omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thermosome. A thermosome is a group II chaperonin protein complex that functions in archaea. It is the homolog of eukaryotic CCT. This group II chaperonin is an ATP-dependent chaperonin that is responsible for folding or refolding of incipient or denatured proteins.  A thermosome has two rings, each consisting of eight subunits, stacked together to form a cylindrical shape with a large cavity at the center. The thermosome is also defined by its heterooligomeric nature. The complex consists of  that alternate location within its two rings.

Being a Group II chaperonin, the thermosome has a similar structure to group I chaperonins. The main difference, however, lies in the existence of a helical protrusion in the thermosome which composes of a built-in lid of the hydrophilic cavity. Not only is thermosome ATP-dependent, but the mechanism in which thermosome shifts from open to close conformation is also temperature-dependent. The open conformation of the ATP-thermosome exists mainly at low temperatures. Whereas, the closed conformation of the thermosome occurs when heating to physiological temperature.

Similar to the GroEL chaperonins in bacteria, the thermosome shows negative cooperativity since the two rings of the thermosome show different affinities for the binding of ATP. However, unlike the GroEL system, the thermosome is less affected by the concentration of ATP. In the absence of ATP, the thermosome does not have a preference for the T-state over the R-state. There is, however, an inhibition for the loading of the second ring when ADP is bound to the first ring.

The N-terminus and C-terminus of thermosomes are arranged in an anti-parallel fashion and their interactions form part of the intra-ring interactions. Both the N-terminus and C-terminus of the thermosome have charged residues which interact with each other to contribute to the thermal stability of the thermosome. The cpn-α and cpn-β thermosomes specifically show maximum thermal stability in the pH range of 7.0 to 8.0 because this is the range where the charged N- and C-termini residues have net charges close to zero. Under lower or high pH conditions, these residues are charged and repelled each other which negatively affect thermal stability. This shows one possible way in which pH affects the stability of the thermosome.

External links

References

Protein complexes
Archaea biology
Airspeed Viceroy. The Airspeed AS.8 Viceroy was a British racing version of the Airspeed AS.6 Envoy built by Airspeed (1934) Limited at Portsmouth.  The Viceroy was built to order for Captain T. Neville Stack and Sydney Lewis Turner, to compete in the England-Australia MacRobertson Air Race. Only one aircraft, registered G-ACMU, was built.

Design and development
The Viceroy was a modified Airspeed Envoy.  Modifications included:

More powerful, supercharged Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah VI engines in long chord, smooth NACA cowlings
Strengthened main landing gear to allow higher weight takeoff
An auxiliary petrol tank, capacity was 270 Imp gallon/1,227 litres installed in the aft fuselage
Narrowed fuselage without passenger windows

Operational history
The Airspeed Viceroy started the race from RAF Mildenhall, England, but after several reliability problems including with the mainwheel brakes, it was withdrawn from the race at Athens.  The pilots concluded that it would be unsafe to proceed and they would probably be unable to finish the race. An acrimonious set of legal actions followed, with the pilots complaining that the aircraft, beset by multiple problems, had been "not really ready". Airspeed contested the action, and eventually the aircraft was returned to them without refund. The aircraft returned to Portsmouth and was then stored until July 1936 when it was sold the following month by the French concern, SFTA and departed to France en route to the Spanish Civil War.

Documentation regarding the Viceroy's service with the Spanish Republican Air Force is sketchy.  The intention was to convert the aircraft into a bomber and photographs suggest that it did receive new markings and was stationed at an airbase, but further information is not available as to its actual service.

Operators

Spanish Republican Air Force

Specifications

See also

References

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). Orbis Publishing. 
 Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 1. London: Putnam, 1974. .

External links

 MacRobertson air race 1934 entrants
 Tom Campbell Black
 75th. Anniversary of the Great Air Race October 1934 Tom Campbell Black

Viceroy
1930s British sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Acetone cyanohydrin. Acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) is an organic compound used in the production of methyl methacrylate, the monomer of the transparent plastic polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), also known as acrylic. It liberates hydrogen cyanide easily, so it is used as a source of such.  For this reason, this cyanohydrin is also highly toxic.

Preparation
In the laboratory, this compound may be prepared by treating sodium cyanide with acetone, followed by acidification:

Considering the high toxicity of acetone cyanohydrin, a lab scale production has been developed using a microreactor-scale  flow chemistry to avoid needing to manufacture and store large quantities of the reagent. Alternatively, a simplified procedure involves the action of sodium or potassium cyanide on the sodium bisulfite adduct of acetone prepared in situ. This gives a less pure product, one that is nonetheless suitable for most syntheses.

Reactions
Acetone cyanohydrin is an intermediate en route to methyl methacrylate.  Treatment with sulfuric acid gives the sulfate ester of the methacrylamide, methanolysis of which gives ammonium bisulfate and methyl methacrylate.

It is used as a surrogate in place of HCN, as illustrated by its use as a precursor to lithium cyanide:
(CH3)2C(OH)CN  +  LiH   →  (CH3)2CO  +  LiCN  +  H2

In transhydrocyanation, an equivalent of HCN is transferred from acetone cyanohydrin to another acceptor, with acetone as byproduct.  The transfer is an equilibrium process, initiated by base. The reaction can be driven by trapping reactions or by the use of a superior HCN acceptor, such as an aldehyde. In the hydrocyanation reaction of butadiene, the transfer is irreversible.

Natural occurrence
Cassava tubers contain linamarin, a glucoside of acetohydrin, and the enzyme linamarase for hydrolysing the glucoside. Crushing the tubers releases these compounds and produces acetone cyanohydrin.

Safety

Acetone cyanohydrin is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the US Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act and carries an RCRA P069 waste code. The principal hazards of acetone cyanohydrin arise from its ready decomposition on contact with water, which releases highly toxic hydrogen cyanide.

References

External links

CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Acetone Cyanohydrin

Cyanohydrins
Savage Skies. Savage Skies is a 2002 combat flight simulator video game developed by iRock Interactive and published by BAM! Entertainment in North America, Success in Japan and Bigben Interactive in Europe. The game is set in a fictional dark fantasy world and is accompanied by a heavy metal inspired soundtrack.

The game was originally conceived as a licensed tie-in game endorsed by heavy metal musician Ozzy Osbourne, but licensing difficulties and the impact of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the entertainment industry forced iRock to retool the game and release it without the Osbourne branding.

Gameplay
The player can choose between three factions of mythical creatures.  The three factions were created when the King of the Land fell to the necromancer Mortalvis, and the land was divided into three. The first two were owned by subjects of the late king, whilst Mortalvis took the last third.

Once all the monsters are unlocked, they can be used on any campaign level and any multiplayer level. There are additional items that can be unlocked, including cheats, such as vampirism, and in-game movie sequences.

Development
At an earlier stage in its development, Savage Skies had been set for release as Ozzy’s Black Skies, complete with an endorsement from Black Sabbath front man Ozzy Osbourne. In the original concept, each of the game's three playable factions would have been led by a different ‘Ozzy character’. The game was also to feature music from Osbourne, including "Crazy Train" and "Paranoid," as well as voice acting from Osbourne and a track recorded specifically for iRock called "Black Skies". However, in late 2001, the tie-in was dropped for reasons including its high financial cost and "misconceptions about the game that made it difficult to secure a publisher" as well as the impact of the September 11, 2001 attacks as the developers felt that a combat flight simulator would be in poor taste in the aftermath of the attacks.  Its name was subsequently changed to Savage Skies; Osbourne would later include the song "Black Skies" as a bonus track in Japanese and European pressings of the single "Dreamer".

An Xbox version of the game was planned but cancelled. A PC version was also planned when the game still had the Ozzy branding.

Critical reception
Savage Skies received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic.

Gamezone rated Savage Skies at 6.5 out of 10, finding the game concept to be fun with good variation in play style between the three factions. Criticisms included the average graphics, bad sound, and several missions with excessive difficulty.

References

External links
Savage Skies at iRock Games (archived)

2002 video games
BAM! Entertainment games
Cancelled Windows games
Cancelled Xbox games
Combat flight simulators
Impact of the September 11 attacks on the video game industry
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video games developed in the United States
Dark fantasy video games
Ozzy Osbourne
Heavy metal mass media
Alexander Tselikov. Alexander Ivanovich Tselikov (; 20 April 1904, in Moscow – 28 October 1984, in Moscow) was a Soviet metallurgist, industrial machines designer, and Hero of Socialist Labor (1964, 1984). He was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1953 and full member (academician) in 1964.

References 

1904 births
1984 deaths
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Engineers from Moscow
Soviet metallurgists
Airspeed Queen Wasp. The Airspeed AS.30 Queen Wasp was a British pilotless target aircraft built by Airspeed Limited at Portsmouth during the Second World War. Although intended for both Royal Air Force and Royal Navy use, the aircraft never went into series production.

Design and development
The Queen Wasp was built to meet an Air Ministry Specification Q.32/35 for a pilotless target aircraft to replace the de Havilland Tiger Moth based de Havilland Queen Bee. Two prototypes were ordered in May 1936, one to have a wheeled landing gear for use by the Royal Air Force and the other as a floatplane for Royal Navy use for air-firing practice at sea. Powered by the Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah engine, a total of 65 aircraft were ordered, contingent on the success of the flight test programme.

The aircraft was a single-engined biplane constructed of wood with sharply-tapered wings and fabric-covered control surfaces. An enclosed cabin with one seat was provided so the Queen Wasp could be flown manually with the radio control system turned off. The radio control system was complex with a number of backup safety devices to ensure radio and battery operation was uninterrupted. A  trailing receiver aerial was winched out after takeoff and served as an automatic landing device which was activated when the trailing aerial weight hit the runway. The sensitivity of the system in turbulent weather meant that an alternative landing signal was used to initiate a landing procedure.

The landplane first flew on 11 June 1937, and the floatplane on 19 October 1937.  The floatplane was successfully catapulted from HMS Pegasus in November 1937.

Operational history
In flight tests, the aircraft was found to be underpowered and water handling difficulties necessitated a redesign of the floats by their manufacturer, Short Brothers. Although the production run of 10 aircraft was begun (P5441–P5450), only three more aircraft were completed and delivered to the Royal Air Force.

Airspeed proposed a number of unsuccessful designs derived from the Queen Wasp including the AS.38 communications aircraft and the AS.50 trainer developed to meet Specification T.24/40.

Operators

Royal Air Force
Royal Navy

Specifications (AS.30 Landplane)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 
 "Airspeed AS.30 Queen Wasp." Control Column, Official Organ of the British Aircraft Preservation Council, Volume 12, No. 2, February/March 1978.
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.

Queen Wasp
1930s British special-purpose aircraft
Target drones of the United Kingdom
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Floatplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Single-engined piston aircraft
Spacecraft Fabrication Facility (Goddard). The Spacecraft Fabrication Facility is a unit at the Goddard Space Flight Center where technicians and engineers manufacture components used for spacecraft assembly. This includes the tools which the astronauts use in space as well as the spacecraft themselves.

Branches
The Mission Engineering and Systems Analysis Branch is broken up into seven smaller branches:
 GN&C Systems Engineering Branch
 Systems Engineering Services and Advanced Concepts Branch
 Flight Dynamics Analysis Branch
 Component Hardware Systems Branch
 Propulsion Branch - The Propulsion branch is responsible for the spacecraft propulsion subsystems design, fabrication, analysis, integration, testing, propellant loading, and launch. LRO is one of the current missions.
 GN&C Mission Systems Engineering Branch
 Mission Systems Engineering Branch

External links
 NASA: Goddard's Organizations and Projects

NASA groups, organizations, and centers
Sandpiper 565. The Sandpiper 565 is trailerable sailboat that was designed by the British-based Portuguese naval architect Leonardo da Costa Sayago and first built in 1972. The design is out of production.

Production
The boat was built by Sandpiper Marine of Southampton, England, United Kingdom and C&L Boatworks in Canada, with a total of 1500 completed.

Royalties were not paid by C&L Boatworks to produce the design.

The design was also produced under license in Sweden as the Ockelbo OS 19.

Design

The Sandpiper 565 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of glassfibre, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a transom-hung rudder and a retractable fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of iron ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the keel down and  with the keel retracted.

The boat has hull speed of .

The design includes a high freeboard and  a deep cockpit. It has sleeping accommodation for two adults and two small children below decks. The Sandpiper 565 was designed to be transported on a trailer towed by an automobile. With its fully retractable daggerboard keel it can operate in shallow water, including being easily beached.

Operational history
In a review Michael McGoldrick wrote, "The Sandpiper's cabin has some real lounging space and plenty of room to sleep two adults, and possibly one or two young children. (The advertising literature claims that this boat can sleep 4 adults, which, strictly speaking, is true). This boat does have a fairly small cockpit, and with a total weight of 1200 pounds, it is starting to be a heavy load to pull behind a family car."

See also

List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Buccaneer 200
Cal 20
Catalina 18
Com-Pac Sunday Cat
Drascombe Lugger
Edel 540
Hunter 18.5
Hunter 19-1
Hunter 19 (Europa)
Mercury 18
Mistral T-21
Naiad 18
Paceship 20
Sanibel 18
San Juan 21
Santana 20
Siren 17
Sirius 22
Typhoon 18

References

External links

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts 
Trailer sailers
Sailboat types built by Leonardo da Costa Sayago
Sailboat types built by Sandpiper Marine
Sailboat types built by C&L Boatworks
Capital Airlines Flight 20. Capital Airlines Flight 20 was a U.S. scheduled passenger flight from Washington, D.C. to Norfolk, Virginia. A Vickers Viscount flying the route crashed into a farm in Charles City County, Virginia, on January 18, 1960. The accident was the fourth fatal crash involving a Capital Viscount in less than two years; the first three were Capital Airlines Flight 67 (April 1958), Capital Airlines Flight 300 (May 1958) and Capital Airlines Flight 75 (May 1959).

The plane was cruising at an altitude of 8,000 feet when it encountered icing. This caused two engines to fail. As the craft descended, the other two engines also failed, causing the propellers to autofeather. The crew tried and failed to restart the engines, and were unable to unfeather the propellers normally; they then put the plane into a dive in an attempt to force the propellers from their feathered position. Eventually they succeeded in restarting engine number four. They applied full power to this engine, which caused the craft to enter a circling descent until crashing into trees; at the time of impact it had almost no forward velocity. Five trees were driven through the fuselage, yet their trunks remained intact.

The crash was attributed to the fact that, as per airline policy, the pilots had delayed arming the engine ice protection systems even though they were flying in icy conditions; causing the 2 engines to lose too much power. Capital Airlines changed its emergency checklist after the crash, deleting the instruction that pilots were to descend to a warmer climate to relight the systems and instructing them that, provided that correct procedure was followed, the engine could be restarted at any height.

References
 
 Accident Report – Civil Aeronautics Board

20
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1960
1960 meteorology
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by ice
Airliner accidents and incidents in Virginia
1960 in Virginia
Accidents and incidents involving the Vickers Viscount
Charles City County, Virginia
January 1960 events in the United States
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by engine failure
Utilicraft Aerospace Industries. Utilicraft Aerospace Industries is a company created in December 2004 by a spin-off of American Utilicraft Corporation as they moved their headquarters to Albuquerque, New Mexico. Their sole project was the model FF-1080-300ER, a short-haul cargo (freight feeder) aircraft for shipping and courier services. As a startup company, they advertise minimalist engineering to reduce time to market, forgoing cabin pressurization and a retractable landing gear yet lifting a 10-ton cargo pallet.

Announced customers have included Benin Airlines, Afra Airlines, and Mid America Aero, LLC. companies.

Production was scheduled to begin at about 24 planes per year beginning in late 2007. Until FAA certification of their first model, which would take some years, they intended to rely on the International freight feeder market.

Utilicraft generated initial capital with an IPO, so their survival depends on the stock market and their investor relations. Their stock began 2007 at $1.00 per share and fell to $0.06 by the end of the year. It has not traded over ten cents since. 

In 2007, the Company sold its freight aircraft development program for a major equity interest in Freight Feeder Aircraft Corporation www.freightfeeder.com, plus a royalty on 2,000 aircraft. Freight Feeder Aircraft Corporation is continuing the development of the aircraft program.  

Utilicraft is now seeking new products via mergers and acquisitions.

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Shoshone Transmission Line. The Shoshone Transmission Line was an early and notable electric power transmission line, now recorded on the List of IEEE Milestones.  The line takes its name from the power plant at its west end which generates hydroelectric power below the Shoshone Rapids in Glenwood Canyon.

The line began service on July 17, 1909, conveying power from the 15 MW Shoshone Generating Station, outside of Glenwood Springs to Denver, serving substations in Leadville, Dillon and Idaho Springs.  At the east end of the line, it was connected to the utility's Boulder Canyon Hydroelectric Plant powered from the Barker Meadow Reservoir.  In the event of a break in the line, either power plant could supply customers along the line.

As originally built, the line was  long, crossing the Continental Divide at Hagerman Pass (at altitude ), Fremont Pass (at altitude ) and Argentine Pass (at altitude ). For many years, this was the highest electric power transmission line in the world. The three-phase line operated at 90 kV and was supported 1400 steel towers  high on an average spacing of  .

A secondary power line from the backbone of the Shoshone line connected it to a steam generating station at Leadville, as well as to many of the mines in the Leadville region.  At Dillon, a secondary line served the numerous gold dredges of the Breckenridge placer mining district.  Connections were also made to smaller hydroelectric plants at Dillon and Idaho Springs.

In 1951 and 1952, the Public Service Company of Colorado replaced the hemp-cored 6-strand copper cable on the Shoshone line with steel-core aluminum cable.  By this time, the Shoshone generating station had been upgraded to 14.4 MW.  New towers were installed in the 1970s, with some changes in the path of the line.

The severe climate and mountain terrain along the line are a challenge.  Within a few years of construction, sleet buildups of as much a  had been observed on wires along the line.  Several towers were buckled and demolished by wind force alone—wind speeds of over  were measured at one point along the line, leading to metal fatigue at the points where insulators support the power line.  In the vicinity of the high passes, snow depths as great as  have been measured.  Avalanches along the line have been known to damage multiple transmission towers in remote locations.

The IEEE has honored the line for its length, and for deployment in difficult terrain and unusually harsh weather patterns.

References 

Electric power transmission systems in the United States