omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Higher alkane. Higher alkanes refer to alkanes with a high number of carbon atoms. There does not exist a formal definition for when an alkane is classified as a 'higher alkane', but one definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under room temperature.

Synthesis 

Higher alkanes are naturally present in crude oil and can be obtained via fractional distillation. Saturated fatty acids decarboxylate to higher alkanes. Long olefins can be hydrogenated to yield higher alkanes. n-alkanes can be isolated via the formation of urea clathrates.They can also be synthesized through Kolbe electrolysis or other coupling reactions like the Wurtz reaction.

Uses 
Alkanes from nonane to hexadecane (those alkanes with nine to sixteen carbon atoms) are liquids of higher viscosity, which are less suitable for use in gasoline. They form instead the major part of diesel, kerosene, and aviation fuel. Diesel fuels are characterised by their cetane number, cetane being an older name for hexadecane. However the higher melting points of these alkanes can cause problems at low temperatures and in polar regions, where the fuel becomes too thick to flow correctly.  Mixtures of the normal alkanes are used as boiling point standards for simulated distillation by gas chromatography.

Alkanes from hexadecane upwards form the most important components of fuel oil and lubricating oil. In latter function they work at the same time as anti-corrosive agents, as their hydrophobic nature means that water cannot reach the metal surface. Many solid alkanes find use as paraffin wax, used for lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles. Paraffin wax should not be confused with beeswax, which consists primarily of esters.

Alkanes with a chain length of approximately 35 or more carbon atoms are found in bitumen (asphalt), used (for example) in road surfacing. However, the higher alkanes have little value and are usually split into lower alkanes by cracking.

Names 

Some alkanes have non-IUPAC trivial names: 
 cetane, for hexadecane
 cerane, for hexacosane

Properties 

Nonane is the lightest alkane to have a flash point above 25 °C, and is classified as flammable under the US National Library of Medicine. 

The properties listed here refer to the straight-chain alkanes (or: n-alkanes).

Nonane to hexadecane 

This group of n-alkanes is generally liquid under standard conditions.

Heptadecane to tetracosane 

From this group on, the n-alkanes are generally solid at standard conditions.

Pentacosane to triacontane

Hentriacontane to hexatriacontane

Heptatriacontane to dotetracontane

Tritetracontane to octatetracontane

Nonatetracontane to tetrapentacontane

Pentapentacontane to hexacontane

See also
 Alkene
 Alkyne
 Cycloalkane
 Hydrocarbon
 Paraffin wax, composed mostly of higher linear alkanes
 Polyethylene, a linear alkane of polymeric length

References

External links 

 International Chemical Safety Card 1245 (nonane)
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (nonane)
 International Chemical Safety Card 0428 (decane)

Alkanes
EXpressDSP. eXpressDSP is a software package produced by Texas Instruments (TI). This software package is a suite of tools used to develop applications on Texas Instruments digital signal processor line of chips.

It consists of:
 An integrated development environment called Code Composer Studio IDE.
 DSP/BIOS Real-Time OS kernel
 Standards for application interoperability and reuse
 Code examples for common applications, called the eXpressDSP Reference Frameworks
 A number of third-party products from TI's DSP Third Party Program

eXpressDSP Algorithm Interface Standard
TI publishes an eXpressDSP Algorithm Interface Standard (XDAIS), an Application Programming Interface (API) designed to enable interoperability of real-time DSP algorithms.

References
 About eXpressDSP Software
 eXpressDSP Algorithm Interface Standard
Dorsch, Jeff, "TI Unveils DSP Software Environment - eXpressDSP Real-Time application development software - Product Announcement,"  Electronic News, Sept. 20, 1999.

Texas Instruments
Digital signal processing
Elbe-class replenishment ship. The Type 404 Elbe-class replenishment ships of the German Navy were built to support its squadrons of Fast Attack Craft, submarines and minesweeper/hunters, as such they are usually referred to as tenders.

The ships carry fuel, fresh water, food, ammunition and other matériel. They also have a medical station aboard but doctors are not part of their standard complement and will have to be flown in. The tender also manage waste disposal for the ships they support at sea and can carry out minor repairs of assigned ships. For this purpose Elbe-class tenders assigned to fast attack craft squadrons, for example, carry the SUG repair and support shop specialized for these boats on their deck in a set of 13 standard containers.

Extensive communication gear and accommodations enable them to serve as squadron flagship.

While in general all Elbe-class tenders are quickly configurable to be reassigned to support other squadrons, one of the six ships is usually modified to support German submarines - carrying batteries for reloading for example. This ship - currently Main - while still being of the same class, and easily reconfigurable - is often named as a separate "sub-class" due to this larger modification.

List of ships

The ships were named after German rivers.

Gallery

References

  - German Navy, official homepage 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050130085054/http://www.tender-elbe.de/seiten/typenbla.htm 

Auxiliary replenishment ship classes
 Elbe class replenishment ship
 Elbe class replenishment ship
Production fluid. Production fluid, or well fluid, is the fluid mixture of oil,  gas and water in formation fluid that flows to the surface of an oil well from a reservoir.  Its consistency and composition varies.

Fluids may be described by a multitude of characteristics including:

 Composition - the quantity of every molecular component within the fluid, eg methane, ethane, propane, i-butane, n-butane, etc

Water cut - the proportion of the fluid, which is water rather than hydrocarbons.
API gravity - the oilfield measurement of the weight of the hydrocarbons.
GOR - Gas to oil ratio describing how many standard cubic feet of gas can be obtained for every  stock tank barrel of oil.
 H2S - the concentration of this gas.  Fluids with a high concentration of H2S are described as "sour".
Contaminants such as mercury which may require special material selection and handling
BS&W - Base sediment and water which settles out during storage
In addition physical properties may include:

 Wellhead flowing pressure
 Wellhead shut-in pressure 
 Wellhead flowing temperature

External links
 Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary: produced fluid 

Petroleum production
Natural gas
Eavesdrip. The eavesdrop or eavesdrip is the width of ground around a house or building which receives the rain water dropping from the eaves. By an ancient Anglo-Saxon law, a landowner was forbidden to erect any building at less than two feet from the boundary of his land, and was thus prevented from injuring his neighbour's house or property by the dripping of water from his eaves. The law of Eavesdrip had its equivalent in the Roman stillicidium, which prohibited building up to the very edge of an estate.

See also
 Eaves-drip burial

References

Architectural elements
Floor medallion. A floor medallion is generally a centerpiece of flooring design that can be made with various flooring materials, including natural stone, wood, metal, tile, glass or a variety of other materials suitable for flooring. The pattern can be created using various methods such as mosaic, intarsia, and marquetry.

With a mosaic, small pieces of flooring material are put together to develop a pattern. This can be done in a direct, indirect, or double indirect method.  In the direct method small pieces are set directly into a bonding substrate like cement. Using an indirect method the pieces would be placed face down against paper or other material with a temporary adhesive.  After the design is completed face down the entire section would be set into the floor and then have the paper removed, revealing the mosaic floor.

With intarsia pieces are cut to fit together like a puzzle. The pieces are generally thicker that those used in marquetry, and often full thickness rather than being laminated.  For flooring the pattern is generally created face down so that it remains level and then flipped over and transferred into the floor.

Marquetry is often associated with woodworking, but can be done with any thin material. With marquetry very thin veneer, generally 1/16 inch or less and is cut to shape and then laminated over another surface. Inlay is thicker than marquetry, generally 1/8 to 5/8 inch thick, and is set within the material.

Mosaics have a distinctly different appearance than intarsia or marquetry.  Intarsia and marquetry can appear very similar, but marquetry is much more common when semiprecious, or precious materials are being used.

Architects like Louis H. Sullivan used these to create unique centrepieces within spaces usually presenting an absence of detail. This was widely exhibited in his design of the 1904 department store known since that time as Carson Pirie Scott and Company.

References

Floors
Pavements
Architectural elements
Production string. The production string is a part of an oil well that is composed of the production tubing and other completion components and serves as the conduit through which the production fluid flows from the oil reservoir to the surface through the wellhead.  Its purpose is to both contain the fluids from contaminating the environment or eroding the other well structures, such as the casing.

External links
 Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary: production string

Petroleum production
Natural barrier. A natural barrier is a physical feature that protects or hinders travel through or over. Mountains, swamps, deserts and ice fields are among the clearest examples of natural barriers. Rivers are a more ambiguous example, as they may obstruct large-scale movement across them (especially by armies) but may facilitate smaller-scale movement along them in boats, once some of the people in the region have developed the relevant technologies. Seas have likewise been an obstacle at first, then a convenient medium for transport along  coastlines, and finally a medium for intercontinental transport. Water can protect island states like the Venetian Republic or Great Britain from dangerous neighbors, and simultaneously connect them to the wider world.

Natural barriers have been important factors in human history, by obstructing migration and invasion. For example, Jared Diamond argues that West European nations have been the dominant powers of the last 500 years because Europe's many natural barriers divided it into competing nation-states and this competition forced the European nations to encourage innovation and avoid technological stagnation. Natural barriers are similarly important to biogeography.

Some examples of natural barriers are the:
 Himalayas
 Grand Canyon 
 Dead Sea
 Mississippi River
 Sierra Madre

References 

Geography terminology
Sudan II. Sudan II (Solvent Orange 7, C.I. 12140, C18H16N2O) is a lysochrome (fat-soluble dye) azo dye used for staining of triglycerides in frozen sections, and some protein bound lipids and lipoproteins on paraffin sections. It has the appearance of red powder with melting point 156–158 °C and maximum absorption at 493(420) nm.

Uses
In industry, it is used to color nonpolar substances like oils, fats, waxes, greases, various hydrocarbon products, and acrylic emulsions.

It was used as food dye under the designation FD&C Red 32 in the US until the FDA banned its use in food in 1956 due to toxicity.

References

Azo dyes
Sudan dyes
2-Naphthols
Alkyl-substituted benzenes
Sense Plan Act. Sense-Plan-Act was the predominant robot control methodology through 1985.

 Sense - gather information using the sensors
 Plan - create a world model using all the information, and plan the next move
 Act

SPA is used in iterations: After the acting phase, the sensing phase, and the entire cycle, is repeated.

see also: OODA loop, PDCA, Continual improvement process

References 

Robot architectures
E&M. E&M may stand for:

E and M signaling, a type of supervisory line signaling that uses DC signals on separate leads
Encrypt-and-MAC (E&M), an approach to authenticated encryption
Electromagnetism, sometimes also called electricity and magnetism, a branch of physics
Electromechanics, combines electrical engineering and mechanical engineering
Evaluation and Management Coding, a medical billing process in the United States
Exchange and Mart, a defunct long-established British sales publication
AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism, also known as AP E&M, an advanced placement course
Mechatronics, a portmanteau of electronics and mechanics
Handspike. A handspike is a metal bar or pipe that is used as a lever for prying or leverage, similar to a crowbar. Handspike is also an archaic term for a bar or lever, generally of wood, used in a windlass or capstan, for heaving anchor, and, in modified forms, for various other purposes.

On the Calder and Hebble Navigation in England, a handspike in the form of a length of 2-by-4-inch (5 by 10 cm) timber shaped at one end to provide a comfortable two-handed grip is used to operate the winding gear of some of the locks.

References

Hand tools
List of active United States naval aircraft. The list of United States naval aircraft contains types currently used by the United States Navy. For a complete list of naval aircraft designated under pre-1962 United States Navy designation systems, see List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962); for aircraft without formal designations, see List of undesignated military aircraft of the United States. For a list of all naval aircraft designated under the post-1962 unified Department of Defense designations, see List of military aircraft of the United States.

Aircraft

Current inventory

See also
 United States Marine Corps Aviation#Current inventory
 List of active United States Air Force aircraft
 United States Army Aviation Branch#Equipment
 List of equipment of the United States Coast Guard#Aircraft

References

External links
 Navy Fact File

United S
!Aircraft
Aircraft list
Callendar–Van Dusen equation. The Callendar–Van Dusen equation is an equation that describes the relationship between resistance (R) and temperature (T) of platinum resistance thermometers (RTD).

As commonly used for commercial applications of RTD thermometers, the relationship between resistance and temperature is given by the following equations.  The relationship above 0 °C (up to the melting point of aluminum ~ 660 °C) is a simplification of the equation that holds over a broader range down to -200 °C.  The longer form was published in 1925 (see below) by M.S. Van Dusen and is given as:

While the simpler form was published earlier by Callendar, it is generally valid only over the range between 0 °C to 661 °C and is given as:

Where constants A, B, and C are derived from experimentally determined parameters α, β, and δ using resistance measurements made at 0 °C, 100 °C and 260 °C.

Together,

It is important to note that these equations are listed as the basis for the temperature/resistance tables for idealized platinum resistance thermometers and are not intended to be used for the calibration of an individual thermometer, which would require the experimentally determined parameters to be found.

These equations are cited in International Standards for platinum RTD's resistance versus temperature functions DIN/IEC 60751 (also called IEC 751), also adopted as BS-1904, and with some modification, JIS C1604.

The equation was found by British physicist Hugh Longbourne Callendar, and refined for measurements at lower temperatures by M. S. Van Dusen, a chemist at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology ) in work published in 1925 in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Starting in 1968, the Callendar-Van Dusen Equation was replaced by an interpolating formula given by a 20th order polynomial first published in The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures.

Starting in 1990, the interpolating formula was further refined with the publication of The International Temperature Scale of 1990.  The ITS-90 is published by the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie and the Comité International des Poids et Mesures.  This work provides a 12th order polynomial that is valid over an even broader temperature range that spans from 13.8033 K to 273.16 K and a second 9th order polynomial that is valid over the temperature range of 0 °C to 961.78 °C.

References

External links
Caldus. Callendar-Van Dusen conversion between resistance and temperature in python.

Thermometers
Equations
Niobium–titanium. Niobium–titanium (Nb-Ti) is an alloy of niobium and titanium, used industrially as a type II superconductor wire for superconducting magnets,  normally as Nb-Ti fibres in an aluminium or copper matrix.

Its critical temperature is about 10 kelvins.

The high critical magnetic field and high critical supercurrent density of Nb-Ti was discovered in 1962 at Atomics International by T. G. Berlincourt and R. R. Hake. Nb-Ti alloys are notable for their easy workability and affordability, distinguishing them from other superconducting materials.

Nb-Ti alloys have a maximal critical magnetic field of about 15 teslas and, thus, are suitable for fabricating supermagnets capable of generating magnetic fields of up to about 10 teslas. For stronger magnetic fields, higher performance superconductors, such as niobium–tin, are commonly used, but these are more difficult to fabricate and more expensive to produce.

The global superconductivity market was valued at around five billion euros in 2014. Magnet resonance imaging (MRI) systems, most of which use Nb-Ti, accounted for about 80% of the total market value.

Notable uses

Superconducting magnets
A bubble chamber at Argonne National Laboratory has a 4.8-meter-diameter Nb-Ti magnet, which produces a magnetic field of 1.8 tesla.

About 1,000 Nb-Ti SC magnets were used in the 4-mile-long main ring of the Tevatron accelerator at Fermilab. The magnets were wound with 50 tons of copper cables, containing 17 tons of Nb-Ti filaments. They operate at 4.5 K and generate fields of up to 4.5 T.

1999: The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider uses 1,740 Nb-Ti SC 3.45 T magnets to bend beams in its 3.8 km double storage ring.

In the Large Hadron Collider particle accelerator, the magnets contain 1,200 tonnes of Nb-Ti cable, of which 470 tons are Nb-Ti and the rest copper, and they are cooled to 1.9 K to allow the safe operation of fields of up to 8.3 T.

Niobium–titanium superconducting magnet coils (liquid-helium-cooled) were built to be used in the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer mission at the International Space Station. They were later replaced by non-superconducting magnets.

The experimental fusion reactor ITER uses niobium–titanium for its poloidal field coils. In 2008, a test coil achieved stable operation at 52 kA and 6.4 T.

The Wendelstein 7-X stellarator uses Nb-Ti for its magnets, which are cooled to 4 K to create a 3 T field.

The SCMaglev uses Nb-Ti for the magnets onboard trains. A train using the technology currently holds the train speed world record of 603 km/h. It will be deployed for the Chūō Shinkansen, providing passenger service between Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka at a planned maximum operating speed of 505 km/h. Construction is underway for the Tokyo–Nagoya segment, with a planned opening date of 2027.

Gallery

See also
 Niobium–tin
 Vanadium–gallium, usable up to 18 tesla

Further reading
 Nb-Ti – from beginnings to perfection – discovery of the best compositions and conductor designs and fabrication methods.

References

Superconductors
Niobium alloys
Titanium alloys
BCL Springs. The Bombay Company Ltd. was established in 1886. It is one of the oldest companies in India. The company was revived in 1986 by setting up two divisions: precision springs Division and Balance Division.

The Precision Spring division of the company was set up in 1987 in technical collaboration with NHK Spring Co. Ltd., Japan, to manufacture Cold Coiled precision springs. It commenced commercial production in 1987. The company established itself as one of the leading manufacturer of precision Springs in India under the leadership of N.Vijayaraghavan.

In 1992, the business merged into The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Ltd. Also, during this period, the company expanded its installed capacity from 1000 metric tons to 1500 metric tons to cater to the growing demands of automotive components market.

References

External links

Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai
Manufacturing companies established in 1987
1987 establishments in Maharashtra
Indian companies established in 1886
Indian companies established in 1987
James Watkins (researcher). James Watkins is Professor of Biomechanics in the College of Engineering at Swansea University, Swansea, Wales UK (2002–2014). During the period 2000–2009, he was Head of the Department of Sports Science and Director of the Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre. Watkins was formerly at Jordanhill College, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (1974–1993) and at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (1993–2000). He is an advisory board member of the Journal of Sports Sciences.

He was chairman of the biomechanics section of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences from 1993 to 1996 and a member of the sports-related subjects panel in the 1996 and 2001 Research Assessment Exercises.

He is a fellow of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA), a fellow of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (FBASES), a fellow of the Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom (FPEAUK) and an honorary member of the Association for Physical Education (afPE).

Books

External links
 UWS staff page
 British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences

Living people
British bioengineers
Academics of Swansea University
People from Swansea
British scientists
Academics of the University of Strathclyde
British male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Higher Education Academy
British male non-fiction writers