omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Physical system. A physical system is a collection of physical objects under study.  The collection differs from a set: all the objects must coexist and have some physical relationship.
In other words, it is a portion of the physical universe chosen for analysis. Everything outside the system is known as the environment, which is ignored except for its effects on the system.

The split between system and environment is the analyst's choice, generally made to simplify the analysis. For example, the water in a lake, the water in half of a lake, or an individual molecule of water in the lake can each be considered a physical system. An isolated system is one that has negligible interaction with its environment. Often a system in this sense is chosen to correspond to the more usual meaning of system, such as a particular machine.

In the study of quantum coherence, the "system" may refer to the microscopic properties of an object (e.g. the mean of a pendulum bob), while the relevant "environment" may be the internal degrees of freedom, described classically by the pendulum's thermal vibrations. Because no quantum system is completely isolated from its surroundings, it is important to develop a theoretical framework for treating these interactions in order to obtain an accurate understanding of  quantum systems.

In control theory, a physical system being controlled (a "controlled system") is called a "plant".

See also
 Conceptual systems
 Phase space
 Physical phenomenon
 Physical ontology
 Signal-flow graph
 Systems engineering
 Systems science
 Thermodynamic system
 Open quantum system

References

Further reading 
 
 
 
 

System
Equinox Summit: Energy 2030. The Equinox Summit: Energy 2030 is an international conference that took place from June 5 to 9, 2011 in Waterloo, Ontario. The summit was presented by the Waterloo Global Science Initiative (WGSI) to develop scientific and technological solutions for the world's current energy situation. It examines the present state of energy production, distribution, and storage, and then set benchmarks for where we need to be in the year 2030 to ensure global energy needs are met in a sustainable fashion.

Blueprint
The Equinox Summit: Energy 2030 aims to produce a blueprint detailing what must be done to accelerate the development of alternative, non-carbon producing sources of energy. The blueprint will provide recommended technologies and implementation strategies for future scientific investment. The blueprint will focus on energy production, distribution, and storage. This blueprint is aimed to be released in the year-long global impact phase that follows the Equinox Summit: Energy 2030.

Summit Format
The core of the Equinox Summit: Energy 2030 consisted of three days of working sessions where, under the mentorship of a team of seasoned advisors, a quorum of scientific experts in collaboration with a forum of next-generation leaders will discuss the recommendations and implementation strategies.

The conference ended with the presentation of the Quorum's key findings in the Equinox Communiqué to a group of policymakers, science and technology influencers, and media.

Quorum
The Quorum consisted of a panel of scientific experts representing different approaches to electricity energy production, distribution, and storage. They will present and debate their visions for solutions that will lead to viable sources of low-carbon energy. The Quorum will work towards producing a shortlist of key technology recommendations that policy makers can use to guide investment in science and technology over the next 20 years.

Forum
A Forum of international, emerging leaders in public policy, industry and civil society interacted with the Quorum during the daily working sessions and observe how scientific process can inform policy debate. The Forum further examined the Quorum's findings and propose their own recommendations for implementing the technologies proposed.

Advisors
A panel of advisors advised the Quorum on how to accelerate the research and implementation of future technologies. These advisors were public policy experts, investors and entrepreneurs who are experienced in political and economic aspects of energy, industry leaders, and government figures.

Public Engagement and Accessibility
The Summit provided avenues for public engagement through daily public lectures and panel discussions that focus on energy literacy and other key issues that inform the energy dialogue globally. All public events were streamed live online, broadcast on television, and are archived for future on-demand viewing at wgsi.org.

References

External links

 
2011 conferences
2011 in Ontario
June 2011 in Canada
Energy in Canada
Energy conferences
2030
Anticiparallelism. Anticiparallelism (Anticipatory Parallelism) is a term coined by Bob Metcalfe in 1998. It is a technique of using idle machine cycles to perform useful computing tasks in the background. Such tasks must be readily interrupted for intervals when the computer needs to return to its primary task. An example
of such a task is transmitting e-mail. Anticiparalleism is also known as speculative execution, continual computation or optimistic execution.

See also
 Folding@home, a distributed computing project that uses idle processing resources of personal computers owned by volunteers who have installed the software on their systems

References

Further reading

Instruction processing
Anticausal system. In systems theory, an  anticausal system is a hypothetical system with outputs and internal states that depend solely on future input values.  Some textbooks and published research literature might define an anticausal system to be one that does not depend on past input values, allowing also for the dependence on present input values.

An acausal system is a system that is not a causal system, that is one that depends on some future input values and possibly on some input values from the past or present.  This is in contrast to a causal system which depends only on current and/or past input values.  This is often a topic of control theory and digital signal processing (DSP).

Anticausal systems are also acausal, but the converse is not always true.  An acausal system that has any dependence on past input values is not anticausal.

An example of acausal signal processing is the production of an output signal that is processed from an input signal that was recorded by looking at input values both forward and backward in time (from a predefined time arbitrarily denoted as the "present" time).  In reality, that "present" time input, as well as the "future" time input values, have been recorded at some time in the past, but conceptually it can be called the "present" or "future" input values in this acausal process. This type of processing cannot be done in real time as future input values are not yet known, but is done after the input signal has been recorded and is post-processed.

Digital room correction in some sound reproduction systems rely on acausal filters.

References

See also 
 Anti-causal filter

Control theory
Digital signal processing
Systems theory
Propionaldehyde. Propionaldehyde or propanal is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2CHO. It is the 3-carbon aldehyde. It is a colourless, flammable liquid with a pungent and fruity odour. It is produced on a large scale industrially.

Production
Propionaldehyde is mainly produced industrially by hydroformylation of ethylene:
CO + H2 + C2H4 → CH3CH2CHO
In this way, several hundred thousand tons are produced annually.

Laboratory preparation
Propionaldehyde may also be prepared by oxidizing 1-propanol with a mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate. The reflux condenser contains water heated at 60 °C, which condenses unreacted propanol, but allows propionaldehyde to pass. The propionaldehyde vapor is immediately condensed into a suitable receiver. In this arrangement, any propionaldehyde formed is immediately removed from the reactor, thus it does not get over-oxidized to propionic acid.

Reactions

Propionaldehyde exhibits the reactions characteristic of alkyl aldehydes, e.g. hydrogenation, aldol condensations, oxidations, etc. It is the simplest aldehyde with a prochiral methylene such that α-functionalized derivatives (CH3CH(X)CHO) are chiral.
If water is available, propionaldehyde exists in equilibrium with 1,1-propanediol, a geminal diol.

Uses
Both industrially and in the laboratory, propionaldehyde has primary application as a chemical building block.  

It is predominantly used as a precursor to trimethylolethane (CH3C(CH2OH)3) through a condensation reaction with formaldehyde. This triol is an important intermediate in the production of alkyd resins. It is used in the synthesis of several common aroma compounds (cyclamen aldehyde, helional, lilial).

Reduction of propionaldehyde gives npropanol, and reductive amination gives propanamine.  Rising demand for non-chlorocarbon solvents has caused some manufacturers to substitutively brominate npropanol to propyl bromide.  However, the majority of applications use npropanol proper in esters or glycol ethers, or as a gentle alkylant for primary and secondary amines.  

Oxidants instead give propionic acid and propionates, typically used as preservatives.

Laboratory uses
Many laboratory uses exploit its participation in condensation reactions. With tert-butylamine it gives CH3CH2CH=N-t-Bu, a three-carbon building block used in organic synthesis.

Extraterrestrial occurrence
Propionaldehyde along with acrolein has been detected in the molecular cloud Sagittarius B2 near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, about 26,000 light years from Earth.

Measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments on comet 67/P surface, revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde.

Safety
With an LD50 of 1690 mg/kg (oral), propionaldehyde exhibits low acute toxicity, but is a lung and eye irritant and is a combustible liquid.

References

Alkanals
Hazardous air pollutants
Object-Z. Object-Z is an object-oriented extension to the Z notation developed at the University of Queensland, Australia.

Object-Z extends Z by the addition of language constructs resembling the object-oriented paradigm, most notably, classes. Other object-oriented notions such as polymorphism and inheritance are also supported.

While not as popular as its base language Z, Object-Z has still received significant attention in the formal methods community, and research on aspects of the language are ongoing, including hybrid languages using Object-Z, tool support (e.g., through the Community Z Tools project) and refinement calculi.

See also
 Z++

References

External links

 The Object-Z Home Page
 Community Z Tools (CZT) project 

Z notation
Specification languages
Formal specification languages
Object-oriented programming
University of Queensland
Plug-in. Plug-in, plug in or plugin may refer to:
 Plug-in (computing) is a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing computer program.
 Audio plug-in, adds audio signal processing features
 Photoshop plugin, a piece of software that enhances the functionality of Adobe Photoshop
 Plug-in electric vehicle, type of electric vehicle
Plug-in hybrid, a type of plug-in electric vehicle
Glade PlugIns, fragrance distribution product
Plug Ins, chain of electronics stores owned by Al-Futtaim Group

People with the surname
 Vladimir Plugin (1937–2003), Russian historian and art historian

See also
 AC power plugs and sockets, two- or three-pronged wall electrical outlets
 Add-on (disambiguation)
 Browser extension, which modifies the interface and/or behaviour of web browsers
 Change of variables, a mathematical procedure wherein substitutions are made in a formula
 Plug and play, a common standard for hardware equipment installation
System under test. System under test (SUT) refers to a system that is being tested for correct operation. According to ISTQB it is the test object.

From a unit testing perspective, the system under test represents all of the classes in a test that are not predefined pieces of code like stubs or even mocks. Each one of this can have its own configuration (a name and a version), making it scalable for a series of tests to get more and more precise, according to the quantity of quality of the system in test.

See also 
 Device under test
 Test harness

References

External links 
 Test Procedure for §170.314(c) Clinical quality measures

Software quality
Systems engineering
Reinhold Tiling. Reinhold Tiling (13 June 1893 – 11 October 1933) was a German engineer, pilot and a rocket pioneer.

Biography

Tiling was born in Absberg, Kingdom of Bavaria, as the son of a pastor. Shortly after he began the study of mechanical engineering and electro-technology he found himself in war service at the beginning of the First World War. In 1915, he volunteered as a fighter pilot in the newly created German Luftstreitkräfte.

In 1926, Tiling became flight director of the now defunct airfield Netter Heide in Osnabrück. He began to explore rocket technology during this period, probably inspired by Hermann Oberth's book "Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen" (By Rocket into Planetary Space); he started his first experiments in 1928.

Tiling developed re-usable rocket planes which start as a rocket and land with swinging-out wings. This principle was similarly used by NASA for flights of the Space Shuttle. His innovation also allowed him to develop rockets which had the necessary thrust and burning duration for flight.

In 1929, Gisbert Freiherr von Ledebur (1899–1980) allowed Tiling the use of a workshop in Ahrenshorst. In June 1929, some successful demonstrations were completed during which missiles reached a height of 1,000 metres.

On 13 March 1931, Tiling and his co-worker, Karl Poggensee, succeeded in the launch of a solid-propellant rocket. The rocket flew for 11 seconds and reached a height of 1,800 metres. Further rocket launches were undertaken in the following weeks.

The break-through experiment occurred on 15 April 1931, when Tiling demonstrated a post office rocket which carried 188 postcards reliably. Further tests showed the efficiency and reliability of his rockets. The rockets became famous in Germany and attracted large public interest. This attracted the attention of the Reichsmarine who had been developing rockets for military use since 1929.

Despite the support of friends and sponsors, Tiling's work was beset by financial difficulties. On 10 October 1933, the overheating of the powder needed to power the rocket created an explosion in Tiling's workshop in Ahrenshorst; Tiling, his assistant Angela Buddenboehmer, and his mechanic Friedrich Kuhr suffered heavy burns. They succumbed to these injuries on the following day with Tiling dying in Osnabrück.

The Tiling crater, located on the far side of the Moon at coordinates , is named after Reinhold Tiling.

See also
Rocket mail

References

External links
 

1893 births
1933 deaths
German World War I pilots
Engineers from Bavaria
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
German rocket scientists
German spaceflight pioneers
Aerobatic pilots
People from Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Deaths from laboratory accidents
Interior gateway protocol. An interior gateway protocol (IGP) or interior routing protocol is a type of routing protocol used for exchanging routing table information between gateways (commonly routers) within an autonomous system (for example, a system of corporate local area networks). This routing information can then be used to route network-layer protocols like IP.

Interior gateway protocols can be divided into two categories: distance-vector routing protocols and link-state routing protocols. Specific examples of IGPs include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).

By contrast, exterior gateway protocols are used to exchange routing information between autonomous systems and rely on IGPs to resolve routes within an autonomous system.

Examples
Examples of distance-vector routing protocols:
 Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
 Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2)
 Routing Information Protocol Next Generation (RIPng), an extension of RIP version 2 with support for IPv6
 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
 Babel

Examples of link-state routing protocols:
 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
 Intermediate system to intermediate system (IS-IS)

Advanced distance vector routing protocols have both the features of distance vector routing protocols and link-state routing protocols. One example is Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).

See also
 Route analytics

References 

Routing protocols
Apache ActiveMQ. Apache ActiveMQ is an open source message broker written in Java together with a full Java Message Service (JMS) client. It provides "Enterprise Features" which in this case means fostering the communication from more than one client or server. Supported clients include Java via JMS 1.1 as well as several other "cross language" clients. The communication is managed with features such as computer clustering and ability to use any database as a JMS persistence provider besides virtual memory, cache, and journal persistency.

There's another broker under the ActiveMQ umbrella code-named Artemis.

History
The ActiveMQ project was originally created by its founders from LogicBlaze in 2004, as an open source message broker, hosted by CodeHaus. The code and ActiveMQ trademark were donated to the Apache Software Foundation in 2007, where the founders continued to develop the codebase with the extended Apache community.

Artemis
Artemis is another broker under the ActiveMQ umbrella based on the HornetQ code-base which was donated from the JBoss community to the Apache ActiveMQ community in 2015. Artemis is the "next generation" broker from ActiveMQ. Artemis is a multi-protocol, embeddable, high performance, clustered, asynchronous messaging system.

Technical features
ActiveMQ Classic uses several modes for high availability, including both file-system and database row-level locking mechanisms, sharing of the persistence store via a shared filesystem, or true replication using Apache ZooKeeper. ActiveMQ supports a horizontal scaling mechanism called a Network of Brokers out of the box. ActiveMQ supports a number of transport protocols, including OpenWire, STOMP, MQTT, AMQP, REST, and WebSockets.

Usage
ActiveMQ is used in enterprise service bus implementations such as Apache ServiceMix and Mule. Other projects using ActiveMQ include Apache Camel and Apache CXF in SOA infrastructure projects.

Benchmark
Coinciding with the release of Apache ActiveMQ 5.3, the world's first results for the SPECjms2007 industry standard benchmark were announced. Four results were submitted to the SPEC and accepted for publication. The results cover different topologies to analyze the scalability of Apache ActiveMQ in two dimensions.

Commercial support
Apache is used in enterprise software and offers limited ActiveMQ support on a voluntary basis. Users that need more extensive support may need to consult commercial companies specializing in ActiveMQ.

See also

Amazon Simple Queue Service
Amazon Simple Notification Service
Enterprise Integration Patterns
Enterprise messaging system
Event-driven SOA
Message-oriented middleware
Service-oriented architecture

References

Bibliography

External links

Official GitHub repository

ActiveMQ
Enterprise application integration
Java enterprise platform
Message-oriented middleware
Service-oriented architecture-related products
ArtX. ArtX was a company founded in 1997 by Wei Yen, and was staffed by a group of twenty former Silicon Graphics engineers. The company was focused on delivering a graphics chip for IBM PC compatibles that was both high performance and cost effective, hoping to compete with then-dominant 3dfx and fledgling competitors such as nVidia. The appointed President of ArtX was David Orton, formally the head of the advanced graphics division in Silicon Graphics.

History
In late 1997, SGI filed a non-compete lawsuit against ArtX, claiming that the startup's staff of high level SGI alumni would be utilizing SGI's trade secrets.  This lawsuit was quietly dropped in 1998.

ArtX was contracted in May 1998 to create the system logic and the graphics processor (code named Flipper) for Nintendo's fourth game console (code named "Dolphin"), which would eventually be launched as the GameCube. Nintendo's Howard Lincoln said, "This company is headed up by Dr. Wei Yen, -- the man who was primarily responsible for the N64 graphics chip.  Dr. Yen has assembled at ArtX one of the best teams of 3D graphics engineers on the planet."

They demonstrated their first integrated graphics chipset with a built-in geometry engine at COMDEX in the fall of 1999. It was built into the Aladdin 7 northbridge sold by ALi of Taiwan.

ArtX was acquired by ATI Technologies, Inc. in February 2000 for $400 million in stock options. An ATI spokesperson said, "ATI now becomes a major supplier to the game console market via Nintendo. The Dolphin platform is reputed to be king of the hill in terms of graphics and video performance with 128-bit architecture." ArtX paved the way for the development of ATI's R300 graphics processor (Radeon 9700) released in 2002 which formed the basis of ATI's consumer and professional products for three years afterward.

References

External links 
 

American companies established in 1997
American companies disestablished in 2000
Computer companies established in 1997
Computer companies disestablished in 2000
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Graphics hardware companies