omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nanofoundry. A nanofoundry is considered to be a foundry that performs on a scale similar to nanotechnology. This concept makes it similar to the role that the nanofactory would play because it is considered to be a factory that operates on that same scale model. The closest thing that nature has to a nanofoundry is the simple biological cell.

Summary

General information
In silico biology attempts to duplicate nature by creating a virtual cell with the complete cycle of metabolism. The idea of creating an artificial cell along with working nanofoundries is highlighted in the phenomena of bioconvergence; which may advance us from the Information Age to the "Nanotechnology Age." Nanofoundries and artificial cells are creating a world where health care, the very definition of "medicine", along with life itself is entering a state of transition. This phenomenon is directly in parallel with changes in the procedures used in agriculture, managing our bioresources, ultimately leading up to the de facto equivalent of bio-engineering entire ecosystems from scratch.

 the latest area of research involved using both micro- and nano-focused ion beams is found using nanomachining. Preliminary studies have indicated that tissues can be successfully grown on three-dimensional structures while using ion beams on a substrate.

On a larger scale, materials that appear to be smooth still have an abrasive appearance to them. Using the nanoscale, however, atoms rub off one a time. This creates new challenges for researchers who build their devices that are only 10 atoms wide.

Current progress
One of the first nanofoundries has been set up at the University of Madras in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Knowledge about nanotechnology would be converted into useful consumer goods through the usage of nanofoundries. Scientists do not want nanotechnology to be confined to publishing research papers in journals when it could be useful for creating nanotechnology-enhanced consumer products that would be beneficial in our 21st century society. By converting the nanotechnology curriculum of the major universities into a more industry-oriented format, it makes the technology more practical for employers as well as consumers.

The ability to grow more complex structures with a high ratio allows for drug release devices, biosensors, nanoreactors, and other countless discoveries. During the following decades to come, researchers will scramble to construct the world's first nuclear nanobeam complex. This facility would offer state-of-the-art facilities to a wide range of disciplines; including the conventional sciences.

Commercial manufacturing could easily be scaled up thanks to nanofoundries. Nanofactories will most likely use metal nanoparticles instead of glass, plastic or rare earth minerals that are currently used to make most of our products.

References

Manufacturing plants
Nanotechnology
Michael Lamach. Michael W. Lamach is the former chairman and CEO of Trane Technologies.

Early life and career
Lamach received a Bachelor in Engineering from Michigan State University and a Master in Business Administration from Duke University's Fuqua School of Business.

He grew up in Clinton Township, Michigan. He also has 2 sisters, one younger and one older. 
He is married and has 3 children.

Lamach joined Ingersoll Rand in 2004, became CEO and Chairman in 2010.

He received the Michigan State University's 2019 Alumni Grand Award.

References

Fuqua School of Business alumni
Living people
Michigan State University alumni
PPG Industries people
Ingersoll Rand people
Year of birth missing (living people)
GeneSat-1. GeneSat-1 is a NASA fully automated, CubeSat spaceflight system that provides life support for bacteria E. Coli K-12. The system was launched into orbit on 16 December 2006, from Wallops Flight Facility. GeneSat-1 began to transmit data on its first pass over the mission's California ground station.

The nanosatellite contains onboard micro-laboratory systems such as sensors and optical systems that can detect proteins that are the products of specific genetic activity. Knowledge gained from GeneSat-1 is intended to aid scientific understanding of how spaceflight affects the human body.

Weighing 4.6 kilograms, the miniature laboratory was a secondary payload on an Air Force four-stage Minotaur 1 launch vehicle that delivered the Air Force TacSat-2 satellite to orbit. In the development of the GeneSat satellite class (at a fraction of what it normally costs to conduct a mission in space), Ames Research Center (Small Spacecraft Office) collaborated with organisations in industry and also universities local to the center. It is NASA's first fully automated, self-contained biological spaceflight experiment on a satellite of its size.

References

External links 
 A list from the NASA database retrieved 08:55(UTC) 24 October 2011
 GeneSat-1 mission dashboard Santa Clara University Robotics Systems Laboratory  retrieved 08:19 24.10.2011

Biosatellites
Spacecraft launched in 2006
CubeSats
Spacecraft which reentered in 2010
NASA satellites
Payne I.C.1. The Payne I.C.1 was a primary glider built by members of a University gliding club in 1930.  It was finished and prepared for flight but was damaged by wind and repairs were never completed.

Design and development
When the Imperial College Gliding Club was formed in February 1930, it had no gliders and therefore decided to build its own. This was designed by J. H. Payne and built by students, with materials donated by the Rector, Sir Henry Tizard.  Parts were made in the Chemistry and Glass workshop of the college and the glider was assembled in Payne's garden.  Named The Incredible, the I.C.1 was completed during the Club's summer camp at Gore Farm, near Shaftesbury, in September 1930.

The I.C.1 had a straight, constant chord, thick section wing built around two spruce box spars with plywood webs.  The I-section ribs were also made from spruce and ply, the leading edge from ply and the trailing edge form dural.  It had outboard ailerons but neither flaps nor airbrakes.  The fuselage was an open frame structure with two horizontal, parallel booms that ran rearwards from the wing spars to the tail, where two cross braces carried the tailplane. A pair of N-form struts converged below the wing onto a third boom, horizontal below the wing then angled upwards to the tail, joining the rear cross brace via a short vertical member and two angled ones.  The three long booms formed a triangular section girder that did not require further wire bracing.

The pilot's seat and control column were mounted, unenclosed, on the lower beam ahead on the wing; below him a shallow, curved member served as a keel for landing.  The lower beam also provided an attachment point for lift wires, one on each side, to the forward wing spar.  Above the wing two further pairs of wires ran from a central, three strut cabane to both spars.  The tail surfaces were straight edged and the fin small, its leading edge formed by a sloping member that joined the forward transverse member at the front of the tailplane to the lower fuselage beam.  The rudder extended to the lower fuselage.

Operational history
During preparation for its first flight, the Incredible was overturned by a gust of wind and damaged.  It was stored at Gore Farm and repair work was begun in the 1931 Easter vacation but never completed and the SC.1 never flew.  In December 1930 the club had bought a R.F.D. Primary (Dagling), a steel framed version of the German Zogling, which they designated I.C.II and were soon flying regularly.

Specifications

Notes

References

External links
Image of The Incredible

1930s British sailplanes
Unflown aircraft
Empire Express. Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad is a book written by David Haward Bain, published in 2000. It follows the initial conception of the idea of a transcontinental railroad, during the two decades before the Civil War, to the work of the engineers and entrepreneurs who fixed the route, assembled financing, drafted a work force and launched the two lines toward the eventual meeting point at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869. The story alternates between the Union Pacific driving west from Omaha and the Central Pacific blasting through the mountains from California.

Bain examines the impact of the railroad on the Plains Indians, whose traditional way of life was eradicated by the line. He also deals with the imported Chinese workers, the "Celestials", who became known for their tenacity and work ethic.

References

External links
Booknotes interview with David Haward Bain on Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad, March 5, 2000.

Union Pacific Railroad
History of the American West
2000 non-fiction books
Badger (automobile company). The Badger Motor car company of Columbus, Wisconsin, United States, was an automobile company founded in 1910.

The company produced 237 cars in two years before it went bankrupt in 1911.

History

Origins 
In March 1909, E. W. Arbogast, who was the son-in-law of a wealthy grain merchant from Watertown, Wisconsin, was failing to persuade anyone there that he could build a high-power, high-priced car that he could sell in the medium price range. So he went to Columbus, where he said he could build an example, test it, then sell it, but only if the town's local investors provided him money to manufacture it in Columbus.  In May 1909, he was successful in attracting enough capital to start.  The company was then created with A.M. Bellack (a local clothier) as president, Charles E. Fowler (a local grocer) as vice-president, and J.R. Wheeler (a local banker) as treasurer. The factory was completed in November 1909. 
Herman Wertheimer was the partner, who also was the Mayor of Watertown, Wisconsin, at the time period.

Production 
By February 1910, storage space was important for cars completed but not yet delivered, so the Columbus Canning Company's third floor was used. Trade press was flattering. One of the sales pitches, "a Hill Climber with Power to burn," was shown when finished cars were driven to the third floor of the Columbus Canning Company for storage. The cars had 4-cylinder engines.  However, luck ran out when dealers' nationwide network was not realized.  Dealers already up and running did not always have good things to say, such as one Los Angeles agency who said, "Motors too small and torsion rod weakness not improved." In April 1911, investors decided to hedge their bets by going into real estate. In late 1911, the company went into liquidation. and all the land was sold to cover debts. It seems that the initial investors were made whole by the land sale.

Models

References 

Defunct companies based in Wisconsin
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Columbia County, Wisconsin
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1910
American companies established in 1910
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Wisconsin
Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology. The Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology is a centre for interdisciplinary research in mesoscience and nanotechnology headed by Andre Geim at the University of Manchester. The purpose of the centre is to allow researchers to construct devices from a few micrometres down to 10 nanometres in size. It was opened by Lord Sainsbury on 7 April 2003.

The centre is based in the Department of Computer Science, and houses a suite of Class 100 to Class 1000 cleanrooms. These facilities played an important role in the discovery of Graphene by scientists in Manchester and subsequent Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010. The facility also hosts The North West Nanoscience Doctoral Training Centre (NOWNano DTC) funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council in collaboration with Lancaster University.

See also

References

External links
 Manchester Centre for Mesoscience & Nanotechnology website

Education in Manchester
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
2003 establishments in England
Organisations based in Manchester
Research institutes in Manchester
Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester
FS-A1WSX. The Panasonic FS-A1WSX released in 1989 was the last MSX2+ made by Panasonic. It was the successor of FS-A1WX and incorporated few changes like S-Video output, no tape support, color printer support and an improved A1 Internal Cockpit software with a Kanji color word processor.

Contrary to other MSX2+ systems the Panasonic FS-A1 used a Z-80 compatible MSX-Engine (T9769x) which could be switched via software to 6 MHz. This model supported up to 256 KB of RAM after doing a little soldering. 512 KB was also possible with a more complicated modification.

Technical specifications
Processor
 Z-80 compatible MSX-Engine (T9769x) with clock speeds of 3.58 and 5.37 MHz
Memory
ROM: 1552 KB
MSX BASIC v3.0: 80 KB
MSX Disk BASIC v1.0: 16 KB
Music BASIC (FM BIOS): 16 KB
JIS 1st & 2nd class Kanji Support: 256KB
MSX-JE: 512KB
MSX-JE/WP (MSX Word Processor): 656 KB
RAM: 64 KB
VRAM: 128 KB
SRAM: 16 KB
Display
VDP
Yamaha YM9958
Text: 80×24, 40×24 and 32×24 (characters per line × lines)
Graphical: resolution max 512×212 pixels (16 colours out of 512) and 256×212 (19,268 colours)
Colours: 19,268 max
Sprites: 32 max
Sound
PSG
Yamaha AY-3-8910 (embedded in MSX Engine)
MSX Music
Yamaha OPLL YM-2413
Storage Memory
 720 KB 3 1/2" DD/DS floppy disks

References

External links
 old-computers.com 

Panasonic computers
MSX2+ microcomputer
Intelligent Robotics Group. Intelligent Robotics Group (IRG) is a division of the Ames Research Center at Moffett Federal Airfield in California's Silicon Valley.

Description
The 2009 Director of the Intelligent Robotics Group Terry Fong stated in an interview that:

See also
 Artificial intelligence
 Computer programming

References

External links
   gigapan of the IRG By:Rich Gibson (Rich) on October 29, 2008 (system developed by Carnegie Mellon University)  interactive internal view of  laboratory at IRG  retrieved 19:47(GMT) (in situ)24.10.2011
 Pool Vacuum Robot - Cordless Robotic Pool Cleaner
 Kristen Stubbs and Illah Nourbakhsh   "An Analysis of the Intelligent Robotics Group's Experience with the Mars Exploration Rover Mission,"    BibTeX Reference : @techreport { CMU-RI-TR-04-45  Stubbs_2004_4777 (September "2004")   Abstract:  IRG at Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh, PA) aiding mission  processes for Mars exploration

Robotics organizations
History of artificial intelligence
Ames Research Center
Azerbaijan Thermal Power Plant. Azerbaijan Thermal Power Plant is an oil-fired power plant consisting of 8 units, each with 300 MW generation capacity, at Mingachevir, in central Azerbaijan. The units were inaugurated step by step from 1981 and 1990 and were built by Taganrog (boiler), LMZ Russia (turbine) and Electrosila (generator). Qarabag Canal is the source of cooling water.

The chimneys of the plant are 320 metres tall.

See also
 List of power stations in Azerbaijan

References 

Oil-fired power stations in Azerbaijan
1981 establishments in Azerbaijan
Space Internetworking Center. Space Internetworking Center (SPICE) () in Xanthi, Greece, was founded in September 2010, having acquired funding from FP-7 Research Potential programme (FP7-REGPOT-2010-1, Grant Agreement No 264226). The center currently is directed by Prof. Vassilis Tsaoussidis and employs 27 staff members. It is hosted by the Democritus University of Thrace. The center has built an alliance with major institutions such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NASA, Aalto University, the European Space Agency, and the University of Cambridge.

Among the areas of interest of the organisation are space internetworking, delay-tolerant networking, energy-efficient communications, the integration of things onto the new Internet, and the routing, transporting and application of network protocols.

Research agenda 
The main research goals of SPICE are:
 The design of space protocols that can dynamically adapt to topology changes and communications anomalies, achieving high-rate of data transmission, even in deep-space missions.
 The interoperability between different communication protocols, e.g. protocols used by ESA and NASA.
 The dynamic and optimized dissemination of space data to interested institutes and organizations.
 The utilization of space communications for terrestrial applications, e.g. emergency situations.
 The unification of space and terrestrial internetworking communications.
 The deployment of delay tolerant networking for the benefit of terrestrial applications. Examples are energy-saving architectures, social networking, etc.

External links 
 SPICE Home Page
 SPICE at European Commission - CORDIS
 SPICE at BioInfoBank Library
 SPICE at National Documentation Centre of Greece (in Greek)
 SPICE at Democritus University of Thrace (in Greek)
 SPICE UPDATE newsletter at NASA's DTN News Publications

Research institutes in Greece
Xanthi
Theano (software). Theano is a Python library and optimizing compiler for manipulating and evaluating mathematical expressions, especially matrix-valued ones.
In Theano, computations are expressed using a NumPy-esque syntax and compiled to run efficiently on either CPU or GPU architectures.

History 
Theano is an open source project primarily developed by the Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA) at the Université de Montréal.

The name of the software references the ancient philosopher Theano, long associated with the development of the golden mean.

On 28 September 2017, Pascal Lamblin posted a message from Yoshua Bengio, Head of MILA:  major development would cease after the 1.0 release due to competing offerings by strong industrial players. Theano 1.0.0 was then released on 15 November 2017.

On 17 May 2018, Chris Fonnesbeck wrote on behalf of the PyMC development team that the PyMC developers will officially assume control of Theano maintenance once the MILA development team steps down. On 29 January 2021, they started using the name Aesara for their fork of Theano.

On 29 Nov 2022, the PyMC development team announced that the PyMC developers will fork the Aesara project under the name PyTensor.

Sample code
The following code is the original Theano's example. It defines a computational graph with 2 scalars  and  of type double and an operation between them (addition) and then creates a Python function f that does the actual computation.

import theano
from theano import tensor

# Declare two symbolic floating-point scalars
a = tensor.dscalar()
b = tensor.dscalar()

# Create a simple expression
c = a + b

# Convert the expression into a callable object that takes (a, b)
# values as input and computes a value for c
f = theano.function([a, b], c)

# Bind 1.5 to 'a', 2.5 to 'b', and evaluate 'c'
assert 4.0 == f(1.5, 2.5)

See also
 Comparison of deep learning software
 Differentiable programming

References

External links
  (GitHub)
 Theano at Deep Learning, Université de Montréal

Array programming languages
Deep learning software
Free science software
Numerical programming languages
Python (programming language) scientific libraries
Software using the BSD license
Articles with example Python (programming language) code
2007 software
Buddy Ratner. Buddy Ratner (born January 19, 1947, in New York City) is an American professor of chemical engineering and bioengineering. He is the director of the Research Center for Biomaterials at the University of Washington (University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials, UWEB).  He is also the faculty member for the Program for Technology Commercialization at the University of Washington.

Life 

Ratner was born in 1947 in New York and in 1967 earned a BS degree in chemistry from Brooklyn College. Five years later, he earned his PhD from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn with a thesis in the field of polymer chemistry. He then worked as a postgraduate student at the department of chemical engineering of the University of Washington before becoming a research assistant professor in 1975. He became a research associate professor four years later and an associate professor in 1984. From 1985 to 1996 he was director of the National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems (NESAC / BIO), a research and service facility for surface analysis at the University of Washington . Since 1996 he has led the National Science Foundation-funded Research Center for Biomaterials at the University of Washington (University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials, or UWEB).

His research interests   include the synthesis, modification and characterization of material surfaces for medical applications, Tissue Engineering and its application in the field of regenerative medicine, the synthesis and characterization of polymeric biomaterial ien and processes of the healing and inflammation associated with implants. He is co-author of over 300 scientific publications and co-editor of the 2004 second edition of the standard work "Biomaterials Science. An Introduction to Materials in Medicine". The International Union of Societies for Biomaterials Science and Engineering, the World Federation of Societies for biomaterial science, awarded him the title of 1996 Fellow of Biomaterials Science and Engineering. Ratner was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2002 for contributions to the understanding of the surface interactions of biological molecules and cells with medical implants.

Works (selection) 
Surface Modification of Polymeric Biomaterials.Plenum Press, New York 1997
Scanning Probe Microscopy of Polymers.American Chemical Society, Washington DC 1998
Biomaterials Science. An Introduction to Materials in Medicine.Second Edition. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego 2004

References

Sources 
Ratner, Buddy. American Men & Women of Science. A Biographical Directory of Today's Leaders in Physical, Biological and Related Sciences.18th ed. Bowker, New Providence, 1992, , Volume 6, p. 63

External links 
 UW Chemical Engineering - Buddy Ratner faculty homepage
 Buddy Ratner Biomaterials Group Homepage

Chemical engineering academics
American biochemists
1947 births
Living people
University of Washington faculty
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Brooklyn College alumni
Presidents of Society for Biomaterials
Palandomus. The Palandomus invented in 1919 by architect Mario Palanti, consists of a cement block of 18x18x36cm made with the vibration system, to serve as the cellular element of construction, being designed with a particular shape "hermaphrodite", which allows placement in any sense, without the constraints of location if not horizontal. In fact the thin ledge, ribs protrusion allow to leave the walls without plaster, but at the same time, ensure the maximum bonding of the elements. The Palandomus is sufficient to withstand up to safety limit of 70 meters in elevation, allowing, without special precautions, the installation of jack arch to openings doors and windows and of dry archivolt.

Bibliography
 Mario Palanti, Architettura per tutti, editore E. Bestetti, 1946
 Eleonora Trivellin, Storia della tecnica edilizia in Italia: dall'unità ad oggi, Alinea editore, 2006 
 Ramón Gutiérrez, Architettura e società: l'América Latina nel XX secolo, Jaca Book, 1996 
 Virginia Bonicatto, “Reason, Economy and Technique”. The Palandomus Constructive System and its Ephemeral Application in Housing (December, 2018)

See also

 Mario Palanti

External links
 U. S. Patent for a Palanti block in 1923
 Mario Palanti architectural records, Montevideo, Uruguay, 1919-1946. Archival materials at the Getty Library.
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Building materials
1919 introductions
Masonry