omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ramesh Chandra (entrepreneur). Ramesh Chandra (born 1939) is the founder Indian Real estate company Unitech.

Early life and education
Ramesh Chandra was born in 1941 to a banker, and spent his formative years in Farrukhabad, a town in Uttar Pradesh. After finishing his schooling there, he joined IIT Kharagpur, where he studied structural engineering.

Career
After completing a short stint at the Bridge and Roof Company in Kolkata post his graduation, he left to major in Structural Engineering at the University of Southampton in England. However, along with four of his friends, he started the United Technical Consultant Private Ltd., primarily a soil investigation company, in Delhi. He used to have a net worth of over $11 billion at his peak in 2007 but fell into trouble after it got embroiled in a telecom corruption scandal.

He moved into real estate and civil engineering in 1985 to build middle-class homes and completed many prestigious projects in Gurgaon, UP, and Libya, among other Middle Eastern countries. His publicly traded company, the Unitech Group  The company is now largely under the management of two sons — Ajay Chandra and Sanjay Chandra with the latter being in charge of Unitech Wireless. In 2011, Sanjay Chandra was implicated in the 2G spectrum case and was arrested by the Central Bureau of Investigation. Ramesh Chandra was jailed on 11 January 2016 on charges of cheating.

Personal life
He is married to Pushpa Chandra and has two children — Ajay Chandra and Sanjay Chandra.

References

External links
 Unitech Group website
Money Control
Ramesh Chandra; Forbes
The Financial Express

Indian billionaires
Living people
IIT Kharagpur alumni
Businesspeople from Delhi
People from Farrukhabad
2G spectrum case
1939 births
Alumni of the University of Southampton
Direct integration of a beam. Direct integration is a structural analysis method for measuring internal shear, internal moment, rotation, and deflection of a beam.

For a beam with an applied weight , taking downward to be positive, the internal shear force is given by taking the negative integral of the weight:
 

The internal moment  is the integral of the internal shear:
  = 

The angle of rotation from the horizontal, , is the integral of the internal moment divided by the product of the Young's modulus and the area moment of inertia:
 

Integrating the angle of rotation obtains the vertical displacement :

Integrating
Each time an integration is carried out, a constant of integration needs to be obtained. These constants are determined by using either the forces at supports, or at free ends.
 For internal shear and moment, the constants can be found by analyzing the beam's free body diagram.

 For rotation and displacement, the constants are found using conditions dependent on the type of supports. For a cantilever beam, the fixed support has zero rotation and zero displacement. For a beam supported by a pin and roller, both the supports have zero displacement.

Sample calculations

Take the beam shown at right supported by a fixed pin at the left and a roller at the right. There are no applied moments, the weight is a constant 10 kN, and - due to symmetry - each support applies a 75 kN vertical force to the beam. Taking x as the distance from the pin,

 

Integrating,

where  represents the applied loads. For these calculations, the only load having an effect on the beam is the 75 kN load applied by the pin, applied at x=0, giving

Integrating the internal shear,

 where, because there is no applied moment, .

Assuming an EI value of 1 kNmm (for simplicity, real EI values for structural members such as steel are normally greater by powers of ten)

* and

Because of the vertical supports at each end of the beam, the displacement () at x = 0 and x = 15m is zero. Substituting (x = 0, ν(0) = 0) and (x = 15m, ν(15m) = 0), we can solve for constants =-1406.25 and =0, yielding

 and

For the given EI value, the maximum displacement, at x=7.5m, is approximately 440 times the length of the beam. For a more realistic situation, such as a uniform load of 1 kN and an EI value of 5,000 kN·m², the displacement would be approximately 13 cm.

 Note that for the rotation  the units are meters divided by meters (or any other units of length which reduce to unity). This is because rotation is given as a slope, the vertical displacement divided by the horizontal change.

See also
 Bending
 Beam theory
 Euler–Bernoulli static beam equation
 Solid Mechanics
 Virtual Work

References
Hibbeler, R.C., Mechanics Materials, sixth edition; Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. .

External links
Beam Deflection by Double Integration Method
Indo-1. Indo-1 is a popular dye that is used as a ratiometric calcium indicator similar to Fura-2.  In contrast to Fura-2, Indo-1 has a dual emissions peak and a single excitation. The main emission peak in calcium-free solution is 475 nm while in the presence of calcium the emission is shifted to 400 nm. It is widely used in flow cytometry and laser scanning microscopy, due to its single excitation property. However, its use for confocal microscopy is limited due to its photo-instability caused by photobleaching. Indo-1 is also able to keep possession of its ratiometric emission, dissimilar to Fura-2. 
The penta potassium salt is commercially available and preferred to the free acid because of its higher solubility in water. While Indo-1 is not cell permeable the penta acetoxymethyl ester Indo-1 AM enters the cell where it is cleaved by intracellular esterases to Indo-1.
The synthesis and properties of Indo-1 were presented in 1985 by the group of Roger Y Tsien. 

In intact heart muscle, Indo-1, in combination with bioluminescent protein aequorin, can be utilized as a tool to distinguish between the internal and exterior inotropic regulation processes.

References

Biochemistry methods
Cell imaging
Chelating agents
Fluorescent dyes
Glycol ethers
Indoles
Tetrachloro-m-xylene. Tetrachloro-m-xylene (tetrachlorometaxylene, or TCMX) is the organochlorine compound with the formula C6Cl4(CH3)2. It is the chlorinated derivative of m-xylene in which the four aromatic hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine.  It is prepared by ferric chloride-catalyzed reaction of the xylene with chlorine.

TCMX is used as an internal standard in the analysis of organochlorides, particularly organochloride pesticides.

References

Chlorobenzene derivatives
Alexia Massalin. Alexia Massalin (formerly Henry Massalin) is an American computer scientist and programmer.  She pioneered the concept of superoptimization, and designed the Synthesis kernel, a small kernel with a Unix compatibility layer that makes heavy use of self-modifying code for efficiency.

Life and career
After high school, she was given a scholarship to the Cooper Union School of Engineering in Manhattan, where she obtained a bachelor's and master's degree. She went to obtain her Ph.D. in computer science from Columbia University in 1992, studying under professor Calton Pu.

In the 1980s she worked for Philon Inc., a New York start up specializing in optimizing compilers. In October 1992, Massalin joined MicroUnity as a research scientist, where she became responsible for signal-processing modules and software architecture.

Synthesis
Massalin's first breakthrough product came while studying at Columbia. Massalin developed Synthesis, an operating system kernel that allocated resources, ran security and low-level hardware interfaces, and created executable code to improve performance. Synthesis optimized critical operating system code using run-time information, which was a new insight previously thought impractical. To support Synthesis, Massalin invented object-like data structures called Quajects, which contain both data and code information.

Massalin is still working on broadband microprocessors.

Personal life 
Her parents were Croatian refugees from Trieste. In the 1940s, they moved to Astoria, Queens, New York, where her father became a construction worker.

In a 1996 article in Wired magazine, the author Gary Andrew Poole said she "could be the Einstein of our time." She was well known for offering piggy back rides to people she met, which included notable computer scientists such as Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson, and artificial intelligence pioneer Marvin Minsky.

References 

Living people
American transgender women
American women computer scientists
American people of Croatian descent
Columbia University alumni
Transgender scientists
1962 births
21st-century American LGBTQ people
American LGBTQ scientists
ABP Induction Systems. ABP Induction Systems is a global industrial firm that develops and integrates induction-related equipment and services for foundries, forges, tube and pipe producers, general manufacturers using heating equipment, and manufacturers of microelectronics. With foundry headquarters in Dortmund, Germany, induction heating headquarters in Massillon Ohio United States, and operations in China, Sweden, Thailand, Russia, Mexico, India, Japan, and Brazil, ABP operates worldwide.

History 
In 1903, the predecessor of ABP, ASEA (Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget) in Sweden built the first induction channel furnace for foundry operations.

In order to expand the know-how of the company and to consolidate its market position, ASEA decided to merge in 1988 with Brown Boveri from Switzerland and to form ABB (Asea Brown Boveri). The new firm added sophisticated control, automation and information technology to the products, and supplemented them with consulting, planning, start-up, and training services. Today their components and systems are used in nearly every foundry throughout the world.

In 2005, with the backing of a group of experienced foundry industry investors, the Foundry Systems group was acquired from ABB, and ABP Induction, LLC was born.

In 2008 ABP Induction and the Pillar Induction Company combined their operations into ABP Induction.

In January 2011, Ajax Tocco Magnethermic acquired the assets and intellectual property formerly known as Pillar from ABP Induction. The sale included the Brookfield, Wisconsin, and Sterling Heights, Michigan operations. ABP's induction melting operations in North Brunswick, NJ, and Massillon, OH, were unaffected, as were its international operations including ABP Induction Systems 
Shanghai, previously known as Pillar Shanghai.

Locations
ABP Induction Systems has locations in 11 countries:

 ABP Induction LLC (Foundry Division), North Brunswick, NJ.
 ABP Induction Systems GmbH, Dortmund.
 ABP Induction Furnaces (PTY) Ltd. Johannesburg.
 ABP Induction Systems (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, No.118, Shanghai.
 ABP Induction Systems Pvt. Ltd, Vadodara,
 ABP Induction Systems, S. de R.L. de C.V., Santa Catarina, N.L.
 ABP Induction Systems GmbH, Moscow.
 ABP Induction AB, Norberg.
 ABP Induction Ltd, Pathumthanee.
 Biuro Techniczno Handlowe, Katowice.
 ABP Induction Systems K.K, Kobe.

References

External links
 Official website 

Manufacturing companies based in Dortmund
Industrial furnaces
Geospatial Research Centre. The Geospatial Research Centre (NZ) Ltd. is a consultancy company based in Christchurch, New Zealand in the University of Canterbury's Engineering department. It was set up in 2006 by the University of Canterbury, the University of Nottingham, and the Canterbury Development Corporation. The director is Dr David Park. Their research focuses on civilian uses of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, and on remote sensing and sensor integration.

See also
UCi3

External links
Geospatial Research Centre (company website)

Information technology companies of New Zealand
University of Canterbury
Geographic data and information companies
Samsung Contact. Samsung Contact was an enterprise email and groupware server that ran on Linux and HP-UX. It provided email, calendars and other collaborative software. It could be accessed from many different clients, most notably Microsoft Outlook. It was based on HP OpenMail, which was licensed from Hewlett-Packard.

History
Development began in November 2001. Following a major reorganization of its sponsor entity, Samsung SDS, most of the original core developers were laid off in 2003. Samsung Contact was discontinued at the end of 2007.

See also
Scalix

References

Contact
Open Virtualization Format. Open Virtualization Format (OVF) is an open standard for packaging and distributing virtual appliances or, more generally, software to be run in virtual machines.

The standard describes an "open, secure, portable, efficient and extensible format for the packaging and distribution of software to be run in virtual machines". The OVF standard is not tied to any particular hypervisor or instruction set architecture. The unit of packaging and distribution is a so-called OVF Package which may contain one or more virtual systems each of which can be deployed to a virtual machine.

History 
In September 2007 VMware, Dell, HP, IBM, Microsoft and XenSource submitted to the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) a proposal for OVF, then named "Open Virtual Machine Format".

The DMTF subsequently released the OVF Specification V1.0.0 as a preliminary standard in September, 2008, and V1.1.0 in January, 2010. In January 2013, DMTF released the second version of the standard, OVF 2.0 which applies to emerging cloud use cases and provides important developments from OVF 1.0 including improved network configuration support and package encryption capabilities for safe delivery.

ANSI has ratified OVF 1.1.0 as ANSI standard INCITS 469-2010.

OVF 1.1 was adopted in August 2011 by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 38 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as an International Standard ISO/IEC 17203.

OVF 2.0 brings an enhanced set of capabilities to the packaging of virtual machines, making the standard applicable to a broader range of cloud use cases that are emerging as the industry enters the cloud era. The most significant improvements include support for network configuration along with the ability to encrypt the package to ensure safe delivery.

Design 
An OVF package consists of several files placed in one directory. An OVF package always contains exactly one OVF descriptor (a file with extension .ovf). The OVF descriptor is an XML file which describes the packaged virtual machine; it contains the metadata for the OVF package, such as name, hardware requirements, references to the other files in the OVF package and human-readable descriptions. In addition to the OVF descriptor, the OVF package will typically contain one or more disk images, and optionally certificate files and other auxiliary files.

The entire directory can be distributed as an Open Virtual Appliance (OVA) package, which is a tar archive file with the OVF directory inside.

Industry support 
OVF has generally been broadly accepted. Several virtualization players in the industry have announced support for OVF.

See also 
 VHD (file format)
 VMDK

References

External links 
 
 DMTF OVF Whitepaper
 VMware OVF Whitepaper

Computer standards
DMTF standards
ISO/IEC standards
Open standards
Virtualization
ESA Centre for Earth Observation. The ESA Centre for Earth Observation (also known as the European Space Research Institute or ESRIN) is a research centre belonging to the European Space Agency (ESA), located in Frascati (Rome) Italy. It is dedicated to research involving earth observation data taken from satellites, among other specialised activities. The establishment currently hosts the European Space Agency's development team for the Vega launcher.

History
ESLAR, a laboratory for advanced research was created in 1966 mainly to break the political deadlock over the location of ESLAB. Later renamed ESRIN, an acronym for European Space Research Institute, ESLAR was based in Frascati (Italy). The ESRO Convention describes ESRINs' role in the following manner:

The facility began acquiring data from environmental satellites within Earthnet programme in the 1970s.

See also
 European Astronaut Centre (EAC)
 European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT)
 European Space Agency (ESA)
 European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)
 European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)
 European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC)
 European Space Tracking Network (ESTRACK)
 Guiana Space Centre (CSG)

References

External links

European Space Agency facilities
1966 establishments in Italy
Remote sensing organizations
German response to Kyoto Protocol. Germany is Europe's largest and the world's 6th greatest single emitter of CO2. In July 2007, Germany had the largest European population, with 82.4 million people. Germany imports most of its materials and energy sources, and in 2004 imported 2.135 million barrels of oil and 85.02 billion m³ (2003) of natural gas a day. In 2004, Germany emitted 886 million metric tonnes of CO2. In 2004, there were approximately 45 million registered cars in Germany.

Between March 1998 and March 1999, 84 countries including Germany signed the Kyoto Protocol. In March 2002, the Bundestag unanimously ratified Kyoto. In May 2002, the European Union submitted the articles of ratification for all 15 of its then member states.

As an Annex II nation, Germany's commitment to the UNFCCC with respect to Kyoto was to reduce emissions as well as to provide an economic crutch to developing nations via Clean Development Mechanisms.

In November 2006, Germany's planned annual quota was 482 million metric tonnes of CO2. German Greenhouse Gas Emissions reduced by 17.2% from 1990 to 2004, according to UNFCCC. Germany actively promotes government carbon funds and supports multilateral carbon funds that are intent on purchasing Carbon Credits from non-Annex I parties. Government organizations work closely with major utility, energy, oil and gas, and chemicals conglomerates to try to acquire as many Greenhouse Gas Certificates as cheaply as possible.

Since signing and ratifying the protocol, Germany has committed to reducing its emissions to 21% below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. In November 2008, a study found that Germany had already reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 22.4%, which means it already reached its Kyoto Emissions Commitments.

Some of Germany's achievements since signing the protocol

 So far Germany has reduced CO2 emissions by 22.4%.
 Germany has topped world production in wind energy with more than 16,000 wind turbines, which generate 39% of the world's total wind power.
 Germany played a key role in installing 64% of the solar energy generation capacity in 2003.

Germany has also signed a climate change agreement alongside Israel, Jordan, and Egypt. This agreement is designed to make it easier and cheaper for industrialized countries such as Germany to meet their greenhouse gas emission reduction targets under the protocol.

Next steps

 Germany plans to generate 20% of its energy from renewable energy sources by 2020.http://www.bmu.de/english/current_press_releases/pm/46293.php

References

External links
Germany Info
Un Foundation

Climate change in Germany
Quake Minus One. Quake Minus One is a real-time strategy video game published for the Commodore 64 by Monolith/Beyond in 1985 and was written by Warren Foulkes and Mike Singleton.

Premise
In the 1980s, the Western world constructed a large power plant named Titan under the Atlantic Ocean in order to extract geothermal energy from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where the Earth's crust is thinnest. The power plant is operated and maintained solely by robots. Members of the Robot Liberation Front invade the power plant and seize control of the robots demanding equal rights for the machines, failing which they would use the power plant to trigger a massive earthquake which would severely threaten America, Europe and Africa. Titan is under the control of five separate AI computers - Zeus, Poseidon, Vulcan, Ares and Hermes.  Scientists have managed to regain control of Hermes and the robots it operates. It is up to these robots to take control of the other four computers who are themselves moving to regain control of Hermes.

Gameplay
The action begins with the player in control with a randomly placed Hermes controlled robot. The AI is maneuvering its robots to take control of Hermes so it is up to the player to maneuver their robots and formulate a strategy to retake control of the wayward computers. The player does have one advantage - he can enter into the map mode which will pause the game allowing a brief respite from the action and a chance to view a detailed map of the Titan installation.

As robots travel down roads, they may come to roads controlled by other computers where they will be attacked by fixed installations such as bunkers. Robots that have ion cannons can capture roads and junctions putting them under the control of Hermes. Once a computer is captured, all its remaining robots are passed to the control of Hermes. There are also quake suppression buildings to protect which if destroyed, bring forward the game's deadline.

User reception
Zzap!64 found the game confusing with unclear instructions and a disappointment following pre-release publicity.  The magazine gave the game an overall score of 67%.

References

External links

Quake Minus One at Lemon64

1985 video games
Commodore 64 games
Commodore 64-only games
Mindscape games
Real-time strategy video games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Tank simulation video games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in the 1980s
Structural pipe fitting. A structural pipe fitting, also known as a slip on pipe fitting, clamp or pipe clamp is used to build structures such as handrails, guardrails, and other types of pipe or tubular structure. They can also be used to build furniture and theatrical riggings. The fittings slip on the pipe and are usually locked down with a set screw. The set screw can then be tightened with a simple hex wrench. Because of the modular design of standard fittings, assembly is easy, only simple hand tools are required, and risks from welding a structure are eliminated.

Other advantages of using structural pipe fittings are easy installation and reconfigurable design. Since there are no permanent welds in the structure, the set screws of the fittings can simply be loosened, allowing them to be repositioned. The project can be disassembled and stored if needed, or even taken apart with fittings and pipe recycled into a new project.

Fittings used for strong structures are galvanised malleable iron castings, and come in many styles such as elbows, tees, crosses, reducers and flanges. The fittings are not threaded; they simply lock onto the pipe with the supplied hex set screws.

See also 
Kee Klamp

References

Structural engineering