omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thermal. A thermal column (or thermal) is a rising mass of buoyant air, a convective current in the atmosphere, that transfers heat energy vertically. Thermals are created by the uneven heating of Earth's surface from solar radiation, and are an example of convection, specifically atmospheric convection.

Thermals on Earth

The Sun warms the ground, which in turn warms the air directly above. The warm air near the surface expands, becoming less dense than the surrounding air. The lighter air rises and cools due to its expansion in the lower pressure at higher altitudes. It stops rising when it has cooled to the same temperature, thus density, as the surrounding air.

Associated with a thermal is a downward flow surrounding the thermal column. The downward-moving exterior is caused by colder air being displaced at the top of the thermal.

The size and strength of thermals are influenced by the properties of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere). When the air is cold, bubbles of warm air are formed by the ground heating the air above it and can rise like a hot air balloon. The air is then referred to as unstable, as it's suitable for forming thermals. If there is a warm layer of air higher up, an inversion can prevent thermals from rising high and the air is said to be stable, as mature thermals can't form.

Thermals are often indicated by the presence of visible isolated cumulus clouds at the top of the thermal. Cumulus clouds are formed by the rising air in a thermal as it ascends and cools, until the water vapor in the air begins to condense into visible droplets. When a steady wind is present, thermals and their respective cumulus clouds can align in rows oriented with wind direction, sometimes referred to as "cloud streets" by soaring and glider pilots. 

The condensing water releases latent heat energy allowing the air to rise higher. Very unstable air can reach the level of free convection (LFC), rising to great heights, condensing large quantities of water and forming convective clouds causing showers or even thunderstorms. The latter are dangerous to any aircraft flying through or nearby.

Thermals are one of the many sources of lift used by soaring birds and gliders to soar.

Thermals beyond Earth
Thermals are also seen elsewhere in the solar system. On Mars, for example, thermals are often seen in the form of dust devils, carrying dust instead of water vapor. Thermals are also seen on the sun, typically forming hexagonal convective prisms (Bénard cells).

See also
 Air current
 Atmospheric thermodynamics
 Cumulus cloud
 Gliding
 Hang gliding
 Thermal energy

References

External links 
 What do thermals look like? - Thermal Structure and Behavior by Wayne M. Angevine
 Time-lapse video of clouds caused by thermals forming and decaying

Atmospheric thermodynamics
Aviation meteorology
Gliding technology
Severe weather and convection
William Tierney Clark. William Tierney Clark FRS FRAS (23 August 1783 – 22 September 1852) was an English civil engineer particularly associated with the design and construction of bridges. He was among the earliest designers of suspension bridges.

Born in Bristol, he was initially apprenticed to a local millwright and – guided by noted engineers Thomas Telford and John Rennie – he progressed to practice as a consulting civil engineer, moving to London where, from 1811, he was also engineer to the West Middlesex Waterworks Company (the engine house and other buildings involved in a scheme to pump water from reservoirs at Barnes to Hammersmith and other parts of London were designed by him).

He designed the first suspension bridge to span the River Thames in London: Hammersmith Bridge, opened in 1827. He also designed the Marlow Bridge, a suspension bridge across the Thames in Marlow, Buckinghamshire (built 1829–32) and Norfolk Bridge, a suspension bridge over the River Adur in Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex (designed with Captain Samuel Brown, opened in 1834, replaced in 1923).

Internationally, he is revered for his design of the Széchenyi Chain Bridge across the Danube in Budapest, Hungary, for which Marlow Bridge was a nearly identical, but smaller, prototype. The first bridge linking Buda and Pest, it was designed by Tierney Clark in 1839, with construction supervised locally by Scotsman Adam Clark (no relation). It opened in 1849.

Tierney Clark is also credited with the design of a tunnel between Higham and Frindsbury, near Rochester in north Kent for the Thames and Medway Canal. The canal was not a success but the tunnel was acquired in 1846 and adapted in 1847 for use by the South Eastern Railway for its North Kent Line route between Gravesend and Rochester.

He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society and a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Tierney Clark lived and died in Hammersmith in Middlesex. His memorial in the local parish church, St Paul’s, shows an outline of his design for the nearby bridge. His bridge has since been replaced by a later one designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette, which reuses the Tierney Clark pier foundations.

Hungary commemorates Clark by an annual Tierney Clark Award for Civil Engineering presented by the Association of Hungarian Consulting Engineers and Architects.

References

External links
 
Victorianweb.org's William Tierney Clark's Chain Bridge, Budapest

1783 births
1852 deaths
British bridge engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Clark, William Tuerney
DRC (disambiguation). The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country in Central Africa.

DRC may also refer to:

Organisations
 Danish Refugee Council, a Danish humanitarian organisation
 Democratic Representative Caucus, a group of Canadian Members of Parliament
 Disability Rights Commission, a body set up by the British Parliament
 Dynamics Research Corporation, a US-based defense contractor

Science and technology
 Design rule checking, area of electronic design automation
 Digital room correction, a process in the field of acoustics
 Dynamic range compression, a process that manipulates an audio signal
 Dynamic range control, a feature of digital audio compression
 Dynamic recompilation, a technique of translating machine code
 DARPA Robotics Challenge
 Domain relational calculus, a database query language
 Descending reflectivity core, a meteorological phenomenon

Other uses
 DRC railcar, a railway vehicle in Victoria, Australia
 Democratic Resettlement Community, an informal settlement in Swakopmund, Namibia
 Democratic Representative Caucus a former parliamentary group in Canada 
 Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, a wine producer of Burgundy, France
 Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie, a former American football player 
 Dr. Regis Chaperon State Secondary School, a secondary school in Mauritius
 , a Brazilian rock-band
 Dirico Airport's IATA code
 DRC, the Challoner revision of the  Bible
Integration testing. Integration testing, also called integration and testing, abbreviated I&T, is a form of software testing in which multiple parts of a software system are tested as a group. 

Integration testing describes tests that are run at the integration-level to contrast testing at the unit or system level.

Often, integration testing is conducted to evaluate the compliance of a component with functional requirements. 

In a structured development process, integration testing takes as its input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger aggregates, applies tests defined in an integration test plan, and delivers as output test results as a step leading to system testing.

Approach 
Some different types of integration testing are big-bang, mixed (sandwich), risky-hardest, top-down, and bottom-up. Other Integration Patterns are: collaboration integration, backbone integration, layer integration, client-server integration, distributed services integration and high-frequency integration.

In big-bang testing, most of the developed modules are coupled together to form a complete software system or major part of the system and then used for integration testing. This method is very effective for saving time in the integration testing process . However, if the test cases and their results are not recorded properly, the entire integration process will be more complicated and may prevent the testing team from achieving the goal of integration testing.

In bottom-up testing, the lowest level components are tested first, and are then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is tested. All the bottom or low-level modules, procedures or functions are integrated and then tested. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. This approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready. This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage.

In top-down testing, the top integrated modules are tested first and the branch of the module is tested step by step until the end of the related module.

Sandwich testing combines top-down testing with bottom up testing. One limitation to this sort of testing is that any conditions not stated in specified integration tests, outside of the confirmation of the execution of design items, will generally not be tested.

See also
 Design predicates
 Functional testing
 Continuous integration

References

Software testing
Hardware testing
Automata (disambiguation). Automata are self-operating machines.

Automata may also refer to:

Computing
 Cellular automata, a discrete model studied in computability theory and other disciplines
 Von Neumann cellular automata, the original expression of cellular automata
 Automata theory, the study of abstract machines
 Automata UK, a former software house

Arts and entertainment
 "The Automata", an 1819 short story by E. T. A. Hoffmann
 "Automata", a 1929 short story by S. Fowler Wright
 Autómata, a 2014 science-fiction film
 Nier: Automata, a 2017 video game
 Automata, an alternative title of The Devil's Machine, a 2019 British horror film directed by Lawrie Brewster

See also
 Automat (disambiguation)
 Automatic (disambiguation)
 Automaton (disambiguation)
Computer-aided maintenance. Computer-aided maintenance (not to be confused with CAM which usually stands for Computer Aided Manufacturing) refers to systems that utilize software to organize planning, scheduling, and support of maintenance and repair.  A common application of such systems is the maintenance of computers, either hardware or software, themselves.  It can also apply to the maintenance of other complex systems that require periodic maintenance, such as reminding operators that preventive maintenance is due or even predicting when such maintenance should be performed based on recorded past experience.

Computer aided configuration
The first computer-aided maintenance software came from DEC in the 1980s to configure VAX computers. The software was built using the techniques of artificial intelligence expert systems, because the problem of configuring a VAX required expert knowledge. During the research, the software was called R1 and was renamed XCON when placed in service.  Fundamentally, XCON was a rule-based configuration database written as an expert system using forward chaining rules.  As one of the first expert systems to be pressed into commercial service it created high expectations, which did not materialize, as DEC lost commercial pre-eminence.

Help Desk software
Help desks frequently use help desk software that captures symptoms of a bug and relates them to fixes, in a fix database. One of the problems with this approach is that the understanding of the problem is embodied in a non-human way, so that solutions are not unified.

Strategies for finding fixes
The bubble-up strategy simply records pairs of symptoms and fixes. The most frequent set of pairs is then presented as a tentative solution, which is then attempted. If the fix works, that fact is further recorded, along with the configuration of the presenting system, into a solutions database.
Oddly enough, shutting down and booting up again manages to 'fix,' or at least 'mask,' a bug in many computer-based systems; thus reboot is the remedy for distressingly many symptoms in a 'fix database.' The reason a reboot often works is that it causes the RAM to be flushed. However, typically the same set of actions are likely to create the same result demonstrating a need to refine the "startup" applications (which launch into memory) or install the latest fix/patch of the offending application.
Currently, most expertise in finding fixes lies in human domain experts, who simply sit at a replica of the computer-based system, and who then 'talk through' the problem with the client to duplicate the problem, and then relate the fix.

References

Help desk
Product lifecycle management
Computer systems
Stelzer engine. The Stelzer engine is a two-stroke opposing-piston free-piston engine design proposed by Frank Stelzer. It uses conjoined pistons in a push-pull arrangement which allows for fewer moving parts and simplified manufacturing. An engine of the same design appeared on the cover of the February 1969 issue of Mechanix Illustrated magazine.

Operation
There are two combustion chambers and a central precompression chamber. Control of the air flow between the precompression chamber and the combustion chambers is made by stepped piston rods.

Applications
Applications envisaged for the engine include driving:
 An air compressor
 A hydraulic pump
 A linear generator

Prototypes
A prototype engine was demonstrated in Frankfurt in 1983 and Opel was reported to be interested in it. In 1982, the Government of Ireland agreed to pay half the cost of a factory at Shannon Airport to manufacture the engines.  A prototype car with a Stelzer engine and electric transmission was shown at a German motor show in 1983.

See also
 Linear alternator

References

External links
  -- Two-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine 1983
 Diagrams of Stelzer engine and linear alternator

Proposed engines
Free-piston engines
HVD. HVD may refer to:
 High-voltage differential signaling, an electrical signalling method
 Hosted Virtual Desktop, a type of computer desktop virtualization
 High-Definition Versatile Disc, a DVD format
 Holographic Versatile Disc, an optical disc technology
 High-value detention site, a type of United States military prison
 Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands, a German humanist organization
 Khovd Airport, in Mongolia
Marvin Camras. Marvin Camras (January 1, 1916 – June 23, 1995) was an electrical engineer and inventor who was widely influential in the field of magnetic recording.

Camras built his first recording device, a wire recorder, in the 1930s for a cousin who was an aspiring opera singer named Willy. He also built Willy a telephone, because he could not afford one, at the age of 8. Shortly afterwards he discovered that using magnetic tape made the process of splicing and storing recordings easier.

Camras's work attracted the notice of his professors at what became Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) and was offered a position at Armour Research Foundation (which merged with Lewis Institute in 1940 to become IIT) to develop his work.

Before and during World War II Camras' wire recorders were used by the armed forces to train pilots. They were also used for disinformation purposes: battle sounds were recorded and amplified and the recordings placed where the D-Day invasion was not going to take place. This work was kept secret until after the war.

In June 1944 he was awarded , titled "Method and Means of Magnetic Recording". In all, Camras received more than 500 patents, largely in the field of electronic communications.

Camras received a bachelor's degree in 1940 and a master's degree in 1942, both in electrical engineering, from IIT. In 1968, the institution awarded him an honorary doctorate.

In May 1962 Camras wrote a speculative prediction paper titled "Magnetic recording and reproduction - 2012 A.D.". In his paper Camras predicted the existence of mass-produced portable media players he described as memory packs the size of a package of playing cards holding up to 1020 bits of information. Such devices would not have any mechanical moving parts and would store both sound and movies. He also predicted music and movie downloads, online shopping, access to online encyclopedias and newspapers and the widespread use of online banking transactions.

Camras built his own house by hand, doing everything except laying the foundation. He also built a bomb shelter in this house.  
In recognition of his achievements, he received the National Medal of Technology award in 1990.

Marvin Camras died of kidney failure at the age of 79 in Evanston, Illinois.

See also 
 Tape bias

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20031207053754/
http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/26.html
http://voices.iit.edu/camrasbio.html

Engineers from Chicago
1916 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American inventors
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
National Medal of Technology recipients
Deaths from kidney failure in the United States
Jewish American scientists
20th-century American Jews
Machine code monitor. A machine code monitor ( machine language monitor) is software that allows a user to enter commands to view and change memory locations on a computer, with options to load and save memory contents from/to secondary storage. Some full-featured machine code monitors provide detailed control ("single-stepping") of the execution of machine language programs (much like a debugger), and include absolute-address code assembly and disassembly capabilities.

Motorola published the MIKBUG ROM monitor for the 6800 in 1973 and the BUFFALO ROM monitor for the 68HC11.

Machine code monitors became popular during the home computer era of the 1970s and 1980s and were sometimes available as resident firmware in some computers (e.g., the built-in monitors in the Commodore 128, Heathkit H89 and Zenith laptops). Often, computer manufacturers rely on their ROM-resident monitors to permit users to reconfigure their computers following installation of upgrade hardware, such as expanded main memory, additional disk drives, or different video displays.

It was not unheard of to perform all of one's programming in a monitor in lieu of a full-fledged symbolic assembler. Even after full-featured assemblers became readily available, a machine code monitor was indispensable for debugging programs. The usual technique was to set break points in the code undergoing testing (e.g., with a BRK instruction in 6502 assembly language) and start the program. When the microprocessor encountered a break point, the test program would be interrupted and control would be transferred to the machine code monitor. Typically, this would trigger a register dump and then the monitor would await programmer input. Activities at this point might include examining memory contents, patching code and/or perhaps altering the processor registers prior to restarting the test program.

In most systems where higher-level languages are employed, debuggers are used to present a more abstract and friendly view of what is happening within a program.  However, the use of machine code monitors persists, especially in the area of hobby-built computers.

References 

Microcomputer software
Transformer (disambiguation). A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another.

Transformer may also refer to:

Art and entertainment
 Characters in the Transformers franchise
 Transformer (film), a 2017 Canadian documentary
 Transformer, a 1986 Sega arcade game
 Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death, a 2022 book by Nick Lane

Music
 Transformer (David Stoughton album), 1968
 Transformer (Lou Reed album), 1972
 Transformer (Bruce Kulick album), 2003
 "Transformer", a song by Gnarls Barkley from St. Elsewhere
 "Transformer", a song by Marnie Stern from This Is It and I Am It and You Are It and So Is That and He Is It and She Is It and It Is It and That Is That

Science and technology
 Transformer (deep learning architecture), a machine learning architecture
 Transformer (flying car), a DARPA military project
 "Electronic transformer", a term commonly used in extra-low-voltage lighting applications for a switched-mode power supply
 Asus Transformer, a series of hybrid tablet computers
 TrikeBuggy Transformer, a U.S. powered hang glider
 Transformer (gene), a family of genes that regulate sex determination in some insects

Other uses
 Transformer (spirit-being), an indigenous tradition of the Pacific Northwest of North America
 Prada Transformer, a building in Seoul, South Korea

See also
 Transformers (disambiguation)
CCX. CCX may mean:

210 in roman numerals
AD 210, the year of the Common Era
Chicago Climate Exchange, North American greenhouse gas reduction and trading system
Cisco Compatible EXtensions, a specification for 802.11 wireless LAN chip manufacturers
Koenigsegg CCX, a sports car
CCX, the coal mining company that is controlled by the Brazilian conglomerate EBX Group
CCX, the name given to Core Complex, a building block in AMD's Zen microarchitecture and its successor architectures
CCX, the Australian Stock Exchange code for City Chic Collective

See also
 CX (disambiguation)
 CXX (disambiguation)