omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Oxinium. Oxinium is the brand name of a material used for replacement joints manufactured by the reconstructive orthopedic surgery division of medical devices company Smith & Nephew. It consists of a zirconium alloy metal substrate that transitions into a ceramic zirconium oxide outer surface.

The ceramic surface is extremely abrasion resistant compared to traditional metal implant materials such as cobalt chromium. It also has a lower coefficient of friction against ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), the typical counterface material used in total joint replacements. These two factors likely contribute to the significantly lower UHMWPE wear rates observed in simulator testing. Reducing UHMWPE wear is thought to decrease the risk of implant failure due to osteolysis. All-ceramic materials can have a similar effect on reducing wear, but are brittle and difficult to manufacture. The metal substrate of Oxinium implants makes components easier to manufacture and gives them greater toughness (a combination of strength and ductility). In essence, this technology combines the abrasion resistance and low friction of a ceramic with the workability and toughness of a metal.

This combination of properties led to Oxinium technology being the first ever implant-related technology to win the prestigious ASM International Engineering Materials Achievement Award (EMAA) in 2005.

Current competitive reduced-wear options in total hip arthroplasty (THA) are ceramic-on-ceramic, metal-on-metal, and metal-on-cross-linked polyethylene. The only competitive reduced-wear option for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is metal-on-cross-linked polyethylene.

In September 2003, Smith & Nephew recalled its Macrotextured Oxinium Profix and Genesis II knee implants because of reports that 30 people receiving the implants without bone cement had to undergo a replacement surgery after they became loose.

References

External links
Smith & Nephew Corporate Website.

Biomaterials
Implants (medicine)
Zirconium alloys
Dynamic modulus. Dynamic modulus (sometimes complex modulus) is the ratio of stress to strain under vibratory conditions (calculated from data obtained from either free or forced vibration tests, in shear, compression, or elongation).  It is a property of viscoelastic materials.

Viscoelastic stress–strain phase-lag 

Viscoelasticity is studied using dynamic mechanical analysis where an oscillatory force (stress) is applied to a material and the resulting displacement (strain) is measured.
In purely elastic materials the stress and strain occur in phase, so that the response of one occurs simultaneously with the other.
In purely viscous materials, there is a phase difference between stress and strain, where strain lags stress by a 90 degree ( radian) phase lag.
Viscoelastic materials exhibit behavior somewhere in between that of purely viscous and purely elastic materials, exhibiting some phase lag in strain.

Stress and strain in a viscoelastic material can be represented using the following expressions:
Strain: 
Stress:  
where 
 where  is frequency of strain oscillation,
 is time,
 is phase lag between stress and strain.

The stress relaxation modulus  is the ratio of the stress remaining at time  after a step strain  was applied at time :
,

which is the time-dependent generalization of Hooke's law.
For visco-elastic solids,  converges to the equilibrium shear modulus:
.
The fourier transform of the shear relaxation modulus  is  (see below).

Storage and loss modulus 

The storage and loss modulus in viscoelastic materials measure the stored energy, representing the elastic portion, and the energy dissipated as heat, representing the viscous portion. The tensile storage and loss moduli are defined as follows:
Storage:  
Loss:  
Similarly we also define shear storage and shear loss moduli,  and .

Complex variables can be used to express the moduli  and  as follows:

 
where  is the  imaginary unit.

Ratio between loss and storage modulus 

The ratio of the loss modulus to storage modulus in a viscoelastic material is defined as the , (cf. loss tangent), which provides a measure of damping in the material.  can also be visualized as the tangent of the phase angle () between the storage and loss modulus. 

Tensile: 

Shear: 

For a material with a  greater than 1, the energy-dissipating, viscous component of the complex modulus prevails.

See also
Dynamic mechanical analysis
 Elastic modulus
 Palierne equation

References

Physical quantities
Solid mechanics
Non-Newtonian fluids
Viscoelasticity
West Los Angeles Veloway. The West Los Angeles Veloway is a bike-bridge project prepared by the Citizens Committee for the West Los Angeles Veloway in 1982-3. The Committee was led by UCLA Faculty David Eisenberg. The planning for the project attracted grant funding. The project also survived for many years as a planning option in the Metro Long Range Transportation Plan. It is also listed in records of the California Transport Commission 1999. It was never constructed. Its aim was to create improved bicycle access to UCLA campus from the South and the West. Those involved with the project envisioned it as a spectacular structure, and hoped to complete it for the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. The naming of the structure goes back to the California Cycleway constructed at the end of the 19th century.

The West Los Angeles Veloway is not to be confused with a Class 1 bike path which starts at the Northeast corner of the Westwood Federal Building in Los Angeles, and runs South from Wilshire Boulevard along Veteran Avenue's Western sidewalk. At the South end of the Federal Building property, it turns West through Westwood Park, crosses Sepulveda Boulevard, runs South along the baseball diamonds, then turns West and runs on the wide sidewalk of Ohio Avenue, under Interstate 405, to Purdue Avenue, where it becomes a Class 3 bike route. The Eastbound (South side) on Ohio Avenue is entirely a Class 2 bike lane between Purdue Ave and Sepulveda Bl.

See also
Santa Monica Cycle Path
California Cycleway

External links

The West Los Angeles Veloway Summary Report: Phase 1 & Phase 2 / Urban Innovations Group. Los Angeles: Urban Innovations Group, 1984. 
Urban Innovations Group: The West Los Angeles Veloway Feasibility Study / Prepared by Urban Innovations Group for the Citizens Committee for the West Los Angeles Veloway. Los Angeles 1982-1983.
UCLA to Westwood Village Link, Bicycle Veloway System, Los Angeles: Environmental Impact Statement 1989.  
"Treasures" Episode 1. The Los Angeles Beach Bike Path .

Bike paths in Los Angeles
Speech technology. Speech technology relates to the technologies designed to duplicate and respond to the human voice. They have many uses. These include aid to the voice-disabled, the hearing-disabled, and the blind, along with communication with computers without a keyboard. They enhance game software and aid in marketing goods or services by telephone.

The subject includes several subfields:

 Speech synthesis
 Speech recognition
 Speaker recognition
 Speaker verification
 Speech encoding
 Multimodal interaction

See also 
 Communication aids
 Language technology
 Speech interface guideline
 Speech processing
 Speech Technology (magazine)

External links

Speech processing

da:Taleteknologi
fi:Puheteknologia
th:การประมวลผลคำพูด
Palmason Model. The Palmason model is a depth, distance, temperature and heat flow gradient model of crustal accretion mechanism through the Iceland lithosphere which denotes the spreading material trajectories from a rift axis.  The material erupting at the rift axis will tend to sink down, due to thermal subsidence and spreading, to a depth of many kilometers, while lava flows spreading to a distance of many kilometers away from the rift axis on the surface will sink down to shallower depth. Surface erosion can expose such preserved materials.

The model was developed in the 1970s and 80s by Guðmundur Pálmason (1928–2004), once one of Iceland's best chess players.  The name given to the model, however, misrepresents Icelandic naming conventions; Pálmason is a patronymic, not a surname, and in Iceland he would have properly been referred to by his given first name, Guðmundur.

References

Plate tectonics
Deployment diagram. A deployment diagram
"specifies constructs that can be used to define the execution architecture of systems and the assignment of  software artifacts to system elements."
To describe a web site, for example, a deployment diagram would show what hardware components ("nodes") exist (e.g., a web server, an application server, and a database server), what software components ("artifacts") run on each node (e.g., web application, database), and how the different pieces are connected (e.g. JDBC, REST, RMI).

The nodes appear as boxes, and the artifacts allocated to each node appear as rectangles within the boxes.  Nodes may have subnodes, which appear as nested boxes.  A single node in a deployment diagram may conceptually represent multiple physical nodes, such as a cluster of database servers.

There are two types of Nodes:
 Device Node
 Execution Environment Node

Device nodes are physical computing resources with processing memory and services to execute software, such as typical computers or mobile phones. An execution environment node (EEN) is a software computing resource that runs within an outer node and which itself provides a service to host and execute other executable software elements.

References

External links

 Introduction to UML 2 Deployment Diagrams by Scott W. Ambler
UML 2 Deployment Diagram
 UML Deployment Diagrams

Unified Modeling Language diagrams
Component diagram. In Unified Modeling Language (UML),
a component diagram
depicts how components are wired together to form larger components or software systems.
They are used to illustrate the structure of arbitrarily complex systems.

Overview 
A component diagram allows verification that a system's required functionality is acceptable. These diagrams are also used as a communication tool between the developer and stakeholders of the system. Programmers and developers use the diagrams to formalize a roadmap for the implementation, allowing for better decision-making about task assignment or needed skill improvements. System administrators can use component diagrams to plan ahead, using the view of the logical software components and their relationships on the system.

Diagram elements 
The component diagram extends the information given in a component notation element. One way of illustrating a component's provided and required interfaces is through a rectangular compartment attached to the component element. Another accepted way of presenting the interfaces is the ball-and-socket graphic convention. A provided dependency from a component to an interface is illustrated with a solid line to the component using the interface from a "lollipop", or ball, labelled with the name of the interface. A required usage dependency from a component to an interface is illustrated by a half-circle, or "socket", labelled with the name of the interface, attached by a solid line to the component that requires this interface. Inherited interfaces may be shown with a lollipop, preceding the name label with a "caret symbol".
To illustrate dependencies between the two, use a "solid line" with an "open arrowhead" joining the socket to the lollipop.

References

External links

 

 Component Diagrams in UML 2
 UML 2 Component Diagram Guidelines by Scott W. Ambler
 UML 2 Component Diagrams

Component-based software engineering
Unified Modeling Language diagrams
Activity diagram. Activity diagrams
are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions
with support for choice, iteration, and concurrency.
In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams are intended to model both computational and organizational processes (i.e., workflows), as well as the data flows intersecting with the related activities.
"Object nodes hold data that is input to and output from executable nodes, and moves across object flow edges.
Control nodes specify sequencing of executable nodes via control flow edges."
In other words, although activity diagrams primarily show the overall control flow, they can also include elements showing the data flow between activities through one or more data stores.

Construction
Activity diagrams are constructed from a limited number of shapes, connected with arrows. The most important shape types are as follows:
 stadia represent actions;
 diamonds represent decisions;
 bars represent the start (split) or end (join) of concurrent activities;
 a black circle represents the start (initial node) of the workflow;
 an encircled black circle represents the end (final node).
Arrows run from the start towards the end and represent the order in which activities happen.

Activity diagrams can be regarded as a form of a structured flowchart combined with a traditional data flow diagram. Typical flowchart techniques lack constructs for expressing concurrency.  However, the join and split symbols in activity diagrams only resolve this for simple cases. The meaning of the model is not clear when these symbols are arbitrarily combined with decisions or loops.

While in UML 1.x, activity diagrams were a specialized form of state diagram, in UML 2.x, the activity diagrams were reformalized to be based on Petri net-like semantics, increasing the scope of situations that can be modeled using activity diagrams. These changes cause many UML 1.x activity diagrams to be interpreted differently in UML 2.x.

UML activity diagrams in version 2.x can be used in various domains, e.g. in design of embedded systems. It is possible to verify such a specification using model checking techniques.

See also
 Specification and Description Language
 Business Process Modeling Notation
 Control-flow graph
 Data flow diagram
 Drakon-chart
 Event-driven process chain
 List of UML tools
 Pseudocode
 State diagram
Flowchart
Activity cycle diagram

References

External links

Articles on UML 2 Activities and Actions

Unified Modeling Language diagrams
Systems Modeling Language
Modeling languages

es:Diagrama de actividades
DGP. DGP may refer to:

Government and politics 
 Director general of police, a police rank in India
 Democratic Progress Party, a right-wing political party in Turkey
 Deutsche Grenzpolizei, East German border guards
 Development guide plan, an urban plan of Singapore's Urban Redevelopment Authority

Science and mathematics 
 DGP gravity, in physics, a brane world model
 Data generating process, in statistics
 Dynamic Graphics Project, a computer science lab at the University of Toronto
 Daylight Glare Probability, in daylight study

Other uses 
 Digest Group Publications, an American game company
 Drawn, ground, and polished, a finishing process for metal shafting
 Daugavpils International Airport, IATA code DGP
OpenCable Application Platform. The OpenCable Application Platform, or OCAP, is an operating system layer designed for consumer electronics that connect to a cable television system, the Java-based middleware portion of the platform.  Unlike operating systems on a personal computer, the cable company controls what OCAP programs run on the consumer's machine.  Designed by CableLabs for the cable networks of North America, OCAP programs are intended for interactive services such as eCommerce, online banking, Electronic program guides, and digital video recording.  Cable companies have required OCAP as part of the Cablecard 2.0 specification, a proposal that is controversial and has not been approved by the Federal Communications Commission.  Cable companies have stated that two-way communications by third party devices on their networks will require them to support OCAP.  The Consumer Electronics Association and other groups argue OCAP is intended to block features that compete with cable company provided services and that consumers should be entitled to add, delete and otherwise control programs as on their personal computers.
On January 8, 2008 CableLabs announced  the Tru2Way brand for the OpenCable platform, including OCAP as the application platform.

Technical overview
OCAP is the Java based software/middleware portion of the OpenCable initiative. OCAP is based on the Globally Executable MHP (GEM)-standard, and was defined by CableLabs. Because OCAP is based on GEM, it has a lot in common with the Multimedia Home Platform (MHP)-standard defined by the DVB project.

At present two versions of the OCAP standard exist:
 OCAP v1.0
 OCAP v2.0

See also 
 Downloadable Conditional Access System (DCAS)
 Embedded Java
 Java Platform, Micro Edition
 ARIB
 Interactive digital cable ready
 OEDN

References

External links 
 
 
 
 Sun Microsystems' Java TV
 MHP official standards for interactive television and related interactive home entertainment. 
 MHP tutorials
 MHP Knowledge Database
  The OCAP/EBIF Developer Network

 
 
 
 

Cable television
Digital television
Digital cable
Operating system technology
Proprietary hardware
H. C. Stülcken Sohn. H. C. Stülcken Sohn (also known as Stülcken-Werft) was a German shipbuilding company located in Hamburg and founded in 1846 by Heinrich Christoph Stülcken.

During World War I the company built one single U-boat for the Kaiserliche Marine, the U-157, which under command of the famous Max Valentiner undertook the longest cruise in the war from November 27, 1917 to April 15, 1918, a total of 139 days. During World War II the company built 24 VIIC U-boats for the Kriegsmarine. The company used slave labour of the Neuengamme concentration camp with its own subcamp.

After the war the company constructed several vessels for the Bundesmarine. In the 1950s the company developed the so-called Stülcken derrick, a lifting device for very heavy cargo.

In 1966 the company was absorbed by Blohm + Voss.

Ships built by H. C. Stülcken Sohn (selection)

Civilian ships
 No. 5 Elbe (1883)

Navy training ship
 Barquentine Dewaruci, Indonesian Navy (1932–1952)
 Barquentine Jadran, Montenegrin Navy (1930–1931)

Naval ships

Frigates
 6 × Köln class frigates (1958–1962)

Destroyers
 4 × Hamburg class destroyers (1959–1963)

Auxiliary
 Deutschland (A59) (1959)

Submarines (U-boats)
 SM U-157 (1916)
 24 × Type VIIC submarines (1939–1944)

References

External links
 uboat.net: Summary of World War I U-boats built by H. C. Stülcken Sohn 
 uboat.net: Summary of World War II U-boats built by H. C. Stülcken Sohn

Manufacturing companies based in Hamburg
Defunct companies of Germany
Neuengamme concentration camp
Shipbuilding companies of Germany
German companies established in 1846
Enstone Airfield. Enstone Aerodrome is a small unlicensed civilian airfield in England close to Enstone in Oxfordshire, which is currently used for microlights, light aircraft and motor gliders.  The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) designator is EGTN, and its contact radio frequency is 129.880. The Aerodrome Operators are Oxfordshire Sport Flying located close to the Runway 26 Threshold.

The aerodrome, 4.5 nautical miles east of Chipping Norton, has an asphalt paved main runway: 08/26, which is 1100 metres long, consisting of a tarmac surface over concrete base.  There is also a parallel grass strip "south side grass" of 800 metres which can be made available to some aircraft.

History
The aerodrome was built during the Second World War as a then typical triangular three-runway Royal Air Force Bomber Command airfield.

The aerodrome opened 15 September 1942 as RAF Enstone. It started life as a satellite airfield for RAF Moreton-in-Marsh, and was used by Vickers Wellingtons of No. 21 Operational Training Unit RAF until April 1944.  A detachment of North American Harvards and Airspeed Oxfords of No. 17 Flying Training School RAF subsequently arrived at Enstone; these departed during December 1946, and RAF Enstone eventually closed in 1947.

The site was also used by:
 No. 1 Refresher School RAF
 No. 7 Maintenance Unit RAF
 No. 1682 Bomber Defence Training Flight RAF
 Central Flying School

Current use
It is currently used for general aviation (GA). The hard runway is run by Oxfordshire Sport Flying Limited who provide flying lessons over Oxfordshire in modern motor gliders. The aerodrome is operational during daylight hours.

The Northside Grass Runway is run by Enstone Airlines. Enstone Airlines also provide maintenance for aircraft. In addition to aviation activities, the aerodrome is also home to a number of industrial activities, including automotive and general engineering, and accordingly, the site is also known as Enstone Airfield Industrial Estate. Northside Grass Runway is also used for GA and provides flying lessons to all who wish to learn to fly.

It was used in 2018 as the race track for the 'Celebrity Face Off' segment of the British motoring show The Grand Tour.

The site has been mooted for a classic-car museum, founded by American collector and philanthropist Peter W. Mullin. Plans for the museum were approved by West Oxfordshire District Council in 2019, although in 2022 Mullin submitted altered plans, which are still awaiting approval.

See also

List of airports in the United Kingdom
List of former Royal Air Force stations

References

External links
Oxfordshire Sport Flying at Enstone Aerodrome – official website

Airports in England
Transport in Oxfordshire
Airports in South East England
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom
Byte Code Engineering Library. The Byte Code Engineering Library (BCEL) is a project sponsored by the Apache Foundation previously under their Jakarta charter to provide a simple API for decomposing, modifying, and recomposing binary Java classes (I.e. bytecode). The project was conceived and developed by Markus Dahm prior to officially being donated to the Apache Jakarta foundation on 27 October 2001. It is a part of Apache Commons.

Uses
BCEL provides a simple library that exposes the internal aggregate components of a given Java class through its API as object constructs (as opposed to the disassembly of the lower-level opcodes). These objects also expose operations for modifying the binary bytecode, as well as generating new bytecode (via injection of new code into the existing code, or through generation of new classes altogether.) The BCEL library has been used in several diverse applications, such as:
Java Bytecode Decompiling, Obfuscation, and Refactoring
Performance and Profiling
Instrumentation calls that capture performance metrics can be injected into Java class binaries to examine memory/coverage data. (For example, injecting instrumentation at entry/exit points.)
Implementation of New Language Semantics
For example, Aspect-Oriented additions to the Java language have been implemented by using BCEL to decompose class structures for point-cut identification, and then again when reconstituting the class by injecting aspect-related code back into the binary. (See: AspectJ)
Static code analysis
FindBugs uses BCEL to analyze Java bytecode for code idioms which indicate bugs.

See also
 
ObjectWeb ASM
Javassist

External links

BCEL-Based Project Listing - A listing of projects that make use of the BCEL Library.
Apache Jakarta Home - The Apache Jakarta Home Page.
AspectJ - The AspectJ Project Home Page. (One of the high-visibility projects that makes use of BCEL.)

Virtualization software
BCEL