omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Harvie Andre. Harvie Andre,  (July 27, 1940 – October 21, 2012) was a Canadian engineer, businessman, politician and federal Cabinet minister.

Born in Edmonton, Alberta, Andre was educated at the University of Alberta (’62, PhD ’66) and pursued part of his postgraduate studies at the California Institute of Technology before becoming a professor of chemical engineering at the University of Calgary from 1966 to 1972. In the 1972 general election he won a seat in the House of Commons of Canada, where he served as the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Calgary Centre for twenty-one years.

In opposition, Andre was a vocal opponent of Petro-Canada and the National Energy Program. He also served as the defence critic.

He was appointed to the Cabinet after the 1984 election brought the Tories to power under Brian Mulroney. Andre served as Minister of Supply and Services until 1985 when he became Associate Minister of National Defence. From 1986 to 1989, he was Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs and then Minister of Regional Industrial Expansion until 1990. In addition, in 1987 Mulroney gave Andre responsibility for Canada Post Corporation.

For the last three years of the Mulroney government, Andre was Government House Leader. He did not run for re-election in the 1993 federal election, and returned to private life.

After leaving politics, Andre was involved in the business world, particularly the energy sector, as president of Cresvard Corporation since 1998, chief executive of Calgary-based Wenzel Downhole Tools and chairman of BowEnergy Resources since 2001. He served on numerous corporate boards of directors.

Andre was married, and had two daughters and one son.

References

External links 

Canadian Encyclopedia 
U of A Engineer Magazine Article

1940 births
2012 deaths
Businesspeople from Edmonton
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the United Church of Canada
Politicians from Edmonton
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
University of Alberta alumni
20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada
Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association. The Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association (ALAEA) is an Australian employee organisation (effectively a trade union) which represents aircraft maintenance engineers.  The ALAEA is registered with the Australian Industrial Relations Commission and affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions.  ALAEA is not affiliated with an Australian political party, but maintains industrial affiliations with the NSW Labor Council and the International Transport Workers' Federation.  ALAEA was formed in 1964.  It sees its own function as a professional association, which puts it within the services model of union organisation.  ALAEA does not describe itself as a trade union, or organisation of workers.

The Australian Trade Union Archives claim that ALAEA's current membership is in excess of 3000 members. The ALAEA claims to have in excess of 4000 members and in its most recent annual return claimed to have 4085 members as of 1 January 2005, although this date could have been a typographical error (and should have been 1 January 2006) as the previous year's annual return also referred to the same date.  ALAEA's membership coverage is for Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers (LAMES), Aircraft Maintenance Engineers (AMES), technical and engineering support staff.

ALAEA's journal is called e-Torque, and is available from their website. The employer it has most of its dealings with is Qantas.

References

External links
Official website
Australian Trade Union Archive entry on ALAEA

1964 establishments in Australia
Aviation trade unions
Craft unions
Trade unions affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions
Trade unions established in 1964
Trade unions in Australia
Composition B. Composition B (Comp B), also known as Hexotol and Hexolite (among others), is a high explosive consisting of castable mixtures of RDX and TNT.  It is used as the main explosive filling in artillery projectiles, rockets, land mines, hand grenades, and various other munitions. It was also used for the explosive lenses in the first implosion-type nuclear weapons developed by the United States.

The standard proportions of ingredients (by weight) are 59.5% RDX (detonation velocity of 8,750 m/s) and 39.5% TNT (detonation velocity of 6,900 m/s), phlegmatized with 1% paraffin wax. Most commonly it is described as 60/40 RDX/TNT with 1% wax added.

Properties 
 Density: 1.65 g/cm3
 Velocity of detonation: 8,050 m/s

Use 
Composition B was extremely common in Western nations' munitions and was the standard explosive filler from early World War II until the early 1950s, when less sensitive explosives such as Composition H6 began to replace it in many weapons. M65 bombs from 1953 containing degraded Composition B were responsible for much of the damage in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire.

Some NATO-approved munitions suppliers such as Mecar have continued to use Composition B in their products.

Composition B is related to Cyclotol, which has a higher proportion of RDX (up to 75%).

IMX-101 is slowly replacing Comp B in US military artillery shells, and IMX-104  in mortar rounds and hand grenades.

Gallery

See also 
 Composition C
 Cyclotol
 RE factor
 Semtex

References 

Explosives
Trinitrotoluene
B43 nuclear bomb. The B43 was a United States air-dropped variable yield thermonuclear weapon used by a wide variety of fighter bomber and bomber aircraft.

The B43 was developed from 1956 by Los Alamos National Laboratory, entering production in 1959. It entered service in April 1961. Total production was 2,000 weapons, ending in 1965. Some variants were parachute-retarded and featured a ribbon parachute.

The B43 was built in two variants, Mod 1 and Mod 2, each with five yield options. Depending on version, the B43 was  in diameter, and length was between  and . The various versions weighed between . It could be delivered at altitudes as low as , with fuzing options for airburst, ground burst, free fall, contact, or laydown delivery. Explosive yield varied from 70 kilotons of TNT to 1 megaton of TNT.

The B43 used the Tsetse primary design for its fission stage, as did several mid- and late-1950s designs.

The B43 was one of four thermonuclear gravity bombs carried by Canadian CF-104 jets while serving in Germany between June 1964 and 1972.

Delivery systems

Carrier aircraft included most USAF, USN and USMC fighters, bombers and attack aircraft, including the A-3 Skywarrior, A-4 Skyhawk, A-5 Vigilante, A-6 Intruder, A-7 Corsair II, B-47 Stratojet, B-52 Stratofortress, B-58A Hustler, F-100 Super Sabre, F-105 Thunderchief, F-4 Phantom II, F-104 Starfighter, FB-111A strategic bomber variant, F-15E Strike Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon and the F/A-18 Hornet.  The B-1B Lancer was also intended to carry the B43, though it remains unclear whether this particular aircraft was ever type-approved to carry the B43 prior to the B-1's reassignment to conventional strike roles. The B43 was also supplied for delivery by Royal Air Force Canberra and Valiant aircraft assigned to NATO under the command of SACEUR.

Broken Arrow

The B43 was never used in combat, but it was involved in a nuclear accident when an A-4E Skyhawk, BuNo 151022, of the  (from Attack Squadron VA-56), was lost off the coast of Japan on 5 December 1965 when it rolled off an elevator, in  of water in the Pacific Ocean,  from Kikai Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. The Skyhawk was being rolled out of the number 2 hangar bay, onto the number 2 elevator, when it continued over the edge and was lost. Neither the pilot LTJG D. M. Webster, airframe, nor the bomb were ever recovered. No public mention was made of the incident at the time and it would not come to light until a 1989 US DoD report revealed that one of these one-megaton bombs (which had recently been retired from service and replaced) had gone missing. Japan then asked for details of the incident.

Withdrawn

The B43 was phased out in the 1980s, and the last B43 weapons were retired in 1991 in favor of the newer B61 and B83 weapons.

See also
 List of nuclear weapons

References

External links
 Allbombs.html data page at nuclearweaponarchive.org
Video showing shipboard handling procedures for the B43 bomb

Cold War aerial bombs of the United States
Nuclear bombs of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet. The Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet was a widely used American aircraft engine. Developed by Pratt & Whitney, 2,944 were produced from 1926 through 1942. It first flew in 1927. It was a single-row, 9-cylinder air-cooled radial design. Displacement was 1,690 cubic inches (27.7 L). It was built under license in Italy as the Fiat A.59. In Germany, the BMW 132 was a developed version of this engine. The R-1860 Hornet B was an enlarged version produced from 1929.

Variants

R-1690-3 
R-1690-5 
R-1690-11 
R-1690-13 
R-1690-S5D1G 
R-1690-52 
R-1690-SDG
R-1690-S1EG 
R-1690-S2EG
R-1690-25 
R-1690-S1C3G 
Fiat A.59 R. License built in Italy with reduction gearing.
Fiat A.59 R.C. License built in Italy with reduction gearing and supercharger.
BMW HornetLicense production of the Hornet in Germany, independently developed as the BMW 132.

Applications

Engines on display
 There is a R-1690 on display at the New England Air Museum, Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, CT.

Specifications (R-1690 S1E-G)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Pratt & Whitney R-1690 page

1920s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
R-1690
Shakedown (continuum mechanics). In continuum mechanics, elastic shakedown behavior is one in which plastic deformation takes place during running in, while due to residual stresses or strain hardening the steady state is perfectly elastic.

Plastic shakedown behavior is one in which the steady state is a closed elastic-plastic loop, with no net accumulation of plastic deformation.

Ratcheting behavior is one in which the steady state is an open elastic-plastic loop, with the material accumulating a net strain during each cycle.

Shakedown concept can be applied to solid metallic materials under cyclic repeated loading or to granular materials under cyclic loading (such case can occur in road pavements under traffic loading).

Ratcheting Check

Not needed for only primary loading that meets static loading requirements.

Needed for cyclic thermal loading plus primary loading with a mean.

Shakedown of granular materials

If repeated loading on the granular induces stress beyond the yield surface, three different cases may be observed. In case 1 the residual strain in the materials increases almost without limit. This so-called “ratcheting” state is close to what can be predicted applying simple Mohr–Coulomb criterion to a cyclic loading. In the responses like case 2, residual strain in the materials grows to some extent, but at some stage the growth is stopped and further cyclic loading produces closed hysteresis loops of stress–strain. Finally in case 3 the growth of residual strain is practically diminishes when sufficient loading cycles are applied. Case 2 and case 3 are cases of plastic and elastic shakedown respectively.

References

 Shakedown of Elastic-Plastic Structures, Jan A. Konig, Elsevier, 1987.
 Limit Analysis of Structures at Thermal Cycling, D. A. Gokhfeld and O. F. Cherniavsky, 1980.
 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 2001.
 
 "Basic Conditions for Material and Structural Ratcheting", H. Hübel, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 162, pp 55–65 (1996) 
 "Simplified Theory of Plastic Zones" (Chapter 2), H. Hübel, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, Cham (2016),  

Continuum mechanics
Unit 516. Unit 516 (第五一六部隊) was a top secret Japanese chemical weapons facility, operated by the Kempeitai, in Qiqihar, Japanese-occupied northeast China. The name Unit 516 was a code name (Tsūshōgō) of the Unit. It was officially called the Kwantung Army Chemical Weapons Section and operated underneath Unit 731.

An estimated 700,000 (Japanese estimation) to 2,000,000 (Chinese estimation) Japanese-produced chemical weapons were buried in China. Until 1995, Japan had refused to acknowledge that it dumped chemical weapons in the Nen River between Heilongjiang and Hulunbei'er, leaving huge amounts behind.

Chemical weapons
 Phosgene
 Hydrogen cyanide
 Bromobenzyl cyanide and Chloroacetophenone
 Diphenylcyanoarsine and Diphenylchloroarsine
 Arsenic trichloride
 Sulfur Mustard
 Lewisite

At the end of World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army buried some of their chemical weapons in China, but most were confiscated by Soviet Red Army, the People's Liberation Army and the Kuomintang Army, along with other weapons. The Soviet Union later handed over these weapons to China (ROC), who then buried them. Japanese chemical weapons were later found mixed with Soviet and Chinese chemical weapons.

The Japanese National Institute for Defense Studies has a record of Japanese weapons confiscated by Kuomintang Army along with a list of the types of  chemical weapons. No confiscation records about ROC / Russia have been found. However, no country has records about the locations of the buried chemical weapons. China has started gathering these abandoned weapons for destruction and burial, and they are currently buried in remote Dunhua County, in Haerbaling, Jilin (吉林) province.

The Chemical Weapons Convention
One of the focuses of the Chemical Weapons Convention was to assign responsibility for the destruction of old chemical weapons in China. The convention was signed in 1993 and according to it, all chemical weapons created after 1925 must be destroyed by the originating-country. Under the convention, Japan is building a factory in China to destroy chemical weapons.

See also
 Changde chemical weapon attack
 War crimes in Manchukuo
 Japan and weapons of mass destruction

Other cases of abandoned chemical weapons
 Air raid on Bari
 San Jose Project

References

Chemical warfare facilities
Japanese prisoner of war and internment camps
Japanese human subject research
Second Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino-Japanese War crimes
Japanese war crimes in China
War crimes in Manchukuo
Limit load (physics). Limit load is the maximum load that a structure can safely carry. It's the load at which the structure is in a state of incipient plastic collapse. As the load on the structure increases, the displacements increases linearly in the elastic range until the load attains the yield value. Beyond this, the load-displacement response becomes non-linear and the plastic or irreversible part of the displacement increases steadily with the applied load. Plasticity spreads throughout the solid and at the limit load, the plastic zone becomes very large and the displacements become unbounded and the component is said to have collapsed.

Any load above the limit load will lead to the formation of plastic hinge in the structure. Engineers use limit states to define and check a structure's performance.

Bounding Theorems of Plastic-Limit Load Analysis:
Plastic limit theorems provide a way to calculate limit loads without having to solve the boundary value problem in continuum mechanics. Finite element analysis provides an alternative way to estimate limit loads. They are:
  The Upper Bound Plastic Collapse Theorem
 The Lower Bound Plastic Collapse Theorem
 The Lower Bound Shakedown Theorem
 The Upper Bound Shakedown Theorem

The Upper Bound Plastic Collapse Theorem states that an upper bound to the collapse loads can be obtained by postulating a collapse mechanism and computing the ratio of its plastic dissipation to the work done by the applied loads.

References

Notes

Sources
Brown University Engineering Notes

Structural engineering
Continuum mechanics
IBM LAN Server. IBM LAN Server is a discontinued network operating system introduced by International Business Machines (IBM) in 1988. LAN Server started as a close cousin of Microsoft's LAN Manager and first shipped in early 1988. It was originally designed to run on top of Operating System/2 (OS/2) Extended Edition. The network client was called IBM LAN Requester and was included with OS/2 EE 1.1 by default. (Eventually IBM shipped other clients and supported yet more. Examples include the IBM OS/2 File/Print Client, IBM OS/2 Peer, and client software for Microsoft Windows.) Here the short term LAN Server refers to the IBM OS/2 LAN Server product. There were also LAN Server products for other operating systems, notably AIX—now called Fast Connect—and OS/400.

Version history

Predecessors included IBM PC LAN Program (PCLP). Variants included LAN Server Ultimedia (optimized for network delivery of multimedia files) and LAN On-Demand. Add-ons included Directory and Security Server, Print Services Facility/2 (later known as Advanced Printing), Novell NetWare for OS/2, and LAN Server for Macintosh.

Innovations
LAN Server pioneered certain file and print sharing concepts such as domains (and domain controllers), networked COM ports, domain aliases, and automatic printer driver selection and installation.

See also
 LAN messenger
 Server Message Block (SMB)

References

Further reading
 

Computer-related introductions in 1988
LAN Server
Network operating systems
OS/2
Servers (computing)
Cyberkinetics. Cyberkinetics is an American company with roots tied to the University of Utah. It was co-founded by John Donoghue, Mijail Serruya, Gerhard Friehs of Brown University, and Nicho Hatsopoulos of the University of Chicago. The Braingate technology and related Cyberkinetic’s assets were sold to Blackrock Neurotech (then Blackrock Microsystems) and BrainGate Inc. in 2008.

Funding
Scientists behind the project used $9.3 million in first round funding led by Oxford Bioscience Partners. A 2002 merger with Bionic Technologies, co-founded by Brian Hatt and Richard A. Normann (the inventor of the Utah array) added to a tech team armed with intellectual property rights gained from Brown, MIT, and others. They say they're three to five years away from putting a product on the market.

According to their latest SEC filing, the Founders of the company resigned from the Board of Directors at the end of October 2008.

Merger and renaming

In late 2004, Cyberkinetics initiated a reverse merger with a Texas company in order to gain access to the public market. The resulting company was renamed Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Systems, Inc. and its shares are listed under the symbol CYKN.OB. In 2009, the BrainGate business and related Cyberkinetic assets were sold to privately held Braingate, Inc.  In the same year, Cyberkinetics was acquired by Blackrock Microsystems, LLC. The acquisition included a small team and ownership of neurophysiological recording devices.

Clinical trials
Since July 8, 2009, clinical trials are being conducted for the Brain Gate 2 Neural Interface System. Since July 16, 2009, the pilot clinical trial of the BrainGate2 Neural Interface System is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov.

See also
 Brain-computer interface
 BrainGate

References

External links
Blackrock Microsystems Official Website
Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Official Website
Donoghue Lab
Hatsopoulos Lab
 BrainGate Official Website

Brain–computer interface
Sebacic acid. Sebacic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula . It is a white flake or powdered solid. Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles. Sebacic acid is a derivative of castor oil.

In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.

It can be used as a surfactant in the lubricating oil industry to increase the antirust properties of lubricating oils on metals.

Production and reactions
Sebacic acid is produced from castor oil by cleavage of ricinoleic acid, which is obtained from castor oil. Octanol and glycerin are  byproducts.  

It can also be obtained from decalin via the a hydroperoxide, which rearranges to give a hydroxycyclodecanone, which dehydrates to give cyclodecenone, a precursor to sebacic acid.

Sebacic acid has also been produced commercially by Kolbe electrolysis of adipic acid.

Potential medical significance
Sebum is a secretion by skin sebaceous glands. It is a waxy set of lipids composed of triglycerides (≈41%), wax esters (≈26%), squalene (≈12%), and free fatty acids (≈16%). Included in the free fatty acid secretions in sebum are polyunsaturated fatty acids and sebacic acid. Sebacic acid is also found in other lipids that coat the skin surface. Human neutrophils can convert sebacic acid to its 5-oxo analog, i.e., , a structural analog of 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid and like this oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid is an exceptionally potent activator of eosinophils, monocytes, and other pro-inflammatory cells from humans and other species. This action is mediated by the OXER1 receptor on these cells. It is suggested that sebacic acid is converted to its 5-oxo analog during, and thereby stimulates pro-inflammatory cells to contribute to the worsening of, various inflammatory skin conditions.

References

Dicarboxylic acids
British Rail Class 482. The British Rail Class 482 electric multiple units were built by ABB in 1992, for use on the Waterloo & City line. The units are almost identical to the 1992 tube stock built for the Central line.

Ten 2-car units were built, numbered 482501–510. Each unit consisted of a type "E" driving motor, numbered 65501–510, and a type "F" non-driving motor, numbered 67501–510. Trains were operated using two units semi-permanently coupled, with the driving motors outermost.

The units were built as direct replacements for the elderly Class 487 units, dating from 1940. They were delivered to Ruislip depot during March 1993, and were painted in Network SouthEast livery; however, as the Waterloo & City line was completely separate from the rest of the National Rail network, and was entirely underground, they did not receive yellow front ends. Following commissioning (which included test runs as 8-car trains over most of the Central line), they were delivered by road to the Waterloo & City line during May and June 1993, and following further test runs, entered service on 19 July 1993.

On 1 April 1994, operational control of the Waterloo & City line transferred to London Underground. Shortly after the transfer of the line, unit numbers and NSE logos were removed, and LU roundels added together with Central line diagrams. The BR car numbers were retained, not having previously been used by London Underground; and some of the other BR markings were also retained on the inner ends of the "F" cars, but otherwise the trains remained in as-built condition until refurbishment in 2006.

Fleet details

Gallery

References

External links
A film of Class 482 trains running on NSE livery on YouTube

482
Underground rapid transit in England
Train-related introductions in 1993
ABB multiple units