omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
James M. Early. James M. Early (July 25, 1922 – January 12, 2004) was an American electrical engineer, best known for his work on transistors and charge-coupled device imagers. He was also known as Jim Early.

Biography
He was born on July 25, 1922, in Syracuse, New York. He received an MSE degree (1948) and his Ph.D. (1951) all from Ohio State University.

The Early effect in bipolar junction transistors is named after Jim Early, who first characterized it and published a paper on it in 1952. The Early effect in bipolar junction transistors is due to an effective decrease in the base width because of the widening of the base-collector depletion region, resulting in an increase in the collector current with an increase in the collector voltage.  The same type of length modulation in MOSFETs is also commonly referred to as Early effect.

Early was the first to make a transistor that would oscillate faster than "a thousand megacycles" (1 GHz), circa 1952, for which feat he won a bottle of Scotch whisky from John Robinson Pierce.

He also developed the transistors for America's first commercial communications satellite, the Telstar I. He was elevated to IEEE Fellow.

In the early 1970s, Early led research for Fairchild Semiconductor, where he invented the vertical anti-blooming drain for CCD image sensors.

He died on January 12, 2004, at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System in Palo Alto, California.

References

External links
 Memorial page at Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation

1922 births
2004 deaths
American electrical engineers
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni
Bioclipse. The Bioclipse project is a Java-based, open-source, visual platform for chemo- and bioinformatics based on the Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP).

About 
Biclipse gained scripting functionality in 2009, and a command line version in 2021.

Like any RCP application, Bioclipse uses a plugin architecture that inherits basic functionality and visual interfaces from Eclipse, such as help system, software updates, preferences, cross-platform deployment etc. Via its plugins, Bioclipse provides functionality for chemo- and bioinformatics, and extension points that easily can be extended by other, possibly proprietary, plugins to provide additional functionality.

Product 
The first stable release of Bioclipse includes a Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) plugin to provide a chemoinformatic backend, a Jmol plugin for 3D-visualization of molecules, and a BioJava plugin for sequence analysis. Recently, the R platform, using StatET, and OpenTox were added.

Bioclipse is developed as a collaboration between the Proteochemometric Group, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden, the Christoph Steinbeck Group at the European Bioinformatics Institute, and the Analytical Chemistry Department at Leiden University, but also includes extensions developed at other academic institutes, including the Karolinska Institutet and Maastricht University. The development is backed up by the International Bioclipse Association.

Bioclipse Scripting Language 
The Bioclipse Scripting Language (BSL) is a scripting environment, currently based on JavaScript and Groovy. It extends the scripting language with managers that wrap the functionality of third party libraries, as mentioned above. These scripts thus provide means to make analyses in Bioclipse sharable, for example, on MyExperiment.org. Bioclipse defines a number of core data types that managers support, allowing information to be used between these managers.

References

External links 

Free bioinformatics software
Cheminformatics
Java platform software
Free chemistry software
Bioinformatics companies
Chemotherapy
China National Highway 213. China National Highway 213 (G213) runs from Ceke, Inner Mongolia, to Mohan, on the border with Laos, in Yunnan. It is  in length and runs via Chengdu, Sichuan and Kunming, Yunnan. Before the 2013 Highway Planning, the route started in Lanzhou, Gansu.

This route was a key transportation route into the disaster zone during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and was referred to as a "lifeline" by rescue workers. On 6 July 2011, it was damaged by mudslides and collapses, including a  stretch which was damaged as a result of the nearby river being diverted by a mudslide.

For the extension to Ceke, a tunnel is being constructed on the  pass on the Gansu-Qinghai border near Sunan County.

Route and distance

See also
China National Highways
AH3

References

Transport in Gansu
Transport in Yunnan
Transport in Sichuan
Transport in Kunming
213
SNADS. SNADS or Systems Network Architecture Distribution Services is an "asynchronous
distribution service that can store data for delayed delivery." 

SNADS uses SNA data links to allow messages and objects to be sent from system to system using the APPC protocol. It is a very robust service: once an object has been accepted by SNADS it will get to its destination. If the communication link is unavailable (down), the transmission will be held on the sending system until the link is available, at which time it is sent. If the transmission is interrupted, it will be resumed or re-sent once the communication problem is resolved.

SNADS is available on several IBM platforms, including IBM i, the AS/400 or System/38.  Microsoft  Exchange Server 5.5 Enterprise Edition includes a gateway called SNA Distribution Services (SNADS) Connector for communication with SNADS networks.

References

External links
SNADS documentation on ibm.com

See also
Systems Network Architecture

Systems Network Architecture
French Academy of Technologies. The National Academy of Technologies of France (Académie des technologies) is a learned society, founded in 2000, with an emphasis on technology, and the newest of French academies. In 2007 it acquired the status of établissement public, which enforces its public role.

Its stated missions are as follows:

 Help to better exploit technologies in service of mankind
 Provide clarity on emerging technologies
 Contribute to public discussion of the risks and benefits of technologies
 Contribute to professional and technological education
 Interest the young and their parents in technologies and new careers
 Raise public interest and comprehension in technologies

In 2021 the academy had approximately 350 active members, including emeritus and foreign members. It is organized into a number of commissions, committees, and work groups on subjects including information technology, ethics, energy and the environment, transport, simulation, defense, etc.

See also 
 French Academy of Sciences

External links 
  National Academy of Technologies of France

 
France
National academies of engineering
Garden structure. The structure of a thing is how the parts of it relate to each other. In gardens, the term can be applied to soil structure or planting design structure, but it is most often used for structures made out of hard materials including: timber, brick, concrete, metal, plastic, glass, etc.

The category of garden structures therefore includes:

garden buildings
garden pond
garden railway
garden trellis
gazebo
greenhouse
green wall
grotto
shell grotto
decking
fencing
folly
moon bridge
moon gate
patio
pergola
picnic table
shade house
shed
stone wall
terrace
water feature
zig-zag bridge

See also
Garden design

Garden features
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering. Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering (commonly referred to as DSCE) is a private engineering college in Bengaluru, Karnataka.

History 
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering was established in 1979, was founded by the Late Sri R Dayananda Sagar and is run by the Mahatma Gandhi Vidya Peetha Trust (MGVP). It started with the basic courses in Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The college offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programmes under Visvesvaraya Technological University.

MGVP Trust is an educational trust and was promoted by Late Shri. R. Dayananda Sagar in 1960. The Trust manages 28 educational institutions in the name of “DAYANANDA SAGAR INSTITUTIONS” (DSI) and multi-specialty hospitals in the name of SAGAR HOSPITALS - Bangalore, India.

Academics 

Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering offers 160 undergraduate programs leading to 4/5 year bachelor's degrees, 16 postgraduate programs leading to 2/3 year master's degrees, and 21 research centers offering a 2/5 year M.Sc.(Eng.)/Ph. D. degrees. The academic degrees are awarded by Visvesvaraya Technological University.

Rankings 
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked the college between 201-300 in the engineering rankings in 2024.

Campus Life 
The college promotes a host of outlets for creativity and extracurriculars. The Centre for Performing Arts (CPA) is the premium platform for Dayananda Sagar Institutions and Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering. CPA consists of numerous clubs dedicated to fostering and cultivating talent in the form of Dance, Music, Art, Literature, Theatre, Fashion, and Management. LITSoc (Literature Society) is the best society of DSCE.

One of the cardinal and most successful events that the CPA conducts every year is VIBRATIONS – The Annual Intra College Cultural Fest conducted for Dayananda Sagar Institutions. With over 50 events ranging from Music, Art, Dance, Literary (successfully holding quizzes, debates, student parliament and other literary events, quizzes being more famous and interesting), and theatre to Fashion and Miscellaneous events, the fest garners a footfall of around 8000 participants. College fests, inter-college competitions, and events are also held.

IEDC is another student-run club, it is the brainchild of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India and is closely monitored by The National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) to promote innovation and entrepreneurship among students in premier colleges which have the knowledge base and sufficient infrastructure.

Notable Alumni 

 Sunil Abraham - Director of Public Policy, Facebook India
 Chaitra H. G. - playback singer
 Nosthush Kenjige - American cricketer
 Shubha Phutela - model and actress
 Anup Revanna -  actor
 Sudeepa - film artist

References

External links 

 

All India Council for Technical Education
Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University
Engineering colleges in Bengaluru
1970 establishments in Mysore State
Educational institutions established in 1979
Unbundled network element. Unbundled network elements (UNEs) are a requirement mandated by the United States Telecommunications Act of 1996. They are the parts of the telecommunications network that the incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) are required to offer on an unbundled basis. Together, these parts make up a local loop that connects to a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), a voice switch or both. The loop allows non-facilities-based telecommunications providers to deliver service without having to lay network infrastructure such as copper wire, optical fiber, and coaxial cable.

UNE-Platform
A UNE-Platform (or UNE-P) is a combination of UNEs that allow end-to-end service delivery without any facilities. Despite not involving any CLEC facilities, a UNE-P still requires facilities-based certification from the Public Utilities Commission to deliver services.

Availability
In Telecommunications Act of 1996 sections 251(c)(3), incumbent local exchange carriers (LECs) are required to lease certain parts of their network specified by the FCC or by state PUCs. According to section 252(d)(1), these network elements must be provided on an unbundled basis at cost-based rates.

FCC orders
In the UNE Remand Order issued on November 5, 1999, the FCC specified the UNE to which a competitor must be provided access: "the 'loops' that connect the switches to end users, including high-capacity loops; the switches (with some exceptions), the transport facilities between switches and other networks, and the software needed to operate the telephone network".

In the Line Sharing Orders (Line Sharing Order, 14 FCC Rcd at 20951), the LECs are required to unbundle the high-frequency portion of the loop of DSL.

However, both the UNE Remand Order and the Line Sharing Orders were remanded by the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in United States Telecom Association v. FCC (290 F.3d 415), decided on May 24, 2002; the Line Sharing Orders were vacated. The court concluded that the FCC had not considered the availability of competitive facilities on a sufficiently granular basis. The FCC eliminated mandatory  DSL unbundling in 2003.

Prices
Based on the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the FCC could require LECs to provide UNEs at a cost-based price, which may include a "reasonable profit". The FCC has determined that "cost" means forward-looking economic cost and has required the states to use a methodology called total element long-run incremental cost (TELRIC).

See also
 Leased line
 Local loop unbundling
 Product bundling

References

External links
 FCC, Network Unbundling.
 FCC Releases Interim Order on Unbundled Network Elements.
 FCC cracks down on "gamesmanship" of line-sharing rules
 290 F.3d 415

Local loop
Telecommunications economics
Blood hammer. The blood hammer phenomenon is a sudden increase of the upstream blood pressure in a blood vessel (especially artery or arteriole) when the bloodstream is abruptly blocked by vessel obstruction. The term "blood-hammer" was introduced in cerebral hemodynamics by analogy with the hydraulic expression "water hammer", already used in vascular physiology to designate an arterial pulse variety, the "water-hammer pulse". Complete understanding of the relationship between mechanical parameters in vascular occlusions is a critical issue, which can play an important role in the future diagnosis, understanding and treatment of vascular diseases.

If the time of shock wave propagation caused by the blood encountering an obstacle is equal to or less than the semilunar valve closure time, this can create a partial blood hammer phenomenon where flow speed oscillation increases without an accompanying abnormal pressure increase, whereas patients without a prolonged aortic valve closure time have the kinetic energy associated with turning around after an obstruction into a pressure peak, with little energy dedicated to increasing flow speed oscillations in a complete blood hammer effect. Flow leakage is also possible in an incomplete blood hammer, which is not seen in the complete blood hammer effect.

References

 

Blood disorders
Zirconium disulfide. Zirconium(IV) sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula ZrS2.  It is a violet-brown solid. It adopts a layered structure similar to that of cadmium iodide.

Like the closely related titanium disulfide, ZrS2 is prepared by heating sulfur and zirconium metal.  It can be purified by vapor transport using iodine.

References

Disulfides
Zirconium(IV) compounds
Transition metal dichalcogenides
Tendon (disambiguation). A tendon is a high-tensile-strength band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

Tendon may also refer to:

 Tendon as food, use of tendons in cuisine in various cultures
 Tendon (Japanese cuisine), a type of Japanese rice bowl dish or donburi
 Tendon, Vosges, a commune in the Vosges département in France
 Tendon (album), by Reniss, 2016
 Tendon, a reinforcing element in prestressed concrete

See also
 
 
 Tenon, type of joint that connects two pieces of wood or other material
 Tend (disambiguation)
Hamaker theory. After the explanation of van der Waals forces by Fritz London, several scientists soon realised that his definition could be extended from the interaction of two molecules with induced dipoles to macro-scale objects by summing all of the forces between the molecules in each of the bodies involved. The theory is named after H. C. Hamaker, who derived the interaction between two spheres, a sphere and a wall, and presented a general discussion in a heavily cited 1937 paper.

The interaction of two bodies is then treated as the pairwise interaction of a set of N molecules at positions: Ri {i:1,2,... ...,N}. The distance between the molecules i and j is then:
 
The interaction energy of the system is taken to be:
 
where  is the interaction of molecules i and j in the absence of the influence of other molecules.

The theory is however only an approximation which assumes that the interactions can be treated independently, the theory must also be adjusted to take into account quantum perturbation theory.

References

Physical chemistry
Intermolecular forces
Zinc antimonide. Zinc antimonide (ZnSb), (Zn3Sb2), (Zn4Sb3) is an inorganic chemical compound. The Zn-Sb system contains six intermetallics. Like indium antimonide, aluminium antimonide, and gallium antimonide, it is a semiconducting intermetallic compound. It is used in transistors, infrared detectors and thermal imagers, as well as magnetoresistive devices.

History of zinc–antimony alloys and zinc antimonide 
The first reported use of zinc-antimony alloys was in the original work of T. J. Seebeck on thermoelectricity, a scientist who would then give his name to the Seebeck effect. By the 1860s, Moses G. Farmer, an American inventor, had developed the first high powered thermoelectric generator based on using a zinc-antimony alloy with a composition very close to stoichiometric ZnSb. He showed this generator at the 1867 Paris Exposition where it was carefully studied and copied (with minor modifications) by a number of people including Clamond. Farmer finally received the patent on his generator in 1870. George H. Cove patented a thermoelectric generator based on a Zn-Sb alloy in the early 1900s. His patent  claimed that the voltage and current for six "joints" was 3V at 3A. This was a far higher output than would be expected from a thermoelectric couple, and was possibly the first demonstration of the thermophotovoltaic effect, as the bandgap for ZnSb is 0.56eV, which under ideal conditions could yield close to 0.5V per diode. The next researcher to work with the material was Mária Telkes while she was at Westinghouse in Pittsburgh during the 1930s. Interest was revived again with the discovery of the higher bandgap Zn4Sb3 material in the 1990s.

References

zinc
antimonide
II-V semiconductors
II-V compounds
Zinc molybdate. Zinc molybdate is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnMoO4. It is used as a white pigment, which is also a corrosion inhibitor.  A related pigment is sodium zinc molybdate, Na2Zn(MoO4)2. The material has also been investigated as an electrode material.

In terms of its structure, the Mo(VI) centers are tetrahedral and the Zn(II) centers are octahedral.

Safety
The LD50 (oral, rats) is 11,500 mg/kg. While highly soluble molybdates like e.g. sodium molybdate are toxic in higher doses, zinc molybdate is essentially non-toxic because of its insolubility in water. Molybdates possess a lower toxicity than chromates or lead salts and are therefore seen as an alternative to these salts for corrosion inhibition.

References

External links
Improved corrosion-inhibiting pigments

zinc
molybdate
Zinc phosphate. Zinc phosphate is an inorganic compound with the formula Zn3(PO4)2.  This white powder is widely used as a corrosion resistant coating on metal surfaces either as part of an electroplating process or applied as a primer pigment (see also red lead). It has largely displaced toxic materials based on lead or chromium, and by 2006 it had become the most commonly used corrosion inhibitor. Zinc phosphate coats better on a crystalline structure than bare metal, so a seeding agent is often used as a pre-treatment. One common agent is sodium pyrophosphate.

Minerals
Natural forms of zinc phosphate include minerals hopeite and parahopeite. A somewhat similar mineral is natural hydrous zinc phosphate called tarbuttite, Zn2(PO4)(OH). Both are known from oxidation zones of Zn ore beds and were formed through oxidation of sphalerite by the presence of phosphate-rich solutions. The anhydrous form has not yet been found naturally.

Use

Dentistry 
Zinc phosphate cement is the classic dental cement par excellence. It is commonly used for luting permanent metal and zirconium dioxide restorations and as a base for dental restorations. Zinc phosphate cement is used for cementation of inlays, crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances and occasionally as a temporary restoration. 

It is prepared by mixing zinc oxide (ZnO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) powders with a liquid consisting principally of phosphoric acid, water, and buffers. It is the standard cement to measure against. It has the longest track record of use in dentistry.

In recent years, newer adhesive cements on a different chemical basis have been added (e.g. glass ionomer cement), but they have not displaced the classic phosphate cement, which continues to hold its own in the dental market with its simple and safe processing and good price-performance ratio. Zinc phosphate cement has only a low flexural strength and it does not stick to the dentin (it is a cement and not an adhesive).

Zinc phosphate cement has high compressive strength, low film thickness, minimal setting shrinkage and thermal expansion and is biocompatible. Compared to other luting materials such as glass ionomer cement or composites, zinc phosphate cement is less sensitive to moisture. The excess produced during the cementation of dental restorations can be easily removed.

Zinc phosphate cement has a high adhesive capacity to the tooth, metal, or even zirconium oxide.

Despite its strong acidity, zinc phosphate cement does not damage the pulp (or the tooth nerve) during the setting phase. It is therefore used as liner to protect the pulp under composite fillings.

Well-known dental brands in Germany and the world for zinc phosphate cement are Harvard cement and Hoffmann's cement. Otto Hoffmann invented this cement in 1892 and had it patented. Until the beginning of the First World War, he had a worldwide monopoly position with his cement.

References

External links 

Phosphates
phosphate
Inorganic pigments
Corrosion inhibitors
Dental materials