omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Leonard Bailey (inventor). Leonard Bailey (May 8, 1825 in Hollis, New Hampshire – February 5, 1905 in New York City) was a toolmaker and cabinet maker from Massachusetts, United States, who in the mid-to-late nineteenth century patented several features of woodworking equipment.  Most prominent of those patents were the planes manufactured by the Stanley Rule & Level Co. (now Stanley Black & Decker) of New Britain, Connecticut.

Commonly known as Stanley Bailey planes, these planes were prized by woodworkers of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, and remain popular among today's wood craftspeople.  A type study of his patented planes and the rest of the Stanley line may be found at Patrick Leach's "Blood and Gore".

Bailey's design ideas are still used by Stanley and other plane manufacturers to this day.

References

1825 births
1905 deaths
People from Hollis, New Hampshire
19th-century American inventors
Inventors from New Hampshire
Cleaning validation. Cleaning validation is the methodology used to assure that a cleaning process removes chemical and microbial residues of the active, inactive or detergent ingredients of the product manufactured in a piece of equipment, the cleaning aids utilized in the cleaning process and the microbial attributes. All residues are removed to predetermined levels to ensure the quality of the next product manufactured is not compromised by residues from the previous product and  the quality of future products using the equipment, to prevent cross-contamination and as a good manufacturing practice requirement. 

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has strict regulations about cleaning validation. For example, FDA requires firms to have written general procedures on how cleaning processes will be validated. Also, FDA expects the general validation procedures to address who is responsible for performing and approving the validation study, the acceptance criteria, and when revalidation will be required. FDA also require firms to conduct the validation studies in accordance with the protocols and to document the results of studies. The valuation of cleaning validation is also regulated strictly, which usually mainly covers the aspects of equipment design, cleaning process written, analytical methods and sampling. Each of these processes has their related strict rules and requirements. Acceptance criteria for cleaning validation protocols considers limits for chemicals and actives, limits for bio burden, visually cleanliness of surfaces, and the demonstration of consistency when executing the cleaning procedure.   Regarding the establishment of limits, FDA does not intend to set acceptance specifications or methods for determining whether a cleaning process is validated. Current expectations for setting cleaning limits include the application of risk management principles and the consideration of Health Based Exposure Limits as the basis for setting cleaning limits for actives. Other limits that have been mentioned by industry include analytical detection levels such as 10 PPM, biological activity levels such as 1/1000 of the normal therapeutic dose and organoleptic levels.

See also 
 Process validation

References

Quality
Dale Risinger. Dale Risinger is an American civil engineer and Republican politician from Illinois. He was a member of the Illinois State Senate from 2003 to 2011.

Early life, education and business career
He was born January 10, 1944, in Odin, Illinois. He received a  B.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois. He worked as an engineer for the Illinois Department of Transportation, and later as Vice President of Business Development for Clark Engineers, Inc.

Illinois Senate
Risinger defeated Paul Mangieri, the State's Attorney for Knox County. He was re-elected in 2006, and in 2010. He served as Senate Republican Caucus Chairman in 2008.

During his service in the Illinois Senate, he served on the following Committees:

 Committees on Environment and Energy, (minority spokesperson)
 Appropriations II
 Financial Institutions
 Local Government
 Transportation
 Legislative Audit Commission
 Legislative Research Unit

Risinger resigned from the Illinois Senate on February 28, 2011. Darin LaHood was appointed by the Legislative Committee of the Republican Party of  the 37th Legislative District to the vacancy and sworn into office on March 1, 2011.

Personal life
He and his wife, Joyce, have three adult children and six grandchildren.

He serves as a member of the Executive Board for the International Construction Innovations Conference; Chairman of the National Traffic and Transportation Conference; member of the Board of the Industry Institute; member of the Executive Board of the Center for Emerging Technologies in Infrastructure; member and past chairman of advisory board for Bradley University College of Engineering and Technology; and a member of the Easter Seals Board, University of Illinois Alumni Association, Illinois Society of Professional Engineers, Illinois Association of Highway Engineers, National Society of Professional Engineers, Illinois Public Works Association, Rotary International, and a Christmas in April volunteer. He is a former Boy Scouts of America leader and school board member.

References

External links
Illinois General Assembly - Senator Dale Risinger (R) 37th District official IL Senate website
 

Republican Party Illinois state senators
Living people
1944 births
21st-century members of the Illinois General Assembly
Computed Corpuscle Sectioning. Computed Corpuscle Sectioning is a general method for determining the volume, profile area, and perimeter of a slab section of any computer-modeled three-dimensional object in any orientation and at any position. It was originally developed as a model of cell nuclei in a tissue section in conjunction with the Reference Curve Method for correcting ploidy measurements by image analysis in a tissue section, but it is useful for evaluating any algorithm that corrects ploidy measurements for the effect of sectioning.  Computed Corpuscle Sectioning has obvious pertinence to stereology, but has not been exploited in that field.  The patents on this method (U.S. Patent numbers 5,918,038, 6,035,258, and 6,603,869) are no longer in force.

References 

Freed JA. Possibility of correcting image cytometric DNA (ploidy) measurements in tissue sections:  Insights from computed corpuscle sectioning and the reference curve method.  Analyt Quant Cytol Histol 19(5):376-386, 1997. 
Freed JA.  Improved correction of quantitative nuclear DNA (ploidy) measurements in tissue sections.  Analyt Quant Cytol Histol 21(2):103-112, 1999.
Freed JA.  Conceptual comparison of two computer models of corpuscle sectioning and of two algorithms for correction of ploidy measurements in tissue sections.  Analyt Quant Cytol Histol 22(1): 17-25, 2000.  
"A general method for determining the volume and profile area of a sectioned corpuscle", U.S. Pat. No. 5,918,038 issued 6/29/99 to Jeffrey A. Freed. 
"Method for correction of quantitative DNA measurements in a tissue section", U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,258 issued 3/7/00 to Jeffrey A. Freed. 
“Use of perimeter measurements to improve ploidy measurements in a tissue section”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,869 issued 8/5/03 to Jeffrey A. Freed. 

3D computer graphics
Medical imaging
Stephen aldehyde synthesis. Stephen aldehyde synthesis, a named reaction in chemistry, was invented by Henry Stephen (OBE/MBE). This reaction involves the preparation of aldehydes (R-CHO) from nitriles (R-CN) using tin(II) chloride (SnCl2), hydrochloric acid (HCl)  and quenching the resulting iminium salt ([R-CH=NH2]+Cl−) with water (H2O). During the synthesis, ammonium chloride is also produced.

Mechanism 
The following scheme shows the reaction mechanism:

By addition of hydrogen chloride the used nitrile (1) reacts to its corresponding salt (2). It is believed that this salt is reduced by a single electron transfer by the tin(II) chloride (3a and 3b). The resulting salt (4) precipitates after some time as aldimine tin chloride (5). Hydrolysis of 5 produces a hemiaminal (6) from which an aldehyde (7) is formed.

Substitutes that increase the electron density promote the formation of the aldimine-tin chloride adduct. With electron withdrawing substituents, the formation of an amide chloride is facilitated. In the past, the reaction was carried out by precipitating the aldimine-tin chloride, washing it with ether and then hydrolyzing it. However, it has been found that this step is unnecessary and the aldimine tin chloride can be hydrolysed directly in the solution.

This reaction is more efficient when aromatic nitriles are used instead of aliphatic ones. However, even for some aromatic nitriles (e. g. 2-cyanobenzoic acid ethyl ester) the yield can be low.

Sonn-Müller method
In the Sonn-Müller method the intermediate iminium salt is obtained from reaction of an amide PhCONHPh with phosphorus pentachloride.

See also
 Amide reduction
 Nitrile reduction
 Pinner reaction – a similar reaction using alcohols or amines as the nucleophile and without the reduction; generated esters, carboximidates or orthoesters.

References 

Organic redox reactions
Name reactions
AIDS (aeronautics). AIDS (Aircraft Integrated Data System) was the precursor to current aircraft systems such as ACMS (Aircraft Condition Monitoring System) and ACMF (Aircraft Condition Monitoring Function) that allow the airline to utilise parameter values that exist on the aircraft buses. 

The original Airbus A320 was equipped with an AIDS system.  This included an AIDS print button which, when programmed over the MCDU, allows paper data reports, DAR recordings, or ACARS transmissions of a select amount of parameters to be printed.

References

Aircraft recorders
Wrights Complex Lower Dam. The Wrights Complex Lower Dam spans the Quaboag River in West Warren, Massachusetts. It is a gravity dam constructed of concrete and cut stone masonry. The dam is 80 ft (24.4 m) in length and 16 ft (4.88 m) in height. This dam is part of the Chicopee River Watershed.

History
Constructed in 1890, it has withstood the floods that have taken out most of the other dams on the Quaboag River. In 2005, the Wrights Company conducted a feasibility study to return this dam to use for waterpower generation. Originally, this dam provided waterpower to the large Wrights Mill complex. In the early 1900s, this complex was a knitting mill that produced cloth and various industrial knitted materials. Locally produced waterpower ran the looms and ancillary machinery.

Description

This dam is 10.5 mi (16.9 km) downstream from the Quaboag River head at Quaboag Pond. It is the second dam of a two dam complex. Destroyed by a flood in the mid 1950s, the upper dam was never rebuilt. Because of its height, this dam is unrunnable by local kayakers and requires mandatory portage around it. A recent survey shows that this dam is capable of producing 830 kW of electricity continuously. This means that it could produce 1.6 MWh of clean electricity annually.

References 

Dams in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Dams completed in 1890
Metrical task system. Task systems are mathematical objects used to model the set of possible configurations of online algorithms. They were introduced by Borodin, Linial and Saks (1992) to model a variety of online problems. A task system determines a set of states and costs to change states. Task systems obtain as input a sequence of requests such that each request assigns processing times to the states. The objective of an online algorithm for task systems is to create a schedule that minimizes the overall cost incurred due to processing the tasks with respect to the states and due to the cost to change states.

If the cost function to change states is a metric, the task system is a metrical task system (MTS). This is the most common type of task systems.
Metrical task systems generalize online problems such as paging, list accessing, and the k-server problem (in finite spaces).

Formal definition
A task system is a pair  where  is a set of states and  is a distance function. If  is a metric,  is a metrical task system. An input to the task system is a sequence  such that for each ,  is a vector of  non-negative entries that determine the processing costs for the  states when processing the th task.

An algorithm for the task system produces a schedule  that determines the sequence of states. For instance,  means that the th task  is run in state . The processing cost of a schedule is

The objective of the algorithm is to find a schedule such that the cost is minimized.

Known results
As usual for online problems, the most common measure to analyze algorithms for metrical task systems is the competitive analysis, where the performance of an online algorithm is compared to the performance of an optimal offline algorithm. For deterministic online algorithms, there is a tight bound  on the competitive ratio due to Borodin et al. (1992).

For randomized online algorithms, the competitive ratio is lower bounded by  and upper bounded by . The lower bound is due to Bartal et al. (2006, 2005). The upper bound is due to Bubeck, Cohen, Lee and Lee (2018) who improved upon a result of Fiat and Mendel (2003).

There are many results for various types of restricted metrics.

See also
 Adversary model
 Competitive analysis
 K-server problem
 Online algorithm
 Page replacement algorithm
 Real-time computing

References
 

 

 
 

 

 

Online algorithms
Cable grip. A cable grip is a device for propelling a vehicle by attaching to a wire rope (called a haul rope) running at a (relatively) constant speed. The vehicle may be suspended from the cable, as in the case of aerial lifts such as a gondola lift (télécabine), may be guided by rails, as in a cable traction railway, or may be self-guiding, as in a button lift.  Typically, multiple vehicles will use the same cable; where just one or two vehicles are in use they will tend to be attached to the cable permanently such as in funiculars.

While the cable grips used in the original cable railways were manually operated, requiring considerable skill and strength, modern cable grips tend to be automatic. Given that the cable runs at a relatively constant speed, accelerating the vehicle to match the speed of the cable presents a technical difficulty; possible methods are to apply the grip gradually, to accelerate the vehicle (e.g. by guiding wheels) prior to applying the grip, or to use a sprung linkage between the grip and the vehicle. The cable must also be able to handle friction from the grip and increased load while the vehicle is accelerating.

Cable grips have additional uses, such as supporting electric or structural cables for pulling or laying of the electric or structural cable itself. In such use they may also be called cable pulling grips, cable socks, or cable stockings.

The Eppelsheimer bottom grip
This is the type of grip used in the cable cars of San Francisco. The grip is attached to the lead truck of the car (or both trucks, in the case of double-ended cars), and is a field-replaceable unit. While side grips and even top grips have been used, the sheer number of rope (cable) changes, crossings, and "let-go" curves make the bottom grip, i.e., one in which the jaws open directly downward, the most practical type.

The operating lever raises and lowers the center plate of the grip, which in turn operates the jaws. With the lever fully forward, the grip is open, and the cable is free to fall out, which is necessary when the cable crosses under another line, reaches the end of a line, or negotiates a "let-go" curve. With the cable lifted into the jaws, the operating lever is pulled back, forcing the jaws between two fixed rollers, and capturing the cable between the grip's replaceable mild-steel dies, but without applying pressure. To start moving the car, the operating lever is pulled back further, squeezing the cable between the dies.

The grip was designed by the German railway mechanical engineer William Eppelsheimer in around 1880.

See also Andrew Smith Hallidie.

Vehicles using cable grips

Suspended
Gondola lift (télécabine)
Detachable chairlift

On rails
Cable traction railway
People mover

Self-guiding
Button lift

References 
 George Hilton: The Cable Car in America, Stanford University Press 1997, 

Notes

Aerial lifts
Cable railways
 
Vertical transport devices
Rake (angle). Rake describes the angle made by a sloped surface with respect to a horizontal or vertical reference. The usages of this term include:

 A motorcycle or bicycle fork rake, the angle at which the forks are angled down towards the ground
 Rake angle in machining and sawing, the angle of a cutting head
 Rake (geology), the angle at which one rock moves against another in a geological fault
 Rake (theatre), the slope of a stage angled towards the audience for a better view

See also 
 Pitch angle (kinematics), the amount by which a vehicle is tilted around a side-to-side axis

Angle
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is a Burlington, Massachusetts (San Francisco, California until 2008) based publisher specializing in computer science and engineering content.

Since 1984, Morgan Kaufmann has been publishing contents on information technology, computer architecture, data management, computer networking, computer systems, human computer interaction, computer graphics, multimedia information and systems, artificial intelligence, computer security, and software engineering. Morgan Kaufmann's audience includes the research and development communities, information technology (IS/IT) managers, and students in professional degree programs.

The company was founded in 1984 by publishers Michael B. Morgan and William Kaufmann and computer scientist Nils Nilsson. It was held privately until 1998, when it was acquired by Harcourt General and became an imprint of the Academic Press, a subsidiary of Harcourt. Harcourt was acquired by Reed Elsevier in 2001; Morgan Kaufmann is now an imprint of the Science and Technology division of Elsevier.

Notable authors
Adrian Farrel
Michael L. Scott

References

External links

Elsevier imprints
Computer book publishing companies
Publishing companies established in 1984
David Crosthwait. David N. Crosthwait Jr. (May 27, 1898 – February 25, 1976) was an African-American mechanical and electrical engineer, inventor, and writer. Crosthwait's expertise was on air ventilation, central air conditioning, and heat transfer systems. He was responsible for creating heating systems for larger buildings such as Rockefeller Center and New York's Radio City Music Hall. He was granted an honorary doctoral degree in 1975 from Purdue University. In 1971, Crosthwait was elected as a fellow of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), making him the first African American fellow. Crosthwait was also named a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

Life and career
David N. Crosthwait Jr. was born in the city of Nashville, Tennessee.  He grew up in Kansas City, Missouri. He completed high school and received a Bachelor of Science (1913) and a Masters of Engineering (1920) from Purdue University.

Crosthwait's expertise was on air ventilation, central air conditioning, and heat transfer systems.  With this knowledge he created many different heating systems, refrigeration methods, temperature regulating devices, and vacuum pumps.  For these inventions he holds 39 United States patents, as well as 80 international patents.  In the 1920s and 1930s Crosthwait invented a vacuum pump, a boiler, and a thermostat control, all for more effective heating systems for larger buildings.  Some of his greatest accomplishments were for creating the heating systems for the Rockefeller Center and New York's Radio City Music Hall.

He later wrote and revised an instruction manual and guides for heating and cooling with water and guides, standards, and codes that dealt with heating, air conditioning, and ventilation systems.

Later life
After retiring from the field in 1971, Crosthwait taught a course on steam heating theory and control systems at Purdue University. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from Purdue University in 1975, and died one year later in 1976.

References

External links
David Crosthwait - The Black Inventor Online Museum
David Crosthwait - Invent.org
David Nelson Crosthwait, Jr. - findagrave.com

20th-century American engineers
People from Nashville, Tennessee
1898 births
1976 deaths
African-American engineers
African-American writers
American writers
African-American inventors
20th-century American inventors
20th-century African-American people
Bruno Putzeys. Bruno Putzeys (1973, Brussels, Belgium) is an audio engineer.

Early life
He graduated cum laude at the National Technical School for Radio and Film on the subject of power stages for switching audio amplifiers. Worked for 10 years at the Philips Applied Technologies Lab in Leuven, Belgium, where he developed various digitally and analogue controlled class D amplifiers, noise shapers and modulation methods, and invented among others the "UcD" class D circuit.

Career
In 2005 he left Philips to divide his time between Grimm Audio and Hypex. Current activities include designing high-performance discrete AD/DA converters and analogue signal processing circuits, DSP algorithms, class D power amplifiers and switch-mode power supplies. He holds several patents in the fields of digital audio and power conversion and has published extensively in these and related domains. In 2014 he left Hypex and co-founded Kii Audio to focus on the development of the Kii THREE speakers and in that same year he also cofounded Purifi Audio (focussing on designing OEM speaker drivers and amplifier modules) with Lars Risbo and Peter Lyngdorf, out of a shared conviction that truly significant improvements in musical experience can only be had by addressing technical fundamentals in electromagnetics, mechanics, and acoustics. He also works as consultant for various other companies helping with design of switching power supplies, dsp, dac and amplifier designs.

References

External links

1973 births
Belgian audio engineers
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Engineers from Brussels
People from Leuven