omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
RTEMS. Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems (RTEMS), formerly Real-Time Executive for Missile Systems, and then Real-Time Executive for Military Systems, is a real-time operating system (RTOS) designed for embedded systems. It is free and open-source software.

Development began in the late 1980s with early versions available via File Transfer Protocol (ftp) as early as 1993. OAR Corporation is currently managing the RTEMS project in cooperation with a steering committee which includes user representatives.

Design
RTEMS is designed for real-time, embedded systems and to support various open application programming interface (API) standards including Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) and μITRON (dropped in RTEMS 4.10). The API now known as the Classic RTEMS API was originally based on the Real-Time Executive Interface Definition (RTEID) specification. RTEMS includes a port of the FreeBSD Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP stack) and support for various file systems including Network File System (NFS) and File Allocation Table (FAT).

RTEMS provides extensive multi-processing and memory-management services, and even a System-database alongside many other facilities. It has extensive documentation.

Architectures
RTEMS has been ported to various target processor architectures:

 ARM
 AArch64
 Atmel AVR
 Blackfin
 Freescale, now NXP ColdFire
 Texas Instruments – C3x/C4x DSPs
 Intel – x86 architecture members 80386, Pentium, and above
 LatticeMico32
 Microblaze 
 68k
 MIPS
 Nios II
 OpenRISC
 PowerPC
 Renesas – H8/300, M32C, M32R, SuperH
 RISC-V RV32, RV64 using QEMU
 SPARC – ERC32, LEON, V9
 V850

Uses
RTEMS is used in many application domains. The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) community includes multiple people who are active RTEMS submitters. RTEMS is also popular for space uses since it supports multiple microprocessors developed for use in space including SPARC ERC32 and LEON, MIPS Mongoose-V, ColdFire, and PowerPC architectures, which are available in space hardened models. RTEMS is currently orbiting Mars as part of the Electra software radio on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the ESA's Trace Gas Orbiter., as well as passing by the sun on the Parker Solar Probe.

License
RTEMS is distributed under the two paragraph BSD license.  This is a permissive license.

RTEMS was originally distributed under a modified GNU General Public License (GPL), allowing linking RTEMS objects with other files without needing the full executable to be covered by the GPL. This license is based on the GNAT Modified General Public License with the language modified to not be specific to the programming language Ada.

See also

Comparison of open-source operating systems
Qi hardware

References

External links 

 
  Wiki
 RTEMS Centre

Embedded operating systems
Real-time operating systems
ARM operating systems
MIPS operating systems
X86 operating systems
1993 software
Floor model. A floor model is a piece of equipment placed in a retail shop's sales area for display purposes. Floor models are taken out of their packaging and displayed how they would be used. In the case of furniture, stores will arrange pieces as they may be placed in the home. Appliances, such as microwaves, refrigerators, and washing machines, are typically put into rows, so customers may compare the different models. Consumer electronics are typically plugged into an electric outlet, cable or satellite television feed, or local area network as appropriate. In all cases, floor models allow customers to test the quality of the displayed merchandise, or compare between different models of a certain type.

Not all floor models are literally on the floor, but may be placed on a stock table. Because floor models see considerably more use and are subject to more wear and tear than they would if they were not used for display, stores may sometimes discount them when selling them. Mattress floor models are typically manufactured to be softer on one side than the other. This is done for comparison's sake, and does not reflect the actual merchandise.

References

Selling techniques
Planetary surface construction. Planetary-surface construction is the construction of artificial habitats and other structures on planetary surfaces. Planetary surface construction can be divided into three phases or classes, coinciding with a phased schedule for habitation:

• Class I: Pre-integrated hard shell modules ready to use immediately upon delivery.

• Class II: Prefabricated kit-of-parts that is surface assembled after delivery.

• Class III: in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) derived structure with integrated Earth components.

Class I structures are prepared and tested on Earth, and are designed to be fully self-contained habitats that can be delivered to the surface of other planets. In an initial mission to put human explorers on Mars, a Class I habitat would provide the bare minimum habitable facilities when continued support from Earth is not possible.

The Class II structures call for a pre-manufactured kit-of-parts system that has flexible capacity for demountability and reuse. Class II structures can be used to expand the facilities established by the initial Class I habitat, and can allow for the assembly of additional structures either before the crew arrives, or after their occupancy of the pre-integrated habitat.

The purpose of Class III structures is to allow for the construction of additional facilities that would support a larger population, and to develop the capacity for the local production of building materials and structures without the need for resupply from Earth.

To facilitate the development of technology required to implement the three phases, Cohen and Kennedy (1997) stress the need to explore robust robotic system concepts that can be used to assist in the construction process, or perform the tasks autonomously. Among other things, they suggest a roadmap that stresses the need for adapting structural components for robotic assembly, and determining appropriate levels of modularity, assembly, and component packaging. The roadmap also sets the development of experimental construction systems in parallel with components as an important milestone.

See also

References

Citations 
M.M. Cohen; K.J. Kennedy (1997).  Habitats and Surface Construction Technology and Development Roadmap.  In A. Noor, J. Malone (Eds.), Government Sponsored Programs on Structures Technology (NASA CP-97-206241, p. 75-96).  Washington, DC, USA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
K.J. Kennedy (2002).  The Vernacular of Space Architecture (AIAA 2002-6102).  1st Space Architecture Symposium (SAS 2002), Houston, Texas, USA, 10–11 October 2002.  Reston, Virginia, USA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
A. Smith (1993). Mechanics of Materials in Lunar Base Design. in H. Benaroya (Ed.) Applied Mechanics of a Lunar Base, Applied Mechanics Review, Vol 46, No 6. pp. 268–271.

External links
 Space Architecture

Fictional buildings and structures
Construction
Space colonization
Industry in space
Samuel Philip Sadtler. Samuel Philip Sadtler, Ph.D., LL.D. (July 18, 1847 – December 20, 1923) was an American chemist, and the first president of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers in 1908.

Life
Sadtler was born at Pine Grove, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, the son of a Lutheran minister, and educated at Pennsylvania College (class of 1867), at Lehigh University (one year), at Lawrence Scientific School (BSc 1870), and in Europe at the University of Göttingen (PhD 1871).
As well as his professional activities, he was active in the Lutheran church.

His son, Samuel Schmucker Sadtler, also became a chemist. In 1901 they founded Samuel P. Sadtler & Son, a chemical consulting firm in Philadelphia. It was later managed by his grandson, also named Samuel Philip Sadtler.

Sadtler died December 20, 1923, in Philadelphia.

Career
Sadtler was first a professor at Pennsylvania College (1871–74) and then the University of Pennsylvania (1874–91).  He then moved to the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, where he was professor of chemistry until 1916 when he retired (and Emeritus professor afterwards). He was author of:  Hand-Book of Chemical Experimentation (1877); Industrial Organic Chemistry (1901; fourth edition, 1912); and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (1895; fourth edition, 1912), with Virgil Coblentz.

In 1874, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.

In 1907 to 1908 Sadtler was part of a discussion as to the formation of a society separate from the American Chemical Society for the newly recognized profession of chemical engineering.  He was initially opposed to the proliferation of societies but said he would join a chemical engineering one if it was formed.  On June 22, 1908, he welcomed interested people to a meeting at the Engineers Club, Philadelphia.  The forty men present became Charter Members of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, electing Sadtler as the President, a post he held till the end of 1909.  He made his Presidential address at the first Annual Meeting on December 28, 1908, and also established the Transactions of the AIChE in the same year.

References

People from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
1847 births
1923 deaths
American chemical engineers
American chemists
American non-fiction writers
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Pennsylvania State University faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Göttingen alumni
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
Lehigh University alumni
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Chemists from Pennsylvania
IBM Intelligent Printer Data Stream. Intelligent Printer Data Stream (IPDS) is Info Print Solution Company's Systems Application Architecture host-to-printer data stream for Advanced Function Presentation subsystems. It provides an attachment-independent interface for controlling and managing all point addressable (APA) printers that allow the presentation of pages containing an architecturally unlimited mixture of different data types, including text, image, graphics, bar code, and object container. It is used by a variety of Info Print and OEM print servers that drive all points addressable (APA) page printers. Generally, these printers are at the medium to the high end of the print speed and volume spectrum.

"One of the strengths of IPDS is that independent applications can create source data for each data block. The output of these independent applications is merged at the printer to create an integrated mixed data page."

The IPDS architecture allows for both spooled data and print job management to flow bidirectionally between the print server (or print driver) and the Printer Controller.

Examples of print job management controls are:
 Printer resolution
 Media jam
 Pre- or post-processor exceptions
 Storage usage
 Paper tray capabilities
 Duplexing capabilities

Examples of spooled data can be:
 Positioning Information for locating objects within the page
 Fonts
 Text
 Images
 Bar codes
 Electronic overlays

IPDS data streams are purely used to carry print information and data. This is above the network transport layer (typically TCP/IP or SNA) and the supporting hardware LANs, channels, and network controllers.

IPDS carries data and instructions from the print server to the printer in structured fields. The printer controller processes these IPDS commands and returns an acknowledgment to the print server.

Similar to PPDS, IPDS uses binary encoded commands and parameters, but IPDS is not compatible with PPDS.

"IPDS is the 'online' way being used to print AFP (Advanced Function Presentation) documents. They can also be printed using the AFPDS format 'offline'."

Printers
A number of printers support IPDS directly.
 Compuprint—"Heavy Duty IPDS Desktop Matrix Printers in speeds of up to 1100 CPS"
 HP—various printers using a plug-in Flash memory device.
 IBM—IBM no longer manufactures printers.
 Printronix—"IPDS Matrix Line Printers in speeds of 500 LPM, 1000 LPM, 1500 LPM, and 2000 LPM"
 Ricoh—"IPDS Matrix Line Printers in speeds of 500 LPM, 1000 LPM, 1500 LPM and 2000 LPM.  Heavy Duty IPDS Desktop Matrix Printers in speeds of up to 1100 CPS"
 Tally-Dascom—Heavy Duty IPDS Desktop Matrix Printers in speeds of up to 1000 CPS
 Zebra—Thermal & Thermal Transfer Printers for Printing Labels and Bar Codes

A number of print servers are available from companies such as MPI Tech, IPDS Printing Solutions, IOCorp, Xerox, and Microsoft.

See also
MO:DCA, Mixed Object Document Content Architecture

References

External links
Intelligent Printer Data Stream Reference
Ricoh IPDS printers (2013)
IBM IPDS printers (2009)

Advanced Function Presentation
Page description languages
Intelligent Printer Data Stream
Citrus Project. The CITRUS (Comprehensive I18N Framework Towards Respectable Unix Systems) project aims to implement a complete multilingual programming environment for BSD-based operating systems. The goals include the creation of the following things for FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, BSD/OS and DragonFly BSD:

 An ISO C/SUS V2-compatible multilingual programming environment (locale/iconv support).
 Development of an implementation of gettext and POSIX NLS catalog under the BSD license.
 Multi-script framework, which decouples C API and actual external/internal encoding.
 To develop system standard multi-script encoding by internationalization of filename.

, the aim is to reach the same level of functionality as Solaris 7.

See also
 Internationalization and localization

External links 
 

Free software projects
Berkeley Software Distribution
Internationalization and localization
Unix programming tools
Programming tools
Inorganic Crystal Structure Database. Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) is a chemical database founded in 1978 by Günter Bergerhoff at the University of Bonn in Germany and I. D. Brown at McMaster University in Canada. It is now produced by FIZ Karlsruhe in Europe and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. It seeks to contain information on all inorganic crystal structures published since 1913, including pure elements, minerals, metals, and intermetallic compounds (with atomic coordinates). ICSD contains over 210,000 entries  and is updated twice a year.

A Windows-based PC version has been developed in co-operation with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and a PHP-MySQL web based version in co-operation with the Institut Laue–Langevin (ILL) Grenoble.

See also 

Crystallographic database

References

External links
 ICSD Fiz
ICSD NIST

Inorganic chemistry
Chemical databases
Crystallographic databases
Cray C90. The Cray C90 series (initially named the Y-MP C90) was a vector processor supercomputer launched by Cray Research in 1991. The C90 was a development of the Cray Y-MP architecture. Compared to the Y-MP, the C90 processor had a dual vector pipeline and a faster 4.1 ns clock cycle (244 MHz), which together gave three times the performance of the Y-MP processor. The maximum number of processors in a system was also doubled from eight to 16. The C90 series used the same Model E IOS (Input/Output Subsystem) and UNICOS operating system as the earlier Y-MP Model E.

The C90 series included the C94, C98 and C916 models (configurations with a maximum of four, eight, and 16 processor respectively) and the C92A and C94A (air-cooled models). Maximum SRAM memory was between 1 and 8 GB, depending on model.

The D92, D92A, D94 and D98  (also known as the C92D, C92AD, C94D and C98D respectively) variants were equipped with slower, but higher-density DRAM memory, allowing increased maximum memory sizes of up to 16 GB, depending on the model.

The successor system was the Cray T90.

External links
Cray Research and Cray computers FAQ Part 5

References 

Computer-related introductions in 1991
C90
Vector supercomputers
Needle roller bearing. A needle roller bearing is a special type of roller bearing which uses long, thin cylindrical rollers resembling needles.  Ordinary roller bearings' rollers are only slightly longer than their diameter, but needle bearings typically have rollers that are at least four times longer than their diameter.  Like all bearings, they are used to reduce the friction of a rotating surface.

Compared to ball bearings and ordinary roller bearings, needle bearings have a greater surface area in contact with the races, so they can support a greater load. They are also thinner, so they require less clearance between the axle and the surrounding structure.

Needle bearings are heavily used in automobile components such as rocker arm pivots, pumps, compressors, and transmissions. The drive shaft of a rear-wheel drive vehicle typically has at least eight needle bearings (four in each U joint) and often more if it is particularly long, or operates on steep slopes.

See also
 Race (bearing)
 Tapered roller bearing

References 

Rolling-element bearings
Chicago and North Western E-4 class. The Chicago and North Western Class E-4 was a class of nine streamlined 4-6-4 "Hudson" steam locomotives built in 1937 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO).

The nine E-4's were almost identical in specification and purpose to the Milwaukee Road's six class F7 locomotives, and they were built by the same builder at the same time, yet their streamlined designs were different. The E-4's were built to haul the Chicago and North Western's (C&NW) famous "400" express passenger trains, but before they were even delivered, the railroad's management decided that streamlined steam was the wrong direction and instead placed orders with General Motors Electro-Motive Division for new diesel locomotives.

The displaced E-4s instead pulled secondary passenger trains, until they were withdrawn from service between 1953 and 1956, and scrapping commenced on the fleet. Two remaining E-4's (Nos. 4008 and 4009) were kept in Escanaba, Michigan to thaw frozen ore with heat from their boilers. In August 1961, Nos. 4008 and 4009 were replaced by a new infrared process, and since both E-4's had been welded to the rails, C&NW crews had to scrap them on site.

Other C&NW steam locomotives 
 Chicago and North Western D Class 4-4-2 – A major workhorse of the C&NW, some were used on the Minnesota 400.
 Chicago and North Western E Class 4-6-2 – Some converted to "ES" class with similar casing to the E-4. The ES engines succeeded Class D locomotives on the Minnesota 400.
 Chicago and North Western E-2 Class 4-6-2 – Twelve locomotives, four of which were converted to "E-2-a" class and were the original locomotives for the Twin Cities to Chicago 400 before being replaced by EMD E3 diesel units. The remaining eight were converted to "E-2-b" locomotives.

References 

 The Photos of the Chicago and Northwestern E-4 4-6-4's
 http://steamlocomotive.com/locobase.php?country=USA&wheel=4-6-4&railroad=cnw

4-6-4 locomotives
E-4 class
ALCO locomotives
Steam locomotives of the United States
Streamlined steam locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1937
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Passenger locomotives
BAE Systems Electronic Systems. BAE Systems Electronic Systems (ES) is one of three operating groups of BAE Systems Inc., the North American subsidiary of the British global defence contractor BAE Systems PLC.

History
BAE Systems acquired Lockheed Martin Aerospace Electronic Systems (AES) and Lockheed Martin Control Systems in 2000.

BAE Systems Electronic Systems was formed in June 2005 by an internal reorganisation of these businesses.

Lockheed had identified AES as a candidate for disposal following a strategic review in 1999. BAE Systems agreed to acquire the group in July and completed its acquisition of AES on 27 November 2000. The group encompassed Sanders Associates, Fairchild Systems and Lockheed Martin Space Electronics & Communications. The purchase of this group by BAE has been described as "precedent setting" given the advanced and classified nature of many of that company's products.

In August 2004 BAE acquired Boeing Commercial Electronics for $66 million (£36m). This was an Irving, Texas-based division of Boeing responsible for the manufacture of electronic components for the company's aircraft. Boeing announced the sale of the division in 2003 as part of a move to outsource component manufacture and "concentrate on the integration and final assembly of commercial aircraft." The Fort Worth Star Telegram said "Boeing has sought to sell several operations that it said are too narrowly focused and costly for the company to manage efficiently."

Businesses
BAE Systems Electronic Systems reports its sales under the following headings, 86% of which were to military customers in 2020:

Electronic Combat 
ES produces electronic warfare (EW) systems for combat aircraft, for example for the F-35 Lightning II.

C4ISR Systems 
Military communications.  This includes the Airborne Tactical Radio business acquired from Raytheon.

Precision Strike & Sensing 
GPS products and weapon parts, for example seekers for THAAD missiles.  The GPS business was expanded in 2020 by the $1.9 billion purchase of the Collins Aerospace military GPS division of United Technologies Corporation.

Countermeasure & Electromagnetic Attack 
Missile warning systems and offensive electronic warfare systems on aircraft including the Lockheed EC-130H Compass Call.

Controls & Avionics 
Full Authority Digital Engine Controls and Fly by wire controls.  General Electric and Boeing are major customers for this unit.

Power & Propulsion 
Hybrid and full electric drive systems for public transit, commercial truck, and military applications.

References

Electronics, Intelligence and Support
Avionics companies
Defense companies of the United States
Companies based in Arlington County, Virginia
American companies established in 2005
Manufacturing companies established in 2005
Technology companies established in 2005
2005 establishments in Virginia