omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dornier Delphin. The Dornier Delphin (en: Dolphin) was a 1920s German single-engine commercial flying boat built by Dornier Flugzeugwerke. As well as commercial users, single examples were acquired by the United States Navy and the British Royal Navy for evaluation.

The all-metal design was increasing in popularity, and the Delphin was also important for the development of the Dornier Komet and Merkur land planes.

There was three major version, the first version had an open cockpit and the later versions were enclosed with a stronger engines.

Development

The Delphin I was developed in 1920.  It was an all-metal single-engine high-wing monoplane flying boat. It had an enclosed cabin for four-passengers with the wing mounted above, and the nacelle-mounted engine above that. It was powered by a 138 kW (185 hp) BMW IIIa inline engine. The pilot had an open cockpit on the upper surface of the hull behind the engine, which gave him a limited view forward. It first flew on the 24 November 1920.  Dornier first tested the design concept and spontoons in place of wingtip floats, with a small three-seater named the  Dornier Libelle.

An improved version, the Delphin II, first flew on 15 February 1924, and was powered by either a 186 kW (250 hp) BMW engine or a 194 kW (260 hp) Rolls-Royce Falcon III engine. The enclosed cabin now had room for two crew and five passengers.

Following the success of the Delphin II, a larger version, the Delphin III was developed from 1927. It was powered by a 447 kW (600 hp) BMW VI engine and had a separate flight deck for the two-man crew and a cabin for ten passengers.

A Delphin I was acquired by the United States Navy, and a Delphin III by the Royal Navy, both of whom were interested in evaluating the metal construction.

Variants

Delphin I
Four-passenger version with open cockpit, powered by a 138 kW (185 hp) BMW IIIa inline engine
Delphin II
Five-passenger version, powered by either a 186 kW (250 hp) BMW engine or a 194 kW (260 hp) Rolls-Royce Falcon III engine.
Delphin III
Ten-passenger version, powered by 447 kW (600 hp) BMW VI engine

Specifications (Delphin III)

See also

References

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing
"The Dornier Cs. II Commercial Flying Boat", Flight, April 21, 1921

1920s German airliners
Flying boats
Delphin
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Dewoitine D.21. 

The Dewoitine D.21 was 1920s French open-cockpit, fixed-undercarriage, parasol winged monoplane fighter aircraft.

Design and development
The prototype D.21 was a development of the D.12. The aircraft was license-built in Switzerland (by EKW), Czechoslovakia (by Skoda and known as the Skoda-Dewoitine D.1) and Argentina (by FMA). One Turkish D.21 was fitted with a modified wing and named Orhanelli.

Operational history
Argentina bought seven French-built D.21s, and built another 38 under license by FMA from 1929 to 1932. The type remained in service until 1941. Turkey bought a number, and Czechoslovakia built 25 for their air force.

Variants
D.21 C.1French Production version, license-built in Argentina and Turkey.
Skoda D.1Licence manufacture of the Dewoitine D.21 in Czechoslovakia by Skoda;(26 built - included in D.9 total). Škoda L was a licence-built Hispanio Suiza HS-50. Armament only 2 ×  Vickers machine-guns

Operators

Army Aviation Service
Argentine Naval Aviation

Gendarmerie (Czechoslovakia)

Paraguayan Air Force

Turkish Air Force

Specifications (D.21 C.1)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading 
 Sebastian Sequeira, Carlos Cal y Cecilia Calatayud. Aviación Naval Argentina. SS&CC ediciones, Buenos Aires, 1984.  (Spanish)

External links 
 Dewoitine D.21, AMILARG - Aviacion Militar Argentina (Spanish) Accessed 2023-03-31
 CAZA BOMBARDEROS DE LA AVIACION NAVAL: DEWOITINE D-21 - HISTARMAR (Spanish) Accessed 2023-04-01

1920s French fighter aircraft
D.021
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Ulrich Eichhorn. Ulrich Eichhorn (born 1961) is a German engineer, manager and car designer.

Early life and education 
Eichhorn was born in Obernburg, Germany. He studied mechanical and automotive engineering at Technische Universität Darmstadt. In 1992, he graduated with a doctorate in mechanical engineering from Darmstadt. He is also an alumnus of Harvard Business School, where he was class speaker of AMP174.

Career 
Eichhorn worked at Ford Motor Company, becoming head of vehicle dynamics and leading several individual projects. He was involved in designing the first generation Ford Focus, where he worked on the chassis. He joined Volkswagen Group as director of research in 2000. He was involved in projects such as SunFuel, an alternative fuel, the Volkswagen W12, and the Volkswagen XL1. In 2003, he became a board member at Bentley, which is owned by Volkswagen Group, with responsibility for technical development. He was in charge of engineering at Bentley during the release of the Bentley Continental GT, the Continental GT Convertible and the Bentley Flying Spur.

His motorsport credentials include three consecutive wins of the Tour de Sol, the 24h World Speed Record with the Volkswagen Nardo in 2002 and Bentley's Le Mans victory in 2003.

In 2012, Eichhorn was appointed as managing director of Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA), and in 2016 he was appointed as head of group research and development at Volkswagen. From January 2019 to December 2020, Eichhorn was chairman of the management board of engineering service provider IAV before returning to Volkswagen.

References

German automobile designers
People in the automobile industry
1961 births
Living people
Harvard Business School alumni
Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
Douglas Cloudster. The Douglas Cloudster was a 1920s American biplane aircraft. It was the only product of the Davis-Douglas Company, and was designed to make the first non-stop flight coast-to-coast across the United States.

Development
The Davis-Douglas Company was formed in July 1920 to enable Donald Douglas to design and build an aircraft capable of non-stop flight coast-to-coast across the United States. David R. Davis provided the financing for the company. The resulting aircraft was the Cloudster, a single-bay equal-span biplane of wooden construction designed to carry payload of equivalent weight. It was fabric-covered except for the forward fuselage, which was clad in sheet metal. The aircraft was powered by a 400 hp (298 kW) Liberty V-12 piston engine.

The Cloudster first flew on 24 February 1921, the aircraft broke the Pacific Coast altitude record by climbing 19,160 ft (5839 m) on 19 March that year, and attempted the coast-to-coast journey in June. The aircraft failed to make a non-stop journey due to engine failure, it had to make a forced landing at Fort Bliss, Texas on 27 June 1921. In 1923, the Cloudster was sold and modified for sightseeing flights, with two additional open cockpits and seats for five passengers replacing one of the fuel tanks. In 1925 it was again sold to T. Claude Ryan, who had it modified further by adding an enclosed cabin with ten seats, the aircraft became the flagship of Ryan's San Diego–to–Los Angeles airline, one of the first scheduled passenger lines in the country. It was subsequently used by a number of operators and flew beer to Tijuana, Mexico after the 1926 flood, before it made a forced landing in shallow water off the coast of Ensenada, Baja California in December 1926. It was damaged beyond repair by the tide before it could be recovered.

Following the failure of the coast-to-coast flight, Davis lost interest and Douglas went on to form the Douglas Company (later the Douglas Aircraft Company) in July 1921.

1945 Cloudster II

Douglas Aircraft would revive the name in 1945 for a proposed  general aviation  aircraft with a pusher propeller, similar to the XB-42, as the Cloudster II.   The company's last effort in general aviation, it was not a success.

Specifications (Davis-Douglas Cloudster)

References

Notes

Bibliography
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing
 
 

1920s United States airliners
Cloudster
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Naval Air Establishment. The Naval Air Establishment was a division of the Chinese Navy established in 1918 in Mamoi to develop seaplanes for maritime reconnaissance, training, and torpedo-bombing. It was transferred to Shanghai in 1931.

Organization
 Captain Yu Tsao Barr
 Captain Tseng Yee King - Director General from 1931 onwards
 Captain Wong Tsoo
 Lieutenant S F Wong

Products
Early aircraft produced by the NAE were made of timber and fabric with assistance of foreign designers. Aircraft produced include:

 Chiang Hung (1930) - 2 or 3 seat touring plane and reconnaissance aircraft
 Chiang Hau (1932) - powered with single 165 hp Wright Whirlwind engine
 Chiang Gaen
 Nin Hai
 DH.6 like seaplane
 Beeng (1918?)- tractor biplane/float fighter bomber with single 360 hp prop engine
 Char 1918 - 2 seat primary trainer seaplane
 Ding (1934) - 2 seat bombing/torpedo seaplane using a single 360 hp Rolls-Royce engine
 Wu (1918?) - general purpose observation aircraft
 Yee (1918?) - 2 seat advance trainer and variant of Char seaplane

Facilities
 Government Dockyard and Engineering Works - Foochow Docks

Notes

References

 
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of China
1918 establishments in China
Defence companies of China
Naval history of China
Dornier Libelle. The Dornier Libelle (en:"Dragonfly I"), also designated Do A, was a German open-cockpit, all-metal, parasol wing, monoplane flying boat aircraft, with partly fabric-covered wings. There was three versions of the seaplane version; the prototype, first version, and improved version (the Libelle 2). A landplane version, built without sponsons and fitted with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage was produced as the Dornier Spatz.

Variants
Do A
Two prototypes of the Libelle
Libelle I
The standard production model, five built, fitted with Siemens-Halske Sh 4 engines and two built with  Siemens-Halske Sh 5 engines.
Libelle II
The improved Libelle II was powered by Siemens-Halske Sh 5 or  Siemens-Halske Sh 11 engines. Other engines fitted to Libelle II aircraft include the Bristol Lucifer and the ADC Cirrus. Three built.

Accidents
A Dornier Libelle crashed into the sea off Milford beach in Auckland, New Zealand on 12 December 1929, killing both crewmen.

Survivor

A Libelle II VQ-FAB, manufacturers number 117 built in 1925, which operated in Fiji, is displayed in the Deutsches Museum in the centre of Munich.

Specifications (Libelle I)

References

External links

Dornier “Libelle" at http://www.jadu.de/luftfahrt
"Libelle" at www.histaviation.com 

1920s German civil utility aircraft
Flying boats
Libelle
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Jennifer Mankoff. Jennifer Mankoff is the Richard E. Ladner Endowed Professor and Associate Director for Diversity and Inclusion in the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering at the University of Washington, in Seattle, where she joined the faculty in 2017.

Early life and education
Mankoff earned her B.A. at Oberlin College and her Ph.D. in computer science at the Georgia Institute of Technology advised by Gregory Abowd and Scott Hudson.

Career
Mankoff was a professor in the Human-Computer Interaction Institute of the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University between 2004 and 2017. She was previously a faculty member in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley between 2001 and 2004. Her research work focuses on tools and techniques for rapid, iterative prototyping of ubiquitous computing applications and accessible technology for people with disabilities.

Her research interests also include mediation of ambiguous, recognition-based interfaces. Application areas of her work include assistive technology for people with special needs and the elderly, health and safety, and technologies that promote sustainability. Mankoff has authored and co-authored over 45 full-length, significant scientific publications. She was awarded the Sloan Fellowship in 2007 and the IBM Faculty Fellowship in 2004 and 2006.

Selected publications 
 Woodruff, A. and Mankoff, J. 2009. Environmental Sustainability. IEEE Pervasive Computing 8, 1 (Jan. 2009), 18-21.
 Froehlich, J., Dillahunt, T., Klasnja, P., Mankoff, J., Consolvo, S., Harrison, B., and Landay, J. A. 2009. UbiGreen: investigating a mobile tool for tracking and supporting green transportation habits. In Proceedings of CHI '09.
 Carter, S. J. Mankoff and J. Heer, "Momento: Support for situated ubicomp experimentation," In Proceedings of CHI 2007.
 Mankoff, J. D. Matthews, S. R. Fussell and M. Johnson, "Leveraging Social Networks to Motivate Individuals to Reduce their Ecological Footprints," Proceedings of HICSS 2007.
 Mankoff, J., Fait, H., and Tran, T. Is your web page accessible? A comparative study of methods for assessing web page accessibility for the blind. In Proceedings of CHI 2005. 41-50.
 Carter, S. and J. Mankoff, "When Participants do the capturing: The role of media in diary studies," In Proceedings of CHI 2005 pp. 899–908. Nominated for best paper award.
 Mankoff, D., A. Dey, J. Mankoff, and K. Mankoff. Supporting Interspecies Social Awareness: Using Peripheral Displays for Distributed Pack Awareness. In Proceedings of UIST 2005. pp. 253–258. Satire.

References

External links 
Mankoff's personal home page
Quality of Life Technology Center
Human-Computer Interaction Institute
Make4All Research Group

American computer scientists
Ubiquitous computing researchers
American women computer scientists
Human–computer interaction researchers
Georgia Tech alumni
Living people
Scientists from Pittsburgh
Oberlin College alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Washington Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering faculty
List of IEC technical committees. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a standards-making body in the field of electrical and electronics technologies. The IEC works with National Committees in different countries in preparing and maintaining standards in this space. IEC is one of the oldest standards making bodies in existence.

Standards
The IEC standards making process, similar to many other standards making processes, is handled by various technical committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC). TCs report to the SMB (Standardization Management Board). Each TC defines its scope (or area of activity) which is submitted to the SMB for approval. Any TC can form one or more SCs depending on the extent of its work programme. SCs define their scope under the parent TC to which they report directly.

TC membership is composed of the IEC NCs (National Committees), all of which are free to take part in the work of any given TC.

IEC has more than  technical experts working on standards voluntarily.

This list is intended to detail the various technical committees of IEC, the scope of the committees, their key members and the key relevance and outputs of these committees.

Each technical committee and its standardization efforts is vast and is carried out by various working groups within the technical committees.

IEC technical committees and subcommittees

See also
 List of ISO standards
 List of IEC standards
 List of EN standards
 International Classification for Standards
 Standardization

References

External links 
 IEC List of technical committees and subcommittees
 IEC Website
Calao Systems. Calao Systems was a French company producing small Linux-based computers, roughly the size of a USB key. The company went bankrupt in April 2016.

Devices use an Atmel or a Nomadik processor (based on ARM architecture) and usually offer about 128MB of RAM (up to 1GB for the most advanced models). The operating system is placed in the 128MB - 1GB non volatile memory.

Devices are powered via a USB male connector which is plugged into a host computer. During development, communication with the system is also performed using this USB connection (there are no serial ports). JTAG is also provided via USB.

Devices also have a connector to which small expansion boards can be fitted on the top of the main board. There are expansion boards for wireless, motion sensors, Bluetooth and so on.

All Calao USB keys have a wired LAN port. Some also have additional USB sockets.

Calao devices use U-boot and run version 2.6 of the Linux kernel. The company recommends the GNU toolchain to develop the software for these devices.

Products

References

External links
Article in Electronista 
Article in LinuxDevices
Discussion in Gizmodo

Linux-based devices
Privately held companies of France
General Polygon Clipper. The General Polygon Clipper (GPC) is a software library providing for computing the results of clipping operations on sets of polygons. It generalises the computer graphics clipping problem of intersecting polygons with polygons.
The first release of GPC was designed and implemented in 1997 by Alan Murta.  the final GPC release was version 2.32.  The core GPC library is written in the C programming language but the library has also been ported to work with several other languages.

Availability 
Since August 2020, GPC is no longer officially distributed by the author. 

In December 2021 a copy of the GPC code (v2.32) was placed on GitHub under the MIT License by Paint.NET author Rick Brewster.

Licensing 
Developers may use GPC for any purpose without paid licensing restrictions.

Features of GPC

The following summarises the features and operations on polygons supported by GPC.

GPC can compute the following clip operations: difference, intersection, exclusive-or and union.

Polygons may comprise multiple disjoint contours.
Contour vertices may be specified as clockwise or anticlockwise.
Contours may be convex, concave or self-intersecting.
Contours may be nested. In other words, polygons may have holes.

The clip operation output from GPC is a set of polygon contours or tristrips.
Holes and external contours are differentiated in GPC's output.
Coincident edges and degenerate regions are handled correctly.

Examples of GPC operations on sets of polygons

The following four images show examples of GPC computing operations between two polygon sets. The first polygon set comprises outlines of the United Kingdom and Ireland. The second polygon set comprises the four large inward-pointing arrows. In each example, the areas resulting from the GPC operation between the two sets of polygons are rendered in colour. 

This example shows difference between the two sets:

This example shows intersection between the two sets:

This example shows union between the two sets:

This example shows exclusive-or between the two sets:

Ports and language bindings

The core GPC code is written in C, but the GPC user community has contributed a number of ports and bindings (or wrappers) for various other languages (ActionScript 3, Borland Delphi, C#, GNU Octave, Haxe, Haskell, Java, Lua, Pascal, Perl, Python, VB.Net). All of these ports and bindings are freely available.

References

External links
 Maintained Java version

Graphics libraries
IEC 60038. International Standard IEC 60038, IEC standard voltages, defines a set of standard voltages for use in low voltage and high voltage AC and DC  electricity supply systems.

Low voltage 
Where two voltages are given below separated by "/", the first is the root-mean-square voltage between a phase and the neutral connector, whereas the second is the corresponding root-mean-square voltage between two phases (exception: the category shown below called "One Phase", where 240 V is the root-mean-square voltage between the two legs of a split phase). The three-phase voltages are for use in either four-wire (with neutral) or three-wire (without neutral) systems.

Three-phase 50 Hz 
 230 V / 400 V (formerly 220/380 V)
 400 V / 690 V (formerly 380/660 V)
 1000 V phase to phase (3 wire)

Suppliers using 220 V / 380 V or 240 V / 415 V systems were expected by the standard to migrate to the recommended value of 230 V / 400 V by the year 2003. This migration has already been largely completed, at least within the European Union.

Voltage conversion schedule

Three-phase 60 Hz 
 120 V / 208 V
 240 V
 230 V / 400 V
 277 V / 480 V
 480 V
 347 V / 600 V
 600 V / 1000 V

One-phase, three-wire 60 Hz (American split-phase) 
 120 V / 240 V

Table 3  1 kV to 35 kV 
Table 3 of IEC 60038 lists nominal voltages above 1 kV and not exceeding 35 kV. There are two series, one from 3 kV up to 35 kV

Table 4 35 kV - 230 kV 
Table 4 shows nominal voltages above 35 kV and not exceeding 230 kV.

Table 5 245 - 1,200 kV  
Table 5 is systematically different, as the highest voltage for equipment is the characteristic value exceeding 245 kV. The enumeration begins at 300 kV and ends with 1200 kV.

See also 
 Mains electricity by country

References

External links 
 Definition of Voltage ranges as per IEC 60038 – WIKI - Electrical Installation Guide
 
 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60038%7Bed7.0%7Db.pdf 

Electric power distribution
60038
Electrical wiring
Tulip System-1. The Tulip System I is a 16-bit personal computer based on the Intel 8086 and made by Tulip Computers, formerly an import company for the Exidy Sorcerer, called Compudata Systems.

Hardware 
Tulip System I is based around the Intel 8086 microprocessor with a 16-bit architecture, running at 8 MHz, almost twice the speed of the IBM PC XT which was launched only a few months earlier in July 1983. 

The standard configuration includes 128 KB of RAM, expandable to 896 KB (much more than the 640 KB of the original PC) in units of 128 KB increments.

Its Motorola 6845-based video display controller could display  text in 8 different fonts with support for different languages, including a (Videotex-based) font with pseudo graphic symbols for displaying  pixel graphics in text mode.

The video display generator could also display graphics with a  or  (color) or  (monochrome) pixel resolution using its built-in NEC 7220 video display coprocessor, which had hardware supported drawing functions, with an advanced set of bit-block transfers it could do line generating, arc, circle, ellipse, ellipse arc, filled arc, filled circle, filled ellipse, filled elliptical arc and many other commands.

It has the possibility to use an Intel 8087 math coprocessor, which increased the speed to > 200 kflops, which was near mainframe data at that time.

It included a SASI hard disk interface (a predecessor of the SCSI-standard) and was optionally delivered with a 5 MB or 10 MB hard disk. The floppy disk size was 400 KB (10 sectors, instead of 8 or 9 with the IBM PC) or 800 KB (80 tracks).

Software 
After initially using CP/M-86, it quickly switched to using generic MS-DOS 2.00. There was a rudimentary IBM BIOS-emulator, which allowed the user to use WordStar and a few other IBM-PC software, but Compudata B.V. shipped WordStar and some other software as adopted software for this computer. There was programming support by Compudata B.V. with MS-Basic, MS-Pascal and MS-Fortran.
On a private base, TeX and Turbo Pascal were ported to the Tulip System I.

References

External links
 Tulip I on web site of the Dutch Tulip association (in Dutch)
A user's personal experience with a Tulip System-I

IBM PC compatibles