omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kelly drive. A kelly drive is a type of well drilling device on an oil or gas drilling rig that employs a section of pipe with a polygonal (three-, four-, six-, or eight-sided) or splined outer surface, which passes through the matching polygonal or splined kelly (mating) bushing and rotary table. This bushing is rotated via the rotary table and thus the pipe and the attached drill string turn while the polygonal pipe is free to slide vertically in the bushing as the bit digs the well deeper. When drilling, the drill bit is attached at the end of the drill string and thus the kelly drive provides the means to turn the bit (assuming that a downhole motor is not being used).

The kelly is the polygonal tubing and the kelly bushing is the mechanical device that turns the kelly when rotated by the rotary table. Together they are referred to as a kelly drive. The upper end of the kelly is screwed into the swivel, using a left-hand thread to preclude loosening from the right-hand torque applied below. The kelly typically is about 10 ft (3 m) longer than the drill pipe segments, thus leaving a portion of newly drilled hole open below the bit after a new length of pipe has been added ("making a connection") and the drill string has been lowered until the kelly bushing engages again in the rotary table.

The kelly hose is the flexible, high-pressure hose connected from the standpipe to a gooseneck pipe on a swivel above the kelly and allows the free vertical movement of the kelly while facilitating the flow of the drilling fluid down the drill string.  It generally is of steel-reinforced rubber construction but also assemblies of Chiksan steel pipe and swivels are used.

The kelly is below the swivel. It is a pipe with either four or six flat sides. A rotary bushing fits around the flat sides to provide the torque needed to turn the kelly and the drill string. Rollers in the bushing permit the kelly free movement vertically while rotating. Since kelly threads would be difficult to replace, normally the lower end of the kelly has saver sub — or a short piece of pipe — that can be refurbished more cheaply than the kelly. Usually, a ball valve, called the lower kelly cock, is positioned between the kelly and the kelly saver sub. This valve is used for well control if the surface pressure becomes too high for the rotary hose or surface conditions.

According to the ″Dictionary of Petroleum Exploration, Drilling and Production″, ″[The] kelly was named after Michael J. (King) Kelly, a Chicago baseball player (1880-1887) who was known for his base running and long slides.″  As steel was not as good a quality back then as it was today, the kelly was always hanging up in the kelly bushing.  There was a popular song for the famous baseball player at that time called, ″Slide Kelly, Slide!″  ″Sliding″ is the act of a kelly passing through the kelly bushing as it drills.

Alternatively, some say the name kelly is derived from the machine shop in which the first kelly was made. It was located in a town formerly named Kellysburg, Pennsylvania.

References

Petroleum production
Oilfield terminology
Merrifield resin. Merrifield Resin is a cross-linked polystyrene resin that carries a chloromethyl functional group. Merrifield resin is named after its inventor, Robert Bruce Merrifield (1984 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry), and used in solid-phase synthesis. The material is typically available as white beads.  These beads are allowed to swell in suitable solvents (ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO), which then allows the reagents to substitute the chloride substituents.

Merrifield Resin can be prepared by chloromethylation of polystyrene or by the copolymerization of styrene and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride.

References

Copolymers
Plastics
Partition equilibrium. Partition equilibrium is a special case of chemical equilibrium wherein one or more solutes are in equilibrium between two immiscible solvents. The most common chemical equilibrium systems involve reactants and products in the same phase - either all gases or all solutions. However, it is also possible to get equilibria between substances in different phases, such a liquid and gas that do not mix (are immiscible). One example is gas-liquid partition equilibrium chromatography, where an analyte equilibrates between a gas and liquid phase. Partition equilibria are described by Nernst's distribution law. Partition equilibrium are most commonly seen and used for Liquid–liquid extraction.

The time until a partition equilibrium emerges is influenced by many factors, such as: temperature, relative concentrations, surface area of interface, degree of stirring, and the nature of the solvents and solute.

Example

For example, ammonia (NH3) is soluble in both water (aq) and the organic solvent trichloromethane (CHCl3) - two immiscible solvents.  If ammonia is first dissolved in water, and then an equal volume of trichloromethane is added, and the two liquids shaken together, the following equilibrium is established:
Kc = [NH3 (CHCl3)]/[NH3 (aq)]        (where Kc is the equilibrium constant)

The equilibrium concentrations of ammonia in each layer can be established by titration with standard acid solution. It can thus be determined that Kc remains constant, with a value of 0.4 in this case.

Partition coefficient

This kind of equilibrium constant measures how a substance distributes or partitions itself between two immiscible solvents. It is called the partition coefficient or distribution coefficient.

Partition equilibrium chromatography
See: Partition chromatography, Gas chromatography

Partition equilibrium chromatography is a type of chromatography that is typically used in gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The stationary phase in GC is a high boiling liquid bonded to solid surface and the mobile phase is a gas. In gas-liquid chromatography, analyte from the mobile gas phase equilibrates with the liquid phase. Molecules more soluble in the liquid phase will remain longer in the column, allowing for separation using partition equilibriums.

See also
Liquid–liquid extraction

References 

Equilibrium chemistry
Chromatography
Gas chromatography
Lucid Inc.. Lucid Incorporated was a Menlo Park, California-based computer software development company. Founded by Richard P. Gabriel in 1984, it went bankrupt in 1994.

History

The first CEO was Tony Slocum, formerly of IntelliCorp; and Gabriel was Lucid's Chief Technical Officer (CTO) and first president.

Initial success 
The product the company ultimately shipped was an integrated Lisp IDE for Sun Microsystems' RISC hardware architecture—this sidestepped the principal failure of Lisp machines by in essence rewriting a lesser version of the Lisp machine IDE for use on a more cost-effective and less moribund architecture. In 1987, Gabriel resigned as President, but remained its CTO.

Decline 
Eventually Lucid's focus shifted (during the AI Winter) from the Lisp market (which was still growing at this time) to an object-oriented IDE for C++ called "Energize". A core component of the IDE was Richard Stallman's version of Emacs, GNU Emacs.  GNU Emacs was not suitable for Lucid's needs, however, and several Lucid programmers (including Jamie W. Zawinski) were assigned to help develop GNU Emacs to meet those needs.  Friction arose between the programmers and Stallman, and Lucid forked the software—thus they were primarily responsible for the birth of XEmacs.

By 1994, Lucid's attempts to reinvent itself as a C++ company, and its neglect of its still profitable Lisp sideline had ended in failure, and the company's revenues fell to levels which could not sustain it. Lucid Incorporated went bankrupt. The rights to Lucid Common Lisp were sold to Harlequin Ltd. which was bought in 1999 by Global Graphics; Global Graphics then sold the rights to Xanalys Corporation, which spun off LispWorks, the current rights holder which sells Lucid Common Lisp under the "Liquid Common Lisp" label.

References

External links
 Patterns of Software- a collection of essays by Gabriel, including some memoirs about Lucid (pdf)
 "Letter to Chris DiBona and Tim O'Reilly"—(Open letter by Gabriel written about the XEmacs fork in response to the description of the fork in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution)
 Collection of Lucid's Source Code — Includes Lucid Common Lisp, Energize (incomplete), Lucid Emacs.

Lisp (programming language) software companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
Emacs
Companies established in 1984
Companies disestablished in 1994
Companies based in Menlo Park, California
Carnegie Mellon University Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory. The Carnegie Mellon University Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory (CUPS) was established in the Spring of 2004 to bring together Carnegie Mellon University researchers working on a diverse set of projects related to understanding and improving the usability of privacy and security software and systems. The privacy and security research community has become increasingly aware that usability problems severely impact the effectiveness of mechanisms designed to provide security and privacy in software systems. Indeed, one of the four grand research challenges in information security and assurance identified by the Computing Research Association in 2003 is: "Give end-users security controls they can understand and privacy they can control for the dynamic, pervasive computing environments of the future." This is the challenge that CUPS strives to address. CUPS is affiliated with Carnegie Mellon CyLab and has members from the Engineering and Public Policy Department, the School of Computer Science, the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, the Heinz College, and the Department of Social and Decision Sciences. It is directed by Lorrie Cranor.

Projects 
 P3P and computer-readable privacy policies
 Two members of the CUPS Lab are members of the W3C P3P Working Group, working on developing the P3P 1.1 specification.
 In the fall of 2005, AT&T gave the rights to the source code and trademarks surrounding Privacy Bird, their P3P user-agent.  Privacy Bird is currently maintained and distributed by the lab.
 In the summer of 2005, the lab made available to the public a "P3P-enabled search engine", known as Privacy Finder. It allowed a user to reorder search results based on whether each site complied with his or her privacy preferences. This information was gleaned from P3P policies found on the web sites. Since 2012, Privacy Finder has been "temporarily out of service", with no indication of when service would be restored.
 Additionally, the lab archives web sites privacy policies and has been creating a toolkit to aid in the automated analysis of both P3P policies as well as natural language privacy policies.
 Supporting trust decisions
 More recently, the lab is examining trends in phishing attacks as well as users' perceptions of these attacks to develop better methods of detecting and reporting phishing messages.

External links 
The official CUPS Lab web site
Privacy Bird
Privacy Finder

2004 establishments in Pennsylvania
Privacy software
Schools and departments of Carnegie Mellon
Design for logistics. Design for logistics is a series of concepts in the field of supply chain management involving product and design approaches that help to control logistics costs and increase customer service level. These concepts were introduced by Professor Hau Lee of Stanford University, and have the three key components: Economic packaging and transportation, Concurrent and parallel processing, and Standardization.

Economic packaging and transportation
There are three levels, moving from operational, to tactical and finally strategic.
 Common sense: Product and packaging must be designed so it is easy to ship and shelf (for instance, Rubbermaid design that fits Walmart's 14x14 shelving). Making a product much stronger and more rugged than necessary for its normal function typically increases parts cost, but sometimes it lowers the net cost by reducing the cost of padding and protection for shipping.
 Facilitate logistic function: Must be easy to pack and repack, and easy to track.
 Enables efficient design of supply chain and business model: For instance, IKEA's supply chain and business model (flat packages etc.)

Concurrent and parallel processing
Modify the manufacturing process so that steps that were previously performed in a sequence can be completed at the same time. This will help reduce manufacturing lead time, lower inventory costs through improved forecasting, and reduce safety stock requirements, among other benefits.

Standardization
The idea of standardization is to exploit economies of scale, and doing things once that can be applied many times. Standardization can be done through:
 Parts: Where common parts are used in many different products
 Process: Standardize manufacturing and product processes so that decisions about which specific product to manufacture can be delayed. This is in fact delayed differentiation.
 Product: Also known as downward substitution.  For instance, car rental companies frequently fill reservations with higher-end vehicles when the lower-end vehicles are not available.
 Procurement: Standardize processing equipment and approaches that can be used for several products (for instance, one machine for both high and low end products).

References

Supply chain management
Design for X
Exercise machine. An exercise machine is any machine used for physical exercise. These range from simple spring-like devices to computerized electromechanical devices to recirculating-stream swimming pools. Most exercise machines incorporate an ergometer. An ergometer is an apparatus for measuring the work a person exerts while exercising as used in training or cardiac stress tests or other medical tests.

Resistance machines

Weight machines 

Weight machines use gravity as the primary source of resistance, and a combination of simple machines to convey that resistance, to the person using the machine. Each of the simple machines (pulley, lever, wheel, incline) changes the mechanical advantage of the overall machine relative to the weight.

Other kinds of resistance machines
 Friction machines
 Spring-loaded machines (such as Bowflex)
 Fan-loaded machines
 Fluid-loaded machines
 Bullworker
 Hydraulic equipment
 Whole body vibration
 Outdoor gym
 Pneumatic exercise equipment
 Treadmill

Endless-path machines

Stationary bicycles
 Exercise bicycle

Running/walking machines
Treadmill
Elliptical trainer

Elliptical machines
Ellipticals (elliptical machines) are a combination of stair-climbing and a treadmill. Generally it contains two tracks upon which the user stands. Users describe an elliptical motion (hence the machine name) while walking or jogging. Some ellipticals have magnetic resistance controls that add difficulty to doing the motion.

Glider machines
This machine allows the user to stand on two separate foot pedals and use their own muscles to create the movement. The stabilized movement can be likened to that of a "swing set" for each leg.

Climbing machines

Also named stair-climbing machines, they work the user's legs as he/she pumps pedals up and down, much like climbing stairs. Some climbing machines have handles to push and pull to exercise the whole body.

Rowing machines
Rowing machines, also named rowers, simulate the body movements of using a rowing boat.

See also
Chin-up bar
Exercise equipment
Sports medicine
Rehabilitation
Statics

References

Exercise equipment
Strength training
Magnetorheological finishing. Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a precision surface finishing technology. Optical surfaces are polished in a computer-controlled magnetorheological (MR) finishing slurry. Unlike conventional rigid lap polishing, the MR fluid's shape and stiffness can be magnetically manipulated and controlled in real time. The optic's final surface form and finishing results are predicted through the use of computer algorithms.

In 1999, researchers at the Optical Processing Center of the University of Rochester studied the mechanical and chemical principles of magnetorheological polishing, determined the removal relationship of a series of non-magnetic polishing powders of different hardness on optical glass of different hardness, and studied the polishing area of magnetorheological polishing, analyzed the characteristics of the polishing area of several materials, and introduced the rapid text editor (OED) technology into the Q22 magnetorheological polishing machine, making the MRF technology commercialized.

Literature 

  W.I. Kordonski (2014). "Magnetorheological Fluid-Based High Precision Finishing Technology." Magnetorheology: Advances and Applications, Norman M. Wereley, Ed., RSC Smart Materials, Cambridge, UK, Chapter 11, 261–277.  
DOI:10.1039/9781849737548-00261
  S.D. Jacobs, W.I. Kordonski, I.V. Prokhorov, D. Golini, G.R. Gorodkin, T.D. Strafford (2002). "Deterministic Magnetorheological Finishing." US Patent: US5449313A
  Shorey et al. "Experiments and Observations Regarding the Mechanisms of Glass Removal in Magnetorheological Finishing", abstract and full text (pdf)
  Chunlin Miao, et al., "Shear stress in magnetorheological finishing for glasses," Applied Optics 48, 2585-2594 (2009)
  Chunlin Miao, et al., "Process parameter effects on material removal in magnetorheological finishing of borosilicate glass," Applied Optics 49, 1951-1963 (2010)
 German Patent: DE69924595T2

Industrial processes
Drol. Drol is a video game published by Broderbund in 1983. It was written for the Apple II by Benny Aik Beng Ngo, then ported to the Commodore 64 and Atari 8-bit computers. Versions were released for the SG-1000 in 1985 and Amiga in 1991.

Gameplay

The player controls a robot flying through a four story maze, attempting to rescue people and animals while avoiding traps and enemies such as alien creatures, snakes, eagles, magnets and axes. There are only three levels, but the game repeatedly starts over in a more difficult version if the third level is completed. In the third level of some versions, in order to reach the final floor without being eaten by a plant sprouting from out of nowhere, the player must choose between three different trapdoors, and the correct trapdoor varies from game to game.

Reception
When reviewing three new games in February 1984, ANALOG Computing said that Drol was "by far the best thought-out", with "refreshing sound effects and some of the best pseudo-3D graphics I've ever seen", reminding the reviewer of a scene from The Ninth Configuration. Run, reviewing the Commodore 64 version in May 1984, gave it an "A"—its highest rating—and described it as "fun, funny, and exciting", although the magazine criticized the slow loading times. InfoWorld's Essential Guide to Atari Computers cited it as among the best Broderbund arcade games. Ahoy! called Drol "an amusing little game." Electronic Fun with Computers & Games gave it 4 out of 4. Reviewer Marc Berman wrote:

David Stone reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "the high quality of the animation, the cleverness of the animated foes, and the nonsense of the theme, all make Drol well-worth the money."

In 1984 Softline readers named Drol the seventh most-popular Apple program of 1983.

References

External links

Drol at Sega Retro
Video from the C64 version on archive.org

1983 video games
Amiga games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit computer games
Broderbund games
Commodore 64 games
NEC PC-8801 games
Sega video games
SG-1000 games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Tohatsu. , previously Tokyo Hatsudoki Company, is a Japanese company manufacturing and selling outboard motors, pleasure boats, portable fire pumps, small fire trucks, pumps for construction and drainage, and refrigeration units for transportation. It also does real estate property management in Japan.

History
The company can be traced back to 1922, when the Takata Motor Research Institute began carrying out research into various forms of internal combustion engines. Research and development of high-speed, portable engine generators and radio-controlled generators began immediately; these were brought to production in 1930. During the 1930s and 40s, Tohatsu consolidated its product line and moved its corporate office to Tokyo. Among its products in the 1930s were railcars for the Ministry of Railways.

In 1950, production and sales of motorcycles began. 1955 brought aggressive growth to Tohatsu. Capital increased to 150 million yen and production on a new line of engines started. Sales offices were established in Fukuoka, Nagoya, Tokyo, Sendai and Sapporo. Dealerships were set up throughout Japan.

In the mid-1950s, the company held the top market share, with 22 percent of the Japanese motorbike market. They also manufactured racing motorcycles and achieved success in Japan and abroad. Financial problems led to the discontinuation of Tohatsu motorcycle production in 1964.

Tohatsu Outboards
1956 ushered in the production of the first Tohatsu Outboards (1.5 hp). Since then, Tohatsu outboards have served a variety of marketplaces: commercial fishing, military, marine transport, surf life saving, recreation and competition racing. They are the second largest producer of outboards in the world.

As well as marketing outboards under its own brand, Tohatsu outboards are rebadged and sold as other brands. In 1988 Tohatsu and Brunswick Corporation set up a joint venture named Tohatsu Marine Corporation to produce outboards for Mercury Marine. Some Mercury outboards with less than 60 HP are rebranded Tohatsus.

In 2011, Tohatsu and Evinrude Outboard Motors made a deal to make smaller engines ranging from 15 HP and down with Evinrude decals.

All outboard engines sold in North America by the now-defunct Nissan Marine were rebadged Tohatsus.

Tohatsu four stroke outboard engines above 50 HP sold in North America after 2013 are rebadged Honda, though at some point after that Tohatsu introduced their own 60 HP model which is an up-rated variant of their 40/50 HP engine. As of at least 2022 all outboards up to 60 HP are designed and built by Tohatsu.

References

External links 

Mercury outboards made by Tohatsu 
Official global website 

Engineering companies based in Tokyo
Marine engine manufacturers
Engine manufacturers of Japan
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Manufacturing companies established in 1922
1922 establishments in Japan
Japanese brands
Pump manufacturers
Tricotyledon theory of system design. In systems engineering, the tricotyledon theory of system design (T3SD) is a mathematical theory of system design developed by A. Wayne Wymore. T3SD consists of a language for describing systems and requirements, which is based on set theory, a mathematical systems model based on port automata, and a precise definition of the different types of system requirements and relationships between requirements.

System requirements model 
 I/O requirement
 Performance requirement
 System test requirement
 Cost requirement
 Tradeoff requirement

System design 
 Based on set theory
 Transition systems
 Functional system design
 Buildable system design

References 

Systems engineering
ISO 31-4. ISO 31-4 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to heat. It is superseded by ISO 80000-5.

Its definitions include:

Annex A of ISO 31-4 lists units of heat based on the foot, pound and second and some other units, including the degree Rankine, degree Fahrenheit, British thermal unit and others. Annex B lists conversion factors for three versions of the calorie.

00031-4