omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mining lamp. A mining lamp is a lamp, developed for the rigid necessities of underground mining operations. Most often it is worn on a hard hat in the form of a headlamp.

History 
Types

1813 Dr William Reid Clanny Exhibited The Clanny Lamp

1815 Humphry Davy Exhibited The Davy Lamp

1815 George Stephenson Exhibited his Lamp

The Davey Safety Lamp was made in London by Humphry Davy. George Stephenson invented a similar lamp but Davys invention was safer due to it having a fine wire gauze that surrounded the flame. This enabled the light to pass through and reduced the risk of explosion by stopping the "firedamp" methane gas coming in contact with the flame.

1840 Mathieu Mueseler Exhibited The Museler Lamp in Belgium.

1859 William Clark patented the first electrical mining lamp.

1870s J.B.Marsaut (France) double gauze design

1872 Coal Mines Regulation Act required locked lamps under certain conditions

1881 Joseph Swan exhibited his first electric lamp

1882 Made by William Reid Clanny  invented a 'bonnetted' Clanny lamp,

1883  Elliis Lever of Culcheth Hall Bowdon offered a £500 prize for creation of a safe portable mining lamp.

1885 Thomas Evans of Aberdare made a Clanny type of safety lamp

1886 Royal Commission on Accidents in Mines tested lamps and made recommendations

1887 Coal Mines Regulation Act – requirements on construction, examination, where used, etc.

1889 John Davis and Co, Derby, were supplying portable electric lamps

1896 Coal Mines Regulation Act - requirements on provision by mine owners, where to be used, etc.

1909 Cap (helmet) lamps introduced in Scotland

1911 Prize offered for best electrical lamp

1911 Coal Mines Act made requirements for pit managers to take examinations, where can be used (including electrical), etc.

1920 Electrical lamp with built in accumulator

1924 Miners Lamp Committee – tests and recommendations

1950 Shale miner's electric safety cap lamp and battery pack made in England and supplied by Concordia Electric Safety Lamp Company Ltd, Cardiff.

Variants 
Carbide lamp, a lamp that produces and burns acetylene
Safety lamp, any of several types of lamp which are designed to be safe to use in coal mines
Davy lamp, a safety lamp containing a candle
Geordie lamp, a safety lamp
Wheat lamp

See also 
 Headlamp (outdoor)

References

Mining equipment
Types of lamp
Safety equipment
Mine safety
Coal mining
Error guessing. In software testing, error guessing is a test method in which test cases used to find bugs in programs are established based on experience in prior testing. The scope of test cases usually rely on the software tester involved, who uses experience and intuition to determine what situations commonly cause software failure, or may cause errors to appear. Typical errors include divide by zero, null pointers, or invalid parameters.

Error guessing has no explicit rules for testing; test cases can be designed depending on the situation, either drawing from functional documents or when an unexpected/undocumented error is found while testing operations.

References 

Software testing
Computer programming

kk:Бағдарламалық тестілеу
Foundation integrity testing. Foundation integrity testing is the non-destructive testing of piled foundations. It was first used in the late 1960s, and has been developed over time by many companies. Three organizations supply a majority of the test equipment in use: CEBTP (Centre Expérimental de Recherches et d'Etudes du Bâtiment et des Travaux Publics) in Europe; Integrity Testing in Asia and Australia: and by GRL in the USA.

References

Bridges
Elektroprivreda HZ HB. JP Elektroprivreda HZ HB d.d. () is a Public Power Utility Company based in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

History

JP Elektroprivreda HZHB d.d. was formed on 28 August 1992 on Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina and HVO dominated territory, and used as public utility company for territory of defunct Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia. In 1999, EPHZHB had the electricity generation capacity of 762 MW, all from hydro power plants, while its distribution-level consumption was 1,075 GWh. On May 20, 2004 it became an entity government-owned publicly traded company.

In March 2018, EPHZHB launched a 50.6 MW Mesihovina wind power plant, located near the northwestern town of Tomislavgrad. It consists of 22 turbines and can produce 165.2 GWh of power a year, enough to supply 27,500 households.

Power generation and consumption
GWh

Source 2010–2015, 2016 2017, 2018

Structure
90% of company stock is owned by Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity government. It is listed on the Sarajevo Stock Exchange.

Operations
The company operates mostly in Croatian-majority cantons and municipalities in Bosnia-Herzegovina, covering approximately 25% of the country's territory. It is the third largest utility company in the country, with 2,325 GWh of electricity generation in 2015 (14,8% of the total generation in the country). It employs over 1,500 people and operates seven hydropower plants and one wind power plant:
 Čapljina Hydroelectric Power Plant, Čapljina
 Rama Hydroelectric Power Plant, Prozor-Rama
 HPP "Mostar", Mostar
 Mostarsko Blato Hydroelectric Power Plant, Mostar  
 Jajce-1 HPP, Jajce
 Jajce-2 HPP, Jajce
 MHE "Peć Mlini", Grude
 Mesihovina - Wind Power Plant (hr), Tomislavgrad

See also
 List of companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Elektroprivreda Bosne i Hercegovine
 Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske

References

External links
 

Electric power companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Companies based in Mostar
Government-owned companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Government-owned energy companies
ShaChelle Devlin Manning. ShaChelle Devlin Manning is an American business person involved in the commercialization of nanotechnology.

Education
Manning graduated in 1990 from Loras College in Dubuque, Iowa with a BA in English and Communications. She received an MBA from the University of Dallas.

Career
From 1998 to 2002, she was Vice President for Winstar Communications, where she introduced wireless and internet technology.

Nanotechnology
In 2002 Manning became Director of Alliances at Zyvex Corporation, a nanotechnology company with research partnerships  with United States governmental agencies such as DARPA, NIST, NASA, and the DoE. In 2005, she became a consultant to the Governor of the State of Texas as Director of Advanced Technology Alliances where she promoted the development of the Texas nanotechnology strategic plan, including a $30 Million fund to attract researchers in nanotechnology. In 2007 Manning joined Authentix, a Texas nanotechnology company.

In 2011, Manning co-founded MalibuIQ, LLC, an entrepreneurial private investment partnership in Malibu, California
 
She has been a board member for several organizations, including Astrotech Corporation and Loras College. She cofounded The Virtual Wall, an online site honoring Vietnam veterans.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American nanotechnologists
University of Dallas alumni
Loras College alumni
Potassium bisulfite. Potassium bisulfite (or potassium hydrogen sulfite) is a chemical mixture with the approximately correctly mentioned formula chemical formula KHSO3. Potassium bisulfite in fact is not an actual compound, but a mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of potassium ions and bisulfite ions.  It is a white solid with an odor of sulfur dioxide. Attempts to crystallize potassium bisulfite yield potassium metabisulfite, K2S2O5.

Potassium bisulfite is used as a sterilising agent in the production of alcoholic beverages.   This additive is classified as E number E228 under the current EU-approved food additive legislation.

Production
It is made by the reaction of sulfur dioxide and potassium carbonate.  The sulfur dioxide is passed through a solution of the potassium carbonate until no more carbon dioxide is evolved.  The solution is concentrated.

See also
 Calcium bisulfite
 Sodium bisulfite

References

Potassium compounds
Bisulfites
Food additives
E-number additives
Lawson L-2. The Lawson L-2 was a 1920s American biplane airliner, designed and built by the Lawson Air Line Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Design and development

 
The Lawson Air Line Company designed and built a series of large biplane airliners for use on its planned airline routes. The initial Lawson "Aerial Transport" Lawson C1 or T-1 was built early in 1919 to demonstrate that a large commercial passenger plane could be built. The L-1 was a single pilot, 10 passenger biplane with twin Liberty 400 hp pusher engines. It was followed by the Lawson C.2 or L-2. The L-2 was a tractor biplane also with 400 hp engines, capable of carrying 26 passengers, and piloted by two pilots, with differential controls.

Mr. Lawson took it on a 2000-mile multi-city tour to advocate commercial air travel.

Some sources state Mr. Lawson himself as the sole designer; others mention involvement of Vincent Burnelli.

Operators

Lawson Airline Company

Specifications (L-2)

See also

References

External links

 Contemporary technical description of the Lawson C-1 and C-2 (early versions of the L-2) with scale drawings of the C-1 and photographs of the C-2.

1920s United States airliners
L-2
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Conditional compilation. In computer programming, conditional compilation is a compilation technique which results in differring executable programs depending on parameters specified. This technique is commonly used when these differences in the program are needed to run it on different platforms, or with different versions of required libraries or hardware.

Many programming languages support conditional compilation. Typically compiler directives define or "undefine" certain variables; other directives test these variables and modify compilation accordingly. For example, not using an actual language, the compiler may be set to define "Macintosh" and undefine "PC", and the code may contain:

(* System generic code *)
if mac != Null then
    (* macOS specific code *)
else if pc != Null
    (* Windows specific code *)

In C and some languages with a similar syntax, this is done using an '#ifdef' directive.

A similar procedure, using the name "conditional comment", is used by Microsoft Internet Explorer from version 5 to 9 to interpret HTML code. There is also a similar proprietary mechanism for adding conditional comments within JScript, known as conditional compilation.

Criticism

When conditional compilation depends on too many variables, it can make the code harder to reason about as the number of possible combinations of configuration increases exponentially. When conditional compilation is done via a preprocessor that does not guarantee syntactically correct output in the source language, such as the C preprocessor, this may lead to hard-to-debug compilation errors, which is sometimes called "#ifdef hell."

References

Programming language implementation
Framework-oriented design. Framework Oriented Design (FOD) is a programming paradigm that uses existing frameworks as the basis for an application design.

The framework can be thought of as fully functioning template application. The application development consists of modifying callback procedure behaviour and modifying  object behaviour using inheritance.

This paradigm provides the patterns for understanding development with Rapid Application Development (RAD) systems such as Delphi, where the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) provides the template application and the programmer fills in the appropriate event handlers. The developer has the option of  modifying existing objects via inheritance.

References
C++ Hierarchy Design Idioms by Stephen C. Dewhurst of www.semantics.org.

Software design
Fundamentals of Physics. Fundamentals of Physics is a calculus-based physics textbook by David Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker. The textbook is currently in its 12th edition (published October, 2021). 

The current version is a revised version of the original 1960 textbook Physics for Students of Science and Engineering by Halliday and Resnick, which was published in two parts (Part I containing Chapters 1-25 and covering mechanics and thermodynamics; Part II containing Chapters 26-48 and covering electromagnetism, optics, and introducing quantum physics).  A 1966 revision of the first edition of Part I changed the title of the textbook to Physics. 

It is widely used in colleges as part of the undergraduate physics courses, and has been well known to science and engineering students for decades as "the gold standard" of freshman-level physics texts. In 2002, the American Physical Society named the work the most outstanding introductory physics text of the 20th century.

The first edition of the book to bear the title Fundamentals of Physics, first published in 1970, was revised from the original text by Farrell Edwards and John J. Merrill. (Editions for sale outside the USA have the title Principles of Physics.) Walker has been the revising author since 1990.
In the more recent editions of the textbook, beginning with the fifth edition, Walker has included "checkpoint" questions.  These are conceptual ranking-task questions that help the student before embarking on numerical calculations.

The textbook covers most of the basic topics in physics:
 Mechanics
 Waves
 Thermodynamics
 Electromagnetism
 Optics
 Special Relativity

The extended edition also contains introductions to topics such as quantum mechanics, atomic theory, solid-state physics, nuclear physics and cosmology. A solutions manual and a study guide are also available.

See also
Physics education

References

External links
Fundamentals of physics at Wikibooks:

Physics textbooks
IBM Virtual Universe Community. The Virtual Universe Community or VUC is the internal IBM interest group for Virtual Worlds.

Every IBMer that is present within any Virtual World or Virtual Universe must comply with the IBM Virtual World Guidelines.

The community was active in moving IBM into a range of new and profitable industries from the creation of Virtual World Cell Based Mainframes – known as Gameframes – to 24 Hour Virtual Service Desks staffed by avatars around the globe. The community members also worked on numerous projects to promote virtual worlds in the sphere of art, cross cultural collaboration, social enterprise, sustainable development, services based innovation and learning, both on internal IBM grids and public virtual world grids, such as Second Life and other Open Sim based grids.

History 

The Virtual Universe Community was officially launched on September 12, 2006, in conjunction with the IBM Innovation Jam. This component of the Jam was a self-organized collaboration and brainstorming event and was referred to as a 3D Jam. 130 IBM employees collaborated on ideas in the virtual campus of New Media Consortium.

On November 14, now 400 members strong, the Virtual Universe Communities idea they had logged in the innovation Jam was voted number 1 out of 50,000 entries. The CEO of IBM Sam Palmisano and Irving Wladalsky-Berger presented the results in the world's first virtual town hall.

The community grew rapidly and when it reached nearly 1000 members a new organization was formed.

The community celebrated its first anniversary on September 12, 2007, and, at its height, was 5000 members strong working on sectors ranging from education, training, and accessibility to cutting-edge research and client as well as serious gaming showcases. Several social events to reunite IBMers and HR training projects were held in Almaden island, in Second Life.

As the industry focus moved on from virtual worlds, the participation in the community declined. The community also explored other areas along the way such as augmented reality and virtual reality hoping to converge multiple concurrent technologies led by some VUC Emeritus Guildmasters.

A Virtual Universe Community isn't well understood.  To date, the most comprehensive understanding of VUC or innovation jams has been done by Steve Diasio† of the University of South Florida and Anne Elerud-Tryde‡ of the Chalmers University of Technology.

Notes

†Diasio, S. (2022) A techno-social perspective of innovation jams: defining and characterising, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 34:1, 30–46, DOI: 10.1080/09537325.2021.1884674
‡Elerud-Tryde, A. (2016). Innovation jams as vehicles for innovation An extended perspective on internal innovation jams.

Virtual Universe Community
Virtual reality organizations
Purvis Eureka. The Purvis Eureka is a sports car which was produced by Purvis Cars at Dandenong in Victoria, Australia  from 1974 until 1991.

First exhibited at the 1974 Melbourne International Motor Show, the Eureka was based on the British Nova kit car design of 1971. It utilised a Volkswagen Beetle chassis, a fibreglass body  and, most commonly, an air-cooled Volkswagen flat-four or a Ford inline four-cylinder engine. Some cars with Mazda rotary powerplants were also produced. The Eureka was offered both as a kit car and as a fully assembled vehicle. The coupe body had no doors, with access being via a manually operated one-piece canopy, although a power-operated canopy was later offered as an option. A Targa top version was also available from the early 1980s on.

Three models of the Eureka were produced.
 Purvis Eureka Sports, from 1974 to 1975 
 Purvis Eureka PL30, from 1975 to 1976 
 Purvis Eureka F4, from 1976 to 1991 

Some 235 examples of the Eureka Sports were produced  and the total output of all Eureka models had reached 683 when production ended in 1991.

In  1977, Eureka Cars NZ, of Auckland, New Zealand, was set up to manufacture the Eureka in New Zealand. The number made by them is unknown but some still exist. The company closed in 1990.

References

External links 
 Purvis Eureka Car Club of Australia

Cars of Australia
Sports cars
Rear-engined vehicles
Cars introduced in 1974
1980s cars
1990s cars
IntelliMax. IntelliMax  is the name of several different brands or enterprises:

 An automation system by American firm SenSys.
 IntelliMax Solutions, an Australian provider of Business intelligence software 
 A brand of load management switches made by Fairchild Semiconductor
 Elekta IntelliMax, a platform for the delivery of remote services for the support of treatment delivery suites, by Swedish firm Elekta
 Online marketing software IntelliMaxx by Canadian firm dthree.

References
Fragment separator. A fragment separator is an ion-optical device used to focus and separate products from the collision of relativistic ion beams with thin targets.  Selected products can then be studied individually.  Fragment separators typically consist of a series of superconducting magnetic multipole elements.  The thin target immediately before the separator allows the fragments produced through various reactions to escape the target material still at a very high velocity.  The products are forward-focused because of the high velocity of the center-of-mass in the beam-target interaction, which allows fragment separators to collect a large fraction (in some cases nearly all) of the fragments produced in the target.  Some examples of currently operating Fragment separators are the FRS at GSI, the A1900 at NSCL, and BigRIPS of Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory at RIKEN.

References 

Experimental physics
Job stream. In a non-interactive computer system, particularly IBM mainframes, a job stream, jobstream, or simply job is the sequence of job control language statements (JCL) and data (called instream data) that comprise a single "unit of work for an operating system". The term job traditionally means a one-off piece of work, and is contrasted with a batch (executing the same steps over many inputs), but non-interactive computation has come to be called "batch processing", and thus a unit of batch processing is often called a job, or by the oxymoronic term batch job; see job for details. Performing a job consists of executing one or more programs. Each program execution, called a job step, jobstep, or step,  is usually related in some way to the others in the job. Steps in a job are executed sequentially, possibly depending on the results of previous steps, particularly in batch processing.

The term "job stream" is particularly associated with mainframes; in the IBM z/OS operating system, a job is initiated by a // JOB and terminated by the next // JOB or // statement. Each job step consists of one // EXEC statement indicating the program to be executed and usually multiple // DD statements defining the files and devices to be used.

Example
A simple example of a job stream is a system to print payroll checks which might consist of the following steps, performed on a batch of inputs:
 Read a file of data containing employee id numbers and hours worked for the current pay period (batch of input data). Validate the data to check that the employee numbers are valid and that the hours worked are reasonable.  
 Compute salary and deductions for the current pay period based on hours input and pay rate and deductions from the employee's master record. Update the employee master "year-to-date" figures and create a file of records containing information to be used in the following steps.
 Print payroll checks using the data created in the previous step.
 Update bank account balance to reflect check numbers and amounts written.

Each step depends on successful completion of the previous step. For example, if incorrect data is input to the first step the job might terminate without executing the subsequent steps to allow the payroll department to correct the data and rerun the edit. If there are no errors the job will run to completion with no manual intervention.

See also
 Job queue
 Job scheduler

References

IBM mainframe operating systems
Job scheduling
IBM Cross System Product. IBM's Cross System Product (CSP) was an application generator intended to create online systems on IBM's mainframe platforms. Introduced in 1981, CSP consisted of a set of source code generators that allowed developers to interactively define, test, generate, and execute application programs. CSP was composed of two products:
Cross System Product/Application Development (CSP/AD) - development environment. 
Cross System Product/Application Execution (CSP/AE) - runtime environment.

CSP version 3 was released in 1986 with extended functions: 
DB2 support in CICS/OS/VS and MVS/TSO environment
SQL/DS support in VSE and VM/SP environment
MVS/XA (31bit addressing) support

The 1987 SAA announcement cast doubt on IBM's commitment to CSP – it "wasn't silent on CSP; it dismembered it.".

The last version of CSP, version 4.1, went out of support at the end of 2001.

In 1994, IBM released a successor product called VisualGen  which incorporated "the ability to develop client/server applications (particularly the addition of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to applications), the ability to access data from non-IBM vendors’ data stores, and the ability to execute application in operating environments beyond the mainframe."  In 1996, this product was again renamed to VisualAge Generator.  VisualAge Generator was withdrawn from service in 2009 and succeeded by Rational Business Developer.

See also
Rational Software

References

Fourth-generation programming languages
IBM mainframe software