omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Water resources management in Pakistan. According to the United Nations' "UN World Water Development Report", the total actual renewable water resources increased from 2,961 m³ per capita in 2000. A more recent study indicates an available supply of water of little more than 1,000 m³ per person, which puts Pakistan in the category of a high stress country. Using data from the Pakistani federal government's Planning and Development Division, the overall water availability has decreased from 1,299 m³ per capita in 1996-97 to 1,101 m³ per capita in 2004-05. In view of growing population, urbanization and increased industrialization, the situation is likely to get worse. Nevertheless, excessive mining of groundwater goes on. Despite a lowering water table, the annual growth rate of electric tubewells has been indicated to 6.7% and for diesel tubewells to about 7.4%. In addition, increasing pollution and saltwater intrusion threaten the country's water resources. About 36% of the groundwater is classified as highly saline.

In urban areas, most water is supplied from groundwater except for the cities of Karachi, and a part of Islamabad, where mainly surface water is used. In most rural areas, groundwater is used. In rural areas with saline groundwater, irrigation canals serve as the main source of domestic water.

Water use

Out of the 169,384 billion m³ of water which were withdrawn in 2000, 96% were used for agricultural purposes, leaving 2% for domestic and another 2% for industrial use. By far most water is used for irrigated agriculture, emphasizing the particular significance of agriculture in the country. The sector contributes about 25% of the Pakistan's GNP (2000-2001). The country still has the world's largest contiguous irrigation system. In 1999-2000, the total irrigated area in Pakistan was 181,000 km².

Water is also essential for power generation in Pakistan, since about 29% is generated through hydropower.

See also
Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan

References

External links 
 
 

Water in Pakistan
Pakistan
Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan
Museum of Clockmaking. The Museum of Clockmaking () is a museum in the town of Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany, and is dedicated to the history of the clockmaking industry in the town. For much of the 19th century (and early 20th century), Schwenningen was one of southern Germany's most important centres of industrial scale clock manufacturing.

The museum is at Bürkstraße 39, a building that was built to house the manufacturing plant for clocks by Wũrttenbergische Uhrenfabrik Bũrk Söhne. That company was considered to be the world leader in the specialised field of portable watchmen's control clocks and related time-recording devices.

The core of the museum's collection is made up of working production machinery used to make precision metal parts that can be assembled into clock movements. They have all the machinery in-house to produce all components (except for the mainspring) to manufacture a simple alarm clock movement. Staffing permitting, the full museum visit includes a demonstration of the lathes, milling machines and punch presses, as well as the assembly and packaging process.

In addition, there is a comprehensive display of locally mass-produced clocks from most of the former clock factories of Schwenningen. The museum also puts on temporary exhibitions.

See also
Horology
German Clock Museum
Mussee Internationale d'Horlogerie
National Watch and Clock Museum

External links
http://www.uhrenindustriemuseum.de Uhrenindustriemusem Villingen-Schwenningen (Website available only in German)

Horological museums in Germany
Museums in Baden-Württemberg
Villingen-Schwenningen
Buildings and structures in Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
Stephen Brewster. Stephen Brewster FRSE is the Professor of Human-Computer Interaction in the Department of Computing Science at the University of Glasgow, UK, where he runs the Multimodal Interaction Group. His main research interest is multimodal human-computer interaction, sound and haptics and gestures. Brewster received a PhD at the Human-Computer Interaction Group at the University of York. He organized the Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) several times and is the organiser for the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems alongside Geraldine Fitzpatrick. He has contributed to several scientific books.

Brewster was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March 2017.

References

External links 
 Home page
 

British computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of the University of York
Bavarian D III. The Class D III engines of the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) were  tank locomotives designed for shunting and Vizinalbahn service.

Georg Krauss had exhibited a locomotive of this type, which had been developed on the same design principles as the Bavarian B VII, at the 1873 Vienna World Exposition and sold it to the Bebra-Hanau Railway. The Bavarian State Railway also decided to procured the locomotive and order six for the same duties as those of the Maffei-built Bavarian D I class, which had been introduced in 1871. 

The D I was equipped with an outside Allan valve gear and an enclosed driver's cab. Its coal and water tanks jutted out over the rear driving axle. 

The locomotives were used partly for branch line service and partly for light shunting duties inter alia in Munich and Ingolstadt, and also at Lindau working with the ferries on Lake Constance. Because the engines could not attain the performance of the Bavarian D IV due to their simpler design, they were retired between 1894 and 1897. One engine was transferred to the Röthenbach–Weiler branch line and one to the Bavarian Cement Works at Marienstein, the rest were scrapped.

One engine was sold, the remainder had been retired and scrapped by 1897.

See also 
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

0-4-0T locomotives
D 03
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Krauss locomotives
B n2t locomotives
Shunting locomotives
Foden NC. The Foden NC was an unsuccessful design of double-decker bus chassis built by Foden of Sandbach and Northern Counties of Wigan in England between 1976 and 1978.

Background
Foden was primarily a truck manufacturer, although it had also built bus chassis in the past, whilst Northern Counties was a bus body manufacturer, building bodywork onto chassis produced by other companies. At the time of the design's conception, British Leyland had by far the largest share of the market for double-decker buses in the United Kingdom, with its Atlantean, Fleetline and Bristol VR models. The Foden NC was intended to compete against these for a share of this market.

Design
The Foden-NC was a semi-integral design, meaning that it has an underframe (chassis), but that the bodywork is also structurally load-bearing.

The transmission proved to be a weakness, with the Foden transfer box being prone to failures and the Allison gearbox inefficient. Derby City Transport refitted its Foden NC with Voith transmission in an attempt to overcome the problems.

In appearance, the Northern Counties bodywork was very similar to the style built on other chassis.

Production
Only seven vehicles were completed, one of which carried bodywork built by East Lancs instead of Northern Counties. An eighth, partially completed, bus was used for testing.

Greater Manchester PTE purchased two, while West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive, West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive, South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive, Derby City Transport and Potteries Motor Traction each purchased one.

Most of the vehicles experienced shorter than average working lives, although two still exist, preserved in the care of Aintree Coachlines of Liverpool.

References

Booth, Gavin and Brown, Stewart J. (1984) The Bus Book : Ian Allan Publishing,

External links

Flick gallery

Buses of the United Kingdom
Double-decker buses
Step-entrance buses
Vehicles introduced in 1976
Weil Hall. Weil Hall (formerly the Engineering Industries Building) is a historic building at Stadium Road and Gale Lemerand Drive (North-South Drive) on the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, Florida, United States. On June 24, 2008, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Built in sections between 1947 and 1949, it was designed by the Florida Board of Control's third  architect Guy Fulton in the Collegiate Gothic architectural style begun by William Augustus Edwards the first BOC architect  in 1905 and continued by his successor Rudolph Weaver, the second BOC architect. It was to be, however, one of the last buildings on campus to remain true to that style. It was named for Joseph Weil, dean of the College of Engineering.

Weil Hall houses the College of engineering deans and also various departments. Civil Engineering and  Industrial Engineering are the two predominant colleges that occupy the building. Every year the college's students host an event called "Pig Fest" were the two department's students celebrate the school year's end and compete in various games for dominance and kingdom of Weil Hall.

See also
University of Florida
Buildings at the University of Florida
University of Florida College of Engineering

References

National Register of Historic Places in Gainesville, Florida
Buildings at the University of Florida
Guy Fulton buildings
1949 establishments in Florida
School buildings completed in 1949
Civil & Civic. Civil & Civic was an Australian construction company. Founded in 1951, it was acquired in 1961 by Lend Lease Corporation.

History
Civil & Civic was founded by Dick Dusseldorp in 1951 on behalf of Dutch building companies Bredero's Bouwbedrijf and The Royal Dutch Harbour Company as an Australian building contractor. Its first contract was to supply and erect 200 prefabricated houses for the Snowy Mountains Authority which had been established by William Hudson, engineer of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

Hudson's greatest obstacle in the completion of the scheme was the provision of labour and materials. Without a resolution to these two problems the realisation of the project was doubtful. But 31-year-old Dutch immigrant Dick Dusseldorp conceived a plan to prefabricate frames for worker housing in Finland, plumbing in England, ship materials via Cooma and recruit labour from the Netherlands to erect the homes. Dusseldorp established Civil & Civic to take on and manage the multimillion-dollar contract.

Civil & Civic went on to become Australia's leading provider of project management services in the construction industry, delivering a number of landmark projects including Stage I of the Sydney Opera House, Australia's first all concrete skyscraper (Caltex House), and the world's first high-rise strata title apartment building (Blues Point Tower).

In 1961 Civil & Civic was acquired by Lend Lease Corporation, but the company continued to trade under the Civil & Civic name, also constructing the world's tallest lightweight concrete construction building (Australia Square), and the tallest building in the world outside North America (MLC Centre) at the time of completion.

In July 1999 Civil & Civic was rebranded Lend Lease Projects. After Lend Lease Corporation acquired Bovis from P&O in October 1999, the former Civil & Civic business merged with the former Bovis business to form Bovis Lend Lease.

Major Projects

References

External links
Lend Lease Projects website archive

Companies based in Sydney
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1951
Lendlease
Australian companies established in 1951
IDEAS. IDEAS may stand for:

 I-DEAS (Integrated Design and Engineering Analysis Software), a computer-aided design software package
 IDEAS For Us, American environmental organization
 IDEAS Group, International Defence Enterprise Architecture Specification For Exchange group, developers of the IDEAS ontological foundation
 IDEAS UAV, a Chinese unmanned aerial vehicle
 Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, a Malaysian libertarian think tank
 International Defence Exhibition and Seminar, a defence sector event, held biennially, in Pakistan
 IDEAS, a database maintained by the Research Papers in Economics project

See also
 Idea (disambiguation)
 Ideas (disambiguation)
Bavarian AA I. The only AA I steam locomotive of the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) was built by the firm of Krauss in 1896. It had been designed by chief mechanical engineer, Richard von Helmholtz, as a 4-2-2-2 tender locomotive. The engine was largely based on the Bavarian B XI, but the driving and running gear was modified. The second coupled axle was replaced by a fixed carrying axle, and a dolly axle (Vorspannachse) added between the bogie and driving axle. This could be lowered by a pressure cylinder and was driven by an auxiliary engine with two cylinders. Despite her high maintenance requirement, she was economical to run due to her low steam consumption. In 1907 she was rebuilt after an accident into a 2'B h2 locomotive and redesignated as a Class P 2/4. She was taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn and run under operating number 36 861. She was the last Bavarian 4-4-0 locomotive to be retired in 1933.

The engine was equipped with a Bavarian 3 T 14.5 tender.

See also
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

References 

 
 

4-4-0 locomotives
AA I
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Krauss locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1896
4-2-2-2 locomotives
2′B h2 locomotives
Passenger locomotives
C46. C46 or C-46 may refer to:

Vehicles 
 Boeing KC-46 Pegasus, an American military tanker aircraft
 Curtiss C-46 Commando, an American transport aircraft 
 , a Fiji-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy

Other uses 
 An Act to amend the Criminal Code (offences relating to conveyances), Bill C-46 of the Parliament of Canada
 C46 road (Namibia)
 Caldwell 46, a variable nebula
 Escadrille C46, a squadron of the French Air Service
 Kaposi's sarcoma
 Three Knights Game, a chess opening
 C46, a 46 minute-long Compact Cassette
Christoph Gerber. Christoph Gerber (born 1942) is a Swiss physicist and professor at the University of Basel. He is the co-inventor of the atomic force microscope (AFM), together with Gerd Binnig and Calvin Quate.

He was a founding member and director for scientific communication of the NCCR (National Center of Competence in Research Nanoscale Science). He was formerly a research staff member in nanoscale science at the IBM Research Laboratory in Rueschlikon, Switzerland, and has served as a project leader in various programs of the Swiss National Science Foundation.

For the past 40 years, his research has been focused on nanoscale science. He is a pioneer in scanning probe microscopy, who made major contributions to the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, the AFM, and AFM techniques in high vacuum and at low temperatures.

He is also the author of several patents.

Career 
Gerber was born in Basel in 1942 and raised there. After obtaining a degree in mechanical engineering, he briefly worked for Contraves (today part of Rheinmetall Air Defence) in Stockholm. In 1966, he returned to Switzerland to work at IBM in Rüschlikon, Switzerland. Here, he worked on a project developing the scanning transmission electron microscope, for which his colleagues Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig would later win the Nobel Prize in Physics.

In 1986, together with Gerd Binnig and Calvin Quate of Stanford University, Gerber published the article describing the atomic force microscope in Physical Review Letters.

Awards 
His work has been recognized with multiple honorary degrees and various awards and appeared in numerous articles in daily press and TV coverage. 2016 he has been awarded the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience together with Gerd Binnig and Calvin Quate for the scanning force Microscope. He became a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a Fellow of the Institute of Physics UK.

References

External links 
 Prof. Ch. Gerber
 

Academic staff of the University of Basel
Living people
Swiss physicists
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Kavli Prize laureates in Nanoscience
1942 births
MV Celtic (1903). MV Celtic is a former Thames sailing barge which was built by Kievits & Van Reede in Papendrecht, Netherlands in 1903 for E J & W Goldsmith Ltd of London and Grays, Essex. She is currently under restoration at Sittingbourne, Kent.

History

Celtic was built with a steel hull and was spritsail-rigged. She was used to trade around the coast of Kent and Essex, and the Thames Estuary, mostly in the brickmaking and papermaking trades, and was operated by E J & W Goldsmith for 38 years.

In 1941 she was requisitioned for war service, passing into ownership of the Ministry of War Transport, under the management of the London & Rochester Trading Co Ltd, and at that time was fitted with twin screws a pair of Bergius diesel engines. She was used as a barrage balloon base at Portsmouth, later serving as a parent vessel in Chichester harbour during January 1943. She saw further service in Scotland after this with Detachment Celtic; part of the RMBPD

Postwar, Celtic returned to commercial service in the ownership of Vectis Shipping and, later, Alfred Horatio Sheaf, both of Newport, Isle of Wight. She was mainly in the cement trade, working between Asham Cement Works on the River Ouse and the Isle of Wight. In 1967 the cement works closed, and she then worked between the Isle of Wight and Shoreham by Sea or Greenhithe and was laid up at Newport in 1969. She finally ended her days working in the ballast trade in the Thames area.

Official number and code letters
Celtics UK official number was 118314, and until 1933 her code letters were JGMC. By 1934, her call sign was MKFZ.

References

1903 ships
Thames sailing barges
Bavarian B XI. The  Class B XI engines of the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) were built between 1895 and 1900 by the firm of Maffei for deployment in Bavaria. The first delivery comprised 39 vehicles with two-cylinder, saturated steam operation, a further 100 two-cylinder compound locomotives followed in the period up to 1900.

The Deutsche Reichsbahn took over 8 engines from the first batch as Class 36.7,  with operating numbers 36 701 to 36 708, and 76 of the second batch, with numbers 36 751 to 36 826.

These steam locomotives were equipped with Bavarian 3 T 12, 3 T 14.5 and 2'2' T 18 tenders. These vehicles were the first locos that were give a four-axle tender.

See also 
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

References 

 This page incorporates a translation of the equivalent page on the German language Wikipedia
 

4-4-0 locomotives
B 11
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Railway locomotives introduced in 1892
2′B n2 locomotives
2′B n2v locomotives
Maffei locomotives
Krauss locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Bavarian D I. Class D I of the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) was a tank locomotive with two coupled axles designed for shunting. As had been specified, these locomotives were simple and robust. They had a double-frame, with water tanks being suspended between the sole bars of the front section. Because the water capacity of 1.74 m3 soon proved too little even for a shunter operating only within the limits of its own station, additional side tanks were added to some engines during the 1880s. The outside Stephenson valve gear moved the valves on top of the horizontal cylinders. The locomotives could be braked using an Exter counterweight brake.

The D I saw shunting duties on small and medium-sized stations, for example in Schwandorf, Straubing or Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz. 13 locomotives were still in service when the Bavarian State Railway transferred to the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1920. Seven vehicles were allocated numbers in the DRG renumbering plan for steam locomotives, but none were implemented as they were retired in 1923.

See also 
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

Sources 

 
 

0-4-0T locomotives
D 01
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Maffei locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1871
B n2t locomotives
Shunting locomotives
Inveneo. Inveneo is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based in San Francisco with focus on Information and Communication Technologies for organizations supporting underserved communities in the developing world, mostly in Africa. The organization has developed an ultra low-powered computer, called the Inveneo Computing Station, as well as a VoIP-enabled unit called the Inveneo Communication Station, and a hub server, all of which are designed to run on a 12-volt power supply. The Inveneo Computing and Communication Stations were originally based on a reference design ION A603 mini PC by First International Computer and run AMD Geode CPU.

In addition to ultra low-power computers and servers, Inveneo has also created long-distance wireless (WiFi) Local-Area Networking (LAN) gear and its own open-source operating systems for its desktop and server products (based on Ubuntu). The organization focuses on finding, training, and certifying local partners who can install, service, and support the rural installations quickly and at a much lower cost than flying in Inveneo engineers. Inveneo also helped to set up a communication system for relief workers after Hurricane Katrina. Jamais Cascio, a co-founder of WorldChanging, featured Inveneo in July 2005.

See also

 eCorps
 Geekcorps
 Geeks Without Bounds
 NetDay
One Laptop per Child
 Peace Corps
 Random Hacks of Kindness
 United Nations Information Technology Service (UNITeS)

References

External links
Inveneo.org
Inveneo wiki
Inveneo photostream

Media
Solar-powered Wi-Fi a gift to Senegal
Toward Freedom – Internet Access Fuels Development in War-Torn Uganda
Worldchanging Interview: Inveneo

Appropriate technology organizations
Information and communication technologies for development
Non-profit organizations based in San Francisco