omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd v Martin & Co (Contractors) Ltd. Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd v Martin & Co (Contractors) Ltd [1973] QB 27 is a well-known English Court of Appeal case concerning the recovery of pure economic loss in negligence.

Facts
Spartan Steel and Alloys Ltd had a stainless steel factory in Birmingham, which obtained its electricity by a direct cable from the power station. Martin & Co Ltd were doing work on the ground with an excavator and negligently damaged that cable (Spartan Steel did not own the cable). As a consequence, the factory was deprived of electricity for 15 hours which caused physical damage to the factory’s furnaces and metal, loss of profit on the damaged metal and loss of profit on the metal that was not melted during the time the electricity was off. Spartan Steel claimed all the three heads of damage.

Judgment
The Court of Appeal, consisting of Lord Denning MR, Edmund-Davies LJ and Lawton LJ delivered a majority judgment (Edmund-Davies LJ dissenting), that the Spartan Steel could only recover the damages to their furnaces, the metal they had to discard and the profit lost on the discarded metal. They could not recover the profits lost due to the factory not being operational for 15 hours. Their main reasoning for this was that while the metal was physical damage and the lost profits was "directly consequential" upon the damage, the profits lost due to the blackout constituted "pure economic loss".

Although the majority seemed to agree that Martin & Co Ltd owed the Spartan Steel a duty of care and the damage was not too remote since it was foreseeable, they declined to allow the recovery of pure economic loss for policy reasons outlined by Lord Denning in his leading judgment.

Dissent by Edmund-Davies LJ
Edmund-Davies LJ did not agree with the majority, finding that the loss was both direct and foreseeable consequence of the defendant's negligence and should therefore be recovered. In his view, in most cases, spurious claims could be avoided either on the grounds that no duty was owed or that the damage was too remote.

Significance
The judgment has outlined in very clear terms that there are two types of economic loss: economic loss consequential on physical damage and "pure" economic loss. Only the first is in principle recoverable. This has led to much litigation concerning the precise distinction between economic and physical damage as well as to disagreements when the economic loss could be seen as consequential upon physical loss.

See also
English tort law
Negligence
Pure economic loss
Dominion Tape of Canada Ltd v LR McDonald& Sons Ltd [1971] 3 OR 627, 21 DLR (3d) 299 (Co. Ct.), a similar Canadian case

Notes

English tort case law
Lord Denning cases
1973 in United Kingdom case law
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases
Gaurav Path. Gaurav Path is an expressway in Piplod, Surat, India. It was designed and constructed by the Surat Municipal Corporation as a part of a plan to connect Surat City with its airport, Magdalla Sea Port and Dumas Village. The expressway replaced the prior Surat-Dumas Road and is one of the best examples of Town and City Planning in India.

This expressway has three travel lanes in each direction, two service lanes and a Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lane in each direction. There are only two exits, the SVNIT Circle at Icchanath and Kargil Chowk at Piplod. It was designed to meet international standards and was integrated with BRTS. There is a study being carried out on IPTS (Integrated Public Transport System) by CES which is supported by the GIDB (Gujarat Industrial development Board).

There are several illuminated bus stops either side of the expressway, which can be accessed through paved, broad footpaths. These footpaths divide the expressway with its service roads on either side.

The road also features robotic street sweeping systems, operated by the Surat Municipal Corporation.

The starting point 

Parle-Point – The actual widening of expressway starts from Simandhar Apartment

Traffic circles 

SVNIT Circle (Icchanath Circle) 
 Kargil Chowk (previously known as Piplod Circle)

Educational institutions 

Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Kendriya Vidhyalaya Surat No:1, Shardayatan High School, Lancer Army School

Multiplexes, malls, restaurants and recreational places 

Lakeview Garden, Floral Garden, Lakeview Restaurant, Nescafe Coffee Bar, Rajhans Cinema, Valentine Multiplex, Big Bazaar, ISCON Mall, Surat Central at Irish Mall, Lalbhai Contractor Cricket Stadium VR (Virtuous Retailers) mall, Rahul Raj Mall, Yoko Sizzlers and Croma at Ripple Mall, Vijay Sales (electronics mall), Shri Govardhannathji Ki Haveli, Domino's Pizza, Burger King, Subway, McDonald's

References

External links 
 Surat Municipal Corporation
 JNNURM Pdf

See also
List of tourist attractions in Surat

Expressways in Gujarat
Transport in Gujarat
Roads in Gujarat
Transport in Surat
Chu Chia-Jen. Major General Chu Chia-Jen (; 1900 – July 11, 1985) was a Chinese aviation engineer in charge of manufacturing and development of military aircraft for the National Revolutionary Army in the 1930s to 1950s.

Biography 
Chu was born in 1900 in Hanshou County, Hunan, Qing China. After completing his secondary studies in Suzhou he studied aviation engineering at MIT from 1920 to 1926. After working at several aircraft manufacturers in the US, he returned to China in 1928. He worked at aviation factory near Shanghai Hongqiao Airport as a service technician, then joined the National Revolutionary Army and was in charge of an aircraft manufacturing facility in Yunnan. In 1930 he worked at the Nanjing Aeronautics Department.

Chu helped developed two experimental helicopters, the Hummingbird in the 1940s and CJC-3 in the 1950s. Neither aircraft was developed into a production model. He also developed the XP-0, one of the few Chinese-made aircraft of World War II.

Chu retired on December 31, 1962. He moved to the United States in 1980 and died at his home there on July 11, 1985.

References

1900 births
1985 deaths
Chinese aircraft designers
National Revolutionary Army generals
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Chinese expatriates in the United States
People from Hanshou County
Engineers from Hunan
Military personnel of the Republic of China in the Second Sino-Japanese War
NER Class S. The North Eastern Railway Class S (LNER Class B13) was a 4-6-0 type of steam locomotive designed for express passenger workings. The first example was built in 1899. They were very similar to the NER Class S1, except for the smaller wheels of the former.

Design
They were designed to reduce double heading on the East Coast Main Line. However they steamed poorly, with a smaller and shallower grate than was used even by other locomotives at the time (a problem which also affected the B14s and later, the B15s), and the 4-4-0s of the NER Class R quickly replaced them, with the 4-4-2 layout being preferred for later express passenger designs. The class were re-classified as London and North Eastern Railway Class B13 in 1923.

Modifications
The first seven locomotives had slide valves, while the remainder had piston valves. The slide valve engines were later fitted with piston valves.  Schmidt superheaters were fitted between 1913 and 1925.

Numbering

Withdrawal
They were withdrawn between 1928 and 1938.

References

External links
 

4-6-0 locomotives
S
Railway locomotives introduced in 1899
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Passenger locomotives
Willem Weertman. Willem Weertman is an American engineer known for his work as an engineer at Chrysler Corporation, where he was actively involved in the creation of many of the company's most famous engines, including the Slant Six, 2.2 four, and LA V8 (318, 360).  He graduated from Yale University with a bachelor of engineering degree in 1947 before joining the Chrysler Institute of Engineering. In 1949, he started work at the Plymouth Assembly Plant before spending 1950–1952 with the Navy in the Korean War. In 1954, Weertman became the first resident engineer for the Plymouth Mound Road V8 engine plant, which started producing A-engines in 1955. In December 1955, Weertman was promoted up to the Engine Design Department of Chrysler's Central Engineering department and assigned a title of Manager - Engine Design. In this capacity he worked on the Chrysler B engine and Slant Six, which would become known for its durability and at the time was considered to have high performance for its size. Valiants powered by this engine took first through seventh place in the first and only NASCAR sanctioned compact-car race.

After the success of these engines, Weertman was promoted to Assistant Chief Engineer-Engine Design. He worked on the successful adaptation of the Chrysler A engine to a new lightweight casting design, which incorporated other improvements as well, and was designated the Chrysler LA engine; this series was made from 1964 through 1993, with a major redesign during those years resulting in SMPI "Magnum" engines which continued until 2002, while a racing engine based on the design is still made, as is the derivative V-10 all-alloy engine which is in every Dodge Viper to this day. An iron V-10 was available for HD pickup trucks, filling in for the B and RB engines which were discontinued after 1978. Weertman also had a major influence on the overhead valve straight-six engines made and sold in Australia known as the Hemi Six. Originally destined for US light truck duty (which never happened), these engines were designed primarily for performance and light weight; a Valiant Charger equipped with the largest of the Hemi Sixes was actually faster than the same car powered by a larger V8 engine, and set a local-production acceleration record that endured until 1988.

Following this, Weertman was promoted to Chief Engineer - Engine Design and Development, a position which he held until retirement. From this point he worked mainly on four cylinder engines, as well as a V6 adaptation of the successful LA design for the Dodge Dakota. Weertman retired from Chrysler Corporation after forty years but remained active, producing a 400-page book covering every engine made by Chrysler from 1922 until the company was taken over in 1998, "Chrysler Engines 1922-1998," published by the Society of Automotive Engineers.

Notes

Relevant Links
 
  
 

Chrysler executives
21st-century American engineers
People in the automobile industry
American people of Dutch descent
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mercury(II) bromide. Mercury(II) bromide or mercuric bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula HgBr2. This white solid is a laboratory reagent.  Like all mercury salts, it is highly toxic.

Preparation
Mercury(II) bromide can be produced by reaction of metallic mercury with bromine.

Reactions
Mercury(II) bromide is used as a reagent in the Koenigs–Knorr reaction, which forms glycoside linkages on carbohydrates.

It is also used to test for the presence of arsenic, as recommended by the European Pharmacopoeia.
The arsenic in the sample is first converted to arsine gas by treatment with hydrogen. Arsine reacts with mercury(II) bromide:

AsH3 + 3HgBr2 → As(HgBr)3 + 3HBr

The white mercury(II) bromide will turn yellow, brown, or black if arsenic is present in the sample.

Mercury(II) bromide reacts violently with elemental indium at high temperatures
and, when exposed to potassium, can form shock-sensitive explosive mixtures.

References

Mercury(II) compounds
Bromides
Metal halides
Platform-based design. Platform-based design is a design approach emphasizing systematic reuse, for developing complex products based upon platforms and compatible hardware and software virtual component, intended to reduce development risks, costs and time to market.

A platform is a library of components that can be assembled to generate a design at that level of abstraction. The platform-based design starts at the highest level of abstraction and carries out the design as a sequence of refinement steps at various levels of abstractions.

See also
 Electronic design automation
 Electronic system-level design and verification
 Functional Design

References

Electronic design automation
Slack action. In railroading, slack action  is the amount of free movement of one car before it transmits its motion to an adjoining coupled car. This free movement results from the fact that in railroad practice cars are loosely coupled, and the coupling is often combined with a shock-absorbing device, a "draft gear", which, under stress, substantially increases the free movement as the train is started or stopped. Loose coupling is necessary to enable the train to bend around curves and is an aid in starting heavy trains, since the application of the locomotive power to the train operates on each car in the train successively, and the power is thus utilized to start only one car at a time.

United Kingdom

The UK formerly used three-link couplings, which allowed a large amount of slack. These were soon replaced on passenger stock by buffers and chain couplers where the couplings are held tight by buffers and shortened by a turnbuckle, while in most other parts of the world automatic couplings, such as the Janney coupler and the Scharfenberg coupler, were adopted from the late nineteenth century on. Three-link couplings are a rarity in modern use.

Gallery

See also 
 Draft gear

References

Rail technologies
Mercury(I) bromide. Mercury(I) bromide or mercurous bromide is the chemical compound composed of mercury and bromine with the formula Hg2Br2. It changes color from white to yellow when heated and fluoresces a salmon color when exposed to ultraviolet light. It has applications in acousto-optical devices.

A very rare mineral form is called kuzminite and has the chemical formula .

Reactions
Mercury(I) bromide is prepared by the oxidation of elemental mercury with elemental bromine or by adding sodium bromide to a solution of mercury(I) nitrate. It decomposes to mercury(II) bromide and elemental mercury.

Structure
In common with other Hg(I) (mercurous) compounds which contain linear X-Hg-Hg-X units, Hg2Br2 contains linear BrHg2Br units with an Hg-Hg bond length of 249 pm (Hg-Hg in the metal is 300 pm) and an Hg-Br bond length of 271 pm.  The overall coordination of each Hg atom is octahedral as, in addition to the two nearest neighbours, there are four other Br atoms at 332 pm. The compound is often formulated as Hg22+ 2Br−, although it is actually a molecular compound.

References

Mercury(I) compounds
Bromides
Metal halides
Chemical compounds containing metal–metal bonds
Urology robotics. Urology Robotics, or URobotics, is a new interdisciplinary field for the application of robots in urology and for the development of such systems and novel technologies in this clinical discipline. Urology is among the medical fields with the highest rate of technology advances, which for several years has included the use medical robots.

Applications
The first surgical robot approved by the FDA is the da Vinci system. Even though this was designed to assist in general Laparoscopy, most of its application are in the urology field for radical prostatectomy. Pioneered at the Vattikuti Urology Institute, robotic radical prostatectomy has now become the gold standard for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Other, URobotic systems are under development. These include image-guided robots that, in addition to the direct visual feedback, use medical images for guiding the intervention. Since MRI provides enhanced visualization of soft-tissues compared to x-ray-based imaging, MRI compatible robots are being developed to assist the physician in performing the intervention in the MRI scanner. If prostate cancer lesions can be delineated in the image, robots can accurately target those lesions for biopsy or focal ablations.

References

Urology
Medical robotics
List of VIA Nano microprocessors. The Nano microprocessor from VIA Technologies is an eighth-generation CPU targeted at the consumer and embedded market.

Desktop and mobile processors

Nano L

"Nano 2000" series (65nm)
 All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, x86-64, NX bit, VT-x (stepping 3 and higher), VIA PadLock (SHA, AES, RNG), VIA PowerSaver

"Nano 3000" series (65nm)
 All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, x86-64, NX bit, VT-x, VIA PadLock (SHA, AES, RNG), VIA PowerSaver

"Nano X2" (40nm)http://www.viaembedded.com/servlet/downloadSvl?id=1373&download_file_id=13043
 All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, x86-64, NX bit, VT-x, VIA PadLock (SHA, AES, RNG), VIA PowerSaver
 Two Nano 3000 (Isaiah) in the same die

"Nano QuadCore" (40nm)
 All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, x86-64, NX bit, VT-x, VIA PadLock (SHA, AES, RNG), VIA PowerSaver
 Two Nano x2 (Isaiah) in a Multi-chip module

Nano C

"Nano QuadCore" (28nm)
 All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, x86-64, NX bit, VT-x, VIA PadLock (SHA, AES, RNG), VIA PowerSaver
 Similar to Zhaoxin ZX-C

Ultra-low voltage processors

Nano U

"Nano 1000/2000" series (65nm)
 All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, x86-64, NX bit, VT-x (stepping 3 and higher), VIA PadLock (SHA, AES, RNG), VIA PowerSaver

"Nano 3000" series (65nm) 
 All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, x86-64, NX bit, VT-x, VIA PadLock (SHA, AES, RNG), VIA PowerSaver

"Nano X2" (40nm)
 All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, x86-64, NX bit, VT-x, VIA PadLock (SHA, AES, RNG), VIA PowerSaver
 Two Nano 3000 (Isaiah) in the same die

"Nano QuadCore" (40nm)
 All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, x86-64, NX bit, VT-x, VIA PadLock (SHA, AES, RNG), VIA PowerSaver
 Two Nano x2 (Isaiah) in a Multi-chip module

References

External links
 VIA Nano product page

See also
 List of VIA microprocessors

Nano
VIA
Logical Information Machines. Logical Information Machines, Inc. (LIM) is a software company based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It markets Historis, a time series database and the Market Information Machine (MIM), a database that is built around Historis, and includes data and a near-English query language.

The Market Information Machine (MIM) was invented in 1988 by Tony Kolton, President and CEO of LIM, Danette Chimenti, LIM Director of Strategic Research and Ruben Gamboa, LIM Senior Technical Consultant. Danette sits on the board of directors and Ruben is on the Technical Advisory Board for LIM.

Historis, unlike a relational database, is optimized and designed to handle the large storage issues and fast data retrieval speeds required by time-series data (real-time, intraday, daily, weekly, monthly).

In December 2009, Morningstar, Inc. announced that it had agreed to buy LIM for $50.5 million.

See also 
 Time series database

References

External links
 
 Ruben Gamboa, LIM Senior Technical Consultant

Software companies based in Illinois
Companies based in Chicago
Defunct software companies of the United States
Pervaded volume. Pervaded volume is a measure of the size of a polymer chain in space.  In particular, it is "the volume of solution spanned by the polymer chain".

Scaling 

The pervaded volume V scales as the cube of the chain size

R is some length scale describing the chain conformation such as the radius of gyration or root-mean-square end-to-end distance of the chain.  Typically the pervaded volume is very large relative to the space actually occupied by the chain as most of the pervaded volume is usually filled with solvent or other chains.

Applications 
Chain pervaded volume is relevant in the morphology and rheology of melt and bulk polymers through its relation to quantities such as the interchain entanglement density, the number of entanglements between different chains per volume.

See also 
 Radius of Gyration
 Coil-globule transition
 Excluded volume

References

External links 
 

Polymer physics
Frank Roberts (model maker). Frank Roberts (22 January 1882–26 June 1963) was a New Zealand pioneer in building model railways. His models were extremely accurate and reflected the history of the New Zealand railways.

Early career
Roberts spent his early career working for New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) as a cleaner, fireman and driver before becoming a partner in an electrical firm with his brother Jack. In 1903 Roberts built his first model which was of the WA class steam locomotive using a scale of 1:19.

In 1926 Roberts joined the Auckland Model Engineering Society and began building his first garden railway. Using 1¾ inch gauge track, Roberts, his brother George and W. W. Stewart built a large railway (known as the "RSR Railway") over the next 50 years at Roberts home in Epsom, Auckland. Roberts built his models from then on to a scale of 1:24 (G scale). His meticulously accurate working models of examples of the locomotives and rolling stock found on New Zealand railways became a local attraction. The popularity of this layout led to Roberts being commissioned in 1938 by NZR to build and operate a working model train layout for the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition.

New Zealand Centennial Exhibition
Roberts' work for the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition (1939-1940) showed him at the peak of his expertise. The NZR section of the exhibition was extremely popular.

Preservation
Roberts sold his models to the Railways Department in 1950 and was employed by them to maintain them as working models. In June 1993, just prior to privatisation, New Zealand Rail Limited gifted the collection to the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

External links 
Models by Frank Roberts from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

References

Citations

Bibliography
 
 Vintage Steam - Stories by Frank Roberts, Edited by Frank Roberts and Gordon Troup, 1967
 Film Letting off Steam Working models of railway locomotives at a model engineering society's field-day and children at an exhibition of N.Z.R. models. Held by Archives New Zealand. Ref: R.V.132
 Film Weekly Review No. 379 (1948) Auckland Garden Railway. Held by Archives New Zealand. Ref: R.V. 689

1882 births
1963 deaths
Model makers
Rail transport modellers
New Zealand people in rail transport
20th-century New Zealand engineers
Scout X-2. Scout X-2 was an American expendable launch system and sounding rocket which was flown twice in 1962. It was a four-stage rocket, based on the earlier Scout X-1, uprated first and third stages. It was a member of the Scout family of rockets.

The Scout X-2 used an Algol 1D first stage, instead of the earlier Algol 1B used on the Scout X-1. The third stage was the Antares 2A, a more powerful version of the Antares 1A used on earlier variants of the Scout rocket. The second and fourth stages were the same as those used on the Scout X-1; a Castor 1A and an Altair 1A respectively.

The first Scout X-2 was launched on a suborbital flight at 07:27 GMT on 29 March 1962. It flew from Launch Area 3 of the Wallops Flight Facility. The flight carried plasma and aeronomy experiments to an apogee of , and was successful. The second flight, launched on 26 April, carried the Solrad 4B satellite. It failed to reach orbit. Following this launch, the Scout X-2 was replaced by the upgraded Scout X-2M.

References

 

1962 in spaceflight
X-2