omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Flood wall. A floodwall is a freestanding, permanent, engineered structure designed to prevent encroachment of floodwaters. Floodwalls are mainly used on locations where space is scarce, such as cities or where building levees or dikes (dykes) would interfere with other interests, such as existing buildings, historical architecture or commercial use of embankments.

Floodwalls are nowadays mainly constructed from pre-fabricated concrete elements. Floodwalls often have coupures, which are large openings to provide passage of traffic except during periods of flooding, when they are closed. As a floodwalls mostly consist of relatively short elements compared to dikes, the connections between the elements are critical to prevent the failure of the floodwall.

The substantial costs of floodwalls can be justified by the value of commercial property thus protected from damage caused by flooding.
Floodwalls are sometimes bad for ecosystems. Floodwalls are almost always built in cities.

See also
Floodgate
Levee
Seawall
Gabion
Maccaferri gabion

References

External links

DeltaWorks.Org Flood Barriers project in the Netherlands

 
Flood barriers
Supernode (networking). In peer-to-peer networking, a supernode is any node that also serves as one of that network's relayers and proxy servers, handling data flow and connections for other users. This semi-distributed architecture allows data to be decentralized without requiring excessive overhead at every node. However, the increased workload of supernodes generally requires additional network bandwidth and central processing unit (CPU) time.

See also
 Decentralized computing

References

File sharing
Manchester Locomotive Works. Manchester Locomotive Works was a manufacturing company located in Manchester, New Hampshire, that built steam locomotives and fire engines in the 19th century. The first locomotive the company built was for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad in March 1855.

Manchester purchased the locomotive manufacturing operation from the Amoskeag Locomotive Works in 1859. It acquired the steam fire engine business from Amoskeag Locomotive in 1876.

In 1901, Manchester and seven other locomotive manufacturing firms merged to form American Locomotive Company (ALCO). Locomotive production ceased in 1913.

Preserved Manchester locomotives 
The following locomotives (listed in serial number order) built by Manchester before the ALCO merger have been preserved. All locations are in the United States unless otherwise noted.

Notes 

Companies based in Manchester, New Hampshire
Emergency services equipment makers
Industrial buildings and structures in New Hampshire
Industrial buildings completed in 1855
Defunct locomotive manufacturers of the United States
GER Class L77. The GER Class L77, LNER Class N7, is a class of 0-6-2T steam locomotives.  They were designed by Alfred John Hill of the Great Eastern Railway and introduced in 1915. The design was perpetuated by Nigel Gresley of the LNER after the 1923 grouping. 134 were built and one example is preserved.

Overview
The N7s had superheaters and piston valves. They were unusual (for inside-cylinder locomotives) in having Walschaerts valve gear. They were, as London suburban locomotives, fitted with Westinghouse air brakes.

Some were fitted with condensing apparatus for working on the Metropolitan line and the East London Line but the condensing apparatus was removed between 1935 and 1938.

Numbering
The first 22 were allocated numbers in the 990–1011 range when ordered by the GER, but the last 10 did not emerge until the grouping. The LNER added 7000 to their GER numbers, and then built a further 112 locomotives between 1925 and 1928.  In the 1946 renumbering scheme, they were renumbered 9600–9733, and upon nationalisation in 1948, British Railways added 60000 to their number (69600–69733).

Sub-classes

 N7 Introduced 1914, GER Class L77 with Belpaire firebox
 N7/1 Introduced 1925, LNER development of GER design with Belpaire firebox
 N7/2 Introduced 1926, LNER locos with Belpaire firebox and long-travel valves
 N7/3 Introduced 1927, LNER locos with round-top firebox, plus from 1943, rebuilds of N7/2 with round-top firebox
 N7/4 Introduced 1940, GER locos rebuilt with round-top firebox
 N7/5 Introduced 1943, N7/1 locos rebuilt with round-top firebox

Accidents and incidents
On 24 May 1954, locomotive No. 69638 ran into the turntable pit at Hatfield, Hertfordshire following the removal of the turntable.

Preservation

One LNER example, No. 7999 (BR No. 69621) has been preserved and is currently on static display pending overhaul at the East Anglian Railway Museum at Chappel & Wakes Colne. It is owned by the East Anglian Railway Museum. It was the last engine built by the Great Eastern Railway's Stratford Works in 1924 and was preserved in 1962. It was also named in honour of its designer A J Hill in 1989.

References

Sources

 Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives, 1948 edition, part 4, pp 54–55

External links 

 LNER encyclopedia
 Class N7 Details at Rail UK
 Class N7/1 Details at Rail UK
 Class N7/2 Details at Rail UK
 Class N7/3 Details at Rail UK
 Class N7/4 Details at Rail UK
 Class N7/5 Details at Rail UK

L77
0-6-2T locomotives
William Beardmore and Company locomotives
Robert Stephenson and Company locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1915
Condensing steam locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Passenger locomotives
Rhode Island Locomotive Works. Rhode Island Locomotive Works was a steam locomotive manufacturing company in Providence, Rhode Island. The factory produced more than 3,400 locomotives between 1867 and 1906, when the plant's locomotive production was shut down. At its peak, the locomotive works employed about 1,400 men who could produce some 250 locomotives a year.

Origins

The Rhode Island Locomotive Works was established in 1865 by Earl Philip Mason, Sr. The company was later run by his three sons: Charles Felix Mason was president, Arthur Livingstone Mason was vice-president and Earl Philip Mason, Jr. was secretary and treasurer.  Joseph Lythgoe was the superintendent of the locomotive works.

The company was located on Hemlock Street in Providence. From 1866 to 1899, it produced some 3,400 steam locomotives.

Earl Philip Mason, Jr. was born in Providence on  August 5, 1848, and died at San Antonio, Texas, on March 17, 1901. He was the son of Earl Philip and Lucy Ann (Larcher) Mason. He received his early education at Mowry & Goff's School and at the Highland Military Academy in Worcester, Massachusetts. He entered Brown University in 1868 and took a special two-year course but did not graduate. He then went to Germany to study at Heidelberg University. After joining the Rhode Island Locomotive Works in 1872, he remained with the company until 1895, eventually becoming vice-president. He married on April 18, 1872, at New York City, to Mary Elizabeth Raymond, (born September 10, 1849, in New York City and died on June 13, 1897, in Morristown, New Jersey).  She was the daughter of Henry Jarvis Raymond, the founder of The New York Times; and Juliette Weaver.

Merger
In 1901, the Rhode Island Locomotive Works merged with seven other locomotive manufacturers to form the American Locomotive Company (ALCO), headquartered in Schenectady, New York. The Rhode Island works, which had already begun to diversify, built a line of automobiles and trucks from 1906 until 1913.

Present day
The old Rhode Island Locomotive Works plant, along with the adjoining Nicholson File and United States Rubber Company buildings, was the center of a $333 million commercial and residential redevelopment project that went bankrupt in 2010. In 2013, The Foundry Associates, L.P., a privately owned real estate investment firm, acquired the property for $19.05 million and completed the development. Today it is an active office park with business tenants like United Natural Foods (UNFI), Equity National Title, RI Commerce Corporation, Brewster Thornton Architects, MMID Product Development and Fuss and O'Neill.

Preserved Rhode Island locomotives
This is a list of locomotives built by the Providence plant before the ALCO merger that have been preserved.

This is a list of locomotives built by ALCO at the facility that have been preserved.

References 

Defunct locomotive manufacturers of the United States
Industrial buildings and structures in Rhode Island
Alphonse Sagebien. Alphonse Eléonor Sagebien (1807-1892) was a French hydrological engineer born in Amiens and the inventor of the Sagebien wheel - a device that made hydraulically powered systems much more efficient in extracting energy from moving water.

Sagebien graduated in 1833 with a degree in engineering from the prestigious École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures and worked primarily in metallurgy.   He discovered many of the mineral seams still worked today in the French department of Pas-de-Calais.  After 1848, he shifted to hydrological engineering, designing and patenting the wheel that bears his name.  This invention was able to extract 50% more energy from flowing water than previous paddle-based systems and is still used today.

Sagebien was also a municipal counsellor for Amiens from 1878 to 1888.

French engineers
École Centrale Paris alumni
1807 births
1892 deaths
Episode filesystem. Episode is a POSIX compliant file system most commonly known for its use in DCE/DFS file servers. It was designed to achieve the goals of portability, scaling, and to make more efficient use of available system bandwidth. It used a variety of methods to achieve these goals, one of which was its use of metadata logging, designed to enhance the file system's performance.

The Episode file system is the basis for the IBM z/OS POSIX-compatible file system called zFS.

References

External links 
The Episode File System (USENIX Paper)

Disk file systems
Ex parte Lundgren. Ex parte Lundgren is a 2005 decision by the United States Patent and Trademark Office board of appeals, i.e. the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI) concerning the standard for patent eligible subject matter in the United States. Under 35 U.S.C. 101, patent applicants are entitled to a patent only if they claim patent eligible subject matter.  In Lundren, the applicant sought to patent a business method for evaluating and rewarding manager performance. Following an initial examination, the USPTO examiner rejected the applicant's claims, finding that they were not directed towards the patent eligible subject matter. The applicant appealed this decision to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, which subsequently held that process inventions do not have to be in the technological arts in order to be patentable in the United States.  They do, however, have to produce a "concrete, useful and tangible result".

The Board's decision in Lundgren constituted one of the first in a series of decisions beginning in the mid-2000s and continuing into the late 2010s regarding patent eligible subject matter.

See also 

 Business method patent
 Ex Parte Bowman
 Diamond v. Diehr
 Freeman-Walter-Abele Test
 State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group

References

External links 
USPTO article on Ex Parte Lundgren

United States patent case law
2004 in United States case law
Decisions of the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences
Law articles needing an infobox
David Porter Heap. David Porter Heap (March 24, 1843 – October 25, 1910) was an American engineer, born in San Stefano, Turkey, and educated at Georgetown College, and at West Point, where he graduated in 1864.  He served with the Army of the Potomac and was breveted captain on April 2, 1865.  Two years later he received his commission as captain in the Corps of Engineers.

Early on he was employed in building fortifications and improving harbors. Later he served with the US Lighthouse Service in various capacities. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1895, and to colonel in 1903.  He retired in 1905 as brigadier general, and died in Pasadena, California in 1910.

His publications include:
 Engineer Department U.S. Army at the International Exhibition (1876);
 The Paris Electrical Exhibition (1881);
 History of the Application of the Electric to Lighting the Coasts of France (1883);
 Electrical Appliances of the Present Day (1884);
 Ancient and Modern Lighthouses (1887);
 Patent 543730 for Light Signal (1895).

Relatives
Heap was the grandson of David Porter, who at the time of Heap's birth was the American ambassador to Turkey.

References

United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army generals
1843 births
1910 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United States
Procedural animation. A procedural animation is a type of computer animation used to automatically generate animation in real-time to allow for a more diverse series of actions than would otherwise be tedious using predefined animations.

Procedural animation is used to simulate particle systems (smoke, fire, water), cloth and clothing, rigid body dynamics, and hair and fur dynamics, as well as character animation.

In video games, it is often used for simple or complex actions such as turning a character's head whenever a player looks around (as in Quake III Arena) or ragdoll physics, which is usually used for the death of a character in which the ragdoll will realistically fall to the floor.  A ragdoll usually consists of a series of connected rigid bodies that are programmed to have Newtonian physics acting upon them; therefore, very realistic effects can be generated that would very hardly be possible with traditional animation. For example, a character can die slumped over a cliff and the weight of its upper-body can drag the rest of it over the edge.

Even more complex examples of procedural animation can be found in the game Spore wherein user-created creatures will automatically be animated to all actions needed in the game from walking, to driving, to picking things up. In the game Unreal Tournament 3, bodies who have gone into ragdoll mode to fake death can arise from any position into which they have fallen and get back on their feet. The canceled Indiana Jones game from LucasArts shown at E3 2006 featured character motions that were animated entirely in real-time, with characters dodging, punching, and reacting to the environment based on an engine called Euphoria by NaturalMotion which has since been used in games such as Grand Theft Auto IV and Backbreaker.

See also
Procedural programming
Procedural generation
Procedural texture
Physics engine
Ragdoll physics
Game physics
Cartoon physics

References

Virtual reality
Incinerating toilet. An incinerating toilet is a type of dry toilet that burns human feces instead of flushing them away with water, as does a flush toilet. The thermal energy used to incinerate the waste can be derived from electricity, fuel, oil, or liquified petroleum gas. They are relatively inefficient because of the fuel used.

History 

The first commercially successful incinerating toilet was the Destroilet, patented in 1946. Destroilets were used on ships in the 1960s when laws were passed to prevent the dumping of raw sewage into American waterways.

In 2011, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation launched the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" to promote safer, more effective ways to treat human excreta. Several research teams have received funding to work on developing toilets based on solid waste combustion. For example, a toilet under development by RTI International is based on electrochemical disinfection and solid waste combustion. This technology converts feces into burnable pieces and then uses thermoelectric devices to convert the thermal energy into electrical energy.

Design 

Incinerating toilets may be powered by electricity, gas, dried feces or other energy sources.  Incinerating toilets gather excrement in an integral ashpan and then incinerate it, reducing it to pathogen-free ash. Some will also incinerate "grey water" created from showers and sinks.

Applications 

Incinerating toilets are used only for niche applications, which include:

 Apartments with limited or difficult access to waste plumbing.
 Houses without access to drains, and where building a septic tank would be difficult or uneconomic.
 On yachts and canal barges, as an alternative to a blackwater holding tank, which needs to be pumped out occasionally.
 On mobile homes, recreational vehicles and caravans/(trailers).

References

External links 

 
 
 

Toilets
Incineration
Jerome Vanclay. Jerome Klaas Vanclay is an Australian 
academic. He is currently a Professor for Sustainable Forestry at Southern Cross University (SCU), and a coordinator in IUFRO.

Career
Jerry Vanclay is currently the professor of sustainable forestry in the School of Environment, Science and Engineering at Southern Cross University and served as and dean of science and head of school for 11 years. Vanclay received a doctorate (D.Sc.For.) from the University of Queensland in 1992. Before joining SCU, Vanclay was principal scientist with the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), and professor of tropical forestry at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Copenhagen, Denmark. He leads SCU's research program in decision support systems for forest management (including growth modelling and yield prediction) and teaches forest management. He is a member of the Southern Cross Group and chaired (2004–09) the Expert Independent Advisory Panel to the Minister of the Sustainability and Environment in Victoria (Australia).

Awards
Vanclay was awarded the Queen's Award for Forestry in 1997, and the IUFRO Scientific Achievement Award in 2010. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales.

Publications

His research interests focus on information systems for forestry and land use management. He has written over 350 publications, at least 130 of which appear in refereed journals. He wrote the definitive text on forest growth modelling, Modelling Forest Growth and Yield, and serves on the editorial boards of several journals, including Small-scale Forestry and Forest Biometry, Modelling and Information Sciences. His most recent book Realizing Community Futures deals with participatory modelling to resolve natural resource conflicts.

References

External links
Jerome Vanclay bio at SCU
Jerome Vanclay's publications
Sustainable forestry at SCU

Living people
Forestry academics
Academic staff of Southern Cross University
Australian foresters
Year of birth missing (living people)
List of publications and periodicals devoted to the Apple II. The Apple II is an 8-bit home computer. It is one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. Introduced in 1977, it was the first consumer product sold by Apple Computer and the first model in the series. Its success spurred a thriving magazine industry aimed at Apple II owners which published type-in programs, programming tutorials, reviews, and other articles.

Magazines

8/16
A+ (published by International Data Group)
A2 Central On Disk
Apple Assembly Lines
A.U.G.E. (Apple User Group Europe)
Call-A.P.P.L.E.
Compute! Apple
Computist
Co-Op Spirit, published after A.P.P.L.E. ceased business operations in 1990, returning the group to User Group Status.
GS+
Hardcore Computist (later just Computist)
II Alive (published by Quality Computers, a large mail-order retailer specializing in the Apple II)
inCider (later merged with A+ and renamed "inCider/A+")
Juiced.GS
Nibble
Open-Apple (later renamed "A2-Central"), published by Resource Central
Pom's (France)
Peelings II
Reboot
Softdisk and Softdisk G-S, by Softdisk Publishing
SoftSide Apple Edition
Shareware Solutions II
The Apple II Review (later renamed "Apple IIGS Buyer's Guide")
The Road Apple
The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Script-Central
Softalk
Studio City
Windfall

Juiced.GS is still in print as of 2024, and is the only remaining print publication dedicated to the Apple II computer.

User group newsletters
Most Apple user groups published newsletters; some of these gained fame outside their local area. The best known of these was the Call-A.P.P.L.E. (published by the Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange, A.P.P.L.E., in Seattle), the Washington Apple Pi Journal (published by Washington Apple Pi in Washington, D.C.). The Washington Apple Pi is still in operation and still publishing (though the focus is now on the Macintosh); A.P.P.L.E. ceased publication of Call-A.P.P.L.E. in 1990, printing the Co-Op Spirit for 3 years and restarting publication of Call-A.P.P.L.E. as an e-zine in 2002.

External links
 Juiced.GS
 A2Central.com , Apple II news and downloads
French ironclad Redoutable. Redoutable was a central battery and barbette ship of the French Navy. She was the first warship in the world to use steel as the principal building material. She was preceded by the Colbert-class ironclads and was succeeded by Dévastation-class.

Compared to iron, steel allowed for greater structural strength for a lower weight. France was the first country to manufacture steel in large quantities, using the Siemens process. At that time, steel plates still had some defects, and the outer bottom plating of the ship was made of wrought iron.

All-steel warships were later built by the Royal Navy, with the dispatch vessels Iris and Mercury, laid down in 1875–1876.

Construction

Contemporary description in Scientific American

Crew
Full complement: 30 officers + 679 ratings.

Trials or 1st category reserve: 8 officers + 371 ratings.

2nd category reserve: 5 officers + 139 ratings.

3rd category reserve: 0 officers + 27 ratings.

Service
Redoutable formed part of the French Mediterranean squadron.

Redoutable was present during the negotiation of the Boxer Protocol, a treaty signed on 7 September 1901 with China.

Commanding officers of the Redoutable

Lieutenant Arnauld was the director of movements of the port of Saigon, and commander of the naval auxiliaries and naval barracks.

References

Bibliography

In pop culture 

 The_Rebel_(2007_film) - shown in a postcard early in the film

External links

 French Central Battery Ship Rédoutable (1876/1881) (sic)
Redoubtable at Battleships-Cruisers.co.uk

Ships built in France
1876 ships
Ironclad warships of the French Navy
L-3 Flight International Aviation. Vertex Aerospace Flight International Aviation is an American airline based in Newport News, Virginia. It is a Part 135 carrier operating contact charters for US government agencies. Flight International has provided the DoD with realistic threat simulation, AIC training, tracking exercises, and targets for surface and aerial gunnery for more than 35 years.  Its main base is Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport with a detachment based at North Island Naval Air Station, CA.

History
The airline is wholly owned by Vertex Aerospace. In 1976, Flight International was founded as an airline training school in Atlanta, GA.  The headquarters was moved to Newport News, VA and provided Commercial Air Service programs for the DoD starting in 1979.  Flight International is the original company providing Contracted Air Services to the DoD.  In 2002, the company was acquired by Raytheon Aerospace which was renamed Vertex Aerospace.  In 2003, Vertex Aerospace was acquired by L-3 Communications and the name changed from Flight International Aviation to L-3 Flight International Aviation.  In 2017, L-3 Communications became L3 Technologies and then in 2018, L3 sold Vertex Aerospace along with Flight International to American Industrial Partners.  The current name of the airline is Flight International Aviation, LLC.

References

External links 
 Vertex Aerospace, Flight International Aviation

Airlines established in 1976
Charter airlines of the United States
Companies based in Newport News, Virginia
Airlines based in Virginia