omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rio (windowing system). rio is Plan 9 from Bell Labs' windowing system. It is well known for making its window management transparent to the application. This allows running rio inside of another window manager.

History

rio is the latest in a long series of graphical user interfaces developed at Bell Labs, mostly developed by Rob Pike, the concurrent window system, and the Blit (which predated X).

was a window system developed for the Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating system by Rob Pike. According to its documentation, the system has little graphical fanciness, a fixed user interface, and depends on a three-button mouse. Like much of the Plan 9 operating system, many operations work by reading and writing to special files.

Because of the limitations stemming from its unusual implementation,  has been completely rewritten into its successor rio in recent Plan 9 versions.

rio 

rio was a complete rewrite of 8½ in Alef. Its main change was that it stopped parsing and rewriting graphical commands and let the client write pixels directly. This was done mainly for efficiency. As Alef disappeared due to being too difficult to maintain given the number of people working on Plan 9 at the time, rio was rewritten in C. This was done using the Plan 9 thread library which was inspired by Alef and had most of its features, such as blocking channels for interthread and interprocess communication. Another important change, due more to the environment than to rio per se, is that rio supports full colour, using alpha compositing, whereas 8½ uses bitblt operations.

Design concepts
Many of its features embody key Plan 9 design concepts:
 Each window runs in its own private namespace.
 It exports a file system interface to running applications. This interface is the same rio receives from the operating system, so rio can run inside a rio window without any special arrangements. Because the interface uses 9P, rio is network transparent even if it doesn't include any network-aware code.
 Windows are treated as completely editable text.

See also
 Plan 9 from Bell Labs - rio's native environment
 Plan 9 from User Space - Includes a window manager that emulates the rio user interface
 Rob Pike - The author of rio and 8½
 Blit - A terminal developed at Bell Labs that pioneered some of the UI concepts used in Rio.

External links

Rio: Design of a Concurrent Window System by Rob Pike

The 8½ paper - Describes rio's predecessor which had a very similar design

2002 software
Free software programmed in C
Free windowing systems
Plan 9 from Bell Labs
MLE. MLE may refer to:

Organizations 
Media Lab Europe, former lab in Dublin, Ireland
Major League Eating, competitive eating organization
Marxistisk-Leninistisk Enhedsforbund, a Danish Maoist group 1972–1975
Military Liaison Element anti-terrorist special forces in US embassies
Mister Leather Europe, European leather subculture event

Science and technology 
 Magister Legum Europeae, University degree, granted by the Faculty of Law of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hanover 
 Mars Lander Engine of Mars Science Laboratory
Multi-Lamellar Emulsion, in dermatology
Maximum likelihood estimation, in statistics
Managed learning environment, in e-learning
Muconate lactonizing enzyme, in molecular biology
Magazine Lee–Enfield, a rifle
Maleless protein, involved in Dosage compensation in Drosophila, in genetics
An error in Competitive programming meaning Memory Limit Exceeded.
Machine learning engineer, a software engineer who specializes in machine learning

Other uses 
 Magister Legum Europae, i.e. Master of European Law, a European Master's degree in the field of European law 
Multicultural London English, in linguistics
Velana International Airport, Malé, IATA code
Mid-Level Exception, an NBA salary cap exception
Model Law Engineer, a professional designation in the United States
Open Grid Services Architecture. Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) describes a service-oriented architecture for a grid computing environment for business and scientific use.
It was developed within the Open Grid Forum, which was called the Global Grid Forum (GGF) at the time, around 2002 to 2006.

Description
OGSA is a distributed interaction and computing architecture based around services, assuring interoperability on heterogeneous systems so that different types of resources can communicate and share information. OGSA is based on several other Web service technologies, such as the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) and the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), but it aims to be largely independent of transport-level handling of data.
OGSA has been described as a refinement of a Web services architecture, specifically designed to support grid requirements. 
The concept of OGSA is derived from work presented in the 2002 Globus Alliance paper "The Physiology of the Grid" by Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman, Jeffrey M. Nick, and Steven Tuecke.
It was developed by GGF working groups which resulted in a document, entitled The Open Grid Services Architecture, Version 1.5 in 2006. 
The GGF published some use case scenarios.

According to the "Defining the Grid: A Roadmap for OGSA Standards v 1.0", OGSA is:
 An architectural process in which the GGF's OGSA Working Group collects requirements and maintains a set of informational documents that describe the architecture;
 A set of normative specifications and profiles that document the precise requirements for a conforming hardware or software component;
 Software components that adhere to the OGSA specifications and profiles, enabling deployment of grid solutions that are interoperable even though they may be based on implementations from multiple sources. 

The Open Grid Services Architecture, Version 1.5 described these capabilities:
 Infrastructure services
 Execution Management services
 Data services
 Resource Management services
 Security services
 Self-management services
 Information services

In late 2006 an updated version of OGSA and several associated documents were published, including the first of several planned normative documents, "Open Grid Services Architecture Glossary of Terms, Version 1.5". 

The Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) is related to OGSA, as it was originally intended to form the basic “plumbing” layer for OGSA. It was superseded by Web Services Resource Framework (WSRF) and WS-Management.

References

External links 
 
 OGSA WSRF Basic Profile, Version 1.0

Grid computing
ECM. ECM may refer to the following:

Economics and commerce 
 Engineering change management
 Equity capital markets
 Error correction model, an econometric model
 European Common Market

Mathematics 
 Lenstra's Elliptic curve method for factoring integers
 European Congress of Mathematics
 Equivalent circuit model for Li-ion cells

Science and medicine 
 Ectomycorrhiza
 Electron cloud model
 Engineered Cellular Magmatics
 Erythema chronicum migrans
 Extracellular matrix

Sport 
 European Championships Management

Technology 
 Electrochemical machining
 Electronic contract manufacturing
 Electronic countermeasure
 Electronics contract manufacturing
 Electronically commutated motor
 Energy conservation measure
 Engine control module
 Enterprise content management
 Error correction mode

Other uses
 East Camberwell railway station, Melbourne
 ECM Records, a record label
 ECM Real Estate Investments, a defunct real estate developer based in Luxembourg
 Edinburgh City Mission, a Christian organization in Scotland
 Editio Critica Maior, a critical edition of the Greek New Testament
 Elektrani na Severna Makedonija (), a power company in North Macedonia
 Energy Corrected Milk, in farming
 Episcopal Conference of Malawi
 Every Child Matters, a UK Government initiative for children
 Every Child Ministries, a Christian charity for African children
 Exceptional case-marking, in linguistics
Prill. A prill is a small aggregate or globule of a material, most often a dry sphere, formed from a melted liquid through spray crystallization.

Prilled is a term used in mining and manufacturing to refer to a product that has been pelletized. ANFO explosive typically comprises ammonium nitrate prills mixed with #2 fuel oil. The pellets are a neater, simpler form for handling, with reduced dust. 

The material to be prilled must be in a solid state at room temperature and a low-viscosity liquid when melted. Prills are formed by allowing drops of the melted prill substance to congeal or freeze in mid-air after being dripped from the top of a tall prilling tower. Certain agrochemicals such as urea are often supplied in prilled form. Fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea, NPK fertilizer) and some detergent powders are commonly manufactured as prills. However prilling of ammonium nitrate and urea has in recent years been replaced by fluid bed granulation as this gives strong and more abrasion-resistant granules.

Melted material may also be atomized and then allowed to form smaller prills that are useful in cosmetics, food, and animal feed.

See also
 Shot (pellet)

References

Agricultural chemicals
Metallurgy
Data Link Control. In the OSI networking model, Data Link Control (DLC) is the service provided by the data link layer. Network interface cards have a DLC address that identifies each card; for instance, Ethernet and other types of cards have a 48-bit MAC address built into the cards' firmware when they are manufactured. 

There is also a network transport protocol with the name Data Link Control, comparable to better-known protocols like TCP/IP and AppleTalk. DLC is a transport protocol used by IBM SNA mainframe computers and peripherals and compatible equipment. In computer networking, it is typically used for communications between network-attached printers, workstations and servers, for example by HP in their JetDirect print servers. While it was widely used up until the time of Windows 2000, versions from Windows XP onward do not include support for DLC.

External links 
 
 
 , 30.3.2013

References

OSI protocols
Deviation. Deviation may refer to:

Mathematics and engineering
 Allowance (engineering), an engineering and machining allowance is a planned deviation between an actual dimension and a nominal or theoretical dimension, or between an intermediate-stage dimension and an intended final dimension.
 Deviation (statistics), the difference between the value of an observation and the mean of the population in mathematics and statistics
 Standard deviation, which is based on the square of the difference
 Absolute deviation, where the absolute value of the difference is used
 Relative standard deviation, in probability theory and statistics is the absolute value of the coefficient of variation
 Deviation of a local ring in mathematics
 Deviation of a poset in mathematics
 Frequency deviation, the maximum allowed "distance" in FM radio from the nominal frequency a station broadcasts at
 Magnetic deviation, the error induced in compasses by local magnetic fields

Albums 
 Deviation (Jayne County album), 1995
 Deviation (Béla Fleck album), 1984
 Deviate (album), a 1998 album by Kill II This

Other uses
 Bid‘ah, Islamic term for innovations and deviations acts or groups from orthodox Islamic law (Sharia).
 Deviance (sociology), a behavior that is a recognized violation of social norms
 Deviation (1971 film), a horror film
 Deviation (2006 film), a short film
 Deviation, a 2012 British thriller film starring Danny Dyer
 Deviation (law) is a departure from a contract or a ship's course, thus breaching the contract
 Deviationism, an expressed belief which is not in accordance with official party doctrine
 A work of art in the online community DeviantArt

See also
 Deviance (disambiguation)
 Deviant (disambiguation)
 Devious (disambiguation)
IBM 632. The IBM 632 was a valve-and-relay driven basic (very basic) accounting machine, introduced in 1958, that was available in seven different models. It consisted of an IBM Electric typewriter and at least a punched card unit (like the IBM 024) that housed the "electronics" in two gates (a relay gate and an electronic gate). Some machines also had a card reader unit (like the IBM 026). A small core memory provided storage for 8 numeric 12 digit words.

The machine was programmed primarily with a plastic tape that moved synchronously with the typewriter carriage. Each tape would typically handle one application. The tape mechanism was mounted behind the carriage in the typewriter unit. Further programming was provided in the card machines program drums. Programs were only executed as the machine typed or spaced over a column - tabbing or carriage returning was not recognised.

As the typewriter carriage moved from field to field three program entries were available in the last three columns of each field - as I recall they were Calc1, Calc2, and Pgm. One calculation was allowed in each Calc column. The PGM field allowed a program instruction - a jump in the form of a "jump" to a new column then auto printout of a calculated field (including decimal place control) as well as punched card control, etc. The PGM column was actually the column the typewriter would space to after typing the last character in the field (either under operator or PGM control).

For example, after entering "price" then tabbing and entering "qty", the machine could automatically space through a dummy field, calculate the $amount on the way and then continue to print it out. The PGM field could then have dictated a carriage return, ready for the next entry.

Two programs were allowed on each tape: primary and alternate. But by resetting the tab-stops it was possible to overlap programs in amazingly complex ways.

Adding was carried out electronically, but multiplication was electro-mechanical. The machine gave off a characteristic kerr-ick-kit-i-tic, kerr-ick-kit-i-tic sound as the relays worked furiously. Multiplication took 3 or 4 seconds, addition, on the other, hand was immediate.

Most machines were used for some type of order-entry/invoicing application, providing a hard-copy invoice and a punched card that could be processed further on some other system. Those with a card reader could do some of that processing themselves, especially if augmented with a sorter.

The first installation was in early 1958 into the Barclay Knitwear company in Kingston, New York.  They struck an issue with the 632 because they sold units by the dozen, but because the 632 worked in decimal, rounding meant they were losing money.  This was because 1/12 was converted to 0.083. IBM solved the issue by rewiring the 632 so that it worked to five decimal places (0.08333) rather than three.

Cost, price and rental rates

Maintenance/service was included in all monthly rental prices.
Maintenance/service for purchased machines was additional.

References 

632
Programmable calculators
Computer-related introductions in 1958
La Ferté-Alais Air Show. The La Ferté-Alais Air Show is an annual meeting of aviation enthusiasts, flight organizations, companies, and pilots in the village of La Ferté-Alais, France.

It takes place during Pentecost at the Cerny airfield (ICAO: LFFQ), which is owned and operated by the "Amicale Jean-Baptiste Salis" (AJBS). The airfield is also the site of the Musée Volant Salis, hosting 70 aircraft from the past century.

In preparation for the airshow, dozens of vintage aircraft are come from Europe and the US for display and flight demonstrations. 

The show regularly starts with a flight demonstration of vintage aircraft such as the Blériot XI and Stearman. It is then usually followed with an aerobatic and pyrotechnic display of warbirds such as the T-6 texan and T-28 Trojan. The French Air Force (Armée de l'Air) then often presents some of the aircraft in their fleet, such as the Rafale, Atlantique and Mirage aircraft. The French Sécurite Civile sometimes comes to demonstrate their technology such as water bombers and surveillance helicopters. This is followed by personal presentations of special individual aircraft performing aerobatics and flight demonstrations. The airshow usually ends with demonstrations by the Patrouille de France and Rafale Solo Display.

On rare occasions, Air France performs a flyby with their flagship aircraft, such as the Concorde in 1988 or the Boeing 777 in 2019.

Media Presence 
The B-17 Flying Fortress The Pink Lady used in the motion picture Memphis Belle is a permanent project of the AJBS group.

References

External links

AJ-BS group official Site (french only)

Air shows
Air sports in France
Aviation in France
KLM UK. KLM UK (styled as KLM uk) was the brand name of a British airline subsidiary of the Dutch KLM, which operated services within the UK and between the UK and the Netherlands using ATR-72, Fokker 50 and Fokker 100 aircraft. KLM UK had its headquarters in the Stansted House on the grounds of London Stansted Airport in Stansted Mountfitchet, Essex.

KLM UK Engineering currently operates as an MRO within Norwich, servicing mainly narrow body aircraft such as the Boeing 737. The technical college is currently responsible for the training of apprentices.

History
KLM launched the brand name "KLM UK" in 1998, when KLM acquired majority ownership of AirUK, a commuter airline founded in 1980. Air UK began to be traded as KLM UK in January 1998. The legal name changed from Air UK Limited to KLM UK Limited.

In 2000, KLM UK launched Buzz, a low-cost subsidiary that operated a fleet of BAe 146 and Boeing 737-300 aircraft. Buzz was sold to Ryanair in 2003, when the remainder of KLM UK operations were merged into KLM Cityhopper.

Destinations
KLM UK served destinations within the United Kingdom as well as from there to Continental Europe.

Fleet

As of January 2003, the KLM UK fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

References

External links

 KLM UK (Archive)

Defunct airlines of the United Kingdom
Airlines established in 1998
Airlines disestablished in 2003
Air France–KLM
KLM Cityhopper
AOE. AOE or AoE may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Age of Empires, a series of real-time strategy video games, or the first game of the series
 Area of effect, a term used in gaming to describe area attacks
 Transformers: Age of Extinction, a 2014 film

Organizations
 Assembly of Experts, an Iranian governmental body
 Alpha Omega Epsilon, a social and professional sorority for women in engineering and technical sciences

Science and technology
 ATA over Ethernet (AoE), lightweight storage area network protocol
 Audio over Ethernet (AoE), the use of an Ethernet-based network to distribute real-time digital audio
 Acute otitis externa, an infection of the external ear canal

Transport
 Airport of entry, an airport that provides customs and immigration services
 American Orient Express
 Fast combat support ship (US Navy hull classification symbol: AOE); see List of United States Navy oilers
 Automatic train operation over European Train Control System; see European Train Control System

Other uses
 Alberta Order of Excellence, a high notary award given in Alberta, Canada
 Anywhere on Earth (AoE), a calendar designation for UTC−12:00
 "Axis of evil", a term used by former U.S. President George W. Bush in his 2002 State of the Union address
 Western Sahara (ITU letter code: AOE), a disputed territory on the northwest coast of Africa

See also
 AEO (disambiguation)
Isomerization. In chemistry, isomerization or isomerisation is the process in which a molecule, polyatomic ion   or molecular fragment is transformed into an isomer with a different chemical structure. Enolization is an example of isomerization, as is tautomerization. 

When the activation energy for the isomerization reaction is sufficiently small, both isomers can often be observed and the equilibrium ratio will shift in a temperature-dependent equilibrium with each other. Many values of the standard free energy difference, , have been calculated, with good agreement between observed and calculated data.

Examples and applications

Alkanes
Skeletal isomerization occurs in the cracking process, used in the petrochemical industry to convert straight chain alkanes to isoparaffins as exemplified in the conversion of normal octane to 2,5-dimethylhexane (an "isoparaffin"):

Fuels containing branched hydrocarbons are favored for internal combustion engines for their higher octane rating.  Diesel engines however operate better with straight-chain hydrocarbons.

Alkenes

Cis vs trans
Trans-alkenes are about 1 kcal/mol more stable than cis-alkenes. An example of this effect is cis- vs trans-2-butene. The difference is attributed to unfavorable non-bonded interactions in the cis isomer.  This effects helps to explain the formation of trans-fats in food processing.  In some cases, the isomerization can be reversed using UV-light.  The trans isomer of resveratrol converts to the cis isomer in a photochemical reaction.

Terminal vs internal
Terminal alkenes prefer to isomerize to internal alkenes:

The conversion essentially does not occur in the absence of metal catalysts. This process is employed in the Shell higher olefin process to convert alpha-olefins to internal olefins, which are subjected to olefin metathesis.

Other organic examples
Isomerism is a major topic in sugar chemistry. Glucose, the most common sugar, exists in four forms.

Aldose-ketose isomerism, also known as Lobry de Bruyn–van Ekenstein transformation, provides an example in saccharide chemistry.

Inorganic and organometallic chemistry

The compound with the formula  exists as three isomers in solution.  In one isomer the CO ligands are terminal.  When a pair of CO are bridging,
cis and trans isomers are possible depending on the location of the C5H5 groups.

Another example in organometallic chemistry is the linkage isomerization of decaphenylferrocene, .

See also
Base-promoted epoxide isomerization
Epimerization
Racemization
Tautomerization
Linkage isomerism

References

Chemical reactions
Cosh. Cosh may refer to:

People
 Chris Cosh (born 1959), American football coach
 John Cosh (1915–2005), British rheumatologist

Science, technology, and mathematics
 cosh (mathematical function), hyperbolic cosine, a mathematical function with notation cosh(x)
 -COSH, a representation of the thiocarboxylic acid functional group in chemistry
 Chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic drug
 ChromeOS Shell, an operating system designed by Google

Weaponry
 Baton (law enforcement)
 Club (weapon)
 Cosh (weapon)

See also
 COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002), a set of UK regulations
 Kosh (disambiguation)
 Chemical cosh, describing a sedative drug
 Cosh Boy, a 1953 British film
 Harry and Cosh, a British children's television series