omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
David Messerschmitt. David G. Messerschmitt (born May 21, 1945) is an engineer and professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences in the UC Berkeley College of Engineering. He retired from UC Berkeley in 2005. At present he is conducting research at Berkeley, is a visiting professor in the Software Business Laboratory at the Helsinki University of Technology, and is doing research on interstellar communications at the SETI Institute. Messerschmitt also serves on the Advisory Council of METI International.

Biography
His notable past research includes the advancement of digital transmission systems, including contributions that made telephony possible over the existing telephone network, the use of VLSI to realize functions in the telephone network, and VLSI architectures to solve signal processing challenges. His work has increasingly been devoted to software. In 1984, Messerschmitt wrote Blosim, a software-based block diagram simulation system for digital signal processing simulations. He also contributed to a successor to Blosim called Ptolemy, which is still being actively developed and used. When the UC Berkeley School of Information was created he co-founded courses on network applications and strategic technology, and later served as interim dean of the school. His research interests and curriculum development for the past decade have been largely devoted to the business of software and economics of the software industry.

Messerschmitt graduated with a B.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Colorado in 1967, and received his M.S. and Ph.D. in computer, information, and control engineering from the University of Michigan in 1971. He was a Bell Labs researcher until 1977, when he left to take an academic position at Berkeley.

In 1983, David Messerschmitt was elevated to the grade of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) fellow for contributions to the theory of transmitting digital waveforms on band-limited channels. 

In 1999, Messerschmitt received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal "for fundamental contributions to communications theory and practice, including VLSI for signal processing, and simulation and modeling software". He was elected a member of the US National Academy of Engineering in 1990 for contributions to telecommunication theory and practice and to engineering education.

In 2007, Messerschmitt co-founded the Software business community (SWBC) in cooperation with the Helsinki University of Technology.

Books

References

External links
Messerschmitt's bio at IEEE History Center, written 1999
Messerschmitt's page on the Software Business Community (SWBC) platform

1945 births
Living people
Engineers from Denver
Educators from Denver
American electrical engineers
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
University of Colorado alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Hybrid heat. A hybrid heat system reacts to changes in temperature and automatically adjusts to the method available to heat or cool a house. It requires a furnace with a heat pump.

Mechanics 
A heat pump can be used to cool or heat a house. The heat pump transfers heat by transmitting of R-410A refrigerant.

Hybrid heat works with gas furnace and electric heat pump systems or using a variable-speed fan. Variable-speed fans use direct-current-electronically commutated motors (ECM).

Energy consumption 
A heat pump can reduce electricity use by up to 40% by transferring heat instead of making heat with fuel, for example a gas furnace.

References

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Cooling technology
Heat pumps
Auster Arrow. The Auster J/2 Arrow is a 1940s British single-engined two-seat high-wing touring monoplane built by Auster Aircraft Limited at Rearsby, Leicestershire, England.

History
The Arrow was designed as a successor to the pre-war Taylorcraft Plus C monoplane. A development aircraft, a side-by-side two-seater first flew in 1946 powered by a Lycoming O-145-B3 flat four air-cooled engine.

Import restrictions on the sale in the United Kingdom (UK) of American-built engines resulted in most of the 44 aircraft completed being exported, mainly to Australia. In later life, examples were re-imported to the UK, where several examples remained active in 2011.

Specifications (J/2)

See also

References

Mike Preston and Mick Ames, 2002, "Austers", International Auster Club Heritage Group Publication,

External links

1940s British civil utility aircraft
Auster aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Auster J/4. The Auster J/4 was a 1940s British single-engined two-seat high-wing touring monoplane built by Auster Aircraft Limited at Rearsby, Leicestershire.

History
Sales in the United Kingdom of the American-engined Auster J/2 Arrow were limited by import restrictions on the engines, so Auster re-engined the aircraft with a British engine, the 90 hp Blackburn Cirrus Minor I. The first aircraft flew towards the end of 1946. The two-seat aircraft proved less popular than the companies three-seat Auster J/1 Autocrat and only 27 aircraft were built. A number of aircraft were exported to Australia and these were known as the Archer in that country.

Two J4 airframes (G-AIPH & G-AIJT) were modified with Continental O-200 engines in the late 1960s by the Rolls-Royce employees “Merlin Flying Club”. G-AIJT remains airworthy. 

On 30 August 1955 an Australian aircraft VH-AET managed to take-off from Bankstown Airport Sydney without a pilot. It was followed out to sea by Royal Australian Navy Hawker Sea Furies and shot down.

Specifications (J/4)

See also

References

1940s British civil utility aircraft
Auster aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Christian Jacobæus. Anton Christian Jacobæus (1911 in Stockholm, Sweden–1988) was a Swedish electrical engineer, known for his contributions to teletraffic engineering, especially in the design of the modern crossbar switch used for telephone switching.

Jacobæus graduated from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in 1933 with a master's degree in electrical engineering. In 1935 he went to work for L. M. Ericsson, where he would spend his entire professional career. In 1950 he received his doctorate in electrical engineering, also from KTH. His dissertation titled A study of congestion in link systems became instrumental in the efficient design of crossbar switches. He became technical director in 1950, then senior vice president from 1963 until his retirement in 1976. He then continued to serve as a consultant to the company's management.

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences 1957–88, serving as its vice chairman 1979–81, and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1974. He was a fellow of IEEE from 1977.

In 1979, he was awarded the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal.

Christian Jacobæus was the son of Hans Christian Jacobæus.

References

20th-century Swedish engineers
Swedish electrical engineers
Queueing theorists
Ericsson people
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Fellows of the IEEE
Engineers from Stockholm
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
1911 births
1988 deaths
Auster Aiglet Trainer. The Auster J/5 Aiglet Trainer was a 1950s British single-engined four-seat high-wing training and touring monoplane built by Auster Aircraft Limited at Rearsby, Leicestershire.

History
Despite its name, the aircraft type had nothing to do with the Auster J/1B Aiglet, it being an aerobatic development of the Auster J/5 Autocar.

The Aiglet Trainer was based on the J/5 fuselage with new wings and stressed for aerobatics. The prototype first flew on 2 June 1951.

Most Aiglet Trainers were bought by private pilots and flying clubs, but 15 went to the Pakistan Air Force, 14 to the Iran Civil Aviation Club and two to the Lebanese Air Force.

Variants

 Auster J/5F Aiglet Trainer – production version.
 Auster J/5K Aiglet Trainer – Blackburn Cirrus Major 3 engine, one built.
 Auster J/5L Aiglet Trainer – de Havilland Gipsy Major 1 engine. 10 built.
 Auster J/8L Aiglet Trainer – J-5K re-engined with a de Havilland Gipsy Major 1 engine.

Operators

Royal Jordanian Air Force

Lebanese Air Force – two aircraft 

Pakistan Air Force – 17 aircraft

Specifications (J/5F)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1950s British civil utility aircraft
Auster aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1951
Shape moiré. Shape moiré is one type of moiré patterns demonstrating the phenomenon of moiré magnification. 1D shape moiré is the particular simplified case of 2D shape moiré. One-dimensional patterns may appear when superimposing an opaque layer containing tiny horizontal transparent lines on top of a layer containing a complex shape which is periodically repeating along the vertical axis.

Description
Shape moiré is sometimes referred as band moiré. The opaque layer with transparent lines is called the revealing layer. The layer containing the periodically repeating shapes is called the base layer. The period of shapes in the base layer is denoted as pb. The period of transparent lines in the revealing layer is denoted as pr. The periods of both layers must be sufficiently close. The superimposition image reveals the shapes of the base layer stretched along the vertical axis. The magnified shapes appear periodically along the vertical axis. The dimensions along the horizontal axis are not changed. If the complex shape of the base layer is a sequence of symbols (e.g. a horizontal text) compressed along the vertical axis, then the superimposition of the revealing layer can restore the original proportions of these symbols. The size along the vertical axis, pm, of the magnified optical shape is expressed by the following formula:

Negative values of pm signify mirrored appearance (the magnified shapes will be inverted along the vertical axis) of the stretched shapes.

When the revealing layer is moved along the vertical axis, the magnified shapes move along the vertical axis at a faster speed. The speedup factor is expressed by the following formula:

Negative values of vm / vr signify the movement of optical shapes in reverse direction.

Examples
When pr > pb, the magnified shapes appear normally, but they move in reverse direction compared to the movement of the revealing layer. See the figure below:

When pr < pb, the magnified shapes appear inverted along the vertical axis, but they move in the same direction as the revealing layer. See the figure below:

Line moiré
Line moiré can be considered as a particular case of shape moiré when the shape embedded in the base layer is simply a straight or curved line.

References

External links
Shape moiré intro page: USA, Switzerland

Geometry
Interference
Patterns
Printing
Large-signal model. Large-signal modeling is a common analysis method used in electronic engineering to describe nonlinear devices in terms of the underlying nonlinear equations. In circuits containing nonlinear elements such as transistors, diodes, and vacuum tubes, under "large signal conditions", AC signals have high enough magnitude that nonlinear effects must be considered.

"Large signal" is the opposite of "small signal", which means that the circuit can be reduced to a linearized equivalent circuit around its operating point with sufficient accuracy.

Differences between Small Signal and Large Signal

A small signal model takes a circuit and based on an operating point (bias) and linearizes all the components. Nothing changes because the assumption is that the signal is so small that the operating point (gain, capacitance, etc.) doesn't change.

A large signal model, on the other hand, takes into account the fact that the large signal actually affects the operating point, as well as that elements are non-linear and circuits can be limited by power supply values to avoid variation in operating point. A small signal model ignores simultaneous variations in the gain and supply values.

Large Signal Models (LSMs) in Artificial Intelligence 
In the domain of artificial (machine) intelligence, Large Signal Models enable human-centric interactions and knowledge discovery of signal data similar to how prompts allow users to query an LLM based on unstructured text from the web. Users can ask general questions about relationships between the focus dataset and results from pre-compiled LSTM built on a signal dataset across a large range of domains. This is achieved by layering in latent pattern detection and knowledge graph-based (KG-based) explainability into an LSTM inference pipeline.

See also
 Diode modelling
 Transistor models#Large-signal nonlinear models

References 

Electronic device modeling
Electrical circuits
Auster Alpine. The Auster J/5 Alpine was a 1950s British single-engined four-seat high-wing training and touring monoplane built by Auster Aircraft Limited at Rearsby, Leicestershire.

History
The Alpine was a hybrid aircraft based on the fuselage of the J/5 Aiglet Trainer fitted with the wings from the J-1 Autocrat. The prototype was converted from an Auster J-5L Aiglet Trainer.

Variants

 Auster J/5R Alpine – production version with de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 engine, six built.
 Auster J/5Q Alpine – lower-powered version with a de Havilland Gipsy Major 1 engine, four built.

Specifications (J/5R)

References

External links

1950s British civil utility aircraft
Auster aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Auster Workmaster. The Auster J/1U Workmaster is a late 1950s British single-engined single-seat high-wing agricultural monoplane built by Auster Aircraft Limited at Rearsby, Leicestershire. Of traditional high-wing layout, it carries 90 gallons of spray fluid in a tank beside the pilot, an extra seat being provided for a passenger. The Lycoming 0-360-A engine of 180 h.p. driving a McCauley v.p. propeller giving it ample power; and slotted ailerons and balanced tail controls providing good handling. Oversize tyres were fitted. Take-off run at 2,550 lb gross weight and cruising speed at 65 per cent power are respectively 180 yd and . Britten-Norman spray gear was provided by Crop Culture, and this company ordered nine Workmasters.

History
Following the experience of developing the J/1B Aiglet agricultural aircraft, Auster developed a more powerful successor the J/1U Workmaster. Using the basic Autocrat fuselage it was strengthened and had dorsal fin fillets added, low pressure tyres and a 180 hp (134 kW) Avco Lycoming engine.

 
The aircraft were fitted with Britten-Norman rotary atomizers for crop spraying and a 100 imperial gallon (455 litre) chemical tank in the fuselage. An emergency dump valve allowed the tank to be emptied in 5 seconds. The Workmasters were mainly operated in West Africa, three later returning and are currently (2009) on the U.K. civil aircraft register.

Specifications (J/1U)

References

Further reading

External links
 Auster Workmaster promotional brochure (PDF)

High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1950s British agricultural aircraft
Auster aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
1950s British aircraft
Auster Atom. The Auster J/3 Atom was a 1940s British single-engined two-seat high-wing touring monoplane built by Auster Aircraft Limited at Rearsby, Leicestershire.

History
The Atom was an attempt to create a lower-powered version of the J-2 Arrow. A modified Arrow was flown with a 65 hp Continental A65-12 engine and designated the J/3 Atom. Only the prototype, registered G-AHSY, (c/n 2250) was built as the aircraft was not developed further. Another example G-AJIJ (c/n 2401) was not completed.

The sole J/3 was dismantled at Rearsby in 1950 and was rebuilt to J/4 standard with a new registration G-AJYX and c/n 2941. It crashed near Melton Mowbray on 22 April 1951 after a pilotless take-off from Rearsby. The Continental A65 engine had been replaced by a 95 hp Blackburn Cirrus Minor II. This aircraft has since been deregistered by the CAA.

Specifications (J-3)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Auster net page 22 – History of G-AHSY
 Auster net page 29 – History of G-AJYX
 CAA history G-AHSY
 CAA History G-AJYX
 Aeroengine – Continental Engines

High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1940s British civil utility aircraft
Auster aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
CPU card. A CPU card is a printed circuit board (PCB) that contains the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. CPU cards are specified by CPU clock frequency and bus type as well as other features and applications built into the card.

CPU cards include Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) cards, modular PC Cards, Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) cards, PCI extensions for instrumentation (PXI) cards and embedded technology extended (ETX) cards. CPU cards are often used to expand the memory, speed, bandwidth or embedded applications of an existing computer system. PC cards are typically used to expand a system's embedded applications. PC cards include modules for audio and video applications, data communications and embedded storage. PXI cards are used for data acquisition and control systems, making them suitable for real-time measurement applications. ETX cards are used in industrial applications to augment a computer system's embedded applications. ETX cards contain all the functionality necessary to run the PC in a compact space. 

CPU cards that are used to augment existing computer backplanes typically have ISA or PCI connectors and can be plugged into the backplane without any additional configuration. CPU cards for use in computer backplanes are typically half-sized. The CPU card contains the PC functionality and communicates with the other cards plugged into the backplane through a computer bus. CPU cards may also be called expansion cards or expansion boards, and offer a variety of embedded applications from modems and wireless networking to graphics and video controllers to RAID controllers.

External links
 What Is a CPU Card? - wiseGEEK
 CPU Cards and Modules Information - Engineering360

Central processing unit
Compatibility cards
Keio 7000 series. The  is a Japanese electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type operated by the private railway operator Keio Corporation on commuter services in the western suburbs of Tokyo.

Technical details 
 Control system
 Refurbished: IGBT-VVVF
 10-car sets (6 motored cars): Chopper
 10-car sets (5 motored cars): VVVF
 8-car sets (5 motored cars): Chopper
 8-car sets (4 motored cars): VVVF
 6-car sets (4 motored cars): Chopper
 6-car sets (3 motored cars): VVVF
 4-car sets (2 motored cars): Chopper
 2-car sets (1 motored car): Chopper
 Motor output: 
 Drive mechanism: Parallel cardan shaft
 Headlights: Sealed beam
 Destination indicators: roller blind

Body 
The body is stainless steel. Early sets used corrugated panels, while sets made after 1987 had a beaten style. (Some corrugated-style cars were made after 1987 as middle cars for sets made early in production.) The sides were not painted. Fronts of early sets were the same color as the sides. The front designs are of two types, but the difference is minor.

Driver's cab
The driver's cab contains a T-shaped, one-handle master-controller system. The speedometer is analog, providing information up to .
 Acceleration: 4 notch
 Deceleration: 7 notch + emergency

Formations

Current formations

6-car formations 
Sets are formed as follows:

10-car formations 
Sets are formed as follows:

 Set 7729 was scrapped in February 2020.

4-car formations 
Sets are formed as follows:

 Sets 7801 and 7802 are equipped with "Wanman" one-person operation on the Dōbutsuen Line.

2-car formations 
Sets are formed as follows:

Past formations

8-car formations 
Sets were formed as follows:

 Sets 7708 and 7709 had their "T1" and "T2" cars scrapped and were shortened to 6-car trains in November 2017.
 Sets 7706 and 7707 were scrapped due to the arrival of the 5000 series.

Interior
Seating consists of longitudinal bench seats, arranged 4-7-7-7-4 in intermediate cars. Original sets have no passenger information displays, but refurbished sets feature 3-color LED information displays (four per car).

Operations
Used on all Keio Corporation lines. (excluding Inokashira Line)
 For daytime operation, 10-car sets or 10-car trains of six-car sets coupled to four-car sets are used as Special Express and Semi Special Express trains.
 Eight-car trains of six-car sets coupled to two-car sets are used mainly as Local or Rapid trains.

History 

The 7000 series began service in 1984. The 7000 series was built for local train service, and the first sets were five-car sets, rather than 4, 6 or 10 cars. The running performance of the new series was nearly the same as the Keio 6000 series. By 1996, 190 cars of the 7000 series had been built.

From 2001, 7000 series sets were introduced on Special Express, Semi Special Express, Express, and Rapid trains.

Keio announced in 2010 that 18 more of its 7000 series cars would be converted to VVVF inverter control. By 2012, the entire fleet was retrofitted with VVVF inverter control.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
7000 series
Train-related introductions in 1984
Kinki Sharyo multiple units
Nippon Sharyo multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
State Threads. The State Threads library is a small application library which provides a foundation for writing fast and highly scalable Internet applications (such as web servers, proxy servers, mail transfer agents, or any network-data-driven application) on Unix-like platforms.

This library combines the simplicity of the multithreaded programming paradigm, in which one thread supports each simultaneous connection, with the performance and scalability of an event-driven state machine architecture. In other words, this library offers a threading API for structuring an Internet application as a state machine.

The State Threads library is a derivative of the Netscape Portable Runtime library (NSPR) and therefore is distributed under the Mozilla Public License (MPL) version 1.1 or the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 or later.

External links

 State Threads library web page
 Online documentation
 State Threads library FAQ

Free computer libraries
Request–response. In computer science, request–response or request–reply is one of the basic methods computers use to communicate with each other in a network, in which the first computer sends a request for some data and the second responds to the request. More specifically, it is a message exchange pattern in which a requestor sends a request message to a replier system, which receives and processes the request, ultimately returning a message in response. It is analogous to a telephone call, in which the caller must wait for the recipient to pick up before anything can be discussed. This is a simple but powerful messaging pattern which allows two applications to have a two-way conversation with one another over a channel; it is especially common in client–server architectures.

Request–response pattern can be implemented synchronously ( such as web service calls over HTTP) or asynchronously. 

In contrast, one-way computer communication, which is like the push-to-talk or "barge in" feature found on some phones and two-way radios, sends a message without waiting for a response. Sending an email is an example of one-way communication, and another example are fieldbus sensors, such as most CAN bus sensors, which periodically and autonomously send out their data, whether or not any other devices on the bus are listening for it. (Most of these systems use a "listen before talk" or other contention-based protocol so multiple sensors can transmit periodic updates without any pre-coordination.)

See also

 Futures and promises
 Message exchange pattern
 Publish/subscribe
 Remote procedure call

References

External links
 W3C single-request-response pattern

Network protocols