omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Copy Exactly!. Copy Exactly! is a factory strategy model developed by the computer chip manufacturer, Intel, to build new manufacturing facilities with high capacity practices already in place. The Copy Exactly! model allows factories that successfully design and manufacture chips to be replicated in locations globally.

Information
The Copy Exactly! methodology focuses on matching the manufacturing site to the development site. Matching occurs at all levels for physical inputs and statistically-matched responses (outputs). This process enables continuous matching over time by using coordinated changes, audits, process control systems, and joint fab management structures. Physical inputs such as equipment configuration, chemical purity, facilities, and equipment hookups derive from the same specifications. In-line processes or equipment monitors that predict product performance, yield, or reliability must match at all levels. Originally, the Copy Exactly! procedure was for tool sets and process, but Intel has since encompassed the entire fabrication plant into the strategy model in recent years.

Similar uses 
A123 Systems, a US company that makes lithium-ion batteries, has recently repatriated its manufacturing operations after years of producing in South Korea and China. To facilitate the move, the company also used a "copy exactly" strategy. South Korean operations were replicated on a larger scale in the United States with the help of a team of South Korean engineers who were familiar with the production process.

See also 
 Tacit knowledge

References 

 McDonald, C. J. Copy EXACTLY! "A paradigm shift in technology transfer method".  Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference and Workshop, IEEE/SEMI, 1997 Cambridge, MA. IEEE, 414–417.

Intel
RoboBlitz. RoboBlitz is an indie puzzle action video game for Microsoft Windows through Steam and the Xbox 360 through Xbox Live Arcade. The game was developed by Naked Sky Entertainment and released on November 6, 2006. It was the first Unreal Engine 3 game alongside Gears of War to be released.

Plot
Blitz is a technician robot tasked with the maintenance of an orbital space cannon when it comes under attack from NEOD forces.  The game does not feature a detailed plot or background.  Instead the focus is on task completion with the assistance of another un-named and incapacitated robot similar to Blitz.

Gameplay

The player controls a robot who must navigate through six three part sectors to power up an orbital space cannon. Each sector has a multitude of enemies and a singular physics based puzzle per stage, as well as 'upgradium' pickups that can be used to expand Blitz' utilities, movement, and weaponry. Blitz can jump and interact with machines and elevators. It is able to grab objects likes barrels, carry them and use them to crush enemies as well as use weapons to shoot various enemies. Players can choose a more difficult game mode which when completed, gives access to bonus content.

Development
RoboBlitz uses a middleware tool developed by Allegorithmic to store its textures procedurally. This technique is used to make the game file size smaller, the actual game is less than 50 megabytes on Xbox Live.

Reception

RoboBlitz was met with critical acclaim and has received several awards and honors. The game was nominated for the 2007 Independent Games Festival for both the Seumas McNally Grand Prize and Excellence in Visual Art awards. The game was the Grand Prize winner for the 2007 Indie Games Showcase, a winner of the GameTap Indie Award, and "Best Digital Download Game of the Year" by Play Magazine.

References

External links

RoboBlitz official website
Postmortem: Naked Sky Entertainment's RoboBlitz

2006 video games
3D platformers
Fictional robots
Independent Games Festival winners
Indie games
Microsoft games
Naked Sky Entertainment games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Unreal Engine 3 games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United States
Video games using procedural generation
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Model maker. A Model maker is a professional Craftsperson who creates a three-dimensional representation of a design or concept. Most products in use and in development today first take form as a model. This "model" may be an exacting duplicate (prototype) of the future design or a simple mock-up of the general shape or concept. Many prototype models are used for testing physical properties of the design, others for usability and marketing studies. 

Mock-ups are generally used as part of the design process to help convey each new iteration. Some model makers specialize in "scale models" that allow an easier grasp of the whole design or for portability of the model to a trade show or an architect or client's office. Other scale models are used in museum displays and in the movie special effects industry. Model makers work in many environments from private studio/shops to corporate design and engineering facilities to research laboratories.

The model maker must be highly skilled in the use of many machines, such as manual lathes, manual mills, Computer Numeric Control (CNC) machines, lasers, wire EDM, water jet saws, tig welders, sheet metal fabrication tools and wood working tools. Fabrication processes model makers take part in are powder coating, shearing, punching, plating, folding, forming and anodizing. Some model makers also use increasingly automated processes, for example cutting parts directly with digital data from computer-aided design plans on a CNC mill or creating the parts through rapid prototyping. Hand tools used by a model maker are an exacto knife, tweezers, sprue cutter, tape, glue, paint, and paint brushes.

There are two basic processes used by the model maker to create models: additive and subtractive. Additive can be as simple as adding clay to create a form, sculpting and smoothing to the final shape. Body fillers, foam and resins are also used in the same manner. Most rapid prototyping technologies are based on the additive process, solidifying thin layered sections or slices one on top of each other. Subtractive is like whittling a solid block of wood or chiseling stone to the desired form. Most milling and other machining methods are subtractive, progressively using smaller and finer tools to remove material from the rough shape to get to the level of detail needed in the final model. 

Model makers may use a combination of these methods and technologies to create the model in the most expeditious manner. The parts are usually test fitted, then sanded and painted to represent the intended finish or look. Model makers are required to recreate many faux finishes like brick, stone, grass, molded plastic textures, glass, skin and even water.

See also
Architectural model
Architectural rendering
Architectural visualization
Scale model

References

External links
 Association of Professional Model Makers (APMM)

 
Artisans
Architectural communication
Crafts
Scale modeling
Abwehrflammenwerfer 42. The Abwehrflammenwerfer 42 was a German static defensive flamethrower, flame fougasse or flame mine used during the Second World War. The design was copied from Russian FOG-1 mines that were encountered in 1941 during Operation Barbarossa. These were usually buried at intervals of  covering road blocks, landing beaches, harbour walls and other obstacles. They were normally mixed in with other mines or emplaced behind barbed wire and could be command detonated or triggered by tripwires or other devices.

The mine consisted of a large fuel cylinder  high and  with a capacity of  containing a black viscid liquid; a mix of light, medium, and heavy oils. A second, smaller cylinder,  in diameter and  high, was mounted on top of the fuel cylinder; it contained the propellant powder, which was normally either black powder or a mixture of nitrocellulose and diethylene glycol dinitrate. A flame tube was fixed centrally on top of the fuel cylinder, it was a  diameter pipe that rose from the centre of the fuel cylinder and curved to extend horizontally approximately . When the mine was buried, only the flame tube was normally above ground.

When the mine was triggered, a squib charge ignited the propellant, creating a burst of hot gas which forced the fuel from the main cylinder and out of the flame tube. A second squib ignited the fuel as it passed out of the end of the tube. The projected stream of burning fuel was  wide and  high with a range of about , and lasted about 1.5 seconds.

See also
Flame fougasse
List of flamethrowers

References

 TM-E 30-451, Handbook on German Military Forces, War Department 
 Flamethrowers of the German Army 1914-1945 by Fred Koch

Flamethrowers of Germany
Land mines of Germany
World War II weapons of Germany

Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1942
Polymethylpentene. Polymethylpentene (PMP), also known as poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), is a thermoplastic polyolefin. It is used for gas-permeable packaging, autoclavable medical and laboratory equipment, microwave components, and cookware. It is commonly called TPX, which is a trademark of Mitsui Chemicals.

Production
Polymethylpentene is a 4-methyl-1-pentene-derived linear isotactic polyolefin and is made by Ziegler–Natta type catalysis. The commercially available grades are usually copolymers. It can be extruded and moulded (by injection moulding or blow moulding).

Physical properties
Polymethylpentene melts at ≈ 235 °C. It has a relatively low density (0.84 g/cm3) among plastics and is transparent. It has low moisture absorption, and exceptional acoustical and electrical properties. Its properties are reasonably similar to those of other polyolefins, although it is more brittle and more gas permeable. The polymer also has a high thermal stability, excellent dielectric characteristics and a high chemical resistance.  The crystalline phase has a lower density than the amorphous phase.

Optical properties
In comparison to other materials being used for operating in THz range, TPX shows excellent optical properties with a wavelength independent refractive index of 1.460±0.005 between visible light and 100~GHz.
While having a very good transmission in the THz area, TPX also shows a very wide transmission range spreading from UV to THz.

Applications
Applications include sonar covers, speaker cones, ultrasonic transducer heads, and lightweight structural parts. It is also FDA compliant for use in food processing machinery. Polymethylpentene is often used in films and coatings for gas-permeable packaging.
Because of its high melting point and good temperature stability, polymethylpentene is used for autoclavable medical and laboratory equipment, microwave components, and cookware.
It is also often used in electrical components e.g. LED molds because it is an excellent electrical insulator.
TPX is a hard, solid material, which can be mechanically shaped into various optical components like lenses and windows. It is used in CO2 laser pumped molecular lasers as an output window because it is transparent in the whole terahertz range and totally suppresses the ~10 μm pump radiation.

References

 Krentsel B.A., Kissin Y.V., Kleiner V.I., Stotskaya S.S. Polymers and Copolymers of Higher a-Olefins, Hanser Publishers: New York, 1997.
 H. C. Raine, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 11, 39 (1969).
 Mitsui Chemicals Co., Properties of Standard TPX Grades, 2004.
 FDA CFR Title 21 Sec. 177.1520 Olefin polymers (C) 3.3b for TPX(4-methylpentene-1-based olefin copolymer)

External links
Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.
Tydex J.S.Co. - Manufacturer of polished TPX lenses and windows

Plastics
Polyolefins
Packaging materials
Household chemicals
Dielectrics
Thermoplastics
Organic polymers
Sarcoman. The Sarcoman is an entertainment robot made by Sarcos that can be remotely controlled by a human operator (for example, a comedian trained to operate it) or computer-controlled for automated shows.

The system was used by Ford at all of their 1995 auto shows and exhibitions.

References

External links 
Sarcoman's webpage (archived at the Wayback Machine)
Sarcoman Videos (archived at the Wayback Machine)

Entertainment robots
Robots of the United States
1995 robots
Bipedal humanoid robots
Strand (programming language). Strand is a high-level symbolic language for parallel computing, similar in syntax to Prolog.

Artificial Intelligence Ltd were awarded the British Computer Society Award for Technical Innovation 1989 for Strand88.
The language was created by computer scientists Ian Foster and Stephen Taylor.

Implementations 
Felix Winkelmann's web site - Strand, Felix Winkelmann's GitLab repository

See also 
 Comparison of Prolog implementations
 Prolog syntax and semantics

Further reading 

Foster, Ian; Stephen Taylor: Strand: new concepts in parallel programming. .

Concurrent programming languages
Prolog programming language family
Šarūnas Raudys. Šarūnas Raudys is head of the Data Analysis Department at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics in Vilnius, Lithuania. Within the department, he is guiding the data mining and artificial neural networks group. His group's research interests include multivariate analysis, statistical pattern recognition, artificial neural networks, data mining methods and biological information processing systems with applications to analysis of technological, economical and biological problems.

Education 
 USSR Doctor of Sciences, Institute of Electronics and Computer science, Riga, 1978.
 Ph.D. Computer science, Institute Physics and Mathematics, 1969.
 M.S. Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 1963.
 Panevezys, the  first secondary school, 1958.

Selected publications
 S. Raudys. (2001) Statistical and Neural Classifiers: An integrated approach to design. Springer. London. 312 pages. 
 S. Raudys and Jain K. (1991). Small sample size problems in designing Artificial  Neural Networks. - Artificial Neural Networks and Statistical Pattern Recognition, Old and New Connections, I.K. Sethi and A.K. Jain (Eds), Elsevier Science Publishers B.V, 33-50. 
 S. Raudys. (1984) Statistical Pattern Recognition: Small design sample problems. A monograph, (a manuscript) Institute of  Mathematics and Cybernetics, Vilnius, 480 pages, 30 copies distributed around the world. 
 S. Raudys, (1978) Optimization of nonparametric classification algorithm. Adaptive systems and applications.  Nauka, Novosibirsk, (A.Medvedev Ed.), 57-62.
 S. Raudys. (1976) Limitation of Sample Size in Classification Problems, Inst. of Physics and Mathematics Press, Vilnius. 186 pages.

References 

Lithuanian schoolteachers
Living people
Kaunas University of Technology alumni
Academic staff of Vilnius University
21st-century Lithuanian educators
Year of birth missing (living people)
WSMO. WSMO or Web Service Modeling Ontology is a conceptual model for relevant aspects related to Semantic Web Services.
It provides an ontology based framework, which supports the deployment and interoperability of Semantic Web Services.

The WSMO has four main components:
 Goals - The client's objectives when consulting a Web Service.
 Ontologies - A formal Semantic description of the information used by all other components.
 Mediators - Connectors between componentes with mediation facilities. Provides interoperability between different ontologies.
 WebServices - Semantic description of Web Services. May include functional (Capability) and usage (Interface) descriptions.

The WSMO working group, part of the ESSI Cluster aligns the research and development efforts in the areas of Semantic Web Services between several European FP6 research projects.

WSMO working group includes the WSML working group, which aims at developing a language called Web Services Modeling Language (WSML) that formalizes the Web Services Modeling Ontology (WSMO).

External links
 WSMO Working Group Web Site
 WSMO tools

Web services
Semantic Web
Georgia Institute of Technology College of Engineering. The College of Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology provides formal education and research in more than 10 fields of engineering, including aerospace, chemical, civil engineering, electrical engineering, industrial, mechanical, materials engineering, biomedical, and biomolecular engineering, plus polymer, textile, and fiber engineering. The College of Engineering is the oldest and largest college of the institution.

History

The history of the College of Engineering spans more than 125 years, since the founding of Georgia Tech. Beginning with classes for mechanical engineering in 1888, the College of Engineering has evolved into separate Schools for more than 10 fields of engineering.

Programs, departments and schools

 Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering
 Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
 School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
 H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering
 School of Materials Science and Engineering
 George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering

Facilities
The offices of the College of Engineering are located on the third floor of Tech Tower.

References

External links
 

Engineering
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
Engineering universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Universities and colleges established in 1885
1885 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
University subdivisions in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia Institute of Technology College of Sciences. The College of Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology is one of the six colleges at the institute.

History

Until 1990, there was no independent college for the sciences. Before then, there had been three colleges: the College of Engineering, the College of Management, and College of Science and Liberal Studies (COSALS). As part of his restructuring plan, John Patrick Crecine reorganized the institute; he split COSALS into the College of Sciences and combined the liberal arts and management programs into the Ivan Allen College of Management and Liberal Arts. The latter would be split by G. Wayne Clough in 1998.

Schools

School of Biological Sciences
School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
School of Mathematics
School of Physics
School of Psychology

Degrees

Undergraduate
Almost all of the undergraduate degrees offered by the College of Sciences have concentration options and/or a "business plan."
 B.S. in Biology
 B.S. in Chemistry
 B.S. in Earth and Atmospheric Science
 B.S. in Applied Mathematics
 B.S. in Discrete Mathematics
 B.S. in Applied Physics
 B.S. in Physics

Master’s
 M.S. in Prosthetics and Orthotics
 M.S. in Biology
 M.S. in Bioinformatics
 M.S. in Chemistry
 M.S. in Paper Science and Engineering
 M.S. in Earth and Atmospheric Science
 M.S. with a Major in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
 5-year B.S. M.S. in Earth and Atmospheric Science
 M.S. in Mathematics
 M.S. in Statistics
 M.S. in Quantitative and Computational Finance
 M.S. in Applied Physics
 M.S. in Physics
 M.S. in Applied Psychology
 M.S. in Human Computer Interaction

Doctoral
 Ph.D. in Applied Physiology
 Ph.D. in Biology
 Ph.D. in Bioinformatics
 Ph.D. in Chemistry
 Ph.D. in Paper Science and Engineering
 Ph.D. in Earth and Atmospheric Science
 Ph.D. in Algorithms, Combinatorics, Optimization
 Ph.D. in Mathematics
 Ph.D. in Physics
 Ph.D. in Engineering Psychology
 Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology
 Ph.D. in Industrial/Organizational Psychology

References

External links
College of Sciences

Sciences
Abrasive flow machining. Abrasive flow machining (AFM), also known as abrasive flow deburring or extrude honing, is an interior surface finishing process characterized by flowing an abrasive-laden fluid through a workpiece. This fluid is typically very viscous, having the consistency of putty, or dough. AFM smooths and finishes rough surfaces, and is specifically used to remove burrs, polish surfaces, form radii, and even remove material. The nature of AFM makes it ideal for interior surfaces, slots, holes, cavities, and other areas that may be difficult to reach with other polishing or grinding processes. Due to its low material removal rate, AFM is not typically used for large stock-removal operations, although it can be.

Abrasive flow machining was first patented by the Extrude Hone Corporation in 1970.

Process
In abrasive flow machining, the abrasive fluid flows through the workpiece, effectively performing erosion. Abrasive particles in the fluid contact raised features on the surface of the workpiece and remove them. The fluid is forced through the workpiece by a hydraulic ram, where it acts as a flexible file, or slug, molding itself precisely to the shape of the workpiece. The highest amount of material removal occurs in areas where the flow of the fluid is restricted; according to Bernoulli's Principle, the flow speed and pressure of the fluid decrease in these areas, facilitating a higher material removal rate (MRR). The pressure exerted by the fluid on all contacting surfaces also results in a very uniform finish.

AFM may be performed once, as a one-way flow process, or repeatedly as a two-way flow process. In the two-way flow process, a reservoir of medium exists at either end of the workpiece, and the medium flows back and forth through the workpiece from reservoir to reservoir.

Equipment
An abrasive flow machine normally includes two medium chambers equipped with hydraulic rams, a fixture for holding the workpiece, and a clamping system that holds all the components tightly together. Most machines allow for the loading of different types of abrasive medium, and include the capacity to adjust the pressure used in extruding the medium through the workpiece. They may be manually operated, or automated using CNC. For machines designed to accommodate high production volumes, accessories such as part-cleaning stations, unloading and reloading stations, media refeed devices, and media heat exchangers may be included.

See also
 Hydro-erosive grinding

References

External links
Video of abrasive flow machining
Process description

Grinding and lapping
Metalworking
Maria Zemankova. Maria Zemankova (born 6 January 1951 ) is a computer scientist who is known for the theory and implementation of the first fuzzy relational database system. This research has become important for the handling of approximate queries in databases. She retired from the Intelligent Information Systems Division at the National Science Foundation in July 2020. She is the first (1992) recipient of the SIGMOD Contributions Award for her work in the conception of initiatives in research on scientific databases and digital libraries. She received her Ph.D. in computer science in 1983 from Florida State University for her work on fuzzy relational database systems.

References

Living people
1951 births
Florida State University alumni
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
21st-century American women