omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
1970 in archaeology. 

Explorations
 Historic American Engineering Record surveys the original main line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

Excavations
 June - Wreck of Spanish Armada ship El Gran Grifón off Fair Isle excavated by Colin Martin and Sydney Wignall.
  Joint British Museum, Harvard University and University of Cambridge project begins at Maya site of Lubaantun under leadership of Norman Hammond.
 Five-year project at Altun Ha, led by Dr. David Pendergast of the Royal Ontario Museum, ends.
 Retrieval of artefacts from wreck of Batavia off Western Australia begins.
 Joint Archaeological Survey of India and University of Cambridge excavations at Malvan in Gujarat.
 Alepotrypa cave in Greece.

Publications
 P. V. Glob - Hojfolket: Bronzealderens mennesker bevaret i 3000 år (The Mound People: Danish bronze-age man preserved).

Finds
 July - Heilongjiang hand cannon, dating from c. 1288, discovered by Wei Guozhong in Manchuria.
 October 21 - Loose timber from the wreck of the Tudor warship Mary Rose found in the Solent off the coast of England.
 October 25 - Submarine CSS H. L. Hunley (sunk in action 1864) is claimed to be located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, by E. Lee Spence.
 First Botorrita plaque.
 Sweet Track discovered by John Sweet in the Somerset Levels of England.
 Blackfriars Ships III and IV discovered by Peter Marsden in London.
 Buckquoy spindle-whorl, dating from the Early Middle Ages, probably the 8th century, excavated in Buckquoy, Birsay, Orkney, Scotland; notable because of its Ogham inscription.

Awards

Events
 July 12 - Thor Heyerdahl's papyrus boat Ra II arrives in Barbados after a 57-day voyage from Morocco.
 Butser Ancient Farm set up as an experimental archaeology site by the Council for British Archaeology.

Births

March 9 – Fereidoun Biglari, Iranian archaeologist and museum curator

Deaths
 May 6 - Sir John Beazley, British Classical archaeologist (b. 1885)
 May 29 - Jaroslav Černý, Czech-British Egyptologist (b. 1898)

See also
 List of years in archaeology
 1969 in archaeology
 1971 in archaeology

References

Archaeology
1970s in archaeology
Archaeology by year
Tollycraft. Tollycraft was an American powerboat manufacturer in business from 1936 to 1997.

History
Tollycraft was founded in 1936 as a wooden boat builder by Robert Merland Tollefson (better known as Tolly).  In 1962 the company switched to building its boats from fiberglass.  Tollefson sold the company in 1987, and it was bankrupt by 1993.  Although it attempted to resume operations, the company went out of business in 1997.  

Tollycraft was known to make high-quality boats ideally suited to the waters of its home in the Pacific Northwest.

References
 Robert M. Lane,  "Tollycraft: Family, Friends, Boats", Passagemaker, Nov. 2005, pg. 154. 
 Bruce Ramsey, "Tollycraft: What The Have-Knots Have- Shipbuilder's Yachts Ride Wave Of Popularity - And Of Profitability", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 27, 1989, Sec. Business, Pg. B1.
 Richard Thiel, "North Star 71 Pilothouse Motoryacht— Design Odyssey", Power and Motoryacht, July 2000, Online version

External links 
www.Tollycraft.net  (Bad Link)
Northwest Yachting: Tolly Tollefson
Tollycraft Boating Club

American boat builders
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1936
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1997
1936 establishments in Washington (state)
1997 disestablishments in Washington (state)
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Washington (state)
Compact Application Solution Language. Compact Application Solution Language (CASL) is a programming language used to create computer programs for Palm OS, and Microsoft Windows desktops, laptops, and Pocket PCs with Windows Mobile.  It is published by WAGWARE Systems, Inc., and Brainyware, LLC.

Overview
As a language, CASL is similar to Pascal or Visual Basic with object-oriented programming features.  The CASL software development kit (SDK) includes a graphical user interface (GUI) forms editor, an integrated development environment (IDE), and a compiler.  CASL programs can either be run as interpreted applications on target devices (using a small helper binary), or compiled directly to native code (CASLpro).  One of CASL's key features is that the same source can be compiled to Palm OS, Windows, or Pocket PC with Windows Mobile, without changing the code, termed "write once, run all".

In July 2005, CASLsoft announced they were discontinuing support for CASL and releasing it as freeware, with version 4.2 as the last official release.  A month later, WAGWARE Systems, Inc. and Brainyware, LLC announced the purchase of CASL, updated the product and continue to release it as commercial software. CASL Version 4.3 was released on 3 July 2006.

In January 2007, more libraries were released to support the Janam XP20/XP30 series of barcode devices.  The CASL libraries are also backward compatible with the Symbol SPT series devices.

Object-oriented programming languages
John Fisher (North American politician). John Fisher (March 13, 1806 – March 28, 1882), iron founder, manufacturer, was a politician, both in Canada and the United States. He had one son.

Born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, Fisher moved to Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1835, when he established what is believed to have been the first foundry in the city, on the northwest corner of James and Merrick streets, Fisher designed and manufactured the first threshing machines in Canada, basing his ideas on a 1786 model designed by a Scot. He expanded the business with his cousin Calvin McQuesten (who himself would found a powerful Hamilton family), they formed a partnership with two other men, to manage the foundry, with McQuesten remaining in the United States to gain additional necessary funds.

The firm experienced difficulties getting established  In 1836 Fisher was forced to sell some assets, lay off workers, and seek loans.  In the following year, anti-American sentiment was high, owing to the support given by the United States to William Lyon Mackenzie, and it found expression in a refusal to pay bills and threats to burn the foundry.  Fisher was ready to leave, but McQuesten convinced him to remain. The latter settled in Hamilton in 1839, and the two partners, by now the sole proprietors of the business, were determined to make it prosper. The foundry expanded during the 1840s, producing a variety of agricultural equipment.  In the 1850s, Fisher, in partnership with other foundries, was a contractor for the Great Western Railway in the manufacture of railway cars. The firm of Fisher and McQuesten was moved to Wellington Street in 1855 after a fire destroyed the original premises. Six years later (1857), he sold his interest in the foundry and moved from Hamilton to Batavia, New York. He was elected as a Republican representative to the 41st Congress (1869–1871), but was unsuccessful in his subsequent re-election bid.

During his years in Hamilton, Fisher was an active participant in the civic life of the community.  In 1843 he built a fire engine which he donated to the city and which was housed at the James Street Foundry.  Fisher also served on the Hamilton city council as an alderman from 1848 to 1849, and became the city's fourth mayor (for a one-year term) in 1850.  He helped build an orphan asylum donating in 1851 £100 (which according to some sources was his salary as mayor) to the Hamilton Ladies' Benevolent Society for the costs of construction.  He served on the building committee with Edward Jackson and Edward Cartwright Thomas, and the asylum (Barton Street Jail) on Wellington Street opened in June 1853.

References
 Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol I, 1791–1875); Thomas Melville Bailey; W.L. Griffin Ltd, (1981); Pg 74

External links 
 

1806 births
1882 deaths
People from Londonderry, New Hampshire
Mayors of Hamilton, Ontario
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
American emigrants to Canada
Province of Canada politicians
19th-century New York (state) politicians
19th-century mayors of places in Ontario
19th-century members of the United States House of Representatives
Frances Hellman. Frances Hellman is a physicist who was dean of the division of mathematical and physical sciences at the University of California, Berkeley from 2015 until 2021. Her primary academic focus has been the study of the thermodynamic properties of novel solid materials, especially thin film semiconducting, superconducting, and magnetic materials. She has served as chair of the physics department and holds a dual appointment in the materials science and engineering department.

Early life and education
Hellman was raised in New York City, where she attended the Brearley School. She graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa with high honors in physics from Dartmouth College in 1978. Hellman obtained her Ph.D. in applied physics at Stanford University in 1985.

Career
After receiving her Ph.D., Hellman then served as a postdoctoral fellow at Bell Laboratories from 1985 to 1987, focusing on thin-film magnetism.  She moved to San Diego, California, to become an assistant professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego 1987, where she worked until 2004. She received tenure in 1994 and became a full professor in 2000.  Hellman is a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) and received their Joseph F. Keithley Award For Advances in Measurement Science in 2006.

Hellman joined Berkeley's Physics Department in January 2005. She served as chair of the department from 2007 to 2013. In 2019, she was elected to be the 2020 vice president of the American Physical Society and in 2022 became the president of APS.

Personal

Hellman is the daughter of Chris and Warren Hellman of San Francisco. The Hellman family is involved philanthropically with a variety of causes, including the University of California.
Frances Hellman married Robert Dynes, former UC President, in May 1998 and they divorced in 2006.  In 2006 she met Warren Breslau.  In 2009 they married.

References

External links
Frances Hellman at University of California, Berkeley

Living people
American people of German-Jewish descent
21st-century American physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stanford University alumni
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Dartmouth College alumni
Chapin School (Manhattan) alumni
Scientists from New York (state)
Hellman family
Fellows of the American Physical Society
SLAM project. The SLAM project, which was started in 1999 by Thomas Ball and Sriram Rajamani of Microsoft Research, aimed at verifying software safety properties using model checking techniques. It was implemented in OCaml, and has been used to find many bugs in Windows Device Drivers. It is distributed as part of the Microsoft Windows Driver Foundation development kit as the Static Driver Verifier (SDV). "SLAM originally was an acronym but we found it too cumbersome to explain. We now prefer to think of 'slamming' the bugs in a program." It initially stood for "software (specifications), programming languages, abstraction, and model checking". Note that Microsoft has since re-used SLAM to stand for "Social Location Annotation Mobile".

See also
 Abstraction model checking
 the BLAST model checker, a model checker similar to SLAM that uses "lazy abstraction"

References

External links

Formal methods
OCaml software
Microsoft Research
Real-Time Multiprogramming Operating System. Real-Time Multiprogramming Operating System (RTMOS) was a 24-bit process control operating system developed in the 1960s by General Electric that supported both real-time computing and multiprogramming.  Programming was done in assembly language or Process FORTRAN. The two languages could be used in the same program, allowing programmers to alternate between the two as desired.

Multiprogramming operating systems are now considered obsolete, having been replaced by multitasking.

References

General Electric
Real-time operating systems
Lithium nitride. Lithium nitride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is the only stable alkali metal nitride. It is a reddish-pink solid with a high melting point.

Preparation and handling
Lithium nitride is prepared by direct reaction of elemental lithium with nitrogen gas:

Instead of burning lithium metal in an atmosphere of nitrogen, a solution of lithium in liquid sodium metal can be treated with .

Lithium nitride must be protected from moisture as it reacts violently with water to produce ammonia:

Structure and properties
alpha- (stable at room temperature and pressure) has an unusual crystal structure that consists of two types of layers: one layer has the composition  contains 6-coordinate N centers and the other layer consists only of lithium cations.

Two other forms are known:
beta-, formed from the alpha phase at 0.42 GPa has the sodium arsenide () structure;
gamma- (same structure as lithium bismuthide ) forms from the beta form at 35 to 45 GPa.

Lithium nitride shows ionic conductivity for , with a value of c. 2×10−4 Ω−1cm−1, and an (intracrystal) activation energy of c. 0.26 eV (c. 24 kJ/mol). Hydrogen doping increases conductivity, whilst doping with metal ions (Al, Cu, Mg) reduces it. The activation energy for lithium transfer across lithium nitride crystals (intercrystalline) has been determined to be higher, at c. 68.5 kJ/mol. The alpha form is a semiconductor with band gap of c. 2.1 eV.

Reactions 
Reacting lithium nitride with carbon dioxide results in amorphous carbon nitride (), a semiconductor, and lithium cyanamide (), a precursor to fertilizers, in an exothermic reaction.

Under hydrogen at around 200°C, Li3N will react to form lithium amide.

At higher temperatures it will react further to form ammonia and lithium hydride.

Lithium imide can also be formed under certain conditions. Some research has explored this as a possible industrial process to produce ammonia since lithium hydride can be thermally decomposed back to lithium metal.

Lithium nitride has been investigated as a storage medium for hydrogen gas, as the reaction is reversible at 270 °C. Up to 11.5% by weight absorption of hydrogen has been achieved.

References

See also
 WebElements

Nitrides
Lithium compounds
Goal seeking. In computing, goal seeking is the ability to calculate backward to obtain an input that would result in a given output. This can also be called what-if analysis or backsolving. It can either be attempted through trial and improvement or more logical means. Basic goal seeking functionality is built into most modern spreadsheet packages such as Microsoft Excel.

According to O'Brien and Marakas, optimization analysis is a more complex extension of goal-seeking analysis. Instead of setting a specific target value for a variable, the goal is to find the optimum value for one or more target variables, given certain constraints. Then one or more other variables are changed repeatedly, subject to the specified constraints, until you discover the best values for the target variables.

Examples
Suppose a family wanted to take out the biggest loan that they could afford to pay for. If they set aside $500 a  month, the goal-seeking program would try to work out how big a loan the family could afford to take out. Even using simple trial and improvement, a computer could quickly determine that they could not afford a $50,000 loan, but could afford a $48,000 loan. It would then repeat the process until it had reached a figure such as $48,476.34, which would give them a monthly repayment as close to $500 as possible, without exceeding it.

A more efficient method, especially on more complicated calculations, would be for the program to logically work through the argument. By drawing up a simple equation, the program could come to the conclusion that the output equalled one ninety-sixth of the input, and could then multiply the output (or goal) by ninety-six to find the necessary input.

See also
 Global optimization
 Goal programming

References

Computing terminology
Goal
Discontinuous reception. Discontinuous reception (DRX) is a method used in mobile communication to conserve the battery of the mobile device.

The mobile device and the network negotiate phases in which data transfer occurs. During other times the device turns its receiver off and enters a low power state.

This is usually a function designed into the protocol that allows this to happen - most notably how the transmission is structured - for example in slots with headers containing address details so that devices can listen to these headers in each slot to decide whether the transmission is relevant to them or not. In this case, the receiver only has to be active at the beginning of each slot to receive the header, conserving battery life.

Other techniques include polling, whereby the device is placed into standby for a given amount of time and then a beacon is sent by the access point or base station periodically which indicates if there is any waiting data for it. This is used in 802.11 wireless networks when compatible access cards and access points negotiate a power saving mode arrangement.

A hybrid of the above techniques could be used in reality.

See also
 Discontinuous transmission

References 

Mobile telecommunications
Server application programming interface. In computing, server application programming interface (SAPI) is the direct module interface to web servers such as the Apache HTTP Server, Microsoft IIS, and Oracle iPlanet Web Server. 
In other words, SAPI is an application programming interface (API) provided by the web server to help other developers in extending the web server capabilities.

Microsoft uses the term Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI), and the defunct Netscape web server used the term Netscape Server Application Programming Interface (NSAPI) for the same purpose.

As an example, PHP has a direct module interface called SAPI for different web servers; in the case of PHP 5 and Apache 2.0 on Windows, it is provided in the form of a DLL file called , which is a module that, among other functions, provides an interface between PHP and the web server, implemented in a form that the server understands.  This form is what is known as a SAPI.

Different kinds of SAPIs exist for various web-server extensions.  For example, in addition to those listed above, other SAPIs for the PHP language include the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) and command-line interface (CLI).

See also 

 FastCGI (a variation of the CGI)

References

External links 
 Developing modules for the Apache HTTP Server 2.4

Application programming interfaces
Blue Wool Scale. The Blue Wool Scale measures and calibrates the permanence of colouring dyes. Traditionally this test was developed for the textiles industry but it has now been adopted by the printing industry as measure of lightfastness of ink colourants.  The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists pioneered the work on these test methods and together with the ASTM D13 committee.   

Normally two identical dye samples are created. One is placed in the dark as the control and the other is placed in the equivalent of sunlight for a three-month period. A standard bluewool textile fading test card is also placed in the same light conditions as the sample under test.
The amount of fading of the sample is then assessed by comparison to the original colour.

A rating between 0 and 8 is awarded by identifying which one of the eight strips on the bluewool standard card has faded to the same extent as the sample under test.

Zero denotes extremely poor colour fastness whilst a rating of eight is deemed not to have altered from the original and thus credited as being lightfast and permanent.

The ultraviolet (UV) radiation in light is responsible for ink fading. As the intensity of UV radiation differs from place to place, the ink fading also depends on place. It will be more in areas with more UV radiation and vice versa. This difficulty is overcome by the bluewool testing method. Absolute values of fading will depend on light intensity. Relative values of fading, comparing the sample with the standard blue test strip, will depend less on intensity. For example, if a pigment is rated as "BW5" it can be expected to fade to the same degree as strip number 5 on a bluewool test card, for any specific light exposure. The method of comparison between the sample and a test strip enables accelerated testing to be carried out under intense artificial illumination.

References 

Color
A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers. The book A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, by John Marshall (b. 1922), summarises the lives of more than 600 engineers from Europe and North America.

Each biographical entry is in summary form and concludes with a list of references. It includes an index, but no illustrations. A typical entry begins with the subject's birth and death dates, with places, and deals chronologically with the subject's railway career. Any writings by the subject are noted, and the concluding section gives page references to where the information came from, usually technical periodicals. The concluding index is of railway companies worldwide and notes the engineers who worked for them.

The second edition now covers 752 names. A review of it appears in Journal of Transport History, March 2004.

 1978 edition pub. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. 252pp. 
 2003 edition pub. Railway and Canal Historical Society, Oxford. 206pp.

References 

Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers
Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers
 Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers
 Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers
Railway Engineers, Biographical Dictionary of
Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers
Active shape model. Active shape models (ASMs) are statistical models of the shape of objects which iteratively deform to fit to an example of the object in a new image, developed by Tim Cootes and Chris Taylor in 1995. The shapes are constrained by the PDM (point distribution model) Statistical Shape Model to vary only in ways seen in a training set of labelled examples.  
The shape of an object is represented by a set of points (controlled by the shape model).  The ASM algorithm aims to match the model to a new image.

The ASM works by alternating the following steps:
 Generate a suggested shape by looking in the image around each point for a better position for the point. This is commonly done using what is called a "profile model", which looks for strong edges or uses the Mahalanobis distance to match a model template for the point.
 Conform the suggested shape to the point distribution model, commonly called a "shape model" in this context.  The figure to the right shows an example.

The technique has been widely used to analyse images of faces, mechanical assemblies and medical images (in 2D and 3D).

It is closely related to the active appearance model. It is also known as a "Smart Snakes" method, since it is an analog to an active contour model which would respect explicit shape constraints.

See also
 Procrustes analysis
 Point distribution model

References

External links
 Matlab code open-source ASM implementation.
 Description of AAMs from Manchester University.
 Tim Cootes' home page (one of the original co-inventors of ASMs).
 Source code for ASMs (the "stasm" library).
 ASMlib-OpenCV, An open source C++/OpenCV implementation of ASM.

Computer vision