omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Armstrong Whitworth Wolf. The Armstrong Whitworth Wolf was a British two-seat reconnaissance aircraft ordered by the Royal Air Force in 1923.

Design and development
The Wolf was a two-bay biplane of unorthodox design, with the fuselage mounted between the two sets of wings. No production order was placed, and the three machines built served their days at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough as experimental testbeds.

Alongside the RAF's order in 1923, Armstrong Whitworth also built two for the RAF Reserve Flying School at Whitley, and a final, sixth aircraft in 1929. As trainers, they proved popular with pilots, although less so with ground crews for whom the rigging and undercarriage were awkward to maintain.

All Wolves were retired from service in 1931 and all but the most recently built were scrapped. The final aircraft was taken to Hamble for use as an instructional airframe.

Operators

Royal Air Force
Royal Aircraft Establishment

Specifications (Wolf)

See also

Notes

References

 
 
 

1920s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Wolf
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
IBM airgap. Airgap is a technique invented by IBM for fabricating small pockets of vacuum in between copper interconnects. The technique belongs to a general class of similar techniques that replaces solid low-κ dielectrics with air-filled or vacuum pockets.

Description 
By insulating copper interconnects (wires) on an integrated circuit (IC) with vacuum holes, capacitance can be minimized enabling ICs to work faster or draw less power. A vacuum is believed to be the ultimate insulator for wiring capacitance, which occurs when two adjacent wires on an IC draw electrical energy from one another, generating undesirable heat and slowing the speed at which data can move through an IC. IBM estimates that this technology alone can lead to 35% higher speeds in current flow or 15% lower power consumption.

Fabrication techniques 
The technique fabricates air gaps on a large scale by exploiting the self-assembly properties of certain polymers. These polymers can be easily integrated into the process modules (a collection of related steps that fabricate a structure on an integrated circuit) used in conventional CMOS fabrication, avoiding the costs of heavily modifying the process technology (the collection of process modules that produces an integrated circuit).

The technique deposits a polymer material over the entire wafer, and removes it at a later stage. When the polymer is removed, it creates trillions of evenly spaced vacuum pockets that are 20 nanometers in diameter. IBM has demonstrated this technique in the laboratory, and has deployed it in its East Fishkill, New York fabrication plant, where prototype POWER6 processors using this technology have been fabricated. The technique was scheduled to be featured in production-ready process technology in 2009, as part of IBM's 45 nm node, after which it would also be available to IBM's clients.

History 
Airgap was developed in a collaborative effort between IBM's Almaden Research Center and T.J. Watson Research Center, and the University of Albany, New York.

References 
Snowflakes promise faster chips, BBC
IBM Brings Nature to Computer Chip Manufacturing, IBM
IBM's catches air, touts Top Ten list, Ars Technica

IBM computer hardware
Semiconductor device fabrication
Persian LNG. Persian LNG is the LNG project in Iran. It has been defined based on the reserves of the South Pars gas field.  The project is developed by the National Iranian Gas Export Company.

Technical description
Persian LNG project consists of development of phases 13 and 14 of South Pars Gas field and construction of two LNG trains each with capacity of 8.1 million tonnes per year. Liquefaction process was to be based on the Shell-Double Mixed Refrigrant Process.

The plant will be located in Tombak port (50 km North West of Asaluyeh and 15 km South East of Kangan) and will be connected with South Pars by  long subsea pipeline with diameter of . 

The project is expected to cost US$10 billion and the LNG plant is expected to be commissioned by 2012. The project is in FEED stage.

The LNG plant was to be fed by gas from the South Pars phase 13; however, it was decided to be replaced by other phases.

Project company
Project was originally seen as a partnership of NIOC (50%), Royal Dutch Shell (25%) and Repsol YPF (25%). In 2010, Shell and Repsol were excluded from the project.

See also

World Largest Gas Fields
NIOC Recent Discoveries
Iran Natural Gas Reserves
South Pars Gas Field
North Pars Gas Field
Golshan Gas Field
Ferdowsi Gas Field

References

External links
Persian LNG Company Website

Oil and gas companies of Iran
Proposed liquefied natural gas plants
Compute Against Cancer. Compute Against Cancer is an initiative of Parabon Computation, Inc. powered by the Global Grid Exchange. The program provides cancer researchers access to supercomputing capabilities through Parabon’s Frontier Grid Platform. The Compute Against Cancer initiative provides a means for donors to make their spare processing capabilities available to researchers. Donors running Parabon’s Frontier Compute Engine contribute to a large parallel processing network which cancer researchers employ to solve computationally intensive problems.

Research Projects
Since its inception, Compute Against Cancer has partnered with several organizations to carry out grid-powered research initiatives.

National Cancer Institute
The National Cancer Institute’s Genomic and Bioinformatics Group are currently researching microarray gene-expression patterns.  Findings in this area will further the ability to analyze cancer-related data.

West Virginia University
Under the supervision of Lead Researcher Dr. Michael Andria, West Virginia University’s Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program and School of Pharmacy are analyzing how various combinations of medications, routes and methods of drug administration affect a chemotherapy patient’s quality of life.

University of Maryland
A team of researchers from the University of Maryland is working with Parabon Computation, Inc. to simulate protein folding.  Protein molecules, some of the most basic components of organisms, fold into complex three-dimensional shapes that determine their chemical properties in cells.  By replicating this process, the university team hopes to gain a better understanding of protein composition and behavior.

References
 Compute Against Cancer
 
 
 

Distributed computing projects
Internet properties established in 2000
Badr-class corvette. The Badr class is a class of corvette built by the United States and operated by the Saudi Navy. The class has been relegated to a coastal defence role following the modernisation of the Saudi fleet. There are four vessels in service; , ,  and .

Design
In January 1972, Saudi Arabia signed an agreement with the United States to set up a 10-year programme to greatly enlarge the Saudi Navy, previously a small coastal patrol force. The programme envisaged the construction in the United States of a series of corvettes as well as other warships such as minesweepers and amphibious warfare ships. As part of this programme, on 30 August 1977, an order was placed with the Tacoma Boatbuilding Company of Tacoma, Washington for 4 missile-armed corvettes, with delivery expected between 1980 and 1981.

The four ships, at first known by the US-Navy style designation of "PCG", and later as the Badr-class, are  long overall, with a beam of  and a draught of . Displacement was intended as , but the ships were completed significantly overweight, and were recorded as displacing  standard and  full load in 1995. They are powered by one General Electric LM2500 gas turbine rated at  and two MTU 12V625 TB91 diesel engines (rated at a total of ) in a Combined Diesel and Gas (CODAG) arrangement, driving two controllable pitch propellers. This gives a maximum speed of  when using the gas turbine and  on diesel. The ships have a range of  at .

Principal anti-ship armament consists of eight Harpoon anti-ship missiles, with a gun armament of a single OTO Melara 76 mm gun forward, one Vulcan Phalanx close-in weapon system (CIWS) aft, two Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, an 81 mm mortar, and two 40 mm Mk 19 grenade launchers. Anti-submarine armament consisted of two triple Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tubes for Mark 46 torpedoes. SPS-40B air search radar and SPS-55 navigation/surface search radars are carried, while a Mark 92 fire control radar is fitted above the ship's bridges. SQS-56 hull-mounted sonar is carried to direct the ships' torpedo tubes.

Ships

References

Bibliography

External links

Corvette classes
Ships built by Tacoma Boatbuilding Company
Ships of the Royal Saudi Navy
Actor-Based Concurrent Language. Actor-Based Concurrent Language (ABCL) is a family of programming languages, developed in Japan in the 1980s and 1990s.

ABCL/1
ABCL/1 (Actor-Based Concurrent Language) is a prototype-based concurrent programming language for the ABCL MIMD system, created in 1986 by Akinori Yonezawa, of the Department of Information Science at the University of Tokyo.

ABCL/1 uses asynchronous message passing among objects to achieve concurrency. It requires Common Lisp. Implementations in Kyoto Common Lisp (KCL) and Symbolics Lisp are available from the author.

ABCL/c+
An implementation of ABCL/c+ is available from the ACM.

ABCL/R
ABCL/R is an object-oriented reflective subset of ABCL/1, written by Professor Akinori Yonezawa of Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1988.

ABCL/R2
ABCL/R2 is a second generation version of ABCL/R, designed for the Hybrid Group Architecture. It was produced at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1992, and has almost all the functionality of ABCL/1. It is written in Common Lisp. As a reflective language, its programs can dynamically control their behavior, including scheduling policy, from within a user-process context.

Further reading
ABCL: An Object-Oriented Concurrent System, A. Yonezawa ed, MIT Press 1990
Reflection in an Object-Oriented Concurrent Language, T. Watanabe et al., SIGPLAN Notices 23(11):306-315 (Nov 1988)
An Implementation of An Operating System Kernel using Concurrent Object Oriented Language ABCL/c+, N. Doi et al. in ECOOP '88, S. Gjessing et al. eds, LNCS 322, Springer 1988

References

External links
 

Prototype-based programming languages
Concurrent programming languages
Common Lisp (programming language) software
Meitetsu Tokoname Line. The  is a railway line in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Meitetsu (Nagoya Railroad), connecting Jingū-mae Station in Nagoya and Tokoname Station in Tokoname.

Stations 
● L: 
● S: 
● E: 
● R: 
● L: 
● MU: 

All trains stop at stations marked "●" and pass stations marked "|". Some trains stop at "▲".

History

The Aichi Electric Railway opened the Ōno (now Ōnomachi) to Tenma (since closed) section in 1912, electrified at 600 V DC, and extended the line  to Jingū-mae and from Ōnomachi to Tokoname the following year. The Ōe to Ōnomachi section was double-tracked between 1920 and 1925, and in 1929, the voltage was increased to 1,500 V DC.

In 1935, the company merged with Meitetsu, and in 1942, the Jingū-mae to Ōe section was double-tracked.

The Ōnomachi to Tokoname section was double-tracked between 1962 and 1972, and the Meitetsu Airport Line extension opened in 2005.

See also
 List of railway lines in Japan

References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia.

Rail transport in Aichi Prefecture
Railway lines opened in 1913
1913 establishments in Japan
Airport Line
Airport rail links in Japan
Railway lines opened in 2005
1067 mm gauge railways in Japan
1500 V DC railway electrification
Shashlik (physics). In high energy physics detectors, shashlik is a layout for a sampling calorimeter. It refers to a stack of alternating slices of absorber (e.g. lead, brass) and scintillator materials (crystal or plastic), which is penetrated by a wavelength shifting fiber running perpendicular to the absorber and scintillator tiles. 

The absorber has a small interaction length, so that a particle radiates energy in a short track. The scintillator material produces visible light when transversed by the particle's radiated energy. This occurs with an electromagnetic calorimeter, in the form of photons and/or electron+positron pairs. The energy of the particle may be then measured by the intensity of scintillation light produced by the various scintillator slices.  An example detector that uses a shashlik electromagnetic calorimeter is the LHCb detector.

This type of calorimeter was likely named after the shashlik, a popular form of shish kebab sold by street vendors in the former Soviet Union, by the Russian and Ukrainian scientists who first proposed it.

References

Calorimetry
Particle physics
Arpin A-1. 

The Arpin A-1 was a two-seat low-wing monoplane which was powered by a single radial engine in pusher configuration, mounted behind the cabin between twin booms that carried the tail.  An unconventional fixed tricycle undercarriage was fitted.  Only one was built.

Development

The Arpin A-1 was a low-wing monoplane of wooden construction and plywood covered.  The empennage was carried on a pair of diamond cross section booms mounted on the rear wing spar at the edge of the centre section.  The fins were tall, with a slight extension below the boom and carrying unbalanced rudders.  The booms were at wing height but the side by side two seat enclosed cabin sat on the wing with the uncowled 68 hp (51 kW) British Salmson AD.9R radial immediately behind, with its centre line well above the booms and tailplane. The pusher arrangement and a short nose provided good visibility from the cabin.

The Arpin had a fixed tricycle undercarriage at a time when most aircraft used the tailwheel configuration.  It was the first British aircraft to be designed for tricycle landing gear.  In 1938 a very unusual McClaren type was fitted, which allowed all three wheels to be turned parallel to each other but not to the aircraft, so that cross wind landings could be made with the aircraft pointing into wind.  The front wheel could be left to caster or could be steered by the pilot.

In 1939 the A-1 was re-engined with an inverted inline 90 hp (67 kW) Blackburn Cirrus Minor I, which raised the maximum speed to 115 mph (185 km/h).  With this engine it was known as the Arpin A-1 Mk.2

Operational history
Only one A-1 was built at the company works at Longford, London, with the civil registration G-AFGB, it first flew from Hanworth Aerodrome on 7 May 1938. In December 1939 the A-1 was delivered to the School of Army Co-operation at Old Sarum too see if it would be suitable as an observation aircraft, it was not ordered into production and by 1946 the A-1 was scrapped.

Specifications (Salmson engine)
According to Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938

See also
General Aircraft GAL.47

References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s British civil utility aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
A-1
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
M. B. Arpin & Co.. 
M. B. Arpin & Co. of West Drayton was a British aircraft manufacturer prior to World War II. The firm constructed an unusual aircraft, the A-1 as a new observation type for the British Army, but failed to attract orders.

The A-1 first flew at London Air Park, Hanworth on 7 May 1938, it had been built at Longford, West Drayton. On 26 May 1939 the company was renamed Arpin Aircraft Manufacturing Company Limited but with the start of the Second World War it did not produce any aircraft.

Aircraft
Arpin A-1

References

 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
SiReNT. The Singapore Satellite Positioning Reference Network (SiReNT), is an infrastructure network launched by the Survey Services section of the Singapore Land Authority in 2006. Its purpose is to define Singapore's official spatial reference framework and to support the cadastral system in SVY21. It is a multi-purpose high precision positioning infrastructure which provides both Post Process Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) DGPS services and Real Time DGPS services. The system supports all types of GPS positioning modes and formats.

SiReNT comprises five GPS reference stations connected to a data control centre at government data centre. Four of the five reference stations are located at the extreme corners of the island of Singapore, with the fifth located in the centre of the island. The four external reference stations are located at Nanyang Technological University, Keppel Club, Loyang, and Senoko, with the designations SNTU, SKEP, SLOY, and SSEK, respectively. The central location is at Nanyang Polytechnic, designated by SNYP. The entire set-up is made up of advanced GPS equipment and sophisticated computer hardware, software, communications and network.

SiReNT supports a great variety of applications. It provides data reliability, efficiency and productivity of survey work for land surveyors with the aid of GPS technology. It also offers a wide range of GPS data services with various accuracy levels ranging from metres to centimetres to suit different applications from positioning to tracking and monitoring.

These GPS reference stations receive satellite signals 24 hours a day and transmit GPS data continuously to the data control centre for storage and processing. Corrections processed from the data are then streamed to subscribed users. 

SiReNT offers 4 types of services, namely Post Processing (PP) On-Demand, Post Processing (PP) Archive, Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and low accuracy Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) to suit different applications. In 2010, SiReNT introduced support for telematics and structural monitoring solutions.

References 

Global Positioning System
Arrow Active. The Arrow Active is a British aerobatic aircraft built in the 1930s.

Design and development
In 1930, Arthur Cecil Thornton, previously an aircraft designer with Blackburn Aircraft, set up his own company, Arrow Aircraft, at Leeds, Yorkshire, to develop his ideas for a single-seat aerobatic aircraft and advanced trainer. The resulting design, the Arrow Active was a single-seat biplane of conventional configuration, with single-bay, staggered wings of unequal span and chord, bordering on being a sesquiplane. The upper and lower wings are joined by a single interplane strut.  The undercarriage is fixed, with a pair of mainwheels and a tail-skid. It was originally powered by a 115 hp (86 kW) Cirrus-Hermes IIB engine.

The second aircraft built featured a more powerful 120 hp (90 kW) de Havilland Gipsy III and was designated Active 2.  It also differed from the Active 1 in having a strutted, conventional centre section, a slightly different shaped fin and rudder, and smaller, wider wheels.

Operational history
Although it was originally hoped that the military might show an interest in the aircraft, this did not transpire, and the Active was flown as a sports plane. 
The Active 1 G-ABIX received its Certificate of Airworthiness on 21 May 1931 and flew at 132.2 mph (212 km/h) in the 1932 King's Cup Race.  It was Alex Henshaw's mount in the second half of 1935 until severely damaged in a crash following an in-flight fire that December.

The Active 2 G-ABVE was certified on 29 June 1932 and flew in the King's Cup in both 1932 and 1933. Slightly faster than the Arrow 1, it recorded a speed of 137 mph (220 km/h)

Variants
Active 1
One aircraft powered by a 115hp (86kW) Cirrus Hermes IIB engine.
Active 2
One aircraft powered by a 120hp (90kW) de Havilland Gipsy III engine, rebuilt in 1958 with a de Havilland Gipsy Major 1C.

Surviving aircraft
Rebuilt in 1958, and again in 1989, the Active 2 is still on the British civil register and is based at Coventry, England.

Specifications (Active 2)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

 

 
 
 

1930s British sport aircraft
Active
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
PWB. PWB may refer to:

 Partial Weight-bearing, in which patients are instructed to put only a certain amount of weight on their leg after surgery
 Printed wiring board
 Psychological well-being
 Programmer's Workbench,
 an early UNIX from Bell Labs, see PWB/UNIX
 a Text-based user interface, Integrated development environment (IDE) by Microsoft, see History of Visual C++
 Phoebe Waller-Bridge, English actress, playwright, producer, and writer.
Outdoor heating. Outdoor heating is space heating that allows people to stay in substantially unenclosed spaces that would otherwise be too cold for comfort. To this end, various outdoor heating appliances are available, including gas patio heaters, quartz or ceramic electric lamps, and wood burning chimenea and fire pits.

In an outdoor environment, convection would quickly carry away heat in the form of hot air, so all these methods emit various amounts of their total output as radiant heat. Radiant heat is emitted from the appliance, and is absorbed by objects and people, raising their temperature.

References

Heating
Advanced Avionics Module. The Advanced Avionics Module or AAM was a module launched on board PSLV-C8 along with the Italian satellite AGILE on 23 April 2007. It was designed by ISRO to test advanced launch vehicle avionics systems like mission computers, navigation and telemetry systems. At lift-off, it weighed 185 kg.

It was mounted inside the Dual Launch Adapter, on top of which the AGILE was mounted.

The AAM reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 19 July 2022.

References 

Spacecraft launched in 2007
Spacecraft which reentered in 2022
Satellites of India
Paul Courbis. Paul Courbis de Bridiers de Villemor, aka Paul Courbis (born 3 November 1967), is a French programmer, mostly known for reverse engineering the HP-28 and then the HP 48 series of calculators, and writing multiple articles and books disclosing his findings. These books had a surprising success in France.

Very soon, a team of enthusiasts formed, gathering around Maubert Electronic, a small electronics shop in Paris' Latin Quarter, and developing a large number of utilities and games (one of the most impressing one was Pac-Man for the 48, one of the first programs using the hardware scrolling device of the 48). Most of these programs are still available and can be traced back to the original reverse-engineering published by Paul Courbis.

Paul Courbis was the chief information officer at the French Ordre National des Médecins, he is also working during his spare time on a set of tools to help people administrating Alcatel's PABX (for the 4400 series). He also publishes various tricks (iPhone, shells scripts, etc.) on his web site.

Bibliography 
His main books are available as paperprints on Amazon but are still available on-line for free:

Other works

Published works 
 A HP 48  running on Unix/X11 and used for automatizing the understanding of the 48G internals;
 Courbis is also the conceptor of the website of the first French computer bookstore on the Internet: 
  a set of tools to help people administrating an Alcatel 4400 PABX (website in construction)
 The  for the 
 Some modules for sybtcl:  and

Unpublished works 
 An expandable RPL interpreter written in object-oriented C.

See also 
 HP-28
 HP 48 series
 Saturn (microprocessor)

References

External links 
 HP calculator software library
 Interview of Paul Courbis (in French)
 Maubert Electronique
 Paul Courbis web site (in French)
 Travis Goodspeed's lecture about "Voyage au centre de la HP28C/S" during the Defcon 16 conference (August 2008) - (video)
 

French computer programmers
Living people
1967 births
Chief information officers