omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Superferromagnetism. Superferromagnetism is the magnetism of an ensemble of magnetically interacting super-moment-bearing material particles that would be superparamagnetic if they were not interacting.  Nanoparticles of iron oxides, such as ferrihydrite (nominally FeOOH), often cluster and interact magnetically.  These interactions change the magnetic behaviours of the nanoparticles (both above and below their blocking temperatures) and lead to an ordered low-temperature phase with non-randomly oriented particle super-moments.

Discovery
The phenomenon appears to have been first described and the term "superferromagnatism" introduced by Bostanjoglo and Röhkel, for a metallic film system. A decade later, the same phenomenon was rediscovered and described to occur in small-particle systems. The discovery is attributed as such in the scientific literature.

References 

Magnetic ordering
Toyota FT-HS. The Toyota FT-HS is a hybrid sports car concept introduced at the 2007 North American International Auto Show. Calty Design Research designed the concept. FT-HS stands for Future Toyota Hybrid Sport.

The goal of the rear wheel drive hybrid powertrain is to produce  and achieve 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in around 4 seconds.  This is accomplished by combining a 3.5 L V6 and an electric motor in a manner similar to the Lexus GS450h.  Unlike the GS (and virtually all other current hybrids), a production version of the FT-HS would make use of a capacitor system designed specifically for quick charging and increased performance. Since the debut of this concept, Toyota has exhibited such technology in the Supra HV-R race car.

The 2+2 vehicle features a unique retractable roof similar to a targa top.  The rear seats would be folded down when the roof is retracted, however.

In spite of the FT-HS being only a concept vehicle, Toyota's desired starting price for such a vehicle is stated to be in the mid $30,000 range.

An August 2008 article from Automotive News indicated that a production version was no longer being considered.  However, a January 2009 article from Edmunds Inside Line states that "the V6 Supra replacement is still in the pipeline and is set for an early 2011 debut". The FT-HS concept was eventually succeeded in 2014 by the Toyota FT-1 concept, which inspired the fifth generation Toyota Supra that went into production in 2019. Many of the FT-HS concept's styling cues were also used in the Toyota 86 series developed jointly by Toyota and Subaru.

See also
Toyota concept vehicles, 2000-2009

References

External links

 Toyota Concept Vehicles -- FT-HS official website
 Toyota press release on the FT-HS
 The newest 2009 Toyota FT-HS Concept blueprints

FT-HS
Hybrid electric cars
Sports cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2007
Automated main distribution frame. Automated main distribution frame (AMDF), (automated switching matrix, automated distribution frame, loop management system (LMS)), a technology to provide connectivity between subscriber (local loop, outside plant) – and office equipment (inside plant) lines in a telephone exchange (central office, CO) main distribution frame (MDF).

At the beginning of the 21st century the connections (n-subscriber lines and m-office equipment lines) are established or removed manually using a twisted pair of copper wires (jumper).

An automated main distribution frame provides, after an initial installation of all relevant subscriber- and office equipment lines, remote controlled and locally performed connectivity by switching via the switching matrix of an AMDF.

Advantages of automated main distribution frame include reduced switching time, reduced errors in execution and documentation, no truck-roll for each subscriber connection to be established, and reduction of operational expenditures (OPEX). These advantages are typically only off-setting the initial investment in the AMDF equipment in places with relatively high labour cost and an "active" telephony market where subscribers have a choice of multiple service providers leading to many MDF changes.

See also 
 Digital cross-connect system
 Loop management system

Telephony equipment
Product fit analysis. A Product fit analysis (PFA) is a form of requirements analysis of the gap between an IT product's functionality and required functions.  It is a document which consists of all the business requirements which are mapped to the product or application.

Requirements are specifically mentioned and the application is designed accordingly.

A PFA document is designed covering all the functionality required by the business and how it is addressed in the application.
It covers all the data inputs, data processing and data outputs.

References
Performing a Product FIT Analysis

Design
Maurice Arthur Pope. Lieutenant General Maurice Arthur Pope,  (9 August 1889 – 20 September 1978) was a Canadian Army officer, civil engineer, and diplomat.

Military career
Born in August 1889 in Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec, the son of Sir Joseph Pope, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald's principal secretary, and grandson of Sir Henri-Thomas Taschereau and William Henry Pope, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from McGill University in 1911. He worked for the Canadian Pacific Railway as a construction engineer until he joined the Royal Canadian Engineers as an officer in 1915. He served in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) in France during World War I.

After the war, he remained in the army and attended the British Army's Staff College, Camberley from 1924 to 1925. Among his fellow Canadian students there were Ernest William Sansom, Harry Crerar and Georges Vanier, both of whom were in the year above, attending from 1923 to 1924. He later attended the Imperial Defence College.

During World War II, he was brigadier general of the Canadian Military headquarters in London, vice-chief of the general staff in Ottawa, Chairman of the Canadian Joint Staff Mission in Washington, head of the Censorship Branch and military staff officer to Prime Minister Mackenzie King. From 1945 to 1950, he was Head of the Canadian Military Mission in Berlin. He retired with the rank of lieutenant-general.

From 1950 to 1953, he was the Canadian Ambassador to Belgium. From 1953 to 1956, he was the Canadian Ambassador to Spain. He retired in 1956 and lived in Ottawa.

His memoir was Soldiers and politicians: the memoirs of Lt.-Gen. Maurice A. Pope C.B., M.C (University of Toronto Press, 1962), which, in the words of historian J. L. Granatstein, is "notable for its good prose and evidence of wide learning". He also completed and edited his father's autobiography, Public servant: the memoirs of Sir Joseph Pope (Oxford University Press, 1960).

Bibliography

References

External links 
World War I Attestation paper

Heads of Post List
Maurice Arthur Pope at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Generals of World War II

1889 births
1978 deaths
Canadian military personnel from Quebec
Canadian civil engineers
Canadian Companions of the Order of the Bath
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
People from Rivière-du-Loup
Taschereau family
Ambassadors of Canada to Belgium
Ambassadors of Canada to Spain
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers
Canadian Army generals of World War II
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies
McGill University alumni
Royal Canadian Engineers officers
Canadian generals
Canadian recipients of the Military Cross
Terminal radar service area. In United States aviation, a terminal radar service area (TRSA) is a delimited airspace where radar and air traffic control services are made available to pilots flying under instrument flight rules or (optionally) visual flight rules, to maintain aircraft separation.

TRSAs most often surround busy U.S. airports.  In recent years, many of them have been replaced by Class C or Class B airspace.

Terminal Radar Service Area was established as part of a program to create terminal radar stations at selected airports. Because they were not subject to the rulemaking process of 14 CFR Part 91, they do not fit into any existing U.S. classifications of airspace, and have been classified as non-part 71 airspaces. While operating in these airspaces, pilots who choose to participate receive radar services, but participation is not required for VFR operations.

TRSAs encompass a primary airport with a class "D" designation, with the TRSA above other controlled airspace (Typically Class E Airspace) with a typical floor of 700 feet or 1,200 feet AGL (Above Ground Level).

TRSAs are shown on most VFR (Visual Flight Rules) sectional charts as solid grey with black text.

List of Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs) in the United States

See also 

 List of Class C airports in the United States
 List of Class B airports in the United States

References 
Sectional chart example of the Palm Springs, California TRSA
Federal Aviation Administration > Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter 14: Airspace 
Federal Aviation Administration > Aeronautical Information Manual, Paragraph 3-5-6

Air traffic control
Lists of airports in the United States
John Herbert Hollomon Jr.. John Herbert Hollomon Jr. (March 12, 1919 – May 8, 1985) was a noted American engineer and founding member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Biography
Hollomon was born in Norfolk, Virginia. He earned his B.S. in physics and in 1946 received his D.Sc. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in metallurgy. After the war he served as an instructor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He then joined the General Electric laboratories in Schenectady, New York, where he eventually became general manager.

In 1962, he was appointed first assistant secretary for science and technology at the United States Department of Commerce. In this role he established the Environmental Sciences Services Administration (later, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), the Commerce Technical Advisory Board, and the State Technical Services program. He served for part of 1967 as acting under secretary of commerce, but left government for the University of Oklahoma where he served one year as president-designate and two as president.

In 1970, Hollomon returned to MIT as consultant to the president and subsequently as Professor of Engineering. In 1983, he moved to the Boston University campus, where he remained until his death.

See also
Hollomon–Jaffe parameter
Zener–Hollomon parameter
Strain hardening exponent
Work hardening

References

External links 
 National Academy of Engineering memorial tribute

20th-century American engineers
Founding members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Presidents of the University of Oklahoma
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
1919 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American academics
Protocol pipelining. Protocol pipelining is a technique in which multiple requests are written out to a single socket without waiting for the corresponding responses. Pipelining can be used in various application layer network protocols, like HTTP/1.1, SMTP and FTP.

The pipelining of requests results in a dramatic improvement in protocol performance, especially over high latency connections (such as satellite Internet connections). Pipelining reduces waiting time of a process.

See also 
 HTTP pipelining

References

External links 
 HTTP/1.1 Pipelining FAQ at mozilla.org
 "Network Performance Effects of HTTP/1.1, CSS1, and PNG" at w3.org
 FTP pipelining
  SMTP Service Extension for Command Pipelining (STD 60)

Network protocols
Piedmont Airlines Flight 349. On October 30, 1959, Piedmont Airlines Flight 349, a Douglas DC-3, crashed on Bucks Elbow Mountain near Crozet, Virginia, killing the crew of three and all but one of its twenty-four passengers. The sole survivor was seriously injured and lay on the ground near the wreckage, still strapped in his seat.

Accident 
The aircraft was on an instrument landing system (ILS) approach to Charlottesville–Albemarle Airport inbound from Washington National Airport. While performing an inbound turn, the aircraft crashed into Bucks Elbow Mountain at .

Investigation 

The subsequent investigation determined the cause of the accident to be:

A navigational omission which resulted in a lateral course error that was not detected and corrected through precision instrument flying procedures. A contributing factor to the accident may have been pre-occupation of the captain resulting from mental stress.

Opposing view
The Air Line Pilots Association conducted its own investigation and came to a very different conclusion. Rather than missing the one turn on their flight, the pilot and co-pilot, according to ALPA, may have been led astray by faulty radio beacons. The ALPA report, citing numerous instances of an intermittent signal at the beacon for the Charlottesville airport, found that the beacon for a private field in Hagerstown, Maryland, could have overridden and caused the collision with the mountain.

Plane 
The accident aircraft, named Buckeye Pacemaker, was registered as N55V and had construction number 20447. The aircraft had previously flown with Meteor Air Transport as N53593 and was sold to Piedmont Airlines in December 1956.

See also 

 List of sole survivors of aviation accidents and incidents

References

External links 

 Final accident report from the Civil Aeronautics Board
"Alone on a mountain: the true story of Flight 349" 
Radio interview with the first person to reach the scene.
Page about Phil Bradley, the sole survivor of the crash. 
 - Time Magazine article about the pilot.

Albemarle County, Virginia
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Airliner accidents and incidents in Virginia
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1959
Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-3
Piedmont Airlines accidents and incidents
1959 in Virginia
October 1959 events in the United States
HYFLEX. HYFLEX (Hypersonic Flight Experiment) was a National Space Development Agency of Japan reentry demonstrator prototype which was launched in 1996 on the only flight of the J-I launcher. It was a successor of OREX and was a precursor for the Japanese space shuttle HOPE-X.

HYFLEX tested the carbon-carbon heat shielding tiles that were intended to be used on HOPE, as well as having the same body shaping in order to gather data on hypersonic lifting. HYFLEX flew in space at  altitude and succeeded in re-entry, but sank in the Pacific after splashdown before it could be recovered.

Overview
HYFLEX was an uncrewed lifting body space plane for gaining technological prowess in the design, production, and flight of hypersonic crafts, as well as technology validation of atmospheric reentry. The experimental vehicle was covered in carbon–carbon, ceramic tiles, and flexible thermal insulation, which were materials that was to be used for HOPE.

Launched on 11 February 1996 (UTC) from Tanegashima Space Center by a J-I rocket, separation from the rocket was conducted at an altitude of , speed of approximately 3.8 km/s. Attitude control was performed by gas thrusters and aerodynamic rudders. During its descent the craft glided in a right turn circling the island of Chichijima in the Ogasawara Archipelago. HYFLEX had various sensors attached to each parts, and succeeded in gaining data on surface aerodynamic heating and pressure. The craft splashed down in the waters northeast of Chichijima with parachutes, however the floats and riser broke off while floating and recovery was abandoned. HYFLEX was succeeded by ALFLEX.

See also 
 1996 in spaceflight
 Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
 RLV-TD Hypersonic Flight Experiment (India)

References

Satellites of Japan
Spaceplanes
NRP Almirante Gago Coutinho. NRP Almirante Gago Coutinho (A523) is a ship of the Portuguese Navy' Dom Carlos I-class survey vessels (ex-US  adapted in Portugal for the execution of hydrography and oceanography surveys). Before transfer to the Portuguese Navy, Almirante Gago Coutinho was formerly USNS Assurance (T-AGOS-5) of the United States Navy.

Design
The s were succeeded by the longer . Assurance had an overall length of  and a length of  at its waterline. It had a beam of  and a draft of . The surveillance ship had a displacement of  at light load and  at full load. It was powered by a diesel-electric system of four Caterpillar D-398 diesel-powered generators and two General Electric  electric motors. This produced a total of  that drove two shafts. It had a gross register tonnage of 1,584 tons and a deadweight tonnage of 786 tons.

The Stalwart-class ocean surveillance ships had maximum speeds of . They were built to be fitted with the Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System (SURTASS) system. The ship had an endurance of thirty days. It had a range of  and a speed of . Its complement was between thirty-two and forty-seven. Its hull design was similar to that of the s.

History
USNS Assurance was a Stalwart-class modified tactical auxiliary general ocean surveillance ship of the United States Navy. Stalwart-class ships were originally designed to collect underwater acoustical data in support of Cold War anti-submarine warfare operations in the 1980s.

In 1999, ex-USNS Assurance was transferred to Portugal and is now NRP Almirante Gago Coutinho survey ship.

References

External links

NavSource
 

Stalwart-class ocean surveillance ships
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships built in Washington (state)
1985 ships
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Portuguese Navy
Tour Landscape. The Tour Landscape (formerly IBM Europe tower, Pascal tower and DDE tower) is an office skyscraper located in the business district of La Défense, and precisely Place des Degres, Puteaux. In 2017, a modernization project is announced that will see the merger of the two towers (Tours Pascal) and the total height increased to 101 meters. The restructuring project started in the summer of 2017 with the new name Tour Landscape.

References

External links
 Tour Landscape

Skyscraper office buildings in La Défense
Calcium borate. Calcium borate (Ca3(BO3)2). It can be prepared by reacting calcium metal with boric acid. The resulting precipitate is calcium borate. A hydrated form occurs naturally as the minerals colemanite, nobleite and priceite.

One of its uses is as a binder in some grades of hexagonal boron nitride for hot pressing. Other uses include flame retardant in epoxy molding compounds, a ceramic flux in some ceramic glazes, reactive self-sealing binders in hazardous waste management, additive for insect-resistant polystyrene, fertilizer, and production of boron glasses.

Also it used as a main source of boron oxide in the manufacturing of ceramic frits that used in the ceramic glaze or ceramic engobe for wall and floor ceramic tiles.

References 

Borates
Calcium compounds
Flame retardants
Screed. Screed has three meanings in building construction:

 A flat board (screed board, floating screed) or a purpose-made aluminium tool used to smooth and to "true" materials like concrete, stucco and plaster after they have been placed on a surface or to assist in flattening; 
 A strip of plaster or wood applied to a surface to act as a guide for a screed tool (screed rail, screed strip, screed batten); 
 The material itself which has been flattened with a screed (screed coat). In the UK, screed has also come to describe a thin, top layer of material (sand and cement, magnesite or calcium sulphate), poured in place on top of the structural concrete or insulation, on top of which other finishing materials can be applied, or the structural material can be left bare to achieve a raw effect.

Screed board 

In the United States, a person called a concrete finisher performs the process of screeding, which is the process of cutting off excess wet concrete to bring the top surface of a slab to the proper grade and smoothness. A power concrete screed has a gasoline motor attached, which helps smooth and vibrate concrete as it is flattened. After the concrete is flattened it is smoothed with a concrete float or power trowel. A concrete floor is sometimes called a solid ground floor.

A plasterer also may use a screed to level a wall or ceiling surface in plasterwork.

This sense of screed has been extended to asphalt paving where a free floating screed is part of a machine that spreads the paving material.

Screed rails

A weep screed or sill screed is a screed rail which has drainage holes to allow moisture which penetrated an exterior plaster or stucco coating to drain through the screed.

Liquid and flow screeds
Flowing screeds are made from inert fillers such as sand, with a binder system based on cement or often calcium sulphate. Flow screeds are often preferred to traditional screeds as they are easier and faster to install and provide a similar finish. Flow screed is often used in combination with underfloor heating installation.

Liquid flow screed is self-levelling. No vibration is necessary to remove bubbles and densify the liquid mass.
Due to the easy consolidation thickness can sometimes be reduced in comparison to conventional screeds. This minimises heat storage leading to a floor that reacts quickly to user requirement hence raising the efficacy of underfloor heating.

Screed coats

A development in the UK is the delivery, mixing, and pumping of screed from a single vehicle. Where previously screed jobs required a separate pump to administer the screed, these new machines can now administer the screed directly from the mixing pan to the floor at a range of up to 60 meters. For example, the material called granolithic.

See also
Screed wire, an alternate name for a ground wire in electrical work

References

Sources

 Constructing Architecture – Materials, Processes, Structures: A Handbook; Andrea Deplazes (ed.); Birkhauser, 2005

Concrete
Construction
Floors
Pavements
RV Hugh R. Sharp. RV Hugh R. Sharp is a research vessel owned and operated by the University of Delaware College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment in Lewes, Delaware operating as a member of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS). She is a replacement for Cape Henlopen.

At  in length, Hugh R Sharp is a mid-sized research vessel designed for expeditions lasting up to 21 days. The ship spends most of her time working in the Mid-Atlantic coastal region. Hugh R Sharp was delivered to the University of Delaware in December 2005, and the first scientific voyage was undertaken in March 2006 after extensive shakedown cruises and equipment calibrations. She is operated by a crew of 8 and accommodates a scientific party of 22 for up to 21 days at sea.

One of the ship's unique capabilities is a hydraulically removable keel which can be dropped in transit to deploy sonar. Each transducer well is mounted with mission specific loadouts of sonar arrays, whether side scan, surface mapping or otherwise.

The ship was designed by Bay Marine, Inc. of Barrington, RI in cooperation with University of Delaware Marine Operations Director Matthew J. Hawkins.  Hugh R Sharp was constructed by Dakota Creek Industries of Anacortes, WA.  The name of the ship is drawn from Hugh R. Sharp, an alumnus from the University of Delaware and longtime supporter of ocean research by the University of Delaware. His estate and the University of Delaware shared the cost of the vessel.

Specifications
Operating Area: Mid-Atlantic/Coastal 
Freeboard (aft deck):  
Total Permanent Berths (2-person staterooms): 22 
Crew (Including technician): 8 
    Scientific: 12 
    with Conference Room used as berth (4-person): 16 
    with accommodations van (4-person): 20 
    Maximum on "Day Trip": 30 
Acoustic Capabilities: Below ICES limits at 8 knots 
Stack Emissions: "Average"

Gallery

References

External links 
 
 

Research vessels of the United States
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System research vessels
University of Delaware
Ships built in Anacortes, Washington
2005 ships