omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dynamation (software). Dynamation was a 3D computer graphics particle generator program sold by Wavefront to run on SGI's IRIX operating system as part of The Advanced Visualizer. The core software was originally developed by Jim Hourihan while at Santa Barbara Studios, a visual effects company owned by effects pioneer John Grower. The software was licensed to Wavefront Technologies in 1992, and passed through to the merged company Alias/Wavefront. It was introduced as a product at SIGGRAPH in 1993. In 1996, Jim Hourihan received a Scientific and Engineering Award for the primary design and development of Dynamation.

Dynamation could create behavioral particle systems that responded to gravity, air resistance, and other real world physics. It gave users an interactive environment to create and modify dynamic events such as water, clouds, rain, fire and dust. The interactive aspect of this software was revolutionary at the time. Users were able to change parameters and the particle system updated in real time.

The software was used to create visual effects in movies such as Twister, Last Action Hero, Balto, Crimson Tide, Heaven's Prisoners, Michael, Moses, Anaconda, Godzilla, Stuart Little, and Starship Troopers. It was also utilized in the opening credits of Star Trek: Voyager to create an intricate interaction of the starship traveling through cosmic dust.

Dynamation's interactive particle engine has been integrated into the 3D computer graphics package Maya and is no longer sold as a separate product.

References 

3D graphics software
Animation software
Amagat. An amagat (denoted amg or Am) is a practical unit of volumetric number density. Although it can be applied to any substance at any conditions, it is defined as the number of ideal gas molecules per unit volume at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) and 0 °C (273.15 K). It is named after Émile Amagat, who also has Amagat's law named after him.

SI conversion 
The amg unit for number density can be converted to the SI unit of moles per cubic meter (mol/m3) by the formula

where 
 ≘ indicates correspondence, since the SI unit is of molar concentration and not number density;
  is the Loschmidt number; 
  is the Avogadro constant.

The number density of an ideal gas at absolute pressure  and absolute temperature  can be calculated as

where  = 273.15 K, and  = 101.325 kPa (STP before 1982).

Example
Number density of an ideal gas (such as air) at room temperature (20 °C) and 1 atm (101.325 kPa) is

References

Amount of substance
Units of density
Physical chemistry
Institute of Engineering Education Taiwan. The Institute of Engineering Education Taiwan (; literally Chinese Institute of Engineering Education) is a non-profit, non-governmental; organization committed to accreditation of engineering and technology education programs in Taiwan.

See also
 Education in Taiwan

External links
 -Institute of Engineering Education Taiwan Official Website.
 -Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology, Inc.
 -Washington Accord.

School accreditors
Non-profit organizations based in Taiwan
Palisades Dam. Palisades Dam () is an earth-fill dam in the western United States, on the upper Snake River in eastern Idaho. Located in Bonneville County near the Wyoming border, the dam was completed  in 1957.

Providing irrigation water, flood control, and recreation, it features a four-turbine hydroelectric power plant and can potentially generate 176.5 MW of electricity. The resulting water impoundment, Palisades Reservoir, has a storage capacity of 1.2 million acre-feet. The dam and power station were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.

History
The dam was constructed as the principal feature of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Palisades Project. The Palisades Project supplements the storage and power generation facilities of the earlier Minidoka and Michaud Flats projects, which serve irrigation interest in Idaho on the Snake River Plain, saving about  through the winter for use in the growing season. With 13,571,000 cubic yards of material, the dam was the largest in the USBR system at the time of its construction.

The Palisades Project was authorized to improve the ability of the Snake River irrigation scheme to deal with drought, and addressed shortcomings in water storage that became evident during the 1930s. Initial evaluation started in 1934. The proposed damsite was chosen at Calamity Point, a narrow place in the Snake River canyon with  walls. Initially known as the "Grand Valley Site" the name was changed to avoid confusion with the Grand Valley Project in Colorado. Delayed by World War II, construction finally started in 1951 and was completed in 1957, with the generating plant online the following year. Much of the power is used to pump water in the Minidoka Project. Excess power is sold on the open market. The powerplant was upgraded from a nameplate capacity of 118.75MW to 176.6MW in 1994.

Congress authorized $94,596,000 for multiple-purpose reclamation developments in eastern Idaho when the House and Senate adopted a compromise conference report on the Palisades Dam and Reservoir Project bill, S 2195. President Truman signed the measure on September 30, 1950, and it became Public Law 864. The bill re-authorized at an expenditure not to exceed $76,601,000 the Palisades Dam and Reservoir essentially as it first was approved by Congress in 1941, except that the power installation was increased to 112,500 kilowatts. Power output, it was specified, will be incidental to operation of the reservoir principally for irrigation and flood control (cq almanac, 1950).

See also

List of dams in the Columbia River watershed

References

External links

Palisades Project at USBR 

Buildings and structures in Bonneville County, Idaho
Dams in Idaho
Hydroelectric power plants in Idaho
Dams on the Snake River
Earth-filled dams
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
Dams completed in 1957
Energy infrastructure completed in 1958
National Register of Historic Places in Bonneville County, Idaho
Dams on the National Register of Historic Places in Idaho
1957 establishments in Idaho
ASTOS. ASTOS is a tool dedicated to mission analysis, Trajectory optimization, vehicle design and simulation for space scenarios, i.e. launch, re-entry missions, orbit transfers, Earth observation, navigation, coverage and re-entry safety assessments. It solves Aerospace problems with a data driven interface and automatic initial guesses. Since 1989, with the support of the European Space Agency, it has developed, and improved this trajectory optimization environment to compute optimal trajectories for a variety of complex multi-phase Optimal control problems. ASTOS is being extensively used at ESA and aerospace industry community to calculate mission analysis, optimal launch and entry trajectories and was one of the tools used by ESA to assess the risk due to the ATV 'Jules Verne' re-entry. ASTOS is compatible with Windows and Linux platforms and is maintained and commercialized by Astos Solutions GmbH.

History
The development of ASTOS (formerly named ALTOS) started in 1989 at the DLR in Oberpfaffenhofen and MBB (now Astrium).
In 1991 the Institute of Flight Mechanics and Control (IFR) at the University of Stuttgart under the head of Prof. Klaus Well took the responsibility for the development of ASTOS. In 1999 the commercialization of ASTOS began. In the period 2001-2006 ASTOS was sold by Technology Transfer Initiative of the University of Stuttgart (TTI). Since September 2006, the newly founded company Astos Solutions GmbH is responsible for development and sales of ASTOS.

Projects
ASTOS is being extensively used in aerospace agencies and industry since 1998, hereafter a not complete list of project is presented where the software was involved during the design or accomplishment of the space mission.
 Performance map of conventional launch vehicle: Ariane 6, Ariane 5, Vega, Soyuz from Guiana Space Centre, several FLPP concepts, VLM
 Feasibility study of reusable launch vehicle: Hopper, Skylon, SpaceLiner, Fast 20XX ALPHA. 
 Earth Atmospheric re-entry: X-38, Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, IXV, EXPERT.
 Safety aspect related to the ATV re-entry.
 Planetary re-entry: Beagle 2, ExoMars, Huygens.
 Orbit transfer and Space rendezvous: ConeXpress, DLR DEOS, OHB SE Electra.
 Sounding rocket: SHEFEX II and III, Maser11.
 Mission Analysis: STE-QUEST,

See also
 Trajectory optimization
 General Mission Analysis Tool

External links
 Astos Solutions website
 Website of the Institute of Flight Mechanics and Control, University of Stuttgart

Astronomy software
Mathematical software
Physics software
Mathematical optimization software
Ishaq Khan Khakwani. Ishaq Khan Khakwani (born 1 April 1949) is a senior Pakistani politician, engineer and a wealthy landlord. He has served as the Minister of State for Information Technology, Telecommunications and Railways. He served as the Senior Vice-President of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. He was elected for his first term as Parliamentarian as a Pakistan Muslim League (Q) candidate. Ishaq Khan Khakwani completed his BSc in electrical engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore in 1971 and worked as an engineer in Pakistan Railways for 18 years before entering the political arena. Currently, his occupation is that of an agriculturist. He has also served on the Government Task Force on Agriculture, Reduction of WAPDA's electricity tariff and WTO. He was also the member of National Assembly Committees on Economic Affairs and Statistics, Standing Committee on Food Agriculture and Livestock and Standing Committee on Railways.

Education and work
Khakwani went to Sadiq Public School Bahawalpur (a Boarding school) from where he passed his Senior Cambridge certificate exams in 1965. Later he joined Forman Christian College, Lahore and passed his Secondary Exams in pre-Engineering subjects in 1967. After which he was admitted into Engineering University, Mughalpura, Lahore and obtained his Electrical engineering Degree with distinction, in 1967. Was School Prefect and declared the Best Athlete of the school in 1964 &1965. Khakwani joined the Pakistan Railways service through Federal Public Service Commission in 1973 and served there till he resigned his job in 1990.

Politics
Khakwani started his politics with Mir Murtaza Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (SB) in 1994 and later joined Pakistan Muslim League in 2002. He was amongst the more than 30 electables & heavyweights with Jehangir Tareen that joined Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf after its successful 30 October rally in Lahore. He was later appointed a central leader and SVP.

General Election 2018 
Ishaq Khan Khakwani contested general elections 2018 on PTI ticket from NA163 Vehari. Mr. Khakwani lost the election to PMLN candidate Syed Sajid Mehdi by a margin of 13,452 votes.

Family and personal life
Ishaq Khan belongs to Khakwani family. They have been settled in Multan for quite a while and the Khogyani Tribes' branch in Pakistan is known as the Khakwani family, and they are the major landowners in at least three of the four provinces and a minor presence in the fourth. He is married with three sons. Khakwani started playing polo in 1975 and actively played nationally and internationally till 2002. He is serving as the Federation International Polo (FIP) Ambassador. He has also managed sports organisations in Pakistan in Honorary positions, i.e., Pakistan Hockey, Pakistan Polo, and Pakistan Athletics.

References

Sadiq Public School alumni
Living people
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf politicians
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore alumni
Forman Christian College alumni
Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MNAs
Pakistan People's Party politicians
1948 births
Pakistani electrical engineers
Pakistani landlords
Artur Fischer. Artur Fischer (31 December 1919 – 27 January 2016) was a German inventor. He is best known for inventing an expanding plastic version of the wall plug.

Born in Tumlingen, Artur Fischer was the son of the village tailor Georg Fischer. His mother Pauline, who ironed collars to make ends meet, recognized her son’s mechanical aptitude and encouraged him at every turn, helping him set up a workbench at home and buying him the German equivalent of an Erector Set.

In the second world war, Fischer worked as an aircraft mechanic and survived the Battle of Stalingrad, leaving on the last plane. Later in the war he was captured in Italy and sent to a prisoner-of-war camp in England. After returning to his hometown in 1946, he found work as an assistant at an engineering company and began making lighters and loom switches out of military scrap. In 1948, he founded his own company, the Fischer Group.

Synchronized photo flash
In 1949, he invented synchronized flash light photography, which was later purchased by the camera company Agfa. Inspired by his inability to photograph his young daughter indoors, his insight was to synchronize an electronic flash with the camera shutter.

Wall plug
His most famous invention is the grey "S Plug" (Split-)Wallplug made from plastic materials (Polyamide) which is available in various shapes and sizes since 1958 (see Wall plug). This was the most universally suitable and widely adopted version of John Joseph Rawlings 1911 invention, the ‘Rawlplug’ a fibre-bonded wallplug. Fischer held over 1100 patents and overtook Thomas Alva Edison, who held 1093 patents. Fischer also held 5867 trade rights and invented fischertechnik.

Further inventions are (bone-)plugs for fixing bone fractures and one of Fischer’s most recent inventions was a gadget that makes it possible to hold and cut the top off an egg of any size. He got started on the problem when a hotel owner complained to him that his guests, on opening their boiled eggs for breakfast, always made a mess.

References

 Helmut Engisch / Michael Zerhusen: Die Fischers: Eine schwäbische Dübel-Dynastie. Theiss, 
 Kathrin Wilkens: Der Herr der Dübel. in: Technology Review (German edition) May 2004, page 92.

External links
Biography of Arthur Fischer at dpma.de, The Inventors Gallery of the German Patent and Trade Mark Office
 Artur Fischer - Wall plug, synchronised flash and many more The European Patent Office film at YouTube 
Homepage of Margot Fischer-Weber fischer-Weber with documentations of the family lawsuit from her view

1919 births
2016 deaths
People from Freudenstadt (district)
20th-century German inventors
German manufacturing businesspeople
German toy industry businesspeople
Werner von Siemens Ring laureates
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Field's metal. Field's metal, also known as Field's alloy, is a fusible alloy that becomes liquid at approximately . It is named after its inventor, Simon Quellen Field.  It is a eutectic alloy of bismuth, indium, and tin, with the following mass fractions: 32.5% Bi, 51% In, 16.5% Sn.

When prepared, Field's metal can be melted in hot water. Field's metal is costly because its major component indium is expensive, priced at around double the price of silver. Because it includes neither lead nor cadmium, it is much less toxic than Wood's metal. It can be used for small-run die casting and rapid prototyping.

This alloy has been investigated as a possible liquid metal coolant in advanced nuclear power system designs. Field's metal is also of interest to nanotechnology researchers.

Although it is much less dangerous to use than other commonly melted metals, such as lead or aluminium, contact with Field's metal in the liquid state can cause third-degree burns.  Indium has also been associated with Indium lung in workers frequently exposed to indium processing.

Similar alloys

References

Fusible alloys
Bismuth alloys
Tin alloys
Coolants
Indium alloys
Linear alternator. A linear alternator is essentially a linear motor used as an electrical generator.

An alternator is a type of alternating current (AC) electrical generator. The devices are often physically equivalent. The principal difference is in how they are used and which direction the energy flows. An alternator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, whereas a motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Like many electric motors and electric generators, the linear alternator works by the principle of electromagnetic induction. However, most alternators work with rotary motion, whereas linear alternators work with linear motion (i.e. motion in a straight line).

Theory
A linear alternator is most commonly used to convert back-and-forth motion directly into electrical energy. This eliminates the need for a crank or linkage to convert a reciprocating motion to a rotary motion in order to drive a rotary generator.

Applications
The simplest type of linear alternator is the mechanically powered flashlight (shake type). This is a torch (UK) or flashlight (USA) which contains a coil and a permanent magnet. When the appliance is shaken back and forth, the magnet oscillates through the coil and induces an electric current. This current is used to charge a capacitor, thus storing energy for later use. The appliance can then produce light, typically from a light-emitting diode, until the capacitor is discharged. It can then be re-charged by further shaking.

Other devices that use linear alternators to generate electricity include the free-piston linear generator, an internal combustion engine, and the free-piston Stirling engine, an external combustion engine.

External links
  Linear Alternators in Free Piston Engines

Alternators
Electrical generators
Robotic paradigm. In robotics, a robotic paradigm is a mental model of how a robot operates.  A robotic paradigm can be described by the relationship between the three basic elements of robotics: Sensing, Planning, and Acting. It can also be described by how sensory data is processed and distributed through the system, and where decisions are made.

Hierarchical/deliberative paradigm
 The robot operates in a top-down fashion, heavy on planning.
 The robot senses the world, plans the next action, acts; at each step the robot explicitly plans the next move.
 All the sensing data tends to be gathered into one global world model.

The reactive paradigm

 Sense-act type of organization.
 The robot has multiple instances of Sense-Act couplings.
 These couplings are concurrent processes, called behaviours, which take the local sensing data and compute the best action to take independently of what the other processes are doing.
 The robot will do a combination of behaviours.

Hybrid deliberate/reactive paradigm
 The robot first plans (deliberates) how to best decompose a task into subtasks (also called “mission planning”) and then what are the suitable behaviours to accomplish each subtask.
 Then the behaviours starts executing as per the Reactive Paradigm.
 Sensing organization is also a mixture of Hierarchical and Reactive styles; sensor data gets routed to each behaviour that needs that sensor, but is also available to the planner for construction of a task-oriented global world model.

See also
 Behavior-based robotics
 Hierarchical control system
 Subsumption architecture

References 
 Asada, H. & Slotine, J.-J. E. (1986). Robot Analysis and Control. Wiley. .
 Arkin, Ronald C. (1998). Behavior-Based Robotics. MIT Press. .
SS Albert M. Boe. SS Albert M. Boe is a Liberty ship laid down on 11 July 1945 at the East Yard of New England Shipbuilding Corporation in Portland, Maine, as a boxed aircraft transport. The ship is notable as the final liberty ship built.

She was named after Chief Engineer Albert M. Boe who remained in the engine room acting to control the spread of fire, despite fatal burns, when an engine of the aircraft repair vessel U.S. Army SS Colonel William J. McKiernan (FS-216) carrying the 13th Aircraft Maintenance Unit exploded on Friday, 13 April 1945. He is credited with saving the lives of other crew members by that action and received the posthumous Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal.

History 
Albert M. Boe was assigned hull number 3132 by the U.S. Maritime Commission (USMC), launched on 26 September 1945, assigned official number 248849 and delivered to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) on 30 October 1945. The ship was a special boxed aircraft transport variant of the standard Liberty with four large holds, rather than the usual five and kingpost lifting gear instead of the usual booms. The C5 design varied in other respects from the standard C1 Liberty:

 vice 
 vice 
4,300 Net vice 4,380 Net
490,000 vice 500,000 Bale cubic capacity

The ship was operated under a WSA agreement by Wessel, Duval & Co. until entering the Wilmington, N.C. Reserve Fleet on 16 November 1946. Albert M. Boe was delivered to the US Army on 17 February 1947 and from 30 October 1945 was operated as USAT Albert M. Boe under bareboat charter from WSA.

On 1 March 1950, due to the reorganization into the Department of Defense and transfer of Army Transportation Service (ATS) ships to the newly formed Military Sea Transportation Service, the ship was transferred to US Navy and placed in service as USNS Albert M. Boe (T-AKV-6). The ship supported operations in the Pacific, Korea, transporting crated aircraft, engines, and spare parts.

Albert M. Boe was removed from service and on 22 January 1954 was transferred to custody of the Maritime Administration entering the Reserve Fleet at Olympia, Washington. On 11 March 1954, she was struck from the Naval Register.

The ship was sold on a bid of $65,556.58 for commercial service awarded on 7 August 1964 to Zidell Explorations, Inc. for non-transportation service. The ship was withdrawn from the reserve fleet on 19 August 1964 and converted for use as the fish cannery ship Star of Kodiak in February 1965. Though currently landlocked, Star of Kodiak is still in use as the Kodiak, Alaska facility of Trident Seafoods.

References

External links
 Merchant Marine Heroes
 NavSource Online: T-AKV-6 Albert M. Boe

Liberty ships
Ships built in Portland, Maine
Aircraft transports of the United States Navy
1945 ships
Vickers Vulcan. The Vickers Vulcan was a British single-engine biplane airliner of the 1920s built by Vickers Limited at Brooklands Aerodrome, Surrey. It carried eight passengers and a pilot.

Development
The Vickers Vulcan was designed by Rex Pierson of Vickers. It first flew in April 1922 at the hands of chief test pilot, S. Cockerell, at Brooklands Aerodrome in Surrey, UK.

The Vulcan was based on a civil version of the Vimy bomber, but featured many changes, including a much larger, taller fuselage and one, instead of two, Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII engines, the intention being low operating costs. The shape of its fuselage, as well as its flying characteristics, earned it the nickname "Flying Pig". The first delivery took place in August 1922, to Instone Air Line Ltd. Other operators included Imperial Airways and Qantas (however, the latter returned the aircraft as their performance was too poor for the company's needs). The last Vulcan flying was a Type 74 with Imperial Airways. It  crashed in July 1928 while on a test flight from Croydon Airport.

Variants
 Type 61 - first production version, five built.
 Type 63 - cargo version based on the Type 61, one built
 Type 68 - proposed colonial variant with an Eagle VIII engine, not built.
 Type 74 - upgraded to 450 hp Napier Lion engine, two built
 Type 86 - proposed all-metal variant with an Eagle VIII engine, not built.

Operators
 
Qantas

Imperial Airways
Instone Air Line

Accidents and incidents
 G-EBEM (Type 61) Disappeared off the coast of Italy in May 1926.
 G-EBLB (Type 74) crashed during a test flight from Croydon Airport at Purley July 1928.

Specifications (Vulcan Type 74)

See also

References

Sources
 Andrews, C.F and Morgan, E.B. Vickers Aircraft since 1908. London:Putnam, 1988. .

External links
The Vickers "Vulcan" Eight-passenger Commercial Biplane Flight 4 May 1922 p253-258

1920s British airliners
Vulcan
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear