omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Larkin Terminal Warehouse. The Larkin Terminal Warehouse, also known as Larkin at Exchange or the Larkin R/S/T Building,  is located at 726 Exchange Street, Buffalo, New York in a neighborhood known as the "Hydraulics." The neighborhood was one of Buffalo's earliest industrial districts and its name is derived from the construction of a small hydraulic canal. The building, clearly visible from the I-190 interstate, was originally part of the Larkin Company and was one of the last constructed buildings in the complex. The building has a radio tower on the roof erected by WEBR-AM in 1936.

History
The Larkin Company owned the building until 1967, when it was sold to Graphic Controls. In 2001, CityView Properties purchased the building from Graphic Controls. The group has spent over $40 million in renovations to the building. On September 10, 2009, First Niagara Financial Group relocated its corporate headquarters to the Larkin Terminal Warehouse building.

As of January 2016, the John R. Oishei Foundation's headquarters are located at the Larkin Terminal Warehouse. As of December 2015, the Foundation has $300 million in assets and gives away nearly $20 million annually. It is among the region's most well-known grant makers, providing resources for programs, capital projects and nonprofit executive development and in the last few years alone, it provided multimillion-dollar gifts to the largest health and education projects in Western New York.

Larkin Complex
Other buildings in the Larkin complex include:
Larkin Power station at 635 Seneca Street.
Larkin Factory Complex Buildings: B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K N, O, (The Seneca Industrial Center) at 701 Seneca Street. 
Larkin L/M Warehouse (now Army Navy Surplus), at 290 Larkin Street.
Larkin U Building at 239 Rensselaer street.
Larkin Men's Club at 696 Seneca Street.
Larkin Administration Building (Demolished) 680 Seneca Street

Gallery

See also
Larkinville

References

Buildings and structures in Buffalo, New York
Headquarters in the United States
Aydlett A-1. The Aydlett A-1 was a one-off, homebuilt aircraft constructed in the US in the 1960s.  It was a single seat, single engine monoplane of conventional appearance, with an enclosed cockpit.

Design and development

Donald Aydlett began construction of the sole A-1 in 1963, flying it on 6 July 1965.  It was a low wing monoplane of mixed wood and steel construction.  The wing was a fabric covered wood structure, with streamlined lift struts from the upper fuselage longerons.  The fuselage and tail unit were steel, again fabric covered, and the tail unit was wire braced.  The tailplane was on top of the fuselage; the rounded fin carried a generous, unbalanced rudder. The cockpit, over the wing, was enclosed by a canopy which merged at the rear with the raised fuselage decking.  Power came from a 125 hp (93 kW) flat four Lycoming O-290-G, mounted with cylinder heads and exhaust pipes exposed.  The A-1 had a fixed, conventional undercarriage, with mainwheels mounted on faired V-struts and a tailwheel.

Specifications

References

1960s United States sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Ammonium chromate. Ammonium chromate is a salt with the formula (NH4)2CrO4. It forms yellow, monoclinic crystals; made from ammonium hydroxide and ammonium dichromate; used in photography as a sensitizer for gelatin coatings. It is often used in photography, textile printing, and fixing chromate dyes on wool. It is also used as an analytical reagent, catalyst, and corrosion inhibitor. It is soluble in water, and, when applied, can cause irritation in the mucous membrane, eyes, respiratory tract, skin, etc. It may cause skin sensitization after prolonged contact. It is also known to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing), and it can cause tissue ulceration and injury to the liver and kidneys.

See also

Ammonium dichromate

References

Ammonium compounds
Chromates
Maidan metro station. Maidan is an underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the Blue Line of Kolkata Metro in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The station is located on Jawaharlal Nehru Road at Middleton Street. It is named after the Maidan, the largest urban park in Kolkata, which lies on the west side of Jawaharlal Nehru Road.

History
In 2024, Kolkata Metro began replacing the steel third rail on the Blue Line with a highly conductive aluminum rail. This upgrade, the first in 38 years, aims to cut energy loss by 84%, saving approximately ₹1 crore per kilometer annually. The initial shipment from Germany covers about 5 kilometers, with a total of 35 kilometers planned over two years. The aluminum rail will reduce voltage drops, leading to faster travel times, more frequent services, and lower operational costs, while also cutting carbon emissions by 50,000 tons over its lifetime.

Station layout

Entry/Exit

See also

Kolkata
List of Kolkata Metro stations
Transport in Kolkata
Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation
Kolkata Suburban Railway
Kolkata Monorail
Trams in Kolkata
Bhowanipore
Chowringhee Road
List of rapid transit systems
List of metro systems

References

External links
 
 
 Official Website for line 1
 UrbanRail.Net – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

Railway stations in India opened in 1984
Kolkata Metro stations
Railway stations in Kolkata
1984 establishments in West Bengal
Kocjan Bąk. The Bąk (Horse-Fly) was a single seat motor glider designed and built in Poland from 1936.

Development 
Affiliated to D.W.L., the Warsztaty Szybowcowe – glider workshops produced the Bᾳk, designed by Antoni Kocjan, to compete with the ITS-8 which had been designed to a specification from the I.T.S.M. (Instytut Techniki Szybownictwa i Motoszybownictwa – institute of gliding and motor-gliding techniques), for a cheap ultra-light aircraft suitable for converting trained glider pilots to powered flying. The Bąk I was an immediate success with excellent performance and good handling qualities, passing I.T.L. (Instytut Techniczny Lotnictwa – Technical aviation institute) and airworthiness tests without problems, also proving to have relatively good gliding performance.

The Bąk was built primarily of wood with plywood in a semi-monocoque fuselage and cantilevered single spar wooden wings, with plywood skinned leading edge torsion boxes and wing roots, mid set on the fuselage with marked dihedral. The tail unit comprised a fin, with rudder, integral with the fuselage and a cantilever ply and fabric covered all-flying tailplane, all control surfaces were statically balanced and mounted on ball bearings. Various engines of 16 to 32 hp could be fitted, with the majority of the production Bąk II's was the 32 hp Sarolea Albatros engine driving a twoblade fixed pitch Szomański propeller.

Designer of the Bąk, Antoni Kocjan, became part of the Polish Underground resistance and was killed in the Warsaw Uprising.

Operational history
The Bąk won a FAI world record for duration of flight in a Class D motorglider. The aircraft flew 5hr 24 minute on less than  of fuel. It also won a record for altitude, reaching .

Variants 
Bąk IThe prototype and first production machines fitted with an  Kroeber M4 Köller, two- cylinder, horizontally opposed, two-stroke air-cooled engine, (SP-692 and SP-1102 are two known glider registrations).
Bąk IIProduction aircraft fitted with a  Sarolea Albatros two-cylinder horizontally opposed air-cooled engine, 25 built.

Specifications (Bąk II)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 29

External links
 RWD (aircraft manufacturer)

RWD aircraft
1930s Polish civil trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Motor gliders
1930s Polish sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1937
James C. Newman. James C. Newman is an American engineer and materials scientist known for his work on fracture and fatigue for aerospace vehicles. NASA has listed him as a "Superstar of Modern Aeronautics".

He is known for his work in safety analysis of structures, and pioneered the finite element studies of planar cracks in three-dimensional finite bodies, and the development of extensive stress intensity factor equations. These solutions are now considered to be classic contributions to Fracture Mechanics,  and are used as benchmarks for new crack stress analysis methods. He developed the theory for predicting plasticity induced crack closure and software Fastran, which is widely used in the aircraft industry.

In 2001, Newman left NASA for a professorship at Mississippi State University, where he developed a Fatigue and Fracture Laboratory and a new ASTM fracture standard (E-2472).

Many of the stress-intensity-factor solutions for crack configurations in the ASTM fatigue-crack growth and fracture standards were developed by Newman, along with stress-intensity-factor solutions and equations for three-dimensional crack configurations, such as surface cracks and corner cracks at holes. His life-prediction model and code FASTRAN is used to make life assessments of aircraft structures and is one of the life-prediction options in NASGRO. FASTRAN was successfully used to predict the onset of widespread fatigue damage in simulated aircraft fuselage components during the NASA/FAA aging aircraft studies in the 1990s.

He has pioneered the use of the critical crack-tip-opening-angle (CTOA) fracture criterion for aircraft structures, which was successfully used by Boeing-Long Beach to predict the residual strength of a damaged fuselage structure tested at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base within 5% of the failure pressure. Recently, he has promoted the use of the compression precracking test methods to generate fatigue-crack-growth threshold data without load-history effects.

References

External links
Official Website
Google Scholar

Living people
American materials scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Zerovalent iron. Zerovalent iron (ZVI) is jargon that describes forms of iron metal that are proposed for use in groundwater remediation.

ZVI operates by electron transfer from Fe0 toward some organochlorine compounds, a common class of pollutants.  The remediation process is proposed to generate Fe2+ and Cl− and halide-free organic products, all of which are relatively innocuous. Nanoscale ZVIs (nZVIs) are commonly used in remediation of chlorinated compounds and other pollutants.

Type of ZVI

Bulk Fe. Cast iron, consisting of scrap iron of construction grade, has been used as a reactive material for permeable reactive barriers (PRB) for groundwater remediation. Reactions are generally believed to occur on the Fe (oxide) surface; however, graphite inclusions can also serve as reaction sites.
Nanoscale Fe. In addition to using macroscale iron in PRBs, nanoparticles (1-100 nm diameter)  of zerovalent iron (nZVI) are effective.
Zn. Zinc has showed much higher reactivity toward pentachlorophenol than iron. This indicates that zinc may be used as a replacement for ZVI in dechlorinating chlorinated phenols. Chlorinated phenols are sequentially dechlorinated and thus less-chlorinated phenols have been identified as a reduction product.

Type of contaminants treated
Treatment of many kinds of pollutants has been proposed, but few have been demonstrated in solving environmental challenges.
Cadmium (Cd2+) is converted to immobile Cd metal.
Chloramines are effectively reduced by ZVI.
Nitrate reduction by iron powder is observed at pH ≤ 4. Ammonia is the end product. Using nanoscale iron, Nitrogen gas (N2) is the product.
Nitrated aromatics are reduced by bulk iron.
Chlorinated pesticides such as DDT, DDD, and DDE. The rates of dechlorination are enhanced by the surfactant Triton X-114.

Further reading
Tratnyek, P. G.; M. M. Scherer; T. J. Johnson; Matheson, L.J. (2003). Permeable reactive barriers of iron and other zerovalent metals. In: Tarr M. A. (ed.), Chemical Degradation Methods for Wastes and Pollutants; Environmental and Industrial Applications. Environmental Science and Pollution Control, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 371–421.

Notes

Environmental chemistry
CANT Z.1011. The twin-engined CANT Z.1011 was one of two bombers of about the same size and powered by the same engines, designed by Filippo Zappata in the mid-1930s. The other was the three-engined CANT Z.1007, which in the end was the type preferred by the Regia Aeronautica.

Design and development

The CANT Z.1011 was a low wing cantilever monoplane with a wooden structure. The wings had three wooden spars, spruce and plywood ribs and plywood covering. The whole trailing edge was occupied by ailerons and inboard flaps.  The fuselage was flat sided with plywood covering. The tailplane, placed on top of the fuselage, was braced to it with pairs of parallel struts and carried twin fins and rudders. The fins were braced to the tailplane  by further pairs of struts on their inner sides. The fixed tail surfaces were again plywood covered but the control surfaces were covered in fabric. The engines were conventionally wing mounted and the main legs and wheels of the tailwheel undercarriage retracted rearwards into cowling extensions behind them.  Mainwheels were fitted with brakes.

The enclosed pilots' compartment was over the leading edge of the wing, with a bomb-aimer's position in the nose. There were dorsal and ventral gunner's positions respectively over and aft of the wing, each equipped with twin machine guns.

The Z.1011 made its first flight on 2 March 1936 powered by 710 kW (950 hp) Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major RC radial engines, but these were soon replaced with 610 kW (820 hp) V-12 Isotta-Fraschini Asso XI.RCs. Five Z.1011 prototypes were built before the Regia Aeronautica chose to order the three-engined Z.1007. After that decision the Z.1011 was used as a transport.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications

References

Z.1011
1930s Italian bomber aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Wiederkehr GHW-1 Cu-Climber. The Wiederkehr GHW-1 Cu-Climber is an American, high-wing, single-seat glider that was designed by George H. Wiederkehr and first flown in 1968.

Design and development
The Cu-Climber is an original design and is of mixed construction, with the fuselage of fibreglass with foam bulkheads, forming a semi-monocoque structure. The wings are a fiberglass and balsa sandwich, with fibreglass skin, except aft of the spar on the under-surface where aircraft fabric covering is employed. The wing also features a large 12 inch (30 cm) X 6 inch (15 cm) box spar that is made from spruce, plywood and fiberglass, which is stressed to +9.6/-6.3 g. The wing employs a Pfenninger 14% airfoil.

The control surfaces include an all flying tail fitted with an anti-servo tab and full-span ailerons of very short chord that act as flaps when drooped for glidepath control. The landing gear is a fixed monowheel that is faired to reduce drag.

The aircraft's designation of GHW-1 indicates the designer's initials. Unusually the aircraft is registered with the Federal Aviation Administration simply as Amateur Built 68 glider. Only one example was ever constructed.

Operational history
In 1983 Soaring Magazine reported that the GHW-1 was being regularly flown and that the designer was constructing a new GHW-2. In May 2011 the GHW-1 was still registered to Wiederkehr. The GHW-2 was completed and in May 2011 was owned by Anthony C. Wiederkehr.

Specifications (GHW-1)

See also

References

1960s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1968
Stampe et Vertongen RSV.28. 

The Stampe et Vertongen RSV.28/180 Type III, also known as the RSV.28-PSV  (for pilotage sans visibilité, French for blind flying) was a military trainer aircraft built in Belgium to teach instrument-flying techniques. It was a response to a 1929 order from the Belgian Air Force, whose instrument-flying certification required a flight around a  triangular course and return to a point less than  from the start, using instruments only.

Stampe et Vertongen's response was a conventional design, a two-seat biplane fitted with a hood that could be closed over the pilot to remove visibility. Because the student pilots were also to learn to land with instruments only, the fixed undercarriage was very sturdy and had a wide track. Only one example was built, but development continued with the Stampe et Vertongen ST-26 in 1932.

Specifications

Notes

References
 
 
 
 

1920s Belgian military trainer aircraft
Stampe et Vertongen aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1929
SS Empire Curlew (1945). Empire Curlew was a   ferry that was built in 1945 as LST Mk.3 HMS LST 3042 by Harland & Wolff, Govan, Scotland for the Royal Navy. In 1947, she was renamed HMS Hunter. During the Suez Crisis in 1956, she was transferred to the Ministry of Transport and renamed Empire Curlew. She served until 1962, when she was scrapped.

Description
The ship was built in 1945 by Harland & Wolff, Govan. She was Yard Number 1298,

The ship was  long, with a beam of . She had a depth of , and a summer draught of . She was assessed at , .

The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine. The engine was built by Lobnitz, Renfrew. It drove twin screw propellers and could propel the ship at .

In Royal Navy service, the ship had a complement of 14 and capacity for 90 troops. Armament was 8 x 20mm AA guns.

History
HMS LST 3042 was launched on 31 January 1945, and completed in November 1945. She was commissioned on 16 November 1945. In 1947, she was renamed HMS Hunter. Hunter was later laid up on the River Clyde.

In 1956, during the Suez Crisis, she was requisitioned by the Ministry of Transport and renamed Empire Curlew. She was converted by John Brown & Company at their Dalmuir yard. She was placed under the management of the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company. In 1962, management was transferred to the British-India Steam Navigation Co Ltd. In April 1962, Empire Curlew was advertised for sale as lying at Malta, along with . She arrived 20 August 1962 at La Spezia, Italy for scrapping.

References

External links
Photo of HMS LST 3042
Photo of Empire Curlew

1945 ships
Ships built in Govan
LST (3)-class tank landing ships
Empire ships
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Ferries of the United Kingdom
Ships built by Harland and Wolff
Library Exchange Format. In integrated circuit design, Library Exchange Format (LEF) is a  specification for representing the physical layout of an integrated circuit in an ASCII format. It includes design rules and abstract information about the standard cells.  

LEF only has the basic information required at that level to serve the purpose of the concerned CAD tool. It helps in saving valuable resources by providing only an abstract view and thus consuming less memory overhead. LEF is used in conjunction with Design Exchange Format (DEF) to represent the complete physical layout of an  integrated circuit while it is being designed. 

LEF originated by Tangent for their Place and Route (P&R) tools, which were bought by Cadence Design Systems.

References 

EDA file formats
Isotta Fraschini Asso XI. The Asso XI was a family of water-cooled, supercharged V12 piston aeroengines produced in the 1930s by Italian manufacturer Isotta Fraschini, and fitted to a number of aircraft types built by CANT, Caproni and others.

Design and development
Isotta Fraschini produced a long series of engines with the name Asso (Ace in English). The Asso XI R.C. was a liquid-cooled V-12 engine with maximum power output in the range  depending on the degree of supercharging.  There were two variants, differing only in their supercharger speed: the R.C.40 ran at a little over 10 times the crankshaft speed and enabled the engine to maintain a rated power of  to an altitude of  whereas the R.2C.15 held  to  with a supercharger gearing of 7.

All variants of the R.C.40 had much in common with construction of the earlier Asso 750 R.C., though they had two, rather than three, banks of 6 cylinders and 4 rather than 2 valves per cylinder.  The cylinder barrels were machined from carbon steel with flat-topped heads and valve seats. Each barrel had a separate sheet steel water jacket.  Cast aluminium head blocks were bolted to each of the two banks of cylinders, providing valve ports, guides, coolant passages and camshaft supports. The pistons were also aluminium castings. The crankshaft was a 6-throw design with 8 plain bearings and a double row ball thrust bearing between the front two.  The connecting rods had bronze bush little ends and white metal big ends.  The crankcase was cast in two parts, the upper one with the housings for the crankshaft bearings.

Variants
Asso XI R(R - Riduttore - reduction gear)
Asso XI R.C.(C - Compressore - supercharged)
Asso XI R.C.15 Supercharger speed 75/7 times crankshaft; rated power at .
Asso XI R.2C.15(2C - second supercharger gearing) Supercharger speed 7 times crankshaft; rated power at .
Asso XI R.2C.16(2C - second supercharger gearing) Supercharger speed 7 times crankshaft; rated power at .
Asso XI R.C.40Supercharger speed 75/7 times crankshaft; rated power at .
L.121 R.C.40A version of the Asso XI,  
A.120 R.C.40 Inverted version of the L.121

Applications
CANT Z.501
CANT Z.505
CANT Z.508
CANT Z.1007
CANT Z.1011
Caproni Ca.124 idro
Caproni Ca.134
Caproni Ca.135
Caproni Ca.405
Caproni Campini N.1
IMAM Ro.45
Piaggio P.32
Piaggio P.50
SAI Ambrosini S.S.4
Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 (originally)

Specifications (R.C.40)

See also

Note

References

Asso XI
1930s aircraft piston engines
V12 aircraft engines
Richard Altwasser. Richard Francis Altwasser is a British engineer and inventor, responsible for the hardware design of the ZX Spectrum.

Biography 

Altwasser graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, with a degree in engineering in June 1978. He was hired by Sinclair Research in September 1980. His first assigned job was to write some programs to demonstrate the capabilities of the new 8 kB ROM and 16 kB RAM expansion for the ZX80. After that, he worked on the printed circuit board of the ZX81.

After the launch of the ZX81, Altwasser was promoted to the computers development team and worked on the development of the ZX Spectrum, from the early technical discussions at the end of July 1981. His main contribution was the design of the graphics mode using less than 7 kilobytes of memory. He also participated in the preliminary stages of the development of the ZX Microdrive.

Altwasser left Sinclair at the beginning of May 1982 to establish his own company, along with Steve Vickers, author of the Spectrum's ROM firmware and manual. Provisionally called Rainbow Computing Co., the company later became Jupiter Cantab Limited.

Jupiter Cantab launched only one major product, a home computer called Jupiter Ace. The Ace was a failure both in the UK and in the U.S. markets. In 1983 "Buyers Guide Home Computing Weekly" was advertising the ZX81 for £39.95, and the Jupiter Ace for £89.95. The company went bankrupt in November 1983.

In 1986 Altwasser became the engineering director at Amstrad. The same year Amstrad, already itself a successful home computer manufacturer, bought Sinclair Research's computer business. Altwasser left Amstrad in 1992, taking on a number of director and executive jobs in other companies, such as Network Development Manager at RM plc from September 2000 to May 2003. As of 2011 he gives his occupation as a reader at Portishead parish.

References

External links 
 «Display for a computer» (Richard Altwasser's patent for the Spectrum's graphics mode)
 ZX Spectrum's chief designers reunited 30 years on

English engineers
Sinclair Research
1957 births
Living people