omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Electronic document. An electronic document is a document that can be sent in non-physical means, such as telex, email, and the internet. Originally, any computer data were considered as something internal—the final data output was always on paper. However, the development of computer networks has made it so that in most cases it is much more convenient to distribute electronic documents than printed ones. The improvements in electronic visual display technologies made it possible to view documents on a screen instead of printing them (thus saving paper and the space required to store the printed copies).
However, using electronic documents for the final presentation instead of paper has created the problem of multiple incompatible file formats. Even plain text computer files are not free from this problem—e.g. under MS-DOS, most programs could not work correctly with UNIX-style text files (see newline), and for non-English speakers, the different code pages always have been a source of trouble.

Even more problems are connected with complex file formats of various word processors, spreadsheets, and graphics software. To alleviate the problem, many software companies distribute free file viewers for their proprietary file formats (one example is Adobe's Acrobat Reader). The other solution is the development of standardized non-proprietary file formats (such as HTML and OpenDocument), and electronic documents for specialized uses have specialized formats—the specialized electronic articles in physics use TeX or PostScript.

See also
Digital era governance
Digital library
Digital media
E-government
Ebook
Electronic paper
Electronic publishing
Paperless office

References

External links

What is a digital document
Digital Imaging Frequent Questions 
From ETSI
Masahiro Mori (roboticist). was a Japanese roboticist noted for his pioneering work in the fields of robotics and automation, his research achievements in humans' emotional responses to non-human entities, as well as for his views on religion. The ASIMO robot was designed by one of Masahiro's students.

Life and career
In 1970, Mori published "Bukimi No Tani" (不気味の谷 The Uncanny Valley) in Energy. The article forwarded the hypothesis that as robots become more humanlike, they appear more familiar until a point is reached at which subtle imperfections of appearance make them look eerie. The observation led Mori to the belief that robot builders should not attempt to make their creations overly lifelike in appearance and motion.

In 1974, Mori published The Buddha in the Robot: a Robot Engineer's Thoughts on Science and Religion in which he discussed the metaphysical implications of robotics. In the book, he wrote "I believe robots have the buddha-nature within them--that is, the potential for attaining buddhahood."

In 1988, Mori founded the first nationwide robot-building competition in Japan and widely promoted robot competitions in the years since then. Of Robocon, Mori said, "When we lose ourselves in an activity, we become creative, friendly and funny. Think of how children are when they are playing. They are completely absorbed in the game; their eyes shine and they are all smiles. They're into the game, not themselves. That's the message of Robocon, too: To not be self-centered, but to love others and share the joy of creating wonderful things."

Mori was later president of the Mukta Research Institute, which he founded in Tokyo in order to promote his views on religion and robots. The institute also provides consultation on the use of automation and robotics in industry. Mori died on 12 January 2025, at the age of 97.

References

External links
 Mori, M. (1970/2012). The uncanny valley (K. F. MacDorman & N. Kageki, Trans.). IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 19(2), 98–100. 
 Mori, M. (2005). On the uncanny valley. Proceedings of the Humanoids-2005 workshop: Views of the Uncanny Valley. 5 December 2005, Tsukuba, Japan.
 Mori, Masahiro: Das unheimliche Tal. Übersetzung aus dem Japanischen: MacDorman, Karl F.; Schwind, Valentin. in: Haensch, Konstantin Daniel; Nelke, Lara; Planitzer, Matthias (Hrsg.): Uncanny Interfaces. Textem Verlag, Hamburg 2019. S. 212–219, . 

1927 births
2025 deaths
20th-century Buddhists
21st-century Buddhists
Japanese Buddhists
Japanese roboticists
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Artificial intelligence ethicists
Mean time to recovery. Mean time to recovery (MTTR) is the average time that a device will take to recover from any failure. Examples of such devices range from self-resetting fuses (where the MTTR would be very short, probably seconds), to whole systems which have to be repaired or replaced.

The MTTR would usually be part of a maintenance contract, where the user would pay more for a system MTTR of which was 24 hours, than for one of, say, 7 days. This does not mean the supplier is guaranteeing to have the system up and running again within 24 hours (or 7 days) of being notified of the failure. It does mean the average repair time will tend towards 24 hours (or 7 days). A more useful maintenance contract measure is the maximum time to recovery which can be easily measured and the supplier held accountably.

Note that some suppliers will interpret MTTR to mean 'mean time to respond' and others will take it to mean 'mean time to replace/repair/recover/resolve'. The former indicates that the supplier will acknowledge a problem and initiate mitigation within a certain timeframe. Some systems may have an MTTR of zero, which means that they have redundant components which can take over the instant the primary one fails, see RAID for example. However, the failed device involved in this redundant configuration still needs to be returned to service and hence the device itself has a non-zero MTTR even if the system as a whole (through redundancy) has an MTTR of zero. But, as long as service is maintained, this is a minor issue.

See also
 Mean time to repair
 Mean time between failures
 Mean down time
 Service-level agreement

References 

Disaster recovery
Failure
Reliability engineering
List of escort carriers of the United States Navy. The United States Navy had a sizable fleet of escort aircraft carriers during World War II and the early Cold War era that followed.

Historical overview
Prior to the creation of the escort carrier hull classification symbol (CVE) on 15 July 1943, these ships were designated as Auxiliary aircraft escort vessels (AVG) until 20 August 1942 and then Auxiliary aircraft carriers (ACV).

These ships were both quicker and cheaper to build than larger fleet carriers and were built in great numbers to serve as a stop-gap measure when fleet carriers were too few. However, they were usually too slow to keep up with naval task forces and would typically be assigned to amphibious operations, often seen in the Pacific War's island hopping campaign, or to convoy protection in the war in the Atlantic. 

To that end, many of these ships were transferred to the Royal Navy as part of the US-UK lend-lease program. Note that many of the lower-numbered carriers were transferred to the Royal Navy, where they received new names but retained their original BAVG hull symbols.  The new names are mentioned in each article individually. While some of these ships were kept for a time in reserve after the war, none survive today, as they have all since been sunk or retired and scrapped. The following are the classes and stand-alone ships of the US Navy's escort carriers:

See also
 List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
 List of aircraft carrier classes of the United States Navy
 List of United States Navy ships
  - abbreviated list
  - detailed list
 List of aircraft carriers
 List of aircraft carriers in service
 Timeline for aircraft carrier service
 List of aircraft carriers by configuration
 List of sunken aircraft carriers
 List of amphibious warfare ships
 List of escort aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy
 List of seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy

Notes and references

 The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, by James C. Fahey, Associate, United States Naval Institute, 1945 (Victory Edition)

United States
 
Aircraft carriers, escort
Alexandre Julliard. Alexandre Julliard (born 1970) is a computer programmer who is best known as the project leader for Wine, a compatibility layer to run Microsoft Windows programs on Unix-like operating systems.

Julliard studied computer science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. He spent most of the 1990s working on embedded systems. He now works full-time on Wine for CodeWeavers.

Julliard enjoys astronomy and lives in Lausanne, Switzerland.

References

External links
OSNews interview, October 2001 - Interview with WINE's Alexandre Julliard - posted by Eugenia Loli-Queru on Mon 29th Oct 2001 17:25 UTC
Wine HQ - WWN Issue #348:Wine Newsletter interview regarding Wine 1.0 release (6/18/2008)
Wine HQ - WWN Issue #336:Wine Newsletter Interview with Mr. Alexandre Julliard (12/24/2007)
YouTube video of: WINE Conference 2007 Keynote speech by Alexandre Julliard(October 7, 2007)

1970 births
Living people
Swiss computer programmers
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Chief technology officers
Free software programmers
Linux people
Stippling. Stippling is the creation of a pattern simulating varying degrees of solidity or shading by using small dots. Such a pattern may occur in nature and these effects are frequently emulated by artists.

Art

In printmaking, stipple engraving is a technique using flicks of the burin to build up the image in short lines or dots, often combined with conventional linear engraving. In engraved glass a similar stipple technique has often been popular.

In a drawing or painting, the dots are made of pigment of a single colour, applied with a pen or brush; the denser the dots, the darker the apparent shade—or lighter, if the pigment is lighter than the surface.  This is similar to—but distinct from—pointillism, which uses dots of different colours to simulate blended colours.

Botany

In description of flora species, a stippling is a kind of pattern, especially in the case of flowering plants, produced in nature that occur on flower petals and sepals. These are similar to the dot patterns in artworks that produce an often intricate pattern. An example can be seen on the base of the petal insides of Calochortus luteus, a lily endemic to California.

Other uses
In forensic science, stippling refers to a pattern of gunshot residue burned into the skin that results from close proximity to a discharged firearm.

In gunsmithing, stippling is used to engrave patterns on the firearm's grip to provide a more solid grip by creating more friction. This modification is done only on pistols with polymer frames since they have one-piece frames and solid grips, while steel-framed pistols usually have a hollow grip with textured grip scales to provide friction. If the user is willing to take the possibility of failing the procedure and getting permanent, unwanted results they can stipple their own pistols since the procedure only requires either a soldering iron or a small, handheld rotary tool with burr bits.

See also

 Dithering
 Pointillism

References

External links
 

Artistic techniques
Illustration
Fresno scraper. The Fresno scraper is a machine pulled by horses used for constructing canals and ditches in sandy soil. The design of the Fresno scraper forms the basis of most modern earthmoving scrapers, having the ability to scrape and move a quantity of soil, and also to discharge it at a controlled depth, thus quadrupling the volume which could be handled manually.

History 

The Fresno scraper was invented in 1883 by James Porteous. Working with farmers in Fresno, California, he had recognised the dependence of the Central San Joaquin Valley on irrigation, and the need for a more efficient means of constructing canals and ditches in the sandy soil. In perfecting the design of his machine, Porteous made several revisions on his own and also traded ideas with  William Deidrick, Frank Dusy, and Abijah McCall, who invented and held patents on similar scrapers. Porteous bought the patents held by Deidrick, Dusy, and McCall, gaining sole rights to the Fresno Scraper.

Prior scrapers pushed the soil ahead of them, while the Fresno scraper lifted it into a C-shaped bowl where it could be dragged along with much less friction.  By lifting the handle, the operator could cause the scraper to bite deeper.  Once soil was gathered, the handle could be lowered to raise the blade off the ground so it could be dragged to a low spot, and dumped by raising the handle very high.

Impact 
This design was so revolutionary and economical that it influenced the design of modern bulldozer blades and earth movers.

Between 1884 and 1910, thousands of Fresno scrapers were produced at the Fresno Agricultural Works, which had been formed by Porteous and used in agriculture, land leveling, road and railroad grading, and the construction industry. They played a vital role in the construction of the Panama Canal and later served the US Army in World War I.

It was one of the most important agricultural and civil engineering machines ever made. In 1991, the Fresno Scraper was designated as an International Historic Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. It is currently displayed at the San Joaquin County Historical Society & Museum.

See also 

 Wheel tractor-scraper

External links 
 
 
 Designation of the Fresno Scraper as an Engineering Landmark

19th-century inventions
American inventions
Engineering vehicles
Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks
Scottish inventions
Soil
Lou Montulli. Louis J. Montulli II (best known as Lou Montulli) is a computer programmer who is well known for his work in producing web browsers. In 1991 and 1992, he co-authored a text web browser called Lynx, with Michael Grobe and Charles Rezac, while he was at the University of Kansas. This web browser was one of the first available and is still in use today.

Career
In 1994, he became a founding engineer of Netscape Communications and programmed the networking code for the first versions of the Netscape web browser. He was also responsible for several browser innovations, such as HTTP cookies, the blink element, server push and client pull, HTTP proxying, and encouraging the implementation of animated GIFs into the browser. While at Netscape, he also was a founding member of the HTML working group at the W3C and was a contributing author of the HTML 3.2 specification. He is one of only six inductees in the World Wide Web Hall of Fame announced at the First International Conference on the World-Wide Web in 1994.

In 1998, he became a founding engineer of Epinions which is now a Shopping.com company.

In 2002, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

In 2004, he became co-founder and CEO of Memory Matrix, which was acquired by Shutterfly Inc. in May 2005. Montulli served as Vice President of Client Engineering at Shutterfly through the summer of 2007.

In 2008, he became co-founder of Zetta.net, a cloud storage company.

In 2015, he joined JetInsight as co-founder and CTO.

In 2022, he was recognized among Hidden Heroes for his significant technology contribution, including the HTTP cookie and Lynx.

Ongoing projects
While working on the Netscape browser, Montulli built the Fishcam, one of the earliest live image websites (ie. live as in broadcasting), famously built into early versions of the Netscape browser as the Fishcam Easter egg. The company Netscape hosted this fishcam until long after they were no longer Netscape. After a short hiatus, in 2009 it found a new host; it is still one of the longest (nearly) continuously running live websites.

See also
 List of programmers

References

External links
 Where cookies come from - DominoPower Magazine.
 HNSource History Montulli's first conversion to HTML page for WWW-VL

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Netscape people
University of Kansas alumni
American computer programmers
Netscape
White metal. The white metals are a series of often decorative bright metal alloys used as a base for plated silverware, ornaments or novelties, as well as any of several lead-based or tin-based alloys used for things like bearings, jewellery, miniature figures, fusible plugs, some medals and metal type.  The term is also used in the antiques trade for an item suspected of being silver, but not hallmarked.

A white metal alloy may include antimony, tin, lead, cadmium, bismuth, and  zinc (some of which are quite toxic). Not all of these metals are found in all white metal alloys. Metals are mixed to achieve a desired goal or need. As an example, a base metal for jewellery needs to be castable, polishable, have good flow characteristics, have the ability to cast fine detail without an excessive amount of porosity and cast at between .

Silver
In compliance with British law, the British fine art trade uses the term "white metal" in auction catalogues to describe foreign silver items which do not carry British Assay Office hallmarks, but which are nonetheless understood to be silver and are priced accordingly.

Tin-lead and tin-copper alloys

Tin-lead and tin-copper alloys such as Babbitt metal have a low melting point, which is ideal for use as solder, but these alloys also have ideal characteristics for plain bearings. Most importantly for bearings, the material should be hard and wear-resistant and have a low coefficient of friction. It must also be shock-resistant, tough and sufficiently ductile to allow for slight misalignment prior to running-in.

Pure metals are soft, tough and ductile, with a high coefficient of friction. Intermetallic compounds are hard and wear-resistant but brittle. By themselves, they do not make ideal bearing materials.

Alloys consist of small particles of a hard compound embedded in the tough, ductile background of a solid solution. In service, the latter can wear away slightly, leaving the hard compound to carry the load. That wear also provides channels to allow in lubricant (oils).  All bearing metals contain antimony (Sb), which forms hard cubic crystals.

Applications 
White metals are commonly used in bearings and bushings because of their high load-bearing capacity and self-lubricating properties, which reduce friction and extend the lifespan of these components. In the automotive industry, they are found in engine components like piston rings and connecting rods. Additionally, white metal is popular in jewellery and decorative items due to its cost-effectiveness and ability to mimic more expensive metals like silver. In the printing industry, white metal alloys were historically used to cast typefaces.

See also

 Britannia metal
 Nickel silver
 Pewter
 Pot metal
 Punchcutting
 Spelter
 Wood's metal
 Zamak

References

Alloys
Bearings (mechanical)
ECos. The Embedded Configurable Operating System (eCos) is a free and open-source real-time operating system intended for embedded systems and applications which need only one process with multiple threads. It is designed to be customizable to precise application requirements of run-time performance and hardware needs. It is implemented in the programming languages C and C++ and has compatibility layers and application programming interfaces for Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) and The Real-time Operating system Nucleus (TRON) variant μITRON. eCos is supported by popular SSL/TLS libraries such as wolfSSL, thus meeting all standards for embedded security.

Design 
eCos was designed for devices with memory sizes in the range of a few tens or several hundred kilobytes, or for applications with real-time requirements.

eCos runs on a wide variety of hardware platforms, including ARM, CalmRISC, FR-V, Hitachi H8, IA-32, Motorola 68000, Matsushita AM3x, MIPS, NEC V850, Nios II, PowerPC, SPARC, and SuperH.

The eCos distribution includes RedBoot, an open source application that uses the eCos hardware abstraction layer to provide bootstrap firmware for embedded systems.

History
eCos was initially developed in 1997 by Cygnus Solutions which was later bought by Red Hat. In early 2002, Red Hat ceased development of eCos and laid off the staff of the project. Many of the laid-off staff continued to work on eCos and some formed their own companies providing services for the software. In January 2004, at the request of the eCos developers, Red Hat agreed to transfer the eCos copyrights to the Free Software Foundation in October 2005, a process finally completed in May 2008.

Non-free versions
The eCosPro real-time operating system is a commercial fork of eCos created by eCosCentric which incorporates proprietary software components. It is claimed as a "stable, fully tested, certified and supported version", with additional features that are not released as free software. On Pi Day 2017, eCosCentric announced they had ported eCosPro to all of the Raspberry Pi models, with demonstrations at the Embedded World trade fair in Nuremberg (Germany) and releases free for non-commercial uses to follow.

See also

Comparison of open-source operating systems

References

External links
 

ARM operating systems
Embedded operating systems
Free software operating systems
MIPS operating systems
Real-time operating systems
X86 operating systems
Xenon hexafluoroplatinate. Xenon hexafluoroplatinate is the product of the reaction of platinum hexafluoride with xenon, in an experiment that proved the chemical reactivity of the noble gases. This experiment was performed by Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia, who formulated the product as "Xe+[PtF6]−", although subsequent work suggests that Bartlett's product was probably a salt mixture and did not in fact contain this specific salt.

Preparation
"Xenon hexafluoroplatinate" is prepared from xenon and platinum hexafluoride (PtF6) as gaseous solutions in SF6. The reactants are combined at 77 K and slowly warmed to allow for a controlled reaction.

Structure
The material described originally as "xenon hexafluoroplatinate" is probably not Xe+[PtF6]−. The main problem with this formulation is "Xe+", which would be a radical and would dimerize or abstract a fluorine atom to give XeF+. Thus, Bartlett discovered that Xe undergoes chemical reactions, but the nature and purity of his initial mustard yellow product remains uncertain. Further work indicates that Bartlett's product probably contained [XeF]+[PtF5]−, [XeF]+[Pt2F11]−, and [Xe2F3]+[PtF6]−. The title "compound" is a salt, consisting of an octahedral anionic fluoride complex of platinum and various xenon cations.

It has been proposed that the platinum fluoride forms a negatively charged polymeric network with xenon or xenon fluoride cations held in its interstices. A preparation of "XePtF6" in HF solution results in a solid which has been characterized as a  polymeric network associated with XeF+. This result is evidence for such a polymeric structure of xenon hexafluoroplatinate.

History

In 1962, Neil Bartlett discovered that a mixture of platinum hexafluoride gas and oxygen formed a red solid. The red solid turned out to be dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate,  Bartlett noticed that the ionization energy for O2 (1175 kJ mol−1) was very close to the ionization energy for Xe (1170 kJ mol−1). He then asked his colleagues to give him some xenon "so that he could try out some reactions", whereupon he established that xenon indeed reacts with PtF6. Although, as discussed above, the product was probably a mixture of several compounds, Bartlett's work was the first proof that compounds could be prepared from a noble gas. Since Bartlett's observation, many well-defined compounds of xenon have been reported including XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6.

See also
Hexafluoroplatinate

References

Xenon compounds
Fluorides
Nonmetal halides
Coordination complexes
Platinum compounds
Fluorometallates