omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GE B36-7. The GE B36-7 is a 4-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by GE Transportation Systems between January 1980 and September 1985. 222 examples of this locomotive were built for North American railroads and eight units were built for a Colombian coal mining operation. The units were designed as successors to GE's U36B's. Of the 230 locomotives built, 180 of them were built for two Eastern railroads - Seaboard System Railroad (which became part of CSX Transportation in 1986) and Conrail.

These 4-axle locomotives were powerful when introduced in 1980. When first built the units were rated at , later versions were rated at . They were designed for fast and priority service, moving intermodal and container trains.

Design 
The B36-7 was developed from the B30-7, and externally is identical to its predecessor. The first 4 B36-7s were built for the Cotton Belt in January 1980, as modified B30-7s with increased horsepower and several new design features: according to Extra 2200 South magazine these units featured General Electric's new Sentry Adhesion System, a wheel slip detection system. These 3600 horsepower units also featured the new GE 752AF traction motor, the new GTA-24 traction alternator and 83:20 fine tooth gearing.

Production 

Following the 4 Cotton Belt units, GE started official B36-7 production at its Erie, PA facility. The second order for B36-7s was built for the Santa Fe in October and November 1980. Between 1983 and 1985, Conrail, Santa Fe, Southern Pacific, and Seaboard System placed further B36-7 orders. Production ended in September 1985 when the final B36-7 was built for Seaboard.

Original owners

See also
 GE U36B

References 

 
 
 

B36-7
B-B locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1980
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of Colombia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Colombia
GE C30-7. The C30-7 is a 6-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by GE Transportation Systems between September 1976 and May 1986 as an updated U30C with a 16-cylinder  FDL-series diesel engine. 1,137 were built for North American railroads.

GE's successor to the C30-7 was the C36-7, early versions of which were quite similar to the C30-7.

Variants

C30-7A
A variant of the C30-7, 50 GE C30-7As were purchased by Conrail in mid-1984. Externally similar to the GE C30-7 model, six tall hood doors per side (in place of eight) showed it had a 12-cylinder (rather than 16-cylinder) prime mover. Both engines produced  but the C30-7A's smaller engine used less fuel. The C30-7A units were built between May and June 1984.

Chicago Freight Car Leasing Australia purchased twelve former Conrail C30-7A locomotives in 2001 and used their traction components in the rebuilding of 442 class locomotives as the GL class. These entered service in Australia from 2003.

Original owners

Use in Estonia 

In 2003 19 C30-7As were rebuilt and exported to Estonia as C30-7Ais to be used by EVR (Eesti Raudtee) which at that time was privately owned. The locos were numbered as part of Class 1500 (1558–1576) and were second-hand from Conrail/CSX/NS (USA).

In 2018, Operail (formerly EVR Cargo) announced it had completed its first conversion of the series with #1564.  International Railway Journal reported, "Only the frames and bogies of the original locomotive were retained and the C30-M features a new centrally-positioned driver’s cab and a 1.55MW Caterpillar 3512C HD diesel engine."  The converted unit has a 1524mm track gauge and weighs 138 tonnes.  Operail's redesign makes the units suitable for shunting and line haul.  The redesigned units are planned for internal use and export sales.

Preservation 

 L&N 7067 is preserved and owned by the Kentucky Steam Heritage Corporation. This unit was previously painted for Marshall University and numbered 1837.
 Brazil's only surviving C30-7A, Rumo Logistca #7202, was restored in time for use on Rumo Logistica's annual Christmas on Rails train in December 2018.  This locomotive is one of seven C30-7As built for Brazil.

See also 
 Iranian locomotives

References

 
 
Diesel Era Volume 3 Number 3 May/June 1992 General Electric C30-7 by Warren Calloway pages 13–34.

External links
 

C30-7
C-C locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1976
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of Mexico
5 ft gauge locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of Mexico
Modular weapon system. A modular weapon system (MWS) is any weapon equipment which has removable core components (or "modules") that can be reconfigured/interchanged to give the weapon different capabilities to adapt to various applications.  Modularity can provide several advantages to military organizations, such as the versatility of allowing units to quickly tailor their weapons to best suit the immediate tactical needs, to quickly repair/exchange malfunctioned components, and to reduce overall logistical burdens and costs.  However, it also make the legal tracking and technical categorization of a weapon more complicated as it can now be easily converted into a diverse variety of different forms.

For example, the Stoner 63 is a 5.56×45mm NATO-caliber modular small arm system using a variety of modular components, which can be configured as a rifle, a carbine, a top-fed light machine gun, a belt-fed squad automatic weapon, or a vehicle mounted weapon.

A modular firearm can also be useful for hunters, which then easily can change to a different chambering or barrel length when hunting different species.

Quick-change barrel system
Another example of a modular firearm system is the increasingly popular quick barrel change systems, which is found on some new rifles like for example the Blaser R8, Roessler Titan and SIG Sauer 200 STR. These systems simplify the replacement of worn barrels or caliber changes, since they often only require the use of a hex key, thus eliminating the need for special tools and custom fitting by a gunsmith.

See also
 Glossary of firearms terms
 Action threads
 Press fit barrel

References

Rifles
Sulfur sticks. Sulfur sticks are tools used in industrial ammonia refrigeration systems to detect minor ammonia leaks. A sulfur stick is made from a wick which contains particles of sulfur. The sulfur stick is lit and burns with an open flame, and the color of the sulfur smoke is used to find the leak. When there is no ammonia present, the smoke is colorless, but the combination of sulfur and ammonia vapors produce a white fog.

The reaction between the sulfur dioxide formed by burning the stick and ammonia gas mainly produces ammonium sulfite. The monohydrate and metabisulfite of this substance is also formed. 
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

See also 

 Litmus
 Smoke testing

References
PMI-80. The PMI-80 was a single-board microcomputer produced by Tesla Piešťany, Czechoslovakia, since 1982. It was based on the MHB 8080A CPU (a Tesla clone of the Intel 8080), clocked at 1.111 MHz. Instead of a raster graphic display output and classical keyboard, it had a calculator-style nine-digit seven-segment red LED display and a 25-key calculator-type keypad with hexadecimal and function keys (including hardware REset and Interrupt). The PMI-80 had 1 KiB of ROM (expandable to 2 KiB) and fixed 1 KiB of RWM. Eight (expandable to 32) I/O lines were provided for user along with complete system bus. Connected could be e.g., a card with a DAC of 0–12 V range.

External links
PMI-80 information – At the OLD-COMPUTERS.COM website

Early microcomputers
Science and technology in Czechoslovakia
Indene. Indene is an aromatic, polycyclic hydrocarbon with chemical formula .  It is composed of a benzene ring fused with a cyclopentene ring.  This flammable liquid is colorless although samples often are pale yellow.  The principal industrial use of indene is in the production of indene/coumarone thermoplastic resins. Substituted indenes and their closely related indane derivatives are important structural motifs found in many natural products and biologically active molecules, such as sulindac.

Isolation
Indene occurs naturally in coal-tar fractions boiling around 175–185 °C. It can be obtained by heating this fraction with sodium to precipitate solid "sodio-indene". This step exploits indene's weak acidity evidenced by its deprotonation by sodium to give the indenyl derivative.  The sodio-indene is converted back to indene by steam distillation.

Reactivity
Indene readily polymerises. Oxidation of indene with acid dichromate yields homophthalic acid (o-carboxylphenylacetic acid).  It condenses with diethyl oxalate in the presence of sodium ethoxide to form indene–oxalic ester, and with aldehydes or ketones in the presence of alkali to form benzofulvenes, which are highly coloured. Treatment of indene with organolithium reagents gives lithium indenyl compounds:

Indenyl is a ligand in organometallic chemistry, giving rise to many transition metal indenyl complexes.

See also 

 Indane
 Indole
 Isoindene
 Indenyl effect
 Indenone

References

External links
Knee wall. A knee wall is a short wall, typically under three feet (one metre) in height, used to support the rafters in timber roof construction. In his book A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Francis D. K. Ching defines a knee wall as "a short wall supporting rafters at some intermediate position along their length."  The knee wall provides support to rafters which therefore need not be large enough to span from the ridge to the eaves. Typically the knee wall is covered with plaster or gypsum board.

The term is derived from the association with a human knee, partly bent. Knee walls are common in houses in which the ceiling on the top floor is an attic, i.e. the ceiling is the underside of the roof and slopes down on one or more sides.

Jamb height 
Since there is no legal definition of the jamb height, further specifications are required as to how it is to be measured. It is generally accepted that the knee wall begins at the upper edge of the soffit of the floor below. There is no uniform use of the term for the end of the knee stick. In the greatest extent of the knee wall, this extends to the imaginary intersection of the outer wall with the upper edge of the rafter. The smallest dimension is when the knee wall is understood to mean only the wall that goes beyond the attic ceiling (excluding the base purlin). Between these possibilities, other methods of measurement are in use.

See also
 Sleeper wall – a short wall used to support floor joists of a ground floor

References

Types of wall
Building engineering
Hubert Zimmermann. Hubert Zimmermann (15 November 1941 – 9 November 2012) was a French software engineer and a pioneering figure in computer networking.

Biography
Education:

Zimmermann was educated at École Polytechnique and École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications. 

Early Career and Contributions:

His career began at Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (INRIA) in Rocquencourt from 1972 through 1979, where he led research into what became ChorusOS series of distributed operating systems. He worked for Louis Pouzin on the CYCLADES project and participated in the International Network Working Group from 1972. He published several influential papers in the field of internetworking and was acknowledged by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication. In 1977, he was an early member of the International Organization for Standardization as it developed the Open Systems Interconnection protocols. He developed and promoted the OSI reference model which became a popular way to describe network protocols, and published a paper on the model in 1980 and one with John Day in 1983.

France Telecom:

He then worked for France Télécom in 1980 through 1986.

Chorus Systemes:

Zimmerman was a founder of Chorus Systèmes SA in 1986, which commercialised the Chorus distributed microkernel operating system that had been created at INRIA. Chorus Systèmes was purchased by Sun Microsystems in 1997, where he was director of telecom software engineering for 5 years. Then he invested in entrepreneurial high-tech companies such as Arbor Venture Management, Boost Your StartUp, Gingko Networks and UDcast.

Awards and Recognition:

In 1991, Zimmermann was awarded the SIGCOMM Award for "20 years of leadership in the development of computer networking and the advancement of international standardization".

Death:

On 9 November 2012, Zimmermann died in France.

See also 

 Gérard Le Lann
 History of the Internet
 Internet in France
 List of Internet pioneers
 Protocol Wars
Rémi Després

References

1941 births
Place of birth missing
2012 deaths
French computer scientists
École Polytechnique alumni
20th-century French inventors
20th-century French engineers
Internet pioneers
Intertec Superbrain. The Intertec SuperBrain was an all-in-one commercial microcomputer that was first sold by Intertec Data Systems Corporation of Columbia, South Carolina, USA in 1979. The machine ran the operating system CP/M and was somewhat unusual in that it used dual Z80 CPUs, the second being used as a disk controller. In 1983, the basic machine sold for about .

There were several variants, including the SuperBrain II (released in 1982), SuperBrain II Jr., "QD" (quad density disk drives) and "SD" (super density) models.

Intertec also released a similar looking dumb terminal, the Intertube, and smart terminal, the Emulator.

The SuperBrain is notable for being at the user end of the first Kermit connection in 1981.

The machine was practical and useful in the office environment, but somewhat limited until the arrival of the first 5 MB hard drive in one of the floppy drive bays.  This was soon replaced by the 10 MB hard drive.

Up to 255 CompuStar workstations could be daisy-chained together via DC-37 "Chaining Adaptor" parallel ports to share the "central disk system" (one of the three hard drive peripheral options below). Each computer, or VPU (Video Processing Unit), was assigned a unique number from 1 to 255 by setting an eight-position DIP switch.

The brazilian company Prológica introduced the Sistema 700 in 1981, based on the SuperBrain and with similar characteristics.

Specifications

Peripherals

 CompuStar DSS-10 10 MB Hard Drive (CompuStar Disk Storage System)
 CDC 96 MB Hard Drive (80 MB fixed disk with 16 MB removable platter)
 Priam 14" 144 MB Hard Drive

Applications
 Microsoft BASIC
 8080 Assembler
 Microsoft COBOL 74
 APL

In pop culture
The Superbrain can be seen in two episodes of Knight Rider: one in Season 1, Episode 10, "The Final Verdict" (1982), and the second in Season 1, Episode 18, "White Bird" (1983).

In John Carpenter’s The Thing, Dr. Blair uses a Superbrain to analyse samples from The Thing from which he estimates that it will take over the world in about three years.

References

External links
Intertec SuperBrain  DAVES OLD COMPUTERS
Superbrain at Old Computer Museum
Marcus Bennett's Superbrain documentation

CP/M
Microcomputers
Computer-related introductions in 1979
Spontaneous magnetization. Spontaneous magnetization is the appearance of an ordered spin state (magnetization) at zero applied magnetic field in a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material below a critical point called the Curie temperature or .

Overview
Heated to temperatures above , ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic and their magnetic behavior is dominated by spin waves or magnons, which are boson collective excitations with energies in the meV range.   The magnetization that occurs below  is an example of the "spontaneous" breaking of a global symmetry, a phenomenon that is described by Goldstone's theorem. The term "symmetry breaking" refers to the choice of a magnetization direction by the spins, which have spherical symmetry above , but a preferred axis (the magnetization direction) below .

Temperature dependence
To a first order approximation, the temperature dependence of spontaneous magnetization at low temperatures is given by the Bloch T3/2 law (by Felix Bloch):

where  is the spontaneous magnetization at absolute zero. The decrease in spontaneous magnetization at higher temperatures is caused by the increasing excitation of spin waves.   In a particle description, the spin waves correspond to magnons, which are the massless Goldstone bosons corresponding to the broken symmetry. This is exactly true for an isotropic magnet.

Magnetic anisotropy, that is the existence of an easy direction along which the moments align spontaneously in the crystal, corresponds however to "massive" magnons. This is a way of saying that they cost a minimum amount of energy to excite, hence they are very unlikely to be excited as . Hence the magnetization of an anisotropic magnet is harder to destroy at low temperature and the temperature dependence of the magnetization deviates accordingly from the Bloch T3/2 law. All real magnets are anisotropic to some extent.

Near the Curie temperature,

where  is a critical exponent that depends on the universality class of the magnetic interaction. Experimentally the exponent is 0.34 for iron and 0.51 for nickel.

An empirical interpolation of the two regimes is given by

it is easy to check two limits of this interpolation that follow laws similar to the Bloch law, for , and the critical behavior, for , respectively.

See also 

 Magnetization

Notes and references

Further reading
Spontaneous magnetization - The Feynman Lectures on Physics
Ferromagnetism
Eco (1987 video game). Eco is a wire-frame 3D evolution life simulation game developed by Denton Designs for the Amiga and Atari ST. It was released in 1987 and published by Ocean Software.

The player uses a mouse or joystick to control an insect, which must avoid predators, find food, and then find another insect of the same species and mate with it. The player can then unlock one of several "genes", altering the value of which changes their creature. Some changes are only cosmetic and leave the creature in the same species; others can, for instance, make the initial insect a new species with wings and capable of flight. After unlocking multiple genes the player can become a fast dog-like quadruped, a bird, a scorpion or a humanoid. The game does not end until the player starves, is killed by another creature, or deliberately "evolves" into a plant.

References

External links

Eco at Lemon Amiga

1987 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Biological simulation video games
Denton Designs games
Ocean Software games
Single-player video games
Video games about evolution
Video games about insects
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Fred Gray
UGS. UGS may stand for:

 UGS Corp., specializing in Product Lifecycle Management software
 Unconventional Gas Solutions, manufacturer of Membrane based gas generation and treatment systems
 Unattended ground sensor, used by U.S. Army to detect presence of persons or vehicles
 Union de la gauche socialiste, Union of Socialist Left, a defunct French left-wing party
 Urmston Grammar, in Greater Manchester, England
 Utah Genealogical Society
 Utah Geological Survey, in Salt Lake City, Utah
 Utah Golden Spikers, an American soccer club in Salt Lake City, Utah
 Uttam Galva Steels, steel manufacturer in India
 Underground gas storage, see natural gas storage

See also 
 Uggs, see Ugg boots
CBS catalyst. The CBS catalyst or Corey–Bakshi–Shibata catalyst is an asymmetric catalyst derived from proline. It finds many uses in organic reactions such as the CBS reduction, Diels-Alder reactions and (3+2) cycloadditions. Proline, a naturally occurring chiral compound, is readily and cheaply available. It transfers its stereocenter to the catalyst which in turn is able to drive an organic reaction selectively to one of two possible enantiomers. This selectivity is due to steric strain in the transition state that develops for one enantiomer but not for the other.

Synthesis 
The CBS catalyst can be prepared from diphenylprolinol, condensed with a phenylboronic acid, or with borane (as shown below). The CBS catalyst then complexes in situ with borane to give the active catalyst.

Use 
The general outline for the organic synthesis of a CBS catalyst is shown below. The first leg of the reaction sequence starts from the azeotropic dehydration of a boronic acid (1) such as one based on toluene to a boroxine (2). This boroxine reacts with the proline derivative (3d) to form the basic oxazaborolidine CBS catalyst (4). The oxazaborolidine was first developed as a ketone reducing agent by the laboratory of Itsuno, and thus is more properly called the Itsuno-Corey oxazaborolidine.  Proline derivative 3d is prepared in a separate leg from a Grignard reaction with Grignard reagent 3c and proline ester 3b. A Lewis acid superacid salt (6) can be obtained with the aid of triflic acid (5). Many other such catalysts exist with different derivatives of these reactants.

References

 
 
 

Reagents for organic chemistry
Organoboron compounds
Catalysts
Anatole Mallet. Jules Theodore Anatole Mallet (23 May 1837 – 10 October 1919) was a Swiss mechanical engineer, who was the inventor of the first successful compound system for a railway steam locomotive, patented in 1874. He is known for having invented three important forms of compound locomotive.

In 1876 he introduced a series of small two-cylinder compound 0-4-2T tank locomotives for the Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz Railway in France.

He subsequently designed an articulated compound system with a rigid chassis at the rear carrying two high-pressure cylinders, and two low-pressure ones mounted on a swivelling front truck. This was patented in 1884 with full rights granted in 1885. This was first used for a series of  narrow gauge locomotives specially built by the Decauville Company in 1888 for the Paris Exposition of 1889. This arrangement became known as the Mallet locomotive. The final developments of these in the USA were some of the largest steam locomotives ever built.

A third compound locomotive, less well-known, was a tandem compound developed in 1890 for SACM as a collaboration with Alfred de Glehn and the Russian A. Borodine. The high and low pressure cylinders were mounted on a common axis, with the high pressure ahead. Unlike the US tandem compounds, the high and low pressure cylinders were cross-connected between sides, which also required them to be receiver compounds with an intermediate reservoir as a pair of curved pipes passing through the smokebox. Large numbers of these, mostly a 2-8-0 derivative, were built for Russian and Hungarian railways making them the most-produced type of tandem compound locomotive. Z. Kordina's design for Hungarian State Railways was a similar 4-4-0, although outside-framed and with the low-pressure cylinders ahead of the high pressure.

He was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal of The Franklin Institute in 1908.

See also 
 List of railway pioneers

References 

 

1837 births
1919 deaths
Engineers from Geneva
Swiss people in rail transport
École Centrale Paris alumni
Swiss railway mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers