omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Salmson-Moineau S.M.1. The Salmson-Moineau S.M.1 A3, (later re-designated Salmson Sal. 1 A3), was a French armed three-seat biplane long range reconnaissance aircraft of the First World War designed by René Moineau for the Salmson company.

Design and development
The S.M.1 A3 was developed from 1915 to meet the French military A3 specification, which called for a three-seat long range reconnaissance aircraft with strong defensive armament. The S.M.1 was unconventional, powered by a single Salmson 9A liquid-cooled radial engine mounted in the fuselage powering two airscrews mounted between the wings with a system of gears and drive shafts. This layout was chosen by Moineau to minimise drag. The twin airscrew layout allowed a wide field of fire for the two gunner-observers, one seated in the nose and one behind the pilot. Both gunners operated ring-mounted flexible 37 mm APX cannon built by Arsenal Puteaux. The airframe itself was relatively conventional, the boxy fuselage mounted on a system of struts between the wings. The undercarriage included a nose wheel, intended solely to prevent the aircraft nosing over, and a tail skid.

One aircraft may have been fitted experimentally with a Salmson (Canton-Unne) P.9 engine. A single S.M.2 S2 aircraft, with an additional Salmson 9A engine in the nose driving a conventional tractor airscrew, was tested with poor results, due to inadequate engine cooling, in 1918.

Operational history
The aircraft was tested in early 1916 and was sufficiently successful to receive an order for 100 aircraft although the performance was inferior to the Sopwith 1½ Strutter. In service the S.M.1 was not successful. The nose-wheel undercarriage would collapse if misused and this caused many accidents. The complicated transmission system was difficult to service in the field and the performance of the aircraft was poor. It appears that around 155 S.M.1s were built in total. The type was largely withdrawn from service in 1917 but a small number of aircraft remained in use until late 1918. Some S.M.1s were supplied to the Imperial Russian Air Service, but they were no better liked in Russia.

Operators

French Air Force

Imperial Russian Air Service

Variants
S.M.1 A3
The production 3-seat reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a single Salmson 9A2c radial engine laterally mounted in the fuselage driving two propellers via shafts and gearboxes.
S.M.2 S2
An enlarged S.M.1, for the S2 2-seater ground attack role, with extended upper wings with additional bracing, reinforced undercarriage and a second Salmson 9A2c in the nose driving a 2-bladed tractor propeller directly.

Specifications (S.M.1 A3)

Notes

References

 Davilla, James J., & Soltan, Arthur M., French Aircraft of the First World War. Stratford, Connecticut: Flying Machines Press, 1997. 

1910s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Biplanes
Salmson aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Thermo-magnetic motor. Thermomagnetic motors  (also known as Curie wheels, Curie-motors and pyromagnetic motors) convert heat into kinetic energy using the thermomagnetic effect, i.e., the influence of temperature on the magnetic material magnetization.

Historical background 
This technology dates back to 19th century, when a number of scientists submitted patents on the so-called "pyro-magnetic generators". These systems operate in a magnetic Brayton cycle, in a reverse way of the magnetocaloric refrigerators. Experiments have produced only extremely inefficient working prototypes, however, thermodynamic analysis indicate that thermomagnetic motors present high efficiency related to Carnot efficiency for small temperature differences around the magnetic material Curie temperature. The thermomagnetic motor principle has been studied as a possible actuator in smart materials, being successful in the generation of electric energy from ultra-low temperature gradients.

See also
 Thermomagnetic convection

References
 
 

Electric motors
Magnetic devices
Harold Greenwood (ice hockey). Harold Gustave Francis Greenwood  (15 November 1894, Peterborough – 8 July 1978, Buckingham) was a Canadian-British military engineer and an ice hockey player who competed in the 1928 Winter Olympics.

Biography
Greenwood was the grandson of Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière and graduated from the Royal Military College of Canada in 1914. He moved to Europe during World War I, and in World War II served as a brigadier-general in the Corps of Royal Engineers in India, Sri Lanka, and southeast Asia. In 1945, he became Chief Engineer of the Western Command and was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He retired in 1947.

In 1928 he finished fourth with the British team in the Olympic tournament.

Personal life
Greenwood married Gwyneth Lemon from Winnipeg on 12 April 1928 at the British Embassy Church in Paris.

References

1894 births
1978 deaths
Ice hockey players at the 1928 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for Great Britain
Canadian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Ice hockey people from Peterborough, Ontario
Royal Engineers officers
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
NanoSail-D. NanoSail-D was a small satellite which was to have been used by NASA's Ames Research Center to study the deployment of a solar sail in space. It was a three-unit CubeSat measuring , with a mass of . The satellite was lost shortly after launch due to a problem with the launch vehicle carrying it; however, a replacement, NanoSail-D2, was launched in 2010 to complete its mission.

Spacecraft 
NanoSail-D was to have been deployed on the third flight of the Falcon 1 launch vehicle, which was launched from Omelek Island at 03:34 UTC on 3 August 2008. One of two CubeSats aboard, along with PRESat, it was a secondary payload to the Trailblazer which was to have been operated by the Operationally Responsive Space Office of the United States Department of Defense. The launch was conducted by SpaceX, and also carried a space burial payload (Celestis-07) for Celestis. Two minutes and forty seconds after launch, the spent first stage of the rocket was jettisoned; however, unexpected residual thrust caused it to recontact the second stage, which resulted in the rocket being thrown off course. Unable to achieve orbit, the rocket and payloads fell into the Pacific Ocean.

NanoSail-D was to have been operated in a low Earth orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of  and 9.0° of inclination. It would have been operational for around seven days, after which time it would have been expected to run out of power. Its solar sail had an area of . The satellite was developed and tested in four months.

NanoSail-D2 was built as a ground spare for NanoSail-D. Following the launch failure of NanoSail-D in August 2008, NanoSail-D2 was launched on a Minotaur IV launch vehicle in November 2010, and deployed from the FASTSAT satellite.

See also 

 List of CubeSats

Solar sail CubeSats
 LightSail-1
 Near-Earth Asteroid Scout

References 

Spacecraft launched in 2008
Satellite launch failures
Solar sail spacecraft
CubeSats
SpaceX payloads contracted by NASA
Sagwon, Alaska. Sagwon is a location 65 miles south of Deadhorse in North Slope Borough, Alaska, United States.  It is above the Arctic Circle.  It is known for the Gallagher Flint Station Archeological Site which was discovered during the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline.  There was a 3800 ft gravel airstrip, KSAG, used by the pipeline which as since been left unused.   There was a superfund site at the airstrip which was remediated by among other treatments, removing 636 tons of contaminated material.

References

Unincorporated communities in North Slope Borough, Alaska
Unincorporated communities in Alaska
Unreinforced masonry building. An unreinforced masonry building (or UMB, URM building) is a type of building where load bearing walls, non-load bearing walls or other structures, such as chimneys, are made of brick, cinderblock, tiles, adobe or other masonry material that is not braced by reinforcing material, such as rebar in a concrete or cinderblock. The term is used in earthquake engineering as a classification of certain structures for earthquake safety purposes, and is subject to minor variation from place to place.

Problems

URM structures are vulnerable to collapse in an earthquake. One problem is that most mortar used to hold bricks together is not strong enough to survive the vibrations without cracking. Additionally, masonry elements may "peel" from the building, and fall onto occupants or passersby outside.

In California, the 1933 Long Beach earthquake resulted in a near-immediate statewide ban on construction of new unreinforced masonry school buildings and the Field Act. A State law enacted in 1986 required seismic retrofitting of existing structures. Retrofits are relatively expensive, and may include the building being tied to its foundation, tying building elements (such as roof and walls) to each other so that the building moves as a single unit rather than creating internal shears during an earthquake, attaching walls more securely to underlying supports so that they do not buckle and collapse, and bracing or removing parapets and other unsecured decorative elements. Retrofits are generally intended to prevent injury and death to people, but not to protect the building itself. According to the 2006-04 California seismic safety commission report, there are still 7800 URM buildings with no retrofitting in the state, including 1100 in the city of Los Angeles.

The California law left implementation and standards up to local jurisdictions. Compliance took many years, and as of 2008, most (but not all) of the unreinforced masonry buildings in San Francisco have undergone retrofitting.

There is particular cause for concern in regions which can generate strong earthquakes, but only rarely. Such regions may not have regulations limiting the construction of UMBs, or have only implemented them recently. Public awareness of earthquake safety may be low. For example, the Wasatch Fault in the U.S. state of Utah closely parallels the state's most populous metropolitan area, the Wasatch Front (which includes the state capital Salt Lake City). The Wasatch Front has a population of 2 million, and contains 200,000 UMBs compared with the entire state of California's 25,000. Utah has recently retrofitted many public UMBs to better withstand earthquakes, but most UMBs in the state are private homes.

The lack of earthquake codes preventing the construction of UMBs was a major factor in the high death toll in the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

See also
Structural engineering

References

Masonry buildings and structures
Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation
Earthquake engineering
Slow architecture. Slow architecture is a term believed to have grown from the slow food movement of the mid-1980s. Slow architecture is generally architecture that is created gradually and organically, as opposed to building it quickly for short-term goals. It is often combined with an ecological, environmentally sustainable approach.

Slow architecture could also be interpreted literally to mean architecture that has taken a very long time to build, for example the Sagrada Família, in Barcelona.

When Eduardo Souto de Moura won the 2011 Pritzker Prize, a jury member described his buildings as slow architecture, because it required careful consideration to appreciate its intricacies. Professor Kenneth Frampton said "Souto de Moura's work is sort of more grounded in a way... They have their character coming from the way in which they have been developed as structures." 2012 Pritzker winner Wang Shu was described as "China's champion of Slow architecture".

Slow architecture examples

Canada
Professor John Brown of the University of Calgary has launched a not-for-profit website designed to promote "slow homes". This follows ten years of research. A slow home is described as attractive, in harmony with the neighbourhood, and energy efficient, using a smaller carbon footprint.

China
Pritzker Prize winning architect Wang Shu has been described as "China's champion of Slow architecture" His buildings evoke the densely packed architecture of China's older cities, with intimate courtyards, tilting walls and a variety of sloping roofs. "Cities today have become far too large. I’m really worried, because it’s happening too fast and we have already lost so much" he says.

Ireland
The slow architecture project in Ireland launched a touring exhibition by canal boat in 2010. The boat travelled between seven locations over a six-week period, with artists and architects holding workshops and lectures at each stopping point.

United States
In 2008, architects from leading US practices took part in a San Francisco-based project called Slow Food Nation. They created constructions that were generally food-related and ecologically motivated, including a variety of pavilions, a water station made from recycled bottles, a compost exhibit and a "soapbox" for farmers.

See also
Slow movement (culture)
Slow Food
Cittaslow (Slow Cities)
Slow photography

References

External links
 http://www.slow-architecture.com
 http://www.slowarchitecture.it

Architectural styles
Architecture
Deglazing (engine mechanics). Deglazing is a process by which the surface of an engine cylinder is roughened to create friction between the moving parts and allow engine oil to grip the sides of the cylinder.

Details
In a gasoline or diesel engine, the pistons ride up and down within the engine maintaining a tight seal via the piston rings. Over time, the constant rubbing of the rings against the cylinder wall can polish it to a very smooth finish. This creates problems in two ways. First, the lubricating oil in the engine will not adhere properly to the smooth surface, and in the absence of an oil film the resulting friction is increased. Secondly, while breaking in newly installed piston rings, a minute amount of wear must occur between rings and cylinder wall in order to seat the rings properly, and ensure a gas-tight seal. If the cylinder walls are too smooth, this wear will not occur, with the rings "skating" over the polished surface.

In order to correct the situation, a mechanic can take the engine apart, and deglaze the cylinders, usually using an abrasive. This creates a roughly 45 degree angle crosshatching of tiny grooves in the cylinder wall, and restores the engine's performance. Crosshatching that deviates too far from 45 degrees can either cause an unwanted accumulation of oil or be unable to hold on to the oil entirely.

References

Motor vehicle maintenance
Plant layout study. A plant layout study is an engineering study used to analyze different physical configurations for a manufacturing plant. It is also known as Facilities Planning and Layout.

Overview 

The ability to design and operate manufacturing facilities that can quickly and effectively adapt to changing technological and market requirements is becoming increasingly important to the success of any manufacturing organization. In the face of shorter product life cycles, higher product variety, increasingly unpredictable demand, and shorter delivery times, manufacturing facilities dedicated to a single product line cannot be cost effective any longer. Investment efficiency now requires that manufacturing facilities be able to shift quickly from one product line to another without major retooling, resource reconfiguration, or replacement of equipment.

Investment efficiency also requires that manufacturing facilities be able to simultaneously make several products so that smaller volume products can be combined in a single facility and that fluctuations in product mixes and volumes can be more easily accommodated. In short, manufacturing facilities must be able to exhibit high levels of flexibility and robustness despite significant changes in their operating requirements.

In industry sectors, it is important to manufacture the products which have good quality and meet customers’ demand. This action could be conducted under existing resources such as employees, machines and other facilities. However, plant layout improvement, could be one of the tools to response to increasing industrial productivity. Plant layout design has become a fundamental basis of today’s industrial plants which can influence parts of work efficiency. It is needed to appropriately plan and position employees, materials, machines, equipment, and other manufacturing supports and facilities to create the most effective plant layout.

The intended products to be manufactured influence the choice of layout.

See also 
 Routing diagram

References

Further reading 
 
 Moran, Sean. Process Plant Layout . Second edition. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2016
 Carrie, A. S. "Numerical taxonomy applied to group technology and plant layout." THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH 11.4 (1973): 399-416.
 Francis, R. L. and J. A. White, Facility Layout and Location: An Analytical Approach, Prentice Hall, 2/E, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993.
 James Mendon Moore, Plant layout and design. Prentice Hall, 1962.
 Reed, Ruddell. Plant layout: Factors, principles, and techniques. RD Irwin, 1961.
 Rosenblatt, Meir J. "The dynamics of plant layout." Management Science 32.1 (1986): 76-86.
 Yang, Taho, and Chih-Ching Hung. "Multiple-attribute decision making methods for plant layout design problem." Robotics and computer-integrated manufacturing 23.1 (2007): 126-137.

External links 
 

Manufacturing plants
Speedtest.net. Speedtest.net, also known as Speedtest by Ookla, is a web service that provides free analysis of Internet access performance metrics, such as connection data rate and latency. It is the flagship product of Ookla, a web testing and network diagnostics company founded in 2006, and based in Seattle, Washington, United States.

The service measures the data throughput (speed) and latency (connection delay) of an Internet connection against one of over 16,000 geographically dispersed servers (as of December 2023). Each test measures the data rate for the download direction, i.e. from the server to the user computer, and the upload data rate, i.e. from the user's computer to the server. The tests are performed within the user's web browser or within mobile apps.  , over 52.3 billion Internet speed tests have been completed.

Tests were previously performed over HTTP. To improve accuracy, Speedtest.net now performs tests via a custom protocol over TCP sockets.

The site also offers detailed statistics based on test results. This data has been used by numerous publications in the analysis of Internet access data rates around the world.

History
The owner and operator of Speedtest.net, Ookla, was established in 2006 by partners Mike Apgar and Doug Suttles. Suttles suggested the name Ookla because he already owned the Ookla.com domain name in honor of his pet cat, who was in turn named for a character on the TV series Thundarr the Barbarian. The domain speedtest.net has been used to host a speed test since 2000, and was acquired by Ookla in 2006.

As of 2011, Ookla claimed 80% market share and was one of the top 1000 most popular websites. At the time, Ookla derived its revenue primarily from fees paid by companies to license custom speed test and proprietary testing software. Clients reportedly included media companies like CNN and Disney, and telecommunications providers like AT&T, Verizon, and CenturyLink.

Ookla was acquired by Ziff Davis in 2014.

Acquisitions

Technology
Speedtest.net started as a Flash-based broadband speed test service.  After Adobe deprecated Flash, and announced its End-Of-Life (EOL), Ookla ported the speed test from Flash to HTML5. The new HTML5 based speed test went out of beta on January 9, 2018.

See also
 List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds

References

External links
 

Internet technology companies of the United States
Internet properties established in 2006
Network performance
Computer network analysis
Mobile applications
IOS software
Android (operating system) software
2014 mergers and acquisitions
TvOS software
Utopia Lda. Utopia Lda is a Portuguese design firm providing services in architecture, town planning, objects design, engineering and web design. Its main goal is to create a sustainable environment.

Awards
In April 2004 this firm won the Tektonica Prize.

Works
Utopia 's main emblematic buildings, include:
House in Provezende, (2005)
House in Covilhã, (2006)
Theatre in Ovar, (2007)
House in Mindelo, (2008)

References

External links
Official site, in English, in French, in Spanish and Portuguese.
TEKTONICA Lisbon Fair for Building and Construction

Architecture firms of Portugal
Year of establishment missing
Adithya Institute of Technology. Adithya Institute of Technology (AIT), located at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, is an autonomous, private self-financing engineering Institute, adithya Institute of Technology is an engineering college in Coimbatore. The college is approved by AICTE and is affiliated to the Anna University Coimbatore. The college was established in 2008.

Location 
The college is located at Sathy Main Road in Kurumbapalayam SSKulam, Coimbatore.  It is  away from Coimbatore City and nine kilometres away from Coimbatore Civil Aerodrome.

Academics 
The college offers five courses in Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.), one course in Bachelor of Technology (BTech), three courses in Master of Engineering (M.E.) and a Master of Business Administration (M.B.A) course. All courses are affiliated to Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore.

Departments 
 Department of Mechanical Engineering 
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
 Department of Information Technology
 Department of Science and Humanities
 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 Department of Civil Engineering

Admission procedure 
Undergraduate students are admitted based on their 12th standard (higher secondary school) scores. The admissions are done as per government of Tamil Nadu norms through TNEA (Tamil Nadu Engineering Admissions) counselling done by the Anna University and through regulated management seat procedures done by the Consortium of Private Self Financing Arts, Science and Engineering Colleges. In every course, 65% of the seats are filled through counselling and 35% of the seats by management quota.

National level FIDE rated chess tournament 
The Department of Physical Education of AIT along with Elite Chess Academy, Rotary Coimbatore North and JCI Cbe Indcity organised a national level FIDE rated chess tournament between 23 December 2008 and 28 December 2008.

References

External links 
  Official website

Engineering colleges in Coimbatore
All India Council for Technical Education
Data Base Task Group. The Data Base Task Group (DBTG) was a working group founded in 1965 by the Cobol Committee, formerly Programming Language Committee, of the Conference on Data Systems Language (CODASYL). It was initially named the List Processing Task Force and later renamed to DBTG in 1967. The DBTG was chaired by William Olle of RCA.

In April 1971, the DBTG published a report containing specifications of a Data Manipulation Language (DML) and a Data Definition Language (DDL) for standardization of network database model. The first DBTG proposals had already been published in 1969. The specification was subsequently modified and developed in various committees and published by other reports in 1973 and 1978. The specification is often referred to as the DBTG database model or the CODASYL database model. As well as the data model, many basic concepts of database terminology were introduced by this group, notably the concepts of schema and subschema.

External links

References

Gunter Schlageter, Wolffried Stucky: Datenbanksysteme: Konzepte und Modelle, B. G. Teubner Stuttgart, 1983, 

History of software
COBOL
Data modeling languages