omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Shafter Subdivision. The Shafter Subdivision is a rail line owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad in the U.S. states of Nevada and Utah. The line begins as a continuation of the Elko Subdivision at the Elko freight yards, and travels east to the junction with the Lynndyl Subdivision of the former Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, adjacent to the Kennecott Smokestack. The line was formerly part of the Western Pacific Railroad.  The entire subdivision is  part of the Central Corridor; the portion west of Alazon (a switchover near Wells, Nevada) is also part of the Overland Route. Shafter is the name of the rail siding at the junction between this line and the Nevada Northern Railway.

Route description
The route proceeds east from Elko, following the Humboldt River, where the line is part of both the Overland Route and Central Corridor, the two lines use directional running to share track, until the two routes separate at Alazon. From this point east, the Shafter Subdivision is only part of the Central Corridor, proceeding towards Salt Lake City. The Overland Route branches off as the Lakeside Subdivision towards Ogden, Utah. East of this separation, the Shafter Subdivision loosely follows the historical route of the Hastings Cutoff. The highest elevation attained along the route is  at Hogan's Tunnel, under Flower Pass in the Pequop Mountains. The line also crosses the Toano Range at Silver Zone and has a near 360 degree horseshoe curve in the descent from Silver Zone Pass into the Great Salt Lake Desert. The line crosses from Nevada to Utah at Wendover, and proceeds due east across the Bonneville Salt Flats until reaching the Kennecott Smokestack in Garfield, where today the route ends with a junction with the Lynndyl Subdivision. Originally the line continued east of the smelter to downtown Salt Lake City, crossing and then running parallel to track built by the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. In May 1967, the Utah Department of Transportation relocated portions of the WP built track in the area to prepare for the construction of Interstate 80. As part of the relocation, the Western Pacific and the Union Pacific began sharing track between the smelter and Salt Lake. This resulted in both the western and eastern ends of the Shafter Subdivision using directional running with a formerly competing line.  After the 1983 acquisition of the Western Pacific by the Union Pacific, the crossovers between the two lines were eliminated and the two lines were re-configured to make a single dual-track line and this portion of the Shafter Subdivision was completely absorbed by the Lynndyl Subdivision.

References

Union Pacific Railroad lines
Rail infrastructure in Nevada
Rail infrastructure in Utah
Elko, Nevada
Oberraderach. Raderach () was the World War II location of Prüffeld-Anlage Raderach, a V-2 rocket test facility code named "Porcelain Factory" ().  Raderach testing ensured V-2 turbopumps did not overpressure combustion chambers (there was no controller) and was planned for rocket motors to be installed by the nearby Zeppelin Works () as part of the Eastern Works (V-2 facilities in the Vienna-Freidrichshafen area).  Firings were visible in Switzerland across Lake Constance and testing ended shortly after the facility began operation.

The first design sketches for the Raderach facility were prepared by Bernhard Tessmann of the Peenemünde Army Research Center, and Captain König was the military representative at Raderach.  By mid-1942, the German Army had started construction of the Raderach motor test stand, and a nearby liquid oxygen (A-stoff) plant produced up to 900 tons/month.  On July 25, 1943, British V-2 intelligence reported that aerial photographic reconnaissance of Friedrichshafen depicted rocket firing sites like those at the Peenemünde Army Research Center.  On August 3, 1944, the test facility and the ZF Friedrichshafen at Friedrichshafen were bombed.  The 461st Bombardment Group's primary target was the "Raderach Chemical Works", and the Zahnradfabrik () secondary target was also bombed.  The 485th Bombardment Group attacked the "Ober chemical works" on August 16.

References

German V-2 rocket facilities
Leopoldo García-Colín. Leopoldo García-Colín Scherer (27 November 1930, in Mexico City – 8 October 2012, in Mexico City) was a Mexican scientist specialized in Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics who received  the National Prize for Arts and Sciences in 1988.

He was a member of The National College, a former president of the Mexican Society of Physics (SMF, 1972–1973) and has received honorary degrees from several universities, including the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and the Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM).

Career 

He obtained a Chemistry degree at  Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) in 1953. The Ph.D. in Physics at the University of Maryland in 1959. He was professor at Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla from 1960 to 1963, and at Facultad de Ciencias in UNAM from 1967 to 1984. Later, he participated in research at the Centro Nuclear de Salazar, a Nuclear center in Mexico; assistant director of Basic Investigation of Processes at Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo from 1967 to 1974, professor at Instituto de Investigaciones de Materiales in UNAM during the period from 1984 to 1988. At the end of his career he had a tenure position at   Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana at Iztapalapa. He was elected to El Colegio Nacional in September 12, 1977. He was member of  the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores with the highest level, III, since 1988. He received a honoris causa Ph. D from the National University of Mexico in April, 2007.

References

External links 
 Biography at The National College 

2012 deaths
Scientists from Mexico City
Members of El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)
20th-century Mexican physicists
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Academic staff of the Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla
Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
Academic staff of Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
1930 births
TWAS fellows
Doyle Doss. Doyle Doss is an inventor and founder of Doss Products in Eureka, California.

Doss is registered as a sex offender by the California Department of Justice, listed on the official California Megan's Law website.

Products
Kandle Heeter candle holder
Eye to Eye hummingbird feeder is a wearable hummingbird feeder.  While not wildly popular, it has a niche following and at least 700 have been sold in the United States and Canada.

References

21st-century American inventors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. Trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is the organic compound with the formula . (It is sometimes called "Meerwein's salt" after Hans Meerwein.) This salt is a strong methylating agent, being a synthetic equivalent of . It is a white solid that rapidly decomposes upon exposure to atmospheric moisture, although it is robust enough to be weighed quickly without inert atmosphere protection. Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is a closely related compound.

Preparation and reactions
The compound is prepared by the reaction of boron trifluoride with dimethyl ether and epichlorohydrin:

The salt hydrolyzes readily:

Trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is generally ranked as the strongest commercially available reagent for electrophilic methylation, being stronger than methyl sulfonate esters, including methyl triflate and methyl fluorosulfonate ("magic methyl"). Only the exotic dimethylhalonium reagents (, X = Cl, Br, I), methyl carboranate reagents, and the transiently-generated methyldiazonium cation () are stronger sources of electrophilic methyl.

Due to its high reactivity, it is rapidly destroyed by atmospheric moisture and best stored in an inert atmosphere glovebox at −20 °C. Its degradation products are corrosive, although it is considerably less hazardous than methyl triflate or methyl fluorosulfonate, on account of its lack of volatility.

Trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is useful for esterification of carboxylic acids under conditions where acid-catalyzed reactions are infeasible:

References

Notes

Methylating agents
Tetrafluoroborates
Oxycations
Oxonium compounds
Methyl compounds
Altos 586. The Altos 586 is a multi-user microcomputer that was intended for the business market. It was introduced by Altos Computer Systems in 1983. A configuration with 512 KB of RAM, an Intel 8086 processor, Microsoft Xenix, and 10 MB hard drive cost about US$8,000. 3Com offered this Altos 586 product as a file server for their IBM PC networking solution in spring 1983. The network was 10BASE2 (thin-net) based, with an Ethernet AUI port on the Altos 586.

Reception 
BYTE in August 1984 called the Altos 586 "an excellent multiuser UNIX system", with "the best performance" for the price among small Unix systems. The magazine reported that a  Altos with 512 KB RAM and 40 MB hard drive "under moderate load approaches DEC VAX performance for most tasks that a user would normally invoke." A longer review in March 1985 stated that "despite some bugs, it's a good product." It criticized the documentation and lack of customer service for developers, but praised the multiuser performance. The author reported that his 586 had run a multiuser bulletin board system 24 hours a day for more than two years with no hardware failures. He concluded that "Very few UNIX or XENIX computers can provide all of the features of the 586 for $8990", especially for multiuser turnkey business users.

See also 
 Fortune XP 20

References 

Microcomputers
Computer-related introductions in 1983
16-bit computers
Computer systems
Silicon Valley
Software companies based in California
Microcomputer software
List of engineering colleges in Delhi. The following is a list of engineering colleges present in Delhi.

Centrally funded colleges

State university colleges

Self financied state colleges

Private colleges

Notes and references

Notes 

 Institute was established in 2000 and approved by AICTE and recognised by UGC on 11 May 2006.
 Delhi College of Engineering was established as Delhi Polytechnic in 1941. In 1962, the administration of Delhi Polytechnic was taken over from Ministry of Education, to Delhi State and it was renamed as "Delhi College of Engineering" in 1965. In 2009 college was converted to a state (public) university and has been rechristened "Delhi Technological University".

References 

 
Delhi
engineering
Precomputation. In algorithms, precomputation is the act of performing an initial computation before run time to generate a lookup table that can be used by an algorithm to avoid repeated computation each time it is executed. Precomputation is often used in algorithms that depend on the results of expensive computations that don't depend on the input of the algorithm. A trivial example of precomputation is the use of hardcoded mathematical constants, such as π and e, rather than computing their approximations to the necessary precision at run time.

In databases, the term materialization is used to refer to storing the results of a precomputation, such as in a materialized view.

Overview 
Precomputing a set of intermediate results at the beginning of an algorithm's execution can often increase algorithmic efficiency substantially.  This becomes advantageous when one or more inputs is constrained to a small enough range that the results can be stored in a reasonably sized block of memory.  Because memory access is essentially constant in time complexity (except for caching delays), any algorithm with a component which has worse than constant efficiency over a small input range can be improved by precomputing values.  In some cases efficient approximation algorithms can be obtained by computing a discrete subset of values and interpolating for intermediate input values, since interpolation is also a linear operation.

History 
Before the advent of computers, printed lookup tables of values were used by people to speed up hand calculations of complex functions, such as in trigonometric tables, logarithm tables, and tables of statistical density functions 
School children are often taught to memorize "times tables" to avoid calculations of the most commonly used numbers (up to 9 x 9 or 12 x 12). Even as early as 493 A.D., Victorius of Aquitaine wrote a 98-column multiplication table which gave (in Roman numerals) the product of every number from 2 to 50 times and the rows were "a list of numbers starting with one thousand, descending by hundreds to one hundred, then descending by tens to ten, then by ones to one, and then the fractions down to 1/144"

Examples 
Even modern computer implementations of digital trigonometric functions often use precomputed lookup tables to either provide coefficients for interpolation algorithms or to initialise successive approximation algorithms.

Many attacks on cryptosystems involve precomputation.

Examples of large-scale precomputation as part of modern efficient algorithms include:
 Rainbow tables
 Perfect hashes
 The cube attack
 Precalculated BSP trees for visibility calculations in 3D graphics
 Radiosity precomputation for illumination in 3D graphics

Compilers use precomputation extensively as a means of increasing the run-time speed of the resulting code: this precomputation can be regarded as in effect a form of partial evaluation of the program code itself. Examples of this sort of precomputation include dataflow analysis and strength reduction steps.

See also 
 Mathematical table
 Algorithmic efficiency
 Partial evaluation
 Memoization

References 

Software optimization
PCAM. PCAM may refer to:

 Pacific Coast Air Museum, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and preserving aviation history
 Pacific Coast Association of Magicians, an American association of illusionists
 Pedestrian crash avoidance mitigation, the use of AI to recognize pedestrians and avoid crashes
 Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule, an adhesion molecule on the surface of platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, and some types of T-cells
 Professional Community Association Manager
 Punch-Card Accounting Machines, a type of unit record equipment produced by IBM
Interact Home Computer. The Interact Home Computer (also called The Interact Family Computer) is a 1978 American home computer made by Interact Electronics, Inc., of Ann Arbor, Michigan. It sold under the name "Interact Model One Home Computer". The original Interact Model One computer was designed by Rick Barnich and Tim Anderson at 204 E. Washington in Ann Arbor, then moving to the Georgetown Mall on Packard St. in Ann Arbor.

Interact Electronics Inc was a privately held company that was funded by Hongiman, Miller, Swartz and Cohn, a law firm out of Detroit. The President/Founder of Interact Electronics Inc was Ken Lochner, who was one of the original developers of the BASIC language based out of Dartmouth College. Ken had started Interact Electronics Inc after founding the successful computer time-sharing company Cyphernetics in Ann Arbor, which was purchased by ADP in 1975.

The Interact Model One Home Computer debuted at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago in June 1978, at a price of . Only a few thousand Interacts were sold before the company went bankrupt in late 1979. Most were sold by the liquidator Protecto Enterprizes of Barrington, Illinois, through mail order sales. It was also sold at Highland Appliance in the Detroit area, Newman Computer Exchange in Ann Arbor, and Montgomery Ward in the Houston, Texas, area.

The computer didn't come with any operating system, but Microsoft BASIC V4.7 or EDU-BASIC (supplied with the computer) could be loaded from tape.

Probably the most successful application available for the Interact was a program called "Message Center".  With it, a store could program a scrolling message which appeared on a TV screen (such as advertisements, or a welcome message to guests).

Although it was mostly a game machine (with games such as Showdown, Blackjack and Chess), users could also create their own programs using the BASIC computer language. Customers began hooking up the Interact to control everything from lights in their house, doors, windows, smoke detectors, to a Chevrolet Corvette.

Later on the design was sold to a French company, Lambda Systems, and re-branded as the "Victor Lambda" for the French market.

Technical specifications
 CPU: Intel i8080, 2.0 MHz
 Memory: 8K RAM, expandable to 16K of 32K RAM
 ROM: 2K ROM plus one empty socket for an additional 2K ROM
 Keyboard: 53-key chiclet
 Display: 17 x 12 text; eight colors, 112 x 78 graphics, four colors
 Sound: SN76477 (One voice, four octaves)
 Ports: Television, two joysticks
 Built-in cassette recorder (1200 Bps)
 PSU: External AC transformer
 1980 price: US$300 ()

References

External links 
 old-computers.com page for Interact
 interactfamilycomputer.com

Home computers
Computer-related introductions in 1978
Bendix drive. A Bendix drive is a type of engagement mechanism used in starter motors of internal combustion engines. The device allows the pinion gear of the starter motor to engage or disengage the ring gear (which is attached to the flywheel or flexplate of the engine) automatically when the starter is powered or when the engine fires, respectively. It is named after its inventor, Vincent Hugo Bendix.

Operation

The Bendix system places the starter drive pinion on a helically-splined drive shaft of the starter motor. When the starter motor first begins turning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly momentarily resists rotation even though the shaft through its center is turning.  Since the pinion has internal splines matching those on the drive shaft, this causes the pinion gear to slide axially to make initial side contact with the gear teeth on ring gear of the engine.  The pinion then rotates enough to allow the gears to mesh, after which the pinion then continues along the shaft to reach a stop on the end of its allowed travel, at which point the gears are fully meshed. Since the pinion gear can no longer travel axially, it must then turn with the drive shaft and begins to drive the ring gear.  When the engine starts, backdrive from the ring gear causes the drive pinion to exceed the rotational speed of the starter, at which point the drive pinion is forced back along the helical spline and out of mesh with the ring gear.

The torque of the starter motor is transferred to the starter motor drive shaft through a heavy-duty coiled spring. When the starter motor powers and drives the pinion to engage with the flywheel, this spring cushions the rotational impact as the gears and mesh and begin turning together.

The main drawback to the Bendix drive is that it relies on a certain amount of "clash" between the teeth of the pinion and the ring gears before they slip into place and mate completely; the teeth of the pinion are already spinning when they come into contact with the static ring gear, and unless they happen to align perfectly at the moment they engage, the pinion teeth will strike the teeth of the ring gear side-to-side rather than face-to-face, and continue to rotate until both align. This increases wear on both sets of teeth, although the pinion gear typically wears more due to being made of a softer material than the ring gear, because the pinion gear is more easily replaced. For this reason the Bendix drive has been largely superseded in starter motor design by the pre-engagement system using a starter solenoid.

References

"Bendix Drive in Automobile Engineering", Dr. Jennifer Russel. Posted January 2, 2022
A REVIEW ON BENDIX DRIVE IN AUTOMOBILES, International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

Internal combustion engine
Engines
Bendix Corporation
AN/FPS-7 Radar. The AN/FPS-7 Radar was a Long Range Search Radar used by the United States Air Force Air Defense Command.

In the mid-1950s General Electric developed a radar with a search altitude of 100,000 feet and a range of 270 miles. This radar was significant in that it was the first stacked-beam radar to enter into production in the United States. The antenna was fed signals from several feed horns arranged in a vertical stack, producing a series of horizontal beams separated vertically in space. By comparing the returns from the different feeds, altitude information could be determined without the need for a separate height-finder radar.

Designed to operate in the L-band at 1250 to 1350 MHz, the radar deployed in late 1959 and the early 1960s. The AN/FPS-7 was used for both air defense and air traffic control in New York, Kansas City, Houston, Spokane, San Antonio, and elsewhere. 

In the early 1960s a modification called AN/ECP-91 was installed to improve its electronic countermeasure (ECM) capability. About thirty units were produced.  Another modification was the AN/FPS-107 which also operated in the L-Band which was manufactured by Westinghouse.

In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System, the radar's "AN/FPS-7" designation represents the 7th design of an Army-Navy fixed radar(pulsed) electronic device for searching.

See also

List of radars
List of military electronics of the United States

References

External links
 Radomes.org - AN/FPS-7, 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D
 FAS Weapons of Mass Destruction - AN/FPS-7 Long-Range Search Radar

Ground radars
Radars of the United States Air Force
General Electric radars
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s
Military electronics of the United States
Military radars of the United States
AN/FPS-26 Radar. The Avco AN/FPS-26 Radar was an  Air Defense Command height finder radar developed in the Frequency Diversity Program with a tunable 3-cavity power klystron for electronic counter-countermeasures (e.g. to counter jamming).  Accepted by the Rome Air Development Center on 20 January 1960 for use at SAGE radar stations, the AN/FPS-26 processed height-finder requests (e.g., from Air Defense Direction Centers) by positioning to the azimuth of a target aircraft using a high-pressure hydraulic drive, then "nodding" in either a default automatic mode or by operator command.  The inflatable radome required a minimum pressure to prevent contact with the antenna which would result in damage to both (technicians accessed the antenna deck via an air lock.)  To maintain high dielectric strength, the waveguide was pressurized with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which technicians were warned would produce deadly fluorine if waveguide arcing occurred.

FPS-26 units were installed at Luke AFB, MacDill AFB (1961), Hunter AFB (1961), Chandler AFS (1961), Baudette AFS (1963), Las Vegas Air Force Station (1963), Montauk AFS, Lockport AFS (1962), Fort Fisher AFS (1962), Winston-Salem AFS (1962), North Charleston AFS (1961), Aiken AFS, and Sundance AFS. Charleston AFS, Charleston, ME (exact date of installation unknown some time between 1961–1963) Acme Missiles & Construction Corp., Rockville Centre, N.Y. built the radar tower facilities at Missile Master, Pittsburgh Defense Area, Oakdale, Pa.

In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System, the radar's "AN/FPS-26" designation represents the 26th design of an Army-Navy fixed radar(pulsed) electronic device for searching.

Variants
A variant was the AN/FPS-26A with better ECCM capabilities. which was installed at Cambria AFS (1963), Klamath AFS (1963), Point Arena AFS, Boron AFS, Hutchinson AFS, North Truro AFS (1963), Calumet AFS, Selfridge AFB, Empire AFS (1963), Finland AFS (1963), Fortuna AFS, Opheim AFS, Highlands AFS, Gibbsboro AFS (1963), Watertown AFS (1963), Saratoga Springs AFS (1963), North Bend AFS, Mt. Hebo AFS, Benton AFS (1963), Oakdale AFS, St. Albans AFS (1963), Manassas AFS (1963), Cape Charles AFS (1963), Minot AFS, and Makah AFS. Also installed at Port Austin AFS unknown date.

In July 1965 for missile warning the AN/FPS-26 was modified to the Avco AN/FSS-7 SLBM Detection Radar for the AVCO 474N SLBM Detection an Warning System.

References

See Also

List of radars
List of military electronics of the United States

Ground radars
Military radars of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
Military electronics of the United States