omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Strypi. Strypi is a family of US re-entry vehicle test boosters, anti-missile targets and sounding rockets. They use a Castor first stage with two Recruit strap-on boosters, plus a range of upper stages. It is 31 inches (79 centimeters) in diameter, and has a maximum flight height of 124 miles (200 kilometers).

History 
It was originally designed and built in 1962 by teams from the Sandia National Laboratories in an around-the-clock program that was a part of a larger nuclear weapons testing program, undertaken prior to the imposition of the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) in October, 1963. It was designed to take a nuclear warhead into space for extra-atmospheric testing. Though it performed this function only once, in Test Checkmate of Operation Fishbowl, it became the "workhorse" of Sandia's rocket research program. The rocket's name came from the efforts of the Sandia teams, which had "taken the tiger by the tail".

In 1968, a modified Strypi was used in Material Test Vehicle (MTV) booster tests. Although atmospheric nuclear testing was now banned, as a part of the Test Readiness Program the U.S. Air Force continued to develop the means of testing, should the ban be lifted.

Versions
Several versions of Strypi were developed, maintaining the original Recruit and Castor first and second stages or adding a third stage.

Derivatives 

The SPARK, also known as the Super Strypi, is a three-stage derivative of the Strypi powerful enough to place a 250 kg payload into Sun-synchronous orbit. The Super Strypi was first launched on 3 November 2015, although on that test the first stage failed soon after lift-off.

References

External links
Article title

Sounding rockets of the United States
Sandia National Laboratories
Charles Molnar. Charles Edwin Molnar (1935–1996) was a co-developer of one of the first minicomputers, the LINC (Laboratory Instrument Computer), while a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1962. His collaborator was Wesley A. Clark.

The LINC originated decades before the advent of the personal computer. Its development was the result of a National Institutes of Health (NIH) program that placed 20 copies of an early LINC prototype in selected biomedical research laboratories nationwide. Later, the LINC was produced in greater numbers by Digital Equipment Corporation and other computer manufacturers. Later he was on the faculty of Washington University in St. Louis.

Charlie Molnar was also well known as a pioneer in the modeling of the auditory system, especially numerical models of the function of the cochlea (the inner ear).

When he died in 1996, he was working at Sun Microsystems on asynchronous circuits with Ivan Sutherland.

Molnar received a bachelor's degree (1956) and a master's degree (1957) in electrical engineering from Rutgers University, where he was a member of the Cap and Skull Society, and received a doctoral degree (1966) from MIT in electrical engineering.

Important publications

Molnar's significant publications included the following:

 Clark, W.A. and C.E. Molnar, 1964, "The LINC," Anal. New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 115, pp. 653–658.
 Clark, W.A. and C.E. Molnar, 1965, "A Description of the LINC," Computers in Biomedical Research, Vol II, B.D. Waxman and R. Stacey, eds, Academic Press, New York, NY.
 Model for the Convergence of Inputs Upon Neurons in the Cochlear Nucleus, D.Sc. Thesis, MIT, 1966.
 Chaney, T.J. and C.E. Molnar, "Anomalous Behavior of Synchronizer and Arbiter Circuits," IEEE Trans. on Computers, Vol. C-22, No. 4, pp. 421–422, Apr. 1973.
 Kim, D.O., C.E. Molnar, and R. R. Pfeiffer, 1973, "A system of nonlinear differential equations modeling basilar-membrane motion," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54(6):1517–29 Dec. 1973.
 Clark, W.A. and C.E. Molnar, 1974, "Macromodular Computer Systems," Computers in Biomedical Research, pp. 45–85, Vol IV, B.D. Waxman and R. Stacey, eds, Academic Press, New York, NY.
 Kim, D.O. and C.E. Molnar: Cochlear mechanics: Measurements and models, in The Nervous System, Vol. 3, Human Communication and Its Disorders, edited by DB Tower (Raven, New York) 1975; pp 57–68
 Sproull, R.F., I.E. Sutherland, and C.E. Molnar, 1994, "The Counterflow Pipeline Architecture," IEEE Design and Test of Computers, Vol. 11, no.3, pp. 44–59.

References

External links
 
 Obituary at Auditory list
  Photo with LINC at Computer History Museum

American computer scientists
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
1935 births
1996 deaths
Rutgers University alumni
Business Application Programming Interface. Business Application Programming Interface (BAPI) is used in mySAP to achieve business related functionalities. It is a remote-enabled function module which is provided by SAP.

Description
BAPIs enable access to SAP  functions across formal, stable and dialog-free interfaces. These interfaces can be used by external applications developed by customers and complementary software partners as well as by other SAP applications. Defined as API methods of SAP Business Object Types, these object types are used within the Business Framework to enable object-based communication between components.

Business objects and their BAPIs enable object orientation to be used in central information processing in companies. For example, existing functions and data can be re-used, trouble-free technical interoperability can be achieved and non-SAP components can be implemented. Applications can use BAPIs to directly access the application layer of the R/3 System and, as clients, applications can use the business logic of the R/3 System. BAPIs provide the client with an object-oriented view of the application objects without needing to know the implementation details. BAPIs are always developed by defining scenarios which are used to map and implement system-wide business processes.

References

Application programming interfaces
SAP SE
Penstock. A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or an enclosed pipe that delivers water to hydro turbines and sewerage systems. The term is of Scots origin, and was inherited from the earlier technology of mill ponds and watermills, with penstocks diverting pond waters to drive the mills.

Hydroelectric systems and dams

Penstocks for hydroelectric installations are normally equipped with a gate system and a surge tank. They can be a combination of many components such as anchor block, drain valve, air bleed valve, and support piers depending on the application. Flow is regulated to suit turbine operation and is cut off when turbines are not in service. Penstocks, particularly where used in polluted water systems, need to be maintained by hot water washing, manual cleaning, antifouling coatings, allowing waters to go anoxic, and desiccation used to dry fouling out so that it may slough off or become easier to remove through manual processes.

The term is also used in irrigation dams to refer to the channels leading to and from high-pressure sluice gates.

Penstocks are also used in mine tailings dam construction. The penstock is usually situated fairly close to the center of the tailings dam and built up using penstock rings, short reinforced ring-like sections of pipe which nest one within the other when stacked and thereby control the water level, letting the slimes settle out of the water. This water is then piped under the tailings dam back to the plant via a penstock pipeline.

Watermills

Inlet valves on the downstream end of penstocks are often used at mill sites to control the flow of water through the mill wheel, or to pen water into a mill pool.

Similar structures

Similar structures which are not enclosed are head races or leats (non elevated), and flumes (elevated).

Hydraulics
Penstocks are commonly used in water management systems such as surface water drainage and foul water sewers. Penstocks provide a means of isolation of flows and regulate the flow of water while delivering it to waste management facilities or power plants.

Landfills
Penstocks are incorporated into the surface water management systems (drainage) of many landfill sites. Retention basins are constructed in order to store storm water, limiting the discharge from the site to its pre-development rate. Valved penstocks are installed at the outfall of the basin to isolate potentially contaminated surface waters from discharging into a main watercourse.

References

External links
Penstock cross-sections for the Grand Coulee Dam
U.S. Department of Energy Hydropower Basics

Aqueducts
Hydroelectric power stations
Water management in mining
Hacker (card game). Hacker is a dedicated deck card game for 3–6 players published by Steve Jackson Games (SJG) in 1992.

History

In early 1990, SJG was developing a game called GURPS Cyberpunk. On March 1 of that year, the company was raided by the United States Secret Service as part of a nationwide investigation of data piracy. The agents took computers, printers, hard drives, at least one pocket calculator, over 300 floppy disks, and an entire BBS server. In the court case that followed, the Secret Services justified their actions by calling GURPS Cyberpunk "a handbook for computer crime". 

In 1992, SJG made a card game called Hacker based on the Secret Service's beliefs.

In 1993, SJG released the supplement Hacker II: The Dark Side, which added new rules and  new cards to the gameplay.

Gameplay
The original game has 110 cards, 172 die-cut cardboard counters, 53 thin cardstock counters, two network ID cards, and a plastic ziplock bag. 

The players use cards to construct a computer network, and then roll dice to try and infiltrate the system. Successful entry gains access to new systems, or the ability to crash the system or upgrade the player's equipment. If too many hackers try to infiltrate the same system, it initiates a system housecleaning. A player can also be raided by the FBI or Secret Service.

The first player to gain access to 12 systems wins the game.

Reception
Allen Varney reviewed the game twice for Dragon:
 In the September 1992 edition (Issue 185), Varney found the game didn't have enough player interaction. Varney also didn't like the length of the game, which he felt went on too long because "When a Hacker game player pulls ahead of the pack and becomes 'Net Ninja', the others can bring down the Ninja easily, leading to a draggy war of attrition." Varney concluded, "[Steve] Jackson has made a fair hack at the subject... but he should have debugged a few more times before running it."
 A year later, in the December 1993 edition Varney gave a retrospective thumbs down to the game because of the lack of differentiation between players' roles. "Though individual roles aren’t vital, it helps when a social game gives each player a unique identity — a particular game position, a special power, or just a name. Hacker misses a bet on this count."

Awards
Hacker won the 1992 Origins Award for Best Modern-Day Boardgame.

Hacker II won the 1993 Origins Award for Best Modern-Day Boardgame.

Reviews
Challenge #67 (December 1992)
 Casus Belli #71 (Sep 1992)

References

External links
 The official Hacker home page
 The official Hacker rules
 

Cyberpunk_games
Dedicated deck card games
Steve Jackson (American game designer) games
Origins Award winners
Steve Jackson Games games
EPD. EPD may refer to:

Government and politics 

 Environmental Protection Department, of the Government of Hong Kong 
 Erie Police Department, Pennsylvania
 European Partnership for Democracy, an organization promoting democracy outside the European Union
 European Progressive Democrats, a defunct political group in the European Parliament
 Evansville Police Department (Indiana)

Science and medicine 

 Enzyme potentiated desensitization
 Etch pit density, a measure for the quality of semiconductor wafers
 Erythrose-4-phosphate dehydrogenase
 Eukaryotic Promoter Database
 European Pollen Database, a biological database
 Expected progeny difference

Technology and industry 

 Environmental product declaration
 Electronic paper display
 Electrophoretic deposition
 Electrophoretic display
 Equipment protective device
 Electronic personal dosimeter
 Enterprise Products

Other uses 

 English Pronouncing Dictionary, by Daniel Jones, first published 1917
 Enterprise Products, an American pipeline company
 EPD Tour, a professional golf tour based in Germany
 Epsom Downs railway station, in England
 Extended Position Description, a chess notation
 Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development, an internal division of the video game company Nintendo
Carden Aero Engines. Carden Aero Engines Limited was a 1930s British fixed-wing aero-engine manufacturer, based at Heston Aerodrome.

History
Sir John Carden established the company in March 1936, while the Flying Flea craze was sweeping Britain. He saw a need for a cheap low-powered propulsion unit for ultralight aircraft. The engine was an adaptation of the well-proven and reliable Ford 10 Model C motor car engine.

Following the death of Sir John in an air accident in December 1935, the company was taken over by Carden-Baynes Aircraft Ltd, and later sold to Chilton Aircraft Ltd, Chilton Foliat, near Hungerford, Berkshire.

Engines
Carden-Baynes Auxiliary
The Carden-Baynes Auxiliary engine, as used on the Scud III Auxiliary sailplane, was a 2.5 hp Villiers air-cooled two-stroke, capacity 350 cc.
Carden-Ford 31 hp 4-cyl
A much modified Ford 10 car engine.
Carden-Ford S.P.1
Further development of the 31 hp engine, with a centric supercharger, 1.1:1 gear ratio, splined propeller shaft extension and horizontal mounting for flush wing mounting. Used exclusively on the Carden-Baynes Bee.

Aircraft using Carden engines
Aircraft that have used the Carden-Ford 31 hp engine are: Broughton-Blayney Brawney, B.A.C. Drone, Kronfeld Monoplane, Mignet HM.14 (Flying Flea), Perman Parasol, Taylor Watkinson Dingbat, and Chilton D.W.1 Monoplane.

See also 
Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom

Notes

References
Jackson, A.J.J. 1974. British Civil Aircraft, Vol.1. Putnam 
Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 1994.

External links
contemporary advert in Flight magazine

Aerospace companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies established in 1935
British companies established in 1935
1935 establishments in England
Hunter Rouse. Hunter Rouse (March 29, 1906 – October 16, 1996) was a hydraulician known for his research on the mechanics of fluid turbulence.

Rouse was a faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, from 1929 until 1933, when he moved to Columbia University.  He was at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena (1936–1939), and in 1939 he joined the staff of the University of Iowa, Iowa City, where he was dean of the college of engineering from 1966 to 1972.  His work includes hydraulic studies of similitude, efflux and overflow, jet diffusion, boundary roughness, and sediment suspension.

Among his written works are Fluid Mechanics for Hydraulic Engineers (1938), Elementary Mechanics of Fluids (1946), Basic Mechanics of Fluids (1953), and History of Hydraulics (1957).

Hunter's eldest son Richard Rouse is one of the world's foremost specialists in Western European History in the Middle Ages.

References

External links

1906 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Rouse, Hunter
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Columbia University faculty
California Institute of Technology faculty
University of Iowa faculty
Big Bend Dam. Big Bend Dam is a major embankment rolled-earth dam on the Missouri River in Central South Dakota, United States, creating Lake Sharpe. The dam was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Pick-Sloan Plan for Missouri watershed development authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944. Construction began in 1959 and the embankment was completed in July 1963. Power generation began at the facility in 1964 and the entire complex was completed in 1966 at a total cost of $107 million. The hydroelectric plant generates 493,300 kilowatts of electricity at maximum capacity, with an annual production of 969 million kilowatt hours, and meets peak-hour demand for power within the Missouri River Basin.

Located near Fort Thompson, South Dakota, just south of the Big Bend of the Missouri River, a large meander, Big Bend Dam creates Lake Sharpe, named after South Dakota Governor Merrill Q. Sharpe. The lake extends for  up the course of the Missouri River passing through Pierre, the State Capitol, to Oahe Dam, another major power-generating and flood control dam. Lake Sharpe covers a total of  and drains an area just under .

South Dakota Highway 47 crosses over the dam, connecting Lyman and Buffalo Counties. Big Bend Dam is located approximately  north of I-90, and approximately  southeast of Pierre.

The next dam upstream is Oahe Dam, near Pierre, and the next dam downstream is Fort Randall Dam, near Pickstown.

Native American tribes
The construction of the dam resulted in the dislocation of people on the Crow Creek and Lower Brule Reservations. The flooding of the land for the reservoir also resulted in the loss of limited plant life resources used by them for food and medicine.

A monument at Big Bend Dam dedicated in 2002, the Spirit of the Circle Monument, honors the more than 1,300 people who died over a three-year period in the 1860s at the Crow Creek Reservation near the present site of the dam.

2011 Missouri River flood
For the first time in the dam's history, the US Army Corps of Engineers opened the dam's spillway gates on the morning of June 3, 2011. In response to the 2011 Missouri River Floods, the dam was releasing , which greatly exceeded its previous record release of  set in 1997.

See also

 Lake Sharpe
 Pick-Sloan Plan
 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
 Crow Creek Indian Reservation
 Lower Brule Indian Reservation

References

External links

 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Big Bend Dam
 Daily Reservoir Levels and Water Releases - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers .

Dams in South Dakota
Dams on the Missouri River
Hydroelectric power plants in South Dakota
Buildings and structures in Buffalo County, South Dakota
Buildings and structures in Lyman County, South Dakota
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Energy infrastructure completed in 1964
Dams completed in 1966
Earth-filled dams
Léon Charles Thévenin. Léon Charles Thévenin (; 30 March 1857, Meaux, Seine-et-Marne – 21 September 1926, Paris) was a French telegraph engineer who extended Ohm's law to the analysis of complex electrical circuits.

Biography 
Born in Meaux, France, Thévenin entered the École polytechnique in Paris in 1876. Upon graduation, in 1878, he joined the Corps of telegraph Engineers (which subsequently became the French PTT). There, he initially worked on the development of long distance underground telegraph lines.

Appointed as a teaching inspector at the École supérieure de télégraphie in 1882, he became increasingly interested in the problems of measurement in electrical circuits. As a result of studying Kirchhoff's circuit laws and Ohm's law, he developed his famous theorem, Thévenin's theorem, which made it possible to calculate currents in more complex electrical circuits and allowing people to reduce complex circuits into simpler circuits called Thévenin's equivalent circuits.

Also, after becoming head of the Bureau des Lignes, he found time for teaching other subjects outside the École Supérieure, including a course in mechanics at the Institut National Agronomique, Paris. In 1896, he was appointed Director of the Telegraph Engineering School, and then in 1901, Engineer in chief of the telegraph workshops.

He was a talented violinist. Another favorite pastime of his was angling. He remained single but shared his home with a widowed cousin of his mother and her two children whom he later adopted.
Thévenin consulted several scholars well known at that time, and controversy arose as to whether his law was consistent with the facts or not.  He died in Paris. Shortly before his death he was visited by a friend, J. B. Pomey, and was surprised to hear that his theorem had been accepted all over the world.
In 1926, he was taken to Paris for treatment. He left a formal request that no one should accompany him to the cemetery except his family and that nothing be placed on his coffin but a rose from his garden. This is how he was buried at Meaux. Thévenin is remembered as a model engineer and employee, hard-working, of scrupulous morality, strict in his principles but kind at heart.

See also 
 Hermann von Helmholtz

Footnotes

External links

French telecommunications engineers
French electrical engineers
École Polytechnique alumni
Télécom Paris alumni
Corps des télécommunications
1857 births
1926 deaths
People from Meaux
Peripheral Interface Adapter. A Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA) is a peripheral integrated circuit providing parallel I/O interfacing for microprocessor systems.

Description
Common PIAs include the Motorola MC6820 and MC6821, and the MOS Technology MCS6520, all of which are functionally identical but have slightly different electrical characteristics.  The PIA is most commonly packaged in a 40 pin DIP package.

The PIA is designed for glueless connection to the Motorola 6800 style bus, and provides 20 I/O lines, which are organised into two 8-bit bidirectional ports (or 16 general-purpose I/O lines) and 4 control lines (for handshaking and interrupt generation). The directions for all 16 general lines (PA0-7, PB0-7) can be programmed independently. The control lines can be programmed to generate interrupts, automatically generate handshaking signals for devices on the I/O ports, or output a plain high or low signal.

In 1976 Motorola switched the MC6800 family to a depletion-mode technology to improve the manufacturing yield and to operate at a faster speed. The Peripheral Interface Adapter had a slight change in the electrical characteristics of the I/O pins so the MC6820 became the MC6821.

The MC6820 was used in the Apple I to interface the ASCII keyboard and the display.
It was also deployed in the 6800-powered first generation of Bally electronic pinball machines (1977-1985), such as Flash Gordon
and Kiss.
The MCS6520 was used in the Atari 400 and 800 and Commodore PET family of computers (for example, to provide four joystick ports to the machine).
The Tandy Color Computer uses two MC6821s to provide I/O access to the video, audio and peripherals.

References
 Leventhal, Lance A. (1986). 6502 Assembly Language Programming 2nd Edition. Osborne/McGraw-Hill. .

Input/output integrated circuits