omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Curtiss Twin JN. The Curtiss Twin JN (retrospectively called the Model 1B and also known as the JN-5) was an experimental aircraft built by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company for the United States Army Air Service.  It was a biplane, designed for observation missions.

Based on the successful Curtiss JN-4, the Twin JN used the same wing structure, but the wingspan was extended by enlarging the center section.  Lateral control was achieved with the tail of a Curtiss R-4. The Twin JN was powered by a pair of 90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OXX-2 engines located between the wings.

One aircraft was evaluated by the United States Navy as a twin-float seaplane.

Operators

United States Army Air Service
United States Navy

Specifications

See also

References

 Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947. London:Putnam, 1979. .
Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, ON: Prospero Books, 1997.
 John Andrade, U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909, Midland Counties Publications, 1979, 

Twin JN, Curtiss
Twin JN
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Paint sealant. A paint sealant is a sealant that protects cars from ultraviolet rays and acid rain. Paint sealants protect cars' finishes, and can make cars shiny. There are synthetic sealants and carnauba waxes.

Salt may be a factor that many protective sealants do not defend against, and thus salt water may break down protective layers to get at the metal and corrode it.

Paint sealant works by filling into the pores and irregular surface of the body thereby creating a smooth finish on top. The way it helps is it denies a sticking surface to foreign substance and they come off the car easily without further damaging the car surface.

References

Coatings
Curtiss JN-6H. The Curtiss JN-6H (Model 1F) was an American biplane trainer aircraft built by Curtiss for the United States Army Air Service during World War I.

Design and development
Developed from the one-off JN-5H advanced trainer, the 6H had a superior aileron operation mechanism. It was used in a variety of roles, with stick and rudder in either one seat or both: JN-6HB single-control bomber trainer (154 built), JN-6HG-1 dual-control gunnery trainer (560 built), JN-6HG-2 single-control gunnery trainer (90 built), JN-6HO single-control observation trainer (106 built),and JN-6HP single-control pursuit trainer (125 built), a total of 1,035; five went to the Navy.

The airframe did not differ substantially from the JN-4H (Model 1E), and used the same 150 hp (112 kW) Hispano-Suiza 8A ("Hisso") V8, which weighed 408 lb (185 kg).

Some of the aircraft were modernized as the Curtiss JNH and later to the Curtiss JNS (JN Standard) with either a 180 hp (134 kW) Wright-Hispano E (as JNS-E) or 150 hp (112 kW) Wright-Hispano I engine (as JNS-I).

Variants
JN-6H
Bomber training variant
JN-6HB
Single-control bomber trainer, 154 built
JN-6HG-1
dual-control gunnery trainer, one dorsal guns, 560 built.
JN-6HG-2
single-control gunnery trainer, two dorsal guns, 90 built
JN-6HO
single-control observation trainer, 106 built
JN-6HP
Pursuit training version, 125 built.

Operators

United States Army Air Service
United States Navy

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Andrade, John. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. .
Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada: Prospero Books, 1997. .
Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "JN-4 and JN-6, Curtiss". Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare, Volume 14. London: Phoebus Publishing, 1978.

1910s United States military trainer aircraft
JN-6H
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
SStB – Gutenberg. The SStB - Gutenburg was a steam locomotive of the Südlichen Staatsbahn (SStB) or Southern National Railway of Austria-Hungary.

The locomotive was the last one ordered by the SStB. It was supplied by Georg Sigl in Vienna in 1857, and was the first locomotive he produced. The name Gutenberg refers to Johannes Gutenberg and results from the fact that Sigl originally built printing machines.

The locomotive was built in 1858 during the course of the privatization of Austrian national railways to the Südbahngesellschaft (SB) or Austrian Southern Railway, which assigned it the number 291 and the class number 12 (starting from 1864, class 17). It was retired from service in 1880.

References

 
 

Steam locomotives of Austria
Austrian Southern Railway Company steam locomotives
2-4-0 locomotives
Individual locomotives of Switzerland
Standard gauge locomotives of Austria
Railway locomotives introduced in 1857
Richard Sutcliffe (engineer). Richard Sutcliffe (26 January 1849 – 23 July 1930) was an Irish mining engineer and inventor, active in England.

He was born on a farm in County Tipperary and worked at coal mines in Ireland between 1857 and 1885. He moved to Barnsley, England in August 1885.  In 1892 he invented the world's first coal cutting machine.  In 1905 he invented the world's first underground conveyor belt. This invention revolutionized the mining industry by greatly reducing the amount of labour needed to transport coal. His company, Richard Sutcliffe Ltd., based in Horbury near Wakefield pioneered the manufacture of conveyor belts used in the mining and assembly line industries. His company devised many other types of mining equipment. His company also produced four documentaries about the manufacturing industry, directed by Lindsay Anderson between 1948 and 1954.

After his death, his children took over his business which was later bought out by a larger company. Today, his descendants run a company that manufactures playground equipment.

References and further reading

Sutcliffe, Richard Joseph Sutcliffe, Edward D. Richard Sutcliffe: The Pioneer of Underground Belt Conveying. Surrey, UK:  R.W. Simpson & Co, 1948

External links
Sutcliffe Play : Playground Equipment - Design and Manufacture at www.sutcliffeplay.co.uk
"Richard Sutcliffe" - Google Patents at www.google.com US patents
Esp@cenet results view at v3.espacenet.com Worldwide patents held

1849 births
1930 deaths
Irish mining engineers
Irish inventors
Engineers from County Tipperary
19th-century Irish engineers
20th-century Irish engineers
Rabbit (nuclear engineering). In the field of nuclear engineering, a rabbit is a pneumatically controlled tool used to insert small samples of material inside the core of a nuclear reactor, usually for the purpose of studying the effect of irradiation on the material. Some rabbits have special linings to screen out certain types of neutrons. (For example, the Missouri University of Science and Technology research reactor uses a cadmium-lined rabbit to allow only high-energy neutrons through to samples in its core.)

References 

Nuclear technology
International Energy Conservation Code. The International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) is a building code created by the International Code Council in 2000. It is a model code adopted by many states and municipal governments in the United States for the establishment of minimum design and construction requirements for energy efficiency. The code is updated every 3 years, to provide an ongoing standard of best practices for energy efficiency.

In addition to overall building standards the code defines the Climate Zones used in building, shown in this picture.  These should not be confused with the USDA plant Hardiness zone.

See also
EnergySmart Home Scale

References

External links
 Building Energy Codes Program by the US Department of Energy
 International Code Council

Building codes
Building engineering
Energy conservation
International standards
Fermi–Ulam model. The Fermi–Ulam model (FUM) is a dynamical system that was introduced by Polish mathematician Stanislaw Ulam in 1961.

FUM is a variant of Enrico Fermi's primary work on acceleration of cosmic rays, namely Fermi acceleration. The system consists of a particle that collides elastically between a fixed wall and a moving one, each of infinite mass.  The walls represent the magnetic mirrors with which the cosmic particles collide.

A. J. Lichtenberg  and M. A. Lieberman provided a simplified version of FUM (SFUM) that derives from the Poincaré surface of section  and writes

 

 

where  is the velocity of the particle after the -th collision with the fixed wall,  is the corresponding phase of the moving wall,   is the velocity law of the moving wall and  is the stochasticity parameter of the system.

If the velocity law of the moving wall is differentiable enough,  according to KAM theorem invariant curves in the phase space  exist. These invariant curves act as barriers that do not allow for a particle to further accelerate and the average velocity of a population of particles saturates after finite iterations of the map. For instance, for sinusoidal velocity law of the moving wall such curves exist, while they do not for sawtooth velocity law that is discontinuous. Consequently, at the first case particles cannot accelerate infinitely, reversely to what happens at the last one.

Over the years FUM became a prototype model for studying non-linear dynamics and coupled mappings.

The rigorous solution of the Fermi-Ulam problem (the velocity and energy of the particle are bounded) was given first by L. D. Pustyl'nikov in  (see also  and references therein).

In spite of these negative results, if one considers the Fermi–Ulam model in the framework of the special theory of relativity, then under some general conditions the energy of the particle tends to infinity for an open set of initial data.

2D generalization

Though the 1D Fermi–Ulam model does not lead to acceleration for smooth oscillations, unbounded energy growth has been observed in 2D billiards with oscillating boundaries, 
The growth rate of energy in chaotic billiards is found to be much larger than that in billiards that are integrable in the static limit.

Strongly chaotic billiard with oscillating boundary can serve as a paradigm for driven chaotic systems. In the experimental arena this topic arises in the theory of nuclear friction, and more recently in the studies of cold atoms that are trapped in optical billiards.  The driving induces diffusion in energy, and consequently the absorption coefficient is determined by the Kubo formula.

References

External links 
 Regular and Chaotic Dynamics: A widely acknowledged scientific book that treats FUM, written by A. J. Lichtenberg  and M. A. Lieberman (Appl. Math. Sci. vol 38) (New York: Springer).

Dynamical systems
Yukihiko Yaguchi. is a Japanese automotive engineer and designer responsible for the design of the first generation Lexus IS F.  Born in 1955, he has over 30 years of experience in car design, having worked as head of development and planning for Lexus, where he holds the title of chief engineer. His involvement with Lexus and Toyota is likely how the SC 300 received the renowned inline-6 2JZ-GE from the Mark IV Toyota Supra in a naturally aspirated format. Yaguchi previously worked on the development of the Toyota Chaser and all generations of the Toyota Supra.

Early life 

Yukihiko Yaguchi was raised by the Japanese tradition, which is very traditional and strict. At the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology he studied Mechanical Engineering but did not specialise in a subject. However, long before he studied mechanical engineering it was obvious to him that he would work for the Japanese automobile industry. At TMC (Toyota Motor Company) he found his first job. Yaguchi joined TMC in 1977.

Career 

After he graduated from the university, Yaguchi took part in an entry exam at Toyota and started to work with the company. One of his first projects was the design of the Toyota Supra. He worked on the Supra Mark 1, Mark 2, Mark 3 and Mark 4. Yaguchi was involved in the design of a variation of the Toyota Mark II model called the Chaser, which was intended to be a mix between a luxury car and a very sporty car. The car that resulted had the suspension and the engine of the Supra. This car can now be seen as predecessor of the Lexus IS F.

While he designed the Supra Yaguchi-san was at the 1980s birth of Lexus as a part the TMC. He spent a lot of time with the new designs for Lexus cars (especially Lexus LS 400) and became head of general development and planning for Lexus. In the year 2006 he was asked to manage the design for the IS F.

The IS F is the sports version of the normal Lexus IS sedan. For the IS F, Yaguchi was inspired by driving in a lot of other cars. In an interview, he said that he loves sports cars, but thinks it's a pity that the most sports cars have 2 seats instead of 4. Exactly that idea was the basis for the IS F.

References 

Japanese automotive engineers
Lexus
Living people
1955 births
Design around. In the field of patents, the phrase "to design around" means to design or invent an alternative to a patented invention that does not infringe the patent's claims. The phrase can also refer to the alternative itself.

Design-arounds are considered to be one of the benefits of patent law. By providing monopoly rights to inventors in exchange for disclosing how to make and use their inventions, others are given both the information and incentive to invent competitive alternatives that design around the original patent. In the field of vaccines, for example, design-arounds are considered fairly easy. It is often possible to use the original patent as a guide for developing an alternative that does not infringe the original patent.

Design-arounds can be a defense against patent trolls. The amount of license fee that a patent troll can demand is limited by the alternative of the cost of designing around the troll's patent(s).

In order to defend against design-arounds, inventors often develop a large portfolio of interlocking patents, sometimes called a patent thicket. Thus a competitor will have to avoid many patents when designing.

See also
 Essential patent
 Patent map
 Reinventing the wheel
 Workaround

References

Patent law
Intellectual property law
Paul-Martin Gallocher de Lagalisserie. Paul-Martin Gallocher de Lagalisserie (29 May 1805, Place Dauphine, Paris – 5 August 1871, Balbins, Isère) was a French engineer. He built a number of bridges in Paris and around the Île-de-France.  He was the son of Martin Pierre Gallocher de Lagalisserie and Marie Delphine Théodore Ménager.

Notable projects 
 Pont de l'Alma (1856)
 Pont des Invalides (1856)
 Pont Saint-Michel (1857), with Paul Vaudrey
 Pont au Change (1860)
 Pont de Solférino (1861)

References

1805 births
1871 deaths
French bridge engineers
Engineers from Paris
HMS Cameleon (1910). HMS Cameleon was one of 20 s built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s. Completed in 1910, she saw active service in the First World War.

Design and description
The Acorn class marked a return to oil-firing as pioneered in the Tribal or F class of 1905 and  of 1907. The Admiralty provided general specifications, but each shipyard did their own detailed design so that ships often varied in size. The Acorns had an overall length of , a beam of , and a deep draught of . The ships displaced  at deep load and their crew numbered 72 officers and ratings.

The destroyers were powered by a single Parsons steam turbine that drove three propeller shafts using steam provided by four Yarrow boilers. The engines developed a total of  and were designed for a speed of . Cameleon reached a speed of  from  during her sea trials. The Acorns had a range of  at a cruising speed of .

The primary armament of the ships consisted of a pair of BL  MK VIII guns in single, unprotected pivot mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. They were also armed with two single QF 12-pounder () guns, one on each broadside between the forward and centre funnels. These destroyers were equipped with a pair of single rotating mounts for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes amidships and carried two reload torpedoes.

Construction and career

Cameleon was ordered under the 1909–1910 Naval Programme from Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company. The ship was laid down at the company's Govan shipyard on 6 December 1909, launched on 2 June 1910 and commissioned in December. She was sold for scrap on 21 November 1921.

Citations

References

External links
 Acorn Class

Cameleon (1910)
Cameleon (1910)
1910 ships
IAV GmbH. IAV GmbH Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto und Verkehr, (literal Engineer Society Automobile and Traffic), abbreviated to IAV GmbH, is an engineering company in the automotive industry, designing products for powertrain, electronics and vehicle development.  Founded in Berlin in 1983 by Prof. Dr. Hermann Appel as a university-affiliated research institute, the company employs over 8,000 members of staff, and supplies automobile manufacturers and component suppliers.  In addition to development centres in Berlin, Chemnitz and Gifhorn, IAV operates at sites in France, United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, China, Japan, South Korea, Brazil and the United States.

Clients include the Volkswagen Group, BMW, Stellantis, Ford, GM, Porsche, Toyota, Claas and Liebherr.  Component manufacturer clients include Bosch, Aptiv, Continental, ZF Group, ETAS, Forvia, Freudenberg, Glatt, MWM, Schaeffler and Sonplas.

Shareholders
 the shareholders of IAV GmbH were:
Volkswagen AG - 50%
IAV GmbH - 20%
Continental Automotive GmbH - 10%
Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG - 10%
Vitesco Technologies GmbH - 10%

Subsidiaries
IAV has the following worldwide subsidiary companies:
Europe
Consulting4Drive GmbH
IAV Cars GmbH
IAV Fahrzeugsicherheit GmbH & Co. KG
IAV France SAS
IAV Automotive Engineering AB (Sweden)
IAV Poland Sp. z.o.o.
SynSpace Group GmbH
TRE GmbH

Asia
IAV Automotive Engineering (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.
IAV Co., Ltd. (Japan)
IAV Korea Co., Ltd.

North / South America
IAV Automotive Engineering Inc. (USA)
IAV do Brasil Ltda.

In-road electric vehicle charger 
In 2009 the company submitted a patent for an electric vehicle recharger that is built into the road. The technology would allow electric vehicles to be charged as they drive over roads embedded with a recessed wireless recharging strip, using electromagnetic induction.

See also 
 Ground-level power supply

References

External links
IAV.com official international portal

Automotive companies of Germany
Automotive engineering
Electric vehicle industry
Charging stations
Companies established in 1983
Volkswagen Group
Companies based in Berlin
TPE (cable system). TPE or Trans-Pacific Express is a submarine telecommunications cable linking China, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. The line is a US$500 million joint venture between 6 telecommunication companies China Telecom, China Netcom, China Unicom, Chunghwa Telecom, Korea Telecom, and Verizon Communications (AT&T and NTT joined in March 2008). Ownership of the cable is evenly split between the 6 participants. Construction of this 11,000 miles (approx. 17,700 km) line was completed in September 2008, and the Japan branch was completed in January 2010.

At the time of its construction, 5,547 gigabits per second of capacity was available across the Atlantic Ocean, but only 2,726 gigabits per second existed across the Pacific Ocean. Most links to China had to go through a hub in Japan, and access topped out at 155 Mbit/s. The TPE is more than 60 times the overall capacity of the existing cable directly linking the U.S. and China, and thus its construction was a major enhancement to the cable systems between the two nations. It is the first next-generation undersea optical cable system directly linking the U.S. and China, and was also the first major undersea system to land on the U.S. West Coast in more than seven years. Initially, the Trans-Pacific Express cable was configured to handle traffic at 1.28 terabits per second (Tbit/s), but the system has a design capacity of up to 5.12 Tbit/s. Customers can also book individual connections running at 10 Gbit/s.

Landing Points
The landing points of the cable are located in:
Chongming, Shanghai Municipality, China
Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
Maruyama, Chiba, Japan
Geoje, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea
Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)
Nedonna Beach, Oregon, United States

References

External links
 TPE page at the Atlantic-Cable.com History of Undersea Communications Website

Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Japan–United States relations
South Korea–United States relations
China–United States relations
China–Japan relations
China–South Korea relations
Japan–South Korea relations
Huff-Daland LB-1. The Huff-Daland LB-1 was an American biplane light bomber aircraft operated by the United States Army Air Service in the 1920s.

Derived from the XLB-1 prototype bought by the Army in 1923, the LB-1 development aircraft was powered by a single Packard 2A-2500 engine and carried an extra crewman. It proved underpowered in service trials, and was replaced by the twin-engined XLB-3.

Variants
XLB-1 Prototype aircraft, powered by an 800-hp (597-kW) Packard 1A-2500 piston engine; one built (S/N 23-1250).
LB-1 Single-engine light bomber biplane, powered by an 800-hp (597-kW) Packard 2A-2500 piston engine; nine built (S/N 26-377/385).

Operators

United States Army Air Service
11th Bomb Squadron

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, ON: Prospero Books, 1997. .
 Swanborough, F.G. and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963.
 Huff Daland LB-1 – National Museum of the United States Air Force

Biplanes
LB-01
Light bombers
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Huff-Daland LB-01
Minibrix. Minibrix were construction kits manufactured from 1935 to 1976 in the UK. Developed in 1935, they enabled children to build their own miniature houses. Like the later and more famous construction toy, Lego, Minibrix consisted primarily of interlocking bricks with moulded studs on the surface, but being invented before the availability of modern plastics they were made of hard rubber which had the necessary ability to deform under pressure to allow firm interlocking of studs and holes. When new this rubber gave firm interlocking; but, as surfaces rubbed away, cohesion lessened until components held together mainly by gravity. [Cite: personal experience.]

Minibrix were made by the Premo Rubber Company which traditionally made rubber shoe heels. Premo was a subsidiary of the I.T.S. Rubber Company, which had been founded in 1919 by Arnold Levy, and was located at Sandringham Road, Petersfield, Hampshire, England.

The origin of the Minibrix idea is unclear but Arnold may have seen the fibre-interlocking toy bricks of the early 1930s introduced by the Erector Company in America and the rubber interlocking bricks, called 'Bild-O-Brik' made in Pennsylvania, in 1934.  However, the actual design of the British bricks and the other elements of the Minibrix system are thought to have been the work of a Mr Gilbert, an ITS engineer, and patents for the product were applied for on 5 July 1935 in the names of the Premo Rubber Company and Arnold Levy.

Two series of kits were available in different styles for making Tudor and Modern buildings, and the bases, roofs and lintels were all, like the bricks, made of rubber.

See also
 Kiddicraft
 Erector set
 Lego
 Bayko
 Meccano

References

External links
 Fred Smallbone and Malcolm Hanson's "Minibrix.com" pages - extensive history and reference
 Museum of Childhood site
 Jackie's Architectural Pages
 Bricks that Interlock - Jackie's Architectural Pages
 Powerhouse museum in-depth article full of details
 Hampshire County Council, Museums Service, Childhood Collection

Construction toys
Products introduced in 1935
Toy brands
Toy companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct toy manufacturers