omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Touch memory. Touch Memory (or contact memory) is an electronic identification device packaged in a coin-shaped stainless steel container.  Touch memory is accessed when a touch probe comes into contact with a memory button.

Read and/or write operations between the probe and memory chip are performed with just a momentary contact. Thousands of reads and writes can be performed with a single chip and data integrity can last over 100 years.

Touch memory complements such technologies as bar codes, RFID tags, magnetic stripe, proximity cards and smart cards.

Uses
Touch memory is used in such areas as
 Access control
 Asset management
 eCash
 Gaming systems
 Thermochron applications
 Time and attendance

Examples
The US Postal Service uses touch memory for tracking collection times on its large collection boxes. Healthcare, transportation, and trade show organizations also use the technology.

Advantages
Unlike bar codes and magnetic stripe cards, many touch memory solutions can be written to as well as being read. Communication rate, and product breadth, of touch memory goes well beyond the simple memory products typically available with RFID. The durability of the stainless-steel-clad touch memory is much greater than the thin plastic of a smart card.

See also 
 1-Wire protocol

References

Automatic identification and data capture
Radio-frequency identification
DeskSpace. DeskSpace, formerly known as Yod'm 3D (short for Yet anOther Desktop Manager 3D) is a virtual desktop manager available for Windows XP, Vista, 7 and 8.

Features 
DeskSpace maps six virtual desktops to a cube and allows the user to switch between them, similar to the cube plugin for the Compiz window manager for the X Window System in Linux. Deskspace is the first desktop manager to make the cube-style desktop feature available on Microsoft Windows. DeskSpace makes use of and requires DirectX 8.1 in contrast to most other virtual desktop managers that use OpenGL. It supports up to nine monitors. DeskSpace supports 64-bit applications, applications that require Administrator permissions to run, applications that implement User Interface Privilege Isolation, such as Internet Explorer 7 and Internet Explorer 8, and console windows.

DeskSpace costs US$24.95, and is available for a 14-day trial.

History and development 
Yod'm 3D was the first desktop manager to make the cube-style desktop feature available on Microsoft Windows. It was developed as freeware up to version 1.4 by Christian Salmon from Chris'n'Soft. It supported four virtual desktops on a single monitor. Yod'm 3D was acquired by Otaku Software Pty Ltd on July 9, 2007. Following the acquisition, it renamed to DeskSpace, and later versions would be trialware, not freeware. Yod'm 3D is still available to download from various sources.

Otaku Software held a beta test during August and September 2007, and the first release under the DeskSpace name, version 1.5.1, was released on 18 September 2007. DeskSpace 1.5.1 included a completely re-written graphics subsystem, based on the TopDesk graphics subsystem, that supported multiple monitors and 360 degree sky box backgrounds. Subsequent versions of DeskSpace has included re-written input, windowing, and virtual desktop subsystems. As of October 30, 2009 there were fewer than 500 lines of Yod'm source remaining in the DeskSpace code base.

On February 6, 2009, DeskSpace was reviewed on the BBC News 'Click' television segment.

See also 
 Compiz
 TopDesk
 Project Looking Glass
 VirtuaWin

References

External links 
Official website (DeskSpace is available to be purchased and downloaded here)
Former official website (Yod'm 3D is no longer available on this website)
Review of Yod'm 3D on Lifehacker
WinFuture.de Download Page

Compositing window managers
Edinburgh Concurrent Supercomputer. The Edinburgh Concurrent Supercomputer (ECS) was a large Meiko Computing Surface supercomputer. This transputer-based, massively parallel system was installed at the University of Edinburgh during the late 1980s and early 1990s.

History 
Following a pilot project involving an early 40-transputer Computing Surface installed in April 1986, funding was obtained from SERC and the DTI for a much larger system using T800 transputers and a MicroVAX fileserver. The Edinburgh Concurrent Supercomputer Project (ECSP) was formed to manage and support the facility, which was commissioned at the end of 1987.

Over the next few years, the system received several upgrades, including more transputers (reaching, at its peak, around 400 processors) and the installation of M²VCS and MeikOS system software, which enabled multi-user access and removed the need for the MicroVAX.

In 1990, the Edinburgh Concurrent Supercomputer Project was succeeded by the Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre, which consolidated the project with other parallel computing resources and activities within the University. The ECS continued to be used for a variety of academic and commercial research work.

In October 1992 the ECS was reconfigured as a SPARC-hosted Computing Surface with three SPARC "host" processors running SunOS and around 380 T800s. The system was finally decommissioned in August 1994.

References
 Wallace, D J. "Supercomputing with Transputers", Computing Systems in Engineering, Volume 1, Issue 1, 1990, Pages 131-141, , Pergamon Press, Inc. Elmsford, NY, USA
 Brown, Mike. "The Edinburgh Concurrent Supercomputer: an appreciation", EPCC News, No.24, 1994.

External links 
 EPCC History page

Supercomputers
University of Edinburgh School of Informatics
Hamilton Wetland Restoration Project. The Hamilton Wetland Restoration Project, now known as the Hamilton/Bel Marin Keys Wetlands Restoration, is a wetlands habitat restoration project at the former Hamilton Air Force Base—Hamilton Army Airfield (1930−1988) site and adjacent Bel Marin Keys shoreline, in Marin County, California.  

It is located at Whiteside Marsh on the northwestern shore of San Pablo Bay, in and adjacent to the city of Novato in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area.

Project
The restoration project is a joint venture between two public agencies: the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the lead federal agency, with the California Coastal Conservancy as the local sponsoring agency. In addition, the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission serves as a collaborating partner. 

The U.S. Congress authorized the Hamilton Wetland Restoration Project in 1999, and the addition of the Bel Marin Keys property to the project in 2007. The combined project site comprises approximately .

Together, these three agencies are working to restore the Whiteside Marsh section of the closed Hamilton Air Force Base—Hamilton Army Airfield site to its former natural estuary and wetlands condition, and to create valuable endangered species habitat in the urbanized San Francisco Bay Area. 

The Hamilton Wetlands Restoration Project "represents an unprecedented opportunity to contribute to the restoration of the San Francisco Bay, which has lost over 85% of its natural wetlands since the 1880s."

External links
 

San Pablo Bay
Wetlands of the San Francisco Bay Area
Ecological restoration
Estuaries of California
Landforms of Marin County, California
Natural history of Marin County, California
Protected areas of Marin County, California
Protected areas established in 1999
1999 establishments in California
Environment of the San Francisco Bay Area
Blackburn Perth. The Blackburn Perth was a British flying boat which served during the interwar period. It was essentially an upgraded Iris and, hence, the largest flying boat to serve with the Royal Air Force at the time (and the largest biplane flying boat ever to serve with the RAF).

Design and development
The Blackburn R.B.3A Perth was designed to replace the earlier Iris to Air Ministry Specification 20/32. Developed from the Iris Mk. V, the Perth first flew in 1933. It differed from the Iris by replacing the Rolls-Royce Condor engines of the Iris with more powerful Rolls-Royce Buzzards and having an enclosed cockpit for the pilots. Unusually, in addition to its standard armament, the Perth was fitted with a Coventry Ordnance Works C.O.W 37 mm (1.46 in) autocannon in its bows.

Four Perths were ordered for service for the RAF.

Operational history
The Perth entered service with the RAF in January 1934, when the second aircraft was delivered to No. 209 Squadron RAF at RAF Mount Batten Plymouth. Perths remained in service until 1937, being replaced by the Short Singapore and the Saro London. One aircraft was retained by the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment until 1938.

Operators
 
 Royal Air Force
 No. 204 Squadron RAF 
 No. 209 Squadron RAF 
 Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment

Specifications (Perth)

See also

References

External links

British Blackburn-General Flying Boats 
"New Plane Hunts Submarines" Popular Science, January 1934
"Huge All Metal Flying Boat Weighs Ten Tons" Popular Mechanics, March 1931

Perth
1930s British patrol aircraft
Flying boats
Trimotors
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Twin-tail aircraft
Blackburn Twin Blackburn. The Blackburn TB (for "Twin Blackburn") was a long-range twin-engined anti-Zeppelin seaplane. It was Blackburn's first multi-engine aircraft to fly.

Design and development
The first attacks by German bombing airships on the United Kingdom in the winter of 1914–15 resulted in the British Admiralty issuing a requirement for a two-seat aircraft with long endurance to attack Zeppelins by dropping incendiary Ranken darts onto the airships in the hope of igniting their gas envelopes, with an order for nine Blackburn TBs being placed in March 1915.

The TB was a seaplane with twin fuselages, situated 10 ft (3.35 m) apart, with the pilot in one fuselage and the observer in the other, having no means of communication other than hand signals. Each of the twin fuselages was a wooden structure with fabric covering, with a tractor engine in front of each fuselage. It had fabric-covered, wooden unstaggered, unswept and unequal-span wings. The upper wing extension was wire braced to steel pylons above the wing. The Blackburn had ailerons on the upper wings only.

Although it was intended that the TB would be powered by two 150 hp (112 kW) Smith Static radial engines, which promised low weight and good fuel consumption, these proved to be unsatisfactory, and 100 hp (75 kW) Gnome Monosoupape 9 Type B-2 had to be substituted, this allowing the first aircraft to fly in August 1915.

Testing showed that the two Gnome engines gave insufficient power, with the aircraft being unable to climb above 8,000 ft (2,438 m) carrying the required three canisters of 24 1 lb (.5 kg) Ranken darts. The weapon load was therefore reduced to two canisters.

The ninth (and final) TB was fitted with 110 hp (80 kW) Clerget engines with the hope of improving performance. This modification was found to have little effect.

Operational history
Seven TBs were delivered to the Royal Naval Air Service. They did not see much action, four serving for a short time at RNAS Killingholme in 1917. All seven, together with the remaining two that were held in store, were broken up in 1917.

Operators

Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications (TB)

References

Sources

External links

Blackburn T.B. at the British Aircraft Directory

Twin Blackburn
1910s British fighter aircraft
Floatplanes
Twin-fuselage aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Norberto Odebrecht. Norberto Odebrecht () (October 9, 1920 – July 19, 2014) was a Brazilian engineer, businessman and philanthropist. He was the founder of Odebrecht.

Early life
Odebrecht was born on October 9, 1920, in Recife, Brazil. He was the son of the pioneer  and a grandson of , a German geodetical engineer and cartographer, who emigrated to Brazil in 1856. He studied at the Polytechnic School of Bahia.

Career
Odebrecht founded a construction company from which the Odebrecht Group in Salvador da Bahia was created in 1944.  Today, the company has become an international conglomerate and employs more than 167,500 people in over 60 countries.

In 1991, he passed the presidency of Odebrecht to his son Emílio Odebrecht, and remained as chairman.

Norberto Odebrecht's "thoughts" have been compiled in three volumes distributed to all employees of the group.

Philanthropy
Odebrecht was the founder of the Brazilian Odebrecht Foundation (Portuguese: Fundação Odebrecht).

Death
Odebrecht died on 19 July 2014, aged 93, in Salvador, Bahia.

References

Brazilian engineers
Brazilian businesspeople
1920 births
2014 deaths
Odebrecht family
Brazilian people of German descent
Brazilian billionaires
Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. The Journal of Hydrologic Engineering is a monthly engineering journal, first published by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1996. The journal provides information on the development of new hydrologic methods, theories, and applications to current engineering problems. It publishes papers on analytical, experimental, and numerical methods with regard to the investigation and modeling of hydrological processes. It also publishes technical notes, book reviews, and forum discussions. Though the journal is based in the United States, articles dealing with subjects from around the world are accepted and published. The journal requires the use of the metric system, but allows for authors to also submit their papers in other systems of measure in addition to the SI system.

The journal is run by an editor-in-chief and a number of associate editors, who are respected professionals in the fields of hydrology and hydraulic engineering. The editors come from both academic and professional backgrounds and are responsible for screening submissions and forwarding articles to journal reviewers. The journal reviewers are subject matter experts who volunteer to review articles in order to determine if they should be published by the journal. The current editor-in-chief is R. S. Govindaraju of Purdue University.
  
G. V. Loganathan of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (a victim of the Virginia Tech massacre on 16 April 2007) was an associate editor.

Editors 
The following individuals have served as the editor-in-chief:

 Rao S. Govindaraju (2013 – present)
 Vijay P. Singh (2005 – 2013)
 M. Levent Kavvas (1996–2005)

Indexes
The journal is indexed in Google Scholar, Baidu, Elsevier (Ei Compendex), Clarivate Analytics (Web of Science), ProQuest, Civil engineering database, TRDI, OCLC (WorldCat), IET/INSPEC, Crossref, Scopus, and EBSCOHost.

See also 
 List of scientific journals

References

External links
 ASCE Library
 Journal website

Academic journals established in 1996
Hydrology journals
Hydraulic engineering
Hydrologic Engineering
American Society of Civil Engineers academic journals
Operational flight trainer. Operational Flight Trainer (OFT) is a training device, often a flight simulator, intended for general flight training as opposed to specialist tactics and weapons training. An OFT often has a motion platform in order to enable realistic instrument flying (IF) and other procedural training.  OFT is a term used particularly by the US Military.  A related term is Operational Flight and Tactics Trainer (OFTT), a device more capable than an OFT and designed for tactics training as well.

Flight training
Two-barrier rule. The two barrier rule is a policy of safety for work on piping carrying high pressure and/or high temperature fluids.  It is commonly used by  oil companies.  The rule simply states that for any work that must be done on a section of piping, which involves breaking containment, there must be at least two barriers separating the fluids from the broken area.  The purpose behind specifying two barriers is to ensure redundancy.  The risk of a total loss of containment is reduced if there are two independent isolations as it is highly improbable they would both fail at the same time.

For example, if a section of pipe from a production line leading from a  Christmas tree to the process plant, were to need replacement, this area of the piping would need isolation before the offending section was removed or oil would be able to flow freely out of the piping into the environment, causing environmental damage, a health and safety hazard and waste of a precious resource.  Under the two barrier rule, there must be two separate isolations between the oil flowing from the well to this area of the piping.  The logical barriers in this case would be the production wing valve and the upper master valve.

Uncontrolled release of pressure has been the cause of many accidents in the oilfield and so the two barrier rule is considered very important for increasing safety.

See also
  Christmas tree
 Wellhead
 Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Petroleum production
Weapons system trainer. Weapons Systems Trainer (WST) is a training device (simulator) designed particularly for weapons training.  A term commonly used by the United States Department of Defense, particularly for aircraft simulators.

For aircraft, this type of trainer often has a complex terrain database, a wide-angle high-resolution visual system and a high computer capacity, so that weapons work can be practised, recorded, and debriefed. Because of the compromises necessary with a large angle visual system, older WSTs tended not to have a motion platform.  With advances in visual display technology such as domes and partial domes compatible with motion platforms and lightweight displays such as the CAE FOHMD, more WSTs are being fitted with motion platforms and so constitute Full Mission Simulators or Combat Mission Simulators (FMS/CMS). For more basic (non-weapons) training, see also Operational Flight Trainer (OFT)

References 

United States Air Force military education and training
Deuterated DMSO. Deuterated DMSO, also known as dimethyl sulfoxide-d6, is an isotopologue of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, (CH3)2S=O)) with chemical formula ((CD3)2S=O) in which the hydrogen atoms ("H") are replaced with their isotope deuterium ("D"). Deuterated DMSO is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy.

Production

Deuterated DMSO is produced by heating DMSO in heavy water (D2O) with a basic catalyst such as calcium oxide. The reaction does not give complete conversion to the d6 product, and the water produced must be removed and replaced with D2O several times to drive the equilibrium to the fully deuterated product.

Use in NMR spectroscopy

Pure deuterated DMSO shows no peaks in 1H NMR spectroscopy and as a result is commonly used as an NMR solvent. However commercially available samples are not 100% pure and a residual DMSO-d5 1H NMR signal is observed at 2.50ppm (quintet, JHD=1.9Hz). The 13C chemical shift of DMSO-d6 is 39.52ppm (septet).

References

Deuterated solvents
SimRefinery. SimRefinery is a computer management simulation game designed to simulate Chevron's Richmond refinery operation. It was developed by the Maxis Business Simulations division of Maxis in 1993. John Hiles, who was the head of the Maxis division, was a lead designer on the project.

Development
After the success of SimCity, Maxis received numerous requests from various companies to develop simulations for their industries. After rejecting many requests from other companies, the team eventually agreed to make a prototype of SimRefinery for Chevron:

Release and rediscovery
As a commissioned business aid, it was not made available to the public. Until 2020, little information about the game had existed, though Maxis had discussed its creation and some screenshots existed. Most of the assets stayed with Maxis Business Simulations, which Maxis eventually divested in 1996. The division rebranded itself as Thinking Tools Inc. and continued to develop similar corporate simulations, but eventually had to shutter itself, and most of its assets were destroyed.

In May 2020, librarian Phil Salvador published a long form investigative article about Maxis Business Simulations and SimRefinery featuring interviews with Hiles and other members of the division. Ars Technica reported on the article, which led to a commenter on the website uncovering a floppy disc that contains an in-development build of the game. The anonymous commenter then uploaded a digital copy to the Internet Archive to work within its DOSBox emulator. 

This emulated version reveals more details about the "gameplay" of SimRefinery. The game resembles SimCity with different graphics, disasters, and rules, the former to represent oil tanker ports, petroleum storage and piping systems. The user's role in the simulation was the plant manager of a refinery. One of the things the user learned was about supply and demand and how it affects the financial situation. The game was not defined to be an accurate representation of the chemical processes of a plant, as this would have been considered extremely dangerous. Instead, it was intended to show how disparate systems of a chemical plant may end up interacting at the larger scale, incorporating the financial, production, and logistics related to operating a plant. The game allowed some "disasters" to be created by creating explosive mixtures of components that set off fires, as well as external events that may disrupt the plant. The game was not considered to be a fully finished product based on the version received by the Internet Archive.

References

External links
 SimRefinery on the Internet Archive

1993 video games
Business simulation games
Maxis Sim games
Video games developed in the United States
Rediscovered works
Single-player video games
VTX. VTX may refer to:

 Honda VTX Series, a line of V-twin Honda cruiser motorcycles
 Vertex Resource Group (TSX-V symbol: VTX), a publicly-traded environmental services company
 VTX, a cost-reduced version of the RealityEngine 3D graphics hardware architecture
 VTX, a graphics subsystem of the SGI Onyx series of visualization systems
 x86 virtualization (also VT-x), the use of hardware-assisted virtualization capabilities on an x86/x86-64 CPU