omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sovereign-class cruise ship. The Sovereign class is Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd's third generation of cruise ship, formerly operated by Royal Caribbean International

The three ships of the class were built in Saint-Nazaire, France at the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyards. The first modern "megaships" to be built, they also were the first series of cruise ships to include a multi-story atrium with glass elevators, which the ship's designer, Njål Eide, referred to as the "Centrum". They also had a single deck devoted entirely to cabins with private balconies instead of oceanview cabins. The first ship, Sovereign of the Seas launched in 1988, was the world's largest passenger ship in service, breaking the record held by  (originally designed as an ocean liner). Sovereign held this distinction until 1990 when Norway took back the record after being refurbished with the addition of two more decks. In 1991, Royal Caribbean International launched a slightly modified sister ship, Monarch of the Seas. In 1992, the line launched its third and final sister ship, Majesty of the Seas. These ships were among the largest modern cruise ships to sail during the late 1980s and early 1990s.

During that time, other major cruise lines also followed suit, building ships that included many of the same features and similar dimensions as the Sovereign class. Carnival Cruise Lines launched the  in 1990, comparable in size to the Sovereign class and also featuring a multi-story atrium with glass elevators. Princess Cruises also countered by launching two ships in 1990 and 1991 to compete with the Sovereign class,  Crown Princess and Regal Princess. They also featured an atrium and two decks devoted to cabins with private balconies instead of windowed "oceanview" cabins. Since then, newer and larger ships have exceeded the size of the Sovereign-class ships. They are less than half the size of the  ships and about a third the size of  ships.

In 2007, Monarch of the Seas became the first major cruise liner in the world to be captained by a woman, the Swede Karin Stahre Janson, who remained the only one until 2010 when the British captain Sarah Breton took charge of  of P&O Cruises.

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd transferred Sovereign of the Seas and Monarch of the Seas from Royal Caribbean International to their Pullmantur Cruises subsidiary in 2008 and 2013, respectively. Plans to transfer Majesty of the Seas to Pullmantur in 2016 had been announced in November 2014. However in July 2015, Royal Caribbean reversed those plans, instead stating that Majesty of the Seas would stay with Royal Caribbean International and be receiving a massive overhaul and upgrade in early 2016 to bring her up to today's standards.

As of July 2020, the first two ships, Sovereign and Monarch, have been sold for scrap, due to the bankruptcy of Pullmantur Cruises. In December 2020, Royal Caribbean sold the remaining ship Majesty of the Seas to Seajets who renamed her Majesty. Seajets renamed the ship Majesty of the Oceans in April 2021, while still laid up at Piraeus.

Ships

References

Cruise ship classes
Royal Caribbean International
Dolmar. Makita Engineering Germany GmbH (Dolmar) is one of the oldest manufacturers of portable gasoline chainsaws and is headquartered in Hamburg, Germany. The company founder, Emil Lerp, developed in 1927 the "type A" saw, which weighed  and required two men to operate. It was tested on Mount Dolmar in the Thüringer forest and the company took its name from the test site.

In 1991 the company was acquired by Japanese tool manufacturer Makita.

References

External links

 

German brands
Chainsaws
Logging
Garden tool manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Hamburg
Power tool manufacturers
Lawn and garden tractors
Tool manufacturing companies of Germany
Cincinnati Car Company. The Cincinnati Car Company or Cincinnati Car Corporation was a subsidiary of the Ohio Traction Company. It designed and constructed interurban cars, streetcars (trams) and (in smaller scale) buses. It was founded in 1902 in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1928, it bought the Versare Car Company.

Products 
The company was among the first to make lightweight cars. Its chief engineer Thomas Elliot designed the curved-side car, a lightweight model that used curved steel plates (not conventional flat steel plates) in body construction. Instead of the floor, the side plates and side sills bore the bulk of the weight load. Longitudinal floor supports were no longer needed, which made the cars lighter than conventional cars. The first cars of this type were sold in 1922. For instance, the Red Devil weighted only . Curved-side cars were also called "Balanced Lightweight Cars".

In 1929, the company designed new lightweight partially aluminum low profile high-speed coaches for the electrified Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad interurban that operated between Cincinnati, Dayton, and Toledo. Twenty were purchased, painted bright red, and called Red Devils by the C&LE. These interurban cars, whose open country speed could reach , were a forerunner of today's high-speed trains. Both the carbodies and new design small wheel low riding trucks were well adapted for high-speed running on light rail rough track. In 1939, the C&LE abandoned operation, and the Red Devils were sold to the Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway (CRANDIC) in Iowa and the Lehigh Valley Transit Company in Pennsylvania. They continued to operate successfully and well into the 1950s.

Preserved cars 
Cincinnati Car Company ceased operations in 1938, but several of its original streetcars are preserved, for instance at the Saskatchewan Railway Museum, Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal and the Seashore Trolley Museum.

See also
 List of tram builders

References

Further reading

 
Rolling stock manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Cincinnati
Manufacturing companies based in Cincinnati
Tram manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1902
1902 establishments in Ohio
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1938
1938 disestablishments in Ohio
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (University of Ottawa). The School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, is an academic unit within The Faculty of Engineering, at the University of Ottawa. Until 2011 it was called the School of Information Technology and Engineering (SITE), which remains the name of a building on the southern edge of campus.

It was formed in 1997 by the merger of the Department of Computer Science and of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 

It teaches undergraduate programs in Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Computer Engineering and Computer Science, and offers education up to the PhD level.

External links
EECS website in English and French

University of Ottawa
Electrical engineering departments
Electrical and computer engineering departments

1997 establishments in Ontario
Educational institutions established in 1997
Computer science departments in Canada
Dornier Do 212. The Dornier Do 212 was a four-seat experimental amphibian flying boat built by the Swiss subsidiary of Dornier, in Altenrhein on Lake Constance. Design was initiated in 1938 by the German and Swiss branches, the latter being responsible for the actual construction of the prototype.

The Do 212 was an all-metal cantilever monoplane with fixed wingtip floats and a 343 kW (460 hp) Hirth HM 512-B-0 12-cylinder air-cooled engine which, mounted aft of the cabin, was buried in the fuselage and drove a four-blade airscrew aft of the tail by means of a shaft which could be tilted upward 12° to provide water clearance.

Initial water taxiing trials resulted in the enlarging of the wingtip floats. On 3 August 1942, a few attempts to take off from water were made, but these failed. A Do 24 was used to tow the Do 212 and it finally flew; however, instability forced the pilot to ditch just after takeoff. Further trials ended the same way. Difficulties were also experienced with the extension shaft, and the cooling of the engine presented a problem. Consequently, no further testing was undertaken, and the prototype was scrapped in 1943.

Specifications (Do 212)

References

External links

Air-Britain.com 

 

Flying boats
1940s German experimental aircraft
Do 212
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1942
Twin-tail aircraft
Energy Centre. The Energy Centre, located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 39-story,  -tall skyscraper designed by HKS, Inc. It is the fourth tallest building in both the city of New Orleans and the state of Louisiana.

A four-story parking garage is adjacent to the tower, one block upriver. The garage is accessible from both Loyola Avenue and South Rampart Street.

The building experienced minor damage during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. Some windows near the top of the tower were blown out, however, these windows were mostly false windows that cover the climate control systems on the roof. The ceilings of the overhangs on the street level were badly damaged but have since been repaired.

The Energy Centre is located at 1100 Poydras Street, New Orleans, LA 70163-1101, at the corner of  South Rampart Street.

See also
 List of tallest buildings in New Orleans
 List of tallest buildings in Louisiana

References

Skyscraper office buildings in New Orleans
Office buildings completed in 1984
HKS, Inc. buildings
Taufik Akbar. Taufik Akbar (born 8 January 1951 in Medan) is an Indonesian engineer and former astronaut candidate.

After graduating at the Bandung Institute of Technology with a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1975, he worked as a telecommunication engineer. While working for Telkom in the development of the Palapa telecommunication satellite system, he was selected to take part in the Space Shuttle mission STS-61-H as a Payload Specialist in October 1985. While Pratiwi Sudarmono was chosen to be in the flight crew, he was supposed to be her backup on the mission. However, after the Challenger disaster the deployment of commercial satellites like the Indonesian Palapa B-3 planned for that mission was canceled, thus the mission never took place. The satellite was later launched with a Delta rocket.

After his astronaut career, he continued to work for Telkom. Within 1990-92, he was General Manager Telecommunication Planning, Executive General Manager for Palapa Satellites Operation (1992–1993), President Director of Aplikanusa Lintasarta (1994–2000). In 2000, he became Director of Human Resources for Sumber Daya Manusia Telkom.

References
NASA listing (Page 61)
 Jane's spaceflight directory By Reginald Turnill p364 
 Space Shuttle Log By Tim Furniss p126 1986 

1951 births
Bandung Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
People from Medan
Fonio husking machine. The fonio husking machine was invented by Sanoussi Diakité, a Senegalese mechanical engineer. Diakité was awarded the Rolex Award in 1996 for the invention. 

Fonio is a staple crop in western Africa. Because the fonio grains are so small,  their brittle outer shell is difficult to remove. "For hundreds of years, African women have carried out the painstaking task of preparing fonio by pounding and threshing a grain and sand mixture with a pestle and mortar. After one hour of this tedious work, only two kilograms of fonio are available for consumption and fifteen liters of water are needed to remove the sand." The whole process has been reduced from a 1-hour job to a 6-minute job.

Diakité's solution was a  device that gently abrades the surface of the seed before passing through a rotating mechanism, which removes the husks. The machine can husk  of fonio in 8 minutes.

Awards
Diakité's device is an example of appropriate technology, because of its ability to solve a significant problem in developing countries and the ease with which it can be manufactured. In 2008, Diakité's work was one of the laureates of The Tech Awards in the Health Award category.

Diakité received the Innovation Prize for Africa in 2013.

See also
Malian peanut sheller
Digitaria exilis

References

Appropriate technology
Senegalese inventions
Gempack. GEMPACK (General Equilibrium Modelling PACKage) is a modeling system for CGE economic models, used at the Centre of Policy Studies (CoPS) in Melbourne, Australia, and sold to other CGE modellers.

Some of the more well-known CGE models solved using GEMPACK are the GTAP model of world trade, and the MONASH, MMRF, ORANI-G and TERM models used at CoPS. All these models share a distinctive feature: they are formulated as a system of differential equations in percentage change form; however, this is not required by GEMPACK.

Main features
A characteristic feature of CGE models is that an initial solution for the model can be readily constructed from a table of transaction values (such as an input-output table or a social accounting matrix) that satisfies certain basic accounting restrictions. GEMPACK builds on this feature by formulating the CGE model as an initial value problem which is solved using standard  techniques.

The GEMPACK user specifies her model by constructing a text file listing model equations and variables, and showing how variables relate to value flows stored on an initial data file.

GEMPACK translates this file into a computer program which solves the model, i.e., computes how model variables might change in response to an external shock. The original equation system is linearized (reformulated as a system of  first-order partial differential equations). If most variables are expressed in terms of percentage changes (akin to 
log changes) the coefficients of the linearized system are usually very simple functions of database value flows.

Computer algebra is used at this point to greatly reduce (by substitution) the size of the system. Then it is solved by multistep methods such as the Euler method,  midpoint method or Gragg's modified Midpoint method. These all require solution of a large system of linear equations; accomplished by sparse matrix techniques. Richardson extrapolation is used to improve accuracy. The final result is an accurate solution of the original non-linear equations.

This linearized approach, originally devised to solve medium-sized CGE models on early computers, has since proved capable (on modern computers) of solving very large models. Additionally it has lent itself to some interesting extensions, such as: a Gaussian quadrature method of estimating confidence intervals for model results from known distributions of shock or parameter values; a way to formulate inequality constraints or non-differentiable equations as complementarities; and a technique to decompose changes in model variables due to several shocks into components due to each individual shock.

The underlying numerical approach is complemented by several GUI programs that: ease viewing of large multidimensional arrays often found in CGE databases; manage complex (e.g., multi-period) simulations; and allow interactive exploration and explanation of simulation results.

See also
 GAMS: another modeling system often used to solve CGE models.

References

External links
 

Computer algebra systems
General equilibrium theory
Siemens Pakistan. Siemens (Pakistan) Engineering Company Limited is a Pakistani engineering services company headquartered in Karachi. It is a subsidiary of Siemens AG.

Active since 1953, Siemens Pakistan is one of the largest providers of engineering services and management in the country, with overseeing ongoing projects in healthcare, defence development, energy, telecommunications, computer expansion and heavy construction management.

History
Siemens presence in the region dates back to 1870 with the construction of the Indo-European telegraph line from London to Calcutta. Siemens established its first office in the area now known as Pakistan in 1922.

In 1952, Siemens formed a joint venture with the Government of Pakistan to establish the Telephone Industries of Pakistan (TIP), a telephone equipment manufacturing company, with 30 percent stake. TIP produced rotary telephones branded with "TIP" on their dials, which were commonly used in many Pakistani households during the 1990s and earlier. These telephones were manufactured at the TIP facility in Haripur, which was established with Siemens' assistance. Siemens formally incorporated its subsidiary in Pakistan as a private limited company in 1953, and later reorganized as a public limited company in 1963. When founded, Siemens Pakistan was originally focused on providing the network of communications, but its role in the energy sector has grown since 1987.

In July 1978, Siemens was listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange.

In 1997, Siemens established awards for engineering students across Pakistani universities and a three-year apprenticeship course for students in Karachi. 

By 2002, over 50 percent of telephone networks in Pakistan were using Siemens Pakistan's EWSD technology.

In 2005, Siemens acquired Carrier Telephone Industries from PTCL under the privatization scheme of the Government of Pakistan.

In 2008, Siemens Pakistan expanded its operations to Afghanistan after acquiring the local assets from Siemens India.

In April 2015, Siemens sold its distribution transformer manufacturing business along with assets of land and building in Sindh Industrial and Trading Estate for $32 million. In August 2015, Siemens Pakistan decided to transfer its healthcare business sector to a private limited company headquartered in Lahore, Pakistan. In December 2015, healthcare business ownership was transferred to the German company Siemens Healthcare. During the same period, it closed down its diesel-generating sets business and non-standard motor business segments.

In October 2024, Siemens Pakistan further reduced its operations in Pakistan and sold its energy business to Siemens Gamesa for PKR 17.8 billion.

Services
 Energy management
 Digital factory
 Process industries and drive

Management

CEOs
 Sohail Wajahat Siddiqui
 Ali Hamdani

References

Pakistan
1953 establishments in Pakistan
Pakistani companies established in 1953
1970s initial public offerings
Pakistani subsidiaries of foreign companies
Electronics companies of Pakistan
Companies based in Karachi
Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange
List of de Havilland aircraft. This is a list of aircraft produced or proposed by Geoffrey de Havilland or designed at the de Havilland Aircraft Company from its founding in 1920 until its purchase by (and integration into) the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1959.

The aircraft are ordered by de Havilland model number; the numbers started with de Havilland's employment at the Airco company as chief designer. Although Airco built the planes, their design was owned by de Havilland and when de Havilland started his own company, he continued the numbering. The numbering sequence continued for later designs of de Havilland's aircraft company, even if they were designed by a factory team with little input from de Havilland himself. The DH.89, for example, was the 89th de Havilland design.

The designs DH.121 and DH.125 which were under development when de Havilland lost its separate identity under Hawker Siddeley, retained their numbering and were produced as the Hawker Siddeley HS-121 Trident and the Hawker Siddeley HS.125.

The list does not include aircraft designed by de Havilland Canada or de Havilland Australia, founded as de Havilland subsidiaries.

Designs prior to company foundation
These are designs by Geoffrey de Havilland while working for himself or for other manufacturers.

de Havilland Aircraft Company designs

See also
de Havilland Moth

References

Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 
 

de Havilland
Copper(II) bromide. Copper(II) bromide (CuBr2) is a chemical compound that forms an unstable tetrahydrate CuBr2·4H2O. It is used in photographic processing as an intensifier and as a brominating agent in organic synthesis.

It is also used in the copper vapor laser, a class of laser where the medium is copper bromide vapour formed in-situ from hydrogen bromide reacting with the copper discharge tube. Producing yellow or green light, it is used in dermatological applications.

Synthesis
Copper(II) bromide can be obtained  by combining copper oxide and hydrobromic acid:

CuO + 2HBr → CuBr2 + H2O.

The tetrahydrate can be produced by recrystallization of solutions of copper(II) bromide at 0 °C. If heated above 18 °C, it releases water to produce the anhydrous form.

Purification
Copper(II) bromide is purified by crystallization twice from water, filtration to remove any CuBr and concentration under vacuum. This product is dehydrated using phosphorus pentoxide.

Molecular and crystal structure

In the solid state CuBr2 has a polymeric structure, with CuBr4 planar units connected on opposite sides to form chains. The crystal structure is monoclinic, space group C2/m, with lattice constants a = 714 pm, b = 346 pm, c = 718 pm, e ß = 121° 15'. CuBr2 monomeric units are present in the gas phase at high temperature.

The tetrahydrate, structurally formulated as [CuBr2(H2O)2]·2H2O, has a monoclinic crystal structure and consists of distorted square planartrans-[CuBr2(H2O)2] centres as well as two molecules of water.

Reactions
Copper(II) bromide in chloroform-ethyl acetate reacts with ketones resulting in the formation of alpha-bromo ketones. The resulting product can be directly used for the preparation of derivatives. This heterogeneous method is reported to be the most selective and direct method of formation of α-bromo ketones.

Dibromination of NPGs, n-pentenyl glycosides, using CuBr2/LiBr reagent combination was performed in order for an NPG to serve as a glycosyl acceptor during halonium-promoted couplings. 
Such reaction gives high yield of the dibromides from alkenyl sugars that are resistant to a direct reaction with molecular bromine.

Usage
Copper(II) bromide lasers produce pulsed yellow and green light and have been studied as a possible treatment for cutaneous lesions. Experiments have also shown copper bromide treatment to be beneficial for skin rejuvenation. 
It has been widely used in photography as its solution was used as the bleaching step for intensifying collodion and gelatin negatives.
Copper(II)bromide has also been proposed as a possible material in humidity indicator cards.

Safety
Copper(II) bromide is harmful if swallowed. It affects the central nervous system, brain, eyes, liver, and kidneys. It causes irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.

Natural occurrence
Pure copper(II) bromide is as yet (2020) unknown among minerals. However, barlowite, Cu4BrF(OH)6, contains both copper and bromide.

See also
Copper(I) bromide

References

Bromides
Metal halides
Copper(II) compounds