omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Transformation language. A transformation language is a computer language designed to transform some input text in a certain formal language into a modified output text that  meets some specific goal.

Program transformation systems such as Stratego/XT, TXL, Tom, DMS, and ASF+SDF all have transformation languages as a major component. The transformation languages for these systems are driven by declarative descriptions of the structure of the input text (typically a grammar), allowing them to be applied to wide variety of formal languages and documents.

Macro languages are a kind of transformation languages to transform a meta language into specific higher programming language like Java, C++, Fortran or into lower-level Assembly language.

In the model-driven engineering technical space, there are model transformation languages (MTLs), that take as input models conforming to a given metamodel and produce as output models conforming to a different metamodel. An example of such a language is the QVT OMG standard.

There are also low-level languages such as the Lx family implemented by the bootstrapping method. The L0 language may be considered as assembler for transformation languages. There is also a high-level graphical language built on upon Lx called MOLA.

There are a number of XML transformation languages. These include Tritium, XSLT, XQuery, STX, FXT, XDuce, CDuce, HaXml, XMLambda, and FleXML.

See also

Concepts:
 bidirectional transformation
 data conversion
 data element
 data mapping
 data migration
 data transformation
 metadata
 model transformation
 graph transformation
 refinement (contrast)

Languages and typical transforms:
 ATL
 AWK (tabular data transforms)
 Identity transform
 QVT
 TXL (general)
 XQuery (XML)
 XSLT (XML)

References

 
Programming language classification
Metaprogramming
Walter H. Stockmayer. Walter Hugo Stockmayer (April 7, 1914, in Rutherford, New Jersey – May 9, 2004, in Norwich, Vermont) was an internationally known chemist and university teacher. A former member of the National Academy of Sciences, he was recognized as one of the twentieth century pioneers of polymer science. His specific interest was in theory and experiment for the structure and dynamics of polymer molecules, including various uses of the light scattering method.

Stockmayer became interested in the mathematical aspects of physical chemistry as an undergraduate at MIT. A Rhodes Scholarship brought him to Jesus College, Oxford, where he undertook gas kinetics research with D. L. Chapman. He introduced the Stockmayer potential.

Stockmayer returned to MIT for Ph.D. research and pursued his study of statistical mechanics, which he later continued at Columbia University. He returned again to MIT in 1943 to study the theory of network formation and the gelation criterion. Stockmayer increasingly directed his attention to theories of polymer solutions, light scattering and chain dynamics.

After a Guggenheim Fellowship for the academic year 1954/1955 in Strasbourg, France, he returned once more to MIT, then moved to Dartmouth College in 1961. There, he worked primarily on copolymers in dilute solution, established the journal Macromolecules, and collaborated with many Japanese scientists.

Stockmayer is mentioned as a friend of the author in the novel Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut, and is described as a distinguished pianist and a good skier.  A fellowship in honor of Professor Stockmayer was established at Dartmouth College in 1994.

See also
Multiangle light scattering
Percolation theory

Further reading

External links
 In Memoriam Dr. Walter H. Stockmayer (1914-2004), Dartmouth College
 The Papers of Walter H. Stockmayer at Dartmouth College Library

References

1914 births
2004 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
American physical chemists
American Rhodes Scholars
Columbia University faculty
Dartmouth College faculty
National Medal of Science laureates
People from Rutherford, New Jersey
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Green Hills Software. Green Hills Software is a privately owned company that builds operating systems and programming tools for embedded systems. The firm was founded in 1982 by Dan O'Dowd and Carl Rosenberg. Its headquarters are in Santa Barbara, California.

History
In the 1990s, Green Hills Software and Wind River Systems, both makers of embedded system software development tools, entered into a 99-year agreement to cooperatively support customers using products from both companies. The agreement was terminated after a lawsuit in 2005. After parting ways, Wind River publicly embraced Linux and open-source software while Green Hills initiated a public relations campaign decrying the use of open-source software in projects related to national security.

In 2008, the Green Hills real-time operating system (RTOS) named Integrity-178  was the first system to be certified by the National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP), composed of National Security Agency (NSA) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), to Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 6+.

In November 2008, it was announced that a commercialized version of Integrity 178-B would be offered to the private sector by Integrity Global Security, a subsidiary of Green Hills Software.

On March 27, 2012, a contract was announced between Green Hills Software and Nintendo. This designates MULTI as the official integrated development environment and toolchain for Nintendo and its licensed developers to program the Wii U video game console.

On February 25, 2014, it was announced that the operating system Integrity had been chosen by Urban Aeronautics for their AirMule flying car unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), since renamed the Tactical Robotics Cormorant.

Selected products

Real-time operating systems 
Integrity is a POSIX real-time operating system (RTOS). An Integrity variant, named Integrity-178B, was certified to Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 6+, High Robustness in November 2008.
Micro Velosity (stylized as μ-velOSity) is a real-time microkernel for resource-constrained devices.

Compilers 
Green Hills produces compilers for the programming languages C, C++, Fortran, and Ada. They are cross-platform, for 32- and 64-bit microprocessors, including RISC-V, ARM, Blackfin, ColdFire, MIPS, PowerPC, SuperH, StarCore, x86, V850, and XScale.

Integrated development environments 
MULTI is an integrated development environment (IDE) for the programming languages C, C++, Embedded C++ (EC++), and Ada, aimed at embedded engineers.

TimeMachine  is a set of tools for optimizing and debugging C and C++ software. TimeMachine (introduced 2003) supports reverse debugging, a feature that later also became available in the free GNU Debugger (GDB) 7.0 (2009).

References

Software companies based in California
Software companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in California
Companies based in Santa Barbara, California
Microkernels
Privately held companies based in California
VMac. vMac is a free and open-source Macintosh Plus emulator which is able to run versions of System 1.1 to 7.5.5. It is available for Windows, DOS, OS/2, Mac OS, NeXTSTEP, Linux, Unix, and other platforms. Although vMac has been abandoned, Mini vMac, an improved spinoff of vMac, is still actively developed.

vMac and Mini vMac support CPU emulation from Motorola 68000 to 68040, display output, sound, floppy disk insert, HFV image files, and more. Some vMac ports include extra features such as CD-ROM support, basic serial port (SCC) support, Gemulator ROM board support, and various performance improvements. Although the website is still in operation, most vMac development slowed to a halt in 1999, and no official releases have been made since. Many of the developer e-mail addresses listed on the website are not currently working.

Overview 

Mini vMac, vMac's spinoff, is still being maintained and developed by Paul C. Pratt.  Currently Mini vMac supports Macintosh 128K, 512K, 512Ke, Plus, SE and Classic, with active development for Macintosh II, Macintosh Portable and PowerBook 100 support. Due to complaints about the rarity of the original II, it also accepts Macintosh IIx and Macintosh SE/30 ROM files. The precompiled versions available for download at Mini vMac's SourceForge project emulates a Macintosh Plus with 4 MiB of RAM.

vMac and Mini vMac require a Macintosh Plus ROM file and Macintosh system software to work. Macintosh ROM files are owned by Apple and cannot be legally distributed.  However, the Windows and Unix ports of vMac (not Mini vMac) support the Gemulator ROM board from Emulators Inc., which allows users to add genuine MacPlus ROM chips to their x86 machine via an ISA expansion slot. This board can also support ROM chips from other early Macintosh systems, but the publicly released versions of vMac only supported the Macintosh Plus.  Macintosh system software is available from Apple's Support Downloads Website (see External links below).

As mentioned, Mini vMac also requires a specific ROM image for the computer emulation desired. A software application for these 68000 Macs may be downloaded from the Mini vMac website for retrieval of a system's ROM image, along with a complete tutorial for locating an old Mac, retrieving the ROM and working with disk images.

See also 

 Basilisk II, an emulator of later 68k Macs.
 Executor (software), a emulator/compatibility layer for early 68k Macs.
 SheepShaver, an emulator of early PowerPC Macs.
 PearPC, an emulator of PowerPC Macs which can run Mac OS X and various open Unixes.

References

External links 
  vMac
  Mini vMac
 archive of Apple's Support Downloads Website
 Guide to setting up System 6 in Mini vMac for Windows
 Creating a Mac-on-Stick using Mini vMac
 Emulators, Inc.

Macintosh platform emulators
BeOS software
Linux emulation software
Classic Mac OS emulation software
Windows emulation software
68k emulators
Android emulation software
Thomas P. Jones. Thomas Pascal Jones (1774–March 11, 1848) was a British-born engineer and publisher in the United States of America.

Biography
Born in Herefordshire in Britain in 1774, Jones emigrated to America as a youth.

In 1825 he became a cofounder as well as publisher and editor of American Mechanics Magazine.

Jones first lived in Washington, D.C., and served as superintendent and examiner of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Later, he lived in New York City and taught at the Franklin Institute, in Philadelphia.

In 1828, Jones merged American Mechanics Magazine with the institute's existing magazine, entitling it Journal of the Franklin Institute. He remained its editor until his death in 1848. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1831 and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1834.

Also in 1828, he became the professor of chemistry of the Medical Department of the Columbian College, today's George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, replacing Richard Randall. In 1839 his position changed to the professor of chemistry and pharmacy, which he resigned the next year.

Selected works
 New conversations on chemistry

References

External links
 
 

1774 births
1848 deaths
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Herefordshire
Patent examiners
British engineers
British publishers (people)
British emigrants to the United States
Camilo Nogueira Román. Camilo Nogueira Román (born 22 November 1936) is a Spanish politician and engineer. He was a Member of the European Parliament between 1999 and 2004. He was part of the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) and the Democratic Party of the Peoples of Europe, which took part in the Greens–European Free Alliance.

Nogueira finished his studies in industrial engineering in 1964, and graduated with a degree in economics in 1975. He worked as an engineer for Citroën in Vigo between 1964 and 1972. After that he became the Projects and Development Director of the Society for the Industrial Development of Galicia (SODIGA) between 1973 and 1987. Nogueira has always been actively involved in politics.

As a politician, he was a member of the executive board of UPG/ANPG (Galician People's Union) from 1970–1977, and member of the executive board of the PSG-EG (Galician Socialist Party) from 1977–1996. He was the leader of Unidade Galega (Galician Unity), a political party which eventually integrated in the BNG coalition. He was a member of the executive board of BNG from 1996 to 1999.

At present he is member of the municipal council of his birth city of Vigo and Deputy in the Galician Parliament representing the BNG.

Nogueira is author of a number of publications on economics and politics in connection with the "Galician Question" (issues related to or having to do with Galicia).

In  European Parliament, Camilo Nogueira was very active. His posts while he was a member of the European Parliament were:

 Committee on Regional Policy, Transport and Tourism, Member
 Committee on Constitutional Affairs, Substitute
 Committee on Fisheries, Substitute
 Delegation for relations with the United States, Member

Nogueira made headlines when, following the example of José Posada, he made his oral and written communications in Galician at the European chamber, and this was accepted as a variety of Portuguese. Since then, he has been considered a reintegrationist and was offered honorary membership of the AGAL (Galician Association of the Language), which he accepted.

References 

Living people
1936 births
Galician Nationalist Bloc MEPs
MEPs for Spain 1999–2004
Members of the 1st Parliament of Galicia
Members of the 2nd Parliament of Galicia
Members of the 3rd Parliament of Galicia
Members of the 5th Parliament of Galicia
SEA IV. The SEA IV was a French two-seat military aircraft of World War I and the immediate post-war era.

Development
The SEA IV was designed and built in 1917 by Henry Potez, Louis Coroller, and Marcel Bloch. It was a derivative of their previous SEA II design, equipped with a more powerful Lorraine engine of 261 kW (350 hp). It made its first flight during the first quarter of 1918, probably near Plessis-Belleville. It was initially tested by Gustave Douchy, a flying ace of 9 victories, then by the pilots of the Centre d'essais en Vol at Villacoublay. The "Ministère de l'Armement et des Fabrications de guerre" (Ministry of Armament and War Production) soon placed an order for 1,000 machines, making the SEA IV the first Dassault-designed aircraft to reach production.

Operational history
On August 24, 1918, General Duval, commander of Aéronautique at General Headquarters foresaw the need for two variants to equip the escadrilles at the beginning of 1919: the SEA IV A2 for observation and the SEA IV C2 for fighting. In October, General Headquarters ordered the commissioning of a flotilla to operate these aircraft, and therefore required production to reach 200 planes per month during the first quarter of 1919, to have a force of 400 on hand by April 1.

The Armistice, however, meant that the initial order of 1,000 was cancelled, and in the end, only 115 examples were built. These C2s were used for a number of years by several escadrilles in the "Regiments d'Aviation" at Le Bourget.

A further 25 were built by Aéroplanes Henry Potez as the Potez VII, a luxury touring aircraft, and one further example formed the basis of a racing aircraft.

Variants
SEA IV Basic production variant
SEA IV P.M.A long-distance aircraft with additional fuel tanks giving an endurance of 6 hours.
SEA IV floatplane Under construction at the time of the Armistice in November 1918

Operators

Specifications (SEA IV C2)

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 Dassault official home page

Biplanes
1910s French fighter aircraft
1910s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Marcel Dassault
Aircraft with fixed bicycle landing gear
Cocamide DEA. Cocamide DEA, or cocamide diethanolamine, is a diethanolamide made by reacting the mixture of fatty acids from coconut oils with diethanolamine. It is a viscous liquid and is used as a foaming agent in bath products like shampoos and hand soaps, and in cosmetics as an emulsifying agent. See cocamide for the discussion of the lengths of carbon chains in the molecules in the mixture. The chemical formula of individual components is CH3(CH2)nC(=O)N(CH2CH2OH)2, where n typically ranges from 8 to 18.

Safety

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists coconut oil diethanolamine condensate (cocamide DEA) as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen, which identifies this chemical as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The listing is based on a dermal animal bioassay.

In June 2012, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment added cocamide DEA to the California Proposition 65 (1986) list of chemicals known to cause cancer.

Cocamide DEA has a high irritation potential.

See also
 Cocamide
 Cocamide MEA
 List of cosmetic ingredients

References 

Non-ionic surfactants
Cosmetics chemicals
Fatty acid amides
Diols
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Berlin Airlift Device. The Berlin Airlift Device is miniature gold airplane that was awarded for wear on occupation medals and ribbons issued to United States Armed Forces service personnel for participation in or in direct support of, the Berlin airlift during the Cold War.

History
The Berlin Airlift Device is awarded for service of 92 consecutive days with a unit credited with participation in the Berlin airlift, or by competent field authority on an individual basis within the period June 26, 1948 to September 30, 1949 inclusive. U.S. Army orders announcing award of the Berlin Airlift device will specifically award the Army of Occupation Medal to persons otherwise not eligible therefor. The device is a gold colored metal miniature of a Douglas C-54 cargo airplane.  It is worn centered on the suspension and service ribbon of the Army of Occupation Medal or Navy Occupation Service Medal. When worn on the suspension ribbon, the device is pinned above the Germany medal clasp.

Those awarded the Army of Occupation Medal or Navy Occupation Service Medal and the Berlin Airlift Device may also be entitled to the Medal for Humane Action awarded for at least 120 days of service or direct support thereof of the Berlin airlift. The 31 American service personnel and one Army civilian worker of the 101 persons who lost their lives mostly due to plane crashes during the Berlin airlift were awarded the Medal of Humane Action posthumously.

See also
 United States military award devices
 Awards and decorations of the United States military
 Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation
 DA Pamphlet 672-1, page 533 for the list of Army units entitled to the Berlin Airlift Device

References

United States military award devices
Device
Aero A.10. The Aero Letňany A.10 was a biplane airliner produced in Czechoslovakia shortly after World War I. It was the first commercial aircraft to be built in Czechoslovakia and was known as the Ae-10 Limousine. It was designed by Husnik and Vlasak and was intended to meet the growing need for aerial communication to and from the country. Behind the single nose-mounted engine was a cabin with seats for three and two tables, upholstered on the underside, and able to be inverted to provide another two seats if required. A double skinned firewall between the engine and cabin, together with double skinned surfaces to the walls, floor and roof and Triplex windows gave a (relatively) quiet ride. A rear window gave communication with the pilot, whose open cockpit was above and behind the cabin. The cockpit also accommodated the navigator who had a seat directly behind the pilot.

The upper wings were in three sections with the small center section mounted on a tubular cabane and the lower wings were attached directly to the fuselage. Balanced ailerons were fitted to the top plane only and the petrol tank was fitted in the centre section. The fuselage was a deep rectangular section tapering to a vertical knife-edge at the rear, thus rendering a tail fin unnecessary. The tailplane carried two balanced elevators hinged to the stabilisers, and a balanced rudder was fitted to the top of the fuselage.

The first example of the A.10 flew for the first time on 3 January 1922.  The A.10 was important as one of Československé Státní Aerolinie - (Czechoslovak State Airlines) first aircraft, with five examples in service with the airline from the time of its inception in 1923 until 1928, on the Prague to Bratislava route.

Operators

Czechoslovak Airlines

Specifications (A.10)

See also

References

 

1920s Czechoslovak airliners
Single-engined tractor aircraft
A010
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Robbed-bit signaling. In communications systems, robbed-bit signaling (RBS) is a scheme to provide maintenance and line signaling services on many T1 digital carrier circuits using channel-associated signaling (CAS). The T1 carrier circuit is a type of dedicated circuit currently employed in North America and Japan.

Overview
T1 is a protocol for digital transmission over telephone networks. A T1 circuit combines 24 DS0 channels through time-division multiplexing. Data is transmitted in frames, where each frame contains an 8-bit sample of each of the 24 channels, plus one extra framing bit for a total of 193 bits. Each channel carries 8,000 samples per second. The frames are transmitted either in sequences of 12 frames, known as superframes (SF), or sequences of 24 frames, known as extended superframes (ESF). Robbed-bit signaling is a method to provide signaling information alongside data within a superframe. Robbed-bit signaling uses the least-significant bit of every channel in every sixth frame for signaling instead of data. These bits convey on or off hook, and busy signal status on telephone lines. Since a superframe consists of 12 frames, robbed-bit signaling provides two bits for signaling per channel in a superframe, or four bits per channel in an extended superframe. The first robbed bit in a superframe is called A bit, and the second bit is called the B bit. Extended superframes have two extra robbed bits, called the C and D bits.

Intuitively, 5 out of 6 frames have 8-bit resolution equal to  (8 bits × 8,000 samples per second = ) and 1 out of every 6 frames has a 7-bit resolution (7 bits × 8,000 samples per second = ). The distortion effect on voice and data signals is negligible when a modem is used for modulation. However, for a  digital signal, the data will render errors when a data signal is transmitted. To remove the errors, data can be transmitted 7 bits at a time instead of 8. Since robbed-bit signaling could impact voice quality and reduce data bandwidth, it was largely replaced by the Primary Rate Interface standard, which reserves one of the 24 voice channels for signaling information instead of using bits in every channel.

References

Telephony signals