omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IC programming. IC programming is the process of transferring a  software or firmware into an integrated circuit (IC), typically to enable the chip to perform specific tasks or functions. The process of IC programming usually requires an IC programmer, also known as a chip programmer, device programmer, or PROM writer, which is an electronic device used to load data into the non-volatile memory of programmable ICs.

IC programming can be performed either off-board, where the IC is removed from its PCB and programmed externally, or on-board, where the IC is programmed while still mounted on the device's circuit board. IC programming is essential in providing the ability to program a range of programmable ICs used in diverse applications, from consumer electronics to industrial systems.

The common types of programmable chips include:

 Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)
 Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)
 Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)
 Flash memory
 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA)
 Microcontroller Units (MCU)

Notes

Embedded systems
Type 88 surface-to-ship missile. The Type 88 surface-to-ship missile (88式地対艦誘導弾, SSM-1) is a truck-mounted anti-ship missile developed by Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in the late 1980s. It is a land-based version of the air-launched Type 80 (ASM-1) missile; in turn it was developed into the ship-launched Type 90 (SSM-1B) missile. The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force bought 54 transporter erector launchers, each carrying six Type 88 missiles, for use as coastal batteries. With a range of , high subsonic speed and  warhead, it is similar to the US Harpoon missile.

In 2015, an upgrade of the Type 88 became operational called the Type 12.  The Type 12 features INS with mid-course GPS guidance and better precision due to enhanced TERCOM and target discrimination capabilities.  The weapon is networked, where initial and mid-course targeting can be provided by other platforms, and also boasts shorter reload times, reduced lifecycle costs, and a range of .

Overview

The basic configuration composes the same launcher vehicles and loader vehicles (6 SSM-1), some radar vehicles, fire control systems, and a command control system.

Usually, the SSM-1 is launched from within  of the target.

See also
 Anti-ship missile
 Type 80 air-to-ship missile
 Type 90 ship-to-ship missile
 Type 93 air-to-ship missile
 Type 12 surface-to-ship missile
 XASM-3

References

Anti-ship missiles of Japan
Anti-ship cruise missiles
Type 88
Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s

ru:Тип 80 ASM-1#SSM-1
Ghulam Ahmad (forester). Shaikh Ghulam Ahmad (23 May 1923 – 20 September 2003) was a Pakistani forestry official Report on Pankora Valley forests and later managing director and chairman of Pakistan Chrome Mines Ltd, the largest and oldest chrome mining company in Pakistan.

In World War II he served in the Royal Indian Air Force as an Engineer Officer, Fighter Pilot and Military Engineer.

Career

He joined the Royal Indian Air Force as a fighter pilot in the No. 1 Squadron, Indian Air Force.  He fought against the Japanese Imperial Army in Burma during Second World War flying in a Hawker Hurricane fighter plane.

He was selected for the Forest Service after World War II and trained at the Forest Research Institute at Dehradun, India.  After the independence of Pakistan in 1947 he joined the Pakistan Forest Service, becoming the chief conservator of forests and director of the Aerial Survey Project in Peshawar,  Pakistan, where he surveyed the North-West Frontier Province for a natural resources survey from 1965 to 1969.  He introduced hybrid poplars in Pakistan, including Azad Kashmir, and especially Rawalakot, changing the living conditions of the rural population.

He supervised an aerial survey of the Indus River Basin for the development of natural resources. He emigrated to the United States in August 1971 to complete a PhD in civil engineering at Colorado State University, and joined the Colorado Department of Military Affairs, where he helped to draft the emergency response plan for Colorado. From 1983 until 1999 he was the managing director of Pakistan Chrome Mines Ltd.

Author
He authored Unique and Everliving, a biography of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. The book was written over a period of five years. The book is published by Ferozeson's Ltd., a book publisher in Pakistan.National Library of Australia This book widely available in libraries in the United States including the Library of Congress National Library of Congress

Personal life and death 
Ahmad married Jamila Begum (1 Oct 1933 – ). Jamila was born in Rehara and died at age 87 in Dallas, Texas. Together, they had five children.

Ahmad died on 
in New Jersey, United States.

References

1923 births
2003 deaths
20th-century Pakistani businesspeople
Pakistani chief executives
People from Poonch District, India
University of the Punjab alumni
Colorado State University alumni
Pakistani foresters
Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent
Hardinge, Inc.. Hardinge, Inc. is a multi-national machine tool builder with global headquarters in Berwyn, PA, USA. It began operation in 1890. Hardinge is best known for its lathes, both non-CNC and CNC.

Hardinge Inc. machine tool brands now include Hardinge, Bridgeport, Kellenberger, Usach, Hauser, Jones & Shipman, Voumard, and Tschudin. It currently has locations in the United States, England, Germany, Switzerland, China, Taiwan and India. 

On May 29, 2018, Privet Fund Management LLC completed the acquisition of Hardinge, Inc. for approximately $245 million.

On July 29, 2024, Hardinge filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, blaming Chinese regulators who cancelled plans to sell its Chinese operations as part of the decision. The company will sell itself to affiliates of Centre Lane Partners. The sale was completed on September 19, 2024.

The company employs approximately 1500 staff.

References

External links

Machine tool builders
Tool manufacturing companies of the United States
Privately held companies based in New York (state)
Manufacturing companies established in 1890
1890 establishments in New York (state)
2018 mergers and acquisitions
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2024
Moscito. Moscito (Major Oriented Strong Club — Intermediate Two Openings or Intrepid Two Openings or In Trouble Often) is a contract bridge bidding system created by the Australian Bridge experts Paul Marston and Stephen Burgess in 1985. According to Marston, they switched from their strong pass system because of tightening restrictions on such systems pushed by American representatives on the World Bridge Federation.

Moscito is a  strong club systems with limited one and two openings like  Precision club, but follows the MAFIA (Majors First Always) principle where 4+ card Majors are always opened before Minor suits, no matter how long. Moscito used the Symmetric Relay structure developed by Prof. Roy Kerr for slam bidding. In the original version a 1NT opening showed a 10-14 HCP hand with both Majors, but after unbalanced 1NT openings were banned by the WBF, transfer openings in the Majors were used instead. The Majors First was also relaxed for hands with a 4 card Major and 6+ card Minor suit.

References

Bridge systems
Film cement. Film cement is a special glue designed to join motion picture film. It is made of film base dissolved in a solvent. Two cut sections of film are spliced together in a film splicer using film cement.

Splices can be made either with a "hot" splicer, or the splicer unplugged and at room temperature. It is most important that the emulsion of the film be scraped off prior to applying the cement or the splice will fail. 

Film cement also has a workable life span, if the amount of solvent falls below a certain level the splices will fail. Cement life can be extended by the careful addition of its solvent, usually methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) or acetone.

Film cement can only be used with acetate, triacetate and nitrate films. Film cement cannot be used with polyester based film.

References

External links

Electronic Adhesives

Film editing
Film and video technology
Filmmaking
Film production
Cinematic techniques
Adhesives
Film and video terminology
Reservoir engineering. Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering that applies scientific principles to the fluid flow through a porous medium during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic recovery. The working tools of the reservoir engineer are subsurface geology, applied mathematics, and the basic laws of physics and chemistry governing the behavior of liquid and vapor phases of crude oil, natural gas, and water in reservoir rock. Of particular interest to reservoir engineers is generating accurate reserves estimates for use in financial reporting to the SEC and other regulatory bodies. Other job responsibilities include numerical reservoir modeling, production forecasting, well testing, well drilling and workover planning, economic modeling, and PVT analysis of reservoir fluids. Reservoir engineers also play a central role in field development planning, recommending appropriate and cost-effective reservoir depletion schemes such as waterflooding or gas injection to maximize hydrocarbon recovery. Due to legislative changes in many hydrocarbon-producing countries, they are also involved in the design and implementation of carbon sequestration projects in order to minimise the emission of greenhouse gases.

Types 
Reservoir engineers often specialize in two areas:
 Surveillance engineering, i.e. monitoring of existing fields and optimization of production and injection rates.  Surveillance engineers typically use analytical and empirical techniques to perform their work, including decline curve analysis, material balance modeling, and inflow/outflow analysis.
 Dynamic modeling, i.e. the conduct of reservoir simulation studies to determine optimal development plans for oil and gas reservoirs.  Also, reservoir engineers perform and integrate well tests into their data for reservoirs in geothermal drilling.
The dynamic model combines the static model, pressure- and saturation-dependent properties, well locations and geometries, as well as the facilities layout to calculate the pressure/saturation distribution into the reservoir, and the production profiles vs. time.

See also 
Enhanced oil recovery
Flow Zone Unit
Fluid dynamics
Gas/oil ratio
Geothermal energy
Petroleum
Petroleum engineering
Petroleum geology
Reservoir simulation
Reservoir modelling

Notes

References
Craft, B.C. & Hawkins, M. Revised by Terry, R.E. 1990 "Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering" Second Edition (Prentice Hall).
Dake, L.P., 1978, "Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering" (Elsevier)
Frick, Thomas C. 1962 "Petroleum Production Handbook, Vol II" (Society of Petroleum Engineers).
Slider, H.C. 1976 "Practical Petroleum Reservoir Engineering Methods" (The Petroleum Publishing Company).
Charles R. Smith, G. W. Tracy, R. Lance Farrar. 1999 "Applied Reservoir Engineering" (Oil & Gas Consultants International)

External links
 Society of Petroleum Engineers
Defining Reservoir Engineering
 Shaping the Way for a Better Future
 Energy Regulator Engineering

Engineering disciplines
Petroleum engineering
Apple Newton Connection Kit. The Newton Connection Kit (NCK) was a package sold by Apple Inc. in the early 1990s which included the Newton Connection Software, a serial cable and manuals for connectivity between Macintosh personal computers and a Newton personal digital assistant. The kit allowed users of the Newton to synchronize it with a Macintosh, and also transfer files, restore Newton and install software onto a Newton. It cannot be used on any Newton that runs Newton OS 2.0 or greater. A version of the kit for Windows was also released.

External links 
 Apple.com - Newton Connection Kit 2.0: Description

Apple Newton
Wigwag. Wigwag, wig wag, or wig-wag may refer to:

Signalling devices
 Wigwag (railroad), a type of railroad grade crossing signal
 Wigwag (flag signals), a type of flag signal
 Wig-wag (sound stage), a red light indicating filming is in progress
 Wig-wag (automobile), headlight flasher
 Wig wag (truck braking systems), a mechanical arm indicating low brake pressure

Other uses
 Wigwag (magazine), an American magazine published 1988 to 1991
 Wig wag (washing machines), a solenoid design used in some brands
 Wigwag, the Canadian version of the English Curly Wurly bar
 Wigwag, a tool used in watchmaking for polishing parts
 WigWag, a Nottingham–based website development and communication company
 Wig-wag, a tool used to stack sheets of rubber compound into boxes or onto pallets.

See also
 Wigwig
Almen strip. An Almen strip is a thin strip of SAE 1070 steel used to quantify the intensity of a shot peening process.

Developed and patented by John O. Almen, the strip was originally supported by 2 knife edges; later improvements see it being supported on 4 small balls. The strip is placed in the chamber in place of the item to be shot peened, usually near to an area of the item where the result is deemed critical, sometimes located by a special fixture. Compressive stress introduced by the peening operation causes the strip to deform into an arch, which is measured using a gauge.

Almen strips are classified into 3 types: 'A', 'N', and 'C'.  They differ in their thickness, while they have the same width and length. 
Almen strip of "A" type is predominantly used for shot peening with cast shot or cut wire shot. 
"N" type strips are used usually for glass bead peen and ceramic bead peen.
"C" type almen strips are used more rarely and are thicker than the other types.

Although similar, the specification for Almen strip dimensions of the same type slightly vary from one company/organization to another. The Almen strips are made from plain carbon steel SAE 1070 and have hardness about 45 HRC. 

This test is widely used and the requirements for check are specified in standards. 
The most rigid requirements are applicable for Almen strips and checking devices (Almen gauges) used in the aerospace industry. The generic requirements can be found in SAE specifications.

Another operation to gauge the intensity of a shot peening process is the use of an Almen round, developed by R. Bosshard.

External links 
Shot Peening Universe FAQ
Industrial Metal Finishing, Inc. Glossary Comprehensive glossary of Metal Finishing terms and process descriptions, including Almen Strip
Peening Accessories GmbH: Comprehensive information about peening, including Almen strips
About Almen strips 
Certified Almen Strip Supplier https://pgmetalcomp.com/capabilities

Shot peening
Measurement
EMD G8. The EMD G8 is a model of diesel–electric locomotive of which 382 were built between 1954 and 1965 for both export and domestic use. They were built by both Electro-Motive Division in the United States and by General Motors Diesel Division in Canada for use in ten countries, being equipped to operate on several different track gauges.

Overview

The G8 was built for use in Australia, Canada, Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Liberia, and New Zealand (DB class). The 1967 Israeli invasion of Sinai captured Egyptian G8 number 3256, which became Israel Railways number 251.

The G8 was also built in Australia under licence by Clyde Engineering, with Victorian Railways purchasing a total of 89 between 1955 and 1969, with later variants including a redesigned cab, carbody and radiator (the G8B) and those built after 1967 (the G18B) equipped with the newer EMD 645 engine rather than the EMD 567 which had been fitted to the earlier locomotives. They were designated as the T class.

BHP also purchased two G8s, classed as the DE class, for service on its mine railways in the Middleback Ranges, South Australia. Both locomotives also saw service on the Coffin Bay Tramway out of Port Lincoln.

The Clyde units differed from the North American-built ones in having a shunter's refuge on the No. 2 end.

See also 
List of GM-EMD locomotives
List of GMD Locomotives

References

External links

victorianrailways.net T class page Includes schematic diagram and original October 1954 VR Newsletter article on the G8 locomotive.

G08
G08
G08
A1A-A1A locomotives
B-B locomotives
Narrow gauge locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1954
 
Diesel–electric locomotives of Brazil
Diesel–electric locomotives of Canada
Diesel–electric locomotives of Cuba
Diesel–electric locomotives of Egypt
Diesel–electric locomotives of Israel
Diesel–electric locomotives of Indonesia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Iran
Diesel–electric locomotives of Liberia
Diesel–electric locomotives of New Zealand
Diesel–electric locomotives of South Korea
 
Standard gauge locomotives of Brazil
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada
Standard gauge locomotives of Cuba
Standard gauge locomotives of Egypt
Standard gauge locomotives of Israel
Standard gauge locomotives of Indonesia
Standard gauge locomotives of Iran
Standard gauge locomotives of South Korea
Six-Day War
Standard gauge railway locomotives
Wheeling (electric power transmission). In electric power transmission, wheeling is the transmission of power from one system to another through the third-party interconnecting network. The wheeling provider, or utility, receives compensation for the service and for electricity losses incurred in the transmission. As an economic concept, wheeling combines the traits of opposing designs of the electricity market: as a regulated public utility and a competitive market. 

Two types of wheeling are:

 wheel-through, where the electrical power generation and the electrical load are both outside the boundaries of the transmission system 
 wheel-out, where the generation resource is inside the boundaries of the transmission system but the load is outside. 

Wheeling often refers to the scheduling of the energy transfer from one balancing authority to another. The wheeling of electric energy requires use of a transmission system, often with an associated fee that goes to the transmission owners.

Transmission ownership

Under deregulation, many vertically integrated utilities split into generation owners, transmission and distribution owners, and retail providers. To recover capital costs, operating costs and earn a return on investment, a transmission revenue requirement (TRR) is established and approved by a national agency (such as the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) for each transmission owner. The TRR is paid through transmission access charges (TACs), load-weighted fees charged to internal load and energy exports for use of the transmission facilities. The energy export fee is often referred to as a wheeling charge. When wheeling-through, the transmission access charge only applies to the exported amount.

Wheeling charge
A wheeling charge is a currency per megawatt-hour amount that a transmission owner receives for the use of its system to export energy. The total amount due in TAC fees is determined by the following equation:

Where 'Wc' is wheeling charge per unit. 'Pw' is the power in MW. 

The fee associated with wheeling is referred to as a "wheeling charge." This is an amount computed as $/MWh that a transmission owner recovers for the use of its system. If the resource must cross multiple [transmission owner]s, it may be charged a wheeling charge for each one. Wheeling charges may be to:

 recover some costs of transmission facilities or compensate for added congestion
 keep prices low

For instance, if prices in Arizona are 30 $/MWh and prices in California are 50 $/MWh, resources in Arizona might want to sell to California to make more money. Arizona utilities would have to pay 50 $/MWh to keep these resources in the state. If Arizona charged a wheeling charge of $10 /MWh, Arizona would only have to pay $40 /MWh to compete. However, Arizona would not set the fee too high, as this could impact the advantages of trading electric energy between systems. In this way, wheeling charges work similarly to tariffs.

See also 
 Power outage
 V2G

References

Electric power transmission
Cryobot. A cryobot or Philberth-probe is a robot that can penetrate water ice. A cryobot uses heat to melt the ice, and gravity to sink downward.

Features and technology
The cryobot is a surface-controlled instrumented vehicle desired to penetrate polar ice sheets down to  by melting. If built, it would likely measure temperature, stress, ice movement, and seismic, acoustic and dielectric properties. Such concept could also be used for other investigations with remote instrumentation. The general concept uses a hot point for melt penetration, instrumentation for control and measurement functions, supply conductor coils to link the probe with the surface for transmission of power and measurement signals.

History
The cryobot was invented by German physicist Karl Philberth, who first demonstrated it in the 1960s as part of the International Glaciological Greenland Expedition (EGIG), achieving drilling depths in excess of . In 1973 British scientists in Antarctica performed airborne ice-penetrating radar survey and detected a possible lake. In 1991, the European remote sensing satellite ERS-1 confirmed the 1973 discovery of a large lake below four kilometers of ice, now named Lake Vostok. The lake, which is the fifth largest freshwater lake in the world, is thought to be uncontaminated. In 2002 NASA was planning to use a cryobot to explore the lake, but the project did not happen.

In 2011, NASA awarded Stone Aerospace $4 million to fund the Phase 2 of project VALKYRIE (Very-Deep Autonomous Laser-Powered Kilowatt-Class Yo-Yoing Robotic Ice Explorer). This project aims to create an autonomous cryobot capable of melting through vast amounts of ice. The probe's power source differs from many other designs in that it does not rely on nuclear power to generate heat, but rather the power of a high energy laser fed to it through a fiber optic cable.  This is beneficial because nuclear probes are not allowed for testing in Antarctica as a result of the Antarctic Treaty. Phase 2 of project VALKYRIE consisted of testing a scaled-down version of the cryobot in Matanuska Glacier, Alaska in 2015. Following the success of these missions, Phase 3 of the project is then used a full-scale version of the cryobot to melt its way to a subglacial lake, collect samples, and then resurface. It featured a radar on the probe, integrated to an intelligent algorithm for autonomous scientific sampling and navigation. The test was performed in 2017 on a probe called "Archimedes".

Stone Aerospace integrated their ARTEMIS submersible with the VALKYRIE laser technology to develop a sophisticated cryobot called SPINDLE (Sub-glacial Polar Ice Navigation, Descent, and Lake Exploration). This third phase of the project would be viewed as a precursor to possible future missions to the icy moons of Europa, a moon of Jupiter, and Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, to explore the liquid water oceans thought to be present below their ice, and assess their potential habitability.

See also

References

 
German inventions