omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Engineering Fountain. The Purdue Mall Water Sculpture, often referred to as the Engineering Fountain, is a water sculpture and fountain located at the main campus of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.  The sculpture is positioned in the heart of campus on the Purdue Mall.  Designed by Robert Youngman, the fountain was a gift from the class of 1939 and as a result of its benefactors, the fountain is also known as the Class of 1939 Water Sculpture.

Description

The fountain has four vertical parabolic structures with a large jet of water spraying up through the center.  It is surrounded by benches that can be used by visitors to enjoy the fountain.  It stands 38 feet tall and is made of 228 tons of concrete.  The fountain has neither a fence around it nor a pool to collect the water.  Rather, the water drains though a metal grate set into the ground underneath it.  A later addition to the fountain is a mirrored steel cylinder around the jet.

Background

The idea for the design was sketched on a napkin when Robert Youngman was at a casual meeting over coffee in the Purdue Memorial Union.  Youngman was a professor at the University of Illinois and completed a large number of concrete sculptures between 1962 and 1995. The fountain was officially dedicated to the university in 1989 during homecoming on the fiftieth anniversary of the class of 1939. Taresah Youngman, Robert's daughter, assisted in the project. Jones & Phillips Associates, Inc.(Architectural and Specialty Lighting designers) worked with sculptor Youngman to create a series of lighting effects and a twenty-minute lighting program orchestrated to the fountain water show. The fountain runs from the second week in April through the end of October or as weather permits.  The total cost of the fountain is believed to be around $350,000.

General information

The fountain is the iconic center of the Purdue Mall, which is often informally referred as the Engineering Mall due to the proximity of the engineering-related buildings around it.  Originally built with an open jet that shoots 588 gallons of water per minute straight up into the air, students soon created the tradition of running through the fountain on warm days. In 2001, a mirrored cylinder was installed around the jet at Youngman's suggestion to prevent potential injuries incurred during fountain runs.   This cylinder has not stopped students from participating in the tradition of a fountain run on warm days after class or after the summer graduation ceremonies.

References

External links
 Purdue University Visual Arts Committee A list of public artwork on Purdue's campus
 Purdue Newsreel 1989: A New Face for an Old Friend. 23-minute video, beginning with three minutes about the fountain's dedication

Fountains in Indiana
Outdoor sculptures in Indiana
Purdue University campus
Austin Tate. Austin Tate is Emeritus Professor of Knowledge-based systems in the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh.  From 1985 to 2019 he was Director of AIAI (Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute) in the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh.

He is known for his contributions to AI Planning, applications of Artificial Intelligence, and work on collaborative systems in Virtual Worlds.

Early life and education
Tate was born 12 May 1951, Knottingley, West Yorkshire, UK. He completed his  B.A. (Hons) Computer Studies, Lancaster University, 1969-1972. He completed his postgraduate study in Machine Intelligence at University of Edinburgh, supervised by Donald Michie, 1972-1975 and a Master of Science degree in e-Learning at the University of Edinburgh, 2011-2012.

Research and career
Tate's research interests are in Artificial intelligence.

Selected publications
 Tate, A. (1977) Generating Project Networks, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-77), pp. 888–893, Cambridge, MA, USA, Morgan Kaufmann.
 
 Tate, A., Levine, J., Dalton, J. and Nixon, A. (2003) Task Achieving Agents on the World Wide Web, in "Spinning the Semantic Web" (Fensel, D., Hendler, J., Liebermann, H. and Wahlster, W.), Chapter 15, pp. 431–458, MIT Press, 2003.
 
 
 Other Publications: O-Plan Papers, I-X Papers

Honours and awards
Tate's awards and honours include:
 1993 – Elected AAAI Fellow
 1998 – Fellow of the Workflow Management Coalition (WfMC)
 1999 – Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE)
 1999 – Fellow of the European Association for Artificial Intelligence (EurAI)
 2000 – Fellow of the British Computer Society (FBCS)
 2006 – Fellow of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour (SSAISB)
 2012 – Elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng)

Personal life
He was married in 1975 to Margaret (née Mowbray) at Knottingley, West Yorkshire, England.

References

External links
 Research: AIAI Planning and Activity Management Group website
 AI Planners: Traverser, Interplan, Nonlin, O-Plan, I-X/I-Plan
 Example Projects: AKT (Advanced Knowledge Technologies), CoAX (Coalition Agents eXperiment), FireGrid, OpenKnowledge, I-Room, OpenVCE
 Virtual World Avatar: Ai Austin's website
 Interests: Austin Tate's Gerry Anderson Web Area, Supercar, Fireball XL5

1951 births
People from Knottingley
Living people
Artificial intelligence researchers
Alumni of Lancaster University
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
British computer scientists
Fellows of the British Computer Society
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Fellows of the SSAISB
Fellows of the European Association for Artificial Intelligence
Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. The College of Earth and Mineral Sciences is a constituent, semi-autonomous part of Pennsylvania State University in University Park, Pennsylvania.

The College was founded in 1896 as a School of Mines, but, over time, diversified becoming the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. The college has five departments: Energy and Mineral Engineering, Geography, Geosciences, Materials Science and Engineering, and Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences.

The Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, as of fall 2007, now offers an undergraduate program in energy engineering, the first of its kind in the country.

The College also includes The Alliance for Earth Science, Engineering, and Development in Africa (AESEDA), The Energy Institute, The Earth and Environmental Systems Institute (EESI), The John A. Dutton e-Education Institute, and The Peter R. Gould Center for Geography and Outreach.

It is currently the smallest college (in terms of student enrollment) at the University Park campus.

Five employees (Michael E. Mann, Klaus Keller, Anne Thompson, Richard Alley, and William Easterling) contributed to the efforts of the IPCC that won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.

Rankings

According to the latest United States National Research Council rankings (1995), The Department of Geography is ranked number one in the United States. The U.S. News Best Graduate Schools 2007 ranked the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences' Meteorology graduate program number one in the US. According to U.S. News rankings for 2009, the Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering program ranks 5th in the nation and the Geology program ranks 3rd in the nation.

Alumni
Alexandra Tillson Filer, metallurgist, mineral collector, bookseller
Gregory S. Forbes - Weather Channel Severe Weather Expert
Elliot Abrams - Accuweather
Jay Hammond - Governor of Alaska
Joel N. Myers - Founder of Accuweather

References

External links

Pennsylvania State University colleges
Universities and colleges established in 1896
1896 establishments in Pennsylvania
Hydrostatic head. When generating hydropower, the head is the distance that a given water source has to fall before the point where power is generated. Ultimately the force responsible for hydropower is gravity, so a hydroelectricity plant with a tall/high head can produce more power than a similar plant with a short/low head.  In short, for a given water flow, a larger head will be converted into greater kinetic energy.  That energy is then harnessed by a water wheel or water turbine to create usable hydropower.

Fabrics
Hydrostatic head is also used as a measure of the waterproofing of a fabric, commonly in clothing and equipment used for outdoor recreation. It is measured as a length (typically millimetres), representing the maximum height of a vertical column of water that could be placed on top of the fabric before water started seeping through the weave. Thus a fabric with a hydrostatic head rating of  mm could hold back a column of water five metres high, but no more.

Notes

See also
Hydraulic head for a more technical description of the physical principle of hydraulics
Tent and waterproofing, as hydrostatic head is used as a measurement of waterproofness

References
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation: Glossary (See “Head”)
U.S. Minerals Management Service: Glossary (See “Hydraulic head”]
 Society of Petrophysicists & Well Log Analysts: Glossary (See “Hydraulic head”)

Hydrology
Motorola 68HC08. The 68HC08 (also abbreviated as HC08) is a broad family of 8-bit microcontrollers from Motorola Semiconductor (later from Freescale then NXP).

HC08's are fully code-compatible with their predecessors, the Motorola 68HC05.  Like all Motorola processors that share lineage from the 6800, they use the von Neumann architecture as well as memory-mapped I/O.  This family has five CPU registers that are not part of the memory.  One 8-bit accumulator A, a 16-bit index register H:X, a 16-bit stack pointer SP, a 16-bit program counter PC, and an 8-bit condition code register CCR.  Some instructions refer to the different bytes in the H:X index register independently.

Among the HC08's there are dozens of processor families, each targeted to different embedded applications.  Features and capabilities vary widely, from 8 to 64-pin processors, from LIN connectivity to USB 1.1. A typical and general purpose device from the HC08 family of units is the  microcontroller M68HC908GP32.

The Freescale RS08 core is a simplified, "reduced-resource" version of the HC08.

The Freescale HCS08 core is the next generation of the same processors.

External links 
 M68HC08 Family Reference Manual - archive.org
 HC08 Processor Families
 Helium Open-Source RTOS for HCS08 MCUs
 Digital Core Design 68HC08 - HDL IP Core
 Win/Linux/DOS-based freeware macro cross-assembler (ASM8)
 Example assembly language code written for ASM8
 Educational material for the HC08

Motorola microcontrollers
Freescale Semiconductor microcontrollers
Walter Ransom Gail Baker. Walter Ransom Gail Baker (November 30, 1892 – October 30, 1960) was an American electrical engineer. He was a vice president of General Electric, and was Director of Engineering for the Radio Manufacturers Association (now the Electronic Industries Alliance). At the urging of James Lawrence Fly, Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Baker founded the National Television System Committee, or NTSC, in 1940. He served as president of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) in 1947.

Biography
He was born in Lockport, New York, in 1892. He graduated from Union College with a B.S. in electrical engineering in 1916. He took a job with General Electric in 1916 and worked on radio for military applications during World War I.

He received a M.S. in electrical engineering from Union College, in 1919.

He died on October 30, 1960.

Awards and honors
Walter Baker received following awards and honors:
 The SMPTE David Sarnoff Medal in 1959
 The IRE Founders Award in 1958
 The Army Medal of Freedom in 1953
 The IRE Medal of Honor in 1952
Eminent Member of Eta Kappa Nu in 1954
 IRE Fellow in 1928
 The initially called W.R.G. Baker Award provided by the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), was created in 1956 from a donation from Dr. Walter R. G. Baker to the IRE. The award continued to be awarded as IEEE W.R.G. Baker Award by the board of directors of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), after the IRE organization merged into the IEEE.

The call sign of (then)-General Electric owned television station in Schenectady, WRGB (then an NBC station, it joined CBS in 1981), was chosen in his honor.

References

1892 births
1960 deaths
American electrical engineers
Radio pioneers
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
20th-century American engineers
Coenzyme M. Coenzyme M is a coenzyme required for methyl-transfer reactions in the metabolism of archaeal methanogens, and in the metabolism of other substrates in bacteria. It is also a necessary cofactor in the metabolic pathway of alkene-oxidizing bacteria. CoM helps eliminate the toxic epoxides formed from the oxidation of alkenes such as propylene. The structure of this coenzyme was discovered by CD Taylor and RS Wolfe in 1974 while they were studying methanogenesis, the process by which carbon dioxide is transformed into methane in some archaea. The coenzyme is an anion with the formula .  It is named 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate and abbreviated HS–CoM.  The cation is unimportant, but the sodium salt is most available.  Mercaptoethanesulfonate contains both a thiol, which is the main site of reactivity, and a sulfonate group, which confers solubility in aqueous media.

Biochemical role

Methanogenesis 
The coenzyme is the C1 donor in methanogenesis. It is converted to methyl-coenzyme M thioether, the thioether , in the penultimate step to methane formation. Methyl-coenzyme M reacts with coenzyme B, 7-thioheptanoylthreoninephosphate, to give a heterodisulfide, releasing methane:

 CH3–S–CoM + HS–CoB → CH4 + CoB–S–S–CoM

This induction is catalyzed by the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase, which restricts cofactor F430 as the prosthetic group.

CH3-S-CoM is produced by the MtaA-catalyzed reaction between a methylated version of monomethylamine corrinoid protein MtmC and HS-CoM. The methylated version of MtmC is in turn produced by a cobamide-dependent methyltransferase that uses trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), or monomethylamine (MMA) as the mehyl donor.

Alkene metabolism 
Coenzyme M is also used to make acetoacetate from CO2 and propylene or ethylene in aerobic bacteria. Specifically, in bacteria that oxidize alkenes into epoxides.  After the propylene (or other alkene) undergoes epoxidation and becomes epoxypropane it becomes electrophilic and toxic. These epoxides react with DNA  and proteins, affecting cell function. Alkene-oxidizing bacteria like Xanthobacter autotrophicus use a metabolic pathway in which CoM is conjugated with an aliphatic epoxide. This step creates a nucleophilic compound which can react with CO2. The eventual carboxylation produces acetoacetate, breaking down the propylene.

Biosynthesis 
Bacteria and archaea use different synthetic routes, albeit both starting with phosphoenolpyruvate.

See also 
 Mesna – a cancer chemotherapy adjuvant with the same structure

References 

Coenzymes
Thiols
Sulfonates
Subsurface flow. Subsurface flow, in hydrology, is the flow of water beneath Earth's surface as part of the water cycle.

In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the Earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers. The remaining water, through infiltration, penetrates the soil traveling underground, hydrating the vadose zone soil, recharging aquifers, with the excess flowing in subsurface runoff. In hydrogeology it is measured by the Groundwater flow equation.

Runoff
Water flows from areas where the water table is higher to areas where it is lower. This flow can be either surface runoff in rivers and streams, or subsurface runoff infiltrating rocks and soil. The amount of runoff reaching surface and groundwater can vary significantly, depending on rainfall, soil moisture, permeability, groundwater storage, evaporation, upstream use, and whether or not the ground is frozen. The movement of subsurface water is determined largely by the water gradient, type of substrate, and any barriers to flow. The groundwater flow may be through either confined or phreatic aquifers, with smaller flow systems overlying or within. The residence time generally ranges from several decades to many centuries, implying the establishment of a complete chemical equilibrium with the aquifer. Mapping scales are between 1:250,000 and 1:2,000,000. (see, for example, Engelen et al. 1988).

Surface return
Subsurface water may return to the surface in groundwater flow, such as from a spring, seep, or a water well, or subsurface return to streams, rivers, and oceans. Water returns to the land surface at a lower elevation than where infiltration occurred, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years. Mainly, water flows through the ground which leads to the ocean where the cycle begins again.

Subsurface flow
Flow within the soil body may take place under unsaturated conditions, but faster subsurface flow is associated with localized soil saturation.

See also
Artesian aquifer
Ecohydrology
Groundwater
Groundwater energy balance
Groundwater flow
Groundwater recharge
Vadose zone
Water cycle

References

enchartedlearning.com 
tutor.com/
Huggett, J. (2005) Fundamentals of Geomorphology, Routeledge, Oxon.

Aquifers
Hydrology
Coenzyme B. Coenzyme B is a coenzyme required for redox reactions in methanogens. The full chemical name of coenzyme B is 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreoninephosphate.  The molecule contains a thiol, which is its principal site of reaction.

Coenzyme B reacts with 2-methylthioethanesulfonate (methyl-Coenzyme M, abbreviated ), to release methane in methanogenesis:
 + HS–CoB  →    +  CoB–S–S–CoM
This conversion is catalyzed by the enzyme methyl coenzyme M reductase, which contains cofactor F430 as the prosthetic group.

A related conversion that utilizes both HS-CoB and HS-CoM is the reduction of fumarate to succinate, catalyzed by fumarate reductase:
HS–CoM + HS–CoB +  − →  −  +  CoB–S–S–CoM

Importance of coenzyme B in methanogenesis

Coenzyme B is an important component in the terminal step of methane biogenesis. It acts as a two electron-donor to reduce coenzyme M (methyl-coenzyme) into two molecules a methane and a heterodisulfide. Two separate experiments that were performed, one with coenzyme B and other without coenzyme B, indicated that using coenzyme B before the formation of the methane molecule, results in a more efficient and consistent bond cleavage.

References

Coenzymes
Thiols
Carboxamides
Tarari, Inc.. Tarari is a company that spun out of Intel in 2002. It has created a range of re-programmable silicon based on Xilinx  Virtex-4 FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and ASICs  that offload and accelerate really complex algorithms such as XML Parsing, scanning for Computer viruses, email spam and intruders in Intrusion-prevention systems and Unified threat management appliances. As well as inspecting content its Content Processors can also transform content and they are used for XML transformation XSLT, compression, encryption as well as HD Video encoding for WMV and VC-1 formats.

In June 2006, Tarari announced that its next generation chips that will support the AMD Torrenza  initiative - and it will incorporate HyperTransport  interfaces. HyperTransport based-systems offer a dramatically reduced latency and increased throughput. This is because a HyperTransport connected system allows a co-processor to have direct access to the system's HyperTransport bus, and thus as much access to system resources as other conventional CPUs.

PCI-Express and HyperTransport buses both allow systems to communicate at 20-25 Gbit/s versus 4-8 Gbit/s for Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI/PCI-X based systems. Just as the latest desktop machines are using PCI-Express for their high-performance graphic cards now servers will be able to use these high speed interconnects to add other hardware-based co-processors.

PCI-Express and HyperTransport buses both operate serially using multiple lanes - PCI-Express supports 1, 2, 4 or 8 lane connectivity at 2.5 Gbit/s per lane. Whereas PCI/PCI-X works using parallel transfers and is most efficient in the 2k - 4k byte per transfer range, PCI-Express and HyperTransport are very efficient at transfers as small as just 64 bytes. Therefore, applications such as in intrusion-prevention system (IPS) and VOIP security applications which have to examine a large volume of small packets will benefit from such high-speed and highly efficient transfer capabilities.

On 5 September 2007, LSI Corporation announced a definitive agreement to acquire Tarari.

External links 
 Tarari section of LSI's website
 LSI Announces Agreement to Acquire Tarari, Inc. 2007-09-05

Fabless semiconductor companies
Companies established in 2002
Intel
Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies

pl:Torrenza
SMIT. SMIT may refer to:

Institutes
 IT and Development Centre. Ministry of the Interior, Estonia, agency under the Ministry of the Interior responsible for providing the developing ICT services for Estonia 
 Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, a co-educational private institute of engineering and management in Majitar, Rangpo, East Sikkim, India
 Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology, a co-educational private engineering college in West Bengal, India

Other uses
 Smit International, a Dutch company operating in the maritime sector
 IBM AIX SMIT, the AIX OS interface

See also
 Smit, a surname
Ron Jeffries. Ron Jeffries (born December 26, 1939) is one of the three founders of the Extreme Programming (XP) software development methodology circa 1996, along with Kent Beck and Ward Cunningham. He was from 1996, an XP coach on the Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System project, which was where XP was invented. He is an author of Extreme Programming Installed, the second book published about XP.  He has also written Extreme Programming Adventures in C#. He is one of the 17 original signatories of the Agile Manifesto.

Background

A Quote

Books

Articles

References

External links
 
 

1939 births
Living people
Extreme programming
American technology writers
American computer scientists
American computer programmers
Agile software development