omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SV-318. The SV-318 is the basic model of the Spectravideo range. It was fitted with a chiclet style keyboard, which was difficult to use, alongside a combination cursor pad/joystick. This is a disc-shaped affair with a hole in the centre; put a red plastic 'stick' in the hole and with a built-in joystick, remove the stick and it is a directional arrow pad for word processing etc. This machine also had only 16 KB of user RAM (plus an additional 16 KB of video RAM), which limited its usefulness. However, this could be expanded via an external peripheral box.

This machine is basically identical to its big brother the SV-328, the only differences being in the keyboard and amount of memory. The two machine's ROM, expandability, mainboard and case were identical.

Reference to the operating system Microsoft Extended BASIC is not to be confused with MSX BASIC, although some marketing at the time claimed that Microsoft Extended is what MSX stood for.  The SV-318 is not fully compliant with the MSX standard.

In 1983, Spectravideo announced the SV-603 ColecoVision Video Game Adapter for the SV-318. The company stated that the $70 product allowed users to "enjoy the entire library of exciting ColecoVision video-game cartridges".

Reception
Popular Mechanics in February 1984 stated that the Spectravideo SV-318 "is worth searching out ... a very nice little machine". The magazine liked the integrated joystick and "stunning" graphics, but advised consumers to consider the small software library before purchasing.

More than 130 games were released for the system.

System specs

 Processor: Zilog Z80A running at 3.58 MHz
 ROM: 32 KB
 BIOS (16 KB)
 BASIC (16 KB)
 RAM: 16 KB
 Video Display Processor: TMS9918
 VRAM: 16 KB
 Text modes: 40×24 and 32×24
 Resolution: 256×192 (16 colours)
 Sprites: 32, 1 colour, max 4 per horizontal line
 Sound chip: General Instrument AY-3-8910 (PSG)
 Programmable Peripheral Interface: Intel 8255

References

External links
Roger's Spectravideo page
El Museo de los 8 Bits

Z80-based home computers
Home computers
Computer-related introductions in 1983
Spectravideo
OYL Industries. OYL Industries Berhad (OYL Industries Limited) was a member of the Hong Leong Group Malaysia, until its 2006 acquisition by Japan's Daikin Industries. OYL was one of the largest air conditioner manufacturers, and post merger, made Daikin the number two manufacturer of air conditioning systems in the world.

History
In the 1980s, OYL expanded regionally into China and Indonesia. Having set a firm foundation regionally, OYL took a significant step towards the globalisation of its activities when it acquired US-based SnyderGeneral in May 1994. This acquisition of a major US company by a Malaysian public listed organisation is the first in Malaysian corporate history.

The Group's principal activities are the manufacture, sale and distribution of heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment and the manufacture and sale of air filtration products and systems. Other activities include investment and property holding. Operations are carried out in North America, Asia and Europe.

OYL was incorporated in Malaysia as a private limited company under the name of O.YL. Industries Sdn Bhd and commenced operations (in Shah Alam) during the year 1974 with the assembly of gas cookers and GLEM gas ovens.

OYL was a public listed company and its shares were traded on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia. It was delisted as OYL became a member of Hong Leong Group Malaysia.

In 2006, Daikin acquired OYL from Hong Leong.

References

External links
OYL Industries Bhd, bloomberg.com

Defunct companies of Malaysia
Companies formerly listed on Bursa Malaysia
Daikin
2006 disestablishments in Malaysia
Companies disestablished in 2006
manufacturing companies based in Kuala Lumpur
Radio spectrum pollution. Radio spectrum pollution is the straying of waves in the radio and electromagnetic spectrums outside their allocations that cause problems for some activities.  It is of particular concern to radio astronomers.

Radio spectrum pollution is mitigated by effective spectrum management.  Within the United States, the Communications Act of 1934 grants authority for spectrum management to the President for all federal use (47 U.S.C. 305). The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) manages the spectrum for the Federal Government. Its rules are found in the "NTIA Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management".  The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) manages and regulates all domestic non-federal spectrum use (47 U.S.C. 301).  Each country typically has its own spectrum regulatory organization.  Internationally, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) coordinates spectrum policy.

See also
 Electromagnetic radiation and health
 Frequency allocation
 Radio quiet zone
 Spectrum management

References

External links
Time Warner Cable's TV channel shift draws interference from Verizon LTE smartphones December 4, 2013 Fierce Wireless

Electromagnetic spectrum
Light pollution
Radio communications
Radio astronomy
Radio spectrum
Pollution

de:Elektrosmog
fr:Pollution électromagnétique
it:Elettrosmog
Multipath I/O. In computer storage, multipath I/O is a fault-tolerance and performance-enhancement technique that defines more than one physical path between the CPU in a computer system and its mass-storage devices through the buses, controllers, switches, and bridge devices connecting them.

As an example, a SCSI hard disk drive may connect to two SCSI controllers on the same computer, or a disk may connect to two Fibre Channel ports.  Should one controller, port or switch fail, the operating system can route the I/O through the remaining controller, port or switch transparently and with no changes visible to the applications, other than perhaps resulting in increased latency.

Multipath software layers can leverage the redundant paths to provide performance-enhancing features, including dynamic load balancing, traffic shaping, automatic path management, and dynamic reconfiguration.

See also 
 Device mapper
 Linux DM Multipath

External links 
 Linux Multipathing, Linux Symposium 2005 p. 147
 VxDMP white paper, Veritas Dynamic Multi pathing
 Linux Multipath Usage guide

Computer data storage
Computer storage technologies
Fault-tolerant computer systems
David Bruce (inventor). David Bruce Jr. (February 6, 1802 – September 13, 1892) was a New York industrialist whose inventions revolutionized the printing industry.

Biography
David Bruce was born on Dey Street in Lower Manhattan on February 6, 1802.

In 1838, he invented the Pivotal Typecaster, and subsequently patented it in 1845.

An example of the Pivotal Typecaster can be found in the Printing Museum of the firm of William Clowes Ltd. in Beccles in the English county of Suffolk.

Bruce died at his home in Williamsburg, Brooklyn on September 13, 1892.

Notes

References

19th-century American inventors
1802 births
1892 deaths
American printers
MC Metals. MC Metals was a metal recycling company based in the Springburn area of Glasgow, Scotland.

History
MC Metals was founded by Jim MacWilliam in 1987. The company was made famous through the scrapping of huge numbers of British Rail diesel locomotives in the 1980s and 1990s. It operated on railway-owned land adjacent to British Rail Engineering Limited's Glasgow Works. A condition of its lease was that only ex-railway scrap could be processed there. It also carried out asbestos removal work. Rail vehicles arrived from all parts of the UK via a rail connection or by road. The site is now occupied by a Tesco supermarket.

Contributions to Railway Preservation
Despite being a metal recycling company, this facility played a role in helping some locomotives, primarily diesel locomotives, find new lives at various heritage railways. One example was Class 20 No. D8098 in the early 1990s. This locomotive now works at the Great Central Railway. Another example is Class 26 No. D5301/26001 which was rescued in the mid-1990s and now works at the Lakeside & Haverthwaite Railway. One railcar belonging to the Class 111 No. 59575 was rescued from here as well. One Class 45 locomotive No. 45125 was rescued from this facility during the late 1980s and early 1990s and now works at the Great Central Railway.

References

Further reading

Companies based in Glasgow
Defunct companies of Scotland
Railway scrapyards in the United Kingdom
Renewable resource companies established in 1987
Springburn
1987 establishments in Scotland
Tetragonal polycrystalline zirconia. Yttria blends of approximately 3% are called either tetragonal polycrystalline zirconia or tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (forming the initialisms TZP or TPZ) and have the finest grain size. These grades exhibit the highest toughness at room temperature, because they are nearly 100% tetragonal, but this degrades severely between 200 and 500 °C as these irreversible crystal transformations also cause dimensional change.

See also
Zirconium dioxide

References

Yttrium compounds
Zirconium dioxide
Ceramic materials
Dimethylacetamide. Dimethylacetamide (DMAc or DMA) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)N(CH3)2. This colorless, water-miscible, high-boiling liquid is commonly used as a polar solvent in organic synthesis. DMA is miscible with most other solvents, although it is poorly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Synthesis and production
DMA is prepared commercially by the reaction of dimethylamine with acetic anhydride or acetic acid.  Dehydration of the salt of dimethylamine and acetic acid also furnishes this compound:
 CH3CO2H·HN(CH3)2 → H2O + CH3CON(CH3)2

Dimethylacetamide can also be produced by the reaction of dimethylamine with methyl acetate.

 
The separation and purification of the product is carried out by multistage distillation in rectification columns. DMA is obtained with essentially quantitive (99%) yield referred to methyl acetate.

Reactions and applications
The chemical reactions of dimethylacetamide are typical of N,N-disubstituted amides. Hydrolysis of the acyl-N bond occurs in the presence of acids:
 CH3CON(CH3)2 + H2O + HCl →  CH3COOH + (CH3)2NH2+Cl−
However, it is resistant to bases. For this reason DMA is a useful solvent for reactions involving strong bases such as sodium hydroxide.

Dimethylacetamide is commonly used as a solvent for fibers (e.g., polyacrylonitrile, spandex) or in the adhesive industry. It is also employed in the production of pharmaceuticals and plasticizers as a reaction medium. 

A solution of lithium chloride in DMAc (LiCl/DMAc) can dissolve cellulose. Unlike many other cellulose solvents, LiCl/DMAc gives a molecular dispersion, i.e. a "true solution". For this reason, it is used in gel permeation chromatography to determine the molar mass distribution of cellulose samples.

Dimethylacetamide is also used as an excipient in drugs, e.g. in Vumon (teniposide), Busulfex (busulfan) or Amsidine (amsacrine).

Toxicity

Dimethylacetamide, like most simple alkyl amides, is of low acute toxicity. Chronic exposure can cause hepatotoxicity. At high doses (400 mg/kg body mass daily), dimethylacetamide causes effects on the central nervous system (e.g. depression, hallucinations and delusion).

Dimethylacetamide may be incompatible with polycarbonate or ABS. Devices (e.g. syringes) that contain polycarbonate or ABS can dissolve when coming into contact with dimethylacetamide.

Regulation

In 2011, dimethylacetamide was identified in the EU as a Substance of very high concern (SVHC) because of its reproductive toxicity. In 2014, the European Commission has started an investigation to restrict the use of dimethylacetamide in the EU according to REACH.

In 2015, the CNESST (Committee on Standards, Equity, Health and Safety at Work in Quebec) has adopted a tightened classification of dimethylacetamide:

See Also
 N-Methylacetamide
 Dimethylformamide

References

External links
 Process flowsheet of Dimethylacetamide Production from Acetic Acid and Dimethylamine
 CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Amide solvents
Acetamides
Shear strength. In engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure when the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force. When a paper is cut with scissors, the paper fails in shear.

In structural and  mechanical engineering, the shear strength of a component is important for designing the dimensions and materials to be used for the manufacture or construction of the component (e.g. beams, plates, or bolts). In a reinforced concrete beam, the main purpose of reinforcing bar (rebar) stirrups is to increase the shear strength.

Equations 

For shear stress  applies

where
 is major principal stress and
 is minor principal stress.

In general: ductile materials (e.g. aluminum) fail in shear, whereas brittle materials (e.g. cast iron) fail in tension .

To calculate:

Given total force at failure (F) and the force-resisting area (e.g. the cross-section of a bolt loaded in shear), ultimate shear strength () is:

For average shear stress

where

  is the average shear stress,
  is the shear force applied to each section of the part, and
  is the area of the section.

Average shear stress can also be defined as the total force of  as

 

This is only the average stress, actual stress distribution is not uniform. In real world applications, this equation only gives an approximation and the maximum shear stress would be higher. Stress is not often equally distributed across a part so the shear strength would need to be higher to account for the estimate.

Comparison
As a very rough guide relating tensile, yield, and shear strengths:

USS: Ultimate Shear Strength, UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength, SYS: Shear Yield Stress, TYS: Tensile Yield Stress

There are no published standard values for shear strength like with tensile and yield strength. Instead, it is common for it to be estimated as 60% of the ultimate tensile strength. Shear strength can be measured by a torsion test where it is equal to their torsional strength.

When values measured from physical samples are desired, a number of testing standards are available, covering different material categories and testing conditions. In the US, ASTM standards for measuring shear strength include ASTM B769, B831, D732, D4255, D5379, and D7078. Internationally, ISO testing standards for shear strength include ISO 3597, 12579, and 14130.

See also
 Shear modulus
 Shear stress
 Shear strain
 Shear strength (soil)
 Shear strength (Discontinuity)
 Strength of materials
 Tensile strength

References

Shear strength
Newer Technology. Newer Technology is an American technology company headquartered in Woodstock, Illinois, that designs and manufactures accessories primarily for Apple, Inc. products.

History 
Founded in 1988 Newer Technology initially focused on manufacturing computer upgrades and accessories such as processor cards, CPU caches, memory, and PowerBook batteries. At its peak in the mid-1990s the company was known in Apple Macintosh communities for its end-of-life extending upgrades. This included user-installable MAXpowr CPU cards that could upgrade an obsolete Macintosh computer across architectures, such as from Motorola 68000 to PowerPC thereby extending the usable life of the computer by years.

NewerTech filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in June 1996 due to a rapidly declining Apple Macintosh market and sharp decrease in memory prices. An effort to diversify revenue by developing Windows products was announced, but by the end of 2000 and the company was dissolved. The name and remaining intellectual property were purchased in 2001 by Rick Estes, NewerTech's former Vice President of Operations. 

In 2002 their name and products were acquired by Other World Computing and now do business as "NewerTech an OWC brand". As of 2019 they continue to supply Macintosh, iPad, and iPhone accessories.

References

External links
 Newer Technology Homepage

Computer companies established in 1988
Macintosh platform
Macintosh peripherals
Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies
Biacore. Biacore was a life science products company based in Sweden. In June 2006 Biacore was sold for $390 million and became a product brand under GE Healthcare life Sciences, which became Cytiva in April 2020. 

Biacore products measure biomolecular interactions, including protein-protein interactions, small molecule/fragment-protein interactions, etc. Its technology is often used to measure not only binding affinities, but kinetic rate constants and thermodynamics as well. The technology is based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), an optical phenomenon that enables detection of unlabeled interactants in real time. The SPR-based biosensors can be used in determination of active concentration as well as characterization of molecular interactions in terms of both affinity and chemical kinetics.

History
Biacore was founded in 1984 under the name of Pharmacia Biosensor AB, by researchers from Pharmacia, Linköping Institute of Technology and the Swedish National Defence Research Institute (FOA, now renamed the Swedish Defence Research Agency or FOI). The first Biacore SPR instrument was commercially released in 1990. In 1996 the company changed its name to Biacore AB Corporation.

Technology
A simple interaction experiment involves immobilizing one molecule of a binding pair on the sensor chip surface ("ligand", in Biacore parlance) and injecting a series of concentrations of its partner ("analyte") across the surface. Changes in the index of refraction at the surface where the binding interaction occurs are detected by the hardware and recorded as RU (resonance units) in the control software. Curves are generated from the RU trace and are evaluated by fitting algorithms which compare the raw data to well-defined binding models. These fits allow determination of a variety of thermodynamic constants, including the apparent affinity of the binding interaction. SPR is one of many methods for protein-protein and protein-ligand interaction assessment, see Methods to investigate protein–protein interactions.

External links
 Biacore Sensor Surface Handbook
 Principle of Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) used in Biacore

References

Biotechnology companies of Sweden
General Electric Healthcare subsidiaries
Technology companies established in 1984
Companies based in Uppsala County
Software package metrics. Various software package metrics are used in modular programming. They have been mentioned by Robert Cecil Martin in his 2002 book Agile software development: principles, patterns, and practices.

The term software package here refers to a group of related classes in object-oriented programming.

  Number of classes and interfaces: The number of concrete and abstract classes (and interfaces) in the package is an indicator of the extensibility of the package.
 Afferent couplings (Ca): The number of classes in other packages that depend upon classes within the package is an indicator of the package's responsibility. Afferent couplings signal inward.
 Efferent couplings (Ce): The number of classes in other packages that the classes in a package depend upon is an indicator of the package's dependence on externalities. Efferent couplings signal outward.
 Abstractness (A): The ratio of the number of abstract classes (and interfaces) in the analyzed package to the total number of classes in the analyzed package.  The range for this metric is 0 to 1, with A=0 indicating a completely concrete package and A=1 indicating a completely abstract package.
 Instability (I): The ratio of efferent coupling (Ce) to total coupling (Ce + Ca) such that I = Ce / (Ce + Ca). This metric is an indicator of the package's resilience to change.  The range for this metric is 0 to 1, with I=0 indicating a completely stable package and I=1 indicating a completely unstable package.
 Distance from the main sequence (D): The perpendicular distance of a package from the idealized line A + I = 1. D is calculated as D = | A + I - 1 |. This metric is an indicator of the package's balance between abstractness and stability.  A package squarely on the main sequence is optimally balanced with respect to its abstractness and stability. Ideal packages are either completely abstract and stable (I=0, A=1) or completely concrete and unstable (I=1, A=0).  The range for this metric is 0 to 1, with D=0 indicating a package that is coincident with the main sequence and D=1 indicating a package that is as far from the main sequence as possible.
 Package dependency cycles: Package dependency cycles are reported along with the hierarchical paths of packages participating in package dependency cycles.

See also 
 Dependency inversion principle – a method to reduce coupling (Martin 2002:127).

References

External links
 OO Metrics tutorial explains package metrics with examples, but gets the Instability index wrong; see page 262 of Martin's Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns and Practices. Pearson Education. .

Software metrics
Object-oriented programming
Telluric acid. Telluric acid, or more accurately orthotelluric acid, is a chemical compound with the formula , often written as . It is a white crystalline solid made up of octahedral  molecules which persist in aqueous solution. In the solid state, there are two forms, rhombohedral and monoclinic, and both contain octahedral  molecules, containing one hexavalent tellurium (Te) atom in the +6 oxidation state, attached to six hydroxyl (–OH) groups, thus, it can be called tellurium(VI) hydroxide. 
Telluric acid is a weak acid which is dibasic, forming tellurate salts with strong bases and hydrogen tellurate salts with weaker bases or upon hydrolysis of tellurates in water. It is used as tellurium-source in the synthesis of oxidation catalysts.

Preparation
Telluric acid is formed by the oxidation of tellurium or tellurium dioxide with a powerful oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide, chromium trioxide or sodium peroxide.

Crystallization of telluric acid solutions below 10 °C gives telluric acid tetrahydrate .
It is an  oxidising agent, as shown by the electrode potential for the reaction below, although it is kinetically slow in its oxidations.
, Eo = +1.02 V
Chlorine, by comparison, is +1.36 V and selenous acid is +0.74 V in oxidizing conditions.

Properties and reactions
The anhydrous acid is stable in air at 100 °C but above this it dehydrates to form polymetatelluric acid, a white hygroscopic powder (approximate composition ), and allotelluric acid, an acid syrup of unknown structure (approximate composition ).

Typical salts of the acid contains the anions  and . The presence of the tellurate ion  has been confirmed in the solid state structure of .
Strong heating at over 300 °C produces the α crystalline modification of tellurium trioxide, α-.
 Reaction with diazomethane gives the hexamethyl ester, .

Telluric acid and its salts mostly contain hexacoordinate tellurium. This is true even for salts such as magnesium tellurate, , which is isostructural with magnesium molybdate and contains  octahedra.

Other forms of telluric acid
Metatelluric acid, , the tellurium analogue of sulfuric acid, , is unknown. Allotelluric acid of approximate composition , is not well characterised and may be a mixture of  and .

Other tellurium acids
Tellurous acid , containing tellurium in its +4 oxidation state, is known but not well characterised.
Hydrogen telluride is an unstable gas that forms hydrotelluric acid upon addition to water.

References

Hydroxides
Tellurates
Oxidizing acids
Chalcogen oxoacids