omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Huang's algorithm. Huang's algorithm is an algorithm for detecting termination in a distributed system. The algorithm was proposed by Shing-Tsaan Huang in 1989 in Information Processing Letters.

Termination detection
The basis of termination detection is in the concept of a distributed system process' state. At any time, a process in a distributed system is either in an active state or in an idle state. An active process may become idle at any time but an idle process may only become active again upon receiving a computational message.

Termination occurs when all processes in the distributed system become idle and there are no computational messages in transit.

Algorithm
Huang's algorithm can be described by the following:
 Initially all processes are idle.
 A distributed task is started by a process sending a computational message to another process. This initial process to send the message is the "controlling agent".
 The initial weight of the controlling agent is  (usually 1).
 The following rules are applied throughout the computation:
 A process sending a message splits its current weight between itself and the message.
 A process receiving a message adds the weight of the message to itself.
 Upon becoming idle, a process sends a message containing its entire weight back to the controlling agent and it goes idle.
 Termination occurs when the controlling agent has a weight of  and is in the idle state.

Some weaknesses to Huang's algorithm are that it is unable to detect termination if a message is lost in transit or if a process fails while in an active state.

See also
 Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm

Notes

Termination algorithms
Wallace Rupert Turnbull. Wallace Rupert Turnbull (October 16, 1870 – November 24, 1954) was a Canadian engineer and inventor. The Saint John Airport was briefly named after him. He was inducted in Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame in 1977.

Biography
Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, W. Rupert Turnbull graduated in mechanical engineering from Cornell University in 1893 and undertook postgraduate work in physics at the Universities of Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany. In 1902 he built the first wind tunnel in Canada. During the next decade, he continued researching the stability of aircraft and investigated many forms of airfoils. During World War I Turnbull was employed by Frederick and Company aircraft builders in England, where he designed a number of propellers, the most successful being his invention of the variable-pitch propeller which was first tested in 1927. His interests extended into many fields, such as hydroplane torpedo screen bomb sights, and tidal power, but his systematic approach to aeronautical engineering remains his greatest contribution.

See also
 Frank W. Caldwell

References

External links

 

1870 births
1954 deaths
Aviation history of Canada
Scientists from Saint John, New Brunswick
Canadian aviators
Canadian inventors
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Air Link International Aviation College. Air Link International Aviation College (ALIAC), commonly known as Air Link, is a private institution specializing in aviation education. It is situated within the General Aviation Area of Domestic Airport in Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines.

The primary campus is equipped with 28 aircraft, including both single and twin-engined models. Additionally, it features a hangar located adjacent to a classroom building.

ALIAC also operates a secondary campus on the island of Lubang in Occidental Mindoro. This campus provides facilities for intensive training for aspiring pilots and ground-based students.

History 
ALIAC traces its origins back to 1982 when Captain Geronimo Amurao, a pilot with Philippine Airlines, founded a modest flying school known as the "Amurao Flying School". By 1984, under the leadership of Captain Amurao and with the valuable contributions of his spouse, Dr. Myrna Tan Vallecer-Amurao, this small aviation institution expanded and evolved into the "Air Link International Aviation School".

In April 2003, the institution underwent a name revision, officially becoming the "Air Link International Aviation College". Notably, in 2017, Atty. Gomeriano V. Amurao assumed the role of the new Managing Chairman and President of ALIAC.

Academic programs 
ALIAC's academic programs have received recognition and accreditation from both the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). Moreover, the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) has granted certification designating ALIAC as an Approved Training Organization for both Flight Training and Aircraft Maintenance.

The college provides students with hands-on experience, offering access to aircraft frames and power plants within specialized laboratories. Importantly, these facilities are supervised directly by licensed personnel, ensuring that students receive comprehensive practical training in dismantling and assembling aircraft components.

References 

Universities and colleges in Metro Manila
Education in Pasay
Educational institutions established in 1984
Aviation schools in the Philippines
Air_Link_International_Aviation_College_(Philippines)
1984 establishments in the Philippines
Mond process. The Mond process, sometimes known as the carbonyl process, is a technique created by Ludwig Mond in 1890, to extract and purify nickel. The process was used commercially before the end of the 19th century, and particularly by the International Nickel Company in the Sudbury Basin. This process converts nickel oxides into nickel metal with very high purity being attainable in just a single step.

Synopsis

This process involves the fact that carbon monoxide combines with nickel readily and reversibly to give nickel carbonyl. No other element forms a carbonyl compound under the mild conditions used in the process.

This process has three steps:

1. Nickel oxide reacts with syngas at 200 °C to give nickel, together with impurities including iron and cobalt.
NiO(s)  +  H2(g)  →   Ni(s)  +  H2O(g)

2. The impure nickel reacts with carbon monoxide at 50–60 °C to form the gas nickel carbonyl, leaving the impurities as solids.
Ni(s)  +  4 CO(g)   →   Ni(CO)4(g)

3. The mixture of nickel carbonyl and syngas is heated to 220–250 °C, resulting in decomposition back to nickel and carbon monoxide:
Ni(CO)4(g)  →   Ni(s)  +  4 CO(g)

Steps 2 and 3 illustrate a chemical transport reaction, exploiting the properties that (1) carbon monoxide and nickel readily combine to give a volatile complex and (2) this complex degrades back to nickel and carbon monoxide at higher temperatures. The decomposition may be engineered to produce powder, but more commonly an existing substrate is coated with nickel. For example, nickel pellets are made by dropping small, hot pellets through the carbonyl gas; this deposits a layer of nickel onto the pellets.

This process has also been used for plating nickel onto other metals, where a complex shape or sharp corners have made precise results difficult to achieve by electroplating. Although the results are good, the toxicity makes it impractical as an industrial process. Such parts are now plated by electroless nickel plating instead.

See also
 Carbonyl metallurgy
 Crystal bar process

References

Further reading
 
 
 
 
 
 Miessler, Gary L. (2014). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Pearson. p. 492

Chemical processes
Nickel
DRG Class ET 91. The Baureihe ET 91 was a series of electric multiple units built for the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft of Germany. The units colloquially known as Gläserner Zug (Glass Train) were equipped with large panorama windows, providing an excellent outside view to the passengers. The vehicles were used for recreational trips only, especially in southern Germany and Austria.

History 
Two units with the wheel arrangement Bo'2' were built in 1935 by Waggonfabrik Fuchs in Heidelberg and AEG. They were numbered elT 1998 (cream with red underside) and 1999 (dark green with yellow (lower) and grey (upper) window wrap).

ET 91 02 was destroyed on  March 9, 1943, in a bomb attack on the Munich shunting yard. ET 91 01 survived World War II without major damage and was taken over by the Deutsche Bundesbahn From 1968 on, it was listed as Baureihe 491 in the DB numbering scheme, being assigned the number 491 001-4.

The train had been refurbished 5 times during its lifetime (1949, 1953, 1961, 1972, 1985), and suffered a number of changes to its livery. Between 1949 and 1953 it wore the Rheingold livery, that was grey underside, purple bodywork and cream wrap. Between 1953 and 1971 it had a black underside (standard underside paint still used today), maroon bodywork and custard window wrap. Between 1972 and 1985 this livery is changed to light blue bodywork and silver wrap. The last livery was applied from 1985 to 1995 (technically speaking it is still used today) and featured a marine dark bodywork and white window wrap.

On December 12, 1995, the remaining unit suffered extensive damage in a frontal crash at Garmisch-Partenkirchen with 1044 235 of the Austrian Federal Railways and was subsequently taken out of service. The unit has been stationed at the Bahnpark Augsburg in Augsburg since May 2005.

The unit is currently being renovated, however, due to economical reasons it will not be put into a usable state again, the power bogie having been destroyed in the 1995 accident.

Literature 
 Horst Troche: 60 Jahre im Betriebseinsatz: Der "Gläserne Zug". In: Eisenbahn-Kurier. No. 281/30/1996. EK-Verlag GmbH, , pp. 24–29.
 Horst Troche: Die elektrischen Aussichtstriebwagen der Deutschen Bundesbahn

References

External links 

Electric multiple units of Germany
ET 91
15 kV AC multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1935
Nikola Tesla electric car hoax. The Nikola Tesla electric car anecdote refers to a supposed invention described by Peter Savo, who claimed to be a nephew of Nikola Tesla.

Description 
According to the story, in 1931, Tesla modified a Pierce-Arrow car in Buffalo, New York by removing the gasoline engine and replacing it with a brushless AC electric motor. The motor was purportedly powered by a "cosmic energy power receiver" contained in a box measuring 25 inches by 10 inches by 6 inches, which contained 12 radio vacuum tubes and was connected to a 6-foot-long antenna. The car was claimed to have been driven for about 50 miles at speeds of up to 90 mph over an eight-day period.

The story has been subject to debate due to the lack of physical evidence to confirm both the existence of the car and the fact that Tesla did not have a nephew named Peter Savo. Tesla's grand-nephew, William Terbo, has also dismissed the Tesla electric car story as a fabrication.

A number of web pages exist that perpetuate this anecdote. The continuous recycling of reactive power is a method by which the car could have been powered, though there is a lack of verifiable evidence contemporaneous to the story. If the car was powered (for the most part) by the reuse of reactive power, a thorough review of these anecdotes would be required to determine if an extremely high quality factor is responsible for significantly offsetting power losses.

With the exception of these points, every other account of this purported demonstration automobile is based solely on the Peter Savo story with additional embellishments added by subsequent retellings.

References

Further reading

More Insight into the Tesla Car 
Essentia Volume 2 Winter 1981: Exemplar - Nikola Tesla 
Nikola Tesla's amazing "black box" 
Cold Electricity or Cosmic Rays of Tesla's 1931 Pierce Arrow Top Secret Project 
ExtraOrdinary Technology: Volume 1 Number 2 
Simulating Tesla's Pierce Arrow EV Demonstration of 1931
Aluminum-Air (Primary) Battery Development - Toward an Electric Car

External links
 Interesting Facts About Nikola Tesla

Electric vehicles
Nikola Tesla
Hoaxes in science
Hoaxes in the United States
1960s hoaxes
Media processor. A media processor, mostly used as an image/video processor, is a microprocessor-based system-on-a-chip which is designed to deal with digital streaming data in real-time (e.g. display refresh) rates. These devices can also be considered a class of digital signal processors (DSPs).

Unlike graphics processing units (GPUs), which are used for computer displays, media processors are targeted at digital televisions and set-top boxes.

The streaming digital media classes include:
 uncompressed video
 compressed digital video - e.g. MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4
 digital audio- e.g. PCM, AAC

Such SOCs are composed of:
 a microprocessor optimized to deal with these media datatypes
 a memory interface
 streaming media interfaces
 specialized functional units to help deal with the various digital media codecs 

The microprocessor might have these optimizations:
 vector processing or SIMD functional units to efficiently deal with these media datatypes
 DSP-like features 

Previous to media processors, these streaming media datatypes were processed using fixed-function, hardwired ASICs, which could not be updated in the field. This was a big disadvantage when any of the media standards were changed. Since media processors are software programmed devices, the
processing done on them could be updated with new software releases. This allowed new generations of systems to be created without hardware redesign. For set-top boxes this even allows for the possibility of in-the-field upgrade by downloading of new software through cable or satellite networks.    

Companies that pioneered the idea of media processors (and created the marketing term of media processor) included:

 MicroUnity MediaProcessor - Cancelled in 1996 before introduction
 IBM Mfast - Described at the Microprocessor Forum in 1995, planned to ship in mid-1997 but was cancelled before introduction
 Equator Semiconductor BSP line - their processors are used in Hitachi televisions, company acquired by Pixelworks
 Chromatic Research MPact line - their products were used on some PC graphics cards in the mid-1990s, company acquired by ATI Technologies
 Philips TriMedia line - used in Philips, Dell, Sony, etc. consumer electronics, Philips Semiconductors split off from Philips and became NXP Semiconductors in 2006 

Consumer electronics companies have successfully dominated this market by designing their own media processors and integrating them into their video products. Companies such as Philips, Samsung, Matsushita, Fujitsu, Mitsubishi have their own in-house media processor devices. 

Newer generations of such devices now use various forms of multiprocessing—multiple CPUs or DSPs, in order to deal with the vastly increased computational needs when dealing with high-definition television signals.

External links
 http://www.equator.com
best lga 1155 cpu
 http://www.philips.com
 http://www.nxp.com

Central processing unit
Coprocessors
Digital electronics
Digital signal processing
Digital signal processors
Application discovery and understanding. Application discovery and understanding (ADU) is the process of automatically analyzing artifacts of a software application and determining metadata structures associated with the application in the form of lists of data elements and business rules.  The relationships discovered between this application and a central metadata registry is then stored in the metadata registry itself.

Business benefits of ADU
On average, developers are spending only 5% of their time writing new code, 20% modifying the legacy code and up to 60% understanding the existing code.
Thus, ADU saves a great deal of time and expense for organizations that are involved in the change control and impact analysis of complex computer systems. Impact analysis allows managers to know that if specific structures are changed or removed altogether, what the impact of those changes might be to enterprise-wide systems. This process has been largely used in the preparation of Y2K changes and validations in software.

Application Discovery and Understanding is part of the process enabling development teams to learn and improve themselves by providing information on the context and current state of the application.

The process of gaining application understanding is greatly accelerated when the extracted metadata is displayed using interactive diagrams.

When a developer can browse the metadata, and drill down into relevant details on demand, then application understanding is achieved in a way that is natural to the developer. Significant reductions in the effort and time required to perform full impact analysis have been reported when ADU tools are implemented. 
ADU tools are especially beneficial to newly hired developers.  A newly hired developer will be productive much sooner and will require less assistance from the existing staff when ADU tools are in place.

ADU process
ADU software is usually written to scan the following application structures:
 Data structures of all kinds
 Application source code
 User interfaces (searching for labels of forms)
 Reports

The output of the ADU process frequently includes:
 Lists of previously registered data elements discovered within an application
 List of unregistered data elements discovered

Note that a registered data element is any data element that already exists within a metadata registry.

See also
 metadata
 metadata registry
 data element

Related
 Configuration Management

References

Metadata
Lossen rearrangement. The Lossen rearrangement is the conversion of a hydroxamate ester to an isocyanate.  Typically O-acyl, sulfonyl, or phosphoryl O-derivative are employed. The isocyanate can be used further to generate ureas in the presence of amines or generate amines in the presence of H2O.

Reaction mechanism

The mechanism below begins with an O-acylated hydroxamic acid derivative that is treated with base to form an isocyanate that generates an amine and CO2 gas in the presence of H2O. The hydroxamic acid derivative is first converted to its conjugate base by abstraction of a hydrogen by a base. Spontaneous rearrangement releases a carboxylate anion to produce the isocyanate intermediate. The isocyanate is then hydrolyzed in the presence of H2O. Finally, the respective amine and CO2 are generated by abstraction of a proton with a base and decarboxylation.

Hydroxamic acids are commonly synthesized from their corresponding esters.

Historical references

See also
Curtius rearrangement
Hofmann rearrangement
Schmidt reaction
Beckmann rearrangement
Gabapentin

References

External links 
 

Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions
Transparent Armor Gun Shield. The Transparent Armor Gun shield, or TAGS, is a visually transparent protective gun shield built by BAE Systems made with ballistic glass for US military vehicle operators using mounted machine guns.  It borrows on the experience of the Israeli Defense Force in using such armor on a variety of vehicles. The shield is intended to provide protection for its user while maintaining visibility.  It can be mounted on several models of armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), including the M113, M1 Abrams and Stryker, as well as on the HMMWV.

References

External links
 BAE Systems press release

Vehicle armour

Armoured fighting vehicle equipment
X.28. X.28 is an ITU-T standard specifying the interface between asynchronous character-mode data terminal equipment (DTE), such as computer terminals, and a Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD) that connects the DTE to a packet switched network such as an X.25 network.

External links
X.28 standard at ITU site

ITU-T recommendations
ITU-T X Series Recommendations
PKP class Pm36. PKP class Pm36 is a class of two express passenger (P) 4-6-2 (m) steam locomotives ordered in 1936 for the Polskie Koleje Państwowe (Polish State Railways).

History

Design

The design was ready in 1936, and in the following year, the first two prototypes were built. One of them, Pm36-1, had aerodynamic fairing. The construction as well as the shape of it was designed by inz. Kazimierz Zembrzuski, head of the design office in the First Polish Factory of Locomotives and at the same time professor of the Warsaw University of Technology. The other (Pm36-2) had a standard look. The idea was to test both engines in parallel to compare top speed, acceleration, coal and water consumption etc. The Pm36-1 won a gold medal at the 1937
International Exposition of Art and Technology
in Paris.

Service
After the German occupation of Poland during World War II, the two locomotives were renumbered into the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRB) fleet as 18 601 and 18 602 (class 186). The 18 601 had its streamlining removed, but was later damaged and subsequently scrapped (probably in 1942). The 18 602 survived the war, and was returned to Poland where it regained its PKP class and number. It continued to work for PKP until 1965, when it was given to the Warsaw Railway Museum.

Present day
In 1995, the machine went through a major overhaul and is now working in Wolsztyn as a tourist attraction, called Beautiful Helen (pl. Piękna Helena). It is occasionally used in regular service, pulling trains to Poznań or Leszno. Currently, Beautiful Helena waits for repair in Wolsztyn.

Gallery

See also
PKP classification system

Notes

References

External links
Pm36 article at Steam locomotives site URL accessed on 5 August 2006
Photo of Pm36-1 (left). The engine on the right (Pm36-2) is currently in service at the Wolsztyn depot (Poland). Public domain.
Scan of a Polish postage stamp depicting Pm36-1. Public domain.
Public domain. Pm36-1 photo.
Public domain. Pm36-1 photo.

Railway locomotives introduced in 1937
Pm36
4-6-2 locomotives
Streamlined steam locomotives
Science and technology in Poland
Fablok locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
2′C1′ h2 locomotives
Passenger locomotives
X.3. X.3 is an ITU-T standard indicating what functions are to be performed by a Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD) when connecting character-mode data terminal equipment (DTE), such as a computer terminal, to a packet switched network such as an X.25 network, and specifying the parameters that control this operation.

The following is list of X.3 parameters associated with a PAD:
1 PAD recall using a character
2 Echo
3 Selection of data forwarding character
4 Selection of idle timer delay
5 Ancillary device control
6 Control of PAD service signals
7 Operation on receipt of break signal
8 Discard output
9 Padding after carriage return
10 Line folding
11 DTE speed
12 Flow control of the PAD
13 Linefeed insertion after carriage return
14 Padding after linefeed
15 Editing
16 Character delete
17 Line delete
18 Line display
19 Editing PAD service signals
20 Echo mask
21 Parity treatment
22 Page wait

References

External links
X.3 standard at ITU site
Cisco Web Page Definition of X.3 parameters

Networking standards
X.25
Cross Lander 244X. The Cross Lander 244X was a basic, rugged 4x4 SUV built under license from ARO of Romania, in Manaus, Brazil, and based on the ARO 244. ARO was to supply CKD kits to Brazil for assembly by Cross Lander Industria e Comercio. Sales in the United States were expected to begin in 2005, with targets of 6,000 units per year but the launch has been cancelled. The American Cross Lander used Ford's 4.0 L Cologne V6 engine and an Eaton transmission. The engine produces 207 hp (154 kW) and 238 ft·lbf (323 N·m) of torque.

See also
 ARO 24 Series
 ARO

References

ARO vehicles
Sport utility vehicles
Cars of Romania
Chrome steel. Chrome steel is the name for any one of a class of non-stainless steels such as AISI 52100, SUJ2, 100Cr6, En31, 100C6, and DIN 5401 which are used for applications such as bearings, tools, drills and utensils. Like stainless steel, chrome steels contain chromium, but do not have the corrosion-resistant properties of stainless steel. It has been made from ferrochrome since it was developed around 1877 by J. B. Boussingault and  of Jacob Holtzer steelworks in Unieux, France.

References

Steels