omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate. Pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) is a colourless solid salt of pyridine and p-toluenesulfonic acid.

Uses 
In organic synthesis, PPTS is used as a weakly acidic catalyst, providing an organic soluble source of pyridinium (C5H5NH+) ions. For example, PPTS is used to deprotect silyl ethers or tetrahydropyranyl ethers when a substrate is unstable to stronger acid catalysts.  It is also a commonly used catalyst for the preparation of acetals and ketals from aldehydes and ketones.

References 

Sulfonates
Pyridinium compounds
Salts
Reagents for organic chemistry
P-Tosyl compounds
Renegade Falcon LS. The Falcon LS is a two-seat, low wing, light sport aircraft originally produced by Corvus Aircraft in Hungary as the Corvus Phantom and imported into the US by T&T Aviation between 2008–2010 and by Renegade Light Sport 2010–present.

There is disagreement between Corvus Aircraft and Renegade Light Sport as to whether the design has been licensed or reverse engineered.

Design and development
On 6 October 2010 the Falcon LS became the first airplane to fly with the Lycoming IO-233-LSA engine. Originally T&T Aviation was selected by Lycoming to help develop their IO-233-LSA engine. When Renegade bought out T&T Aviation they continued the engine development partnership with Lycoming. The IO-233-LSA produces  when equipped with a carburetor and a Champion electronic ignition system.  Renegade installed a capacitor discharge ignition, fuel injection, and a "Vetterman" cross-flow exhaust system to achieve .

The Falcon LS features a  wide cabin, a ballistic parachute, and wings that can be removed in 15 minutes for ground transport or storage.  T&T Aviation demonstrated 1.5 revolution spins, loops, and barrel rolls in the Falcon LS.  Renegade plans a bigger baggage compartment.

Operational history
In March 2017 there were seven Falcon LS aircraft registered with the Federal Aviation Administration in the USA.

Variants
Falcon LS
Light-sport aircraft imported by T&T Aviation. Available only with tricycle gear.
Falcon LS 2.0 Mizzoura
Light-sport aircraft manufactured by Renegade Light Sport in partnership with Corvus and equipped with the Lycoming IO-233-LSA powerplant and a new wing design. Available with either taildragger or tricycle gear and can be converted back and forth in one hour. Cabin width is .
Falcon T
Introduced at the 2012 Sebring US Sport Aviation Expo, the aircraft has conventional landing gear ("T" indicates "Taildragger") and is flown from the right seat. Capable of light aerobatics but not approved for it under LSA rules. Is available with an optional "shark mouth" P-40 paint scheme reminiscent of a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.

Specifications (Falcon LS 2.0)

References

External links
 

Light-sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Caldie. Caldie is a chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloyed tool steel manufactured by Uddeholms AB.  It is intended for cold work processes, such as blanking and piercing, applied to difficult materials such as advanced high strength steel, where compressive strength and chipping and cracking resistance are important.

Composition
The steel's composition is

Properties
Uddeholm Caldie is characterized by:
Very good chipping and cracking resistance
Good wear resistance
High hardness (>60 HRC) after high temperature tempering
Good dimensional stability in heat treatment and in service
Excellent through-hardening properties
Good machinability and grindability
Excellent polishability
Good surface treatment properties
Good resistance to tempering back
Very good WEDM properties

Application areas
Uddeholm Caldie is suitable for short to medium run tooling where chipping and/or cracking are the predominant failure mechanisms and where a high compressive strength (hardness of over 60 HRC) is necessary. This makes Uddeholm Caldie very suitable for severe cold work applications where the combination of a hardness above 60 HRC and a high cracking resistance is of utmost importance e.g. as in the blanking and forming of ultra high strength steel sheets. Uddeholm Caldie is also very suitable as a substrate steel for applications where surface coatings are desirable or necessary.

Blanking applications where high ductility and toughness are needed to prevent chipping/cracking
Cold forging and forming operations where a high compressive strength combined with good resistance to chipping/cracking are necessary
Machine knives
Thread rolling dies
Substrate for surface coatings

This steel can be used in engineering applications where high compressive strength has to be combined with high ductility/toughness. Knives for fragmentation of plastics and metals and roll forming rolls are good examples

See also
 Other Uddeholm Cold Work Steels:
 Arne,  
 Calmax, 
 Rigor, 
 Sleipner, 
 Sverker 3, 
 Sverker 21, 
 Unimax, 
 Vanadis 4 Extra, 
 Vanadis 6, 
 Vanadis 10, 
 Vanadis 23, 
 Vancron 40, 
 UHB 11, 
 Formax, 
 Holdax,

References

Steels
Mike Marr. Mike Marr is the Director of Product Development for Novel, Inc. a videogame and enterprise simulation developer in the Seattle area. As Director of Product Development, he is responsible for management of the design team, company direction, culture, and creation of new intellectual properties.

Marr's background includes experience designing massively multiplayer strategy games, real time strategy and role playing game titles. He has also worked as a UI engineer, tools programmer, and online technologies consultant.

Other titles Marr has worked on include strategy games such as Gas Powered Games’ Supreme Commander, and SSI’s Panzer General, role-playing games such as Demigod, Dungeon Siege II and Space Siege, Supreme Commander: Forged Alliance, as well as MMO games such as Empire & State, Electronic Arts' The Sims Online, Earth & Beyond and Motor City Online.

References

External links 
 empireandstate.com

American video game designers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hexoloy. Hexoloy is a registered trademark for a pressureless sintered form of alpha silicon carbide.
Hexoloy SA is made by sintering silicon carbide powder. This process bonds the powder together to create a self-bonded product which is extremely hard and lightweight. It has a high resistance to corrosion, erosion, high temperature and thermal shock. It is ideal for applications involving liquid and hot gas exposure, mechanical seal faces, mineral and chemical processing kilns and furnaces. Even with use at high temperatures Hexoloy maintains high strength and stability. Hexoloy has high thermal conductivity, equal to that of stainless steel and 5 times that of alumina and excellent wear resistance – 50% harder than tungsten carbide.

History
Sintered silicon carbide was patented by the Pittsburgh-based Carborundum Corporation in 1979 under U.S. patent 4,179,299.  It is currently held by Saint-Gobain. It was registered and trademarked as Hexoloy in 1984.  The first large commercial use for Hexoloy was in vehicle water pump seals.

See also
Silicon carbide
Saint-Gobain

References

Carbides
Trademarks
Energies (journal). Energies is a biweekly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal. It was established in 2008 and is published by MDPI. The editor-in-chief is Enrico Sciubba (Sapienza University of Rome). The journal publishes original papers, review articles, technical notes, and letters to the editor. It concentrates on scientific research, technology, engineering, and management in relation to the field of energy supply, conversion, dispatch, and final usage.

The journal occasionally publishes special issues on specific topics.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.004.

References

External links

Energy and fuel journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals
MDPI academic journals
Open access journals
Academic journals established in 2008
Electric power infrastructure on Bornholm. Bornholm is connected to the Swedish grid through the Bornholm Cable. The distribution network is owned by Bornholms Energi & Forsyning, formerly Østkraft.

Rønne Power Station 
Rønne Power Station has two steam units, one oil-fired with a generation capacity of 25 MW inaugurated in 1974, and a second one, which can be fired either with oil or coal. It was inaugurated in 1995 and has a generation capacity of 37 MW.

Power grid of Bornholm 
The power grid of Bornholm consists of a 60 kV-ring line connecting the substations Hasle, Olsker, Østerlars, Dalslunde, Bodilsker, Aakirkeby, Rønne-Syd, Rønne Power Station, Viadukten, Snorrebakken. Apart from the section between Ronne-Syd and Snorrebakken, it is an overhead line. From this ring line several 60 kV lines branch, which are all implemented as underground cables. These are the branch to Allinge starting at Olsker, that to Gudhjem starting at Østerlars, a branch to Svaneke starting at Dalslunde, a branch to Svaneke via Nexo starting at Bodilsker, a branch to Poulsker starting at Bodilker. A further branch to Westhaven starts at Rønne Power Station. A further connection built as underground cable connects Hasle substation with Rønne-Nord, Viadukten and Ronne-South.

Technical data of 60 kV Substations of Bornholm

References 

Bornholm
Electric power infrastructure in Denmark
Sirjang Lal Tandon. Sirjang Lal Tandon also known as "Jugi" Tandon, was born in India . He is chairman and CEO of Celetronix, Inc. He is known for leading his company, Tandon Corporation (originally Tandon Magnetics) in the disk drive industry, creating what became the industry-standard double-sided floppy drive disk read-and-write heads.

Education and early career
Tandon grew up in Punjab, India. In 1960, he moved to the United States with $3,000, earning a BS at Howard University, master's degree in mechanical engineering at Kansas State University and an MBA at the University of Santa Clara.

He worked as an engineer from 1970 to mid 1975 at IBM and Memorex.  In late 1975, he left IBM for Pertec Inc. in Chatsworth, but left that same year to start Tandon Magnetics in his Chatsworth garage with $7,000.

Tandon Corporation

Tandon invented the double-sided floppy drive used by IBM in the IBM PC and worked as OEM manufacturer for Xerox, Tandem Computers and Prime Computer. In late 1982, Tandon was #1 in the disk-drive industry, and his company was named Forbes magazine's "Up and Comer of the Year". The $150-million value of his stock placed "Jugi", at age 41, on the Forbes list of the 400 richest Americans. With this wealth, he built a 30-room home on 20 acres in Chatsworth.
 
In 1996, Sirjang created JT Storage (Jugi Tandon Storage), back in Chatsworth, CA.

References

Los Angeles Times : 25 August 1992 - JAMES F. PELTZ article
Los Angeles Times : 12 January 1993 - JAMES F. PELTZ article
Computer Business Review : 14 February 1996 - "JUGI TANDON'S CARTRIDGE DISK FIRM JTS TO REVERSE INTO ATARI"
Dataquest : 21 December 2002 - The IT Indians article

1940s births
Living people
Indian computer scientists
20th-century Indian engineers
Engineers from Punjab, India
20th-century Indian inventors
Indian mechanical engineers
Journal of Biomaterials Applications. The Journal of Biomaterials Applications is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the development and clinical applications of biomaterials. The editor-in-chief is Jonathan Knowles (University College London). The journal was established in 1986 and is published by SAGE Publications.

Abstracting and indexing 

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
 Academic Search (Ebsco)
 MEDLINE
 Biological Science Database (ProQuest)
 Scopus
 Science Citation Index Expanded

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.9.

References

External links 
 

SAGE Publishing academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1986
Materials science journals
Biomaterials
MDOS. MDOS may refer to:

 Micropolis MDOS, an operating system for Intel 8080 machines
 Motorola Disk Operating System for the M6800 based EXORciser development system in the 1970s
 Motorola Disk Operating System, also the underlying basis of the QDOS operating system of the Fairlight CMI digital sampling synthesizer series
 MIDAS (operating system) (originally named MDOS, and also known as M-DOS or My DOS), an 8-bit operating system for 8080/Z80, developed by Microsoft's Marc McDonald in 1979
 Myarc Disk Operating System (aka MDOS), an operating system emulating the TI-99/4A for the Geneve 9640 in 1987
 MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking), a multitasking operating system
 Multitasking DOS sub-system in IBM OS/2, e.g. C:\OS2\MDOS\
 Multiuser DOS (aka DR MDOS), a DOS- and CP/M compatible 32-bit protected mode operating system for 386 machines developed by Digital Research / Novell in the 1990s
 Multiuser DOS Federation, an industry alliance in the 1990s
 MDOS/MDOS2 systems used the Didaktik 40 and 80 disk units

See also 
 DOS (disambiguation)
 MOS (disambiguation)
 Wordmark Systems MyDOS, an operating system for 8-bit Atari homecomputers by Wordmark Systems in the 1980s
Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) is an infrared spectroscopy sampling technique used on powder samples without prior preparation. The sample is added to a sample cup and the data is collected on the bulk sample. The infrared light on a sample is reflected and transmitted at different amounts depending on the bulk properties of the material. Diffuse reflection of the incident light produced by the sample's rough surface reflection in all directions is collected by use of an ellipsoid or paraboloid mirror. Shape, compactness, refractive index, reflectivity and absorption of the particles are all characteristic of the material being analyzed. If the sample is too absorbent, then it can be diluted with a nonabsorbent material such as potassium bromide, potassium chloride, etc. The particle size should be smaller than the wavelength of the incident light in order to minimize Mie scattering, so this would infer that it should be less than 5 μm for mid-infrared spectroscopy. The spectra are plotted in units of log inverse reflectance (log 1/R) versus wavenumber. Alternative plots of Kubelka-Munk units can be used, which relate reflectance to concentration using a scaling factor. A reflectance standard is needed in order to quantify the reflectance of the sample because it cannot be determined directly.

See also
Attenuated total reflectance
Remission

References

Infrared spectroscopy
Paulhan-Tatin Aéro-Torpille No.1. The Paulhan-Tatin Aéro-Torpille No.1, (also known as Paulhan-Tatin Aero Torpedo), was a French experimental aircraft built in 1911 as a collaboration between the famous pilot Louis Paulhan and Victor Tatin, a scientist who had experimented with various types of flying models and in 1879 had made the first model aircraft to take off under its own power.

Design and development
The Aéro-Torpille No.1 created great interest during the 1911 Salon de l’Aéronautique at the Grand Palais in Paris due to its novel design and streamlined appearance. Great care had been taken in the design to eliminate drag, and the design had been tested on Gustave Eiffel's wind tunnel.

The aircraft had a streamlined circular section fuselage which entirely enclosed the  Gnome rotary engine, which drove a pusher configuration propeller mounted at the back of the fuselage, connected to the engine by a long driveshaft. The structure of the fuselage was a conventional square-section wire-braced wood structure, outside which were circular formers bearing a series of stringers to support the fabric covering. Initially a universal joint was fitted at the engine end of the driveshaft, but in tests the girder construction of the fuselage proved rigid enough for this not to be necessary, and the long tube forming the driveshaft was simply held by six ballraces attached to the structure by wires, to eliminate whip. The section of the fuselage containing the engine was covered by louvred aluminium panels, removable for maintenance of the engine. The wings had curved leading and trailing edges, were tapered in planform and were curved upwards at the wing tips. Flight loads were transmitted to the bottom of the fuselage by a pair of steel ribbons on either side. The rearmost of these also operated the wing warping for lateral control. The pilot sat immediately in front of the leading edge of the wing. Even the undercarriage was of novel design, consisting of a pair of semi-circular lengths of hickory, hinged at the front and attached to the fuselage by bungee cords and bearing a pair of wheels whose spokes were covered. Tail surfaces consisted of a fixed tailplane with trailing-edge elevators and a small rectangular balanced rudder.

The aircraft was flown during October 1911 and in February achieved a measured speed of . In March it was sold to the Italian aviator Signor Bosse.

Specifications

References

Aero-Torpille 001
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
1910s French experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1911
Neale (electric car). The Neale electric car was made in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1897 by Douglas Neale of 21 Rutland Square, Edinburgh. The car was described as electrically driven, with a range of speed from 3 to 12 miles per hour. Only a limited number, possibly four, of these vehicles were made and none survive. The car was displayed at the 1897 Motor Car Exhibition at Crystal Palace.

Douglas Neale was an electrical engineer and inventor.

Specification

Battery and motor
Its battery was a Planté or pure lead 15 cell. Each cell had a 115 amp hour capacity. The traction system was covered by seven patents. It was direct drive from the armature shaft on to the wheel of the vehicle.

Weights
The battery weighed 405 lbs. The car's motor was 1 bhp and weighed 100 lbs. The car itself (excluding the battery, motor, and any load) weighed 448 lbs. Its range was 35 miles at a total weight of 9 cwt.

Controls
The vehicle's steering was direct to the axle, meaning the axle moved at the same rate as the steering handle. The other driver control was a switch that enabled the driver to move either forward or back at any speed, brake, ring the electric gong, and stop. There was also a foot brake to comply with the Board of Trade regulations.

See also
 Robert Davidson (inventor) Scottish creator of the first battery powered locomotive in 1842.
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Scotland
1897 establishments in Scotland
Electric cars
Vintage vehicles
1890s cars
Companies based in Edinburgh
Cars introduced in 1897
Caraboat. The Caraboat was a unique caravan/boat hybrid produced during the 1970s. As of today, the Caraboat is considered a collectors piece amongst caravan enthusiasts.

The boat aspects were designed by small boat designer John Askham. The hull and boxy superstructure are moulded from GRP, with large windows. The road chassis is a T-shaped steel backbone, inside the hull. The two wheels are carried on independent suspension units bolted through the hull to the crossmember. Towing is with a caravan-like towbar, hinged and bolted through the front of the hull. Unlike a conventional caravan, there is no jockey wheel, making handling difficult on slopes, such as slipways. Propulsion of the original Caraboat was by a waterjet drive and an internal Lombardini 4-stroke engine, although most surviving examples have been converted to use outboard motors.

Restoration of a 1970s Caraboat in Bristol was the subject of an episode of More4's My Floating Home in 2018.

Dimensions 

Length
 16 ft (body)
 18 ft (overall)
 Width 6 ft 10 in
 Height 8 ft 6 in
 Headroom 6 ft 3 in
 Weight 1600 lb

References

External links
Caraboat.com
 

Amphibious vehicles
Recreational vehicle manufacturers
Caravans and travel trailers
Francis Bell (engineer). Francis Bell ( – 9 September 1879), was a British railway engineer, who worked extensively in Australia, and was involved in a number of important railway construction projects and bridges.

Career 
Bell commenced his engineering career in 1837, building railways in England and Scotland, and also worked under Sir John Macneill MInstCE, on the Great Southern and Western Railway in Ireland. 

By 1853, Bell had migrated to Australia, and in January 1854, in Victoria, was the engineer on the A£1,000,000 prospectus for the Geelong–Ballarat railway line.  He was also listed as the surveyor for the Colonial Insurance Company, and there are a number of tender advertisements, for reinstatement for damaged buildings. In 1855, he presented a well received paper on the merits of iron truss bridges to the Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science (later the Royal Society of Victoria). Other works he designed included  of the railway line from  to , prior to 1858, the design and construction of the Melbourne and Essendon Railway in 1859, and works for the Yarra Yarra Mining Company, and Sandridge Lagoon, Port Melbourne.

Bell was responsible for a number of fairly similar wrought iron lattice truss road and rail bridges, several of which were fabricated from components supplied by Messrs. Lloyds, Fosters, and Company's Wednesbury, Old Park Ironworks, Staffordshire. The West Maitland Bridge was the sixth bridge this firm exported for Bell, with the others including the Hawthorn Railway Bridge and Hawthorn Road Bridge over the River Yarra, in Melbourne, the Prince Alfred Bridge at Gundagai, and the Pitnacree and Dunmore bridges in New South Wales.

His expertise was sought for a number of Melbourne civic works projects as he gave evidence to the Victorian Royal Commissions on the River and Harbour Trust in 1858 and 1860, and to the Select Committees on the Railway Department in 1860 and on the Central Railway Terminus in 1861 and in the same year was a member of the Royal Society of Victoria's Sanitary Committee. Bell was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers (MInstCE). 

Bell was City Engineer for the City of Sydney from approximately 1871 to 1879, a member of the Sewerage and Health Board, and was responsible for improving the storage capacity of the Botany watershed and planned a system for sewering the city in the direction of Bondi.

Personal life 
Bell was the sixth son of John Bell, of Belfast, Ireland. He was married on 17 June 1858 at the Cathedral, Newcastle, New South Wales to Jane Eliza Livingstone, youngest daughter of Captain Alexander Livingstone of Newcastle. In May 1872, he was living in St. Leonards, on the North Shore of Sydney, when his wife gave birth to a daughter. His youngest daughter married Charles Wade, who, amongst other things, became Premier of NSW in 1907, was the Agent-General for NSW in 1917, and was knighted in 1918.

Bell died in 1879 at his residence in , Sydney, and was buried at the Rookwood Necropolis.

References

1810s births
1879 deaths
Engineers from Melbourne
Australian civil engineers
Burials at Rookwood Cemetery
Irish emigrants to colonial Australia