omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
MaxiCode. MaxiCode is a public domain, machine-readable symbol system originally created by the United Parcel Service (UPS) in 1992. Suitable for tracking and managing the shipment of packages, it resembles an Aztec Code or QR code, but uses dots arranged in a hexagonal grid instead of square grid. MaxiCode has been standardised under ISO/IEC 16023.

A MaxiCode symbol (internally called "Bird's Eye", "Target", "dense code", or "UPS code") appears as a 1-inch square, with a bullseye in the middle, surrounded by a pattern of hexagonal dots. It can store about 93 characters of information, and up to 8 MaxiCode symbols can be chained together to convey more data.  The centered symmetrical bullseye is useful in automatic symbol location regardless of orientation, and it allows MaxiCode symbols to be scanned even on a package traveling rapidly.

Structured Carrier Message

MaxiCode symbols using modes 2 and 3 include a Structured Carrier Message containing key information about a package. This information is protected with a strong Reed–Solomon error correction code, allowing it to be read even if a portion of the symbol is damaged. These fields include:

 A 4-bit indication of the mode in use, currently either mode 2 or mode 3.
 A national or international postal code.  MaxiCode supports both numeric postal codes (e.g. a ZIP Code), and alphanumeric postal codes.
 A 3-digit country code encoded per ISO 3166
 A 3-digit class of service code assigned by the carrier

The structured portion of the message is stored in the inner area of the symbol, near the bull's-eye pattern. (In modes that do not include a structured portion, the inner area simply stores the beginning of the message.)

Application-specific information
Irrespective of mode, a variable amount of application-specific information can be encoded in a MaxiCode symbol. This format of this additional data is not strictly defined, and amongst other information may include:

 Purchase order number
 Customer reference
 Invoice number
 Tracking number
 Indicator of the originating carrier

Modes
 Mode 0 – Obsolete mode superseded by modes 2 and 3. (Older printers will produce Mode 0 if the firmware is outdated. Mode 0 MaxiCodes can be visually determined by examining the two horizontal hexagons in the upper right-hand corner.  They will be white if the Mode is 0.  For all other modes, they are black.)
 Mode 1 – Obsolete mode superseded by mode 4.
 Mode 2 – Formatted data containing a structured Carrier Message with a numeric postal code.  (Primary use is US domestic destinations.)
 Mode 3 – Formatted data containing a structured Carrier Message with an alphanumeric postal code.  (Primary use is international destinations.)
 Mode 4 – Unformatted data with Standard Error Correction.
 Mode 5 – Unformatted data with Enhanced Error Correction.
 Mode 6 – Used for programming hardware devices.

UPS labels use Mode 2 or Mode 3 MaxiCodes.

References

External links
 Source for official MaxiCode technical specification 
 Information about MaxiCode is available in US Patents , , and 

Barcodes
United Parcel Service
Public domain
ISO/IEC standards
OEP. OEP may refer to:

 Object Engineering Process
 Occurrence Exceedance Probability, a risk curve used in catastrophe modeling
 Octaethylporphyrin, a synthetic porphyrin 
 Office for Environmental Protection, UK organisation to be created by the Environment Bill and as of July 2021 existing in an interim state
 Office of Emergency Preparedness, U.S. Executive Branch organization abolished in 1973 and responsibilities divided among several organizations
 Office of Emergency Planning, emergency planning organisation within Ireland's Dept. of Defence
 One Equity Partners, the private equity affiliate of JPMorgan Chase
 Open Educational Practices
 Open Energy Platform, a project providing database infrastructure for open energy system models
 Open Enrollment Period, a period of time in which individuals may enroll in or change their health insurance plans.
 Optometric Extension Program
 Országos Egészségbiztosítási Pénztár (National Health Insurance Fund), the publicly funded health service organization of Hungary
 Oxfordshire Economic Partnership
Midland Railway Carriage and Wagon Company. The Midland Railway Carriage and Wagon Company was a Birmingham, England, based manufacturer of railway carriages and wagons.  It was not part of the Midland Railway.

Its products also included trams and even military tanks.

It has made trains for railways in the UK and overseas, including the London Underground.

After a series of takeovers, its works at Washwood Heath in Birmingham became part of Metro Cammell and are now part of the Alstom group.

History

In 1845, Joseph Wright, a London coach builder, leased land in Saltley, Birmingham with the intention of building a factory for the production of railway rolling stock. Wright, realising that the future lay in the development of the railways devoted his energies, together with those of his sons to building rolling stock and by the 1850s his Saltley site had massively expanded and he was employing a work force of about 800 people. In addition to building stock for practically all the British railways, the firm completed contracts for many countries world-wide. They also had premises in Shrewsbury.

In 1902 rationalisation of the rolling stock industry began when the Metropolitan Amalgamated Railway Carriage and Wagon Co. Ltd. was formed, incorporating Joseph Wright's old firm with other well known companies such as Ashbury, Brown and Marshalls, Oldbury and Lancaster railway carriage companies. In 1929 Vickers, after acquiring the shares of the Metropolitan Company, came together with Cammell Laird and each merged their rolling stock interests to form the great undertaking of Metropolitan-Cammell Ltd.

External links

Metro Cammell archives at Birmingham Central Library
Information about diesel multiple units and the Blue Pullman trains, built by Metro Cammell
The Metropolitan Cammell Drawings Archive (paper originals) has been deposited with the Historical Model Railway Society. Cataloguing is ongoing, but current listings are available on this page

Defunct manufacturing companies of England
History of Birmingham, West Midlands
Defunct companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Rail transport in the West Midlands (county)
Corner case. In engineering, a corner case (or pathological case) involves a problem or situation that occurs only outside normal operating parameters—specifically one that manifests itself when multiple environmental variables or conditions are simultaneously at extreme levels, even though each parameter is within the specified range for that parameter.

For example, a loudspeaker might distort audio, but only when played at maximum volume, maximum bass, and in a high-humidity environment. Or a computer server may be unreliable, but only with the maximum complement of 64 processors, 512 GB of memory, and 10,000 signed-on users. The investigation of corner cases is of extreme importance as it can provide engineers with valuable insight into how corner case effects can be mitigated. In the case where automotive radar fails, corner case investigation can possibly tell engineers and investigators alike what may have occurred.

Corner cases form part of an engineer's lexicon—especially an engineer involved in testing or debugging a complex system. Corner cases are often harder and more expensive to reproduce, test, and optimize because they require maximal configurations in multiple dimensions. They are frequently less-tested, given the belief that few product users will, in practice, exercise the product at multiple simultaneous maximum settings. Expert users of systems therefore routinely find corner case anomalies, and in many of these, errors.

The term "corner case" comes about by physical analogy with "edge case" as an extension of the "flight envelope" metaphor to a set of testing conditions whose boundaries are determined by the 2n combinations of extreme (minimum and maximum) values for the number n of variables being tested, i.e., the total parameter space for those variables. Where an edge case involves pushing one variable to a minimum or maximum, putting users at the "edge" of the configuration space, a corner case involves doing so with multiple variables, which would put users at a "corner" of a multidimensional configuration space.

See also

 Black swan theory, a metaphor describing a major surprising event that is often inappropriately rationalised after the fact
 Edge case, an issue that occurs only at a single extreme (maximum or minimum) parameter
 Linear programming
 Random testing
 Fuzzing

References

Engineering concepts
Software testing
Vern Paxson. Vern Edward Paxson is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley. He also leads the Networking and Security Group at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California.  His interests range from transport protocols to intrusion detection and worms. He is an active member of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) community and served as the chair of the IRTF from 2001 until 2005. From 1998 to 1999 he served on the IESG as Transport Area Director for the IETF.

In 2006 Paxson was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).  The ACM's Special Interest Group on Data Communications (SIGCOMM) gave Paxson its 2011 award, "for his seminal contributions to the fields of Internet measurement and Internet security, and for distinguished leadership and service to the Internet community."  The annual SIGCOMM Award recognizes lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks.

Paxson is also the original author of the flex lexical analyzer and the Zeek intrusion detection system. Backscatter is a term coined by Vern Paxson to describe Internet background noise resulting from a DDoS attack using multiple spoofed addresses.

Paxson earned a PhD in 1997 at Berkeley under Domenico Ferrari.

References

External links
 Vern Paxson's homepage

American computer programmers
2006 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Living people
Computer security academics
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Inverter (disambiguation). A power inverter is a device that converts direct current to alternating current.

Inverter may also refer to

 Inverter (logic gate) or NOT gate, a device that performs a logical operation
 Inverter air conditioner, a type of air conditioner that uses a power inverter to vary the speed of the compressor motor to continuously regulate temperature
 Impedance inverter, a device that produces the mathematical inverse of an electrical impedance—see Quarter-wave impedance transformer

See also 
 Inverse (disambiguation)
 Inversion (disambiguation)
 Rectifier
 Thyristor
 HVDC converter station - A device that converts AC power to and from high voltage DC
Jacob Rabinow. Jacob Rabinow (January 8, 1910 – September 11, 1999) was an American engineer and inventor. He earned a total of 229 U.S. patents on a variety of mechanical, optical and electrical devices.

Biography
Rabinow was born in Kharkiv, Ukraine, on January 8, 1910. In 1919, his family moved to China, then in 1921 to the United States. He graduated from the City College of New York with a Bachelor's Degree in Engineering in 1933, and a Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering in 1934. His career as an inventor began when he was hired as a mechanical engineer in 1938 by the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or NIST). He made many developments there, mainly in defense systems, and eventually became Chief of the Electro-Mechanical Ordnance Division at NBS before leaving in 1954 to form his own company.

During this time, Rabinow invented and patented a number of revolutionary devices. Among them are the first disc-shaped magnetic storage media for computers (1954), the magnetic particle clutch (1956), the first straight-line phonograph (1959), the first self-regulating clock (1960) and his famous "reading machine" (1960) which was the first to use the "best match" principle and was the basis for the reading, sorting and processing machines used today by banks and post offices.

In 1964, Rabinow's company joined Control Data Corporation (CDC), and until 1972 he was Vice President of CDC and head of the Rabinow Advanced Development Laboratory. In 1968 Rabinow formed the RABCO company to manufacture straight-line phonographs, and the company was later bought out by Harman Kardon Corporation. In 1972 he returned to NBS where he was Chief Research Engineer until his retirement in 1989.

In addition to his patents, Jacob Rabinow was awarded many other merits for his scientific achievements. Among them are the President's Certificate of Merit (1948), the Industrial R&D Scientist of the Year Award (1960), the IEEE's Harry Diamond Award (1977), and the Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award (1998). He published his book, Inventing for Fun and Profit, in 1989. He also delivered many speeches and lectures on inventions and technology, as a guest at many educational institutions and on several television and radio shows. He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1971 to 1973.

The Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award was created by the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or NIST) and first presented in 1975 for outstanding achievements in the practical application of the results of scientific or engineering research.

Rabinow was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2005.

External links

 NIST: his 230 patents
 NIST Virtual Museum exhibit on Jacob Rabinow

1910 births
1999 deaths
Lemelson–MIT Prize
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
City College of New York alumni
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Ukrainian scientists
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Engineers from Kharkiv
C character classification. C character classification is a group of operations in the C standard library that test a character for membership in a particular class of characters; such as alphabetic, control, etc. Both single-byte, and wide characters are supported.

History 
Early C programmers working on the Unix operating system developed programming idioms for classifying characters. For example, the following code evaluates as true for an ASCII letter character c:

('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || ('a' <= c && c <= 'z')

Eventually, the interface to common character classification functionality was codified in the C standard library file ctype.h.

Implementation 
For performance, the standard character classification functions are usually implemented as macros instead of functions. But, due to limitations of macro evaluation, they are generally not implemented today as they were in early versions of Linux like:

#define isdigit(c) ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9')

This can lead to an error when the macro parameter x is expanded to an expression with a side effect; for example: isdigit(x++). If the implementation was a function, then x would be incremented only once. But for this macro definition it is incremented twice.

To eliminate this problem, a common implementation is for the macro to use table lookup. For example, the standard library provides an array of 256 integers  one for each character value  that each contain a bit-field for each supported classification. A macro references an integer by character value index and accesses the associated bit-field. For example, if the low bit indicates whether the character is a digit, then the isdigit macro could be written as:

#define isdigit(c) (TABLE[c] & 1)

The macro argument, c, is referenced only once, so is evaluated only once.

Overview of functions 
The functions that operate on single-byte characters are defined in ctype.h header file (cctype in C++). 
The functions that operate on wide characters are defined in wctype.h header file (cwctype in C++).

The classification is evaluated according to the effective locale.

References

External links

C standard library
EXW. EXW can stand for:
Elite Xtreme Wrestling, now known as Future Stars of Wrestling. One of the tag team champions was Val Venus.
Enlisted Expeditionary Warfare Specialist, a qualification badge of the U.S. Navy
Explosion welding, a solid state process where welding is accomplished by accelerating one of the components at extremely high velocity through the use of chemical explosives
Ex Works, Incoterm term where the seller makes the goods available at its premises
Audio Units. Audio Units (AU) are a system-level plug-in architecture provided by Core Audio in Apple's macOS and iOS operating systems.  Audio Units are a set of application programming interface (API) services provided by the operating system to generate, process, receive, or otherwise manipulate streams of audio in near-real-time with minimal latency. It may be thought of as Apple's architectural equivalent to another popular plug-in format, Steinberg's Virtual Studio Technology (VST).

Because of the many similarities between Audio Units and VST, several commercial and free wrapping technologies are available (e.g. Symbiosis and FXpansion VST-AU Adapter). Celemony Software and PreSonus have also developed the Audio Random Access (ARA) extension, which works for both AU and VST, allowing greater integration between the plug-ins and DAW software.

Use 
Audio Units allows sound file audio time stretching and pitch scaling (e.g., timestretch), sample rate conversion, and streaming over a local area network. It also comes with a set of AU plug-ins such as EQ filters, dynamic processors, delay, reverb, and a Soundbank Synthesizer Instrument.

AU are used by Apple applications such as GarageBand, Soundtrack Pro, Logic Express, Logic Pro, Logic Pro X, Final Cut Pro, MainStage and most 3rd party audio software developed for macOS such as Ableton Live, Amadeus Pro, Ardour, Audio Hijack, DaVinci Resolve, Digital Performer, Gig Performer, REAPER, and Studio One.

Competing technologies 
Avid's Avid Audio eXtension (a successor to the RTAS format)
Digidesign's Real Time AudioSuite (now obsolete)
LADSPA and Disposable Soft Synth Interface (DSSI) for Linux
LV2 (crossplatform successor to LADSPA)
Microsoft's DirectX
Steinberg's Virtual Studio Technology

References

Music software plugin architectures
macOS APIs
Mig. Mig, MiG, or MIG may refer to:

Business
MiG, a Russian aircraft corporation
Any of the MiG aircraft
Marfin Investment Group, Greek private equity company 
Atlas Arteria, formerly Macquarie Infrastructure Group, toll roads company 
Mortgage indemnity guarantee

Other uses
 Mig33 mobile social networking, Australian digital media company 
 Luton Town MIGs, English football hooligans
 Monokine Induced by Gamma interferon, or CXCL9
 IATA code for Mianyang Nanjiao Airport, China
 Mig Ayesa, an Australian singer-songwriter
 MiG (album), a 2007 album by Mig Ayesa
 Metal inert gas welding or MIG welding
MGS. MGS may refer to:

Schools
 Maidstone Grammar School, Kent, England, UK
 Manchester Grammar School, England, UK
 Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, U.S.
 Melbourne Grammar School, Australia
 Meldorfer Gelehrtenschule, Germany
 Middleton Grange School, New Zealand

Science
 Magnesium sulfide, an inorganic chemical compound
 Mars Global Surveyor, an American spacecraft launched in 1996
 Medial gastrocnemius strain, an injury of the gastrocnemius muscle in the calf
 Modelling of General Systems, a domain-specific language for biological systems
 Modified Gram-Schmidt, a mathematical method for orthogonalizing a set of vectors; see

Video games
 Metal Gear Solid, another name for the 1987 stealth action video game series Metal Gear
 Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game), a stealth action video game in the Metal Gear series

Other uses
 M1128 mobile gun system, an armored fighting vehicle
 Microsoft Game Studios, a multinational video game and digital entertainment company now called Xbox Game Studios
 MGS (TV station)

See also
 Methodist Girls' School (disambiguation)
 MG (disambiguation)
Mercury silvering. Mercury silvering or fire gilding is a silvering technique for applying a thin layer of precious metal such as silver or gold (mercury gilding) to a base metal object. The process was invented during the Middle Ages and is documented in Vannoccio Biringuccio's 1540 book De la pirotechnia. An amalgam of mercury and the precious metal is prepared and applied to the object which is then heated, sometimes in oil, vaporizing most of the mercury. The technique is dangerous since mercury is highly toxic, especially in its vapor phase. Mercury silvering can be detected through a variety of methods.

The technique was also used in Asia, for example tokin plating in Edo-period Japan.

See also
 Mercury glass, internally silvered decorative glass products named for their resemblance to mercury
 Liquid-mirror telescope, may use a layer of reflective mercury

References

Gilding
Chemical processes
Silversmithing
Silver
Mirrors
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) is an organic peroxide with the formula [(CH3)(C2H5)C(O2H)]2O2. MEKP is a colorless oily liquid.  It is widely used in vulcanization (crosslinking) of polymers.

It is derived from the reaction of methyl ethyl ketone and hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions. Several products result from this reaction including a cyclic dimer. The linear dimer, the topic of this article, is the most prevalent. and this is the form that is typically quoted in the commercially available material.

Solutions of 30 to 40% MEKP are used in industry and by hobbyists as catalyst to initiate the crosslinking of unsaturated polyester resins used in fiberglass, and casting. For this application, MEKP often is dissolved in a phlegmatizer such as dimethyl phthalate, cyclohexane peroxide, or  to reduce sensitivity to shock. Benzoyl peroxide can be used for the same purpose.

Safety
Whereas acetone peroxide is a white powder at STP, MEKP is slightly less sensitive to shock and temperature, and more stable in storage. 

MEKP is a severe skin irritant and can cause progressive corrosive damage or blindness.

The volatile decomposition products of MEKP can contribute to the formation of vapor-phase explosions. Ensuring safe storage is important, and the maximum storage temperature should be limited to below 30 °C.

Notes

External links

CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
The Register: Mass murder in the skies: was the plot feasible?
New York Times: Details Emerge in British Terror Case
The Free Information Society: HMTD Synthesis 
How MEKP cures Unsaturated Polyester Resin (video animation)

Liquid explosives
Ketals
Organic peroxides
Radical initiators
Organic peroxide explosives
Charles Parsons. Charles Parsons may refer to:

People
 Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931), English engineer known for his invention of the steam turbine
 Charles Parsons (philosopher) (1933–2024), professor in the philosophy of mathematics at Harvard University
 Chick Parsons (Charles Thomas Parsons, Jr., 1900–1988), American businessman, diplomat, and decorated World War II veteran
 Chuck Parsons (Charles W. Parsons, 1924–1999), American sports car racing driver
 Charlie Parsons (born 1958), television producer
 Charlie Parsons (baseball) (1863–1936), Major League Baseball pitcher
 Charles Parsons (British Army officer) (1855–1923)
 Charles Wynford Parsons (1901–1950) British zoologist
 Charles Lathrop Parsons (1867–1954), American chemist
 Charles "Poss" Parsons (1892–1942), American college football player and coach
 Charles Parsons (sprinter) (born 1911), American sprinter, 3rd in the 200 m at the 1934 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships

See also
 Charlie Parsons (disambiguation)

Parsons, Charles