omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Reactive user interface. A human-to-computer user interface is said to be "reactive" if it has the following characteristics:

The user is immediately aware of the effect of each "gesture".  Gestures can be keystrokes, mouse clicks, menu selections, or more esoteric inputs.
The user is always aware of the state of their data.  Did I just save those changes?  Did I just overwrite my backup by mistake?  No data is hidden.  In a figure-drawing program, the user can tell whether a line segment is composed of smaller segments.
The user always knows how to get help.  Help may be context-sensitive or modal, but it is substantial.  A program with a built-in help browser is not reactive if its content is just a collection of screen shots or menu item labels with no real explanation of what they do.

Reactivity was a major goal in the early user interface research at MIT and Xerox PARC.
A computer program which was not reactive would not be considered user friendly no matter how elaborate its presentation.

Early word-processing programs whose on-screen representations look nothing like their printer output could be reactive.  The common example was WordStar on CP/M.  On-screen, it looked like a markup language in a character cell display, but it had deep built-in help which was always available from an on-screen menu bar, and the effect of each keystroke was obvious.

References

User interfaces
Jōmō Line. The  is a railway line in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, operated by Jōmō Electric Railway Company (上毛電気鉃道 Jōmō dentetsu). Its terminus stations are in the cities of Maebashi and Kiryū, extending 25.4 km. Eighteen of its stations opened on November 10, 1928, with one station added in each of the years 1933, 1939, 1993, and 1994.

History
The entire line opened in 1928, electrified at 1500 VDC, to service the local silk industry. The line was noted for operating freight services with its EMUs acting as the locomotive (it did not own electric locomotives), and for carriages that had 50% of the floorspace partitioned for the transport of silk. 

Freight services ceased in 1986.

Station list
All stations are in Gunma Prefecture.

Rolling stock
  (special event use only)
  (x8) (former Keio 3000 series)
  (former Tokyo Metro 03 series)

References

Railway lines in Japan
Railway lines opened in 1928
Rail transport in Gunma Prefecture
Digital timing diagram. A digital timing diagram represents a set of signals in the time domain. A timing diagram can contain many rows, usually one of them being the clock. It is a tool commonly used in digital electronics, hardware debugging, and digital communications. Besides providing an overall description of the timing relationships, the digital timing diagram can help find and diagnose digital logic hazards.

Diagram convention
Most timing diagrams use the following conventions:
 Higher value is a logic one
 Lower value is a logic zero
 A slot showing a high and low is an either-or (such as on a data line)
 A Z indicates high impedance
 A greyed out slot is a don't-care or indeterminate.

Example: SPI bus timing

The timing diagram example on the right describes the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus.
Most SPI master nodes can set the clock polarity (CPOL) and clock phase (CPHA) with respect to the data.
This timing diagram shows the clock for both values of CPOL and the values for the two data lines (MISO & MOSI) for each value of CPHA.
Note that when CPHA=1, then the data is delayed by one-half clock cycle.

SPI operates in the following way:
 The master determines an appropriate CPOL & CPHA value
 The master pulls down the slave select (SS) line for a specific slave chip
 The master clocks SCK at a specific frequency
 During each of the eight clock cycles, the transfer is full duplex:
 The master writes on the MOSI line and reads the MISO line
 The slave writes on the MISO line and reads the MOSI line
 When finished the master can continue with another byte transfer or pull SS high to end the transfer

When a slave's SS line is high, both its MISO and MOSI line should be high impedance to avoid disrupting a transfer to a different slave.
Before SS being pulled low, the MISO & MOSI lines are indicated with a "z" for high impedance.
Also, before the SS is pulled low, the "cycle #" row is meaningless and is shown greyed out.

Note that for CPHA=1, the MISO & MOSI lines are undefined until after the first clock edge and are also shown greyed out before that.

A more typical timing diagram has just a single clock and numerous data lines.

Software 
The following diagram software may be used to draw timing diagrams:

 PlantUML
 Timing Diagrammer

References

External links

Wavedrom is an online timing diagram editor.
Timing Diagrammer has a Windows binary.

Diagrams
Timing Diagram
Logic
Timing Diagram
Shearing (physics). In continuum mechanics, shearing refers to the occurrence of a shear strain, which is a deformation of a material substance in which parallel internal surfaces slide past one another.  It is induced by a shear stress in the material.  Shear strain is distinguished from volumetric strain. The change in a material's volume in response to stress and change of angle is called the angle of shear.

Overview
Often, the verb shearing refers more specifically to a mechanical process that causes a plastic shear strain in a material, rather than causing a merely elastic one.  A plastic shear strain is a continuous (non-fracturing) deformation that is irreversible, such that the material does not recover its original shape.  It occurs when the material is yielding.  The process of shearing a material may induce a volumetric strain along with the shear strain.  In soil mechanics, the volumetric strain associated with shearing is known as Reynolds' dilation if it increases the volume, or compaction if it decreases the volume.

The shear center (also known as the torsional axis) is an imaginary point on a section, where a shear force can be applied without inducing any torsion. In general, the shear center is not the centroid. For cross-sectional areas having one axis of symmetry, the shear center is located on the axis of symmetry.  For those having two axes of symmetry, the shear center lies on the centroid of the cross-section.

In some materials such as metals, plastics, or granular materials like sand or soils, the shearing motion rapidly localizes into a narrow band, known as a shear band.  In that case, all the sliding occurs within the band while the blocks of material on either side of the band simply slide past one another without internal deformation.  A special case of shear localization occurs in brittle materials when they fracture along a narrow band.  Then, all subsequent shearing occurs within the fracture.  Plate tectonics, where the plates of the Earth's crust slide along fracture zones, is an example of this.

Shearing in soil mechanics is measured with a triaxial shear test or a direct shear test.

See also
 Shear strength

Further reading
 Terzaghi, K., 1943, Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons, New York 123
 Popov, E., 1968, Introduction to mechanics of solids, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey

Continuum mechanics

sl:Strig
List of Voith transmissions. This list of Voith transmissions details those automotive industry commercial vehicle transmissions made by German Voith AG engineering company.

Automatic transmissions for trucks, buses, trains and other heavy vehicles
These are automatic transmissions which are installed in trucks, buses, and other heavy motor vehicles:
D200S, D200D, D501, D502, D506 – 2-stage differential torque converter with either a single, or low and high speed gear range(s) and optional hydraulic retarder
D851 three-speed with integral retarder and torque converter
D851.2 / D863 / D854.2 / D864 / D864G – three- or four-speed with integral retarder and torque converter
D823.3 / D851.3 / D854.3 / D863.3 / D864.3 – three- or four-speed with integral retarder and torque converter
D823.3E / D851.3E / D854.3E / D863.3E / D864.3E – three- or four-speed with integral retarder and torque converter
D854.5 / D864.5 / D884.5 – four-speed with integral retarder and torque converter
D824.6 / D854.6 / D864.6 / D884.6 – four-speed with integral retarder and torque converter
D827.8 / D857.8 / D867.8 / D887.8 / D897.8 – six- or seven-speed with integral retarder, mild hybrid system and torque converter

T 320 RZ
T 24 R
T 320 R
L 27 ZUB
S 111, T 211, T 311; two-speed fill-and-drain hydraulic transmission with torque converters and fluid couplings
T 212, T 312; three-speed fill-and-drain hydraulic transmission with torque converters and fluid couplings

See also
Voith Turbo-Transmissions
List of ZF transmissions

References

Voith
VIT, C.A.. VIT, C.A. (Venezolana de Industria Tecnológica, Compañía Anónima) is a Venezuelan manufacturer of desktop computers and laptops, supported by the Venezuelan government and a Chinese information technology company Inspur (former ). The first computer they produced was called Computador Bolivariano (English: Bolivarian Computer), which came with the Kubuntu Linux operating system.

Since April 28, 2009, VIT computers are pre-installed with Canaima GNU/Linux.

By 2015, the second production line was expanded, which increased the assembly capacity of servers and computers by 150,000 units.

See also
 Canaima (operating system)
 GendBuntu
 Inspur
 LiMux
 Nova (operating system)
 Ubuntu Kylin

Notes

External links 

 VIT homepage 
 Ministry of Science and Technology 
  

Computer companies established in 2005
Computer hardware companies
Government-owned companies of Venezuela
Manufacturing companies of Venezuela
Venezuelan brands
Venezuelan companies established in 2005
Helios (propulsion system). Helios is a design for a spacecraft propulsion system such that small (0.1 kiloton) nuclear bombs would be detonated in a chamber roughly  in diameter. Water would be injected into the chamber, super-heated by the explosion and expelled for thrust. It was a precursor concept to the Orion project. Like Orion, it would have achieved constant acceleration through rapid "pulsed" operation.

This design would have yielded a specific impulse of about 1150 seconds (compared to a modern chemical rocket's 450 seconds). However, a number of technical problems existed, most prominently how to keep the combustion chamber from exploding from the great pressures of the atomic detonations.

The Helios propulsion system was originally conceived by Freeman Dyson.

See also
Operation Plumbbob (1957), nuclear fission explosion test with steel plate experiment for Pascal-B

References

Further reading

Nuclear spacecraft propulsion
Freeman Dyson
PWS-33 Wyżeł. The PWS-33 Wyżeł was a Polish twin-engined military trainer aircraft from a period before World War II constructed by Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów or PWS ("Podlasie Aircraft Factory"). Although destined for production it got no further than the prototypes before Poland was invaded.

Design and development

With an expected advent of a twin-engine heavy fighter, the PZL.38 Wilk, which was supposed to be a basic fighter and bomber aircraft in the Polish Air Force, there appeared the need for a twin-engine trainer aircraft for pilots. In 1936, the PWS works were ordered to build a trainer of cheap wooden construction, similar in layout to the PZL.38. The main designer was Wacław Czerwiński, known for designing several successful sailplanes.

The prototype of the PWS-33 first flew in August–September 1938. The aircraft appeared successful with good flight characteristics and the maximum speed turned out to be even higher than had been estimated. It was given a name Wyżeł (Polish: "pointer"). The prototype was soon shown at the Paris Air Show, in November–December 1938 (under the name PZL Wyżeł) and met with an interest in the world press. In January 1939 the second prototype PWS-33/II flew. It was also capable of aerobatics. The plane was quite light and small and comparable to the single-engine trainer PWS-26.

After trials, the plane was ordered into production. In the meantime, the PZL.38 Wilk program was appearing unsuccessful due to lack of proper engines and was canceled. However the PWS-33 could still find a place as a trainer for pilots of PZL.37 Łoś medium bombers, which were also similar in appearance to the PWS-33, and for future heavy fighters such as the PZL.48 Lampart. In summer 1939 production of the first series of 25 aircraft started but they were not completed due to the outbreak of war.

Operational history
After the German invasion of Poland,  the first prototype was bombed in the PWS factory in Biała Podlaska in September 1939. The second damaged prototype was captured by the Germans at Warsaw-Okęcie airfield; its further fate is uncertain.

Operators

Polish Air Force

Description
It was a twin-engine low-wing monoplane of wooden construction with a plywood outer skin. The fuselage was semi-monocoque, elliptic in cross-section. The enclosed cabin seated the student at the front with the instructor behind under a common canopy with rearwards sliding sections. Dual controls were fitted. Two-spar wings, with slats and flaps. Twin vertical stabilizers. Engines in underwing nacelles, duralumin covered. Retractable landing gear, with main wheels half-hidden in engine nacelles, enabling safe emergency landing, and a rear skid.

Specification

See also

References

 
 
 
Andrzej Glass: "PWS 33 Wyzel", Wydawnictwo MILITARIA, Warsaw, 1995,

External links

Photos and drawings at Ugolok Neba

1930s Polish military trainer aircraft
PWS aircraft
Generic Eclipse Modeling System. Generic Eclipse Modeling System (GEMS) is a configurable toolkit for creating domain-specific modeling and program synthesis environments for Eclipse. The project aims to bridge the gap between the communities experienced with visual metamodeling tools like those built around the Eclipse modeling technologies, such as the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) and Graphical Modeling Framework (GMF).  GEMS helps developers rapidly create a graphical modeling tool from a visual language description or metamodel without any coding in third-generation languages. Graphical modeling tools created with GEMS automatically support complex capabilities, such as remote updating and querying, template creation, styling with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and model linking.

The configuration is accomplished through metamodels specifying the modeling paradigm of the application domain, i.e. a domain-specific modeling language (DSML). The modeling paradigm contains all the syntactic, semantic, and presentation information regarding the domain; which concepts will be used to construct models, what relationships may exist among those concepts, how the concepts may be organized and viewed by the modeler, and rules governing the construction of models. The modeling paradigm defines the family of models that can be created using the resultant modeling environment.

The built-in metamodeling language is based on the UML class diagram notation. Metamodels in other eCore readable formats can be used as well. Metamodel constraints can be specified in declarative languages (e.g. OCL, Prolog) or, alternatively, in Java. Once a metamodel has been created, GEMS plug-in generator can be invoked to create the modeling tool. The generated plug-in uses Eclipse's Graphical Editing Framework (GEF) and Draw2D plug-in to visualize the DSML as a diagram. GEMS extension points can be used to create an interpreter which traverses the domain-specific model and generates code. Interpreters can also interpret the model to provide executable semantics and perform complex analyses.

References

Related tools
 GEMS EMF Intelligence Framework

External links
 GEMS Homepage

Programming language topics
Simulation programming languages
Eclipse (software)
PowerVu. PowerVu is a conditional access system for digital television developed by Scientific Atlanta. It is used for professional broadcasting, notably by Retevision, Bloomberg Television, Discovery Channel, AFRTS, ABS-CBN, GMA Network, and American Forces Network. It is also used by cable companies to prevent viewing by unauthorized viewers and non-cable subscribers.

PowerVu has decoders that decode signals from certain satellites for cable distribution services. These decoders can also be used just like the FTA (Free-To-Air) satellite receivers if properly configured.

See also
 Basic Interoperable Scrambling System

References 

Broadcast engineering
Digital television
Conditional-access television broadcasting
Gray Angels. The US company McDonnell Aircraft received a request in 1942 for a jet fighter which could be operated from U.S. Navy aircraft carriers.  The eventual result was the FH-1 Phantom, a twin-engined craft that was only moderately faster than the best propeller fighters of the time.  The Navy ordered 100 planes (only 60 were actually built), and the first units were delivered in 1947.  They were used to equip one Navy and two United States Marine Corps squadrons.  They were the first carrier-based pure jet fighters acquired and put into operational service by the Navy.

The Marines used a few of their planes to form an aerial formation-flight demonstration team, dubbed The Flying Leathernecks (which was also the title of a 1951 film starring John Wayne, concerned with Marine aviation activity in World War II).

Three flag officers in the Navy, Admiral Daniel V. Gallery and Rear Admirals Apollo Soucek and Edgar A. Cruise, checked themselves out in the Phantom and made fly-by appearances at the inauguration ceremony of New York City's Idlewild Airport and the 1948 Cleveland Air Races.  They referred to themselves as The Gray Angels, a reference to the actual Navy flight-demonstration team known as the Blue Angels (formed in 1945, the Blue Angels' official title was U.S. Navy Flight Demonstration Team, and they were first referred to as Lancers, but within a few months the references were changed to Blue Angels).

The "Grays" flew in various air shows during the summer of 1947, but the team was abruptly disbanded after their poorly timed arrival at a September air show in Cleveland, Ohio nearly caused a head-on low-altitude collision with a large formation of other aircraft.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Mills, Carl. Banshees in the Royal Canadian Navy. Willowdale, Ontario, Canada: Banshee Publication, 1991. .
 The McDonnell FH-1 Phantom
List of Early Naval Jet Pilots
Blue Angels Trading Cards

American aerobatic teams
United States naval aviation
EASA CS-VLA. EASA CS-VLA is the European Aviation Safety Agency Certification Specification for Very Light Aircraft.

The Very Light Aircraft (VLA) aircraft certification category introduced in 2003 by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is intended to make it easier and less costly to get full European certification, operation and maintenance of a general aviation aircraft. The somewhat relaxed certification procedure is available for aircraft satisfying the following criteria:

Maximum take-off weight (MTOW) of not more than 750 kg
One or two seats maximum
Maximum Stall speed in the landing configuration (VS0) of no more than 83 km/h (45 knots)
Approved only for day-VFR visual flight rules conditions 
Certified in the Normal Category only, all aerobatics maneuvers including intentional spinning are prohibited

The main part of professional pilots training is done on EASA CS-23 specification, which also allows for flying under IFR and NVFR conditions.

See also
 Light-sport aircraft
 EASA CS-LSA, the European certification for Light Sport Aeroplanes (maximum 600 for land / 650 kg for seaplanes)
 EASA CS-23, Normal, Utility, Aerobatic and Commuter Aeroplanes
 EASA CS-25, the European certification for large turbine-powered aircraft (no maximum mass specified)

References

External links
 CS-VLA in PDF format.
 The full set of the EASA's Certification Specifications.

Ultralight aircraft
Wellington Drive Technologies. Wellington Drive Technologies Ltd (WDT) is a New Zealandbased company that supplies electricity-saving, electronically commutated (EC) motors and fans worldwide. Their focus is on advanced motors, electronics and software that save power.

The company makes motors from industrial plastics, rather than from stamped metal parts. They claim that this provides advantages in costs, performance and reliability. The company's products are suitable for ventilation, heat recovery, refrigeration and air conditioning.

The company was established in 1986 as a patent holding and licensing organization. In 1998 the company was restructured substantially and since then its engineering and commercial activities have been focused providing for the domestic and light industrial appliance market.

WDT maintains a multi-disciplinary research and engineering team in its 1850 m² corporate headquarters in Auckland, New Zealand.

The company is currently listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX)

References
 Wellington Drive Technologies website

Technology companies of New Zealand
Technology companies established in 1986
New Zealand companies established in 1986
List of military aircraft of Finland. The following is a list of military aircraft of Finland, both historical and currently in use by the Finnish Defence Forces.

Current inventory

Heavy Airlift Wing

Army Aviation

Helicopters
All helicopters were transferred to the army aviation in 1997.

UAVs

Post-WWII aircraft, propeller-driven

Cold War jet aircraft

World War II

Fighters

Bombers

Reconnaissance

Liaison

Transport

Amphibious

Trainer

Inter-war years

References

External links
 

Aviation in Finland
Aircraft
Finland Military Aircraft