omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Phonomyography. Phonomyography (PMG) (also known as acoustic myography, sound myography, vibromyography, and surface mechanomyogram) is a technique to measure the force of muscle contraction by recording the low frequency sounds created during muscular activity.

Although, until recently, less precise than the more traditional mechanomyography, it is considerably easier to set up.  The signal is measured using condenser microphone elements, piezoelectric sensors, accelerometers, or a combination of sensors attached to the skin.  Hydrophones have also been used to measure muscles immersed in water. Improvements in microphones and contact transducers (piezoelectric devices), as well as recording systems, has meant that they have become available in a size and of a quality that enables them to be applied to a normal daily setting outside the clinic and the laboratory setting. These new possibilities provide a clinical tool for the assessment of patients with musculoskeletal complaints during daily activities, or assessment of athletes in terms of efficiency in use of muscles.

The sound created by muscle movement can be heard with the ear pressed up to a contracting muscle, but most of the energy is low frequency, below 20 Hz, making it inaudible infrasound.

Electromyography signals are typically bandpass filtered from 10 Hz to 500 Hz, by comparison.  PMG signals are limited to 5 Hz to 100 Hz in some experiments.   Orizio states that the low-frequency response of the sensor is the most important feature, and should go as low as 1 Hz.

Images of PMG waves are available in this creative commons-licensed document, "Mechanomyographic amplitude and frequency responses during dynamic muscle actions: a comprehensive review".

History 
Muscle sounds were first described in print by the Jesuit scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi in a posthumous publication of 1665, which influenced the work of the English physician William Hyde Wollaston and the German scientist Paul Erman. The latter enlisted the aid of René Laennec. Mechanical amplification was first employed by Hermann von Helmholtz. The past two centuries of repeated rediscovery and neglect of the phenomenon were summarised by Stokes and Blythe in 2001.

References 

8. Harrison, A.P., Danneskiold-Samsøe, B., Bartels, E.M. - Portable acoustic myography – a realistic noninvasive method for assessment of muscle activity and coordination in human subjects in most home and sports settings. Physiol Rep. Jul 2013; 1(2): e00029. Published online Jul 10, 2013. http://physreports.physiology.org/content/1/2/e00029

Medical tests
Neurophysiology
Neurotechnology
Neurology procedures
JME Molecule Editor. The JME Molecule Editor is a molecule editor Java applet with which users make and edit drawings of molecules and reactions (including generating substructure queries), and can display molecules within an HTML page. The editor can generate Daylight simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) or MDL Molfiles of the created structures.

The JME Editor was written by Peter Ertl while at Comenius University in Bratislava, and then at Ciba-Geigy, later merged with Sandoz Laboratories, to form Novartis International AG, in Basel, Switzerland.

It is released as freeware for noncommercial use and has become a standard for molecular-structure input on the web.

JSME

JME has been ported to JavaScript using the Google Web Toolkit (GWT). In analogy to JME, the JavaScript version is named JSME. Its interface is almost identical to that of JME, although some cosmetic options are available. It is released as free and open-source software under a 3-clause BSD license in the form of minified JavaScript produced by GWT.

, JSME is capable of SMILES, MOL (original and V3000), InChI (and key), and SVG export.

See also 
Molecule editor
Cheminformatics
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling

References

External links
 , JME
 , JSME

Notes
  Interesting cheminformatics services using the JME editor  
  List of institutions using JME applet

Freeware
Computational chemistry software
BTL Institute of Technology. BTL Institute of Technology (BTLIT) was an engineering college situated in Bommasandra Industrial Area near Electronics City in Bengaluru, India.  The college was founded in 1997, initially being affiliated to the Bangalore University, Bengaluru. Since 1998, the college has been associated with Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.

Founder

Late B.T Lakshman an NRI is the founder of the institution. He earlier worked as a civil engineer in Delaware, United States.

Courses

Undergraduate (B.Tech.)

 Computer Science
 Information Science
 Electronics and Communication
 Mechanical Engineering
 Electrical and Electronics

Postgraduate (M.Tech.)

 Computer Science
 Information Science
 Electronics and Communication

Closure

BTLIT was closed permanently in 2021 due to lack of admissions and poor management of the institution that was a result of dispute between partners of the late founders.

References

External links 
From educationinfoindia

All India Council for Technical Education
Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University
Engineering colleges in Bengaluru
Richmond Union Passenger Railway. The Richmond Union Passenger Railway, in Richmond, Virginia, was the first practical electric trolley (tram) system, and set the pattern for most subsequent electric trolley systems around the world. It is an IEEE milestone in engineering.

The Richmond system was not the first attempt to operate an electric trolley. According to the IEEE, there were at least 74 earlier attempts to provide electric trolley service in over 60 communities in North America, the United Kingdom, and continental Europe. However, these earlier attempts were not reliable enough to replace the existing animal-hauled street railways.

The Richmond system was designed by Frank Julian Sprague. After trials in late 1887, it began regular operation on February 2, 1888, with 10 streetcars. Electric power was supplied through overhead trolley wires (450 volts) for two  motors on each car. Large cars weighed , provided 40 seats, and carried up to 100 passengers; small cars weighed  with 22 seats and up to 65 passengers. Running speed was , with  as a maximum speed. By June 1888 the system contained 40 cars running on some  of track, including steep grades, and with 30 degree or  minimum radius curves.

Its success proved that electric traction was both safe and reliable. The Boston City Council, after inspecting Richmond's system on September 7, 1888, approved construction the second such project by the West End Street Railway. Boston's trolley was closely patterned upon Richmond's, and again demonstrated its practicality. By 1895 almost 900 electric street railways and nearly  of track had been built in the United States, and in a little over a decade animal-powered street railways had essentially vanished.

Richmond's electric trolley service ended on November 25, 1949. It would not be until 2018 that the city would once again be served by rapid transit, when the GRTC Pulse opened.

Location

See also 
 List of streetcar systems in the United States (Virginia)
 List of IEEE milestones
 "Rails in Richmond", by Carlton N McKenney.  Old Dominion Chapter, Nat. Railway H.S. (January 1, 1986).

References 

 

Light rail in Virginia
Railway companies established in 1888
Railway companies disestablished in 1949
Transportation in Richmond, Virginia
American companies disestablished in 1949
Transport companies disestablished in 1949
American companies established in 1888
History of Richmond, Virginia
Patrick Bernard Delany. Patrick Bernard Delany (28 January 1845 – 19 October 1924) was an Irish-American engineer and inventor.  Newspaper feature coverage in 1909 called him "the world's greatest telegraph expert and inventor."

Biography

He was born in King's County, Ireland (now Offaly).  He came to the U.S. at the age of 10 and learned telegraphy in Hartford, Connecticut.  Gradually he worked up from office boy to be superintendent of lines. In 1872 he and Thomas Edison worked together as engineers for the Automatic Telegraph Company.

His first patent, related to telegraph relays, was granted in 1873.  In 1877 Delaney left the industry entirely, to work as a newspaper correspondent, editor, and writer, until the discovery in 1880 that his patent could be used as an alternative technology to challenge the Western Union Telegraph Company's monopoly on telegraph relays.  Delaney's later inventions included more than 150 patents registered in the U.S. through 1922.  Almost all relate to telegraphy in some way:  they cover anti-induction cables which were "extensively manufactured at Pittsburg, Penn" as of 1895, synchronous multiplex telegraphy to send six messages simultaneously over one wire, and rapid-machine telegraphy for land lines. His automatic telegraph system was capable of transmitting and recording 3000 words a minute over a single wire.  In the 1890s he was experimenting at the Heart's Content Cable Station in Newfoundland and Labrador to improve the through-put of the transatlantic telegraph cable.

Delany was awarded gold medals at the International Inventions Exhibition in London (1885), at the Pan-American Exposition (1901), and at the St. Louis Exposition (1904), and the John Scott Medal of the Franklin Institute. Delany was a two-time recipient of the Elliott Cresson Medal awarded by the Franklin Institute, one in 1886 for "Synchronous Telegraphy" and another in 1896 for "Telegraphy, High speed system".  A copy of Delany's Telegraph Relay is in the permanent collection of the National Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution.

From 1893 to 1895 he was a vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

External links

References  

1845 births
1924 deaths
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
Irish emigrants to the United States
Telegraph engineers and inventors
Applications Technology Satellites. The Applications Technology Satellites (ATS) were a series of experimental satellites launched by NASA, under the supervision of, among others, Wernher von Braun. The program was launched in 1966 to test the feasibility of placing a satellite into geosynchronous orbit. The satellites were primarily designed to act as communication satellites, but also carried equipment related to meteorology and navigation. ATS-6 was the world's first educational satellite as well as world's first experimental Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) as part of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) between NASA and ISRO.

Summary of Missions

See also

 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
 Synchronous Meteorological Satellite

References

External links

ATS at NASA's Mission and Spacecraft Library
ATS, Past NASA Missions
ATS, NASA Science Missions
ATS-E - Press Kit
Electron therapy. Electron therapy or electron beam therapy (EBT) is a kind of external beam radiotherapy where electrons are directed to a tumor site for medical treatment of cancer.

Equipment
Electron beam therapy is performed using a medical linear accelerator. The same device can also be used to produce high energy photon beams. When electrons are required, the X-ray target is retracted out of the beam and the electron beam is collimated with a piece of apparatus known as an applicator or an additional collimating insert, constructed from a low melting point alloy.

Properties

Electron beams have a finite range, after which dose falls off rapidly. Therefore, they spare deeper healthy tissue. The depth of the treatment is selected by the appropriate energy.  Unlike photon beams there is no surface sparing effect, so electron therapy is used when the target extends to the patient's skin.

Indications
Electron beam therapy is used in the treatment of superficial tumors like cancer of skin regions, or total skin (e.g. mycosis fungoides), diseases of the limbs (e.g. melanoma and lymphoma), nodal irradiation, and it may also be used to boost the radiation dose to the surgical bed after mastectomy or lumpectomy. For deeper regions intraoperative electron radiation therapy might be applied.

See also
 Intraoperative electron radiation therapy (IOERT)
 External beam radiotherapy (EBRT)
Proton therapy

References

 Eric E. Klein: "Electron-Beam Therapy: Dosimetry, Planning, and Techniques" in: Edward C. Halperin, Carlos A. Perez, Luther W. Brady (ed.): Perez and Brady's Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology, 5th. edition, 2008

Electron beams in medical applications
Medical physics
Radiation therapy
Hyundai Amco. Hyundai Amco Co. Ltd. (), was a Korean construction company founded in October 2002 in Yangjae-dong Seocho-gu Seoul, South Korea. Currently, the company's CEO is Kim Chang Hee. AMCO is licensed by the Hyundai Motor Company, and its main line of business is construction products. The company researches new technologies such as the modularization method, and floating dock technology.

Business products
Construction
Civil
Overseas
Housing
Facility Management

Projects
2002: Kia Motors Hwaseong plant construction.
2003: Hyundai Motor Company – Namyang Design Center construction, Jeju Haevichi Resort condominium construction, Hyundai Motor Company Jeonju plant full-construction.
2004: Kia Motors Hwaseong Plant inner gymnasium construction.
2005: Hyundai Kia Motors research center full-construction, and Namyang Rollinghills construction.
2006: Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech Plant, in Nosovice, Czech Republic.

See also
Hyundai Motor Company
Hyundai Kia Automotive Group

References

External links

AMCO Constructions Official Homepage 

Building And Construction Products Information Resource

Construction and civil engineering companies of South Korea
Hyundai Motor Group
South Korean companies established in 2002
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 2002
Eico. EICO (an acronym for Electronic Instrument Company) was a manufacturer of electronics kits located in New York City, New York, United States.

History
EICO was established in New York City in 1945 by radio repair business owner Harry Ashley to manufacture electronic test equipment in kit form. His first product, advertised in the July 1946 Radio News, was the model 113 VTVM/audible signal tracer. A wide variety of test equipment remained the company's mainstay during the time it was in the electronics business, however EICO often augmented their product lines with what was thought fashionable. For example, in the late 1940s it offered Geiger counters in response to public interest in uranium prospecting. Sales by December 1956 were said to be over one million instruments.  Their largest secondary market was audio equipment. Starting in 1958, EICO produced amateur radio equipment often in kit form, such as the EICO 720 and 730 transmitters. Later in the 1960s they made the EICO 753 SSB transceiver for amateur radio use. Unfortunately problems with the 753--or seven drifty three-- damaged their reputation which led to their decline. They also sold specialty test equipment for the ham radio market, including signal generators and grid dip oscillators.

First located at 84 Withers Street in Brooklyn, New York, and later at 33-00 Northern Boulevard in Long Island City, EICO produced hi-fi products in the early 1950s to the mid-1960s with a line of tuners, preamplifiers, and amplifiers, available both in kit form or fully assembled. The model EICO HF-81 integrated tube amplifier is just one of several highly regarded products manufactured by EICO during this period. EICO is also known for "monoblock" amplifiers such as the HF-50 and HF-35, stereo integrated amplifiers such as the ST-40 and ST-70, as well as many other amplifiers and preamplifiers.

In the late 1960s, EICO introduced a line of solid state electronics audio equipment referred to as Cortina, but by the mid-1970s the only audio products they sold were kits manufactured for them in South Korea.  EICO left the audio market in the late 1970s and the electronics market some time later. EICO existed as a property management company until 1999, when the company was liquidated at the request of the shareholders.

Gallery

References

External links
 EICO Product Matrix

Amateur radio companies
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States
Electronic kit manufacturers
Project Steam. Project Steam is a railway preservation society based in Dunedin, New Zealand. It is dedicated to the restoration of steam locomotives formerly operated by the New Zealand Railways Department, with its goal to restore at least one locomotive to main line operating conditions in order to operate excursions from Dunedin Railway Station. The society is currently the only one of its kind in Dunedin; the Ocean Beach Railway operates small tank locomotives but on private trackage, and the popular Taieri Gorge Limited is run solely by diesel locomotives.

The restoration of P 107, also using some parts from the remains of P 25, is currently the focus of Project Steam's efforts. The two locomotives were built in 1885 by Nasmyth, Wilson and Company, entered service in 1887, were withdrawn in 1928, and on 8 August 1932 were dumped in the Clutha River near Beaumont to protect the Roxburgh Branch from erosion. Their remains were recovered in May 1992, and as the frame of P 107 was in a better condition, it was chosen for restoration, with extra parts sourced from P 25, most notably its wheels, which were in better condition to P 107's.

During the celebration of the Dunedin Railway Station's centennial in October 2006, P 107 was displayed in partially rebuilt condition at the station. Funds are currently being raised for the next and most costly stage of the restoration, the reconstruction of P 107's boiler. The restoration is historically significant as the locomotive is one of, if not the earliest known surviving example of a British-built . Once fully restored, there are proposals to establish a regular service run by P 107 as a tourist attraction, such as a service modelled on the Kingston Flyer. It would run over the preserved track of the Otago Central Railway between Pukerangi and Middlemarch, connecting with the Taieri Gorge Railway's daily diesel-hauled services between Dunedin and Pukerangi.

Project Steam's first home was a location by the Water of Leith in central Dunedin. Later the group moved most of the restorable items to the Dunedin Gas Works, where the frame and wheels of P 107 were continued to be worked on while P 25's frame (cut into sections) could be found stored onsite. All other components such as spare wheels, old tender bodies and the boilers were moved to a field next to the Taieri Gorge Railway at Sutton. In 2008, with redevelopment occurring at the Gas Works necessitating the group's removal from the Gas Works, P 107 was shifted to Springfield and is now located at the Midland Rail Heritage Trust. It is understood that the group will continue to restore P 107 to operational order at Springfield.

References 
 Tom McKinlay, "Hopes Raised for Steam Engine", Otago Daily Times, October 2006.
 Official page of Project Steam

Rail transport preservation in New Zealand
Organisations based in Dunedin
Transport in Dunedin
Hair dye stripping. Hair dye stripping is a process used to rid the hair of unwanted deposited color.

Procedure
Hair dye stripping is a chemical process involving the application of a sulfur-based product to hair in order to remove deposited color.  Hair dye strippers raise sulfite levels to make hair more porous and reverse the oxidation of color molecules.  This breaks the bonds dyes form between one another and the hair shaft that were formed by oxidizing small hair color intermediates, shrinking the molecules and allowing hair color to be washed out of the hair.  Because of the chemical nature of hair dye strippers, they are effective on both newly dyed hair and older dye.

Note that this type of color correction is ineffective on hair lightened with hydrogen peroxide, as hair bleaching is an irreversible chemical reaction that oxidizes hair's melanin, effectively rendering it colorless.  Most color depositing dyes use a weak hydrogen peroxide-based developer, or oxidizing agent, so results may not match natural hair color.

Notes for usage
It is advisable to follow color removal with a clear color filler before attempting to color hair again because hair will be more porous and re-dyed hair may darken more intensely and quickly.
Additionally, hair dye stripping products often have a strong, lingering odor reminiscent of rotting eggs due to their sulfuric nature.

Caution
Hair dye strippers contain chemical irritants.  Avoid direct skin contact and use in well-ventilated areas.

References

Hair coloring
Keilite. Keilite is an iron-magnesium sulfide mineral with the chemical formula  that is found in enstatite chondrites. Keilite is the iron-dominant analog of niningerite. Keilite is named after Klaus Keil (born 1934).

Occurrences
Examples of keilite occurrences are enstatite chondrites and the Zakłodzie meteorite. It appears to be confined to impact-melt influenced enstatite chondrites that were quenched. There are also some meteorites interpreted as impact-melt breccias that do not contain keilite. This is explained as a deeper burial after impact, which slowed cooling and enabled retrograde reactions (diapthoresis) to take place.

References

Galena group
Iron(II) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225
Meerwein arylation. The Meerwein arylation is an organic reaction involving the addition of an aryl diazonium salt (ArN2X) to an electron-poor alkene usually supported by a metal salt. The reaction product is an alkylated arene compound. The reaction is named after Hans Meerwein, one of its inventors who first published it in 1939.

An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) on the alkene makes it electron deficient and although the reaction mechanism is unclear, involvement of an aryl radical is presumed after loss of nitrogen in the diazonium salt followed by a free radical addition. In the primary reaction product the intermediate alkyl radical is then captured by the diazonium counterion X which is usually a halogen or a tetrafluoroborate. In a subsequent step an elimination reaction liberates HX (for instance hydrochloric acid) and an aryl vinyl compound is formed. The reaction mechanism from the arene's view ranks as a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

In a general scope a Meerwein arylation is any reaction between an aryl radical and an alkene. The initial intermediate is an aryl enthenyl radical which can react with many trapping reagents such as hydrogen or halogens or with those based on nitrogen or sulfur.

Scope
A reported reaction of alkene acrylic acid with an aryl diazonium salt and copper(I) bromide and hydrobromic acid yields the α-bromocarboxylic acid. When the alkene is butadiene the initial reaction product with catalyst copper(II) chloride is a 4-chloro-2-butene and after an elimination the aryl substituted butadiene. In a so-called reductive arylation with 3-buten-2-one, titanium trichloride reduces the newly formed double bond.

In a novel kilogram-scale metal-free Meerwein arylation the diazonium salt is formed from 2-nitroaniline, the alkene isopropenyl acetate is an adduct of propyne and acetic acid and the reaction product 2-nitrophenylacetone:

See also
 Roskamp reaction – also sees substitution of a diazonium compound by a carbon centre
 Heck-Matsuda reaction – palladium catalysed version

References

Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Substitution reactions
Name reactions
Niningerite. Niningerite is a magnesium–iron–manganese sulfide mineral with the chemical formula MgS that is found in enstatite chondrite meteorites.  Niningerite is the magnesium-dominant analog of keilite.  This mineral is named after Harvey H. Nininger.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

Galena group
Magnesium minerals
Iron minerals
Meteorite minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225