omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
By-product. A by-product or byproduct is a secondary product derived from a production process, manufacturing process or chemical reaction; it is not the primary product or service being produced.

A by-product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste: for example, bran, which is a byproduct of the milling of wheat into refined flour, is sometimes composted or burned for disposal, but in other cases, it can be used as a nutritious ingredient in human food or animal feed. Gasoline was once a byproduct of oil refining that later became a desirable commodity as motor fuel. The plastic used in plastic shopping bags also started as a by-product of oil refining. By-products are sometimes called co-products to indicate that although they are secondary, they are desired products. For example, hides and leather may be called co-products of beef production. There is no strict distinction between by-products and co-products.

In economics 
In the context of production, a by-product is the "output from a joint production process that is minor in quantity and/or net realizable value (NRV) when compared with the main products". Because they are deemed to have no influence on reported financial results, by-products do not receive allocations of joint costs. By-products also, by convention, are not inventoried, but the NRV from by-products is typically recognized as "other income", or as a reduction of joint production processing costs when the by-product is produced.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) defines by-product in the context of life-cycle assessment by defining four different product types: "main products, co-products (which involve similar revenues to the main product), by-products (which result in smaller revenues), and waste products (which provide little or no revenue)."

In chemistry 
While some chemists treat "by-product" and "side-product" as synonyms in the above sense of a generic secondary (untargeted) product, others find it useful to distinguish between the two. When the two terms are distinguished, "by-product" is used to refer to a product that is not desired but inevitably results from molecular fragments of starting materials and/or reagents that are not incorporated into the desired product, as a consequence of conservation of mass; in contrast, "side-product" is used to refer to a product that is formed from a competitive process that could, in principle, be suppressed by an optimization of reaction conditions.

Common byproducts
bagasse and molasses from sugar production
bran and germ from flour milling
buttermilk from butter production
distillers grains from ethanol production
fly ash and bottom ash from coal combustion
glycerol from soap or biodiesel production
lanolin from wool processing
lees from wine fermentation
pomace from fruit juice or olive oil production
saw dust from lumber production
slag from smelting ore
straw from grain harvesting
trub from beer fermentation
vinasse from  sugar or ethanol production
whey from cheese production

See also 
 Main product
 By-product synergy
 Circular economy
 Side reaction

References
Claude Dornier. Claude (Claudius) Honoré Désiré Dornier (14 May 1884 – 5 December 1969) was a German-French airplane designer and founder of Dornier GmbH. His notable designs include the 12-engine Dornier Do X flying boat, for decades the world's largest and most powerful airplane. He also made several other successful aircraft.

Biography
The son of a French wine importer and his German wife, Claude Dornier was born in Kempten im Allgäu in Bavaria where he grew up and attended school, with science being his chief interest. Dornier then moved to Munich, where he graduated in 1907 from the Technical University.

As a young engineer, Dornier first worked on strength calculations at the Nagel Engineering Works in Karlsruhe. In 1910 he joined Luftschiffbau Zeppelin in Friedrichshafen on the Bodensee, where his  abilities quickly attracted Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin's attention. Soon appointed as the Count's personal scientific advisor, Dornier began working on improving the strength of light metal sections, and later on aircraft engineering and giant metal flying boats and was responsible for the development of the first stressed skin all-metal monocoque aircraft designs, including the Zeppelin-Lindau D.I, which was the first such aircraft to enter production.

After political pressure he joined the Nazi Party in 1940 and during the Second World War his company created many aircraft for the German armed forces. After the war during the denazification of Germany, Claude Dornier was classified as a "Follower" (Group IV).

Dornier received the Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics) for "outstanding contribution in the field of aerospace engineering" in 1959.

His son, , was also an aircraft designer.

In 1987 Dornier was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 

1884 births
1969 deaths
German aerospace engineers
20th-century German inventors
German company founders
20th-century German businesspeople
German aerospace businesspeople
German people of French descent
Technical University of Munich alumni
Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring recipients
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Engineers from Bavaria
TWIRL. In cryptography and number theory, TWIRL (The Weizmann Institute Relation Locator) is a hypothetical hardware device designed to speed up the sieving step of the general number field sieve integer factorization algorithm. During the sieving step, the algorithm searches for numbers with a certain mathematical relationship. In distributed factoring projects, this is the step that is parallelized to a large number of processors.

TWIRL is still a hypothetical device — no implementation has been publicly reported. However, its designers, Adi Shamir and Eran Tromer, estimate that if TWIRL were built, it would be able to factor 1024-bit numbers in one year at the cost of "a few dozen million US dollars". TWIRL could therefore have enormous repercussions in cryptography and computer security — many high-security systems still use 1024-bit RSA keys, which TWIRL would be able to break in a reasonable amount of time and for reasonable costs.

The security of some important cryptographic algorithms, notably RSA and the Blum Blum Shub pseudorandom number generator, rests in the difficulty of factorizing large integers. If factorizing large integers becomes easier, users of these algorithms will have to resort to using larger keys (computationally more expensive) or to using different algorithms, whose security rests on some other computationally hard problem (like the discrete logarithm problem).

See also
 Custom hardware attack
 TWINKLE

References

External links
 "The TWIRL integer factorization device" - homepage

Cryptanalytic devices
Weizmann Institute of Science
Harold H. Seward. Harold H. Seward (July 24, 1930 – June 19, 2012) was a computer scientist, engineer, and inventor. Seward developed the radix sort and counting sort algorithms in 1954 at MIT. He also worked on the Whirlwind Computer and developed instruments that powered the guidance systems for the Apollo spacecraft and Polaris missile.

References

American computer scientists
Norwich University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
American inventors
American physicists
20th-century American engineers
1930 births
2012 deaths
Sim. Sim or SIM may refer to:

Computing and technology
SIM card or Subscriber Identity Module, used by mobile telephones
HP Systems Insight Manager, a system management tool
 Scientific instrument module in the Apollo command and service module
Security information management in computer security
Selected ion monitoring, a mass spectrometry scanning mode
Computer simulation
Space Interferometry Mission, cancelled by NASA

Organizations
Service de sécurité incendie de Montréal
Scuola Italiana di Montevideo, the Italian day school of Montevideo, Uruguay
Serving In Mission (formerly Sudan Interior Mission), a Christian mission organization
Servicio de Inteligencia Militar, a former Dominican intelligence service
Servicio de investigación Militar, a former Spanish military intelligence service
Servizio Informazioni Militari, a former Italian military intelligence service
Singapore Institute of Management
Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Society for Information Management

People
Sim (Korean surname) 심
Sim (Scottish surname)
Shěn (surname) 沈, a Chinese surname sometimes romanized as Sim
Sim Wong Hoo (1955–2023), founder of Creative Technology
Desmond Sim (born 1961), Singaporean playwright
Kihwan Sim (born 1983), South Korean bass-baritone
Sim (actor) (1926–2009), French actor, humourist, writer and comedian
Thomas Robertson Sim (1858–1938), Scottish botanist

Places
Sım, a village and municipality in Azerbaijan
Sim (river), in Russia
Sim, Russia, several inhabited localities

Pop culture
Sim (album), 2017, by Vanessa da Mata
SiM (band), a Japanese rock band
SIM (film), 2013
Sim (pencil game)

Transport
 Simei MRT station, Singapore, MRT station abbreviation
 Simi Valley station, California, Amtrak station code

Other uses
Siberian International Marathon
, the driving license in Indonesia

See also
Simsim (disambiguation)
Sim4, a bioinformatics sequence alignment program
SIM-VIII, 1931 Yugoslav airplane
Sims (disambiguation)

Simm (disambiguation)
Simming, the act of playing an online roleplaying game
Projector (disambiguation). A projector is a device that projects an image on a surface.

Projector may also refer to:

Computing
 Projector PSA, a software and cloud-computing company
 Projector, a version control system used in the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop

Weaponry
 Projector, a type of mortar
 Livens Projector
 PIAT (Projector, Infantry, Anti Tank), British Second World War spigot mortar
 Holman Projector
 Northover Projector

Other uses
 Projector (business)
 Projector (Dark Tranquillity album), 1999
Projector (Geese album), 2021
 Projector (patent), the original inventor to reduce an invention to practice
 In mathematics, a projection operator
The Projector, a Singaporean cinema chain

See also
 Corporate promoter or projector, e.g. in the phrase "railway projectors"
 Projection (disambiguation)
Williams Electric Trains. Williams Electric Trains was an American model railroad manufacturer, based in Columbia, Maryland.  Williams was sold to Kader via their subsidiary Bachmann Industries in October 2007, and is now identified as "Williams by Bachmann."

It was founded in 1971 by Jerry Williams as a maker of reproductions of vintage Lionel and Ives Standard gauge trains. Williams had acquired some of the original tooling from the original Lionel Corporation after it sold the rights to the name to General Mills in 1969. In the 1980s Williams acquired tooling that had once belonged to Kusan, an obscure Lionel competitor from the 1950s, and its product line shifted to O scale. Williams eventually discontinued its tinplate offerings, selling the old Lionel tooling to the company that later became MTH Electric Trains.

Although today Williams is often considered a maker of reproduction 1950s-era Lionel equipment, Williams' offerings are distinguishable from the Lionel originals because Williams sometimes adds details that were not possible using 1950s manufacturing methods.

Unlike most other O scale manufacturers, Williams never added electronics such as Trainmaster Command Control or Digital Command System to its locomotives. This decision gained Williams a small but devoted following among those hobbyists who want a more "traditional" train layout reminiscent of the 1950s but who want to buy modern equipment. However, this decision has also allowed companies such as MTH and K-Line to eclipse it in size in spite of being an older company.

External links
 http://www.bachmanntrains.com/

American companies established in 1971
2007 mergers and acquisitions
Model railroad manufacturers
Companies based in Columbia, Maryland
Model manufacturers of the United States
Construct. Construct, Constructs or constructs may refer to:

 Construct (information technology), a collection of logic components forming an interactive agent or environment
 Language construct
 Construct (album), a 2013 album by Dark Tranquillity
 Construct (philosophy), a hypothetical object whose phenomenal existence depends upon a subject's mind
 Construct (python library), a software library used for data-structuring
 Construct (software), an HTML5-based game creator

 Construct state, an Afro-Asiatic noun-form

 DNA construct, a segment of nucleic acid, created artificially, for transplantation into a target cell or tissue
 Social construct
 Construct (psychology), a label used in behavioural sciences for a domain of behaviors

 an alternative name for a concrete category
 biological creations appearing in the Wheel of Time series of fantasy novels

See also
 Construction
 Construx, a brand of plastic building toys
Eggdrop. Eggdrop is a popular IRC bot and the oldest that is still being maintained.

It was originally written by Robey Pointer in December 1993 to help manage and protect the EFnet channel #gayteen; one Eggdrop bot version was named Valis.

Eggdrop was originally intended to help manage and protect channels from takeover attempts.

Features 
The bot is written in the C programming language and features interfaces for C modules and Tcl scripts that allow users to further enhance the functionality of the bot.

A large number of Tcl scripts are available to expand the bot's functionality, most of them written by Eggdrop users.
Scripts are available to add and extend support for: online games, stats, user and channel management, information storage and lookup, greeting channel members, tracking last seen times, botnet management, anti-spam, file serving and distribution (usually via the DCC protocol), IRC services (similar to ChanServ and NickServ), and much more.

Eggdrop includes built-in support for sharing user information and channel bans. However, a script is required to simultaneously control multiple bots and for bots to coordinate channel management and modes.

The bot also features a "botnet", which allows multiple bots to be linked together to share data and act in a coordinated fashion. The botnet supports a "party line", which is accessible via DCC CHAT and Telnet. People can communicate within the botnet on various channels in an equivalent to a miniature IRC. Channel 0, the default, is referred to as the "party line".

Popularity 
Over the years Eggdrop has become one of the most popular bots run by IRC users.

See also 

 Internet Relay Chat
 Internet Relay Chat bot
 Comparison of Internet Relay Chat bots
 Shell account
 Tcl

References

External links
 
 Tcl/Tk tutorials YouTube playlist in an Android application for your Eggdrop Tcl Scripts
 
 
 
 The IRC bot uptime project
 Modern site to support Eggdrop and even provides Eggdrop hosting

IRC
IRC bots
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in Tcl
Cross-platform free software
Internet software for Linux
Unix Internet software
Windows Internet software
1993 software
Social engineering (political science). Social engineering is a term which has been used to mean top-down efforts to influence particular attitudes and social behaviors on a large scale—most often undertaken by governments, but also carried out by mass media, academia or private groups—in order to produce desired characteristics in a target population.

History
 
The Dutch industrialist J.C. Van Marken (nl) used the term sociale ingenieurs ("social engineers") in an essay in 1894. The idea was that modern employers needed the assistance of specialists in handling the human challenges, just as they needed technical expertise (traditional engineers) to deal with non-human challenges (materials, machines, processes). "Social engineering" was the title of a small journal in 1899 (renamed "Social Service" from 1900), and in 1909 it was the title of a book by the journal's former editor, William H. Tolman (translated into French in 1910). With the Social Gospel sociologist Edwin L. Earp's The Social Engineer, published during the "efficiency craze" of 1911 in the U.S., a new usage of the term was launched that has since then become standard: "Social engineering" came to refer to an approach of treating social relations as "machineries", to be dealt with in the manner of the technical engineer.

Examples of use
In the 1920s, the government of the Soviet Union embarked on a campaign to fundamentally alter the behavior and ideals of Soviet citizens, to replace the old social frameworks of the Russian Empire with a new Soviet culture, and to develop the New Soviet man. Commissars became agents of social engineering.

In India, social engineering was effectively done in the state of Bihar, on a grand scale, to unify different castes after 2005.

In his political science book, The Open Society and Its Enemies, volume I, The Spell of Plato (1945), Karl Popper made a distinction between the principles of 'what he called "piecemeal social engineering" and Utopian social engineering.

See also

Cult of personality
Demographic engineering
 Engineers of the human soul
 Eugenics
 Media manipulation
 Nudge theory
 Paternalism
 Political engineering
 Psychological operations
 Social control
 Social technology
 Total institution

References

Further reading

"The Best That Money Can’t Buy: Beyond Politics, Poverty, and War", Jacque Fresco, 2002.
 Peter Swirski. American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History. New York, Routledge, 2011.
 Charles Arthur Willard. Liberalism and the Social Grounds of Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
 Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. Noam Chomsky. 1998.
 Seeing Like a State. James C. Scott. 1999.
 Social Engineering''. Adam Podgórecki. 1996.

 
Social influence
Political science terminology
Political terminology
Left-wing politics
Liberalism
Linguistic controversies
Walter F. Tichy. Walter F. Tichy (born April 22, 1952, in Bad Reichenhall) is a German computer scientist. He was professor of computer science at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany where he taught classes in software engineering until April 2022. He remains at KIT as a professor emeritus and has been teaching at Kutaisi International University in Georgia since September 2022.

To the larger software development community he is best known as the initial developer of the RCS revision control system. However, he has also written highly cited works on experimental software engineering, the string-to-string correction problem, software configuration management, and extreme programming.

References

External links 
 IPD Tichy - Prof. Dr. Walter F. Tichy - Website at the university department
 Articles by Walter F. Tichy
 Walter F. Tichy - Kutaisi International University

German computer scientists
Living people
1952 births
Sentient computing. Sentient computing is a form of ubiquitous computing which uses sensors to perceive its environment and react accordingly. A common use of the sensors is to construct a world model which allows location-aware or context-aware applications to be constructed.

One famous research prototype of a sentient computing system was the work at AT&T Laboratories, Cambridge (now defunct). It consisted of an ultrasonic indoor location system called the "Active Bats" which provided a location accuracy of about 3 cm. The world model was managed via the  SPIRIT database, using CORBA to access information and spatial indexing to deliver high-level events such as "Alice has entered the kitchen" to listening context-aware applications. The research continues at the Digital Technology Group at the University of Cambridge.

Some example applications of the system include:
 A "follow-me phone" which would cause the telephone nearest the recipient to ring.
 Teleporting desktops via VNC just by clicking their Active Bat near the computer.
 Spatial buttons which were activated by clicking the Active Bat at a particular spot (such as a poster).
 Measuring and surveying buildings.
 Location-based games

Context adaptation 

A context adaptive system typically enables the user to maintain a certain application (in different forms) while roaming between different wireless access technologies, locations, devices and even simultaneously executing everyday tasks like meetings, driving a car etc. For example a context adaptive and hence ubiquitous navigation system would offer navigation support in the situations at home, indoor, outdoor, and in car. This involves making the navigation functionality available for different availability of output devices, input devices and location sensors as well as adapting the user interaction operability to the current speed, noise or operator handicaps while keeping in mind the overall applicability depending on the user preferences, his knowledge, current task etc.

See also 
Home automation
Mobile computing
mscape
Ubiquitous computing

References 

 Andy Hopper, The Royal Society Clifford Paterson Lecture, 1999 - Sentient Computing. Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society London. 2000, Volume 358, Pages 2349-2358, Royal Society, August 2000 .pdf .
 "The sentient office is coming", The Economist.
 Sentient Computing Project Home Page, AT&T Laboratories archive, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory

Multimodal interaction
HP-27S. The HP-27S was a pocket calculator produced by Hewlett-Packard, introduced in 1988, and discontinued between 1990 and 1993 (sources vary). It was the first HP scientific calculator to use algebraic entry instead of RPN, and though it was labelled scientific, it also included features associated with specialized business calculators.

The device featured standard scientific functions, including statistics and probability. Equations could be stored in memory, and solved and integrated for specified variables. Binary, octal, and hexadecimal number bases could be used. Business features included a real-time clock and calendar with up to ten appointments (each with a 22 character message string), as well as functions such as time value of money calculations.

The 27S was not programmable in the conventional way, but it included an advanced formula-storage system with programming features. Within stored formulas, sub-formulas could be defined and later referred to by name. Loops and conditional execution could also be embedded within formulas.

Hardware 

The 27S has the same physical form factor and 37-key keypad as other models in the Pioneer series. Introduced at the same time as the HP-17B, it shares the same internal hardware.

The calculator had 6,900 bytes of usable memory, shared among variables and formulas. Ten storage registers R0 through R9 could each hold one number.

Its hardware features included a dot-matrix display of two rows of 22 characters. Depending on context, either the top row was used to display the current expression or a message, or the bottom row was used to show menu options, which could be selected with the corresponding keys. An infra-red transmitter was also included, allowing the machine to be used with a compatible printer, such as the HP 82240B. A beeper could be used to sound date/time alarms.

See also
 List of Hewlett-Packard products: Pocket calculators
 HP calculators

References

27S
27S