omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Advanced Space Vision System. The Advanced Space Vision System (also known as the Space Vision System or SVS) is a  computer vision system designed primarily for International Space Station (ISS) assembly. The system uses regular 2D cameras in the Space Shuttle bay, on the Canadarm, or on the ISS along with cooperative targets to calculate the 3D position of an object.

Because of the small number of viewing ports on the station and on the shuttle, most of the assembly and maintenance is done using cameras, which do not give stereoscopic vision, and thus do not allow a proper evaluation of depth.  In addition the difficult conditions created by the particular conditions of illumination and obscurity in space, make it much more difficult to distinguish objects, even when the assembly work can be viewed directly, without using a camera.  For instance, the harsh glare of direct sunlight can blind human vision.  Also, the contrasts between objects in black shadows and objects in the solar light are much greater than in Earth's atmosphere, even where no glare is involved.

Background

The Advanced Space Vision System images objects with cooperative targets and uses the known positions of the targets to triangulate their exact relative positions in real time.  The targets are composed of thin films of silicon dioxide layered with inconel to form an inconel interference stack. A stack like this has nearly no reflectivity in the Electromagnetic spectrum. The result is a black color that appears even blacker than the flattest black paint.  In photos the disks look like small black dots, and a minimum of three are needed, so they are quite unobtrusive on most payloads.

Development

The basic elements of the system were devised at the National Research Council of Canada in the 1970s, to study car collisions.  In 1990, development was transferred to Neptec Design Group, a small commercial enterprise located in Kanata, a suburb of Ottawa.  The system runs on Neptec's Advanced Vision Unit (AVU) processing platform, which handles video routing, algorithm processing, video overlays, and the system interface.  The operating system is the Unix-like and POSIX compliant QNX Real-time operating system, running the Photon windowing interface.  The Photon implementation was optimized to be the most worry free direct manipulation interface possible for the particular needs and work habits of the astronauts.

The Canadian Space Agency was involved at several stages in the development and deployment of the space vision system.  Training for the system takes place in the simulators located at the agency's headquarters at the John H. Chapman Space Centre near Montreal.

Implementation
The system was first tested in its early form on STS-52 in October 1992, and used in subsequent missions.  The advanced version was first tested on STS-74 in November 1995. The system has been used with success on shuttle flights since then, and with equal success for the assembly and maintenance of the station since 1997.

References

International Space Station
Spacecraft components
Sender (telephony). A sender is a type of circuit and system module in 20th-century electromechanical telephone exchanges. It registered the telephone numbers dialed by the subscriber, and transmitted that information to another part of the exchange or another exchange for the purpose of completing a telephone call.  Some American exchange designs, for example, of the No. 1 Crossbar switch used originating senders and terminating senders. The corresponding device in the British director telephone system was called a "director" and, in other contexts, "register".

History 
The sender concept was developed to meet the needs of large-city telephone switching systems, where the total number of subscriber lines and multiple central offices throughout the city required complex switching arrangements that were not easily handled by the direct control systems, such as the step by step, or Strowger system. These limitations included inefficient trunking in large service areas, and a limited ability for growth and reorganization as additional subscribers were added. The introduction of senders into switching systems allowed the subscriber's dial pulses to be registered, then translated into a physical location on the switching fabric, either in the local office, or in a distant office. Once the sender received the translation, it directed the selectors in the switching fabric to the correct terminal, completing the connection to the called party. Because the dialed digits from the subscriber were stored, and translated, there was no direct correlation required between the dialed number, and the actual location of the trunk(s) or subscribers on the switch itself. This meant that as new telephone exchanges were added, a translation could be updated to include the new exchange without expensive and time-consuming modifications to the telephone switch.

One of the first US patents filed for this concept was granted to Western Electric in 1913. This was developed in the US by the Bell System and was first widely used in the Panel Machine Switching System. As machine switching exchanges became commonplace, senders also played a critical role in communication between central offices of different types. For example, in a given city, there may be several central offices with different kinds of telephone switches that all must inter-operate with each other. As technology improved, better signaling methods were devised, but backward compatibility with existing exchanges had to be maintained. Thus, senders were developed to send and receive information in a wide variety of "protocols", including revertive pulse, MF, dial pulse, DC key pulse, and PCI.

The sender design was improved throughout the 20th Century and was used extensively in the No. 1 and No. 5 Crossbar switching systems. Common-channel signaling replaced senders after the development of stored program control (SPC).

A secondary meaning within the UK broadcast engineering community is as a synonym for broadcast transmitter.

See also
Communication source
Director telephone system
Register signaling

References 

Telephony signals
RenderWare. RenderWare is a video game engine developed by British game developer Criterion Software.

Overview
Released in 1993, RenderWare was a 3D API and graphics rendering engine used in video games, Active Worlds, and some VRML browsers. RenderWare was developed by Criterion Software Limited, then a subsidiary of Canon. It originated in the era of software rendering on CPUs prior to the appearance of GPUs, competing with other libraries such as Argonaut Games's BRender and RenderMorphics' Reality Lab (the latter was acquired by Microsoft and became Direct3D). Renderware 4 was revealed at GDC 2004.

It was licensed over 200 times. The scope went towards an integrated middleware with low level APIs for rendering, physics, audio, AI all of which are extensible through plug-ins which also serve the official high-level API. The aim was to reduce the learning curve by also including service and support for licensees. With RenderWare Studio an integrated development environment including a debugger was included. RenderWare themselves claimed a 70% marketshare across studios that choose an external engine in 2003.

RenderWare's principal commercial importance was in providing an off-the-shelf solution to the difficulties of PS2 graphics programming. As such, the engine was often described as "Sony's DirectX" during this era which was a reference to its surrounding framework and toolchain middleware. Prior to version 2, an external programming or scripting language was required to take advantage of RenderWare. RenderWare 2, on the other hand, has its own internal scripting language, RWX (RenderWare script), but in RenderWare 3 RWX support was removed. This next iteration focused on a binary model file format. As with the previous version increment, Criterion removed support for RenderWare 3's formats in RenderWare 4.

RenderWare is cross-platform: it runs on Windows as well as Apple Mac OS X-based applications and many video game consoles such as GameCube, Wii, Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation Portable. RenderWare is no longer available for purchase, although Electronic Arts still honors old contracts, meaning that external developers who licensed the technology before the Criterion acquisition may still use the software. What was RenderWare 4 has dissolved into the rest of EA internal tech. During a 2007 Gamasutra interview, Bing Gordon, EA CCO, has stated that RenderWare did not perform well enough for next-gen hardware, graphics wise, and that RenderWare did not stand up to competition, such as Unreal Engine from Epic Games. He has also stated that the RenderWare team is "mostly a dev house".

See also

References

Further reading

External links
 
 RenderWare3 Docs at GitHub
 RenderWare V2.1 API Reference
 Historical and technical insight of RenderWare at SIGMA'Co

3D scenegraph APIs
Video game engines
Virtual reality
DTI. DTI may refer to:

Science and technology
 Deep trench isolation; See Shallow trench isolation
 Dial test indicator
 Direct trader input, in the history of electronic data interchange
 Diffusion tensor imaging, a structural medical imaging technique
 Direct thrombin inhibitor
 Diesel turbo injection, a brand name for common rail
 Direct tension indicator
 Deep tissue injury, see suspected deep tissue injury in List of medical abbreviations: S
 Dye transfer inhibitor

Organizations
 Defence Technology Institute, the Thai defence technology public organisation
 Department of Trade and Industry (disambiguation), a government department in several countries
 Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad
 Diversified Technology, Inc.
 Directorate of Terrorist Identities, responsible for the Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment
 Display Technologies, Inc., a joint venture of IBM and Toshiba
 DT Infrastructure, Australian construction company

Other uses
 Debt-to-income ratio, in the mortgage industry
 Dress to Impress, a video game on Roblox
Dorte Juul Jensen. Dorte Juul Jensen (born 1957) is a senior scientist and head of the Center for Fundamental Research: Metal Structures in Four Dimensions and Materials Research Division, Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Roskilde, Denmark. Risø operates under the auspices of the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, researching a wide range of technologies and training Ph.D candidates in the sciences.

Jensen's research involves advancing knowledge of the physical characteristics of metal structures. She has pioneered new experimental techniques based on neutron diffraction, electron microscopy, and synchrotron x-ray diffraction.

Home life 
Dorte Juul Jensen was born January 30, 1957, in Birkerød, Denmark. She is a daughter of Per and Jutta (Hartvig) Justesen. She married Jens Christian Juul-Jensen, August 29, 1981, and they have two children.

Work life 
After earning her Ph.d. in Civil Engineering, she was appointed chair of the Research Forum by the then minister of Research.

Since 1983 Juul-Jensen has been a researcher at Risø National Laboratory, first as a scientist, then from 1994 as a senior scientist.

Juul-Jensen is also an editor of the journal Scripta Materialia, an international journal of material science, and she has co-authored a book, Electron Backscatter Diffraction in Materials Science (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, New York 2000).

Publications 
Dorte Juul Jensen has published over 450 scientific articles. Here are a few of them:

 An experimentally-based molecular dynamics analysis of grain boundary migration during recrystallization in aluminum
 Development of microstructure in FCC metals during cold work 
 Impact of 3D/4D methods on the understanding of recrystallization

Awards and achievements 

 In 1997, Juul-Jensen became the first woman to be awarded the degree of Dr. Techn. in Denmark.
 In 1998, she was awarded a Tagea Brandt Rejselegat.
 In 1999, she was the first woman to receive the Statoil Prize (Statoil Prisen) for her work.
 In 2016, she received the prestigious CS Smith Award for the ground-breaking results she achieved using 3D techniques.
 In 2022, she received and ERC PoC grant to further develop the instrument to look into the internal structures of the metals in four dimensions
 In 2022, she also received the Villum Kann Rasmussen Annual Award in Science and Technology for her research into the internal microstructures and properties of metals.

References

External links
 Risø National Laboratory  
 Statoil Prisen

Danish metallurgists
Danish science writers
Living people
Academic journal editors
Danish women scientists
Danish women physicists
Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
1957 births
Institution of Engineers (India). The Institution of Engineers (India), the IEI, is a national organization for engineers in India. It is the world's largest multi-disciplinary engineering professional society. It has more than one million members in 15 engineering disciplines. The institution was established in 1920 in Kolkata, West Bengal, and was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1935. It is currently headquartered at 8 Gokhale Road, Kolkata.

Qualifications and recognitions 
The IEI pioneered non-formal education in engineering. For those who have pursued a formal education in engineering, an associate membership engineering degree certificate can be achieved by qualifying in the examinations conducted by the institution.

The Associate Member (AMIE) examination has two sections. Section A is common to all candidates, while Section B is specific to a particular stream of engineering. To take the examinations, the candidate must have been a technician member of the IEI for a year. Examinations are held twice yearly.

Post-graduate (masters) programs in engineering and technology are offered to IEI corporate members in selected engineering disciplines.

International recognitions 
The Institution of Engineers (India) [IEI] has bilateral relations with engineering professional institutions in 41 organizations around the world and is also the founding member of major international engineering organizations. This mutual relationship promotes the advancement of the engineering profession in general and recognition in particular amongst all the members attached to these professional societies. IEI plays the leading role in engineering activities across the world and provides an international platform to its members, Link=>
https://www.ieindia.org/webui/IEI-Network.aspx#international-links.

The Foreign Credential Service of America considers it to be equivalent to a bachelor's degree in engineering. AMIE is also recognized by UK-NARIC as a British bachelor's honors degree.

See also 
Engineering Council of India
Engineering education in India
Engineering Staff College of India
Regulation and licensure in engineering

References

External links 
 Official Website

1920 establishments in British India
Educational boards based in Kolkata
Indian engineering organisations
Organisations based in Kolkata
Professional associations based in India
Organizations established in 1920
Hoberman sphere. A Hoberman sphere is a kinetic structure patented by Chuck Hoberman that resembles a geodesic dome, but is capable of folding down to a fraction of its normal size by the scissor-like action of its joints.  Colorful plastic versions have become popular as children's toys: several toy sizes exist, with the original design capable of expanding from  in diameter to .

Description
A Hoberman sphere typically consists of six great circles corresponding to the edges of an icosidodecahedron.  The Hoberman sphere can be unfolded by allowing certain members to spread apart.  The operation of each joint is linked to all the others in a scissors mechanism like those used to mount pantograph mirrors, or how a folding chair operates.  In larger models, this can be accomplished by feeding out a string or cable instead.

The largest existing Hoberman sphere is in the AHHAA Science Center in Tartu, Estonia. Fully expanded, it is  in diameter. The motorized sphere weighs , is constructed of aircraft-grade aluminum, and continually oscillates between its compact and expanded states. The sphere is suspended above the center's Science Court and is actuated with a computer-based motion control system. This system opens and closes the sphere in a programmed series of lyrical motions choreographed to music, lighting and special effects.

An earlier, similar but slightly smaller Hoberman sphere is in the atrium of Liberty Science Center in Jersey City, New Jersey. The  sphere, when fully expanded, measures  in diameter.

In 1993 a smaller geodesic sphere was installed at the Swiss Science Center Technorama in Winterthur, Switzerland.

See also
Hoberman mechanism

References

Further reading
 Greg Lynn (2014), Expanding sphere, Canadian Centre for Architecture

External links 
 Hoberman.com - Welcome to the World of Magical Transformation
 "Radial expansion/retraction truss structures". Google Patents
 how to make a K'nex Hoberman sphere
 How to make a popsicle Hoberman sphere

Linkages (mechanical)
Polyhedra
Educational toys
Smoke bomb. A smoke bomb is a firework designed to produce a large amount of smoke upon ignition.

History
Early Japanese history saw the use of a rudimentary form of the smoke bomb. Explosives were common in Japan during the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. Soft cased hand-held bombs were later designed to release smoke, poison gas, and shrapnel made from iron and pottery. The modern smoke bomb was created in 1848, by the British inventor Robert Yale. He developed 17th-century Chinese-style fireworks and later modified the formula to produce more smoke for a longer period.

Colored smoke devices use a formula that consists of an oxidizer (typically potassium nitrate, KNO3), a fuel (generally sugar), a moderator (such as sodium bicarbonate) to keep the reaction from getting too hot, and a powdered organic dye. The burning of this mixture boils the dye and forces it out of the device, where it condenses in the atmosphere to form a smoke of finely dispersed particles.

Home-made smoke bombs, even preceding Yale's 1848 invention, were and are most commonly used in pranks and street conflicts.  They are typically made from materials that burn poorly and contained in vessels with a limited air intake that inhibit combustion.  Because both the ingredients and uses are unpredictable, home-made smoke bombs are often categorized as an incendiary device.

References

Fireworks
Pyrotechnics
Smoke
Typeahead. Typeahead is a feature of computers and software (and some typewriters) that enables users to continue typing regardless of program or computer operation—the user may type in whatever speed is desired, and if the receiving software is busy at the time it will be called to handle this later. Often this means that keystrokes entered will not be displayed on the screen immediately. This programming technique for handling uses what is known as a keyboard buffer.

Typeahead has its roots in the age of typewriters. The IBM Selectric typewriter, first released in 1961, had a mechanical key lockout feature designed to smooth out typists' irregular keystrokes that, to many users, felt like typeahead.

Achieving true typeahead requires maintaining a so-called "typeahead buffer"—a FIFO queue, for instance—whose role it is to store a limited amount of keyboard input until it is called for. Installing such a buffer can be done at both the hardware and the software levels; most modern operating systems, such as Unix, implement this using software, calling kernel interrupts.

In some network operations, one might attempt to dispatch information over a network, regardless whether the receiving program manages to keep up, using the recipient's typeahead functions. However, as this is far too reliant on the specifications of the computer with which one is communicating, it is not often used.

See also

 Autocomplete, where the computer predicts the remainder of a command

References

Typing
User interface techniques
Planing. Planing may refer to:

 Planing (boat) or hydroplaning, a method by which a hull skims over the surface of the water
 Aquaplaning, a loss of traction caused by a layer of water between the tires and the road surface
 Using a plane (tool) to smooth a flat surface of a piece of wood
 Operating a planer (metalworking) to produce a flat surface
 Harmonic planing (music), chords that move in parallel motion, thereby eliminating any feeling of harmonic progression
 Scaling and root planing, the removal of dental plaque
 Planing (shaping), material removal process

See also
 Planning
 Plane (disambiguation)
De Havilland Hornet Moth. The de Havilland DH.87 Hornet Moth is a single-engined cabin biplane designed by the de Havilland Aircraft Company in 1934 as a potential replacement for its highly successful de Havilland Tiger Moth trainer.  Although its side-by-side two-seat cabin made it closer in configuration to the modern aircraft that military trainee pilots would later fly, there was no interest from the RAF and the aircraft was put into production for private buyers.

Design and development

The prototype first flew at Hatfield on 9 May 1934 and, with two other pre-production aircraft, embarked on an extensive test program that resulted in the first production aircraft (designated DH.87A) completed in August 1935 having wings of greater outboard taper. These were found to cause problems, especially when landing in three-point attitude: there was a tendency for the tips to stall, causing embarrassment to the pilot and often damage to the aeroplane. From early 1936, de Havilland offered owners of the DH.87A replacement wings of the new squarer shape at a reduced price in exchange for the original wings. Designated DH.87B, new aircraft from about manufacture Number 68 were built with the new square wings. This wing reduced the overall span by . The alterations slightly increased overall weight at some penalty to performance.

Production was 164 aircraft, of which 84 were placed on the British Register. Many were impressed for military service during World War II, mostly being used by the RAF as liaison aircraft.

Small numbers survived the war and with time became highly prized by vintage aircraft enthusiasts. A small number are still flying, over eighty years after production ceased.

Variants

  

 DH.87 Hornet Moth : prototypes
 DH.87A Hornet Moth : production model
 DH.87B Hornet Moth : production model with wing modification

Operators

Civil charter operators and pilots 1935–2009

 - TC-101

Military operators

L'Armée de l'Air

Portuguese Air Force

South African Air Force

Royal Air Force (1940–1945)
No. 24 Squadron RAF
No. 49 Squadron RAF
No. 116 Squadron RAF
No. 510 Squadron RAF
No. 526 Squadron RAF
No. 527 Squadron RAF
No. 528 Squadron RAF
No. 529 Squadron RAF
Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm
One aircraft impressed and four from Canada

Specifications (DH.87B)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Jackson, A.J. De Havilland Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, Third edition, 1987. .
 
 Follett, K. "Hornet flight", (translated in Italian "Il volo del calabrone", Mondadori Editore S.p.A., Milano, 2003 ) It's a fictitious novel, first printed in 2002, in which a hornet moth plays a key role in the story.

External links

The de Havilland Moth Club

1930s British civil utility aircraft
1930s British military utility aircraft
Hornet Moth
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear