omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Intrusion tolerance. Intrusion tolerance is a fault-tolerant design approach to defending information systems against malicious attacks. In that sense, it is also a computer security approach. Abandoning the conventional aim of preventing all intrusions, intrusion tolerance instead calls for triggering mechanisms that prevent intrusions from leading to a system security failure.

Distributed computing 
In distributed computing there are two major variants of intrusion tolerance mechanisms: mechanisms based on redundancy, such as the Byzantine fault tolerance, as well as mechanisms based on intrusion detection as implemented in intrusion detection system) and intrusion reaction.

Intrusion-tolerant server architectures 
Intrusion-tolerance has started to influence the design of server architectures in academic institutions, and industry. Examples of such server architectures include KARMA, Splunk IT Service Intelligence (ITSI), project ITUA, and the practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT) model.

See also
 Intrusion detection system evasion techniques

References

Fault tolerance
Cybersecurity engineering
Tachikaze-class destroyer. The Tachikaze-class destroyer was a second generation guided missile destroyer class, formerly in service with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). The ships of this class have had successive improvements after their completion, especially to their C4I systems.  These air-defense warships are the natural successor to the first generation air-defense ship, the , and they were in turn, followed by newer air-defense ships, the .

The Tachikaze class was equipped with the Tartar-D system as the key weapon system, the fleet-area air defense weapon system with the Standard-1 MR missile. At the same time, this was the American first native integrated weapon system with the Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS), so this class was the first of the Maritime Self Defense Force's ships that utilised computers widely. As the NTDS, OYQ-1 Weapon Entry System (WES) was on board on  the lead ship, Tachikaze. The OYQ-1 WES was based on the technology of the NYYA-1 which was on board on the lead ship of the , and this system was the first Japanese shipboard C4I system with the architecture of NTDS. On the second ship, Asakaze, the improved OYQ-2 Target Designation System (TDS) was on board. And the third ship, Sawakaze, introduced the new-generation combat direction system, OYQ-4. 

The Tachikaze-class destroyers' weapon systems include one Mk 13 missile launcher for the Standard-1 MR surface-to-air missile, one Type 74 octuple launcher (Japanese version of the American Mark 16 GMLS) for the ASROC anti-submarine rockets, eight Boeing Harpoon anti-ship missile, two 20-mm Phalanx CIWS gun mounts, two Type 68 (Model HOS-301) triple  torpedo tubes, and two 5-inch/54 caliber Mark 42 rapid-fire guns.

In 1998, Tachikaze was converted to be the flagship of the Fleet Escort Force. The aft 5-inch gun was replaced with a fleet command area.  Tachikaze was decommissioned in 2007. Sawakaze then succeeded her in the flagship role.

The ships of the Tachikaze class were decommissioned beginning in 2007.

All three vessels of the Tachikaze class were named after destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy, with Tachikaze and Asakaze being lost to enemy action during the war.

Ships in the class

References

External links

GlobalSecurity.org; JMSDF DDG Tachikaze Class

 
Destroyer classes
Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala. The Rail Coach Factory at Kapurthala is a coach manufacturing unit of the Indian Railways in the Indian state of Punjab. It was set up in the year 1985 with an investment of ₹423 crore (US$342 million) in order to enhance production capacity for India's railways and generate employment for the youth of the state. The unit is located on the Jalandhar-Firozpur railway line, and currently, has the job of manufacturing new LHB and MEMU coaches.

History
The foundation stone for Rail Coach Factory was laid by then Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi on 17 August 1985 with an initial cost of . The objective of this project was to enhance production capacity for the Railways and generate employment for the youth of Punjab. The unit commenced production just 2 years later on 19 September 1987, and rolled out its first coach a few months later on 31 March 1987.

As of March 2022, it has manufactured more than 41,000 coaches of over 60 different types, which make up over 50% of the total production of coaches on Indian Railways. Some of these are:
 'Tejas' high-speed coach (produced only by RCF Kapurthala)
 Non-AC general coach (BG/MG)
 Non-AC luggage-cum-brake van (BG/MG)
 Refrigerated parcel van (BG)
 Accident relief train (BG)

Production

During FY 2021-22, Rail Coach Factory produced 1862 coaches, which was its highest ever. Out of these, 1840 were stainless steel LHB coaches, while the remaining 22 were 3-phase MEMU coaches. During this year, the unit also crossed the 40,000 mark in cumulative coach production. Up until March 2022, RCF has produced 41,014 coaches of more than 60 design variants, both AC and non-AC. This comprises more than 50% of the total stock of coaches running on Indian Railways. The factory, in association with DRDE, has also developed a highly cost-effective indigenous technology for the treatment of biowaste in coaches.

During FY 2015-16, the factory manufactured 120 LHB coaches to be exported to Bangladesh at an estimated cost of , with the first consignment of 40 sets dispatched in March 2016. Before this (in 2006), the factory had already exported metre gauge coaches to Myanmar and Senegal.

See also 
 Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah
 Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura
 Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, Asansol
 Banaras Locomotive Works, Varanasi
 Integral Coach Factory, Chennai
 Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli
 Rail Wheel Plant, Bela
 Rail Wheel Factory, Yelahanka
 Titagarh Wagons, Titagarh
 List of locomotive builders by countries

References

External links
 

Coach and wagon manufacturers of India
Kapurthala
Economy of Punjab, India
1986 establishments in Punjab, India
HiSoft Systems. HiSoft Systems is a software company based in the UK, creators of a range of programming tools for microcomputers in 1980s and 1990s.

Products
Their first products were Pascal and assembler implementations for the NASCOM 1 and 2 kit-based computers, followed by Pascal and C for  computers, as well as a BASIC compiler for this platform and a C compiler for CP/M. While compilers for the  were typical products for this platform, with integrated editor, compiler and runtime environment fitting in RAM together with program's source, the C compiler for CP/M was typical for this operating system, batch operated, with separate compilation and linking stages.

Their most well-known products were the Devpac assembler IDE environments (earlier known as GenST and GenAm for the Atari ST and Amiga, respectively). The Devpac IDE was a full editor/assembler/debugger environment written entirely in 68k assembler and was a favourite tool among programmers on the Atari GEM platform.

HiSoft also sold HiSoft BASIC and Power BASIC, HiSoft C Interpreter for the Amiga, Atari ST, Aztec C, Personal Pascal, and FTL Modula-2. They also produced WERCS, the WIMP Environment Resource Construction Set.

Background
The business was created in 1980 and was based in Dunstable, Bedfordshire before relocating to the village of Greenfield in the same county.

In November 2001, HiSoft's staff were employed by Maxon Computer Limited, the UK arm of MAXON Computer GmbH. to work on Cinema 4D.

David Link, the founder and owner, ran a café () in the village of Emsworth for a year until July 2007 and a restaurant/bar/guest house() in Shanklin, Isle of Wight, from 2010 until January 2015.

References

External links
 HiSoft Systems
 World of Spectrum HiSoft archive

ZX Spectrum
Software companies of the United Kingdom
Amiga
Atari ST
Atari ST software
Software companies established in 1980
1980 establishments in the United Kingdom
Type 344 radar. The Type 344 is a multifunctional fire control radar (FCR) developed by the Xian Research Institute of Navigation Technology (西安导航技术研究所)/XRINT/ No. 20th Research Institute.

It can track two batches of target simultaneously and measure the position deviation between the shell and the target, constantly calibrating the gun's firing parameters in action. The system also includes a TV tracker and laser range finder. It is used to control 76m, 100mm and 130mm guns in PLAN service. 



Specifications
 Uses phase scanning techniques
 Uses pulse compression, MTI (Moving Target Indicator) and CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate)
 Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) amplifier
 Independent search capability in 10" X 10"
 Able to track both surface and airborne targets
 TV tracking/Laser Range finding

Applications
 Type 051C Luzhou class destroyer
 Type 052  Luhu class destroyer
 Type 052B Guangzhou class destroyer
 Type 052C Lanzhou class destroyer
 Type 054  Ma'anshan class frigate

External links
 China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC)  

Sea radars
Military radars of the People's Republic of China
OpenSky M-02. 

The OpenSky M-02/M-02j is a Japanese primary glider/jet-powered motor glider inspired by the Möwe aircraft flown by the protagonist in the Hayao Miyazaki anime Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. It is a tail-less design intended to be powered on take off and climb for a duration of 10 minutes, then flown unpowered as a glider. As of June 2006, two aircraft prototypes have been constructed, and one has successfully completed a series of 10 unpowered test flights where it flew 98 meters and achieved an altitude of 4 meters after being tow-launched by a tensed elastic cable. The project is led by artist Kazuhiko Hachiya and design by Satoru Shinohe and manufactured by Aircraft Olympos.  The Jet engine installed version, M-02J, had public demonstration flight in June 2016 at Takikawa, Hokkaido.

Variants
Möwe 1/2 (メーヴェ1/2) — sub-scale, radio-controlled development aircraft
 M-01 — unpowered development aircraft
 M-02  a total of 2 airframes of M-02 were built, 1 for preliminary gliding practice and 1 for installing Jet engine with no intention to mass-production.  The glider version airframe is a collection of 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa since 2008.
 M-02J (14 June 2007) Modified M-02 airframe has had a Jet engine installed. (14 April 2010) Vehicle M-02 has undergone high speed taxi tests at Fukusima Sky Park runway, in order to evaluate stability and acceleration. More details of the jet engine assembly are available, and the engine has a considerable separation from the walls of the engine pod, in order to permit better cooling and prevent the wood and composite airframe from encountering an excessive fire risk.

Specifications (M-02 and M-02J)

References

External links

 
OpenSky webpage (Japanese)
AC-Olympos website (Japanese)

2000s Japanese sport aircraft
Motor gliders
Tailless aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2006
Timeline of space exploration. This is a timeline of space exploration which includes notable achievements, first accomplishments and milestones in humanity's exploration of outer space.

This timeline generally does not distinguish achievements by a specific country or private company, as it considers humanity as a whole. See otherwise the timeline of private spaceflight or look for achievements by each space agency.

Pre-20th century

1900–1956

1957–1959

1960–1969

1970–1979

1980–1989

1990–1999

2000–2009

2010–2019

Since 2020

Notes

See also
 Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
 List of spaceflight records
 List of spaceflight records#Human spaceflight firsts
 Timeline of Solar System exploration – A comprehensive list of events in the exploration of the Solar System.
 Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes – A comprehensive list of artificial satellites and space probes.
 Timeline of space travel by nationality
 Timeline of spaceflight – Chronological list of events in spaceflight broken down as a separate article for each year
 Timeline of private spaceflight – For first achievements by private space companies

References

External links
 Chronology of Space Exploration  archive of important space exploration missions and events, including future planned and proposed endeavors
 Crewed spaceflight 1961–1980
 Crewed spaceflight chronology
 History of crewed space missions 
 Timeline of the Space Race/Moon Race 
 Chronology: Moon Race at russianspaceweb.com
 Space Timeline in 3d

Exploration

Lists of firsts in outer space
PLATIT. Platit AG is a Swiss company that manufactures and markets coating equipment for the manufacturing cutting tool industry. 

Platit was founded by the Blösch group in 1992 .The company’s headquarters are located in Selzach, Switzerland,. Subsidiaries are located in the Chicago, USA, Shanghai, China,  Seoul, South Korea, Roskilde, Denmark, Switzerland and the Czech Republic. There are 465 installations on 38 countries. Platit is wholly mainly owned by BCI Group, a Swiss conglomerate that focusses on products for the Swiss watch industry.

Products

PVD coatings are typically applied to cutting tools – such as drills, hobs or endmills -, molds and dies, and machine components to extend their lifetime. Typical PVD coatings include Titanium nitride (TiN), TiCN, or TiAlN, AlCrN, Nanocomposites, TripleCoatings3, and QuadCoatings4.

Platit manufactures Cathodic arc coating units to deposit PVD coatings.

It is one of the technology leaders in physical vapor deposition coating technology.

References

External links 
 Website of Platit
 PVD

Platit AG
Class 56. Class 56 may refer to:

British Rail Class 56
DRG Class 56, a German freight locomotive class with a 2-8-0 wheel arrangement operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn and comprising the:
 Class 56.0: Prussian G 7.3, LBE G 7.3
 Class 56.1: Prussian G 8.3
 Class 56.2: Mecklenburg G 7.3
 Class 56.2II–8: Rebuild from Prussian G 8.1
 Class 56.4: Bavarian G 4/5 N
 Class 56.5: Saxon IX V
 Class 56.6: Saxon IX HV
 Class 56.7: Baden VIII e
 Class 56.8–11: Bavarian G 4/5 H
 Class 56.20–29: Prussian G 8.2
 Class 56.30: LBE G 8.2
 Class 56.31–34: BBÖ 170, ČSD Class 434.0, PKP Class Tr11, JDŽ 24
 Class 56.34–35: BBÖ 270, PKP Class Tr12, JDŽ 25
 Class 56.36: ČSD Class 434.2
 Class 56.37–38: PKP Class Tr20
 Class 56.39–40: PKP Class Tr21
 Class 56.41: Export order to Manchukuo taken into DRB stock in 1941; later PKP Class Tr7
 Class 56.41: PKP Class Tr103
 Class 56.42: PKP Class Tr11, JDŽ 24
Moisture sorption isotherm. The relationship between water content and equilibrium relative humidity of a material can be displayed graphically by a curve, the so-called moisture sorption isotherm. 
For each humidity value, a sorption isotherm indicates the corresponding water content value at a given temperature. If the composition or quality of the material changes, then its sorption behaviour also changes. Because of the complexity of sorption process the isotherms cannot be determined explicitly by calculation, but must be recorded experimentally for each product.

The relationship between water content and water activity (aw) is complex. An increase in aw is usually accompanied by an increase in water content, but in a non-linear fashion. This relationship between water activity and moisture content at a given temperature is called the moisture sorption isotherm. These curves are determined experimentally and constitute the fingerprint of a food system.

BET theory (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) provides a calculation to describe the physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface.  Because of the complexity of the process, these calculations are only moderately successful; however, Stephen Brunauer was able to classify sorption isotherms into five generalized shapes as shown in Figure 2. He found that Type II and Type III isotherms require highly porous materials or desiccants, with first monolayer adsorption, followed by multilayer adsorption and finally leading to capillary condensation, explaining these materials high moisture capacity at high relative humidity.
 
Care must be used in extracting data from isotherms, as the representation for each axis may vary in its designation. Brunauer provided the vertical axis as moles of gas adsorbed divided by the moles of the dry material, and on the horizontal axis he used the ratio of partial pressure of the gas just over the sample, divided by its partial pressure at saturation. More modern isotherms showing the sorption of water vapor, on the vertical axis, provide the ratio of the weight of water adsorbed  divided by its dry weight, or that ratio converted into a percentage. On the horizontal axis they provide relative humidity or water activity of the air presented to the material.

Sorption Isotherms are named as such because the equilibrium established must be for a constant temperature and this temperature should be specified.  Normally, materials hold less moisture when they are hotter, and more moisture when they are colder.  Occasionally, a set of isotherms are provided on one graph that shows each curve at a different temperature. Such a set of adsorption isotherms is provided in Figure 3 as measured by Dini on a Type V silica gel.

See also 
Desiccant
Food chemistry
Moisture vapor transmission rate
Shelf life

References

Food technology
Pharmaceutical industry
Fire agate. Fire agate, a variety of chalcedony, is a semi-precious natural gemstone discovered so far only in certain areas of central and northern Mexico and the southwestern United States (New Mexico, Arizona and California). Approximately 24-36 million years ago these areas were subjected to massive volcanic activity during the Tertiary Period. The fire agates were formed during this period of volcanism when hot water, saturated with silica and iron oxide, repeatedly filled cracks and bubbles in the surrounding rock.

Fire agates have beautiful iridescent rainbow colors, similar to opal, with a measurement of hardness on the Mohs scale of between 5 and 7 which reduces the occurrence of scratching when polished gemstones are set in jewelry. The vibrant iridescent rainbow colors found within fire agates, created by the Schiller effect as found in mother-of-pearl, is caused by the alternating silica and iron oxide layers which diffract and allow light to pass and form an interference of colors within the microstructure layering of the stone causing the fire effect for which it is named.

References

External links

Agates
Geology of North America
Roller dam. A roller dam is a type of hydro-control device specially designed to mitigate erosion. They are most often used to divert water for irrigation but the largest and most notable examples are used to ease river navigation.  The world's first roller dam () was constructed in Schweinfurt, Germany in 1902 to divert irrigation water south of the Main river.

Use 

Roller dams are a type of weir, or a dam that is designed to allow water to flow over the top in continuous action. They are used on rivers or other such moving bodies of water where erosion damage is undesirable, yet likely to occur. A short wall, lip, or parabolic channel is constructed on the downstream side of the dam parallel to the dam face. As the water pouring over the dam hits this baffle, it is reflected toward the dam face, creating a continual "rolling" action at the foot of the dam; hence the name "Roller Dam". The purpose of the rolling is to dissipate the energy gained by the water as it falls from the top of the dam. Otherwise the energy would be exerted downstream, causing significant bank and river bed erosion.

Roller dams can be either fixed (non-moving) or active. Fixed roller dams are generally made from reinforced concrete or masonry. Active roller dams are made from large metal cylinders, which can be lifted out of the water using a system of powerful hydraulic rams or cables and motors. This type is also known as a roller gate. The largest of the active dams in the world is Locks and Dam 15, which spans the Mississippi River between Rock Island, Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa.

Hazards 
Roller dams of any type pose an extreme drowning hazard. Any person going over the top of the dam will be caught in the rolling action at its base and may not be ejected from the cycle for days or possibly weeks. Even very buoyant objects, such as inflatable balls, inner tubes, and life vests, can often be seen resurfacing near the downstream face every few seconds for several hours before escaping the so-called "washing machine of death".

Because of the hazards, dam opponents have called for the removal of roller dams. Sixteen people have died by drowning at the roller dam on the Fox River near Yorkville, Illinois, since its construction in 1960. Most recently in a single accident on May 28, 2006, three persons died. Similar dams have already been removed on the Fox River at Aurora, Illinois, and near Batavia, Illinois, but Yorkville residents successfully petitioned to maintain the roller dam near their town because of tradition. In July 2009, a man died at a roller dam on the Cedar River in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.  His death was notable because he was wearing an approved personal flotation device, intended to help bring a person quickly to the surface of the water.

See also
 Tainter gate

References

External links

 Tour of Locks and Dam 15

 
Hydrology
Weirs
Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America. Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA) is an association of people with an interest in technology and disability. Its mission statement notes that RESNA's mission is to improve the potential of people with disabilities to achieve their goals through the use of technology through promoting research, development, education, advocacy and provision of technology; and by supporting the assistive technology service providers engaged in these activities.

RESNA was started in August 1979. In 1993 RESNA became a self-managed organization. RESNA has over 1,000 members, the bulk of whom are concentrated in the US and Canada.

Beginning in 1995, RESNA developed certification programs for credentialing professionals working as assistive technology service providers. These certification programs are administered through RESNA's Professional Standards Board (PSB), which includes representatives from RESNA, the National Registry of Rehabilitation Technology Suppliers (NRRTS), and consumers. In December 2015, the Rehabilitation Engineering Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA) updated the WC18 standards for wheelchair tie-down and occupant restraint systems (WTORS) standards for wheelchair tie-down and occupant restraint systems (WTORS).
RESNA is governed by a 14-member Board of Directors. The president is Roger O. Smith, PhD, OT, FAOTA, RESNA Fellow

Sister organizations 
 Association for the Advancement of Assistive Technology in Europe (AAATE)
 Australian Rehabilitation and Assistive Technology Association (ARATA)
 Rehabilitation Engineering Society of Japan (RESJA)
 Portuguese Society of Rehabilitation Engineering and Accessibility (SUPERA)

References

External links 
 

Medical associations based in the United States
Engineering societies based in the United States
Rehabilitation medicine organizations based in the United States
Assistive technology
Scientific organizations established in 1979
Medical and health organizations based in Virginia