omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Overhead cable. An overhead cable is a cable for the transmission of information, laid on utility poles. Overhead telephone and cable TV lines are common in North America. These poles sometimes carry overhead power lines for the supply of electric power. Power supply companies may also use them for an in-house communication network. Sometimes these cables are integrated in the ground or power conductor. Otherwise an additional line is strung on the masts. 

Cables are arranged on poles with the most dangerous cables, that is, those carrying power, strung highest. Overhead cable systems also include a number of different components for managing signal cables. These include splicing systems that allow multi-conductor cables for distributing telephone signals and snowshoe-shaped devices for reversing the direction of cables.

When metal-based telephone wires are strung on the same utility poles as the power lines, they can pick up noise from the power line. Modern fiber optic telephone cable has the advantage that it can be strung next to power lines without interference.

In heavily populated regions of the UK, the only overhead cable that would be visible is the telephone line. Power cables and fiber-optic cables that deliver television and broadband services are buried underground. The lesser populated regions of the UK, the countryside for example, will have overhead power cables. Although it is safer to keep the cables underground, it would be difficult to repair a line if a fault were to develop.

See also 
 Aerial cable
 Optical ground wire
 Optical attached cable

Signal cables
Telecommunications infrastructure
Embankment. Embankment may refer to:

Geology and geography 
 A levee, an artificial bank raised above the immediately surrounding land to redirect or prevent flooding by a river, lake or sea
 Embankment (earthworks), a raised bank to carry a road, railway, or canal across a low-lying or wet area
 Embankment dam, a dam made of  mounded  earth and rock
 Land reclamation along river banks, usually marked by roads and walkways running along it, parallel to the river, as in:
 The Thames Embankment along the north side of the Thames River in London, England
 The Victoria Embankment contained within the Thames Embankments 
 The Chelsea Embankment contained within the Thames Embankment
 The Albert Embankment along the south side of the Thames River in London, England
 The Neva embankments along the Neva River in Saint Petersburg, Russia
 Embankment tube station, a station on the London Underground

Arts 
 "Embankment", a work by artist Rachel Whiteread
DisplayML. DisplayML is an open, free-to-use protocol for encoding display information for display devices. It is based upon XML messages with a Request/Response model where the display device works as the server.

The interface between systems and display devices has historically required encoded character strings which, though successful, can lead to complexity in creation and debugging. DisplayML is easy to understand, since XML is a human reada-le format. The protocol is applicable to numerous display devices using various technologies such as LED, LCD, Bi-stable Magnetic, flip-disc display, VGA etc.

DisplayML does not handle security. The protocol can be implemented at different levels depending on the type of display.

The DisplayML protocol supports file transfer, which makes it possible to send fonts, pictures or software to displays.

References

External links
DisplayML.org

User interface markup languages
XML-based standards
Henry Beecher Dierdorff. Henry Beecher Dierdorff (January 29, 1851 in Seville, Ohio – January 26, 1935 in Columbus, Ohio) was an American inventor of mining equipment, most notable for the first successful application of electricity to power mining equipment under the surface of earth.

Biography

While an engineer with Jeffery Mining and Manufacturing Company (later part of Dresser Industries) of Columbus, Ohio, Dierdorff developed insulation that could be packed around electric motor housings to suppress sparking found on early electrical motors.  This allowed the first safe electric seam cutting tool in underground mining.  This tool was capable of cutting anthracite coal and was known as the Congo Coal Cutter  after its success for the Congo Mining Company, of Corning, Ohio.

Between 1885 and 1909, Dierdorff designed and secured thirty-five patents from the United States Patent Office related to mining and mining safety. One of his most widely used patents involved the development of power systems (spark suppressive) to deliver electricity to miners underground, resulting in the first safe delivery of electric light to miners working underground.

At the time of his retirement from Jeffery, Dierdorff oversaw the company's entire manufacturing facilities and processes.

Dierdorff was born near Seville in Medina County, Ohio in 1851. Dierdorff married twice; first to Charlotte Miller (five children) and then to Hattie Monnette.  He died in Columbus, Ohio in 1935 and is buried in Greenlawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio.

Sources

 "Jeffery Service" Magazine, March 1935.
 Taylor, William Alexander, Centennial History of Columbus & Franklin County, Ohio, Volume 2, The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1909, Henry Beecher Dierdorff, Page 558.
 The Ohio State Journal, "DEATH CLAIMS H. BEECHER DIERDORFF" January 26, 1935.
 

1851 births
1935 deaths
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
People from Columbus, Ohio
Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)
People from Seville, Ohio
Fixture unit. In plumbing, a Fixture Unit (FU) or Drain Fixture Unit (DFU) is "a unit of measure, based on the rate of discharge, time of operation and frequency of use of a fixture, that expresses the hydraulic load imposed by that fixture on the sanitary plumbing installation". A Fixture Unit is not a flow rate unit but a design factor. A fixture unit is equal to  of water drained in a  diameter pipe over one minute. One cubic foot of water is roughly . A Fixture Unit is used in plumbing design for both water supply and waste water.

Different fixtures have different flow requirements.  In order to determine the required size of pipe, an arbitrary unit is used for pipe sizing which takes into account the likelihood that all the fixtures will not be used at the same time.  This is called "fixture unit" (FU).  The relationship between gallons per minute (gpm) and fixture unit is not constant, but varies with the number of fixture units.  For example, 1000 FU is equivalent to  while 2000 FU represents only , about 1.5 times the flow rate.

Fixture unit values can be determined using charts from the International Plumbing Code or similar codes in local jurisdictions.

There are situations where a design provides for more FUs being discharged than being supplied. This occurs in situations where liquids may infiltrate or are added to a draining system, such as might happen in a large sports venue. Examples of how this could occur include rain water infiltration.

References

Plumbing
Units of flow
Chanute. Chanute may refer to:

Chanute, Kansas, United States
Chanute High School
Octave Chanute (1832–1910), American civil engineer and aviation pioneer
Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois, United States
Octave Chanute Award, awarded by the Western Society of Engineers since 1901
Chanute Flight Award, awarded by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (between 1939 and 2005)
 Chanute Air Museum
Chanute (baseball team)
Kestrel (disambiguation). A kestrel is a type of bird.
 Common kestrel, the most common species

Kestrel may also refer to:

Aerospace, aviation, vehicles
 Kestrel (rocket engine)
 Kestrel, the Glasflügel 401 fibreglass glider
 The Slingsby Kestrel, UK version of this glider
 Hawker Siddeley P.1127 "Kestrel", a prototype of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier aircraft
 Miles Kestrel,  a private venture aircraft developed into the Miles Master
 Rolls-Royce Kestrel, a piston engine
 Kestrel, a British Rail HS4000 prototype diesel locomotive
 Riley Kestrel, a badge-engineered version of the BMC ADO16 or Morris 1100 car
 KESTREL, the call sign of UK-based Thomas Cook Airlines
 VH-71 Kestrel helicopter
 Kestrel K-350, a prototype turboprop aircraft
 Kestrel (surveillance system)
 Seedwings Europe Kestrel, an Austrian hang glider design

Boats
 Kestrel (dinghy)
 Kestrel (steam yacht)

Computer software
"Kestrel", an open source web server for ASP.NET Core
"Kestrel", codename for the J2SE 1.3 release of the Java programming language
"Kestrel", codename for Opera web browser version 9.5
 Kestrel Institute, a spin-off company of SRI International

Fiction and entertainment
The Kestrel, a novel by Lloyd Alexander
Kestrel (DC Comics), a comics character, supervillain antagonist of Hawk and Dove
Kestrel (Marvel Comics), a comics character, a test subject of the Weapon X Project
Kestrel, the main character of the web comic Queen of Wands
Kestrel, a character in The Farseer Trilogy by Robin Hobb
The Kestrel, the default unlocked and first playable ship in the roguelike space exploration game FTL: Faster Than Light
Kestrel, a foe in the computer game Rogue
Kestrel, spaceship in the massively-multiplayer online game Eve Online
CVN-30, OFS Kestrel, a ship in the Ace Combat video games 
The Atinoda Kestrel, a spaceship in the Escape Velocity video game trilogy
McDonnell S2B Kestrel, an airplane in the computer game Crimson Skies
Kestrel, a playable character in the computer game Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction
Kestrel, a collection of modular armor pieces in the video game Mass Effect 2
Kestrel, a playable character and an archer in the video game Vainglory
Kestrel, a group of female human-vampire assassins descended from birds in the video game BloodRayne 2
Kestrel, a song by the band Scale the Summit from their album V

Other
Kestrel coal mine, a coal mine operated by Rio Tinto Coal Australia
Kestrel (rocket launcher), a Taiwanese anti-tank weapon
Kestrel USA, an American bicycle manufacturer
The Melbourne Kestrels, an Australian netball team
Viking Kestrel, a children's book imprint
Hafnium diboride. Hafnium diboride is a type of ceramic composed of hafnium and boron that belongs to the class of ultra-high temperature ceramics. It has a melting temperature of about 3250 °C. It is an unusual ceramic, having relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities, properties it shares with isostructural titanium diboride and zirconium diboride. It is a grey, metallic looking material. Hafnium diboride has a hexagonal crystal structure, a molar mass of 200.11 grams per mole, and a density of 11.2 g/cm3.

Hafnium diboride is often combined with carbon, boron, silicon, silicon carbide, and/or nickel to improve the consolidation of the hafnium diboride powder (sintering). It is commonly formed into a solid by a process called hot pressing, where the powders are pressed together using both heat and pressure.

The material has potential for use in hypervelocity reentry vehicles such as ICBM heat shields or aerodynamic leading-edges, due to its strength and thermal properties. Unlike polymer and composite material, HfB2 can be formed into aerodynamic shapes that will not ablate during reentry.

Hafnium diboride is also investigated as a possible new material for nuclear reactor control rods.
It is also being investigated as a microchip diffusion barrier. If synthesized correctly, the barrier can be less than 7 nm in thickness.

Nanocrystals of HfB2 with rose-like morphology were obtained combining HfO2 and NaBH4 at 700-900°C under argon flow:

HfO2 + 3NaBH4 → HfB2 + 2Na(g,l) + NaBO2 + 6H2(g)

References 

Hafnium compounds
Borides
Ceramic materials
Neutron poisons
Continuity test. In electronics, a continuity test is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it is in fact a complete circuit).
A continuity test is performed by placing a small voltage (wired in series with an LED or noise-producing component such as a piezoelectric speaker) across the chosen path.  If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged components, or excessive resistance, the circuit is "open".

Devices that can be used to perform continuity tests include multimeters which measure current and specialized continuity testers which are cheaper, more basic devices, generally with a simple light bulb that lights up when current flows.

Uses 
Continuity tests have uses which include testing components, ensuring proper grounding of equipment, and reverse engineering circuit boards.

Testing simple components 
A continuity test can be used to test simple electrical components like switches, fuses and wires. A working fuse, for example, should have continuity.

Grounding 
Continuity tests are also helpful to determine whether an exposed electrical conductor is grounded. This can be done by placing one probe on the conductor in question, like a metallic chassis, and the other on a known electrical ground point.

Reverse engineering 
The continuity tester is also an important tool for reverse engineering electrical circuits and circuit boards, which means deducing its connections based on measurements and observation.

In situations like construction work or electrical maintenance, one can test continuity on a bundle of electrical wires to find the two ends belonging to a particular one of these wires; there will be a negligible resistance between the "right" ends, and only between the "right" ends. 

In a similar fashion, on a printed circuit board, a continuity test between two solder points can give information on the traces connecting the components together.

Limitations 
Since continuity testers work by attempting to close an electrical circuit, power must be disconnected before performing any continuity tests.

Due to the presence of low-valued resistors, motors, transformers, inductors, speakers, and diodes in electrical circuits, continuity tests can give ambiguous information regarding how the circuit components are connected.

References

External links 
acmehowto.com - continuity test

Hardware testing
Sukhoi T-4. The Sukhoi T-4, or "Aircraft 100", or "Project 100", or "Sotka" is a Soviet high-speed reconnaissance, anti-ship and strategic bomber aircraft that did not proceed beyond the prototype stage. It is sometimes called the Su-100.

Design and development

In 1963, the Soviet government held a request for proposal among the aircraft design bureaus. The Sukhoi design, with its high cruise speed of  was favored over the designs submitted by Yakovlev and Tupolev and after a preliminary design review in June 1964, the building of a prototype was authorized.
Development of the T-4 required massive research efforts to develop the technologies necessary, including the manufacturing technologies to machine and weld the materials necessary to withstand sustained Mach 3 flight. Nearly 600 patents or inventions are attributed to the program.
The first flying prototype was finally completed in the autumn of 1971. Work continued on an additional three airframes (one for static testing) through 1975. In 1974, the Ministry of Aviation Industry (Soviet Union) ordered work suspended on the T-4 project, which was officially scrapped on 19 December 1975.

The aircraft's droop nose lowered to provide visibility during takeoff and landing. A periscope was used for forward viewing when the nose was retracted, and could be employed at speeds of up to . Drogue parachutes were used in addition to conventional wheel brakes.

Operational history
The first T-4, designated "101", first flew on 22August 1972. The test pilot was Vladimir Ilyushin, son of famed aircraft designer Sergei Ilyushin, and the navigator was Nikolai Alfyorov. Testing continued to 19January 1974. The T-4 flew only ten times for a total of 10 hours and 20 minutes..

Aircraft on display

One T-4 survives. Aircraft "101" is on display at the Central Air Force Museum in Monino near Moscow. The serial numbers of the prototypes were "101" to "106". Only "101" and "102" were built, while other additional prototypes "103" and "104" were under construction, and "105" and "106" only existed on draft charts. Only the "101" completed all the test flights and flew the last test flight before the project was cancelled on 22 January 1974. The rest of the prototypes were scrapped.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

Sukhoi T-4 "Sotka" at the Russian Air Force Museum 
Sukhoi Company website

T-04
Canard aircraft
Delta-wing aircraft
1970s Soviet bomber aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Quadjets
Aircraft first flown in 1972
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Defensive aids system. A defensive aide suite (DAS) is a military aircraft system which defends it from attack by surface-to-air missiles, air-to-air missiles and guided anti-aircraft artillery. A DAS typically comprises chaff, flares, and electronic countermeasures combined with radar warning receivers to detect threats. On some modern aircraft (Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II), the entire system is integrated and computer-controlled, allowing an aircraft to autonomously detect, classify and act in an optimal manner against a potential threat to its safety.

A Defensive Aid Suite (DAS) system can be used in conjunction with the NGVA architecture in combat vehicles as well.

See also
 Active protection system
 Drozd – The first attempt at making an active protection system by the Soviet Union.
 Arena – An updated and more effective version of Drozd.
 Zaslon – Ukrainian DAS for use on BM Oplot tanks.
 Iron Fist – Another Israeli active protection system developed by Israel Military Industries.
 Trophy (countermeasure)

References

Military technology
Service structure. A service structure is a steel framework or tower that is built on a rocket launch pad to facilitate assembly and servicing. 

An umbilical tower also usually includes an elevator which allows maintenance and crew access. Immediately before ignition of the rocket's motors, all connections between the tower and the craft are severed, and the bridges over which these connections pass often quickly swing away to prevent damage to the structure or vehicle.

Kennedy Space Center
During the Space Shuttle program, the structures at the Launch Complex 39 pads contained a two-piece access tower system, the Fixed Service Structure (FSS) and the Rotating Service Structure (RSS). The FSS permitted access to the Shuttle via a retractable arm and a "beanie cap" to capture vented LOX from the external tank. The RSS contained the Payload Changeout Room, which offered "clean" access to the orbiter's payload bay, protection from the elements, and protection in winds up to .

The FSS on Pad 39A was constructed from most of the top of the umbilical tower of Mobile Launcher 2, while the FSS that was on 39B was constructed from most of the top of the umbilical tower of Mobile Launcher 3 (Mobile Launcher 3 would later become Mobile Launcher Platform 1 for the Shuttle).

In 2011 NASA removed both the fixed and rotating service structures from their pad at LC-39B to make way for a new generation of launch vehicles. Likewise in 2017-2018 SpaceX removed the rotating service structure from LC-39A and modified the fixed service structure to adapt it for the new series of launch vehicles to be launched there.

Certain rockets such as the Delta and the Saturn V use structures consisting of a fixed portion, formally called the umbilical tower and a mobile portion, which is moved away from the vehicle several hours before launch called mobile service tower/structure.  The mobile portion is often called a gantry.

White room 

The white room was the small area used by NASA astronauts to access the spacecraft during human flights up through the Space Shuttle program.  The room takes its name from the white paint, which was used on the Gemini.  The room was first used in Project Mercury. Its use and white color (since Gemini) continued through subsequent programs of Apollo and the Space Shuttle.  

NASA used this room for astronaut final preparations before entering the spacecraft such as donning parachute packs, putting on helmets and detaching portable air conditioning units.
After 2014, NASA planned to move the White Room to a museum. As of the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission, SpaceX uses the term White Room to refer to the end of the Crew Access Arm at LC-39A. On the first launch attempt, NASA and SpaceX began a tradition to sign the NASA meatball logo (for NASA launches) or the SpaceX logo (for private launches) at the end of the Crew Access Arm.

Baikonur Cosmodrome
Similarly, Soviet-and Russian-designed service structures such as those at the Baikonur Cosmodrome stand while servicing the vehicle. The entire structure pivots outward and downward out of the way.

References

Rocket launch technologies
Apollo program hardware
Space Shuttle program
Scratchboard. Scratchboard or scraperboard or scratch art is a form of direct engraving where the artist scratches off dark ink to reveal a white or colored layer beneath. The technique uses sharp knives and tools for engraving into the scratchboard, which is usually cardboard covered in a thin layer of white China clay coated with black India ink. Scratchboard can yield highly detailed, precise and evenly textured artwork. Works can be left black and white, or colored.

History 

Modern scraperboard originated in the 19th century in Britain and France. As printing methods developed, scraperboard became a popular medium for reproduction replacing wood engraving, metal engraving, and linocut. It allowed for a fine line appearance that could be photographically reduced for reproduction without losing quality. It was most effective and expeditious for use in single-color book and newspaper printing. From the 1930s to 1950s, it was a preferred technique for medical, scientific and product illustration. During that period, Virgil Finlay made detailed illustrations, often combining scraperboard methods with traditional pen & ink technique.  More recently, it has been used for editorial illustrators of magazines, ads, graphic novels, and one of a kind pieces of fine art.

Technique 

Unlike many drawing media, where the artist adds in the mid-tones and shadows, with scratchboard the artist is working by adding in the highlights. 

The artist can use a variety of tools to scratch away the black ink from the board and reveal more or less of the white clay that is underneath. Effects include stippling by poking the board with a needle or blade, and scratching or cross-hatching using a sharp blade.

Artists 
Illustrators who have worked in the scratchboard medium include Michael McCurdy, Peter Blake, Virgil Finlay, John Schoenherr, Jos Sances, Sven Rayen and Scott McKowen. The comics artist Jacques Tardi used scratchboard to illustrate Jules Verne's science fiction in the style of 19th century woodcuts.  illustrated in scratchboard the adult non-fiction book, Why Fish Don't Exist by Lulu Miller. 

In 2011, the International Society of Scratchboard Artists was launched to help promote scratchboard art, and to educate the public about the medium. The organization holds an annual exhibition of scratchboard art.

References

Further reading 

 
 
 
 Cutler, Merritt Dana, Scratchboard Drawing, 1949, Watson-Guptill Publications.
 Cutler, Merritt Dana, "How to Cut Drawings on Scratchboard", 1960, Watson-Guptill Publications, 
 Lozner, Ruth, Scratchboard for Illustration, 1990, Watson-Guptill Publications, 

Drawing
Crafts
Artistic techniques