omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Materials database. A materials database is a database used to store experimental, computational, standards, or design data for materials in such a way that they can be retrieved efficiently by humans or computer programs.

Background 
Fast access and exchange of materials data between research, design and manufacturing teams working on different sites worldwide, is a challenging issue to be addressed during the product cycle in materials engineering. Another important issue is safeguarding high investments made into materials research, meaning that experimental data must be properly conserved, easily be located and quickly be retrieved. Materials databases (MDBs) are powerful tools to address these problems.

The development of factual materials databases began significantly in the 1980s with a leading standardization role being taken by CODATA, ASTM E49 and the British Standards i.e. BSI AMT4/-/6.

Different types 
Various categories of MDBs exist for different requirements, for example containing standards data on metallic alloys and plastics or more complex database applications needed for design analysis. MDBs are basic elements for establishing knowledge-based and expert systems.

Web enabled 
With the emergence of the Internet, the capability of MDBs increased. Web-enabled MDBs provide a more centralized management and conservation of Materials data. Finding and accessing the required data is faster than to search for them in a traditional manner, e.g. from handbooks or Microsoft Excel files. In particular the dissemination of public research results has improved, as the data are accessible over the World Wide Web. A few web-enabled materials databases exist at present on the market.

References

Scientific databases
Carbon film (technology). Carbon films are thin film coatings which consist predominantly of the chemical element carbon. They include plasma polymer films, amorphous carbon films (diamond-like carbon, DLC), CVD diamond films as well as graphite films.

Carbon films are produced by deposition using gas-phase deposition processes, in most cases taking place in a vacuum: chemical vapor deposition, CVD or physical vapor deposition, PVD. They are deposited in the form of thin films with film thicknesses of just a few micrometres.

Carbon films make it possible to implement a large number of surface functions, especially in the field of tribology - in other words, in applications where wear is a major factor.

Further reading

Standards 
 ISO 20523:2017 Carbon based films — Classification and designations

External links 
 Website of ISO with details about ISO 20523 including list of content
 Webportal with basic information about the different types of carbon films

Allotropes of carbon
Thin films
1942: The Pacific Air War. 1942: The Pacific Air War is combat flight simulation developed and published  by MicroProse for the PC on the DOS operating system in 1994. It is based on the U.S. and Japanese Pacific War conflict from 1942 to 1945. An expansion pack, 1942: The Pacific Air War – Scenario, was released in 1995. A sequel, European Air War, was released in 1998. Tommo purchased the rights to 1942 and digitally publishes it through its Retroism brand in 2015.

Gameplay
This simulation features aerial combat, ground attack, and naval engagements in the Pacific Theater of Operations. The game can be played as a flight simulator or a wargame. A player can fight a single battle in mission mode or follow the war in tour of duty mode.

In tour of duty mode, a player manages his fleets and air bases on a strategic campaign map. When aircraft engages in battle, the player can jump into the cockpit of any aircraft in combat.

The game also features a fairly advanced recording and editing tool allowing the player to film a mission after its completion. The player can use any number of cameras and place them anywhere in the scene. Also the timeline can be scrubbed back and forth and edits can be customised.

Reception
Computer Gaming Worlds reviewer, an Air National Guard F-16 flight instructor, in August 1994 rated the game four stars out of five. Praising the graphics, frame rate, and virtual cockpit, he stated that the flight modeling forced him to use the same tactics as real pilots during the war, with better game balance than Aces of the Pacific. The reviewer concluded that MicroProse succeeded in creating a "serious flight sim" with "staying power to spare".

PC Gamer US presented 1942 with its 1994 "Best Simulation" award. The editors called it an essential component of flight-sim fan's library. 1942 was named the 71st best computer game ever by PC Gamer UK in 1997.

References

External links

1994 video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
MicroProse games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Pacific War video games
Tommo games
Video games developed in the United States
World War II flight simulation video games
Flight 143. Flight 143 may refer to: 

Listed chronologically Author Avnish Ahirwar
 Air Canada Flight 143, also known as the "Gimli Glider", made an emergency landing after running out of fuel on 22 July 1983
 Philippine Airlines Flight 143, exploded prior to take-off on 11 May 1990

See also
 
 Hongkong Flight 143, a 2006 Philippine television drama series
 X-15 Flight 143, an experimental flight on 17 July 1963

0143
Battle of Britain II: Wings of Victory. Battle of Britain II: Wings of Victory is a Windows-based World War II combat flight simulator created by Shockwave Productions (currently known as A2A Simulations) and released in 2005. It is a remake of Rowan's Battle of Britain. A cut-down version without the campaign was released in 2007, titled Air Battles: Sky Defender.

Gameplay
Battle of Britain II can be played either as a flight simulator or as a strategy game, or both combined. The player assumes the role of pilot or a commander of the British RAF or the German Luftwaffe in Battle of Britain during Second World War in northern France and southern Britain.

Reception

Battle of Britain II: Wings of Victory

Battle of Britain II received "generally favourable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Though receiving favourable reviews, several reviewers including IGN and Eurogamer cited technical issues such as bugs along with performance problems.

Air Battles: Sky Defender

Air Battles received above-average reviews according to Metacritic.

References

External links
 (archived)

2005 video games
Battle of Britain video games
GMX Media games
Shockwave Productions games
Single-player video games
Tri Synergy games
Video game remakes
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in France
Video games set in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Windows-only games
World War II flight simulation video games
HADES (software). HADES (Haskins Analysis Display and Experiment System)  refers to a family of signal processing computer programs that was developed in the 1980s at Haskins Laboratories by Philip Rubin and colleagues to provide for the display and analysis of multiple channel physiological, speech, and other sampled data in an experimental context.  Principal programmers over the years on this project included Vance Maverick , Mark Tiede  , Marian Pressler, and Simon Levy  . The most significant feature of HADES was the incorporation of a procedural language known as SPIEL (Signal Processing Interactive Editing Language) that provided for the creation and customization of specialized analysis procedures that can be stored as text files, edited, etc., and are similar to functions and subroutines in programming languages like C and Fortran. HADES was one of the earliest signal processing systems with an integrated language and, through the use of SPIEL, provided for automated procedural analysis of large datasets, usually speech data or multiple-channel physiological data acquired with specialized hardware such as the EMMA   magnetometer system. Previous systems at the time included ILS from STI, Inc., and the MITSYN  system designed by Bill Henke. HADES was written in C and implemented on VAX systems running VMS. Although HADES still finds limited use, its functionality was eventually replaced by commercial systems such as MATLAB.

Bibliography 

 Rubin, Philip E. (1995). HADES: A Case Study of the Development of a Signal Processing System. In R. Bennett, S. L. Greenspan & A. Syrdal (Eds.), Behavioral Aspects of Speech Technology: Theory and Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 501–520.
  Rubin, Philip E. and Löfqvist, Anders (1997). HADES (Haskins Analysis Display and Experiment System). Haskins Laboratories Technical Report, unpublished.

Numerical programming languages
Digital signal processing
Henry C. Gunning. Henry Cecil Gunning, FRSC (September 9, 1901 – 1991) was a Canadian geologist and academic. A mineral, gunningite, was named in his honour.

Early life
Gunning was born in Belfast, Ireland. At the age of six his family moved to Vancouver, British Columbia. His father established a hardware business there.

Gunning earned a B.A.Sc. in Geological Engineering in 1924-25 from the University of British Columbia. He was one of the first two graduates from the UBC Geological Engineering program, started in 1921
. While at university he played on the rugby and soccer teams. After graduating he worked one summer as a contract miner in Stewart, British Columbia, before moving to Cambridge, Massachusetts to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. By 1927 Gunning had earned his PhD.  In 1928, he married Edith Frances Fitts.

Career
After school, Dr. Gunning started working with the Geological Survey of Canada. He concentrated on survey in the geology and mineral deposits of British Columbia, with a focus on Vancouver Island. He also surveyed part of Quebec.

In 1939, he began his academic career with the University of British Columbia. As Head of the Department of Geology and Geography he both taught and performed research. In 1953, Gunning was promoted to the position of Dean of the Faculty of Applied Science. While he was Dean he also served as Director of the Geological Engineering Program. He surrendered that position in 1959 to travel to Rhodesia, Africa and conduct research. 
Dr. Gunning returned to Vancouver to practice private consulting and also to establish an engineering program at the British Columbia Institute of Technology.

Awards and honours
1937, awarded Barlow Memorial Medal by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum  for his paper, Cadillac-Malartic Area, Quebec
1956, awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from UBC
1966, awarded Logan Medal from the Geological Association of Canada
made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada 
Mineral named in his honour, Gunningite

Often cited papers
Gunning, H.C. (1930): Geology and Mineral Deposits of Quatsino-Nimpkish Area, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; in Summary Report 1929; Geological Survey of Canada, Part A, pages 94A-143A.
Gunning, H.C. (1932): Preliminary Report on the Nimpkish Lake Quadrangle, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; in Summary Report 1931; Geological Survey of Canada, Part A, pages 22–35.

References

External links
 History of UBC Engineering Geology
 UBC Tribute
 Barlow Memorial Medal
 Gunningite

1901 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Canadian geologists
Geological Survey of Canada personnel
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Academic staff of the British Columbia Institute of Technology
University of British Columbia alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Logan Medal recipients
Irish emigrants to Canada
Canadian expatriates in the United States
John Oliver Secondary School alumni
Springer (vehicle). The Mittlerer Ladungsträger Springer (Sd.Kfz. 304) was a demolition vehicle of the German Wehrmacht in World War II.

Description 
Based on the NSU Sd.Kfz. 2 Kettenkrad light tracked vehicle, NSU Werke at Neckarsulm developed and built around 50 Springer demolition vehicles in the final year of World War II.

To make the vehicle capable of carrying a bigger payload without the motorcycle-style front fork of the original, two pairs of overlapping and interleaved road wheels were added to the aft end of the running gear on each side; giving three outer and three inner running wheels. It was powered by the same Opel Olympia engine of the Kettenkrad.

The Springer was a demolition vehicle. Its task was to carry a charge of  high explosives under armor protection towards a target and detonate it there.

A driver, sitting in the back of the Springer, drove the vehicle close to the target before dismounting. The final approach and the detonation of the charge was controlled by a wired or wireless remote control device.

Springers were operated by "Radio Control Armoured Companies", a company made up of three Sturmgeschütz 40 armoured control vehicles, each controlling three Springers and a Sturmgeschütz command vehicle.

The Springer showed the same problems as other remote-controlled demolition vehicles: They were expensive and not very reliable. As the explosive charge was an integral part of the vehicle, it could only be used once.

Survivors

An NSU Springer is displayed at The Tank Museum, UK. Another example is preserved at the MM PARK near Strasbourg, in France.

See also

References

 Jaugitz, Markus: Die deutsche Fernlenktruppe 1940–1943. Waffen-Arsenal Special Volume 10, 1994, Podzun-Pallas-Publishers, Germany
Sd Kfz 304 Mittlerer Ladungsträger (E1951.48) Tank Museum

World War II vehicles of Germany
Military robots
Robots of Germany
Tracked robots
1940s robots
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
Military vehicles of Germany
Amderma Airport. Amderma Airport  is a former interceptor base in Arctic Russia, near Novaya Zemlya, located 4 km west of Amderma (Амдерма). It is a simple airfield built on a spit along the ocean, with some tarmac space. 

The facility's prime purpose was to defend the northern approaches to European Russia. Amderma's significance was driven home during the Cold War years when on 1 June 1960 a MiG-19 from Amderma shot down a Boeing RB-47H that was crossing Cape Kanin Nos. Since the 1960s, the airfield has been home to the 72 Guards Interceptor Aviation Regiment (72 Gv IAP) of the 10th Independent Army of the Air Defence Forces, which was operating at least 31 MiG-31 aircraft during the 1991-94 period. Tupolev Tu-128 and MiG-19 were stationed here in the 1960s.

Airlines and destinations

Nordavia used to operate twice-monthly flights to Arkhangelsk via Naryan-Mar using Antonov An-24 aircraft.

References

Russian Air Force bases
Soviet Air Defence Force bases
Airports built in the Soviet Union
Airports in Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Alykel International Airport. Alykel International Airport ()  is a large international airport in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located  west of Norilsk. Alykel is the only functional airfield near Norilsk. It handles medium-sized aircraft and is serviced by 24-hour operations. Since it is capable of handling wide-body jets, it is a diversion airport on Polar route 1. Since Norilsk does not have road or railroad connections to the rest of the country, the airport is the main gateway to the city.

It was constructed in 1964, when US reconnaissance satellites reported a new airfield with a  runway  west of Norilsk. This allowed the use of Norilsk as a staging base for Soviet bombers to reach the United States. This role continues to this day, with caretaker status provided by the Russian Air Force's OGA (Arctic Control Group). Norilsk also was served by interceptor aircraft under the 57 IAP (57th Guards Red Banner Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO), which in 1991 had 24 Sukhoi Su-15TM aircraft.

The airport received international status on 1 February 2023.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Accidents and incidents
 On 16 November 1981, Aeroflot Flight 3603, a Tupolev Tu-154, crashed while attempting to land at Norilsk Airport. Ninety-nine of the 167 passengers and crew on board were killed in the accident.
 On 9 January 2024, NordStar Airlines Flight 207, a 737-800, experienced a runway excursion upon landing on runway 19. None of the occupants onboard were injured.

Rail link to airport 

An electrified rail link Norilsk-Oktyabrskaya - Airport was operated from 1967-11-22 to 1998.

References

External links

Soviet Long Range Aviation Arctic staging bases
Russian Air Force bases
Soviet Air Defence Force bases
Airports built in the Soviet Union
Airports in Krasnoyarsk Krai
Norilsk
Gunningite. Gunningite is one of the minerals in the Kieserite group, with the chemical formula . Its name honours Henry Cecil Gunning (1901–1991) of the Geological Survey of Canada and a professor at the University of British Columbia.

Occurrence
Gunningite is rare. It is found in dry areas of the oxidized portions of sphalerite-bearing deposits. It has been noted in mines in Canada (Yukon Territory, British Columbia and New Brunswick), the United States (Nevada and Arizona), Switzerland (Valais), Greece, Attica and Germany (Baden-Württemberg).

See also 
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References 

Magnesium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Willgerodt rearrangement. The Willgerodt rearrangement or Willgerodt reaction is an organic reaction converting an aryl alkyl ketone, alkyne, or alkene to the corresponding amide by reaction with ammonium polysulfide, named after Conrad Willgerodt. The formation of the corresponding carboxylic acid is a side reaction resulting from hydrolysis of the amide. When the alkyl group is an aliphatic chain (n typically 0 to 5), multiple reactions take place with the amide group always ending up at the terminal end.   The net effect is thus migration of the carbonyl group to the end of the chain and oxidation.

An example with modified reagents (sulfur, concentrated ammonium hydroxide and pyridine) is the conversion of acetophenone to 2-phenylacetamide and phenylacetic acid

Willgerodt–Kindler reaction

The related Willgerodt–Kindler reaction takes place with elemental sulfur and an amine like morpholine. The initial product is a thioamide for example that of acetophenone which can again be hydrolyzed to the amide. The reaction is named after 

A possible reaction mechanism for the Kindler variation is depicted below:

The first stage of the reaction is basic imine formation by the ketone group and the amine group of morpholine to give an enamine. This reacts as a nucleophile with electrophilic sulfur, similar to an Stork enamine alkylation reaction. The actual rearrangement reaction takes place when the amine group attacks the thiocarbonyl in a nucleophilic addition temporarily forming an aziridine and the thioacetamide by tautomerization.

References

Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions
Mirny Airport. Mirny Airport (; )  is an airport in Yakutia, Russia, located  east of the mining town of Mirny. It handles medium-sized aircraft and supports 24-hour flight operations. Mirny airport serves as a diversion airport on Polar route 3. The airport is home base for Alrosa Mirny Air Enterprise. 329,446 passengers were transited by this airport in 2017.

The airport is home to the 17th Independent Transport Aviation Squadron of the Russian Aerospace Forces.

Airlines and destinations

Accidents and incidents
On 1 November 2009, an Ilyushin Il-76 cargo jet of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs crashed shortly after take-off from Mirny airport, killing all 11 people on board. It was on a repositioning flight to Irkutsk Airport after delivering cargo to Mirny. The Il-76 banked to the right and crashed into the ground near the Mir mine.

See also 
 List of airports in Russia
 List of military airbases in Russia

References

External links

  Alrosa Mirny Air Enterprise
 Mirny Airport (Аэропорт Мирный) at Russian Airports Database
 
 Historical Weather Records for Mirny
 
 Airport Mirny Aviateka.Handbook
 

Airports built in the Soviet Union
Airports in the Sakha Republic
David Williams (businessman, born 1969). David John Williams (born May 1969 in Wales) is the founder of quantum encryption company Arqit Limited.

After initially going to market with a satellite hardware solution , Arqit announced in December 2023 that it had invented software, called Symmetric Key Agreement, which can provide quantum safe encryption with cloud delivered software, removing all need for hardware.  This was validated by a number of commercial agreements with companies like Fortinet {https://www.fortinet.com/content/dam/fortinet/assets/alliances/sb-fortinet-and-arqit-vpn-integration.pdf }, Juniper , Detasad  and the World's fourth largest Tier 1 telco TI Sparkle . Intel published a White Paper affirming Arqit claims for the performance of its software, and it was announced that through signature of an ISV contract, Arqit became the quantum safe encryption partner of Intel, with the software integrated onto XEON processor based devices for global sale by Intel .

David graduated with a BA in Economics and Politics from the University of Leeds.

Williams was co-founder of Avanti Communications Group plc, the United Kingdom's first start-up operator, listed on the London Stock Exchange. Avanti was the first company to operate a High Throughput Satellite in EMEA and notably won the contract to build the backhaul system for the British Government's homeland security "Emergency Services Network". The company delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2019 with a share price of 0.25p. In November 2014, the shares were trading at 320p a share. 

Williams was Chairman of the Advisory Board of Seraphim Space Ventures, whose creation he initiated in partnership with the UK Space Agency. 

Williams also founded in 1999 a start up venture capital company called Active Media Capital Ltd which wound up in 2006 returning 768% of investors capital.  He was awarded the Entrepreneur of the Year Award at the Quoted Company Awards 2006.

He was awarded a Queen's Award for Export in 2015.

References

1969 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Welsh chief executives