omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Frederick Rossini. Frederick Dominic Rossini (July 18, 1899 – October 12, 1990) was an American thermodynamicist noted for his work in chemical thermodynamics.

In 1920, at the age of twenty-one, Rossini entered Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, and soon was awarded a full-time teaching scholarship. He graduated with a B.S. in chemical engineering in 1925, followed by an M.S. degree in science in physical chemistry in 1926.

As a result of reading Lewis and Randall's classical 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances he wrote to Gilbert N. Lewis and as a result he was offered a teaching fellowship at the University of California at Berkeley. Among his teachers were Gilbert Lewis and William Giauque. Rossini's doctoral dissertation on the heat capacities of strong electrolytes in aqueous solution was supervised by Merle Randall. His Ph.D. degree was awarded in 1928, after only 21 months of graduate work, even though he continued to serve as a teaching fellow throughout this entire period. He worked at the National Bureau of Standards (Washington, DC) from 1928 to 1950.

In 1932, Frederick Rossini, Edward W. Washburn, and Mikkel Frandsen authored "The Calorimetric Determination of the Intrinsic Energy of Gases as a Function of the Pressure." This experiment resulted in the development of the Washburn Correction for bomb calorimetry, a decrease or correction of the results of a calorimetric procedure to normal states.

In 1950, he published his popular textbook Chemical Thermodynamics.  In that year he also moved to the Carnegie Institute of Technology (Pittsburgh), where he remained until 1960.  He served as dean of the Notre Dame College of Science from 1960 to 1967.

In 1973, Dr. Rossini spent the spring academic quarter at Baldwin-Wallace College, in Berea Ohio, as the first distinguished professor to occupy the Charles J. Strosacker Chair of Science. The Baldwin-Wallace College student union was named after "the late Dr. strosacker, who was vice president of The Dow Chemical Company, [and] was a B-W trustee for 17 years. The college union was named in his honor in 1963."

Awards
In 1965 he became the recipient of the Laetare Medal.
In 1965 he received the John Price Wetherill Medal.
In 1966 he received the William H. Nichols Medal.
In 1971 he received the Priestley Medal.
In 1977 he received the National Medal of Science for his "contributions to basic reference knowledge in chemical thermodynamics."

References

External links 

 Encyclopedia of Baldwin Wallace University History: Dr. Frederick Rossini

1899 births
1990 deaths
Thermodynamicists
American physical chemists
Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
National Medal of Science laureates
Laetare Medal recipients
University of Notre Dame faculty
20th-century American chemists
Bãi Bằng. Bãi Bằng is an industrial area northwest of Hanoi. It is home to the large paper mill of the same name, completed in 1996.

Controversial development project
The construction of the Bãi Bằng paper mill was controversial. This project was signed as a cooperation between Sweden and then North Vietnam in 1969, with construction beginning in 1975. The construction was evaluated by the Chr. Michelsen Institute, an independent, non-profit research foundation based in Norway.

However, many problems caused the project to take until 1996 before reaching the projected capacity. The projected cost was 770 million Swedish kronor, but instead totaled to 2.8 billion Swedish kronor. For many years, the Bãi Bằng paper mill was seen as problematic. In the long run, Bãi Bằng became a success. It is the largest paper mill in Vietnam, and after reaching operational capacity in 1996, one of the most successful paper mills in the country.

Production and importance
When the mill operates at maximum capacity it produces approximately 40 percent of all the paper in Vietnam, and is one of the largest manufacturers of toilet paper in the country. In 2008, the mill produced 110,000 tons of paper, twice as much as planned.

A project to expand the mill was started in 2005 with the goal of increasing the mill’s annual pulp capacity from 100,000 to 250,000 tons, making it one of the largest producers in the country and nearly satisfying total Vietnam's demand.

The wood fiber consumed by the mill consists of Styrax, a deciduous native hardwood, and bamboo from natural forests.

Around 2,000 people work at Bãi Bằng. This investment has contributed to a high standard of living around Bãi Bằng. The village has grown into a small town with about 20,000 inhabitants.

100 km northwest of Bãi Bằng is Ham Yen, which is the center of the forest part in the project.

Many Swedes who worked and lived in Bãi Bằng are coming back as tourists. The Swedish travel agency TravelBase arranges special tours to the paper mill.

References

External links
 Chr. Michelsen Institute evaluation of the project

Pulp and paper mills
Industry in Vietnam
Aminoethylpiperazine. Aminoethylpiperazine (AEP) is a derivative of piperazine. This ethyleneamine contains three nitrogen atoms; one primary, one secondary and one tertiary. It is a corrosive organic liquid and can cause second or third degree burns. Aminoethylpiperazine can also cause pulmonary edema as a result of inhalation. It is REACH and TSCA registered.

Production
Ethylene dichloride is reacted with ammonia as a main method of production. This process produces various ethylene amines which can then be purified by distillation. These include ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, other higher homologues and aminoethyl piperazine. 
 AEP is also manufactured by reacting ethylenediamine or ethanolamine/ammonia mixtures over a catalyst.

Epoxy resin curing agent
A key use of AEP is as an epoxy curing agent. When used as an epoxy resin curing agent, it is usually used in conjunction with other amines as an accelerator as it only has 3 amine hydrogens for cross-linking. The tertiary amine on the molecule acts as an accelerator and the other three amine hydrogens allow sites for crosslinking the epoxy. This then allows coating systems to be formulated that prevent corrosion of steel and other substrates. Novolac resins may also be cured by this material and blends.

Other uses
Uses include inhibition of corrosion, surface activation, and as an asphalt additive. As AEP is alkaline and carbon dioxide is weakly acidic, it has been researched as a carbon dioxide sequestrant. This is part of ongoing research in Carbon capture and storage.

Toxicology
The toxicology has been extensively studied and is well understood.

See also 
Piperazine

References

External links 
Catalytic method for the conjoint manufacture of N-aminoethylpiperazine
Safety MSDS Data
Safety data sheet
Data sheet

1-Piperazinyl compounds
Ethyleneamines
Advanced Programming Specialist Group. The Advanced Programming Specialist Group (APSG) is a Specialist Group (SG) of the British Computer Society (BCS).  It held its first meeting, when it was referred to as "BCS Study Group No. 5", at Bishop's House, High Holborn, London WC1, England on 17 December 1959. It has met continuously in London since then, generally on the second Thursday of the months from October to May each year.

APSG seeks to explore new developments in programming languages, runtime environments, programming tools, multicore processors, mobile platforms and end user interfaces which are important to today's real world applications. 

Past chairmen of the Group were Ewart Willey (first chairman 1959–1974), Prof. Peter King (1974–1980), Peter Prowse (1980–1982), Prof. John Florentin (1982–2010), Prof. Geoff Sharman (2010-2014), and Rob Packwood (2014-2016). The current chairman is Prof Algirdas Pakštas.

From time to time, the Group holds joint meetings with other BCS SGs and Branches, for example:
 February 2013, with Enterprise Architecture SG, What is Enterprise Architecture?
 January 2013, with Formal Aspects SG (BCS-FACS), Industrial Uses of Formal Methods
 May 2010, with Fortran SG, Parallel Programming in Fortran with Coarrays
 January 2010 with Computer Conservation Society, The 50th Anniversary of the publication of the Algol 60 Report
 October 2006, with Computer Conservation Society, The first 35+ years of IBM Hursley software
 November 2005, with Formal Aspects SG (BCS-FACS), Separation Logic

References

External links
 APSG website

Organizations established in 1959
1959 establishments in the United Kingdom
Software engineering organizations
BCS Specialist Groups
Edgeline printing. Edgeline printing is a printing technology based on ink jet printing. In the case of traditional ink jet printers, the tiny matchbox size print head moves back and forth. This has inherent delay and requires two dimensional movement: (a) movement of print head; and (b) movement of paper. These movements are one of the reasons for the time lag in the ink jet printing.

In the case of edgeline printing technology, the print head is wide enough to cover the size of the printing paper supported in the printer. The print head has ink jet nozzles for the full length of the print head. By this arrangement the print head need not move and the paper movement is the only required movement.

The technology was developed by Hewlett-Packard, and was used in the Photosmart Express Station pe1000 retail photo kiosks, Photosmart pm1000 Microlab printer, and CM8060/8050 Color MFP office printers.

Photo lab printers

PM1000 Microlab printer
The PM1000 Microlab printer prints a 6x4 photo in five passes past a set of three fixed print heads. While the print head is large enough to cover the whole photo the 5 passes prevents pooling by putting down too much ink at once and enables the printer to hide faulty nozzles. This printer can print a photo in 5 seconds.

PE1000 Photosmart Express
The Photosmart Express Station is basically a PM1000 print engine with a user friendly kiosk mounted on top designed for customers to print photos quickly from memory cards or other sources.

Office printers

CM8050 / CM8060
The CM8050 and CM8060 are high volume office printers that can print an entire A4/Letter page in a single pass, or an A3 page in two passes. To achieve this it uses two carriages with three print heads each, each print head containing 10,560 nozzles. This enables the printer to print up to 71 pages per minute in black and color (CM8060) and 57 ppm (CM8050).

See also 
 Line matrix printer

References

Computer printing
William Gurley. William Gurley (March 16, 1821 – January 11, 1887) co-founded what is now known as Gurley Precision Instruments with his brother, and served as vice president and, from 1886 to 1887, acting president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Gurley was born in Troy, New York, March 16, 1821, the son of Ephraim and Clarissa (Sharp) Gurley. He received the best education afforded by the schools in this vicinity, and choosing the profession of a civil engineer, attended the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated in 1839. He worked as a surveyor for a few years and then joined the firm of Oscar Hanks, who was a well-known maker of surveying instruments and church bells in Troy. He worked for Hanks for five years.

In 1845, Gurley established his own scientific instrument manufacturing business in partnership with James Phelps. Phelps had had his own shop since 1838. They called the business Phelps & Gurley. In 1844, William Gurley's brother Lewis Ephraim Gurley joined Phelps' shop as an apprentice and he then attended Union College from 1847 to 1851. Lewis Gurley rejoined the firm in 1851, at which point it was renamed Phelps and Gurleys. In 1852, Phelps sold out his interest and the business was renamed W.& L.E. Gurley. The firm still exists today as Gurley Precision Instruments. William Gurley was involved in several local organizations. For many years he was connected with the YMCA, and in 1851 was elected its president. He served as alderman from 1860 to 1864, and as fire commissioner he helped to improve fire prevention systems in major cities. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Rensselaer Co., 1st D.) in 1867. In 1868, he was appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury to serve on a commission with Prof. Joseph Henry and other scientific experts to examine the best meter devised for determining the products of distillation, to be subsequently adopted by the department.

Gurley was a long-time trustee of Rensselaer, having been elected to that position in 1855. He was secretary of the institution from 1861 to 1872, vice-president from 1872 to 1887 and acting president from 1886 to 1887. He died on January 11, 1887, in Troy.

The W. & L. E. Gurley Building in Troy was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983.

External links
Benjamin Franklin Greene, Biographical Record of the Officers and Graduates of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824-1886. D.H. Jones & Co.: Troy, NY (1855).
Presidents of RPI: William Gurley
Virtual Museum of Surveying: W. & L. E. Gurley

References 

Presidents of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
1821 births
1887 deaths
American scientific instrument makers
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Members of the New York State Assembly
19th-century members of the New York State Legislature
CDMF. In cryptography, CDMF (Commercial Data Masking Facility) is an algorithm developed at IBM in 1992 to reduce the security strength of the 56-bit DES cipher to that of 40-bit encryption, at the time a requirement of U.S. restrictions on export of cryptography. Rather than a separate cipher from DES, CDMF constitutes a key generation algorithm, called key shortening. It is one of the cryptographic algorithms supported by S-HTTP.

Algorithm
Like DES, CDMF accepts a 64-bit input key, but not all bits are used.
The algorithm consists of the following steps:

Clear bits 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 (ignoring these bits as DES does).
XOR the result with its encryption under DES using the key 0xC408B0540BA1E0AE.
Clear bits 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 64.
Encrypt the result under DES using the key 0xEF2C041CE6382FE6.

The resulting 64-bit data is to be used as a DES key. Due to step 3, a brute force attack needs to test only 240 possible keys.

References
 
 , IBM's patent on CDMF
 ISO/IEC9979-0005 Register Entry (PDF), registered October 29, 1994
 
 , defines S-HTTP

Cryptographic algorithms
Data Encryption Standard
Key management
Block ciphers
Alcock Scout. The Alcock Scout, a.k.a. A.1 and Sopwith Mouse, was a curious "one-off" experimental fighter biplane flown briefly during World War I.  It was assembled by Flight Lieutenant John Alcock at Moudros, a Royal Naval Air Service base in the Aegean Sea. Alcock took the forward fuselage and lower wings of a Sopwith Triplane, the upper wings of a Sopwith Pup and the tailplane and elevators of a Sopwith Camel, and married them to a rear fuselage and vertical tail surface of original design (presumably by Alcock himself). It was powered by a 110 hp Clerget 9Z engine, and carried a .303 Vickers machine gun.

Affectionally referred to as the 'Sopwith Mouse' by Alcock and his fellow designers, Alcock never flew it himself, but squadron-mate FSL Norman Starbuck made a few flights in it, the first on 15 October 1917. However, it crashed in early 1918, was written off and never flew again.

Specifications (approximate)

Notes

Citations

References
 
 
 

1910s British fighter aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Productora de Software. Productora de Software S.A.S. was a Colombian provider of software services that served the US, European and Latin American markets. In 2020, Productora de Software S.A.S. was acquired by Perficient Inc. (Nasdaq: PRFT). 

Productora de Software S.A.S. was the first Latin American software company to achieve CMMI 5 Status, and the first in the Spanish-speaking world to receive the Software Process Achievement Award granted by the IEEE Computer Society and Carnegie Mellon's Software Engineering Institute. In 2018, PSL was selected to be part of the Global Outsourcing 100 List by the IOAP (International Association of Outsourcing Professionals) 

It was located in Medellín, Colombia, with offices in Mexico and the US, and was one of the largest local software developers.

History

During its history of over 35 years, PSL developed critical software applications for clients that range from organizations such as the Panama Canal and the largest banks in the region, to hundreds of small and medium businesses across different industry verticals.

In 2020, Productora de Software S.A.S. was acquired by Perficient Inc. for around US$70 million, expanding its operations to South America.

References

External links
Official site

Companies based in Medellín
Companies established in 1984
Software companies of Colombia
Colombian brands
High Peak, Devon. High Peak (also known as Peak Hill) is a hill which is partially eroded, resulting in a cliff face, on the English Channel coast to the southwest of Sidmouth, Devon, southern England.  Its highest point is about  above sea-level. It is a partially eroded Iron Age hill fort, with pre-Roman and post Roman pottery found there.

History 
On the edge of the cliff there are the remains of significant earthworks, which have been variously shown as having Iron Age, Roman and Dark Age occupation. Geological study, and the lines of the earthworks suggest that the site once extended several tens of metres into what is now eroded away. General interpretation suggests that it was an Iron Age defensive site which saw re-use in the Dark Age period, perhaps as a coastal trading station.

Geology 
Within the cliffs below High Peak and Chit Rocks a number of very rare fossils of Triassic fish, reptiles and amphibians have been found.

There are four rock strata in the cliff face of High Peak. The "Otter Sandstone Formation" that forms the base of the cliffs were deposited in a hot dry climates in the Triassic Period about 220 Million years ago. The deposits in the centre of the cliff face are from the Mercia Mudstone Group and were formed about 200 Million years ago. 

Above these Triassic formations, there are layers of Upper Greensand, a Cretaceous rock formation about 80 Million years old. 

The top of High Peak is underlain by flint gravel that was probably left behind following the solution of an original cover of chalk during the early Paleogene period about 60 to 66 Million years ago.

References

Bibliography

Cliffs of England
Coasts of England
Geology of Devon
Hill forts in Devon
Hills of Devon
Jurassic Coast
Folding (chemistry). In chemistry, folding is the process by which a molecule assumes its shape or conformation.  The process can also be described as intramolecular self-assembly, a type of molecular self-assembly, where the molecule is directed to form a specific shape through noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi-pi interactions, and electrostatic effects.

The most active area of interest in the folding of molecules is the process of protein folding, which analyses the specific sequences of amino acids in a protein. The shape of the folded protein can be used to understand its function and design drugs to influence the processes that it is involved in.

There is also a great deal of interest in the construction of artificial folding molecules or foldamers.  They are studied as models of biological molecules and for potential application to the development of new functional materials.

See also 
 Secondary structure
 Tertiary structure
 Circuit topology

References 
A Field Guide to Foldamers. Hill, D. J.; Mio, M. J.; Prince, R. B.; Hughes, T.; Moore, J. S. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3893-4011 .

Supramolecular chemistry
Self-organization
Stereochemistry
All American Ensign. 

The All American 10A Ensign was a two-seat light plane built in the United States shortly after World War II.  It was a low-wing, all-metal cantilever monoplane with fixed tricycle undercarriage and which seated its pilot and passenger side by side under an expansive bubble canopy.  Due to the glut of military surplus aircraft on the civil market after the war, All American was unable to attract buyers and no production ensued.

Variants
 10A
 10D - proposed development with retractable undercarriage and 125 hp (93 kW) engine

Specifications (performance estimated)

References

 
 aerofiles.com

See also

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Ensign
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Allied Aviation XLRA. 

The Allied Aviation XLRA was a prototype flying-boat transport glider built for the US Navy during World War II. It was a low-wing wooden monoplane that could carry ten troops. Two prototypes were constructed, but orders for 100 production examples were cancelled when the Navy decided to opt for powered transport aircraft instead. The designation LR2A was assigned to a refined version of the design, but this was never produced.

Specifications (XLRA-1)

See also

References

External links

 daveswarbirds.com

LR1A
1940s United States military transport aircraft
Flying boats
1940s United States military gliders
Low-wing aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Allied Aviation. 
The Allied Aviation Corporation was established in Cockeysville, Maryland, in January 1941 to manufacture laminated plywood components for aircraft. The firm also developed its own flying boat transport glider for the United States Navy, the LRA, which was built in small numbers for testing, but the larger LR2A was not proceeded with.

Allied Aviation acquired the rights to Gilbert Trimmers 'Trimcraft' small amphibious aircraft as the Trimmer. Production of prototype Trimmers was taken up by Commonwealth Aircraft Company as the Commonwealth C-170 Trimmer.

Following World War II, the company changed direction to focus on sailboat manufacture.

Aircraft

References

 
 

Cockeysville, Maryland
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Maryland
Aviation in Maryland
M&D Flugzeugbau Samburo. 

The M&D Flugzeugbau AVo 68 Samburo is a two-seat motor glider, first designed and manufactured in Austria.

Design and development
The aircraft is of typical motorglider configuration, with a tractor propeller and long, tapering wings.  As originally designed, it also had a sailplane-like undercarriage consisting of a single mainwheel and a steerable tailwheel; however, later versions have a fixed taildragger undercarriage with two spatted mainwheels.  The pilot and passenger sit side by side. With numerous design changes - including modern Rotax engines, state-of-the-art avionics, and aerotow capabilities, it is still in production by the M&D Flugzeugbau company in Germany.

Variants
AVo 60 Samburo The initial prototype powered by a  Limbach engine.
AVo 68 Samburo Production aircraft powered by  Limbach engines.

Specifications (AVo 68-R 115)

References

 
 Manufacturer's website

Samburo
1970s Austrian sailplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Motor gliders
Aircraft first flown in 1977