omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
W. & L. E. Gurley Building. The W. & L. E. Gurley Building is a historic industrial building in Troy, New York, United States. Built in 1862, it is a classical revival structure that housed the W. & L. E. Gurley Company, a maker of precision measuring instruments.  The Gurley Company was one of the first companies in the nation to make precision instruments.  The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition of this in 1983.

History 
The Julius Hanks foundry was purchased by the W. & L. E. Gurley Company in 1852, and was destroyed in the Great Troy Fire of 1862. The W. & L. E. Gurley Building was built in "an amazing feat of construction" in just 8 months to replace the previous building.  Originally, the first floor space was used for retail with the third and fourth floors leased to other manufacturers. Gradually, Gurley expanded to use the entire buildings.

The company, run by William Gurley and his brother, Lewis Ephraim, were leaders in the field and published a regularly updated manual of instruments and their operations and were engaged in producing military products for the American Civil War, which included "brass fuse-plugs for naval projectiles and an improved type of brass trimming for saddle trees." In the 1960s, the company was acquired by Teledyne Company, and was sold again in 1993 and continues as Gurley Precision Instruments today.

The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1983. The building is currently rented by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and houses its Lighting Research Center, which moved there in 2000, and a few acoustics labs associated with the school of architecture as well as the Human Resources department . Gurley Precision Instruments still occupies the first floor of the building and the entire building directly across the street.

It is located on Fulton Street between 5th and Union Streets in Troy.

Architecture 
The building is a four-story red brick building, U-shaped around a small courtyard.  A foundry was at ground level on the north side of the courtyard. The building’s foundation is made of stone with brick bearing walls and cast-iron interior columns. The building’s classical revival exterior includes arched doors and windows with semicircular brick arches and hoodmoulds. Entrances are asymmetrical with the main entrance located on Fulton Street.

Originally, the first floor space was used for retail with the third and fourth floors leased to other manufacturers. Gradually, Gurley expanded to use the entire buildings.

HAER photos

References

External links

Gurley Precision, at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Buildings and structures in Troy, New York
Historic American Engineering Record in New York (state)
National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Troy, New York
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Chloride process. The chloride process is used to separate titanium from its ores. The goal of the process is to win high purity titanium dioxide from ores such as ilmenite (FeTiO3) and rutile (TiO2).  The strategy exploits the volatility of TiCl4, which is readily purified and converted to the dioxide.  Millions of tons of TiO2 are produced annually by this process, mainly for use as white pigments.  As of 2017, the chloride process is used alongside the older sulfate process, which relies on hot sulfuric acid to extract iron and other impurities from ores.

Process chemistry
In this process, the feedstock is treated at 1000 °C with carbon and chlorine gas, giving titanium tetrachloride. Typical is the conversion starting from the ore ilmenite:
2 FeTiO3 + 7 Cl2 + 6 C → 2 TiCl4 + 2 FeCl3 + 6 CO
The process is a variant of a carbothermic reaction, which exploits the reducing power of carbon.

The titanium tetrachloride is purified by distillation. Other impurities are converted to the respective chlorides as well, but most are less volatile than TiCl4. Vanadium tetrachloride and vanadium oxytrichloride codistill with TiCl4, but these impurities can be removed by chemical reduction.

It can be subsequently oxidized in an oxygen flame or plasma to give the pure titanium dioxide.
TiCl4 + O2 + heat → TiO2 + 2Cl2
In this way, chlorine is recovered for recycling.

Process engineering

The standard chloride process for titanium dioxide base material consists of the following main production units:
Oxidation
Chlorination
Condensation
Purification

The following auxiliary production units are necessary:
Ore/coke storage
Off-Gas Treatment
Dust treatment

Under steady state conditions the chloride process is a continuous cycle in which chlorine changes from the oxidized state to the reduced state and reverse. The oxidized form of the chlorine is molecular chlorine Cl2, the reduced form is titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). The oxidizing agent is molecular oxygen (O2), the reducing agent is coke. Both must be fed into the process. The titanium is fed into the process in form of ore together with the coke. Titanium ore is a mixture of oxides. The added O2 leaves the process with the product TiO2, the added coke leaves the process together with the added oxygen from the titanium ore in form of CO and CO2. The other fed metals leave the process in form of metal chlorides.

References

External links

Chemical processes
Chlorine
Vbcc. vbcc is a portable and retargetable ANSI C compiler. It supports C89 (ISO/IEC 9899:1989) as well as parts of C99 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999). 

It is divided into two parts. One is target-independent and the other is target-dependent. vbcc provides complete abstraction of host-arithmetic and target-arithmetic. It fully supports cross-compiling for 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit architectures. 

Embedded systems are supported by features such as different pointer sizes, ROM-able code, inline assembly, bit-types, interrupt handlers, section attributes, and stack usage calculation (depending on the backend). 

vbcc supports the following backends, with different degrees of maturity: 68k, ColdFire, PowerPC, 6502, VideoCore, 80x86 (386 and above), Alpha, C16x/ST10, 6809/6309/68HC12, and Z-machine.

The compiler itself can run on all common operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS X, and Unix/Linux.

Optimizations
The compiler provides a large set of high-level optimizations as well as target-specific optimizations to produce faster or smaller code. It is also able to optimize across functions and modules. Target-independent optimizations supported by vbcc include: 

cross-module function inlining 
partial inlining of recursive functions 
interprocedural dataflow analysis 
interprocedural register allocation
register allocation for global variables 
global common subexpression elimination
global constant propagation
global copy propagation 
dead code elimination
alias analysis 
loop unrolling
induction variable elimination 
loop-invariant code motion
loop reversal

References

External links
Dr. Volker Barthelmann´s Compiler Page
vbcc - ISO/ANSI-C Compiler
macOS
Atari cross development
Amiga cross development
Windows cross development
Linux
Amiga cross development

C (programming language) compilers
Amiga development software
MorphOS software
Atari ST software
PlayReady. PlayReady is a media file copy prevention technology from Microsoft that includes encryption, output prevention and digital rights management (DRM). It was announced in February 2007.

Technological differences 
The main differences relative to previous DRM schemes from Microsoft are:

 Some popular features that were already present in other DRM schemes in the market have been added. These include the concept of domain (group of devices belonging to the same user which can share the same licenses), Embedded Licenses (licenses that are embedded in the content files, avoiding a separate step for license acquisition) and envelopes (the ability to DRM arbitrary, potentially non-media content). It is also the protection scheme for IIS Smooth Streaming, Microsoft's adaptive streaming technology.
 It is platform-independent: unlike other Microsoft DRM schemes like Janus, PlayReady can be ported to any kind of portable device, even if it uses non-Microsoft technology (OS, codecs, media player, etc.).

Competitors 
PlayReady competes with other proprietary DRM schemes and even more with DRM-free software, most notably Apple's FairPlay introduced in iTunes and QuickTime. There are several other DRM schemes that are competing to become the dominant DRM technology (e.g. Widevine).

Versions 
Microsoft released the first version of the PlayReady suite (Porting Kit for devices, PC SDK and runtime, Server SDK) in June 2008. Silverlight 2.0, released in October 2008, supports content restricted with PlayReady.  As of Silverlight 4.0, the implementation of Microsoft PlayReady in Silverlight supports offline content (via persisted license), subscription scenarios (via chained licenses) and online, streaming-only content (via simple non-persistent licenses). Output protection support was also added in Silverlight 4.0.

Interoperability 
 PlayReady 2.9 and below is backwards compatible with Windows Media DRM 10 content, meaning that content encrypted with WM DRM 10 (for instance, content for PlaysForSure devices) will play on a PlayReady terminal.
 CopyEnablers and MoveEnablers are no longer supported by PlayReady 3.0 and above.
 PlaysForSure compliant devices won't play PlayReady-encrypted content.

References

External links 
 Official PlayReady website
 Microsoft ready to play with PlayReady - The Register, 13 February 2008
 MSDN explanations & code snippets
 PlayReady DRM in Silverlight

Microsoft initiatives
Digital rights management systems
Digital rights management standards
The Common Link. TCL, The Common Link, was a Swedish BBS system developed by Ulf Hedlund in the late 1980s. It was based on the capabilities of the KOM conferencing system used at many Swedish universities, and distinguished itself from the other major FidoNet BBS systems at the time by its support for topic threading and its non-hierarchical command interface. It used a Btrieve database for information storage. There were only about 30 TCL BBSs in Sweden and only one outside the country.

One of the oldest, still operational BBSs in the world, -=P=I=X=-, is still running, without interruption, TCL since 1989.

References

External links
 About the KOM system

Bulletin board systems
NKT Flexibles. NKT Flexibles is a supplier of flexible pipelines for the offshore and chemical industries based in Denmark. NKT Flexibles was acquired by the Houston, Texas-based company National Oilwell Varco (renamed NOV Inc. in 2021) in 2012 for . The company was formed in 1999 when it was split off from NKT Cables to form a joint venture between NKT (51%) and Subsea 7 S.A. (49%). It has production facilities in Kalundborg, Denmark and offices in Brøndby, Denmark.

The company produces dynamic and static risers, static flowlines, subsea and topside jumpers, and expansion joints for use in the offshore oil and gas industry. The NKT flexible pipe is an unbonded structure consisting of helically wound metallic armour wires or tapes combined with concentric layers of polymers, textiles, fabric strips and lubricants.

In May 2011, the company announced its second frame agreement with Brazil oil company Petrobras. The agreement, worth up to , included the establishment of a Brazilian production facility located in the Acu Superport.

References

Manufacturing companies of Denmark
Danish companies established in 1999 
Defunct companies of Denmark
Plumbing & Drainage Institute. The Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI) is an association of American manufacturers of engineered plumbing drainage specialty products. Such products include floor drains, roof drains, sanitary floor drains, cleanouts, water hammer arresters, swimming pool drains, backwater valves, grease interceptors, fixture supports, and other drainage specialties. It is located in North Andover, Massachusetts.

Purpose
The Institute's objective is to promote the advancement of Engineered Plumbing Products through research and standardization of product requirements; to prepare, edit, and publish standards relating to plumbing products; and to provide certified testing, rating, and installation procedures for grease interceptors and water hammer arresters, in Standards PDI-G101 and PDI-WH201, respectively.

Activities
PDI maintains testing equipment in independent testing laboratories for the purpose of testing Water Hammer Arresters for compliance with Standard PDI-WH201 and Grease Interceptors for compliance with Standard PDI-G101. Certified Products carry the Seal of the Plumbing & Drainage Institute as evidence that the product has met the specified requirements of the Institute’s Standards.

PDI assists with the development of National Standards through the ASME Committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. This assistance is provided by members of the PDI Engineering Committee and by other PDI affiliates.  PDI has been active on Panels 6, 14, 21, and 26, of the A-112 Committee for a number of years and its Executive Director sits on the A-112 Main Committee. This is the consensus group for ANSI (American National Standards Institute).

See also
National Sanitary Foundation

References

External links
 Official PDI Website
 Member Website - Jay R. Smith

Plumbing
Professional associations based in the United States
Organizations based in Massachusetts
MilCAN. MilCAN is a deterministic protocol that can be applied to Controller Area Network (CAN) technology as specified by ISO 11898. MilCAN has been defined by a group of interested companies and government bodies associated with the specification, manufacture and test of military vehicles. 
  
The MilCAN working group was formed in 1999 as a sub-group of the International High Speed Data Bus - Users Group (IHSDB-UG) when a need was recognised to standardise the implementation of CANbus within the military vehicle community. The mission statement of this group was “To develop, for various application classes in all military vehicles, a common interface implementation specification based on CANbus”.

Although initially developed for the military land systems domain, MilCAN may be applied wherever there is a requirement for deterministic data transfer.

Meetings of the MilCAN work group are held about every six months, and are hosted by one of the group members.

External links 
 MilCAN working group

Serial buses
Seemanta Engineering College. Seemanta Engineering College (also known as SEC), Mayurbhanj is one of the oldest private engineering colleges in the northern part of state Odisha, India. SEC founded in 1997 as a sister institute of Seemanta Mahavidyalaya Samiti which was founded by Mr Paresh Chandra Basa in the year 1978. The institute has courses in disciplines such as Mechanical, Civil, Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunication, Electronics and Instrumentation and Electrical.

The college is affiliated to the Biju Patnaik University of Technology and has been approved by AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education).

History
SEC was established on 1997 as a project of the Seemanta Mahavidyalaya Samiti to provide technical education to North Orissa and the bordering regions of Jharkhand and West Bengal. The institute started with first batch of students from 3 disciplines such as Computer Science, Mechanical and  Electronics & Telecommunication. Initially the classes were conducted on Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences building whereas practicals were conducted on Seemanta ITI and Seemanta Mahavidyalaya. From 1999 onwards SEC has had its own building at Mayurvihar which is 4 km from Jarpokharia, Baripada, Mayurbhanj.

Academic profile

References

External links 
 Seemanta Engineering College

Private engineering colleges in India
Engineering colleges in Odisha
Colleges affiliated with Biju Patnaik University of Technology
All India Council for Technical Education
Mayurbhanj district
Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in Orissa
Lockheed Martin A2100. The A2100 is a model of communications satellite spacecraft made by Lockheed Martin Space Systems. It is used as the foundation for telecommunications payloads in geosynchronous orbit, as well as GOES-R weather satellites and GPS Block IIIA satellites. Over 40 satellites use the A2100 bus.

History
The first satellite, AMC-1, was launched September 8, 1996, and has achieved 15-year on-orbit service life.  Since 1996 there have been over 45 of the A2100 based satellites launched, with over 400 years of total on-orbit service.
Other A2100 spacecraft include JCSAT-13 and VINASAT-2, which were launched May, 2012 on an Ariane 5 rocket, as well as Arabsat-6A and Hellas Sat 4/SaudiGeoSat-1 of Saudi Arabia's Arabsat-6G program.

In 2002, Lockheed Martin Commercial Space Systems was given a Frost and Sullivan Satellite Reliability Award for excellence in the production of flexible and reliable communications satellites used in geosynchronous Earth orbit.

A2100 customers includes communications companies around the world, including Astra, Telesat, SKY Perfect JSAT Group and others.

Design
The Lockheed Martin A2100 geosynchronous spacecraft series is designed for a variety of telecommunications needs including Ka band broadband and broadcast services, fixed satellite services in C-band and Ku band payload configurations, high-power direct broadcast services using the Ku band frequency spectrum, and mobile satellite services using UHF, L-band and S-band payloads. 

The A2100 satellite system was developed by the Astro Space team at its East Windsor, New Jersey facility, with team members delivering a flexible common bus with fewer components, lower spacecraft weight, and reduced customer delivery time.

The A2100 is being supplanted by the LM2100, an evolutionary upgrade with several new features. The military version is the LM2100 Combat Bus.

Propulsion system
The attitude control system includes reaction wheels, with momentum desaturation and main motor maneuver attitude control propulsion provided by small monopropellant hydrazine motors. This hydrazine supply is contained in a central propellant tank of 0.90 m diameter and up to 2.00 m length depending on the customer's requirements.
This tank's maximum length was later increased to 2.55 m.
The liquid apogee engine uses hydrazine fuel from the central tank along with nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer from two flanking tanks of 0.54 m diameter and up to 1.65 m long.
Orbit maintenance is performed by the small hydrazine motors and ion thrusters.
The maximum propellant supply (with the largest tanks at 95% fill factor) are 1368 kg of hydrazine fuel and 627 kg of nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer.

According to Moog-ISP, the A2100 platform uses its LEROS bipropellant Liquid Apogee Engine.

Satellite orders

A2100A

A2100AX

A2100AXS

A2100M (Military)

LM2100 (Modernized)

LM2100M (Modernized Military)

Cancelled orders

References

Satellite buses
Lockheed Martin
Sherwood Applied Business Security Architecture. SABSA (Sherwood Applied Business Security Architecture) is a model and methodology for developing a risk-driven enterprise information security architecture and service management, to support critical business processes. It was developed independently from the Zachman Framework, but has a similar structure. The primary characteristic of the SABSA model is that everything must be derived from an analysis of the business requirements for security, especially those in which security has an enabling function through which new business opportunities can be developed and exploited.

The process analyzes the business requirements at the outset, and creates a chain of traceability through the strategy and concept, design, implementation, and ongoing ‘manage and measure’ phases of the lifecycle to ensure that the business mandate is preserved.  Framework tools created from practical experience further support the whole methodology.  

The model is layered, with the top layer being the business requirements definition stage.  At each lower layer a new level of abstraction and detail is developed, going through the definition of the conceptual architecture, logical services architecture, physical infrastructure architecture and finally at the lowest layer, the selection of technologies and products (component architecture). 

The SABSA model itself is generic and can be the starting point for any organization, but by going through the process of analysis and decision-making implied by its structure, it becomes specific to the enterprise, and is finally highly customized to a unique business model.  It becomes in reality the enterprise security architecture, and it is central to the success of a strategic program of information security management within the organization. 

SABSA is a particular example of a methodology that can be used both for IT (information technology) and OT (operational technology) environments.

SABSA matrix

Note: The above is the original SABSA Matrix, which is still valid today, but it has been expanded by a comprehensive service management matrix and updated in some detail and terminology areas. In the words of David Lynas, SABSA author, "The SABSA Matrix and the SABSA Service Management Matrix have not been updated since the late 90s. We have redesigned them to deliver the improvements your feedback has requested over the years. We have not fundamentally changed the structure or principles of the matrices (very few elements have changed position) but have focused on terminology update and consistency." The new versions can be downloaded (along with the 2009 revision of the SABSA White Paper and other important documents like the SABSA Certification Roadmap) at the SABSA Members' Web Site.

References 

 The SABSA Method
 John Sherwood, Andrew Clark, David Lynas (2004) “Enterprise Security Architecture: A Business-Driven Approach” ISBN 9781578203185 (ISBN 157820318X)

External links 

 SABSA website
 The SABSA Institute
 The SABSA Institute Recommendations for the NIST Cyber Security Framework version 2.0 

Enterprise architecture
Computer security
Plutonium(III) chloride. Plutonium(III) chloride is a chemical compound with the formula PuCl3. This ionic plutonium salt can be prepared by reacting the metal with hydrochloric acid.

Structure 
Plutonium atoms in crystalline PuCl3 are 9 coordinate, and the structure is tricapped trigonal prismatic. It crystallizes as the trihydrate, and forms lavender-blue solutions in water.

Safety 

As with all plutonium compounds, it is subject to control under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.  Due to the radioactivity of plutonium, all of its compounds, PuCl3 included, are warm to the touch. Such contact is not recommended, since touching the material may result in serious injury.

References 

Plutonium(III) compounds
Nuclear materials
Chlorides
Actinide halides
Vetronics. Vetronics, a portmanteau of vehicle and electronics, is a technological designation used extensively in the military domain. The term also has limited usage in other contexts and in company branding, particularly in the veterinary and medical domains. It is the vehicular equivalent of avionics.

References

External links
 MilCAN Working Group
 U.S. Army Vetronics Institute
 Vetronics Research Centre (VRC), University of Brighton, UK
 Vehicle Systems Integration (VSI), UK MoD-funded Applied Research Programme
 Military Vetronics Association

Military vehicles