omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
First Yale Unit. The First Yale Unit, also known as the Yale Aero Club (formally designated Aerial Coast Patrol No. 1), was originally a student airplane flying club started by Yale University sophomore F. Trubee Davison in June 1916. Davison and 11 other Yale students were fascinated with the possibilities of aviation in general and of naval aviation specifically. After meeting with Admiral Robert Peary to gain military authorization for the unit, Trubee Davison acquired a Curtiss Model F flying boat and members of the First Yale Unit were trained as pilots during the summer of 1916. They were subsequently used as the first U.S. aerial coastal patrol unit. The First Yale Unit considered to be the first U.S. naval air reserve unit.

Although they were still civilians and volunteers, the Yale students now had an official mission. On August 29, 1916, Congress passed the Naval Reserve Appropriations Act and established the Naval Reserve Flying Corps. In March 1917, 13 days before the United States entered World War I, the First Yale Unit volunteers enlisted en masse in the Naval Reserve Flying Corps and began war training at West Palm Beach.

From this small group of 29 emerged an assistant secretary of war, an assistant secretary of the navy, an under secretary of the navy, and a secretary of defense. Founder F. Trubee Davidson was injured in a crash during training and never saw combat. However, he went on to become the director of the Civil Aeronautics Board. Lt. David Ingalls later flew a Sopwith Camel airplane with the RAF, the first US naval aviator to become a flying ace, and the only to achieve this feat during WWI. He later served as Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Navy. Two other First Yale Unit members, Robert Lovett and Artemus Gates, became commandants of the army and navy air corps, respectively.

The story of the First Yale Unit is chronicled in the 2015 documentary film The Millionaire's Unit, based on author Marc Wortman's book of the same name.

Notes

References
 Greer, Darroch; King, Ron (directors) (2015). The Millionaires' Unit (motion picture). New Zealand: Humanus Documentary Films Foundation.
 Marzat, Phil, Moutchic NAS The First Yale Unit. ▸ Original photo and video of the first yale unit at le Moutchic on the Lacanau Lake
 Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (1971). United States Naval Aviation, 1910-1970. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Navy. 
 Paine, Ralph Delahaye (1925). The First Yale Unit. Cambridge: Riverside Press. ▸ Full transcription online
 Russell, Sandy (1986). Naval Aviation, 1911-1986: A Pictorial Study. Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air Warfare) and the Commander of Naval Air Systems Command. Washington, D.C.  
 Van Wyen, Adrian O. (1969). Naval Aviation in World War I. Vol. 2. Chief of Naval Operations. Washington, D.C. 
 Wortman, Marc (2006). The Millionaires' Unit: The Aristocratic Flyboys who Fought the Great War and Invented America's Airpower. New York : Public Affairs. 

Military units and formations of the United States Navy Reserve
Islip (town), New York
Yale University
1915 establishments in the United States
United States naval aviation
Ian Read. Ian C. Read (born 1953) is a Scottish-born American business executive and a chartered accountant, who is executive chairman of the pharmaceutical company Pfizer. He was succeeded as CEO by Albert Bourla on 1 January 2019, becoming executive chairman.

Early life
Read was born in Forfar, Scotland, to a Scottish mother, but his parents returned to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) when he was six-weeks-old, and he grew up there.

Read received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Imperial College London in 1974. He qualified as a chartered accountant in 1978.

Career
Read has spent his entire career with Pfizer, starting in 1978 as an operational auditor. He worked in Latin America through 1995, holding positions ranging from CFO of Pfizer Mexico (Pfizer's largest subsidiary in Latin America) to country manager of Brazil. In 1996, he was appointed president of the Pfizer International Pharmaceuticals Group, Latin America/Canada.  He assumed the position of executive vice president—Europe/Canada in May 2000, added the responsibilities for Africa/Middle East region as of January 2004 and responsibilities for Latin America in March 2006. He was named vice president of Pfizer in 2001 and promoted to president of worldwide pharmaceutical operations in 2006. He is a member of the Pfizer Leadership Team.

On 5 December 2010, when Read "took over from Jeffrey Kindler as Pfizer’s CEO, the drug firm–the world’s largest–was facing the impending patent expiration of Lipitor, the bestselling drug ever made, and the utter failure of one of the most lavishly funded research laboratories on the planet to develop much of anything." Read is also a director of Kimberly-Clark. Read is now an American citizen.

By October 2015 during the Drug Pricing Firestorm, Forbes journalist Matthew Herper, wrote how "Read, with his calculating mind, must get through the public’s rage over six-figure price tags for breakthrough drugs and yet keep Pfizer’s pricing power more or less intact. Doing so is absolutely critical: 34% of Pfizer’s revenue growth over the past three years has come from increasing prices on existing drugs, according to SSR, a Stamford, Conn.-based consulting firm. New medicines, especially for cancer, are selling for $100,000-plus–prices that were unimaginable five years ago." In January 2019, Albert Bourla succeeded Read as CEO at Pfizer. In September 2019, Pfizer announced Read would retire as executive chairman at the end of 2019, ending a four-decade career there.

Personal life
Read has a holiday home near Bonita Springs, Florida.

References

External links
 Pfizer 

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of Imperial College London
British chemical engineers
British accountants
Businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry
Pfizer people
British chief executives
People from Forfar
American chief executives
American chemical engineers
Rhodesian businesspeople
Chief executives in the pharmaceutical industry
Two-thirds rule (railway safety). The two-thirds rule is a railway safety rule originating from the Southern Region of British Railways. The two-third rule requires that the speed of a freight train is limited to no more than two-thirds of the speed limit for a passenger electric multiple unit (EMU).

For safety reasons, speed limits are imposed on trains running on a railway line.  Many factors can affect the speed limit of a particular line including the state of the track, the curvature of the track, the number of stations, the individual features of stations or junctions and the stopping distances of trains running on that track. During the existence of the BR Southern Region, EMUs used on these lines were generally capable of slowing down much more quickly than the freight trains that shared these tracks. The Southern Region introduced the "two-thirds rule" as a safety and performance measure in response to this discrepancy.

On the modern British railway network, this rule was included in the Railway Group Standards (RGS) GK/RT0034 and then persisted in to the GK/RT0075 Requirements for Minimum Signalling Braking and Deceleration Distances. A study concluded in 2014 proposed that a strategy be introduced to replace the two-thirds rule due to increased performance of modern freight locomotives, however the rule persists on many parts of the railway in southern England.

See also
Bexley derailment

References

Rail transport in England
Railway safety
Andrew Alford. Andrew Alford (5 August 1904 – 25 January 1992) was an American electrical engineer and inventor.

Born in Samara, Russia, Alford invented and developed antennas for radio navigation systems, now used for VHF omnidirectional range and instrument landing systems.

Alford graduated from the University of California in 1924. He received an honorary doctorate from Ohio University in 1975.

California Institute of Technology, 1927–28;
Fox Film Corporation, 1929–31;
Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company, 1934–41;
Air Navigation Lab, International Telegraph Development Corporation, 1938–41;
Harvard University Radio Research Lab from 1943 to 1945;
Direction Finder and Antenna Division, ITT, from 1943 to 1945;
Founded the Alford Manufacturing Company.

He is the inventor of a balanced square antenna named the Alford Loop.

In 1965, the first Master FM Antenna system in the world designed to allow individual FM stations to broadcast simultaneously from one source was erected on the Empire State Building. The original system was co-invented by Alford and Frank Kear.

In 1983 Alford was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his invention of the Localizer Antenna System which guides aircraft during landings.

See also
 AN/MRN-1

US Patents
 Localizer Antenna System

1904 births
1992 deaths
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Inventors from the Russian Empire
American electrical engineers
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Harvard University staff
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Structured light. Structured light is the process of projecting a known pattern (often grids or horizontal bars) on to a scene. The way that these deform when striking surfaces allows vision systems to calculate the depth and surface information of the objects in the scene, as used in structured light 3D scanners.

Invisible (or imperceptible) structured light uses structured light without interfering with other computer vision tasks for which the projected pattern will be confusing. Example methods include the use of infrared light or of extremely high frame rates alternating between two exact opposite patterns.

Structured light is used by a number of police forces for the purpose of photographing fingerprints in a 3D scene. Where previously they would use tape to extract the fingerprint and flatten it out, they can now use cameras and flatten the fingerprint digitally, which allows the process of identification to begin before the officer has even left the scene.

See also 
 Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM)
 Stereoscopy
 3D scanner#Structured light
 Structured-light 3D scanners often employed in a multiple-camera setup in conjunction with structured light to capture the geometry of the target
 Dual photography
 More advanced light stages make use of structured light to capture geometry of the target. The primary use of a light stage is an instrumentation setup for reflectance capture.
 Depth map
 Laser Dynamic Range Imager
 Lidar
 Range imaging
 Kinect
 Time-of-flight camera

External links 

 Projector-Camera Calibration Toolbox
 Tutorial on Coded Light Projection Techniques
 Structured light using pseudorandom codes
 High-accuracy stereo depth maps using structured light
 A comparative survey on invisible structured light
 A Real-Time Laser Range Finding Vision System
 Dual-frequency Pattern Scheme for High-speed 3-D Shape Measurement
 High-Contrast Color-Stripe Pattern for Rapid Structured-Light Range Imaging

Image sensor technology in computer vision
Machine vision
Artemis-class attack cargo ship. The Artemis-class attack cargo ships were a series of attack cargo ships (AKAs) built by Walsh-Kaiser Company of Cranston and Providence, Rhode Island, during World War II.

Like all AKAs, they were designed to carry combat loaded military cargo and landing craft, and to use the latter to land weapons, supplies, and troops on enemy shores during amphibious operations. Compared to other classes of AKAs, the Artemis class had a much shallower draft, and a lower main deck aft. All these ships were built on the same standard hull design, but there were some differences from ship to ship: The hull was a S-Type Special-Purpose Ships, same as S3-M2-K2 Landing Ship, Tank.

The armament varied, as did that of the other ships of the day. During 1944–1945, the 5"/38-caliber gun was recognized as the best gun for the dual role of antiaircraft and naval gunfire support, and the 40 mm gun was seen as the best antiaircraft gun. The older 20 mm and .50 caliber guns had been recognized to be of limited value, and were being phased out, though they appeared on some of these ships. The 20 mm guns were later removed from all of them, but it is not clear just when this happened.

The complement varied as well, but the DANFS figures sometimes seem to confuse ship's company with embarked troops in determining a ship's complement.

See also
 
 
 
 
 Haskell-class attack transport
 List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships

References
Phthalimide. Phthalimide is the organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO)2NH. It is the imide derivative of phthalic anhydride. It is a sublimable white solid that is slightly soluble in water but more so upon addition of base. It is used as a precursor to other organic compounds as a masked source of ammonia.

Uses 

Phthalimide is used as a precursor to anthranilic acid, a precursor to azo dyes and saccharin.

Alkyl phthalimides are useful precursors to amines in chemical synthesis, especially in peptide synthesis where they are used "to block both hydrogens and avoid racemization of the substrates". Alkyl halides can be converted to the N-alkylphthalimide:
 C6H4(CO)2NH  +  RX  +  NaOH   →   C6H4(CO)2NR  +  NaX  +  H2O
The amine is commonly liberated using hydrazine:
 C6H4(CO)2NR  +  N2H4   →   C6H4(CO)2N2H2  +  RNH2

Dimethylamine can also be used.

Some examples of phthalimide drugs include thalidomide, amphotalide, taltrimide, talmetoprim, and apremilast.  With a trichloromethylthio substituent, a phthalimide-derived fungicide is Folpet.

Reactivity 
It forms salts upon treatment with bases such as sodium hydroxide.  The high acidity of the imido N-H is the result of the pair of flanking electrophilic carbonyl groups. Potassium phthalimide, made by reacting phthalimide with potassium carbonate in water at 100 °C or with potassium hydroxide in absolute ethanol, is used in the Gabriel synthesis of primary amines, such as glycine.

Preparation 
Phthalimide can be prepared by heating phthalic anhydride with alcoholic ammonia giving 95–97% yield. Alternatively, it may be prepared by treating the anhydride with ammonium carbonate or urea. It can also be produced by ammoxidation of o-xylene.

Phthalimide can also be prepared by phthalic acid (Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid or Phthalic acid) by the following process 

Carboxylic acids give Ammonium salts if reacted with ammonia and give amides when strongly heated.

Natural occurrence 
Kladnoite is a natural mineral analog of phthalimide. It is very rarely found among a few burning coal fire sites.

Safety
Phthalimide has low acute toxicity with  (rat, oral) of greater than 5,000 mg/kg.

References

General reading
Alteon WebSystems. Alteon WebSystems, originally known as Alteon Networks, is a division of Radware that produces application delivery controllers.

Alteon was acquired  by Nortel Networks on October 4, 2000.
On February 22, 2009 Nortel Networks sold the Alteon application switching line to Radware.

History
Alteon Networks was founded in 1996 by Mark Bryers, John Hayes, Ted Schroeder and Wayne Hathaway.  Initial venture capital investors were Matrix Partners and Sutter Hill Ventures. Dominic Orr became chief executive in October 1996.

Alteon introduced innovative products such as the ACEswitch 180, which was the first network switch to deliver Ethernet with selectable speed, 10/100 or 1000 Mbit/s, on every port via autonegotiation.  Their ACEdirector Layer 4-7 switch was designed as an integrated services front-end and server load balancer.  They also introduced Jumbo Frames (up to 9,000 bytes) with their ACEnic adapters, and supported by their switches.

In addition to server switches, Alteon produced the first  network interface controller (NIC) in 1997 that used Gigabit Ethernet (demonstrated at the Networld + Interop trade show in September 1996).
Alteon's third generation Gigabit Ethernet NIC (code named "Tigon") became the basis for Broadcom's family of Ethernet controllers (series BCM570x)  and has shipped over 60 million copies.  It was used in low-cost adapters from vendors such as 3Com.

In July 2000, Nortel Networks announced it was buying Alteon for US$6 billion in stock. The deal had originally been announced with a value of $7.8 billion, but the stock market plummeted before the deal closed in October.
Nortel rolled the ACEDirector and ACESwitch products into its Personal Internet product line, but one year later sales had slowed down.
On February 22, 2009 Nortel Networks announced they would sell the Alteon application switching line to Radware, for $17.65 million.

In November 2013, Radware announced the Alteon NG, marketed as an  application delivery controller.

References

1999 initial public offerings
2000 mergers and acquisitions
Dot-com bubble
Nortel
Hartman Bache. Hartman Bache (September 3, 1798 – October 8, 1872) was an American military engineer who participated in the construction of many of the earliest lighthouses on the West Coast.  He made a number of sketches of these lighthouses and light stations which have since become an important resource in the study of American lighthouses.  He was also involved in the construction of railroads, canals, and defenses.

Hartman Bache was the youngest son of journalist Benjamin Franklin Bache (who died a week after his birth) and the great grandson of Benjamin Franklin.  He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1818. Despite his low class rank (19th out of 23), he was immediately commissioned as a Captain in the Corps of Topographical Engineers. In 1829 he married Maria del Carmen Meade, the daughter of merchant Richard W. Meade and sister of Civil War general George Meade.

In 1831, Bache was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

At the start of the Civil War in 1861, Bache was a lighthouse engineer with the rank of major. Shortly afterwards, he succeeded John James Abert as Chief of Topographical Engineers, spending much of the war serving on the East Coast. He was brevetted to brigadier general in March 1865, and retired in March 1867. Bache died in his hometown of Philadelphia, and was buried in Woodlands Cemetery.

See also
List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)

Notes

External links
Brief biography with picture
F. Ross Holland, Jr.  America's Lighthouses: Their Illustrated History Since 1716.
 

Career Profile

1798 births
1872 deaths
19th-century American engineers
Union army colonels
United States Army colonels
Franklin family
Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery
Lighthouse builders
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Engineers from Pennsylvania
United States Military Academy alumni
Beat slicing. Beat slicing is the process of using computer programs to slice an audio file of a drumloop in smaller sections, separating different drumhits. This is employed to rearrange the beat with either a sequencer or play them with a sampler, with the results ranging from changing particular hits to completely rearranging the flow of the beat.

Slicing a beat also allows the tempo of the beat to be altered heavily in music sequencers, without resulting downsides such as the pitch being increased or decreased.

This process is the most prominent in genres of drum and bass, hip-hop, glitch and IDM, the two latter being notorious for their prominent artists rearranging and altering beats in extreme ways.

Common programs used for beat slicing

Ableton Live
BeatCleaver
ReCycle
Renoise
Reaktor
Max/MSP
FL Studio

References

Audio editors
Stephen P. Morse. Stephen Paul Morse (born May 1940) is the architect of the Intel 8086 chip and is the originator of the "One Step" search page tools used by genealogists.

Early life 
Morse was born in Brooklyn, New York. He has degrees in electrical engineering from the City College of New York, the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and New York University.

Career

Intel 8086 

Morse worked for Bell Laboratories, IBM's Watson Research Center, Intel, and General Electric Corporate Research and Development. He was a principal architect of Intel 8086 microprocessor chip, designed by Intel between early 1976 and June 8, 1978.

He is quoted as saying:"While I'd like to think that the PC wouldn't exist today if I hadn't designed the 8086, the reality is that it would be based on some other processor family.  The instruction set would be radically different, but there would still be a PC.  I was just fortunate enough to be at the right place at the right time."

Genealogy 
In the early 2000s, he has applied his technology expertise to web-based genealogy search tools.  His "One Step" search pages are widely used by genealogists all over the world. He is also a co-author, with linguist Alexander Beider, of the Beider–Morse phonetic name matching algorithm.

Notes

External links 
 
 

Living people
American electrical engineers
Scientists at Bell Labs
1940 births
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Schleicher ASH 26. The ASH 26 is an 18 metre Class glider, built of modern fibre reinforced composites. It first flew in 1993. It is manufactured by Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co. The 'H' indicates this is a design of Martin Heide.

The ASH 26 has plain flaps, a retractable undercarriage and a water ballast system. The structure is a complex composite of carbon, aramid and polyethylene fibre reinforced plastic.  The wings have pneumatic turbulators.  Of the ASH 26s sold, over 90% are the self-launching version, the ASH 26 E; the engine being a liquid cooled Diamond (now Austro Engine) AE50R Wankel rotary engine.

Variants
ASH 26
Production variant with 18-metre wingspan.
ASH 26 E
Production variant, self launching utilising the 37 kW (50 hp) AE50R engine.

Specifications (ASH 26 E)

References

Further reading

External links

Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co
Sailplane Directory

Schleicher aircraft
1990s German sailplanes
T-tail aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1993
Aircraft with retractable bicycle landing gear
Wankel-engined aircraft
Impalefection. Impalefection is a method of gene delivery using nanomaterials, such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, nanowires. Needle-like nanostructures are synthesized perpendicular to the surface of a substrate. Plasmid DNA containing the gene, and intended for intracellular delivery, is attached to the nanostructure surface. A chip with arrays of these needles is then pressed against cells or tissue. Cells that are impaled by nanostructures can express the delivered gene(s).

As one of the types of transfection, the term is derived from two words – impalement and infection.

Applications
One of the features of impalefection is spatially resolved gene delivery that holds potential for such tissue engineering approaches in wound healing as gene activated matrix technology. Though impalefection is an efficient approach in vitro, it has not yet been effectively used in vivo on live organisms and tissues.

Carrier materials
Vertically aligned carbon nanofiber arrays prepared by photolithography and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition are one of the suitable types of material. Silicon nanowires are another choice of nanoneedles that have been utilized for impalefection.

See also 
Nanomedicine
Tim McKnight

References

External links
"Intracellular integration of synthetic nanostructures with viable cells for controlled biochemical manipulation"

Nanomaterials
Laboratory techniques
Biotechnology
Gene delivery