omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Spirit of Flight Center. The Spirit of Flight Center (SOF), is operated by the non-profit Spirit of Flight Foundation, a 501(C)(3) organization based in Nampa, ID.  The Spirit of Flight collection, founded by Gordon R. Page, displays limited exhibits on modern and historic aviation, and features aviation history from 1935 to 1975, both military and general aviation.  Featured is a Messerschmitt Bf 109 F fighter from Russia. Also on display at SOF is a full-size bronze statue of Amelia Earhart. SOF is located in Nampa, ID at the Nampa Municipal Airport which allows for pilots to fly in to the facility.

The Spirit of Flight Center is associated with Air Assets International and exhibits aircraft and artifacts which have been recovered by Warbird Recovery. The TV series Chasing Planes was filmed at Spirit of Flight Center and features the museum collection.

Mission
SOF was established to acquire, restore, preserve and display aviation history to honor all American veterans and aviators, to educate the general public of the significance of aviation, and to inspire future generations to participate and learn about modern and historic aviation.

In 2009, SOF placed a record-setting Learjet 24D on long term loan to Redstone College of Denver to help students advance their aviation careers.

In 2019, SOF announced that it would focus on its mobile air museum program called History on the Road to bring the world-class collection to larger events.  As part of the focus, Living History Flight Experiences are being added by the Spirit of Flight.

Warbird Recovery
The Spirit of Flight Center has an aircraft recovery program for international recovery and restoration of rare and historic military aircraft.  In 1993, the program started by finding parts of U.S. and Japanese military aircraft in Russia which were recovered and brought to the U.S.. A book called Warbird Recovery is available that tells the story.

Other Colorado and Idaho museums
 Warhawk Air Museum, Nampa, ID
 CAF Rocky Mountain Wing Museum, Grand Junction, CO
 Colorado Aviation Historical Society Old Lowry AFB Campus, Denver, CO
 Peterson Air and Space Museum Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs, CO
 Pueblo Historical Aircraft Society Pueblo Airport, Pueblo, CO
 Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum Pueblo Airport, Pueblo, CO
 Vintage Aero Flying Museum Platte Valley Airpark, Hudson, CO
 Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum Old Lowry AFB Campus, Denver, CO
 The National Museum of World War II Aviation Colorado Springs, CO

External links
 Spirit of Flight Center Official Site
 Warbird Recovery Official Site
 Air Assets International Official Site

Aerospace museums in Idaho
Museums in Canyon County, Idaho
Protected procedure. In computer science, the concept of protected procedure, first introduced as protected service routine in 1965, is necessary when two computations A and B use the same routine S; a protected procedure is such if makes not possible for a malfunction of one of the two computation to cause incorrect execution to the other.

One of the most important aspects of Dennis and Van Horn (hypothetical) system "supervisor" was the inclusion of a description of protected procedure.

In a global environment system (where there's some shared variable), the protected procedure mechanism allows the enforcement of the principle of least privilege and the avoidance of side effects in resources management (see Denning principles).

Footnotes

References
Dennis, J. B., and Glasee, E. The structure of on-line information processing systems. Information Systems Sciences: Proc. Second Cong., Spartan Books, Baltimore, 1965, pp. 1–11
J. B. Dennis and E. C. Van Horn. Programming Semantics for Multiprogrammed Computations. Communications of the ACM 9(3), March 1966.

Concurrent computing
Subroutines
E-class blimp. The E class of US Navy blimps comprised a single airship, built during World War I by Goodyear as one of a group of three small blimps offered to the US government. Two were purchased for the US Navy and one for the US Army. The Navy blimps were designated E-1, F-1, and the Army airship A-1. These airships had identical envelopes but different cars. The E-1 was delivered to Pensacola, Florida in December 1918. It was flown only at Pensacola serving as a trainer at the Airship School. A new envelope was provided in December 1920. E-1 was retired from service sometime in 1924.

Operators

United States Navy

Specifications

See also

References

1910s United States military trainer aircraft
Airships of the United States Navy
Goodyear aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
F-class blimp. The F class of US Navy blimps comprised a single airship, built during World War I by Goodyear as one of a group of three small blimps offered to the US government. Two were purchased for the US Navy and one for the US Army. The Navy blimps were designated E-1, F-1, and the Army airship A-1. Classified as an "Experimental Engine Testing Dirigible." F-1 had the same envelope size as the E-1, due to the use of a tractor mounted 125 hp Union engine, the performance was different. F-1 spent its entire career at Hampton Roads (Norfolk, Virginia). It was flown in both tractor and pusher configurations. It also may have been flown with a Curtiss OXX engine. F-1 was removed from inventory in November 1923.

Specifications

References

See also

1910s United States experimental aircraft
Airships of the United States Navy
Goodyear aircraft
H-class blimp. The H class blimp was an observation airship built for the U.S. Navy in the early 1920s. The original "H" Class design of 1919 was for a twin engined airship of approximately 80,000 cubic feet volume. Commander Lewis Maxfield (who was to have commanded the ZR-2, better known as the R38, and died in its crash) suggested that a small airship which could be used either as a tethered kite balloon, or be towed by a ship until releasing its cable, would be able to scout on its own. The concept was an airship similar to the later Army Motorized Kite Balloons.

Operational history
After test flights at the Goodyear blimp facility at Wingfoot Lake, H-1 was shipped to Rockaway in May 1921. During the summer of 1921, H-1 completed six flights and, on its seventh, a hard landing pitched the crew out of the control car. H-1 free ballooned as far as Scarsdale, New York where a farmer was able to grab the rip cord and tie the blimp down. During the night, hydrogen began leaking from the envelope and by morning it was completely deflated. The deflated H-1 was shipped back to Rockaway in time to be destroyed in the hangar fire of August 31, 1921.

A second H-type was acquired on a Navy contract but supplied directly to the U.S. Army which operated it as the OB-1. OB-1 varied in several ways from the H-1. The shift from hydrogen to helium lift gas in 1923 seriously degraded the OB-1's performance. The OB-1 was damaged on 6 October 1923 and never flew again as the forthcoming TA type airship would meet the training role. OB-1 was declared surplus at the end of 1923.

Operators

United States Navy
United States Army

Specifications

References

See also

1920s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Airships of the United States Navy
Goodyear aircraft
B-17 Bomber (video game). B-17 Bomber is a single-player video game released by Mattel for their Intellivision console in 1982. The game was bundled with the Intellivoice voice synthesis module.

Gameplay
In B-17 Bomber, the player controls a simulated bomber aircraft. The objective of the game is to complete missions by dropping bombs on targets in continental Europe, including anti-aircraft guns, airports, factories, and naval vessels.

The game plays like a rudimentary flight simulator, which models altitude, air speed, tilt and pitch, fuel consumption, and the effects of taking damage. Enemy planes occasionally attack the aircraft from any direction and must be shot down. The aircraft can also come under fire from flak guns on the ground, which can be taken out with a bomb. The game ends when the aircraft is destroyed.

When an enemy plane attacks, the Intellivoice module announces the direction of the attack, prompting the player to turn that direction in order to fire back. While the game is playable without the Intellivoice module, it becomes very difficult since the player is given no other audio cue that an enemy is approaching, and must guess which direction the attack is coming from.

Reception
Danny Goodman of Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games said in 1983 that B-17 Bomber was his favorite Intellivoice game, praising the voices and noting that the game and others "made the voice an integral part of game play". B-17 Bomber was well received, gaining a Certificate of Merit in the category of "1984 Best Videogame Audio-Visual Effects (Less than 16K ROM)" at the 5th annual Arkie Awards.

References

External links
 B-17 Bomber at GameFAQs

1982 video games
Intellivision games
Intellivision-only games
Mattel video games
North America-exclusive video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
World War II video games
List of aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps. This is a list of aircraft used by the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) from 13 April 1912, when it was formed from the Air Battalion Royal Engineers, until 1 April 1918 when it was merged with the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) to form the Royal Air Force (RAF). The RFC operated in parallel with the RNAS, whose aircraft are listed at List of aircraft of the Royal Naval Air Service. For a list of Royal Air Force aircraft see List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force.

Operational aeroplanes

Airships 
The airship service was disbanded 1 January 1914 and all airships transferred to the RNAS. See List of British airships
British Army Airship No.3/Baby/Beta/Beta II 
No.2A – 1910–
Delta – 1912–1914
Epsilon I and Epsilon II – 
Eta 1913–1914
Clément-Bayard II Zeta 1910–1910
Lebaudy Morning Post 1910–1911

Prototypes 
 ASL Valkyrie
 Airco DH.3
 Armstrong Whitworth F.K.7
 Armstrong Whitworth F.K.9 
 Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10
 Avro 521
 Beatty-Wright Biplanes
 Bristol-Prier Monoplane
 Bristol TB.8 & G.B.75
 Bristol S.2A
 Caproni Ca.1
 Caudron Type C/45 hp 
 Caudron G.IV
 Caudron R.XI
 Cody V biplane
 Curtiss C-1 Canada
 Dunne D.8
 Farman Type Militaire, 1910
 Flanders F.4
 Grahame-White Type VII & VIIc
 Grahame-White Type VIII
 Grahame-White Pusher Biplane
 Grahame-White School Biplane
 Handley Page Type O/400
 Howard Wright biplane
 Martin-Handasyde Monoplane
 Martinsyde F.3
 Morane-Saulnier AC
 Paulhan biplane
 Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9
 Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4
 Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.9
 Royal Aircraft Factory N.E.1
 Short Tractor Biplane
 Sopwith Sparrow
 Sopwith Triplane
 SPAD S.XII
 Vickers F.B.7/7A
 Vickers F.B.27 Vimy
 Vickers F.B.26 Vampire

 Wright Model H

Unmanned aerial vehicles
 British unmanned aerial vehicles of World War I

List of weapons of the Royal Flying Corps

Bombs
 Cooper bombs
 Ranken darts

Rockets
Le Prieur rocket - Incendiary air-to-air rockets

Machine guns
 0.303-inch (7.7-mm) Lewis gun
 0.303-inch (7.7-mm) Vickers machine gun

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Aviation in World War I
United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps
Royal Flying Corps
United Kingdom in World War I-related lists
Namie-Odaka Nuclear Power Plant. The  was a planned nuclear power plant in Minamisōma and Namie in the Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.   It was a project of the Tōhoku Electric Power Company. Preliminary ground work had been completed by the time of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.  The plans were canceled after urging from local lawmakers in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and due to strong local opposition. On January 31, 2017, Tohoku Electric decided to donate the site of about 1.2 million square meters to Namie Town free of charge.

Reactors on site

Unit 1 (not built)
Type: ABWR
Start of construction: 2017
Begin of operation: 2021 (planned)
Electric Output: 825 MW
Fuel: UO2 fuel

References

External links

Tohoku Electric Power Company - Future Plants 

Nuclear power stations in Japan
Cancelled nuclear power stations
Power stations in Fukushima Prefecture
Minamisōma
Namie, Fukushima
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Columbia Non-neutral Torus. The Columbia Non-neutral Torus (CNT) is a small stellarator at the Columbia University Plasma Physics Laboratory designed by Thomas Sunn Pedersen with the aid of Wayne Reiersen and Fred Dahlgren of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory to conduct the first investigation of non-neutral plasmas confined on magnetic surfaces. The experiment, which began operation in November 2004, is funded by the National Science Foundation and the United States Department of Energy in the form of a Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award.

Technical design 

CNT, which is housed in a cylindrical vacuum chamber made of 316 stainless steel, measures 60 inches in diameter and stands 75 inches tall.  The empty chamber is capable of reaching a pressure of 2x10−10 Torr. 

CNT is unique in its simple geometry.  Magnetic surfaces are created using only four electromagnetic coils – two interlocking coils inside the chamber, and two poloidal field coils outside the chamber.  The two interlocking coils have a radius of .405m, and the angle between them can be manually selected to be 64°, 78°, or 88°, allowing for different shear and rotational transform values, and magnetic surface configuration.  The poloidal field coils have a radius of 1.08 m.  The coils are powered by a 200 kW power supply and are capable of producing magnetic fields of 0.01–0.2T.  The configuration of CNT creates a very low aspect ratio of 1.9, the lowest of any stellarator built.

Research 
Thomas Sunn Pedersen is the principal investigator of CNT, which studies several areas of theoretical and experimental non-neutral plasma physics.  These include the equilibrium of non-neutral plasmas, transport and confinement, and ion-related instabilities. The CNT theory program is run by Pedersen and Prof. Allen Boozer, also at Columbia University.

First studies on CNT showed the successful creation of magnetic
surfaces with the simple four coil design.  At sufficiently low neutral pressures and sufficiently high magnetic field strengths, the plasmas are essentially pure electron plasmas and are macroscopically stable with confinement times of up to 20 ms. Transport is driven by collisions with neutrals as well as E x B drift along insulating
rods inserted into the plasma. At higher neutral pressures (10−7 Torr and above), an ion related instability is observed, with a frequency in the 10–50 kHz range, and a poloidal mode number m = 1.

The CNT group installed a conducting boundary in August 2007 to study its effects on confinement times, and to allow measurements in the absence of internal rods.  Future plans for CNT include the study of electron-positron plasmas confined on magnetic surfaces and further studies of partly neutralized plasmas.

References

External links
 CNT homepage
 CNT publications at Columbia University Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science

Fusion power
Plasma physics facilities
Stellarators
British blimps operated by the USN. During the First World War, the United States Navy trained crews at British bases, and operated British designed and built blimps on combat patrols. The Navy purchased three types of British blimps. Operations were flown in a US SSZ and airships operated by the Royal Navy.

SSZ class
The US Navy purchased two SSZ class blimps, which were  long,  in diameter and had a volume of . They were propelled by a single  Rolls-Royce Hawk engine. A replacement SSZ-23 was acquired in November 1917 and first operated from Cranwell for training. It was then assigned patrol duties from RNAS Howden. These operations included at least 24 operational missions in the spring of 1918. Ensign Phillip Barnes received the Distinguished Flying Cross from King George V during one of those flights. The SSZ-23 then was transferred to Lowthorpe and completed another 24 operational flights by August, when it returned to Howden where it was destroyed in an accident. While preparing to mate the old SSZ-23 envelope to a spare control car, the US maintenance crew started a fire which burned the SSZ-23, SSZ-38, SSZ-54 as well as the rigid airship R27.
A replacement airship, also designated SSZ-23 was acquired on 22 November 1917 and was eventually shipped to the United States and erected at Cape May in early February 1919. Served at Cape May until April of that year and was stricken from the Navy registry in June 1920.
The SSZ-24 was assembled and tested by the Navy and Goodyear in March 1918. It was shipped to Hampton Roads. There are no records of any operations at Hampton Roads. The SSZ-24 may have been burned in the summer of 1918.

North Sea class
The US Navy purchased one North Sea class airship. N.S.14 was sold to the US in early November 1918 after flying 206 hours in British service and the USN designation NS-1. NS-1 was shipped to Wingfoot Lake, and then Hampton Roads, but there is no record it was ever flown while owned by the US Navy. North Sea blimps were  long, had a diameter of  and a volume of . They had a top speed of , an endurance of 24 hours and were powered by two  Rolls-Royce Eagle engines or two  Fiat engines.

SST class
The US Navy purchased three SST (Sea Scout Twin) airships from Britain in 1919. The SST-9, SST-11 and SST-12 were transferred to the USN; the Navy designations were probably to be SST-1, 2, and 3. The three SSTs were transferred directly to the US Army and operated by that service between 1920 and the winter of 1923–24.

SST class airships were  long,  in diameter and had a top speed of . They were powered by two engines, either  Sunbeam or  Rolls-Royce Hawks, and carried a crew of five.

References

Airships of the United States Navy
Bowers Namu II. The Bowers Namu II was a single-engine, two-seat, recreational aircraft, designed and flown in the United States in the late 1970s and marketed for homebuilding. It was designed by famed aircraft designer and Boeing historian Peter Bowers.

Development
The aircraft was a follow-on project to the designer's earlier Bowers Fly Baby design, if considerably larger; a low-wing cantilever monoplane with an inverted gull wing and fixed tailwheel undercarriage, designed to carry two persons (the Fly Baby was a single-seat aircraft).  The Namu II accommodated a passenger seated beside the pilot. The aircraft's somewhat portly lines provided the "Namu II" name, after Namu, the orca captive in Bower's home city of Seattle, Washington State.

Sales were disappointing, and out of the few plan sets sold, only four examples were constructed, one of which sported an orca paint job.

Operational history
In November 2022, there were no Namus remaining registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications

References

 
 "Pete Bowers" Wind in the Wires Vol XIV No 10
 aerofiles.com

1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Namu II
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Inverted gull-wing aircraft
Rankine. Rankine is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 William Rankine (1820–1872), Scottish engineer and physicist
 Rankine body an elliptical shape of significance in fluid dynamics, named for Rankine
 Rankine scale, an absolute-temperature scale related to the Fahrenheit scale, named for Rankine
 Rankine cycle, a thermodynamic heat-engine cycle, also named after Rankine
 Rankine Lecture, a lecture delivered annually by an expert in the field of geotechnics
 Alan Rankine (born 1958), Scottish rock musician
 Alexander Rankine (1881–1956), British physicist
 Andy Rankine (1895–1965), Scottish footballer
 Camille Rankine, American poet
 Claudia Rankine (born 1963), American poet and playwright
 Dean Rankine, Australian comics artist
 George Rankine Irwin, (1907–1998) American materials scientist
 James Rankine (1828–1897), South Australian politician
 Jennifer Rankine (born 1953), South Australian politician
 John Rankine (1918–2013), British science fiction author
 John Rankine (Australian politician) (1801–1864), South Australian physician and politician
 John Rankine (governor) (1907–1987), British colonial administrator
 Leila Rankine (1932–1993), Aboriginal Australian poet, co-founder of the Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music at the University of Adelaide
 Mark Rankine (born 1969), English footballer
 Michael Rankine (born 1985), English footballer
 Scotty Rankine (1909–1995), Canadian Olympic athlete
 Thomas Rankine (born 1978), American musician
 William Rankine Milligan, Lord Milligan (1898–1975), Scottish judge and politician

See also
 Organic Rankine cycle
 Rankin (disambiguation)
 Rankine (crater)
 Rankine power station
 Rankine theory
 Rankine vortex
 Rankine's method
 Rankine–Hugoniot equation
 Trouton–Rankine experiment

References
ARM Sonora. ARM Sonora (PO-152) is a  in service with the Mexican Navy with a  main gun turret and a helicopter landing pad, primarily used for illicit drug interdiction. Like other ships of this class, it was designed and built in Mexican dockyards. The vessel was launched and commissioned on 4 September 2000 and is in active service.

Description
The Durango-class design is based on the s but with a different superstructure. They have a standard displacement of   and  at full load. The vessels measure  long with a beam of  and a draft of . The patrol vessels are propelled by two shafts powered by two Caterpillar 3616 V16 diesel engines rated at . They have a maximum speed of . For electrical power, the Durango class are equipped with two 260 kilowatt generators and one 190 kW generator.

The patrol vessels are armed with a single Bofors /70 caliber gun Mk 3 mounted forward capable of firing 220 rounds/minute to a range of . The ships mount an Alenia 2 combat data system and Saab EOS 450 optronic director for fire control. They are equipped with air and surface search radar. The Durango class has a complement of 74 including 10 officers with the capability to transport 55 additional personnel. Vessels of the class carry an  interceptor craft capable of over . The vessels also mount a helicopter deck over the stern and a hangar and are capable of operating one medium helicopter.

Construction and career
The ship was laid down at ASTIMAR 20 shipyard in Salina Cruz, Oaxaca on 14 December 1999. Sonora was launched and commissioned into the Mexican Navy on 4 September 2000. In 2014, Sonora was among the Mexican units dispatched to Peru for the multi-national military exercise UNITAS. In 2018, Sonora was authorized to train with foreign navies. In July, the patrol vessel trained with the United States Navy at San Diego, California. In 2020, a member of Sonoras crew tested positive for COVID-19. The crew member was sent home while the rest of the crew, who showed no signs, remained isolated aboard their ship.

Notes

Citations

Sources
 
 
 

Durango-class patrol vessels
Ships built in Mexico
2000 ships
1986 in spaceflight. The year 1986 saw the destruction of Space Shuttle Challenger shortly after lift-off, killing all seven aboard, the first in-flight deaths of American astronauts. This accident followed the successful flight of Columbia just weeks earlier, and dealt a major setback to the U.S. crewed space program, suspending the Shuttle program for 32 months.

The year also saw numerous fly-bys of Halley's Comet as well as other successes.

Launches

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Deep space rendezvous

EVAs

References

 
Spaceflight by year