omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Area source pollution. Area sources are sources of pollution which emit a substance or radiation from a specified area.Examples of area sources include gas stations, dry-cleaners, print shops, autobody shops, furniture manufactures, and home sources such as wood stoves, pesticides, and cleaners. Area sources contribute to 26 percent of all man-made air toxic emissions according to EPA estimates.

Air pollution
For example, area sources of air pollution are air pollutant emission sources which operate within a certain locale. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has categorized 70 different categories of air pollution area source. Locomotives operating on certain linear tracks are examples of a line source, whereas locomotives operating within a railyard are an example of an area source of pollution. Other area sources of air pollution are:

 Multiple flue gas stacks within a single industrial plant
 Open burning and forest fires
 Evaporation losses from large spills of volatile  liquids

Water pollution

Water pollution manifestations of an area source—often called nonpoint source pollution—include:
 Surface runoff of fertilizer or pesticides from rainfall or irrigation water
 Widespread failure of a septic drain field
 Dispersal of an oil spill in a water body.

In the 1950s or earlier hydrology transport models appeared to calculate surface runoff, primarily for flood forecasting. Beginning in the early 1970s computer models were developed to analyze the transport of runoff carrying water pollutants, which considered dissolution rates of various chemicals, infiltration into soils and ultimate pollutant load delivered to receiving waters. One of the earliest models addressing chemical dissolution in runoff and resulting transport was developed in the early 1970s by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This computer model formed the basis of much of the regulatory framework that led to strategies for water pollution control via land use and chemical handling techniques. People produce so much trash that half of it goes in water sources.

See also
Air pollution dispersion terminology
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
List of atmospheric dispersion models
Line source
Point source (pollution)
Roadway air dispersion modeling
Volume source (pollution)

References
 C. Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw, Harry Seidman et al. 1973. Computer modeling of pesticide transport in soil for five instrumented watersheds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Southeast Water laboratory, Athens, Ga. by ESL Inc., Sunnyvale, California
 Arnold W. Reitze, J. B. Shapiro and Maurice C. Shapiro. 2005. Stationary Source Air Pollution Law, Published by Environmental Law Institute, 500 pages  ,

Line notes

Pollution
René Lorin. René Lorin (24 March 1877 – 16 January 1933) was a French aerospace engineer and inventor of the ramjet.

In 1908 Lorin patented, FR390256, the first subsonic ramjet design. He published the principles of a ramjet in articles in the journal L'Aérophile from 1908 to 1913, expressing the idea that the exhaust from internal combustion engines could be directed into nozzles to create jet propulsion. He could not test this invention since there was no way at the time for an aircraft to go fast enough for a ramjet to function properly.

When René Leduc applied for a patent on a ramjet design in 1933, FR705648, he discovered Lorin's publications and tried to contact him, only to learn that he had recently died. Leduc thereafter paid homage to Lorin's work.

René Lorin is a graduate of the École Centrale Paris.

References

German WW II research on Lorin RamJet 

École Centrale Paris alumni
20th-century French inventors
20th-century aviation
Jet engine pioneers
Ramjet engines
1933 deaths
1877 births
Leduc 0.10. The Leduc 0.10 is a research aircraft built in France, one of the world's first aircraft to fly powered solely by a ramjet.

Design and development
Designed by René Leduc in 1938, it was built at the Breguet Aviation factory after a protracted, semi-secret construction phase kept at arm's length from German occupation authorities, and was finally completed in 1947. The aircraft featured a double-walled fuselage, with the pilot controlling the aircraft from within the inner shell. The circular gap between this and the outer, cylindrical shell provided the inlet for the ramjet.

Testing
It could not take off unassisted (ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed and thus cannot move an aircraft from a standstill) and was therefore intended to be carried aloft by a parasite aircraft mother ship, such as the four-engined AAS 01A & -B German-origin designs or the French-designed Sud-Est Languedoc four-engined airliners, and released at altitude. Following test flights of the SE.161 Languedoc/Leduc 0.10 composite, independent unpowered gliding tests began in October 1947. After three such flights, the first powered flight from atop an Languedoc mother ship was made on 21 April 1949 over Toulouse. Released in a shallow dive at an altitude of , the engine was tested at half power for twelve minutes, propelling the aircraft to .

In subsequent tests, the 0.10 reached a top speed of Mach 0.85 and demonstrated the viability of the ramjet as an aviation powerplant, with a rate of climb of  to , exceeding that of the best jet fighters of the time.

Of the two 0.10s originally built, one was destroyed in a crash in 1951 and the other severely damaged in another crash the following year.  Both pilots survived with serious injuries.

0.11/ 0.16/ Third 0.10
In addition to these, a third aircraft was built, designated 0.11 (0.16 in one source). Generally similar to the 0.10, it featured a Turbomeca Marbore I turbojet on each wingtip, to provide better control during landings. This first flew on 8 February 1951, but was converted back to 0.10 standards (and thereafter referred to as Leduc 010 n°03) a few months later after problems occurred, including misting of the pilot's windows, powerplant synchronization, and wing deflection caused by the turbojets. The engines were replaced by inert mass balances. This aircraft flew 83 test flights, and is preserved at Le Bourget.

Subsequent prototypes
The larger Leduc 0.21 flew from an air launch on 16 May 1953, and the swept wing supersonic Leduc 0.22 interceptor began testing on 26 December 1956 with a SNECMA Atar turbojet before the program was terminated in 1958.

Specifications (0.10)

See also

Notes

References

External links 

 
 test flight footage for Leduc 0.10, 0.16, 0.21, and 0.22 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzUJrweHxso

1940s French experimental aircraft
Leduc aircraft
Ramjet-powered aircraft
Breguet aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Benét Laboratories. Benét Laboratories, part of the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Armaments Center, is the US Army's primary design, development, engineering and production and field support facility for large caliber armament systems, including cannons, mortars, and recoilless rifles. The facility also works on tank gun mounts and turret components and munition handling systems.

It is located at the Watervliet Arsenal in upstate New York. It is a part of the Weapons & Software Engineering Center (WSEC), US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Armaments Center, which is located at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey. Laboratory simulations are performed studying gun firing phenomena, and using static and dynamic load testing (up to 5 million lb), as well as environmental testing.

The laboratories are named after the eighth chief of Army ordnance, Brigadier General Stephen Vincent Benét.

Sources

External links 
 Benét Laboratories site

Albany County, New York
Research installations of the United States Army
Military facilities in New York (state)
Watervliet, New York
Michigan Aeronautical Research Center. The Michigan Aeronautical Research Center (MARC) was one of America's leading air research organizations, run by the University of Michigan at Willow Run Airport. It played a leading role in the creation of the Bomarc Missile Program, alongside Boeing.

Willow Run Laboratories was created in 1946, and in 1950, in recognition of an expanded research program, its name was changed to Willow Run Research Center, which would eventually be spun off from the University in 1972 to form the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.
Work at Willow Run during 1953 included testing throttlable rocket motors and hypergolic propellants.

References

University of Michigan
1946 establishments in Michigan
Willow Run Airport
Michael M. Sears. Michael M. Sears (born July 16, 1947) is an American former Boeing executive who was fired and criminally convicted for his role in the United States Air Force tanker contract controversy.

In 1992 Sears led the successful development of the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. In 1997, Sears was President of the Douglas Aircraft Company division of McDonnell Douglas. In 2003, Sears was Boeing's CFO.

Boeing terminated Sears on November 24, 2003, as the result of corruption allegations relating to the improper hiring of Darleen Druyun. For his part in the Darleen Druyun scandal, Sears was sentenced to four months in prison, a $250,000 fine, and 200 hours of community service.

References

Department of Justice news release about Sears's sentencing

Living people
1947 births
American electronics engineers
American aerospace businesspeople
American aerospace engineers
American people convicted of fraud
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American chief financial officers
Missouri University of Science and Technology alumni
Island growth. Island growth is a physical model of deposited film growth and chemical vapor deposition.

Introduction 
When atoms are deposited slowly onto a flat surface, the first one undergoes a random walk on that surface.  Eventually a second atom is deposited; in all likelihood it will eventually meet the first atom.  Once the two atoms meet they may bond to form a particle with a higher mass and a lower random walk velocity. Because the bonded particles are now more stable and less mobile than before, they are called an "island."  Subsequent atoms deposited on the substrate eventually meet and bond with the island, further increasing its size and stability.  Eventually the island can grow to fill the entire substrate with a single large grain.

The faster the atoms are deposited, the greater amount of atoms on the substrate before any large stable islands form.  As these atoms meet, they will bond to their local neighbors before having the chance to migrate to a distant island.  In this way a large number of separate islands are formed and can grow independently.  Eventually the separate islands will grow to become separate grains in the final film.

The island growth model is used to explain how fast deposition techniques (such as sputter deposition) can produce films with many randomly oriented grains, whereas slow deposition techniques (such as MBE) tend to produce larger grains with more uniform structure.

See also
Stranski–Krastanov growth

References

Thin film deposition
Eugene Michael Gluhareff. Eugene Michael Gluhareff (April 5, 1916 – July 15, 1994) was born in Petrograd (now known as St. Petersburg), Russia and moved to the United States in 1924. Gluhareff was an engineer, the son of Michael Gluhareff of Sikorsky Aircraft. He is much acclaimed for his pioneering work on tip jets, inventor of the Gluhareff Pressure Jet and was a contributor to the American Helicopter XH-26 Jet Jeep.

Early life 
Eugene M. Gluhareff was born in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1916, was the oldest of two children, born to Michael E. Gluhareff and Antonina Gluhareff. His father, Michael E. Gluhareff was an aircraft engineer who was a former Chief engineer at the Sikorsky Aircraft division of the United Aircraft Corporation, who graduated from the Russian Imperial Military Engineering College (now known as the Saint Petersburg Military Engineering-Technical University).

Gluhareff graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1944 with a Bachelor of Sciences in Aeronautical Engineering. Immediately after his graduation, Gluhareff  went to work at Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in Bridgeport, Connecticut; where he worked under Igor A. Sikorsky.

Career 

Gluhareff began his career at the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in 1944, one of the initial projects he worked on included the VS-300 and the R-4 helicopters. Gluhareff  began working on the Pulse Jet Engine in 1947 for Sikorsky.

In 1950, Gluhareff moved to California in order to work with the company, American Helicopter. One of the helicopters he worked on during the early 1950s was the XA-5 "Top Sergeant", a valved pulse-jet powered helicopter. In 1953, after working on several other projects, Gluhareff founded the Gluhareff Helicopters Corporation.

Gluhareff began working with the U.S. Navy in order to develop Rotary Drones in 1960. In 1964, Gluhareff joined the Douglas Aircraft Company, where he worked as a Design Engineer Scientist in the development of the S-4 stage of the Saturn Rocket which was part of the Apollo program. Gluhareff continued to work with the company, as it became the McDonnell Douglas company, where he eventually became a specialist in rocket stabilization system designing used for ejection seats and capsules.

Gluhareff returned to EMG Engineering, his own company in 1972, where he continued working until his death, one of the last projects he worked on was the EMG-300, also known as the "Flying Motorcycle", which was designed in the early 1990s.

Death 
Gluhareff died due to illness whilst he was working on the production and marketing stage of the EMG-300 helicopter in 1994.

See also 
 List of Russian inventors

References

American aerospace engineers
Soviet emigrants to the United States
1916 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Italeri. Italeri S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer and brand of plastic scale models of airplanes, military vehicles, helicopters, ships, trucks, and cars. The company was founded in 1962 by Giuliano Malservisi and Gian Pietro Parmeggiani to produce accurate scale model kits with attention to detail.

History 
The company was founded in 1962 by Giuliano Malservisi and Gian Pietro Parmeggiani. Since childhood, they had loved airplanes and military vehicles, but were not satisfied enough with the scale models on the market available at those times. They began to produce models themselves, first as a hobby, and later turning it into a business.

The first name of the company was "Italstamp" and the first scale model kit was released with the brand "Aliplast", a 1:72 model of the Italian fighter Fiat G.55. The company name changed to "Italaerei" and, ten years later, it was contracted into "Italeri", easier to use and to pronounce not only in Italian language. The logo consists of an airplane silhouetted over a red and a green stripe.

The company, located close to Bologna, started to produce product lines characterized by a certain “uniqueness” on the subjects. In particular Italeri used to have a wide range of Italian subjects. During its lifetime Italeri has also acquired the Supermodel and Protar brands.

Product lines 

Italeri has a wide portfolio of scale models. It has designed famous Italian aircraft used by the Regia Aeronautica during the Second World War, from the small biplane fighter Fiat CR.42 Falco to Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 three-engine bomber. Italeri has also produced, in 1:72 scale, the Savoia-Marchetti SM.79, nicknamed "gobbo maledetto”, which translates as "the cursed hunchback".

Italeri also put great attention to WWII Italian Army military vehicles such as AB armored cars series, the small L6 recon tank, and the rare (produced in few numbers) P-40 heavy tank.

They have also produced a series of 1:35 scale motor torpedo boats of World War II such as the American PT-596, the metre-long model of the Schnellboot S-100 of  the German Kriegsmarine, and the MAS of the Italian Regia Marina. The small assault boats 1:35 series also includes the Italian Barchino and Maiale and the German Biber.

Italeri also produces of 1:24 scale model trucks, trailers and semi-trailers.

In recent years, Italeri introduced the Photographic Reference Manual (PRM) for some kits, in which the subject of the scale model kit is described with a high level of historical information and modelling details. The first kit to be accompanied by the PRM was the U.S. Navy patrol torpedo boat.

References

External links 

 

Model manufacturers of Italy
Toy soldier manufacturing companies
1:25 scale models
1:18 scale models
LAD (car). The LAD was a British cyclecar made between 1913 and 1926.

The car was originally made by the Oakleigh Motor Company of West Dulwich, London and was usually fitted with a single seater body although a few two seaters were made. Power came from a single cylinder Stag engine and drive was to the rear wheels by chain. There was only a single forward speed and no reverse so a gearbox was not used. Production stopped on the outbreak of war.

The car was revived in 1923 by LAD Productions of Farnham, Surrey in 1923 and the original was joined by a 350 cc twin cylinder engined model but the launch of the Austin 7 took away the market for such cars and the company closed in 1926.

See also 
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References
Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. G.N. Georgano (editor). year=2000. HMSO London. 

Cyclecars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Xylotechnigraphy. Xylotechnigraphy is an architectural term for a decorative treatment to wood. By staining, finishing, and graining, the wood resembles a more expensive or finer type. The process was invented by A. F. Brophy and patented in England in 1871.

In a paper read before a meeting of the Royal Institute of British Architects three years after xylotechnigraphy was patented, G. T. Robinson described it as "in principle exceedingly simple. ... To ceilings, doors, dados in our private houses, to partitions and fittings of our banks and commercial offices, this process is, I conceive, exceedingly applicable, and to our larger and less movable pieces of furniture it is not misapplied, though I confess to a lurking dislike to it in those lesser articles to which true inlay, by reason of their smaller process, seems more aesthetically appropriate."

In the same paper, Robinson quoted the patent in which Brophy detailed the process:

In order to stain wood in various colours, according to any suitable design, leaving, if desired, parts of the wood unstained, so as to obtain an imitation of inlay, I proceed as follows: I first apply a varnish or solution which will fill the pores of the wood, and exclude the staining liquid from such parts of the surface as are to remain unstained, then when the varnish or solution is dry, I apply over the whole surface the lightest stain I intend to use; this stain being dry I again apply the varnish, or stopping, coating with it such parts of the surface as I desire to retain of a colour corresponding to the lightest stain, and so I proceed until the desired effect is obtained, the last stain applied being usually black or a very dark stain. The surface having been cleared off may, if desired, be varnished or polished all over, or it may remain as it is left by the last staining process.

See also
Inlay
Varnish
Wood stain
Wood finishing

References

External links
Ceramic Door Knobs

Interior design
Wood
Antony Crowther. Antony Crowther (born 10 May 1965) is a former designer, programmer, and musician of Commodore 64 games. During the 1980s he worked for Alligata, Gremlin Graphics and later his own company, Wizard Development.

Career
The first computer game he created was a version of the board game Mastermind, which was written for the PET 4032. Following the acquisition of a VIC-20 Crowther began to learn machine code and wrote several games which he showed to software house Superior Systems.  The company gave him a Commodore 64 on loan which he utilised to produce his first commercial title, Lunar Lander. He gained high status among C64 users in the mid 1980s with his highly prolific output, developing complete professional games in only two weeks.  Crowther teamed up with fellow C64 musician, Ben Daglish, forming W.E.M.U.S.I.C., which stood for "We Make Use of Sound In Computers".

More recently, Crowther has worked on games for consoles such as the PlayStation and Xbox ranges.

List of games

References
MobyGames - Antony Crowther
Legends of the C64 article on Antony 'Tony' Crowther (aka Ratt)

Notes

1965 births
Living people
British computer programmers
British video game composers
British video game designers
British video game programmers
Platinum on carbon. Platinum on carbon, often referred to as Pt/C, is a form of platinum used as a catalyst. The metal is supported on activated carbon in order to maximize its surface area and activity.

Uses

Catalytic hydrogenation
Platinum on carbon is used for catalytic hydrogenations in organic synthesis. Examples include carbonyl reduction, nitro compound reduction, secondary amine production via nitrile reduction, and the production of saturated heterocycles from their respective aromatic compound precursors.

Preparation
An aqueous solution of activated carbon and chloroplatinic acid is heated on a water bath for a few hours at 50°C, and after cooling, the solution is then made alkaline using sodium carbonate. The chloroplatinic acid is then reduced with hydrazine hydrate; however, this step is sometimes omitted in other preparations. After additional 2 hours of warming, the solution is filtered, washed with distilled water, and dried over calcium chloride to yield the catalyst. Platinum loading is typically between 5% and 10%.

See also
Platinum dioxide
Platinum black
Palladium on carbon
Rhodium-platinum oxide

References

Platinum
Hydrogenation catalysts
Carbon
Zombie Zombie. Zombie Zombie is a ZX Spectrum computer game developed by Spaceman Ltd (Sandy White and Angela Sutherland), published in 1984 by Quicksilva. It is a development of Spaceman's previous Ant Attack, and uses an updated "Softsolid 3D" isometric graphics engine.

Gameplay
The player is alone in an ancient partially walled city infested with zombies. They must lure the zombies into following the player and then trick them into falling off the edge of tall structures more than three blocks high. The player must get close enough to the zombies to attract their attention into following them, but not so close as to be overwhelmed and become a zombie themselves.

Zombie Zombie includes a helicopter, which can be piloted and used to alter the architecture by lifting and dropping bricks.

City
The city is made of blocks which can be rearranged by the player to make the zombie cull easier. As the city walls are incomplete in places, Your Spectrum recommended that the player's first action was to rebuild the wall, preventing zombies from wandering off in to the outer desert and making the game impossible to complete.

Your Spectrum revealed in another tips article that there was a second hidden city accessed by entering a codephrase.

City #1 contains the phrase "© AS" (Angela Sutherland) and City #2 the phrase "SPACEMAN WAS HERE!" made out of blocks.

Development
Zombie Zombie uses two-channel sound, a then unheard-of feat of a computer equipped with only single-channel 1-bit sound from a tiny speaker. Through the use of the Sinclair Interface 1, the game's two-channel melodies could be played back on a MIDI-equipped synthesizer. Although a wiring diagram was supplied with the game, the interfacing code had been tested on a Yamaha DX7 with a ROM containing bugs and the circuit would only work on that particular synthesizer. This came to light when Sandy White attempted to demo the game while connected to an unfamiliar synthesizer.

References

External links
 

1984 video games
Action games
Europe-exclusive video games
Quicksilva games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games about zombies
ZX Spectrum games
ZX Spectrum-only games
Single-player video games