omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Body kit. A body kit or bodykit is a set of modified body parts or additional components that are installed on a car. They are typically composed of front and rear bumpers, side skirts, spoilers, bonnets (bonnet scoop), and sometimes front and rear side guards and roof scoops. There are many companies that offer alternatives to the original factory appearance of the vehicle. Body kit components are designed to complement each other and work together as a complete design, but often owners will 'mix and match' pieces from different body kits.

Automotive body kits are usually constructed of either fiberglass, polyurethane, or in some cases metal or carbon fiber. Fiberglass is cheap and widely available, although it can crack upon impact. Polyurethane is popular because it is flexible and thus more resistant to damage. Carbon fiber body kits are rarer, due to the cost of the materials.

History

The roots of modern body kits go to the beginning of the first part of the 20th century. With the growing popularity of custom cars in America, many car enthusiasts were looking to alter the appearance of their vehicles in order to improve the performance characteristics or make their car look different from the others as a styling statement. Motorsport engineering also influenced the development of vehicle's body modifications, as certain changes in the construction of stock body parts allowed cars to achieve better results in terms of performance. Bumpers with bigger air dams and hood scoops deliver more fresh air to the engine, resulting in better performance output and heat reduction. Wide fenders or bolt-on flares allow fitting wider wheels. Trunk spoilers, bumper lips and bumper splitters reduce or properly distribute the down force, which improves the overall air dynamics of a vehicle. Although originally most popular on cars, body kits are now also offered for SUV and trucks. While some body kits are designed to be functional and improve the performance of a car, others are designed purely for aesthetics. Factory-fitted body kits are now becoming more common, perhaps in response to the growth of the aftermarket tuning industry in the late 1990s and onwards. Many manufacturers now work in-house with their motorsport divisions to develop styling upgrades (such as HSV). Examples of well-known body kit brands include Veilside, Mansory, Novitec Group, Hamann Motorsport, Liberty Walk and Rocket Bunny.

Common body kit components
 Front and rear bumper (car)
 Side skirts (rockers)
 Bumper lips
 Bumper canards
 Bumper diffusers
 Bumper splitters
 Bumper grilles
 Fenders with vents
 Fender flares
 Widebody fenders and quarter panels
 Spoilers
 Custom hoods
 Hood Scoops
 Roof scoops
 Side scoops
 Window louvers
 One piece front end
 One piece rear end

See also
 Automotive aftermarket
 Bumper (car)
 Car tuning
 Custom car
 Downforce
 Import scene
 Kit car
 Pimp My Ride, a television series about vehicle restoration and modification that uses body kits extensively
 Spoiler (car)
 Stance (vehicle)

References

Automotive accessories
Vehicle modifications
Magic Cap. Magic Cap (short for Magic Communicating Applications Platform) is a discontinued object-oriented operating system for PDAs developed by General Magic. Tony Fadell was a contributor to the platform, and Darin Adler was an architect.

Its graphical user interface incorporates a room metaphor, where the user navigates between rooms to perform tasks, such as going to a home office to perform word processing, or to a file room to clean up the system files. Automation is based on mobile agents but not an office assistant.

Several electronic companies came to market with Magic Cap devices, including the Sony Magic Link and the Motorola Envoy, both released in 1994. None of these devices were commercial successes.

Mobile agents 
The Magic Cap operating system includes a new mobile agent technology named Telescript. Conceptually, the agents carry work orders, travel to a Place outside of the handheld device, complete their work, and then return to the device with the results. When the Magic Cap devices were delivered, the only Place for agents to travel was the PersonaLink service provided by AT&T. The agents had little access to functionality, because each agent had to be strictly authorized and its scope of inquiry was limited to the software modules installed on the PersonaLink servers. The payload carried by these agents was also hampered by the slow dial-up modem speed of 2400 bit/s.

The authentication and authorization system of the mobile agents in Telescript created a high coupling between the device and the target Place. As a result, deployment of agent-based technology was incredibly difficult, and never reached fruition before the PersonaLink service was shut down.

See also
Apple Newton
Microsoft Bob
Danger Hiptop

References

External links 
 Archive section and "time capsule" dedicated to Magic Cap – Pen Computing Magazine
 "Making Magic" – a developer's introduction to General Magic and Magic Cap by Richard Clark, Scott Knaster, and the staff of General Magic (from Mactech 11:5)
Magic Cap Resources – a combination blog and gallery with links to Magic Cap software, documentation and other information. Also includes a photo gallery of Magic Cap devices.

Computer-related introductions in 1994
Discontinued operating systems
Embedded operating systems
Graphical user interfaces
Mobile operating systems
Object-oriented operating systems
Personal digital assistant software
Electrolier. Electrolier is a light fixture that holds electric lamps. Normally, the term designates an elaborate light fixture suspended from above,  such as a large, multi-bulb pendant light.  Additionally, the term is used by architects in the United States to refer to electric street lights or any exterior light fixture mounted on a pole or standard.  The word is analogous to chandelier, from which it was formed. 

An example usage of the term is found in Sir John Betjeman’s poem "The Metropolitan Railway - Baker Street Station Buffet" from his collection "A Few Late Chrysanthemums" (1954): 
"Early Electric! With what radiant hope / Men formed this many-branched electrolier, / Twisted the flex around the iron rope / And let the dazzling vacuum globes hang clear, / And then with hearts the rich contrivance fill’d / Of copper, beaten by the Bromsgrove Guild."

References

Chandeliers
Light fixtures
Tubing hanger. A tubing hanger is a component used in the completion of oil and gas production wells.  It is set in the tree or the wellhead and suspends the production tubing and/or casing.  Sometimes it provides porting to allow the communication of hydraulic, electric and other downhole functions, as well as chemical injection. It also serves to seal-in the annulus and production areas.

References

External links
[Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Terms/t/tubing_hanger.aspx]

Petroleum production
Oil wells
Tubing (material)
Museum of Berkshire Aviation. The Museum of Berkshire Aviation is a small aviation museum in Woodley, a town in Berkshire, England. The museum is on the edge of the site of the former Woodley Aerodrome and many of its exhibits relate to the Phillips & Powis company, later renamed Miles Aircraft, which was based there from 1932 to 1947. Other aircraft exhibited were built by Handley Page (Reading) Ltd, and by Fairey Aviation at White Waltham near Maidenhead.

Despite being a small museum, several of the exhibits are unique survivors. These include a Miles Martinet (a World War II target tug), the only Miles Student two-seat side-by-side jet trainer ever built, and a Fairey Jet Gyrodyne — a composite helicopter and autogyro, or gyrodyne.

Other exhibits include:
 A Fairey Gannet carrier-borne anti-submarine aircraft, formerly operated by the Royal Navy.
 A Handley Page Herald turboprop airliner, designed by Miles and built at Woodley after Handley Page took over Miles' aircraft contracts.
 A Miles Magister two-seat basic trainer aircraft.

External links 
 
 Unofficial guide to the Museum of Berkshire Aviation
 

Aerospace museums in England
Museums in Berkshire
Borough of Wokingham
Ammonium acetate. Ammonium acetate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2. It is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid. It is available commercially.

History
The synonym Spirit of Mindererus is named after R. Minderer, a physician from Augsburg.

Uses
It is the main precursor to acetamide:
NH4CH3CO2  →  CH3C(O)NH2  +  H2O

It is also used as a diuretic.

Buffer
As the salt of a weak acid and a weak base, ammonium acetate is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution.  Ammonium acetate is volatile at low pressures. Because of this, it has been used to replace cell buffers that contain non-volatile salts in preparing samples for mass spectrometry. It is also popular as a buffer for mobile phases for HPLC with ELSD and CAD-based detection for this reason. Other volatile salts that have been used for this include ammonium formate.

When dissolving ammonium acetate in pure water, the resulting solution typically has a pH of 7, because the equal amounts of acetate and ammonium neutralize each other. However, ammonium acetate is a dual component buffer system, which buffers around pH 4.75 ± 1 (acetate) and pH 9.25 ± 1 (ammonium), but it has no significant buffer capacity at pH 7, contrary to common misconception.

Other
a biodegradable de-icing agent.
a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation and as a source of ammonia in the Borch reaction in organic synthesis.
a protein precipitating reagent in dialysis to remove contaminants via diffusion.
a reagent in agricultural chemistry for determination of soil CEC (cation exchange capacity) and determination of available potassium in soil wherein the ammonium ion acts as a replacement cation for potassium.
part of Calley's method for lead artifact conservation

Food additive 
Ammonium acetate is also used as a food additive as an acidity regulator; INS number 264. It is approved for usage in Australia and New Zealand.

Production 
Ammonium acetate is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia. Obtaining crystalline ammonium acetate is difficult on account of its hygroscopic nature.

References

External links

Ammonium compounds
Acetates
Pocket Bicycles. Pocket Bicycles was the name of a manufacturer of portable bicycles located in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the 1970s.

Design innovations
While resembling many of the small-wheel folding bicycle designs of the time, the bicycle was distinctive in reducing the flexion of the down tube and hinge by use of cables kept under tension by the weight of the rider, saving weight and space compared to use of rigid tubing braces. Use of cables provided reduction of excessive vertical flex in the frame while still allowing easy adjustment of the degree of flexion retained, to act as a tunable suspension system absorbing much of the bumpiness of the ride normally associated with small wheel bicycles.

See also
 Bicycle frame
 Guy (sailing) 
 Aeronautical wire bracing
 Stays (nautical)

References 

Cycle manufacturers of the United States
Folding bicycles
Komori. is a Japanese press manufacturer that manufactures web offset presses, security printing presses, sheet-fed offset presses, package printing presses and printing related equipment.

It is one of the last privately-owned press producers. Komori uses Toyota-based manufacturing principles. Each web press is shown to its customer at the factory in full production. With a close inner circle of developers active in installations and global field service, Komori has used over the years Windows-based systems for press console functions. The mix of their own developments with third party products requires little or no integration process at the installation site.

Their main manufacturing plant is located in Tsukuba in Ibaraki Prefecture.

References

External links

 Komori global website 

Printing press manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies established in 1923
Japanese companies established in 1923
Japanese brands
Renato de Albuquerque. Renato de Albuquerque is a Brazilian civil engineer and entrepreneur in the construction and real estate businesses. He was cofounder of a pioneering construction firm, Albuquerque & Takaoka, in 1951 alongside fellow architect and friend Yojiro Takaoka. Both studied at the University of São Paulo Polytechnic School, graduating in 1949.

Together with Takaoka, Albuquerque is responsible for the creation of the first vertical and the first horizontal walled condominiums in Brazil. The Alphaville concept was widely copied throughout Brazil and is a very successful enterprise, currently with more than 20 locations in Brazil and Portugal. In October 2006, Alphaville was purchased by Gafisa S.A.

He is also the editor-in-chief of the Alpha Magazine and president of the Alphaville Foundation, a charity and not-for-profit NGO. He is an honorary citizen of Campinas and Barueri.

References

Brazilian civil engineers
Brazilian businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America. Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. (TEMA) is the holding company for Toyota's automobile manufacturing and research and development operations in North America. Although the company still exists for legal purposes, the company is operated as part of Toyota Motor North America.

TEMA was formed in April 2006 as the result of a merger of Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America (TMMNA) and Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A. (TTC). As part of the "One Toyota" initiative, TEMA merged with Toyota Motor Sales, USA (TMS) and Toyota Motor North America, Inc. (TMA), which controlled Toyota's corporate functions, to form Toyota Motor North America. While the three companies continue to exist in legal name, they operate as one company.

History
Toyota's first manufacturing investment in the United States came in 1972 when the company struck a deal with Atlas Fabricators, to produce truck beds in Long Beach, California. The partnership was successful and two years later, Toyota purchased Atlas and renamed it Toyota Auto Body California (TABC) as part of its Toyota Auto Body manufacturing subsidiary.

In June 1977, the company established the Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A. (TTC), an engineering design and research and development subsidiary in the town of Ann Arbor, Michigan, not far from Detroit, the center of automobile manufacturing in the United States.

In 1984, Toyota would establish with GM a joint-venture vehicle manufacturing plant called NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.) which would begin assembling the Toyota Corolla in Fremont, California, the first Toyota built in America. Toyota took the lessons it learned from NUMMI and went onto establish the wholly-owned Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada plants in 1986.

As Toyota prepared to open more plants in 1996, the company created the Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America (TMMNA) subsidiary in Erlanger, Kentucky to oversee all Toyota manufacturing operations in North America.

TMMNA would merge with the Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A. (TTC) research and development subsidiary in April 2006 to form Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. (TEMA).

In July 2017, as part of the "One Toyota" initiative, TEMA merged with Toyota Motor Sales, USA (TMS), and Toyota Motor North America, Inc. (TMA), which controlled Toyota's corporate functions, to form Toyota Motor North America. While the three companies continue to exist in legal name, they operate as one company, at one headquarters campus in Plano, Texas.

Toyota continues to operate research and design centers in Michigan and in October 2017 opened a new Production Engineering and Manufacturing Center (PEMC) in Georgetown, Kentucky (about an hour from the former headquarters), to serve as the go-between for design and manufacturing.

References

Companies based in Kentucky
Kenton County, Kentucky
Companies based in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Toyota factories
Santa Claus machine. A Santa Claus machine is a hypothetical machine that is capable of creating any required object or structure out of any given material.

Origin
The term was coined by Theodore Taylor in 1978:

It's possible to imagine a machine that could scoop up material – rocks from the Moon or rocks from asteroids – process them inside and produce just about any product: washing machines or teacups or automobiles or starships. Once such a machine exists it could gather sunlight and materials that it's sitting on, and produce on call whatever product anybody wants to name, as long as somebody knows how to make it and those instructions can be given to the machine.

See also
 3D printing
 Molecular assembler
 Replicator (Star Trek)
 Fusion torch

References

External links
 the Replicating Rapid-Prototyper Project : RepRap.org
 Don Lancaster's Santa Claus machine library
 Seth Rosenthal, Santa Claus Machine, Wired magazine, May 1994

Robotics concepts
Artificial life
Santa Claus
Miomir Vukobratović. Miomir Vukobratović () (December 24, 1931 – March 11, 2012) was a Serbian mechanical engineer and pioneer in humanoid robots. His major interest laid in the development of efficient modeling and control of robot dynamics. He was born in Botoš, near Zrenjanin, Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Education
Vukobratović received the B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Belgrade in 1957 and 1964, respectively, and the D.Sc. degree from the Institute Mashinovedeniya, Soviet (now Russian) Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1972.

1968 onwards, he was head of the Biodynamics Department, director of the Laboratory for Robotics and Flexible Automation and director of Robotics Laboratory at the Mihailo Pupin Institute in Belgrade.

Research

Most of Vukobratović’s research work was related with robot dynamics. He contributed to manipulators’ dynamics in adaptive and non-adaptive control for contact and non-contact tasks. He also studied dynamic modeling and control in locomotion robots. In 1970 Vukobratović proposed a theoretical model to explain and control biped locomotion. The fundamental concept of his model is called the Zero Moment Point. He died in 2012 in Belgrade.

Awards and honors

 In 1976 he was awarded the 7th July Award, the highest award of Serbia, for his outstanding achievements in robotics.
 In 1979 he and his coauthor D. Stokic received the October Prize of Belgrade for their research monograph: Dynamic Control of Manipulators.
 In 1982 he was awarded the AVNOJ Award, the highest Yugoslav award, for his highest achievements in Robotics and Cybernetics.
 In 1994 he received the Saint Sava Medal of First Order, the highest award of Serbian church, for his world pioneering result in rehabilitation robotics.
In 1994 he was elected as a member of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Department of Technical Sciences.
 Diplomas holder of honored professor at Harbin Institute of Technology and Far Eastern Technical University at Vladivostok (Russia).
 In 1996 he was awarded the Joseph F. Engelberger award from the Robotic Industries Association in the USA, for his pioneering results in applied research and education in robotics.
 Doctor Honoris Causa of Moscow State M.V. Lomonosov University .
 Doctor Honoris Causa of University of Novi Sad (Serbia). 
 Doctor Honoris Causa of Technical University at Timișoara (Romania).

References

External links 
Miomir Vukobratović's Home Page

1931 births
2012 deaths
Serbian inventors
Serbian roboticists
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
People from Zrenjanin
University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering alumni
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Lan. Lan or LAN may also refer to:

Science and technology
 Local asymptotic normality, a fundamental property of regular models in statistics
 Longitude of the ascending node, one of the orbital elements used to specify the orbit of an object in space
 Łan, unit of measurement in Poland
 Local area network, a computer network that interconnects within a limited area such as one or more buildings
 Lan blood group system, a human blood group
 Lanthanum nitride, a chemical compound whose formula is LaN

Places
 Lancashire (Chapman code), England 
 Lancaster railway station (National Rail station code), England 
 Capital Region International Airport (IATA airport code), Lansing, Michigan, US
 Lan County, Shanxi, China
 Łan, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
 Lan (river), Belarus
 Llan (placename), a placename element known in Breton as lan

Airlines
 LAN Airlines, former name of LATAM Chile, an airline in Chile, with a stake in other airlines:
 LAN Peru, an airline based in Peru
 LAN Ecuador, an airline based in Quito, Ecuador
 LAN Argentina, a defunct Argentine airline
 LAN Dominicana, a defunct Dominican airline
 LAN Colombia, an airline based in Bogotá, Colombia

Arts
 Lan (film), a 2009 Chinese film
 Lan Mandragoran, a fictional character from Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time series
 Lan Hikari, protagonist of the Mega Man: Battle Network series of video games and animated television shows

People
 Lan (surname 蓝), a Chinese surname
 Lan (surname 兰), a Chinese surname
 Lan (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name)
 Lan (tribe), ethnic group in Han dynasty China
 David Lan (born 1952), South African-born British playwright
 Donald Lan (1930–2019), American politician
Phạm Chi Lan, Vietnamese economist

Characters

 Lan, Aeon of The Hunt in Honkai: Star Rail

Other uses
 Län, administrative division used in Sweden and until 2009 in Finland
 Lan (tribe), a tribe of Eastern Huns
 Lan, a Cantonese profanity
 Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam, an American civil engineering company
 List of storms named Lan

See also
 Lymphadenopathy
 LAN party, a social happening on a local area network e.g multiplayer games.
 Lans (disambiguation)
 Ian
 Llan (disambiguation)