omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
No-disc crack. A No-disc crack, No-CD crack or No-DVD crack is an executable file or a special "byte patcher" program which allows a user to circumvent certain Compact Disc and DVD copy protection schemes. They allow the user to run computer software without having to insert their required CD-ROM or DVD-ROM.  This act is a form of software cracking. No-CD cracks specific to a variety of games and other software distributed on CD-ROM or DVD-ROM can be found on the Internet from various reverse engineering websites or file sharing networks. No-CD cracks have legal uses, such as creating backups of legally owned software (a user right by law in many countries) or avoiding the inconvenience of placing a CD or DVD-ROM in the drive every time the software is being used, although they can also be used to circumvent laws in many countries by allowing the execution of full versions of non-legally owned applications or time-limited trials of the applications without the original disc.

In addition to cracked executable files or byte patchers, CD protection can sometimes be thwarted by producing a mini image containing only enough of the software's CD-ROM contents needed to bypass protection. This image can then be mounted with a disk image emulator such as Daemon Tools to "trick" the user's computer's operating system (OS) into believing that the disk image is a physical optical disk inserted into a physical optical drive attached to the computer. As a side benefit, data from mounted disk images generally load much faster than a real disk would because the data is stored on the hard drive. Some programs, however, attempt to discover such disk image emulators and will refuse to work if one is found. Other programs exist that attempt to hide the presence of disk image emulators from such protected software.  However, if some of the software was running in a virtualization suite such as Windows Virtual PC or VirtualBox, the guest OS will further be confused into thinking it is the "physical" disc.

Some publishers have used no-disc cracks to re-release older games for modern PCs, including Ubisoft (with Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2) and Rockstar Games (with Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne).

Law limitations 
See the below excerpt from United States Copyright Law in regards to computer software.

See also
ISO image

References

Warez
Digital rights management circumvention software
Copyright infringement of software
SAI KZ III. The SAI KZ III Lærke ("lark") was a Danish light utility aircraft used by the Danish Air Ambulance Service and Danish Air Force.

The first KIII was built during the German occupation of Denmark and first flew on 11 September 1944. With German permission it was transferred to the Redningskorpset (Rescue Service). A second war-time example was smuggled to Sweden. The two wartime aircraft had  Gipsy Minor I engines.

The KIII had a high wing braced by V-struts to the lower fuselage. Its fuselage had a steel tube structure and, like the rest of the aircraft, had fabric covering. Its two front seats shared dual controls. Slotted  flaps and fixed, full span slots provided a gentle stall.

64 were built post-war with  Blackburn Cirrus Minor II engines. Many of these went to flying clubs, mostly in Denmark but with sales to several near-by countries. A few went further, one to Singapore and another to India, where its airframe still survives.

Operators

Civil operators

 Danish Air Ambulance Service

Military operators

 Royal Danish Air Force.

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Profile at The Danish Collection of Vintage Aircraft

1940s Danish civil utility aircraft
Skandinavisk Aero Industri aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Language-oriented programming. Language-oriented programming (LOP) is a software-development paradigm where "language" is a software building block with the same status as objects, modules and components, and rather than solving problems in general-purpose programming languages, the programmer creates one or more domain-specific languages (DSLs) for the problem first, and solves the problem in those languages. Language-oriented programming was first described in detail in Martin Ward's 1994 paper Language Oriented Programming.

Concept
The concept of language-oriented programming takes the approach to capture requirements in the user's terms, and then to try to create an implementation language as isomorphic as possible to the user's descriptions, so that the mapping between requirements and implementation is as direct as possible. A measure of the closeness of this isomorphism is the "redundancy" of the language, defined as the number of editing operations needed to implement a stand-alone change in requirements. It is not assumed a-priori what is the best language for implementing the new language. Rather, the developer can choose among options created by analysis of the information flows — what information is acquired, what its structure is, when it is acquired, from whom, and what is done with it.

Development

The Racket programming language and RascalMPL were designed to support language-oriented programming from the ground up. Other language workbench tools such as JetBrains MPS, Kermeta, or Xtext provide the tools to design and implement DSLs and language-oriented programming.

See also
 Grammar-oriented programming
 Dialecting
 Domain-specific language
 Extensible programming
 Intentional programming

References

External links
 Language Oriented Programming: The Next Programming Paradigm Sergey Dmitriev's paper that further explored the topic.
 The State of the Art in Language Workbenches. Conclusions from the Language Workbench Challenge. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Software Language Engineering (SLE'13). 2013.
Language Oriented Programming in MetaLisp  Gyuri Lajos's thesis 1992 University of Leeds The system used the very same Top Down Parsing Language algorithm that powered Tree-Meta

Programming paradigms
The Burning World (novel). The Burning World is a 1964 science fiction novel by British author J. G. Ballard. An expanded version, retitled The Drought, was first published in 1965 by Jonathan Cape.

Plot  
In contrast to Ballard's earlier novel The Drowned World, The Burning World describes a world in which water is scarce. After an extensive drought, rivers have turned to trickles and the earth to dust, causing the world's populations to head toward the oceans in search of water. The drought is caused by industrial waste flushed into the ocean, which form an oxygen-permeable barrier of saturated long-chain polymers that prevents evaporation and destroys the precipitation cycle.

The main focus of the book is on the surrealistic landscapes forming a changing setting symbolising the developing psychological conflicts and alienation of the principal character.

References

External links

The Terminal Collection: JG Ballard First Editions

1964 British novels
1964 science fiction novels
1965 British novels
Berkley Books books
British post-apocalyptic novels
Climate change novels
Jonathan Cape books
Novels by J. G. Ballard
Fiction about water scarcity
Yakovlev Yak-4. The Yakovlev Yak-4 (Service names Yak-4, BB-22bis (Blizhnij Bombardirovschik, russian ближний бомбардировщик, "short-range bomber")) was a Soviet light bomber used during World War II. It was developed from the Ya-22/Yak-2.

Design and development

The Yak-4 was an improved version of the Yak-2 with more powerful Klimov M-105 engines and a number of other changes that were made to try to rectify the problems of the Yak-2. Two additional fuel tanks were added in the outer wings to bring the total capacity up to  and the gunner's canopy was bulged to give him more room to use his  ShKAS machine gun. The upper fuselage was redesigned to improve the gunner's field of fire and the oil coolers were relocated from the sides of the engine nacelles to the 'chin' position to improve their performance.

Operators

VVS

Specifications (Yak-4)

References

Further reading

External links

 Yak-4 description on aviation.ru

Yak-004
1940s Soviet bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1940
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Tupolev I-12. The Tupolev I-12 (also known as the ANT-23) was a prototype Soviet fighter aircraft that never reached production. The I-12 was of unconventional design with twin booms made of water pipes containing recoilless rifles and two engines in a push-pull configuration. The aircraft first flew in 1931 but did not enter production due to disappointing performance and operational difficulties such as the inability for the pilot to escape the aircraft without hitting the propeller arc behind him. The second prototype from Tupolev (designated ANT-23bis) was never completed.

Specifications

References

External links
Airwar (in Russian)
Tupolev

1930s Soviet fighter aircraft
I-12
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Nike-Iroquois. Nike Iroquois is the designation of a two-stage American sounding rocket. The Nike Iroquois was launched 213 times between 1964 and 1978. The maximum flight height of the Nike Iroquois amounts to 290 km (950,000 ft), the takeoff thrust 48,800 lbf (217 kN), the takeoff weight 700 kg and the length 8.00 m.

References 

Nike-Iroquois at Encyclopedia Astronautica

Nike (rocket family)
Ilyushin Il-6. The Ilyushin Il-6 () was a Soviet long-range bomber developed from the Ilyushin Il-4 during 1942. Originally intended as a high-speed replacement for the Il-4, it was recast as a very long-range bomber with fuel-conserving diesel engines before production of the single prototype began in December 1942. Flight testing showed controllability issues when landing at high weights and the engines proved to be hard to start at low temperatures and were slow to respond to throttle movements. Further development was canceled in 1944.

Development
Outwardly similar to the Il-4, the Il-6 was faster and had a longer and slimmer fuselage fitted with a completely new, highly tapered wing with an aspect ratio of 8. The engine nacelles were streamlined to reduce drag and increase speed as the engine radiators were mounted in the wing center section, fed by slits in the leading edge of the wing. Defensive armament was greatly improved with five  cannon fitted on flexible mountings in the nose, dorsal turret, two waist positions and a ventral blister forward of the tailplane.

The Il-6 was originally intended as a high-speed replacement for the Il-4. But after the initial design was completed in August 1942, the VVS requested that the bomber have extended range instead of high speed. The original M-71 radial engines were therefore replaced by Charomskiy ACh-30 diesel engines with low fuel consumption which promised to give the Il-6 the required range, especially when operated at moderate weights. The revised design was completed in December 1942 and production of the prototype was initiated. The first flight of the Il-6 was made in Irkutsk on 7 August 1943 with lower-powered ACh-30B engines substituted for the unavailable ACh-30BF engines.

Flight tests revealed difficult handling, and a lack of power due to the non-availability of the intended ACh-30BF engines. Flight tests continued without the waist guns and their gunner until the ACh-30BF's were fitted between May and July 1944. Despite modifications, the aircraft still suffered from poor controllability at low speeds and high weights as well as very poor gliding performance. Throughout the flight tests the engines performed satisfactorily in the air, but were found to be very difficult to start in low ambient temperatures and had slow response to throttle movements. Further development was canceled.

Variants
 Il-6 – intended production version with Charomskiy ACh-30BF engines (also known as M-30).
 Il-6 – bomber with M-90 engines - projected variant with M-90 engines, production drawings were issued but nothing further was heard of it, presumably as all effort was focused on the diesel-powered version.

Specifications (Il-6 1944)

See also

References

Further reading

 

Il-006
1930s Soviet bomber aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Vladimir Yermolaev. Vladimir Grigoryevich Yermolaev (; 29 August 1909  31 December 1944) was a Soviet aircraft designer, general-major of the aviation engineering service. He graduated from the Moscow State University in 1931.

Yermolaev was a leading engineer in development of the Bartini "Stal-7" aircraft. Yermolayev became the chief of OKB-240 in 1939, after Bartini was arrested and interned in a Siberian Gulag; he led the development and production of Stal-7–based long-range bomber DB-240/Yer-2/Yer-4 and its variants with Charomskiy ACh-30 diesel engines.

Yermolaev died in 1944 due to a typhoid infection.

Aircraft
Yermolaev Yer-2

See also
Yermolaev Design Bureau

References

1909 births
1944 deaths
Russian aerospace engineers
Soviet engineers
20th-century Russian engineers
Deaths from typhoid fever
Natural Science and Technical Academy Isny. The Natural Science and Technical Academy Isny (German: Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Akademie Isny, NTA or NTA Isny) is a privately run, state-approved German university focusing in applied sciences, located in Isny im Allgäu.

Since its founding in 1945, it has had a steadily expanding scope, including food chemistry (1967, expanded 1994 to include environmental analysis), physical electronics (1968), pharmaceutical chemistry (1972), and computer science (1992).

The university claims that the physical electronics and pharmaceutical chemistry programs are unique in  Germany.

References

External links
 

Private universities and colleges in Germany
Universities and colleges in Baden-Württemberg
Educational institutions established in 1945
1945 establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Ravensburg (district)
Khors Air. Khors Air () was an airline based in Kyiv, Ukraine. It operated mainly charter flights within Ukraine, and also offered flights to Europe and the Middle East from Kyiv International Airport.

History 
The airline was founded and began operations in 1990 using Ilyushin Il-76, Yakovlev Yak-40, Antonov An-24 and Antonov An-26 aircraft, since then mainly serving the CIS. In 1992, an Antonov An-12 was purchased. In 2000, Khors Air replaced its ageing fleet of Soviet aircraft with American-built McDonnell Douglas DC-9-51 aircraft and, from 2004, McDonnell Douglas MD-82.

In 2005, a Kyiv to Dubai, Malé and Jakarta service was started using a Boeing 757-200ER aircraft but soon had to be halted.

In 2017, the United States proposed sanctions against Khors Air due to them leasing out aircraft to airlines in Iran.

As of 2022, the airline ceased all operations during war.

Destinations 
Most flights operated by the airline were non-scheduled charter flights.

Fleet

Historic fleet 

 Airbus A319
 Airbus A320
 Airbus A321
 Antonov An-12
 Antonov An-24
 Antonov An-26
 Boeing 737-300
 Boeing 737-500
 Boeing 757-200ER
 Ilyushin Il-76
 McDonnell Douglas DC-9
 McDonnell Douglas MD-82
 McDonnell Douglas MD-83
 McDonnell Douglas MD-88
 Yakovlev Yak-40

References

External links 

Defunct airlines of Ukraine
Airlines established in 1990
Airlines disestablished in 2022
Defunct charter airlines
Ukrainian companies established in 1990
Ramsauer–Townsend effect. The Ramsauer–Townsend effect, also sometimes called the Ramsauer effect or the Townsend effect, is a physical phenomenon involving the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms of a noble gas. This effect is a result of quantum mechanics. The effect is named for Carl Ramsauer and John Sealy Townsend, who each independently studied the collisions between atoms and low-energy electrons in 1921.

Definitions 
When an electron moves through a gas, its interactions with the gas atoms cause scattering to occur. These interactions are classified as inelastic if they cause excitation or ionization of the atom to occur and elastic if they do not.

The probability of scattering in such a system is defined as the number of electrons scattered, per unit electron current, per unit path length, per unit pressure at 0 °C, per unit solid angle. The number of collisions equals the total number of electrons scattered elastically and inelastically in all angles, and the probability of collision is the total number of collisions, per unit electron current, per unit path length, per unit pressure at 0 °C.

Because noble gas atoms have a relatively high first ionization energy and the electrons do not carry enough energy to cause excited electronic states, ionization and excitation of the atom are unlikely, and the probability of elastic scattering over all angles is approximately equal to the probability of collision.

Description 
If one tries to predict the probability of collision with a classical model that treats the electron and atom as hard spheres, one finds that the probability of collision should be independent of the incident electron energy. However, Ramsauer and Townsend, independently observed that for slow-moving electrons in argon, krypton, or xenon, the probability of collision between the electrons and gas atoms obtains a minimum value for electrons with a certain amount of kinetic energy (about 1 electron volts for xenon gas). 

No good explanation for the phenomenon existed until the introduction of quantum mechanics, which explains that the effect results from the wave-like properties of the electron. A simple model of the collision that makes use of wave theory can predict the existence of the Ramsauer–Townsend minimum. Niels Bohr presented a simple model for the phenomenon that considers the atom as a finite square potential well.

Predicting from theory the kinetic energy that will produce a Ramsauer–Townsend minimum is quite complicated since the problem involves understanding the wave nature of particles. However, the problem has been extensively investigated both experimentally and theoretically and is well understood.

References 

Scattering
Physical phenomena
Hopi-Dart. Hopi-Dart was an American sounding rocket used by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center for aeronomy studies in the early 1960s.

Design
Hopi-Dart was a two-stage vehicle, combining a solid-fuelled Hopi III first stage with an unpowered Dart second stage. It was originally capable of carrying a payload of  to an apogee of ; an upgrade, sometimes known as "Hopi Plus", increased the apogee to . The Hopi-Dart was developed for NASA Marshall Space Fight Center to obtain wind speeds at altitudes from 70 to 90 kilometers in support of Saturn launches. Design was headed by Charles W. Watson.

Operational history
Eleven test and eleven operational aeronomy missions were flown, with Wallops Island, the Tonopah Test Range, and the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 43 being used as launch sites. Four of the test launches were failures. After flight 18 significant modifications were made. The modifications were to the interstage, propellant formulation, and the rocket nozzle. The redesigned first stage was renamed the Hopi III. Hopi III-Dart was replaced by the Super Loki-Dart of Space Data Corporation.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Sounding rockets of the United States
Petlyakov. V.M. Petlyakov Design Bureau (, Opytnoe Konstructorskoe Byuro Petlyakova) was a Soviet OKB (design bureau) for military aircraft, headed by designer Vladimir Petlyakov. Following his death in 1942, the bureau was controlled by Izakson, Putliov, and Myasishchyev before being dissolved in 1946.

Developments
Pe-2 'Buck'/PB-100, 1939.
VI-100/"100" prototype, "high altitude fighter", 1939.
Pe-2I fighter
Pe-3 multirole fighter, 207  were built, 1941.
Pe-3bis multirole fighter, about 300 were built, 1941.
Pe-4 Pe-2 with Klimov VK-105PF engines.
Vb-109 (by V.Myasichev) high-altitude bomber.
Pe-8/TB-7 The only four-engined bomber the USSR used during World War II, 1935.

References

Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Design bureaus
Comparison of email clients. The following tables compare general and technical features of notable non-web-based email client programs.

General
Basic general information about the clients: creator/company, O/S, license, and interface.

Release history
A brief digest of the release histories.

Operating system support
The operating systems on which the clients can run natively (without emulation).

Protocol support

Communication and access protocol support

What email and related protocols and standards are supported by each client.

Integration protocol support

Authentication support

SSL and TLS support

Features

Information on what features each of the clients support.

General features

For all of these clients, the concept of "HTML support" does not mean that they can process the full range of HTML that a web browser can handle. Almost all email readers limit HTML features, either for security reasons, or because of the nature of the interface. CSS and JavaScript can be especially problematic.

Messages features

Database, folders and customization

Templates, scripts and programming languages

Internationalization
The Bat! supports Email Address Internationalization (EAI).

As of October 2016, email clients supporting SMTPUTF8 included Outlook 2016, mail for iOS, and mail for Android.

See also
Comparison of feed aggregators
Comparison of browser engines
Comparison of mail servers
Comparison of webmail providers
List of personal information managers
Unicode and email
Webmail

Notes

References

External links
T&B : Email : Clients (of historical interest—last updated in 1999)
Mail User Agents for Linux Based Platforms (includes many email clients not listed in the above tables)
Remail - research by The Collaborative User Experience group at IBM

Email clients
 

sv:E-postprogram#Jämförelse av epostklienter
Chézy. Chézy may refer to:

 People
 Antoine de Chézy (1718–1798), French hydraulic engineer
 Antoine-Léonard de Chézy (1773–1832), French orientalist
 Helmina von Chézy (1783–1856), German journalist, poet and playwright

 Communes in France
 Chézy, Allier, in the Allier department
 Chézy-en-Orxois, in the Aisne department
 Chézy-sur-Marne, in the Aisne department

 Other
 Chézy formula, for river flows
Andhra Pradesh Mica Mine Workers Union. A.P. Mica Mine Workers Union, a trade union of mica mine labourers in the Gudur minefields in Andhra Pradesh, India. APMMU is affiliated to All India Trade Union Congress. APMMU claims a membership of 1200 out of a total of 7000 workers.

Andhra Pradesh is one of the three leading areas where mica is mined in India. India produces roughly 62% of the world's mica but in recent years other materials substituting mica in its main applications (such as electronics) have impacted the price and mining of mica in India.

References
PUCL
MM&P mica mining India overview

Trade unions in India
All India Trade Union Congress
Mining trade unions
Trade unions in Andhra Pradesh
Year of establishment missing