omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hermann Schlichting. Hermann Schlichting (22 September 1907 – 15 June 1982) was a German fluid dynamics engineer.

Life and work

Hermann Schlichting studied from 1926 till 1930 mathematics, physics and applied mechanics at the University of Jena, Vienne and Göttingen. In 1930 he wrote his PhD in Göttingen titled Über das ebene Windschattenproblem and also in the same year passed the state examination as teacher for higher mathematics and physics. His meeting with Ludwig Prandtl had a long-lasting effect on him. He worked from 1931 till 1935 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Flow Research in Göttingen. His main research area was fluid flows with viscous effects. Simultaneously he also started working on airfoil aerodynamics. In 1935 Schlichting went to Dornier in Friedrichshafen. There he did the planning for the new wind tunnel and after short construction time took charge over it. With it he gained useful experience in the field of aerodynamics. At the age of 30 in 1937 he joined Technische Universität Braunschweig, where in 1938 he became a professor.

After joining in October 1937 Schlichting worked on setting up the Aerodynamic Institute at the Braunschweig-Waggum airport.

Some features of a boundary layer transitioning from a laminar to turbulent state has been named after him, the Tollmien–Schlichting waves.
	
Prof. Schlichting became an emeritus professor on 30 September 1975 at TU Braunschweig.

Achievements

1953 Medal "50th Anniversary of Powered Flight“ from National Aeronautical Association, Washington D.C.
1968 Dr.-Ing. E.h. at Technical University Munich
1969 Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring from Deutschen Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DGLR)
1972 Bundesverdienstkreuz
1976 Honorary member of Deutschen Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DFVLR)
1980 "Von-Kármán-Medaille“ from Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD), Paris

Books
 Hermann Schlichting,  Erich Truckenbrodt: Aerodynamik des Flugzeugs Springer, Berlin 1967
 Hermann Schlichting, Klaus Gersten, Boundary Layer Theory, 8th ed. Springer-Verlag 2004,  
 Hermann Schlichting, Klaus Gersten, Egon Krause, Herbert, jun. Oertel: Grenzschicht-Theorie Springer, Berlin 2006,

External links
 

German fluid dynamicists
1907 births
1982 deaths
Engineers from Lower Saxony
Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring recipients
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Academic staff of the Technical University of Braunschweig
People from Stade (district)
Brian McConnell. Brian Douglas McConnell (29 February 1836 in Gaspe Basin, Lower Canada — 13 July 1930 in North Bay, Ontario, Canada) was one of Canada's "pioneer railway builders."  He was educated as a civil engineer at Sorel in Quebec City (1846-1853).

Career 
After graduating, McConnell was articled to the land surveyor Robert Hayden in 1853 and began professional employment at the office of Thomas Keefer in 1854. While at that firm, he worked as a rodman on the construction of the Montreal Aqueduct. Between 1854 and 1870 McConnell lived in Quebec and worked on such contracts as dredging and improving Montreal Harbour (1863) and the Quebec Harbour (1866).

McConnell is best known, however, for his work on the Canadian Pacific Railway. He was among the eighteen civil engineers to originally survey the north shore of Lake Superior in 1878. At this time, he was employed by the Government of Canada as the C.P.R. had not yet assumed charge over the project. Having completed his work in Northern Ontario, McConnell returned to Montreal and became the superintendent for the city's water works where he remained until 1892. He was the resident engineer for the city of Westmount (1893-1896) and finally entered into private practice and remained as such until 1916.

He was a member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, the Engineering Institute of Canada, the Land Surveyors of Quebec, the New England Water Works Association, and a member of the Church of England. McConnell's early work on the Canadian Pacific Railway and subsequent achievements makes him an important figure in the history of Canada, and Canadian engineering.  McConnell's official biographer is historian, Daniel Hambly.

References 

1836 births
1930 deaths
Province of Canada people
Canadian civil engineers
Decoppering. Decoppering is the act of removing copper and it is most commonly used in the context of the removal of copper residues from the rifling of gun barrels.

Decoppering agents are frequently added to smokeless powder propellants. Decoppering is most important for large guns (especially naval guns), but the additives are used even in medium and small caliber guns.

The most common decoppering additives are:
 Tin metal and compounds, e.g. tin dioxide
 Bismuth metal and compounds, e.g. bismuth trioxide, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth nitrate, bismuth antimonide; the bismuth compounds are favored as copper dissolves in molten bismuth, forming brittle and easily removable alloy
 Lead foil and lead compounds, now phased out due to lead toxicity

References

Ammunition
ISA-88. S88, shorthand for ANSI/ISA88, is a standard addressing batch process control. It is a design philosophy for describing equipment and procedures. It is not a standard for software and is equally applicable to manual processes. It was approved by the ISA in 1995 and updated in 2010. Its original version was adopted by the IEC in 1997 as IEC 61512-1.

The current parts of the S88 standard include:
 Models and terminology
 Data structures and guidelines for languages
 General and site recipe models and representation
 Batch Production Records
 Machine and Unit States: An Implementation Example of ISA-88

S88 provides a consistent set of standards and terminology for batch control and defines the physical model, procedures, and recipes. The standard sought to address the following problems: lack of a universal model for batch control, difficulty in communicating user requirement, integration among batch automation suppliers, and difficulty in batch-control configuration.

The standard defines a process model that consists of a process that consists of an ordered set of process stages that consist of an ordered set of process operations that consist of an ordered set of process actions.

The physical model begins with the enterprise, which may contain a site, which may contain areas, which may contain process cells, which must contain a unit, which may contain equipment modules, which may contain control modules. Some of these levels may be excluded, but not the Unit.

The procedural control model consists of recipe procedures, which consist of an ordered set of unit procedures, which consist of an ordered set of operations, which consist of an ordered set of phases. Some of these levels may be excluded.

Recipes can have the following types: general, site, master, control. The contents of the recipe include: header, formula, equipment requirements, procedure, and other information required to make the recipe.

Implemented in other standards
Like in Packml, the Machine and Unit States described by this standard are implemented in other standards.

References

Quality control
American National Standards Institute standards
R7 Quad. The R7 Quad is a line of golf clubs manufactured by TaylorMade.  Since its introduction in 2004, it has been the most-used driver on the PGA Tour and the best-selling driver in the amateur market.

The R7 Quad was one of the first drivers to feature Movable Weight Technology, which enabled the golfer to rearrange four differently weighted screws in the driver's head in order to alter the flight of the ball according to a player's personal preferences.  For the average golfer, this meant being able to use the clubs different weight settings in order to correct a hook or a slice. Under the rules of golf, this type of equipment adjustability is legal, provided that no changes are made during play.

The R7 driver has been one of the most popular drivers in golf because of its ability to reduce the effects of faults.  With the success of the R7 Quad, some other companies have sought to bring customizable products to the market, while others have produced clubs that are pre-weighted for the same corrective ball-flight.

The 2009 season saw the introduction of the new R9 series. The R9 is built on the R7 movable weight technology by adding Flight Control Technology (FCT) which allows the player to adjust the face angle and loft/lie of the driver to correct the shot shape.  Combined with the MWT, the flight control allows (in theory) for 75 yards of lateral shot adjustment (plus additional shot height adjustment due to the changing of the face angle), compared to the latest R7 series driver the R7 Limited which had only a 40 yards of lateral shot adjustment.

Models
R7 Quad (Original design with 4 Movable weights)
R7 425 (Larger 425cc head with 4 Movable weights)
R7 460 (Largest legal head by rules of golf, 460cc with 2 movable weights)
R7 Superquad (4 movable weights in a 460cc head)
R7 Draw (Preset draw bias to correct slice: Only club in the R7 line not to have Movable Weights)
R7 CGB Max (Triangular shaped 460cc head to increase forgiveness with only 3 Movable Weights)
R7 CGB Max Limited (Same design as the R7 CGB Max, but with a smaller 415cc head and 3 interchangeable shafts)
R7 Limited (Triangular shaped 440cc head for a lower center of gravity (CG) with 3 Movable Weights)

A Tour Preferred version of the R7 Quad, 425, 460, and Superquad, supplied with a number of additional differently weighted cartridges for even more placement variations, non OEM shafts using models directly from the top shaft manufacturers such as Matrix, Fujikura, and Mitsubishi Rayon, instead of the 'co-engineered' models, and 1-degree open face, is (or was) also available. In addition, there are some official models that have been released only in Asia.

See also
TaylorMade-adidas

References

External links
TaylorMade - official site

Golf clubs
Akroydon. The Akroydon model housing scheme is a Victorian-era model village at Boothtown, Halifax, in the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale in West Yorkshire, England. It was designed in the Gothic style by George Gilbert Scott in 1859 for the workers at the mills of Colonel Edward Akroyd, who had bought, in 1855, the  of land on which the houses were to be built.

As Scott's original plan to have dormer windows in the cottages was unacceptable to members of the Akroyd Town Building Association, Akroyd employed a local architect – W. H. Crossland – under the supervision of Scott, to come up with an acceptable design. The plan was for a quadrangular arrangement of 350 houses, but only 90 were actually built.

In the middle of the quadrangle, known as The Square, Akroyd had a monument called the Victoria Cross built in 1875 and dedicated to Queen Victoria. Its inscription includes a long quotation from William Wordsworth's poem The Excursion. The monument, similar in style to an Eleanor Cross, has been described as "a monument to the British constitution".

According to Walter L Creese, this "suburb on the moors" was Akroyd's attempt "to justify contemporary upheaval, to rationalize for himself and others the improvement and purpose of the factory system as it was replacing the cottage industries".

It was to be a model village not only in the architectural sense but also in a social sense, as the houses were built in various sizes for people from all economic classes, who were offered low cost mortgages to buy them. The village was to be managed by a committee of residents. There was a working men’s college for self-improvement.

Notable people
Eric Portman, stage and film actor, was born at 71 Chester Road, Akroydon, in 1901.

John Reginald Halliday Christie (the serial killer of 10, Rillington Place, London) was born in Northowram in 1899 and lived with his parents at Chester Road, Akroydon.

See also
Listed buildings in Halifax, West Yorkshire
All Souls' Church, Halifax
Bankfield Museum
Copley, West Yorkshire
Stewartby
Woodlands

Notes

References

Further reading

External links 
 Town Planning – A brief summary of some key dates and places and people, with links

1859 establishments in England
Areas of Halifax, West Yorkshire
George Gilbert Scott buildings and structures
Model villages
Acrylic resin. An acrylic resin is a thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic substance typically derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and acrylate monomers such as butyl acrylate and methacrylate monomers such as methyl methacrylate.  Thermoplastic acrylics designate a group of acrylic resins typically containing both a high molecular weight and a high glass transition temperature which exhibit lacquer dry capability.  Acrylic resins designed for use in two component systems for crosslinking with isocyanate are referred to as polyols and are made with the monomers previously mentioned as well as hydroxy monomers such as hydroxy ethyl methacrylate.  Acrylic resins are produced in different liquid carriers such as a hydrocarbon solvent (solventborne acrylics or solution acrylics solventborne acrylic selector) or water in which case they are referred to as emulsions or dispersions and they are also provided in 100% solids bead form.  

One example is polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA), which makes a crosslinked polymer when treated with polyisocyanates. Such materials are a useful component in some paints.

Advantages as an ingredient in paint
Acrylic resin is a common ingredient in latex paint (UK: "emulsion paint"). Latex paints with a greater proportion of acrylic resin offer better stain protection, greater water resistance, better adhesion, greater resistance to cracking and blistering, and resistance to alkali cleaners compared to those with vinyl. Acrylic resin is considered extremely weatherproof and is well-suited for outdoor applications. In solid form, acrylic resin can last for decades. It does not yellow when exposed to sunlight, even after many years. Acrylic resins are the materials which when added to latex increases its gloss properties, mechanical durability (i.e. scratch resistance) and improves the gloss over vinyl-only resins.

Microbial degradation

Melanin-producing Cladosporium fungi damaged dried acrylic resin samples in the Milan Cathedral.

See also
Acrylic fiber
Acrylic rubber

References  

Plastics
Acrylate polymers
United States Access Board. The United States Access Board (also known as the  Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board) is an independent agency of the United States government devoted to accessibility for people with disabilities. The Board was created in 1973 to ensure access to federally funded facilities. It develops and maintains design criteria for the built environment, transit vehicles, telecommunications equipment, and electronic and information technology. It also provides technical assistance and training on these requirements and on accessible design and continues to enforce accessibility standards that cover federally funded facilities.

The Board is structured to function as a coordinating body among federal agencies and to directly represent the public, particularly people with disabilities. Half of its members are representatives from most of the federal departments. The other half are members of the public appointed by the U.S. President, a majority of whom must have a disability.

See also
Americans with Disabilities Act
 ADA Compliance Kit
 ADA Signs
 American Disability rights movement
 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
 Developmental disability
 Individual rights advocate
 Interactive accommodation process
 Job Accommodation Network – provides information about rights and responsibilities under the ADA and related legislation
 List of anti-discrimination acts
 Disability discrimination act
 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
 List of disability rights activists
 Stigma management
 Timeline of disability rights in the United States

References

External links
 
United States Access Board Guidelines and Standards

1973 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Accessibility
Disability law in the United States
Access Board
Government agencies established in 1973
Ricoh 2A03. The Ricoh 2A03 or RP2A03 (NTSC version) / Ricoh 2A07 or RP2A07 (PAL version) is an 8-bit microprocessor manufactured by Ricoh for the Nintendo Entertainment System video game console. It was also used as a sound chip and secondary CPU by Nintendo's arcade games Punch-Out!! and Donkey Kong 3.

Technical details 
The Ricoh 2A03 contains an unlicensed derivative of the MOS Technology 6502 core, modified to disable the 6502's binary-coded decimal mode (possibly to avoid a MOS Technology patent). It also integrates a programmable sound generator (also known as APU, featuring twenty two memory-mapped I/O registers), rudimentary DMA, and game controller polling.

Sound hardware 
The Ricoh 2A03's sound hardware has 5 channels, separated into two APUs (Audio Processing Units). The first APU contains two general purpose pulse channels with 4 duty cycles, and the second APU contains a triangle wave generator, an LFSR-based Noise generator, and a 1-bit Delta modulation-encoded PCM (DPCM) channel. While a majority of the NES library uses only 4 channels, later games use the 5th DPCM channel due to cartridge memory expansions becoming cheaper. For example, Super Mario Bros. 3 uses the DPCM channel for simple drum sounds. An interesting quirk of the DPCM channel is that the bit order is reversed compared to what is normally expected for 1-bit PCM. Many developers were unaware of this detail, causing samples to be distorted during playback.

The output of each channel is mixed non-linearly in their respective APU before being combined. On Famicom and Dendy systems, expansion sound chips may add their own sound to the output via a pin on the game cartridge. Expansion audio capabilities were removed from international NES systems, but can be restored by modifying the expansion port located on the bottom of the system.

Regional variations 
PAL versions of the NES (sold in Europe, Asia, and Australia) use the Ricoh 2A07 or RP2A07 processor, which is a 2A03 with modifications to better suit the 50 Hz vertical refresh rate used in the PAL television standard. However, most developers lacked the resources to properly adjust their games' music from NTSC to PAL, leading to many PAL games sounding slower, slightly lower-pitched, and in some cases, out-of-tune compared to their original NTSC releases.

See also
 Nintendo Entertainment System technical specifications

References

Nintendo chips
Ricoh products
65xx microprocessors
Sound chips
Encash Network Service. Encash Network Services, or ENS, is an independent switch network in the Philippines. It initially connected the ATMs of four rural banks. In its 30 months of operation as of May 2010, this network eventually expanded to more than 101 ATMs, targeting all rural banks and cooperatives. ENS is a member of MegaLink, which is interconnected with the other Philippine interbank networks, i.e. BancNet and Expressnet.

ENS was expected to provide a low-cost solution for banks and cooperatives who wish to implement ATM services compliant with global standards but cannot afford the costs of connecting to the three main networks.

ENS operates a switch-in-front architecture, connected to appropriate transaction authorization entities. These were to include Member Bank CA/SA systems, electronic money/wallet systems, and Visa or Mastercard. The switch network is geared toward accepting transactions using other front-end devices, e.g., POS. Thus, ENS presents both rural and commercial bank ATM cardholders with more access to ATMs.

On June 8, 2010, ATM withdrawals for the year reached one million, while ENCASH ATMs dispensed more than Php 3 Billion. 

ENS launched the ATM portion of its interbank network on November 16, 2007.

See also
BancNet
MegaLink
Expressnet
Nationlink
ATM usage fees

References

External links
Encash Network Services website
Philippine Daily Inquirer article on the launch of the Encash Network Service

Interbank networks
Financial services companies of the Philippines
Companies based in Makati
Conceiving Ada. Conceiving Ada is a 1997 film produced, written, and directed by Lynn Hershman Leeson. Henry S. Rosenthal was co-producer of the film.

Synopsis
Emmy Coer is a computer scientist obsessed with Countess Ada Lovelace, author of the first computer algorithm, written for Charles Babbage's "Analytical Engine".  She is upset to discover that she is pregnant, believing that the pregnancy will interfere with her work. Afraid of losing her boyfriend, she decides to keep the baby. Emmy tries to work on a way of communicating with Lovelace in the past by way of "undying information waves".

Emmy eventually succeeds and is able to communicate with Ada and learn about her studies, her work and how she felt that in many ways her work was hampered by her children and by the time she lived in. Emmy wants to bring Ada into the present by allowing her to inhabit her body. A dying Ada refuses, insisting that Emmy needs to live her own life. However, by 2002 Emmy is raising a daughter who has been embedded with Ada's consciousness and who already shows a precociousness with computers despite the fact that Emmy is trying to raise her to have a normal childhood.

Cast
 Tilda Swinton as Ada Augusta Byron King, Countess of Lovelace
 Francesca Faridany as Emmy Coer 
 Timothy Leary as Sims
 Karen Black as Lady Byron/Mother Coer 
 John O'Keefe as  Charles Babbage 
 John Perry Barlow as John Crosse
 J.D. Wolfe as Nicholas Clayton
 Owen Murphy as William Lovelace 
 David Brooks as Children's Tutor (David)

Reception
Upon its February 1999 premiere in New York City, Stephen Holden of The New York Times called its premise "intriguing" though he felt the film is "much better at throwing out ideas than at telling a story or at creating compelling characters"; and that it has a "overall air of woodenness and shrill didacticism".

That same month, Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle called it a "film without category or precedent. A meditation on memory, feminism, immortality and the horizons of virtual reality, it's got enough ideas and intellectual fodder for a dozen films — which is its virtue and its defect at the same time. Directed by local video artist Lynn Hershman Leeson, Conceiving Ada is a fanciful, multilayered experiment about two women who connect through cyberspace across the divide of time and discover some remarkable parallels between their lives."

On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 82% based on reviews from 11 critics.

References

External links
 

1997 films
1990s feminist films
Films set in 2002
Films about mathematics
American feminist films
American science fiction films
German science fiction films
1990s biographical films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
1990s German films
Ada Lovelace
1997 science fiction films
English-language science fiction films
English-language biographical films