omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Packetized elementary stream. Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) is a specification in the MPEG-2 Part 1 (Systems) (ISO/IEC 13818-1) and ITU-T H.222.0 that defines carrying of elementary streams (usually the output of an audio or video encoder) in packets within MPEG program streams and MPEG transport streams. The elementary stream is packetized by encapsulating sequential data bytes from the elementary stream inside PES packet headers.

A typical method of transmitting elementary stream data from a video or audio encoder is to first create PES packets from the elementary stream data and then to encapsulate these PES packets inside Transport Stream (TS) packets or Program Stream (PS) packets. The TS packets can then be multiplexed and transmitted using broadcasting techniques, such as those used in an ATSC and DVB.

Transport Streams and Program Streams are each logically constructed from PES packets. PES packets shall be used to convert between Transport Streams and Program Streams. In some cases the PES packets need not be modified when performing such conversions. PES packets may be much larger than the size of a Transport Stream packet.

PES packet header

Optional PES header 

While above flags indicate that values are appended into variable length optional fields, they are not just simply written out. For example, PTS (and DTS) is expanded from 33 bits to 5 bytes (40 bits). If only PTS is present, this is done by catenating 0010b, most significant 3 bits from PTS, 1, following next 15 bits, 1, rest 15 bits and 1. If both PTS and DTS are present the same is done, but first 4 bits before start of PTS bits are 0011b (and not 0010b) and first 4 bits before start of DTS bits are 0001b. Other appended bytes have similar but different encoding.

References

External links
 http://www.bretl.com/mpeghtml/pespckt.HTM
 http://dvd.sourceforge.net/dvdinfo/pes-hdr.html
 ISO/IEC standard 13818-1 )

MPEG
Mercury laser. The Mercury laser is a high-average-power laser system developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as a prototype for systems to drive inertial confinement fusion.  Like the National Ignition Facility, it is intended to produce narrow pulses of extremely high power, using diode-pumped solid-state lasers.  Unlike the NIF system, the Mercury laser aims to achieve a high repetition rate: its goals are 10 pulses per second, each delivering 100 J with a 10% efficient conversion of electricity to laser light.

The active gain medium is Yb:SFAP (Ytterbium-doped strontium fluorapatite, Sr5(PO4)3F), which is cooled by fast-flowing helium to allow high repetition rates.  Infrared light at 900 nm from 8 arrays of laser diodes pumps the laser.

References 
 

Inertial confinement fusion research lasers
Justin Rattner. Justin R. Rattner is a retired Intel Senior Fellow, Corporate Vice President and former director of Intel Labs. Previously, he served as the corporation's Chief Technology Officer, where he was responsible for leading Intel's microprocessor, communications and systems technology labs and Intel Research.

In 1989, Rattner was named Scientist of the Year by R&D Magazine for his leadership in parallel and distributed computer architecture. In December 1996, Rattner was featured as Person of the Week by ABC World News for his visionary work on the Department of Energy ASCI Red System, the first computer to sustain one trillion operations per second (one teraFLOPS) and the fastest computer in the world between 1996 and 2000. In 1997, Rattner was honored as one of the Computing 200, the 200 individuals having the greatest impact on the U.S. computer industry today, and subsequently profiled in the book Wizards and Their Wonders from ACM Press.

Rattner has received two Intel Achievement Awards for his work in high performance computing and advanced cluster communication architecture. He was a longstanding member of Intel's Research Council and Academic Advisory Council. He previously served as the Intel executive sponsor for Cornell University on the External Advisory Board for the College of Engineering. Rattner joined Intel in 1973. He was named its first principal engineer in 1979, its fourth Intel Fellow in 1988, and one of the first four senior fellows in 2002.

Prior to joining Intel, Rattner held positions with Hewlett-Packard Company and Xerox Corporation. He received bachelor's and master's degrees from Cornell University in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1970 and 1972, respectively. In 2012, Rattner was bestowed an honorary Doctor of Science from Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, where he delivered the commencement address to the Atkinson Graduate School of Management (AGSM).

Rattner lives near Portland, Oregon where he and his three children own and operate a large equestrian competition and training facility.

Honors/Achievements 
 Awarded Honorary Doctor of Science by Willamette University, May 2012 
 ABC World News Person of the Week, December 1996 
 World's Fastest Computers 1996-2000  
 R&D Magazine Scientist of the Year 1989
 Received two Intel Achievement Awards
 Globe Award by the Oregon Center for Advanced Technology Education 1989

Patents 
 , 7 February 1989
 , 30 August 1983 
 , 7 June 1983 
 , 13 April 1982

References

External links 
 Justin Rattner's Blog on ZDNet
 Biography as given by Intel.com

Most of this information was taken from the Intel website (see external links)

Living people
Intel people
Xerox people
Hewlett-Packard people
American computer businesspeople
American chief technology officers
Computer designers
Computer hardware engineers
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
Year of birth missing (living people)
Engineering mathematics. Mathematical engineering (or engineering mathematics) is a branch of applied mathematics, concerning mathematical methods and techniques that are typically used in engineering and industry. Along with fields like engineering physics and engineering geology, both of which may belong in the wider category engineering science, engineering mathematics is an interdisciplinary subject motivated by engineers' needs both for practical, theoretical and other considerations outside their specialization, and to deal with constraints to be effective in their work.

Description
Historically, engineering mathematics consisted mostly of applied analysis, most notably: differential equations; real and complex analysis (including vector and tensor analysis); approximation theory (broadly construed, to include asymptotic, variational, and perturbative methods, representations, numerical analysis); Fourier analysis; potential theory; as well as linear algebra and applied probability, outside of analysis.  These areas of mathematics were intimately tied to the development of Newtonian physics, and the mathematical physics of that period.  This history also left a legacy: until the early 20th century subjects such as classical mechanics were often taught in applied mathematics departments at American universities, and fluid mechanics may still be taught in (applied) mathematics as well as engineering departments.

The success of modern numerical computer methods and software has led to the emergence of computational mathematics, computational science, and computational engineering (the last two are sometimes lumped together and abbreviated as CS&E), which occasionally use high-performance computing for the simulation of phenomena and the solution of problems in the sciences and engineering. These are often considered interdisciplinary fields, but are also of interest to engineering mathematics.

Specialized branches include engineering optimization and engineering statistics.

Engineering mathematics in tertiary education typically consists of mathematical methods and models courses.

See also

 Industrial mathematics
 Control theory, a mathematical discipline concerned with engineering
 Further mathematics and additional mathematics, A-level mathematics courses with similar content
 Mathematical methods in electronics, signal processing and radio engineering

References

Applied mathematics
Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory. Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory (PEPL) is a University of Michigan laboratory facility for electric propulsion and plasma application research. The primary goals of PEPL are to increase efficiency of electric propulsion systems, understand integration issues of plasma thrusters with spacecraft, and to identify non-propulsion applications of electric propulsion technology. It was founded by Professor Alec D. Gallimore and is currently directed by Professor Benjamin A. Jorns.

PEPL currently houses the Large Vacuum Test Facility (LVTF). The chamber was constructed in the 1960s by Bendix Corporation for testing of the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle and was later donated to the University of Michigan in 1982. The cylindrical 9 m long by 6 m diameter long stainless-steel clad tank is utilized for Hall effect thruster, electrostatic ion thruster, magnetoplasmadynamic thruster, and arcjet testing as well as space tether and plasma diagnostics research.

See also
 Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Dynamics Group

References

External links
 Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory Official Website

University of Michigan
Plasma physics facilities
Snettisham Hoard. The Snettisham Hoard or Snettisham Treasure is a series of discoveries of Iron Age precious metal, found in the Snettisham area of the English county of Norfolk between 1948 and 1973.

Iron age hoard
The hoard consists of metal, jet and over 150 gold/silver/copper alloy torc fragments, over 70 of which form complete torcs, dating from about BC 70. The fairly precise dating comes from French coins discovered with torcs.  Probably the most famous item from the hoard is the Great Torc from Snettisham, which is now held by the British Museum. Though the origins are unknown, it is of a high enough quality to have been royal treasure of the Iceni.

Recent electron microscopy research by the British Museum reveal the wear patterns in the torcs, the chemical composition of the metal, and the cut marks which reduced many of the torcs into fragments. One hypothesis suggests the deliberate destruction of valuable items was a form of votive offering.

The finds are deposited in Norwich Castle Museum and the British Museum. The hoard was ranked as number 4 in the list of British archaeological finds selected by experts at the British Museum for the 2003 BBC Television documentary, Our Top Ten Treasures, presented by Adam Hart-Davis.

Similar specimens are the Sedgeford Torc, found in 1965, and the Newark Torc, found in 2005, as well as the six torcs from the Ipswich Hoard found in 1968-9.

Romano-British hoard
In 1985 there was also a find of Romano-British jewellery and raw materials buried in a clay pot in AD 155, the Snettisham Jeweller's Hoard. Though it has no direct connection with the nearby Iron Age finds, it may be evidence of a long tradition of gold- and silver-working in the area.

See also 
List of hoards in Britain
Iceni
Celtic Britain

References

External links
 Norfolk Museums Service

Objects of historical interest in Norfolk
Archaeology of Norfolk
Archaeological sites in Norfolk
Prehistoric sites in England
Treasure troves of the Iron Age
Treasure troves of Roman Britain
Treasure troves in England
Torcs
Prehistoric objects in the British Museum
Romano-British objects in the British Museum
Ancient Celtic metalwork
1948 archaeological discoveries
1973 archaeological discoveries
1948 in England
1973 in England
Hoards from Iron Age Britain
Biorhexistasy. The theory of biorhexistasy describes climatic conditions necessary for periods of soil formation (pedogenesis) separated by periods of soil erosion. Proposed by pedologist Henry Erhart in 1951, the theory defines two climatic phases: biostasy and rhexistasy.

Biostasy 
During biostasy, abundant and regular precipitation induces strong pedogenesis characterized by chemical alteration of parent material and intensified eluviation and illuviation of soil minerals within the surface soil and subsoil layers (the solum).  These processes contribute to the formation of eluvial and argillic horizons and an increased concentration of iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and other sesquioxides in the subsoil. Climatic conditions favor a vegetative cover which protects the soil from physical erosion but abundant rainfall results in the loss of mineral ions and increased concentration of those minerals in receiving bodies of water. Abundant marine calcium results in limestone formation.

Rhexistasy 
During rhexistasy (from rhexein, to break) the protective vegetative cover is reduced or eliminated as a result of a drier climate.  Rainfall intensity is higher.  The drier climate slows pedogenesis and soils no longer contribute the limestone building mineral components that characterize biostasy.  Unprotected by thick vegetation or deep soils, wind acts to expose subsoil to erosion and rock to physical weathering.  Freeze-thaw acts to increase the production of coarse detrital materials. The intensity of punctuating rainfall events during rhexistasy results in erosion, and the accumulation of sand and silt as sedimentary layers. During rhexistasy, the dominance of chemical weathering that characterizes biostasy is replaced by the dominance of physical weathering.

During the Pleistocene epoch, the periods of glaciation are considered to be periods of rhexistasy and the interglacial are considered periods of biostasy.

Current use 
The theory of biorhexistasy is used in various capacities:
 to discuss the potential for man to affect either rhexistasy-like or biostasy-like environments, and what to expect from those environments,
 to explain the role of extreme events in erosion at a site recovering from disturbance, and
 to evaluate speleothems for insight into paleoclimatic and biopedological conditions at the land surface.

See also 
 Land degradation
 Soil production function

References

Further reading 
 

Pedology
Sedimentology
Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets. Vasili Yevgrafovich Samarsky-Bykhovets (; 7 November 1803 – 31 May 1870) was a Russian mining engineer and the chief of Russian Mining Engineering Corps between 1845 and 1861. The mineral samarskite (samarskite-Y, samarskite-Yb and calciosamarskite), and chemical element samarium are named after him. He was the first person whose name was given to a chemical element.

Biography
Samarsky-Bykhovets was born in a noble family in the Tomsk Governorate, located in the Asian part of Russia east of the Ural Mountains. He received military engineer education at the local Mining Cadet Corps, and after graduation in 1823 served in a military position at the Kolyvan-Resurrection plants and the associated mines in the Urals. In 1828, he was transferred to Saint Petersburg, where he consecutively assumed positions of an assistant in the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, chief clerk of the Mining Department, senior aide, and staff officer in the Corps of Mining Engineers. In 1834, he was promoted to the rank of captain and in 1845 to colonel. The next year he was appointed as Chief of Staff of the Corps of Mining Engineers and remained in that position until 1861. While Chief of Staff, he began teaching at Saint Petersburg Mining Institute and eventually became a member of the scientific council there. He was promoted to Lieutenant General in 1860, and in 1861 became chairman of the Board of the Corps of Mining Engineers, and also chairman of the Commission on the Revision of the Mining Charter. He took a three-months sabbatical leave in 1862 to attend an international scientific exhibition in London, and died in 1870.

Relation to samarskite

Samarsky-Bykhovets himself was not involved in the studies of samarskite and samarium. As a mining official, he merely granted access to mineral samples from the Urals to the German mineralogist Gustav Rose and his  brother Heinrich Rose. Gustav Rose in 1839 described a new mineral in those samples and named it uranotantalum believing that its composition is dominated by the chemical element tantalum. In 1846–47, his brother and colleague-mineralogist Heinrich Rose found the major component of the mineral to be niobium and suggested altering the name to avoid confusion. The newly chosen name samarskite acknowledged the role of Samarsky-Bykhovets in granting access to the mineral samples. Later, several lanthanide elements were isolated from this mineral, and one of them, samarium, was named after the mineral, once again honoring Samarsky-Bykhovets.

References

1803 births
1870 deaths
Mining engineers
Military personnel of the Russian Empire
Engineers from the Russian Empire
Rare earth scientists
David E. Orton. David E. Orton (born 1955) is an American engineering executive and the CEO of GEO Semiconductor Inc.

Orton earned a BS in mathematics and economics at Wake Forest University, and a MS  in electrical engineering from Duke University. He worked in the graphics and semiconductor industry as an engineer at Bell Laboratories in 1979  to 1983 and then General Electric through December 1988. He joined Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 1990, and was senior vice president of visual computing and advanced systems through 1999. In 1996 SGI bought Cray Research and Orton had to deal with merging the companies' overlapping technologies.

Orton joined ATI Technologies as a result of an acquisition of ArtX in April 2000, where he was president and CEO. ATI posted losses after the dot-com bubble collapsed, although losses were reduced by June 2001.
He was named CEO of ATI in March 2004.
Though ATI's principal location was in Markham, Ontario, Canada, Orton spent a portion of his time in California where he resided.

After the announced merger of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) with ATI on July 24, 2006, as ATI Technologies became a subsidiary of AMD,  Orton became an executive vice-president of AMD, reporting to AMD CEO Hector Ruiz and COO Dirk Meyer. On July 10, 2007, AMD announced the resignation of Orton as executive vice president. One trade journalist rated Orton as the top of the "CEOs that went in 2007".

From 2007 to 2009, he was CEO of the startup DSM Solutions. On July 15, 2009, Orton became the CEO of Aptina, a privately held image sensor company located in San Jose, California. He left Aptina in September 2012. He was on the board of directors of SuVolta.

References

External links 
 Photograph of David E. Orton

Living people
ATI Technologies
AMD people
Silicon Graphics people
American technology chief executives
Duke University Pratt School of Engineering alumni
Wake Forest University alumni
1955 births
Raritan Inc.. Raritan is a multinational technology company that manufactures hardware for data center power distribution, remote server management, and audio visual solutions. The company is headquartered in Somerset, New Jersey (which is located near Raritan, New Jersey), and has a commercial presence in over 76 countries. Raritan was acquired by Legrand in September 2015.

History 
Raritan was established in 1985, when the founder, Ching-I Hsu, and his wife, created a business reselling PC components out of their house. This later changed from reselling to manufacturing PCs. To make the manufacturing more efficient, Hsu developed the first KVM switch, a tool that provides a way to control numerous PCs from a single product. The KVM switch advanced Raritan as an international company and led to other company advancements.

Raritan entered the intelligent power business in 2007. Intelligent power management provides companies with an accurate measurement of the amount of energy devices use. This kind of power management is much more energy efficient because it consumes less energy/produces less heat, improves environmental conditions with sensors that adjust things like temperature and humidity levels, and overall decrease costs.

In 2008, Raritan's Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) business began. This software provides the ability to better manage assets, change and capacity through monitoring of power, the environment, and energy use.

In June 2015, Legrand, North America announced an agreement to acquire Raritan. The scope of the acquisition would include Raritan's intelligent power and KVM businesses, while its Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) software business would spin off into Sunbird Software, a new company and strategic partner of Raritan to be chaired by Ching-I Hsu, CEO and founder of Raritan. The acquisition was complete on September 28, 2015.

References

External links

Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies
Companies based in Somerset County, New Jersey
American companies established in 1985
Networking hardware companies
System administration
Out-of-band management
Computer peripheral companies
2015 mergers and acquisitions
BME. BME may refer to:

Medicine
 Biomedical engineering
 Bone marrow examination

Music
Bachelor of Music Education
 BME Recordings, a record label founded by Lil Jon
 Bad Meets Evil, a hip hop duo from Detroit consisting of rappers Royce da 5'9" and Eminem

Organic chemistry
 Methyl tert-butyl ether, an organic solvent
 2-Mercaptoethanol, an antioxidant also known as β-mercaptoethanol

Transport
 Beaver, Meade and Englewood Railroad, a railroad in Oklahoma, US, which became a subsidiary of the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad.
 Bergisch-Markisch Railway Company (Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft), in 19th-century Germany
 Broome railway station, National Rail code BME
 Broome International Airport, IATA code BME

Other
 Best Moonsault Ever, the name of a signature move used by pro-wrestler Christopher Daniels
 BMEzine, an online magazine devoted to body modification
 Black and Minority Ethnic, a term commonly used in the UK to describe people of non-white descent
 Bolsas y Mercados Españoles, owner of Bolsa de Madrid and other Spanish exchanges
 British Methodist Episcopal Church, Protestant church in Canada
 Budapest University of Technology and Economics (Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem)
Bombardier Challenger 850. The Bombardier Challenger 800, originally known as the Challenger SE, is the largest super-midsize business jet that was built by Bombardier Aerospace. It is based on Bombardier's 50-seat Bombardier CRJ200 LR. The Challenger 850 is the updated version, produced from 2006 to 2012.

Design and development

The Challenger 850 is derived from the Bombardier CRJ200 airliner. It is capable of accommodating 12–16 passengers. The Challenger 850 jet has a transcontinental range and a high-speed cruise of Mach 0.80.

The Challenger 850 was first manufactured in 1996 as the Challenger SE (Special Edition) and rebranded in 2006 as the Challenger 850. Production ended in 2012 following completion of 71 deliveries.

"Challenger 850" or "CRJ Special Edition (SE)" are marketing designations for any CL-600-2B19 aircraft that was configured "green" at manufacture and subsequently completed with an interior approved by supplemental type certificate (STC).

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 Bombardier Challenger 850 homepage
 Bombardier launches corporate shuttles from Aviation

Challenger 850
1990s Canadian business aircraft
Twinjets
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1996
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear