omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Typhoon (disambiguation). Typhoon most commonly denotes a specific form of tropical cyclone in the western Pacific Ocean.

Typhoon may also refer to:

Military
Typhoon-class submarine in the Soviet and Russian navies
Eurofighter Typhoon, a European-designed multirole combat aircraft
Hawker Typhoon, a British World War II aircraft
Messerschmitt Taifun, a German aircraft of the interwar period
Typhoon, the German codename for the military offensive directed against Moscow in 1941 (see Battle of Moscow)
Taifun (rocket), German World War II unguided anti-aircraft rocket system
RMAS Typhoon (A95), an ocean-going tug of the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service
Typhoon missile launcher an American transporter erector launcher
Typhoon Weapon System an Israeli stabilizer for cannon
Typhoon (AFV family), a Russian family of Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) armored vehicles
Kamaz Typhoon
Ural Typhoon
, a US Navy ship launched in 1993

Transportation
Armstrong Siddeley Typhoon, a two-door coupé car
FPV F6 Typhoon, a high-performance Australian sports sedan
GMC Typhoon, a high-performance sport-utility vehicle
Piaggio Typhoon, a motor scooter manufactured by Piaggio
Rambler Typhoon, a special version of the Rambler Classic two-door hardtop
Typhoon, a British steam locomotive operating on the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway
Typhoon 18, an American sailboat design
Typhoon Senior, an American sailboat design

Arts and media
Typhoon (novel), a 1902 novel by Joseph Conrad
Typhoon (play), a 1909 play  by Melchior Lengyel
Typhoon, a 1992 novel by Mark Joseph
De Typhoon, a Dutch local newspaper (1944–92)
Typhoon (comics), a DC Comics villain
Typhoon (1933 film), a German film directed by Robert Wiene
Typhoon (1940 film), an American film
Typhoon (2005 film), a 2005 South Korean action film
The Typhoon, a 1914 American film
Typhoon (American band), a band based in Portland, Oregon
Typhoon (South Korean band)
Typhoon (Korean singer)
Typhoon (rapper), a Dutch rapper
Typhoons (album), a 2021 Royal Blood album
Typhoon, a water coaster ride at Six Flags New England amusement park
Typhoon, the name outside Japan for the video game Ajax
Typhoon (simulator), a motion simulator created by Triotech Amusement
Typhoon Studios, a defunct Canadian video game developer

Sports
Typhoon II, winner of the 1897 Kentucky Derby
Typhoon, a nickname of the English cricketer Frank Tyson
Typhoon, stage name of American professional wrestler Fred Ottman
Typhoon, the nickname of Japanese mixed martial artist and current Rizin FF bantamweight champion Kyoji Horiguchi
Typhoons (women's cricket), an Irish women's cricket team

Other uses
HTC Typhoon, a Windows Mobile Smartphone
Typhoon (Bobbejaanland), a Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter model roller coaster at Bobbejaanland amusement park
Typhoo, a brand of tea in the United Kingdom

See also
Typhoon No.15 ~B'z Live-Gym The Final Pleasure "It's Showtime!!" in Nagisaen~, a live VHS/DVD by Japanese rock duo B'z
Typhoon shelter, a shelter for fishing boats during typhoons
Taifun (disambiguation)
Toofan (disambiguation)
Linux Kongress. The Linux Kongress was an annual conference of Linux developers from around the world, that took place every year from 1994 to 2010. It started as a two-day conference in 1994, when Linux was in the early stages of development, and by 2003 had become a four-day event. It occurred every year in Germany except 2001 and 2007. During its lifespan, Linux-Kongress was one of the three major international grass-roots Linux and Open Source conferences in the world, along with linux.conf.au and Ottawa Linux Symposium.

The focus of Linux-Kongress was development topics, either in kernel or user space. The conference language was English. By the end, the event consisted of two days of conference preceded by two days of tutorials.

Notable speakers
The conference was a meeting place for many different types of developers. Speakers at the conference included kernel developers like Linus Torvalds, Alan Cox, Theodore Ts'o, Rusty Russell, James Bottomley, user space developers like Kalle Dalheimer and Miguel de Icaza, and open source advocates like Eric S. Raymond and Jon Hall.

History
In 1999 the conference cooperated with the Storage Management Workshop. In 2000 and 2001 there were several multi-day workshops sponsored by the German Ministry of Science and Education that preceded the conference. Also there was collaboration with NLUUG. In 2009 it was co-located with the OpenSolaris Developer Conference OSDevCon.

The conference was organized by the German Unix User Group (GUUG). In 2011, GUUG decided not to hold a Linux Kongress, and instead focus its resources on LinuxCon Europe. There has not been a Linux Kongress since.

External links
Linux Kongress website
About the Linux-Kongress

Linux conferences
Free-software events
Recurring events established in 1994
Anisothermal plasma. An Anisothermal plasma is a plasma which thermal state can be approximated by more than one temperature for the different degrees of freedom of the plasma. 
The degrees of freedom refer to translation (kinetic energy), rotation, vibration of each particle type. 

Examples of anisothermal plasmas can be found among low-pressure plasmas that are excited by high frequency electric fields, see frequency classification of plasmas. They generally exhibit hot electrons that are powered by the alternating electric field, and a neutral and ion component, which is significantly colder due to the low efficiency of the energy transfer between light electrons and heavy neutrals and ions.

The term nonthermal plasma includes anisothermal plasmas and means that the different degrees of freedom of the plasma are not in thermal equilibrium.

Plasma types
Dynode. A dynode is an electrode in a vacuum tube that serves as an electron multiplier through secondary emission.  The first tube to incorporate a dynode was the dynatron, an ancestor of the magnetron, which used a single dynode.  Photomultiplier and video camera tubes generally include a series of dynodes, each at a more positive electrical potential than its predecessor. Secondary emission occurs at the surface of each dynode. Such an arrangement is able to amplify the tiny current emitted by the photocathode, typically by a factor of one million.

Operation
The electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated toward the first dynode, which is maintained 90 to 100 V positive concerning the cathode. Each accelerated photoelectron that strikes the dynode surface produces several electrons. These electrons are then accelerated toward the second dynode, held 90 to 100 V more positive than the first dynode. Each electron that strikes the surface of the second dynode produces several more electrons, which are then accelerated toward the third dynode, and so on. By the time this process has been repeated at each of the dynodes, 105 to 107 electrons have been produced for each incident photon, dependent on the number of dynodes. For conventional dynode materials, such as BeO and MgO, a multiplication factor of 10 can normally be achieved by each dynode stage.

Naming
The dynode takes its name from the dynatron. Albert Hull did not use the term dynode in his 1918 paper on the dynatron, but used the term extensively in his 1922 paper.  In the latter paper, he defined a dynode as a "plate that emits impact electrons ... when it is part of a dynatron."

See also
 Microchannel plate detector
 Photoelectric effect
 Particle detector
 Photodetector

References

Electronic amplifiers
Particle detectors
Lockheed Electra. Lockheed Electra refers to two distinct aircraft designs:

 Lockheed Model 10 Electra, a ten-passenger piston engine aircraft of the 1930s, which had two immediate variants:
 Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior, a six-passenger scaled-down version of the Model 10 Electra
 Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra, a twelve-passenger scaled-up version of the Model 10 Electra
 Lockheed L-188 Electra, a 98-passenger turboprop aircraft of the 1960s
Mathematical Tables Project. The Mathematical Tables Project was one of the largest and most sophisticated computing organizations that operated prior to the invention of the digital electronic computer. Begun in the United States in 1938 as a project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), it employed 450 unemployed clerks to tabulate higher mathematical functions, such as exponential functions, logarithms, and trigonometric functions. These tables were eventually published in a 28-volume set by Columbia University Press.

History
The group was led by a group of mathematicians and physicists, most of whom had been unable to find professional work during the Great Depression. The mathematical leader was Gertrude Blanch, who had just finished her doctorate in mathematics at Cornell University. She had been unable to find a university position and was working at a photographic company before joining the project.

The administrative director was Arnold Lowan, who had a degree in physics from Columbia University and had spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton University before returning to New York without a job. Perhaps the most accomplished mathematician to be associated with the group was Cornelius Lanczos, who had once served as an assistant to Albert Einstein. He spent a year with the project and organized seminars on computation and applied mathematics at the project's office in Lower Manhattan.

In addition to computing tables of mathematical functions, the project did large computations for sciences, including the physicist Hans Bethe, and did calculations for a variety of war projects, including tables for the LORAN navigation system, tables for microwave radar, bombing tables, and shock wave propagation tables.

The Mathematical Tables Project survived the termination of the WPA in 1943 and continued to operate in New York until 1948. At that point, roughly 25 members of the group moved to Washington, D.C., to become the Computation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards, now the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Blanch moved to Los Angeles to lead the computing office of the Institute for Numerical Analysis at UCLA and Arnold Lowan joined the faculty of Yeshiva University in New York. The greatest legacy of the project is the Handbook of Mathematical Functions, which was published 16 years after the group disbanded. Edited by two veterans of the project, Milton Abramowitz and Irene Stegun, it became a widely circulated mathematical and scientific reference.

References

External links
Gertrude Blanch Papers
The Human Computer and the Birth of the Information Age

History of mathematics
Mathematical tables
Works Progress Administration
Linjeflyg. Linjeflyg was a Swedish domestic airline, formed in 1957 as a domestic subsidiary by Scandinavian Airlines System and Airtaco as well as by newspaper publishers Dagens Nyheter AB and Stockholms-Tidningen AB.

History 
Airtaco (founded in August 1950 as Aero Scandia) can be considered as Linjeflyg's predecessor and was merged into the new airline, including its entire fleet. When Linjeflyg was founded, Airtaco's four Lockheed Model 18 Lodestars and four Douglas DC-3s were integrated into the new fleet.

In October 1983 Linjeflyg moved from Stockholm Bromma Airport in the central part of Stockholm to Stockholm Arlanda Airport in the north of Stockholm. Bromma had been the main hub for Linjeflyg since 1957. On 10 September 1990 Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) sold their 50% in Linjeflyg to Bilspedition for 475 million Swedish crowns (SEK). Approximately six months later SAS bought it back.

In February 1992 Linjeflyg became too big a threat for SAS, because it planned a strategic alliance with Braathens and Maersk Air. Such an alliance would have been too competitive for SAS on the intra-Scandinavian capital routes and on domestic flights. Consequently SAS bought the 50% of Linjeflyg that it did not already own, to maintain its market dominance. On 1 January 1993 Linjeflyg was merged into SAS. Linjeflyg was Sweden's largest domestic airline. It served over 20 domestic airports and carried over 5 million people annually. Linjeflyg had 2200 employees in 1992, and was at that time the largest Fokker F28 operator in the world.

Fleet

Incidents and accidents
On 20 November 1964 Flight 267V, operated by Convair 440 SE-CCK, crashed during an approach to Ängelholm joint civil/military Airport. In instrument conditions, the crew abandoned the set procedure and began the final approach too early. The reason for this must have been that the crew allowed themselves to be misled by an arrangement of lights peculiar to the airfield with which, apart from certain information received during the approach, they were not acquainted. Thirty-one of the 43 people aboard were killed in Sweden's worst air disaster.
On 15 January 1977 Flight 618, operated by Vickers Viscount SE-FOZ leased from Skyline, crashed at Kälvesta on approach to Bromma Airport, Stockholm owing to ice accretion on the tailplane leading to a loss of control. All 22 people on board were killed.

See also
SAS Group
Scandinavian Airlines
List of defunct airlines of Europe

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Edlund, Ulf; Andersson, Lennart; Berns, Lennart; Stridsberg, Sven: Svensk flyghistoria under 1900-talet. Stockholm: Svensk Flyghistorisk Förening, 2003. ISSN 1100-9837.

External links

 linjeflyg.info - private website about Linjeflyg

 
Defunct airlines of Sweden
Airlines established in 1957
Airlines disestablished in 1993
SAS Group
Swedish companies established in 1957
Swedish companies disestablished in 1993
Laser broom. A laser broom is a proposed ground-based laser beam-powered propulsion system that sweeps space debris out of the path of artificial satellites (such as the International Space Station) to prevent collateral damage to space equipment. It heats up one side of the debris to shift its orbit trajectory, altering the path to hit the atmosphere sooner. Space researchers have proposed that a laser broom may help mitigate Kessler syndrome, a runaway cascade of collision events between orbiting objects. Additionally, laser broom systems mounted on satellites or space station have also been proposed.

Mechanism

Lasers brooms are proposed to target space debris between  in diameter. Collisions with these high-velocity debris not only cause considerable damage to the satellites but secondary fragmented debris from the collided satellite parts. A laser broom is intended to be used at a high power to penetrate through the atmosphere and ablate material from the targeted debris. The ablating material imparts a small thrust that lowers its orbital perigee towards the upper atmosphere, thereby increasing drag so that its remaining orbital life is cut short. The laser would operate in a pulsed fashion to avoid the target from self-shielding via its ablated plasma. The power levels of lasers in this concept are well below the power levels in concepts for more rapidly effective anti-satellite weapons.

Research into this field reveal the precise physical constraints required, noting the significant relevance to the space debris's orientation and resultant trajectory of the ablated object. Using a laser guide star and adaptive optics, a sufficiently large ground-based laser (1 megajoule pulsed HF laser) can offset the orbits of dozens of debris daily at a reasonable cost.

History

The Space Shuttle routinely showed evidence of "tiny" impacts upon post-flight inspection.

Orion was a proposed ground-based laser broom project in the 1990s, estimated to cost $500 million.

A space-based laser also called "Project Orion" was planned to be installed on the International Space Station in 2003. In 2015, Japanese researchers proposed adding laser broom capabilities to the Extreme Universe Space Observatory telescope, to be launched to the ISS in 2017.

In 2014, the European CLEANSPACE project published a report studying a global architecture of debris tracking and removal laser stations.

References

Further reading
 2000 Earth Orbital Debris - NASA Research on Satellite and Spacecraft Effects by World Spaceflight News, CD-ROM: 862 pages

External links
 BBC News report on Laser broom
 Space Station gets high tech broom ABC
 NASA Hopes Laser Broom Will Help Clean Up Space Debris Agence France-Presse story via SpaceDaily
 Orbiting Junk Continues to Threaten International Space Station Space.com
 Shuttle to test space junk broom New Scientist
 SpaceViews July 1997: Articles ORION: A Solution to the Orbital Debris Problem by Claude Phipps
 Wired October 2011: Space Junk Crisis: Time to Bring in the Lasers story on Wired
 Removing Orbital Debris with Pulsed Lasers

Broom, laser
Spacecraft propulsion
Space debris
Junkers EF 61. The Junkers EF 61 was a German prototype twin-engined high-altitude bomber aircraft of the 1930s.  Only two examples were built, but it provided valuable information on pressure cabins which aided the design of later pressurised aircraft.

Design and development
The pressurised cabin of the  Junkers EF 61 was based on that of the Junkers Ju 49. The EF 61 was one of the few German high-altitude bomber and reconnaissance projects before World War II. The project started in September 1935 and the maiden flight took place on 4 March 1937, but on 19 September of that year the EF 61 V1 was destroyed in a crash. The second prototype EF 61 V2 was ready in late 1937 but also crashed in December 1937, even before high-altitude testing had started. After that the project was abandoned.
The project eventually led to the high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft of the Junkers Ju 86 type in World War II.

Specifications

References

Book
  Hitler's Luftwaffe: A Pictorial History and Technical Encyclopedia of Hitler's Air Power in World War II (Hardcover)

External links

 Warbirds Resource Group data on the EF 61
 Aircraft Photo

EF 061
1930s German bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
EAP. EAP or E.A.P. may refer to:

Organizations
 Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, of the United States Department of State
 E.A. Patras, a Greek sports club
 Engineers Against Poverty
 European Association for Psychotherapy
 European Workers Party ()
 Hellenic Open University, in Patras, Greece
 EAP, a business school which merged with ESCP to become ESCP Europe
 ICC East Asia-Pacific, of the International Cricket Council

Science and technology
 British Aerospace EAP, a fighter aircraft technology demonstrator
 Electroactive polymer

Computing
 Enterprise architecture planning
 Extensible Authentication Protocol
 JBoss Enterprise Application Platform
 Early access program

Other uses
 Eastern Partnership, an initiative of the EU, member states, and six Eastern European countries
 East Asia and the Pacific 
 Emergency action plan, part of emergency management
 Emergency action principles
 Employee assistance program
 Endangered Archives Programme, at the British Library, London, UK
 English for academic purposes
 EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg, in Blotzheim, France

See also
 University of California Education Abroad Program (UCEAP)
Position circle. A position circle is a circle that can be measured both from a chart and from the surface of the earth for the purpose of position fixing. For the purposes of land or coastal navigation, a position circle can be generated by making a horizontal angle measurement between two landmarks using a sextant. Two overlapping position circles, or one position circle and one or more other observations can be used to give a position fix.

When a horizontal angle measurement is made between two known points on land, the observer will be located at the apex of a triangle, with the other two corners of this triangle consisting of the landmark pair. The observer will also be sitting on a set of points that fall along a large circle. The diameter of the circle will be dependent upon the distance between the landmark pair and the range of the observer to the landmark pair. At each point along this circle, the angular separation between the landmark pairs will be the same. Two such circles exist, one in front of the landmark pair, and one on the backside. It is usually straightforward to tell which circle is relevant. After the observation is made, the angular reading can be transferred onto a nautical chart (or map) by means of a protractor instrument.

The origin of the circle can be found as follows. Draw a baseline connecting the two landmarks. Bisect the line using a compass. Construct a line 90 degrees to the baseline using a compass. Using a protractor, draw a line from either landmark to intersect the 90 degree line off the baseline at the observed angle. This point is the origin of the circle of position. Using a compass again, the entire circle can be drawn.

See also

 Navigation
 Position line
 Compass

References

Navigation
Curves
Order of the Engineer. The Order of the Engineer is an association for graduate and professional engineers in the United States that emphasizes pride and responsibility in the engineering profession. It was inspired by the success of the Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer, a similar and much older Canadian ceremony, and has 245 active links (what the Order of the Engineer calls a chapter) across the United States.

Oath
Before joining, members must take an oath to abide by a code of ethics called the "Obligation of an Engineer":

Ceremony

During the ceremony, engineering graduates take the Obligation of the Order. After each member takes the obligation, they put their hand through a large representation of the Engineer's Ring. A member of the Order of the Engineer then places a stainless steel ring, known as the Engineer's Ring, onto the little finger of the graduate's dominant hand. The ring is worn on the little finger so that it will drag across any surface on which the wearer writes, providing a constant reminder of the engineer's oath.

Each inductee takes the obligation, signs a certificate of obligation and wears the ring as a symbol of their pride in the Order and their obligation to the profession, as well as the public. Often, friends and family join the new initiates to celebrate after the ceremony.

History
The first American ceremony was held on June 4, 1970 at Cleveland State University's Fenn College of Engineering, though similar ceremonies on which this is based have a much longer history in Canada (dating to 1925). Now, almost all states have universities with chapters, called "links", that host the Order of the Engineer. Several engineering organizations also host links such as NSPE, United States Army Corps of Engineers, and ASCE.

Early attempts to extend the Canadian ritual to the United States were unsuccessful, due to complications including copyright issues.

See also
Engineer
Engineering
Engineering ethics
Engineer's Ring
Iron Ring
National Society of Professional Engineers
Ordem dos Engenheiros

References

Further reading

External links 
 
 Canadian Iron Ring Website

Engineering societies based in the United States
Compass (architecture). In carpentry, architecture, and shipbuilding, a compass is a curved circular form.

Examples 

 A compass plane is a plane that is convex, length-ways, on the underside, for smoothing the concave faces of curved woodwork.
 A compass saw is a narrow-bladed saw that cuts a curve.
 A compass timber is a curved (or crooked) timber, sometimes used in shipbuilding.
 A compass brick is a curved brick.
 A compass wall is a curved wall.
 A compass window is a circular bay window.
 A surveyor's compass (or circumferentor) is a measuring instrument used in surveying horizontal angles.

References 

Woodworking