omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
British Microlight Aircraft Association. The British Microlight Aircraft Association (BMAA) is an organisation that governs microlight aircraft in the UK.; it is a member organisation that exists to benefit its members with respect to flying and operating microlight aircraft in the United Kingdom. Its aims are listed in the Articles of Association.

Originally the British Minimum Aircraft Association (with the same logo and acronym), BMAA became the delegated authority for airworthiness and flight training of most microlight flying in the United Kingdom around 1984 with the introduction of British Civil Airworthiness Requirement (BCAR) Section S which was the world's first formal airworthiness standard for microlight aeroplanes.  Its delegations are primarily from the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)

The BMAA issues NPPL licences to newly qualified pilots. The BMAA is also approved by the Civil Aviation Authority to revalidate a microlight aircraft's Permit to Fly 

The BMAA administers all weightshift controlled microlight aeroplanes in the United Kingdom, all regulated powered parachute microlights, and a large proportion of 3-axis controlled microlight aeroplanes, including all "factory built" microlights.  The Light Aircraft Association is an equivalent organisation which administers a proportion of the amateur built microlight aeroplanes.

The BMAA's remit overlaps with that of the UK's Light Aircraft Association (LAA), and a merger of the two associations was proposed in 2008 and also in 2019; on each occasion the LAA declined to progress talks to completion.

References

External links

Aviation organisations based in the United Kingdom
Cherwell District
Organisations based in Oxfordshire
Microlight
Arup S-1. The Arup S-1, also called the Snyder Glider and the Dirigiplane was the first in a series of "Heel Lift" vehicles developed by Dr. Cloyd Snyder.

Development
Snyder was a podiatrist in South Bend, Indiana. He was inspired in 1926 by the gliding properties of heel-lifts to develop a full size aircraft. Experimentation was performed on balsa-wood aircraft, followed by wind testing on the hood of a car, at South Bend Central High School and finally at Michigan University. Students at the school, led by S. M. Pierce, tested and built a wood and fabric glider based on the designs.

Design
The glider featured two wooden parallel trusses running along its spine, with two widely spaced truss wing spars. Wing ribs were attached to the spar with varnished shoelaces. The wing shape featured a straight leading edge with the trailing edge tapering back to the tail giving it a distinctive "Half Pie" appearance from the top. The vertical stabilizers were low, but ran the full length of the fuselage on either side with small canard like control surfaces at the leading edge. The aircraft had conventional landing gear. The pilot sat in a small "bucket" embedded in the center of the wing. A clear plastic leading edge helped ease the poor downward visibility. The internal volume of the wing was so large that Snyder planned on using Helium to assist in buoyancy, giving it the name "Dirigiplane" in several publications. The assisted lift concept was never applied to the glider though.

Operational history
The first flight was an accidental launch by policeman Bert Olmstead. The glider was test flown 49 times by Glen Doolittle (cousin of the famous Jimmy Doolittle). The glider was towed aloft via auto-tow and was filmed by Pathé News. Raoul Hoffman was brought in to re-engineer the glider with the addition of a used Henderson Motorcycle engine and stronger Nicholas Beasley landing gear salvaged from an experimental design built by Milt Hatfield in exchange for flying lessons. The result was renamed Arup (short for Air and Up!). The underpowered aircraft was test flown and exhibited  poor controllability, but flew without any major incidents.

Specifications (S-1)

See also

References

Flying wings
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1930s United States experimental aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Graham Dixon-Lewis. Graham Dixon-Lewis, MA, DPhil, FRS (1 July 1922 – 5 August 2010) was a British combustion engineer.

Early life
Dixon-Lewis was born Graham Lewis in Caerleon, Monmouthshire, the first of two children of Daniel Watson Lewis and Eleanor Jane Lewis (nee Anderson).  The family name was changed to Dixon-Lewis by deed poll in 1944.  He was educated at Newport High School and read chemistry at Jesus College, Oxford, from 1940 to 1944.  He earned a DPhil in 1948, and studied with John Wilfrid Linnett.

Academic career
In 1953 he joined the Department of Coal Gas and Fuel Industries (later the Department of Fuel and Energy) at the University of Leeds as a research chemist, ultimately being appointed a Reader in 1971 and then to a personal chair in 1978.  He retired from the University in 1987 with the title of Emeritus Professor.

In 1965, Dixon-Lewis was a Visiting Professor at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, USA.  He was a Visiting Scientist at the Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California in 1987 and at the Max Planck Institute, Göttingen, Germany in 1994.

Honours
In 1990 Professor Dixon-Lewis was awarded both the Egerton Gold Medal and the Silver Medal of the Combustion Institute.  In 1993, he was the recipient of the Royal Society of Chemistry's Award for Combustion and Hydrocarbon Oxidation Chemistry.  Two years later, he was awarded the Dionizy Smolenski Medal of the Combustion Section of the Polish Academy of Sciences.  In 1997 he received the Sugden Award of the British Section of the Combustion Institute and in 2008 he was awarded the Huw Edwards Prize of the Institute of Physics for services to combustion physics.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1995.

Marriage and children
Dixon-Lewis married Patricia Mary Best in Oxford on 15 April 1950.  They had a son and two daughters.

Death
Dixon-Lewis died suddenly at a bus stop in the centre of Leeds on 5 August 2010 at the age of 88.  He was survived by his wife and children.

References

External links
http://combustion-uk.blogspot.com/2010/08/graham-dixon-lewis-dies-aged-88.html
Graham Dixon-Lewis publications Google scholar

1922 births
2010 deaths
Academics of the University of Leeds
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People educated at Newport High School
Skyhigh Skybaby. The Skyhigh Skybaby is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed and produced by Skyhigh Ultralights Inc, introduced in 1983. The aircraft was supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a cable-braced high-wing, a single-seat, open cockpit, conventional landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from wood. The fuselage is built around a wooden torsion box that is foam-filled for stiffness. The tailboom is a  diameter 6061-T6 aluminum tube. Its  span wing is constructed from Douglas fir spars and wing ribs, covered with doped aircraft fabric. The wing features half-span ailerons and cable-bracing from a single kingpost. The pilot is accommodated in the open cockpit on a fixed seat. There is no windshield. The landing gear is bungee suspended and the tail wheel is steerable.

Being a plans-built aircraft a variety of engines have been installed, including the McCulloch MAC-101 powerplant of  and the Yamaha KT-100 go-cart engine of .

Specifications (Skybaby)

References

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High Emissivity Aluminiferous Luminescent Substrate. High Emissivity Aluminiferous Luminescent Substrate, or HEALS, is an infrared technology developed by NASA. Originally developed as part of experiments for plant growing in space, it has since been used to reduce pain in several applications.

Applications 
HEALS was developed in the early 1990s for experimenting with plant growth in space. Through a partnership between Quantum Devices and the NASA-sponsored Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Astroculture 3 plant growth chamber was developed using HEALS technology for use aboard Space Shuttles.

Following its initial development, Quantum Devices developed the WARP 10 and more powerful WARP 75 devices that utilize HEALS infrared for medical use. The technology has been used to reduce the painful side effects resulting from chemotherapy and radiation treatment in bone marrow and stem cell transplant patients. A two-year clinical trial at the University of Alabama at Birmingham resulted in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients reporting an improvement in pain following light treatment from WARP 10 and WARP 75 devices.

The application of HEALS has also been proven to aid in the healing of human wounds, burns, diabetic skin ulcers and oral mucositis. The WARP 75 is also used for the treatment of chronic pain, including the temporary relief of minor muscle and joint pain, arthritis, muscle spasms, and stiffness, by promoting relaxation of muscle tissue and temporarily increasing local blood circulation.

Technology
WARP 75 uses 670 nm LEDs, thus the bright red color and can produce 5 Joules/cm2 every 88 seconds.

See also
 Light therapy
 Chemotherapy

References

External links
 HEALS technology

Medical equipment
NASA spin-off technologies
Tension control bolt. A tension control bolt (TC bolt) is a heavy duty bolt used in steel frame construction. The head is usually domed and is not designed to be driven. The end of the shank has a spline on it which is engaged by a special power wrench which prevents the bolt from turning while the nut is tightened. When the appropriate tension is reached the spline shears off.

See also
Screw list
Shear pin

References

Metalworking
Threaded fasteners
Torque
Carlo Cercignani. Carlo Cercignani (17 June 1939 in Teulada – 7 January 2010 in Milan) was an Italian mathematician known for his work on the kinetic theory of gases. His contributions to the study of Boltzmann's equation include the proof of the H-theorem for polyatomic gases.  The Cercignani conjecture is named after him.

Cercignani's conjecture is "sometimes true and always almost true", as proved by the Fields medalist mathematician Cedric Villani.

He is the author of several monographs and more than 300 papers in kinetic theory, as well as of a biography of Boltzmann. Cercignani was member of the French Academy of Sciences and of the Accademia dei Lincei. He received the Humboldt Prize in 1994.

Selected publications

Kinetic theory

History of science

Notes

External links

Mathematical physicists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
2010 deaths
1939 births
Arup S-2. The Arup S-2 was the first commercial development of Cloyd Snyder's Arup S-1 low aspect ratio wing aircraft.

Design
The Arup S-2 featured a straight leading edge wing with a trailing edge that tapered to the rear of the aircraft giving it a guitar pick shape when viewed from above. An M6 airfoil was chosen over its predecessor's sharp edged, modified Clark-Y airfoil. The large trailing edge control surfaces were mixed for pitch and roll control, but were assisted by small, movable, semi-circular wingtips that could provide additional roll control. Conventional landing gear was used, faired with wheel pants. The access to the cockpit was from a belly mounted hatch. Visibility was enhanced with celluloid panels on the aircraft's belly.

Operational history
The prototype S-2 was test flown by Glen Doolittle. The STOL aircraft could fly at up to 35 degrees angle of attack without stalling. The aircraft was demonstrated across the country at events like the Indianapolis 500 and the 1933 National Air Races. Later it was demonstrated to the Army, NACA and CAA in Washington. D.C. Raoul Hoffman left Arup after the development of the S-2 to create his own design, the Hoffman Flying Wing. Engineer Charles H. Zimmerman viewed the S-2 trials in Washington and later applied the principles to the Vought XF5U program.

The S-2 was sold without an engine to a stuntman, F.F. Bowser Frakes, who performed air crashes at fairs. A Szekely radial engine removed from an American Eagle Eaglet was installed on the S-2, but did not perform well. A propeller was acquired from Milt Hatfield, who sourced the landing gear for the first S-1. Hatfield demonstrated how to fly the aircraft and it was eventually crashed in a show.

Surviving aircraft
An example is in the possession of the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.

Reproductions
The Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's veteran airshow pilot Kenwood Cassens is in the process of building a full-scale airworthy reproduction of the S-2, meant to be powered by a Continental A-40 boxer-four air-cooled engine.

Specifications (Arup S-2)

See also

References

External links
 Video of the S-2 in flight

Flying wings
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
1930s United States experimental aircraft
Benjamin Cook. Benjamin Cook or Cooke may refer to:

 Benjamin Cook (journalist) (born 1982), English journalist and Doctor Who author
 Benjamin Cook (scientist), American climate scientist
 Benjamin S. Cook, American nanotechnology scientist
 Benjamin Cooke (1734–1793), English composer, or his father an English publisher
 Ben Cook (actor) (born 1997), American actor, singer, and dancer
 Ben Cook (coach) (born 1963), American strength coach and author
 Ben Cook (speedway rider) (born 1997), Australian speedway rider
 Ben Cooke (born 1974), British stuntman
Low-flying aircraft. Low-flying aircraft may mean:

Low flying military training
Nap-of-the-earth, a low-altitude flight used by military aircraft to avoid enemy detection and attack 
Aircraft flying near an airport:
Takeoff
Landing
Aircraft flying below the allowed minimum height for the type within an aviation authority's jurisdiction, such as
Hang-gliders
Microlights
Drone (aircraft)
Balloon (aeronautics)
Search and rescue aircraft

In the arts
Low-Flying Aircraft and Other Stories, a book by J. G Ballard
Low-Flying Aircraft (film), a Portuguese film originally titled Aparelho Voador a Baixa Altitude

See also
Ceiling (aircraft)
Lawrie Bond. Lawrence Bond (2 August 1907 – September 1974) was a British engineer and designer noted for designing several economical and lightweight vehicles, amongst which were the Bond Minicar, the Berkeley and the Bond Equipe GT.

Bond was born in Preston, Lancashire on 2 August 1907. His father was Frederick Charles Bond, a local historian and artist. After attending Preston Grammar School, Bond worked for a variety of engineering firms, notably the Blackburn Aircraft Company during the second world war. He then went on to enjoy modest success as an amateur racing driver and racing car designer using knowledge gained from the aircraft industry of lightweight, stressed skin construction. In 1948 he designed a small three-wheeled car for road use; this gained media -attention highlighting the design's commercial potential and provided the basis for the Bond Minicar.

In later life Bond ran a pub near Bowes in the North Riding of Yorkshire (since 1974 in County Durham) where he combined the role of freelance designer with that of publican. Later, ill health resulted in a return to Ansdell, Lancashire, where he died in September 1974, aged 67.

References

1907 births
1974 deaths
British automobile designers
People educated at Preston Grammar School
Raceair Skylite. The Raceair Skylite is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed by Ed Fisher and made available in the form of plans for amateur construction, by Raceair Designs.

The Skylite design was started in 1988 and the completed aircraft was first shown at Oshkosh in 1991.

It was also sold by Wings of Freedom, but by late 2019 the company website had been taken down and it is likely that production had ended.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a strut-braced high wing, a single-seat, open cockpit, conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration. The design is intended to resemble the high-wing air racers of the 1930s.

The Skylite is constructed with a welded 4130 steel tube fuselage, with the wings built from riveted and gussetted aluminum tubing. The wing ribs are made from angled aluminum and have an  spacing between them. All surfaces are covered in 1.6 oz aircraft fabric finished with latex. Its  span wing is supported by "V" lift struts and jury struts and features full-span ailerons. The vertical stabilizer is highly swept back. The pilot is accommodated in a semi-enclosed cockpit with a windshield. The specified engine was the Rotax 277 of , but being plans-built other powerplants were also used.

Due to its plans-built construction and complex design, only a small number of aircraft were completed before the plans were initially taken off the market. Today plans and kits are again available from Wings Of Freedom of Hubbard, Ohio as well as the newly resurrected Raceair Designs. Construction time is estimated as 750 hours.

Operational history
The design won Grand Champion Ultralight at AirVenture in 1991.

By 1998 the company reported that 300 kits and plans had been sold and 26 aircraft were completed and flying.

Specifications (Skylite)

References

External links

Official web site (Cloudbase Aviation)
Photo of a Skylite
All-aspect photos of a Skylite

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Raceair Designs aircraft
Wings of Freedom aircraft
Elmo (company). Elmo () is a Japanese electronics and optics company that produces CCTV equipment (including CCD cameras), projectors, and other presentation devices. They are also well known for their series of high-end Super 8mm cameras and projectors during the 1970s.

History 
The company was founded in 1921 as Sakaki Shōkai (榊商会) by Hidenobu Sakaki. The company released its first 16mm projector (model A) in 1927, the first such device manufactured in Japan.

The company was renamed G.K. Elmo-sha (エルモ社, "Elmo & Co.") in 1933, an abbreviation for "Electricity Light Machine Organization". The first 8mm projector (model Hayabusa) was released three years later, in 1936, and the Elmoflex series of 6×6 TLR cameras was introduced in the early 1940s. However, production was quickly halted due to World War II.

Production resumed quickly after the war ended, and in January 1946, the Elmo company was one of the 17 founding members of the Optical and Precision Instruments Manufacturers' Association (光学精機工業協会, Kōgaku Seiki Kōgyō Kyōkai). The company was incorporated as K.K. Elmo-sha (エルモ社, "Elmo Co., Ltd.") in 1949. It continued making the Elmoflex until the second half of the 1950s, then dropped the production of still cameras. ELMO then continued producing 8mm products, introducing new Super 8 projectors and cameras to meet the then-new format. It was however not until the 1970s that the company would release its most famous products, namely their ST and GS-series of Super 8 projectors, including the GS-800, GS-1200 and ST-1200HD, the three of which often are regarded as the company's crown jewels in terms of projectors. As home video took its toll on the Super 8 scene, ELMO ceased production of their projectors, with the final models being the GS-1200 P Xenon and P Com in 1983. Following this, the company began making CCD cameras in 1984, introduced the EV-308 document camera in 1988, and in the late 90s moved into educational technical equipment.

In 2010, The Elmo Company merged with Tietech to establish Techno Horizon Group, Ltd. The Company has since managed subsidiaries engaging in development, manufacturing, and distribution of telecommunication, factory automation and image information equipment.

As of 2021, the company still produces educational equipment for teachers and schools, with separate departments in USA, Japan and Europe.

References

External links

 Official website
  Official JP website

Electronics companies of Japan
Security equipment manufacturers
Video surveillance companies
Japanese brands
Japanese companies established in 1921
Electronics companies established in 1921
Arup S-3. The Arup S-3 was the third in a series of low aspect ratio aircraft developed by Dr. Snyder of South Bend, Indiana.

Design and development
Raoul Hoffman worked to engineer the Arup S-2 with Dr. Snyder. Around 1933 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and left the company for the warmer climate of Florida where he developed his own variation, the Hoffman Flying Wing. He was replaced by Ralph Graigen to develop the next generation of the aircraft.

The S-3 featured a straight leading edge with the trailing edge tapering back to the rear of the aircraft, giving it a thumbnail like appearance from the top. The aircraft featured a tall tricycle landing gear with a small tailwheel in case of over-rotation on takeoff. The fabric covered fuselage was made of welded steel tube with wooden wing ribs. The S-3 differed from the S-2 in that it included a small rudder and elevator at the rear of the fuselage, rather than placing all of the controls on the low aspect ratio wing. The fuselage was sharp-edged with a less streamlined windshield. The dihedral was inadvertently increased compared to the S-2 due to errors in the wing jigs.

Operational history
The S-3 was assigned the number 14147. It flew only once at St.Joe county airport with Glen Doolittle as the test pilot; the aircraft displayed poor performance. Before the second flight signs of sabotage were discovered and the aircraft was put under day and night guard by the backers. The S-3 was destroyed by arson in a hangar fire shortly afterward. Gaighen was fired and Raoul Hoffman was brought back as lead engineer for Arup for the follow-on Arup S-4 which flew successfully with the reused engine from the fire damaged S-3.

Variants
Arup S-4

Specifications (Arup S-3)

References

1930s United States experimental aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft flown once