omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chrysler M platform. The Chrysler M Platform (or "M-Body") was an intermediate-sized automobile platform used by Chrysler motors from   1977 to 1989.  It was a successor to the F-body, as used on the Dodge Aspen/ Plymouth Volare. The M-body was also the successor to the short-lived R-body, as the Chrysler New Yorker and Plymouth Gran Fury moved to it following the R-body's demise in 1981. The M platform was the final production passenger car with a solid rear axle mounted on Hotchkiss-style, parallel semi-elliptical leaf springs sold in the U.S.

The M-cars were built at St. Louis, Missouri, and Newark, Delaware, with initial debut (LeBaron/Diplomat series) in spring 1977 as 1977 1/2 models, with production shifting to Windsor, Ontario, through 1983, then moving to Fenton, Missouri. Beginning in February 1987 and ending with 1989 model year, the American Motors Main plant in Kenosha, Wisconsin, was utilized for assembly.

By 1983–84, it became clear that most private buyers preferred the equally roomy but cheaper and more fuel-efficient K-cars; however, the M's long-proven traditional engineering, handling, and V8 engine availability appealed to police and taxi fleets, allowing the car's continued existence until the end of the decade.
In mid-1988, the Chrysler M-bodies received a driver side air bag.
After the M-bodies were discontinued in mid-1989, Chrysler Corporation didn't build a rear wheel drive car outside of trucks and specialty models until LX based cars.

Vehicles on this platform include:
 1977–1989 Dodge Diplomat
 1977–1981 Chrysler LeBaron
 1978–1981 Chrysler Town & Country station wagon
 1978–1979 Dodge Coronet (South America)
 1978–1982 Plymouth Caravelle (Canada)
 1980–1981 Dodge Dart (Mexico)
 1981–1982 Dodge Magnum 5.9L (Mexico)
 1982–1989 Plymouth Gran Fury
 1982 Chrysler New Yorker
 1983 Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue
 1983–1989 Plymouth Caravelle Salon (Canada)
 1984–1989 Chrysler Fifth Avenue
1979–1980 Monteverdi Sierra Convertible  
Three body styles offered:
 2-door coupe – 1977–1981
 4-door sedan – 1977–1989
 4-door station wagon – 1978–1981

Two wheelbases used:
 108.7 in – 1980–1981 2-door
 112.7 in – 1977–1979 2-door, 1978–1981 Station Wagon  and 1977–1989 4-door

Engines used with this platform include:
 225 Slant 6 (1977–1983)
 318 V8 (1977–1989)
 360 V8 (1977–1979)

See also
 List of Chrysler platforms

References
Inline

General
Allpar Forums
Dodge Diplomat, Plymouth Gran Fury / Caravelle, and Chrysler LeBaron, New Yorker and Fifth (By Ed Hennessy and by Frank Billington)
Rear Wheel Drive Mopar Bodies, 1957–2017 (Mopar Body Types By  Ed Hennessy Date 1998)
Chrysler M-body LPG – blast from the past (Chrysler M-body LPG – Blast from the Past By Robert Markowski Date 2-13-2013)
Chrysler Fifth Avenue & Chrysler M-body History
http://www.policecarwebsite.net/policepackage/mbody.html
Goodbye Gran Fifthlomat: The Chrysler M-Body Cars of 1989 (By Tom Appel Date 4-29-2014)

M
Compression lift. In aerodynamics, compression lift refers to the increased pressure under an aircraft that uses shock waves generated by its own supersonic flight to generate lift. This can lead to dramatic improvements in lift for supersonic/hypersonic aircraft. Clarence Syvertson and Alfred J. Eggers discovered this phenomenon in 1956 as they analyzed abnormalities at the reentry of nuclear warheads.

The basic concept of compression lift is well known; "planing" boats reduce drag by "surfing" on their own bow wave in exactly the same fashion. Using this effect in aircraft is more difficult, however, because the "wake" is not generated until supersonic speeds are reached, and is highly angled. Aircraft have to be carefully shaped to take full advantage of this effect. In addition, the angle of the shock waves varies greatly with speed, making it even more difficult to design a craft that gains significant lift over a wide range of speeds.

Higher speed designs using compression lift, waveriders, remain an interesting possibility for hypersonic vehicle designs, although only testbed models have been flown. The Boeing X-51 (Waverider) also uses compression lift.

See also
Index of aviation articles

References

External links
The Bird is on the Wing: Aerodynamics and the Progress of the American Airplane
The Story of the Boeing Company By Bill Yenne, William Yenne
Bomber R&D Since 1945: The Role of Experience By Mark A. Lorell, Alison Saunders
Hypersonic Vehicle Design 

Aerodynamics
Ivan Bella. Ivan Bella (born 21 May 1964) is a Slovak Air Force officer who became the first Slovak citizen to fly in space. He participated in an eight-day joint Russian-French-Slovak mission to the Mir space station in 1999.

Education and military career

Bella graduated from military school in 1983 and subsequently graduated from Košice Military Academy in 1987. He rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Slovak Republic Army as a pilot at the 33rd Air Force Base in Malacky, Slovakia.

Spaceflight

Bella began training as a research cosmonaut on 25 March 1998. He completed his training successfully at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre in August of the same year.

Bella launched along with mission commander Viktor Afanasyev and flight engineer Jean-Pierre Haigneré on the Soyuz TM-29 mission on 20 February 1999. TM-29 arrived at Mir on 22 February. While on board the station Bella performed various scientific experiments as well as experiments involving the possibility of survival of Japanese quails during long flights. Bella spent just over a week in space and returned to earth on 28 February aboard Soyuz TM-28 along with fellow crew member Gennady Padalka.

Diplomatic career

In 2004, Bella was appointed to serve as a military attaché for Slovakia in Moscow, Russia.

References

External links
Spacefacts biography of Ivan Bella

1964 births
Living people
Slovak cosmonauts
People from Brezno
Mir crew members
Recipients of the Order of Courage (Russia)
Czechoslovak Air Force officers
Klaus-Dietrich Flade. Klaus-Dietrich Flade (born 23 August 1952) is a German pilot and former German Aerospace Center astronaut who visited the Mir space station in 1992 aboard the Soyuz TM-14 mission, returning to Earth a week later aboard Soyuz TM-13.

Biography

Born in Büdesheim, West Germany, he joined the German Air Force after school. Educated initially as an airplane engineer, he studied aerospace engineering at Bundeswehr University Munich from 1976 to 1980. Afterwards he became a pilot. He trained as a test pilot from 1988 to 1989. In October 1990, he was selected as part of the German astronaut team for the Euromir '92 flight.

After two years of training, he flew as a research cosmonaut on Soyuz TM-14 in March 1992. After his spaceflight, he returned to the German Air Force. He is now test pilot at Airbus Industrie.

External links
Spacefacts biography of Klaus-Dietrich Flade
Profile on German Air Force website

1952 births
Living people
German astronauts
Bundeswehr University Munich alumni
German Air Force pilots
Mir crew members
Military personnel from Rhineland-Palatinate
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Balandin. Aleksandr Nikolayevich Balandin (; born July 30, 1953) is a Russian cosmonaut. He is married with two children. He was selected as a cosmonaut on December 1, 1978, and retired on October 17, 1994.

He flew as a flight engineer on Soyuz TM-9.

He worked at NPO Energia until 1994, and was then President of Lendint-Association until 2000.

Biography 
He was born on July 30, 1953, in Fryazino. In 1970, he graduated from high school in Fryazino, and in 1976, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University, with specialty - Flight Dynamics and Control. He worked as an engineer in the Moscow region at the Scientific Production Association (SPA) "Energy".

On December 8, 1978, he was enrolled in the cosmonaut detachment (the 5th recruitment of civilian specialists from SPA Energia), and was prepared for flying at the Buran reusable spacecraft (1979-1984), Soyuz-TM spacecraft and Mir space station. In September 1989 - flight engineer of the backup crew of the Soyuz TM-8. On September 5, 1989, Soyuz TM-8 Union reached the orbit with the main crew (Aleksandr Serebrov and Aleksandr Viktorenko).

Awards 
Hero of the Soviet Union
Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR
Order of Lenin
Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
Order of Bernardo O'Higgins

References 

1953 births
Living people
Soviet cosmonauts
Heroes of the Soviet Union
People from Fryazino
Recipients of the Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
Spacewalkers
Mir crew members
I5. I5, I-5 or I 5 may refer to:

Computing
 Intel Core i5, a brand of microprocessors
 i5, an IBM AS/400 line of minicomputers
 i5/OS, previous name of the IBM i operating system

Military
 , a 1931 Junsen type submarine
 Polikarpov I-5, a Soviet fighter biplane of the 1930s
 I 5, a Swedish regimental designation (5th Infantry Regiment) that has been used by the following units:
 2nd Life Grenadier Regiment (1816–1927)
 Jämtland Ranger Regiment (1928–1974, 1990–1994, 2000–2004)

Transportation
 Interstate 5 (I-5), a US highway
 Inline-five engine, or straight-five engine
 AirAsia India (IATA code)
 General Electric I-5, the "industrial" model of GE's Elec-Trak electric tractor
 The electric version of the BMW 5 series, BMW i5

Other uses
 I5 (girl group), American band in 2000-2001
 Inferior Five, fictional superhero group from DC Comics

See also
 iPhone 5, an Apple smartphone
Muhammed Faris. Muhammed Ahmed Faris (, Muḥammad ʾAḥmad Fāris; 26 May 1951 – 19 April 2024) was a Syrian military aviator and astronaut. He was the first Syrian and the second Arab in space.

Career
Born in Aleppo, Syria, he was a pilot in the Syrian Air Force with the rank of  colonel. He specialized in navigation when he was selected to participate in the Intercosmos spaceflight program on 30 September 1985.

Faris flew as Research Cosmonaut in the Interkosmos program on Soyuz TM-3 to the Mir space station in July 1987, spending 7 days, 23 hours, and 5 minutes in space. He returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-2.

Faris is credited with carrying the first recorded Earth dirt into space, which was a vial carrying soil from Damascus.

Faris was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 30 July 1987; he was also awarded the Order of Lenin.

After his spaceflight, Faris returned to the Syrian Air Force and lived in Aleppo.

Syrian civil war
On 4 August 2012, during the Syrian civil war, Faris defected from Bashar al-Assad's regime and joined the armed opposition.

On 13 September 2012, he had an exclusive interview with Al Aan TV and covered many topics regarding the ongoing civil war in Syria. Faris was also part of the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change, an anti-Assad grouping.

In a March 2016 interview as a Syrian refugee in Turkey, Faris stated regarding the ongoing civil war: "I tell Europe if you don't want refugees, then you should help us get rid of this regime," adding "I am very sorry about the Russian interference, which has stood on the side of dictator Bashar Assad, and has begun to kill the Syrian people with their planes".

In September 2017, Faris was appointed Defense Minister of the Syrian Interim Government, a self-appointed opposition grouping.

Personal life
Faris moved with his family to Turkey in 2012 as a result of the Syrian civil war. He obtained Turkish citizenship in 2020. Faris had five children: four boys and one girl.

Death
Faris was admitted to Sanko Hospital in the Turkish province of Gaziantep after a heart attack in March 2024. He died on 19 April 2024 at the age of 72 and was buried in the rebel held city of Azaz in Northern Syria.

See also

 List of Muslim astronauts
 List of Arab astronauts

References

External links
 Spacefacts biography of Muhammed Faris
 Space Knight

1951 births
2024 deaths
Syrian cosmonauts
Syrian Muslims
Foreign Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
People from Aleppo
Syrian Air Force personnel
Syrian defectors
Recipients of the Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
Mir crew members
Douglas YOA-5. The Douglas YOA-5 was an amphibious aircraft designed for the United States Army Air Corps, based on the Navy's Douglas XP3D. Although a prototype was built, it did not enter production.

Design and development
In November 1932, the U.S. Army ordered the development of an amphibious reconnaissance aircraft/bomber, intended to act as navigation leaders and rescue aircraft for formations of conventional bombers. The resultant aircraft, which was ordered under the bomber designation YB-11, was designed in parallel with the similar but larger Douglas XP3D patrol flying boat for the United States Navy. It was a high-winged monoplane with two Wright R-1820 Cyclone radial engines mounted in individual nacelles above the wing, resembling an enlarged version of the Douglas Dolphin.

Prior to completion, it was redesignated firstly as an observation aircraft YO-44 and then as the YOA-5 'observation amphibian model 5'. It first flew during January 1935, and was delivered to the army during February that year. The concept for which it was designed proved impracticable, and no further production ensued, but the YOA-5 was used to set two world distance records for amphibians, being finally scrapped in December 1943.

Operators

United States Army Air Corps

Variants
YB-11
An amphibious reconnaissance bomber ordered in 1932 by the US Army Air Corps, powered by 2x Wright R-1820-13 Cyclone radial engines.
YO-44
The YB-11 redesignated in the Observation category before completion.
YOA-5
Another redesignation to the Observation Amphibian category. One built, given the aforementioned designations at various times in its life. The YOA-5 started life with Wright R-1820-13 Cyclone engines, was re-engined with  Wright YR-1820-45 Cyclone engines for experimental long-range flying, then re-engined again with  Wright R-1820-25 Cyclones.

Specifications (YOA-5)

See also

References

Bibliography
Francillon, René. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London:Putnam, 1979. .

External links

USAF Museum description of YB-11
Encyclopedia of American aircraft

OA-5
Douglas B-11
High-wing aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
W18 engine. A W18 engine is an eighteen-cylinder piston engine with three banks of six cylinders in a W configuration.

The W18 layout is rarely used, with the only production examples being several aircraft during the 1920s and 1930s. Prototype W18 engines were produced for concept cars predecessors to the Bugatti Veyron in the late 1990s.

Aircraft usage
The first example was the German Mercedes D.VI aeroengine, which were built since 1915.
A later example is the 1929 Hispano-Suiza 18R, an aircraft racing engine produced in limited quantities in France. This was followed in 1934 by the Isotta Fraschini Asso 750, which was built in Italy and used in several flying boats. The Asso 750 was water-cooled and used an angle of 60 degrees between banks. The 1943 Tatra T955 was a prototype diesel aircraft engine which used a W18 layout.

Automotive usage
The W18 layout has been considered for use in motor vehicles by two manufacturers, although neither reached production. In 1967, Scuderia Ferrari built a prototype W3 engine as a feasibility study for a  W18 engine to use in Formula One. In the late 1990s, the Bugatti EB 118, Bugatti EB 218, Bugatti 18/3 Chiron and Bugatti EB 18/4 Veyron concept cars were fitted with W18 engines, prior to the production version of the Bugatti Veyron using a W16 engine instead.

Marine usage
The W18 layout has been used on the high seas; CRM Motori SpA marine engines.

References

Piston engine configurations
18
CBCP. CBCP may refer to one of the following:
Center Beam Candle Power 
Certified Building Commissioning Professional, an Association of Energy Engineers certification
Cross-Border Co-operation Process, a European union initiative 
Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines
Certified Business Continuity Professional
Chicago Bulls College Prep, a high school in Chicago
 City Boundary Coordination Project, a large scale project in City Boundaries of Iran
Colemanite. Colemanite (Ca2B6O11·5H2O) or (CaB3O4(OH)3·H2O) is a borate mineral found in evaporite deposits of alkaline lacustrine environments. Colemanite is a secondary mineral that forms by alteration of borax and ulexite.

It was first described in 1884 for an occurrence near Furnace Creek in Death Valley and was named after William Tell Coleman (1824–1893), owner of the mine "Harmony Borax Works" where it was first found.  At the time, Coleman had alternatively proposed the name "smithite" instead after his business associate Francis Marion Smith.

Uses
Colemanite is an important ore of boron, and was the most important boron ore until the discovery of kernite in 1926. It has many industrial uses, like the manufacturing of heat resistant glass.

Occurrence
About 40% of the world's known colemanite reserves are at the Emet mine in western Turkey. Other important sources in Turkey are found at Bigadiç and Kestelek.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

External links 
 

Calcium minerals
Inoborates
Pentahydrate minerals
Ferroelectric materials
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Luminescent minerals
Minerals described in 1884
Hiroshi Hara (architect). was a Japanese architect and author on architecture. His major works, including Kyōto Station, the Umeda Sky Building in Osaka, the Yamato International building in Tokyo, the Sapporo Dome in Hokkaidō, and other important structures in Japan, have earned many awards. With a doctorate in engineering, he was a professor at the University of Tokyo until 1997, and subsequently held an emeritus position.

Life and career
Hiroshi Hara was born on 9 September 1936. He graduated from the University of Tokyo with a BA in 1959, and subsequently earned an MA in 1961 and a PhD in 1964, also from the University of Tokyo. He became an associate professor in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Tokyo in 1964 and an associate professor at the Institute of Industrial Science at the University of Tokyo in 1969. He attended Harvard University's Summer Seminar in 1968. He collaborated with Atelier Φ for design practices from 1970. In 1982, Hara became professor at the Institute of Industrial Science at the University of Tokyo, and in 1997, professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo. He changed the designation to "Hiroshi Hara + Atelier Φ" from 1999.

Hara died on 3 January 2025, at the age of 88.

Publications
Hara is not only known as an architect but also as an author of theoretical essays on architecture and cities, amongst others the essay "Discrete City".

Works
1974: Hara House, Tokyo
1986: Tasaki Museum of Art, Karuizawa, Nagano
1987: Naha Municipal Josei Primary School, Naha, Okinawa
1987: Yamato International, Ōta, Tokyo
1987: Kenju Park 'Forest House', Nakaniida, Miyagi Prefecture
1988: Iida City Museum, Iida, Nagano Prefecture
1992: Uchiko Municipal Ose Middle School, Uchiko, Ehime
1993: Umeda Sky Building, Kita-ku, Osaka
1997: Kyoto Station Complex, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto
1998: Miyagi Prefectural Library, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture
2000: Hiroshima Municipal Motomachi High School, Hiroshima
2001: Sapporo Dome, Sapporo, Hokkaidō
2001: University of Tokyo, Komaba II Campus, Tokyo
2003: Tokamachi Stage, Tokamachi, Niigata
2004: Casa Experimental, Montevideo, Uruguay
2005: Casa Experimental, Cordoba, Argentina
2005: Shimokita Snow-Resistant Dome, Mutsu, Aomori
2007: Aizu Gakuho Middle School and High School, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima Prefecture
2010: Casa Experimental, La Paz, Bolivia

Notes

References

 Discrete City: Hiroshi Hara, Architects – HARA
 Hiroshi Hara, The Floating World of Architecture, H. Hara, B. Bognar, John Wiley & Sons; 2001

External links

1936 births
2025 deaths
20th-century Japanese architects
University of Tokyo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
21st-century Japanese architects
People from Kawasaki, Kanagawa
Cuprite. Cuprite is an oxide mineral composed of copper(I) oxide Cu2O, and is a minor ore of copper.

Its dark crystals with red internal reflections are in the isometric system hexoctahedral class, appearing as cubic, octahedral, or dodecahedral forms, or in combinations. Penetration twins frequently occur. In spite of its nice color, it is rarely used for jewelry because of its low Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4. It has a relatively high specific gravity of 6.1, imperfect cleavage and is brittle to conchoidal fracture. The luster is sub-metallic to brilliant adamantine. The "chalcotrichite" (from , "plush copper ore") variety typically shows greatly elongated (parallel to [001]) capillary or needle like  crystals forms.

It is a secondary mineral which forms in the oxidized zone of copper sulfide deposits. It frequently occurs in association with native copper, azurite, chrysocolla, malachite, tenorite and a variety of iron oxide minerals. It is known as ruby copper due to its distinctive red color.

Cuprite was first described by Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger in 1845 and the name derives from the Latin cuprum for its copper content.

Cuprite is found in the Ural Mountains, Altai Mountains, and Sardinia, and in more isolated locations in Cornwall, France, Arizona, Chile, Bolivia, and Namibia.

As a gemstone 
Though almost all crystals of cuprite are far too small to yield faceted gemstones, one unique deposit from Onganja in Seeis, Namibia, which was discovered in the 1970s, has produced crystals which were both large and gem quality. Virtually every faceted stone over one carat (0.2 g) in weight is from this single deposit, which has long since been mined out. The number of faceted gems over two carats (0.4 g) is difficult to estimate, but according to Joel Arem, one-time curator for the Smithsonian National Gem and Mineral Collection in Washington, D.C., faceted cuprite of any size is considered one of the most collectible and spectacular gems in existence, with its deep garnet coloring and higher brilliance than a diamond. Only the gem's soft nature prevents it from being among the most valuable jewelry stones.

See also
Bornite
Tennantite
Tenorite CuO
Tetrahedrite

References

Copper ores
Alchemical substances
Oxide minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 224
Luminescent minerals
Minerals described in 1845