omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Telegraphist. A telegraphist (British English), telegrapher (American English), or telegraph operator is an operator who uses a telegraph key to send and receive the Morse code in order to communicate by land lines or radio.

History
During the First World War the Royal Navy enlisted many volunteers as radio telegraphists. Telegraphists were indispensable at sea in the early days of wireless telegraphy, and many young men were called to sea as professional radiotelegraph operators who were always accorded high-paying officer status at sea. Subsequent to the Titanic disaster and the Radio Act of 1912, the International Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) conventions established the 500kHz maritime distress frequency monitoring and mandated that all passenger-carrying ships carry licensed radio telegraph operators.

Notable telegraphists

 Harold Bride
 Harold Cottam
 Louisa Margaret Dunkley
 Thomas Eckert
 Thomas Edison
 John H. Emerick
 Mathilde Fibiger
 Ambrose E. Gonzales
 Oliver Heaviside
 Emma Hunter
 Joseph Nathan Kane
 Juscelino Kubitschek
 Hiram Percy Maxim
 Mary Macaulay
 Seeb Chunder Nandy
 Jack Phillips
 Franklin Leonard Pope
 John Willard Raught
 Leah Rosenfeld
 David Sarnoff
 Ola Delight Smith
 Wilhelmina Magdalene Stuart
 Ella Cheever Thayer
 Ella Stewart Udall
 Alfred Vail

See also 
 Amateur radio
 Casa del Telegrafista (House of the Telegrapher), a museum in Colombia
 Commercial Cable Company
 List of obsolete occupations
 Morse code
 Prosigns for Morse code
 Telegraph key
 Operator fist
 Transatlantic telegraph cable

References

Obsolete occupations
Broadcasting occupations
The Trigger. The Trigger is a 1999 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Michael P. Kube-McDowell. It is an attempt to explore the social impact of technological change.

Plot summary 

The Trigger starts in the early to mid-21st century. A group of scientists invent, by accident, a device that detonates all nitrate-based explosive in its vicinity, thus providing good protection against most known modern conventional weapons. The first half of the book explores the reactions of society, government and the scientists themselves as the latter attempt to ensure that their invention will only be used for peaceful ends. Although at first beneficial, other uses for the device are found, such as a faultless at-range detonator.  The novel also traces the scientists' slow progress in understanding the science behind their invention.  The second half of the book begins when the science is sufficiently well understood that a second device can be built - one that does not detonate explosives, but merely renders them permanently harmless. The story ends with the scientists discovering that the hyperdimensional impulse wave can be set to scramble extremely specific DNA – making the device a killer.

References

External links 
 

1999 British novels
Collaborative novels
Novels by Arthur C. Clarke
1999 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Voyager Books books
Pressure piling. Pressure piling is a phenomenon related to combustion of gases in a tube or long vessel.  When a flame front propagates along a tube, the unburned gases ahead of the front are compressed, and hence heated. The amount of compression varies depending on the geometry and can range from twice to eight times the initial pressure. Where multiple vessels are connected by piping, ignition of gases in one vessel and pressure piling may result in a deflagration to detonation transition and very large explosion pressure.

In electrical equipment in hazardous areas, if two electrical enclosures are connected by a conduit, an explosion of a gas in one of the compartments travels through the conduit into the next enclosure. The pressure of the 'primary' explosion together with the pressure from the 'secondary' explosion in the other compartment produces one huge explosion that the equipment cannot handle. Heat, arcs or sparks escape from the equipment and ignite any gas or vapour that may be around.

Operators avoid this by not using conduits to join classified equipment together and by using barrier glands on cables going into the enclosure. This ensures that compartments remain separate at all times.

References

Combustion
Pressure
Mail-11. Mail-11 was the native email transport protocol used by Digital Equipment Corporation's VMS operating system, and supported by several other DEC operating systems such as Ultrix.

It normally used the DECnet networking system as opposed to TCP/IP.

Similar to Internet SMTP based mail, Mail-11 mail had To: Cc: and Subj: headers
and date-stamped each message.

Mail-11 was one of the most widely used email systems of the 1980s, and was still in fairly wide use until as late as the mid-1990s. Messages from Mail-11 systems were frequently gatewayed out to SMTP, Usenet, and Bitnet systems, and thus are sometimes encountered browsing archives of those systems dating from when Mail-11 was in common use.

Several very large DECnet networks with Mail-11 service existed, most notably ENET, which was DEC's worldwide internal network. Another big user was HEPnet, a network for the high-energy physics research community that linked many universities and research labs.

Mail-11 used two colons (::) rather than an at sign (@) to separate user and hostname, 
and hostname came first.

Some example headers
 To: THEWAL::HARKAWIK 
A message to user HARKAWIK on a machine or cluster of machines called THEWAL. 

Note that under VMS, usernames were not case-sensitive and were usually shown in uppercase, 
but under Ultrix, usernames were case-sensitive, and most sites followed the unix convention of using lower case usernames. Names of machines on a DECnet network were not case-sensitive. Thus, the header above implies that the mail is going to a VMS system, but the one following implies the user is on a Unix system.

 To: DS5353::tabak
A message to user tabak on node DS5353. Probably an Ultrix system.

From:   GUESS::YERAZUNIS    "it's.. it's DIP !" 21-SEP-1989 10:28:38.87
To:     DECWRL::"decvax!peregrine!dmi"
CC:     YERAZUNIS

This message was sent to the gateway at DEC's Western Research Labs, one of DEC's main Internet gateways. From there, it was expected to travel via uucp, from host decvax to host peregrine to user dmi.  

Since the timestamp is present, this must be a copy of a message that has already been sent, but since the From address is still in Mail-11 form, the text above must be copied from the local CC of the message rather than from the version that went through the gateway.  

Unlike SMTP mail, mail readers did not support automatic signatures; many users developed the habit of changing their personal name setting to be some interesting or amusing quotation.

 To: IN%"president@whitehouse.gov"
The message is to be gatewayed to another network, in this case to the Internet SMTP protocol, and then delivered to the user president at the domain whitehouse.gov

 To: HEPNET::TUHEP::SLIWA
The message has to go through two machines. First, it is given to the node HEPNET, 
which then passes the machine to the node TUHEP, where it is then delivered to the user SLIWA.

 From: "TGV::MCMAHON"@yoyodyne.com
Mail from user MCMAHON on a machine or cluster named TGV, that was passed out of an Internet SMTP gateway by yoyodyne.com. This is one form the header might take from the recipient's viewpoint.

Email
Polybasite. Polybasite is a sulfosalt mineral of silver, copper, antimony and arsenic. Its chemical formula is .

It forms black monoclinic crystals (thin, tabular, with six corners) which can show dark red internal reflections. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3. It is found worldwide and is an ore of silver. The name comes from the number of base metals in the mineral.

Images

References 

 
Silver minerals
Copper(I) minerals
Antimony minerals
Arsenic minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Glances
Kiunga, Kenya. Kiunga is a division in the Lamu District of Coast Province located close to the Indian Ocean coast of northern Kenya, and only 15 kilometres to the border with Somalia. A major marine conservation area, the Kiunga Marine National Reserve has its headquarters at Kiunga. The reserve is an important habitat for mangrove, turtles, and many species of birds.  Total population of the division is 3310 (1999 census ). In 2019, desalination plant powered by 50 kW solar panels was installed at Kiunga at a cost of  million US dollars by the non-profit organization GivePower, producing up to 70 tonnes of clean water per day.

See also
Historic Swahili Settlements
Swahili architecture

References 

Swahili people
Swahili city-states
Swahili culture
Lamu County
Populated places in Coast Province
Continuous design. Evolutionary design, continuous design, evolutive design,  incremental design or evolutionary architecture is directly related to any modular design application, in which components can be freely substituted to improve the design, modify performance, or change another feature at a later time.

Software architects and software developers should use "fitness functions" to continuously keep the software system in check. According to Neal Ford, evolutionary architecture delays decisions until the "last responsible moment." That moment can be identified with fast feedback loops and guiding fitness functions. 

According to Neal Ford, evolutionary architecture adopts "Bring the pain forward," tackling tough tasks early, fostering automation and swift issue detection.

Informatics 
In particular, it applies (with the name continuous design) to software development. In this field it is a practice of creating and modifying the design of a system as it is developed, rather than purporting to specify the system completely before development starts (as in the waterfall model). Continuous design was popularized by extreme programming. Continuous design also uses test driven development and refactoring.
Martin Fowler wrote a popular book called Refactoring, as well as a popular article entitled "Is Design Dead?", that talked about continuous/evolutionary design.  James Shore wrote an article in IEEE titled "Continuous Design".

Industrial design Project 
Modular design states that a product is made of subsystems that are joined together to create a full product. The above design model defined in electronics and evolved in industrial design into well consolidated industrial standards related to platform concept and its evolution.

See also
Rapid application development
Continuous integration
Evolutionary database design

References

External links
 Is Design Dead?

Software design
WS-Reliability. WS-Reliability was a SOAP-based OASIS specification that fulfills reliable messaging requirements critical to some applications of Web Services. WS-Reliability was superseded by WS-ReliableMessaging.

SOAP over HTTP is not sufficient when an application-level messaging protocol must also guarantee some level of reliability and security. This specification defines reliability in the context of current Web Services standards. This specification has been designed for use in combination with other complementary protocols and builds on previous experiences (e.g., ebXML Message Service).

See also
WS-ReliableMessaging

External links
WS-Reliability 1.1 specification
Reliable messaging OASIS TC

Reliability
UGN. UGN may refer to:

UGN, IATA identifier for Waukegan Regional Airport, in Waukegan Lake County, Illinois, USA
UGN meaning Upper Great News broadcast on WBKP and WBUP
UGN, a 2000 model of Unimog multi-purpose auto four wheel drive trucks produced by Mercedes-Benz
ugn, ISO 639 identifier for Ugandan Sign Language
United Galactic Navy (UGN) the third most powerful Blockland space clan of all time that operated between 2009 - 2011 - related to Geographic coordinate system 
United Gay Network (UGN), film production house established Michael Akers and Sandon Berg
Railroad plough. A railroad plough is a rail vehicle which supports an immensely strong, hook-shaped plough. It is used for destruction of railroad ties in warfare, as part of a scorched earth policy, so that the track becomes unusable for the enemy.

In use, the plough is lowered to rip up the middle of the track as it is hauled along by a locomotive. This action breaks the wooden ties (sleepers) which forces the steel rails out of alignment, making the line impassable by later rail vehicles. Bridges and signalling equipment also suffer serious damage.

Deployment

A similar device, which ripped the rail off the ties, had been used by railway troops of the Imperial Russian Army in World War I, during their retreat from Galicia and Poland. Railroad ploughs were in use by the Czechoslovak Army during the German occupation in 1938, and by German Wehrmacht armed forces retreating northward through Italy and westward from the Eastern Front in World War II.

The German author Arno Schmidt (1914–1979) in his post-war novel Leviathan uses the image of a railroad plough as a symbol of evil.

Surviving vehicles

See also
 Sherman's neckties –  A railway destruction tactic used in the American Civil War by the Union to prevent the Confederacy from using the tracks by making them difficult to repair.
 Nero Decree – Hitler's unfulfilled plan to destroy German infrastructure, during retreat, to avoid it being used by the Allied forces

References

External links

Schwellenpflug, the rail wolf used by Germans in retreat.
Photos of "rail wolf" in action and resultant damage
Video of German soldiers using a rail plough.
 Andrew Grantham's blog

Military railway equipment
Area denial weapons
Ploughs
Railway weapons
Carrier grade open framework. Carrier grade open framework (CGOF) is a hardware-independent architecture for the telecommunications industry. CGOF is based on a collection of open standards and is offered as a basis for new solution development. CGOF specifies the functional components needed to create next generation network (NGN) solutions, the relationship of those components to each other, and the interfaces among the components.

External links
IBM white paper on CGOF 
Oracle CFG Home Page

Network architecture
PL/Perl. PL/Perl (Procedural Language/Perl) is a procedural language supported by the PostgreSQL RDBMS.

PL/Perl, as an imperative programming language, allows more control than the relational algebra of SQL.
Programs created in the PL/Perl language are called functions and can use most of the features that the Perl programming language provides, including common flow control structures and syntax that has incorporated regular expressions directly.
These functions can be evaluated as part of a SQL statement, or in response to a trigger or rule.

The design goals of PL/Perl were to create a loadable procedural language that:

 can be used to create functions and trigger procedures,
 adds control structures to the SQL language,
 can perform complex computations,
 can be defined to be either trusted or untrusted by the server,
 is easy to use.

PL/Perl is one of many "PL" languages available for PostgreSQL
PL/pgSQL
PL/Java, 
plPHP, 
PL/Python, 
PL/R, 
PL/Ruby, 
PL/sh, 
and PL/Tcl.

References
 PostgreSQL PL/Perl documentation

Data management
PostgreSQL
Data-centric programming languages
HNoMS Start. The Taube was first constructed in 1909-1910 by Austrian Igo Etrich and later developed into a two-seater military aircraft in 1912. Many Taubes were built under licence by a wide array of manufacturers but most were produced by the Rumpler Flugzeugwerke. By 1912 the design had evolved to a 2-seater reconnaissance aircraft for military use

Built by Rumpler as a 2-seat Taube floatplane, Start was the Royal Norwegian Navy's very first aeroplane, bought in Germany and arriving in Horten on 25 May 1912, at a cost of 30,000 Norwegian kroner. Funding came from private contributions after a speedy initiative from the commander and officers of the submarine HNoMS Kobben, Norway's first submarine; one of the largest contributors was H.M. King Haakon VII of Norway. 

The first flight was made on 1 June 1912 by Secondløytnant Hans Fleischer Dons (who was also second in command on the submarine HNoMS Kobben). He took off from Gannestad in Borre Municipality, flew over Karljohansvern naval station and Moss before landing in Øra, not far from Fredrikstad. The flight was  long and took 35 minutes. Dons was congratulated by both the King and the Government of Norway. 

Start was officially given as a gift to the navy on 1 August 1912 and is today displayed at the Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection.

Operators

Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service

Specifications (Rumpler Taube)

References

Royal Norwegian Navy history page 
Royal Norwegian Air Force history page 
Royal Norwegian Air Force history page 

Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service
BMU. BMU may refer to:
 Baba Mast Nath University, Haryana, India
 Basic multicellular unit, temporary structure for bone remodeling
 Battery management or monitoring unit, see battery management system
 Beachmaster Unit One, a United States Navy amphibious beach party unit
 Bi-mode multiple unit, a type of train, see electro-diesel multiple unit
 BMU, the ISO-3166 code for Bermuda
Building maintenance unit, a device used to assist in the maintenance of large structures
 Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany
 Business and Management University, today BMU Lebanese French University
WS-Transaction. WS-Transaction is a Web Services specification developed by BEA Systems, IBM, and Microsoft.  The WS-Transaction specification describes coordination types that are used with the extensible coordination framework described in the WS-Coordination specification.  It defines two coordination types: Atomic Transaction (AT) for individual operations, and Business Activity (BA) for long running transactions.  Developers can use either or both of these coordination types when building applications that require consistent agreement on the outcome of distributed activities.

External links
WS-Transaction specification by Microsoft
WS-TX specifications published at OASIS
WS-Transaction specification by IBM (broken link)
Distributed transactions with WS-AtomicTransaction and JTA (broken link)

Transaction processing
Transaction
Network-enabled capability. Network-enabled capability, or NEC, is the name given to the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence long-term intent to achieve enhanced military effect through the better use of information systems towards the goal of "right information, right place, right time – and not too much". NEC is envisaged as the coherent integration of sensors, decision-makers, effectors and support capabilities to achieve a more flexible and responsive military. This is intended to make commanders better aware of the evolving military situation and better able to react to events through  communications.

Allied parallels
NEC is related to the US concept of network-centric warfare (NCW), which at the time was described as "translating an information advantage into a decisive warfighting advantage". This was later renamed "network-centric operations" (NCO), to encompass activities such as peacekeeping.

NEC is related to the Australian concept of Ubiquitous Command and Control (UC2), which includes network-enabled capability, military intent, and awareness. UC2 extends the "networking position" of NEC and NCW to include positions on decision devolution, seeking the ubiquity of available decision makers and using computing to achieve it, the necessary human-computer integration in decision making, decentralisation of intent and physical dispersion, social coordination protocols to unify intent, capability and awareness, and management levels to bound behaviours.

See also
Networked swarming warfare
British Armed Forces
Skynet
Bowman

References
 Joint Services Publication 777 Edition 1, available online from the Ministry of Defence.
 Understanding Network Enabled Capability
 An Introductory Study to Cyber Security in NEC

External links
 BAE Systems NEC
 QinetiQ NEC
 Roke Manor Research NEC
 Systems Engineering & Assessment NEC
 Thales group NEC
 Ericsson white paper: C4ISR for Network-Oriented Defense
 NECE 2008
 Centric Labs

Net-centric
Gerald Smedley Andrews. Gerald Smedley Andrews,  (December 12, 1903 – December 5, 2005) was a Canadian frontier teacher, land surveyor, and soldier.

Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he was educated in Vancouver, Toronto, Oxford, and Dresden. From 1922 to 1930, he was a school master at Big Bar Creek and Kelly Lake. In 1930, he became a land surveyor until World War II. During World War II, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. From 1946 to 1950, he served as Chief Air Survey Engineer for British Columbia. From 1952 to 1968, he was the Surveyors General of the Province of British Columbia and Director of Mapping and Provincial Boundaries Commissioner.

For his services, during World War II, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire. In 1990, he was awarded the Order of British Columbia and was made a Member of the Order of Canada. He died at age 102.

References

External links
 

1903 births
2005 deaths
Canadian men centenarians
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Members of the Order of British Columbia
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian Members of the Order of the British Empire

Manitoba civil servants
Military personnel from Winnipeg
Canadian surveyors
Fargo Air Museum. The Fargo Air Museum is an aviation related museum in Fargo, North Dakota. It is located at Hector International Airport in the northern part of the city. The museum includes many historic aircraft of which 90% are in flying condition.

History 

The museum broke ground on a Beck-Odegaard Wing in August 2013. In 2016, the museum acquired a 1944 tractor that served as an aircraft tug at Naval Air Station Atlantic City during World War II.

The museum announced a partnership with North Dakota State University Archives in April 2022 to help preserve the museum's archives.

The museum will be opening a new exhibit about the early years of the North Dakota Air National Guard in January 2024.

An F-86H arrived at the museum in September 2014.

Aircraft on display

Airworthy aircraft 

 Aero L-39 Albatros
 Cessna O-1 Bird Dog
 Douglas DC-3 "Duggy"
 Fairchild PT-19
 Focke-Wulf Fw 190 – Half-scale model
 Lancair 360
 Meyer's Little Toot
 North American Harvard Mk IV
 North American P-51D Mustang
 Piper J-3 Cub
 Piper PA-46-350P Malibu Mirage
 Rearwin Skyranger
 Rutan Long-EZ
 Schleicher K7
 Taylorcraft L-2
 Velocity SE-FG

Static display aircraft 

 Bell UH-1 Iroquois
 General Atomics MQ-1 Predator
 McDonnell F-101B Voodoo
 North American B-25 Mitchell
 Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk – 1:1 Scale Model
 Pitts Special
 PZL TS-11 Iskra
 Standard J-1
 Vultee BT-13 Valiant – Under restoration
 Wright Flyer – Replica

See also

 American Wings Air Museum
 Dakota Territory Air Museum
 Fagen Fighters WWII Museum
 Wings of the North Air Museum
 List of aviation museums

References

External links 

 Fargo Air Museum

Aerospace museums in North Dakota
Museums in Fargo, North Dakota