omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
AXE telephone exchange. The AXE telephone exchange is a product line of circuit switched digital telephone exchanges  manufactured by Ericsson, a Swedish telecom company. It was developed in 1974 by Ellemtel, a research and development subsidiary of Ericsson and Televerket. The first system was deployed in 1976. AXE is not an acronym, but an Ericsson product code.

The AXE is the digital successor to the AKE analogue telephone exchange and ARF/ARM family of crossbar switches. The design is modular with an APZ dual processor running in sync mode, an APT switching part and an APG I/O part. It is used for connecting local landlines, operating mobile networks (TDMA, GSM, CDMA, W-CDMA, PDC), international telephony traffic and signaling.

AXE based equipment are being used as BSC/TRC, MSC, HLR, SCP, FNR, TSC, STP and wireline nodes.

The brain of the AXE system is a dual processor system called APZ. It runs in parallel sync mode making it fault redundant. The family of APZs started with APZ 210 03 in 1976; the latest one is APZ 214 03. The parallel sync mode was partly abandoned in the APZ 212 40 and subsequent models and has been replaced with a warm standby scheme.

The latest APZ type is 214 03 which is used as MSC, TSC and HLR Blade in AXE. The latest implementation of AXE is on a blade cluster system capable of handling up to 8 million subscribers.

The core of the switching part was the Group Switch, initially a time-space-time multiplexer capable of switching up to 64K positions or connections. This Group Switch later evolved to a Distributed Group Switch using Time-Space switching technique with a maximum capacity of 512K.

AXE nodes have evolved as a traffic controller, having the new Media Gateway node running on CPP platform handle the payload traffic.

Ericsson AXE telephone exchanges support lawful intercepts via the remote-control equipment subsystem (RES), which carries out the tap, and the interception management system (IMS), software used for initiating the tap, which adds the tap to the RES database. In a fully operating lawful interception system the RES and IMS both create logs of all numbers being tapped so that system administrators can perform audits to find unauthorized taps.

Code is written in PLEX (a proprietary programming language tied to the AXE hardware, designed by Göran Hemdahl), SDL and ASA210C programming languages. Code for Regional Processors (controlling hardware Extension Modules) is written in ASA210R.

AXE switches used in the United Kingdom are sometimes referred to as System Y as they were the first competitive alternative to the domestically developed System X digital switching system.

See also
Greek telephone tapping case 2004-2005

References

External links
Ericsson AXE web page

Telephone exchange equipment
Ericsson
Eric Burgess. Eric Burgess (1920 – March 2005) was an English freelance consultant, lecturer and journalist, who wrote about the Pioneer program of space missions since the first tests in 1957. He was the science correspondent of the Christian Science Monitor during many of the planetary probe launches, and was often the senior science reporter present at many of them.

Burgess is credited with the original idea that the Pioneer probes should carry a message for extraterrestrial intelligences. He approached Carl Sagan about his idea, which eventually resulted in the Pioneer plaque. Burgess was a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and British Interplanetary Society, and an associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Burgess and Arthur C. Clarke were both charter members of the British Interplanetary Society and lifelong friends. While Clarke claimed he invented the idea of using three satellites in geostationary orbit to create the global communication relay in common use (book dust jacket front fold-over sleeve of The Exploration of Space, A.C. Clarke, Harper Bros., 1951), Burgess claimed to have given the idea to Clarke in the late 1940s. Shortly before his death Burgess had a large collection of film and printed media on the subject of rocketry and space exploration that may have been donated by his heirs to a local library. Perhaps his greatest contribution other than the claim of having the idea for geosynchronous satellite communication networks (disputed with characteristic droll humor by Clarke) was his chronicling of the initial exploration of the solar system (re: bibliography). He was also the science adviser for the James Bond film Moonraker which received an Academy Award nomination for its visuals which Burgess helped edit for accuracy.

Bibliography

References

 http://astrotalkuk.org/2012/03/27/episode-50-26th-march-2012-manchester-first-rocket-scientists/

Specific

1920 births
2005 deaths
20th-century British astronomers
Surfboat. A surfboat (or surf boat) is an oar-driven boat designed to enter the ocean from the beach in heavy surf or severe waves.  It is often used in lifesaving or rescue missions where the most expedient access to victims is directly from the beach.

Construction
The boat building traditions of several countries produced the same basic design when faced with the same problem, that of passing through turbulent whitewater and breaking waves and returning to shore. A broad stern presented to steep and breaking waves when approaching shore can result in broaching (turning sideways to the swell) and swamping or capsizing of the boat. Therefore, surf boats have a pointed stern and usually a fairly marked sheer.

The best-known exception to this double-ended nature of surf boats, is the coble of north-eastern England. Here, the broaching problem was resolved by beaching stern first. The run (the after part of the bottom) was broad, flat and straight so that once the boat had beached, it remained upright. However, beaching the boat was a special skill which involved unshipping the rudder at the right moment. Because they do not fit the usual double-ended pattern, cobles are not normally called surf boats.

Until the 1950s, the most widely known surfboats were those of Accra, Ghana. Until a port was built, commercial cargoes were landed through the surf by very skillful boatmen with strong arms and equally strong nerve.

In Tristan da Cunha and Pitcairn Island the surf boats are known as longboats.

Use

Surf boat rowing is very popular in Australia and New Zealand and to a lesser extent South Africa. Usually associated with Surf Life Saving Clubs, surf boat crews are trained in life saving skills as well as boat handling technique. Powered vessels such as inflatable skiffs and Jet Ski personal watercraft have replaced surf boats as the primary tools for real world rescue efforts, but surfboat training and competition remain popular as recreational activities among both professional rescuers and amateur athletes.

See also
Surfman Badge

References

Rowing racing boats
Acenaphthylene. Acenaphthylene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is an ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon. The molecule resembles naphthalene with positions 1 and 8 connected by a -CH=CH- unit. It is a yellow solid.  Unlike many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, it has no fluorescence.

Occurrence
Acenaphthylene occurs as about 2% of coal tar.  It is produced industrially by gas phase dehydrogenation of acenaphthene.

Reactions
Hydrogenation gives the more saturated compound acenaphthene. Chemical reduction affords the radical anion sodium or potassium acenaphthalenide, which is used as a strong reductant (E = -2.26 V vs FC).

It functions as a ligand for some organometallic compounds.

Uses
Polymerisation of acenaphthylene with acetylene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst gives electrically conductive polymers. Acenaphthylene possesses excellent properties as an antioxidant in cross-linked polyethylene and ethylene-propylene rubber. Thermal trimerization of acenaphthylene leads to decacyclene, which can be further processed to sulfur dyes.

Toxicity 
The no-observed-adverse-effect-level of acenaphthylene after repeated 28-day oral administration to both male and female rats was found to be 4 mg/kg/day.

References

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Tricyclic compounds
A-unit. An A-unit, in railroad terminology, is a diesel locomotive (or more rarely an electric locomotive) equipped with a driving cab and a control system to control other locomotives in a multiple unit, and therefore able to be the lead unit in a consist of several locomotives controlled from a single position. This terminology is generally used in North America, since only there was it commonplace to build B-units—cabless locomotive units which normally could not lead a train.

Typical features
Typical driving cab features, and therefore A-unit features, include windshields, rectangular side windows, crew seats, heating, and sometimes, radios, air conditioning and toilets. B-units always lack all of these features, except that some EMD F-units have an extra porthole-style side window(s) for a hostler (an employee permitted to move a locomotive in a yard only, not on the road).

Terminology
This terminology has fallen out of use for newer locomotives, since it only really applied to the cab unit style of locomotive. Thus, the term cab unit is used only when an A-unit has a carbody design. Hood unit "road switcher" types were generally equipped with driving cabs and the term "A-unit" was not generally applied to them, although the rare cabless road switchers were still called B-units.

Conversions
In some cases, A-units were converted to B-units. If the unit had been involved in a collision which damaged the cab, it was sometimes more cost-effective to rebuild the unit without the cab. In rarer cases, B-units were converted to A-units. The Chicago and North Western Railway converted several E8B units purchased from the Union Pacific Railroad. The cabs on the rebuilt units were referred to as "Crandall Cabs." The BNSF also experimented with a single GP60B to make it an A-unit by using an Ex-UP SD40-2 cab on a GP60B frame and body, also  required to move was the Dynamic blister from the front of the unit to the middle of the unit to make room for the cab.

References

 Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973). The Second Diesel Spotter’s Guide. Kalmbach Books. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-22894.

Diesel locomotives
Rail technologies
Quarky & Quaysoo's Turbo Science. Quarky & Quaysoo's Turbo Science is an educational computer game developed by Jeff Tunnell Productions and published by Sierra On-Line for MS-DOS in early 1992. It was designed to teach scientific concepts to children.

The game centers on Quarky and Quaysoo O'Gandi, two space "elfs" that are green and yellow respectively. With the help of the player they race through a town in vehicles ranging from cars to jet packs. To purchase vehicles, the player answers questions relating to science at stops along the way. Each stop has a theme: the construction site is simple machines, Clown College is chemistry, etc. There are three opposing teams: two tough street fighters, a pair of alien siblings, and a know-it-all named Odessa King. The game also featured an information book that ran over one-hundred pages long and taught science topics such as optics (via a run-in with the light police) and energy (with the help of Sheik Oil Slick).

Reception
Quarky & Quaysoo's Turbo Science was reviewed in the Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Guide Book where it was described as a set of "fun science problems". Noting that the problems orient toward "energy, chemistry, magnetism, and air and water pressure", the authors assessed the game as best suited for children aged 9 years and older.

References

External links

1992 video games
Children's educational video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Quiz video games
Science educational video games
Sierra Discovery games
Sierra Entertainment games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Zhou Guangzhao. Zhou Guangzhao  (; May 15, 1929 – August 17, 2024) was a Chinese theoretical physicist who served as President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from 1987 to 1997.

Early life and education
Zhou Guangzhao was born on May 15, 1929, in Changsha, the capital of Hunan province. He was the 5th child of the civil engineer Zhou Fengjiu, and the younger brother of biochemist/geneticist Zhou Guangyu. He graduated from Tsinghua University in 1951, and then did graduate work in theoretical physics for three years at Beijing University. He stayed at Beijing Univ. on the faculty after completing his PhD. In 1957 he was sent to the USSR by the Chinese Atomic Energy Research Institute to work at the Dubna Joint Institute for Nuclear Research.

Professional career
Zhou returned to China in 1960, where he worked on the Chinese nuclear weapons program, ultimately becoming director of the Chinese Nuclear Weapons Research Institute, now the China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP). He was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and later became the Vice President (1984–1987) and President (1987–1997) of the CAS.

Zhou's theoretical work focuses on particle physics.

He first visited the US in 1979. In the 1980s he spent time as a visiting researcher at the University of California and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and at the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Switzerland.

Death
Zhou died on August 17, 2024, at the age of 95.

Honors
The asteroid 3462 Zhouguangzhao is named after him.

Zhou was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences in 1987.

References

External links
US National Academy of Sciences entry
entry at chinavitae.com

1929 births
2024 deaths
Chinese nuclear physicists
Educators from Hunan
Chongqing Nankai Secondary School alumni
Tsinghua University alumni
Peking University alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Royal Society
People from Ningxiang
Physicists from Hunan
Academic staff of the University of Science and Technology of China
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress
M-10002. The Union Pacific Railroad's M-10002 was a diesel-electric streamliner train built in 1936 by Pullman-Standard, with prime movers from the Winton Engine division of General Motors Corporation and General Electric generator, control equipment and traction motors. It was the UP's third streamliner, and the last turret-cab streamliner.

The original order was for two 1200 hp power cars, M-10002 and M-10003, of the same design as M-10001.  However, the demands of Chicago-to-west-coast service led UP to expand the consists from six to nine cars and seek more power for the larger trainsets.  Following the demonstration of multiple unit control systems with the EMC 1800 hp B-B units, the new technology was used to increase the power of M-10002 by adding a booster unit with the 900 hp engine that had been removed from M-10001 when it was rebuilt prior to entering regular service.  The order for M-10003 was cancelled and the order number was used for one of the four more powerful locomotive sets built after M-10002.

The cab unit was fitted with a  V16 Winton 201-A diesel engine and booster was equipped with a  V12 Winton 201-A engine. The cab and booster units were articulated together with a span bolster, giving them an effective wheel arrangement of B-B+B-B, but they were not articulated with the train and therefore formed the Union Pacific's first separable diesel locomotive.  The consist of nine passenger cars made it the longest streamliner trainset yet introduced.

M-10002 entered service as the City of Los Angeles on May 15, 1936, the day after the Santa Fe Railroad introduced their first non-streamlined diesel-hauled, heavyweight Super Chief on their competing Chicago, Illinois to Los Angeles, California route.  After the introduction of a full-sized train powered by the new EMC E2 locomotive as the City of Los Angeles in December 1937, the train was withdrawn from service for approximately three months then reassigned to the City of Portland to replace the M-10001. In July 1941, the train was replaced on that route with a train powered by an EMC E3 locomotive set and placed in storage.  The train was reactivated in April 1942 to operate on a Portland-Seattle connection, then withdrawn for the third and final time in May 1943 and the passenger cars removed. The locomotive units were moved to El Segundo, California in December 1946, for experiments with coal-fueled gas turbine locomotive power by a Northrop-Hendy partnership; the project was abandoned and the locomotives were scrapped in December 1947.

M-10002 remained the longest in Chicago-to-west-coast service among the original fleet of Union Pacific streamliners, just under five years.

Notes

References 
 
 Strack, Don. (2001) Union Pacific Diesel Story, 1934-1982, Part I. Retrieved on December 25, 2004.
 Kratville, William W., and Ranks, Harold E., The Union Pacific Streamliners, 1974t

External links

North American streamliner trains
Articulated passenger trains
Union Pacific Railroad locomotives
Diesel multiple units of the United States
Diesel multiple units with locomotive-like power cars
Scrapped locomotives
Pullman Company
Individual locomotives of the United States
Standard Radio & Telefon AB. Standard Radio & Telefon AB (SRT) was a Swedish telecommunications and computer manufacturer, at one time part of the ITT Corporation.

The factory was located in Bromma, north of Stockholm. They developed a range of HF radio products.

They developed an advanced mainframe as well as a computer terminal called Alfaskop that became an export success. A bit much of a success, since an export of a system for air traffic control to Moscow caused a diplomatic incident.

More products :

VFT - Voice Frequency Telegraph system

ARTRAC - Automatic Radio TRAffic Controller

AEC 90 - Modem for SITOR, Simplex Teleprinting over Radio

TD 90 - HF Transmitter Driver

TD 91 - HF Transmitter Driver

CR 90 - HF Communication receiver

CR 91 - HF Communication receiver

SSA 400 - 400W HF Solid State Power Amplifier

SSA 420 - 400W HF Solid State Power Amplifier

SSA 1000 - 1000W Solid State Power Amplifier

SSA 1020 - 1000W Solid State MOSFET Power Amplifier

ATM 1000 - Automatic Antenna Coupler

BBD-367 - HF Broadband Dipole Antenna

Ra 200 - 8W HF Manpack Receiver-Transmitter for the Swedish military

***

List of customers :

* Swiss embassies

* Turkish embassies

* Malaysian embassies

* Algeria Civil Aviation Administration

* Interpol Stockholm and Zurich

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Stockholm. ( small system, they used Drake)

* HF system for Istanbul airport

* Selcall for Hercules aircraft, Arlanda

* Receivers and transmitters for the Danish Navy, still in use

* Receivers and transmitters for the Swedish Army,Navy and Air Force

* Receivers and transmitters for fixed, air/ground and maritime services, Swedish Telecommunications Administration, still in use

***

Some details about the Turkish Embassy Radio system :

The transmitter was the old driver CTD 500 with SSA 400 or SSA 1000. Receiver was the CR 300, two of them in the cabinet. The intention was to use space diversity. No place for two "real" Antennas, the second receiver got an active antenna AA300. Each receiver had a FSK demodulator, CRFD 1000.

The main use  for the second receiver became a broadcast receiver. The system used FEC, equipment from Siemens, FEC 100. It could handle a total loss of signal for 1,5 second.

Antennas used was a logper from Granger, 6- 30 MHz. This Antenna used wires instead of solid elements. Some stations got an ATU 1000 with a 10m whip.

The teleprinter came from SAGEM, similar to Siemens T100.

Some 30-40 embassies was installed, from Washington in the West to Beijing in the East. The main station in Ankara had 12 Transmitters, remote controlled. some 400W some 1000 W. Remote control was via " Voice Frequency Telegraph" VFT system made by SRT.

Before SRT got the order a test system was set up between Berne and Ankara, everything worked fine and MOFA in Ankara signed the order.

References 

Defunct manufacturing companies of Sweden
Telecommunications companies of Sweden
Electronics companies of Sweden
AppleTalk Remote Access. AppleTalk Remote Access (ARA) was a protocol stack that allowed AppleTalk to be run over modems. It became a fairly major product for Apple Computer in the early to mid-1990s when their first portable and laptop computers were available (and very popular). ARA slowly disappeared in the late 1990s when TCP/IP took over the vast majority of networking needs, notably remote access.

Most networking protocols have strong "layering" that separates the various jobs inside the protocol into different pieces of software. This allows them to be run on top of any hardware by replacing the lowest level of the "stack", the hardware drivers. For instance, IP can be made to run on a variety of Ethernet cards or even Token Ring with little effort. For slower speeds, like on modems, things become somewhat more difficult, as the protocols often have invisible assumptions about timing and performance that make it inefficient on links with very limited bandwidth.

AppleTalk included several protocols that made this even more difficult. In particular, AppleTalk had several internal tasks for discovery and naming that ran all the time and made the protocol "chatty". This added to the bandwidth problems, making it even less efficient in this case.

Thus ARA was considerably more complex than similar solutions for IP, replacing many parts of the AppleTalk stack and seriously modifying others. As a result, ARA was quite large, larger than the basic AppleTalk stack, and somewhat memory hungry. It was also slow, a problem it shared with IP at similar speeds. Nevertheless, ARA was the only protocol available for remote access on the Mac, and also shared the typical Apple properties of being easy to install, set up and run. It became a fairly profitable product on its own, and was sold widely in stores.

The introduction of SLIP and the increased use of IP on the Macintosh led to some infighting within Apple as the profits from ARA were reduced. This led Apple to place their IP remote access software in ARA as well, although this had the side effect of making various freeware implementations much more popular. As support for TCP/IP was added, the product line became known as Apple Remote Access. Later versions supported AppleTalk connections over ARAP and TCP/IP connections over PPP.

ARA remained important, if somewhat less so, product for Apple into the late 1990s. In Mac OS X it is no longer required, as Apple has migrated the vast majority of its networking software to IP, and includes remote access software for free.

References
 
 
 
 
 

Apple Inc. software