omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rhodamine. Rhodamine  is a family of related dyes, a subset of the triarylmethane dyes. They are derivatives of xanthene.  Important members of the rhodamine family are rhodamine 6G, Rhodamin WT, Texas Red (Sulforhodamin 101), rhodamine 123, and rhodamine B. They are mainly used to dye paper and inks, but they lack the lightfastness for fabric dyeing.

Use
Aside from their major applications, they are often used as a tracer dye, e.g. to determine the rate and direction of flow and transport of water. Rhodamine dyes fluoresce and can thus be detected using Fluorometers. Rhodamine dyes are used extensively in biotechnology applications such as fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and ELISA. Rhodamine 123 is used in biochemistry to inhibit mitochondrion function. Rhodamine 123 appears to bind to the mitochondrial membranes and inhibit transport processes, especially the electron transport chain, thus slowing down cellular respiration.  It is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), which is usually overexpressed in cancer cells. Recent reports indicate that rhodamine 123 may also be a substrate of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), or more specifically, MRP1.

In addition to their major applications, rhodamines are used in dye laser as gain media.

Other derivatives
There are many rhodamine derivatives used for imaging purposes, for example Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA),  tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) and its isothiocyanate derivative (TRITC) and sulforhodamine 101 (and its sulfonyl chloride form Texas Red) and Rhodamine Red. TRITC is the base rhodamine molecule functionalized with an isothiocyanate group (−N=C=S), replacing a hydrogen atom on the bottom ring of the structure. This derivative is reactive towards amine groups on proteins inside cells.  A succinimidyl-ester functional group attached to the rhodamine core, creating NHS-rhodamine, forms another common amine-reactive derivative. 

Other derivatives of rhodamine include newer fluorophores such as Alexa 546, Alexa 633, DyLight 550 and DyLight 633, HiLyte fluor 555 HiLyte 594, Janelia Dyes JF549 and JF669 have been tailored for various chemical and biological applications where higher photostability, increased brightness, different spectral characteristics, or different attachment groups are needed.

Substituents of the xanthene core are influencing the properties of the xanthene dyes by both electronic and steric effects. Specifically designed substituents also allows xanthenes to bear specific functions activatable upon excitation by visible light, e.g. they could act as photoremovable protecting group for carboxylates and halides, carbon monoxide (thus being a photoCORM), or added as a secondary functionality of fluorescent dyes, e.g. fluorescent pH indicators.

References

External links
Absorption and Emission Spectra of Rhodamine B
Absorption and Emission Spectra of Rhodamine 6G
Absorption and Emission Spectra of Rhodamine 123
Berlier et al. 2003 J. Histochem Cytochem refers to Alexa 633 as a rhodamine derivative.

Staining dyes
Laser gain media
Fluorescent dyes
Daisy Systems. Daisy Systems Corporation, incorporated in 1981 in Mountain View, California, was a computer-aided engineering company, a pioneer in the electronic design automation (EDA) industry.

It was a manufacturer of computer hardware and software for EDA, including schematic capture, logic simulation, parameter extraction and other tools for printed circuit board design and semiconductor chip layout.

In mid-1980s, it had a subsidiary in Germany, Daisy Systems GmbH and one in Israel.

The company merged with Cadnetix Corporation of Boulder, Colorado in 1988, with the resulting company then known officially as Daisy/Cadnetix, Inc. with the trade name DAZIX. It filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the Federal Bankruptcy Code in 1990 and was acquired by Intergraph later that year. Intergraph incorporated DAZIX into its EDA business unit, which was later spun off as an independent subsidiary named VeriBest, Inc. VeriBest was ultimately acquired by Mentor Graphics in late 1999. The Veribest tool suite became Mentors flagship layout tool. Today it is known as Mentor Xpedition.

Daisy Systems was founded by Aryeh Finegold, David Stamm and Vinod Khosla; its original investors were Fred Adler and Oak Investment Partners.

Daisy along with Valid Logic Systems and Mentor Graphics, collectively known as DMV, added front end design to the existing computer-aided design aspects of computer automation.

People 

Many notable people in the EDA industry once worked for Daisy Systems, including Harvey Jones, who became the CEO of Synopsys, and Vinod Khosla, who, a year later in 1982, co-founded Sun Microsystems.  Aryeh Finegold went on to co-found Mercury Interactive, and Dave Stamm and Don Smith went on to co-found Clarify. Tony Zingale became CEO of Clarify and then CEO of Mercury Interactive and later CEO of Jive Software.  Mike Schuh co-founded Intrinsa Corporation before joining Foundation Capital as General Partner. George T. Haber went on to work at Sun and later founded CompCore Multimedia, GigaPixel, Mobilygen and CrestaTech. Dave Millman and Rick Carlson founded EDAC (now ESD Alliance), the industry organization for EDA vendors.

Software 
Daisy applications ran on the Daisy-DNIX operating system, a Unix-like operating system running on Intel 80286 and later processors.

In 1983
DABL (Daisy Behavioral Language) was developed at Daisy by Fred Chow. It was a hardware modelling language similar to VHDL. 
The use of DABL for simulation models of processor interconnection networks is described by Lynn R. Freytag.

References

1981 establishments in California
1990 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 1981
American companies disestablished in 1990
Companies based in Mountain View, California
Computer companies established in 1981
Computer companies disestablished in 1990
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer systems companies
Electronic design automation companies
LVR Industrial Museum. The Rheinisches Industriemuseum (lit. Rhineland Museum of the Industry) is a decentralized museum with six locations in Rhineland, western Germany. The locations are:
Oberhausen: the main site at the old Zinkfabrik Altenberg (zinc factory), near the Oberhausen main station
Ratingen: Textilfabrik Cromford (textiles factory), the first factory in continental Europe, named after the Cromford Mill
Solingen: Gesenkschmiede Hendrichs (forge)
Bergisch Gladbach: Papiermühle Alte Dombach (paper mill)
Engelskirchen: Ermen & Engels cotton spinning mill
Euskirchen: Tuchfabrik Müller (textile factory)

The owner of the museum is the Landschaftsverband Rheinland (LVR).

See also
LWL-Industriemuseum (formerly: Westfälisches Industriemuseum), lit. Westphalian Museum of the Industry

External links
  Rheinisches Industriemuseum
  the Textilfabrik Cromford/Cromford Spinning Mill in Ratingen
 Ermen & Engels (Engelskirchen) view in Google Earth

Museums in North Rhine-Westphalia
Technology museums in Germany
Science museums in Germany
Rhineland
Industry museums in Germany
Textile museums in Germany
Tourist attractions in Oberhausen
Calendering (textiles). Calendering of textiles is a finishing process used to smooth, coat, or thin a material. With textiles, fabric is passed between calender rollers at high temperatures and pressures. Calendering is used on fabrics such as moire to produce its watered effect and also on cambric and some types of sateens.

In preparation for calendering, the fabric is folded lengthwise with the front side, or face, inside, and stitched together along the edges. The fabric can be folded together at full width, however this is done less often as it is more difficult. The fabric is then run through rollers at high temperatures and pressure that polish the surface and make the fabric smoother and more lustrous. Fabrics that go through the calendering process feel thin, glossy and papery.

The wash durability of a calendered finish on thermoplastic fibers like polyester is higher than on cellulose fibers such as cotton, though each depends on the amount and type of finishing additives used and the machinery and process conditions employed. Durability of blended fabrics reflects the above, and the proportion of synthetic fiber component.

Variations
Various finishes can be achieved through the calendering process by varying different aspects of the process. The main types are beetling, watered, embossing, and Schreiner.

Beetled
Beetling is a finish given to cotton and linen cloth, and makes it look like satin. In the beetling process the fabric goes over wooden rollers and is beaten with wooden hammers.

Watered
The watered finish, also known as moire, is produced by using ribbed rollers. These rollers compress the cloth and the ribs produce the characteristic watermark effect by differentially moving and compressing threads. In the process some threads are left round while others are flattened somewhat.

Embossed
The embossing process uses rollers with engraved patterns, which become stamped onto the fabric, which gives the fabric a raised and sunken look. This works best with soft fabrics.

Schreiner
Similar to the watered process, the Schreiner process used ribbed rollers, though very fine, with as many as six hundred ribs per inch. Pressed flat under extremely high pressure, the threads receive little lines, which causes the fabric to reflect light better than a flat surface. The high luster of cloth finished with the Schreiner method can be made more lasting by heating the rollers.

History
Historically calendering was done by hand with a huge pressing stone. For example, in China huge rocks were brought from the north of the Yangtze River. The pressing stone was cut into a bowl shape, and the surface of the curved bottom made perfectly smooth. After a piece of cloth was placed underneath the stone the worker would stand on the stone and rock it with his feet to press the cloth.

See also
London shrunk
Mercerize

References

Textiles
Paper
Textile techniques
Textile finishing machines
Pendulum (disambiguation). A pendulum is a body suspended from a fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity.

Pendulum may also refer to:

Devices
 Pendulum (mathematics), the mathematical principles of a pendulum
 Pendulum clock, a kind of clock that uses a pendulum to keep time
 Pendulum car, an experimental tilting train
 Foucault pendulum, a pendulum that demonstrates the Earth's rotation
 Spherical pendulum
 Spring pendulum
 Conical pendulum
 Centrifugal pendulum absorber, torsional vibration reduction by using a pendulum principle
 For other types and uses of pendulums, see: :Category:Pendulums
 Mackerras Pendulum, a model devised by Malcolm Mackerras to predict election outcomes
 Pendulum (torture device), a device allegedly used by the Spanish Inquisition
 Pendulum Instruments, a Swedish manufacturer of scientific instruments

Music
 Pendulum (drum and bass band), an Australian electronic rock group formed in 2002
 Pendulum (ambient band), an Australian house music group formed in 1994

Albums
 Pendulum (Broadcast EP), and its title track
 Pendulum (Creedence Clearwater Revival album)
 Pendulum (Dave Liebman album), and its title track
 Pendulum (Eberhard Weber album), and its title track
 Pendulum (Lowen & Navarro album), and its title track
 Pendulum (Tara Simmons EP), and its title track
 The Pendulum, a comic book miniseries based on Insane Clown Posse's Dark Carnival universe, and associated songs and album

Songs
 "Pendulum" (song), by FKA Twigs
 "Pendulum", by Embodyment from the album The Narrow Scope of Things
 "Pendulum", by Katy Perry from the album Witness
 "Pendulum", by Phinehas from the album Thegodmachine
 "Pendulums", by Sarah Harmer from the album All of Our Names

 "Penduli Pendulum", by Bobbie Gentry from The Delta Sweete
 "The Pendulum Song", song written by Al Hoffman and John Murray
 Pendulum Music, a composition by Steve Reich involving microphones swinging above speakers like pendulums

Books and periodicals 
Pendulum, by John Christopher, 1968 
The Pendulum, by Annie S. Swan, 1972 
Pendulum, by A. E. Van Vogt, 1978
Pendulum, by Adam Hamdy, 2017
The Pendulum, a student newspaper at Elon University
The Pendulum, a publication devoted to radiesthesia

Film
Pendulum (1969 film), an American neo noir film starring George Peppard
Pendulum, a 2001 film starring Rachel Hunter and James Russo
Pendulum (2014 film), an Indian Bengali-language film 
Pendulum (2023 film), a Malayalam-language fantasy thriller film

Other
 Pendulum, a trade name for the preemergent herbicide pendimethalin
 Pendulum, several types of Digimon virtual pets
 Mackerras pendulum, an electoral tool for describing the swing required for a change of government

See also
Omega Technologies. Omega Technologies is an American company that manufactures a proprietary line of aviation tools.

The company was founded in 1983 and is located in Westlake Village, California. Omega Technologies manufactures its own proprietary line of tools and also distributes product from other tool producers. Tooling products manufactured by Omega include fastener installation and removal tools, drills, countersinks, clamps, reamers and grinders.

The President of Omega Technologies is John Schoolland.

External links
Omega Technologies website

References

Aerospace companies of the United States
GNU Linear Programming Kit. The GNU Linear Programming Kit (GLPK) is a software package intended for solving large-scale linear programming (LP), mixed integer programming (MIP), and other related problems. It is a set of routines written in ANSI C and organized in the form of a callable library. The package is part of the GNU Project and is released under the GNU General Public License.

GLPK uses the revised simplex method and the primal-dual interior point method for non-integer problems and the branch-and-bound algorithm together with Gomory's mixed integer cuts for (mixed) integer problems.

History 
GLPK was developed by Andrew O. Makhorin (Андрей Олегович Махорин) of the Moscow Aviation Institute. The first public release was in October 2000.
 Version 1.1.1 contained a library for a revised primal and dual simplex algorithm.
 Version 2.0 introduced an implementation of the primal-dual interior point method.
 Version 2.2 added branch and bound solving of mixed integer problems.
 Version 2.4 added a first implementation of the GLPK/L modeling language.
 Version 4.0 replaced GLPK/L by the GNU MathProg modeling language, which is a subset of the AMPL modeling language.

Interfaces and wrappers 
Since version 4.0, GLPK problems can be modeled using GNU MathProg (GMPL), a subset of the AMPL modeling language used only by GLPK. However, GLPK is most commonly called from other programming languages. Wrappers exist for:

 Julia and the JuMP modeling package
 Java (using OptimJ)

Further reading 

  The book uses GLPK exclusively and contains numerous examples.

References

External links

 GLPK official site
 GLPK Wikibook

Linear Programming Kit
Mathematical optimization software
Free mathematics software
Free software programmed in C
Mathematics software for Linux
Teletex. Teletex was ITU-T specification F.200 for a text and document communications service that could be provided over telephone lines. It was rapidly superseded by e-mail; however, the name Teletex lives on in several of the X.500 standard attributes used in Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.

Overview
Teletex was designed as an upgrade to the conventional telex service. The terminal-to-terminal communication service of telex would be turned into an  office-to-office document transmission system by teletex. Teletex envisaged direct communication between electronic typewriters, word processors and personal computers. These units had storage for transmitting and receiving messages. The use of such equipment considerably enhanced the character set available for document preparation.

Features

Character sets
In addition to the standard character set, a rich set of graphic symbols and a comprehensive set of control characters were supported in teletex. The set of control characters helped in preparation and reproduction of documents. In particular, they permitted the positioning of the printing element, specification of page orientation, left and right margins, vertical spacing and the use of underlining. The page control feature allowed standard A4 size papers to be used for receiving messages instead of the continuous stationery used in conventional telex systems.

Transmission and reception
A background/foreground operation was envisaged in teletex. Transmission/reception of messages should proceed in the background without affecting the work which the user might be carrying out in the foreground with the equipment. In other words, a user might be preparing a new document, while another document was being transmitted or  received. The teletex would also maintain compatibility with the present telex system and inter-operate with it. Telex procedures called for the exchange of header information before the actual document transfer took place. The header information consisted of four parts:

 Part 1: Destination ID,
 Part 2: Originator ID,
 Part 3: Date and time stamp,
 Part 4: Document reference.

Twenty-four characters were used for source/destination ids, 14 characters for date and time stamp, and 7 characters for document reference (which also specified the number of pages in the document). Destination/source ID consisted of four fields:

 Field 1: Country/Network code,
 Field 2: National subscriber number,
 Field 3: Reserved for future use,
 Field 4: Terminal/Owner code.

The number of characters allotted to each of the above fields was variable, subject to a maximum for each field, the total being 24 characters.

References

Legacy systems
Telegraphy
Laird Super Solution. The Laird LC-DW300 and LC-DW500 Super Solution aka "Sky Buzzard" was a racing biplane built in the early 1930s by Matty Laird for the Cleveland Speed Foundation, Laird was already famous in the air racing circuit.  It had a large radial engine and an extremely faired windshield.  Other than being a biplane, it was similar in appearance to the Gee Bee, a more famous racer from the period.  It was an advanced design for the time because of the relatively clean aerodynamic construction and tight engine cowling.

The Super Solution was the first winner of the Bendix Trophy race from Burbank to Cleveland where it was flown by Maj. James H. Doolittle.

Development
Construction of the Super Solution started on 8 July 1931. The aircraft was complete and test flown at Ashborn Field in Chicago by 22 August 1931. Further changes were made by the Christopher Bros. in Wichita, Kansas in 1932, such as raising the seat, installing a sliding canopy, and adding retractable landing gear.

Design
Two engines were used in the Solution, the second being a geared variant that allowed a lower propeller rpm with a larger propeller. The engines ran with high-compression pistons and "doped" leaded fuel. Both produced over 500 hp from the standard 375 hp P&W R-985 Wasp Jr. S2A engine of the day.

Operational history
Initial flight tests proved the aircraft required more rudder area to maintain stability and the fixed pitch propeller needed to be adjusted to allow takeoffs under a mile in length.

1931 National Air Races piloted by Jimmy Doolittle wins the Bendix Trophy at a 223 mph average speed.
1931 Thompson Trophy - Trial runs prove difficult, with aileron reversal occurring at speed. The main wing spar crushed from race loads, requires steel patches. Doolittle drops out of the race with engine trouble due to a scuffed piston.
1931 In October, Doolittle flies the Super Solution on a flight between Ottawa, Ontario, Washington D.C., and Mexico City, setting a new speed record between the capitals of 12 hours, 36 minutes.
1932 In August, the Shell Oil sponsored Solution is test flown by Doolittle with new retractable gear. The aircraft is damaged in a gear-up landing, and Doolittle switches to the Gee Bee R-1. The Solution is shipped to Shell Oil in St.Louis, then later donated to the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum by the Swallow Aircraft Company in 1948.

On display 
The EAA has a Super Solution replica in their museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. It was presented in 1981 by Jimmy Doolittle and Mattie Laird.
Jim Moss of Washington state built the only flying reproduction, which is currently on display at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.

Specifications (Laird Super Solution)

References

External links

The Laird Super Solution page from the Air Racing History website

Super Solution
1930s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Racing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Service Access Point. A Service Access Point (SAP) is an identifying label for network endpoints used in Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking.

The SAP is a conceptual location at which one OSI layer can request the services of another OSI layer. As an example, PD-SAP or PLME-SAP in IEEE 802.15.4 can be mentioned, where the medium access control (MAC) layer requests certain services from the physical layer. Service access points are also used in IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control in Ethernet and similar data link layer protocols.

When using the OSI Network system (CONS or CLNS), the base for constructing an address for a network element is an NSAP address, similar in concept to an IP address.  OSI protocols as well as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) can use Transport (TSAP), Session (SSAP) or Presentation (PSAP) Service Access Points to specify a destination address for a connection. These SAPs consist of NSAP addresses combined with optional transport, session and presentation selectors, which can differentiate at any of the three layers between multiple services at that layer provided by a network element.

IEEE 802's reference model (RM) guarantees the following SAPs:

 LSAP - Link
 MSAP - MAC
 PSAP - PHY
802.3 (the Ethernet standard) optionally includes:
 OSAP - operations, administration and maintenance (OAM)
 MCSAP - MAC control
 Energy efficient Ethernet PSAP
 Time sync PSAP

References

OSI protocols
Hataki. A  is a type of household cleaning tool that originated in Japan. Consisting of durable cloth strips attached to a stick or pole, it is used for moving dust from surfaces onto the floor where it can be swept up or vacuumed. Similar to a feather duster, it is not to be confused with an ōnusa.

This duster, made of a bamboo pole and cloth strips, is a fixture in every Japanese home.

The hataki does not trap dust but, with its familiar sound, pushes it onto the floor where it can be swept up.

References

Cleaning tools
Japanese tools
Abaris Golden Arrow. The Abaris Golden Arrow was a planned homebuilt civil utility aircraft, intended to be manufactured in kit form. It was an unusually large aircraft for its type, able to seat six people (including the pilot) and, also unusually in a homebuilt plane, powered by a turboprop engine.

The Golden Arrow was intended to be of conventional monoplane configuration, with retractable tricycle undercarriage and a T-tail. It was largely of composite construction.

The craft derived its name from a legendary arrow, carried by the ancient Greek sage Abaris the Hyperborean.  The arrow, given to Abaris by the sun-god Apollo, conferred upon its bearer the power of flight.

In 2003, the first aircraft was not yet complete when the company closed down.

Specifications (estimated)

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120204082212/http://www.abaris-aircraft.com/ Abaris Aircraft website

Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Golden Arrow
Unflown aircraft