omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Biosurfactant. Biosurfactant usually refers to surfactants of microbial origin. Most of the biosurfactants produced by microbes are synthesized extracellularly and many microbes are known to produce biosurfactants in large relative quantities. Some are of commercial interest. As a secondary metabolite of microorganisms, biosurfactants can be processed by the cultivation of biosurfactant producing microorganisms in the stationary phase on many sorts of low-priced substrates like biochar, plant oils, carbohydrates, wastes, etc. High-level production of biosurfactants can be controlled by regulation of environmental factors and growth circumstances.

Classification 
Biosurfactants are usually categorized by their molecular structure. Like synthetic surfactants, they are composed of a hydrophilic moiety made up of amino acids, peptides, (poly)saccharides, or sugar alcohols and a hydrophobic moiety consisting of fatty acids. Correspondingly, the significant classes of biosurfactants include glycolipids, lipopeptides and lipoproteins, and polymeric surfactants as well as particulate surfactants.

Examples

Common biosurfactants include:
 Bile salts are mixtures of micelle-forming compounds that encapsulate food, enabling absorption through the small intestine.
 Lecithin, which can be obtained either from soybean or from egg yolk, is a common food ingredient.
 Rhamnolipids, which can be produced by some species of Pseudomonas, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
 Sophorolipids are produced by various nonpathogenic yeasts.
 Emulsan produced by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.
 Surfactin is a non-ribosomal lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis

Microbial biosurfactants are obtained by including immiscible liquids in the growth medium.

Applications
Potential applications include herbicides and pesticides formulations, detergents, healthcare and cosmetics, pulp and paper, coal, textiles, ceramic processing and food industries, uranium ore-processing, and mechanical dewatering of peat.

Oil spill remediation
Biosurfactants enhance the emulsification of hydrocarbons, thus they have the potential to solubilise hydrocarbon contaminants and increase their availability for microbial degradation. In addition, biosurfactants can modify the cell surface of bacteria that biodegrade hydrocarbons, which can also increase the biodegradability of these pollutants to cells.  These compounds can also be used in enhanced oil recovery and may be considered for other potential applications in environmental protection.

References

External links 

 Production and Characterization of Biosurfactants Using Bacteria Isolated from Acidic Hot Springs

Surfactants
Bioremediation
Cleaning product components
Environmental terminology
Short Admiralty Type 74. The Short Admiralty Type 74 was a single-engined biplane tractor seaplane with non-folding wings, which saw service with the Royal Naval Air Service during the First World War.

Design and development
The Type 74 incorporated some of the innovations Horace Short had introduced to the Short Admiralty Type 42, including manganese-steel tube struts instead of wood. In addition to the two main rubber-sprung floats below the fuselage and the single tail float, it also had smaller floats attached below the lower wingtips. Ailerons were mounted on the upper wing only, the latter extending beyond the span of the lower wing. The extensions were braced by diagonal struts to the lower wingtips.

Since it was intended for use as a coastal patrol seaplane operating from coastal stations, there was no requirement for the Type 74 to have folding wings.

The Type 74 was powered by a 100 hp (74.6 kW) Gnome double Omega engine, which provided a maximum flight duration of five hours.

Operational history
In 1913 the Royal Navy ordered seven 100 hp biplane seaplanes from Shorts, which were assigned the company's serial numbers 69-75. The first of these flew on 4 January 1914, piloted by Gordon Bell, Chief Test Pilot at Shorts. He was accompanied on this first flight by Charles Richard Fairey (later Sir Richard Fairey), who left Shorts in 1915 to found the Fairey Aviation company.
When this first aircraft was delivered to the Royal Navy air station on the Isle of Grain it received the Navy's serial number 74, so this and the remaining six aircraft from the batch (Navy numbers 74-80) were therefore known as the Admiralty Type 74 according to the rules in use at the  time.

Of the seven aircraft, four (including Naval nos. 75 and 79) were dispatched to the air station at Dundee, the other three remaining at the Grain air station. The Dundee aircraft took part in the 1914 Royal Fleet Review off Spithead as part of a contingent of 17 seaplanes and four airships.

Operators

Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications

References

Further reading
 
 
 
 

1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Admiralty
Rotary-engined aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Bernard 18. The Bernard 18 was a prototype airliner developed in France in the 1920s.  One of the two prototypes built was used in an abortive transatlantic crossing attempt and a number of failed attempts for aerial records.

Development
The aircraft was originally developed in response to a specification for CIDNA for an eight-seat airliner, but the second incarnation of Bernard's aircraft manufacturing company went bankrupt before production could take place.

When the company was revived in 1927, it built a second example specifically for Paul Tarascon to make an attempt at the Orteig Prize.  The space originally reserved for passenger seating was filled with fuel tanks to give the plane an expected range of . It was also fitted with undercarriage that could be jettisoned after takeoff to save weight.  Designated 18GR (for Grand Raid) and christened Oiseau Tango ("Tango Bird", after its bright yellow colour, intended to assist rescue efforts in case of a ditching), it was discovered that with the necessary fuel load, the aircraft could not actually become airborne.  After Charles Lindbergh successfully claimed the prize, the 18GR was converted back to standard 18T configuration and sold to an operator in Canada.

Variants
 18T
 18GR

Specifications (18T)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

 aviafrance.com
 Les avions de record français (1928-1932)

018
1920s French airliners
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Mouli grater. A  Mouli grater or rotational grater is a hand-operated kitchen utensil designed for grating or pureeing small quantities of food.  The device consists of a small metal drum with holes that grate the food and a handle for turning the drum.

The hand-held unit consists of two sections with hinged handles. The end of one handle contains a food hopper with a grating cylinder and a crank for rotating the cylinder. The other section has a rounded surface that acts as a clamp, pressing the food to be grated into the grating cylinder. The hinged handles are held in one hand and squeezed so that the food presses against the grating cylinder. Meanwhile, the other hand turns the crank, causing the cylinder to rotate and the food to be grated. Because the cylinder can be removed, the Mouli grater can be easily used by both left- and right-handed people by simply placing the grater with the crank on the preferred side.

The rotational grater was first patented in France in the 1940s. Mouli is a French brand name that became Moulinex in 1957, partly in response to the success of the electric coffee grinder of the same name. A grating cylinder similar to the one used in this design later turned up in food processors from that company.

There are three cylinders: a fine grater, medium grater, and a slice-producing cutter.

See also
Food mill

References

Food preparation utensils
Consolidated PT-3. The Consolidated Model 2 was a training airplane used by the United States Army Air Corps, under the designation PT-3 and the United States Navy under the designation NY-1.

Development
Seeing the success of the Navy's NY-1 modification of a PT-1 airframe, the USAAC came to the conclusion that a radial engine was indeed ideal for a trainer. It was reliable and offered a good power-to-weight ratio. Therefore, one PT-1 airframe was completed as XPT-2 with a 220 hp (164 kW) Wright J-5 Whirlwind radial engine.

The XPT-3 was almost identical to the XPT-2 except for the tail, revised wing panels and different shape. 130 production PT-3 aircraft were ordered in September 1927, with one being completed as the XO-17. These were followed by 120 PT-3A aircraft with minor changes. The XPT-3 became the XPT-5 when fitted with the Curtiss Challenger R-600 two-row six-cylinder radial engine, but was soon converted to PT-3 standard.

The PT-3 aircraft were superseded by the Boeing PT-13 Stearman starting in 1937, but a number were still operational with the Spartan Flying School in Tulsa Oklahoma into the middle of World War II.

Variants
XPT-2 one PT-1 airframe with a  Wright J-5 (R-790) radial engine, wingspan 34 ft 7 in (10.5 m), length 28 ft 4 in (8.6 m), gross weight 2,427 lb (1100 kg)
XPT-3 one PT-1 airframe with revised wing panels (Clark "Y" wings) and a different vertical tail, wingspan 34 ft 6 in (10.5 m), length 28 ft 3 in (8.6 m), gross weight 2,439 lb (1106 kg)
PT-3 130 ordered, one completed as the XO-17 prototype, gross weight 2,481 lb (1125 kg)
PT-3A 120 ordered with minor updates, Wright J-5, gross weight 2,432 lb (1103 kg)
XPT-4 unbuilt, was to be a development PT-3 with the experimental Fairchild-Caminez 447C engine
XPT-5 the airframe of the XPT-3 was temporarily fitted with the Curtiss Challenger R-600-1 two-row six-cylinder radial engine in 1929, later converted to PT-3 standard

Operators

Cuban Air Force, ten PT-3s.

Argentine Air Force, one PT-3.

Brazilian Naval Aviation, one PT-3, serial number 434.

Peruvian Air Force, one PT-3.

a small number may have been sold to Mexico 

United States Army Air Corps
United States Navy
United States Marine Corps

Surviving aircraft
 The last Consolidated PT-3 was amongst the aircraft lost in the San Diego Air & Space Museum 1978 fire.
 An airworthy PT-3 replica belongs to the EAA Aviation Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. It incorporates parts of a PT-1 that once flew with the 154th Observation Squadron of the Arkansas National Guard, was later owned by the University of Arkansas College of Engineering and was rebuilt as a PT-3 reproduction with a radial J-5 Engine.

Specifications (PT-3)

See also
Consolidated PT-1 "Trusty"
Consolidated O-17
Consolidated PT-11

References

External links

PT-03
Consolidated PT-03
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9. The Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9 was a British experimental reconnaissance aircraft of World War I.

Design
The intention of the designers was to combine the high performance of tractor configuration aircraft with a good field of fire for the observer's machine gun, as provided by pushers. It was therefore decided to modify an example of the B.E.2c by adding a small wooden box (which soon gained the nickname "pulpit") in front of the aircraft's propeller, which would accommodate a gunner armed with a Lewis gun on a trainable mount. The normal observer's cockpit of the B.E.2c was removed, allowing the engine (the standard air-cooled RAF 1a of the B.E.2) to be moved rearwards, while the wingspan was increased, and a larger fin was fitted.

A general layout of this kind had various drawbacks - the most obvious being the perilous situation of the gunner - who was liable to injury by the propeller, or to be crushed by the engine in the mildest of crashes.  The type was not developed further by the Royal Aircraft Factory (although the French SPAD S.A, of similar concept, saw service) and was soon rendered superfluous by the availability of synchronization gears.

Service testing
The single prototype built (serial 1700) first flew at Farnborough on 14 August 1915. Early testing indicated that performance was little different from the B.E.2c upon which it was based, although the "difficulty" (surely an understatement) in communicating between the pilot and observer, separated by both engine and propeller, was reported. and in September that year the B.E.9 was sent for testing in the field in France by a number of units, including No. 6 Squadron, 8 Squadron and 16 Squadron. While the B.E.9 carried out a few operational patrols in France, including one encounter with a German Fokker Eindekker, the opinion of those testing it was generally negative, with Major Hugh Dowding, at the time commander of 16 Squadron, stating that the B.E.9 was "...an extremely dangerous machine from the passenger's point of view", while Hugh Trenchard, head of the RFC in France said that "this type of machine cannot be recommended". It was sent back to the United Kingdom early in 1916. In his memoirs, Lt Duncan Grinnell-Milne recalls his gratitude that initial combat experience with the type proved inconclusive and that it was not ordered into mass production.

Design work had started on the B.E.9a, a more powerful version powered by a 140hp V12 RAF4a engine, but a prototype was never built.

Operators

Royal Flying Corps
(prototype tested briefly by:)
No. 6 Squadron RFC
No. 8 Squadron RFC
No. 16 Squadron RFC

Specifications (BE.9)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

  
 
 
 

1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
BE09
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1915
IBM Intelligent Cluster. The IBM Intelligent Cluster was a cluster solution for x86-based high-performance computing composed primarily of IBM (System x, BladeCenter and System Storage) components, integrated with network switches from various vendors and optional high-performance InfiniBand interconnects.

History
The solution was formerly known as the IBM eServer Cluster 1300 (or e1300) based on then-current Pentium III processors, which was introduced in November 2001. This was replaced by the e1350 in October 2002 with the introduction of Pentium 4-based Intel Xeon processors. Later (in 2008-2009) solution also was known as the IBM System Cluster 1350; in 2010 released line with final IBM Intelligent Cluster name. 

Roughly twice a year the solution components were updated to include the then-current products from IBM and other vendors.

In 2014 this cluster solution was sold and rebranded as Lenovo Intelligent Cluster.

Architecture

The Intelligent Cluster system is a (integrated, factory-built and tested) rack tower-size cluster solution with comprehensive warranty service for all components, including third-party options.  The system could comprise traditional rack-optimized nodes, as well as IBM BladeCenter, Flex System or iDataPlex blade nodes, or another rack-mounted servers with processor choices between x86-based (Intel Xeon and AMD Opteron) or uncommon Power-based processors options (only for blade servers), along with integrated storage and switches to provide a turnkey Linux or Microsoft cluster environment. These platform also supports the water-cooling module options (Heat Exchange Doors) for some rack towers designs.

Operating system choices were officially limited to Enterprise Linux distributions from Red Hat and SUSE and to Microsoft Windows HPC Server 2008. For systems management IBM offered xCAT.  Additional software, such as GPFS and LoadLeveler, could also be ordered from IBM.

See also
 IBM BladeCenter and IBM Flex System
 iDataPlex

References 

IBM supercomputer platforms
Cluster computing
Leonard Monteagle Barlow. Lieutenant Leonard Monteagle Barlow MC & Two Bars (5 June 1898 – 5 February 1918) was a British World War I flying ace. He was born in Islington, London and studied electrical engineering prior to joining the Royal Flying Corps.

Barlow was posted to No. 56 Squadron and scored 20 victories whilst serving with the squadron, being awarded the Military Cross three times for his outstanding airmanship and bravery.

Dubbed 'The Gadget King', due to his inventiveness, Barlow developed an ingenious way of firing both of his SE5a aircraft's machine guns at the same time. On 25 September he claimed 3 Albatros fighters of Jasta 10, Lt. Weigand and Uzz. Werkmeister being killed and one other pilot wounded.

On 5 February 1918, Barlow was killed at Martlesham Heath whilst test flying a Sopwith Dolphin which broke up in mid air.

His final tally consisted of 12 and 1 shared destroyed, 6 and 1 shared 'out of control'.

He is buried at Bandon Hill Cemetery, Plot F.85

Honours and awards

25 August 1917 - 2nd Lieutenant Leonard Monteagle Barlow, MC, RFC, Special Reserve is awarded the Military Cross:

16 October 1917 - 2nd Lieutenant Leonard Monteagle Barlow, MC, RFC, Special Reserve is awarded a bar to the Military Cross:
 

27 October 1917 - Lieutenant Leonard Monteagle Barlow, MC, RFC, Special Reserve Canadian Force is awarded a second bar the Military Cross.

External links
Leonard Monteagle Barlow

References

1898 births
1918 deaths
Military personnel from the London Borough of Islington
People from Islington (district)
Royal Flying Corps officers
British World War I flying aces
British Army personnel of World War I
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England
Recipients of the Military Cross
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1918
AN/APG-80. The AN/APG-80 is an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) system designed and manufactured by Northrop Grumman for use on the Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft. It was originally designed to be included on the F-16C/D Block 60 Desert Falcon aircraft ordered by the United Arab Emirates, subsequently reclassified as the F-16E/F Block 60 Desert Falcons; first deliveries were made in 2003.

Features
The AN/APG-80 system is described as "agile beam", and can perform air-to-air, search-and-track, air-to-ground targeting and aircraft terrain-following functions simultaneously and for multiple targets. As an AESA system utilizing NG's fourth-generation transmitter/receiver technologies, it has a higher reliability and twice the range of older, mechanically-scanned AN/APG-68 radar systems.

It consists of about 1000 Transmit and Receive Modules. The APG-80 is designed to search continuously for and track multiple targets within the forward hemisphere of the aircraft. As a result of increased operational flexibility, pilots will be able to simultaneously perform air-to-air search-and-track, air-to-ground targeting and aircraft terrain-following. Energetic ranges of target detection against it RCS is tabulated be low;

Table 1: Energetic ranges of target detection

Development
The United Arab Emirates funded the entire $3 billion Block 60 development costs, including the AN/APG-80, which is the operational core of the aircraft. According to press reports quoted by Flight International, this is "the first time the US has sold a better aircraft overseas than its own forces fly". Developmental flight tests were performed on  Northrop Grumman's highly modified BAC 1-11 test bed aircraft, based at Baltimore.

See also

Look-down/shoot-down
List of radars
List of military electronics of the United States

References

External links
"Active Electronically Steered Arrays" from Air Power Australia (AESA background information)
 

Aircraft radars
Northrop Grumman radars
Military electronics of the United States
Military radars of the United States
PKP class Lyd2. The PKP class Lyd2 (manufacturer designation L30H) is a narrow gauge diesel-hydraulic locomotive built by FAUR (formerly 23 August Works) in Romania, for use initially for sugar cane railway in Egypt with later variants developed for use in Poland, Romania and Albania. It was commissioned by Polskie Koleje Państwowe for service on the railways of Poland.

Description
The Lyd2 classification gives the technical details of the locomotives in Polish State Railways (PKP) system. L indicates a narrow gauge locomotive, y indicates 3 axles (0-6-0 or C), d indicates diesel fuel, and finally, 2 indicates hydraulic transmission.

The locomotive is configured with a single cab, with driving positions for both directions. The diesel engine (Maybach MB83B built under licence) produces  though documentation shows a peak rating of  from a normally aspirated engine. Transmission occurs via hydraulic transmission TH5R-V6. Train braking is via the single pipe air system.

Deployment and usage

Poland
15 locomotives are listed as operative in Poland during 2013. They are split between Białośliwie, Żnin,  Cisna (Bieszczady Forest Railway), Bytom Karb (Lyd2-101 since 2020), Środa Wielkopolska (since 2020), Piaseczno and Koszalin depots. Another 14 locomotives are listed as non-operational.

Outside Poland

Czech Republic
Slezské zemské dráhy, a company which operates passenger trains on narrow gauge Třemešná ve Slezsku – Osoblaha Railway during summer, purchased a Lyd2 in 2005.

Germany
The Zittauer Schmalspurbahn has Lyd2 No. 199 013.

The Döllnitzbahn has two Lyd2 locomotives, numbered 199 033-2 and 199 034-0, both built in 1981.

St. Kitts
St. Kitts Scenic Railway owns three of the class.

United Kingdom
One locomotive (works number 24376) has been sold to the South Tynedale Railway, previously working at the Great Whipsnade Railway in Bedfordshire.

Three locomotives (PKP numbers 58 and 60 and LP Number 08) are based at the Welsh Highland Heritage Railway in Porthmadog.

References

External links
 The Lyd2 Page
 The Welsh Highland Railway's Lyd2s
 Railfaneurope's stock list for the Zittauer Schmalspurbahn.
 current status of polish Lyd2 (in polish)

0-6-0 locomotives
Diesel–hydraulic locomotives of Poland
FAUR locomotives
600 mm gauge railway locomotives
750 mm gauge locomotives
Metre gauge diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1976
Neuro Hunter. Neuro Hunter is a cyberpunk-themed first-person shooter/role-playing video game developed by Media Art and published by Deep Silver. It was released on August 19, 2005. The game was marketed as a mix between Deus Ex, System Shock and Gothic series of video games.

Storyline 
The player assumes the role of Hunter, a computer expert who is hired by the Johnston Biotek corporation, referred to as the "Corporation" in the game. Hunter is to repair the network of a mining complex but fails and ends up in a cave world after an explosion. A man called Toadstool finds him and tells him where he is: In an underground world where a computer freak called Hacker has seized power. Left alone by the Corporation, Hunter has to find a way back to the surface all by himself. On his quest he meets Kathryn, a mysterious woman, who sometimes helps the player. Hunter faces many dangers and problems; for instance, when he is confronted by sinister figures in an underground prison colony.

References

External links 
Official Neuro Hunter website
Media Art. Company

2005 video games
First-person shooters
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in Ukraine
Windows games
Windows-only games
Deep Silver games
Cyberpunk video games