omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Portal rendering. In computer-generated imagery and real-time 3D computer graphics, portal rendering is an algorithm for visibility determination. For example, consider a 3D computer game environment, which may contain many polygons, only a few of which may be visible on screen at a given time. By determining which polygons are currently not visible, and not rendering those objects, significant performance improvements can be achieved.

A portal system is based on using the partitioning of space to form generalizations about the visibility of objects within those spaces. Regions of map space are divided into polygonal, generally convex, areas called zones, or sometimes sectors. Adjacent zones are linked to one another via shared dividing polygons termed portals. Approaches that precompute visibility for zones are referred to as potentially visible set or PVS methods.

For example, in a computer game such as Descent, the game area might be divided into several zones. These zones would then be connected to each other by small openings such as doors or windows. These openings are referred to as portals. When the zone behind a portal needs to be drawn, the only parts that are visible are the parts that can be seen through the portal. Therefore, the zone can be clipped against the portal boundaries to remove overdraw.

The use of portals simplifies the game engine's task of determining visible areas and objects from any given point of view of the level, and simplifies rendering by allowing it to use each portal as a viewing frustum for the area it leads to. Ideally, portals are formed of confined areas (like doors or tunnels), connecting two complex areas of the scene, where each of these areas would be enclosed in such a polygonal body.

Portals are best suited for indoor scenes such as mazes. Outdoor scenes do not usually have door-like objects that would clearly separate one zone from another.

See also
 Antiportal
 Binary space partitioning

References

External links
 Building a 3D Portal Engine

Computer graphics
LMS Fowler Class 4F. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Fowler Class 4F is a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotive designed for medium freight work. They represent the ultimate development of Midland Railway's six coupled tender engines. Many trainspotters knew them as "Duck Sixes", a nickname derived from their wheel arrangement.

Background 
The 4F was based on the 197-strong Midland Railway 3835 Class of 1911, with only a few modifications, primarily the adoption of left-hand drive instead of right-hand drive. They originally had been designed by Henry Fowler, who from 1925 became CME of the LMS.

Midland Railway locomotives were notorious for their short axle-box bearings, which were prone to overheating. This design feature was perpetuated in the LMS 4F. The problem was eventually solved with the fitting of mechanical lubricators.

Construction 

The LMS constructed 530 of the locomotives between 1923 and 1928, numbered sequentially from where the Midland engines left off from 4027. A further 45 examples were reluctantly authorised by William Stanier in 1937 at the behest of the operating department.

The missing numbers (4)4557–61 relate to five locomotives built for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway to the Midland Railway 3835 Class design in 1922, and taken into LMS stock in 1930.

All entered British Railways stock in 1948. BR added 40000 to their numbers. They were all withdrawn between 1959 and 1966.

Accidents and incidents
On 12 February 1929, locomotive No. 4491 was hauling a freight train that was in a head-on collision with an express passenger train, hauled by LNWR Claughton Class 4-6-0 No. 5977, at  station, Derbyshire due to a signalman's error. Two people were killed.
On 4 September 1942, locomotive No. 4541 was hauling a freight train that overran the end of a loop in blackout conditions at , Yorkshire and was derailed.
On 6 June 1961, a locomotive of the class was running light when it was in a head-on collision with a freight train at  station, Cumberland.

Withdrawal 
Withdrawals from stock occurred between 1959 and 1966.

Preservation 

Three LMS-built 4Fs survive, with the first-built LMS 4F, No. (4)4027, being part of the National  Collection.

Models 
The 4F has been modelled by Lima (O gauge, HO gauge and British N gauge) and Graham Farish (British N Gauge, still produced under the Bachmann label). Airfix produced a tender drive model of the 4F in OO gauge in 1978. Production of this was continued by Dapol after it acquired Airfix models in 1985, and were subsequently sold to Hornby in the late 1990s. They upgraded the model with an improved chassis in 2012. Bachmann have produced a version of the Midland railway variant of the 4F since 2012.

References

Sources
 David Hunt, John Jennison Bob Essery & Fred James LMS Locomotive Profiles No.10: The Standard Class 4 Goods 0-6-0s  (pictorial supplement )

Further reading

External links 

 London Midland Society 4123
 Class 4F-C Details at Rail UK

0-6-0 locomotives
4F
Andrew Barclay locomotives
Kerr Stuart locomotives
NBL locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1924
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives
Greg Papadopoulos. Gregory Michael Papadopoulos (born 1958) is an American engineer, computer scientist, executive, and venture capitalist.
He is the creator and lead proponent for Redshift, a theory on whether technology markets are over or under-served by Moore's Law.

Biography
Papadopoulos received a B.A. in systems science from the University of California, San Diego in 1979, and an S.M. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1983 and 1988. At some time he held positions at Hewlett-Packard and Honeywell.
While a graduate student, he worked at the MIT spinoff PictureTel in its early days.
His dissertation was on a dataflow architecture microprocessor, under his advisor Arvind. Along with David E. Culler, he developed a simplified approach to dataflow execution in a project named Monsoon.

Papadopoulos became assistant professor at MIT in 1988 and associate professor in May 1993. He helped start Ergo Computing in 1988, and Exa Corporation in 1991. 
He was chief architect at Thinking Machines Corporation starting in 1992.
His research applied massively parallel techniques to high-performance computing.

He joined  Sun Microsystems in September 1994. After serving as chief scientist for the server division, in December 1995 he became chief technical officer (CTO) of SMCC (Sun's hardware division), and CTO of the entire company in April 1998.
He left Sun in February 2010.

Papadopoulos co-authored (with David Douglas and John Boutelle) the book Citizen Engineer: A Handbook for Socially Responsible Engineering, published in 2009.
At the time he lived in Los Gatos, California.

In 2010 Papadopoulos joined the venture capital firm New Enterprise Associates (NEA) as an executive in residence and the Computer History Museum as a director. In April, 2011, Papadopoulos became a partner at NEA.
At some time, he was chairman of the board of trustees for the SETI Institute.

References 

Living people
Sun Microsystems people
University of California, San Diego alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
American chief technology officers
American business executives
American people of Greek descent
1958 births
Mark Canepa. Mark Canepa is an American computer technology executive.

Biography
Canepa's educational background includes both a B.S. and M.S. in electrical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, and he completed the University of Pennsylvania's advanced management program at the Wharton School.

Canepa held several manager positions in Hewlett-Packard from 1992 though 1996, including development and marketing.
In 1995 he led HP's new workstation division in Chelmsford, Massachusetts formed after the acquisition of Apollo Computer.

He joined  Compaq to lead its newly formed workstation division, in October 1996, but left after only a few weeks.

Canepa joined Sun Microsystems in October 1996.
He served in multiple vice president and general manager roles, such as general manager of the workgroup server product group.
He became executive vice president in April 2001 of a network storage products group, which became a data management group.
His storage group leadership included the acquisition of Storage Technology Corporation (StorageTek) in 2005.
He left Sun on May 15, 2006, and was replaced by David Yen, in a reorganization by Jonathan I. Schwartz.
He joined Extreme Networks as CEO on August 30, 2006.

Canepa resigned as chief executive officer and as director of Extreme Networks on October 22, 2009.
He joined the board of directors of GreenButton in September 2011.
In 2013 he joined DataDirect Networks, including serving as a vice president.

Very all known around the world as a Poet on Middle Ages themes, and professional Violinist with multiple representations in Italy.

References

Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
DASK. The DASK was the first computer in Denmark. It was commissioned in 1955, designed and constructed by Regnecentralen, and began operation in September 1957. DASK is an acronym for Dansk Aritmetisk Sekvens Kalkulator or Danish Arithmetic Sequence Calculator. Regnecentralen almost did not allow the name, as the word dask means "slap" in Danish. In the end, however, it was named so as it fit the pattern of the name BESK, the Swedish computer which provided the initial architecture for DASK.

DASK traces its origins to 1947 and a goal set by Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber (Academy for the Technical Sciences or Academy of Applied Sciences), which was to follow the development of the modern computing devices. Initial funding was obtained through the Ministry of Defence (Denmark) as the Danish Military had been given a grant through the Marshall Plan for cipher machines for which the military saw no immediate need.

Originally conceived to be a copy of BESK, the rapid advancement in the field allowed improvements to be made during the development such that in the end, it was not a copy of BESK. The DASK was a one-off design that took place in a villa. The machine became so big that the floor had to be reinforced to support its mass of 3.5 metric tons.

DASK is notable for being the subject of one of the earliest ALGOL implementations, referred to as DASK ALGOL, which counted Jørn Jensen and Peter Naur among its contributors.

Architecture
The DASK was a vacuum tube machine based on the Swedish BESK design. As described in 1956, it contained 2500 vacuum tubes, 1500 solid-state elements, and required a three-phase power supply of at least 15 kW.

Fast storage was 1024 40-bit words of magnetic-core memory (cycle time 5 μs), directly addressable as 1024 full words or 2048 half-words. This was complemented by an additional 8192 words of backing store on magnetic drum (spinning at 3000 rpm). A full word stored 40-bit numbers in two's-complement form, or two 20-bit instructions.

In addition to two accumulators, the DASK had three index registers, which could be used to modify the address of most instructions. An instruction word consisted of 11 bits for an address, two bits for index register selection, and seven bits for the operation code and its modifiers.

Operations included addition and subtraction (56 μs), multiplication and division (364 μs), binary shift and bitwise conjunction.

Peripherals initially included 5-bit paper tape (400 cps read time) and teletypewriter (12 cps); magnetic tape and other peripherals were added later on.

See also
List of vacuum-tube computers

References

External links
Early Computing in Denmark
HOPL entry for DASK Algol
Dansk Datahistorisk Forening Virtual Museum (in Danish)
Technical description of the DASK (in Danish)

DASK – A video featuring original footage of DASK and some of its operators, Mediehuset Ingeniøren

1950s computers
Algol programming language family
IAS architecture computers
One-of-a-kind computers
Science and technology in Denmark
Vacuum tube computers
Valby
Digital mockup. A digital mockup (or digital mock-up) is the digital description of a product, usually in three dimensions. The product design engineers, the manufacturing engineers, and the support engineers work together to create and manage the mock-up. As an extension it is also frequently referred to as digital prototyping or virtual prototyping. Digital mock-ups allows engineers to design and configure complex product prototypes and validate their designs without ever needing to build a physical model.

Mockups can be convincing and closely resemble the final product in appearance, allowing early revisions rather than changes much later in the production stage.

Types of Mockups 

Static Mockups: These types of mockups are just images, and you cannot interact with them

Interactive Mockups: These mockups can be clicked through and are interactive, and can show how a user would interact with a product

See also

 3D modeling
 3D printing
 Computer-aided design
 Digital twin
 Product structure modeling
 Virtual prototyping

References

Computer-aided design
Product lifecycle management
Southeast Louisiana Urban Flood Control Project. The Southeast Louisiana Urban Flood Control Project  (Southeast Louisiana Project, or SELA) is a flood control project by the US Army Corps of Engineers to protect the New Orleans district from flooding due to potential storms, hurricanes, or water surges.  It was established in 1996.

History
Most of New Orleans lies below sea level, and relies on levees to protect the city against flooding from Lake Pontchartrain to the north and flooding from the Mississippi River to the south.  In May 1995, record flooding events resulted in seven deaths and $1 billion in damage.  As a result, Congress authorized SELA to improve flood control and rainfall drainage systems in Jefferson, Orleans, and St. Tammany Parishes.  The authorization was contained in Section 108 of the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1996 and Section 533 of the Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) of 1996.

Implementation
The project includes improvements to channels, canals, pump stations, and drainage lines, as well as the addition of a new pump station in Orleans Parish.

, seven contracts in Orleans Parish were complete, two were underway, and one had yet to be awarded.  Other contracts were scheduled for award but limited by insufficient funding.

See also
 Drainage in New Orleans

References

External links
Army Corps of Engineers page on the project

Flood control in the New Orleans metropolitan area
Flood control projects
Water in Louisiana
New Orleans
1996 establishments in Louisiana
Future Aircraft Technology Enhancements. The Future Aircraft Technology Enhancements (FATE) program is a program to develop new technologies. It is being run by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The X-39 aircraft designation is reserved for use with FATE by the USAF.

References
 Battle Of The X-Planes
 Future Aircraft Technology
 Artist's conception of a FATE aircraft

X-39
Measuring cup. A measuring cup is a kitchen utensil used primarily to measure the volume of liquid or bulk solid cooking ingredients such as flour and sugar, especially for volumes from about 50 mL (approx. 2 fl oz) upwards. Measuring cups are also used to measure washing powder, liquid detergents and bleach for clothes washing. The cup will usually have a scale marked in cups and fractions of a cup, and often with fluid measure and weight of a selection of dry foodstuffs.

Measuring cups may be made of plastic, glass, or metal. Transparent (or translucent) cups can be read from an external scale; metal ones only from a dipstick or scale marked on the inside.

Capacity and scale

Measuring cups usually have capacities from 250 mL (1 metric cup) to 1,000 mL (4 metric cups; about 2·11 US customary pints (1·06 US customary quarts) or 1·76 British imperial pints (0·88 British imperial quart)), though larger sizes are also available for commercial use. They usually have scale markings at different heights: the substance being measured is added to the cup until it reaches the wanted level. Dry measure cups without a scale are sometimes used, in sets typically of , , , and 1 cup. The units may be milliliters or fractions of a liter, or the cup (unit, with varying definitions) with its fractions (typically , , , , and ), pints, and often fluid ounces.  Dry measure cups are distinguished from liquid measure cups in that they are meant to be filled to the top so that excess may be scraped off and shallow for easy cleaning.  Liquid measure cups tend to be microwave safe for heating and clear to more easily judge the meniscus.

Sometimes multiples of teaspoons and tablespoons are included. There may also be scales for the approximate weight for particular substances, such as flour and sugar.

For dry measure

Many dry ingredients, such as granulated sugar, are not very compressible, so volume measures are consistent.  Others, notably flour, are more variable. For example, 1 cup of all-purpose flour sifted into a cup and leveled weighs about 100 grams (3½ oz), whereas 1 cup of all-purpose flour scooped from its container and leveled weighs about 140 grams (5 oz).

Using a measuring cup to measure bulk foods which can be compressed to a variable degree such as chopped vegetables or shredded cheese leads to large measurement uncertainties. In cooking disciplines such as baking, where accurate measurements are important, ingredients are instead measured by weight.

See also 
Measuring spoon
Cup (unit)
Kitchen scale
Spoon scale
Graduated cylinder

References

External links

 WBUR story on a measuring cup design which keep a perfect ratio of surface area to volume, for consistent accuracy

Food preparation utensils
Cooking weights and measures
Volumetric instruments
Units of volume
Jacob Klein (chemist). Jacob Klein (born 1949) is the Herman Mark Professor of Soft Matter Physics at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, Israel. He is well known for his work in soft condensed matter, polymer science and surface science.

Early life and career
Klein was born in Tel Aviv, Israel and completed secondary school in England. Following the completion of military service in Israel in 1970, Klein returned to England and was an undergraduate and graduate student at Cambridge University; his thesis was supervised by David Tabor. He held a research fellowship and later a fellowship at St. Catharine's College, Cambridge between 1976 and 1984. He held a postdoctoral fellowship at the Weizmann Institute's department of polymer research between 1977 and 1980, after which he worked jointly as university demonstrator with the Physics Department, Cambridge, and as a senior scientist at the Weizmann Institute. Klein was appointed an associate professor at the Weizmann Institute in 1984 and became a full professor in 1987, heading the institute's polymer research department from 1989 to 1991.

In October 2000 Klein left the Institute for a period, and was appointed as head of the Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory at Oxford. In 2007 he returned to the Weizmann Institute.  He is a fellow of Exeter College. Klein has authored or co-authored more than 290 peer-reviewed publications, and served on the editorial boards of a number of scientific journals.

During his career, Klein has held visiting faculty positions at University of California-Santa Barbara, Princeton University, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, École Superieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielle, Cornell University, Tsinghua University, and Beihang University.

Honors and awards
He was a Dr. Lee's Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford (2000-2007). Klein is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (2001) and is also a fellow of the American Physical Society (2003) and the Institute of Physics (2004).

Klein received the Polymer Physics Prize from the American Physical Society (1995), and the Royal Society's Soft Matter and Biophysical Chemistry Award (2011). He was awarded the Tribology Gold Medal from the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) in 2012. Other notable awards include the Liquid Matter Prize of the European Physical Society (2017), the Rothschild Prize (2020), and the Irving Langmuir Award of the American Physical Society (2021).

References

External links
 Research homepage
 Weizmann Research Group homepage

1949 births
Living people
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Fellows of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford
Academic staff of Weizmann Institute of Science
Dr Lee's Professors of Chemistry
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Tribologists
Integrity (disambiguation). Integrity is the ethical concept of basing of one's actions on a consistent framework of principles.

Integrity may also refer to:

Technology
Data integrity, a concept from information and telecommunications technology in general, and cryptography in particular
System integrity, a telecommunications concept regarding the operation of a system
Integrity (operating system), a real-time operating system produced and marketed by Green Hills Software
HPE Integrity Servers, a server line from Hewlett Packard Enterprise based on the Itanium processor
Integrity by Tandem Computers, a fault-tolerant server line and Unix-based operating system whose trademark passed to HP
PTC Integrity, a software system lifecycle management and application lifecycle management platform

Arts and media

Music
Integrity (band), an American punk rock band formed in 1988
 Integrity 2000, a 1999 album by American punk band Integrity
Integrity (album), 2015 album by British grime artist Jme

TV and films
"Integrity" (Modern Family), a 2015 episode from the TV series Modern Family
 Integrity (film), a 2019 Hong Kong crime film

Media companies
Integrity Media, a media communications company that publishes and distributes Christian music, films and related materials
 Integrity Records, a British independent record label

Legal
Bodily integrity, the principle of a human right to personal autonomy
Territorial integrity, a principle under international law
 Integrity Staffing Solutions, Inc. v. Busk, a 2014 US Supreme Court decision

Nautical
HMCS Integrity (1804), a cutter that disappeared in 1805 while en route from New South Wales to Chile
HMS Integrity, a name used by the Royal Navy for several ships
 Integrity (1824 ship), an English merchant ship
 MV American Integrity, an American ship built in 1978
 ARC Integrity, Vehicle Carrier	built in 1992

Other uses
 IntegrityBC, a Canadian non-profit organization focusing on political reform
 Integrity Toys, an American toy company
Integrity USA, an American non-profit organization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Episcopalians and straight friends
 Global Integrity, a nonprofit organization based in Washington, DC which monitors governmental corruption around the world
Angle plate. An angle plate is a work holding device used as a fixture in metalworking.

Angle plates are used to hold workpieces square to the table during marking out operations. Adjustable angle plates are also available for workpieces that need to be inclined, usually towards a milling cutter. Angle plates are made from high quality material (generally spheroidal cast iron) that has been stabilized to prevent further movement or distortion. Slotted holes or "T" bolt  slots are machined into the surfaces to enable the secure attachment or clamping of workpieces to the plate, and the plate to the worktable.

See also 
 Lathe faceplate

References

Machine tools
Metalworking measuring instruments