omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Reconfigurability. Reconfigurability denotes the Reconfigurable Computing capability of a system, so that its behavior can be changed by reconfiguration, i. e. by loading different configware code. This static reconfigurability distinguishes between reconfiguration time and run time. Dynamic reconfigurability denotes the capability of a dynamically reconfigurable system that can dynamically change its behavior during run time, usually in response to dynamic changes in its environment.

In the context of wireless communication dynamic reconfigurability tackles the changeable behavior of wireless networks and associated equipment, specifically in the fields of radio spectrum, radio access technologies, protocol stacks, and application services.

Research regarding the (dynamic) reconfigurability of wireless communication systems is ongoing for example in working group 6 of the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF), in the Wireless Innovation Forum (WINNF) (formerly Software Defined Radio Forum), and in the European FP6 project End-to-End Reconfigurability (E²R). Recently, E²R initiated a related standardization effort on the cohabitation of heterogeneous wireless radio systems in the framework of the IEEE P1900.4 Working Group.
See cognitive radio.

In the context of Control reconfiguration, a field of fault-tolerant control within control engineering, reconfigurability is a property of faulty systems meaning that the original control goals specified for the fault-free system can be reached after suitable control reconfiguration.

External links
 Wireless World Research Forum
 Wireless World Research Forum, Working Group 6
 Wireless Innovation Forum (formerly Software Defined Radio Forum)

Wireless networking
Radio resource management
Reconfigurable computing
Static induction thyristor. The static induction thyristor (SIT, SITh) is a thyristor with a buried gate structure in which the gate electrodes are placed in n-base region. Since they are normally on-state, gate electrodes must be negatively or anode biased to hold off-state. It has low noise, low distortion, high audio frequency power capability. The turn-on and turn-off times are very short, typically 0.25 microseconds.

History
The first static induction thyristor was invented by Japanese engineer Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1975. It was capable of conducting large currents with a low forward bias and had a small turn-off time. It had a self controlled gate turn-off thyristor that was commercially available through Tokyo Electric Co. (now Toyo Engineering Corporation) in 1988. The initial device consisted of a p+nn+ diode and a buried p+ grid.

In 1999, an analytical model of the SITh was developed for the PSPICE circuit simulator. In 2010, a newer version of SITh was developed by Zhang Caizhen, Wang Yongshun, Liu Chunjuan and Wang Zaixing, the new feature of which was its high forward blocking voltage.

See also
Static induction transistor
MOS composite static induction thyristor

References

External links
Static induction thyristor

Semiconductor devices
Solid state switches
Power electronics
CBSE. CBSE may refer to:

CBSé, an Argentine beverage company
CBSE-FM, an FM radio station licensed to Sept-Îles, Quebec, Canada
Central Board of Secondary Education, a national-level board of education in India for public and private schools
Component-based software engineering, a branch of software engineering
Cloud-based software engineering, in technology, indicates a focus on software development, engineering practices, and methodologies specific to cloud-based applications and services
Islands of automation. Islands of automation was a popular term used largely during the 1980s to describe how rapidly developing automation systems were at first unable to communicate easily with each other.  Industrial communication protocols, network technologies, and system integration helped to improve this situation.  Just a few of the many examples of helping technologies are Modbus, Fieldbus, Ethernet, etc.

It is more recently used by automation specialists to describe a discrete and fully enclosed automated system applied in a largely manual environment.

In today's interconnected world it is uncommon for automated systems to be fully stand alone. Therefore, the old usage is defunct and the new usage is more appropriate for companies that wish to automate in a limited fashion.

References 

Impact of automation
System integration
Charles de Haldat du Lys. Charles Nicolas Alexandre Haldat du Lys (24 December 1770 – 26 November 1852) was a French physicist who performed experimental work in hydrostatics.

He was a critic of the reliability of Benjamin Thompson's researches on the generation of heat, An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction.

References

Bibliography

1770 births
1852 deaths
French physicists
Wheel (computing). In Unix operating systems, the term wheel refers to a user account with a wheel bit, a system setting that provides additional special system privileges that empower a user to execute restricted commands that ordinary user accounts cannot access.

Origins 
The term wheel was first applied to computer user privilege levels after the introduction of the TENEX operating system, later distributed under the name TOPS-20 in the 1960s and early 1970s.  The term was derived from the slang phrase big wheel, referring to a person with great power or influence.

In the 1980s, the term was imported into Unix culture due to the migration of operating system developers and users from TENEX/TOPS-20 to Unix.

Wheel group 
Modern Unix systems generally use user groups as a security protocol to control access privileges. The wheel group is a special user group used on some Unix systems, mostly BSD systems, to control access to the su or sudo command, which allows a user to masquerade as another user (usually the super user). Debian and its derivatives create a group called sudo with purpose similar to that of a wheel group.

Wheel war 
The phrase wheel war, which originated at Stanford University, is a term used in computer culture, first documented in the 1983 version of The Jargon File.  A 'wheel war' was a user conflict in a multi-user (see also: multiseat) computer system, in which students with administrative privileges would attempt to lock each other out of a university's computer system, sometimes causing unintentional harm to other users.

See also 
 Superuser

References 

Unix
Computer jargon
3Server. The 3Com 3Server was a headless dedicated network-attached storage machine designed to run 3Com local area network (LAN) server software, 3+Share.

Background 
The companion product was the diskless 3Station network workstation, a dedicated client machine. However, 3Servers could also network with standard PC-compatibles and were commonly used in this role. Having no display other than a small one-line LCD and no keyboard or mouse interface, 3Servers were controlled via another PC on the network which allowed console access to the internal server software.

The original 3Server was a x86 computer that wasn't compatible with any ordinary PC based on an Intel 80186 CPU, running a special version of MS-DOS and 3Com's proprietary 3+Share network server software. This was a multitasking network server stack that ran on top of single-tasking DOS. Internally, it had a network stack, file and print server modules, disk caching, user handling and more, all running simultaneously inside the DOS memory space. Because they were not limited by the PC memory map, 3Servers could support 1 megabyte of flat memory, breaking the PC's 640 kB barrier. This was a large amount of RAM for the time. 

The original 3Server shipped in 1985 with  of RAM and a single  hard disk.  It had slots for adding six additional drives, making it one of the first network attached storage (NAS) arrays.  It supported both Ethernet (then branded EtherSeries) and AppleTalk and was quick to add IBM Token Ring as well.  The 3Server/70, introduced in July 1985, doubled the storage space to   The 3Server/500 was a 80386-based version introduced in the late 1980s, with the 80486-based 3Server/600 introduced in 1991.

The last models, the 3Server386 family, ran OS/2 1.3 as the basic operating system, using 3+Open, a variant of OS/2 LAN Manager. 3Com's version was an enhancement of the basic LAN Manager package, also  sold by Microsoft and IBM and on other operating systems - for example, running on VAX/VMS it was the basis of DEC Pathworks.

Decline 
In February, 1991, 3Com announced that it would hand over all rights to LAN Manager, 3+Open, its Macintosh and NetWare integration, and related software to Microsoft. The company soon exited the network server business as well.

References

Server hardware
Elephant in Cairo. An elephant in Cairo is a term used in computer programming to describe a piece of data that matches the search criteria purposefully inserted at the end of a search space, in order to make sure the search algorithm terminates; it is a humorous example of a sentinel value. The term derives from a humorous essay circulated on the Internet that was published in Byte magazine in September 1989, describing how various professions would go about hunting elephants.

Algorithm
When hunting elephants, the article describes programmers as following this algorithm:
 Go to Africa.
 Start at the Cape of Good Hope.
 Work northward in an orderly manner, traversing the continent alternately east and west,
 During each traverse pass:
 Catch each animal seen.
 Compare each animal caught to a known elephant.
 Stop when a match is detected.

This algorithm has a bug, namely a bounds checking error: if no elephants are found, the programmer will continue northwards and end up in the Mediterranean sea, causing abnormal termination by drowning.

Thus experienced programmers modify the above algorithm by placing a known elephant in Cairo to ensure that the algorithm will terminate. The modified algorithm is therefore as follows:

 Go to Africa.
 Put an elephant in Cairo.
 Start at the Cape of Good Hope.
 Work northward in an orderly manner, traversing the continent alternately east and west,
 During each traverse pass:
 Catch each animal seen.
 Compare each animal caught to a known elephant.
 Stop when a match is detected.
 If you are in Cairo, then there are no elephants in Africa (other than the one you placed there).

See also
Elephant test

Notes

References

External links
List of the other elephant hunting techniques (PDF)

Computer humour
Metaphors referring to elephants
Smartwrap. Smartwrap is an ultra-thin polymer-based material made by James Timberlake and Stephen Kieran of Philadelphia architecture firm KieranTimberlake.

The compound consists of substrate and printed and laminated layers that have been roll-coated into a single film. The resulting film has the ability to alter look and color, as well as to supply light and electricity, shelter, and govern internal temperatures.

References

Technical fabrics
Vertical draft. In meteorology, an updraft (British English: up-draught) is a small-scale current of rising air, often within a cloud.

Overview
Vertical drafts, known as updrafts or downdrafts, are localized regions of warm or cool air that move vertically. A mass of warm air will typically be less dense than the surrounding region, and so will rise until it reaches air that is either warmer or less dense than itself. The converse will occur for a mass of cool air, and is known as subsidence. This movement of large volumes of air, especially when regions of hot, wet air rise, can create large clouds, and is the central source of thunderstorms. Drafts can also be caused by low or high pressure regions. A low pressure region will attract air from the surrounding area, which will move towards the center and then rise, creating an updraft. A high pressure region will attract air from the surrounding area, which will move towards the center and sink, spawning a downdraft.

Updrafts and downdrafts, along with wind shear in general, are a major contributor to airplane crashes during takeoff and landing in a thunderstorm. Extreme cases, known as downbursts and microbursts, can be deadly and difficult to predict or observe. The crash of Delta Air Lines Flight 191 on its final approach before landing at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport in 1985 was presumably caused by a microburst, and prompted the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to research and deploy new storm detection radar stations at some of the major airports, notably those in the South, Midwest, and Northeast United States where wind shear affects air safety.  Downbursts can cause extensive localized damage, similar to that caused by tornadoes. Downburst damage can be differentiated from that of a tornado because the resulting destruction is circular and radiates away from the center. Tornado damage radiates inward, towards the center of the damage.

The term "downdraft" can also refer to a type of backdraft which occurs through chimneys which have fireplaces on the lowermost levels (such as basements) of multi-level buildings. It involves cold air coming down the chimney due to low air pressure, and makes it hard to light fires, and can push soot and carbon monoxide into domiciles.

See also
 Terminal Doppler Weather Radar, a 5 cm Doppler weather radar design to detect wind shear near major airports in the U.S. (FAA) and abroad
 NEXRAD, a 10 cm radar in the U.S. that detects wind shear, but to a specific extent. (NOAA's National Weather Service)
 Low level windshear alert system
 Atmospheric thermodynamics
 Lee waves
 New Zealand National Airways Corporation Flight 441 — airplane crash linked to severe downdraft
 Rear flank downdraft and forward flank downdraft
 Thermal

References

External links
 National Science Digital Library - Downdraft
 the Microburst Windshear

Aviation meteorology
Gliding meteorology
Severe weather and convection
Aggressive-class minesweeper. The Aggressive-class minesweepers are a class of US-built minesweepers. They are designated as MSO (Mine Sweeper Ocean), distinguishing them from the smaller coastal MSCs and inshore MSIs. Besides the US Navy, this class of vessels has also been used by the Belgian Navy and the Norwegian Navy, among others.

Background
Minesweeping, or the disposal of naval mines, by these vessels is performed in different ways:
Sweeping proper, with an underwater cable cutting the mooring cables of moored mines. The mines then come to the surface and are destroyed by gunfire.
Acoustic sweeping, with a towed device producing noise to trigger acoustic mines.
Magnetic sweeping, with a towed device producing a magnetic field to trigger magnetic mines. To protect the minesweeper itself against magnetic mines, the hull and superstructure of the ship are made of wood. Other components are made of non-magnetic materials, and any magnetic materials are strictly controlled.

Construction and disposition
Of the 53 constructed for the United States Navy, 10 were built at Higgins Corp., New Orleans, Louisiana, 9 at J.M. Martinac Shipbuilding Corp., Tacoma, Washington, 8 at Wilmington Boat Works Inc., Wilmington, California, 6 at Luders Marine Construction Co. of Stamford, Connecticut, 4 at Broward Marine Inc, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 4 at Martinolich Shipbuilding Co., San Diego, California, 3 at Burger Boat Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin, 3 at Colberg Boat Works, Stockton, California, 2 at Fulton Shipyard, Antioch, California, 2 at Norfolk Naval Shipyard and 2 at Seattle Shipbuilding and Drydocking Co., Seattle, Washington.

33 of the class were decommissioned before the mid-1970s. Four ex-USN ships were sold to the Republic of China Navy 1994 and re-classed as s. They were still in active service in 2012.  was decommissioned 30 September 1994 in Tacoma, Washington and was the last Aggressive-class minesweeper in US Navy active service.

Units

See also
 HNLMS Onverschrokken (M886) - Dutch Aggressive-class minesweeper

References

External links

FAS - MSO-422 class
GlobalSecurity - MSO-422 class
ex MSO 483

 
Mine warfare vessel classes
Gear (disambiguation). A gear is a toothed wheel designed to transmit torque to another gear or toothed component.

Gear or gears may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment and media

Fictional characters
 Richie Foley, aka Gear, from Static Shock
 Gears, a character from the G.I. Joe franchise
 Gears, a character from the Transformers franchise

Other uses in arts, entertainment and media
 Gears, a 1975 album by Johnny Hammond
 Gear, a comic book limited series by Image Comics
 Gear, an American men's magazine
 GEAR, a Japanese long-run theatre show 
 Gear (The Village Voice), a 1969 character sketch

Science and technology
 Gears (software), formerly Google Gears, utility software by Google
 Landing gear, the undercarriage of an aircraft
 Samsung Gear, a line of wearable computing devices

Other uses
 Gear (name), including a list of people with the name
 Gender Equality Architecture Reform, an international NGO campaign
 Geared, maritime transport vessels equipped with cranes
 USS Gear (ARS-34), a 1942 U.S. Navy ship

See also

 Gearing (disambiguation)
 Geer (disambiguation)
 Top Gear (disambiguation)
 Geare, a surname
 Computer configuration
 System Settings, an application included with macOS
 Settings (Windows), a component of Microsoft Windows
 Equipment
 Narcotic
Pelopium. Pelopium was the proposed name for a new element found by the chemist Heinrich Rose in 1845. The name derived from the Greek king and later god Pelops, son of Tantalus. During the analysis of the mineral tantalite, he concluded that it does contain an element similar to niobium and tantalum. The similar reactivity of niobium and tantalum complicated preparation of pure samples and therefore several new elements were proposed, which were later found to be mixtures of niobium and tantalum.

The differences between tantalum and niobium and the fact that no other similar element was present were unequivocally demonstrated in 1864 by Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand, and Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville, as well as Louis J. Troost, who determined the formulas of some of the compounds in 1865 and finally by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac.

This confusion arose from the minimal observed differences between tantalum and niobium. Both tantalum and niobium react with chlorine and traces of oxygen, including atmospheric concentrations, with niobium forming two compounds: the white volatile niobium pentachloride (NbCl5) and the non-volatile niobium oxychloride (NbOCl3). The claimed new elements pelopium, ilmenium and dianium were in fact identical to niobium or mixtures of niobium and tantalum.

References

Misidentified chemical elements
Niobium
Tantalum
DEG. DEG or deg may refer to:

Businesses and organizations
 DEG Metro Stars, an ice hockey team in Düsseldorf, Germany
 De Laurentiis Entertainment Group, an entertainment production and distribution company
 Delhaize Group (NYSE stock symbol), a Belgium-based food retailer
 German Investment Corporation (Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft), a German finance company

In mathematics, science, and technology
Degree (angle), a measurement of plane angle
Degree (graph theory), the number of edges incident to a vertex
Degree (temperature), unit in several temperature scales
Degree of curvature, a measure of curvature used in civil engineering
Degree of a polynomial, or order, the highest degree (sum of exponents of the variables) among the terms of a polynomial expression
Diethylene glycol, an organic compound
Dielectric elastomer generator, in materials science
Differentially expressed gene, in life sciences

Other uses
 DEG, postnominals for a Dame of the Order of the Eagle of Georgia
 Dég, a village in Hungary
 Deg language
 Deg Hit'an, an indigenous group in Alaska
 Deg Hit'an language
 Dir En Grey
 Dora's Explorer Girls
 Degree (disambiguation)
CWL WZ.X. The WZ.X was the Polish reconnaissance aircraft designed in the mid-1920s and manufactured in the Centralne Warsztaty Lotnicze (CWL) - Central Aviation Workshops in Warsaw. It was the first combat aircraft of own design built in Poland, in a small series.

Development
The aircraft was designed by Władysław Zalewski, as his tenth design (Zalewski had already constructed aircraft for the Russian Air Force during the World War I). Work started in 1923, and the first prototype was flown in August 1926. Another airframe was built for static trials. Flight trials were successful: its performance was at least as good as the Breguet 19, and better than the Potez 25. However, maintenance was more difficult.

In 1927, two pre-series aircraft were built (designated WZ.X/II, WZ.X/III), powered by  Lorraine-Dietrich 12Eb used by the prototype, with a fourth (WZ.X/IV) powered by a  Gnome et Rhône 9A Jupiter radial engine with four-blade propeller.

The WZ.X did not enter serial production, because Poland had already bought many Breguet 19 aircraft from France, and started production under licence of the Potez 25 of the same class. Three WZ.Xs were given to aviation schools, where one or two survived in Dęblin until 1939.

Description
Wooden construction braced biplane, conventional in layout. A fuselage was semi-monocoque, elliptical in cross-section, plywood-covered. Rectangular two-spar wings, covered with canvas and plywood (in front), of equal span, slightly staggered. Ailerons on both wings, joined with struts. Strutted empennage, covered with plywood (stabilizers) and canvas (rudder and elevators). Crew of two, sitting in tandem in open cockpits, the first with a windshield. Conventional fixed landing gear, with a rear skid, the main gear with a common axle. Inline engine in front, driving two-blade tractor wooden propeller, with two round Lamblin radiators under the fuselage (in the WZ.X/IV - radial engine, with four-blade propeller and no radiators). Fuel tank in the fuselage.

The pilot had two fixed 7.7 mm Vickers machine guns with an interrupter gear, the observer had twin 7.7 mm Lewis machine guns on a ring mounting. Bomb load: unknown.

Variants
WZ.X/IFirst prototype powered by a  Lorraine-Dietrich 12Eb
WZ.X/IIPre-series aircraft essentially similar to the WZ.X/I
WZ.X/IIIPre-series aircraft essentially similar to the WZ.X/I
WZ.X/IVPre-series aircraft powered by a   Gnome et Rhône 9A Jupiter driving a four-bladed propeller

Specifications (WX.X/I)

See also

References

External links

Photos and drawings   at Ugolok Neba site

1920s Polish military reconnaissance aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926