omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chlorargyrite. Chlorargyrite is the mineral form of silver chloride (AgCl). Chlorargyrite occurs as a secondary mineral phase in the oxidation of silver mineral deposits. It crystallizes in the isometric–hexoctahedral crystal class. Typically massive to columnar in occurrence it also has been found as colorless to variably yellow cubic crystals. The color changes to brown or purple on exposure to light. It is quite soft with a Mohs hardness of 1 to 2 and dense with a specific gravity of 5.55. It is also known as cerargyrite and, when weathered by desert air, as horn silver. Bromian chlorargyrite (or embolite) is also common. Chlorargyrite is water-insoluble.

It occurs associated with native silver, cerussite, iodargyrite, atacamite, malachite, jarosite and various iron–manganese oxides.

It was first described in 1875 for occurrences in the Broken Hill district, New South Wales, Australia. The rich Bridal Chamber deposit at Lake Valley, Sierra County, New Mexico was almost pure chlorargyrite. The name is from the Greek, chloros for "pale green" and Latin for silver, argentum.

See also

Bromargyrite
Iodargyrite

References

 Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1951) Dana's system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. II, pp. 11–15

Chloride minerals
Silver minerals
Alchemical substances
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225
Minerals described in 1875
Leader (spark). In electromagnetism, a leader is a hot, highly conductive channel of plasma that plays a critical part during dielectric breakdown within a long electric spark.

Mechanism
When a gas is subjected to high voltage stress, the electric field is often quite non-uniform near one, or both, of the high voltage electrodes making up a spark gap. Breakdown initially begins with the formation of corona discharges near the electrode with the highest electrical stress. If the electrical field is further increased, longer length cold discharges (called streamers or burst corona) sporadically form near the stressed electrode. Streamers attract multiple electron avalanches into a single channel, propagating forward quickly via photon emission which leads to photoelectrons producing new avalanches. Streamers redistribute charge within the surrounding gas, temporarily forming regions of excess charge (space charges) in the regions surrounding the discharges.

If the electrical field is sufficiently high, the individual currents from multitudes of streamers combine to create a hot, highly conductive path that projects from the electrode, going some distance into the gap. The projecting channel of hot plasma is called a leader, and it can have an electrical conductivity approaching that of an electric arc. The leader effectively projects the electrical field from the nearby electrode further into the gap, similar to introducing a short length of wire into the gap. The tip of the conductive leader now forms a new region from which streamers can extend even further into the gap. As new streamer discharges feed the tip of the leader, the streamer currents help to keep the leader hot and conductive. Under sufficiently high voltages, the leader will continue to extend itself further into the gap, doing so in a series of jumps until the entire gap has been bridged. Although leaders are most often associated with the initial formative stages of a lightning stroke, they are characteristic of the development of all long sparks. In the case of a lightning leader, each extension (called a step leader) is typically 10 – 50 meters in length. The blue-white branching discharges from a Tesla Coil are also examples of leaders.

See also
Lightning
Breakdown voltage
Electron avalanche

Lightning
Electrical breakdown

External links
Kurt Feser, Hermann Singer, "From the glow corona into the breakdown", originally published on haefely.com, archived 9 March 2012, translated from  Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift A, vol. 93 (1972), pp. 36–39.
Windows Sound System. Windows Sound System (WSS) is a sound card specification developed by Microsoft, released at the end of 1992 for Windows 3.1. It was sold as a bundle which included an ISA sound card, a microphone, a pair of headphones and a software package.

WSS featured support for up to 16-bit, 48 kHz digital sampling, beyond the capabilities of the popular Sound Blaster Pro, although it was less frequently supported than Sound Blaster and Gravis sound cards, as well as Roland sound cards, daughterboards, and sound modules. In addition, the WSS featured RCA analog audio outputs, an uncommon feature among sound cards of this era; other connections were a microphone input, a stereo line input and a stereo headphone output.

WSS was supported by most popular DOS sound libraries developed in the 1990s, such as the Miles Sound System and HMI Sound Operating System, as well as less popular ones such as Loudness Sound System, Digital Sound Interface Kit, Digital Sound & Music Interface and Junglevision Sound Drive.

Much like with the Intel High Definition Audio standard of today, the actual hardware was also standardized as well. WSS was based on the Analog Devices AD1848 codec chip and had an on-board Yamaha YMF262-M (OPL3) FM synthesis sound chip for MIDI playback (supporting up to 18 simultaneous MIDI voices).

Drivers 
WSS 1.0a drivers were released in February 1993. They introduced single-mode DMA, supported games in MS-DOS, Ad Lib and Sound Blaster emulation.

WSS 2.0 drivers, released in October 1993, added support for OEM sound cards (Media Vision, Creative Labs, ESS Technology) and included an improved DOS driver (WSSXLAT.EXE) that provided Sound Blaster 16 compatibility for digital sampling. However, they did not provide support for FM or "wavetable synthesis".

References

External links 
 Microsoft Windows Sound System soundcards, YJFY Computer Component Museum

Sound cards
Albert Abongo. Albert Abongo (born September 15, 1959) is a Ghanaian politician and civil engineer. Abongo is from the Bongo District near the city of Bolgatanga, Upper East Region and is a member of the National Democratic Congress and the Member of Parliament for Bongo.

Early life and education
Albert Abongo was born in 1959 at Gowrie-Bongo in the Upper East Region of Ghana.
He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in 1986. He also attended University of Trondheim in Norway and studied Ports and Coastal Engineering in 1992. He worked as a civil engineer with the Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority prior to entering politics. He is a Christian and married with three children.

Career 
Abongo is an engineer by profession.

Politics
Abongo is a member of the National Democratic Congress and was the Upper East Regional Minister.
In February 2009, he was appointed Minister for Water Resources, Works and Housing by President Mills. He had a run of 4 terms in office as the member of the parliament representing the Bongo Constituency coming into office in January 2001. He was also a member of the committee on Health, House, Land and Forestry.

Elections 
Abongo was elected as the member of parliament for the Bongo constituency of the Upper East Region of Ghana for the first time in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections.  He won on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. His constituency was a part of the 9 parliamentary seats out of 13 seats won by the National Democratic Congress in that election for the Upper East Region. The National Democratic Congress won a minority total of 94 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats.  He was elected with 17,397 votes out of 28,645 total valid votes cast. This was equivalent to 60.7% of total valid votes cast. He was elected over Abugre Felix of the Peoples’ National Convention, Andrews Awuni Aberibire of the New Patriotic Party and Amoro Mpuse of the Convention People's Party. These obtained 719, 10,311 and 218 votes respectively of total votes cast. These were equivalent to 2.5%, 36%  and 0.8% respectively of total valid votes cast.

Personal life 
Abongo is a Christian.

References

External links
 Profile on GhanaDistricts.com
 Official website
 website

 

1959 births
Living people
Ghanaian MPs 2001–2005
Ghanaian MPs 2005–2009
Ghanaian MPs 2009–2013
Ghanaian civil engineers
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni
Government ministers of Ghana
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
Ghanaian Christians
Norwegian University of Science and Technology alumni
People from Upper East Region
FlyPast. FlyPast is an aircraft magazine, published monthly, edited by Tom Allett, Steve Beebee and Jamie Ewan.

History and profile
The magazine started as a bi-monthly edition in May/June 1981 and its first editor was the late Mike Twite. It is owned by Key Publishing Ltd of Stamford, Lincolnshire, and the magazine's main former editor until 2010 was Ken Ellis, and Nigel Price after that until January 2016. It sponsors a number of aviation events held in the United Kingdom, such as Cockpit-Fest, held at Newark Air Museum.

Sister publications include AirForces Monthly, Air Enthusiast (no longer published), Airliner World, Airports International, Air International, and Today's Pilot (no longer published by Key Publishing).

Contents
Each monthly issue of the magazine contains 10 to 12 pages of news, updates and reviews on museums, airshows and events, features on aircraft, crewmen, and battles illustrated with photographs, and a spotlight section on one plane, detailing the history, pilots, designers, combat records, and cutaway artwork for the aircraft. The magazine often includes aircraft posters, calendars, and supplements.

See also
Aeroplane - British magazine covering aviation history and preservation
Air Enthusiast - defunct magazine, similar in nature to The Aviation Historian
Flight International - contemporary aviation magazine
The Aviation Historian - British magazine covering classic aeroplanes and the history of flying

References

External links 

List of FlyPast issues on TheAviationIndex.com

Aviation magazines published in the United Kingdom
Bi-monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1981
Mass media in Lincolnshire
1981 establishments in the United Kingdom
James Turnbull. James Turnbull is an Australian free software and open source author and software developer. He lives in Brooklyn, New York, where he is CTO at Smartrr and an advisor at Access Now. Before that, he was co-chair of the Velocity conference, led engineering at Sotheby's, startup advocacy at Microsoft, was founder and CTO at Empatico, CTO at Kickstarter, VP of Engineering at Venmo and VP of Services at Docker. He was also VP of Technology Operations for the open-source company Puppet Labs.

Career
Turnbull has been involved in technology and the open-source community since the early 1990s.  He has written eleven books on engineering, operations,  security, and open-source software:

 Monitoring with Prometheus
 The Packer Book
 The Terraform Book
 The Art of Monitoring
 The Docker Book
 The Logstash Book
 Pro Puppet (Apress 2011)
 Pro Linux System Administration (Apress 2009)
 Pulling Strings with Puppet (Apress 2008)
 Pro Nagios 2.0 (Apress 2006)
 Hardening Linux (Apress 2004)

He has also published numerous articles on Linux and open-source technology.

Free Software involvement
Turnbull is a contributor to Docker, the open source logging tool Logstash, Riemann, Prometheus, the qpsmtpd SMTP daemon, and the Puppet configuration management tool.

Turnbull was the Treasurer, a member of the papers committee and coordinated the mini-conference program at linux.conf.au 2008.

He is a member of Linux Australia, including President in 2010 and sitting on the Executive Council in 2008. He has previously also been on the committee of Linux Users of Victoria.

References

External links
 Blog
 Homepage
 Riemann

Living people
Free software programmers
Australian computer specialists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Writers from Brooklyn
PC Extreme. PC Extreme was a computer magazine published in the UK by Live Publishing International Ltd.

It focussed on modding, overclocking, hardware, hacking (primarily in the technical, rather than the cracking, sense) and video games.

It appeared in December 2002, and was published monthly until August 2005. At that point it was suspended, shortly after which the publishing company went into administration.

References

2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
2005 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct computer magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2002
Magazines disestablished in 2005
Slingsby Grasshopper. The Slingsby T.38 Grasshopper is a British primary training glider built by Slingsby Sailplanes for the Royal Air Force.

Development
The design is based on the pre-World War II German SG 38 Schulgleiter, modified to use the wing design of the Slingsby T.7 Kirby Cadet glider.  The design was cheap to manufacture and was designed to be stored dismantled. The type was used by Air Training Corps Squadrons between 1952 and the late 1980s.

The RAF designated the glider the Grasshopper TX.1, and the first order was for 65 aircraft, which were delivered in 1952 and 1953.  It was later followed by two further orders for an additional 50 aircraft; the final delivery was made in 1963.

Launch is achieved through the use of a V-shaped bungee or elastic rope pulled by a team of helpers.  The glider can also be mounted on a pivoting tripod pointed into wind for the demonstration of controls.

The Grasshopper is virtually identical to the EoN Eton.

Operators

Royal Air Force

Specifications (Grasshopper TX.1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Hardy, Michael. Gliders & Sailplanes of the World. London: Ian Allan, 1982.  .

1950s British military trainer aircraft
Glider aircraft
Grasshopper
Aircraft first flown in 1952
Parasol-wing aircraft
EL/M-2032. The EL/M-2032 is an advanced pulse Doppler, multimode planar array radar fire-control radar intended for multi-role fighter aircraft originated from the Lavi project. It is suitable for air-to-air and air-to-surface modes.

As of 2009, Elta has integrated this radar system into the Sea Harrier, A-4, F-4, F-5, F-16, FA-50, Mirage, Tejas Mk 1 and MiG-21 fighters.

Specifications
 Weights: Max Weight 100 kg (220 lb)
 Performance: Max Range for air to air targets - 222 km (120 nm), Max Range for air to ground targets - 222 km (120 nm), Max Range for air to sea targets - 370 km (200 nm)

References

External links
 EL/M-2032 Brochure

Aircraft radars
Military radars of Israel
Elta products
JOM (journal). JOM is a technical journal devoted to exploring the many aspects of materials, science and engineering published monthly by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) (a member-based professional society). JOM reports scholarly work that explores the many aspects of materials science and engineering within the broad topical areas of light metals, structural materials, functional materials, extraction and processing, and materials processing and manufacturing. JOM strives to balance the interests of the laboratory and the marketplace by reporting academic, industrial, and government-sponsored work from around the world.

History
From 1949 through 1988, the journal was named Journal of Metals. With materials systems becoming commonplace and with the journal frequently covering composites, plastics, and other materials, its name was changed to JOM. It is published by TMS, which is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

References

External links 
 JOM home page
 Open-access JOM articles

Monthly magazines published in the United States
Materials science journals
Engineering magazines
Magazines established in 1949
Magazines published in Pittsburgh
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published in three sections (A, B, and E) covering metallurgy and materials science. The journals are jointly published by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 
This monthly section focuses on physical metallurgy and materials science, and publishes international scientific contributions on all aspects of physical metallurgy and materials science, with a special emphasis on relationships among the processing, structure, and properties of materials.

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 
This bimonthly section  is uniquely focused on process metallurgy and materials processing science. Coverage emphasizes the theoretical and engineering aspects of the processing of metals and other materials, including studies of electro- and physical chemistry, mass transport, modeling, and related computer applications.

External links
 

Materials science journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Publications with year of establishment missing
English-language journals
Cholo (video game). Cholo is a video game released in 1986 for the BBC Micro. It was ported to the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, and Commodore 64. Cholo  uses wireframe 3D visuals and has nonlinear gameplay.

Gameplay 
The story is set out in a novella which was included in the game's packaging. Following a nuclear war, humanity is trapped underground by a robot defence system that rules the irradiated surface. Your character assumes control of a robot drone, transmitting to a terminal below ground, and is given the task of freeing the trapped humans.

The robot—"Rizzo the rat", a diagnostic model—is equipped with a single laser, computer/robot link capabilities and very limited armour. The player's first task is to explore the city and take over stronger robots in order to complete the mission. Gameplay consists of movement around a virtual 3D world, taking over other robots by shooting them until 'paralysed', running into them and entering a password to gain access.

Each robot has different properties. "Aviata" is an aircraft who can fly and transport other robots; "Igor" is a hacker who can access computer systems. The player can only control one robot at a time. All robots have four slots for 'rampacks' which are essentially files, either text files or programs which add extra functionality to your robot. The gameplay often involves swapping between robots in order to complete a certain task.

A deliberately incomplete map showing the pre-war city shipped with the game in the form of an A3 size poster. The map also contains a partial robot identification chart.

Robot types 

There are a number of different robot types in Cholo, nearly all of which can be controlled at some point in the game.

Vidbot - Fixed position camera robot
Leadcoat - Heavy duty radiation proof robot
Ratdroid - Diagnostic robot
Hacker - Hacker robot (unarmed)
Flying Eye - Mobile camera robot
Autodoc - Maintenance robot
Guard - Police robot
Grundon - Police tank robot
Flyboy - Aircraft robot
Ship - Ship robot

Legacy
Ovine by Design published a remake of the game using Tron-like graphics as freeware for Windows, with the approval of the original creators.

References

External links 

Cholo box and manual at C64Sets.com

1986 video games
Adventure games
Amstrad CPC games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore 64 games
First-person shooters
Post-apocalyptic video games
Single-player video games
Telecomsoft games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
Journal of Electronic Materials. The Journal of Electronic Materials is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes studies, research, developments, and applications of materials that produce electronics. The editor-in-chief is Shadi Shahedipour-Sandvik, SUNY Polytechnic Institute.The IEEE/TMS Journal of Electronic Materials (JEM) is jointly sponsored by the IEEE Electron Devices Society and The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. It is published by Springer on behalf of IEEE and TMS. 

The journal also investigates the latest uses for semiconductors, magnetic alloys, dielectrics, nanoscale materials, and photonic materials. It also publishes methodologies for  investigating the chemical properties, physical properties, and the electronic, and optical properties of these materials. Also, the specific materials science involves transistors, nanotechnology, electronic packaging, detectors, emitters, metallization, superconductivity, and energy applications. 

Publishing formats include review papers and selected conference papers. Specialists and non-specialists, interested in this journal's topical coverage, are the target audience .

Abstracting and indexing services 
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the Journal of Electronic Materials has a 2020 impact factor of 1.938. 

The following databases provide indexing and abstracting services:

References

External links 
 

Materials science journals
Academic journals established in 1972
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Electronics journals
Hydroxybenzotriazole. Hydroxybenzotriazole (abbreviated HOBt) is an organic compound that is a derivative of benzotriazole.  It is a white crystalline powder, which as a commercial product contains some water (~11.7% wt as the HOBt monohydrate crystal). Anhydrous HOBt is explosive.

It is mainly used to suppress the racemization of single-enantiomer chiral molecules and to improve the efficiency of peptide synthesis.

Use in peptide synthesis

Automated peptide synthesis involves the condensation of the amino group of protected amino acids with the activated ester. HOBt is used to produce such activated esters. These esters are insoluble (like the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters) and react with amines at ambient temperature to give amides.

HOBt is also used for the synthesis of amides from carboxylic acids aside from amino acids.  These substrates may not be convertible to the acyl chlorides. For instance amide derivatives of ionophoric antibiotics have been prepared in this way.

Safety
Due to reclassification as UN0508, a class 1.3C explosive, hydroxybenzotriazole and its monohydrate crystal are no longer allowed to be transported by sea or air as per 49CFR (USDOT hazardous materials regulations). However, UNECE draft proposal ECE/TRANS/WP.15/AC.1/HAR/2009/1 has been circulated to UN delegates and, if implemented, would amend current regulations thus allowing for the monohydrate crystal to be shipped under the less-stringent code of UN3474 as a class 4.1 desensitized explosive. HOBt was demonstrated to not exhibit dermal corrosion or irritation but did exhibit eye irritation. The sensitization potential of HOBt was shown to be low (non-sensitizing at 1% in LLNA testing according to OECD 429).

References

Peptide coupling reagents
Benzotriazoles
Biochemistry
Reagents for biochemistry
Biochemistry methods
Hydroxylamines