omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Fulton Airphibian. The Fulton FA-2 Airphibian is an American roadable aircraft manufactured in 1946.

Development

Designed by Robert Edison Fulton Jr., it was an aluminum-bodied car, built with independent suspension, aircraft-sized wheels, and a six-cylinder 165 hp engine.  The fabric wings were easily attached to the fuselage, converting the car into a plane. Four prototypes were built.

In December 1950, the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) (later to become the FAA) certified one of the prototypes and gave it an 1A11 Aircraft Specification, N74104. Lou Achitoff, was the CAA test pilot. The N74154 is the aircraft that is today in the main building of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC, having previously been on display in the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

The craft made its debut in November 1946 at Danbury, Connecticut. Financial concerns forced Fulton to sell to a company that never developed it.

Design
The Airphibian took the approach of converting from an aircraft to a roadable vehicle by a conversion process that left aircraft sections behind during road use. The process consisted of removing a three-bladed propeller and placing it on a hook on the side of the fuselage, cranking down support casters, and disengaging lock levers connecting the flight unit to the road unit. The wing and aft fuselage are detached for road use.

Survivors
In the mid-1990s, one of the surviving Airphibians was restored by Fulton III, along with David Dumas and Deborah Hanson. Later, it was put on display for several years at the Canada Aviation Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in their main display hall, but in 2009 it moved to the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center (annex of the National Air and Space Museum). Since 2022 it has been on display in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

Specifications

See also
 Aerocar
 Aerocar Aero-Plane
 Aerocar Coot

References

 Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–52. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd, 1951.

External links
 What Its Like To Fly A Car detailed July 1952 Popular Science article 
 Fulton Airphibian
 www.Airphibian.com — a Web site dedicated to the people who designed, built and tested the Airphibian

Roadable aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
Airway (automobile). The Airway was an American microcar with two seats, made by Everett Miller and T. P. Hall, and Clarence O Lee was a loaned engineer between 1949 and 1950 in San Diego, California.  It had an all-aluminum body and chassis and an air-cooled 10 hp (7 kW) Onan engine mounted at the back.  Normally it would only use a single fluid-drive speed, plus an emergency low gear.

History 

Hall had attempted several times to make a flying car, but stuck with a more conventional design for this car. The streamlined styling was considered to be modern and quite appealing, and its tiny wheels made the car look larger than it actually was. It used a large amount of aluminum and plastic to reduce its weight. Its wheelbase was  in length ( all told) and  wide. Only two are known to have been made, one of the coupe and one of the sedan, though a number of photographs exist.

Model details 

Body type – Shipping weight – Factory price

2-door Sedan -  - US$750

2-door coupe -  - US$750

References

External links 
Photo

Microcars
Cars introduced in 1949
Electro stimulation. Electro-stimulation is stimulation using electricity.  

It can be used in the context of:
 Animal husbandry as part of the artificial insemination process
 Bioelectromagnetics
 Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
 Transcranial magnetic stimulation
 Transcorneal electrical stimulation
 Electrical muscle stimulation
 Bio-electric stimulation therapy
 Functional electrical stimulation
 Erotic electrostimulation, sometimes a form of BDSM

Neurotechnology
Former disambiguation pages converted to set index articles
Alan (automobile). The Alan was a German "inflation-period" automobile of simple design; it was manufactured by J Mayer in Bamberg (Bavaria) in limited numbers between 1923 and 1925.  The only model, the 6/30, had a 30hp, four-cylinder engine with overhead valves, made in Berlin by Siemens and Halske.

References

Further reading 

Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
economy of Bavaria
bamberg
Alba (1907 automobile). Alba was an Italians car manufacturer based in Trieste, which started operations in 1906 with two companies

named Alba Fabbrica Automobili S.A. and Alba Automobilwerke Aktiengesellschaft. The company was founded by automobile enthusiasts from influential families of Trieste,  Edmondo Richetti, Ettore Modiano and others. The company planned to build two models of car, firstly one with 18-24hp output and the second with 35-40hp output, but only the second model made it to production with a 6,868 cc inline 4-cylinder engine and a 4 speed manual gearbox. It was showcased at the Paris Motor Show in 1907 where the model was praised by the visitors. Despite the attention and appreciation the model received, the company failed to mass produce the vehicle and the company closed its operations in 1908. At the time of liquidation the company had 10 units of the 35-40hp model car, a 20,000 sq ft production plant in San Sabba and 150 employees.

See also 

 SCAT
 S.P.A.
 Lancia
 Aquila Italiana
 Brixia-Zust

References 

Cars introduced in 1907
Cars of Austria
Albar (car). Albar is a Swiss car maker, built since 1978 in Buochs by Alois Barmettler.

Barmettler had for some time made Dune Buggy and cross country conversions based on the VW Beetle.

In the early 1980s he moved on to make a coupé styled car with two-seater glass fibre body made in Austria.  They were sold in Switzerland as the Albar Jet and Austria as the Strato.

In 1982 he started to make the open Sonic model which no longer relied on the Beetle floor pan but had a proper space frame. Later versions could have VW Straight-4 or Renault 25 engines. A fixed head coupé version was also made.

Cars of Switzerland
Alberford. The Alberford was an English car manufactured in about 1922 to 1924 in Albert Bridge Garage, Chelsea, London.  Marketed as "the ideal owner-driver car" it was based on a lengthened and possibly lowered chassis from a Model T Ford with wire wheels and a Rolls-Royce type radiator. The engine was converted to overhead valve and a top speed of 75 mph (120 km/h) was claimed. Prices ranged from £253 for a two-seater to £500 for a saloon.

See also 
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References 

Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Vehicle manufacture in London
Defunct companies based in London
Tugtupite. Tugtupite is a beryllium aluminium tectosilicate. It also contains sodium and chlorine and has the formula Na4AlBeSi4O12Cl. Tugtupite is a member of the silica-deficient feldspathoid mineral group. It occurs in high alkali intrusive igneous rocks.

Tugtupite is tenebrescent, sharing much of its crystal structure with sodalite, and the two minerals are occasionally found together in the same sample.

Tugtupite occurs as vitreous, transparent to translucent masses of tetragonal crystals and is commonly found in white, pink, to crimson, and even blue and green. It has a Mohs hardness of 4 and a specific gravity of 2.36.  It fluoresces crimson under ultraviolet radiation.

It was first found in 1962 at Tugtup agtakôrfia Ilimaussaq intrusive complex of southwest Greenland. It has also been found at Mont-Saint-Hilaire in Quebec and in the Lovozero Massif of the Kola Peninsula in Russia

The name is derived from the Greenlandic Inuit word for reindeer (tuttu), and means "reindeer blood".

The U.S. Geological Survey reports that in Nepal, tugtupite (as well as jasper and nephrite) were found extensively in most of the rivers from the Bardia to the Dang.

It is used as a gemstone.

References

Sodium minerals
Beryllium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Feldspathoid
Sodalite group
Natural history of Greenland
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 82
Gemstones
80 Air Navigation School SAAF. 80 Air Navigation School is a unit of the South African Air Force. It is currently an aerial navigation, maritime operations and maritime survival school.

 Historic aircraft flown: Lockheed Ventura, various on loan
 Current aircraft flown: None (the school loans the C-47TP, Cessna Caravan and PC-7 Mk.II Astra from other units as required)

References

Squadrons of the South African Air Force
Military units and formations in Cape Town
Military units and formations established in 1946
Aviation schools
1946 establishments in South Africa
Inventor's notebook. An inventor's notebook is used by inventors, scientists and engineers to record their ideas, invention process, experimental tests and results and observations.  It is not a legal document but is valuable, if properly organized and maintained, since it can help establish dates of conception and reduction to practice. It may be considered as grey literature. The information can improve the outcome of a patent or a patent contestation.

Purpose

A patent grants its owner(s) the right to sue those who manufacture and market products or services that infringe on the claims declared in the patent.  Typically, governments award patents on either a first to file or first to invent basis.   Therefore, it is important to keep and maintain records that help establish who is first to invent a particular invention.

The inventor's notebook (also called a journal, lab book or log book) is a systematic device for recording all information related to an invention in such a way that it can be used to develop a case during a patent contestation or patent-related lawsuit.

The notebook is also a valuable tool for the inventor since it provides a chronological record of an invention and its reduction to practice. Each entry must be signed and dated by a witness. The witness should not be someone with a conflict of interest (such as a research partner). If an inventor ever has to go to court to prove that they were the first to make the invention, then the witness would be called to the stand to testify that the signature is theirs and they signed that page on that date.

A "virtual inventor's notebook", in which one scans note pages and emails them to oneself, would not provide the same legal protection as a  since it is easier to commit fraud with a virtual notebook.

The need for an inventor's notebook will diminish in the future as the United States is progressively implementing a first-to-file system pursuant to the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act.  It has been said that first-to-file eliminates a troubling source of litigation, particularly for individual inventors who may lack the processes and legal resources to defend against evidentiary challenges by large corporate research organizations.

Famous notebooks 

Though not necessarily following all the guidelines above, journals and notebooks have been kept by many famous inventors, scientists and engineers.  Some of the most well-known journals include those of:
 Leonardo da Vinci
 Galileo Galilei
 Evangelista Torricelli
 Alessandro Volta
 Thomas A. Edison
 Thomas Jefferson
 Albert Einstein
 Nikola Tesla
 Frederic Tudor

See also 

 Lab notebook
 Electronic lab notebook
 Invention disclosure
 Interference proceeding
 Swear back of a reference
 Grey literature

Notes

Further reading 

 Grisson, Fred & Pressman, David. (2000). The Inventor's Notebook, 3rd Edition. Nolo.

Patent law
Notebooks
Grey literature
Expat (software). Expat is a stream-oriented XML 1.0 parser library, written in C, more precisely C99. As one of the first available open-source XML parsers, Expat has found a place in many open-source projects. Such projects include the Apache HTTP Server, Mozilla, Perl, Python and PHP. It is also  bound in many other languages.

Naming 
According to the original creator, the name Expat came from the fact that he was an expat at the time. The "ex" and the "pa" are for XML and parsing.

Timeline 
Software developer James Clark released version 1.0 in 1998 while serving as technical lead on the XML Working Group at the World Wide Web Consortium.  Clark released two more versions, 1.1 and 1.2, before turning the project over to a group led by Clark Cooper and Fred Drake in 2000. The new group released version 1.95.0 in September 2000 and continues to release new versions to incorporate bug fixes and enhancements.

Availability 
GitHub hosts the Expat project. Versions exist for most major operating-systems.

Deployment 
To use the Expat library, programs first register handler functions with Expat. When Expat parses an XML document, it calls the registered handlers as it finds relevant tokens in the input stream. These tokens and their associated handler calls are called events. Typically, programs register handler functions for XML element start or stop events and character events. Expat provides facilities for more sophisticated event handling such as XML Namespace declarations, processing instructions and DTD events.

Expat's parsing events resemble the events defined in the Simple API for XML (SAX), but Expat is not a SAX-compliant parser. Projects incorporating the Expat library often build SAX and possibly DOM parsers on top of Expat.  While Expat is mainly a stream-based (push) parser, it supports stopping and restarting parsing at arbitrary times, thus making the implementation of a pull parser relatively easy as well.

References

External links
 Expat Project Home Page
 Using Expat, Clark Cooper, 1999

XML parsers
C (programming language) libraries
Software using the MIT license
Timken OK Load. Timken OK Load is a standardised measurement that indicates the possible performance of extreme pressure (EP) additives in a lubricating grease or oil.  The units of measurement are pounds-force or kilograms-force. This measurement is performed using a special test machine and standard block and ring test specimens.

The test machine is based on a machine manufactured by the Timken Company from 1935 to 1972, It is now an industry recognized standard test to compare extreme pressure resistance of greases and oils in a reproducible way. 

It is not to be confused with some smaller lubricity testers that are also often erroneously called Timken: the confusion originates from a now obsolete Italian brand TIMPKEN.

The test machine consists of a standardized bearing race mounted on a tapered arbour rotating at high speed.  The race is brought into contact with a square steel test block under a constant load.  The contact area is flooded with the lubricant or grease being tested.  The Timken OK Load is the highest standard load at which the spinning bearing race produces no scouring mark on the test block, but only a uniform wear scar.

Timken OK Loads are listed on grease and oil property charts and are part of many specifications.  It was once generally assumed that the measure and the film strength of the lubricant were directly related.  Today, the primary purpose of the test is to determine whether EP additives are present and functioning.  A measure of 35 pounds (16 kilograms-force or 155 newtons) or more means that EP additives are present and working well.

The Timken OK Load test methods are ASTM D-2509 for greases and ASTM D-2782 for oils.

There are a few portable versions of smaller testers utilizing similar test methods for public demonstration or for product showcase.

References

Mechanical engineering
IBM 1410. The IBM 1410, a member of the IBM 1400 series, was a decimal computer with a variable word length that was announced by IBM on September 12, 1960 and marketed as a midrange business computer. It was withdrawn on March 30, 1970.

Overview
The 1410 was similar in design to the very popular IBM 1401, but it had one major difference. Addresses were five characters long and allowed a maximum memory of 80,000 characters, much larger than the 16,000 characters permitted by the 1401's three-character addresses.  However, the 1410 could also be run in what was termed "1401 compatibility mode".  This was accomplished in hardware - the machine literally turned into a 1401 with the flip of a switch. In addition, with care, it was possible to write source code in the Autocoder assembler language that could be used on either system, as nearly all 1401 instructions had exact 1410 equivalents, and had the same mnemonics.

The later IBM 7010 used the same architecture as the 1410, but was implemented with 7000 series technology (see IBM 700/7000 series), and supported up to 100,000 characters of storage.

External links
IBM Archives - 1410
Al Kossow's IBM 1410 Documents
Jay Jaeger's IBM 1410 page
Al Kossow's IBM 1400 Series Documents

1410
Variable word length computers
Decimal computers
HMS A2. HMS A2 was an  submarine built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
A2 was a member of the first British class of submarines, although slightly larger, faster and more heavily armed than the lead ship, . The submarine had a length of  overall, a beam of  and a mean draft of . They displaced  on the surface and  submerged. The A-class submarines had a crew of 2 officers and 9 ratings.

For surface running, the boats were powered by a single 16-cylinder  Wolseley petrol engine that drove one propeller shaft. When submerged the propeller was driven by a  electric motor. They could reach  on the surface and  underwater. On the surface, A2 had a range of  at ; submerged the boat had a range of  at .

The boats were armed with two 18-inch (45 cm) torpedo tubes in the bow. They could carry a pair of reload torpedoes, but generally did not as in doing so they had to compensate for their weight by an equivalent weight of fuel.

Construction and career
Like all boats in her class, she was built at Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness. Construction started in 1902 and the submarine was launched on 15 April 1903 and completed on 26 March 1904. During World War I, A2 served on harbour service at Portsmouth. She flooded after running aground in Bomb Ketch Lake in Portsmouth Harbour in January 1920 and was sold for scrap to H. G. Pound of Portsmouth on 22 October 1925.

Notes

References
 
 
 

A-class submarines (1903)
World War I submarines of the United Kingdom
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
Royal Navy ship names
1903 ships
Maritime incidents in 1920
British submarine accidents
Queen Charlotte Airlines. Queen Charlotte Airlines was a Canadian airline founded by Jim Spilsbury that operated on the West Coast of Canada from 1946 to 1955, when it was sold to Pacific Western Airlines. Though the airline grew out of a bush flying operation, it became the third largest airline in Canada.

The book The Accidental Airline by Jim Spilsbury and Howard White tells the story of the QCA.

Fleet 

The following aircraft were operated by the QCA (this list is possibly incomplete):
Avro Anson
Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing
Bellanca Cruisair
Cessna 180 Skywagon
Cessna Crane
Consolidated PBY Catalina
De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
De Havilland Dragon Rapide
Douglas DC-3
Fairchild F-11 Husky
Grumman G-21 Goose
Noorduyn Norseman
Stinson 108
Supermarine Stranraer
Waco Standard YKC-S

See also 
 List of defunct airlines of Canada

References 

 Further reading
 

Defunct airlines of Canada
Airlines established in 1943
Airlines disestablished in 1955
Defunct seaplane operators
X-15 Flight 90. Flight 90 of the North American X-15 was a research flight conducted by NASA and the US Air Force on July 19, 1963. It was the first of two X-15 missions that passed the 100-km high Kármán line, the FAI definition of space, along with Flight 91 the next month. The X-15 was flown by Joseph A. Walker, who flew both X-15 spaceflights over the Kármán line.

Crew

Mission parameters
Mass: 15,195 kg fueled; 6,577 kg burnout; 6,260 kg landed
Maximum Altitude: 106.01 km., 347,800 feet
Range: 534 km
Burn Time: 84.6 seconds
Mach: 5.50
Launch Vehicle: NB-52B Bomber #008

Mission highlights
Maximum Speed - 5,971 km/h. Maximum Altitude - 106,010 m. 80 cm diameter balloon towed on 30 m line to measure air density. First X-15 flight over 100 km (a height known as the Kármán line). This made Walker the first US civilian in space. This was also the first spaceflight of a spaceplane in aviation history. First flight launched over Smith Dry Lake, NV. Experiments: Towed balloon, horizon scanner, photometer, infrared and ultraviolet. Balloon instrumentation failed.

The mission was flown by X-15 #3, serial 56–6672 on its 21st flight.

Launched by: NB-52B #008, Pilots Fulton & Bement. Takeoff: 17:19. UTC Landing: 19:04 UTC.

Chase pilots: Crews, Dana, Rogers, Daniel and Wood.

The X-15 engine burned about 85 seconds. Near the end of the burn, acceleration built up to about 4g (39 m/s²). Weightlessness lasted for 3 to 5 minutes. Re-entry heating warmed the exterior of the X-15 to 650 °C in places. During pull up after re-entry, the acceleration built up to 5g (49 m/s²) for 20 seconds. The entire flight lasted about 12 minutes from launch to landing.

Notes

References

 

 

1963 in spaceflight
090
X-15 Flight 91. X-15 Flight 91 was an August 22, 1963 American crewed sub-orbital spaceflight, and the second and final flight in the program to fly above the Kármán line, which was previously achieved during Flight 90 a month earlier by the same pilot, Joseph A. Walker. It was the highest flight of the X-15 program. 

Flight 91 was the first internationally recognized spaceflight of a reused spacecraft, as Walker had also flown plane number three on the previous sub-orbital spaceflight over the Kármán line on July 19. The flight was air-launched from a modified Boeing B-52 Stratofortress support plane over Smith Ranch Dry Lake, Nevada, United States. Walker piloted the X-15 to an altitude of 107.96 km and remained weightless for approximately five minutes. The altitude was the highest crewed flight by a spaceplane to that time, and remained the record until the 1981 flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. 

Walker landed the X-15 about 12 minutes after it was launched, at Rogers Dry Lake, Edwards Airforce Base, in California. This was Walker's final X-15 flight.

Crew

Mission parameters
Mass: 15,195 kg fueled; 6,577 kg burnout; 6,260 kg landed
Maximum altitude: 107.96 km
Range: 543.4 km
Burn time: 85.8 seconds
Mach: 5.58
Launch vehicle: NB-52A Bomber #003

Mission highlights
On this flight, Joe Walker became the first person to enter space twice. He had a maximum speed of 3,794 mph (6,106 km/h) and a maximum altitude of 354,200 feet. Second and final X-15 flight over 67 miles. Unofficial altitude record set for class. Highest altitude achieved by X-15. Last flight for Walker in X-15 program. Number 1 left RCS nozzle froze up. First flight with altitude predictor instrument (needed calibration).

The mission was flown by X-15 #3, serial 56-6672 on its 22nd flight.

Launched by: NB-52A #003, Pilots Russell Bement & Lewis. Takeoff: 17:09 UTC. Landing: 18:56 UTC.

Chase pilots: Wood, Dana, Gordon and Rogers.

The X-15 engine burned about 85 seconds. Near the end of the burn, acceleration built up to about 4 G (39 m/s²). Weightlessness lasted for 3 to 5 minutes. Re-entry heating warmed the exterior of the X-15 to 650°C in places. During pull-up after re-entry, acceleration built up to 5 G (49 m/s²) for 20 seconds. The entire flight was about 12 minutes from launch to landing.

Notes

References

1963 in spaceflight
091