omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tool stone. In archaeology, a tool stone is a type of stone that is used to manufacture stone tools,
or tools that use stone as raw material.

Generally speaking, tools that require a sharp edge are made using cryptocrystalline materials that fracture in an easily controlled conchoidal manner.
Cryptocrystalline tool stones include flint and chert, which are fine-grained sedimentary materials; rhyolite and felsite, which are igneous flowstones; and obsidian, a form of natural glass created by igneous processes. These materials fracture in a predictable fashion, and are easily resharpened. For more information on this subject, see lithic reduction.

Large-grained materials such as basalt, granite and sandstone may also be used as tool stones, but for a very different purpose: they are ideal for ground stone artifacts. Whereas cryptocrystalline materials are most useful for killing and processing animals, large-grained materials are usually used for processing plant matter. Their rough faces often make excellent surfaces for grinding plant seeds. With much effort, some large-grained stones may be ground down into awls, adzes, and axes.

See also 
 Cupstone
 Lithic technology

References

Archaeological artefact types
Lithics
Prismatic blade. In archaeology, a prismatic blade is a long, narrow, specialized stone flake tool with a sharp edge, like a small razor blade. Prismatic blades are flaked from stone cores through pressure flaking or direct percussion. This process results in a very standardized finished tool and waste assemblage. The most famous and most prevalent prismatic blade material is obsidian, as obsidian use was widespread in Mesoamerica, though chert, flint, and chalcedony blades are not uncommon.  The term is generally restricted to Mesoamerican archaeology, although some examples are found in the Old World, for example in a Minoan grave in Crete.

Prismatic blades were used for cutting and scraping, and have been reshaped into other tool types, such as projectile points and awls.

Morphology

Prismatic blades are often trapezoidal in cross section, but very close in appearance to an isosceles trapezoid.  Triangular blades (in cross-section) are also common.  The ventral surface of the prismatic blade is very smooth, sometimes bearing slight rippling reflecting the direction of applied force and a very small bulb of applied force (indicative of pressure reduction).  Flake scars are absent on the ventral surface of these blades,  though eraillure flakes are sometimes present on the bulb.  The dorsal surface, on the other hand, exhibits scar ridges running parallel to the long axis of the blade.  These facets are created by the previous removal of blades from the core.  The proximal end contains the blade's striking platform and its bulb of applied force, while the distal end will consist of a snap break, a feather termination, or a stepped termination.

Production
Obsidian prismatic blade production was ubiquitous in Mesoamerica, and these tools can be found at a large majority of Mesoamerican archaeological sites from the Preclassic period on until the arrival of the Spanish in the early 16th century. Ethnohistoric sources recount the process of prismatic blade production.  Fray Motolinia, a Spanish observer, recorded:

The production of prismatic blades creates not only a very standardized final product, but also a standardized waste assemblage.  The analysis of obsidian debitage can reveal whether or not prismatic blade production occurred at a site and, if it had, what stages of production the process included. In other words, the types of manufacturing waste present (e.g., rejuvenation flakes and/or blades, platform rejuvenation flakes, etc.) at a site can inform archaeologists about the stage in which blades were being produced.

Notes

References
 Clark, John E. (1997) Prismatic blademaking, craftsmanship, and production: an analysis of obsidian refuse from Ojo de Agua, Chiapas, Mexico.  Ancient Mesoamerica 8:137-159.
 Clark, John E., and Douglas D. Bryant (1997) Technological typology of prismatic blades and debitage from Ojo de Agua, Chiapas, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 8: 111–136.
Hester, Thomas R., Robert N. Jack and Robert F. Heizer. The Obsidian of Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico.  University of California Archeology Research Facility.  No. 13 pp. 65–131, 1971.

Archaeological artefact types
Lithics
Mesoamerican artifacts
Stone objects
WWT Washington. WWT Washington Wetland Centre is a wetland reserve managed by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust at Washington, Tyne and Wear, North East England. 

Established in 1975, its wildlife includes swans, geese, ducks, a family of Asian short clawed otters and a flock of Chilean flamingos. WWT works towards the conservation of wetlands and has a successful breeding program for some of the world's most endangered wildfowl.

Included in the site is a nature reserve with hides to watch the wildlife, a saline lagoon and dragonfly ponds in which large species of dragonfly live along with newts, frogs and toads.

The park sells bags of seed that can be used to get an up-close and personal encounter with most of their birds whilst feeding them.

Species kept at the park include:
Andean goose
Baer's pochard
Black necked swan
Black swan
Chilean flamingo
Common crane
Eider
Hawaiian goose
Mute swan
Red-breasted goose
Ringed teal
Spur-winged goose
White-faced whistling duck

References

External links

Washington
Tourist attractions in the City of Sunderland
Nature reserves in Tyne and Wear
Washington, Tyne and Wear
Nature centres in England
Ramanathan V. Guha. Ramanathan V. Guha (born 1965) is the creator of widely used web standards such as RSS, RDF and Schema.org. He is also responsible for products such as Google Custom Search. He was a co-founder of Epinions and Alpiri. He worked at Google for nearly two decades, most recently as a Google Fellow, before announcing his departure from the company in August 2024.

Education
Guha did his schooling from Loyola High School, Pune and graduated with Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Master of Science from University of California, Berkeley and Ph.D from Stanford University.

Career
Guha was one of the early co-leaders of the Cyc Project where he worked from 1987 through 1994 at Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation in collaboration with Douglas Lenat. He was responsible for the design and implementation of key parts of the Cyc system, including the CycL knowledge representation language, the upper ontological layers of the Cyc Knowledge Base and some parts of the original Cyc Natural Language understanding system.

Leaving what became Cycorp, Guha founded Q Technology, which created a database schema mapping tool called Babelfish.  In 1994, he moved to work at Apple Computer, reporting to Alan Kay, where he developed the Meta Content Framework (MCF) format. In 1997 he joined Netscape where, in collaboration with Tim Bray, he created a new version of MCF that used the XML language and which became the main technical precursor to W3C's  Resource Description Framework (RDF) standard.

Guha also contributed to the "smart browsing" features of Netscape 4.5 and was instrumental in Netscape's acquisition of NewHoo, which Netscape rebranded the Open Directory Project. He created the first version of RSS as part of a move in which the My.Netscape portal was opened to wider participation in March 1999. In 1999 he left Netscape and in May co-founded Epinions, where he worked until 2000.  Guha founded Alpiri in late 2000 which created TAP, a semantic web application and knowledge base.  In 2002, he became a researcher at IBM Almaden Research Center.

In 2005 Guha joined Google and became a Google Fellow. While at Google he has been responsible for Google Custom Search and a number of enhancements to Adwords. He is also one of the founders of Schema.org and Datacommons.org. After nearly two decades with the company, he announced his departure in August 2024.

Awards
On January 26, 2013, Guha  was named as a Distinguished Alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras.

December 8, 2015 named as a ACM Fellow for contributions to structured data representation and specification and their impact on the Web

References

Apple Inc. employees
Google employees
Google Fellows
IBM employees
Living people
1965 births
2015 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Institution of Electrical Engineers. The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) was a British professional organisation of electronics, electrical, manufacturing, and information technology professionals, especially electrical engineers. It began in 1871 as the Society of Telegraph Engineers. In 2006, it merged with the Institution of Incorporated Engineers and the new organisation is Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET).

Notable past presidents have included Lord Kelvin (1889), Sir Joseph Swan (1898) and Sebastian de Ferranti (1910–11). Notable chairmen include John M. M. Munro (1910–11).

History 
The IEE was founded in 1871 as the Society of Telegraph Engineers, changed its name in 1880 to the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians and changed to the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1888. It was Incorporated by a Royal Charter in 1921.

In 1988 the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) merged with the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers (IERE), originally the British Institution of Radio Engineers (Brit IRE) founded in 1925.

By the mid-2000s, the IEE was the largest professional engineering society in Europe, with a worldwide membership of around 120,000.

Discussions about a merger with the Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE) under a new name started in 2004, and following membership voting, the IEE merged with the IIE on 31 March 2006 to form the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET).

Wiring Regulations

The IEE was the publisher of the British Standard for Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom, BS 7671.  This is now published by the IET.

See also
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 Institution of Engineering and Technology
 List of presidents of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
 Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
 Charles Babbage Premium

References

External links
 
 Engineering Council UK
 IET Digital Library. .
 IET Publishing (archived copy)

1871 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1871
Organizations disestablished in 2006
Defunct professional associations based in the United Kingdom
Electrical engineering organizations
Engineering societies based in the United Kingdom
Learned societies of the United Kingdom
Institution of Engineering and Technology
DCI. DCI may be an abbreviation for:

Technology
 D-chiro-inositol, an isomer of inositol
 Data, context and interaction, an architectural pattern in computer software development
 Digitally controlled impedance, a control function in FPGAs
 Display Control Interface, a computer graphics device driver standard developed using code from San Francisco Canyon Company
 Ductile cast iron, or ductile iron, a more flexible type of cast iron
 dCi (direct Common-rail Injection), Renault/Nissan's common rail fuel injection technology for diesel engines

Businesses
 Digital Cinema Initiatives, a consortium to establish a specification for a standard digital cinema architecture
 Discovery Communications, an American global media and entertainment company
 Dynamic Cassette International, a Boston, Lincolnshire, UK company that produces products under the Jet Tec brand name
 DCI Cheese Company
 Dolphin Capital Investors, a real estate investment company
 Diners Club International, a global charge card
 Défense Conseil International, a French international services company in the field of defense and security

Organizations 
 DCI (Wizards of the Coast) (formerly Duelists' Convocation International, now Wizards Play Network), tournament sanctioning body for games including Magic: The Gathering
 Defence for Children International, a children's rights organization
 Dental Council of India, an organisation regulating dental education
 Dialysis Clinic, Inc, a nonprofit medical organization
 Drum Corps International, the nonprofit organization governing modern junior drum and bugle corps
 DCI Global Partnerships, a Christian charity organization
 Distressed Children & Infants International, a nonprofit organization

Other
 Dade Correctional Institution, a prison in Florida
 Development Cooperation Instrument, a financial construct of the European Union
 Director of Central Intelligence, formerly the head of the U.S. Intelligence Community and Central Intelligence Agency
 Detective chief inspector, a police rank in the United Kingdom
 Decompression illness, brought on by rapid decompression
 Defence Capabilities Initiative, a 1999 NATO plan to ensure the effectiveness of multinational operations
 DCI, the number 601 in Roman numerals
 District of Columbia International School, a charter school in the District of Columbia
IWarp. iWarp was an experimental parallel supercomputer architecture developed as a joint project by Intel and Carnegie Mellon University. The project started in 1988, as a follow-up to CMU's previous WARP research project, in order to explore building an entire parallel-computing "node" in a single microprocessor, complete with memory and communications links. In this respect the iWarp is very similar to the INMOS transputer and nCUBE.

Intel announced iWarp in 1989. The first iWarp prototype was delivered to Carnegie Mellon in summer of 1990, and in fall they received the first 64-cell production systems, followed by two more in 1991. With the creation of the Intel Supercomputing Systems Division in the summer of 1992, the iWarp was merged into the iPSC product line. Intel kept iWarp as a product but stopped actively marketing it.

Each iWarp CPU included a 32-bit ALU with a 64-bit FPU running at 20 MHz. It was purely scalar and completed one instruction per cycle, so the performance was 20 MIPS or 20 megaflops for single precision and 10 MFLOPS for double. The communications were handled by a separate unit on the CPU that drove four serial channels at 40 MB/s, and included networking support in hardware that allowed for up to 20 virtual channels (similar to the system added to the INMOS T9000).

iWarp processors were combined onto boards along with memory, but unlike other systems Intel chose the faster, but more expensive, static RAM for use on the iWarp. Boards typically included four CPUs and anywhere from 512 kB to 4 MB of SRAM.

Another difference in the iWarp was that the systems were connected together as a n-by-m torus, instead of the more common hypercube. A typical system included 64 CPUs connected as an 8×8 torus, which could deliver 1.2 gigaflops peak.

George Cox was the lead architect of the iWarp project. Steven McGeady (later an Intel Vice-president and witness in the Microsoft antitrust case) wrote an innovative development environment that allowed software to be written for the array before it was completed.  Each node of the array was represented by a different Sun workstation on a LAN, with the iWarp's unique inter-node communication protocol simulated over sockets.  Unlike the chip-level simulator, which could not simulate a multi-node array, and which ran very slowly, this environment allowed in-depth development of array software to begin.

The production compiler for iWarp was a C and Fortran compiler based on the AT&T pcc compiler for UNIX, ported under contract for Intel by the Canadian firm HCR Corporation and then extensively modified and extended by Intel.

See also
Systolic array

Notes

External links
iWarp Project at CMU

Supercomputers
Parallel computing
Massively parallel computers
Handle (disambiguation). A handle is a grip attached to an object for using or moving the object.

Handle may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Handles (novel), a children's book by Jan Mark
 Handles, a character in the Doctor Who episode "The Time of the Doctor"

Computing and technology
 Handle (computing), an abstract reference to a resource
 Handle, in a communication system, is a:
 Pseudonym 
User name 
 Handle, in computer programming, is an opaque pointer, i.e., a datatype that hides its internal implementation using a pointer
 Adjustment handles, little boxes for resizing a GUI control
 Handle System, a system for uniquely numbering digital objects
 Handle-o-Meter, a machine that measures surface friction and flexibility of sheeted materials

Other uses
 Handle (mathematics), a topological ball
 Handle, in gambling, is the total amount bet, usually at a given place or for a given event
 Handle, a half-gallon (1.75 L) bottle of liquor; see alcohol measurements

See also
 Handel (disambiguation)
 Hendel
 Hendl
IBM 550. The IBM 550 numerical interpreter was the first commercial machine made by IBM that read numerical data punched on cards and printed it across the top of each card. The 550 was introduced in 1930.

Information to be printed could be placed in any sequence via plugboard control panel selections. The machine operated at the rate of 75 cards a minute. The feed hopper had a capacity of 800 cards, and the stacker had a capacity of 1,000 cards.

Alphabetic and numeric characters could be printed by the Type 552 alphabetic interpreter, announced in 1937. It could process 60 cards per minute. The Type 552 was withdrawn in December 1957.

References

http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/interpreter.html

See also
 Unit record equipment
 IBM 557 Alphabetic Interpreter

550
550
Pressing. Pressing may refer to:
Pressing (association football), a defensive tactic
Pressing (execution), a method of killing by crushing
Pressing (metalworking), also known as stamping, a manufacturing process 
Pressing (wine), the extraction of juice from crushed grapes during wine making
Expeller pressing or oil pressing, a mechanical method for extracting oil from raw materials
Full-court press, a defensive tactic in basketball
Hohe Pressing, a hill in the Central Eastern Alps, Austria
Hot pressing, a powder metallurgy process
Hot isostatic pressing, a manufacturing process
Plant pressing, a botanical collection technique
Pressing plant, a machine for producing vinyl sound recordings
Presing, a Serbian band also known as Pressing

See also
Press (disambiguation)
Alexis Thérèse Petit. Alexis Thérèse Petit (; 2 October 1791 – 21 June 1820) was a French physicist.

Petit is known for his work on the efficiencies of air- and steam-engines, published in 1818 (Mémoire sur l’emploi du principe des forces vives dans le calcul des machines). His well-known discussions with the French physicist Sadi Carnot, founder of thermodynamics, may have stimulated Carnot in his reflexions on heat engines and thermodynamic efficiency. The Dulong–Petit law (1819) is named after him and his collaborator Pierre Louis Dulong.

Biography

Early life and studies 
Petit was born in Vesoul, Haute-Saône. At the age of 10, he proved that he was already capable of taking the difficult entrance exam to France's most prestigious scientific school of the time, the École polytechnique of Paris. He was then placed in a preparatory school where he actually served as a "répétiteur" to help his own classmates digest the course material. He duly entered the Polytechnique at the lowest permissible age, in 1807, and graduated "hors-rang" in 1809 (which is to say that he clearly outranked all of his classmates).

After graduation, Petit stayed at Polytechnique as a faculty member, first as répétiteur in analysis and mechanics (1809) then in physics (1810).

Career 
He taught for some time at Lycée Bonaparte. At Polytechnique, he served as a substitute (1814) for Jean Henri Hassenfratz whom he would replace in 1815. He thus became the second professor of physics at Polytechnique and the youngest person ever to hold that position, at the age of 23.

Petit and François Arago were brothers-in-law because they married two sisters. In 1814, the two men collaborated on a paper together.

Petit first collaborated with Pierre Louis Dulong for the competition of the French Academy of Sciences about refrigeration (1815). Petit is now probably best known for the surprising Dulong–Petit law concerning the specific heat capacity of metals, which both men formulated together in 1819 and which Albert Einstein explained almost a century later. Petit also designed a special thermometer (using weights) to determine the thermal dilatation coefficients of several metals.

Death 
Petit died from tuberculosis at the age of 28, shortly after the passing of his wife. He was succeeded by Dulong as professor of physics at the Polytechnique in 1820.

Personality 
Jules Jamin, a contemporary and fellow physicist provides biographical and temperament details of Petit and Dulong:

References

Further reading
R Fox, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).
R Fox, The background to the discovery of Dulong and Petit's law, British J. His. Sci. 4 (1968–69), 1-22.
J W van Spronsen, The history and prehistory of the law of Dulong and Petit as applied to the determination of atomic weights, Chymia 12 (1967), 157–169.

1791 births
1820 deaths
People from Vesoul
French physicists
Thermodynamicists
École Polytechnique alumni
Waterways in the United Kingdom. Water transport played a vital role in the UK's industrial development. The beginning of the 19th century saw a move from roads to waterways, (i.e. canals, rivers, firths, and estuaries).

Rivers in the United Kingdom

Major navigable rivers include the Humber, Mersey, Yorkshire Ouse, Severn, Thames and Trent.  Some minor navigable rivers may be classified as canals.  Others include the Warwickshire Avon, the Bristol Avon.

There are also the subterranean rivers of London, and the Jubilee River, which, although man-made, was designed to look and act like a natural river rather than a canal.

Canals in the United Kingdom

The canals of the United Kingdom are a major part of the network of inland waterways. They are used for irrigation and transport and were a key part of the Industrial Revolution. Today, they are also used for recreational boating.

Statistics

See also

British Waterways Waterscape
Canal & River Trust
Inland Waterways Association
Falkirk Helix
Geography of the United Kingdom
List of navigation authorities in the United Kingdom
List of waterway societies in the United Kingdom
World Canals Conference

External links

 
Geography of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom transport-related lists
Lists of landforms of the United Kingdom