omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PC532. The PC532 was a "home-brew" microcomputer design created by George Scolaro and Dave Rand in 1989-1990, based on the National Semiconductor NS32532 microprocessor (a member of the NS320xx series). Full hardware documentation for the design, including schematics and PAL programming data, was made freely available, and a short run (around 200) of motherboard PCBs were produced for hobbyists to populate and assemble into fully functional systems.

Hardware specifications 
 PC/AT form-factor motherboard
 NS32532 CPU and NS32381 FPU (25 MHz)
 4 to 32 MB of RAM
 National Semiconductor DP8490 SCSI host adapter
 Adaptec AIC-6250 SCSI host adapter
 Four SCN2861 DUARTs (providing 8 serial ports)
 27256 32 kB firmware EPROM

Operating systems 
The following operating systems were ported to the PC532:

MINIX A port of MINIX 1.3 to the PC532 (sometimes referred to as MINIX-532) was released by Bruce Culbertson in 1990.
Mach Mach 3.0 was ported to the PC532 in 1992 by Johannes Helander, Tero Kivinen, and Tatu Ylönen; some work was also done by them on porting a Net/2 BSD-based Mach server (bnr2ss) to provide BSD UNIX emulation.
NetBSD/pc532 A project to port 386BSD 0.1 to the PC532, initially called 532BSD, was started by Phil Nelson. This was integrated into the NetBSD project in 1993 and became NetBSD/pc532, with Nelson as the port maintainer. On January 9, 2008, NetBSD/pc532 was dropped from the NetBSD source tree, as GCC support for the NS32532 microprocessor had been dropped.

References 
 NetBSD/pc532 FAQ
 PC532 Notes by Julian H. Stacey
 Mail list, new 2017, supersedes defunct lists on bungi.com & netbsd.org
 FTP archive, new 2017, several on mail list have write access

External links 
 PC532 implemented in a FPGA.

Personal computers
Computer-related introductions in 1989
DRAM price fixing scandal. In 2002, the United States Department of Justice, under the Sherman Antitrust Act, began a probe into the activities of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) manufacturers in response to claims by US computer makers, including Dell and Gateway, that inflated DRAM pricing was causing lost profits and hindering their effectiveness in the marketplace.

To date, five manufacturers have pleaded guilty to their involvement in an international price-fixing conspiracy between July 1, 1998, and June 15, 2002, including Hynix, Infineon, Micron Technology, Samsung, and Elpida.

2002–2005 
"In December 2003, the Department charged Alfred P. Censullo, a Regional Sales Manager for Micron Technology Inc., with obstruction of justice in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1503. Censullo pleaded guilty to the charge and admitted to having withheld and altered documents responsive to a grand jury subpoena served on Micron in June 2002."

On 20 October 2004, Infineon also pleaded guilty. The company was fined US$160M for its involvement, then the third largest antitrust fine in US history. In April 2005, Hynix Semiconductor was fined US$185M after they also admitted guilt. In October 2005, Samsung entered a guilty plea in connection with the cartel.

On 5 April 2006, Sun Woo Lee, Senior Manager of DRAM at Samsung Electronics, entered into a plea bargain with the US Government for his involvement in the price fixing conspiracy. Following the plea agreement he was sentenced to 8 months in prison and fined US$250,000. Lee was subsequently promoted to President of Samsung Germany in 2009, and then President of Samsung Europe in 2014.

On 19 May, 2010, European antitrust regulators also fined nine semiconductor manufacturers more than €331 million for the cartel that operated back in 2002. The companies fined are Samsung Electronics, Infineon, Hynix Semiconductor, Elpida Memory, NEC Electronics, Hitachi, Toshiba, Mitsubishi Electric and Nanya Technology. Micron Technology received immunity for blowing the whistle on the cartel and will not be fined for its involvement.

2017–2018 
On 27 April 2018, Hagens Berman filed a class-action lawsuit against Samsung, Hynix, and Micron in U.S. District Court alleging the trio engaged in DRAM price fixing causing prices to skyrocket through 2016 and 2017. Between June 2016 and January 2018, the price of DRAM nearly tripled.

References

External links
 Four Infineon Technologies Executives Agree to Plead Guilty in International DRAM Price-Fixing Conspiracy
 Korean Company Hynix Agrees to Plead Guilty to Price Fixing

Anti-competitive practices
Cartels
Price fixing convictions
Qoca. Qoca is a GPL library for incrementally solving systems of linear equations with various goal functions.  It contains a robust implementation of Cassowary, a popular linear programming algorithm for handling Manhattan goal functions.  It is used in several free software projects and is maintained at Monash University.  It is available in a C++ or a Java version, and provides language bindings for Python and Perl.

External links
 project page

The CVS host listed on the download page no longer exists.
The sources no longer compile out of the box (2013).
Perhaps this 2003 software is unmaintained today.

C (programming language) libraries
Java (programming language) libraries
Edgar D. Zanotto. Edgar Dutra Zanotto is a materials engineer and professor at the Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar) in Brazil. He currently teaches glass related subjects for both undergraduate and post-graduate students and he is the head of the Vitreous Materials Laboratory (LaMaV). He is a recipient of the 2010 TWAS Prize.

In May 1998, Zanotto wrote an article in the American Journal of Physics relating to the false notion that observations of thick glass on old windows translated to the fact that glass is a liquid. Zanotto sought to calculate the flow of glass and found that at 414 Celsius (777 °F) the glass would move a visible amount in 800 years, yet at room temperature he found that it would take glass longer than the age of human history.

References

External links
UFSCAR website

Brazilian engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
TWAS laureates
Romanèchite. Romanèchite () is the primary constituent of psilomelane, which is a mixture of minerals. Most psilomelane is not pure romanechite, so it is incorrect to consider them synonyms. Romanèchite is a valuable ore of manganese, which is used in steelmaking and sodium battery production. It has a monoclinic crystal structure, a hardness of 6 and a specific gravity of 4.7–5. Romanèchite's structure consists of 2 × 3 tunnels formed by MnO6 octahedra.

It is commonly associated with hematite, barite, pyrolusite, quartz and other manganese oxide minerals. It has been found in France, Germany, England, Brazil, Russia, India, and various parts of the United States, including Arizona, Virginia, Tennessee and Michigan, and sites throughout the Appalachian Valley and Ridge. It occurs also in ferromanganese nodules from Lake Baikal.

References 

Barium minerals
Manganese(III,IV) minerals
Oxide minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Balco alloy. Balco is a nickel-iron alloy with a thermal conductivity similar to nickel but twice the resistivity. It is used for making low cost resistance temperature sensors. It consists of 70% nickel and 30% iron.

Balco is Carpenter Technology Corporation's brand name for this alloy consisting of 70% nickel and 30% iron.  It is also sold by Harrison as "Hytemco". Its principal use is for resistance thermometers (resistance temperature detectors).  These change their electrical resistances as a predictable function of temperature, making it useful as a thermometer with electrical output.  Balco has a temperature coefficient of resistance of 0.00518 Ω/Ω/°C nearly as high as that of pure nickel (0.00672) but with much better linearity.  It is also mechanically strong and fairly corrosion resistant.  

Pure platinum is preferred for the most precise resistance temperature detector elements in spite of its price and lower temperature coefficient (0.00385).  This is because of its long-term stability and repeatability.

See also

 Thermometer

References

Nickel alloys
Lola (computing). Lola is designed to be a simple hardware description language for describing synchronous, digital circuits. Niklaus Wirth developed the language to teach digital design on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to computer science students while a professor at ETH Zurich.

The purpose of Lola is to statically describe the structure and function of hardware components and of the connections between them. A Lola text is composed of declarations and statements. It describes digital electronics hardware on the logic gate level in the form of signal assignments. Signals are combined using operators and assigned to other signals. Signals and the respective assignments can be grouped together into data types. An instance of a type is a hardware component. Types can be composed of instances of other types, thereby supporting a hierarchical design style and they can be generic, e.g., parametrizable with the word width of a circuit.

All of the concepts mentioned above are demonstrated in the following example of a circuit for adding binary data. First, a fundamental building block () is defined, then this  is used to declare a cascade of word-width 8, and finally the s are connected to each other. The  defined in this example can serve as a building block on a higher level of the design hierarchy.

MODULE Adder;

TYPE Cell; (* Composite Type *)
  IN x,y,ci:BIT; (* input signals *)
  OUT z,co:BIT; (* output signals *) 
BEGIN
  z:=x-y-ci;
  co:=x*y+x*ci+y*ci;
END Cell;

CONST N:=8;
IN X,Y:[N]BIT; ci:BIT; (* input signals *)
OUT Z:[N]BIT; co:BIT; (* output signals *)
VAR S:[N]Cell; (* composite type instances *)
BEGIN
  S.0(X.0, Y.0, ci); (* inputs in cell 0 *)
  FOR i:=1..N-1 DO
    S.i(X.i,Y.i,S[i-1].co); (* inputs in cell i *)
  END;
  FOR i:=0..N-1 DO
    Z.i:=S.i.z;
END;
  co:=S.7.co;
END Adder.

Wirth describes Lola from a user's perspective in his book Digital Circuit Design. A complementary view on the details of the Lola compiler's implementation can be found in Wirth's technical report Lola System Notes. An overview of the whole system of tools for digital design is the technical report Tools for Digital Circuit Design using FPGAs (containing a copy of the report on the language Lola Lola: An Object-Oriented Logic Description Language).

External links 
CAD Tools for Hardware Design at ETH Zürich, including the Lola language page

Hardware description languages
Rick Jelliffe. Richard (Rick) Alan Jelliffe (born 1960) is an Australian programmer and standards activist (ISO, W3C, IETF), particularly associated with web standards, markup languages, internationalization and schema languages. He is the founder and Chief Technical Officer of Topologi Pty. Ltd, an XML tools vendor in Sydney. He has a degree in economics from the University of Sydney.

Career
Jelliffe is the inventor of the Schematron schema language; its core idea of using XPath to state constraints has been widely adopted and adapted. He is the editor of the ISO International Standard 19757-3 Document Schema Definition Languages – Part 3: Path Based Rule Languages (Schematron).

In 1999-2001 Jelliffe worked at Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. The Chinese XML Now! website provides Chinese and English information and test files on XML. Jelliffe has also made an English/Chinese multilingual typesetting system used to publish PRC trade laws. He has been an invited expert on Internationalization to the W3C.

Dealings with Microsoft
In January 2007, Microsoft "technical evangelist" Doug Mahugh asked Jelliffe to correct English Wikipedia articles about some of the standardization efforts in which he was involved, including Ecma Office Open XML and OpenDocument, suggesting that Microsoft could pay him for the time he spent editing English Wikipedia. Jelliffe commented on the offer in his blog and this led to international press coverage.

The controversial decision by Standards Australia to include Jelliffe on its delegation to the vote at the ISO on standardisation of Ecma International's Office Open XML document format was widely criticised. Some considered Jelliffe too close to Microsoft to be impartial.

Works

 The XML & SGML Cookbook: Recipes for Structured Information, Charles Goldfarb Series on Structured Information Management, 1998, Prentice Hal, .
 Editor, ISO/IEC International Standard 19757-3 Document Schema Definition Languages – Part 3: Path Based Rule Languages (Schematron).

References

External links

 schematron.com
 Chinese XML Now!
 Topologi

Place of birth missing (living people)
Australian computer programmers
1960 births
Living people
University of Sydney alumni
Atlantic 85-class lifeboat. The Atlantic 85 is the third generation rigid inflatable boat (RIB), in the B-class series of Inshore lifeboats, operated around the shores of the British Isles and the Channel Islands by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI). Developed from the  and the later , it was first placed on service in 2005, and has gradually now replaced the older . The Atlantic design of the B-class of lifeboats is named after Atlantic College, where the design was originally developed.

Design
The hull is constructed in a fibre reinforced composite, consisting of a carbon fibre and foam core laminate with an epoxy glass and foam sandwich layup. The tubes are Hypalon.

The boat is powered by twin  Yamaha 4-stroke outboard engines that have been inversion-proofed to ensure the engines are still operational after a capsize. 

Like previous RIBs, it has a manually operated self-righting mechanism that deploys an airbag mounted atop the A-frame. It is capable of being beached in an emergency without sustaining damage to engines or steering gear. The Atlantic 85 is fitted with radar and VHF direction finding equipment and can be operated safely in daylight in a force 6/7 and at night in a force 5/6.

The Atlantic 85 also has intercom communications between the crew and VHF radio via their helmets.  The lifeboat is also equipped with the RNLI's SIMS (ship information & management system) which provides the crew with combined chartplotter and AIS, radar and VHF directional finding capability. It also carries searchlights, handheld night-vision equipment and illuminating paraflares for night-time operations, as well as casualty care equipment.

To ensure equipment is kept to a high standard of repair, boats go through annual or bi-annual overhauls, and 4-year refits.

All of the following fleet details are referenced to the Lifeboat Enthusiast Society Handbook, published annually, with information retrieved directly from RNLI records.

Gallery

Fleet

B-800 – B-899

B-900 – B-999

See also 
 Talus MB-H amphibious tractor
 Talus MB-4H amphibious tractor
 Talus MB-764 amphibious tractor
 Talus Atlantic 85 DO-DO launch carriage

References

External links 

 RNLI Fleet
 B-class Atlantic 85

B-class lifeboats
SafeTSA. SafeTSA (Safe Typed Single Assignment) is a static single assignment form (SSA) intermediate representation capable of representing all of the type safety of the Java programming language and the standard Java Virtual Machine (JVM) byte-code.

As of 2005, many optimizing compilers (including just-in-time compilers used by JVMs) use SSA representations internally.
A typical just-in-time compiler for a JVM converts JVM stack-machine byte-code into an internal static-single-assignment representation, performs optimizations, converts the SSA form to a low-level form similar to the host CPU's machine code, and performs some platform-specific optimizations before finally creating the native code that gets executed.
SafeTSA is an external representation similar to these SSA internal representations, yet SafeTSA still provides the full type safety (including security verifiability at class load time) of standard JVM byte-code.
In theory, this preserves the advantages of the JVM while decreasing the amount of work the JVM needs to do in order to efficiently execute programs.

The creators of SafeTSA modified the IBM JikesRVM (called the Jalapeño JVM at the time) so that it could use standard JVM byte-code and also a SafeTSA bytecode.
They then ran a standard suite of Java benchmarks and published a paper showing that SafeTSA input produced faster running native code output from the just-in-time compiler.
In addition, the researchers also showed that SafeTSA required less time to compile to native code.

On the other hand, the advantages of a stack-machine byte-code (such as the standard JVM byte-code) include an easily implemented interpreter.

Most commercial JVMs in late 2005 use a mixture of byte-code interpretation and byte-code just-in-time optimized compilation whereas the JikesRVM used in the SafeTSA research uses only a mixture of two different optimization levels for just-in-time compilation.
The research platform never used interpretation to run SafeTSA byte-code, so it's less clear how SafeTSA byte-code would perform in a modified version of a commercial JVM.

, it seems that SafeTSA has only been used in academia.

External links
A Type-Safe Mobile-Code Representation Aimed at Supporting Dynamic Optimization At The Target Site (2000) W. Amme, N. Dalton, M. Franz, J. von Ronne
 SafeTSA: A Type Safe and Referentially Secure Mobile-Code Representation Based on Static Single Assignment Form (2001) W. Amme, N. Dalton, J. von Ronne, M. Franz
Using the SafeTSA Representation to Boost the Performance of an Existing Java Virtual Machine (2002) W. Amme, J. von Ronne, M. Franz

Java platform
Continuity tester. A continuity tester is an item of electrical test equipment used to determine if an electrical path can be established between two points; that is if an electrical circuit can be made. The circuit under test is completely de-energized prior to connecting the apparatus.

Details
The tester consists of an indicator in series with a source of electrical power - normally a battery, terminating in two test leads. If a complete circuit is established between the test-leads, the indicator is activated.

The indicator may be an electric light or a buzzer. This led to the term "buzzing out a circuit" (which means to test for continuity) Audible continuity buzzers or beepers are built into some models of multimeter, and the continuity setting is normally shared with the ohmmeter setting. 

A popular design has the tester combined with a standard flashlight. A phone connector or jack plug in the rear of the unit permits a set of test leads to be plugged in effecting a quick conversion between the two applications.

For situations where continuity testing must be done on high resistance circuits, or where delicate conductors and sensitive components that might be damaged by excessive current are present, a low voltage, low current device must be used. These typically use an op-amp and watch batteries to drive an LED as an indicator. These testers can be exquisitely sensitive; for example they will indicate if the test points are taken by both hands.

There are times when a simple continuity test fails to reveal the problem. For example, vibration-induced problems in automobile wiring can be extremely difficult to detect because a short or open is not maintained long enough for a standard tester to respond.

In these applications a latching continuity tester is used. A more complex device, it detects intermittent opens and shorts as well as steady-state conditions. These devices contain a fast acting electronic switch (generally a Schmitt trigger) forming a gated astable oscillator which detects and locks (latches) the indicator on an intermittent condition with a duration of less than a millisecond.

See also
 Cable tester
 Continuity test
 LED circuit
 Solenoid voltmeter
 Test light

References

External links
Continuity Test Resistance Calculator

Electronic test equipment
Electrical test equipment
Foster Wheeler. Foster Wheeler AG (formerly Foster Wheeler Inc.) was a Swiss global engineering conglomerate with its principal executive offices in Reading, UK and its registered office in Baar, Canton of Zug, Switzerland. Foster Wheeler was added to the NASDAQ-100 on 12 July 2007. On 13 November 2014 Foster Wheeler merged with Amec plc to form Amec Foster Wheeler. The resultant company was acquired by and merged into Wood Group in October 2017.

History
Foster Wheeler was formed in 1927 from a merger of the Power Specialty Company (which replaced American Water Works Supply Company, created by Pell and Ernest Foster in 1884) and the Wheeler Condenser & Engineering Company, which was created by Frederick Merriam Wheeler in 1891. It was originally based in New York City but later moved to Livingston, New Jersey and stayed there for nearly a quarter century before relocating to Clinton, New Jersey in 1987. In 2000, Foster Wheeler moved its incorporation to Bermuda; in 2008, it moved its incorporation to Switzerland.

The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1929.

On 26 February 2008 Foster Wheeler Announced it had acquired Biokinetics.

Foster Wheeler was acquired by AMEC plc in the second half of 2014 to form Amec Foster Wheeler. The acquisition coincided with a downturn in the price of crude oil which depressed the market for services to the energy industry and left the merged company with substantial debt. Amec Foster Wheeler was bought by and merged into Wood Group in October 2017.

Operations
The company was focused on engineering, procurement, and construction management (EPC) contracting and power equipment supply. It comprised two business groups: a Global Engineering and Construction (E&C) Group and a Global Power Group.

Global E&C Group 
The Global E&C Group designed, engineered and constructed leading-edge processing facilities and related infrastructure for the upstream oil and gas, LNG and gas-to-liquids, refining, chemicals & petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology & healthcare, environmental and power industries.

They owned technology in delayed coking, solvent de-asphalting, and hydrogen production processes. They also provided international environmental remediation services with related technical, engineering, design and regulatory services.

Global Power Group 
The Global Power Group built, owned and operated cogeneration, independent power production, and waste-to-energy facilities as well as facilities for the process industries, providing electricity, steam, and feed stocks to industries and local grids.

See also 

 List of oilfield service companies

References

External links
Foster Wheeler Corporate Web Site 
Foster Wheeler Fonds, 1944-1980, RG 75-66 Brock University Library Digital Repository

Energy engineering and contractor companies
Engineering companies of Switzerland
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1927
2014 mergers and acquisitions
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Swiss companies established in 1927
Swiss companies disestablished in 2014
Companies based in the canton of Zug
Metacompilation. Metacompilation is a computation which involves metasystem transitions (MST) from a computing machine M to a metamachine M'  which controls, analyzes and imitates the work of M. Semantics-based program transformation, such as partial evaluation and supercompilation (SCP), is metacomputation. Metasystem transitions may be repeated, as when a program transformer gets transformed itself. In this manner MST hierarchies of any height can be formed. The Fox paper reviews one strain of research which was started in Russia by Valentin Turchin's REFAL system in the late 1960s-early 1970s and became known for the development of supercompilation as a distinct method of program transformation. After a brief description of the history of this research line, the paper concentrates on those results and problems where supercompilation is combined with repeated metasystem transitions.

See also
Metacompiler
Partial evaluation

External links
 Papers on metacompilation
 Metacomputation: Metasystem Transitions + Supercompilation an introduction to supercompilation

Compiler construction