omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ricoh 5A22. The Ricoh 5A22 is an 8/16-bit microprocessor produced by Ricoh  for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) video game console. It is based on the 8/16-bit WDC 65C816, which was developed between 1982 and 1984 for the Apple IIGS personal computer. It has 92 instructions, an 8-bit data bus, a 16-bit accumulator, and a 24-bit address bus. The CPU runs between 1.79 MHz and 3.58 MHz, and uses an extended MOS Technology 6502 instruction set.

Major features
In addition to the 65C816 CPU core, the 5A22 contains support hardware, including:
 Controller port interface circuits, including serial access to controller data
 An 8-bit parallel I/O port, which is mostly unused in the SNES
 Circuitry for generating non-maskable interrupts on V-blank
 Circuitry for generating interrupts on calculated screen positions
 A DMA unit, supporting two primary modes:
 General DMA, for block transfers at a rate of 2.68 MB/s
 H-blank DMA, for transferring small data sets at the end of each scanline outside of the active display period
 Multiplication and division registers
 Two separate address busses driving the 8-bit data bus: a 24-bit "Bus A" for general access, and an 8-bit "Bus B" mainly for APU and PPU registers

Performance
The CPU as a whole employs a variable-speed system bus, with bus access times determined by the memory location accessed. The bus runs at 3.58 MHz for non-access cycles and when accessing Bus B and most internal registers, and either 2.68 or 3.58 MHz when accessing Bus A. It runs at 1.79 MHz only when accessing the controller port serial-access registers. It works at approximately 1.5 MIPS, and has a theoretical peak performance of 1.79 million 16-bit operations per second.

See also
 Super Nintendo Entertainment System technical specifications
Nintendo SA-1, a co-processor for the SNES based on the same 65C816 CPU core

References

Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo chips
65xx microprocessors
Ricoh products
Marun petrochemical company. Marun Petrochemical Company (M.P.C.) (), is an Iranian petrochemical company in Mahshahr, Khuzestan, which was established in January 21, 1999.

History
Marun Petrochemical Company, one of Iran's petrochemical product manufacturing complexes, was established in Khuzestan province on January 21, 1999. The company was founded by collaborating with the National Petrochemical Company, the Oil Company Pension Fund, and the Polymer Pooshineh Industrial Group. Marun Petrochemical was built on a total area of 102.5 hectares, comprising two separate units in two distinct geographical regions. The first unit is located in the Koreyt Camp area of Ahvaz, occupying 9.5 hectares at the 15-kilometer mark of the Ahvaz-Mahshahr road. This unit is responsible for ethane recovery and producing feedstock for the olefin unit. The product is transported through a 95-kilometer pipeline to the Petrochemical Special Economic Zone in Bandar Imam Khomeini. The second unit was established on 93 hectares in Site 2 of the Bandar Imam Khomeini Petrochemical Special Economic Zone. This unit houses the olefin plant along with other production units and auxiliary services. This dual-location structure allows the company to carry out the entire production process, from ethane recovery to final petrochemical products, in an integrated chain. Construction of the olefin unit, known as the "Seventh Olefin Project," began in 2000. The Marun Petrochemical Company commenced operations in 2006, about eight years after its establishment. The official inauguration of the olefin unit was attended by Hassan Rouhani, then President of Iran. The launch of this unit transformed Marun Petrochemical Company into one of the world's major olefin producers. Two years after becoming operational, in 2008, as part of the privatization policies, the National Petrochemical Company transferred the ownership and management of this company to the private sector.

Units and products
The complex consists of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene, polyphenol, olefin, ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol and ultrasonic testing plants. The main plant is Olefin which feeds the others. Each plant has its own license. For example, the license for LDPE plant is from Stamicarbon (Sabic).

Sanctions
In 2022, the United States Treasury Department sanctioned Marun, Kharg, and Fanavaran petrochemical company in order to target the export of Iranian prochemical products.

See also

National Iranian Petrochemical Company
PADJAM Polymer Development Company

Notes

Oil and gas companies of Iran
Iranian companies established in 1999
Companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Khuzestan province
Tantalum telluride. Tantalum telluride (TaTe2) is a chemical compound of tantalum and tellurium. Tantalum also forms a tantalum rich telluride with the approximate formula Ta1.6Te that is unusual in that it forms dodecagonal chalcogenide quasicrystals, a formation that cannot occur in a normal crystal because it does not result in a periodic crystal lattice.

External links
 Chemical properties on WebElements
 Tantalum Telluride Quasicrystals at ETH Microscopy

Tellurides
Tantalum compounds
Great Northern Warehouse. The Great Northern Warehouse is the former railway goods warehouse of the Great Northern Railway in Manchester city centre, England, which was refurbished into a leisure complex in 1999. The building is at the junction of Deansgate and Peter Street. It was granted Grade II* listed building status in 1974.

The warehouse was built to be fireproof with a steel frame on a rectangular plan,  long by  wide and five storeys high, with 27 windows on the east and west sides and 17 windows on the north and south ends. All four sides have friezes lettered in white brick reading "Great Northern Railway Company's Goods Warehouse". It was built above the Manchester and Salford Junction Canal, and a dock was constructed beneath to allow goods to be transferred to and from canal barges via shafts and a complex system of haulage using hydraulic power. 

The building could hold a total of 150 goods wagons across two of its levels, with capacity for a further 500 in its sidings. Its construction effectively wiped out the district of Alport Town, which had included 300 houses, and "Over 800 men were employed on the site. 25 million bricks, 50,000 tons of concrete, 12,000 tons of mild steel and 65 miles of rivets were used in its construction".

According to Historic England, the warehouse is a "unique survival of a three-way railway goods exchange station, serving the railway, canal and road networks of the Manchester region."

As of February 2023, the development includes an Odeon Cinema, casino, restaurants, bars, bowling alley, gym, and a multi-storey car park.

Future redevelopment
In December 2022, Trilogy Real Estate and Hong Kong–based Peterson Group brought forward updated plans for a mixed-use redevelopment of the site, featuring 746 homes across three buildings – including a 34-storey tower and a 27-storey tower. 

Trilogy's plans, designed by SimpsonHaugh Architects, seeks the partial demolition of a 1990s extension to the warehouse, which currently houses an Odeon cinema, an NCP car park, and a gym. 

The upper floors of the Great Northern Warehouse will be refurbished into offices. Trilogy has also been working with landscape architect Planit-IE on plans to revamp the square that fronts the warehouse.

See also

Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester
Listed buildings in Manchester-M3

References

Grade II* listed buildings in Manchester
Warehouses in England
Tourist attractions in Manchester
Commercial buildings in Manchester
Grade II* listed commercial buildings
Commercial buildings completed in 1899
1899 establishments in England
Aircraft design. Aircraft design may refer to:

An aircraft design as defined by type definition documentation:
Type certificate, for certified aircraft 
Airworthiness certificate, a legal document
Standard Airworthiness Certificate, for certified aircraft
Special Airworthiness Certificate, for non-certified aircraft types
Aircraft design process, the process of creating an individual aircraft design
Aircraft Designs, an aircraft design and manufacturing firm based in Monterey, California, United States

See also
Aircraft designer, the person, or team of people, who design aircraft
:Category:Aviation inventors
:Category:Aerospace engineers
Sukhoi Su-29. The Sukhoi Su-29 is a Russian two-seat aerobatic aircraft with a 268 kW (360 hp) radial engine. It was designed based on the Su-26 and inherited most of the design and technical features of its predecessor. Due to wide use of composite materials, which make up as much as 60% of the Su-29's aircraft structure, the empty weight is increased by only 50 kg (110 lb) over the single-seat Su-26's empty weight.

The Su-29 is used for initial pilot aerobatics education, flight training, and participation of pilots in aerobatics competitions and air shows, as well as for maintaining flight skills of military and civil pilots.

Operators

Argentine Air Force ordered eight Su-29ARs to equip the Cruz del Sur (Southern Cross) aerobatic team.

Flying Bulls

 International Test Pilots School
 
Czech aerobatic team
 
DOSAAF

Specifications (Su-29)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Su-29 Pilot's Guide (in Russian)

Aerobatic aircraft
Su-29
1990s Soviet and Russian sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1991
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Graphite (disambiguation). Graphite is one of the allotropes of carbon.

Graphite may also refer to:
 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
 Graphite (album), an album by Closterkeller
 Graphite Capital, a financial services company based in London
 Graphite, Ontario, a community in Canada
 Graphite (smart font technology), a font rendering system developed by SIL International
 Graphite (software), an open source monitoring tool
 Nuclear graphite, synthetic graphite used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors
 Graphite bomb, a weapon for disabling electrical power systems

See also
 Grafite (born 1979), Brazilian former footballer
Fenton, Murray and Jackson. Fenton, Murray and Jackson was an engineering company at the Round Foundry off Water Lane in Holbeck, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

Fenton, Murray and Wood 
Fenton Murray and Wood was founded in the 1790s by ironfounder Matthew Murray and textile machine engineer David Wood to build machine tools (mainly for the textile industry) and stationary steam engines. The company was capitalised by colliery owner James Fenton (1754–1834) as the main financier, and millwright William Lister, a sleeping partner.

The partnership was approached to design a locomotive that would exploit the rack-and-pinion patent granted to Blenkinsop in 1811. Their 1812 product, Salamanca was successful, and a total of six engines were built before Murray's death in 1826.

Fenton, Murray and Jackson
After Wood's death in 1820, the company became Fenton, Murray and Jackson.

In 1824 the company supplied a 60hp beam engine to the commissioners of Deeping Fen as one of two erected at Pode Hole.  The other engine was supplied by the Butterley Company as were the scoop wheels for both.  Although the Butterley engine was purchased outright (for £3,300), it appears that the Fenton and Murray engine was not.  The accounts for 1825 showed a payment of only £127/6/- for the Fenton engine.  It was not uncommon for beam engines to be leased, purchased 'on terms', or paid for in other novel ways such as a share of the earnings.  The engine was named Kesteven and worked until 1925.

From 1831, work began building engines to Robert Stephenson's designs, both 2-2-0 "Planets" and 2-2-2 "Patentees", many of them under subcontract. Many were exported, and twenty of Daniel Gooch's Firefly class for the Great Western Railway. By 1840, they were turning out up to twenty engines a year.

The company's name appears on cast iron bollards still in situ at Victoria Lock (built 1843) on the River Shannon in Ireland as Fenton, Murray and Jackson Engineers of Leeds.

However, by 1843, the boom was over and the company closed down.

References

 Lowe, J.W., (1989) British Steam Locomotive Builders, Guild Publishing
 G. Cookson, 'Early Textile Engineers in Leeds 1780–1850' Publications of Thoresby Society n.s. 4 (1994), 40–61.

External links
 Hunslet Engine Archive Prince Regent engine (Fenton Murray and Wood, 1812)

Engineering companies of England
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Locomotive manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Beam engines
Industrial Revolution
History of the steam engine
Steam engine manufacturers
Machine tool builders
OPLS. The OPLS (Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations) force field was developed by Prof. William L. Jorgensen at Purdue University and later at Yale University, and is being further developed commercially by Schrödinger, Inc.

Functional form

The functional form of the OPLS force field is very similar to that of AMBER:

with the combining rules  and  .

Intramolecular nonbonded interactions  are counted only for atoms three or more bonds apart; 1,4 interactions are scaled down by the "fudge factor" , otherwise . All the interaction sites are centered on the atoms; there are no "lone pairs".

Parameterization

Several sets of OPLS parameters have been published. There is OPLS-ua (united atom), which includes hydrogen atoms next to carbon implicitly in the carbon parameters, and can be used to save simulation time. OPLS-aa (all atom) includes every atom explicitly. Later publications include parameters for other specific functional groups and types of molecules such as carbohydrates. OPLS simulations in aqueous solution typically use the TIP4P or TIP3P water model.

A distinctive feature of the OPLS parameters is that they were optimized to fit experimental properties of liquids, such as density and heat of vaporization, in addition to fitting gas-phase torsional profiles.

Implementation

The reference implementations of the OPLS force field are the BOSS and MCPRO programs developed by Jorgensen. Other packages such as TINKER, GROMACS, PCMODEL, Abalone, LAMMPS, Desmond and NAMD also implement OPLS force fields.

References 
 
 

Force fields (chemistry)
Molecular dynamics
Computational chemistry
Structural bioinformatics
Wood putty. Wood putty, also called plastic wood, is a substance used to fill imperfections, such as nail holes, in wood prior to finishing. It is often composed of wood dust combined with a binder that dries and a diluent (thinner), and, sometimes, pigment. Pore fillers used for large flat surfaces such as floors or table tops generally contain silica instead of or in addition to wood dust. Pores can also be filled using multiple coats of the final finish rather than a pore filler.

The main problem in using putty is matching the colour of the putty to that of the wood. Putties are usually sanded after they dry before applying the finish.

Many different brands, types, and colours are commercially available. Binders include lacquer, water-base, and linseed oil. Some woodworkers make their own putty using fine sanding dust (not sawdust, which is too coarse) with wood glue or a wood finish such as shellac.

DAP Products owns the registered trademark for Plastic Wood.

See also 
 Grain filler
 Putty
 Spackling paste

Reference 

Woodworking materials
Charles Beaulieu. Charles E. Beaulieu,  (born July 5, 1930) is a Canadian academic, civil servant, and businessman.

Born in Amqui, Quebec, he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1951, a Bachelor of Science in 1956, and a Ph.D. in 1960 from Université Laval.

From 1961 to 1968, he was a Professor of Metallurgy at Université Laval and was Head of the Department of Mining and Metallurgy from 1966 to 1969. From 1969 to 1970, he was the first Director of the Université du Québec à Rimouski. From 1970 to 1976, he was the founding Director of the National Institute of Science Research at the Université du Québec and served as Vice-President Education and Research from 1976 to 1979.

In 1979, he joined the Quebec civil service and became Deputy Minister (Mines) for the Department of Energy and Resources. In 1982, he was Deputy Minister in the Department of Industry and Commerce. From 1988 to 1994, he was Chairman and CEO of the National Optics Institute, a private non-profit organization specializing in business applications for optics and photonics. In 1995, he was appointed Chairman and President of the mining company, Sidbec-Normines.

In 1996, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for being "one of our country's most respected figures". In 1998, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec.

References
 

1930 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Canadian university and college vice-presidents
Knights of the National Order of Quebec
Officers of the Order of Canada
Canadian metallurgists
Academic staff of Université Laval
Université Laval alumni
People from Amqui
Octocrylene. Octocrylene is an organic compound used as an ingredient in sunscreens and cosmetics.  It is an ester formed by the Knoevenagel condensation of 2-ethylhexyl cyanoacetate with benzophenone.  It is a viscous, oily liquid that is clear and colorless.

The extended conjugation of the acrylate portion of the molecule absorbs UVB and short-wave UVA (ultraviolet) rays with wavelengths from 280 to 320 nm, protecting the skin from direct DNA damage.  The ethylhexanol portion is a fatty alcohol, adding emollient and oil-like (water resistant) properties.

Safety
Octocrylene can penetrate into the skin where it acts as a photosensitizer, resulting in an increased production of free radicals under illumination. It may also pass through the skin, into the blood stream, eventually being metabolized and excreted in urine in form of its metabolites. Octocrylene can convert to benzophenone through a retro-aldol condensation. The reaction occurs slowly over time, yielding significant concentration of benzophenone in all commercial cosmetics tested formulated with octocrylene.

In coral, octocrylene has been shown to accumulate in the form of fatty acid conjugates and trigger mitochondrial dysfunction.

Regulation
Palau has banned the sale and use of three reef-toxic UV filters including octocrylene in its Responsible Tourism Education Act of 2018. The United States Virgin Islands has also banned the use of sunscreens containing octocrylene, requiring that all visitors use "non-nano mineral sunscreen" containing zinc oxide and titanium dioxide.

References

Cyanoacetate esters
Household chemicals
Sunscreening agents
2-Ethylhexyl esters
Hogging and sagging. In solid mechanics, structural engineering, and shipbuilding, hogging and sagging describe the shape that a beam or similar long object will deform into when loading is applied. Hogging describes a beam that curves upwards in the middle, and sagging describes a beam that curves downwards.

Ships

Dynamic stress
Hogging is the stress a ship's hull or keel experiences that causes the center or the keel to bend upward. Sagging is the stress a ship's hull or keel is placed under when a wave is the same length as the ship and the ship is in the trough of two waves. This causes the middle of the ship to bend down slightly, and depending on the level of bend, may cause the hull to snap or crack. 

Sagging or dynamic hogging may have been what sank the Prestige off Spain on 19 November 2002.

The 2013 loss of container ship MOL Comfort off the coast of Yemen was attributed to hogging. Subsequent lawsuits blamed the shipbuilder for design flaws.

Time-induced stress
Hogging, or "hog", also refers to the semi-permanent bend in the keel, especially in wooden-hulled ships, caused over time by the ship's center's being more buoyant than the bow or stern.  At the beginning of her 1992 refit,  had over 13 inches (33 cm) of hog. The keel blocks in the drydock were set up especially to support this curve.  During her three years in drydock, the center keel blocks were gradually shortened, allowing the hog to settle out.  Additionally, the diagonal riders specified in her original design to resist hogging, which had been removed in an earlier refit, were restored.  The similar-sized  had 36 inches (91 cm) of hog before refitting in the mid-1990s.

Cargo loading 

During loading and discharging cargo, ships bend (hog or sag) due to the distribution of the weights in the various holds and tanks on board.

The maximum amount of cargo that a vessel can load often depends on whether her Plimsoll mark is submerged or not. Therefore, sagging can reduce her effective cargo capacity – especially if her loadline has already been reached prematurely due to the sag.  This is taken into account when calculating cargo, by applying what is called a "3/4 mean draft". This method is also called the "two-thirds mean correction", directly derived from Simpson's first rule.

Structural beams

In building construction, the sagging of beams is called "deflection". The amount of deflection varies in accordance with the beam's stiffness, the span between supports, and the load it carries. Sagging is a common problem in older houses.

See also
 Glossary of nautical terms (disambiguation)
 Strength of ships
 Hog chains

References

External links 

Constellation's 1994 restoration article has several photos showing the hogging.
Diagram showing hogging stress and the diagonal risers.

Structural analysis
Nautical terminology
Spar (mineralogy). Spar is an old mining or mineralogy term used to refer to crystals that have readily discernible faces. A spar will easily break or cleave into rhomboidal, cubical, or laminated fragments with smooth shiny surfaces. 

The various spar minerals were a historical term among miners and alchemists for any nonmetallic mineral akin to gypsum, known in Old English as spærstān, spear stone, referring to its crystalline projections. Thus, the word spar in mineralogy has the same root as "spear,".

Amongst miners the term "spar" today is frequently used alone to express any bright crystalline substance.  Most frequently, spar describes easily cleaved, lightly colored  nonmetallic minerals such as feldspar, calcite or baryte. Baryte (BaSO4), the main source of barium, is also called "heavy spar" (Greek "barys" means "heavy"). 
Calcite often forms the dogtooth spar crystals found in vugs and caves.

Formation underwater
Generally, a spar will form underwater, either in a phreatic zone, or below the water table, the essential place where most caves form, or in standing pools, as pool spar. If a cave floods and a pool forms, that submerges stalactites, a formation known as bottlebrushes may form.   Mineral component ions dissolved in water are mostly deposited as minerals such as calcite and gypsum, and sometimes even halite, quartz, and fluorite, through the course of thousands of years, building up on each other.

Formation in the air

Sometimes, spar will form in the air due to solutions seeping out of the cave's walls or through porous sediments. When grown in the air, it is often made of gypsum or selenite. Sometimes it will form as small needles found in sediments. Other spars can be found on the tips of gypsum chandeliers.

See also 
Iceland spar

References

External links 
Virtual cave tour

Crystals
Mineralogy
Cave geology