omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Crater-class cargo ship. The Crater-class cargo ship were converted EC2-S-C1 type, Liberty cargo ships, constructed by the United States Maritime Commission (USMC) for use by the US Navy during World War II. The designation 'EC2-S-C1': 'EC' for Emergency Cargo, '2' for a ship between  long (Load Waterline Length), 'S' for steam engines, and 'C1' for design C1.

The class was named for the lead ship of its type, , with most ships in the class being named for astronomical bodies. Its 65 hulls were among the largest US Navy cargo ship classes.

The ships were propelled by a reciprocating steam engine using a single screw with a power of  shaft.

Notable incidents
USS Aludra (AK-72) 	Lost in action from Japanese torpedo on 23 June 1943 south of Makira island.
USS Deimos (AK-78) 	Damaged by torpedo, 23 June 1943, then abandoned and scuttled south of Makira island.

References

External links
 AK — Cargo Ships—Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940–1945.

Auxiliary ship classes of the United States Navy
 
 Crater class cargo ship
SCSI architectural model. The SCSI architectural model provides an abstract view of the way that SCSI devices communicate.  It is intended to show how the different SCSI standards are inter-related.  The main concepts and terminology of the SCSI architectural model are:

 Only the externally observable behavior is defined in SCSI standards.
 The relationship between SCSI devices is described by a client-server service-delivery model.  The client is called a SCSI initiator and the server is called a SCSI target.
 A SCSI domain consists of at least one SCSI device, at least one SCSI target and at least one SCSI initiator interconnected by a service delivery subsystem.
 A SCSI device has one or more SCSI ports, and a SCSI port may have an optional SCSI port identifier (SCSI ID or PID).
 A SCSI device can have an optional SCSI device name which must be unique within the SCSI domain in which the SCSI device has SCSI ports.  This is often called a World Wide Name. Note that the "world" may only consist of a very small number of SCSI devices.
 A SCSI target consists of one or more logical units (LUNs), which are identified by logical unit numbers.
 A LUN may have dependent LUNs embedded within it.  This can recur up to a maximum nesting depth of four addressable levels.
 There are three type of SCSI ports: initiator ports, target ports and target/initiator ports.  A SCSI device may contain any combination of initiator ports, target ports and target/initiator ports.
 SCSI distributed objects are considered to communicate in a three layer model:
 The highest level of abstraction is the SCSI Application Layer (SAL) where an initiator and a target are considered to communicate using SCSI commands sent via the SCSI application protocol.
 The SCSI Transport Protocol Layer (STPL) is where an initiator and a target are considered to communicate using a SCSI transport protocol.  Examples of SCSI transport protocols are Fibre Channel,  SSA, SAS, UAS, iSCSI and the SCSI Parallel Interface.
 The lowest level is the SCSI Interconnect Layer (SIL) where an initiator and a target are considered to communicate using an interconnect. It consists of the services, signaling mechanism and interconnect subsystem used for the physical transfer of data from an initiator to a target.
 A SCSI task is represented by an I_T_L_Q nexus.  This is where one Initiator Port talks to one Target Port, addressing one LUN and together they execute one task (identified by Q).

External links
 SCSI architectural model
 T10 Technical Committee – list of all SCSI standards

Architectural Model
Dendrite (disambiguation). Dendrite derives from the Greek word "dendron" meaning ( "tree-like"), and may refer to:

Biology
Dendrite, a branched projection of a neuron
Dendrite (non-neuronal), branching projections of certain skin cells and immune cells

Physical
Dendrite (metal), a characteristic tree-like structure of crystals growing as molten metal freezes
Dendrite (mathematics), a locally connected continuum that contains no simple closed curves
Dendrite (crystal), a crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching tree-like form
Dendrimer, a repetitively branched molecule

Software
 Dendrite (matrix), a server for the matrix protocol written in Go

Brand
Dendrite (adhesive), a brand of contact cement from India and South Asia

See also 
 Dendroid (disambiguation)
Gantt. Gantt may refer to:
Henry Gantt, American mechanical engineer and management consultant, known for his work in the development of scientific management and creator of the Gantt chart
 Gantt chart, a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule and estimation
 Gantt (surname)
 Gantt, Alabama, United States
 Gantt, South Carolina, United States

See also
 Gant (disambiguation)
 Gantz (disambiguation)
Geometric dynamic recrystallization. Geometric Dynamic Recrystallization (GDR) is a recrystallization mechanism that has been proposed to occur in several metals and alloys, particularly aluminium, mainly at high temperatures and low strain rates. It is a variant of dynamic recrystallization.

The basic mechanism is that during deformation the grains will be increasingly flattened until the boundaries on each side are separated by only a small distance. The deformation is accompanied by the serration of the grain boundaries due to surface tension effects where they are in contact with low-angle grain boundaries belonging to sub-grains.

Eventually the points of the serrations will come into contact. Since the contacting boundaries are defects of opposite 'sign' they are able to annihilate and so reduce the total energy in the system.  In effect the grain will pinch in two new grains.

The grain size is known to decrease as the applied stress is increased. However, high stresses require a high strain rate and at some point statically recrystallized grains will begin to nucleate and consume the GDRX microstructure.

There are features that are unique to GDRX:
 The recrystallisation spreads throughout the specimen over a strain range (0.5-1 in Al-Mg-Mn alloys) without any change in flow stress. This is in contrast to discontinuous mechanisms where the flow stress normally decreases by ~25% as the recrystallized grains form.
 GDRX results in grains that are around 3 times the sub-grain size. Statically recrystallized grains are normally 20-30 times the sub-grain size.

References

Metallurgy
Bundesautobahn 24. is an autobahn in northern Germany that connects the large metropolitan regions of Hamburg and Berlin. It was one of the three transit access roads to West Berlin during the Cold War.

On that road, there is a 150 km (93 mi) long section that has no speed limit at all (only a recommended speed of 130 km/h), which means that about 65% of that Autobahn can be driven at very high speed.

History 
Planning for the autobahn began as far back as the 1930s; before World War II numerous bridges and sections of roadside shoulder were built between Hamburg and Berlin. The German divide, however, put a hold on further work and it was not until 1978 that construction was resumed, carried out by a GDR work force and paid for by West Germany. In 1982 the A 24 could finally be opened. Most pre-war bridges could not be used, however, and were replaced by new structures.

Exit list

Pictures

External links 

24
A024
A024
A024
A024
Buildings and structures in Oberhavel
Western Museum of Flight. The Western Museum of Flight (WMOF) is an aviation museum located at Zamperini Field, the municipal airport in Torrance, California. WMOF is operated by the Southern California Historical Aviation Foundation.  It houses not only historic aircraft, many of which were built in Southern California, but also has an extensive collection of historic photographs and blueprints.

The museum has several rare aircraft among its collection, including the second Northrop YF-23 Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) 5th generation stealth fighter demonstrator. Also on display is the first Northrop YF-17 Cobra, a lightweight fighter which was the basis for the Boeing (originally McDonnell-Douglas) F/A-18 Hornet currently used by the United States Navy and Marine Corps. In addition, a Grumman F-14 Tomcat and Douglas A-4A, plus numerous other notable jet- and propeller-drive airplanes.

The WMOF is one of two museums that house the only surviving Jack Northrop flying wings (Northrop N-1M at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex of the National Air and Space Museum and the Northrop JB-1 Bat glider (crewed) at the WMOF).

See also
List of aerospace museums

References

External links

Western Museum Of Flight Home Page
Static Displays at the Western Museum Of Flight

Aerospace museums in California
Museums in Los Angeles County, California
Deposition (phase transition). Deposition is the phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase. Deposition is a thermodynamic process. The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition is called desublimation.

Applications

Examples 
One example of deposition is the process by which, in sub-freezing air, water vapour changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid. This is how frost and hoar frost form on the ground or other surfaces. Another example is when frost forms on a leaf. For deposition to occur, thermal energy must be removed from a gas. When the air becomes cold enough, water vapour in the air surrounding the leaf loses enough thermal energy to change into a solid. Even though the air temperature may be below the dew point, the water vapour may not be able to condense spontaneously if there is no way to remove the latent heat.  When the leaf is introduced, the supercooled water vapour immediately begins to condense, but by this point is already past the freezing point.  This causes the water vapour to change directly into a solid.

Another example is the soot that is deposited on the walls of chimneys. Soot molecules rise from the fire in a hot and gaseous state. When they come into contact with the walls they cool, and change to the solid state, without formation of the liquid state. The process is made use of industrially in combustion chemical vapour deposition.

Industrial applications 
There is an industrial coating process, known as evaporative deposition, whereby a solid material is heated to the gaseous state in a low-pressure chamber, the gas molecules travel across the chamber space and then deposit to the solid state on a target surface, forming a smooth and thin layer on the target surface. Again, the molecules do not go through an intermediate liquid state when going from the gas to the solid. See also physical vapor deposition, which is a class of processes used to deposit thin films of various materials onto various surfaces.

Deposition releases energy and is an exothermic phase change.

See also

References
 Gaja, Shiv P., Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 2005, p. 525 
 Moore, John W., et al., Principles of Chemistry: The Molecular Science, Brooks Cole, 2009, p. 387 
 Whitten, Kenneth W., et al., Chemistry, Brooks-Cole, 9th ed., 2009, p. 7 
 

Phase transitions
Leonard Bairstow. Sir Leonard Bairstow  (25 June 1880 – 8 September 1963) was an English aeronautical engineer. Bairstow is best remembered for his work in aviation and for Bairstow's method for arbitrarily finding the roots of polynomials.

Early life and education
Bairstow was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, the son of Uriah Bairstow, a wealthy and keen mathematician. As a boy, Leonard went to Queens Road and Moorside Council Schools before going to Heath Grammar School which he attended briefly before going to the Council Secondary School - then known as the Higher Grade School. 
A scholarship took him to the Royal College of Science where he secured a Whitworth Scholarship which enabled him to carry out research into explosion of gases.

Career
He then went to the National Physical Laboratory at Bushy Park where ultimately he became head of aeroplane research work. He made a major analytical contribution to the report of the R101 inquiry, which sought to discover how the airship disaster occurred. He held the Zaharoff Chair of Aviation at Imperial College London from 1920-1949 and became Professor Sir Leonard Bairstow. For a time his assistant there was Beatrice Mabel Cave-Browne-Cave, a pioneer in the mathematics of aeronautics.

Awards and honours
He became a member of the Royal Society of London and the Royal Aeronautical Society.

References

External links
 

1880 births
1963 deaths
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
English mathematicians
Academics of Imperial College London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
People educated at Heath Grammar School
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
BiModem. BiModem was one of the last file transfer protocols developed for use in bulletin board systems. It was created by Erik Labs, and was revolutionary for its day.

Unlike the predominant protocols of the day (XMODEM, YMODEM, ZMODEM), BiModem allowed BBS users to upload and download files at the same time. This resulted in significant time savings when a 1 megabyte file would take more than an hour to transfer, at 130 to 250 characters per second over a 1200 or 2400 bit/s modem. In addition, it had a chat feature. This would allow the user and the sysop to converse during the upload/download of files.

BiModem never received widespread acceptance. It had to be manually patched into both BBS and terminal emulator packages, and it was incompatible with some programs. It was released in the end of 1989, and before it saw widespread use, HS/Link was created which was easily added to BBSes and allowed for file lists and bidirectional transfers.

Part of the problem with BiModem is that very few sysops and users wanted to wade through the instructions. To simplify installation, a ZIP file with BiModem and a preconfigured shareware copy of ProComm with a batch file to run BiModem was created. 

The final version (BiModem 1.25) was released in 1991.

In 1995 a program was released in Argentina called BiModem Pro 4.0. This was a user-modified version of BiModem 1.25 with some minor bugfixes.

External links
 BiMODEM 1.14 program
 BiMODEM documentation
 BBS Archives - File Transfer Protocols, includes BiModem 1.25 and BiModem Pro 4.0

BBS file transfer protocols
Robert N. Hall. Robert Noel Hall (December 25, 1919 – November 7, 2016) was an American engineer and applied physicist. He demonstrated the first semiconductor laser and invented a type of magnetron commonly used in microwave ovens. He also contributed to the development of rectifiers for power transmission.

Biography
Robert N. Hall was born on December 25, 1919, in New Haven, Connecticut. He was first inspired by his inventor uncle, who showed him the wonders of small inventions and experimentation. After long studies at his local library, Hall decided to attempt controlled experiments of his own with his mother's approval. He built an 8-inch telescope, which produced a close-up view of Saturn. Later on, an interviewer from the California Institute of Technology visited him and offered a scholarship to attend the university. Hall studied there for three years but had to leave for financial reasons. After working at Lockheed Aircraft as a tester, he returned to Caltech to finish up his studies and obtain his physics degree. Then General Electric hired him as a test engineer at Schenectady, NY. After four years at G.E., under the advice of Harper North, Hall obtained a Research Council Fellowship and returned to Caltech. He graduated in 1948 with his Ph.D. and returned to G.E. Schenectady research labs that summer.

While at G.E. during World War II, he developed a magnetron for radar jamming, which led to the development of the microwave oven.

While studying the characteristics of p-i-n diodes used as power rectifiers, Hall had a key insight, which resulted in his being co-credited with William Shockley and W. T. Read, Jr., for the analysis of nonradiative carrier recombination in semiconductors. Hall developed the first semiconductor laser diode in 1962, while working at General Electric in Schenectady, New York. In the 1970s, Hall's work focused on photovoltaics and solar cells. He retired in 1987, having been granted 43 U.S. patents during his career.

Hall was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1977 and to the National Academy of Sciences in 1978. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1994. Robert was a Methodist and he died on November 7, 2016, at the age of 96.

References

Further reading
 
 
 Invent Now Hall of Fame, "Robert N. Hall", accessed March 6, 2006.
 Lemelson-MIT Program, "R. N. Hall", accessed March 6, 2006.
 Hall, Robert N., , 2010.

1919 births
2016 deaths
California Institute of Technology alumni
Laser researchers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Engineers from New Haven, Connecticut
Lynx (protocol). Lynx is a file transfer protocol for use with modems, and the name of the program that implements the protocol. Lynx is based on a sliding window protocol with two to sixteen packets per window (or "block"), and 64 bytes of data per packet. It also applies run length encoding (RLE) to the data on a per-block basis to compress suitable data.

Lynx was developed by Matthew Thomas, who released it as shareware in 1989. The protocol was supported primarily by the Lynx program, and appears to have seen little or no support in bulletin board systems (BBSs) or online services.

Techniques
The Lynx program was run from the command line to start transfers, there is no documented example of a 3rd party terminal emulator supporting the system.

The protocol was relatively simple, largely identical to WXMODEM with the exception that it used fixed-size 64-byte packets in windows of two to sixteen packets, rather than one to four 128-byte packets in WXMODEM. Error recovery was handled by reducing the window size rather than the packet size. CRC-32 was used to detect errors.

Like TeLink, Lynx also included a separate header packet that contained file information:

 File name (8 character body, 3 character extension)
 Original time/date stamp (optional)
 File length (exact length of files is preserved by Lynx)
 Lynx version number (practically useless)

This allowed file transfers to be automated, sending multiple files in a single session by having the receiver extract the names of the files as they were received. The Lynx program allowed up to 99 files to be sent in a batch, although there is no limit in the protocol itself.

Lynx tests each block for compressibility before transmitting it. RLE compression is used for this operation.  Generally, a block containing text information will be compressed. Archived, ZIPped, or other compressed files will likely not be further condensed by this technique.  Note that Lynx will always optimize the transmission of each block, if RLE decreases the block length, it will be used; otherwise, the uncompressed packet will be sent.

Lynx required 8-bit clean links and did not include any sort of escaping. It only supports CTS/RTS hardware handshaking,  is considered valid data.

See also
List of file transfer protocols

References
 Lynx 3.02 program
 Lynx documentation

BBS file transfer protocols
Computer-related introductions in 1989
Electric Road. Electric Road () is a street in the north of Hong Kong Island in the Eastern District of Hong Kong. It spans from the Tin Hau area of Causeway Bay, across Fortress Hill of North Point and connects east onto Java Road in North Point.

History
Electric Road remained unnamed when the Hong Kong Tramway was completed in 1904. In 1913, Hongkong Electric built a new power station on the new reclamation of North Point to replace the one in Wan Chai. Its operation was delayed until summer 1919 because of World War I. The operation of the power station spurred the development of North Point. In 1929 after the improvement of the road, it was named 'Electric Road' after the power station. Before the completion of King's Road, it was the busiest road in North Point.

North Point Power Station was officially decommissioned in 1978. The site is now part of the large scale City Garden housing development.

Features
 Nos. 89 and 91 Electric Road are two tong lau built between 1947 and 1951
 Causeway Bay Market (No. 142)
 Ngo Wong Temple () (No. 158-160)
 @Convoy (No 169)
 AIA Tower (No. 183)
 Former Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club clubhouse
 North Point Fire Station
 Towngas Headquarters
 Hong Kong Funeral Home
 North Point Government Office
 Electric Road Municipal Services Building (No. 229)
 Kodak House
 City Garden, a private residential development (No. 233)
 Sea View Estate
Tin Hau Food Square

See also
 List of streets and roads in Hong Kong

References

Tin Hau, Hong Kong
Fortress Hill
North Point
Roads on Hong Kong Island
Bundesautobahn 29. is an autobahn in northwestern Germany. It connects the city of Wilhelmshaven to Oldenburg and the A 1, running very roughly from north to south.

Traffic currently is light, but an increase in freight traffic is to be expected when the JadeWeserPort in Wilhelmshaven becomes operational.

Exit list 

 

 
 

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External links 

 History of the Ahlhorn Highway Airstrip

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Gustave-Adolphe Hirn. Gustave-Adolphe Hirn (21 August 1815 – 14 January 1890) was a French physicist, astronomer, mathematician, and engineer who made important measurements of the mechanical equivalent of heat and contributions to the early development of thermodynamics. He further applied his science in the practical development of steam engines.

Life

Hirn was born in Logelbach, near Colmar, into the prosperous textile-manufacturing family Haussmann. Baron Haussmann was a cousin. At 19, he entered his grandfather's cotton factory as a chemist. Later he worked as an engineer, and began research on mechanics, especially on calorics. Hirn carried out numerous experiments during his career, demonstrating the relevance of Carnot's principle in animated engines: the equivalence of thermal and mechanical energy. His work on thermodynamics is considered a major work of the 19th century. Indeed, he deduced from his work an equation of state that introduced both the notion of free volume and internal pressure, notions that would reappear with the work of van der Waals with a different corpuscular conception.

He was made a member of the French Academy of Science in 1867; in 1880 founded a meteorological observatory near Colmar; and later devoted himself to astronomy. Hirn was educated in the shop, and his works are marked by much practical criticism of mere academic theory.

Hirn invented the pandynanometer in 1880 and published a theory of the origin and chemical composition of Saturn's rings, exchanging correspondence with Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier. In 1886, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

He made significant contributions to the field of tribology. His study of friction in journal bearings revealed all the essential features of fluid film lubrication, although it lacked theoretical justification. For this contribution, he was named as one of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by Duncan Dowson.

He died in Colmar in 1890.

Honours
Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur (1865)

Bibliography

References

Further reading
Donkin, B. (1893) “Life and work of G.A. Hirn”, Cassier's Magazine, pp. 233–239
 (in French)

External links

Short biography (in French)
Paris-Province: Energy Physics in Mid-nineteenth-century France by Faidra Papanelopoulou
The Body and the Metaphors of the Engine

1815 births
1890 deaths
French physicists
19th-century French engineers
19th-century French astronomers
Tribologists
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical Society