omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bavarian S 2/5. The Class S 2/5 express locomotives of the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staats-Eisenbahnen) were the first steam engines in Germany to be built with full-length bar frames (durchgehendem Barrenrahmen). The prototypes for this type of frame were the two locomotives imported in 1900 from Baldwin Locomotive Works in the US, that had been similarly classified as the S 2/5.

History 
In 1904, Maffei built ten engines that shared many of the same components as the S 3/5, which was developed in parallel. For example, they did not use a wider firebox, which would have been possible given the wheel arrangement, in order to be able to use one that could be used on the S 3/5. So the firebox was only around 90 mm wider than the bar frame of the locomotive. For manufacturing reasons the sole bar was still not made of one piece, but forged from several bars.

For the first time in Bavaria a driving wheel diameter of 2,000 mm was chosen instead of the 1,870 mm diameter hitherto the norm for express train locomotives. Like the locomotives imported from the United States, they had a four-cylinder compound engine. However the usual European (von Borries) configuration with two inside and two outside cylinders was used instead of the Vauclain compound system.

On test runs, one of the locomotives reached 135 km/h; in normal use, 110 km/h was the top speed. The locomotives were initially stabled at Munich I shed and hauled such famous trains as the Orient Express and the North-South Express, amongst others. But, as on all German Atlantics the traction of the two driven axles was soon insufficient. The S 2/5 was not blessed with a long time in service, although the locomotive had very good riding qualities and was seen as a genuinely fast runner.

In 1910 the locomotives went across to the Palatine network to Ludwigshafen shed and also to the Nuremberg repair shop. In 1922 only eight S 2/5 engines remained. The Deutsche Reichsbahn took over just five locomotives as the Class  14.1, numbered 14 141–145. They were retired in 1927.

The locomotives had Bavarian 2'2' T 21 tenders.

See also
 Royal Bavarian State Railways 
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

References

4-4-2 locomotives
S 2 5
Railway locomotives introduced in 1904
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
2′B1′ n4v locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Door card. A door card (in British English) or a door panel (in American English) is an insert on the door of a vehicle that covers the door's internal components.

Design
The door card will usually match the rest of the vehicle's interior. Door panels were formerly made of cardboard with an upholstered interior finish of  vinyl, leather, cloth, carpet, or other materials for the decorative trim. Modern cars typically have door cards made of plastic, most often using injection moulding, as well as incorporating other decorative materials.

The design should incorporate both the necessary service amount and the functional unit (such as "it is strong" and "it looks and feels good") so that a given car door panel "would service a car body's life span of ." The door panel typically incorporates other parts that contribute to the appearance, functionality, and ergonomics of the vehicle. These include armrests, switches or other controls for windows and the locking mechanism, convenience lights, audio speakers, storage compartments, and other features.

In most cases, the door card is attached to the car's door frame by visible screws and ones hidden behind decorative plugs or under the armrest, as well as spring clips.

See also
 Vehicle door

References

Automotive body parts
Car doors
Resource intensity. Resource intensity is a measure of the resources (e.g. water, energy, materials) needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of good or service, or for the completion of a process or activity; it is therefore a measure of the efficiency of resource use. It is often expressed as the quantity of resource embodied in unit cost e.g. litres of water per $1 spent on product. In national economic and sustainability accounting it can be calculated as units of resource expended per unit of GDP. When applied to a single person it is expressed as the resource use of that person per unit of consumption. Relatively high resource intensities indicate a high price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP; low resource intensity indicates a lower price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP.

Resource productivity and resource intensity are  key concepts used in sustainability measurement as they measure attempts to decouple the connection between resource use and environmental degradation. Their strength is that they can be used as a metric for both economic and environmental cost. Although these concepts are two sides of the same coin, in practice they involve very different approaches and can be viewed as reflecting, on the one hand, the efficiency of resource production as outcome per unit of resource use (resource productivity) and, on the other hand, the efficiency of resource consumption as resource use per unit outcome (resource intensity). The sustainability objective is to maximize resource productivity while minimizing resource intensity.

See also

Bioeconomics
Econophysics
Energy and Environment
Energy intensity
Environmental economics
Energy Accounting
Ecodynamics
Ecological Economics
Industrial ecology
Population dynamics
Resource productivity
Sustainability accounting
Sustainable development
Systems ecology
Thermoeconomics

References

Sustainability metrics and indices
Natural resource management
Resource economics
Thermodynamics
Energy economics
Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation. (JRCC) was a public corporation responsible for the construction of railway lines in Japan.

The JRCC was established in 1964 as the successor to JNR's railway line construction division.  Kakuei Tanaka, then an influential member of the House of Representatives, was said to have been involved in its creation. Since by 1964 the existing railway network had been largely completed, the JRCC's primary responsibility was the planning and construction of the new Shinkansen lines, urban railway lines, and third-sector lines.

The opening of the Tōkaidō Shinkansen and Seikan Tunnel and the planning of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project all proved beneficial to JRCC's bottom line.  However, in spite of debate over JNR's plan to eliminate little-used local lines and become profitable again, JRCC was forced to build new local lines in response to pressure from Diet politicians. Ultimately construction of new lines continued to ensure "balanced development of the nation."

In September 1979, it was revealed that JRCC had used money intended for overtime and other expenses for personal vacations, and it became the target of the Board of Audit of Japan.  As a result, six people (including the director, Hiromori Kawashima) were forced to step down and 352 had their salary reduced, received warnings, or were otherwise reprimanded. A special accounting committee was also formed to return the mis-spent funds and pay taxes as was deemed necessary.

In 1998 JRCC assumed the assets and liabilities of the Japanese National Railway Settlement Corporation (JNRSC); JNRSC's existing long-term debts were incorporated into the national government's general debt. The JRCC was dissolved on October 1, 2003 and its responsibilities were passed to the Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency (JRTT).

References

Japan Railway companies
Railway companies established in 1964
Government-owned railway companies
Fleet Management System. The Fleet Management Systems Interface (FMS) is a standard interface to vehicle data of commercial vehicles. The six European manufacturers Mercedes-Benz, MAN, Scania, Volvo (including Renault), DAF and Iveco developed the so-called FMS-Standard in 2002 to make manufacturer-independent applications for telematics possible.

The following data are broadcast at the FMS interface:
 Vehicle improvement (all round)
 Vehicle speed (wheel based)
 Vehicle speed (from tachograph)
 Clutch switch (on/off)
 Brake switch (on/off)
 Cruise control (on/off)
 PTO (Status/Mode)
 Accelerator pedal position (0–100%)
 Total fuel used (litres since lifetime)
 Fuel level (0–100%)
 Engine speed
 Gross axle weight rating (kg)
 Total engine hours (h)
 FMS-Standard software version (supported modes)
 Vehicle identification number (ASCII)
 Tachograph information
 High-resolution vehicle distance
 Service distance
 Engine coolant temperature

The data are coded according to SAE J1939. The repetition rate of the data is between 20 ms (e.g. engine speed) and 10 seconds (e.g. vehicle identification number).

With the FMS standard it is now possible to have manufacturer independent applications and evaluations of the data.

According to a note from the truck manufacturers, the FMS standard is seen as a worldwide standard. A direct connection to the internal vehicle bus system is not permitted by the truck manufacturers and could lead to the loss of warranty. Meanwhile, some manufacturers are quite restrictive in their workshops and cut all unknown connections to the internal bus system.

According to ACEA ca. 160,000 vehicles were fitted with an FMS standard interface in 2007. By 2019, more than 400,000 trucks use FMS in North America.

The FMS-Standard was also the base for the Bus-FMS-Standard for buses and coaches which was published in the year 2004.

References

External links 
 Fleet Planner - Simple and powerful tool to help manage fleet
 CANLAB FMS gateway

Automotive software
Business software
Fleet management
Sri Venkateswara Institute of Science & Technology. Sri Venkateswara Institute of Science & Technology (College code : SVIK)) is an engineering college in Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.  It is situated 5 km away from Kadapa city  and was established in 2007 by the Sri Venkateswara Educational Society.

The college was established by Rajoli Veera Reddy. It is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. Its faculty includes Prof. Veera Mohan Reddy, Associate Prof. Purushottam, where Prof. Mohan serves as the Head of the Department for the freshman year and Mathematics.

Degrees offered
 B.E/B.Tech    Electrical & Electronics Engineering
 B.E/B.Tech    Computer Science and Engineering
 B.E/B.Tech    Electronics & Communication Engineering
 B.E/B.Tech    Mechanical Engineering
 B.E/B.Tech    Civil Engineering

References

External links

Engineering colleges in Andhra Pradesh
Universities and colleges in Kadapa district
Kadapa
Educational institutions established in 2007
2007 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Leipzig University of Applied Sciences. The Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, in German the Hochschule für Technik, Wirtschaft und Kultur (HTWK), is a Fachhochschule in Leipzig, in the Saxony region of Germany. It offers a combination of practice-oriented teaching and application-driven research, with a particularly broad spectrum of engineering and technical disciplines, as well as in the fields of economics, social science and culture. It offers more than 40 degree courses. There are currently about 6,600 students enrolled at HTWK Leipzig.

History
The Leipzig University of Applied Sciences Leipzig was founded on 15 July 1992. It was founded by the Leipzig University of Technology, the Leipzig School of Librarians and Booksellers, the School of Librarianship and the Institute of Museology. The university is not yet represented on RocApply for applications

Location and buildings
The main campus with 13 buildings is located along the streets Karl-Liebknecht-Straße, Gustav-Freytag-Straße, Eichendorffstraße and Kochstraße in Leipzig-Connewitz. Outside the main campus are three other university buildings: the Wiener-Bau of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology in Wächterstraße / Zentrum-Süd, the Life Science & Engineering research center in Eilenburger Straße / Reudnitz, and the sports hall on Arno-Nitzsche-Straße. In recent years, the campus has been supplemented by new buildings, most recently the Hopper and Shannon Buildings (occupied by the Faculty of Digital Transformation) in the Plagwitz area of the city in 2019.

Faculties

 Faculty of Architecture and Social Sciences
 Faculty of Business Administration and Industrial Engineering
 Faculty of Civil Engineering
 Faculty of Computer Science and Media
 Faculty of Engineering
 Faculty of Digital Transformation

Rectors
 Klaus Steinbock, Founder (1992-2003), professor of automation engineering
 Manfred Nietner (2003-2006), professor of production techniques
 Hubertus Milke (2006-2011), professor of water management, hydrology and settlement water management
 Michael Kubessa (2011), professor of supply and disposal technology
 Renate Lieckfeldt (2011-2013), professor of technical management and project management
 Markus Krabbes (2013-2014), professor of information systems
 Gesine Grande (2014-2019), professor of psychology
 Mark Mietzner (2019-2024), professor of banking and finance
 Jean-Alexander Müller (2024-present), professor of computer networks

Lecturers
Lecturers at the Leipzig University of Applied Sciences

University library 
The library supports students, staff and academic programmes with a variety of services. It offers study places and study rooms for individuals or groups as well as workshops on topics such as information literacy and reference management programmes.

The library's holdings include:

 280.000 print volumes
 360 print journals
 52.000 e-books
 26.000 e-journals
 190 licensed databases

References

External links
Official Website 
Link label

Buildings and structures in Leipzig
Universities and colleges in Saxony
Education in Leipzig
Constant-current diode. A constant-current diode is an electronic device that limits current to a maximal specified value for the device.  It is known as a current-limiting diode (CLD) or current-regulating diode (CRD).

It consists of an n-channel JFET with the gate shorted to the source, which functions like a two-terminal current limiter (analogous to a voltage-limiting Zener diode). It allows a current through it to rise to a certain value, but not higher.

Note that some devices are unidirectional and voltage across the device must have only one polarity for it to operate as a CLD, whereas other devices are bidirectional and can operate properly with either polarity.

Wide-bandgap materials such as silicon carbide have been used in production devices to enable high-voltage applications in the kilovolt range.

References

External links
 IEEE 315 symbol for current-regulating diode
 
Diode
 CLD diode datasheet, MCC
 CRD diode datasheet, Semitec
 J500 diode datasheet, Linear Systems / Siliconix / Vishay
 1N5283 to 1N5314 diode datasheet, Central Semiconductor

JFET
 2N5457/8/9 & MMBF5457/8/9 JFET datasheet, ON Semiconductor (Former Fairchild)

Diodes
Over-current protection devices
Diode-connected transistor. A diode-connected transistor is a method of creating a two-terminal rectifying device (a diode) out of a three-terminal transistor. A characteristic of diode-connected transistors is that they are always in the saturation region for metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and junction-gate field-effect transistors (JFETs), and in the active region for bipolar junction transistors (BJTs).

A diode-connected transistor is made by connecting
 the base and collector of a BJT
 the drain and source of a JFET
 the gate and drain of a MOSFET

Diode-connected transistors are used in current mirrors to provide a voltage drop that tracks that of the other transistor as temperature changes. They also have very low reverse leakage currents.

References

Transistor types
Vivek Kulkarni. Vivek Kulkarni is the Chairman of Brickwork India, a knowledge process outsourcing company & founder MD of Brickwork Ratings - credit rating agency of India. Vivek is the Indian Administrative Service officer from Karnataka.

Early life 
Born in Hubli, India on 21 July 1957, Vivek graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering from the B.V.B. College of Engineering & Technology, Hubli, Karnatak University. Vivek received his master's degree from Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania in 1991.

Career 
After engineering, Vivek worked with Indian Oil for a short period before joining IAS.

Vivek has served as Information Technology & Biotechnology Secretary, Government of Karnataka. During his tenure in Government, he was instrumental in building information technology and Biotech institutes and corporate events in Karnataka. He promoted public-private partnership in Governance. Prior to IT Secretary, he worked as Finance Secretary in Government of Karnataka, Head of CRISIL Advisory Services as well as the Division Chief SEBI. He was a faculty at the Boston University as well as the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. Vivek also is an Adjunct professor at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

Vivek had pioneered the 'remote executive assistant' concept through Brickwork India, which received worldwide acclaim through various publications such as the New York Times bestseller authors, Thomas Friedman (The World Is Flat) and Timothy Ferris (The 4-Hour Workweek) and other publications like Fortune; Business Week - China-India survey, The Sunday Times, Esquire.

Personal life
Vivek Kulkarni is married to Sangeeta and they have two children. Sangeeta is the co-founder and CEO of Brickwork India.

References

1957 births
Living people
Indian chief executives
Kannada people
People from Hubli
Businesspeople from Karnataka
Karnatak University alumni
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science
Indian mechanical engineers
Engineering Technologist Mobility Forum. The Engineering Technologist Mobility Forum is an international forum held by signatories of the Sydney Accord to explore mutual recognition for experienced engineering technologists and to remove artificial barriers to the free movement and practice of engineering technologists amongst their countries.  Signatories met in Sydney in November 1999 and Thornybush South Africa in June 2001.  At their meeting on 25 June 2001, the Sydney Accord signatories established a forum, to be known as the Engineering Technologists Mobility Forum (ETMF).

Results
From these meetings an agreement was reached known as the Engineering Technologist Mobility Forum Memorandum of Understanding (ETMF MOU).  The agreement provides a framework for members to recognise the equivalence in professional competence and standing of experienced engineering technologists.

The signatories also agreed to create and maintain a decentralised ETMF International Register of Engineering Technologists.

Members
 Canada - Represented by Canadian Council of Technicians and Technologists (2001)
 Hong Kong China - Represented by Hong Kong Institution of Engineers (2001)
 Ireland - Represented by Engineers Ireland (2001)
 New Zealand - Represented by Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (2001)
 South Africa - Represented by Engineering Council of South Africa (2001)
 United Kingdom - Represented by Engineering Council UK (2001)

See also

 Washington Accord
 Dublin Accord
 Sydney Accord
 Certified engineering technologist

References

Technology conferences
Amada (company). is a large Japanese manufacturer of metal processing equipment & machinery based in Kanagawa.
Tsutome Isobe is the chairman of the company. The company manufactures metal cutting, forming, shearing, and punching machines. The Company also develops factory automation systems and electronic equipment in addition to machine tools. Amada's products are used in fields such as the auto, computer, camera, and electric appliance industries.

History
The company was incorporated in 1946. The company stocks are listed in Tokyo and Osaka Stock Exchanges.

In March 2013, Amada Co completed an approved takeover of Miyachi Corporation (MHC), making Miyachi America a consolidated subsidiary.

Citations

External links 

(English) 

Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies in the Nikkei 225
Manufacturing companies of Japan
Companies based in Kanagawa Prefecture
Machine tool builders
Japanese brands
Cone algorithm. In computational geometry, the cone algorithm is an algorithm for identifying the particles that are near the surface of an object composed of discrete particles.  Its applications include computational surface science and computational nanoscience. The cone algorithm was first described in a publication about nanogold in 2005.

The cone algorithm works well with clusters in condensed phases, including solid and liquid phases. It can handle the situations when one configuration includes multiple clusters or when holes exist inside clusters. It can also be applied to a cluster iteratively to identify multiple sub-surface layers.

References
 Yanting Wang, S. Teitel, and Christoph Dellago (2005), Melting of Icosahedral Gold Nanoclusters from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.  Journal of Chemical Physics vol. 122, pp 214722–214738.

External links
Cone Algorithm — Generic surface particle identification algorithm, Yanting Wang.

Molecular modelling software
Geometric algorithms
La Piedad Institute of Technology. The La Piedad Institute of Technology is a public university located in La Piedad, Michoacán, Mexico. It was founded in 1990. It is part of the Mexican public education system (SEP) and offers training for several careers. English is taught as a second language at the school.

History 

In 1990 the institute started operations in the buildings of another college, Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Industrial y de servicios No. 84, with programmes in Industrial Engineering, Business Administration, Computer Systems Engineering and Informatics.

Several years later it added a course of study for Electronics Engineering. Throughout its 17-year history, students at Tec La Piedad have several times won firsts, seconds and third place prizes at creativity contests, amongst institutes of technology from around the country.

The university has been the venue of regional sports tournaments, where the students took part in basketball, tennis, and soccer.

Academics 

The institute offers a variety of degree programs:

 Electronic Engineering
 Industrial Engineering
 Business Administration
 Computer Systems Engineering
 Informatics

Featured Engineers 

Ing. Miguel Angel Vázquez Jiménez
Ing. Ociel García Padilla

Research publications

Below is a list of published research papers produced by PhD students at the school.
Measurement of the non-isothermal cavity temperature distribution of a pyrolytic graphite high temperature blackbody radiator
Corrections of size-of-source effect and distance effect in radiometric measurements of radiance
An embedded language approach to router specification in Curry
An Embedded Language Approach to Router Specification in Curry (Book )
Numerical calculation of the Fresnel diffraction patterns for periodic objects in measurements with a two-aperture radiometer
Hardness measurements of metals with the complex refractive index
Mathematics I. Differential Calculation (in Spanish)

External links
Official Website (in Spanish) Including address and career information.
Trang thông tin

Universities and colleges in Michoacán
Universities and colleges established in 1990
1990 establishments in Mexico
Public universities and colleges in Mexico
Technical universities and colleges in Mexico