omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sodium tungstate. Sodium tungstate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2WO4. This white, water-soluble solid is the sodium salt of tungstic acid.  It is useful as a source of tungsten for chemical synthesis. It is an intermediate in the conversion of tungsten ores to the metal.

Preparation and structure
Sodium tungstate is obtained by digestion of tungsten ores, the economically important representatives of which are tungstates, in base. Illustrative is the extraction of sodium tungstate from wolframite: 
Fe/MnWO4  +  2 NaOH  +  2 H2O   →   Na2WO4·2H2O   +  Fe/Mn(OH)2
Scheelite is treated similarly using sodium carbonate.

Sodium tungstate can also be produced by treating tungsten carbide with a mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide in a fusion process which overcomes the high exothermicity of the reaction involved.

Several polymorphs of sodium tungstate are known, three at only one atmosphere pressure.  They feature tetrahedral orthotungstate dianions but differ in the packing motif.  The  anion adopts a structure like sulfate ().

Reactions
Treatment of sodium tungstate with hydrochloric acid gives the tungsten trioxide or its acidic hydrates:
Na2WO4  +  2 HCl  →  WO3  +  2 NaCl  +  H2O
Na2WO4  +  2 HCl  →  WO3·H2O  +  2 NaCl
 
This reaction can be reversed using aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Uses
The dominant use of sodium tungstate is as an intermediate in the extraction of tungsten from its ores, almost all of which are tungstates. Otherwise sodium tungstate has only niche applications.

In organic chemistry, sodium tungstate is used as catalyst for epoxidation of alkenes and oxidation of alcohols into aldehydes or ketones. It exhibits anti-diabetic effects.

Solutions of sodium and lithium metatungstates are used in density separation. Such solutions are less toxic than bromoform and methylene iodide, but still have densities that fall between a number of naturally coupled minerals.

Sodium tungstate is a competitive inhibitor of molybdenum; because tungsten is directly below molybdenum on the periodic table, it has similar electrochemical properties. Dietary tungsten reduces the concentration of molybdenum in tissues. Some bacteria use molybdenum cofactor as part of their respiratory chain; in these microbes, tungstate can replace molybdenum and inhibit the generation of energy by aerobic respiration. As such, one niche use of sodium tungstate is in experimental biology—where it has been found that adding sodium tungstate to the drinking water of mice inhibits the growth of Enterobacteriaceae (a family of endogenous opportunistic pathogens) in the gut.

Sodium tungstate has been researched as a potential treatment for infertility under the code OXO-001.

References

Further reading 

  

Sodium compounds
Tungstates
Tungsten mining
Rolladen-Schneider LS9. The Rolladen-Schneider LS9 is an 18 metre single-seat motor glider launched in 2000 by Rolladen-Schneider. Production ended after just 10 gliders were built, when Rolladen-Schneider went into receivership.

Development
The LS9 was the sole self-launching glider developed at Rolladen-Schneider. The prototype first flew in 1995, powered by a Rotax 535 two-stroke engine. Production of this engine was discontinued by Rotax, putting the LS9 project on hold pending the development of a suitable engine.

The Solo 2625 engine and a Technoflug two-blade propeller were finally selected. The engine installation, including the carbon composite propeller mast and folding exhaust system, was developed by the specialist firm Walter Binder Motorenbau GmbH, having nearly 100% commonality with the Schempp-Hirth Ventus CM installation.

Design
 Wings from the LS6-18w moulds, with strengthened spars and leading edges.
 Fuselage shape adapted from the LS4 by broadening the tail boom to accommodate the engine.
 All-new structure combining a new safety glass/carbon cockpit with a full carbon composite fuselage behind the wing.
 Empennage from the LS4 with new carbon and aramid composite construction.
 Larger undercarriage (5” hub) set further forward to prevent nose-over with the engine at full power.
 Innovative 210 mm x 65 mm steerable tailwheel integrated into the rudder directly under the hinge axis.
 Single aerotow/winching hook.
 Carbon composite propeller mast deployed by electric screw jack system.
 Engine recessed into the fuselage with electric starter, fuel and coolant pumps.
 Drive belt transmission to the large propeller.
 Stall warning system activated during powered flight.

Specifications

See also

References

LS-Flugzeugbau website
Newsletter of the Auxiliary Powered Sailplane Association
Website of LS dealer Solaire Canada
Thomas F, Fundamentals of Sailplane Design, College Park Press, 1999
Ewald J, Flight Test of the LS-9, Sailplane and Gliding, Oct. 2000

2000s German sailplanes
Rolladen-Schneider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1995
T-tail aircraft
Motor gliders
Métallurgique. Métallurgique were cars made by Société Anonyme L'Auto Métallurgique, Marchienne-au-Pont, Belgium, between 1898 and 1928. Before making cars, the company had made railway locomotives and rolling stock.

Production
The first cars were  2-cylinder models with chain drive. In 1900, the company switched to shaft drive. In 1905 an all-new range was introduced, resembling contemporary Daimlers, both designed by Ernst Lehmann, who come to Métallurgique from there in 1903. These cars, with pressed-steel chassis, live rear axle, shaft drive, high-tension ignition, and the option of dynamo-powered electric lighting, were to establish the company as one of the finest makers of sporting cars in Europe. Production was targeted for export, and most sales were in Britain. In 1906, there came the 4-cylinder inlet over exhaust , with a claimed output of  at 1400 rpm, enabling the car to reach . The cars got a distinctive V front radiator in 1907. 

For 1908 the car range included the 60/80 and the 40-hp, which was a smaller version of the 60/80, the 2-cylinder cars being finally dropped, the last of them a 12/14. They were replaced in 1909 by a 12/14 four-cylinder (built in Germany by Bergmann Elektrizitäwerke of Berlin), joined by a 5-litre , and in 1911 all cars got 4-speed gearboxes. Bodywork was made by Vanden Plas. The Bergmann-built cars proved expensive in Britain, thanks to tariffs.

Métallurgique cars were also made from 1909 under licence by Bergmann in Berlin, Germany who had previously made electric cars. These were sold as Bergmann-Métallurgique.

All prewar cars were of exceptionally high quality.

The company's agent in Britain, Oscar Cupper, also served as "one of the firm's most able" works drivers.

After World War I, car production restarted with the 26/60, the 20/40, and the 15/20. The 26/60 was newly-fitted with Adex brakes at all four corners,. a rarity at the time. The first post-war designs arrived in 1921 with the 3-litre.

The 15/20 disappeared in 1922, replaced by a new  tourer with four-wheel brakes, powered by an  overhead-valve four, designed by Paul Bastien. It remained the company's primary product until 1927.

It was in 1927 the company was taken over by Minerva-Impéria, and it ceased to exist.

Takeover
The company was taken over by Impéria in 1927 and the factory was acquired by Minerva. The name was dropped. Paul Bastien joined Stutz in America where he was responsible for the Vertical Eight.

La Societe Anonyme des Automobiles Métallurgique has been set up to bring Métallurgique owners together.

References

Sources 
Wise, David Burgess, "Métallurgique: The luxury market their forté", in Ward, Ian, executive editor. World of Automobiles Volume 12, pp.1328-9.  London: Orbis, 1974.

External links

https://web.archive.org/web/20170925182658/http://metallurgique.com/

1890s cars
Cars introduced in 1898
Car manufacturers of Belgium
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Belgium
Vintage vehicles
Companies based in Hainaut (province)
Cars discontinued in 1927
Jeff Prosise. Jeff Prosise is a technical author on Microsoft Windows applications. He is very experienced in Microsoft Windows technologies like MFC, .NET Framework, C# and others.

Publications
Jeff Prosise is the author of the book Programming Windows with MFC, published by Microsoft Press. His book is about the MFC, a C++ based proprietary programming library for Microsoft Windows. This book, along with Charles Petzold's popular Programming Windows book are considered to be 'bibles' in Windows programming. While Petzold's book is known as the 'Windows API bible', Prosise's book is often referred to as the 'MFC bible'.

Some of his other publications are Programming Microsoft .NET, Programming Windows with C# and How Computer Graphics Work (co-author Gary Suen). His previous books, published back in the 1980s and 1990s, included PC Magazine DOS 6 Techniques And Utilities, PC Magazine DOS 6 Memory Management With Utilities, and Windows Desktop Utilities.

External links 
 Programming Windows® with MFC, Second Edition - Microsoft Press page
 About Jeff Prosise

Prosose, Jeff
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
William Opdyke. William F. "Bill" Opdyke (born c. 1958) is an American computer scientist and enterprise architect at JPMorgan Chase, known for his early work on code refactoring.

Education 
Opdyke received a B.S. from Drexel University in 1979, an M.S. from University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1982, and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1992 under the supervision of Ralph Johnson. His Ph.D. thesis, Refactoring Object-Oriented Frameworks, was the first in-depth study of code refactoring as a software engineering technique.

Career 
Opdyke started his career at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1981, where he worked as researcher until 2001. From 2001 to 2006 he was associate professor in computer science at North Central College in Naperville, Illinois, and for Motorola in Schaumburg, Illinois. Since 2009, he has worked as an enterprise architect in the mobile and web retail banking area, and trainer at the Technical Leadership Development program.

Selected publications 
 Opdyke, William F. Refactoring Object-Oriented Frameworks. Diss. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1992.
 Fowler, M., Beck, K., Brant, J., Opdyke, W., & Roberts, D. (1999). Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Programs.

 Opdyke, William F., and Ralph E. Johnson. "Creating abstract superclasses by refactoring." Proceedings of the 1993 ACM conference on Computer science. ACM, 1993.
 Johnson, Ralph E., and William F. Opdyke. "Refactoring and aggregation." Object Technologies for Advanced Software. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. 264-278.
 Foote, Brian, and William F. Opdyke. "Lifecycle and refactoring patterns that support evolution and reuse." Pattern languages of program design 1 (1995).

References

1950s births
Living people
American computer scientists
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Drexel University alumni

North Central College faculty
AT&T people
JPMorgan Chase people
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
FC-HBA API. In computing, the FC-HBA API (also called the SNIA Common HBA API)  is an Application Programming Interface for Host Bus Adapters connecting computers to hard disks via a Fibre Channel network. It was developed by the Storage Networking Industry Association
and published by the T11.5 committee of INCITS
An "early implementers version" was published in 2000, and the current version was completed in 2002.

According to the FAQ,
"the HBA API has been overwhelmingly adopted by Storage Area Network vendors to help manage, monitor, and deploy storage area networks in an interoperable way." Vendors supply their own library (written in C) as plugins for a common HBA library.

Operating system support
Windows Server 2003, AIX 5, HPUX and Solaris include support for FC-HBA API and it is being added to Linux.

See also
 SM HBA

References

External links
 The Common HBA API specification Version 2.18
 The Fibre Channel HBA API Project at SourceForge
 AIX 5L Differences Guide (see section 4.10)

MacOS programming tools
Programming tools for Windows
Linux programming tools
Fibre Channel
Storage software
Boulak Bridge. The Boulak Bridge (also called the Boulac Bridge, Abou El Ela Bridge, Abou al-Ela Bridge) was a bridge that crossed the Nile River in Cairo, Egypt. It linked Gezira Island to Bulaq.

History
The bridge was designed and built between 1908 and 1912 by William Scherzer. It had a rolling and locking mechanism used for opening it to river traffic and was 274.5 metres long and 20 meters wide. The Boulak Bridge was demolished in 1998.

References

Former buildings and structures in Egypt
Bridges in Cairo
Bridges over the Nile
History of Cairo
History of the Nile
Army Base Repair Organisation. The Army Base Repair Organisation (ABRO) was an executive agency which reported to the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. It provided engineering, repair and re-manufacturing services to the British Armed Forces and also to the police and some local councils. ABRO traced its history back to the foundation of the Corps of Armourers in 1858.

History
On 1 April 1993, the Army's static workshops in Great Britain, previously under the control of the Equipment Support Organisation, were reorganised as the Army Base Repair Organisation. It comprised the headquarters at Andover, a contract repair branch and a network of base and district workshops. It employed 3,581 civilian workers and 219 military staff.

Apart from the HQ at Andover, there were other major units at Bovington, Old Dalby, Leics, Catterick, Colchester, Donnington, Stirling and Warminster.  Smaller sites were located at Bicester, Edinburgh, Sennybridge and York.

On 1 April 2002, the Army Base Repair Organisation was established as a trading fund under the name ABRO.

Its services included:
 Maintenance, repair and overhaul
 Complex service and repair
 Assembly, integration and test
 Calibration
 Diagnostics
 Fleet management
 Mobile support teams
 Obsolescence management
 Re-manufacture
 Workshop management

ABRO's annual turnover was typically in excess of £147 million and each year carried out work on over 1,000 product lines of military and commercial vehicles and equipment, as well as over 55,000 ad hoc repair tasks.

On 22 May 2007, it was announced by the Minister of State for Defence Equipment and Support, Lord Drayson, that ABRO would be merged with DARA, the Defence Aviation Repair Agency to become the Defence Support Group with effect from 1 April 2008.

References

External links
Official ABRO site

Defunct executive agencies of the United Kingdom government
History of the British Army
Military in Hampshire
Defence agencies of the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Hampshire
Test Valley
St Athan
IPOPT. IPOPT, short for "Interior Point OPTimizer, pronounced I-P-Opt", is a software library for large scale nonlinear optimization of continuous systems.

It is written in C++ (after migrating from Fortran and C) and is released under the EPL (formerly CPL). IPOPT implements a primal-dual interior point method, and uses line searches based on Filter methods (Fletcher and Leyffer).

IPOPT can be called from various modeling environments: C, C++, Fortran, Java, R, Python, and others.

IPOPT is part of the COIN-OR project.

IPOPT is designed to exploit 1st derivative (gradient) and 2nd derivative (Hessian) information if provided (usually via automatic differentiation routines in modeling environments such as AMPL). If no Hessians are provided, IPOPT will approximate them using a quasi-Newton methods, specifically a BFGS update.

IPOPT was originally developed by Ph.D. student Andreas Wächter and Prof. Lorenz T. Biegler of the Department of Chemical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University.  Their work was recognized with the INFORMS Computing Society Prize in 2009.

Arvind Raghunathan later created an extension to IPOPT for Mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). This version of IPOPT is generally known as IPOPT-C (with the 'C' standing for 'complementarity'). While in theory any mixed-integer program can be recast as an MPEC, it may or may not be solvable with IPOPT-C. Solution of MINLPs (Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programs) using IPOPT is still being explored.

Carl Laird and Andreas Wächter are the developers of IPOPT 3.0, which is a re-implementation of IPOPT in C++. Wächter and Laird were awarded the 2011 J. H. Wilkinson Prize for Numerical Software for this development.

See also 
 AIMMS
 AMPL
 APMonitor
 GAMS
 MATLAB

References

External links 
 IPOPT home page

Numerical software
Mathematical optimization software
Optimization algorithms and methods
Lyulka. Lyulka was a USSR aero engine design bureau and manufacturer from 1938 to the 1990s, when manufacturing and design elements were integrated as NPO Saturn based at Rybinsk. The Lyulka design bureau had its roots in the "Kharkiv Aviation Institute" ( Ukrainian SSR ) where Arkhip Mikhailovich Lyulka was working with a team designing the ATsN (Agregat Tsentralnovo Nadduva - Centralised supercharger) installation on the Petlyakov Pe-8 bomber. Lyul'ka was responsible for designing the first Soviet gas turbine engines. Preferring to steer away from copying captured German equipment, it succeeded in producing home grown engines.

Engines

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995.

External links
 http://www.ctrl-c.liu.se/misc/ram/

Aircraft engine manufacturers of the Soviet Union
NFPA 70E. NFPA 70E (Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace) is a standard of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). The document covers electrical safety requirements for employees. The NFPA is best known for publishing the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70).

Purpose
NFPA 70E addresses employee workplace electrical safety requirements. The standard focuses on practical safeguards that also allow workers to be productive within their job functions. Specifically, the standard covers the safety requirements for the following:
 Electrical conductors and equipment installed within or on buildings or other structures, including mobile homes, recreational vehicles, and other premises (yards, carnivals, parking lots, and industrial substations)
 Conductors that connect installations to a supply of electricity
Not covered are - electrical installations in marine, aircraft, auto vehicles, communications and electrical utilities.

Key principles covered are JSA/JHA/AHA procedures to ascertain shock protection boundaries, arc flash incident energy expressed in calories/cm2, lockout-tagout, and personal protective equipment. While the various OSHA, ASTM, IEEE and NEC standard provide guidelines for performance, NFPA 70E addresses practices and is widely considered as the de facto standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace.

Practices include:
 Staging a "safe work zone" with boundaries, barricades, signs and attendants.
 Proper body positioning to reduce ergonomic risk, use of rescue hooks in Medium Voltage switching.
 Human factor analysis, written procedures to reduce incidents not otherwise imminent from above.

See also
 Electrical engineering
 High-voltage hazards
 Arc Flash

Other NFPA standards
 NFPA 70 — National Electrical Code (NEC)
 NFPA 70B — Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance
 NFPA 72 — National Fire Alarm Code
 NFPA 704 — Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response
 NFPA 853 — Standard for the installation of stationary fuel cell power systems
 NFPA 921 — Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations
 NFPA 101 — Life Safety Code
 NFPA 1123 — Code for Outdoor Firework Displays
 NFPA 1901 — Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus

References

External links
 NFPA 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace

Electrical safety
NFPA Standards
He Jifeng. He Jifeng (, born August 1943) is a Chinese computer scientist.

He Jifeng graduated from the mathematics department of Fudan University in 1965.  From 1965 to 1985, he was an instructor at East China Normal University. During 1980–81, he was a visiting scholar at Stanford University and the University of San Francisco in California, United States.

From 1984 to 1998, He Jifeng was a senior research fellow at the Programming Research Group in the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science). He worked extensively on formal aspects of computing science. In particular, he worked with Prof. Sir Tony Hoare, latterly on Unifying Theories of Programming, resulting in a book of that name.

Since 1986, He Jifeng has been Professor of Computer Science at East China Normal University in Shanghai. In 1996, he also became Professor of Computer Science at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

In 1998, he became a senior research fellow at the International Institute for Software Technology (UNU-IIST), United Nations University, based in Macau. He moved back to Shanghai in 2005.

He Jifeng's research interests include sound methods for the specification of computer systems, communications, applications, standards, and techniques for designing and implementing those specifications in software and/or hardware with high reliability.

In 2005, he was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2013, his 70th birthday was celebrated at East China Normal University with an international three-day Festschrift in association with the International Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Computing (ICTAC). Ten years later in 2023, his 80th birthday was celebrated at the Shanghai Science Hall with a hybrid international two-day Festschrift Symposium. Since 2019, he has been a Distinguished Professor at Tongji University in Shanghai.

Books
He Jifeng has written a number of computer science books, including:

 He Jifeng, Provably Correct Systems: Modelling of Communication Languages and Design of Optimized Compilers. McGraw-Hill International Series in Software, 1995. .
 C.A.R. Hoare and He Jifeng, Unified Theories of Programming. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, 1998. .
 Zhiming Liu and He Jifeng, Mathematical Frameworks for Component Software: Models for Analysis and Synthesis. World Scientific Publishing Company, Series on Component-Based Software Development, 2007. .

References

External links
 Shanghai Huake Zhigu Artificial Intelligence Research Institute led by He Jifeng
 He Jifeng homepage at ECNU, archived in 2012 
 

1943 births
Living people
Chinese computer scientists
Chinese technology writers
Computer science writers
Academic staff of the East China Normal University
Educators from Shanghai
Formal methods people
Fudan University alumni
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Shanghai
Academic staff of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Academic staff of United Nations University
Academic staff of Tongji University
Writers from Shanghai
Winding engine. A winding engine is a stationary engine used to control a cable, for example to power a mining hoist at a pit head. Electric hoist controllers have replaced proper winding engines in modern mining, but use electric motors  that are also traditionally referred to as winding engines.

Early winding engines were hand, or more usually horse powered.

The first powered winding engines were stationary steam engines. The demand for winding engines was one factor that drove James Watt to develop his rotative beam engine, with its ability continuously to turn a winding drum, rather than the early reciprocating beam engines that were only useful for working pumps.

They differ from most other stationary steam engines in that, like a steam locomotive, they need to be able to stop frequently  and also reverse. This requires more complex valve gear and other controls than are needed on engines used in mills or to drive pumps.

External links
 Winding Engines

References

Mining equipment
Stationary engines