omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamicist. In thermodynamics, a thermodynamicist is someone who studies thermodynamic processes and phenomena, i.e. the physics that deal with mechanical action and relations of heat.

Among the well-known number of famous thermodynamicists, include Sadi Carnot, Rudolf Clausius, Willard Gibbs, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Max Planck.

History of term
Although most consider the French physicist Nicolas Sadi Carnot to be the first true thermodynamicist, the term thermodynamics itself wasn't coined until 1849 by Lord Kelvin in his publication An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.

The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, a civil and mechanical engineering professor at the University of Glasgow.

See also

References

 
Thermodynamics
Magnus hitch. The magnus hitch is a knot similar to a rolling hitch or clove hitch, used to tie a rope or line to a pole, spar, or another line. It is tied similarly to a rolling hitch but with the final hitch in the opposite direction. It can be more tricky to snug up, since both lines emerge from the same side of the hitch, but it has less tendency to twist under load.

Tying 

To tie a magnus hitch:
 Start with a turn around the object.  Bring the working end towards the direction of pull and between the standing part and the object.
 Make another wrap around the object, completing a round turn.  The wraps of the round turn should progress towards the desired direction of pull.  Bring the working end out over the standing part away from the direction of pull.
 Complete with a half hitch, moving around the object in the opposite direction as the first turns, as for a cow hitch.
 Dress by snugging the hitch around the object before applying load, away from the tail of the hitch.

See also 
 List of knots
 Taut-line hitch

References
.
.
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Knots
List of educational institutions in Sahiwal. This is a list of educational institutions located in the district of Sahiwal in Pakistan.

Primary and secondary educational institutions & Colleges
University of Sahiwal
Sahiwal Medical College
Punjab College of Science
The Superior College
Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal, 
CFE Group of Colleges
Army Public Schools & Colleges System
Govt High School 82-6/R Sahiwal
Beaconhouse School System
Bloomfield Hall School
The City School
Divisional Public School and College
The Educators
Govt High School Urban Area Sahiwal
Maarifa College

References

External links

Sahiwal
Sahiwal
French wire. French wire, also known as bullion or gimp, is a fine coil of silver or gold-filled wire used by jewellers to conceal beading wire next to crimps and clasps. Proponents maintain that French wire gives jewelry an elegant, professionally finished look while also protecting and strengthening the ends of the beadwork.  Also widely available in silver and gold plated wire, this less expensive version is more commonly used by hobbyist beaders on seed bead and knotted pearl projects.

References

Jewellery components
Desktop sharing. Desktop sharing is a common name for technologies and products that allow remote access and remote collaboration on a person's computer desktop through a graphical terminal emulator.

The most common two scenarios for desktop sharing are:

 Remote login
 Real-time collaboration

Remote log-in allows users to connect to their own desktop while being physically away from their computer. Systems that support the X Window System, typically Unix-based ones, have this ability "built in". Windows versions starting from Windows 2000 have a built-in solution for remote access as well in the form of Remote Desktop Protocol and prior to that in the form of Microsoft’s NetMeeting.

Virtual Network Computing (VNC) is a cross-platform solution accomplished through a common client/server model. The client, or VNC viewer, is installed on a local computer and then connects to the network via a server component, which is installed on a remote computer. In a typical VNC session, all keystrokes and mouse clicks are registered as if the client were actually performing tasks on the end-user machine.

The shortcoming of the above solutions are their inability to work outside of a single NAT environment. A number of commercial products overcome this restriction by tunneling the traffic through rendezvous servers.

Apple machines require Apple Remote Desktop (ARD).

Real-time collaboration is a bigger area of desktop sharing use and has gained momentum as an important component of rich multimedia communications. 
Desktop sharing, when used in conjunction with other components of multimedia communications such as audio and video, offers people to meet and work together. On the larger scale, this area is also referred as web conferencing.

With a larger number of applications moving from desktop machines to cloud computing, newer forms of browser based instant screen sharing have developed such as Cobrowsing.

Comparison of notable desktop sharing software

See also
 Comparison of remote desktop software
 Collaborative real-time editor
 Desktop virtualization

References

Collaboration
Remote desktop
Pond liner. A pond liner is an impermeable geomembrane used for  retention of liquids, including the lining of reservoirs, retention basins, hazardous and nonhazardous surface impoundments, garden ponds and artificial streams in parks and gardens.

Installation

Pond liners need to be protected from sharp objects (for example, stones) below the liner and from being punctured by any objects in the water body. Protection can be provided with layers of sand, geotextiles (particularly needle-punched nonwovens) and other materials. Pond liners are manufactured in rolls or accordion-folded on pallets. When deployed in the field their edges and ends are overlapped and seamed together. Methods are thermal fusion, solvents, adhesives and tapes.

The edge of the pond liner is generally rolled over the top of the soil slope and secured in an anchor trench or it can be fixed to a vertical wall made of wood or concrete. Box-shaped pond liners can be made for rectangular structures. The vast majority of flexible pond liners (aka, geomembranes) are available commercially and are manufactured using the following polymers; HDPE, LLDPE, fPP, PVC, EPDM. They can also be manufactured with a fabric scrim between two plys of the polymer, e.g., PE-R, CSPE-R, fPP-R, EPDM-R, and BGM. Geomembranes can also be made in-situ by spraying a polymer (polyurea, or equal) directly on a geotextile substrate. The lifetime of these various ponds liners depends greatly on whether they are exposed or covered. Clay liners can also be used which have extremely long lifetimes as long as they do not dry and crack by shrinkage and/or settlement.

See also
 Geomembranes
 Landfill liner
 Landscape engineering
 Raceway (aquaculture)
 Raceway pond

References

Landscape architecture
Tearing. Tearing is the act of breaking apart a material by force, without the aid of a cutting tool. A tear in a piece of paper, fabric, or some other similar object may be the result of the intentional effort with one's bare hands, or be accidental. Unlike a cut, which is generally on a straight or patterned line controlled by a tool such as scissors, a tear is generally uneven and, for the most part, unplanned. An exception is a tear along a perforated line, as found on a roll of toilet paper or paper towels, which has been previously partially cut, so the effort of tearing will probably produce a straight line.

Materials vary in their susceptibility to tearing. Some materials may be quite resistant to tearing when they are in their full form, but when a small cut or tear is made, the material becomes compromised, and the effort needed to continue tearing along that line becomes less.

Materials can be characterized by standard test methods to measure their tear resistance. There are several applicable standards which vary around the world. The variables which affect tear strength are defined "the shape of the test piece, speed of stretching and temperature."

See also
 Cutting
 Deformation
 Ripstop
 Screen tearing

References

Solid mechanics
Landscape detailing. Landscape detailing describes the process of integrating soft and hard landscape materials to create a landscape design. It requires knowledge of landscape architecture, landscape engineering, and landscape products.

Landscape detailing can be boiled down to three different steps: function, structure, and appearance. Function allows to satisfy the requirements of the landscape to serve a purpose. Structure is the physical implementation of function through the best available resources, usually those of a local character. Appearance is about obtaining visual satisfaction, commonly known as aesthetic values.

Landscape detailing can influence the attitude and mood of a landscape. A study was conducted on how young people feel when in a natural oriented landscape versus an engineered habitat. The results showed that more structured landscapes are preferred in young people. Detailing in landscape allows the designer to make choices that help influence the landscape, allowing the potential to be shown.

Landscape can have an influence on how communities and societies evolve and vice versa. Communities can shape how the landscape is used based on the needs of the community. An example of this is Canada's landscape and the role the rail roads had in shaping the community. With the introduction of the rail road, Canada's wild lands were more susceptible to exploitation and allowed the community to experience Canada's array of National Parks.

Landscape detailing is not just limited to actual land, but can also be seen as a way to improve the waterfront area, making the waterfront a more appealing setting for the public to enjoy. Typically, when addressing the relationship of landscape detailing and water, drainage is considered and how the landscape can be manipulated to prevent flooding and maintain water flows.

With today's every expanding technologies, there has been an increase in ways to convey landscape detailing. The visualization tools can be split into two categories: traditional and computerized. Traditional ways to convey details in the landscape would be simply a pen/pencil, paper maps, and models, while the computerized way would to use GIS, 3D virtual modelling, or simulations using layers of photography to convey urban areas that have potential to be molded.

Notes
 1. Lückmann, K., Lagemann, V., & Menzel, S. (2013). Landscape Assessment and Evaluation of Young People: Comparing Nature-Orientated Habitat and Engineered Habitat Preferences. Environment & Behavior, 45(1), 86-112. 
 2. Williams, R. (2012). HOW TRAINS SHAPED CANADA'S LANDSCAPE. Landscapes/Paysages, 14(2), 46-47.
 3. Schmid, A. S. (1983). Design in the river landscape. Science Direct, 10(1), 31-41.
 4.Al-Kodmany, K. (2001). Visualization tools and methods for participatory planning and design. Journal of Urban Technology, 8(2), 1-37.     
 5. Thompson, I. H. (2002). Landscape and urban planning. 60(2), 81-93.

References

See also
Garden design
Landscape design

Landscape
Landscape products. Landscape products are a group of building industry products used by garden designers and landscape architects and exhibited at trade fairs devoted to these industries. They include: walls, fences, paving, gardening tools, outdoor lighting, water features, fountains, garden furniture, garden ornaments, gazebos, garden buildings, and pond liners. 

Geosynthetics are another group of products used extensively in landscape construction for drainage, filtration, reinforcement and separation. Geotextiles are used for drainage to either convey or allow water penetration and to prevent the mixing of two different materials; geomembranes are used to contain liquids in ponds or wastes in landfills; geogrids and geocells are used for load support and to increase the bearing capacity of weak soils; and geocells are used for slope and channel protection and erosion control. 

The skills of combining these products to produce places are known as landscape design and landscape detailing.

See also
Garden design
Soft landscape materials
Hard landscape materials

References

Gardening aids
Garden design
Jeff De Luca. Jeff De Luca is a global information technology strategist and an author in the field of software development methodology.  He is considered the primary architect of Feature Driven Development (FDD) circa 1999 [^JDLBIO], a lightweight methodology for developing computer software with reduced management overhead, time and money.

In 1999, Jeff De Luca co-authored Java Modeling In Color With UML (1999, ), along with Peter Coad and Eric Lefebvre.

Jeff De Luca was born in 1964. Although Jeff dropped out of secondary school (high school), and did not start with a college degree, he learned, on-the-job, working for years with programmers and designers at IBM in Melbourne, Australia and transferred with IBM to the United States in Raleigh, North Carolina (^JDLBIO). At the IBM Rochester Minnesota Programming Laboratory, Jeff developed network software to connect different types of IBM computer systems, and continued learning at IBM for those 11 years.  He had begun in the mailroom: in 1981, aged 17, he had left school and started working at IBM, Melbourne, as the mailroom clerk.

Jeff resigned from IBM in 1993, as a senior systems strategist.
After IBM, Jeff formed his own consultancy company, Nebulon Pty Ltd, based in Melbourne, Australia, and developed extensive, complex software systems using the Java technology (with the programming language),
object-modelling in UML, and FDD.

External links
^JDLBIO - Bio of Jeff De Luca, at his Nebulon company
SE-Radio Interview with Jeff DeLuca

1964 births
American computer businesspeople
American computer programmers
American technology writers
Australian technology writers
Living people
IBM employees
Place of birth missing (living people)
Lee Si-chen. Lee Si-chen (; born 13 August 1952 in Gangshan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan), is a Taiwanese engineer specializing in semiconductors, a researcher in amorphous silicon in the early development in Taiwan, and an IEEE Fellow. He has been a professor of electrical engineering since 1982 and the president of National Taiwan University from 2005 to 2013.

Biography

Education
He received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University (1974) and a master's degree (1977) and PhD (1981), both in electrical engineering, from Stanford University.

Present positions
He is the current president of National Taiwan University (2005 – ), president of the Association of National Universities of Taiwan (2006 – ) and chair of the University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific (2005 – ). He is also a professor of electrical engineering at the National Taiwan University (1985 - ).

Experiences and Trainings
 IEEE Fellow (2002)
 Dean of Academic Affairs, National Taiwan University (1996–2002)
 Assistant to the Minister of National Defense (1993–1994)
 Director, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (1989–1992)
 Vice Directorate, IEEE Taipei Section (2001–2002)
 Directorate, Chinese Association of Electromagnetism in Life Science (1999–2004)
 Associate Editor, Materials Chemistry and Physics (1992–2004)
 Associate professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (1982–1985)
 Researcher, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc., Troy, Michigan (1980–1982)
 Associate Editor, Journal of Chinese Engineers (1996–2000)
 Leader, Bioenergy Field Group, Biology Department, National Science Council (1992–1998)
 Directorate, Association of Chinese Electrical Engineers (1992–1994)
 Leader, Microelectronics Group, Engineering Department, National Science Council (1988–1993)
 Consultant, ERSO of ITRI (1991–1992 and 1986–1989)

Awards
 The Degree of Doctor Honoris Causa Conferred by Kansai University (2005)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 47th Academic Award of Ministry of Education (2003)
 Annual Medal from the Chinese Association of Electrical Engineers (2002)
 IEEE Fellow (2002)
 IEEE Third Millennium Medal for outstanding achievements and contributions on electronic devices (2000)
 Member of Asia-Pacific Academy of Materials (1997)
 Special contracted researcher of National Science Council (1996–2002)
 Outstanding Research Awards of National Science Council (1986–1996)
 Young Distinguished Engineer of Chinese Engineer Association (1987)
 Sun Yat-Sen Academic Award (Engineering) (1987)

Interest in Psychic Abilities
He is interested in the scientific research of Chinese Qigong and extrasensory perception.

References

National Taiwan University alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Academic staff of the National Taiwan University
Taiwanese electrical engineers
Living people
1952 births
Scientists from Kaohsiung
Presidents of National Taiwan University
Pseudoscientific physicists
Sanforization. Sanforization is a treatment for fabrics to reduce shrinkage from washing. The process was patented by Sanford Lockwood Cluett (1874–1968) in 1930. It works by stretching, shrinking, and fixing the woven cloth in both length and width before cutting and producing, to reduce the shrinkage which would otherwise occur after washing. The original patent mentioned "goods of cotton, linen, woolen, silk, rayon, and combinations thereof".

Process
The cloth is continually fed into the sanforizing machine and therein moistened with either water or steam. A rotating cylinder presses a rubber sleeve against another, heated, rotating cylinder. Thereby, the sleeve briefly gets compressed and laterally expanded, afterwards relaxing to its normal thickness. The cloth to be treated is transported between rubber sleeve and heated cylinder and is forced to follow this brief compression and lateral expansion, and relaxation. It is thus shrunk.

The greater the pressure applied to the rubber sleeve during sanforization, the less shrinking will occur once the garment is in use. The process may be repeated.

The aim of the process is a cloth which does not shrink significantly during production, cutting, ironing, sewing, or especially, by wearing and washing the finished clothes.
Cloth and articles made from it may be labelled to have a specific shrink-proof value (if pre-shrunk), e.g., of under 1%.

Applications

Karate gis (traditional Japanese karate uniforms) are often made from Sanforized cotton so that shrinkage does not occur with this heavy material. Karate uniforms are often of  cotton so shrinkage can be quite severe after washing and drying. Sanforized gis are typically labelled as pre-shrunk. Fencers' protective jackets are usually made of unsanforized cotton canvas.

References

External links
 Sanforized cotton used in Karate uniforms

Cotton
Textile treatments
Physical address. In computing, a physical address (also real address, or binary address), is a memory address that is represented in the form of a binary number on the address bus circuitry in order to enable the data bus to access a particular storage cell of main memory, or a register of memory-mapped I/O device.

Use by central processing unit
In a computer supporting virtual memory, the term physical address is used mostly to differentiate from a virtual address.  In particular, in computers utilizing a memory management unit (MMU) to translate memory addresses, the virtual and physical addresses refer to an address before and after translation performed by the MMU, respectively.

Unaligned addressing
Depending upon its underlying computer architecture, the performance of a computer may be hindered by unaligned access to memory.  For example, a 16-bit computer with a 16-bit memory data bus, such as Intel 8086, generally has less overhead if the access is aligned to an even address. In that case fetching one 16-bit value requires a single memory read operation, a single transfer over a data bus.

If the 16-bit data value starts at an odd address, the processor may need to perform two memory read cycles to load the value into it, i.e. one for the low address (throwing away half of it) and then a second read cycle to load the high address (throwing away again half of the retrieved data).  On some processors, such as the Motorola 68000 and Motorola 68010 processors, and SPARC processors, unaligned memory accesses will result in an exception being raised (usually resulting in a software exception, such as POSIX's SIGBUS, being raised).

Use by other devices

The direct memory access (DMA) feature allows other devices in the mother board besides the CPU to address the main memory.  Such devices, therefore, also need to have a knowledge of physical addresses.

The memory-mapped I/O addresses are also physical addresses, which may be accessed by the device drivers in an operating system.

See also
 Address constant
 Addressing mode
 Address space
 Page address register
 Pointer (computer programming)
 Primary storage, also known as main memory
 Virtual memory
 Virtual address, also known as logical address
 Page table
 Memory management unit (MMU)
 Gray code addressing

References

Computer memory
Virtual memory
Data types
Optare MetroRider. The Optare MetroRider is a midibus that was manufactured by Optare between 1989 and 2000.

History

Optare based the original design on the MCW Metrorider after it bought the rights from Metro Cammell Weymann after the latter decided to cease production. It was launched in November 1989, with 1,159 produced before it was succeeded by the Optare Solo in 2000.

The MetroRider was an integral bus, with the chassis and body constructed as a single structure. It was sold abroad in kit form, in countries such as Malaysia. Four electric MetroRiders were sold to the Oxford Bus Company in 1993 and two compressed natural gas powered versions were sold to Stagecoach Cambus in 1996.

Electric version 

An electric version of the MetroRider was produced in 1993. The transport authority placed four vehicles into service on a city centre circular service in Oxford. They were operated initially by the Oxford Bus Company but later briefly passed to Stagecoach Group before withdrawal owing to a cessation of subsidy. They were later used on Jersey and Islay.

Natural gas version
Two MetroRiders were produced for Stagecoach Cambus in Cambridge, powered by a dedicated CNG engine developed by Cummins.

References

External links

MetroRider
Midibuses
Electric midibuses
Vehicles introduced in 1989