omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Laser flash analysis. The laser flash analysis or laser flash method is used to measure thermal diffusivity of a variety of different materials.  An energy pulse heats one side of a plane-parallel sample and the resulting time dependent temperature rise on the backside due to the energy input is detected. The higher the thermal diffusivity of the sample, the faster the energy reaches the backside. A laser flash apparatus (LFA) to measure thermal diffusivity over a broad temperature range, is shown on the right hand side.

In a one-dimensional,  adiabatic case the thermal diffusivity    is calculated from this temperature rise as follows:

Where
   is the thermal diffusivity in cm2/s
  is the thickness of the sample in cm
  is the time to the half maximum in s

As the coefficient 0.1388 is dimensionless, the formula works also for  and  in their corresponding SI units.

Measurement principle

The laser flash method was developed by Parker et al. in 1961.
In a vertical setup, a light source (e.g. laser, flashlamp) heats the sample from the bottom side and a detector on top detects the time-dependent temperature rise.  For measuring the thermal diffusivity, which is strongly temperature-dependent, at different temperatures the sample can be placed in a furnace at constant temperature.

Perfect conditions are
 homogeneous material,
 a homogeneous energy input on the front side
 a time-dependent short pulse – in form of a Dirac delta function

Several improvements on the models have been made. In 1963 Cowan takes radiation and convection on the surface into account.
Cape and Lehman consider transient heat transfer, finite pulse effects and also heat losses in the same year.
Blumm and Opfermann improved the Cape-Lehman-Model with high order solutions of radial transient heat transfer and facial heat loss, non-linear regression routine in case of high heat losses and an advanced, patented pulse length correction.

See also 

Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity measurement
Thermal diffusivity
Thermal physics

References

Materials testing
Heat transfer
Heat conduction
Breivoll Inspection Technologies AS. Breivoll Inspection Technologies (BIT) have in close collaboration with Det Norske Veritas (DNV) and other partners developed a system for condition assessment of water pipelines. The company is the first world-wide to perform condition assessments of water pipes with the use of a pipescanner based on ART (Acoustic Resonance Technology). The targeted customers include managers of water networks, consultants, entrepreneurs and authorities. BIT were the recipients of the 2007 Norwegian Engineering Award. The company has offices in Tromsø and Oslo, Norway.

History
In 1992, Det Norske Veritas (DNV) was hired by the Norwegian authorities to develop technology to detect any remaining oil in the sunken German WW2 warship Blücher. The technology they advised was based on acoustic resonance, and it was discovered that as a bi-product it can also be used to measure the thickness of metallic plates. This discovery was the foundation of DNV's effort to develop a whole new inspection technology, based on ART (Acoustic Resonance Technology). John D. Breivoll had worked closely with DNV to inspect sewer mains since the 1980s. Since there were no good methods to inspect water mains in the same way as one can inspect sewer mains, John D. Breivoll saw the potential of the ART technology for the water sector, and while DNV primarily saw the use of the technology in oil related industries, John D. Breivoll started Breivoll Inspection Technologies AS with Arne Christian Vangdal in 1998 to license ART for the water sector.

Technology
To be able to inspect water-filled distribution mains, the company has developed a Pipescanner which is neutrally buoyant and carries 64 custom-made transducers through the water pipe. The scanner collects roughly 200 MB of acoustic resonance data per meter, which is then stored and sent to analysis. A custom software-suite based on ART (Acoustic Resonance Technology) is then used to translate the resonance data to information about remaining wall thickness, internal corrosion and external corrosion.

Awards
BIT were the recipients of the 2007 Norwegian Engineering Award, given by the technical magazine Teknisk Ukeblad "for their work within socially beneficial infrastructure management".

In 2008, the Norwegian Research Council awarded the first Industrial Ph.D. stipend to BIT and to their employee Martin Skjelvareid Hansen.

References

External links 
 dnv.com
 breivoll.no

Casting (manufacturing)
Technology companies of Norway
Water supply infrastructure
Norwegian companies established in 1998
Companies based in Tromsø
General Motors Aero Concept Car. The Aero was a range of concept car studies created by General Motors as a testbed for future aerodynamic improvements to car bodies. The first model was the 1981 Aero X, a five-door hatchback.

In 1982 the Aero 2000 was shown, a smaller two-door car, it had several unique features, such as front and rear fender skirts, a kammback design, and a smoothed underbelly. Almost all of these features have been incorporated into modern hybrid car designs at some point, with the exception of front fender skirts. The Aero 2000 had a drag coefficient of 0.23, but had no engine so could not be driven.

The Aero 2002 was shown a year later at the 1983 with its much improved  of 0.14. Designed by Irv Rybicki, it was to influence the 1984 Chevrolet Citation IV concept.

References 

 Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles. Edited by Wolf-Heinrich Hucho. (c) Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 1987. Boston (c)1987.
 Five GM Concept models. Car Styling 44, Autumn 1983, pp 6–23.
 

Aero 2000
Acoustic phase conjugation. Acoustic phase conjugation is a set of techniques meant to perform phase conjugation on acoustic waves.

Techniques 

Acoustic phase conjugation can appear in a solid when the sound velocity is modulated by an electromagnetic field. The generation of the conjugate wave can be seen as the decay of a photon into two phonons, as seen on the diagram. The two phonons have opposite wave vectors k and -k (they will propagate in opposite directions) and a frequency two times smaller than that of the photon.

Parametric pumping techniques can be performed in several media:
 In piezoelectric crystals, a nonlinear piezoelectric effect will produce a modulation of fractions of a percent.
 In magnetic crystals, a modulation of dozens of percent can be reached through the magneto-acoustic coupling, which can be improved by combining the magnetostriction and spin reorientation transition effects or using the magnetoacoustic resonance. A "supercritical" or "giant" amplification, up to 80 dB, can be obtained beyond the threshold of instability of phonons in magnetoacoustic media.
 In semiconductors, parametric interaction between phonons and plasmon can be generated by an alternative electric field or a modulated optical pump.

Applications 
The auto-compensation of phase distortion and auto-focusing properties of the conjugate wave are used in non-destructive testing techniques. In medical therapy, they can be combined with giant amplification for tumor destruction, like lithotripsy and hyperthermia therapy.

Acoustic imaging can be improved by applying selective phase conjugation on some harmonics of the incident wave. This narrows the focal distribution of those harmonics and reduces the sidelobes and reverberation noise, thus increasing the image resolution.

Selective acoustic phase conjugation can be used to detect isoechogenic objects whose nonlinear parameters differ from that of the medium. The linear acoustic properties of such objects are close to that of the medium which make them invisible with traditional echography techniques.

Another field of application is nonlinear ultrasonic velocimetry, one order of magnitude more precise than with the usual Doppler effect. Phase conjugate velocimeters have proved to correctly measure the flow velocity in the case of laminar flows in tubes, vortex flows under rotating disks and immersed jets in water.

References

See also 
 Phase conjugation
 Optical phase conjugation
 Time Reversal Signal Processing

Wave mechanics
Lacey M-10. The Lacey M-10 is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed to use simple construction techniques.

Design and development
The Lacey M-10 was designed to have a minimum of rigging required for construction. The strutless, flat bottomed wing omits features such as washout, compound curves, dihedral and angle of incidence. Other than ailerons, the simple wing does not use flaps, leading edge slots or any other lift devices.

The M-10 is a cantilevered, high wing, conventional landing gear-equipped aircraft that seats two in tandem. The all-wood wing is able to pivot 90 degrees for trailering or storage. The pivot works by removing four bolts, using a jack to raise the wing a few inches for pivoting, then lowering the wing again, reattaching the bolts in the same pattern. The controls are mounted overhead. The front and rear occupant each have an individual door for entry on either side.

Although only two M-10s have been built, the simple construction of the flat-winged M-10 has resulted in it becoming a popular design for model aircraft competition.

Operational history
In September 2014 at least one M-10 was still on the American Federal Aviation Administration aircraft registry.

Variants
M-10
Initial model powered by a single Continental C-90 engine.
M-10C
A twin engine variant powered by two Volkswagen air-cooled engines on nose mounted pylons designed by Joseph Lacey and R. G. Muggins. Empty weight increased to roughly  to  in comparison to the single engine design, with a performance decrease to  in cruise. The cabin can be converted into a sleeper for one person.

Specifications (M-10)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Darbhanga College of Engineering. Darbhanga College of Engineering (DCE Darbhanga) is a government-owned engineering (B.Tech.) college in Bihar, India. It was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar, in 2008. It is affiliated with the Bihar Engineering University (BEU), Patna and approved by the AICTE. The college is administered by Department of Science and Technology, Bihar.

History
It was previously known as Jagannath Mishra Institute of Technology (JMIT). In 2008 it reopened with a new name, Darbhanga College of Engineering, under Lalit Narayan Mithila University (LNMU). In 2011, it became a member of the AKU Family till 15 March 2023. From 15 March 2023 it became a member of BEU Family. The owners of this property were Late Sri Jyoti Prasad Singh Ji, landlord of HariharPur Estate who constructed it in 1935. after the great earthquake of Bihar in 1934, this was constructed by M/s Bhambhri & Co. Ahmedabad and is an earthquake-proof construction. It changed hands in 1982 due to the continuous security threat issues for then JMIT.

The college offers courses in computer science and engineering, Mechanical engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, and civil engineering. It includes 12 seats for "Lateral Entry" for all trades, especially for diploma holder students.

Admission
From 2019 and onwards admissions will be taken by national level exam JEE (Mains) merit list. Students desirous to take admissions must appear in IIT-JEE (Mains) Exam that is conducted by National Testing Agency (NTA).

Earlier Undergraduate admissions are done through the Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination (BCECE) conducting by Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board, Under Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Act, 1995 of Bihar government. The Entrance examination is of two stages: First stage is the screening test or preliminary test. The screened candidates have to appear in the main examination (second stage). Based on the merit list in the second stage, successful candidates allotted seats in different engineering colleges of Bihar.

For Diploma holder students it conducts special exam named "Lateral entry" from April to July. Only one written exam is conducted and the students directly get admitted to second year.

Degree and Courses

Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) 

 Civil Engineering
 Computer Science and Engineering
 Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Fire Technology and Safety

Master of Technology (M. Tech.) 

 Power systems

See also 

 List of institutions of higher education in Bihar
 Education in Patna
 Education in Bihar
 Education in India

References

External links
 Bihar Engineering University Website
 BCECE Board website 
 DST, Bihar website 

Engineering colleges in Bihar
Education in Darbhanga
Colleges affiliated to Bihar Engineering University
Universities and colleges established in 2008
2008 establishments in Bihar
WearEver Cookware. WearEver Cookware can trace its origins back to 1888 when Charles Martin Hall, a young inventor from Oberlin, Ohio discovered an inexpensive way to smelt aluminum by perfecting the electrochemical reduction process that extracted aluminum from bauxite ore. Seeking to fund his continued exploration of this new process Hall eventually partnered with Alfred E. Hunt, a metallurgist in charge of the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, raising $20,000 with the help of investors and eventually forming the Pittsburgh Reduction Company which would later come to be known as the Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA).

These new processes introduced two new challenges to ALCOA; they would need to generate a market and encourage manufacturers to use this new aluminum and they would need to increase production in order to cut costs through economies of scale.

WearEver cookware was the method through which these challenges were met. WearEver Cookware  helped aluminum consumption by introducing one of the first widely accepted and available aluminum based consumer products of their time. Initially this cookware was sold door-to-door by college students and would later be purchased in large quantities by organizations. In 1912, the United States Marine Corps would adopt WearEver aluminum utensils as their standard issue utensils.

Groupe SEB acquired Mirro WearEver, a subsidiary of Global Home Products, for approximately $36.5 million in 2006. The acquisition included all inventories, trade receivables, factory and equipment in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, and trademarks.

References 

Williams, Charles E. (2006) "Along the Allegheny River: The Southern Watershed"

External links
The Marshall Johnson Collection of Trade Literature and Ephemera at Hagley Museum and Library consists of materials collected by Johnson during his time with Wear-Ever/Proctor-Silex, including product catalogs, news clippings, and advertisements, with a small amount of manuscript materials.
The Marshall Johnson Collection of Cookware and Appliance Design Drawings at Hagley Museum and Library consists of various drawings which detail the conception and design of household consumer goods produced by Wear-Ever Aluminum, Inc., a subsidiary of the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa).

Manufacturing companies of the United States
Kitchenware brands
1888 establishments in Pennsylvania
American companies established in 1888
Manufacturing companies established in 1888
Catherine MacGregor. Catherine MacGregor, (née Fiamma; born 7 August 1972) is a French businesswoman and engineer. She is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Engie since 1 January 2021.

Early life and education
Catherine MacGregor was born Catherine Fiamma in Morocco. Her parents, both mathematics teachers with Corsican and Basque roots, raised her in Casablanca until she was 14. She attended Lycée Lyautey there, and later moved to Paris with her mother. She pursued higher studies in the field of energy and engineering, earning a bachelor’s degree in engineering from École Centrale Paris in 1995.

Career
She joined Schlumberger in 1995 and remained for 23 years. Her roles included being the group's HR director. From 2013 to 2016, she led operations in Europe & Africa. In 2017, she became the President of drilling activities in London. She was keen on using 3D seismic technology for enhanced oil recovery while at Schlumberger.

In 2020, she became the President of Technip Energies (based in Paris), a spin-off from TechnipFMC. Her tenure saw a focus being provided on energy transition.

The board of the French energy company Engie named her as the next CEO on 2 October 2020, and she assumed the position on 1 January 2021. During that period, as her predecessor Isabelle Kocher, she held the distinction of being the sole female CEO in France's CAC-40 stock index until Christel Heydemann joined as the CEO of Orange S.A.. The French Finance Minister, Bruno Le Maire, described it as 'regrettable' that more women were not in similar positions alongside her.

Other appointments
 Advisory member of the Board of Directors of Toulouse School of Economics
 Director of French Association of Private Enterprises (AFEP)
 Member of the Executive Committee of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (Switzerland)
Director and member of the Association Française des Entreprises pour l’Environnement (EpE)

Awards and recognitions
She was awarded the "Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur" (Knight of the Legion of Honour) on December 30, 2020, in recognition of her role as the CEO of an energy industrial group and her 25 years of service.

In 2023, she ranked 26th in Forbes list of "World's 100 most powerful women".

She was ranked 25th on Fortune's list of Most Powerful Women in 2023.

Personal life
She met her former husband, who is Scottish, in Aberdeen during her time working at Schlumberger. They have two daughters.

References

External links
 

1972 births
Living people
20th-century French engineers
École Centrale Paris alumni
Engie
French women chief executives
French chief executives
French energy industry businesspeople
Businesspeople from Casablanca
Tatiana Anodina. Tatiana Grigorievna Anodina (; born April 16, 1939, in Leningrad). From 1991 to 2023, she headed of the Interstate Aviation Committee — the civil aviation oversight body in Russia and some other states of the former Soviet Union. A career aviation engineer, she has been leading the Committee since its foundation in 1991.

Anodina's son and his family owned and controlled Transaero, one of Russia's largest airlines until its demise in October 2015. There had been press speculation regarding Anodina's conflict of interest in certifying aircraft with respect to Transaero's market position.

Biography
Anodina was born on 16 April 1939 in Leningrad (then Soviet Union) to a family of a Soviet Air Forces pilot. She graduated from the Lviv Polytechnic Institute in 1961, qualifying as an engineer. After graduation she worked in the civil aviation domain. Her first job was with the State Institute of Civil Aviation, the leading research institution in Soviet Union in the field. She made her career at the institute, working on automatic systems of navigation, and was eventually appointed the director. In the 1970s, she was transferred to the Ministry of Civil Aviation, where she became director of the technical division.

She married Pyotr Pleshakov (a Soviet military engineer, who was later promoted to Colonel General, and then was the Soviet Union's Minister of Radioelectronic Industry from 1974 till 1987.)

From 1991 to 2023, she was held the position of chairperson of the Interstate Aviation Committee.

Degrees and awards
Tatiana Anodina holds a degree of Doctor of technical sciences and is an author of over 100 research papers on aeronautical engineering specializing in communications. In 1979, Anodina was awarded, along with other researchers, a State Prize of the Soviet Union for the development of a novel radar systems for air traffic control.

In 1997, Anodina received the Edward Warner Award from ICAO "in recognition of her eminent contribution, as scientist and researcher, to the development of national, regional and global air navigation aids for civil aviation at the international level"

In January 2023, the title of honorary President of the Council for Aviation and the Use of Airspace with the right of advisory vote was proposed.

Notes

External links

Пресс-конференция представителей Межгосударственного авиационного комитета - transcript of Anodina's 2011 interview for the Echo Moskvy 

1939 births
20th-century Russian engineers
Living people
Engineers from Saint Petersburg
Lviv Polytechnic alumni
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Honoured Scientists of the Russian Federation
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Moldova)
Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Shohrat Order
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Russian aerospace engineers
Soviet aerospace engineers
ATS-1. ATS-1 (Applications Technology Satellite 1), also designated ATS-B or Advanced Tech. Sat. 1, was an experimental geostationary satellite, launched in 1966, and part of the Applications Technology Satellites Program.  Though intended as a communications satellite rather than as a weather satellite, it carried the Spin Scan Cloud Camera developed by Verner E. Suomi and Robert Parent at the University of Wisconsin.  

After entering an orbit at  above Earth, initially in orbit over Ecuador, it transmitted weather images from the Western Hemisphere, as well as other data, to ground stations, including well as video feeds for television broadcasting. 

It took one of the first pictures of the Earth's full-disk (the first from a geostationary orbit), on December 11, 1966.
"For the first time," historians would note later, "rapid-imaging of nearly an entire hemisphere was possible.  We could watch, fascinated, as storm systems developed and moved and were captured in a time series of images.  Today such images are an indispensable part of weather analysis and forecasting."  
It was the first satellite to use frequency-division multiple access which accepted multiple independent signals and downlinked them in a single carrier. 

The ATS-1 satellite was used during the 1967 international television broadcast Our World, providing a link between the United States and Australia during the program.

The ATS-1 would remain operational for more than 18 years, until April 1985.

Features
This satellite was cylindrical, with a diameter of  and a height of ; an additional  in height was the engine cover. The surface was covered with solar panels, and the whole satellite was stabilized by rotation. It measured  in diameter,  high and weighed .

Instruments
A total of fifteen experiments were conducted during the mission:

 Suprathermal Ion Detector
 Biaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer
 Omnidirectional Spectrometer
 Electron Spectrometer
 Particle Telescope
 Solar Cell Radiation Damage
 Thermal Coating Degradation
 Rate Range Beacon 
 Spin Scan Cloud Camera
 Microwave communication transponder
 Communication VHF transponder 
 Nutation sensor
 Resist-Jet Thruster
 Faraday Rotation
 Meteorological Data Relay System

Gallery

References 

Spacecraft launched in 1966
Weather satellites of the United States
Communications satellites of the United States
Applications Technology Satellites