omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hawker P.V.4. The Hawker P.V.4 was a 1930s British biplane aircraft built by Hawker Aircraft in competition for a government order for a general-purpose military aircraft.

Design and development
In 1931, the British Air Ministry issued a their Specification G.4/31 for a "Standard General Purpose" aircraft. The duties were to include liaison, bombing (both day and night), dive bombing, torpedo bombing, and reconnaissance.

As none of the competing prototypes ordered for the competition could carry out all of the roles, and as individually aircraft of the Hawker Hart series could perform most of these duties, with the Hart having excellent handling in a dive, Hawkers decided to base their entry on the Hind development of the Hart. They built the P.V.4 as a private venture (i.e., with their own money) as a two-seat light bomber; although the bomb load of 570 lb (259 kg) was the same as the Hart, the reinforced fuselage and wings allowed the P.V.4 to dive with this load.

Testing
The P.V.4 was first flown from the Brooklands airfield on 6 December 1934. The Bristol Pegasus III engine was initially used, but this was changed to the Pegasus X in 1935. In trials, it proved to be the only one of the competitors to be fully suitable for dive-bombing; unfortunately, because of its cross-axle undercarriage, it could not carry a torpedo. The dive bombing duty was dropped from the specification, however, so the aircraft had little extra to offer and it lost out to the Vickers Wellesley monoplane which entered production.

Only one aircraft was built. This was eventually used for spinning tests, and then sent to Bristol Aeroplane to be used as an engine test bed, with several other engines being installed. The Finnish Air Force in the 1930s, evaluated different dive bombers including the Hawker P.V.4, eventually choosing the Fokker C.X light bomber. The sole P.V.4 prototype was struck off charge on 29 March 1939.

Specification (with the Pegasus X engine)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Hannah, Donald. Hawker FlyPast Reference Library. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing Ltd., 1982. .
 James, Derek N. Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973. . (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972.)
 Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam & Company, 3rd revised edition, 1991. .
 Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994. .

External links
Hawker P.V.4 – British Aircraft Directory

1930s British bomber aircraft
PV04
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Blomberg B. The Blomberg B is a 2-axle bogie that was introduced by EMD in 1939 with the FT locomotive series; the original "B" version plus later "M" and "X" versions were quite successful and became standard equipment on a multitude of locomotive models. They are easily identified by prominent "swing hangers" on each side which widen the effective spring base and provide a better ride. EMD literature refers to this truck as the "2 Axle Outside Swing Hanger;" informally it is named after EMD designer Martin Blomberg; this design evolved as an abbreviation of the preceding 3-axle design from the E-units; see  filed on Jan 29, 1938 and granted on Feb 6, 1940. As of 2022 Blomberg B trucks are common sights under operating locomotives throughout North America.

B version
The "B" version is the original 1939 design. EMD Blomberg B trucks are seen on other makers' locomotives; this occasionally resulted when buyers of new GE locomotives preferred trade-in EMD trucks and/or motors, instead of GE standard equipment.

M version
The M version (meaning "modified") was introduced in 1972 with the EMD Dash 2 locomotive series; it is also used on later models such as the GP50, GP60, F40PH and F59PH, as well as the MPI MPXpress.

X version
The X version (from "express") was introduced in 2007 with the MPI MPXpress locomotive series; its formal model is MPI 2237. This version directly evolved from the Blomberg M, but is longer and thus not rebuilt from older Blomberg frames.

See also
 Bogie
 Flexicoil suspension

References

Bogie
Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity. A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity), also referred to as Alicebot, or simply Alice, is a natural language processing chatterbot—a program that engages in a conversation with a human by applying some heuristical pattern matching rules to the human's input. It was inspired by Joseph Weizenbaum's classical ELIZA program. 

It is one of the strongest programs of its type and has won the Loebner Prize, awarded to accomplished humanoid, talking robots, three times (in 2000, 2001, and 2004). The program is unable to pass the Turing test, as even the casual user will often expose its mechanistic aspects in short conversations.

Alice was originally composed by Richard Wallace; it "came to life" on November 23, 1995.  The program was rewritten in Java beginning in 1998. The current incarnation of the Java implementation is Program D.  The program uses an XML Schema called AIML (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language) for specifying the heuristic conversation rules.

Alice code has been reported to be available as open source. The AIML source is available from ALICE A.I. Foundation on Google Code and from the GitHub account of Richard Wallace. These AIML files can be run using an AIML interpreter like Program O or Program AB.

In popular culture
Spike Jonze has cited ALICE as the inspiration for his academy award-winning film Her, in which a human falls in love with a chatbot. In a New Yorker article titled “Can Humans Fall in Love with Bots?” Jonze said “that the idea originated from a program he tried about a decade ago called the ALICE bot, which engages in friendly conversation.” The LATimes reported:Though the film’s premise evokes comparisons to Siri, Jonze said he actually had the idea well before the Apple digital assistant came along, after using a program called Alicebot about ten years ago. As geek nostalgists will recall, that intriguing if at times crude software (it flunked the industry-standard Turing Test) would attempt to engage users in everyday chatter based on a database of prior conversations. Jonze liked it, and decided to apply a film genre to it. “I thought about that idea, and what if you had a real relationship with it?” Jonze told reporters. “And I used that as a way to write a relationship movie and a love story.”

See also
 Kuki (chatbot)

Notes

References
 
   Note: Online the article appears as four pages, which can be individually accessed by taking the article link and adding "?pagewanted=1" after it for the first page, or =2, =3 or =4 for each of the other pages available online.

Further reading

External links

 
 
 

Chatbots
NASA Clean Air Study. 

The NASA Clean Air Study was a project led by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in association with the Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA) in 1989, to research ways to clean the air in sealed environments such as space stations. Its results suggested that, in addition to absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis, certain common indoor plants may also provide a natural way of removing volatile organic pollutants (benzene, formaldehyde, and trichloroethylene were tested).

These results are not applicable to typical buildings, where outdoor-to-indoor air exchange already removes VOCs at a rate that could only be matched by the placement of 10–1000 plants/m of a building's floor space.

The results also failed to replicate in future studies, with a 2014 review stating that:

List of plants studied

The following plants were tested during the initial 1989 study:
 Variegated snake plant / mother-in-law's tongue (Sansevieria trifasciata laurentii)
 English ivy (Hedera helix)
 Peace lily (Spathiphyllum 'Mauna Loa')
 Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema modestum)
 Bamboo palm (Chamaedorea seifrizii)
 Red-edged dracaena, marginata (Dracaena marginata)
 Cornstalk dracaena, mass cane/corn cane (Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana')
 Weeping fig (Ficus benjamina)
 Barberton daisy, gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii)
 Florist's chrysanthemum, pot mum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)
 Janet Craig (Dracaena deremensis "Janet Craig")
 Warneckei (Dracaena deremensis "Warneckei")

Additional research
Since the release of the initial 1989 study, titled A study of interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement: An Interim Report, further research has been done including a 1993 paper and 1996 book by B. C. Wolverton, the primary researcher on the original NASA study, that listed additional plants and focused on the removal of specific chemicals.  A different study in 2004 has also shown that the micro-organisms in the soil of a potted plant remove benzene from the air, and that some plant species themselves also contribute to removing benzene.

Other studies

Plants studied in various similar studies on air filtration:

See also
 Dracaena reflexa
 Green wall
 Indoor air quality
 Phytoremediation
 Rain garden
 Sick building syndrome

References

External links
 'Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution' 
 How to Grow Your Own Fresh Air – TED 2009. An extension of the TED Talk.

Soil science-related lists
Lists of plants
Building biology
1989 works
NASA
Indoor air pollution
O-Xylene. o-Xylene (ortho-xylene) is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C6H4(CH3)2, with two methyl substituents bonded to adjacent carbon atoms of a benzene ring (the ortho configuration). It is a constitutional isomer of m-xylene and p-xylene, the mixture being called xylene or xylenes. o-Xylene is a colourless slightly oily flammable liquid.

Production and use
Petroleum contains about one weight percent xylenes. Most o-xylene is produced by cracking petroleum, which affords a distribution of aromatic compounds, including xylene isomers. m-Xylene is isomerized to o-xylene. Net production was approximately 500,000 tons in the year 2000.

o-Xylene is largely used in the production of phthalic anhydride, which is a precursor to many materials, drugs, and other chemicals. Related to their easy oxidation, the methyl groups are susceptible to halogenation.  When treated with elemental bromine, these groups are brominated, yielding xylylene dibromide:
C6H4(CH3)2 + 2 Br2 → C6H4(CH2Br)2 + 2 HBr

Toxicity and exposure
Xylenes are not acutely toxic, for example the  (rat, oral) is 4300 mg/kg. Effects vary with animal and xylene isomer. Concerns with xylenes focus on narcotic effects.

References

Alkylbenzenes
C2-Benzenes
P-Cresol. para-Cresol, also 4-methylphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4(OH).  It is a colourless solid that is widely used intermediate in the production of other chemicals. It is a derivative of phenol and is an isomer of o-cresol and m-cresol.

Production
Together with many other compounds, p-cresol is conventionally extracted from coal tar, the volatilized materials obtained in the roasting of coal to produce coke. This residue contains a few percent by weight of phenol and cresols. Industrially, p-cresol is currently prepared mainly by a two-step route beginning with the sulfonation of toluene:
CH3C6H5 + H2SO4 → CH3C6H4SO3H + H2O
Basic hydrolysis of the sulfonate salt gives the sodium salt of the cresol:
CH3C6H4SO3H + 2 NaOH → CH3C6H4OH + Na2SO3 + H2O
Other methods for the production of p-cresol include chlorination of toluene followed by hydrolysis. In the cymene-cresol process, toluene is alkylated with propene to give p-cymene, which can be oxidatively dealkylated in a manner similar to the cumene process.

Applications 
p-Cresol is consumed mainly in the production of antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The monoalkylated derivatives undergo coupling to give an extensive family of diphenol antioxidants. These antioxidants are valued because they are relatively low in toxicity and nonstaining.

Natural occurrences

In humans 
p-Cresol is produced by bacterial fermentation of protein in the human large intestine. It is excreted in feces and urine, and is a component of human sweat that attracts female mosquitoes.

p-Cresol is a constituent of tobacco smoke.

In other species 
p-Cresol is a major component in pig odor. Temporal glands secretion examination showed the presence of phenol and p-cresol during musth in male elephants. It is one of the very few compounds to attract the orchid bee Euglossa cyanura and has been used to capture and study the species. p-Cresol is a component found in horse urine during estrus that can elicit the Flehmen response.

References 

Cresols
4-Tolyl compounds
M-Cresol. meta-Cresol, also 3-methylphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4(OH).  It is a colourless, viscous liquid that is used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. It is a derivative of phenol and is an isomer of p-cresol and o-cresol.

Production
Together with many other compounds, m-cresol is traditionally extracted from coal tar, the volatile materials obtained in the production of coke from (bituminous) coal. This residue contains a few percent by weight of phenol and isomeric cresols. In the cymene–cresol process, toluene is alkylated with propylene to give isomers of cymene, which can be oxidatively dealkylated analogous to the cumene process. Another method, involves carbonylation of a mixture of methallyl chloride and acetylene in the presence of nickel carbonyl.

Applications 
m-Cresol is a precursor to numerous compounds. Important applications include:

 pesticides such as fenitrothion and fenthion
 synthetic vitamin E by methylation to give 2,3,6-trimethylphenol
 antiseptics, such as amylmetacresol
 a solvent for polymers. For example, polyaniline is cast from a solution of m-cresol to form a polyaniline film with a superior conductivity than polyaniline alone. This phenomenon is known as secondary doping.
preservatives in some insulin preparations 
the starting point in the total synthesis of thymol, an important synthetic chemical for regions lacking natural sources of the flavor compound:
 C7H8O + C3H6  C10H14O
synthesis of dicresulene and policresulen
synthesis of toliprolol, tolamolol & cresatin

Natural occurrences 
m-Cresol is a component found in temporal glands secretions during musth in male African elephants (Loxodonta africana).

m-Cresol is a constituent of tobacco smoke.

m-Cresol is a component found in secretions from the ant Colobopsis saundersi during Autothysis.

See also 
 Cresol

References

External links 
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards cdc.gov
 Chemical and physical properties chemicalbook.com

Cresols
3-Tolyl compounds
Succinonitrile. Succinonitrile, also butanedinitrile, is a nitrile, with the formula of C2H4(CN)2. It is a colorless waxy solid which melts at 58 °C.

Succinonitrile is produced by the addition of hydrogen cyanide to acrylonitrile (hydrocyanation):
CH2=CHCN  +  HCN  →  NCCH2CH2CN

Hydrogenation of succinonitrile yields putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane).

See also
 Malononitrile - A di-nitrile with 3 carbon atoms
 Glutaronitrile - A di-nitrile with 5 carbon atoms
 Adiponitrile - A di-nitrile with 6 carbon atoms

References

External links
 WebBook page for C4H4N2
 CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Alkanedinitriles
Arkady Shvetsov. Arkady Dmitrievich Shvetsov () (January 1892, Nizhniye Sergi, today's Sverdlovsk Oblast - 19 March 1953, Moscow) was a Soviet aircraft engine designer whose OKB was founded in Perm, USSR, in 1934, to produce the Wright Cyclone-derived Shvetsov M-25 engine. Under Shvetsov, his OKB became the primary provider of radial piston engines for Soviet aircraft industry (Mikulin's and Klimov's OKB were assigned to creation of in-line engines). After his death in 1953, the OKB was taken over by Pavel Soloviev.

References

1892 births
1953 deaths
Russian aerospace engineers
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Soviet aerospace engineers
People from Perm, Russia
Soviet inventors
F100. F-100 or F100 may refer to:

Aerospace and defense 
 North American F-100 Super Sabre, a fighter aircraft formerly in the service of the United States Air Force
 Fokker 100, a regional jet
 Pratt & Whitney F100, afterburning turbofan engine
 Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate (also known as the F100 class), in the service with the Spanish Armada Española

Automotive 
 Ford F-Series F-100, a pickup truck
 Formula F100, a racing class
 Daihatsu Hi-Line F100, a model of truck

Other uses
 F-100 and F-75 (foods), a therapeutic food given to treat severe malnutrition
 Ferranti F100-L, a 16-bit microprocessor family from 1976
 Nikon F100, an autofocus 35mm single-lens reflex camera
 ESP F-100FM, one of the LTD Standard Series guitars manufactured by ESP
Microoxygenation. Micro-oxygenation is a process used in winemaking to introduce oxygen into wine in a controlled manner. Developed in 1991 by Patrick DuCournau, working with the exceptionally tannic grape Tannat in Madiran, the process gained usage in modern winemaking following the 1996 authorization by the European Commission. Today, the technique is widely employed in Bordeaux, as well as at least 11 different countries, including the United States and Chile.

Process 
The process of micro-oxygenation involves a large two-chamber device with valves interconnected to a tank of oxygen. In the first chamber, the oxygen is calibrated to match the volume of the wine. In the second chamber, the oxygen is injected into the wine through a porous ceramic stone located at the bottom of the chamber. The dosage is controlled and can range anywhere from .75 to 3 cubic centimetres per liter of wine. The process normally occurs in multiple treatments that can last anywhere from one or two treatments during the early stages of fermentation (to help avoid stuck fermentation) to a more prolonged treatment during the maturation period that can last four to eight months.

Micro-oxygenation affects colour, aromatic bouquet, mouth-feel and phenolic content. Carboxypyranoanthocyanidins can be considered markers of microoxygenation techniques.

Benefits 
Exposure to oxygen during production may improve wine, but the exposure must be limited: too much oxygen can lead to oxidation while too little can lead to reduction, either one leading to its associated wine faults. In barrel aging, the natural properties of the wood allow for gentle aeration of the wine to occur over a prolonged period. This aids in polymerization of tannin into larger molecules, which could fall out of solution, not promoting protein precipitation in the mouth and thus improving mouth astringency. The process of micro-oxygenation aims to mimic the effects of slow barrel maturation in a shorter period or for lower cost. It also enables more control over the process.

During fermentation, the added oxygen can help maintain the viability of the yeast to minimize the risk of stuck fermentation and the production of undesirable sulfides. After fermentation it can aid in the clarification and stabilization of the wine without resorting to the use of fining agents.

References

Winemaking
Wine terminology
Cumulus (disambiguation). Cumulus is a type of cloud with the appearance of a lump of cotton wool.

Cumulus may also refer to:

Computing
 Cumulus (software), digital asset management software developed by Canto Software
 Cumulus Corporation, a defunct computer hardware company
 Cumulus Networks, a computer software company

Gliders
 Reinhard Cumulus, a West German glider
 US Aviation Cumulus, an American motorglider

Other uses
 Cumulus Media, a radio broadcasting company

See also
 Cumulus oophorus, cells which surround a human egg after fertilisation
Charles LeGeyt Fortescue. Charles LeGeyt Fortescue (1876–1936) was an electrical engineer. He was born in York Factory,  in what is now Manitoba where the Hayes River enters Hudson Bay. He was the son of a Hudson's Bay Company fur trading factor and was among the first graduates of the Queen's University electrical engineering program in 1898.

On graduation Fortescue joined the Westinghouse Corporation at East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he spent his entire professional career. In 1901 he joined the Transformer Engineering Department and worked on many problems arising from the use of high voltage.  In 1913 Fortescue published the AIEE paper "The Application of a Theorem of Electrostatics to Insulator Problems". Also in that year he was one of the authors of a paper on measurement of high voltage by the breakdown of a gap between two conductive spheres, which is a technique still used in high-voltage laboratories today.

In a paper  presented in 1918, Fortescue demonstrated that any set of N unbalanced phasors — that is, any such "polyphase" signal — could be expressed as the sum of N symmetrical sets of balanced phasors known as symmetrical components. The paper was judged to be the most important power engineering paper in the twentieth century.

He was awarded the Franklin Institute's 1932 Elliott Cresson Medal for his contributions to the field of electrical engineering.

A fellowship awarded every year by the IEEE in his name commemorates his contributions to electrical engineering.

Patents
Fortescue obtained 185 patents in his career, in the design of transformers, insulators, and DC and AC power circuits.  
 Insulating-body for electrical apparatus, 
 Transformer and winding, 
 Alternating current transformer,  
 System of distribution,

References

1876 births
1936 deaths
People from Northern Region, Manitoba
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Multidrop bus. A multidrop bus (MDB) is a computer bus able to connect three or more devices. A process of arbitration determines which device sends information at any point. The other devices listen for the data they are intended to receive.

Multidrop buses have the advantage of simplicity and extensibility, but their differing electrical characteristics make them relatively unsuitable for high frequency or high bandwidth applications.

In computing
Since 2000, multidrop standards such as PCI and Parallel ATA are increasingly being replaced by point-to-point systems such as PCI Express and SATA. Modern SDRAM chips exemplify the problem of electrical impedance discontinuity. Fully Buffered DIMM is an alternative approach to connecting multiple DRAM modules to a memory controller.

For vending machines

MDB/ICP

MDB/ICP (formerly known as MDB) is a multidrop bus computer networking protocol used within the vending machine industry, currently published by the American National Automatic Merchandising Association.

ccTalk

The ccTalk multidrop bus protocol uses an  TTL-level asynchronous serial protocol. It uses address randomization to allow multiple similar devices on the bus (after randomisation the devices can be distinguished by their serial number). ccTalk was developed by CoinControls, but is used by multiple vendors.

See also
 Bus network topology
 EIA-485
 1-Wire
 Open collector

External links
IBM Journal of Research and Development

Computer buses