omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kadoka station. The Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad Depot in Kadoka, South Dakota, United States, is a rectangular, single story, wood-frame building built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (otherwise known as the Milwaukee Road) in 1906 during the railroad's expansion across South Dakota from Sioux Falls to Rapid City in 1906–07. The depot was built to handle passenger and freight traffic as well as agricultural products. When the railroad went out of business in the mid-1980s, the depot was bought by the Kadoka Community Betterment Association and converted into a museum showcasing artifacts and life on the South Dakota prairie.

The depot was listed in the National Register of Historic Places because of its association with the development of railroads in South Dakota.

References
Prokop, Lois J. (with Melanie Betz), Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad Depot (Jackson County, South Dakota) National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form. On file at the National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. and at the Historic Preservation Office, South Dakota State Historical Society, Pierre, South Dakota.

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
Kadoka, South Dakota
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1906
National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, South Dakota
1906 establishments in South Dakota
Former railway stations in South Dakota
Thrust Air 2000. A Thrust Air 2000 (commonly known as a thrust air coaster) is a unique form of launched roller coaster created by S&S Worldwide, Inc., that uses refrigerated, compressed air to shoot a rubber-wheeled car down a steel track. Do-Dodonpa, located at Fuji-Q Highland, was the only production model in existence until it permanently closed in March 2024. It was built by S&S Worldwide of Logan, Utah. It was once the fastest roller coaster in the world and still holds the record of the world's fastest acceleration on a roller coaster. Another model, the Hypersonic XLC, was opened at Kings Dominion in 2001, but it was later closed and put up for sale in 2007. Both models were fabricated by Intermountain Lift, Inc.

Prototype
The prototype Thrust Air 2000 was made in 1999 at the S&S Power plant in Utah. That prototype was bought by Paramount directly from the plant and then built at Kings Dominion.

Stats
Height: .
Climb: 90 degrees
Drop: 90 degrees
Acceleration: 0-80 mph (0-128.7 km/h) in 1.8 sec
Top Speed: about 
Launch System: Ingersoll-Rand screw type compressor
Track layout: Out-and-back roller coaster
Track type: I-beam

See also
Accelerator coaster

References

External links
 Thrust Air 2000
 Hypersonic XLC
Official website

 
Launched roller coasters
Amusement rides based on rail transport
Roller coasters manufactured by S&S – Sansei Technologies
PSNH. Public Service of New Hampshire, commonly known as PSNH, was the largest public utility in the U.S. state of New Hampshire for decades. Founded in 1926, it sold natural gas and electricity, and for a time ran electric street-railway services and, later, bus service. The company was bought in 1992 and became part of what is now Eversource Energy.

History 

Large-scale electricity production came to New Hampshire in 1882 when the New England Weston Electric Light Company of Boston built a generating station in Manchester, on the property of the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company. In 1885 the Manchester Electric Light Company bought the Weston property in the city and in 1901 merged with the Manchester Traction, Light and Power Company - so named because electric trolley cars, the "traction" portion of the name, were a major customer of electricity producers. PSNH records indicate that at least 39 small electric companies that were in business before 1900 were combined over the years. PSNH was incorporated in 1926 as a consolidation of five existing independent electric companies in New Hampshire. 

In 1935 the Public Utility Holding Company Act was passed, setting the stage for PSNH to become a regulated utility. In 1946 the company went public.  

Among the power plants that the company built are Schiller Generation Station, three coal-fired units in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which when opened in 1950 was the country's first fully integrated binary cycle plant, and the Seabrook Station nuclear power plant in Seabrook, New Hampshire, which began operating in 1990. Cost and deadline overruns in the construction of Seabrook Station caused PSNH to declare bankruptcy in 1998, the first investor-owned utility to go bankrupt since the Great Depression. That led to its sale to what was then Northeast Utilities, since renamed Eversource Energy. 

In 2018 Eversource sold all the former PSNH power plants, including a number of hydropower dams and gas-fired power plants, to a group of investors known as Granite Shore Power LLC, as the final step in electricity deregulation.

References

External links
 Eversource Energy homepage
 [https://ghostsoflectricity.com/ Ghosts of 'lectricity - PSNH's history site, with numerous old photos} 

Energy in New England
Electric power companies of the United States
Companies based in New Hampshire
Aniruddha M. Gole. A. M. Gole is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Since 1992, he is also the NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Power Systems Simulation.

Early life and education 
He received the B.Tech. degree from the Indian Institute of Technology (Bombay), and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Canada), all in Electrical Engineering.

Career 
He is an internationally recognized expert in the field of power systems simulation. Gole's research interests include the utility applications of power electronics and power systems transient simulation. As an original member of the design team, he has made important contributions to the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation program. Gole is active on several working groups of CIGRE and IEEE and is a Registered Professional Engineer in the Province of Manitoba.

In 2007, the IEEE Power Engineering Society awarded Gole the prestigious Nari Hingorani FACTS Award "..for Contributions to the Education in the Field of Power Systems and Embedded Power Electronics Apparatus Simulation". He was elected a Fellow of IEEE in 2010 "for contributions to the modeling of power electronics apparatus."

References

External links
 Dr. Ani Gole - Faculty at U of M

Living people
Academic staff of the University of Manitoba
Year of birth missing (living people)
IIT Bombay alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
EMD GA8. The EMD GA8 is an export diesel locomotive designed by GM-EMD in the late 1950s as a simplified design for use on overseas railways with light rail and sharp curves. 
At the time of its introduction it was described as an extremely lightweight road locomotive capable of handling passenger or freight trains and switching.
The locomotive is notable for its use of freight car trucks that are driven by cardan shafts and two traction motors attached to the underframe. Measuring 32 feet 6 inches, they are equipped with an 8-567C prime mover capable of producing 875 bhp or 800 hp traction. Late model GA8 locomotives were equipped with an 8-567E prime mover which is a 645 block (introduced in 1965) fitted with 567 power assemblies. Due to the design, most servicing and maintenance could be done without removing the traction motors from the underframe or trucks of the locomotive.

The EMD GL8 is a derivative design introduced in 1960 that is similar to the GA8 but uses standard B-B or A1A-A1A trucks and was equipped with multiple unit capability.
The EMD GA8 prototype demonstrator unit was built in late 1958 or early 1959  and export customer production commenced in 1960. The GA8 demonstrator also attracted considerable attention from several US railroads, although ultimately none would ever purchase the locomotive for domestic use.
Several countries purchased the locomotive and examples are still in operation today.

Original Owners

Argentina
 
15   Sarmiento Railway 5551-5565. The 5554 and 5561 locomotive, receive change gauge and transferred to the Urquiza line.

Chile

3    Antofagasta y Bolivia  950-952

Colombia

2    National Railways of Colombia  501-502

El Salvador

16  International Railways of Central America, El Salvador Division, later Ferrocarriles Nacionales de El Salvador (National Railways of El Salvador) 851-866

Mexico

22   Coahuila y Zacatecas  800-802;  NdeM 5400-5416;  Unidos de Yucatán  204-205

Peru

3    Cerro de Pasco 21-23

South Africa

4  Anglo-American Corp. 1-2; Union Lime  1-2

South Korea

2    Fluor Corp. (No #);  Korean Oil  3

Taiwan

21   Taiwan Railway Administration  S301-S321

United States

 1  Electro-Motive Division demonstrator

Zambia

 5   Nchanga Consol Copper   8-12

Gallery

References

External links
 
 GA8 Photo
  EMD GA8 demonstrator

G08A
Standard gauge railway locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of Argentina
Diesel–electric locomotives of Chile
Diesel–electric locomotives of Mexico
Diesel–electric locomotives of Peru
Diesel–electric locomotives of South Africa
Diesel–electric locomotives of South Korea
Diesel–electric locomotives of Taiwan
Diesel–electric locomotives of Zambia
Standard gauge locomotives of Mexico
Standard gauge locomotives of Peru
Standard gauge locomotives of South Korea
Tie crane. A tie crane or tie handler, is a piece of rail transport maintenance of way equipment used to move and handle the railroad ties (also known as sleepers) used in rail tracks using track relaying. The machines are used as an alternative to the manual labor once used. Tie cranes frequently work with tie extractor/inserters to replace ties as part of a section gang.

History 
Tie cranes were developed to speed up and automate the labor-intensive task of moving railroad ties, which typically weigh over 100 pounds (and as much as 500 pounds for concrete ties). Before tie cranes, track workers would move ties by hand, using tools such as tie tongs and lots of muscle. The tie crane allows one operator to move ties far faster than a group of track workers could move by hand.

Design 
The central feature of a tie crane is, of course, a crane. This crane extends the reach of the vehicle up to 25 feet from the tracks. It is used to move ties into position for other machines to insert into the track, pick up old ties that have been removed, and to stack old ties for disposal. Mounted on a lightweight chassis with rail wheels, the operators cab and lifting arm pivot on a base, enabling 360 degree rotation. The end of the lifting arm has a gripper for picking up ties, and a movable wrist to allow the tie to be positioned. Often a small trolley is connected to the tie crane by a drawbar, for either storage of new ties to be placed into the track, or for taking away old ties that have been removed. Tie cranes are self-propelled and powered by a diesel engine, and usually weigh under ten tons and have a top speed of 20 to 25 mph. The crane is normally capable of lifting at least 800 pounds, making it able to lift any type of size of tie. Some tie cranes are also equipped with clamps which grab onto the rails to stabilize the machine, for moving ties far away from the track.

Modern tie cranes offer more advanced features than their predecessors, including more advanced engines and hydraulic brakes.

Specialized versions of tie cranes exist for use on bridges, these are known as bridge cranes. Bridge cranes are equipped with rail clamps for added stability, and are specially designed to replace ties on bridges, along with bridge elements such as stringers.

Road-rail tie cranes 
While a tie crane is typically a strictly rail mounted vehicle, some manufacturers also offer road–rail vehicle versions, which have the added flexibility of being able to use roadways to move.

Manufacturers of tie cranes 

 Progress Rail (Kershaw)
 RCE Rail
 Vancer
 Brandt (Canadian manufacturer)
 Knox Kershaw

References 

Maintenance of way equipment
Multiphase topology optimisation. The Multi Phase Topology Optimisation is a simulation technique based on the principle of the finite element method which is able to determine the optimal distribution of two or more different materials in combination under thermal and mechanical loads.

The objective of optimization is to minimize the component's elastic energy. Conventional topology optimisation methods which simulate adaptive bone mineralization have the disadvantage that there is a continuous change of mass by the growth process.  However, MPTO keeps all initial material concentrations and uses methods adapted for molecular dynamics to find energy minimum. Applying MPTO to Mechanically loaded components with a high number of different material densities, the optimization results show graded and sometimes anisotropic porosity distributions which are very similar to natural bone structures.  This allows the macro- and microstructure of a mechanical component in one step. This method uses the Rapid Prototyping techniques, 3D printing and selective laser sintering to produce very stiff, light weight components with graded porosities calculated by MPTO.

References

Finite element method
Structural analysis
Baba Hira Singh Bhattal Institute of Engineering and Technology. Baba Hira Singh Bhattal Institute of Engineering and Technology (BHSBIET) is a college in Punjab. It was established in 2005.

Courses 

BHSBIET offers 5 Diploma programmes

Computer Science Engineering

Electrical Engineering 

Electronics and Communication Engineering 

Information Technology 

Mechanical Engineering

BHSBIET also offers 4 Under-Graduate programmes

B.Tech in Electrical Engineering 

B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering 

B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering 

B.Tech in Computer Science Engineering

References 

Engineering colleges in Punjab, India
Education in Sangrur
2005 establishments in Punjab, India
Educational institutions established in 2005
Helium dating. Helium dating (abbreviated (U–Th)/He dating) refers to a variety of He diffusion methods that utilize the mobility of radiogenic He atoms to determine the thermal history of a rock. Helium diffusion experiments are often used to help interpret information retrieved from U–Th/He thermochronometric experiments. Kinematic parameters derived from He diffusion is done through estimating He diffusion over a range of temperatures. The use of density functional theory  helps in estimating energy barriers for He to overcome as it diffuses across various crystallographic directions. Discrepancies, however, between observed and predicted He diffusion rates is still a problem and likely stem from unresolved problems in crystal defects and radiation damage in natural grains as opposed to theoretical grains. Depending on the mineral analyzed there are different assumptions to be made on He mobility. For example, He diffusion in minerals such as zircon, rutile, and monazite have been shown to be strongly anisotropic.

A relatively new dating method, tritium–helium dating has been developed for determining rates of oxygen utilization in the ocean.

4He/3He Thermochronometry
Traditional U–Th/He thermochronometry determines the temperature Tc that the analyzed sample had at a time in the past corresponding to the age given by its content of parent and daughter nuclides. More information, however, can be concluded about a mineral's thermal history if an analysis of the He distribution in-situ is performed. Similar to the argon–argon dating (which uses 40Ar and 39Ar isotopes) where 39Ar is a second non-radiogenically produced isotope derived from 39K, each step-heating release of 39Ar can be directly associated with a date. With Helium-3 (3He) production the 4He/3He evolution is interpreted to provide an intragranular Helium-4 (4He) distribution. This method is superior in two ways: diffusion kinetics for 4He can be precisely determined and the 4He distribution provides a continuous path in a time-temperature history s opposed to a single point in a bulk-grain date.

More specifically, the 4He distribution in a grain is a function of the time-integrated internal production from parent nuclides, minus diffusion loss and alpha ejection. This is done in conjunction with the assumption that the model is a spherical grain and calculations correlate with a radial position within that sphere. These calculations also assume that diffusion is isotropic.

Use to support creationism
In 1997, the Institute of Creation Research began a research project, named "RATE" (Radioisotopes and the Age of The Earth), which aimed at determining the validity of scientifically accepted radiometric dating. One paper published from this research project describes the perceived issues of uniformitarian (U–Th)/He dating.
The assumptions made in the creationist arguments neglect the sensitivity that He diffusion methods have in regard to temperature fluctuations over time – especially since the granodiorite analyzed in the study has very complex geologic and thermal history.

References

Radiometric dating
Singapore International Water Week. The Singapore International Water Week (SIWW) is a conference in Singapore for the global water industry.

SIWW's flagship programmes include The Water Leaders Summit, the Water Convention, the Water Expo, Business Forums, Hydro-Gen and Industrial Water Solutions. The programme culminates with the Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize.

SIWW was launched in 2008. Since 2012, SIWW has been held biennially in conjunction with the World Cities Summit and CleanEnviro Summit Singapore. In 2013, the attention was focused on the water utility sector with the SIWW Water Utilities Leaders Forum (SWULF).

In 2018, the SIWW featured and served NEWBrew, a beer brewed from NEWater.

In 2021, the SIWW was held virtually.

References

External links
 Official site
 Water-Conferences.com

International conferences in Singapore
Water and the environment
June observances
July observances
Water supply and sanitation in Singapore
Holidays and observances by scheduling (varies)
Flight inspection. Flight inspection refers to the periodic evaluation of navigational aids used in aviation, such as flight procedures and electronic signals, to ensure they are safe and accurate. Unlike flight tests, which analyze the aerodynamic design and safety of the aircraft itself, flight inspection comprises reviewing flight procedures (such as routes, approaches and departures) to ensure navigational support is sufficient, there are no obstacles and the procedure is reliable.

Flight inspectors originally tested the accuracy of light beacons sighted while flying. These beacons allowed pilots to fly at night with visual guidance. Radio navigation systems followed, with inspectors testing the radio transmitters while airborne, and then GPS.

Customized aircraft are used for flight inspection, with dedicated receivers and sensors to collect data from the navigational aids being inspected. Computers decode the data and compare to the real aircraft position, with results displayed to the inspector for verification while airborne. Standards for flight inspection are provided by organisations such as the International Civil Aviation Organization and Federal Aviation Administration.

See also

Index of aviation articles
List of aviation mnemonics

References

External links
 Flight Inspection Training AdanFIS

Air navigation
Cognos ReportNet. Cognos ReportNet (CRN) was a web-based software product for creating and managing ad hoc and custom-made reports. ReportNet was developed by the Ottawa-based  company Cognos (formerly Cognos Incorporated), an IBM company. The web-based reporting tool was launched in September 2003. Since IBM's acquisition of Cognos, ReportNet has been renamed IBM Cognos ReportNet like all other Cognos products.

ReportNet uses web services standards such as XML and Simple Object Access Protocol and also supports dynamic HTML and Java. ReportNet is compatible with multiple databases including Oracle, SAP, Teradata, Microsoft SQL server, DB2 and Sybase. The product provides interface in over 10 languages, has Web Services architecture to meet the needs of multi-national, diversified enterprises and helps reduce total cost of ownership. Multiple versions of Cognos ReportNet have since been released by the company. Cognos ReportNet was awarded the Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA) 2005 Codie awards for the "Best Business Intelligence or Knowledge Management Solution" category. CRN's capabilities have been further used in IBM Cognos 8 BI (2005), the latest reporting tool. CRN comes with its own software development kit (SDK).

Launch
Early adopters of Cognos ReportNet for their corporate reporting needs included Bear Stearns, BMW and Alfred Publishing. Around this same time of launch, Cognos competitor Business Objects released version 6.1 of its enterprise reporting tool. Cognos ReportNet has been successful since its launch, raising revenues in 2004 from licensing fees.

Controversy
Cognos rival Business Objects announced in 2005 that BusinessObjects XI significantly outperformed Cognos ReportNet in benchmark tests conducted by VeriTest, an independent software testing firm. The tests performed showed Cognos ReportNet performed poorly when processing styled reports, complex business reports and combination of both. The tests reported a massive 21 times higher report throughput for BusinessObjects XI than Cognos ReportNet at capacity loads. Cognos soon dismissed the claims by stating Business Objects dictated the environment and testing criteria and Cognos did not provide the software to participate in benchmark test. Cognos later performed their own test to demonstrate Cognos ReportNet capabilities.

Components
 Cognos Report Studio – A Web-based product for creating complex professional looking reports.
 Cognos Query Studio - A Web-based product for creating ad-hoc reports.
 Cognos Framework Manager – A metadata modeling tool to create BI metadata for reporting and dashboard applications.
 Cognos Connection – Main portal used to access reports, schedule reports and perform administrator activities.

Versions
 Cognos ReportNet 1.1 – Java EE-style professional web-based authoring tool. (base version)
 Cognos ReportNet IBM Special Edition – comes with an embedded version of IBM WebSphere as its application server and IBM DB2 as its data store.
 Cognos Linux – for Intel-based Linux platforms.

See also
 IBM Cognos Analytics

References

Business intelligence software
Data management
IBM software
Rajiv Bapna. Rajiv Kumar Bapna is the founder of Amkette, first-ever domestic manufacturer of floppy diskettes in India. He completed his bachelor's degree in electronics engineering from the prestigious Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-Pilani). After his brief stint at the Department of Electronics, he moved to the Middle East where he headed the technology division of Citibank for West Asian markets as the Vice-President of Information Technology.

He returned to India in 1985 and started Amkette in 1986. 

Amkette later diversified into other hardware products including game controllers, EvoTV range, audio, wireless and other computer products.

References

External links 
 A tribute to the people who have helped turn the Indian IT dream into reality, Dec 2002
 Stay smart, survive, Businessline 24 March 2004
 BITS Alumni Event  1 January 2004

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni
Businesspeople from Delhi