omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thermomagnetic convection. Ferrofluids can be used to transfer heat, since heat and mass transport in such magnetic fluids can be controlled using an external magnetic field.

B. A. Finlayson first explained in 1970 (in his paper "Convective instability of ferromagnetic fluids", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 40:753-767) how an external magnetic field imposed on a ferrofluid with varying magnetic susceptibility, e.g., due to a temperature gradient, results in a nonuniform magnetic body force, which leads to thermomagnetic convection.  This form of heat transfer can be useful for cases where conventional convection fails to provide adequate heat transfer, e.g., in miniature microscale devices or under reduced gravity conditions.

Ozoe group has studied thermomagnetic convection both experimentally and numerically. They showed how to enhance, suppress, and invert the convection modes. They have also carried out scaling analysis for paramagnetic fluids in microgravity conditions.

A comprehensive review of thermomagnetic convection (in A. Mukhopadhyay, R. Ganguly, S. Sen, and I. K. Puri, "Scaling analysis to characterize thermomagnetic convection", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48:3485-3492, (2005)) also shows that this form of convection can be correlated with a dimensionless magnetic Rayleigh number. Subsequently, this group explained that fluid motion occurs due to a Kelvin body force with two terms. The first term can be treated as a magnetostatic pressure. In contrast, the second is important only if there is a spatial gradient of the fluid susceptibility, e.g., in a non-isothermal system. The colder fluid that has a larger magnetic susceptibility is attracted towards regions with larger field strength during thermomagnetic convection, which displaces warmer fluid of lower susceptibility. They showed that thermomagnetic convection can be correlated with a dimensionless magnetic Rayleigh number. Heat transfer due to this form of convection can be much more effective than buoyancy-induced convection for systems with small dimensions.

The ferrofluid magnetization depends on the local value of the applied magnetic field H and on the fluid magnetic susceptibility.  In a ferrofluid flow encompassing varying temperatures, the susceptibility is a function of the temperature. This produces a force that can be expressed in the Navier–Stokes or momentum equation governing fluid flow as the "Kelvin body force (KBF)". Recently, Kumar et.al  shed new light on the 20-plus year-old question of the appropriate tensor form of the Kelvin body force in Ferrofluids. 

The KBF creates a static pressure field that is symmetric about a magnet, e.g., a line dipole, that produces a curl-free force field, i.e., curl(ℑ) = 0 for constant temperature flow.  Such a symmetric field does not alter the velocity.  However, if the temperature distribution about the imposed magnetic field is asymmetric, so is the KBF in which case curl(ℑ) ≠ 0.  Such an asymmetric body force leads to ferrofluid motion across isotherms.

References

Convection
Magnetism
Continuum mechanics
Torrington and Marland Railway. The Torrington and Marland Railway was a  narrow gauge built to carry clay from the quarries at Clay Moor to Torrington in north Devon.

History 
The line was surveyed in 1879 by John Barraclough Fell who was also the consulting engineer to the nearby Pentewan Railway. Fell's survey was notable for its use of ten wooden viaducts, which were an unusual feature for a British railway.

The railway was a private line, built to serve clay traffic, but part of the agreement with the landowners over whose land it passed was that it would carry local passengers. Steam locomotives were used on both the main railway and the internal lines in the clay pits.

In 1925 the main line was replaced with a standard gauge branch of the North Devon and Cornwall Junction Light Railway. The Torrington and Marland was cut back to a 1½ mile stub and the internal quarry lines. These continued in use until 1971 when the line finally closed.

Locomotives

See also
 British narrow gauge railways
 Tarka Trail

References 

 The Torrington & Marland Light Railway - Rod Garner (Kestrel Railway Books)

3 ft gauge railways in England
Railway lines opened in 1880
Rail transport in Devon
Sunten. Sunten Electric Equipment Co., Ltd. is a S.A. manufacturing corporation of the People's Republic of China, founded in 1988 that specializes in electrical equipment for the power grid including  cast resin dry-type transformers, pre-fabricated substations, package substations, combined transformers, and switchgears. Its logo is composed with three intersecting chevrons with the three broad ends of their stripes opening skywards.

History
In 1988 Shunde Special Transformer Works was founded in Shunde, Guangdong, China. Shunde Special Transformer Works designed and produced the first cast-resin thin-insulation transformer of China in 1989 and was designated as the Nation's High-Tech Enterprise by the National Science Committee.

Awards
Outstanding Supplier for Three Gorges Project
2001 Manufacture of Machinery Industry in China
Management Model Enterprise of Statel Mechanical Industry Bureau
Promise-Keeping Certificate
Promise-Keeping Certificate for Last Ten Years
Guangdong Provincial User Satisfied Product Certificate
The Certificate for Key State Torch Planning Project
State Predominant New Product of Dry Type Transformer
Credible High & New Technology Enterprise Certificate
Statel High & New Technology Enterprise Certificate
Guangdong Famous Brand Certificate
Guangdong Name Brand Product Certificate
Top 10 Chinese Brand for Electrical Equipment Certificate
The First of Quality satisfaction and Brand Popularity
95 National Technology Reconstruction Outstanding Project in Dry Type Rectifying Transformer
WYBF1-35/10(6) Unmanned Prefabricated Substation
The Most Famous Brand in the Transformer Industry
Outstanding Supplier for State Electric Power Distribution Center Model Project
Outstanding Supplier of Line 2# of Guangzhou Metro Subway Project

References

Manufacturing companies of China
Geek Rhythms. Geek Rhythms is a rap music album conceived and funded by chemical engineer Rajeev Bajaj in 2004. Originally it was self-published, but is currently distributed by Hapi Skratch Entertainment of Loveland, Colorado and available on amazon.com.  It features lyrics extolling the engineering profession, like "I am an engineer/Respect my mind/So bow down when u see me down town", and engineering concepts like thermodynamic cycles, fluid mechanics and robotics.  Sales have been modest, many of them to educators who want to promote science and engineering. It has been listed in a database for STEM education.

References

Further reading

 (dictionary entry "geeksta rap")

External links 
Rajeev Bajaj's blog

2004 albums
Jed the Humanoid. "Jed the Humanoid" is a song on the 2000 album The Sophtware Slump released by the Modesto, California indie-rock band Grandaddy. The song is a eulogy for Jeddy 3, an android who drinks himself to death after his creators neglect him, and is taken to be central to the nature versus technology parable of the band's second album. A music reviewer for The Guardian, Dorian Lynskey, called it "the saddest robot song ever written."

Songwriter Jason Lytle explained that much like Modesto's famous former resident, George Lucas, growing up "he had nothing better to do than dream up robots."

In the song, the inventors of the bona fide thinking, feeling robot lament leaving town and returning to find that Jed has raided the liquor cabinet and killed himself.

"Jed is a mechanical martyr with a message," said Lytle. "And his message is that alcohol and electronics do not mix."

The character of Jed also appears in three other songs by Grandaddy: Jed's Other Poem (Beautiful Ground) from the same album, in the song Jeddy 3's Poem from the EP Signal to Snow Ratio, and in the song Jed the 4th (which deals with Jed's alcoholic son) from the album Last Place.

Personnel
Jason Lytle - vocals, instrumental performance

References

2000 songs
Fictional humanoid robots
Fictional robots
Songs about suicide
Songs about depression
Songs about death
Songs about alcohol
Songs about robots
Songs about fictional male characters
 Grandaddy songs
Optics Express. Optics Express is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Optica. It was established in 1997. The journal reports on scientific and technology innovations in all aspects of optics and photonics. The Energy Express supplement reports research on the science and engineering of light and its impact on sustainable energy development, the environment, and green technologies. The editor-in-chief is James Leger (University of Minnesota).

References

External links 
 

Open access journals
Optics journals
Optica (society) academic journals
Academic journals established in 1997
Biweekly journals
Online-only journals
English-language journals
IBM System/360 Model 22. The IBM System/360 Model 22 was an IBM mainframe from the System/360 line.

History
The Model 22 was a cut-down (economy) version of the Model 30 computer, aimed at bolstering the low end of the range.

The 360/22 was announced less than a year after the June 22, 1970 withdrawal of the 360/30, and it lasted six and a half years, from April 7, 1971, to October 7, 1977.

Comparisons

Models
Only 2 models were offered: 24K or 32K of memory.

Notes

References

System 360 Model 22
Hankinson's equation. Hankinson's equation (also called Hankinson's formula or Hankinson's criterion) is a mathematical relationship for predicting the off-axis uniaxial compressive strength of wood.  The formula can also be used to compute the fiber stress or the stress wave velocity at the elastic limit as a function of grain angle in wood.   For a wood that has uniaxial compressive strengths of  parallel to the grain and  perpendicular to the grain, Hankinson's equation predicts that the uniaxial compressive strength of the wood in a direction at an angle  to the grain is given by

Even though the original relation was based on studies of spruce, Hankinson's equation has been found to be remarkably accurate for many other types of wood.  A generalized form of the Hankinson formula has also been used for predicting the uniaxial tensile strength of wood at an angle to the grain.  This formula has the form

where the exponent  can take values between 1.5 and 2.

The stress wave velocity at angle  to the grain at the elastic limit can similarly be obtained from the Hankinson formula

where  is the velocity parallel to the grain,  is the velocity perpendicular to the grain and  is the grain angle.

See also 

 Material failure theory
 Linear elasticity
 Hooke's law
 Orthotropic material
 Transverse isotropy

References

Materials science
Solid mechanics
Equations
Vityaz. Vityaz may refer to:
 Bogatyr, a folk or epic hero in Slavic culture

Aircraft and spacecraft
Vityaz, the call sign of spacecraft Soyuz TM-14
Russky Vityaz, an aircraft built by Igor Sikorsky in 1913

Ships
 , a Bogatyr class screw corvette
 , which circumnavigated the world under the command of Stepan Makarov
 , a Soviet research vessel in service 1949-79, now a museum ship
 , a Russian tanker reportedly used to supply North Korea with petroleum

Military
Vityaz (MVD), a Russian Spetsnaz (special forces) unit 
Vityaz (ATV), a Russian all-terrain vehicle
S-350 Vityaz, a Russian surface-to-air missile defense system
Vityaz-SN, a Russian 9mm Parabellum submachine-gun

Sport
FC Vityaz Podolsk, a football club in Podolsk, Russia
Vityaz Ice Palace, an ice arena in Podolsk, Russia
Vityaz Chekhov, a professional ice hockey team in Chekhov, Moscow Oblast, formerly in Podolsk, Russia

Other uses
Vityaz, a historical association in the Soviet Union, precursor of Pamyat
Machine engineering company 'Vityaz', a tracked amphibious vehicle manufacturer
Vityaz' frostfish, the common name of Benthodesmus vityazi, a species of cutlassfish
Vitiaz Strait, between Long Island and New Guinea
Vitiaz languages, a group of Austronesian languages
71-931 "Vityaz", three-section tram cars of 71-931 and 71-931М ("Vityaz-M") models produced on  LLC "PC Transport Systems"
Society of Television Lighting and Design. The STLD was established on 30 October 1974 as the Society of Television Lighting Directors to promote discussion on techniques and the use and design of equipment in the field of television production, and at its 35th AGM in March 2009 it became the Society of Television Lighting and Design.

With no union affiliations it is recognised as a platform for open discussion and demonstration of the craft  — and is run as a non-profit making organisation by an elected committee of volunteers for the benefit of its members.

Activities
Professional meetings are organised throughout the UK and abroad, on techniques, equipment and related subjects - and technical information together with news of members and their activities, are published three times per year in the Society's magazine Set and Light - making these meetings and magazine, together with the STLD website a recognised international resource  of information for the television lighting and design industry.

Membership
There are various levels of membership of the Society:

 A Full Member of the STLD is someone who is, or has been, engaged in the direction and design of the creative aspect of television lighting or design.

and affiliates may join as:

 A Student Member — someone studying the above on a recognised course and valid during the student's training period — this attracts a lower subscription fee - as do the rates for:
 Retired Member
 Overseas Member

 The STLD also welcomes companies associated with the television industry to become Sponsor Members of the Society.

Set and Light
Set and Light is the journal of the society, published three times per year and reporting on its events and the activities of members and sponsors. The publication was formerly known as Television Lighting and then TV Lighting and Design.

The magazine was started in 1974. Its editor has been Emma Thorpe since 2012.

References

External links
Official STLD website

Television organisations in the United Kingdom
Entertainment industry societies
Television Lighting and Design
Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom
1974 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1974
Earthquake scenario. Earthquake scenario is a planning tool to determine the appropriate emergency responses or building systems in areas exposed to earthquake hazards.  It uses the basics of seismic hazard studies, but usually places a set earthquake on a specific fault, most likely near a high-population area.  Most scenarios relate directly to urban seismic risk, and seismic risk in general.

Some earthquake scenarios follow some of the latest methodologies from the nuclear industry, namely a Seismic Margin Assessment (SMA). In the process, a Review Level Earthquake (RLE) is chosen that challenges the system, has a reasonable probability, and is not totally overwhelming.

Scenarios have been developed for Seattle, New York City, and many of the faults in California.  In general, areas west of the Rockies use urban earthquakes of M7 (moment magnitude), and eastern cities use an M6.

Some eastern cities do not have an earthquake scenario.  As an example, the Greater Toronto area in Ontario, Canada has a local seismicity with about as much a chance for an M6 as most of the moderate earthquake zones of Eastern North America (ENA), including New York City.  As seen on the map, the RLE would be an M6 located in the western end of Lake Ontario. It could be suspected that the damage would follow the New York City scenario, with extensive damage to lifelines, and brick buildings on soft ground.

Notes

External links
Infrastructure Risk Research Project at The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 

Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation
Disaster preparedness
Appia (software). Appia is a free and open-source layered communication toolkit implemented in Java, and licensed under the Apache License, version 2.0. It was born in the University of Lisbon, Portugal, by the DIALNP research group that is hosted in the LaSIGE research unit.

Components
Appia is composed by a core that is used to compose protocols, and a set of protocols that provide group communication, ordering guaranties, atomic broadcast, among other properties.

Core
The Appia core offers a clean way for the application to express inter-channel constraints. This feature is obtained as an extension to the functionality provided by current systems. Thus, Appia retains a flexible and modular design that allows communication stacks to be composed and reconfigured in run-time.

Protocols
The existing protocols include interface with TCP and UDP sockets, virtual synchrony, several implementations of total order, causal order, among others.

See also 

 Protocol stack

References

External links
 

Inter-process communication
Phazotron-NIIR. JSC Phazotron-NIIR (Phazotron-NIIR, ) is Russia's largest developer of military radars and avionics. Named after one of its major projects, the first cosmotron in the former-USSR, it was formed in June 1917 to produce aviation instruments. Its main office is located in Moscow and it has 25 affiliated companies, branches and separate units in Moscow and other cities in Russia and Belarus. It employs an estimated 5000 employees.  During the Soviet era, it was commonly known as the Scientific Research Institute of Radar, NII Radar or NIIR (Not to be confused with NII Radio, also NIIR).

One of its former chief designers was Adolf Tolkachev, who became an American spy and over the years between 1979 and 1985, supplied a great deal of information about such projects R-23, R-24, R-33, R-27, and R-60, S-300, as well as about fighter-interceptor aircraft radars used on MiG-29, MiG-31, and Su-27 and other avionics directly to the CIA.

The main competitor of Phazotron in the former Soviet Union and Russia is the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design, or NIIP, and both design houses were briefly joined but then separated again.

Products 
Phazotron builds radars and radar weapon and defense control systems for aircraft, gun-missile ground-based and ship-borne air defense systems. Phazotron also builds radars for space vehicles. In addition to its military products, Phazotron also develops weather radars and civil products.

Radars
N010 Zhuk Airborne Radar.
N007 Zaslon Airborne Radar.

See also

Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design
Vega Radio Engineering Corporation
Aviadvigatel

References

External links 
 

Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Defence companies of the Soviet Union
Aerospace companies of Russia
Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies
Companies based in Moscow
Electronics companies of the Soviet Union
Radar manufacturers
Maestrale-class destroyer. The Maestrale class were a group of destroyers built for the  (Royal Italian Navy) and served in World War II. They formed the basis for subsequent Italian destroyer designs; the  and es.

Design and description
The Maestrale-class destroyers were a completely new design intended to rectify the stability problems of the preceding . They had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of . The ships had a beam of  and a mean draft of  and  at deep load. They displaced  at normal load, and  at deep load. Their complement during wartime was 190 officers and enlisted men.

The Maestrales were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam supplied by a trio of three-drum boilers. The turbines were designed to produce  and a speed of  in service, although they reached speeds of  during their sea trials while lightly loaded. The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of  at a speed of  and  at a speed of .

Their main battery consisted of four 50-caliber  guns in two twin-gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. Amidships were a pair of 15-caliber 120-millimeter star shell guns. Anti-aircraft (AA) defense for the Maestrale-class ships was provided by four  machine guns. They were equipped with six  torpedo tubes in two triple mounts amidships. Although the ships were not provided with a sonar system for anti-submarine work, they were fitted with a pair of depth charge throwers. The Maestrales could carry 56 mines.

Ships
  (North-West wind)
Built by CT Riva Trigoso,
completed 2 September 1934.
Damaged by a mine on 9 January 1943, she was scuttled on 9 September 1943 during the Italian Armistice while being repaired in Genoa.
  (North-East wind)
Built by CNR Ancona,
completed 15 November 1934.
She survived the war and served in the Marina Militare until 1964.
  (South-West wind)
Built by CNR Ancona,
Laid down 29 Sep 1931
Launched 4 July 1934
completed 23 November 1934.
She was sunk on 9 November 1941 by the British submarine .
  (South-East wind)
Built by CT Riva Trigoso,
Completed 21 October 1934.
Sunk in a storm following the Second Battle of Sirte on 23 March 1942, with only two survivors among the 236-strong crew.

Notes

Bibliography

External links
page from Uboat.net
 Maestrale-class destroyer Marina Militare website

 
Destroyer classes
Destroyers of the Regia Marina
Iris WorkSpace. The IRIS WorkSpace was a graphically organized iconic desktop environment that allowed access to the IRIX file system, along with simplified system administration via the system manager. The IRIS WorkSpace was used by Silicon Graphics from 4D1-3.0 - IRIX 5.0. It was succeeded in 1993 by the Indigo Magic Desktop introduced with IRIX 5.1 and the Indy workstation.

References

Desktop environments
Silicon Graphics
Height Modernization. Height Modernization is the name of a series of state-by-state programs recently begun by the United States' National Geodetic Survey, a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The goal of each state program is to place GPS base stations at various locations within each participating state to measure topographic changes in the directions of latitude and longitude caused by subsidence or earthquakes, as well as to measure changes in height (elevation).

References

 Arizona Height Modernization – Arizona Geographic Information Council 
 Texas Height Modernization – Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi

Geodesy