omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NSB El 5. NSB El 5 was an electric locomotive built by AEG, Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri, Siemens, Hamar Jernstøperi and Thune between 1927 and 1936, with a total of 12 units being delivered to the Norwegian State Railways. They were capable of 1,044 kW and top speed of 70 km/h. Number 2039 is preserved by the Norwegian Railway Museum.

References
Jernbane.net entry on the El 5

El 05
AEG locomotives
Siemens locomotives
Brown, Boveri & Cie locomotives
15 kV AC locomotives
B-B locomotives
Rjukan Line
Electric locomotives of Norway
Railway locomotives introduced in 1927
Standard gauge locomotives of Norway
NSB El 2. NSB El 2 was a series of two electric locomotives built by Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri and Thune for the Norwegian State Railways in 1923. They remained in service until 1967. Neither has been preserved.

References
Jernbane.net entry on the El 2

El 02
Brown, Boveri & Cie locomotives
15 kV AC locomotives
Electric locomotives of Norway
Railway locomotives introduced in 1923
Standard gauge locomotives of Norway
Restrictive design rules. Design rules are maintained and released by a semiconductor foundry for its customers (layout designers of integrated circuits) to follow.  Restrictive design rules (RDRs) curtail some of the "freedom" layout designers have traditionally had with regular design rules in less advanced process technologies.  To achieve and maintain an acceptable return on investment for its customers and by extension for itself, a foundry may be compelled, for technological reasons, to adopt RDRs to better ensure the completed layout design of an integrated circuit is manufacturable with a desired yield in more advanced process technologies.

External links
 Gartner's Smith calls for 'restrictive design rules' at 32-nm
 Beyond DFM: battle lines forming over restrictive design rules ()
 'Restrictive design rules' at 32-nm technology

Semiconductor device fabrication
NSB El 1. NSB El 1 is the first electric locomotive series used by the Norwegian State Railways, from 1922 until 1973. Twenty-four engines were delivered from ASEA and Thune, twenty-two in 1922 and two in 1930. Based on the German DB E 71 and Swedish SJ Oc it has two two-axle bogies with one motor in each.

History

When the Drammen Line from Oslo West Station to Brakerøya was electrified as the first NSB line in 1922, NSB was in need of electric traction. The engines were used both for passenger- and freight trains. At first it was used on the Drammen Line, then on Sørlandet Line. In 1966 two of the locos, no. 2001 and 2002, were sold to the Rjukan Line where they served until 1988. Two of the locomotives have been preserved (no. 2001 and 2011).

El 01
ASEA locomotives
15 kV AC locomotives
Rjukan Line
Electric locomotives of Norway
Railway locomotives introduced in 1922
Norsk Transport locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Norway
Leslie L. Vadász. Leslie L. Vadász (born Vadász László; born September 12, 1936, in Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian-American engineer and manager, one of the founding members of Intel Corporation.

Early life and education 
Vadász was born in Budapest to Jewish parents. In 1944, his family was incarcerated in the city's ghetto, where they miraculously survived. In his hometown, Budapest, Vadász developed an early interest in mathematics and literature. After the 1956 Hungarian revolution, he emigrated to Canada. He holds a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from McGill University in Montreal (1961) and attended the six-week Advanced Management Program (AMP) at Harvard University (1990).

Career 
Vadász moved to the United States in 1961 first working at Transitron Corporation (1961–1964, R&D) and then at Fairchild Semiconductor International (1964–1968, R&D) where he helped develop the silicon gate process.

Robert Noyce, and Gordon Moore, his colleagues at Fairchild Semiconductor  founded the Intel Corporation in 1968. When the company was founded, Vadász and the also Hungarian Gróf András (Andrew Grove), who took him with him to the new company, they became the company's third and fourth (first non-owner) employees. Vadász, who used to be once the fourth employee of the world-renowned global semiconductor corporation, retired in 2003 as Executive Vice President of the company.

Vadász was the head of the MOS design department where the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 was developed and led the development of the first highly integrated dynamic RAM and first EPROM chips within the company.

Vadász founded the Intel Capital venture capital firm in 1991, and remained president until he retired in 2003. Since its establishment, the strategic investment firm has paved the way for more than a thousand companies in more than thirty countries around the world. Following his retirement, he remained an Emeritus member of Intel's board of directors.

When announcing Vadász's retirement in 2003, Intel CEO Craig Barrett said: "[Les Vadász] is an engineering engineer who has a great sense of where the industry is headed and where we need to be to succeed. Intel's leadership in the semiconductor industry is largely due to Les Vadász' achievements. "

References

1936 births
Living people
Engineers from Budapest
Hungarian electrical engineers
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
21st-century American engineers
American computer businesspeople
American computer programmers
American computer scientists
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Line of greatest slope. In topography, the line of greatest slope is a curve following the steepest slope. In mountain biking and skiing, the line of greatest slope is sometimes called the fall line.

Definition
Mathematically, the line (or path) of greatest slope from a point is determined by the gradient of height, taken as a potential field with respect to an acceleration from the force of gravity. Lines of greatest slope are analogous to lines of force acting to accelerate an object downward at that point. These lines are orthogonal to contour lines. Discounting inertial forces and terrain roughness, a ball rolling down a slope, or water flowing down, will accelerate in the direction of greatest slope.

Applications

Mountain biking

In mountain biking the line of greatest slope defines the fall line, which is the path a trail will follow to descend a hill or mountain with the shortest path, and will also cause the rider to gain the most velocity (assuming brakes are not used, and other factors such as rolling resistance are equal).

Mountain climbing

In mountain climbing, the line of greatest slope defines the fall line, which is the path a climber will take to gain the most elevation with the shortest possible path.

Map reading
The line of greatest slope has practical significance in map reading. On the terrain it is often far more discernible, even intuitively obvious, rather than accurately picking out the consistent height level on what is likely the undulating uneven ground along the ground represented on the contour line.  But knowing that a greatest slope vector is orthogonal to the contour line, one can readily deduce the direction of the contour lines from the line of greatest slope.  The extent and overall direction of the contour line to a map scale can only be found on the topographic map.
 
By noting the corresponding compass vector, walking along the contour one can line up a hand held compass aligning the expected direction, and eye-balling the line of contour's estimated level, move up or down along the bearing faster— to closely locate a desired point (planned point) along the hillside. Pragmatically, this can be 'good enough' for rough project landscaping, such as timber clear cutting the work site of a structure like a bridge abutment or connecting ramps. The approximation can then be refined by transit and other surveyor tools to construct on target.

See also
 Slope
 Fall line (topography)
 Surface (topology)

References

Cartography
Topography
Surfaces
Geometric topology
Differential geometry of surfaces
Analytic geometry
T-FLEX CAD. T-FLEX CAD (T-FLEX) – is a parametric computer-aided design (CAD) software application for 2D design, drafting, and 3D solid modeling based on commercial Parasolid geometric kernel. It's primarily developed and distributed by Russian software company Top Systems.
Supported platforms are limited to Microsoft Windows. Amongst features T-FLEX offers support for various CAD formats and diverse localizations.

Functionality 

T-FLEX CAD provides parametric, adaptive and associative technology aimed at family-of-parts manufacturers or other design situations that use similar geometry but require many different sizes or permutations. Entities and their parameters in T-FLEX CAD can be related to each other. Variables can be assigned for component names, visibility, material, any numeric or text attribute of any entity. They can then be processed with algebraic or logical expression to control the behavior of the design.

File formats 
T-FLEX native file format is

Compatibility 
T-FLEX CAD supports parasolid-compatible file formats, including:

 IGES
 STEP
 Rhino
 DWG, DXF
 SolidWorks
 Solid Edge
 Autodesk Inventor

See also 
Comparison of CAD Software

References 

Computer-aided design software
Windows software
2011 software
Resident set size. In computing, resident set size (RSS) is the portion of memory (measured in kilobytes) occupied by a process that is held in main memory (RAM).  The rest of the occupied memory exists in the swap space or file system, either because some parts of the occupied memory were paged out, or because some parts of the executable were never loaded.

See also 

 Proportional set size (PSS)
 Unique set size (USS)
 Demand paging
 Virtual memory
 Working set
 Working set size

References

External links 
 Simple resident set size limits, LWN.net, August 10, 2004, by Jonathan Corbet
 ELC: How much memory are applications really using?, LWN.net, April 18, 2007, by Jonathan Corbet

Memory management
Sio. Sio or SIO may refer to:

Places
 Sió, an artificial channel in Hungary
 Siø, a small Danish island in the South Funen Archipelago
 Sio, Burkina Faso, a village in Burkina Faso
 Sio, Mali, a commune in Mali
 Sio, Papua New Guinea, a town in Papua New Guinea
 Sio, a river in Western Africa providing water for the Lake Togo
 Smithton Airport (IATA airport code), Tasmania, Australia

Computing
 SIO (software), a serial port driver for the OS/2 operating system
 Atari SIO, a peripheral bus
 Super I/O, a motherboard chipset component
 Start I/O (SIO) instruction on IBM S/360 or S/370.

Organizations
 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, U.S.
 Students Islamic Organisation of India
 Foundation for Student Life in Oslo (Studentsamskipnaden i Oslo)
 Sexarbejdernes Interesse Organisation, a Nordic organization of sex workers (see Prostitution in Sweden)

People
 Sio (cartoonist), Italian comics artist
 William Sio (born 1960), New Zealand politician
 David Sio (born 1962), Samoan rugby union footballer
 Giovanni Sio (born 1989), Ivorian international footballer
 Ken Sio (born 1990), Australian rugby league player
 Michael Sio (born 1993), New Zealand rugby league player

Other uses
 Battle of Sio, part of the New Guinea campaign of World War II
 ISO 639:sio or Siouan, a language family of North America
 Sio language, an Austronesian language
 Sio (genus), a genus of fish
 SiO, the chemical formula for Silicon monoxide
 SiO2, the chemical formula for Silicon dioxide
 Senior Investigating Officer, the lead officer in a criminal investigation in the U.K.

See also
 De Sio, a surname
Coalescing (computer science). In computer science, coalescing is a part of memory management in which two adjacent free blocks of computer memory are merged.

When a program no longer requires certain blocks of memory, these blocks of memory can be freed. Without coalescing, these blocks of memory stay separate from each other in their original requested size, even if they are next to each other. If a subsequent request for memory specifies a size of memory that cannot be met with an integer number of these (potentially unequally-sized) freed blocks, these neighboring blocks of freed memory cannot be allocated for this request. Coalescing alleviates this issue by setting the neighboring blocks of freed memory to be contiguous without boundaries, such that part or all of it can be allocated for the request.

Among other techniques, coalescing is used to reduce external fragmentation, but is not totally effective. Coalescing can be done as soon as blocks are freed, or it can be deferred until some time later (known as deferred coalescing), or it might not be done at all.

Coalescence and related techniques like heap compaction, can be used in garbage collection.

See also 
 Timer coalescing

References

External links
 The Memory Management Reference, Beginner's Guide Allocation

Automatic memory management
Latham 47. The Latham 47, or Latham R3B4 in Naval service was a French twin-engine flying boat designed and built by Société Latham & Cie for the French Navy. The aircraft achieved notoriety in 1928 when aircraft number 47.02 disappeared with the explorer Roald Amundsen on a rescue mission for the Italian explorer Umberto Nobile.

Design and development
The Latham 47 was designed to meet a French Navy requirement for a long-range flying boat with a transatlantic capability. The prototype appeared in 1928, although it was lost in a fire after two flights. The Type 47 was a large biplane powered by two Farman 12We engines mounted in tandem below the upper wing. The pilot and co-pilot sat side by side in an open cockpit, two further machine gun-equipped cockpits were located in the nose and amidships. Twelve production aircraft were built and delivered to the Navy. Two further aircraft were built as the Latham 47P as civilian mail carriers with Hispano-Suiza 12Y engines. The 47Ps were used on Mediterranean routes until 1932.

Variants
Type 47.01
First Latham 47 prototype.
Type 47.02
Second Latham 47 prototype.
Type 47
Two prototypes and twelve production military aircraft, designated R3B4 in service, indicating three seat reconnaissance or four seat bomber.
Type 47P
Civilian mail carriers, two built.

Operators

French Navy
Escadrille 3E1
Escadrille 4R1

Accidents and incidents

On 6 June 1928 the Latham 47.02 was tasked to help search for the airship Italia which earlier on 25 May 1928 had crashed on pack ice in the Arctic Ocean just north of Spitsbergen. The aircraft, piloted by Norwegian Leif Dietrichson and Frenchman René Guilbaud, picked up the explorer Roald Amundsen and a colleague at Bergen. On 18 June the aircraft left Tromsø, Norway to fly across the Barents Sea; it disappeared without a trace until, on 31 August the same year, the torn-off port float was found off the coast of Troms and, in October, a large gasoline tank was found on Haltenbanken.

Specifications (Type 47)

See also

Bibliography

References

 
 

Latham aircraft
1920s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
Biplanes
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
GenerativeComponents. GenerativeComponents is parametric CAD  software developed by Bentley Systems, was first introduced in 2003, became increasingly used in practice (especially by the London architectural community) by early 2005, and was commercially released in November 2007.  GenerativeComponents has a strong traditional base of users in academia and at technologically advanced design firms.  GenerativeComponents is often referred to by the nickname of 'GC'.  GC epitomizes the quest to bring parametric modeling capabilities of 3D solid modeling into architectural design, seeking to provide greater fluidity and fluency than mechanical 3D solid modeling.

Users can interact with the software by either dynamically modeling and directly manipulating geometry, or by applying rules and capturing relationships among model elements, or by defining complex forms and systems through concisely expressed algorithms.
The software supports many industry standard file input and outputs including DGN by Bentley Systems, DWG by Autodesk, STL (Stereo Lithography), Rhino, and others.  The software can also integrate with Building Information Modeling systems, specifically and an installed extension/Companion Feature to Bentley's AECOsim Building Designer.

The software has a published API and uses a simple scripting language, both allowing the integration with many different software tools, and the creation of custom programs by users.

This software is primarily used by architects and engineers in the design of buildings, but has also been used to model natural and biological structures and mathematical systems.

Generative Components currently runs exclusively on Microsoft Windows operating systems, and in English.

Bentley Systems Incorporated offers GC as a free download. This version of GC does not time-out and is not feature limited.  It requires registration with an email address. This is a standalone version of GC that includes the underlying Bentley MicroStation software that is required for it to run.

SmartGeometry Group
The SmartGeometry Group has been instrumental in the formation of GenerativeComponents.

GenerativeComponents was brought to the market after utilizing a multi-year testing cycle with a dedicated user community in the SmartGeometry group. This community was responsible for shaping the product very early in its life and continues to play an important role in defining it. The SmartGeometry Group is an independent non-profit organization; it is not a Bentley user group.

The SmartGeometry Group organizes an annual multi-day workshop and accompanying conference highlighting advanced design practices and technology.  Recent workshop and conferences have been in:

 Munich (2008);
 San Francisco (2009);
 IAAC - Barcelona, Spain (2010);
 CITA - Copenhagen, Denmark (2011);
 RPI - Troy, New York (2012);
 UCL - London, UK (2013);
 Hong Kong (2014);
 Gothenburg (2016);
 Toronto (2018).

See also 
 Architecture
 Architectural engineering
 Design computing
Comparison of CAD Software

References

Computer-aided design
Building engineering software
Computer-aided design software
Data modeling
Levasseur PL.2. The Levasseur PL.2 was a French biplane torpedo bomber designed by Pierre Levasseur for the French Navy.

Design and development
The second design of Pierre Levasseur was the PL.2, a single-seat unequal-span biplane inspired by designs from Blackburn Aircraft. It had a fixed tailskid landing gear and was powered by a nose-mounted Renault engine. The first of two prototypes first flew in November 1922. The second aircraft had a four-bladed propeller and other powerplant improvements. Nine production aircraft were built in 1923, these were fitted with ballonets and jettisonable landing gear for operations at sea.

Operational history
The aircraft entered service in 1926 aboard the French aircraft carrier Béarn and continued in use until they were scrapped in 1932.

Variants
PL 2 AT-01 : First torpedo-bomber prototype.
PL 2 AT-02 : Second prototype, equipped with a four-blade propeller.
PL.2 : Single-seat torpedo-bomber aircraft, nine built for the French Navy.

Operators

French Navy
Escadrille 7B2

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

Taylor, John W. R. and Jean Alexander. Combat Aircraft of the World. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .  
Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989. . 

Levasseur PL.02
Carrier-based aircraft
Levasseur aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Lioré et Olivier LeO 7. The Lioré et Olivier LeO 7 was a French bomber escort biplane designed and built by Lioré et Olivier for the French Air Force.

Design and development
The LeO 7 was three-seat bomber escort biplane developed from the LeO 5 ground-attack biplane. Appearing in 1922 the production version (the LeO 7/2) had a wide-track landing gear and gunner's cockpits in the snub nose and amidships. The pilot was located in a cockpit just behind the wing trailing edge.

Operational history
Twenty LeO 7/2s were built followed by 18 LeO 7/3s which were a navalised version with increased wingspan.

Variants
LeO 7
Prototype
LeO 7/2
Production version for the Armée de l'Air (French Air Force), 20 built
LeO 7/3
Production version for the Aéronautique Navale (French Naval Aviation), 18 built.

Operators

French Air Force
French Navy

Specifications (LeO 7/2)

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Hartmann, Gérard. Les Avions Lioré Et Olivier. Boulogne-Billancourt, France: ETAI. 2002.  (in French)
 Taylor, John W. R. and Jean Alexander. Combat Aircraft of the World. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .  
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989. . 

1920s French fighter aircraft
7
Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Polymorphic association. Polymorphic association is a term used in discussions of Object-Relational Mapping with respect to the problem of representing in the relational database domain, a relationship from one class to multiple classes. In statically typed languages such as Java these multiple classes are subclasses of the same superclass. In languages with duck typing, such as Ruby, this is not necessarily the case.

See also 

 Polymorphism in object-oriented programming
 Hibernate (Java)

References 

Java Persistence with HIBERNATE, Chapter 5, Bauer, Christian & Gavin, King, Manning, copyright 2007,

External links 
 Hibernate Home Page

Data mapping
Object-oriented programming
Relational model
Loening M-8. The Loening M-8 was a 1910s American fighter monoplane designed by Grover Loening and built by his Loening Aeronautical Engineering Company. The order for 5000 for the United States Army Air Corps was canceled when the First World War ended.

Development
The first design by Grover Loening after he had formed his company was a two-seat braced-wing monoplane fighter the M-8. It had a fixed tail-skid landing gear and was powered by a nose-mounted Hispano-Suiza engine with a tractor propeller. The pilot and gunner had tandem open cockpits. The first aircraft was flown in 1918 and after testing, the United States Army Air Corps ordered 5,000 aircraft to be built. 

Only two aircraft were delivered to the Army and one to the United States Navy, with the designation M-8-0. At the end of the war the order was canceled. The Navy ordered 46 aircraft in two variants for use as observation aircraft. The Navy also ordered six M-8-S twin-float seaplane versions. A single-seat version was developed for the Army as the Loening PW-2.

Variants
M-8
Production variant for the United States Army Air Corps, two prototypes, 5000 cancelled.
M-8-0
One M-8 for evaluation by the United States Navy (A5631) and ten production aircraft (A5637-A5646).
M-8-1
Second production variant for the United States Navy, 36 built by the Naval Aircraft Factory (A5701-A5710; A5761-A5786).
M-8-1S
Seaplane variant for the United States Navy, six built (A5788-A5793).
LS
(LS - Loening Seaplane) Three seaplane variants ordered to test the Richardson pontoon split central float. One aircraft built, (A5606), and two cancelled.

Operators

United States Army Air Corps
United States Navy

Specifications (M-8-0)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1910s United States fighter aircraft
M-8
Aircraft first flown in 1918