Greenfield project. In many disciplines, a greenfield project is one that lacks constraints imposed by prior work. The analogy is to that of construction on greenfield land where there is no need to work within the constraints of existing buildings or infrastructure.

Software development 
In software development, a greenfield project could be one of developing a system for a totally new environment, without concern for integrating with other systems, especially not legacy systems. Such projects are deemed higher risk, as they are often for new infrastructure, new customers, and even new owners. Thus, greenfield projects offer a unique opportunity to innovate freely and create from scratch

Cell phone networks 
In wireless engineering, a greenfield project could be that of rolling out a new generation of cell phone networks. The first cellular telephone networks were built primarily on tall existing tower structures or on high ground in an effort to cover as much territory as possible in as little time as possible and with a minimum number of base stations. These early wireless telephone network designs were later augmented with additional base stations and antennas to handle the growing demand for additional voice traffic and higher network capacity. As wireless networks quickly evolved, it was evident that the earlier designs constrained the growth of the network. As governments made more radio spectrum available for licensed wireless telephone operators in the late 1980s, entirely new networks were built that performed better than legacy networks because their designs were free from the constraints of existing systems. Today, any new network designed from scratch to enable new Radio Access Network technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and WiMAX are also referred to as greenfield projects.

Advantages of Greenfield Projects 
There are several advantages of Greenfield projects, some of which are:

Flexibility: Architects can have flexibility in the design of the facility.

Latest Technology: Architects can use the latest technology and sustainable practices to design the facility.

Expansion Provisions:  The master plan of the facility can provide for well-planned expansions.

Codes, Compliance and Safety Regulations: Greenfield projects allow the architect to design as per the codes and compliances that ensure the safety of passengers.

Disadvantages of Greenfield Projects: 
Capital Costs: The capital costs for investment, infrastructure development and land acquisition are high.

Schedules: The construction schedule of Greenfield projects is more due to the development of the infrastructure.

Challenge: Greenfield projects uncertainly is greater than Brownfield projects.

Environmental Impact: Greenfield projects have a greater impact on the environment.

While Greenfield projects have the advantage of being flexible, incorporating new technologies and the potential for expansion, they also have the disadvantage of higher projects costs, longer lead times and unknown risks.

Other uses 

Literal examples of greenfield projects are new factories, power plants, airports which are built from scratch on greenfield land. Those facilities which are modified/upgraded are called brownfield land projects (often the pre-existing site/facilities are contaminated/polluted.)

In transportation industries (e.g., automotive, aircraft, engines) the equivalent concept is called "clean sheet design".

Greenfield also has meaning in sales. A greenfield opportunity refers to a marketplace that is completely untapped and free for the taking.

From an Information Technology Service Management (ITSM) perspective, an IT organization that is being set up from scratch is said to start from a "greenfield" situation. This is because it would have no live services or practices in place to start with.

See also 
 Brownfield (software development)
 Brownfield land
 Greenfield land
 Greenfield agreement
 Greyfield land
 Blue skies research

References

Further reading 
 Devereux, M. P., Fuest, C., & Lockwood, B. (2013). The Taxation of Foreign Profits: a Unified View!  Working Papers 1303, Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation.

Projects