omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ballistol. Ballistol (meaning 'Ballistic Oil') is a mineral oil-based chemical which advertises that it has many uses. It is manufactured and distributed by Ballistol GmbH in the Bavarian village of Aham and was originally intended for cleaning, lubricating, and protecting firearms.

Description
The product originated from Germany before World War I, after the German military requested an 'all-around' oil and cleaner for their rifles and equipment. The German military used it from 1905 to 1945.

The chemical is a yellowish clear liquid with a consistency expected of a light oil. However, when it comes in contact with water it emulsifies, becoming a thick creamy white substance. It has a sweet and mildly pungent smell similar to black licorice.

It is distributed in liquid and aerosol forms. The aerosol uses butane or propane as a propellant.

It advertises it has no carcinogens. Other similar products contain petro-chemicals which can pollute the environment if improperly handled and/or discarded.

Metal Compatibility 
Ballistol is fully compatible with all metals including aluminium. However, Ballistol dissolves traces of copper, zinc, lead and tombac and can, therefore, be used to clean brass, bronze and silver.

Ingredients 
According to a specification from December 2002:
 pharmaceutical white oil: CAS RN 8042-47-5
 Oleic acid: CAS RN 112-80-1
 C-5 alcohols: CAS RN 78-83-1; CAS RN 137-32-6; CAS RN 100-51-6
 different essential oils to perfume Ballistol

According to 2013 MSDS:

Mineral oil (liquid paraffin)
Potassium oleate (salt of oleic acid)
Ammonium oleate
Benzyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Isobutyl alcohol
Benzyl acetate
Anethole
Isohexane (aerosol only)

See also 
 WD-40

References 

Basic information on Ballistol and products (March 2016)

External links 
Ballistol (Germany)
Ballistol (UK)
Ballistol (USA)
Ballistol (Thailand)

Firearms
Lubricants
Brand name materials
Soltam M-68. The M-68 was a 155 mm L33 caliber towed gun howitzer manufactured by Soltam Systems of Israel, and used by the Israeli Defense Force.

Design
The M-68 is based on the Finnish designed 122 K 60 and 155 K 68 cannon series, first developed in the mid-1960s by the company Tampella Oy. Twelve Finnish cannons were built between 1970 and 1975, with more guns later built of later designs. These Tampella guns formed the basis for Soltam's production of the M-68 and later "Tampella series" guns. Before the 155 K 68 (Tampella), the 155HX prototype was shipped to Soltam for trials.

The first prototype was completed in 1968 for trials and evaluations by the Israeli Defense Force (IDF), who were satisfied with the performance of the howitzer. Subsequently, an order was placed with Soltam and a production line was initiated in 1970. The gun entered IDF service in time to serve IDF artillery corps during the Yom Kippur War of 1973.

In addition to Israel, the M-68 has also been exported to Singapore and Thailand.

Description
The barrel of the M-68 was fitted with a simple muzzle brake while the recoil mechanism with its two pneumatic cylinder jacks are positioned on the back-end of the barrel.

The gun mount chassis, breech and recoil system were to see further use in the next development of this gun — the Soltam M-71, which has a slightly longer barrel (39 calibers versus 33 calibers of the M-68) and a compressed air-driven rammer to ease loading.

Variants

In the mid-1970s, the Israeli Defense Forces engineered an improvised self-propelled gun known as the Ro'em / L-33 to complement the towed M-68. It mated an M-68 to a large, enclosed, turret atop the chassis and drive train of an M4 Sherman tank.

Operators

: 36 howitzers acquired by the Chilean Army in the late 1970s. Later upgraded to Soltam M-71 standard.

: 48
: 44

See also
155 K 83
Soltam M-71

References

External links
Israeli-weapons.com
Singapore Artillery Pieces
Weapons of the Arab-Israeli Wars

155 mm artillery
Artillery of Israel
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
Xylitol pentanitrate. Xylitol pentanitrate (XPN) is a nitrated ester primary explosive first synthesized in 1891 by Gabriel Bertrand. Law enforcement has taken an interest in XPN along with erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) due to their ease of synthesis, which makes them accessible to amateur chemists and terrorists.

Properties 
At room temperature XPN exists as a white crystalline solid. When heated to 163 °C, liquid xylitol pentanitrate begins to crackle and produce a dark vapour. When decomposed, a gram of XPN produces 200 mL of gas, which makes it a high performance explosive.

Rotter impact analysis of XPN found a figure of insensitiveness of 25 (RDX = 80). XPN displayed a similar sensitivity to static discharge to ETN and PETN.

Synthesis 
Xylitol pentanitrate is formed by nitration of xylitol pentaacetate. Nowadays, fuming nitric acid and glacial acetic acid is often used, but Bertrand originally employed a cheaper nitrating agent, the mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids (he called it mélange nitrosulfurique, the common English name is "mixed acid").

Complete oxidation 
Much like ETN, XPN has a positive oxygen balance, which means the carbon and hydrogen in the molecule can be fully oxidized without another oxidizing agent being added:

The decomposition of four molecules of XPN releases three O2. The free oxygen molecules can be used to oxidize an added metal dust or negative oxygen balanced explosive such as TNT.

See also 
 Nitroglycerine
 Xylitan trinitrate  – used as plasticizer in propellants similarly to nitroglycerine
 Mannitol hexanitrate

References

External links

Explosive chemicals
Nitrate esters
Sugar alcohol explosives
4,4'-Oxydianiline. 4,4′-Oxydianiline (ODA) is an organic compound with the formula O(C6H4NH2)2. It is an ether derivative of aniline. This colourless solid is a useful monomer and cross-linking agent for polymers, especially the polyimides, such as Kapton.

Uses 
4,4′-Oxydianiline is used in the production of a wide variety of polymer resins. The primary use lies in the production of polyimide and poly(ester)imide resins. These resins are used for their temperature-resistant properties and are utilized in products including wire enamels, coatings, film, adhesives, insulating varnishes, coated fabrics, flame-retardant fibers, oil sealants and retainers, insulation for cables and printed circuits, and laminates and composite for aerospace vehicles.

Other applications of 4,4′-oxydianiline include the production of poly(amide)imide resins (which are used in the manufacture of heat-resistant wire enamels and coatings), as an intermediate in the manufacture of epoxy resins and adhesives, and in the production of aromatic polyether imides. Its use in the production of polyimine vitrimers has also been proposed.

A specific reaction involving industrial use of 4,4′-oxydianiline is in the production of thermostable poly(amideurea) acids, which can be prepared from 4,4′-oxydianiline, pyromellitic dianhydride, and diisocyanates. These poly(amideurea) acids can be used as intermediates in the syntheses of poly(imideurea)s:

Related compounds
 4,4'-Thiodianiline
 4,4'-Methylenedianiline
 Dapsone

References

External links 
 MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet provided by Sigma-Aldrich.

Anilines
Diphenyl ethers
Dufaux 4. 

The Dufaux 4 was an experimental aircraft built in Switzerland in 1909 and which was originally constructed as an unnamed biplane, the third aircraft constructed by the brothers Armand and Henri Dufaux. The aircraft was entirely conventional for the era - a two-bay biplane with unstaggered wings of equal span and a triangular-section fuselage. Construction began in mid-September 1909 and work proceeded rapidly, as the brothers hoped to claim a CHF 1,000 prize put up by the Automobile Club de Suisse for the first Swiss-built aircraft to fly a 1 km closed-circuit.

In early December, flight tests commenced at a field in Corsier. Although the machine made a few hops, it would not fly. The Dufaux brothers concluded that the field chosen was too small to give the aircraft enough room to build up speed for takeoff, so they selected a new location for their tests in Viry, in neighbouring France. The aircraft was assembled there on December 16 and a number of successful flights were made that same afternoon. The following day, the aircraft refused to takeoff on a number of attempts, but finally became airborne late in the afternoon. During this flight, at an altitude of 15 metres (50 ft), Henri attempted to bank the aircraft, but instead, it sideslipped to the ground. Both wings and the propeller were destroyed in the crash, but Henri was completely uninjured and the engine was undamaged.

The brothers quickly rebuilt the machine in time to display it at an aviation meet at Colombier, but due to the inclement weather, did not attempt to fly it. By this time the brothers had started building the design, now dubbed the Dufaux 4, in series and were accepting orders for aircraft. In May, the aircraft was demonstrated for the Swiss military, but the brothers were informed that the aircraft was not suitable for military purposes.

The Dufaux 4 is perhaps best remembered for a successful aerial crossing of Lake Geneva, performed by Armande on 28 August.  He flew  from St. Gingolph to Geneva at an altitude of around 150 m (500 ft), taking 56 minutes and 5 seconds for the crossing, and collecting a prize of CHF 5,000 that had been put up by the Perrot-Duval Company for this feat.

An example is preserved at the Swiss Transport Museum.

Specifications

References
 
 
 
 
 
 Swiss Museum of Transport
 Geneva aviation pioneers

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1900s Swiss experimental aircraft
4
Aircraft first flown in 1909
DSK Airmotive Hawk. 

The DSK Airmotive DSK-1 Hawk was an unusual homebuilt aircraft designed in the United States in the early 1970s. While the design itself was utterly conventional - a single-seat low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tricycle undercarriage - its method of construction was not, since the DSK-1 Hawk used a surplus 200 US Gal military drop tank as its fuselage. Designer Richard Killingsworth sold over 250 sets of plans.

Development
The DSK-1 featured "drooping ailerons" that acted as flaps for short field operations.

Variants
A follow-on design, the DSK-2 Golden Hawk with a more conventional fuselage for builders who could not obtain a suitable drop tank. This was expected to fly in 1976, but on 12 April 1975, Killingsworth was killed when the Hawk prototype crashed shortly after takeoff.

Specifications (DSK-1)

References

 
 
 

1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Hawk
Aircraft first flown in 1973
DSK Duster. 

The  BJ-1 Dyna Mite, or California Sailplanes Duster was a sailplane designed by Ben Jansson in the United States in the 1960s for homebuilding.

Design and development
A conventional shoulder-wing design with conventional empennage, no component of the BJ-1 exceeds 18 ft (5.5 m) in length, in order to facilitate building and storage in a domestic garage. Construction throughout was of wood, apart from a few mouldings (like the nosecone) made of fiberglass. The BJ-1 Dyna Mite first flew in 1966.

The rough building sketches from Ben Janssons prototype design from 1963, were refined by Hank Thor and the BJ-1B Duster plans were released in 1971 featuring a lighter weight, extended wingspan and a lower canopy that required the pilot to fly it semi-reclined. By 1977, more than 200 sets of plans had been sold. In total 371 sets of plans were sold and DSK (Duster Sailplane Kits) sold about 169 kits.

Variants
BJ-1 'Dyna Mite'
BJ-1B 'Duster'

Aircraft on display
US Southwest Soaring Museum - prototype

Specifications (BJ-1B)

References

External links
 http://www.fiddlersgreen.net/AC/aircraft/Duster-Sailplane/duster.php
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070617044316/http://www.sailplanedirectory.com/PlaneDetails.cfm?planeID=94

1960s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1966
Druine Turbi. 

The Druine D.5 Turbi was a light aircraft designed in France in the 1950s for home building. It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage. The pilot and a single passenger sat in tandem, open cockpits. Essentially a scaled-up version of the Druine Turbulent design, the Turbi shared that aircraft's wooden construction. Again, like its predecessor, it was intended to be able to be powered by a variety of air-cooled engines.

The aircraft was marketed as plans and as a kit by Falconar Avia of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Plans are now supplied by Manna Aviation of Australia.

Design
The Turbi is built using all-wood construction. The wing uses a two-spar design. It uses slotted ailerons.

Specifications (Druine D.5 Turbi)

References

External links

Official website

1950s French sport aircraft
Turbi
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1953
Druine Condor. The Druine D.60 Condor is a light aircraft designed by Roger Druine in France in the 1950s. Druine’s primary aim was to design a trainer aircraft for amateur construction. The Condor was subsequently made in quantity in the UK by Rollason Aircraft & Engines.

History

The first Condor F-WBIX first flew in 1956. The Condor was an evolution of the Druine Turbi, but featured an extensively revised fuselage allowing the pilot and instructor to sit side by side under a full canopy. 

Norman Jones, the founder of the Tiger Club and owner of Rollason Aircraft & Engines, had already had a number of Druine Turbulents built by his company and hit upon the idea of developing the Condor for the demands of club flying. With a number of refinements to the design, Rollason Aircraft and Engines undertook series production at Croydon Airport from 1961 as the Rollason Condor. As Croydon had closed for flying in 1959, all aircraft were transported to Redhill, where they were reassembled and test flown.

Norman Jones was keenly interested in the development of Flying Clubs and so made Condors available on favourable loan terms. To emphasise the fact that his company was entirely independent and un-subsidised, Norman Jones had painted on the rudder of one aircraft the legend "British Made - Private Enterprise and No Taxpayers Money".  

In 1973, Rollasons ceased all aircraft work at Croydon and moved to Shoreham where a single Condor was completed. A number of unfinished fuselages were sold off for possible completion as amateur-built aircraft; one of these was G-BADM, registered to Rollasons in 1972 and subsequently completed in 1994 by an amateur.

Borea in France also produced the D.61 Condor.

Variants

D.60 Druine's prototype with 65 hp CNA D.4
D.61 Druine production variant with 65 hp Continental A65
D.62 Druine or Rollason variant with 75 hp Continental A75 - 1 built by Rollason, later upgraded to 90 hp Continental C90
D.62A Rollason variant with 100 hp Continental O-200-A - 2 built 
D.62B Rollason variant from 1964 with 4" shorter fuselage and flaps - 41 completed; some subsequently converted to D.62C standard 
D.62C Rollason variant with 130 hp Continental O-240-A for glider towing - 4 built

Specifications (D.62B)

References

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
Jackson, A. J. British Civil Aircraft 1919-1972 Vol 3, 2nd Edition (reprint) 1988. London: Putnam

External links

http://www.rollason-condor.co.uk/ 

1950s French civil trainer aircraft
Condor
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1950
Dornier Do 132. 

The Dornier Do 132 was a utility helicopter under development in Germany in the late 1960s. While the design was a conventional pod-and-boom layout, the propulsion system was unusual in that it used a turbine engine, not to drive the rotor directly, but to provide a source of hot gas that was fed through the rotor shaft, along the blades, and out through tip jets. The intention was to eliminate the weight and mechanical complexity of a gearbox and an anti-torque system for the tail.

This engine system underwent extensive static tests while a full-size mockup was built to prove the aerodynamics in a wind tunnel. Ultimately, however, the programme was cancelled in 1971 before a prototype was actually constructed.

Specifications (as designed)

References

EADS website

1960s German civil utility aircraft
Do 132
1960s German helicopters
Single-turbine helicopters
Tipjet-powered helicopters
Single-rotor helicopters
Aircraft with skid landing gear
Kawasaki Ka 87. 

The Dornier N was a bomber aircraft designed in Germany in the 1920s for production in Japan. Production of 28 aircraft started in Japan in 1927, as the Kawasaki Ka 87 (also known as the Type 87 Night Bomber). Designed and built as a landplane, its layout was strongly reminiscent of the Dornier flying boats of the same period; a parasol-wing, strut-braced monoplane with two engines, mounted in a push-pull nacelle above the wing. Some of the 28 examples built saw action in Manchuria in 1931.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

External links

 German aircraft between 1919-1945
 Уголок неба

Do N
1920s Japanese bomber aircraft
Ka 87
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Gee Broadcast. Gee Broadcast Systems Ltd was founded in the UK in early 1987 by Keith and Sarah Gee. The company was initially set up to provide a design and installation service for broadcast television systems but expanded to equipment sales and distribution, including videographics and "engineering" products. Later the 'Geevs' (Gee Video Server) family of video servers was developed and led to growth particularly in exports. Exports of Geevs reached over 50 countries and formed the largest part of the Gee Broadcast business.

History
In 2004, Gee Broadcast acquired Lightworks in order to provide a tapeless production system with multichannel servers and editing systems.

In 2007, Gee Broadcast Systems with Lightworks had a team of engineers based in Basingstoke, Hampshire, with  of office and workshop space, flexibly configured to allow the manufacturing and testing of large and small Geevs and Lightworks systems, together with a range of distributed products.

In September 2009, Gee Broadcast Systems Ltd went into administration, and was dissolved in November 2010. Prior to this, certain assets of the company were acquired by EditShare.

Products

Geevs server systems 
Geevs Servers could be built to meet the requirements of many different applications. Geevs could provide system design and consultancy or work with other system integrators for specific requirements.

Lightworks Editors 
Lightworks Editors are used in many different areas including feature films, TV drama, soaps, commercials and sports. Lightworks is known for its console and user interface which together provide editing.

Tapeless production systems 
Gee Broadcast Tapeless Production Systems were configured to match specific customers needs included Geevs servers and Lightworks Editors.

References

Film and video technology
VIRTE. VIRtual Training and Environments (VIRTE) was an Office of Naval Research Science and Technology program from 2002 to 2007 led by CDR Dylan Schmorrow. It was funded under the Capable Manpower Future Naval Capability (FNC) and produced research in Virtual Environments. The VIRTE program was divided into three related demonstrations. Demo 1 developed virtual simulators for the LCAC, the EFV, and a helicopter. Demo 2 concentrated on technologies to support Immersive Infantry Training. Demo 3 developed laptop based simulators for a wide variety of USMC platforms and was fielded as part of the Deployable Virtual Training Environment (DVTE).

External links 
I/ITSEC 2003 Paper

Military exercises and wargames
United States Navy organization
Simulation Model Portability. The Simulation Model Portability is a standard for simulation models developed by ESA together with various stakeholders in the European Space Industry.

The first version, also known as SMI standard, was implemented in SIMSAT and EuroSim, simulator infrastructures in use at various ESA locations.
The second version, also known as Simulation Modelling Platform - SMP2, is currently at version 1.2. It is implemented in several Space Simulators such as Basiles (CNES) or SimTG (AIRBUS D&S)

The ECSS has now taken the lead for further iterations of the SMP2 standard. At first, it has been published as a Technical Memorandum ECSS-E-TM-40-07 and in 2020 it become the ECSS standard ECSS-E-ST-40-07. The first implementations have already been released by several stakeholders in the European Space Industry. Simulations models have already been exchanged, using the new ECSS SMP between SIMULUS (ESA) and SimTG (AIRBUS D&S) simulators.  

An update of the ECSS SMP E-40-07 is currently ongoing to specify the exchanged artefacts; called ECSS SMP Level 2 used to instanciate, configure and schedule a model execution. It is a collection of XSD files that define the model exchange format.

References

External links
Simulation Model Portability
SMP implementation in Eurosim
Presentation at the 6th NASA/ESA Workshop on product exchange
25 January 2011: ECSS-E-TM-40-07 "Simulation modelling platform" made available

European Space Agency
Global Arrays. Global Arrays, or GA, is the library developed by scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for parallel computing.  GA provides a friendly API for shared-memory programming on distributed-memory computers for multidimensional arrays.  The GA library is a predecessor to the GAS (global address space) languages currently being developed for high-performance computing.

The GA toolkit has additional libraries including a Memory Allocator (MA), Aggregate Remote Memory Copy Interface (ARMCI), and functionality for out-of-core storage of arrays (ChemIO).  Although GA was initially developed to run with TCGMSG, a message passing library that came before the MPI standard (Message Passing Interface), it is now fully compatible with MPI.  GA includes simple matrix computations (matrix-matrix multiplication, LU solve) and works with ScaLAPACK.  Sparse matrices are available but the implementation is not optimal yet.

GA was developed by Jarek Nieplocha, Robert Harrison, R. J. Littlefield, Manoj Krishnan, and Vinod Tipparaju.  The ChemIO library for out-of-core storage was developed by Jarek Nieplocha, Robert Harrison and Ian Foster.

The GA library is incorporated into many quantum chemistry packages, including NWChem, MOLPRO, UTChem, MOLCAS, and TURBOMOLE.  The GA library is also incorporated into sub-surface code STOMP 

The GA toolkit is free software, licensed under a self-made license .

References

See also 

 Global Arrays Home Page 
 Parsoft Home Page 

Concurrent programming libraries