omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Copydex. Copydex is a common latex-based rubber cement in the UK. It can be easily recognised by its characteristic "fishy" odour. It has been owned since 1986 by Henkel.

Uses
Also known as "fishy glue" this contact adhesive is commonly used when sticking a variety of materials, such as paper, board, upholstery, and carpet. It is used widely by model makers as a "mask" to protect areas during airbrushing. It can be used as an alternative to Table Tennis glue. Copydex is also frequently used to apply false eyelashes in the theatre to make sure they stay on during entire performances.

Composition
Unlike many other rubber cements, it consists of latex dissolved in water.  As such it is relatively non-toxic and so is frequently used in primary schools. It also contains ammonia to stabilise the rubber solution. This is the source of its characteristic smell.

References

Adhesives
Béla Gerster. Béla Gerster also known by his Slovak name as Vojtech Mikuláš Gerster (20 October 1850 – 3 August 1923) was a Hungarian engineer and canal architect.  He took part in an early expedition to determine the route of the Panama Canal, and was the chief engineer of the Corinth Canal.

Early life and education
Béla Gerster was born in 1850 at Kassa (then in the Austrian Empire, at present in Slovakia’s Košice) . He graduated from the Vienna University of Technology and he also started his profession in this city as a civil engineer.

Career
As an expert on water constructions, Gerster accompanied Lucien Bonaparte-Wyse and Lt. Armand Réclus in two expeditions in 1876-1878 commissioned to locate the most suitable route for an interoceanic canal. The leaders of the team wrote a report claiming that s sea-level canal across the Panama Isthmus was feasible. Gerster wrote a minority report pointing out the inadequate nature of the survey and the potential difficulties of the project, but was unable to find a publisher.

After István Türr was granted permission by the Greek government to revive the long abandoned idea works of cutting through of the Corinthian Isthmus (it was Emperor Nero who first attempted this in 68 AD). Gerster was given charge over making the plans in 1881. Afterwards he supervised the whole project as the chief engineer of the canal building company; his co-workers in this endeavour were another four Hungarian engineers: István Kauser, László Nyári, Garibaldi Pulszky and István Stéghmüller. The construction lasted for 11 years (1882–1893). The Corinth Canal is 6,343 metres long; its width amounts to 25 metres, its depth 8 metres and the earth cliffs flanking it reach a maximum height of 63 metres.
Gerster wrote about his experiences in his Hungarian-French bilingual book "A korinthusi földszoros és átmetszése" / "Cutting through the Corinthian Isthmus". This book features a lot of photographs, construction drawings and maps. He also laid out a railway line from Athens to Larisa.

He participated in the development of István Türr's monumental plans of water-supply engineering in Hungary. Later on he conducted the designing, construction and building of 13 major railway lines in Hungary. Lastly, in 1919 he administered the works at the Duna-Tisza Canal. He died in Budapest, Hungary in 1923.

See also

 History of the Panama Canal

References

Further reading
Bela Gerster, "L'Isthme de Corinthe: tentatives de percement dans l'antiquité", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 8 (1884), pp. 225–232

External links
 

1850 births
1923 deaths
People from Košice
TU Wien alumni
Danube-Swabian people
Hungarian people of German descent
Hungarian architects
Hungarian canal engineers
Engineers from Austria-Hungary
Depensation. In population dynamics, depensation is the effect on a population (such as a fish stock) whereby, due to certain causes, a decrease in the breeding population (mature individuals) leads to reduced production and survival of eggs or offspring. The causes may include predation levels rising per offspring (given the same level of overall predator pressure) and the Allee effect, particularly the reduced likelihood of finding a mate.

Critical depensation
When the level of depensation is high enough that the population is no longer able to sustain itself, it is said to be a critical depensation. This occurs when the population size has a tendency to decline when the population drops below a certain level (known as the "Critical depensation level"). Ultimately this may lead to the population or fishery's collapse (resource depletion), or even local extinction.

The phenomenon of critical depensation may be modelled or defined by a negative second order derivative of population growth rate with respect of population biomass, which describes a situation where a decline in population biomass is not compensated by a corresponding increase in marginal growth per unit of biomass.

See also 

Abundance (ecology)
Conservation biology
Local extinction
Overexploitation
Overfishing
Small population size
Threatened species

References

External links
Optimal harvesting in the presence of critical depensation
On line source of definitions and other fish info

Extinction
Ecological processes
Population dynamics
Brownmillerite. Brownmillerite is a rare oxide mineral with chemical formula . It is named for Lorrin Thomas Brownmiller (1902–1990), chief chemist of the Alpha Portland Cement Company, Easton, Pennsylvania.

Discovery and occurrence

The chemical compound was first recognized in 1932 and named for the chemist who identified it. The naturally occurring mineral form of the compound was first recognized in 1964 for occurrences in the Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen-Koblenz, Germany.

At the type locality the mineral occurs within limestone blocks that are contained in a volcanic flow. The limestone blocks had undergone thermal metamorphism. The mineral also occurs in the thermally altered strata of the Hatrurim Formation of Israel. Minerals associated with brownmillerite in the Mayen locality include calcite, ettringite, wollastonite, larnite, mayenite, gehlenite, diopside, pyrrhotite, grossular, spinel, afwillite, jennite, portlandite and jasmundite. In an Austrian occurrence near Kloch, melilite, mayenite, wollastonite, kalsilite and corundum are found. Within the Hatrurim area spurrite, larnite and mayenite are associated.

The mineral is similar to the calcium aluminoferrite phases which are commonly found as components of Portland cement.

Use as a catalyst

Brownmillerite has been found to be a highly active oxygen evolution reaction catalyst in neutral pH.

See also
 Ye'elimite, , a rare natural anhydrous calcium sulfoaluminate

References

Oxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 46
NinJo. NinJo is a meteorological software system. It is a community project of the German Weather Service, the Meteorological Service of Canada, the Danish Meteorological Institute, MeteoSwiss, and the German Bundeswehr. It consists of modules for monitoring weather events, editing point forecasts and viewing meteorological data. An additional batch component is able to render graphical products off-line, these may, for example, be visualized by a web service. Essentially it is a client—server system an implemented fully with the programming language Java.

NinJo was initiated by the German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD) and the German army (Bundeswehr Geo Information Service, BGIS) in 2000. Since 2006, NinJo has been used operationally. NinJo is licensed for weather services, organisations and universities not taking part in the development consortium.

Description 

NinJo is a client-server system with interactive displays on the client side fed by batch applications implemented on the server. The system is programmed entirely in Java and can easily be extended by further layers and applications according to user-specific requirements. The workstation fed by the servers can be installed on different operating systems (e.g. Unix, Linux and Microsoft Windows), avoiding importing the source code onto the specific operating system.

The NinJo Server imports a variety of meteorological data, such as METAR reports, weather radar and weather satellite images and numerical weather prediction (NWP) outputs, through dedicated file handling programs, and make them accessible to the client displays.

The client is a NinJo workstation which presents data in separate layers. Users can add as many layers to a NinJo scene as they want with all layers show time-synchronised data for the same map area. The layers show geo-referenced data, not fix images, so the screen display is always done directly from the data and interactive probing using the mouse is giving the values of the original data, not a scale extracted one. The data are stored in native format, rather than stored in a common internal format, avoiding degradation in zooms and always keeping the full details and resolution of the original data.

The layers are independent, can be added and removed from the scenes separately, and be set visible or invisible. Layers can be arranged in any order the users want enabling them to arrange all data types according to their specific needs. Scenes can be set for:
Visualisation of weather products
Monitoring the state of data input
Production of weather warnings
Interactive editing of texts
Configuration of NinJo batch products

Different tools are available for enhancing or interrogating the displays. For example, it is possible to do vertical cross-sections in a layered scene, extracting the vertical structure of NWP or radars data.

References

External links 
 
 
 

Science software
Graphic software in meteorology
Weather prediction
Bundeswehr
Meteorological Service of Canada
Bunsen cell. The Bunsen cell is a zinc-carbon primary cell (colloquially called a "battery") composed of a zinc anode in dilute sulfuric acid separated by a porous pot from a carbon cathode in nitric or chromic acid.

Cell details 

The Bunsen cell generates about 1.9 volts which arises from the following reaction:

 Zn + H2SO4 + 2 HNO3  ZnSO4 + 2 H2O + 2 NO2(g)

According to the reaction above, when 1 mole (or part) each of zinc and sulfuric acid react with 2 moles (or parts) of nitric acid, the resultant products formed are, 1 mole (or part) of zinc sulfate and 2 moles (or parts) each of water and nitrogen dioxide (gaseous, in the form of bubbles).

The cell is named after its inventor, German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, who improved upon the Grove cell by replacing Grove's expensive platinum cathode with carbon in the form of pulverized coal and coke. Like Grove's battery, Bunsen's emitted noxious fumes of nitrogen dioxide.

Bunsen used this cell to extract metals. Henri Moissan used a stack of 90 cells for the electrolysis of hydrogen fluoride to obtain fluorine for the first time.

See also
 History of the battery
 List of battery types
 Battery nomenclature

References

Further reading

External links

Bunsen "Battery"

Battery types

fr:Pile électrique#Piles à dépolarisation
Cook–Craigie plan. In aviation, the Cook–Craigie plan is an approach to the development process of civil and military aircraft, designed to reduce the time needed to bring a new design into service. In the late 1940s, US Air Force Major Generals Laurence C. Craigie, deputy chief of staff for development, and Orval R. Cook, deputy chief of staff for materiel, proposed that new designs should move directly into the production phase without the construction of prototypes. Since then, this approach has been used in an increasing number of aviation projects.

Method
In traditional aircraft design, after the design drawings (or "blueprints") are prepared, a small series of prototype aircraft are constructed in order to test the concept. Data from the flight tests influences the revisions that are made to the design. If these changes are wide-ranging and/or significant, more prototypes have to be built. Once the prototype cycle is complete, the development can enter the "pre-production" stage and further evaluation. Once this stage is completed satisfactorily, series production can begin.

The Cook–Craigie plan promoted the elimination of the entire prototype cycle and entering straight into the pre-production stage. If these examples flew as expected, production could start immediately. The plan required considerable confidence in the design from the outset; if the design had an inherent flaw, the jigs used during pre-production would have to be replaced. The plan seems inherently more dangerous than the traditional prototype cycle, but Cook and Craigie argued that for the advanced designs that were entering service in the late 1940s, any prototype was likely to be so different from the production variant that any data collected could be entirely misleading. Moreover, since several aircraft designs are typically ordered for competitive testing, the chance that all of the designs would fail is extremely low, and if even one design passes testing, it can immediately enter production.

One of the first designs to use the plan was the F-102 Delta Dagger. Although this design had a number of new features, it was based to a large degree on the earlier XF-92 prototype, and thus considered to be a fairly well understood design. This confidence proved to be misplaced, as the F-102 underwent a lengthy series of upgrades, and was eventually replaced in service by a redesigned version, the F-106 Delta Dart. Another example of the Cook–Craigie method is the development of the Avro CF-105 Arrow, which passed through the testing phase with few required changes.

As the potential of computer-aided design has increased since the 1950s, aircraft designs have generally performed much closer to their original goals. For example, the production specification of the Boeing 777 was within 20 lb of its predicted weight. Today the Cook–Craigie approach is used as standard, and no longer known as such.

References

Aircraft components
Industrial processes
National Center for Appropriate Technology. The National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) is an American organization headquartered in Butte, Montana, that is dedicated to appropriate technology and sustainability. Projects specifically deal with sustainable energy, sustainable agriculture and food, sustainable living, farm energy, and climate change. The center was created in 1976 by the merger of several energy conservation programs started after the 1973 oil crisis.

It carries out projects within the United States, especially in poor rural areas. It has regional offices in Davis, California; Fayetteville, Arkansas; San Antonio, Texas; Jackson, Mississippi; and Keene, New Hampshire.

Its headquarters is located in the former Silver Bow County Poor Farm Hospital, which is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

ATTRA

Since the farm crisis in the 1980s, NCAT has operated ATTRA, the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. The program goal is to provide technical assistance to farmers throughout the nation in succeeding with sustainable, organic and regenerative agriculture. 

ATTRA was originally an acronym for "Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas" which has since fallen out of use and is just "ATTRA".

See also
 Small Business Technology Transfer programs, which are usually connected with Small Business Innovation Research programs (for example, the USDA agricultural SBIR)

References

External links 
Official site

Organizations established in 1976
1976 establishments in the United States
1976 mergers and acquisitions
Organizations based in Montana
Butte, Montana
Appropriate technology organizations
Association of Independent Technological Universities. The Association of Independent Technological Universities (AITU) is a group of private American engineering colleges established in 1957. The purpose of the association is to share ideas and practices that promote innovation and entrepreneurship, promote technology-oriented careers and advance post-secondary education in engineering and science.

Member institutions
The Association of Independent Technological Universities was founded by fifteen colleges. Since then, two of the original institutions have left the association (after having expanded from their original scope as technological universities) and many of the remaining thirteen have undergone name changes and/or mergers. In addition, nine more colleges have joined the association for a total of twenty-two current members.

Original members
California Institute of Technology
Carnegie Institute of Technology
Case Institute of Technology
Clarkson College of Technology
Cooper Union
Drexel Institute
Illinois Institute of Technology
Lehigh University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rice Institute
Rose Polytechnic Institute
Stevens Institute of Technology
Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Current members
California Institute of Technology
Carnegie Mellon University
Case Western Reserve University
Clarkson University
Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering
Florida Institute of Technology
Illinois Institute of Technology
Kettering University
Lawrence Technological University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Milwaukee School of Engineering
New York Institute of Technology
New York University Tandon School of Engineering
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rochester Institute of Technology
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Stevens Institute of Technology
Webb Institute
Worcester Polytechnic Institute

References

External links
 Official website

College and university associations and consortia in the United States
Engineering university associations and consortia
Urban mining. Urban mining is the recovery of building materials from buildings. This means that materials can be removed from a building in various stages from the point it is deemed that the building is to be removed at end-of-life, or renovated, retrofitted, or remodeled. Without affecting the major structure, equipment, fixtures, furnishings, finishes, and even non-structural components, like windows, doors, and divider walls, can be removed, when permitted, for their value in reuse or recycling or upcycling as raw materials into new products.

Additionally, at the end-of-life of a building, demolition and disposal have been the established process of removal of buildings and their materials, but recycling of major materials, such as steel and concrete, have become common. Beyond that, there is the burgeoning industry of deconstruction of buildings, which is the careful dismantling of a building for its components and elements, all the resources within that can be reused (which is ideal), or recycled. It is estimated that as much as 95% of a typical American house can be reused or recycled, given access to a variety of means of processing (gypsum board, lumber, etc.) and - importantly - exposure of these materials to willing purchasers.

The name was coined in the 1980s by Hideo Nanjyo of the Research Institute of Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy at Tohoku University and the idea has gained significant traction in Japan (and in other parts of Asia) in the 21st century. Research published by the Japanese government's National Institute of Materials Science in 2010 estimated that there were 6,800 tonnes of gold recoverable from used electronic equipment in Japan.

Originally, an urban mine is the stockpile of rare metals in the discarded waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) of a society. Urban mining is the process of recovering these rare metals through mechanical and chemical treatments.  In 1997, recycled gold accounted for approximately 20% of the 2700 tons of gold supplied to the market.

References

Sources

Further reading 
 

Electronic waste
Mining
Recycling
Electricity (disambiguation). Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of electric charge.

Electricity may also refer to:

Film and television
 Electricity (film), a film released in 2014
 "Electricity", an episode of Afterworld
 "Electricity", a Series E episode of the television series QI (2007)
 "Electricity", an episode of The Science Alliance
 "Electricity, Electricity", an episode of Schoolhouse Rock!

Music

Albums
 Electricity (album), by Peter Jefferies
 Electricity, by Paul Janz
 Electricity, by Electones

Songs
 "Electricity" (The Avalanches song)
 "Electricity" (Captain Beefheart song)
 "Electricity" (Elton John song)
 "Electricity" (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark song)
 "Electricity" (Silk City and Dua Lipa song)
 "Electricity" (Suede song)
 "Electricity", by Anathema from A Natural Disaster
 "Electricity", by Blood Axis
 "Electricity", by Elisa from Lotus
 "Electricity", by Headless Chickens from Greedy
 "Electricity", by Longview from Mercury
 "Electricity", by Lync from Remembering the Fireballs (Part 8)
 "Electricity", by Midnight Star from No Parking on the Dance Floor
 "Electricity", by Joni Mitchell from For the Roses
 "Electricity", by Kompressor from World Domination
 "Electricity", by Moby from "Drop a Beat"
 "Electricity", by Monrose from I Am
 "Electricity", by Motörhead from Bad Magic
 "Electricity", by Pet Shop Boys from Bilingual
 "Electricity", by Spiritualized from Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space
 "Electricity", by Something for Kate from Beautiful Sharks
 "Electricity", by 311 from Transistor
 "Electricity, Electricity", from TV-series Schoolhouse Rock!, released on Schoolhouse Rock! Soundtrack
 covered by Goodness on Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks

Other uses in music
 Electricity: OMD with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, a concert film

Books
Electricity, 1995 novel by Victoria Glendinning
Electricity, 2006 novel by Ray Robinson

See also
 
 Electric (disambiguation)
 Electric City (disambiguation)