omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Osman Yaşar. Osman Yaşar () is Empire Innovation Professor at the Computational Science (CPS) department at State University of New York (SUNY) College at Brockport. He holds 3 master's degrees (physics, nuclear engineering, computer sciences) and a Ph.D. degree (engineering physics). His area of interest is supercomputing applications, computational fluid and particle dynamics, engine combustion modeling, parallel computing, plasma and radiation hydrodynamics, and adaptive mesh refinement. He established the first undergraduate program in computational science in the United States. He also established computational approach to math, science, and technology (C-MST) as a pedagogy at K-12 level. Dr. Yaşar testified before U.S. Congress about his efforts in improving math and science education.

He works closely with the industry, including General Motors, Chrysler, Cummins Engine, Intel, and Lockheed Martin. He served as the President of the Intel Supercomputer Users Group. He made important contributions in the field of science, engineering, and education. As a plasma physicist, he tackled the field of ignition in the combustion (mechanical engineering) community with more accurate models and as a computer scientist he developed algorithms to run record-breaking simulations on particle and fluid systems on supercomputers. Dr. Yaşar has more than 70 publications, developed more than 12 industrial codes, and served as Guest Editor for a number of Special Issues in his field.

Notes

References
C. D. Swanson, Computational Science Education Survey, Krell Institute
O. Yaşar, L. Little, R. Tuzun, K. Rajasethupathy, J. Maliekal, and M. Tahar, “Computational Math, Science, and Technology: A Strategy to Improve STEM Workforce and Pedagogy to Improve Math and Science Education,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3992 (2006), pp. 169–176.
O. Yaşar, J. Maliekal, L. J. Little, and D. Jones, “Computational Technology Approach to Math and Science Education,” IEEE Comp. in Science and Eng., 8 (3), 76 (2006)
H. Dag, et al., “Computational Science and Engineering Education at Istanbul Technical University,” IEEE Comp. in Science and Eng., 7 (1), (2005).
O. Yaşar, “CMST Pedagogical Approach to Math and Science Education,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3045 (2004), pp. 807–816.
O. Yaşar and R. Landau, Elements of Computational Science and Engineering Education, SIAM Review, 45 (2003), pp. 787–805.
O. Yaşar, “Computational Science Education: Standards, Learning Outcomes and Assessment,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2073 (2001), pp. 1159–1169.
O. Yaşar, K. Rajasethupathy, R. Tuzun, A. McCoy, and J. Harkin (2000). A New Perspective on Computational Science Education, IEEE J. Comp. in Science & Engineering, 5 (2), 2000.
L. J. Little, “The computational science major at SUNY Brockport”, FGCS 19, 1285-1292 (2003).

State University of New York faculty
American computer scientists
Living people
American academics of Turkish descent
Computational physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hansa-Brandenburg W.27. The Hansa Brandenburg W.27 and W.32 were prototype fighter floatplanes developed in parallel in Germany during World War I. They were developments of and intended replacements for the W.12 then in service and differed from each other principally in the choice of powerplant, the W.27 with a Benz Bz.IIIb and the W.32 with the same Mercedes D.III that the original W.12 used.

Development

Like the W.12, the W.27 and W.32 were single-bay biplanes of largely conventional configuration, unusual only in having no dorsal tail fin, with an all-moving rudder that projected below the fuselage and forward of the rudder post. They differed from the earlier design in having shorter fuselages, more severely staggered wings, and I-struts for both the interplane and cabane bracing, where the W.12 had used more conventional pairs of struts.

Neither prototype resulted in any production orders, and the true successor to the W.12 was to be a monoplane derivative, the W.29.

Variants
W.27 version powered by a Benz Bz.IIIb
W.32 version powered by a Mercedes D.III

Specifications (W.27)

References

1910s German fighter aircraft
Floatplanes
W.27
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Emory S. Land-class submarine tender. The Emory S. Land-class submarine tender is a class of three submarine tenders in the United States Navy and Military Sealift Command.  is the lead ship in the class, the others are  and . McKee was the first ship in the class to be decommissioned. The Emory S. Land class is set to be replaced by two ships of the AS(X) class.

Design
The Emory S. Land-class is identical to the preceding L. Y. Spear-class. The ships were specifically designed to service nuclear-powered attack submarines. They feature 53 specialized workshops on 13 decks on board. Four submarines can be serviced simultaneously. The ships are equipped with two 40 ton bow anchors and one 20 ton stern anchor, two 60 ton cranes and two 7 ton cranes. All ships have a helicopter landing pad aft, although no hangar.

Ships in class 
Italics indicate estimated dates

References

 
Naval ships of the United States
Ships built by Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company
Ocean Data Standards. The vast scale of the oceans, the difficulty and expense of making measurements due to the hostility of the environment and the internationality of the marine environment has led to a culture of data sharing in the oceanographic data community.  As far back as 1961 UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) set up IODE (International Oceanographic Data Exchange, subsequently renamed International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange to reflect the increasing importance of metadata) to enhance marine research, exploitation and development by facilitating the exchange of oceanographic data and information.

Traditionally, oceanographic data exchange was based on manual transactions involving delivery of physical packages of data on magnetic tape, CD-ROM or more recently by electronic FTP transfer.  However, the increasing need of climate scientists for regional or global data syntheses to support their modelling activities requires automation of the data exchange process.  Consequently, oceanographic data managers are developing 'virtual data centres' to support the distribution of data through software agents.

Distributed data systems are critically dependent on machine-readable metadata to provide information on such issues as physical access protocols and semantics of the data.  It is essential that this metadata conforms to agreed standards to prevent the computing paradigm of 'garbage in, garbage out' blighting automated data exchange.  for example if a data description of 'temperature' were allowed it could lead to the merging of sea temperature data from one centre with air temperature data from another.

Many of these standards are community based, such as the CF conventions developed for global climate modelling.  Significant progress documenting these informal standards leading to exposure and encouragement of best practice has been made by the Marine Metadata Interoperability project.  

However, if the oceanographic community is to emulate the success of the spatial data community in the development of data interoperability then a more formalised standards development framework is required.  To this end an ocean data standards review, development and publication infrastructure is being developed under the auspices of the Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM).

References 
The Ocean Data Standards website

External links
 Ocean Data Standards

Oceanography
Pakistan Refinery Limited. Pakistan Refinery Limited (PRL) is a Pakistani oil refinery based in Karachi. Founded in May 1960, it is traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange.

History
Soviet Union in the early 1960s offered to assist Pakistan in constructing an oil refinery, with the condition that the facility would exclusively process oil imported from the Soviet Union. In response, the Government of Pakistan approached private sector companies operating in the country, including Shell Pakistan and Esso, proposing a joint venture to build a refinery in Karachi. The private companies, seeking to protect their profits from oil imports, agreed to the government's proposal as an alternative to accepting the Soviet offer. The resulting complex, named Pakistani Oil Refinery, commenced operations in 1964. It was inaugurated by Muhammad Ayub Khan, then President of Pakistan. The design capacity of the refinery was 1 million tons of crude oil per annum but was increased to 2.1 million tons per annum later.

Products
Pakistan Refinery refines and sells petroleum products. It has a capacity of refining 47,000 barrels per day of crude oil into a range of petroleum products. The refinery produces high speed diesel, furnace oil, motor spirit, Naphtha, kerosene, jet fuels and liquified petroleum gas. All the products are sold locally except for naphtha which is exported. Using its distribution network at Keamari, the finished products are supplied by the company to oil marketing companies of Pakistan – Shell Pakistan, Pakistan State Oil and Total Parco.

See also 

 List of oil refineries

References

External links 
 Pakistan Refinery Limited - official website

1960 establishments in Pakistan
1960s initial public offerings
Oil refineries in Karachi
Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange
Companies in the KSE 100 Index
Formerly government-owned companies of Pakistan
Manufacturing companies based in Karachi
Woomera Launch Area 5. Launch Area 5 (LA5) is an operational site at the RAAF Woomera Test Range which forms the primary operational capability of the Woomera Range Complex. Originally LA5 was a rocket launch site which supported a number of British experimental launches, including the United Kingdom's first, and  only, satellite launch. It consisted of three separate launch pads, which supported 22 Black Knight sounding rocket launches, and four Black Arrow carrier rocket launches. Of the four Black Arrow launches, two were orbital launches, the first of which, on 2 September 1970, failed, and the second, on 28 October 1971, succeeded, placing the Prospero satellite into low Earth orbit.

References

Rocket launch sites in Australia
Space programme of the United Kingdom
Rohrbach Romar. The Rohrbach Ro X Romar was a German long-range commercial flying-boat and the last aircraft designed and built by Rohrbach Metall Flugzeugbau GmbH.

Development
The Romar was the final production aircraft from Rohrbach and was a monoplane flying-boat with a crew of four or five and two cabins for a total of 12 passengers. The revised Romar II could accommodate 16 passengers. It had three BMW VIUZ Vee piston engines strut mounted above the wing. The first aircraft flew on 7 August 1928 and was unveiled at the Berlin Aviation Exhibition in October 1928. Only four aircraft were built, three were used on Baltic services by Deutsche Luft Hansa and one was supplied to the French Navy.

Operators

French Navy

Deutsche Luft Hansa

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Istituto Luce Rohrbach Romar under construction 
Rohrbach X "Romar"

1920s German airliners
Flying boats
Romar
Three-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Music informatics. Music informatics is a study of music processing, in particular music representations, fourier analysis of music, music synchronization, music structure analysis and chord recognition. Other music informatics research topics include computational music modeling (symbolic, distributed, etc.), computational music analysis, optical music recognition, digital audio editors, online music search engines, music information retrieval and cognitive issues in music. Because music informatics is an emerging discipline, it is a very dynamic area of research with many diverse viewpoints, whose future is yet to be determined.

Sub-topics in Music Informatics research
 interdisciplinary relationships in music informatics
 the digital revolution in music its impact on music information services and music libraries
 knowledge of current trends in music technologies including software and hardware
 mental models in the cognition of music listening and performing
 symbolic music modeling systems and computer-aided composition
 social and economic realities of the consumption of music in Western societies
 improvisation in music, especially where it is facilitated by music technology
 music digital libraries and collections architectures
 future of music distribution, the music industry, and music libraries
 music information retrieval
 music recommendation systems
 studying and synthesizing music expression
 audio signal-to-score (singing, polyphonic, piano, etc.)
 musical analysis
 musical accompaniment systems
 score following
 optical music recognition (OMR)
 music Source Separation
 music for Computer Games
 MIDI to Symbolic Score

Music informatics in education
Music informatics, as a degree subject, offers a similar learning experience to music technology, but goes further into learning the principles behind the technology.  Informatics students will not just use existing music hardware and software, but will learn programming and artificial intelligence.

See also
 generative music
 music mining software
 New Interfaces for Musical Expression

References

Music industry
Sound production technology
Information science
Heinkel HE 2. The Heinkel He 2, produced in Sweden as the Svenska S 3 and nicknamed the "Hansa", was a reconnaissance floatplane built in small numbers to equip the Swedish Navy in the 1920s. It was a refinement of the HE 1, sharing its same basic configuration as a low-wing, strut-braced monoplane with no tail fin and a rudder that barely protruded above and below the line of the fuselage.

Originally, three were purchased, with another one built by Svenska Aero some time later, and a fifth and final aircraft built by the Navy itself. The type remained in service for over 10 years, finally being retired in 1935.

Specifications

References

 

1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
HE 002
Svenska Aero aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Heinkel HE 3. The Heinkel HE 3 was a sports aircraft built in Germany in the early 1920s. It was a conventional, low-wing monoplane with seating for three people in two tandem cockpits. The wing was a cantilever design, an unusual and advanced feature for the day. The fixed undercarriage was designed to be quickly changed from wheeled tailskid type to twin pontoons for operation as a seaplane. A HE 3 won first prize in its class at the 1923 aero meet at Gothenburg, and was subsequently selected as a trainer by the Swedish Navy, which bought two examples. In Swedish service, the aircraft gained the nickname Paddan ("Toad").

The HE 3 had fabric-covered wooden wings, and a plywood-covered wooden fuselage.

Operators

Swedish Navy
Swedish Air Force

Specifications (HE 3)

References
 
 

1920s German sport aircraft
HE 003
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Heinkel HE 18. The Heinkel HE 18 was a sports aircraft built in Germany in the mid 1920s. It was a two-seat conventional low-wing monoplane. A development of the HE 3, it had a narrower fuselage than the HE3, having tandem seating instead of side-by-side. Also, its wings were braced by a pair of struts on each side, arranged in a V-shape with a single attachment point on each side of the upper fuselage, where the HE 3 had cantilever wings. The wings could be folded flat along the sides of the fuselage for transport or storage, and a choice of wheeled or float undercarriage was available. A roll-bar was available that could be fitted in order to protect the occupants in case of a roll-over on the ground.

Specifications (HE 18)

References
 
 

1920s German sport aircraft
HE 018
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Heinkel HE 8. The Heinkel HE 8 was a reconnaissance floatplane built in Germany in the late 1920s. It was developed at the request of the Danish Navy, which had noted the success of the HE 5 in Swedish service, and wished to purchase a similar aircraft as well as licensed production as the Orlogsvaerftet HM.II. Apart from its new Armstrong Siddeley engine, the HE 8 also differed from the HE 5 and previous members of the HE 1 family in having a conventional empennage. 22 aircraft were operated until the German invasion in 1940, after which one example was impressed into Luftwaffe service and the remainder placed in storage.

A single HE 8 was built with a Packard 3A-2500 engine and designated HE 31.

Operators

Royal Danish Navy

Royal Yugoslav Navy (One)

Specifications (HM.II)

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Danish Naval Air Service

HE 008
1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Hemming and seaming. Hemming and seaming are two similar metalworking processes in which a sheet metal edge is rolled over onto itself. Hemming is the process in which the edge is rolled flush to itself, while a seam joins the edges of two materials.

Hems are commonly used to reinforce an edge, hide burrs and rough edges, and improve appearance.

Seams are commonly used in the food industry on canned goods, on amusement park cars, in metal roofing (with a roof seamer), and in the automotive industry.

Process
The process for both hemming and seaming are the same, except that the tonnage (amount of force exerted) requirement is greater for seaming. The process starts by bending the edge to an acute angle. A flattening die is then used to flatten the hem.

Types
There are two types of hemmed edges: closed hems and open hems. Closed hems are completely flush while open hems have an air pocket in the bend. The major difference is that the tonnage required for a closed hem is much greater than that for an open hem.

See also
Can seamer
Automotive hemming

References

Bibliography
.

Further reading
.

Metal forming
Cold sizing. Cold sizing is a squeezing operation performed at temperatures significantly below the melting point to finish the surface of a workpiece to ensure better dimensional accuracy and surface finish.

The sizing operation is a squeezing operation that minimizes the thickness of the metal. Sizing is performed in an open die and only the surface where the die and workpiece touch will be sized. Many ferrous metal castings are sized to sharpen corners and flatten holes around piercings. Sizing pressure is determined by area to be sized, the metal used, and the change in metal thickness from the operation. Sizing is usually performed on semi-finished parts or parts that require an accurate finish. Stop blocks are used to ensure close tolerances.

Cold sizing, like all other cold forming processes, has a hot process counterpart. In addition to semi-finished parts, cold forming may be used on metal stock, sheet, bar, and rod stock. Cold sizing can be performed on various metals, both ferrous and non-ferrous, and even materials like polymers and plastics. Sizing is related to other squeezing operations like swaging, coining, hobbing, staking and riveting, thread rolling, and extruding.

Although the whole workpiece may be inserted into the die, the sizing operation can give dimensional accuracy to a portion of the part based on the contact with the die. Sizing is mostly used to give a forged or cast part better dimensional accuracy. Mated surfaces between touching parts like gears are often sized. The sizing operation also provides a better surface hardness and finish to the workpiece. Also, the sized surface of the workpiece gets denser and stronger when the operation is performed. The dimensional tolerance of the operation is about . Primary pressing or a compacting die are typically used when sizing small batches of compact. To keep costs down, larger batches of compact usually have a specialized die made specifically for the operation.

Troubleshooting 
This process is designed to achieve the desired dimensional tolerances of the forged parts. Elastic die deflection has been a problem in this operation so two solutions were developed. One solution is to make corrections in the die based on the elastic die deflection. It can be determined how much the workpiece distorted from the desired shape using a finite element analysis (FEA). This analysis is the basis the corrections are made on. The other solution is to apply a counter pressure by inserting an elastomer ring into the lower die in order to compensate the elastic die deflection.

References 
 
 
 
 
 

Metal forming
Bob Dempsey. Robert "Dr. Bob" Dempsey is a NASA flight director for the International Space Station, selected in 2005.  As astronomer he worked at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) prior to joining the ISS project.  For five years he worked in the Onboard Data Interfaces and Networks (ODIN) group and then as a Communication and Tracking Officer before being selected as a flight director in 2005.   He was the lead flight director for  Expedition 15, worked several ISS assembly missions including STS-122 (1E), STS-123 (1J/A), and STS-124 (1J), and was the lead for STS-130 (20A) and for ATV-2 (Johannes Kepler).  He works with Boeing on the Commercial Crew Program's CST-100 (Starliner) vehicle.

He was an undergraduate at University of Michigan, and received his Ph.D. in physics and astronomy from the University of Toledo. He grew up in Michigan, is married to his wife Dorothea, and he enjoys cooking and traveling. Dempsey is a member of the International Astronomical Union

Expedition 15 
Dempsey oversaw the jettisoning of the , refrigerator-sized Early Ammonia Servicer (EAS), along with an unused stanchion which had previously held a camera, from the International Space Station during Expedition 15. What is left of the refrigerator after re-entry impacted Earth in the summer of 2008. Dempsey stated that the decision to jettison the equipment in this required some planning, saying "It's not a decision that's made lightly. Besides the fact that it might have some use in the future, it provides space debris that could later impact the space station," and further adding that this was necessary largely due to space and timing constraints on available Space Shuttle payloads.

Bibliography 
 Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph Observations of Procyon and HR 1099
 The ROSAT All-Sky Survey of active binary coronae. I - Quiescent fluxes for the RS Canum Venaticorum systems
 Multiwavelength Observations of Two Moderate Rotation RS CVn Systems: V815 Herculis and IM Pegasi
 The active chromosphere binary HD 17433 (VY Arietis)
 Chromospheric CA II H and K and H-alpha emission in single and binary stars of spectral types F6-M2
 Observations of the CA II infrared triplet in chromospherically active single and binary stars
 Line profile asymmetries in chromospherically active stars
 H-alpha spectroscopy of active-chromosphere stars. I - Six G-K giants
 Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph Observations of Variability in the RS Canum Venaticorum System V711 Tauri (HR 1099)
 Extremely active long-period RS CVn binary HD 12545
 The ROSAT All-Sky Survey of active binary coronae. II - Coronal temperatures of the RS Canum Venaticorum systems
 Thank You for Flying the Vomit Comet
 The International Space Station: Operating an Outpost in the New Frontier

References 

NASA flight controllers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Toledo alumni
University of Michigan alumni