omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
West Bengal State Electricity Board. West Bengal State Electricity Board (WBSEB) was a state government electricity regulation board in West Bengal in India. It was formed on 1 May 1955. In 2007, the Government of West Bengal unbundled the erstwhile WBSEB into two companies namely West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company (WBSEDCL) and West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Company (WBSETCL). The two enterprises were formed on 1 April 2007 under the provisions of West Bengal Power Reform Scheme, 2007.

WBSETCL is responsible for transmitting power at 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV and 400 kV in the state of West Bengal. WBSETCL achieved the Best Power Availability Award (Gold Shield) for the year 2007–2008 as a transmission licensee in India from Ministry of Power Government of India.

WBSEDCL is responsible for distributing power in the state of power at 33 kV level and below. West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Limited has come into effect from 1 April 2007 after restructuring of erstwhile West Bengal State Electricity Board in compliance of Electricity Act 2003. WBSEDCL is a major power utility of the state with consumer strength over 1.97 crore. 5 zones, 19 regional offices, 67 distribution divisions and 490 customer care centers make up the backbone to the power distribution system of the state. WBSEDCL is divided into 5 zones: Kolkata, Burdwan, Midnapore, Berhampore and Siliguri.

See also
West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited

Notes

Energy in West Bengal
State electricity agencies of India
State agencies of West Bengal
Companies based in Kolkata
Indian companies established in 1955
1955 establishments in West Bengal
Grainger challenge. The Grainger challenge is a scientific competition to find an economical way to remove arsenic from arsenic-contaminated groundwater. This competition is being funded by the United States National Academy of Engineering and the Grainger Foundation and is meant to help provide safe drinking water to countries such as Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia.

In 2007, the winner of the Gold Award ($1,000,000) was Abul Hussam, for his invention of the Sono arsenic filter.  The Silver Award ($200,000) was awarded to Arup K Sengupta for his invention and implementation of ArsenXnp hybrid anion exchange (HAIX) resin.  The Children's Safe Drinking Water Program at Procter & Gamble (P&G), Cincinnati, received the Bronze Award of US$100,000 for the PUR™ Purifier of Water coagulation and flocculation water treatment system.

References

External links
 Grainger challenge page at the National Academy of Engineering
 Grainger Foundation

Water treatment
Arsenic
Seismic Hazards Mapping Act. The Seismic Hazard Mapping Act ("The Act") was enacted by the California legislature in 1990 following the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989. The Act requires the California State Geologist to create maps delineating zones where data suggest amplified ground shaking, liquefaction, or earthquake-induced landsliding may occur ("seismic hazard zones").

The Act requires responsible agencies to approve only projects within seismic hazard zones following a site-specific investigation to determine if the hazard is present and inclusion of appropriate mitigation(s) if so. The Act also requires disclosure by real estate sellers and agents at the time of sale if a property is within one of the designated seismic hazard zones.

The Act called for the creation of an advisory board to the State Mining and Geology Board to advise on the Act's implementation. In a 2004 update to the seismic hazard zone mapping guidelines, this advisory body concluded the amplified ground motion hazard was already sufficiently addressed by the 2001 California Building Code. Consequently, zones for this hazard are not being mapped by the State Geologist.

External links

Law.justia.com: Seismic Hazards Mapping Act

California statutes
Earthquakes in California
Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation
1989 in American law
1989 in California
California Geological Survey
Disaster preparedness in the United States
Entropy (film). Entropy is a 1999 film directed by Phil Joanou, starring Stephen Dorff and featuring the Irish rock band U2.

Plot
A largely autobiographical film about director Phil Joanou, covering his early film career, his relationships, including a very short-lived marriage.

Release
The film has been re-released as "Adventures in Tinseltown" for streaming and is available on Tubi and Amazon Prime Video.

References

External links

1999 films
1999 drama films
American drama films
Films scored by George Fenton
Films about film directors and producers
Films directed by Phil Joanou
Films distributed by Disney
American independent films
Films produced by Elie Samaha
1999 independent films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
English-language drama films
English-language independent films
Isenthalpic process. An isenthalpic process or isoenthalpic process is a process that proceeds without any change in enthalpy, H; or specific enthalpy, h.

Overview
If a steady-state, steady-flow process is analysed using a control volume, everything outside the control volume is considered to be the surroundings.

Such a process will be isenthalpic if there is no transfer of heat to or from the surroundings, no work done on or by the surroundings, and no change in the kinetic energy of the fluid. This is a sufficient but not necessary condition for isoenthalpy. The necessary condition for a process to be isoenthalpic is that the sum of each of the terms of the energy balance other than enthalpy (work, heat, changes in kinetic energy, etc.) cancel each other, so that the enthalpy remains unchanged. For a process in which magnetic and electric effects (among others) give negligible contributions, the associated energy balance can be written as

If  then it must be that

The throttling process is a good example of an isoenthalpic process in which significant changes in pressure and temperature can occur to the fluid, and yet the net sum the associated terms in the energy balance is null, thus rendering the transformation isoenthalpic. The lifting of a relief (or safety) valve on a pressure vessel is an example of throttling process. The specific enthalpy of the fluid inside the pressure vessel is the same as the specific enthalpy of the fluid as it escapes through the valve. With a knowledge of the specific enthalpy of the fluid and the pressure outside the pressure vessel, it is possible to determine the temperature and speed of the escaping fluid.

In an isenthalpic process:
 ,
 .

Isenthalpic processes on an ideal gas follow isotherms, since .

See also 
 Adiabatic process
 Joule–Thomson effect
 Ideal gas laws
 Isentropic process

References

Biblography 
 G. J. Van Wylen and R. E. Sonntag (1985), Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York

Notes

Thermodynamic processes
Enthalpy
Counterscarp. A scarp and a counterscarp are the inner and outer sides, respectively, of a ditch or moat used in fortifications.  Attackers (if they have not bridged the ditch) must descend the counterscarp and ascend the scarp.  In permanent fortifications the scarp and counterscarp may be encased in stone. In less permanent fortifications, the counterscarp may be lined with paling fence set at an angle so as to give no cover to the attackers but to make advancing and retreating more difficult.

If an attacker succeeds in breaching a wall a coupure can be dug on the inside of the wall to hinder the forlorn hope, in which case the side of the ditch farthest from the breached wall and closest to the centre of the fortification is also called the counterscarp.

Counterscarp gallery

These are tunnels or "galleries" that have been built behind the counterscarp wall inside the moat or ditch. Each gallery is pierced with loopholes for musketry, so that attacking forces that enter the moat can be directly fired upon. Counterscarp galleries were usually built into the angles of the ditch to give the widest field of fire. Occasionally, casemated artillery batteries were built into the counterscarp, but they were more commonly designed for infantry weapons only. The galleries were usually connected to the main body of the fort by a tunnel which passed under the ditch, or by a caponier, a gallery built across the floor of the ditch.

References
 Counterscarp: European fortress wall - Art - Britannica Concise: diagram
 Stephen Francis Wyley (Drawings by Steven Lowe) A Dictionary of Military Architecture Fortification and Fieldworks from the Iron Age to the Eighteenth Century: Counterscarp
 Counterscarp Gallery
 E. Cobham Brewer 1810–1897 Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898: Counterscarp

Attribution

Further reading
 Jean Lafitte Historic Resource Study, (chapter 4): Jackson's line at Rodriguez Canal

Footnotes

Siege tactics
Fortification (architectural elements)
Federation of International Robot-soccer Association. (FIRA) is an international organisation organising competitive soccer – usually 5-a-side – competitions between autonomous  robots.

History
In 1996 and 1997, this competition was known as MiroSot and was held in Daejeon, Korea. The 1996 competition offered a challenging arena to the younger generation and researchers working with autonomous mobile robotic systems.

From 1998 through 2008, it was called the FIRA Cup, and in 2009, it became the FIRA RoboWorld Cup & Congress. The 15th RoboWorld Cup was held at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bangalore, India in September 2010.

In 2013, it took place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The championship started on August 24, 2013, and ended on August 29.  At that time, it involved five categories: Micro-Robot Soccer Tournament, Amire, Naro, Simulated Robot, Android, Robo and Humanoid Robot.
It attracted teams from Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan, India, China, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Canada, Russia and Malaysia. 80 teams from 11 countries participated.

The 2015 RoboWold Cup was held in Hefei in China, with more than 500 teams taking part from 45 countries.

As of 2018, the competition had 277 teams participating from 12 countries.

FIRA RoboWorld Cup & Congress
This competition has 4 leagues: FIRA AIR, FIRA Sports, FIRA Challenges, and FIRA Youth.  Each league has its own competitions, and each competition can have several events.

FIRA AIR
The FIRA AIR league has two associated competitions, Autonomous Race and Emergency Service.

FIRA Sports
The FIRA Sports league has four associated competitions, HuroCup, RoboSot, SimuroSot, and AndroSot.  This the robot soccer league.

HuroCup consists of single events for bipedal humanoid robots. The events are: archery, sprint, marathon, united soccer, obstacle run, long jump, spartan race, marathon, weightlifting, and basketball. There is an all-round competition for the single robot that performs the best overall.

FIRA Challenges
The FIRA Challenges league has three associated competitions, Autonomous Cars, Autonomous Cars Simulation, Innovation and Business.

FIRA Youth
The FIRA Youth league has six associated challenges, Sport Robots, HuroCup Junior, CityRacer, DRV_Explorer, Cliff Hanger, and Mission Impossible.

References

External links
  
 FIRA RoboWorld Cup & Congress
 A view at 2010 RoboWorldCup In India

Artificial intelligence competitions
Organizations established in 1997
Robot football
Robotics organizations
Master of Environmental Management. The M.E.M. (Master of Environmental Management) is a degree designed for students with primary interests in careers in environmental policy and analysis, stewardship, education, consulting, or management dealing with natural resource or environmental issues. The program requires course work in both the natural and social sciences, with a particular focus on the relationship among science, management, and policy. The ultimate purpose of the degree program is to prepare students to address ecological and social systems with scientific understanding and an ability to make sense of the complex underlying social and ecological context.

The value of an interdisciplinary environmental degree is best espoused by Aldo Leopold, who obtained a Master of Forestry degree.

"One of the requisites for an ecological comprehension of land is an understanding of ecology, and this is by no means co-extensive with 'education'; in fact, much higher education seems deliberately to avoid ecological concepts. An understanding of ecology does not necessarily originate in courses bearing ecological labels; it is quite as likely to be labeled geography, botany, agronomy, history, or economics. This is as it should be...". 

The "Big Four" Master of Environmental Management programs are:
 University of California, Santa Barbara - Bren School of Environmental Science and Management
 Duke University - Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth and Ocean Sciences

 University of Michigan - School of Natural Resources and Environment

 Yale University - School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
Other programs include:
 

 Portland State University - College of Liberal Arts & Sciences
 University of San Francisco - Master of Science in Environmental Management
 University of Maryland University College - Master of Science in Environmental Management
 Western Colorado University - Master in Environmental Management
 University of Connecticut - Master of Energy and Environmental Management – Online

Many of these schools also offer joint degrees, where the MEM is paired with an MBA, MPP, JD, or M.Div.

References

Environmental Management
Environmental studies
Molybdenum(V) chloride. Molybdenum(V) chloride is the inorganic compound with the empirical formula . This dark volatile solid is used in research to prepare other molybdenum compounds. It is moisture-sensitive and soluble in chlorinated solvents.

Structure

Usually called molybdenum pentachloride, it is in fact partly a dimer with the molecular formula . In the dimer, each molybdenum has local octahedral symmetry and two chlorides bridge between the molybdenum centers. A similar structure is also found for the pentachlorides of W, Nb and Ta. In the gas phase and partly in solution, the dimers partially dissociate to give a monomeric . The monomer is paramagnetic, with one unpaired electron per Mo center, reflecting the fact that the formal oxidation state is +5, leaving one valence electron on the metal center.

Preparation and properties
 is prepared by chlorination of Mo metal but also chlorination of . The unstable hexachloride  is not produced in this way.

 is reduced by acetonitrile to afford an orange acetonitrile complex, . This complex in turn reacts with THF to give , a precursor to other molybdenum-containing complexes.

Molybdenum(IV) bromide is prepared by treatment of  with hydrogen bromide:

The reaction proceeds via the unstable molybdenum(V) bromide, which releases bromine at room temperature.

 is a good Lewis acid toward non-oxidizable ligands. It forms an adduct with chloride to form . In organic synthesis, the compound finds occasional use in chlorinations, deoxygenation, and oxidative coupling reactions.

Reactions
 is reduced by acetonitrile:

Although it polymerizes tetrahydrofuran,  is stable in diethyl ether. Reduction of such solutions with tin gives  and , depending on conditions.

Safety considerations
 is an aggressive oxidant and readily hydrolyzes to release HCl.

See also
 Molybdenum(IV) chloride
 Molybdenum(VI) chloride
 Molybdenum(V) fluoride
 Tungsten(V) chloride

References

Chlorides
Molybdenum halides
Inorganic compounds
Oxidizing agents
Molybdenum(V) compounds
W91. The W91 was an American thermonuclear warhead intended for use on the SRAM-T variant of the AGM-131 SRAM II air to ground missile.

What was to become the W91 design entered into a Phase 2 design competition between the various nuclear weapons laboratories in November 1988.  Further development details are somewhat unclear, but a Los Alamos National Laboratory design won the competition.

The design that emerged had a weight of , with a two selectable yields of  .  Other physical characteristics have not been well described in public documents.  The design has been described as being named the "New Mexico 1" code name, and as using TATB based insensitive plastic bonded explosive and a fire-resistant nuclear fissile material core or pit.

The design was cancelled in September 1991 along with the SRAM T missile, prior to production of any units, though some test devices may have been manufactured.

Notably, the W91 was the last new US nuclear weapon design to reach the point of receiving a model number designation (entering Phase 3 development status).

See also
 List of nuclear weapons

References

External links
 University of California 1989 nuclear weapons labs status report
 Allbombs.html at the Nuclear Weapon Archive at nuclearweaponarchive.org

Nuclear warheads of the United States
Abandoned military projects of the United States
W89. The W89 was an American thermonuclear warhead design intended for use on the AGM-131 SRAM II air to ground nuclear missile and the UUM-125 Sea Lance anti-submarine missile.

What was to become the W89 design was awarded to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the mid-1980s.  It entered Phase 2A technical definition and cost study in November 1986.  It entered Phase 3 development engineering and was assigned the numerical designation W89 in January 1988.

The W89 design was a  diameter by  long weapon, with a weight of  and yield of 200 kilotons.

The design was canceled in September 1991 along with the SRAM II missile, prior to production of any units, though some test devices may have been manufactured.

Reused plutonium pits
According to one source, the plutonium cores (technically known as pits) of the W89 warheads were planned to be reused from existing W68 warhead pits, which were surplus at the time.

Reliable Replacement Warhead link
Lawrence Livermore engineers have hinted in prior press reports that the Reliable Replacement Warhead design that they were preparing might be based on the W89 warhead design.  On March 2, 2007, the NNSA announced that the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory RRW design had been selected for the initial RRW production version.

One of the selection reasons given was that the LLNL proposed design was more closely tied to historical underground tested warhead designs.  It was described by Thomas P. D'Agostino, acting head of the National Nuclear Security Administration, as having been based on a design which was test fired in the 1980s, but never entered service.

LLNL staff have previously hinted in the press that LLNL was considering a design entry based on the tested but never deployed W89 design.
The W89 warhead had been proposed as a W88 warhead replacement as early as 1991.  The W89 design was already equipped with all then-current safety features, including insensitive high explosives, fire-resistant pits, and advanced detonator safety systems.  The W89 was also reportedly designed using recycled pits from the earlier W68 nuclear weapon program, recoated in vanadium to provide the temperature resistance.  The W89 warhead was test fired in the 1980s.

See also
 List of nuclear weapons

References

External links
 University of California 1989 nuclear weapons labs status report
 Allbombs.html at the Nuclear Weapon Archive at nuclearweaponarchive.org

Nuclear warheads of the United States
Abandoned military projects of the United States
Scanning helium ion microscope. A scanning helium ion microscope (SHIM, HeIM or HIM) is an imaging technology based on a scanning helium ion beam. Similar to other focused ion beam techniques, it allows to combine milling and cutting of samples with their observation at sub-nanometer resolution.

In terms of imaging, SHIM has several advantages over the traditional scanning electron microscope (SEM). Owing to the very high source brightness, and the short De Broglie wavelength of the helium ions, which is inversely proportional to their momentum, it is possible to obtain qualitative data not achievable with conventional microscopes which use photons or electrons as the emitting source. As the helium ion beam interacts with the sample, it does not suffer from a large excitation volume, and hence provides sharp images with a large depth of field on a wide range of materials. Compared to a SEM, the secondary electron yield is quite high, allowing for imaging with currents as low as 1 femtoamp. The detectors provide information-rich images which offer topographic, material, crystallographic, and electrical properties of the sample. In contrast to other ion beams, there is no discernible sample damage due to relatively light mass of the helium ion. The drawback is the cost.

SHIMs have been commercially available since 2007, and a surface resolution of 0.24 nanometers has been demonstrated.

References

External links 

 Carl Zeiss SMT – Nano Technology Systems Division: ORION He-Ion microscope
 Microscopy Today, Volume 14, Number 04, July 2006: An Introduction to the Helium Ion Microscope
 How New Helium Ion Microscope Measures Up – ScienceDaily

Microscopes
Helium
F27. F27 or F-27 may refer to:
 F-27 Sport Cruiser, a trimaran sailboat design
 Fokker F27 Friendship, a 1955 Dutch turboprop airliner
Fairchild F-27, a 1958 American variant of the turboprop airliner
 HMS Lynx (F27), a 1955 British Royal Navy Leopard-class Type 41 anti aircraft frigate
 Fluorine-27 (F-27 or 27F), an isotope of fluorine
Pradeep Sindhu. Pradeep Sindhu is an Indian-American business executive. He is the chairman, chief development officer (CDO) and co-founder of data center technology company Fungible. Previously, he co-founded Juniper Networks, where he was the chief scientist and CEO until 1996.

Biography
Sindhu holds a B.Tech. in electrical engineering (1974) from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, M.S. in electrical engineering (1976) from the University of Hawaiʻi, and a PhD (1982) in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University where he studied under Bob Sproull.

Work
Sindhu had worked at the Computer Science Lab of Xerox PARC for 11 years. Sindhu worked on design tools for very-large-scale integration (VLSI) of integrated circuits and high-speed interconnects for shared memory architecture multiprocessors.

Sindhu founded Juniper Networks along with Dennis Ferguson and Bjorn Liencres in February 1996 in California. The company was subsequently reincorporated in Delaware in March 1998 and went public on 25 June 1999.

Sindhu worked on the architecture, design, and development of the Juniper M40 data router.

Sindhu's earlier work at Xerox PARC influenced the architecture, design, and development of Sun Microsystems' first high-performance multiprocessor system family, which included systems such as the SPARCcenter 2000 and SPARCserver 1000.

Sindhu is the founder and CEO of data center technology company Fungible.

References

External links
Pradeep Sindhu's entry on the Juniper Networks Website
Interview with Pradeep Sindhu

1953 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
American technology chief executives
American manufacturing businesspeople
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Indian emigrants to the United States
IIT Kanpur alumni
Juniper Networks
Computer networking people
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
American chief technology officers
Indian technology chief executives
American people of Indian descent
American computer businesspeople
American chief executives
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies