omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dual electrification. Dual electrification is a system whereby a railway line is supplied power both via overhead catenary and a third rail.  This is done to enable trains that use either system of power to share the same railway line, for example in the case of mainline and suburban trains (as used at Hamburg S-Bahn between 1940 and 1955).

Examples

Germany
Line S3 of the Hamburg S-Bahn changeover at Neugraben.
Birkenwerder station to be used by Berlin S-Bahn lines S1 and S8 (third rail) and regional train RB20 (overhead lines)

Greece
 Line 3 of Athens Metro uses third rail for underground part and overhead power supply on surface for access to/from Airport.

Norway
between Jar station and Bekkestua station, where metro line 3 and tram line 13 share tracks

United Kingdom
North London Line changeover at Acton Central, London.
Northern City Line changeover at Drayton Park, London.
Thameslink route changeover at City Thameslink (northbound) and Farringdon (southbound), London.
West London line changeover between Willesden Junction and Shepherd's Bush, London.
High Speed 1 changeover at platforms 5 and 6 of Ebbsfleet International, Kent.

United States
South of Pelham station (New York), where New Haven Line's M8's change from 3rd rail to catenary (northbound) and vice versa (southbound).
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
East River Tunnels between Queens and Manhattan in New York City, NY
North River Tunnels between Weehawken, NJ and New York City, NY
Like Athens, the MBTA Blue Line (Boston) uses third rail for the underground part, and switches to overhead catenary power at Airport station.

Mainland China 

 Line 4, 5, 6, 14, and 21 of Guangzhou Metro use third rails in operation but catenaries in depots.

Variations

Both systems live
The system is usually used only in exceptional cases as it can lead to problems caused by the interaction of the electric circuits; for example, where one system is powered with direct current and another by alternating current (AC), premagnetisation of the substation transformers of the AC system can occur.

One system live
A similar arrangement to dual electrification is one in which both means of powering a train are present, but not live simultaneously.  Such arrangements can be found in frontier stations and in sections of railway used for running tests.

See also
 Multi-system (rail)

References

Electric rail transport
Marshall Erdman. Marshall Erdman (September 29, 1922 – September 17, 1995) was a Lithuanian-American builder and colleague of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Life

Early life
Erdman was born Mausas Erdmanas on September 29, 1922, in Tverai, Lithuania. He emigrated to the United States at age 17 to live with an uncle in Chicago.

Education
Following high school, Erdman studied architecture at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He joined the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1943, where he helped build the Remagen pontoon bridge. He returned to his studies after the war,  receiving a B.S. in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1946.

Career
Erdman started a construction company in 1946, which he incorporated in 1951 as Marshall Erdman & Associates.  An integrated healthcare design-build company, Marshall Erdman & Associates grew rapidly, expanding into six different markets throughout the U.S.  In early 2008, Marshall Erdman & Associates was purchased by Cogdell Spencer, a healthcare real estate investment trust, for $247 million.  This part of Marshall's legacy is now traded on the NYSE as CSA.

In addition to founding Marshall Erdman & Associates, he introduced U-Form-It prefabricated house kits to the market in 1953 and Techline office furniture in 1969.

Legacy
The Middleton Hills neighborhood in Middleton, Wisconsin had its first homes completed in 1996.  This development is considered a Neo-traditional design.

Family
Erdman married Joyce Mickey (1924–1992), a UW-Madison student, in 1946, with whom he had four children. Erdman cut off ties to his remaining family members after marrying Mickey.

Work

Projects
1949–1950: First Unitarian Society of Madison, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
1956–1961: Marshall Erdman Prefab Houses, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
1956–1967: medical offices at Doctor's Park, Madison
1957: Wyoming Valley School, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
1958: Faith Baptist Church
1959: 100 homes in Sherman Village, Madison
1965–1966: Peace Corps camps at St. Croix and St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.
1965: medical office building, Georgetown, Massachusetts
1974: first modular medical building, Delbarton, West Virginia
1975: first Marshfield Clinic building
1989: Charlotte Memorial Hospital
1993: Middleton Hills planned community, Middleton, Wisconsin

Awards

References

Further reading

External links
Marshall Erdman & Associates
About Marshall Erdman on ASHRAE - Madison, WI chapter website

1922 births
1995 deaths
American construction businesspeople
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Microsoft Phoenix. Microsoft Phoenix was an SDK available from Microsoft Connect for creating compilers, optimize code, and perform code analysis. Microsoft described it in the past tense on 2008-07-01.

Original Description
[It was] to be used as the back-end for future compiler technologies from Microsoft. It [was] also available as an SDK, a pre-release build of which has been made accessible, to create compilers and code analysis tools using the Phoenix framework.

Overview
Microsoft Phoenix defines an intermediate representation (IR) for programs, using ASTs, control-flow graphs, and an exception handling model. For any program to be handled by Phoenix, it needs to be converted to this representation. The specification for these file type-specific converters, called file readers in Phoenix terminology, is also specified. Phoenix comes included with readers for Portable Executable binary files, CIL and the output of the Visual C++ front-end. Readers for other languages can be written using the Phoenix SDK, though separate tools such as lex and yacc need to be used to write the lexer and parser, respectively.

Once the program has been converted to the IR, the analysis and optimization tools can operate on that form. Phoenix includes a selection of tools – including block counting, memory analysis, code coverage, code analysis and optimization. The Phoenix SDK can be used to write and plug-in other tools as well. Code generation is handled by providing architecture-specific (either physical architecture of the processor or a virtual machine architecture) file writers. Phoenix provides the c2.dll compiler backend, which it shares with Visual C++, to handle analysis, optimization and code generation for the x86 architecture. Writers for other architectures must be provided separately. 

As a result of the modular architecture, any component can be replaced without affecting the rest of the system. For example, to target the compiler to a different architecture, only the file writer specific to the architecture needs to be changed, keeping the rest of the stack unchanged. To create a compiler for a new language, only the readers need to be provided.

Productization
A Phoenix component (phx.dll) is used for some of the static analysis (FxCop) in Visual Studio 2010. (The Phoenix compiler itself, which is required for most instrumentation insertion to work, is not included with Visual Studio.)

See also
 List of compilers
 Roslyn (compiler)

References

External links
Official Phoenix site
Phoenix SDK June 2008 CTP Release(latest release to the moment of writing)

Compilers
Microsoft Research
Gilles Motet. Gilles Motet (; born 22 June 1956) is a French scientist in computer science, software engineering and risk management fields. He is now a professor at INSA Toulouse, University of Toulouse. He is the scientific director of La Fondation pour une Culture de Sécurité Industrielle.

Works
A short list of his works:
 Gilles Motet (co-author), ISO 31000 "Risk Management. Principles and guidelines", International Organization for Standardization
 Gilles Motet (co-author), ISO Guide 73, Revision, "Risk management. Vocabulary", International Organization for Standardization
 Gilles Motet, J.-C. Geffroy, Special Issue on Dependable Computing, Theoretical Computer Sciences, vol. 290(2), Elsevier, 2003
 J.-C. Geffroy, Gilles Motet, Design of Dependable Computing Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002
 Gilles Motet, A. Marpinard, J.-C. Geffroy, Design of Dependable Ada software, Prentice Hall, 1996

References

External links
 Gilles Motet 

1956 births
Living people
French computer scientists
THINK Team. The THINK Team was a team that consisted of architects, landscape architects, engineers, interactive designers and others who developed several designs for the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation's "Innovative Design Study" that was created in order to involve the public in a creative process to redevelop the World Trade Center site in New York City, after it was destroyed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. 

After a competition that lasted more than six months and included major architecture practices from around the world, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (the agency charged with coordinating the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site) selected the THINK Team's design for a pair of open lattice work towers that would recall the image of the Twin Towers while memorializing the tragedy, reconstructing the skyline and unburdening the area of office space for which there is no demand even today. Although the design would have created a sort of Eiffel Tower experience in the heart of downtown, could have been completed by the 2006 anniversary of the attack, and had a compelling economic argument behind it, the commitment to a civic gesture on such a grand scale was rejected Governor George Pataki who overruled the committee he himself impanelled to make the decision. The design by Daniel Libeskind, which was more easily subsumed by the incumbent commercial interests at the site, was selected instead.

The book "THINK New York: A Diary of Ground Zero" recounts the complete experience of the team members and the evolution of the work they presented throughout the process. The book is a first hand account created by Román Viñoly, the THINK Team's communications director and written with Hilary Lewis.
 
The team consisted of:
 Frederic Schwartz (founder)
 Rafael Viñoly
 Shigeru Ban
 Ken Smith

Contributors were:
 David Rockwell

Engineers were:
 ARUP
 Buro Happold

References

External links
 Design for Living
 New Design Plans

Architecture groups
World Trade Center
Mitsubishi MH2000. The Mitsubishi MH 2000 is a 7/12 seat light utility helicopter. Low levels of interest in the aircraft forced Mitsubishi to halt sales of MH2000 in September 2004.

Design and development

The MH2000 is Japan's first indigenous helicopter with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) having sole responsibility for developing and manufacturing the fuselage and engines.

In the development of the MH2000, MHI aimed for safety, economy and low noise levels. The program was launched in 1995 to fulfill a variety of missions, include passenger and business transport, law enforcement, search and rescue and emergency medical services.

The first of four developmental aircraft first flew on 29 July 1996, the second flying later that year and the remaining two used for ground testing. The MH2000 has its engine module and dynamic system positioned behind the cabin section to minimize sound levels in the passenger compartment. Power is provided by a pair of Mitsubishi MG5-100 turboshaft engines.

The first production model was delivered on October 1, 2000, to Excel air service in Japan. The loss of one prototype due to tail rotor blade separation led to suspension of type certificate and redesign of tail rotor. Delivered craft were modified with the new rotor and all further craft will be delivered with the new tail rotor.

Specifications

References

World aircraft information files brightstar publishing London sheet 34 file 901

External links

 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review "Development of Commercial Helicopter MH 2000" (Japanese)
 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review "Application of MH2000 Commercial Helicopter"
 Development of Mitsubishi MH2000 Helicopter – ERF Document Repository
 FLUG REVUE Datafiles: Mitsubishi MH2000

1990s Japanese helicopters
1990s Japanese civil utility aircraft
MH2000
Aircraft first flown in 1996
FPT Industries. FPT Industries was formed in July 1939 as Fireproof Tanks Ltd (commonly known as FPT) as a subsidiary of Airspeed Ltd at Portsmouth Airport in response to an Air Ministry requirement for the development and manufacture of self-sealing fuel tanks for the impending war with Germany.

The intention of the board of directors was to commence work on the manufacture of self-sealing fuel tanks for aircraft entering service with the Royal Air Force, the highest priority being the Fairey Battle single engined bomber which, although obsolete, was regarded as a front line bomber by the Royal Air Force. 

The early tanks were of welded aluminium structure, with the sealing material applied as a composite layer on the outside. A major problem with welded aluminium tanks is weld decay and metal fatigue in the seams due to vibration in service. In response to this, the company started to develop flexible fuel bladders in the early 1940s. One of the earliest examples of this was a composite flexible fuel bladder with self-sealing coatings for the Supermarine Spitfire MkIX.

Post-war 
During the war years and into the emerging jet age, Fireproof Tanks Ltd developed new technologies in rubber formulation, moulding, and sheet production in order to remain a leader in other specialist markets such as the creation of hovercraft skirts. Working with Saunders Roe at Cowes on the Isle of Wight, the company became so important to the hovercraft industry that the now renamed FPT Industries was bought by the British Hovercraft Corporation in 1966.

Rationalisation of the aircraft industry 
The British Hovercraft Corporation was bought out by Westland Helicopters of Yeovil and a period of stability came as Westlands developed cutting edge composite material manufacture as part of its approach to advanced helicopter design and hovercraft construction. This paid dividends with advances in rotor blade design such as BERP rotors, later seen on the Westland Lynx and EH101 helicopters.

Post-1990 and the GKN buyout 
In the 1990s, Westland Group was purchased by GKN Plc, which restructured the businesses before selling its shares in Westland Helicopters to Agusta of Italy. Finding the advanced composite business that Westlands had developed attractive, GKN retained the other Westland companies and renamed them GKN Aerospace.

During this time, FPT Industries diversified again by developing advanced materials for helicopter emergency flotation systems (EFS) and now manufactures EFS equipment for many large commercial and military helicopter types.

GKN Aerospace Portsmouth, as the business is now known, still manufactures self-sealing fuel tanks, and other fuel systems as well as helicopter EFS. 

GKN Aerospace Portsmouth, together with Portsmouth Aviation and Hants & Sussex Aviation, are now all that remain of the once large aircraft manufacturing base at Portsmouth Airport which built aircraft such as the Airspeed Oxford, the Horsa glider and components for the Hawker Siddeley Trident.

References

External links
 GKN page on FPT

Aerospace engineering organizations
JŽ series 341. The single locomotive designated JŽ 341 is a curiosity.

It was originally designed for hauling freight and passenger-trains on the then new mountain part of the electrified Rijeka mainline. When it was found out, that the axle load was high (), further orders were cancelled. The maintenance and usage of this locomotive caused troubles in that there was only one unit of this type. The production and holding of spare parts was uneconomic.

The final years of this locomotive were used in banking freight traffic over the very hilly and difficult Rijeka-Zagreb line between Fužine and Lokve.

The locomotive was retired sometime around 1986.

Photographs of this locomotive are very rare.

External links 
 341 at railfaneurope.net

Electric locomotives of Yugoslavia
Food Service Solutions. Food Service Solutions, Inc is a software development company based out of Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States that successfully designed and implemented biometrics into a lunchline.

Founded in 1989, FSS uses biometric scanning technology to provide services for educational and institutional foodservice providers. The company has established a position of market leadership  addressing two problems in school-based foodservice operations. The first is that school children eligible for free or reduce-fee lunches through government assistance programs often fail to participate because of the perceived social stigma associated with showing a special card or meal ticket in front of other students. The second is that in the foodservice POS industry, software has historically been proprietary, cumbersome for clients to self-administer, and difficult to integrate with other technologies.

FSS also has a webservice, www.myschoolaccount.com where parents can view what their child has been eating, what their lunch account balance is and also make payments with their credit card or checking/savings account.

References

Companies based in Blair County, Pennsylvania
American companies established in 1989
Software companies based in Pennsylvania
Privately held companies based in Pennsylvania
1989 establishments in Pennsylvania
Software companies established in 1989
Hugh Phillips Engineering. Hugh Phillips Engineering of Tredegar, Wales, were specialists in the manufacture of steam locomotive valves and controls.

In 1982 they were involved with refurbishment of the Great Western Railway heavy goods steam locomotive No. 2857; reboring the cylinders and valves for the engine.

In 1985-1986 they restored six of the Sudan Railways 2-8-2 for grain haulage.

In 1989 they built three diesel railcars for Sudan, and one for Mozambique. In 1991 they built three  gauge 4-4-0 steam locomotives and fifteen carriages for the railroad at Euro Disney. In 1992 a railcar was built for Irish Railways.

In 1992 the company went into receivership, but was resurrected as HPE Tredegar Ltd (company number 02715632) who continued in the same business, building railcars for Ghana and Tanzania. In 1995 they built three diesel electric rack railcars for the Snowdon Mountain Railway; the company was forced into receivership in 1996.

References 

Phillips
2,2'-Bis(2-indenyl) biphenyl. 2,2′-Bis(2-indenyl) biphenyl is an organic compound with the formula [C6H4C9H7]2.  The compound is the precursor, upon deprotonation, to ansa-metallocene complexes within the area of transition metal indenyl complexes.  

Metals studied with 2,2′-bis(2-indenyl) biphenyl include titanium, zirconium, and hafnium.  The ligand and its complexes have been prepared by the research group of the late Brice Bosnich at The University of Chicago. Zirconium and hafnium complexes made from this ligand were found to be active catalysts for the polymerization of the smallest alkenes – compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds—namely, ethylene and propylene.  The use of such complexes in the polymerization of alkenes has since been reported, and patented by DSM Research.

References

Ligands
Catalysts
Hydrocarbons
NS9. NS9, NS-9, NS 9, NS.9, or, variation, may refer to:

Places
 Woodlands MRT station (station code: NS9), Woodlands, Singapore
 Uneno Station (station code: NS09), Kawanishi, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan
 Maruyama Station (Saitama), station code: NS09; Ina, Saitama, Japan
 Clayton Park West (electoral district), constituency N.S. 09; Nova Scotia, Canada

Aerospace
 Northrop NS-9, U.S. flying wing bomber
 RAF N.S. 9, a British NS class airship
 Blue Origin NS-9, a 2018 July 18 Blue Origin suborbital spaceflight mission for the New Shepard

Other uses
 Netscape Navigator 9, a webbrowser

See also

 NS (disambiguation)
 9 (disambiguation)
Flood Control Act of 1938. The Flood Control Act of 1938 was an Act of the United States Congress signed into law by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt that authorized civil engineering projects such as dams, levees, dikes, and other flood control measures through the United States Army Corps of Engineers and other Federal agencies.  It is one of a number of Flood Control Acts passed nearly annually by the United States Congress.

Projects covered by the Act (partial list)

Dams
Bull Shoals Dam (begun June 1947; completed July 1951)
 Coralville, Iowa, dam forming Coralville Lake (begun 1949; completed 1958)
Delaware (Ohio) Dam (begun 1947; completed 1951)
Denison Dam
Green River Lake Dam, Kentucky (begun April 1964, completed June 1969)
Kinzua Dam (begun 1960; completed 1965)
Norfork Dam (begun 1941, completed 1944)
Raccoon Creek dam in Parke County, Indiana, forming Mansfield Lake (begun October 1956; completed July 1960). Mansfield Lake was renamed Cecil M. Harden Lake in 1974.
Dale Hollow Lake Dam, Tennessee (begun 1938, completed 1943)
Shenango River Dam (begun 1963; completed 1965)
Wappapello Dam and Lake Wappapello on the St. Francis River.  Wappapello Dam was dedicated in June, 1941;Langdon R. Jones of Kennett, Missouri, delivered the dedication address at the request of Missouri Governor Lloyd C. Stark.

See also
Water Resources Development Act
Rivers and Harbors Act
for related legislation which sometime also implement flood control provisions.

Notes

1938 in the environment
1938 in American law
1938