omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Design science revolution. R. Buckminster Fuller coined the term design science revolution to describe his proposed scientific and socio-economic revolution accomplished by shifting from "weaponry to livingry" through the application of what he called comprehensive anticipatory design science. His World Design Science Decade, proposed to the International Union of Architects in 1961, was an attempt to catalyze the revolution.

Fuller advocated the design science revolution as an alternative to politics, seeking to optimize planetary resources for the benefit of 100% of humanity. He coined the term synergetics to explain how design science could create rich returns, such as how "energy income" could be harvested from the environment. His main premise was that nature's existing and omnipotent order must be allowed to guide human designs, if they are to survive and thrive as a species. He wrote that humanity was approaching its critical test as a species, in which it would be determined whether or not man was a mistake of nature, or its greatest accomplishment. This sense of urgency for the design science revolution was reflected in numerous writings:"The Dark Ages still reign over all humanity, and the depth and persistence of this domination are only now becoming clear. This prison has no steel bars, chains, or locks. Instead, it is locked by misorientation and built of misinformation. We are powerfully imprisoned ... by the terms in which we have been conditioned to think.""There is now plenty for all. War is obsolete. It is imperative that we get the word to all humanity — RUSH — before someone ignorantly pushes the button that provokes pushing of all the buttons."Fuller insisted that the key principle of the design science revolution was to recognize nature as technology:"In its complexities of design integrity, the Universe is technology. The technology evolved by man is thus far amateurish compared to the elegance of nonhumanly contrived regeneration. Man does not spontaneously recognize technology other than his own, so he speaks of the rest as something he ignorantly calls nature." He stressed that by utilizing these natural principles of technology, industrial civilization could transform from an extractive to a regenerative force within the context of Earth's ecosystems. Operationally, he viewed design science as the integration of natural principles within the utilization of planetary resources to achieve ever-increasing ephemeralization:"Amongst other grand strategies for making the world work and taking care of everybody is the design science revolution of providing ever more effective tools and services with ever less, real resource investment per each unit of end performance. For instance, a communications satellite, weighing only one-quarter of a ton, is now out-performing the transoceanic communication capabilities of 175 thousand tons of copper cable."

References

External links
 Design Science Revolution
 R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ

Buckminster Fuller
Bell X-9 Shrike. The Bell X-9 Shrike was a prototype surface-to-air, liquid-fueled guided missile designed by Bell Aircraft as a testbed for the nuclear-armed GAM-63 RASCAL. It is named after the shrike, a family of birds.

Testing
Thirty-one X-9 rockets were delivered, flying from April 1949 to January 1953. The program was used to gather aerodynamic and stability data, and to test guidance and propulsion systems for the RASCAL.

None of the missiles survived testing. The only known remaining fragment of an X-9 is part of a vertical stabilizer, at the Larry Bell Museum in Mentone, Indiana.

Specifications (X-9)
General characteristics:

 Length: 22 ft 9 in (6.9 m)
 Wingspan: 7 ft 10 in (2.4 m)
 Diameter: 1 ft 10 in (0.56 m)
 Wing area: 70 ft2 (6.5 m2)
 Weight (empty): 2,125 lb (964 kg)
 Weight (loaded): 3,500 lb (1,588 kg)
 Propulsion: Bell XLR65-BA-1 liquid-fuel rocket engine, 3,000 lbf (13.3 kN) thrust

Performance:

 Maximum speed: Mach 2.0
 Range: 50 mi (80 km)
 Service ceiling: 12.3 mi (19.8 km)
 Rate of climb: m/min (ft/min)
 Wing loading: kg/m2 ( lb/ft2)
 Thrust/weight:

See also
 Bell GAM-63, a related development
 List of experimental aircraft

References

 American X-Vehicles (PDF)

External links 
 

Experimental missiles
Ian Liddell. William Ian Liddell (born 1938) is a structural engineer and the designer of London's Millennium Dome. He was one of the founding partners of Buro Happold and is a Royal Academy Visiting Professor of Engineering Design at Cambridge University School of Engineering. He is now a consultant for Buro Happold.

He studied mechanical sciences at St John's College, Cambridge followed by a diploma in concrete structures at Imperial College, London.

He was project engineer on the Sydney Opera House, playing a significant role in the formfinding of the iconic roofs. He received the IStructE Gold Medal in 1999.

For his work as Chief Design Engineer on London's Millennium Dome project, he was appointed Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1999 New Year Honours.

He is a trustee of the Arkwright Scholarships Trust and the Smallpeice Trust.

References 

1938 births
Living people
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
IStructE Gold Medal winners
British structural engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Motorola 6800 family. The M6800 Microcomputer System (latter dubbed the Motorola 6800 family, M6800 family, or 68xx) was a series of 8-bit microprocessors and microcontrollers from Motorola that began with the 6800 CPU. The architecture also inspired the MOS Technology 6502, and that company started in the microprocessor business producing 6800 replacements.

The chips primarily competed against Intel's 8-bit family of chips (such as the 8080, or their relations, the Zilog Z80 range).

 Motorola 6800
 Motorola 6801 (includes RAM and ROM)
 Motorola 6802 (includes RAM and an internal clock oscillator)
 Motorola 6803 (includes RAM)
 Motorola 6805
 Motorola 6808 (6802 that had failed production test of its internal RAM; Its RAM enable pin was designated GND)
 Motorola 6809
 Hitachi 6301 used in the Psion Organiser I
 Hitachi HD6303 used in the Psion Organiser II, Yamaha's KX88 MIDI keyboard and Yamaha DX7 synthesizer and Roland TR-707 drum machine
 Hitachi 6309
 Motorola 68HC05
 Freescale 68HC08
 Freescale 68HC11
 Freescale 68HC12 (16-bit)
 Motorola 68HC16 (16-bit)

See also
 Instruction set

References

Motorola microprocessors
List of Class C airports in the United States. Class C is a class of airspace in the United States which follows International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) air space designation. Class C airspace areas are designed to improve aviation safety by reducing the risk of mid-air collisions in the terminal area and enhance the management of air traffic operations therein. Aircraft operating in these airspace areas are subject to certain operating rules and equipment requirements.

Class C airspace protects the approach and departure paths from aircraft not under air traffic control. All aircraft inside Class C airspace are subject to air traffic control. Traffic operating under VFR must be in communication with a controller before entering the airspace. The airspace is similar to Class B's "upside-down wedding cake", but much smaller and simpler. The innermost ring with a radius of  typically extends from the surface area around the airport to  AGL (above ground level; charted in MSL), and an outer ring, with a radius of  that typically surrounds the inner ring and extends from a floor at  AGL, (also charted in MSL), to the ceiling at  AGL, (again charted in MSL).  These dimensions are sometimes highly customized when deemed necessary to accommodate IFR traffic patterns and other surrounding airspace design issues such as the overlapping or close proximities to other classes of airspace.

As of January 2023, there are 122 Class C airports in the United States (counting NAS Whiting Field as 2 different airports).

The following list of Class C airports is sorted by state/territory and IATA Airport Code/ICAO Airport Code.

United States

United States territories

Puerto Rico
 SJU / TJSJ Luís Muñoz Marin International Airport (San Juan)

Virgin Islands
 STT / TIST Cyril E. King Airport (Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas)

See also
 List of Class B airports in the United States
 List of Class D airports in the United States
 Terminal radar service area

References

Class C
Microsoft Blend. Microsoft Blend for Visual Studio (formerly Microsoft Expression Blend) is a user interface design tool developed and sold by Microsoft for creating graphical interfaces for web and desktop applications that blend the features of these two types of applications. It is an interactive, WYSIWYG front-end for designing XAML-based interfaces for Windows Presentation Foundation, Silverlight and UWP applications. It was one of the applications in the Microsoft Expression Studio suite before that suite was discontinued.

Expression Blend supports the WPF text engine with advanced OpenType typography and ClearType, vector-based 2D widgets, and 3D widgets with hardware acceleration via DirectX.

History
Expression Blend was code-named Sparkle, and originally the product was announced as Microsoft Expression Interactive Designer, before it was renamed Expression Blend in December 2006.

On January 24, 2007, Microsoft released the first public Community Technology Preview of Expression Blend as a free download on their web site. The final version was released to manufacturing along with other Expression products on April 30, 2007. The RTM news was announced at Microsoft's MIX 07 conference for web developers and designers. Expression Blend Service Pack 1 was released in November 2007. Expression Blend requires .NET Framework 3.0. Expression Blend and Expression Web are also available as part of the MSDN Premium subscription.

In December 2012, Microsoft announced that they were discontinuing the standalone Expression suite tools. Expression Blend was integrated into Visual Studio 2012 and Visual Studio Express for Windows 8.

Release history

See also
Glade Interface Designer
Interface Builder

References

B
User interface builders
2007 software
Marco Dorigo. Marco Dorigo (born 26 August 1961, in Milan, Italy) is a research director for the Belgian Funds for Scientific Research and a co-director of IRIDIA, the artificial intelligence lab of the Université Libre de Bruxelles.
He received a PhD in System and Information Engineering in 1992 from the Polytechnic University of Milan with a thesis titled Optimization, learning, and natural algorithms. He is the leading proponent of the ant colony optimization metaheuristic (see his book published by MIT Press in 2004), and one of the founders of the swarm intelligence research field. Recently he got involved with research in swarm robotics: he is the coordinator of Swarm-bots: Swarms of self-assembling artifacts and of Swarmanoid: Towards humanoid robotic swarms, two swarm robotics projects funded by the Future and Emerging Technologies Program of the European Commission. He is also the founding editor and editor in chief of Swarm Intelligence, the principal peer-reviewed publication dedicated to reporting research and new developments in this multidisciplinary field.

For these contributions, in 2003 he was awarded the Marie Curie Research Excellence Award by the European Commission; on 22 November 2005, he was presented the Dr A. De Leeuw-Damry-Bourlart award in Applied Sciences by the King of Belgium, Albert II; in 2007 he received the Cajastur International Prize for Soft Computing, awarded by the European Centre for Soft Computing; and in 2015 he received the IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award. He is the recipient of an ERC Advanced Grant (2010). He is the most cited author in three journals:
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics,
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, and
Artificial Life.

Publications (selected)
Ant Colony Optimization with Thomas Stützle, MIT Press, 2004 ().
Swarm Intelligence : From Natural to Artificial Systems with Eric Bonabeau and Guy Theraulaz, Oxford University Press, 1999 ().
Robot Shaping with Marco Colombetti, MIT Press, 1998 ().
Ant algorithms for discrete optimization with Gianni Di Caro and Luca Maria Gambardella, Artificial Life, Vol. 5, N. 2, 1999.
Ant Colony System: A Cooperative Learning Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1 (1): 53–66. (This became the second most cited paper ever published by IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation.)

References

External links
Home Page

21st-century Italian scientists
Italian computer scientists
Academic staff of the Université libre de Bruxelles
1961 births
Living people
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Scientists from Milan
Tactical crew. The tactical crew of a modern military aircraft are the crew members trained and skilled in the use of the aircraft and its warfare systems during combat. They are often directed by a tactical coordinator (tacco) and range from three to nine members. Their responsibilities include directing the pilot(s) on the best way to engage the enemy. The tactical crew operate sensors to detect the enemy, make decisions about the situation and then may direct, local or remote weapons and ordnance to neutralise the activities of the enemy's weapons.

In some military forces the tactical crewmembers may also have duties in maintaining the tactical systems when the aircraft is on the ground.

See also
Aircrew member

Military aviation occupations
Scratch drive actuator. A scratch drive actuator (SDA) is a microelectromechanical system device that converts electrical energy into one-dimensional motion.

Description
The actuator component can come in many shapes and sizes, depending on the fabrication method used. It can be visualised as an 'L'. The smaller end is called the 'bushing'.

The actuator sits on top of a substrate that has a thin insulating dielectric layer on top. A voltage is applied between the actuator and the substrate, and the resulting potential pulls the body of the actuator downwards. When this occurs, the brush is pushed forwards by a small amount, and energy is stored in the strained actuator. When the voltage is removed, the actuator springs back into shape while the bushing remains in its new position. By applying a pulsed voltage, the SDA can be made to move forward.

The voltage is usually applied to the actuator by means of a 'tether'. This can consist of a rigid connector or a rail which the SDA follows.

The size of an SDA is typically measured on the μm scale.

References

Actuators
Microtechnology
Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems
Royal Engineers Museum. The Royal Engineers Museum, Library and Archive is a military engineering museum and library in Gillingham, Kent. It tells the story of the Corps of Royal Engineers and British military engineering in general.

History

The 'Ravelin Building', which was designed by Major E.C.S. Moore, Royal Engineers and was completed in 1905 at a cost £40,000, was originally used as electrical engineers' school before becoming the home of the museum in 1987. It was classed as Grade II listed on 5 December 1996. Its collection received 'Designated' status in 1998 (it is recognised as having an outstanding collection of national and international significance). It is one of only three military or regimental museums in the country to hold this status.

Collections
The museum and library hold over 500,000 objects relating to the history of the Corps of Royal Engineers and the development of military engineering. It also has a collection of paintings and a large collection of medals including 25 Victoria Crosses. Other items include a German V-2 rocket used during the Second World War, the map used by the Duke of Wellington during the Battle of Waterloo, a finial from the Mahdi's tomb, weapons used by Lieutenant John Chard during the Anglo-Zulu War, a collection of bridge-laying tanks, a Brennan torpedo and a Harrier jump jet.

See also
 Waterbeach Military Heritage Museum

References

External links

Royal Engineers Museum Official Website

Regimental museums in England
Museums in Medway
Gillingham, Kent
Royal Engineers
Military engineering
Military and war museums in England
Technology museums in the United Kingdom
Musical instrument museums
Computer-supported telecommunications applications. Computer-supported telecommunications applications (CSTA) is an abstraction layer for telecommunications applications. It is independent of underlying protocols. It has a telephone device model that enables CTI applications to work with a wide range of telephone devices.  

Originally developed in 1992, it has continued to be developed and refined over the years. It is often the model that most CTI applications are built on and claim compliance with. It became an OSI standard in July 2000. It is currently being maintained by ECMA International.

The core of CSTA is a normalized Call Control model. Additional to the core there are Call Associated features and Physical Device features amongst others. An implementation of the standard need not provide all features, and so Profiles are provided. For example, the Basic Telephony profile provides such features as Make Call, Answer and Clear Connection.

History
CSTA has seen 3 major revisions to date.

 Phase 1 1992
 Phase 2 1994
 Phase 3 1998

Recent developments
Phase 3 of the CSTA standard saw the introduction of uaCSTA, CSTA XML and CSTA Object Model extensions. These extensions are in various states of completion but all extend the scope of CSTA.

Example of Underlying Protocols
Protocols that may be used by CSTA.

 SIP
 H.323
 ACSE/ROSE

See also
 CTI
 Java Telephony API
 Telephony Application Programming Interface (TAPI)

External links
CSTA III Standard
ECMA International
Remote Contact Center Services
Services for Computer Supported Telecommunications Applications (CSTA) Phase III
XML Protocol for Computer Supported Telecommunications Applications (CSTA) Phase III
Web Services Description Language (WSDL) for CSTA Phase III
Open CSTA, an open source implementation of the CSTA protocol, phase III

Computer telephony integration
CSTA. CSTA may refer to:

 California Science Teachers Association
 Canadian Seed Trade Association
 Center for SCREEN-TIME Awareness
Combat Systems Test Activity, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
 Community of Scientific and Technological Activities, a student activity in faculty of pharmacy Helwan university.
 Computer Science Teachers Association
 Computer-supported telecommunications applications
 Constant Slope Timed Automata
 Council of Science and Technology Advisors - a Canadian S&T Committee
 Cystatin A, a protein
 Czech and Slovak Transatlantic Award
 Peptide Transporter Carbon Starvation Family, a family of transporter proteins
Tripwire. A tripwire is a passive triggering mechanism.  Typically, a wire or cord is attached to a device for detecting or reacting to physical movement.

Military applications 

Such tripwires may be attached to one or more mines⁠especially fragmentation or bounding mines⁠in order to increase the area where triggering may occur. Trip wires are frequently used in booby traps⁠where either a tug on the wire, or the release of tension on it, will trigger the explosives.

Soldiers sometimes detect the presence of tripwires by spraying the area with Silly String. It will settle to the ground in areas where there are no wires; where wires are present, the "strings" will rest on the taut wires without triggering the explosive, due to the product's light weight. Its use in detecting tripwires was first discovered in 1993 by Sergeant First Class David B. Chandler, Chief Instructor of the United States Army's Sapper Leader Course. That year it was introduced to students attending the course, and it was later used in combat for this purpose by U.S. troops in the Iraq War.

Another detection method is the use of green line lasers to illuminate and thus expose trip and command wires.  The bright laser beam reflects off the tripwire and can be seen by the user.

Industrial applications 

A tripwire may be installed in the vicinity of industrial equipment, such as a conveyor belt to enable workers to stop the equipment quickly. These may also be called emergency stop pull-cords.

References 

Anti-personnel weapons
Warning systems
Security
Segmentation and reassembly. Segmentation and reassembly (SAR) is the process used to fragment and reassemble variable length packets into fixed length cells so as to allow them to be transported across Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks or other cell based infrastructures. Since ATM's payload is only 48 bytes, nearly every packet from any other protocol has to be processed in this way. Thus, it is an essential process for any ATM node. It is usually handled by a dedicated chip, called the SAR.

The process is conceptually simple: an incoming packet from another protocol to be transmitted across the ATM network is chopped up into segments that fit into 48-byte chunks carried as ATM cell payloads. At the far end, these chunks are fitted back together to reconstitute the original packet.

The process is analogous to the fragmentation of IP packets on reaching an interface with a maximum transmission unit (MTU) less than the packet size and the subsequent reassembly of the original packet  once the fragments have reached the original packet's destination.

Since different types of data are encapsulated in different ways, the details of the segmentation process vary according to the type of data being handled. There are several different schemes, referred to as ATM adaptation layers (AALs). The schemes are:
AAL0 – Raw cells with no special format
AAL1 – Constant bitrate, circuit emulation (T1, E1, etc.)
AAL2 – Variable bitrate synchronous traffic, eous traffic, e.g. Frame Relay transport
AAL5 – Used for most data traffic, such as IP

See also
 Packet segmentation
 Packet aggregation

Network protocols
Networking standards