omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Phenoxyethanol. Phenoxyethanol is the organic compound with the formula C6H5OC2H4OH.  It is a colorless oily liquid. It can be classified as a glycol ether and a phenol ether. It is a common preservative in vaccine formulations. It has a faint rose-like aroma.

Use 

Phenoxyethanol has germicidal and germistatic properties. It is often used together with quaternary ammonium compounds.

Phenoxyethanol is used as a perfume fixative; an insect repellent; an antiseptic; a solvent for cellulose acetate, dyes, inks, and resins; a preservative for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and lubricants; an anesthetic in fish aquaculture; and in organic synthesis.

It is an alternative to formaldehyde-releasing preservatives. In Japan and the European Union, its concentration in cosmetics is restricted to 1%.

History and synthesis 
Phenoxyethanol was first prepared by W. H. Perkin Jr. and his graduate student Edward Haworth in 1896. They reacted sodium, phenol and 2-chloroethanol in anhydrous ethanol. Starting from the 1920s, it has been commercially available as a cellulose acetate solvent under the trademark of "Phenyl cellosolve".

The compound is produced in the industry by the hydroxyethylation of phenol (Williamson synthesis), for example, in the presence of alkali-metal hydroxides or alkali-metal borohydrides.

Efficacy 
Phenoxyethanol is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and the yeast Candida albicans.

Safety 
Phenoxyethanol is a vaccine preservative and potential allergen, which may result in a nodular reaction at the site of injection.  Possible symptoms include rashes, eczema, and possible death. It reversibly inhibits NMDAR-mediated ion currents.

Environmental considerations
In view of phenoxyethanol's widespread use, its biodegradation has been examined.  One pathway entails initial conversion to phenol and acetaldehyde.

References 

Primary alcohols
Glycol ethers
Household chemicals
Antiseptics
Phenol ethers
Hazardous air pollutants
Moog (code). MOOG is an astronomical software package. It is an example of Fortran code that performs a variety of spectral line analysis and spectrum synthesis tasks under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium.  Moog uses a model photosphere together with a list of atomic or molecular transitions to generate an emergent spectrum by solving the equation of radiative transfer.

The typical use of MOOG is to assist in the determination of the chemical composition of a star, e.g. Sneden (1973). This paper contains also the description of the first version of the code and has been cited about 240 times as of 2008-04-24 by publications in international journals studying the abundances of chemical elements in stars.

The software package has been developed and is maintained by Christopher Sneden, University of Texas at Austin. The current supported version of the code was released in August 2010 and is described in the MOOG User's Guide (see references below).  Moog is written in FORTRAN 77.

Coding
The coding is in various subroutines that are called from a few driver routines; these routines are written in standard FORTRAN. The standard MOOG version has been developed on unix, linux and macintosh computers.

References

Further reading

External links
MOOG homepage maintained by developer Chris Sneden

Astronomy software
Fortran software
Wildau. Wildau () is a German town of the state of Brandenburg, located in the district of Dahme-Spreewald. It is located close to Berlin and easily reached by the S-Bahn. As of 2019 its population was 10,404 inhabitants.

History

The history of Wildau began with fisherman's families that settled by the Dahme River and then came to deliver sand, gravel and bricks from the region by boat to Berlin.

1889-1933: Growing Industrial Region 
Berlin Machine Building Corporation (B.M.A.G.), formerly L. Schwartzkopff, became one of the leading railway locomotive manufacturers in Germany in the late 19th century. The original plant, located in the centre of Berlin, became insufficient to meet the growing demands of railway operators. Therefore, the company began looking for a new plant site in the surrounding area around Berlin. An area of 600.000 sqm adjacent to Berlin–Görlitz railway, close to the town of Hoherlehme, was eventually chosen for this purpose in 1889.

The entire production of high-speed rotating machinery, generators, and electrical equipment was not long after relocated to B.M.A.G.'s new plant. From these beginnings, a new company - Maffei-Schwartzkopff Co. Ltd. - emerged, which in the following years equipped all Schwartzkopff and Maffei E-locomotives with electricity. In the aftermath of the Great Depression (1931), however, the site had to be closed.

1933-1945: Wildau under the National Socialist Regime 
In 1934 AEG took possession of the former Maffei-Schwartzkopff site and converted it into a feeder plant for aviation industries. Armament production began in 1936. Torpedoes, grenade shells, propeller hubs, cannon tubes, mortars and artillery were all produced. But two larger scale projects would become infamous. The locomotive plant at Wildau produced the infamous “Schienenwolf” (“rail wolf”), which the German Wehrmacht deployed during their retreat from the Soviet Union and Italy. And in the large locomotive assembly hangar 15/16, AEG employees built the armored locomotive of the “Führersonderzug“ (or 'Hitler's chartered train').

In April 1945, the Soviet Army occupied Wildau. Not long after, it was decided that all production halls should be demolished and all gear and equipment from B.M.A.G. and AEG removed.

Demography

Personalities who are associated with the city

 Walter Lehweß-Litzmann (1907–1986), Luftwaffe and NVA officer, later director of flight operations of Interflug, died in Wildau
 Willi Stoph (1914–1999), politician (SED), longtime chairman of the Council of Ministers of the GDR, is buried in the forest cemetery

References

External links
Website of TFH Wildau
Website of Wildau Institute of Technology

Localities in Dahme-Spreewald
Teltow (region)
Technical crew. The technical crew, often abbreviated to the "tech crew" or simply the "crew" (individually often known as "techies", "techs", or "technicians"), are the people employed behind the scenes ("backstage") to control all the technical aspects of creating a concert, play, musical, opera or other live performance. The technical crew can consist of only a few individuals, or be divided up into a multitude of positions depending on the scale and needs of a particular production.

The roles, composition and number of workers in a tech crew can change significantly depending on the nature of an event, and often evolves as the production does. In a small scale production, the technical crew might consist of a single person, operating the lights and controlling the volume of the sounds and music. In a large scale productions, the technical crew can consist of dozens of different departments and may run into the hundreds of individuals. Each department has their own specific job that pertains to their area of expertise, but they are all part of the technical crew.

Job categories

The technical crew on a performance fall into different categories based on area of expertise and responsibilities.  The most common categories (those encountered on the largest variety of productions) include: Stage Manager, Production Manager, Rigging, Lighting, Sound, and Technical Directors. Each of these departments have sub-categories, often breaking down tasks in more detail.

Responsibilities
Theatre technical crew have significant responsibilities in regards to ensuring that a production runs smoothly. A Stage Manager has to give the cue to the Audio Engineer and Lighting Technician, signal the performers when they are on, ensure that the stage is all set and safe for the performance, etc.

The nature of most productions result in the technical crew being on-site for significant periods of time; both leading up to and after a performance.

Identifying the technical crew
Most often, though not exclusively, members of the technical crew will be wearing black or similarly dark-coloured clothing in order to be fairly inconspicuous, so that they are not particularly distracting to the audience in the carrying out of their routines and tasks. Occasionally, larger scale or touring productions will provide clothing branded with the name and/or date of the production.

See also
Film crew
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees
Stage management

 

Entertainment occupations
Mass media occupations
Stagecraft
Stage crew
Theatrical occupations
Electrical capacitance tomography. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a method for determination of the dielectric permittivity distribution in the interior of an object from external capacitance measurements. It is a close relative of electrical impedance tomography and is proposed as a method for industrial process monitoring. 

Although capacitance sensing methods were in widespread use the idea of using capacitance measurement to form images is attributed to Maurice Beck and co-workers at UMIST in the 1980s.

Although usually called tomography, the technique differs from conventional tomographic methods, in which high resolution images are formed of slices of a material. The measurement electrodes, which are metallic plates, must be sufficiently large to give a measureable change in capacitance. This means that very few electrodes are used, typically eight to sixteen electrodes. An N-electrode system can only provide N(N−1)/2 independent measurements. This means that the technique is limited to producing very low resolution images of approximate slices. However, ECT is fast, and relatively inexpensive.

Applications

Applications of ECT include the measurement of flow of fluids in pipes and measurement of the concentration of one fluid in another, or the distribution of a solid in a fluid. ECT enables the visualization of multiphase flow, which play an important role in the technological processes of the chemical, petrochemical and food industries.
Due to its very low spatial resolution, ECT has not yet been used in medical diagnostics. Potentially, ECT may have similar medical applications to electrical impedance tomography, such as monitoring lung function or detecting ischemia or hemorrhage in the brain.

See also

 Three-dimensional electrical capacitance tomography
 Electrical impedance tomography
 Electrical resistivity tomography
 Industrial Tomography Systems
 Process tomography

References

Electrical engineering
Nondestructive testing
Inverse problems
Wolfgang Ziebart. Wolfgang Ziebart (born 30 January 1950 in Hannover) is a German automotive and electronics industry executive.

Career
After receiving his Abitur, Wolfgang Ziebart studied mechanical engineering at the Technical University of Munich where he received his Diploma and PhD (Dr.-Ing.) in 1973 and 1976, respectively. Ziebart started his career  in 1977 with the car manufacturer BMW. After a spell at Artega Automobile, a German electric sports car manufacturer, he joined Jaguar Land Rover as head of product development in 2013.

Personal life
Ziebart has been married to his wife Iris since 1975 and is father of three children. Both of Ziebart's brothers have doctoral degrees and one of them has earned the title of professor. His father Prof. Dr.‑Ing. Erwin Ziebart, also a former CEO of an automobile supplier, died on 19 August 2007.

References

External links

BMW people
Jaguar Land Rover people
1950 births
Living people
Technical University of Munich alumni
German automotive engineers
Engineers from Hanover
Barco Strike!. Barco Strike was a vector-based drawing program targeted at the repro and print shop markets. It was developed by the Graphics division of the Barco Group from 1993 to the late 1990s on both Barco's own proprietary Barco BG-2000 workstation and SGI computers, including the Indigo, Indy and Crimson. It was meant both as a replacement for the proprietary Aesthedes systems, and as a companion linework product to the Creator continuous tone software.

Software modules
Like Barco Creator, Strike was set up as a modular system. The base was the "LW-Brix" linework software library (unlimited zoom, unlimited undo/redo, spline data, editable text, transparency etc.).

Availability
Barco Strike was discontinued in the late 1990s, and was not picked up by Purup-Eskofot after it purchased the Graphics division of Barco. Demo versions of both Barco Strike and Creator are available on the SGI Hot Mix 7 promotional CD-ROM.

See also
Barco ColorTone
Barco Creator

References

Barco Graphics software
Vector graphics editors
IRIX software
Technical communication tools
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a surgical technique whereby "scarless" abdominal operations can be performed with an endoscope passed through a natural orifice (mouth, urethra, anus, vagina, etc.) then through an internal incision in the stomach, vagina, bladder or colon, thus avoiding any external incisions or scars.  Memic's hominis robotic system is the first and only FDA-authorized surgical robotic platform for NOTES procedures. The system is currently at use for transvaginal hysterectomies through the rectouterine pouch - the removal of the uterus, along with one or both of the fallopian tubes and ovaries, in cases where there is no cancer present, as well as with the removal of ovarian cysts

See also
 Single port laparoscopy

References

 

Digestive system surgery
Endoscopy
Martin Tajmar. Martin Tajmar is a physicist and professor for Space Systems at the Dresden University of Technology. He has research interests in advanced space propulsion systems, FEEP thrusters, breakthrough propulsion physics and possible connections between gravity and superconductivity.

Biography 

Tajmar completed his PhD in numerical plasma physics at the Vienna University of Technology, Austria, in 1999, and is now an external lecturer for the university. He also published the textbook Advanced Space Propulsion Systems in 2003.

Gravitomagnetism research 

In a 2003 paper, Tajmar proposed that a gravitational effect may explain the long-standing discrepancy between the mass of Cooper pairs first measured in superconductors by Janet Tate et al. and the theoretically-expected value.

In 2006 Tajmar and several coworkers announced their claim to have measured a gravitomagnetic version of the frame-dragging effect caused by a superconductor with an accelerating or decelerating spin. As of April 2008, the effect has not yet been observed independently.

In February 2008 Tajmar filed an international patent application for a "Method for generating a gravitational field and gravitational field generator."

In June 2008, Tajmar reported a new phenomenon suggesting that signals could be induced in a gyroscope resulting from a new property of rotating low-temperature helium. He also reported that because the rings in the experiment were accelerated pneumatically, and not with high acceleration, the earlier reported results could not be discounted. His further research suggests the anomaly may indeed be coming from liquid helium in the setup.

Awards 
 2001: ARC-Award of the Austrian Research Centers, first prize in the category Science
 2001 and 2000: “Window on Science” Award of the US Air Force
 1999: Promotion through the program „International Communication“ of the Austrian Research Promotion Agency

References

External links 
 Coupling of Electromagnetism and Gravitation in the Weak Field Approximation: 
 3 Mar 2000, arxiv.org: Coupling of Gravitation and Electromagnetism in the Weak Field Approximation, M. Tajmar, C. de Matos
 Towards a new test of general relativity?, (Tajmar gravimagnetic field experiment) European Space Agency News, 2006-03-23
 Measurement of Gravitomagnetic and Acceleration Fields Around Rotating Superconductors 
Gravity's secret, New Scientist, 2006-11-11

Austrian physicists
Anti-gravity
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
TU Wien alumni
Academic staff of TU Wien
Tombstone (manufacturing). A tombstone, also known as a pedestal-type fixture, tooling tower, tooling column or fixture block, is a fixture of two or more sides, onto which are mounted parts to be manufactured.  Tombstones are typically used in automated systems; parts are loaded onto the tombstone so that robots may operate on one part, flip the tombstone, and operate on the next part until all processes are completed, then transport the entire tombstone to the next station.

The first tombstone type fixture was patented in 1971 by the Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke.

Tombstones are used in agile manufacturing to facilitate quick and easy installation, scalability and reconfiguration.

References

Metalworking tools
Jean-Claude Flabel. Jean-Claude Flabel is the author of the aerospace engineering textbook Practical Stress Analysis for Design Engineers; a handbook on practical stress analysis which is widely used within the aerospace industry.

Jean-Claude Flabel graduated from the California State University, Northridge in 1970 with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. He has worked with a number of prominent aerospace companies including Rockwell International, Gulfstream American, Sikorsky Aircraft, American Jet Industries and Bell Aerospace and has specialized in stress analysis and safety-of-flight certification of primary airframe structures and components.

Since its publication, the textbook Practical Stress Analysis for Design Engineers has been adapted into a distance learning certificate course for practicing stress engineers. The emphasis of the course is on technical fundamentals and practical real-life examples of stress analysis, with less treatment given to the higher mathematical or derivative aspects of the subject.

External links
 Practical Stress Analysis for Design Engineers - Jean-Claude Flabel's website
 Book review on Amazon

Living people
California State University, Northridge alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Klaus Landsberg. Klaus Landsberg (July 7, 1916 – September 16, 1956) was a pioneering German-American electrical engineer who made history with early telecasts, and after emigrating to the United States helped pave the way for today's television networks.

He appeared in many plays during his childhood. In his early teens he combined his technical skill and expressed desire to pursue his strong artistic inclination, setting out to prove that the two could be successfully blended.

In 1936 he was called upon to assist in the history-making telecast of the Berlin Olympic Games.

In 1937 Klaus was appointed laboratory engineer and assistant to Dr. Arthur Korn, the inventor of picture telegraphy. During this association, Landsberg created many new electronic devices. The most outstanding of these achievements was the invention of an electronic aid to navigation and blind landings, considered so vital to the Third Reich that upon being patented it was declared a military secret, which Landsberg was determined to destroy as a Nazi weapon (he was successful).  This basic radar principle later became Landsberg's passport to America.

Following his arrival in the United States, Farnsworth Television, Inc. hired Landsberg as Television Development Engineer in Philadelphia in 1938.

In 1939 he went to New York for the National Broadcasting Company television division. During this period, Landsberg helped NBC make the first public demonstrations of electronic television in America, at the April 30, 1939 opening of the New York World's Fair.

Allen B. DuMont recognized Landsberg's qualifications, and signed him as television design and development engineer for the New York-based DuMont Laboratories, a pioneer United States television organization. There he supervised technical operations of the television unit at the U.S. Army Maneuvers in Cantons, New York, developing automatic synchronizing circuits. In 1939 he was contracted to build DuMont's station WABD, as well as produce the station's first shows.

In 1941 Klaus was sent by Paramount Pictures to Los Angeles to build W6XYZ, an experimental television station. He ran the experimental station from 1942 to 1947, during which time he produced Paramount's first kinescope. Also in 1947, KTLA (Channel 5), a Los Angeles Television station funded by Paramount and helmed by Klaus Landsberg, began regular commercial broadcasts, with the first such KTLA commercial broadcast was January 22, 1947, hosted by Bob Hope.

By 1948, KTLA boasted a show lineup that included Spade Cooley, The Ina Ray Hutton Show, The Continental Lover, Time for Beany, Korla Pandit's Adventures in Music and Hollywood Wrestling.

Landsberg died of cancer in 1956 in Los Angeles.

References
Biography at TechNotes.tv

1916 births
1956 deaths
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Television pioneers
Theodor Kober. Theodor Kober (1865 - 1930) was a twentieth-century German aviation engineer who contributed to the building of the first Zeppelin.

Life 
Kober was born 13 February 1865 in Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württemberg.

As an engineer Kober had worked for a balloon manufacturer and in the 1890s Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin enlisted him to produce designs for his airship concept. After several years he and Zeppelin produced the design for the Zeppelin LZ1. Later, in 1912 he founded the Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen GmbH with financial support from Zeppelin to build over 40% of the Imperial German Navy seaplanes during World War I.

His daughter Ilse Essers was a German engineer who established essential foundations in the field of aeronautical engineering.

Kober died on 20 December 1930 in Friedrichshafen.

References 

1865 births
1930 deaths
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Airship designers
German aerospace engineers
German airship aviators
Engineers from Stuttgart
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
PALcode. PALcode (Privileged Architecture Library code) is the name used by DEC in the Alpha instruction set architecture (ISA) for a set of functions in the System Reference Manual (SRM) or AlphaBIOS firmware, providing a hardware abstraction layer for system software, covering features such as cache management, translation lookaside buffer (TLB) miss handling, interrupt handling, and exception handling. It evolved from a feature of the DEC PRISM architecture named Epicode.

PALcode is Alpha machine code, running in a special mode that also allows access to internal registers specific to the particular Alpha processor implementation. Thus, it is somewhere between the role of microcode and of a hardware emulator.  PALcode is operating system-specific, so different versions of PALcode are required by OpenVMS, Tru64 UNIX, and Windows NT. Tru64 UNIX PALcode is also used by NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD and Linux.

References

External links
 Hewlett Packard OpenVMS FAQ (archived on May 11, 2011)
 
 

DEC hardware
Firmware