that consists of a ramjet, scramjet, and ducted rocket, where all three systems use a shared flow path.

A TBCC, or turbine-based combined cycle propulsion system, is a turbine engine combined with a ramjet and scramjet.

A TRCC, or turbo rocket combined cycle propulsion system, is another combination propulsion system that combines an afterburning turbine engine with a RBCC propulsion system.

See also
 SABRE (Synergistic Air Breathing Rocket Engine), a pre-cooled air-breathing rocket/RAM-jet engine based on General Dynamics' exploration of LACE concepts (Liquid Air Cycle Engine) by Reaction Engines, UK.

References

External links
 Performance Evaluation of the NASA GTX RBCC Flowpath  - Glenn Research Center - NASA
 Parametric Study Conducted of Rocket-Based, Combined-Cycle Nozzles - Glenn Research Center - NASA
 Aerojet Successfully Tests RBCC Single Thruster, Demonstrating Tri-Fluid Rocket Injector Capabilities -  SpaceRef
 Hypersonic inlet studies for a small-scale rocket-based combined-cycle engine, Journal of propulsion and power, 2007, vol. 23, no6, pp. 1160–1167, AIAA.
 Rocket-Based Combined-Cycle Engine (RBCC): Ramrocket, University of Toronto, High-Speed Vehicle Propulsion Systems Group.

Jet engines
British Rail Classes 316 and 457. Class 316 and Class 457 were TOPS classifications assigned to a single electric multiple unit (EMU) at different stages of its use as a prototype for the Networker series.

Project
In the late 1980s, the Network SouthEast division of British Rail, which operated the railway network in South East England, started to develop a new standard train, known as the Networker. To test out the technical arrangements for the Networker, a test train was used, converted from former Class 210 carriages, which were built in 1982 by Derby Litchurch Lane Works as prototype 'Second Generation' Diesel Electric Multiple Unit (DEMU), but were withdrawn after a few years.

Class 457
Initially the test unit was formed for trials on the  system of the Southern Region, and was numbered 457001. As with all Southern Region electric multiple units only the last four digits of the unit number were actually carried.
The unit formation was:

Class 316
Later, the unit was altered to undertake trials on the  overhead line system used on electrified lines north of the River Thames. The unit was renumbered as a Class 316 unit, number 316999. To enable it to work on the AC electrification, a pantograph trailer from a Class 313 unit 313034 was inserted into the set, replacing one of the intermediate trailers. This spare vehicle (no. 67400) has since been incorporated into a Class 455/9 DC suburban unit, replacing a damaged Trailer Second Open (TSO) vehicle.

The unit formation was:

Preservation
After the AC trials were complete, the set was returned to the Southern Region for storage, minus the Class 313 trailer, which returned to its previous formation. The two driving cars were preserved at the Electric Railway Museum, Warwickshire, one being resold to the Eversholt Rail Group and inserted into set 455913 in 2013 after being rebuilt at Wolverton railway works to replace a carriage destroyed in an accident. The vehicle (67301) was converted to a 455 MSO. The remaining intermediate trailer was scrapped.

Vehicle details are shown below:

Alternative uses of the Class 316 number
Class 316 was originally reserved in the British Rail Fleet List for an AC EMU for the Piccadilly to Victoria (Picc-Vic) underground line proposed for Manchester in the 1970s. The specifications and some outline design proposals for the new fleet was prepared at the Railway Technical Centre but never proceeded to tender with the project cancelled.

The Class 316 designation was also used in 1992 for a three car Class 307 EMU used as a testbed unit for new traction equipment.

References

457
457
Train-related introductions in 1989
Train-related introductions in 1990
AMosaic. AMosaic was a port to the Amiga of the Mosaic web browser, developed beginning in 1993, and was the first graphical web browser for the Amiga. AMosaic was based on NCSA's Mosaic, but was not distributed by the University of Illinois or NCSA. It was developed by Michael Fischer at Stony Brook University, Michael Meyer at the University of California, Berkeley, and Michael Witbrock at Carnegie Mellon University.

Amiga-only features 
At the time of its launch, AMosaic offered several features beyond the capabilities of Mosaic, thanks to the unique capabilities of the AmigaOS and existing support libraries.

The Magic User Interface (MUI) system used to construct the user interface enabled user full user-customization of fonts, colors, and background patterns.

AMosaic makes use of AmigaOS Datatypes for its external and inline image decoding, making it simple for users to extend the list of supported image types by installing the appropriate operating system plugin.

An ARexx inter-application communication interface was built into AMosaic, allowing simple scripting and transferring of data between AMosaic and other software. Using ARexx, users can write external scripts to ask AMosaic to retrieve a page and return it in ASCII format, or AMosaic can execute a script calling an external bookmark tracking program.

Uses the networking software DNet, AmiTCP 3.0b2, or AS225r2.

Publicity    
AMosaic was featured as the cover story in the March, 1995 issue of Amiga World magazine.

The original developers, Michael Fischer, Michael Meyer, and Michael Witbrock, co-wrote User Extensibility in Amiga Mosaic, which was presented by Michael Witbrock at the Second International World Wide Web Conference in Chicago, Illinois, October 17–20, 1994.

System requirements 
 AmigaOS 2.0 or greater
 AmiTCP 3.0 beta 2 or AS225 Release 2, or DNET
 Magic User Interface (MUI) 3.8
 Workbench 3 users need the ZGIF DataType to decode inlined GIF images

References

External links 

 AMosaic FAQ
 AMosaic 1.2 and 2.0 pre-release downloads
 AMosaic 2.0 pre-release source code download

Amiga software
Web browsers for AmigaOS
Discontinued web browsers
Pieter Kok. Pieter Kok is a Dutch physicist and one of the co-developers of quantum interferometric optical lithography. His research specializations include linear optical implementations of quantum communication and computation protocols, quantum teleportation and the interpretation of quantum theory.  
 
He is a Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Sheffield. 

Professor Kok was born in Friesland, Netherlands, graduated from the University of Utrecht with a masters in degree in Foundations of Quantum Theory, and later completing a PhD in physics from the University of Wales, Bangor in 2001. He has previously worked in the Quantum Computing Technologies Group at the NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Pasadena, California, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in Bristol, England and at the Department of Materials, University of Oxford.

References

Selected publications

External links 
A First Course in Quantum Mechanics ebook
New Scientist
University of Sheffield Staff Profile
Pieter Kok's Home Page

1972 births
Living people
21st-century Dutch physicists
Alumni of Bangor University
People from Friesland
Dutch theoretical physicists
Utrecht University alumni
Academics of the University of Sheffield