Random energy model. In the statistical physics of disordered systems, the random energy model is a toy model of a system with quenched disorder, such as a spin glass, having a first-order phase transition. It concerns the statistics of a collection of  spins (i.e. degrees of freedom  that can take one of two possible values ) so that the number of possible states for the system is . The energies of such states are independent and identically distributed Gaussian random variables  with zero mean and a variance of . Many properties of this model can be computed exactly. Its simplicity makes this model suitable for pedagogical introduction of concepts like quenched disorder and replica symmetry.

Thermodynamic quantities 
Critical energy per particle: .

Critical inverse temperature .

Partition function , which at large  becomes  when , that is, condensation does not occur. When this is true, we say that it has the self-averaging property.

Free entropy per particle

Entropy per particle

Condensation 
When , the Boltzmann distribution of the system is concentrated at energy-per-particle , of which there are  states.

When , the Boltzmann distribution of the system is concentrated at , and since the entropy per particle at that point is zero, the Boltzmann distribution is concentrated on a sub-exponential number of states. This is a phase transition called condensation.

Participation 
Define the participation ratio asThe participation ratio measures the amount of condensation in the Boltzmann distribution. It can be interpreted as the probability that two randomly sampled states are exactly the same state. Indeed, it is precisely the Simpson index, a commonly used diversity index.

For each , the participation ratio is a random variable determined by the energy levels.

When , the system is not in the condensed phase, and so by asymptotic equipartition, the Boltzmann distribution is asymptotically uniformly distributed over  states. The participation ratio is then which decays exponentially to zero.

When , the participation ratio satisfieswhere the expectation is taken over all random energy levels.

Comparison with other disordered systems
The -spin infinite-range model, in which all -spin sets interact with a random, independent, identically distributed interaction constant, becomes the random energy model in a suitably defined  limit.

More precisely, if the Hamiltonian of the model is defined by

 

where the sum runs over all  distinct sets of  indices, and, for each such set, ,  is an independent Gaussian variable of mean 0 and variance , the Random-Energy model is recovered in the  limit.

Derivation of thermodynamical quantities 
As its name suggests, in the REM each microscopic state has an independent distribution of energy. For a particular realization of the disorder,  where  refers to the individual spin configurations described by the state and  is the energy associated with it. The final extensive variables like the free energy need to be averaged over all realizations of the disorder, just as in the case of the Edwards–Anderson model. Averaging  over all possible realizations, we find that the probability that a given configuration of the disordered system has an energy equal to  is given by

 

where  denotes the average over all realizations of the disorder. Moreover, the joint probability distribution of the energy values of two different microscopic configurations of the spins,  and  factorizes:

 

It can be seen that the probability of a given spin configuration only depends on the energy of that state and not on the individual spin configuration.

The entropy of the REM is given by

 

for . However this expression only holds if the entropy per spin,  is finite, i.e., when  Since , this corresponds to . For , the system remains "frozen" in a small number of configurations of energy  and the entropy per spin vanishes in the thermodynamic limit.

See also 

 Random subcube model

References

Statistical mechanics