omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
E15. E15, E-15, E.15 or E 15 may refer to:

Places
 European route E15
 E15, a district in the London, England E postcode area 
 E15, a numeronym for the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland
 E15, the MIT Media Lab building
 Monzen-Nakachō Station of the Toei Subway (station number T-12/E-15)
 Butterworth–Kulim Expressway, route E15 in Malaysia

Technology
 HMS E15, a  World War I-era United Kingdom Royal Navy submarine
 E15 fuel
 E15, a model rocket motor classification
 E15 (software), a scriptable OpenGL interface to web content
 General Electric E-15, an Elec-Trak electric tractor

Other uses
 E 15: 1015, see Peta-
 E -15: 10−15, see femto-
 Queen's Indian Defense (Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code)
Kansas Landscape Arboretum. The Kansas Landscape Arboretum is a  nonprofit arboretum located in Wakefield, Kansas. It is open during daylight hours without admission charge.

The arboretum was established in 1972 mainly through the efforts of Ernest Bauer, Professor L. R. Quinlan (landscape architect at Kansas State University), and Bill Flynn (nurseryman from Abilene). Quinlan said that they had discussed the idea of a local landscape arboretum for 40 years before it became possible to gain support from the federal government. The United States Army Corps of Engineers project to create Milford Reservoir, the largest man-made lake in Kansas, created an opportunity for the arboretum, and in 1969 an organization was incorporated under the name Kansas Landscape Arboretum, sponsored by the Kansas State Horticultural Society. In 1972, the organization signed a lease with the Corps for 193 acres of land, and began planting native Kansas plants and creating recreational trails. The arboretum was formally dedicated on May 29, 1976.

When initially leased, the arboretum contained only 24 varieties of trees, shrubs, and flowers. It now includes about 1,000 species of native and exotic woody plants including green ash, crabapple, honey locust, juniper, maple, oak, osage-orange, pine, American sycamore, and black walnut. More than 260 of these species are identified with plaques along the Memorial Tree Walk.  Much of the area is left in native vegetation. To maintain the overall "naturalness" of the views, trees with unusual or colorful foliage or particularly distinctive shapes (like "weeping" trees) are planted in a special display section. There are three short walking trails available, including a Bird Sanctuary Walk with stumps to sit on for bird-watching. The arboretum includes a view of Milford Lake.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in the United States

References

External links
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers page, with a detailed map of the arboretum
Natural Kansas page

Arboreta in Kansas
Botanical gardens in Kansas
Protected areas of Clay County, Kansas
Delay-insensitive minterm synthesis. Within digital electronics, the DIMS (delay-insensitive minterm synthesis) system is an asynchronous design methodology making the least possible timing assumptions. Assuming only the quasi-delay-insensitive delay model the generated designs need little if any timing hazard testing. The basis for DIMS is the use of two wires to represent each bit of data. This is known as a dual-rail data encoding. Parts of the system communicate using the early four-phase asynchronous protocol.

The construction of DIMS logic gates comprises generating every possible minterm using a row of C-elements and then gathering the outputs of these using OR gates which generate the true and false output signals. With two dual-rail inputs the gate would be composed of four two-input C-elements. A three input gate uses eight three-input C-elements.

Latches are constructed using two C-elements to store the data and an OR gate to acknowledge the input once the data has been latched by attaching as its inputs the data output wires. The acknowledge from the forward stage is inverted and passed to the C-elements to allow them to reset once the computation has completed. This latch design is known as the 'half latch'. Other asynchronous latches provide a higher data capacity and levels of decoupling.

DIMS designs are large and slow but they have the advantage of being very robust.

Further reading 
 Jens Sparsø, Steve Furber: "Principles of Asynchronous Circuit Design"; Kluwer, Dordrecht (2001); chapter 5.5.1. 

Digital electronics
Common Algebraic Specification Language. The Common Algebraic Specification Language (CASL) is a general-purpose specification language based on first-order logic with induction. Partial functions and subsorting are also supported.

Overview
CASL has been designed by CoFI, the Common Framework Initiative (CoFI), with the aim to subsume many existing specification languages.

CASL comprises four levels:
 basic specifications, for the specification of single software modules,
 structured specifications, for the modular specification of modules,
 architectural specifications, for the prescription of the structure of implementations,
 specification libraries, for storing specifications distributed over the Internet.

The four levels are orthogonal to each other. In particular, it is possible to use CASL structured and architectural specifications and libraries with logics other than CASL. For this purpose, the logic has to be formalized as an institution. This feature is also used by the CASL extensions.

Extensions
Several extensions of CASL have been designed: 
HasCASL, a higher-order extension
CoCASL, a coalgebraic extension
CspCASL, a concurrent extension based on CSP
ModalCASL, a modal logic extension
CASL-LTL, a temporal logic extension
HetCASL, an extension for heterogeneous specification

References

External links
Official CoFI website
CASL
The heterogeneous tool set Hets, the main analysis tool for CASL

Formal specification languages
Radiological information system. A radiological information system (RIS) is the core system for the electronic management of medical imaging departments. The major functions of the RIS can include patient scheduling, resource management, examination performance tracking, reporting, results distribution, and procedure billing. RIS complements HIS (hospital information systems) and PACS (picture archiving and communication system), and is critical to efficient workflow to radiology practices.

Basic features 
Radiological information systems commonly support the following features:
Patient registration and scheduling
Patient list management
Modality interface using worklists
Workflow management within a radiology department
Request and document scanning
Result entry
Digital reporting (usually using Voice Recognition (VR))
Printables such as patient letters and printed reports
Result transmission via HL7 integration or e-mailing of clinical reports
Patient tracking
Interactive documents
Creation of technical files
Modality and material management
Consent management

Additional features 
In addition, a RIS often supports the following:
Appointment scheduling
Voice Recognition (VR)
PACS workflow
Custom report creation
HL7 interfaces with a PACS. HL7 also enables communication between HIS and RIS in addition to RIS and PACS.
Critical findings notification
Billing
Rule engines
Cross-site workflow

See also
 DICOM
 Electronic health record (EHR)
 Health Level 7
 Medical imaging
 Medical software

References

Computing in medical imaging
Electronic health records
Medical databases
Radiology
Information systems
Rollin film. A Rollin film, named after Bernard V. Rollin, is a -thick liquid film of helium in the helium II state.  It exhibits a "creeping" effect in response to surfaces extending past the film's level (wave propagation).  Helium II can escape from any non-closed container via creeping toward and eventually evaporating from capillaries of  or greater.

Rollin films are involved in the fountain effect where superfluid helium leaks out of a container in a fountain-like manner.  They have high thermal conductivity.

The ability of superfluid liquids to cross obstacles that lie at a higher level is often referred to as the Onnes effect, named after Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. The Onnes effect is enabled by the capillary forces dominating gravity and viscous forces.

Waves propagating across a Rollin film are governed by the same equation as gravity waves in shallow water, but rather than gravity, the restoring force is the van der Waals force. The film suffers a change in chemical potential when the thickness varies. These waves are known as third sound.

Thickness of the film 
The thickness of the film can be calculated by the energy balance. Consider a small fluid volume element  which is located at a height  from the free surface. The potential energy due to the gravitational force acting on the fluid element is , where  is the total density and  is the gravitational acceleration. The quantum kinetic energy per particle is , where  is the thickness of the film and  is the mass of the particle. Therefore, the net kinetic energy is given by , where  is the fraction of atoms which are Bose–Einstein condensate. Minimizing the total energy with respect to the thickness provides us the value of the thickness:

See also 
 Zero sound
 Second sound

References

External links 
 Video of the property in action
 Video: Liquid Helium, Superfluid: demonstrating Lambda point transition/viscosity paradox/two fluid model/fountain effect/Rollin film/second sound (Alfred Leitner, 1963, 38 min.)

Helium
Bose–Einstein condensates
Fluid mechanics
Superfluidity

de:Rollin-Film
Quantum weirdness. Quantum weirdness encompasses the aspects of quantum mechanics that challenge and defy human physical intuition.

Human physical intuition is based on macroscopic physical phenomena as are experienced in everyday life, which can mostly be adequately described by the Newtonian mechanics of classical physics. Early 20th-century models of atomic physics, such as the Rutherford–Bohr model, represented subatomic particles as little balls occupying well-defined spatial positions, but it was soon found that the physics needed at a subatomic scale, which became known as "quantum mechanics", implies many aspects for which the models of classical physics are inadequate. These aspects include: 
 quantum entanglement;
 quantum nonlocality, referred to by Einstein as "spooky action at a distance"; see also EPR paradox;
 quantum superposition, presented in dramatic form in the thought experiment known as Schrödinger's cat;
 the uncertainty principle;
 wave–particle duality;
 the probabilistic nature of wave function collapse, decried by Einstein, saying, "God does not play dice".

See also 
 Bell's theorem
 Interpretations of quantum mechanics
 Quantum tunneling
 Renninger negative-result experiment
 Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment

References

Further reading 
Book reviews
 
 
Articles
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Quantum mechanics
RWD 4. The RWD 4 was a Polish sports plane of 1930, constructed by the RWD team.

Development
The RWD 4 was constructed by the RWD team of Stanisław Rogalski, Stanisław Wigura and Jerzy Drzewiecki in Warsaw. It was based upon their earlier RWD 2 design, but enlarged and fitted with more powerful inline engine. It retained the same fish-shaped fuselage without a direct view forward from the pilot's seat, though the view improved due to thin fuselage profile before the pilot. Also a silhouette became slimmer. The aircraft development was ordered by the Ministry of Communication especially for participation in the Challenge 1930 international air competition. At the same time, the RWD developed similar liaison aircraft project, the RWD 3, which shared many features with the RWD 4.

The first three aircraft (registration SP-ADK, -ADL and -ADM) were completed and flown by the designer Jerzy Drzewiecki in early 1930. In late 1930, a further six aircraft were built for the Polish Aero Club (registration SP-AEK, -AEL, AEY, -AEZ, -AFC, -AGP).

Service
The first three aircraft took part in the Challenge 1930 competition in July. Only Jerzy Bajan completed the race on SP-ADM on the 32nd place (of 35 classified and 60 starting crews). Franciszek Żwirko (flying with Stanisław Wigura) withdrew due to engine failure, while the third pilot Tadeusz Karpiński withdrew due to illness.

RWD 4s were later used in Polish local air competitions, with some success (for example, F. Żwirko won the 3rd Polish Light Aircraft Contest in 1930, and other RWD 4s took the 2nd, 5th and 6th place). In 1931, in an international air meeting in Zagreb, Jerzy Bajan won 2nd place overall and the 1st place in aerobatics. RWD 4s were also used for training and glider towing in regional aero clubs. The first two were withdrawn in 1931, the last were scrapped in 1936, after quite short, but meritorious service in Polish sporting aviation.

Description
Wooden construction sports plane, conventional in layout, high-wing cantilever monoplane. The fuselage rectangular in cross-section (narrower in upper part), plywood-covered. Trapezoid one-part wing, canvas and plywood covered. A crew of two, sitting in tandem in the fuselage, with dual controls. The cockpits were open to the sides, with individual doors on the right. Principally powered by a 4-cylinder air-cooled 115 hp  Cirrus Hermes straight engine (105 hp nominal power, 115 hp take-off power), driving a two-blade wooden propeller, the aircraft was also known to be fitted with 85 hp Cirrus III and 105 hp de Havilland Gipsy II engines.  Landing gear was conventional, fixed, with a rear skid. The fuel tank capacity was 110 litres held in-wing giving fuel consumption of 21 litres per hour.

Specifications (RWD 4)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Photos and description (in Polish)

RWD 04
RWD 04
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
RWD 2. The RWD 2 was a 1929 Polish single-engine high-wing monoplane sports plane constructed by the RWD team.

Development
The RWD 2 was constructed by the RWD team of Stanisław Rogalski, Stanisław Wigura and Jerzy Drzewiecki in the Aviation Section of Mechanic Students' Club of Warsaw University of Technology. It was a development of their first design RWD-1. Its feature was a unique, fish-shaped fuselage, with good aerodynamics, but without a direct view forward from the pilot's seat. For this reason, they were later nicknamed: blind mice.

The first prototype (registration SP-ACE) was completed and flown by the designer Jerzy Drzewiecki in July 1929.  
Since it appeared successful in sports flying, three more RWD-2s were built in 1930 (registration SP-ADJ, -ADG, -ADH).

Use
In August–September 1929, Franciszek Żwirko and Stanisław Wigura flew the prototype across Europe, on the 5000 km Warsaw-Paris-Barcelona-Warsaw  route (it was the first long foreign raid of the Polish-designed aircraft). On 16 October 1929, Żwirko and Antoni Kocjan set an international FAI altitude record of 4,004 m (13,133 ft) in the light tourist plane class (below 280 kg / 616 lb empty weight).

Three serial aircraft took part in the Challenge 1930 international touring planes competition in July 1930. Stanisław Płonczyński took the 19th place, as the best Pole (for 35 qualified and 60 starting crews), and Edward Więckowski took the 21st place (the third Józef Muślewski was disqualified due to time exceeding, but he completed the rally off the contest). In the Challenge, RWD-2s won the trial of lowest fuel consumption (5.2 kg / 100 km). According to Flight, they "appear to possess particularly good air-sailing qualities".

RWD 2s were also used in several Polish air competitions and other minor international ones, with some success. They were also used for training in the Polish Aero Club in Warsaw, Poznań and Vilnius. They were withdrawn in 1935 (one was bought by a private owner and flew for some time longer).

Description
Wooden construction high-wing cantilever monoplane, conventional in layout. Fuselage rectangular in cross-section, plywood covered. Single-spar one-part wing of a trapezoid shape, covered with canvas and plywood in front. Cantilever empennage, covered with plywood (stabilizers) and canvas (rudder and elevators). Crew of two, sitting in tandem, with dual controls. The crew cabs were open on the sides in upper part, they had individual doors on the right side. Salmson 9Ad, 46 hp (40 hp nominal power), 9-cylinder air-cooled radial engine in front, driving a two-bladed metal propeller (wooden in the prototype). Conventional fixed landing gear, sprung by rubber rope, with a rear skid. Fuel tank 75 L in fuselage front (fuel consumption - 9.5 L/ flight hour).

Specifications (RWD 2)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Photos and drawings at Ugolok Neba

1920s Polish sport aircraft
RWD-02
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Music for Robots (website). Music for Robots is a defunct MP3 blog written and curated by a collective of friends who originally met at Bates College, who founded the website in April 2004. The blog made history in 2004 when it hosted a song by the band The Secret Machines provided to them by Warner Bros. Records, signaling the first time a major label had deliberately encouraged a blog to post an mp3 by one of its artists. The site gained greater notoriety later that year when MTV aired a news feature about the site and one of their discoveries, a band of teenagers from Brooklyn called Hysterics. In 2005, the "robots" branched out, dipping their toes in concert promotion and releasing a compilation CD titled Music For Robots, Vol. 1, which included music from Hysterics, Avenue D, Death from Above 1979, The Mae Shi, and Daedelus. Music (For Robots) was known for their diverse, comprehensive musical tastes and willingness to cooperate with the record industry, and only post music with permission of the artist and/or label.

Music (For Robots) was featured by many publications and programs in the mainstream media including Wired magazine, The New York Times, Rolling Stone, Spin, NPR, the Fresno Bee, The Guardian, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Stereogum, and was the first MP3 blog to be featured in primetime TV during MTV's TRL program in early 2005.

See also
 MP3 blog

References

Music blogs
Bates College alumni
American music websites
Internet properties established in 2004
Internet properties disestablished in 2008
Oxford Electric Bell. The Oxford Electric Bell or Clarendon Dry Pile is an experimental electric bell, in particular a type of bell that uses the electrostatic clock principle that was set up in 1840 and which has run nearly continuously ever since. It was one of the first pieces purchased for a collection of apparatus by clergyman and physicist Robert Walker. It is located in a corridor adjacent to the foyer of the Clarendon Laboratory at the University of Oxford, England, and is still ringing, albeit inaudibly due to being behind two layers of glass.

Design
The experiment consists of two brass bells, each positioned beneath a dry pile (a form of battery), the pair of piles connected in series, giving the bells opposite electric charges. The clapper is a metal sphere approximately  in diameter suspended between the piles, which rings the bells alternately due to electrostatic forces. When the clapper touches one bell, it is charged by that pile. It is then repelled from that bell due to having the same charge and attracted to the other bell, which has the opposite charge. The clapper then touches the other bell and the process reverses, leading to oscillation. The use of electrostatic forces means that while high voltage is required to create motion, only a tiny amount of charge is carried from one bell to the other. As a result, the batteries drain very slowly, which is why the piles have been able to last since the apparatus was set up in 1840. Its oscillation frequency is 2 hertz.

The exact composition of the dry piles is unknown, but it is known that they have been coated with molten sulfur for insulation and it is thought that they may be Zamboni piles.

At one point this sort of device played an important role in distinguishing between two different theories of electrical action: the theory of contact tension (an obsolete scientific theory based on then-prevailing electrostatic principles) and the theory of chemical action.

The Oxford Electric Bell does not demonstrate perpetual motion. The bell will eventually stop when the dry piles have distributed their charges equally if the clapper does not wear out first. The Bell has produced approximately 10 billion rings since 1840 and holds the Guinness World Record as "the world's most durable battery [delivering] ceaseless tintinnabulation".

Operation
Apart from occasional short interruptions caused by high humidity, the bell has rung continuously since 1840. The bell may have been constructed in 1825.

See also
 Long-term experiment
 Franklin bells
 Beverly Clock (1864)
 Pitch drop experiment (1927)
 Clock of the Long Now

References

Further reading
 Willem Hackmann, "The Enigma of Volta's "Contact Tension" and the Development of the "Dry Pile"", appearing in Nuova Voltiana: Studies on Volta and His Times, nb Volume 3 (Fabio Bevilacqua; Lucio Frenonese (Editors)), 2000, pp. 103–119.

External links
Oxford Electric Bell, YouTube video with David Glover-Aoki (18 October 2011)

1840 works
1840 establishments in England
1840 in science
Individual bells
History of physics
Physics experiments
Electric bell
FUJIC. FUJIC was the first electronic digital computer in operation in Japan. It was finished in March 1956, the project having been effectively started in 1949, and was built almost entirely by Dr. Okazaki Bunji. Originally designed to perform calculations for lens design by Fuji, the ultimate goal of FUJIC's construction was to achieve a speed 1,000 times that of human calculation for the same purpose – the actual performance achieved was double that number.

Employing approximately 1,700 vacuum tubes, the computer's word length was 33 bits. It had an ultrasonic mercury delay-line memory of 255 words, with an average access time of 500 microseconds. An addition or subtraction was clocked at 100 microseconds, multiplication at 1,600 microseconds, and division at 2,100 microseconds.

Used extensively for two years at the Fuji factory in Odawara, it was given later to Waseda University before taking up residence in the National Science Museum of Japan in Tokyo.

See also
 MUSASINO-1
 List of vacuum-tube computers

References

References and external links

 FUJIC at the IPSJ Computer Museum
 Dr. Okazaki Bunji at the IPSJ Computer Museum
 
 
 Raúl Rojas and Ulf Hashagen, ed. The First Computers: History and Architectures. 2000, MIT Press, .

One-of-a-kind computers
Vacuum tube computers
Fujifilm