omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mark-8. The Mark-8 is a microcomputer design from 1974, based on the Intel 8008 CPU (which was the world's first 8-bit microprocessor). The Mark-8 was designed by Jonathan Titus, a Virginia Tech graduate student in chemistry. After building the machine, Titus decided to share its design with the community and reached out to Radio-Electronics and Popular Electronics. He was turned down by Popular Electronics, but Radio-Electronics was interested and announced the Mark-8 as a 'loose kit' in the July 1974 issue of Radio-Electronics magazine.

Project kit 

The Mark-8 was introduced as a 'build it yourself' project in Radio-Electronics'''s July 1974 cover article, offering a US$5 () booklet containing circuit board layouts and DIY construction project descriptions, with Titus himself arranging for US$50 () circuit board sets to be made by a New Jersey company for delivery to hobbyists. Prospective Mark-8 builders had to gather the various electronics parts themselves from various sources. A couple of thousand booklets and some one hundred circuit board sets were eventually sold.

The Mark-8 was introduced in R-E as "Your Personal Minicomputer" as the word 'microcomputer' was still far from being commonly used for microprocessor-based computers. In their announcement of their computer kit, the editors placed the Mark-8 in the same category as the era's other 'minisize' computers.  As quoted by an Intel official publication: "The Mark-8 is known as one of the first computers for the home."

 Influences 
Although not very commercially successful, the Mark-8 prompted the editors of Popular Electronics'' magazine to consider publishing a similar but more easily accessible microcomputer project, and just six months later, in January 1975, they went through with their plans announcing the Altair 8800.

According to a 1998 Virginia Tech University article, Titus' Mark-8 microcomputer now resides in the Smithsonian Institution's "Information Age" display

See also
 Microcomputer
 Minicomputer
SCELBI
MCM/70
Micral

References

External links
 Mark-8 Minicomputer – an original Mark-8, restored to working condition
 A Mark-8 Experience – Terry Ritter's detailed memoir of building and running a Mark-8 in 1974.
 Collection of old analog and digital computers at www.oldcomputermuseum.com
 Jonathan A. Titus, Microcomputer Pioneer
 A look at 5 very different MARK-8 computers
 Titus and the Mark-8, Bit-by-Bit, a Haverford College Publication

Early microcomputers
8-bit computers
Computer-related introductions in 1974
Ali Abu Al-Ragheb. Ali Abu al-Ragheb (; born 1946) was the 33rd Prime Minister of Jordan from 19 June 2000 until 25 October 2003. He resigned and was replaced by Faisal al-Fayez.

Prime Minister Ali Abu Ragheb was born in Amman, Jordan in 1946. He obtained his BSc in Civil Engineering in 1967 from the University of Tennessee in the United States.

Abu al-Ragheb was partner and managing director of National Engineering and Contracting Co from 1971 to 1991. He later served as Minister of Industry and Trade in 1991 and in 1995. He was also appointed as Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources in 1991-1993 and was elected to the Jordanian parliament in 1993. Abu Ragheb was appointed prime minister and Minister of Defense on 19 June 2000.

Abu al-Ragheb's name was published in the Panama Papers that were released in early April 2016 by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ).

Decorations
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan Al-Kawkab Al-Urduni
 Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in Britain.

See also 
 List of prime ministers of Jordan

References

External links
 Prime Ministry of Jordan website

1946 births
Living people
Members of the House of Representatives (Jordan)
University of Tennessee alumni
Prime ministers of Jordan
Industry ministers of Jordan
Defence ministers of Jordan
Trade ministers of Jordan
Energy ministers of Jordan
Supply ministers of Jordan
Recipients of Supreme Order of the Renaissance (Jordan)
Recipients of the Order of The Star of Jordan
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Jordanian people of Palestinian descent
People named in the Panama Papers
HFS. HFS may refer to:

Businesses and organisations 
 Croatian Film Association ()
 Hellenic Fire Service, Greece
 Hospitality Franchise Systems, US

Computing 
 Hierarchical file system, a system for organizing directories and files
 Hierarchical File System (Apple), a file system introduced in 1985 for the classic Mac OS
 Hierarchical File System (IBM MVS), a file system introduced in 1993 for MVS/ESA and subsequent operating systems
 Hi Performance FileSystem, a file system used by the HP-UX operating system
 HTTP File Server, a web server
 Hardware functionality scan, a security mechanism used in Microsoft Windows operating systems

Education 
 Haddonfield Friends School, in New Jersey, United States
 Harford Friends School, in Maryland, United States
 Hiranandani Foundation Schools, in India

Science and mathematics 
 Hemifacial spasm, in neurology
 Hereditarily finite set, in mathematics
 Hexafluorosilicic acid, in chemistry
 Hydrogen forward scattering, in materials science
 Hyperfine structure, in physics

Transportation 
 French Frigate Shoals Airport, in Hawaii, United States
 Hagfors Airport, in Sweden
 Hatfield and Stainforth railway station, in England

Other uses 
 High fructose syrup
 H. F. S. Morgan, founder of the Morgan Motor Company
 WHFS (historic), a former radio station in the Washington, D.C./Baltimore, Maryland

See also 

 High Performance File System, a file system for the OS/2 operating system
 
 HFSS (disambiguation)
 HF (disambiguation), for the singular of HFs
Glulx. Glulx is a 32-bit portable virtual machine intended for writing and playing interactive fiction. It was designed by Andrew Plotkin to relieve some of the restrictions in the venerable Z-machine format. For example, because the Z-machine uses 16-bit integers its RAM is limited to 64KB, while Glulx natively supports 32-bit integers and has a 32-bit address space, allowing gigabytes of memory. Glulx programs typically use the Glk API for input and output. In recent years Glulx has overtaken the Z-machine in terms of published works in each format.

Compilers and interpreters
The Inform compiler, starting with version 6.30, can produce either Z-machine or Glulx story files. A Spanish interactive fiction development system called Superglús also uses Glulx.

The reference interpreter is Andrew Plotkin's Glulxe, but the Git interpreter is often used as it is somewhat faster. There is also a JavaScript interpreter called Quixe.

File and MIME types
The MIME type for Glulx is "application/x-glulx".
Glulx files have the file extension .ulx, but they are commonly archived in Blorb packages. For Blorb packages containing a Glulx work, accepted file extensions are .gblorb, .glb, .blorb and .blb. The former two extensions are intended to make it easy for interpreters to figure out which type of game is inside the Blorb file.

Works published in Glulx 

Counterfeit Monkey
The Wizard Sniffer
Photopia

References

External links
 The Glulx specification
 Glulx games at "Baf's Guide"
 Interpreters that can run Glulx games

Interactive fiction engines
Virtual machines
Digital Subscriber System No. 1. Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 1 (DSS1) is a digital signalling protocol (D channel protocol) used for the ISDN. It is defined by ITU-T I.411 (ETS 300 102). It supports Bearer Capability, Low Level Compatibility and High Level Compatibility, ANI, DNIS and redirected number signaling in both directions. A standard developed by ETSI for Europe is known as Euro-ISDN or E-DSS1 or simply EDSS1 (European DSS1).

DSS1/EDSS1 protocol, in contrast, for example, to the protocol QSIG, was designed for use as access to public ISDN and asymmetric in the sense that it suggests a link with the network side at one end (digital public telephone exchange) and the user (private branch exchange (PBX)) - at the other.

Since the market for ISDN equipment was open, ETSI provided guidance to suppliers of ISDN equipment by means of the minimum requirements for inter-connectivity to ISDN networks. These documents, called NET3 for BRI and NET5 for PRI lines, described a set of protocol tests terminals should comply to.
Later, testing institutes, like KEMA in the Netherlands, implemented and performed the protocol tests and provided the appropriate certificates.

In 1989, 26 network operators from 20 European countries decided to develop EDSS1 as a pan-European standard to replace earlier national protocols (such as FTZ 1 TR 6 (Germany) or VN3 (France)). EDSS1 has been one of the keys to the success of the ISDN within European countries (as compared to, for example, the U.S.).

Non-European countries using DSS1 include Australia, Brazil, Iran, India, Israel,   New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Palestine, Mexico, and the United Arab Emirates.

The DSS1 protocol knows four different codesets for information elements.
Codeset 0 regards to Q.931, Codeset 5 to the ETSI standard, Codeset 6 for national applications and Codeset 7 for PBX applications.
The most common Codeset is 0/Q.931.

References

Integrated Services Digital Network
ESAB. ESAB, Elektriska Svetsnings-Aktiebolaget (), is an American-Swedish industrial company.

The ultimate parent company of ESAB is ESAB Corporation, a New York Stock Exchange listed (Ticker: ESAB) with its principal executive office in North Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. 

ESAB products includes a fabrication technology arm, which includes welding, cutting, gas control, PPE, software, and robotic equipment and a separate gas control portfolio focused on healthcare, industrial, and specialty gas control solutions.

History
The company was founded in 1904 by Swedish businessman Oscar Kjellberg in Gothenburg, Sweden. The company sells equipment for welding and cutting.

Other notable CEO was Lars Westerberg who ran ESAB for three years.

The ESAB was acquired by Charter International in 1994.

The ESAB group was acquired by Colfax Corporation on 13 January 2012.

Following the purchase, the CEO of Colfax, Clay Kiefaber, stepped down to the president role of ESAB and was replaced by Steve Simms.

The ESAB group acquired the Welding Wire business of Sandvik effective February 1, 2018. The acquisition included production units in Scranton, PA, and Sandviken, Sweden; the technical sales and product management organization; as well as multiyear strategic collaboration on R&D for future product developments.

On April 5, 2022, Colfax Corp. (now Enovis Corp.) distributed 100% of the shares of ESAB Corporation to Colfax shareholders. The spin-off transaction was registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission through a Form 10-12B registration statement. An Information Statement was sent to Colfax shareholders. 

On October 17, 2022, ESAB Corporation announced the acquisition of Ohio Medical, a global leader in oxygen regulators and central gas systems for the healthcare industry.

In January 2024 ESAB was added to Ukraine's list of International Sponsors of War for continuing to operate and expand business in Russia.

References

External links 

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in Montgomery County, Maryland
Swedish companies established in 1904
Manufacturing companies of Sweden
Companies in the S&P 400
Fran Bošnjaković. Fran Bošnjaković (1902–1993) was a noted Croatian thermodynamicist considered to be one of the pioneers in the development of technical thermodynamics.

Bošnjaković was born in Zagreb, where he was initially educated. He continued his education at the Technische Hochschule (Technical University) in Dresden, Germany. He obtained there a doctoral degree in engineering in 1928, and in 1931 he became a Privatdozent (university teacher) at the same Technical University.

When Hitler came into power, his further career in Germany was blocked, and he accepted in 1934 the position of an associate professor at the University of Belgrade. He moved back to the University of Zagreb as full professor in 1936. After 1945, during the Yugoslav communist regime, he was degraded to two years of forced labor. In 1951, he became rector of the University of Zagreb in Croatia, then part of Yugoslavia. However, continuing political disagreement with the communist régime in Yugoslavia made him decide to accept one of the research offers in post-war Germany.

In 1953, he started lecturing at the Technische Hochschule (Technical University) in Braunschweig in Germany, becoming the head of the Department for thermodynamics and director of the Thermotechnical institute. In 1961, he founded the Institute of Thermodynamics for Aeronautics and Astronautics at the university of Stuttgart, Germany, which he led until his retirement in 1968. There he established groups for Irreversible Thermodynamics, Mass Transfer and Thermokinetics, Radiation and Plasma, and Heat Transfer. After retirement, he spent several years as visiting professor at leading American universities.

His research covered a very wide area: problems of exergy, evaporation, binary and multi-component systems, heat and mass transfer, combustion and gasification, high temperature plasma, solar collectors and irreversibility of energy conversion in thermodynamic processes. With M. Jakob he laid down principles of nucleate bubble growth in superheated liquid.

His textbook Technische Thermodynamik, published in 1935 in Dresden, had seven improved and extended editions in Germany, and was translated into English (Technical Thermodynamics) and Russian (Tehnicheskaya termodinamika).

As one of world's leading experts in thermodynamics, professor Bošnjaković was a member of Academies in Heidelberg and Venice, Braunschweig Society of Sciences and since 1991, a corresponding member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. He received a Grashof Commemorative Medal of the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure as well as Gold Medals of the Associazione Thermotechnica Italiana, and the Institut Français des combustibles et de l'énergie.

References

External links
 History of the Institute of Thermodynamics for Aeronautics and Astronautics

1902 births
1993 deaths
Croatian physicists
Academic staff of the University of Belgrade
TU Dresden alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zagreb
Rectors of the University of Zagreb
Engineers from Zagreb
Plasma physicists
Yugoslav engineers
Yugoslav emigrants to Germany
A21. A21, A-21 or A.21 may refer to:

 A road in the List of A21 roads
 a21, Inc., an American stock-photography company
 The A21 Campaign, a non-profit, non-governmental organization that combats human trafficking, slave and bonded labor, involuntary domestic servitude, and child soldiery
 Aero A.21, a 1920s-era Czechoslovakian military aeroplane
 Arrows A21, a Formula One car
 British NVC community A21 (Ranunculus baudotii community), a plant community
 Focke-Wulf A 21, a photographic survey variant of the 1927 German Focke-Wulf A 17
 Stearman XA-21, a twin-engine American attack bomber
 A21 (chess opening), a code for the English Opening in chess
A25. A25, A 25 or A-25 may refer to:

 Aero A.25, a Czech military training aircraft of the 1920s
 HLA-A25, an HLA-A serotype
 Junkers A 25, a German two-seater cantilever monoplane
 Article 25, a UK development and disaster relief charity
 A25 accident report form formerly used by the Fleet Air Arm and featured in a World War II song

See also 
 English Opening in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
 Curtiss A-25 Shrike, a World War II dive bomber variant of SB2C Helldiver
 List of highways numbered 25

Roads 
 List of A25 roads
1608 in science. The year 1608 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Technology
 October 2 – Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first known telescope to the government of the Dutch Republic.
 The flintlock muzzleloader is invented; unlike most weapon systems which only lasted a few decades, the flintlock has a long-term impact.
 The manufacture of alum is invented and successfully practised in England, under the patronage of King James, by Lord Sheffield.

Zoology
 Edward Topsell's bestiary The Historie of Serpents is published in London by William Jaggard.

Births
 January 28 – Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian scientist (died 1679)
 August 4 – John Tradescant the younger, English botanist (died 1662)
 October 15 – Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist and mathematician (died 1647)

Deaths
 December – Oswald Croll, German chemist and physician (born c1560)

References

 
17th century in science
1600s in science
IBM System R. IBM System R is a database system built as a research project at IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory beginning in 1974.  System R was a seminal project: it was the first implementation of SQL, which has since become the standard relational data query language. It was also the first system to demonstrate that a relational database management system could provide good transaction processing performance. Design decisions in System R, as well as some fundamental algorithm choices (such as the dynamic programming algorithm used in query optimization), influenced many later relational systems.

System R's first customer was Pratt & Whitney in 1977.

See also 
 IBM Db2
 IBM SQL/DS
 Ingres (database)
 SQL
 System/38

References

External links
 .
 .
 .

1974 software
System R
Proprietary database management systems
Relational database management systems
HMS Imperial (D09). HMS Imperial was one of nine s built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s. She was scuttled by  in 1941 after she had been crippled by Italian bombers.

Description
The I-class ships were improved versions of the preceding H-class. They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and were intended to give a maximum speed of . Icarus reached a speed of  from  during her sea trials. The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of  at . Their crew numbered 145 officers and ratings.

The ships mounted four 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X' and 'Y' from bow to stern. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they had two quadruple mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun. The I class was fitted with two above-water quintuple torpedo tube mounts amidships for  torpedoes. One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted; 16 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began. The I-class ships were fitted with the ASDIC sound detection system to locate submarines underwater.

Construction and career
The ship was ordered under the 1935 Build Programme from Hawthorn Leslie, Hebburn, on 30 October 1935 with a delivery date of 30 April 1937. The ship was laid down on 26 January 1936 and launched on 11 December the same year, and was the first RN warship to carry the name. Imperial was completed late, on 30 June 1937, after a delay in the delivery of the gun mountings. The contract price was £257,117 excluding items supplied by Admiralty such as guns and communication equipment.

Imperial took part in the Norwegian Campaign and in August 1940 was redeployed to escort convoys to Malta. On 28 May 1941, Italian bombers from 41 Gruppo attacked Imperial and inflicted severe damage. Once it was ascertained that the vessel was damaged beyond repair, she was scuttled  east of Kassos.

Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

I-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the River Tyne
1936 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Maritime incidents in May 1941
Destroyers sunk by aircraft
Ships sunk by Italian aircraft
Shipwrecks of Greece
John Mashey. John R. Mashey (born 1946) is an American computer scientist, director and entrepreneur. He is a consultant for Techviser, a boutique consulting firm.

Career
Mashey holds a Ph.D. in computer science from Pennsylvania State University, where he developed the ASSIST assembler language teaching software. He worked on the PWB/UNIX operating system at Bell Labs from 1973 to 1983, authoring the PWB shell, also known as the "Mashey Shell". He then moved to Silicon Valley to join Convergent Technologies, ending as director of software. He joined MIPS Computer Systems in early 1985, managing operating systems development, and helping design the MIPS RISC architecture, as well as specific CPUs, systems and software. He continued similar work at Silicon Graphics (1992–2000),  contributing to the design of the NUMAflex modular computer architecture using NUMAlink, ending as VP and chief scientist.

Mashey was one of the founders of the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) benchmarking group, was an ACM National Lecturer for four years, has been guest editor for IEEE Micro, and one of the long-time organizers of the Hot Chips conferences. He chaired technical conferences on operating systems and CPU chips, and gave public talks on software engineering, RISC design, performance benchmarking and supercomputing. He has been credited for being the first to spread the term and concept of big data in the 1990s. He became a consultant for venture capitalists and high-tech companies and a trustee of the Computer History Museum in 2001. In 1997 he received Pennsylvania State University's first Outstanding Engineering Alumni Award for Computer Science and Engineering. In 2012, he received the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award ("Flame Award") "for his contributions to the UNIX community since its early days".

He has written articles for the Skeptical Inquirer 
regarding climate change denial.
In 2010 he published a 250-page critical report on the Wegman Report.
Mashey's report concluded that the Wegman Report contained plagiarized text.
This story was featured in USA Today, and he was interviewed in Science magazine, which stated that he was "spending his retirement years compiling voluminous critiques of what he calls the 'real conspiracy' to produce 'climate antiscience'."
His research has investigated the secretive funding of climate contrarian thinktanks. Mashey blogs at DeSmogBlog, which focuses on global warming.

Mashey became a scientific and technical consultant for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry in 2015.

Personal life 
Mashey is married to Angela Hey, a Cambridge University and Waterloo University graduate with a Ph.D. from Imperial College, London.

References

1946 births
Living people
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Unix people
Scientists at Bell Labs
Silicon Graphics people
American computer programmers