omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Friction motor. A friction motor is a simple mechanism to propel toy cars, trucks, trains, action figures and similar toys. The motor consists of a large flywheel which is connected to the drive wheels of the toy via a gear train with very low gear ratio, so that the flywheel revolves much faster than the wheels. The flywheel's axis is perpendicular to the direction in which the toy faces and in which it moves. When the toy is pushed forward, the drive wheels engage the flywheel. If higher energies are desired, pushing the vehicle forward repeatedly spins this flywheel up to greater speed. When let go, the flywheel drives the vehicle forward. Energy which is input by pushing the car is stored by the flywheel as rotational kinetic energy and can propel the toy after it is released. It is friction between the tyres and the surface on which the vehicle is operating which enables the energy input process, thus giving the name "friction motor" to the device. 

As the flywheel, unlike the spring of a pullback motor, is continuously rotating, the motor may be "pumped up" by pushing the car repeatedly forward. In some cases, the cars work both in forward and reverse; in other cases, a one-way clutch can disengage a component in the gear assembly to prevent input of rotational effort in the reverse sense. Some used a zip cord pulled from the vehicle body to accelerate the flywheel directly. Another system was the Turbo Tower of Power (TTP) in which air expelled from a hand-operated pump pushed turbine blades on the flywheel's rim.

These toys were especially popular in the 1960s to 1980s though they continue to be available today.

References

Toy cars and trucks
Mechanical toys
Per cent mille. A per cent mille or pcm is one one-thousandth of a percent. It can be thought of as a "milli-percent". It is commonly used in epidemiology, and in nuclear reactor engineering as a unit of reactivity.

Epidemiology
Statistics of crime rates, mortality and disease prevalence in a population are often given in

Nuclear Reactivity
In nuclear reactor engineering, a per cent mille is equal to one-thousandth of a percent of the reactivity, denoted by Greek lowercase letter rho. Reactivity is a dimensionless unit representing a departure from criticality, calculated by:
 
where keff denotes the effective multiplication factor for the reaction. Therefore, one pcm is equal to:
 
This unit is commonly used in the operation of light-water reactor sites because reactivity values tend to be small, so measuring in pcm allows reactivity to be expressed using whole numbers.

Related units 
 Percentage point difference of 1 part in 100
 Percentage (%) 1 part in 100
 Per mille (‰) 1 part in 1,000
 Basis point (bp) difference of 1 part in 10,000
 Permyriad (‱) 1 part in 10,000
 Parts-per notation including parts-per million, parts-per billion etc

See also 
 InHour (another unit of reactivity)
 Dollar (reactivity)
 Parts-per notation
 Per-unit system
 Percent point function

Notes

Units of measurement
Common Log File System. Common Log File System (CLFS) is a general-purpose logging subsystem that is accessible to both kernel-mode as well as user-mode applications for building high-performance transaction logs. It was introduced with Windows Server 2003 R2 and included in later Windows operating systems. CLFS can be used for both data logging as well as for event logging. CLFS is used by TxF and TxR to store transactional state changes before they commit a transaction. Binary Log File(s) created from CLFS can not be viewed by any integrated Windows tool.

Overview
The job of CLFS, like any other transactional logging system, is to record a series of steps required for some action so that they can be either played back accurately in the future to commit the transaction to secondary storage or undone if required. CLFS first marshals logs records to in-memory buffers and then writes them to log-files on secondary storage (stable media in CLFS terminology) for permanent persistence. When the data will be flushed to stable media is controlled by built-in policies, but a CLFS client application can override that and force a flush. CLFS allows for customizable log formats, expansion and truncation of logs according to defined policies, as well as simultaneous use by multiple client applications. CLFS is able to store log files anywhere on the file system.

CLFS defines a device driver interface (DDI), via which physical storage system specific drivers plug into the CLFS API. The CLFS driver implements the ARIES recovery algorithm; other algorithms can be supported by using custom drivers.

CLFS supports both dedicated logs, as well as multiplexed logs. A dedicated log contains a single stream of log records whereas multiplexed log contain multiple streams, each stream for a different application. Even though a multiplexed log has multiple streams, logs are flushed to the streams sequentially, in a single batch. CLFS can allocate space for a set of log records ahead-of-time (before the logs are actually generated) to make sure the operation does not fail due to lack of storage space.

A log record in a CLFS stream is first placed to Log I/O Block in a buffer in system memory. Periodically blocks are flushed to stable storage devices. On the storage device, a log contains a set of Containers, which are allocated contiguously, each containing multiple Log I/O Blocks. New log records are appended to the present set. Each record is identified by a Log Sequence Number (LSN), an increasing 32-bit sequence number. The LSN and other metadata are stored in the record header. The LSN encodes the identifier of the container, the offset to the record and the identifier of the record - this information is used to access the log record subsequently. However, the container identifiers are logical identifiers, they must be mapped to physical containers. The mapping is done by CLFS itself.

References

External links
Common Log File System (Windows SDK)
Common Log File System (Windows Driver Kit)
Fast and Flexible Logging with Vista's Common Log File System

Microsoft application programming interfaces
Windows components
Log file formats
Initial approach fix. The Initial Approach Fix (IAF) is the point where the initial approach segment of an instrument approach begins.  An instrument approach procedure may have more than one Initial approach fix and initial approach segment.  The initial approach fix is usually a designated intersection, VHF omnidirectional range (VOR), non-directional beacon (NDB), or distance measuring equipment (DME) fix.  The initial approach fix may be collocated with the intermediate fix (IF) of the instrument approach and in such case they designate the beginning of the intermediate segment of the approach.  When the initial approach fix and the intermediate fix are combined, there is no initial approach segment.

References 

Air navigation
Air traffic control
Aalberts. Aalberts N.V. is a Dutch company and was founded under its former name Aalberts Industries by Jan Aalberts in 1975 and became public in 1987. The company was part of AEX from 2015 to 2020 and is currently listed in the AMX. Biggest shareholders are family Aalberts, FMR, Capital Group, Invesco, BlackRock, Impax Asset Management, BNP Paribas Asset Management, New Perspective Fund. Turnover in the year 2023 was €3.3 B euro.

Aalberts engineers mission-critical technologies enabling a clean, smart and responsible future. Aalberts has over 14,402 employees, 135 locations with activities in over 50 countries and operates four mission-critical technology clusters in four end markets: eco-friendly buildings, semiconductor efficiency, sustainable transportation and industrial niches. And has four technology focuses: hydronic flow control, integrated piping systems,  advanced mechatronics and surface technologies.

In 2006, Aalberts was fined over €100 million by the European Commission for allegedly being part of a cartel for copper fittings. Aalberts appealed the decision and in 2011 the European Court of Justice acquitted Aalberts. However, the European Commission appealed that ruling. In July 2013, the Court finally acquitted Aalberts on appeal. The company has always denied involvement in the cartel and never made any provision for the fine.

The company was a component in AEX from 23 March 2015 to 23 March 2020. From 24 March 2021, it will be part of the AMX index. Shareholders with an interest of more than five percent are: Aalberts family 13.27%, FMR LLC 10.0%, Capital Group 9.92% and Invesco 5.04%.

Acquisitions & Mergers   
 Hage Fittings & Flanschen GmbH (2003) Stainless Steel Pressfittings Starpress & GRPESS and Valve Manufacturer
 H&ST Heat & Surface (2002)
 Metalis and Methatherm (2002)
 Durotec (2002) Fluid Control Distributor
 Machinefabriek Van Andel (2002)
 Härterei Hauck Rhein-Main GmbH (2002) increased stake 60% to 90%
 Acorn (2002) Surface Treatment
 Standard Hidráulica S.A. (2001) Flow Control Manufacturer
 Meibes Zeitspar-Armaturen (2001) Stainless Steel Valves
 PBC Dopheide (2001) Industrial Coating
 AHC Group (2001) Industrial Coatings
 Van Roij Engineering (2000) Steel Distributor
 Stork TPP (2000) High-Precision Componentry 
 Tratmar (2000)
 Thermi (2000) Heat Treatment and Coating Center

References

External links

 
 Bloomberg Profile

Companies based in Utrecht (province)
Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands
Manufacturing companies established in 1975
Dutch brands
Companies listed on Euronext Amsterdam
1975 establishments in the Netherlands
Yonezawa Wave Hunter. The Monogram Lightning was an early 1/10-scale electric radio controlled offroad buggy kit marketed in North America in 1984 by static kit manufacturer Monogram Models (now Revell-Monogram).  A variation with slightly different bodywork was known as the Thunder.

Unlike Monogram's static models which were produced in the United States, both the Lightning and Thunder were produced in Japan by Yonezawa Toys and sold in their home market as the Wave Hunter.

The partially ready-to-run kits came equipped with Yonezawa's proprietary electronics and mechanical speed control for the drive motor preinstalled.  Control was via a 27 MHz stick-type radio.  Since the Yonezawa onboard electronics did not have a battery eliminator circuit, it was necessary to install four "AA" alkaline batteries in addition to the supplied 7.2-volt, 1200mAh nickel-cadmium battery pack for the Mabuchi RS-540 drive motor.

Since both cars were intended for the entry-level market, chassis layout was extremely simple.  The modular rear end was located to the chassis tub by a hinge joint.  Rear suspension damping was via a single vertically mounted spring shock absorber.  The equally simple front suspension consisted of a trailing arm on either side, each damped by a spring shock.  

Like models of the time from Tokyo Marui, the Monogram cars suffered from extremely brittle plastic components, easily broken in even a minor collision.  By 1989, Monogram had quietly withdrawn from the radio control market.

References

1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggies
Council of European Aerospace Societies. The Council of European Aerospace Societies was formed in 1993 as the Confederation of European Aerospace Societies in recognition of the increasingly international nature of aerospace business. The transition from Confederation to Council took place in 2003 with the intention of providing improved collaboration, legal status and use of the resources of the constituent societies.

Constituent societies 

 Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France (AAAF; Aeronautics and Astronautics Association of France)
 Asociación de Ingenieros Aeronáuticos de España (AIAE; Association of Aeronautical Engineers of Spain)
 Associazione Italiana di Aeronautica e Astronautica (AIDAA; Italian Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics)
 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DGLR; German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics)
 Flygtekniska Föreningen. Svensk förening för flygteknik och rymdteknik (FTF; Swedish Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics)
 Hellenic Aeronautical Engineers Society (HAES)
 Nederlandse Vereniging voor Luchtvaarttechniek (NVvL; Netherlands Association of Aeronautical Engineers)
 Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS)
 Schweizerische Vereinigung für Flugwissenschaften (SWFV; Swiss Association of Aeronautical Sciences)
 Flygtekniska Föreningen in Sweden

External links 
 CEAS website

Aviation in Europe
International aviation organizations
Lists of aviation organizations
Transport organizations based in Europe
Pont des Invalides. The Pont des Invalides () is the lowest bridge traversing the Seine in Paris.

History
The story of this bridge started in 1821, when engineer Claude Navier conceived a technologically revolutionary bridge that crossed the Seine in one single reach without any point of support in between. The proposed suspension bridge, the construction of which started in 1824, was meant to be erected opposite to the Hotel des Invalides on the site of the current Pont Alexandre III. Navier failed to leave a safety margin on top of his calculations, and the contract to build the bridge was unusually rigid. After Navier's plan had been approved by the private investment company, the contractor could not make changes without approval, and there was no authorization to suggest improvements. The bridge became unsafe after cracking of the anchorages due to natural settling and additional movement after a water main break near the buttresses. The bridge had to be dismantled, and Navier was chastised by a government committee for relying too much on mathematics. He was even compared unfavorably to the accomplishments of (French rival) British bridge builders. After a settlement between the contractor and investors was reached, the raw materials were reused for other bridges, with designs to be provided by the head investor Alain Desjardins, which were widely seen as less elegant.

In response to complaints from the defenders of the Invalides perspective, the Public Services decided to shift the bridge site downriver. Therefore, in 1829, two engineers, de Verges and Bayard de la Vingtrie, completed the construction of a proper suspension bridge supported by two piers in the Seine and three porticos, each 20 m in height. Unfortunately, due to rapidly growing wear on the bridge, its access had to be regulated in 1850.

In 1854, the bridge was demolished to be replaced by a new one in time for the upcoming Exposition Universelle (1855) in Paris. Paul-Martin Gallocher de Lagalisserie and Jules Savarin used the existing piers of the former suspension bridge and a newly added central pier to build an arch bridge in masonry on the same site. The new pier was adorned with sculptures in two allegorical themes: the Land Victory by Victor Vilain upriver; the Maritime Victory by Georges Diébolt downstream, whereas the two old piers were adorned with sculptures of military trophies bearing the imperial coat of arms, both the work of Astyanax-Scévola Bosio.

Despite being stronger, the new bridge still sustained a subsidence between 25 and 30 cm in 1878, and lost two arches during the winter of 1880 (restored by the end of the year). The bridge has been quite secure since then and the only modification made in the 20th century was the expansion of its pavement in 1956.

Access

References

External links

  Bridge history
  More bridge history

Bridges over the River Seine in Paris
Bridges completed in 1855
Line information database. The line information database (LIDB) is a collection of commercial databases used in the United States and Canada by telephone companies to store and retrieve Calling Name Presentation (CNAM) data used for caller ID services. In Canada, it is common for the client to apply their own Caller ID information, and this is allowed (and common in PBXs), provided the regulations regarding spoofing and fraud are not violated. The databases map telephone numbers to 15-character strings of caller names. Class 5 telephone switches, which provide end-office services in exchange areas, use the Signaling System 7 (SS7) signaling protocol to query the database.

The data submitted to the Line Information Database is maintained by a customer's carrier, and most incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) like the Baby Bells, and competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) provide access for customers. In addition, LIDB databases were available from Intelco, Neustar, TNS, Qwest, Sprint and Verisign in North America. Some carriers do not provide a database, and CNAM lookups are provided using alternate methods, aggregated data from other sources, such as social media.

In the US, caller ID name information is not transmitted from the originating office to the destination office. It is the terminating carrier that is responsible for providing the caller ID information to its customers. The carrier performs a database lookup using the caller's telephone number to obtain the name information for the caller ID service. If the data is with another carrier, then the terminating carrier must perform a lookup and pay a small dip fee to the carrier hosting the information. Wholesale rates for the fee are on the order of $200 to $600 per 100,000 lookups.

Per carrier policy, the name of a person or business may be automatically added to the Line Information Database and the customer must opt-out to remain anonymous. Other carriers exclude identity information by rule, and require the subscriber to opt-in. If the identity information is not available, then the maintainer of the database often returns geographic information, such as the city and state. In case of a failure, the maintainer of the database may also return "NOT AVAILABLE".

The CNAM databases are independent databases operated by LECs and other private companies. The called party's carrier has the responsibility to perform the CNAM lookup, and it is possible that lookups for the same telephone number from different locations return different name information.

See also
 Local number portability
 Location Routing Number
 Dip fee fraud

References

Telephony
Caller ID
Additron tube. The Additron was an electron tube designed by Dr. Josef Kates, circa 1950, to replace the several individual electron tubes and support components required to perform the function of a single bit digital full adder. Dr. Kates developed the Additron with the intention of increasing the likelihood of success and reliability while reducing the size, power consumption and complexity of the University of Toronto Electronic Computer, (UTEC)

Production
The Additron neither went into production at the Canadian Rogers Vacuum Tube Company, where the prototypes were built, nor was it used in the UTEC machine.  It did make a widely publicized appearance at the 1950 Canadian National Exhibition operating an electronic game of Tic-Tac-Toe, dubbed Bertie the Brain, to show the marvels of electronic computing.

The tube was registered with the Radio Television Manufacturing Association  on 20 March 1951 as type 6047.

Patents

References

Adders (electronics)
Digital electronics
Vacuum tubes
History of computing hardware
1950s introductions
Propulsion and Structural Test Facility. The Propulsion and Structural Test Facility, also known as Building 4572 and the Static Test Stand, is a rocket testing facility of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.  Built in 1957, it was the site where the first single-stage rockets with multiple engines were tested.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985 for its role in the development of the United States space program.

Description and history
Building 4572 is located in the Marshall Space Flight Center's East Test Area.  Its frame is of steel, with a concrete foundation and concrete load frame.  It is  in height, resting on a base that measures .  It is surrounded by support facilities, and is accompanied by Building 4573, a gantry crane with a capacity of 45 tons.  The stand can be configured to either support solid rocket booster testing, or liquid-fueled rockets powered by liquid oxygen or kerosene up to  in height and  in diameter.

This facility was built in 1957 by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and was the primary center responsible for the development of large vehicles and rocket propulsion systems.  The Saturn Family of launch vehicles was developed here under the direction of Wernher von Braun.  The Saturn V remains the most powerful launch vehicle ever brought to operational status, from a height, weight and payload standpoint.  The facility was planned to undergo modifications in the 2010s in anticipation of its use for testing a new generation of rockets.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama

References

External links

Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary

Marshall Space Flight Center
National Historic Landmarks in Alabama
History of spaceflight
National Register of Historic Places in Huntsville, Alabama
1957 establishments in Alabama
Buildings and structures completed in 1957
Mahindra Axe. The Mahindra Axe is a Light Military Utility Tactical Vehicle designed by Mahindra & Mahindra. Prototypes of the vehicle were customized to meet Indian Army specifications, but after evaluating the vehicles the Indian Army decided not to place an order.

The vehicle was meant to be marketed to the Indian Army and special forces units.

Design
Axe is built on a new platform, derived from existing Mahindra models. According to Brigadier Khutub A Hai, CEO, Mahindra Defence Systems, "The Axe was designed with help from an overseas designer".

Current Axe variants use either a diesel engine (a 2.7 L Mercedes derived Ssangyong engine, which powers the Rexton) or a petrol engine (using 4 L GM Vortec engine, which powers the Chevrolet TrailBlazer).

Fuel efficiency
According to Mahindra, the diesel Axe offers around 8 to 9 km/L (11.1 to 12.5 L/100 km) while the petrol Axe offers 6 to 7 km/L (14.3 to 16.6 L/100 km).

Variants
Mahindra planned to launch a civilian version of the Axe, but a civilian launch is now very much in doubt.

See also 
 Mahindra Armored Light Specialist Vehicle

References 

Axe
Military vehicles of India
Military light utility vehicles
Parser (programming language). Parser is a scripting language developed by Art. Lebedev Studio used for web development and server-side scripting.

The reference compiler for the language was developed in C++ by studio employees Konstantin Morshnev and Alexander Petrosyan to automate often repeated tasks, especially maintenance of already existing websites. It was used in many web projects of the studio. In March 2006, revision three was released as free software under a GPL license and it is now used in other websites, mostly in Russia (according to a partial list at the language website).

Originally, Parser was merely a simple macro processing language but revision three introduced object-oriented programming features.

The language supports technologies needed for common web design tasks: XML, Document Object Model (DOM), Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) and others.

Parser supports web server integration via:
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI)
Apache module (mod_parser3)

See also
 Parsing

References

External links

Free and open source compilers
Procedural programming languages
Macro programming languages
Scripting languages
Programming languages created in 1997