omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lovecraft Biofuels. Lovecraft Biofuels was a Silverlake, California operation that claimed typical diesel engines could run on vegetable oil using what is known as a "single tank" conversion. They can run on either diesel, filtered waste vegetable oil, new vegetable oil, or any combination thereof. Some versions do not heat the vegetable oil which may compromise filtering quality. With the success of converting diesel engines to using biofuels, home-made scam conversion kits of questionable quality were installed in old, inexpensive diesel cars and resold in more favorable alternative fuel markets. 

It was featured on the History Channel's show Modern Marvels: Renewable Energy Sources

References and external links

External links

Official website

Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
EMD GP11. The EMD GP11 is a four-axle diesel locomotive rebuilt by the Illinois Central Railroad's Paducah shops. It is very similar in appearance to the GP8 and GP10.

The Illinois Central Railroad began its GP11 rebuilding program in 1978. All units were rebuilt from recycled EMD GP7, GP9 or GP18 parts. Spotting features are an angled cab, exterior paper air filter, new air intake for the traction motors and four exhaust stacks. Internally they had Dash 2 solid state electrical equipment.

Original buyers
A total of 54 of these remanufactured locomotives were built from April 1978 to 1981. The first prototype unit of this model was numbered 8301.  To avoid confusion the 8700-series was created to separate the GP11s from the GP10s.  It was intended that 8301 would be renumbered 8700 but that never happened. IC units 8701 through 8726 were built in 1979 while units 8727 through 8750 were built in 1980; the remaining three from 8751 to 8753 were built in early 1981.

Core units for the rebuilds came from IC GP9, a lone IC GP18, MBTA GP9, RDG GP7 and UP GP7, GP9 and GP9B.

In Spring 1979, the Clinchfield Railroad sent six GP7s to Paducah to be rebuilt to GP11s. These units were called GP16s by Clinchfield.

Disposition

The majority of Illinois Central's GP11 roster was retired prior to Canadian National's purchase of the railroad, though many of these engines can still be seen in service on other short-line railroads and/or preserved in various locations.

 Illinois Central #8701, the second production GP11 rebuild from the Paducah shops in 1979, is now preserved & sitting on static display outside the passenger station in downtown Carbondale, Illinois.
 Illinois Central #8733, a former GP9 rebuilt in 1980, was donated to the Monticello Railway Museum in Monticello, Illinois, by Canadian National in 2001 where it has since been restored and remains in operational condition.
 Illinois Central #8749, a former EMD GP9 rebuilt in 1980, later went on to other railroads, first SLR 8749, then NREX 8749, SWP 8749, and currently is SWP 2006. Originally built as IC 9314 GP9 in December 1957.
 Illinois Central #8702 and 8712 were both built in Paducah shops, and are still active locomotives for Genesee and Wyoming's Youngstown Belt Railroad which was formally a part of Ohio Central Railroad System.
 Illinois Central #8706 and #8730, built in 1979 and 1980 respectively, are still active locomotives for Tradepoint Rail (Formerly Patapsco and Back Rivers Railroad) in Sparrows Point, Maryland.

See also
 List of GM-EMD locomotives

References

External links
 GP11 Photographs Rail Pictures.net
 GP11 Photographs RR Picture Archives.net

Electro-Motive Diesel locomotives
Illinois Central locomotives
B-B locomotives
EMD GP11
Railway locomotives introduced in 1978
Rebuilt locomotives
EMD GP11
Rebuilt diesel locomotives
Fokker D.X. Fokker D.X (or D.10) was a Dutch fighter aircraft designed after World War I.

The chief designer at Fokker, Reinhold Platz, designed the Fokker D.VIII fighter in 1918. It was a parasol monoplane with cantilever wings, which was an uncommon feature of the time. Its rotary engine could only develop 82 kW (110 hp), but it had good flying qualities. 60 aircraft were manufactured in Germany.

After the war, Anthony Fokker moved his factory to the Netherlands, where production continued. The D.X was an enlarged development of the D.VIII, which saw limited success. Ten aircraft were sold to Spain and one to Finland, where it was in use 1923-24.

Operators
 Spanish Air Force (10)
 Finnish Air Force (1)

Specifications (D.X)

See also

References

1920s Dutch fighter aircraft
D 10
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Parasol-wing aircraft
Friedrichshafen FF.41. The Friedrichshafen FF.41a was a large, German-built, three-seat, twin-engine floatplane reconnaissance aircraft designed by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen in 1917.

The aircraft was mainly used as a reconnaissance aircraft, but also as a bomber and as a mine-laying aircraft. A torpedo-carrying version, the FF.41at, was also developed. It had a modified fuselage and a single vertical fin (in comparison to the basic model's three). Only five FF.41at aircraft were manufactured. According to another information, eight FF.41 were built, and six of them were stationed in the Baltic territories. Aircraft numbered 996, 1000 and 1209 were stationed In Vindava (Ventspils), and aircraft numbered 997, 998 and 999 in Angersee.

Use in Finland

The Finnish Air Force purchased one FF.41at aircraft from the Germans in Estonia on 26 November 1918, at the end of World War I. It was flown to Sortavala where it was repaired. In 1922, the torpedo-carrying fuselage was changed, and the capability to carry torpedoes was removed. This aircraft was in use between 1918–23.

Use in Estonia

The Estonians found an unairworthy Friedrichshafen FF.41a in the Tallinn hangars. The remains of the wrecked German aeroplane were used to produce the first aeroplane of the independent Estonian Air Force. On 13 March 1919, the Naval Squad was established, and the barrack finished in 1921. According to the other information the Estonians were left three aircraft. One of them was purchased by the Finns, and the other two in bad conditions were re-built as a new functioning one, which stayed in Estonian service.

Variants
FF.41a A twin engined floatplane torpedo bomber, developed from the FF.35; one built.
FF.41at Further developed torpedo bomber floatplane; eight built.

Operators
 Estonian Air Force
 Finnish Air Force
 German Imperial Navy

Specifications (FF.41at)

See also

References

Bibliography

 Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982. pp. 61–76. .

FF.41
1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Friedrichshafen FF.49. Friedrichshafen FF.49 was a German, two-seat, single-engine float-plane designed by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen in 1917.

Variants
FF.39Two-seat reconnaissance float-plane, powered by a  Benz Bz.IV water-cooled 6-cylinder piston engine. 14 built.
FF.49bTwo-seat bomber float-plane. 25 built.
FF.49cTwo-seat reconnaissance float-plane.
LFG V 1 Redesigned civil derivative of FF.49c by Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft (LFG) with wider fuselage, modified wing profile and seats for three passengers in raised cabin. Two converted 1919.
LFG V 2 Redesigned civil derivative of FF.49c by LFG with wider fuselage, modified wing profile and seats for five passengers in two cabins. Two converted 1919.
Orlogsværftet HB.IISeven FF.49s re-conditioned at the Orlogsværftet / Flyvetroppernes Værksteder in Denmark.

Operators
 Royal Danish Navy
Danish Air Lines started operations with a FF.49 equipped to carry two passengers on the Copenhagen–Warnemünde on 7 August 1920.
 Finnish Air Force (four FF.49C, one FF.49B; in use 1918–1923)
 Kaiserliche Marine

 Deutsche Luft-Reederei
 Luftdeinst
 Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft operated LFG V1 and V2s on passenger services between Stralsund and Rügen and joyriding at Baltic beach resorts 1919–1920.
 Lloyd Luftverkehr Sablatnig
 Royal Netherlands Navy
 (four FF.49C, by A/S Aero)
 Polish Air Force (postwar)
 Swedish Navy (postwar), (two FF.49C, in use 1919–1924)

Specifications (FF.49c)

See also

References

Bibliography

 
 

FF.49
1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
European AIS Database. The European Aeronautical Information Services Database (EAD) is a centralised reference database of quality-assured aeronautical information, which was developed by EUROCONTROL member states. AIS units as data providers maintain the aeronautical information under their responsibility whereas airspace users, acting as data users, retrieve, consult, and download such information. 

The EAD provides instant access to the most up-to-date digital aeronautical information from the ECAC and ECAC+ areas, from Notices to Airmen (NOTAM), pre-flight information bulletins (PIB), briefing facility services and the AIP library.

The EAD is the world’s largest aeronautical information management (AIM) system.

External links
 EAD on Eurocontrol's website
 AIS/airspace data management on Eurocontrol's website

Aviation in Europe
Air traffic control in Europe
Bibliographic databases and indexes
Aeronautical databases
Databases in Europe
Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen. Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen GmbH was a German aircraft manufacturing company.

Overview
The company was founded in 1912 in Friedrichshafen, Germany by Theodor Kober who had previously worked for the Zeppelin company. The town, which is located by the Bodensee, was already famous in aviation circles as the place where Zeppelin airships were built. During the First World War, Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen mainly built seaplanes for the Marine-Fliegerabteilung units of the Imperial German Navy, and a highly successful series of land-based medium bombers for the Imperial Air Service under the aegis of head designer Karl Gehlen.

After the Armistice, the company took over the old Zeppelin shed at Manzell. They would also start production in Weingarten and Warnemünde. When the company failed in 1923, their production facilities were taken over by Dornier Flugzeugwerke.

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Companies based in Friedrichshafen
Inter-server. In computer network protocol design, inter-server communication is an extension of the client–server model in which data are exchanged directly between servers. In some fields server-to-server (S2S) is used as an alternative, and the term inter-domain can in some cases be used interchangeably.

Protocols 
Protocols that have inter-server functions as well as the regular client–server communications include the following: 
 IPsec, secure network protocol that can be used to secure a host-to-host connection 
 The domain name system (DNS), which uses an inter-server protocol for zone transfers; 
 The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP); 
 FXP, allowing file transfer directly between FTP servers; 
 The Inter-Asterisk eXchange (IAX); 
 InterMUD; 
 The IRC, an Internet chat system with an inter-server protocol allowing clients to be distributed across many servers;
 The Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP);
 The Protocol for SYnchronous Conferencing (PSYC);
 SIP, a signaling protocol commonly used for Voice over IP;
 SILC, a secure Internet conferencing protocol;
 The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP, formerly named Jabber).
 ActivityPub a client/server API for creating, updating and deleting content, as well as a federated server-to-server API for delivering notifications and content.
 SMTP which accepts both MUA->MTA traffic, as well as MTA->MTA, but it is usually recommended that different ports are used for these actions

Some of these protocols employ multicast strategies to efficiently deliver information to multiple servers at once.

See also
Overlay network

IRC
Network protocols

References
Quad (unit). A quad is a unit of energy equal to  (a short-scale quadrillion) BTU, or  (1.055 exajoules or EJ) in SI units.

The unit is used by the U.S. Department of Energy in discussing world and national energy budgets.  The global primary energy production in 2022 was 637.8 quad, i.e., 672.9 EJ.

Conversion

Some common types of an energy carrier approximately equal to 1 quad are:
8,007,000,000 gallons (US) of gasoline
293,071,000,000 kWh
293.07 terawatt-hours (TWh)
33.434 gigawatt-years (GWy)
36,000,000 tonnes of coal
970,434,000,000 cubic feet of natural gas
5,996,000,000 UK gallons of diesel oil
25,200,000 tonnes of oil
252,000,000 tonnes of TNT or five times the energy of the Tsar Bomba nuclear test
12.69 tonnes of uranium-235 (with 83.14 TJ/kg)
6 seconds of sunlight reaching Earth

See also
 Units of energy
 Orders of magnitude (energy)

References

Units of energy
Mark Norris (technology writer). Mark Norris is a British consultant in the field of software engineering and telecommunications,  noted as for his work writing on technology-related subjects.

He gained a doctorate from the University of Glasgow in 1979 and has since worked in Australia, Europe, the Middle East and Japan in the telecommunications industry (working for some years for BT Group) and in academia (holding a position of visiting professor at the University of Ulster).

Norris is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (formerly known as the Institution of Electrical Engineers).

References

Bibliography

Norris, Mark; Rigby, Peter, Software Engineering Explained, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1992. ISBN
Norris, Rigby, Payne, The Healthy Software Project: A Guide to Successful Development and Management, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1993, ISBN
Norris, Mark, Survival in the Software Jungle, Artech House, 1995. ISBN
Norris, Mark; Winton, Neil, Energize the Network: Distributed Computing Explained, Addison-Wesley, 1997. ISBN
Norris, Mark; Frost, Andrew, Exploiting the Internet: Understanding and Exploiting an Investment in the Internet, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1997. ISBN
West, Steve; Norris, Mark, Media Engineering: A Guide to Developing Information Products, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1997, ISBN
Atkins, John; Norris, M, Total Area Networking, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1999. ISBN
Norris, Mark; Pretty, Steve, Designing the Total Area Network: Intranets, VPN's and Enterprise Networks Explained, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1999, ISBN
Bustard, Dave; Kawalek, Peter; Norris, Mark (Editors), Systems Modeling for Business Process Improvement, Artech House, 2000. ISBN
Norris, M, Communications Technology Explained, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 2000. ISBN
Norris, Mark; West, Steve, eBusiness essentials: technology and network requirements for mobile and online markets, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 2001. ISBN
Norris, Mark, Mobile IP Technology for M-Business, Artech House, 2001.ISBN
Norris, Mark, Gigabit Ethernet Technology and Applications,Artech House, 2002. ISBN

British technology writers
Norris, Mark (technology writer)
Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
British Telecom people
Year of birth missing (living people)
3Dconnexion. 3Dconnexion is a German manufacturer of human interface devices for manipulating and navigating computer-generated 3D imagery. These devices are often referred to as 3D motion controllers, 3D navigation devices, 6DOF devices (six degrees of freedom) or a 3D mouse.

Commonly utilized in CAD applications, 3D modeling, animation, 3D visualization and product visualization, users can manipulate the controller's pressure-sensitive handle (historically referred to as either a cap, ball, mouse or knob) to fly through 3D environments or manipulate 3D models within an application. The appeal of these devices over a mouse and keyboard is the ability to pan, zoom and rotate 3D imagery simultaneously, without stopping to change directions using keyboard shortcuts or a software interface. 3Dconnexion devices are compatible with over 300 applications including Autodesk Inventor, Autodesk Fusion 360, AutoCAD, Siemens NX, CATIA, SOLIDWORKS, PTC Creo, Solid Edge, Blender, Rhinoceros, Revit, SketchUp, Unreal Engine, Unity, Cinema4D, 3ds Max, Maya, Google Earth, Second Life, NASA World Wind, Virtual Earth 3D, Geomagic, T-FLEX CAD, Photoshop, and more.

Products

CadMouse Pro Wireless, CadMouse Pro Wireless Left, CadMouse Pro 
CadMouse Compact Wireless, CadMouse Compact
SpaceMouse Enterprise
SpaceMouse Pro Wireless, SpaceMouse Pro
SpaceMouse Wireless, SpaceMouse Compact
Keyboard Pro with Numpad
Discontinued products:
SpaceNavigator, SpaceNavigator for Notebook (Discontinued)
SpaceExplorer (Discontinued)
SpacePilot, SpacePilot Pro (Discontinued)
SpaceTraveler (Discontinued)
SpaceBall (Discontinued)
Magellan/SpaceMouse Classic/Plus/XT serial or USB (Discontinued)

History

3Dconnexion was formed in September 2001 by Logitech, combining LogiCAD3D, based in Europe, and Labtec's 3D peripheral business, based in the United States. The two companies combined  have over 20 years of experience in 3D input devices. LogiCAD3D's product, the Magellan controller, was used in fields such as automotive design and aerospace. A NASA project used a Magellan product to control a robot in space. The SpaceBall also had a history in space, having been used to remotely drive the Sojourner robot on Mars.

References

External links
3Dconnexion.com
Free software driver and SDK for Linux
3Dconnexion section on Spacemice.org

Human–computer interaction
Companies based in San Jose, California
Video game control methods
Logitech
Isophorone. Isophorone is an α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone.  It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic peppermint-like odor, although commercial samples can appear yellowish. Used as a solvent and as a precursor to polymers, it is produced on a large scale industrially.

Structure and reactivity 
Isophorone undergoes reactions characteristic of an α,β-unsaturated ketone.  Hydrogenation gives the cyclohexanone derivative.  Epoxidation with basic hydrogen peroxide affords the oxide.

Isophorone is degraded by attack of hydroxyl radicals.

Photodimerization
When exposed to sunlight in aqueous solutions, isophorone undergoes 2+2 photocycloaddition to give three isomeric photodimers (Figure). These "diketomers" are cis-syn-cis, head to tail (HT), cys-anti-cys (HT), and head-head (HH). The formation of HH photodimers is favored over HT photodimers with increasing polarity of the medium.

Natural occurrence 

Isophorone occurs naturally in cranberries.

Synthesis 
Isophorone is produced on a multi-thousand ton scale by the aldol condensation of acetone using KOH. Diacetone alcohol, mesityl oxide, and 3-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexan-1-one are intermediates.  A side product is beta-isophorone, where the C=C group is not conjugated with the ketone.

Applications
The partly hydrogenated derivative trimethylcyclohexanone is used in production of polycarbonates.  It condenses with phenol to give an analogue of bisphenol A. Polycarbonates produced by phosgenation of these two diols produces a polymer with improved thermal stability. Trimethyladipic acid and 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylenediamine are produced from trimethylcyclohexanone and trimethylcyclohexanol. They are used to make specialty polyamides. Hydrocyanation gives the nitrile followed by reductive amination gives isophorone diamine.  This diamine is used to produce isophorone diisocyanate which has certain niche applications.

 
Full hydrogenation gives 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol, a precursor to both sunscreens and chemical weapons.

Safety
The  value of isophorone in rats and rabbits by oral exposure is around 2.00 g/kg. The safety aspects of isophorone have been subject to several studies.

History
The use of isophorone as a solvent resulted from the search for ways to dispose of or recycle acetone, which is a waste product of phenol synthesis by the Hock method.

See also
Phorone
β-Isophorone

References

Enones
Ketone solvents
Cyclohexenes
François Hussenot. François Hussenot (; 22 March 1912 – 16 May 1951) was a French engineer, credited with the invention of one of the early forms of the flight data recorder.

He attended the École polytechnique from 1930 to 1932. After graduation, he attended two other schools: the Ecole Militaire d'Application de l'Aéronautique in Versailles, where he obtained his pilot license, and the Ecole Supérieure d'Aéronautique (better known as Supaéro), which he graduated in 1935 with a degree in aeronautical engineering.

His career began at the Centre d'Essais de Matériels Aériens (CEMA) of Villacoublay, an aircraft test center, in 1935. In July of that year, he married Yvonne. In 1936, he was sent to Saint-Raphaël, in southern France, to take part in the testing of heavy seaplanes. In 1941, he moved to the Centre d'Essais en Vol de Marignane, where he made his early attempts at constructing a flight data recorder. Unlike modern recorders, Hussenot's early models had the particularity of storing the information not on a magnetic band, but on an eight meter long by 88 mm wide photographic film, scrolling in front of a thin spot of light deviated by a mirror to represent the data. The initials HB stood for Hussenot and Beaudouin, the name of an early associate who helped Hussenot in developing the device during World War II. Those flight recorders were also known as "Hussenographs".

In July 1945, Hussenot was appointed as an engineer at the Brétigny-sur-Orge flight test center (Centre d'Essais en Vol de Brétigny-sur-Orge) as the director of the Methods and Try-Outs service (Service des Méthodes et Essais). In 1946, with Maurice Cambois and Charles Cabaret, he created the Ecole du Personnel Navigant (E.P.N.) school, which later became the EPNER (Ecole du Personnel Navigant d'Essais et de Réception). As of today, the EPNER is one of only six test pilot schools in the world, together with the Empire Test Pilots' School, the United States Air Force Test Pilot School and the United States Naval Test Pilot School, the National Test Pilot School, and the Indian Air Force Test Pilots School.

In 1947 Hussenot founded the SFIM (Société Française des Instruments de Mesure) with his associate Marcel Ramolfo, to market his flight data recorder. The SFIM had a successful story of its own, selling many successful data recording devices, before diversifying. The company is today part of the Safran group.

In 1948, Hussenot became professor at SUPAERO. In the same year, he was appointed Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur, and was awarded the Médaille de l'Aéronautique (Medal of Aeronautics) in recognition for his services.

François Hussenot died in 1951, in a plane crash between Marignane and Mont-de-Marsan.

External links
 http://www.yadubiz.com/suetone/personne/personne_accueil.asp (in French)
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070222151312/http://www.supaero.fr/en/the-school/famous-alumni.html

References and footnotes

French aerospace engineers
École Polytechnique alumni
Supaéro alumni
Corps de l'armement
20th-century French inventors
1912 births
1951 deaths
Recipients of the Aeronautical Medal
Knights of the Legion of Honour