omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
JAWS Scripting Language. JAWS Scripting Language (JSL) is a proprietary programming language that allows the interoperation of the JAWS (Job Access With Speech) screen reading program for the visually impaired and other applications. It is a compiled language, allowing for source code protection.  "JAWS scripting" commonly refers to customization of the built-in, user-editable utilities of JAWS and editing of its configuration files, as well as the writing of original scripts. JSL acts as an API (application programming interface) and allows users to combine JAWS scripting, Microsoft Active Accessibility scripting, and document object model scripting.

External links
 List of resources for JAWS Scripting provided by Freedom Scientific

Scripting languages
Screen readers

es:Lenguaje interpretado JAWS
Grega Aircamper. The Grega GN-1 Aircamper was a light aircraft developed in the United States in the early 1960s, originally as a personal project of its designer, but later marketed in plans form for homebuilding. John W. Grega initially set out to create a modernised version of the Pietenpol Air Camper using structural components from a Piper Cub but incorporating them into a new fuselage design based on the Pietenpol original. Two wings were designed, one based on the Cub wing, and another as a modernised version of the Pietenpol wing.

Specifications (GN-1)

See also

References

 
 

1960s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1963
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Maestranza Central de Aviación HF XX-02. 

The Maestranza Central de Aviación HF XX-02 was a military trainer aircraft developed in Chile in the 1950s.

Design and development
Designed by Hugo Fuentes (hence the HF in the designation), the HF XX-02 was a conventional, low-wing cantilever monoplane of mixed construction with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. The pilot and instructor sat side by side.

Two prototypes were constructed at El Bosque Air Base, designated XX-02 and XX-02B. Development was abandoned due to difficulties maneuvering at lower altitudes, which in one case, led to a crash in which the instructor was killed while attempting to land after a tight turn at low altitude.

The design was subsequently refined by Francisco Bravo and an improved version, the HFB XX-02 flew in 1958 powered by a Continental O-470 engine in place of the Ranger L-440 that powered the original.

Specifications (HFB XX-02)

Notes

References
 
 
 

HFXX02
1950s Chilean military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1954
National College of Agricultural Engineering. The National College of Agricultural Engineering was opened in 1962. It was closed as a separate entity at the end of 2007 and the land sold for housing.

Foundation

In February 1959, the Minister of Education of the United Kingdom announced to the House of Commons that a new National College devoted to agriculture was to be established to provide a national centre for the agricultural engineering industry which would also attract overseas students. The National College of Agricultural Engineering as it was initially known began at Silsoe in Bedfordshire, England.

In September 1962, the first cohort of 20 undergraduate students began their studies at Boreham House near Chelmsford in Essex. The move to the more permanent home at Silsoe was in 1963. In 1964 the first 15 postgraduate students joined from nine countries.

Merger
The Department of Education and Science and the Department for Education and Skills, as it became, decided that the college should merge with a larger organisation and in December 1975 decided that it should become a part of the then Cranfield Institute of Technology, now Cranfield University. At the time there were 122 undergraduates and 100 postgraduates. The name was changed to Silsoe College in 1983. Shuttleworth College joined in 1988 with the Shuttleworth programmes being relocated to Silsoe in 1996. In 2005, it was announced that academic activities would move to the Cranfield main campus. This was completed by December 2007 with activities becoming part of two new schools: the School of Applied Sciences and Cranfield Health. The college farm was retained as an important outdoor laboratory for teaching and research purposes and the remainder of the Silsoe site was to be sold for redevelopment.

Soil Survey and Land Research Centre
The former 'Soil Survey of England and Wales' (SSEW) that had commenced in 1939 in Bangor University, and then been transferred to Rothamsted Experimental Station in 1947, was moved to the Silsoe site, joining the college, in 1987. As the survey joined Silsoe, so it changed its name to the 'Soil Survey and Land Research Centre' (SSLRC), led by Professor Peter Bullock. Later Directors were Mike Jarvis and Dick Thompson. Marking a then closer integration with the wider Silsoe College, the organization changed names again in 2002 to the 'National Soil Resources Institute (NSRI), led by Professor Mark Kibblewhite. In 2006, NSRI, along with the rest of the staff and students at Silsoe were moved to the Cranfield University campus in Cranfield, Bedfordshire. Led by Director Dr Thomas Mayr the institute then became part of the formation of the Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute (CSAFI) led by Professor Leon Terry.

References

Agricultural organisations based in England
Cranfield University
Agricultural universities and colleges in the United Kingdom
1962 establishments in England
Educational institutions disestablished in 2007
Organisations based in Bedfordshire
Further education colleges in Bedfordshire
Vortex power. Vortex power is a form of hydro power which generates energy by placing obstacles in rivers and oceans to cause the formation of vortices which can then be tapped into a usable form of energy such as electricity. An example of this method has been created by a team at the University of Michigan who call the technology VIVACE or Vortex Induced Vibrations Aquatic Clean Energy. This technology has an expected life span of 10-20 years, which could meet life cycle cost targets.

Environmental impacts 
As of right now, this technology seems to be nonpolluting and low maintenance. In addition, it does not have any major impact on wildlife such as fish or other animals. This form of power is still in the developmental research stage and is currently undergoing optimization experiments before it can be implemented.

See also

Hydropower
Renewable energy
Vortex induced vibration

References 

 Vortex Power, University of Michigan

External links

, a similar technology developed by Okayama University

DWCPA Currents - August 2007
Michigan Daily - Prof. turns vibrations into electricity

 (5-page; 2017)

Water power
University of Michigan
Insulator. Insulator may refer to:

 Insulator (electricity), a substance that resists electricity
 Pin insulator, a device that isolates a wire from a physical support such as a pin on a utility pole
 Strain insulator, a device that is designed to work in mechanical tension to withstand the pull of a suspended electrical wire or cable
 Mott insulator, a type of electrical insulator
 Topological insulator, a material that behaves as an insulator in its interior while permitting the movement of charges on its boundary
 Insulator (genetics), an element in the genetic code
 Thermal insulation, a material used to resist the flow of heat
 Building insulation, the material used in building construction to prevent heat loss

See also 
 Insulation (disambiguation)
Copolyester. A copolyester is a copolymer synthesized by modification of polyesters, which are combinations of diacids and diols. For example, by introducing other diacids, such as isophthalic acid (IPA), or other diols, such as cyclohexane dimethanol (CHDM) to the polyester polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the material becomes a copolyester due to its comonomer content.

Copolyesters retain their strength, clarity, and other mechanical properties even when exposed to a variety of chemicals that typically affect other materials, such as polycarbonates. This, plus their versatility and flexibility, allows manufacturers to use them effectively in the design of both high-volume, low-cost parts as well as critical, more expensive component parts.

Applications
Copolyesters offer versatility to meet a wide variety of applications.
Copolyester resins have proved to be effective in packaging applications, due to their toughness, versatility and chemical resistance. They are  also frequently used in the manufacture and packaging of consumer goods and materials. Markets that rely on copolyesters include medical packaging, home appliances, consumer goods (pens, toys, sporting goods, etc.), and cosmetics, among others.

Table of Common Copolyester and Components

Manufacturers
The main global manufacturers and suppliers of Copolyester resins are as follows (The brand names are in parentheses):
 Eastman Chemical Company – (Eastar, Provista, Tritan)
Bostik Findley – (Vitel)
Toyobo – (Vylon)
Evonik – (Dynacoll S)
SKChemical – (Skygreen, Ecozen, Skybon)
Henkel – (Petaflex)
Covestro (formerly Bayer MaterialScience AG) – (Vivak/ PETg)
Macroocean – (Marcoa, Marnex)
EMS CHEMIE - (Griltex)

See also
Polyester

References

Biomaterials
Carboxylate esters
Plastics
Polyesters
Lindemann index. The Lindemann index is a simple measure of thermally driven disorder in atoms or molecules.

Definition
The local Lindemann index is defined as:

where angle brackets indicate a time average. The global Lindemann index is a system average of this quantity.

In condensed matter physics  a departure from linearity in the behaviour of the global Lindemann index or an increase above a threshold value related to the  spacing between atoms (or micelles, particles, globules, etc.) is often taken as the indication that a solid-liquid phase transition has taken place. See Lindemann melting criterion.

Biomolecules  often possess separate regions with different order characteristics. In order to quantify or illustrate local disorder, the local Lindemann index can be used.

Factors when using the Lindemann index
Care must be taken if the molecule possesses globally defined dynamics, such as about a hinge or pivot, because these motions will obscure the local motions which the Lindemann index is designed to quantify. An appropriate tactic in this circumstance is to sum the rij only over a small number of neighbouring atoms to arrive at each qi. A further variety of such modifications to the Lindemann index are available and have different merits, e.g. for the study of glassy vs crystalline materials.

References

Molecular physics
Condensed matter physics
Dimensionless numbers of physics
Delta Scientific Corporation. Delta Scientific Corporation, also known just as Delta Scientific, is a company based in Palmdale, California, United States. As a worldwide corporation, Delta Scientific Corp. has been developing and making vehicle access control equipment since 1974. In addition to the Palmdale headquarters, they have offices in Lorton, Virginia and Great Britain.

Delta Scientific is a manufacturer of vehicle access control equipment including guard booths, parking control equipment, and high security vehicle barricade systems. Delta has supplied counter-terrorist barricade systems to over 160 U.S. embassies and consulates in 130-plus countries as well as those of the United Kingdom and other nations. In the United States, Delta has products at over 110 Federal buildings, including courthouses and Federal Bureau of Investigation locations. Many U.S. nuclear power plants are also protected by Delta's vehicle barricade systems.

Delta Scientific products are also located at the U.S. Capitol and other Washington, D.C. landmark buildings, various high-rises throughout the world, along the streets of New York City, some corporate facilities, the Parliament of Singapore, power and water infrastructure locales, some European castles and some private homes of celebrities and other people in Beverly Hills, California and other upscale communities.

References

External links
Delta Scientific Corporation website

Defense companies of the United States
Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Palmdale, California
Technology companies established in 1974
Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge. The Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CEB) is one of the teaching and research departments at the University of Cambridge. The department trains undergraduate students and conducts original research at the interfaces between engineering, chemistry, biology and physics. It conducts research in collaboration with industrial partners. Its research programmes encompass sustainable reaction engineering, chemical product and process design, healthcare, measurement, and materials science. It conducts biotechnology research with chemical engineering at the science-engineering interface.

Notable staff
 notable staff include
 Sabine Bahn
 John Bridgwater
 Silvana Cardoso
 Howard Chase
 Lynn Gladden
 Elizabeth A. H. Hall
 Ross D. King
 Róisín Owens

Heads of department 
These include heads of the former Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biotechnology which merged to form the current department.

 Lisa Hall
 John Dennis
 Lynn Gladden 
 John Davidson
 Peter Danckwerts

Alumni
Former staff include:
 Francis Thomas Bacon

History

In 1945, the university received an endowment from Shell for a chemical engineering department and chair. The first Shell Professor was Terence Fox, appointed in 1946. The undergraduate Tripos course began in 1948. Peter Danckwerts was head of department from 1959 to 1975 and then John Davidson became Shell Professor and Head of department in 1975. He held the post until 1993 when he retired.

in 2008, the Department of Chemical Engineering merged with the Institute of Biotechnology to become the Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology.

Until 2017, the department's main centre of activity was the Shell building on Pembroke Street on the New Museums Site, to the south of Cambridge city centre. In 2017, the department moved over to a new building on Philippa Fawcett Drive on the West Cambridge site.

The building was officially opened by the chancellor of the university, David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville, on 24 April 2018.

References

Biology education in the United Kingdom
Biotechnology in the United Kingdom
Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of
Engineering universities and colleges in the United Kingdom
Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of
Autodesk MotionBuilder. MotionBuilder is a 3D character animation software produced by Autodesk. It is used for virtual cinematography, motion capture, and traditional keyframe animation. It was originally named Filmbox when it was first created by Canadian company Kaydara, later acquired by Alias and renamed to MotionBuilder. Alias in turn was acquired by Autodesk.

It is primarily used in film, games, television production, as well as other multimedia projects.

At SIGGRAPH 2012, Autodesk announced a partnership with Weta Digital and Lightstorm Entertainment to develop the next generation of the technology.

Features 
 Facial and skeletal animation
 Support for motion capture devices
 A software development kit that exposes functionality through Python and C++ via Qt and PySide.
 Ragdoll physics
 Inverse kinematics
 3D non-linear editing system
 Direct connection to other Autodesk digital content creation tools
 The FBX (.fbx) file format for 3D software interoperability has grown out of this package

See also
Autodesk Maya
Autodesk 3ds Max
Blender (software)

References 

3D graphics software
Autodesk products
Proprietary software that uses Qt
Proprietary commercial software for Linux
Grahame-White Type XI. 

The Grahame-White Type XI (also known as the "Naval and Military Biplane") was an early aircraft built in the United Kingdom and marketed as being particularly well-suited to military applications. It was a two-bay biplane of pod-and-boom configuration with unstaggered wings of slightly unequal span. The pilot and an observer sat in tandem, open cockpits in a streamlined nacelle, with the engine mounted pusher-fashion behind them. Unusually for an aircraft of this period, the propeller was not driven directly by the engine, but rather, via a sprocket and chain system that geared it down in the ratio of 14/23. The undercarriage was of the fixed, tailskid type but was designed to be easily exchanged for pontoons. Construction throughout was fabric-covered wood, with the exception of a neat aluminium cowling for the engine and transmission. A sample was exhibited at the Olympia Aero Show in 1914.

Specifications

References
 
 
 

1910s British military utility aircraft
Grahame-White aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Biplanes
Grahame-White Type XIII. The Grahame-White Type XIII was a racing seaplane built to compete in the Daily Mails 1914 Circuit of Britain air race, to be flown by company founder Claude Grahame-White. It was a conventional single-bay biplane with staggered wings of equal span braced by N-struts. The forward fuselage featured a highly streamlined aluminium engine cowling, with the rest of the construction being wood and fabric. The landing gear consisted of twin pontoons, with a small third pontoon carried beneath the tail.

The Circuit of Britain was cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I, and the sole Type XIII built was later converted into a landplane.

Specifications

References
 
 
 

1910s British sport aircraft
Floatplanes
Grahame-White aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Grahame-White Type XV. The Grahame White Type XV was a military trainer biplane produced in the United Kingdom before and during World War I. It is often referred to as the Box-kite, although this name more properly describes the Grahame-White Type XII, an earlier aircraft made by the company, from which the Type XV was derived. It is also known as the Admiralty Type 1600, since the first aircraft of the type purchased for the Royal Naval Air Service was given that serial number, and contemporary practice was to assign type numbers based on the serial number of the first example in service.

The aircraft itself was a pod-and-boom configuration biplane with three-bay unstaggered wings. In early models, two seats were fitted on the leading edge of the lower wing for the instructor and the trainee pilot; in later models, space was provided for them in tandem in an open-topped nacelle, with the engine mounted pusher-fashion behind them. The empennage was carried on four parallel beams extending two each from the top and bottom wings, and consisted of twin rudders and a horizontal stabiliser and elevator that were carried on the top two beams. Early production aircraft had wings of equal span, but later examples had long extensions fitted to increase the span of the upper wing. The landing gear comprised two separate, wing-mounted, 'two-wheel plus skid' assemblies and a tail-skid.

The Type XV was extensively used as a trainer by both the RNAS and RFC, with 135 machines being purchased for this purpose. In November 1913, one RFC Type XV was employed in the first British trials of firing a machine gun (a Lewis gun) from an aircraft at targets on the ground. Despite the number of aircraft produced, little documentation on the type has survived.

Three Type XVs survived the First World War to become civil aircraft, being some of the first aircraft to bear British aircraft registrations once civil flying was permitted in 1919.

Operators

Australian Flying Corps
Central Flying School, Point Cook, Victoria

Royal Flying Corps
No. 65 Squadron RFC
Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications

References

Notes

Sources
 
 
 
 

1910s British military trainer aircraft
Grahame-White aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1913
Wired communication. Wired communication refers to the transmission of data over a wire-based communication technology (telecommunication cables). Wired communication is also known as wireline communication.  Examples include telephone networks, cable television or internet access, and fiber-optic communication. Most wired networks use Ethernet cables to transfer data between connected PCs.  Also waveguide (electromagnetism), used for high-power applications, is considered wired line.  Local telephone networks often form the basis for wired communications and are used by both residential and business customers in the area.  Many networks today rely on the use of fiber optic communication technology as a means of providing clear signaling for both inbound and outbound transmissions and are replacing copper wire transmission.  Fiber optic technology is capable of accommodating far more signals than copper wiring while still maintaining the integrity of the signal over longer distances.

Alternatively, communication technologies that don't rely on wires to transmit information (voice or data) are considered wireless, and are generally considered to have higher latency and lower reliability.

The legal definition of most, if not all, wireless technologies today or "apparatus, and services (among other things, the receipt, forwarding, and delivery of communications) incidental to such transmission" are a  wire communication as defined in the Communications Act of 1934 in 47 U.S.C. §153 ¶(59). This makes everything online today and all wireless phones a use of wire communications by law whether a physical connection to  wire is visible or is not. The Communications Act of 1934 created the Federal Communications Commission to replace the Federal Radio Commission. If there were no real wired communications today, there would be no online and there would be no mobile phones. Satellite communications would be the only current technology considered wireless.

In general, wired communications are considered to be the most stable and best  of all types of communications services. They are relatively impervious to adverse weather conditions in comparison to wireless communication solutions. These characteristics have allowed wired communications to remain popular even as wireless solutions have continued to advance.

See also 
Telecommunications cable

References 

Telecommunications systems
Utva Trojka. The Utva C-3 Trojka (Trey) was a light aircraft built in Yugoslavia shortly after World War II as a result of a government competition to develop a new, domestically built aircraft with which to equip the country's flying clubs. The winning design was submitted by Boris Cijan and Djordje T. Petković and the prototype was built by Ikarus as the Ikarus 251. Series production took place at Utva as the C-3. It was a conventional, low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. The pilot and instructor sat side by side under an expansive canopy. The type remained in production until the mid-1950s with later examples powered by the more powerful Walter Mikron 4.

Operators

Yugoslav Air Force
Letalski center Maribor

Specifications

See also

References

 
 
 
 

1940s Yugoslav civil trainer aircraft
Ikarus aircraft
Trokja
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
List of semi-automatic train systems. This is a list of current semi-automatic train systems capable of GoA2 as according to the Grade of Automation classifications specified by the standard IEC 62290‐1. These are explained diagrammatically by the UITP. For the systems capable of GoA3 and higher, see the list of driverless train systems. Canceled automated train systems are in the list of defunct automated train systems.

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

Future systems

Americas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

See also
 Automatic Train Operation
 Automated guided vehicle
 Jane's World Railways
 Communications-based train control

Notes

References

External links
 "UITP Automated Metro Observatory, a complete website with UTO Metro Resources"

Lists of railway lines
Public transport
Rail infrastructure
Automated