omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lock On: Modern Air Combat. Lock On: Modern Air Combat or LOMAC, known in Russia as LockOn: Современная боевая авиация, is a modern combat flight simulator developed by Eagle Dynamics and published by Ubisoft in Europe and 1C Company in Russia. It is a continuation of the Flanker series.

The series spawned the Flaming Cliffs series of aircraft modules for Digital Combat Simulator.

Gameplay 
Lock On is a survey sim originally featuring a selection of playable American and Soviet aircraft:

 A-10A
 F-15C
 MiG-29
 Su-25
 Su-27
 Su-33

The game features both air-to-air and air-to-ground combat including combat air patrol, dogfighting, airstrikes, close air support, SEAD and anti-surface warfare. It simulates takeoff and landing including carrier operations with the Su-33 and Kuznetsov-class carrier. Over 40 non-playable AI airplanes are present including support from AWACS aircraft and refueling tankers.

Flaming Cliffs

Flaming Cliffs (2005) 
Lock On: Flaming Cliffs is a continuation of Lock On: Modern Air Combat. It adds additional content including a playable Su-25T, new missions and updated textures. Three singleplayer campaigns are included. Flaming Cliffs and Hot Wind are set in mountainous Abkhazia, depicting a flashpoint involving NATO, Georgia, Russia and local insurgent forces. Last Ditch depicts a conflict between Russia and Crimean separatists supported by NATO.

Flaming Cliffs 2 (2010) 
Lock On: Flaming Cliffs 2 is a further evolution of Lock On: Flaming Cliffs. All of the player-controlled aircraft have been transferred to the virtual environment created for the Digital Combat Simulator series. It features a new GUI and mission editor. AI flight models, gun ballistics, 3D models and sound are improved. Flaming Cliffs 2 is network-compatible with DCS: Black Shark.

Flaming Cliffs 3 (2012) 
Flaming Cliffs 3 was released as a DCS World module, porting all flyable aircraft into the DCS World game client.

Flaming Cliffs 2024 
Flaming Cliffs 2024 was released in July 2024, expanding the collection of aircraft to include the F-86, MiG-15 and F-5. All Flaming Cliffs aircraft received free graphic updates that same year. The new aircraft were adapted from work created for another Eagle Dynamics product, Modern Air Combat, which was "shelved" earlier in 2024.

Reception
The editors of Computer Gaming World nominated Lock On: Modern Air Combat for their 2003 "Flight Simulation of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Flight Simulator 2004: A Century of Flight.

References

External links
 

2003 video games
1C Company games
Ubisoft games
Combat flight simulators
Eagle Dynamics games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Video games developed in Russia
Lua (programming language)-scripted video games
Flight simulation video games
F23. F23 or F-23 may refer to:

 Fluorine-23 (23F), an isotope of fluorine
 Funk F-23, an American agricultural aircraft 
 Getrag F23 transmission, an Italian 5-speed manual transmission
 Hirth F-23, an aircraft engine
 , a passenger ship requisitioned for the Royal Navy
 , a T-class destroyer of the Royal Navy
 Northrop YF-23, an American prototype fighter aircraft
List of equipment of the Hellenic Army. Most of the heavy equipment and weaponry of the Hellenic Army is either of foreign manufacture, or of foreign design, license built in Greece, in addition to few domestically developed equipment. Countries of origin include the United States, France, Germany, Russia and others. The few domestically produced armoured vehicles include the ELBO Leonidas APC. However, in recent years, there have been some efforts for new developments by the Greek Defence Industry, such as the new Hoplite MRAP by EODH.

Equipment runs the gamut from state-of-the-art to obsolescent Cold War inventories; the latter are gradually being retired as no funds are available for upgrade. Russian made equipment was received or purchased after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and second hand US and German equipment was transferred or purchased.

Individual equipment

Small arms and infantry support weapons

Firearms

Infantry support weapons

Land vehicles and heavy armament

Main battle tanks

Greek CFE treaty limit: 1,735

Armored fighting vehicles/carriers 
Greek CFE treaty limit: 2,498 (IFVs / APCs).

Engineering vehicles

Logistics & Support

Artillery 
Greek CFE treaty limit: 1,920 (calibres > 100mm)

Signals Corps

Air defence systems

Watercraft

Aircraft

Future procurements/projects 

Majority of these plans are under review to be accepted or denied by the Hellenic defence ministry and Hellenic national staff.

See also 

List of equipment of the Cypriot National Guard
List of active Hellenic Navy ships
List of decommissioned ships of the Hellenic Navy
List of aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force
List of historic aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force
List of former equipment of the Hellenic Armed Forces

References 

Hellenic Army
Greece, Hellenic Army
Equipment
Military equipment of Greece
Grumman XP-50. The Grumman XP-50 was a land-based development of the shipboard XF5F-1 Skyrocket fighter, entered into a United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) contest for a twin-engine heavy interceptor aircraft. The USAAC placed an order for a prototype on 25 November 1939, designating it XP-50, but it lost the competition to the Lockheed XP-49.

Design and development
First assigned Design 34, later G-41 by the builder, Grumman, the design was entered into competition alongside proposals from Bell, Brewster, Curtiss, Lockheed, and Vought. The XP-50 design was similar to that of the XF5F-1 with modifications to the fuselage nose to house the nose-wheel of the tricycle landing gear and provisions for self-sealing fuel tanks and pilot armor. The planned armament was two 20 mm (.79 in) cannon and two .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns.

Testing
During testing, the XP-50 prototype (39-2517) was lost on 14 May 1941, falling victim to a turbo-supercharger explosion that destroyed the aircraft. The test pilot Robert Hall bailed out while the XP-50 plunged into Smithtown Bay in Long Island Sound.

Based upon experience with the XF5F-1 and the XP-50, Grumman had begun work on a more advanced fighter, designated model G-51. Thus, the USAAC decided to replace the XP-50 with the newer design and recommended procurement of two G-51s, designated XP-65, using the original XP-50 expenditure order to cover the development. Consideration was given to combining the Air Corps and Navy requirements into a common design, but the weight and performance penalties inherent in conflicting requirements were considered great enough that separate designs would be needed. Since the U.S. Navy considered Grumman one of its major production sources and that producing two different model aircraft by Grumman would impede manufacture of aircraft types the U.S. Navy needed, it was decided that development of the XF7F-1 would continue, and the XP-65 as a parallel development was abandoned.

Variants
XP-50
Version of the XF5F for the United States Army Air Corps with two 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-67/69 engines, one built.
XP-65
Improved version of the XP-50 with two R-2600-10 engines; none built—project only.

Specifications (XP-50, estimated)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

  Dorr, Robert F. and David Donald. Fighters of the United States Air Force. London: Temple, 1990. .
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters. London: MacDonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (Sixth impression 1969). .
 Lucabaugh, David and Bob Martin. Grumman XF5F-1 & XP-50 Skyrocket, Naval Fighters Number Thirty-one. Simi Valley, California: Ginter Books, 1995. .

External links

 Joseph F. Baugher – Grumman XP-50
 Grumman XP-50 Skyrocket

P-050
Grumman P-50
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1941
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Iodophor. An iodophor is a preparation containing iodine complexed with a solubilizing agent, such as a surfactant or water-soluble polymers such as povidone (forming povidone-iodine), The result is a water-soluble material that releases free iodine when in solution.

Iodophors are prepared by mixing iodine with the solubilizing agent; heat can be used to speed up the reaction. Besides povidone, polyvinyl alcohol, starch derivatives (e.g. dextrin forming cadexomer iodine), chitosan and cellulose have also been used as solubilizing agents.

Commercial use
Diluted iodophor is often used by brewers and winemakers to sanitize equipment and bottles.  Its major advantage over other sanitizers is that when used in proper proportions, it does not require rinsing. However, it can leave unattractive orange-brown stains on plastic parts and equipment if left in contact with them. It is often supplied in different concentrations and is further diluted with water before use. The label will advise the appropriate dilution ratio, commonly 1:1000 or 1:100. Equipment to be sanitized should be thoroughly clean and left in contact with the solution for at least 2 minutes.

Diluted iodophor is used extensively in the dairy industry for disinfecting milking parlors, particularly in the United Kingdom. Continued use of this disinfectant has helped maintain the high iodide content in UK cow's milk, which was historically important in the elimination of goiter in the UK.

Application guidelines
Iodophors are most effective in an acidic medium (pH 2 to pH 5) but are effective up to pH 7. It is gradually inactivated by proteins if the pH rises above 4 and is inactivated if the temperature rises above 50°C, as the iodine is driven off as a gas. The optimum concentration is >200 mg/L free iodine with a contact time of 2 minutes and 100 mg/L free iodine for cleaned and dried equipment. In a nonfood-contact application the concentration may rise to 500 – 800 mg/L.

Human toxicity
"Based on a review of the available toxicology data, the [US EPA] has concluded that iodine and iodophor complexes are of very low toxicity by the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure."

See also
 Povidone-iodine
 Cadexomer iodine
 Tincture of iodine

References

External links
Virus Disinfection

Disinfectants
Iodine compounds
Homebrewing
Axel Welin. Ernst Martin Axel Welin (10 November 1862 – 27 July 1951), was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He was married to Agnes Welin from 1889.

Axel Welin studied at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm from 1879 to 1884. Between 1886 and 1888, Welin worked as a weapons designer for Thorsten Nordenfelt in London. In 1889 he started his own engineering firm, the Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd. He soon designed the famed Welin Breech. 

However, his main interest was davits. He invented a new and improved davit for lowering boats on board ship, a quadrant davit for double-banked boats which simply became known as the Welin davit. The RMS Titanic was equipped with Welin davits, and after the disaster the demand for his product skyrocketed. He was awarded the John Scott Medal of The Franklin Institute in 1911. He retired a wealthy man in 1932 and returned to Sweden.

The Welin Davit Company continues today as Welin Lambie, based at Brierley Hill in the West Midlands, UK.

See also
 Welin breech block

References

External links
Welin Lambie Official Website 

1862 births
1951 deaths
Weapon designers
19th-century Swedish businesspeople
19th-century Swedish inventors
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Land Walker. The Land Walker is the first  bipedal robot. Despite its name, it does not actually walk—instead shuffling on wheels hidden under its "feet" at approximately . It was invented by Masaaki Nagumo and created by researchers who hope to someday create similar robots to be used in the military and law enforcement.

Design 
The Land Walker stands at about  tall, weighing about . It "walks", or shuffles, at a speed of around . It has a cockpit, similar to a small airplane, big enough to seat one human. Two cannons are mounted on the arms of the robot, which fire rubber or plastic balls.

Enryu 
The Land Walker is very similar to the biped robot Enryu, which was also created by the Sakakibara Kikai Co. in Tmsuk, Japan. The Enryu stands at a height of . It shuffles faster than the Land Walker because it uses caterpillar-like tracks instead of legs. It was built to help in emergency situations, like rushing into a burning building, lifting heavy objects, and rescuing people. Its arms act like human arms, which is different from the Land Walker's arms.

See also
Mecha
Remote weapon system

References

External links
 Archived product page at sakakibara-kikai.co.jp
 Land Walker produced by Sakakibara-Kikai at TheOldRobots.com

Rolling robots
Robots of Japan
Individual mecha
Prepared-core technique. The prepared-core technique is a means of producing stone tools by first preparing common stone cores into shapes that lend themselves to knapping off flakes that closely resemble the desired tool and require only minor touch-ups to be usable. 

In contrast to the production of core tools like handaxes, where cores themselves were the end product shaped and trimmed down by removal of flakes, in prepared-core technique large flakes are the product and the core is used to produce them. This shift made it faster and more resource-efficient, as multiple tools could be struck from a single piece of starting material.

Prepared core preparation techniques are grouped under the label Mode 3 technology. The best-known prepared core reduction method is the Levallois technique

Prepared core technology was likely invented independently multiple times at different locations. The regular use of Prepared core technology is associated with large-brained hominins such as Homo heidelbergensis, Neanderthals and modern humans. Its widespread use is the defining characteristic of the Middle Stone Age period in Africa and the Middle Palaeolithic (~300.000 - 40.000 years ago) in Europe.

References

Bibliography
Bringmans, P.M.M.A., Vermeersch, P.M., Gullentops, F., Groenendijk, A.J., Meijs, E.P.M., de Warrimont, J.-P. & Cordy, J.-M. 2003. Preliminary Excavation Report on the Middle Palaeolithic Valley Settlements at Veldwezelt-Hezerwater (prov. of Limburg). Archeologie in Vlaanderen - Archaeology in Flanders 1999/2000 VII: 9-30. 
Bringmans, P.M.M.A., Vermeersch, P.M., Groenendijk, A.J., Meijs, E.P.M., de Warrimont, J.-P. & Gullentops, F. 2004. The Late Saalian Middle Palaeolithic "Lower-Sites" at Veldwezelt-Hezerwater (Limburg - Belgium). In: Le Secrétariat du Congrès (eds), Acts of the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, Belgium. September 2-8, 2001. Section 5: The Middle Palaeolithic. Oxford. British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International Series 1239: 187-195.

Archaeological artefact types
Middle Stone Age
Lithics
Formic acid (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on formic acid.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
MSDS from FLUKA in the SDSdata.org database
Science Stuff

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid 

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. The "(s)" notation indicates temperature of solid/vapor equilibrium. Otherwise the data is temperature of liquid/vapor equilibrium.

Distillation data

Spectral data

Safety data

References 

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Flare (disambiguation). A flare is a device that produces brilliant light and intense heat without explosion, used for lighting, signaling, decoration or as aerial defense countermeasure

Flare may also refer to:

Astronomy
 Flare star, a variable star that can undergo unpredictable dramatic increases in brightness for a few minutes
 Satellite flare, a phenomenon caused by the reflective surfaces on satellites
 Solar flare, an eruption of plasma from the surface of the Sun

Aviation
 Flare (aviation), a technique used in landing an aircraft where the descent rate is gradually reduced until the landing gear gently touches the ground or runway
 Flare (countermeasure), an aerial countermeasure against heat-seeking missiles
 Flarecraft, a wing-in-ground effect vehicle

Computing
 Flare Technology, a defunct computer hardware company
 Xara Flare, a file format in computing

Culture and arts
 Flare (Techno-Cultural Fest), a techno-cultural fest, celebrated every year at Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
 Bell-bottoms, a style of trousers sometimes referred to as "flares"

Engineering
 Flare (ship), a descriptive measure of hull shape
 Flare fitting, an expansion flare on the end of a pipe in plumbing
 Gas flare or "flare stack", a gas combustion device used at industrial plants and work sites, especially those involving petroleum or natural gas
 Routine flaring, the practice of disposing of massive amounts of petroleum gas during crude oil extraction

Media
 Flare (film), a 2014 French-Japanese film starring Mayuko Fukuda
 Flare (album), a 2008 album by Hitomi Shimatani
 Flare (scratch), a type of scratch used by turntablists
 "Flare", a song by pop punk band Relient K on the album Forget and Not Slow Down
  Flare, a female hero who is a member of the League of Champions
 Flare (magazine), a Canadian fashion and style magazine
 Flare (novel), a 1992 book by Roger Zelazny and Thomas Timoux Thomas
 The Flare, a fictional TV series with an aftershow What Just Happened??! with Fred Savage
 "Flare", a song by Disarmonia Mundi from their EP The Restless Memoirs, from Nebularium

Medicine
 Flare-up, a recurrence or aggravation of symptoms of a medical condition
 An occurrence during slit lamp examinations

Photography
 Lens flare, unwanted reflections in optical systems that are a problem in photography and astronomy
 Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, a pulse sequence used in magnetic resonance imaging, a medical diagnostic tool

Other
 Flare (acrobatic move), an acrobatic move employed in breakdancing and gymnastics
 Flare (phone), an Android smartphone
 Flares (horse) (born 1933), American-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse
 , a 1972 Cypriot-registered bulk carrier
 Team Flare, a fictional villainous team from Pokémon X and Y
 The central disease in The Maze Runner (book series).

See also
 Flair (disambiguation)
 Solar flare (disambiguation)
Aluminide. Aluminides are intermetallic compounds of aluminium. Since aluminium is near the nonmetals on the periodic table, it can bond with metals differently than other metals. The properties of an aluminide are between those of a metal alloy and those of an ionic compound. Aluminides are used as bond coats in thermal barrier coating systems.

Examples
 Magnesium aluminide, MgAl
 Titanium aluminide, TiAl
 Iron aluminides, including Fe3Al and FeAl
 Nickel aluminide, Ni3Al

See :Category:Aluminides for a list.

References

Intermetallics
4-Dimethylaminopyridine. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) is a derivative of pyridine with the chemical formula (CH3)2NC5H4N.  This white solid is of interest because it is more basic than pyridine, owing to the resonance stabilisation from the NMe2 substituent.

Because of its basicity, DMAP is a useful nucleophilic catalyst for a variety of reactions such as esterifications with anhydrides, the Baylis-Hillman reaction, hydrosilylations, tritylation, the Steglich rearrangement, Staudinger synthesis of β-lactams and many more. Chiral DMAP analogues are used in kinetic resolution experiments of mainly secondary alcohols and Evans auxiliary type amides.

Preparation
DMAP can be prepared in a two-step procedure from pyridine, which is first oxidized to 4-pyridylpyridinium cation.  This cation then reacts with dimethylamine:

Esterification catalyst

In the case of esterification with acetic anhydrides the currently accepted mechanism involves three steps. First, DMAP and acetic anhydride react in a pre-equilibrium reaction to form an ion pair of acetate and the acetylpyridinium ion. In the second step the alcohol adds to the acetylpyridinium, and elimination of pyridine forms an ester. Here the acetate acts as a base to remove the proton from the alcohol as it nucleophilically adds to the activated acylpyridinium. The bond from the acetyl group to the catalyst gets cleaved to generate the catalyst and the ester. The described bond formation and breaking process runs synchronous concerted without the appearance of a tetrahedral intermediate. The acetic acid formed will then protonate the DMAP. In the last step of the catalytic cycle the auxiliary base (usually triethylamine or pyridine) deprotonates the protonated DMAP, reforming the catalyst. The reaction runs through the described nucleophilic reaction pathway irrespective of the anhydride used, but the mechanism changes with the pKa value of the alcohol used. For example, the reaction runs through a base-catalyzed reaction pathway in the case of a phenol. In this case, DMAP acts as a base and deprotonates the phenol, and the resulting phenolate ion adds to the anhydride.

Safety
DMAP has a relatively high toxicity and is particularly dangerous because of its ability to be absorbed through the skin. It is also corrosive.

Related compound
4-Pyrrolidinylpyridine

References

Further reading 
 
 

Reagents for organic chemistry
4-Aminopyridines
Catalysts
Dimethylamino compounds
Mitsubishi Ki-20. The Mitsubishi Ki-20 is a Japanese bomber variant of the Junkers G.38 airliner. Mitsubishi manufactured six aircraft under license from Junkers. These aircraft, designated Army Type 92 Heavy Bomber, served through the 1930s. During World War II, the Ki-20 served in a variety of transport and support roles.

Design and development
In the late-1920s, as Junkers developed the Junkers G.38, Mitsubishi representatives in Germany expressed an interest in a military version of this civilian transport. At the time, the G.38 was the largest landplane in the world. Junkers completed a design study for a military bomber/transport, based on the G.38, designated the K.51. This design was not accepted by the Reichsluftfahrtministerium.

The K.51 design study was of interest to Japan. A licensing and manufacturing agreement was reached and in 1932, the first two Ki-20s were completed by Mitsubishi, utilizing Junkers-made parts. A prototype was successfully flown in Japan by a German test pilot in that year.

Four additional Ki-20s were built between 1933 and 1935. All of these subsequent models used Mitsubishi-built parts. Ongoing development focused on engine upgrades to all examples to address the persistent issue of the aircraft being underpowered. Several engine upgrades were completed during the lifetime of these aircraft. The initial Junkers L88 engines were replaced by the more powerful Jumo 204 engines, also built under license by Mitsubishi. Additionally, Kawasaki Ha-9 engines were utilized for testing purposes.

Operational history
During World War II, the Japanese originally intended to utilize the Ki-20s to attack the forts at the entrance to Manila Bay in the Philippines, as well as for deep penetration missions into Siberia. For these purposes, they were armed with six gun positions and structurally enabled to carry a  bomb load. These aircraft were the largest operated by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and their existence within it was kept secret. As a result, they were issued their out-of-sequence Kitai number '20' only when they were finally revealed in 1940.

Surviving aircraft
A single example survived to the end of hostilities as a museum piece in the Tokorozawa Aviation Memorial Hall. All examples of this aircraft were either destroyed during the war or broken up for scrap during the latter portion of the 1940s.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 

Ki-20, Mitsubishi
Ki-020
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Four-engined piston aircraft
Germany–Japan relations
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear