omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Information processes and technology. Information processes and technology (IPT)  is the study of information systems and the processes and technology involved in them. IPT is also a subject offered to senior high school students in Australia in university entrance exams such as the HSC in New South Wales. It focuses on giving the student an understanding of information technology, information processes and the skills to create information systems and some basic programming skills. Some of the social and ethical issues of computer systems may also be included in the course of the subject.

In New South Wales, IPT is separated into the preliminary (year 11) and HSC (year 12) courses. A prerequisite for the HSC course is successful completion of the preliminary course. In June 2009 the course from 2010 to 2018 was detailed in the NSW Board of Studies syllabus, which was renamed to the New South Wales Education Standards Authority (NESA) from 2019. IPT is one of the HSC courses which may be accelerated – students in some schools have the option of completing it in year 10.

In Queensland, the information processing and technology course is defined in a Queensland Studies Authority document.

References

External links 
 NSW HSC Information Processes and Technology syllabus
 Updated HSC Syllabus for 2008 Preliminary students

Information systems
Education in Australia by subject
Information technology education
Vocational education in Australia
Caterpillar D8. The Caterpillar D8 is a medium track-type tractor designed and manufactured by Caterpillar. Though it comes in many configurations, it is usually sold as a bulldozer equipped with a detachable large blade and a rear ripper attachment.

History

1935: RD8 () introduced.
1937: The "R" prefix dropped, D8 debuts.
1940s: D8 2U Series () introduced
1950: D8 new front-rounded grill that would last until D8K was replaced by D8L in 1982.
1955: 1H Series D8 ends production;  D8E and D8D introduced with new  displacement (CID) D342 diesel engine. D8D had a torque converter and D8E had a direct drive transmission.
1956: D8D replaced by D8G.
1956: D8E replaced by D8F.
1958:  D8H introduced.
1965: Power increased to 
1970: D8 46a 48a power increased 
1974:  D8K replaced the D8H.
1982:  D8L replaced D8K. The D8L was the first D8 with the elevated drive sprocket undercarriage.
1984: D8L SA (special application) for farming applications premiers. Available with a three point hitch, for mounted implements.
1987: D8N () with differential steer transmission, the first track-type Caterpillar tractor to have one (the new D8N was smaller than the old D8L size, which was replaced by the new D9N model).
1996:  D8R replaced D8N.
2000: D8R Series 2 replaced the D8R.
2004:  D8T ACERT replaced D8R Series 2.

Blades
Several types of bulldozer blade can be used on the front of the tractor:
 Straight ("S-Blade"): A short blade with no lateral curve and no side wings.  It can be used for fine grading
 Angle: held by a U shape frame that has three holes on each side, to set the blade to 3 positions: right, center, and left.
 Universal ("U-Blade"): A tall and very curved blade with large side wings to carry more material
 "S-U" combination: A shorter blade with less curvature and smaller side wings

Other blade types include landfill U-Blades, woodchip U-blades, and two-way blades for work inside the holds of ships.

See also
 Heavy equipment
 G-numbers U.S. Army Cats
 Caterpillar D9
 Caterpillar D7
 Bob Semple tank

References
SNL G153 heavy tractor

External links
Caterpillar D-Series Track-Type Tractors - Official Caterpillar website
Caterpillar D8R Series II Track Type Tractor, (Bit-Ends, Edge-Cuttings, Protector and Tip Ripper
Caterpillar D-Series Details 

Caterpillar Inc. vehicles
Tractors
Tracked vehicles
Foster Dam. Foster Dam is an embankment type rock-fill dam across the South Santiam River near Sweet Home, Oregon, United States.

Designed by the Corps of Engineers, it began service on August 22, 1968.  Its primary purpose is flood control but it also provides power, navigation improvement downstream and irrigation. The damming of the river created Foster Reservoir, which is a popular fishing and water sports area.  The reservoir stores .  The powerhouse has two generators with a capacity totaling 20 MW.  The dam regulates water flow from the main facility, Green Peter Dam.

Risk to fish
The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory tested the likely effects of the dam on fish populations using the sensor fish.

They concluded that all fish travelling over the spillway fish weir would probably experience a minimum of one significantly stressful event. This is due to the absence of a cushioning effect due to the shallow flow depth and badly formed discharge jet. In fact, most fish would likely experience many events while tumbling down the spillway. Because of the larger size of actual fish, the study concluded that live fish would experience even greater events than the sensor fish. Most injuries sustained by smolt (juvenile salmon) after they had passed through the weir were caused by the weir jet's shallow depth as well as the angle of the jet as it struck the spillway chute.

Over 22% of the sensor fish were damaged or lost in the turbine tests. The devices showed signs of "grinding or squeezing". It is assumed that this happened while being compressed when travelling between the blades of the turbine.

Although turbine pressures were similar to Kaplan turbines at the Snake River dams and Columbia River dams, significant events were recorded by the sensor fish occurred at a rate 2-3 times more frequently at the Foster Dam. Rates of injury and mortality for live fish were correspondingly higher.

When comparing the two passage routes, data show that fish travelling over the weir experienced greater event magnitudes than fish travelling through the turbine. This is because of the eventual impact the fish experienced at the spillway chute. The study suggests that possible spillway weir design changes and increasing the depth of flow would improve fish safety.

See also 

 List of dams in Oregon

References

External links
 

Dams in Oregon
Hydroelectric power plants in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Linn County, Oregon
Sweet Home, Oregon
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Dams completed in 1968
Energy infrastructure completed in 1968
1968 establishments in Oregon
PCMark. PCMark is a computer benchmark tool developed by UL (formerly Futuremark) to test the performance of a PC at the system and component level. In most cases, the tests in PCMark are designed to represent typical home user workloads.  Running PCMark produces a score with higher numbers indicating better performance. Several versions of PCMark have been released. Scores cannot be compared across versions since each includes different tests.

Versions

Controversy
In a 2008 Ars Technica article, a VIA Nano gained significant performance after its CPUID changed to Intel. This was because Intel compilers create conditional code that uses more advanced instructions for CPUs that identify as Intel.

See also 
 Benchmark (computing)
 3DMark
 Futuremark

References

External links 
 PCMark benchmarks
 Unsupported PCMark benchmarks (PCMark2002 - 7)
 UL Benchmarks

Benchmarks (computing)
Software developed in Finland
Bullwheel. A bullwheel or bull wheel is a large wheel on which a rope turns, such as in a chairlift or other ropeway. In this application, the bullwheel that is attached to the prime mover is called the drive bullwheel, and the other is the return bullwheel. One of the bullwheels is usually attached to a cable tensioning system, which is usually either hydraulic or fixed counterweights.

A double-grooved bullwheel may be used by some ropeways, whereby two cables travelling at the same speed, or the same cable twice, loop around the bullwheel.

The bullwheel began use in farm implements with the reaper.  The term described the traveling wheel, traction wheel, drive wheel, or harvester wheel. The bullwheel powered all the moving parts of these farm machines including the reciprocating knives, reel, rake, and self binder.  The bullwheel's outer surface provided traction against the ground and turned when the draft animals or tractor pulled the implement forward. Cyrus McCormick used the bullwheel to power his 1834 reaper and until the early 1920s when small internal combustion engine gasoline engines like the Cushman Motor began to be favored.

References

Mechanical engineering
Aerial lifts
Push the Talking Trash Can. Push the Talking Trash Can was a radio-controlled robot which made daily rounds throughout Tomorrowland at Disneyland and Disney California Adventure Park, Hong Kong Disneyland park, Disneyland Paris, Tokyo Disneyland in Japan and formerly the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World.

PUSH was created by Daniel Deutsch, and entertained guests at the Magic Kingdom from February 1995 to February 2014. At one point, the robot was the focus of a grass roots effort to elect him as "Mayor of Tomorrowland".
PUSH's Registered Trademark was originally applied for in 1996, then was renewed by Deutsch's company "Real Simple Ideas, LLC."

On February 10, 2014, despite a social media campaign particularly on Twitter using the hashtag "#savePUSH", Push the Talking Trash Can was retired at Walt Disney World.

Mechanics 
The robot is puppeteered by a single operator in plain clothes. The transmitter is hidden inside a shoulder strapped gym bag, while the microphone is held at the mouth of the puppeteer, concealed in the hand. The robot contains a voice processor which changes the operator's voice to a high-pitched, nasal register. Since the operator is so close to the robot, Push can interact directly with guests.

The robot is propelled with the transmission, wheels and tires of a custom based robot. It was staffed by a local robotic entertainment company named Real Simple Ideas under contract with Disney. Disney has extended the technique and technology to Audio-Animatronic characters such as the Muppet Mobile Lab, Lucky the Dinosaur, and WALL-E.

Similar robots 

A recycling bin version of Push (named Pipa) used to be found at Disney's Animal Kingdom in the Rafiki's Planet Watch area. Pipa meant "container" in Swahili, fitting the Animal Kingdom theme. The bin's regular steel liner hid the radio control system, a plastic trash bag over it on the inside.

Wes Palm was a talking Palm Tree located at the front entrance to Disney's Animal Kingdom.

Since 1958, the Dutch theme park De Efteling in Kaatsheuvel has had similar recycling bins named and designed after the fairy tale character Hollow Bulging Gijs (Holle Bolle Gijs), a young boy who continuously shouts for "more food" and sucks up garbage thrown into his mouth.

See also 
 Lucky the Dinosaur
 Muppet Mobile Lab

References

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts entertainment
Characters of the Disney theme parks
Disneyland
Disney California Adventure
Magic Kingdom
Tokyo Disneyland
Disneyland Park (Paris)
Hong Kong Disneyland
Tomorrowland (Disney Parks)
Robots of the United States
Rolling robots
Entertainment robots
1995 robots
Spur gear. Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially. Viewing the gear at 90 degrees from the shaft length (side on) the tooth faces are straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. Looking down the length of the shaft, a tooth's cross section is usually not triangular.  Instead of being straight (as in a triangle) the sides of the cross section have a curved form (usually involute and less commonly cycloidal) to achieve a constant drive ratio. Spur gears mesh together correctly only if fitted to parallel shafts.  No axial thrust is created by the tooth loads. Spur gears are excellent at moderate speeds but tend to be noisy at high speeds.

Spur gear can be classified into two pressure angles, 20° being the current industry standard and 14½° being the former (often found in older equipment). Spur gear teeth are manufactured as either involute profile or cycloidal profile.  When two gears are in mesh it is possible that an involute portion of one will contact a non-involute portion of the other gear. This phenomenon is known as "interference" and occurs when the number of teeth on the smaller of the two meshing gears is less than a required minimum. Undercutting (cutting the tooth narrower closer to its base) is sometimes used to avoid interference but is usually not suitable because the decreased thickness leaves the tooth weaker at its base. In this situation, corrected gears are used. In corrected gears the cutter rack is shifted upwards or downwards.

Spur gears can be classified into two main categories: External and Internal. Gears with teeth on the outside of the cylinder are known as "external gears". Gears with teeth on the internal side of the cylinder are known as "internal gears". An external gear can mesh with an external gear or an internal gear. When two external gears mesh together they rotate in the opposite directions. An internal gear can only mesh with an external gear and the gears rotate in the same direction. Due to the close positioning of shafts, internal gear assemblies are more compact than external gear assemblies.

PCD and MOD

In the case of Module (MOD) 4.0 spur gears:
 Normal spur gears (over 17 teeth) have a pitch circle diameter (PCD) equal to MOD × number of teeth. 
 Corrected spur gears (under 17 teeth) have a PCD equal to MOD × number of teeth + MOD.

There are two types of corrected gears:
S0 gearing (x1 + x2 = zero)
S  gearing (x1 + x2 ≠ zero)

References

Gears
William Chadwell Mylne. William Chadwell Mylne, FRS (6 April 1781 – 25 December 1863) was an English civil engineer and architect. He was descended from a Scottish family of masons and architects, and was the second son of Robert Mylne (1733–1811), surveyor to the New River Company, and builder of the first Blackfriars Bridge in London.

Career

Initially, William's elder brother Robert was intended to take over his father's business, but when Robert opted for a military career, William began to assist his father, surveying land for the Eau Brink Cut, on the River Great Ouse, in 1797. He also undertook work on the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal.

In 1804, Mylne was employed by the New River Company as assistant to his father, and upon his father's retirement in November 1810, he became chief engineer of the Company, a post he held until 1861. From 1819 he was engaged in laying out residential streets on the New River Company's property at New River Head in Clerkenwell, including Myddelton Square, Amwell Street, Inglebert Street, and River Street. Mylne later designed the gothic St Mark's Church, Myddelton Square (1826–1828), and Clerkenwell Parochial Charity Schools (1828).

Mylne designed several bridges, including the iron Garret Hostel Bridge in Cambridge (1835–1837, demolished 1960), and repairs to the Caversham Bridge in Reading (1815). He also entered the 1827 competition to design Clifton Bridge in Bristol. Other architectural works include a card room at Stationers' Hall, London, Harpole Rectory in Northamptonshire (1826), and his own home, Flint House, Great Amwell (1842–1844).

Mylne was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1826.  He was a member of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers from 1811, serving as treasurer from 1822 until his death, and as president in 1842 and 1859. He joined the Institute of British Architects on its foundation in 1834, and the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1842. 

He gave evidence to Edwin Chadwick's Health of Towns reports of 1844-1845.

Personal life

Mylne married Mary Smith, the daughter of George Coxhead, and had three sons and three daughters. One son, Robert William Mylne, FRS (1817–1890) also became an architect and geologist.

He died in Great Amwell.

References

Bibliography
Colvin, Howard (1995) A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840 3rd edition. Yale University Press. 
Ward, Robert (2007) The Man Who Buried Nelson: The Surprising Life of Robert Mylne. London: Tempus Publishing. 
Watson, Garth (1989) The Smeatonians: The Society of Civil Engineers. Thomas Telford.

External links
Portrait
engineering timeline of the new river company

1781 births
1863 deaths
Architects from London
English civil engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Thames Water
People from Great Amwell
Dalhousie University Faculty of Computer Science. The Faculty of Computer Science is a faculty of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

History

The Faculty of Computer Science was officially founded on 1 April 1997 with the merger of the Technical University of Nova Scotia (TUNS) into Dalhousie University.

The Faculty of Computer Science traces its history to the School of Computer Science at TUNS  and the Computer Science Division of the Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science at Dalhousie University.

Upon its founding, the Faculty of Computer Science took residence on the 15th and 16th floors of the Maritime Centre until the new Computer Science Building was completed in the fall of 1999. The new building was designed by Brian MacKay-Lyons and was featured in Canadian Architect in March 2000. It was renamed "Goldberg Computer Science Building" in June 2008 in recognition of a donation by Seymour Schulich and his wife, Tanna Goldberg-Schulich.

In July 2013, the Faculty launched the Institute for Big Data Analytics.

Programs
The Faculty of Computer Science offers several undergraduate programs including:

 Bachelor of Computer Science (with/without Honours) 
 Data science Specialization
 Artificial Intelligence Specialization
 Cyber Security Specialization
 Digital Media Specialization
 Bioinformatics Specialization
 Bachelor of Applied Computer Science (with/without Honours)

In general, the philosophy of the undergraduate program is to build a solid foundation of mathematics and computer science during the first three years of the program, allowing students more flexibility in their fourth year.

The school offers a number of graduate level programs spanning fields such as bioinformatics, computational neuroscience, and machine learning.

Notable people
 Erik Demaine, Professor at MIT
 Danielle Fong, Co-founder of LightSail Energy
 Paul Gauthier, Co-founder of Inktomi and CTO of Groupon
 Peter O'Hearn

References

External links 
 Dalhousie Computer Science Website

Computer Science
Dalhousie
Framework for integrated test. Framework for Integrated Test (Fit), is an open-source (GNU GPL v2) tool for automated customer tests. It integrates the work of customers, analysts, testers, and developers.

Customers provide examples of how their software should work. Those examples are then connected to the software with programmer-written test fixtures and automatically checked for correctness. The customers' examples are formatted in tables and saved as HTML using ordinary business tools such as Microsoft Excel. When Fit checks the document, it creates a copy and colors the tables green, red, and yellow according to whether the software behaved as expected.

Fit was invented by Ward Cunningham in 2002. He created the initial Java version of Fit. As of June 2005, it has up-to-date versions for Java, C#, Python, Perl, PHP and Smalltalk.

Although Fit is an acronym, the word "Fit" came first, making it a backronym. Fit is sometimes italicized but should not be capitalized. In other words, "Fit" and "Fit" are appropriate usage, but "FIT" is not.

Fit includes a simple command-line tool for checking Fit documents. There are third-party front-ends available. Of these, FitNesse is the most popular. FitNesse is a complete IDE for Fit that uses a Wiki for its front end. As of June 2005, FitNesse had forked Fit, making it incompatible with newer versions of Fit, but plans were underway to re-merge with Fit.

See also
 Concordion - a Java testing framework similar to Fit

References 

 R Mugridge & W Cunningham, Fit for Developing Software: Framework for Integrated Tests, Prentice Hall PTR (2005)

External links 
 Fit website
 FitNesse website

Free software testing tools
Groupware
Software testing tools
Dimensioning. Dimensioning is the process of measuring either the area or the volume that an object occupies. It is the method of calculating capacity for the storage, handling, transporting and invoicing of goods. Vehicles and storage units have both volume and weight capacity limits and can easily become full in terms of volume before they reach their capacity in weight. By dimensioning for capacity needs, companies and warehouses can make optimal use of space in order to minimize costs in order to maximize profits.

Background 
In 1985, the Norwegian company Cargoscan, which officially became part of the Mettler Toledo group in 2000, began supplying dimensioners and data capture products to transport and logistics companies around the world. The aim was to provide the industry with a system for revenue recovery and protection. It seemed that if carriers were to take both weight and volume into consideration when invoicing, they could charge customers more fairly according to services provided and make better use of resources.

In transport and logistics 
Shipping costs have historically been calculated based on weight alone. By charging only by weight, lightweight, low-density packages become unprofitable for freight carriers due to the amount of space they take up in trucks, aircraft, and ships in proportion to their actual weight. By using dimensioning technology to calculate an item's dimensional weight, carriers are able to charge based on either volume or weight, depending on which is greater.

In the warehousing industry, dimensioning is used to provide an overview of the volume items in stock which can reduce the costs of materials, return handling, shipping and manpower. It can also be used to determine capacity limits for storage to determine if additional storage requirements are needed at some point.

The main reasons that companies choose to invest in automated dimensioning systems include reduced operational costs, revenue recovery, increased throughput, reduced returns and quality control.

Dimensioning systems are used not only by the biggest companies in the industry such as DHL Express, United Parcel Service, FedEx and TNT but also by postal companies, shipping retailers, and small handling companies around the world

References 

Freight transport
PDP-16. The PDP-16 (Programmed Data Processor-16) was mainly intended for industrial control systems, but with more capability than DEC's PDP-14.

Overview
The PDP-16 family of modules was introduced in 1971, and a pre-assembled system using these modules, the PDP-16/M was introduced in 1972. The 16/M was nicknamed "Subminicomputer" and described as "a small microprogrammable computer."

The general-purpose modules included:
 components to build a data path (registers, memories, ALUs, etc.)
 components to build a control structure (evoke an operation in the datapath, branch on a condition from the datapath, merge, etc.)
 other components necessary to complete a digital system (lights, switches, bus termination, backplane, etc.)
The control structure was similar to a flow chart,
which was very familiar to software developers.
As a result, the PDP-16 opened up digital system design to those with experience writing software but less hardware design experience than was traditionally required for this work.

These modules were in the company's M series of Flip-Chip modules, which used TTL circuit technology.

The economic strength of the PDP-16 was that it was effective "for designing unique (or relatively low production volume) systems."

References

DEC computers