omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pulchowk Campus. Pulchowk Campus (Nepali: पुल्चोक क्याम्पस) is one of the five constituent campuses under Institute of Engineering of Tribhuvan University. Situated at Pulchowk of Lalitpur metropolitan city, Pulchowk Campus is the central campus of Institute of Engineering. Established in 1972 AD, the campus is second oldest engineering institution of Nepal after Thapathali Campus. The campus offers bachelor degree, master degree and doctoral degree programs in various disciplines. 

Students who have passed an entrance exam conducted by IOE are allowed to apply for admission.About 8000-10000 students give the entrance exam all over Nepal. It is one of the toughest entrance exam of Nepal. Students are admitted by priority selection according to their score in IOE entrance exam. The campus has 624 seats at Bachelor level and 480 seats at Masters level.

History 
Pulchowk Campus traces its roots back to 1931 when it began as a technical school in Basantapur Kathmandu, initially focusing on textile worker training. By 1943, it introduced a three-year civil engineering sub-overseer program. The campus underwent shifts in location, eventually settling in Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, in 1955.

In 1966, it was renamed the Nepal Engineering Institute, relocating again to Ananda Niketan in Pulchowk, where it extended the overseer program to three years. The institute's evolution continued with the addition of an electrical program in 1971, which later reverted to a two-year duration in 1976.

With educational reforms in 1972, the Institute of Engineering was formed under Tribhuvan University, integrating with the engineering institute in Thapathali. Since then, Pulchowk Campus has been offering programs including certificates, bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. degrees across engineering disciplines like Architecture, Electronics, Mechanical, Aerospace, and more.

The campus runs programs in Urban Planning, Environmental Engineering, Renewable Energy, and others.

Courses offered

Bachelor programs

Masters programs

Notable Alumni 
Notable alumni of the campus include:
Kul Man Ghising, managing director of Nepal Electricity Authority
Shrinkhala Khatiwada, Architect,model, Miss Nepal World 2018
Sabita Maharjan, computer scientist, professor at the University of Oslo
CK Raut, computer engineer, Nepalese Member of Parliament

See also 
 Institute of Engineering
 Thapathali Campus
 Pashchimanchal Campus
 Purwanchal Campus

References 

Constituent campuses of Tribhuvan University
Engineering colleges in Nepal
Tribhuvan University
1972 establishments in Nepal
Isobutyraldehyde. Isobutyraldehyde is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3)2CHCHO. It is an aldehyde, isomeric with n-butyraldehyde (butanal). Isobutyraldehyde is made, often as a side-product, by the hydroformylation of propene. Its odour is described as that of wet cereal or straw. It undergoes the Cannizzaro reaction even though it has alpha hydrogen atom. It is a colorless volatile liquid.

Synthesis
Isobutyraldehyde is produced industrially by the hydroformylation of propene. Several million tons are produced annually.

Biological routes
In the context of butanol fuel, isobutyraldehyde is of interest as a precursor to isobutanol. E. coli as well as several other organisms has been genetically modified to produce isobutanol. α-Ketoisovalerate, derived from oxidative deamination of valine, is prone to decarboxylation to give isobutyraldehyde, which is susceptible to reduction to the alcohol:
(CH3)2CHC(O)CO2H  →  (CH3)2CHCHO  +  CO2
(CH3)2CHCHO  +  NADH  +  H+  →  (CH3)2CHCH2OH  +  NAD+

It can also be produced using engineered bacteria.

Other routes

Strong mineral acids catalyse the rearrangement of methallyl alcohol to isobutyraldehyde.

Reactions
Hydrogenation of the aldehyde gives isobutanol. Oxidation gives methacrolein or methacrylic acid. Condensation with formaldehyde gives hydroxypivaldehyde.  The latter is a precursor to vitamin B5.

References

Flavors
Alkanals
AN/APQ-13. The AN/APQ-13 radar was an American ground scanning radar developed by Bell Laboratories, Western Electric, and MIT as an improved model of the airborne H2X radar, itself developed from the first ground scanning radar, the British H2S radar. It was used on B-29s during World War II in the Pacific theater for high altitude area bombing, search and navigation. Computation for bombing could be performed by an impact predictor. A range unit permitted a high degree of accuracy in locating beacons. The radome was carried on the aircraft belly between the bomb bays and was partially retractable on early models. The radar operated at a frequency of 9375 ± 45 megahertz and used a superheterodyne receiver.

Weather radar use
The AN/APQ-13 radar was the first military radar converted to civilian use as a weather warning radar. About 30 systems were converted, starting in late 1945. They were installed in the aircraft at military bases.

The last operational APQ-13 was removed from the Fort Sill, Oklahoma post weather station in October 1977 for display at what is now the National Museum of the United States Air Force. The museum intended to display it in its original configuration as a navigation and bombing radar, but would note the radar's much longer history as an operational weather radar.

The AN/APQ-13 weather radars were generally replaced by the AN/CPS-9, which was specifically designed as a weather radar.

See also

List of radars
List of military electronics of the United States

References

Aircraft radars
Military radars of the United States
World War II radars
Weather radars
Radars of the United States Air Force
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
Military equipment introduced from 1940 to 1944
Military electronics of the United States
SBW. SBW may refer to:

Transport
 A series of aircraft manufactured by Canadian Car and Foundry
 IATA designation for Sibu Airport
 ICAO designation for Snowbird Airlines
 MRT station abbreviation for Sembawang MRT station, Singapore

Other uses
 SBW (software), a distributed workbench for systems biology modeling
 Seaborn, Broughton, & Walford Foundation, an Australian philanthropic organisation funding the performing arts 
 Sonny Bill Williams (born 1985), New Zealand rugby international and heavyweight boxer
Fluorobenzene. Fluorobenzene is an aryl fluoride and the simplest of the fluorobenzenes, with the formula C6H5F, often abbreviated PhF.  A colorless liquid, it is a precursor to many fluorophenyl compounds.

Preparation
PhF was first reported in 1886 by O. Wallach at the University of Bonn, who prepared the compound in two steps.  Phenyldiazonium chloride was first converted to a triazene using piperidine:

[PhN2]Cl  +  2 (CH2)5NH  →  PhN=N-N(CH2)5  +  [(CH2)5NH2]Cl
The triazine was then cleaved with hydrofluoric acid:
PhN=N-N(CH2)5  +  2 HF  →  PhF  +  N2  +  [(CH2)5NH2]F

Historical note: in Wallach's era, the element fluorine was symbolized with "Fl". Thus, his procedure is subtitled "Fluorbenzol, C6H5Fl".

On the laboratory scale, PhF is prepared by the thermal decomposition of the benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate:
PhN2BF4  →  PhF  +  BF3   +  N2
According to the procedure, solid [PhN2]BF4 is heated with a flame to initiate an exothermic reaction, which also affords boron trifluoride and nitrogen gas.  Product PhF and BF3 are readily separated because of their differing boiling points.

The technical synthesis is by the reaction of cyclopentadiene with difluorocarbene. The initially formed cyclopropane undergoes a ring expansion and subsequent elimination of hydrogen fluoride.

Reactions
PhF behaves rather differently from other halobenzene derivatives owing to the pi-donor properties of fluoride.  For example, the para position is more activated than benzene toward electrophiles.  For this reason, it can be converted to 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene with relatively high efficiency.

Solvent properties

PhF is a useful solvent for highly reactive species. Its melting point at -44 °C is lower than that of benzene. In contrast, the boiling points of PhF and benzene are very similar, differing by only 4 °C.  It is considerably more polar than benzene, with a dielectric constant of 5.42 compared to 2.28 for benzene at 298 K. Fluorobenzene is a relatively inert compound reflecting the strength of the C–F bond.

Although it is usually considered a non-coordinating solvent, a metal complex of PhF has been crystallized.

See also
Bromobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Iodobenzene

References

Fluorobenzenes
Phenyl compounds
Surajit Chaudhuri. Surajit Chaudhuri is an Indian-American computer scientist notable for his contributions to database management systems. He is currently a distinguished scientist at Microsoft Research, where he leads the Data Management, Exploration and Mining group. Chaudhuri is an ACM Fellow.

Education 
He received his B.Tech. from Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, and his Ph.D. in computer science from Stanford University in 1991 under Jeffrey Ullman. From 1992 to 1995, he has worked at HP Labs, Palo Alto.

References

External links
Website

American computer scientists
2005 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Living people
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Database researchers
Microsoft employees
Microsoft Research people
People from Redmond, Washington
Indian computer scientists
Indian emigrants to the United States
Scientists from West Bengal
Indian locomotive class WDG-4. The Indian locomotive class WDG-4 (EMD GT46MAC) is a type of six-axle (Co-Co) freight-hauling diesel–electric locomotive with AC electric transmission designed by General Motors Electro-Motive Diesel in 1997–1998 for Indian Railways, where they are classed as WDG-4. Derived from the EMD SD70MAC, it is powered by a  16-cylinder EMD 710G3B prime mover. Thirteen were built by EMD as order #958647, and a further eight were exported in kit form and assembled in India. The class entered service in 1999. A Dedicated Passenger version of this locomotive, the WDP-4 (EMD GT46PAC), has also been produced, with a Bo1-1Bo Wheel Configuration, which entered service in 2001. These locomotives are also famous for, and can be identified by, the distinct Jet Turbine Engine–like sounding property of the EMD 710 prime mover.

Further construction has been under license in India by the Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW), with the first purely indigenously built WDG-4 locomotive, numbered 12022, that rolled out in 2002. More than 60 additional locomotives have been built . They are numbered from #12001 upward. 

, EMD and DLW have begun building GT46ACe's using IGBT technology to replace the older gate turn-off thyristor technology and along with increase of 500 hp, ie, , using the Newly tweaked EMD 16N-710G3B-EC, like the passenger WDP-4B have been produced. Newer versions with widened Piggy-face cab profile for enhanced visibility, just like the later variants of WDP-4's and WDP-4B's were also produced.
 
, DLW began building the Dual Cab version, EMD JT46ACe, called WDG-4D, based on the passenger variant WDP-4D locos, same for both-side visibility. Here again, many features, including IGBT and 4,500 hp have been carried on from the single cab GT46ACe's. The first WDG-4D, numbered 12681, is named "Vijay". Later WDG-4D's were numbered from 70301, as the 12*** series came to an end in 2014 and got switched to 70*** series. Over 1,500 such locomotives, including both WDG-4's and WDG-4D's are currently in operation.

Indian Railways has also developed the WDG-4 series into EMD GT50AC (aka WDG-5), using a v20-710G prime mover, based on the SD80MAC, rated at 5,500 HP (4,130 kW). However, this locomotive has turned out to be a Failure, due to various reasons.

Since the year 2017, BLW (DLW then) began manufacturing such locomotives for Non-Railway Customers. The first such locomotive, which would be a Dual-Cab WDG-4D, rolled out to serve Odisha Power Generation Corporation (OPGC), in March 2017. Three WDG-4D locomotives currently serve OPGC. As of 2024, two new Single-Cab Piggy-face WDG-4 locomotives have been manufactured and rolled out for Obra Thermal Power Station, based at Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh.

Locomotive sheds

Non-Railway Operators

See also
Indian locomotive class WDP-4
List of diesel locomotives of India
Indian Railways
Rail transport in India

References

External links

Detailed Specifications for the WDG4

 

G-4
Co-Co locomotives
G46TMAC
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1997
Logitech G25. The Logitech G25 is an electronic steering wheel designed for sim racing video games on the PC, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3. It uses a USB interface.

Specifications
Its components are:
 A wheel:
 280 mm, leather-wrapped steering wheel.
 Range of rotation adjustable up to 900 degrees.
 2 force feedback motors.
 Only one set of gears between motors and wheel, including an anti-backlash design.
 2 paddleshifters.
 2 buttons.
 A set of stainless steel pedals, including:
 Accelerator. (light spring)
 Brake (heavy spring)
 Clutch. (medium spring)
 A carpet grip which keeps the pedals in position while playing.
 A shifter unit:
 8 buttons.
 1 D-pad.
 A leather knob/metal rod gear stick with a 6-speed 'H' pattern. Reverse is selected by pressing down and changing to 6th.
 A switch to change the gear stick to a sequential up-down mode.
Compared with other wheels in its class, the G25 is at the higher end of the range with an RRP of USD $299.99 or GBP £249.99. The higher cost is due to the inclusion of a number of features often not found in cheaper wheels.

A comparable wheel is the Fanatec 911 Porsche wheel, although it does not use any metal in its exterior construction.

In 2010, the Logitech G25 was superseded with the Logitech G27 steering wheel.

See also

 Logitech 'G' series
 Logitech G27
 Steering wheel
 Logitech Driving Force Pro
 Racing game
 Sim racing
 Thrustmaster
 Fanatec

References

 Review: Logitech G25 Racing Wheel - technology | Stuff.co.nz
 Logitech G25 racing Wheel | itespresso.es
 Hardware 3/2007: Logitech G25 Racing Wheel - chytne a nepustí! – Novinky.cz
 Klett, Steve (December 2006). "G25 Racing Wheel." Maximum PC Magazine.
 Logitech G25 Racing Wheel review | Ars Technica

External links
 G25 on Logitech's website

Game controllers
Computer peripherals
Computing input devices
G25
Fiocruz Genome Comparison Project. The Fiocruz Genome Comparison Project is a collaborative effort involving Brazil's Oswaldo Cruz Institute and IBM's World Community Grid, designed to produce a database comparing the genes from many genomes with each other using SSEARCH. The program SSEARCH performs a rigorous Smith–Waterman alignment between a protein sequence and another protein sequence, a protein database, a DNA or a DNA library.

The nature of the computation in the project allows it to easily take advantage of volunteer computing. This, along with the likely humanitarian benefits of the research, has led the World Community Grid (a volunteer computing grid that uses idle computer clock time) to run the Fiocruz project. All products are in the public domain by contract with WCG.

Description
The problem is that a very large information body (structural, functional, cross-references, etc.) is attached to protein database entries. Once entered the information is rarely updated or corrected. This annotation of predicted protein function is often incomplete, uses non-standard nomenclature or can be incorrect when cross referenced from previous sometimes incorrectly annotated sequences. Additionally, many proteins composed of several structural and/or functional domains are overlooked by automated systems. The comparative information today is huge when compared to the early days of genomics. A single error is compounded and then made complex.

The Genome Comparison Project performs a complete pairwise comparison between all predicted protein sequences, obtaining indices used (together with standardized Gene Ontology) as a reference repository for the annotator community. The project provides invaluable data sources for biologists. The sequence similarity comparison program used in the Genome Comparison Project is called SSEARCH. This program mathematically finds best local alignment between sequence pairs, and is a freely available implementation of the Smith–Waterman algorithm.

SSEARCH's use makes possible a precise annotation, inconsistencies correction, and possible functions assignment to hypothetical proteins of unknown function. Moreover, proteins with multiple domains and functional elements are correctly spotted. Even distant relationships are detected.

See also
 Comparative genomics

Notes

External links
Genome Comparison Project
World Community Grid Project

Genomics
Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing projects
Volunteer computing projects
MV Kitsap (1925). The M/V Kitsap was a ferry built in 1925 at the Lake Washington Shipyard in Houghton, Washington (now part of Kirkland).  She was  long, and her original capacity in 1925 was 95 cars and approximately 800 passengers.  By 1960, cars had become much bigger and her capacity was reduced to 32 modern automobiles and 325 passengers.  A 600-horsepower Estep diesel engine allowed her to sail at  when originally built.  Almost every part of her was from Washington state; her hull and superstructure were built from Washington-grown fir, and her Estep engine was built in at Washington Iron Works in Tacoma.

She was owned originally by the Kitsap County Transportation Company (KCTC), and was the first in a series of ferries (the others being the  and ) that provided some serious competition to the Puget Sound Navigation Company (PSN), which was the other dominant ferry operator on Puget Sound.  She first entered service on the Fauntleroy-Vashon route and sailed there until 1930 when she was moved over to the Suquamish-Ballard route.

A strike in 1935 resulted in KCTC being acquired by PSN, making PSN the sole ferry operator on Puget Sound.  PSN kept her on the Suquamish-Ballard route until 1938, when they moved her to the Mukilteo-Clinton ferry route.  In 1940, she was on the Port Townsend-Keystone ferry route but returned to Mukilteo-Clinton a year later, where she remained until World War II ended.  She was assigned to the Point Defiance-Tahlequah run from 1947 to 1949.

In 1951, almost all of PSN's ferries and routes were acquired by Washington State Ferries (WSF), including the ferry Kitsap.  She was assigned to the Lofall-South Point route across Hood Canal, where she supplemented the newer .

The Hood Canal Bridge opened in 1961, and WSF no longer needed the Kitsap. In 1961, she was sold to the Oregon Department of Transportation for use on the Astoria–Megler ferry route across the Columbia River. In 1966, the Astoria–Megler Bridge opened, putting the Kitsap and other ferries that served the route out of service. Kitsap was sold to a private party to be used as a fish cannery. 

She sank while being towed to Alaska on 3 November 1966.

A new, much larger ferry with the same name was built in 1980, and is still in service on Puget Sound.

References

Washington State Ferries vessels
Kitsap County Transportation Company
Puget Sound Navigation Company
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard
Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation. The Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation (ULE) is a data link layer protocol for the transportation of network layer packets over MPEG transport streams.

Because of the very low protocol overhead, it is especially suited for IP over Satellite services (where every bit counts). Such a system is for example DVB-S. However, ULE can also be used in the context of DVB-C and DVB-T, theoretically in every system which is based on MPEG transport streams (e.g., ATSC).

ULE has been engineered by the IP over DVB (ipdvb) working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and has been standardized in RFC 4326.

Another encapsulation method is Multiprotocol Encapsulation (MPE), which was developed and standardized by the DVB project.

See also 
 MPEG-2
 Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE)
 Multiprotocol Encapsulation (MPE)
 Datacasting
 Internet Protocol Datacasting (IPDC) for DVB-H
 UDcast
 Interactive television

Implementations 
Software: 
Linux Kernel,  
ulenet for Windows XP,  

The ipdvb Working Group maintains a list of ULE implementations.

References

External links 
IP over DVB (ipdvb) Working Group

MPEG
Broadcast engineering
Interactive television
Link protocols
Logical link control
Differentiated security. Differentiated security is a form of computer security that deploys a range of different security policies and mechanisms according to the identity and context of a user or transaction.

This makes it much more difficult to scale or replicate attacks, since each cluster/individual has a different security profile and there should be no common weaknesses.

One way of achieving this is by subdividing the population into small differentiated clusters.  At the extreme, each individual belongs to a different class.

See also
Differentiated service (design pattern)

External links
Differentiated security in wireless networks Andreas Johnsson, 2002.

Computer security procedures
Pneumatic barrier. A pneumatic barrier is a method to contain oil spills. It is also called a bubble curtain. Air bubbling through a perforated pipe causes an upward water flow that slows the spread of oil. It can also be used to stop fish from entering polluted water. A further application of the pneumatic barrier is to decrease the salt-water exchange in navigation locks and prevent salt intrusion in rivers.
. 
Pneumatic barriers are also known as air curtains.
The pneumatic barrier is a (non-patented) invention of the Dutch engineer Johan van Veen from around 1940 
.

A pneumatic barrier is an active (as opposed to passive) method of waterway oil spill control.  (An example of a passive method would be a containment boom.)

Method of operation

The pneumatic barrier consists of a perforated pipe and a compressed air source.  Air escaping from the pipe provides a "hump" of rising water and air which contains the oil spill.  Anchors to keep the pipe in a particular spot are helpful. In case of a density current due to salinity differences the barrier mixes the salt water, but also slows down the speed of the density current.

Unique considerations

At water-current speeds exceeding one foot per second, the pneumatic barrier no longer functions effectively, limiting deployable sites.

Environmental issues

The release of compressed air in the water adds oxygen to the local environment.  This may be particularly useful in areas that have become a dead zone due to eutrophication. 

Air curtains may have another application. Dolphin and whale beaching has increased with the rise in ocean temperatures. On Thursday February 12th, 2017, a group of nearly 400 whales beached near Golden Bay on the tip of New Zealand’s South Island, following a similar incident earlier that week. The simplicity of an air curtain system, requiring only air compressors and perforated hoses, could allow for rapid deployment and create aerated zones of oxygenated seawater during a marine emergency.

Air curtains are also used to control the release of smoke particles into the environment. After a natural disaster, or during brush clearing activities, debris is disposed of by incineration in either a ceramic or earth pit containment. Similar to an air curtain to separate indoor air from outdoor air, for instance in restaurants and walk-in refrigerators, a powerful air curtain can defeat the chimney effect of the incineration process to eliminate any smoke from a brush incinerator. The air curtain acts as a lid on the process, and forces the smoke back into the fuel bed for a cleaner burn.

Disadvantages
Like all active systems of any type, a mechanical failure can result in total failure of protection.

External links

Development of an air bubble curtain to reduce underwater noise of percussive piling  Marine Environmental Research 49(2000)79-93, Elsevier  Retrieved 2/16/2017  

Bubble Curtains: Can They Dampen Offshore Energy Sound for Whales?  National Geographic  Retrieved 2/16/2017

You Tube: How an Air Curtain Works  by Berner International  Retrieved 2/16/2017

Fluid dynamics
Pollution