omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Alan Wood (engineer). Alan John Wood, CBE, FREng (born March 20, 1947), was brought up in Sheffield, where he was educated at King Edward VII School.

In 1965 he won an open scholarship to Manchester University and graduated in 1968 with a first class honours degree in mechanical engineering.

He began his career as an engineering management trainee with Unilever on Merseyside. During his five years with this company, he spent periods in the soap & detergents and chemical businesses, but his major experience was with Van den Bergh & Jurgens, where he held project management and plant management positions before returning to university to take a second degree. He studied in the United States at Harvard University, where he was awarded a master's degree in business administration in 1975.

Following his return to the UK, he took over responsibility for the manufacturing operations of Crittall Construction, a supplier of bespoke curtain wall projects for prestige office developments, and then became managing director of Small Electric Motors, a specialist manufacturer of servomotors and tachogenerators, before joining Siemens in 1981. Initially he worked for Siemens in Germany. He then headed up Siemens Measurements in Oldham before taking over responsibility for the Siemens' Electronic Components, Telecommunications & Office Automation Divisions based in Sunbury on Thames.

Wood then became group managing director in Manchester with responsibility for four of the UK divisions of the company. In April 1998 he took over as chief executive of Siemens plc. In 2005 he was elected as a Fellow to the Royal Academy of Engineering.

Wood is president of EEF, the manufacturers' organisation.

References

External links
Biography (pdf)
Guardian interview + CV
Alan Wood CBE FREng Ingenia, Issue 25, Dec 2005

1947 births
Living people
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English chief executives
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Harvard Business School alumni
People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield
Engineers from Yorkshire
Siemens people
Calie Pistorius. Carl Wilhelm Irene "Calie" Pistorius (born 9 August 1958) is a South African electrical engineer who is a former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom. He announced, on 1 August 2016, that he would be stepping down from this role at the end of January 2017. His successor at Hull was Professor Susan Lea.

Education
Pistorius obtained the degree B.Sc (Eng) (cum laude) in electronic engineering from the University of Pretoria in 1979 and the degree B.Eng (Hons) (cum laude) in electronic engineering from the same university in 1981. He obtained a M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Ohio State University in the U.S. in 1984, a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering also from the Ohio State University in 1986, and a Master's degree in management (M.B.A.) from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1994.

Academic career

Pistorius is a consultant to industry and government on issues relating to strategy, management of technology, technological innovation, competitiveness and national technological policy. He is also a member of the National Advisory Council on Innovation in South Africa.

Pistorius has published widely both nationally and internationally and has 107 academic publications to his credit. He has received numerous awards and prizes including the prize for the best Ph.D. dissertation from the ElectroScience Laboratory at the Ohio State University, the President's Award from the National Research Foundation and the Bill Venter Prize for outstanding contributions to research published in book form by university personnel in South Africa.

At the university, Pistorius was head of the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering for five years, Director of the Institute for Technological Innovation for four years, Director of Information Technology for two years and Dean of the Faculty for one and a half years.

On 25 February 2009, it was announced that Pistorius would be stepping down from his position as Vice-Chancellor and Principal of the University of Pretoria, in order to take up the role of Vice-Chancellor of the University of Hull, as of 1 September 2009. He was chair of Yorkshire Universities, a Yorkshire Patron, a director of Jisc and served on the City Leadership Board in Hull. He resigned from the position of vice-chancellor of the University of Hull in 2017, and was succeeded by Susan Lea.

References

1958 births
Living people
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni
University of Pretoria alumni
Academic staff of the University of Pretoria
Vice-chancellors of the University of Pretoria
Vice-chancellors of the University of Hull
Microwave engineers
South African electrical engineers
Chloral. Chloral, also known as trichloroacetaldehyde or trichloroethanal, is the organic compound with the formula Cl3CCHO. This aldehyde is a colourless liquid that is soluble in a wide range of solvents. It reacts with water to form chloral hydrate, a once widely used sedative and hypnotic substance.

Production
Chloral was first prepared, and named, by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1832.  Liebig treated anhydrous ethanol with dry chlorine gas.

Chloral is produced commercially by the chlorination of acetaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid, producing chloral hydrate. Ethanol can also be used as a feedstock. This reaction is catalyzed by antimony trichloride:
H3CCHO + 3 Cl2 + H2O → Cl3CCH(OH)2 + 3 HCl

The chloral hydrate is distilled from the reaction mixture. The distillate is then dehydrated with concentrated sulfuric acid, after which the heavier acid layer (containing the water) is drawn off:

Cl3CCH(OH)2 → Cl3CCHO + H2O

The resulting product is purified by fractional distillation. Small amounts of chloral hydrate occur in some chlorinated water.

Key reactions
Chloral tends to form adducts with water (to give chloral hydrate) and alcohols.

Aside from its tendency to hydrate, chloral is notable as a building block in the synthesis of DDT. For this purpose, chloral is treated with chlorobenzene in the presence of a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid:
 Cl3CCHO + 2 C6H5Cl → Cl3CCH(C6H4Cl)2 + H2O
This reaction was described by Othmar Zeidler in 1874. The related herbicide methoxychlor is also produced from chloral.

Treating chloral with sodium hydroxide gives chloroform Cl3CH and sodium formate HCOONa.
 Cl3CCHO + NaOH → Cl3CH + HCOONa

Chloral is easily reduced to trichloroethanol, which is produced in the body from chloral.

Toxicity
Chloral and chloral hydrate have the same properties biologically since the former hydrates rapidly. Chloral hydrate was routinely administered to patients on the gram scale with no lasting effects. Prolonged exposure to the vapors is toxic with a LC50 for 4-hour exposure of 440 mg/m3.

See also
Chloral cyanohydrin
Chloroacetaldehyde 
Dichloroacetaldehyde
Fluoral 
Bromal
Iodal

References

Aldehydes
Organochlorides
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Trichloromethyl compounds
IARC Group 2A carcinogens
Substances discovered in the 19th century
Sun and planet gear. The sun and planet gear is a method of converting reciprocating motion to rotary motion and was used in the first rotative beam engines.

It was invented by the Scottish engineer William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton and Watt, but was patented by James Watt in October 1781.
  It was invented to bypass the patent on the crank, already held by James Pickard. It played an important part in the development of devices for rotation in the Industrial Revolution.

Operation

The sun and  planet gear converted the vertical motion of a beam, driven by a steam engine, into circular motion using a 'planet', a cogwheel fixed at the end of the connecting rod (connected to the beam) of the engine. With the motion of the beam, this revolved around, and turned, the 'sun', a second rotating cog fixed to the drive shaft, thus generating rotary motion. An interesting feature of this arrangement, when compared to that of a simple crank, is that when both sun and planet have the same number of teeth, the drive shaft completes two revolutions for each double stroke of the beam instead of one. The planet gear is fixed to the connecting rod and thus does not rotate around its own axis.

Note that the axles of the two gears are usually tied to each other by a freely rotating link (the white bar visible behind the gears in the animation) that keeps the two gears engaged but does not contribute to the drive torque. This link appears, at first sight, to be similar to a crank but the drive is not transmitted through it. Thus, it did not contravene the crank patent.

See also
Epicyclic gearing

References

External links
Henry Ford Museum Watt Rotative Engine

Gears
Steam engines
Piston engines
Engine technology
Linkages (mechanical)
Scottish inventions
British inventions
Industrial Revolution
Multi-agent planning. In computer science multi-agent planning involves coordinating the resources and activities of multiple agents.

NASA says, "multiagent planning is concerned with planning by (and for) multiple agents. It can involve agents planning for a common goal, an agent coordinating the plans (plan merging) or planning of others, or agents refining their own plans while negotiating over tasks or resources. The topic also involves how agents can do this in real time while executing plans (distributed continual planning). Multiagent scheduling differs from multiagent planning the same way planning and scheduling differ: in scheduling often the tasks that need to be performed are already decided, and in practice, scheduling tends to focus on algorithms for specific problem domains".

See also
Automated planning and scheduling
Distributed artificial intelligence
Cooperative distributed problem solving and Coordination
Multi-agent systems and Software agent and Self-organization
Multi-agent reinforcement learning
 Task Analysis, Environment Modeling, and Simulation (TAEMS or TÆMS)

References

Further reading
 Durfee's (1999) chapter on Distributed Problem Solving and Planning 
 desJardins et al. (1999). A Survey of Research in Distributed, Continual Planning. 
 .
  See Chapter 2; downloadable free online.

External links
 Tutorial on planning in multiagent systems

Multi-agent systems
Automated planning and scheduling
Syntax-directed translation. Syntax-directed translation refers to a method of compiler implementation where the source language translation is completely driven by the parser.

A common method of syntax-directed translation is translating a string into a sequence of actions by attaching one such action to each rule of a grammar. Thus, parsing a string of the grammar produces a sequence of rule applications. SDT provides a simple way to attach semantics to any such syntax.

Overview 
Syntax-directed translation fundamentally works by adding actions to the productions in a context-free grammar, resulting in a Syntax-Directed Definition (SDD). Actions are steps or procedures that will be carried out when that production is used in a derivation. A grammar specification embedded with actions to be performed is called a syntax-directed translation scheme (sometimes simply called a 'translation scheme'.)

Each symbol in the grammar can have an attribute, which is a value that is to be associated with the symbol. Common attributes could include a variable type, the value of an expression, etc. Given a symbol X, with an attribute t, that attribute is referred to as X.t

Thus, given actions and attributes, the grammar can be used for translating strings from its language by applying the actions and carrying information through each symbol's attribute.

Metacompilers 

Early metacompilers use the terms syntax-driven and syntax-directed translation in their descriptions. They have metaprogramming language features for outputting code.

See metacompiler, META II, and TREE-META.

See also 
 Attribute grammar

References 

Compiler construction
Chemical Institute of Canada. The Chemical Institute of Canada is a Canadian professional umbrella organization for researchers and professionals in the field of chemistry. It was founded in 1921 as the Canadian Institute of Chemistry until it merged with other groups in 1945 under its current name. The organization comprises two groups: the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (est. 1966) and the Canadian Society for Chemistry (est. 1985). The Canadian Society for Chemical Technology (est. 1973) was formerly a third subsidiary organization, but a structural reorganization of the CIC in 2022 renamed this group as the Technologists & Technicians subject division of the Canadian Society for Chemistry.

Its highest award is the Chemical Institute of Canada Medal, awarded annually since 1951.

As of 2012, the Chemical Institute of Canada formed an agreement with the Society of Chemical Industry and SCI Canada, whereby SCI Canada became a forum of the CIC.

Canadian Chemistry Conference and Exhibition

Every year, the Chemical Institute of Canada holds a conference to bring together researchers and professional from all over Canada. The first conference in 1918 is said to have consisted of only 100 people and lead to the formation of the Chemical Society of Canada. In 2017, the 100th conference was held in Toronto coinciding with the 150th anniversary of Canada.

Fellows
The Chemical Institute of Canada awards fellowships (post-nominal FCIC) and honorary fellowships (post-nominal HFCIC). Some Fellows and Honorary Fellows include:
 Robert Ackman, FCIC
 Tom Baker, FCIC
 Alfred Bader, HFCIC
 Russell J. Boyd, FCIC
 Howard Charles Clark, FCIC
 Masad Damha, FCIC
 Pierre Deslongchamps, FCIC
 Suzanne Fortier, FCIC
 Jack Halpern, FCIC
 Mark Lautens, FCIC
 Jennifer Love, FCIC
 Stephanie Macquarrie, FCIC
 John Charles Polanyi, HFCIC
 Tito Scaiano, FCIC
 William George Schneider, FCIC
 Victor Snieckus, FCIC
 Donald F. Weaver, FCIC

References

External links
 
 Complete list of fellowships

Chemistry societies
Scientific organizations based in Canada
London Underground 1986 Stock. The London Underground 1986 Tube Stock consisted of three prototype electric multiple units built for the London Underground in 1986/87 that led to the development of the 1992 Stock.

History
In 1984, London Transport ordered three different prototype trains to test new materials, construction methods and seating layouts. Two were built by Metro-Cammell at its Washwood Heath factory, and the third by British Rail Engineering Limited at its Derby Litchurch Lane Works.

Each train consisted of twin two-carriage motor car sets, with one car in each set being equipped with a cab. All were built to the same design and were able to operate in four, six or eight car formations, despite each set having different electrical equipment supplied by different manufacturers. The first was delivered in October 1986. To make their identification easier the prototypes were distinctively and individually coloured - red, blue and green.

After an extensive testing program on the deep level tube lines, they sporadically operated in passenger service on the Jubilee line between May 1988 and August 1989 in six-carriage formations where after they entered storage. After being stored for seven years, all cars, except green driving motor No. 16, were scrapped in 1996. Afterwards the latter was stored at Ash Grove bus garage before moving to the London Transport Museum's Acton depot.

The public consultation results show that the green prototype was the favoured, and provided the core design basis for the 1992 Stock that was built for London Underground's Central line and for the Class 482 which was built for Network SouthEast's Waterloo & City line.

Gallery

See also
London Underground rolling stock
London Underground 1992 Stock
London Underground 1935 Stock
British Rail Class 482

References

External links

 A short video of these trains in public service has been placed on YouTube.
 A second video showing the blue and green cars in service on the Aldwych branch, March 1989 on YouTube.

BREL products
1986
Metropolitan Cammell multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1988
Natural material. A natural material is any product or physical matter that comes from plants, animals, or the ground which is not man-made. Minerals and the metals that can be extracted from them (without further modification) are also considered to belong into this category. Natural materials are used as building materials and clothing. Types include:

 Biotic materials
 Wood (rattan, bamboo, bark, etc.)
 Plant fiber (coir, ramie, sisal, cotton, flax, hemp, jute, kapok, kenaf, moss, linen, abacá, etc.)
 Animal fiber (wool, silk, alpaca, camel, angora, cashmere, mohair, etc.)
 Inorganic material
 Stone (flint, granite, limestone, obsidian, sandstone, sand, gems, glass, etc.)
 Native metal (copper, iron, gold, silver, etc.)
 Composites (clay, plasticine, etc.)
 Other natural materials.
 Soil

See also 

 Alternative natural materials
 Dimension stone
 Earth shelter
 Earth structure
 Green building and wood
 Greystone (residential buildings made from limestone)
 Hempcrete
 Log house
 Material science
 Metamaterials
 Natural building
 Natural environment
 Natural product
 Natural resources
 Nature
 Rammed earth
 Straw-bale construction

References

Further reading
Kankoh-maru. The  is a proposed vertical takeoff and landing (VTVL), single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO), reusable launch system (rocket-powered spacecraft). According to a document from July 1997, it would have been manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, with its formal name being the Kawasaki S-1.

Overview
The concept was created by the  in 1993. This development cost was estimated  in 1995.

The name Kankō Maru is derived from the first steam-powered vessel in Edo-era Japan.

See also

 Chrysler SERV
 VentureStar
 Reusable Vehicle Testing program by JAXA/ISAS
 Blue Origin New Shepard
 Falcon 9 Full Thrust

References

External links
 Encyclopedia Astronautica entry
 宇宙旅行アーカイブ (Space Tourism Archive), Space Liner Association

Single-stage-to-orbit
Former proposed space launch system concepts
Space access
VTVL rockets
Cancelled space launch vehicles
Daniel Ichbiah. Daniel Ichbiah is a French author of several books on musical and technical topics. He has written a biography of Bill Gates which was published in some fifteen countries and also a big book about robots, which appeared in the US and Germany as well as in France. He has also written biographies of Madonna, the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, Coldplay and also various French artists.

Books written
 Robots: From Science Fiction to Technological Revolution (2005) . This reference book covers topics such as robots being portrayed in movies, toy robots, robots made from Lego, and robotic surgery setups.
 The Making of Microsoft: How Bill Gates and His Team Created the World's Most Successful Software Company (1991) 

In French:
 Les 4 vies de Steve Jobs French biography of Steve Jobs. Leduc, 2011.
 La saga des jeux vidéo The history of videogames.1997, 1998, 2004, 2009–2010, 2012 (Pix'n love).
 Bill Gates et la saga de Microsoft The biography of Bill Gates realised from interviews of Gates and various collaborators. Pocket, 1995.
 Generation MP3 Mille et une nuits, 2000. A book about MP3 revolution and bands like Nataraj xt.
 Madonna, Pop Confessions A Madonna biography. City Editions, 2006
 Comment Google mangera le monde The story and analysis of the Google phenomenon. L'Archipel, 2007
 Rolling Stones, l'Intégrale All about the Rolling Stones. City Editions, 2006
 Enigma, A book of enigma with a medieval style. City Editions, 2007

Also videogame guides for Myst, and software guides for Pro Tools, Windows Live Messenger, PHP, Cubase, etc.

External links

Blog
Videos by Daniel Ichbiah
Various articles written byDaniel Ichbiah : iPod saga, interview of Bertignac...
Videogame chronicles on CD News
Vidéo : Daniel Ichbiah as a guitarist
Articles on Agoravox

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
French technology writers
French music critics
French male non-fiction writers
French writers
Matt Welsh (computer scientist). Matthew David Welsh is a computer scientist and software engineer and is currently the co-founder of Fixie.ai, which he started after stints at Google, xnor.ai, and Apple. He was the Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at Harvard University and author of several books about the Linux operating system, several Linux HOWTOs, the LinuxDoc format and articles in the Linux Journal.

Education
Welsh is a 1992 graduate of the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics.

Welsh received a Bachelor of Science degree from Cornell University in 1996 and Master of Science and PhD degrees from the University of California, Berkeley in 1999 and 2002, respectively. He spent the 1996–97 academic year at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and at the University of Glasgow. His thesis was supervised by David Culler and Eric Brewer.

Career and research
Welsh has led teams at Google and Apple Inc., and served a Professor of Computer Science at Harvard University. In November 2010, five months after being granted tenure, Welsh announced that he was leaving Harvard.

The Social Network
Welsh taught the operating systems class at Harvard in which Mark Zuckerberg was a student. Welsh was later portrayed by actor Brian Palermo in the movie The Social Network featuring Zuckerberg and the founding of Facebook. Welsh was reportedly paid $200 for his Powerpoint slides used in the movie.

Publications
His publications include:
Running Linux
Linux Installation and Getting Started
The End of Programming

References

Cornell University alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American computer scientists
North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics alumni
Science bloggers
21st-century science writers
Google employees