omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Advanced Composites Solutions. Advanced Composites Solutions, commonly shortened to ACS is an engineering company specialized in composite materials technology, mainly their application to the development and construction of light aircraft.

History
Founded by professionals with vast accumulated experience in the international aeronautic industry, the company is located in the city of São José dos Campos in the Brazilian aeronautic cluster. Besides engineering services the main current activity of ACS is the production of the ACS-100 Sora, a two-seat light sport aircraft

ACS is also involved in the development and integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems through its subsidiary flight Solutions.

Aircraft

References

External links
 Company website

Aircraft manufacturers of Brazil
Defence companies of Brazil
Companies based in São Paulo (state)
Brazilian brands
Sacrificial part. A sacrificial part is a part of a machine or product that is intentionally engineered to fail under excess mechanical stress, electrical stress, or other unexpected and dangerous situations. The sacrificial part is engineered to fail first, thus breaking the serial connection and protecting other parts of the system downstream.

Examples
Examples of sacrificial parts include:
 Electrical fuses
 Over-pressure burst disks
 Mechanical shear pins
 Galvanic anodes
 Pyrotechnic fastener
 Fusible plug
 Some leader lines used in angling

See also 
 
 
 

Mechanical engineering
Safety equipment

References
American Dynamics AD-150. 

The AD-150 is a high-speed VTOL tilting ducted fan unmanned aerial vehicle that is being developed by American Dynamics Flight Systems as a future competitor for the United States Marine Corps' Tier III VUAS program as well as other current and future United States VTOL UAV programs.

Development 
The AD-150 program began in response to continued interest in maritime capable VTOL UAVs by the United States Department of Defense.

The AD-150 utilizes two wing-tip mounted High Torque Aerial Lift (HTAL) lift and propulsion systems to provide the thrust needed to sustain and transition between hover and forward flight. The two HTAL systems are driven by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PW200 Turboshaft engine.

The vehicle's propulsion configuration is similar to the Doak VZ-4 in that the two propulsion systems are able to tilt from vertical to horizontal mode in order to achieve high-speed forward flight. Unlike the Doak VZ-4, however, the propulsion systems in the AD-150 are also able to pivot longitudinally.

A full-scale model of the AD-150 was displayed for the first time at the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International's (AUVSI) Unmanned Systems North America exhibition in Washington, D.C., on August 7, 2007.

In February 2010, the University of Maryland's Industrial Partnerships program approved $135,150 in funding to test a scale model of the company's patented High Torque Aerial Lift (HTAL) system in a tunnel at the university.  They will utilize a 1/3–1/2 scale model that will be tested at different fan and tunnel speeds and duct angles to represent the transition between vertical and horizontal flight.

Specifications (as designed)

See also

References

AD-150
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
Single-engined twin-prop tractor aircraft
Tilting ducted fan aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
IBM System/3X. IBM System/3X was a line of general business midrange computers that were developed and marketed by IBM beginning in 1975. The IBM AS/400, a successor system that was introduced in 1988, was based on a combination of the System/36 and System/38 computers. The IBM i operating system running on top of IBM Power Systems maintains backwards compatibility with some of the System/3x series operating systems.

Series
 IBM System/32, released 1975
 IBM System/34, released 1978
 IBM System/36, released 1983
 IBM System/38, released 1979

See also
 IBM midrange computer
 IBM System/3
 IBM System (disambiguation)

References

System 03X
S-Phone. The S-Phone system was a UHF duplex radiotelephone system developed during World War II for use by Special Operations Executive agents working behind enemy lines to communicate with friendly aircraft and coordinate landings and the dropping of agents and supplies. The system was composed of a "Ground" transceiver, designed by Captain Bert Lane, and an "Air" transceiver designed by Major Hobday, both of the Royal Signals.

Description
The "Ground" set - which was to be used by agents on the ground - weighed about  including batteries and was typically worn attached to its operator with two canvas straps. It was a highly directional unit which required the operator to face the path of the aircraft. It had the useful trait that transmitted signals could not be picked up by ground monitoring stations more than one mile distant; however, its signal was only good to , which brought the aircraft within range of flak. It permitted direct two-way voice communication with an aircraft up to a range of . While the S-Phone provided directional information to the pilot it gave no range information, although a pilot could tell when he was directly over the "Ground" operator because at that point no communication was possible.

The primary purpose of the S-Phone was not navigational as such; rather, it was to provide a reasonably secure channel for coded conversation between staff officers based in London and agents in the field, allowing for the exchange of orders and information. The security of a circuit was sometimes tested by using an officer who could recognize whether a voice was actually that of the agent who was supposedly speaking.

It was designed in late 1942, using some of the component parts of the Wireless Set No.37.

Use of the phone is shown in the post-war docu-drama Now It Can Be Told (aka School_for_Danger, 1946) on YouTube.

See also
Joan-Eleanor a similar system developed for the OSS

Specifications

General
Frequency: 337 MHz (TX) / 380 MHz (RX)
Output Power: 0.1 to 0.2 W

Notes

British military radio
Special Operations Executive
Telecommunications in World War II
World War II British electronics
Boucher Manufacturing Company. The Boucher Manufacturing Company was an American toy company that specialized in toy boats and toy trains. It is best remembered today as the last manufacturer of Standard Gauge/Wide gauge toy trains until the much smaller McCoy Manufacturing revived the old standard in the mid-1960s.

Boucher entered the toy train business in 1922 with its purchase of the Voltamp line of trains. Voltamp had been a direct competitor to Carlisle & Finch, the inventor of the electric toy train. Boucher modified the Voltamp trains from Carlisle & Finch's  gauge to match Lionel Corporation's  Standard gauge. The Voltamp/Boucher offerings were highly accurate and detailed and occupied the premium end of the market.

For the duration of Boucher's life the market was dominated by the so-called "Big Four" of Lionel, Ives, Dorfan, and American Flyer. Like all of them, Boucher struggled through the Great Depression, and while it outlived all but Lionel, by 1940 the 2 1/8-inch Standard gauge had become an orphan standard that was priced beyond the means of most consumers. Without a smaller, more affordable product to sell, and with World War II limiting what it could produce, Boucher went out of business in 1943.

References

External links

Toy train manufacturers
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United States
Toy companies of the United States
Ernst Volgenau. Ernst Volgenau is a retired United States Air Force officer and founder and former CEO of SRA International.  He was chairman of the board for the company, and rector of the George Mason University board of visitors.

Early life and education
Volgenau came from a farm in Clarence, New York to the U.S. Naval Academy. He graduated in 1955 and was commissioned a lieutenant in the Air Force.  Later he earned a master's degree in electrical engineering, and in 1966 his Ph.D. in engineering at UCLA. He taught graduate courses in electrical engineering, computer systems, and operations research at UCLA, American University, and George Washington University for eight years.{

Military career
In the United States Air Force 1955–1976, Volgenau had assignments in aerospace research and development, in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and as Director of Data Automation for the Air Force Logistics Command.  As Director of Inspection and Enforcement for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1976–1978 he managed 700 engineers.  He subsequently consulted for the Indian Head Company, a firm with a subsidiary supplied pumps to nuclear power plants in the United States.

SRA International

After retirement from the Air Force in 1978, he founded SRA International and operated it initially in his Reston basement.  The company grew to several thousand employees and went public. He was president and CEO until 2005. He was chairman of the board until its sale in 2015.

Honors
He was rector of the George Mason University board of visitors (2007–2012.) The university's Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering bears his name. His $10 million donation to that program was the largest it had ever received.

In August 2020, the Nature Conservancy named its Virginia Coast Reserve in honor of multiple gifts by the Volgenau family over 30 years.

References

Living people
1930s births 
American computer businesspeople
United States Naval Academy alumni
UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
George Mason University people
UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
George Washington University faculty
American University people
Engineers from New York (state)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force officers
People from McLean, Virginia
People from Clarence, New York
Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials
Venkatesan Guruswami. Venkatesan Guruswami (born 1976) is a senior scientist at the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing and Professor of EECS and Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley.  He did his high schooling at Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan in Chennai, India. He completed his undergraduate in Computer Science from IIT Madras and his doctorate from Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the supervision of Madhu Sudan in 2001. After receiving his PhD, he spent a year at UC Berkeley as a Miller Fellow, and then was a member of the faculty at the University of Washington from 2002 to 2009. His primary area of research is computer science, and in particular on error-correcting codes. During 2007–2008, he visited the Institute for Advanced Study as a Member of School of Mathematics. He also visited SCS at Carnegie Mellon University during 2008–09 as a visiting faculty.  From July 2009 through December 2020 he was a faculty member in the Computer Science Department in the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University.

Recognition
Guruswami was awarded the 2002 ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award for his dissertation List Decoding of Error-Correcting Codes, which introduced an algorithm that allowed for the correction of errors beyond half the minimum distance of the code. It applies to Reed–Solomon codes and more generally to algebraic geometry codes. This algorithm produces a list of codewords (it is a list-decoding algorithm) and is based on interpolation and factorization of polynomials over  and its extensions.

He was an invited speaker in International Congress of Mathematicians 2010, Hyderabad on the topic of "Mathematical Aspects of Computer Science."

Guraswami was one of two winners of the 2012 Presburger Award, given by the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science for outstanding contributions by a young theoretical computer scientist.
He was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2017, as an IEEE Fellow in 2019, and to the 2023 class of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, "for contributions to the theory of computing and error-correcting codes, and for service to the profession".

Selected publications

See also
Guruswami–Sudan list decoding algorithm

References

External links 
 Venkatesan Guruswami's Homepage
 

1976 births
Living people
Scientists from Chennai
Indian computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
IIT Madras alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan schools alumni
2017 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Liu Xingtu. Liu Xingtu (; 10 September 1936 – 6 May 2021) was a Chinese agronomist born in Malacca, Malaya. He specialized in wetland research and regional agriculture of Northeast China.

Liu was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2007. He was vice director of the Wetland Research Centre of China, an arm of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and contract professor of the Regional Farming System Research Center of China Agriculture University.

Wetland Specialist
As the leader of the National Key Technology R&D Program of China in the region of the Songnen and Sanjiang Plains, Liu has presided over many major programs and projects, such as the survey of agricultural resources, the ecological engineering of wetlands, the soil and water control of low-lying farmland, the sustainable development of regional agriculture, and so on. Also, as the director of the experts committee of wetland survey in China, he took charge of the project "Survey and Classification of Lakes and Marshes in China".

Liu initiated the model of Complex Ecological Agriculture Project of Paddy-Reed-Fish, blazed a way in the located ecological research on marsh, and accomplished a great deal in the harness of low lying farmland, regional ecological conservation and agricultural sustainable development.

Works and awards
Liu wrote 13 monographs including "Mire Science Conspectus", "Wetlands in Northeastern China", "Research on Comprehensive Development of Regional Agriculture in Northeast China", "Natural Environmental Changes and Ecological Protection in the Sanjiang Plain", and "Management on Degraded Land and Agricultural Development in the Songnen Plain", and more than 100 articles. 

He has won three national second or third place awards for progress in science and technology and five provincial or ministerial first or second place prizes for progress in science and technology. Furthermore, he was granted the honors of National Young Experts with Outstanding Contributions, National Excellent Returned Overseas Chinese Intellectual, Advanced Individual of National Key Technology R&D Program in the Eighth Five-Year Plan and Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China, Distinguished Expert of Jilin Province. In 1991, he enjoyed a Special Subsidy from State Council of China.

References

1936 births
2021 deaths
Chinese agronomists
Academic staff of China Agricultural University
People from Malacca
Malaysian emigrants to China
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Lynx OEU. The Lynx Operational Evaluation Unit (LOEU) is an independent unit within the Royal Navy’s Lynx Helicopter Force (LHF). It is charged with Operational Evaluation, Trials, Training and provision of Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) for new equipment projects and service modifications entering service within the Lynx Helicopter Force.

The Lynx OEU has gone through many changes in structure and command and control during its existence.  It has been part of 815 Naval Air Squadron, 702 Naval Air Squadron, an independent unit, and has been badged as 700(L) Squadron during the introduction to service of the Westland Lynx HAS 2/3 and Lynx HMA 8.

Trials and Evaluation
Commanded by a trained Test Pilot, with an Aerosystems trained Observer as Executive Officer, both previously assigned to MoD Boscombe Down, the unit is well placed to act as the centre of excellence for trials activity within the LHF.  

Recent trials include live guided missile firings (Lynx Mk8 S), operational evaluation of defensive aids suites (Lynx Mk8 DSP) and assessment of new NVG compatible landing lamps (Lynx Mk3). In addition the unit is providing SMEs to the SCMR / Future Lynx (FLynx) programme as part of the LHF SCMR Fielding Team’s involvement in the FLynx Combined Test Team. Such activity involves close liaison with many external agencies, such as the MOD's Lynx Integrated Project Team, AgustaWestland and Boscombe Down (Mission Systems and Rotary Wing Test Squadron).

Training
The LOEU is currently the primary trials and training unit for the Lynx HMA Mk8 Saturn and associated Combined Modifications Programme (CMP). Having created a bespoke training course it is now converting operational Lynx Mk8 crews onto the latest equipment and software standard.

Aircraft

The LOEU currently operates 4 Westland Lynx HMA 8 Saturn / CMP, but is allotted other marks as required for trials activity.

References 

Naval aviation units and formations of the United Kingdom
École du personnel navigant d'essais et de réception. EPNER (École du Personnel Navigant d’Essais et de Réception) is the French test pilot school, based on the Istres Le Tube Airbase, France. One of the five main test pilot schools in the western hemisphere, EPNER maintains close links with the three schools; the Empire Test Pilots' School (ETPS); the United States Air Force Test Pilot School (USAFTPS) and the United States Naval Test Pilot School (USNTPS).

History
EPNER was established in  at the French flight test centre in Brétigny-sur-Orge, to train specialist crews involved in test flying. They underwent theoretical and practical training to allow flight testing of aircraft to be conducted in the safest possible conditions.

Based on Istres since 1962, EPNER is a division of the CEV reporting directly to the Direction des Centres d’expertise et d’Essais (DCE) under the control of the procurement agency of the French Ministry of Defense, the DGA (Direction générale de l'armement). This gives the school a unique position between the armed forces and industry on the one hand and between the activities of testing military and civilian sectors on the other.

Training
EPNER provides training for test pilots, flight test engineers, flight engineers and technicians involved in flight testing and airtraffic controllers involved in control of flight tests.

Aircrew training include Class A (Experimental and Acceptance Testing) or the shorter Class B (Acceptance Testing) courses on either fixed or rotary-wing aircraft. A light aircraft test pilot course is also offered.

Aircraft

Fixed wing aircrew can expect to fly Mirage 2000, Alphajet, CASA 235 (twin turboprop), Falcon 20, PC 7,  Gliders, Airbus A320, CL415 Water Bomber, and numerous other types.
Rotary wing aircrew will fly Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin, Squirrel, Puma, Super Puma, Gazelle, Robinson R44, Bell 205, BO 105, Lynx and other types.

References

External links

See also 
 François Hussenot, one of the founders of the school.
 List of test pilot schools

Air force test units and formations
Test pilot schools
Dynabeads. Dynabeads are superparamagnetic spherical polymer particles with a uniform size and a consistent, defined surface for the adsorption or coupling of various bioreactive molecules or cells.

Development and description
Dynabeads were developed after John Ugelstad managed to create uniform polystyrene spherical beads (defined as microbeads) of exactly the same size, at the University of Trondheim, Norway in 1976, something otherwise only achieved by NASA in the weightless conditions of SkyLab. Dynabeads are typically 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter. This is in contrast to Magnetic-activated cell sorting beads, which are approximately 50 nm.

The technology behind the beads, called Dynabeads, was licensed to Dynal in 1980. 

Following a series of mergers and acquisitions, Dynal and Dynabeads are currently owned and produced by Invitrogen, part of Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Applications 
This discovery of Dynabeads revolutionised the liquid-phase kinetic separation of many biological materials. Since being licensed to Dynal in 1980, this magnetic separation technology has been since used for the isolation and manipulation of biological material, including cells, nucleic acids, proteins and pathogenic microorganisms. The uniformity in size, shape, and surface area allow for reproducibility and help to minimize chemical agglutination.

Dynabeads are frequently used for cell isolation. Cell-types often of interest to purify may be specific leukocytes, such as CD4+ T cells, stem cells, or circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Dynabeads may be covalently linked to an antibody that recognizes a specific protein on the surface of the target cell-type. Alternatively, Dynabeads may attach to the cell indirectly, either via streptavidin on the Dynabead linking to a biotinylated primary antibody, or a secondary antibody on the Dynabead linking to the primary antibody. Streptavidin linkage to the primary antibody allows Dynabeads to capture cells with lower expression of the surface protein.

See also
Plastic magnet
Flow cytometry
Magnetic-activated cell sorting

References

Further reading

External links 
 Bead separation Ebook

Surface science
NASA spin-off technologies
Norwegian inventions
Hypernetted-chain equation. In statistical mechanics the hypernetted-chain equation is a closure relation to solve the Ornstein–Zernike equation which relates the direct correlation function to the total correlation function. It is commonly used in fluid theory to obtain e.g. expressions for the radial distribution function. It is given by:

 

where  is the number density of molecules, ,   is the radial distribution function,  is the direct interaction between pairs.  with   being the Thermodynamic temperature and  the Boltzmann constant.

Derivation
The direct correlation function represents the direct correlation between two particles in a system containing N − 2 other particles. It can be represented by

 

where  (with  the potential of mean force) and  is the radial distribution function without the direct interaction between pairs  included; i.e. we write . Thus we approximate  by

 

By expanding the indirect part of  in the above equation and introducing the function  we can approximate  by writing:

 

with .

This equation is the essence of the hypernetted chain equation. We can equivalently write

 

If we substitute this result in the Ornstein–Zernike equation

one obtains the hypernetted-chain equation:

See also
Classical-map hypernetted-chain method
Percus–Yevick approximation – another closure relation
Ornstein–Zernike equation

Statistical mechanics