omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cyclogyro. The cyclogyro, or cyclocopter, is an aircraft configuration that uses a horizontal-axis cyclorotor as a rotor wing to provide lift and, sometimes, also propulsion and control. In principle, the cyclogyro is capable of vertical take off and landing and hovering performance, like a helicopter, while potentially benefiting from some of the advantages of a fixed-wing aircraft.

The cyclogyro is distinct from the Flettner airplane, which uses a cylindrical wing rotor to harness the Magnus effect.

Principles of operation
The cyclogyro wing resembles a paddle wheel, with airfoil blades replacing the paddles. Like a helicopter, the blade pitch (angle of attack) can be adjusted either collectively all together or cyclically as they move around the rotor's axis. In normal forward flight, the blades are given a slight positive pitch at the upper and forward portions of their arc, producing lift and, if powered, also forward thrust. They are given flat or negative pitch at the bottom and are "flat" through the rest of the circle to produce little or no lift in other directions. Blade pitch can be adjusted to change the thrust profile, allowing the cyclogyro to travel in any direction without the need for separate control surfaces. Differential thrust between the two wings (one on either side of the fuselage) can be used to turn the aircraft around its vertical axis, although conventional tail surfaces may be used as well.

History

Jonathan Edward Caldwell took out a patent on the cyclogyro which was granted in 1927, but he never followed it up.

The Schroeder S1 of 1930 was a full-size prototype which used the cyclogyro for forward thrust only. Adolf Rohrbach of Germany designed a full VTOL version in 1933, which was later developed in the US and featured a tall streamlined fuselage to keep the wings clear of the ground. Another example was built by Rahn Aircraft in 1935, which used two large-chord rotary wings instead of a multi-blade wheel driven by a 240 hp supercharged Wright Whirlwind

The cyclogyro has been revisited in the twenty-first century, as a possible configuration for unmanned aerial vehicles.

See also
 FanWing
 Rotary-wing aircraft
 VTOL/STOL/VSTOL/STOVL

References

Further reading
 "The Cyclogyro", Vertiflight, The American Helicopter Society, 2005, Vol. 51; No. 2, pages 16–19

External links
 

Rotorcraft
Glitre Energi. Glitre Energi (formerly Energiselskapet Buskerud, EB) is a power company based in Drammen, Norway. The company operates electricity retailing, operates the power grid in Drammen, Nedre Eiker and Kongsberg and provides services within broadband. Glitre Energi serves approximately 90,000 customers, supplying electricity to customers in the Norwegian regions of Buskerud and Hadeland. The company is responsible for the power lines in Buskerud, which make up a large distribution network across densely populated areas. Glitre Energy is owned by the City of Drammen (50%) and Buskerud County Municipality (50%). Power production has been spun off in the partially owned subsidiary EB Kraftproduksjon, where EB owns 70% and E-CO Energi owns 30%.

History
The first power plant operated by the company, Granfoss power plant, was established in 1903. In 1991 Drammen Energiverk is transformed to the limited company Drammen Kraft. In 1997 it established Drammen Kraft Produksjon in cooperation with Oslo Energi. In 1999 Drammen Kraft and the county owned Buskerud Energi were merged to create EB. In 2003 it bought ten power plants form Norske Skog.

References

Electric power companies of Norway
Companies owned by municipalities of Norway
Companies based in Drammen
Energy companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in Norway
Buskerud County Municipality
General Electric T64. The General Electric T64 is a free-turbine turboshaft engine that was originally developed for use on helicopters, but which was later used on fixed-wing aircraft as well. General Electric introduced the engine in 1964. The original engine design included technical innovations such as corrosion resistant and high-temperature coatings. The engine features a high overall pressure ratio, yielding a low specific fuel consumption for its time. Although the compressor is all-axial, like the earlier General Electric T58, the power turbine shaft is coaxial with the HP shaft and delivers power to the front of the engine, not rearwards. Fourteen compressor stages are required to deliver the required overall pressure ratio. Compressor handling is facilitated by 4 rows of variable stators. Unlike the T58, the power turbine has 2 stages.

Later versions of the engine produce from .

The engine was designed to accommodate different gearboxes or shaft drives, for helicopter or turboprop fixed-wing applications. The engine could be operated continuously at angles between 100 degrees upward and 45 degrees downward for STOL or helicopter applications.

Variants

''Data from: Vectorsite;Sikorsky Giant Helicopters

Applications

Specifications (T64-GE-100)

See also

Notes

References

External links

 GE Aviation T64 page
 GE Aviation Receives AHS Supplier Excellence Award (for T64 team) 

T64
1960s turboshaft engines
1960s turboprop engines
1000 series. 1000 series may refer to:

Japanese train types
 Chichibu Railway 1000 series EMU, operated by the Chichibu Railway
 Choshi Electric Railway 1000 series EMU, operated by the Choshi Electric Railway
 Fukuoka Subway 1000 series EMU
 Hankyu 1000 series (1954) EMU, operated by Hankyu Corporation from 1954 to 1989
 Hankyu 1000 series EMU, operated by Hankyu Corporation since December 2013
 Hanshin 1000 series EMU, operated by the Hanshin Electric Railway
 JR Shikoku 1000 series DMU
 Keihan 1000 series EMU, operated by the Keihan Electric Railway
 Keikyu 1000 series EMU, operated by Keikyu
 Keikyu N1000 series EMU, operated by Keikyu
 Keio 1000 series (2nd generation) EMU, operated by Keio Corporation
 Meitetsu 1000 series EMU, operated by Meitetsu
 Nagano 1000 series EMU, operated by the Nagano Electric Railway
 Nagoya Municipal Subway N1000 series EMU
 Odakyu 1000 series EMU, operated by the Odakyu Electric Railway
 Osaka Monorail 1000 series EMU
 Sendai Subway 1000 series EMU
 Tokyo Metro 1000 series EMU
 Tokyo Monorail 1000 series EMU
 Tokyu 1000 series EMU
 Tōyō Rapid 1000 series EMU
 TX-1000 series EMU, operated by Tsukuba Express

Other
 ATP World Tour Masters 1000, a series of nine tennis tournaments
 GeForce 1000 Series, a graphics processing units

See also
 Class 1000 Shinkansen
MidnightBSD. MidnightBSD is a free Unix, desktop-oriented operating system originally forked from FreeBSD 6.1, and periodically updated with code and drivers from later FreeBSD releases. Its default desktop environment, Xfce, is a lightweight user friendly desktop experience.

History and development 
MidnightBSD began as a fork from FreeBSD in 2005. The founder of the project, Lucas Holt, wished to create a BSD derived desktop operating system. He was familiar with several live CD projects, but not the work on TrueOS or DesktopBSD. At the same time, he also had an interest in GNUstep. The two ideas were folded into a plan to create a user friendly desktop environment.
MidnightBSD 0.1 was released based on the efforts of Lucas Holt, Caryn Holt, D. Adam Karim, Phil Pereira of bsdnexus, and Christian Reinhardt. This release features a modified version of the FreeBSD ports system. The ports system evolved into "mports" which includes fake support, generation of packages before installation, license tagging, and strict rules about package list generation and modification of files outside the destination. Many of these features were introduced in MidnightBSD 0.1.1.

Christian Reinhardt replaced Phil Pereira as the lead "mports" maintainer prior to the release of MidnightBSD 0.1. D. Adam Karim acted as the security officer for the first release. All release engineering is handled by Lucas Holt.

0.2 introduced a refined imports system with over 2000 packages. The Portable C Compiler was added on i386 in addition to the GNU Compiler Collection. Other changes include enabling ipfw and sound card detection on startup, newer versions of many software packages including Bind, GCC, OpenSSH, and Sendmail, as well as a Live CD creation system.

As of September 2021, the last release is version 2.1, with many features imported from FreeBSD 11. The default desktop environment was switched to Xfce, but WindowMaker plus GNUstep is still available.

Etymology 
MidnightBSD is named after Lucas and Caryn Holt's cat, Midnight, a ten-pound black Turkish Angora.

License 
MidnightBSD is released under several licenses. The kernel code and most newly created code are released under the two-clause BSD license. There are parts under the GPL, LGPL, ISC, and Beerware licenses, along with three- and four-clause BSD licenses.

Reception 
Michael Plura from Heise said it is extremely hard to configure a MidnightBSD distribution without even a desktop. He pointed to the dev vlog and said the developer himself showed the difficulty of providing a desktop OS as a solo developer.

Jesse Smith reviewed MidnightBSD 0.6 in 2015 for DistroWatch Weekly:

References

External links

Magus: The MidnightBSD build cluster
MidnightBSD Developer Blog
MidnightBSD source code on Github

2007 software
FreeBSD
Norbert Peters (engineer). Norbert Peters (10 July 1942 – 4 July 2015) was a professor at RWTH Aachen University, Germany and one of the world-wide authorities in the field of combustion engineering. He headed the  Institut für Technische Verbrennung (Institute for Combustion Technology).

Education and career

Born in Linz, Austria, he was educated at the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe and later at the Technische Universität Berlin. He worked in Rourkela Steel Plant for six months.

Peters's primary research interest was in the field of combustion science, especially turbulent flames. The interaction between turbulence and combustion constituted an important part of his research. He was author of the book titled Turbulent Combustion, a monograph with excellent but challenging insights on the advances, problems, and active research in the field of combustion in turbulent flow media. He was well known for his ideas on the Laminar flamelet model in turbulent combustion as well as for the systematic generation of reduced reaction mechanisms from detailed reaction mechanisms.

Books

Awards and honours

He had received numerous recognitions for his contributions, including:
 Honorary Doctorate degrees from University of Brussels (1994), Technical University of Darmstadt (2002) and ETH Zurich (2010)
 Zeldovich Medal of Combustion Institute (2002) 
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1990) 
 Member of the United States National Academy of Engineering (since 2002)

See also
Forman A. Williams
Amable Liñán
Paul Clavin

References

External links
 
 Institute for Combustion Technology Homepage
 

1942 births
2015 deaths
Austrian chemical engineers
20th-century German chemists
German fluid dynamicists
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Scientists from Linz
Academic staff of RWTH Aachen University
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
21st-century German chemists
First law (disambiguation). "First Law" is a science fiction story by Isaac Asimov.

First law may also refer to:

 Newton's first law of motion
 First law of thermodynamics
 First law of crystallography
 Mendel's first law of segregation
 Tikanga Māori, the law of the Maori

See also 
 Second law (disambiguation)
 Third law (disambiguation)
 The First Law, a fantasy series by Joe Abercrombie
 The First Law (film), a 1918 silent film
Szekely SR-3. Szekely aircraft engines were three-cylinder radial engines built in Holland, Michigan in the 1920s and 30s.  They were used to power small aircraft such as the Rearwin Junior, Taylor H-2 and American Eagle Eaglet.  Often criticized for reliability issues and design flaws, many were replaced with better engines in their original airframes.  Few examples still exist but a museum quality example is on display in the Holland Museum in Holland, Michigan.

Variants
Data from:Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1931
SR-3 OOverhead valve combustion chamber, compression ratio 4.6:1,  at 1,750 rpm.
SR-3 LSide-valve combustion chamber, compression ratio 5:1,  at 1,750 rpm.

Applications
American Eagle Eaglet
Buhl Bull Pup
Curtiss-Wright Junior
Lambach HL.1
Nicholson Junior KN-2
Prest Baby Pursuit
Rearwin Junior
Taylor H-2

Specifications (SR-3 Model O)

See also

References

External links
"Szekely SR-3 L" Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome, retrieved October 30, 2007

1920s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
BE&K. BE&K, Inc., was a global engineering and construction company based in Birmingham, Alabama, United States.

History 
BE&K, Inc. was founded in 1972 and named after its founders: Peter Bolvig, William Edmonds, and Ted Kennedy. BE&K was acquired by KBR, Inc. in 2008.

Operations
BE&K, Inc. operated in commercial and industrial sectors, including healthcare, telecommunications and education markets. BE&K, Inc. had a presence across the United States and in Europe through its subsidiaries. Its subsidiaries and affiliates included Allstates Technical Services, Inc.; Enprima; MEI Consultants, Inc.; NorthStar Communications Group, Inc.; QBEK; Rintekno Group; BE&K's Saginaw Warehouse; SW&B Construction Corporation; and Terranext, LLC.

In 1989, BE&K acquired FN Thompson Company, a Charlotte, North Carolina–based commercial construction firm. Seven years later, in 1996, BE&K acquired Suitt Construction Company, based in Greenville, South Carolina. In 2004, FN Thompson and Suitt Construction were merged into a separate subsidiary, BE&K Building Group, LLC, under the BE&K brand.

In 2007, BE&K was ranked 47th in the Engineering News-Record (ENR) Top 500 Design Firms list, as well as appearing in several other rankings by ENR.

Acquisition
On May 7, 2008, BE&K, Inc. announced that it would be acquired by the Houston, Texas–based construction firm KBR, Inc. for $550 million.

In 2015, KBR sold the BE&K Building Group LLC subsidiary and the BE&K brand, including all associated trademarks and domains, to Pernix Group, Inc. The BE&K brand is now wholly owned by Pernix Group and solely used by BE&K Building Group, LLC. The remainder of BE&K's business and associated subsidiaries have either been fully absorbed by KBR or divested to other purchasers with all operations in Birmingham, Alabama discontinued.

References

Construction
Severnoye Design Bureau. The Severnoe Design Bureau (, Severnoe Proyektno-Konstruktorsoye Byuro), founded in 1946, is a Russian ship designing company. It is based in Saint Petersburg with an office in Moscow. Formerly, the bureau was known as the Northern Project Design Bureau (NPDB).

It is not to be confused with Severnaya Verf or Nevskoe Design Bureau, abbreviated as NDB. Those firms are also based in Saint Petersburg but have no relation whatsoever to the Severnoe DB.

The Severnoe Design Bureau is one of the leading designers of surface ships, mainly corvettes, frigates, cruisers, and destroyers. Over its 70-year-history, it has produced designs of some of the most powerful and advanced warships for the Soviet and Russian Navy, as well for foreign navies. It also produces civil designs, most notably LNG carriers.

Some notable designs
Kirov-class battlecruiser
Slava-class cruiser
Sovremennyy-class destroyer
Talwar-class frigate
Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate
Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate
Rubin-class patrol boat

External links
Website of the Bureau

Shipbuilding companies of the Soviet Union
United Shipbuilding Corporation
Companies based in Saint Petersburg
Interdata. Interdata, Inc., was a computer company, founded in 1966 by a former Electronic Associates engineer, Daniel Sinnott, and was based in Oceanport, New Jersey. The company produced a line of 16- and 32-bit minicomputers that were loosely based on the IBM 360 instruction set architecture but at a cheaper price. In 1974, it produced one of the first 32-bit minicomputers, the Interdata 7/32. The company then used the parallel processing approach, which uses more than one computer processor simultaneously to perform work on a problem. This helped in making real-time computing a reality.

Some real-time applications Interdata computers were used for included: Core Protection Calculator, used in some later Combustion Engineering designed nuclear power plants; lottery systems manufactured by GTech; the NexRad weather radar system. Many companies used them for internal high speed laboratory data capture, such as United Technologies Research Center in East Hartford, Connecticut wind  tunnel, General Electric R&D in Schenectady, New York, and Perkin-Elmer in Connecticut (which later acquired Interdata).

The operating system for the 16-bit computers was called OS/16, and for the 32-bit computers OS/32. The assembly language could generate series independent object code. Later, as with Gould, SEL, Modcomp and other real time competitors, they offered a 32-bit time sharing system called MTM (Multi Terminal Monitor).

Acquisitions
In 1973, Interdata was purchased by Perkin-Elmer Corporation, a Connecticut-based producer of scientific instruments for $63.6 million. Interdata was already making $19 million in annual sales but this merger made Perkin-Elmer's annual sales rise to over $200 million. Interdata then became the basis for Perkin-Elmer's Data Systems Group. In 1985, the computing division of Perkin-Elmer was spun off as Concurrent Computer Corporation.

List of products

 Interdata Model 1 – 1970
 Interdata Model 3 – 1967
 Interdata 4 (autoload, floating point)
 Interdata 5 (list processing, microcoded automatic I/O channel)
 Interdata 70 (1971), 74 (1973), 80 (1971), 85 (Writable Control Store, 1973)
 Interdata 50, 55 (Communications systems)
 Interdata 5/16, 6/16, 7/16 (1974)
 Interdata 8/16, 8/16e (double precision floating point, extended memory)
 Interdata RD-800 and RD-850 – 1975
 Interdata 7/32 – 1974
 Interdata 8/32 – 1975
 Perkin-Elmer 3205, 3210, 3220, 3230, 3240, 3250, 3280

A simulator is available: http://simh.trailing-edge.com/interdata.html

References

External links
 interdata.org.uk – Site detailing the restoration of an Interdata Model 74 computer
 Model-70 User's Manual. computinghistory.org.uk
 

Companies based in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Minicomputers
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Patentleft. Patentleft is the practice of licensing patents (especially biological patents) for royalty-free use, on the condition that adopters license related improvements they develop under the same terms. Copyleft-style licensors seek "continuous growth of a universally accessible technology commons" from which they, and others, will benefit.

Patentleft is analogous to copyleft, a license that allows distribution of a copyrighted work and derived works, but only under the same or equivalent terms.

Uses
The Biological Innovation for Open Society (BiOS) project implemented a patentleft system to encourage re-contribution and collaborative innovation of their technology. BiOS holds patented technology for transferring genes in plants, and licenses the technology under the terms that, if a license holder improves the gene transfer tool and patents the improvement, then their improvement must be made available to all the other license holders.

The open patent idea is designed to be practiced by consortia of research-oriented companies and increasingly by standards bodies.  These also commonly use open trademark methods to ensure some compliance with a suite of compatibility tests, e.g. Java, X/Open both of which forbid the use of the mark by the non-compliant.

On October 12, 2001 the Free Software Foundation and Finite State Machine Labs Inc. (FSMLabs) announced a GPL-compliant open-patent license for FSMLabs' software patent, . Titled the Open RTLinux patent license Version 2, it provides for usage of this patent in accordance with the GPL.

See also
 Copyleft
 Gratis versus libre
 Open content
 Open Invention Network
 Open Patent Alliance
 Open source
 Patent troll
 Public domain
 Software patent
 Viral license

References

Further reading
 
  — Richard Stallman criticizes patentleft because of cost of applying for patents

External links
 https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Patentleft
 Open Hardware Licenses
 Standardized Terms and Conditions For Open Patenting
 Find Biological Parents

Patent law
Libre culture
Intellectual property law
Copyleft
Free culture movement
Another System Definition Facility. ASDF (Another System Definition Facility) is a package format and a build tool for Common Lisp libraries. It is analogous to tools such as Make and Ant.

History
ASDF was originally designed and written in 2001-2002 as a successor for a previous program, mk-defsystem, taking advantage of Common Lisp features such as CLOS and pathname support. It has since expanded to become the default build tool for Common Lisp programs. It is now used as the basis for Common Lisp library build systems, and dependency managers, such as Quicklisp, cl-build, and Debian's Common Lisp Controller. (Note: ASDF-Install is obsolete.)
Most maintained, open-source Common Lisp libraries are buildable and installable through ASDF.

Uses
Installing and building open-source systems defined with ASDF is now a relatively easy thanks to Quicklisp. In cases where the user is forced to install ASDF libraries by hand, as may still happen, the user will be forced to first download and unpack the library in a location recognized by the user's source-registry, which has sensible defaults (at least on Unix) and can otherwise be configured.

Creating and defining systems installable though ASDF is done through the creation and placement of one or more system definition (.asd) files at the root of a directory containing the files that make up the system. The system definition file must contain at least one call to defsystem, a lisp form in which are defined all of the components and dependencies of the system. ASDF is capable of automatically compiling and loading lisp source code, as well as automatically building and linking C programming language (also known as C source code). It contains hooks to allow for definitions of alternate compilers and complex treatment of custom components.

References

External links

Common Lisp (programming language) software