omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
RISC OS Open. RISC OS Open Ltd. (also referred to as ROOL) is a limited company engaged in computer software and IT consulting. It is managing the process of publishing the source code to RISC OS. Company founders include staff who formerly worked for Pace, the company which acquired RISC OS after Acorn's demise.

The source code publication was initially facilitated by a shared source initiative (SSI) between ROOL and Castle Technology (CTL), prior to a switch to the more widely recognised Apache licence in October 2018.
ROOL hopes that by making the RISC OS source code available for free it will help stimulate development of both the RISC OS source code and the platform as a whole.

Operations 

ROOL set initial goals to make the source code easily available (on the web), and also to establish a wiki, forum and bug tracker. These have been available since December 2006.

Operations exist to facilitate tasks related to ROOL's goals. Additionally, staff undertake development work on the code themselves. Since early 2009, ownership, development and sales of the  tools were transferred to RISC OS Open. As an extension to the initial goals, in 2011 ROOL introduced a bounty scheme to encourage further development.

Attendance at  computer shows is often arranged, with other knowledgeable coders sometimes standing in when ROOL staff are unavailable. A Facebook page and Twitter feed was created in 2012 to communicate events via social media.

Publishing 
A number of book titles have been published starting in 2015 with the RISC OS Style Guide, a three book set in support of the Desktop Development Environment, BBC BASIC Reference Manual and the RISC OS 5 User Guide.

Forum 
Online discussions take place on the forum. Developers can seek technical assistance with writing software, debugging, and porting the operating system to new hardware. End users can seek assistance with applications, emulation, and enquiries of a more general nature. A common area exists to make announcements that are broadly related to the theme of RISC OS, and discussion of future wish list features or applications.

References 

RISC OS
Software companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in West Sussex
Development software companies
2006 establishments in England
Software companies established in 2006
British companies established in 2006
Nord AA.20. The AA.20 was a French air-to-air missile, developed by Nord Aviation, and was one of the first of such missiles adopted into service in Western Europe. Production began at Chatillon, France in 1956. Approximately 6,000 missiles of the type were produced, remaining in service until 1960.

Development
The development of the AA.20 missile began in 1953, when the French government placed a contract with SFECMAS, subsequently merged into Nord Aviation. Developed alongside the SS.10 anti-tank missile, it was designated the Type 5103. The project's goals were simple; the AA.20 was always regarded as a stepping stone to a more advanced missile, which would materialise as the R.530.

Description
The AA.20 was command guided, using a similar system to that used by Nord's anti-tank missiles, with the missile being steered visually from the launching aircraft. Angled, fixed wings imparted a steady roll rate, while a gyroscope provided information on the orientation of the missile to the control mechanism. At launch, a twin solid rocket booster fired to bring the missile up to speed, after which a single solid-fueled sustainer rocket maintained speed following burnout of the booster. Four interrupter blades, placed around the sustainer motor's nozzle, provided steering, while a flare mounted on the rear of the missile aided in visual tracking for guidance.

The AA.20's warhead was a  blast-fragmentation type, detonated by a proximity fuze set to trigger the warhead at a distance of  from the target. The range of the  missile was approximately . The command guidance of the AA.20 allowed for it to be used in a secondary role as an air-to-surface missile, although it also meant that the missile could not be used at night or in bad weather.

The overall shape of the missile was to be later used on a series of air-to-ground missiles (AS-20 then AS-30, which evolved into the AS-30L laser-guided variant (the first French laser-guided air-to-ground weapon).

AA.25
Aimed at addressing the major flaws of the AA.20, specifically the fact that the missile could not be used at night or in poor weather, the French developed the AA.25, which was essentially a radar-beam riding version of the AA.20, using the target-tracking beam of the CSF Cyrano Ibis radar fitted to the Mirage IIIC. Many AA.20 missiles were converted to AA.25 standard. A further version of the missile, designated the AA.26, with semi-active homing was planned but the competing R.511 missile was adopted instead.

Citations

Bibliography

Nord AA.20
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s
John Waddell. John Waddell may refer to:
 John Waddell (engineer) (1828–1888), Scottish railway contractor
 John Alexander Low Waddell (1854–1938), American civil engineer and bridge designer
 John Waddell (politician) (1891–1939), Australian politician
 John Henry Waddell (1921–2019), American sculpture artist
 John Kenneth Waddell, former president of Allen University, Columbia, South Carolina
 John Newton Waddel (1812–1895), American clergyman, educator
 Rankin (photographer) (John Rankin Waddell, born 1966), British portrait and fashion photographer
Traffic information service – broadcast. Traffic information service – broadcast (TIS–B) is an aviation information service that allows pilots to see aircraft that are not emitting ADS-B data but have a basic transponder.

As aircraft are discovered by primary radar and respond with encoded altitude information, this information is broadcast over ADS-B. These near real time positions and ground tracks of other nearby aircraft are provided for the purpose of collision avoidance. It presents to the pilot a combined representation of aircraft positions derived from GPS satellite and ground-based radar data, specifically: aircraft's replies to ATC interrogations (i.e., they are responses to queries as sent to the aircraft from air traffic controller on the ground).

TIS-B is broadcast to aircraft using both the 1090 MHz extended squitter (1090 ES) and the universal access transceiver (UAT) band of Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B). Currently the service mainly benefits general aviation (GA) aircraft equipped with ADS-B "in" hardware by providing a traffic information relay to a screen in the cockpit.

At this time TIS–B is meant to be only a supplement to visual separation from other aircraft when operating in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) and as a backup to radar, which in remote areas only updates every 13 seconds, when operating under instrument flight rules (IFR).

References

Federal Aviation Administration
Air traffic control systems
UNIVAC BP. The Univac Buffer Processor (BP) was used in several real-time computer system installations in the 1960s as a network concentrator and front end system to the UNIVAC 418 and UNIVAC 490/494 real-time systems.  

A notable set of installations was at British European Airways in London (the BEACON Online Reservations system).  The initial reservations system at B.E.A. comprised over 200 agent sets in London, connected to the Univac 490 via a network of eight Univac Buffer Processors.  

Subsequently, in 1966, the B.E.A. reservations network was expanded to include agents in offices in Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow, Bristol and Edinburgh and later to B.E.A. offices in selected cities on the European continent.  The expansion of the network was accomplished by cascading the installation of Buffer Processors such that remote offices would have a BP installation in the offices, networked into the BP concentrators at the London central site.

The Buffer Processor's internal structure comprised 32,768 "words" of 9 bits each.

UNIVAC
Ancilla bit. Ancilla bits are extra bits (units of information) used in computing paradigms that require reversible operations, such as classical reversible computing and quantum computing. Unlike classical computing where bits can be freely set to 0 or 1, reversible computation requires all operations on computer memory to be invertible. Ancilla bits, whose initial state is known, provide the necessary "workspace" for performing operations that would otherwise erase information. They play a crucial role in implementing complex logic gates and enabling universal computation within these reversible models.

Ancilla bits can simplify complex operations. For example, an ancilla bit can be used to control a Toffoli gate, effectively turning it into a simpler gate like a controlled NOT or a NOT gate.

Number of bits required 
For classical reversible computation, a constant number O(1) of ancilla bits is necessary and sufficient for universal computation.  While additional ancilla bits aren't strictly required, they can provide extra working space, leading to simpler circuit constructions using fewer logic gates.

Ancilla qubits 
The concept of ancilla bit can be extended for quantum computing in terms of ancilla qubits, that can be used for example in quantum error correction.
One notable example for the use of ancilla qubits in quantum computing is the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm.

Quantum catalysis uses ancilla qubits to store entangled states that enable tasks that would not normally be possible with local operations and classical communication (LOCC).

References

Quantum information science
3D-Coat. 3DCoat is a commercial digital sculpting program from Pilgway designed to create free-form organic and hard surfaced 3D models, with tools which enable users to sculpt, add polygonal topology (automatically or manually), create UV maps (automatically or manually), texture the resulting models with natural painting tools, and render static images or animated "turntable" movies.

The program can also be used to modify imported 3D models from a number of commercial 3D software products by means of plugins called Applinks. Imported models can be converted into voxel objects for further refinement and for adding high resolution detail, complete UV unwrapping and mapping, as well as adding PBR textures for displacement, bump maps, specular and diffuse color maps. A live connection to a chosen external 3D application can be established through the Applink pipeline, allowing for the transfer of model and texture information.

3DCoat specializes in voxel sculpting and polygonal sculpting using dynamic patch tessellation technology and polygonal sculpting tools. It includes "auto-retopology", a proprietary skinning algorithm which generates a polygonal mesh skin over any voxel sculpture, composed primarily of quadrangles.

References

External links
 3D-Coat website

Graphics software
3D modeling software for Linux
Proprietary commercial software for Linux
MacOS software
Windows software
Trialware
Bentley Infrastructure 500. Bentley Infrastructure 500  is a ranking of infrastructure owners compiled by the CAD software company Bentley Systems. It was first published in 2010. The index ranks the combined infrastructure assets in the hands of the biggest public and private organisations.

In contrast to the Forbes Global 2000 ranking, the Bentley Infrastructure 500 ranks companies according to their reported tangible fixed assets (or other comparable noncurrent physical assets such as buildings or fixed structures, land, and machinery) - and is a direct measure of the infrastructure owned and operated by an organization. The aim of the ranking is to help global constituents appreciate and explore the magnitude of investment in infrastructure and the potential to continually increase the return on that investment. The Infrastructure 500 index also takes into consideration governments and states.

2014 list

*As measured by reported net tangible fixed assets.

2013 list

*As measured by reported net tangible fixed assets.

2011 list

2010 list

Infrastructure Value above as measured by reported net tangible fixed assets.

Key findings
The Bentley Infrastructure 500 index shows little correlation with the Forbes 2000 - showing that the biggest companies in the world are not necessarily the biggest owners of fixed assets.

The 2010 study showed that the combined assets of all the 500 companies add up to US$ 13 trillion, which is equivalent to annual GDP of the United States. Other interesting relations compiled by CAD Analyst

 the largest commercial facilities owner is No. 13, Wal-Mart Stores, at $102.3 billion (Forbes 2000 No. 14);
 the largest state government infrastructure owner is No. 14, Government of California, at $102.2 billion (Public Entity - not in Forbes);
 the largest rail owner is No. 15, Ferrovie dello Stato, at $101.6 billion (Public Entity - not in Forbes);
 the largest manufacturing owner is No. 31, Toyota, at $71.9 billion (Forbes 2000 No. 360);
 the largest mineral resources owner is No. 36, Brazilian Vale do Rio Doce, at $66.1 billion (Forbes 2000 No. 80);
 the largest infrastructure owner in India is No. 81, Reliance Industries, at $38.1 billion (Forbes 2000 No. 126);
 the largest private infrastructure investor is No. 89, Ferrovial, at $35.9 billion (Forbes 2000 No. 748);
 the largest bank owner is No. 128, Royal Bank of Scotland Group, at $25.3 billion (Forbes 2000 No. 385);
 the largest private water infrastructure owner is No. 322, Kemble Water Holdings, at $14.3 billion (did not make the Forbes 2000).

See also
Financial Times Global 500
Forbes Global 2000
Fortune Global 500

References

External links
Bentley Systems web site
Bentley Infrastructure 500 website
Bentley Infrastructure 500 web site archive (2011-2014)
Bentley Infrastructure 500 web site archive (2015, 2017-2020)

Infrastructure
Top lists
Synthetic magnesium silicate. Synthetic magnesium silicates are white, odorless, finely divided powders formed by the precipitation reaction of water-soluble sodium silicate (water glass) and a water-soluble magnesium salt such as magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate or magnesium sulfate.  The composition of the precipitate depends on the ratio of the components in the reaction medium, the addition of the correcting substances, and the way in which they are precipitated.

The molecular formula is typically written as MgO:XSiO2, where X denotes the average mole ratio of SiO2 to MgO.  The product is hydrated and the formula is sometimes written MgO:XSiO2•H2O to show the water of hydration.

Properties
Unlike natural magnesium silicates like talc, forsterite, and olivine which are crystalline, synthetic magnesium silicates are amorphous.  Synthetic magnesium silicates are insoluble in water or alcohol.  The particles are usually porous, and the BET surface area can range from less than 100 m2/g to several hundred m2/g.

Applications
The very large active surface makes synthetic magnesium silicate useful for a wide variety of applications: purifying adsorbent (polyols, animal and vegetable oils, chromatography, dry cleaning, sugar, resins, odors); filler (rubber, ceramics, paper, glass, refractories); anti-caking agent (salt); catalyst; catalyst carrier; filter medium.

In food 
The U.S. Food Chemicals Codex, JECFA, and other monographs for Food Grade synthetic magnesium silicate specify a mole ratio of 2MgO:5SiO2 (or X=2.5 in the general formula).  The most common use for Food Grade synthetic magnesium silicate is as an active filter aid for adsorption of color, free fatty acids and other polar compounds from used frying oils.  Various national and international regulations allow use of this material as an anti-caking agent in a wide variety of powdered foods.

When used as a food additive, it is safe to ingest synthetic magnesium silicate.  In 1990, the safety of synthetic magnesium silicate was reviewed by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) together with that of silica and the other metal alkali silicates.  The SCF noted that “the available data, including a number of short-term studies in two species, appear to substantiate the biological inertness of those compounds”.  The SCF established a group Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) not specified for silicon dioxide and the alkali metal silicates.

See also 
 Talc, a natural magnesium silicate
 Diatomaceous earth, a natural silicon-based filter material

References 

Silicon
International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering. The International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering () is a bimonthly scientific journal of  engineering published by Begell House. It covers modeling, simulation, and design of products based on multiscale principles aimed at reducing prototyping costs and time to market. The editor-in-chief is Jacob Fish. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal's 2009 impact factor is 0.734, ranking it 39th out of 79 journals in the category "Engineering, Multidisciplinary" and 54th out of 80 in the category "Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications".

External links
 

Engineering journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Begell House academic journals
Pressure jump. Pressure jump is a technique used in the study of chemical kinetics.  It involves making rapid changes to the pressure of an experimental system and observing the return to equilibrium or steady state.  This allows the study of the shift in equilibrium of reactions that equilibrate in periods between milliseconds to hours (or longer), these changes often being observed using absorption spectroscopy, or fluorescence spectroscopy though other spectroscopic techniques such as CD, FTIR or NMR can also be used.

Historically, pressure jumps were limited to one direction.  Most commonly fast drops in pressure were achieved by using a quick release valve or a fast burst membrane.  Modern equipment can achieve pressure changes in both directions using either double reservoir arrangements (good for large changes in pressure) or pistons operated by piezoelectric actuators (often faster than valve based approaches).  Ultra fast pressure drops can be achieved using electrically disintegrated burst membranes.  The ability to automatically repeat measurements and average the results is useful since the reaction amplitudes are often small.

The fractional extent of the reaction (i.e. the percentage change in concentration of a measurable species) depends on the molar volume change (ΔV°) between the reactants and products and the equilibrium position.  If K is the equilibrium constant and P is the pressure then the volume change is given by:

where R is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature.  The volume change can thus be understood to be the pressure dependency of the change in Gibbs free energy associated with the reaction.

When a single step in a reaction is perturbed in a pressure jump experiment, the reaction follows a single exponential decay function with the reciprocal time constant (1/τ) equal to the sum of the forward and reverse intrinsic rate constants.  In more complex reaction networks, when multiple reaction steps are perturbed, then the reciprocal time constants are given by the eigenvalues of the characteristic rate equations.  The ability to observe intermediate steps in a reaction pathway is one of the attractive features of this technology.

References 

Chemical kinetics
Advanced Facer-Canceler System. The Advanced Facer Canceller System (AFCS) is an electro-mechanical mail handling system.  A high-speed machine used by the US Postal Service to cull, face, and cancel letter mail through a series of automated operations. AFCS was first implemented in 1992, and is capable of processing 30,000 pieces of mail per hour.

References 
 Letter sortere get faster, smarter
 Advanced Facer Canceler System 200 
 United States Postal Service 

1992 establishments in the United States
Mail sorting
Postal history
Postal systems
United States Postal Service
Paul Dimo. Paul Dimo (10 June 1905 – 17 April 1990) was a Romanian electrical engineer, creator of REI method of nodal analysis of electric networks. He contributed also to the development of electrification Plan of Romania.

Biography
Born in Turnu Severin, he studied electricity in Paris.
Between 1930-1945 he was Head of Gas and Electricity Society in Bucharest. Then he worked as a researcher in the Institute of Energy Engineering of the Romanian Academy.

Awards
State prize for the Electrification Plan of Romania (1950) and for the design of hydroelectric power station Moroieni (1954) 
Montefiore award for electric networks analysis
Traian Vuia prize of the Romanian Acadedemy for steady stability analysis of electric networks

Notes

External links
 Paul Dimo AGIR General Association of Industrialists in Romania
REI Method

1905 births
1990 deaths
People from Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Romanian electrical engineers
Titular members of the Romanian Academy
Vintage Flying Museum. The Vintage Flying Museum is a non-profit aviation museum located at Meacham International Airport, Fort Worth, Texas. The primary mission of the museum is to preserve America's flying heritage in word, deed and action. Also located at the museum is Greatest Generation Aircraft, the Invader Squadron of the Commemorative Air Force, the Fort Worth Chapter of the American Rosie the Riveter Association and PGM Aviation.

History
The museum was founded in 1988 when William "Doc" Hospers bought a B-17.

In October 2010, the museum sold its B-17, "Chuckie", to the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

In 2019, the museum acquired a Beech 18 that was previously owned by Jackie Cochrane.

Programs
The museum provides educational programs that include aviation summer camps for middle and high school students, and Take Flight Days, which are programs for elementary school students.

Aircraft on display
The museum's collection includes:

 Aeronca 11 Chief
 Aeronca L-3B
 American Flea
 Beechcraft E18S
 Beechcraft TC-45G Expeditor
 Boeing-Stearman PT-27
 Cessna 140
 Cessna U-3
 Culver Cadet LFA-90
 Douglas B-26K Counter Invader
 Douglas C-49J
 Douglas EA-3B Skywarrior – on loan
 Knight Falcon
 Lockheed T-33
 LTV L450F
 Morrissey 2000
 North American F-86F Sabre
 North American Harvard III
 Piasecki CH-21B Workhorse – on loan
 Piaggio P.136 Royal Gull
 Ryan PT-22 Recruit
 Stinson L-5E Sentinel – on loan
 Stinson Reliant

The museum also hosts aircraft from the B-29/B-24 and Invader Squadrons of the Commemorative Air Force when they are not out touring the country:
 Boeing B-29 Superfortress "Fifi"
 Douglas A-26 Invader

See also
 Commemorative Air Force
 Fort Worth Aviation Museum

References

External links

Aerospace museums in Texas
Museums established in 1993
Museums in Fort Worth, Texas