omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dynamization. In computer science, dynamization is the process of transforming a static data structure into a dynamic one. Although static data structures may provide very good functionality and fast queries, their utility is limited because of their inability to grow/shrink quickly, thus making them inapplicable for the solution of dynamic problems, where the input data changes. Dynamization techniques provide uniform ways of creating dynamic data structures.

Decomposable search problems
We define problem  of searching for the predicate  match in the set  as . Problem  is decomposable if the set  can be decomposed into subsets  and there exists an operation  of result unification such that .

Decomposition
Decomposition is a term used in computer science to break static data structures into smaller units of unequal size. The basic principle is the idea that any decimal number can be translated into a representation in any other base. For more details about the topic see Decomposition (computer science). For simplicity, binary system will be used in this article but any other base (as well as other possibilities such as Fibonacci numbers) can also be utilized.

If using the binary system, a set of  elements is broken down into subsets of sizes with 

    

elements where  is the  -th bit of  in binary. This means that if  has -th bit equal to 0, the corresponding set does not contain any elements. Each of the subset has the same property as the original static data structure. Operations performed on the new dynamic data structure may involve traversing  sets formed by decomposition. As a result, this will add   factor as opposed to the static data structure operations but will allow insert/delete operation to be added. 

Kurt Mehlhorn proved several equations for time complexity of operations on the data structures dynamized according to this idea. Some of these equalities are listed. 

If 
  is the time to build the static data structure
  is the time to query the static data structure
  is the time to query the dynamic data structure formed by decomposition
  is the amortized insertion time
then
 
 

If  is at least polynomial, then .

Further reading
Kurt Mehlhorn, Data structures and algorithms 3, . An EATCS Series, vol. 3, Springer, 1984.

Data structures
Telegraph (disambiguation). Telegraph is any apparatus or process to convey messages over long distances with no intermediary messenger.

Telegraph may also refer to:

Related to telegraphy
 Electrical telegraph, sends and receives messages via electric signals
 Printing telegraph, electrical telegraph that uses plain text instead of code
 Optical telegraph, sending visual signals with pivoting shutters in towers
 Hydraulic telegraph, based on the displacement of water in pipes, or on container water levels
 Engine order telegraph, device on a ship used by the pilot to signal engine speeds

Arts and entertainment
 Telegraphing (entertainment), giving a clear hint of the meaning or outcome of a dramatic action through acting

Music
 Telegraph (album), a 2005 album by Drake Bell (includes the title song)
 Telegraphs (band), an English alternative-rock band
 "Telegraph" (song), a 1983 single by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark
 Telegraph Melts, a 1986 album by Jandek

Periodicals
 The Telegraph (disambiguation), a list of newspapers called The Telegraph, Daily Telegraph or Sunday Telegraph
 Evening Telegraph, a list of newspapers with that title
 Morning Telegraph, a list of newspapers with that title

Places
 Telegraph, Isles of Scilly, a settlement on the island of St Mary's, England
 Telegraph, Texas, a ghost town in Kimble County, Texas, United States
 Telegraph Avenue, in Alameda County, California, United States
 Telegraph City, an unincorporated community in Calaveras County, California, United States
 Telegraph Cove, a community on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
 Telegraph Creek, a community in  British Columbia, Canada
 Telegraph Peak (California), in the San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino County, California, United States
 Telegraph Peak (Lander County, Nevada)
 Telegraph Range, group of hills on the Nechako Plateau, British Columbia Interior, Canada
 Telegraph Plateau, a region of the North Atlantic
 Telegraph Column (Damascus), Syria, is a commemorative monument
 Telegraph Canyon Formation, a geologic formation in Nevada
 Telegraph House, a historic hotel located in Baddeck, Nova Scotia
 Telegraph House (Taganrog), a building in Taganrog, Rostov region
 Telegraph Island, in the Elphinstone Inlet
 Telegraph Hill (disambiguation), various places
 Telegraph Road (disambiguation), various roads
 Telegraph Building (disambiguation), various buildings
 Telegraph Peak (disambiguation), various peaks
 Télégraphe station, a Paris Métro station

Other uses
 Telegraph (sports), to unintentionally alert an opponent to one's immediate situation
 Telegraph (1914 sternwheeler), a steamboat in Oregon, United States
 Telegraph (sternwheeler 1903), a steamboat in Oregon and Washington, United States
 Telegraph Media Group, publisher of UK newspapers, previously Telegraph Group
 Telegraph plant, a tropical Asian shrub
 HMS Telegraph

See also
 Telegram (disambiguation)
 Telegraph code, a character encodings used to transmit information through telegraphy machines
 Telegraph Avenue (novel), a 2012 book by Michael Chabon
 El Telégrafo (disambiguation)
Megasaurus. Megasaurus and Transaurus are transforming robotic dinosaurs.  Megasaurus is owned by Mike West and Transaurus is owned by Rick and Sheri Dorritie.  They are modeled after a Tyrannosaurus rex and have hydraulically activated arms, grasping claws, and jaws, as well as flame throwers set up in the head to give the effect of breathing fire from the mouth. They both fold up into a vehicle based on a tank and when the robots perform they initially appear as a box on tracks decorated as either a military vehicle (Megasaurus) or a dinosaur (Transaurus).  Each robot is roughly 30 feet tall at maximum extension.  They are used primarily to destroy cars by "eating" them (ripping them apart with the claws and jaws) at motorsport events, especially monster truck competitions.

Although owned by different parties, both robots were built by the same company and operate and look almost identical, except for decoration.  The robots have similar opening backstories used at shows while they are transforming, and the backstories reference both robots.  

Both robots are smaller imitations of the original Robosaurus, which was designed in 1988.

Megasaurus was featured on Extreme Makeover: Home Edition on January 18, 2009, where it was used to demolish the house of the Drumm family.

External links 

 
 

Robotic dinosaurs
Entertainment robots
2009 robots
Robots of the United States
Polyaxial screw. A polyaxial screw is used for connecting vertebrae to rods in spinal surgery, particularly  spinal fusion procedures. It is a type of screw whose spherical head is enclosed in a housing, which allows the screw a range of motion along several different axes relative to the housing. The ball joint allows the surgeon some flexibility in placing the screws. The screws are typically placed into the pedicle of the vertebra.

It has also been hypothesized that polyaxial screws add a safety benefit by failing in the housing/screw interface before breaking in the shaft of the bone screw or in the orthopaedic rod. 
Unlike standard lateral mass plate and screw systems, the new cervical polyaxial screw and rod system easily accommodates severe degenerative cervical spondylosis and curvatures. This instrumentation system allows for polyaxial screw placement with subsequent multiplanar rod contouring and offset attachment.

External links
  "Anterior spinal polyaxial locking screw plate assembly", 1996

References 

Orthopedic screws
German frigate Lübeck (F224). Lübeck (F224) was a  which served in the Bundesmarine from 1963 through 1988.

Design 

The Type 120 or Köln-class frigates were built as smooth-deckers and had very elegant lines. The very diagonally cut bow and the knuckle ribs in the foredeck made it easy to navigate. The hull and parts of the superstructure were made of shipbuilding steel, other superstructure parts were made of aluminum. Due to the installation of gas turbines, large side air inlets were necessary, which could be closed by lamellas. The stern was designed as a round stern. The large funnel was sloped and skirted. Behind the bridge superstructure stood the tall lattice mast with radar and other antennas. The hull was divided into 13 watertight compartments.

On the forecastle was a 10 cm gun, behind it, set higher, a 4 cm twin gun. Behind it stood two quadruple anti-submarine missile launchers 37.5 cm from Bofors. A 4 cm Bofors single gun on each side of the aft superstructure and another 4 cm double mount at the end of the superstructure. There was a second 10 cm gun on the quarterdeck. In addition, there were two 53.3 cm torpedo tubes behind the front superstructures. They were used to fire Mk-44 torpedoes. Mine rails were laid behind the torpedo tubes and ran to the stern.

Construction and career 

Lübeck was built by Stülcken & Sohn, Hamburg. She was laid down on 28 October 1959, launched on 23 July 1960, and was commissioned on 6 June 1963.

After 25 years of service, Lübeck was taken out of active service on 30 September 1988 and sold to Turkey. On 14 November, she set sail for Gölcük, Kocaeli, Turkey with skeleton crew of 140 personnel. She was formally decommissioned on 1 December 1988 and handed over to the Turkish Naval Forces. Turkish navy used her as spare parts source for other  in Turkish service.

Notes

References 

Gardiner, Robert and Stephen Chumbley. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. .
Prézelin, Bernard and A.D. Baker III. The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1990/1991. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1990. .

See also 
 List of frigates
 List of German Federal Navy ships
 List of naval ships of Germany

Köln-class frigates
1963 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
Construction paper. Construction paper, also known as sugar paper, is coloured cardstock paper. The texture is slightly rough, and the surface is unfinished. Due to the source material, mainly wood pulp, small particles are visible on the paper's surface. It is used for projects or crafts.

Etymology
The etymology of "sugar paper" lies in its use for making bags to contain sugar. It is related to the "blue paper" used by confectionery bakers in England from the 17th century onwards; for example, in the baking of Regency ratafia cakes (or macaroons).

History
The term "construction paper" was associated with the material in the early 20th century, although the general process for creating the paper began in the late 19th century when industrialized paper production and synthetic dye technology were combined. Around that time, construction paper was primarily advertised for classroom settings as an effective canvas for supporting multiple drawing media. The process for creating the paper involved a machine oriented process that exposed the paper to dyes while it was still pulp, resulting in a thorough distribution and brilliance of colour. The primary dyes involved in producing construction paper were abundant until Germany, the main producer of aniline for dyes at the time, became involved in World War I and ceased its exports. The shortage marked a period in which construction paper was created using substitute colouring methods.

Dyeing
One of the defining features of construction paper is the radiance of its colours. Before the methodology behind construction paper's colouring was introduced, most paper was coloured by pigments and vegetable oil, which had weaker staining capabilities. Synthetic dyes were later developed, which provided a wider range of colours, stronger dyeing strength, and had lower costs. However, the colours given by synthetic dyes tend to fade over short periods of time, an effect often seen in construction paper, noted by greying colours and brittleness.

In popular culture
The animated television series Blue's Clues and South Park were initially made using construction paper and stop motion.

See also
 Card stock
 Papermaking
 Bristol board

References

Paper
Visual arts materials
Office equipment
Jacobs Aircraft Engine Company. The Jacobs Aircraft Engine Company was an American aircraft engine manufacturer that existed from 1926 to 1956.

History

Early years
The Jacobs Aircraft Engine Company was formed in 1926 in Philadelphia. Later the company moved to Pottstown, Pennsylvania after purchasing the machine workshop of the Light Manufacturing and Foundry Company.

Early engines

An early product was the 1931 L-3, a   three-cylinder air-cooled radial engine. Only 44 were built.

By 1933, Jacobs had developed its most famous engine, the L-4 seven-cylinder air-cooled radial, with a power rating of  displacement of . It was better known as by its military designation, R-755. At the time it became known as the best producer of engines in the 200-400 horsepower range. Jacobs was the first to start making engines using forged aluminum alloy pistons, sodium-filled exhaust valves, and magnesium alloy crankcases.

The L-4 was used mostly on the Cessna Bobcat, Cessna 195, and Stearman Kaydet.
 
Due to the tendency of the L-4 engine to vibrate heavily at low rpm, it was given the nicknames Shakin' Jake and Shakey Jake.

Later models
Later developments included the 285 hp L-5 or R-830, and 330 hp L-6 or R-915.

Postwar
Jacobs was acquired by Republic Industries in 1945, which was in turn acquired by Barium Steel Corporation in 1946. However in 1947, the company was sold back to Albert Jacobs. Jacobs Aircraft Engines went into default in 1950 and was again sold back to Republic. Finally, Barium sold the company in December 1956 and it closed a few months later in 1957.

Applications

Jacobs engines were fitted to many US-built aircraft of the inter-war period, including several Waco models. They were in use in 26 different countries including in Canada, where 330 horsepower L6-MB engines were used to power the Royal Canadian Air Force's Avro Anson Mk. II aircraft.
In 1941 the American War Department gave the contract to Jacobs to produce Pratt & Whitney R-985 and R-1340 engines until 1945. Jacobs ranked 87th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.

Products

See also
 Franklin Engine Company
 List of aircraft engine manufacturers
 List of aircraft engines

References

Manufacturing companies established in 1929
Manufacturing companies based in Philadelphia
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
1929 establishments in Pennsylvania
NCR 5380. The NCR 5380 is an early SCSI controller chip developed by NCR Microelectronics. It was popular due to its simplicity and low cost. The 5380 was used in the Macintosh Plus and in numerous SCSI cards for personal computers, including the Amiga and Atari TT. The 5380 was second sourced by several chip makers, including AMD and Zilog. The 5380 was designed by engineers at the NCR plant then located in Wichita, Kansas, and initially fabricated by NCR Microelectronics in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It was the first single-chip implementation of the SCSI-1 protocol.

The NCR 5380 also made a significant appearance in Digital Equipment Corporation's VAX computers, where it was featured on various Q-Bus modules and as an integrated SCSI controller in numerous MicroVAX, VAXstation and VAXserver computers.  Many UMAX SCSI optical scanners also contain the 53C80 chip interfaced to an Intel 8031-series microcontroller.

Single-chip SCSI controller NCR 53c400 used SCSI 5380 core.

See also
 NCR 53C9x

References

SCSI
Integrated circuits
NCR Corporation products
Wireless Router Application Platform. The Wireless Router Application Platform (WRAP) is a format of single board computer defined by Swiss company PC Engines.  This is specially designed for wireless router, firewall, load balancer, VPN or other network appliances.

Basic specs
32-bit  x86 compatible CPU, low energy consumption (AMD Geode SC1100 at 266 MHz)
supports MMX instructions
64-bit SDRAM memory controller (max: 89 MHz)
PCI bus controller
IDE interfaces
ACPI 1.0-compatible power management
tinyBIOS : Made specially by PC Engines
64 or 128MB SDRAM
Compact flash memory (includes boot OS)
Monitoring: watchdog timer, LM77 thermal monitor
Power supply: 7V ~ 18V external DC power or Power over Ethernet
LAN: National semiconductor DP83816
I/O: MiniPCI slots, console serial port

Different boards
There are three different models of the WRAP:

The WRAP 1-1 has two Ethernet ports, and two mini-PCI slots, on a 16x16cm board.
The WRAP 1-2 has three Ethernet ports and one mini-PCI slot, on a 16x16cm board.
The WRAP 2 has one Ethernet port, and two mini-PCI slots, on a 10x16cm board.

Operating System
The WRAP is capable of running many different operating systems, including various Linux distributions, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, as well as proprietary OSes. The WRAP lacks a keyboard controller (for obvious reasons), so some OSes that rely on one for the boot process may have to be modified.

End Of Life (EOL)
PC Engines announced the end of life for the WRAP platform in 2007. The board was replaced by the ALIX.

External links
PC Engines information page on the WRAP
BowlFish 

Routers (computing)
Router
Stuart Turner (engineer). Sidney Marmaduke Stuart Turner (1869 – April 1938) was an English engineer. He was the founder of the company Stuart Turner Ltd.

Biography
Turner was born in Shepherd's Bush, London in 1869. Little is known about his childhood or adolescence although it is known that his family's ambitions for him did not include becoming an engineer.

Career
After a series of other jobs including an apprenticeship on the Clyde building marine engines, a period at sea and working as an engineer in Jersey (where he installed electricity generating plant), Turner gained employment in 1897 looking after the steam generating plant at Shiplake Court near Henley-on-Thames, England. In those days mains electricity was rare and therefore most large houses had their own electricity generating plants.

It was while working at Shiplake that Turner designed his No.1 Model Steam Engine. He drew up the patterns which he then sent away to be cast. On their return he machined and assembled them and soon showed the finished model at a local exhibition. He then approached Percival Marshall the editor of Model Engineer magazine who wrote an article about the engine. This coverage brought an immediate response and orders for sets of castings flooded in, and a business was established in 1898. He was joined in the business by Alexander Frederick (Alec) Plint in 1903, who he had worked with in Jersey and was trained in electrical engineering. This business produced an unusual mixture of small mainly two-stroke engines used in boats, generators, as well as model engines and castings aimed at the model engineering market. They also briefly made a motorcycle and the Stuart lathe, and latterly a range of centrifugal pumps. The name Stuart Turner is eponymous with small quality models, and many of the steam models and rarer internal combustion models are much sought after by collectors.

The Stuart Turner Ltd company was established in 1906 in Henley-on-Thames.

Death
Stuart Turner left the firm in 1920 and went to South Africa. He returned to Southend to retire and died in April 1938.

See also
 Stuart Turner (company)
 Whitney (City Road, London) who made lighting plant, generators, small steam models and centrifugal pumps

References

External links
 Stuart Models website
 Stuart engine design and analysis website for fans

1869 births
1938 deaths
People from Henley-on-Thames
English engineers
Model engineers
Ground substance. Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space of animals that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin. Ground substance is active in the development, movement, and proliferation of tissues, as well as their metabolism. Additionally, cells use it for support, water storage, binding, and a medium for intercellular exchange (especially between blood cells and other types of cells). Ground substance provides lubrication for collagen fibers.

The components of the ground substance vary depending on the tissue. Ground substance is primarily composed of water and large organic molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. GAGs are polysaccharides that trap water, giving the ground substance a gel-like texture. Important GAGs found in ground substance include hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate. With the exception of hyaluronic acid, GAGs are bound to proteins called proteoglycans. Glycoproteins are proteins that attach components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells. Components of the ground substance are secreted by fibroblasts. Usually it is not visible on slides, because it is lost during staining in the preparation process.

Link proteins such as vinculin, spectrin and actomyosin stabilize the proteoglycans and organize elastic fibers in the ECM. Changes in the density of ground substance can allow collagen fibers to form aberrant cross-links. Loose connective tissue is characterized by few fibers and cells, and a relatively large amount of ground substance. Dense connective tissue has a smaller amount of ground substance compared to the fibrous material.

The meaning of the term has evolved over time.

See also 
Milieu intérieur

References

External links 
 

Biochemistry
Histology
MEK6800D2. The MEK6800D2 was a development board for the Motorola 6800 microprocessor, produced by Motorola in 1976. It featured a keyboard with hexadecimal keys and an LED display, but also featured an RS-232 asynchronous serial interface for a Teletype or other terminal.  Data and programs could be loaded from and saved to an audio cassette tape. There was an on-board monitor program called JBUG (analogous to an operating system on a modern computer)  fitted in a 1K byte ROM, and the maximum RAM capacity on board was 512 bytes, but this could be expanded via the Motorola EXORciser computer bus interface.

The hardware consisted of two circuit boards.  The keyboard-display module contained a 16 key (hexadecimal) data entry section, and eight function keys labeled M, E, R, G, V, N, L, and Pl along with a 6 hex digit LED display.  The keyboard-display board connected to the microcomputer module by a 50-conductor ribbon cable.

There was also a parallel bus interface for general purpose I/O.

Another popular monitor program for this system is called MIKBUG.

See also
 Microprocessor development boards
 For a clone of the D2 kit see following website (6802 MAXC D2 Board).

References

Bibliography
 Leventhal, Lance A. Microcomputer experimentation with the Motorola MEK6800D2. Prentice-Hall,

External links
 MEK6800D2 complete manual

Early microcomputers
Computer-related introductions in 1976