omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Boxpok. A Boxpok is a steam locomotive wheel that gains its strength through being made of a number of box sections rather than having traditional solid spokes (the name is a variation on "box-spoke").  Being hollow, they allow better counterbalancing and stability  than conventional drivers, which is important for fast locomotives.  The Boxpok wheel was patented by General Steel Castings Corporation of Granite City, Illinois.

Other wheels
The Boxpok was the most common of the four disk wheels in use by US steam locomotive designers, the others being the Baldwin and Scullin. A fourth design, the Universal, was used in locomotive rebuilds. All vary slightly in appearance but are essentially the same in structure.

The term "Boxpok" is also sometimes used to describe the Bulleid Firth Brown (BFB) wheel in use on British railways at that time, but this is incorrect; while the BFB is similar to the Boxpok, one side of each box section is left open, so is not a true box structure unlike the Baldwin, Boxpok and Scullin drivers.

See also
SCOA-P wheel

References

 

Train wheels

de:Eisenbahnrad#Boxpok-Räder
Gin pole. A  gin pole is a mast supported by one or more guy-wires that uses a pulley or block and tackle mounted on its upper end to lift loads.  The lower end is braced or set in a shallow hole and positioned so the upper end lies above the object to be lifted.  The pole (also known as a mast, boom, or spar) is secured with three or more guys. These are manipulated to move the load laterally, with up and down controlled by the pulley or block. In tower construction, a gin pole can also be “jumped” up the completed sections of a tower to lift the higher sections into place.

Etymology
The gin pole is derived from a gyn, and considered a form of derrick, called a standing derrick or pole derrick, distinguished from sheers (or shear legs) by having a single boom rather than a two-legged one.

Applications
In addition to being used as simple lifting devices in field operations such as construction, logging, loading and unloading boats, and emergency repairs, gin poles are well suited to raising loads above structures too tall to reach with a crane, such as placing an antenna on top of a tower/steeple, and to lift segments of a tower on top of one another during erection.  When used to create a segmented tower, the gin pole can be detached, raised, and re-attached to the just-completed segment in order to lift the next.  This process of jumping is repeated until the topmost portion of the tower is completed. They can also hold a person if strong enough (thus opening stage uses, such as in magic shows).

Gin poles are mounted on trucks as a primitive form of mobile crane, used in combination with a typically front-mounted winch for lifting and relocating loads, and in salvage operations in lieu of a more capable wrecker.

References

External links

Notes & drawings
Gin pole regulations in California

Tools
Cranes (machines)
Lifting equipment
Seaplane Training Flight RAAF. The Seaplane Training Flight was a Royal Australian Air Force unit responsible for providing seaplane conversion training to RAAF air and ground crew.

The Seaplane Training Flight was established on 1 March 1940 at RAAF Base Rathmines in New South Wales. Initially equipped with two Supermarine Seagull aircraft the Flight received Consolidated Catalina aircraft in the second half of 1940 and a small number of Vought Kingfisher aircraft in early 1942.

As part of the expansion of the RAAF's seaplane units the Seaplane Training Flight was expanded to form No. 3 Operational Training Unit on 28 December 1942.

References
 RAAF Historical Section (1995), Units of the Royal Australian Air Force. A Concise History. Volume 4 Maritime and Transport Units. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

RAAF training units
RAAF independent flights
Military units and formations established in 1940
Fabianite. Fabianite is a borate mineral with the chemical formula CaB3O5(OH). It is colorless and leaves a white streak. Its crystals are monoclinic prismatic. It is transparent and fluorescent. It has vitreous luster. It is not radioactive. Fabianite is rated 6 on the Mohs Scale. It was named for Hans-Joachim Fabian, a German geologist.

See also

 List of minerals

References

External links 
Webmineral Entry
Mineral Handbook

Calcium minerals
Phylloborates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Sand bath. A sand bath is a common piece of laboratory equipment made from a container filled with heated sand.  It is used to evenly heat another container, most often during a chemical reaction.

A sand bath is most commonly used in conjunction with a hot plate or heating mantle.  A beaker is filled with sand or metal pellets (called shot) and is placed on the plate or mantle.  The reaction vessel is then partially covered by sand or pellets.  The sand or shot then conducts the heat from the plate to all sides of the reaction vessel.

This technique allows a reaction vessel to be heated throughout with minimal stirring, as opposed to heating the bottom of the vessel and waiting for convection to heat the remainder, cutting down on both the duration of the reaction and the possibility of side reactions that may occur at higher temperatures.

A variation on this theme is the water bath in which the sand is replaced with water. It can be used to keep a reaction vessel at the temperature of boiling water until all water is evaporated (see Standard enthalpy change of vaporization).

Sand baths are one of the oldest known pieces of laboratory equipment, having been used by the alchemists. In Arabic alchemy, a sand bath was known as a qadr. In Latin alchemy, a sand bath was called balneum siccum, balneum cineritium, or balneum arenosum.

See also
Heat bath
Water bath
Oil bath

Notes

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110604144037/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech000900240229&isize=L 

Laboratory equipment
Thermodynamics
Alchemical tools
Inflatable space structures. Inflatable space structures are structures which use pressurized air to maintain shape and rigidity. The technological approach has been employed from the early days of the space program with satellites such as Echo, to impact attenuation system that enabled the successful landing of the Pathfinder satellite and rover on Mars in 1997. Inflatable structures are also candidates for space structures, given their low weight, and hence easy transportability.

Application
Inflatable space structures use pressurized air or gas to maintain shape and rigidity. Notable examples of terrestrial inflatable structures include inflatable boats, and some military tents. The airships of the twentieth century are examples of the concept applied in the aviation environment.

NASA has investigated inflatable, deployable structures since the early 1950s. Concepts include inflatable satellites, booms, and antennas. Inflatable heatshields, decelerators, and airbags can be used for entry,  descent  and  landing  applications. Inflatable habitats, airlocks, and space stations are possible for in-space living spaces and surface exploration missions.

The Echo 1 satellite, launched in 1960, was large inflated satellite with a diameter of 30 meters and coated with reflective material that allowed for radio signals to be bounced off its surface. The satellite was sent to orbit in a flat-folded configuration and inflated once in orbit. The airbags used on the Mars Pathfinder mission descent and landing in 1997 are an example of use of an inflatable system for impact attenuation.

Space Solar Power (SSP) solutions employing inflatable structures have been designed and qualified for space by NASA engineers.

NASA is testing a deployable heat shield solution in space as a secondary payload on the launch that will deliver the NASA JPSS-2 launch in late 2022. The Low-Earth Orbit Flight Test of an Inflatable Decelerator (LOFTID) is designed to demonstrate aerobraking and re-entry from 18,000 miles per hour after separation from the launch vehicle adapter structure.

The space station concepts developed by Bigelow Aerospace is an example of an inflatable crewed orbital space habitat.

References

Structural engineering
Spacecraft components
Tetracyanoquinodimethane. Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an orange crystalline solid. This cyanocarbon, a relative of para-quinone, is an electron acceptor that is used to prepare charge transfer salts, which are of interest in molecular electronics.

Preparation and structure
TCNQ is prepared by the condensation of 1,4-cyclohexanedione with malononitrile, followed by dehydrogenation of the resulting diene with bromine:

The molecule is planar, with D2h symmetry.

Reactions
Like tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), TCNQ is easily reduced to give a blue-coloured radical anion. The reduction potential is about −0.3 V relative to the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple. This property is exploited in the development of charge-transfer salts. TCNQ also forms complexes with electron-rich metal complexes.

Charge transfer salts
TCNQ achieved great attention because it forms charge-transfer salts with high electrical conductivity. These discoveries were influential in the development of organic electronics. Illustrative is the product from treatment of TCNQ with the electron donor tetrathiafulvene (TTF), TCNQ forms an ion pair, the TTF-TCNQ complex, in which TCNQ is the acceptor. This salt crystallizes in a one-dimensionally stacked polymer, consisting of segregated stacks of cations and anions of the donors and the acceptors, respectively. The complex crystal is an organic semiconductor that exhibits metallic electric conductivity.

Related compounds
Tetracyanoethylene, another cyanocarbon that functions as an electron acceptor.
Tetrathiafulvalene, another organic compound that functions as an electron donor.

References

Nitriles
Cyclohexadienes
Vinylidene compounds
Organic semiconductors
Conjugated dienes
Encapsulation (networking). Encapsulation is the computer-networking process of concatenating layer-specific headers or trailers with a service data unit (i.e. a payload) for transmitting information over computer networks. Deencapsulation (or de-encapsulation) is the reverse computer-networking process for receiving information; it removes from the protocol data unit (PDU) a previously concatenated header or tailer that an underlying communications layer transmitted. 

Encapsulation and deencapsulation allow the design of modular communication protocols so to logically separate the function of each communications layer, and abstract the structure of the communicated information over the other communications layers. These two processes are common features of the computer-networking models and protocol suites, like in the OSI model and internet protocol suite. However, encapsulation/deencapsulation processes can also serve as malicious features like in the tunneling protocols.

The physical layer is responsible for physical transmission of the data, link encapsulation allows local area networking, IP provides global addressing of individual computers, and TCP selects the process or application (i.e., the TCP or UDP port) that specifies the service such as a Web or TFTP server.

For example, in the IP suite, the contents of a web page are encapsulated with an HTTP header, then by a TCP header, an IP header, and, finally, by a frame header and trailer.  The frame is forwarded to the destination node as a stream of bits, where it is decapsulated into the respective PDUs and interpreted at each layer by the receiving node.

The result of encapsulation is that each lower-layer provides a service to the layer or layers above it, while at the same time each layer communicates with its corresponding layer on the receiving node.  These are known as adjacent-layer interaction and same-layer interaction, respectively.

In discussions of encapsulation, the more abstract layer is often called the upper-layer protocol while the more specific layer is called the lower-layer protocol. Sometimes, however, the terms upper-layer protocols and lower-layer protocols are used to describe the layers above and below IP.

See also 
 Application-layer framing
 Cross-layer optimization
 Protocol data unit
 Tunneling protocol

References

External links 
: Internet Users' Glossary (contains an entry for encapsulation)

Computer network technology
Network protocols
Data transmission
Packets (information technology)
Ubercode. Ubercode is a high-level programming language designed by Ubercode Software and released in 2005 for Microsoft Windows. Ubercode is influenced by Eiffel and BASIC. It is proprietary software and can be tried out for free for 30 days. Ubercode has the following design goals:

 Compilable language—compiled into Windows EXE files.
 Automatic memory management—memory is allocated / freed automatically, and the language has no memory management primitives. 
 Pre and post conditions—these are run-time assertions which are attached to function declarations, as in Eiffel.
 High-level data types—resizable arrays, lists and tables may contain arbitrary components.
 Integrated file handling—primitives for transparent handling of text, binary, CSV, XML and dBase files.
 Ease of use—language structure is relatively simple, making the language accessible to beginners.

Hello, World! 
Here is the basic "Hello, World!" program:
Ubercode 1 class Hello

public function main()
code
  call Msgbox("Hello", "Hello World!")
end function

end class

Preconditions and postconditions 
Here is an example using pre- and postconditions. In the example, the IntToStr function validates its input as a string before converting it to an integer:
Ubercode 1 class PrePost

function IntToStr(in mystr:string[*] out value:integer)
precond IsDigitStr(mystr)
code
  call Val(mystr, value)
end function

public function main()
code
  call Msgbox("OOP example", "IntToStr(10) = " + IntToStr("10"))
end function

end class

External links 
 
 http://isbndb.com/d/book/design_of_very_high_level_computer_languages.html (VHLL principles)

Object-oriented programming languages
Programming languages created in 2005
List of Studebaker vehicles. The following list consists of automotive models produced by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana from 1899 to 1963 and Studebaker Canada Ltd. from 1964 through the spring 1966. In 1961, many of these were offered with special Marshal (police) packages: a  6-cylinder City Marshal,  V8 Patrol Marshal, and  V8 Pursuit Marshal. There was also a heavy-duty four-door taxicab based on a stretched-wheelbase Cruiser.

Cars
1902-1912 Electric
1918-1919 Light Four
1918-1926 Big Six
1918-1921 Light Six
1918-1927 Special Six
1924-1927 Standard Six
1926-1942, 1955-1958 President
1927-1934, 1937-1958, 1963-1966 Commander
1927-1937 Dictator
1933-1942, 1947-1954 Land Cruiser
1939-1958 Champion
1947-1952 Starlight
1954-1955 Conestoga
1955 Speedster
1956-1964 Hawk series
1956 Flight Hawk
1956 Power Hawk
1956 Sky Hawk
1956-1958 Golden Hawk
1957-1959 Silver Hawk
1960-1961 Hawk
1962-1964 Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk
1956-1958, 1960-1963 Transtar
1957 & 1958 Packard
1957-1958 Scotsman
1957 Packard Clipper
1958 Packard Hawk
1959-1966 Lark
1961-1966 Cruiser
1962-1963 Avanti
1962-1966 Daytona
1963-1966 Wagonaire

Trucks
1937 J-series
1937-1939 Coupe Express
1938-1940 K-series
1941-1942, 1945-1952 M-series
1941-1945 US6 (G630)
1942-1944 M29 Weasel
1949-1953 2R-series
1954 3R-series
1955-1964 E-series
1956-1958, 1960-1963 Transtar
1958-1959 Scotsman
1960-1964 Champ
1963 Zip Van

Concepts
1947 Champion Woody Wagon
1951 Manta Ray
1953 Z-87
1962 Skyview
1962 Turtle
1963 Sceptre
1963 Westinghouse Delivery
1964 GT Hawk
1964 Avanti R4

Other automotive brands owned by Studebaker

Clipper
E-M-F Automobiles
Erskine
Packard
Pierce-Arrow
Rockne
SPA Truck Company
Studebaker-Garford

Notes
SPA Truck Company. SPA Truck Company (S-P-A) was a manufacturer of trucks, which was owned and operated by Studebaker Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, Pierce-Arrow of Buffalo, New York. The name SPA was based on Studebaker, Pierce and Arrow. SPA manufactured trucks from 1929 to 1933.

While the Studebaker industrial fortune had been made by building Conestoga wagons, Studebaker had been late in entering the modern truck market, doing so in 1929. While Studebaker plants were running at near capacity, executives planned on using Pierce-Arrow's unused excess capacity to handle truck production demand.

Studebaker attempted to acquire White Motor Company in 1932, a known manufacturer of heavy duty trucks based in Cleveland, Ohio.  White backed out of the deal just before March 1933; Studebaker then sold Pierce Arrow to investors, which were forced into bankruptcy and liquidated the firm in 1938.

When Studebaker filed for receivership in March 1933, SPA was liquidated and Studebaker focused its attention on automobiles, producing a modest volume of trucks until the late 1930s.

External links
1932 Pierce Arrow Tanker

 SPA Truck
Defunct truck manufacturers of the United States
Popular Power. Popular Power was a company founded in January 2000 that sold 
distributed computing software for CPU scavenging.  The company was led by Marc Hedlund, CEO, and Nelson Minar, CTO.

The "Popular Power Worker" software was a downloadable Java-based application that Internet users could install onto their computers.  It allowed users' computers to participate in a non-profit project to develop an influenza vaccine.

Although Popular Power was able to raise $1.6 million in
angel round funding, it was unable to close the venture capital it needed to continue.  As a result, it had to permanently shut down operations in March 2001.

See also 
 Distributed computing

External links 
 You Got the Power (Aug 2000)
 OpenP2P: Popular Power Turns Off the Lights (03/19/2001).

Defunct software companies of the United States
Grid computing products
Software companies established in 2000
Software companies disestablished in 2001
Opel Trixx. The Opel Trixx (stylised as TRIXX) is a concept city car created by German car manufacturer Opel. It was unveiled at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show. 

The brief was set out by Opel CEO Carl-Peter Forster to the Opel and Saab design studios, and was led by executive director of design Martin Smith and chief designer Stefan Arndt. The car was built at Carrozzeria Coggiola in Italy. This concept influenced future small-car designs for Opel, such as the 2007 Opel Agila. 

The three-metre long car features an asymmetrical door layout, with sliding doors and a sliding roof hatch for large cargo. A cycle rack is concealed in the pull-out rear bumper feature. The Trixx is powered by a 1.3-litre diesel engine with common rail direct injection. This gives the car a claimed top speed of 70 mph (112.6 km/h). The Trixx featured the Flex 3 layout. This offers seating for three adults and one child on a folding seat, or a single-seater format with a large, 1,010-litre luggage area. The rear passenger seat is inflatable to save space when not in use; it is inflated by pulling up the head restraint.

It was anticipated that an electric concept car based on the Ampera and the Trixx would follow in 2009, but this was not forthcoming.

References

Trixx
Cars introduced in 2004
City cars
Hatchbacks
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Daniel J. Shanefield. Daniel Jay Shanefield (April 29, 1930 – November 13, 2013) was a United States ceramic engineer.

Shanefield was born in Orange, New Jersey, and earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Rutgers University in 1956; he went on to graduate studies at the same university, receiving his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Rutgers in 1962. He worked from 1962 to 1967 at ITT Research Laboratories, and from 1967 to 1986 at Bell Laboratories. In 1986 he returned to Rutgers as a Professor II (a professorial rank at Rutgers that is one step above a normal full professor).

At Bell Laboratories, Shanefield was the co-inventor with Richard E. Mistler of the tape casting technique for forming thin ceramic films. He pioneered the development of a phase-change memory system based on an earlier patent of Stanford R. Ovshinsky; Shanefield's work in this area "represented the first proof of the phase change memory concept". Beginning in the mid-1970s, Shanefield was an early proponent of double-blind ABX testing of high-end audio electronics; in 1980 he reported in High Fidelity magazine that there were no audible differences between several different power amplifiers, setting off what became known in audiophile circles as "the great debate".

Shanefield is the author of two books, Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing (Kluwer, 1995; 2nd ed., Kluwer, 1996) and Industrial Electronics for Engineers, Chemists, and Technicians (William Andrew Publishing, 2001).

He was a four-time winner of the AT&T Outstanding Achievement Award and was elected as a Fellow of the American Ceramic Society in 1993.

Shanefield died in Honolulu, Hawaii, aged 83.

References

1930 births
2013 deaths
American engineers
Rutgers University alumni
People from Orange, New Jersey
American physical chemists
Ceramic engineering
Engineers from New Jersey
Fellows of the American Ceramic Society
Embellishment. In sewing and crafts, an embellishment is anything that adds design interest to the piece.

Embellishments allow individuals to express their personal style and identity. Clothing can be a form of self-expression, and the choice of embellishments can communicate one's personality, taste, and cultural background.

Examples in sewing and craft
 appliqué can be made by sewing machine of decorative techniques and or
 embroidery, done either by machine or by hand
 piping made from either self-fabric, contrast fabric, or a simply a cord.
 trim (sewing)
 lace, either pre-made or home-made
 Fringe (trim)
 beads
 batik

Items that normally serve a function may also be used as embellishment. For example:
 buttons can be placed anywhere on the piece
 zippers can be unzipped and be used as piping, or simply stitched on
 buckles can be placed anywhere on the piece
 grommets can be placed anywhere even when there is no cord is looped through them
 sequins can be placed anywhere

References

Handicrafts
Fashion design
Sewing
Zero Halliburton. Zero Halliburton, stylized as ZERO Halliburton, is a manufacturer of hard-wearing travel cases and briefcases, mainly of aluminium. Founded in 1938, the company was sold in 2006 to ACE Co., a Japanese luggage manufacturer.  

Erle P. Halliburton, the American founder of Halliburton, had commissioned the aluminium case in 1938 from aircraft engineers because other luggage could not endure the rough travel through Texas oil fields. In addition to being more durable than a leather or cloth case due to its rigidity, the aluminium case seals tightly against dust and water.

Famously, the nuclear football, the briefcase which the President of the United States can use to order a nuclear strike, is a modified Zero Halliburton case, although enclosed in a black leather 'jacket' to make it less conspicuous in public or diplomatic contexts.

The aluminium cases have appeared in more than 200 Hollywood movies and television shows, often as a MacGuffin. In addition to aluminium, Zero Halliburton cases have been available in carbon fiber, polycarbonate, polypropylene, and Texalium (an aluminium-coated fiberglass).

On December 29, 2006, Zero Corporation sold its consumer division to ACE Co., Ltd., of Osaka and Tokyo, of which it is now a wholly owned subsidiary.

References

External links 
Company history at Zero Halliburton Web site
Zero Halliburton Shop

Luggage manufacturers