omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Steven Bender. Steven Lee Bender (September 7, 1950 – March 5, 2010) was an American entrepreneur and founder of both Altamira Group (Genuine Fractals) and iMagic Software (typing pattern recognition). Bender  made contributions to digital imaging and Photoshop, and to authentication for distributed systems by supporting turning passwords into a biometric akin to fingerprints. Information technology analyst Rob Enderle  of the Enderle Group commented in January 2007 that this new technology was "a compelling solution in a world where identity theft and illegal access are the greatest growing threats to a business or family".

Steve Bender's, and co-founder Howard Postley's, patented and patent-pending system is based on muscle memory, that people have reliable patterns hidden inside the simple act of typing a password.  By using these patterns, it is possible to distinguish the real users from impostors. This system extends the science often called Keystroke Dynamics.

In the 1990s, Bender's team developed Genuine Fractals at Altamira Group. Genuine Fractals was a plug-in for Photoshop and, for the first time, allowed images to go completely resolution independent—meaning a single image could be scaled from postage stamp to IMAX without loss of quality. Genuine Fractals won Best Product of the Year (EDDY) from Macworld Magazine in 1997 and 1998 [1], and is now an industry standard on version 5 from onOne Software.

References 
  -- "Key Sequence Rhythms" USA Patent 7,206,938.
 —MacWorld 1997 EDDY winners, Genuine Fractals wins Best Graphics Plug-in. Notable also because Genuine Fractals was the first product developed on PC and ported to Mac to win an EDDY
 —Steven Bender Bio, iMagic Software website, enterprise software vendor specializing in human authentication via typing rhythms.
 —Description of Trustable Passwords from CA.com, formerly Computer Associates
 —The importance of a biometric logon, from the Candid CIO blog
 —Article on the founding of iMagic Software and the first customer, Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, from the Santa Barbara News Press, cover article.
 —Obituary, from the Santa Ynez Valley Journal. (Scroll down)

External links
 The Enderle Group
  Description of Genuine Fractals features and importance
 Genuine Fractals version 5 from onOne Software
 Genuine Fractals from Adobe.com

American computer businesspeople
2010 deaths
1950 births
People from Russell, Kansas
Selective adsorption. In surface science, selective adsorption is the effect when minima associated with bound-state resonances occur in specular intensity in atom-surface scattering.

In crystal growth, selective adsorption refers to the phenomenon where adsorbing molecules attach preferentially to certain crystal faces.

An example of selective adsorption can be demonstrated in the growth of Rochelle salt crystals. If copper ions are added to solution during the growth process, some crystal faces will slow down as copper apparently becomes a barrier to adsorption. However, by then adding sodium hydroxide to the solution, the preferred crystal faces will change once again.

Discovery
Pronounced intensity minima were first observed in 1930 by Theodor Estermann, Otto Frisch, and Otto Stern, during a series of gas-surface interaction experiments attempting to demonstrate the wave nature of atoms and molecules. The phenomenon has been explained in 1936 by John Lennard-Jones and Devonshire in terms of resonant transitions to bound surface states.

Significance
The selective adsorption binding energies can supply information on the gas-surface interaction potentials by yielding the vibrational energy spectrum of the gas atom bound to the surface. Starting from the 1970s, it has been extensively studied, both theoretically and experimentally. Energy levels measured with this technique are available for many systems.

References

Surface science
Heimwehfluhbahn. The Heimwehfluhbahn (DIH) is a funicular at Interlaken in the Swiss Canton of Bern. It runs to the top of the nearby Heimwehfluh hill at an altitude of  above sea level. The funicular provides access to the hilltop restaurant, an observation tower, an O scale model railway, a children's playground and a bobsleigh run (a second one existed but has since become overgrown and unused).

Overview
The funicular, built between 1904 and 1906, has a length of  and overcomes a vertical distance of  with a maximum gradient of 69%. There are two wooden cars dating from 1906, operating on a single track of narrow gauge track with a central passing loop. With curtains at the unglazed windows, the line presents an intentionally heritage image. A single journey takes 2 minutes.

See also 
 List of funicular railways
 List of funiculars in Switzerland
 List of heritage railways and funiculars in Switzerland

References

External links 

Heimwehfluhbahn article in Funimag

1906 establishments in Switzerland
Bernese Oberland
Funicular railways in Switzerland
Heritage railways in Switzerland
Metre gauge railways in Switzerland
Railway lines opened in 1906
Transport in Interlaken
Streaming Text Oriented Messaging Protocol. Simple (or Streaming) Text Oriented Message Protocol (STOMP), formerly known as TTMP, is a simple text-based protocol, designed for working with message-oriented middleware (MOM).  It provides an interoperable wire format that allows STOMP clients to talk with any message broker supporting the protocol.

Overview
The protocol is broadly similar to HTTP, and works over TCP using the following commands:
CONNECT
SEND
SUBSCRIBE
UNSUBSCRIBE
BEGIN
COMMIT
ABORT
ACK
NACK
DISCONNECT

Communication between client and server is through a "frame" consisting of a number of lines.  The first line contains the command, followed by headers in the form <key>: <value> (one per line), followed by a blank line and then the body content, ending in a null character.  Communication between server and client is through a MESSAGE, RECEIPT or ERROR frame with a similar format of headers and body content.

Example
 SEND
 destination:/queue/a
 content-type:text/plain
 
 hello queue a
 ^@

Implementations
Some message-oriented middleware products support STOMP, such as::
Apache ActiveMQ, 
Fuse Message Broker
HornetQ
Open Message Queue (OpenMQ)
RabbitMQ
syslog-ng
Spring Framework

References

Internet protocols
Application layer protocols
Message-oriented middleware
Pitchers (ceramic material). Pitchers are pottery that has been broken in the course of manufacture. Biscuit (unglazed) pitchers can be crushed, ground and re-used, either as a low-percentage addition to the virgin raw materials on the same factory, or elsewhere as grog. Because of the adhering glaze, glost pitchers find less use. The crushed material can also be used in other industries as an inert filler.

Archaeologists call ancient pitchers sherds or ostracons; shards or ostraca.

References

Ceramic materials
P-Xylene (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on p-xylene.

Material Safety Data Sheet  
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
MATHESON TRI-GAS, INC.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Distillation data

Spectral data

References
Notes

Bibliography
NIST Standard Reference Database

Xylene
Chemical data pages cleanup
Human User Interface Protocol. Human User Interface Protocol (commonly abbreviated to HUI) is a proprietary MIDI communications protocol for interfacing between a hardware audio control surface and digital audio workstation (DAW) software. It was first created by Mackie and Digidesign in 1997 for use with Pro Tools, and is now part of the Mackie Control Universal (MCU) protocol.

Functionality 
HUI protocol allows a digital audio workstation (DAW) and a connected hardware control surface to exchange MIDI signals that synchronize the states of their sliders, buttons, wheels, and displays. The user can write console automation which can then be seen in the DAW. It includes support for 10-bit/1,024 discrete values.

History 
The HUI protocol was created jointly by Mackie and Digidesign in 1997 for Mackie's Human User Interface (HUI), the first non-Digidesign hardware control surface for Digidesign’s Pro Tools. It was subsequently implemented by hardware controllers from manufacturers such as Solid State Logic, Yamaha, TASCAM, and Novation.

By the time Mackie introduced the Baby HUI in August 2002, the protocol was also supported by DAWs including Digital Performer and Nuendo, making them cross-compatible with HUI-compatible hardware controllers. Other DAWs to support HUI protocol include Logic Pro, REAPER, and Cakewalk Sonar.

Mackie Control Universal (MCU) 
In 2003, the Mackie Control Universal (MCU) protocol was introduced, combining together functionality from Mackie Control, Logic Control and HUI into a single protocol. DAWs which support MCU (in addition to those which support HUI) include Ardour, Ableton Live, Studio One, Cubase, and Reason. ACID Pro 9 and ACID Pro Next from MAGIX also support MCU. An Arduino library has also implemented a large portion of MCU, enabling control surfaces to be built with Arduino-compatible microcontrollers.

References 

MIDI standards
Michael Dhuey. Michael Joseph Dhuey (born July 20, 1958, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States) is an electrical and computer engineer.

Information
He is chiefly known as the co-creator (with Ron Hochsprung) of the Macintosh II computer in 1987, the first Macintosh computer with expansion slots. He was also one of the two hardware engineers (with Tony Fadell) who developed the hardware for the original iPod in 2001, particularly the battery.

He began programming at age 14 at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and by age 15 was working professionally as a programmer at Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance. He received his computer engineering degree in 1980 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He worked at Apple Computer from 1980 to 2005. He is currently employed at Cisco Systems, where he has worked on the Cisco TelePresence remote conferencing system.

Design News nominated him for "Engineer of the Year" in 2006 and 2007.

References

External links
Design News nominees for Engineer of the Year 2006.
Design News nominees for Engineer of the Year 2007.
Design News profile.
2011 VentureBeat interview

1958 births
Living people
Apple Inc. employees
Computer designers
21st-century American engineers
Engineers from Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
American electrical engineers
Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions. The Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions or MAX are instruction set extensions to the Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC instruction set architecture (ISA). MAX was developed to improve the performance of multimedia applications that were becoming more prevalent during the 1990s.

MAX instructions operate on 32- or 64-bit SIMD data types consisting of multiple 16-bit integers packed in general purpose registers. The available functionality includes additions, subtractions and shifts.

The first version, MAX-1, was for the 32-bit PA-RISC 1.1 ISA. The second version, MAX-2, was for the 64-bit PA-RISC 2.0 ISA.

Notability 
The approach is notable because the set of instructions is much smaller than in other multimedia CPUs, and also more general-purpose. The small set and simplicity of the instructions reduce the recurring costs of the electronics, as well as the costs and difficulty of the design.  The general-purpose nature of the instructions increases their overall value. These instructions require only small changes to a CPU's arithmetic-logic unit. A similar design approach promises to be a successful model for the multimedia instructions of other CPU designs.  The set is also small because the CPU already included powerful shift and bit-manipulation instructions: "Shift pair" which shifts a pair of registers, "extract" and "deposit" of bit fields, and all the common bit-wise logical operations (and, or, exclusive-or, etc.).

This set of multimedia instructions has proven its performance, as well.  In 1996 the 64-bit "MAX-2" instructions enabled real-time performance of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 video while increasing the area of a RISC CPU by only 0.2%.

Implementations 
MAX-1 was first implemented with the PA-7100LC in 1994. It is usually attributed as being the first SIMD extensions to an ISA. The second version, MAX-2, was for the 64-bit PA-RISC 2.0 ISA. It was first implemented in the PA-8000 microprocessor released in 1996.

The basic approach to the arithmetic in MAX-2 is to "interrupt the carries" between the 16-bit subwords, and choose between modular arithmetic, signed and unsigned saturation. This requires only small changes to the arithmetic logic unit.

MAX-1

MAX-2 

MAX-2 instructions are register-to-register instructions that operate on multiple integers in 64-bit quantities. All have a one cycle latency in the PA-8000 microprocessor and its derivatives. Memory accesses are via the standard 64-bit loads and stores.

The "MIX" and "PERMH" instructions are a notable innovation because they permute words in the register set without accessing memory.  This can substantially speed many operations.

References 

 Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions (MAX-1 and MAX-2) PA-RISC CPU Architecture OpenPA.net

Computer-related introductions in 1994
HP microprocessors
SIMD computing
Nanotiter. A nanotiter plate is a flat plate with multiple wells used as small test tubes. It is a miniaturised version of the microtiter plates that are standard tools in analytical research.

Information
Due to the extremely low amounts of liquids 0.1 - 10 nl and reagents, the methods to work with nanoliterplates are completely different compared to the methods used for microliter plates.
Nanoliter plates reduce the amount of reagents, require lower sample volumes and increase the numbers of tests that can be performed in the lab.

Examples how nanoliterplates are handled are described in literature. (see e.g.: Dietrich, H. R. C. et al. Analytical Chemistry 2004, 76, 4112-17 or Guijt-van Duijn, R. A. et al. Biotechnology Advances 2003, 21, 431-44.).

References

Laboratory equipment
Max Munk. Max Michael Munk (October 22, 1890 – June 3, 1986) was a German aerospace engineer who worked for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in the 1920s and made contributions to the design of airfoils.

Education and early career
Munk earned an engineering degree from the Hannover Polytechnic School in 1914 and doctorates in both physics and mathematics from the University of Göttingen in 1918 with a dissertation on parametric studies of airfoils under Ludwig Prandtl. Munk's dissertation contained the nucleus of what would become airfoil theory. After World War I, NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics which become NASA in 1958) brought Munk to the United States. President Woodrow Wilson signed orders allowing Munk to come to the United States and work in government. These orders were required since Germany was a recent enemy and Munk had worked briefly for the German Navy.

Career at NACA
Munk began work at NACA in 1920 and proposed building the new Variable Density Tunnel (VDT) which went into operation in 1922. Munk published more than 40 articles with NACA.

Thin airfoil theory
Munk is best known for his development of thin airfoil theory, a means of modelling the behaviour of airfoils by separating their shape (the "mean camber line") and their varying thickness. This allows separate, and simpler, techniques to model each behaviour. Lift on an airfoil at a given angle of attack may be assumed to depend on the camber alone, and could be modelled by the numerical techniques of the period. Drag depends on the thickness of the airfoil and requires an understanding of viscous flow, which was beyond contemporary capabilities. Munk’s thin airfoil technique was introduced in 1922 and remained the major theoretical design technique until the development of laminar flow airfoils in the 1930s.

See also

References

Further reading

External links
 
 

Munk, Max
University of Göttingen alumni
German emigrants to the United States
1890 births
1986 deaths
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Scientists from Hamburg
AERONET. AERONET - the AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) is a network of ground-based sun photometers which measure atmospheric aerosol properties. The measurement system is a solar-powered CIMEL Electronique 318A spectral radiometer that measures Sun and sky radiances at
a number of fixed wavelengths within the visible and near-infrared spectrum. There is one sea-based reading location aboard the E/V Nautilus, the exploration vessel operated by Dr. Robert Ballard and the Sea Research Foundation. Two readings per day are taken aboard the ship while it is in operation.

AERONET provides continuous cloud-screened observations of spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD), precipitable water, and inversion aerosol products in diverse aerosol 
regimes. Inversion products are retrieved from almucantar scans of radiance as a function of scattering angle and include products such as aerosol volume size distribution, aerosol complex refractive index, optical absorption (single scattering albedo) and the aerosol scattering phase function. All these products represent an average of the total aerosol column within the atmosphere.

The aerosol properties are retrieved via an inversion algorithm developed by Dubovik and King (2000).
Further algorithms were developed, for example, by Dubovik et al. (2006) to take into account non-spherical shapes of aerosol particles such as mineral dust.

AERONET is an observing system in the NOAA Observing System Architecture.

See also
Aerosol
Angstrom exponent

References

Holben B.N., T.F. Eck, I. Slutsker, D. Tanré, J.P. Buis, A. Setzer, E. Vermote, J.A. Reagan, Y. Kaufman, T. Nakajima, F. Lavenu, I. Jankowiak, and A. Smirnov, 1998: AERONET - A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Rem. Sens. Environ., 66, 1-16.

Dubovik, O. and M. D. King, 2000: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20 673-20 696.

Dubovik, O., A. Sinyuk, T. Lapyonok, B. N. Holben, M. Mishchenko, P. Yang, T. F. Eck, H. Volten, O. Munoz, B. Veihelmann, W. J. van der Zande, J-F Leon, M. Sorokin, and I. Slutsker, 2006: Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust. J. Geophys. Res., 111, .

External links
NASA Goddard AERONET site

Meteorological data and networks
Aerosol measurement
National Centers for Biomedical Computing. The National Centers for Biomedical Computing (NCBCs) are part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health plan to develop and implement the core of a universal computing infrastructure that is urgently needed to speed progress in biomedical research. Their mission is to create innovative software programs and other tools that will enable the biomedical community to integrate, analyze, model, simulate, and share data on human health and disease.

Recognizing the potential benefits to human health that can be realized from applying and advancing the field of biomedical computing, the Biomedical Information Science and Technology Initiative (BISTI) was launched at the NIH in April 2000. This initiative is aimed at making optimal use of computer science and technology to address problems in biology and medicine. The full text of the original BISTI Report is available.

As of April 2016, the web site for the National Centers for Biomedical Computing (http://www.ncbcs.org) is no longer managed by that organization, though many of the centers still are supported.

Current Centers 
 Center for Computational Biology
 National Center for Biomedical Ontology
 Simbios: Physics-based Simulation of Biological Structures, Stanford University
 National Center for Integrative Biomedical Informatics
 National Center for Multi-Scale Study of Cellular Networks
 National Alliance for Medical Imaging Computing

See also 
 Biositemaps
 Biomedical Computation Review, a quarterly magazine created by Simbios to help build community among the diverse disciplines that participate in the field.

External links 
 NIH Roadmap National Centers for Biomedical Computing, archive.org
 National Center for Multi-Scale Study of Cellular Networks
 National Alliance for Medical Imaging Computing

Genomics
Proteomics
Medical research institutes in the United States
Bioinformatics organizations
National Institutes of Health

References
Kinef. Kinef (), an abbreviation for Kirishi Petroleum Organic Synthesis (), also known as Kirishi Refinery, is a Russian joint stock production association operating a large oil refinery based in Kirishi, Leningrad Oblast. It is a subsidiary of Surgutneftegaz. The Kirishi refinery is the only one in Northwestern Russia.

History
Construction of the refinery had begun in 1961 in an area devastated by World War II. The first oil products were produced in 1966. By 1972, the Kirishi refinery had been one of the five largest in the Soviet Union.

In 1980 the plant was reconstructed and started diesel hydrotreating unit with capacity of two million tonnes per year. The main fractionation tower K-5 weighing 335.2 tons, diameter of 5 m and a length of 62 m was delivered by "Spetstyazhavtotrans" from the factory "Dzerzhinskhimmash".

In 1987 Kirishineftekhimexport subdivision of Kirishinefteorgsintez was founded to conduct external economic activity of the company. In 1991 it became an independent state-owned enterprise, but continued trading for Kirishinefteorgsintez.

In 1993, the refinery became a part of the Surgutneftegaz JSC.

In December 1994, the refinery opened a plant for the production of roofing and waterproofing, sound-proof roll material, as well as bitumen-polymer mastic hot applications.  In 1996, a complex for the production of linear alkyl benzene was opened.  In 1999, a technical re-gas fractionation plant was opened.

During the 1990s, Andrey Akimov, who was managing director from January 1991 to 20 November 2002 at the Swiss financial company IMAG GmbH in Vienna (Austria), worked closely with the administration of the Governor of St. Petersburg Anatoly Sobchak and especially Vladimir Putin to provide more than $1 billion in foreign finance for the reconstruction of the Kirishi oil refinery (), which is the largest oil refinery in Russia based upon the amount of fuel produced.

References

External links

Official site (in Russian)

Oil companies of Russia
Oil refineries in Russia
Oil companies of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Leningrad Oblast
Oil refineries in the Soviet Union