omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Anthrobotics. Anthrobotics is the science of developing and studying robots that are either entirely or in some way human-like.

The term anthrobotics was originally coined by Mark Rosheim in a paper entitled "Design of An Omnidirectional Arm" presented at the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, May 13–18, 1990, pp. 2162–2167. Rosheim says he derived the term from "...Anthropomorphic and Robotics to distinguish the new generation of dexterous robots from its simple industrial robot forebears." The word gained wider recognition as a result of its use in the title of Rosheim's subsequent book Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics, which focussed on facsimiles of human physical and psychological skills and attributes.

However, a wider definition of the term anthrobotics has been proposed, in which the meaning is derived from anthropology rather than anthropomorphic. This usage includes robots that respond to input in a human-like fashion, rather than simply mimicking human actions, thus theoretically being able to respond more flexibly or to adapt to unforeseen circumstances. This expanded definition also encompasses robots that are situated in social environments with the ability to respond to those environments appropriately, such as insect robots, robotic pets, and the like.

Anthrobotics is now taught at some universities, encouraging students not only to design and build robots for environments beyond current industrial applications, but also to speculate on the future of robotics that are embedded in the world at large, as mobile phones and computers are today. In 2016 philosopher Luis de Miranda created the Anthrobotics Cluster at the University of Edinburgh "a platform of cross-disciplinary research that seeks to investigate some of the biggest questions that will need to be answered" on the relationship between humans, robots and intelligent systems and "a think tank on the social spread of robotics, and also how automation is part of the definition of what humans have always been". to explore the symbiotic relationship between humans and automated protocols.

References

External links
Design of An Omnidirectional Arm paper
Mark Rosheim's company site
The Anthrobotics Cluster at the University of Edinburgh
Luis de Miranda's Anthrobotics' blog

Robotics
Anthropology
Silicone resin. Silicone resins are a type of silicone material which is formed by branched, cage-like oligosiloxanes with the general formula of  where R is a non-reactive substituent, usually methyl (Me = ) or phenyl (Ph = ), and X is a functional group: hydrogen (), hydroxyl (), chlorine () or alkoxy (). These groups are further condensed in many applications, to give highly crosslinked, insoluble polysiloxane networks.

When R is methyl, the four possible functional siloxane monomeric units are described as follows: 
 "M" stands for trimethylsilanol, ;
 "D" for ;
 "T" for ; 
 "Q" for .

Note that a network of only Q groups becomes fused quartz.

The most abundant silicone resins are built of D and T units (DT resins) or from M and Q units (MQ resins), however many other combinations (MDT, MTQ, QDT) are also used in industry.

Silicone resins represent a broad range of products. Materials of molecular weight in the range of 1000–10,000 are very useful in pressure-sensitive adhesives, silicone rubbers, coatings and additives. Polysiloxane polymers with reactive side group functionality such as vinyl, acrylate, epoxy, mercaptan or amine, are used to create thermoset polymer matrix composites, coatings and adhesives.

Silicone resins are prepared by hydrolytic condensation of various silicone precursors. In early processes of preparation of silicone resins sodium silicate and various chlorosilanes were used as starting materials. Although the starting materials were the least expensive ones (something typical for industry), structural control of the product was very difficult. More recently, a less reactive tetraethoxysilane - (TEOS) or ethyl polysilicate and various disiloxanes are used as starting materials.

Microbial deterioration

The algae Stichococcus bacillaris, and certain fungal species have been seen to colonize silicone resins used at archaeological sites.

See also 

 Water glass (Sodium silicate, .e.g Na2SiO3 etc.)
 Silicon rubber

References 

Synthetic resins

de:Silikonharz
Cyclops64. Cyclops64 (formerly known as Blue Gene/C) is a cellular architecture in development by IBM. The Cyclops64 project aims to create the first "supercomputer on a chip".

History
Cyclops64 is part of the Blue Gene effort, to produce the next several generations of supercomputers. The projects were started in response to the announced construction of the Earth Simulator.

Cyclops64 is a cooperative project between the United States Department of Energy (which is partially funding the project), the U.S. Department of Defense, industry (IBM in particular), and academia.

The architecture was conceived by Seymour Cray Award winner Monty Denneau, who is currently leading the project.

Architecture overview
Each 64-bit Cyclops64 chip (processor) will run at 500 megahertz and contain 80 processors. Each processor will have two thread units and a floating point unit.  A thread unit is an in-order 64-bit RISC core with 32 kB scratch pad memory, using a 60-instruction subset of the Power ISA instruction set. Five processors share a 32 kB instruction cache.

The processors will be connected with a 96 port, 7 stage non-internally blocking crossbar switch. They will communicate with each other via global interleaved memory (memory that can be written to and read by all threads) in the SRAM.

The theoretical peak performance of a Cyclops64 chip is 80 gigaflops (this assumes a continuous stream of multiply–accumulate instructions, each of which are counted as two floating-point operations). A full system (consisting of 2 thread units per processor, 80 processors per chip, 1 chip per board, 48 boards per midplane, 3 midplanes per rack, and 96 (12 x 8) racks per system) would contain 13,824 C64 chips, consisting of 1,105,920 processors capable of running 2,211,840 concurrent threads.

Software
Cyclops64 exposes much of the underlying hardware to the programmer, allowing the programmer to write very high performance, finely tuned software. One negative consequence is that efficiently programming Cyclops64 is difficult. 

The system is expected to support TiNy-Threads (a threading library developed at the University of Delaware) and POSIX Threads.

Design and fabrication
Verification testing and system software development is being done at the University of Delaware.

External links
 Technical description of the Cyclops64 architecture and system software (Gzipped PostScript file)
  Overviev of the architecture
  A Detailed Analysis of the Architecture

IBM microprocessors
F9. F9, F09, F.IX, F 9 or F-9 may refer to:

Transport and vehicles
 EMD F9, a locomotive in the 1950s
 F-9 Flying Fortress, a variant of the B-17 Flying Fortress
 F9C Sparrowhawk, a biplane parasite fighter from the 1930s
 Falcon 9, a rocket of SpaceX
 Falconar F9A, a Canadian homebuilt aircraft design
 Farrier F-9, a New Zealand trimaran sailboat 
 Fokker F.IX, a 1929 Dutch airliner
 Frontier Airlines, IATA code F9, an American low-cost carrier 
 Grumman F9F Panther, a United States Navy fighter aircraft
 Grumman F-9 Cougar, a swept wing version of the F9F Panther
 LSWR F9 class, British locomotives of the Southern Railway
 Watsons Bay ferry services, numbered F9, a ferry route in Sydney, Australia

Other uses
 F9 (film), a film in the Fast & Furious franchise
 F 9 Säve, a former Swedish Air Force wing
 F9 (classification), a wheelchair sport classification
 F-9 Park (Fatima Jinnah Park), a public recreational area in Islamabad
 F9 Financial Reporting, a financial reporting software application
 Factor IX, a coagulation factor
 , a function key on a computer keyboard
 Zeolite F-9, a sodium-type molecular sieve with faujasite framework structure, also known as 13X

See also
 9F (disambiguation)
 Fix (disambiguation)
Integrity (operating system). INTEGRITY and INTEGRITY-178B are real-time operating systems (RTOSes) produced and marketed by Green Hills Software.

INTEGRITY
INTEGRITY is POSIX-certified and intended for use in embedded systems of 32-bits or 64-bits. Supported computer architectures include variants of: ARM, Blackfin, ColdFire, MIPS, PowerPC, XScale, and x86. INTEGRITY is supported by popular SSL/TLS libraries such as wolfSSL.

INTEGRITY-178B
INTEGRITY-178B is the DO-178B–compliant version of INTEGRITY. It is used in several military jets such as the B-2, F-16, F-22, and F-35, and the commercial aircraft Airbus A380. Its kernel design guarantees bounded computing times by eliminating features such as dynamic memory allocation.

The auditing and security engineering abilities have allowed it to obtain the Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 6 rating by the National Security Agency (NSA). The Target of Evaluation (TOE) Architecture in the Security Target for the evaluation excludes components such as those for file system and networking, from the definition of the TOE, focusing almost solely on the core kernel. Other operating systems, such as Windows, macOS or Linux, though evaluated at lower levels of assurance, generally include these abilities within their TOE.

Supported processor architectures 
The INTEGRITY Architecture Support Package (ASP) provides support for many processor families:
 PowerPC/Power ISA
 AMD and Intel: x86
 ARM Holdings: ARM
 MIPS

References

External links

 INTEGRITY-178B

ARM operating systems
Embedded operating systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
Microkernels
MIPS operating systems
PowerPC operating systems
Proprietary operating systems
Real-time operating systems
IA-32 operating systems
X86-64 operating systems
KiXtart. KiXtart is a closed source free-format scripting language for Windows. It is described as a logon script processor and enhanced batch scripting language by the official website. Its name is a portmanteau of "kick start".

Overview
KiXtart is developed by Ruud van Velsen of Microsoft Netherlands. It is now provided as careware. Development started in 1991 to provide login scripting for the Microsoft LAN Manager environment.

It has rich built-in functionality for easy scripting and provides access to ADSI, ADO, WMI, etc. The language can be used to display information, set environment variables, start programs, connect to network drives, read or edit the registry, change the current drive and directory, and much more.

With KiXforms, the user can create a GUI for KiXtart.

Code example
Read the Windows product ID
; Read value from registry
$ProductID = ReadValue("HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion","ProductId")

; Display result or error message
If @ERROR = 0
    ? "ProductID=$ProductID"
Else
    ? "Error reading product ID"
Endif
?

; Done
Exit @ERROR

Versions
Development of KiXtart as a logon scripting language started in 1991. Later versions were released on these dates:
3.63  23 October 2000
KiXtart 2001
4.00  19 November 2001
4.02  21 January 2002
4.10  8 July 2002
4.11  26 August 2002
4.12  11 November 2002
4.20  17 February 2003
4.21  15 July 2003
4.22  14 November 2003
4.23  31 December 2004
KiXtart 2010
4.50  1 July 2005
4.51  6 October 2005
4.52  21 July 2006
4.53  15 September 2006
4.60  3 October 2007
4.61  24 September 2009
4.62  12 August 2011
4.63  4 September 2012
4.64  25 February 2014
4.66  24 July 2015
4.67  10 October 2016
4.70  17 October 2022

Books
Kelly, Bob. Start to Finish Guide to Scripting with KiXtart  / Bob Kelly. Greenland, NH : Agility Press, 2004. 
Jesse M. Torres. Windows Admin Scripting Little Black Book, 3rd Edition  / Jesse M. Torres. Paraglyph Press, 2006.

See also
AutoHotKey
AutoIt
AutoKey (for Linux)
Automator (for Macintosh)
Automise
Bookmarklet
FastTrack Scripting Host
iMacros for Firefox
Macro Express
Winbatch

References

External links
KiXtart.org
KiXforms.org

Proprietary software
Scripting languages
QF. QF may stand for:

Businesses and organisations 
 Qantas, an Australian airline (IATA:QF)
 Qatar Foundation, a non-profit
 Quiverfull, a Christian movement

Military 
 Quds Force, an Iranian expeditionary unit
 Quick-firing gun, an artillery piece
 A gun breech that uses metallic cartridges; see British ordnance terms#QF
 Q-Fire, a decoy fire site used in World War II

Other uses
 Quality factor, in physics and engineering, a measure of the "quality" of a resonant system 

fr:QF
Sa'ar 4-class fast attack craft. The Sa'ar 4 or Reshef class were a series of fast attack craft built based on Israeli Navy designs grounded in accumulated experience derived in the operation of "Cherbourg" (Sa'ar 1, Sa'ar 2, and ) classes. Thirteen were built at the Israel Shipyards, ten for the Israeli Navy and three for the South African Navy.  Another six were built for the South African Navy in South Africa with Israeli assistance.

Sa'ar 4 boats' first battle engagements occurred in the October 1973 Yom Kippur War when two Sa'ar 4 boats, INS Reshef and INS Keshet,  engaged Egyptian and Syrian ships and coastal targets. Israel had sold most of its Sa'ar 4 boats to other navies, but INS Nitzachon and INS Atzmaut remained in active Israeli Navy service until 2014.

Variants

Israel
Ten Sa'ar 4-class boats were built for the Israeli Navy.  only two remain in service.  Three were disassembled, with systems taken for use in the construction of  vessels.  Three vessels and one hull stripped of systems were sold to Chile.  Two vessels were sold to Sri Lanka.

South Africa

The  (formerly designated Minister class) in service with the South African Navy are modified Sa'ar 4 (Reshef-class) fast attack craft.  In 1974, a contract was signed with Israeli Military Industries for the construction of three of the modified Reshef class vessels at the Haifa facility of Israeli Shipyards.  A further three were built immediately after at the Sandock Austral shipyard in Durban, South Africa, with three more being built at the same facility several years later. The imposition of the international embargo on the sale of arms to South Africa on 4 November 1977 forced the project to be carried out under a cloak of security.  The South African variants were fitted with Gabriel missiles, known in South Africa as 'Scorpion' missiles, and had two OTO Melara 76 mm guns instead of a single one with a Phalanx CIWS.

Chile 
In 1979, the Chilean Navy purchased its first Sa'ar 4, followed by a second in 1980 and a final two boats in 1997. Papudo (ex INS Tarshish) was purchased with several missing systems and due to budgetary constraints was retired in 1998, only a year after entering service. All Sa'ar 4s in service with the Chilean Navy are armed with two OTO Melara 76 mm guns, eight Gabriel missile launchers and two Oerlikon 20 mm cannon with the exception of Angamos which was modernized in 2013 replacing four of the Gabriel missile launchers with four Exocet MM40 launchers. Three Sa'ar 4s remain in service as of 2020.

Sri Lanka
In 2000, two of the Israeli boats were sold to the Sri Lankan Navy, forming the . It is not certain if these boats retain the Harpoon missile capability, however, these boats retained their Gabriel missile capability.

See also
 
 Israeli Sea Corps
 Tunis Raid

References

External links

 Israeli Weapons dealer
 Israeli Weapons
 Project Japonica: The secret building of South African Strike Craft in Israel, 1975-79

Missile boat classes
Missile boats of the Israeli Navy
Missile boats of the Chilean Navy
Missile boats of the South African Navy
Missile boats of the Sri Lanka Navy
 
Israel–South Africa relations
Mucic acid. Mucic acid, C6H10O8 or HOOC-(CHOH)4-COOH (galactaric acid or meso-galactaric acid) is an aldaric acid obtained by nitric acid oxidation of galactose or galactose-containing compounds such as lactose, dulcite, quercite, and most varieties of gum.

Properties
Mucic acid forms a crystalline powder, which melts at 210–230 °C. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water. Due to the symmetry in the molecule, it is optically inactive even though it has chiral carbon atoms (i.e., it is a meso compound).

Reactions
When heated with pyridine to 140 °C, it is converted into allomucic acid. When digested with fuming hydrochloric acid for some time it is converted into αα′ furfural dicarboxylic acid while on heating with barium sulfide it is transformed into α-thiophene carboxylic acid. The ammonium salt yields on dry distillation carbon dioxide, ammonia, pyrrol and other substances. The acid when fused with caustic alkalis yields oxalic acid.

With potassium bisulfate mucic acid forms 3-hydroxy-2-pyrone by dehydration and decarboxylation.

Use
Mucic acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-raising flour or fizzies.

It has been used as a precursor of adipic acid in the way to nylon by a rhenium-catalyzed deoxydehydration reaction.

It has been used as a precursor of Taxol in Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis (1994).

See also
 Muconic acid

References

Sugar acids
Monosaccharides
DS1. DS1 or DS-1 may refer to:
 BOSS DS-1, a guitar distortion pedal
 Digital Signal 1, a T-carrier signaling scheme devised by Bell Labs
 Deep Space 1, a mission to 9969 Braille & 19P/Borrelly
 DS-1 (drug), a selective GABAA α4β3δ agonist drug
 South African Class DS1, a diesel locomotive class
 Datsun DS-1, a car by Nissan, see Datsun DS Series
 Dark Souls, an action role-playing game
 Dead Space (2008 video game), a survival horror game
 VR Class Ds1, a Finnish railbus class
 DS-1 Orbital Battle Station, the full name of the original Death Star space station in the Star Wars franchise

See also
 DS (disambiguation)
 Canon EOS-1Ds series
Carl Herbert Smith. Carl Herbert Smith (1950–2004) was an American computer scientist. He was a pioneer in computational complexity theory and computational learning theory.

Smith was program manager of the National Science Foundation's theoretical computer science program, and editor of the International Journal of the Foundations of Computer Science, Theoretical Computer Science, and Fundamenta Informaticae. He held professorships at Purdue University and the University of Maryland, College Park. He organized the first conferences on computational learning in the U.S. in the 1980s. He earned a PhD from the State University at Buffalo in 1979, and received Habilitation degree from the University of Latvia in 1993. He was a member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences.

He was the author of the popular textbooks Theory of Computation: A Gentle Introduction and A Recursive Introduction to the Theory of Computation.

He died of brain cancer in 2004.

References

American computer scientists
1950 births
2004 deaths
University of Latvia alumni
University at Buffalo alumni
Digital Signal Designation. Digital Signal Designation is the classification of digital bit rates in the digital multiplex hierarchy used in transport of signals from one location to another in telecommunications.

The DS technically refers to the rate and format of the signal, while the T designation refers to the equipment providing the signals. In practice, "DS" and "T" are used synonymously; for example, DS1 and T1, DS3 and T3.

Digital signal line rates

North America

Europe

Optical carrier
See SONET for more information.

References

Multiplexing
ARO M461. The ARO M461 was an off-road vehicle built in post-World War II Romania by ARO.

IMS-57
The first model was IMS-57, named by the factory initials (Intreprinderea Metalurgică de Stat) and the year it was released. A total of 914 vehicles were built between 1957 and 1959, mostly handcrafted. During World War II, on the site of a paper plant belonging to Letea company from Câmpulung-Muscel, the production of plane propellers and shooting equipment for airplanes produced by IAR Brașov was organized. After the production was abandoned, a group of workers begun building the first Romanian motorcycles in 1953. The design (from Russian GAZ 69) and production of the first Romanian all-terrain vehicle IMS-57 began in 1957, using the parts that were produced as well as upgrading. The 914 units of IMS-57 produced had the following characteristics: coachwork with two doors and tarpaulin, 3260 cc gasoline engine,  at 2,800 rpm, ,  consumption. The construction was handicraft: the equipped chassis in functioning condition were tested on the route Câmpulung-Colibași where they were bodyworked, painted and finished in the Pitești factory UAP. The tin parts were made on wooden lasts. Among other oddities, the IMS-57 had manual windshield wipers.

M59
In 1959, the IMS-57 was replaced by M59, which was a substantial improvement over its predecessor.  Launched two years later, the new type M59 signified a step forward compared to IMS-57: its engine had , a maximum speed enhanced to , the manual windscreen wiper replaced with an electric one. The cars were bodyworked (2 doors, 4 doors or pick-up), painted and finished in Câmpulung. During the four years in production (1959–1963) the number of vehicles built jumped from 803 (1959) to 3,222 (1963).

M461
A new model, the M461, was started in 1964. The design was similar to the previous models but every panel was different and the cars are clearly distinguishable. It showed look and finishing improvements, and a redesigned mechanics. Its engine had four in-line cylinders, , a maximum speed of , and a 17 L at  consumption.

The export of M461 begun in 1965, to China and Colombia (2,000 pieces). The M461 was a very good performer for its time, having won a few international competitions: 1970 Forests Rally (Belgium), 1973 Sons of Beaches (Oregon). With improvements in their technology and performances, some 80,233 M461 land vehicles were produced by 1975, out of which 46,549 were exported and more were used by Romanian Army. About 3,000 M461s are still on the road in Romania, with a very active owners' club. Many of the cars were until recently used by the army. Late versions were known as M473 on the German market. It was eventually replaced by the ARO 24 Series vehicles.

Gallery

See also
 ARO 10 Series
 ARO 24 Series

External links

 ARO M461 Club website
 ARO Club Romania
 History of IMS 57
 Blog for rebuilt Aro M-461
 M461 at Retromobil Club Romania

M461
Cars of Romania
Off-road vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
1950s cars
1960s cars
1970s cars
Vehicles introduced in 1957
Cars introduced in 1957
Short circuit (disambiguation). A short circuit is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path with no or a very low electrical impedance.

Short Circuit may also refer to:

Film
 Short Circuit (1943 film), an Italian film
Short Circuit (1986 film), a film about a robot that comes to life
Short Circuit 2, the 1988 sequel
 Short Circuits (film), a 2006 Slovene film
 Short Circuit (2019 film), Gujarati science fiction comedy-drama film
 Short Circuit (short series), a Walt Disney Animation Studios experimental short series

Music
Short Circuit: Live at the Electric Circus, a 1978 compilation album of English punk and reggae
Short Circuit (I've Sound album), 2003, or the title song
Short Circuit II (album), a 2007 album by I've Sound
Short Circuit III, a 2010 album by I've Sound
 Short Circuit: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, soundtrack album for the eponymous 1986 film
 "Short Circuit", a song by Daft Punk from their 2001 album Discovery

Other uses
Short Circuit (video game), based on the 1986 film
ShortCircuit, a YouTube channel owned by Linus Media Group

See also 
 Short Circutz, a series of animated web short films
 Nick Cannon Presents: Short Circuitz, MTV sketch comedy TV show
Short-circuit evaluation, a form of Boolean evaluation in programming
Short-circuit test
Short (disambiguation)
Circuit (disambiguation)
Open circuit (disambiguation)