omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Vladimir Vetchinkin. Vladimir Petrovich Vetchinkin () (June 29, 1888 - March 6, 1950) was a Soviet scientist in the field of aerodynamics, aeronautics, and wind energy, Doctor of Technical Sciences (1927), Honored Science Worker of the RSFSR (1946).

Biography 
Vladimir Petrovich was born in Kutno (then in the Russian division of Poland), the son of a Russian military officer. Vetchinkin graduated from Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU) in 1915, the favorite student of Nikolay Zhukovsky and generally viewed as his successor. In 1913, they had created a vortex-sheet theory of aircraft propellers. In 1916, Vetchinkin and Zhukovsky created the aviation calculation and test bureau in the wind-tunnel laboratory of the Moscow Higher Technical School, and in 1918 he helped found the Zhukovsky Central Institute of Aerodynamics (TsAGI). He became a professor at the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy in 1923.

In 1914, Vetchinkin began working with Anatoly Georgievich Ufimtsev on high performance windmills for electric power generation. Zhukovsky created a new division of wind motors in TsAGI to support this effort. They built an 8 kilowatt experimental wind generator in Kursk in 1929. To store energy during lulls in the wind, it used a 360 kilogram flywheel contained in a vacuum chamber.

From 1921 to 1925, Vetchinkin lectured on the theory of rockets and space travel, and was the first to present a correct theory of interplanetary flight based on elliptical transfer orbits (an idea usually attributed to Walter Hohmann). He was a member of the Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel. From 1925 to 1927, he worked on problems of cruise missiles and jet aircraft, and he took part in the activity of RNII (Scientific Research Institute of Jet Propulsion). Vetchinkin was a key supporter of rocketry pioneer Yuri Kondratyuk, and helped him get his work published.

He died in Moscow in 1950.

The lunar crater Vetchinkin, on the far side of the Moon, is named after him.

Notes 

1888 births
1950 deaths
20th-century Russian engineers
Academic staff of Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Aerodynamicists
Soviet aerospace engineers
Soviet mechanical engineers
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
People from Kutno
Picarin. Picarin (Tsurupica) is a plastic used to make optics such as lenses for terahertz radiation.

Optical properties
Picarin is useful for this purpose because it is highly transparent in both the THz and visible spectral ranges. The refractive index of Picarin is almost the same for THz (n=1.52) and visible light (n=1.52). It is very strong mechanically, and withstands optical polishing.

Unpolished picarin lenses offer the best performance at  spectral range. Unfortunately, unpolished surfaces scatter visible and near-IR light.

References

Optical materials
Ghulam Mohammad Farhad. Ghulam Mohammad Farhad (1901–1984) was an Afghan engineer He lived in Germany on a royal scholarship from 1921 to 1928, training as an electrician at the Technical University of Munich. During his studies in Germany, he came in contact with Nazi policy and became fascinated by some aspects of it. After he returned to Afghanistan, Farhad was appointed to several electricity-related posts in the government, finally serving as president of the Kabul Electric Company from 1939 to 1966. He traveled to Germany in 1947 to acquire equipment; he was often accused of favoring German-manufactured products. 

From 1948 to 1954, he was mayor of Kabul. He notably installed the city's first traffic lights and declared a switch to right-hand driving. In 1966, Farhad created the Afghan Social Democratic Party (also known as Afghan Mellat or "Afghan Nation") on the bases of Pashtun nationalism and pashtunization of multi ethnic Afghanistan where non-pashtuns make the overall majority. He was elected to Parliament, representing the sixth district of Kabul, in 1968, but resigned his seat in 1970.

References

External links 
 Afghan Mellat official biography of Ghulam Mohammad Farhad .

1901 births
1984 deaths
Pashtun academics
Pashtun nationalists
Mayors of Kabul
Afghan Millat Party politicians
Members of the House of the People (Afghanistan)
Technical University of Munich alumni
Mayors of places in Afghanistan
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Afghan expatriates in Germany
Pashtun politicians
Fumed silica. Fumed silica (CAS number 7631-86-9, also 112945-52-5), also known as pyrogenic silica because it is produced in a flame, consists of microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles.  The resulting powder has an extremely low bulk density and high surface area.  Its three-dimensional structure results in viscosity-increasing, thixotropic behavior when used as a thickener or reinforcing filler.

Properties 

Fumed silica has a very strong thickening effect. Primary particle size is 5–50 nm. The particles are non-porous and have a surface area of 50–600 m2/g. The density is 160–190 kg/m3.

Production 

Fumed silica is made from flame pyrolysis of silicon tetrachloride or from quartz sand vaporized in a 3000 °C electric arc. Major global producers are Evonik (who sells it under the name Aerosil), Cabot Corporation (Cab-O-Sil), Wacker Chemie (HDK), Dow Corning, Heraeus (Zandosil), Tokuyama Corporation (Reolosil), OCI (Konasil), Orisil (Orisil) and Xunyuchem(XYSIL).

Applications 
Fumed silica serves as a universal thickening agent and an anticaking agent (free-flow agent) in powders.  Like silica gel, it serves as a desiccant.  It is used in cosmetics for its light-diffusing properties. It is used as a light abrasive, in products like toothpaste. Other uses include filler in silicone elastomer and viscosity adjustment in paints, coatings, printing inks, adhesives and unsaturated polyester resins. Fumed silica readily forms a network structure within bitumen and enhances its elasticity.

Health issues 

Fumed silica is not listed as a carcinogen by OSHA, IARC, or NTP. Due to its fineness and thinness, fumed silica can easily become airborne, making it an inhalation hazard capable of causing irritation.

See also 
 Hydrophobic silica
 Precipitated silica
Nanoparticles

References 

Ceramic materials
Glass types
Edible thickening agents
Silicon dioxide
Samuel Glasstone. Samuel Glasstone (3 May 1897 – 16 November 1986) was a British-born American academic and writer of scientific books.  He authored over 40 popular textbooks on physical chemistry and electrochemistry, reaction rates, nuclear weapons effects, nuclear reactor engineering, Mars, space sciences, the environmental effects of nuclear energy and nuclear testing.

Early life 
Glasstone was born on 3 May 1897 in London. He received two doctorates, in 1922 and 1926 (PhD and DSc), in chemistry at London University. Glasstone discovered the C–H···O interaction in 1937. After several academic appointments in England, he moved to the US in 1939 and became a naturalized citizen in 1944.

Career
After numerous studies of physical chemistry, for example the discovery of the C–H···O interaction mentioned above, Glasstone worked with Henry Eyring and Keith Laidler on the theory of absolute reaction rates.

He was an accomplished author and consultant to the AEC at the time. Former Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairmain Glenn T. Seaborg wrote:Over a period of 17 years he has produced for the AEC 12 classical nuclear texts or reference books, each a model in its field. His books ... show what science writing at its best can be – unfairingly correct, but also fluent, lucid, gracesful and superbly organized.

Publications 
Popular works are:

 A Textbook of Physical Chemistry (1943)
 Elements of Physical Chemistry (1960)
 Sourcebook on Atomic Energy (1950)
 The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (1950)
 Nuclear Reactor Theory (1970), with George I. Bell
 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions (1960), with Ralph H. Lovberg
 The Elements of Nuclear Reactor Theory (1953), with Milton C. Edlund
 Principles of Nuclear Reactor Engineering (1963), with Alexander Sesonske

His book The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, has appeared in three editions: 1957, 1962, and 1977 (originally titled The Effects of Atomic Weapons), and documented the effects of nuclear explosions. The 3rd edition was co-authored with Philip J. Dolan.

References

 on AtomicArchive.com website

Technical writers
1897 births
Manhattan Project people
American science writers
1986 deaths
American physical chemists
British emigrants to the United States
20th-century American chemists
Accumulatoren-Fabrik AFA. The Accumulatoren-Fabrik Aktiengesellschaft (AFA) was a manufacturer of lead-acid batteries established in 1890 by Adolph Müller of the Accumulatoren-Fabrik Tudorschen Systems Müller & Einbeck with the participation of the Siemens AG and AEG companies.

Initially based in Hagen, during World War II the company acquired a number of other factories, mostly confiscated by the Nazis from their previous owners. Among such factories were the modern Hannover plant (built in 1938), Mülhausen, Vienna and the factory in Poznań (1943) and Herbst (1944). During the 1940s forced labour was used in AFA factories. AFA's factory in the Viennese borough of Schwechat was one of the sub-camps of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. The factory was destroyed by an RAF Bomber Command air raid on 2 December 1944 . It provided batteries for, among others, the German U-boats and Panzer tanks.

See also 
 VARTA Batteries

References

  , ,

External links 
 The Accumulator Battery Works Co. Berlin-Hagen
 

Mauthausen concentration camp
Nazi concentration camps in Austria
The Holocaust in Austria
Companies involved in the Holocaust
Vienna in World War II
University of Brescia. The University of Brescia () is an Italian public research university located in Brescia, Italy. It was founded in 1982 and is branched in 4 Faculties.

The University of Brescia was officially established in 1982 with three Schools: Medicine and Surgery, Engineering, Economics and Business. However, the creation phase lasted nearly two decades, so the first attempts to open university courses in Brescia go back to the 1960s.

History
A first initiative came from Ethan Doro, which opened negotiations in the early 1960s to set up a two-year course in Engineering as a branch of Politecnico di Milano. The excessive financial requirements caused the project to lapse. After this first attempt, the creation of the future Schools of Brescia moved along two distinct paths, one concerning the School of Economics, the other those of Engineering and Medicine. In the field of economic studies, in 1964 a School of Industrial Administration was created, offering two-year courses. The creation of the Schools of Engineering and Medicine had a different history. The idea of setting up a university pole in Brescia, following the first failed attempt in the early 1960s, regained strength in the second half of the decade with the birth of the Consorzio Universitario Bresciano (CUB), promoted by the Provincial Administration, the Municipality of Brescia and the Chamber of Commerce.

Organization
The University of Brescia is divided into four main areas and provides the following post-secondary academic degrees:

Notable people

Rectors
Augusto Preti (7 November 1983 – 11 November 2010)
Sergio Pecorelli (11 November 2010 – 31 October 2016)
Maurizio Tira (1 November 2016 – 31 October 2022)
Francesco Castelli (since 1 November 2022)

Degree honoris causa
 Luigi Lucchini, Economics (18 June 1998)
 Paul Greengard, Medicine (September 2007)
 Guido Calabresi, Law (21 January 2013)
 Jeffrey Sachs, Management (12 February 2018)

Alumni
Mariastella Gelmini
Danilo Toninelli

Gallery

See also
 List of Italian universities

Notes and references

External links
 University of Brescia - Official Website (English version)

 
Universities and colleges established in 1982
University of Brescia
Buildings and structures in Brescia
Education in Lombardy
1982 establishments in Italy
IMDOS. IMDOS was a modified version of the CP/M operating system for Intel 8080 processors, used by IMS Associates, Inc. (IMS) for their IMSAI 8080 personal computer. Since MITS would not license their operating system to other manufacturers, IMS approached Gary Kildall and paid a fixed fee of $25,000 for a non-exclusive CP/M license.

IMDOS introduced interrupt-driven devices, tree-structured directories, and other advances to CP/M.

References

CP/M variants
Eisenwerke Oberdonau. Eisenwerke Oberdonau (German for Steel Works of Upper Danube) was a large steel and iron producing company, a holding of several steel works in southern Germany. Created after the Anschluss of Austria, it formed the part of the so-called Reichswerke Hermann Göring AG cartel, the main supplier of steel and iron for the German war industry during World War II. It is also argued that it was the largest steel mill complex in Europe at that time.

The main steel factory in Linz supplied its products to the nearby factories of tank hulls and turrets at Sankt Valentin (so-called Nibelungenwerk). Throughout the war, the company also ran two sub-camps of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp where it benefited from the slave labour of inmates held there.

References 

Defunct manufacturing companies of Germany
Mauthausen concentration camp
Hermann Göring
Companies involved in the Holocaust
Flugmotorenwerke Ostmark. The Flugmotorenwerke Ostmark (German for Aircraft Engine Factory Eastern March) was a large German aircraft engine supplier during World War II, a part of the Steyr-Daimler-Puch cartel. It specialized in engines for the majority of aeroplanes designed by the Heinkel works and had three large factories at its disposal: in Wiener Neudorf, Biedermannsdorf and Guntramsdorf. It also closely cooperated with the Steyr company, located nearby. All the factories used slave labour of the inmates of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. After the war, the company's sites were taken over by Eco Plus.

External links 
 
 

Aircraft engine manufacturers of Austria
Junkers
Mauthausen concentration camp
Mercedes-Benz Group
Companies involved in the Holocaust
Blade mill. A blade mill was a variety of water mill used for sharpening newly fabricated blades, including scythes, swords, sickles, and knives.  

In the Sheffield area, they were known as cutlers wheels, scythesmiths wheels, etc.  Examples are preserved in Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet.  They also existed in the 17th century and 18th century in Birmingham and in connection with the scythe industry in Belbroughton and Chaddesley Corbett in north Worcestershire.  There were also small numbers in other areas of England.  

A water wheel was used to turn a grind stone, which wore down from being up to two metres in diameter to a 'cork' of a fraction of this size.  The dust generated by the process was bad for the grinder's health, and many of them died young from 'grinder's disease'.

References

 

Watermills
Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik. Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik (English: "Otto Eberhardt Cartridge Factory") was a munitions company established in 1860. The company's Hirtenberger Patronen, Zündhütchen und Metallwarenfabrik (English: "cartridge, primer and metalware fabrication in Hirtenberg") near Wiener Neustadt (proofmark "am") used forced labor during World War II from a sub-camp of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp and produced ammunition including 9×19mm Parabellum (pistol and submachine gun) and 8 mm Mauser (rifle) cartridges.  The company also had a factory in Ronsdorf near Wuppertal (proofmark "ap") which produced rifles.  Additional Gustloff facilities were in Meiningen and Weimar.

Hirtenberg aircraft
Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik also purchased the assets of the Hopfner aircraft company in 1935. They continued production of both de Havilland- and Siemens-powered aircraft under the Hirtenberg brand. They produced the Hirtenberg HS.9 under their brand.

Unbuilt projects
From
 Hopfner H.A.M.11 (amphibious twin-engine aircraft based on H.A.11/33)
 H.M.15 (six-seat, twin-engine military aircraft based on the HV.15)

References

External links
 

Manufacturing companies established in 1860
Defunct companies of Austria
Economy of Lower Austria
Austria in World War II
NATO Medium Extended Air Defense System Management Agency. The NATO Medium Extended Air Defense System Management Agency (NAMEADSMA) is located in Huntsville, Alabama. The agency was founded by NATO in July 1996 to oversee the tri-national Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS), a joint military project intended to replace the aging MIM-104 Patriot missile system. 

The United States funds 58 percent of the MEADS program, and European partners Germany and Italy provide 25 percent and 17 percent respectively. MEADS development work is allocated in accordance with national funding. Personnel from the United States, Germany, and Italy staff the agency.

As contracting authority providing management of the MEADS program on behalf of the participating nations, NAMEADSMA is responsible for managing the system acquisition. The U.S. and Italy signed the Design and Development (D&D) MOU on 24 and 27 September 2004, respectively. The NAMEADSMA awarded the MEADS D&D letter contract to MEADS International Inc. on 28 September 2004, initiating the MEADS Design and Development (D&D) phase. The MOU was amended in March 2005 by the U.S. and Italy to allow the German Parliament additional time for their signature decision, and on 22 April 2005 Germany signed the MOU. NAMEADSMA awarded a $3.4 billion D&D definitized contract to MEADS International Inc. on 31 May 2005. 

MEADS is being developed in accordance with International Common Operational Requirements that call for capabilities not met by current systems. MEADS incorporates the hit-to-kill PAC-3 MSE missile in a system that includes 360-degree surveillance and fire control sensors, netted-distributed battle management/communication centers, and high-firepower launchers. The system combines superior battlefield protection with unprecedented flexibility, allowing it to protect maneuver forces and to provide homeland defense against tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and aircraft.

References
MEADS International website – MEADS program website
 – MEADS Budget Data

NATO agencies
Northern Utah Academy for Math Engineering and Science. The Northern Utah Academy for Math Engineering and Science (NUAMES) is a public charter high school for students in grades 10-12.  The school started to provide an educational experience that prepares high school students for an early transition into a university baccalaureate program in fields related to math, science and engineering. Students who have attended NUAMES for a full year and meet Weber State's admission requirements receive a scholarship to attend the university while they are also completing their high school diploma. Many students earn their associate degrees by the time they graduate.
The NUAMES campus is on the Weber State University Davis campus in Layton, Utah.  The principal is Brenda Casper, the assistant principal is Jamie Froerer and Nate Taggart is the director of business operations.

Achievements
In the Utah Comprehensive Accountability System (UCAS) results published in September 2013, NUAMES was the highest-scoring high school in Utah with 541 points.  It also received a letter grade of "A" in the state grading system.

NUAMES was recognized in 2010 by the U.S. News & World Report as being one of the best high schools in Utah.  The publication gave NUAMES its bronze medal rating.

The Utah Office of Education gave NUAMES the Closing the Achievement Gap Award in 2010.  This award is given to students who make adequate yearly progress in all subjects, and who reduce the achievement gap between different groups of students by at least 50%.

Partners with NUAMES
NUAMES is a member of the national Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Early College High School Organization and is partnered with the Davis, Ogden, and Weber School districts, Weber State University, the Ogden–Weber Technical College, and the Davis Technical College.

References

External links 
 

Charter schools in Utah
Public high schools in Utah
Educational institutions established in 2004
Schools in Davis County, Utah
2004 establishments in Utah
4 Engineer Support Regiment. 4 Engineer Support Regiment () is a regiment of the Canadian Military Engineers headquartered at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick.  It is tasked to provide general engineer support to the whole of the Canadian Armed Forces.

4 ESR was officially formed in 1993 when 4 Combat Engineer Regiment (4 CER) returned from CFB Lahr in Germany when 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group was stood down. 4 CER absorbed 22 Field Squadron, a detached and independent unit affiliated with 2 Combat Engineer Regiment. 22 Field Squadron was stationed in CFB Gagetown supporting the 2nd Battalion The Royal Canadian Regiment Battle Group, the Combat Training Centre and 4 CER in Germany.

On 1 June 2022, the perpetuation of No. 2 Construction Battalion of the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force was assigned to the Canadian Military Engineers, with 4 Engineer Support Regiment being responsible for ongoing public recognition of the perpetuation.

Lineage

4 Engineer Support Regiment 

 Originated on 17 June 1977, in Lahr, Germany, as 4 Combat Engineer Regiment.
 Redesignated on 4 September 1992, as 4th Engineer Support Regiment.
 Redesignated on 30 September 1993, as 4 Engineer Support Regiment.

4 Field Engineer Squadron 

 Originated on 1 August 1951, in Petawawa, Ontario, as 59th Independent Field Squadron, RCE.
 Redesignated on 16 October 1953, as 4th Field Squadron, RCE.
 Redesignated on 30 April 1958, as 4 Field Squadron.
 Redesignated on 21 May 1975, as 4 Field Engineer Squadron.
 Reorganized as a regiment on 17 June 1977, and Designated as 4 Combat Engineer Regiment.

Sub-units 
The unit currently consists of:

 Regimental Headquarters
 42 Field Squadron 
 43 Counter Explosive Threat Squadron
 45 Support Squadron
 48 Combat Service Support Squadron.

See also

 Military history of Canada
 History of the Canadian Army
 Canadian Forces
 List of armouries in Canada

References

4 ESR ATD 12/13

Order of precedence

Engineer regiments of Canada
Military units and formations established in 1977
Trimotor. A trimotor is a propeller-driven aircraft powered by three internal combustion engines, characteristically one on the nose and one on each wing. A compromise between complexity and safety, such a configuration was typically a result of the limited power of the engines available to the designer. Many trimotors were designed and built in the 1920s and 1930s as the most effective means of maximizing payload.

Other - and uncommon - configurations include engines above the wing, as on seaplanes, including in pusher configuration, and an engine on each wing and one on the tail.  

The best known trimotors are the Fokker F, Ford AT, and Junkers Ju series aircraft.

Gallery

List of trimotors

See also
 Trijet

References

 
Aircraft configurations
Lists of aircraft by power source