omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Feedback (disambiguation). Feedback is what occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop.

Feedback may also refer to:

Engineering 
 Feedback control loop, a closed-loop controller
 Audio feedback, the "howl" sometimes heard in microphone or guitar amplification systems
 Video feedback, the optical equivalent of audio feedback, caused when a camera films the image it is producing
 Positive feedback, a feedback system that responds to perturbation in the same direction as the perturbation
 Negative feedback, a method of attenuation to restore equilibrium
 Negative-feedback amplifier, an amplifier designed to stabilize a system and improve performance

Human behaviour
 Corrective feedback, by a parent or teacher to guide a child's learning process
 Delayed Auditory Feedback, a method of combating stuttering
 Employee performance appraisal, particularly methods such as 360-degree feedback

Science
 Biofeedback
 Climate change feedback, for positive and negative feedbacks associated with climate change
 Reinforcement learning from human feedback, a machine learning technique that uses human feedback to directly optimize a model

Mathematics
 Feedback arc set, in graph theory, a method of eliminating directed graphs
 Feedback vertex set, in computational complexity theory, the feedback vertex set problem is a graph-theoretical NP-complete problem

Comics 
 Feedback (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics superhero
 Feedback (Dark Horse Comics), the winner of Who Wants to be a Superhero? and a Dark Horse Comics superhero

Music
"Feedback" (Janet Jackson song), 2008
"Feedback" (Kanye West song), 2016
Feedback, a 1944 album by Les Paul
Feedback (Spirit album), 1972
Feedback (EP), a 2004 EP by Rush
Feedback (Jurassic 5 album), 2006
"Feedback", a song by Covenant from their 1996 album Sequencer
Feedback (Derek Webb album), 2010
Feedback (band), a Bangladeshi rock band

Other
 Feedback, a video podcast produced by G4
Feedback (radio series), a BBC Radio Four programme in the UK
 Feedback, a Conductoid and alien character in Ben 10: Omniverse
 Feedback, a superhero in the Dark Horse Comics
 Feedback, a design principle in User interface design
 Feedback loop (email)
 Causal loop in the context of time travel or the causal structure of spacetime, that is a sequence of events (actions, information, objects, people)
 Feedback (pork industry), the practice of feeding infected deceased pigs and their manure to breeding pigs  
 Feedback (TV series), a 2023 Polish television series
Clunch. Clunch is a traditional building material of chalky limestone rock used mainly in eastern England and Normandy. Clunch distinguishes itself from archetypal forms of limestone by being softer in character when cut, and may resemble chalk in lower density, or with minor clay-like components.

Use
Clunch has been used in a wide variety of shapes such as irregular lumps picked from the topsoil of certain fields, or more commonly blocks quarried by being cut from the bedrock in regular-shaped (ashlar) building blocks.  If in the first form it can be bedded in a ramshackle manner (as rubble masonry); if in the second then laid in courses.  In either case, mortar is often used between stones to form walls.

Properties
The stone is a chalk from the Lower Chalk of the Cretaceous age, the period of geological time approximately 145–66 million years ago.  It is greyish-white to light beige in colour, often with a greenish tinge. The latter is caused by the presence of glauconite, the potassium and iron aluminium silicate mineral that is also found in Kentish Ragstone. The stone has a gritty texture because of the frequent presence of shell fossils. This stone has been quarried at Totternhoe Quarry in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, by H. G. Clarke & Son since 1920.

It is particularly soft when quarried and subject to chemical and wind erosion as exposed material, i.e. when unrendered in paint, stucco or cement. It can be cut by a saw when in its softer state; when it has been quarried out of the ground it still contains a large amount of water. When the stone dries out it becomes harder, and is not as easy to cut.

Clunch is generically a soft limestone. It can be rich in iron-bearing clays or be very fine and white – in effect just chalk. It is used in various parts of East Anglia, where more durable stone is uncommon, and can be seen frequently in and around Thetford – mostly now for property boundary walls as it is not a long-lasting material, but it is also used for some building walls, especially in traditional agricultural buildings.

In Ely Cathedral it can be seen in some interior locations. The nearby village of Burwell has its civil parish magazine named after the building material. It is found in the village of Seale in Surrey and in Farnham.

Inferior meaning
The term has been sometimes used more generically, in other parts of England for any soft and aggregate-based vernacular building stone that has been used as a cheaper, inferior substitute for stronger stone.

See also

References

Limestone
Building stone
Bioherbicide. Bioherbicides are herbicides consisting of phytotoxins, pathogens, and other microbes used as biological weed control. Bioherbicides may be compounds and secondary metabolites derived from microbes such as fungi, bacteria or protozoa; or phytotoxic plant residues, extracts or single compounds derived from other plant species.

Production 
The production of bioherbicides is a process of biosynthesis where different mediums ranging from soybean bran to corn steep liquor are fermented to obtain desirable results. In addition to solid-state fermentation, bioherbicides can also be produced by submerged fermentation in stirred tanks or in other environments. Despite the ‘eco-friendliness’, there are several obstructions that make it less practical to use bioherbicides in fields because the lab results may not be the same as the real results.

Current status 
With increasing awareness of the effects of the chemical herbicides and pesticides, bioherbicides can be adopted as an alternative especially for integrated weed management. The market share of bioherbicides is merely 10% of all biopesticides. On the other hand, the research spanning over two decades since 1980s has also falsified the principle that there is a coevolved natural enemy of a host weed which can manage weed through varied formulation and thus advocated for more research to culturally and genetically intensify the bioherbicidal organisms. Efficiency and efficacy of bioherbicides is impeded by changing weather and temperature and this can further obstruct the application and integration of bioherbicides. A study shows that covering with jute turf, which retains moistures and allows one third of the sunlight to pass through, can increase the efficiency of bioherbicides and also remove some of the hindrances from the commercialization and marketing of bioherbicides.

While it is true that after their 'discovery' the bioherbicides are not readily available on the market for various reasons, advocates of bioherbicides argue that bioherbicide researchers should collaborate with other researchers and seek more public sector funding so that bioherbicides can become more marketable and attain more market share. Simultaneously, research from Canada indicates that legislative and policy dynamics have great power to accelerate the innovation and integration of bioherbicides other microbial pest-control products.

Available bioherbicides 
While 13 different products have been launched, , only nine bioherbicides were being marketed:
 Devine (1981)
 Collego (1982)
 BioMal (1992)
 Woad Warrior (2002)
 Chontrol (2005)
 Smoulder (2005)
 Sarritor (2007)
 Organo-Sol (2010)
 Beloukha (2015)

References 

Biopesticides
Ergometer. Ergometer may refer to:

Exercise machine, equipped with an apparatus for measuring the work performed by exercising
Indoor rower, called an ergometer by rowers
 An instrument for measuring the amount of work done by human muscles

Ergometer comes from the Greek words ergon  (ἔργον), meaning work, and metron (μέτρον), meaning measure. "Ergometer", therefore, literally means "work measurer". A bike, fitted with mechanical work measurement devices is also an ergometer.

See also
Erg, the unit of energy and mechanical work in the centimetre-gram-second system
Dynamometer, a machine used to measure force or mechanical power
Blockhead (thought experiment). Blockhead is a theoretical computer system invented as part of a thought experiment by philosopher Ned Block, which appeared in a paper titled "Psychologism and Behaviorism". Block did not personally name the computer in the paper.

Overview
In "Psychologism and Behaviorism," Block argues that the internal mechanism of a system is important in determining whether that system is intelligent and claims to show that a non-intelligent system could pass the Turing test. Block asks us to imagine a conversation lasting any given amount of time. He states that given the nature of language, there are a finite number of syntactically and grammatically correct sentences that can be used to start a conversation. Consequently, there is a limit to how many "sensible" responses can be made to the first sentence, then to the second sentence, and so on until the conversation ends. Block then asks the reader to imagine a computer which had been programmed with all the sentences in theory, if not in practice. Block argues that such a machine could continue a conversation with a person on any topic because the computer would be programmed with every sentence that it was possible to use so the computer would be able to pass the Turing test despite the fact that — according to Block — it was not intelligent. Block says that this does not show that there is only one correct internal structure for generating intelligence but simply that some internal structures do not generate intelligence.

The argument is related to John Searle's Chinese room.

See also 
 Dissociated press
 Philosophical zombie

Notes

References
 .
 .
 

Theory of computation
Philosophical arguments
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Thought experiments in philosophy of mind
Qualia
Digital Transmission Content Protection. Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP) is a digital rights management (DRM) technology that restricts digital home technologies including DVD players and televisions by encrypting interconnections between devices. This permits the distribution of content through other devices such as personal computers or portable media players, if they also implement the DTCP standards. DTCP has also been referred to as "5C" content protection, a reference to the five companies that created DTCP; Hitachi, Intel, Matsushita, Sony, and Toshiba.

The standard was originally proposed in February 1998, when the five companies presented the system to the Copy Protection Technical Working Group (CPTWG), an ad hoc body organized to evaluate DRM technologies. The five companies subsequently established the Digital Transmission Licensing Administrator (DTLA) in June 1998 to simplify licensing procedures and promote acceptance of the DTCP method by content providers, electronics manufacturers, and broadcast service providers. They also released the 5C Digital Transmission Content Protection White Paper describing the system. The paper specifies Hitachi's M6 cipher as the baseline encryption system, which was already in widespread use in the Japanese cable industry.

At the time, FireWire was widely regarded as the up-and-coming standard for interconnecting media devices, although this has not been widely adopted in the decade following. More recently there appears to be a move to using TCP/IP carried on high-speed ethernet and WiFi connections to replace FireWire and similar systems, a move epitomized by the Apple TV. The DTCP standard has branched out to cover a variety of media types to respond to these industry changes, and now supports USB, IP, WiFi, Bluetooth and MOST (a media standard for automotive platforms) in addition to FireWire.

The DTCP specification is proprietary and is only disseminated to members, who agree to the DTLA agreements (some fees need to be paid to even get the specification). An "informational version" of the specification, omitting some critical details of the implementation, is freely available.

DTCP+
In November 2010 the Digital Transmission Licensing Administrator proposed enhancements to DTCP known as DTCP+.  This enhanced specification was due to be completed in January 2011. DTCP+ adds the following capabilities:
Digital Only Token
Media agnostic" way to carry Content Management Information (CMI)
Copy Count CMI
Remote Access capability

See also 
 CGMS-A
 High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection
 Digital rights management
 Encrypted Media Extensions
 Defective by Design
 Trusted Computing

References

External links 
 DTLA home page
 Security analysis of the Digital Transmission Copy Protection Specification

Audiovisual introductions in 1998
Digital rights management standards
Alps Electric. is a Japanese multinational corporation, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, producing electronic devices, including switches, potentiometers, sensors, encoders and touchpads.

The company was established in 1948 as Kataoka Electric Co., Ltd. and changed its name to Alps Electric Co., Ltd. in December 1964. Since June 22, 2012, the President has been Toshihiro Kuriyama and Chairman is Masataka Kataoka. Alps is also well known for the Alpine brand of car audio.

The Alps Electric Group has R&D, production and sales bases located in Japan and around the globe—in the Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, Korea, and Greater China. Since its founding, Alps Electric has supplied around 40,000 types of electronic components to over 2,000 manufacturers of home appliances, mobile devices, automobiles and industrial equipment worldwide.

Alps Group comprises 84 subsidiary companies, 25 through Alps Electric, 32 through Alpine Electronics and 27 through Alps Logistics.

The company is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and a constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index.

The company changed company name to Alps Alpine Co., Ltd. in January 2019.

Business divisions
Alps Automotive division focuses on provision of custom products and modules, including control panels and steering modules, for specific vehicle models, and components compatible with any vehicle.

Alps Home and Mobile divisions focuses on provision of switches, potentiometers, sensors, and other components through to multi-input devices like touch panels and GlidePoint™ to home, mobile and PC markets. Alps Electric focuses on human-machine and machine-machine interfaces for home appliances, mobile devices and PCs.

Alps Industry, Healthcare & Energy divisions focuses on provision of a wide variety of products, including sensors, power inductors, switches and communication modules, to industry, healthcare and energy markets.

Alps touchpad hardware is developed and manufactured by the Cirque Corporation, which they acquired in 2003;  however, the parent company continues to write their own drivers. Their drivers are Windows certified. They are mostly found in Sony, Toshiba and Dell notebooks, as well as the OLPC XO-1. They also manufacture keyboards for Apple computers, including the original Macintosh and the first iMac.

Business integration and name change 
On January 1, 2019, Alps Electric Co., Ltd. and Alpine Electronics, Inc. integrated the two businesses together under the new name of Alps Alpine Co., Ltd..  Alpine Electronics, Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Alps in 1978 when Alps acquired all shares of Alps Motorola Inc.

Gallery

See also 

 List of mechanical keyboards
 Cherry

References

External links 
  Wiki collection of bibliographic works on Alps Electric

Electronics companies of Japan
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies in the Nikkei 225
Manufacturing companies established in 1948
Japanese companies established in 1948
Japanese brands
Ōta, Tokyo
Modern Electrics. Modern Electrics was a technical magazine for the amateur radio experimenter. The magazine existed between 1908 and 1914.

History and profile
Modern Electrics was created by Hugo Gernsback and began publication in April 1908. The magazine was initially intended to provide mail-order information for radio parts and to promote the amateur radio hobby, but it later became a vehicle for technology-based fiction stories. The first fiction appeared in the April, 1911 issue, and the series of 12 installments by Hugo Gernsback would later be published as the science fiction novel Ralph 124C 41+.

The circulation for this magazine increased rapidly, starting at 2,000 and increasing to 52,000 in 1911. In 1908, the magazine announced the "wireless registry", a listing of radio owners, their call letters, and the type of equipment they owned and how it was operated.

The magazine was sold in 1913, and ceased publication in 1914. It then merged with Electrician and Mechanic to become Modern Electrics and Mechanics. The experience Gernsback gained with Modern Electrics led him to introduce Electrical Experimenter magazine in 1913 and pulp science fiction magazine Amazing Stories in 1926.

References

External links
 Digitized Modern Electrics on World Radio History
 Modern Electrics Archive at Hathitrust

1908 establishments in the United States
1914 disestablishments in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Amateur radio magazines
Defunct hobby magazines published in the United States
Magazines published by Hugo Gernsback
Magazines established in 1908
Magazines disestablished in 1914
Defunct magazines published in New York City
Popular science magazines
PACX. PACX (Private Automatic Computer eXchange) was a name given by Gandalf Technologies to their family of data switching products.

Architecture
The PACX was a centralized switch that allowed serial connections from end users to be connected to any one of a number of computers, typically mainframes. Users were equipped with small boxes with two thumbwheels on them, and by rolling the wheels to a given two-digit number they could select among the machines connected to the PACX. In typical setups, the PACX would be connected to computer terminals or modems. The switch box would be queried on connection for the user's selection, and then a direct connection would be made between the user and that machine. The system was not unlike the telephone network, and the name PACX was deliberately chosen to suggest a computer-side analog of the PABX market.

Background
The PACX, with its mainframe utility, was part of an era in which enterprise data services were seen to the province of an Office Controller. The Office Controller was envisaged as  a central switch which would interconnect and create all applications and make them available to users. PABX manufacturers of that era (the 1980s) created suites of data applications for the connection of users to mainframe applications. There were even magazine articles touting the victory of the PABX as an Office Controller over its LAN rivals. The PACX was a data PABX without the voice capability.

With the development of LANs and cheap PCs with their attendant client/server applications, the Office Controller vision faded away. However the idea is not without merit. It is being re-established in new guises with the development of SIP with Session Border Controllers and Service Oriented Architectures.

References

External links
 Columbia University computer history page on PACX

Networking hardware
Technician. A technician is a worker in a field of technology who is proficient in the relevant skill and technique, with a relatively practical understanding of the theoretical principles.

Specialisation 
The term technician covers many different specialisations. These include:

 Work safety technician
 Systems technician
 Sciences technician
 Data systems technician
 Data processing technician
 Information systems technician
 Cryptologic technician
 Sonar technician
 Engineering technician
 Laboratory technician
 Digital imaging technician
 Machinery Technician
 Machines technician
 Electricity technician
 Electronics technician
 Computer repair technician
 Automation technician
 Pharmacy technician
 Nail technician
 Theatrical technician
 Emergency Medical Technician

Campaigns 
In the UK, a shortage of skilled technicians in the science, engineering and technology sectors has led to various campaigns to encourage more people to become technicians and to promote the role of technician.

See also 
Career and Technical Education
History of technology
Technical education
Grey-collar worker

References

External links

Science occupations
Chunking (computing). In computer programming, chunking has multiple meanings.

In memory management 
Typical modern software systems allocate memory dynamically from structures known as heaps. Calls are made to heap-management routines to allocate and free memory. Heap management involves some computation time and can be a performance issue. Chunking refers to strategies for improving performance by using special knowledge of a situation to aggregate related memory-allocation requests. For example, if it is known that a certain kind of object will typically be required in groups of eight, instead of allocating and freeing each object individually, making sixteen calls to the heap manager, one could allocate and free an array of eight of the objects, reducing the number of calls to two.

In HTTP message transmission

Chunking is a specific feature of the HTTP 1.1 protocol. Here, the meaning is the opposite of that used in memory management. It refers to a facility that allows inconveniently large messages to be broken into conveniently-sized smaller "chunks".

In data deduplication, data synchronization and remote data compression
In data deduplication, data synchronization and remote data compression, Chunking is a process to split a file into smaller pieces called chunks by the chunking algorithm. It can help to eliminate duplicate copies of repeating data on storage, or reduces the amount of data sent over the network by only selecting changed chunks. The Content-Defined Chunking (CDC) algorithm like Rolling hash and its variants have been the most popular data deduplication algorithms for the last 15 years.

See also 
 Chunk (information), a fragment of data within certain file formats

References 

Memory management