omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nuclear lightbulb. A nuclear lightbulb is a hypothetical type of spacecraft engine using a gaseous fission reactor to achieve nuclear propulsion. Specifically it would be a type of gas core reactor rocket that uses a quartz wall to separate nuclear fuel from coolant/propellant. It would be operated at temperatures of up to 22,000°C where the vast majority of the electromagnetic emissions would be in the hard ultraviolet range. Fused silica is almost completely transparent to this light, so it would be used to contain the uranium hexafluoride and allow the light to heat reaction mass in a rocket or to generate electricity using a heat engine or photovoltaics.
This type of reactor shows great promise in both of these roles.

Rocket engine
As a rocket engine it, like all nuclear rocket designs, can greatly exceed the exhaust speed and specific impulse of a chemical rocket. However, it also does not involve the release of any radioactive material from the rocket, unlike open cycle designs which would cause nuclear fallout if used in a planetary atmosphere (e.g. Project Orion). The theoretical specific impulse (Isp) range from 1500 to 3000 seconds.

Electrical power generation
As a method to generate electricity, nuclear lightbulbs are extremely efficient because higher-temperature heat contains more Gibbs free energy than the low-temperature heat produced in current fossil-fuel plants and water-cooled nuclear reactors.

References 
.

Nuclear reactors
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion
Nuclear technology
Engineering plastic. Engineering plastics are a group of plastic materials that have better mechanical or thermal properties than the more widely used commodity plastics (such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene). 

Engineering plastics are more expensive than standard plastics, therefore they are produced in lower quantities and tend to be used for smaller objects or low-volume applications (such as mechanical parts), rather than for bulk and high-volume ends (like containers and packaging). Engineering plastics have a higher heat resistance than standard plastics and are continuously usable at temperatures up to about .

The term usually refers to thermoplastic materials rather than thermosetting ones. Examples of engineering plastics include polyamides (PA, nylons), used for skis and ski boots; polycarbonates (PC), used in motorcycle helmets and optical discs; and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, major brand names acrylic glass and plexiglass), used e.g. for taillights and protective shields. The currently most-consumed engineering plastic is acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), used for e.g. car bumpers, dashboard trim and Lego bricks.

Engineering plastics have gradually replaced traditional engineering materials such as metal, glass or ceramics in many applications. Besides equalling or surpassing them in strength, weight, and other properties, engineering plastics are much easier to manufacture, especially in complicated shapes. Across all different product types, more than 22 million tonnes of engineering plastics were consumed worldwide in 2020.

Relevant properties 
Each engineering plastic usually has a unique combination of properties that may make it the material of choice for some application. For example, polycarbonates are highly resistant to impact, while polyamides are highly resistant to abrasion. Other properties exhibited by various grades of engineering plastics include heat resistance, mechanical strength, rigidity, chemical stability, self lubrication (specially used in manufacturing of gears and skids) and fire safety.

Examples 

 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
 Nylon 6
 Nylon 6-6
 Polyamides (PA)
 Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
 Polycarbonates (PC)
 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
 Polyetherimide (PEI)
 Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) 
 Polyetherketones (PEK)
 Polyketone (PK)
 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
 Polyimides
 Polyoxymethylene plastic (POM / Acetal)
 Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
 Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
 Polysulphone (PSU)
 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE / Teflon)
 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)

See also
High-performance plastics

References

 
Plastics
ASR-complete. ASR-complete is, by analogy to "NP-completeness" in complexity theory, a term to indicate that the difficulty of a computational problem is equivalent to solving the central automatic speech recognition problem, i.e. recognize and understanding spoken language. Unlike "NP-completeness", this term is typically used informally.

Such problems are hypothesised to include:

 Spoken natural language understanding
 Understanding speech from far-field microphones, i.e. handling the reverbation and background noise

These problems are easy for humans to do (in fact, they are described directly in terms of imitating humans). Some systems can solve very simple restricted versions of these problems, but none can solve them in their full generality.

See also
 AI-complete

References
 Nelson Morgan et al., MEETINGS ABOUT MEETINGS:  RESEARCH AT ICSI ON SPEECH IN MULTIPARTY CONVERSATIONS, In: ICASSP 2003, April 6–10, 2003.

External links
Paper mentioning the ASR-problem

Artificial intelligence
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Kottayam. Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology (RIT) is a state-government-owned engineering college in the Indian state of Kerala, located 14 km away from Kottayam. The college was founded in 1991 by the Government of Kerala, and has been affiliated with the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University since the latter was founded in 2015.

Academics

Due to its nature as an engineering college, the college offers degrees in fields like Civil Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Engineering and Bachelor of Architecture. It also offers doctorate degrees in electrical and civil engineering, and has offered a two year master's degree in Computer Applications since 2001.

The university uses the Kerala Engineering Architecture Medical to screen undergraduate students and the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering to screen postgraduate students, with separate entrance tests for its Master of Computer Application and architecture courses.

ICRIT 

From 2009 to 2010, the university hosted an academic conference titled the National Conference on Recent Innovations in Technology (NCRIT), which featuring paper presentations and panel discussions for professionals, academics, researchers, and industrialists. The conference topics were chosen based on trending areas of research in academia and industry. In 2011, the title was changed to International Conference on Recent Innovations in Technology (ICRIT) instead.

NATCON 2013 
RIT in association with The Centre for Engineering Research and Development (CERD), Government of Kerala, is part of the organizing team of National Technological Congress (NATCON). The conference is designed to boost research activities in engineering colleges. It will also be a platform for talented academicians, students scientists to share their experiences and knowledge. The third edition of the NATCON as held on 17–19 January 2013.

Student Life

Student organisations

 SAE
 IEEE 
 Tinker Hub
 Indian Society for Technical Education
 Astronomical Society of RIT
 BODHI, RIT Quiz Club
 IEDC Start-up Bootcamp
 National Service Scheme (NSS)
 Society of Student Architects

Events

RITU 
Ritu is an annual techno-cultural fest of RIT. The event consists of a wide variety of programmes and competitions in technical and cultural fields. Ritu is one of the tech-fests in Kerala having large footfalls.

Keli
Keli is the name of an annual arts festival conducted at RIT. The event is made competitive by grouping the entire college into 5 groups each named as part of a traditional piece of art, Sruthi, Noopura, Pallavi, Surabhi and Thillana.

Aaravam
Aaravam is the name of the annual Sports festival organised at the RIT.

Department Fest 
Several departments organize department festivals.

Gallery

References

Engineering colleges in Kerala
Universities and colleges in Kottayam
Colleges affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala
Educational institutions established in 1991
1991 establishments in Kerala
Hexamine fuel tablet. A hexamine fuel tablet (or heat tablet, Esbit) is a form of solid fuel in tablet form. The tablets burn smokelessly, have a high energy density, do not liquefy while burning and leave no ashes. Invented in 1936 in Murrhardt, Germany, the main component is hexamine, which was discovered by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859. Some fuel tablets use 1,3,5-trioxane as another ingredient.

Esbit is a genericized trademark that people often use to refer to similar products made by other companies. In most countries from the former Soviet bloc, fuel tablets are called dry alcohol.

Uses 

The tablets are used for cooking by campers, militaries, and relief organizations. They are often used with disposable metal stoves that are included with field ration packs. Another common use is to provide a heat source for model steam engines, such as those manufactured by Wilesco and Mamod, and other external combustion engines such as Stirling engines and pop pop boats.

Advantages and disadvantages 
Hexamine is prepared by the reaction of formaldehyde and ammonia. In an acidic environment hexamine is converted to toxic formaldehyde, where the main hazard for toxicity is by ingestion.

As with trioxane, hexamine has an almost unlimited shelf life if stored properly, in a sealed dry container. However, the heat given off cannot be easily adjusted, so water can be boiled, but cooking requiring simmering is more difficult. Tablets are a powerful stove fuel (30.0 MJ/kg), but are sensitive to wind and dampness.

Esbit's Safety Data Sheet states combustion can create formaldehyde, ammonia, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen cyanide and ingestion may cause nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal disturbances, and kidney damage. When burned, the chemical oxidation of the fuel yields noxious fumes, which requires cooking foods in a container, such as a pot or pan, with a tight fitting lid. Burned tablets leave a sticky dark residue on the bottom of pots. If tablets are stored or used under damp conditions they can break up while burning and shed burning fragments, though this claim is hard to verify or reproduce.

As hexamine is a precursor for the simplest synthesis of the chemical explosive RDX, its possession is tightly regulated in the United Kingdom.

See also 
 Firelighter
 Metaldehyde
 Sterno

References

External links 
 Esbit Compagnie GmbH website

Fuels
Camping equipment
Solid fuels
SWE. SWE may refer to:

 Sensor Web Enablement, an Open Geospatial Consortium framework for defining a Sensor Web
 Shallow water equations, a set of equations that describe flow below a pressure surface
 Snow water equivalent
 Social Work England, the regulator for social workers in England
 Society of Women Engineers, a non-profit engineering organization
 Society of Wood Engravers, a British printmakers' group
 Software engineer
 Something Witty Entertainment, creators of animated web series Sword Art Online Abridged
 Staebler–Wronski effect, light-induced changes in the properties of silicon
 Sweden, the country's ISO 3166-1 alpha-3-code
 Swedish language, the language's ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 language code
Automotive Electronics Council. The Automotive Electronics Council (AEC) is an organization originally established in the 1990s by Chrysler, Ford, and GM for the purpose of establishing common part-qualification and quality-system standards.

The AEC Component Technical Committee is the standardization body for establishing standards for reliable, high quality electronic components. Components meeting these specifications are suitable for use in the harsh automotive environment without additional component-level qualification testing. The technical documents developed by the AEC Component Technical Committee are available at the AEC web site.

Most commonly referenced AEC documents are:
 AEC-Q100  "Failure Mechanism Based Stress Test Qualification For Integrated Circuits"
 AEC-Q101  "Failure Mechanism Based Stress Test Qualification For Discrete Semiconductors"
 AEC-Q200  "Stress Test Qualification For Passive Components"

See also
 VW 80808 ()

References

External links
Automotive Electronics Council

Automotive technologies
Automotive electronics
Electrical engineering organizations
Motor trade associations
Claire Parker. Claire Parker (August 31, 1906 – October 3, 1981) was an American engineer and animator. A graduate of MIT, her best-known contribution to the history of cinema is the Pinscreen (Écran d'épingles), a vertically-mounted grid of between 240,000 and 1 million sliding metal rods that are first manually pushed into position to create lit and shaded areas, then filmed frame by frame. While the hand-operated, mechanical Pinscreen superficially shares characteristics with early optical toys like the zoetrope, it is distinguished by being one of the first devices ever to produce animation by reconfiguring a set of individual picture elements, later called pixels. A model with sufficient pin "resolution" can be used to create a Pinscreen animation of photorealistic images, a painstaking process analogous to modern pixel art.

Parker shared directing credits for her films with her husband and collaborator, Russian animator Alexandre Alexeieff; however, the 1935 French and 1937 U.S. patents on the Pinscreen were made in her name alone. Alexeieff and Parker's Pinscreen films include Night on Bald Mountain (1933) and The Nose (1963), as well as the opening title sequence for Orson Welles' film The Trial (1962). , the last known original Pinscreen still being used in animation production is maintained at the National Film Board of Canada's main campus in Montreal. A second screen was constructed and put into production in 2018.

Further reading
 The Unique Pinscreen Animation of Alexandre Alexeieff & Claire Parker

References

1906 births
1981 deaths
American stop motion animators
American women animators
20th-century American women artists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Islamic Society of Engineers. The Islamic Society of Engineers (ISE) (, ) is a principlist political organization of engineers in Iran. Formerly one of the parties aligned with the Combatant Clergy Association, it is close to the Islamic Coalition Party, whose decisions it mostly follows. It is questionable whether it is an independent and strong party.

The Society was formed at the end of the Iran–Iraq War (1988) with the objective of elevating the Islamic, political, scientific and technical knowledge of the Muslim people of Iran, defending major freedoms such as freedom of expression and gatherings, as well as continued campaigning against foreign cultural agents whether Eastern or Western materialism.

Members 
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the sixth president of Iran, was an active member since its establishment but turned against the party after his presidency.
Mohammad Reza Bahonar, current secretary-general and former deputy speaker of the Parliament of Iran
Manouchehr Mottaki, former minister of foreign affairs
Mohammad Nazemi Ardakani, former minister of cooperatives

Party leaders

Current officeholders 

 Morteza Nabavi, member of Expediency Discernment Council
 Morteza Saghaiyannejad, mayor of Qom
Parliament members
 Hamidreza Fouladgar (Isfahan)
 Mohammad Mehdi Zahedi (Kerman and Ravar)
 Jabbar Kouchakinejad (Rasht)
 Mohammad Mehdi Mofatteh (Toiserkan)

References

External links
ecoi.net's profile of ISE
Hamshahri's report from the general congress of the Islamic Society of Engineers (in Persian)

1988 establishments in Iran
Political parties established in 1988
Principlist political groups in Iran
Engineering organizations
Brihanmumbai Storm Water Disposal System. The Brihanmumbai Stormwater Disposal System is a project planned to overhaul Mumbai's water drainage system. The estimated budget for implementing the project is Rs. 12 billion (approx. 300 million US dollars) as of August 2005. Such a high-budget project would require funds from the Central Government.
Mumbai has a drainage system, which in many places, are more than 100 years old, consisting of 2,000 km of open drains, 440 km of closed drains, 186 outfalls and more than 30,000 water entrances. The capacity of most of the drains is around 25 mm of rain per hour during low tide, which is exceeded routinely during the monsoon season in Mumbai, which witness more than 1400 mm during June and July. The drain system works with the aid of gravity, with no pumping stations to speed up the drainage. Most of the storm water drains are also choked due to the dumping of garbage by citizens. Portions of Mumbai like Bombay Central and Tardeo remain below sea level. Reclamation of ponds and obstructions in drains due to cables and gas pipe exacerbate the problem.

History of failed drainage system in Mumbai The act of 26 July 2005. The project was conceived after major floods in Mumbai in 1985. Watson Hawksley was appointed as consultants to design the drainage system from Sandhurst Road to Milan subway in 1989. A proposal was submitted in 1993 for a project which involved replacement of drains, setting up of pumping stations at Worli, Haji Ali and Cleaveland Bandar, construction of a five-metre wide road alongside major drains for desilting, removal of obstructions from the drains and rehabilitation of slum-dwellers .  The project was not acted upon due to lack of funds till the catastrophic floods in 2005.

The initial estimated cost of the project was around Rs 6 billion. Around Rs 1.43 billion was spent on the project till 1998. By 2005, the project cost had gone up to Rs 12 billion.

References

External links
 Executive Summary of Environment Status Report of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, 2002-03 (PDF format) which states: "...The present Storm Water Drainage system in the city is 70 years old and about 480 km in length. It is capable of handling rain intensity of 25 mm per hour at low tide.... One of the heavily polluted storm water drains which is known as Mithi River is responsible for polluting Mahim creek. BRIMSTOWAD is a project for the rehabilitation of city's SWD system.... The project... will cost Rs. 6.16 billion at 1992 price."
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php - Government of Maharashtra's Department of Relief and Rehabilitation's "Mumbai plan" which says - "The present capacity of the storm-water drains needs to be augmented to a higher capacity which is under serious consideration with the Government of Maharashtra/BMC."
 "BMC project cost mounts to Rs 1,200 crore" - Mid-Day article dated 10 July 2005

Geography of Mumbai
Water in India
Stormwater management
Flood control in India
Cadmium zinc telluride. Cadmium zinc telluride, (CdZnTe) or CZT, is a compound of cadmium, zinc and tellurium or, more strictly speaking, an alloy of cadmium telluride and zinc telluride. A  direct bandgap semiconductor, it is used in a variety of applications, including semiconductor radiation detectors, photorefractive gratings, electro-optic modulators, solar cells, and terahertz generation and detection.  The band gap varies from approximately 1.4 to 2.2 eV, depending on composition.

Characteristics 

Radiation detectors using CZT can operate in direct-conversion (or photoconductive) mode at room temperature, unlike some other materials (particularly germanium) which require cooling. Their relative advantages include high sensitivity for X-rays and gamma rays, due to the high atomic numbers of Cd and Te, and better energy resolution than scintillator detectors.  CZT can be formed into different shapes for different radiation-detecting applications, and a variety of electrode geometries, such as coplanar grids  and small pixel detectors, have been developed to provide unipolar (electron-only) operation, thereby improving energy resolution. A 1 cm3 CZT crystal has a sensitivity range of 30 keV to 3 MeV with a 2.5% FWHM energy resolution at 662 keV. Pixelated CZT with a volume of 6 cm3 can achieve 0.71% FWHM energy resolution at 662 keV and perform Compton imaging.

See also 
 Scintillator
 cadmium telluride
 zinc telluride
 Telluride (chemistry)

References

External links
 National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds

Cadmium compounds
Zinc compounds
Tellurides
II-VI semiconductors
Nonlinear optical materials
Terahertz technology
Electro-optical materials
Box joint. A box joint is a woodworking joint made by cutting a set of complementary, interlocking profiles in two pieces of wood, which are then joined (usually) at right angles, usually glued.  The glued box joint has a high glued surface area resulting in a strong bond, on a similar principle to a finger joint.  Box joints are used for corners of boxes or box-like constructions, hence the name.  The joint does not have the same interlocking properties as a dovetail joint, but is much simpler to make, and can be mass-produced fairly easily.

Creation
Box joints are generally created by using the same profile but displaced for both halves.  In modern workshops these are often made on table saws, sometimes using a dado set.  Custom machinery can cut the entire joint in one pass, using a suitable jig multiple pieces, even of opposing senses, can be cut at once.  They were traditionally produced manually using a tenon saw and chisel, and fine cabinet makers still use these methods.  Jigs can also be used, as with dovetails, to help produce a consistent result.

Applications

Applications include all sorts of wooden boxes and carcasses.  While primarily used for right angle joints it can also be used for hexagonal boxes and other unusual shapes.  It is used for the sides of drawers and lids, but not, in general, for joining thin panels to structural members.

See also
 Bridle joint
 Dovetail joint
 Finger joint
 Miter joint

References

Joinery
Frank Dusy. Frank Dusy (December 17, 1837 – November 9, 1898) was an early business leader of Selma, California and a co-inventor of the Fresno Scraper, the basis of most modern earth-moving machinery. On June 16, 1885, Dusy and his partner Abijah McCall were issued U.S. Patent 320,055, for their improvement on the Buck Scraper, invented by James Porteous of Fresno, California. Porteous, originally a wagon builder, purchased their patent and one held by William Deidrick as he perfected his machine. Dusy was also among the original investors in the Fresno Republican newspaper, which was eventually acquired by and combined with the Fresno Bee.

External links

 

1837 births
1898 deaths
19th-century American inventors
American manufacturing businesspeople
People from Selma, California
19th-century American businesspeople