omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lists of engineers. Types of engineer include: 
 Chartered Engineer
 European Engineer
 Incorporated Engineer
 Professional Engineer
 Royal Engineer

Lists of individual engineers by discipline include:
 List of aerospace engineers
 List of canal engineers
 List of chemical engineers
 List of civil engineers
 List of combat engineering corps
 List of electrical engineers
 List of environmental engineers
 List of genetic engineers
 List of industrial engineers
 List of mechanical engineers
 List of structural engineers
 List of systems engineers

See also

 List of British engineers
 List of inventors
 List of architects
 List of urban planners
 Lists of scientists
 List of fictional scientists and engineers

 
Lists of people in STEM fields
Lists of engineering lists
Shotgun debugging. Shotgun debugging can be defined as:
A process of making relatively un-directed changes to software in the hope that a bug will be perturbed out of existence.
 Using the approach of trying several possible solutions of hardware or software problem at the same time, in the hope that one of the solutions (typically source code modifications) will work.

Shotgun debugging has a relatively low success rate and can be very time-consuming, except when used as an attempt to work around programming language features that one may be using improperly. When combined with domain expertise and a strong intuition for the underlying codebase, it can be a good starting point to gut-solve a buggy piece of code a few times before formally researching the corresponding error message. When used in this way, it may be a valuable technique that is faster than browsing through the Internet searching a particular error message every time.

Examples 
Shotgun debugging can occur when working with multi-threaded applications. Attempting to debug a race condition by adding debugging code to the application is likely to change the speed of one thread in relation to another and could cause the problem to disappear. This is known as a Heisenbug. Although apparently a solution to the problem, it is a fix by pure chance and anything else that changes the behavior of the threads could cause it to resurface — for example on a computer with a different scheduler. Code added to any part of the program could easily revert the effect of the "fix".

See also 
Shotgun surgery
Fuzzing
Programming by permutation

References

Debugging
Bo Jangeborg. Bo Jangeborg is a Swedish computer programmer. He made several programs for the ZX Spectrum, the best known being the game Fairlight (1985), its sequel Fairlight II (1986), and the graphic tool The Artist. He also wrote Flash!, the art package provided with every SAM Coupé.

Today he runs the small software company Softwave.

References

External links
 Softography
 Bo Jangeborg interview from issue 6 of The ZX Files, 1998.
 Bo Jangeborg interview from a Swedish newspaper, 2015.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Swedish video game designers
Swedish computer programmers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Motorola 96000. The Motorola 96XXX (aka 96000, 96K) is a family of digital signal processor (DSP) chips produced by Motorola. They are based on the earlier Motorola 56000 and remain software compatible with them, but have been updated to a full single-precision (32-bit) floating point implementation that is compliant with the IEEE 754-1985 standard.

Many of the design features of the 96000 remain similar to the 56000. In architectures 96000, the stack area is allocated in a separate address space, which is called "Stack Memory Space", distinct from the main memory address space. The stack, which is used when subroutine calls and "long interrupt"s, is fifteen in depth. While the 56000 is equipped with two 56-bit accumulators, each of which can be partitioned into one 8-bit extension register and two 24-bit registers, the 96000 is equipped with ten 96-bit registers, each of which can be partitioned into three 32-bit sub-registers.

Unlike the 56K, the 96000 "family" consisted of a single model, the 96002. It was nowhere near as successful as the 56K, and was only produced for a short period of time. Today its role is filled by products based on the so-called Motorola StarCore.

The 96000 offers an Assembler and an Instruction set simulator as part of its development tool.

References 

Digital signal processors
96000
32-bit microprocessors
Audion (disambiguation). An Audion is a wireless signal detector device invented by Lee De Forest in 1906.

Audion may also refer to:
 Audion (album), an electronic music album by Larry Fast
 Audion (software), a media player for Apple Macintosh created by Panic
 Matthew Dear or Audion, techno music artist
 Audion receiver, a type of radio receiver that was originally designed to use the Audion signal detector
Dornier. Dornier may refer to:
 Claudius Dornier (1884–1969), German aircraft designer and builder
 Dornier Flugzeugwerke, German aircraft manufacturer founded in 1914 by Claudius Dornier 
 Dornier Consulting, international consulting and project management company 
 Fairchild-Dornier, in 1996, Fairchild took on this name, when it purchased Dornier's assets, see Fairchild Aircraft
 Lindauer Dornier, German textile machinery manufacturer
 Dornier Wines, a winery in South Africa

See also
 
 List of military aircraft of Germany by manufacturer#Dornier
Composite. Composite or compositing may refer to:

Materials
 Composite material, a material that is made from several different substances
 Metal matrix composite, composed of metal and other parts
 Cermet, a composite of ceramic and metallic materials
 Dental composite, a substance used to fill cavities in teeth
 Composite armor, a type of tank armor
 Alloy, a mixture of a metal and another element
 Mixture, the combination of several different substances without chemical reaction

Mathematics 
 Composite number, a positive integer that has at least one factor other than one or itself

Science
 Composite particle, a particle which is made up of smaller particles
 Compositae or "composite family" of flowering plants
 Composite volcano, a layered conical volcano
 Compositing, another name for superposed epoch analysis, a statistical method used to analyze time series involving multiple events

Technology
 Compositing, combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images
 Digital compositing
 Composite pattern, a software design pattern used for computer programming
 Composite video, an analogue video signal format
 Composite portrait, a compositing of images such as faces to produce an Ideal type
 Composite ship, a marine vessel with a design incorporating both wood and metal for the body
 Composite bow, in archery, made of multiple materials, in contrast to an all-wood bow
 Compositing window manager, a window manager that gives every window an off-screen buffer

Other
 Composite card, a marketing tool for actors and models
 Composite character, a character in an adaptation of a work formed from two or more characters from the original work
 Composite monarchy, a category for several countries under one ruler
 Composite motion, in parliamentary procedure, created by assimilating multiple motions into one
 Composite order, in architecture, a type of capital on a column 
 Facial composite, an approximate likeness of a person's face based on an eyewitness's description
 Composite (finance), a proxy for financial markets performance
 Composite coach, a railway carriage with seating for more than one class of passenger

See also
 Compound (disambiguation)
British Aerospace Space Systems. British Aerospace Space Systems Ltd was a subsidiary of British Aerospace.

In 1994, it was sold to Matra Marconi Space, which also acquired Ferranti Satcomms at the same time. British Aerospace regained an interest in the company when it merged with GEC's Marconi Electronic Systems to form BAE Systems. In 2000, Matra Marconi was merged with the space division of DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG (DASA) to form Astrium. BAE sold its 25% stake in June 2003 and the company became EADS Astrium.

Projects which BAe Space Systems was involved in include the earliest Eutelsat satellites.

References

BAE Systems subsidiaries and divisions
Defunct technology companies of the United Kingdom
Matra
Aluminium gallium arsenide. Aluminium gallium arsenide (also gallium aluminium arsenide) (AlxGa1−xAs) is a semiconductor material with very nearly the same lattice constant as GaAs, but a larger bandgap. The x in the formula above is a number between 0 and 1 - this indicates an arbitrary alloy between GaAs and AlAs.

The chemical formula AlGaAs should be considered an abbreviated form of the above, rather than any particular ratio.

The bandgap varies between 1.42 eV (GaAs) and 2.16 eV (AlAs). For x < 0.4, the bandgap is direct.

The refractive index is related with the bandgap via the Kramers–Kronig relations and varies between 2.9 (x = 1) and 3.5 (x = 0). This allows the construction of Bragg mirrors used in VCSELs, RCLEDs, and substrate-transferred crystalline coatings.

Aluminium gallium arsenide is used as a barrier material in GaAs based heterostructure devices. The AlGaAs layer confines the electrons to a gallium arsenide region. An example of such a device is a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP).

It is commonly used in GaAs-based red- and near-infra-red-emitting (700–1100 nm) double-hetero-structure laser diodes.

Safety and toxicity aspects
The toxicology of AlGaAs has not been fully investigated. The dust is an irritant to skin, eyes and lungs. The environment, health and safety aspects of aluminium gallium arsenide sources (such as trimethylgallium and arsine) and industrial hygiene monitoring studies of standard MOVPE sources have been reported recently in a review.

References

External links
 

Arsenides
Aluminium compounds
Gallium compounds
III-V semiconductors
III-V compounds
Light-emitting diode materials
Zincblende crystal structure
Radio programming. Radio programming is the process of organising a schedule of radio content for commercial broadcasting and public broadcasting by radio stations.

History
The original inventors of radio, from Guglielmo Marconi's time on, expected it to be used for one-on-one wireless communication tasks where telephones and telegraphs could not be used because of the problems involved in stringing copper wires from one point to another, such as in ship-to-shore communications. Those inventors had no expectations whatever that radio would become a major mass media entertainment and information medium earning many millions of dollars in revenues annually through radio advertising commercials or sponsorship. These latter uses were brought about after 1920 by business entrepreneurs such as David Sarnoff, who created the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and William S. Paley, who built Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). These broadcasting (as opposed to narrowcasting) business organizations began to be called network affiliates, because they consisted of loose chains of individual stations located in various cities, all transmitting the standard overall-system supplied fare, often at synchronised agreed-upon times. Some of these radio network stations were owned and operated by the networks, while others were independent radio owned by entrepreneurs allied with the respective networks. By selling blocks of time to advertisers, the medium was able to quickly become profitable and offer its products to listeners for free, provided they invested in a radio receiver set.

The new medium had grown rapidly through the 1930s, vastly increasing both the size of its audience and its profits. In those early days, it was customary for a corporation to sponsor an entire half-hour radio program, placing its commercials at the beginning and the end. This is in contrast to the pattern which developed late in the 20th century in both television and radio, where small slices of time were sold to many sponsors and no corporation claimed or wanted sponsorship of the entire show, except in rare cases. These later commercials also filled a much larger portion of the total program time than they had in the earlier days.

In the early radio age, content typically included a balance of comedy, drama, news, music and sports reporting. Variety radio programs included the most famous Hollywood talent of the day. During the 1920s, radio focused on musical entertainment, the Grand Ole Opry, has been focused on broadcasting country music since it began in 1925. Radio soap operas began in the U.S. in 1930 with Painted Dreams. Lørdagsbarnetimen, a Norwegian children's show, with its premiere in 1924 interrupted only by the Second World War, was the longest running radio show in the world until it ceased production in 2010.

In the early 1950s, television programming eroded the popularity of radio comedy, drama and variety shows.  By the late 1950s, radio broadcasting took on much the form it has today strongly focused on music, talk, news and sports, though drama can still be heard, especially on the BBC.

References

Radio broadcasting
Elm (email client). Elm is a text-based email client commonly found on Unix systems. First released in 1986, it became popular as one of the first email clients to use a text user interface, and as a utility with freely available source code. The name elm originated from the phrase ELectronic Mail.

Dave Taylor (currently with Intuitive Systems) developed elm while working for Hewlett-Packard. Development later passed to a team of volunteers. The latest () public release was version 2.5.8 in August 2005.

Other popular text-based email readers which followed elm and took it as an inspiration include Pine (1989) and Mutt (1995). From about 1995 elm slipped in popularity and functionality, and it now sees relatively little use.

Bill Pemberton of the University of Virginia currently maintains elm.  A former Elm Coordinator was Sydney Weinstein from the Myxa Corporation.

Release history
To get an idea of the period when elm was used and developed, this is a list of major.minor releases, included the last patch level.

 1986-11-30 first release?
 1987-03-08 elm2
 1989-04-12 elm2.2
 1990-12-16 elm-2.3.0
 1993-01-05 elm-2.4
 1996-01-26 elm2.4.25
 1999-03-24 elm2.5.0
 2004-05-21 elm2.5.7
 2005-08-18 elm2.5.8

Unofficial versions
Volunteer developers have forked the Elm code several times, producing modern versions of Elm with fixes and enhancements not in the official development branch. Among the more popular of these distributions are Kari Hurtta's "Millennium Edition" Elm 2.4 ME+ and Elm ME+ 2.5, both of which build upon Michael Elkins' extensions of Elm 2.4.24.

See also
 Comparison of email clients
 Text-based email client

References

External links 
Elm homepage
A comparison of Elm with Mutt
The current official version of Elm (source code tarball)
elm packages on funet.fi
Elm ME+ homepage

Email client software for Linux
Termcap
Software using the BSD license
EEA (disambiguation). EEA or Eea may refer to:

Organisations
 European Economic Area
 European Environment Agency
 European Evangelical Alliance
 EEA Helicopter Operations, a Dutch subsidiary on CHC Helicopter

Places
 River Eea, in Cumbria, England
 Eëa, an island in Greek mythology

Economics
 Environmental-economic accounting
 Exchange Equalisation Account, the British Treasury's reserve fund

Science and technology
 Electron affinity (Eea), the energy required to detach an electron from a singly charged negative ion
 Equal environments assumption, an assumption underlying the methodology of the twin study
 Ethylene-ethyl acid, used in hot-melt adhesive
 Extended Euclidean algorithm

Other uses
 Environment of evolutionary adaptedness, in evolutionary psychology
 Economic Espionage Act of 1996
 Early Entitlement Age, a way to collect retirement insurance benefits early under the Primary Insurance Amount

See also

 
 
 
 EAA (disambiguation)
 EA (disambiguation)
 E2A (disambiguation)
 2EA
Sprinter (computer). The Sprinter (also called Peters Plus Sprinter or PPS ) is a microcomputer made by the Russian firm Peters Plus, Ltd. It was the last ZX Spectrum clone produced in a factory.  

It was built using what the company called a "Flex architecture", using an Altera PLD as part of the core logic. This allows the machine's hardware to be reconfigured on the fly  for different ZX-Spectrum models compatibility or its own enhanced native mode (set by default on boot and running the Estex operating system).

Specifications
The computer is built on a standard computer tower configuration, using standard floppy discs, CD-ROM and hard disk drives.

CPU: Z84C15 at 21 MHz or 3.5 MHz, Altera PLD
Video output: SECAM TV or CGA monitor
Graphic modes: 320 x 256 with 256 colors, 640 x 256 with 16 colors, text mode 80 x 32 with 16 colors, 16 million color palette, 256/512 Kb video RAM
Sound: Beeper, AY-3-8910, 16-bit DAC
IDE & FDD onboard controllers
Two ISA-8 slots

References

External links
 Ivan Mak's website 
 Sprinter unofficial site

Home computer remakes
ZX Spectrum clones
Microcomputers
Computer-related introductions in 1999
Statvolt. The statvolt is a unit of voltage and electrical potential used in the CGS-ESU and gaussian systems of units. In terms of its relation to the SI units, one statvolt corresponds to  , i.e. to 299.792458 volts.

The statvolt is also defined in the CGS system as 1 erg per statcoulomb.
It is a useful unit for electromagnetism because, in vacuum, an electric field of one statvolt per centimetre has the same energy density as a magnetic field of one gauss.  Likewise, a plane wave propagating in vacuum has perpendicular electric and magnetic fields such that for every gauss of magnetic field intensity there is one statvolt/cm of electric field intensity.

In the CGS-EMU system, the unit of voltage is the abvolt.

Notes

References 

Units of electrical potential
Centimetre–gram–second system of units
Chart parser. In computer science, a chart parser is a type of parser suitable for ambiguous grammars (including grammars of natural languages). It uses the dynamic programming approach—partial hypothesized results are stored in a structure called a chart and can be re-used. This eliminates backtracking and prevents a combinatorial explosion.

Chart parsing is generally credited to Martin Kay.

Types of chart parsers 
A common approach is to use a variant of the Viterbi algorithm. The Earley parser is a type of chart parser mainly used for parsing in computational linguistics, named for its inventor. Another chart parsing algorithm is the Cocke-Younger-Kasami (CYK) algorithm.

Chart parsers can also be used for parsing computer languages.  Earley parsers in particular have been used in compiler-compilers where their ability to parse using arbitrary Context-free grammars eases the task of writing the grammar for a particular language.  However their lower efficiency has led to people avoiding them for most compiler work.

In bidirectional chart parsing, edges of the chart are marked with a direction, either forwards or backwards, and rules are enforced on the direction in which edges must point in order to be combined into further edges.

In incremental chart parsing, the chart is constructed incrementally as the text is edited by the user, with each change to the text resulting in the minimal possible corresponding change to the chart.

Chart parsers are distinguished between top-down and bottom-up, as well as active and passive.

See also 
 Brute-force search

References

External links 
 Bottom-up Chart parsing Web Implementation

Natural language parsing
Parsing algorithms
Hand saw. In woodworking and carpentry, hand saws, also known as "panel saws", are used to cut pieces of wood into different shapes. This is usually done in order to join the pieces together and carve a wooden object. They operate by having a series of sharp points, called teeth, of a substance that is harder than the wood being cut.

Hand saws have been used for thousands of years. Egyptian hieroglyphics exist depicting ancient woodworkers sawing boards into pieces, and ancient bow saws have been found in Japan. Cut patterns on ancient boards are occasionally observed to bear the unique cutting marks left by saw blades, particularly if the wood was not 'smoothed up' by some method. Twenty-four saws from eighteenth-century England are currently preserved.

Materials for saw blades have varied over the ages. Bronze saws were likely used before steelmaking technology became extensively known and industrialized.

The most popular material for handles of hand saws is applewood; in the early 1900s 2,000,000 board feet of applewood were used annually for this purpose.

Sometimes cultures developed two main types of saw teeth: the cross cut saw teeth and the rip saw teeth. These cut into the wood using different mechanisms. Crosscut saws have sawteeth that are shaped, often with a metal file, in such a way that they form a series of tiny knife-like edges. Crosscut saws are meant to cut perpendicular, or against, the wood grain. Rip saws, on the other hand, have chisel-like sawteeth and are meant to cut parallel, or with, the grain. Wood fibers are contacted by the teeth and 'ripped' apart from the bundle of other fibers. It is common that people do not recognize the difference and use saws both ways. However, a rip saw is much faster than a cross-cut saw when cutting with the grain but leaves a very rough cut, often with splinters on the surface, and has more difficulty maintaining a straight cut when cutting across the grain. The cross-cut saw can cut in any direction but is much slower than needs be when cutting with the grain.

The development of saws was also affected by several factors. The first was the importance of wood to a society, the development of steel and other saw-making technologies, and the type of power available. These factors were, in turn, influenced by the environment, such as the types of wood or metal available. Finally, the types of jobs the saws were to perform was also important in the development of the technology.

Among Basques and Australians, traditional hand sawing has generated rural sports. The Basque variant is called tronral.

See also
Saw
Types of saws
Musical saws
Saw set

References

External links

How to Sharpen a Saw Blade , article on how to sharpen a handsaw yourself

Hand tools
Saws
Woodworking hand tools

de:Fuchsschwanz (Säge)
Willem Hendrik Keesom. Willem Hendrik Keesom () (21 June 1876, Texel – 3 March 1956, Leiden) was a Dutch physicist who, in 1926, invented a method to freeze liquid helium.
He also developed the first mathematical description of dipole–dipole interactions in 1921. Thus, dipole–dipole interactions are also known as Keesom interactions.
He was previously a student of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who had discovered superconductivity (a feat for which Kamerlingh Onnes received the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics).

He also discovered the lambda point transition specific-heat maximum between Helium-I and Helium-II in 1930.

In 1924 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1966, the minor planet 
9686 Keesom was named after him.

See also
Timeline of low-temperature technology

References

External links
 Albert van Helden, Willem Hendrik Keesom 1876 – 1956, In: K. van Berkel, A. van Helden and L. Palm ed., A History of Science in the Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference (Leiden: Brill, 1999) 498–500.
 Scientists of the Dutch School: Willem Hendrik Keesom @ Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 P.H. van Laer, Keesom, Wilhelmus Hendrikus (1876-1956), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.

1876 births
1956 deaths
People from Texel
20th-century Dutch physicists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
University of Amsterdam alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University