omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory. The Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) was a climate laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR).   In October 2005, it was merged with five other NOAA labs to form the Earth System Research Laboratories.

CMDL's mission was to observe and understand, through accurate, long-term records of atmospheric gases, aerosol particles, and solar radiation, the Earth's atmospheric system controlling climate forcing, ozone depletion and baseline air quality, in order to develop products that will advance global and regional environmental information and services.

References

External links
 Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Climate change organizations based in the United States
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf. Johann Wilhelm Hittorf (27 March 1824 – 28 November 1914) was a German physicist who was born in Bonn and died in Münster, Germany.

Hittorf was the first to compute the electricity-carrying capacity of charged atoms and molecules (ions), an important factor for understanding electrochemical reactions. He formulated ion transport numbers and the first method for their measurements.

He experimented with tubes containing energy rays extending from a negative electrode. These rays produced a fluorescence when they hit the glass walls of the tubes. In 1876 the effect was named "cathode rays" by Eugen Goldstein.

Hittorf's early investigations concerned the allotropes of phosphorus and selenium. Between 1853 and 1859 his most important work concerned ion movement caused by electric current. In 1853 Hittorf revealed that some ions traveled more rapidly than others. This observation resulted in the concept of transport number, the fraction of the electric current carried by each ionic species. He measured the changes of the concentration of electrolyzed solutions, computed from these the transport numbers (relative carrying capacities) of many ions, and, in 1869, published his principles governing the migration of ions.

He became professor of physics and chemistry for the University of Münster and director of laboratories there from 1879 until 1889. He also investigated the light spectra of gases and vapours, worked on the passage of electricity through gases, and discovered new properties of cathode rays (electron rays). In 1869 he ascertained that the cathode rays glowed different colours because of different gasses and pressures. He noticed that when there was any object placed between the cathode and the illuminating side of the tube, then the shadow of that object appeared.

His work resulted in the development of cathode-ray tubes. The measurement of current in a vacuum tube was an important factor for the development of vacuum tube diodes.

References

Further reading
Biographical sketch and reprint of paper on migration of ions

External links

The Cathode Ray Tube site

1824 births
1914 deaths
19th-century German physicists
Electrochemists
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Scientists from Bonn
Dell Dimension. The Dell Dimension is a discontinued series of home and business desktop computers manufactured by Dell. In 2007, the Dimension series was discontinued and replaced with the Dell Inspiron series for low-end models and the Dell Studio series for higher-end models.

The last high-end computers to be released under the Dimension line were the 9200 and 9200c (XPS 410 and XPS 210 in the American market, respectively). The E520, E521 and C521 were re-introduced under the Inspiron line under the names Inspiron 530, 531, 530s and 531s, with a revised case design.

Models

Dimension 4xx Series - 433SV, 466V
Dimension 9xx Series - 900
Dimension 1xxx Series - 1000, 1100
Dimension 2xxx Series - 2010, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2300C, 2350, 2400, 2400C
Dimension 3xxx Series - 3000, 3100, 3100c, 3400, 3800
Dimension 4xxx Series - 4100, 4200, 4300, 4300S, 4400, 4500, 4500C, 4500S, 4550, 4600, 4600C, 4700, 4700C, 4700 MCE, 4800
Dimension 5xxx Series - 5000, 5100, 5150, 5150C, 5200, 5200C
Dimension 8xxx Series - 8100, 8200, 8250, 8300, 8300N, 8400, 8400 MCE
Dimension 9xxx Series - 9100, 9150, 9200, 9200C
Dimension B Series - B110
Dimension C Series - C521
Dimension D Series - DE051
Dimension E Series - E310, E510, E520, E521, E530
Dimension J Series 
Dimension L Series (Lxxx is MHz; R is PIII; C, CX, CXE are Celeron)
L___c - L400c, L433c, L466c, L500c
L___cx - L433cx, L500cx, L533cx, L566cx, L600cx, L633cx, L667cx, L700cx, L733cx, L800cx
L___cxe - L700cxe, L800cxe
L___r - L500r, L550r, L600r, L667r, L733r, L800r, L866r, L933r, L1000r, L1100r
Dimension M Series - M166a, M200a, M233a
Dimension P Series - P100a, P133a, P166a, P75t, P90t, P100t, P120t, P133t, P133v, P166v, P200v
Dimension V Series - V333, V350, V400, V450, V333c, V400c, V433c, V466c
Dimension XPS Series
XPS 4 - 466V
XPS B - B866, B933, B1000, B533r, B600r, B667r, B733r, B800r, B866r, B933r, B1000r
XPS D - D233, D266, D300, D333
XPS H - H233, H266
XPS M - M166s, M200s, M233s
XPS P - P60, P75, P90, P100, P90c, P100c, P120c, P133c, P150c, P166c, P133s, P166s, P200s
XPS Pro - Pro150, Pro200, Pro150n, Pro180n, Pro200n
XPS R - R350, R400, R450
XPS T - T450, T500, T550, T600, T600r, T650r, T700r, T750r, T800r, T850r

Technical details

4xx series

9xx series

1xxx series

2xxx series

3xxx and 5xxx series

 * As of BIOS Revision 1.1.11 # As of BIOS Revision 2.4

4xxx series

8xxx series
 The Dimension 8200 shipped with two different motherboards depending on the release date. The earlier version used the i850 chipset with a Socket 478 (400 MHz FSB), while the later version used the i850E chipset with a Socket 478 (400 MHz and 533 MHz FSB).

9xxx series
 The Dimension 9150 was known as the XPS 400 in United States markets, along with the Dimension 9200 being rebadged to XPS 410 in U.S. markets. Similarly, the Dimension 9200C was rebranded as XPS 210 in the United States.

L series

M series

P series

V series 

 *Dell lists this speed in the technical specifications, however the "V466c" model does not seem to have been released, and Intel never released a 466 MHz Slot 1 Celeron

XPS series

References

External links

Dell
Dimension
Products and services discontinued in 2007
Sodium aluminate. Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO2, NaAl(OH)4 (hydrated), Na2O·Al2O3, or Na2Al2O4. Commercial sodium aluminate is available as a solution or a solid.
Other related compounds, sometimes called sodium aluminate, prepared by reaction of Na2O and Al2O3 are Na5AlO4 which contains discrete AlO45− anions, Na7Al3O8 and Na17Al5O16 which contain complex polymeric anions, and NaAl11O17, once mistakenly believed to be β-alumina, a phase of aluminium oxide.

Structure
Anhydrous sodium aluminate, NaAlO2, contains a three-dimensional framework of corner linked AlO4 tetrahedra. The hydrated form NaAlO2·5/4H2O has layers of AlO4 tetrahedra joined into rings and the layers are held together by sodium ions and water molecules that hydrogen bond to O atoms in the AlO4 tetrahedra.

Manufacturing
Sodium aluminate is manufactured by the dissolution of aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) in a caustic soda (NaOH) solution. Aluminium hydroxide (gibbsite) can be dissolved in 20–25% aqueous NaOH solution at a temperature near the boiling point. The use of more concentrated NaOH solutions leads to a semi-solid product. The process must be carried out in steam-heated vessels of nickel or steel, and the aluminium hydroxide should be boiled with approximately 50% aqueous caustic soda until a pulp forms. The final mixture has to be poured into a tank and cooled; a solid mass containing about 70% NaAlO2 then forms. After being crushed, this product is dehydrated in a rotary oven. The resulting product contains 90% NaAlO2 and 1% water, together with 1% free NaOH.

Reaction of aluminium and alkali
Sodium aluminate is also formed by the action of sodium hydroxide on elemental aluminium which is an amphoteric metal. The reaction is highly exothermic once established and is accompanied by the rapid evolution of hydrogen gas. The reaction is sometimes written as:
 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
However, the species produced in solution is likely to contain the [Al(OH)4]− ion or perhaps the [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]− ion.

Uses
In water treatment it is used as an adjunct to water softening systems, as a coagulant aid to improve flocculation, and for removing dissolved silica and phosphates.

In construction technology, sodium aluminate is employed to accelerate the solidification of concrete, mainly when working during frost.

Sodium aluminate is also used in the paper industry, for fire brick production, alumina production and so forth.

Sodium aluminate solutions are intermediates in the production of zeolites.

References

See also
 Bayer process
 Bauxite

Aluminates
Sodium compounds
Air hammer (fabrication). An air hammer, also known as an air chisel, is a pneumatic hand tool used to carve in stone, and to break or cut metal objects apart. It is designed to accept different tools depending on the required function.

Tools
The following are various tools that can be used in an air hammer:

Universal joint and tie-rod tool Used to separate universal joints and tie-rod ends.
Ball joint separator Used to separate ball joints.
Shock absorber chisel Used to break loose shock absorber nuts.
Exhaust pipe cutter Used to cut through exhaust pipe for disassembly.
Tapered punch A general tool that can be used to free frozen nuts, insert pins, and align holes.
Rubber bushing splitter Used to remove rubber bushings.

Free-standing style
Free-standing air hammers are an adaptation of the hand-held version. An air hammer can stretch or shrink (shape) a variety of metals, from thin aircraft aluminums, all the way down to 10-gauge steel. They are also used for smoothing metal that has already been roughed, shaped or formed.

History
 

In the 1920s, two pneumatic devices were invented that would permanently change the way metal and stone were hammered. The pneumatic rivet gun was originally developed to set hot rivets on girder bridges and high steel buildings. This tool was later scaled down for sheet metal, as the 1930s saw the advent of monocoque aluminum aircraft. The other new device, hitting at twice or three times the speed of the rivet gun, was the stone carver's hammer – a great blessing for smooth and rapid dressing of granite and marble.

In 1930 F.J. Hauschild adapted the original stone carver's hammer into a portable hand-held steel tube frame for the purpose of straightening auto bodies. For the next 25 years his "Ram's Head Body and Fender Machine" improved and increased production for auto body work men all over the U.S. Copying Hauschild’s patented design, a pneumatic tool company in Chicago marketed a number of "destined-to-be-classic" pneumatic planishing hammers, both hand-held for auto body work, and also free-standing ones, with a variety of throat depths for industry and manufacturing.

By World War II, rivet guns were used widely in U.S. aircraft factories both for riveting aluminum sheets, and for flow forming, the process of working aluminum sheet into and over wooden forms by the application of the pneumatic rivet gun.

Post-war industry brought many new applications for the "air hammer" technology. Among these were:
 sand rammers and tampers for sand casting metal
 plating rack scalers
 weld chippers
 destruction guns for cleaning up concrete
 needle scalers
 pavement breakers
 metal chisels.

Each of these tools has a different purpose despite nearly identical appearance in many cases.

References

External links

 Air Power Hammer shrinking 14-gauge steel demonstrated

Hand tools
Pneumatic tools
Defence Construction Canada. Defence Construction Canada (DCC; ) is a Crown corporation owned by the Government of Canada.

DCC was created in 1951 to help build massive defence infrastructure during the Cold War. It was notably involved in building the Distant Early Warning Line, and is now involved in decommissioning it. It also became involved in building Expo 67 and the TransCanada pipeline. Until the 1990s, its services focused on the traditional areas of construction and construction contract management. In the last decade, it has expanded these offerings to include environmental, commissioning and facilities management services. Its only client is the Department of National Defence.

External links
 Defence Construction Canada website

Canadian federal Crown corporations
Military of Canada
Companies based in Ottawa
Environmental Technology Laboratory. The Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL) was a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR). It was originally founded as the Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) in 1967 until it became the ETL in 1992.  In October 2005, it was merged with five other NOAA labs to form the Earth System Research Laboratories.

ETL developed remote sensing instrumentation to allow meteorologists and oceanographers to peer inside the Earth's atmosphere to diagnose its behavior and study its interaction with land, water, and ice surfaces. ETL's engineering and scientific expertise help NOAA as it seeks to better monitor, observe, understand and describe the atmosphere so as to provide improved forecasts of its future state.

References

External links
 NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories - Physical Sciences Division

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Forecast Systems Laboratory. The Forecast Systems Laboratory (FSL) was a meteorological research and development laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR).   In October 2005, it was merged with five other NOAA labs to form the Earth System Research Laboratories.

FSL conducted applied meteorological research and development to improve and create short-term warning and weather forecast systems, models, and observing technology. Supercomputing and other leading-edge technology are used in these applications. FSL then transferred these new scientific and technological advances to its clients which include NOAA's National Weather Service, the commercial and general aviation communities, the United States Air Force, many foreign weather forecasting services, and various private interests.

References

External links
 Forecast Systems Laboratory

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Flying Corps. Flying Corps is a 1997 World War I flight simulator developed by Rowan Software and published by Empire Interactive.

Theme
It was one of the most popular flight simulators of its time due to its accurate flight models and graphics, and also the novelty factor of a First World War dog fight simulator. Flying Corps is one of the few flight simulators to have dealt with the First World War - Red Baron, Knights of the Sky and the more arcade-oriented Wings have attempted to do the same, but most companies focus on modern air combat and World War II (usually the Battle of Britain).

Plot
The game is split in four campaigns: The Flying Circus (1917),  Battle of Cambrai 1917, German spring offensive (1918) and Hat In The Ring (1918). Several aeroplanes are available, including the Sopwith Camel, the S.E.5, the Nieuport 28, the Albatros D.III and the Fokker Dr.I.

Development
Development of the game started in Summer 1994.

Reception
Flying Corps was a runner-up for Computer Gaming Worlds 1996 "Simulation Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Jane's AH-64D Longbow. The editors wrote that Flying Corps "sports perhaps the best flight models ever seen on a prop-based sim; only quirky views and steep performance requirements kept it from the crown." The editors called Flying Corps "arguably the best World War I flight simulator in existence."

Flying Corps was named the 14th best computer game ever by PC Gamer UK in 1997. The editors praised its "planes so convincing you can actually taste the corned beef and dry biscuits the pilots probably had to eat".

References

External links

1997 video games
Combat flight simulators
DOS games
Empire Interactive games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Rowan Software games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
World War I flight simulation video games
World War I video games
Sumas 2. Sumas 2 was a proposal for an additional cogeneration electric power plant in the town of Sumas, Washington near the Canada–United States border. The excess heat from this generator was to be used by a wood products processing company. The original proposal came in 1999, and was revised twice in 2000 and 2001. It was approved in 2004 by the governor of Washington state. A power transmission line was to be constructed to a sub-station in Abbotsford, British Columbia but the Canadian National Energy Board in 2004 and the Supreme Court of Canada in 2006 denied permission to construct the transmission line. Sumas Energy 2.inc, the company behind the proposal, requested that the Washington's Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council terminate their Site Certification Agreement. This occurred in April 2006.

There is already a cogeneration plant in Sumas [SE1]. This proposal would have added a second plant [SE2]. This proposal was considered controversial because it burns natural gas to generate power and the resulting pollutants would have drifted up the valley, adding to pollution already generated by the populous Lower Mainland of British Columbia, which includes Vancouver.

The proposed second plant would be five times larger than the existing plant.  The proposed site was over an active fault, placing the proposed 16 inch high pressure natural gas line and tanks containing hazardous fuels and chemicals in danger.  A high pressure natural gas line had just recently exploded in the foothills near the proposed site due to shifting soils.  An aquifer serving much of Whatcom County and Abbotsford, British Columbia is located directly beneath the site.

The site is in a floodplain that has experienced recent floods strong enough to sweep vehicles off roadways.  The proposed fill for the plant would displace floodwaters onto neighboring farms and homes, increasing flood depths by up to a foot.

Air emissions from the plant were predicted to be up to 3 tons per day of criteria pollutants.

The Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council initially denied the project, but NESCO resubmitted their application for reconsideration without the diesel component that was contained in their initial application.

The National Energy Board received approximately 25,000 letters regarding the project, mostly in opposition.

References

Canada–United States relations
Dhaleshwari River. The Dhaleshwari River ( , Dhôleshshori) is a distributary,  long, of the Jamuna River in central Bangladesh. It branches off the Jamuna near the northwestern tip of Tangail District. After that it divides into two branches: the north branch retains the name Dhaleshwari and merges with the other branch, the Kaliganga River at the southern part of Manikganj District. Finally the merged flow meets the Shitalakshya River near Narayanganj District. This combined flow goes southwards to merge into the Meghna River.

Average depth of river is  and maximum depth is .

Water pollution of the Dhaleshwari River by the textile industry has been described by academics as an ecocide.

See also
 Environmental issues in Bangladesh
 Rivers of Bangladesh

References

Rivers of Bangladesh
Rivers of Dhaka Division
Miller Puckette. Miller Smith Puckette (born 1959) is the associate director of the Center for Research in Computing and the Arts as well as a professor of music at the University of California, San Diego, where he has been since 1994.
Puckette is known for authoring Max, a graphical development environment for music and multimedia synthesis, which he developed while working at IRCAM in the late 1980s. He is also the author of Pure Data (Pd), a real-time performing platform for audio, video and graphical programming language for the creation of interactive computer music and multimedia works, written in the 1990s with input from many others in the computer music and free software communities.

Biography 
An alumnus of St. Andrew's-Sewanee School in Tennessee, Miller Puckette got involved in computer music in 1979 at MIT with Barry Vercoe. In 1979 he became a Putnam Fellow.
He earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Harvard University in 1986 after completing an undergraduate degree at MIT in 1980. He was a member of the MIT Media Lab from its opening in 1985 until 1987 before continuing his research at IRCAM, and since 1997 has been a part of the Global Visual Music project.
He used Max to complete his first work, which is called Pluton from the second work of Manoury' series called Sonus ex Machina.
He is the 2008 SEAMUS Award Recipient.
On May 11, 2011, he received the title of Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Mons.
On July 21, 2012, he received an Honorary Degree from Bath Spa University in recognition of his extraordinary contribution to computer music research.
He was the recipient of the Gold Medal at the 1975 Math Olympiads and the Silver Medal at the 1976 Math Olympiads.

Selected publications 
 For a full list, see: http://msp.ucsd.edu/publications.html
 
 Puckette, Miller (2004) “Who Owns our Software?: A first-person case study” Proceedings, ISEA, pp. 200–202, republished in September 2009 issue of Montréal: Communauté électroacoustique canadienne / Canadian Electroacoustic Community.
 Puckette, Miller (2002)  Computer Music Journal 26(4): pp. 31–43.

References

External links
Miller Puckette's website
Software by Miller Puckette
Theory and Techniques of Electronic Music
Visual Music Project

Living people
University of California, San Diego faculty
Harvard University alumni
International Mathematical Olympiad participants
Putnam Fellows
1959 births
MIT Media Lab people