omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Turkish Stars. The Turkish Stars () are the aerobatic demonstration team of the Turkish Air Force and the national aerobatics team of Turkey.

The team was formed on 7 November 1992, and was named the Turkish Stars on 11 January 1993.

Turkish Stars fly with eight Canadair NF-5 fighter planes obtained from the Royal Netherlands Air Force, making them one of few national aerobatics teams to fly supersonic aircraft. Twelve NF-5 fighter planes are available to the team. The team uses CASA/IPTN CN-235, C-130 and C-160  support aircraft in Turkish Stars colours. The team is stationed at the Konya Air Base of 3rd Main Jet Base Group Command. As a part of modernization programs of the Turkish Air Force, the NF-5 aircraft are planned to be replaced with locally produced TAI Hurjet in mid 2020s.

On 24 August 2001, the Turkish Stars demonstrated at an airshow to more than one million people in Baku, Azerbaijan, setting a world record.

, Major Kürşat Kömür serve as fleet commander of Turksih Stars.

Incidents
On 13 March 2012, one of the team's NF-5 fighter planes crashed during a training session in Konya Province,  from the airbase where the team is stationed. Pilot Flight lieutenant Ümit Özer, who had joined the Turkish Stars shortly before, died in the crash.

On 7 April 2021, an NF-5 fighter plane crashed during a training session near Karatay. Pilot Flight lieutenant Burak Gençcelep died in the crash.
	
On 6 December 2022, during a training flight, an NF-5 collided with a bird causing engine failure. The pilot ejected and was confirmed to be unharmed.

On 14 March 2024, during a training flight, an NF-5 crashed into a construction site near the runway during a landing attempt, killing one construction worker who was operating construction equipment. The pilot successfully ejected and was airlifted by helicopter to the Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine. The Turkish Ministry of National Defence official Twitter account announced that the crash occurred at 12:51pm Local Time and the cause was unknown. It also announced that an investigation had been initiated.

See also
Turkish Air Force

References

External links 

 Turkish Stars website
 Turkish Stars at Bucharest International Air Show 2018

Turkish Air Force
Aerobatic teams
Konya Province
1992 establishments in Turkey
Military units and formations established in 1992
Royal Jordanian Falcons. The Royal Jordanian Falcons (صقور الأردن الملكية) is the national aerobatic demonstration team of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

The team was formed on the orders of King Hussein of Jordan in 1976. It was initially led by American pilots Dave Rahm and Steve Wolf, but Rahm was killed in a 1976 crash during a performance in front of Hussein.

The team used two and subsequently three Pitts S-2A Specials before changing to Walter Extra EA300s in 1992. Later, in 2007, the team's fleet was upgraded, the older Extra 300s were replaced by Extra 300Ls. The team displays with four aircraft and has a fifth as a backup. In 2018, the team switched to the Extra 330LX, replacing the older Extra 300L trainer aircraft.

The team was formerly based at Amman Civil Airport, but has since moved to Aqaba Airport, also known as King Hussein International Airport.

The Falcons are unusual in that the team is a joint military-civil venture. The pilots are all Royal Jordanian Air Force personnel and are selected competitively from the top RJAF pilots, to join the team for a 3–4 year posting. For the majority of the team's existence it has had five pilots and three to four engineers for each given season. The aircraft, however, are owned and maintained by Royal Jordanian Airlines.

The Royal Jordanian Falcons aim to promote interest in Jordan and its culture and to advance international goodwill. The Falcons have displayed at air shows and events in Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. At a number of air shows they achieved various accolades, including winning the Royal International Air Tattoo's Cannestra Trophy (best overseas flying demonstration) three times.

Royal Jordanian Falcons team (as of 2021) 

Maj. Riyad Ayyoub (general manager)
Maj. Ghazi Sadoun (director of operations)
Capt. Sharif Hatouq (chief pilot)
Capt. Jamil Zayyad (formation leader)
Maj. Tamer Majali (left wing)
Maj. Ahmad Al-Rababa’h (right wing)
Capt. Doraid Al-Lawama (solo/slot)
Doraid Lawama (coach)
Chief Eng. Riziq Haddad (chief of maintenance)
Eng. Thaer Al Shoufi (engineer)
Eng. Mohammad Malhas (engineer)
Eng. Bassam Rahamneh (engineer)
Khaled Sakarneh (engineer)

References

  Royal Jordanian Falcons: History

External links

Official website

Royal Jordanian Air Force
Jordan
Aerobatic teams
1978 establishments in Jordan
National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies. The National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies (NFSAT) () is an Armenian non-profit, voluntary organization established in 1997 by legislation. Its mission is to develop the scientific and engineering potential of Armenia. The headquarters of the federation is located in Yerevan.

Objectives
NFSAT's mission is to promote scientific research and technological development in various fields within conformity with international standards, as well as to provide financial and technological support for scientific research and project development. The foundation has several grants which are available for Armenian scientists and engineers.

See also

Science and technology in Armenia

External links
Official website
National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies on Facebook

Science and technology in Armenia
Organizations established in 1997
Test script. A test script in software testing is a set of instructions that will be performed on the system under test to test that the system functions as expected.

Types of test scripts 
There are various means for executing test scripts. These last two types are also done in manual testing.
 Manual testing. These are more commonly called test cases.
 Automated testing.
 Short program written in a programming language used to test part of the functionality of a software system. Test scripts written as a short program can either be written using a special automated functional GUI test tool (such as HP QuickTest Professional, Borland SilkTest, IBM TPNS and Rational Robot) or in a well-known programming language (such as C++, C#, Tcl, Expect, Java, PHP, Perl, Powershell, Python, or Ruby). As documented in IEEE, ISO and IEC.
 Extensively parameterized short programs a.k.a. Data-driven testing
 Reusable steps created in a table a.k.a. keyword-driven or table-driven testing.

Usage and functionality 
Automated testing may be executed continuously without the need for human intervention, they are easily repeatable, and often faster. Automated tests are useful in situations where the test is to be executed several times, for example as part of regression testing. Automated tests can be disadvantageous when poorly written, leading to incorrect testing or broken tests being carried out.

Automated tests can, like any piece of software, be poorly written or simply break during playback. They also can only examine what they have been programmed to examine. Since most systems are designed with human interaction in mind, it is good practice that a human tests the system at some point. A trained manual tester can notice that the system under test is misbehaving without being prompted or directed; automated tests can only examine what they have been programmed to examine. When used in regression testing, manual testers can find new bugs while ensuring that old bugs do not reappear while an automated test can only ensure the latter. Mixed testing, with automated and manual testing, is often used; automating what needs to be tested often and can be easily checked by a machine, and using manual testing to do test design and exploratory testing.

One should consider the return on investment for automating any given test script, i.e. does the cost to build and maintain that script cost less than it would take to simply execute it manually. Where cost can be measured in terms of time and/or money but also the opportunity cost of not freeing up people to do other work.

See also
Software testing
Unit test
Test plan
Test suite
Scenario testing
Session-based testing

References 

Software testing
Frame check sequence. A frame check sequence (FCS) is an error-detecting code added to a frame in a communication protocol.  Frames are used to send payload data from a source to a destination.

Purpose 
All frames and the bits, bytes, and fields contained within them, are susceptible to errors from a variety of sources. The FCS field contains a number that is calculated by the source node based on the data in the frame. This number is added to the end of a frame that is sent. When the destination node receives the frame the FCS number is recalculated and compared with the FCS number included in the frame. If the two numbers are different, an error is assumed and the frame is discarded.

The FCS provides error detection only. Error recovery must be performed through separate means. Ethernet, for example, specifies that a damaged frame should be discarded and does not specify any action to cause the frame to be retransmitted. Other protocols, notably the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), can notice the data loss and initiate retransmission and error recovery.

Implementation

The FCS is often transmitted in such a way that the receiver can compute a running sum over the entire frame, together with the trailing FCS, expecting to see a fixed result (such as zero) when it is correct. For Ethernet and other IEEE 802 protocols, the standard states that data is sent least significant bit first, while the FCS is sent most significant bit (bit 31) first. An alternative approach is to generate the bit reversal of the FCS so that the reversed FCS can be also sent least significant bit (bit 0) first. Refer to  for more information.

Types
By far the most popular FCS algorithm is a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), used in Ethernet and other IEEE 802 protocols with 32 bits, in X.25 with 16 or 32 bits, in HDLC with 16 or 32 bits, in Frame Relay with 16 bits, in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) with 16 or 32 bits, and in other data link layer protocols.

Protocols of the Internet protocol suite tend to use checksums.

See also 
 Syncword

References 

Link protocols
Logical link control
Packets (information technology)
Aries (rocket). Aries is an American sounding rocket and target rocket, developed by Space Vector Corporation from retired LGM-30 Minuteman I intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) stages for use by the United States Air Force and NASA. Taken over by Orbital Sciences Corporation, Aries, as the Target Test Vehicle, remains in use.

Design and development
In the late 1960s, the retirement of the LGM-30 Minuteman I ICBM resulted in the opportunity to produce a high-performance sounding rocket from the surplus solid-propellant rockets that became available; the Naval Research Laboratory awarded a contract to Space Vector Corporation in 1971 to develop the "Fat Albert" rocket using the surplus Minuteman I first stages; before the first launch, the name of the rocket was changed to the "more dignified" Aries.

Aries consisted of an Aerojet M56 solid-fuel rocket, the second stage of the Minuteman I, fitted with an aerodynamic nose cone and four tail fins, taken from the RIM-8 Talos surface-to-air missile, for stabilization. Steering was by gimbaled thrust; Aries retained its guidance system, redesigned for use as a sounding rocket, allowing for more precise flight paths and use of smaller rocket ranges than other sounding rockets required; however, its size meant it required a more substantial launch platform than conventional sounding rockets. Payloads of  could be lifted to apogees of over  by Aries; the maximum payload capable of being carried was , and an apogee of  was achieved on one flight.

Operational history
The first launch of Aries, carrying a dummy payload, took place on 17 October 1973; following the first two test launches, the Talos stabilizing fins were replaced by a fins of a new design, and the skirt surrounding the rocket engine nozzles was modified. Aries entered operational service, being used on over 20 flights to launch payloads such as X-ray telescopes and ultraviolet telescopes that were too heavy to be lifted by conventional sounding rockets. Payloads could be recovered using a two-stage parachute system.

In addition to its use as a sounding rocket, Aries was adapted for use as a target rocket to be used in the testing of anti-ballistic missiles. Contracted with Orbital Sciences Corporation for production in this role and designated the Target Test Vehicle (TTV), , over 50 target launches had taken place, primarily testing the United States Navy's RIM-156 SM-2 Extended Range and RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 missiles; the missile remains in service.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Aries at Encyclopedia Astronautica

Sounding rockets of the United States
Target missiles
Equipment of the United States Air Force
Orión (rocket). Orión was the designation of a sounding rocket family of Argentina, which was launched between 1965 and 1971 at CELPA (El Chamical), CELPA (Mar Chiquita), Tartagal and Wallops Island. 

Developed by the Instituto de Investigaciones Aeronauticas y Espaciales (IIAE), Orión marked Argentina's entry into the club of space-faring nations, with a flight on August 13, 1966 that reached an apogee of 114 km surpassing the Kármán line.

Orión-1 

The first version Orión-1 was flown twice in 1965 and 1966 from CELPA (El Chamical), in order to test the engines and technologies. 

It had a length of , a diameter of  and a weight of . Apogee was  for a  payload. Solid fuel mass was  with a burn time of 12 seconds.

Launches 
Table of Orión-1 launches:

Gallery

Orión-2 

In November 1966, three tests of the updated Orión-2 took place from Wallops Island. 

This version had a gross takeoff mass of  and could carry a  payload to an apogee of . Its dimensions were  in length and  in diameter. 

Orión-2 was launched 22 times from 1966 to 1971. Besides Wallops, launch sites included CELPA (El Chamical),  CELPA (Mar Chiquita) and Tartagal.

Launches 
Table of Orión-2 launches:

Gallery

References 

Solid-fuel rockets
Orión (rocket)
Orion (rocket). Orion is the designation of a small American sounding rocket. The Orion has a length of 5.60 meters, a diameter of 0.35 m, a launch weight of 400 kg, a launch thrust of 7 kN and a ceiling of 85 kilometers. The Orion, built by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Wallops Flight Facility, is also used as an upper stage of sounding rockets, usually paired with a Terrier missile as the first stage, although Nike, Taurus and VS-30 rockets are also used.

Two Orion versions exist: 

 Orion, using a Aerojet M22E8 dual-thrust motor (from the MIM-23A Hawk missile). 
 Improved Orion using a Aerojet M112 dual-thrust motor (from the MIM-23B I-Hawk missile).

The sounding rocket is launched from Wallops Flight Facility, White Sands, Poker Flat Rocket Range, Andoya Rocket Range, Esrange and Barreira do Inferno.

Incidents
A lightning storm over the Wallops launch pad on 9 June 1987 ignited a NASA Orion rocket and 2 other sounding rockets. The Orion flew horizontally about 300 feet into the ocean. The sounding rockets rose to around 15,000 feet altitude, then fell about 2 miles from the launch pad. No persons were hurt in the incident.

Gallery

References

Experimental rockets of the United States
Sounding rockets of the United States
Jaguar (British rocket). The Jaguar (also called Jabiru) was a three-stage British sounding rocket built in several versions.

The first stage of the Jabiru Mk.1 was 5.6 m long and had a takeoff weight of 1,170 kilograms, of which about 866 kilograms were fuel, being powered by a Rook II engine. The second stage weighed 292 kilograms, of which 184 kilograms were allotted to fuel, and was powered by a Gosling II engine. The third stage contained 26 kilograms of fuel and was powered by a Lobster I engine. In all stages solid fuel was used. The complete rocket was 12 meters long. The Jabiru Mk.1 was launched several times between 1960 and 1964 at the aerospace testing area at Woomera, South Australia. 

The follow-up version, the Jabiru Mk.2, contained an improved starting stage (Rook IIIA) and a second stage (Goldfinch II) with 307 kilograms of fuel as well as a third stage (Gosling IV) with 190 kilograms fuel. The Jabiru Mk.2 was launched ten times at Woomera between 1964 and 1970. 

This rocket was replaced by the Jabiru Mk.3 which used a modified first stage of the Jabiru Mk.2 as second stage (Rook IIIB), while the first stage remained unchanged (Rook IIIA), with no third stage being used. The Jabiru Mk.3 was used for re-entry experiments between 1971 and 1974.

Versions 
The Jaguar / Jabiru had several configurations:

References

Experimental rockets
Sounding rockets of the United Kingdom
History of science and technology in the United Kingdom
Fulmar (rocket). The Fulmar was a two-stage British sounding rocket. It was related to the Spanish INTA-300.

The Fulmar, developed by Bristol Aerojet, consisted of a Heron starting stage with 107 kN thrust and a Snipe upper stage with 16.7 kN thrust. The Fulmar had a diameter of 26 centimetres and a length of 7.47 metres. It weighed 500 kilograms at launch and could reach a height of 250 kilometres.

Launches 
The Fulmar was fired six times between 1976 and 1979 at Andøya in Norway; the last launch, on 19 March 1979, failed.

References

Experimental rockets
Sounding rockets of the United Kingdom
Aigle (rocket). Aigle (French for eagle) was a French experimental rocket launched several times between 1960 and 1964 from  CIEES Hammaguira. Two versions where developed: the VE 10 and the VE 10A.

The VE 10 was fin-stabilized and propelled by a Stromboli SEPR 737 with 984 kilograms of Plastolite solid fuel. Measuring 55 cm in diameter, it could propel 360 kilograms of payload to an altitude of up to 6 kilometers. It was launched four times between 1960 and 1961.

The VE 10A used an updated version of the Stromboli booster. It was launched two times between 1963 and 1964.

With the addition of an extra booster, the Aigle it became the Éridan rocket.

Launches 
The Aigle was launched six times between 1960 and 1964 from CIEES Hammaguira.

References

Rockets and missiles
SSTC. SSTC may refer to:

 Security Services Technical Committee; see 
 Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
 Solid state Tesla coil, a Tesla coil that uses semiconductors in place of the traditional spark gap
 Silver Strand Training Complex, near San Diego, California, U.S.
 Starship Troopers Chronicles, a CGI animated television series 
 State Science and Technology Commission, a ministry of the People's Republic of China
 Sylhet Science And Technology College, Sylhet, Bangladesh
Daniel (rocket). Daniel (OPD-220-ADX) is the designation for a French experimental rocket, a precursor to the Israeli Jericho ballistic missile.

Description 
It consisted of 3 stages: a SPRAN-50 first stage, a Jericho second stage and a Mélanie third stage. Daniel was capable of reaching a maximum altitude of 130 km and had a takeoff weight of 1000 kg, a diameter of 0.40 m and a length of 8.40 m

Launches 
Daniel was launched three times between 1959 and 1961 by ONERA from Centre d'Essais et de Recherches d'Engins Speciaux - Ile de Levant.

See also 

 ONERA
 Bérénice

References 

Rockets and missiles
Onera sounding rockets
Cocaethylene. Cocaethylene (ethylbenzoylecgonine) is the ethyl ester of benzoylecgonine. It is structurally similar to cocaine, which is the methyl ester of benzoylecgonine. Cocaethylene is formed by the liver when cocaine and ethanol coexist in the blood. In 1885, cocaethylene was first synthesized (according to edition 13 of the Merck Index), and in 1979, cocaethylene's side effects were discovered.

Metabolic production from cocaine

Cocaethylene is the byproduct of concurrent consumption of alcohol and cocaine as metabolized by the liver. Normally, metabolism of cocaine produces two primarily biologically inactive metabolites—benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester. The hepatic enzyme carboxylesterase is an important part of cocaine's metabolism because it acts as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of cocaine in the liver, which produces these inactive metabolites. If ethanol is present during the metabolism of cocaine, a portion of the cocaine undergoes transesterification with ethanol, rather than undergoing hydrolysis with water, which results in the production of cocaethylene.

cocaine + H2O → benzoylecgonine + methanol (with liver carboxylesterase 1)
benzoylecgonine + ethanol → cocaethylene + H2O
cocaine + ethanol → cocaethylene + methanol (with liver carboxylesterase 1)

Physiological effects

Cocaethylene is largely considered a recreational drug in and of itself, with stimulant, euphoriant, anorectic, sympathomimetic, and local anesthetic properties. The monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine play important roles in cocaethylene's action in the brain. Cocaethylene increases the levels of serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the brain by inhibiting the action of the serotonin transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and dopamine transporter. These pharmacological properties make cocaethylene a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI; also known as a "triple reuptake inhibitor").

In most users, cocaethylene produces euphoria and has a longer duration of action than cocaine. Some studies suggest that consuming alcohol in combination with cocaine may be more cardiotoxic than cocaine and "it also carries an 18 to 25 fold increase over cocaine alone in risk of immediate death". Cocaethylene has a higher affinity for the dopamine transporter than does cocaine, but has a lower affinity for the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters.

A 2000 study by Hart et al. on the effects of intravenous cocaethylene in humans found that "cocaethylene has pharmacological properties in common with cocaine, but is less potent," consistent with prior research.

See also 
 Ethylphenidate
 Euphoriants
 Methylvanillylecgonine
 Local anesthetics
 RTI-160
 Stimulants
 Tropanes
 Vin Mariani
 Pemberton's French Wine Coca

References

Further reading 

 
 
 
 

Benzoate esters
Carboxylate esters
Tropanes
Euphoriants
Stimulants
Local anesthetics
Sympathomimetics
Cocaine
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors
Human drug metabolites
Recreational drug metabolites
Alfa (rocket). Alfa was the designation of an Italian ballistic missile program that started in 1971 under the control of the GRS (Gruppo di Realizzazione Speciale Interforze). It was related to the Polaris A-3 missile.

Development 
Born from the development effort for efficient solid-propellant rocket engines, the Alfa was planned as a two-stage missile. Test launches with an upper stage mockup took place between 1973 and 1975, from Salto di Quirra.

The Alfa was  long and had a diameter of . The first stage of the Alfa was  long and contained 6 t of HTPB-based composite solid propellant (73% AP, 15% binder and 12% aluminium). It supplied a thrust of 232 kN for a duration of 57 seconds. It could carry a one tonne warhead for a range of 1,600 kilometres (990 mi), placing European Russia and Moscow in range of the Adriatic Sea.

Italy has been active in the space sector since 1957, conducting launch and control operations from the Luigi Broglio Space Centre. The advanced Scout and Vega launchers currently used by the European Space Agency (ESA) derive their technological basis partially from Alfa studies.

See also
 Italian nuclear weapons program

References

Medium-range ballistic missiles
Guided missiles of Italy
Naval weapons of Italy