omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Southwick Hill Tunnel. The Southwick Hill Tunnel is a 490-metre twin-bore road tunnel to the north of Southwick, England.

The tunnel was opened in early 1996 as part of the A27 Brighton bypass and carries the road under Southwick Hill. The border between West Sussex and the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove is close to the eastern entrance of the tunnel. Non-motorised traffic (e.g. pedestrians, cyclists) and mopeds under 50 cc are prohibited from using the tunnel, with a warning sign indicating an alternative route.

Engineering
The tunnel was built through the Newhaven Chalk layer using the New Austrian Tunnelling method. The structure uses shotcrete and untensioned bolts.

See also 

 List of tunnels in the United Kingdom

References 

Road tunnels in England
Adur District
Transport in West Sussex
Buildings and structures in West Sussex
West Sussex
Kookaburra (rocket). Kookaburra is an Australian sounding rocket used for atmospheric research. It was designed to be relatively inexpensive It took part in an international experiment in March 1970 with Britain and India to measure ozone levels and atmospheric temperature. The Kookaburra was launched 33 times in total before being retired in 1976.

Technical data 
Apogee: 75 km
Total Mass: 100 kg
Core Diameter: 0.12 m
Total Length: 3.40 m

References 

Sounding rockets of Australia
Ross Overbeek. Ross A. Overbeek (born May 16, 1949) is an American computer scientist with a long tenure at the Argonne National Laboratory. He has made important contributions to mathematical logic and genomics, as well as programming, particularly in database theory and the programming language Prolog.

Early life
He grew up in Traverse City, Michigan where he struck up a lifelong friendship with R. W. Bradford, publisher of the libertarian periodical Liberty. He received a B.Ph. from Grand Valley State College, an M.S. from Pennsylvania State University in 1970, and a Ph.D. in computer science from Penn State in 1971. For the next 11 years he was a computer science professor at Northern Illinois University.

Career
In the early 1970s a theorem prover named AURA, for AUtomated Reasoning Assistant, developed by Overbeek replaced one that had been the standard in the field.

In 1983 he joined the Mathematics and Computer Science Division of Argonne National Laboratory, working on automated theorem proving, logic programming, and parallel computation. In the 1980s he became interested in applying logic programming to molecular biology, and he was appointed to the Joint Information Task Force, a working group established to advise the National Institutes of Health and United States Department of Energy on the computational requirements of the Human Genome Initiative. He has helped develop multiple genomic databases including PUMA, WIT, ERGO, and SEED.

In 1998, Overbeek was one of several scientists who co-founded the company Integrated Genomics, Inc. with CEO Michael Fonstein. The company makes the ERGO database and analytics system.

In 2003, he co-founded the Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes (FIG), a non-profit organization that coordinates the development of bioinformatics tools and comparative genomics research. In 2004, the FIG partnered with the Computation Institute, a joint Argonne Lab and University of Chicago institution, to establish the National Microbial Pathogen Data Resource Center with an $18 million federal grant.

Published works

References

External links
 

1949 births
Living people
American computer scientists
American geneticists
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Argonne National Laboratory people
Pennsylvania State University alumni
People from Traverse City, Michigan
American male writers
Astro Blaster. Astro Blaster is a space-themed fixed shooter released in arcades by Sega in 1981. It was designed and programmed by Gary Shannon and Barbara Michalec. The game uses speech synthesis and during attract mode a voice says "Fighter pilots needed in sector wars...play Astro Blaster!" It is the first video game to have a copyright registered in Japan.

Gameplay

The player controls a ship which can fire and move left or right. The player must continuously monitor the onscreen temperature and fuel gauges. If the ship's laser overheats, it is disabled until it cools; and if fuel is depleted, the game ends regardless of how many lives the player has left. The player must battle through waves of enemies, which attack with varied formations and flight patterns. When a wave is destroyed, a new one appears. The Warp function is usable once per sector or life, temporarily slowing all enemy vessels and making them easier to shoot.

At the end of each sector, the player flies through an asteroid belt and can get extra fuel by shooting fireballs. Then the mother ship is met, where the player docks and refuels for the next sector.

The player is rewarded for completing each of 25 undisclosed tasks or "secret bonuses", such as shooting all enemies in a specific order or shooting all enemies without missing.

Reception
In his 1981 book How to Master the Video Games, Tom Hirschfeld stated that Astro Blaster challenges players with 29 different attacks across six sectors, with each sector becoming progressively more difficult.

Legacy
The 1981 Apple II game Threshold was inspired by seeing an Astro Blaster machine.

An Astro Blaster cabinet can be seen in Shenmue.

Astro Blaster is one of five unlockable games in the PlayStation Portable version of Sega Genesis Collection.

The  world record high score was set in 1982 and is held by Gus Pappas with 299,100 points.

References

External links
 
 Astro Blaster at Arcade History
 Score rankings at Twin Galaxies

1981 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Fixed shooters
Gremlin Industries games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Sega arcade games
Video games developed in the United States
Heating system. A heating system is a mechanism for maintaining temperatures at an acceptable level; by using thermal energy within a home, office, or other dwelling. Typically, these systems are a crucial part of an HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system. A heating system can be categorized into central heating system or distributed systems, depending on their design and method of heat distribution.

Types 
Central heating systems: These systems produce heat in one central location and distribute it throughout the building. This category includes furnaces, boilers, and heat pumps.

Distributed heating systems: These systems generate heat in the space they are to heat, without extensive duct systems. Examples include electric space heaters, fireplaces, and solar heating.

Heat pumps: They can be used for heating and cooling, transferring heat using refrigerant and electricity, making them more efficient than other heating systems.

Efficiency and environmental impact 
The efficiency of a heating system is typically measured by its AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency) rating. Higher AFUE ratings indicate a more efficient furnace. Environmental impacts are a concern with heating systems, especially those that burn fossil fuels. The use of sustainable energy sources and energy-efficient systems is encouraged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Future trends 
Advancements in heating technology focus on increasing energy efficiency and reducing environmental impact. Trends include the integration of smart home technology for better system control and the use of renewable energy sources like geothermal heating.

See also
 Central heating
 HVAC
 Boiler
 Radiator
 Solar energy
 Heating plant

References

Heating
Insulation. ″
Insulation may refer to:

Thermal
 Thermal insulation, use of materials to reduce rates of heat transfer
 List of insulation materials
 Building insulation, thermal insulation added to buildings for comfort and energy efficiency
 Insulated siding, home siding that includes rigid foam insulation
 Insulated glazing, a thermally insulating window construction
 Insulated pipe, widely used for district heating and hot water supply in Europe
 Insulated shipping container, a type of packaging used to ship temperature-sensitive products

Electrical
 Insulator (electricity), the use of material to resist the electric current and magnetism
 Insulating link, a device used on the hook of a crane
 Insulation system, for wires used in generators, electric motors, transformers
 Myelination, electrical insulation of nerve cells

Other uses
 Soundproofing, also known as acoustic insulation, any means of reducing the intensity of sound
 Insulated neighborhood, chromosomal loop structures

See also
 Insolation or solar irradiance
 Insulator (disambiguation)
 Isolation (disambiguation)
Waterbar. A water bar or interceptor dyke is a road or trail construction feature that is used to prevent erosion on sloping roads, cleared paths through woodland (for utility companies such as electricity pylons), or other accessways by reducing flow length.  It is a diagonal channel across the road that diverts surface water (that would otherwise flow down the whole length of the road) off the road and into a stable drain way.  By constructing a series of water bars at intervals along a road, the volume of water flowing down the road is reduced. Without water bars, flooding, washouts, and accelerated road degradation can occur. 

The drain way carries the water that would otherwise be carried by the road. For proper operation of the water bars it must be stable and regularly inspected to ensure that it is free of silt buildup or other obstructions.

Water bars are usually constructed at an angle across the road. They tend to make passage by vehicle on the road difficult; usually a large high-clearance four wheel drive vehicle is required. Water bars are common on roads such as Forest Service Roads, especially in mountainous terrain with high rainfall.

References 
 
 

Landscape
Road infrastructure
Channel types. A wide variety of river and stream channel types exist in limnology, the study of inland waters. All these can be divided into two groups by using the water-flow gradient as either low gradient channels for streams or rivers with less than two percent (2%) flow gradient, or high gradient channels for those with greater than a 2% gradient.

Low gradient channels

Low gradient channels of rivers and streams can be divided into braided rivers, wandering rivers, single thread sinuous rivers (meandering), and anastomosing rivers. The channel type developed depends on stream gradient, riparian vegetation and sediment supply. Braided rivers tend to occur on steeper gradients where there is a large supply of sediment for braid bars, while single thread sinuous channels occur where there is a lower sediment supply for point bars. Anastomosing channels are multithreaded, but are much more stable than braided channels and commonly have thick clay and silt banks and occur at lower gradients of stream bed. Wandering rivers fall between sinuous single thread and braided streams and are relatively stable multi-channel gravel bed rivers.

High gradient channels
High gradient channels of rivers and streams have been divided into riffle-pool (which can cover all of the low gradient channel morphologies discussed above), rapid/plane bed, step-pool and cascade unit morphologies. 
Riffle-pool sequence channels are composed of migrating pools and transverse bars called riffles and occur on gradients less than 1-2 percent.  
Rapids (also called plane bed, but not to be confused with the plane beds described in sand bed rivers) lack distinct pools and bars but commonly have stone cells or clusters and occur on gradients in the range of 1-5 percent, and have "whitewater".  
Step-pools are composed of channel-spanning pools and boulder/cobble steps that cause subcritical flow in the pool and supercritical flow over the steps.  They occur in gradients in the range of 5 and 20%.  
Cascade units exist at steeper gradients (approx > 10–15 percent) where the channel is dominated by boulders and cobbles and channel spanning pools do not exist.  Pocket pools are common.  In all four channel types large woody debris may strongly influence the channel type.

See also 
 Relief ratio
 Stream gradient
 Stream restoration
Riparian zone restoration
 Vladimir Lokhtin

References and further reading 
 See Church (1992) for more details on low gradient streams and Grant et al. (1990) and Buffington and Montgomery (1997) for more details regarding high gradient streams.  
 Buffington, J. M., and D. R. Montgomery (1997), A systematic analysis of eight decades of incipient motion studies, with special reference to gravel-bedded rivers, Water Resources Research, 33, 1993-2029.
 Church, M. (1992), Channel morphology and topology, in The River Handbook, edited by P. Calow and G. E. Petts, pp. 126–143, Blackwell.
 Grant, G. E., F. J. Swanson, and M. G. Wolman (1990), Pattern and origin of stepped-bed morphology in high gradient streams, western Cascades, Oregon, Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 102, 340-352.

Rivers
Water streams
Limnology
Geomorphology
Growler (electrical device). A growler is an electrical device primarily used for testing a motor for shorted coils. A growler consists of a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core and connected to a source of alternating current. When placed on the armature or stator core of a motor the growler acts as the primary of a transformer and the armature coils act as the secondary. A "feeler", a thin strip of steel (hacksaw blade) can be used as the short detector.

Motor testing
The alternating magnetic flux set up by the growler passes through the windings of the armature coil, generating an alternating voltage in the coil. A short in the coil creates a closed circuit that will act like the secondary coil of a transformer, with the growler acting like the primary coil. This will induce an alternating current in the shorted armature that will in turn cause an alternating magnetic field to encircle the shorted armature coil. A flat, broad, flexible piece of metal containing iron is used to detect the magnetic field generated by a shorted armature. A hacksaw blade is commonly used as a feeler. The alternating magnetic field induced by a shorted armature is strong at the surface of the armature, and when the feeler is lightly touched to the iron core of an armature winding, small currents are induced in the feeler that generate a third alternating magnetic field surrounding the feeler.

With the growler energized, the feeler is moved from slot to slot. When the feeler is moved over a slot containing the shorted coil, the alternating magnetic field will alternately attract and release the feeler, causing it to vibrate in synch with the alternating current. A strong vibration of the feeler accompanied by a growling noise indicated that the coil is shorted.

Other uses
Along with the standard application the growler can be used:
 to test series and interpoles (commutating) fields from a DC motor
 to determine phasing and polarity in multiwinding armatures
 to test rotors in rotating frequency changers, as well as in wound rotors
 to test shorts between turns in taped coils before installation into an armature or a stator
 as a low voltage isolation transformer
 as a high voltage autotransformer bucking or boosting for numerous tests on various types of equipment
 for preheating or baking armatures and rotors.

References

Electrical test equipment
Electric transformers
Tools
Electric motors
In-vessel composting. In-vessel composting generally describes a group of methods that confine the composting materials within a building, container, or vessel.  In-vessel composting systems can consist of metal or plastic tanks or concrete bunkers in which air flow and temperature can be controlled, using the principles of a "bioreactor". Generally the air circulation is metered in via buried tubes that allow fresh air to be injected under pressure, with the exhaust being extracted through a biofilter, with temperature and moisture conditions monitored using probes in the mass to allow maintenance of optimum aerobic decomposition conditions.

This technique is generally used for municipal scale organic waste processing, including final treatment of sewage biosolids, to a stable state with safe pathogen levels, for reclamation as a soil amendment. In-vessel composting can also refer to aerated static pile composting with the addition of removable covers that enclose the piles, as with the system in extensive use by farmer groups in Thailand, supported by the National Science and Technology Development Agency there. In recent years, smaller scale in-vessel composting has been advanced. These can even use common roll-off waste dumpsters as the vessel. The advantage of using roll-off waste dumpsters is their relatively low cost, wide availability, they are highly mobile, often do not need building permits and can be obtained by renting or buying.

Evaluation is ongoing with regard to the health risks associated with compost derived from sewage biosolids—including identifying safe levels of contaminates such as PFASs ("forever chemicals").
 
Offensive odors are caused by putrefaction (anaerobic decomposition) of nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter gassing off as ammonia. This is controlled with a higher carbon to nitrogen ratio, or increased aeration by ventilation, and use of a coarser grade of carbon material to allow better air circulation. Prevention and capture of any gases naturally occurring (volatile organic compounds) during the hot aerobic composting involved is the objective of the biofilter, and as the filtering material saturates over time, it can be used in the composting process and replaced with fresh material.

A more advanced systems design is able to limit the odor issues considerably, and it is also able to raise the total energy and resource output by integrating in-vessel composting with anaerobic digestion. Through anaerobic decomposition it is also possible to reduce pathogen levels similarly to that of traditional aerated composting when the anaerobic bioreactors operate at thermophilic temperatures, between .§

Gallery

See also 
Aerated static pile composting
Anaerobic digestion
Compost
List of solid waste treatment technologies
Mechanical biological treatment
Waste management
Windrow composting

References

Industrial composting
Waste treatment technology
Special Engineer Detachment. The Special Engineer Detachment (SED) was a US Army program that identified enlisted personnel with technical skills, such as machining, or who had some science education beyond high school. Those identified were organized into the Special Engineer Detachment, or SED. SED personnel began arriving at Los Alamos in October 1943. By August 1945, 1800 SED personnel worked at Los Alamos. These troops worked in all areas and activities of the Laboratory, including the Trinity Test, and were involved in overseas operations on Tinian.

References

Sources

Further reading

External links
 at childrenofthemanhattanproject.org

Manhattan Project
Labs. Labs, labs, or LABS may carry the following meanings:

 labs, a C mathematical function for absolute value
 Labs (people), the inhabitants of the Labëria region in Albania
 Helga Labs (born 1940), East German politician 
 Low Altitude Bombing System, US
 Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, a salt of a linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, used as an anionic surfactant: for example, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate

See also
 Lab
Brian Wowk. Brian G. Wowk is a Canadian medical physicist and cryobiologist known for the discovery and development of synthetic molecules that mimic the activity of natural antifreeze proteins in cryopreservation applications, sometimes called "ice blockers". As a senior scientist at 21st Century Medicine, Inc., he was a co-developer with Greg Fahy of key technologies enabling cryopreservation of large and complex tissues, including the first successful vitrification and transplantation of a mammalian organ (kidney). Wowk is also known for early theoretical work on future applications of molecular nanotechnology, especially cryonics, nanomedicine, and optics.  In the early 1990s he wrote that nanotechnology would revolutionize optics, making possible virtual reality display systems optically indistinguishable from real scenery as in the fictitious Holodeck of Star Trek.  These systems were described by Wowk in the chapter "Phased Array Optics" in the 1996 anthology Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance , and highlighted in the September 1998 Technology Watch section of Popular Mechanics magazine.

Early life and education

He obtained his undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada.  Dr. Wowk obtained his PhD in physics in 1997. His graduate studies included work in online portal imaging for radiotherapy at the Manitoba Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation (now Cancer Care Manitoba), and work on artifact reduction for functional magnetic resonance imaging at the National Research Council of Canada.  His work in the latter field is cited by several text books, including
Functional MRI which includes an image he obtained of magnetic field changes inside the human body caused by respiration.

References

Notes
1.Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance
2.Functional MRI

External links
 21st Century Medicine
 Cell Repair Technology
 Medical Time Travel

Living people
Cryobiology
Cryonicists
University of Manitoba alumni
Medical physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Nujol. Nujol is a brand of mineral oil by Plough Inc., cas number 8012-95-1, and density  0.838 g/mL at 25 °C, used in infrared spectroscopy. It is a heavy paraffin oil so it is chemically inert and has a relatively uncomplicated IR spectrum, with major peaks between 2950-2800, 1465-1450, and 1380–1300 cm−1. The empirical formula of Nujol is hard to determine exactly because it is a mixture but it is essentially the alkane formula  where n is very large.

To obtain an IR spectrum of a solid, a sample is combined with Nujol in a mortar and pestle or some other device to make a mull (a very thick suspension), and is usually sandwiched between potassium- or sodium chloride plates before being placed in the spectrometer.  For very reactive samples, the layer of Nujol can provide a protective coating, preventing sample decomposition during acquisition of the IR spectrum.  When preparing the sample it is important to keep the sample from being saturated with Nujol, this will result in erroneous spectra since the Nujol peaks will dominate, silencing the actual sample's peaks.

References

External links
 MSDS data sheet
 Nujol's historic use as an alternative medicine
 CAS Number for Nujol

Hydrocarbon solvents
Infrared spectroscopy
Alkanes
ACSI. ACSI may also refer to:

 Acta Chimica Slovenica, a peer-reviewed chemical journal published by the Slovenian Chemical Society
 American Customer Satisfaction Index, an economic indicator that measures the satisfaction of consumers in the U.S.
 Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)
 Associate of the Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment (ACSI)
 Association of Christian Schools International
 Audax Club Sportivo Italiano
 Advanced Cyclotron Systems Inc, a supplier of medical cyclotrons
 Abstract communication service interface, a part of IEC 61850 Standard