omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff. Heinrich Daniel Rühmkorff (; anglicized as Ruhmkorff; 15 January 1803 – 20 December 1877) was a German instrument maker who commercialised the induction coil (often referred to as the Ruhmkorff coil).

Ruhmkorff was born in Hanover. He changed the "ü" to "u" in his name when living abroad. After an apprenticeship with a German mechanic, he moved to England. Contemporaneous and extant biographies have made the assertion that he worked with the inventor Joseph Bramah, but this is unlikely since Bramah died in 1814. He may, though, have worked for the Bramah company. In 1855, he set up a shop in Paris, where he gained a reputation for the high quality of his electrical apparatus.

Although Ruhmkorff is often credited with the invention of the induction coil, it was in fact invented by Nicholas Callan in 1836.  Ruhmkorff's first coil, which he patented in 1851, utilized long windings of copper wire to achieve a spark of approximately 2 inches (50 mm) in length. In 1857, after examining a greatly improved version made by an American inventor, Edward Samuel Ritchie, Ruhmkorff improved his design (as did other engineers), using glass insulation and other innovations to allow the production of sparks more than 30 centimetres long.  Ruhmkorff patented the first version of his induction coil in 1851, and its success was such that in 1858 he becomes the first recipient of the Volta Prize, 50,000 French franc award by Napoleon III for one of the most important discoveries in the application of electricity.  He died in Paris in 1877.

The Ruhmkorff lamps or 'Ruhmkorff's apparatus' mentioned in several of Jules Verne's science-fiction novels relied on induction coils but were not developed by Ruhmkorff.

Asteroid
The asteroid 15273 Ruhmkorff, discovered in 1991 by E. W. Elst, is named after Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff.

References

Further reading
H.S. Norrie, Ruhmkorff Induction-Coils, Their Construction, Operation and Application. (New York, New York:  Spon & Chamberlain, 1896).

External links

Biography with photographs accessed April 12, 2006

Spark Museum—Induction coils

1803 births
1877 deaths
19th-century German inventors
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
Scientists from Hanover
Emigrants from the Kingdom of Hanover
Immigrants to the United Kingdom
Immigrants to France
Metatorbernite. Metatorbernite (or meta-torbernite) is a radioactive phosphate mineral, and is a dehydration pseudomorph of torbernite. Chemically, it is a copper uranyl phosphate and usually occurs in the form of green platy deposits. It can form by direct deposition from a supersaturated solution, which produces true crystalline metatorbernite, with a dark green colour, translucent diaphaneity, and vitreous lustre. However, more commonly, it is formed by the dehydration of torbernite, which causes internal stress and breakage within the crystal lattice, resulting in crystals composed of microscopic powder held together using electrostatic force, and having a lighter green colour, opaque diaphaneity, and a relatively dull lustre. As with torbernite, it is named after the Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman. It is especially closely associated with torbernite, but is also found amongside autunite, meta-autunite and uraninite.

References

 Uranium minerals

Uranyl compounds
Copper(II) minerals
Phosphate minerals
Radioactive minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 85
Uranium(VI) minerals
Lockheed Martin P-791. The Lockheed Martin P-791 is an experimental aerostatic and aerodynamic hybrid airship developed by Lockheed Martin. The first flight of the P-791 took place on 31 January 2006 at the company's flight test facility at United States Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, CA.

Description 
The P-791 has a tri-hull shape, with disk-shaped cushions on the bottom for landing. As a hybrid airship, part of the weight of the craft and its payload are supported by aerostatic (buoyant) lift and the remainder is supported by aerodynamic lift. The combination of aerodynamic and aerostatic lift is an attempt to benefit from both the high speed of aerodynamic craft and the lifting capacity of aerostatic craft.

History 
The P-791 was designed as part of the U.S. Army's Long Endurance Multi-intelligence Vehicle (LEMV) program, but lost the program's competition to Northrop Grumman's HAV-3 design.  The P-791 was modified to be a civil cargo aircraft under the name SkyTug, with a lift capability of  and plans to scale larger.

In March 2016, Straightline Aviation signed a Letter of intent for 12 LMH1 airships, valued at $480 million.

LMH-1
In 2014, Hybrid Enterprises from Atlanta, Georgia entered into an agreement with Lockheed Martin to market and sell the commercial LMH-1 Hybrid Aircraft built by Lockheed, based on the technology demonstrated by the P-791.

At the Paris Air Show in June 2015, Lockheed Martin announced that all required FAA certification planning steps were complete, and Hybrid Enterprises was accepting orders. The LMH1 would initially transport 20 tonnes of cargo or 19 passengers, plus 2 crew members, with deliveries beginning in 2018. In September 2016, plans were announced to operate the LMH-1 craft in Alaska.

In September 2017 it was announced that the first flight of the LMH-1 was being delayed to 2019.

In May 2023, Lockheed Martin announced the transfer of intellectual property and assets related to their airship business, and the LMH-1, to a new company, called AT2 Aerospace, which would continue the development of the LMH-1 as the Z1 hybrid airship.

LMZ1M  
The Lockheed Martin LMZ1M is the follow on to the P-791 test vehicle.

See also
 Hybrid Air Vehicles HAV 304 Airlander 10
 Aeroscraft
 EosXi
 Helistat
 Thermoplan

References

External links

  
 
 "Picture of the Lockheed Martin P-791 aircraft" Airliners.net
 Video of test flight snort.com
 "US looking to deploy long-endurance hybrid airship over Afghanistan" September 2009 engadget.com
 
 

P-791
2000s United States experimental aircraft
Airships of the United States
Arnold Lynch. Arnold Lynch (3 June 1914 – 13 November 2004) was an English engineer, known for his work on an optical tape reader which was used in the construction of the Colossus, the first electronic computer. By 1944 ten Colossus computers were installed at Bletchley Park and used to read high-level (Fish or Tunny) German ciphers.

Lynch joined the Post Office Research Station in 1936, specialising in the measurement of the electrical and magnetic properties of materials. He retired in 1974, but continued to come to work at NPL in the dielectric area of RF and microwave electromagnetism up to the year of his death.

The Maths, Art and Design Technology Department at Dame Alice Owen's School was named after Lynch, in thanks for his work during his time at the school and his success as a scientist.

He married Edith Taylor in 1953. Their children are Cedric Lynch and two daughters.

References

External links
Times Obituary
The Times February 01, 2005

1914 births
2004 deaths
Bletchley Park people
English electrical engineers
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
WLP. The initials WLP may stand for several things, such as the following:

Wafer-level packaging, a type of integrated circuit (microchip) packaging
Weakest liberal precondition, a computer programming concept
WebSphere Liberty Profile, a computer software version
Windows Logo Program, a Microsoft Windows branding and certification program
Women's Learning Partnership for Rights, Development, and Peace, an international non-profit, non-governmental organization that is dedicated to women's leadership and empowerment.
Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria, also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway.
Wikileaks Party, an Australian political party
World Library Publications, A former major publisher of Catholic liturgical music in the United States, now a division of GIA Publications
Romulus Engine. Romulus Engine is an automobile engine plant in Romulus, Michigan. Opened in 1976, the factory produces engines for General Motors vehicles. The factory receives cast engine blocks from Defiance Foundry in Defiance, Ohio and Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in Saginaw, Michigan.

On February 19, 2019, GM announced an investment of $20 million at the plant. The facility employs 1,382 hourly workers as of 2020.

Products
 HFV6 Engine for Chevrolet Blazer, Colorado and Camaro, GMC Acadia and Canyon, Cadillac ATS, CTS, XT5 and CT6
 10-speed transmission for Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon and Cadillac Escalade

See also
 List of GM factories

References

External links
 Romulus Propulsion Systems

General Motors factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Wayne County, Michigan
1976 establishments in Michigan
Romulus, Michigan
Quest Aerospace. Quest Aerospace is a company based in Cedar City, UT, United States, that designs and produces model rocket kits.

Quest Aerospace was founded in 1992 by Bill Stine (son of G. Harry Stine) in Pagosa Springs, Colorado, and produces model rocket kits for various skill levels of modelers, from the beginner to the most highly skilled. In 1995, ToyBiz (now Marvel Entertainment) acquired Quest along with Spectra Star, Inc. In 2003, Bill Stine purchased back Quest Aerospace from Marvel. In 2014, Quest Aerospace was purchased by RCS rocket motor components (Aerotech Consumer Aerospace) and was moved from Pagosa Springs, CO to Cedar City, Utah.

Quest's products include model rockets powered by standard 18 mm motors as well as smaller rockets powered by Micro Maxx motors. The company produces both 18 mm motors and Micro Maxx motors for use in its model rocket kits. Powered by compressed black powder motors, some of these rockets can achieve altitudes of over 2000 feet. Quest also produces a small line of midpowered rocket kits and is currently in the works of converting from black powder motors to Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) motors. These new motors are called Q-jets and are currently being sent in to the National Association of Rocketry for certification testing. Once the motors are certified, the new Q-jets will be available for purchase.

In early 2018, Quest Aerospace announced some of their Q-Jet rocket motors, A3's, and B4s, made of Ammonium perchlorate. These motors are now available on Quest Aerospace's website.

In popular culture

The name Quest Aerospace was used in the 2002 film Spider-Man, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Quest was a competitor of Oscorp, the company owned by Norman Osborn (aka the Green Goblin). Quest was competing with Oscorp to sell an exoskeleton to the US Military, and after the Green Goblin destroyed it, the company restructured and was going to purchase Oscorp before the Goblin killed the Oscorp board of directors.

References

External links 
 Go to the Quest Aerospace Website

Companies based in Utah
1992 establishments in Colorado
DMCS. DMCS may refer to:

 DEC Multinational Character Set, a character set by Digital Equipment Corporation
 Des Moines Christian School, a Christian centered private school in the Des Moines, Iowa area
 Dumai-Melaka Cable System (cable system) a submarine telecommunications cable system
 Chlorodimethylsilane
 Deluxe Music Construction Set, software by Electronic Arts
 Derecho-producing mesoscale convective system, a type of severe weather complex that produces a derecho
Electrofusion. Electrofusion is a method of joining MDPE, HDPE and other plastic pipes using special fittings that have built-in electric heating elements which are used to weld the joint together.

The pipes to be joined are cleaned, inserted into the electrofusion fitting and then alignment clamps and a voltage (typically 40V) is applied for a fixed time depending on the fitting in use. The built in heater coils then melt the inside of the fitting and the outside of the pipe wall, which weld together producing a very strong homogeneous joint. The assembly is then left to cool for a specified time.

Electrofusion welding is beneficial because it does not require the operator to use dangerous or sophisticated equipment. After some preparation, the electrofusion welder will guide the operator through the steps to take. Welding heat and time is dependent on the type and size of the fitting. All electrofusion fittings are not created equal – precise positioning of the energising coils of wire in each fitting ensures uniform melting for a strong joint and the minimisation of welding and cooling time.

The operator must be qualified according to the local and national laws. In Australia, an electrofusion course can be done within 8 hours. Electrofusion welding training focuses on the importance of accurately fusing EF fittings. Both manual and automatic methods of calculating electrofusion time gives operators the skills they need in the field. There is much to learn about the importance of preparation, timing, pressure, temperature, cool down time and handling, etc.

Training and certification are very important in this field of welding, as the product can become dangerous under certain circumstances. There has been cases of major harm and death, including when molten polyethylene spurts out of the edge of a mis-aligned weld, causing skin burns. Another case was due to a tapping saddle being incorrectly installed on a gas line, causing the death of the two welders in the trench due to gas inhalation. There are many critical parts to electrofusion welding that can cause weld failures, most of which can be greatly reduced by using welding clamps, and correct scraping equipment.

To keep their qualification current, a trained operator can get their fitting tested, which involves cutting open the fitting and examining the integrity of the weld.

References

Piping
Plumbing
Apex Aircraft. Apex Aircraft was a French company devoted to light aeroplane manufacture. It markets three ranges of light aircraft which it brands Robin, Alpha and CAP. The "Robin" range is the former Avions Robin DR400 4-seater aircraft of wooden construction, the "Alpha" range is the former Avions Robin R2000 all-metal 2-seater aircraft series, and the "CAP" range is the former Mudry/CAP Aviation's (Constructions Aéronautiques Parisiennes) CAP-10 training and CAP-232 single seater high performance aerobatic aircraft.

The Robin R2000 type certificates and manufacturing equipment have been transferred to Alpha Aviation in New Zealand together with marketing rights outside Europe.  The aircraft is marketed by them as the Alpha 2000 and they continue to supply the aircraft and parts to Apex.

In September 2008 Apex went into liquidation. Apex Aircraft was acquired by CEAPR (Centre-Est Aéronautique Pierre Robin) in late 2008.  Supplies of spares resumed in March 2009. Aircraft manufacturing resumed in 2012 under the name Robin Aircraft.

Aircraft
Mudry CAP 10
Mudry CAP 20
Mudry CAP 230

References

External links

Company web site (on archive.org)

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Atlantic (locomotive). Atlantic was the name of a very early American steam locomotive built by inventor and foundry owner Phineas Davis for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in 1832. It is in fact the first commercially successful and practical American built locomotive and class prototype, and Davis' second constructed for the B&O, his first having won a design competition contest announced by the B&O in 1830.

Design and construction
Built at a cost of $4,500 (equal to $ today), the Atlantic weighed  and had two vertical cylinders. It was commissioned after Davis' entry had won the competition for a steam locomotive design, but the contract was awarded to the inventor of the Tom Thumb; when the five locomotives commissioned failed the contracted delivery, B&O bought out the patents. A few of these were incorporated in the Atlantic by Davis, whether by specification or because Davis wanted them is unclear. The locomotives he delivered before his death in 1835 were the first commercially feasible, sufficiently efficient coal burning steam locomotives produced domestically in the United States and placed into traction service. One of his engines, the John Quincy Adams, built in 1835, is the oldest existing American built locomotive. It is located at Carillon Historical Park in Dayton, Ohio.

Ox teams were used to convey the engine to Baltimore, where it made a successful inaugural trip to Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, a distance of . Nicknamed the 'Grasshopper' for its distinctive horizontal beam and long connecting rods, the locomotive carried  of steam and burned  of anthracite coal on a  trip from Baltimore. Satisfied with this locomotive's operations, the B&O built 20 more locomotives of a similar design at its Mt. Clare shops in Baltimore. Despite this success, the Atlantic prototype engine was scrapped in 1835 after the death of Phineas Davis. The reason was unclear.

The Atlantic replica 
In 1892, four surviving similar Grasshopper engines were reconditioned for display. These locomotives, first built in 1836, were second generation Grasshoppers that had survived as shop switchers at the B&O's Mt. Clare shops. Major J. G. Pangborn took the No. 7 Andrew Jackson, built in 1836 by Ross Winans and George Gillingham, and rebuilt it to resemble the 1832 Atlantic, as a heritage showpiece. The side rods and cab on No. 7 were removed, but the larger boiler and cylinders remain. The former Andrew Jackson was first exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, operated for the B&O 1927 Centenary Pageant "Fair of the Iron Horse", and then exhibited again at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and finally in 1948-49 at the Chicago Railroad Fair as part of the latter fair's "Wheels A-Rolling" pageant. It was later placed on display in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum, where it currently remains.

References

 
 
 

0-4-0 locomotives
Individual locomotives of the United States
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Early steam locomotives
Baltimore and Ohio locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Preserved steam locomotives of Maryland
Cesbronite. Cesbronite is a copper-meteatellurate oxysalt mineral with the chemical formula Cu3Te6+O4(OH)4 (IMA 17-C). It is colored green and its crystals are orthorhombic dipyramidal. Cesbronite is rated 3 on the Mohs Scale. It is named after Fabien Cesbron (born 1938), a French mineralogist.

Occurrence 
It was first found in the Bambollita ("La Oriental") mine in the Mexican state of Sonora. It also occurs in the Tombstone District of Cochise County, Arizona and the Tintic District of the East Tintic Mountains, Juab County, Utah. It is often associated with argentian gold, teineite, carlfriesite, xocomecatlite, utahite, leisingite, jensenite and hematite.

See also

List of minerals named after people
List of minerals

References

Copper(II) minerals
Tellurate minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 60
Minerals described in 1974
EarthCraft House. EarthCraft House is one of five programs within the EarthCraft suite of regional green building standards. The EarthCraft Program was created in 1999 as a partnership between the Greater Atlanta Home Builders Association and Southface Energy Institute and teaches builders the latest methods of resource and energy-efficient construction.

EarthCraft House certifications are determined through a points-based worksheet, which allows builders to select the sustainability measures that are best suited for their project. A project can be certified, gold, or platinum, depending on how many points are achieved. The highest level of certification is platinum. Worksheet items address proper site planning, energy-efficient appliances and lighting, resource-efficient building materials, indoor air quality, water conservation and homebuyer education, and all are verified during site visits and inspections. EarthCraft-certified homes must also pass diagnostic tests for air infiltration and duct leakage standards, and homes certified at the gold or platinum levels must meet ENERGY STAR requirements. EarthCraft Technical Advisors provide technical assistance to the builder during the initial design review and throughout project design and construction.

The ECH program requires each house to be inspected and tested beforehand so that any problems involving the building envelope, or heating and cooling systems can be identified and fixed before the homeowner moves in.

To date, more than 30,000 EarthCraft homes, multifamily units and commercial buildings have been certified.

See also
Alternative natural materials

References

External links
EarthCraft Home Page - Programs & Resources
EarthCraft Virginia Home Page - Programs & Resources
Southface
Greater Atlanta Home Builders Association
Quality Home Builders In Georgia Information 

Sustainable building in the United States
Samuel Vaughan Merrick. Samuel Vaughan Merrick (1801–1870) was a 19th-century American manufacturer, and the first president of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Biography

Born near Hallowell, Massachusetts (it became part of Maine in 1820) on May 4, 1801, Merrick left school in 1816 and moved to Philadelphia, where he worked for his merchant uncle John Vaughan. He subsequently studied engineering, and in 1824 founded, with scientist William Keating, The Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, of which he was President from 1832 until 1854. He also established the firm of Merrick and Agnew, which manufactured fire engines.

He married Sarah Thomas on December 25, 1823 and they had one son.

In 1836, Merrick established the Southwark Iron Foundry, which became one of the most advanced manufacturing plants of its kind in this country. Operated by the firm of Merrick & Towne (later renamed Merrick & Sons), the foundry built the engines for the USS Mississippi.

Merrick took a deep interest in public affairs and was instrumental to the introduction of illuminating gas into Philadelphia, being the chairman of a Committee of the Common Council that reported on the benefits of gaslighting. He also served as the first president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which he had advocated as a means to connect Philadelphia to the west, and was also president of the Sunbury and Erie Railroad (later part of the PRR) and the Catawissa Railroad (later part of the Reading Railroad). Merrick was a member of the American Philosophical Society from 1833 until his death.

Merrick maintained a residence in Haddon Township, New Jersey.  He died in Philadelphia on August 18, 1870,  and was interred at Laurel Hill Cemetery.

Footnotes

References

 
 
 
 

1801 births
1870 deaths
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
People from Haddon Township, New Jersey
People from Hallowell, Maine
Pennsylvania Railroad people
19th-century American businesspeople
PEX (disambiguation). PEX is cross-linked polyethylene, a form of polyethylene with cross-links.

PEX or Pex may also refer to:

Science and technology
Peer exchange, a method to gather peers for BitTorrent
PHIGS Extension to X, in programming
Pex, a unit testing framework for the .NET programming languages
Pex, a digital rights technology company
Physical examination, in medicine
Plasma exchange, a form of plasmapheresis
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome, condition related to glaucoma
Parasitic extraction, tool in IC Layout Design, used for extract parasitic elements and see their effects on the circuit

Other
Palestine Exchange, a stock exchange
People Express Airlines (1980s)
PEX, operators of OPEX stock exchange
Pex, a character in the Doctor Who story Paradise Towers
The Polar Express, a children's book and related film, video game and soundtrack

See also
 PXE (disambiguation)