omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aeromechanics. Aeromechanics is the science about mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases, involving aerodynamics, thermophysics and aerostatics. It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow. The fluid flow and structure are interactive systems and their interaction is dynamic. The fluid force causes the structure to deform which changes its orientation to the flow and hence the resulting fluid force.

Areas that comprise this are within the technology of aircraft and helicopters since these use propellers and rotors. Additionally, aeromechanics is critical in the design and analysis of wind turbines, drones, and various unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The principles of aeromechanics are also applied in space exploration vehicles, where the behavior of gases in different atmospheric conditions is crucial. Understanding these interactions is essential for optimizing performance, ensuring stability and control, and improving the efficiency and safety of flight and other applications involving fluid-structure interactions.

See also 
 Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics
Admixture. Admixture may refer to:
 Genetic admixture, the result of interbreeding between two or more previously isolated populations within a species
 Racial admixture, admixture between humans, also referred to as miscegenation
 Hybrid
 Mixture, the chemical substance which results when two different materials are combined without occurrence of chemical reactions
 Admixture (concrete), the chemicals used to aid the properties of concrete or cement
Hilltowns in Italy. Italian hilltop settlements were built upon hills for defensive purposes, surrounded by thick defensive walls, steep embankments, or cliffs which provided natural defenses for their earliest inhabitants. In the Middle Ages, earthworks and stone and wooden palisades were typically replaced with massive stone and masonry walls, sturdy gates, and watch towers. In the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, even some of the smallest and most remote hill towns were adorned with churches housing works of art and impressive noble residences.

Italy's hill towns have been studied for the communities that inhabited them, as repositories of Medieval and Renaissance art, and for their architecture. The construction techniques used to build these hill towns have even been studied by seismologists to understand why their ancient masonry and stone structures often survive earthquakes that destroy nearby modern buildings.

In the second half of the 20th century, many of Italy's lesser-known hill towns, especially those located outside Tuscany and Umbria, experienced steep population declines as their residents left for urban centres. In recent years, this trend has reversed with a deepening appreciation of Italian hill towns and interest in their preservation.

See also
List of hilltowns in Northern Italy
List of hilltowns in Central Italy
List of hilltowns in Southern Italy
Hill people

References

Sources 
 

 
Hills of Italy
Tube furnace. A tube furnace is an electric heating device used to conduct syntheses and purifications of inorganic compounds and occasionally in organic synthesis.  One possible design consists of a cylindrical cavity surrounded by heating coils that are embedded in a thermally insulating matrix.  Temperature can be controlled via feedback from a thermocouple.  More elaborate tube furnaces have two (or more) heating zones useful for transport experiments.  Some digital temperature controllers provide an RS-232 interface, and permit the operator to program segments for uses like ramping, soaking, sintering, and more.  Advanced materials in the heating elements, such as molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) offered in certain models can now produce working temperatures up to 1800 °C.  This facilitates more sophisticated applications. Common material for the reaction tubes include alumina, Pyrex, and fused quartz, or in the case of corrosive materials molybdenum or tungsten tubes can be used.

The tube furnace was invented in the first decade of the 20th century and was originally used to manufacture ceramic filaments for Nernst lamps and glowers.

Illustrative applications
An example of a material prepared using a tube furnace is the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7.  A mixture of finely powdered CuO, BaO, and Y2O3, in the appropriate molar ratio, contained in a platinum or alumina "boat," is heated in a tube furnace at several hundred degrees under flowing oxygen. Similarly tantalum disulfide is prepared in a tube furnace followed by purification, also in a tube furnace using the technique of chemical vapor transport. Because of the availability of tube furnaces, chemical vapor transport has become a popular technique not only in industry (see van Arkel–de Boer process) but also in the research laboratory. 

Tube furnaces can also be used for thermolysis reactions, involving either organic or inorganic reactants.  One such example is the preparation of ketenes which may employ a tube furnace in the 'ketene lamp'. Flash vacuum pyrolysis often utilize a fused quartz tube, usually packed with quartz or ceramic beads, which is heated at high temperatures.

References

Furnaces
Laboratory equipment
Kilns

ru:Трубчатая_печь
Bloch MB.120. The Bloch MB.120 was a French three-engine colonial transport aircraft built by Société des Avions Marcel Bloch during the 1930s.

Design and development
The MB.120 design was selected by the French government for transport use in French overseas territories. It was an all-metal high-wing cantilever monoplane. The prototype was re-worked from the MB.71. Standard accommodation was for a crew of three and up to 10 passengers. The civil aircraft normally carried only four passengers, the rest of the aircraft was filled with mail. Ten production aircraft were produced, six for civil use and four for the French Air Force.

Operational history
The aircraft entered operation in 1934 for Air Afrique, which was a new airline set up by the French government on 11 May 1934 to provide service between the French African territories. Both the civil and military aircraft served only in French Africa.

Variants
MB.120.01 : First prototype.
MB.120 : Three-engined colonial transport aircraft. Ten built.

Operators

Air Afrique
French Air Force

Specifications (M.B.120)

See also

References

Bibliography

MB.120
1930s French airliners
1930s French military transport aircraft
Trimotors
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Bloch MB.220. The Bloch MB.220 was a French twin-engine passenger transport airplane built by Société des Avions Marcel Bloch during the 1930s.

Design and development
The MB.220 was an all-metal low-wing cantilever monoplane. It was powered by two Gnome-Rhône 14N radial engines and had a retractable landing gear. Normal crew was four, with room for 16 passengers, with eight seats each side of a central aisle. The prototype first flew on 11 June 1936 at Villacoublay with André Curvale at the controls, and was followed by 16 production aircraft.

Six examples survived the war and were modified as the MB.221 with Wright R-1820-97 Cyclone engines.

Service
By the middle of 1938, the type was being utilised by Air France on European routes. The first service of the type (between Le Bourget and Croydon (in south of London) was flown on 27 March 1938 with a scheduled time of 1 hour 15 minutes. During World War II, most MB.220s were taken over as military transports, including service with German, Free French and Vichy French air forces. Air France continued to fly the aircraft (as MB.221s) after the war on short-range European routes. It sold four aircraft in 1949 but within a year all had been withdrawn from service.

Variants
MB.220
One prototype, registration F-AOHA, and 16 production aircraft with Gnome-Rhône 14N-16 and Gnome-Rhône 14N-17 engines (opposite rotation).
MB.221
Six survivors, registration F-AOHC to F-AOHF, F-AQNM and F-AQNN, re-engined with the Wright R-1820-97 Cyclone.

Operators

Air France
Free French Air Force
Vichy French Air Force
Societé Auxiliaire de Navigation Aérienne

Accidents and incidents
 On March 3, 1940, the prototype of the MB.220 crashed into a mountain near Orange, France in poor weather, killing all three crew on board.
 On September 1, 1941, the Air France MB.220 Languedoc, registration F-AQNL, crashed into a lake on takeoff from Marseille due to engine failure, killing all three crew and 12 of 14 passengers on board.

Specifications (MB.220)

See also

References

MB.220
1930s French airliners
1930s French military transport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Kunugiyama Station. is a railway station located in Kamagaya, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Shin-Keisei Electric Railway.The headquarters of Shin-Keisei Electric Railway as well as the rolling stock maintenance facility are also near the station.

Lines
Kunugiyama Station is served by the Shin-Keisei Line, and is located 9.6 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Matsudo Station.

Layout 
The station consists of a single island platform, with an elevated station building. The station is equipped with ticket vending machines and automatic ticket gates.

Platforms

History
Kunugiyama Station was opened on 21 April 1955.

Future plans 
Effective April 2025, the station is to come under the aegis of Keisei Electric Railway as the result of the buyout of the Shin-Keisei Railway.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 3633 passengers daily.

Surrounding area
Shin-Keisei Electric Railway head office
JGSDF Camp Matsudo
Kamagaya Nishi High School

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 Shin Keisei Railway Station information 

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1955
Railway stations in Chiba Prefecture
Kamagaya
Small modular immunopharmaceutical. Small modular immunopharmaceuticals, or SMIPs for short, are artificial proteins that are intended for use as pharmaceutical drugs. They are largely built from parts of antibodies (immunoglobulins), and like them have a binding site for antigens that could be used for monoclonal antibody therapy. SMIPs have similar biological half-life and, being smaller than antibodies, are reasoned to have better tissue penetration properties. They were invented by Trubion and are now being developed by Emergent BioSolutions, which acquired Trubion in 2010.

Structure

SMIPs are single-chain proteins that comprise one binding region, one hinge region as a connector, and one effector domain. The binding region is a modified single-chain variable fragment (scFv), and the rest of the protein can be constructed from the fragment crystallizable region (Fc) and the hinge region of an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). Genetically modified cells produce SMIPs as antibody-like dimers, which are about 30% smaller than real antibodies.

Like ordinary monoclonal antibodies, SMIPs are monospecific, meaning they recognize and attach to a single antigen target to initiate their biological activity. SMIP drug candidates are intended to target antigens with the same specificity and predictable biological activity as monoclonal antibodies. Examples are TRU-015, a CD20 targeting SMIP under research for rheumatoid arthritis, and TRU-016, a CD37 targeting potential treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other B-cell cancers.

Production
A monoclonal antibody targeting the desired antigen can be developed the classical way, using hybridoma technology. The scFv is then constructed from the antibody's variable regions. A large number of different hinge regions and effector domains are taken from libraries of immunoglobulins, and the combined proteins are produced in genetically modified (transfected) cells and screened for clones with useful properties like high binding specificity. The selected protein is multiplied in transfected cells suitable for medium- or large-scale production, for example Chinese hamster ovary cells, and purified by chromatography.

References

Monoclonal antibodies
Blériot 115. 

The Blériot Bl-115 was a French biplane airliner of the 1920s, best remembered for the part it played in the French exploration of Africa.  For its day, it was a large aircraft, mounting one pair of engines on the upper wing and one pair on the lower.  First flying on 9 May 1923, the prototype crashed on 23 June, killing its pilot, Jean Casale.

A refined version of the aircraft, the 115-bis was flown in June 1924.

Operational; history
The third and fourth machines built (christened Roland Garros and Jean Casale) were used in Colonel de Goÿs' attempts to create air routes to Africa.  Commanded by Jean Dagnaux, the aviators departed France on 18 January 1925, they arrived in Colomb-Béchar in Algeria, on 28 January.  The expedition ended in disaster on 7 February 1925 in Niamey, Niger when the Jean Casale crashed on take-off, killing its radio operator and seriously injuring its two pilots, including Dagnaux. They had covered .

Variants
Blériot Bl-115
Four-engined airliner, powered by 4x  Hispano-Suiza 8Ac engines.
Blériot Bl-115bis
Improved version of the Blériot Bl-115, powered by 4x  Hispano-Suiza 8Ab engines.
Bleriot Bl-103
Projected bomber version. Not built.

Specifications (Bl-115)

References

Further reading
 
 

Aviation in Niger
115
1920s French airliners
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
TX-1000 series. The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company on the Tsukuba Express line in the Kantō region of Japan since 2005. A total of 84 cars were delivered.

Design
The TX-1000 series trains use unpainted double-skin aluminium body construction assembled with friction stir welding. They are used only on the Akihabara – Moriya section of the Tsukuba Express line, which is electrified at 1,500 V DC, as the rest of the line is electrified at 20 kV AC; services beyond Moriya to Tsukuba are operated by dual-voltage TX-2000 series sets only.

Formation

Car 2 is fitted with one single-arm pantograph and car 4 is fitted with two.

Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bucket-style seating throughout.

History
The first 6-car prototype was built in March 2003 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, and 13 more sets were subsequently delivered between March 2004 and January 2005.

References

External links

 Tsukuba Express TX-1000 information 
 Kawasaki Heavy Industries product information 

Electric multiple units of Japan
1000 series
Kawasaki multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2005
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis in which the sample is heated to decomposition to produce smaller molecules that are separated by gas chromatography and detected using mass spectrometry.

How it works
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials in an inert atmosphere or a vacuum. The sample is put into direct contact with a platinum wire, or placed in a quartz sample tube, and rapidly heated to 600–1000 °C. Depending on the application even higher temperatures are used. Three different heating techniques are used in actual pyrolyzers: Isothermal furnace, inductive heating (Curie Point filament), and resistive heating using platinum filaments. Large molecules cleave at their weakest bonds, producing smaller, more volatile fragments. These fragments can be separated by gas chromatography. Pyrolysis GC chromatograms are typically complex because a wide range of different decomposition products is formed. The data can either be used as fingerprint to prove material identity or the GC/MS data is used to identify individual fragments to obtain structural information. To increase the volatility of polar fragments, various methylating reagents can be added to a sample before pyrolysis.

Besides the usage of dedicated pyrolyzers, pyrolysis GC of solid and liquid samples can be performed directly inside programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) injectors that provide quick heating (up to 60 °C/s) and high maximum temperatures of 600-650 °C. This is sufficient for many pyrolysis applications. The main advantage is that no dedicated instrument has to be purchased and pyrolysis can be performed as part of routine GC analysis. In this case quartz GC inlet liners can be used. Quantitative data can be acquired, and good results of derivatization inside the PTV injector are published as well.

Applications
Pyrolysis gas chromatography is useful for the identification of involatile compounds. These materials include polymeric materials, such as acrylics or alkyds. The way in which the polymer fragments, before it is separated in the GC, can help in identification. Pyrolysis gas chromatography is also used for environmental samples, including fossils. Pyrolysis GC is used in forensic laboratories to analyze evidence found in crime scenes such as paints, adhesives, plastics, synthetic fibres and soil extracts.

References

Mass spectrometry
Francis Fox (civil engineer). Sir Francis Fox (29 June 1844 – 7 January 1927) was an English civil engineer, who was responsible for  the bridges over the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi and Sydney Harbour, the Mersey Railway Tunnel and the Liverpool Overhead Railway, and extending the London Underground. He was awarded a Knighthood by the King on 25 July 1912.

Biography
Born in Derby, England, he was one of three sons of the noted engineer and contractor Sir Charles Fox.

Educated at Highgate School, Brighton College and Tonbridge School, he entered into business with his father and his brother Charles Douglas in 1857. In 1860 the three formed a partnership, the firm being known as Sir Charles Fox and Sons. In 1871 he designed the Telescopic Bridge in Bridgwater.  Fox was also a consultant for the Simplon Tunnel and in 1878 constructed the replacement train shed at Bristol Temple Meads railway station. He became an engineer for the Great Central Railway and, in 1889, collaborated with his brother Douglas and H.W. Braddock in the construction of Marylebone station, London. He also assisted his brother in the construction of the Liverpool Overhead Railway, which was opened in 1893.

Fox also assisted in the shoring-up of several great cathedrals including St Paul's Cathedral and Winchester Cathedral in 1905, where he employed tie-rods and grouting to bind the walls together.

He married twice, in 1869 to Selena Wright who died in 1900, he then married Agnes Horne in 1901. Fox had a son and three daughters from his first marriage. In 1902, his daughter, Frances Emily married Reverend Walter Weston, the English clergyman and Anglican missionary who helped popularise recreational mountaineering in Japan. She accompanied Weston on many of his expeditions in the Japanese Alps.

References

Notes

External links
Francis Fox, How the Swiss Built the Greatest Tunnel in the World, 1905

1844 births
1927 deaths
Engineers from Derby
People educated at Highgate School
English engineers
British bridge engineers
SolidThinking. solidThinking is a software company developing Evolve, a 3D modeling and rendering software and Inspire, a concept generation tool.

History 

Brothers Alex Mazzardo and Mario Mazzardo started the solidThinking project in 1991 with Guido Quaroni, today Vice President of Software R&D at Pixar Animation Studios. The design software was originally developed for NEXTSTEP, the operating system developed by NeXT, and it was soon awarded as the best new application in the "CAD and 3D" category at NeXTWORLD EXPO held in San Francisco in June 1993. 

A complete re-write of the application for the Windows platform was completed in 1998 with the release of solidThinking 3.0 for Windows. The Construction History and an extensive NURBS modeling toolset were the main additions. One year later solidThinking for Mac OS X was also released. Today all releases of solidThinking are simultaneously developed for both Windows and Mac OS X.

solidThinking version 8.0 and solidThinking Inspired 8.0, introducing the morphogenesis form-generation technology, were released in September 2009.

With the 9.0 release, solidThinking became Evolve and solidThinking Inspired became Inspire, both sold under the solidThinking brand.

References

External links
 Official site

Computer-aided design software
3D graphics software
Back-end database. A back-end database is a database that is accessed by users indirectly through an external application rather than by application programming stored within the database itself or by low level manipulation of the data (e.g. through SQL commands).

A back-end database stores data but does not include end-user application elements such as stored queries, forms, macros or reports.

The back-end database concept was invented by Microsoft in 1989.

Enterprise database systems 
The term back-end database is not widely used among developers using larger or enterprise database systems. This is because enterprise database systems enforce the use of the client–server model and do not have the option to include the application programming within their databases. All such databases are used as back-end databases and so the term is redundant.

References 
 The Two-Database Approach
 Splitting a Microsoft Access Database

Types of databases
Ballistic Trajectory Extended Range Munition. The Ballistic Trajectory Extended Range Munition (BTERM) was a failed program to develop a precision guided rocket-assisted 127 mm (5-inch) artillery shell for the U.S. Navy. The program was originally named the Autonomous Naval Support Round (ANSR) and was developed by Alliant Techsystems.

The concept was similar to Raytheon's Extended Range Guided Munition with several simplifications and a larger rocket engine. The warhead was based upon that in the AGM-88 HARM anti-radiation missile, and was guided through GPS; however, unlike the ERGM it was intended to fly a strictly ballistic trajectory. Both programs were cancelled in 2008.

Specification
 Caliber: 127 mm (5 in)

 Guidance: GPS/INS
 Propulsion: Solid-propellant rocket engine
 Warhead: Blast-fragmentation

See also

References

External links
 Ballistic Trajectory Extended Range Munition (BTERM) - ATK

Cannon-launched guided projectiles
Artillery of the United States