omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Qiana. Qiana ( ) is a silky nylon fiber developed in 1962 at the DuPont Experimental Station by Stanley Brooke Speck. The fiber was named Qiana when introduced by DuPont in 1968. Initially intended for high-end fashions, it became a popular material in the 1970s for faux-silk men's shirts, displaying bold patterns. The shirts were generally cut tight and included wide collars to fit over the collars of the double-knit suit coats, which were worn popularly to discos.

Qiana is described in U.S. patent 3249591 as a polyamide fabric having improved resilience and silk-like hand, combined with superior wash-wear performance. The polymer is prepared from 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane and dodecanedioic acid. DuPont registered "QIANA" as a trademark in 1968. The trademark was not maintained and expired in 1992.

Although the fiber described in the above patent provided "wash and wear" properties because of the chemical composition of the polymer, fabrics from this fiber did not have the aesthetic properties of silk desired in the total Qiana product package.  To provide silk-like aesthetics differential shrinkage technology was added to the basic polymer technology wherein half of the fibers in a yarn bundle shrink more than the other half.  This technology is described in U.S. Patent # 3,416,302 granted December 17, 1968, to Dr. Robert H. Knospe, assignor to E.I. du Pont de Nemours.

References

External links
U.S. Patent 3249591 filed June 1, 1962, issued May 3, 1966
Trademark 72298898 filed May 23, 1968, issued November 19, 1968
U.S. Patent 3416302 filed September 12, 1967, issued December 17, 1968

DuPont products
Brand name materials
Synthetic fibers
Products introduced in 1962
Plymouth Avenue Bridge. The Plymouth Avenue Bridge is a segmental bridge that spans the Mississippi River in Minneapolis. It was built in 1983 and was designed by Van Doren-Hazard-Stallings. The construction of this bridge was unique, for it was the first segmental concrete girder bridge built in Minnesota. This method of design uses a "form traveler" that shapes the concrete as it is built out from the piers. This avoided the use of falsework and avoided impeding river traffic. The concrete is also engineered to be salt-resistant by the use of post-tensioning. Tubes run through the concrete structure carrying strands of cable. With tension on the cables, the structure is designed to be under compression. This prevents cracks and hinders the intrusion of salt water. Since then, other bridges in Minnesota have used this construction method, including the I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge in Minneapolis, the Wabasha Street Bridge in downtown St. Paul, and the Wakota Bridge in South St. Paul.

The original bridge at this location was a wooden Howe truss design, built in 1873. It was built when Minneapolis, then only on the west side of the river, consolidated with the city of St. Anthony, on the east side of the river. As part of the merger, Minneapolis agreed to build two bridges, one upstream of the Hennepin Avenue Bridge and one downstream. That bridge was replaced in 1886 with an iron truss bridge. It was remodeled in 1913 and then raised in 1953 for more clearance. The bridge was closed in 1981 because the floor beams were deteriorated by corrosion over the years. The current bridge was constructed two years later.

On Friday, October 22, 2010, the Plymouth Avenue Bridge was closed indefinitely "as a precaution, pending further investigation after a routine inspection discovered corrosion on cables that run through the bridge." The bridge was reopened to foot traffic on Thursday, January 6, 2011, after engineers determined that the bridge was safe for pedestrian and bicycle use. Use by vehicular traffic was not allowed until corroded cables could be replaced, a project that, following several delays, was completed as of August 9, 2013.

References

Bridges in Minneapolis
Bridges over the Mississippi River
Bridges completed in 1983
Concrete bridges in the United States
Girder bridges in the United States
Road bridges in Minnesota
Shared-use paths in Minneapolis
Cadmium iodide. Cadmium iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdI2.  It is a white hygroscopic solid.  It also can be obtained as a mono- and tetrahydrate. It has few applications. It is notable for its crystal structure, which is typical for compounds of the form MX2 with strong polarization effects.

Preparation
Cadmium iodide is prepared by the addition of cadmium metal, or its oxide, hydroxide or carbonate to hydroiodic acid. Also, the compound can be made by heating cadmium with iodine.

Applications 
Historically, cadmium iodide was used as a catalyst for the Henkel process, a high-temperature isomerisation of dipotassium phthalate to yield the terephthalate. The salt was then treated with acetic acid to yield potassium acetate and commercially valuable terephthalic acid.

While uneconomical compared to the production of terephthalic acid from p-xylene, the Henkel method has been proposed as a potential route to produce terephthalic acid from furfural. As existing Bio-PET is still reliant on petroleum as a source of p-xylene, the Henkel process could theoretically offer a completely bioplastic route to polyethylene terephthalate.

Crystal structure

In cadmium iodide the iodide anions form a hexagonal closely packed arrangement while the cadmium cations fill all of the octahedral sites in alternate layers. The resultant structure consists of a layered lattice. This same basic structure is found in many other salts and minerals. Cadmium iodide is mostly ionically bonded but with partial covalent character.

Cadmium iodide's crystal structure is the prototype on which the crystal structures of many other compounds can be considered to be based. Compounds with any of the following characteristics tend to adopt the CdI2 structure:

 Iodides of moderately polarising cations; bromides and chlorides of strongly polarising cations
 Hydroxides of dications, i.e. compounds with the general formula M(OH)2
 Sulfides, selenides and tellurides (chalcogenides) of tetracations, i.e. compounds with the general formula MX2, where X = S, Se, Te

References

Cadmium compounds
Iodides
Metal halides
Photographic chemicals
Crystal structure types
Cadmium tungstate. Cadmium tungstate (CdWO4 or CWO), the cadmium salt of tungstic acid, is a dense, chemically inert solid which is used as a scintillation crystal to detect gamma rays. It has density of 7.9 g/cm3 and melting point of 1325 °C. It is toxic if inhaled or swallowed. Its crystals are transparent, colorless, with slight yellow tint. It is odorless. Its CAS number is . It is not hygroscopic.

The crystal is transparent and emits light when it is hit by gamma rays and x-rays, making it useful as a detector of ionizing radiation. Its peak scintillation wavelength is 480 nm (with emission range between 380 and 660 nm), and efficiency of 13000 photons/MeV. It has a relatively high light yield, its light output is about 40% of NaI(Tl), but the time of scintillation is quite long (12−15 μs). It is often used in computed tomography. Combining the scintillator crystal with externally applied piece of boron carbide allows construction of compact detectors of gamma rays and neutron radiation.

Cadmium tungstate was used as a replacement of calcium tungstate in some fluoroscopes since the 1940s. Very high radiopurity allows use of this scintillator as a detector of rare nuclear processes (double beta decay, other rare alpha and beta decays) in low-background applications. For example, the first indication of the natural alpha activity of tungsten (alpha decay of 180W) was found in 2003 with CWO detectors. Due to different time of light emission for different types of ionizing particles, the alpha-beta discrimination technique has been developed for CWO scintillators.

Cadmium tungstate films can be deposited by sol-gel technology. Cadmium tungstate nanorods can be synthesized by a hydrothermal process.

Similar materials are calcium tungstate (scheelite) and zinc tungstate.

It is toxic, as are all cadmium compounds.

References

External links
Scintillator materials

Cadmium compounds
Tungstates
Phosphors and scintillators
EMSA. EMSA may stand for:

Acronyms 
Egyptian Medical Students' Association
Electron Microscopy Society of America former name of the Microscopy Society of America
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
Emergency Medical Services Alliance, in Marion County, Florida, United States
Emergency Medical Services Authority, In Oklahoma City and Tulsa, OK
Emsa (Household goods) manufacturer from Germany 
Encoding Method for Signature Appendix, a method used in RSA cryptographic signing in PKCS #1
European Magnetic Sensors and Actuators
European Maritime Safety Agency
European Masters Sports Association, the organization responsible for bidding and placing athletic competitions
European Medical Students' Association, in Brussels, Belgium
European Multiple System Atrophy study group

Location 
 Emsa: a small archaeological site near Tetouan, Morocco
Haiphong Carriage Company. Haiphong Carriage Company is a Vietnamese railcar manufacturer. The company supplies cars to Vietnam Railways.

Products

 Air-conditioned soft seat coach
 Hard berth coach  
 Berth coach 
 Double-deck car 
 Dining car 
 Civil service and generator car 
 Wagon G-G
 Container car 
 Composite car P 
 Covered car  
 Air suspension bogie
 Window car 
 Soft seat 
 Other spare parts

References

 

Rail vehicle manufacturers of Vietnam
Kosmo (GIS). Kosmo is a desktop geographic information system (GIS) with advanced functions. It is the first of a series of developments that are being made available to the community.

Kosmo was implemented using the Java programming language and is being developed from the JUMP GIS platform and a series of free code libraries, all of which are well acknowledged and widely used in different free software projects (for example, Geotools and JTS). It is available for Windows and Linux operating systems.

It is a tool for visualizing and processing spatial data, characterized by its friendly user interface and access to multiple data formats, both vectorial (in a file, such as Shapefile, GML, KML, DWG and DXF, or a database, such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, or Oracle) and raster (TIFF, ECW, MrSID, or other georeferenced image files, such as BMP, GIF, JPEG, or PNG). It can also edit and offer a variety of utilities to the GIS user, like support for [www.sextantegis.com/ Sextante] libraries for raster and vector analysis

One of its main characteristics is the possibility of increasing functionality, based on extensions.

Kosmo was developed by a company called SAIG S.L. (in Spanish Sistemas Abiertos de Información Geográfica - Open Geographical Information Systems), and is distributed under the GNU General Public License.

Kosmo offers several products:

Kosmo Server: Raster and vectorial cartography server

Kosmo Desktop: desktop GIS with powerful query, edition and analysis tools

Kosmo Web Client: cartographic browser for connection with services based on OGC standards

Kosmo Mobile: GIS software for mobile devices

Other way, how to get better raster data processing possibilities (gridding, interpolation, geostatistics) is to use Kosmo together with other gis software like SAGA GIS.

References

External links 
 Kosmo Website
 Article about Kosmo (in Russian), PDF format
 Kosmo page in OSGEO Live

Free GIS software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Joseph Petavel. Sir Joseph Ernest Petavel KBE FRS D.Sc. (14 August 1873 – 31 March 1936) was a British physicist and the 2nd Director of the National Physical Laboratory. 

He was born in London and educated at Lausanne, Geneva, before he joined University College, London, in 1893, where he studied mechanical and electrical engineering. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907.

He was the second director of the NPL in Bushy Park from 1919 to 1936, living in Bushy House. During his time there he devised the Petavel gauge for the measurement of the pressures within exploding gases.

He was invested Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours for his wartime work as Chairman of Aerodynamics Sub-Committee of the Advisory Committee on Aeronautics.

He died at Bushy House and was buried in the west side of Highgate Cemetery.

References

External links

 Sir Joseph Ernest Petavel

1873 births
1936 deaths
Scientists from London
Alumni of University College London
Directors of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Jerzy Drzewiecki. Jerzy Drzewiecki (7 August 1902 – 15 May  1990) was a Polish aeroplane constructor, an engineer and one of the founders of the RWD construction bureau, along with Rogalski and Wigura. He was born in Warsaw. Among his most notable constructions is the RWD-7 aeroplane.

During World War II he went to Britain and became a ferry pilot with the Air Transport Auxiliary, taking new and damaged aircraft from one airfield to another.

He went to live in Canada and died in 1990 in Ottawa.

Polish aerospace engineers
Polish emigrants to Canada
Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
People from Warsaw Governorate
Engineers from Warsaw
1902 births
1990 deaths
Paser. A PASER (an acronym from Particle Acceleration  by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a device that accelerates a coherent beam of electrons.  This process was demonstrated for the first time in 2006 at the Brookhaven National Lab by a team of physicists from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology.

Relativistic electrons from a conventional particle accelerator pass through a vibrationally excited carbon dioxide medium in which the electrons undergo millions of collisions with excited carbon dioxide molecules and are accelerated in a coherent fashion.  No heat is generated in this quantum energy transfer, thus all the energy transferred to the electrons is used in accelerating the electrons.  The electron beam created from this process may result in electrons that are highly collimated in velocity in comparison to other acceleration methods.

The vibrationally excited carbon dioxide is the same medium used in a carbon dioxide laser. This medium resonantly amplifies light with a wavelength near 10.6 or 9.4 micrometers, corresponding to a frequency of approximately 30 terahertz. In order to be accelerated, incident electrons must be microbunched at this frequency. An appropriately bunched electron beam strikes excited carbon dioxide molecules resonantly in order to efficiently stimulate energy emission.

See also
 Laser

References

Electron
Particle accelerators
Allan D. Emil Memorial Award. The Allan D. Emil Memorial Award is presented every year at the Congress of the International Astronautical Federation.

It has been presented annually, since 1977, for an outstanding contribution in space science, space technology, space medicine, or space law which involved the participation of more than one nation and/or which furthered the possibility of greater international cooperation in astronautics.

The award consists of a certificate citation and a stipend donated by the Emil family.

Recipients 

 1977: Charles Stark Draper
 1978: Konstantin Bushuyev, Glynn Lunney
 1979: 
 1980: Thomas P. Stafford
 1981: Peter Jankowitsch, Leonid I. Sedov
 1982: Roger Chevalier
 1983: Roy Gibson
 1984: Luboš Perek
 1985: Hans E.W. Hoffmann
 1986: Robert Freitag
 1987: Ruedeger Reinhard, Burton Edelson, , Roald Sagdeev, 
 1988: 
 1989: Johannes Geiss
 1990: Oleg Gazenko, , Karl Klein
 1991: Guy Severin, 
 1992: George Müller, U. Ram Rao
 1993: Hubert Curien
 1994: 
 1995: Karl H. Doetsch
 1996: Anatoly Grigoriev
 1997: James Harford
 1998: Alvaro Azcarraga
 1999: Edward C. Stone
 2000: Marcio Barbosa
 2001: Richard Kline
 2002: Jean-Claude Husson
 2003: Liu Jiyuan
 2004: Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan
 2005: 
 2006: 
 2007: Gerhard Haerendel
 2008: Conrad Lautenbacher
 2009: Wei Sun
 2010: 
 2011: Kuniaki Shiraki
 2012: 
 2013: Ma Xingrui
 2014: K. Radhakrishnan
 2015: Virendra Jha
 2016: Charles Elachi
 2017: Lei Fanpei
 2018: Xia Guohong
 2019: Joan Vernikos
 2020: Kailasavadivoo Sivan

See also

 List of space technology awards

External links
 Allan D. Emil Memorial Award | IAF

References 

Awards established in 1977
Space-related awards
Typed assembly language. In computer science, a typed assembly language (TAL) is an assembly language that is extended to include a method of annotating the datatype of each value that is manipulated by the code. These annotations can then be used by a program (type checker) that processes the assembly language code in order to analyse how it will behave when it is executed.  Specifically, such a type checker can be used to prove the type safety of code that meets the criteria of some appropriate type system.  

Typed assembly languages usually include a high-level memory management system based on garbage collection.

A typed assembly language with a suitably expressive type system can be used to enable the safe execution of untrusted code without using an intermediate representation like bytecode, allowing features similar to those currently provided by virtual machine environments like Java and .NET.

See also 
 Proof-carrying code

Further reading 
 Greg Morrisett. "Typed assembly language" in Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages. Editor: Benjamin C. Pierce.

External links 
TALx86, a research project from Cornell University which has implemented a typed assembler for the Intel IA-32 architecture.

Assembly languages
Programming language theory
Cybersecurity engineering
Oleg Sushkov. Oleg Sushkov is a professor at the University of New South Wales and a leader in the field of high temperature super-conductors. Educated in Russia in quantum mechanics and nuclear physics, he now teaches in Australia.

Education
 1974 MSc, Novosibirsk State University, Russia 
 1978 PhD in physics, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
 1984 Doctor of Science (Habilitation), Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia

Awards and recognition
 Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, 2011 - 2015, University of New South Wales 
 Alexander von Humbold Research Award (Germany), 2006
 Lenin Komsomol State Prize in Science (Soviet Union), 1982

Selected publications 

, Google Scholar estimates that Sushkov's h-index is 53.

References

External links
 Google Scholar list for Oleg Sushkov

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Russian physicists
Russian nuclear physicists
Australian physicists
Australian nuclear physicists
Australian people of Russian descent
Ambalamedu. Ambalamedu is a suburb of the city of Kochi in Kerala, India. Ambalamedu is located near the border of the former states of Travancore and Cochin and lies on a lake.

History 
Ambalamedu is now associated with the Cochin Division of the Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Ltd. (FACT), a public enterprise. FACT, then under its illustrious chairman and managing director, M.K.K. Nair, acquired about 1500 acres (6 km²) of land in the mid-1960s for the construction of an ammonia and urea manufacturing plants. Construction of the factory and the township commenced in 1966 under the able supervision of Chief Engineer Ranganathan. The native population that held agricultural land in the area were rehabilitated outside the township.

To meet the high demand of water in manufacturing fertilizer, over 250 acres (1 km²) of paddy fields were converted into a lake by constructing an earthen dam and water brought in through a canal from Bhoothathankettu dam, near Kothamangalam. At the centre of the lake is an island on which the Ambalamedu House is situated. An exquisite building complex that blends modern architecture with the traditional Kerala style, it served as the division's main guest house.

Along the shores of the lake are houses built incorporating many elements of Kerala's unique architecture. Most of the houses overlook the lake with no buildings to obstruct the view. The township is thus a very rare example of a planned industrial township that is designed in the most aesthetic manner accentuating the beauty and ambience of nature surrounding it. With conserving many trees and rare plants, the township is built beautifully in a lush greenery with all major facilities including, schools, parks, stores and hospital, which makes it one of its kind. Ambalamedu flourished from the 1960s through the 1990s. It was truly a tranquil paradise that so marvellously masked the grime and smoke of the industrial complex surrounding it.

Unfortunately, with the public sector company in financial trouble due to the liberalization of the markets and consequent loss of government subsidies for fertilizer manufacture while under a regulated price regime, Ambalamedu township fell into bad times. Wanton pollution from the nearby factories such as Carbon Black near Karimugal turned it into an undesirable place to live. FACT employees slowly abandoned the township and today many of the houses remain empty and in a very poor state of repair.

Landmarks 

 Ambalamedu High School

Temples 
Harimattom temple is the well-known in ambalamedu. "Shankara Narayana" sangamam is the speciality of this temple. "Harimattom Pooram" is the celebration in here. Various cultural and traditional activities can be arranged in here. "Ambalamedu kalakshettra" is one of the part of this temple. It should have a traditional background. Various persons presented various traditional programs. "Ambalamedu Kalakshettra" is the heart beat of ambalamedu.

Location 
Ambalamedu is around 8 kilometers from Tripunithura on the way from Thripunithura to Aluva via Karimugal. The distance from Aluva to Ambalamedu is 20 kilometers.

References 

Cities and towns in Ernakulam district
Fornacite. Fornacite is a rare lead, copper chromate arsenate hydroxide mineral with the formula: Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH). It forms a series with the phosphate mineral vauquelinite.  It forms variably green to yellow, translucent to transparent crystals in the monoclinic – prismatic crystal system. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.3 and a specific gravity of 6.27.

It was first described in 1915 and named after Lucien Lewis Forneau (1867–1930) the governor of the French Congo. Its type locality is in Reneville, Republic of Congo.

It occurs in the oxidized zone of ore deposits and is associated with dioptase, wulfenite, hemihedrite, phoenicochroite, duftite, mimetite, shattuckite, chrysocolla, hemimorphite, willemite and fluorite.

References

Lead minerals
Copper(II) minerals
Chromate minerals
Arsenate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14