omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aquarius (rocket). Aquarius is a launch vehicle concept designed for low-cost by Space Systems/Loral to carry small, inexpensive payloads into low earth orbit.

Concept
The vehicle was primarily intended for launching bulk products, like water, fuel, and other consumables, that are inexpensive to replace in the event of a launch failure. The target launch cost was $1 million. Aquarius was designed to be a single-stage vehicle 43 meters (141 ft) high and 4 meters (13.1 ft) in diameter and powered by a single pressure fed engine using liquid hydrogen and oxygen propellants stored in a composite pressure tank. Launch would have taken place from a floating position in the ocean to minimize launch infrastructure with the ability to place a 1,000-kilogram (2,200 lb) payload into a , 52-degree orbit. The payload, located in the base of the vehicle, would be extracted by an orbiting space tug for transfer to its ultimate destination, like the ISS or a propellant depot, after which the vehicle would de-orbit and be destroyed.

Vortex Cooled Chamber Wall Engine
Space Systems/Loral teamed with Microcosm, and Wilson Composite Technologies to study Aquarius under a $110,000 grant awarded by the state of California in April 2001 and delivered a final report in June 2002.

Funding of $1 million was provided in the FY 2004 Defense Appropriations Act to develop a prototype of the low-cost engine for the vehicle. The engine would provide 400,000 pounds-force (1.8 MN) of thrust using liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as propellants. For the engine development, Space Systems/Loral is partnered with Aerojet, ORBITEC and Microcosm, under the auspices of the Air Force Research Laboratory and was completed in 2006. It confirmed that an ORBITEC engine design with inherently low cost can be scaled up to an intermediate thrust level, from which the next scale-up step to Aquarius should be achievable.

COTS bid
The proposal made with Constellation Services International for Commercial Orbital Transportation Services in 2006 was not selected.$150 million was the planned development cost, as part of a $700 million project (that included a space tug). 100 launches per year were needed to be profitable. One third of the launches were by design allowed to fail. Target costs were $1 million per launch or $1000/kg to LEO.

Design specification
 Diameter: 4 meters (12.6 feet)
 LH2 tank length: 21 meters (69 feet)
 LOX tank length: 8.4 meters (28 feet)
 GH2 Pressurant tank length: 4 meters
 Total height : 43 metres (140 feet)

See also 
 Pressure-fed engine
 Sea Dragon (rocket)
 Sea Launch

References
 
 Space Time magazine, May/June 2001

External links
 Video presentation Aquarius concept Part 1
 Video presentation Aquarius concept Part 2
  Audio interview Andrew E. Turner on the space show
 Ocean-based launch: extending a successful approach to new applications, Andrew E. Turner, the space review 2007
 

Private spaceflight
Single-stage-to-orbit
Space access
Cancelled space launch vehicles
Pressure-fed rockets
Expendable space launch systems
Sea launch to orbit
Hysteresivity. Hysteresivity derives from “hysteresis”, meaning “lag”.  It is the tendency to react slowly to an outside force, or to not return completely to its original state.   Whereas the area within a hysteresis loop represents energy dissipated to heat and is an extensive quantity with units of energy, the hysteresivity represents the fraction of the elastic energy that is lost to heat, and is an intensive property that is dimensionless.

Overview 
When a force deforms a material it generates elastic stresses and internal frictional stresses.  Most often, frictional stress is described as being analogous to the stress that results from the flow of a viscous fluid, but in many engineering materials, in soft biological tissues, and in living cells, the concept that friction arises only from a viscous stress is now known to be erroneous.  For example, Bayliss and Robertson 
and Hildebrandt  demonstrated that frictional stress in lung tissue is dependent upon the amount of lung expansion but not the rate of expansion, findings that are fundamentally incompatible with the notion of friction being caused by a viscous stress.  If not by a viscous stress, how then does friction arise, and how is it properly described?

In many inert and living materials, the relationship between elastic and frictional stresses turns out to be very nearly invariant (something unaltered by a transformation).  In lung tissues, for example, the frictional stress is almost invariably between 0.1 and 0.2 of the elastic stress, where this fraction is called the hysteresivity, h, or, equivalently, the structural damping coefficient.  It is a simple phenomenological fact, therefore, that for each unit of peak elastic strain energy that is stored during a cyclic deformation, 10 to 20% of that elastic energy is taxed as friction and lost irreversibly to heat.  This fixed relationship holds at the level of the whole lung
, isolated lung parenchymal tissue strips, isolated smooth muscle strips, and even isolated living cells.

This close relationship between frictional and elastic stresses is called the structural damping law or, sometimes, the constant phase model.  The structural damping law implies that frictional losses are coupled tightly to elastic stresses rather than to viscous stresses, but the precise molecular mechanical origin of this phenomenon remains unknown. 
'
In material science, the complex elastic modulus of a material, G*(f'), at frequency of oscillatory deformation f, is given by,

 

where:
 G*(f)= complex elastic modulus at frequency of oscillatory deformation, fG′ = the elastic modulus
 G′′ = the loss modulus
 j 2 = −1

This relationship can be rewritten as,

 

where:

 h = G′′/G′.

In systems conforming to the structural damping law, the hysteresivity h is constant with or insensitive to changes in oscillatory frequency, and the loss modulus G′′ (= hG''′) becomes a constant fraction of the elastic modulus.

See also
Dynamic modulus
Shear stress
Viscosity

References

Further reading 
 

Pulmonary function testing
Systems theory
Respiratory physiology
Dynamical systems
Molecular physics
Dopplerite. Dopplerite is a naturally occurring organic substance found in amorphous, elastic or jelly-like masses, of brownish-black color, in peat beds in Styria and in Switzerland. It is tasteless, insoluble in alcohol and ether, and is described by James Dwight Dana as an acid substance, or mixture of different acids, related to humic acid. It is named after the physicist and mathematician Christian Doppler.

Notes

External links
http://www.suprahumic.unina.it/

Pedology
Soil chemistry
Warren Lyford DeLano. Warren Lyford DeLano (June 21, 1972 – November 3, 2009) was a bioinformatician and an advocate for the increased adoption of open source practices in the sciences, and especially drug discovery, where advances which save time and resources can also potentially save lives.

Biography

Born in Philadelphia on June 21, 1972, DeLano was educated at Yale University, where he helped produce campus humor magazine The Yale Record.

In 2000, he launched the PyMOL open-source molecular viewer in an attempt to demonstrate the practical impact open source might have on discovery of new medicines. Since then, PyMOL has been widely adopted for molecular structure visualization within the pharmaceutical industry and at public sector research institutions.

In 2003, DeLano founded DeLano Scientific LLC to commercialize PyMOL and conduct an experiment in the "laboratory of the market" regarding the commercial viability of an open source software company. His hypothesis was that open source software is intrinsically optimal for science, and that scientific software companies which provide open source solutions will, through free market competition, eventually displace companies that favor proprietary solutions.

Delano was married to Beth Pehrson.

He died by suicide on 3 November 2009 at his home in Palo Alto, California.

In 2009 the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology created the DeLano Award for Computational Biosciences in Warren's honor. The award acknowledges a scientist for the most accessible and innovative development or application of computer technology to enhance research in the life sciences at the molecular level.

Public quotes

References

2009 deaths
American bioinformaticians
1972 births
Scientists from Philadelphia
Silver oxide. Silver oxide is the chemical compound with the formula Ag2O.  It is a fine black or dark brown powder that is used to prepare other silver compounds.

Preparation

Silver oxide can be prepared by combining aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and an alkali hydroxide. This reaction does not afford appreciable amounts of silver hydroxide due to the favorable energetics for the following reaction:
(pK = 2.875)
With suitably controlled conditions, this reaction can be used to prepare Ag2O powder with properties suitable for several uses including as a fine grained conductive paste filler.

Structure and properties
Ag2O features linear, two-coordinate Ag centers linked by tetrahedral oxides. It is isostructural with Cu2O. It "dissolves" in solvents that degrade it.  It is slightly soluble in water due to the formation of the ion  and possibly related hydrolysis products. It is soluble in ammonia solution, producing active compound of Tollens' reagent. A slurry of Ag2O is readily attacked by acids:

where HX = HF, HCl, HBr, HI, or CF3COOH. It will also react with solutions of alkali chlorides to precipitate silver chloride, leaving a solution of the corresponding alkali hydroxide.

Despite the photosensitivity of many silver compounds, silver oxide is not photosensitive, although it readily decomposes at temperatures above 280 °C.

Applications
This oxide is used in silver-oxide batteries. In organic chemistry, silver oxide is used as a mild oxidizing agent. For example, it oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids.

References

External links

 Annealing of Silver Oxide – Demonstration experiment: Instruction and video

Silver compounds
Transition metal oxides
Hartge. Hartge was a third party car tuning company specializing in BMW, MINI, Juno, and Range Rover cars. Founded in 1971 in Merzig, Germany, the company moved to its current location in Beckingen in 1974. The company is known for putting larger, more powerful factory BMW engines in smaller cars, such as engines from the 5 Series into the smaller 3 Series. In 1985 Hartge was granted manufacturer's status in Germany. All vehicles built from then on received a Hartge Motorsport VIN plate in place on the BMW VIN plate. The company was liquidated in mid-2019 and deleted from the commercial register.

References

BMW
Auto parts suppliers of Germany
German companies established in 1971
Automotive motorsports and performance companies
Auto tuning companies
SciTegic. SciTegic was a San Diego–based software company that developed and marketed informatics software to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

History
The company was founded in February 1999 by Mathew A. Hahn and David Rogers. Mathew Hahn and David Rogers came from the bioinformatics software company Molecular Simulations.

In 2004, it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Accelrys after a $21.5 million deal.

Pipeline pilot

Pipeline pilot was designed to reduce the manual data entry and transfer steps required of computational chemists and project chemists in screening and modeling workflows. A streamlined workflow could then be used by bench scientists and reduce the need to interact with multiple software packages to one interface.

Creating Pipeline Pilot, SciTegic has pioneered a technology approach called "Data Pipelining" to flexibly process drug discovery data. This software uses a visual and dataflow programming language much like LabVIEW for piping input and output of commands together to build a pipeline to transform any number of inputs (raw data) into any number of outputs (e.g., a spreadsheet tying together the results of multiple experiments).

Mathew Hahn assumed technical leadership roles, including Chief Technology Officer, for Accelrys after the acquisition.

See also 
 Accelrys
 Kensington Discovery Edition (KDE) from Inforsense Ltd
 Taverna workbench
 TFP Lab Tech. White Carbon

References

External links
 Accelrys company website

Defunct software companies of the United States
Companies based in San Diego
Software companies of the United States
2004 mergers and acquisitions
Hydrant wrench. A hydrant wrench is a tool used to remove fire hydrant caps and open the valve of the hydrant.  They are usually adjustable so as to fit different sized hydrant nuts.

In France

In France, The wrench is called "Guillemin wrench" (, pronounced ), but the firefighters call it "tricoise wrench" (clef tricoise, ). The curved part applies on the ring, and the hooked part clutches a notch.

Big tricoise wrenches are placed in fire trucks, and are mainly used to fasten the big hoses, e.g. ∅110 mm hoses to feed the pumper tank from the hydrant (∅100 mm for the clutch). Small tricoise are made of brass and hang at the fire belts; they are used to fasten the small hoses, e.g., ∅70mm to ∅22mm hoses (∅65mm to ∅20mm clutches).

The shape is sometimes adapted so it can be used as a tool for other purposes; it is then called "polycoise wrench" or "Deschamps wrench". These tools are used to
 Open GDF standard gas enclosures and EDF standard electrical enclosures (12mm female triangle wrench);
 Open fire hydrants (15.6mm female triangle);
 Open doors without knobs, ventilation accesses and closets containing firefighting equipment in some public locations (5×5mm to 8×8mm square female wrenches);
 Open dry risers (12.5×12.5mm square female wrench);
 Open bathroom and toilet doors (screwdriver); and
 Remove nuts and bolts (13, 17 and 19mm six-point wrenches).

In the United States

The shape of a hydrant wrench is sometimes adapted so it can be used as a tool for other purposes, such as:
 Storz and spanner hose couplings
 Rocker lug couplings
 Water meter shutoff valves
 Gas cock valves
 Pentagonal nuts
 Square nuts.

References 

Firefighter tools
Water industry
Enimex. Enimex was an airline based in Tallinn, Estonia. It operated cargo and passenger charter flights, and wet lease operations worldwide. Its main base was Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport.

History

The airline was established and started operations on 26 September 1994. In March 2006, Estonia's Civil Aviation Administration cancelled the Enimex licence for passenger flights.

Fleet

During its existence, Enimex operated the following aircraft:

Antonov An-28
Antonov An-72
BAe ATP

Accidents and incidents
29 November 1999 − Antonov An-28 ES-NOF on cargo flight from Oslo to Budapest with a stop at Szczecin crashlanded on a field in Poland. No fatalities, but the airframe was written off.
23 November 2001 − ELK Airways flight 1007 operated by Enimex the Antonov AN-28 ES-NOV on the attempt to land on Kärdla Airport in bad weather crashed into trees about 1.5 km from the Airport. Of the 14 passengers and 3 crew on board, 2 passengers were killed. The investigation determined that the cause of the accident was pilot error. After a 9-year trial, a case was closed due to lack of public interest.
21 April 2002 – Antonov An-72 ES-NOP of Enimex was damaged in a hard landing at Wamena, Indonesia; a minor fire broke out. Due to the dead battery of the fire truck, some firefighters ran to the accident scene with hand-held fire extinguishers. After 20 minutes, the truck's battery was charged, but the aircraft had to be written off. There were no fatalities.
10 February 2003 − Antonov AN-28 ES-NOY on a regular cargo flight from Tallinn to Helsinki, crashed shortly after takeoff from Tallinn's Lennart Meri Airport. The aircraft came to rest about 300 meters from the runway. Two of the three crew members on board were killed.

References

External links

 Official website

Defunct airlines of Estonia
Airlines established in 1994
Airlines disestablished in 2008
1994 establishments in Estonia
2008 disestablishments in Estonia
Companies based in Tallinn
Schleicher ASW 27. The ASW 27 is a 15 metre Class glider built of modern fibre reinforced composites, which first flew in 1995 and was certified in 1997. The manufacturer of the ASW 27 is Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co. The "W" indicates this is a design of the influential and prolific German designer Gerhard Waibel.

Design and development
The ASW 27 has plain flaps, winglets, a retractable undercarriage and a water ballast system. The ASW 27 superseded the ASW 20 in the manufacturer's production line.

The structure is a complex composite of carbon, aramid and polyethylene fibre reinforced plastic. This permits a light structure with the strength to carry large amounts of water ballast, thus permitting the widest possible range of wing loadings for weak and strong soaring weather. The strong fuselage was tested for crash protection by dropping one from a crane.

The winglets were standard equipment from the beginning, but were later enlarged in the ASW-27B development. The "B" also has tanks to hold water ballast rather than bags.  The ASW 27 does not have a version with wing extensions for 18 metres.  This was a design decision to pursue an uncompromised 15 metre racer, as "future engine retrofits or later wingspan increases were specifically ruled out".

The introduction of the ASG 29 gave the ASW 27 a stablemate that can compete in the same class, although the 29 is intended to fly primarily with an 18-metre span and can be motorised. Because of the overlap with the ASG 29, production of the ASW27 has now ceased.

Specifications

See also

References

Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co
Sailplane Directory
Simons M, Segelflugzeuge 1965–2000, Equip, 2004

Schleicher aircraft
1990s German sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1995
T-tail aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Graphical Data Display Manager. GDDM (Graphical Data Display Manager) is a computer graphics system for the IBM System/370 which was developed in IBM's Hursley lab, and first released in 1979. GDDM was originally designed to provide programming support for the IBM 3279 colour display terminal and the associated 3287 colour printer. The 3279 was a colour graphics terminal designed to be used in a general business environment.

GDDM was extended in the early 1980s to provide graphics support for all of IBM's display terminals and printers, and ran on all of IBM's mainframe operating systems.

GDDM also provided support for the (then current) international standards for interactive computer graphics: GKS and PHIGS. Both GKS and PHIGS were designed around the requirements of CAD systems.

GDDM is also available on the IBM i midrange operating system, as well as its predecessor, the AS/400.

GDDM comprises a number of components:

 Graphics primitives - lines, circles, boxes etc.
 Graphing - through the Presentation Graphics Feature (PGF)
 Language support - PL/I, REXX, COBOL etc.
 Conversion capabilities - for example to GIF format.
 Interactive Chart Utility (ICU).

GDDM remains in widespread use today, embedded in many z/OS applications, as well as in system programs.

GDDM and OS/2 Presentation Manager

IBM and Microsoft began collaborating on the design of OS/2 in 1986. The Graphics Presentation Interface (GPI), the graphics API in the OS/2 Presentation Manager, was based on IBM's GDDM and the Graphics Control Program (GCP). GCP was originally developed in Hursley for the 3270/PC-G and 3270/PC-GX terminals.

The GPI was the primary graphics API for the OS/2 operating system.

At the time (1980s), the graphical user interface (GUI) was still in its early stages of popularity, but already it was clear that the foundation of a good GUI was a graphics API with strong real-time interactive capabilities. Unfortunately, the design of GDDM was closer to (at the time) traditional graphics APIs like GKS, which made it unsuited for more than the simplest interactive uses.

Microsoft and IBM went their separate ways in 1991. Microsoft continued development of its Windows operating environment with Graphics Device Interface (GDI) graphics API. IBM continued with OS/2 for several more years.

References

 Charles Petzold,  Programming the OS/2 Presentation Manager, Microsoft Press, 1989. .

External links
 announcement of 3279 and 3287.
 GDDM Programming Guide

Graphics software
OS/2
Graphical Data Display Manager
IBM mainframe software
Glazing agent. A glazing agent is a natural or synthetic substance that provides a waxy, homogeneous coating to prevent water loss from a surface and provide other protection.

Natural 
Natural glazing agents keep moisture inside plants and insects. Scientists harnessed this characteristic in coatings made of substances classified as waxes. A natural wax is chemically defined as an ester with a very long hydrocarbon chain that also includes a long chain alcohol.

Examples are:
 Stearic acid (E570)
 Beeswax (E901)
 Candelilla wax (E902)
 Carnauba wax (E903)
 Shellac (E904)
 Microcrystalline wax (E905c), Crystalline wax (E907)
 Lanolin (E913)
 Oxidized polyethylene wax (E914)
 Esters of colophonium (E915)
 Paraffin

Synthetic 
Scientists have produced glazing agents that mimic their natural counterparts. These components are added in different proportions to achieve the optimal glazing agent for a product. Such products include cosmetics, automobiles and food.
Some of the characteristics that are looked for in all of the above industries are:
1. Preservation - the glazing agent must protect the product from degradation and water loss. This characteristic can lead to a longer shelf life for a food or the longevity of a car without rusting.
2. Stability - the glazing agent must maintain its integrity under pressure or heat.
3. Uniform viscosity - this ensures a stronger protective coating that can be applied to the product as a homogeneous layer.
4. Industrial reproduction - because most glazing agents are used on commercial goods and therefore large quantities of glazing agent may be needed.

There are different variations of glazing agents, depending on the product, but they are all designed for the same purpose.

References

See also
Glaze (cooking technique)
Food coating, a comprehensive description of this unit operation in a food processing line.

Food additives
Pubstro. A pubstro (or just stro) is a hacked computer or server with an installed FTP server. This FTP server is used to facilitate the transferring and spreading of warez, or copyrighted software.

This is typically accomplished by scanning broad IP address ranges with port scanners in search of servers running open ports that are vulnerable to attack by various scripts (e.g. CGI, PHP, VNC, etc.). The scripts are utilized to gain entry into the server whereupon the cracker uploads server software and creates logins. Many crackers will then patch the server against the very vulnerabilities they utilized to compromise the system thereby protecting it from being hijacked by other FXP groups.

Although widely used among FXP boards, pubstros are frowned upon in the warez scene.

See also
 Cybercrime
 Topsite (warez)

References
 Braithwaite, Richard, "The ‘pubstro’ phenomenon: Robin Hoods of the Internet" (2003). ACIS 2003 Proceedings. 104.
 Jelver, P.: Pubstro-hacking – Systematic Establishment of Warez Servers on Windows Internet Servers, Verified: July 24 (2003), July 23 (2002)
 
 Pubstro and pubbing explanations on aboutthescene.com.

Warez