omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Clifford Stein. Clifford Seth Stein (born December 14, 1965), a computer scientist, is a professor of industrial engineering and operations research at Columbia University in New York, NY, where he also holds an appointment in the Department of Computer Science. Stein is chair of the Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Department at Columbia University.  Prior to joining Columbia, Stein was a professor at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.

Stein's research interests include the design and analysis of algorithms, combinatorial optimization, operations research, network algorithms, scheduling, algorithm engineering and computational biology.

Stein has published many influential papers in the leading conferences and journals in his fields of research, and has occupied a variety of editorial positions including in the journals ACM Transactions on Algorithms, Mathematical Programming, Journal of Algorithms, SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics and Operations Research Letters. His work has been funded by the National Science Foundation and the Sloan Foundation. As of September 29, 2024, his publications have been cited over 82,000 times, and he has an h-index of 56.

Stein is the winner of several prestigious awards including an NSF Career Award, an Alfred Sloan Research Fellowship and the Karen Wetterhahn Award for Distinguished Creative or Scholarly Achievement. He is also the co-author of two textbooks:  
 Introduction to Algorithms,  with T. Cormen, C. Leiserson and R. Rivest, which is currently the best-selling textbook in algorithms and has been translated into 8 languages. About 69,000 of Stein's 82,000 citations are made to this book.
 Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science, with Ken Bogart and Scot Drysdale, which is a new textbook that covers discrete math at an undergraduate level.

Stein earned his B.S.E. from Princeton University in 1987, a Master of Science from The Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1989, and a PhD also from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992.

In recent years, Stein has built up close ties with the Norwegian research community which earned him an honorary doctorate from the University of Oslo (May 2010).

Bibliography

References

External links
 Home page

1965 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Columbia University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Princeton University alumni
American computer science educators
People from Tenafly, New Jersey
Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law. The terms Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law refer to a concept applied by the Canadian courts regarding the fair and equal treatment of bidders in a contract tendering process, for example to award a construction contract. Essentially this concept formalizes previously applied precedents and strengthens the protection afforded to those who submit bids in the tendering process. The concept was introduced in 1981 by the Supreme Court of Canada, in R. v. Ron Engineering and Construction (Eastern) Ltd. The court found that a "duty of fairness" was owed to all bidders by an owner in a tendering process.

A Contract A, a "process contract", is formed between the owner (person, company or organization tendering the project) and each bidder when a "request for proposal" is responded to in the form of a compliant bid, sometimes also known as submission of price. The owner must deal fairly and equally with all bidders, and must not show any favouritism or prejudice towards any bidder(s). In essence, this concept boils down to the right of an individual to have equal opportunity to be successful with their bid for work. 

A Contract B is formed when an owner formally accepts a bid or, colloquially, a submission of price. Only a single Contract B is formed between, the owner and the successful bidder. The term "Contract B" is used to differentiate the actual construction contract from the tender contract or "Contract A". Tied to the concept of "Contract A", Contract B is a place holder in the concept, a marker at the end of a formalized process of equitable treatment of both bidders and owners.

A breach of Contract A may occur if the owner (or an owner's officer or representative, see vicarious liability), provides information, changes specification during the tendering process to unfairly benefit a particular bidder, enters into closed negotiations with an individual bidder in an effort to obtain more desirable contract conditions, etc. The most common situation in which an owner is accused of having breached Contract A occurs when a bidder is selected who is not the lowest bidder. This contravenes established custom and practice, which would normally dictate that the lowest bidder be awarded the subsequent contract to perform the work, Contract B, but is not normally a source of a breach if handled properly. The successful suits for breach typically occur if the lowest bidder has been excluded based on a stipulation not clearly outlined in the tender documents (such as preference for local bidders) or when the Privilege Clause employed by the owner to exclude a principle of custom and practice is judged by the courts to be too broadly worded to have any meaning.

See also 
 Call for bids
 Duty of fairness
 Request for Proposal
 Reverse auction

References 

Canadian business law
Canadian competition law
Personal selling
X engine. An X engine is a piston engine with four banks of cylinders around a common crankshaft, such that the cylinders form an "X" shape when viewed front-on.

The advantage of an X engine is that it is shorter than a V engine of the same number of cylinders, however the drawbacks are greater weight and complexity as compared to a radial engine. Therefore, the configuration has been rarely used.

Several of the X engine designs were based on combining two V engines.

Examples 
Four types of X engines are known to have reached production. In 1939–1942 Rolls-Royce Vulture, a  X-24 aircraft engine which was built using two Rolls-Royce Peregrine V12 engines. The Rolls-Royce Vulture was briefly used in the Avro Manchester heavy bomber, before engine failures caused it to be replaced by the Avro Lancaster (powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin V12 engine).

General Motors also produced X engines for US naval ships during the Second World War. The 16-184 engine was installed in several hundred "subchaser" boats from 1941 onwards, where they were typically used in pairs. It was considered a successful design and a few have survived to the present day. From 1944 the similar 16-338 engine was produced for submarines, where four were used in each of the first four members   of the USN Tang class. These proved unreliable in service and were subsequently replaced by three Fairbanks-Morse engines in each boat.

The other production X engine is the ChTZ Uraltrac 12N360 X-12 engine, first produced in 2015, and used in the Russian Armata tank platform.

Several prototype 24-cylinder X engines for military aircraft were developed during World War II, including the Daimler-Benz DB 604, Rolls-Royce Exe and Isotta Fraschini Zeta R.C. 24/60, along with the 16-cylinder Napier Cub.

Other prototype X engines include a 1920s Ford X-8 automotive engine, which was investigated during the development process of the Ford Flathead V8 engine. During the 1960s, Honda is said to have experimented with an X-32 engine configuration for their Formula One racing efforts, but abandoned the design as being too complex and unreliable. From 2006 to 2010, the Revetec X4v1 and Revetec x4v2 X-4 experimental petrol engines were developed by an engine research company, followed in 2013 by the Revetec X4-D1 experimental petrol engine.

See also 
 Radial engine
 W engine

References

Piston engine configurations
 
Engines by cylinder layout
USS Aludra (AK-72). USS Aludra (AK-72) was a  in the service of the US Navy in World War II. Named after the star Aludra in the constellation Canis Major, it was the first ship of the Navy to bear this name.

Construction
Aludra was laid down 28 October 1942, as liberty ship SS Robert T. Lincoln under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 437, by Permanente Metals Corporation, Yard No. 2, Richmond, California; launched on 7 December 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Dorothy A. Rainbow; renamed Aludra on 30 October 1942; delivered to the Navy on 14 December 1942; and placed in commission at San Francisco, California, on 26 December 1942.

Service history
The new cargo ship joined the Pacific Fleet and held brief shakedown training before departing the west coast on 7 January 1943. She anchored in Dumbea Bay, New Caledonia, on 29 January. The vessel got underway on 2 February for Havannah Harbor, Efate Island, and arrived there two days later. Aludra continued on to Espiritu Santo, where she remained from 11 February through 6 May.

The vessel left Espiritu Santo on 6 May in company with . The two ships reached Brisbane, Australia, on 11 May and took on cargo. Aludra sailed on 17 May for Auckland, New Zealand. She arrived there on 23 May and spent one week in port taking on supplies and equipment. The ship left Auckland on 30 May but returned that same day to repair a steering casualty. She got underway again on 31 May.

Sinking
Aludra made port calls at Nouméa, New Caledonia, and Guadalcanal. She departed the latter port on 22 June, bound for Espiritu Santo. At 04:44 on 23 June, a torpedo fired by Japanese submarine  (Ro-100-class submarine) hit Aludras port side and exploded. Approximately five hours later, at 09:33, the cargo ship sank in over  of water. Two of her crew members were killed and 12 were wounded.

Awards
Aludra earned one battle star for her World War II service.

References

Bibliography

External links

 

Crater-class cargo ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships sunk by Japanese submarines
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Ships built in Richmond, California
1942 ships
Maritime incidents in June 1943
Gold nanocage. Gold Nanocages are hollow, porous gold nanoparticles ranging in size from 10 to over 150 nm.  They are created by reacting silver nanoparticles with chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) in boiling water. Whereas gold nanoparticles absorb light in the visible spectrum of light (at about 550 nm), gold nanocages absorb light in the near-infrared, where biological tissues absorb the least light.  Because they are also biocompatible, gold nanocages are promising as a contrast agent for optical coherence tomography. Gold nanocages also absorb light and heat up (Photothermal effect), killing surrounding cancer cells.  Nanocages have been functionalized with cancer-specific antibodies.

See also 

 Colloidal gold
 Gold nanorods

References

Nanoparticles by composition
Nanoparticles by morphology
The Human Factor (1963 The Outer Limits). "The Human Factor" is an episode of the original The Outer Limits television show. It first aired on 11 November 1963, during the first season.  The title was re-used in 2002 for an episode with an unrelated plot.

Opening narration

Plot
At a military outpost in Greenland, Project Engineer Maj. Brothers begins losing his grip on reality - while wrestling with guilt and remorse - after losing one of his soldiers in an icy crevasse. Mentally haunted by a spectre of the dead man, Brothers decides he must detonate an atomic device to obliterate the crevasse, along with any implicating evidence of self-imposed incompetence - and the outpost, as well - to purge himself of his emotional anguish. The outpost's psychiatrist, Dr. Hamilton, uses a revolutionary mind probe machine in an attempt to understand what is driving Brothers mad. During the experiment, Hamilton learns of the officer's plan to destroy the outpost as their minds join for a split second. When an unexpected earthquake causes the device to malfunction, the minds of Hamilton and Brothers are switched. This new identity enables the insane officer to set about his plan for destruction while in the guise of the doctor, with the real doctor confined to a padded cell, desperately trying to warn everyone of the impending doom. When Hamilton's administrative assistant, Ingrid, who had earlier expressed her love for the doctor, reads his notes that were taken prior to the experiment, she learns of the possible exchange of minds between the two men. When Ingrid goes to the cell to talk with Brothers, he convinces her that he is actually the man she loves by revealing an intimate detail regarding their relationship. She helps him to escape. Meanwhile, attempting to obtain information from another officer on how to detonate the bomb, Brothers is ordered to return to the doctor's office, where he encounters Hamilton and Ingrid. Brothers, intent on killing Hamilton before he can expose his true identity, is mortally wounded during Hamilton's attempt to attach the electrodes from the mind probe machine - with help from Ingrid - to himself and to Brothers. At the final moment of the process, just before Brothers dies, Hamilton's mind is successfully returned to his body. Afterwards, both Hamilton and Ingrid try to make sense of the ordeal, while wondering how to explain the unbelievable circumstances surrounding Brothers' death, with Hamilton suggesting that they simply tell the truth - Maj. Brothers shot himself.

Closing narration

Cast

Sequel
Author Kevin J. Anderson later wrote a prose sequel to the episode entitled "Memories on Ice". It was published in 2000 as part of the anthology The Outer Limits: Armageddon Dreams.

References

External links
  - entire episode posted by MGM

The Outer Limits (1963 TV series) season 1 episodes
1963 American television episodes
Fiction about body swapping
Television episodes set in Greenland
Military science fiction television episodes
Television episodes directed by Abner Biberman
Macintosh-Like Virtual Window Manager. MLVWM or Macintosh-Like Virtual Window Manager, is an FVWM descendant created by Takashi Hasegawa while studying at Nagoya University and was written entirely in the C programming language. As its name implies, it attempts to emulate the pre-Mac OS X Macintosh look and feel in its layout and window design. Development of MLVWM resumed in 2020 by Morgan Aldridge.

MLVWM spawned a derivative known as HaZe, a Black-and-White (or Monochrome) window manager, although it is no longer under active development.

MLVWM is distributed as freeware with some files licensed as MIT License and Public domain.

See also 
Graphical user interface

References

External links 
Official Webpage
Official Repo
Linuxplanet Review
Mac & PC
Tucows (Preview) Page

Free X window managers
Software using the GNU General Public License
Alan Keef Ltd. Alan Keef Ltd is a British narrow gauge railway engineering company which manufactures, overhauls, and deals in narrow gauge locomotives, rolling stock and associated equipment.

History
The limited company was formed in 1975 at Cote, Bampton, Oxfordshire, continuing what Alan Keef had already been doing for some years as an individual. The first new locomotive was built in 1976. 

In 1986 the company moved to larger premises at Lea, near Ross-on-Wye in Herefordshire. In 1987 it took over the production of Motor Rail locomotives.

Production
, the company had built more than eighty locomotives – steam, diesel and electric. Most have been miniature or narrow gauge except for two standard gauge steam locomotives for Beamish Museum: the replicas of "Steam Elephant" and "Puffing Billy". In 2008 the company built the frames, running gear and mechanical parts for two Parry People Mover railcars for use on the Stourbridge Town branch (139001 and 139002). A number of Alan Keef's locomotives are replicas of steam locomotives but with diesel power. These are referred to as steam outline (s/o) in the listing below.

In addition to the replicas for Beamish, the company has also helped restore a number of historically significant engines including both UK preserved Baldwin Class 10-12-D locomotives – No. 778 – which now works at Leighton Buzzard Light Railway and more recently No 794 (referred to as No 590) from the Welsh Highland Heritage Railway. However, this project was eventually paused and the WHHR moved the locomotive to the Vale of Rheidol's Aberystwyth workshops for completion in 2020.

During the annual Open Day in September at the company's premises, the company welcomes the public to see and ride examples of rail equipment brought by visiting exhibitors, and its own in-house rail equipment, on the facility's tracks, which accommodate rolling stock of ,  , ,   and  gauges.

New and rebuilt locomotives

See also
British narrow gauge railways
Lea Bailey Light Railway

References

External links
 Official website

Keef Ltd
10¼ in gauge railways in the United Kingdom
2 ft gauge railways in the United Kingdom
2 ft 6 in gauge railways in the United Kingdom
3 ft gauge railways in the United Kingdom
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in the United Kingdom
Ernest R. Davidson. Ernest R. Davidson, born October 12, 1936, in Terre Haute, Indiana, is a former professor of chemistry, University of Washington (1961–1984, 2002–2020) and Indiana University-Bloomington (1984–2002). He graduated from Wiley High School, Terre Haute and Rose Polytechnic Institute (BS chemical engineering), Terre Haute, and Indiana University (PhD theoretical chemistry), Bloomington, Indiana.

His name is associated with both the Davidson correction and the "Davidson diagonalization" method which he applied to configuration interaction methods. He is the author of over 400 publications, including Reduced Density Matrices in Quantum Chemistry, Academic Press, 1976.

He has been awarded many honors, including Guggenheim fellow in 1974, member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (1981) and Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1985) and the National Academy of Sciences (1987). In 2001, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

References
 
 His International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science page

External links
 His home page containing all his publications.

1936 births
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Theoretical chemists
Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology alumni
Schrödinger Medal recipients
Computational chemists
Graphic texture. Graphic texture is commonly created by exsolution and devitrification and immiscibility processes in igneous rocks.
It is called 'graphic' because the exsolved or devitrified minerals form  lines and shapes which are reminiscent of writing.

Graphic granite is a leucocratic granitic rock consisting of alkali feldspar with exsolved quartz typically forming a distinctive repetitive pattern sometimes resembling cuneiform writing. Experiments have shown that graphic granite texture is derived from large single crystals of quartz and feldspar interleaving to create the cuneiform illusion.

Exsolved magnetite has graphic texture, as do some exsolution textures of pyroxene, pyrite feldspar and rarely other minerals.

See also
 List of rock textures
 
 Peperite

References

External links
Gallery of graphic granites

Igneous rocks
Digi-Comp I. The Digi-Comp I is a functioning, mechanical digital computer sold in kit form. It was originally manufactured from polystyrene parts by E.S.R., Inc. starting in 1963 and sold as an educational toy for US$4.99 ().

The Digi-Comp I has been referred to as the first home computer.

A successor, the Digi-Comp II, is not programmable, but in effect a visible calculator. A two-level Masonite platform with guides serves as the medium for a supply of marbles that rolled down an inclined plane, moving plastic cams as they fell.

Operation
The Digi-Comp I contains three mechanical flip-flops, providing an ability to connect them together in a programmable way using thin vertical wires that are either pushed, or blocked from moving, by a number of cylindrical pegs. The whole arrangement is "clocked" by moving a lever back and forth. Different configurations of these cylinders cause the Digi-Comp to compute different Boolean logic operations. With a three binary digit (3-bit) readout of the state of the flip-flops, it could be programmed to demonstrate binary logic, to perform various operations such as addition and subtraction, and to play some simple logic games such as Nim.

Although promotional materials described it as an "actual working digital computer,"
the device is more accurately described as a finite-state machine,
one of the underpinning concepts used to build computers.

Reproductions

Starting in 2005, Minds-On Toys has made available the Digi-Comp I version 2.0 as a relatively inexpensive binder's board version of the original Digi-Comp, albeit with a much enhanced instruction manual.

See also 
 Dr. Nim - game based on the computer
 Geniac
 WDR paper computer
 CARDboard Illustrative Aid to Computation
 Turing Tumble, a 2019 mechanical computer inspired by it
Robert C. Martin, who credits playing with this toy at the age of 12 as being what made him decide to become a programmer for the rest of his life.
 Little man computer

References

External links
 The Old Computer Museum - Collection of old analog, digital and mechanical computers
 Friends of Digi-Comp - Discussion of this toy. Images, links, manuals and programming information
 Digi-Comp I v2.0 - Online vendor of working replica kit; historical details
 Digi-Comp I Emulator - Emulator for the original Digi-Comp I written in JavaScript

Mechanical computers
Educational toys
Products introduced in 1963
Telecommunication Engineering Centre. The Telecommunication Engineering Centre is a nodal agency of the Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India which is responsible for drawing up of standards, generic requirements, interface requirements, service requirements and specifications for telecom products, services and networks.

The Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC) has headquarters in New Delhi. It has three additional regional centres in Kolkata, Mumbai and Bangalore.

Organisation
The TEC consists of several specialised divisions covering various telecom technology areas including External Plant, Information Technology, Networks, Optical Transmission, Line Transmission, Radio Transmission, Satellite Transmission, Value Aided Services, Switching, and Mobile Communications 

These divisions are responsible for standardisation and trials of new technologies. They have capabilities and human resources for testing of all kinds of telecom products, services and networks. The regional centres carry out tests and issue service test certificates for telcom products and services.

TEC has a strength of 27 telecom professionals, 94 telecom engineers and 88 support staff for carrying out its responsibilities.

TEC Certification
The TEC issues TEC certificates which cover the listed products. TEC certification had been a voluntary process since 1991. However, as per announcement No. 10-1/2017-IT/TEC/ER, starting in 2019 the TEC will roll out the MTCTE (Mandatory Testing Certification of Telecommunication Equipment) regulations incrementally. Since 2019 many telecommunication products now require a mandatory product certification in India.

Products under the TEC approval scheme will have to meet electromagnetic compatibility (EMC/EMI) limits. The TEC registration process needs to be conducted by an authorised Indian representative. The product must be marked with an ID number (individual factory code), issued by the TEC.

The TEC certification allows a maximum of 10 models per TEC certificate.

References

External links

 Official website

Telecommunications authorities of India
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)