omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Idris (operating system). Idris is a discontinued multi-tasking, Unix-like, multi-user, real-time operating system released by Whitesmiths, of Westford, Massachusetts. The product was commercially available from 1979 through 1988.

Background
Idris was originally written for the PDP-11 by P. J. Plauger, who started working on Idris in August 1978. It was binary compatible with Unix V6 on PDP-11, but it could run on non-memory managed systems (like LSI-11 or PDP-11/23) as well. The kernel required 31 KB of RAM, and the C compiler (provided along with the standard V6 toolset) had more or less the same size.

Ports
Although Idris was initially available for the PDP-11, it was later ported to run on a number of platforms, such as the VAX, Motorola 68000, System/370 and Intel 8086. There was also a version that used bank-switching for memory management, that ran on the Intel 8080.

In 1986, David M. Stanhope at Computer Tools International ported Idris to the Atari ST and developed its ROM boot cartridge. This work also included a port of X to Idris. Computer Tools and Whitesmiths offered it to Atari as a replacement for Atari TOS, but eventually marketed it directly to ST enthusiasts.

A specific version of Idris (CoIdris) was packaged as a .COM file under DOS and used it for low level I/O services.

Idris was ported to the Apple Macintosh (as MacIdris) by John O'Brien (of Whitesmiths Australia) and remained available until the early 1990s. MacIdris ran as an application under the Finder or MultiFinder.

After Whitesmiths had been merged with Intermetrics, Idris along with its development toolchain was ported by Real Time Systems Ltd to the INMOS T800 transputer architecture for the Parsytec SN1000 multiprocessor.

References

Discontinued operating systems
PDP-11
Unix variants
68k architecture
Exergonic process. An exergonic process is one which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings.  This is in contrast with an endergonic process. Constant pressure, constant temperature reactions are exergonic if and only if the Gibbs free energy change is negative (∆G < 0).  "Exergonic" (from the prefix exo-, derived for the Greek word ἔξω exō, "outside" and the suffix -ergonic, derived from the Greek word ἔργον ergon, "work") means "releasing energy in the form of work".  In thermodynamics, work is defined as the energy moving from the system (the internal region) to the surroundings (the external region) during a given process.

All physical and chemical systems in the universe follow the second law of thermodynamics and proceed in a downhill, i.e., exergonic, direction.  Thus, left to itself, any physical or chemical system will proceed, according to the second law of thermodynamics, in a direction that tends to lower the free energy of the system, and thus to expend energy in the form of work. These reactions occur spontaneously.

A chemical reaction is also exergonic when spontaneous. Thus in this type of reactions the Gibbs free energy decreases. The entropy is included in any change of the Gibbs free energy. This differs from an exothermic reaction or an endothermic reaction where the entropy is not included. The Gibbs free energy is calculated with the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation:

 

where:

 T = temperature in kelvins (K)
 ΔG = change in the Gibbs free energy
 ΔS = change in entropy (at 298 K) as ΔS = Σ{S(Product)} − Σ{S(Reagent)}
 ΔH = change in enthalpy (at 298 K) as ΔH = Σ{H(Product)} − Σ{H(Reagent)}

A chemical reaction progresses spontaneously only when the Gibbs free energy decreases, in that case the ΔG is negative. In exergonic reactions the ΔG is negative and in endergonic reactions the ΔG is positive:

 exergon
 endergon

where: 
 equals the change in the Gibbs free energy after completion of a chemical reaction.

See also

Endergonic
Endergonic reaction
Exothermic process
Endothermic process
Exergonic reaction
Exothermic reaction
Endothermic reaction
Endotherm
Ectotherm

References

Thermodynamic processes
Chemical thermodynamics
Messerschmitt Bf 162. The Messerschmitt Bf 162 was a light bomber aircraft designed in Germany prior to World War II, which flew only in prototype form.

Design and development
The Bf 162 was designed in response to a 1935 RLM (Reichsluftfahrtministerium, Reich Aviation Ministry) specification for a schnellbomber ("fast bomber") for tactical use. Messerschmitt's design was a modified Bf 110 with a glazed nose to accommodate a bombardier. In 1937, three prototypes were flown against rival designs, the Junkers Ju 88 and the Henschel Hs 127, both entirely new aircraft.

It was eventually decided that the Ju 88 be selected for production, and development of the Bf 162 ended. As a disinformation tactic, images of the Bf 162 were widely circulated in the German press, captioned as the "Messerschmitt Jaguar", a name never used outside this context.

This aircraft's RLM official airframe number of 8-162 was later re-used for the Heinkel He 162 jet fighter.

Specifications (Bf 162)

See also

References

Green, William. Warplanes of the Third Reich. New York:Doubleday, 1972. .
Wagner, Ray and Heinz Nowarra. German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945. New York: Doubleday, 1971.

External links

 German Aviation 1919 - 1945 

Bf 162
1930s German bomber aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
UDE. The Unix Desktop Environment (UDE) is a desktop environment for the X Window System. Given its efficient and lightweight design it can be used on almost any Unix-like operating system, mostly without any porting effort.

User interface

UDE's user interface philosophy is quite different from that of other desktop environments. It is designed to be used very efficiently after a short learning phase. There is no taskbar or desktop panel or equivalent. Windows lack a title bar and as such there are no buttons to close, resize, iconify or maximize windows on the window borders. These buttons are replaced by the so-called hex menu or honeycomb that appears when the user clicks on the window border (See picture).

User interaction works entirely by using the different mouse buttons on window borders and the desktop background. Combinations of mouse clicks can trigger more complex actions such as moving a window from one workspace to another or loading multiple programs (or multiple instances of a single program) at a time. For that reason, efficient usage of UDE is only possible using a three-button mouse. As of 2004, UDE offers only very basic support for keyboard shortcuts.

The window manager is uwm (unrelated to the older uwm from 1985 or previous).

External links

Official website
http://www.agutscher.de/udepatch.html
http://www.agutscher.de/udethemes.html

Free desktop environments

de:UWM (Computer)#UDE_Window_Manager
Rubble trench foundation. The rubble trench foundation, an ancient construction approach popularized by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, is a type of foundation that uses loose stone or rubble to minimize the use of concrete and improve drainage. It is considered more environmentally friendly than other types of foundation because cement manufacturing requires the use of enormous amounts of energy. However, some soil environments are not suitable for this kind of foundation, particularly expansive or poor load-bearing (< 1 ton/sf) soils. A rubble trench foundation with a concrete grade beam is not recommended for earthquake prone areas.

A foundation must bear the structural loads imposed upon it and allow proper drainage of ground water to prevent expansion or weakening of soils and frost heaving. While the far more common concrete foundation requires separate measures to ensure good soil drainage, the rubble trench foundation serves both foundation functions at once.

To construct a rubble trench foundation a narrow trench is dug down below the frost line. The bottom of the trench would ideally be gently sloped to an outlet. Drainage tile, graded 1":8' to daylight, is then placed at the bottom of the trench in a bed of washed stone protected by filter fabric. The trench is then filled with either screened stone (typically 1-1/2") or recycled rubble. A steel-reinforced concrete grade beam may be poured at the surface to provide ground clearance for the structure.

If an insulated slab is to be poured inside the grade beam, then the outer surface of the grade beam and the rubble trench should be insulated with rigid XPS foam board, which must be protected above grade from mechanical and UV degradation.

The rubble-trench foundation is a relatively simple, inexpensive, and environment-friendly alternative to a conventional foundation, but may require an engineer's approval if building officials are not familiar with it. Frank Lloyd Wright used them successfully for more than 50 years in the first half of the 20th century, and there is a revival of this style of foundation with the increased interest in green building.

References

Shallow foundations
Sustainable building
Civil engineering
Flight Officer Badge. A Flight Officer Badge is a decoration used by some of the world's air forces, to include naval aviation of the world's navies, marine forces and coast guards, to denote those who have received training as co-pilots, navigators, observers, or other aircraft officer flight crew personnel.  The primary difference between a flight officer and a pilot is that the pilot is responsible for the actual flying and control the aircraft, while the flight officer assists with such duties as navigation and weapons and/or sensor systems operation.

In some commercial airlines, Flight Officer Badges are issued to flight engineers of larger aircraft, such as the Boeing 747.

In the United States military, the Naval Flight Officer Badge is issued to officers of the Navy and Marine Corps.  The Navigator Badge for officers and Aircrew Badge for enlisted personnel, variations of the Flight Officer Badge, are issued by the Air Force to its Combat Systems Officers and enlisted aircrewmen, respectively.

See also
 Military badges of the United States

References

Military aviation
RWD (aircraft manufacturer). RWD was a Polish aircraft construction bureau active between 1928 and 1939. It started as a team of three young designers, Stanisław Rogalski, Stanisław Wigura and Jerzy Drzewiecki, whose names formed the RWD acronym.

History

They started work while studying at Warsaw University of Technology. In December 1925, with some other student constructors, they set up workshops at the Aviation Section of Mechanics Students' Club (Sekcja Lotnicza Koła Mechaników Studentów), where they manufactured their first designs. From 1926 they designed several aircraft alone (Drzewiecki JD-2 and WR-1), in 1928 they joined forces as one team, starting with RWD-1 sportsplane. Apart from building planes, J. Drzewiecki was a test pilot of their designs, while S. Wigura flew as a mechanic in competitions. In 1930 the team was moved to new workshops at Okęcie district in Warsaw, near the Okęcie aerodrome, today's Warsaw International Airport, founded by the LOPP paramilitary organization. On 11 September 1932, Stanisław Wigura died in an air crash in the RWD-6 during a storm, but the RWD name continued to be used for new designs (according to a popular story, the letter W now de facto stood for engineer Jerzy Wędrychowski, but he was not a designer). In 1933, Rogalski, Drzewiecki and Wędrychowski founded the company Doświadczalne Warsztaty Lotnicze (DWL, Experimental Aeronautical Works) in Warsaw, which became a manufacturer of further RWD aircraft. Apart from Rogalski and Drzewiecki, the construction bureau employed designers Tadeusz Chyliński, Bronisław Żurakowski, Leszek Dulęba and Andrzej Anczutin and several engineers, including Henryk Millicer.

At first, the RWD team designed and built light sport planes. Early designs RWD-2 and RWD-4 were built in small series and used in Polish sports aviation, including their debut at the Challenge 1930 international contest. Their next designs performed particularly well in competitions - the RWD-6 won the Challenge 1932 and RWD-9s won the Challenge 1934 international contest. The RWD-5 sport plane was the lightest plane to fly across the Atlantic in 1933. Three types saw mass production: the RWD-8, which became the Polish Air Force's basic trainer, the RWD-13 touring plane and the RWD-14 Czapla reconnaissance plane (1938).

Other important designs were the RWD-10 aerobatic plane (1933), RWD-17 aerobatic-trainer plane (1937) and RWD-21 light sport plane (1939). World War II prevented further development and serial production of later RWD designs, and put an end to the RWD construction bureau and the DWL production plant.

Aircraft

References

Footnotes

Notes

Bibliography

 Glass, Andrzej: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" (Polish Aviation Designs 1893-1939), WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 
 Glass, Andrzej: "Slownik biograficzny technikow polskich" (The Biographical Dictionary of Polish Engineers), SBTP, Warsaw 2003

External links

 RWD aeroplanes
 History of RWD and DWL works (Polish and French)
 RWD-6 Replica Project

Aircraft manufacturers of Poland
Science and technology in Poland
Polish brands
El Toro (dinghy). The El Toro is an American pram sailboat that was designed by Charles McGregor as a sail training dinghy and yacht tender, first built in 1939. It is now often sailed as a singlehanded one-design racer.

The boat is a development of McGregor's Sabot design, the plans for which were published in The Rudder magazine in 1939. The design has been widely adapted and other derivations include the Naples Sabot, US Sabot, Wind'ard Sabot and the Australian Holdfast Trainer.

Production
The design was built by Moore Sailboats and W. D. Schock Corp in the United States, but it is now out of production. More than 11.000 boats were produced.

Design
The El Toro is a recreational sailing dinghy, with the early versions build of plywood and later ones of fiberglass, with wood trim. Spars may be made from wood, aluminum or carbon fiber. It has a cat rig, a squared stem, a nearly plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable daggerboard. Ready to sail it displaces , with the hull alone weighing .

The boat has a draft of  with the daggerboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water or beaching. It can also be transported on a trailer or automobile roof.

The design has a hull speed of .

Operational history
The boat is mostly sailed on the American west coast and is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the El Toro International Yacht Racing Association.

The class has competed in the annual BullShip Race in Sausalito, California, since 1954. The start line is at the Horizons Restaurant dock and the course runs to San Francisco, past Alcatraz Island and the Golden Gate Bridge, finishing at the end of the breakwater at the Golden Gate Yacht Club and St. Francis Yacht Club. Due to the distance, currents and other challenges for these small boats the race is referred to as The El Toro TransPac, a comparison to the Transpacific Yacht Race.

In a 2015 reviewer T. Sitzmann in Sail 1 Design wrote of the El Toro, that they "are satisfactory tenders and sprightly racers. Junior sailing programs at yacht clubs and municipal sailing classes have developed many fine young El Toro captains. High quality racing programs have kept the interest of these young sailors. Often sailors 'move up' to larger yachts and are frequently recognized as champions. Many return to the lively tactical sailing situations provided by El Toro racing."

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related development
Holdfast Trainer
Naples Sabot
Sabot (dinghy)
US Sabot

Similar sailboats
Optimist (dinghy)

References

External links

Dinghies
1930s sailboat type designs
One-design sailing classes
Sailboat type designs by Charles McGregor
Sailboat types built by Moore Sailboats
Sailboat types built by W. D. Schock Corp
Sed (disambiguation). sed is a Unix utility for processing text.

Sed or SED may also refer to:

Biology and medicine 
 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sed rate), a haematology test
 Sedirea (Sed.), a genus of orchids
 Selective eating disorder or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
 Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, an inherited genetic bone disorder

Science and technology
 DEC SED (text editor), for some DEC operating systems
 sed, "stream editor", a simple command-line text editor in unix-like system
 Self-encrypting device, an encrypting hard drive 
 Spectral energy distribution, of an astronomical source
 Stochastic electrodynamics, in quantum mechanics
 Surface-conduction electron-emitter display, a flat-panel display technology

Organisations and businesses
 Scottish Education Department
 SED Systems, a Canadian satellite communications provider
 Socialist Unity Party of Germany (), East German communist party
 Swiss Seismological Service ()
 Tata Power SED, Tata Power Strategic Electronics Division

Other uses
 Saturn Electrostatic Discharges (SEDs)
 Survey of English Dialects
 Strategic Economic Dialogue
 Sed card, a "portfolio-on-a-card" used by models and actors
 Sed festival, in Ancient Egypt
 Shippers Export Declaration, a US form

See also

 
 
 Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS)
ADAS. ADAS or Adas may refer to:

Science and technology
 Advanced driver-assistance systems, electronic systems that aid a vehicle driver while driving
 Asiago-DLR Asteroid Survey, a former project to search for comets and asteroids
 Architecture Design and Assessment System, a former set of software programs
 AWOS Data Acquisition System, an FAA computer system used with automated airport weather stations

Other uses
 Alcohol and Drug Abstinence Service (ADAS), formal name of Acorn Treatment and Housing 
 ADAS (company), a UK-based environmental consultancy 
 Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme, for occupational divers
 Adas Bank, a submerged bank off the west coast of India 
 Michael Adas (born 1943), American historian
 Adas Juškevičius (born 1989), Lithuanian professional basketball player

See also
 Adath Israel (disambiguation)
 Adath Jeshurun (disambiguation)
 Adath Shalom (disambiguation)
 Ada (disambiguation)
Spic and Span. Spic and Span is a brand of all-purpose household cleaner marketed by KIK Custom Products Inc. for home consumer use and by Procter & Gamble for professional (non-home-consumer) use.

History

On June 15, 1926, Whistle Bottling Company of Johnsonburg, Pennsylvania, registered "Spic and Span" trademark No. 214,076 — washing and cleaning compound in crystal form with incidental water-softening properties.

The modern cleaner was invented by housewives Elizabeth "Bet" MacDonald and Naomi Stenglein in Saginaw, Michigan in 1933. Their formula included equal parts of ground-up glue, sodium carbonate, and trisodium phosphate; though trisodium phosphate is no longer part of the modern formula out of a concern for environmental damage from phosphates making their way into waterways. Stenglein observed that testing in her house made it spotless, or "spick and span". They took the k off "spick" and started selling the product to local markets. From 1933 to 1944, both families helped run their "Spic and Span Products Company". On January 29, 1945, Procter & Gamble, a major international manufacturer of household and personal products based in Cincinnati, Ohio, bought Spic and Span for $1.9 million. On August 30, 1949, Procter & Gamble registered the "Spic and Span" trademark (soluble cleaner, cleanser, and detergent).

The product was advertised in many soap operas, serving as the main sponsor of Search for Tomorrow for two decades.

The brand, along with Comet, was acquired by Prestige Brands in 2001. In 2018, Prestige Brands sold the brand to KIK Custom Products Inc. Procter & Gamble retained the rights to market the brand to the professional (non-home-consumer) market in the United States.

Usage
The powdered form must be mixed in water to use. A liquid version is also available. Although considered all-purpose, it is "not recommended for carpets, upholstery, aluminum, glass, laundry, or mixing with bleach or ammonia" as written on product label.

Etymology
The product was named from the older phrase "spick and span".

The phrase "span-new" meant as new as a freshly cut wood chip, such as those once used to make spoons. In a metaphor dating from at least 1300, something span-new was neat and unstained.

Spic was added in the 16th century, as a "spick" (a spike or nail) was another metaphor for something neat and trim. The British phrase may have evolved from the Dutch spiksplinter nieuw, "spike-splinter new". In 1665, Samuel Pepys used "spicke and span" in his famous diary. The "clean" sense appears to have arisen only recently. The term is completely unrelated to the modern epithet spic.

References

External links
 

Cleaning products
Prestige Brands brands
Former Procter & Gamble brands
Products introduced in 1933
David Kaplan. David Kaplan or Dave Kaplan may refer to:

Academics
 David B. Kaplan (born 1958), theoretical particle physicist, professor at the University of Washington
 David E. Kaplan (physicist), theoretical particle physicist, professor at the Johns Hopkins University
 David L. Kaplan (composer) (1923–2015), Canadian music professor and conductor
 David L. Kaplan (engineer) (born 1953), American biomedical engineer, professor at Tufts University
 David Kaplan (philosopher) (born 1933), American philosopher and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles
 Dovid Kaplan, senior lecturer at Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem, author and speaker

Writers
 David A. Kaplan, American writer and journalist
 David E. Kaplan (author) (born 1955), American journalist and author

Others
 David Kaplan (filmmaker), American film director
 Dave Kaplan (fighter) (born 1979), American mixed martial artist
 Dave Kaplan (music executive), American music executive
 David Kaplan (pianist), American classical pianist
 David Kaplan (producer) (c. 1947–1992), ABC television news producer killed in Yugoslavia
 David Kaplan (radio) (born 1960), American radio host

See also
 David Caplan (1964–2019), Canadian politician
MV Empire MacAlpine. MV Empire MacAlpine was a grain ship converted to become the first Merchant Aircraft Carrier (MAC ship).

The Burntisland Shipbuilding Company, Fife, Scotland, built her under order from the Ministry of War Transport and was delivered on 14 April 1943. As a MAC ship, only her air crew and the necessary maintenance staff were naval personnel. She was operated by William Thomson & Co (the Ben Line).

After the war she was converted to a grain carrier. She was scrapped in Hong Kong in 1970.

References

World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
Bulk carriers
Grain ships
Empire MacAlpine
Empire ships
1942 ships
MV Empire MacAndrew. MV Empire MacAndrew was a grain ship converted to become a Merchant Aircraft Carrier or MAC ship.

MV Empire MacKendrick was built at William Denny and Brothers Dumbarton Scotland under order from the Ministry of War Transport.  As a MAC ship, only her air crew and the necessary maintenance staff were naval personnel and she was operated by The Hain Steamship Company Ltd, St Ives, Cornwall.

After the war, the ship was converted back to a grain carrier, and eventually scrapped in China in 1970.

References

External links
 

World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
Bulk carriers
Grain ships
Empire MacAndrew
Empire ships
1943 ships