omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chlorendic acid. Chlorendic acid, or 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, is a chlorinated carboxylic acid used in the synthesis of some flame retardants and polymers. It is a common breakdown product of several organochlorine insecticides.

Properties and identification
Chlorendic acid is a white crystalline material with chemical formula .  It is also called HET acid, hexachloroendomethylenetetrahydrophthalic acid, 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, and 1,4,5,6,7,7 hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid.

It is produced both as acid and as its anhydride. The anhydride has CAS number .

Chlorendic acid is slightly soluble in water and nonpolar organic solvents (e.g. benzene, hexane, carbon tetrachloride). It is easily soluble in slightly polar organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone). When heated, it loses water at 200 °C, forming an anhydride with melting point of 230–235 °C. When subject to pyrolysis, it decomposes to hydrochloric acid and various chlorinated compounds. It is resistant to hydrolytic dechlorination. It readily forms salts with metals, and esters.

Chemistry and uses
Chlorendic acid is industrially produced in high volumes by the Diels-Alder reaction. It is used as an intermediate in synthesis of unsaturated flame-retardant polyester resins and plasticizers, and as a finishing flame-retardant treatment for wool. A major use is in the production of fiberglass-reinforced resins for chemical-industry equipment. It can be used to make alkyd resins for use in special inks and paints. It is used as a hardening agent in epoxy resins used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. When reacted with nonhalogenated glycols, it forms halogenated polyols that can be used as flame retardants in polyurethane foams.  It is also used for producing dibutyl chlorendate and dimethyl chlorendate, which are used as reactive flame retardants in plastics. In limited amounts, it is used as an additive in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer.

Esters and amine salts of chlorendic acid are used as extreme pressure additives in synthetic lubricants.

When used in polymers, whether as a curing agent or as a flame retardant, it bonds covalently to the polymer matrix, which reduces its leaching to the environment. It may, however, be released when such materials are subjected to hydrolysis, and it can be formed by oxidation of chlorinated cyclodiene insecticides (e.g. endosulfan, chlordane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, and isodrin). Its half-life in soil is 140–280 days. 

In Europe, 80% of chlorendic acid is used in the production of flame-resistant composites for building and transportation, while the rest is used in materials for corrosion-resistant fluid-storage equipment. In the USA, Latin America, and Asia, 20-30% is used in flame-retardant applications and the rest is used in corrosion-resistant plastics.

References

External links
 Chlorendic acid and anhydride (EHC 185, 1996)
 MSDS

Organochlorides
Flame retardants
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Cyclopentenes
Björn Envall. Björn Erik Anders Envall (born 1942), is a Swedish retired automobile designer. He was head of the design department at Saab. 

He started his career in the 1960s at Saab as an apprentice under Sixten Sason, especially helping with the design of the Saab 99 and the ill-fated Saab Catherina sports car. In fact, after the failure of that design to be accepted by Saab, he designed (on paper only) a further and progressive two-seater, which was never built.

After a two years spell at Opel he took over Sason's work at Saab, in 1969, following Sason's death. He held this position until 1992. Among his designs there was the Saab EV-1, Saab 98, the Saab 99 Combi Coupé, the Saab 900 and the Saab 900 convertible. He also guided the co-operation project with Fiat, that led to the Saab 9000. He made the original drawings of the 'new generation' Saab 900, in 1988, before the involvement of General Motors in the company.

References

Swedish automobile designers
Saab
1942 births
Living people
Phosphorus sesquisulfide. Phosphorus sesquisulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula . It was developed by Henri Sevene and Emile David Cahen in 1898 as part of their invention of friction matches that did not pose the health hazards of white phosphorus. This yellow solid is one of two commercially produced phosphorus sulfides. It is a component of "strike anywhere" matches.

Depending on purity, samples can appear yellow-green to grey. The compound was discovered by G. Lemoine and first produced safely in commercial quantities in 1898 by Albright and Wilson. It dissolves in an equal weight of carbon disulfide (), and in a 1:50 weight ratio of benzene. Unlike some other phosphorus sulfides,  is slow to hydrolyze and has a well-defined melting point.

Structure and synthesis
The molecule has C3v symmetry. It is a derivative of the tetrahedral () unit from insertion of sulfur into three P-P bonds. The P-S and P-P distances are 2.090 and 2.235 Å, respectively.  and  adopt the same structures. These compounds can be melted together and form mixed crystals of one dissolved in the other. Under higher temperatures, mixed chalcogenide molecules  and  will form.

 is produced by the reaction of red or white phosphorus with sulfur. Excess sulfur gives phosphorus pentasulfide (). It is estimated that 150 ton/y were produced in 1989.

Applications
 and potassium chlorate, together with other materials, composes the heads of "strike-anywhere matches".

Safety
Its flash point is about 100 °C.

Health effects
Exposure to "strike anywhere" matches containing phosphorus sesquisulfide can cause contact dermatitis, usually in the pocket area but also on the face. Exposure over a long period of time to burning match tips (containing phosphorus
sesquisulfide) can result in a recurring severe primary dermatitis about the eyes and face. Loosening of the teeth has also been reported which may have been due to phosphorus poisoning.

References

This article contains public domain text from the NOAA as cited.

Inorganic phosphorus compounds
Sesquisulfides
Thiodiglycol. Thiodiglycol, or bis(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfide (also known as 2,2-thiodiethanol or TDE), is the organosulfur compound with the formula S(CH2CH2OH)2.  It is miscible with water and polar organic solvents. It is a colorless liquid.  It is structurally similar to diethylene glycol.

Thiodiglycol is manufactured by reaction of 2-chloroethanol with sodium sulfide.

Thiodiglycol is a polar protic solvent. It is used as a solvent in a variety of applications ranging from dyeing textiles to inks in some ballpoint pens. In chemical synthesis, it is used as a building block for protection products, dispersants, fibers, plasticizers, rubber accelerators, pesticides, dyes, and various other organic chemicals. In the manufacture of polymers, it is used as a chain transfer agent. As an antioxidant, it is used as an additive in lubricants.

Thiodiglycol is used as a mounting medium in microscopy. The ability to vary the refractive index of the medium by varying the concentration of TDE in an aqueous solution, plus its relative lack of toxicity makes it highly desirable for such use. The refractive index of the solution can be varied anywhere from near that of water (1.333) to that of glass (1.518).

Thiodiglycol is a Chemical Weapons Convention schedule 2 chemical used in the production of sulfur-based mustard gases. Thiodiglycol is also a product of the hydrolysis of the "mustard gas" bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide and can be detected in the urine of casualties.

References

External links
 Blister agent degradation product/precursor: Thiodiglycol 
 From textile sizing to poisoning: how thiodiglycol was made to lose its way

Solvents
Thioethers
Diols
ODM. ODM may refer to:

Computing
 .odm, Overdrive Media file
 IBM Operational Decision Management, IBM's Business Rule Management System (BRMS)
 Object Data Manager, a component of the AIX operating system used to store configuration information
 Object Data Modelling, similar to Object-role modeling (ORM)
 Operational Data Model, an XML-based data model to describe and collect clinical trial data
 Ontology Definition MetaModel, an Object Management Group specification
 Oracle Data Mining, an optional extra for Oracle Database
 Oracle Directory Manager, part of Oracle Internet Directory, a tool for administering LDAP servers
 Original design manufacturer

Other uses
 Odm., the abbreviation for the orchid genus Odontoglossum
 Office of Defense Mobilization, a United States government agency, active from 1950 to 1958 
 Orange Democratic Movement, a Kenyan political party
 Original design manufacturer, a company that produces a product to be sold under another company's brand
PME. PME  may refer to:

Electronics and computing

 Physical Medium Entity, an abstract defined by the IEEE 802.3 standard
 Power Management Event, both a signal sent by a PCI bus and in Wake-on-LAN standard.
 Protective Multiple Earthing, another name for the TN−C−S earthing system
 Particle mesh Ewald, an algorithm used in calculating electrostatic forces in molecular dynamics simulations in computational biology and physics

Education
 Professional Military Education, a term for systems for educating military personnel in the United States
 Professional Master of Education, a type of initial teacher education qualification in Ireland.

Other
 Progressive myoclonus epilepsies, a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by myoclonus (erratic muscle twitching)
 Public Market Equivalent, a measure of historical performance of private equity
 Pi Mu Epsilon, a U.S. national mathematics honor-society
 Pacific Mozart Ensemble, the old name of Pacific Edge Voices, a choir in California
 P.M.E., a clerical abbreviation for the members of the Roman Catholic Société des Missions-Étrangères du Québec
Generation gap (pattern). Generation gap is a software design pattern documented by John Vlissides that treats automatically generated code differently than code that was written by a developer. Modifications should not be made to generated code, as they would be overwritten if the code generation process was ever re-run, such as during recompilation.  Vlissides proposed creating a subclass of the generated code which contains the desired modification. This might be considered an example of the template method pattern.

Modern languages 

Modern byte-code language like Java were in their early stages when Vlissides developed his ideas. In a language like Java or C#, this pattern may be followed by generating an interface, which is a completely abstract class. The developer would then hand-modify a concrete implementation of the generated interface.

References 

Software design patterns
Type 201 submarine. The Type 201 was Germany's first U-boat class built after World War II.

Design 

They were built out of amagnetic steel to counter the threat of magnetic naval mines, but the material had been insufficiently tested and proved to be problematic in service with the Bundesmarine. Microscopic cracks in the pressure hull forced the cancellation of nine of the twelve ordered submarines and the rebuilding of the first two boats as Type 205 submarines. Responsible for the design and construction was the Ingenieurkontor Lübeck (IKL) headed by Ulrich Gabler.

The price per unit was around 12 million Deutsche Mark.

List of boats

U-3 was loaned to the Royal Norwegian Navy and served under the name Kobben from 1962 to 1964 before being commissioned in the German Navy.

References

Bibliography
 
 Taucher.net (in German)

Further reading
India paper. India paper is a type of paper which from 1875 has been based on bleached hemp and rag fibres, that produced a very thin, tough opaque white paper. It has a basis weight of 20 pounds (30 g/m2; typical office paper is 80 g/m2), yet bulks 1,000 pages to the inch ().

It became popular in particular for the printing of Bibles, which could be made relatively small and light while remaining legible. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica boasted, "Printed on thin, but strong opaque India paper, each volume but one inch in thickness." The process was used particularly by the Oxford University Press and its paper suppliers. The name arose because the paper imitated fine papers imported from the Indian subcontinent.

India paper has also often been used for the printing of die proofs of postage stamps.

References

See also
Bible paper
Onionskin

Paper
Saab 9-4X. The Saab 9-4X is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV that was introduced at the 2010 LA Auto Show. It is based on the all-wheel-drive GM Theta Premium platform, which also forms the basis for the Cadillac SRX. Production of the 9-4X began in 2011, at General Motors' Ramos Arizpe Assembly in Mexico, but halted before the end of that year as a result of the bankruptcy of Saab, leaving a total of 814 assembled under Saab Automobile and almost 300 by GM.

Design

The 9-4X took shape once the Saab 9-6X project was canceled, after the divestment by General Motors of its holding in Subaru. The 9-4X replaced the larger Chevrolet TrailBlazer–based Saab 9-7X built in the U.S. that was discontinued in December 2008. The concept of the 9-4X made its debut at the 2008 North American International Auto Show.

The production car is almost identical to the concept of 2008 on the exterior and similar to the second generation Saab 9-5 on the inside. The mechanical parts such as the engine, transmission, and other mechanical systems are all GM with exterior trim and lighting specific to the 9-4X.

As such, a review noted specific Saab identity and "charm" as well as its flaws that included excess weight and lackluster fuel economy, but "it is easily as compelling as the Cadillac SRX on which it is based." The car began selling as a 2011 model year in June in the United States and in August elsewhere. A 2012 Aero version was reviewed by Road & Track in April 2011.

Production

General Motors manufactured the 9-4X and the closely related Cadillac SRX at the Ramos Arizpe, Mexico, assembly plant. The company announced that the 9-4X would go on sale in 2010 to bolster Saab's position in the United States, the brand's largest marketplace.

The 9-4X was the only Saab built in Mexico.

The first unit was produced in February 2011, and it was displayed at Saab's Museum in Sweden. In November 2011, GM announced that production of the 9-4X would end, because General Motors was unwilling to provide a modern chassis and engine to a Chinese buyer that was a potential competitor to GM in China.

In February 2010, GM sold Saab Automobile AB to the Dutch automobile manufacturer Spyker Cars N.V.

According to information at the Saab Museum in Trollhättan, Sweden, 814 9-4X units were produced. However, an unofficial Saab 9-4X production report noted that 673 production 9-4X units along with approximately 130 test units were built, for a grand total of 803 9-4X units and from another source more than 1040 units be made with almost 300 units be sold as "preowned" through various GM Dealerships.

Specifications
The 9-4X was available with a choice of two petrol V6 engines: a 3.0L producing  and  torque, or a 2.8L turbo with  and . The 2.8T engine is mated to an Aisin-Warner six speed automatic transmission, operable in manumatic mode via paddle shifters. A diesel engine for the European market was discussed, but never offered.

References

External links

Saab 9-4X forum, tutorials, and media archive on SaabWorld

9-4X
Crossover sport utility vehicles
Compact sport utility vehicles
Luxury sport utility vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2010
Setright Machine. A Setright Machine is a machine operated by a conductor or guard for issuing bus tickets from a blank paper roll. Not only does it print the ticket as a receipt for the passenger to retain as proof of payment, it also has mechanical counters driven internally by the mechanism to count the total amount of money represented by the series of tickets issued.  If the user fills in a waybill showing the starting register readings and later the end of duty readings, the total sum of money to be paid to the bus owner is readily calculated.  Another counter provides the total number of tickets issued which should be equal to the number of passengers who travelled.

Technology 
The Setright "Speed" model can print any value within the range for which it has been designed and can easily deal with changes in fares. A set of concentric dials on the top is used to set the value and levers can set different fares (such as "Adult" or "Child") and other vital information (such as "Inbound" or "Outbound"). The machine is entirely manually powered and requires no external power or batteries, although electric power packs are available for use in one-person operated buses. To print a ticket, the operator releases a small trigger on the base of the case and rotates the crank handle by one turn for each ticket. These actions are easily carried out with one hand. Multiple tickets are quickly printed by simply turning the crank once for each.

Some machines also included a ticket punch attached to the top corner of the case (illustrated).

Features 
Only a single paper roll is needed and, unlike other multi-roll machines, this roll does not need to be replaced or re-printed if ticket prices change.

The machines are reliable and unlikely to jam. A distinctive whirring noise is made as each ticket is issued.

History  
Australian engineer Henry Roy Setright patented his ticket machine in 1922  and the company Setright Registers Ltd. was formed to manufacture them. In 1955 it occupied Eastway Works, Eastway, Hackney Wick, London E9 and later moved in 1967 to the Fairfield Works, Fairfield Road, Bow, London E3, suitably adjacent to the London Transport bus garage, although LT used the Gibson Machine (produced by Ticket Equipment Ltd, based on the TIM system). The Company moved its main operation to Belfast in 1965 Noteworthy were the vibrant export sales to the former communist countries of Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic where Setright machines were to be found everywhere. In contrast the marque was unknown in the former West Germany.

In Czechoslovakia and then the Czech Republic, these machines were also occasionally used in other areas e.g. in river ship transport, or for entrance tickets (Koněprusy Caves, Lhota swimming lake etc.).

References

External links

 
 Busesireland Bus Ticket Machines
 Manufacturers of ticketing equipment (in German)
 Bus Ticket Machines (Gibson)
 A  brief history of TIM
 Glasgow Corporation Ticket Machines
  Vintage Bus Tickets
 

Fare collection systems
International 806. The International 806 (also Monark 806) is a sloop-rigged sailing yacht built by Ott Yachts and is popular in northern and central Europe. It is designed as cruiser/racer yacht.

History
Monark 806 was launched in 1974 by Monark in Varberg and designed by Swedish yacht designer Pelle Pettersson. Production ended in Sweden in 1977 and was taken up by Danish OL Boats.

References

External links
International 806 Class Association of Germany

Sailing yachts
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailboat type designs by Swedish designers
Sailboat types built in Sweden
Sailboat types built in Denmark
Sailing yachts designed by Pelle Pettersson
Epson Robots. EPSON Robots is the robotics design and manufacturing department of Japanese corporation Seiko Epson, the brand-name watch and computer printer producer.

Epson started the production of robots in 1980. Epson manufactures Cartesian, SCARA and 6-axis industrial robots for factory automation.  Cleanroom and ESD compliant models are available.

They offer PC-based controllers and integrated vision systems utilizing Epson's own vision processing technology.

Epson has a 30-year heritage and there are more than 30,000 Epson robots installed in manufacturing industries around the world.
Epson uses a standardized PC-based controller for 6-axis robots, SCARA, and Linear Module needs. A move that simplifies support and reduces learning time.

Epson SCARA Robots
Epson offers four different lines of SCARA robots including the T-Series, G-Series, RS-Series, and LS-Series . The performance and features offered for each series of robot is determined by the intended purpose and needs of the robot. The T- Series robot is a high performance alternative to slide robots for pick-and-place operations. The G-Series offers a wide variety of robots in regards to the size, arm design, payload application, and more. The RS-Series offers two SCARA robots that are mounted from above and have the ability to move the second axis under the first axis. The LS-Series features several low cost and high performance robots that come in a variety of sizes.

References

External links
Official website

 
Robots
Robotics companies of Japan
Mogema. Mogema is a registered brand trademark owned by Sportsinline International BV (Est. 1999), a Dutch company that specialized in the design and production of inline- and ice speedskating products. Sportsinline International was founded by the parent company of the Mogema group to design and produce speedskating products under the Mogema name.  The company approached Design Engineer Diederik Hol to design a whole range of ice and inline speedskates that evolved under Hol's direction into Mogema's modern product line.

The 't Harde-based Mogema metalworking group in the Netherlands was the first to commercially produce an inline speedskating frame after two employees – both speedskaters – began using company technologies in their own time to produce a specialized speedskating frame in 1985.  The frame they produced for themselves was quickly in demand among their friends and fellow speedskaters and production soon expanded.  An agreement was reached soon after for Mogema metalworking to produce quantities of the frame for sale by the Stouwdam skate shop in nearby Oldebroek.

The Mogema-branded frames were produced from extruded aluminium alloy and were soon sold around the world; becoming the must-have item for the world's elite roller speed skaters, who in 1992 had opened the World Speed Rollerskating Championships to inline skates for the first time.  The frame design underwent a number of evolutions and eventually became the Mogema Diamond Series frame that for years was the most-prevalent inline speedskating frame in the world.

Mogema was a technological innovator in speedskating sports products – the most commercially successful being the Dual Box inline skating frames, a patented design developed by Diederik Hol while working at Mogema.

Late in 2006, lead designer Diederik Hol left Mogema to start his own skating company CadoMotus. Although some inaccurate reports indicated Mogema itself was changing its name, the owners of Sportsinline International made the decision to dissolve the company at the end of that year. Hol established his own brand in 2007, together with Henk Schra (then owner of Stouwdam skate shop), producing a CadoMotus-branded frame using the Dual Box technology – the patent for which he had licensed from Sportsinline's owners.

References

External links
 Mogema metalworking in 't Harde, NL
 StouwdamSport skate shop in Oldebroek, NL
 CadoMotus Skating BV
 World Cup of Inline Racing
 Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports

Sporting goods manufacturers of the Netherlands