omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Engineering drawing abbreviations and symbols. Engineering drawing abbreviations and symbols are used to communicate and detail the characteristics of an engineering drawing. This list includes abbreviations common to the vocabulary of people who work with engineering drawings in the manufacture and inspection of parts and assemblies.

Technical standards exist to provide glossaries of abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols that may be found on engineering drawings. Many corporations have such standards, which define some terms and symbols specific to them; on the national and international level, ASME standard Y14.38 is one of the standards.
Australia utilises the Technical Drawing standards AS1100.101 (General Principals), AS1100-201 (Mechanical Engineering Drawing) and AS1100-301 (Structural Engineering Drawing).

See also
List of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing symbols

References

Bibliography

Sources cited

Further reading

External links 
 

Engineering concepts
Engineering
Nanomorphic cell. The nanomorphic cell is a conception of an atomic-level, integrated, self-sustaining microsystem with five main functions: internal energy supply, sensing, actuation, computation and communication. Atomic level integration provides the ultimate functionality per unit volume for microsystems. The nanomorphic cell abstraction allows one to analyze the fundamental limits of attainable performance for nanoscale systems in much the same way that the Turing Machine and the Carnot Engine support such limit studies for information processing and heat engines respectively.

The nanomorphic cell concept is inspired by the trend, synergistic with semiconductor device scaling; to use these core technologies for diverse integrated system applications. This trend is called Functional Diversification and is characterized by the integration of non-CMOS devices such as sensors, actuators, energy sources etc. with traditional CMOS and other novel information processing devices. The multifunctional microsystems becomes morphic (literally means in the shape of ) because its architecture are defined by the specific application and the fundamental limits on volumetric system parameters.

The nanomorphic cell model was applied to analyze the capabilities of an autonomous integrated microsystem on the order of the size of a living cell, i.e. a cube of 10 micrometer on a side [1, 2]. The function of this microsystem is, for example, upon injection into the body, to interact with living cells, e.g. determine the state of the cell and to support certain “therapeutic” action. It must have the capability to collect data on the living cell, analyze the data, and make a decision on the state of the living cell. It must also communicate with an external controlling agent, and possibly, take corrective action. Such a cell would need its own energy sources, sensors, computers, and communication devices, integrated into a complete system whose structure is dictated by the intended nanomorphic cell function. The Nanomorphic Cell can be considered as an extreme example of a class of systems known generically as Autonomous Microsystems, for example WIMS (Wireless Integrated Microsystems), PicoNode, Lab-on-a-Pill and Smartdust.

References 

Microtechnology
Nanotechnology
Integral nonlinearity. Integral nonlinearity (acronym INL) is a commonly used measure of performance in digital-to-analog (DAC) and analog-to-digital (ADC) converters. In DACs, it is a measure of the deviation between the ideal output value and the actual measured output value for a certain input code. In ADCs, it is the deviation between the ideal input threshold value and the measured threshold level of a certain output code. This measurement is performed after offset and gain errors have been compensated.

The ideal transfer function of a DAC or ADC is a straight line. The INL measurement depends on what line is chosen as ideal. One common option is the line that connects the endpoints of the transfer function, in other words, the line connecting the smallest and largest measured input/output value. An alternative is to use a best fit line, where one minimizes the average (or alternatively the mean squared) INL.

While the INL can be measured for every possible input/output code, often only the maximal error is provided when reporting the INL of a converter.

Formulas

INL of a DAC 

The INL of a code  of a DAC with  output codes is defined as the absolute value of the difference of the real output voltage minus the ideal value:

where
 and  are the maximum and minimum ideal output voltages of the DAC.

INL of an ADC 
For an ADC, the INL of a code  is defined as the deviation of the mid-points of the quantization steps between the ideal and real transfer function.

Maximum INL of a converter 
When referring to the INL of a converter usually the maximum INL maximized over all codes is meant. For the line through the endpoints, the INL of a DAC is

This INL is measured in volts; one can divide it by the ideal LSB voltage  to get the measurement in LSBs:

See also
Differential nonlinearity
Quantization

References

External links
 INL/DNL Measurements for High-Speed Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)  Application Note 283 by Analog Devices

Digital signal processing
EL/M-2052. The Elta 2052 or EL/M-2052 is an X-Band airborne Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) fire control radar (FCR) designed for fighter aircraft to support air-to-air combat and strike missions. Currently, it is fitted in the SEPECAT Jaguar as part of the Indian Air Force (IAF) DARIN III upgrade program. The radar is also fitted in HAL Tejas, and could also be used on other fighter aircraft such as F-15, MiG-29, Mirage 2000, and FA-50 Block 20.

The FCR is based on fully solid-state active phased array technology. The radar has multi-target tracking capabilities, able to track up to 64 targets simultaneously. The EL/M-2052 radar incorporates operational feedback from Israeli Air Force combat pilots. In the air-to-air mode, the radar enables long-range multi-target detection and enables simultaneous weapon deliveries in combat engagements.

The  Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) capabilities of the radar include high-resolution mapping, ground/surface moving target detection, and tracking using Real Beam Mapping (RBM), Doppler Beam Sharpening (DBS), in addition to Air to Ground Ranging (AGR). The radar system also provides long-range target detection and tracking, including target classification capabilities (RS, ISAR).

Controversy
A Chinese company based in Beijing called NAV Technologies has marketed a radar similar to the Elta 2052. It is said to have caused an investigation in Washington for a connection between Israel and Beijing, but Elta has denied it.

References

Aircraft radars
Military radars of Israel
Elta products
No. 361 Squadron RAF. No. 361 Squadron RAF was a squadron of the Royal Air Force which disbanded in July 1967 having only been operational since January 1967.

History 
It was formed on 2 January 1967 at RAF Watton, in Norfolk, as a joint RAF/Royal Navy unit, to provide ECM training for the two services, initially sharing the English Electric Canberra T.17 aircraft, an electronic warfare training variant, of No. 360 Squadron RAF. Unlike its sister squadron, it was intended to operate in the Middle and Far East regions. However, following the Defence Review of early 1967 and the subsequent withdrawal from the overseas commitments, the squadron effectively ceased to exist within weeks of its formation, its crews returning to No. 360 Squadron. The new squadron was officially disbanded on 14 July 1967.

References

External links
Air of Authority: No 353 - 361 Squadron Histories
RAF Watton.info: The History of RAF Watton in detail for 1967
360 Squadron Association website

361 Squadron
Electronic warfare units and formations
Project Eagle. Project Eagle is an interactive art demo of a colony on Mars, developed by Blackbird Interactive in collaboration with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It was released on Steam on 27 November 2018, in honor of the successful InSight landing.

Production 

Project Eagle was built in the Unity (Game Engine) and utilizes design elements similar to that of the RTS game Homeworld: Deserts of Kharak, including the sensors manager view and camera systems.

The Martian terrain was generated using radar data from NASA's HiRISE camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

Project Eagle is set in 2117 in a hypothetical future after the first human colonists arrive on Mars in the year 2034. The fictional "Eagle Base" is located at the foot of Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons), in Quad 51 of Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater, near the site of the Curiosity rover landing. The Curiosity landing site is marked with a plinth in Project Eagle.

2017 D.I.C.E. Summit 

Project Eagle was presented on stage at D.I.C.E. 2017 by NASA's Dr. Jeff Norris, and BBI's CEO Rob Cunningham and CCO Aaron Kambeitz. The talk took place directly after the conference keynote speech by Jeffrey Kaplan from Blizzard Entertainment. There, Jeff Norris said: "We wanted to publicly exhibit a project that shows what this medium could do for inspiring space exploration".

References 

Colonization of Mars
Interactive art
Video games set on Mars
Sheffield Software Engineering Observatory. The Sheffield Software Engineering Observatory (Observatory) was founded in 2005 by an EPSRC grant at the University of Sheffield. The Observatory is a multi-disciplinary collaboration between the Department of Computer Science and the Institute of Work Psychology at the University of Sheffield.

Overview 

Its aim is to understand the processes that makes for good software engineering practice, and how are these needs to combine human and technical factors.

The Software Engineering Observatory is an empirical software engineering research facility where researchers can use a variety of methodologies to study software developers working on real industrial projects. The software developers are students, both undergraduate and postgraduate and up to 20 group projects were undertaken each year. Thus, researchers can investigate how software developers work in teams, deal with industrial clients and handle the plethora of problems that arise in group projects with tight time-scales.
A key feature is that the Observatory allows multiple teams to work on identical projects concurrently in competition with each other, which allows comparisons to be made of different software development processes.
The Observatory enables researchers to gather data that are relevant to many of the key issues in contemporary software engineering, which will be of interest to both academics and practitioners. The implications of the results so far are that effective software managers must not just understand the technical aspects of the work that their staff are doing, but must also understand their staff as individuals and how they can best work together in teams.

Research areas

The Observatory’s research agenda includes:
	Assessing, through controlled experiments, the relative merits of software development methods and methodologies in terms of both the quality of output and the well-being of the developers.
	Devising empirically-based models of the processes that developers are observed to use
	Identifying the factors that make for good team-based software development, including leadership, the personality, skill, gender and ethnic mix of teams, and how task conflict can contribute, constructively, to enhanced performance.
	Investigating the relative importance of (a) the methodology adopted by the team and degree of fidelity to it, (b) the individual’s participant’s motivation and knowledge, and (c) team processes in accounting for variability in the performance of the group.

The data from these experiments will be made available to bona-fide researchers in empirical software engineering.

History

The Observatory was founded in 2005, however prior to that a number of PhD students designed experiments and collected data on the software engineering process. These were all based on the pioneering taught courses devised at the University of Sheffield

References

External links 
 Software Observatory homepage
 epiGenesys - a University of Sheffield company

University of Sheffield
Software engineering organizations
Ross H. McKenzie. Ross H. McKenzie is a Professor in  Physics at the University of Queensland. From 2008 to 2012 he held an Australian Professorial Fellowship from the Australian Research Council.

Works
McKenzie works on  quantum many-body theory of complex materials ranging from organic superconductors to biomolecules to rare-earth oxide catalysts. He is critical of claims that quantum effects are significant in understanding the function of biomolecules. He is author of a blog, "Condensed Concepts: Ruminations on emergent phenomena in condensed phases of matter".

McKenzie is a Christian. He is author of a blog  "Soli Deo Gloria: Thoughts on Theology, Science, and Culture". He has written several papers about the relationship between science and theology.

Education
He received his BSc from Australian National University.  He obtained an MA from Princeton University. He completed his PhD at Princeton University in 1989, under Jim Sauls, with a thesis entitled: Nonlinear interaction of zero sound with the order parameter collective modes in superfluid 3He-B.

References

External links
UQ researcher page
Condensed concepts blog
Soli deo gloria blog
McKenzie's testimony of Jesus

Living people
Princeton University alumni
Australian National University alumni
Australian physicists
Quantum physicists
1960 births
Christian apologists
Rare earth scientists
12 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16. The 12 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16 (Pneumatic trench mortar) was a medium mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by Austria Metal Works in Brno from their earlier, rejected, 8 cm project. It was a rigid-recoil, smooth-bore, breech-loading design that had to be levered around to aim at new targets. It was very simple in that the shell closed the top of the chamber and was retained by a "gripper" until the air pressure was deemed sufficient and the gripper was manually released, which fired the weapon. An additional barrel could be fitted to extend the range. A cylinder of compressed air was good for eleven shots.

After an evaluation on 23 November 1915 it was deemed superior to the German designs already in service (10.5 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 and 15 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 M. E.) in range and accuracy and a batch of 100 mortars and 50,000 bombs was ordered at the beginning of 1916. Some 280 were at the front by the end of 1916 and 930 by the end of 1917. In addition to Austria Metal Works it was produced by Brand & L'Huillier and the machine factory at Brno-Köningsfeld. Some improvements must have been made over the course of the production run because late-war documents refer to the original design as the M 16a (alte?), but what exactly was changed is unknown.

References

Bibliography
 Ortner, M. Christian. The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and Tactics. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 

Mortars of Austria-Hungary
Pneumatic mortars
120 mm mortars
Copper(I) sulfide. Copper(I) sulfide is a copper sulfide, a chemical compound of copper and sulfur. It has the chemical compound Cu2S. It is found in nature as the mineral chalcocite. It has a narrow range of stoichiometry ranging from Cu1.997S to Cu2.000S. Samples are typically black.

Preparation and reactions
Cu2S can be prepared by treating copper with sulfur or H2S.  The rate depends on the particle size and temperature.
Cu2S reacts with oxygen to form SO2:

The production of copper from chalcocite is a typical process in extracting the metal from ores.  Usually, the conversion involves roasting, to give Cu2O and sulfur dioxide:

Cuprous oxide readily converts to copper metal upon heating.

Structure

Stoichiometric 
Two forms (a dimorphism) of Cu2S are known. The so-called low temperature monoclinic form ("low-chalcocite") has a complex structure with 96 copper atoms in the unit cell. The hexagonal form, stable above 104 °C, has 24 crystallographically distinct Cu atoms.  Its structure has been described as approximating to a hexagonal close packed array of sulfur atoms with Cu atoms in planar 3 coordination. This structure was initially assigned an orthorhombic cell due to the twinning of the sample crystal.

Non-stoichiometric 
As illustrated by the mineral djurleite, a cuprous sulfide is also known. With the approximate formula Cu1.96S, this material is non-stoichiometric (range Cu1.934S-Cu1.965S) and has a monoclinic structure with 248 copper and 128 sulfur atoms in the unit cell. Cu2S and Cu1.96S are similar in appearance and hard to distinguish one from another.

Phase transition 
The electrical resistivity increases abruptly at the phase transition point around 104 °C, with the precise temperature depending on the stoichiometry.

See also
Copper sulfide for an overview of all copper sulfide phases
Copper monosulfide, CuS
Chalcocite
Djurleite
LK-99 - compound evaluated in 2023 for possible superconductivity

References

Sulfide minerals
Sulfides
Copper(I) compounds
Non-stoichiometric compounds

ja:硫化銅
tr:Bakır(I) sülfür
20 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16. The 20 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16 (Pneumatic trench mortar) was a heavy mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by Austria Metal Works in Brno from their earlier 12 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16. It was a rigid-recoil, smoothbore, breech-loading design that had to be levered around to aim at new targets. It was very simple in that the shell closed the top of the chamber and was retained by a "gripper" until the air pressure was deemed sufficient and the gripper was manually released, which fired the weapon. The barrel was fixed at 45° elevation and range was adjusted by varying the air pressure, but an additional barrel could be fitted to extend the range. A single cylinder of compressed air was only good for four to six shots. It was loaded onto a two-wheel cart for transport.

20 were ordered at the end of May 1916 after trials in the spring. Another 80 were ordered in November 1916. In service it was not as successful as its smaller brother due to its greater weight and much greater requirement for compressed air. It was superseded by the 26 cm Minenwerfer M 17.

References

Bibliography
 Ortner, M. Christian. The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and Tactics. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007

External links
 M 16 on Landships

Mortars of Austria-Hungary
Pneumatic mortars
Google Code Jam. Google Code Jam was an international programming competition hosted and administered by Google. The competition began in 2003. The competition consists of a set of algorithmic problems which must be solved in a fixed amount of time. Competitors may use any programming language and development environment to obtain their solutions. From 2003 to 2007, Google Code Jam was deployed on Topcoder's platform. Since 2008 Google has developed their own dedicated infrastructure for the contest.

Between 2015 and 2018, Google also ran Distributed Code Jam, with the focus on distributed algorithms. This was run in parallel with the regular Code Jam, with its own qualification and final round, for a top prize of $10,000, but was only open for people who qualified to Round 2 of Code Jam (up to 3000 people).

Several Google Code Jam problems have led to academic research.

On February 22, 2023, Google announced that Code Jam was to be discontinued alongside their other programming competitions, Hash Code and Kick Start. A series of four "farewell rounds" took place on April 15, 2023 from 14:00 until 18:00 UTC, with all rounds taking place at the same time. Login functionality for Google's programming competitions was disabled on June 1, 2023, followed by the shut down of the competitions' hosting platform exactly one month later, on July 1, 2023. A permanent archive of all Code Jam, Hash Code and Kick Start problems is available for download on GitHub.

Past winners

Google Code Jam

Distributed Code Jam

Results by country

See also 
 Google Code
 Online judge
 Topcoder Open

References 

 https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/7214486/scoreboard 
 https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/2437491/scoreboard?c=2437491

External links 
 Google – Code Jam 

Code Jam
Programming contests
DRG Class 85. The Class 85 was a German goods train tank engine and standard locomotive (Einheitslok) with the Deutsche Reichsbahn.

History 
In 1931, the DRG ordered ten locomotives from the firm of Henschel that were taken into the fleet as numbers 85 001 to 85 010. The Class 85 was intended for hauling passenger and goods trains. They were however also employed as pusher locomotives on the Höllentalbahn in the Black Forest. Thanks to this engine, the Höllental Railway could do away with rack railway operations from 1933. The running gear and the superheated system were taken from the  Class 44. The boiler, with a few minor alterations, was the same as that of the Class 62. All the locomotives were stabled at the Freiburg shed. Apart from number 85 004, which was lost in the Second World War, all the engines were in operation in the Black Forest until 1961, the year the route was converted from experimental electrical operations with 20 kV/50 Hz lines to the usual Deutsche Bundesbahn standard of . One engine, number 85 007, was still in service in Wuppertal until the end of the year, but they were all retired by the beginning of the next year.

Preserved locomotives 
Number 85 007 belongs to the town of Freiburg im Breisgau. It is not operational, but is maintained by the Bahn-Sozialwerk-Gruppe. The engine is housed in the former locomotive shed.

References

External links 
 History of the Class 85 in the Höllental, Black Forest

85
2-10-2T locomotives
85
Henschel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1932
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
1′E1′ h3t locomotives
Freight locomotives
Seismic loading. Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a structure. It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami.

Seismic loading depends, primarily, on:

 Anticipated earthquake's parameters at the site – known as seismic hazard
 Geotechnical parameters of the site
 Structure's parameters
 Characteristics of the anticipated gravity waves from tsunami (if applicable).

Sometimes, seismic load exceeds ability of a structure to resist it without being broken, partially or completely Due to their mutual interaction, seismic loading and seismic performance of a structure are intimately related.

See also
Earthquake engineering structures

References

Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation
Earthquake engineering
Bavarian B V (articulated). The articulated variant of the Bavarian B V was an unusual, 0-4-6, steam locomotive in the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staats-Eisenbahnen).

The articulated B V was a four-coupled locomotive built by Maffei at their own expense. It was based on the Class B V but, instead of having a third coupled axle, the back of the engine was supported by the front of the tender, called in German a Stütztender or "supporting tender". This was similar to the earlier Engerth design which articulated the tender with the main locomotive frame, allowing some of the weight of the fuel and water to be carried on the driving wheels to improve adhesion. Because the tender was articulated, rather than directly attached to the frame, the locomotive could traverse relatively sharp curves, while still enjoying the advantage of the additional adhesive weight gain. The articulated B V was not a success; its riding qualities were poor and only one example was produced.

See also 
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

Sources 
 

0-6-6 locomotives
B 05 Artic
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Maffei locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1857
B3′ locomotives