omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Network segmentation. Network segmentation in computer networking is the act or practice of splitting a computer network into subnetworks, each being a network segment. Advantages of such splitting are primarily for boosting performance and improving security.

Advantages
 Reduced congestion: On a segmented network, there are fewer hosts per subnetwork and the traffic and thus congestion per segment is reduced
 Improved security:  
 Broadcasts will be contained to local network. Internal network structure will not be visible from outside.
 There is a reduced attack surface available to pivot in if one of the hosts on the network segment is compromised. Common attack vectors such as LLMNR and NetBIOS poisoning can be partially alleviated by proper network segmentation as they only work on the local network. For this reason it is recommended to segment the various areas of a network by usage. A basic example would be to split up web servers, databases servers and standard user machines each into their own segment.
 By creating network segments containing only the resources specific to the consumers that you authorise access to, you are creating an environment of least privilege
 Containing network problems: Limiting the effect of local failures on other parts of network
 Controlling visitor access: Visitor access to the network can be controlled by implementing VLANs to segregate the network

Improved security
When a cyber-criminal gains unauthorized access to a network, segmentation or “zoning” can provide effective controls to limit further movement across the network. PCI-DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard), and similar standards, provide guidance on creating clear separation of data within the network, for example separating the network for Payment Card authorizations from those for Point-of-Service (till) or customer Wi-Fi traffic.  A sound security policy entails segmenting the network into multiple zones, with varying security requirements, and rigorously enforcing the policy on what is allowed to move from zone to zone.

Controlling visitor access
Finance and Human Resources typically need access via their own VLAN to their application servers because of the confidential nature of the information they process and store. Other groups of personnel may require their own segregated networks, such as server administrators, security administration, managers and executives.

Third parties are usually required to have their own segments, with different administration passwords to the main network, to avoid attacks via a compromised, less well protected, third party site.

Means of segregation
Segregation is typically achieved by a combination of firewalls and VLANs (virtual local area networks). Software-defined networking (SDN) can allow the creation and management of micro-segmented networks.

See also
Collision domain
Cross-domain solution
Flat network
Network bridge
Network switch
Router (computing)
Unidirectional network

References

Network architecture
Triumphene. Triumphene is a fluorinated and phenylated fullerene derivative.  It was first synthesized in 1998 by Boltalina, Street, and Taylor by reaction of C60F18 in a benzene-FeCl3 solution for two weeks at room temperature.  It is the first trefoil-shaped phenylated [60]fullerene, providing a unique scaffold for the potential use in nanoscale imaging agents.

References

Organofluorides
Substances discovered in the 1990s
SPECIFIC. The Sustainable Product Engineering Centre for Innovative Functional Industrial Coatings (SPECIFIC) is an academic and industrial consortium led by Swansea University, with Tata Steel as the main industrial partner. It is funded by EPSRC, Innovate UK and the Welsh Government.

The centre is developing the concept 'Buildings as Power Stations' and has been awarded £26 million, comprising £15 million from the EU, with the remaining money coming from EPSRC, Innovate UK, industry partners, and contributions from Swansea and Cardiff universities.

SPECIFIC has developed an 'Active Classroom', designed by architect Joanna Clarke and situated at Swansea University Bay Campus, showcasing innovative technologies for creating low carbon buildings which generate more energy than they consume.  The Active Classroom won the Construction Excellence in Wales Award for Innovation in 2017.

In 2018 the UK government announced £36 million funding for an Active Building Centre in order to accelerate market adoption of active buildings.

References

External links
 SPECIFIC

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Manufacturing in Wales
Swansea University
New South Wales 80 class locomotive. The 80 class are a class of diesel locomotives built by Comeng for the Public Transport Commission between 1978 and 1983.

History

The 80 class were built by Alco's Australian licensee Comeng as an evolution of the 442 class. The 80 class were the first locomotives in Australia to feature factory-fitted cab air-conditioning and fibreglass body panels and the first in New South Wales delivered without buffing plates. To reduce the need for repainting, the fibreglass panels were pre-coloured hence the class retained their original liveries for longer than had previously been the case.

An initial order of 30 was followed by an additional order for 20. The first order were delivered in Indian red livery while the second received the reverse livery with a yellow nose and Indian red wings. They were initially introduced on the Main South line before being transferred to the western region for use between Lithgow and Broken Hill. They quickly spread and regularly hauled freight and passenger services on all main lines.

After being fitted with Australian National radios, 8034-45 commenced operating through to Adelaide with Australian National ALs operating into New South Wales in 1990. Through working ceased in May 1991 when the Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen placed a ban on the 80 class in South Australia.

Following the formation of National Rail, all were reallocated to the national operator in July 1995. This saw their sphere of operation extended to Melbourne, albeit as trailing locomotives.

Following National Rail taking delivery of the NR class locomotives, the 80s began to return to FreightCorp in January 1997. As they were surplus to requirements, some were placed in store. By April 1997, 30 were in store. In September 1997, 8015 and 8039 were loaned to BHP as a trial on services at their Port Kembla steelworks. All were included in the sale of FreightCorp to Pacific National in February 2002.

In March 2003, 24 of the class were sold to Silverton Rail joining 8043 that had been sold to them in 1999. Four (26, 37, 44 & 49) were returned to traffic as 80s1, 80s4, 80s2 & 80s6. All were included in the sale of the business to Coote Industrial and later Qube Logistics. A fifth (8030) was returned to service in 2010 while the other four resumed their original identities. A few of the others have been scrapped with the remainder in store at Broken Hill, Parkes and Werris Creek. 8049 has since been sold to Southern Shorthaul Railroad and is in service in NSW.

Pacific National operate 8011, 8025, 8033 and 8046 mainly as shunters at Keswick, Broken Hill and Morandoo with 10 in store at Chullora and Werris Creek.

In 2024 SCT Logistics 8026 In service former Greentrains livery.

Fleet status

References

Further reading

 Railpage – 80 Class Locomotive

Co-Co locomotives
Commonwealth Engineering locomotives
Diesel locomotives of New South Wales
Pacific National diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1978
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
Situational application. In computing, a situational application is "good enough" software created for a narrow group of users with a unique set of needs. The application typically (but not always) has a short life span, and is often created within the group where it is used, sometimes by the users themselves. As the requirements of a small team using the application change, the situational application often also continues to evolve to accommodate these changes. Although situational applications are specifically designed to embrace change, significant changes in requirements may lead to an abandonment of the situational application altogether – in some cases it is just easier to develop a new one than to evolve the one in use.

Characteristics
Situational applications are developed fast, easy to use, uncomplicated, and serve a unique set of requirements.  They have a narrow focus on a specific business problem, and they are written in a way where if the business problem changes rapidly, so can the situational application.

This contrasts with more common enterprise applications, which are designed to address a large set of business problems, require meticulous planning, and impose a sometimes-slow and often-meticulous change process.

Origination
Clay Shirky in his essay entitled "Situated Software" described a type of software that "...is designed for use by a specific social group, rather than for a generic set of "users"."  IBM later morphed the term into "situational applications".

Evolution
The successful large-scale implementation of a situational application environment in an organization requires a strategy, mindset, methodology and support structure quite different from traditional application development. This is now evolving as more companies learn how to best leverage the ideas behind situational applications. In addition, the advent of cloud-based application development and deployment platforms makes the implementation of a comprehensive situational application environment much more feasible.

Examples
A structured wiki that can host wiki applications lends itself to creation of situational applications. Some mashups can also be considered situational applications.  A forms application such as a Microsoft Access Database (MDB file) can be considered a situational application. 

The latest implementations of situational application environments include Longjump, Force.com and WorkXpress.

See also
 End user development
 Mashup (web application hybrid)
 Wiki application

References

External links
 Luba Cherbakov, Andy Bravery, Aroop Pandya. SOA meets situational applications, 3 part series
 Situational Applications: When the situation demands faster turnaround than IT can provide
 
 Luba Cherbakov, Andy Bravery, Aroop Pandya. Changing the corporate IT development model: Tapping the power of grassroots computing, IBM Systems Journal 

Software architecture
 
Web development
New Technologies Demonstrator Programme. The New Technologies Demonstrator Programme is a scheme part of Defra's Waste Implementation Programme, New Technologies Workstream, to demonstrate advanced solid waste processing technologies in England. A pot of £30million was allocated to fund 10 demonstrator projects with the project being headed by Dave Brooks at Defra. The scheme is not on schedule for the ambitious targets that were initially set out by Defra, however 9 projects out of the initial 10 are now projected to be operational by April 2009, over 2 years behind schedule.

The scheme

The scheme initially was allocated £32 million, of which £2 million was to help fund research and development into waste technology. The scheme for the distribution of the main £30 million pot commenced in 2004 and was originally split into two rounds:

 ROUND 1: 5 demonstrator projects in operation by 31 December 2005
 ROUND 2: 5 demonstrator projects in operation by 31 December 2006

Their project had a huge response for the first round, with 71 pre-qualification questionnaire submissions being filed from interested parties. The quality of some of the initial bids were criticised by Martin Brockelhurst, Head of Waste Strategy, at the Environment Agency who remarked some of the applications were poor and came from a "young industry".

Controversy

There have been concerns that the project is taking too long and some participants threatened to walk out. On 11 April 2006, Defra declared that its initial timescales were ambitious and projects were not on target. Of the 10 original projects planned a total of 9 have now been signed and includes gasification, in-vessel composting, anaerobic digestion and mechanical heat treatment. From the original target dates for operational demonstrator plants outlined in the initial assessment criteria only 2 projects are now operational (true as of 27 November 2006). On 24 November 2006, Dave Brooks announced that the new target for all plants being operational is April 2009.

The projects

Operational
 Greenfinch anaerobic digesters, Ludlow, Shropshire
 Bioganix in-vessel composting plant, Leominster
 Fairport Engineering, mechanical heat treatment, Merseyside
 Energos gasification plant, Isle of Wight (currently under reconstruction until 2018)

Contracts signed
 ADAS/Envar in-vessel composing plant, St Ives, Cambridgeshire
 Premier Waste aerobic digestion plant, Durham

Abandoned or Cancelled

 Novera gasification plant, Dagenham Novera withdrew from the DEFRA scheme in 2007.
 Compact Power gasification plant, Avonmouth
 Yorwaste gasification plant, Seamer Carr, Scarborough

See also
 Isle of Wight gasification facility

References

Bioenergy in the United Kingdom
Waste treatment technology
Waste management in the United Kingdom
Stration. Stration (also known as Stratio and Warezov) is a family of computer worms  that can affect computers running Microsoft Windows, disabling security features and propagating itself to other computers via e-mail attachments. This family of worms is unusual in that new variants are being produced at an unprecedented rate, estimated to be up to one every 30 minutes at its peak, and downloaded from remote servers by infected machines to speed propagation.  This makes detection and removal a particular challenge for anti-virus software vendors, because new signature files for each variant need to be issued to allow their software to detect them.

Details

The first variant of the Stration family was reported in late September 2006. It was quickly discovered that the worm program, as well as propagating itself by sending out copies via e-mail, was downloading new variants from one of a number of remote servers. These variants were generated by a program on those servers under control of the worm's creator(s). Computer security firm F-Secure has worked with ISPs to shut down domains hosting the variants of the worm. In November 2006, the Stration worm was the most widespread malware infection reported, accounting for around one-third of reported infections.

The Stration worms employ social engineering to infect the target machine by arriving in an e-mail masquerading as a report from a mail server informing the recipient (in somewhat broken English) that their computer is infected due to an unpatched security flaw in Windows, and offering as an attachment a purported fix, which is in fact the worm program itself. Some later variants of the worm spread via instant messenger and Skype chat alerts containing a URL leading to the worm.

Notes

Email worms
Hacking in the 2000s
2006 in computing
Soft Hard Real-Time Kernel. S.Ha.R.K. (the acronym stands for Soft Hard Real-time Kernel) is a completely configurable kernel architecture designed for supporting hard, soft, and non real-time applications with interchangeable scheduling algorithms.

Main features
The kernel architecture's main benefit is that an application can be developed independently from a particular system configuration. This allows new modules to be added or replaced in the same application, so that specific scheduling policies can be evaluated for predictability, overhead and performance.

Applications
S.Ha.R.K. was developed at RETIS Lab, a research facility of the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, and at the University of Pavia, as a tool for teaching, testing and developing real-time software systems. It is used for teaching at many universities, including the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies and Malardalens University in Sweden.

Modularity
Unlike the kernels in traditional operating systems, S.Ha.R.K. is fully modular in terms of scheduling policies, aperiodic servers, and concurrency control protocols. Modularity is achieved by partitioning system activities between a generic kernel and a set of modules, which can be registered at initialization to configure the kernel according to specific application requirements.

History
S.Ha.R.K. is the evolution of the Hartik Kernel and it is based on the OSLib Project.

See also

Real-time operating system

External links
The S.Ha.R.K. Project official site

Real-time operating systems
Free software operating systems
List of incinerators in the United Kingdom. The following is a list of incinerators in the UK that treat municipal waste:

Operating

 NESS Energy Project, Aberdeen
 Allerton waste recovery park, North Yorkshire
 Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility
 Ardley ERF
 Baldovie WtE (Dundee)
 Beddington Energy Recovery Facility (Sutton, London)
 Bolton WtE
 Chineham EfW
 Cornwall Energy Recovery Centre
 Crossness STW Sludge Powered Generator (Belvedere, London)
 CSWDC (Coventry)
 Devonport Dockyard Incinerator
 Dudley EfW
 Eastcroft EfW (Nottingham)
 Exeter ERF
 Fawley Incinerator
 Ferrybridge Multifuel 1 (West Yorkshire)
 Ferrybridge Multifuel 2, (West Yorkshire)
 Glanford Power Station
 Gloucestershire EfW
 Great Blakenham
 Greatmoor EfW (Buckinghamshire)
 Hartlebury EfW
 Isle of Man Incinerator
 Isle of Wight gasification facility
 Kirklees EfW
 La Collette WtE (Jersey)
 Lakeside EfW (Colnbrook)
 Leeds RERF
 Lerwick Incinerator
 Lincoln ERF (Lincolnshire)
 London EcoPark (Edmonton, London)
 Marchwood ERF
 Millerhill Recycling and Energy Recovery Centre
 Milton Keynes Waste Recovery Park
 Newhaven ERF
 Newlincs EfW facility
 North Hykeham Incinerator
 Peterborough ERF
 Portsmouth ERF
 Red Moss Landfill
 Riverside Resource Recovery ERF (Belvedere, London)
 Runcorn EfW
 SELCHP (South Bermondsey, London)
 Sheffield ERF
 Shrewsbury Incinerator
 Staffordshire ERF (Four Ashes)
 Stoke EfW
 Teesside EfW
 Thetford Incinerator (Biomass)
 Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant
 Westfield Incinerator (Poultry litter)
 Wolverhampton EfW

Under construction

 Avonmouth Resource Recovery Centre, Bristol
 Rookery South Energy Recovery Facility, Bedfordshire

Portland Port, Dorset

Decommissioned
Bellozanne Incinerator
Byker Incinerator
Gateshead Incinerator
Polmadie Incinerator
Portrack Incinerator
South Shields Incinerator
Sunderland Incinerator
Tynemouth Incinerator

References

External lists

UKWIN list of around 23 existing and 80 potential facilities
Channel 4 News list of 30 incinerators being "seriously considered or planned by councils"
Defra list of PFI projects (some include incineration)
Environment Agency's Waste Incineration Spreadsheet (2006)
Tradebe Fawley

Incinerators
Incinerators in the United Kingdom
Waste management in the United Kingdom
Incinerators
Incinerators
Tata Technologies. Tata Technologies Limited is an Indian multinational technology company engaged in product engineering, that provides services to automotive and aerospace original equipment manufacturers as well as industrial machinery companies. It is a subsidiary of Tata Motors.

Tata Technologies has its headquarters in Pune and regional headquarters in the United States (Detroit, Michigan). As of 2023, the company has a combined global workforce of more than 11,000 employees across its 18 delivery centres in India, North America, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region.

History

Tata Technologies was founded in 1989, as the automotive design unit of Tata Motors. It was hived off as a separate company in 1994, with Tata Motors continuing to hold a majority stake and be its biggest client.

Tata Technologies Inc acquired INCAT International, a UK-and US-based automotive and aerospace engineering company, in August 2005 for £53.4 million.

In 2011, Tata Technologies raised 141 crore (US$30 million) by selling 13% stake to Tata Capital and Alpha TC Holdings.

In April 2013, Tata Technologies acquired Cambric Corporation, an American engineering services company, for $32.5 million.

In May 2017, Tata Technologies acquired 100% stake in Swedish automotive design and product engineering company, Escenda Engineering AB.

In 2017, in an effort to reduce Tata Motors' debt, the Tata Group announced that it would sell a 43% stake in Tata Technologies to private equity firm Warburg Pincus for $360 million and cease to be the controlling shareholder in the company. However, the deal was called off in 2018.

In November 2023, Tata Technologies launched its book-built initial public offering (IPO) selling shares worth , making it Tata Group's first public offering in nearly two decades. Its shares began trading on NSE and BSE on 30 November 2023.

References

External links
 

Tata Group subsidiaries
Engineering companies of India
Manufacturing companies based in Pune
Manufacturing companies established in 1989
1989 establishments in Maharashtra
Indian companies established in 1989
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
2023 initial public offerings
Salicide. The term salicide refers to a technology used in the microelectronics industry used to form electrical contacts between the semiconductor device and the supporting interconnect structure.  The salicide process involves the reaction of a metal thin film with silicon in the active regions of the device, ultimately forming a metal silicide contact through a series of annealing and/or etch processes.  The term "salicide" is a compaction of the phrase self-aligned silicide.  The description "self-aligned" suggests that the contact formation does not require photolithography patterning processes, as opposed to a non-aligned technology such as polycide.

The term salicide is also used to refer to the metal silicide formed by the contact formation process, such as "titanium salicide", although this usage is inconsistent with accepted naming conventions in chemistry.

Contact formation

The salicide process begins with deposition of a thin transition metal layer over fully formed and patterned semiconductor devices (e.g. transistors).  The wafer is heated, allowing the transition metal to react with exposed silicon in the active regions of the semiconductor device (e.g., source, drain, gate) forming a low-resistance transition metal silicide.  The transition metal does not react with the silicon dioxide nor the silicon nitride insulators present on the wafer.  Following the reaction, any remaining transition metal is removed by chemical etching, leaving silicide contacts in only the active regions of the device.  A fully integrable manufacturing process may be more complex, involving additional anneals, surface treatments, or etch processes.

Chemistry
Typical transition metals used or considered for use in salicide technology include titanium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, and tungsten.  One key challenge in developing a salicide process is controlling the specific phase (compound) formed by the metal-silicon reaction.  Cobalt, for example, may react with silicon to form Co2Si, CoSi, CoSi2, and other compounds.  However, only CoSi2 has a sufficiently low resistance to form an effective electrical contact. For some compounds, the desired high-resistance phase is not thermodynamically stable, such as C49-TiSi2, which is metastable with respect to the low-resistance C54 phase.

Other considerations
Another challenge facing successful process integration include lateral growth, especially underneath the gate, which will short circuit the device.

See also
Self-aligned gate

References 

Semiconductor device fabrication
Silicon