omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Parallel database. A parallel database system seeks to improve performance through parallelization of various operations, such as loading data, building indexes and evaluating queries. Although data may be stored in a distributed fashion, the distribution is governed solely by performance considerations. Parallel databases improve processing and input/output speeds by using multiple CPUs and disks in parallel. Centralized and client–server database systems are not powerful enough to handle such applications. In parallel processing, many operations are performed simultaneously, as opposed to serial processing, in which the computational steps are performed sequentially. Parallel databases can be roughly divided into two groups, the first group of architecture is the multiprocessor architecture, the alternatives of which are the following:
Shared-memory architecture Where multiple processors share the main memory (RAM) space but each processor has its own disk (HDD). If many processes run simultaneously, the speed is reduced, the same as a computer when many parallel tasks run and the computer slows down.
Shared-disk architecture Where each node has its own main memory, but all nodes share  mass storage, usually a storage area network. In practice, each node usually also has multiple processors.
Shared-nothing architecture Where each node has its own mass storage as well as main memory.

The other architecture group is called hybrid architecture, which includes:
Non-Uniform Memory Architecture (NUMA), which involves the non-uniform memory access.
Cluster (shared nothing + shared disk: SAN/NAS), which is formed by a group of connected computers.

in this switches or hubs are used to connect different computers its most cheapest way and simplest way only simple topologies are used to connect different computers . much smarter if switches are implemented.

Types of parallelism
Intraquery parallelismA single query that is executed in parallel using multiple processors or disks.
Independent parallelism Execution of each operation individually in different processors only if they can be executed independent of each other. For example, if we need to join four tables, then two can be joined at one processor and the other two can be joined at another processor. Final join can be done later.
Pipe-lined parallelism Execution of different operations in pipe-lined fashion. For example, if we need to join three tables, one processor may join two tables and send the result set records as and when they are produced to the other processor. In the other processor the third table can be joined with the incoming records and the final result can be produced.
Intraoperation parallelism Execution of single complex or large operations in parallel in multiple processors. For example, ORDER BY clause of a query that tries to execute on millions of records can be parallelized on multiple processors.

References

Types of databases
CAN in Automation. CAN in Automation (CiA)391 is the international users' and manufacturers' organization that develops and supports CAN-based higher-layer protocols. About 650 (2018) companies from all over the world have joined the non-profit organization. CAN specifications are developed within CiA interest groups (IG) in cooperation with employees of the member companies.

The following IGs have been established: IG CANopen, IG CANopen FD, IG profiles, IG layer 1/2, IG safety/security, IG J1939.

The interest groups manage their related special interest groups (SIG). These special interest groups (SIG) develop for example dedicated CiA specifications and recommendations (e.g. device and applications profiles for CANopen and CANopen FD).

CiA representatives support many international standardization activities (ISO, IEC, CEN, Cenelec, and SAE), dealing with CAN. Moreover, CiA publishes the technical magazine CAN Newsletter (downloadable PDF-file) as well as the CAN Newsletter Online.

External links
Website of CiA
CAN Newsletter Online

Standards organisations in Germany
Organisations based in Bavaria
Organizations established in 1992
Nuremberg
Melih Abdulhayoğlu. Melih Abdulhayoğlu (born 10 March 1968) is the CEO of MAVeCap, an incubator Venture Capital firm funded by his family office. MAVeCap focusses on building tomorrow's technology platform companies. His first company was Comodo. The firm is now branded as Sectigo.

Early life
Melih Abdulhayoglu was born in Turkey, where he studied at Hatay high-school. At the age of 18, he moved to the United Kingdom, where he earned a Bachelor of Science in Electronic Engineering from the University of Bradford in 1991.

Career
Abdulhayoglu is the founder of Comodo, an internet security company, and established the industry standards organization CA/Browser Forum in 2005, initially to promote new standards that resulted in the creation of Extended Validation SSL Certificates.

In 2009, Abdulhayoglu organized the Common Computing Security Standards Forum, initially to deal with the problem of faux antivirus software being used by cyber-criminals.

Abdulhayoglu features in Forbes Turkey's 12th "100 Richest Turks" list, announced in March 2017. Forbes announced that he is estimated net worth of US$1.6 billion as of April 2018.

References

External links
 
 Melih Abdulhayoğlu
 Comodo Newsroom - Melih in the News
 CNN Interview
ESecurityPlanet Interview

Turkish emigrants to the United States
Living people
1968 births
Alumni of the University of Bradford
American technology chief executives
People from Hatay Province
Handysize. Handysize is a naval architecture term for smaller bulk carriers or oil tanker with deadweight of up to 50,000 tonnes, although there is no official definition in terms of exact tonnages. Handysize is also sometimes used to refer to the span of up to 60,000 tons, with the vessels above 35,000 tonnes referred to as  Handymax or Supramax.

Their small size allows Handysize vessels to enter smaller ports to pick up cargoes, and because in most cases they are 'geared' - i.e. fitted with cranes - they can often load and discharge cargoes at ports which lack cranes or other cargo handling systems.  Compared to larger bulk carriers, handysizes carry a wider variety of cargo types.  These include steel products, grain, metal ores, phosphate, cement, logs, woodchips and other types of so-called 'break bulk cargo'. They are numerically the most common size of bulk carrier, with nearly 2000 units in service totalling about 43 million tons.

Handysize bulkers are built mainly by shipyards in Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam, the Philippines and India, though a few other countries also have the capacity to build such vessels.  The most common industry-standard specification handysize bulker is now about 32,000 metric tons of deadweight on a summer draft of about , and features 5 cargo holds with hydraulically operated hatch covers, with four 30 metric ton cranes for cargo handling.  Some handysizes are also fitted with stanchions to enable logs to be loaded in stacks on deck.  Such vessels are often referred to as 'handy loggers'. - Despite multiple recent orders for new ships, the handysize sector still has the highest average age profile of the major bulk carrier sectors.

Trade routes

Today, most of handysize vessels operate within regional trade routes. These ships are capable of traveling to small ports with length and draught restrictions, as well as lacking the infrastructure for cargo loading and unloading. They are used to carry small bulk cargoes, often in parcel size where individual cargo holds may have a different commodity. Their dry bulk cargo includes iron ore, coal, cement, phosphate, finished steel products, wooden logs, fertilizer, and grains to name a few.

See also
B.Delta

References

External links 
Ship sizes 

Ship types
Ship measurements
FFV 016 mine. The FFV 016 is a Swedish designed off-route mine designed for use against lightly armoured vehicles. The mine uses a Misnay Schardin effect warhead to produce a self-forging fragment that has an initial velocity of approximately 2,000 metres per second and can penetrate 60 mm of armour at 30 metres range. The mine's body is circular, with a dished front which is aimed using a simple built in sight along the expected route of the target.

The mine is normally fixed to a tree or pole, and is command detonated. The mine is currently in service with the Swedish army, where it is known as the Fordonsmina 14 or Frdm 14 for short and is produced by Saab Bofors Dynamics.

Specifications
 Diameter: 150 mm
 Weight: 2.6 kg
 Maximum range: 100 m
 Effective range: 30 m

References
 Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2005-2006

Anti-tank mines
Land mines of Sweden
Nick Tredennick. Harry L. "Nick" Tredennick was an American manager, inventor, VLSI design engineer and author who was involved in the development for Motorola's MC68000 and for IBM's Micro/370 microprocessors. 
He held BSEE and MSEE degrees from Texas Tech University, and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. Tredennick was named a Fellow of the IEEE; the citation reads "For the design and implementation of the execution unit and controller of the MC68000 workstation microprocessor".

He died July 26, 2022, in an All-terrain vehicle accident.

Career

 From 1977 to 1979, he was a Senior Design Engineer at Motorola, where he specified and designed the microcode and the controller core of the MC68000 microprocessor, one of the first microprocessors designed by structured VLSI design.
 From 1979 to 1987, Tredennick worked on microcode and logic design for the IBM Micro/370 microprocessor at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center. While at IBM, in 1983/1984 he took sabbatical leave to teach computer organization, chip design, and the Flowchart Method at UC Berkeley.
 In 1986, Tredennick co-founded NexGen and was director of product development there in 1987-1988. NexGen later developed the Nx686 microprocessor which became the AMD K6 when the company was acquired by AMD in 1996.
 As Chief Scientist of Altera Corporation from 1993 to 1995 he began advocating Reconfigurable Computing as an essential paradigm shift in computer science, a topic he spoke and published on extensively.
 In 1988 he started Tredennick, Inc. to analyze microprocessor industry trends and provide consulting on VLSI CPU design and reconfigurable computing.

Tredennick was an advisor and investor in numerous pre-IPO startups and a member of technical advisory boards for numerous companies.  In 2007 he joined the board of Patriot Scientific.

In parallel to his professional career, Tredennick served as a pilot with the U.S. Air Force (active, reserve, and National Guard)  from 1970–1984, attaining the rank of major, as Aerospace Engineering Duty Officer in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1986-2000 at the rank of captain, and on the Army Science Board from 1994–2001 and from 2006.

Publications
Tredennick wrote several books and numerous articles in professional and trade magazines; inter alia, as a Contributing Editor of Microprocessor Report, and on the Editorial Advisory Boards for Microprocessors and Microsystems, for Embedded Developer's Journal, and IEEE Spectrum, as well as editing the Gilder Technology Report on leading-edge components.  He has often appeared as panelist and keynote speaker on international conferences.

Tredennick held nine U.S. patents on subjects ranging from microprocessors to reconfigurable computing.

Selected publications

 Microprocessor Logic Design: The Flowchart Method.
 Microprocessor-based Computers.
 Implementation Decisions for the MC68000 Microprocessor.
 The Case for Reconfigurable Computing.

Sources
 ACM profile

References

1946 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American inventors
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
Texas Tech University alumni
Ernest-François Mallard. Ernest-François Mallard (4 February 1833 – 6 July 1894) was a French mineralogist and a member of the French Academy of Sciences. He is also notable for his work with Henri Louis Le Chatelier in combustion as applied to mining safety.

See also
Thermal flame theory
Detonation

References

External links
Obituary (French) in Bulletin de la Societé minéralogique (No 7/1894), pp 241–266.

French mineralogists
French mining engineers
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1833 births
1894 deaths
C. Olin Ball. Charles Olin Ball (1893–1970) was an American food scientist and inventor who was involved in the thermal death time studies in the food canning industry during the early 1920s. This research was used as standard by the United States Food and Drug Administration for calculating thermal processes in canning. He was also a charter member of the Institute of Food Technologists in 1939 and inducted among the first class of its fellows in 1970 for his work in academia and industry.

Biography
A native of Abilene, Kansas, Ball earned his BS in mathematics before going to graduate school at George Washington University from 1919 to 1922. While at George Washington University, he worked for the National Canners Association by researching the sterilization of canned foods. Ball's formula method of thermal death time became the standard of the United States Food and Drug Administration for calculating thermal processes.

After earning his PhD from George Washington University in 1922, Ball worked with the American Can Company in Illinois and New York where he earned 29 patents. He worked at Owens-Illinois Glass Company from 1944 to 1946 before going to Rutgers University as a professor and later chair of the food science department during 1949–1963.

Institute of Food Technologists involvement
Ball was a charter member of Institute of Food Technologists when it was founded in 1939, and its president in 1963–64. He won the Nicholas Appert Award in 1947, and was among the first class of 27 fellows inducted in 1970. Ball was the first editor-in-chief of Food Technology from 1947 to 1950.

Death and legacy
Ball died in 1970. Rutgers' food science department established an undergraduate scholarship in his honor for those students majoring in food science who excel in food engineering courses.

Selected work
Ball, C.O. and F.C.W. Olson (1957). Sterilization in Food Technology. 1st Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

References
"C. Olin Ball." Food Engineering. September 2003. p. 66.
Downing, D.L. (1996). A Complete Course In Canning – Book II: Microbiology, Packaging, HACCP & Ingredients, 13th Edition. Timonium, MD: CTI Publications, Inc. pp. 62–3, 71–5, 93–6.
Merlmelstein, N.H. and F.R. Katz. "Advancing Food Science and Technology for Fifty Years." Food Technology. January 1997. pp. 8–11.
Powers, J.J. (2000). "The Food Industry Contribution: Preeminence in Science and in Application." A Century of Food Science. Institute of Food Technologists: Chicago. pp. 17–18.
Stier, R.F. (2004). "C. Olin Ball." Pioneers in Food Science, Volume 2. J.J. Powers, Ed. Trumball, CT: Food & Nutrition Press. pp. 79–112.

External links

List of IFT Award winners
List of IFT Fellows

1893 births
1970 deaths
People from Abilene, Kansas
George Washington University alumni
American food scientists
20th-century American mathematicians
American microbiologists
Canned food
Fellows of the Institute of Food Technologists
Scientists from Chicago
Scientists from New Jersey
Scientists from New York (state)
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Rutgers University faculty
Mathematicians from Illinois
Round Oak Steel Terminal. Round Oak Steel Terminal is a railway freight terminal dealing in steel from the Round Oak Steel Works until 1982 and from other sources thereafter, in Brierley Hill, West Midlands, England managed by Tata Steel Europe.

History
The terminal was opened on 21 August 1986, replacing the nearby Brierly Hill goods yard, and is situated on the former Oxford-Worcester-Wolverhampton Line north of Stourbridge Junction. The line north of Stourbridge and south of Blowers Green railway station was closed pre-Beeching in 1962 except for freight traffic, and trains run to Round Oak Steel Terminal and the nearby Moor Lane Goods Yard.

The terminal consists of sidings adjacent to factories. Just after the terminal, the railway line ceases to be in use at the Highgate Road overbridge, Harts Hill. The line beyond here was closed in 1993 and most of the track between there and the Blowers Green overbridge (approximately one mile away) has been removed, though the line is set to re-open during the 2020s as a shared line between freight trains and West Midlands Metro trams (the latter running as far as Wednesbury).

Today's usage
Trains arrive at the terminal from Llanwern steelworks and Margam. They are generally hauled by Class 60s, although the general replacement of this locomotive with Class 66 locomotives has meant the latter now appears just as often.

There are seven services operating from the Terminal on all weekdays except Friday, where just four operate.

There are no booked trains on a Saturday, but three trains operate on a Sunday.

Additionally, a trial scrap train ran from the Terminal to Cardiff Tidal on 14 and 15 February 2007. This now runs when required, on Fridays from Moor Street Goods Yard.

West Midlands Metro
A regeneration project will see the former Round Oak station become part of the local tram network with the line reopening between Walsall, Dudley Port, Dudley and the Merry Hill Shopping Centre for trams on one track and for freight on the other. The freight trains would continue on past Brettel Lane station and on to the main line at Stourbridge Junction. The closed section of railway through Dudley is expected to re-open, as a combined West Midlands Metro tramway and a heavy rail line for goods trains.

Train Services today

Today, the following services operate Monday - Thursday:

Train 1;6M11 2335 Margam Steel - Round Oak6V05 1001 Round Oak - Margam Steel

Train 2;6M81 0443 Margam Steel - Round Oak6V07 1454 Round Oak - Margam Steel

Train 3;6M41 1151 Margam Steel - Round Oak6V61 2145 Round Oak - Margam Steel

Imagery of the site

References

External links
 Harts Hill Station Showing the "end of the line"
 Round Oak Station Showing the terminal

Rail transport in Dudley
Railway freight terminals in the United Kingdom
Brierley Hill
Tata Steel Europe
B-300. The B-300 is a reusable man-portable anti-tank weapon system developed by Israel Military Industries in the late 1970s for use by the Israel Defense Forces. The B-300 can be carried and operated by a single operator and is effective to approximately . Pre-packaged munitions and simple operating mechanisms make the weapon quite versatile, permitting use by airborne, motorized, and ground troops alike. When defence publications first heard reports of the B-300 in the early 1980s, various reports stated in error that it was an improved Israeli manufactured version of the Russian RPG-7.

Usage
Munitions used by the B-300 are propelled by a solid rocket motor, and can be equipped with one of two warhead variants. The first, high-explosive anti-tank round, provides specialized support for anti-tank missions. The second, known as a high-explosive follow-through round, is designed for use against fortified targets or enemy units behind cover. A primary charge punches a hole through the protective structure, allowing a secondary anti-personnel charge to pass through and detonate within the building. The B-300 was produced during the 1980s and entered service in limited quantities within Israeli Defence Forces SF units.

Further development

SMAW
The Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW) is a shoulder-launched rocket weapon, designed by McDonnell Douglas, with the primary function of being a portable anti-armor rocket launcher. It entered service in the U.S. Marine Corps in 1984. It has a maximum range of 500 m against a tank-sized target.

Shipon

During the late 1990s, IMI introduced the Shipon, an advanced disposable multi-purpose shoulder-launched rocket system consisting of a launch tube and FCS module. The Shipon includes an advanced fire-control system, helping to aim and increasing effective range to 600 meters. The Shipon fires two types of rockets: HEAA Tandem, which penetrates 800 mm of steel armor after explosive reactive armor, and a bunker-buster rocket. The Shipon is in service within Israeli Special Forces units in the IDF and the YAMAM (the elite police counter-terror unit).

Operators

Current operators
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Used under the designation Mk153 SMAW.

See also
 List of rocket launchers
 List of anti-tank missiles

References

Anti-tank rockets
Weapons of Israel
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Stiquito. Stiquito (pronounced sti ke to) is a small, inexpensive hexapod (i.e., six-legged) robot commonly used by universities, high schools, and hobbyists, since 1992.

Stiquito's "muscles" are made of nitinol, a shape memory alloy that expands and contracts, roughly emulating the operation of a muscle. The application of heat causes a crystalline structure change in the wire. Nitinol contracts when heated and returns to its original size and shape when cooled.

Stiquito was developed by Jonathan W. Mills of Indiana University as an inexpensive vehicle for his research.  He soon found its applications extended to educational uses.  It has been used to introduce students to the concepts of analogue electronics, digital electronics, computer control, and robotics.  It has also been used for advanced topics such as subsumption architectures, artificial intelligence, and advanced computer architecture.

Further reading
These books contain instructions for building the Stiquito robot, instructions for designing and building control circuits, and examples of student projects that use Stiquito.  Most importantly, the books contain all the supplies needed to build the robot.

  This first book contains chapters written by the co-author, their students, and other roboticists.  These chapters describe the Stiquito Robots, their applications, and examples of Stiquito's robot cousins.  Of note is a chapter by well known robot inventor Mark Tilden.  The kit included inside the book is the original Stiquito robot.
  This second book has more of an educational bent.  It includes experiments with electricity, electronics, and nitinol.  It also has several examples of computer/microcontroller control of the Stiquito Robot.  The kit included inside the book is the original Stiquito robot.
  This third book includes more educational material on Stiquito Computer/microcontroller control of the Stiquito Robot.  The kit included inside the book is the TI MSP430-based controller board and the Stiquito robot, “Stiquito Controlled”.

The first book was compiled from material written between 1991 and 1996.  The chapter has more of a "research" feel since it shows the base robot and slight variations and applications of it.

The second book was compiled from materials written specifically for education.  It includes instructions of control using supplemental kits.

The third book is also educationally-based.  It is a slight departure from the first two books because the third book (and the included kit) are centered around a microcontroller board and its leg actuation electronics.

External links
Stiquito home page
 Audio interview with James Conrad about the history of Stiquito Robots Podcast 8 August 2014

Robot kits
1992 robots
Hexapod robots
Robots of the United States
MIT Center for Digital Business. The 'MIT Center for Digital Business' is an industry-funded research center headquartered at the MIT Sloan School of Management.

MIT Initiative on the Digital Economy
In 2013, the Center for Digital Business organized and launched the Institute-wide MIT Initiative on the Digital Economy, to address the impact of digital technologies on the world, led by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee.

See also 
 Digital Transformation (Business)

References

External links 
 Center for Digital Business Official site
  MIT Sloan Management Review web site

Massachusetts Institute of Technology research institutes