omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
William F. Powers. William F. Powers (born 1940) is a former vice president of research for the Ford Motor Company. In 1992 he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences.

Powers earned his bachelor's degree in Aerospace Engineering in 1963 at the University of Florida, then a master's degree in engineering in 1966 and a Ph.D. in engineering in 1968 from the University of Texas at Austin. He was at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center from Jan 1960 - Mar 1968. Between Mar 1968 and Dec 1980, Bill was Professor of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan. He was with Ford Motor Company from 1979 until 2000. When he retired from Ford in 2000, he was a Vice President and the head of Ford Research. 

He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1993 for leadership in advancing research and development of automotive technology.

References

University of Texas at Austin alumni page of Powers

Ford executives
American manufacturing businesspeople
University of Florida alumni
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
1940 births
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of Texas at Austin alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Aluminium dross recycling. Aluminium dross, a byproduct of the aluminium smelting process, can be mechanically recycled to separate the residual aluminium metal from the aluminium oxide.

Thermo-mechanical metal extraction
The mechanical process of recycling does not use any toxic chemicals previously used in the process of extracting the valuable aluminium in the dross.

Hot dross processing is a system whereby the majority of metal is recovered without chemically reducing the aluminium oxides. The dross is first crushed then separated into aluminium rich particles and aluminium oxide rich particles based on density. The metal rich particles are then melted in a furnace to remove the remaining oxide particles.

Mechanical extraction vs chemical
The recovery of aluminium from dross has traditionally caused severe environmental issue with highly alkaline waste waters, a waste product that is rich in waste flux and that evolves ammonia gas on contact with water and can spontaneously combust if allowed to get wet  A novel method developed in New Zealand claims to be an environmentally sensitive method, non-toxic, and different from previous methods which resulted in a concentrated highly toxic salt cake residue.

Products that can be made with the residual
A variety of products can be made from the residual aluminium dross after it is recycled into aluminium oxide. See more information on aluminium oxide. Aluminium oxide has a variety of industrial uses which includes being used in paint, dye, concrete, explosives, and fertilizer.

Dross recycling is different
Aluminium dross recycling is a completely different process to strictly aluminium recycling. Aluminium recycling is where pure aluminium products (previously used in another form) are re-melted into aluminium ingots and then re-used to new aluminium products. While aluminium dross recycling is where the dross, a byproduct of the smelting process in the creation of aluminium from bauxite, can be mechanically recycled thus separating the residual aluminium from the aluminium oxide.

References 

Aluminium
Recycling
Planmed. Planmed Oy is a Finnish company founded in 1988 that designs and manufactures imaging systems and accessories for mammography and orthopaedic imaging. The company's headquarters are located in Helsinki, Finland. They export over 98% of their production to around 70 other countries worldwide.

The company has a subsidiary in the United States and a sales office in the Netherlands.

Planmed Oy is part of the Finnish Planmeca Group.

Products
Digital mammography systems
Planmed Clarity 2D
Planmed Clarity 3D (Digital Breast Tomosynthesis)
Planmed ClarityGuide (Breast biopsy system)
Analog mammography units
Planmed Sophie Classic S
Orthopedic imaging systems
Planmed Verity – Extremity Cone Beam CT scanner

References

X-ray equipment manufacturers
Medical technology companies of Finland
Finnish brands
GraphLab. Turi is a graph-based, high performance, distributed computation framework written in C++. The GraphLab project was started by Prof. Carlos Guestrin of Carnegie Mellon University in 2009. It is an open source project that uses the Apache License. While GraphLab was originally developed for machine learning tasks, it has also been developed for other data-mining tasks.

Motivation 
As the amounts of collected data and computing power grow (multicore, GPUs, clusters, clouds), modern datasets no longer fit into one computing node. Efficient distributed parallel algorithms for handling large-scale data are required. The GraphLab framework is a parallel programming abstraction targeted for sparse iterative graph algorithms. GraphLab provides a programming interface, allowing deployment of distributed machine learning algorithms. The main design considerations behind the design of GraphLab are:
 Sparse data with local dependencies
 Iterative algorithms
 Potentially asynchronous execution

GraphLab toolkits 
On top of GraphLab, several implemented libraries of algorithms:
 Topic modeling - contains applications like LDA, which can be used to cluster documents and extract topical representations.
 Graph analytics - contains applications like pagerank and triangle counting, which can be applied to general graphs to estimate community structure.
 Clustering - contains standard data clustering tools such as Kmeans
 Collaborative filtering - contains a collection of applications used to make predictions about users interests and factorize large matrices.
 Graphical models - contains tools for making joint predictions about collections of related random variables.
 Computer vision - contains a collection of tools for reasoning about images.

Turi 
Turi (formerly called Dato and before that GraphLab Inc.) is a company that was founded by Prof. Carlos Guestrin from University of Washington in May 2013 to continue development support of the GraphLab open source project. Dato Inc. raised a $6.75M Series A from Madrona Venture Group and New Enterprise Associates (NEA). They raised a $18.5M Series B from Vulcan Capital and Opus Capital, with participation from Madrona and NEA. On August 5, 2016, Turi was acquired by Apple Inc. for $200,000,000.

References

External links
 Turi homepage.
 SFrame: Extending GraphLab to tables

Data mining and machine learning software
Apple Inc. acquisitions
Excellence Without a Soul. Excellence Without A Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education (reissued as Excellence Without a Soul: Does Liberal Education Have a Future?) is a 2006 book by Harry R. Lewis (Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at Harvard University's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences) examining the state of American higher education, with particular reference to Harvard. It attracted considerable attention for its trenchant analysis of undergraduate education, much of it based on his experience as dean of Harvard College (19952003).

It has been translated into Chinese and Korean.

References
Poison Ivy: A Harvard man urges the school to redefine its mission, Christopher Shea, The Washington Post, July 2, 2006.
Review by William Gasarch (2007) in ACM SIGACT News 38(1): 9–13, 
 Examining the Crimson's civic slide, Jim Sleeper, The Boston Globe, May 28, 2006.

External links
 Official Website
 Discussion on C-SPAN
 Transcript of Discussion Reported in The Washington Post

2006 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about higher education
Works about academia
PublicAffairs books
EGP-6. The EGP-6 is a Russian small nuclear reactor design. It is a scaled down version of the RBMK design. As the RBMK, the EGP-6 uses water for cooling and graphite as a neutron moderator. EGP is a Russian acronym but translated into English it stands for Power Heterogenous Loop reactor. It is the world's smallest running commercial nuclear reactor, however smaller reactors are currently in development. The EGP-6 reactors are the only reactors to be built on permafrost.

There were only four EGP-6 reactors built which formed the Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant, commissioned in 1974–1977, with a reactor becoming operational each year. The reactors were responsible for supplying Bilibino with utilities such as electricity, heated water, and steam. The population of Bilibino currently sits at around 5,000 and a large majority of its citizens are associated with the plant. The plant design was developed by the Ural Division of Teploelektroproekt together with Izhorskiye Zavody and FEI in Obninsk. Each EGP-6 reactor at Bilibino produces 62 MW thermal power, generating 12 MW electrical power (11 MW net capacity). As of 2020, the power plant is ready for decommissioning and awaits to be replaced by the Akademik Lomonosov floating nuclear power plant, which started regular operation in May 2020. The reason for decommissioning the reactors being that Akademik Lomonosov can supply Bilibino's power grid despite being located approximately  away from the town. The first EGP-6 reactor was shut down in December 2018, and the other 3 EGP-6 reactors were scheduled to follow December 2021, however a decision was made in 2020 to renew the license of one of the three reactors until December 2025.

Sosny spent fuel decommissioning 
Spent fuel of the EGP-6 reactors was troublesome, as the remote location of the Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant was difficult to get to with the small amount of transport infrastructure available. The Sosny R&D Company gained access to the spent fuel produced by the reactors in 2010 and began reviewing optimal strategies for containing the nuclear waste product. Spent fuel was often kept in reactor cooling pods or dry storage pools once they were depleted of useful energy, such as at the Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant, the only location where EGP-6 reactors were commissioned. The Sosny company performed diligent research on how to economically and safely move the spent fuel from the reactor site to a decommissioning location. The optimal solution developed involved remote robotic arms which were used to delicately cut up the spent fuel and encapsulate the pieces into transport casks. New transport infrastructure was designed specifically to remove the fuel from the reactor's remote location to Russia's mainland.

See also
List of nuclear reactors
List of small modular reactor designs
Nuclear power in Russia

References

Graphite moderated reactors
Nuclear power reactor types
Nuclear technology in the Soviet Union
Nuclear power in the Soviet Union
Small modular reactor
IRIS (biosensor). Interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (IRIS), formerly known as the spectral reflectance imaging biosensor (SRIB), is a system that can be used as a biosensing platform capable of high-throughput multiplexing of protein–protein, protein–DNA, and DNA–DNA  interactions without the use of any fluorescent labels. The sensing surface is prepared by robotic spotting of biological probes that are immobilized on functionalized Si/SiO2 substrates. IRIS is capable of quantifying biomolecular mass accumulated on the surface.

Measurement
To perform a measurement, the sample is illuminated with multiple different wavelengths from either a tunable laser or different color LEDs; typically speaking, a relatively narrow bandwidth optical source. The reflection intensity is imaged using a CCD or CMOS camera. By using interferometric techniques, nanometer changes can be detected.

Applications
Applications for IRIS include  microarray format immunoassays, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection, pathogen detection and bio-defense monitoring, kinetic analysis of biomolecular interactions, and general biomolecular interaction studies for research applications.

References

External links

IRIS homepage

Biotechnology
Sensors
State data centre. State Data Centres (SDC) are multiple data centers set up in various states of India to provide fundamental IT infrastructure for various eGovernance programs being run as part of National eGovernance Plan of India.  The main purpose of these centres is to provide a physical facility for hosting various state level e-government applications similar to what National Informatics Center (NIC) provides to the national level applications. The SDC project was approved in January 2008 as a part of the National eGovernance Plan.

Introduction
The State Data Centres project is meant to build up state's services, applications and infrastructure on a common platform in all the states and union territories of India. SDCs project is planned to work together with State Wide Area Network project to achieve its goals. A SDC will work as a physical storehouse of public and private data which will act as a centralized database for various eGovernment applications. In addition to this, a SDC will provide basic IT infrastructure for implementing server side technologies viz. systems like web servers, application servers and database servers etc. for different applications.

Services
The following types of services are expected to be provided at the SDCs:
1. Application and web hosting.
2. 24*7 support for data and application availability.
3. Centralized network and database management.
4. Security of private data.
5. Backup & archival Services.

Implementation
The implementation guidelines have been stated very clearly by the government. The guidelines can be found at http://www.mit.gov.in/content/policy-guidelines-state-data-centre-sdc-dpl-data.
The key considerations of the project are:
1. Scalability
2. Availability
3. Security
4. Manageability
5. Reliability
6. Migration from Distributed to Centralized environment
7. Interoperability
8. Compliance to Standards

Current Progress
Since its inception the union Government of India has spent a total budget of Rs. 1378.50 Crores in various states of India. Typically a data centre takes 9–12 months for setting up and getting into operation. As per the data received from the official sources, currently various states of India are in different phases of the project realisation. As many as 14 States have been successful in making the SDCs operational until date. Some of these states include Gujarat, West Bengal and Tripura. Furthermore, SDCs are under implementation in some of the other states like Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and are expected to become functional by the end of 2011.

References

Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)
Information technology in India
E-government in India
Penrose Pegasus. The Penrose Pegasus was a 1930s high-wing, single-seat, wooden glider from the UK.  Designed, built and flown by Harald Penrose until the start of World War II, only one was built at the time though a reproduction was constructed in the 1990s.

Design and development
In 1932 Penrose, Chief Test Pilot at Westland Aircraft from 1931–53, began the design of a wooden single-seat glider.  One unusual design constraint was that no component could be more the 12 ft 6 in (3.81 m) long in order for it to leave the workshop.

The wing of the Pegasus had the same spar and planform as the unbuilt Cloudcraft Junior.  It was constructed around a single box spar of spruce and plywood and had three sections, a parallel-chord centre section and two slightly longer, tapered outer panels with ailerons along the whole of their trailing edges.  It was fabric covered and braced with lift struts to the lower fuselage longerons.  Both rudder and elevator were all-moving surfaces, fabric covered and with rounded trailing edges. The rudder extended to the lower fuselage so the elevator, mounted on the upper fuselage, had a cut-out to allow its movement.

The Pegasus had a rectangular-section, ply-covered fuselage, which tapered towards the tail.  The wing was braced above the fuselage by the struts and the open, unscreened cockpit was under the leading edge; fabric-covered, inverted V-shaped decking tapered from the lower wing surface rearwards. There was a short, curved landing skid fixed at the nose and joined to the lower longerons at the same point as the lift struts by a V-form pair of telescopic compression struts. Initially the Pegasus had a tailskid but flight trials showed that both skids were easily broken, so the main skid was replaced with a stiffer one and the tailskid by a rubber tailwheel.

Operational history
The Pegasus flew for the first time in 1935 and gained its British Gliding Association certificate of airworthiness  no. BGA 232. Early test flights with the improved undercarriage were made in July and August at Maiden Newton, home of the Dorset Gliding Club.  It flew in the annual BGA competition held at Sutton Bank in late August 1935 as no.20. Until the outbreak of war Penrose often flew the Pegasus from Kimmeridge, on the Dorset coast, at weekends. The Pegasus survived World War II and afterwards underwent modifications, never completed, to enlarge the cockpit. This, the only example built, was later burnt.

A reproduction of the Pegasus, called the Pegasus 2, flew in 1993 and is now on display at the Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum.

Specifications

References

External links
Göttingen 535 airfoil

1930s British sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1935
V14 engine. A V14 engine is a V engine with 14 cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of seven cylinders. It is a very rare layout, used almost exclusively on large medium-speed diesel engines used for power generation and marine propulsion.

Marine use 
MAN B&W offers V14 layout for its 32/40, 32/44CR, 48/60CR, 49/60DF, and 51/60DF engines, with outputs ranging from . MAN V14 engines have been installed on cruise ships such as the Explorer Dream and Norwegian Spirit, both of which have 14V48/60 engines producing  each, and on some cargo vessels. However, other major manufacturers do not normally offer medium-speed engines in the V14 configuration.

Wärtsilä has only recently begun to offer V14 versions of its latest engine models, the 31, 46F, and 46DF.

In the past, V14 engines have also been offered by other manufacturers. Between 1982 and 1987 nineteen SA-15 arctic cargo ships were built with two 14-cylinder Wärtsilä-Sulzer 14ZV40/48 engines producing . SEMT Pielstick, nowadays part of MAN B&W, also produced four-stroke engines with 14 cylinders in V-configuration (14PC2 and 14PC4). They were used for example on RFA Bayleaf, a Leaf-class support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

See also 
 Straight-14 engine

References 

14
Piston engine configurations
14-cylinder engines
Semi-portable engine. A semi-portable engine is a form of stationary steam engine. They were built in a factory as a single unit including the boiler, so that they could be rapidly installed on site and brought into service.

Although the earliest examples can be dated to Richard Trevithick in around 1800, the type is best known as the products of Robey & Co. of Lincoln who patented their design in 1873. The distinctive Robey design was an undertype with one or two cylinders mounted beneath a locomotive boiler. The cylinders were mounted beneath the smokebox and a transverse crankshaft ran crossways beneath the boiler, just ahead of the firebox. The frame of these engines was a large iron box casting that formed a single piece foundation for both the engine and boiler.

Owing to the small height available with this pre-fabricated foundation, the semi-portable engine had no large flywheel, as was standard practice for stationary engines. The need for a more even power delivery, without the smoothing effect of a flywheel, encouraged the use of twin cylinder engines, even though a larger single cylinder would be cheaper and equally powerful. Where a flywheel was supplied, this was smaller than usual and would still require a pit digging in which to site it. During factory testing, the engine bed would have to be raised on timber baulks to provide this extra height.

A typical large stationary engine of this time used a number of lancashire boilers, set in brickwork surrounds. These took a considerable time to build their masonry, let alone install the equipment. The vertical cross-tube boilers used for small portable machinery such as steam cranes had much less steam generation capacity and could only run at full power intermittently. Locomotive boilers though, as used here, had greater capacity and could provide a mechanical plant that could run continuously for long periods. Robey also built some examples, around 1886, with launch-type boilers.

Where engines were to be shipped overseas, the ancillary equipment, spare parts etc. were packed into riveted iron sheet boxes. On installation, these boxes could be re-used as water tanks.

Applications 
Many of these semi-portable engines were used for large civil engineering and mining projects, driving water pumps, air compressors, drilling and piling machinery. Some specialised engines were also built with drums for winding in mine shafts, especially when exploratory shafts were being sunk. If a mine was successful and went into production, a full engine house could be built later.

See also 
 House-built engine
 Six-column beam engine

References 

Stationary steam engines
RG41. RG41, is a South African 8x8 armored fighting vehicle (AFV) with mine resistant protection  developed by Land Systems OMC, a subsidiary of BAE Systems. The RG41 was designed as an affordable modern AFV can be utilized in a variety of roles, including infantry section vehicle, a command vehicle, an ambulance, recovery vehicle and engineer vehicle.
Its large payload capability allows additional armour to be added to the RG41 and a variety of weapon systems such as the Alliant Techsystems's 25mm M242 Bushmaster mounted in a tactical response turret, the TRT-25 remote weapon station (RWS).

History
Land Systems OMC, a subdivision of BAE Systems in South Africa, began development of the RG41 in early 2008 as a private venture after seeing a need for an affordable combat system. To meet this requirement, the RG41 employs an ITAR (International Tariff in Arms Regulation) free design and consists of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components  that are not subject to US International Traffic in Arms Regulations.

Specifications 
RG41 is an AFV where the driver is seat alone on the front left side of the vehicle. Some weapons can be add to it, including 25 or 30 mm cannon. At Africa Aerospace and Defense, RG41 was fitted with a turret armed with 30 x 173 cannon and a co axial 7.62 mm

With a GVW around 30 tonnes, this vehicle stay easily mobile thank to it 8x8 facilities.

References

External links
RG41 Fact Sheet
BAE Systems RG41 Armoured Vehicle Unveiled

BAE Systems land vehicles
Armoured personnel carriers of South Africa
Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s
Armoured personnel carriers of the post–Cold War period
Eight-wheeled vehicles