omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Alpha strike (engineering). Alpha strike is a term referring to the event when an alpha particle, a composite charged particle composed of two protons and two neutrons, enters a computer and modifies the data or operation of a component in the computer.

Alpha strikes can disturb the silicon substrate of the transistors in a computer through their electronic stopping power, causing the transistor to flip states if the charge imparted by the strike crosses a critical threshold (QCrit). This, in turn, can corrupt the information stored by that transistor and create a cascading effect on the operation of the component that encases it.

History 
The first widely recognized radiation-generated error in a computer was the appearance of random errors in the Intel 4k 2107 DRAM in the late 1970s. This problem was investigated by Timothy C. Mays and Murray H. Woods, who (in 1979) reported that the errors were caused by alpha decay from trace amounts of uranium and thorium induced in the seminal paper surrounding the chip. 

Since then, there have been multiple incidents of computer errors due to radiation, including error reports from computers onboard spacecraft, corrupted data from voting machines, and crashes on computers onboard aircraft.

According to a study from Hughes Aircraft Company, anomalies in satellite communication attributed to galactic cosmic radiation is on the order of (3.1×10−3) transistors per year. This rate is an estimate of the number of noticeable cascading errors in communication between satellites per satellite.

Modern Impact 
Alpha strikes are limiting the computing capabilities of computers onboard high-altitude vehicles as the energy an alpha particle imparts on the transistors of a computer is far more consequential for smaller transistors. As a result, computers with smaller transistors and higher computing capability are more prone to errors and crashes than computers with larger transistors.

One potential solution for optimizing the performance of computers onboard spacecraft while limiting the number of errors in the computer is the use of radiation protection. There a numerous materials under consideration as radiation shields, each with its own tradeoff between cost, weight, thermal diffusivity, and signal permittivity. One potential solution being explored by scientists and engineers is hydrogenated carbon nanofibers, a material that is light and can absorb alpha strikes through its internal structure.

See also 

 Alpha decay
 Cosmic ray
 Satellite
 Radiation protection

References 

Radiation effects
Computer engineering
Proaftn. Proaftn is a fuzzy classification method that belongs to the class of supervised learning algorithms. The acronym Proaftn stands for: (PROcédure d'Affectation Floue pour la problématique du Tri Nominal), which means in English: Fuzzy Assignment Procedure for Nominal Sorting.
 
The method enables to determine the fuzzy indifference relations by generalizing the indices (concordance and discordance) used in the ELECTRE III method. To determine the fuzzy indifference relations, PROAFTN uses the general scheme of the discretization technique described in, that establishes a set of pre-classified cases called a training set.

To resolve the classification problems, Proaftn proceeds by the following stages:

Stage 1. Modeling of classes: In this stage, the prototypes of the classes are conceived using the two following steps:

Step 1. Structuring: The prototypes and their parameters (thresholds, weights, etc.) are established using the available knowledge given by the expert.
Step 2. Validation: We use one of the two following techniques in order to validate or adjust the parameters obtained in the first step through the assignment  examples known as a training set.
 
Direct technique: It consists in adjusting the parameters through the training set and with the expert intervention.

Indirect technique: It consists in fitting the parameters without the expert intervention as used in machine learning approaches. 
   
In multicriteria classification problem, the indirect technique is known as preference disaggregation analysis. This technique requires less cognitive effort than the former technique; it uses an automatic method to determine the optimal parameters, which minimize the classification errors.
  
Furthermore, several heuristics and metaheuristics were used to learn the multicriteria classification method Proaftn.

Stage 2. Assignment: After conceiving the prototypes, Proaftn proceeds to assign the new objects to specific classes.

References

External links 
 Site dedicated to the sorting problematic of MCDA

Machine learning
Statistical classification
Remote center compliance. In robotics, a remote center compliance, remote center of compliance or RCC is a mechanical device that facilitates automated assembly by preventing peg-like objects from jamming when they are inserted into a hole with tight clearance. In a naive design without an RCC, a robot might pick up a peg with its gripper, center the peg over the hole, and then push the peg along the axis of the hole. If the peg is perfectly aligned and centered, it would then slide into the hole. However, if the peg's alignment or centering is slightly off, the peg contacts one side of the hole first and the peg's tip experiences a lateral force. As the robot's gripper is not perfectly stiff, the peg will tend to rotate about an axis in the plane of the gripper's fingers, called the center of compliance. Such a rotation further misaligns the peg, increasing the lateral force and causing more rotation, resulting in a jam that prevents the insertion from being completed.

The RCC changes the way the peg responds to a lateral force at its tip. The RCC is typically placed between the robot's wrist and the gripper, though it can be built into the gripper itself. The RCC lets the gripper assembly move in the plane perpendicular to the peg's axis, allowing the peg to rotate about an axis in the plane of the top of the hole, effectively moving the center of compliance from the gripper to the hole. With the RCC, the forces generated by any misalignment move the peg in a way that corrects the problem, rather than exacerbates it.

References
 Fundamentals of Robotics,  David D. Ardayfio, CRC Press, 1987, p. 120
 Compensator Remote Center Compliance
  Remote center compliance system, Paul C. Watson, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, filed October 13, 1976, issued July 4, 1978

Industrial robotics
Mechanisms (engineering)
Imanageproject. iManageProject is an online tool and application service provider for project management and team collaboration developed by Outside Software Inc. - a Romanian web development company based in Eastern Europe, founded in 2004.

iManageProject's headquarters are located in Bucharest, Romania.

Features
 Better Communication
 Easy File Sharing
 Reusable Templates
 Time Tracking
 Milestones and ToDos
 Interactive WriteBoards

Product history
 iManageProject was launched in public beta in January 2011.

Reviews
The product has been reviewed by KillerStartups, TechSpotlight. SlapStart.

References

External links
 iManageProject Website

See also
 Project management software
 Comparison of project management software

Project management software
Collaborative software
Web applications
Groupware
Soai reaction. In organic chemistry, the Soai reaction is the alkylation of pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde with diisopropylzinc. The reaction is autocatalytic and leads to rapidly increasing amounts of the same enantiomer of the product. The product pyrimidyl alcohol is chiral and induces that same chirality in further catalytic cycles. Starting with a low enantiomeric excess ("ee") produces a product with very high enantiomeric excess. The reaction has been studied for clues about the origin of homochirality among certain classes of biomolecules.

The Japanese chemist Kensō Soai (1950–) discovered the reaction in 1995. For his work in "elucidating the origins of chirality and homochirality", Soai received the Chemical Society of Japan award in 2010.

Other chiral additives can be used as the initial source of asymmetric induction, with the major product of that first reaction being rapidly amplified. For example, Soai's group has demonstrated that even chiral quaternary hydrocarbons, which have no clear Lewis basic site for binding the nucleophile, are nonetheless capable of inducing asymmetric catalysis in the reaction.

The chiral induction is believed to occur as a result of interactions between the C–H bonds of the alkane and the pi electrons of the aldehyde.

In another example, Soai and coworkers showed that even [15N](2R, 3S)-bis(dimethylamino)butane, whose chirality results solely due to the difference between 14N and 15N (7% isotopic mass difference), gave 45% ee when used as a stoichiometric ligand.

References

Further reading 

 
 
 
 

Stereochemistry
Catalysis
Organic reactions
Name reactions
1,3-Dioxane. 1,3-Dioxane or m-dioxane is an organic compound with the molecular formula .  It is a saturated six-membered heterocycle with two oxygen atoms in place of carbon atoms at the 1- and 3- positions. 1,4-Dioxane, which is of greater commercial value, is an isomer. Both dioxanes are colorless liquids.

Preparation and derivatives
The parent 1,3-dioxane is prepared by the reaction of formaldehyde and 1,3-propanediol in the presence of Brönsted or Lewis acid catalysts.

Substituted derivatives can be used as protecting groups for carbonyl compounds. are prepared from the reaction between a ketone or an aldehyde with 1,3-diols.  They can also be produced by the Prins reaction.

Related compounds
1,3-Dioxolanes are five-membered rings with the formula .

See also
 1,2-Dioxane
 1,4-Dioxane
Dithiane

References

Dioxanes
Cyclic ethers
Leo A Daly. Leo A. Daly, LLC is an American architecture firm established in 1915 by Leo A. Daly, Sr. in Omaha, Nebraska. Aside from architectural design, the firm also works in planning, engineering, interior design and program management.

History 
As of 2006, the firm's portfolio included projects in 91 countries, and in all U.S. states. In 2006, the firm employed approximately 1200 people in 30 offices. It consistently ranks as one of the largest architecture, engineering and interior design firms in the United States, and is listed in BD World Architecture's top firms. They work in design for the federal government, health care, aviation, and hospitality.

Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam, Inc. (LAN) a subsidiary of Leo A. Daly Co., offers planning, engineering and program management services to a variety of client types. 

Architect Golden J. Zenon Jr. worked as a designer at Leo A Daly Co. early in his career, starting in 1955.

References

External links

Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam
Company Timeline, 1915 to 2007

Architecture firms of the United States
Architecture firms based in Nebraska
Companies based in Omaha, Nebraska
1915 establishments in Nebraska
SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4). The NATO Army Armaments Group (NAAG) Integrated Capability Group Indirect Fires (ICGIF), formerly Land Group 4, and their Sub Group 2 (SG2) on Surface to Surface Ballistics has created a widely used set of shareable fire control software using the Ada programming language.  This product is known as the SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4) and is sometimes abbreviated as S4 when referenced.

Fire-control system developers and most of the international (primarily NATO) ballistics communities are familiar with the mature NATO Armaments Ballistic Kernel (NABK) and other software component items that have emerged from the NABK development effort. The collection of these software items has been enhanced into the “suite” of NATO shareable fire control software.

Significant development effort occurs in Aberdeen, Maryland, USA in the Firing Tables and Ballistics (FTaB) Division, Armaments Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC) with contributions from a variety of agencies within participating NATO nations.

NATO Standardization Agreements (STANAGS) and Supporting Research 
The S4 implements a variety of NATO Standardization Agreements (STANAGs) including STANAG 4355 and STANAG 6022.

A number of papers and presentations have been published, such as a formal description of the early history of the suite and a later presentation in the International Symposium of Ballistics (ISB) forum sponsored by the International Ballistics Society (IBS).

Professur für Mess- und Informationstechnik (S4 testing research and related contributions by Germany)

Professur für Mess- und Informationstechnik (Crest Clearance algorithm contributions by Germany)

Integrating Weapon Systems 

Specific examples include:

Canada

Denmark

France

Germany 
 Panzerhaubitze 2000
 Artillery Gun Module

Norway

Sweden

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

References

External links 

 
 NABK BASED NEXT GENERATION BALLISTIC TABLE TOOLKIT, Sevsay Aytar Ortac, Umut Durak, Umit Kutluay, Koray Kucuk, Maj. Can Candan, 23RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS, TARRAGONA, SPAIN 16-20 APRIL 2007

Military computers
Digital Region. Digital Region, also stylised digital region, was a project in South Yorkshire set up to establish a high-speed next-generation 'Superfast Broadband' network in the specific region of northern England, first seeded in , with 97% population coverage expected by the end of 2012.  It was the first of its kind in the United Kingdom (UK).  The project was co-ordinated by Digital Region Limited (DRL), owned by the Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS) (having taken over the role from the now defunct Yorkshire Forward), and the four local authorities that encompass South Yorkshire; these being Sheffield City Council, Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council, and Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council.  Thales Transport and Security was chosen to design, build and operate the project on behalf of Digital Region Limited (who will manage the project), registered in England no: 5586340, registered office: Electric Works, Sheffield Digital Campus, Sheffield, S1 2BJ.

On 15 August 2013, it was announced that the project would close, due to the ongoing financial issues it has been facing.

Funding
The hope of the project was that it would eventually become self-financing, however loans and grants of over £90 million were used to enable the project to start.  The project received:
£44 million grant funding from Yorkshire Forward and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF);
£40 million loan funding from Yorkshire Forward and the four local authorities;
£10 million loan funding from the project technology partner, Thales Transport and Security.

Due to low take-up, the project suffered a very significant operating loss; not even taking into account the substantial interest payments due on loans for capital construction.

Coverage
The project area covered the city, towns and villages of Sheffield, Barnsley, Doncaster, and Rotherham.  It was expected to serve around 1.3 million people, 546,000 homes, and 40,000 businesses.

Closure
Whilst the build of the project was substantially completed, it had a low take-up.  None of the six major consumer ISPs were signed up to resell services on the network, and after a number of significant startups on the Digital Region network enjoyed success with Superfast Fibre in South Yorkshire, the incumbent telephone operator British Telecom (BT), deployed its own fibre-based broadband services, attracting many more users due to an existing user base upgrading, and the wide variety of ISPs available (PlusNet, Sky, TalkTalk, and BT).

The Digital Region network closed finally on 15 August 2014, with many of its resellers closing at that point.  Origin Broadband acquired many of the customers who were on the Digital Region network, and succeeded the defunct network with their own bespoke ADSL2+ network, while other ISPs went on to be resellers for other network operators.

References

External links
Digital Region — official website

Companies based in South Yorkshire
Broadband
Dorna Parandeh Abi. The Dorna D-139 Parandeh Abi () is a low-wing single-engine monoplane built from composite materials in Iran.  It is a recreational and training aircraft with side-by-side seating.

Design and development

The design of the Parandeh Abi, Blue Bird in English, was begun in 1994 and the first flight was on 27 July 1998. It is a conventionally laid out low wing single-engine monoplane, built entirely from composite materials and seating two side-by-side. Its two spar wings and single spar horizontal tail are rectangular in plan.  The wing carries 2.5° of dihedral and the tips are slightly upturned. Plain flaps fill the trailing edges inboard of the ailerons.  The elevators are horn balanced, as is the rudder.  Together, the fin and rudder are straight tapered, with a small dorsal fillet.

The Parandeh Abi is powered by a Rotax 914 F3 horizontally opposed four-cylinder engine driving a thee-bladed propeller. Its fixed, self-sprung steel cantilever tricycle undercarriage is attached to the fuselage.  All wheels have speed fairings. In early production aircraft, access to the cabin was via the top hinged, upward opening canopy, but later examples have forward hinged doors reaching down almost to the wing. The doors contain a framed window, though the total cabin transparency is noticeably reduced.  All models have a pair of small, fixed windows in the tapering fuselage behind the seats, where there is a baggage compartment.  The aircraft can be equipped with either a stick or yoke for primary control. Other differences between early and later production models include improved engine cooling with the addition of chin and cheek air intakes, enlarged rudder horn balances, tailplane root fillets and fluted skinning on the ailerons and rudder.

The design was type certified to JAR-VLA standards.

Dorna are also developing a version to meet US LSA requirements, called the Parandeh Sefid or White Bird in English. This differs from the Parandeh Abi chiefly in its engine, which may be either an 84.5 kW (113.3 hp) Rotax 914 UL or a 60 kW (80 hp) Rotax 912 UL.  Estimated performance with the 914 UL is similar to that of the Parandeh Abi, though the range is less as a result of a lower fuel capacity.

By the end of 2012 the company's website was gone and the domain was for sale. The company may no longer be in business.

Operational history
Production of the Parandeh Abi began in 2001 with orders for 5 from Iranian flying clubs.
By March 2006 Dorna had orders for 14 and options on another 30 and by November 2008 28 had been built.  As well as supplying clubs and training centres, Parandeh Albis also went to the Iranian Police and to the Civil Aviation Organisation.

In 2005 it seemed possible that the aircraft might enter the South African  or wider markets. Aviation Advantage of Gauteng sought to buy some complete and to obtain a licence for local manufacture or assembly.

Specifications (Parandeh Abi)

See also

References

External links

Website archives on Archive.org

1990s Iranian civil aircraft
Parandeh Abi
Dingoo A320 SDK. The Dingoo SDK is a software development kit for the Dingoo A320 video game console and other compatible devices, such as the Gemei X760+ and Dingoo A330.

History

Dingoo SDK was originally developed by Ben Brewer (aka ) and first released publicly as a set of source files containing wrappers implementing basic libc functionality along with samples on how to use them.

The project grew with many people making contributions to the SDK and to the Dingoo scene in general until March 10, 2010 when the project was moved to googlecode and an official source tree was begun.

Libraries

Projects

Several projects have been developed using the SDK:

Licensing

Dingoo SDK is released under the GNU LGPL, a permissive free software licence, and is free software.

References

External links
 
 Project Wiki
 Original release page

Free computer libraries
Free software programmed in C
Software development kits
Electrochemical energy conversion. Electrochemical energy conversion is a field of energy technology concerned with electrochemical methods of energy conversion including fuel cells and photoelectrochemical. This field of technology also includes electrical storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors. It is increasingly important in context of automotive propulsion systems. There has been the creation of more powerful, longer running batteries allowing longer run times for electric vehicles. These systems would include the energy conversion fuel cells and photoelectrochemical mentioned above.

See also
Bioelectrochemical reactor
Chemotronics
Electrochemical cell
Electrochemical engineering
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
Electrofuels
Electrohydrogenesis
Electromethanogenesis
Enzymatic biofuel cell
Photoelectrochemical cell
Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2

Notes

External links
International Journal of Energy Research
MSAL 
NIST
scientific journal article
Georgia tech

Electrochemistry
Electrochemical engineering
Energy engineering
Energy conversion
Biochemical engineering
Chittaranjan Mitra. Chittaranjan Mitra, popularly known as CR Mitra and CRM, was an Indian scientist who is best remembered as the second Director of the Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS). He played a pivotal role in the transformation of the institute from a local engineering college to a reputed university.

Education

Born in 1926 in Allahabad in the erstwhile United Provinces of British India, C.R. Mitra studied at Allahabad University, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, did his master's degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then acquired a Doctorate in Engineering Science from Columbia University, New York.

Career
Returning to India in the 1960s, Mitra first became the director of the Harcourt Butler Technological Institute. In 1969, he was offered the position of director of BITS Pilani by Ghanshyam Das Birla. At this time, the institute was undergoing major changes under the leadership of a committee of experts from MIT. He is credited with increasing the pace of those reforms, as well as for constituting a "practice school" program of industry internship "far more ambitious than anything MIT had done, as a requirement for all faculty and students". To address the human resource development needs of the Indian industry and the financial challenge of running higher degree programs at BITS Pilani, in the year 1979, he pioneered the Work Integrated Learning Programs, which provided education and training to employees of Indian Industries. Today, these programs have an enrollment of about 17,000 students throughout India and are responsible for earning two thirds of the revenue of the institute.

Mitra was responsible for introducing innovative educational philosophies which made the educational system at BITS Pilani unique, including broad-based, multi-disciplinary approach, semester long course based curricula, practice school, industry-academia collaboration, choosing electives and many other features which were firsts in Indian higher education. He was widely respected by the students who affectionately referred to him as Dynamic Diro (Director) 

In 1989, he was invited by NIIT to be their education advisor. He was responsible for introducing the 'GNIIT' program that would become the flagship offering of the institute. Under his advisory, NIIT rose as one of the leading IT education providers in India.

References

2008 deaths
1926 births
University of Allahabad alumni
Academic staff of Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
Indian Institute of Science alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Educators from Uttar Pradesh
Scholars from Allahabad