omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Stewardship cessation. Stewardship cessation is a concept useful in system engineering. Certain systems remain hazardous for a considerable period after their useful life, and will usually be managed to ensure that the public and the environment is not exposed to the hazard. It is incumbent on the systems designer to consider the outcome should this stewardship be discontinued for any reason, and to design a system which is as robust as possible in the event of stewardship cessation.

Examples

Nuclear industry
The most obvious example is the nuclear industry, and the radioactive waste it generates which will be a hazard for many centuries. In the present era, most high level waste is in still in currently managed facilities, but various methods are being considered for disposal. Most of the proposed disposal methods are designed to put the waste in a place so isolated from the environment that (it is hoped) immediate stewardship cessation would be safe and appropriate. However, many people are more comfortable with systems where the waste is still accessible, so that if there is an unforeseen problem with the disposal method, the waste can still be accessed to rectify the problem. These systems will still require some level of stewardship, but the system designer must consider that this may not be available for the hundreds of years required.

Satellites
Another example is when geostationary communications satellites reach the end of their useful lives. Stewardship cessation will occur hopefully in a planned manner, where the operator will move the satellite to a somewhat higher orbit to minimise the risk that the satellite will be a collision hazard to other satellites in the geostationary arc (graveyard burn). Unplanned stewardship cessation will occur if telecommand access to the satellite's systems is cut off due to a failure, for instance in the telecommand receivers.

Reasons
Reasons for stewardship cessation include:

Illegal or inappropriate disposal by the last user
Budgetary constraints from government or other body
Total societal breakdown or partial sociocultural change leading to a reduction in the perceived need for stewardship or simply to negligence
Climate change putting the system beyond reach (under sea or ice)
Global war
Other catastrophe (e.g. epidemic) reducing the number of available stewards below the threshold necessary to maintain a continuous stewardship system
For remotely operated systems, loss of communication with the remote segment of the system.

See also
Technology life cycle

References

Environmental conservation
Systems engineering
SOA security. SOA security addresses the issue of combining services in a service-oriented architecture (SOA) in a secure manner.  These issues arise as an effect of the main premise of SOA, which is to erase application boundaries and technology differences.  Prior to the application of SOA methodologies, security models have traditionally been hardcoded into applications, and when capabilities of an application are opened up for use by other applications, the existing built-in security models may not be good enough.

Several emerging technologies and standards address different aspects of the problem of security in SOA. Standards such as WS-Security, SAML, WS-Trust, WS-SecureConversation and WS-SecurityPolicy focus on the security and identity management aspects of SOA implementations that use Web services. Technologies such as virtual organization in grid computing, application-oriented networking (AON) and XML gateways are addressing the problem of SOA security in the larger context.

XML gateways are hardware or software based solutions for enforcing identity and security for SOAP, XML, and REST based web services, usually at the network perimeter.  An XML gateway is a dedicated application which allows for a more centralized approach to security and identity enforcement, similar to how a protocol firewall is deployed at the perimeter of a network for centralized access control at the connection and port level.

XML gateway SOA security features include PKI, Digital Signature, encryption, XML schema validation, antivirus, and pattern recognition.  Regulatory certification for XML gateway security features are provided by Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) and United States Department of Defense.

See also
SAML 2.0
SAML-based products and services
XML

Further reading

External links
Understanding SOA Security Design and Implementation : Understanding SOA Security Design and Implementation
 SOA Security : SOA Security

Service-oriented (business computing)
Andrew McIntosh (physicist). Andrew McIntosh (also known as Andy McIntosh) Emeritus Professor of Thermodynamics and Combustion theory at the University of Leeds. He is also the director of the organisation Truth in Science which promotes creationism and intelligent design.

His research-group has received the outstanding contribution to innovation and technology award from the Times Higher Education awards in London in 2010 for developing a technology based on the defence mechanism of bombardier-beetle.

Creationism 
In a 2007 discussion with Richard Dawkins on BBC Radio Ulster, McIntosh argued that the principles of thermodynamics are not consistent with Darwinian evolution.

In November 2006, the University of Leeds issued a statement distancing itself from creationism, and described McIntosh's directorship of Truth in Science as being unconnected with his teaching or research.

Publications 
 Origins: Examining the Evidence (Truth in Science, 2011) 
 The Delusion of Evolution (New Life Publishing Co, 2010) 
 Genesis for Today: Showing the Relevance of the Creation/Evolution Debate to Today's Society (foreword by Ken Ham) (Day One Publications, 2000)

References

External links 
 

Living people
Alumni of the University of Wales
Alumni of Cranfield University
Academics of the University of Leeds
Christian Young Earth creationists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Gebeng. Gebeng is a small town and main industrial area near Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. The town is located near Kuantan Port. The phase 1 of the East Coast Expressway leads to Gebeng.

Features

The industrial area was developed over two phases since the 1970s. 

Phase One is near the main trunk road (Kuantan-Gebeng by-pass, national highway 2) and consisting of small and medium scale industries such as wood processing industries, metal works factories and concrete ducting company. Phase Two was developed in the early 1990s and the majority of industries here are petrochemical companies such as Petronas MTBE-Polypropylene, BP Chemicals, WR Grace, EASTMAN, Kaneka and Cryovac. The third phase currently occupied by Polyplastics Asia Pacific, BASF-Petronas, Petronas CUF, Petronas Centralized Emergency Facilities and PDH Plant.

The Gebeng industrial area is home to the controversial Lynas Advanced Materials Plant.

There are also industrial activities at the Kuantan Port Industrial Area where FPG Oleochemicals (FELDA Procter & Gamble), FELDA palm oil mill, Air Products, Kuantan Flour Mills and several other companies are situated here.

Administration
As with much of Kuantan district, Gebeng is administered by the Kuantan City Council (Majlis Bandaraya Kuantan). 

Gebeng Industrial Area was delineated as an autonomous sub-district (daerah kecil) for land revenue purposes in 2020.

References

Kuantan District
Towns in Pahang
First Engineer Bridge. The First Engineer Bridge (, Pervy Inzhenerny most) is one of several Russian bridges that span the Moika River in Saint Petersburg. The bridge is one of a group of four bridges located near the Mars Field, and opposite the main entrance to the Summer Garden, spanning the Moika River, the Fontanka River, and the Swan Canal in the historic center of the city. The First Engineer Bridge is one of the most decorative of Saint Petersburg's more than 500 bridges.

The original small wooden bridge, called the Summer Bridge and rumored to have been designed by the architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli, was built in the 1760s. This bridge was replaced with the current cast-iron bridge, in 1824-1825, and renamed the First Engineer Bridge, in 1829, after the nearby Engineers' Castle (originally called St Michael's or Mikhailovsky Castle).

Engineer Pierre-Dominique Bazaine (1786-1838) (Пётр Петрович Базен) designed and constructed the bridge in a similar fashion to the Big Stables Bridge (Bolshoy Konyushenny Bridge), a bridge located further west on the Moika River, using pre-fabricated hollow wedges. Bazaine also managed to reduce the use of expensive cast-iron in the bridge's construction to one-third of the total mass of the bridge, by innovatively designing the sidewalks with the use of special bracket supports.

The siding is decorated in Doric style by architect I.I. "Joseph" Charlemagne. The beams have a curved and perforated appearance, and the bridge's rectangular orifices are bordered with flat frames, giving the bridge an appearance of lightness and transparency. The bridge's sidewalk tiles were designed as a cornice and are supported by rich ornamental bracket figures.

Intricately inscribed plaques with grooves extend from the figures on frieze planes, in the style of Doric triglyph coverings. The triglyphs cover the joints of the side plaques. Cast-iron arches span closely behind. The railings, also designed by Charlemagne, comprise several sections of short pilums, placed between bouquets of decorations and inscriptions of round shields, with bas-relief images of the heads of Medusa, with the Gorgon's snaky locks for hair.

In 1994, a small bronze statue of Chizhik-Pyzhik was installed on a ledge in the embankment, opposite the Imperial School of Jurisprudence near the First Engineer Bridge. The statue has since been repeatedly stolen.

See also 
Bridges in Saint Petersburg
List of bridges in Saint Petersburg

References 
 Bunin, Michail Samoylovich Mosty Leningrada : Ocerky istory i architektury mostov Peterburga-Petrograda-Leningrada, Leningrad: Strojizdat, 1986.  
 Novikov, Yuriy Vladimirovich et al., Mosty i naberezhnye Leningrada, Saint Petersburg (Russia): Lenizdat,

External links

photos of the bridge

Bridges in Saint Petersburg
Bridges completed in 1825
Pierre-Domonique Bazaine
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg
ASTC. ASTC may refer to:
 Association of Science-Technology Centers, an international organization of science centers and science museums
 American Society of Theatre Consultants, a professional organization whose main goal is to apprise owners, contractors and/or architects of the services that a theatre consultant can perform, whether it be for a new or renovated facility.
 Antonov ASTC (Antonov Aeronautical Scientific/Technical Complex), a Ukraine-based aircraft manufacturing and services company
 All Students Take Calculus, a mathematical mnemonic
 Active Skid and Traction Control, the brand name of Mitsubishi Motors' electronic stability control system
 ASX Settlement and Transfer Corporation, the operator of the Australian Clearing House and Electronic Sub-register System (CHESS)
 Alamo Scouts Training Center, the training camp and headquarters of the U.S. Sixth Army Special Reconnaissance
 Assam State Transport Corporation, the road transport authority of the state of Assam, India
 Alice Springs Town Council, the local council for the Central Australian township of Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
 Adaptive Scalable Texture Compression, a lossy block-based texture compression algorithm
 Succinylornithine transaminase, an enzyme
 Arab Satellite Television Charter, calling for regulation of satellite television broadcasting in Arab countries.
Crown of Thorns (woodworking). The Crown of Thorns (puzzle work) is a woodworking technique of tramp art using interlocking wooden pieces that are notched to intersect at right angles forming joints and self-supporting objects, objects that have a "prickly" and transparent quality.  Common examples include wreath-shaped picture frames that look similar to Jesus' "crown of thorns".  

Larger-scale crowns may use the principles of tensegrity structures, where the wooden sticks provide rigidity and separate cables in tension carry the forces that hold them together.

See also
Burr puzzle - similar structures meant as puzzles to assemble
sailor work
interlocking woodwork

References

External links
 Whittled Whimseys website with information about making a crown-of-thorns wreaths.

Joinery
Woodworking
BMW R51/3. The BMW R51/3 was BMW's second post-World War II 500 cc motorcycle, following the briefly produced R51/2. It featured a flat-twin engine and exposed drive shaft. In 1951, the R51/3 succeeded and modernized the 1950 R51/2, which was essentially a pre-war design that was produced after the war.  The 600 cc R67, R67/2, and R67/3 series and the more sporting R68 model also followed the R51/2.

History
Following World War II, Germany was precluded from producing motorcycles of any sort by the Allies. When the ban was lifted, in 
Allied-controlled Western Germany, BMW had to start from scratch. There were no plans, blueprints, or schematic drawings. Company engineers had to use surviving pre-war motorcycles to create new plans. In 1948, it introduced the 250 cc R24, which was essentially a pre-war R23, complete with rigid rear end.

When larger machines were permitted, BMW introduced its R51/2 in 1950, a model that was in production for only one year and that was essentially a pre-war BMW produced after the war. The R51/3 was then introduced in 1951 for a production run of four years.

The 600 cc R67, sister model to the R51/3 and almost identical visually, was also introduced in 1951, but it went through two revisions. The more powerful R67/2 came out one year later and was replaced in 1955 by the R67/3, which was in production through the 1956 model year.

In 1952, BMW introduced the 600 cc R68, which produced  , had a compression ratio of 8.0:1.

Technical data

See also
 History of BMW motorcycles
 Motorcycle fork
 BMW R68
List of motorcycles of the 1950s

References

External links

R51 3
Motorcycles powered by flat engines
Shaft drive motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in the 1950s
Video processing. In electronics engineering, video processing is a particular case of signal processing, in particular image processing, which often employs video filters and where the input and output signals are video files or video streams. Video processing techniques are used in television sets, VCRs, DVDs, video codecs, video players, video scalers and other devices. For example—commonly only design and video processing is different in TV sets of different manufactures.

Video processor
Video processors are often combined with video scalers to create a video processor that improves the apparent definition of video signals.  They perform the following tasks:
 deinterlacing
 aspect ratio control
 digital zoom and pan
 brightness/contrast/hue/saturation/sharpness/gamma adjustments
 frame rate conversion and inverse-telecine
 color point conversion (601 to 709 or 709 to 601)
 color space conversion (YPBPR/YCBCR to RGB or RGB to YPBPR/YCBCR)
 mosquito noise reduction
 block noise reduction
 detail enhancement
 edge enhancement
 motion compensation
 primary and secondary color calibration (including hue/saturation/luminance controls independently for each)

These can either be in chip form, or as a stand-alone unit to be placed between a source device (like a DVD player or set-top-box) and a display with less-capable processing.  The most widely recognized video processor companies in the market are:

 Genesis Microchip (with the FLI chipset – was Genesis Microchip, STMicroelectronics completes acquisition of Genesis Microchip on January 25, 2008)
 Sigma Designs (with the VXP chipset – was Gennum, Sigma Designs purchased the Image Processing group from Gennum on February 8, 2008, Sigma Designs is now part of Silicon Labs)
 Integrated Device Technology (with the HQV chipset and Teranex system products – was Silicon Optix, IDT purchased SO on October 21, 2008, IDT is now part of Renesas)
 Silicon Image (with the VRS chipset and DVDO system products - was Anchor Bay Technologies, Silicon Image purchased ABT on February 10, 2011)

All of these companies' chips are in devices ranging from DVD upconverting players (for Standard Definition) to HD DVD/Blu-ray Disc players and set-top boxes, to displays like plasmas, DLP (both front and rear projection), LCD (both flat-panels and projectors), and LCOS/"SXRD".  Their chips are also becoming more available in stand alone devices (see "External links" below for links to a few of these).

References
 Bovik, Al (ed.). Handbook of Image and Video Processing. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000. .
 Wang, Yao, Jörn Ostermann, and Ya-Qin Zhang. Video Processing and Communications. Signal Processing Series. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2002. .

 
Video signal
Television terminology
Multidimensional signal processing
Butt Lane. Butt Lane is a village in North Staffordshire near the town of Kidsgrove in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, North Staffordshire. Butt Lane borders on Church Lawton in Cheshire. A ward of the borough is named after the place.

Notable people
 Reginald Mitchell CBE, FRAeS, (1895 in Congleton Road, Butt Lane – 1937 in Southampton) was the designer of the well-known World War II fighter airplane Spitfire, used by the Royal Air Force and their allies.
 Ada Nield Chew  (1870 at White Hall Farm, Butt Lane – 1945 in Burnley) was a British suffragist.

References

Kidsgrove
Flanders DRIVE. Flanders’ DRIVE is a Flemish non-profit organization. The aim of the organization is to support the vehicle suppliers with know-how through the Flanders’ DRIVE Network, and to provide infrastructure for the automotive industry through the Flanders’ DRIVE Engineering Centre. 

In 2014, Flanders DRIVE, Flanders' Mechatronics Technology Centre (FMTC) and laboratories of the 5 Flemish universities merged into Flanders Make.

See also
 Agoria
 Automotive Cluster of Wallonia

External links
 Flanders’ DRIVE
Flanders Make

Organisations based in Belgium
Science and technology in Belgium
Flanders
Kongu Engineering College. Kongu Engineering College is an autonomous engineering college located at Perundurai, Erode district in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. It is affiliated to Anna University and accredited 'A++' Grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

Courses
There are 14 courses offered in B.E./B.Tech. 
 B.E. Civil Engineering
 B.E. Mechanical Engineering
 B.E. Computer Science Engineering 
 B.E. Automobile Engineering
 B.E. Mechatronics Engineering
 B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering
 B.E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 B.E. Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
 B.Tech. Chemical Engineering
 B.Tech. Information Technology
 B.Tech. Food Technology
 B.E. Computer Science & Design
 B.Tech. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
 B.Tech. Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

In the Applied Science category, there are three undergraduate and three postgraduate degrees offered.

There Applied Science Courses are:
 B.Sc. Software Engineering
 B.Sc. Information Technology
 B.Sc. Computer Technology
 M.Sc. Software Systems
 Master of Computer Application
 Master Of Business Administration

Co-curricular and extracurricular activities are run through associations, clubs, societies and students' chapters of professional bodies. They are managed by representatives of students and are monitored by the faculty.

Campus
The institution is situated on a campus measuring .

Library
The college library was established in 1984 and its equipped with RFID facility.

Accommodation
The college has an on-campus guest house, alumni guest house, seven boys' hostels and four girls' hostels.

Awards
In 2003 the Technology Business Incubator at Kongu Engineering College won the National Award for Technology Business Incubators, an award given by the Department of Science and Technology's National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board.

Rankings

Kongu Engineering College was ranked 164 among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2021.

References

External links
 
 Indian Government's education guide  

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Universities and colleges in Erode district
Educational institutions established in 1984
HDMS Birkholm. HDMS Birkholm (A541) is the first of six Holm-class Mk.I standard research vessels built for the Royal Danish Navy. She was launched on 10 December 2005 and commissioned on 27 January 2006. She is unarmed, carries a crew of 3 with facilities for 10 persons. The Holm-class can be used in a surveying, training or minesweeping role, with an open position aft which can hold various equipment such as a crane.

References

Survey ships of the Royal Danish Navy
2005 ships
Technopolis (Belgium). Technopolis is a Flemish technology education centre located near Mechelen.

Flanders Technology International
Technopolis is an initiative which grew out of the Flanders Technology International (FTI) Foundation, which was an initiative of the Flemish government. Since 7 October 1999, the FTI offices are located within the premises of the Technopolis centre and the name of the organization was changed to Technopolis. The goal of the organization is to stimulate biotechnology and micro-electronics, and to increase the visibility of science in Flanders.

Exhibition
The Technopolis science museum was founded on 26 February 2000. It has a permanent interactive (hands-on) exhibition for science and technology on display.

See also
 Science and technology in Flanders
 Agoria, technology industry in Belgium.
 Institute for the promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT)
 Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC)
 Deutsches Museum
 Euro Space Center
 Evoluon
 Scienceworks Museum
 Telus Spark

External links
 Technopolis

Science museums in Belgium
Scientific organisations based in Belgium
Flanders
Mechelen
Buildings and structures in Flemish Brabant
Peroxydisulfate. The peroxydisulfate ion, , is an oxyanion, the anion of peroxydisulfuric acid. It is commonly referred to as persulfate, but this term also refers to the peroxomonosulfate ion, . It is also called peroxodisulfate. Approximately 500,000 tons of salts containing this anion are produced annually.  Important salts include sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), and ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8).  These salts are colourless, water-soluble solids that are strong oxidants.

Applications
Salts of peroxydisulfate are mainly used to initiate the polymerization of various alkenes, including styrene, acrylonitrile, and fluoroalkenes. Polymerization is initiated by the homolysis of the peroxydisulfate:
[O3SO–OSO3]2−  2 [SO4]•−

Moreover, sodium peroxydisulfate can be used for soil and groundwater remediation, water and wastewater treatment, and etching of copper on circuit boards.

It has also been used to produce hair lighteners and bleaches, medical drugs, cellophane, rubber, soaps, detergents, adhesive papers, dyes for textiles, and in photography.

In addition to its major commercial applications, peroxydisulfate participates in reactions of interest in the laboratory:
 Elbs persulfate oxidation
 Oxidation of Ag+ to Ag2+, such as the preparation of tetrakis(pyridine)silver(II) peroxydisulfate

Structure
Peroxydisulfate is a centrosymmetric anion.  The O-O distance is 1.48 Å.  The sulfur centers are tetrahedral.

References

Sulfur oxyanions