omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
High endurance cutter. The designation of high endurance cutter (WHEC) was created in 1965 when the United States Coast Guard adopted its own designation system. High endurance cutters encompass the largest cutters previously designated by the United States Navy as gunboats, destroyer escorts, and seaplane tenders. The term High Endurance Cutter may refer to any of five individual ship classes that have seen service in the Coast Guard.
The  is the  newest class in this category.
The  is a contemporary design. These vessels are also known as Secretary- or Hero-class cutters. They are currently being replaced by newer Legend-class cutters.
The  was a World War II design, the last was retired in the 1970s.
The  was a pre-World War II design, the last was retired in the 1980s under the Philippine Navy.
The , a  class from 1936 to the mid-1980s.

Class history

The US Coast Guard's predecessor, the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service designated cutters and craft based on classes. From approximately 1890 through to the formation of the US Coast Guard in 1915, the largest cutters were considered "First" class, coastal cutters and large tugs "Second" class, and small tugs and cutters "Third" class. Small harbor craft and similar vessels were referred to as "Launches".

With the formation of the US Coast Guard in 1915 classes were replaced by names. First class vessels became Cruising Cutters, while second and third class vessels became Harbor Cutters. This was further divided in 1920 when former second class ships were designated Inshore Patrol Cutters. Small craft continued to be referred to as Launches.

Starting during Prohibition as part of the US Coast Guard's response to liquor smuggling, the service commissioned a number of ex-US Navy destroyers to enhance the fleet. These vessels were classified as Coast Guard Destroyers until 1942 when the Coast Guard adopted Navy-style ship classifications. To distinguish US Navy ships from Coast Guard ships, the prefix letter "W" was affixed in front of all Coast Guard ship classifications. "W" was selected as it was unused in the Navy, and was thus free to be assigned without changing or confusing existing classifications.

Following the conclusion of World War II, the Coast Guard was transferred back to control of the US Treasury Department, but retained the ship classification system.

In 1965 the Coast Guard began classifying all large cutters as High Endurance Cutters (WHEC).

Coast Guard destroyers

During prohibition and post-World War II, several destroyers and destroyer escorts were transferred to the Coast Guard.

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References

 US Department of Homeland Security. United States Coast Guard Historian's Office
 US Department of Homeland Security. United States Coast Guard Historian's Office

External links 
 Coast Guard gunboats(WPG) & Coast Guard High Endurance Cutters(WHEC): 1945-2010
Enercities. Enercities  is an educational computer-game created by the Dutch game developer Paladin Studios. The project has a €1.4M budget, and is funded by the European Commission. The game runs on Facebook and on the game website.

Game description
In this game, the player is faced with the challenge of developing an eco-friendly city. Players place buildings on a grid to grow their city. They need to balance energy sources, cash flow, and the city's Economy, Wellbeing and Environment.

References

2011 video games
Browser games
City-building games
Environmental education video games
Facebook games
Video games developed in the Netherlands
Frenetic (programming language). Frenetic is a domain-specific language for programming software-defined networking (SDN). This domain-specific programming language allows network operators, rather than manually configuring each connected network device, to program the network as a whole. Frenetic is designed to solve major OpenFlow/NOX programming problems. In particular, Frenetic introduces a set of purely functional abstractions that enable modular program development, defines high-level, programmer-centric packet-processing operators, and eliminates many of the difficulties of the two-tier programming model by introducing a see-every-packet programming paradigm. Hence Frenetic is a functional reactive programming language operating at a packet level of abstraction.

References

Further reading

Nate Foster, Rob Harrison, Michael J. Freedman, Jennifer Rexford, and David Walker (December 6, 2010). Frenetic: A High-Level Language for OpenFlow Networks, Technical report. Cornell University. Retrieved February 22, 2011.

External links 
 

Functional programming
Computer networking
Functional languages
Gold(III) chloride (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on gold(III) chloride

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

Structure and properties data

Material Safety Data Sheet 

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as SIRI, and follow its directions.

References
Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Handy Board. The Handy Board is a popular handheld robotics controller. The Handy Board was developed at MIT by Fred G. Martin, and was closely based on a previous controller designed by Martin and Randy Sargent for the MIT LEGO Robot Contest. The Handy Board design is licensed free of charge. Thus, several manufacturers make Handy Boards. The Handy Board is used by hundreds of schools worldwide and by many hobbyists for their robot projects.

Handy Board specs 
 68HC11 8-bit microcontroller @ 2 MHz
 32KB battery-backed SRAM
 2x16 LCD character display
 Support for four 1A motors
 6 Servo motor controllers
 7 Digital and 9 Analog inputs
 8 Digital and 16 Analog outputs
 Infrared I/O capabilities
 Serial interface capabilities
 Sound output
 11 cm x 8.5 cm x 5.25 cm (lxwxh – with battery, expansion board, and lcd screen)

References

External links 
 Official Handy Board website
 Sourceforge page for UMass Lowell Handy Board Bootloader (George Pantazopoulos, Mike Bohan)
 GNU binutils+gcc port for the m68hc1x

Robotics hardware
Allen-Bradley. Allen-Bradley is the brand-name of a line of factory automation equipment owned by Rockwell Automation. The company, with revenues of approximately US $6.4 billion in 2013, manufactures programmable logic controllers (PLC), human-machine interfaces, sensors, safety components and systems, software, drives and drive systems, contactors, motor control centers, and systems of such products. Rockwell Automation also provides asset-management services including repair and consulting. Rockwell Automation's headquarters is in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

The Allen-Bradley Clock Tower is a Milwaukee landmark featuring the largest four-sided clock in the western hemisphere.

History 
The company was founded in 1903 as the Compression Rheostat Company by Dr. Stanton Allen and Lynde Bradley with an initial investment of $1,000. In 1910 the firm was renamed Allen-Bradley Company; for nearly a century it provided the bulk of discrete resistors used for electronics and other products. In 1952 it opened a subsidiary in Galt, Ontario, Canada, that employs over 1000 people. 

During the mid-20th century, mid-sized firms such as Allen-Bradley tended to embrace reactionary politics out of a fear that increased government regulation would cut into their profits. Unlike large, multinational corporations that dealt directly with customers, historian Rick Perlstein argues that these smaller companies were less concerned about potential public blowback. Allen-Bradley paid for propaganda posters that asked “Will You Be Free to Celebrate Christmas in the Future?” and circulated allegations that the Soviet Union was using mind-control techniques to keep communist nations in line. One of the company's founders, Harry Lynde Bradley, was a founding member of the John Birch Society and co-founded the Bradley Foundation, a right-wing think tank. 

In 1968, the NAACP and the Latino community joined in a march to protest Allen-Bradley's discriminatory hiring practices, an event that marked the beginning of Latino activism in Milwaukee.

In 1985 a company record was set as the fiscal year ended with $1 billion in sales. In February 1985, Rockwell International purchased Allen-Bradley for $1.651 billion (equivalent to $ in ), which is the largest acquisition in Wisconsin history. Allen-Bradley essentially took control of Rockwell's industrial automation division.

Rockwell eventually moved its headquarters to Milwaukee.  In 2002, when Rockwell split into two companies, Allen-Bradley followed the automation division into Rockwell Automation.

References

External links 
 AB.com Allen Bradley
 Rockwell Automation

American brands
Companies based in Milwaukee
Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin
Thermoluminescent dosimeter. A thermoluminescent dosimeter, or TLD, is a type of radiation dosimeter, consisting of a piece of a thermoluminescent crystalline material inside a radiolucent package. 

When a thermoluminescent crystal is exposed to ionizing radiation, it absorbs and traps some of the energy of the radiation in its crystal lattice. When heated, the crystal releases the trapped energy in the form of visible light, the intensity of which is proportional to the intensity of the ionizing radiation to which the crystal was exposed. A specialized detector measures the intensity of the emitted light, and this measurement is used to calculate the dose of ionizing radiation the crystal was exposed to. Since the crystal density is similar to human soft tissue density, the dose measurement can be used to calculate absorbed dose.

Materials exhibiting thermoluminescence in response to ionizing radiation include calcium fluoride, lithium fluoride, calcium sulfate, lithium borate, calcium borate, potassium bromide, and feldspar. It was invented in 1954 by Professor Farrington Daniels of the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Types
The two most common types of TLDs are calcium fluoride and lithium fluoride, with one or more impurities to produce trap states for energetic electrons. The former is used to record gamma exposure, the latter for gamma and neutron exposure (indirectly, using the Li-6 (n,alpha) nuclear reaction; for this reason, LiF dosimeters may be enriched in lithium-6 to enhance this effect or enriched in lithium-7 to reduce it). Other types include beryllium oxide, and calcium sulfate doped with thulium. 

As the radiation interacts with the crystal it causes electrons in the crystal's atoms to jump to higher energy states, where they stay trapped due to intentionally introduced impurities (usually manganese or magnesium) in the crystal, until heated. Heating the crystal causes the electrons to drop back to their ground state, releasing a photon of energy equal to the energy difference between the trap state and the ground state.

References

Dosimeters
Ionising radiation detectors
Pre-exponential factor. In chemical kinetics, the pre-exponential factor or A factor is the pre-exponential constant in the Arrhenius equation (equation shown below), an empirical relationship between temperature and rate coefficient. It is usually designated by A when determined from experiment, while Z is usually left for collision frequency. The pre-exponential factor can be thought of as a measure of the frequency of properly oriented collisions. It is typically determined experimentally by measuring the rate constant  at a particular temperature and fitting the data to the Arrhenius equation. The pre-exponential factor is generally not exactly constant, but rather depends on the specific reaction being studied and the temperature at which the reaction is occurring.

The units of the pre-exponential factor A are identical to those of the rate constant and will vary depending on the order of the reaction. For a first-order reaction, it has units of s−1. For that reason, it is often called frequency factor.

According to collision theory, the frequency factor, A, depends on how often molecules collide when all concentrations are 1 mol/L and on whether the molecules are properly oriented when they collide. Values of A for some reactions can be found at Collision theory.

According to transition state theory, A can be expressed in terms of the entropy of activation of the reaction.

References

 IUPAC Gold Book definition of pre-exponential factor

Chemical kinetics
Gadolinium gallium garnet. Gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG, ) is a synthetic crystalline material of the garnet group, with good mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. It is typically colorless. It has a cubic lattice, a density of 7.08 g/cm3 and its Mohs hardness is variously noted as 6.5 and 7.5. Its crystals are produced with the Czochralski method. During production, various dopants can be added for colour modification. The material is also used in fabrication of various optical components and as a substrate material for magneto–optical films (magnetic bubble memory). It also finds use in jewelry as a diamond simulant. GGG can also be used as a seed substrate for the growth of other garnets such as yttrium iron garnet.

The Gamma-ray Transients Monitor (a space telescope), which tracks Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) and other bright gamma-ray transients with energies ranging from 50 keV to 2 MeV uses Gadolinium Aluminum Gallium Garnet (GAGG) scintillator array (50 mm x 50 mm x 8 mm) as its sensor units.

See also
 Micro-pulling-down
 Terbium gallium garnet
 Yttrium aluminium garnet

References

Synthetic minerals
Oxides
Gallium compounds
Gadolinium compounds
Diamond simulants
HiperSocket. HiperSockets is an IBM technology for high-speed communications between partitions on a server with a hypervisor. The term is most commonly associated with System z9 and later IBM Z mainframes which can provide in-memory TCP/IP connections between and among LPARs running several different operating systems, including z/OS, z/VM, and Linux on IBM Z.

Although applications perceive no functional differences, HiperSockets require less processing overhead on either side of the connections, improving performance. Since they are memory-based, they operate at memory speeds, reducing network latency and improving end-user performance, especially for complex applications which would otherwise require multiple network hops to fulfill requests. HiperSockets also provide security benefits, especially on the memory key-protected mainframe, even without encryption, because there is no opportunity to intercept a network connection. Moreover, HiperSockets improve reliability and availability because there are no network hubs, routers, adapters, or wires to break.

The main disadvantage to HiperSockets is that they can only exist within a single physical system, so they are not applicable between and among physical systems. Server consolidation can help more applications use HiperSockets.

See also
 zIIP

External links
IBM eServer zSeries HiperSockets
HiperSockets Implementation Guide - IBM Redbooks

IBM mainframe technology
Virtualization software
Ivan Knunyants. Ivan Lyudvigovich Knunyants (, ;  – 21 December 1990), was a Soviet chemist of Armenian origin, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, a major general and engineer, who significantly contributed to the advancement of Soviet chemistry. He made more than 200 inventions, many of which used in the Soviet industry. 

Graduated from Moscow Bauman Highest Technical School (MVTU) 1928, student of Aleksei Chichibabin. Leader of laboratory for elementooranic chemistry.

He was one of the pioneers of the synthesis of poly-caprolactam (capron, nylon-6, polyamide-6), founder of Soviet school of fluorocarbon's chemistry, one of major developers of Soviet chemical weapons program, also an author of a few drugs for chemotherapy of cancer.

He proposed the method of getting the 5-hydroxypentan-2-one from ethyl ethanoate and oxirane, also used in the industrial synthesis of vitamin B. His scientific group synthesized compounds containing fluorine, along with nitro-, amino-hydroxy-isoquinoline-air and other groups.

Awards 
 Hero of Socialist Labour (1966)
 Order of Lenin (1966)
 Lenin Prize (1972)
 Three Stalin Prizes (1943, 1948 and 1950)
 Order of the October Revolution
 Order of the Red Banner
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour
 Order of the Red Star

See also 
 List of Russian inventors

References
 Biography
 I.L. Knunyants Laboratory at Korovy Brod, Chemistry and Life, N6, 1981
 Knunyants entry on the All-Russia Genealogical Tree site
 Ivan Knunyants on warheroes.ru

1906 births
1990 deaths
20th-century Russian chemists
Scientists from Shusha
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Bauman Moscow State Technical University alumni
Kyiv Polytechnic Institute alumni
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Polymer scientists and engineers
Armenian chemists
Russian major generals
Soviet Armenians
Soviet chemists
Soviet major generals
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Russian scientists
Dartmouth ALGOL 30. Dartmouth ALGOL 30 was a 1960s-era implementation, first of the ALGOL 58 programming language and then of ALGOL 60. It is named after the computer on which it ran: a Librascope General Precision (LGP-30) desk-size computer acquired by Dartmouth College in 1959.

Since the limited size of the LGP-30 (4K 31-bit words) precluded a full implementation of ALGOL 60, certain features (arrays called by value, own arrays, strings, variable array bounds, and recursion) were omitted; but the implementation did include parameters called by name, using thunks and integer labels.

ALGOL 30 was implemented by four undergraduate students. Stephen J. Garland wrote the compiler, discovering as a sophomore that compound statements and blocks could be included in the Samelson and Bauer translation algorithm. This simple fact was not published until some years later by David Gries.  Robert F. Hargraves, Jorge Llacer, and Anthony W. Knapp developed the run-time system, which included an interpreter for floating-point arithmetic (not supported by the limited instruction set of the LGP-30).

ALGOL 30 was a two-pass system. The first pass loaded the compiler and processed source code typed by the user; it generated intermediate code, similar to relocatable binary, and punched it onto paper tape.   The second pass loaded both the run-time system and the intermediate code.  Compilations could be "batched," but the delay between entering the source code tape and executing the compiled program were too great to allow widespread student use.

To enable wider use, Garland and Knapp developed a "load-and-go" system known as SCALP, a , for a smaller subset of ALGOL 60 (which did not allow boolean variables or operators, blocks, procedures, own or dynamic arrays, conditional expressions, and step-until for statements).  SCALP devoted a third of the LGP's memory to the compiler, a third to the run-time system (which included a floating-point interpreter and numeric functions), and a third for compiled user code.  Students prepared source code off-line and punched it on paper tape with a Friden Flexowriter.  Compilation occurred almost as quickly as the tape could be read in.  This enabled student jobs to be completed in three minutes.  Hundreds of students used SCALP before BASIC became available on the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System in 1965.

ALGOL 30 was the basis for an implementation in 1965 of ALGOL 60 on the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System.  Several years later, Sidney Marshall produced an implementation of ALGOL 68.

References

External links
 The Papers of Stephen J. Garland at Dartmouth College Library
 Abstract of (and links to) technical memoranda concerning ALGOL 30 and SCALP 1962–1964

Dartmouth College history
ALGOL 60 dialect
Procedural programming languages
PWM. PWM may refer to:

Science and technology
 Position weight matrix, a representation in motifs in biological sequences
 Pulse-width modulation, a technique for controlling the average power delivered by an electrical signal
 PWM (window manager), a Unix-based X window manager

Other uses
 Panzerwurfmine, a type of German anti-tank hand grenade
 Portland International Jetport, an airport in the U.S.
 Professional Wealth Management, a financial magazine
 Permanent Way Machine, the British Rail Class 97/6 locomotives
 Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne, the Polish Music Publishing House
Blue Yonder Merlin. The Blue Yonder Merlin is a Canadian-designed and -built two-seat, high-wing monoplane with taildragger undercarriage. It can be built as a basic ultra-light, an advanced ultra-light or amateur-built aircraft.

Design and development

The Merlin was designed in 1986 by John Burch, who intended to use it in his flight training school. Burch was disappointed with the early ultralights available, in particular their inability to take off and land in crosswinds. The aircraft wing was inspired by the Lazair's wing and used the same aluminum "D" cell and foam rib construction techniques and constant-tapered wing planform. The first example flew in 1987.

The Merlin won the Pilot's Choice Award as Best Ultralight at the Aircraft Sport Expo in 1988.

Burch formed Macair Industries in Baldwin, Ontario to produce the aircraft. Initially there were two versions: the Merlin M50 powered by the  Rotax 503 two-stroke powerplant and the Merlin GT and Sport 65 version powered by the  Rotax 532 and later 582. The  Honda-based CAM 100 engine was also available as an option.

In 1991 Burch moved production of the Merlin to Michigan, USA under a new company name, Malcolm Aircraft. Within a short time that company went out of business and the Merlin was picked up by a new company in 1993 operating under the name of Merlin Aircraft who marketed the Merlin GT. After three years the company ceased business and the rights to the design were acquired by Blue Yonder Aviation of Indus, Alberta who continue to produce kits. Marketing in the United States was conducted by Aerocomp (now Comp Air) for some time, but this arrangement has been ended.

Blue Yonder's current model is the Merlin EZ which has an option of engines: the Rotax 582 of , the Rotax 912UL with  and the 912ULS with . The Rotax 618 two-stroke powerplant of  was an option until that engine was discontinued by Rotax. The Merlin was used as the testbed aircraft for development of the Hexadyne P60 engine.

The Merlin EZ uses the same foam-rib construction as previous models, but with a constant-chord wing with a Clark Y airfoil replacing the previously tapered wing. The fuselage is of 4130 welded steel tube construction, covered in aircraft fabric. The factory estimates build times at 350–450 hours of labour.

Merlin Manufacturers
Blue Yonder is the fourth manufacturer of the Merlin design. Companies who have built the Merlin were:

Variants
Merlin M50
Initial model, tapered wings, powered by a  Rotax 503 engine
Merlin GT/Sport 65
Initial model, tapered wings, powered by a  Rotax 532 and later by a Rotax 582 or  CAM 100 engine
Merlin EZ
Current model, constant chord wings, powered by a  Rotax 582,  Rotax 618,  Rotax 912UL,  Rotax 912ULS
Merlin TG
Tricycle landing gear model, constant chord wings, powered by a  Rotax 582,  Rotax 912UL,  Rotax 912ULS

Specifications (Merlin EZ Rotax 912ULS)

See also

References

External links

 Blue Yonder Aviation

Merlin
1980s Canadian ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Merlin
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1987
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft