omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Biologically inspired cognitive architectures. Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures (BICA) was a DARPA project administered by the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO). BICA began in 2005 and is designed to create the next generation of cognitive architecture models of human artificial intelligence.  Its first phase (Design) ran from September 2005 to around October 2006, and was intended to generate new ideas for biological architectures that could be used to create embodied computational architectures of human intelligence.  
   
The second phase (Implementation) of BICA was set to begin in the spring of 2007, and would have involved the actual construction of new intelligent agents that live and behave in a virtual environment.  However, this phase was canceled by DARPA, reportedly because it was seen as being too ambitious.

Now BICA is a transdisciplinary study that aims to design, characterise and implement human-level cognitive architectures. There is also BICA Society, a scientific nonprofit organization formed to promote and facilitate this study. On their website, they have an extensive comparison table of various cognitive architectures.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090823030345/http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/solicitations/open/05-18_PIP.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090826165317/http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/programs/bica/bica.asp

 
DARPA
Engineering science and mechanics. Engineering science and mechanics (ESM) is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary engineering program and/or academic department. It is available at various American universities, including Pennsylvania State University, University of Virginia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and University of Alabama.

Programs 
A Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, Master of Engineering, or Ph.D. degree in engineering science, engineering mechanics, or engineering science and mechanics is awarded upon completion of the respective program.

Areas of specialization include aerodynamics, biomechanics, bionanotechnology, biosensors and bioelectronics, composite materials, continuum mechanics, data mining, electromagnetics of complex materials, electronic materials and devices, experimental mechanics, fluid mechanics, laser-assisted micromanufacturing, metamaterials, microfabrication, microfluidic systems, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), nanotechnology, neural engineering, non-destructive testing or evaluation, nonlinear dynamics, optoelectronics, photonics and plasmonics, quantum mechanics, solar-energy-harvesting materials, solid mechanics, solid-state physics, structural health monitoring, and thin films and nanostructured materials.

History
In 1972, the department of engineering mechanics at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University changed its name and undergraduate program to engineering science and mechanics. In 1974, the department of engineering mechanics at the Pennsylvania State University merged with engineering science program and the department was renamed to engineering science and mechanics. Engineering science and mechanics is a graduate program in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The department of aerospace engineering and mechanics at the University of Alabama offers graduate degrees in engineering science and mechanics.

Academic departments and programs

Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University.
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Graduate Programs in Engineering Science and Mechanics, Georgia Institute of Technology.
Graduate Programs in Engineering Science and Mechanics, University of Alabama.

See also
 Applied physics
 Applied mechanics
 Engineering physics

References

External links
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Pennsylvania State University
Society of Engineering Science Inc.
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Engineering disciplines
Engineering education
Potentiometric sensor. A potentiometric sensor is a type of chemical sensor that may be used to determine the analytical concentration of some components of the analyte gas or solution.  These sensors measure the electrical potential of an electrode when no current is present.

Principle
The signal is measured as the potential difference (voltage) between the working electrode and the reference electrode. The working electrode's potential must depend on the concentration of the analyte in the gas or solution phase. The reference electrode is needed to provide a defined reference potential.

Classification of sensors

Potentiometric solid state gas sensors have been generally classified into three broad groups.

Type I sensors have an electrolyte containing mobile ions of the chemical species in the gas phase that it is monitoring. The commercial product, YSZ oxygen sensor, is an example of type I.
Type II sensors do not have mobile ions of the chemical species to be sensed, but an ion related to the target gas can diffuse in the solid electrolyte to allow equilibration with the atmosphere. Therefore, type I and type II sensors have the same design with gas electrodes combined with metal and an electrolyte where oxidized or reduced ions can be electrochemically equilibrated through the electrochemical cell. In the third type of electrochemical sex, auxiliary phases are added to the electrodes to enhance the selectivity and stability.
Type III sensors make the electrode concept even more confusing. With respect to the design of a solid state sensor, the auxiliary phase looks as part of the electrode. But it cannot be an electrode because auxiliary phase materials are not generally good electrical conductor. In spite of this confusion, type III design offers more feasibility in terms of designing various sensors with different auxiliary materials and electrolytes.

See also
Potentiometer

References

Sensors
Electrochemistry
Dobi-I. The Dobi-I was designed by Lithuanian aviator Jurgis Dobkevičius and the first airplane of Lithuanian design. Jurgis Dobkevičius started designing and building Dobi-I in 1921, and it was first tested by its designer in July 1922. The single Dobi-I prototype was damaged beyond repair in an accident on 1 December 1925.

Specifications

See also
Dobi-II
Dobi-III

References

1920s Lithuanian sport aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Aircraft with conventional landing gear
Blaster beam. The blaster beam is a concept electric musical instrument consisting of a 12 to 18-foot (3.5 to 5.5 m) long metal beam strung with numerous tensed wires under which are mounted electric guitar pickups which can be moved to alter the sound produced. The instrument is played by striking or plucking the strings with fingers, sticks, pipes or even large objects such as artillery shell casings. The instrument produces a very distinctive bass tone, the sound of which is often described as 'dark' or 'sinister'.

The blaster beam was designed by John Lazelle in the early 1970s, and was first widely used by Francisco Lupica who built several out of iron. American child-actor-turned-musician Craig Huxley created his own refined version of the beam out of aluminum which was brought to fame in the soundtrack for Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) in which composer Jerry Goldsmith used the instrument to create the signature V'ger sound. Earlier that year, Huxley performed his custom-built blaster beam on Robert Prince's score for the season three Wonder Woman episode "Spaced Out". The instrument was also used by composer James Horner for several of his early soundtracks, including Battle Beyond the Stars (1980) and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982), Michael Stearns for his score to the IMAX film Chronos, and in David Shire's soundtrack to 2010 (1984), which score was co-written by Huxley. Huxley also played the instrument on the Quincy Jones song, "Ai No Corrida”.

Huxley successfully patented his design of the beam in 1984.

The instrument has since been used to create dark unnatural sounds in other movie soundtracks in the late 1970s and early 1980s, including the films The Black Hole, Forbidden World, Dreamscape, and Meteor, in the last of which it was used during shots of the giant looming meteorite as it approached Earth. It has also been used by new age artists including Kitaro, Stearns and Huxley. The blaster beam was also used for the seismic charge sound used by Jango Fett, in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones.

Some more unexpected attention came in the early nineties when several women attending a music concert in New York's Central Park claimed to have been stimulated by the sound created by a blaster beam being used in the performance. This prompted Australian radio station 2SER-FM to conduct an experiment in which they played a continuous loop of a blaster beam performance and asked their female listeners to report any stimulation they experienced. (FM's frequency response typically starts at around 50 Hz which is similar to the theoretical lowest frequencies of the blaster beam, but these frequencies might have been more prominent at the live concert.) On this occasion none of the show's listeners reported any arousal whatsoever.

In 2016, composer Bear McCreary featured the Blaster Beam in his score to 10 Cloverfield Lane, performed by Craig Huxley.

External links
 blasterbeam.com
 Instrument history and description

References

Electronic musical instruments
Musical instruments invented in the 1970s
Tai Mo Shan Road. Tai Mo Shan Road () is a road in New Territories, Hong Kong. It originates from Route Twisk and leads to (but does not terminate at) the weather station at the top of Tai Mo Shan. Paved the whole way, the upper-most roughly  route is blocked by a staffed barrier gate, and is hence inaccessible to motor vehicles, except those on government or military service. A carpark exists at this point. Bicycles and pedestrians are permitted past this barrier, with cyclists not permitted to go beyond the boundaries of the paved road (i.e. past where the road ends or to the left/right of the road). There is an enclosed restricted area in which lies at , Hong Kong's highest point, a Doppler weather radar, and communications equipment.

Cows and oxen may be encountered along the length of the road. Several pull-off points exist along the road.

Until mid-2009, Stage 8 of the MacLehose Trail started at the road's intersection with Route Twisk, and ran along the entire section of Tai Mo Shan Road, and then continued towards Lead Mine Pass. The section of Stage 8 between Route Twisk and the car park now starts at the Kowloon Motor Bus stop on Route Twisk and is diverted to a nearby dirt track with steps so that hikers and motorists are segregated. However, the original route still forms part of the annual Oxfam Trailwalker to avoid confusion.

Though rarely, the road may be covered by ice just like on 24 January 2016 or during other extreme cold waves.

See also
 List of streets and roads in Hong Kong

References

External links

 CentaLink map of Tai Mo Shan Road
 HK AFCD - MacLehose Trail Stage 8
 HKO Press Release - Inauguration of Tai Mo Shan Weather Radar and Supercomputer

Gallery

Roads in the New Territories
Spherical bearing. A spherical bearing is a bearing that permits rotation about a central point in two orthogonal directions (usually within a specified angular limit based on the bearing geometry). Typically these bearings support a rotating shaft in the bore of the inner ring that must move not only rotationally, but also at an angle. It can either be a plain bearing or roller bearing.

Self-aligning spherical bearings were first used by James Nasmyth around 1840 to support line shaft bearings in mills and machine shops. For long shafts it was impossible to accurately align bearings, even if the shaft was perfectly straight. Nasmyth used brass bearing shells between hemispherical brass cups to allow the bearings to self-align.

Construction
Spherical bearings can be of a hydrostatic or mechanical construction. A spherical bearing by itself consists of an outer ring and an inner ring and a locking feature that makes the inner ring captive within the outer ring in the axial direction only. The outer surface of the inner ring and the inner surface of the outer ring are spherical and are collectively considered the raceway and they slide against each other, either with a lubricant, a maintenance-free (typically polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE) based liner, or they incorporate a rolling element such as a race of ball-bearings, allowing lower friction.

Applications
Spherical bearings are used in car suspensions, engines, driveshafts, heavy machinery, sewing machines, robotics and many other applications: wherever rotational motion must be allowed to change the alignment of its rotation axis. An example, although this is rarely used in practice, is the drive axle bearings of a vehicle control arm (or A-arm) suspension. The mechanics of the suspension allow the axle to move up and down (and the wheel to turn in order to steer the vehicle), and the axle bearings must allow the rotational axis of the axle to change without binding. This is a simple concept that illustrates a possible application of a spherical bearing. In fact, spherical bearings are used in smaller sub-components of this type of suspension, for example certain types of constant-velocity joints.

See also
  
 
 
 
  – one of the earliest patented applications of this technology

References

External links
 Spherical bearing 101 With single and double rows of rollers.

Bearings (mechanical)
List of corrosion societies. Corrosion societies are professional societies for corrosion engineers for the purpose of sharing experience and discoveries.

Societies 

 The Australasian Corrosion Association (ACA) was incorporated in 1958 as a not-for-profit primarily operating in Australasia.

 NACE International claims to be the worldwide society with universally accepted standards.

 The European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) is an association of individual European country Corrosion societies joined in a larger umbrella group known as the European Federation of Corrosion. They meet at an annual congress named EUROCORR.

 The Institute of Corrosion (I.Corr) is a United Kingdom-based organisation and offers designator letters after a name to suitably qualified members.

Collaborations 
A cooperation between EFC and NACE was signed during the NACE Corrosion conference in San Diego, California in March 2003. The agreement improved benefit sharing between the two parties like discounts on publications and journal subscriptions. NACE and EFC will also publicize each other's event's and activities.

The Australasian Corrosion Association works with NACE in Australia and New Zealand offering accredited NACE courses in the Australasian region. The annual Corrosion & Prevention conference held in November each year presents original papers published in the Journal Corrosion & Materials.

References

Engineering organizations
Dobi-III. Dobi-III is the third and the last aircraft designed by Lithuanian aviator Jurgis Dobkevičius. Fighter Dobi-III was designed and tested in 1924. On June 8, 1926, it crashed at Kaunas Aerodrome killing its designer.

Specifications

See also

Dobi-I
Dobi-II

References

1920s Lithuanian fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with conventional landing gear
EER. EER may refer to:

 East of England Regiment, a British Army Reserve unit
 Effective exchange rate
 Energy efficiency rating in the Australian Capital Territory
 Energy efficiency ratio, of a cooling device
 Engineering education research
 Enhanced entity–relationship model
 Enlisted Evaluation Report, used by the United States Army
Equal Error Rate, see Biometrics
 Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis
 Estonian Greens (), a political party in Estonia
European Economic Review, a scholarly journal
 Experimental event rate
 West Virginia Mountaineers, the athletic teams that represent West Virginia University

See also
 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), a U.S. government office
Thomsen–Berthelot principle. In thermochemistry, the Thomsen–Berthelot principle is a hypothesis in the history of chemistry which argued that all chemical changes are accompanied by the production of heat and that processes which occur will be ones in which the most heat is produced. This principle was formulated in slightly different versions by the Danish chemist Julius Thomsen in 1854 and by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot in 1864.  This early postulate in classical thermochemistry became the controversial foundation of a research program that would last three decades.

This principle came to be associated with what was called the thermal theory of affinity, which postulated that the heat evolved in a chemical reaction was the true measure of its affinity.

Limitations 
The experimental objections to the Thomsen–Berthelot principle include incomplete dissociation, reversibility, and spontaneous endothermic processes. Such cases were dismissed by orthodox thermochemist as outliers not covered by the principle, or the experiments were manipulated to fit it through with somewhat contrived justifications was later disproved. In 1873, Thomsen acknowledged that his theory might not have universal or definitive credibility. Later, under newly created chemical thermodynamics framework, the principle was explained to only be valid as an idealization under extreme conditions (i.e., absolute zero). Thomsen openly admitted that his initial understanding was merely a close estimate of the reality, emphasizing that while chemical reactions typically release heat, this heat isn't always a trustworthy indicator of the strength of the bonds formed. On the other hand, Berthelot, was more resistant and continued to assert the validity of the principle until 1894. In 1882 the German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz proved that affinity was not given by the heat evolved in a chemical reaction but rather by the maximum work, or free energy, produced when the reaction was carried out reversibly.

References

See also
Principle of maximum work.

Thermochemistry
Obsolete scientific theories
Common Criteria Evaluation and Validation Scheme. Common Criteria Evaluation and Validation Scheme (CCEVS) is a United States Government program administered by the National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP) to evaluate security functionality of an information technology with conformance to the Common Criteria international standard. The new standard uses Protection Profiles and the Common Criteria Standards to certify the product. This change happened in 2009. Their stated goal in making the change was to ensure achievable, repeatable and testable evaluations.

Objectives
The CCEVS program is a partnership between the U.S. Government and industry to assist themselves and the consumers:
To meet the needs of government and industry for cost-effective evaluation of IT products
To encourage the formation of commercial security testing laboratories and the development of a private sector security testing industry
To ensure that security evaluations of IT products are performed to consistent standards
To improve the availability of evaluated IT products.

The scheme is intended to serve many communities of interest with very diverse roles and responsibilities. This community includes IT product developers, product vendors, value-added resellers, systems integrators, IT security researchers, acquisition/procurement authorities, consumers of IT products, auditors, and accreditors (individuals deciding the fitness for operation of those products within their respective organizations). Close cooperation between government and industry is paramount to the success of the scheme and the realization of its objectives.

Validation Body
The Validation Body has the ultimate responsibility for the operation of the CCEVS in accordance with NIAP policies and procedures. Where appropriate it will interpret and amend those policies and procedures. The NIST and NSA are responsible for providing sufficient resources to the NIAP so that the Validation Body may carry out its responsibilities. However, as of 2009 the NIAP has reached out to other vendors, labs, academia and customers to help in the evaluation of products therefore diminishing the reliance on the NSA.

The Validation Body is led by a Director and deputy director selected by NIST and NSA management and other personnel include validators and technical experts in various technology areas.

The Validation Body ensures that appropriate mechanisms are in place to protect the interests of all parties within the CCEVS participating in the process of IT security evaluation.

Disputes brought forth by any participating party, i.e. the sponsor of an evaluation, product or Protection Profile developer or CCTL concerning the operation of the CCEVS or any of its associated activities shall be referred to the Validation Body for resolution.

Once the product has been certified it is listed as PP Compliant in the NIAP Product Compliant List (PCL).

External links
 NIAP
 NSA NIAP
 DoDI 8500.2

References

Crime prevention
Data security
Information technology in the United States
National Security Agency