omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Brush (video games). Brushes are templates used in some 3D video game engines, such as the Quake engine, its derivatives the GoldSrc and Source game engines, or the Unreal Engine, to construct levels. Brushes can be primitive shapes (such as cubes, spheres and cones), pre-defined shapes (such as staircases), or custom shapes (such as prisms and other polyhedra).
In order to describe these shapes mathematically, each brush is made up of planes that define its boundaries. A plane can be represented by an equation in 3D space, which looks like this:

This equation describes a single flat surface (or plane) in 3D space, where a, b, and c are coefficients that determine the orientation of the plane, and d is a constant that shifts the plane along its axis.

To construct a brush, the game engine uses multiple planes working together. For example, a cube can be defined by six planes, each restricting space within a certain region. Here’s how a set of three planes would be represented mathematically:

Each of these equations corresponds to a different plane that helps define the shape of the brush.

In some engines such as Unreal, brushes are categorized as either additive or subtractive. Additive brushes add volume to the level, forming walls, platforms, or other structures, while subtractive brushes carve out spaces within these volumes, like windows or doorways.

During the map compilation process, brushes are turned into meshes that can be rendered by the game engine. Often brushes are restricted to convex shapes only, as this reduces the complexity of the binary space partitioning process. However, using CSG operations, complex rooms and objects can be created by adding, subtracting and intersecting brushes to and from one another. Additionally, brushes can be used as liquids or as an area trigger.

History
Brush-based techniques originated during the period of three-dimensional game development, being developed around the same time period as Quake. These games required 3D geometry for constructing more advanced true 3D environments different from previous raycasting approaches. During this time brushes became used with and closely associated with Binary Space Partitioning as this allowed for sustaining real-time performance on constrained computational hardware. Brushes offered a viable solution, enabling level designers to utilize elementary geometric primitives for the creation of intricate spatial structures.

Modern use 
Brush-based modeling is extensively used in constructive solid geometry, a technique that builds complex surfaces by combining simpler ones using Boolean operations such as union, intersection, and difference. In modern game engines, brushes are usually limited to only being used during the initial prototyping or "Block out" phase. This is due to the fact that they are less efficient when overused, slowing down performance due to their simple, non-optimized geometry.

References

Video game development
Oil waxing. Oil waxing occurs when heating oil begins to gel, and before it has become too viscous to flow at all in the heating system oil piping, wax particles (wax platelets or little spheres of wax or in some articles, alkane "wax crystals") have already begun to form in the fuel. The wax platelets form first from the long hydrocarbon chains which are a component in the heating oil (or diesel fuel). It is these waxy particles that can clog an oil line or even an oil-fired heating boiler, furnace, or water heater.

Further reading

Petroleum technology
Sonex Aircraft Onex. The Onex (pronounced "One-X" ) is an American single-seat, low-wing aircraft first flown on 27 January 2011 and currently being produced by Sonex Aircraft as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development

The Onex was designed to be economical, have aerobatic capabilities and folding wings, allowing storage in a standard  high by  wide residential garage. The aircraft has been designed to standard light aircraft FAR-23 static load requirements with the wings supporting more than 10,000 pounds in sandbags during the tests. Intended for the US experimental home-built and light-sport aircraft categories, in 2012 the company estimated the total price to purchase and build the aircraft to be around US$25,299, making it the least expensive of their kits. The FAA's National Kit Evaluation Team has approved construction checklists demonstrating compliance with the homebuilt requirement that the "major portion", or 51% of the aircraft, is completed by the builder, not the manufacturer. This also allows the owner to seek commercial help with construction.

The first prototype was flown with conventional landing gear with the first flight of the tricycle gear version taking place on October 5, 2011. The prototype was equipped with an AeroVee Volkswagen air-cooled engine.

In a February 2, 2011 webinar, Monett discussed many of technical aspects of the Onex, as well as providing a description of the early flight tests. The Onex is constructed from 6061 aluminum and features a single 15-gallon molded plastic fuel tank mounted in the fuselage, situated so the pilot can see the level of the fuel remaining. Monett claims that this type of tank is the safest and placing it in the fuselage, as opposed to in the wing, will reduce the chances of a fire in case of an accident. A further advantage of this configuration is that the fuel system will be gravity-fed and therefore not require a fuel pump, as it would if the tank were in the wings. Monett discussed the aim of simplicity and that a major goal is to reduce the parts count and thereby cost and weight. He also indicated that on the first test flight the aircraft climbed at 1200 ft per minute and was very responsive to the controls. Monett stated also that he had done some cursory testing of the flaps and found the 45° flap position to be very effective.

In a progress update on January 26, 2012, Sonex stated that more than 50 kits had been shipped before the new year, and some were nearing completion.

Specifications (Onex with regular span wing)

See also

References

External links
Manufacturer Website
Onex Development Website
Video of first test flight

2010s United States sport aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Monnett aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Onex
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2011
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Body Forward. Body Forward is the 2010-11 FIRST Lego League competition. The project and missions revolve around biomedical engineering.

Project
Teams were tasked with identifying a problem that can occur in the human body and creating an inventive solution. Then teams shared their project with the community and with judges at competition.

Gameplay
The table performance portion of Body Forward is played on a 4 ft by 8 ft field rimmed by wood boards. At competition, two of these fields are placed together to form an 8 ft square. In each -minute match, a team competes on each field with their robot to earn up to 400 points manipulating the mission models.

One of the mission models, the Mechanical Arm Patent, straddles both fields in the center. This model can earn points for either team, or both in the rare circumstance of simultaneous triggering.

The touch penalty objects are red blood cell models. All 11 are worth 5 points each anywhere on the field, but are removed every time the robot is touched outside of base.

Missions

All of the Body Forward missions related to various medical fields and practices. They are:
 Common Bone Repair - 25 points
 Special Bone Repair - up to 25 points
 Rapid Blood Screening - up to 40 points
 Bad Cell Destruction - up to 25 points
 Mechanical Arm Patent - 25 points
 Cardiac Patch - 20 points
 Pacemaker - 25 points
 Nerve Mapping - 15 points
 Object Control Through Thought - 20 points
 Medicine Auto-Dispensing - up to 30 points
 Robotic Sensitivity - 25 points
 Professional Teamwork - 25 points
 Bionic Eyes - 20 points
 Stent - 25 points
 Red Blood Cells - up to 55 points

References

External links
Official website

FIRST Lego League games
2010 in robotics
Climate Connections. Climate Connections was the 2008-09 FIRST Lego League competition. Its theme centered on understanding the effects of climate and climate change.

Project
Teams had to do a project on the subject of climate. Teams were to identify a climate problem in their area, investigate current efforts on the issue locally and in another community, and create an innovative solution to the problem. Teams then had to share their project with others in the community, and present the whole experience at competition.

Gameplay
The table performance portion of Climate Connections is played on a 4 ft by 8 ft field rimmed by wood boards. At competition, two of these fields are placed together to form an 8 ft square. In each -minute match, a team competes on each field with their robot to earn up to 400 points manipulating the mission models.

One of the mission models, Find Agreement (Align The Arrows), straddles both fields in the center. This model earns points for both teams when the arrows are aligned.

The touch penalty objects are levee models. All 8 are worth up to 5 points depending on their position on the field, but are removed from play every time the robot is touched outside of base.

Missions

There were eighteen (18) missions in the Climate Connections game. Each revolved around some topic pertaining to climate change.

 Bury Carbon Dioxide (Carbon Sequestration) - 5 points per ball
 Construct Levees - up to 5 points per block
 Test Levees - 15 points
 Raise The Flood Barrier - 15 points
 Elevate The House - 25 points
 Turn Off The Lights - 20 points
 Open A Window - 25 points
 Get People Together - 10 points per group
 Find Agreement (Align The Arrows) - 40 points for both teams
 Fund Research Or Corrective Action - 15 points
 Deliver An Ice Core Drilling Machine - up to 30 points
 Extract An Ice Core Sample - up to 30 points
 Deliver An Ice Buoy - 25 points
 Insulate A House - 10 points
 Ride A Bicycle - 10 points
 Telecommute And Research - 10 points
 Study Wildlife - up to 25 points
 Beat the Clock - up to 15 points

References

FIRST Lego League games
2008 in robotics
Agnew E. Larsen. Agnew Emiel Larsen (April 3, 1897 – August 17, 1969) was an American aircraft engineer who designed a series of pioneering airmail aircraft, and engineered progressive improvements to rotary wing aircraft that are in use in most modern helicopters currently. Larson invented an inflatable gyrocopter parachute that was featured in Popular Mechanics.

Biography 
He was born on April 3, 1897.

In 1916 Harold Pitcairn attended an apprenticeship at Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, becoming friends with Larsen.

In 1925 Larsen and Pitcairn approached Cierva about licensing autogiro technology.

In 1927, longtime friend, Pitcairn approached Larsen to leave the Thomas-Morse Aircraft company, to join Pitcairn Aircraft Company as chief engineer. Larson developed the Pitcairn PA-1 Fleetwing, the first of a long series of biplanes for Pitcairn.

In 1930, Larsen won the Collier Trophy along with Pitcairn for the work on autogiro technology.

1947 Larsen merges his company rotawings with the Glenn L. Martin Company.

Larsen died from cancer on August 17, 1969, in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania.

Legacy
Greg Larsen, Agnew E. Larson's grandson is a business development manager for the Hagerstown, MD, Regional Airport founding Pittsburgh Institute of Aeronautics school for aircraft technicians.

References 

American aerospace engineers
1969 deaths
1897 births
20th-century American engineers
Tuna Aktürk. Tuna Aktürk (born 22 September 1977 in Balıkesir) is Balıkesir Vice-Mayor and Balıkesirspor President. He has a degree in civil engineering from Balıkesir University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture.

He is the largest shareholder and board member of Veta Yapi Construction Company .

References

External links
Balikesir Mayority Web Page
Balikesirspor Web Page

1977 births
Living people
People from Balıkesir
Turkish businesspeople
Turkish football chairmen and investors
Balıkesir Lisesi alumni
Balıkesir University alumni
Turkish civil engineers
Balıkesirspor
Politicians from Balikesir
Mahindra Ugine Steel. Mahindra Sanyo Special Steel Private Limited  or formerly known as Mahindra Ugine Steel (MUSCO) is a manufacturer of specialty steel, stampings, and rings headquartered in Mumbai, India. It is a joint venture of the Mahindra Group, one of India's largest industrial houses and Sanyo Special Steel Co. Ltd and Mitsui & Co. Ltd from Japan  

MUSCO has three stampings facilities located near key automotive clusters in India: Kanhe to serve the manufacturing cluster in Pune; Nashik; and Rudrapur to serve Northern India.  Together, MUSCO has a total stampings capacity of 30,000 metric tons per year.  Its ring rolling division also has a total capacity of 30,000 metric tons.  It was the first steel company in India to receive an ISO 9001:2000 Certificate in 2002 and in 2005, it received ISO TS 16949 certification.

History
MUSCO was incorporated on 19 December 1962 in Mumbai. It began as a dealership/seller of tool, alloy, and specialty steels. In 1964, MUSCO was first listed on Mumbai Stock Exchange.

Awards 
 Caterpillar for supply of high quality steel bars.

References

External links
Mahindra Ugine Steel Company to set up new manufacturing unit in Pantnagar
Mahindra Systech to sell stake in Mahindra Ugine Steel
Mahindra Ugine Steel to set up new unit in Pantnagar

Steel companies of India
Mahindra Group
Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai
Manufacturing companies established in 1962
1962 establishments in Maharashtra
Indian companies established in 1962
Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
SAF 2507. SAF 2507, is a Alleima-owned trademark (Formerly Sandvik Materials Technology) for a 25Cr duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel. The nominal chemical composition of SAF 2507 is 25% chromium, 7% nickel, 4% molybdenum and other alloying elements such as nitrogen and manganese. The UNS designation for SAF 2507 is S32750 and the EN steel no. is 1.4410.  SAF derives from Sandvik Austenite Ferrite.

Typical properties of SAF 2507 duplex stainless steel are:
 excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking in chloride-bearing environments
 excellent resistance to pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion
 high resistance to general corrosion
 very high mechanical strength
 physical properties that offer design advantages
 high resistance to erosion corrosion and corrosion fatigue
 good weldability

See also
 Duplex Stainless Steel

References

External links
 Technical data for SAF 2507 (seamless tube & pipe)
Unity Metal Professional Stainless Steel Handrail

Stainless steel
1957 Blackbushe Viking accident. 

The 1957 Blackbushe Viking accident occurred on 1 May 1957 when an Eagle Aviation twin-engined Vickers VC.1 Viking 1B registered G-AJBO named "John Benbow" crashed into trees near Blackbushe Airport, located in Hampshire, England, on approach following a suspected engine failure on take-off. All five crew and 29 of the 30 passengers were killed. The aircraft also carried the RAF serial number XF629 allotted to this aircraft for use during trooping flights only.

Accident
At 21:14, the Viking took off from Blackbushe Airport on an unscheduled passenger flight to RAF Idris in Libya. The aircraft on charter to the War Office had five crew, 25 soldiers from the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, one soldier's wife, two children and two war department civilians. At 21:16, the pilot reported I have port engine failure, I am making a left-hand circuit to come in again. As the aircraft turned onto the approach to land, while still about 1200 yards (1,116 m) from the runway, the aircraft crashed into a wooded copse at Star Hill. Thirty-four of the 35 on board were killed.

Aftermath
The aircraft exploded and burst into flames when it hit the ground about 50 yards (46 m) from the A30 road. Passing lorry drivers were the first to help. Ambulances and six fire tenders from the airport were quickly on the scene. The airport fire tenders were soon joined by others from Surrey, Berkshire, Hampshire and United States Navy personnel temporarily based at Blackbushe.

The 29 bodies were recovered and four survivors were taken to Cambridge Military Hospital in Aldershot. Three of those in hospital subsequently died leaving only one survivor.

Investigation
A coroner's inquest was held at Aldershot on 5 June 1957 which returned a verdict of accidental death on the 34 who died.

A public inquiry was opened in London on 23 July 1957. The inquiry report was published in November 1957, and determined that the loss was caused by an error of skill and judgement by the pilot. The report noted that although Captain Jones had flown over 6,800 hours of which 4,800 had been with the Viking he had not made a single-engined landing for at least two years. Because of the fire it was not possible to determine if the port engine had failed.

Probable cause
The probable cause was the failure of the captain to maintain a safe altitude and airspeed when approaching to land on one engine after failure (or suspected failure) of the port engine.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1957
Aviation accidents and incidents in England
Accidents and incidents involving the Vickers VC.1 Viking
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
British Eagle accidents and incidents
1957 in England
1957 disasters in the United Kingdom
May 1957 in the United Kingdom
Technical Safety Authority of Saskatchewan. Technical Safety Authority of Saskatchewan is an arms length agency of the Government of Saskatchewan, responsible for the inspection and safety monitoring of boilers, pressure vessels, gas, electrical, plumbing, elevating devices and amusement park rides in the province. At its creation, 52 Licensing and Inspections Branch staff were transferred from the Ministry of Corrections, Public Safety and Policing.

See also
Canadian Standards Association
Technical Standards and Safety Authority - equivalent organization in Ontario

References

Saskatchewan government ministries and agencies
Organizations based in Regina, Saskatchewan
Organizations established in 2010
2010 establishments in Saskatchewan
2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket. The 2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket, or SCAR, was an American unguided rocket developed by the United States Navy during World War II and used for sub-caliber rocket training. Capable of simulating the aerial rockets then coming into operational service, the SCAR was used to train pilots in the use of the new type of weapon, and continued in service throughout the 1950s.

Development
With the introduction of the 3.5-Inch and 5-Inch Forward Firing Aircraft Rockets, a need arose to train aircraft pilots in the proper tactics for the use of the new weapons. This requirement resulted in the development of a dedicated training rocket by the U.S. Navy.

Designated 2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket, the resulting rocket was a joint project between the Bureau of Ordnance and the National Defense Research Committee. As its name implied, the rocket was designed as a sub-calibre weapon compared to the FFAR, being only  in diameter, but weighted to be ballistically similar to the larger operational weapons. Varying the amount of propellant in the SCAR's motor could produce accurate simulations of either type of FFAR's flight characteristics.

Operational history

Following development, SCAR entered full-scale production in January 1945; by July, fully half of the U.S. Navy's rocket production for aircraft use consisted of SCAR rockets. SCAR was widely used during the latter part of World War II as a training round for the FFAR and, later, the High Velocity Aircraft Rocket.

Following the end of the war, it remained in production, continuing in operational service throughout the 1950s. Budget cutbacks prior to the outbreak of the Korean War meant that the SCAR was the only rocket used in training by the majority of pilots.

Despite its small size, SCAR could be hazardous; in 1957, an injury aboard the aircraft carrier  was caused by the unintended ignition of a SCAR rocket. As recently as 2004, expended SCAR rockets were still occasionally being found in areas that had been used as bombing ranges during World War II.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Air-to-ground rockets of the United States
World War II weapons of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1940s
Papyrus Platform. The Papyrus Platform is a software platform for business communication and process management, developed by the Austrian software vendor ISIS Papyrus.

Architecture 
Papyrus Objects integration architecture is built with a meta-object model. It is SOA-compatible, has general messaging interfaces, and a freely definable user interface. it is used to create composite knowledge applications with front- and back-office collaboration. Based on the proprietary Papyrus Query Language (PQL) it fully implements the Content Management Interoperability Services (CMIS) standard as defined by OASIS, of which ISIS Papyrus is a foundational sponsor.

An evaluation conducted at the Technical University of Vienna assessed the agility of making changes to processes, reduced process cycle times and the provision of operational decision support among the strong points of a state-based process management approach.

Products 
It includes Adaptive Case Management (ACM), Enterprise Content Management (ECM), Business Process Management (BPM), Business Rules Management (BRM), and operational Business Intelligence (BI).

References

External links

Content management systems
Customer communications management
Methyl vinyl ether. Methyl vinyl ether is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3OCH=CH2. A colorless gas, it is the simplest enol ether. It is used as a synthetic building block, as is the related compound ethyl vinyl ether (a liquid at room temperature).

Preparation
Methyl vinyl ether can be made by reaction of acetylene and methanol in presence of a base.

Reactions
The alkene portion of the molecule is reactive in many ways. It is prone to polymerization, leading to formation of polyvinyl ethers. Polymerization is typically initiated with Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride. This mode of reactivity is analogous to the way vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride can be polymerized to form polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl chloride, respectively.

Methyl vinyl ether also participates in [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. Its reaction with acrolein is the first step in the commercial synthesis of glutaraldehyde.

The alkene can be deprotonated at the vinyl carbon adjacent to the oxygen. In particular, this approach allows the synthesis of a variety of acyl derivatives of silicon, germanium, and tin that cannot be made easily by other routes.

Toxicity
The toxicity of vinyl ethers has been heavily investigated because divinyl ether has been used as an anesthetic. The acute LD50 for methyl vinyl ether is greater than 4 g/kg (rats, oral).

References 

Ethers
Vinyl compounds
ABC 1600. The ABC 1600 was a personal computer from Luxor that was introduced in 1985. It was built around the Motorola 68008 processor, had  of memory and used the operating system ABCenix, a Unix-like system developed from DNIX.

The ABC 1600 used monochrome graphics with a display resolution of  and the screen could be turned 90° while in use depending on whether the user desired to work in standing (portrait) or horizontal (landscape) format. The hard disk had a capacity of 13 MB and the 5.25-inch floppy disk drive stored .

The ABC 1656 was a 1600 model with a hard disk capacity of  or  instead.

See also 
 ABC 80
 ABC 800

References

External links
 Photo – ABC 1600
 Details – ABC 1600

68k-based computers
Personal computers
UNIX System V
Computer-related introductions in 1985