omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bicast leather. Bicast leather (also spelled as bi-cast leather or bycast leather) is a material made with a split leather backing covered with an embossed layer of polyurethane or vinyl. Bicast leather was originally made for the apparel industry for glossy shoes, and was later adopted by the furniture industry.

Production and features
The hide material used in the making of bicast is usually a portion of the fibrous, lower grade of leather that remains when the higher-grade grain layer is split off.  

Bicast leather is produced by building up a layer of plastic (typically polyurethane) on top of an embossed release paper known as casting paper. Split leather is then pressed into the plastic. After the resultant bicast leather has cured, the casting paper is removed, and optionally re-used. The embossing usually gives the appearance of top grain leather, although it may be smooth depending on the desired finish.

New bicast leather can have a chemical odor, but this typically dissipates about a week after the piece is exposed to air. 

The use of terms like "genuine leather" or "100% leather" in relation to bicast treatment is considered a misrepresentation and therefore not permitted in some countries, including the UK, Denmark, and New Zealand. 

Furniture manufacturers say that the main benefit of bicast leather is its surface appearance at a low price. With constant use, however, the polyurethane layer may crack and split free of its backing, and abrasion may cause large unsightly marks.

See also
 Artificial leather
 Bonded leather

References 

Leather
Leathermaking
NASA standard detonator. The NASA Standard Detonator (NSD) is a device used by NASA for applications where a charge must be detonated, usually in conjunction with frangible nuts as a release mechanism. NSDs have been used since the Gemini program, and were used for the Space Shuttle program, including the Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) separation from the External Tank, as well as the SRB Range Safety System. Chemring (formerly Hi-Shear) is the primary provider for the NSDs which were used on the Space Shuttle.

See also 

 NASA Standard Initiator

References 

Detonators
NASA vehicles
Rocketry
Spacecraft pyrotechnics
Dicyanoacetylene. Dicyanoacetylene, also called carbon subnitride or but-2-ynedinitrile (IUPAC), is a compound of carbon and nitrogen with chemical formula . It has a linear molecular structure,  (often abbreviated as ), with alternating triple and single covalent bonds. It can be viewed as acetylene with the two hydrogen atoms replaced by cyanide groups.

At room temperature, dicyanoacetylene is a clear liquid. Because of its high endothermic heat of formation, it can explode to carbon powder and nitrogen gas, and it burns in oxygen with a bright blue-white flame at a temperature of , the hottest flame in oxygen; burned in ozone at high pressure the flame temperature exceeds .

Synthesis
Dicyanoacetylene can be prepared by passing nitrogen gas over a sample of graphite heated to temperatures between . It may also be synthesized via a reaction between a dihaloacetylene and a cyanide salt:

C2X2 + 2 R-CN -> C4N2 + 2 RX

As a reagent in organic chemistry

Dicyanoacetylene is a powerful dienophile because the cyanide groups are electron-withdrawing, so it is a useful reagent for Diels-Alder reactions with unreactive dienes. It even adds to the aromatic compound durene (1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene) to form a substituted bicyclooctatriene. Only the most reactive of dienophiles can attack such aromatic compounds.

In outer space

Solid dicyanoacetylene has been detected in the atmosphere of Titan by infrared spectroscopy. As the seasons change on Titan, the compound condenses and evaporates in a cycle, which allows scientists on Earth to study Titanian meteorology.

, the detection of dicyanoacetylene in the interstellar medium has been impossible, because its symmetry means it has no rotational microwave spectrum. However, similar asymmetric molecules like cyanoacetylene have been observed, and its presence in those environments is therefore suspected.

See also
Cyanogen, N≡C−C≡N
Diacetylene, H−C≡C−C≡C−H
Cyanopolyynes

References

Conjugated nitriles
Alkyne derivatives
Gagliato. Gagliato (Calabrian: ) is a village and comune in the province of Catanzaro, in the Calabria region of southern Italy. In recognition of the unique role that the town has come to play as an international magnet for global leaders in nanotechnology, and as host of the NanoGagliato events, Gagliato has received the official appellation of “Paese delle NanoScienze”, town of Nanosciences, attributed by the City Council.

Notes and references

Cities and towns in Calabria
Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge. The Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge is part of the United States National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) System, located in four separated areas on the Lake Wales Ridge east of US 27 between Davenport and Sebring in Florida. The 1,194 acre (4.8 km2) refuge was established in 1990, to protect a host of plants and animals. It is also the first to be designated primarily for the preservation of endangered plants, and is not open to the general public. It contains a high proportion of remaining Florida scrub habitat. It is administered as part of the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge.

Management
Since 2012 the Lake Wales Ridge NWR has been administered by the Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge Complex, along with the Pelican Island NWR, Archie Carr NWR, and the Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge and Conservation Area.

Flora
The plants the refuge was designed to protect are the snakeroot (Eryngium cuneifolium), scrub blazing star (Liatris ohlingerae), Carter's mustard (Warea carteri), papery Whitlow-wort (Paronychia chartacea), Florida bonamia (Bonamia grandiflora), scrub lupine (Lupinus aridorum), highlands scrub hypericum (Hypericum cumulicola), Garett's mint (Dicerandra christmanii), scrub mint (Dicerandra frutescens), pygmy fringetree (Chionanthus pygmaeus), wireweed (Polygonum basiramia), sandlace (Polygonum dentoceras), Florida ziziphus (Pseudoziziphus celata), and scrub plum (Prunus geniculata).

Fauna
The animals the refuge was designed to protect are the Florida scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi), bluetail mole skink (Plestiodon egregius lividus), and sand skink (Neoseps reynoldsi).

References

External links

 

Protected areas of Highlands County, Florida
Protected areas of Polk County, Florida
National Wildlife Refuges in Florida
1990 establishments in Florida
Protected areas established in 1990
Physical-to-Virtual. In computing. Physical-to-Virtual ("P2V" or "p-to-v") involves the process of decoupling and migrating a physical server's operating system (OS), applications, and data from that physical server to a virtual-machine guest hosted on a virtualized platform.

Methods of P2V migration

Manual P2V
User manually creates a virtual machine in a virtual host environment and copies all the files from OS, applications and data from the source machine.

Semi-automated P2V
Performing a P2V migration using a tool that assists the user in moving the servers from physical state to virtual machine.
 Microsoft's Virtual Server 2005 Migration Toolkit, HOWTO: Guideline for use Virtual Server Migration ToolKit (KB555306)
 VMware provides a semi-automated tool called VMware vCenter Converter for moving physical servers running Windows or Linux into virtual environments while they are powered on. VMware vCenter Converter replaces two older utilities: Importer (bundled with VMware Workstation) and P2V Assistant.
 Oracle's Virtual Box has a Linux-based tool which allows the conversion of a dd image of an existing hard drive
 Microsoft provides the SysInternals disk2vhd utility for making images from Windows XP or later systems to be used with Windows Virtual PC, Microsoft Virtual Server or Hyper-V.
 openQRM, an open-source datacenter management platform, does P2V (and V2P, V2V or P2P).
 Storix's bare-metal recovery product (System Backup Administrator) provides P2V and V2P capabilities for Linux, AIX, and Solaris.

Fully automated P2V
Performing a P2V migration using a tool that migrates the server over the network without any assistance from the user.
 Veritas Backup Exec has Physical to Virtual (P2V) conversion (and V2P) feature build into the backup engine which can be used for migrations or instant recovery
 vContinuum vContinuum by InMage systems is an automated P2V data protection/migration tool
 Symantec System Recovery enables fast, automated P2V and V2P conversions
 Quest vConverter is an example of a fully automated migration tool for P2V.
 System Center Virtual Machine Manager SCVMM among many other capabilities has P2V capability.
 Leostream is an example of a fully automated migration tool for P2V.
 PlateSpin Migrate is an example of a fully automated migration tool for P2V (and V2P, V2V or P2P).
 Virtuozzo contains automatic P2V (and V2P) migration tools.
 SanXfer by InQuinox is an automated server and data migration tool for P2V, V2P, and P2P with complete (server and storage) hardware independence.
SureEdge, migrator by sureline systems is fully automated server data migration tool for p2v, V2vLinux and windows server migration, applications, i.e. Ms SQL server, oracle with complete hardware independence, cloud independent from any cloud to any cloud migration.

See also 
 Physicalization

External links 
 Manual physical-to-virtual migration description for OpenVZ

References 

Virtualization software
Airframer. Airframer is a trade magazine and directory relating to aerospace design and manufacturing. The first issue of the magazine was released in September 2005. It is published by Stansted News Limited with offices located at Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.

See also 
 Aircraft Manufacturer
 Air Frame

References

External links
 

Aviation magazines published in the United Kingdom
Business magazines published in the United Kingdom
English-language magazines
Magazines established in 2005
2005 establishments in the United Kingdom
Non-dim circuit. A non-dim circuit is a special electrical network. In theater, it is a type of outlet usually controlled from the stage manager's panel or from the Lighting control console . The word non-dim is used to distinguish this type of circuit which operates only in on or off modes, from a dimmer, which can be at any intensity on a  continuum.  It is generally a remotely operated relay.

Many modern computerized lighting systems allow a dimmer to be set as "non-dim" and controlled using the Lighting control console, however, this can be less desirable than using a "true" switched circuit, as the Triac in the dimmer never truly supplies a "proper" sine wave, which can cause damage to equipment.

Non-Dims are often used to allow switched equipment such as motors, hazers or other similar electrical equipment to be triggered as part of a lighting cue.  Sometimes house work lights or stage work lights can be controlled using a non-dimmed circuit. It is also sometimes used to provide power to intelligent lights, however this may not be considered desirable as any mistakes made at the Lighting control console could interrupt the power supply to the fixture which often are not capable of hot restrike (turning on the lamp again while power is still connected) due to their use of a Metal halide lamp or similar lamp.

The term "non-dim" has come to refer to any circuit, outlet, relay or otherwise that 1) cannot be controlled by a Lighting control console or 2) is a circuit controlled by the Lighting control console but has been set up not to dim.

Stage lighting
IFD. IFD may stand for:

Culture 
 I Fight Dragons, a Chicago-based  band
 Independent Film Distributors, UK

Technology 
 I-Frame Delay, in MPEG video
 Image File Directory, in the Exchangeable image file format (Exif)

Organisations 
 Indianapolis Fire Department, Indiana, US
 Information Flow Diagram

Other uses 
 Ideal free distribution, of animals around resources
 Ilford railway station, England, station code
 Indentation force deflection, test of memory foam
Alstom PL42AC. The Alstom PL42AC is a class of four axle B-B diesel-electric locomotive designed by Alstom in association with GM-EMD. 33 were built between 2003 and 2006 for NJ Transit Rail Operations.

Description 
The PL42AC is a diesel-electric 4-axle locomotive built by Alstom with 16-710G3B prime mover  for New Jersey Transit. The first two locomotives were manufactured at the Meinfesa plant in Valencia, Spain in 2003. The 31 following units were assembled at the Alstom Transport plant in Hornell, New York in 2004, and were produced through early 2006. The power rating of the PL42AC locomotives is 4,200 hp (3.1 MW) total for tractive effort and head-end power. The locomotive has a design similar to the GE Genesis, mainly due to the fact that both PL42AC and Genesis series locomotives were designed by industrial designer Cesar Vergara.

This locomotive uses IGBT technology with precise traction computers for tractive effort. The PL42AC has 800 kilowatts head-end power and WABCO's EPIC II braking system, along with an E-7 wheel slide device, made by Wabtec, preventing flats spots on the wheels through software and hardware.

It has an Intelligent Display Unit (IDU) based on Bombardier Transportation technology from which an engineer or technician can view data or download events and faults from the previous weeks or months. The technician can do a host of tests from the IDU to determine if a specific system is operating correctly.

The PL42AC uses computer hardware and software to control functions and to protect the engine.  For example, if the on-board computer detects too little oil in the system, it will shut down the engine to avoid damage.

Future 
In July 2020, NJ Transit announced that older locomotives in the PL42AC fleet will be replaced by  additional ALP-45A dual mode locomotives, due to the PL42AC's unreliability and inability to be upgraded to meet new Environmental Protection Agency standards. Of the 33 units, 23 are slated for replacement, while the remaining 10 will receive a light overhaul for continued service.

References 

Bo-Bo locomotives
NJ Transit Rail Operations
PL42AC
Passenger locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2003
PL42AC
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
McLeod (tool). A McLeod tool (or rakehoe) is a two-sided blade — one a rake with coarse tines, one a flat sharpened hoe — on a long wooden handle. It is a standard tool during wildfire suppression and trail restoration. The combination tool was created in 1905 by Malcolm McLeod, a United States Forest Service ranger at the Sierra National Forest.

The McLeod was originally designed to rake fire lines with the teeth and cut branches and sod with the sharpened hoe edge. It is also used for finishing and maintaining hiking trails.

Common issues 
Because of its large and sharp head, the McLeod is an awkward tool to transport and store, and is often considered undesirable. Some McLeod tools are made with a removable blade to partially mitigate this problem. Ideally, it is carried with the tines pointing toward the ground for safety, with a sheath over the cutting edge. The mass distribution makes it difficult to carry in this orientation consistently.

Desirable traits 
Despite the common issues stated above, the McLeod remains a favorite tool among many foresters for hand tool required ground work. The weight and balance of the McLeod allows for more effective turf busting than its lighter weight counterparts. Furthermore, because of its head design, the tool can be stood upright without needing to penetrate the soil, allowing for a safer "standby" configuration reducing tripping hazards and increasing visibility thus effectively reducing the chances that the tool is lost in the woods. Versions of the tool with flat heads can also be used as a tamp, ideal for building paths.

See also 
 Driptorch
 Fire flapper (tool)
 Flare
 Halligan tool
 Pulaski (tool)
 Fire rake

Notes 

Wildfire suppression equipment
Forestry tools
American inventions
HMAS Albany. HMAS Albany (ACPB 86), named for the city of Albany, Western Australia, is an Armidale-class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

The Armidale class patrol boats are  long, with a beam of , a draught of , and a standard displacement of 270 tons. The semi-displacement vee hull is fabricated from aluminium alloy, and each vessel is built to a combination of Det Norske Veritas standards for high-speed light craft and RAN requirements. The Armidales can travel at a maximum speed of , and are driven by two propeller shafts, each connected to an MTU 16V M70 diesel. The ships have a range of  at , allowing them to patrol the waters around the distant territories of Australia, and are designed for standard patrols of 21 days, with a maximum endurance of 42 days.

The main armament of the Armidale class is a Rafael Typhoon stabilised  gun mount fitted with an M242 Bushmaster autocannon. Two  machine guns are also carried. Boarding operations are performed by two , waterjet propelled rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RHIBs). Each RHIB is stored in a dedicated cradle and davit, and is capable of operating independently from the patrol boat as it carries its own communications, navigation, and safety equipment.

Each patrol boat has a standard ship's company of 21 personnel, with a maximum of 29. The Armidales do not have a permanently assigned ship's company; instead, they are assigned to divisions at a ratio of two vessels to three companies, which rotate through the vessels and allow the Armidales to spend more time at sea, without compromising sailors' rest time or training requirements. A 20-berth auxiliary accommodation compartment was included in the design for the transportation of soldiers, illegal fishermen, or unauthorised arrivals; in the latter two cases, the compartment could be secured from the outside. However, a malfunction in the sewerage treatment facilities aboard  in August 2006 pumped hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide into the compartment, non-fatally poisoning four sailors working inside, after which use of the compartment for accommodation was banned across the class.

Albany was constructed by Austal at their shipyard in Henderson, Western Australia. She was commissioned into the RAN in her namesake city on 15 July 2006.

Operational history
Albany is assigned to Attack Division, is based in Darwin and performs border protection and fisheries protection patrols.

Citations

References
Books

 The chapter is available separately as Semaphore, Issue 4, 2006 in PDF and HTML formats.

Journal and news articles

External links
Royal Australian Navy webpage for HMAS Albany

Naval ships of Australia
Armidale-class patrol boats
2006 ships
J. M. R. Parrondo. Juan Manuel Rodríguez Parrondo (born 9 January 1964) is a Spanish physicist. He is mostly popular for the invention of the Parrondo's paradox and his contributions in the thermodynamical study of information.

Biography 
Juan Parrondo received his bachelors degree in 1987 and defended his Ph.D at Complutense University of Madrid in 1992. He started a permanent position at UCM at 1996. In the same year he invented the well-known Parrondo's Paradox, according to which 2 losing strategies may win while working together. Since then, the paradox has been widely used in biology and finances. He has also completed a lot of research in the field of Information Theory, mostly looking at information as a thermodynamic concept, which as a result of ergodicity breaking changed the entropy of the system.

Works by Juan M.R. Parrondo

"Noise-Induced Non-equilibrium Phase Transition" C. Van den Broeck, J. M. R. Parrondo and R. Toral, Physical Review Letters, vol. 73 p. 3395 (1994)

Notes

Further reading

"Game theory: Losing strategies can win by Parrondo's paradox" G. P. Harmer and D. Abbott, Nature vol. 402, p. 864 (1999)

External links
 Home page of Juan M. R. Parrondo
 

1964 births
Living people
Scientists from Madrid
Spanish physicists
Probability theorists
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Unmanned (disambiguation). Unmanned usually refers to unmanned vehicles (remote controlled, remote guided or autonomous).

It can also refer to:
 Unmanned: America's Drone Wars, a 2013 documentary film investigating the impact of U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan and elsewhere
 Unmanned reef lights of the Florida Keys
Unmanned (Y: The Last Man), the first story arc of the comic book Y: The Last Man.

See also:
 Vehicular automation
DDM. DDM may refer to:

Computing, electronics
 Dante Domain Manager, a piece of software to control Dante-enabled Devices, see Dante (networking)
 Data Diffusion Machine, a virtual shared memory computer architecture from the 1990s
 Digital diagnostics monitoring function in SFP transceivers
 Distributed Data Management Architecture, an open, published architecture for creating, managing and accessing data on a remote computer. 
 Dynamic Data Masking, a form of data masking
 Dynamic Device Mapping, an advanced technology for USB KVM switches

Business and finance
 Dividend Discount Model, a valuation method for shares based on dividends
 East German mark, a former currency (ISO code was DDM)

Medicine, biology, psychology
 Disorders of diminished motivation
 Doctor of Dental Medicine, an academic degree for dentistry
 Drift Diffusion Model, a method used in psychological choice testing
 Maltosides (n-Dodecyl β-D-Maltopyranoside), a detergent used when purifying membrane proteins

Transport, vehicular, engines, motors 
 Difference in the Depth of Modulation, an amplitude modulation method used in the Instrument Landing System
 Deutsches Dampflokomotiv-Museum, the German Steam Locomotive Museum
 Dubbeldeks Materieel, a class of trains in the Netherlands
 Derrick Drilling Machine, or Top drive
 Dyson Digital Motor, a two-pole switched reluctance motor

Science and technology
 Differential dynamic microscopy, an optical technique
 Direct Digital Manufacturing
 Domain decomposition methods

Other uses 
 Dharma Drum Mountain, a Buddhist educational foundation
 Didymoteicho, Evros, Greece; a Greek town
 Dungeon Dice Monsters, a board game
 Dungeons & Dragons Miniatures Game, collectible tactical skirmish game

See also

 
 DM (disambiguation)
 2DM (disambiguation)
Engines (book). Engines: Man's Use of Power, from the Water Wheel to the Atomic Pile is a science book for children by L. Sprague de Camp, illustrated by Jack Coggins, published by Golden Press as part of its Golden Library of Knowledge Series in 1959. A revised edition was issued in 1961, and a paperback edition in 1969. The book has been translated into Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Portuguese, and German.

Summary
As stated on the cover, the work is a survey of "Man's use of power, from the water wheel to the atomic pile." The topic is covered in short segments, titled "The Age of Engines," "Putting Energy to Work," "The First Engines," "Water and Wind Engines," "Early Steam Engines," "How a Steam Engine Works", "Steam Turbines," "Internal-combustion engines," "Otto Cycle Engines," "Two-stroke Cycle Engines," "Diesel Engines," "Gas Turbines," "Rockets," "Electric Motors," "How an Electric Motor Works," "Electric Generators and Power Systems," "Atomic Engines," and "How a Reactor Works." There is a brief one-page topical index.

Reception
The Science News-Letter, in its July 18, 1959 issue, listed the book among its "Books of the Week," describing the work as a "[f]actual book for young readers."

Notes

1959 children's books
Children's non-fiction books
Science books
Books by L. Sprague de Camp
American children's books