omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wind power in Asia. Wind power in Asia is an important component in the Asian energy industry and one of the key sources of renewable energy in the region. As of April 2016, the installed capacity of wind power in Asia (excluding the Middle East) totalled 175,831 MW. Asia is the fastest growing region in terms of wind energy, having increased its installed capacity by 33,858 MW in 2005 (a 24% increase over 2014). China, with 145,362 MW of installed capacity, is the world's largest generator of electricity from wind energy. India is the second largest in Asia with an installed capacity of 25,088 MW. Other key countries include Japan (1,394 MW), Taiwan (188 MW), South Korea (173 MW) and the Philippines (33 MW).

Statistics

Installed wind power capacity

@If data is not available for a particular year for a given country, for calculating the total the last available data is considered.

See also

 Wind farm
 Wind power in India
 Wind power in Iran
 Wind power in Pakistan
 Wind power in Thailand

References

 
 
Renewable energy in Asia
Hollow atom. Hollow atoms (discovered in 1990 by a French team of researchers around Jean-Pierre Briand) are short-lived multiply excited neutral atoms which carry a large part of their Z electrons (Z ... projectile nuclear charge) in high-n levels while inner shells remain (transiently) empty. The hollow atoms are exotic atomic species whose all, or most, electrons lie in excited states, while the innermost shells are empty. These atomic species were first observed during the interaction of highly charged ions with surfaces. population inversion   arises for typically 100 femtoseconds during the interaction of a slow highly charged ion (HCI) with a solid surface. Despite this limited lifetime, the formation and decay of a hollow atom can be conveniently studied from ejected electrons and soft X-rays, and the trajectories, energy loss and final charge state distribution of surface-scattered projectiles. For impact on insulator surfaces the potential energy contained by hollow atom may also cause the release of target atoms and -ions via potential sputtering and the formation of nanostructures on a surface.

External links
Review article on hollow atoms.
EU Network ITS-LEIF
MPI Heidelberg, Germany
NIST, USA
TU Wien, Austria

Atoms

References
Diphenylamine (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on diphenylamine.

Physical data
 Appearance: white to yellow crystals or powder 
Melting point: 52 - 54 °C 
Boiling point: 302 °C 
Vapour density: 5.82 (air = 1) 
Vapour pressure: 1 mm Hg at 108 °C 
Flash point: 152 °C (closed cup) 
Explosion limits: 634 °C
Autoignition temperature: 635 °C 
Water solubility: Slightly
Specific gravity:  1.16
Flash point: 152
Stability: Stable under ordinary conditions, may discolour on exposure to light. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents.

Toxicology
Toxic. Possible mutagen. Possible teratogen. Harmful in contact with skin, and if swallowed or inhaled. Irritant. 
Toxicity data
ORL-RAT LD50 2000 mg kg-1 
ORL-MUS LD50 1750 mg kg-1 
ORL-GPG LD50 300 mg kg-1 
ORL-MAM LD50 3200 mg kg-1

References 

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
LM Wind Power. LM Wind Power (formerly LM Glasfiber) is a Danish manufacturer of wind turbine blades, and a subsidiary of GE Vernova.

History
LM Wind Power was founded in 1940, as Lunderskov Møbelfabrik (Lunderskov furniture factory) in the small town Lunderskov, Denmark. In 1952, they investigated the possibilities of commercial exploitation of glass fiber technology, which made them change their name to LM Glasfiber and abandon their original plan of manufacturing wooden furniture. It was not until 1978 they started making wind turbine blades.

On 11 June 2010, LM Wind Power took part in setting an aviation record. They commissioned the An-225 to carry the world's longest piece of air cargo, as it flew two new 42-meter wind turbine blades from their factory in Tianjin, China, to their test facility in Lunderskov, Denmark.

Organization

LM Wind Power employed approximately 4,505 employees worldwide at the end of 2014. The company is headquartered in Kolding, Denmark and has a global business office in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. LM Wind Power has built production facilities in the major wind energy markets – 13 locations in 8 countries (Denmark, Spain, United States, Canada, India, China, Poland and Brazil). In addition to this, the company has a global network of R&D Centres in Denmark, the Netherlands, and India.

Ownership
From 2001 to 2017, the main stakeholders of LM Wind Power were investment partnerships organized by Doughty Hanson & Co.  Ltd., presenting LM as the largest independent blade provider globally. In April 2017, GE Renewable Energy purchased LM Wind Power for a total cost of €1.5 billion. This acquisition facilitated GE's ability to distribute wind energy to customers around the world.

References

External links 
 , official website

Companies based in Kolding Municipality
Greater Grand Forks
Wind power
Danish brands
Danish companies established in 1940
2017 mergers and acquisitions
General Electric acquisitions
Multinational companies headquartered in Denmark
Arado S I. The Arado S I was a biplane trainer built in Germany in 1925. The first of three prototypes was powered by a Bristol Lucifer radial engine, while the other two Arado S.Ia aircraft were fitted with the Siemens-Halske Sh 12. The Siemens-Halske Sh 11 powered the Arado S III, a virtually identical aircraft of which only a single prototype was constructed and sold to Turkey.

Specifications (S III)

References

Further reading
 
 World Aircraft Information Files. Brightstar Publishing, London. File 889 Sheet 73

Sesquiplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s German civil trainer aircraft
S I
CINECA. Cineca is a non-profit consortium, made up of 69 Italian universities, 27 national public research centres, the Italian Ministry of Universities and Research (MUR) and the Italian Ministry of Education (MI), and was established in 1969 in Casalecchio di Reno, Bologna.

It is the most powerful supercomputing centre for scientific research in Italy, as stated in the TOP500 list of the most powerful supercomputers in the world: Marconi100, is ranked at the 18th position of the list as of November 2021, with about 30 P/FLOPS.

The consortium's institutional mission is to support the Italian scientific community through supercomputing and scientific visualisation tools. Since the end of the 1980s, Cineca has broadened the scope of its mission by embracing other IT sectors, developing management and administrative services for universities and designing ICT systems for the exchange of information between the MIUR and the Italian national academic system. The consortium is also strongly committed to transfer technology to many categories of users, from public administration to the private enterprises.

Today it merges the specificities and competences of the other two Italian high performance computing consortia, CILEA and Caspur: as a unique reference point for technology innovation in Italy, with its services Cineca supports the whole higher education and research system.

Cineca takes part in several research projects funded by the European Union for the promotion and development of IT technologies (grid computing, bioinformatic, digital content, the promotion of transnational access to European supercomputing centres, etc.).

Activities

It supports the scientific community by means of high performance computing, develops management systems for the university administrations and for the Ministry of Universities and Research, designs and develops information systems for businesses, health care organizations and public administration.

See also
 Fermi (supercomputer)
 Leonardo (supercomputer)
 Pico (supercomputer), the supercomputer installed at CINECA's data center
 Consorzio Interuniversitario Lombardo per l'Elaborazione Automatica, merged into CINECA in 2013

References
Cineca, «uso disinvolto di soldi pubblici» Indagine su ex manager della partecipata
Bologna, al Cineca sciopero bulgaro
Tutti gli strafalcioni del Concorso scuola

External links
 Cineca
 Cineca's resources

Science and technology in Italy
Supercomputer sites
Air caster. An air caster  is a pneumatic lifting device used to move heavy loads on flat, non-porous surfaces. Its operation is similar to a hovercraft, as it uses a thin layer of air as a way to float a very small distance off the ground. Compressed air enters an airbag shaped like a torus, and when the bag is filled it creates an airtight seal with the ground, and forces more air into the center of torus, eventually causing the air to flow over the bag and to raise the load above the ground.

The compressed air is forced under the airbag, pushing it and the load less than a millimeter off the ground.

Limitations
Air casters require a smooth, non-porous surface in order to maintain lift and operate properly. Cracks and other surface defects can interrupt the proper flow of air, causing the air cushion to dissipate and thus lose its ability to lift. This limits their application to fields like manufacturing, where such surfaces are abundant. Also necessary is connection to a system which provides compressed air, as well as a power supply.

Usually, standard concrete warehouse or factory floors provide an adequate surface. Large cracks and expansion joints may need to be filled in. Overlay material can provide options for moving over rough surfaces. (Example: One can use an overlay material to move onto an area of broom finished concrete outside. The overlay material can be sheet metal or a heavy gauge plastic sheet material.)

History 
The air caster (originally called the air bearing) was invented by Harry A Mackie in December 1961 as the “pendant air bearing load supporting device” for General Motors Corporation as an alternative to the overhead crane, which ran opposed to a rail, creating friction free movement. In November 1963, Mackie, on behalf of General Motors Corporation, filed a patent for an “air bearing support with automatic air flow regulation”. This was the first air caster designed to be used on the ground.

In January 1964, David R. Snoeyenbos, while working for General Motors Corporation, revised the design of the air caster, and filed a patent for a “reversible air bearing support”. General Motors Corporation manufactured air casters, or “air bearings” for several years, then sold the rights to Snoeyenbos, who moved to Decatur, Illinois to found Airfloat. He launched his company from his brother's manufacturing shop in 1964, and officially incorporated as the Airfloat Corp in 1967.

References

External links

Hovercraft
Pneumatic tools
Material-handling equipment
Detroit (Wheeler Manufacturing). The Detroit was an automobile manufactured in Detroit, Michigan by the Wheeler Manufacturing Company in 1904.  The Detroit was a five-seater tonneau with an entrance in the rear.  It had a 35 hp opposed two-cylinder engine, claimed to produce .  It had a removable wood top, and was offered in either red or green, with yellow running gear.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Cars powered by boxer engines
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Detroit
Detroit-Oxford. The Detroit-Oxford was an American automobile manufactured in Oxford, Michigan by the Detroit-Oxford Motor Car Company from 1905 to 1906. The car used a two-cylinder, 16 hp water-cooled boxer engine. The five-seater touring version of the vehicle was doorless.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Cars powered by boxer engines
Companies based in Oakland County, Michigan
Cars introduced in 1905
Cars discontinued in 1906
Diimide. Diimide, also called diazene or diimine, is a compound having the formula HN=NH. It exists as two geometric isomers, E (trans) and Z (cis). The term diazene is more common for organic derivatives of diimide. Thus, azobenzene is an example of an organic diazene.

Synthesis
A traditional route to diimide involves oxidation of hydrazine with hydrogen peroxide or air.

Alternatively the hydrolysis of diethyl azodicarboxylate or azodicarbonamide affords diimide:

Nowadays, diimide is generated by thermal decomposition of 2,4,6‐triisopropylbenzenesulfonylhydrazide.

Because of its instability, diimide is generated and used in-situ. A mixture of both the cis (Z-) and trans (E-) isomers is produced. Both isomers are unstable, and they undergo a slow interconversion. The trans isomer is more stable, but the cis isomer is the one that reacts with unsaturated substrates, therefore the equilibrium between them shifts towards the cis isomer due to Le Chatelier's principle. Some procedures call for the addition of carboxylic acids, which catalyse the cis–trans isomerization. Diimide decomposes readily. Even at low temperatures, the more stable trans isomer rapidly undergoes various disproportionation reactions, primarily forming hydrazine and nitrogen gas:

Because of this competing decomposition reaction, reductions with diimide typically require a large excess of the precursor reagent.

Applications to organic synthesis

Diimide is occasionally useful as a reagent in organic synthesis. It hydrogenates alkenes and alkynes with selective delivery of hydrogen from one face of the substrate resulting in the same stereoselectivity as metal-catalysed syn addition of . The only coproduct released is nitrogen gas. Although the method is cumbersome, the use of diimide avoids the need for high pressures or hydrogen gas and metal catalysts, which can be expensive. The hydrogenation mechanism involves a six-membered  transition state:

Selectivity
Diimide is advantageous because it selectively reduces alkenes and alkynes and is unreactive toward many functional groups that would interfere with normal catalytic hydrogenation. Thus, peroxides, alkyl halides, and thiols are tolerated by diimide, but these same groups would typically be degraded by metal catalysts. The reagent preferentially reduces alkynes and unhindered or strained alkenes to the corresponding alkenes and alkanes.

Related
The dicationic form,  (diazynediium, diprotonated dinitrogen), is calculated to have the strongest known chemical bond. This ion can be thought of as a doubly protonated nitrogen molecule. The relative bond strength order (RBSO) is 3.38.  (fluorodiazynediium ion) and  (difluorodiazynediium ion) have slightly lower strength bonds.

In the presence of strong bases, diimide deprotonates to form the pernitride anion, .

References

Azo compounds
Nitrogen hydrides
Reducing agents
Gases with color
Syngenor. Syngenor (also known as Scared To Death 2) is a 1990 B horror/science fiction film and a sequel to the 1980 film Scared to Death. The film was directed by George Elanjian Jr and written by Michael Carmody and Brent V. Friedman. It features David Gale and Kathryn Noble.

Synopsis
Norton Cyberdyne provides high-tech military technology and their latest super weapon is "Syngenor" (SYNthesized GENetic ORganism). A prototype breaks loose and starts leaving a trail of bodies. As bodies pile up other Syngenors emerge from the basement and a battle rages between the monsters and the corporate humans.

Production
Producer Jack F. Murphy saw the original Scared to Death and was so impressed with the monster that he wanted to make another film utilizing the same monster design. However, since the first film was so low-budget and rarely seen he wanted to distance this sequel from it in order not to alienate a new potential audience that never heard of the first film. This is why there is no character or plot carry-over from Scared to Death other than the monster. Scared to Death director William Malone was asked and was originally going to direct this sequel. Malone ended up passing on the project as he had an opportunity to direct Creature, however he participated in creating the film's monster costumes.

Releases
Elite Entertainment and Synapse Films both released the film on Region 0 NTSC DVD.

Prism Leisure Corporation released the film on a double sided PAL DVD, the other side showing Progeny.

References

External links 
 
 
 Syngenor at BadMovies.org
 Syngenor at eccentric-cinema.com
 Syngenor at Somethingawful.com

1990 horror films
1990 films
1990s science fiction horror films
American science fiction horror films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
1990 science fiction films
English-language science fiction horror films
White Revolution (Korea). The South Korean White Revolution is a term used to refer to the extensive use of plastic films (specifically, polyethylene film) for greenhouses, mulching and Polytunnels. This practice turned the color of the landscape from green to white, due to the large area of agricultural land under protected cultivation.

South Korea's "Green Revolution" 
The term is analogous to the term Green Revolution, which refers to increases in food production through improving the breeding system and agricultural infrastructure in developing countries. The term "White Revolution", however, is solely used in South Korea.  The term comes from the modernization of the structure, material and technology of greenhouses needed achieve the rapid expansion of protected cultivated areas and produce a stable supply of vegetables, from the 1970s to the 1990s in Korea.'

History

Protected cultivation using greenhouses expanded rapidly over a short period. The Income Increase Program for Farmers and Fishers (IIPFF) was initiated by the Agricultural Ministry of Korea, which resulted in the rapid expansion of plastic film greenhouses in the late 1970s.

Protected cultivation was enabled by the development of the oil and steel industries. South Korea is not an oil producing country. As a result, all plastic films were imported until the 1960s. Greenhouse vegetable production in winter became popular in 1970 only after the petrochemical industry began to produce and distribute low cost plastic films. The production of steel coil from POSCO, established in 1973, made it possible to use steel instead of bamboo for greenhouses, which increased structural durability.

Improvements in technology and distribution were important in expanding protected cultivation. Scientists and researchers from the National Institute for Horticultural and Herbal Sciences (NIHHS) and universities across South Korea collaborated to improve and standardize greenhouse structure. Domestic seed companies developed new cultivars of major crops and distributed them to farmers. Cultivars of strawberries, tomatoes and melons were developed by the NIHHS.

Other technologies were needed for covering materials, heating, optimum fertilization rate, irrigation, fertigation, reducing successive cropping hazard, supplying CO2, raising seedlings, and controlling combined environmental factors. The Vegetable Research Division in Suwon and the Protected Horticultural Research Station in Busan played pivotal roles in developing and distributing technologies required by farmers.

References

2. White Revolution of Agriculture in Korea
2012 Modularization of Korea's Development Experience (Korea Development Institute):
The Achievement of Year-round Production and Distribution of Horticultural Crops
by the Expansion of Greenhouse Cultivation
http://www.kdi.re.kr/kdi_eng/publication/publication_view.jsp?pub_no=13356

Agriculture in Asia
Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit. In stellar astrophysics, the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a non-fusing, isothermal core that can support an enclosing envelope. It is expressed as the ratio of the core mass to the total mass of the core and envelope. Estimates of the limit depend on the models used and the assumed chemical compositions of the core and envelope; typical values given are from 0.10 to 0.15 (10% to 15% of the total stellar mass).  This is the maximum to which a helium-filled core can grow, and if this limit is exceeded, as can only happen in massive stars, the core collapses, releasing energy that causes the outer layers of the star to expand to become a red giant. It is named after the astrophysicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Mario Schönberg, who estimated its value in a 1942 paper. They estimated it to be:
 

where  is the mass,  is the mean molecular weight, index c denotes the  core, and index e is the envelope.

The Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit comes into play when fusion in a main-sequence star exhausts the hydrogen at the center of the star.  The star then contracts until hydrogen fuses in a shell surrounding a helium-rich core, both of which are surrounded by an envelope consisting primarily of hydrogen.  The core increases in mass as the shell burns its way outwards through the star.  If the star's mass is less than approximately 1.5 solar masses, the core will become degenerate before the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit is reached, and, on the other hand, if the mass is greater than approximately 6 solar masses, the star leaves the main sequence with a core mass already greater than the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit so its core is never isothermal before helium fusion.  In the remaining case, where the mass is between 1.5 and 6 solar masses, the core will grow until the  limit is reached, at which point it will contract rapidly until helium starts to fuse in the core.

References

Astrophysics
Stellar astronomy
Stellar dynamics
Curtiss V-2. The Curtiss V-2 Type 3 (V-2-3) was a liquid-cooled V8 aircraft engine.

Applications
Canadian Vickers HS-3L Canadian Carrier
Carlson-Lynch Vertipactor
Curtiss Model BT
Curtiss Model R
Jannus Brothers 1915 Flying Boat

Specifications
Data from: Aerofiles Powerplants

References

V-2
1920s aircraft piston engines