omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rich Higgins. Richard Higgins (September 18, 1974 – February 23, 2022) was an American counter-terrorism analyst who served as the Director for Strategic Planning of the National Security Council in the Trump administration in 2017. He was removed by National Security Adviser H.R. McMaster after warning in a memo of a deep state plot to remove the president.

Career
Higgins earned a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Tufts University. After college, he served as a specialist in an Explosive Ordnance Disposal unit in the United States Army. After serving in the army, he went on to work for the United States Department of Defense. As a civilian working for the Department of Defense, he attended the National Defense University (NDU), studying security strategy and counter-terrorism and received a master's degree. He eventually became the National Defense University's first civilian chair. Higgins later served as the Vice President of Unconstrained Analytics.

Trump administration
Some months after being appointed to serve in the National Security Council by National Security Advisor Michael Flynn in early 2017, Higgins wrote a seven-page memo titled "POTUS and Political Warfare" which claimed that a cabal of deep state actors were conspiring against Trump, which included the mainstream media, academia, global corporatists and bankers, the Democratic Party leadership, the Republican Party leadership, and Islamists. Trump was reportedly "furious" after learning of Higgins' forced departure by Flynn's replacement, H.R. McMaster.

In 2018, Higgins and retired CIA officer Brad Johnson, backed by about a dozen intelligence and special operations community members, published a conspiracy theory that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and antifa were involved in the 2017 Las Vegas shooting.

Higgins co-authored the book Re-Remembering the Mis-Remembered Left: The Left's Strategy and Tactics To Transform America with Stephen Coughlin in 2019.

In 2020, the White House reportedly attempted to push the Department of Defense to hire Higgins under its nominee for the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy at the Pentagon, Anthony Tata.

Higgins died on February 23, 2022. He left behind his wife and four children.

Bibliography

References

External links
POTUS & Political Warfare, 2017 memo
Rich Higgins and Remembering Rich Higgins at Unconstrained Analytics

1974 births
2022 deaths
American conspiracy theorists
National Defense University alumni
National Defense University faculty
First Trump administration personnel
Tufts University alumni
United States Army soldiers
United States Department of Defense officials
United States National Security Council staffers
Ceramic flux. Fluxes are substances, usually oxides, used in glasses, glazes and ceramic bodies to lower the high melting point of the main glass forming constituents, usually silica and alumina. A ceramic flux functions by promoting partial or complete liquefaction. The most commonly used fluxing oxides in a ceramic glaze contain lead, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc, strontium, and manganese. These are introduced to the raw glaze as compounds, for example lead as lead oxide. Boron is considered by many to be a glass former rather than a flux.

Some oxides, such as calcium oxide, flux significantly only at high temperature. Lead oxide is the traditional low temperature flux used for crystal glass, but it is now avoided because it is toxic even in small quantities.  It is being replaced by other substances, especially boron and zinc oxides.

In clay bodies a flux creates a limited and controlled amount of glass, which works to cement crystalline phases together. Fluxes play a key role in the vitrification of clay bodies by lowering the overall melting point. The most common fluxes used in clay bodies are potassium oxide and sodium oxide which are found in feldspars. A predominant flux in glazes is calcium oxide which is usually obtained from limestone. The two most common feldspars in the ceramic industry are potash feldspar (orthoclase) and soda feldspar (albite).

Common oxides 
List of commonly used ceramic oxides:

See also 

 Flux (metallurgy)
 Loss on ignition

References

See also
 Secondary flux

Ceramic materials
Fokker S.I. The Fokker S.I was a Dutch primary trainer, first flown in 1919 and the first of a family of trainers from the Fokker company.

Development
The S.I was designed by Reinhold Platz as a primary trainer with a cantilever parasol wing with two side-by side seats for instructor and pupil in a wide cockpit. It first flew in early 1919 at Schwerin. Although the prototype performed well, the unusual cantilever parasol wing was not liked and only three production aircraft were built.

Two production aircraft were powered by  Le Rhône engines and were exported to the USSR and one other aircraft was built for the United States Army Air Service for evaluation at McCook Field. The USAAS aircraft was powered by a  Curtiss OX-5 engine and was designated the TW-4 (Trainer Water-cooled).

Operators

Soviet Air Force

United States Army Air Service as the TW-4.

Specifications (TW-4)

See also

Notes

References

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1899

1910s Dutch military trainer aircraft
S.I
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Fokker S.II. The Fokker S.II was a 1920s Dutch primary trainer built by the Fokker company for service with the Dutch Army.

Development

The S.II was designed by Reinhold Platz as the second Fokker primary trainer, but unlike the earlier S.I monoplane the S.II was an unequal-span single-bay biplane with a fixed cross-axle landing gear. It had side-by-side seating for an instructor and pupil and was originally powered by an 82 kW (110 hp) Thulin rotary engine. The engine was later replaced with a Le Rhone-Oberursel engine.

The aircraft was ordered by the LVA (Dutch Army Aviation) who purchased 15. One aircraft was modified to use a Curtiss OX-5 engine to elicit a response from the United States Army Air Service but they were not interested and the aircraft was returned to standard configuration.

Operation history
The 15 aircraft served with the Dutch Army until 1932 but one of the aircraft were converted to an Ambulance configuration and designated the S.IIA. It was still in service when German forces invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The S.IIA gained national notability in December 1933, when it was used for a mercy flight to carry two sick children and  a young woman to hospital.

Variants

S.II
Production version, 15 built.
S.IIA
One S.II modified to carry stretchers as an ambulance aircraft.

Operators

Dutch Army Aviation

Soviet Air Force - Two aircraft.

Specifications (S.II)

References

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1899

1920s Dutch military trainer aircraft
S.II
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Pellistor. A pellistor is a solid-state device used to detect gases which are either combustible or which have a significant difference in thermal conductivity to that of air. The word "pellistor" is a combination of pellet and resistor.

Principle
The detecting element consists of small "pellets" of catalyst loaded ceramic whose resistance changes in the presence of gas. Many of them require gentle heating in use, so they are four terminal devices with two connections for a small heating element and two for the sensor itself.

To avoid any risk of explosion, the sensitive element is usually enclosed in a wire mesh housing. More robust sensors for use in high risk environments may have solid steel housing with a gas port of sintered metal granules. Both of these work in a manner similar to the Davy safety lamp; gas may percolate through the permeable mesh, but the passages are too long and narrow to support the propagation of a flame.

History
The pellistor was developed in the early 1960s for use in mining operations as the successor of the flame safety lamp and the canary. It was invented by English scientist Alan Baker.

Types

Catalytic
The catalytic pellistor as used in the catalytic bead sensor works by burning the target gas; the heat generated produces a change in the resistance of the detecting element of the sensor proportional to the gas concentration.

Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity (TC) pellistor works by measuring the change in heat loss (and hence temperature/resistance) of the detecting element in the presence of the target gas.

See also
 List of portmanteaus
 List of sensors

References

Gas sensors
Gravel kit. A gravel kit is a modification on an aircraft to avoid foreign object debris (FOD) damage or ingestion while operating on unpaved surfaces. Modifications generally include methods of preventing the nose gear spraying FOD into the engine and onto the underside of the fuselage or wings, and methods of preventing each engine from ingesting FOD from the ground directly in front of it.

Examples of planes that can be fitted with this upgrade include the Boeing 737-200, which includes a gravel deflector (similar in appearance to a wide ski) mounted to the nose wheel, and vortex dissipators, using compressor bleed air, in front of each engine. This modification was used by Alaska Airlines for many years, and is still employed by Air Inuit, Canadian North, Air North, Nolinor Aviation in northern Canada. Some Boeing 727s were also fitted with specific gravel kits on the nose wheel, while the rest were fitted with devices in the form of smaller deflectors than those used on the 737, used on all wheels, to deflect FOD away so as to prevent the rear-mounted engines from ingesting FOD from a runway. Another rear-engined aircraft—the McDonnell Douglas DC-9/MD-80/MD-90 and Boeing 717 series—uses deflectors similar to those of the conventionally-equipped 727 on all their aircraft's landing gear to prevent FOD structural damage and ingestion. A gravel kit can be fitted to British Aerospace 146/ Avro RJ85 aircraft.

References

External links 

Aircraft components
Phenidone. Phenidone (1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone) is an organic compound that is primarily used as a photographic developer. It has five to ten times the developing power as Metol, capable of achieving the same level of development in both less time and at a lower concentration. It also has low toxicity and unlike some other developers, does not cause dermatitis upon skin contact. As a developer, Phenidone is typically used in conjunction with hydroquinone for black and white photography and performs better at lower pH levels.

Phenidone is Ilford's trademark for this material, which was first filed on Feb. 24, 1953, but has since expired. Although the compound was first prepared in 1890; it was not until 1940 that J. D. Kendall, in the laboratories of Ilford Limited, discovered the reducing properties of this compound. Large scale production did not become feasible until 1951.

Phenidone functions as a reducing agent.  It converts to the N-phenyl-hydroxypyrazole. It is oxidized in acidic conditions, contributing the electrons it loses to reduce silver halides such as those found in film:

Phenidone is also a dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor, capable of blocking the synthesis of arachidonic acid, which plays a role in causing inflammation in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and neuronal damage in kainic acid-induced seizures.

Preparation
Phenidone can be prepared by heating phenyl hydrazine with 3-chloropropanoic acid.

References

Photographic chemicals
Pyrazolidines
Lactams
Phenyl compounds
Substances discovered in the 19th century
Mazel Group Engineering. Mazel Group Engineering is a Barcelona based design studio specialising in concept cars and engineering solutions.

Concept cars
 Mazel Identity i1
 Mazel Sportiva Latina
 Mazel JAVX (a "Journey adventure vehicle")
 Mazel HS 21 GTS
 Mazel HS K8 Luxury Berlina
 Mazel HS 21

In collaboration
 Mazel-Lancia Grandturismo Stilnovo
 Mazel-Nissan Micra Sport Concept Car

External links
 Mazel

Automotive companies of Spain
Companies based in Barcelona
Concept cars
Smart pipe. Smart pipe, related to a mobile network operator (MNO or operator), refers to an operator’s network which leverages existing or unique service abilities, and the operator’s customer relationships, to provide value beyond that of data connectivity only. The use of the term “smart” refers to the operator’s ability to add value for added, and often unique, types of services and content beyond bandwidth and network speed only.

Among the commonly understood operational models for a MNO are smart pipes, walled gardens, and dumb pipes.

Examples 
While there is no real industry standard definition of a smart pipe, there are several operators, bloggers, and researchers who have described aspects of a smart pipe which are generally accepted.

Network operator 3 led the way with the release of its X-Series line of devices in 2006. The X-Series platform bundles a set of services, several of which are unique to 3, and provides unlimited data access in exchange for a fixed monthly premium. While not necessarily a full realization of a smart pipe, 3 is one of the first operators to offer such a combination of bandwidth and value-added services for flat-rate pricing.

In addition to pricing, there is a set of services commonly viewed as parts of a smart pipe, such as: 
 Location-based services
 Presence information
 Customer analytics
 Computing platforms, mobile or application
 Mobile operating systems
 User interfaces
 Personalization
 Application programming interfaces (APIs), for devices or networks
 Payment, Billing
 Directory assistance, directory services
 Quality of service

By exposing these types of services to the mobile ecosystem, network operators can maintain the value of their pipes while enabling entrepreneurs to create new business models and generate entirely new revenue streams.

The need for operators to innovate around a smart pipe is rising as they face rising pressure from media companies and new technologies, such as Apple’s iPhone, Nokia’s consumer portal Ovi, and even the open-access policies of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) introduced around its upcoming 700 MHz spectrum auction.

Recently, Arun Sarin, CEO of Vodafone, was criticized for some statements he made about how Vodafone will always have a unique relationship with its subscribers through its billing relationship. Although Sarin’s point has been true traditionally, as the article points out there are several new threats to that exclusivity such as traditional credit card, Obopay, PayPal Mobile, and existing media companies like Google via the Android platform, Yahoo via Go, and Apple via iPhone.

See also 
 Mobile phone
 Mobile network operator
 Walled garden (technology)
 Dumb pipe

References 

Mobile technology
Industria (company). Industria was a multinational company with a focus on fibre to the home solutions and systems integration.

Background
Established in Reykjavík, Iceland in 2003, Industria offered consultancy and systems integration services for fibre to the home and triple-play operators, installed broadband hardware and software, and offered consultancy services in the field of broadband and telephony.

Industria handled the implementation of Ireland's first massive fibre and ADSL2+ networks for Magnet Networks.

Acting as a professional services provider for the Irish Department of Communications' Regional Broadband Programme, Industria was appointed to provide professional services to in excess of 60% of the programme to date. Industria was involved in completing the design, procurement and project management of the construction of approximately 450,000 metres of fibre optic networks in 50 cities and towns together with the design of wireless networks in 20 towns around Ireland at a cost of approximately €70m.

Industria developed and designed a Digital Living products and services, used by property builders.  The company did have big investment linked with new property developments in Ireland in 2007. During the crash in 2009 of the Irish property market, Industria was not able to fund further the fibre-to-the-home deployments as most of the company’s property development customers and partners went bankrupt. This led to Industria shutting down its operation in December 2012.

Awards
Industria was in 2007 named by CNBC European Business as one of the 50 key innovators among European companies.
In 2007, Industria won a Red Herring 100 Europe Award for its broadband software solution.

References 

Telecommunications companies established in 2003
Telecommunications companies of Iceland
Companies based in Reykjavík
Defunct companies of Iceland
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2012
2003 establishments in Iceland
2012 disestablishments in Iceland
NASA Open Source Agreement. The NASA Open Source Agreement (NOSA) is an Open Source Initiative-approved software license. The United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) releases some software (such as NASA World Wind and FRET) under this license.

Legislation and NASA policy

Publication of open source software fits in with Agency functions outlined under the National Aeronautics and Space Act, that is, to "provide for the widest practicable and appropriate dissemination of information concerning its activities and the results thereof."

The NOSA was a point of discussion for NASA's Open Source Summit in March 2011.

Reception

NOSA 1.3 has been approved as an open source license by the Open Source Initiative (OSI). The Free Software Foundation, however, raises issue with the following clause:

G. Each Contributor represents that its Modification is believed to be Contributor's original creation and does not violate any existing agreements, regulations, statutes or rules, and further that Contributor has sufficient rights to grant the rights conveyed by this Agreement.

The FSF states that "free software development depends on combining code from third parties", and because of this requirement that changes must be "original creation" the license is not a free software licence.

In 2018 a consensus study report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine acknowledged that uncertainties about the interpretation of the license served as "a barrier to contributing to NOSA-licensed software."

See also 

 Permissive and copyleft licences
 Glossary of legal terms in technology
 List of software licenses

References

External links 
 Text of the NASA Open Source Software Agreement in various formats
 Ames Research Center open source software
 Goddard Spaceflight Center open source software
 NOSA explained (with examples)

Free and open-source software licenses
NASA online
Khalid Abdullah Almolhem. Khalid Abdullah Almolhem (; born 1957) is a Saudi Arabian businessman.

Biography
Khalid Abdullah Almolhem completed two degrees from the University of Evansville in Indiana in 1980; one in electrical engineering and the other in engineering management. Almolhem began his career in 1981 as an engineer with the Royal Saudi Air Force; after that he was a team leader in Saudi Industrial Fund from 1983 till 1988.

Business career
Following five years as president of Saudi Telecom Company, Almolhem was appointed as Director General of Saudia, one of the biggest carriers in the Middle East and the flag carrier in Saudi Arabia. Since then, he has carried the airline through the privatisation process and has overseen a significant leap in performance and service quality. He was behind the historic moment when Saudia joined the SkyTeam alliance of airlines, Saudia is the alliance’s first member from the Middle East and will offer access to destinations that were not previously available to SkyTeam customers. 
During his tenure at STC, he successfully completed the privatization process of the company, which is the largest IPO in Saudi Arabian history. STC now considered to be as the largest Telecom company in the Middle East and one of the tenth largest Telecom companies in the world.

He joined Saudi British Bank from 1989 to 1997, he held various positions at the bank such as Senior Manager Retail Banking, Area General Manager, Central Province Manager and Executive Director Investment Banking. From 1997 to 1998 he held the Chief Executive Officer position at Al Marai Company, which is one of the largest integrated Dairy and Food Company in the GCC. He Joined Saudi Telecom Company since it was established in 1998, he was the Chief Financial officer till 2001 then became the President till 2006.

He attended numerous training courses, including a full year training course in banking and credit at Chase Manhattan Bank in 1984; Advanced Management Course for Executives at Harvard University; and various training courses in management and marketing from international universities.

 Board Member of the Saudi British Bank from May 1996 till to date
 Vice Chairman Board of Directors of Riyadh Cement Company till to date
 Board Member of the National Company for Cooperative Insurance from 2000 to 2003
 Board Member of HSBC Investment Bank since 2004 till 2007
 Board Member of the Aseer Holding Company since 2006 till 2010
 Board Member of King Abdullah Economic City
 Chairman of Saudia Catering
 Chairman of Saudia Cargo
 Chairman of Saudia Ground Handling Services

Arrest

On 4 November 2017, Khalid Abdullah Almolhem was arrested in Saudi Arabia in a "corruption crackdown" conducted by a new royal anti-corruption committee. This was done on authority of Crown Prince Mohammad Bin Salman.

References

21st-century Saudi Arabian businesspeople
Saudia
Living people
1957 births
Rob Routs. Rob Routs (born 10 September 1946, Australia) is a Dutch businessman. He is a former executive of Royal Dutch Shell and has recently been appointed chairman of AEGON.

Education
Routs received a Masters of Chemical Engineering degree from the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands in 1969. Following a research assignment at the University of Stockholm medical facility, he returned to the Technical University of Eindhoven, where he obtained a PhD in technical sciences in 1971.

Career
He has held a number of positions at Shell, including Exploration and Production, Montreal Refinery, Scotford Refinery, Vice President Manufacturing and Distribution Shell Canada, President Shell Canada Oil Products, Head Shell International Research and Technology Services Group Oil Products, Chief Executive Equilon. After Shell acquired Texaco's ownership in Equilon he became the President and CEO of Shell Oil Products US. He was also President of Shell Oil Company US and country Chair Shell US.

Routs became a group managing director and joined the Committee of Managing Directors (now replaced by the Executive Committee) in July 2003. He was named executive director of Shell Downstream Business in 2004. He retired from this position and as a group managing director and member of the executive committee of Shell at the end of 2008. He was succeeded by Mark Williams who reported to Routs as executive vice president of supply and distribution.

In February 2009 he was selected to replace Dudley Eustace as chairman of the insurance and pension group AEGON in 2010.

In December 2010, he was appointed to the board of directors for AECOM. He will join the AECOM Board's Audit, Nominating and Governance as well as its Planning, Finance and Investments committees.

Personal life
Routs and his wife, Janicke, have one son and five daughters. His personal interests are opera, theatre, and tennis. He speaks English, Dutch, French, German and, to a lesser degree, Swedish and Italian.

References

External links
Rob Routs at AEGON
Robert J. Routs III at Bloomberg
Entry in the 100 most powerful businesspeople in the Netherlands 

1946 births
Living people
Dutch businesspeople
Shell plc people
Eindhoven University of Technology alumni