omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Johann Faulhaber. Johann Faulhaber (5 May 1580 – 10 September 1635) was a German mathematician, specifically, a calculator (Rechenmeister).

Biography
Born in Ulm, Faulhaber was a trained weaver who later took the role of a surveyor of the city of Ulm. He collaborated with Johannes Kepler and Ludolph van Ceulen. In 1620, while in Ulm, Descartes probably corresponded with Faulhaber to discuss algebraic solutions of polynomial equations.

He worked as fortification engineer in various cities (notably Basel, where he was fortification engineer from 1622 to 1624, and Frankfurt), and also worked under Maurice, Prince of Orange in the Netherlands. He also built water wheels in his home town and geometrical instruments for the military.

Faulhaber made the first publication of Henry Briggs's Logarithm in Germany. He is also credited with the first printed solution of equal temperament. He died in Ulm.

Faulhaber's major contribution was in calculating the sums of powers of integers. Jacob Bernoulli makes references to Faulhaber in his Ars Conjectandi.

Other than his mathematical work, he also worked on various mystical matters, such as alchemy, astrology and numerology. He was a member of the Rosicrucians. In 1619, after his involvement in the Ulm comet dispute, he published his work Fama Syderea Nova, containing prophecies in connection with the Great Comet of 1618 and the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. The Ulm comet dispute concerned whether the comets appearing during 1618 were signs sent by God, or just natural phenomena.

Works

 Arithmetischer Cubicossischer Lustgarten, Tübingen: Erhard Cellius 1604
 
 Himlische gehaime Magia Oder Newe Cabalistische Kunst/vnd Wunderrechnung, Nürnberg 1613 (lateinische Ausgabe Magia arcana coelestis Nürnberg 1613)
 Andeutung/ Einer vnerhorten newen Wunderkunst. Welche der Geist Gottes/ in etlichen Prophetischen/ vnd Biblischen Geheimnuß Zahlen/ biß auff die letzte Zeit hat wollen versigelt und verborgen halten. Nürnberg 1613
 Neuer Arithmetischer Wegweyßer, Ulm 1614
 Wunderliche Erfindung auß Albrecht Dürers seeligen Alten Invention. Vom Gläßern Perspectiv Tisch/ mit einem Proportional Instrument verbessert. Ulm: Johannes Meder 1617
 Fama siderea nova, Nürnberg 1619
 Miracula Arithmetica, Augsburg 1622
 Mechanische Verbesserung einer alten Roßmühlen, Ulm 1625
 Geheime Kunstkammer. Darinnen hundert allerhand Kriegs Stratagemata, auch andere Vnerhorte Secreta, vnd Machinae mirabiles zusehen/ dergleichen in Europa (respective) wenig zu finden, Ulm 1628
 Academia Algebrae, Augsburg 1631
 Mathematische Andeutung der Ewigkeit, Ulm 1631
 Vernünftiger Creaturen Weissagungen, Augsburg 1632
 Magdenburgischer Phoenix, Augsburg 1632
 Ingenieurs-Schul, 4 Teile, Frankfurt 1630 (Teil 1), Ulm 1633 (Teil 2 bis 4)

See also
 Faulhaber's formula

References

  SLUB Dresden

External links

 Johann Faulhaber in VD17
 

1580 births
1635 deaths
People from Ulm
16th-century German mathematicians
17th-century German mathematicians
Rosicrucians
17th-century German writers
17th-century German male writers
600 nm process. The 600 nanometer process (600 nm process) is a level of semiconductor process technology that was reached in the 1994–1995 timeframe, by most leading semiconductor companies, like Intel and IBM.

Products featuring 600 nm manufacturing process
 Intel 80486DX4 CPU launched in 1994 was manufactured using this process.
 IBM/Motorola PowerPC 601, the first PowerPC chip, was produced in 600 nm.
 Intel Pentium (P54C) CPUs at 75 MHz, 90 MHz and 100 MHz were also manufactured using this process.

References 

00600
350 nm process. The 350 nanometer process (350 nm process) is a level of semiconductor process technology that was reached in the 1995–1996 timeframe by leading semiconductor companies like Intel and IBM.

Examples
 SGS-Thomson 5LM

Products featuring 350 nm manufacturing process
 MTI VR4300i (1995), used in the Nintendo 64 game console.
 Intel Pentium (P54CS, 1995), Pentium Pro (1995) and initial Pentium II CPUs (Klamath, 1997).
 AMD K5 (1996) and original AMD K6 (Model 6, 1997) CPUs.
 МЦСТ-R150 (2001).
 Parallax Propeller (2006), 8 core microcontroller.
 Atmel ATmega328, used in the Arduino UNO.
 Nvidia RIVA 128 (1997) GPU

References

00350
1995 introductions
Alberto Aleman. Alberto Alemán Zubieta (born c. 1951) is a former administrator of the Panama Canal. He graduated from Texas A&M University in civil and industrial engineering in 1973. He lives in Panama with his wife, Ana Matilde, and their three children.

Awards 
 "William Ross Medal", presented in 1992 by the Panamanian Chamber of Construction (CAPAC)
 "Honorary Fellow" in 1997 and "Federal Engineer of the Year Award" from the American Society of Civil Engineers
 "Florencio Icaza Award" bestowed by the Association of Panamanian Architects and Engineers (SPIA)
 "Maritime Personality 2001" Award, presented by Seatrade
 "The Business man of the Year 2002" from the Panamanian Business Executives Association (APEDE)
 "Outstanding International Alumnus Award of Texas A&M University" awarded in December 2003

References

External links
 Panama Canal Authority
 Biography (from Panama Canal Authority) 
 "Interview with Alberto Aleman-Zubieta, the Administrator and CEO of the Panama Canal Authority", App2US
 "Martín's blank check for improper contracts", Panama News, July 9 - 22, 2006

Panama Canal
Panamanian businesspeople
Texas A&M University alumni
1950s births
Living people
EFuse. In computing, an eFuse (electronic fuse) is a microscopic fuse put into a computer chip. This technology was invented by IBM in 2004 to allow for the dynamic real-time reprogramming of chips. In the abstract, computer logic is generally "etched" or "hard-wired" onto a chip and cannot be changed after the chip has finished being manufactured.  By utilizing a set of eFuses, a chip manufacturer can allow for the circuits on a chip to change while it is in operation.

Mechanism of action 
eFuses can be made out of silicon or metal traces. In both cases, they work (blow) by electromigration, the phenomenon where electric flow causes the conductor material to move. Although electromigration is generally undesired in chip design as it causes failures, eFuses are made of weak traces that are designed to fail before others do.

Uses 

eFuses were initially marketed by IBM as a way to provide in-chip performance tuning.  If certain sub-systems fail, or are taking too long to respond, or are consuming too much power, the chip can instantly change its behavior by blowing an eFUSE. Today, most eFuses are used to etch serialization or calibration data onto a chip thus making it a read-only value.

Descriptive term 

eFuses are perhaps more commonly used as a one-time programmable ROM or write-restricted memory, and not actual physical electric fuses. This ranges from writing unique information onto CPUs, or in the case of game consoles and other restricted hardware, preventing downgrades by permanently recording a newer version. The Xbox 360, Nintendo Switch, Pixel 6 and Samsung Galaxy S22 are known for using eFuses this way.

Implementations
eFuses used for performance adjustment or unique IDs:
 IBM POWER5 and POWER6 high-end RISC processors; probably all newer models
 IBM System z9 and System z10 mainframe processors
 Sony/Toshiba/IBM Cell used in PlayStation 3. Not claimed to be used for downgrade prevention.
 Intel Westmere CPUs; probably all newer models
 TI MSP430 MCU family for Unique IDs.
 TI FPD-Link SERDES for a variety of different settings. 

eFuses known to be used for hardware restriction:
 IBM/Microsoft Xenon CPU in the Xbox 360 game console. 768bits of fuses.
 Samsung Knox devices use an eFuse to detect if a non-Samsung boot path has ever been run.

Variants 
Resettable eFuses are used for protecting circuits. They act similarly to resettable fuses, and are generally shipped as a standalone chip package.

There are several ways of implementing an antifuse in silicon: see .

See also
 Antifuse
 Reconfigurable computing

References

IBM computer hardware
Hydraulic transmission. Hydraulic transmission may refer to various transmission methods for transferring engine power to drive wheels, using hydraulic fluid:

 Diesel-hydraulic transmission, used in railway locomotives
 Hydrostatic transmission, using hydraulic motors to convert the fluid energy into rotary propulsion
 , using hydraulic rams acting on a swashplate or crank to convert the fluid pressure into rotation
 Hydrokinetic transmission, involving one or more torque converters; commonly used in railway locomotives
 Hydraulic automatic transmissions in automobiles manufactured in the mid-20th century, with trade names such as "Hydromatic"

See also 
 Hydraulic machinery, machinery powered by hydraulic motors/hydraulic transmission
 Hydraulic (disambiguation)
Reuben Trane. Reuben Nicholas Trane (September 13, 1886 – September 5, 1954) was an American mechanical engineer. Together with his father James Trane, he founded the heating and air conditioning company, Trane.

Biography
Reuben Trane was born in La Crosse, Wisconsin on September 13, 1886. He graduated from La Crosse Central High School in 1906. In 1910, he graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in Mechanical Engineering. In 1913, James and Reuben incorporated The Trane Company.  In 1923, Reuben Trane invented  the convector radiator. From 1916 until 1951, Reuben Trane was president of Trane. From 1951 until his death in 1954, Reuben Trane was chairman of the board of Trane. He was a member of the Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (ASHRAE), to which he was awarded a lifetime membership in 1951. Trane was inducted into the ASHRAE Hall of Fame in 1997.

References

External links
Reuben Nicholas Trane, Dictionary of Wisconsin History, Wisconsin State Historical Society

1886 births
1954 deaths
American mechanical engineers
American business executives
American company founders
American people of Norwegian descent
People from La Crosse, Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
History of Wisconsin
Ingersoll Rand people
La Crosse Central High School alumni
Project Magnet (UFO). Project Magnet was an unidentified flying object (UFO) study programme established by Transport Canada in December 1950 under the direction of Wilbert Brockhouse Smith, senior radio engineer for Transport Canada's Broadcast and Measurements Section. It was formally active until mid-1954 and informally active (without government funding) until Smith's death in 1962. Smith eventually concluded that UFOs were probably extraterrestrial in origin and likely operated by manipulation of magnetism.

History
Smith made a request to use the facilities of the Department of Transport to study UFOs. The project was formally approved on December 2, 1950, with the intention to collect data about UFOs and apply any recovered data to practical engineering and technology. The ultimate goal of the project was to apply any findings on the subject of geomagnetism to the possibility of exploiting Earth's magnetic field as a source of propulsion for vehicles. Smith and his colleagues in government believed that UFOs, if real, might hold the key to this new source of power. A small-scale undertaking, the project used DOT facilities, with some assistance from personnel at the Defence Research Board (DRB) and the National Research Council. In June 1952 Smith issued a preliminary report arguing that UFOs likely came from intelligent, extraterrestrial sources and almost certainly manipulated magnetism for flight. A 1953 report reiterated these conclusions. Also in April 1952 the Canadian government established Project Second Storey, a parallel UFO research project, with Smith also involved.  It consisted of a group of scientists and military officers who met periodically to consider the UFO question and to recommend government action. Smith reported to Second Storey on some of Project Magnet's findings and conclusions.

Smith believed UFOs were linked to psychic phenomena  and believed himself to be in contact with extraterrestrial beings who communicated to him through telepathy. Smith wrote a number of articles for Topside, the publication of the Ottawa New Sciences Club which he founded, outlining the philosophy of the "Space Brothers" with whom he claimed to be in contact. The articles were later collected and published posthumously in 1969 under the title The Boys from Topside.

Shirley's Bay
In October 1952, Smith set up an observatory at Shirley's Bay outside Ottawa to study reports of UFO sightings, believing that UFOs would emit physical characteristics that could be measured. A number of sighting reports were investigated by Project Magnet but in 1954 the project was shut down. Smith was allowed to use the Shirley's Bay facilities with his own funding and did so until his death in 1962.

Footnotes

References
Clark, Jerome, The UFO Encyclopedia: The Phenomenon from the Beginning, Volume 2, L-Z Detroit: Omnigraphics, 1998 (2nd edition, 2005), 
Story, Ronald J. (editor) and J. Richard Greenwell (consulting editor), The Encyclopedia of UFOs, Garden City: Doubleday & Co, 1980, 
Canada's Unidentified Flying Objects: The Search for the Unknown at Library and Archives Canada

Government responses to UFOs
Energy tower (disambiguation). Energy tower may refer to:

electricity power generation by downdraft created by evaporation of water sprayed at the top of a tall hollow cylinder, see Energy tower (downdraft)
solar power plant technology using mirrors, see Solar power tower
electricity power generation by solar-heated air in a chimney-style tower, see Solar updraft tower
a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into electricity, see Wind turbine
a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy, see Windmill 
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System is an attempt at applying Open Source Software Project Management to a renewable energy design project.
Energy Tower (Midland, Texas) was a 59-story, 860 foot skyscraper proposed for the city of Midland, Texas
University of Arizona Mineral Museum. The University of Arizona Mineral Museum (UAMM) is a mineralogy museum located in the Pima County Courthouse in downtown Tucson, Arizona.

Collections
The museum was started in 1892, and houses over 24,000 specimens from around the world, including meteorites, micromounts, and mining artifacts. 
Minerals from Arizona and Mexico are particularly well represented. Over 2,000 specimens are on display.

Also featured are a selection of oil paintings, depicting miners and mining, by Delaware artist William Davidson White (1896-1971).

References

External links
Official website
The Mineralogical Record Museum of Art

Mineralogy museums
Geology museums in Arizona
Museums in Tucson, Arizona
University museums in Arizona
University of Arizona
Museums established in 1892
1892 establishments in Arizona Territory
Topo (robot). Topo is a series of robots designed in the 1980s by Androbot Inc., for the consumer and education markets. It is wirelessly programmable via an Apple II with a modified version of BASIC called TopoBASIC (and later Forth with TopoFORTH). The program allows the robot to perform a set of geometric movements, to move about a room and perform tasks. It is like a servant robot, although it does not truly meet the requirements of a robot, as it had no sensors to use to receive input and then make decisions accordingly. It also cannot communicate back with the Apple II any information, nor calibrate its own motors to ensure an accurate task is being performed

The robots were sold commercially starting in May 1983, and were intended to be inexpensive, lacking a complicated manipulating device. By 1984 Topo II (also known as Topo w/ Sound) would release, having updated software and the ability to use text-to-speech. Later in 1984 Topo III would begin production to a limited quantity. This last iteration removed the detachable arms, instead going for swappable trays, alongside consolidating the ABS plastic shell into just two pieces. A final Topo IV was planned during the final days of the company, but only its sensor belt was built before the company shut down. Topo IV's spec sheet was closer to Androbot's Brains On Board line of robots.

Units are beige molded plastic with two drive wheels as feet and stand 36½ inches tall. The series could be equipped with additional plastic accessories, such as the AndroWagon and AndroFridge, for carrying objects. Communication is via a radio or infrared transmitter attached to a personal computer. Topo II and III use an infrared transmitter, and can be controlled by a four way pad on the top of their head that also serves as the infrared receiver.

See also

 HERO, a programmable robot series for home computers from 1982-1995
 1980s in science and technology

References

External links
 Here Come the Androbots
The History of Androbot, Pieced together by Rick Rowland
The Atari Androbot Projects
 Original Androbot Pre-release Schematics of the TOPO I & TOPO II Robots.

Educational robots
1983 robots
Rolling robots
Robots of the United States
Solar cell fabric. Solar cell fabric is a fabric with embedded photovoltaic cells which generate electricity when exposed to light.

Traditional silicon based solar cells are expensive to manufacture, rigid and fragile. Although less efficient, thin-film cells and organic polymer based cells can be produced quickly and cheaply. They are also flexible and can be stitched onto fabric.

According to an article from New Scientist, researchers have built a photovoltaic cell in the layers around a fiber, creating a tiny cylindrical cell. No longer limited to rooftops and poles, solar collection could work silently and unobtrusively from everyday objects.

Examples of recent research

Flexible solar cells can be used in humanitarian aid. A makeshift shelter developed by PowerFilm, Inc. called the PowerShade can generate one kilowatt of power. This could help a power emergency equipment at short notice in remote places.

Konarka Technologies produce a thin film polymer-based photovoltaic cell, as a flexible film stitched onto a fabric. The ability to make these cells even smaller is dependent on further research into nanocrystal photovoltaic cells. In theory nanotechnology could provide a way to expand the range of photons a cell could collect, increasing its efficiency while becoming smaller. Konarka, in partner with other institutions, is working on this.

ShadePlex is currently developing a product that integrates thin film photovoltaic modules with architectural fabrics.  They will feature a high power output (200 W, 500 W, and 1000 W), and can feed either a battery system or be tied to the grid.  Integrating thin film photovoltaics with fabric structures will enable a whole class of buildings to easily integrate renewable energy solutions.

References

Solar cells
Technical fabrics
Energy conversion
Hunter Engineering Co v Syncrude Canada Ltd. Hunter Engineering Co v Syncrude Canada Ltd, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 426 is a leading commercial contract decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court unanimously found that the companies that sold Syncrude faulty gear boxes were not liable for their poor design, however, the Court was divided on the test to determine when a fundamental breach could void a contract.

The Court held that the limitation of liability clause was enforceable even in the case of a fundamental breach so long as it was clear in the language that it was within the intentions of the parties.

Background
Syncrude Canada Ltd. contracted with Hunter Engineering and Allis-Chalmers to design gear boxes. Due to design flaws, the boxes were not usable for their intended purpose. Syncrude spent over $1 million to repair the boxes. Hunter sought protection under a limitation of liability clause within the contract.

Judgment of the Court
There were three separate reasons given.

Chief Justice Dickson, with La Forest J., found that the limitation clause was valid. He argued that the doctrine of fundamental breach is not appropriate. Instead, the issue should only be dealt with as a matter of contractual unconscionability such as where parties have unequal bargaining power.

Justice Wilson, with Justice L'Heureux-Dube, argued that the limitation clause could be invalidated in certain circumstances. Wilson proposed that a contract could be struck out for fundamental breach where the conduct of one party deprives the other party of "substantially the whole benefit" of the contract.

Justice McIntyre, writing briefly for himself alone, agreed with Wilson on a number of findings based on the facts, but refused to deal with the issue of fundamental breach.

See also
 List of Supreme Court of Canada cases

External links
 

Supreme Court of Canada cases
1989 in Canadian case law
Canadian contract case law
Brinkley stick. A Brinkley stick is a safety device used to discharge high voltage capacitors and ensure HT (high voltage) electrical circuits are discharged. The tool consists of a hook attached to the end of an insulated rod. The hook is connected by a length of insulated wire to a suitable ground or earth, often via a suitably valued resistor.
Named after Charles Brinkley, an amputee ferry boatman who carried radar staff across the river Deben. 

One of the Trade test colour films, On the Safe Side
includes a fictionalised sequence during which the life of a technician is preserved by his decision to deploy a Brinkley stick.

References 

Safety equipment
General Avia F.22. The General Avia F.22 Pinguino is an Italian two-seat aircraft by GeneralAvia. The aircraft has two side-by-side seats in an enclosed canopy cockpit. It was the 22nd aircraft designed by Stelio Frati. The aircraft was manufactured in four configurations, as well as a prototype four-seater.

The F.22 is used as a military trainer in several countries. It is aerobatic certified and capable of -3g to +6g maneuvers. The F.22/C model is used by a Dutch aerobatic team called Red Sensation.

After the prototypes were built, about 30 pre-production models were built under the technical direction of Pasquale De Rosa. Mass production began thereafter.  De Rosa reduced the production time from about 6000 hours to about 2000 hours after making hundreds of certified changes. The production models of the F.22 are certified in Italy, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, and New Zealand.

Specifications F.22/C

Variants

F.22/A 
This variant has a  Textron Lycoming O-235-N2C engine and  fuel tank. It can also come equipped with a retractable undercarriage.

F.22/B Penguino 
This variant has a  Textron Lycoming O-235-N2C engine and  fuel tank. It can also come equipped with a retractable undercarriage.

F.22/C Penguino 
This is the high-powered variant, as detailed in the specifications section.

F.22/R Penguino-Sprint 
This variant has a  Textron Lycoming O-320-D1A engine, a constant-speed propeller, and retractable undercarriage.

F.220 Airone 
This is a four-seat prototype of the F.22 with doors and a cabin rather than a sliding canopy.  It has a  IO-360-A1A engine and  fuel tank.  Full development was delayed.

References

Bibliography
 Taylor, Michael. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1996/97. London:Brassey's, 1996. .

External links

1990s Italian civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft