omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Allison V-3420. The Allison V-3420 was a large experimental piston aircraft engine, designed in 1937 by the American Allison Engine Company.

Design and development
In 1937, at the behest of the United States Army Air Corps, the Allison Engine Company agreed to design and build a large-displacement high-power aircraft engine. The resulting V-3420 was essentially a pair of 12-cylinder Allison V-1710 engines mated to a common crankcase with a 30° angle between the inner cylinder banks. The crankshafts of the two V-1710 engines were geared together to drive a common propeller shaft. Most V-3420 parts were interchangeable with those for V-1710-E and -F engines.

The V-3420 had a power-to-weight ratio of 1.6 kW/kg or 1 hp/lb, excellent for its time. It was envisioned as a powerful yet compact engine for several advanced USAAF projects of the day, including the Douglas XB-19, the Boeing XB-39 Superfortress, the Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning, and the Fisher P-75 Eagle. As none of these designs saw more than limited production, only about 150 V-3420s were built.

Variants
V-3420-A16R (-11)
V-3420-A16L (-13)
left-hand rotation of propeller, single-stage supercharger with single-stage turbocharger and intercooler
V-3420-A18R (-17)
V-3420-A24
Supercharger ratio 7.2:1
V-3420-B (-23)
Similar to the -A but with mechanically driven supercharger in two variable-speed stages

Applications

 Boeing XB-39 Superfortress
 Douglas XB-19
 Fisher P-75 Eagle
 Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning

Engines on display

 A V-3420-23 (B10) is on public display at the Aerospace Museum of California in North Highlands, California.
 A V-3420 is on public display at the Glenn H. Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport, New York.
 A V-3420-23 engine is on public display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio alongside a Fisher P-75 Eagle

Specifications (V-3420-A18R (-17))

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1945-46. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollinsPublishers (1994 reprint). 
Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day. 5th edition, Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2006. 
White, Graham. Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 1995.  

V-3420
1930s aircraft piston engines
Abandoned military aircraft engine projects of the United States
Gus Rosenberg. Gerson "Gus" Rosenberg is an American biomedical engineer. He  is the Jane A. Fetter Professor of Surgery, professor of bioengineering, and chief of the Division of Applied Biomedical Engineering (previously known as the Division of Artificial Organs) at Penn State's Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine.

Background and education

Rosenberg was born on August 20, 1944, and raised in Chalfont, Pennsylvania.  He studied mechanical engineering at Penn State University and received his Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, and Ph.D. degrees at the university. He began research on heart-assist pumps in 1970 as a graduate student at Penn State.  His research led to a number of heart devices developed by the team that he now leads at Penn State. He was part of the team that designed the university's first heart-assist pump.

Circulatory support devices

Rosenberg's research and teaching have resulted in devices such as a Left Ventricular Assist device (LVAD) and electric total artificial heart. He was part of the original team that developed the current clinically available Pierce-Donachy left ventricular assist device marketed by Thoratec. He was the principal investigator on the development on the Penn State Electric Total Artificial Heart, currently under development by Abiomed, Inc. and is referred to as the AbioCor II device.  In addition, Rosenberg led the team that developed the Arrow LionHeart, the world's first completely implantable left ventricular assist device that has been utilized in 30 patients. Devices currently in development include an implantable, wireless, heart assist pump, now in clinical trials, and a wireless total heart replacement, currently undergoing pre-clinical durability testing.

He is a member of the board of trustees of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs and serves on the editorial board of its journal.

Recognition
 In 2002 he was named “Engineer of the Year” by Design News Magazine.
 He is a past president of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs.

References

Rosenburg, Gus
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Penn State College of Engineering alumni
Living people
1944 births
People from Chalfont, Pennsylvania
Vaino Jack Vehko. Vaino Jack Vehko (5 May 1918 – 17 August 1999) was an engineer for the Chrysler Corporation.

Vehko was born in Detroit, Michigan, was the son of James Vehko (aka Jalmari Vehkomäki) of Kolho, Finland.
He spent his entire career with Chrysler Corporation developing aircraft engines, guided missiles and booster rockets. In 1952 he joined Chrysler Missile Division as head of engineering for the Redstone and then the Jupiter missile systems. In 1960 he became Director of Engineering on the Saturn S-I and S-IB booster rocket program at Chrysler Space Division's Michoud operation in New Orleans, Louisiana.

The Saturn I was the United States' first heavy lift launch vehicle. It had ten successful flights, including four Apollo boilerplate flights and three Pegasus micrometeoroid satellites. The Saturn IB boosters successfully launched four uncrewed and five crewed Apollo missions. They were the forerunners of the Saturn V that launched the NASA Apollo Moon missions. Vehko retired as General Manager of the Chrysler Space Division in 1976.

He received a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor in 1940, and a M.S. degree in Automotive Engineering from Chrysler Institute of Engineering, Highland Park, Michigan in 1942. After World War II he worked with recently arrived German rocket designers led by Wernher von Braun in Huntsville, Alabama.

He married Hilda Scherer (1921–2008) in 1941, with whom he had four children. He died in Austin, Texas.

Publications

References

External links 
 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Honor Awards

1918 births
1999 deaths
American aerospace engineers
People from Detroit
American people of Finnish descent
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
20th-century American engineers
DOS/4G. DOS/4G is a 32-bit DOS extender developed by Rational Systems (later Tenberry Software). It allows DOS programs to eliminate the 640 KB conventional memory limit by addressing up to 64 MB of extended memory on Intel 80386 and above machines.

Features 
Functioning as a highly flexible and reusable memory extension library, DOS/4G allowed programmers to access extended memory without writing specialized code. It embeds itself in the executable file at linking time and executes before main application code, so usually DOS/4G initialization messages show up at launch.  It can in principle operate within MS-DOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS and other DOS clones, the DOS boxes of OS/2, Microsoft Windows, Windows NT and Windows 95, and DOS emulators such as DOSBox. However, in practice few DOS/4G games or other applications will run on non-DOS-based versions of Windows, including Windows NT, Windows 2000 and Windows XP, since none of these allow direct access to the hardware as was used for display rendering in those days.

History 
DOS/4GW 1.95 was a free limited edition of DOS/4G and was included with the Watcom C compiler with a commercial re-distribution license. It was made widely popular by computer games like Doom or Tomb Raider.

Initial versions of DOS/4G had trouble with secondary DMA channels on the ISA bus, which prevented 16-bit devices like Gravis Ultrasound series from normally functioning; Gravis even had to develop PREPGAME, a patch utility which updated the game executable with a new version 1.97 to fix the incompatibility.

In case of problems, DOS/4G or DOS/4GW can be replaced with the newer and free DOS/32; a patch utility can even replace DOS/4G code embedded inside a compiled executable file.

See also 
 DOS/32
 DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI)
 DOS API

References

External links 
 DOS/4GW FAQ

DOS extenders
Robot football. Robot football is a sport organised by the Federation of International Robot-soccer Association. It aims to create a team of robots capable of beating a human side at football by 2050.

Robot football began in 1995 in Korea. From 1996 onwards, international championships have been held every year.

Leagues
The leagues are as follows:

 HuroSot – humanoid robots up to 150 cm high and 30 kg in weight.
 KhperaSot – cylindrical autonomous robots with onboard vision systems.
 Mirosot – robots up to 75mm cube. 3, 5, 7 or 11 a-side.
 NaroSot – 4c square robots up to 5.5 cm high.
 Quadrosot – four-legged robots.
 SimuroSot – PC-based simulation over both 5-a-side and 11-a-side.

Robot football combines skills from all fields of engineering, from computer programming, to mechanical design. Robot football teams are usually found at universities as part of research projects.

The Robot Football World Cup was held in Singapore in December 2005.

RoboCup 2019 is scheduled to take place  2–8 July 2019 at the International Convention Centre, Sydney.

References

 
Association football variants
Games and sports introduced in 1995
Articles containing video clips
Carbon dioxide transmission rate. Carbon dioxide transmission rate (COTR) is the measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide gas that passes through a substance over a given period. It is mostly carried out on non-porous materials, where the mode of transport is diffusion, but there are a growing number of applications where the transmission rate also depends on flow through apertures of some description.

See also
 Moisture vapor transmission rate
 Permeation
 Oxygen transmission rate
Packaging

Further reading
 Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, 
 Massey, L. K., "Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers", 2003, Andrew Publishing,

Standards
 ASTM D1434 - Standard Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
 ASTM F1115 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Carbon Dioxide Loss of Beverage Containers
 ASTM F2476 - Test Method for the Determination of Carbon Dioxide Gas Transmission Rate (Co 2TR) Through Barrier Materials Using An Infrared Detector

Packaging
Launch Services Alliance. Launch Services Alliance is a "back-up" launch service provider. It is a joint venture between the multinational aerospace company Arianespace and Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi Heavy Industries; initially, the American aerospace firm Boeing Launch Services was involved as well.

LSA was established during 2003. In the event of one of the commercial partners not being able to execute a launch on time, one of the other partners could provide an alternative service, under a set of contractual conditions agreed between the participating companies. Such transfers would be made at the customer's discretion. The LSA offered this service for the Ariane 5 and H-IIA expendable launch systems; it previously offered the Zenit-3SL as well.

History
Following the end of the Cold War and the institution of the peace dividend, the aerospace industry went through a period of consolidation, mergers and partnerships. More specifically, a glut in affordable space launches during the early 2000s placed incumbent providers under pressure to respond. During 2001, the Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and American aerospace firm Boeing Launch Services announced the formation of a strategic alliance to cooperate on various space-related opportunities; specifically, this alliance applied to space-based communications, air traffic management, multimedia, navigation, space and communications services, launch services and space infrastructure markets.

During July 2003, the Launch Services Alliance (LSA) was originally formed, then consisting of the multinational aerospace company Arianespace with Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and American aerospace firm Boeing Launch Services; at this time, Boeing provided Sea Launch Zenit-3SL launch services at that time. The decision to switch between launchers is made by the end customer. Despite the formation of LSA, the three partner companies retained autonomy over their own operations and continued to independently market their respective commercial satellite launch capabilities. For Arianespace, its involvement in LSA represented a further diversification of their launch services.

During October 2003, LSA services were used for the first time when Arianespace transferred satellite DirecTV-7S delayed in manufacturing to the Zenit-3SL launch on 4 May 2004. During May 2004, the first contract for LSA services was signed for the Optus D1 satellite; Ariane 5 was assigned as the primary launch vehicle while the Zenit-3SL was served as backup. During 2005, LSA announced that the organisation had signed its fifth contract.

During April 2007, the LSA was reformed by Arianespace and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries; the main change being the withdrawal of Boeing from any involvement in the venture. Since fiscal year 2007, responsibility for both production and management of the H-IIA launch system was transferred to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the partnership with Arianespace was hoped to help the former enter the market.

References

Commercial spaceflight
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Space organizations
Hexamethylene diisocyanate. Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)6(NCO)2.  It is classified as an diisocyanate. It is a colorless liquid. It has sometimes been called HMDI but this not usually done to avoid confusion with Hydrogenated MDI.

Synthesis
Compared to other commercial diisocyanates, HDI is produced in relatively small quantities, accounting for (with isophorone diisocyanate) only 3.4% of the global diisocyanate market in the year 2000. It is produced by phosgenation of hexamethylene diamine.

Applications
Aliphatic diisocyanates are used in specialty applications, such as enamel coatings which are resistant to abrasion and degradation by ultraviolet light. These properties are particularly desirable in, for instance, the exterior paint applied to aircraft and vessels. HDI is also sold oligomerized as the trimer or biuret which are used in automotive refinish coatings. Although more viscous in these forms, it reduces the volatility and toxicity. At least 3 companies sell material in this form commercially. It is also used as an activator in process of in situ polymerization of caprolactam i.e. cast nylon process. HDI is also used bisoxazolidine synthesis as the hydroxyl group on the molecule allows for further reaction with hexamethylene diisocyanate.

Toxicity
HDI is considered toxic, and its pulmonary toxicity has been studied as well as its oligomers.

See also
 Isophorone diisocyanate
 Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
 Toluene diisocyanate

References

External links
 NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Isocyanates, from the website of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Hexamethylene diisocyanate 

Isocyanates
Monomers
GridWay. GridWay is an open-source meta-scheduling technology that enables large-scale, secure, reliable and efficient sharing of computing resources (clusters, computing farms, servers, supercomputers...), managed by different distributed resource management systems (DRMS), such as SGE, HTCondor, PBS or LSF, within a single organization (enterprise grid) or scattered across several administrative domains (partner or supply-chain grid). To this end, GridWay supports several Grid middlewares.

Functionality
GridWay provides end users and application developers with a scheduling framework similar to that found on local DRMS, allowing to submit, monitor, synchronize and control jobs by means of a DRMS-like command line interface (gwsubmit, gwwait, gwkill...) and DRMAA (an OGF standard).

GridWay performs job execution management and resource brokering, allowing unattended, reliable, and efficient execution of jobs, array jobs, or complex jobs on heterogeneous, dynamic and loosely coupled Grids. GridWay performs all the job scheduling and submission steps transparently to the end user and adapts job execution to changing Grid conditions by providing fault recovery mechanisms, dynamic scheduling, migration on-request and opportunistic migration. The GridWay framework is a light component for meta-scheduling in the Grid Ecosystem intended for end users and grid application developers.

See also
 Globus Toolkit
 HTCondor
 Open Grid Forum
 DRMAA

References

External links
GridWay website
Useful information about GridWay (for Russian speakers)

Grid computing products
Helicopter support team. A helicopter support team (HST) is a unit of organization within the United States Marine Corps that manages the activities of a helicopter landing zone (LZ). It consists of a team of eight Landing Support Marines who are trained to hook up external loads to the hooks of primarily military helicopters. All kinds of gear can be lifted by helicopter and taken to locations with terrain that is not suited for other kinds of vehicles. For example communications equipment can be placed on top of a mountain within a few minutes of flight instead of a few hours of driving, if one could even drive the equipment to the designated location. The HST is a valuable resource to the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), as it provides an expedient manner of transportation for gear and supplies.
 
Within the HST there is the HST commander whose job is to co-ordinate the mission between the airwing, the supporting unit and the Marine Logistics Group who provides the HST. The HST commander is usually a sergeant and sometimes a staff sergeant. Subordinate to the HST commander is the HST Safety NCO, whose job is to ensure that the gear or supplies are rigged properly, and to ensure that everyone underneath the helicopter is doing their job in a safe manner. The safety NCO is normally a corporal or sergeant. The primary members of the HST are the "leg-men" and the inside and outside directors along with the hookman and the static man. The inside and outside directors direct the pilot of the aircraft as he centers his helicopter over the load that is being lifted. The leg-men ensure that the slings used to lift the gear do not catch on anything and lift in a straight manner as to not disturb the load being lifted. The job of the static man is to use a grounding rod to attach to the hook so that the static electricity conducted by the helicopter is grounded and does not end up killing a marine. The hook man then hooks up the load to the hook of the aircraft in a safe manner.

External links
 
 
United States Marine Corps aviation
CO2 dragster. {{DISPLAYTITLE:CO2 dragster}}

CO2 dragsters are cars used as miniature racing cars which are propelled by a carbon dioxide cartridge, pierced to start the release of the gas, and which race on a typically  track. They are frequently used to demonstrate mechanical principles such as mass, force, acceleration, and aerodynamics. Two hooks (eyelets or screw eyes) linked to a string (usually monofilament fishing line) on the bottom of the car prevent the vehicle from losing control during launch. In a race, a laser scanner records the speed of the car at the end of its run. Often, the dragster is carved out of balsa wood because of its light weight and cheapness.

CO2 cars are a part of engineering curricula in parts of the world such as Australia, New Zealand and the United States. In the United States, classroom projects and competitions can operate under the aegis of the Technology Student Association at middle school and high school levels.  Competitions are sometimes featured in local newspapers. Students learn about the forces of gravity, drag, wind resistance, and the motion of air as a fluid. The projects mainly test the aerodynamic, mass and friction properties of a car. These forces can influence performance in a race, so it is vital to take them into account when building.

See also
Pinewood Derby
F1 in Schools

References

Drag racing cars
Air Quality Modeling Group. The Air Quality Modeling Group (AQMG) is in the U.S. EPA's Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) and provides leadership and direction on the full range of air quality models, air pollution dispersion models and other mathematical simulation techniques used in assessing pollution control strategies and the impacts of air pollution sources.

The AQMG serves as the focal point on air pollution modeling techniques for other EPA headquarters staff, EPA regional Offices, and State and local environmental agencies. It coordinates with the EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) on the development of new models and techniques, as well as wider issues of atmospheric research. Finally, the AQMG conducts modeling analyses to support the policy and regulatory decisions of the EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS).

The AQMG is located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Projects maintained by the AQMG

The AQMG maintains the following specific projects: 
 Air Quality Analyses to Support Modeling 
 Air Quality Modeling Guidelines
 Dispersion Modeling Computer Codes 
 Dispersion Modeling
 Emissions Inventories For Regional Modeling 
 Guidance on Modeling for New NAAQS & Regional Haze 
 Meteorological Data Guidance and Modeling 
 Model Clearinghouse
 Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ)
 Models3 Applications Team, Outreach and Training Coordination  
 Multimedia Modeling 
 PM Data Analysis and PM Modeling 
 Preferred/Recommended Models Alternative Models Screening Models
 Regional Ozone Modeling 
 Roadway Intersection Modeling 
 Support Center For Regulatory Air Models (SCRAM)
 Urban Ozone Modeling 
 Visibility and Regional Haze Modeling

See also

Accidental release source terms
Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling
Air Quality Modelling and Assessment Unit (AQMAU)
Air Resources Laboratory
AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Atmospheric Studies Group
:Category:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
List of atmospheric dispersion models
Met Office
UK Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee
UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau

References

Further reading
 www.crcpress.com
 www.air-dispersion.com

External links
 UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau web site
 UK ADMLC web site 
 Air Resources Laboratory (ARL)
 Air Quality Modeling Group
 Met Office web site
 Error propagation in air dispersion modeling

Air pollution in the United States
Air pollution organizations
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
United States Environmental Protection Agency