omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Austin Ant. 

The Austin Ant (development code ADO19) is a small four-wheel drive vehicle that was designed by Sir Alec Issigonis for the motor manufacturer Austin. Although the Ant is widely regarded as a military vehicle, some sources suggest it was conceived with civilian use in mind as well. In its military role, it was a potential successor to the military version of an earlier Issigonis design, the Mini Moke.

The Ant was cancelled in 1968 before full-scale production began, during the period when BMC became part of the British Leyland (BL) conglomerate; the merger caused several overlaps in model ranges, and the Ant was regarded as too close a competitor for the Land Rover range.

The Ant used an A-Series engine, transverse mounted and tilted slightly backward to allow greater ground clearance and suspension movement. The main gearbox was placed in the engine sump, as on the Mini. A reduction gearbox took power from the main gearbox to the rear axle via a propshaft. The same layout was used 30 years later (with a K-Series engine) on the Rover Group's Land Rover Freelander.

See also
 Nuffield Guppy

References

External links
 Moke and Ant at Austin Memories
 Image of Austin Ant

Military vehicles of the United Kingdom
Issigonis vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Ant
Autoclave tape. Autoclave tape is an adhesive tape used in autoclaving (heating under high pressure with steam to sterilise) to indicate whether a specific temperature has been reached.  Autoclave tape works by changing color after exposure to temperatures commonly used in sterilization processes, typically 121°C in a steam autoclave.

Small strips of the tape are applied to the items before they are placed into the autoclave. The tape is similar to masking tape but slightly more adhesive, to allow it to adhere under the hot, moist conditions of the autoclave. One such tape has diagonal markings containing an ink which changes colour (usually beige or blue to black) upon heating.

The presence of autoclave tape that has changed color on an item does not ensure that the product is sterile, as the tape will change color upon exposure only. For steam sterilization to occur, the entire item must completely reach and maintain 121°C for 15–20 minutes with proper steam exposure to ensure sterilization.

The color-changing indicator of tape is usually lead carbonate based, which decomposes to lead(II) oxide. To protect users from lead – and because this decomposition can occur at many moderate temperatures – manufactures may protect the lead carbonate layer with a resin or polymer that is degraded under steam at high temperature.

References

Laboratory equipment
Medical equipment
Medical hygiene
Microbiology equipment
Strain insulator. A strain insulator is an electrical insulator that is designed to work in mechanical tension (strain), to withstand the pull of a suspended electrical wire or cable.  They are used in overhead electrical wiring, to support radio antennas and overhead power lines.    A strain insulator may be inserted between two lengths of wire to isolate them electrically from each other while maintaining a mechanical connection, or where a wire attaches to a pole or tower, to transmit the pull of the wire to the support while insulating it electrically.  Strain insulators were first used in telegraph systems in the mid 19th century.

Description and use
A typical strain insulator is a piece of glass, porcelain, or fiberglass that is shaped to accommodate two cables or a cable shoe and the supporting hardware on the support structure (hook eye, or eyelet on a steel pole/tower). The shape of the insulator maximizes the distance between the cables while also maximizing the load-bearing transfer capacity of the insulator. In practice, for radio antennas, guy-wires, overhead power lines and most other loads, the strain insulator is usually in physical tension. 

When the line voltage requires more insulation than a single insulator can supply, strain insulators are used in series: A set of insulators are connected to each other using special hardware. The series can support the same strain as a single insulator, but the series provides a much higher effective insulation.

If one string is insufficient for the strain, a heavy steel plate effectively bundles several insulator strings mechanically. One plate is on the "hot" end and another is located at the support structure. This setup is almost universally used on long spans, such as when a power line crosses a river, canyon, lake, or other terrain requiring a longer than nominal span.

Strain insulators are typically used outdoors in overhead wiring. In this environment they are exposed to rain and, in urban settings, pollution. As a practical matter, the shape of the insulator becomes critically important, since a wetted path from one cable to the other can create a low-resistance electrical path.

Strain insulators intended for horizontal mounting (often referred to as "dead ends") therefore incorporate flanges to shed water, and strain insulators intended for vertical mounting (referred to as "suspension insulators") are often bell-shaped.

Collectors 
Other than their industrial use for which they are produced, strain insulators can be collectables, especially antique ones.

References

External links
 US collectors club for glass insulators

Overhead power lines
Electric power distribution
Wien bridge. The Wien bridge is a type of bridge circuit that was developed by Max Wien in 1891. The bridge consists of four resistors and two capacitors.

At the time of the Wien bridge's invention, bridge circuits were a common way of measuring component values by comparing them to known values. Often an unknown component would be put in one arm of a bridge, and then the bridge would be nulled by adjusting the other arms or changing the frequency of the voltage source. See, for example, the Wheatstone bridge.

The Wien bridge is one of many common bridges. Wien's bridge is used for precision measurement of capacitance in terms of resistance and frequency. It was also used to measure audio frequencies.

The Wien bridge does not require equal values of R or C. At some frequency, the reactance of the series R2–C2 arm will be an exact multiple of the shunt Rx–Cx arm. If the two R3 and R4 arms are adjusted to the same ratio, then the bridge is balanced.

The bridge is balanced when:
 and 

The equations simplify if one chooses R2 = Rx and C2 = Cx; the result is R4 = 2R3.

In practice, the values of R and C will never be exactly equal, but the equations above show that for fixed values in the 2 and x arms, the bridge will balance at some ω and some ratio of R4/R3.

See also
Total harmonic distortion analyzer
Wien bridge oscillator

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20120223142737/http://www.ecelab.com/wien-bridge.htm

Bridge circuits
Impedance measurements

pl:Mostek (elektronika)#Mostek Wiena
Wet-bulb potential temperature. Wet-bulb potential temperature, sometimes referred to as pseudo wet-bulb potential temperature, is the temperature that a parcel of air at any level would have if, starting at the wet-bulb temperature, it were brought at the  saturated adiabatic lapse rate to the standard pressure of 1,000 mbar.

This temperature is conservative with respect to reversible adiabatic changes.

See also 
 Wet-bulb temperature
 Potential temperature
 Atmospheric thermodynamics
 Equivalent temperature
 Equivalent potential temperature

References

External links 
 AMS Glossary

 Oxford Index

Atmospheric thermodynamics
Bismuth subcarbonate. Bismuth subcarbonate (BiO)2CO3, sometimes written Bi2O2(CO3) is a chemical compound of bismuth containing both oxide and carbonate anions. Bismuth is in the +3 oxidation state. Bismuth subcarbonate occurs naturally as the mineral bismutite. Its structure consists of Bi–O layers and CO3 layers and is related to kettnerite, CaBi(CO3)OF. It is light-sensitive.

Uses
It is highly radiopaque and for example is used as a filler in radiopaque catheters which can be seen by x-ray. In modern medicine, bismuth subcarbonate has been made into nanotube arrays that exhibit antibacterial properties. It is also used in fireworks to make Dragon's eggs. It is a constituent of milk of bismuth which was a popular digestive tract panacea in the 1930s.

Safety
Bismuth subcarbonate may be harmful if swallowed. It may irritate the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract.

Synthesis  
Bismuth subcarbonate can be attained from the reaction between bismuth nanoparticles and the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in water. Bismuth subcarbonate has the tendency to form nanoplates, but it can be also obtained as small round nanospheres (with controlled size) when it is grown in the presence of halloysite nanotubes. The high pH and high temperature of the aqueous solution helps to reduce the time of synthesis. It is readily formed on the surface of undoped bismuth oxide (β-Bi2O3 and γ-Bi2O3) nanoparticles even when they are not suspended in water.

Structure  
Bismuth subcarbonate has a structure with a tetragonal unit cell. Layers of (BiO) positively charged, and carbonate anion (CO) are surrounding both sides of the (BiO) layer to compensate the charge. Usually, the (BiO) layer grows perpendicular to the  axis.

References

External links
Source of the common name; milk of bismuth
MSDS

Bismuth compounds
Carbonates
Feelix Growing. Feelix Growing is a research project, started on December 1, 2006, that is working to design robots that can detect and  respond to human emotional cues.  The project involves six countries and 25 roboticists, developmental psychologists and neuroscientists.

The aim of the project was to build robots that "learn from humans and respond in a socially and emotionally appropriate manner".  The robots are designed to respond to emotional cues from humans and use them to adapt their own behavior.  The project designers wanted to facilitate integration of robots into human society so that they could more easily provide services.  The project aims to create robots that can "recognize" a given emotion, such as anger or fear, in a human, and adapt its behavior to the most appropriate response after repeated interactions.  Thus the project emphasizes development over time.

Robots are expected to be able to read emotions by picking up on physical cues like movement of body and facial muscles, posture, speed of movement, eyebrow position, and distance between the human and the robot. Project participants want to design the robots to detect those emotional cues that are universal to people, rather than those specific to individuals and cultures.

The robots are made not only to detect emotions in people but also to have their own.  According to Dr. Lola Cañamero, who is running the project,  "Emotions foster adaptation to environment, so robots would be better at learning things. For example, anything that damages the body would be painful, so a robot would learn not to do it again." Cañamero says that the robots will be given the equivalent of a system of pleasure and pain.

The robots will have artificial neural networks.  Rather than building complex hardware, the project coordinators plan to focus on designing software and to use mostly "off the shelf" hardware that is already available. The only part they plan to build themselves are heads with artificial faces capable of forming facial expressions.

The scheme for 2.5 million euros is financed by the European Commission (the executive body of the European Union) and is set to last for three years.  Project participants hope to have a model of robot that can be used in homes and hospitals by the scheduled end date of the project.

The name Feelix is derived from the words feel, interact, and express.

See also
 Affective computing
 Developmental robotics
 Evolutionary robotics
 Robot software

References

External links
Feelix Growing homepage. Retrieved on March 4, 2007.
Evan Blass. February 23, 2007. Researchers teaching robots to read emotional cues, sense our fear Engadget.com. Humorous post to a list about the project. Retrieved on March 4, 2007.
Louis Ramirez.  February 23, 2007. Feelix Growing Project Looking to Build Robots with Attitude Gizmodo.com.  Humorous post to a list about the project.  Retrieved on March 4, 2007.

Robotics projects
2006 in robotics
Structural element. In structural engineering, structural elements are used in structural analysis to split a complex structure into simple elements (each bearing a structural load). Within a structure, an element cannot be broken down (decomposed) into parts of different kinds (e.g., beam or column).

Structural building components are specialized structural building products designed, engineered and manufactured under controlled conditions for a specific application. They are incorporated into the overall building structural system by a building designer. Examples are wood or steel roof trusses, floor trusses, floor panels, I-joists, or engineered beams and headers. A structural building component manufacturer or truss manufacturer is an individual or company regularly engaged in the manufacturing of components.

Structural elements can be lines, surfaces or volumes.

Line elements:

Rod - axial loads
Beam - axial and bending loads
Pillar
Post (structural)
Struts or Compression members- compressive loads
Ties, Tie rods, eyebars, guy-wires, suspension cables, or wire ropes - tension loads

Surface elements:

membrane - in-plane loads only
shell - in plane and bending moments
Concrete slab
deck
shear panel - shear loads only

Volumes:

 Axial, shear and bending loads for all three dimensions

See also
 Load-bearing wall
 Post and lintel
 Stressed member engine

References

Structural analysis
Hardware (mechanical)
Architectural elements
Rolls-Royce RB.108. The Rolls-Royce RB.108 was a British jet engine designed in the mid-1950s by Rolls-Royce specifically for use as a VTOL lift engine. It was also used to provide horizontal thrust in the Short SC.1.

Design and development
The RB.108 was the first direct-lift turbojet produced by Rolls-Royce. It originated from a VTOL concept in which Alan A. Griffith proposed using a small number of specialised lift engines in a VTOL aircraft, separate from the engines which provided forward propulsion. Its power output (thrust) was not high enough for use as a practical engine in a production aircraft and was used only for research into VTOL. It was constructed from conventional materials. (The next lift engine, the RB.162, would have a compressor built mainly from glass-fibre composite and have a higher T/W ratio.) The RB.108 bearings and oil system were designed to operate with an engine attitude envelope which covered engine and aircraft tilting while transitioning between hovering and forward flight. When a fifth engine was installed in the SC.1 to provide forward thrust it had to be mounted at about 45 degrees to remain within the envelope. The exhaust was directed horizontally with a curved jetpipe.

Operational history
The RB.108 was used in the Short SC.1, which used four for lift with an additional one mounted at an angle at the rear for propulsion, and the Dassault Balzac V, which used eight vertically mounted RB.108s for lift. The Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke (VFW) SG 1262 used five RB.108s, three mounted in tandem on the centreline, with one RB.108 either side.

The RB.108 was also the intended powerplant for several other VTOL aircraft designs, including one by Dornier.

A similar lift jet was designed by Bristol Siddeley, the BS.59, with a thrust of 8,000 lb the engine was intended for the projected Focke-Wulf Fw 260.

Applications
 Armstrong Whitworth AW.171
 Dassault Balzac V
 Short SC.1
 VFW SG 1262 Schwebegestell

Specifications (RB.108)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989.

External links

A photograph of an RB.108
RB.108 origins
The Short SC.1
Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke SG 1262
Advertisement from Flight magazine - September 1960

RB.108
1950s turbojet engines
Lift jet
Intake ramp. An intake ramp is a rectangular, plate-like device within the air intake of a jet engine, designed to generate a number of shock waves to aid the inlet compression process at supersonic speeds. The ramp sits at an acute angle to deflect the intake air from the longitudinal direction. At supersonic flight speeds, the deflection of the air stream creates a number of oblique shock waves at each change of gradient along at the ramp. Air crossing each shock wave suddenly slows to a lower Mach number, thus increasing pressure.

Ideally, the first oblique shock wave should intercept the air intake lip, thus avoiding air spillage and pre-entry drag on the outer boundary of the deflected streamtube. For a fixed geometry intake at zero incidence, this condition can only be achieved at one particular flight Mach number, because the angle of the shock wave (to the longitudinal direction) becomes more acute with increasing aircraft speed.

More advanced supersonic intakes feature a ramp with a number of discrete changes of gradient in order to generate multiple oblique shock waves. The first known aircraft to use this is the North American A-5 Vigilante with fully-variable wedge-type side air intakes In the case of Concorde, the first (converging) intake ramp is followed by a diverging ramp. After the air passes the end of the first ramp it has become subsonic such that the diverging ramp further contributes towards the reduction in airstream velocity and consequently its increase in pressure. This intake design thus ensures excellent pressure recovery and contributes to Concorde's improved fuel efficiency whilst cruising supersonically at up to Mach 2.2 (beyond which airframe heating effects limit any further increase in speed).

Variable geometry intakes, such as those on Concorde, vary the ramp angle to focus the series of oblique shock waves onto the intake lip, control of which is accomplished by complex non-linear control laws using the ramp void pressure (the pressure of the air in the gap between the two ramps) as a control input.

The intake ramp for rectangular intakes has its equivalent in the inlet cone for circular intakes. Much lighter fixed-geometry alternatives are used on modern aircraft which are designed with greater emphasis on durability and survivability (stealth). These inlets preserve the performance of variable intake ramps by controlling shock position using the downstream pressure. They include the caret compression surface, used in the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor inlets, and the diverterless supersonic inlet used on the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II and Chengdu J-20.

Intake gallery

See also
Index of aviation articles
Inlet cone
NACA duct
Splitter plate

References

External links

A-5 Vigilante intake ramp photos

Aircraft propulsion components
Oobi (toy). Oobi was a toy, invented by Herb Fisher of Block Island, Rhode Island and test marketed by Parker Brothers in 1971, that was intended to pass a message to a recipient relying on "the kindness of strangers" as transport.

Physically, an Oobi is a bright orange oblong spheroid with a slit, an addressing area, and big painted-on eyes. They were sold in packs of three. The original purchaser was to write an address on the address area, place a folded message inside, and leave the toy somewhere public to be found. Instructions to the finder were written on the Oobi's top: "I'm oobi. I contain a message to another human being. Please further my journey an inch, a foot, or a mile. Add a note, if you wish. Then help me to the next nice person like yourself! I'm on my way to ... Please don't confine me to a mailbox."

In spite of television advertisements and its slogan "oobi means love" it never caught on during trials on the West Coast and the Northeast, and has been described as the toy company's "wildest failure".

References

External links
 Oobi Land 
1970s toys
Windows Color System. Windows Color System (WCS) is a platform for color management, first included with Windows Vista, that aims to achieve color consistency across various software and hardware, including cameras, monitors, printers and scanners.

System
Different devices interpret the same colors differently, according to their software and hardware configurations. As a result, they must be properly calibrated to reproduce colors consistently across different devices. WCS aims to make this process of color calibration automatic and transparent, as an evolution of ICC profiles.

Windows Color System features a Color Infrastructure and Translation Engine (CITE) at its core. It is backed up by a color processing pipeline that supports bit-depths more than 32 bits per pixel, multiple color channels (more than three), alternative color spaces and high dynamic range coloring, using a technology named Kyuanos developed by Canon. The color processing pipeline allows device developers to add their own gamut mapping algorithm into the pipeline to customize the color response of the device. The new pipeline also supports floating point calculations to minimize round-off errors, which are inherent in integer processing. Once the color pipeline finishes processing the colors, the CITE engine applies a color translation according to a color profile, specific to a device to ensure the output color matches to what is expected.

WCS features explicit support for LCD as well as CRT monitors, projectors, printers, and other imaging devices and provides customized support for each. WCS uses color profiles according to CIECAM02, defined using XML, to define how the color representation actually translates to a visible color. ICC V4 color profiles are also supported. Windows Photo Gallery and Photo Viewer only support the deprecated V2 standard and show dark images when used with V4 profiles; Windows Imaging Component, the HD Photo format, XPS print path and XPS documents all support color management.

WCS is a superset of Image Color Management (ICM), which was first included with Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003.

See also
 Features new to Windows Vista
 Windows Vista printing technologies

References

External links
 

Windows Vista
Color
Motorman (ship). A motorman, also known as a qualified member of the engineering department (QMED), is the seniormost rate in the engine room of a ship.  The motorman performs a variety of tasks connected with the maintenance and repair of engine room, fireroom, machine shop, ice-machine room, and steering-engine room equipment. The motorman inspects equipment such as pumps, turbines, distilling plants, and condensers, and prepares record of condition. The motorman lubricates and maintains machinery and equipment such as generators, steering systems, lifeboats, and sewage disposal systems, and also cleans and restores tools and equipment.

United States
In the United States Merchant Marine, in order to be occupied as a QMED a person has to have a Merchant Mariner Credential issued by the United States Coast Guard with a QMED certification.  Because of international conventions and agreements, all QMEDs who sail internationally are similarly documented by their respective countries.

Applicants for QMED are required to pass a QMED General Knowledge Examination and at least one of the following rating exams:
Fireman/Watertender
Oiler
Junior Engineer
Electrician/Refrigerating Engineer
Pumpman/Machinist

Once the exam is passed, the results are valid towards an upgrade to QMED from Wiper for one year.

See also

Engineering department
Seafarer's professions and ranks

External links
United States Coast Guard Merchant Mariner Licensing and Documentation web site
QMED at DOL 
QMED Requirements at MSC 

Marine occupations