omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Maria C. Tamargo. Maria C. Tamargo is a leading Cuban-American scientist in compound semiconductors and materials science. She is a professor of chemistry at The City College of New York.

Life and education 
Maria Tamargo was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in 1951 to Cuban parents. She lived in Havana, Cuba, from 1952 to 1962, at which time she moved with her family to the United States and has lived there ever since.

Maria Tamargo received her first degree (B.S.) in chemistry from the University of Puerto Rico in 1972. She moved to Johns Hopkins University where she completed an M.S. in chemistry in 1974 followed by a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1978.

She is married to MacRae Maxfield, also a chemist and educator, and has two children, Nicolas and Marcela Maxfield.

Research and career 
Maria Tamargo's research covers a wide range of compound semiconductors and she has particular expertise in molecular beam epitaxy.

After completing her Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins University she spent several years as technical staff at AT&T Bell Labs (1978-1984) and Bellcore (1984-1993).

In 1993 she became a professor of chemistry at City College of New York. She is a member of the doctoral faculty in chemistry and physics at the CUNY Graduate Center, and electrical engineering at CCNY. Between 2001 and 2007 she held the post of dean of science at City College of New York. She is currently the center director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) CREST Center for Interface Design and Engineered Assembly of Low Dimensional Systems (IDEALS).

She is also the author of over 300 papers in the field of semiconductor research. She holds a number of patents.

Awards and Prizes 
Tamargo was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2000 for "significant original contributions to the development and understanding of the growth and properties of novel semiconductor materials and heterostructures, in particular, in the field of wide bandgap II-VI compounds."

In 2017 she received the MBE Innovator Award from the North American Conference of Molecular Beam Epitaxy for “advancing the growth of wide-bandgap II-VI semiconductors by molecular beam epitaxy and demonstrating their unique physical properties and potential novel device applications”.

She was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2020 for "forging the way toward an inclusive science and engineering research community and for contributions to molecular-beam epitaxy of semiconductor materials."

Publications
Tamargo edited a book titled "II-VI Semiconductor Materials and their Applications", which is part of the series "Optoelectronic properties of semiconductors and superlattices".

References

Living people
1951 births
City College of New York faculty
21st-century American chemists
American women chemists
21st-century American women scientists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Materna coat of arms. Materna is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by one szlachta family in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

See also
 Heraldry
 Polish heraldry
 List of Polish nobility coats of arms 
 Ślepowron coat of arms
 Korwin coat of arms

Sources 
 Dynastic Genealogy 
 Ornatowski.com 
 Słownik genealogiczny - leksykon

References 

Polish coats of arms
Bending stiffness. The bending stiffness () is the resistance of a member against bending deflection/deformation. It is a function of the Young's modulus , the second moment of area  of the beam cross-section about the axis of interest, length of the beam and beam boundary condition. Bending stiffness of a beam can analytically be derived from the equation of beam deflection when it is applied by a force.

where  is the applied force and  is the deflection. According to elementary beam theory, the relationship between the applied bending moment  and the resulting curvature  of the beam is:

where  is the deflection of the beam and  is the distance along the beam. Double integration of the above equation leads to computing the deflection of the beam, and in turn, the bending stiffness of the beam.
Bending stiffness in beams is also known as Flexural rigidity.

See also
 Applied mechanics
 Beam theory
 Bending
Stiffness

References

External links
 Efunda's beam calculator

Beam theory
Continuum mechanics
Structural analysis
SR Merchant Navy Class 35006 Peninsular & Oriental S. N. Co.. 35006 Peninsular & Oriental S. N. Co. is a Southern Railway rebuilt Merchant Navy Class 4-6-2 steam locomotive. It was built at Eastleigh locomotive works in December 1941 and given the Southern Railway number 21C6. Although the first two members of the Merchant Navy class had their air-smoothed casings made of sheet steel, 21C6 was one of eight in which the casing was made of asbestos board, with a visible horizontal fixing strip along the centre line.

21C6 was allocated to Salisbury Shed where it remained based throughout its working life. Its first livery was unlined black, with hand-painted lettering in gilt with black blocking and yellow highlights. In December 1942, the locomotive's Bulleid chain-driven valve gear failed near Honiton on an evening goods service when one of the valve chains parted, throwing oil over the boiler cladding, track and lineside vegetation, which then ignited.

After Nationalisation in 1948, the locomotive was renumbered as 35006. From November 1955, all members of the Merchant Navy class were substantially rebuilt, with 35006 and 35028 Clan Line being the last two examples to be modified in October 1959. Rebuilding included the removal of the air-smoothed casing, and the fitting of Walschaerts valve gear. 

35006 was withdrawn in August 1964, with a final mileage of 1,134,319. It was bought by Dai Woodham for £350 and sent to Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, South Wales. Whilst at the scrapyard, the tender, which was notable for being used only with 35006 for its entire working life, was sold to a group restoring another Merchant Navy locomotive, and many fittings were removed from the engine. The remains of 35006 were purchased for preservation in 1983 with the intention of restoring it to running order. The locomotive was moved to Toddington, the principal station of the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway. It was the 144th locomotive to leave that scrapyard.

Restoration was a long drawn out affair. On 10 August 2015, 35006 moved under its own power for the first time in over 50 years, albeit with only two of the three cylinders connected. During April and May 2016, the locomotive undertook light engine and loaded test runs. The first public runs were during the GWSR's Cotswold Festival of Steam gala at the end of May, and the locomotive is now operational.

References

External links

35006 Website

Merchant Navy 35006
Locomotives saved from Woodham Brothers scrapyard
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
individual locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1941
4-6-2 locomotives
Quantum bus. A quantum bus is a device which can be used to store or transfer information between independent qubits in a quantum computer, or combine two qubits into a superposition. It is the quantum analog of a classical bus.

There are several physical systems that can be used to realize a quantum bus, including trapped ions, photons, and superconducting qubits. Trapped ions, for example, can use the quantized motion of ions (phonons) as a quantum bus, while photons can act as a carrier of quantum information by utilizing the increased interaction strength provided by cavity quantum electrodynamics. Circuit quantum electrodynamics, which uses superconducting qubits coupled to a microwave cavity on a chip, is another example of a quantum bus that has been successfully demonstrated in experiments.

History
The concept was first demonstrated by researchers at Yale University and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2007. Prior to this experimental demonstration, the quantum bus had been described by scientists at NIST as one of the possible cornerstone building blocks in quantum computing architectures.

Mathematical description 
A quantum bus for superconducting qubits can be built with a resonance cavity. The hamiltonian for a system with qubit A, qubit B, and the resonance cavity or quantum bus connecting the two is  where  is the single qubit hamiltonian,  is the raising or lowering operator for creating or destroying excitations in the th qubit, and  is controlled by the amplitude of the D.C. and radio frequency flux bias.

References 

Quantum information science
Quantum electronics
111 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force. The 111 Squadron "Jaeger" was formed when the Republic of Singapore Air Force acquired four Grumman E-2C Hawkeye Airborne Early Warning aircraft in 1987. Based at Tengah Air Base, its primary function is to perform airborne surveillance and early warning. Other functions include Aircraft Intercept Control, Surface Surveillance, Search and Rescue and Air Traffic Control.

The unit is represented by the Jaeger, a vigilant and courageous hawk-like bird whose vigilance is aptly reflected in their motto "Vigilance in Control".

History
Since the early 1990s, as one of the signatory members of Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA), Singapore has regularly deployed the squadron's Hawkeye to participate in the air exercise part of the Integrated Air Defence System (IADS) phase.

Overview
In 2001, RSAF working together with the Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) upgraded the entire computer and software systems of the E-2C. State-of-the-art equipment was adapted to the harsh military environment and millions of lines of code were rewritten. Interfaces between the various E-2C subsystems were also designed and enhanced.

The RSAF acquired four Gulfstream G550 jets with the IAI EL/W-2085 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) dual-band phased array radar (a newer derivative of the Phalcon system) for CAEW duties from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) in 2007, at least 2 aircraft were delivered in late 2008 and are expected to be fully operational by 2010. Not included in the deal is an additional G550 as an AEW trainer, which will be acquired and maintained by ST Aerospace on behalf of RSAF.

During the 2010 Singapore Airshow, the squadron unveiled the new aircraft, which had been further upgraded, at the display pavilion.

Aircraft operated
4× E-2C Hawkeyes (USN BuNos 162793/162796, RSAF serials 011/012/014/015, 1987–2010s)
4× G550 CAEW (2008–present)

References

External links
RSAF web page on 111 Sqn & Tengah Air Base (TAB)

Video links

Squadrons of the Republic of Singapore Air Force
Tengah
FFA AS 202 Bravo. The AS/SA 202 Bravo is a two to three-seat civil light aircraft jointly designed and manufactured by the Swiss company Flug- und Fahrzeugwerke Altenrhein (FFA) and the Italian company Savoia-Marchetti. The aircraft was designated the AS 202 in Switzerland, and the SA 202 in Italy.

Savoia-Marchetti manufactured the wings, undercarriage and engine installation, while FFA manufactured the fuselage, tail and controls, while  both companies had assembly plants manufacturing the complete aircraft.

The first Swiss model flew on 9 March 1969, the first Italian aircraft following on 8 May.

Bravo is a rugged all-metal low-wing monoplane with a full vision canopy.  Its tricycle landing gear is fixed.

34 15s and 180 18s were built, with most in service with military customers.  The biggest civil operator was Patria Pilot Training at Helsinki-Malmi Airport, Finland during 2000–2011.

Variants
AS/SA 202/10
 With 115 hp Lycoming O-235-C2A engine
AS/SA 202/15
 With 150 hp Lycoming O-320-E2A engine, fixed pitch propeller, optional third aft seat
AS/SA 202/18A
 With 180 hp Lycoming AEIO-360-B1F engine, constant speed propeller, third aft seat, fully aerobatic.
AS/SA 202/26A
With 195 kW (260hp) Lycoming AEIO-540 engine. Only one aircraft was manufactured so far.
AS 32T Turbo Trainer
Two-seat tandem trainer aircraft, powered by a 268 kW (360-hp) Allison 250-B17C turboprop engine. Only one aircraft was manufactured.
FFA 2000 / FFT 2000 / Eurotrainer 2000
Composite derivative
Gomolzig AS-202 BRAVO NG
modern version of the FFA AS 202 Bravo, since 2020

Operators

Civil operators
 
 Patria Pilot Training – 7 aircraft in 2000–2011. Patria's Bravos are ex-British Aerospace Flying College aircraft. BAE Flying College owned 11 aircraft, but 1 was lost in Scotland claiming 2 lives. Remaining 10 aircraft were sold to private Finnish flying school Pilot Factory, which merged with Patria in 2004–2005. 
7 aircraft out of original 10 remain in service. During merger with Patria, one aircraft was sold to private owner. Night-time accident at Helsinki-Malmi airport in 2002 claimed no lives but hull was damaged beyond repair. In August 2010 one aircraft veered off the runway at Helsinki-Malmi and was written off.

Patria's Bravos were replaced with Tecnam P2002JF.

 
 Uganda Central Flying School – 8 aircraft.

Military operators
 
 Ugandan Air Force – 1 aircraft in 2012

Former military operators
 
 Indonesian Air Force – 40 aircraft. Replaced by G 120TP in 2013 – 2014
 
 Iraqi Air Force
 
 Royal Jordanian Air Force
 
 Royal Moroccan Air Force – 10 aircraft.
 Royal Air Maroc – 5 aircraft.
 
 Royal Air Force of Oman 
 Royal Flight of Oman – 4 aircraft.

Specifications (202/15)

See also

References

Bravo
Savoia-Marchetti aircraft
1960s international civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1969
Resistive skin time. The resistive skin time is a characteristic time of typical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena, describing the diffusion time associated with a resistive wall mode (RWM). Due to this, it is also sometimes referred to as the wall skin time or resistive wall skin time.

Definition
The resistive skin time is defined as:

where  is the resistivity,  is a typical radius of the RWM and  is the magnetic permeability. This formula is distinct from, but analogous to the generalized diffusion time formula , where D is the diffusion coefficient. The interpretation of this means that the quantity  (which has units of ) serves as the diffusion coefficient when describing RWMs.

Uses 
While the resistive skin time is often referenced in journals concerning RWMs, it is almost never a primary focus of the study, but rather a time scale used to reference other occurrences in the RWM. Most commonly, it is used to describe events whose timescales are short enough that the overall evolution of the RWM has little impact on individual events. It may also be compared to the Alfvén time, to describe a specific wave interation with the RWM.

Notes

References 
Magnetohydrodynamics
Newag 14WE. 14WE (original project names EN57/M and Halny; one unit also called EN61 mainly used for "papal train" excursion services) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) produced by Newag in Nowy Sącz, Poland. They are essentially heavily reconstructed PKP class EN57 EMU, of early-1960s vintage, reusing only their underframes.

The trainset consists of driver car (type 410B), motor car (type 309B) and driver car (410B), with four passenger doors per car (two on each side).  The 14WE is designed for suburban commuter traffic, with the carrying capacity of 192 seats and (nominally) 255 standing places.  It is air conditioned and can be used with platforms  high.

The trainset has Scharfenberg couplers, which are standard on all Polish EMUs.  They are placed at the height of , according to an UIC recommendation, whereas the Polish practice is .  This creates operational problems in cases of a breakdown.

References 

 This article is largely based on the corresponding Polish WP page 
 Technical data from the SKM website

External links 
 
 Manufacturer website 

Electric multiple units of Poland
3000 V DC multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2005
Brems (automobile). Brems was the brand name of a Danish automobile, built between 1900 and 1907. The company was based in Viborg and built only a small number of cars. Brems No. 1 Type A the 1900. The car was manufactured by Julius Brems, who started the first car factory in Denmark. The car was first tested on 5 June 1900. The car had two forward gears and a 2-cylinder engine with a top speed of approximately 26 km/h and ran around 225 km on a tank, and had a fuel efficiency of around 21 km per liter of gasoline. Julius Brems only produced eight cars, with the last one being manufactured in 1908.

External links 
 http://www.gtue-oldtimerservice.de

Car manufacturers of Denmark
Dansk (automobile). Dansk (also known as Dansk & Christiansen) was the brand name of cars built by Dansk Automobil & Cyclefabrik in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 1901 and 1907. The company had been a bicycle repair shop before venturing into automobile construction. It built three- and four-wheel light cars with German Cudell engines. The factory also produced light buses and trucks in small numbers.

References

External links 
 http://www.gtue-oldtimerservice.de

Car manufacturers of Denmark
Computer Russification. In computing, Russification involves the localization of computers and software, allowing the user interface of a computer and its software to communicate in the Russian language using Cyrillic script.

Problems associated with Russification before the advent of Unicode included the absence of a single character-encoding standard for Cyrillic (see Cyrillic script#Computer encoding).

History of the MS-DOS Russification
The first official Russification of MS-DOS was carried out for MS-DOS 4.01 in 1989/1990, released on . In Microsoft, the Russification project manager and one of its main developers was Nikolai Lyubovny (Николай Любовный). A Russian version of MS-DOS 5.0 was also developed in 1991, released on . Based on an initiative of Microsoft Germany in March 1991, derivates of the Russian MS-DOS 5.0 drivers used for keyboard, display and printer localization support (DISPLAY.SYS, EGS.CPI, EGA2.CPI, KEYB.COM, KEYBOARD.SYS, MSPRINT.SYS, COUNTRY.SYS, ALPHA.EXE) could also be purchased separately (with English messages) as part of Microsoft's AlphabetPlus kit. This enabled English issues of MS-DOS 3.3, 4.01 and 5.0 to be set up for Eastern European countries like Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania and Bulgaria.

Russification of Microsoft Windows
A comprehensive instruction set for computer Russification is maintained by Paul Gorodyansky. It is mirrored in many places and recommended by the U.S. Library of Congress.

See also
 Cyrillization
 GOST 10859
 Romanization of Russian
 АДОС, unrelated to Russian MS-DOS
 PTS-DOS
 Mojibake

References

External links
 Modern Online (Virtual) Keyboard for Russian (not just alphabet order)
 Online Keyboard for Russian
 Virtual Russian Online Keyboard with Spellcheck

User interfaces
Russian language
Russification
 
Computing in the Soviet Union
Ralco Hydroelectric Plant. Ralco Hydroelectric Plant  is a hydroelectric power station and dam in Bío Bío Region, Chile. The plant uses water from the upper Bío Bío River and produces  of electricity. The plant was built by ENDESA in 2004. The project has proven controversial with local indigenous Mapuche since a graveyard had to be flooded by the dam.

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 2004
Energy infrastructure in Biobío Region
Hydroelectric power stations in Chile
Dam controversies
Dams in Chile
Mapuche conflict
Pangue Hydroelectric Plant. Pangue Hydroelectric Plant  is a hydroelectric power station in Bío Bío Region, Chile. It lies west of Callaqui volcano at the confluence of the rivers Pangue and Huiri-Huiri. The plant uses water from the upper Bío Bío River and produces  of electricity. The plant was built by Endesa in 1996.

Technical features 
The penstock delivering water to the power plant has a hydraulic head of  and a design volume of . Pangue contributes 10% of the electricity fed into the Chilean integrated grid, making it the third largest power station after Ralco () and Pehuenche (). The dam is made of roller-compacted concrete, using about a million cubic meter of concrete. The dam and power plant were built from 1993 to 1996. Behind the dam lies a reservoir of ,  long and  wide. This makes it one of the most efficient large hydropower plants in the world, as measured by the relation between electricity production and area flooded. The construction of Pangue, just as the one of Ralco, generated controversies between environmentalists, the Government and the private power company Endesa, because the dam impacted the indigenous Pehuenche people, whitewater rafting areas and the rights of farmers further downstream.

Controversy over water rights 
During the construction of the dam, the Appellate Court of Concepcion halted construction arguing that the filling of the reservoir and the dam’s operation unduly affected the water rights of farmers further downstream. However, the Chilean Supreme Court overruled the lower court and decided that  the nonconsumptive water rights of Endesa took precedence over the consumptive water rights of irrigators. One U.S. scholar said that the decision relied on a government report that itself was “hard to interpret as anything other than a response to political pressure from higher levels of government”, that the decision was “seriously flawed”, made “on the basis of legal reasoning of dubious quality” and that the decision constituted “a major transfer of wealth from irrigators to electric companies”.

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1996
Energy infrastructure in Biobío Region
Hydroelectric power stations in Chile
Roller-compacted concrete dams
Thomas M. Connelly. Thomas M. Connelly Jr. (born June 1952) is an American business executive with a focus on chemical engineering. In February 2015, he succeeded Madeleine Jacobs as chief executive officer and executive director of the American Chemical Society.

In November 2014, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company announced that Connelly was retiring from his position as executive vice president and chief innovation officer after 36 years with the company.

Education
Connelly studied at Princeton University earning degrees in Chemical Engineering and Economics in 1974.  He then attended the University of Cambridge as a Winston Churchill Scholar, where he received a Ph.D. in chemical engineering.

DuPont
Connelly was employed by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company for 36 years. He joined the company in 1977 as a research engineer at the DuPont Experimental Station in Wilmington, Delaware. He had assignments in Kentucky and West Virginia before starting his overseas assignments.  He had positions in England, Switzerland and China – the final position with responsibility for DuPont's Asia Pacific businesses.  He then returned to Wilmington in 1999 and was named vice president and general manager of DuPont Fluoroproducts.  He was named senior vice-president of research and Chief Science and Technology Officer in 2001.  He was promoted to Executive Vice President, the Chief Innovation Officer and a member of the Office of the Chief Executives of DuPont in 2006.  In this position, he had responsibility for DuPont's Applied BioSciences, Nutrition & Health, Performance Polymers and Packaging & Industrial Polymers businesses.  He also had responsibility for Integrated Operations which includes Operations, Sourcing & Logistics and Engineering. DuPont announced he was retiring from the company in 2014.

Other positions and honors
He is a member of the Department of Chemical Engineering Advisory Committee of Princeton University.  As part of the Chemical Heritage Foundation "Heritage Day 2005" ceremonies, Connelly received the 2005 Award for Executive Excellence of the Commercial Development and Marketing Association (CDMA).

References

External links

Engineers from Ohio
Businesspeople from Toledo, Ohio
American chemical industry businesspeople
DuPont people
1952 births
Living people
American Chemical Society