omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
AAM-2. The Mitsubishi AAM-2 was a Japanese prototype for a limited all aspect infrared homing air-to-air missile developed based on the American AIM-4D Falcon missile. It never reached production.

Development
In 1968, Japan selected a modified version of the F-4E as the next main future fighter of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force with the possibility to employ the AIM-4D being an important factor of the decision.
The development of the XAAM-2 was started in 1970 as an air-to-air missile for the newly acquired F-4EJ. It was developed by the Technical Research and Development Institute and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, aiming to exceed the performance of the original AIM-4D.
The guidance system used infrared homing like the AIM-4D, but improved to a limited all-aspect infrared homing with the ability to attack from the front and side of the enemy aircraft with the reliability of electronic devices also improved. The missile employed a higher performance rocket motor expanding its range. In addition, the warhead power was increased compared to the AIM-4D, and it was equipped with a proximity fuze, solving major issues of the AIM-4D, such as the small warhead and the lack of a proximity fuze. Therefore, although the AAM-2 is very similar in appearance to the model AIM-4, it employed a different motor, warhead and guidance system.
While being successfully tested, the AAM-2 never entered production due to higher cost compared to the American-made AIM-4D, with a high surplus stock after the Vietnam War. Japan rather imported the AIM-4D to equip its F-4EJ aircraft. The development of XAAM-2 was discontinued in 1975.

See also

AAM-2
Short range air-to-air missiles
Lippenbroek. The Lippenbroek is a former polder in the Belgian freshwater part of the Schelde-estuary, currently functioning as a pilot project for the restoration of intertidal habitat in a densely populated estuary.  The area of 10 ha, situated on the territory of the Belgian community of Hamme, started functioning as a flood control area (FCA) in March 2006. Through a construction of sluices, the area is in close contact with the river Schelde: water is flowing in at high tide, and out at low tide. The sluices are designed to obtain a water regime in the area, comparable to the one in natural mudflats and (freshwater) tidal marshes along the Schelde. In this way, the Lippenbroek combines a safety function (protection against extreme spring tide) with a nature development function. In the framework of the Belgian Sigmaplan, aimed at protecting the whole river basin against floods, more areas along the Schelde will be designed similarly. The area has also been seen as a model for flood prevention internationally. The controlled reduced tide procedure has made the area an improved habitat for eels.

References

Ecological experiments
Research projects
Hamme
15th Air Transport Wing. The 15th Air Transport Wing (, ) is a wing in the Air Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. The 15th Wing's motto is TENACITY. A Sioux Indian chief completes the emblem.

The wing comprises two operational squadrons, the 21st Squadron and the 20th Squadron, and a Training & Conversion Unit. 21st Squadron is also known as the Liaison and Long-Haul Flight. 20th Squadron operates 7 Airbus A400M Atlas, which replaced the Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft in 2021. It consists of about 72 crewmembers, making it one of the largest units in the Belgian Air Component.

References

External links
Belgian Ministry of Defence, Section of the website about the 15th Air Transport Wing

Wings of Belgium
15th Air Transport Wing
Air force transport wings
Military units and formations established in 1946
Wing Heli. The Wing Heli was a helicopter wing in the Air Component of the Belgian Armed Forces.

Mission
The mission of the Wing Heli is to intervene in order to provide aid to the nation, urgent humanitarian aid and armed support on the national territory, to evacuate Belgian nationals from areas of crisis and to participate in peacekeeping operations.

Equipment

Agusta A109
Alouette II (retired from service in September 2009)

Battle honours
The standard of the Wing Heli bears the following battle honours:
Campaign 1914-1918
Yser 1917
Flanders 1918
Antwerp-Liège-Namur

These battle honours were obtained by the 6th Reconnaissance Squadron () during the First World War. This standard was presented to the Belgian Army Light Aviation by King Baudouin I on 17 May 1979.
On September 9, 2010, Wing Heli was disbanded and the standard was handed over to the Competence Centre Air. The A109BAs moved to Beauvechain to become 1st Wing.

Endnotes

External links
Section of the website of the Belgian Ministry of Defence about the Wing Heli

Heli
Grâce-Hollogne
Swedish Institute for Standards. The Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) , is an independent organization, founded in 1922, with members from the private and public sector.

Activities
SIS and its members develop standards within different domains, including construction, safety, healthcare, consumer products, management systems, engineering, environmental issues and safety. SIS participates in the European and global network which develops international standards. SIS is a member of the European cooperative effort CEN as well as the global ISO. SIS was founded in 1922.

Earlier on, the SIS logotype was often used for indicating that a tool was compliant with Swedish standards, but lately this has been replaced with the CE mark.

Sources

See also
 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
 Svenska Elektriska Kommissionen
 Terminologicentrum (TNC)

External links 

SSR
CEN
ISO

ISO member bodies
Non-profit organizations based in Sweden
Organizations established in 1922
1922 establishments in Sweden
80th UAV Squadron (Belgium). The 80th UAV Squadron (, ) is a squadron in the Air Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. It is dedicated to unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAVs. The squadron got its name in recognition of the 80th Artillery Battalion of the Belgian Army, which, in its day, was tasked with locating and identifying enemy positions and targets. As of 2021, the unit will commence operations with two 9B SkyGuardians in the aerial reconnaissance role; by 2031, the squadron will operate a total of four to six MQ-9B SkyGuardians, which replaced the IAI B-Hunter in service from 2004 to 2020.

Mission

The 80th UAV Squadron's mission is real-time aerial reconnaissance, surveillance, visual intelligence gathering to support the Belgium Armed Forces, and other departments within the framework of aid to the nation, such as surveillance of territorial waters, forest fires, agriculture, border surveillance, fighting against organized crime, collecting information, and providing support to units of the Belgium Armed Forces.

Deployments

 ALTHEA mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina - 2005
 EUFOR RD Congo Mission - 2006

Operations in Belgian territory:

 Support to firefighters during fires in the Fens - 2004
 Silent Watch mission over the North Sea (monitoring the degassing of boats) - 2008–2020
 Operation Vigilant Guardian - 2016
 Collaboration with the Federal Public Finance Service during customs control operations - 2017–2020
 Game counting for the Department of Nature and Forests

Organisation

80th UAV Squadron consists of:

 HQ Staff and Support Flight
 UAV Flight
 Maintenance Flight

UAV Squadron, 80
Gustav Blondeau. Gustav Jules Eugene Blondeau (1871-1965) was an early pilot and went on to form Hewlett & Blondeau Limited, an aircraft manufacturer in the United Kingdom. He was born on 8 March 1871 in Tergnier, France, (a small town to the North East of Paris) and graduated from Farman Aircraft at Mourmelon in France on 10 July 1910, then joining the Gnome engine works. He later opened his own flying school at Brooklands, Surrey, (the famous motor racing circuit) where he met Hilda Hewlett.

Together they formed Hewlett & Blondeau and built Farman, Caudron, Avro and Hanriot aircraft under licence, they were the first UK producers of Caudron aircraft. Blondeau died on 3 March 1965 at 176 Old Bedford Road Luton.

References

People from Luton
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
1871 births
1965 deaths
French emigrants to the United Kingdom
Profile angle. The profile angle of a gear is the angle at a specified pitch point between a line tangent to a tooth surface and the line normal to the pitch surface (which is a radial line of a pitch circle).  This definition is applicable to every type of gear for which a pitch surface can be defined.  The profile angle gives the direction of the tangent to a tooth profile.

In spur gears and straight bevel gears, tooth profiles are considered only in a transverse plane, and the general terms profile angle and pressure angle are customarily used rather than transverse profile angle and transverse pressure angle.  In helical teeth, the profiles may be considered in different planes, and in specifications it is essential to use terms that indicate the direction of the plane in which the profile angle or the pressure angle lies, such as transverse profile angle, normal pressure angle, axial profile angle.

Types

Standard 

In tools for cutting, grinding, and gaging gear teeth, the profile angle is the angle between a cutting edge or a cutting surface, and some principal direction such as that of a shank, an axis, or a plane of rotation.

Standard profile angles are established in connection with standard proportions of gear teeth and standard gear cutting tools.  Involute gears operate together correctly after a change of center distance, and gears designed for a different center distance can be generated correctly by standard tools.  A change of center distance is accomplished by changes in operating values for pitch diameter, circular pitch, diametral pitch, pressure angle, and tooth thicknesses or backlash.  The same involute gear may be used under conditions that change its operating pitch diameter and pressure angle.  Unless there is a good reason for doing otherwise, it is practical to consider that the pitch and the profile angle of a single gear correspond to the pitch and the profile angle of the hob or cutter used to generate its teeth.

Transverse 

The transverse pressure angle and transverse profile angle are the pressure angle and the profile angle in a transverse plane.

Normal 
Normal pressure angle and normal profile angle are the pressure and profile angles in a normal plane of a helical or a spiral tooth.  In a spiral bevel gear, unless otherwise specified, profile angle means normal profile angle at the mean cone distance.

Axial 
Axial pressure angle and axial profile angle are the pressure angle and the profile angle in an axial plane of a helical gear or a worm, or of a spiral bevel gear.

See also
 List of gear nomenclature

References 

Gears
Bis(chloromethyl) ether. Bis(chloromethyl) ether is an organic compound with the chemical formula (ClCH2)2O. It is a colourless liquid with an unpleasant suffocating odour and it is one of the chloroalkyl ethers. Bis(chloromethyl) ether was once produced on a large scale, but was found to be highly carcinogenic and thus such production has ceased.

Synthesis
It was produced industrially from paraformaldehyde and a mixture of chlorosulfonic acid and sulfuric acid. It is also produced as a byproduct in the Blanc chloromethylation reaction, formed when formaldehyde (the monomer, paraformaldehyde or formalin) and concentrated hydrochloric acid are mixed, and is a known impurity in technical grade chloromethyl methyl ether.

Because of their carcinogenic potency, the industrial production of chloromethyl ethers ended in most countries in the early 1980s. Bis(chloromethyl) ether was no exception to this with production in the U.S.A. ending in 1982.

Uses
Bis(chloromethyl) ether has been extensively used in chemical synthesis, primarily as a crosslinking agent in the manufacture of ion-exchange resins and in the textile industry. It was also used as a linker in the synthesis of certain nerve agent antidotes (asoxime chloride, obidoxime).
Bis(chloromethyl) was also effective for chloromethylation of aromatic substrates.

Safety
Bis(chloromethyl) ether is carcinogenic. It is one of 13 chemicals considered an OSHA-regulated occupational carcinogen. Chronic exposure has been linked to in increased risk of lung cancer.

It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

See also
 Chloromethyl methyl ether - ClCH2OCH3
 Bis(chloroethyl) ether - (ClCH2CH2)2O

References

IARC Group 1 carcinogens
Alkylating agents
Organochlorides
Ethers
Reagents for organic chemistry
Foul-smelling chemicals
Tomlinson model. The Tomlinson model, also known as the Prandtl–Tomlinson Model, is one of the most popular models in nanotribology widely used as the basis for many investigations of frictional mechanisms on the atomic scale. Essentially, a nanotip is dragged by a spring over a corrugated energy landscape. A "frictional parameter" η can be introduced to describe the ratio between the energy corrugation and the elastic energy stored in the spring. If the tip-surface interaction is described by a sinusoidal potential with amplitude V0 and periodicity a then

where k is the spring constant.
If η<1, the tip slides continuously across the landscape (superlubricity regime). If η>1, the tip motion consists in abrupt jumps between the minima of the energy landscape (stick-slip regime).

The name "Tomlinson model" is, however, historically incorrect: the paper by Tomlinson that is often cited in this context  did not contain the model known as the "Tomlinson model" and suggests an adhesive contribution to friction. In reality it was Ludwig Prandtl who suggested in 1928 this model to describe the plastic deformations in crystals as well as the dry friction. In the meantime, many researchers still call this model the "Prandtl–Tomlinson Model".

In Russia this model was introduced by the Soviet physicists Yakov Frenkel and T. Kontorova. The Frenkel defect became firmly fixed in the physics of solids and liquids. In the 1930s, this research was supplemented with works on the theory of plastic deformation. Their theory, now known as the Frenkel–Kontorova model, is important in the study of dislocations.

References

External links
 The Tomlinson mechanism
 Frenkel–Kontorova–Tomlinson Model
 Michael Weiss, Franz-Josef Elmer: Dry friction in the Frenkel-Kontorova-Tomlinson model: dynamical properties, Zeitschrift für Physik B 104 (1997).
 The complete text of the original paper by Ludwig Prandtl describing the "Tomlinson" model as well as its translation into English
 Description of the basic properties of the Prandtl-Tomlinson Model

Nanotechnology
STOIC. STOIC (Stack-Oriented  Interactive Compiler) is a 1970s programming language, a variant of Forth.

History
STOIC started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, (part of the Health, Science and Technology Division) and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs. Jonathan Sachs went on to be the principal programmer of Lotus Development and wrote the first version of Lotus 1-2-3.

The original version of STOIC was written on a Data General Nova minicomputer and cross-assembled for the 8080. STOIC came with its own primitive but effective file system, and could be booted up with little preliminary work on any 8080-based microprocessor with 24K of memory and a Teletype machine. After the source was released into the public domain, the system was subsequently modified to run under CP/M.

STOIC was said at the time to be conceptually similar to FORTH in the use of an extensible vocabulary of "words". STOIC is actually a rational, and more consistent, dialect of FORTH . The system was remarkable at the time for having a built-in assembler, floating-point package, interrupt handler, and display editor (similar to the Nova display editor). The source, and documentation,  was distributed for many years by the CP/M Users Group. As a practical development system, it compared favourably with contemporary implementations of FORTH, and went on to be used extensively for the development of applications. A portable version written in C was placed in the public domain and also distributed by the CP/M Users Group (UK).

Later, STOIC was ported to the DEC VAX under VMS by Roger Hauck
at Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) and was distributed by DECUS.
It was distributed at least through fall 1985.

Functions
STOIC, unlike other FORTH variants, was integrated with the VMS I/O and system services rather than using the FORTH disk I/O.  It also supported machine code (both inline and subroutine calls). STOIC supported double precision floating point operations using a stack.

Related programs 
According to some mailing list comments,
STOIC was originally written by Jonathan Sachs in 1975.
A different program named LSE was written by Robert Goeke, which incorporated some of the ideas of STOIC (an early version may have been called STOIC).

An autotooled variant of LSE, LSE64 (Laboratory Software Environment), is maintained by John Doty.

One version of STOIC is noted as being "Stack Oriented Interpretive Compiler", but it is unclear which is which.

STOICAL (STack Oriented Interactive Compiler Adapted to Linux) was inspired by STOIC. In the early 1980s there was an attempt to reincarnate STOIC by Ernest E. Bergmann in a language dubbed PISTOL (Portably Implemented STack Oriented Language); ibid.

See also
Red (text editor)

References

External links 
STOIC kernel source

Forth programming language family
Harvard University
Rubens advances. Rubens advances (also referred to as transfer advances) constitute a bridge bidding method that can be used by a bridge partnership to respond to overcalls. The method was devised by Jeff Rubens and published in The Bridge World.

Using Rubens advances, the available bids in the suits starting with the cue bid in opponent's suit up to and including the bid below a two-level support bid of the overcall are all transfer bids to the next suit. Furthermore, the available bids in the suits below the cue bid are all natural and forcing for one round. The no-trump bids at various levels are not affected by this method of advancing partner's overcalls and retain their normal meaning.

The claimed advantage over other treatments is that - thanks to the transfer nature of the various bids - hands with a wider range of strengths can be introduced following partner's overcall.

Examples
When playing Rubens advances, the following applies after an opposing 1 opening and a 1 overcall:

(1) - 1 - (pass) - ??

2 : transfer to diamonds
2 : transfer to hearts
2 : transfer to spades (a support bid too strong for a natural raise)
2 : natural support bid

When partner's overcall does not skip any suits, the Rubens advances reduce to the standard treatment in which new suits are forcing and the cue bid promises support. For instance:

(1) - 1 - (pass) - ??

2 : natural, round forcing
2 : natural, round forcing
2 : transfer to spades (a support bid too strong for a natural raise)
2 : natural support bid

Extensions
The methodology is often extended to cases in which the opener gets raised. It is then common to utilise the double as lowest 'transfer bid':

(1) - 1 - (2) - ??

dbl : transfer to diamonds
2 : transfer to hearts
2 : transfer to spades (a support bid too strong for a natural raise)
2 : natural support bid

References

Bridge conventions
Smart Technologies. Smart Technologies (styled as SMART Technologies) is a Canadian company headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and wholly owned by Foxconn. Founded in 1987, SMART is best known as the developer of interactive whiteboards branded as the "Smart Board" (styled as SMART Board) popularly used in education and business.

History
Smart was founded in 1987 by husband and wife David Martin and Nancy Knowlton.

In 1991, Smart introduced its interactive whiteboard, branded the "Smart Board".

In 2003, Smart developed and later patented DViT (Digital Vision Touch) technology which was an important feature of the SMART Board.

In 2009, Smart filed a patent infringement lawsuit against New Zealand-based NextWindow before acquiring the company outright in 2010.

On July 15, 2010, Smart Technologies placed an initial public offering on the NASDAQ stock exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), raising upwards of $660 million. Later that year, several class action complaints were filed against Smart in the U.S. District Courts in New York and Illinois. Filed on behalf of the purchasers of the Class A Subordinate Voting Shares in Smart's IPO in July 2010, the complaints alleged that the company did not disclose important information prior to the IPO. A settlement was reached in March 2013.

As of the 2011 fiscal year end, Smart Board interactive whiteboards led the interactive whiteboard category with a 63% share in the United States, 44% share in EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) and 47% share globally.

In 2011, Smart employed about 1,700 people.

In April 2012, amid a declining stock price and sales resulting from decreased school board spending, both Martin and Knowlton resigned from their executive roles at Smart before leaving the board in April 2014.

On December 11, 2012, Smart Technologies announced it would begin corporate restructuring. The company proceeded to lay off 25% of its employees. Then-CEO Neil Gaydon stated that it would save the company approximately $40 million, and cited competition in the market as part of the reason for restructuring.

In 2016, SMART Technologies Inc. was acquired by Foxconn for $200 million.

References

External links 
 Official Site
 Corporate Logo Guide
 SMART Boards for Schools

1987 establishments in Alberta
2016 mergers and acquisitions
Apax Partners companies
Canadian companies established in 1987
Canadian subsidiaries of foreign companies
Companies based in Calgary
Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Computer companies established in 1987
Computer companies of Canada
Computer hardware companies
Display technology companies
Foxconn subsidiaries