omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Trondheim Energi. Trondheim Energi, formerly Trondheim Energiverk, was a Trondheim, Norway-based power company and a subsidiary of Statkraft. The company owned the power grid and district heating in Trondheim and Klæbu, fourteen hydroelectric power plants in Nea and Nidelva, and five partially owned power plants in the Orkla Valley.

History
Trondheim Energi was founded in 1901 as Trondhjems Elektricitetsværk og Sporvei to build a power plant in Øvre Leirfoss and operate the Trondheim Tramway. In 1921 the company was split into Trondheim Energiverk (TEV) and Trondheim Sporvei, the latter with responsibility for the tramway. In 1952 TEV and Stockholm Elverk made an agreement where they would cooperate in building the Nea power plant. The agreement included  exchange of power with Sweden. In 1982 the district heating system was decided built by the city council, with operation starting in 1986.

In 1997 the company was reorganized as a limited company and in 1999 as a corporation. In 2002 Trondheim city council sold the company to Statkraft.

Total production of electricity was 2,865 GWh in 2006, while district heating was 451 GWh. Trondheim Energi has 82,000 power customers, 93,000 grid customers and 2,400 district heating customers.

In 2007 the group changed its name to Trondheim Energi.

Trondheim Energi was bought by TrønderEnergi from Statkraft in 2010.

References

External links

 Official website

Defunct electric power companies of Norway
Energy companies established in 1901
Energy companies disestablished in 2010
Companies based in Trondheim
Companies formerly owned by municipalities of Norway
Statkraft
1901 establishments in Norway
2010 disestablishments in Norway
Edingtonite. Edingtonite is a white, gray, brown, colorless, pink or yellow zeolite mineral. Its chemical formula is BaAl2Si3O10·4H2O. It has varieties with tetragonal, orthorhombic or triclinic crystals.

The mineral occurs within cavities in nepheline syenites, carbonatites, in
hydrothermal veins and various mafic rocks. It occurs associated with thomsonite, analcime, natrolite, harmotome, brewsterite, prehnite and calcite.

The mineral was first reported by and named for Scottish mineral collector James Edington (1787–1844). Other sources (including the mineralogist Haidinger) credit Scottish geologist and mineralogist Thomas Edington (1814-1859). However, as the mineral was named in 1825, the former accreditation must be the true one.

References

External links

Edingtonite structure

Zeolites
Barium minerals
Tetrahydrate minerals
Lunar Landing Research Facility. The Lunar Landing Research Facility (LLRF) was an area at NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia that was used to simulate Apollo Moon landings with a mock Lunar Module powered by a small rocket motor suspended from a crane over a simulated lunar landscape.

Completed in 1965 at a cost of $3.5 million, the facility was used by 24 astronauts, including Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to practice solving piloting problems they would encounter in the last  of descent to the surface of the Moon.

The structure was used to facilitate "flying" a full-scale Lunar Excursion Module Simulator (LEMS). The LEMS was suspended from a -tall, -long A-frame gantry by an overhead bridge crane. The LEMS is now on display at the Virginia Air and Space Center.

Post-Apollo uses

Re-designated the Impact Dynamics Research Facility (IDRF) in 1974, the site was used for research on aircraft crashes until 2003. With limited funding for maintenance, NASA then closed the facility and it was listed for demolition.

In 2004, NASA determined that the IDRF could be adapted to support the Constellation program. It was re-opened in 2005 to conduct landing tests associated with the development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Orion. The facility was renamed the Landing and Impact Research Facility (LandIR) and minor modifications were made, including a new parallel winch system to support full-scale Orion testing and a new hydro-impact basin (splashdown pool) below the gantry. Construction of the basin was completed in 2011. After Constellation was cancelled, the LandIR continued performing impact testing since the CEV will be used to service the International Space Station.

The facility was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985 for its role in the space program.

Gallery

See also
 Reduced Gravity Walking Simulator, part of the LLRF
 Lunar Orbit and Landing Approach
Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampton, Virginia

References

External links

Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
NASA Impact Dynamics Research Facility
LLRF National Landmark document

Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Missions to the Moon
Apollo program
National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
Buildings and structures in Hampton, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Hampton, Virginia
Data Respons. Data Respons ASA is a company that develops embedded systems within the areas of Transport & Automotive, Telecom & Media, Industry Automation, Energy & Maritime, Medtech, Space, Defense & Security, and Finance & Public. The company was acquired by French Akka Technologies in 2020.

The company has offices in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Taiwan.

References

External links
 Official website

Software companies of Norway
Companies established in 1986
Companies listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange
1986 establishments in Norway
List of most expensive U.S. public works projects. Below is a list of so-called megaprojects that are among the most expensive in U.S. history.

Highways
The following list includes projects to build new highways or improve existing ones, including roadways, bridges, and tunnels. It includes only projects that are underway or completed. Additionally, projects with multiple independent segments (e.g., I-69 Indiana-Texas Extension, Trans-Texas Corridor) are not included, though individual segments may or may not make the list. Costs shown below exclude financing costs.

Rail

See also
 Megaproject

References

Economy-related lists of superlatives
United States transportation-related lists
Public Works, US
MillenWorks. MillenWorks, known as Rod Millen Motorsports until 2005, was an American automotive technology company started by Rod Millen in 1980. The company began by preparing Millen's rally cars, and evolved into designing and building them. The company developed vehicles, high performance auto parts, and technology for racing, concept cars, and the US military.

MillenWorks was acquired by Textron in 2011.

Race cars
Some of the first cars designed and built by the company were the Pikes Peak Toyota Celica and Toyota Tacoma which Millen drove to overall victories in the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999.
Other cars include the Championship Off-Road Racing Pro 4 Toyota Tundra and the SCORE Toyota FJ Cruiser which competed in the Baja 1000.

Concept cars
MillenWorks was often contracted to develop technologies for upcoming concept cars. They developed the revolutionary drivetrain seen on the Jeep Hurricane, which allows it to spin in place using independent four wheel steering. They also developed the hybrid electric four wheel drive system seen on the Ralliart Mitsubishi Eclipse concept car, and many of the mechanisms seen on the Scion FUSE. Other projects included the Chrysler ME Four-Twelve, Lexus IS430, Porsche Carrera GT Concept, Toyota Ultimate Celica, Lexus Streetrod, and the Toyota Retrocruiser.

Military vehicles
MillenWorks also developed manned and unmanned ground vehicles and technology for the military, such as the MillenWorks Light Utility Vehicle. With Lord Corporation, they also developed an active magneto rheological suspension for the U.S. Army's Stryker, which was tested at the Yuma Proving Grounds. They teamed with Lockheed Martin on several other projects, including the RST-V, unmanned ground combat vehicle, Gladiator tactical unmanned ground vehicle, and the multifunctional utility/logistics and equipment (Mule) vehicle. They also developed diesel-electric drivetrains for the HMMWV, which were tested at the Aberdeen Proving Ground.

Gallery

Performance parts
It also developed automotive performance parts for the Mazda Miata, and cooperated with Toyota Racing Development on parts for the Toyota Celica and Lexus IS300.

References

External links
 MillenWorks.com (old link which now redirects to Textron Industrial page)

Automotive motorsports and performance companies
American racecar constructors
Companies based in Orange County, California
Tustin, California
Military vehicle manufacturers
Valley Metal Container. Valley Metal Container (VMC), a joint venture between the Coors Brewing Company and American National Can Company, operates the world's largest single-site facility for aluminum can production. Located in Golden, Colorado, the plant manufactures over 4 billion cans per year on six production lines.

External links
Using mixed-integer programming to reduce label changes in the Coors aluminium can plant 
Using Mixed-Integer Programming to Reduce Label Changes in the Coors Aluminum Can Plant 

Joint ventures
Companies based in Golden, Colorado
Packaging companies of the United States
Analysis of molecular variance. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), is a statistical model for the molecular algorithm in a single species, typically biological. The name and model are inspired by ANOVA. The method was developed by Laurent Excoffier, Peter Smouse and Joseph Quattro at Rutgers University in 1992.

Since developing AMOVA, Excoffier has written a program for running such analyses. This program, which runs on Windows, is called Arlequin and is freely available on Excoffier's website. There are also implementations in R language in the ade4 and the pegas packages, both  available on CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network). Another implementation is in Info-Gen, which also runs on Windows. The student version is free and fully functional. Native language of the application is Spanish but an English version is also available.

An additional free statistical package, GenAlEx, is geared toward teaching as well as research and allows for complex genetic analyses to be employed and compared within the commonly used Microsoft Excel interface.  This software allows for calculation of analyses such as AMOVA, as well as comparisons with other types of closely related statistics including F-statistics and Shannon's index, and more.

References

External links 
 Arlequin 3 website
 Online AMOVA Calculation for Y-STR Data
 Info-Gen website
 GenAIEx website

Population genetics
Molecular biology
Analysis of variance
Charles Concordia. Charles Concordia (20 June 1908 – 25 December 2003) was a noted American electrical engineer specializing in electrical power engineering and the early history of computer hardware.

Biography
Concordia was born in Schenectady, New York.  In 1926 he went directly from high school to General Electric as a test engineer. In 1934 he graduated from its Advanced Engineering Program and worked at General Electric until 1973. His early engineering work concerned television and detecting cracks in railway rails by magnetic field measurements.

During World War II he worked on generators and turbines for naval destroyer propulsion, researched aircraft superchargers, and helped develop ships' electrical drives. In the 1940s he chaired the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) subcommittee on large-scale computing devices and continued consulting after the war. He married Frances Butler in 1948. In 1971 he earned a D.Sc. from Union College and later received an honorary D.Sc. from Iowa State University.

Concordia was a Fellow of the IEEE, ASME, and AAAS, a member of the National Academy of Engineering and NSPE, a founder and National Treasurer of the Association for Computing Machinery, and first chairman of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers' Computer Committee, forerunner of the IEEE Computer Society. For his work he received the Lamme Medal, the Centennial Medal, and the Power-Life Award from the IEEE and AIEE, as well as the Philip Sporn Award from CIGRE and both the Coffin Award and the Steinmetz Award from General Electric. He was awarded the 1999 IEEE Medal of Honor "For outstanding contributions in the area of Power Systems Dynamics which resulted in substantial improvements in planning, operation, and security of extended power systems".

Selected works 
 "Steady State Stability of Synchronous Machines as Affected by Voltage-Regulator Characteristics," Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1944.
 Synchronous Machines: Theory and Performance, Wiley, 1951.

References 
 IEEE History Center biography
 Electro Science biography
 IEEE Interview by Frederick Nebeker

1908 births
2003 deaths
American electrical engineers
Union College (New York) alumni
General Electric people
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Association for Computing Machinery
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
People from Schenectady, New York
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates
IEEE Lamme Medal recipients
Engineers from New York (state)
20th-century American engineers
Terminal countdown demonstration test. A terminal countdown demonstration test (TCDT) is a simulation of the final hours of a launch countdown and serves as a practice exercise in which both the launch team and flight crew rehearse launch day timelines and procedures. In the specific case of a TCDT for the Space Shuttle, the test culminated in a simulated ignition and RSLS Abort (automated shutdown of the orbiter's main engines). Following the simulated abort, the flight crew was briefed on emergency egress procedures and use of the fixed service structure slidewire system. On some earlier shuttle missions, and Apollo missions, the test would conclude with the flight crew evacuating the launch pad by use of these emergency systems, but this is no longer part of the test.

Unmanned carrier rocket launches also undergo TCDTs, when countdown procedures are followed. These vary for specific rockets, for example solid-fuelled rockets would not simulate an engine shutdown, as it is impossible to shut down a solid rocket after it has been lit.

TCDTs typically are carried out a few days before launch.

See also
 Space Shuttle program
 Ares (rocket)

References

Ares (rocket family)
Space Shuttle program
Spaceflight
Time
Basic sequential access method. In IBM mainframe operating systems, Basic sequential access method (BSAM) is an access method to read and write datasets sequentially. BSAM is available on OS/360, OS/VS2, MVS, z/OS, and related operating systems.

BSAM is used for devices that are naturally sequential, such as punched card readers, punches, line printers, and magnetic tape. It is also used for data on devices that could also be addressed directly, such as magnetic disks. BSAM offers device independence: to the extent possible, the same API calls are used for different devices.

BSAM allows programs to read and write physical blocks of data, as opposed to the more powerful but less flexible Queued Sequential Access Method (QSAM) which allows programs to access logical records within physical blocks of data.
The BSAM user must be aware of the possibility of encountering short (truncated) blocks (blocks within a dataset which are shorter than the BLKSIZE of the dataset), particularly at the end of a dataset, but also in many cases within a dataset. QSAM has none of these limitations.

Application program interface
The programmer specifies DSORG=PS in his Data Control Block (DCB) to indicate use of BSAM.
As a basic access method BSAM reads and writes member data in blocks and the I/O operation proceeds asynchronously and must be tested for completion using the CHECK macro. BSAM uses the standard system macros OPEN, CLOSE, READ, WRITE,and CHECK. The NOTE macro instruction returns position of the last block read or written, and the POINT macro will reposition to the location identified by a previous NOTE.

If the dataset is unblocked, that is, the logical record length (LRECL) is equal to the physical block size (BLKSIZE), BSAM may be utilized to simulate a directly accessed dataset using NOTE and POINT on any supported direct access device type (DEVD=DA), and some primitive applications were designed in this way.

Similar facilities
The BSAM application program interface can be compared with the interface offered by open, read, write and close calls (using file handles) in other operating systems such as Unix and Windows. POINT provides an analog of seek or lseek,and ftell is the equivalent of NOTE.

See also
Queued Sequential Access Method (QSAM)
Hierarchical Sequential Access Method (HSAM)
Basic Indexed Sequential Access Method (BISAM)
Queued Indexed Sequential Access Method (QISAM)
Hierarchical Indexed Sequential Access Method (HISAM)

References

IBM mainframe operating systems
Alessandro Marchetti (aircraft engineer). Alessandro Marchetti (16 June 1884 – 5 December 1966) was an Italian engineer and airplane designer. Marchetti was born in Cori, Italy, and died in Busto Arsizio. He is best known for having created the Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 medium bomber.

Biography 
Born in 1884, Marchetti graduated in engineering from the Sapienza University of Rome in 1908. In 1910 he built his first aircraft, the sport biplane Chimera, and made his first flight. He started working for the Vickers subsidiary at Terni in 1917. For the Vikers he designed a very fast small biplane known as the Marchetti MVT (Marchetti-Vickers-Terni).

In 1922, he joined the SIAI (Società Idrovolanti Alta Italia) as technical director and in the period between the world wars designed a series of seaplanes of technical originality and commercial success. One of the first was the S.55, conceived as a torpedo seaplane, and then produced in various versions, both civil and military. Unlike previous flying boats with a central hull like the Dorniers or with two floats, he designed a craft with twin hulls set beneath a single large wing of considerable thickness, making it possible to eliminate the bracing.

Marchetti went on to produce the planes that Francesco de Pinedo flew around the world, and Arturo Ferrarin made a non-stop flight from Italy to Brazil. Marchetti is best known for having created the Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 and the Savoia-Marchetti SM.81, two World War II bomber aircraft. His last projects were the four-engine transport aircraft SM.95 (1943) and the light transport cabin monoplane SM.102 (1949).

See also
 Savoia-Marchetti

Notes

References 

 
 

1884 births
1966 deaths
Italian aerospace engineers
SIAI-Marchetti
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Société Industrielle pour l'Aéronautique. Société Industrielle Pour l’Aéronautique (SIPA) was a French aircraft manufacturer established in 1938 by Georges Volland. From 1938-1940, SIPA principally manufactured parts for other French aircraft companies.
After World War II, it began developing a series of trainers for the French Air Force.

In 1947, SIPA won a competition for a new two-seat touring and trainer aircraft for France's aero clubs and 113 were produced as the SIPA S.90 series. The SIPA S.1000 Coccinelle was built in small numbers in 1956/57. The SIPA S.200 Minijet, first flown in 1952, was the world's first all-metal two-seat light jet. SIPA was taken over by Aérospatiale in 1975.

Aircraft
Boisavia Anjou
SIPA S.70
SIPA S.90
SIPA S.200 Minijet
SIPA S.300
SIPA S.1000 Coccinelle
SIPA Antilope

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 

Aérospatiale
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1938
1975 disestablishments in France
French companies established in 1938
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1975
The Handle. The Handle is an electric guitar created by designer Peter Solomon and produced by the company XOX Audio Tools.

The Handle is characterized by its hollow shell which construction favors direct transmission of acoustic vibrations and creates a resonance chamber similar to that of a semi-acoustic guitar.

The Handle is made from carbon fiber.

A baritone version has also been produced, called the "Billytone" after Billy Sheehan.

Related Discussions
Electric guitar
Industrial design

References

Product design
Electric guitars
Standalone program. A standalone program, also known as a freestanding program, is a computer program that does not load any external module, library function or program and that is designed to boot with the bootstrap procedure of the target processor – it runs on bare metal. In early computers like the ENIAC without the concept of an operating system, standalone programs were the only way to run a computer. Standalone programs are usually written in assembly language for a specific hardware.

Later standalone programs typically were provided for utility functions such as disk formatting. Also, computers with very limited memory may use standalone programs, i.e. most computers until the mid-1950s and later still embedded processors.

Standalone programs are now mainly limited to SoC's or microcontrollers (where battery life, price, and data space are at premiums) and critical systems. In extreme cases every possible set of inputs and errors must be tested and thus every potential output known; fully independent [separate physical suppliers and programing teams] yet fully parallel system-state monitoring; or where the attack surface must be minimized; an operating system would add unacceptable complexity and uncertainty (examples include industrial operator safety interrupts, commercial airlines, medical devices, ballistic missile launch controls and lithium-battery charge controllers in consumer devices [fire hazard and chip cost of approximately 10 cents]). Resource limited microcontrollers can also be made more tolerant of varied environmental conditions than the more powerful hardware needed for an operating system; this is possible because of the much lower clock frequency, pin spacing, lack of large data buses (e.g. DDR4 RAM modules), and limited transistor count allowance for wider design margins and thus the potential for more robust electrical and physical properties both in circuit layout and material choices.

See also 
 Bare machine

References

Legacy systems
Computer programming