omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
General Dynamics X-62 VISTA. The General Dynamics X-62 VISTA ("Variable Stability In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft") is an experimental aircraft, derived from the F-16D Fighting Falcon, which was modified as a joint venture between General Dynamics and Calspan for use by the United States Air Force (USAF). Originally designated NF-16D, the aircraft was redesignated X-62A in June 2021 as part of an upgrade to a Skyborg, with System for Autonomous Control of Simulation (SACS).

The X-62A remains on the curriculum of the Air Force Test Pilot School as a practice aircraft for test pilots.

Design and development

The NF-16D VISTA testbed aircraft incorporated a multi-axis thrust vectoring (MATV) engine nozzle that provides for more active control of the aircraft in a post-stall situation. As a result, the aircraft is supermaneuverable, retaining pitch and yaw control at angles of attack beyond which the traditional control surfaces cannot change attitude.

The NF-16D VISTA is a Block 30 F-16D based on the airframe design of the Israeli Air Force version, which incorporates a dorsal fairing running the length of the fuselage aft of the canopy and a heavyweight landing gear derived from the Block 40 F-16C/D. The fairing houses most of the variable-stability equipment and test instrumentation. The heavyweight gear permits simulation of aircraft with higher landing sink rates than a standard F-16.

The program was notable for the development of Direct Voice Input and the "Virtual HUD", which were both incorporated into the cockpit design for the F-35 Lightning II.

The VISTA aircraft is operated by the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School and maintained by Calspan at Edwards Air Force Base. It is regularly used in student curriculum sorties, special academic projects, and flight research.  As of June 2021, VISTA is in the midst of upgrading. In addition to replacing the VISTA Simulation System (VSS) with a newer, upgraded version of the same system, a System for Autonomous Control of Simulation (SACS) will be added in order to operate X-62A as a Skyborg. One application is as autonomously piloted aircraft, perhaps as a robotic wingman to a manned aircraft.

On 18 April 2024, the USAF and DARPA announced the successful engagement of the X-62A against a conventional, human piloted F-16 in the first-ever human vs artificial intelligence dogfight. On May 2, Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall III said he'd trust the AI with the ability to launch weapons. The Air Force is planning for more than 1,000 AI-controlled warplanes, the first of them to be operating by 2028.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 VISTA gets a new look

F-16 VISTA
NASA aircraft
1970s United States experimental aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Relaxed-stability aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1992
Three dimension thrust vectoring aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Piper PA-6. 

The Piper PA-6 Sky Sedan was a 1940s American four-seat light aircraft designed and built in prototype form by Piper Aircraft at its Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, factory.

History
Towards the end of 1944 Piper announced a number of aircraft types it intended to build after World War II. One of these was the PWA-6 Sky Sedan (Post War Airplane 6). A prototype was built in 1945 as a development of Piper's unsuccessful two-seat PT-1 trainer. Its fuselage had a fabric-covered metal frame with a four-seat cabin. It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit and a retractable tailwheel landing gear. Originally to be powered by a 140 hp Franklin engine, it had a 165 hp Continental E-165 engine. By the time it first flew the designation had been changed to PA-6. A second aircraft was built in 1947, it differed by having an all-metal construction, a 205 hp Continental E-185 engine and a one-piece windscreen. Neither version was placed into production at a time when a short boom in postwar general aviation was ending.

Specifications (PA-6)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
  
 Roger W. Peperell and Colin M.Smith, Piper Aircraft and their forerunners, 1987, Air-Britain (Historians), , Page 47 and 50.

1940s United States civil utility aircraft
PA-06
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Anisotropy energy. Anisotropic energy is energy that is directionally specific. The word anisotropy means "directionally dependent", hence the definition. The most common form of anisotropic energy is magnetocrystalline anisotropy, which is commonly studied in ferromagnets. In ferromagnets, there are islands or domains of atoms that are all coordinated in a certain direction; this spontaneous positioning is often called the "easy" direction, indicating that this is the lowest energy state for these atoms. In order to study magnetocrystalline anisotropy, energy (usually in the form of an electric current) is applied to the domain, which causes the crystals to deflect from the "easy" to "hard" positions. The energy required to do this is defined as the anisotropic energy. The easy and hard alignments and their relative energies are due to the interaction between spin magnetic moment of each atom and the crystal lattice of the compound being studied.

See also
Magnetic anisotropy

References

Energy (physics)
Asymmetry
Orientation (geometry)
Magnetic ordering
Kodibeleng. Kodibeleng is a village in Central District of Botswana. It is located 99 km away from Central's capital Serowe, and 70 km east of Mahalapye. It has a primary school. The population was 1,206 in a 2001 census.

In a geological survey conducted by Botswana's Geological Survey Department around 1976, it was found that the water table was near to the surface and replenished by seasonal recharge from nearby hills. The main method of drawing water in this village was via deep wells and boreholes, although the water was of variable quality, sometimes salty or fresh. The survey stated that there was cattle farming conducted around 1976, and that livestock and large herds of cattle were the main reason for water usage. Currently, Kodibeleng has the Moralane kraal.

The same geological survey commented that Kodibeleng was "badly overgrazed and unlikely to recover good vegetation unless the cattle are kraaled [enclosed] and the watering point extended over a large area." To add to the village's water woes, the survey found that the water supply was often polluted due surface runoff flowing back into the wells.

Despite the most common mining activity in the Mahalapye sub district being sand mining, Kodibeleng has the Kalahari Gas Project. It is led by the Kalahari Energy Botswana group (KEB), the only company in Botswana dedicated entirely to commercialising the coalbed methane resources in the region. KEB acquired the first coalbed exploration licenses from those relinquished by ISCOR. KEB conducted tests and their results indicated positive gas saturations, which lead the Botswana Government to undertake its own study. The subsequent study indicated "a substantial amount of gas-in-place in the coal ... of the Central Kalahari Karoo Basin." From 2008 to 2015, a drilling rig (RD20)  commenced drilling, and a 5-Spot array of wells was completed, which demonstrated strong gas flows.

References

Populated places in the Central District (Botswana)
Villages in Botswana
Taylor J-2. The Taylor J-2 Cub (later also known as the Piper J-2 Cub) is an American two-seat light aircraft that was designed and built by the Taylor Aircraft Company. The company became the Piper Aircraft Company and the J-2 was first of a long line of related Piper Cub designs.

Development

The J-2 Cub was a development of the earlier Taylor Cub. In 1935 the Taylor Aircraft Company had decided to improve their Cub line of aircraft which were angular and austere-looking and initially had an unglazed cabin area.

The new J-2 had rounded-off wing tips, a similarly "rounded" fin and rudder framed up and fabric-covered separately from the fuselage structure, enclosed cabin and wider Goodyear "airwheel" tires, a special low-pressure variety of aircraft landing gear tire pioneered by Alvin Musselmann  in 1929 that resembled a later tundra tire in general appearance and proportions. Powered by a 37 hp Continental A-40-3 piston engine the aircraft appeared in October 1935 and the type certificate was issued on 14 February 1936. From September 1936 the engine was changed to a 40 hp Continental A-40-4. One sub-type was produced, the J-2S which was a float-equipped version.

In 1935 Clarence Gilbert Taylor left the company to start another aircraft manufacturer which would become Taylorcraft. William T. Piper bought Taylor's shares in the company. In 1936 and 1937 some aircraft were completed by Aircraft Associates in California and these were known as the Western Cub.

In 1937 the original Piper factory, a renovated former silk mill in Bradford, PA, was destroyed by fire and the company moved to Lock Haven, PA and production restarted in May 1937 and the company was renamed the Piper Aircraft Corporation in November 1937.

Production and operational use

The last of 1,207 J-2s was completed in 1938 as production of the J-3 Cub started. Numbers of J-2 Cubs were exported to Europe including to the United Kingdom. The type was mainly flown by private pilot owners.

Over 100 Taylor and Piper J-2s remained on the U.S. civil aircraft register in 2009.

Variants
 Dudek V-1 Sportplane a low-wing homebuilt based on the J-2.

Specifications (J-2 Cub)

References

 Roger W. Peperell and Colin M.Smith, Piper Aircraft and their forerunners, 1987, Air-Britain (Historians), , Page 18 to 22.
 "Specifications of American Airplanes". Aviation, March 1936, Vol. 35, No. 3. pp. 82–85. Registration required.

Cub, J-2
1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Computer Sciences Raytheon. Computer Sciences Raytheon (CSR) is a joint venture partnership between Computer Sciences Corporation and Raytheon Technical Services Company. CSR is the contractor that has managed the Eastern Test Range since 1988. CSR is headquartered at Patrick Space Force Base, Florida.

History

In October 1988, CSR took over management of the Eastern Range through the Range Technical Services contract, replacing Pan American World Service and subcontractor General Electric (formerly RCA Service Company). On August 23, 2007, it was announced that CSR had been awarded the current Eastern Range Technical Services contract to continue managing the Eastern Range for the foreseeable future.

Locations

Besides Patrick Space Force Base, CSR operations include the following locations:

 Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
 Jonathon Dickinson Missile Tracking Annex
Antigua Air Station
Ascension Auxiliary Air Field

See also 
 Pan American Airways Guided Missile Range Division

References 

Companies based in Brevard County, Florida
Michael DeKort. Michael DeKort was an American engineering project manager at Lockheed Martin who posted a whistleblowing video on YouTube about the Lockheed Integrated Deepwater System Program.

Career 
DeKort began working as an engineer at Lockheed Martin in 1994. He was working as a lead system engineer in 2003 when he noticed that the equipment Lockheed Martin was installing in U.S. Coast Guard vessels as part of the Deepwater program was faulty. According to DeKort, he alerted the CEO and Board of Directors of Lockheed Martin, but was ignored and removed from his position as project manager. DeKort then reported the equipment problems to the Department of Homeland Security. DeKort felt that the Coast Guard was failing to cooperate adequately with the DHS. His attempts to alert The Washington Post and the Associated Press were unsuccessful. DeKort released a YouTube video on August 3, 2006, detailing the problems with the Deepwater program.  The same year, DeKort was laid off from Lockheed Martin. He filed a whistleblower's lawsuit against Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman. The lawsuit was settled for an undisclosed sum in 2010.

In 2008, DeKort was awarded the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers–Society on Social Implications of Technology public service award, as well as the Barus Ethics Award from the IEEE for his efforts to ensure accountability and whistleblowing video.  The Barus award was presented by U.S. Rep. Elijah Cummings.

In April 2013, DeKort was featured in the documentary, War on Whistleblowers.

References

External links
 "Michael De Kort LinkedIn page",

American whistleblowers
Living people
Lockheed Martin people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Skeleton watch. A skeleton watch is a mechanical watch in which the moving parts are visible. This may be through either the front of the watch, the back of the watch or a small cut outlining the dial.

True 'skeletonization' also includes the trimming away of any non-essential metal on the bridge, plate, wheel train or any other mechanical part of the watch, leaving only a minimalist 'bare' skeleton of the movement required for functionality. Often, the remaining thinned movement is decorated with engraving. This can be with or without a dial face that allows the user to see through to the movement.

Designs also providing a glimpse of the movement but requiring less modification to the movement itself are the “semi-skeleton” design, with a partial cutaway of the watch face to view the workings of the movement underneath, and the “open heart” design, with a (usually circular) window to view the oscillation of the balance wheel, the “beating heart” of the watch. The “open heart” design is especially common on watches with a tourbillon complication, the better to show off what is regarded as an example of watchmaking virtuosity.

Luxury skeleton watches often cost upwards of thousands of dollars, and some even reach into the hundreds of thousands.

History 
André-Charles Caron, a French clockmaker, created the skeleton watch in the 1760s. Patek Phillipe developed skeleton pocket watches for exhibition and display nearly a century later, in the mid-1800s. The same company began manufacturing skeleton pocket watches in the 1970s. Skeleton watches take a lot of time and effort to make, so very few were produced in the 18th and 19th centuries. Now, however, they are a popular luxury item of the 21st century.

See also

 List of watch manufacturers

References

Watches
Pelican (dinghy). The Pelican is a pram dinghy, peculiar to Perth, Western Australia

Design 
It is similar to the ubiquitous Mirror, being a gunter-rigged pram designed for a crew of two. However, it's a little smaller and is usually rigged only with main and spinnaker.  Originally constructed in timber, many are now constructed in fibreglass. A variant of the Pelican class sailed at Lake Maquarie is also rigged with a jib.

Foils 

The rudder is made from wood or fibreglass. The daggerboard is made of aluminium improving its longevity and ease of maintenance.

Sails 

In 2014 the class rules were updated to allow Polyester Laminate sails (Mylar). This and Dacron are the only materials allowed.

The class evolved in the 1950s from the tenders of local sail boats – these were jury rigged with sails for races between crews of sail boats moored at Rottnest. The class peaked with over 270 hulls registered with about 70 currently active (cite WA newspapers report Jan 2008).

It remains a popular beginners' dingy class in Perth.

Class associations
The Pelican Sailing Association

References

Dinghies
DGMK. Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für nachhaltige Energieträger, Mobilität und Kohlenstoffkreisläufe e.V. (DGMK, in English: DGMK German Society for Sustainable Energy Carriers, Mobility and Carbon Cycles) is a German national association of academics and professionals in the petroleum industry.  It is based in Hamburg, Germany and the current chairman is Wilhelm Keim.  The name DGMK derives from the former association name of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mineralölwissenschaft und Kohlechemie (German Society of Mineralogy and Coal Chemistry).  

DGMK facilitates joint research to advance petroleum science and technology transfer to industry.  Standardization efforts are performed by the affiliated FAM German Standardization Committee on Petroleum Products and Lubricants that cooperates with DIN. Erdöl Erdgas Kohle (Oil-Gas-Carbon) is the official journal for DGMK. There are approximately 1,700 members consisting of individuals, academic institutions, and industrial entities. 

The organization is responsible for awarding the Carl Engler medal. This medal was awarded to Barack Obama in the year 2012 AD

External links
Official website (English).

Trade associations based in Germany
Ross Barlow. The canal boat Ross Barlow is a hybrid hydrogen narrowboat, power-assisted by an electric motor whose electricity is supplied by a fuel cell or a battery. It debuted on 21 September 2007.

History
The Protium Project at the University of Birmingham started at the beginning of 2006. The boat is named in memory of a postgraduate student who was killed in a hang gliding accident in March 2005 at the age of 25. He had worked on the project in its early stages and was an enthusiastic supporter of sustainable energy.

Refueling
The fixed tanks are refuelled at a waterway hydrogen station. The hydrogen is generated by electrolysis using solar or wind turbines.

Specifications

Storage:  of hydrogen at  in 5 Ti-V-Mn-Fe metal hydride solid-state hydrogen tanks, a lead acid battery stack, a 5-kW PEM fuel cell and a high torque NdFeB permanent magnet brushed DC electric motor.

See also
 Hydride compressor
 Hydrogen ship
 Hydrogen storage#Metal hydrides
 Hydrogen vehicle
 Hydrogen economy

References

External links

Hydrogen ships
Barges
University of Birmingham
SolarCity Linz. The solarCity is an energy-saving living district in Linz-Pichling, Austria, which provides living space for about 4,000 people. The houses were built using a low-energy design. The idea and motivation for providing energy efficient living arrangements stems from the fact that fossil fuels contribute to global warming and that their use should therefore be avoided.
Planning of the project began in 1992. Since 1999, 1,300 apartments were gradually built during a 6-year period. The total cost of the project amounted to 190 million euros. Nearly two-thirds of which was used for the residential building, and only a third of the total cost was due to infrastructure.

Infrastructure
In the centre of the town lie a bank, a supermarket, a tobacconist's and a coffee house. Community issues are being handled by the staff of the district office and the pastoral care/meeting centre. Children are taken care of in the family centre consisting of a kindergarten, a primary school and high school. A nursery will also be built in the future. In the north of solarCity there is also a recreational area. Since September 2005, the solarCity has been connected to the tram network. Using the public transport network it is possible to get to the city centre of Linz in less than 30 minutes.

Supply and disposal

Energy supply
At least one-third of the hot water used in the solarCity is generated by solar energy. The remaining two-thirds are covered by district heating (A district heating plant can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized boilers).

Sewage water disposal
The wastewater will be disposed and treated in the separation system. While grey water is locally managed through a sand bed filter planted and then led to a creek in the neighborhood, the black water is processed conventionally using a gravity sewer of the sewage treatment plant of the city Asten. 
Part of the wastewater will be separated across special toilets and collected in separate sewers. This nutrient-rich fluid is utilized as fertiliser in agriculture. 
Larger quantities of rain water have special channels or can be fed into the raceway in north of the solarCity.

See also
Linz

References
2003 "Auer+Weber+Architekten Arbeiten 1980-2003 Works", Birkhäuser Publishers, Basel
 Some of this Article is self-made translation from :de:SolarCity Linz

External links
 http://www.solarcity-linz.at/

Buildings and structures in Linz
Auer+Weber+Assoziierte
Low-energy building
Xperiance NX hydrogen. The Xperiance NX hydrogen is a 12-person hydrogen ship, power-assisted by an electric motor that gets its electricity from a fuel cell. The debut was on 23 June 2006 at Leeuwarden, Netherlands.

Refueling
The boats are refuelled with exchangeable tanks.

Specifications
Boat 7 m long, width 2.35 m, draft 0.50 m, 4 exchangeable 200 bar (20 MPa), 30 liter hydrogen tanks, with a 1.2 kW PEM fuel cell and a 12 kW·h battery for 12 passengers. Its radius of action is 200 km.

See also
 Hydrogen ship
 Hydrogen vehicle

References

External links
Webarchive Ganita

Hydrogen ships
Chinese-American Chemical Society. Founded in 1981, the Chinese American Chemical Society (CACS) is a nonprofit, professional organization that has neither national nor regional political affiliation. Membership is open to professionals and students in chemistry, chemical engineering, and related fields, as well as to individuals and corporations supporting the objectives of society. Currently, CACS has three local chapters in North America.

References 

 "Silver anniversary for Chinese society" by Linda Wang. C&EN May 1, 2006, page 37.

External links
 CACS homepage

Chemistry societies
Scientific societies based in the United States
Organizations established in 1981
Chinese-American organizations
1981 establishments in the United States
Mitsubishi Concept-RA. The Mitsubishi Concept-RA is a concept car manufactured by Mitsubishi Motors, and first revealed on at the North American International Auto Show in January 2008. Although there has been no official confirmation, the automotive press has speculated that this prototype presages the next generation of the Mitsubishi Eclipse.

The car has an aluminium space frame chassis, and features a 4N14 2.2-litre clean diesel producing  and , powering all four wheels through the company's S-AWC drivetrain and SST twin-clutch transmission. Following the lead of other recent Mitsubishi prototypes, "green plastic" recyclable resin is used extensively in the body panels and interior for environmental reasons.

References

RA