omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wide-angle X-ray scattering. In X-ray crystallography, wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) or wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) is the analysis of Bragg peaks scattered to wide angles, which (by Bragg's law) are caused by sub-nanometer-sized structures. It is an X-ray-diffraction method and commonly used to determine a range of information about crystalline materials. The term WAXS is commonly used in polymer sciences to differentiate it from SAXS but many scientists doing "WAXS" would describe the measurements as Bragg/X-ray/powder diffraction or crystallography. 

Wide-angle X-ray scattering is similar to small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) but the increasing angle between the sample and detector is probing smaller length scales. This requires samples to be more ordered/crystalline for information to be extracted. In a dedicated SAXS instrument the distance from sample to the detector is longer to increase angular resolution. Most diffractometers can be used to perform both WAXS and limited SAXS in a single run (small- and wide-angle scattering, SWAXS) by adding a beamstop/knife edge.

Applications
The WAXS technique is used to determine the degree of crystallinity of polymer samples. It can also be used to determine the chemical composition or phase composition of a film, the texture of a film (preferred alignment of crystallites), the crystallite size and presence of film stress. As with other diffraction methods, the sample is scanned in a wide-angle X-ray goniometer, and the scattering intensity is plotted as a function of the 2θ angle. 

X-ray diffraction is a non destructive method of characterization of solid materials. When X-rays are directed at solids they scatter in predictable patterns based on the internal structure of the solid. A crystalline solid consists of regularly spaced atoms (electrons) that can be described by imaginary planes. The distance between these planes is called the d-spacing. 

The intensity of the d-space pattern is directly proportional to the number of electrons (atoms) in the imaginary planes. Every crystalline solid has a unique pattern of d-spacings (known as the powder pattern), which is a fingerprint for that solid. Solids with the same chemical composition but different phases can be identified by their pattern of d-spacings.

References

X-ray scattering
Diffraction
HEP. HEP or hep may refer to:

Science and medicine
 Hepatitis, a medical condition of the liver
 Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria, a blood disease
 High-energy physics
 Homotopy extension property, a property in algebraic topology
 Humane endpoint, predetermined stopping point in animal welfare practices to minimize animal distress and suffering

Technology
 Head-end power, a method for providing electricity to train carriages
 Heterogeneous Element Processor, the first commercial MIMD computer
 High-efficiency plasma, a type of lamp
 High-explosive plastic, a general-purpose ammunition
 Hotel electric power. electricity generated and used aboard a ship for general purposes
 Hydroelectric power, producing electrical energy through the use of moving water

Organisations
 Hep Records, a jazz record label in Scotland
 Hrvatska elektroprivreda, a Croatian power company
 People's Labor Party, pro-Kurdish political party in Turkey

Other
 HEP (shopping mall)
 Healthy eating pyramid
 Housing equity partnership
 Hep, a synonym for hip (slang)
 HEP (Latin: Hierosolyma est perdita or Jerusalem is lost); see cheering
 Human Exemptionalism Paradigm, a concept in environmental sociology

See also
 Hep-Hep riots, a series of antisemitic riots in Germany and neighbouring countries in 1819
 Hepp, a surname
Z88DK. Z88DK is a Small-C-derived cross compiler for a long list of Z80 based computers. The name derives from the fact that it was originally developed to target the Cambridge Z88. Z88DK is a collection of software development tools that targets the 8080 and Z80 family of machines. It allows development of programs in C, assembly language or any mixture of the two. What makes z88dk unique is its ease of use, built-in support for many Z80 machines and its extensive set of assembly language library subroutines implementing the C standard and extensions.

It has been used for many software and hardware projects, notably the REX DK (targeted to the REX 6000 platform) and the S1 SDK (targeted to the S1 MP3 Player) teams.

The compiler is highly portable, and is known to be run on AmigaOS, BeOS, HP-UX 9, Linux, BSD, Mac OS X, Solaris, Win64, Win32, Win16 and MS-DOS.

Supported target platforms 
As of the  Z88DK supports the following target platforms:

 Amstrad CPC
 Amstrad NC100
 Amstrad NC200
 Cambridge Z88
 Camputers Lynx
 Canon X-07
 Casio PV-1000
 Casio PV-2000
 CCE MC-1000
 Commodore 128 (in Z80 mode)
 CP/M based machines
 EACA Colour Genie EG2000
 Enterprise 64 and 128
 Epson PX-4
 Epson PX-8
 Exidy Sorcerer
 Galaksija
 Grundy NewBrain
 Jupiter Ace
 Lambda 8300
 Luxor ABC 80
 Luxor ABC 800
 Master System
 Mattel Aquarius
 Memotech MTX
 MSX
 NABU
 Nascom 1 and 2
 NEC PC-6001
 NEC PC-8801
 Pac-Man arcade hardware
 Philips P2000
 Philips VG5000
 C7420 module for the Philips Videopac + G7400
 RC2014
 Rabbit 2000/3000/4000 platform
 SAM Coupé
 Small Computer Central
 SG-1000
 Sharp MZ series
 Sharp OZ/QZ 700 family palmtop organizers
 Sharp X1
 Sord M5
 S-OS
 Spectravideo SVI
 Peters Plus Sprinter
 Tatung Einstein
 TI calculators (TI-82, TI-83 series, TI-84 Plus series, TI-85, TI-86)
 Timex Sinclair 2068
 Toshiba Pasopia 7
 TRS 80
 VTech VZ200/300 (also known as Laser 200)
 Xircom REX 6000 (also known as DataSlim)
 YAZ180
 ZX Spectrum
 ZX80
 ZX81

See also 
 Retargetable compiler
 Microcontroller
 SDCC

References

External links 
 Z88DK Main website
 Z88DK Documentation

C (programming language) compilers
Cross-compilers
Z80
IBM 370 printer. The IBM 370 printer was used on the IBM 305 RAMAC computer system, introduced by IBM on September 14, 1956. The 370 was connected to the 305 by a serial data line from the S track of the computer's drum memory (the printer and punch both obtain information from a single output track, the control as to what information to print or punch and how, is within the print and punch units) and printed 80-columns with a punched tape controlled carriage. Line formatting was programmed by inserting wire jumpers into a plugboard control panel.

The printer mechanism used an eight sided, seven position (56 character) print slug in a horizontal orientation. The X, O, and 2 bits of the character code rotate the slug and the 1, 4, and 8 bits selected the position. The platen hammer then struck the paper from behind, causing the selected character to print. Of the 56 characters on the print slug, only 47 were printable with the standard valid character set of the IBM 305 computer—the complete alphabet, numbers 0–9, and eleven special characters (48 characters, including the blank character).

The printer can achieve the speed of 50 columns per second, with processing of 30 cards per minute; At two seconds per line can be achieved 1,800 lines per hour.

References

370
IBM 0370
Computer-related introductions in 1956
GEOS. GEOS may refer to:

Computer software
 GEOS (8-bit operating system), an operating system originally designed for the Commodore 64
 GEOS (16-bit operating system), a DOS-based graphical user interface and x86 operating system
 GEOS (securities processing software), an integrated online system for the management and processing of securities
 GEOS (software library), an open-source geometry engine
 Goddard Earth Observing System, an Earth system model

Other
 GEOS (eikaiwa), an English conversation teaching company based in Japan
 GEOS circle, an intersection of four lines that are associated with a generalized triangle
 GEOS (satellite), a research satellite from ESRO (1978–1982)
 GEOS (satellite series), three research satellites from NASA
 Groupe GEOS, a French business consultancy
Surveyor 4. Surveyor 4 is the fourth lunar lander in the American uncrewed Surveyor program sent to explore the surface of the Moon. This spacecraft crashed after an otherwise flawless mission; telemetry contact was lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown. The planned landing target was Sinus Medii (Central Bay) at 0.4° north latitude and 1.33° west longitude.

Surveyor 6 successfully landed near the crash site of Surveyor 4 a few months later in November 1967.

Equipment
This spacecraft was the fourth in a series designed to achieve a soft landing on the Moon and to return photography of the lunar surface for determining characteristics of the lunar terrain for Apollo lunar landing missions. Equipment on board included a television camera and auxiliary mirrors, a soil mechanics surface sampler, strain gauges on the spacecraft landing legs, and numerous engineering sensors. Like Surveyor 3, Surveyor 4 was also equipped with a surface claw (with a magnet in the claw) to detect and measure ferrous elements in the lunar surface.

After a flawless flight to the Moon, radio signals from the spacecraft ceased during the terminal-descent phase at 02:03 UT on July 17, 1967, approximately 2.5 minutes before touchdown. Contact with the spacecraft was never reestablished, and the mission was unsuccessful. The solid-fuel retrorocket may have exploded near the end of its scheduled burn.

See also

 1967 in spaceflight
 List of artificial objects on the Moon
 List of missions to the Moon

References

External links
 Surveyor Program Results (PDF) 1969

4
Spacecraft launched in 1967
Spacecraft launched by Atlas-Centaur rockets
Spacecraft that impacted the Moon
Missions to the Moon
1967 on the Moon
Skinny Client Control Protocol. The Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) is a proprietary network terminal control protocol originally developed by Selsius Systems, which was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998.

SCCP is a lightweight IP-based protocol for session signaling with Cisco Unified Communications Manager, formerly named CallManager. The protocol architecture is similar to the media gateway control protocol architecture, in that is decomposes the function of media conversion in telecommunication for transmission via an Internet Protocol network into a relatively low-intelligence customer-premises device and a call agent implementation that controls the CPE via signaling commands. The call agent product is Cisco CallManager, which also performs as a signaling proxy for call events initiated over other common protocols such as H.323, and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for voice over IP, or ISDN for the public switched telephone network.

Protocol components
An SCCP client uses TCP/IP to communicate with one or more Call Manager applications in a cluster. It uses the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) over UDP-transport  for the bearer traffic (real-time audio stream) with other Skinny clients or an H.323 terminal. SCCP is a stimulus-based protocol and is designed as a communications protocol for hardware endpoints and other embedded systems, with significant CPU and memory constraints.

Some Cisco analog media gateways, such as the VG248 gateway, register and communicate with Cisco Unified Communications Manager using SCCP.

Origin
Cisco acquired SCCP technology when it acquired Selsius Corporation in 1998. For this reason the protocol is also referred to in Cisco documentation as the Selsius Skinny Station Protocol. Another remnant of the origin of the Cisco IP phones is the default device name format for registered Cisco phones with CallManager. It is SEP, as in Selsius Ethernet Phone, followed by the MAC address. Cisco also has marketed a Skinny-based softphone called Cisco IP Communicator.

Client examples

Examples of SCCP client devices include the Cisco 7900 series of IP phones, Cisco IP Communicator softphone, and the 802.11b wireless Wireless IP Phone 7920, along with Cisco Unity voicemail server.

Other implementations

Other companies, such as Symbol Technologies, SocketIP, and Digium, have implemented the protocol in  VoIP terminals and IP phones, media gateway controllers, and softswitches. An open source implementation of a call agent is available in the Asterisk and FreeSWITCH systems. IPBlue provides a soft phone that emulates a Cisco 7960 telephone.  Twinlights Software distributes a soft phone implementation for Android-based devices. The Cisco Unified Application Environment, the product acquired by Cisco when they purchased Metreos, supports using SCCP to emulate Cisco 7960 phones allowing applications to access all Cisco line-side features.

See also
Media Gateway Control Protocol

References

VoIP protocols
Cisco protocols
Application layer protocols
Symmetric digital subscriber line. A symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) is a digital subscriber line (DSL) that transmits digital data over the copper wires of the telephone network, where the bandwidth in the downstream direction, from the network to the subscriber, is identical to the bandwidth in the upstream direction, from the subscriber to the network. This symmetric bandwidth can be considered to be the opposite of the asymmetric bandwidth offered by asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) technologies, where the upstream bandwidth is lower than the downstream bandwidth. SDSL is generally marketed at business customers, while ADSL is marketed at private as well as business customers.

More specifically, SDSL can be understood as:
 In the wider sense, an umbrella term for all DSL variant which offer symmetric bandwidth, including  IDSL, which offers 144 kbit/s, HDSL, HDSL2, G.SHDSL, which offers up to 22.784 Mbit/s over four pairs of copper wires, as well as the SDSL variant below
 In the narrow sense, a particular proprietary and non-standardized DSL variant for operation at 1.544 Mbit/s or 2.048 Mbit/s over a single pair of copper wires, without support for analog calls on the same line
 A term used by ETSI to refer to G.SHDSL

Proprietary SDSL technology 
SDSL is a rate-adaptive digital subscriber line (DSL) variant with T1/E1-like data rates (T1: 1.544 Mbit/s, E1: 2.048 Mbit/s). It runs over one pair of copper wires, with a maximum range of . It cannot co-exist with a conventional voice service on the same pair as it takes over the entire  bandwidth.

Standardization efforts
SDSL is a proprietary technology that was never standardized. As such it usually only interoperates with devices from the same vendor. It is the predecessor of G.SHDSL which was standardized in February 2001 by ITU-T with recommendation G.991.2. SDSL is often confused with G.SHDSL and HDSL; in Europe, G.SHDSL was standardized by ETSI using the name 'SDSL'. This ETSI variant is compatible with the ITU-T G.SHDSL standardized regional variant for Europe.

As there is a standardised successor available, SDSL installations today are considered legacy. Most new installations use G.SHDSL equipment instead of SDSL.

Target audience
SDSL typically falls between ADSL and T1/E1 in price and was mainly targeted at small and medium businesses which don't need the service guarantees of Frame Relay or the higher performance of a leased line.

See also
ISDN
List of interface bit rates

References 

Digital subscriber line
ITU-T recommendations
Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen. Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen (30 July 1878 – 12 August 1964) was a Danish engineer and industrialist.

Life
The son of a shipmaster who died when Rasmussen was still a young child, he attended middle school in Nakskov and in 1894 began an apprenticeship in Copenhagen. His mother died when he was 19, he then moved to Nykøbing where he continued his training mployed by a local engine maker.

In 1898 Rasmussen moved to Germany in order to take classes in mechanical and electrical engineering at the Hochschule Mittweida university of applied sciences in Saxony. However, he was relegated two years later due to inadequate academic achievements and continued his studies at the newly established University of Applied Sciences of Zwickau where he took his exams in 1902. One year later he registered his first utility model (Gebrauchsmuster) on a turning tool in Zwickau.

Rasmussen established the DKW motorcycle manufacturing factory Zschopauer Motorenwerke in 1921 and later automobile Framo. Rasmussen acquired a majority interest in Audi Automobilwerke in 1928, which four years later became Auto Union AG with the merger of Zschopauer Motorenwerke, Audi and others.

The Wall Street crash of 1929 and the following Great Depression hit Rasmussen's businesses hard, as demand for motor-bikes and passenger cars slumped. In 1930 the Saxony Regional Bank, which had financed Rasmussen's business expansion in the 1920s, installed Richard Bruhn (1886 – 1964) on the board of Audi and there followed a brutal pruning and rationalization of the various auto-businesses that Rasmussen had accumulated. The outcome was the founding of Auto Union in Summer 1932 with just four component businesses, being Audi, DKW, Horch and the car producing piece of Wanderer. The Auto Union group rapidly grew to become Germany's second auto producer, behind only Opel in terms of passenger car market share. After World War II, DKW moved to West Germany, with the original factory becoming MZ.

Rasmussen remained on the board until 1934 when he was removed following "differences" with fellow board members. He then left Zwickau and purchased an estate at Sacrow which today has become a district in Potsdam, and where he lived with his family till 1945.  In 1945 he joined the flight from the Soviet army, relocating to Flensburg, and in 1947 he returned to Denmark. 

From 1947 he lived in Hareskovby, where in the 1950s he built motor-bikes under the DISA name. After his 75th birthday he and his wife moved to Copenhagen.

See also
 Auto Union
 August Horch

References

European founders of automobile manufacturers
Danish businesspeople
20th-century Danish engineers
Danish company founders
People from Nakskov
1878 births
1964 deaths
A. Baldwin Wood. Albert Baldwin Wood (December 1, 1879 – May 10, 1956) was an inventor and engineer from New Orleans, Louisiana. He graduated from Tulane University with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering in 1899.

Wood was hired by the Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans in 1899, to try to improve the flood-prone city's drainage, Wood invented "flapgates" and other hydraulic devices, most notably his efficient low-maintenance, high-volume pumps including the Wood Screw Pump (1913) and the Wood Trash Pump (1915). He spearheaded swampland reclamation and development of much of the land now occupied by the city.

While he spent most of his career in New Orleans, Wood also consulted and designed the drainage, pumping, and sewage systems for other cities including Chicago, Milwaukee, Baltimore, and San Francisco, as well as projects in Canada, Egypt, China, and India. His work was especially helpful in the Zuiderzee Works, which reclaimed large areas of land from the Zuider Zee in the Netherlands.

Some of Wood's pumps have been in almost continuous use in New Orleans for over 80 years without need of repairs, and new ones continue to be built from his designs.

When Wood died, he left a bequest to Tulane University on the condition that it preserve and display his sailboat, the Nydia, for 99 years. Until 2003, the boat was housed in a specially constructed glass-fronted display area located between the University Center and Fogelman Arena. It was moved to make room for the renovation and expansion of University Center. Because Tulane did not fully adhere to the terms of the will, Wood's heirs recovered possession of the boat. The Nydia is on display at the Maritime and Seafood Industry Museum in Biloxi, Mississippi, not far from where the boat was originally constructed at the Johnson Shipyard.

See also
 Drainage in New Orleans

References

External links
 1974 article on the Wood Screw Pump by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 Lighthouse Digest article on Baldwin Wood Lighthouse

Wood, Albert Baldwin
Wood, Albert Baldwin
American inventors
American engineers
People from New Orleans
Tulane University alumni
Category 3 cable. Category 3 cable, commonly known as  or station wire, and less commonly known as VG or voice-grade (as, for example, in 100BaseVG), is an unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable used in telephone wiring. It is part of a family of standards defined jointly by the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and published in TIA/EIA-568-B.

Although designed to reliably carry data up to , modern data networks run at much higher speeds, and  or better cable is generally used for new installations. Cat 3 cables may have 2, 3, 4, or more pairs.

Networking

 was widely used in computer networking in the early 1990s for 10BASE-T Ethernet and, to a much lesser extent, for 100BaseVG Ethernet, Token Ring and 100BASE-T4. The original Power over Ethernet 802.3af specification supports the use of  cable, but the later 802.3at Type 2 high-power variation does not. In some use cases and for short distances, Cat 3 may be capable of carrying 100BASE-TX (2 pairs) or even 1000BASE-T (4 pairs). Such use cases include hobbyist retrofitting short home telephone Cat 3 networks for Ethernet.

Dedicated 100BASE-T4 networks, supporting  over Cat 3, appear to have been a rarity as very few network interface controllers and switches were ever released. Some examples include the 3com 3C250-T4 Superstack II HUB 100, IBM 8225 Fast Ethernet Stackable Hub and Intel LinkBuilder FMS 100 T4. The same applies to network interface controller cards. Bridging 100BASE-T4 with 100BASE-TX required additional network equipment.

Replacement
Starting in the mid-1990s, new structured cabling installations were often built with the higher performing  cable required by 100BASE-TX.  or  is now used for all modern structured cabling installations. Many large institutions have policies that any upgrade to a network using  must involve upgrading to .

See also
 Copper cable certification

References

External links
 How Low Voltage Cable is Made - Cat5e, Cat6, Cat3 and OSP

Ethernet cables
List of people in systems and control. This is an alphabetical list of people who have made significant contributions in the fields of system analysis and control theory.

Eminent researchers
The eminent researchers (born after 1920) include the winners of at least one award of the IEEE Control Systems Award, the Giorgio Quazza Medal, the Hendrik W. Bode Lecture Prize, the Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award, the Rufus Oldenburger Medal, or higher awards such as the IEEE Medal of Honor and the National Medal of Science. The earlier pioneers such as Nicolas Minorsky (1885–1970), Harry Nyquist (1889–1976), Harold Locke Hazen (1901–1980), Charles Stark Draper (1901–1987), Hendrik Wade Bode (1905–1982), Gordon S. Brown (1907–1996), John F. Coales (1907–1999), Rufus Oldenburger (1908–1969), John R. Ragazzini (1912–1988), Nathaniel B. Nichols (1914–1997), John Zaborszky (1914–2008) and Harold Chestnut (1917–2001) are not included.

Eminent researchers of USSR (including Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, etc. from 1922 to 1991)

Other active researchers

Historical figures in systems and control

These people have made outstanding historical contributions to systems and control.

See also 
 List of engineers
 List of systems engineers
 List of systems scientists

References

External links 
 People in control, in: IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Volume 24, Issue 5, Oct. 2004 pp 12–15.
 ISA, the International Society for Measurement and Control, homepage.

 
Systems And Control