omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BFS. BFS may refer to:

Science and technology
Big Falcon Ship, precursor of SpaceX Starship
Benign fasciculation syndrome, a neurological disorder
Blow fill seal, a manufacturing technique

Computing
 Basic feasible solution, in linear programming
 Be File System, the native file system for the Be Operating System
 Best-first search, a path finding algorithm
 Boot File System, a file system used on UnixWare to store files necessary to its boot process
 Breadth-first search, a graph search algorithm 
 Brain Fuck Scheduler, a process scheduler for the Linux kernel

Organisations
BFS Group, foodservice wholesaler and distributor
Bournemouth Film School, part of Arts University Bournemouth
Basketball Federation of Slovenia, sports governing body
 Bibby Financial Services, UK-based multinational financial services provider
 Bio Fuel Systems, a Spanish company using captured CO2 to create fuel
 British Fantasy Society, a group dedicated to promoting the best in the fantasy, science fiction and horror genres
 Bureau of the Fiscal Service, a US Treasury Department bureau
 Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection
 Federal Statistical Office (Switzerland) (, BfS)
 Beltane Fire Society, arts charity based in Edinburgh, Scotland that organises twice-yearly festivals
 Brooklyn Friends School, school in Brooklyn, New York, United States
 Busan Foreign School, school in Busan, South Korea

Other uses
 Beatles for Sale, a 1964 album by The Beatles
 Bowling for Soup, a rock band based in Denton, Texas, US
 Belfast International Airport (IATA airport code)
High Productivity Computing Systems. High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) is a DARPA project for developing a new generation of economically viable high productivity computing systems for national security and industry in the 2002–10 timeframe; an extenuated research specialization that's from High-Performance Computing Systems.

The HPC Challenge (High-performance computers challenge) is part of the project. An HPCS goal is to create a multi petaflop systems.

Participants
 at phase I, II and III
 IBM with PERCS (Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computer System) based on  POWER7 processor, X10, AIX and Linux operating systems and General Parallel File System
 Cray with Cascade, Chapel and Lustre filesystem
 at phase I and II
 Sun Microsystems with proximity communication and research projects of silicon photonics, object-based storage, the Fortress programming language, interval computing
 MIT Lincoln Laboratory
 at phase I only
 HP
 Silicon Graphics (SGI)
 MITRE

Also (status unknown from official site):

 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
 Los Alamos National Laboratory

A vivid description of this type of work was given by James Bamford in his March 15, 2012 article:

See also
 Exascale computing program
 Multiprogram Research Facility

References

External links
 HPC Challenge
 Last valid Waybackmachine cache of DARPA site's section about HPCS
 DARPA Selects Cray and IBM for Final Phase of HPCS

DARPA
Parallel computing
DARPA projects
Proximity communication. Proximity communication is a Sun microsystems technology of wireless chip-to-chip communications. Partly by Robert Drost and Ivan Sutherland. Research done as part of High Productivity Computing Systems DARPA project.

Proximity communication replaces wires by capacitive coupling, promises significant increase in communications speed between chips in an electronic system, among other benefits. Partially funded by a $50 million award from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Comparing traditional area ball bonding, proximity communication has one order smaller scale, so it can be two order denser (in terms of connection number/PIN) than ball bonding. This technique requires very good alignment between chips and very small gaps between transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) parts (2-3 micrometers), which can be destroyed by thermal expansion, vibration, dust, etc.

Chip transmitter consists (according to presentation slide) of big 32x32 array of very small Tx micropads, 4x4 array of bigger Rx micropads (four times bigger than tx micropad), and two linear arrays of 14 X vernier and 14 Y vernier.

Proximity communication can be used with 3D packing on chips in Multi-Chip Module, allowing to connect several MCM without sockets and wires. 

Speed was up to 1.35 Gbit/s/channel in tests of 16 channel systems. BER < 10−12. Static power is 3.6 mW/channel, dynamic power is 3.9 pJ/bit.

External links 

 Slides by Robert J. Drost
 List of Drost patents in Sun, most of which is about Proximity communication

Semiconductors
Semiconductor technology
Microtechnology
Sun Microsystems
RBD (disambiguation). RBD is a Mexican pop band formed in 2004.

RBD may also refer to:

Biology and psychology 
 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
 Receptor binding domain
 Recurrent brief depression

Computing 
 Rational Business Developer, an IDE from IBM
 RADOS Block Device, a feature of the Ceph (software) storage management system
 Amiga rigid disk block (RDB), the root block of the Amiga disk partitioning structure
 Robot Programming by demonstration, programming a robot by performing the desired task

Transport 
 Dallas Executive Airport, Texas, United States (IATA:RBD)
 , or railway divisions in Germany

Other uses 
 Reliability block diagram, a method for evaluating system reliability
 River Basin District, a European Union designation per the Water Framework Directive
 "Refined, bleached, and deodorized", a designation for some processed natural oils, such as palm oil
PHB (bicycle). The PHB was a bicycle, power-assisted by an electric motor that gets its power from a hydrogen fuel cell. It was manufactured by Pearl (SPHPST.Co). A concept version was unveiled at the 9th China International Exhibition on Gas Technology, Equipment and Applications in 2007. The vehicle weighed approximately 32 kilograms and used a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell to generate about 200 Watts.

It was able to reach approximately 25 km/h, and the company stated that, on a full tank, it could be ridden a distance of 60 to 100 kilometres. The motor was a brushless motor. The bike was announced in 2007 to sell for approximately US$2500, but no hydrogen supply network was available.

See also
 Hydrogen vehicle
 Electric bicycle

References

External links
 Valeswood ETD Ltd, UK

Motorized bicycles
Long-Range Reconnaissance and Observation System. Long-Range Reconnaissance and Observation System or LORROS is a sensor system developed by Elbit Systems to provide long-range daytime and night-time surveillance. The unit consists of Forward looking infrared (FLIR) and Charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors. Optional components include eyesafe laser rangefinder, built-in compass and inclinometer, which provide UTM location mapping. The unit can be operated remotely with a control unit for up to 100 meters, which can be extended to several kilometers using fiber link.  

The sensor unit comes with a tripod; it can also be mounted on vehicles or installed on towers. LORROS is one of the sensor components selected for the initial phase of SBInet program of United States Department of Homeland Security.

References

Image sensors
Steve Rabin. Steve Rabin is an American software engineer, college instructor, and editor/author who specializes in the field of video game artificial intelligence. He is best known as the chief editor of the AI Game Programming Wisdom series of books and as an author in the Game Programming Gems series of books. Rabin is currently a principal software engineer at Nintendo of America and an instructor at both the DigiPen Institute of Technology and the University of Washington Extension.

AI Game Programming Wisdom series 
Rabin has had a significant impact on the field of game AI by driving the AI Game Programming Wisdom series. With 246 articles from industry experts contained in the four volumes, this source of information on techniques and algorithms from commercial games has dwarfed other sources of game AI information, such as the Game Developers Conference which typically features fewer than half a dozen game AI presentations each year. As such, this has allowed implementation details about a great deal of groundbreaking AI to be widely known, such as empathy learning in Black & White by Richard Evans, planning in F.E.A.R. by Jeff Orkin, and agent reputation systems in Fable by Adam Russell. By leading the effort to publish commercial game AI techniques, Rabin has become a top figure in the field of game AI.

Game credits 
 HyperBlade (1996), AI programmer
 Microsoft Baseball 3D 1998 Edition (1998), AI programmer
 Dungeon Siege (2002), AI programmer

References

American video game programmers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Specification tree. A specification tree shows all specifications of a technical system under development in a hierarchical order.

For a spacecraft system it has the following levels:
 System (requirements) specification - generated by customer
 System (design to) specification - generated by system responsible prime contractor
 Subsystem specifications - generated by system responsible prime contractor
 Assembly specifications - generated by subsystem responsible contractors
 Unit specifications - generated by subsystem (or assembly) responsible contractors.

References

Product development
Systems engineering
EXC code. EXC is a condensed matter physics many-body theory software package implementing the Bethe–Salpeter equation in frequency-reciprocal space and on a plane wave basis set. Its purpose is to calculate, ab initio, dielectric and optical properties, like absorption, reflectivity, refraction index, electron and X-ray energy loss, for a large variety of systems, ranging from bulk systems, surfaces, to clusters or atoms. It is distributed under the GNU/GPL license.

See also 

 ABINIT
 DP code
 YAMBO code
 PWscf
 Quantum chemistry computer programs

References 

Physics software
Computational chemistry software
Remote data transmission. Remote data transmission (RDT) was a term used in the 1980s, primarily in Germany, for the transmission of data between computers over a medium using a communications protocol. At the time, the most widespread form was RDT over the telephone network.
Other transmission media like radio waves or light were also used. Most RDT now uses the Internet.

In German speaking areas, RDT is used in the special sense of the considerably more narrowly defined Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).

Systems for remote administration of facilities and remote control adjustments may use remote data transmission standards.

To be transmittable, data must be appropriately prepared for the medium. For this, special hardware, e.g., a modem or an ISDN card is necessary.

History 
When remote data transmission began, data were exchanged by the use of diskettes, magnetic tape, punched tape and dispatched via courier (the so-called sneaker net).   	

In the beginning, electronic remote data transmission was also accomplished through special adapters on special data or telex lines, teleprinter, serial ports, and analog telephone] or over simple radio connections.

Acoustic couplers that could be attached to a normal telephone handset, and later modems, were used.

RDT achieved great significance for private users at the end of the 1980s with the arrival of local and global bulletin board systems like FidoNet and CompuServe. Many of these systems later had internet access via computer gateways, but they were mostly discontinued by the end of the 1990s with the internet rise to dominance.

Communication between PCs through the internet is also a form of remote data transmission.

Methods and transmission standards 
 Wireless LAN
 RS-232
 V.90
 ISDN
 DSL with the variations ADSL, ADSL2+, SDSL and VDSL
 Ethernet
 Bluetooth
 GSM with the extensions HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE
 UMTS with the extension HSDPA
 IrDA

See also 
 start bit
 stop bit
 parity bit
 baudrate
flow control
 data rate
 Hayes command set
 electronic banking

References

Broadcast engineering
Digital technology
Xeroradiography. Xeroradiography is a type of X-ray imaging in which a picture of the body is recorded on paper rather than on film. In this technique, a plate of selenium, which rests on a thin layer of aluminium oxide, is charged uniformly by passing it in front of a scorotron.
The process was developed by engineer Dr. Robert C. McMaster in 1950.

As X-ray photon impinges on this amorphous coat of selenium, charges diffuse out, in proportion to energy content of the X-ray. This occurs as a result of photoconduction. The resulting imprint, in the form of charge distribution on the plate, attracts toner particles, which is then transferred to reusable paper plates. In contrast to conventional X-rays, photographic developers are not needed. Hence the term xeroradiography; 'xero' meaning dry in Greek.
It requires more radiation exposure. Historically used in mammography prior to the advent of digital mammography.

Xeromammography is a form of xeroradiography.

References

External links 
 Xeroradiography entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

External links 

Radiography
Tony Fitzpatrick (engineer). Anthony James Fitzpatrick FREng HonFRIBA (1951-26 July 2003) was an eminent structural engineer and director of Arup.

Life and career

He graduated from Leeds University  in 1972 with a first class degree in civil engineering, having won the Holst Prize. He worked for Arup in the UK and in Iran, before joining the design team for the new British Library at St Pancras Station in 1978.

In 1982 he relocated to Hong Kong where he worked on the Hong Kong Bank headquarters, the Shanghai Hilton and Century Tower in Tokyo.

In 1987, when he returned to London, he was made a director of Arup. He later became a board member of the global Partnership and chairman of the Building Engineering Board.

In 2001 he became chairman of Arup’s Americas Division.

While in London, he worked on the designs for the new Tate Modern and 30 St Mary Axe in London as well as the *Shard of Glass, London Bridge, London

Fitzpatrick took over the Millennium Bridge design following its opening when it was found that it wobbled. He designed the measures to correct the wobble, including tuned mass dampers and viscous dampers.

In 2003, while working on the design for Heathrow's Terminal 5, Tony Fitzpatrick was killed in a road accident when his bicycle flipped, throwing him under a passing truck.

Unfinished projects

A number of Tony Fitzpatrick's design have not yet been built. They include:

Tour Sans Fin, Paris

References

British structural engineers
1951 births
2003 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Alfred P. Boller. Alfred Pancoast Boller (February 23, 1840 – December 9, 1912) was a civil engineer and bridge designer. He was the chief engineer on several bridge building projects during the late 1800 and early 1900s. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States, Boller graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. He co-founded an engineering company, Boller & Hodge, along with Henry Wilson Hodge that was based in New York City. Boller designed the third Market Street Bridge in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, several swing bridges over the Harlem River in New York City and the Connecticut River Bridge in Connecticut. He was also the chief engineer of Manhattan's elevated railroads.

References

1840 births
1912 deaths
American civil engineers
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
American bridge engineers
Isoenthalpic–isobaric ensemble. The isoenthalpic-isobaric ensemble (constant enthalpy and constant pressure ensemble) is a statistical mechanical ensemble that maintains constant enthalpy  and constant pressure  applied. It is also called the -ensemble, where the number of particles  is also kept as a constant. It was developed by physicist H. C. Andersen in 1980. The ensemble adds another degree of freedom, which represents the variable volume  of a system to which the coordinates of all particles are relative. The volume  becomes a dynamical variable with potential energy and kinetic energy given by . The enthalpy  is a conserved quantity.
Using isoenthalpic-isobaric ensemble of Lennard-Jones fluid, it was shown  that the Joule–Thomson coefficient and inversion curve can be computed directly from a single molecular dynamics simulation. A complete vapor-compression refrigeration cycle and a vapor–liquid coexistence curve, as well as a reasonable estimate of the supercritical point can be also simulated from this approach.
NPH simulation can be carried out using GROMACS and LAMMPS.

References 

Statistical ensembles
The Robot Who Looked Like Me. The Robot Who Looked Like Me is a collection of science fiction short stories by Robert Sheckley. It was first published in 1978 by Sphere Books. As with much of Sheckley's work in general, many of the stories are satirical and express the writer's criticism of modern American society. 

It includes the following stories (magazines in which the stories originally appeared given in parentheses):

 "The Robot Who Looked Like Me" (Cosmopolitan, 1973) A man builds a robot version of himself to free up extra spare time.
 "Slaves of Time" (Nova 4, 1974)
 "Voices" (Playboy, Oct 1973)
 "A Supplicant in Space" (Galaxy, Nov 1973, as "A Suppliant in Space".)
 "Zirn Left Unguarded, The Jenghik Palace in Flames, Jon Westerly Dead" (Nova 2, 1972)  A status report from a military outpost in space.
 "Sneak Previews" (Penthouse, Aug 1977)
 "Welcome to the Standard Nightmare" (Nova 3, 1973)
 "End City" (Galaxy, May 1974, with a different ending.)
 "The Never-Ending Western Movie" (Science Fiction Discoveries, 1976)  A day in the life of a television star who has been featured in a western for the last 20+ years.
 "What is Life?" (Playboy, Dec 1976) A traveler in Nepal is asked the title question by a Voice from the mountain 
 "I See a Man Sitting on a Chair, and the Chair is Biting His Leg" (The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Jan 1968; co-authored with Harlan Ellison, although Ellison is not credited in the book edition)  Concerns a man who is chased through a futuristic Las Vegas-like city by inanimate objects with an unnatural affection for him. 
 "Is That What People Do?" (Anticipations, 1978)  A man finds a pair of binoculars and uses them to observe people in nearby highrise buildings. 
 "Silversmith Wishes" (Playboy, May 1977)

1978 short story collections
Short story collections by Robert Sheckley
American short story collections
Sphere Books books
Caterpillar 345C L. The Caterpillar 345C L is a large hydraulic excavator manufactured by Caterpillar Inc. The 345C L, with 345 hp (257 kW) of net flywheel power, is classified as a large excavator by Caterpillar.  In Caterpillar's naming conventions, the last two digits indicate the excavator's weight in metric tonnes.  The 345C L is not named after its horsepower.  Rather, it is a coincidence that both use the number 345.  Caterpillar currently produces the 300 series, including the 345C L.

Specifications

Engine

Engine Model: Caterpillar C13 ACERT
Net Flywheel Power: 345 hp (257 kW)
Net Power (ISO 9249): 345 hp (257 kW)
Net Power (SAE J1349): 349 hp (257 kW)
Net Power (EEC 80/1269): 345 hp (257 kW)
Cylinders: 6

Weights
Operating Weight: 99,150 lb (44,970 kg)
Operating Weight (long undercarriage): 99,150 lb (44,970 kg)

Operating specifications
Max Reach at Ground Level: 42.5 ft (13.0 m)
Max Digging Depth: 29.3 ft (8.9 m)
Max Bucket Capacity: 5 yd³ (3.8 m³)
Nominal bucket weight: 3,880 lb (1,760 kg)
Bucket digging force (Normal): 39,300 lbf (175 kN) (

In the media
 "Episode 678: Auction Fever", Planet Money, January 22, 2016.

References

Caterpillar Inc. vehicles
Tracked vehicles
Excavators
Hume-Rothery rules. Hume-Rothery rules, named after William Hume-Rothery, are a set of basic rules that describe the conditions under which an element could dissolve in a metal, forming a solid solution.  There are two sets of rules; one refers to substitutional solid solutions, and the other refers to interstitial solid solutions.

Substitutional solid solution rules
For substitutional solid solutions, the Hume-Rothery rules are as follows:

 The atomic radius of the solute and solvent atoms must differ by no more than 15%:

 The crystal structures of solute and solvent must be similar.
 Complete solubility occurs when the solvent and solute have the same valency.  A metal is more likely to dissolve a metal of higher valency, than vice versa.
 The solute and solvent should have  similar electronegativity. If the electronegativity difference is too great, the metals tend to form intermetallic compounds instead of solid solutions.

Interstitial solid solution rules
For interstitial solid solutions, the Hume-Rothery Rules are:

 Solute atoms should have a smaller radius than 59% of the radius of solvent atoms.  
 The solute and solvent should have similar electronegativity.
 Valency factor: two elements should have the same valence. The greater the difference in valence between solute and solvent atoms, the lower the solubility.

Solid solution rules for multicomponent systems
Fundamentally, the Hume-Rothery rules are restricted to binary systems that form either substitutional or interstitial solid solutions. However, this approach limits assessing advanced alloys which are commonly multicomponent systems. Free energy diagrams (or phase diagrams) offer in-depth knowledge of equilibrium restraints in complex systems. In essence the Hume-Rothery rules (and Pauling's rules) are based on geometrical restraints. Likewise are the advancements being done to the Hume-Rothery rules. Where they are being considered as critical contact criterion describable with Voronoi diagrams. This could ease the theoretical phase diagram generation of multicomponent systems.

For alloys containing transition metal elements there is a difficulty in interpretation of the Hume-Rothery electron concentration rule, as the values of e/a values (number of itinerant electrons per atom) for transition metals have been quite controversial for a long time, and no satisfactory solutions have yet emerged.

See also
 CALPHAD
 Enthalpy of mixing
 Gibbs energy
 Phase diagram

References

Further reading

Eponymous chemical rules
Materials science
Rules
RMAN. RMAN (Recovery Manager) is a backup and recovery manager supplied for Oracle databases (from version 8) created by the Oracle Corporation.  It provides database backup, restore, and recovery capabilities addressing high availability and disaster recovery concerns. Oracle Corporation recommends RMAN as its preferred method for backup and recovery and has written command-line and graphical (via Oracle Enterprise Manager) interfaces for the product.

Implementation 

The designers of RMAN aimed at integration with Oracle database servers, providing block-level corruption detection during backup and restore processes. RMAN optimizes performance and space-consumption during backup with file multiplexing and backup-set compression; it integrates with Oracle Secure Backup and with third-party media management products for tape backup.

The syntax system of many commands and options allows database administrators to fine-tune the methods and performance of backups and restores of Oracle data and Oracle configuration information.

"Complete recovery" entails restoring all available consistent information to the most current time. "Incomplete recovery" options allow specifying restoration to a given time in the past.  It can also restore a specific tablespace (group of database objects) or a specific table.

RMAN can use a defined "fast recovery area" (originally called the "flash recovery area") for backup and recovery data.

References

External links 

 Marketing/technical overview
 Usage overview
 RMAN commands with examples

Oracle software