omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ritter reaction. The Ritter reaction (sometimes called the Ritter amidation) is a chemical reaction that transforms a nitrile into an N-alkyl amide using various electrophilic alkylating reagents. The original reaction formed the alkylating agent using an alkene in the presence of a strong acid.

Mechanism and scope
The Ritter reaction proceeds by the electrophilic addition of either a carbenium ion or covalent species to the nitrile.  The resulting nitrilium ion is hydrolyzed to the desired amide.

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and benzylic alcohols, as well as  tert-butyl acetate, also  successfully react with nitriles in the presence of strong acids to form amides via the Ritter reaction.  A wide range of nitriles can be used. In particular, cyanide can be used to prepare formamides, which are useful precursors to isocyanides, or may also be hydrolysed to give amines.

Applications
A large scale application of the Ritter reaction is in the synthesis of tert-octylamine, by way of the intermediate formamide. This process was originally described by Ritter in 1948, and an estimated 10,000 tons/y (year: 2000) of this and related lipophilic amines are prepared in this way. Otherwise, the Ritter reaction is most useful in the formation of amines and amides of pharmaceutical interest.  Real world applications include Merck's industrial-scale synthesis of anti-HIV drug Crixivan (indinavir); the production of the falcipain-2 inhibitor PK-11195; the synthesis of the alkaloid aristotelone; and synthesis of Amantadine, an antiviral and antiparkinsonian drug. Other applications of the Ritter reaction include synthesis of dopamine receptor ligands and production of racemic amphetamine from allylbenzene and methyl cyanide.

The Ritter reaction is inferior to most amination methods because it cogenerates substantial amounts of salts.  Illustrative is the conversion of isobutylene to tert-butylamine using HCN and sulfuric acid followed by base neutralization. The weight of the salt byproduct is greater than the weight of the amine.

In the laboratory, the Ritter reaction suffers from the necessity of an extremely strong acid catalyst.  Other methods have been proposed in order to promote carbocation formation, including photocatalytic electron transfer or direct photolysis.

History
The reaction is named after John J. Ritter, who supervised the Ph.D. thesis work of P. Paul Minieri.

References

Addition reactions
Name reactions
Amide synthesis reactions
Articles containing video clips
SafeMed II Project. The SafeMed Project on maritime safety and prevention of pollution from ships is a European Union (EU) funded regional project run by the Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC) on behalf of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). 

Currently in its second phase of operation, the SafeMed II Project (2009–2011) builds on the achievements of SafeMed I (2006–2009).

Goals 

The aim of the SafeMed II Project is to develop cooperation in the fields of maritime safety and security and in the protection of the marine environment between the EU and the Mediterranean partners. Its main objectives are:

 To procure a sustainable improvement in the protection of Mediterranean waters against the risks of accidents at sea and marine pollution;
 To further reduce the capacity gap between the application of international regulatory framework and the EU legislative framework in order to ensure a coherent, effective and uniform implementation of the international conventions and rules for maritime safety and security.

Activities 

The SafeMed II Project assists the Mediterranean partner Beneficiaries with the further implementation of the 2007 adopted Regional Transport Action Plan (RTAP) for the Mediterranean 2007-2013. The Project offers training programmes and assistance, promotes a common platform for best practices to regulate maritime traffic in the Mediterranean, and seeks to achieve improved access to information for all.

The Project funds scholarships to internationally recognized maritime universities (such as the World Maritime University), organises seminars and workshops and publishes its own quarterly newsletter, the SafeMed Beacon.

External links
SafeMed Project Official Site

See also
SafeMed II Technical Annex Summary

International Maritime Organization
Ocean pollution
Maritime safety
DF-1 Protocol. DF-1 / DF1 protocol is an asynchronous byte-oriented protocol that is used to communicate with most Allen Bradley RS-232 interface modules. DF1 protocol consists of link layer and application layer formats. DF1 works over half duplex and full duplex modes of communication.

Application layer messages
Application layer message format consists of Command Initiator messages (request messages) and Command Executor (reply messages). Important command initiator messages are as follows.

 apply port configuration
 bit write
 change mode
 close file
 diagnostic status
 disable forces
 disable outputs
 download request
 echo
 enable  outputs
 enable PLC scanning
 enter download mode
 enter upload mode
 exit download/upload mode
 file read
 file write
 get edit resource
 initialize memory
 modify PLC-2 compatibility file
 open file
 physical read
 physical write
 read bytes physical
 read diagnostic counters
 reset diagnostic counters
 read link parameters
 read-modify-write
 read section size
 restart request
 set CPU mode
 set data table size
 set ENQs
 set link parameters
 set NAKs
 set timeout
 set variables
 shutdown

See also

Computer networking
Computer science

External links
 DF1 Protocol Reference Manual
 DF1 protocol Open Source

Industrial computing
Serial buses
Industrial automation
DirectNET Protocol. Koyo DirectNET protocol is used by DirectLOGIC PLCs from Automation Direct and is used in APS vacuum controls since 1999. It is a master/slave protocol making use of RS-232 or RS-422 physical layers with a baud rate from 300 to 38,400. It is designed to drive a maximum of 90 PLCs on a serial line.

External links 
 Protocol message format
 LGPL DirectNET protocol implementation for Linux and other POSIX systems.

Industrial computing
Serial buses
Industrial automation
Elgiloy. Elgiloy (Co-Cr-Ni Alloy) is a "super-alloy" consisting of 39-41% cobalt, 19-21% chromium, 14-16% nickel, 11.3-20.5% iron, 6-8% molybdenum, 1.5-2.5% manganese and 0.15% max. carbon.

It is used to make springs that are corrosion resistant and exhibit high strength, ductility, and good fatigue life. These same properties led to it being used for control cables in the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird airplane, as they needed to cope with repeated stretching and contracting.

Elgiloy meets specifications AMS 5876, AMS 5833, and UNS R30003.

Due to its chemical composition, Elgiloy is highly resistant to sulfide stress corrosion cracking and pitting, and can operate at temperatures up to 454 °C.

Elgiloy is a trade name for this super alloy.  Phynox is another trade name for the same super alloy.

See also
List of named alloys

References

External links

Superalloys
Metallurgy
Rába (company). The RÁBA Automotive Group (),  commonly known as Rába, is a Hungarian public limited company, listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange. Rába engineers, manufactures and customizes automotive components, specialty vehicles and axles for commercial vehicles, agri-machinery and earth-movers. The Rába has been building axles as well as complete vehicles since 1902. The company has three strategic business units. The company is headquartered in Győr, employing more than 2000 people.

History
 
The company was founded by local investor groups in Győr in 1896.

In 1899, the Rába had started to export to foreign countries: it supplied railway passenger carriages to Egypt, the East Indies, Southern Africa, city tramcars to Amsterdam and Antwerp. The carriages of the London underground railway were constructed and manufactured in the Rába company. The London Underground Railway ordered 30 multiple-unit trains, 66 passenger cars for multiple-unit trains and bogies. In 1904, the production of the first petrol engine powered trucks started. In 1914, the company started to produce its first passenger automobiles: The RÁBA Alpha. The steward's office ordered a special RÁBA Grand for the personal use of Emperor Charles I of Austria.

Rába's trucks originally used cabins supplied by West German MAN, but from 1980 on DAF's F241 cabin was used. A few Roman cabs (of MAN origins) were also supplied from Romania in return for engines. Rába's engine mainstay was itself of MAN origins, with the old D21 inline-six diesel massaged up to  with the help of turbocharging and intercooling.

In the 1980s, Rába built no more than about 2,000 trucks per year, although it was Hungary's third biggest employer. Being an important provider to Hungarocamion, a publicly operated international trucking firm, helped raise their international profile. In 1985, Rába's business mostly consisted of engine and axle manufacturing, with only 15% of turnover being represented by trucks. Of these trucks, however, nearly 90 per cent were exported, with most going to Yugoslavia. In 1986, Rába introduced a more powerful,  diesel engine (D11TLL) in order to help their trucks compete internationally and to meet Hungarocamion's needs. The new engine range was loosely based on the earlier MAN units, but were now of 11.05 litres, and were developed together with the Linz Institute of Graz, Austria.

Russian invasion of Ukraine 
Rába Járműipari Holding Nyrt. continues its operations in Russia. On March 21, 2022, the company announced it would maintain commercial ties with Russian Kamaz. As of February 6, 2023, reports indicate that Rába remains active in the Russian market.

References

External links

Official page

Motor vehicle manufacturers of Austria-Hungary
Automotive companies of Hungary
Truck manufacturers of Hungary
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1896
1896 establishments in Hungary
1896 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Hungarian brands
Győr
RH-32. The RH-32 was a radiation-hardened 32-bit MIPS R3000 based microprocessor chipset developed by the USAF Rome Laboratories for the Ballistic Missile Defense Agency, and produced by Honeywell (later, TRW) for Aerospace applications. It achieves a throughput of 20 MIPS. It was a three-chip set, consisting of Central Processing Unit, Floating Point Unit, and Cache Memory.

References 

Honeywell
32-bit microprocessors
MIPS implementations
Radiation-hardened microprocessors
Race Engine Technology. Race Engine Technology is a technical motorsports magazine devoted to powertrain engineering. It is based in the United Kingdom.

Background
Launched in Summer 2003 by the editor Ian Bamsey, the magazine is published 8 times a year by High Power Media and is distributed in over 50 countries around the world.

Race Engine Technology covers all forms of competition engine and transmission, including those used in  Formula One, NASCAR, Le Mans, MotoGP, NHRA and World Rally Car. It includes in-depth profiles of engines used in those and many other professional motorsport categories, insights into components, interviews with key industry figures and investigation into all aspects of the engineering that goes into contemporary competition powertrains.  The magazine recently published a European exclusive on the latest and last Toyota F1 V8 engine.

Race Engine Technology is published by Simon Moss and until recently had  Gordon P. Blair CBE, PhD, DSc, FIMechE, FREng, FSAE, as Technical Consultant.  The late Professor Blair was also the author of definitive, world-renowned textbooks on four and two-stroke engine technology.

Contributing Editors include engine designers Wayne Ward, John Stowe and David Wood, engine engineer  Jack Kane, American racing writers Martin D Clark and Anne Proffit and motorcycle racing technical specialist Neil Spalding.

Race Engine of the Year 
Race Engine Technology organizes the annual ‘Race Engine of the Year’ Awards, whereby around 50 practicing competition engine professionals from around the globe vote on the outstanding engines of the year. This peer-vote system acclaimed as the overall Race Engine of the Year in 2006 Audi R10 TDI turbodiesel V12, in 2007 the Toyota petrol-electric hybrid GT racer, in 2008 the Mercedes-Benz Formula One V8, in 2009 the Mercedes-Benz Formula One V8 plus KERS, and in 2010 the Renault Formula One V8.

Other titles 
High Power Media also publish the following special reports; F1 Race Technology, 24 Hour Race Technology, Cup Race Technology, Drag Race Technology, Motorcycle Race Technology and Rally Race Technology.

RET-Monitor 
High Power Media launched an online technical content site in 2009 that contains free articles on many race engine components.  The RET-Monitor content is provided to expand the knowledge of race engine builders worldwide through the Internet.

References

External links
 highpowermedia.com

Automobile magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2003
Eight times annually magazines published in the United Kingdom
Stress-whitening. Stress-whitening is where a white line appears along a bend or curve when a material is stressed by bending or punching operations. 

The appearance of white line indicates that there is an onset of failure of the corresponding material. This phenomenon is known as "stress-whitening". This is more common in amorphous materials, and also in some brittle polymers like PS, PMMA and Polycarbonate. The white colour is because of the light scattering by the crazes and changes in the refractive index of the area under stress.

References
 

Machining
Schreder HP-21. The Schreder HP-21 was an American high-wing, variable geometry, V tailed, single seat motor glider project that was designed by Richard Schreder. None was ever completed or flown.

Design and development
The HP-21 project was publicly announced in August 1982 in Soaring Magazine. Schreder said at that time: "the HP-21 will out-perform any other factory-built 15-Meter racer now in production."

In April 1984 the design was revealed as a high performance V-tailed single seater, with a retractable KFM 107e powerplant of  for self-launching, mounted behind the cockpit and retracting rearward to lie in a bay. The propeller remained exposed when the engine was retracted. The non-tapered wing had a carbon fiber spar with a span of  and a chord of only , with winglets fitted. The wing incorporated a hand-crank operated retractable Dacron sailcloth flap that was intended to be extended for thermalling and retracted for glides. The flap was of triangular shape and when deployed would extend from the wing root to a point just inboard of the ailerons. The flap retracted by winding around a chrome-moly steel tube located inside the wing.

Schreder went on to start work on the HP-22 before the HP-21 was finished and, even though the prototype HP-21 carried the registration of N38100, it was never registered and there is no indication that it was ever completed or flown.

Specifications (HP-21)

See also

References

1980s United States sailplanes
Schreder aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Motor gliders
High-wing aircraft
Schreder HP-22. The Schreder HP-22 was an American mid-wing, amphibious flying boat, cruciform tailed, two seat motor glider project that was designed by Richard Schreder. None were ever completed or flown.

Design and development
The HP-22 project was publicly announced in June 1984 in Soaring and, in comparison to Schreder's previous glider designs, was intended for "much easier building and for more versatile fun-flying when it's finished".

The aircraft was intended to accommodate two people in side-by-side seating under a bubble canopy. The engine was to be mounted above and behind the cockpit and to retract rearward to lie in a bay when not in use. The mid-mounted wing was to have a span of  and a constant chord, built with an aluminium spar, foam ribs and covered with aluminium skins. The tail would be similarly constructed. The wings also included coupled ailerons and flaps.

The intention was that the flying boat hull would be constructed from four panels of PVC foam covered on both sides with fiberglass at the factory, with the builder just epoxying them together around pre-formed bulkheads. The landing gear was to consist of a retractable tricycle gear, with the main gear swiveling aft and nose wheel retracting forward to act as a docking bumper on the nose. The landing gear main wheel design included disc brakes. The planing hull featured a normal step cut out and Schreder indicated that if this was shown to create too much drag during flight testing that he would design a retractable fairing for it. His intention was to have retractable tip floats that would swing outboard to form wing tips in flight in the same manner as on the Consolidated PBY Catalina, which Schreder had flown during the Second World War.

Despite its flying boat design, the HP-22 was intended as a soaring motor glider and the designer estimated its glide ratio at 30:1 and its minimum sink speed at 2.0 feet per second.

Schreder started work on the HP-22 before the HP-21 was finished and did not finish, register or fly either aircraft.

Specifications (HP-22 projected)

See also

References

1980s United States sailplanes
Schreder aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Flying boats
Mid-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
HP-22. The HP-22 was a finance-oriented pocket calculator produced by Hewlett-Packard between 1975 and 1978. It was designed as a replacement for the short-lived HP-70, and was one of a set of three calculators, the others being the HP-21 and HP-25, which were similarly built but aimed at different markets.

As with most HP calculators then and now, the HP-25 used RPN entry logic, with a four-level stack. It also had ten user-accessible memory registers. As was normal at the time, memory was not preserved on power-down. Its principal functions were (1) time value of money (TVM) calculations, where the user could enter any three of the variables and the fourth would be calculated, and (2) statistics calculations, including linear regression. Basic logarithmic and exponential functions were also provided. For TVM calculations, a physical slider switch labelled "begin" and "end" could be used to specify whether payments would be applied at the beginning or end of periods. It had a 12-digit LED display. A shift key provided access to functions whose legends were printed on the faceplate above the corresponding keys.

Its HP development codename was Turnip, and it was a member of the Woodstock series. Its US price was $165 in 1975, $125 in 1978.

A version adapted to support an additional backward-facing display manufactured by Educational Calculator Devices named EduCALC 22 GD existed as well.

References

External links
 Hewlett-Packard Journal, November 1975 - includes technical details of the HP-22 
 Technical details

22
AGX Dynamics. AGX Dynamics (previously known as AGX Multiphysics) is a proprietary real-time physics engine developed by Algoryx Simulation AB that simulates rigid body dynamics, collision detection, dry frictional contacts, jointed systems, motors, fluids, deformable materials, hydraulics, hydrodynamics, cable systems and wires.  AGX targets several domains, such as virtual reality real-time simulator applications for training and marketing; computer aided engineering and virtual prototyping; movie visual effects; and education. For education, components of AGX are used in the end-user software product Algodoo also developed and sold by Algoryx. Users of AGX simulate e.g. granular systems, construction equipment, forestry machines, mining processes and machines, biomechanics, industrial robots, ship and anchor handling processes and cranes. AGX is often integrated with 3D visualization frameworks such as OpenSceneGraph, OGRE, Unity and Unreal Engine and often also with actual hardware and control systems of the real-world version of the simulator. AGX is integrated in many 3D modeling and CAD systems, including Algoryx Momentum for ANSYS Discovery (formerly SpaceClaim).

AGX has been under active development since 2007. It usually has about 3 major releases per year.

History 
AGX is developed by Algoryx Simulation AB, a private limited company established in Umeå, Sweden in 2007, as a spin-off from Umeå University. In February 2011, Algoryx was selected for the list of Top-20 companies to represent Swedish Innovation, by the Swedish Institute, a Swedish government agency. In March 2011, Algoryx was ranked as one of Sweden's most promising young high tech companies by business magazine Affärsvärlden and tech news paper Ny Teknik. In May 2011, Algoryx was selected by Red Herring for the Top 100 list of the most innovative companies in Europe.

References

External links 
 Official homepage
 Homepage of Algoryx Simulation AB
 Homepage of physics education software Algodoo

Computer physics engines
Rigid bodies
Virtual reality
Lada Silhouette. The Lada Silhouette (also known as the Lada 2116) is a family car concept car developed by Russian automaker AvtoVAZ in collaboration with Porsche Engineering (who also had input into earlier VAZ designs such as the Samara (VAZ-2108) and the Lada 110-series) and originally revealed to the public in 2005.

In 2006, the concept was revised and developed and called the project was dubbed Project C, and is known by the official designator VAZ-2116. It was shown to the public at the 2006 Moscow International Motor Show.

Leaked photographs of the a prototype vehicle were originally published in 2008, and early speculation cited a launch date of around 2008 or 2009 but the car never went beyond prototype stage and didn't reach production.

References

Lada concept vehicles
International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant. The International Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWTP) is a sewage treatment plant developed by the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) in the South Bay area of San Diego, California. Construction began on a , west of San Ysidro in the Tijuana River Valley. The project, authorized by the U.S. Congress in 1989 and formally agreed between the two countries in July 1990, was part of a regional approach to solve long-standing problems, particularly the flow of sewage-contaminated water into the ocean via the Tijuana River.

Completed in spring 1997, the official ribbon-cutting ceremony took place on April 18 and the plant came on-line in May.

The International Wastewater Treatment Plant was created in an effort to mitigate pollution caused by untreated sewage coming from the city of Tijuana. The U.S. paid for the majority of the treatment plant, citing the sewage runoff as an international issue. It required the cooperation of multiple governmental bodies. Even though most of the plant's raw sewage comes from Tijuana, it is owned by the U.S. portion of the International Boundary and Water Commission, an agreement between Mexico and the US that helps delineate border lines and allocate water flow from the rivers and other bodies of water that intermingle between the U.S. and Mexico.

Due to the rapid growth Tijuana has experienced, failures of the sewer infrastructure are frequent. Mexico did not have the money to fund the entirety of a large treatment plant. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has assisted with funding the project under the rationale that the sewage flow from Tijuana often causes the closure of U.S. beaches due to bacterial contamination of the water. The project cost the U.S. a total of $239 million initially, and the addition of secondary treatment technology that helped meet regulations so the water could flow to the U.S. side of the border cost an additional $18 million. The treatment plant supports a daily flow of 25 million gallons of raw sewage per day. Ultimately, this agreement made strides to increase the availability of clean drinking water in Tijuana and helped to ensure that pollution and degradation to the surrounding environment was minimized.

References

External links

 South Bay International Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Page – International Boundary and Water Commission

San Diego–Tijuana
Water in California
Buildings and structures in San Diego
Mexico–United States relations
Sewage treatment plants in California