omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PID. PID or Pid may refer to:

Medicine
 Pelvic inflammatory disease or pelvic inflammatory disorder, an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system
 Primary immune deficiency, disorders in which part of the body's immune system is missing or does not function properly
 Prolapsed intervertebral disc, commonly called a herniated disc

Science, technology and engineering
 BBC Programme Identifier, a unique identifier for a BBC television or radio programme brand, a season or series, or an individual episode
 OBD-II PIDs (on-board diagnostics parameter IDs), requests for data through an OBD connector in automotive repair
 Packet Identifier, a field in a MPEG transport stream packet

 Partial information decomposition, an extension of information theory
 Passive infrared detector, a passive infrared sensor
 Payload Interface Document (used on space engineering program for example)
 Persistent identifier, a long-lasting reference to a document, file, web page, or other object
 Phosphotyrosine-interacting domain, also known as phosphotyrosine-binding domain, a protein domain which bind to phosphotyrosine
 Photoionization detector, measures volatile organic compounds and other gases
 Physical Interface Device, a class of a USB device
 PID controller (proportional-integral-derivative controller), a control concept used in automation
 Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID), a diagram in the process industry which shows the piping of the process flow etc.
 Principal ideal domain, an algebraic structure
 Process identifier, a number used by many operating systems to identify a process

Organisations
 Police Intelligence Department, a staff department of the Singapore Police Force
 Political Intelligence Department (disambiguation), multiple organisations
 Politieke Inlichtingen Dienst (Political Intelligence Department), was the main security agency for the Dutch East Indies
 Prague Integrated Transport (Pražská integrovaná doprava – PID in Czech), an integrated public transport system in Prague

Other uses
 Pathways into Darkness, a 1993 video game by Bungie
 "Paul is dead", a 1960s urban legend that Paul McCartney was dead
 Pid (video game), a 2012 video game by Might and Delight
 Project Initiation Documentation, in project management
 Party identification, the political party with which an individual identifies
 Everett Pid Purdy (1904–1951), American athlete who played in both Major League Baseball and the National Football League

See also
 PIDS (disambiguation)
Permanent Way Institution. The Permanent Way Institution is a technical Institution which aims to provide technical knowledge, advice and support to all those engaged in rail infrastructure systems worldwide.

Permanent Way is used to describe the course of a railway line, including the components that form the track, aggregate that supports the track and the civil engineering assets covering bridges, tunnels, viaducts and earthworks.

Sections 

The Permanent Way Institution is split up into a number of sections throughout the United Kingdom and also has internationally located sections across the world.

Membership is open to anyone who is either actively involved in the rail industry, retired or just has a general interest in rail infrastructure engineering.

Home Sections are:

Ashford, 
Croydon & Brighton, 
Glasgow, 
London, 
North Wales, 
Wessex, 
Birmingham, 
Darlington & NE, 
Manchester & Liverpool,  
Nottingham & Derby, 
South & West Wales, 
West Yorkshire, 
Bristol & West of England, 
Edinburgh, 
Lancaster, Barrow & Carlisle, 
Milton Keynes, 
Sheffield & Doncaster, 
Thames Valley, 
York

Membership Grades
Student/Apprentice
Member (holders can use the post-nominal letters MPWI)
Fellow (holders can use the post-nominal letters FPWI)
The Permanent Way Institution has been a licensed member of the Engineering Council since 2019, and can assess and register candidates with Engineering Technician (EngTech), Incorporated Engineer (IEng) and Chartered Engineer (CEng) status.

Presidents 
 1884, William Meredith Lewis (founded the Permanent Way Institution)
 1922, Alfred W. Szlumper
 1926, Alexander Newlands

Steven Bell
2023 Peter Dearman
2024 Mona Sihota

Publications
The Journal (technical journal published quarterly)
Understanding Track Engineering - An essential introduction to the theory and practice of railway track engineering in the UK
Design of Railway Switches & Crossings in Flat Bottom Rail
Design of Railway Track in Bull Head Rail
Plain Line Maintenance of Track
Switch & Crossing Track Maintenance
Track Terminology

References

External links 
 Permanent Way Institution home page

Rail infrastructure in the United Kingdom
Puck. Puck may refer to:

Objects
 Hockey puck, either an open or closed disk used in ice hockey and floor hockey serving the same function a ball does in ball games.
 Floor hockey puck, a disk, either open or closed, made from synthetic materials and designed for use on dry floors serving the same function a ball does in ball games
 Puck (digitizer), a graphics tablet accessory
 Puck, the coffee grounds inside an espresso machine portafilter
 Puck, an injection-molded carrier that stabilizes products on a conveyor line
 Shaving soap, typically refers to a hard soap that is whipped into a lather using a shaving brush
 Puck or sometimes "puck adapter" an adapter put in the large hole of a 45 rpm single so that it could be played on the thinner type of spindle.

Characters
 Puck (folklore), a trickster character of folk tales
 Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream), a character from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
 Puck, from the Faeries CBS TV special
 Puck, from the Gargoyles animated series
 Puck, the eponymous character from Rudyard Kipling's book Puck of Pook's Hill and its sequel
 Puck, from The Sandman series of comic books
 Puck, from The Sisters Grimm series of novels
 Puck (Marvel Comics), the codename of two Marvel characters
 Puck (Glee), from the musical comedy-drama Glee
 Puck (Love Birds), youngest penguin from the musical Love Birds
 Peter Puck, a hockey-puck-shaped cartoon character
 Puck, a character from the Berserk  manga and anime series
 Puck (Re:Zero), a character in the light novel series Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World
 Puck, a non-playable character in the video game, Final Fantasy IX
 Puck, a playable character in the video game, Dota 2
 Baron Puck, in the 1867 opéra bouffe La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein
 Prince Puck, in the 2016 comic book series Empress from Icon Comics

Literature
 Puck (magazine), an 1871–1918 humor publication
 Puck (literary magazine), a 1990s publication
 Puck (media company), a digital media company launched in 2021
 Puck, a novel by Ouida

Places
 Puck County, Poland
 Puck, Poland, a town and the county seat
 Gmina Puck, a gmina or administrative division
 Puck railway station
 Puck (moon), a moon of Uranus
 Bay of Puck, in the Baltic Sea

Other uses
 Puck (name), including a list of people with the name
 Puck (opera), an opéra-féerique which premiered in 1949
 Puck Building, a Manhattan landmark
 Puck Fair, an Irish festival
 Puck App, a mobile application that allows hockey players to quickly find and rent a hockey goalie
 Puck puzzle, a combination puzzle invented in 1980 by Hungarian physicist András Végh
 Puck Man, the original name for the arcade game Pac-Man
 Puck (fish), a genus of dreamer deep-water fish
PDE. PDE may refer to:

Mathematics
Partial differential equation, differential equation involving partial derivatives (of a function of multiple variables)

Life sciences
 Phosphodiesterase, enzyme important in intracellular communication
 Pug dog encephalitis

Organizations
 The European Democratic Party (esp. in Spanish, French or Italian languages)
The Pennsylvania Department of Education

Technology and engineering
 Program development environment
Pulse detonation engine, proposed substitute to the traditional jet engine

Philosophy
 Principle of double effect

Places
Punta del Este

Other modes of abbreviation
 Polydichloric euthimal, fictional substance 
 Pde (or Pde.), "Parade" (when serving as part of the proper name of a street or other way)
 Present Day English
Parity. Parity  may refer to:

 Parity (computing)
 Parity bit in computing, sets the parity of data for the purpose of error detection
 Parity flag in computing, indicates if the number of set bits is odd or even in the binary representation of the result of the last operation
 Parity file in data processing, created in conjunction with data files and used to check data integrity and assist in data recovery
 Parity (mathematics), indicates whether a number is even or odd
 Parity of a permutation, indicates whether a permutation has an even or odd number of inversions
 Parity function, a Boolean function whose value is 1 if the input vector has an odd number of ones
 Parity learning, a problem in machine learning
 Parity of even and odd functions
 Parity (physics), a symmetry property of physical quantities or processes under spatial inversion
 Parity (biology), the number of times a female has given birth; gravidity and parity represent pregnancy and viability, respectively
 Parity (charity), UK equal rights organisation
 Parity (law), legal principle
 Mental Health Parity Act, also applies to substance use disorder
 Purchasing power parity, in economics, the exchange rate required to equalise the purchasing power of different currencies
 Interest rate parity, in finance, the notion that the differential in interest rates between two countries is equal to the differential between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate
 Put–call parity, in financial mathematics, defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and a European put option
 Parity (sports), an equal playing field for all participants, regardless of their economic circumstances
 Potty parity, equalization of waiting times for males and females in restroom queues
 A tactic in reversi
 Grid parity of renewable energy
 Doctrine of parity, agricultural price controls
 Military parity, equipotential readiness between foes, without gaps such as a missile gap
Special cases in combination puzzles

tr:Parite
QED (text editor). QED is a line-oriented computer text editor that was developed by Butler Lampson and L. Peter Deutsch for the Berkeley Timesharing System running on the SDS 940. It was implemented by L. Peter Deutsch and Dana Angluin between 1965 and 1966.

QED (for "quick editor") addressed teleprinter usage, but systems "for CRT displays [were] not considered, since many of their design considerations [were] quite different."

Later implementations
Ken Thompson later wrote a version for CTSS; this version was notable for introducing regular expressions. Thompson rewrote QED in BCPL for Multics.  The Multics version was ported to the GE-600 system used at Bell Labs in the late 1960s under GECOS and later GCOS after Honeywell took over GE's computer business.  The GECOS-GCOS port used I/O routines written by A. W. Winklehoff.  Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson and Brian Kernighan wrote the QED manuals used at Bell Labs.
Given that the authors were the primary developers of the Unix operating system, it is natural that QED had a strong influence on the classic UNIX text editors ed, sed and their descendants such as ex and sam, and more distantly AWK and Perl.

A version of QED named FRED (Friendly Editor) was written at the
University of Waterloo for Honeywell systems by Peter Fraser.  A University of Toronto team consisting of Tom Duff, Rob Pike, Hugh Redelmeier, and David Tilbrook implemented a version of QED that runs on UNIX; David Tilbrook later included QED as part of his QEF tool set.

QED was also used as a character-oriented editor on the Norwegian-made Norsk Data systems, first Nord TSS, then Sintran III. It was implemented for the Nord-1 computer in 1971 by Bo Lewendal who after working with Deutsch and Lampson at Project Genie and at the Berkeley Computer Corporation, had taken a job with Norsk Data (and who developed the Nord TSS later in 1971).

See also
QEdit, a similarly named, but unrelated DOS text editor by SemWare

References

Further reading

FRED - the friendly editor.
QED as part of QEF tools
QED Archive - an archive of source code of several versions of QED
Caltech QED with changes to compile on Linux 

Line editor
Relay league. A relay league is a chain of message forwarding stations in a system of optical telegraphs, radio telegraph stations, or riding couriers. Early 19th century methods of this type evolved into the electrical telegraph networks of the mid-to-late 19th century.

Radio relay leagues 
Radio amateurs have been early in arranging relay leagues, as is reflected in the name of the organization of American Radio Relay League (ARRL).

Radio amateur message relay operations were originally conducted in the first two decades of the 20th century using Morse code via spark-gap transmitters. As vacuum tubes became affordable, operations shifted to more efficient manual telegraphy transmitters, referred to as CW (Continuous wave). Messages were relayed station-to-station, typically involving four or more re-transmission cycles to cover the continental United States, in an organized system of amateur radio networks. After World War II, voice and radioteletype implementations of the message relay system were employed.

See also 
 Post rider
 Pony Express
 Relay (disambiguation)

References 

History of telecommunications
Telegraphy
Rescuing Prometheus. Rescuing Prometheus: Four Monumental Projects That Changed the Modern World (1998) is a book by Thomas P. Hughes.  The book uses four extremely large engineering projects of the late 20th century as examples to explore how the limits of modern system engineering are stressed by real life projects.  It also traces the development of the management of large technical system development.

The book documents four massively-cooperative projects:

 Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), a computer- and radar-based air-defense system
 The Atlas project, which produced America's first ICBM
 Boston's Central Artery/Tunnel Project, a traffic-unclogging system of highways, tunnels and bridges originally scheduled for completion in 2004
 ARPANET, an interactive computer-based information network that paved the way for the Internet

See also 
Large Technical System

References

Rescuing Prometheus: Four Monumental Projects That Changed the Modern World () by Thomas P. Hughes, 2000.

1998 non-fiction books
Engineering books
Systems theory
Systems theory books
Robert Freitas. Robert A. Freitas Jr. (born 1952) is an American nanotechnologist.

Early life and education
Freitas was born in Camden, Maine. His father worked in agriculture and his mother was a homemaker. Freitas married Nancy, his childhood sweetheart in 1974.

In 1974, Freitas earned a bachelor's degree in both physics and psychology from Harvey Mudd College, and in 1978, he received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from the Santa Clara University School of Law. He has written more than 150 technical papers, book chapters, and popular articles on scientific, engineering, and legal topics.

Career
Freitas interests include nanorobotics, how nanotechnology can extend the life of humans, self-replicating machines, and Cryonics.

Freitas introduced the concept of "sentience quotient" in the late 1970s.

In 1980, Freitas and William Gilbreath were participants in a NASA study regarding "Advanced Automation for Space Missions", and they presented the feasibility of self-replicating machines in space, using advanced artificial intelligence and automation technologies.

Freitas began writing his Nanomedicine book series in 1994.  Volume I, published in October 1999 by Landes Bioscience while Freitas was a Research Fellow at the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing. Volume IIA was published in October 2003 by Landes Bioscience.

In 2004, Freitas and Ralph Merkle coauthored and published Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines, a comprehensive survey of the field of physical and hypothetical self-replicating machines.

In 2009, Freitas was awarded the Feynman Prize in theoretical nanotechnology. Afterwards, he was granted the first patent for a Mechanosynthesis tool which he developed while working at Zyvex. The tool is theoretically to be used in molecular engineering.

See also 
 Ecophagy

References

Bibliography
 Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities (Landes Bioscience, 1999) 
 Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Vol. IIA: Biocompatibility (Landes Bioscience, 2003) 
 Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle, Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines (Landes Bioscience, 2004) 
 Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine: Biocompatibility (S Karger Pub, 2004) 
 Robert A. Freitas Jr., Cryostasis Revival: The Recovery of Cryonics Patients through Nanomedicine (Alcor Life Extension Foundation, 2022)

External links

 Robert Freitas' personal website

1952 births
Cryonicists
American nanotechnologists
American people of Portuguese descent
American transhumanists
Harvey Mudd College alumni
Living people
People from Camden, Maine
Santa Clara University alumni
Rom. Rom, or ROM may refer to:

Biomechanics and medicine
 Risk of mortality, a medical classification to estimate the likelihood of death for a patient
 Rupture of membranes, a term used during pregnancy to describe a rupture of the amniotic sac
 Range of motion, e.g. of joints in physiotherapy

Computers and mathematics
 Android ROM, a file containing executable instructions of an Android OS 
 Read-only memory, a type of storage media that is used in computers and other electronic devices
 ROM cartridge, a portable form of read-only memory
 ROM image, a computer file which contains a copy of the data from a read-only memory chip
 ROM (MUD), a popular MUD codebase
 Request Of Maintainer, a request by the maintainer of a software package

Engineering
 Range of motion, the distance that a movable object may normally travel while properly attached to another object
 RFID on metal, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags which perform a specific function when attached to metal objects
 Rough order of magnitude, a type of cost estimation

Fiction and entertainment
 Ethan Rom, one of the Others in the TV series Lost
 Rom (comics), a Marvel Comics superhero based on the Parker Brothers toy of the same name
 Rom (Star Trek), a Ferengi character in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 Rom, a fictional character in Hyperdimension Neptunia Mk2
 Runes of Magic, a popular MMORPG
 Rom, a boss in the videogame Bloodborne
 Read-Only Memory (publisher), a British publisher of art books related to the Britsoft era of video game development
 Rom (album)

Places and structures
 River Rom, England
 Rom (river), Switzerland and Italy
 Rom, Afghanistan, a village in Sar-e Pol province, Afghanistan
 Rom, Deux-Sèvres, a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France
 Rom (Mecklenburg), a community in the district of Parchim, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
 Rom, a district of Morsbach in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 Rom, Iran, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran
 Royal Ontario Museum, a museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 The Rom, skatepark in Hornchurch, East London, England
 Romania, UNDP code and former IOC code

Society

 Rom (plural Roma), one of the ethnic designations used by the Romani people
 rom, Romani language, language code ISO 639 alpha-2 
 Rom or ROM, system of Indigenous Australian customary law
ROM ceremony, a Yolngu ceremonial practice

Other uses
 Return on margin, a judge of performance based on the net gain or net loss compared to the perceived risk
 Refuel On the Move, a DoD logistic action
Epistle to the Romans, a book of the Bible commonly abbreviated Rom.
Rotary. Rotary may refer to:

Science, engineering and technology
 Rotary motion
 Rotary dial, a rotating telephone dial
 Rotary engine (disambiguation), multiple types of engines called "rotary"
 Rotary latch
 Rotary milking shed, a type of milking shed used in the dairy industry
 Rotary snowplow, one type of railroad snowplow used especially for deep snow removal
 Rotary system, a type of pre-electronic telephone switch
 Rotary table (drilling rig), a device used to apply directional force to a drill string
 Rotary tiller, a motorised cultivator
 Rotary woofer, a type of loudspeaker capable of producing very low frequency sound
 Rotary wing aircraft

Organisations and enterprises
 Rotary International, or Rotary Club, an international service organization founded in the United States 
 Rotary Foundation, non-profit foundation of Rotary International
 Rotary Scholarships, scholarships offered by the organization 
 Rotary Watches, a Swiss watchmaker

Other uses
 Rotary (intersection) or roundabout, a circular roadway intersection
 "The Rotary", a song by Andy Partridge from Take Away / The Lure of Salvage
Rankine scale. The Rankine scale ( ) is an absolute scale of thermodynamic temperature named after the University of Glasgow engineer and physicist Macquorn Rankine, who proposed it in 1859.

History 
Similar to the Kelvin scale, which was first proposed in 1848, zero on the Rankine scale is absolute zero, but a temperature difference of one Rankine degree (°R or °Ra) is defined as equal to one Fahrenheit degree, rather than the Celsius degree used on the Kelvin scale. In converting from kelvin to degrees Rankine, 1 K =  °R or 1 K = 1.8 °R. A temperature of 0 K (−273.15 °C; −459.67 °F) is equal to 0 °R.

Usage 
The Rankine scale is used in engineering systems where heat computations are done using degrees Fahrenheit.

The symbol for degrees Rankine is °R (or °Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the Rømer and Réaumur scales). By analogy with the SI unit kelvin, some authors term the unit Rankine, omitting the degree symbol. 

Some temperatures relating the Rankine scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.

See also 
 Outline of metrology and measurement
 Comparison of temperature scales

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links 

Scales of temperature
1859 introductions
Register transfer language. In computer science,  register transfer language (RTL) is a kind of intermediate representation (IR) that is very close to assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler. It is used to describe data flow at the register-transfer level of an architecture. Academic papers and textbooks often use a form of RTL as an architecture-neutral assembly language. RTL is used as the name of a specific intermediate representation in several compilers, including the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), Zephyr, and the European compiler projects CerCo and CompCert.

History

The idea behind RTL was first described in The Design and Application of a Retargetable Peephole Optimizer.

GCC 
In GCC, RTL is generated from the GIMPLE representation, transformed by various passes in the GCC middle-end, and then converted to assembly language.

GCC's RTL is usually written in a form that looks like a Lisp S-expression:
(set (reg: SI 140)
     (plus:SI (reg:SI 138)
              (reg: SI 139)))
This side-effect expression says "sum the contents of register 138 with the contents of register 139 and store the result in register 140". The SI specifies the access mode for each register. In the example, it is "SImode", i.e. "access the register as 32-bit integer".

The sequence of RTL generated has some dependency on the characteristics of the processor for which GCC is generating code. However, the meaning of the RTL is more or less independent of the target: it would usually be possible to read and understand a piece of RTL without knowing what processor it was generated for. Similarly, the meaning of the RTL doesn't usually depend on the program's original high-level language.

A register transfer language is a system for expressing in symbolic form the microoperation sequences among the registers of a digital module. It is a convenient tool for describing the internal organization of digital computers in a concise and precise manner. It can also be used to facilitate the design process of digital systems.

References

External links 
 Register Transfer Language of GCC

Compiler structures