omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nature Materials. Nature Materials is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was launched in September 2002. Vincent Dusastre is the launching and current chief editor.

Aims and scope
Nature Materials is focused on all topics within the combined disciplines of materials science and engineering. Topics published in the journal are presented from the view of the impact that materials research has on other scientific disciplines such as (for example) physics, chemistry, and biology. Coverage in this journal encompasses fundamental research and applications from synthesis to processing, and from structure to composition. Coverage also includes basic research and applications of properties and performance of materials. Materials are specifically described as "substances in the condensed states (liquid, solid, colloidal)", and which are "designed or manipulated for technological ends."

Furthermore, Nature Materials functions as a forum for the materials scientist community.  Interdisciplinary research results are published, obtained from across all areas of materials research, and between scientists involved in the different disciplines. The readership for this journal are scientists, in both academia and industry involved in either developing materials or working with materials-related concepts. Finally, Nature Materials perceives materials research as significantly influential on the development of society.

Coverage
Research areas covered in the journal include:

 Engineering and structural materials (metals, alloys, ceramics, composites)
 Organic and soft materials (glasses, colloids, liquid crystals, polymers)
 Bio-inspired, biomedical and biomolecular materials
 Optical, photonic and optoelectronic materials
 Magnetic materials
 Materials for electronics
 Superconducting materials
 Catalytic and separation materials
 Materials for energy
 Nanoscale materials and processes
 Computation, modelling and materials theory
 Surfaces and thin films
 Design, synthesis, processing and characterization techniques

In addition to primary research, Nature Materials also publishes review articles, news and views, research highlights about important papers published in other journals, commentaries, correspondence, interviews and analysis of the broad field of materials science.

Abstracting and indexing
Nature Materials is indexed in the following databases:
Chemical Abstracts Service – CASSI
Science Citation Index 
Science Citation Index Expanded 
Current Contents – Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences 
BIOSIS Previews

References

External links
 Nature Materials
 Nature Materials editors

Nature Research academic journals
Materials science journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2002
Unstructured grid. An unstructured grid or irregular grid is a tessellation of a part of the Euclidean plane or Euclidean space by simple shapes, such as triangles or tetrahedra, in an irregular pattern.  Grids of this type may be used in finite element analysis when the input to be analyzed has an irregular shape.

Unlike structured grids, unstructured grids require a list of the connectivity which specifies the way a given set of vertices make up individual elements (see graph (data structure)).

Ruppert's algorithm is often used to convert an irregularly shaped polygon into an unstructured grid of triangles.

In addition to triangles and tetrahedra, other commonly used elements in finite element simulation include quadrilateral (4-noded) and hexahedral (8-noded) elements in 2D and 3D, respectively. One of the most commonly used algorithms to generate unstructured quadrilateral grid is "Paving". However, there is no such commonly used algorithm for generating unstructured hexahedral grid on a general 3D solid model.  "Plastering" is a 3D version of Paving, but it has difficulty in forming hexahedral elements at the interior of a solid.

See also

References

External links 

Mesh generation

fr:Maillage
Ernst Julius Berg. Ernst Julius Berg (9 Feb. 1871 - 1941) was a Swedish-born, American electrical engineer.

Biography
Ernst Julius Berg was born in Östersund, Jämtland County in Sweden. After graduating from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1892, he immigrated to the United States. He began working as an assistant to Charles Proteus Steinmetz at General Electric. He then joined the faculty of electrical engineering at Union College.

In 1909, he became head of electrical engineering department at the University of Illinois. Berg remained as department head until June 1913, when he resigned and returned to his former positions with General Electric Company and with Union College. He was associated with Union College until his death in 1941.   A pioneer of radio, he produced the first two-way radio voice program in the United States. In the field of theoretical analysis of electrical circuits, he popularized Oliver Heaviside's technique of operational calculus.

In 1906 he married Gwendoline O'Brien.  He is buried in Vale Cemetery in Schenectady, New York.

Works
 1900: (with Charles Proteus Steinmetz) Theory and calculations of Alternating Current Phenomena, Electrical World and Engineer
 1908: Electrical energy, its generation, transmission, and utilization, McGraw Hill
 1916: Electrical Engineering, first course, McGraw Hill
 1916: Electrical Engineering, advanced course, McGraw Hill
 1929: Heaviside's Operational Calculus as Applied to Engineering and Physics, McGraw Hill via Internet Archive

Archive
Special Collections, Schaffer Library, Union College, Schenectady, New York.
University of Illinois Picture of EJ Berg

References
 S. Hensel (1994) Ernst Julius Berg Educator and Proselytizer of Heaviside's Calculus, IEEE Potentials, 13, 57.
 R.R. Kline (1988)  The General Electric professorship at Union College, 1903-41, IEEE Transactions on Education 31, 141.
 Benson, Adolph B. & Naboth Hedin (1969) Swedes In America, New York: Haskel House Publishers

External links
 

1871 births
1941 deaths
People from Östersund
Swedish emigrants to the United States
American electrical engineers
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Union College (New York) faculty
ZIS-110. The ZIS-110 is a Soviet limousine produced by ZIL from 1946 to 1958.

The 110 was developed from the reverse engineering of a 1942 Packard Super Eight during 1944. The first five prototypes were completed by August 1945. It was powered by a 6-litre, straight 8-cylinder engine, producing  and giving a top speed of over . It was made in both sedan and convertible versions.

The ZIS was rumored to use machinery from the Packard 180 assembly line which was sent to the USSR after American production ended. However, according to The Fall of the Packard Motor Car Company, there is no evidence whatsoever in the Packard archives of such a transfer. Moreover, as one of the main results of the collection of information and material of Bert Hein, there can be many current opinions within the car literature disproved.  The database includes, in addition to some pictures of commissars with Packards, a registry of existing cars and information about all ZIS versions, but particularly a point to point comparison between the products of Packard and ZIS. Therefore more likely that the top commissars, including Joseph Stalin, owned several Packards and wanted their first effort at a luxury car to be based on what is arguably one of the top cars of the 1940s.

These cars were often given away as gifts to foreign communist leaders such as Chinese leader Mao Zedong and North Korean premier Kim Il-sung. After Stalin, the ZIL-110B cabriolet was used as a parade car for Nikita Khrushchev and this model was also given to Enver Hoxha, the lifelong president of Albania. Ho Chi Minh, the first president of North Vietnam, also received one (most likely from the Soviet Union), which can be seen on display on the grounds of his former residence in the Vietnamese capital of Hanoi.

Production ended in 1958, with total of 2,089 cars made.

Variants
ZIS-110A: Ambulance version. Produced 1948–1958.
ZIS-110B: Phaeton version. Produced 1947–1958.
ZIS-110I: Prototype version with GAZ-13 Chaika powertrain.
ZIS-110P: All-wheel-drive version.
ZIS-110SH: Prototype all-wheel-drive version. Four built (two based on Dodge WC51 and two based on domestic units). Produced in 1949.
ZIS-110SH: Staff car version.
ZIS-110V: Convertible version.
ZIS-115: Armored version. Also known as ZIS-110C.

Notable owners
Famous owners of the ZIS-110 have included the following people, but most of them were often given away as gifts to foreign communist leaders.

Politicians
Enver Hoxha
Ho Chi Minh
Joseph Stalin
Kim Il-sung
Mao Zedong
Nikita Khrushchev
Klement Gottwald

References

External links

 Autogallery.ru - ZiS-110 picture gallery with technical specifications and history
 ZIS 110 Exterior and Interior in Full 3D HD (Stereoscopic 3D video of ZIS 110, YouTube)

ZiL vehicles
Luxury vehicles
Cars introduced in 1946
Soviet automobiles
Flagship vehicles
1958 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Alto Trek. Alto Trek is a computer game, developed by Gene Ball and Rick Rashid for the Xerox Alto while they were graduate students at the University of Rochester during the late 1970s. It is one of the first networked multiplayer games.

Gameplay

Alto Trek is a multiplayer game where each player uses their own Alto workstation to control a starship. The objective of the game is to destroy the enemy without being destroyed. A player can choose between being a Klingon, Romulan, or Terran. The game can be played by one player, but there will be no enemy to destroy.

There is no central server that maintains the game state. Each Alto "multicasts" its game information on the shared Ethernet that all players must be on. The "multicast" address on which to rendezvous is a function of the number of stellar systems in the game.

Development
The manual for version 2.1 is dated August 1979 and authored by Allen Wells, Bob Baldwin, and Steve Quarterman. It confirms that the game was authored primarily by Ball.

Around 1997, while a vice president at Microsoft, Rashid began to re-implement the game as a way to teach himself to use the DirectX programming API. This resulted in the development of Microsoft Allegiance.

References

External links
Internet Archive - Alto Trek 2.1 manual

1978 video games
Video games based on Star Trek
Xerox Alto games
Video games developed in the United States
Multiplayer video games
RDT. RDT may refer to:

Digital technology
 Real Data Transport, a proprietary data transport protocol
 Remote data transmission, the transmission of data between computers over a medium using a communications protocol
 Remote digital terminal, in telecommunications
 Reliable Data Transfer, in computer networking

Medicine
 Rapid diagnostic test

People
 Raúl de Tomás
 RealDonaldTrump

Organisations
 Rangoon Development Trust
 Rosslyn Data Technologies
 Royal Danish Theatre

Transport
 Radlett railway station (National Rail station code), England
 Richard Toll Airport (IATA code)
Dean Wooldridge. Dean Everett Wooldridge (May 30, 1913 in Chickasha, Oklahoma – September 20, 2006 in Santa Barbara, California) was a prominent engineer in the aerospace industry.

Something of a prodigy, Wooldridge graduated from high school at the age of 14.  He received his bachelor's and master's degree from the University of Oklahoma.  Like his future colleague Simon Ramo, Wooldridge went on to study at the California Institute of Technology under William Smythe, from which he received his PhD in physics (summa cum laude) in 1936, studying the separation of isotopes.

After leaving Caltech, Wooldridge moved first to Bell Laboratories, where he worked on the theory of magnetism.  In 1946, he and Simon Ramo (his classmate at Caltech) both became director of research for the electronics department of Hughes Aircraft, and his career became coupled with that of Simon Ramo. Together they formed a successful team for many years, with Wooldridge concentrating on investment and general business aspects while Ramo led research, development and engineering efforts. By 1948, Hughes had created its Aerospace Group to work with the newly created U.S. Air Force. The Air Force became concerned with developing management issues at Hughes, and Ramo and Wooldridge were particularly concerned when Howard Hughes avoided their attempts to discuss the problem. In September 1953, they jointly resigned, and within a week they formed the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation on September 16, 1953.

In 1958, Ramo-Wooldridge merged with Thompson Products to form TRW, which carried on the success of its predecessor.  It handled system engineering and technical direction for numerous Air Force projects.  Wooldridge served as president of TRW until he retired in 1962. He returned to Caltech as a research associate and published several books about the physical processes underlying biology and intelligence, winning the AAAS-Westinghouse award for science writing in 1963.

He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

He died of pneumonia on September 20, 2006 in Santa Barbara, California.

Books
The Machinery of the Brain, Dean Wooldridge, McGraw-Hill (1963)
The Machinery of Life, Dean Wooldridge, McGraw-Hill (1966)
Mechanical Man: The Physical Basis of Intelligent Life, Dean Wooldridge, McGraw-Hill (1968)
Sensory Processing in the Brain, Dean Wooldridge, John Wiley & Sons Inc (August 1979),

References

External links

Cover picture Time April 29, 1957

American aerospace engineers
TRW Inc.
1913 births
2006 deaths
People from Chickasha, Oklahoma
University of Oklahoma alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Santa Barbara, California
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Engineers from California
20th-century American engineers
Hugh McGregor Ross. Hugh McGregor Ross (31 August 1917 – 1 September 2014) was an early pioneer in the history of British computing. He was employed by Ferranti from the mid-1960s, where he worked on the Pegasus thermionic valve computer. He was involved in the standardization of ASCII and ISO 646 and worked closely with Bob Bemer. ASCII was first known in Europe as the Bemer–Ross Code. He was also one of the four main designers of ISO 6937, with Peter Fenwick, Bernard Marti and Loek Zeckendorf. He was one of the principal architects of the Universal Character Set ISO/IEC 10646 when it was first conceived.

Hugh was an expert in the Gospel of Thomas and wrote several books about it. He was a Quaker, and also wrote about George Fox. His working papers on the teachings of Fox are held at Yorkshire Quaker Heritage Project.

Books by Hugh McGregor Ross
 
George Fox Speaks for Himself: Texts that reveal his personality—many hitherto unpublished. York: William Sessions, 1991. 
Говорит сам Джордж Фокс: тексты, раскрывающие его личнотсь (многие публикуются впервые). Отобрано, отредактировано и представлено Хью Мак-Грегором Россом. Ленинград: [s.n.]. 
The Gospel of Thomas: newly presented to bring out the meaning, with introductions paraphrases and notes.  Colchester: The Millrind Press, 1997. . Second edition Element Books, . First edition York: Ebor Press, 
Jesus untouched by the Church: His Teachings in the Gospel of Thomas. Calligraphy by John Blamires. York: William Sessions Limited, 1998. 
Thirty Essays on the Gospel of Thomas. Cathair na Mart: Evertype, 2008. . 4th edition Watkins Publishing. 
George Fox: A Christian mystic. Cathair na Mart: Evertype, 2008.

References

External links
The Gospel of Thomas collection. Hugh McGregor Ross' web site about translation and commentary on the Gospel of Thomas.

1917 births
2014 deaths
English computer scientists
English Quakers
History of computing in the United Kingdom
People involved with Unicode
Basic Interoperable Scrambling System. Basic Interoperable Scrambling System, usually known as BISS, is a satellite signal scrambling system developed by the European Broadcasting Union, Eurovision Media Services and a consortium of hardware manufacturers.

Prior to its development, "ad hoc" or "occasional use" satellite news feeds were transmitted either using proprietary encryption methods (e.g. RAS, or PowerVu), or without any encryption. Unencrypted satellite feeds allowed anyone with the correct equipment to view the program material.

Proprietary encryption methods were determined by encoder manufacturers, and placed major compatibility limitations on the type of satellite receiver (IRD) that could be used for each feed. BISS was an attempt to create an "open platform" encryption system, which could be used across a range of manufacturers equipment.

There are mainly two different types of BISS encryption used:

 BISS-1 transmissions are protected by a 12 digit hexadecimal "session key" that is agreed by the transmitting and receiving parties prior to transmission. The key is entered into both the encoder and decoder, this key then forms part of the encryption of the digital TV signal and any receiver with BISS-support with the correct key will decrypt the signal.
 BISS-E (E for encrypted) is a variation where the decoder has stored one secret BISS-key entered by for example a rights holder. This is unknown to the user of the decoder. The user is then sent a 16-digit hexadecimal code, which is entered as a "session key". This session key is then mathematically combined internally to calculate a BISS-1 key that can decrypt the signal.
Only a decoder with the correct secret BISS-key will be able to decrypt a BISS-E feed. This gives the rights holder control as to exactly which decoder can be used to decrypt/decode a specific feed. Any BISS-E encrypted feed will have a corresponding BISS-1 key that will unlock it.

BISS-E is amongst others used by EBU to protect UEFA Champions League, NBC in the United States for NBC O&O and Affiliated station and other high-profile satellite feeds.

External links
 BISS-E Technical Specification by EBU

Digital television
Digital rights management systems
Broadcast engineering
Satellite broadcasting
Conditional-access television broadcasting
Shiplift. A shiplift is a modern alternative for a slipway, a floating dry dock or a graving dry dock. A shiplift is used to dry dock and launch ships. It consists of a structural platform that is lifted and lowered exactly vertically, synchronously by a number of hoists. First, the platform is lowered underwater, then the ship is floated above the support, and finally the platform with support and ship is lifted and the ship is brought to the level of the quay.

Design

Shiplifts are often supplied under rules of a classification authority. Lloyd's Register of Shipping is the authority with most experience in the certification or classification of shiplifts. Whereas "shiplift" is the word that is normally used, the term used by Lloyd's register is "Mechanical Lift Dock".

There are two different kinds of platform design, the articulated and the rigid. The articulated platform has hinged connections between the main and the longitudinal beams. A rigid platform, the beams are bolted or welded together.

The Syncrolift System was invented by Raymond Pearlson, who was later awarded the Sperry Award for the invention, development and worldwide implementation of a new system for lifting ships out of the water for repair and for launching new ship construction..

Transfer System
Many shiplifts use a transfer system for ships so that the vessels can be transported from the water to a parking place where they can be painted or repaired. One shiplift can serve many parking places, while a dry docking installation can only dock one ship.

For large vessels the transfer system consists of a number of trolleys or cradles, supported by high capacity steel wheels. The wheels drive on heavy duty rails. The transport can be one directional, but in order to serve more parking places, two directional systems are used. These two directional systems make use of a traverser carriage or sometimes the wheels of the trolleys can be turned over 90 degrees. Above the wheels often hydraulic cylinders are located so that the ship can be transported upon a so-called Syncrolift® Fluid Bed™. The cylinders are also used to lower the ships on a static support, so that the transfer system with the active elements can be recovered.

Pleasure Craft

Smaller devices called "Boat lifts" are available that simply raise yachts, sailboats, or small watercraft above the water level at a dock for storage, for reduced maintenance cost and increased security. They can be operated by cables, by hydraulics, or by air flotation and some are "drive on" to segmented flexing supports.

Even smaller, are devices sometimes called "Portable boat lifts" which are easily transported cranes that allow one person to separate a boat from a trailer by themselves.

See also
Syncrolift
Boat lift
Dry dock
Patent slip (1818 marine railway)
Slipway
Travel lift

References

Shipbuilding
Woody Bledsoe. Woodrow Wilson "Woody" Bledsoe (November 12, 1921 – October 4, 1995) was an American mathematician, computer scientist, and prominent educator. He is one of the founders of artificial intelligence (AI), making early contributions in pattern recognition, facial recognition, and automated theorem proving. He continued to make significant contributions to AI throughout his long career. One of his influences was Frank Rosenblatt.

Beginning in 1966, he worked at the department of mathematics and computer science of the University of Texas at Austin, holding the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Centennial Chair in Computing Science starting in 1987.

Bledsoe joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as an adult, and served in the church as a bishop, counselor to the stake presidency, and stake patriarch. He also served as a leader in the Boy Scouts of America. Bledsoe died on October 4, 1995, of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, more commonly known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease.

Works 
The n-tuple method (1959) was an early method for learning a pattern recognition program. The basic method is illustrated by the problem of recognizing 36 alphanumerical characters (0-9, a-z).

Let the input be a 10x15 binary image. It is equivalent to a single string with 150 binary letters. Now, randomly partition the 150 binary pixels into 75 pairs. Each pair has 4 possibilities: 00, 01, 10, 11. Now we will define a 300x36 binary matrix as follows:

Let  represent the 00-state of the first pair, and similarly for the others. We have 300 such states, each represented in a row. The 36 columns each correspond to one alphanumerical character. The entire binary matrix is arranged as follows:The pattern recognizer is defined by the binary matrix. It is trained by firstsetting all entries to zero, then it is presented with several binary images of each alphanumerical character. For each image, the corresponding entries in the matrix are set to one, and the other entries are unchanged. This is an example of machine learning.

After the training the recognizer, it can be used to recognize new images. First compute the new image's corresponding column vector, then take the dot-product with each column of the binary matrix. The column with the highest dot-product is outputted as the most likely character.

Further reading

Selected publications

References

External links
 Papers and program printouts pertaining to Bledsoe's facial recognition algorithm of the 1960s
 
 
 W.W. Bledsoe at the chess programming wiki

1921 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
American computer scientists
20th-century American educators
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
American artificial intelligence researchers
Converts to Mormonism
Patriarchs (LDS Church)
People from Maysville, Oklahoma
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Mathematicians from Oklahoma
Latter Day Saints from Oklahoma
Latter Day Saints from Texas
Presidents of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence