omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Circuit identification code. The ISDN Services User Part (ISUP) Circuit Identification Code (CIC) is part of the Signaling System #7 which is used to set up telephone calls in Public Switched Telephone Networks as part of the Initial Address Message (IAM).

When a telephone call is set up from one subscriber to another, many telephone exchanges will be involved, possibly across international boundaries. To allow a call to be set up correctly, where ISUP is supported, a switch will signal call-related information like called or calling party number to the next switch in the network using ISUP messages.  The CIC provides information about where the voice part of the call is carried - on which trunk and in which timeslot.

References 

Integrated Services Digital Network
Signaling System 7
Tiltman. Tiltman might refer to:

 John Tiltman (John Hessell Tiltman) (1894-1982), one of the greatest British cryptanalysts during World War II
 John Hessell Tiltman (property manager) (born 1942), British architect
 A. H. Tiltman (Alfred Hessell Tiltman) (1891-1975), known as Hessell Tiltman, aircraft designer and co-founder of the British aeronautical company Airspeed Ltd
 H. Hessell Tiltman (Hugh Hessell Tiltman) (1897-1976), British writer and journalist 
 Richard Tiltman (born 1960), English footballer

Other
 Hessell-Tiltman Prize 
Murder of Claire Tiltman
Rivet (disambiguation). A rivet is a mechanical fastener.

Rivet or rivets may also refer to:

 Rivet (surname), a list of people so named
 Rivet (horse), a racehorse
 Apache Rivet, an Apache Software Foundation project
 Rivet High School (Vincennes, Indiana), a Roman Catholic private school
 Rivets, a comic strip syndicated by cartoonist George Sixta
 Rivet, a fictional character from the video game Ratchet & Clank: Rift Apart
 Fast Workers, a 1933 film also titled Rivets
 Rivets, a Scottish soft drink launched as competitor for Irn Bru
 Rivet Town, a fictional town in the 2005 Blue Sky Studios film Robots

See also
 PRR 4800, an electric locomotive nicknamed "Old Rivets"
 RC-135V/W Rivet Joint, a reconnaissance aeroplane built by Boeing
 Rivett (disambiguation)
 Rivette (disambiguation)
Drag count. A drag count is a dimensionless unit used by aerospace engineers. 1 drag count is equal to a  of 0.0001.

As the drag forces present on automotive vehicles are smaller than for aircraft, 1 drag count is commonly referred to as 0.0001 of .

Definition 

A drag count  is defined as:

 

where:
 is the drag force, which is by definition the force component in the direction of the flow velocity,
 is the mass density of the fluid,
 is the speed of the object relative to the fluid, and
 is the reference area.

The drag coefficient is used to compare the solutions of different geometries by means of a dimensionless number. A drag count is more user-friendly than the drag coefficient, as the latter is usually much less than 1. A drag count of 200 to 400 is typical for an airplane at cruise. A reduction of one drag count on a subsonic civil transport airplane means about  more in payload.

Notes

References

See also 
 Drag coefficient
 Zero-lift drag coefficient

Drag (physics)
Equations
Force
Stitching awl. A stitching awl is a tool with which holes can be punctured in a variety of materials, or existing holes can be enlarged. It is also used for sewing heavy materials, such as leather or canvas.  It is a thin, tapered metal shaft, coming to a sharp point, either straight or slightly bent. These shafts are often in the form of interchangeable needles. They usually have an eye piercing at the pointed end to aid in drawing thread through holes for the purpose of manual lockstitch sewing, in which case it is also called a sewing awl.  Stitching awls are frequently used by shoe repairers and other leatherworkers. Sewing awls are used to make lock stitches. The needle, with the thread in the eye is pushed through the material. The thread is then pulled through the eye to extend it. As the needle is pushed through the material, the extra thread from the first stitch is then threaded through the loops of successive stitches creating a lock stitch. The action is likened to that of a "miniature sewing machine". Styles may vary, as they are adapted to specific trades, such as making shoes or saddles.  They are also used in the printing trades to aid in setting movable type and in bookbinding.

History
A small copper awl from a Tel Tsaf grave in Israel is currently the oldest metal object discovered in the Middle East.

Awls were used by the Eastern and Middle Dakota (Sioux) and by the peoples of the Red River region, including the Red River Métis, Anishinabe, Plains Cree, and Salteaux.

In terms of nomenclature, French Canadian fur traders in the late 18th or early 19th century called one band of the Salish peoples of the American Northwest Coeur d'Alene, meaning "heart of an awl", in reference to their savvy in trading. British traders and later colonists adopted the French term for the people, which eventually became the official name of the tribe.

When he was a child, Louis Braille gouged his eye with an awl by accident. One eye was destroyed instantly, and a subsequent infection later claimed the other eye, making him blind by the time he was four. The accident spurred Braille to the invention of the Braille alphabet, the prototype of which was created using an awl.

See also
Bradawl
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
Scratch awl

References

Sewing equipment
Bárány chair. The Barany chair or Bárány chair is a device used for aerospace physiology training, particularly for student pilots.

Test
The subject is placed in the swivel chair, blindfolded, then spun about the vertical axis while keeping their head upright or tilted forward or to the side. The subject is then asked to perform tasks such as determine their direction of rotation while blindfolded, or rapidly change the orientation of their head, or attempt to point at a stationary object without blindfold after the chair is stopped. The chair is used to demonstrate spatial disorientation effects, proving that the vestibular system is not to be trusted in flight. Pilots are taught that they should instead rely on their flight instruments.

Uses
The device is also used in motion sickness therapy.

Nobel Prize
The chair was named for Hungarian physiologist Robert Bárány, who used this device in his research into the role of the inner ear in the sense of balance. He won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus".

See also
Aerotrim
Flight simulator
Link Trainer

G-seat
R360

References

Aviation educators
Flight training
Medical equipment
Motion sickness
Lithium iodide. Lithium iodide, or LiI, is a compound of lithium and iodine. When exposed to air, it becomes yellow in color, due to the oxidation of iodide to iodine. It crystallizes in the NaCl motif. It can participate in various hydrates.

Applications

Lithium iodide is used as a solid-state electrolyte for high-temperature batteries. It is also the standard electrolyte in artificial pacemakers due to the long cycle life it enables. The solid is used as a phosphor for neutron detection. It is also used, in a complex with Iodine, in the electrolyte of dye-sensitized solar cells.

In organic synthesis, LiI is useful for cleaving C-O bonds. For example, it can be used to convert methyl esters to carboxylic acids:
RCO2CH3 + LiI → RCO2Li + CH3I
Similar reactions apply to epoxides and aziridines.

Lithium iodide was used as a radiocontrast agent for CT scans. Its use was discontinued due to renal toxicity. Inorganic iodine solutions suffered from hyperosmolarity and high viscosities. Current iodinated contrast agents are organoiodine compounds.

It is also useful in MALDI imaging mass spectrometry of lipids by adding lithium salts to the matrix solution

See also
Lithium battery

References

External links

Lithium compounds
Iodides
Alkali metal iodides
Deliquescent materials
Metal halides
Rock salt crystal structure
SHEEP (symbolic computation system). SHEEP is one of the earliest interactive symbolic computation systems.  It is specialized for computations with tensors, and was designed for the needs of researchers working with general relativity and other theories involving extensive tensor calculus computations.

SHEEP is a freeware package (copyrighted, but free for educational and research use).

The name "SHEEP" is pun on the Lisp Algebraic Manipulator or LAM on which SHEEP is based.  The package was written by Inge Frick, using earlier work by Ian Cohen and Ray d'Inverno, who had written ALAM - Atlas LISP Algebraic Manipulation in earlier (designed in 1970). SHEEP was an interactive computer package whereas LAM and ALAM were batch processing languages.

Jan E. Åman wrote an important package in SHEEP to carry out the Cartan-Karlhede algorithm. A more recent version of SHEEP, written by Jim Skea, runs under Cambridge Lisp, which is also used for REDUCE.

See also

GRTensorII

Notes

External links
SHEEP download directory at Queen Mary, University of London
Some sources of info on Sheep
Review article by M.A.H.MacCallum in  "Workshop on Dynamical Spacetimes and Numerical Relativity" edited by Joan Centrella

Tensors
List of people associated with Imperial College London. This is a list of Imperial College London people, including notable students and staff from the various historical institutions which are now part of Imperial College. 
Students who later became academics at Imperial are listed in the alumni section only to avoid duplication.

Science and engineering

Chemists

Engineers

Mathematicians and statisticians

Medicine

Physicists

Law and politics

Business

Literature

Andrew Crumey (novelist)
David Irving (author)
Simon Singh (popular science author)
H. G. Wells (science fiction author)

Others

Staff

Chemists

Engineers

Mathematicians and statisticians

Physicists

See also 
 President and Rector of Imperial College London
 List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Imperial College London
 List of Fellows of Imperial College London

References

External links 
Imperial College student lists

Imperial College London
Intelsat I. Intelsat I (nicknamed Early Bird for the proverb "The early bird catches the worm") was the first commercial communications satellite to be placed in geosynchronous orbit, on April 6, 1965. It was built by the Space and Communications Group of Hughes Aircraft Company (later Hughes Space and Communications Company, and now Boeing Satellite Systems) for COMSAT, which activated it on June 28, 1965. It was based on the Syncom series of satellites that Hughes had previously built for NASA to demonstrate that communications via synchronous-orbit satellite were feasible. Its booster was a Thrust Augmented Delta (Delta D). After a series of maneuvers, it reached its geosynchronous orbital position over the Atlantic Ocean at 28° West longitude, where it was put into service.

It helped provide the first live TV coverage of a spacecraft splashdown, that of Gemini 6 in December 1965. Originally slated to operate for 18 months, Early Bird was in active service for 4 years and 4 months, being deactivated in January 1969, although it was briefly activated in June of that year to serve the Apollo 11 flight when the Atlantic Intelsat satellite failed. It was deactivated again in August 1969 and has been inactive since that time (except for a brief reactivation in 1990 to commemorate its 25th launch anniversary), although it remains in orbit.

The Early Bird satellite was the first to provide direct and nearly instantaneous contact between Europe and North America, handling television, telephone, and telefacsimile transmissions. It was fairly small, measuring nearly  and weighing .

Early Bird was one of the satellites used in the then record-breaking broadcast of Our World.

Model
A full-scale model, or a flight test model, hung in the main lobby of the Intelsat headquarters building, Washington, D.C. before moving to McLean, VA in 2014. It was donated to the National Air and Space Museum in 2022.

See also 

 "Early Bird", 1965 song named after Intelsat I
 List of communications satellite firsts
 Syncom, the first geosynchronous and geostationary satellites

References

External links
 
 History.nasa.gov

Intelsat satellites
Hughes aircraft
Spacecraft launched in 1965
Derelict satellites orbiting Earth
Transatlantic telecommunications
Clearance. Clearance can refer to:

Medicine
 Renal clearance ratio, a relative measure of the speed at which a constituent of urine passes through the kidneys
 Clearance (pharmacology), the rate at which a substance is removed or cleared from the body by the kidneys or in renal dialysis

Engineering
 Engineering tolerance, a physical distance or space between two components
 Hydraulic clearance, in hydraulic systems
 Clearance in civil engineering, including:
 The difference between the loading gauge and the structure gauge: the amount of space between the top of a rail car and the top of a tunnel or the bottom of a rail car and the top of rail
 Air draft, applies to bridges across navigable waterways
 Clearance car, a type of railroad car used to check clearances around the tracks
 Ride height or ground clearance, the amount of space between the base of an automobile tire and the underside of the chassis

Finance and trade

Intellectual property
 Collective rights management, the licensing of copyright and related rights
 Sample clearance, legal permission to re-use a recording in another work

Other uses in finance and trade
 Cheque clearing, the process of transferring value on a cheque from one bank account to another
 The activity of a clearing house (finance), where a variety of financial instruments are cleared through the issuing institution 
 Customs clearance, in international trade, the movement of goods through customs barriers
 Market clearing or equilibrium price, the price at which quantity supplied is equal to quantity demanded
 Closeout (sale), in retail, the final sale of items to zero inventory

Games and sports
 Clearance (cue sports)
 A chess term for removal of pieces so that a bishop, rook or queen is free to move
 In Australian rules football, the clearing of the ball out of a ball-up situation

Other uses
 Authorization or permission from an authority
 Air traffic control clearance in aviation
 Security clearance, a status granted to individuals allowing them access to classified information
 Clearance rate, in criminal justice, the number of crimes "cleared" divided by the number reported
 Deforestation, the deliberate clearance of woodland or forest for human development
 The Highland Clearances, eviction of tenants in the Scottish Highlands during the 18th and 19th centuries
 The Lowland Clearances, eviction of tenants as part of the Scottish Agricultural Revolution in the Scottish Lowlands

See also 
 Clear (disambiguation)
 Clearing (disambiguation)
Arkansas Valley Electric Cooperative. Arkansas Valley Electric Cooperative Corporation is a not-for-profit Corporation headquartered in Ozark, AR. District offices are located in Waldron and Van Buren, AR. and Pocola, OK.
 
The Cooperative was organized in 1937 by a group of farmers and businessmen from Crawford, Logan and Johnson Counties in west-central Arkansas. It has since expanded to ten counties in Arkansas and three in Oklahoma.
 
The first 57 miles of power line were energized in December 1938 to provide electric service to 114 meters. The average member had a monthly electric bill of $3.00 and used approximately 30 kWh (kilowatt hours).
 
The Cooperative purchased nearly 1.2 billion kilowatt hours of electricity during 2009. The system peak demand of 327 Megawatts (million watts) was set in July 2011. The Cooperative purchases its power wholesale from Arkansas Electric Cooperatives Corporation, Little Rock, AR.
 
Currently the Cooperative has more than 8,100 miles of distribution lines, 33 electrical substations, and more than 56,000 electric services. The total electric plant of AVECC is valued at $173 million and member equity is 31%.

External links
 Arkansas Valley Electric Cooperative Corporation

Companies based in Arkansas
Electric cooperatives in Arkansas
Electric cooperatives in Oklahoma
1937 establishments in Arkansas
Organizations established in 1937
David G. Cory. David G. Cory is a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Waterloo where he holds the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Quantum Information Processing. He works at the Institute for Quantum Computing, and is also associated with the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology.

Education and career 
Cory was educated at Case Western Reserve University, earning a bachelor's degree there in 1981 and a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1987. He carried out postdoctoral research at Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands and at Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. He was a Professor of Nuclear Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology prior to his 2010 appointment at Waterloo. At MIT, he worked on NMR, including his work on NMR quantum computation.  Together with Amr Fahmy and Timothy Havel he developed the concept of pseudo-pure states and performed the first experimental demonstrations of NMR quantum computing.

Cory's research also concerns the realization and application of quantum control in various physical systems and devices. In 2015, he and teams from University of Waterloo, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Boston University demonstrated the generation and control of orbital angular momentum of neutron beams using a fork-dislocation grating, extending the existing work in optical and electron beams to neutrons. They subsequently demonstrated the control of both the spin and orbital angular momentum degrees of freedom of neutron beams.

See also 
 NMR quantum computer
 Randomized benchmarking
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links 
 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Case Western Reserve University alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
21st-century American chemists
Quantum physicists
Canadian chemical engineers
21st-century chemists
Quantum information scientists
Canadian physicists
Physical chemists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Ground bounce. In electronic engineering, ground bounce is a phenomenon associated with transistor switching where the gate voltage can appear to be less than the local  ground potential,  causing  the unstable operation of a logic gate.

Description
Ground bounce is usually seen on high density VLSI where insufficient precautions have been taken to supply a logic gate with a sufficiently low impedance connection to ground (or sufficiently high bypass capacitance). In this phenomenon, when the base of an NPN transistor is turned on, enough current flows through the emitter-collector circuit that the silicon in the immediate vicinity of the emitter-ground connection is pulled partially high, sometimes by several volts, thus raising the local ground, as perceived at the gate, to a value significantly above true ground.  Relative to this local ground, the base voltage can go negative, thus shutting off the transistor. As the excess local charge dissipates, the transistor turns back on, possibly causing a repeat of the phenomenon, sometimes up to a half-dozen bounces.

Ground bounce is one of the leading causes of "hung" or metastable gates in modern digital circuit design. This happens because the ground bounce puts the input of a flip flop effectively at voltage level that is neither a one nor a zero at clock time, or causes untoward effects in the clock itself.  A similar voltage sag phenomenon may be seen on the collector side, called supply voltage sag (or VCC sag), where VCC is pulled unnaturally low. As a whole, ground bounce is a major issue in nanometer range technologies in VLSI.

Ground bounce can also occur when the circuit board has poorly designed ground paths. Improper ground or VCC can lead to local  variations in the ground level between various components. This is most commonly seen in circuit boards that have ground and VCC paths on the surfaces of the board.

Reduction
Ground bounce may be reduced by placing a 10–30-ohm resistor in series to each of the switching outputs to limit the current flow during the gate switch.

See also
 Metastability in electronics
 Unbounded nondeterminism
 Buridan's ass

References

 Jeff Barrow, Reducing Ground Bounce, (2007), Analog Devices
 Vikas Kumar, Ground Bounce Primer, (2005), TechOnLine (now EETimes).
 Ground Bounce in 8-Bit High-Speed Logic, Pericom Application Note.
 AN-640 Understanding and Minimizing Ground Bounce, (2003) Fairchild Semiconductor, Application Note 640.
 Minimizing Ground Bounce & VCC Sag, White Paper, (2001) Altera Corporation.
 Ground Bounce part-1 and part-2 by Douglas Brooks , Articles, Ultra Cad Design.

Electronic engineering
Electrical phenomena
Transistors
Norbornene. Norbornene or norbornylene or norcamphene is a highly strained bridged cyclic hydrocarbon. It is a white solid with a pungent sour odor. The molecule consists of a cyclohexene ring with a methylene bridge between carbons 1 and 4. The molecule carries a double bond which induces significant ring strain and significant reactivity.

Production
Norbornene is made by a Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene and ethylene.  Many substituted norbornenes can be prepared similarly. Related bicyclic compounds are norbornadiene, which has the same carbon skeleton but with two double bonds, and norbornane which is prepared by hydrogenation of norbornene.

Reactions 
Norbornene undergoes an acid-catalyzed hydration reaction to form norborneol. This reaction was of great interest in the elucidation of the non-classical carbocation controversy.

Norbornene is used in the Catellani reaction and in norbornene-mediated meta-C−H activation.

Certain substituted norbornenes undergo unusual substitution reactions owing to the generation of the 2-norbornyl cation.

Being a strained ene, norbornenes react readily with thiols in the thiol-ene reaction to form thioethers. This makes norbornene-functionalized monomers ideal for polymerization with thiol-based monomers to form thiol-ene networks.

Polynorbornenes
Norbornenes are important monomers in ring-opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMP).  Typically these conversions are effected with ill-defined catalysts. Polynorbornenes exhibit high glass transition temperatures and high optical clarity.

In addition to ROMP, norbornene monomers also undergo vinyl-addition polymerization, and is a popular monomer for use in cyclic olefin copolymers.

Polynorbornene is used mainly in the rubber industry for antivibration (rail, building, industry), antiimpact (personal protective equipment, shoe parts, bumpers) and grip improvement (toy tires, racing tires, transmission systems, transports systems for copiers, feeders, etc.)

Ethylidene norbornene is a related monomer derived from cyclopentadiene and butadiene.

See also
Nadic anhydride

References

Monomers
Norbornanes