omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Manuel Ayau. Manuel Francisco Ayau Cordón (December 27, 1925 – August 4, 2010) was the founder of the Universidad Francisco Marroquín in Guatemala. He was born in Guatemala City, on December 27, 1925. After diverse studies, he obtained a B.S. in mechanical engineering from Louisiana State University in 1950, an L.H.D. from Hillsdale College in 1973, and an honorary degree in law (Legum Doctor) from Northwood University in 1994.

Scholarly and laboral contributions
Ayau is CEO of Samboro, S.A.,  a company dedicated to the production of ceramic tiles, and directed a group of Guatemalan industrialists for over forty years in the production of industrial gases and hydro-electric energy.  Ayau has also served on the board of directors of several different companies, including IBM in Latin America and the Guatemalan local stock and debt exchange, of which he was founding president.

In 1959 Ayau founded the Center for Economic and Social Studies in Guatemala, to analyze the fundaments and philosophy of free society.  In 1972 he was instrumental in founding the Francisco Marroquín University, of which he was the first president, serving until 1988.

A member of the Mont Pelerin Society since 1964, Ayau was its president from 1978 to 1980.  He was on the board of directors of the Liberty Fund in Indianapolis and he was also a trustee of the Foundation for Economic Education in New York. He was also a member of the Philadelphia Society.

In Guatemala,  Ayau entered politics as a member of congress from 1970 to 1974, and as presidential candidate in the 1990 elections.

Twice he has formed part of the central bank council and has been president of two different commercial banks, vice-president of the National Electrification Institute, trustee of the Philadelphia Society, and honorary member of the engineering society "Tau Beta Pi".

His last contribution to Guatemala was as president of Asociacion Civil proReforma del Estado de Guatemala.

In 2004 he was awarded by the Mont Pelerin Society for his contributions to freedom. Ayau obtained the Adam Smith Award from the Association of Private Enterprise Education in 2005.  He obtained the Juan de Mariana Award, from the Instituto Juan de Mariana, in Spain, in 2008.  That year, at the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Applicadas, he was appointed honorary professor.

Works
Among his most important works are "Como Mejorar el Nivel de Vida", "De Robinson a Viernes", "El Comercio", "La Década Perdida", "El Proceso Económico", "No Tenemos que Seguir Siendo Pobres para Siempre" and "Un Juego que no suma cero". He has been published widely in Guatemala and Latin America, as well as in the US, including in "Vision", "The Wall Street Journal", and "The Freeman".

References

External links
 Biografía Manuel F. Ayau Cordón Rector Emerito Universidad Francisco Marroquín
 Asociacion ProReforma
 Latin Business Chronicle Manuel Ayau: LatAm Champion of Free Markets

Guatemalan businesspeople
1925 births
2010 deaths
Hillsdale College alumni
Louisiana State University alumni
Northwood University alumni
People associated with the Universidad Francisco Marroquín
Guatemalan expatriates in the United States
Baker's rack. A baker's rack is a type of furniture with shelves, typically made of wrought iron or some other metal. "Since the 17th century, baker's racks have been part of many homes around the world. This versatile storage furniture has gained its name because it has been originally used by bakers." The shelves are made of a conductive material, often steel or iron, which served to help cool a baker's goods such as hot pies, breads, and pastries. The conductivity and thermal mass of metal not only allows for heat to be quickly transferred from the pan to the shelf, but held for a long time. This allowed the cooling process to be equally distributed so baked goods maintained their integrity.

"After cooling, bakers use the racks to let their neighbors preview the goods before selling. They use these racks to roll dough and store containers of flour, sugar, and other baking needs. Today, many bakers still use these racks for the same purposes, only with the addition of other baking materials such as modern day baking equipment, cookbooks, and ready-mix goods."

Non-bakers have been using baker's racks for storage, kitchen use, houseplants, and decor. Some people use it to store non-baked food products such as fruits, canned goods, coffee, or liquor while others use it to display books, game boards, or picture frames. As the baker's racks have been used for different functions, their structure has also changed. From having simple shelves, some baker's racks today now have cabinets, drawers, and other storage functions. In addition, baker's racks have now been more decorative and serve as accent pieces in the home. This is why their designs have also evolved. Modern incarnations have adapted to not just incorporate shelving but counters for working and/or wine bottle storage.

References

External links

Furniture
Cabinets (furniture)
Soft sculpture. Soft sculpture is a type of sculpture or three dimensional form that incorporates materials such as cloth, fur, foam rubber, plastic, paper, fibre or similar supple and nonrigid materials. Soft sculptures can be stuffed, sewn, draped, stapled, glued, hung, draped or woven. These materials and techniques distinguish soft sculptures from more traditional hard sculptures made from, for example, stone, bronze or wood that are then carved or modelled.   

Soft sculpture is an old German technique very popular in Japan with artists like Yayoi Kusama boosting the heritages of this new and innovative medium for interior designers.

Soft sculptures were popularised in the 1960s by artists such as Claes Oldenburg and Yayoi Kusama. Claes Oldenburg and other members of the Art Pop Movement are accredited with the creation of soft sculpture. During this time period members of the Art Pop Movement created art with themes of the times such as pop culture, consumerism, and mass production. Oldenburg specifically would take average everyday items and make them larger than life; one of his most notable works of this time is the Floor Burger. The Floor Burger is primarily made out of canvas filled with rubber foam and cardboard. It contains a large hamburger patty nestled in the middle of two tan buns with a pickle for garnish on the top. Yayoi Kusama also is responsible for the rise of soft sculpture in the 1960s, although she believes that Claes Oldenburg copied some of her pieces. One of her most popular soft sculpture works is entitled Accumulation No. 1. Kusama hand sewed and painted projections she called "phalluses," and placed them on an armchair. After this works first exhibition, people were surprised that Kusama had sexualized an everyday object.

Soft sculpture was also a key feature during the 1970s in Post-Minimalist art. Artists during this time would create sculptures using materials that they had around them. A key artist during this time was Eva Hesse. One of Eva's most popular works does not have a title. It is composed of latex, string, rope and wire suspended from the ceiling.

More recently, contemporary sculptors like Cosima von Bonin, Janet Echelman, Thomas Liu Le Lann or Yayoi Kusama have expanded the genre to address contemporary topics.

The following is a list of other artists who have worked with soft sculpture:
Magdalena Abakanowicz
Lynda Benglis 
Joseph Beuys
Louise Bourgeois
Isabelle de Borchgrave
Serena ChaCha
Janet Echelman
Jann Haworth
Eva Hesse
Mark Jenkins
Joel Jones
Dylan Jones
Charleen Kinser
Thomas Liu Le Lann
Annette Messager
Robert Morris
Senga Nengudi
Susan Mohl Powers
Xavier Roberts
Faith Ringgold
Richard Serra
Marjorie Strider
Lucy Sparrow
Do-ho Suh
Martha Nelson Thomas
Cosima von Bonin
Megan Whitmarsh

References

External links
SoftSculpture: an exhibition at the National Gallery of Australia, 24 April–12 July 2009
Blick Art Materials Lesson Plan about soft sculpture
5 sculpture artists using textile techniques

Sculpture
Crafts
Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies was established in 2005 as a partnership between the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Pew Charitable Trusts. The Project was intended to address the social, political, and public safety aspects of nanotechnology. It intended in particular to look for research and policy gaps and opportunities in knowledge and regulatory processes, and to develop strategies for closing them. The project worked with multiple U.S. and foreign governments and organizations.

The project's stated goal was "to inform the debate and to create an active public and policy dialogue. It was not an advocate either for, or against, particular nanotechnologies. Rather, the Project sought to ensure that as these technologies are developed, potential human health and environmental risks were anticipated, properly understood, and effectively managed."

Publications
They have produced many publications on the various aspects of nanotechnology policy. One of the notable reports is on Managing the Effects of Nanotechnology, written by J. Clarence (Terry) Davies in 2006. They also maintain several online databases including the widely cited consumer products inventory, the Nanotechnology Health and Environmental Implications: An inventory of current research as well as a series of PEN Reports. Their work has also been published in academic journals such as Nature Nanotechnology.

A major activity of the Project was testimony on public forums.

Staff
David Rejeski, director, also the Director of the Foresight and Governance Project at the Woodrow Wilson Center, an initiative designed to facilitate long-term thinking and planning in the public sector.
Todd Kuiken, Policy Associate
Eleonore Pauwels, Visiting Scholar

The Advisory Board included Linda J. Fisher, Vice President and Chief sustainability officer at DuPont, Margaret A. Hamburg M.D., Vice President for Biological Programs, Nuclear Threat Initiative, Donald Kennedy,  editor-in-chief of Science magazine and president emeritus and Bing Professor of Environmental Science, Emeritus, at Stanford University, John Ryan is Director of the Bionanotechnology IRC at Oxford University, and Stan Williams, senior fellow and director of quantum science research at Hewlett-Packard.

References

External links
 Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 
 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
 The Pew Charitable Trusts

Technology in society
Nanotechnology institutions
Technology forecasting
Marceli Struszyński. Marceli Struszyński (born January 16, 1880, in Winnica – September 1, 1959, in Warsaw) was a Polish chemist and Professor of Warsaw University of Technology from 1938 to 1939 and 1945–1959.

His research was in analytical chemistry and he published several textbooks on the topic. Additionally, he developed an original classification of anions.

During the Second World War he worked with Polish resistance. He analyzed fuel for V-2 rockets during Operation Most III.

He was the father of Wacław Struszyński. Waclaw escaped to England in the war, and made exceptional technical contributions to high frequency (HF) radio direction finding at sea which enabled Royal Navy convoy escort vessels to achieve rapid location of U-boats when they made HF radio transmissions.

Works 
 Analiza techniczna (1946)
 Analiza ilościowa i techniczna (t. 1–3 1947–50)
 Jakościowa analiza organiczna (1960)
 Jakościowa analiza nieorganiczna (1960)

References 

1880 births
1959 deaths
Polish chemists
Academic staff of the Warsaw University of Technology
Maximization. Maximization or maximisation may refer to:
 Maximization in the sense of exaggeration
 Entropy maximization
 Maximization (economics)
 Profit maximization
 Utility maximization problem
 Budget-maximizing model
 Shareholder value, maximization
 Maximization (psychology)
 Optimization (mathematics)
 Expectation–maximization algorithm

See also
 Minimization (disambiguation)
Tetrode transistor. A tetrode transistor is any transistor having four active terminals.

Early tetrode transistors
There were two types of tetrode transistor developed in the early 1950s as an improvement over the point-contact transistor and the later grown-junction transistor and alloy-junction transistor. Both offered much higher speed than earlier transistors.

Point-contact transistor having two emitters. It became obsolete in the middle 1950s.
Modified grown-junction transistor or alloy-junction transistor having two connections at opposite ends of the base. It achieved its high speed by reducing the input to output capacitance. It became obsolete in the early 1960s with the development of the diffusion transistor.

Modern tetrode transistors
Dual emitter transistor, used in two-input transistor-transistor logic gates
Dual collector transistor, used in two-output integrated injection logic gates
Diffused planar silicon bipolar junction transistor, used in some integrated circuits. This transistor, apart from the three electrodes (emitter, base, and collector), has a fourth electrode or grid made of conducting material placed near the emitter-base junction from which it is insulated by a silica layer.
Field-effect tetrode

See also
Multigate transistor.
Pentode transistor

References

External links
Some application aspects of the tetrode transistors PDF (point contact)
The Tetrode Power Transistor PDF (alloy junction)
TRANSISTOR MUSEUM Historic Transistor Photo Gallery WESTERN ELECTRIC 3N22 (grown junction)

Transistor types
Avia BH-9. 

The Avia BH-9 was a twin-seat sports plane built in Czechoslovakia in 1923, based on the BH-5. As with other developments in the BH-1 lineage, the BH-9 was a low-wing braced monoplane that accommodated the pilot and passenger in tandem, open cockpits. The BH-9's structure was strengthened to allow the use of a higher-power engine than in its predecessors, and for the first time, this was a domestically produced powerplant. Although built as a twin-seat aircraft at least one (registration L-BONF - see picture) was converted to a single-seater.

The Czechoslovakian Army showed interest in it as a trainer and liaison aircraft, and ordered ten examples under the designation B.9.

A B.9 won the 1925 Coppa d'Italia air race, and the following year, one was flown on a 1,800 km (1,100 mi) circuit Prague-Paris-Prague with an average speed of 131.2 km/h (82 mph).

Specifications

See also

References 

 Němeček, V. (1968). Československá letadla. Praha: Naše Vojsko.
 
 
 

 airwar.ru

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
1920s Czechoslovak sport aircraft
BH-09
Avia BH-10. 
The Avia BH-10 was a single-seat aerobatic sports plane built in Czechoslovakia in 1924, based on the Avia BH-9, which was in turn developed from the BH-5 and BH-1. It was easily visually distinguished from the BH-9 by the tall anti-roll pylon added behind the open cockpit in order to protect the pilot in the event that the aircraft flipped over or crashed while inverted. 21 copies of the aircraft were built, 10 of which were bought by the Czechoslovakian Army as a training aircraft and operated under the designation B.10.

Specifications

See also

References

 
 
 Němeček, V. (1968). Československá letadla. Praha: Naše Vojsko.

1920s Czechoslovak sport aircraft
BH-10
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Raven-class minesweeper. The Raven class was a class of two World War II-era U.S. Navy minesweepers.  They were succeeded by the  which were based on the Ravens but had diesel-electric rather than diesel propulsion.

Ships

References

External links
Minesweeper (AM)- Minesweeper, Steel hulled (MSF)- Minesweeper, Ocean (MSO) - British Minesweepers (BAM) - Index

Mine warfare vessel classes
Glycerine acetate. Glycerine acetate is a mixture of esters produced from the esterification of glycerol (1) with acetic acid. This reaction produces five congeners:
 the two monoacetylglycerols / MAG / monoacetin (2 and 3)
 the two diacetylglycerols / DAG / diacetin / glyceryl diacetate (4 and 5)
 the one triacetalglycerol / TAG / triacetin (6)

In addition, two of the congeners, 2 and 4, are chiral and can exist in either of two enantiomeric forms.

Uses
DAG and TAG can be used as fuel additives for improving the cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel or the antiknocking properties of gasoline.

Notes

Acetate esters
Glycerol esters
Specification (disambiguation). Specification may refer to:
 Specification is the term used for the first stage in cellular differentiation
 Specification (technical standard), an explicit set of requirements
 Specification (legal concept), from Roman Law
 Formal specification, describing computer software by mathematical means
 Specification language
 Model specification, the practice of translating theory into a statistical model
 Patent specification, part of a patent application
 Regional specification, identifying different areas of the early embryo in biology

See also
Chloroform (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on chloroform.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
SIRI
Science Stuff
Fisher Scientific

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Distillation data

Spectral data

References

 

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Decatising. Decatising or decatizing, also known as crabbing, blowing, and decating, is the process of making permanent a textile finish on a cloth, so that it does not shrink during garment making. The word comes from the French décatir, which means to remove the cati or finish of the wool. Though used mainly for wool, the term is also applied to processes performed on fabrics of other fibers, such as cotton, linen or polyester.  Crabbing and blowing are minor variations on the general process for wool, which is to roll the cloth onto a roller and blow steam through it.

Decatized wool fabric is interleaved with a cotton, polyester/cotton or polyester fabric and rolled up onto a perforated decatizing drum under controlled tension. The fabric is steamed for up to ten minutes and then cooled down by drawing ambient air through the fabric roll. The piece is then reversed and steamed again in order to ensure that an even treatment is achieved.

There are several quite different types of wool decatizing machines including batch decatizing machines, continuous decatizing machines, wet decatising machines and dry decatizing machines.

For egample: In the 1920s, James Bailey textile engineers (Slaithwaite, Yorkshire) developed a successful and efficient means of decatising by essentially putting two blowing machines back to back. These were used by most if not every woollen & worsted finishers in the UK, and became the mainstay of Batch Decaters throughout the mid 20th century. In the early 1950s, They re-patented the Bailey 'Empire blowing, steaming or decatising machine' advertising a new design, better finish, increased output, and less steam consumption. This design sold very well, as they were simply the best built and most effective machines in the world at the time. In the UK, these machines are still used to this day at worsted cloth finishers as Crabbing machines.

Crabbing (sometimes called greasy blowing) is a type of special decatising done mostly to worsted fabrics in the 'grey state', or when they come off the weaving loom. It is the first step in the traditional finishing process of fine worsted cloths in the UK, after the cloth is weighed. The objective of crabbing is to achieve a 'preliminary set' on the cloth before it is scoured/washed in soap. This stabilises the cloth in place during the washing and milling process and can prevent warping of the cloth and distortions occurring.

References

Further reading 
 
 

Textile treatments
Textile techniques
École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne. (), also called  (literally meaning "Saint-Étienne School of Mines") or simply  and commonly abbreviated EMSE is a prestigious French graduate engineering school () training engineers and carrying out industry-oriented research. Its function is to support the development of its students and of companies through a range of courses and fields of research, from the initial training of generalist engineers , to PhD teaching; from material sciences to micro-electronics via process engineering, mechanics, the environment, civil engineering, finance, computer science and health engineering.

History

The school was founded in 1816 by a decision of Louis XVIII  (2 August 1816).

Admission for French students

For French nationals, admission to Civil Engineer of Mines is decided after competitive examination at the end of preparatory classes, a highly selective system.

Notable alumni
 Benoît Fourneyron, designed the first practical water turbine in 1827
 Henri Fayol, a French management theorist
 Jules Garnier
 Mahamadou Issoufou, elected Niger President in March 2011
Anne-Marcelle Kahn, (née Schrameck) first woman to graduate from the school, in 1919.
 Tadeusz Nowicki

The puRkwa Prize 
The puRkwa Prize is an "international prize for the scientific literacy of the children of the planet" awarded annually by the école nationale supérieure des mines of Saint Etienne and the French Academy of Sciences. The prize is awarded to pioneers in the innovation of general science education in school curricula for children less than 16 years of age. It was launched in 2004 at the initiative of Robert Germinet, the director of the école nationale supérieure des mines of Saint Etienne, and comes with an €80,000 monetary award.

Other schools of Mines in France
 École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi Carmaux (Mines Albi-Carmaux)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Alès (Mines Alès)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Nancy
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Nantes (Mines Nantes)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Paris (Mines ParisTech)

Other schools of Mines in Africa
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Rabat (Mines Rabat)

Other schools of Mines in the USA
 Colorado School of Mines

Notes

See also 

 Official website
 SPIN Center of Chemical Engineering
 Saint Etienne Mines alumni union
 Mines alumni union (all french Schools of Mines)

Educational institutions established in 1816
1816 establishments in France
Schools of mines
Engineering universities and colleges in France
Technical universities and colleges in France
Saint-Étienne
Universities and colleges in Saint-Étienne
Louis XVIII