omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Copicut River. The Copicut River, or Copecut River, is a  stream in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.

The river flows south from Copicut Reservoir (formerly the Copicut Swamp), in Dartmouth and Fall River, to Cornell Pond near Hixville in Dartmouth. From there the Shingle Island River drains into Noquochoke Lake, which the East Branch Westport River drains in turn into the Rhode Island Sound.

The river is currently polluted with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination from Re-Solve, Inc., which operated a chemical reclamation facility nearby from 1956 to 1980. In 1983 the Environmental Protection Agency listed the area as a Superfund site, and in 1985 removed  of contaminated soils and sludges. Since 1988 the Massachusetts Department of Public Health has advised against consuming fish from Cornell Pond or Copicut River.

References 

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 9th Annual Cornell Pond Fishing Derby

Rivers of Bristol County, Massachusetts
Harold Kosoff. Harold Kosoff (November 5, 1930 – March 12, 1995) was an inventor. He is credited with inventing the free piston engine and the battery-powered baby swing. U.S. Pat. No. 4,448,410 Exclusive rights for the battery-powered baby swing were sold to Graco. In addition, Kosoff invented a home air cleaner and chainless bicycle using an arc and pulley system.

References

External links
https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/11/archives/freepiston-engine-is-patented-invention-developed-in-garage-needs.html
United States Patent 4448410, US Patent Office. Accessed 2007-01-04.
, Canadian Patent Office Issued May 25, 1965
, New York Times Article, April 11, 1964

References 

1930 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American engineers
American inventors

gbggb
AFR. AFR may refer to:

 AFR (film), a 2007 film
 Afrikaans language, ISO-639 code
 After Further Review, sports program on BYU TV
 Air France, ICAO code
 Air–fuel ratio, an engineering term
 Armed Forces Radio, original name of American Forces Network
 Alternate frame rendering, a computer term
 American Family Radio, a network of radio stations in US
 American Film Renaissance, a US film institute
 American flag rugby, a variant of Rugby Union
 Americans for Financial Reform, an organisation in US
 Annualized failure rate, a measure of reliability
 Annual Financial Report
 Arbel Fauvet Rail, a French rolling stock manufacturer
 As Friends Rust, an American melodic hardcore band
 Australian Financial Review, a business newspaper
 Automatic facial recognition, also known as live facial recognition
 A short form for the continent of Africa
Fleet Support Limited. Fleet Support Limited (FSL) is a British company formed to run HMNB Portsmouth's Fleet Maintenance and Repair Organisation (FMRO) on a commercial basis. The FMRO was an agency of the Ministry of Defence responsible for repair and maintenance of Royal Navy vessels. FSL performs this task but also undertakes commercial work such as shiprepair, refitting, conversion and hull fabrication. FSL also carries out heavy engineering work and nondestructive testing for the marine and engineering sectors.

History
FSL was founded as a joint venture between Vosper Thornycroft (now VT Group) and GEC-Marconi. GEC's 50% share passed to its successor BAE Systems in 1999. In July 2008 BAE Systems and VT Group merged their military shipbuilding businesses to form BVT Surface Fleet. This included FSL, which was rebranded as BVT Surface Fleet Support Limited. In 2009 this became BAE Systems Surface Ships, with complete ownership passing to BAE Systems and the company being renamed BAE Systems Surface Ships Support Limited. In January 2012, BAE Systems Surface Ships Support was restructured, joining with parts of Insyte to become BAE Systems Maritime - Maritime Services.

A Biber German World War II midget submarine on display at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum was restored to working condition by apprentices from Fleet Support Limited on a sandwich course in 2003 under the guidance of Ian Clark. The restoration featured on Channel 4's salvage squad.

References

External links
 Fleet Support Group on Bloomberg L.P.

BAE Systems subsidiaries and divisions
Companies established in 1996
BAE Systems facilities
Companies based in Portsmouth
Optical DPSK demodulator. An optical DPSK demodulator is a device that provides a method for converting an optical differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) signal to an intensity-keyed signal at the receiving end in fiber-optic communication networks. It is also known as delay line interferometer (DLI), or simply called DPSK demodulator.

The DPSK decoding method is achieved by comparing the phase of two sequential bits. An incoming DPSK optical signal is first split into two beams with equal intensities, in which one beam is delayed in space by an optical path difference that introduces a time delay corresponding to one bit. The two beams in the two paths are then coherently recombined to interfere each other constructively or destructively. The interference intensity is measured and becomes the intensity-keyed signal. A typical optical system for such a purpose is Mach–Zehnder interferometer or Michelson interferometer, forming an optical DPSK demodulator.

Delay time depends on the data rate. For instance, in a 40 Gbit/s system, one bit corresponds to 25 picoseconds, and light travels 5 mm in a fiber optics or 7.5 mm in free space within that period. Thus the optical path difference between the two beams is 5 mm or 7.5 mm depending on the type of interferometer used.

DQPSK is the four-level version of DPSK. DQPSK transmits two bits for every symbol (bit combinations being 00, 01, 11 and 10) and has an additional advantage over conventional binary DPSK. DQPSK has a narrower optical spectrum, which tolerates more dispersion (both chromatic and polarization-mode), allows for stronger optical filtering, and enables closer channel spacing. As a result, DQPSK allows processing of 40 Gbit/s data-rate in a 50 GHz channel spacing system. A demodulator for optical DQPSK signals can be constructed using two matched DPSK demodulators with phase off-set at .

References

Fiber-optic communications
Photonics
Studebaker M-series truck. The Studebaker M-series is a pickup truck series designed in the late 1930s by the Studebaker Corporation.

Production

The M-series Studebaker trucks came in several versions both pre and post WW II. The M-5 was a 1/2 ton truck, available in a pickup configuration as well as a cab and rolling chassis. The M15 was the 3/4 ton version. The M15A was the one & -ton version. The M5, M15, and M15A all came with the Champion 169 ci. engine only. The M16 1-1/2 & 2 ton versions came with the more powerful Commander 226 ci. engine. The Studebaker US6 version was produced during the war to government specifications; using a different nose and engine configuration, in both a 4x6 & 6x6 versions of a -ton truck. In early 1945, Studebaker was given permission to produce some M Series trucks for civilian use. These early post war civilian trucks used the Studebaker US6 cab with the government style swing out windshield.

Like most truck lines, the Studebaker M Series trucks could be had in any number of body styles. While only pickup beds were offered on the M5, M15, & M15A versions from the factory, combination cab and rolling chassis were sold, allowing custom truck body manufacturers to variously sell standard beds and boxes or custom fabricate them to an owners specifications. 

While the M16 version used the larger Commander 226 ci. engine, through the use of a different fire wall on these cabs, all the other front sheet metal stayed the same. However, a spacer was used in the front fenders to accommodate the larger front wheel track of the M16.  

First put into production in November 1940, it saw extensive action during the Second World War, specifically in the South East Asian theatre against Japan. In particular, these Studebaker US6 version of the M-series Studebaker trucks were used in the construction of the Burma road. A large number of these trucks also served in the Russian army forces as part of aid given to the country by the U.S.

Design and specifications

The M series sported a more aerodynamic shape than most trucks of the time, with easily recognisable "wind wing" vents on the driver and passenger windows, a feature not found on any other make of American truck during World War II. When Studebaker introduced the M-series pickup truck in 1941, the company used the Coupe Express name from its 1937–1939 Coupe Express coupe utility of in advertising for a time; no M-series trucks were ever officially designated as the Coupe Express.

Footnotes

M-series truck

Pickup trucks
Blue Origin Goddard. Blue Origin Goddard is the name of the first development vehicle in Blue Origin's New Shepard program, which flew for the first time on November 13, 2006. Named after rocketry pioneer Robert H. Goddard, the vehicle is a subscale demonstrator and flew up to a height of about  during its initial flight. The private spacecraft venture is being funded by the billionaire founder Jeff Bezos.

Overview
The Goddard rocket used 9 BE-1 engines, and is a single stage sub-orbital test vehicle. A video, filmed on November 13, 2006, from the Corn Ranch spaceport shows the first craft to launch under the New Shepard program. The vehicle climbed for approximately 10 seconds, reaching a height of roughly  before starting to descend, and making a controlled landing back on its landing legs approximately 25 seconds after take-off.

This flight marked the first time the company's founder, Jeff Bezos, broke his silence on the work of the space company. On the company's website, Bezos said: "We're working, patiently and step-by-step, to lower the cost of spaceflight [...] Accomplishing this mission will take a long time, and we're working on it methodically." Bezos founded Blue Origin in 2000 with the intention of developing a vertical take-off and landing vehicle, able to carry passengers to the edge of space. This would eventually come in the form of the New Shepard rocket, which made its debut flight in 2015. Then on July 20, 2021, New Shepard flew its first crewed flight which included Bezos as one of the crew members.

The vehicle made three flights. The second flight took place on March 22, 2007, and its third and final flight on April 19, 2007.

See also
 CORONA
 Kankoh-maru
 Lunar Lander Challenge
 Project VR-190
 Project Morpheus NASA program to continue developing ALHAT and Q­ landers
 Reusable Vehicle Testing program by JAXA
 SpaceShipTwo
 SpaceX reusable launch system development program
 XCOR Lynx
 Zarya

References

External links
Images of the vehicle and the launch

Blue Origin launch vehicles
Space tourism
Private spaceflight
2000s United States experimental aircraft
VTVL rockets
Dodewaard nuclear power plant. Dodewaard nuclear power plant was a nuclear power plant with a 55 MWe boiling water reactor (BWR) of General Electric in the Dutch town of Dodewaard. The plant halted energy production in 1997. Its final decommissioning has been postponed for a period of 40 years and the plant was placed into a safe enclosure configuration in 2005.

History

The plant in Dodewaard was the first nuclear power plant established in the Netherlands. It was built by the Dutch government, mainly as a means to obtain know-how about the construction and exploitation of a nuclear power plant. The plant was therefore relatively small with a net output of only 58 MW. Construction was started in 1965 and the facility opened on 26 March 1969, in the presence of Queen Juliana.

After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, the political tide turned against nuclear energy, which was already a heavily debated issue in Dutch politics. With no prospect of the construction of new nuclear power plants in the Netherlands, Dodewaard's function as a research centre became superfluous. The ownership decided to halt electricity production at the relatively small and expensive plant in 1997.

Closure and decommissioning 
On 26 March 1997 the complex was shut down, seven years earlier than originally planned. After a period of forty years, the plant will be demolished and the site will become available for other purposes.

In May 2002 a decommissioning license was granted to Gemeenschappelijke Kernenergiecentrale Nederland (GKN), the operator of the nuclear power plant. In July 2005, the safe enclosure was achieved. Dismantling is planned to start in 2045. The spent nuclear fuel was reprocessed in Sellafield and sent back to the interim storage facility Central Organisation for Radioactive Waste (COVRA), where all Dutch radioactive waste will be stored for 100 years or longer. The remaining costs for decommissioning were as of 2016 estimated 180 million euro, while some costs could be reduced and other costs increase in the future., p. 174

On 21 May 2020 a fire broke out on the roof of the outer containment building which took several hours to bring under control. According to the authorities no radioactive material was released into the environment during the incident.

References

External links
 
 

Nuclear power stations with closed reactors
Nuclear power stations in the Netherlands
Buildings and structures in Gelderland
Neder-Betuwe
USS Ampere. USS Ampere (PCE-919/AM-359/YDG-11/ADG-11) was originally planned as a  for the United States Navy, PCE-919, and laid down as an , named Drake, for the male duck. Before she was commissioned, her name was cancelled and she was reclassified as a District Degaussing Vessel. She was later renamed Ampere, after the ampere, a unit of electric current, which takes its name from the French physicist André-Marie Ampère.

Design 
Ampere was  long,  wide, had a draft of , and displaced . She had an average speed of . She had a complement of 68 men, and was armed only with a /50 caliber dual-purpose (DP) gun. She was propelled by two Busch-Sulzer 539 diesel engines, which produced a total , and had a Farrel-Birmingham single reduction gear alongside two propellers.

Construction
Drake was laid down on 24 November 1943, at Portland, Oregon by the Willamette Iron and Steel Works, and launched on 12 August 1944. On 20 April 1945, her name was canceled, and she was re-designated as a degaussing vessel, YDG-11. The ship was placed in service on 15 August 1945, the day after the Japanese surrender.

Service history
Due to the cessation of hostilities, YDG-11 saw little or no active service before being berthed with the Pacific Reserve Fleet at San Diego, California. She was retained on an inactive, in service, status until the winter of 1946 and 1947, when she was placed out of service, in reserve. On 1 November 1947 she was re-designated ADG-11. The ship remained inactive until July 1951, when she was again placed in service. Assigned to the Far East, ADG-11 was based at Yokosuka, Japan until sometime in 1954. After that, her home port was Sasebo, Japan. On 1 February 1955, she was renamed Ampere. The ship was placed out of service in February 1957. Her equipment was transferred to USS Surfbird, a minesweeping vessel which was redesignated a degaussing ship on 15 June 1957. She remained in reserve in the Far East until the summer of 1961, when the decision was made to dispose of her. Her name was struck from the Naval Register on 1 July 1961, and she was sold on 21 June 1962, to the Philippine President Lines of Manila. Her final disposition is unknown.

Notes

Bibliography

External links

PCE-905-class patrol craft
Admirable-class minesweepers
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
1944 ships
World War II patrol vessels of the United States
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Degaussing ships of the United States Navy
Laser-assisted device alteration. Laser-assisted device alteration (LADA) is a laser-based timing analysis technique used in the failure analysis of semiconductor devices. The laser is used to temporarily alter the operating characteristics of transistors on the device.

Theory of operation
The LADA technique targets a variable power continuous wave (CW) laser at specific device transistors. The laser is typically of a short wavelength variety on the order of 1064 nm. This allows the laser to generate photo carriers in the silicon without resulting in localized heating of the device. The LADA technique is somewhat similar in execution to the Soft Defect Localization (SDL) technique, except that SDL uses a longer wavelength laser (1340 nm) in order to induce localized heating rather than generate photo carriers. Both techniques require the device to be scanned with a laser while it is under active stimulation by the tester.

The device being tested is electrically stimulated and the device output is monitored.  This technique is applied to the back side of the semiconductor device, thereby allowing direct access of the laser to the device active diffusion regions. The effect of the laser on the active transistor region is to generate a localized photocurrent. This photocurrent is a temporary effect and only occurs during the time that the laser is stimulating the target region. The creation of this photocurrent alters the transistor operating parameters, which may be observed as a change in function of the device. The effect of this change in parameters may be to speed up or slow down the operation of the device. This makes LADA a suitable technique for determining critical timing paths within a semiconductor circuit.

The laser has differing effects on NMOS and PMOS transistors. In the case of NMOS, the transistor will turn on. For PMOS, however, the effect is to lower the transistor threshold voltage. The effect on the PMOS transistor becomes proportionately stronger as the laser power is increased. The effect is to either increase or decrease the speed of the device being tested.

Setup for a LADA analysis involves connecting the device to a test stimulus. The test parameters for operating voltage and device speed are then adjusted to place the device into a state which borders on a pass–fail or fail–pass transition. It is useful to use a tester Shmoo plot to select the appropriate operating conditions. The effect of scanning the laser over sensitive regions is to trip the device from a pass into a fail condition, or from a fail into a pass condition.

Applications
LADA is useful for confirming or disproving an existing theory for the cause of failure. It may be used to confirm suspected transistor leakage or bus noise.  It has also found wide use in localizing process defects as the LADA effect easily modulates transistor characteristics in the same path as the process defect.

LADA has been used to analyze failures in domino logic, state elements in memories and leakage.

References

Semiconductor analysis
Crow Rate. The Crow Rate, or Crowsnest Freight Rate, was a rail transportation subsidy benefiting farmers on the Canadian Prairies and manufacturers in Central Canada by rate requirements imposed on the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) by the Government of Canada in exchange for financing and other benefits.

Origin
In the late 19th century, mineral strikes in southeastern BC near Nelson, Ainsworth, Rossland, Kaslo, Kimberley and Moyie inspired American rail interests to push lines northward, to rail out ore and to provide machinery and supplies needed for the development of local smelters.  Both the Canadian government and the CPR wanted an all-Canadian rail line to forestall this American access and to reassert Canadian sovereignty in the area.  A rail line was planned from Lethbridge, Alberta to Kootenay Landing near Nelson, British Columbia through the Crowsnest Pass, which would also enable the development of coal deposits in the Pass and the Elk River valley, important both for mineral smelting operations and for the CPR's conversion of locomotives from wood to coal.

The CPR needed government funding and concessions for the construction of this rail line, and the negotiated agreement between the CPR and the Canadian government was contained in the "Crowsnest Pass Agreement" dated September 6, 1897.  Amongst other things, the CPR agreed to provide reduced rail rates for farmers' grain shipped east to the Great Lakes and for farm machinery shipped west from central Canada "forever".

The Crow Rate was suspended by the CPR during World War One and reinstated in 1922.

End of "Forever"
Although popular with farmers exporting grains, these reduced rates were not cost-effective for the railway and provided central Canadian manufacturers and grain ports with an unfair advantage.  By the early 1980s, the government attempted to resolve the problems between the competing interests by altering the agreement. The Western Grain Transportation Act of 1983 allowed shipping rates to increase, but never more than 10% of the world price for grain. In addition, further cash payments were made by the government to the CPR.

With the election of the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien in 1993, the new government took steps to eliminate the subsidies altogether. This was implemented in 1995 through the Western Grain Transition Payment Program, which provided one-time payments to farmers to assist them in making the transition away from subsidized shipping.

References

External links
Video on CBC archives .
Canadian Encyclopedia entry.
Ken Cruikshank, Close Ties: Railways, Government and the Board of Railway Commissioners.
"The New Pioneers" Saskatchewan: The History of Agriculture.

Canadian Pacific Railway
Agriculture in Canada
Rail_freight_transport_in_Canada
Economy of Canada
Transport economics
Subsidies
1897 introductions
1905 endings
John C. Bravman. John C. Bravman is an American academic administrator who is currently serving as the 17th president of Bucknell University. He came to Bucknell after a 35-year career at Stanford University, where he served as the Freeman-Thornton Vice Provost for Undergraduate Education, Dean of the Freshman and Sophomore College, and Bing Centennial Professor of Materials Science and Engineering. He also serves as the chair of the board of directors at Geisinger Health System.

Career 
Bravman earned a Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, and Ph.D. degree from Stanford University in materials science & engineering. At a Stanford undergrad, Bravman became a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Sigma Rho chapter). Bravman has received several awards, including the Gores Award for Excellence in Teaching, Stanford University's highest honor for teaching.

During the earliest months of his presidency, Bravman initiated an examination of the quality of student life by establishing the Campus Climate Task Force. This group of faculty, staff, and students was charged with assessment of student views and actions related to personal responsibility and, as appropriate, recommending ways to encourage the most positive university experience for students.

From 2012 to 2017 Bravman led the largest financing campaign in Bucknell's history and achieved and surpassed the goal of $500 million to benefit the university.

In January 2013 Bravman announced that the university had discovered reporting errors in student SAT test scores from 2006 through 2012, which resulted in Bucknell reporting scores to various organizations as higher than they actually were. Bravman also revealed the misreporting of ACT scores, and that the reported scores were lower than they actually were. Bravman implemented new procedures to review data before reporting to outside organizations. After recalculating its published rankings using the corrected information, U.S. News & World Report concluded that the difference between Bucknell's misreported data and newly reported data was not significant enough to change the school's numerical rank.

References

Living people
Stanford University alumni
Bucknell University faculty
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Presidents of Bucknell University
1957 births