omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Non-contact wafer testing. Non contact wafer testing is an alternative to mechanical probing of ICs during the wafer testing step in semiconductor device fabrication.

Traditional (contact) wafer testing
Probing ICs while they are still on the wafer normally requires that contact be made between the automatic test equipment (ATE) and IC. This contact is usually made with some form of mechanical probe. A set of mechanical probes will often be arranged together on a probe card, which is attached to the wafer prober. The wafer is lifted by the wafer prober until metal pads on one or more ICs on the wafer make physical contact with the probes. A certain amount of over-travel is required after the first probe makes contact with the wafer, for two reasons:
to guarantee that all probes have made contact (to account for non-planarity of the wafer)
to break through the thin oxidized layer (if the metal pad is Aluminum) on the pad

There are numerous types of mechanical probes available commercially: their shape can be in the form of a cantilever, spring, or membrane, and they can be bent into shape, stamped, or made by microelectromechanical systems processing.

Using mechanical probes has certain drawbacks:
mechanical probing can damage the circuits under the probe pad on the IC
repeated probing can damage the probe pad on the IC, making further probing of that IC impossible
the probe card may be damaged from repeated contact, or become contaminated with debris created by contact with the wafer
the probe will act as a circuit and affect the results of the test. For this reason, the tests performed at wafer sort cannot always be identical and as extensive as those performed at the final device test after packaging is complete
since the probe pads are typically on the perimeter of the IC, the IC can soon become pad-limited. Shrinking pad sizes makes design and manufacturing of smaller and more accurate probes a challenge

Non-contact (wireless) wafer testing 
Alternatives to mechanical probing of ICs have been explored by various groups (Slupsky, 
Moore, 
Scanimetrics, 
Kuroda). These methods use tiny RF antennae (similar to RFID tags, but on a much smaller scale) to replace both the mechanical probes and the metal probe pads. If the antennae on the probe card and IC are properly aligned, then a transmitter on the probe card can send data wirelessly to the receiver on the IC via RF communication.

This method has several advantages:
no damage is done to circuits, pads, nor probe cards
no debris is created
probe pads are no longer required, on the periphery of the IC
wireless probe points can be placed anywhere on the IC, not just on the periphery
repeated probing is possible without damaging the probe points
faster data rates are possible than with mechanical probes
the wafer prober does not have to exert any force on the probe location (in traditional probing this can be a significant amount of force, when hundreds or thousands of probes are used)

See also
 Wafer testing

References

Semiconductor device fabrication
Cleanroom technology
Supratik Guha. Supratik Guha is an Indian–American materials scientist.

Guha graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur in 1985 and earned a doctorate in materials science from the University of Southern California in 1991. Between 1995 and 2015, he worked for IBM. He headed the Center for Nanoscale Materials from 2015 to 2019. After vacating the directorship, Guha remained a senior adviser to Argonne National Laboratory and on the faculty of the University of Chicago. 

Guha was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2009, "[f]or his leadership in semiconductor materials and devices and, in particular, for providing the scientific and technological underpinnings of the high dielectric constant gate stack scheduled to replace the venerable silicon dioxide gate film in field-effect transistor products in IBM." In 2015, Guha was cited "[f]or contributions to field-effect transistor technology that allow continued scaling of silicon microelectronics" in his election to the National Academy of Engineering.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indian emigrants to the United States
University of Chicago faculty
Indian materials scientists
American materials scientists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
IBM people
University of Southern California alumni
IIT Kharagpur alumni
Argonne National Laboratory people
Knowledge Acquisition and Documentation Structuring. Knowledge Acquisition and Documentation Structuring (KADS) is a structured way of developing knowledge-based systems (expert systems). It was developed at the University of Amsterdam as an alternative to an evolutionary approach and is now accepted as the European standard for knowledge based systems.

Its components are:
A methodology for managing knowledge engineering projects.
A knowledge engineering workbench.
A methodology for performing knowledge elicitation.

KADS was further developed into CommonKADS.

KADS methodology and the industrial development of expert systems 

A study carried out in 1989 showed that the main reason why expert systems were not being used was an insufficiency of methods for development, especially in the construction of knowledge bases, e.g. the transfer of expertise.

Knowledge Based Systems Analysis and Design Support (KADS) originating in the European ESPRIT project P1098 and representing 75 person-years of work, was one of the most highly developed KBs (Knowledge Based Systems) in the early 90s. This pioneering method provides two types of support for the production of KBs in an industrial approach: firstly, a lifecycle enabling a response to be made to technical and economic constraints (control of the production process, quality assurance of the system,...), and secondly a set of models which structure the production of the system, especially the tasks of analysis and the transformation of expert knowledge into a form exploitable by the machine.

References

External links 
 CommonKADS website

Knowledge engineering
DBK Historic Railway. The DBK Historic Railway is a preserved railway association in Crailsheim, Germany.

Founded as the "Kocher Valley Steam Railway" (Dampfbahn Kochertal) in 1985 at Sulzbach-Laufen, it moved gradually into the former steam engine locomotive depot (Bahnbetriebswerk or Bw) at Crailsheim. In May 2006, there were over 100 members. The museum has many railway vehicles, some of which are operational, including steam locomotives and diesel locomotives as well as passenger coaches and goods wagons. These include a working DRG Class 64 tank engine, no. 64 419, a DRB Class 50 wartime tender locomotive (not operational), no. 50 3545, and a DB Class V 100 diesel, no. 212 084.

It also offers special trips in historic trains between Schorndorf and Rudersberg.

A major project, which has been undertaken with state aid, is the rebuilding of a turntable in the  marshalling yard at Crailsheim station.

References

External links 

DBK Historic Railway Website
Germany Tourism

Heritage railways in Germany
Railway museums in Germany
Transport in Baden-Württemberg
Standard gauge railways in Germany
Museums in Baden-Württemberg
TADIXS. The Tactical Data Information Exchange Subsystem (TADIXS) is a military communications system designed to allow the exchange of tactical information between commanders using the Global Command and Control System-Maritime (GCCS-M). Specifically, TADIXS allows for communication between land-based (shore) computer systems and those on U.S. Navy fleet ships deployed around the world.

TADIXS has entered its fourth phase of development and is likely to replace the Officer in Tactical Command Information Exchange System (OTCIXS). This information exchange improves the overall situational awareness of tactical commanders in the field and strategic commanders at command and control centers.

References

Military communications
Military technology
Graham Dorrington. Graham Dorrington (born in Chalfont St. Giles), is an English aeronautical engineer. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1989 and was formerly a lecturer at Queen Mary, University of London, though he is now teaching at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia. He was the subject of the film The White Diamond (2004) directed by Werner Herzog.

External links
 
 BBC Storyville interview with Dorrington

References
 

British aerospace engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Chalfont St Giles
Elan Valley Railway. The Elan Valley Railway (EVR) was a Welsh industrial railway built to assist in the construction of the Elan Valley Reservoirs in mid Wales. It was in operation from 1896 to about 1912/1916.

History 
The four dams in the Elan Valley were built to supply water to Birmingham, and were authorized by an Act of Parliament in June 1891. By 1893 dam construction was underway and the railway was completed in 1896. At its maximum extent, the railway had  of track supporting the construction work, running from a junction with the Cambrian Railways Mid Wales line near Rhayader to, at the furthest point, the Craig Goch dam site.

The railway, built in standard gauge which consisted of four lines, known as Railway No. 1, Railway No. 2, Railway No. 3 and Railway No. 4, was owned and operated by the Birmingham Corporation Water Department (now Birmingham City Council) which also owned the dams and associated works. The railway was mainly operated using a fleet of steam locomotives owned by the Corporation, with occasional assistance from locomotives borrowed from neighbouring railways.

The dams were officially opened by King Edward VII on 21 July 1904, although construction continued until 1906. The railway connection with the Cambrian Railways line was reduced from a loop and double junction to a single junction in June 1908, as traffic reduced. The majority of the EVR was lifted by 1912, with the final main line track being removed in 1916.

As of 1997, most of the line was walkable; and three such walks have been described.

References
 Notes

 Sources

External links 
  The Railway on elanvalley.org.uk

Reservoir construction railways
Railway lines opened in 1896
History of Powys
Standard gauge railways in Wales
CNAV Endeavour. CNAV Endeavour (later CFAV Endeavour, after the 1968 unification of the Canadian Armed Forces) was an . The vessel served the Royal Canadian Navy and later the Canadian Forces from 1965 to 1999. Endeavour performed research in oceanography and anti-submarine warfare, primarily on the West Coast of Canada.

Description
Endeavour had a displacement of  at full load with a length overall of , a beam of  and a draught of . Endeavours hull was stiffened for work in areas with ice.

The ship was propelled by two shafts driven by a diesel-electric engine creating . The machinery space was insulated to reduce noise. This gave the vessel a maximum speed of  and a range of  at . Endeavour could turn 2 times its length. The ship had a  helicopter deck. The ship was fitted with two 9-ton Austin-Weston telescopic cranes. Two oceanographical winches, each holding  of wire, two bathythermograph winches and one deep-sea coring winch were also fitted. The vessel had a complement of 50, which included 10 officers, 13 scientists and two aircrew.

Service history
Endeavour was ordered from Yarrows Ltd. and constructed at their shipyard in Esquimalt, British Columbia and given the yard number 250. Endeavours keel was laid down on 4 September 1963 and the ship was launched on 4 September 1964. The vessel was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy on 9 March 1965 and given the hull number AGOR 171. Endeavour was deployed on the West Coast of Canada researching anti-submarine warfare from the time the ship entered service until 1999. The vessel replaced the old  . In 1999, Endeavour was transferred to the East Coast to replace  temporarily, while Quest was undergoing modernisation. In 2000, Endeavour was discarded.

Citations

Sources
 }

External links
 Endeavour (AGOR 171) - Haze Gray and Underway - Naval History and Photography

Auxiliary ships of the Royal Canadian Navy
Endeavour-class oceanographic research ships
1965 ships
Ships built in Esquimalt
Groupe des écoles des mines. The Groupe des écoles des mines (; abbr. GEM) is a group of 8 Institut Mines-Telecom (IMT) engineering schools that are Grandes Écoles, a French institution of higher education that is separate from, but parallel and connected to the main framework of the French public university system. Similar to the Ivy League in the United States, Oxbridge in the UK, and C9 League in China, Grandes Écoles are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process. Alums go on to occupy elite positions within government, administration, and corporate firms in France.

Although the IMT engineering schools are more expensive than public universities in France, Grandes Écoles typically have much smaller class sizes and student bodies, and many of their programs are taught in English. International internships, study abroad opportunities, and close ties with government and the corporate world are a hallmark of the Grandes Écoles. Many of the top ranked schools in Europe are members of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles (CGE), as are the IMT engineering schools. Degrees from the IMT are accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and awarded by the Ministry of National Education (France) ().

Members
 École Nationale Supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux 
 École Nationale Supérieure des Mines d'Alès 
 École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Douai
 École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Nancy
 École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Nantes
 École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris
 École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne
 École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat

References

External links
 Official website
 École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne
 Mines Albi
 Institute Mines Telecom Lille Douai
 Mines Nancy 
 Mines Nantes

Grandes écoles
Schools of mines
Berkeley Timesharing System. The Berkeley Timesharing System was a pioneering time-sharing operating system implemented between 1964 and 1967 at the University of California, Berkeley. It was designed as part of Project Genie and marketed by Scientific Data Systems for the SDS 940 computer system.
It was the first commercial time-sharing which allowed general-purpose user programming, including machine language.

History
In the mid-1960s, most computers used batch processing: one user at a time with no interactivity. A few pioneering systems such as the Atlas Supervisor at the University of Manchester, Compatible Time-Sharing System at MIT, and the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System at Dartmouth College required large expensive machines.
Implementation started in 1964 with the arrival of the SDS 930 which was modified slightly, and an operating system was written from scratch.

Students who worked on the Berkeley Timesharing System included undergraduates Chuck Thacker and L. Peter Deutsch and doctoral student Butler Lampson.
The heart of the system was the Monitor (roughly what is now usually called a kernel) and the
Executive (roughly what is now usually called a command-line interface).

When the system was working, Max Palevsky, founder of  Scientific Data Systems, was at first not interested in selling it as a product. He thought timesharing had no commercial demand. However, as other customers expressed interest, it was put on the SDS pricelist as an expensive variant of the 930.
By November 1967 it was being sold commercially as the SDS 940.
By August 1968 a version 2.0 was announced that was just called the "SDS 940 Time-Sharing System".
Other timesharing systems were generally one-of-a-kind systems, or limited to a single application (such as teaching Dartmouth BASIC). The 940 was the first to allow for general-purpose programming, and sold about 60 units: not large by today's standards, but it was a significant part of SDS' revenues.

One customer was Bolt, Beranek and Newman. The TENEX operating system for the PDP-10 mainframe computer used many features of the SDS 940 Time-Sharing System system, but extended the memory management to include demand paging.

Some concepts of the operating system also influenced the design of Unix, whose designer Ken Thompson worked on the SDS 940 while at Berkeley. 
The QED text editor was first implemented by Butler Lampson and L. Peter Deutsch for the Berkeley Timesharing System in 1967.

Another major customer was Tymshare, who used the system to become the USA's best known commercial timesharing service in the late 1960s. By 1972, Tymshare alone had 23 systems in operation.

See also
Timeline of operating systems
 Time-sharing system evolution

References

Further reading
  Reprinted in Computer Structures, ed. Bell and Newell, McGraw-Hill, 1971, pp 291–300

External links
SDS-940 Simulator Configuration
 

Time-sharing operating systems
1960s software
University of California, Berkeley
Harold K. Schilling. Harold K. Schilling (February 7, 1899 – April 29, 1979) was a professor of physics at Pennsylvania State University.  He had served as chairman of the physics department and then as dean of the graduate school.  He also wrote extensively about science and religion.

Works
The structure of absorption bands in the spectrum of aqueous solutions of potassium permanganate (Master thesis) (1928)
I. Mosaic crystals of zinc. II. Growth of crystals of zinc containing cadmium, by the Czochralski-Gomperz method  (Ph.D. Thesis from the University of Iowa) (1935)
Supersonic signalling (1945)
The university and the church (1955)
Concerning the nature of science and religion : a study of presuppositions (1958)
The role of the church in higher education (1958)
"A Human Enterprise: Science as lived by its practitioners bears but little resemblance to science as described in print." Science, June 6, 1958, 127(3310), pages 1324-1327.
"On Relating Science and Religion," The Christian Scholar, Volume XLI, No. 3, September, 1958, pages 376-7.
Science and Religion: An Interpretation of Two Communities, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1962
Review: Robert E. McBride, The Journal of Religion, Volume 44, Issue 3, (July 1964), pages 267-269
Review: Mary B. Hesse, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Volume 3, Issue 1, (Autumn, 1963), page 112-113
Seeing the unseen (1963)
On the significance of science for religious thought (1964)
Science with Christian concern (1964)
On physics as one of the humanities (1965)
A conversation with Harold Schilling by North Carolina State University (1966)
Chapter 5 "The Threefold Nature of Science and Religion" (pp. 78–100) in Science and Religion: New Perspectives on the Dialogue, Editor Ian Barbour, Harper & Row, 1968
A theology of nature (1970)
Usages of the term mystery (1972)
 The New Consciousness in Science and Religion, 1973 United Church Press, 288 pages,

Citations
In  co-edited with Roy Abraham Varghese, Henry Margenau answers the question "What do you think should be the relationship between religion and science?" (page 58) in part 
"A book entitled Science and Religion (1962) by Harold Schilling is also recommended, for it contains a large number of factual instances allowing comparisons between the two fields."

See also 
List of science and religion scholars

References

1899 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Pennsylvania State University faculty
PRB 408. The PRB 408 is a Belgian square shaped anti-tank mine.

The mine consists of a polyethylene case with a handle in one side and a cylinder in the top of the box.  It contains a high explosive charge, a pressure-initiated fuse, a pressure plate and seven fuse wells but no power source. The mine is detonated when the pressure plate collapses by the action of a vehicle.

There is a variant, the PRB M3409, which has waterproof capabilities can be placed in shallow waters, it is probably the predecessor to the PRB M3 antitank mine.

References 
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction

See also 
ORDATA

Anti-tank mines
Land mines of Belgium
Graham Kendall. Graham Kendall (born 21 July 1961) is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Nottingham, UK. He is currently (2016–present) the Provost and CEO of University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus. He is also a Pro-Vice Chancellor of the University.

He is a member of the Automated Scheduling, Optimisation and Planning (ASAP) Research Group within the School of Computer Science.

He is the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions of Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

References

External links
 Graham Kendall's home page.

1961 births
Living people
Malaysian mathematicians
Malaysian academics
British computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Eugene C. Bingham. Eugene Cook Bingham (8 December 1878 – 6 November 1945) was a professor and head of the department of chemistry at Lafayette College. Bingham made many contributions to rheology, a term he is credited (along with Markus Reiner) with introducing.  He was a pioneer in both its theory and practice.    The type of fluid known as a Bingham plastic or Bingham Fluid is named after him, as is Bingham Stress.      He was also one of the people responsible for the construction of the Appalachian Trail.

Biography
Bingham was born on 8 December 1878 in Cornwall, Vermont.

He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Certificate of Merit in 1921 for his variable pressure  viscometer. In 1922, as chairman of the Metric Committee of the American Chemical Society, he campaigned for the United States to adopt the metric system.

Bingham died on 6 November 1945 in Easton, Pennsylvania.

Legacy
The Society of Rheology has awarded the Bingham Medal annually since 1948.

Selected publications
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (1914) vol. 6(3) pp. 233–237: A new viscometer for general scientific and technical purposes
Journal of Physical Chemistry (1914) vol. 18(2) pp. 157–165: The Viscosity of Binary Mixtures
Fluidity and Plasticity (1922) McGraw-Hill (Internet Digital Archive)
Journal of Physical Chemistry (1925) vol. 29(10) pp. 1201–1204: Plasticity
Review of Scientific Instruments (1933) vol. 4 p. 473: The New Science of Rheology
Journal of General Physiology (1944) vol. 28 pp. 79–94, pp. 131–149 [Bingham and Roepke], (1945) vol. 28 pp. 605–626: The Rheology of Blood

References

External links
Photograph of E. C. Bingham – Lafayette University Historical Photograph Collection

1878 births
1945 deaths
People from Cornwall, Vermont
American chemists
Rheologists
Fluid mechanics
American fluid dynamicists
Lafayette College faculty
Microtrol. Microtrol is an extended-release drug delivery system. It is used in certain medications like Adderall and incorporates two types of beads. The first dissolves immediately, releasing half of the medication, while the second type dissolves much more slowly releasing the remaining medication four hours later. Maximum plasma concentration is achieved in seven hours, compared to instant-release which reaches maximum concentration in three hours. Microtrol is manufactured by Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

References

Drug delivery devices