omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Electron beam ion trap. Electron beam ion trap (EBIT) is an electromagnetic bottle that produces and confines highly charged ions. An EBIT uses an electron beam focused with a powerful magnetic field to ionize atoms to high charge states by successive electron impact.

It was invented by M. Levine and R. Marrs at LLNL and LBNL.

Operation
The positive ions produced in the region where the atoms intercept the electron beam are tightly confined in their motion by the strong attraction exerted by the negative charge of the electron beam. Therefore, they orbit around the electron beam, crossing it frequently and giving rise to further collisions and ionization. To restrict the ion motion along the direction of the electron beam axis, trapping electrodes carrying positive voltages with respect to a central electrode are used.

The resulting ion trap can hold ions for many seconds and minutes, and conditions for reaching the highest charge states, up to bare uranium (U92+) can be achieved in this way.

The strong charge needed for radial confinement of the ions requires large electron beam currents of tens up to hundreds of milliampere. At the same time, high voltages (up to 200 kilovolts) are used for accelerating the electrons in order to achieve high charge states of the ions.

To avoid charge reduction of ions by collisions with neutral atoms from which they can capture electrons, the vacuum in the apparatus is usually maintained at UHV levels, with typical pressure values of only 10−12 torr, (~10−10 pascal).

Applications
EBITs are used to investigate the fundamental properties of highly charged ions e. g. by photon spectroscopy in particular in the context of relativistic atomic structure theory and quantum electrodynamics (QED). Their suitability to prepare and reproduce in a microscopic volume the conditions of high temperature astrophysical plasmas and magnetic confinement fusion plasmas make them very appropriate research tools. Other fields include the study of their interactions with surfaces and possible applications to microlithography.

References 

 
  – First EBIT atomic spectroscopy measurement

External links

Concepts in astrophysics
Atomic physics
Electromagnetism
Electron beam
American inventions
Particle traps
A12 Authentication. A12 Authentication (Access Authentication for 1xEV-DO) is a CHAP-based mechanism used by a CDMA2000 Access Network (AN) to authenticate a 1xEV-DO Access Terminal (AT).
 Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO, EVDO, etc.) is a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access.
 In computing, the Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) authenticates a user or network host to an authenticating entity. That entity may be, for example, an Internet service provider.
 CDMA2000 is the core wireless air interface standard.

Description

A12 authentication occurs when an AT first attempts to access the AN and is repeated after some authentication timeout period. The element in the AN that performs this authentication is the Radio Network Controller (RNC) using its Access Network AAA (AN-AAA). In order to support A12 authentication, matching A12 credentials (i.e., an A12 Network Address Identifier (NAI) and A12 CHAP key) must be provisioned into the AT and the user's home AAA server. Since these credentials are only shared between the AT and its home AAA, the AN-AAA forwards A12 challenge responses received from an AT to its home AAA to determine whether they are correct. A12 authentication is separate from packet data authentication that may occur later when a data session is being established.

A12 authentication is important for roaming since all participating operators in the IRT have agreed to support it. If A12 credentials are not provisioned into an AT, that AT will not be able to access any visited network that performs A12 authentication. In addition, the Mobile Node Identifier (MN ID) is obtained from the AN-AAA during successful A12 authentication. This MN ID is used by the AN on the A8/A9 and A10/A11 interfaces to enable handoffs of Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) packet data sessions between ANs and between 1xEV-DO and 1xRTT systems. If A12 authentication is not performed, the MN ID must be somehow derived and such handoffs may not be possible without establishing a new Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) session.

A12 authentication is defined in TIA-878 (3GPP2 A.S0008).

See also
List of authentication protocols
List of CDMA2000 networks
Mobile broadband

References
see CDG Reference Document #136.

Code division multiple access
Pan American Airways Guided Missile Range Division. Pan American Airways Guided Missile Range Division (PAA GMRD) was a distinct division of Pan American World Airways in the period 1950-1980, responsible as prime contractor of the U.S. Air Force Eastern Test Range, based out of Patrick Air Force Base, Florida.  It was responsible for providing operations and maintenance for the Eastern Test Range, but subcontracted operation and maintenance of electronic equipment, such as missile tracking radars on the test range tracking ships and stations to the Missile Test Project of RCA Service Company (RCAS).

PAA GMRD operated under the direction of the U.S. Air Force, and retained operational offices within Patrick Air Force Base at what was then called the Tech Lab and at Building 423, and had administrative offices in Cocoa Beach, at 750 South Orlando Avenue.

Operational and technical personnel requiring travel to downrange sites boarded U.S. Air Force Military Air Transport Service (MATS) aircraft at Hangar 800 on Patrick Air Force Base. Travel by propeller-driven MATS planes was slow at the time. For example, travel by MATS to the South Atlantic Ocean tracking site at Ascension Island required three days of travel: Patrick Air Force Base to Suriname, with an overnight stay, then on to Recife, Brazil, with another overnight stay, and then, finally, the flight from Recife to Ascension Island. If traveling personnel were assigned to a tracking vessel awaiting their arrival in the Ascension Island area, it was necessary to then travel from Clarence Bay at Ascension Island to the vessel by means of motor whaleboat, barge, or other type of small craft, depending on boat schedule and sea condition.

Personnel returning from downrange passed through customs at the same hangar.

Further reading 
 Also:
1st revised edition (1967) 
2nd revised edition (1970) 
3rd edition, completely revised and updated (1973) 
5th edition (1975)

See also

 Pan American World Airways
 Eastern Test Range
 Western Test Range
 Missile Test Project
 Patrick Space Force Base
 List of ships of the United States Air Force

External links
 Satellite Applications to Marine Geodesy
 Acronyms: GMRD

Defunct companies based in Florida
Guided missiles
Pan Am
David J. Allstot. David J. Allstot (born January 22, 1947, in Brookings, South Dakota), is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. His research includes work on analog, mixed-signal, and radio frequency integrated circuits. He was formerly a professor at UC Berkeley and the University of Washington.

Dr. Allstot was elected to serve as president of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society in 2009, and was for that reason president-elect in 2008.

Dr. Allstot was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2020 for his research and commercialization of mixed-mode integrated circuits and systems.

Awards and honors
Allstot received several awards and honors, including:
 In 1980 the IEEE W.R.G. Baker Award
 In 1992 Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 In 1995 the "Darlington Best Paper Award" from the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society
 In 2020 elected to National Academy of Engineering

References

External links
 OSU EECS: David Allstot
 UWEE: David Allstot
 System-On-Chip Lab: University of Washington
 IEEE Xplore articles by Allstot, D.J.

1947 births
Living people
University of Washington faculty
Oregon State University faculty
University of Texas at Dallas faculty
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
People from Brookings, South Dakota
Fellows of the IEEE
Arrow Model F. 

The Arrow Model F or the Arrow Sport V-8 was a two-seat low-wing braced monoplane aircraft built in the United States between 1934 and 1938. It was built originally to a request by the US Bureau of Air Commerce to investigate the feasibility of using automobile engines to power aircraft. Accordingly, the Model F was fitted with a modified Ford V8 engine. Like the Arrow Sport before it, the Model F seated its pilot and passenger side-by-side in an open cockpit and was marketed for $1500.

Development
The Arrow Sport F was specifically built to accommodate the low-cost, yet heavy Arrow F V-8 engine, an aircraft modification of the Ford V-8. The engine was designed by Ford Engineer David E. Anderson with an aluminum oil pan, aluminum cylinders, and a 2:1 gear reduction to drive the prop at reasonable rpm ranges. The engine weighed 402 lbs for 85 hp vrs 182 lbs for an equivalent Continental aircraft engine.

Variants
Arrow Sport F Master – Open cockpit
Arrow Sport F Coupe – Closed cockpit variant 
Arrow Sport F De Lux Coupe – Closed cockpit with advanced instruments.
Arrow Sport M - Open cockpit with a Menasco Pirate engine.

Survivors
 A preserved Sport F Master (ex-NC18722, serial 85) is on display at San Francisco International Airport's Terminal 3.
 A disassembled Sport F is being rebuilt by the Dakota Territory Air Museum in North Dakota.
 A Sport M (N18764, serial 105) is private ownership.
 Two Sport F's (N17093, serial 13 & N18765, serial 106) preserved at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Oregon.
 A Sport F (N18018, serial 31) in private ownership in California.
 A 1936 Sport Model F (NC16470 Serial 2) preserved at the Mid Atlantic Air Museum at Reading Regional Airport in Reading, Pennsylvania. 
 A disassembled Sport F (N18000) is being rebuilt by The Nebraska Chapter of the Antique Airplane Association in Hastings Nebraska

Specifications

References

External links

 aerofiles.com

See also

1930s United States sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Model F
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Multispectral Scanner. The Multispectral Scanner (MSS) is one of the Earth's observing sensors introduced in the Landsat program. A Multispectral Scanner was placed aboard each of the first five Landsat satellites.

The scanner was designed at Hughes Aerospace by Virginia Norwood. Her design called for a six band scanner, but the first one launched had only four bands. For her work on the design Norwood is called "The Mother of Landsat."

MSS Technical Specifications

Notes

External links
 NASA Multispectral Scanner page
 

Satellite imaging sensors
Packing (firestopping). Packing is the process and/or the materials used in filling both service penetrations and building joints with backer materials as approved components within a firestop.

Purpose
Packing with inherently fire-resistive materials, such as rockwool or ceramic fibre is intended to protect sealants that would, on their own, be consumed by the fire. Lesser packing, such as foam backer rod or fibreglass are used simply to hold up materials that can survive fire testing on their own. In both cases, the packing is placed in such a way as to control the exact depth of the materials that top off the seal.

See also
 Firestop
 Mineral wool
 Annulus (firestop)
 Penetration (firestop)
 Fire test
 Passive fire protection
 Sealant
 Caulking
 Annulus (firestop)

External links
 Packing as used in a patented firestop product patent
 Ward Manufacturing UL Listing, Item 4A is Packing Material for Firestop

Passive fire protection
Firestops
Xilleon. Xilleon is a brand for a family of SoCs combining a low-power CPU with ASICs for accelerated video decompression and further functions for major worldwide broadcast networks (including PAL, NTSC, SECAM and ATSC) targeting digital television (i.e. products like set-top boxes, Integrated digital television, digital television adapters, smart TVs, etc.).

Technical features 

Most Xilleon-branded SoCs have a
 300 MHz MIPS 4Kc (MMU, no FPU)
 ASIC simultaneously decompressing two standard-definition television and two high-definition television MPEG-2-compressed streams
 two display controller
 2D and 3D graphics engine
 conditional access
 transport demultiplexers
 32/64 bit DDR/SDR interface
 PCI, USB, IR, I2C, I2S, Flash and PATA interfaces

It was revealed that the next generation of AVIVO, named as Unified Video Decoder (UVD) was based on Xilleon video processor to provide hardware decoding of H.264, and VC-1 video codec standards.

Both AMD TrueAudio and AMD's Unified Video Decoder (UVD) are based on the Cadence Tensilica Xtensa processor, which was originally licensed by ATI Technologies Inc. in 2004.

List of Xilleon-branded SoCs

History 
Owner's of the brand Xilleon were ATI Technologies, later Advanced Micro Devices, now Broadcom.

While AMD announced the completion of acquisition of ATI Technologies on the third quarter of 2006, the Xilleon products would be sold under the AMD brand as AMD Xilleon.

On August 25, 2008, the Xilleon line was sold to the semiconductor company Broadcom.

A new line of Xilleon video processors for flat panel LCD TVs, named as Xilleon panel processors with four models 410, 411, 420 and 421, were announced on CES 2008. Supporting 1080p video resolution and featuring Technology advanced motion estimation, motion compensation and frame rate conversion technology based on enhanced phase-plane correlation technology, which converts 24 or 60 Hz input video signals to 100 or 120 Hz refresh rates used in most of the LCD TVs by creating additional frames to form a smoother motion.

AMD had signed an agreement with DivX, Inc. to allow several of the future Xilleon video processors to implement hardware DivX video decoding with DivX certification in January 2008. However, as a result of company restructuring, AMD has divested the digital TV chipset business starting from the second quarter of 2008.

See also 
 VideoCore
 Broadcom Crystal HD

References

External links
ATI's former digital TV products page which refers people to a Broadcom page
APCMag.com: AMD promises DivX support in CPUs

Broadcom
MIPS implementations
Digital signal processors
Video processing
ChiWriter. ChiWriter is a commercial scientific text editor for MS-DOS, created by Cay Horstmann in 1986.  It was one of the first WYSIWYG editors that could write mathematical formulas, even on IBM PC XT computers that were then common.

The editor was more oriented to speed and interactive aspect of editing, rather than on visual appearance of the result, therefore, it has its own graphical user interface with bitmap fonts of fixed width. Although popular (easier to use than TeX for many scientists), this led to its demise as more text editors with vector fonts for Microsoft Windows began to appear, and in 1996, it has been discontinued.

The basic idea of ChiWriter is that a user can add lines above or below the current text line (by half of the base line height), and write text there too. The additional lines are treated as part of the original text line. This can be used to create subscripts and superscripts, and also more complex formulae such as fractions. Combined with the possibility to use several fonts (up to 20) at once, such as Greek alphabet, Cyrillic alphabets, and mathematical and other symbols, ChiWriter is quite easy to write mathematical texts in. Every font has the same fixed dimensions, but you can use different sets for different output devices (for example, you can use low-resolution fonts for screen and high-resolution fonts for printers). You can also manually create larger objects (such as sums and integrals) by using several symbols for each part of the object.

The editor was quite customizable. There was also a font editor, which allowed to modify fonts and introduce user-designed fonts (including proportional ones) and symbols.

Recently people experience some difficulty with exhibiting ChiWriter documents. A simple solution takes into consideration the fact that in the quality printing mode ChiWriter outputs bit-image print codes which can be redirected into a file (default extension .bin). In the heydays of the editor, the codes Epson ESC/P were the most frequently used. Utility chipbm converts used by ChiWriter subset of bit-image print codes into a file Portable anymap (.pbm) which is loaded by many graphical utilities. For example, utility GIMP allows saving a page afterwards in Portable Document Format (.pdf). 

It is still possible to run the application on modern computers, using DOS virtualization software, like VirtualBox or DosBox. This allows to convert the documents into the PostScript format (.ps), using the provided PostScript printer driver. PostScript format can be directly converted into Portable Document Format (.pdf) format.

External links
 .
 ChiWriter and user applications

1986 software
DOS text editors
Pile bridge. A pile bridge is a structure that uses foundations consisting of long poles (referred to as piles), which are made of wood, concrete or steel and which are hammered into the soft soils beneath the bridge until the end of the pile reaches a hard layer of compacted soil or rock.  Piles in such cases are hammered to a depth where the grip or friction of the pile and the soil surrounding it will support the load of the bridge deck.  Bridging solely using the pile method is a rare occurrence today.

Roman pile bridges
Pile bridges have been used to cross rivers and other geological chasms since at least the time of the Roman Empire.   One such bridge was probably Pons Sublicius thought to have been first created around 642BC, although being made of wood; this bridge and none of the other Roman bridges of the period have survived the erosion of time.

Construction during medieval times
During the English Middle Ages bridge building was a booming activity.  Groups of piles, usually made of elm or oak were driven together into the soil.  The pile hammer was a construction that allowed a heavy weight to fall on the top of the pile.  Each pile wore a "pile shoe" tip made of iron.  A group so hammered was called a "straddle" and atop as well as surrounding the straddle was a pile supported platform called a "starling" which was filled with rubble before the pier and bridge deck were added.

Duration of pile bridges
Perhaps one of the most well-known of the medieval pile bridges, and one that was probably similarly constructed as a pile bridge by the Romans, are the older versions of London Bridge.  However, even when the first version of the bridge as a stone structure was commenced during the reign of Henry II in 1176, oak piles were used as part of the construction.  Indeed, some of those piles while driven in 1176 were still sturdy enough to be drawn in 1921, almost 750 years later.

See also

 Fredriksdalsbron, a modern bridge using steel point-bearing piles
 Dolphin (structure)

References and notes

Bridges by structural type
Parkes–Narromine railway line. The Parkes–Narromine railway line is a railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The line forms part of a cross-country route between Cootamundra on the Main South line and Werris Creek on the Main North line. It is owned by the Rail Infrastructure Corporation of New South Wales, but is managed and maintained by the Australian Rail Track Corporation under a 60-year lease signed in 2004. The line is used mainly for grain haulage, with several silo facilities located along the line. Passenger services ceased in the mid-1970s and there are no surviving passenger stations on the line. The station building at Peak Hill has been relocated to a nearby sportsground.

As part of the Inland Rail project, between December 2018 and September 2020 the line was closed for upgrade works. Three new crossing loops were installed at Goonumbla, Peak Hill and Timjelly, along with a new connection to the Broken Hill railway line near Parkes to allow trains accessing Adelaide and Perth.

See also
 Rail transport in New South Wales

References

Regional railway lines in New South Wales
Standard gauge railways in Australia
Gary Lindstrom. Gary Edward Lindstrom (January 8, 1944 – January 10, 2022) was an Emeritus Professor of Computer Science at the University of Utah, having previously taught at the University of Pittsburgh.  He retired in July 2007 and died on January 10, 2022.

Lindstrom made numerous contributions to areas of data management, verification, and programming language design, specification and implementation. He served as an IEEE Computer Society Distinguished Visitor. According to his website, Dr. Lindstrom served as the founding editor-in-chief the International Journal of Parallel Programming () from 1986 to 1993. He co-edited, with Doug DeGroot, the book Logic Programming: Functions, Relations and Equations, which was first published by Prentice-Hall in 1986.

Lindstrom was a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University, where he earned B.S. and M.S. degrees in mathematics, and a Ph.D. in computer science under Alan Perlis.

References

1944 births
2022 deaths
American computer scientists
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
University of Utah faculty
Academics from Syracuse, New York