omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Punctured code. In coding theory, puncturing is the process of removing some of the parity bits after encoding with an error-correction code.  This has the same effect as encoding with an error-correction code with a higher rate, or less redundancy.  However, with puncturing the same decoder can be used regardless of how many bits have been punctured, thus puncturing considerably increases the flexibility of the system without significantly increasing its complexity.

In some cases, a pre-defined pattern of puncturing is used in an encoder.  Then, the inverse operation, known as depuncturing, is implemented by the decoder.

Puncturing is used in UMTS during the rate matching process. It is also used in Wi-Fi, Wi-SUN, GPRS, EDGE, DVB-T and DAB, as well as in the DRM Standards.

Puncturing is often used with the Viterbi algorithm in coding systems.

During Radio Resource Control (RRC) Connection set procedure, during  sending NBAP radio link setup message the uplink puncturing limit will send to NODE B, along with U/L spreading factor & U/L scrambling code.

Puncturing was introduced by Gustave Solomon and J. J. Stiffler in 1964.

See also
 Singleton bound, an upper bound in coding theory

References

 

Coding theory
GWR 7800 Class 7822 Foxcote Manor. The Great Western Railway steam locomotive no. 7822 Foxcote Manor is a 4-6-0 Manor Class locomotive, built in 1950 at Swindon Works. It is part of a post-war batch of 10 locomotives, which follows on from 20 earlier locomotives built in 1938.

Working life
Designed with a lighter axle loading than the red-rating of the other GWR mixed-traffic Hall and Grange 4-6-0 classes, the Manor class were ideally suited to the lightweight cross country and coastal routes of the former Cambrian Railways.

Based over its entire working life on the former Cambrian Railways, its first shed allocation was to Oswestry depot and its last to Shrewsbury, with working allocations also to Chester and Machynlleth. It was used to haul both passenger and freight services over former CR lines including the Cambrian Line and the now-closed Ruabon Barmouth Line. It regularly hauled the "Cambrian Coast Express" from Shrewsbury to Aberystwyth, and in 1965 the British Royal Train.

Preservation
Withdrawn in 1965 from Shrewsbury, it was towed to Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, South Wales. It languished there until 1975, when it was initially moved to Oswestry, the headquarters of the Cambrian Railways Society where much of the fundraising and restoration took place. In 1985 it was moved to the Llangollen Railway, a restored part of the Ruabon Barmouth Line, where it returned to steam in December 1987. It then worked until its second withdrawal in 1997, when after a heavy overhaul it returned to service in 1999.

Since its return to work in preservation, the locomotive has since been on loan to: Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway, Great Central Railway (Nottingham), Keighley and Worth Valley Railway, North Yorkshire Moors Railway, South Devon Railway and the West Somerset Railway. Following a third 10 year overhaul in preservation, 7822 returned to service in early 2016, and throughout 2017 was on hire, firstly to the Kent & East Sussex Railway, and then to the WSR in 2018.

Allocations

References

External links

Owning society home page

7822
Railway locomotives introduced in 1950
Llangollen Railway
7822
Locomotives saved from Woodham Brothers scrapyard
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
individual locomotives of Great Britain
4-6-0 locomotives
Berco S.p.A.. Berco SpA, is a manufacturer and supplier of undercarriages for heavy machinery. Founded in the 1920s, the Italian company creates undercarriage solutions for all types of earthmoving machinery that range in weight from 1 to 330 tons. The main products are components for Compact Track Loaders (CTL) and undercarriage parts for mining machines. The company equally supplies to the construction, forestry and agriculture industries. The company states, that one in every five chain-driven construction vehicles is equipped with Berco systems.

For the Aftermarket, the company provides drive sprockets, idlers, rollers, track chains, track shoes and undercarriage systems. Its ranges are available in three product lines: Platinum, Original and Service.

thyssenkrupp 
Berco has been part of the Thyssenkrupp group since 1999. In October 2017, it joined tk's Forged Technologies business unit. According to the company, it is now one of the world's largest forging companies.

R&D Department 
In November 2021, Berco presented its new R&D facility at the company's 500,000 m2 premises in Copparo. With the official opening, Berco completed its investment of 1 Million Euros, which was made previously. The new department covers 2,000 m2 and houses new manufacturing tools, laboratory, 3D printing technology and presses.

The R&D team employs currently 23 researchers divided into two subgroups: metallurgical laboratory and product engineering and the group is set to be expanded.

Sustainability 
To meet sustainability standards, Berco declared that they are aiming to reduce the environmental impact of its production. Required renovations will be carried out over a three-year roadmap to reduce  emissions by 2,500 tons per year as well as the annual consumption of gas by 13%. Various activities in the field of energy efficiency are estimated to lead to an annual reduction of about three million kW/h of electricity once the project is completed.

History 
Berco's main factory is located in Copparo, Italy, with approximately 1300 employees. In addition, the company operates four other facilities located in Italy, Brazil and the US.

It was founded in 1918 by Vezio Bertoni when he opened up a bicycle repair shop, continuing his father's work. Soon he also began to repair agricultural machinery and vehicles abandoned by the US Army in the countryside of Ferrara. Shortly the small business turned into a workshop of 30 employees and began to produce machine tools and spare parts for tractors. When the entrepreneur Roberto Cotti joined Vezio Bertoni, the company became “Bertoni & Cotti” – it was the birth of Berco.

See also

 List of Italian companies

References

Steel companies of Italy
Manufacturing companies established in 1920
Italian companies established in 1920
Italian brands
ThyssenKrupp
Louis Alan Hazeltine. Louis Alan Hazeltine (August 7, 1886 – May 24, 1964) was an engineer and physicist, the inventor of the Neutrodyne circuit, and the Hazeltine-Fremodyne Superregenerative circuit. He was the founder of the Hazeltine Corporation.

Biography 
Louis Alan Hazeltine was born in Morristown, New Jersey, in 1886 and attended the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, majoring in electrical engineering. He graduated in 1906 and accepted a job with General Electric corporation.

Hazeltine returned to Stevens to teach, eventually becoming chair of the electrical engineering department in 1917.

The following year he became a consultant for the United States Navy.  The Navy job eventually parlayed into a position as an advisor to the U.S. government on radio broadcasting regulation, and later, a position on the National Defense Research Committee during World War II.

Hazeltine was president of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1936.

References

Further reading 
 "Adventures in Cybersound: Louis Alan Hazeltine : 1886 - 1964"
 Reiman, Dick, "Scanning the Past: A History of Electrical Engineering from the Past: Louis Alan Hazeltine", Copyright 1993 IEEE. Reprinted with permission from the IEEE publication, "Scanning the Past" which covers a reprint of an article appearing in the Proceedings of the IEEE Vol. 81, No. 4, April 1993.

External links
 "The Neutrodyne Radio", Arcane Radio Trivia, Tuesday, October 2, 2007

1886 births
1964 deaths
People from Morristown, New Jersey
Stevens Institute of Technology alumni
American electronics engineers
Engineers from New Jersey
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Presidents of the Institute of Radio Engineers
Hold down (structural engineering). Holdown (holdown, hold-down, or hold down) or tie-down in structural engineering refers to the steel device or hardware that is installed at the end of a plywood shear wall. The hold downs provide uplift resistance against the overturning moment imposed on the wall due to "in-plane" lateral load applied at the top of the wall. A hold-down may also refer to clamping device used to anchor a pipe to a structural steel element or concrete floor or allow movement of the pipe in an axial direction.

At the bottom, the hold down is connected to the concrete foundation or structural slab by an embedded or epoxied anchor bolt. At the top, the hold down is connected to a wood post with screws, nails or bolts.

References

Structural connectors
Ant (chair). The Ant () chair is a classic of modern chair design.
It was designed in 1952 by Arne Jacobsen for use in the canteen of the Danish pharmaceutical firm Novo Industries (now Novo Nordisk).

Design
The Ant was named for its approximate similarity to the outline of an ant with its head raised. The chair was designed to be light, stable, easy to stack up, and to minimise tangling the user's feet. The original model had three plastic legs and a seat made from form-moulded laminated veneer;

History
 
Jacobsen designed his first building for NOVO Industries on Nordre Fasanvej in 1934–1935 and continued to work for them throughout his career, building several factories in Denmark and Germany. The Ant chair was created for the canteen of the Novo factory in Frederiksberg. Allegedly, Fritz Hansen had already been presented with Jacobsen's Ant chair design but was reluctant to put it into production. When a Novo director visited Jacobsen's studio and showed interest in the model, Jensen told him that it had been created for use in their canteen. Novo Industries ordered 300 of the chairs, enough to convince Fritz Hansen that it should go into production. The chair has since proved very popular although the plastic in the legs was replaced by tubular steel, and a version with four legs was also made.

Gallery

References

External links

 The Ant at Fritz Hansen's site

1952 in art
Chairs
Arne Jacobsen furniture
Individual models of furniture
Stacking chairs
A26. A26 or A-26 may refer to:

Roads
 List of A26 roads

Transportation
 Douglas A-26 Invader, a light attack bomber built by Douglas
 Aero A.26, a Czech reconnaissance aircraft of the 1920s
 Focke-Wulf A 26, a German Focke-Wulf aircraft
 A-26 was the civilian name of the Japanese experimental long-range aircraft Tachikawa Ki-77
 Blekinge-class submarine, also known as the A26 submarine, the next generation of Swedish submarines equipped with stirling engines
 The FAA location identifier for Adin Airport

Other uses
 HLA-A26, an HLA-A serotype
 The English Opening, in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
 The file extension for Starpath Supercharger cassette images
Local Mitigation Strategy. A Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS) or Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) is a local government plan (in the United States, typically implemented at a county level), that is designed to reduce or eliminate risks to people and property from natural and man-made hazards. Mitigation strategies are supported by state government and federal programs, in line with the Disaster Mitigation Act.

The need for hazard mitigation has become more widely recognized over the past few years, due to the large number of natural hazards that have occurred in the U.S. and the increase in the costs to achieve post-disaster recovery.  Money spent prior to a hazardous event to reduce the impacts of a disaster can result in substantial savings in life and property following the event.  The benefits of implementing a hazard mitigation program usually far outweigh the costs.  As a result, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the states have developed national and state Mitigation Strategies and funding is becoming increasingly more available to support hazard mitigation efforts.

The advantages of developing a LMS include access to government funds for hazard mitigation projects, the provision of protective information to local officials, residents, and businesses, and the protection of an area's population, property, infrastructure, economy, environment, and quality of life.

The hazard mitigation initiatives that a community develops must have their basis in the community's guiding principles on hazard mitigation, and should also be grounded in an empirical, geographic, and historical analysis of the jurisdiction's hazards. The initiatives must actively reduce a community's vulnerability to hazards in order to be considered mitigation activities, rather than emergency preparedness activities. Actions and their implementation expenses can be justified through the vulnerability assessment section of the strategy, which documents the types of damages and other impacts that hazards have had, or could cause in the future, within the planning area. Finally, mitigation initiatives must accurately reflect the community's needs—what is politically, legally, economically, and technically feasible and sufficiently equitable in socioeconomic terms.  The working group assigned to develop the strategy can help assure that local needs are incorporated in the mitigation initiatives. These steps should lead to projects that are grounded in a community's overall vision of hazard mitigation, planning, regulations, resources, and goals, and that can lead to a tangible reduction in its vulnerability to hazards, based upon the findings of its hazard analysis section.

See also 
 
  (France)

External links 
FEMA Mitigation Programs
An LMS example from Pinellas County FL

Disaster preparedness in the United States
Advanced planning and scheduling. Advanced planning and scheduling (APS, also known as advanced manufacturing) refers to a manufacturing management process by which raw materials and production capacity are optimally allocated to meet demand.  APS is especially well-suited to environments where simpler planning methods cannot adequately address complex trade-offs between competing priorities. Production scheduling is intrinsically very difficult due to the (approximately) factorial dependence of the size of the solution space on the number of items/products to be manufactured.

Difficulty of production planning
Traditional production planning and scheduling systems (such as manufacturing resource planning) use a stepwise procedure to allocate material and production capacity.  This approach is simple but cumbersome, and does not readily adapt to changes in demand, resource capacity or material availability.  Materials and capacity are planned separately, and many systems do not consider material or capacity constraints, leading to infeasible plans. However, attempts to change to the new system have not always been successful, which has called for the combination of management philosophy with manufacturing.

Unlike previous systems, APS simultaneously plans and schedules production based on available materials, labor and plant capacity.

APS has commonly been applied where one or more of the following conditions are present:
make to order (as distinct from make to stock) manufacturing
capital-intensive production processes, where plant capacity is constrained
products 'competing' for plant capacity: where many different products are produced in each facility
products that require a large number of components or manufacturing tasks
production necessitates frequent schedule changes which cannot be predicted before the event

Advanced planning & scheduling software enables manufacturing scheduling and advanced scheduling optimization within these environments.

Further reading

References

Production planning
Surface layering. Surface layering is a quasi-crystalline structure at the surfaces of otherwise disordered liquids, where atoms or molecules of even the simplest liquid are stratified into well-defined layers parallel to the surface. While in crystalline solids such atomic layers can extend periodically throughout the entire dimension of a crystal, surface layering decays rapidly away from the surface and is limited to just a few near-surface region layers. Another difference between surface layering and crystalline structure is that atoms or molecules of surface-layered liquids are not ordered in-plane, while in crystalline solids they are.

Surface layering was predicted theoretically by Stuart Rice at the University of Chicago in 1983  and has been experimentally discovered by Peter Pershan (Harvard) and his group, working in collaboration with Ben Ocko (Brookhaven) and Moshe Deutsch (Bar-Ilan) in 1995 in elemental liquid mercury and liquid gallium  using x-ray reflectivity techniques.

More recently layering has been shown to arise from electronic properties of metallic liquids, rather than thermodynamic variables such as surface tension, since surfaces of low-surface tension metallic liquids such as liquid potassium are layered, while those of dielectric liquids such as water, are not.

References 

Crystals
Ensoniq Soundscape Elite. The Soundscape Elite was Ensoniq's high-end ISA  PC sound card offering. It offers the highest MIDI quality of any PC sound card Ensoniq produced. The board is an evolution of the company's previous Soundscape S-2000. The Soundscape ELITE was launched in March 1995.

Overview

The card's layout is quite similar to the Soundscape S-2000, and uses the same synthesizer chips and codecs. Changes include a revision of the 2 MiB patch ROM equipped with new sounds, and the addition of a powerful digital signal processor (DSP) daughtercard. This DSP, called the Ensoniq Signal Processor (ESP), allows popular enhancement effects to be applied to the Elite's patch sounds. The ESP was used on Ensoniq's musical instruments as well, such as their ASR samplers, TS synthesizers, and the DP Series effects processors. The most popular effects used are reverb and chorus, which are enabled by default on the card. The ESP is also fully configurable through a Windows utility (the "ENSONIQ Effects Tool Kit") and through standard sysex commands which can be issued in various ways (i.e. DOS utilities). Unfortunately the Effects Tool Kit never progressed beyond the beta development stage and is, as a result, not entirely stable or functional.

Soundscape ELITE, like the original Soundscape, has several connections for the proprietary CD-ROM interfaces of the time. However, instead of the Soundscape S-2000's Mitsumi, Matsushita, and Sony interfaces, the Elite gained a new IDE ATAPI interface which was a new standard implemented to improve the ease of utilizing CD-ROM drives. The board's chipset consists of Ensoniq's OTTO and Sequoia synthesizer chips with the Motorola 68EC000 8 MHz controller, the ESP board, and an Analog Devices 1848KP codec for digital audio.

Specifications
 Ensoniq "OTTO" Wavetable synthesizer (sample-based synthesizer). Provides true simultaneous instruments, 16 channels, 32-note polyphony. 2 MiB compressed wave and patch sets provide:
GS instrument set, 7 drum kits, 128 General MIDI instruments, MT-32 instruments, 61 drum programs
Ensoniq "ESP" Signal Processor. Provides multiple simultaneous effects. Reverb and chorus are enabled when Soundscape is initialized.
On-Board 68EC000 microprocessor. Provides software upgradeable OS and very low host CPU overhead.
Edge connectors:
MIC/line Input
CD/AUX Input
Audio output
15-Pin Joystick/MPU 401 MIDI interface
Full 16-Bit digital play/record at up to 48 kHz stereo: CD Quality sound, very low noise
MS ADPCM, A-Law, u-Law Compression supported (except Sound Blaster ADPCM)
Four CD-ROM interfaces:
IDE ATAPI (with programmable base port)
SONY proprietary
Mitsumi proprietary
Panasonic proprietary
System requirements
IBM PC-AT or compatible, one 16-bit ISA expansion slot (full length)
4MB RAM, DOS 3.3 or higher, Windows 3.xx, Windows 95, Windows NT, or OS/2
Support for AdLib, Sound Blaster and Sound Blaster 2.0 (except for the few software titles requiring SoundBlaster ADPCM), MT-32, General MIDI, Windows Sound System 2, MPC levels 1 and 2.

References

Notes

Ensoniq Corp. Soundscape S-2000 Manual, Ensoniq, 1994.

Sound cards
Surface freezing. Surface freezing is the appearance of long-range crystalline order in a near-surface layer of a liquid. The surface freezing effect is opposite to a far more common surface melting, or premelting.

Surface freezing was experimentally discovered in melts of alkanes and related chain molecules in the early 1990s independently by two groups: John Earnshaw and his group (Queen's University of Belfast) used light scattering. This method did not allow a determination of the frozen layer's thickness, and whether or not it is laterally ordered. A group led by Ben Ocko (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Eric Sirota (Exxon) and Moshe Deutsch (Bar-Ilan University, Israel) independently discovered the same effect, using x-ray surface diffraction which allowed them to show that the frozen layer is a crystalline monolayer, with molecules oriented roughly along the surface normal, and ordered in an hexagonal lattice.

A related effect, the existence of a smectic phase at the surface of a nematic liquid bulk, was observed in liquid crystals by Jens Als-Nielsen (Risø National Laboratory, Denmark) and Peter Pershan (Harvard University) in the early 1980s. However, the surface layer there was neither ordered, nor confined to a single layer.

Surface freezing has since been found in a wide range of chain molecules and at various interfaces: liquid-air, liquid-solid and liquid-liquid.

References

Phases of matter
Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology. The Balochistan University of Engineering & Technology, Khuzdar (BUETK) is a public university located in Khuzdar, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Recognized university
Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology is recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.

Programs 
The university offers the following degree programs:
 BE Civil Engineering
 BE Mechanical Engineering
 BE Electrical Engineering
 BE Electronic Engineering
 BE Bio Madical
 BE Energy System Engineering
 BE Computer Systems Engineering
 BS Computer Science
 BS Information Technology
 BS Software Engineering
 ME Civil Engineering
 ME Mechanical Engineering
 ME Electrical Engineering
 ME Computer Systems Engineering
 MS Computer Science

See also 
 List of engineering universities and colleges in Pakistan
 List of universities in Pakistan

References

External links 
 Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology Khuzdar - official website archived
 BUET official website
 HEC - national digital library - Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology

Universities and colleges established in 1987
1987 establishments in Pakistan
Engineering universities and colleges in Pakistan
Public universities and colleges in Balochistan, Pakistan
EGT. EGT may refer to:

Organisations 
 Lutheran Gymnasium Tisovec (), a school in Slovakia
 Emergent Game Technologies, developer of the Gamebryo video game engine

Science and technology 
 Evolutionary game theory
 Evolutionary Governance Theory
 Exhaust gas temperature

Sport 
 FIA Electric GT Championship, a planned electric car racing series

Transport 
 Eaglemont railway station, Victoria, Australia
 Egton railway station, England
 Wellington Municipal Airport, Kansas, United States