omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Antimony trisulfide. Antimony trisulfide () is found in nature as the crystalline mineral stibnite and the amorphous red mineral (actually a mineraloid) metastibnite. It is manufactured for use in safety matches, military ammunition, explosives and fireworks. It also is used in the production of ruby-colored glass and in plastics as a flame retardant. Historically the stibnite form was used as a grey pigment in paintings produced in the 16th century. In 1817, the dye and fabric chemist, John Mercer discovered the non-stoichiometric compound Antimony Orange (approximate formula ), the first good orange pigment available for cotton fabric printing.

Antimony trisulfide was also used as the image sensitive photoconductor in vidicon camera tubes. It is a semiconductor with a direct band gap of 1.8–2.5 eV. With suitable doping, p and n type materials can be produced.

Preparation and reactions 
 can be prepared from the elements at temperature 500–900 °C:

 is precipitated when  is passed through an acidified solution of Sb(III). This reaction has been used as a gravimetric method for determining antimony, bubbling  through a solution of Sb(III) compound in hot HCl deposits an orange form of  which turns black under the reaction conditions.

 is readily oxidised, reacting vigorously with oxidising agents. It burns in air with a blue flame. It reacts with incandescence with cadmium, magnesium and zinc chlorates. Mixtures of  and chlorates may explode.

In the extraction of antimony from antimony ores the alkaline sulfide process is employed where  reacts to form thioantimonate(III) salts (also called thioantimonite):

A number of salts containing different thioantimonate(III) ions can be prepared from . These include:

Schlippe's salt, , a thioantimonate(V) salt is formed when  is boiled with sulfur and sodium hydroxide. The reaction can be represented as:

Structure
The structure of the black needle-like form of , stibnite, consists of linked ribbons in which antimony atoms are in two different coordination environments, trigonal pyramidal and square pyramidal. Similar ribbons occur in  and . The red form, metastibnite, is amorphous. Recent work suggests that there are a number of closely related temperature dependent structures of stibnite which have been termed stibnite (I) the high temperature form, identified previously, stibnite (II) and stibnite (III). Other paper shows that the actual coordination polyhedra of antimony are in fact , with (3+4) coordination at the M1 site and (5+2) at the M2 site. These coordinations consider the presence of secondary bonds. Some of the secondary bonds impart cohesion and are connected with packing.

References

Antimony(III) compounds
Sesquisulfides
NEMA (machine). In the history of cryptography, the NEMA (NEue MAschine) ("new machine"), also designated the T-D (Tasten-Druecker-Maschine) ("key-stroke machine"), was a 10-wheel rotor machine designed by the Swiss Army during the World War II as a replacement for their Enigma machines.

History
The Swiss became aware that their current machine, a commercial Enigma (the Swiss K), had been broken by both Allied and German cryptanalysts.

A new design was begun between 1941 and 1943 by Captain Arthur Alder, a professor of mathematics at the University of Bern. The team which designed the machine also included Professors Hugo Hadwiger and Heinrich Emil Weber.

In the spring of 1944, the first prototype had become available. After some modifications, the design was accepted in March 1945, and production of 640 machines began the following month by Zellweger AG. The first machine entered service in 1947.

NEMA was declassified on 9 July 1992, and machines were offered for sale to the public on 4 May 1994.

The machine
NEMA uses 10 wheels, of which four are normal electrical rotors with 26 contacts at each end that are scramble wired in a way unique to each rotor type; one is an electrical reflector (like the Enigma's Umkehrwalze) with one set of 26 pairwise cross connected contacts; and the remaining five are "drive wheels", with mechanical cams that control the stepping of the rotors and the reflector. The wheels are assembled on an axle in pairs consisting of a drive wheel and an electrical rotor.

The NEMA machine weighs about 10 kg and measures approximately 36×32×14 cm.

See also
 Fialka
 Typex
 SIGABA

References

Further reading
 Geoff Sullivan and Frode Weierud: The Swiss NEMA Cipher Machine. Cryptologia, 23(4), October 1999, pp310–328.
 Walter Schmid: Die Chiffriermaschine Nema. 109 pages, third edition, February 2005, Hombrechtikon ZH, Switzerland

External links

 Frode Weierud's page on the NEMA – photographs and a simulator
 David Hamer's page on NEMA – includes records of NEMA selling prices: 
 Bob Lord's page on the NEMA – includes scanned manuals
 Jerry Proc's NEMA page

Rotor machines
Cryptographic hardware
Military equipment of Switzerland
LinuxTV. The LinuxTV project is an informal group of volunteers who develop software regarding digital television for the Linux kernel-based operating systems. The community develops and maintains the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) driver subsystem which is part of the Linux kernel since version 2.6.x. The Linux kernel and the LinuxTV CVS include a fair number of drivers for commonly available PCI cards and USB devices, but the DVB subsystem core is also targeted towards set-top boxes which run some (embedded) Linux.

The LinuxTV project was originally initiated by the Berlin, Germany based company Convergence Integrated Media GmbH with the goal to distribute free and open source software for the production, distribution and reception of digital television. In 1998, the Convergence founders claimed that "Only the access to the source code of our future television sets will guarantee the independence of content and technology".

After some financial troubles, in 2002 Convergence had been taken over by the German set top box manufacturer Galaxis AG, and renamed to Convergence GmbH. Although both Convergence GmbH and Galaxis AG went bankrupt in 2005, the LinuxTV project lives on independently, being supported by the large developer community that had gathered around the project over the years. 

Another significant Convergence development is DirectFB, a thin library that provides hardware graphics acceleration and windowing features for GTK+-based and other graphical Linux applications without the use of X.Org Server, and which its developers claim "adds graphical power to embedded systems".

See also 

 Tvheadend
 Video4Linux
 List of free television software
 Digital television

References

External links 
 
 DVB-Wiki
 Sunray Linux DVB receiver

Free television software
Set-top box
Software that uses GTK
Television organizations
TheDraw. TheDraw is a text editor for MS-DOS to create ANSI and animations as well as ASCII art. The editor is especially useful to create or modify files in ANSI format and text documents, which use the graphical characters of the IBM ASCII code pages, because they are not supported by Microsoft Windows anymore. The first version of the editor was developed in 1986 by Ian E. Davis of TheSoft Programming Services. The last public version of the editor was version 4.63, which was released in October 1993.

TheDraw was one of the first ANSI editors that supported ANSIs longer than 25 rows. The limit in the latest available version is still 100 rows. Other editors, such as ACiDDraw are able to support ANSIs larger than 100 lines for a single ANSI/ASCII (ACiDDraw supports 1,000 lines). The animation mode is limited to 50 lines (rows). The column width can be extended from the standard 80 characters to 160, but this also reduces the row limit down to 50.

Compatibility with Microsoft Windows
The program is stable in an MS-DOS Window on Windows XP and allows the user to maintain mouse control. Used with Windows Vista however, TheDraw performs with less predictable results. It works with DOSBox.

Significant features
Some of the features of the editor include:

 Mouse support to select blocks of text within the editor (even under Windows in window and full-screen mode)
 For the selected area/block exist a number of unique functions
 Fill function to change the color of a whole section of the text
 Copy/Move and Paste function to copy/move entire blocks of text within the document. 
 Erase function that clears the selected area of any characters without the surrounding characters changing position.
 Replace function to replace the content of the selected area with the content of the TheDraw "clipboard".
 Load/Save function to save only the selected area or load an ANSI/ASCII from the hard disk into the selected area (replace).
 Font manager to create/modify and organize ASCII and ANSI fonts to be used within the editor
 Additional file formats in addition to ANSI (.ANS) and text (.ASC).
 The proprietary PCBoard (.PCB) and Wildcat! BBS (.BBS) file formats.
 The AVATAR (.AVT) file standard defined by FidoNet.
 Save files for various programming languages, including Assembly (.ASM), C (.H) and Turbo Pascal (.PAS).
 Ability to save ANSIs as .COM binary, .BIN and object code (.OBJ).
 Other supported formats: BSave (.BSV) and backup files (.BAK)
 Comprehensive help screens
 Preset transition animations to wipe or change the image
 ANSI animation support (creation and modification)
 The "Draw Mode" used automatically the appropriate character from the currently selected set to draw lines and corners by simply using the cursor keys (up/down/left/right)
 The default character sets can be modified and extended

See also
ASCII art
ANSI art
List of text editors (ASCII and ANSI art section)

References

Further reading
 Chambers, M. (1994) Running a Perfect BBS, Que. .

External links
 TheDraw V4.63 download page
 Interview with Ian Davis, creator of TheDraw, by RaD Man of ACiD Productions

ASCII art
Bulletin board systems
DOS text editors
1986 software
Olin Raschig process. The Olin Raschig process is a chemical process for the production of hydrazine. The main steps in this process, patented by German chemist Friedrich Raschig in 1906 and one of three reactions named after him, are the formation of monochloramine from ammonia and hypochlorite, and the subsequent reaction of monochloramine with ammonia towards hydrazine. The process was further optimised and used by the Olin Corporation for the production of anhydrous hydrazine for aerospace applications.

Process 
The commercially used Olin Raschig process consists of the following steps:

First, sodium hypochlorite solution is mixed with a threefold excess of ammonia at 5 °C to give monochloramine. The primary reaction proceeds according to the idealised equation

The monochloramine solution is then added to a 30-fold excess of ammonia at 130 °C and elevated pressure, causing a second reaction

The hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide byproducts undergo a secondary reaction to release the byproducts of water and sodium chloride. The overall reaction is thus

Excess ammonia and sodium chloride are removed by distillation, followed by azeotropic distillation with aniline to remove water.

References

Chemical processes
NRLMSISE-00. NRLMSISE-00 is an empirical, global reference atmospheric model of the Earth from ground to space. It models the temperatures and densities of the atmosphere's components. A primary use of this model is to aid predictions of satellite orbital decay due to atmospheric drag. This model has also been used by astronomers to calculate the mass of air between telescopes and laser beams in order to assess the impact of laser guide stars on the non-lasing telescopes.

Development
The model, developed by Mike Picone, Alan Hedin, and Doug Drob, is based on the earlier models MSIS-86 and MSISE-90, but updated with actual satellite drag data. It also predicts anomalous oxygen.

NRL stands for the US Naval Research Laboratory. MSIS stands for mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter radar, the two primary data sources for development of earlier versions of the model. E indicates that the model extends from the ground through exosphere and 00 is the year of release.

Over the years since introduction, NRLMSISE-00 has become the standard for international space research.

Input and output
The inputs for the model are:
 Year and day
 time of day
 geodetic altitude from 0 to 1,000 km
 geodetic latitude
 longitude
 local apparent solar time
 81-day average of F10.7 solar flux
 daily F10.7 solar flux for previous day
 Daily magnetic index

The outputs of the model are:
 Helium number density
 Oxygen (O) number density
 Oxygen (O2) number density
 Nitrogen (N) number density
 Nitrogen (N2) number density
 Argon (Ar) number density
 Hydrogen (H) number density
 total mass density
 Anomalous oxygen number density
 Exospheric temperature
 temperature at altitude

See also
 Static atmospheric model
 International Standard Atmosphere links to 1976 standard.

References

External links 
Publication
C and Fortran source code
MATLAB mex bridge
F90 source code
Java code in Orekit space dynamics library

Atmosphere of Earth
Government software
Insolia. Insolia is a component in the design of the high-heeled shoe designed by New Hampshire podiatrist Dr. Howard Dananberg.  It reduces the pain associated with wearing high-heeled shoes by adjusting weight distribution back toward the heel through altering the geometry of the insole, rather than with padding.

Concept

With ordinary high-heeled shoes, the body weight is concentrated to the toes; this can make the wearer uncomfortable. The Insolia design shifts some of this weight back to the heel in an attempt to reduce high heel foot pain. The weight shift is accomplished by altering the geometry of the insole.

Technology

The original commercial implementation was an insole board that combined the structural elements of a high heel insole board with the patented Insolia contours. In early 2005, HBN Shoe developed the current implementation: an insole supplement that modifies a traditional high heel to give it the Insolia weight shifting geometry. This implementation is protected in the EU by one issued patent and other patents are pending in the US, the EU, and elsewhere. Insolia now also markets an after-market version that can be easily installed in shoes by consumers via its website.

References

External links
 Insolia (Official Website for high heel foot pain)
U.S. Patent 5,782,015
 Insolia on Twitter
Insolia(R) Surpasses 1 Million in Sales and Solidifies Global Position 7 February 2005

Shoe brands
High-heeled footwear
ISO 15022. ISO 15022 is an ISO standard for securities messaging used in transactions between financial institutions. Participants in the financial industry need a common representation of the financial transactions they perform and this standard defines general message schema, which in turn are used by organizations to define messages in a complete and unambiguous way. This results in efficiency, lower costs, and the avoidance of errors.  Prior to standardization in this area, there were overlapping standards, or ad hoc approaches where there was a functional gap and no standard.

Transition from ISO 7775 to ISO 15022 
ISO 15022 replaces the previous securities messaging standard ISO 7775. It provides two syntaxes: one compatible with the preceding standards, and one fairly compatible with EDIFACT. ISO 20022 is the successor to ISO 15022.

SWIFT is the registration authority for ISO 15022. In SWIFT financial messages, the standard is applied to variety of message types.

ISO 15022 was developed in 1992, in London, to provide the securities industry with a better tool to create message standards. The previous standard ISO 7775 contained the actual message standards themselves (like the SWIFT message types MT 520 or MT 534), which did not make it easy to make changes to these standards (because each time one needs to pass a number of time-consuming standard cycles). To avoid this, ISO 15022 does not contain the actual messages, but contains a set of rules and guidelines to build messages. If these rules and guidelines are adhered to (checked by the registration authority) the resulting message (format) is automatically an ISO 15022-compliant standard. Examples are the MT103, MT202 Cov, MT540, MT542, MT548, etc.

Parts
ISO 15022 is split into two parts:

ISO 15022-1:1999 Securities -- Scheme for messages (Data Field Dictionary) -- Part 1: Data field and message design rules and guidelines 
ISO 15022-2:1999 Securities -- Scheme for messages (Data Field Dictionary) -- Part 2: Maintenance of the Data Field Dictionary and Catalogue of Messages

See also 
 ISO 20022
 SWIFT

Notes

15022
Financial regulation
Financial routing standards
Lyapunov time. In mathematics, the Lyapunov time is the characteristic timescale on which a dynamical system is chaotic. It is named after the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov.  It is defined as the inverse of a system's largest Lyapunov exponent.

Use
The Lyapunov time mirrors the limits of the predictability of the system. By convention, it is defined as the time for the distance between nearby trajectories of the system to increase by a factor of e. However, measures in terms of 2-foldings and 10-foldings are sometimes found, since they correspond to the loss of one bit of information or one digit of precision respectively.

While it is used in many applications of dynamical systems theory, it has been particularly used in celestial mechanics where it is important for the problem of the stability of the Solar System. However, empirical estimation of the Lyapunov time is often associated with computational or inherent uncertainties.

Examples
Typical values are:

See also
 Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
 Molecular chaos
 Three-body problem

References

Dynamical systems
Language of Temporal Ordering Specification. In computer science Language of Temporal Ordering Specification (LOTOS) is a formal specification language based on temporal ordering of events. LOTOS is used for communications protocol specification in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI) standards.

LOTOS is an algebraic language that consists of two parts: a part for the description of data and operations, based on abstract data types, and a part for the description of concurrent processes, based on process calculus.

Work on the standard was completed in 1988, and it was published as ISO 8807 in 1989. Between 1993 and 2001, an ISO committee worked to define a revised version of the LOTOS standard, which was published in 2001 as E-LOTOS.

See also
 Formal methods
 List of ISO standards
 CADP
 E-LOTOS
 Process calculus

References

 ISO/IEC international standard 8807:1989. Information Processing Systems - Open Systems Interconnection - LOTOS: A Formal Description Technique based on the Temporal Ordering of Observational Behaviour. Geneva, September 1989.
 The Formal Description Technique LOTOS, P.H.J. van Eijk et al., editors, North-Holland, 1989.
 LOTOSphere: Software Development with LOTOS, Tommaso Bolognesi, Jeroen van de Lagemaat, and Chris Vissers, editors, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.
 Hubert Garavel, Frédéric Lang, and Wendelin Serwe, From LOTOS to LNT. In Joost-Pieter Katoen, Rom Langerak, and Arend Rensink, editors, ModelEd, TestEd, TrustEd - Essays Dedicated to Ed Brinksma on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, vol. 10500 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 3–26, Springer International Publishing, October 2017, doi 10.1007/978-3-319-68270-9_1.

External links

World-wide Environment for Learning LOTOS (WELL)
Tutorials for LOTOS (see section 3)
 LOTOS in the RKBExplorer

Process calculi
Formal methods
Formal specification languages
Concurrency (computer science)
Theoretical computer science
Concurrency control
Synchronization
JasPer. JasPer is a computer software project to create a reference implementation of the codec specified in the JPEG-2000 Part-1 standard (i.e. ISO/IEC 15444-1) - started in 1997 at Image Power Inc. and at the University of British Columbia. It consists of a C library and some sample applications useful for testing the codec.

The copyright owner began licensing the code to the public under an MIT License-style license in 2004 in response to requests from the open-source community.  JasPer operated as a component of many software projects, both free and proprietary, including (but not limited to) netpbm (as of release 10.12), ImageMagick and KDE (as of version 3.2).  the GEGL graphics library supported JasPer in its latest Git versions.

In a series of objective JPEG-2000-compression quality tests conducted in 2004, "JasPer was the best codec, closely followed by IrfanView and Kakadu".
However, Jasper remains one of the slowest implementations of the JPEG-2000 codec, as it was designed for reference, not performance.

Etymology 
The name "JasPer" has simultaneous connotations with Canada's Jasper National Park, with the semi-precious gemstone, jasper, and with "JP" as an abbreviation of the JPEG-2000 standard.

See also 
 OpenJPEG

References 

Notes:

JPEG
C (programming language) libraries
Graphics software
MX4J. MX4J is a project to create an open-source implementation of Java Management Extensions (JMX). The JMX specification is a Java Specification Request (see JSR 003) currently in maintenance release 1.2; the new JSR 160 has been issued to address connectivity to a remote JMX agent. MX4J implements both JSR 3 and JSR 160.

The MX4J project goals can be simplified as:

 Closely adhere to the JMX specification.
 Develop a highly robust codebase.
 Be 100% compatible with the reference implementations.

Due to its simplicity, MX4J is widely adopted in open source projects like Jetty Server, Tomcat, Geronimo, Harmony, ObjectWeb JOnAS and many others.

Activity on MX4J project has now ceased.

References

External links 
 Official website

Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Wardite. Wardite is a hydrous sodium aluminium phosphate hydroxide mineral with formula: NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4·2(H2O). Wardite is of interest for its rare crystallography.  It crystallizes in the tetragonal trapezohedral class and is one of only a few minerals in that class. Wardite forms vitreous green to bluish green to white to colorless crystals, with pyramidal {102} or {114} faces and  with {001} usually present masses. Also appears as fibrous encrustations. It has a Mohs hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 2.81–2.87.

Wardite was named for Henry Augustus Ward (1834–1906) of the University of Rochester in New York. It first described in 1896 for an occurrence in Clay Canyon, Fairfield, Utah County, Utah, US.

Occurrence
It occurs with variscite in phosphate nodules and occurs uncommonly in pegmatites and phosphate deposits through alteration of amblygonite. 

Wardite is a rare mineral, which has been found in approximately 70 locations worldwide, but generally on a microscopic scale, with only a few occurrences of significant specimens. The finest specimens, boasting crystals up to 4 cm in size, originate from Rapid Creek and the Big Fish River in the Dawson mining district, Alaska (USA). Good quality specimens, measuring up to 1 cm, have also been discovered in Lavra da Ilha, Taquaral, Itinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil. In Spain, it appears in the form of crystals up to 1 cm found in cavities within montebrasite at the Tita mine in Golpejas, Salamanca.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Mineral galleries

Sodium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 92
Campylite. Campylite is a variety of the lead arsenate mineral mimetite which received the name from the Greek 'kampylos'- bent, on account of the barrel-shaped bend of its crystals. It has also been used as an alternate name for pyromorphite.

It occurs in the upper lead deposits through the oxidation of galena or cerussite. The main deposits are Příbram in Bohemia and Dry Gill, Caldbeck Fells, near Wigton, Cumbria, England.

References
Mindat with location data
Webmineral pyromorphite page

Further reading
 Mick Cooper and Chris Stanley, 1990, Minerals of the English Lake District, Natural History Museum Publications, London, 

Lead minerals
Arsenate minerals