Owing totherapid development ofrenewable energy andthepopularity of electric vehicles, Lithium -ion(Li-ion)batteries areintensively used, causing more researches onsafety standards, repurposing batteries, failure analysis, aswell asnext-generation energy materials, such asgraphene and other two-dimensional materials .Inthis work, theengineering integrations on combining Li-ionbattery cells toanenergy storage system (ESS) are introduced .Thebattery management system (BMS) plays animportant role inusing thebattery system efficiently andsafely .The energy management system (EMS) can well-integrate theESS and other systems, such as renewable power sources and loads .Current potential applications for power andstationary application onvarious size scales aredemonstrated . Theoutlooks onthefuture ofLi-ionbatteries aregiven atlast. 5 Outline •Li-ion battery cells •Engineering integrations •Battery management system •Energy management system •Potential applications •Power applications •Stationary applications •Outlook 6 Li-ion Battery Cells 7 Historical evolution and advances of lithium -ion battery technologies 8 Ref: J. Mater. Chem. A 7(2019) 2942 Schematic representation of Li -ion electrochemical cell 9Source : https://goenergylink.com/blog/key -differences -between -lithium- ion-and-lithium- iron-batteries/ https://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib011819.html Potential and specific capacity of active materials in Li-ion batteries 10Ref: eTransportation 1(2019) 100005 J. Power Sources 251(2014) 38 J. Power Sources 195(2010) 2419 Typical types of Li -ion batteries used in the industry 11Characteristic LFP (LiFePO4) NMC (LiNiMnCoO2) LCO (LiCoO2) LMO (LiMn2O4) LTO (Li4Ti5O12) Nominal voltage 3.2 VDC 3.6 VDC 3.6 VDC 3.7 VDC 2.4 VDC Operating voltage range 2.5~3.65 VDC 3.0~4.2 VDC 3.0~4.2 VDC 3.0~4.2 VDC 1.8~2.85 VDC Weight energy density 90~120 Wh/kg 150~220 Wh/kg 150~200 Wh/kg 100~150 Wh/kg 50~80 Wh/kg Volume energy density 333 Wh/l 580 Wh/l 560 Wh/l 420 Wh/l 177 Wh/l Charge rate* 1C 0.7~1C 0.7~1C 0.7~1C (3C max) 1C (5C max) Full charge voltage 3.5~3.65 VDC 4.1~4.2 VDC 4.1~4.2 VDC 4.1~4.2 VDC 2.8~2.85 VDC Discharge rate* and cutoff voltage1C for stationary 2.5 VDC1C for stationary 3.0 VDC1C for stationary 3.0 VDC1C for stationary 3.0 VDC10C (30C for 5 sec) 1.8 VDC Cycle life** 2000~4000 1000~2000 500~1000 300~700 3000~7000 Thermal runaway 270°C (518 °F) 210°C (410 °F) 150°C (302 °F) 250°C (482 °F) N/A Prone to thermal runaway No Yes Yes Yes No Applications Motive power Stationary power Needing high current and enduranceE-bikes Medical devices EVs IndustrialSmartphones Laptops Tablets CamerasPower tools Medical devices Electric powertrainsUPS Street lighting Electric powertrains Cost $ $ $$ $$ $$$ * The life of the battery will reduce as the charge/discharge rate > 1C. ** The number of cycle life depends on the depth of discharge (DOD). Types of battery cells 12Cylindrical Cell Feature: Most widely use Source : Chang Hong Energy Technology Co., Ltd.Pouch Cell Feature: Light weight Source : C-LiFe Technologies, Inc.Prismatic Cell Feature: High density Source : C-LiFe Technologies, Inc. From materials to battery cells Production flow chart 1.Mixing 2.Coating 3.Roller press 4.Slitting 5.Cutting 6.Drying 7.Pouch assembly 8.Filling 9.Formation 10.Aging 11.Cellassembly grading 12.QA 13.Warehouse 13 Source : Chang Hong Energy Technology Co., Ltd. Engineering Integrations 14 Engineering integrations Battery management system Energy management system Some real cases as examples 15 Battery cellEnergy storage systemSolar Energy storage system (system integration)Our responsibility is to let the battery cells work together safely and efficiently. Source: Chang Hong Energy Technology Co., Ltd. An extremely simple charge/discharge strategy for a single battery cell 16•Inthecharge process, acharger isused with acharge voltage equal toora littlelower than themaximum charge voltage ofthebattery cell, . (ifoverover charge) •Inthedischarge process, arelay isused tocutthepower offwhen thevoltage ofthebattery cellisequal tooralittle above thecutoff discharge voltage of thebattery cell, . (ifunderunder discharge) •Similar system: smartphone •Very simple BMS. •The battery cell has a normal operation voltage region. Problems of the extremely simple charge/discharge strategy for multi -battery cells 17Example :Abattery system isbuilt bytwobattery cells inaseries connection. Inthecharge process, total charge cutoff voltage ?Twice? Inthedischarge process, total discharge cutoff voltage ?Twice? Can wejustscale upthenormal operation voltage region? These charge/discharge processes seem reasonable and easy to predict . Wejustdouble theupper and lower cutoff voltages, and everything willbeOK. Indeed, thebattery system actually canwork under such brutal BMS, butonly forashort time. The user willencounter serious problems inthebattery system, i.e., over charge andover discharge. These problems result inthereduction ofcapacity andbattery life,and even more dangerous fireandexplosion (thermal runaway) . Double all voltage constrains? Model battery system 18Battery cells in 3S3P configuration (a)The battery system with 9 battery cells. (b)The battery system in 3S3P configuration. The cell voltages are denoted by V mn, and the three voltmeters are denoted by Vd1, Vd2, and Vd3. In the charge process In the discharge process over charge over discharge > 3<3S: in series connection P: in parallel connection Real case –over voltage demonstration 19LFP battery system with 16S5P configuration (made by SDP) Using the GreenIce 50 LFP battery cells produced by Chang Hong Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Taiwan. Over voltage point = 3.5 V 3.5 V * 16 = 56 V > 55.880 V safe? "over charge event of the cell" happens There are 8 voltages above/below 3.5 V Source : SDP Functionalities of the battery management system (BMS) 20Physical and electric quantities detection functions 1.Total voltage of the system 2.Voltage in parallel connection (cell voltage) 3.Current 4.Temperature 5.Pressure 6.Gas detection Calculation functions 1.Max voltage in parallel connection (Max cell voltage) 2.Min voltage in parallel connection (Min cell voltage) 3.Voltage difference between the max and min voltages in parallel connection ( ∆V) 4.Power 5.Max temperature 6.Min temperature 7.Temperature difference between the max and min temperatures ( ∆T) 8.Max pressure 9.Min pressure 10.Pressure difference between the max and min pressures ( ∆P) 11.State of charge (SOC) 12.State of health (SOH) 13.Impedance/Internal resistance 14.Total charge ampere hour (Ah) 15.Total discharge Ah 16.Total charge energy 17.Total discharge energyProtection functions 1.Over total voltage protection (OTVP) 2.Under total voltage protection (UTVP) 3.Over cell voltage protection (OCVP) 4.Under cell voltage protection (UCVP) 5.Over charge current protection (OCCP) 6.Over discharge current protection (ODCP) 7.Over charge power protection (OCPP) 8.Over discharge power protection (ODPP) 9.Short circuit protection (SCP) 10.Over cell temperature protection (OCTP) 11.Under cell temperature protection (UCTP) 12.Over environment temperature protection (OETP) 13.Under environment temperature protection (UETP) 14.Over voltage difference protection (OVDP) 15.Over temperature difference protection (OTDP) 16.Over pressure difference protection (OPDP) Alert functions 1.Light -emitting diode (LED) 2.On-screen message 3.Buzzer 4.Bluetooth 5.Alert signal to control center 6.Social media message 7.E-mail Physical control functions 1.Charge relay 2.Discharge relay 3.Dry contactCommunication functions 1.RS-232 2.RS-485 3.RS-422 4.CAN bus 5.BACnet 6.USB 7.Ethernet 8.Bluetooth 9.Wi-Fi 10.Zigbee Memory functions 1.Cycles of charge/discharge 2.Times of over voltage 3.Times of under voltage 4.Times of over current 5.Times of short circuit 6.Times of over temperature 7.Times of under temperature Database functions 1.Data history 2.Event log 3.Basic statistical data Energy saving functions 1.Normal mode 2.Sleeping mode 3.Shutdown mode Balance functions 1.Passive balance 2.Active balance Real case -an LFP battery system with 16S5P configuration 21SDP chose touse aBMS providing measurements on16voltages inparallel connections, 4temperatures, and1current . Westillneed asoftware tomonitor thekey parameters . BMS architecture Source : SDP Developed by SDP Software developed by SDP for monitoring the battery system 22 Developed by SDP Basic information: (a) Total voltage(b) Current(c) Power(d) Max cell voltage(e) Min cell voltage(f) Voltage difference between max and min cell voltages(g) Max temperature(h) SOC(i) System current state(j) Recent state changeData variation:(k) Total voltage(l) Cell voltage(m) Delta V(n) Current(o) Power(p) Temperature(q) SOCDashboard of BMS Real case -Demonstration of the OCVP 23Owing to the OCVP of BMS, the highest cell voltage won't higher than the OCVP value (3.600 V in this case) 3.6V Source : SDP Energy Management system (EMS) 24Anenergy management system (EMS) provides hardware andsoftware tomonitor, control, andoptimize theenergy systems. Energy Management software (EMSW) Energy management software plays animportant role in theEMS, providing utility billtracking, real-time metering, building HVAC and lighting control systems, building simulation and modeling, carbon and sustainability reporting, information technology (IT) equipment management, demand response, and/or energy audits .BMS manages the battery system EMS manages the entire energy system encluding the battery. BMS Local management EMS Global management Real case -Demonstration of the energy management system developed by SDP 25EMS for Solar ESS developed by SDP EMS manages 1.Solar system (Energy generation) 2.ESS (Energy storage) 3.Load system (Energy consumption) Source : SDP Developed by SDP Real case -Demonstration of the energy management software developed by SDP 26Basic information about PV in: (a) Power of PV in displayed by gauge (b) Power variation of PV in(c) Voltage variation of PV in(d) Current variation of PV in Basic information of ESS: (e) Total voltage of ESS displayed by gauge(f) Total voltage variation of ESS(g) Max cell voltage of ESS(h) Min cell voltage of ESS(i) SOC of ESS (j) Current of ESS Basic information of AC out: (k) Power of AC out displayed by gauge(l) Power variation of AC out(m) Voltage variation of AC out(n) Current variation of AC out Alert message: (o) System current state(p) Recent state change Statistic information: (q) Total energy of PV power generation(r) Reduced carbon emission calculated from the total energy generated by PV(s) Total energy of AC power consumptionOther information:(t) Current date and time Dashboard of the EMSW of solar ESS Developed by SDP Real case -Demonstration of the energy management software developed by SDP 27Basic statistic information about PV in and AC out: (a) PV energy generation today. (b) PV energy generation this week.(c) PV energy generation this month.(d) PV energy generation this year.(e) Total PV energy generation.(f) AC energy consumption today.(g) AC energy consumption this week.(h) AC energy consumption this month.(i) AC energy consumption this year. (j) Total AC energy consumption. Statistic report of PV in and AC out: (k) Hourly energy of PV in today.(l) Daily energy of PV in this week.(m) Daily energy of PV in this month.(n) Weekly energy of PV in this year.(o) Daily energy of PV in this year.(p) Hourly energy of AC out today.(q) Daily energy of AC out this week.(r) Daily energy of AC out this month.(s) Weekly energy of AC out this year.(t) Daily energy of AC out this year.Energy usage analysis of the solar ESS Developed by SDP Potential Applications 28 Potential applications Power applications Small/medium/large scale Feature: high C-rateforshort time Stationary application Small/medium/large scale Feature: Low C-rateforlong time 29 Small- scale power applications Two-and three- wheelers 30Gogoro 3 GT Features: •Capacity : 3.2 k Wh Source : GogoroGaius Rapide3 concept Features: •Capacity : 5.2 k Wh LTO Source: https://electricmotorcycles.news/rapide- 3-a-new-advanced- and-electric -way-to-deliver -goods -and- services -to-customers/ Small- scale power applications Electric car 31Tesla Model X Features: •Capacity : 75 kWh Source : Tesla Ref: Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 89(2018) 292 Small- scale power applications Electric bus 32Great City Life Bus (GCLB) Features: •Capacity : 72 kWhKGET K9DA Features: •Capacity : 384 k Wh Source: http://www.tw -kget.com/about/KS_about -5-12.html Source: http://www.gdbus.com.tw/service/newbus.htm Real case -Great City Life Bus, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 33The proper rate during the operation period reached 99% Fast charging: 15~30 min GCLB creating many national firsts in Taiwan: No. 1 in the country in terms of “number” (68 electric buses)No. 1 in the country for “operating mileage” (exceeding 300000 km/month)No. 1 in the country for “carrying capacity” with more than 8 million passengers Ref: The Liberty Times 2019 Ref: An Analysis of Operational Benchmarks, Financial Benefits and Development Strategies for Electric Urban Buses Transp. Plan. J.46(2017) 377, W.T. Lai Small- scale stationary applications Smartphones, laptops, and tablets 34Apple iPhone 12 Pro Features: •Capacity : 14 Wh Source : https://www.apple.com/tw/iphone -12-pro/specs/Asus Zephyrus G14 Features: •Capacity : 76 Wh Source : https://rog.asus.com/laptops/rog -zephyrus/rog- zephyrus -g14-series/gallery/Apple iPad Air Features: •Capacity : 28.6 Wh Source : https://www.apple.com/ipad -air/ Small- scale stationary applications Energy storage box for refuge mountain house 35Features: •12 VDC, DC output •USB charging 5 VDC, DC output •Multi-function power supply: for radio, lighting and mobile phone charging •Capacity : 2.5kWh (SDP developed) Developed by SDP Small- scale stationary applications Portable energy storage suitcase 36Features: •110 VAC, AC output •Portable •Multi-function power supply •Capacity : 2.4/1.6 kWh (SDP developed) Developed by SDP Small- scale stationary applications Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) 37Features: •110 VAC, AC output •Capacity : 5/10 kWh (SDP developed) Developed by SDP Medium- scale stationary applications Off-grid Solar ESS in Paiyun Lodge in Mt. Jade, Taiwan 38 YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70ifcSFFxfcFeatures: •The highest lodge in Taiwan (3402 m above sea level) Yes! We did it! •Capacity : 72 kWh (can supply electricity for one week without solar power) •Operation date: 2016 (SDP developed) Medium- scale stationary applications Off-grid Solar ESS in Tianchi Lodge, Nantou, Taiwan 39Features: •The five-star lodge in Taiwan •Capacity : 75kWh •Operation date: 2019 (SDP developed) Medium- scale stationary applications Off-grid ESS in Guishan Island, Taiwan 40Features: •Military control zone (Unable to provide details due to intelligence control) •Capacity : 24kWh •Operation date: 2017 (SDP developed) Medium- scale stationary applications Off-grid High -voltage ESS in Mabul Island, Malaysia 41Features: •High-voltage: nominal voltage 512 VDC(Unable to provide details due to privacy policy) •Capacity : 87kWh •Operation date: 2018 (SDP developed) Medium- scale stationary applications Off-grid Solar ESS in No. 6 Naphtha Cracker Complex, Taiwan 42Features: •Repurposing battery •Capacity : 24kWh •Operation date: 20 20 (SDP developed) Medium- scale stationary applications Off-grid Solar ESS of solar tree in SSGESC, Taiwan 43Features: •Thecolorful show withLED lights, brilliant anddazzling, has become themost eye-catching new landmark in Tainan recently . •Capacity : 15kWh •Operation date: 2019 Shalun Smart Green Energy Science City (SSGESC), thedemonstration siteislocated inaspecific high-speed rail(HSR) area, Tainan, Taiwan, covering anarea ofnearly 7.5hectares .Itisoneofthevery important topics inTaiwan national project “5 plus 2industries .”Itnotonly emphasizes thedemand drives innovation and innovation drives industrial development ;butalso itwillbecome research, experiment, anddevelopment base inthe future .(SDP developed) Medium- scale stationary applications Off-grid Solar ESS of street houses in SSGESC, Taiwan 44Features: •Test different type of battery cells •Capacity : •Building 1: 24 kWh (STOBA batteries from Amita Tech. Inc.) •Building 1: 24 kWh (LFP batteries from Chang Hong Energy Tech. Co., Ltd.) •Building 1: 36 kWh (LFP batteries from Chang Hong Energy Tech. Co., Ltd.) •Operation date: 2020 STOBA: SelfTerminated Olygomers withhyper -Branched Architecture . STOBA isabattery safety material, reduces thefirehazard oflithium -ion batteries . Ref: ITRI(SDP developed) Large- scale stationary applications Tesla large battery in South Australia 45Features : •100MW/129MWh •Usage: support theoperation ofthegrid •Event :InDec.2017, when theLoyYang coal- fired power plant inVictoria failed, leading toa power shortage, thebackup battery connected in and delivered asmuch as100 MW into the national electricity grid in140 ms, responding even more quickly than thecoal- fired backups thatwere supposed toprovide emergency power . •Importance: Large-scale batteries arebeginning toshow that they have arole insupply electric networks . •Operation date: 2017 Ref: Renew .Sustain .Energy Rev.111(2019 )145 Source : Tesla Powerpack to Enable Large Scale Sustainable Energy to South Australia https://www.tesla.com/blog/tesla -powerpack -enable- large -scale- sustainable- energy -south- australia Outlook 46 Growing market and falling cost 47Growing battery market 2019 USD 25 billion2020 USD 28 billion (prediction)2030 USD 116 billion (prediction) Falling cost of battery pack 2010 USD 1183/kWh2019 USD 156/kWh (fallen 87%)2024 USD 100/kWh (prediction, sweet point ) 2030 USD 60/kWh (prediction) Sweet point Manufacturers areclosing inonapoint where EVs willreach cost parity with their fossil fuel-powered cousins ataround USD 100/kWh . That price iswidely seen asasweep point inthesector, where consumers willnolonger regard EVs aspricey options . 2528116Annual Li-ion battery market size Source : BloombergNEF Li-ion battery price survey results: Volume- weighted average Source : BloombergNEF Safety 48Brief history 2006~2007 Dell laptop computer battery thermal runaway 2011 Chevrolet Volt battery thermal runaway after a crash testing2013 Thermal runaway, smoke, and fire onboard the hybrid tugboat Campbell Foss 2013 Boeing Dreamliner battery thermal runaway 2017 Samsung Galaxy Note 7 thermal runaway2020 ESS fire in Taiwan 2017-present more than 29 ESS fire events in South Korea The lessons theindustry has learned from these incidents isthat Li-ion batteries areinherently fragile. Anyelectrical, thermal, ormechanical abuse, along with internal defects, can potentially initiate cellfailure and thermal runaway .The danger ofLi-ion batteries isrealbutcanbemitigated andwill beasscientists learn more about thereasons forthermal runawaysWith thewidespread useofLi-ion batteries inrecent years, thesafety issues oflithium batteries have gradually surfaced . Source: http://www.e2news.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=200025 Ref: Fire Sci. Eng. 32(2018) 91 Reuse and recycle of repurposing batteries 491.Toomany retired power batteries, causing waste of resources andenvironmental protection threats . 2.Some ofthem still possess about 80% initial capacity . Action Planning and Situation Analysis of Repurposing Battery Recovery and Application in China Journal of Taiwan Energy 6(2019) 425 https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/nxv7fSummary of Safety Standards for Repurposing Batteries Monthly Journal of Taipower's Engineering 860(2020) 35 https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/d4n3s Cycle system of power battery recycling managementUsage of repurposing batteries Energy storage as a service (ESaaS ) 50Energy storage asaservice (ESaaS) allows afacility to benefit from theadvantages ofanESS byentering intoa service agreement without purchasing thesystem. ESaaS: 1.Power quality 2.Coincident peak management 3.Demand response 4.Power factor correction 5.Back-up power 6.Peak shaving 7.Energy arbitrage 8.Market ancillary services 9.Transmission support We use them, but we don’t need to own them! Resemble idea Cloud services Next- generation energy materials 51Currently, the engineers and researchers are still trying totest various types ofanode materials, cathode materials, separators, and electrolytes toimprove theenergy density, power density, andsafety of Li-ionbattery . Anode materials Acta Mater. 175(2019) 196 J.Power Sources 208(2012) 74 Energy Environ. Sci.4(2011) 2682 J.Am.Chem. Soc. 132(2010) 13978 Cathode materials J.Mater. Chem. A7(2019) 23770 Appl. Surf. Sci.507(2020) 144842 J.Power Sources 278(2015) 265 J.Power Sources 195(2010) 939 Adv. Mater. 20(2008) 2251 Electrochem .Solid State Lett. 4(2001) A191 Separators Energy Environ. 7(2014) 3857 J.Solid State Electrochem .15(2011) 649 J.Power Sources 77(1999) 34 Electrolytes ACS Omega 5(2020) 23843 ACS Omega 5(2020) 13541 Chem. Rev. 116(2016) 140 Chem. Mater. 25(2013) 2708 J.Power Sources 162(2006) 1379 J.Power Sources 77(1999) 183 Adv. Mater. 10(1998) 439Some practices include: Increasing the silicon -based lithium -ion battery anodes Small 14(2018) 1702737 Nano Energy 31(2017) 113 Nano Energy 27(2016) 359 Adv. Energy Mater. 4(2014) 1300882 J.Power Sources 267(2014) 469 Nat. Commun .5(2014) 3217 Nickel content oflithium ternary batteries to more than 80% (forexample, NMC 8111) ACS Energy Lett. 2(2017) 196 Energy Stor.Mater. 6(2017) 125 Angew .Chem. Int.Ed.54(2015) 4440 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(2015) 6926 Developing electrode materials that can chemically react with Li-ions (orLi-atoms) Nat. Energy 4(2019) 594 Energy Environ. Sci.10(2017) 435 J.Chem. Phys. 146(2017) 064502 J.Chem. Phys. 144(2016) 034502 Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 31(2014) 317 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(2014) 10892 Discarding flammable organic solvents inthe electrolyte and using non-flammable solid electrolyte materials such asceramics Chemsuschem 8(2015) 3039 J.Power Sources 228(2013) 250 J.Power Sources 195(2010) 4554 J.Electrochem .Soc. 152(2005) A2151Inrecent years, therapid progress of nano and low-dimensional materials, e.g.,graphene, silicene ,and other two-dimensional materials providing many choices forthenext generation ofLi-ionbattery materials . Graphene ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(2020) 22917 J.Phys. Chem. Solids 146(2020) 109528 Philos. Mag. 100(2020) 1834 Physica E114(2019) 113572 AIPAdv. 8(2018) 085123 J.Mater. Chem. A5(2017) 4912 Sci.Rep. 7(2017) 17858 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18(2016) 7573 J.Appl. Phys. 119(2016) 214304 Carbon 109(2016) 883 RSC Adv. 6(2016) 24458 Philos. Mag. 94(2014) 1859 Nat. Commun .4(2013) 1687 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15(2013) 868 Opt. Express 19(2011) 23350 J.Phys. Soc. Jpn.80(2011) 044602 Physica E42(2010) 711 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.102(2005) 10451 Science 306(2004) 666 Silicene ACS Omega 5(2020) 13760 Other two -dimensional materials Sci.Rep. 9(2019) 2332 ACS Nano 9(2015) 11509 ACS Nano 8(2014) 4033 Phys. Rev. B87(2013) 0354381NMC 811isacathode composition with 80% nickel, 10% manganese, and10% cobalt . Acknowledgements Prof.Ming -FaLinforthebook chapter invitation andforinspiring H.C.Chung tostudy thistopic . Jung -Feng Jack Lin, Chairman ofSuper Double Power Technology Co.,Ltd.,Taiwan, formany valuable discussions, recommendations, information about ESSs invarious scales andrealcase examples. Prof.Yaw-Chung Cheng andHui-Wen Feng fortheir valuable discussions onthefuelcell. Dr.Yao-Ming Wang, Metal Industries Research andDevelopment Centre (MIRDC), Taiwan, fordiscussions onthevanadium flowbatteries . Kevin Yang, Chairman ofEcolohas Energy Technology Co.,Ltd.,Taiwan, fordiscussions onPaiyun Lodge. Donald Lee, eEasy Technology Co.,Ltd.,Taiwan, fordiscussions onTaiwan's electric buses operation strategy inrecent years. Hsueh- Lung Lu,Acting Manager ofCertified Senior Industrial Analyst, Industry, Science andTechnology International Strategy Center, ITRI, Taiwan, forhisvaluable discussions ontheKorea ESS fires. Wen -Hua Lin,CEO ofApogee Power Inc.,forhisvaluable discussions ontheMcMicken ESS fireevent . Prof.Chin -Lung Kuo (Department ofMaterials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan), Prof.W.Kaveevivitchai (Department ofChemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan), Prof.N.T.Tien (College ofNatural Science, Can Tho University, Vietnam), andDr.N.T.T.Tran (Hierarchical Green- Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan) fortheir valuable suggestions onthenext-generation energy materials (stated intheorder ofthearticle). H.C.Chung would liketothank thecontributors tothisarticle fortheir valuable discussions andrecommendations, Hsiao -Wen Yang, Yen-Kai Lo,andAn-DeAndrew Chung. Theauthor (H.C.Chung) thanks Pei-JuChien forEnglish discussions andcorrections aswellasMing -HuiChung, Su-Ming Chen, Lien- Kuei Chien, andMi-LeeKaoforfinancial support . This work was supported inpart bySuper Double Power Technology Co.,Ltd.,Taiwan, under theproject “Development ofCloud- native Energy Management Systems forMedium -scale Energy Storage Systems (https ://doi. org/10.17605/OSF .IO/7FR9Z)”(Grand number :SDP- RD-PROJ -001-2020) . 52 Thank you for your attention! 53Any questions, please E -mail to me hsienching.chung@gmail.com The slide will be published online linking with the project https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7FR9Z 54About this talk Dr.Hsien- Ching Chung was invited togive atalk about "Engineering integrations, potential applications, andoutlooks of Li-ion batteries" inthe conference, "Taiwan- Vietnam Joint International Conference onEmerging Materials and Batteries (ICMB 2020) ."Theconference was held atNational Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan onNov.26~28,2020. It'sagood opportunity torealize fundamental researches and new technologies inthebattery industry andthefuture oftheenergy industry . Dr. Hsien -Ching Chung (鍾獻慶博士) R&D Manager, Super Double Power Technology Co., Ltd., Changhua City, Changhua County, 500042, Taiwan 55 Education 2011, Ph.D.degree inphysics, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan Research topic: graphene andcarbon- related systems Experience 2020- present, R&D Manager, Super Double Power Technology Co.,Ltd.,Taiwan 2017- 2020, R&D Manager, Masterhold Int’lCo.,Ltd.,Taiwan 2011- 2016, Postdoctoral Fellow, NCKU, Taiwan Membership IEEE, APS, ACS Recent projects Development ofCloud- native Energy Management Systems forMedium -scale Energy Storage Systems, Role:PI,Taiwan. Technology development andfield verification ofinnovative home energy storage system, Role:co-PI,Fund: 427,000USD funded byMOEA, Taiwan. Recent publications Summary ofSafety Standards forRepurposing Batteries, Mon.J.Taipower's Eng.860, 35(2020) . Action planning andsituation analysis ofrepurposing battery recovery andapplication inChina, J.Taiwan Energy 6,425(2019) . Electronic andoptical properties ofgraphene nanoribbons inexternal fields, Phys .Chem .Chem .Phys. 18,7573 (2016) . Magnetoelectronic andoptical properties ofnonuniform graphene nanoribbons, Carbon 109, 883(2016) . Selected Publications ofDr.Hsien -Ching Chung Li-ionbattery 1.Charge/discharge profiles ofLiFePO4repurposing batteries based onUL1974 .engrXiv e6p9w(2020 ),doi:10.31224/osf .io/e6p9w. 2.Summary ofsafety standards forrepurposing batteries .Monthly Journal ofTaipower's Engineering 860,35(2020 ),doi:10.31224 /osf.io/d4 n3s. 3.Action planning and situation analysis ofrepurposing battery recovery and application inChina .Journal ofTaiwan Energy 6,425 (2019), doi:10.31224 /osf.io/nxv 7f. Review article Electronic andoptical properties ofgraphene nanoribbons inexternal fields .Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18,7573 (2016 ),doi:10.1039/c 5cp06533 j. Low- dimensional materials Spin-polarized magneto -electronic properties inbuckled monolayer GaAs .Scientific Reports 9,2332 (2019 ),doi:10.1038 /s41598- 018-36516- 8. Graphene -related materials 1.Magnetoelectronic andoptical properties ofnonuniform graphene nanoribbons .Carbon 109,883(2016 ),doi:10.1016/j .carbon .2016. 08.091. 2.Effects oftransverse electric fields onLandau subbands inbilayer zigzag graphene nanoribbons .Philosophical Magazine 94, 1859 (2014), doi:10.1080/ 14786435. 2014 .897009 . 3.Electric -field-induced destruction ofquasi -Landau levels inbilayer graphene nanoribbons .Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 15,868 (2013), doi:10.1039/c 2cp43631k . 4.Exploration ofedge -dependent optical selection rules forgraphene nanoribbons .Optics Express 19,23350 (2011 ),doi:10.1364/OE .19.023350 . 5.Effects oftransverse electric fields onquasi -Landau levels inzigzag graphene nanoribbons .Journal ofthePhysical Society ofJapan 80,044602 (2011), doi:10.1143/jpsj .80.044602 . 6.Quasi -Landau levels inbilayer zigzag graphene nanoribbons .Physica E42,711(2010 ),doi:10.1016/j .physe. 2009 .11.090. 56