omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
HD Hyundai Heavy Industries. HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (HHI; ) is the world's largest shipbuilding company and a major heavy equipment manufacturer. Its headquarters are in Ulsan, South Korea.

History

HHI was founded in 1972 by Chung Ju-yung as a division of the Hyundai Group, and in 1974, completed building its first ships.  In 2002, the company was spun-off from its parent company.  HHI has four core business divisions: Shipbuilding, Offshore & Engineering, Industrial Plant & Engineering, and Engine & Machinery. HHI also has five non-core related subsidiaries: Hyundai Electric & Energy Systems, Hyundai Construction Equipment, Hyundai Robotics, Hyundai Heavy Industries Green Energy, and Hyundai Global Service.

The Hyundai Group started as a small South Korean construction firm in 1947, headed by its founder, Korean entrepreneur Chung Ju-yung. Another widely known and closely related Korean company, the Hyundai Motor Company, was founded in 1967, five years prior to the founding of the Heavy Industry Group. The motor company was also founded by Chung. The company has a partnership with Capital Product Partners to create four specialized ships with equipment for ocean-based carbon capture and storage to be delivered in 2025 and 2026 and at a cost of $300 million.

The name is an informal romanisation of the Korean  (hyeondae) meaning "contemporary" or "modern", which was Chung's vision for the group of companies that he founded.

On 11 July 2024, Hyundai Heavy Industries became the first Korean shipbuilder to sign a master ship repair agreement (MSRA) with Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP), qualifying to participate in the U.S. Navy's MRO business.

Products

Shipbuilding
 Crude oil tankers (Very Large Crude Carriers)
 Shipping container carrier ships
 Shipping exclusive container carrier cranes
 Oil and natural gas drilling ships
 Liquified natural gas carrier ships
 Liquified Petroleum Gas Carriers (LPG) including Very Large Gas Carriers (VLGC)

Offshore & Industrial Plant Engineering
 Offshore oil and gas rig engineering and construction
 Oil and gas storage and delivery vessel construction (FPSO)
 Heavylift ship barge and ship transport vessels (Semi-submersible) building

Naval & Special Ships
 Destroyer
 Frigate
 Corvette
 Patrol Vessel
 Auxiliary Vessel
 Attack Submarine

Engine & Machinery
 Marine Engine & Machinery
 Engine Power Plants

Gallery

See also

 List of shipbuilders and shipyards
 Defense industry of South Korea
 Ulsan HD FC, a South Korean football club owned by HD Hyundai Heavy Industries

References

External links

 

Companies based in Ulsan
Manufacturing companies established in 1972
Companies listed on the Korea Exchange
Companies in the KOSPI 200
Engineering companies of South Korea
Heavy industry
Hyundai Heavy Industries Group
Shipbuilding companies of South Korea
Defence companies of South Korea
South Korean brands
South Korean companies established in 1972
Diesel engine manufacturers
Marine engine manufacturers
Gas engine manufacturers
Engine manufacturers of South Korea
Construction equipment manufacturers
Forklift truck manufacturers
Anser. Anser may refer to:

People 
 Anser (poet), poet of ancient Rome
 Anser Farooq, Canadian lawyer

Other uses 
 ANSER, a security and defense analysis group
 Anser (bird), a genus of geese
 Anser (putter), a model of golf club made by Ping
 Anser Island, in Victoria, Australia
 ACME Anser, an amphibious jet fighter project of the 1950s
 Anser, the proper name of the star Alpha Vulpeculae
 Argonne–Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center
 Sega Mega Anser, a Sega Mega Drive accessory

See also 
 Ansar (disambiguation)
 Answer (disambiguation)
1740 in science. The year 1740 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Mathematics
 Jean Paul de Gua de Malves publishes his work of analytic geometry, .

Metallurgy
 Benjamin Huntsman develops the technique of crucible steel production at Handsworth, South Yorkshire, England.

Physics
 Jacques-Barthélemy Micheli du Crest creates a spirit thermometer, making use of two fixed points, 0 for "Temperature of earth" based on a cave at Paris Observatory and 100 for the heat of boiling water.
 Émilie du Châtelet publishes Institutions de Physique, including a demonstration that the energy of a moving object is proportional to the square of its velocity (Ek = mv²).
 Louis Bertrand Castel publishes L'Optique des couleurs in Paris, including the observation that the colours of white light split by a prism depend on distance from the prism.

Technology
 Henry Hindley of Yorkshire invents a device to cut the teeth of clock wheels.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Alexander Stuart

Births
 February 17 – Horace Bénédict de Saussure, Genevan pioneer of Alpine studies (died 1799)
 March 28 (bapt.) – James Small, Scottish inventor (died 1793)
 June 27 – John Latham, English physician and naturalist, "grandfather of Australian ornithology" (died 1837)
 July 1 – Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, Austrian mineralogist and discoverer of tellurium (died 1825)
 August 26 – Joseph Michel Montgolfier, French pioneer balloonist (died 1810)
 September 29 – Thomas Percival, English reforming physician and medical ethicist (died 1804)
 December 24 – Anders Johan Lexell, Finnish-Swedish astronomer and mathematician (died 1784)
 unknown – William Smellie, Scottish naturalist and encyclopedist (died 1795)

Deaths
 March 23 – Olof Rudbeck the Younger, Swedish naturalist (born 1660).

References

 
18th century in science
1740s in science
Signaling gateway. A signaling gateway is a network component responsible for transferring signaling messages (i.e. information related to call establishment, billing, location, short messages, address conversion, and other services) between Common Channel Signaling (CCS) nodes that communicate using different protocols and transports. Transport conversion is often from SS7 to IP. 

A SIGTRAN Signaling Gateway is a network component that performs packet level translation of signaling from common channel signaling (based upon SS7) to SIGTRAN signaling (based upon IP). The concept of the SIGTRAN signaling gateway was introduced in the IETF document: RFC 2719: Architectural Framework for Signaling Transport.

A signaling gateway can be implemented as an embedded component of some other network element, or can be provided as a stand-alone network element. For example: a signaling gateway is often part of a softswitch in modern VoIP deployments. The signaling gateway function can also be included within the larger operational domain of a Signal Transfer Point (STP).  

Protocol conversion gateways can also convert from one network operational paradigm to another – for example, SIP to ISUP for call control, SIP to TCAP for address translation, or SIP to MAP for location or presence.

See also
Media gateway

Voice over IP
Signaling System 7
Anabatic wind. An anabatic wind, from the Greek anabatos, verbal of anabainein meaning "moving upward", is a warm wind which blows up a steep slope or mountain side, driven by heating of the slope through insolation. It is also known as upslope flow. These winds typically occur during the daytime in calm sunny weather. A hill or mountain top will be radiatively warmed by the Sun which in turn heats the air just above it.  Air at a similar altitude over an adjacent valley or plain does not get warmed so much because of the greater distance to the ground below it.

The air over the hill top is now warmer than the air at a similar altitude around it and will rise through convection.  This creates a lower pressure region into which the air at the bottom of the slope flows, causing the wind. It is common for the air rising from the tops of large mountains to reach a height where it cools adiabatically to below its dew point and forms cumulus clouds.  These can then produce rain or even thunderstorms.

Anabatic winds are particularly useful to soaring glider pilots who can use them to increase the aircraft's altitude. Anabatic winds can be detrimental to the maximum downhill speed of cyclists. Conversely, katabatic winds are down-slope winds, frequently produced at night by the opposite effect, the air near to the ground losing heat to it faster than air at a similar altitude over adjacent low-lying land.

See also 
 Mountain breeze and valley breeze

References

Gliding technology
Wind
Ratchet (device). A ratchet (occasionally spelled rachet) is a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or rotary motion in only one direction while preventing motion in the opposite direction. Ratchets are widely used in machinery and tools. The word ratchet is also used informally to refer to a ratcheting socket wrench.



Theory of operation 

A ratchet consists of a round gear or a linear rack with teeth, and a pivoting, spring-loaded finger called a pawl (or click, in clocks and watches) that engages the teeth. The teeth are uniform but are usually asymmetrical, with each tooth having a moderate slope on one edge and a much steeper slope on the other edge.

When the teeth are moving in the unrestricted (i.e. forward) direction, the pawl easily slides up and over the gently sloped edges of the teeth, with a spring forcing it (often with an audible 'click') into the depression between the teeth as it passes the tip of each tooth. When the teeth move in the opposite (backward) direction, however, the pawl will catch against the steeply sloped edge of the first tooth it encounters, thereby locking it against the tooth and preventing any further motion in that direction.

Backlash 
Because the ratchet can only stop backward motion at discrete points (i.e., at tooth boundaries), a ratchet does allow a limited amount of backward motion. This backward motion—which is limited to a maximum distance equal to the spacing between the teeth—is called backlash. In cases where backlash must be minimized, a smooth, toothless ratchet with a high friction surface such as rubber is sometimes used. The pawl bears against the surface at an angle so that any backward motion will cause the pawl to jam against the surface and thus prevent any further backward motion. Since the backward travel distance is primarily a function of the compressibility of the high friction surface, this mechanism can result in significantly reduced backlash.

Uses 
Ratchet mechanisms are used in a wide variety of applications, including these:
 Cable ties
 Capstans
 Caulking guns
 Clocks
 Computer keyboards
 Freewheel (overrunning clutch)
 Grease guns
 Handcuffs
 Jacks
 Anti-rollback devices used in roller coasters
 Looms
 Slacklines
 Socket wrenches
 Tie down straps
 Turnstiles
 Typewriters

Gallery

See also 
 Brownian ratchet
 Sprag clutch
 Check valve, a device that allows fluids to flow in only one direction
 Diode, a device that allows electric current to flow in only one direction

References 

Mechanisms (engineering)
HMS J5. HMS J5 (later HMAS J5) was a First World War J class submarine operated by the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy.

Design and construction

The J class was designed by the Royal Navy in response to reported German submarines with surface speeds over . They had a displacement of 1,210 tons surfaced, and 1,820 tons submerged. Each submarine was  in length overall, with a beam of , and a draught of . The propulsion system was built around three propeller shafts; the J-class were the only triple-screwed submarines ever built by the British. Propulsion came from three 12-cylinder diesel motors when on the surface, and electric motors when submerged. Top speed was  on the surface (the fastest submarines in the world at the time of construction), and  underwater. Range was  at .

Armament consisted of six 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes (four forward, one on each beam), plus a 4-inch deck gun. Originally, the gun was mounted on a breastwork fitted forward of the conning tower, but the breastwork was later extended to the bow and merged into the hull for streamlining, and the gun was relocated to a platform fitted to the front of the conning tower. 44 personnel were aboard.

J5 was built for the Royal Navy by HM Dockyard at Devonport in Plymouth. J5 was launched on 9 September 1915 and commissioned on 6 May 1916.

Operational history
She and the other J's were members of the 11th Submarine Flotilla. She served in the North Sea chiefly in operations against German destroyers and U-boats, most of encounters were with the latter. Although engaging several times with enemies, the closest she got to sinking the enemy was striking U-86 with a torpedo which did not explode.

After the war, the British Admiralty decided that the best way to protect the Pacific region was with a force of submarines and cruisers. To this end, they offered the six surviving submarines of the J-class to the Royal Australian Navy as gifts. J1 and her sisters were commissioned into the RAN in April 1919, and sailed for Australia on 9 April, in the company of the cruisers  and , and the tender . J5 broke down while traversing the Red Sea, and had to be towed the rest of the way by Brisbane. The flotilla reached Thursday Island on 29 June, and Sydney on 10 July. Because of the submarines' condition after the long voyage, they were immediately taken out of service for refits.

Apart from local exercises and a 1921 visit to Tasmania, the submarines saw little use, and by June 1922, the cost of maintaining the boats and deteriorating economic conditions saw the six submarines decommissioned and marked for disposal.

Fate
J5 was paid off on 12 July 1922. She was sold on 26 February 1924 and after stripping, she, J1, and J2 were scuttled in the ship graveyard off Port Phillip Heads on 4 June 1926.

The wreck of J5 lies in  of water at  and can be accessed by experienced divers.

Citations

References

External links
 

British J-class submarines
Ships built in Plymouth, Devon
1915 ships
World War I submarines of the United Kingdom
Scuttled vessels of Australia
Royal Navy ship names
Underwater diving sites in Australia
Shipwrecks of Victoria (state)
HMS J7. HMS J7 (later HMAS J7) was a J-class submarine operated by the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy.

Design and construction

The J class was designed by the Royal Navy in response to reported German submarines with surface speeds over . The submarines had a displacement of 1,210 tons surfaced, but J7 had a lighter submerged displacement than her sister boats, at 1,760 tons. Each submarine was  in length overall, with a beam of , and a draught of . The propulsion system was built around three propeller shafts; the J-class were the only triple-screwed submarines ever built by the British. Propulsion came from three 12-cylinder diesel motors when on the surface, and electric motors when submerged. Top speed was  on the surface (the fastest submarines in the world at the time of construction), and  underwater. Range was  at .

Armament consisted of six 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes (four forward, one on each beam), plus a 4-inch deck gun. Originally, the gun was mounted on a breastwork fitted forward of the conning tower, but the breastwork was later extended to the bow and merged into the hull for streamlining, and the gun was relocated to a platform fitted to the front of the conning tower. The conning tower on J7 was sited  further back than her sister boats, as the control room was located behind the machinery spaces. 44 personnel were aboard.

J7 was built by HM Dockyard Devonport in Plymouth and launched on 12 February 1917.

Operational history
After the war, the British Admiralty decided that the best way to protect the Pacific region was with a force of submarines and cruisers. To this end, they offered the six surviving submarines of the J-class to the Royal Australian Navy as gifts. J1 and her sisters were commissioned into the RAN in April 1919, and sailed for Australia on 9 April, in the company of the cruisers  and , and the tender . The flotilla reached Thursday Island on 29 June, and Sydney on 10 July. Because of the submarines' condition after the long voyage, they were immediately taken out of service for refits.

By the time J7 was returned to service in June 1922, the cost of maintaining the boats and deteriorating economic conditions saw the six submarines decommissioned and marked for disposal.

Fate

J7 was paid off on 12 July 1922, and was sold on 26 February 1924. The hulk was scuttled in 1930, for use as a breakwater at the Sandringham Yacht Club in Port Phillip. Some years later a stone marina was constructed around the wreck, which was left in situ and visible, being too expensive to remove, where it continues to deteriorate.

Citations

References

External links
 Map of Sandringham yacht club marina 

British J-class submarines
Ships built in Plymouth, Devon
1917 ships
World War I submarines of the United Kingdom
Scuttled vessels of Australia
Royal Navy ship names
Shipwrecks of Victoria (state)
Arado Ar 231. The Arado Ar 231 was a lightweight floatplane, developed during World War II in Nazi Germany as a scout plane for submarines by Arado. The need to be stored inside the submarine necessitated compromises in design that made this single-seat seaplane of little practical use.

Design and development
Designed from the outset for use on U-boat "cruisers", like the Type XI B, the Ar 231 was a light parasol-wing aircraft. The aircraft was powered by a 119 kW (160 hp) Hirth HM 501 inline engine, weighed around 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), and had a 10 m (33 ft) wingspan. The design led to a simple and compact aircraft that could be fitted into a storage cylinder only 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in diameter. For ease of storage, the Ar 231's wings featured detachable sections that two operators could remove in less than six minutes. One unusual feature was an offset wing design, with the right wing root attaching to the wing's tilted center section (elevated above the fuselage, as on all parasol-wing designs) and lower than the left wing root, to allow the wings to overlap when folded, so as to occupy less space.

Operational history
Testing soon revealed the Ar 231s to be fragile, underpowered, and difficult to fly even during calm weather. Moreover, U-boat commanders were reluctant to linger on the surface for launch and retrieval and, as a result, development ended in favour of the Focke Achgelis Fa 330 gyroglider. Some of the testing was done on the auxiliary cruiser Stier, two of the six prototypes being taken on one voyage.

Specifications (Ar 231 V1)

See also

References

External links

 Arado Ar 231

Ar 096
1930s German military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
SIPA aircraft
Avia aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Parasol-wing aircraft
1940s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Submarine-borne aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1941
Lusser's law. Lusser's law in systems engineering is a prediction of reliability. Named after engineer Robert Lusser, and also known as Lusser's product law or the probability product law of series components, it states that the reliability of a series of components is equal to the product of the individual reliabilities of the components, if their failure modes are known to be statistically independent. For a series of N components, this is expressed as:

where Rs is the overall reliability of the system, and rn is the reliability of the nth component.

If the failure probabilities of all components are equal, then as Lusser's colleague Erich Pieruschka observed, this can be expressed simply as:

Lusser's law has been described as the idea that a series system is  "weaker than its weakest link", as the product reliability of a series of components can be less than the lowest-value component.

For example, given a series system of two components with different reliabilities — one of 0.95 and the other of 0.8 — Lusser's law will predict a reliability of

which is lower than either of the individual components.

References

Engineering failures
Reliability analysis
Reliability engineering
Statistics articles needing expert attention
Survival analysis
Systems analysis
Pratt & Whitney PW2000. The Pratt & Whitney PW2000, also known by the military designation F117 and initially referred to as the JT10D, is a series of high-bypass turbofan aircraft engines with a thrust range from . Built by Pratt & Whitney, they were designed for the Boeing 757. As a 757 powerplant, these engines compete with the Rolls-Royce RB211.

Design and development

Pratt & Whitney began working on the JT10D in October 1971 intended for the McDonnell Douglas YC-15 into the Advanced Medium STOL Transport project and the Boeing 767, then code named 7X7, which first ran in August 1974.  In December 1980, Pratt & Whitney changed to a new naming system for its engines and the JT10D became the PW2037.

The PW2000 is a dual-spool, axial air flow, annular combustion, high bypass turbofan with a dual-channel full authority digital engine control (FADEC) system. It was certified in 1984 as the first civilian FADEC-controlled aviation engine.

MTU Aero Engines holds a 21.2% stake in the engine project, having developed the low-pressure turbine and turbine exit casing as well as producing critical parts of the low-pressure turbine, the turbine exhaust casing, high-pressure compressor and high-pressure turbine components.

The first PW2000 series engine, the PW2037, powered the Boeing 757-200 and entered service with Delta Air Lines as the launch customer for the civil aviation version of the engine.

Other than the 757, the PW2000 series engines also power the C-17 Globemaster III military transport; the United States Department of Defense designation for the engine is F117, with the specific variant used on the C-17 being the F117-PW-100.  The powerplant first flew on the C-17 in 1991. Still maintaining the F117 engine for the U.S. military, Pratt & Whitney received a $5.5 billion contract modification in June 2023 for engine sustainment in San Francisco, California; Columbus, Georgia; and Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma, through September 2027.

The PW2000 also powered the abortive Ilyushin Il-96M; the engine first flew on the Il-96M in 1993.

On October 16, 2008 the NTSB recommended that the FAA issue urgent new inspection procedures on the PW2037 model of the engine, following an uncontained turbine failure event in August 2008. The NTSB recommended that the FAA order PW2037 engines inspected beyond a threshold of flight hours or flight cycles less than that of the event engine, and be reinspected at regular intervals.

The latest build standard, named PW2043, launched in 1994. It provides over  of thrust. Previous generations of engines can be converted to the PW2043 version.

Applications
 Boeing 757
Boeing C-32A
 Boeing C-17 Globemaster III
 Ilyushin Il-96M

Specifications (PW2000)

See also

References

External links

Pratt & Whitney F117
Pratt & Whitney PW2000

High-bypass turbofan engines
PW2000
1980s turbofan engines