omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Brisance. Brisance (; ) is the shattering capability of a high explosive, determined mainly by its detonation pressure.

Application
Brisance is of practical importance in explosives engineering for determining the effectiveness of an explosion in blasting and quarrying, and in weaponry such as fragmenting shells, bomb casings, grenades, and plastic explosives. The sand crush test and Trauzl lead block test are commonly used to determine the relative brisance in comparison to TNT (which is considered a standard reference for many purposes).

The value of brisance depends on the application. At one extreme, if an explosive is to be used for propulsion, e.g. by driving a piston or a bullet, brisance is likely to be undesirable, because the objective will be to move the load, not to shatter it or the engine or firearm, nor to produce a loud report. Such propulsive charges are designed to burn controllably, such as carburetted fuel/air mixes in vehicle piston engines, or nitrocellulose fibres or grains of controlled textures in firearm cartridges. 

For certain types of blasting, as in some civil engineering works, the objective is to loosen the undesired material with the least  amount of explosion and expense, both in explosive and safety precautions.  Similarly, in quarrying a product such as slate, in which the objective is to loosen it from surrounding rock with as little damage as possible, no more brisance than is necessary to split off the valuable product profitably, without unacceptable waste, is desired. For this purpose blasting powder of low brisance is necessary. 

In shattering hard rock or military defences, high brisance generally is necessary, so high explosives with extremely high detonation velocity are used as far as is practical.  One of the most brisant of the conventional explosives is cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (also known as RDX or Hexogen). RDX is the explosive agent in the plastic explosive commonly known as C-4, constituting 91% RDX by mass.

Fragmentation occurs by the action of the transmitted shock wave, the strength of which depends on the detonation pressure of the explosive. Generally, the higher this pressure, the finer the fragments generated. High detonation pressure correlates with high detonation velocity, the speed at which the detonation wave propagates through the explosive, but not necessarily with the explosive's total energy (or work capacity), some of which may be released after passage of the detonation wave. A more brisant explosive, therefore, projects smaller fragments but not necessarily at a higher velocity than a less brisant one.

See also
 Relative effectiveness factor
 Table of explosive detonation velocities

References

 A. Bailey & S.G. Murray, Explosives, Propellants & Pyrotechnics, Brassey's (UK) Ltd., London, 1989.

Explosives
XML Metadata Interchange. The XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) is an Object Management Group (OMG) standard for exchanging metadata information via Extensible Markup Language (XML).

It can be used for any metadata whose metamodel can be expressed in Meta-Object Facility (MOF), a platform-independent model (PIM).

The most common use of XMI is as an interchange format for UML models, although it can also be used for serialization of models of other languages (metamodels).

Overview 
In the OMG vision of modeling, data is split into abstract models and concrete models. The abstract models represent the semantic information, whereas the concrete models represent visual diagrams. Abstract models are instances of arbitrary MOF-based modeling languages such as UML or SysML. For diagrams, the Diagram Interchange (DI, XMI[DI]) standard is used. There are currently several incompatibilities between different modeling tool vendor implementations of XMI, even between interchange of abstract model data. The usage of Diagram Interchange is almost nonexistent. This means exchanging files between UML modeling tools using XMI is rarely possible.

One purpose of XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) is to enable easy interchange of metadata between UML-based modeling tools and MOF-based metadata repositories in distributed heterogeneous environments.  XMI is also commonly used as the medium by which models are passed from modeling tools to software generation tools as part of model-driven engineering.

Examples of XMI, and lists of the XML tags that make up XMI-formatted files, are available in the version 2.5.1 specification document.

Integration of industry standards 
XMI integrates 4 industry standards:
 XML – Extensible Markup Language, a W3C standard.
 UML – Unified Modeling Language, an OMG modeling standard.
 MOF – Meta Object Facility, an OMG language for specifying metamodels.
 MOF – Mapping to XMI

The integration of these 4 standards into XMI allows tool developers of distributed systems to share object models and other metadata.

Several versions of XMI have been created: 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 2.0, 2.1, 2.1.1, 2.4, 2.4.1, 2.4.2. and 2 5.1. The 2.x versions are radically different from the 1.x series.

The Diagram Definition OMG project is another alternative for metadata interchange, which can also express the layout and graphical representation.

XMI is an international standard:
XMI 2.4.2
ISO/IEC 19509:2014 Information technology — XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)
XMI 2.0
ISO/IEC 19503:2005 Information technology — XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)

See also 
 Common Warehouse Metamodel
 Web Ontology Language
 Generic Modeling Environment (GME)
 Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF)
 Domain Specific Language (DSL)
 Domain-specific modelling (DSM)
 Meta-modeling
 Meta-Object Facility (MOF)

References

External links 
 OMG XMI Specification

XML-based standards
Unified Modeling Language
Systems Modeling Language
ISO standards
ASCI White. ASCI White was a supercomputer at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, which was briefly the fastest supercomputer in the world.

It was a computer cluster based on IBM's commercial RS/6000 SP computer. 512 nodes were interconnected for ASCI White, with each node containing sixteen 375MHz IBM POWER3-II processors. In total, the ASCI White had 8,192 processors, 6terabytes (TB) of memory, and 160TB of disk storage. It was almost exclusively used for large-scale computations requiring dozens, hundreds, or thousands of processors. The computer weighed 106tons and consumed 3MW of electricity with a further 3MW needed for cooling. It had a theoretical processing speed of 12.3teraFLOPS (TFLOPS). A single modern 4U rackmount server could match these specifications while weighing under 50 kg and consuming under 2 kW of power. The system ran IBM's AIX operating system.

ASCI White was made up of three individual systems, the 512-node White, the 28-node Ice and the 68-node Frost.

The system was built in Poughkeepsie, New York. Completed in June 2000 it was transported to specially built facilities in California and officially dedicated on August 15, 2001. Its peak performance of 12.3TFLOPS was not achieved in the widely accepted LINPACK tests. The system cost US$110 million (equivalent to $ million in ).

It was built as stage three of the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) started by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Nuclear Security Administration to build a simulator to replace live nuclear weapons testing following the moratorium imposed by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty started by President George H. W. Bush in 1992 and extended by Bill Clinton in 1993.

The machine was decommissioned on July 27, 2006.

References 

Cluster computing
Nuclear stockpile stewardship
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
IBM supercomputers
64-bit computers
MOF. MOF may refer to:
 Managed Object Format, a textual representation of the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) Common Information Model (CIM)
 Meta-Object Facility, a meta-model used to formally define Unified Modeling Language (UML)
 Metal–organic framework, a chemical compound formed of metal ions and organic chemical components
 Midlothian Oat Flour, a brand of gruel; see Scott's Porage Oats
 Multiple organ failure, alternate term for Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, a medical condition
 Microsoft Operations Framework, a set of operational guidelines based on ITIL
 Meilleur Ouvrier de France ("Best Worker of France"), a French competition for artisanal mastery
 Ministry of finance, a government department headed by a finance minister, responsible for tax collection and other money-related activities
 Mountain of Faith, the tenth game in the Touhou series of shoot 'em up games
 Monsters of Folk, an American folk group
 Mof, a Dutch slur referring to Germans
 MOF, IATA airport code for Frans Seda Airport, on the island of Flores in Indonesia
 Museum of Flight, air and space museum in Seattle, United States of America
 Madden Online Football, an online madden league created in 2003, United States of America.
DSAP. DSAP may refer to:
Destination Service Access Point, a part of the IEEE 802.2 standard for local area network communication
Defense Satellite Application Program, a series of American military weather satellites, later renamed to Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, a human skin condition possibly related to mutations in the gene SSH1
Durational Shortage Area Permit, a form of temporary teacher certification for subject areas with teacher shortages
Deputy Sheriffs' Association of Pennsylvania
Deutsche Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei in Polen, the German Socialist Workers' Party in Poland
German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic (DSAP, Deutsche sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei in der Tschechoslowakischen Republik)
SSAP. SSAP may refer to:

 Social Sciences Academic Press, press in Beijing, China
 Source Service Access Point, OSI network endpoint defined in IEEE 802.2
 Sequential structure alignment program, double dynamic programming method in Structural alignment
 Statements of Standard Accounting Practice, in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (UK)
 Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles, for insurance in the United States
 Story Stem Assessment Profile, method for attachment measures
 SSAP, ICAO code for Apucarana Airport (APU), Paraná state, Brazil
Acme (text editor). Acme is a text editor and graphical shell from the Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating system, designed and implemented by Rob Pike. It can use the Sam command language. The design of the interface was influenced by Oberon. It is different from other editing environments in that it acts as a 9P server. A distinctive element of the user interface is mouse chording.

Overview
Acme can be used as a mail and news reader, or as a frontend to wikifs. These applications are made possible by external components interacting with acme through its file system interface. Rob Pike has mentioned that the name "Acme" was suggested to him by Penn Jillette of Penn & Teller during a movie night at Times Square when he asked for a suitable name for a text editor that does "everything".

Ports 
A port to the Inferno operating system is part of Inferno's default distribution.  Inferno can run as an application on top of other operating systems, allowing Inferno's port of acme to be used on most operating systems, including Microsoft Windows and Linux.  A project called acme: stand alone complex intends to make acme run as a standalone application on the host operating system.

A working port of acme for Unix-like operating systems is included in Plan 9 from User Space, a collection of various ported programs from Plan 9. Currently it has been tested on a variety of operating systems including: Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris and SunOS.

Notable Acme users 
Dennis Ritchie
Russ Cox
Rob Pike (Acme creator)
Brian L. Stuart

See also 

Wily (text editor), a look-alike available for Unix. Unmaintained since the port of the original acme as part of Plan 9 from User Space.
sam, Rob Pike's other popular text editor. Predecessor of Acme.
'Help': A Minimalist Global User Interface. precursor of acme and sharing many of its ideas also by Rob Pike.
Plan 9 from Bell Labs
wmii, a window manager with much inspiration from Acme.
List of Plan 9 applications

References

External links

 , the manuals.
 Plan 9 from User Space (aka plan9port) is a port of many Plan 9 programs from their native Plan 9 environment to Unix-like operating systems, including Mac OS X.
acme stand alone complex - A distribution of the Inferno version of acme packaged for Windows, OS X and Linux and including many extras and tools (an IRC client, a wiki client, a web browser, a debugger, etc.)
Russ Cox demonstrating Acme

Free text editors
Plan 9 from Bell Labs
Inferno (operating system)
MacOS text editors
Unix text editors
Octane. Octane is a hydrocarbon and also an alkane with the chemical formula C8H18, and the condensed structural formula CH3(CH2)6CH3. Octane has many structural isomers that differ by the location of branching in the carbon chain. One of these isomers, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (commonly called iso-octane), is used as one of the standard values in the octane rating scale.

Octane is a component of gasoline and petroleum. Under standard temperature and pressure, octane is an odorless, colorless liquid. Like other short-chained alkanes with a low molecular weight, it is volatile, flammable, and toxic. Octane is 1.2 to 2 times more toxic than heptane.

Isomers
N-octane has 23 constitutional isomers. 8 of these isomers have one stereocenter; 3 of them have two stereocenters.

Achiral Isomers:

 2-Methylheptane
 4-Methylheptane
 3-Ethylhexane
 2,2-Dimethylhexane
 2,5-Dimethylhexane
 (meso)-3,4-Dimethylhexane
 3,3-Dimethylhexane
 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane
 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane
 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (i.e. iso-octane)
 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane

Chiral Isomers:

 (3R)-3-Methylheptane
 (3S)-3-Methylheptane
 (3R)-2,3-Dimethylhexane
 (3S)-2,3-Dimethylhexane
 (4R)-2,4-Dimethylhexane
 (4S)-2,4-Dimethylhexane
 (3R,4R)-3,4-Dimethylhexane
 (3S,4S)-3,4-Dimethylhexane
 (3R)-2,2,3-Trimethylpentane
 (3S)-2,2,3-Trimethylpentane

Production and Use 
In petrochemistry, octanes are not typically differentiated or purified as specific compounds.  Octanes are components of particular boiling fractions.

A common route to such fractions is the alkylation reaction between iso-butane and 1-butene, which forms iso-octane.

Octane is commonly used as a solvent in paints and adhesives.

References

External links
 
 
 Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, Octane, 

Alkanes
Hydrocarbons
EMT. EMT may refer to:

Health and medicine 
 Emergency medical technician
 Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (or transformation)
 Extraneuronal monoamine transporter

Science and technology
 Ecological modernization theory
 Electrical metallic tubing
 Error management theory
 Extended mind thesis

Transportation
 East Midlands Trains, a former UK operator
 Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid (EMT Madrid), public transport, Madrid, Spain
 San Gabriel Valley Airport, formerly El Monte Airport, a public airport 1 mile (1.6 km) north of El Monte, California; IATA airport code EMT

Other uses
 E.M.T. (music group)
Steve Emt (Stephen Emt) (born 1970), American wheelchair curler, 2018 Winter Paralympian
 Elektro-Mess-Technik (EMT), a German audio equipment manufacturer
 EMT (mobile operator), an Estonian mobile operator
 Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two, a 2012 video game and the sequel to Disney's Epic Mickey
 European Master's in Translation
Interac e-Transfer, formerly Interac Email Money Transfer or EMT, a funds transfer service in Canada
 Efficient-market theory, a hypothesis in financial economics
JOHNNIAC. The JOHNNIAC was an early computer built by the RAND Corporation (not Remington Rand, maker of the contemporaneous UNIVAC I computer) and based on the von Neumann architecture that had been pioneered on the IAS machine. It was named in honor of von Neumann, short for John von Neumann Numerical Integrator and Automatic Computer.

After being rescued from the scrap heap twice, the machine is currently at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California.

Like the IAS machine, JOHNNIAC used 40-bit words, and included 1024 words of Selectron tube main memory, each holding 256 bits of data. Two instructions were stored in every word in 20-bit subwords consisting of an 8-bit instruction and a 12-bit address, the instructions being operated in series with the left subword running first. The initial machine had 83 instructions. A single register, named A, supplied an accumulator and the machine also featured a register named Q, for quotient. There was only one test condition, whether or not the high bit of the A register was set. There were no index registers, and as addresses were stored in the instructions, loops had to be implemented by modifying the instructions as the program ran. Since the machine only had 10 bits of address space, two of the address bits were unused and were sometimes used for data storage by interleaving data through the instructions.

JOHNNIAC weighed .

Numerous modifications were made to the system over its lifetime. In March 1955, 4096 words of magnetic-core memory were added to the system, replacing the earlier Selectrons. This required all 12 bits of addressing, and caused programs that stored data in the "spare bits" to fail. Later in 1955 a 12k-word drum memory secondary storage system was added as well. A transistor-based adder replaced the original tube-based adder in 1956. Numerous changes were made to the input/output peripherals as well, and in 1964, a real-time clock was added to support time-sharing.

One JOHNNIAC legacy was the JOSS programming language (the JOHNNIAC Open Shop System), an easy-to-use language which catered to novices. JOSS was an ancestor of DEC's FOCAL and of MUMPS.

The CYCLONE at Iowa State University was a direct clone of JOHNNIAC, and was instruction compatible with it; the ILLIAC I at the University of Illinois may have been as well. Cyclone was later updated to include hardware for floating-point arithmetic.

See also
 List of vacuum-tube computers

References

External links 
 Johnniac entry on Antique Computers site.
 The History of the JOHNNIAC (RAND monograph)
 Oral history interview with Keith W. Uncapher, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Review of projects at RAND Corporation when Keith Uncapher was hired in 1950 through the early 1970s, such as JOHNNIAC, JOSS, a survivable national network, and work related to the ARPANET.

IAS architecture computers
Vacuum tube computers
40-bit computers
Rapira. Rapira is also a name for the Soviet 100 mm anti-tank gun T-12

Rapira (, rapier) is an educational procedural programming language developed in the Soviet Union and implemented on the Agat computer, PDP-11 clones (Electronika, DVK, BK series), and Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 clones (Korvet). It is interpreted with a dynamic type system and high level constructions. The language originally had a Russian-based set of reserved words (keywords), but English and Romanian were added later. It was considered more elegant and easier to use than Pascal implementations of the time.

Rapira was used to teach computer programming in Soviet schools. The integrated development environment included a text editor and a debugger.

Sample program:
 ПРОЦ СТАРТ()
     ВЫВОД: 'Привет, мир!!!'
 КОН ПРОЦ

The same, but using the English lexics [sic, from the article referenced below]:
 proc start()
      output: 'Hello, world!!!';
 end proc

Rapira's ideology was based on languages such as POP-2 and SETL, with strong influences from ALGOL.

Consequently, for example, Rapira implements a very strong, flexible, and interesting data structure, named a tuple. in Rapira, these are heterogeneous lists with allowed operations such as indexing, joining, length count, getting of sublist, easy comparison, etc.

References

External links
, interpreter for English dialect of Rapira
Rapira Reborn, instructional book for learning Rapira
Non-English-based programming languages
Pascal programming language family
Procedural programming languages
Structured programming languages
Educational programming languages
Computing in the Soviet Union
Soviet inventions
Programming languages created in the 20th century
Andrey Yershov. Andrey Petrovich Yershov (; 19 April 1931, Moscow – 8 December 1988, Moscow) was a Soviet computer scientist, notable as a pioneer in systems programming and programming language research. 

Donald Knuth considers him to have independently co-discovered the idea of hashing with linear probing. He also created one of the first algorithms for compiling arithmetic expressions.

He was responsible for the languages ALPHA and Rapira, the first Soviet time-sharing system AIST-0, electronic publishing system RUBIN, and a multiprocessing workstation MRAMOR. He also was the initiator of developing the Computer Bank of the Russian Language (Машинный Фонд Русского Языка), the Soviet project for creating a large representative Russian corpus, a project in the 1980s comparable to the Bank of English and British National Corpus. The Russian National Corpus created by the Russian Academy of Sciences in the 2000s is a successor of Yershov's project.

From 1959, he worked at the Siberian Division of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, and helped found both the Novosibirsk Computer Center and the Siberian School of Computer Science.

He received the Academician A. N. Krylov Prize from the Academy of Sciences, the first programmer to be so recognized. In 1974, he was made a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society.

He was involved with developing international standards in programming and informatics, as a member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which specified, maintains, and supports the languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68. In 1981, he received the IFIP's Silver Core Award.

To the computer science community, he is mostly known for his speech Aesthetics and the Human Factor in Programming presented at the dinner at the AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference in 1972 and, due to its importance, republished as an article by the Communications of the ACM.

See also 
List of Russian IT developers
List of computer scientists
List of programmers

References

Books 
 Programming Programme for the BESM Computer, Pergamon Press, London, 1959. Translated from the Russian original: , 1958.

External links 
Academician A. Yershov's archive, including documents and photographs 
About the archive
Biography of Academician A.P. Yershov at the archive
Computer Fund of Russian Language 
PSI International Andrey Yershov Memorial Conference (Novosibirsk, Russia)

1931 births
1988 deaths
Fellows of the British Computer Society
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Moscow State University alumni
Academic staff of Novosibirsk State University
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Computer programmers
Computer systems researchers
Programming language designers
Programming language researchers
Russian computer scientists
Russian inventors
Soviet computer scientists
Soviet inventors
Scientists from Moscow
Scientists from Novosibirsk
Burials at Yuzhnoye Cemetery (Novosibirsk)