omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IFPUG. The International Function Point Users Group (IFPUG) is a US-based organization with worldwide chapters of Function point analysis metric software users. It is a non-profit, member-governed organization founded in 1986. 

IFPUG owns Function Point Analysis (FPA) as defined in ISO 20296 which specifies the definitions, rules and steps for applying the IFPUG's functional size measurement (FSM) method. FPA can be traced to the work of Allan Albrecht of IBM who pioneered functional sizing in 1979 which derived a functional size of product value distinct and disassociated from lines of code, technology, or software language.

Functions
IFPUG maintains the Function Point Counting Practices Manual (CPM), and the SNAP Assessment Practices Manual, the recognized industry standards for functional and non-functional sizing. IFPUG provides testing and certification for the Certified Function Point Specialist (CFPS), the Certified Function Point Practitioner (CFPP), and the Certified SNAP Practitioner (CSP). Generally, certification is for three years although the CFPS has a certification extension program.

IFPUG offers individual, corporate, countrywide, worldwide, and academic memberships spanning six continents. The annual International Software Measurement & Analysis (ISMA) conferences, access to standards documents, certification support, white papers, the semi-annually produced MetricViews, and educational events represent some of the membership benefits.

FPA allows organizations to understand the functional size of an application prior to its development. As a result, Requests for quotations can be evaluated based on the "richness" of the functionality in addition to its cost and schedule parameters. Several national governments have adopted the use of functional sizing as a prerequisite for bidding on their contracts. Functional sizing can also contribute to determining the level of effort warranted once an application is deployed.

The IFPUG membership, functional and non-functional assets and certifications, and IFPUG partners assist in fulfilling IFPUG's mission: to be the recognized leader in promoting and encouraging the effective management of application software development and maintenance activities through the use of software product and process metrics.

See also
The Simple Function Point method
SNAP Points
COSMIC

References

External links
 Official IFPUG website
 What is the IFPUG CFPS (Certified Function Point Specialist) certification?
 IFPUG-in-a-Box 
 SNAP-in-a-Box
 40 Years of Function Points: Past, Present, Future
 IFPUG method to size non-functional requirements (SNAP) is now an IEEE worldwide standard: IEEE 2430-2019

User groups
Information technology management
Kitchen rudder. The Kitchen rudder is the familiar name for "Kitchen's Patent Reversing Rudders", a combination rudder and directional propulsion delivery system for relatively slow speed displacement boats which was invented in the early 20th century by John G. A. Kitchen of Lancashire, England.  It turns the rudder into a directional thruster, and allows the engine to maintain constant revolutions and direction of drive shaft rotation while altering thrust by use of a control which directs thrust forward or aft.  Only the rudder pivots; the propeller itself is on a fixed shaft and does not.

"Kitchener gear" or "Kitchener rudder" have been common misnomers for the Kitchen rudder.

It is held under British Provisional Patent No. 3249/1914 and US Patent No. 1186210 (1916) and has been improved with the design in US Patent 4895093 (1990).

Description 
The rudder consists of a pair of slightly conical (usually but not always - designs vary), semi-cones mounted on a pivot either side of the propeller with the long axis of the cone running fore and aft when the helm is midships.  They are pivoted about a vertical axis such that the cone may close off the propeller thrust aft of the propeller, directing the thrust forwards and thus creating motion astern.

In addition to the "jaws" of the cone being controlled the direction of thrust is also controlled by rudder direction. In this way, it is unlike the azimuth thrusters used on many medium and large vessels, or the outboard motors or stern drives used by some small boats, since these all use the directed thrust to avoid the need of a rudder altogether.

Modern equivalent include certain types of pump jets or Kort nozzle.

While not strictly Kitchen rudder technology, the "bucket" on some aircraft jet engines is an aeronautical derivative of the device.  When the deflectors are deployed, directing thrust forwards, they are equivalent to the Kitchen rudder in the "full astern" position.

Operation
The operation of the Kitchen rudder is performed with the propeller engaged, even when the boat is stationary. The rudder is controlled by a small wheel on the tiller.

Neutral

The engine is brought up to speed with the drive to the propeller engaged and with the Kitchen rudder in the "neutral" position.  This is a position where an equal quantity of thrust is aimed forward and aft.  Each vessel will have a unique "neutral" position.

Moving ahead

The Kitchen gear is opened up to direct an increasing proportion of thrust aft. As the balance changes the vessel will move ahead.

Moving astern

The Kitchen gear is closed to direct an increasing proportion of thrust forward. As the balance changes the vessel will move astern.

See also

Notes

External links
Description near the foot of the article under Pinnace
Kitchen Rudder - Diagrams
Kitchen Rudder - Discussion and diagrams
 Manoeuvring device for boats: United States Patent 4895093, expiring in fall 2007
Special rudders and manoeuvering devices
U.S. patent 1,186,210 
U.S. patent 4,895,093

Propellers
Marine propulsion
Fluid dynamics
Faculty of Engineering at the Université de Sherbrooke. Faculty of Engineering at the Université de Sherbrooke (French: Faculté de génie de l'Université de Sherbrooke) is Université de Sherbrooke's engineering school.  It is located on the university's main campus in Sherbrooke, Quebec and was founded in 1954. On its 50th anniversary a time capsule and a counter were introduced in the main hall. The time capsule will be opened in the year 2054 for the faculty's 100th anniversary.

All of the faculty's programs are offered in co-op, which gives the students work experience and money to pursue their studies.

Since 2001, Electrical and Computer Engineering department have been experimenting with new methods of education.

The Faculty also offers a Biotechnological Engineering degree, a first of its kind in Canada. Students enrolled in this program receive both Chemical Engineering and Biology courses. The program focuses mainly on Bioprocess Engineering (cell culture, purification, design, etc.). The teaching language is French.

Undergraduate programs
Biotechnological Engineering
Building Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Computer Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Robotic Engineering

References

External links
 Faculty of Engineering at the Université de Sherbrooke (English)
 Faculté d'ingénierie de l'Université de Sherbrooke (in French)
 Faculté d'ingénierie de l'Université de Sherbrooke Student Association (in French)

Sherbrooke
Engineering
Constrained Shortest Path First. Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) is an extension of shortest path algorithms. The path computed using CSPF is a shortest path fulfilling a set of constraints. It simply means that it runs shortest path algorithm after pruning those links that violate a given set of constraints. A constraint could be minimum bandwidth required per link (also known as bandwidth guaranteed constraint), end-to-end delay, maximum number of links traversed, include/exclude nodes. CSPF is widely used in MPLS Traffic Engineering. The routing using CSPF is known as Constraint Based Routing (CBR).

The path computed using CSPF could be exactly same as that of computed from OSPF and IS-IS, or it could be completely different depending on the set of constraints to be met.

Example with bandwidth constraint

Consider the network to the right, where a route has to be computed from router-A to the router-C satisfying bandwidth constrained of x- units, and link cost for each link is based on hop-count (i.e., 1).

If x = 50 units then CSPF will give path A → B → C.

If x = 55 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → C.

If x = 90 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → F → C.

In all of these cases OSPF and IS-IS will result in path A → B → C.

However, if the link costs in this topology are different, CSPF may accordingly determine a different path. For example, suppose that as before, hop count is used as link cost for all links but A → B and B → C, for which the cost is 4. In this case:

If x = 50 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → C.

If x = 55 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → C.

If x = 90 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → F → C.

References

MPLS networking
Network protocols
Internet protocols
Routing protocols
Cree SAM. The Cree SAM, designed and developed by the Swiss company Cree, is a prototype zero emission battery electric vehicle. It is a tadpole three-wheel car, with two seats in a tandem arrangement.

About 80 vehicles were produced for public testing in the Zurich and Basel area, in 2001 (SAM Electric Vehicle). In 2003 the company laid off all employees and applied for bankruptcy, but the shareholders including the original designer Daniel Ryhiner bought the company and kept it running, as an investment offer.

In mid-2009 a Polish company, Impact Automotive Technologies (IAT, Pruszkow), was said to be developing a newer and faster version of the Cree SAM with a larger range. It was tested and received road certification in Italy, and was planned to produce 500 cars by the beginning of 2009.

References

External links
Cree the original website
Friends of Sam, official SAM website
SAM group
2008 developments
The new re-volt SAM (Polish, the English site is not responsive)
Impact Automotive Technologies The company that took over SAM development.

Electric cars
Cars of Switzerland
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
John C. Trautwine. John Cresson Trautwine (March 30, 1810, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – September 14, 1883, Philadelphia) was an American civil engineer, architect, and engineering writer.

A consultant on numerous canal projects in North and South America, he was later remembered for reporting in 1852 that a canal through Panama would be impossible.

Career
Trautwine began studying civil engineering in the office of William Strickland, an architect and early railroad civil engineer, and helped erect the second building of the United States Mint in Philadelphia.

In 1831, he became a civil engineer with the Columbia Railway. In 1835, under Strickland's direction, he drew one of the earliest maps of Maryland: a proposed route for the Wilmington and Susquehanna Railroad from Wilmington, Delaware, to North East, Maryland. 

In 1836, he became an engineer with the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad. From 1836 to 1842, he was an engineer with the Hiawassee Railway, which connected Georgia and Tennessee.

In 1835, Trautwine designed Pennsylvania Hall, the first building erected for Gettysburg College. A "temple-style edifice with four columns in the portico", it was, as of 1958, the only building he was known to have designed.

In 1838, Trautwine once again worked under Strickland, as assistant engineer for the W&S, which had merged with three other railroads to create the first rail link from Philadelphia to Baltimore. (This main line survives today as part of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor.) His service is noted on the 1839 Newkirk Viaduct Monument in Philadelphia.

In 1844, Trautwine was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

He later executed surveys for the Panama Railway in 1850, for the Lackawanna and Lanesborough Railway in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1856, and for a railway route across Honduras in 1857.

With George Totten, he built the Canal del Dique between the Bay of Cartagena and the Magdalena River in Colombia. He also planned a system of docks for the city of Montreal.

Writings 
Trautwine wrote several engineering texts that became standards in the field. His Civil Engineer's Pocket Book was long known as the "engineer's bible"; it passed through many editions under the later editorship of John Cresson Trautwine, Jr. and J.C. Trautwine 3rd.

Three of Trautwine's books were among the 16 recommended for students in George Vose's 1872 classic Manual for Railroad Engineers and Engineering Students:
 Method of Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Embankments (1851)
 Field Practice for Laying out Circular Curves for Railroads (1851)
 Civil Engineer's Pocket-book, 1871 (1904 edition prepared by J. C. Trautwine III)

References

Sources: Huntingfield Map Collection, Maryland State Archive, MSA SC 1399 -1-658

External links
 
 Bio at Philadelphia Buildings
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050221065816/http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/20642/g/1/mcms.html (photo)
 
 "Guide to the Trautwine Family Papers, 1834-1947" held at Cornell University

Architects from Philadelphia
1810 births
1883 deaths
American civil engineers
American engineering writers
19th-century American architects
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Michael Howard Kay. Michael Howard Kay (born 11 October 1951) is the editor of the W3C XSLT 2.0 and 3.0 language specifications for performing XML transformations, and the developer of the Saxon XSLT and XQuery processing software.

Education and early life

Michael Kay is the son of Ronald Kay (1920-2019) and Alma Brigitte Kay (née Albert) (1924-2019). His father was English, his mother German; he was born in Germany but has always lived in England.

Kay was educated at Salesian College in Farnborough, and at the University of Cambridge where he read Natural Sciences as an undergraduate student at Trinity College, Cambridge. He gained his Doctor of Philosophy degree while working in the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge under the supervision of Maurice Wilkes on databases.

Career
Kay spent over twenty years (1977-2001) with the British computer manufacturer International Computers Limited (ICL). He was appointed an ICL Fellow in 1990. On leaving ICL, he worked for three years with Software AG before forming his own company, Saxonica. He has previously been involved in GedML: Genealogical Data in XML.

Publications
Kay is the author of the book XSLT: Programmer's Reference by Wrox Press and several other books and papers on software engineering. He lives and works in Reading, England and is a member of the XML Guild and a regular speaker at the XML Summer School in Oxford and Balisage Markup conference.

References

1951 births
Living people
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
ICL Fellows
International Computers Limited people
XML Guild
Fellows of the British Computer Society
People educated at Salesian College, Farnborough
Aircrew Survival Egress Knife. The Aircrew Survival Egress Knife or ASEK is a U.S. Army aircrew survival knife, designed and initially manufactured by the Ontario Knife Company, and entered service in 2003.

Development and Adoption
 
The ASEK replaced the "knife, hunting, survival pilots", which had a number of problems with the leather sheath and handle, the sharpening stone, and corrosion resistance. (The 1958 designed knife is still issued by US military, and is currently made by Ontario Knife. It has not been fully replaced as of 2014.) Requirements for the replacement knife, set by the United States Army Aviation Branch, included tests in:
sawing through aircraft skin and acrylic glass windows
cutting
hammering
Required features included:
a point used to stab
a hand guard
durability
light weight
holes for tying the knife to a stick to act as a spear

Other features, such as an electrically insulated handle, were deemed desirable, but not required.  Packaged in the sheath are a special tool for cutting seat belts and a diamond impregnated sharpening disk.  The ASEK, made by Ontario, was adopted after trials by United States Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center in Natick, Massachusetts.

The US Army's Defense Supply Center purchased 11,881 Army ASEKs in 2004 and 2005 for equipping Aviation Life Support Equipment (ALSE) vests.

Features

It has a number of features that aid in escaping an aircraft, such as the ability to be used as a hammer to break acrylic glass cockpit windows and cut through an aircraft's aluminium skin. It may also be used as a screwdriver or precision edge marker. It includes a crushed diamond disk sharpener and a separate blade for cutting through seatbelt webbing. The knife is  in length, the blade is  in length,  thick and constructed from 1095 carbon steel.

During the initial evaluation, an electrically insulated handle was considered to be desirable but not mandatory.  The United States Army Aeromedical Research Lab (USAARL) considered the lack of insulated handle of the Ontario knife to be a catastrophic failure of the standard, and Ontario is redesigning their ASEK to meet this requirement.

Gerber LMF II ASEK

In May 2005, Gerber Legendary Blades introduced its own ASEK-compliant knife (available commercially under the name LMF II) to the military for evaluation.  The Gerber ASEK met all requirements, and outperformed the Ontario model in the area of electrical insulation.  The Gerber ASEK has been approved for purchase, and Gerber released an additional version with a foliage green handle to match the Army Combat Uniform.  The knife also comes with a parachute cutter that has a separate sheath which can be attached to a MOLLE vest.

References

See also
List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces
M9 bayonet
AB-0200

Military knives
Military equipment of the United States
United States Army aviation
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
S&T. S&T can refer to:

 Science and technology, the counterpart of R&D
 Missouri University of Science and Technology, often shortened to "Missouri S&T" or simply "S&T"
 Signalling and Telecommunications or Signalling and Telegraphy in Railway signalling
 S&T Dynamics, machine-tools and auto parts manufacturer of South Korea
 Sky & Telescope, a magazine
 Strategy & Tactics, a magazine
 S&T (company), an IT company from Austria
 S&T Motors, the former name for KR Motors, a motorcycle manufacturer in South Korea
 Switching and terminal railroad
 Sales and Trading
 Sherri and Terri, characters from The Simpsons
Bartley Water. Bartley Water is a two-branch small river in the New Forest district of Hampshire, England. It drains the north and north-east of the New Forest National Park up to the A31 road, a watershed and two villages against the north-east side of the park.

Its two upper branches unite in Bartley from where it flows north-east to Eling where it becomes a narrow tidal estuary into the Southampton Water which is an arm of the Solent.

The tidal part of the river (but not the natural low water flow) drives the working historic Eling Tide Mill at Eling, where a toll road crosses the river.

The river is also an important recreational and wildlife haven, especially at the tidal, Eling end of the river.
Despite being shallow in many places the stream is home to brown and rainbow trout that average about  long.

Its farthest source is the Mill Stream, which is the main contributor to its south branch and rises north-west of Lyndhurst, Hampshire.

References

Rivers of Hampshire
1Bartley
NSA Suite A Cryptography. NSA Suite A Cryptography is NSA cryptography which "contains classified algorithms that will not be released." "Suite A will be used for the protection of some categories of especially sensitive information (a small percentage of the overall national security-related information assurance market)."

Incomplete list of Suite A algorithms:
 ACCORDION
 BATON
 CDL 1
 CDL 2
 FFC
 FIREFLY
 JOSEKI
 KEESEE
 MAYFLY
 MEDLEY
 MERCATOR
 SAVILLE
 SHILLELAGH
 WALBURN
 WEASEL

A recently-discovered Internet-available procurement specifications document for the military's new key load device, the NGLD-M, reveals additional, more current, Suite A algorithm names and their uses (page 48, section 3.2.7.1 Algorithms):

 ACCORDION 1.3 & 3.0 - TrKEK Encrypt/Decrypt and Internal Key Wrap, respectively.
 SPONDULIX-S - KMI Key Agreement
 WATARI - Secure Software Confidentiality
 KM-TG Series - Security Software Signature
 SILVER LINING - Security Software Signature

See also
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
NSA Suite B Cryptography

References 

General
 NSA Suite B Cryptography / Cryptographic Interoperability

Cryptography standards
Suite A Cryptography
Standards of the United States
Smart mine. Smart mine refers to a number of next-generation land mine designs being developed by military forces around the world. Many are designed to self-destruct or self-deactivate at the end of a conflict or a preset period of time.  Others are so-called "self-healing" minefields which can detect when a gap in the field has been created and will direct its mines to reposition themselves to eliminate that gap, making it much more difficult and dangerous to create a safe path through the minefield. The development of smart mines began as a response to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines as a way of reducing non-combatant and civilian injury.  

Critics claim that new technology is unreliable, and that the perception of a "safe mine" will lead to increased deployment of land mines in future conflicts. Current guidelines allow for a 10% failure rate, leaving a significant number of mines to pose a threat. Additionally, in the case of self-destructing mines, civilians still are at risk of injury when the mine self-destructs and are denied access to land which has been mined.

As mines are inherently non-discriminate weapons, even smart mines may injure civilians during a time of war. Many critics believe this to be unacceptable under international law. The human security paradigm is outspoken on the issue of the reduction in the use of land mines due to the extremely individual nature of their impact - a facet that is ignored by traditional security concerns which focus on military and state level security issues.

References

See also
Land mine

Smart devices
Land mines
Succinic anhydride. Succinic anhydride, is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2CO)2O.  This colorless solid is the acid anhydride of succinic acid.

Preparation
In the laboratory, this material can be prepared by dehydration of succinic acid. Such dehydration can occur with the help of acetyl chloride or phosphoryl chloride, or thermally.

Industrially, succinic anhydride is prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride.

Reactions
Succinic anhydride hydrolyzes readily to give succinic acid:
(CH2CO)2O + H2O → (CH2CO2H)2
With alcohols (ROH), a similar reaction occurs, delivering the monoester:
(CH2CO)2O + ROH → RO2CCH2CH2CO2H

Succinic anhydride is used in acylations under Friedel-Crafts conditions, as illustrated by the industrial route to the drug Fenbufen.

Related compounds

Maleic anhydride undergoes the Alder-ene reaction with alkenes to give alkenylsuccinic anhydrides. Such compounds are sizing agents in the paper industry. In this role, the anhydride is proposed to form an ester with the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose fibers. Maleic anhydride undergoes a similar reaction with polyisobutylene to give polyisobutylenylsuccinic anhydride, a common building block chemical in the petroleum additives industry.

Drugs List
Succinic anhydride is used in the synthesis of the following list of agents:
Haloperidol
Oxaprozin
Procodazole
Endixaprine
Clofilium phosphate
Indolidan
Lometraline
McN 4612-z
Fenbufen
Furobufen
NNC 38-1049
Piretanide
Pirisudanol
Cinazepam
Bucloxic acid
Exatecan
Blarcamesine
Ibutilide
Diclomezine
Domipizone
Daminozide
Trepibutone
Benfurodil hemisuccinate
Tepoxalin
Menbutone
Florantyrone
Artesunate
Suxibuzone
Sunepitron
Prizidilol
Xemilofiban
Sulfasuccinamide
Succisulfone

See also
 Maleic anhydride

References

Carboxylic anhydrides
Oxygen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring
Five-membered rings