omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Program transformation. A program transformation is any operation that takes a computer program and generates another program. In many cases the transformed program is required to be semantically equivalent to the original, relative to a particular formal semantics and in fewer cases the transformations result in programs that semantically differ from the original in predictable ways.

While the transformations can be performed manually, it is often more practical to use a program transformation system that applies specifications of the required transformations. Program transformations may be specified as automated procedures that modify compiler data structures (e.g. abstract syntax trees) representing the program text, or may be specified more conveniently using patterns or templates representing parameterized source code fragments.

A practical requirement for source code transformation systems is that they be able to effectively process programs written in a programming language. This usually requires integration of a full front-end for the programming language of interest, including source code parsing, building internal program representations of code structures, the meaning of program symbols, useful static analyses, and regeneration of valid source code from transformed program representations. The problem of building and integrating adequate front ends for conventional languages (Java, C++, PHP etc.) may be of equal difficulty as building the program transformation system itself because of the complexity of such languages. To be widely useful, a transformation system must be able to handle many target programming languages, and must provide some means of specifying such front ends.

A generalisation of semantic equivalence is the notion of program refinement: one program is a refinement of another if it terminates on all the initial states for which the original program terminates, and for each such state it is guaranteed to terminate in a possible final state for the original program. In other words, a refinement of a program is more defined and more deterministic than the original program. If two programs are refinements of each other, then the programs are equivalent.

See also
 List of program transformation systems
 Metaprogramming
 Program synthesis
 Source-to-source compiler
 Source code generation
 Transformation language
 Transformational grammar
 Dynamic recompilation
 Operation reduction for low power

References

External links
 The Program transformation Wiki
 Papers on program transformation theory and practicE
 Transformation Technology Bibliography
 DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit: A Program Transformation System for DSLs and modern (C++, Java, ...) and legacy (COBOL, RPG) computer languages
 Spoon: A library to analyze, transform, rewrite, and transpile Java source code. It parses source files to build a well-designed AST with powerful analysis and transformation API.
 JavaParser: The JavaParser library provides you with an Abstract Syntax Tree of your Java code. The AST structure then allows you to work with your Java code in an easy programmatic way..

 
Metaprogramming
TDL. TDL may refer to:

Businesses and organizations
 Technical Design Labs, a former microcomputer- and software company
 Texas Digital Library, a consortium of institutions
 TDL Group, former company name of Tim Hortons

Places
 Tokyo Disneyland, Japan
 Tandil Airport (IATA code), Argentina
 Tundla Junction railway station (Station code), India

Other uses
 Tactical Data Link, in military communication
 Tomodachi Life, a 2013 life simulation video game
 Toxic Dose Low, in toxicology
 Sur language (ISO 639-3 code: tdl), a Plateau language of Nigeria

See also
 Temporal difference learning (TD), a prediction method
 Tunneled Direct Link Setup (TDLS)
 Two Dimensional Logarithmic Search (TDLS)
 Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)
Packet telephony. Packet telephony is the use of personal computers and a packet data network to produce a voice conversation. It consists of telephony and data tightly coupled on packet-based switched multimedia networks.

The goal of packet switched fabric in both LAN and WAN, the vision in to drive voice and data over a single multimedia (packet based N/W) allowing waves to engage in a media rich communication in a natural and straightforward manner.

The packet and based fabric is capable of supporting future applications such as video streaming and video conferencing. The transaction to a new paradigm will take years to complete. However technology matures and new application proliferate packet technology will appear in broader market. There is a major distinction between Intranet telephony and VoIP.

References

Telephony
Packets (information technology)
Ralph Johnson (computer scientist). Ralph E. Johnson is a Research Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  He is a co-author of the influential computer science textbook Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, for which he won the 2010 ACM SIGSOFT Outstanding Research Award. In 2006 he was awarded the Dahl–Nygaard Prize for his contributions to the state of the art embodied in that book as well.

Johnson was an early pioneer in the Smalltalk community and is a continued supporter of the language.  He has held several executive roles at the ACM Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages and Applications conference OOPSLA.  He initiated the popular OOPSLA Design Fest workshop.

References

External links
 Ralph Johnson's blog
 Ralph E. Johnson at UIUC
 Interview with Ralph Johnson from OOPSLA 2009, discussing Parallel Programming Patterns
 Presentation on a Pattern Language for Parallel Programming from QCon London 2010

American computer scientists
Living people
Scientists from Illinois
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Dahl–Nygaard Prize
Year of birth missing (living people)
Oasis (software). Oasis is a piece of software developed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that converts audio signals such as cellphone calls and television and radio broadcasts into readable and searchable text. It is designed to intelligently analyze an audio signal such as a cellphone call in order to identify and label each speaker (Male 1, Male 2, Female 1, and so forth). Oasis is also able to intelligently reference terms, such as by linking "car bomb" with "terrorism". Oasis will eventually be able to recognize key languages such as Arabic and Chinese, as well as English.

See also 
 Carnivore – a system developed by the US FBI to "wiretap" email.
 ECHELON – a joint signals intelligence network.
 Magic Lantern – a keystroke logging program developed by the US FBI.
 vidby – AI-based translation for videos
 reQall –  an app that organizes spoken voice notes

References

External links 
 An article about Oasis from The Register.
 Will spyware work?

Central Intelligence Agency
Surveillance
Telephone tapping
Speech recognition software
Mass surveillance
Hawker P.1072. The Hawker P.1072 was a 1949 experimental British aircraft acting as a test bed for the Armstrong Siddeley Snarler rocket booster engine. It was the prototype Hawker Sea Hawk modified to install the rocket in the tail.

Development
After the Second World War Hawker was working on a new fighter under their internal designation P.1040 which later became the Hawker Sea Hawk.

Armstrong Siddeley had begun work in 1946 to develop a liquid-fuelled rocket motor (to be used as a booster unit for fighters) for the Ministry of Supply. To investigate the feasibility of rocket-powered fighter aircraft, the original Sea Hawk prototype, VP401, was  converted into a test bed for the Armstrong Siddeley Snarler rocket motor, in addition to its normal Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet, becoming the P.1072. The P.1040 had a split exhaust which gave space in the tail free for the installation of the rocket.

The Snarler was pump fed rather than by pressurization of the fuel tanks. The installation of the rocket motor required considerable reinforcement of the fuselage as well as completely revised pneumatic and fuel systems. Jet engine fuel capacity was reduced from 395 gal (1,520 L) to 175 gal (675 L) and two tanks for rocket fuel were installed. The cylindrical liquid oxygen tank in the forward fuselage had a capacity of 75 gal (288 L), and the water-methanol tank in the rear fuselage had a capacity of 120 gal (460 L). External differences were limited to a slight bulge in the rear fuselage under the rudder and a fairing on the bottom centerline of the fuselage, covering piping between the tanks and the rocket motor in the tail.

The Rolls-Royce Nene 103 with 5,180 lbf (23.1 kN) of thrust was used for the ferry flights and for takeoff and initial climb. The Snarler rocket which  developed 2,000 lbf (8.9 kN) of thrust was first used in flight on 20 November 1950. There were limitations on the six flights were made using the rocket motor before a minor explosion damaged the aircraft. Soon after, the British government decided that turbojets with reheat (afterburner) would be used instead of rocket power.

Specifications (P.1072)

See also

Notes

References

 Hannah, Donald. Hawker FlyPast Reference Library. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing Ltd., 1982. .
 James, Derek N. Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973. . (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972)
 Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1991.  (reprinted as .)

1950s British experimental aircraft
P1072
Mixed-power aircraft
Rocket-powered aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Hughes XH-17. The Hughes XH-17 "Flying Crane" was the first helicopter project for the helicopter division of Hughes Aircraft Company. The XH-17, which had a two-bladed main rotor system with a diameter of 134 feet (41 m), still holds the world record for flying with the largest rotor system. It was capable of flying at a gross weight of more than , but proved too inefficient and cumbersome to be mass-produced beyond the prototype unit.

Design and development
The XH-17 was a heavy-lift rotorcraft that was designed to lift loads in excess of 15 metric tons. To speed construction, parts of the XH-17 were scavenged from other aircraft. The front wheels came from a North American B-25 Mitchell and the rear wheels from a Douglas C-54 Skymaster. The fuel tank was a bomb bay-mounted unit from a Boeing B-29 Superfortress. The cockpit was from a Waco CG-15 military glider and the tail rotor from a Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw was used for yaw control.

In the late 1940s, Hughes developed an interest in helicopters. In August 1947, helicopter manufacturer Kellett sold his design for the giant XH-17 Sky Crane to Hughes, who commissioned the development of the XH-17 Flying Crane research vehicle. In 1948, the XH-17 began to take shape. The giant helicopter was tested in Culver City, California over a three-year period beginning in 1952. The XH-17 flew in 1953 at a gross weight in excess of . It still holds the record for flying with the world's largest rotor system. Only one unit was built, since the aircraft was too cumbersome and inefficient to warrant further development.

The propulsion system was unusual. Two General Electric J35 turbojet engines were used, sending bleed air up through the rotor hub. The blades were hollow, and the hot compressed air traveled through the blades to tip jets where fuel was injected. In flight, the main rotor spun at a sedate 88 revolutions per minute, less than half the speed of typical helicopter rotors. Since the rotor was driven at the tips rather than the hub, little torque compensation was required, mostly due to friction in the main rotor bearing. Thus, the XH-17 had a very small tail rotor compared to its main rotor. This drive system was inefficient, limiting the test aircraft to a range of only .

The XH-28 was a derivative, with a maximum weight of . Though a wooden mockup of the design was made, the program was canceled and none were built.

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 

1950s United States helicopters
1950s United States experimental aircraft
Tipjet-powered helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1952
H-17
Twin-turbine helicopters
Single-rotor helicopters
Aircraft with fixed quad landing gear
The Bard's Tale Construction Set. The Bard's Tale Construction Set is a computer game creation system that allows for the creation of dungeon crawl video games based on the Bard's Tale game engine. It was developed by Interplay Productions in 1991 and distributed by Electronic Arts. It was released for the Amiga and MS-DOS.

Unlike other similar engines, it was not required to own The Bard's Tale Construction Set in order to play games which were created with it, while also allowing designers to add in their own custom title screen. This made it possible for anyone to share and distribute their own constructed games using the system, and a number of freeware and shareware titles were developed using the system and released.

Sample scenario
Included with the software was a sample scenario for the purpose of playing and learning from, entitled Star Light Festival.

Set in the small rundown village of Isil Thania, a band of adventurers has traveled from afar to witness the annual Star Light Festival in which an eerie light comes down from a star for one night only making the night into day.

While awaiting the Festival at the Rainbow Bar, a small twisted man leads the characters into the sewers (which feature the same maps found in the original Bard's Tale game), and from there the characters engages upon a quest that takes them from one location in the city to the next, eventually to find the secret truths behind the Star Cult and the town of Isil Thania.

Created games
Various companies created commercial games using the program. The Bard's Quest was a three-part game series created by Alex Ghadaksaz of VisionSoft (PC, 1994) Flying Buffalo Inc. offered a game called The Buftale based on the company's offices and employees.

Reception
Computer Gaming Worlds Scorpia criticized the small number of graphics and damage spells, but still recommended the program to those interested in designing their own computer role-playing games. The game was reviewed in 1992 in Dragon No. 183 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars.

Reviews
Amiga World (July, 1993)
Amiga Joker (February, 1993)
Amiga Action (March, 1993)
CU Amiga (March, 1993)
Amiga Format (April, 1993)
Amiga Power (March, 1993)
Amiga Magazine (July, 1993)

Developers
Feargus Urquhart served as a play tester for The Bard's Tale Construction Set, and went on to found the game companies Black Isle Studios and Obsidian Entertainment.

Notes

References

External links

The Bard's Tale Compendium
Bt Builder - an attempt to create an open source implementation of The Bard's Tale Construction Set.

1991 video games
Amiga games
DOS games
Electronic Arts games
First-person party-based dungeon crawler video games
Role-playing video games
Video game development software
Video games scored by Charles Deenen
MLT. MLT may refer to:

People
 MLT (hacktivist)

Computing and technology
 Mean Length Turn in wound electrical components
 Mechanized loop testing, in the Loop maintenance operations system
 Media Lovin' Toolkit, TV software
 Metropolis light transport, a computational algorithm
 Modulated lapped transform in mathematics

 Multi-level transmit as in MLT-3 encoding

 Multi-link trunking in networking

Transportation
 Malton railway station, England, station code
 Millinocket Municipal Airport, IATA code

Other uses
 Master of Laws in Taxation, a college degree
 Medical laboratory technician, US
 MALT1 or MLT, a protein
 Milton Corporation, Australia, trading code
 Mobile Language Team, University of Adelaide
 Modern Literal Taiwanese, an orthography in the Latin alphabet for the Taiwanese language
 Mountlake Terrace, a suburb of Seattle, Washington
NGR. NGR may refer to:

Countries by code 
Niger (ITU:NGR)
Nigeria (IOC:NGR)

Rail transport 
Natal Government Railways, British rail company in Africa (1877–1910)
Nepal Government Railway, between Nepal and India (1927–1965)
New Generation Rollingstock, a class of railcar used in Australia from 2017
North Gloucestershire Railway (now Toddington Narrow Gauge Railway), England

Other uses 
Nonhomogeneous Gaussian regression, a statistical method for calibrating weather forecasts
Defence Technology Centre. A Defence Technology Centre carries out military science research on behalf of the UK government. They are consortia with members from industry, universities as well as QinetiQ. They are organised by scientific themes. There are currently four DTCs. One for Human Factors Integration, one on Electromagnetic Remote Sensing, one on Data and Information Fusion and one on Autonomous and Semi Autonomous Vehicles.

External links
Ministry of Defence page on DTCs
Data Information Fusion Defence Technology Centre
Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre
Electro Magnetic Remote Sensing Defence Technology Centre
Systems Engineering & Integrated Systems for Defence: Autonomous and Semi Autonomous Vehicles Defence Technology Centre

Military research establishments of the United Kingdom
Jim Westwood. Jim Westwood is the former chief engineer who worked at Sinclair Research Ltd in the 1980s, starting at the company in 1963. Westwood was the technical mastermind behind many of Sinclair's products and worked there for more than twenty years. 

Sir Clive Sinclair and Westwood shared a connection even before they met when Westwood had previously worked at an electronics store in London which was owned by Bernard Babani, Sinclair's publisher. This gave Westwood a good degree of familiarity with Sinclair's designs, which prompted him to join Sinclair's fledgling company, Sinclair Radionics. Westwood subsequently had a hand in most of the company's products, including the calculators, audio equipment, ZX Spectrum computers and TV80. 

He is still designing hardware for Amino Communications, and is a partner in Cambridge Electronics Consultancy.

Colin Michael Carmichael plays Westwood in the 2009 BBC television movie Micro Men. Westwood also had a cameo in the movie.

References

Books
 Adamson, Ian; Kennedy, Richard (1986). Sinclair and the "Sunrise" Technology. London: Penguin Books. 224 pp. .
 Dale, Rodney (1985). The Sinclair Story. London: Duckworth. 184 pp. .

ZX Spectrum
Sinclair Research
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pedestrian separation structure. A pedestrian separation structure is any structure that removes pedestrians from a roadway, street or railway track.  This creates a road junction where vehicles and pedestrians do not interact.

This can be considered a type of grade separation structure on the road.  

These structures can be located either above the roadway or below the roadway.  In the U.S., access under the Americans with Disabilities Act requirements means that stairs cannot be the only access to these structures.  An elevator must be provided or a ramp built that conforms to the grade requirements under the ADA regulations. 

In the broadest sense, building codes that limit the number of driveways that cross sidewalks may be viewed as making the sidewalks a separation structure.

In many areas, wildlife crossings are provided in wilderness areas to allow wildlife to cross roadways without risking accidents.  While not specifically built for people, they could be used by people in those areas.

History
Many of the early forms of these structures were provided to cross limited-access highways in areas that were built up and lacked intersections.  By allowing pedestrians and bicycles to cross over the highway, these bridges were viewed as low-cost alternatives to intersections.  

In 1999, Las Vegas, Nevada began a major effort to install pedestrian bridges at major intersections along the Las Vegas Strip, to reduce traffic congestion and improve pedestrian safety.

See also
Overpass
Pedestrian safety through vehicle design
Pedway
Skyway
Subway
Tropicana - Las Vegas Boulevard intersection
Tunnel

References

External links 
Grade-Separate Pedestrian Movements

Separation structure

Road junction types
Pedestrian crossings
IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics. Lotus Freelance Graphics is an information graphics and presentation program developed by Lotus Software (formerly Lotus Development Corp.) following its acquisition of Graphic Communications Inc in 1986. It was first released for DOS and OS/2 operating systems, then later released as part of the Lotus SmartSuite for Microsoft Windows. (In a reference to its original developer, Graphic Communications Inc., Freelance's executable file was named GCIFL.)

Pre-Windows versions of Lotus Freelance Graphics included mouse support (provided a mouse driver for the OS had also been installed). However, many users considered the 'points and vector' graphics application easier and faster from the keyboard, as it utilized many keyboard shortcuts.

The Windows-compatible version allowed users to create and compile text, digital images, diagrams, basic drawings and charts (such as bar charts and pie charts) into a digital slide show. It was originally a drawing tool, but was enhanced to include charting by either manually inputting data or importing data from the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet program.

Freelance worked within DOS to produce slides comparable to those of Microsoft PowerPoint, a program originally created for the Macintosh. Because Lotus opted to develop Freelance for OS/2, Microsoft got a head start developing and promoting the Windows version of its application. When IBM then acquired Lotus, Microsoft used a licensing issue to delay IBM's access to the Windows 95 code base, allowing Microsoft Office to be released six months ahead of Lotus SmartSuite. As a result, when OS/2 failed to gain widespread adoption, Freelance became a little-used application.

Freelance was eventually grafted into a new version of 1-2-3 for Windows (Smart Suite), but by then PowerPoint and Excel had become dominant. Freelance's files were much smaller (typically 50 KB for a full presentation) compared to the competition's, allowing 20 or more presentations to be stored on a single floppy disc. However, the quality of the Freelance product eventually deteriorated as IBM's support of SmartSuite dwindled.

References

External links
Infoworld article 28 Sep 1987
How to Work from the Internet and Earn Money: A Comprehensive Guide online earning methods{{|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (to view .prz files, 1.5MB)
IBM Fix list for SmartSuite for Windows 9.8 and fix packs

Presentation software
Technical communication tools
Office suites for Windows
Freelance Graphics
Freelance Graphics
OS/2 software
Guideline execution engine. A guideline execution engine is a computer program which can interpret a clinical guideline represented in a computerized format and perform actions towards the user of an electronic medical record.

A guideline execution engine needs to communicate with a host clinical information system. Virtual Medical Record (vMR) is one possible interface which can be used.

The engine's main function is to manage instances of executed guidelines of individual patients.

Architecture 
The following modules are generally needed for any engine:

 interface to clinical information system
 new guidelines loading module
 guideline interpreter module
 clinical events parser
 alert/recommendations dispatch

Guideline Interchange Format 

The Guideline Interchange Format (GLIF) is a computer representation format for clinical guidelines. Represented guidelines can be executed using a guideline execution engine.

The format has several versions as it has been improved. In 2003 GLIF3 was introduced.

Use of third party workflow engine as a guideline execution engine 
Some commercial electronic health record systems use a workflow engine to execute clinical guidelines. RetroGuide and HealthFlow are examples of such an approach.

See also 
 Arden syntax
 Medical algorithm

References

Further reading 

 (PDF)
 (PDF)

Health informatics
Knowledge representation