omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Williams F107. The Williams F107 (company designation WR19) is a small turbofan engine made by Williams International. The F107 was designed to propel cruise missiles. It has been used as the powerplant for the AGM-86 ALCM, and BGM-109 Tomahawk, as well as the experimental Kaman KSA-100 SAVER and Williams X-Jet flying platform.

Applications
 AGM-86 ALCM
 BGM-109 Tomahawk
 AGM-158 JASSM
 Kaman KSA-100 SAVER
 Williams X-Jet
 Bell Aerospace Flying Jet Belt
 Dynetics Gremlins X-61

Specifications (WR19)

F122

The Williams International F122 is a twin-shaft, axial-centrifugal-flow turbofan that is similar to the F107 in configuration but has a maximum thrust of 900 lbf (3.33 to 4.0 kN).

Design and development
The F122 is used to power the KEPD 350 air-launched cruise missile, and was the powerplant for the cancelled AGM-137 TSSAM air-launched cruise missile. Although the AGM-137 was cancelled, the F122 was first used for the Taurus KEPD when it was flown aboard that missile in April 2002.

Applications
 AGM-137 TSSAM
 KEPD 350

See also
 List of aircraft engines
 Teledyne CAE J402
 Microturbo TRI 60

References

Further reading

External links

 National Museum of the USAF F107 fact sheet
 F107-WR-400_Turbofan_PCS_-_October_1984

Low-bypass turbofan engines
1970s turbofan engines
F107
Centrifugal-flow turbojet engines
Wingman. A wingman (or wingmate) is the pilot of a secondary aircraft providing support or protection to a primary aircraft in a potentially dangerous situation, traditionally flying in formation to the side and slightly behind the primary craft. The term is sometimes used in reference to the secondary aircraft itself, particularly when it is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) rather than human-piloted plane.

According to the U.S. Air Force,

Description
The wingman's role is to support aerial combat by making a flight both safer and more capable: amplifying situational awareness, increasing firepower, and allowing more dynamic tactics.

Origins
The concept of a wingman is nearly as old as fighter aviation. On 9 August 1915, Oswald Boelcke was already acting in the role when he shot down a French airplane pursuing Max Immelmann.

Colonel Robert Smith provided an extensive description of the work and role of wingmen during the Korean War. Among a wingman's primary responsibilities are remaining close to the leader of the aerial formation and warning the leader of any immediate threats at the cost of losing mutual protection. Smith described the responsibilities as mutually exclusive: to never lose the leader requires that the wingman watch what is in front of him/her while warning the leader of threats requires focusing on the rear. In order to protect the leader, the wingman needs to react constantly according to his surroundings and movements. Smith described the difficulties of flying under conditions of poor visibility and the trying effects on human perception under such conditions, especially considering the danger of becoming separated from the formation leader. According to Smith, wingmen are expected to remain with the leader, even at the cost of giving up an easy kill.

Unmanned aerial vehicles as wingmen
The development of UAVs led to the development of such vehicles as "loyal wingmen" flying in formation with a manned fighter aircraft serving in various supporting roles.

The European development project FCAS includes such UAVs.

The Chinese Feihong Company under the Ninth Academy of the state-owned China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation presented an upgraded version of its "loyal wingman" FH-97A at the 2022 Zhuhai Airshow.

The Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat is another example.

See also
Index of aviation articles
Finger-four
Vee formation
Parahawking

References

Bibliography

External links

"I am a wingman" article at United States Air Force Medical Service (archive)
"What makes a wingman?" article at United States Air Force (archive)

Aerial warfare tactics
Uniform data access. Uniform data access is a computational concept describing an even-ness of connectivity and controllability across numerous target data sources.  

Necessary to fields such as Enterprise Information Integration (EII) and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), it is most often used regarding analysis of disparate data types and data sources, which must be rendered into a uniform information representation, and generally must appear homogenous to the analysis tools—when the data being analyzed is typically heterogeneous and widely varying in size, type, and original representation.

Data management
X-Jet. X-Jet or XJet may refer to:

 Williams X-Jet, a single-person lightweight aircraft
 X-Jet (airline), a defunct Austrian airline
 X-Jet (comics), or Blackbird, a fictional aircraft in Marvel Comics
 XJet, a fixed-base operator at London Stansted Airport
 xjet, a YouTube channel by Bruce Simpson

See also
 ExpressJet, an American airline
 Cross-Jet, a Rabasa Cycles model
 JET-X, Joint European Telescope for X-ray astronomy
Tank plinking. Tank plinking is the military practice of using precision-guided munitions to destroy artillery, armored personnel carriers, tanks, and other targets. The term was coined by pilots during the Gulf War, but discouraged by the military. As the war progressed, the term began to encompass all forms of destroying a target with an excessively capable weapon. 

General Norman Schwarzkopf was looking for a plan to incapacitate 50% of the Iraqi army before any ground invasion could begin. Planning was performed including high intensity air strikes with General Dynamics F-111, A-6 Intruder, F-15E Strike Eagle, F/A-18 Hornet, AV-8 Harrier, A-10 Thunderbolt II, and F-16 Fighting Falcon crews. This culminated in December 1990, with Operation Night Camel in which air crews of the F-111 evaluated the ability of aircraft to use guided munitions with the LANTIRN and Pave Tack target designation systems from medium altitude.

This is a deviation from standard military air engagement. Due to the prevalence of surface-to-air missiles, most aviators would prefer to engage a target from either a very high altitude, or a very low altitude, and certainly with low observability aircraft. However, the Iraqi defenses proved very inadequate. The winning combination for the eventual campaign was either a pair or quartet of F-111F aircraft loaded with four GBU-12 , laser-guided bombs. Bombs were designated for entrenched, hard targets, and for softer targets (e.g. armoured personnel carriers).

See also
Index of aviation articles
List of established military terms

References

Military slang and jargon
Gulf War
Short Range Prosecutor. The United States Coast Guard (USCG) Short Range Prosecutor is a 7-meter, high speed launch designed to be launched from cutters, at speed, from a stern launching ramp.
The Short Range Prosecutor is a rigid-hull inflatable, powered by water-jets, for intercepting and boarding suspect vessels.  It mounts a radar and special shock-proof seats, and can travel at 30 knots.

The refitted Island class Patrol cutters, part of the Deepwater program, were each to carry one Short Range Prosecutor.  The Marine Protector cutters each carry one Short Range Prosecutor.
The new Sentinel class cutters will carry one Short Range Prosecutor.
The National Security Cutters
will have a rear launching ramps, and will carry two launches, either two Short Range Prosecutors, or two of the larger USCG Long Range Interceptors, or one of each.

Specification
Length: 25 ft (7 m)
Displacement: 5600 lb (2.54 t)
Capacity: maximum 10 people
Speed: 33 kn
Range: 400 nmi
Endurance: 10 h
Armament: M240 machine gun
Propulsion: 2 diesel engines with water jet engine

See also
Boats of similar role and configuration:
 Pacific 24

References

Short Range Prosecutor
Short Range Prosecutor
SHort Range Prosecutor
Long Range Interceptor. The Long Range Interceptor (LRI) is an 11-meter (35 feet) high speed launch vessel designed to be deployed from United States Coast Guard cutters via a rear launching ramp.
The Long Range Interceptor is an aluminum boat, powered by Ultrajet brand water-jets, for intercepting and boarding suspect vessels. It mounts a radar, special shock-proof seats, and can travel at .  They can be armed with machine guns or grenade launchers, and can be equipped with ballistic panels for crew protection when required.

The National Security Cutters (NSC) have a rear launching/retrieval ramp, and carry two launches, either two of the smaller 7-meter USCG Short Range Prosecutors, or two USCG Long Range Interceptors, or one of each.

Under the Integrated Deepwater System Program, the US Coast Guard's outside private contracting company, Integrated Coast Guard Systems (ICGS), signed a $2.9 million contract for the construction of one Long Range Interceptor in February 2006 with Willard Marine. However, because the LRI's design did not meet Coast Guard's requirements, the Coast Guard planned to hold a full and open competition for additional LRIs that would comply with future NSCs requirements.

In June 2012, the United States Coast Guard selected MetalCraft Marine U.S. in Cape Vincent, New York, and awarded a five-year production contract with a potential total value of up to $10.2 million with the option to build up to ten of the latest version of the Long Range Interceptor (LRI-II). On December 12, 2013, the Coast Guard placed a delivery order valued at $3.973 million for the first four LRI-II cutter boats. The first LRI-II was delivered on February 20, 2013, and commenced testing aboard the Coast Guard's first National Security Cutter, the . The LRI-II project was approved for full-rate production on June 27, 2013, after successful operational and interface testing activities with the Bertholf. The third LRI-II was delivered in November 2014 to the , and the fourth LRI-II was delivered in February 2015 to the fourth NSC, the . By that time, the Coast Guard had ordered six LRI-IIs from MetalCraft.

Specification
Source:
Length: 36 ft (11 m)
Displacement: 24,000 lb (10.89 t)
Capacity: maximum of 14 passengers
Speed: 
Range: 
Endurance: 10 hr
Armament: 2 x M240 machine guns, Small Arms
Propulsion: 2 diesel engines drive 2 water jet engines

See also
Equipment of the United States Coast Guard

References

External links 
Video of the USCG Matagorda illustrating the use of her rear launching ramp, at speed, with a Short Range Prosecutor.

Long Range Interceptor
Long Range Interceptor
Triadex Muse. The Triadex Muse is an early sequencer-based digital synthesizer designed by Edward Fredkin and Marvin Minsky at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969.

Description
The Triadex Muse is a digital synthesizer controlled by an algorithmic sequencer utilizing early digital integrated circuits. It produces a sequence of notes derived from a master clock signal feeding a series of frequency dividers and a 31-bit shift register, including the ability to feed outputs from the shift register back into its data inputs through an XNOR gate. Up to four of the clock divisions or shift register bits are then used to raise the pitch of the synthesizer by one of four pre-determined diatonic intervals via a resistor ladder-based digital-to-analog converter. The unit has sliders to control the tempo of the master clock, the pitch of the instrument, and the output volume; no control over the timbre of its single square wave oscillator is provided, as the instrument's creators intended it as a proof of concept and compositional tool more than an instrument in its own right. Multiple Muses could be linked together to share a common tempo.

The Muse retailed for $300.00 () on release. Triadex also manufactured a matching amplifier for the instrument and a "light show" box that flashed lamps in time with the four bits controlling the Muse's pitch. No more than three hundred Muses were made, and far fewer remain in operational condition today.

A Muse was a featured exhibit for years at the Museum of Science in Boston, playing a single continuous melody that the staff dubbed "Museum Musings".

The Muse is the subject of U. S. Patent 3610801.

Notable users

The device was known to be used by the first wave of electronic musicians in the Philadelphia area in the late 70s.  Users included Charles Cohen, Lenny Seidman, Jeff Caine, George Kuetemeyer, Eddie Jobson, Rex X Ray and Stephan Spera, Paul Wozniki, and the groups Heavenside Layer, Ghostwriters, Watersports, and The Orchestra of Philadelphia Electronic Musicians.

The Muse was also used during the WXPN radio show Star's End by host Gino Wong in the fall of 1977.

During her time as a fellow at the MIT Center for Advanced Visual Studies, Maryanne Amacher famously composed much of her "eartone" music using a Muse given to her by Marvin Minsky.

Morgan Fisher, a British avant-garde musician/composer based in Tokyo, currently owns two Muses and has programmed them to "perform" together in harmony using Molex cables.

Eddie Jobson used a Muse to create the sequenced effects on “Alaska” by UK.

References

External links
Entry in the Synthmuseum
Muse Simulator for Windows
Article in RPM (magazine) November 7, 1970 (page 26)

Electronic musical instruments
Computer music
Hans Goldschmidt. Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Goldschmidt (18 January 1861 – 21 May 1923) was a German chemist notable as the discoverer of the Thermite reaction. He was also co-owner of the Chemische Fabrik Th. Goldschmidt, as of 1911 Th. Goldschmidt AG (later to become part of Evonik Industries) and its most important chemist.  The reaction, also called the Goldschmidt process, is used for thermite welding, often used to join railway tracks. Thermites have also been used in metal refining, disabling munitions, and in incendiary weapons. Some thermite-like mixtures are used as pyrotechnic initiators in fireworks.

His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof I der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.

Biography
He was born in Berlin on 18 January 1861. He was a student of Robert Bunsen. His father, Theodor Goldschmidt, was the founder of the chemical company Chemische Fabrik Th. Goldschmidt which eventually became part of the modern company Degussa, and Hans and his brother Karl Hering managed this company for many years.

He is principally noted as the co-inventor of sodium amalgam and the initial patent holder of the thermite reaction. The thermite (or aluminothermic) reaction is one in which aluminium is oxidized by an oxide of another metal, usually iron oxide, producing great heat in the process. Goldschmidt was originally interested in producing very pure metals by avoiding the use of carbon in smelting, but he soon realized the value in welding, a process known as thermic welding.  It is also used in incendiary devices. This process is sometimes called the "Goldschmidt reaction" or "Goldschmidt process", because he furthered its development and patented it in 1895. He also went on to publish an extensive paper on it in 1898.

He died on 21 May 1923.

Legacy
His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof I der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.

See also 
Thermite welding

References

Further reading
 Named Things in Chemical Industry

External links

 

1861 births
1923 deaths
20th-century German chemists
Scientists from Berlin
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
19th-century German chemists
Light beam. A light beam or beam of light is a directional projection of light energy radiating from a light source. Sunlight forms a light beam (a sunbeam) when filtered through media such as clouds, foliage, or windows. To artificially produce a light beam, a lamp and a parabolic reflector is used in many lighting devices such as spotlights, car headlights, PAR Cans, and LED housings. Light from certain types of laser has the smallest possible beam divergence.

Visible light beams
From the side, a beam of light is only visible if part of the light is scattered by objects: tiny particles like dust, water droplets (mist, fog, rain), hail, snow, or smoke, or larger objects such as birds. If there are many objects in the light path, then it appears as a continuous beam, but if there are only a few objects, then the light is visible as a few individual bright points. In any case, this scattering of light from a beam, and the resultant visibility of a light beam from the side, is known as the Tyndall effect.

Visibility from the side as side effect 
 Flashlight (UK 'Torch'), beam directed by hand
 Headlight, forward beam; the lamp is mounted in a vehicle, or on the forehead of a person, e.g. built into a helmet
 Lighthouse, beam sweeping around horizontally
 Searchlight, beam directed at something

Visibility from the side as purpose 
For the purpose of visibility of light beams from the side, sometimes a haze machine or fog machine is used. The difference between the two is that the fog itself is also a visual effect. 

 Laser lighting display- Laser beams are often used for visual effects, often in combination with music.
 Searchlights are often used in advertising, for instance by automobile dealers; the beam of light is visible over a large area, and (at least in theory) interested persons can find the dealer or store by following the beam to its source.  This also used to be done for movie premieres; the waving searchlight beams are still to be seen as a design element in the logo of the 20th Century Fox movie studio.

Other applications 
 Optical communication
 Infrared Data Association (IrDA) standards
 Infrared remote control
 Security alarms
 Fibre optics
 Laser pointer
 Laser sight
 List of applications for lasers

See also

 Beam diameter
 Collimated beam
 Crepuscular rays
 Light pillar, atmospheric optical phenomena
 Pencil beam
 Ray (optics)
 Relativistic beaming

References

External links
 A short video showing how you can put sound on a light beam and transmit it by the Vega Science Trust

Light
Geometrical optics
Saab 9-X. The Saab 9-X is a concept car by the Swedish car manufacturer Saab Automobile, designed by a group of ten Saab designers, including Michael Mauer (born 1962) and the project leader Anthony Lo. It was first shown in September 2001, at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The 9-X was designed to combine the qualities of a coupe, roadster, station wagon and pickup truck in the same car. 

The car used a four wheel drive system along with an all aluminium,  3.0 L turbocharged V6, mated to a six speed manual transmission and 19 inch tires. It featured fiber optic headlights, and a completely keyless ignition system.

References 

9-X
All-wheel-drive vehicles
PSPLab. The Perceptual Signal Processing Lab, or PSPLab, is an audio research lab of National Chiao Tung University. It is located in Hsinchu, Taiwan, and focuses on researching better perceptual signal processing techniques, particularly in regard to DSP, Perception, and Software.

Current areas of research in PSPLab include:

 Multi Channel Audio Compression
 MP3 codec, MPEG-2/4 AAC codec
 Psychoacoustic model, Bit Allocation, Filterbank
 Low-delay AAC codec
 Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ)
 MPEG Surround
 Multi Channel Audio Effect Processing
 Room Reverberation
 Room Acoustics
 Real-time DSP Programming/Optimization
 Variant Platform Optimization
 Fixed-Point DSP Programming

External links
 Perceptual Signal Processing Lab homepage

Sound
Quality of results. Quality of Results (QoR) is a term used in evaluating technological processes. It is generally represented as a vector of components, with the special case of uni-dimensional value as a synthetic measure.

History
The term was coined by the electronic design automation (EDA) industry in the late 1980s. QoR was meant to be an indicator of the performance of integrated circuits (chips), and initially measured the area and speed of a chip. As the industry evolved, new chip parameters were considered for coverage by the QoR, illustrating new areas of focus for chip designers (for example power dissipation, power efficiency, routing overhead, etc.). Because of the broad scope of quality assessment, QoR eventually evolved into a generic vector representation comprising a number of different values, where the meaning of each vector value was explicitly specified in the QoR analysis document.

Currently the term is gaining popularity in other sectors of technology, with each sector using its own appropriate components.

Current trends in EDA
Originally, the QoR was used to specify absolute values such as chip area, power dissipation, speed, etc. (for example, a QoR could be specified as a {100 MHz, 1W, 1 mm2} vector), and could only be used for comparing the different achievements of a single design specification. The current trend among designers is to include normalized values in the QoR vector, such that they will remain meaningful for a longer period of time (as technologies change), and/or across broad classes of design. For example, one often uses – as a QoR component – a number representing the ratio between the area required by a combinational logic block and the area required by a simple logic gate, this number being often referred to as "relative density of combinational logic". In this case, a relative density of five will generally be accepted as a good quality of result – relative density of combinational logic component – while a relative density of fifty will indicate severe design problems (routability, technology that is being used, etc.) which should be investigated and addressed.

Note: A new term "Quality of Silicon" (QoS) is being promoted by the EDA industry in an attempt to measure the performance of backend EDA tools in isolation from the human designer's own performance in the frontend design stage. It is claimed that for historical reasons QoR is, and should remain, a measure of frontend design performance, while QoS should be reserved for analysing the performance of the backend-related flow. However, with front-end designers being increasingly concerned with and involved in various backend stages of the design, a large number of QoS parameters are also being included in the QoR analysis vectors.

References

Integrated circuits
Units of quality