omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Foreman of signals. A foreman of signals is a highly qualified senior NCO or warrant officer signals engineering manager in the Royal Corps of Signals of the British Army and other Commonwealth armies. They undertake the role of equipment care specialist, with additional responsibilities for engineering and technical project management sometimes.

Selection and training process
A soldier from the Royal Corps of Signals selected for foreman of signals training must hold a minimum qualification of class 1 communications systems engineer, have served a minimum of ten years within the Army and hold the rank of corporal or above. To be accepted onto the foreman of signals course, each individual candidate must follow a strict selection process that starts 15 months before the course start date. From May to December, the candidates must complete tutor marked assessments (TMAs) which are submitted monthly. In January, the candidates sit two three-hour exams, which are co-ordinated to start concurrently around the world. Successful candidates then attend a one-week selection board where different management and technical tasks are used to assess the candidates' suitability to the task of becoming a foreman of signals.

There are usually close to a hundred eligible candidates every year. However, the board only selects between 8 and 20 students for each course, which typically commences in the first week of September each year and lasts 20 months. During the course, they are given the rank of acting sergeant.

Career progression
On completion of the course, the soldier is promoted to staff sergeant if the rank is not already held, and assumes the appointment of foreman of signals. They work as part of a unit operations team with a yeoman of signals, who is a communications technical specialist. The holder of the appointment can be promoted through the ranks from staff sergeant, to warrant officer class 2, then warrant officer class 1. To distinguish the appointment, the suffix of FofS is used (i.e. SSgt(FofS), WO2(FofS), WO1(FofS)).

History
The title has definitely existed since the formation of the Royal Corps of Signals and may have been used previously in the Royal Engineers Signal Service. Formerly, staff sergeants and warrant officers class 2 held the appointment of foreman of signals quartermaster sergeant (FoSQMS) and warrant officers class 1 held the appointment of foreman of signals sergeant major (FoSSM).

The first foreman of signals course was held in 1951 and the current courses () are the 86th and 87th running of the course.

India
In the Indian Army Corps of Signals, a foreman of signals holds junior commissioned officer rank and must have had a minimum of ten years' service. Training courses are conducted at the Military College of Telecommunication Engineering at Mhow.

References

British Army specialisms
Royal Corps of Signals
Indian Army
Warrant officers
Bulkhead line. Bulkhead line is an officially set line along a shoreline, usually beyond the dry land, to demark a territory allowable to be treated as dry land, to separate the jurisdictions of dry land and water authorities, for construction and riparian activities, to establish limits to the allowable obstructions to navigation and other waterfront uses. 

In particular, it may limit the construction of piers in the absence of an official pierhead line.

Various jurisdictions may define it in different ways. A formal definition may read as follows: A geographic line along a reach of navigable water that has been adopted by a municipal ordinance and approved by the Department of Natural Resources, and which allows limited filling between this bulkhead line and the original ordinary high water mark, except where such filling is prohibited by the floodway provisions. (Several municipalities in Wisconsin use wording closely approximating this sample.)

References

Coastal geography
Robert M. Graham (computer scientist). Robert M. Graham (1929 in Michigan, US – January 2, 2020) was a cybersecurity researcher computer scientist and Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He was born to a Scottish emigrant.

He received his undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Michigan. While working at the UofM's Computing Center he co-authored two compilers, GAT for the IBM 650 and MAD for the IBM 704/709/7090.

In 1963 he moved to MIT to participate in the development of Multics, one of the first virtual memory time-sharing computer operating systems. He had responsibility for protection, dynamic linking, and other key system kernel areas.

Later worked at University of California, Berkeley, City College of New York, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Officially retired in 1996, but continued to teach until the end of 2003.

In 1996 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

He is the author of numerous books and professional articles.

References

External links
 Robert M. Graham Home Page

1929 births
2020 deaths
American computer scientists
Multics people
University of Michigan alumni
EMSO. EMSO may refer to:
 EMŠO, the Slovenian Unique Master Citizen Number.
 EMSO simulator, a software package whose name stands for "Environment for Modelling, Simulation and Optimisation"
 The orchestral component of the European Medical Students' Orchestra and Choir
 European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory, a European research infrastructure
 Existential monadic second-order logic, a fragment of second-order logic in which all second-order quantifiers must be existential quantifiers over sets
Victor A. Vyssotsky. Victor Alexander Vyssotsky (February 26, 1931 – December 24, 2012) was a mathematician and computer scientist. He was the technical head of the Multics project at Bell Labs and later executive director of Research in the Information Systems Division of AT&T Bell Labs. Multics, whilst not particularly commercially successful in itself, directly inspired Ken Thompson to develop Unix. Later, Vyssotsky was the founding director of Digital's Cambridge Research Lab.

In 1960, Vyssotsky co-created the BLODI Block Diagram Compiler at Bell Labs. In 1961, together with Robert Morris Sr. and Doug McIlroy, he devised the computer game Darwin (later known as Core War) on an IBM 7090 at Bell Labs.

References

External links
 Core War at Virus Bulletin: Resources
 Victor A. Vyssotsky hosts a UNIX documentary UNIX: Making Computers Easier To Use -- AT&T Archives film from 1982, Bell Laboratories

1931 births
2012 deaths
American people of Russian descent
American computer scientists
American mathematicians
American computer programmers
Scientists at Bell Labs
Multics people
Quartz monzonite. Quartz monzonite is an intrusive, felsic, igneous rock that has an approximately equal proportion of orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars. It is typically a light colored phaneritic (coarse-grained) to porphyritic granitic rock. The plagioclase is typically intermediate to sodic in composition, andesine to oligoclase. Quartz is present in significant amounts. Biotite and/or hornblende constitute the dark minerals. Because of its coloring, it is often confused with granite, but whereas granite contains more than 20% quartz, quartz monzonite is only 5–20% quartz. Rock with less than five percent quartz is classified as monzonite. A rock with more alkali feldspar is a syenite whereas one with more plagioclase is a quartz diorite.  The fine grained volcanic rock equivalent of quartz monzonite is quartz latite.

The term adamellite was originally applied by A. Cathrein in 1890 to orthoclase-bearing tonalite (likely a granodiorite) at Monte Adamello, Italy, in 1890, but later came to refer to quartz monzonite. The term is now deprecated.

Quartz monzonite porphyry is often associated with copper mineralization in the porphyry copper ore deposits.

Geographic distribution

United States
In the White Mountains and western highlands of New Hampshire, the Kinsman Quartz Monzonite is an extensive formation that underlies Kinsman Mountain, parts of Franconia Notch, Mount Cardigan, and Mount Sunapee.

Stone Mountain in Georgia is a large quartz monzonite monadnock.

Quartz monzonite extracted from a quarry in Little Cottonwood Canyon was used to build several buildings in Salt Lake City, Utah, including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' Salt Lake Temple, Church Administration Building, and Conference Center, as well as the Utah State Capitol.

The large boulders of Joshua Tree National Park in southern California are quartz monzonite.

A large pluton in the Atlanta lobe of the Idaho Batholith, near McCall, Idaho, is made of quartz monzonite.

The Guilford Quartz Monzonite and Woodstock Quartz Monzonite, probably comagmatic, are located in central Maryland.

Australia
In Queensland, Castle Hill, Mount Stuart and Mount Louisa around Townsville represent a large quartz monzonite province.

References

External links
 

Igneous petrology
Granitic rocks
Sukhoi Su-26. The Sukhoi Su-26 is a single-seater aerobatic aircraft from the former Soviet Union, powered by a single radial reciprocating engine. The Su-26 has mid-mounted straight wings and fixed landing gear, the main gear mounted on a solid titanium arc.

The Su-26 made its first flight in June 1984, the original four having a two-bladed propeller. The production switched to the Su-26M, with refined tail surfaces and a German-made MTV-9 3-blade composite propeller. Further refinements were made, and the model won both the men's and women's team prizes at the 1986 World Aerobatics Championships. The modified Su-26M3 with the new M9F  engine dominated the 2003 and 2005 Aerobatic World Championships as well as the 2004 European Championships.

The Su-26 has fully metric instruments, except for the altimeter.

Specifications (Su-26)

In popular culture
IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover is a combat flight simulation video game mainly set in the Battle of Britain in 1940. Nevertheless, when the game was still under development, the Sukhoi Su-26 had been promised as a bonus flyable aircraft for all players, but was not included in the game upon release in March 2011. It was finally included as downloadable content with the adjunction of the Steam patch 1.11.20362 on 19 October 2012.

See also

References

External links

Su-26
1980s Soviet sport aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1984
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Bill Hibbard. Bill Hibbard is a scientist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison Space Science and Engineering Center working on visualization and machine intelligence. He is principal author of the Vis5D, Cave5D, and VisAD open-source visualization systems. Vis5D was the first system to produce fully interactive animated 3D displays of time-dynamic volumetric data sets and the first open-source 3D visualization system.

Writings on artificial intelligence

Bill Hibbard is also author of the book Super-Intelligent Machines and several articles about the technological singularity.

The ideas from Hibbard's book were refined in 2008. Hibbard published a series of three papers in 2012 on technical AI risk. One of these papers won the Singularity Institute's 2012 Turing Prize for the Best AGI Safety Paper.

His 2014 book, Ethical Artificial Intelligence, brings together all his ideas about AI.

His 2018 talk on PBS presents some of his ideas for a general audience.

Notes

References
 
 
 Bio at Lifeboat Foundation
 Profile at Accelerating Futures

External links
 The SSEC Visualization Project
 The SSEC Machine Intelligence Project

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Wisconsin–Madison staff
American computer scientists
Earth sciences graphics software
Computer graphics researchers
Flight Engineer Badge. The Flight Engineer Badge was a qualification badge of the United States Army Air Forces authorized late in the Second World War on 19 June 1945.  It was awarded to those military officers and NCOs who had qualified as flight engineers on board a military aircraft. As aircraft grew increasingly complex, the need arose for an in-flight specialist dedicated to monitoring and operating the various systems. However, prior to the creation of their own distinctive wings, flight engineers wore aircrew wings.

During the Korean War, the Flight Engineer Badge was slowly phased out by the United States Air Force and replaced with the Aircrew Badge.  By 1962, the Flight Engineer Badge was no longer issued and had been declared obsolete. However, regulations through the early 1970s authorized USAF personnel who had been "...granted aeronautical ratings no longer current ... to wear the aviation badge that was in effect when the rating was granted."  The Flight Engineer Badge continued to be worn by some remaining World War II and Korean War veterans until they eventually retired or otherwise left military service.  The badge is still worn today by some flight engineers as unofficial novelty badges, but only on flight suits during inflight operations. The official design incorporated a four-bladed propeller with 18 radial engine cylinders.

See also
 Obsolete badges of the United States military
 Military badges of the United States

References
 John A. McGuire, Silver Wings, Pinks & Greens, 1994, p. 101  
 The Air Officer's Guide, various years
 Air Force Manual 51-9, dated 30 November 1961

External links
 Denny Harmon, "The American Flight Engineer"

United States military badges
SRM. SRM may refer to:

Organizations
 Schoberer Rad Meßtechnik, a manufacturer of bicycle accessories
 SRM University (disambiguation), several universities in India

In computing
 srm (Unix), a secure file deletion tool for POSIX systems
 Scalable Reliable Multicast, a framework for reliable multicast network protocols
 Single Round Match, an online algorithm competition
 Storage resource management, of a network
 Structural risk minimization, in machine learning
 System Reference Manual firmware, for DEC Alpha-based computers
 Security & risk management

In technology
 Solar radiation modification, technologies to reflect sunlight to mask global warming 
 Switched reluctance motor, a synchronous electric motor

In chemistry
 SRM Engine Suite, software for simulating chemical combustion within IC engines
 Selected reaction monitoring, a method for targeted, mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics
 Selective receptor modulator, a type of drug
 Specified risk material, animal tissue that may transmit  specific diseases
 Standard Reference Method, used to measure the relative darkness of a beer
 Standard Reference Material, a certified reference material that satisfies NIST-specific criteria

Other
 Supplier relationship management
 Single Resolution Mechanism of the EU's banking union
Wright SRM, a double-decker bus body manufactured by Wrightbus in Northern Ireland
SRM Shineray, NEV brand of Shineray Group that produces electric light commercial vehicles.
Army Air Force Technician Badge. The Army Air Force Technician Badge was an award of the United States Army Air Forces, which was first created in 1941.  Similar in design to the Weapons Qualification Badge, the Army Air Force Technician Badge was awarded to denote special training and qualifications held by members of the Army Air Force.

The Army Air Force Technician Badge appeared as a wreathed propeller from which qualification bars were suspended that denoted the training and qualifications held by the wearer.  27 bars were authorized to the Army Air Force Technician Badge, including:

 AP ARMORER (Aircraft armory specialists)
 LINK TRAINER INST (Ground school training personnel)
 T RET & SIGHT SP (Weapons calibration and systems experts)
 TELETYPE MECH (Teletype Mechanic)
 WX FORECASTER (Meteorologists and weather forecasters)

With the creation of the United States Air Force in 1947, the Army Air Force Technician Badge was renamed as the Air Force Technician Badge and was authorized for wear into the 1960s.  There were no Air Force Technician Badges issued after the Korean War, however, and by the 1970s the badge was considered obsolete.

See also
 Military badges of the United States
 Obsolete badges of the United States military

References

External links
 U.S. Army Air Force - Technical & Qualification Badges Private site displaying 26 of the 27 authorized bars

Awards and decorations of the United States Army Air Forces
Vought (disambiguation). Vought was an American aircraft company founded by Chance M. Vought.

Vought may also refer to:

 Chance M. Vought (1890–1930), American aviation pioneer, engineer, and founder of the Vought company
 Russell Vought (born 1976), American political organizer and government official
 Vought American (Vought International in the television series), an antagonist corporation in the fictional universe of The Boys
Messerschmidt. Messerschmidt or Messerschmitt is an occupational surname of German origin, which means cutler or knifemaker, from the Middle High German words mezzer "knife" + smit "smith". It may refer to:

Alfons Messerschmitt (1943–2022), German sport shooter 
Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt (1685–1735), German physician
David Messerschmitt (born 1945), American electrical engineer
Erik Messerschmidt (born 1980), American cinematographer
Franz Xaver Messerschmidt (1736–1783), Austrian sculptor
Harold O. Messerschmidt (1923–1944), American soldier
Jana Messerschmidt (born 1990), German karateka
Manfred Messerschmidt (1926–2022), German historian
Morten Messerschmidt (born 1980), Danish politician
Nadine Messerschmidt (born 1993), German sport shooter
Pius Ferdinand Messerschmitt (1858–1915), German painter
Rasmus Messerschmidt (born 1992), Danish badminton player
Uwe Messerschmidt (born 1962), German cyclist
Willy Messerschmitt (1898–1978), German aircraft designer

See also
Messerschmitt, a German aircraft manufacturer

References

German-language surnames
Occupational surnames

de:Messerschmidt
Polymorphic engine. A polymorphic engine (sometimes called mutation engine or mutating engine) is a software component that uses polymorphic code to alter the payload while preserving the same functionality.
 
Polymorphic engines are used almost exclusively in malware, with the purpose of being harder for antivirus software to detect. They do so either by encrypting or obfuscating the malware payload.
 
One common deployment is a file binder that weaves malware into normal files, such as office documents. Since this type of malware is usually polymorphic, it is also known as a polymorphic packer.

The engine of the Virut botnet is an example of a polymorphic engine.

References

Types of malware
Timeline of steam power. Steam power developed slowly over a period of several hundred years, progressing through expensive and fairly limited devices in the early 17th century, to useful pumps for mining in 1700, and then to Watt's improved steam engine designs in the late 18th century. It is these later designs, introduced just when the need for practical power was growing due to the Industrial Revolution, that truly made steam power commonplace.

Development phases

Early examples
1st century AD – Hero of Alexandria describes the Aeolipile, as an example of the power of heated air or water. The device consists of a rotating ball spun by steam jets; it produced little power and had no practical application, but is nevertheless the first known device moved by steam pressure. He also describes a way of transferring water from one vessel to another using pressure. The methods involved filling a bucket, the weight of which worked tackle to open temple doors, which were then closed again by a deadweight once the water in the bucket had been drawn out by a vacuum caused by cooling of the initial vessel.
 He claims it was built by Pope Sylvester II.
Late 15th century AD: Leonardo Da Vinci described the Architonnerre, a steam-powered cannon.

Development of a practical steam engine

The Newcomen Engine: Steam power in practice

Watt's engine

Improving power

  Earlier versions of the steam engine indicator were in use by 1851, though relatively unknown.

Steam turbines are made to 1,500 MW (2,000,000 hp) to generate electricity.

See also
 Steam engine
 Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
 Maritime timeline
 Timeline of heat engine technology

Notes

External links
The Growth of the Steam Engine
Alternative timeline: If electric generators & motors had preceded steam

Steam power
Steam power

ko:증기 기관#발전 과정
Gas reinjection. Gas reinjection is the reinjection of natural gas into an underground reservoir, typically one already containing both natural gas and crude oil, in order to increase the pressure within the reservoir and thus induce the flow of crude oil or else sequester gas that cannot be exported.  This is not to be confused with gas lift, where gas is injected into the  annulus of the well rather than the reservoir.  After the crude has been pumped out, the natural gas is once again recovered.  Since many of the wells found around the world contain heavy crude, this process increases their production.  The basic difference between light crude and heavy crude is its viscosity and pumpability—the lighter the crude the easier it is to pump. Recovery of hydrocarbons in a well is generally limited to 50% (heavy crudes) and 75–80% (light crudes). Recycling of natural gas or other inert gases causes the pressure to rise in the well, thus causing more gas molecules to dissolve in the oil lowering its viscosity and thereby increasing the well's output.  Air is not suitable for repressuring wells because it tends to cause deterioration of the oil, thus carbon dioxide or natural gas is used to repressure the well.  The term 'gas-reinjection' is also sometimes referred to as repressuring—the term being used only to imply that the pressure inside the well is being increased to aid recovery.

Injection or reinjection of carbon dioxide also takes place in order to reduce the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, a form of carbon sequestration. This has been proposed as a method to combat climate change, allowing mass storage of CO2 over a geological timescale. Reinjection of carbon dioxide in the Norwegian Sleipner gas field saves the operators 1 million Norwegian Kroners per day in national carbon taxes.

External links
GAS RE-INJECTION. Total experience, Elisabeth PROUST, 2006
How Does Gas Injection Work? // RIGZONE
 
 
 
 
 

Petroleum production