omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pittacal. Pittacal was the first synthetic dyestuff to be produced commercially. It was accidentally discovered in 1832 by German chemist Carl Ludwig Reichenbach, who is also recognized as being the discoverer of kerosene, phenol, eupion, paraffin wax and creosote.

According to history, Reichenbach applied creosote to the wooden posts of his home, in order to drive away dogs who urinated on them. The strategy was ineffective, however, and he noted that the dog's urine reacted with creosote to form an intense dark blue deposit. He named the new substance píttacal (from Greek words tar and beautiful). He later succeeded in producing pure pittacal by treating beechwood tar with barium oxide and using alumina as a mordant to the dye's fabrics. Although sold commercially as a dyestuff, it did not fare well.

Eupittone (derived from eu- + pittacal + -one) is a yellow crystalline substance resembling aurin, and obtained by the oxidation of pittacal. It is also called also eupittonic acid or eupitton.

Synthesis

References
Kaufmann, GB - Pittacal—the first synthetic dyestuff. J. Chem. Edu., 753, 1977.

Triarylmethane dyes
History of chemistry
1832 in science
KJ-1 AEWC. The KJ-1 (from , short for 空中预警 kōngzhōng yùjǐng meaning "airborne early warning") was a Chinese experimental airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft, based on a Tupolev Tu-4 bomber aircraft (itself being an unlicensed, reverse engineered copy of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress). The project was started in 1969 under the code name "Project 926", but only one prototype was built before the project was put on hold indefinitely until it was finally cancelled in 1979.

Design and development
The KJ-1 was the first-generation AEW aircraft developed by the People's Republic of China. According to Chinese government claims, a single KJ-1 would have functions equivalent to more than 40 ground radar stations, but the test flight in the early 70s experienced severe mid-flight vibrations that could not be solved, and the development was stopped later amongst the political chaos of the Cultural Revolution.

During the Chinese economic reform, the project was once again put on hold due to cuts in military budget as economic development was given top priority. When the project was finally reviewed again in 1978 for the modernization of the People's Liberation Army Air Force, it was considered obsolete, and the project was terminated in 1979. The only KJ-1 aircraft built was dismantled after the project was scrapped, and the KJ-1 now on display at the China Aviation Museum in Beijing is actually a reconstructed replica converted using another Tu-4.

In the KJ-1's place, PRC developed a phased-array radar for its KJ-2000 AWACS aircraft, based on a modified Ilyushin Il-76 airframe.

References

External links

KJ-1 at airwar.ru translated from Russian via Google translate
Photograph of KJ-1 prototype at Datangshan Museum, China
 
 

AWACS aircraft
1960s Chinese military aircraft
Aircraft manufactured in China
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Four-engined turboprop aircraft
KJ-1
Brownian dynamics. In physics, Brownian dynamics is a mathematical approach for describing the dynamics of molecular systems in the diffusive regime. It is a simplified version of Langevin dynamics and corresponds to the limit where no average acceleration takes place. This approximation is also known as overdamped Langevin dynamics or as Langevin dynamics without inertia.

Definition 
In Brownian dynamics, the following equation of motion is used to describe the dynamics of a stochastic system with coordinates :
 
where:
  is the velocity, the dot being a time derivative
  is the particle interaction potential
  is the gradient operator, such that  is the force calculated from the particle interaction potential
  is the Boltzmann constant
  is the temperature
  is a diffusion coefficient
  is a white noise term, satisfying  and

Derivation 
In Langevin dynamics, the equation of motion using the same notation as above is as follows:

where:
  is the mass of the particle.
  is the acceleration
  is the friction constant or tensor, in units of . 
 It is often of form , where  is the collision frequency with the solvent, a damping constant in units of .
 For spherical particles of radius r in the limit of low Reynolds number, Stokes' law gives .

The above equation may be rewritten as In Brownian dynamics, the inertial force term   is so much smaller than the other three that it is considered negligible. In this case, the equation is approximately
 

For spherical particles of radius  in the limit of low Reynolds number, we can use the Stokes–Einstein relation. In this case, , and the equation reads:
 

For example, when the magnitude of the friction tensor  increases, the damping effect of the viscous force becomes dominant relative to the inertial force. Consequently, the system transitions from the inertial to the diffusive (Brownian) regime. For this reason, Brownian dynamics are also known as overdamped Langevin dynamics or Langevin dynamics without inertia.

Inclusion of hydrodynamic interaction 
In 1978, Ermak and McCammon suggested an algorithm for efficiently computing Brownian dynamics with hydrodynamic interactions. Hydrodynamic interactions occur when the particles interact indirectly by generating and reacting to local velocities in the solvent. For a system of  three-dimensional particle diffusing subject to a force vector F(X), the derived Brownian dynamics scheme becomes:
 
where  is a diffusion matrix specifying hydrodynamic interactions, Oseen tensor for example, in non-diagonal entries interacting between the target particle  and the surrounding particle ,  is the force exerted on the particle , and  is a Gaussian noise vector with zero mean and a standard deviation of  in each vector entry. The subscripts  and  indicate the ID of the particles and  refers to the total number of particles. This equation works for the dilute system where the near-field effect is ignored.

See also 
 Brownian motion
 Immersed boundary method

References 

Classical mechanics
Statistical mechanics
Dynamical systems
George de la Warr. George Walter de la Warr (19 August 1904 – 31 March 1969) was an English civil engineer and a pioneer in the field of radionics. In 1953, he resigned from his engineering position with Oxfordshire County Council to work within the discredited field of radionics. His devices were denounced by medical experts.

Career
According to Langston Day's 1956 book New Worlds Beyond the Atom, written in collaboration with de la Warr, de la Warr passed the Associate Membership examination of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers by the age of 20 and three years later, passed the examination for the Institution of Civil Engineers. He then held various engineering positions before becoming chief engineering assistant for the Oxfordshire County Council, a position he held for 16 years. 

De la Warr was influenced by the devices of Ruth B. Drown and Albert Abrams. De la Warr invented devices that he said could identify symptoms such as "toxins", "fracture", and "secretion imbalance". He also claimed to have invented a camera that could detect and cure diseases by remote control. In June 1960, he was sued in the High Court by Catherine Phillips, a disgruntled former customer who said that her health had been ruined by using the Delawarr Diagnostic Instrument. In particular, she said that the box could not possibly have the benefits that de la Warr claimed for it. De la Warr said that his device operated above the physical plane, and the box was only used as a focus for thought. After ten days of argument, the judge eventually found for de la Warr, but considered the box to be bogus.

He founded Delawarr Laboratories in Oxford where he did his research and built many radionic devices. Delawarr Laboratories closed in 1987. Most of the radionic artifacts have unknown whereabouts. However, the radionic camera was given to Marcel J. Vogel, Psychic Research Inc. in San Jose, California. Vogel and Dan Willis did extensive tests and trials with the camera. Vogel died in 1992. The whereabouts of the camera since then is unknown.

Leslie Weatherhead, who had known de la Warr, had supported his devices.

Criticism
De la Warr's radionic devices have been criticized by health experts as quackery. De la Warr was also notable for making unproven claims such using a photograph of insecticide on his machine to kill pests in a field miles away.

Patents
French patent number   1,084,318  –  "Perfectionnements à la recherche d'une radiation fondamentale"
UK patent number         741,651  –  "Therapeutic apparatus"
UK patent number         761,976  –  "Therapeutic apparatus"

Publications
Experiments Relating to Increases in Crop Yield by Radionic Stimulation (1955)
New Worlds Beyond the Atom (1956; written by Langston Day in collaboration with de la Warr)
Matter in the Making (1966; written by Langston Day in collaboration with de la Warr)

References

Further reading

1904 births
1969 deaths
English civil engineers
Nostromo Yarará. The Yarará project is the first unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) programme in South America to be produced in series and for export. The system is developed by Nostromo Defensa for surveillance, border patrol and reconnaissance. It was unveiled at the Argentine Air Force Air Show (Fuerza Aérea Argentina, FAA) on 10 August 2006. The manufacturer says it has been produced in small series for export to an unidentified government customer in the United States.

Design 

The vehicle was named after the yarará, a South American venomous snake.

The Yarará was developed by Nostromo Defensa under contracts from the US Southern Command with a system comprising three aircraft delivered in June 2006.

Evolution of the design has seen an increase in the width of the undercarriage footprint to support rough field landings, while a Zenoah 6.5 hp engine is an option. The first powerplant is a Modellmotoren 3W 5.5 hp two stroke system.

The current Yarará is powered by a single Sonic 35 multifuel air-cooled wankel rotary engine  which produces 5.9KW of output power. It is fitted with a three-bladed propeller at the rear of the fuselage section raised on an engine pylon with integral fuel tank. This engine is designed and built by British company Cubewano. It is the first kerosene-powered (heavy fuel) rotary engine flown on a UAV that can use JP8 as fuel. It was first flown in this configuration in August 2009.

The Wankel engine has electronic injection.

Specifications

See also
Lipán M3
FMA IA X 59 Tábano

References

External links 
 
 Shephard Group
 
 

2000s Argentine military reconnaissance aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of Argentina
Yarara
Wankel-engined aircraft
Weapons of Argentina
Zero energy. Zero energy may refer to:

A zero energy building (ZEB), a building's use with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions
Zero-Net-Energy USA Federal Buildings President Obama has ordered that 15% of U.S. Federal buildings be zero-net-energy by 2015 and 100% of all new buildings by 2030
Zero-energy universe, a concept that states that the total amount of energy in the Universe is exactly zero
Zero-point energy, the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may have
Nostromo Defensa. Nostromo Defensa is a defense contractor based in Córdoba, Argentina. It has been working since 2006 in developing unmanned aerial vehicles for military and non-military use. The company's CEO is Marcelo Martínez.

The Yarará project for the Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Argentina, FAA) was developed by this company. The company developed and manufactured the Centinela helicopter.

List of aircraft 
Several of the models listed below are (or were) manufactured in several variants:
 Nostromo Caburé
 Nostromo Centinela
 Nostromo Yaguá
 Nostromo Yarará

See also 
 AeroDreams
 Quimar

References

External links 
 Аргентинские беспилотники на мировом рынке

Defense companies of Argentina
Aircraft manufacturers of Argentina
Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 2006
2006 establishments in Argentina
Companies based in Córdoba, Argentina
Albatros D.VI. Albatros D.VI was the designation given to a prototype single-seat twin-boom pusher biplane built in 1917 in Germany. It was armed with a fixed  LMG 08/15 machine gun and a fixed  Becker Type M2 cannon.

The aircraft's undercarriage was damaged on landing from its maiden flight in February 1918 and was never repaired, the project being abandoned in May of that year due to other projects of higher priority. The  Mercedes D.IIIa engine was eventually removed for use in a different aircraft.

Specifications

References

 Green, W. & Swanborough, G. (1994). The Complete Book of Fighters. London: Salamander Books. 

Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
1910s German fighter aircraft
D.06
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Albatros D.VII. The Albatros D.VII was a German prototype single-seat fighter biplane flown in August 1917. It was powered by a water-cooled Benz Bz.IIIb V8 engine developing 145 kW (195 hp) and armed with two 7.92 mm (.312 in) machine guns. The D.VII had ailerons on both upper and lower wings linked by hinged struts.

The D.VII's performance was deemed an insufficient advance over existing aircraft to justify further development.

References

 Green, W. & Swanborough, G. (1994). The Complete Book of Fighters. London: Salamander Books.

External links 
 

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1910s German fighter aircraft
D.07
Aircraft first flown in 1917
San Diego State University College of Engineering. The San Diego State University College of Engineering provides San Diego State University (SDSU) students with undergraduate and graduate engineering education. The College of Engineering offers eight degree programs. The aerospace engineering, civil engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, environmental engineering, mechanical engineering, and construction engineering programs are accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET.

Academics

Degrees
The degrees available through the College of Engineering include: Bachelor of Science (BS), MA, Master of Engineering, MS, Ed.D, Ph.D.

Special Degrees
 The Master of Engineering degree is an interdisciplinary program with the College of Engineering and the College of Business Administration.
 A joint doctoral program in Engineering Science/Applied Mechanics is available in conjunction with the University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego).
 As of 2005, several new degree programs have been established in bioengineering and in construction engineering.

Departments
The College of Engineering includes eight academic departments: Aerospace Engineering, Bioengineering, Civil Engineering, Construction Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. The aerospace engineering program was ranked #37 among graduate aerospace programs in the United States by the U.S. News & World Report in 2017.

Institutes/Research Centers
 Communication Systems and Signal Processing Institute
 Concrete Materials Research Institute
 Energy Engineering Institute
 Center for Industrial Training and Engineering Research CITER

Facilities

 Advanced Materials Processing Laboratory (AMPL)
Combustion and Solar Energy Research Laboratory (CSEL)
 Energy Analysis Diagnostic Center
 Environmental Engineering Research Laboratories
 Experimental Mechanics Laboratory
 Facility for Applied Manufacturing Enterprise (FAME)
 Geo-Innovations Research Laboratory
 High Speed and Low Speed Wind Tunnels
 Powder Technology Laboratory
 Real-Time DSP and FPGA Development Laboratory

See also

References

External links
San Diego State University - College of Engineering
 Carnegie Foundation profile for SDSU
SDSU's Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Chapter
SDSU Racing (Society of Automotive Engineers)

E
Engineering universities and colleges in California
Albatros Dr.I. The Albatros Dr. I was a German fighter triplane derivative of the D.V fitted with three pairs of wings instead of two. Identical in most other respects to the D.V, in the summer of 1917 it was flown side by side with the existing biplane in comparison trials. There was no discernible performance advantage and development was halted at the prototype stage.

Specifications

Notes

References

 Gray, P. and Thetford, O. German Aircraft of the First World War. London: Putnam, 1962
 Green, W. & Swanborough, G. The Complete Book of Fighters. London: Salamander Books, 1994 

Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s German fighter aircraft
Dr.I
Triplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Future Force unit of action. The concept of the Future Force unit of action (UA) was devised within the operational framework of the United States Army. This initiative, known as the Future Combat Systems (FCS), is focused on enhancing the capabilities of combat units. Although its primary design emphasizes offensive operations, the FCS-equipped unit of action (UA) is intended to remain versatile across a spectrum of operational contexts. The overarching goal of the FCS is to bolster the strategic deployability and operational maneuvering capacity of ground combat formations, all while ensuring that their potency in terms of lethality and survivability remains intact.

Each will consist of:
 3 combined arms battalions (CABs)
 1 non-line-of-sight (NLOS) cannon battalion
 1 reconnaissance surveillance and target acquisition (RSTA) squadron
 1 forward support battalion (FSB)
 1 brigade intelligence and communications company (BICC)
 1 headquarters company

See also
British Army's Future Army Structure (Next Steps), for comparison.

References
FCS White Paper, April 2008

Brigades of the United States Army
Albatros D.IX. Albatros D.IX was a German prototype single-seat fighter built in early 1918. It differed from previous marks by using a simplified fuselage with a flat bottom and slab sides. The wings and tail were similar to those of the Albatros D.VII. Power was provided by a  Mercedes D.IIIa engine. The D.IX was armed with twin synchronised  LMG 08/15 machine guns.

The prototype exhibited disappointing performance and the project was discontinued.

Specifications

References

 Green, W. & Swanborough, G. (1994). The Complete Book of Fighters. London: Salamander Books.

External links
 

1910s German fighter aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
D.09
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Magnus's green salt. Magnus's green salt is the inorganic compound with the formula [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4]. This salt is named after Heinrich Gustav Magnus, who, in the early 1830s, first reported the compound. The compound is a linear chain compound, consisting of a chain of platinum atoms. It is dark green, which is unusual for platinum compounds.

Structure
This species has attracted interest in materials chemistry and solid-state physics because of its one-dimensional structure.  It contains a chain of alternating [PtCl4]2− anions and [Pt(NH3)4]2+ cations, in which the platinum atoms are separated by  3.25 Å. It is a semiconductor.

Preparation
The compound may be prepared by combining aqueous solutions of  [Pt(NH3)4]2+ and [PtCl4]2−, which gives a deep green solid precipitate.  Under some conditions, this reaction affords a pink polymorph of Magnus's green salt.  In this so-called "Magnus's pink salt", the square planar Pt complexes are not stacked.

Related compounds
Magnus's green salt has the same empirical formula as cis-PtCl2(NH3)2 ("Peyrone chloride") and trans-PtCl2(NH3)2. These cis and trans compounds are molecules, whereas Magnus's green salt is a polymer.  This difference is manifested by the solubility of the molecular complexes in water, whereas Magnus's green salt is insoluble.

Soluble analogues of Magnus's green salt can be prepared by replacing the ammonia with ethylhexylamine.

The corresponding palladium compound ([Pd(NH3)4][PdCl4]) is known as "Vauquelin’s salt".

History
Magnus's green salt was one of the first examples of a metal ammine complex.

References

Platinum(II) compounds
Metal halides
Ammine complexes
Chloro complexes
Inorganic polymers
Albatros D.X. The Albatros D.X was a German prototype single-seat fighter biplane developed in 1918 in parallel with the Albatros D.IXme

Design and development
The D.X used the same slab-sided and flat-bottomed fuselage as the D.IX, which was a departure from previous Albatros designs, but was powered by a 145 kW (195 hp) Benz Bz.IIIbo water-cooled V8 engine in place of the D.IX's Mercedes D.IIIa straight-six.

The D.X participated in the second D-type contest at Adlershof in June 1918, but development ceased at the prototype stage.

Specifications (D.X)

See also

Notes

Bibliography

D.10
1910s German fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
GE Aerospace Research. GE Aerospace Research, formerly GE Research, is the research and development division of GE Aerospace.  Before 2024, it was a division of the General Electric Company, which split three ways between 2023 and 2024 and pivoted to aviation.

GE Global Research locations include the Global Research Center in Niskayuna, New York, established as the General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady in 1900 and relocated to Niskayuna in 1955 (this site is also known as the Knolls Laboratory, to distinguish it from the original Schenectady location – it is adjacent to the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory), and the John F. Welch Technology Centre in Bangalore, India, established in 2000.

Notable employees
Researchers at GE Global Research include:

Ralph Alpher, cosmologist
William David Coolidge, physicist
Ivar Giaever, Nobel Laureate, physicist
Juris Hartmanis, Turing Award winner, computer scientist
Christopher J. Hardy, industrial physicist
Irving Langmuir, Nobel Laureate, chemist and physicist
 James L. Lawson, physicist
David Musser, computer scientist
James Rumbaugh, computer scientist
Charles Proteus Steinmetz, mathematician and electrical engineer
Alexander Stepanov, computer scientist
Richard Stearns, Turing Award winner, computer scientist
Willis Rodney Whitney, chemist
Carl Woese, biophysicist

Former locations
GE Global Research operations at all locations other than Niskayuna and Bangalore were discontinued in 2017 as part of a cost-cutting program of General Electric:
 Shanghai, China, 2000–2017, now GE's China Technology Center operated by business units.
 Munich, Germany, 2003–2017, now GE's European Technology Center operated by business units and also home of GE Additive's Customer Experience Center.
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014–2017, now GE's Brazil Technology Center operated by business units.
 Oil and Gas Technology Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 2014–2017, only GE research center to focus on one industry, now part of Baker Hughes.
 Saudi Technology and Innovation Center in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, established in 2013, focuses on Material Characterization, Combustion & Fuels, and Data Analytics.
 Advanced Manufacturing and Software Technology Center in Van Buren, Michigan, established in 2011, focuses on Advanced Manufacturing, Software, and IT.
 Israel Technology Center in Tirat Carmel, Israel, established in 2011, focuses on Healthcare, Energy, Software Analytics, Cyber Security, and Advanced Manufacturing.

References

External links
 

Organizations with year of establishment missing
Research and development organizations
Organizations based in New York (state)
General Electric subsidiaries
Buildings and structures in Schenectady County, New York
1900 establishments in New York (state)