omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Azam Ali (scientist). Azam Ali is a Bangladeshi scientist known internationally as biomaterials and bioengineering experts for having developed a wound dressing, which earned him the Bayer Innovators Award in 2010.

Education
Ali obtained his bachelor's and master's in chemistry from Jahangirnagar University in 1988 and 1991 respectively. In 2000, he obtained a Ph.D. degree in polymer science and engineering and nanotechnology from the Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Career
Ali joined the Materials Science and Engineering department of Pohang University of Science and Technology as a post-doctoral research fellow in 2000. He joined the Chemistry department of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in October 2000 and worked till July 2003 as a post-doctoral research fellow. There he conducted research on nano photoresist synthesis, photolithography, polymeric/biopolymeric biomaterials development, tissue engineering, materials and biomaterial characterisation. He spent years working in various institutes in Malaysia (Malaysian Palm Oil Board), Japan (JAERI), South Korea (POSTECH). He worked as a senior scientist and biomaterials research leader at AgResearch from July 2003 to April 2013. In 2013, he joined as a senior lecturer at the University of Otago, Dunedin Campus. Currently he works as associate Professor and Director, Bioengineering program and Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedecine (Dunedin Hub)

Scientific publications
Ali has authored over 123 publications in scientific journals. Ali was one of three authors of an article published in 2017 in Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, which was withdrawn after the Editors concluded that the acceptance of this article was based upon the positive advice of at least one illegitimate reviewer report. The report was submitted from an email account which was provided to the journal as a suggested reviewer during the submission of the article. Although purportedly a real reviewer account, the Editors concluded that this was not of an appropriate, independent reviewer. Journal records also indicated that a non-genuine email address was provided for the corresponding co-author and the individual listed as the corresponding co-author did not receive any correspondence from the journal throughout the submission process.

Membership
 American Chemical Society
 Materials Research Society

References

Living people
Bangladeshi scientists
Jahangirnagar University alumni
Bangladeshi expatriates in Malaysia
Year of birth missing (living people)
Rice polisher. A rice polisher is a machine for buffing (or "polishing") kernels of rice to change their appearance, taste, and texture or for transforming brown rice into white rice.

Use 
Rice polishers are used after the rice has gone through the whitening process. They are abrasive machines that use talc or some other very fine dust to buff the outer surface of rice kernels. In Japanese farming communities, there is often a shared rice polishing machine. The first fully automated rice polishing machine is believed to have been patented by the English engineer and inventor Sampson Moore in 1861. In the 20th century, kitchen appliances for consumers were created that allowed individual cooks to polish rice in their homes.

Components 
The polisher contains cones covered with leather strips and perforated screens. The leather strips on the cones rub the grain of rice over the screen repeatedly. The remaining particles on the rice are removed during this process, giving the grain of rice a shinier appearance.

There is a suction fan within the polisher that keeps the rice cool as it travels through the polishing process and lowers the percentage of broken rice. The suction fan also catches any loose talc or dust that is lost throughout the process.

Types 
 Vertical cone polisher: This machine uses a covered cone within a perforated screen to create an abrasive surface for polishing rice.
 Horizontal polisher: This machine uses a cylinder covered in emery that is placed within another cylinder and rotated to polish the rice.

See also
 Rice cooker, a kitchen appliance that automates the cooking of rice, and may maintain rice hot, ready to eat
 Rice huller, a machine that removes the chaff or outer fibrous hull from grains of rice
 Rice preparation, processing of rice

References

Rice production
Cookware and bakeware
Cooking appliances
English inventions
Martin-Baker Mk.7. The Martin-Baker Mk.7 is a British rocket-assisted ejection seat designed and built by Martin-Baker. Introduced in the mid-1960s, the Mk.7 has been installed in combat aircraft worldwide.

History
The Mk.7 seat was developed from the earlier Mk.5 design by the addition of a rocket pack to enable zero-zero capability. A large upgrade program to retrofit Mk.7 seats to all Lockheed F-104 Starfighter aircraft in German Air Force service was initiated by Johannes Steinhoff in late 1967, this measure improved the type's safety record and several other European nations operating the Starfighter followed Germany's lead.

Operation sequence
Operating either the seat pan or face blind firing handles initiates aircraft canopy jettison, as the canopy clears an interlock is removed which allows the main gun located at the rear of the seat to fire, the main gun is a telescopic tube with two explosive charges that fire in sequence. As the seat moves up its guide rails an emergency oxygen supply is activated and personal equipment tubing and communication leads are automatically disconnected, leg restraints also operate.

As the seat moves further up and out of the aircraft the rocket pack is fired by a lanyard attached to the cockpit floor. A steel rod, known as the drogue gun, is fired and extracts two small parachutes to stabilise the seat's descent path. A barostatic mechanism prevents the main parachute from opening above an altitude of 10,000 ft (3,000 m) A time delay mechanism operates the main parachute below this altitude in conjunction with another device to prevent the parachute opening at high speed. The seat then separates from the occupant for a normal parachute descent, a manual separation handle is provided should the automatic system fail.

Applications
The Mk.7 ejection seat has been installed in the following aircraft types, either as original equipment or by modification:
List from Martin-Baker.
EWR VJ 101 
Grumman A-6 Intruder
Grumman F-9 Cougar
Grumman F-14 Tomcat
Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
Northrop F-5
Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler
Vought F-8 Crusader

Seats on display
A Martin-Baker Mk.7A is on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum London with another Mk.7A at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford.

Specifications (Mk.7)
Maximum operating height: 50,000 ft (15,240 m)
Minimum operating height: Ground level
Minimum operating speed: Zero
Maximum operating speed: 600 knots indicated airspeed

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

 Kropf, Klaus. German Starfighters. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 2002. .

Martin-Baker ejection seats
Mohamed Hilal. Mohamed Ahmed Hilal (; July 28, 1937 – March 23, 2014) was an Egyptian engineer, an expert in the manufacture of the mechanical engines of vehicles, tractors and heavy equipment. He was the main expert in the expansion project on the waters of the High Dam in the 1960s.

Birth and education 
Hilal was born on July 28, 1937, in Tanta. When he turned 8 years old, he had a tendency towards the components of vehicles. Hilal graduated from Tanta Mechanical Secondary School in 1956.

Positions 
Member of the Federation of Egyptian Industries in Egypt.
Member of the Chamber of Engineering Industries in Egypt.
Member of the Industries Development and modernization in Egypt.
Former member of the Union Group of 'Chemico' factories in Germany.
Accredited member of the Research Laboratory of Interigence.

References 

1937 births
2014 deaths
Egyptian civil engineers
People from Tanta
Photoelectrowetting. Photoelectrowetting is a modification of the wetting properties of a surface (typically a hydrophobic surface) using incident light.

Working principle
Whereas ordinary electrowetting is observed in surfaces consisting of a liquid/insulator/conductor stack, photoelectrowetting can be observed by replacing the conductor with a semiconductor to form a liquid/insulator/semiconductor stack. This has electrical and optical properties similar to the metal/insulator/semiconductor stack used in metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) and charge-coupled devices (CCDs). Replacing the conductor with a semiconductor results in asymmetrical electrowetting behavior (in terms of voltage polarity), depending on the semiconductor doping type and density.

Incident light above the semiconductor's band gap creates photo-induced carriers via electron-hole pair generation in the depletion region of the underlying semiconductor. This leads to a modification of the capacitance of the insulator/semiconductor stack, resulting in a modification of the contact angle of a liquid droplet resting on the surface of the stack in a continuous way which can also be non-reversible. The photoelectrowetting effect can be interpreted by a modification of the Young-Lippmann equation.

The figure illustrates the principle of the photoelectrowetting effect. At zero bias (0V) the conducting droplet has a large contact angle (left image) if the insulator is hydrophobic. As the bias is increased (positive for a p-type semiconductor, negative for an n-type semiconductor) the droplet spreads out – i.e. the contact angle decreases (middle image). In the presence of light (having an energy superior to the band gap of the semiconductor) the droplet spreads out more due to the reduction of the thickness of the space charge region at the insulator/semiconductor interface (right image).

Optical actuation of MEMS
Photoactuation of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been demonstrated using photoelectrowetting.,  A microcantilever is placed on top of the liquid-insulator-photoconductor junction.  As light is shined on the junction, the capillary force from the droplet on the cantilever, due to the contact angle change, deflects the cantilever.  This wireless actuation can be used as a substitute for complex circuit-based systems currently used for optical addressing and control of autonomous wireless sensors

Droplet transport
Photoelectrowetting can be used to circulate aqueous solution-based sessile droplets on a silicon wafer covered with silicon dioxide and Teflon – the latter providing a hydrophobic surface. Droplet transport is achieved by focusing a laser at the leading edge of the droplet. Droplet speeds of more than 10 mm/s can be achieved without the necessity of underlying patterned electrodes.

See also 
 Optoelectrowetting
 Microoptoelectromechanical systems

References

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External links
 Institut d’Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - University of Lille
 The Deegan Group - University of Michigan

Fluid mechanics
Microfluidics
Alan Davison. Alan Davison  FRS (24 March 1936 — 14 November 2015) was a British inorganic chemist known for his work on transition metals, and a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Education
He earned a B.Sc. from Swansea University in 1959, and Ph.D. from Imperial College London in 1962,  supervised by Nobel Laureate Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson.

Career and research
Davison discovered the radioactive heart imaging agent Cardiolite, Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi.

Awards and honours
He was recipient of the following:
 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow (1967)
 Paul C. Aebersold Award for Outstanding Achievement in Basic Science Applied to Nuclear Medicine (1993)
 Ernest H. Swift Lectureship at the California Institute of Technology (1999)
 Fellow of the Royal Society of London (2000)
 American Chemical Society Award for Creative Invention (2006)
 Gabbay Award (2006)
 Carothers Award for outstanding contributions and advances in industrial applications of Chemistry (2006)
 George Charles de Hevesy Nuclear Pioneer Award (2009)

Personal life
Davison died after a long illness on 14 November 2015 at the age of 79.

In popular culture

In an episode of Friday Night Dinner, after mishearing his wife, Jackie, Martin Goodman asks if Alan Davison would know what he was holding.

References

1936 births
2015 deaths
British chemists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Alumni of Swansea University
Alumni of Imperial College London
David Delpy. David Thomas Delpy,  (born 11 August 1948), is a British bioengineer, and Hamamatsu Professor of Medical Photonics, at University College London.

Education
Delpy was educated at Heaton Grammar School in Newcastle. He went on to study at Brunel University, graduating with a first class Bachelor of Science degree in Applied Physics. He was awarded a Doctor of Science degree by University College London in Medical physics.

Career and research
Delpy served as Chief Executive of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.

As of 2014, he is chairman of the Defence Scientific Advisory Council and a member of the strategic advisory board of the EPSRC's quantum technologies programme.

Awards and honours
Delpy was appointed CBE in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to engineering and scientific research. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1999. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2002.

In 2008 he was awarded the Institute of Physics Rosalind Franklin Medal and Prize.

References

External links
"Exclusive Interview: EPSRC's new chief executive, David Delpy", Chemistry World, 11 October 2007
"EPSRC: mutual benefits undermined by war of all against all for funding", Paul Jump, Times Higher Education, 3 March 2011
http://www.octnews.org/topic/profile/david-t-delpy/ 
https://web.archive.org/web/20120523083232/http://www.ukcds.org.uk/person-Professor_David_Delpy-15.html
http://www.iop.org/news/11/sept/file_52217.pdf

Fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of University College London
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
British bioengineers
1948 births
People educated at Heaton Grammar School
Place of birth missing (living people)
Engineers from Tyne and Wear
Rotec Panther. The Rotec Panther is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed and produced by Rotec Engineering, introduced in 1984. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft was originally designed as a homebuilt aircraft, but was later lightened and adapted to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . In its ultralight version the aircraft has a standard empty weight of  when equipped with a lightweight engine and an abbreviated cockpit fairing. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a single-seat, enclosed cockpit, conventional landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing, with the flying surfaces covered in Dacron sailcloth. The cockpit fairing is made from fiberglass. Its  span wing is supported by "V" lift struts and jury struts and features elliptical winglets. The controls are conventional and feature full-span ailerons. The landing gear has bungee suspension and optional main wheel fairings.

Variants
Homebuilt version
Panther with full cockpit fairing and an empty weight that exceeds the maximum for the US ultralight category.
Ultralight version
Panther with small cockpit pod and low sides to save weight. When equipped with the Rotax 277 single cylinder, two-stroke engine of  can qualify for the US ultralight category.
Two seat version
Panther with a second seat in tandem.

Specifications (Panther ultralight)

See also

References

External links
Photo of a Panther

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Rotec Engineering aircraft
The Lodge (audio mastering). The Lodge is an audio mastering facility located in Manhattan, New York City. It was founded by Emily Lazar in 1997. Over the years The Lodge has mastered recordings for many well known musicians, including David Bowie, The Subways, Foo Fighters,  Lou Reed, Paul McCartney, Sinéad O'Connor, Natalie Merchant,  Marianne Faithfull, and Madonna. The engineers have also mastered sound tracks for movies such as American Psycho and Thievery Corporation.

References 

Audio engineering
Recording studios in Manhattan
1997 establishments in New York City
Recording studios owned by women
Exploration Gateway Platform. The Exploration Gateway Platform was a design concept proposed by Boeing in December 2011 to drastically reduce the cost of Moon, near Earth asteroids (NEAs), or Mars missions by using components already designed to construct a refueling depot and servicing station located at one of the Earth–Moon Lagrange points, L1 or L2. The system claims its cost savings based on an ability to be reused for multiple missions such as a launch platform for deep space exploration, robotic relay station for moon rovers, telescope servicing and a deep space practice platform located outside the Earth's protective radiation belts.

The platform would be constructed at the International Space Station (ISS) for testing before being relocated to EM-L1 or EM-L2 via electric or chemical propulsion rockets.

Construction
The Platform would consist of parts left over from the ISS program. Parts under consideration were Node 4 to form the main connection point, parts from the Space Shuttle's Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) and Orbiter External Airlock would be combined to form a utility module for maneuvering, orientation and Extra-vehicular activity (EVA), a smaller version of the Canadian Arm to help with logistic and station-keeping, TransHab and/or possible inclusion of a 'Zvezda 2' or a Bigelow Inflatable station for life support systems, crew accommodations, storage, and laboratory space. Most components would be lifted into orbit using currently available EELV or commercial launchers.

A reusable lander would be positioned at the platform for Moon landings and refueled using NASA's new SLS heavy lift vehicle.

See also 
 Lunar Gateway
 Deep Space Habitat
 Lunar Orbital Station
 Nautilus-X
 Skylab II
 Space station

References 

Proposed space stations
Ritz Model A. The Ritz Model A is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed by Gerry Ritz in 1984 and supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction.

The aircraft is noted because the designer died while test flying the aircraft, due to a design flaw.

Design and development
The Model A was designed as a very low-cost aircraft to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a strut-braced parasol-wing, a single-seat, open cockpit, conventional landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made predominately from wood, with some steel and aluminum also used. The fuselage is formed as a wooden geodetic lattice structure. Its  span wing is supported by a single lift strut per side, with jury struts and cabane struts. The aircraft is covered in doped aircraft fabric. The pilot is accommodated in the open cockpit, with an optional windshield. The powerplant, specified as a  single cylinder, two stroke, carburetted Zenoah G-25 aircraft engine, is mounted behind the pilot and behind the wing, above the fuselage. The main landing gear legs are built from wood laminations. The wings and tailplane can be removed in 20 minutes by two people to permit ground transportation by trailer or for storage.

The controls are conventional, but limited in pitch and roll authority, bringing a recommendation by reviewer Andre Cliche not to fly the Model A in windy or turbulent conditions.

The designer was flight testing the prototype Model A when it suffered wing aeroelastic flutter. Ritz was killed in the subsequent crash. The flutter was traced to the aileron hinge design, which was later modified to address the issue.

Specifications (Model A)

References

External links

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Endothion. Endothion is an organic compound used as an insecticide and acaricides. It is part of the chemical class of organophosphorus compounds.  It is generally described as white crystals with a slight odor. It is used as an insecticide, but not sold in the United States or Canada.

Synonyms
 *2-(S-DIMETHYLPHOSPHOROTHIO- METHYL)-5-METHOXY-4-PYRONE
 5-METHOXY-2-(DIMETHOXYPHOSPHINYLTHIOMETHYL) PYRONE-4
 AC-18737
 ENDOCID
 ENDOCIDE
 ENT 24653
 EXOTHION
 FMC 5767
 NIA 5767
 NIAGARA 5767
 O,O-DIMETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE, S-ESTER WITH 2-(MERCAPTOMETHYL)-5-METHOXY-4H-PYRAN-4-ONE
 O,O-DIMETHYL S-(5-METHOXY- 4-OXO-4H-PYRAN-2-YL) PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
 O,O-DIMETHYL S-(5-METHOXYPYRONYL- 2-METHYL) THIOPHOSPHATE
 PHOSPHATE 100
 PHOSPHOPYRON
 PHOSPHOPYRONE
 PHOSPHOROTHIOIC ACID, O,O-DIMETHYL ESTER, S-ESTER WITH 2-(MERCAPTOMETHYL)-5-METHOXY-4H-PYRAN-4-ONE
 PHOSPHOROTHIOIC ACID, S-((5-METHOXY-4-OXO-4H-PYRAN-2-YL)METHYL) O,O-DIMETHYL ESTER
 S-(5-METHOXY-4-PYRON-2-YLMETHYL) DIMETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
 S-5-METHOXY-4-OXOPYRAN-2-YLMETHYL DIMETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
 S-5-METHOXY-4-PYRON-2-YLMETHYL O,O-DIMETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
 S-[(5-METHOXY-4-OXO-4H-PYRAN-2-YL)METHYL] O,O-DIMETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE

Safety
Endothion can enter the body via inhalation, ingestion, and contact with the skin and eyes. Symptoms of endothion poisoning include dyspnea, rales, diarrhea, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, tachypnea, and opsoclonus, Noncardiacogenic Pulmonary Edema, Salivation.

References

External links

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Organophosphate insecticides
Nitriles
4-Pyrones
OSKBES MAI-208. The OSKBES MAI-208 is a single-engine, two-seat autogyro, designed and built in Russia, which utilises the fuselage of the MAI-223 ultralight.  It had been completed but not flown by spring 2010.

Design and development

Work on the MAI208 began in 2006.  It first appeared in public at HeliRussia 2009 and was also seen at MAKS-09 and HeliRussia in May 2010, though it was still unflown. It retains many of the features of the fixed wing MAI-223, having a three-blade tractor propeller driven by a Rotax 912 flat-four piston engine. The two aircraft share most of the fuselage, including its cabin, side by side seating and large, glazed side doors as well as the conventional undercarriage with its fuselage-mounted, rear leaning legs.  The autogyro's two-blade rotor is mounted on a mast largely within a wide chord fairing, though with a significant part exposed below the rotor head. The other differences are in the empennage; the MAI-208 has a straight edged, slightly tapered tailplane and elevators with a cutout for rudder movement but the swept vertical surface of the MAI-223 was replaced by a small triangular fin carrying an almost semicircular rudder. By HeliRussia 2010 this had been reworked, with a wider chord, round topped rudder and a long fin/fillet with an almost horizontal upper edge.

The first flight was originally scheduled for 2009, then revised to 2010, though it remained unannounced at HeliRussia 2010.

Specifications

References

2010s Russian civil aircraft
Single-engined tractor autogyros
Abrams' law. Abrams' law (also called Abrams' water-cement ratio law) is a concept in civil engineering. The law states the strength of a concrete mix is inversely related to the mass ratio of water to cement. As the water content increases, the strength of concrete decreases.

Abrams’ law is a special case of a general rule formulated empirically by Feret:

where

S is the strength of concrete
A and B are constants and A=96 N/mm2, B=7 (this is valid for the strength of concrete at the age of 28 days) 
w/c is the water–cement ratio, which varies from 0.3 to 1.20

References 

Civil engineering