omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gödel Prize. The Gödel Prize is an annual prize for outstanding papers in the area of theoretical computer science, given jointly by the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) and the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computational Theory (ACM SIGACT). The award is named in honor of Kurt Gödel. Gödel's connection to theoretical computer science is that he was the first to mention the "P versus NP" question, in a 1956 letter to John von Neumann in which Gödel asked whether a certain NP-complete problem could be solved in quadratic or linear time.

The Gödel Prize has been awarded since 1993. The prize is awarded alternately at ICALP (even years) and STOC (odd years). STOC is the ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, one of the main North American conferences in theoretical computer science, whereas ICALP is the International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, one of the main European conferences in the field. To be eligible for the prize, a paper must be published in a refereed journal within the last 14 (formerly 7) years. The prize includes a reward of US$5000.

The winner of the Prize is selected by a committee of six members. The EATCS President and the SIGACT Chair each appoint three members to the committee, to serve staggered three-year terms. The committee is chaired alternately by representatives of EATCS and SIGACT.

In contrast with the Gödel Prize, which recognizes outstanding papers, the Knuth Prize is awarded to individuals for their overall impact in the field.

Recipients

Winning papers

See also

 List of computer science awards

Notes

References
Prize website with list of winners

Theoretical computer science
Computer science awards
Awards established in 1993
Annual events
Bob Bemer. Robert William Bemer (February 8, 1920 – June 22, 2004) was a computer scientist best known for his work at IBM during the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Early life and education 
Born in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, Bemer graduated from Cranbrook Kingswood School in 1936 and took a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in mathematics at Albion College in 1940. He earned a certificate in aeronautical engineering at Curtiss-Wright Technical Institute in 1941.

Career 
Bemer began his career as an aerodynamicist at Douglas Aircraft Company in 1941, then worked for RAND Corporation from 1951, IBM from 1957, UNIVAC – Sperry Rand in 1965, Bull from 1965, General Electric from 1970, and Honeywell from 1974.

He served on the committee which amalgamated the design for his COMTRAN language with Grace Hopper's FLOW-MATIC and thus produced the specifications for COBOL. He also served, with Hugh McGregor Ross and others, on the separate committee which defined the ASCII character codeset in 1960, contributing several characters which were not formerly used by computers including the escape (ESC), backslash (\), and curly brackets ({}). As a result, he is sometimes known as The Father of ASCII. In 2000, Bemer claimed to have proposed the term octet (rather than Werner Buchholz' byte) while heading software development at Cie. Bull, France, between 1965 and 1966. He also proposed the term hextet for 16-bit groups.

Bemer is probably the earliest proponent of the software factory concept. He mentioned it in his 1968 paper "The economics of program production".

Other notable contributions to computing include the first publication of the time-sharing concept in 1957 and the first attempts to prepare for the Year 2000 problem in publications as early as 1971. Acting in an advisory capacity, Bob and Honeywell employees Eric Clamons and Richard Keys developed the Text Executive Programming Language (TEX).

In the late 1990s, as a retiree, Bob invented an approach to Year 2000 (Y2K) date conversion, to avoid anticipated problems when dates without centuries were compared in programs for which source code was unavailable. This involved detecting six and eight character operations at runtime and checking their operands, adjusting the comparison so that low years in the new century did not appear to precede the last years of the twentieth century.

Bob Bemer maintained an extensive collection of archival material on early computer software development at www.bobbemer.com.

Death 
Bemer died at his home in Possum Kingdom Lake, Texas in 2004 at age 84 after a battle with cancer.

References

Further reading
Transcript of an interview with Bob Bemer
Move Over, BT: He Invented Links Bob Bemer's comments on patents
Biography, showing the ASCII car license plate

External links
Bob Bemer's website

1920 births
2004 deaths
American aerospace engineers
Albion College alumni
IBM employees
People from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
Cranbrook Educational Community alumni
Deaths from cancer in Texas
American computer scientists
Verenium Corporation. Verenium Corporation was a San Diego, California-based industrial biotechnology company founded in 2007 as the result of a merger between Diversa (San Diego) and Celunol (Cambridge, MA). The company specialized in research and development for the production of high performance enzymes used in industrial applications, including biofuel generation, hydraulic fracturing.  Verenium was acquired by BASF corporation in 2013. The company's tailored enzymes are environmentally friendly, making products and processes greener and more cost-effective for industries including the global food and fuel markets.

Using proprietary and patented genomic technologies, BASF extracts microbial DNA directly from collected samples to avoid the slow and often impossible task of growing microbes in the laboratory. BASF then mines its collection of microbial genes, numbering in the billions, using high-throughput screening technologies designed to identify unique enzymes as product candidates. As required, these enzymes can then be further optimized for commercial use through the company's patented DirectEvolution technologies. By combining discovery and laboratory evolution technologies, Verenium successfully developed and commercialized a suite of highly differentiated enzyme products tailored to meet the specific needs of companies in various markets, including grain processing, biofuels, animal health and nutrition and other industries. These enzymes products are now offered by BASF.

On September 20, 2013, Verenium entered an agreement to be acquired by BASF, with a 71% acquisition of Verenium.

See also 
 Novozymes
 Genencor
 Codexis

References

External links
 

Companies based in San Diego
Biotechnology companies of the United States
American companies established in 2007
Technology companies established in 2007
Monolithic system. A monolithic system is a system that is integrated into one whole, analogous to a monolith. The phrase can have slightly different meanings in the contexts of computer software and hardware.

In application software
In application software, software is called "monolithic" if it has a monolithic architecture, in which functionally distinguishable aspects (for example data input and output, data processing, error handling, and the user interface) are all interwoven, rather than containing architecturally separate components. Software systems like this are examples of monolithic applications.

In hardware
An electronic hardware system, such as a multi-core processor, is called "monolithic" if its components are integrated together in a single integrated circuit. Note that such a system may consist of architecturally separate componentsin a multi-core system, each core forms a separate componentas long as they are realized on a single die.

In system software
In system software, a monolithic kernel is an operating system (OS) architecture where the entire OS is working in kernel space.

References

Software architecture
Sakichi Toyoda. was a Japanese inventor and industrialist who founded Toyoda Automatic Loom Works (later Toyota Industries). The son of a farmer and sought-after carpenter, he started the Toyoda family companies. His son, Kiichiro Toyoda, would later establish Japan's largest automaker, Toyota. Toyoda is referred to as the "King of Japanese Inventors".

Early life and education

Sakichi Toyoda was born on March 19 (the 14th of the 2nd month in East Asian Lunar Calendar), 1867, in Yamaguchi, Tōtōmi Province (present-day Kosai, Shizuoka), to Ikichi and Ei Toyoda. Ikichi was a carpenter and a farmer, and he taught carpentry to his son. Sakichi's boyhood would coincide with the end of the Edo period, replaced by the Meiji and its reformist policies. Sakichi was an avid reader in his youth, and he organized a youth study group for teens. Inspired by a trip to Ueno to visit the Third National Machinery Exposition, he later revolutionized the textile industry, powered by steam, oil, and electricity.

Toyoda Automatic Loom Works
Toyoda Automatic Loom Works was the engineering manufacturing company established by Sakichi Toyoda in 1926. It earned him the moniker of father of the Japanese industrial revolution. He is also the founder of Toyota Industries Co., Ltd.

Toyoda invented and innovated numerous textile-focused weaving devices, introducing innovative fueling systems used to power his Toyoda-branded machines. His most famous invention was the automatic power loom in which he implemented the principle of Jidoka (autonomous automation). The principle of Jidoka, which means that the machine stops itself when a problem occurs, became later a part of the Toyota Production System. 

Toyoda developed the concept of 5 Whys: When a problem occurs, ask "why" five times to try to find the source of the problem, then put into place something to prevent the problem from recurring. This concept is used today as part of applying lean methodologies to solve problems, improve quality, and reduce costs.

The luxury vehicle Toyota Century, introduced in 1967, derived its name from the 100th birthday of Sakichi Toyoda.

On April 15, 1973, the Japan Patent Office selected him as one of Ten Japanese Great Inventors.

Family tree

References

External links 
 
 Biography of Sakichi Toyoda

1867 births
1930 deaths
Japanese Buddhists
Japanese founders of automobile manufacturers
Japanese inventors
People from Shizuoka Prefecture
People of Meiji-era Japan
Sakichi
Toyota people
Kotaro Honda. , born on February 23, 1870, in Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture – February 12, 1954) was a Japanese metallurgist and inventor. He invented KS steel (initials from Kichiei Sumitomo), which is a type of magnetic resistant steel that is three times more resistant than tungsten steel.  This material, which had 250 oersteds magnetic resistance, was developed through rigorous basic research on steel and alloys. 

Honda was born in the town of Yahagi (part of modern Okazaki, Aichi and was a graduate of Tokyo Imperial University. He was taught by the famous Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka at the University of Tokyo. 

Honda's research on KS steel in 1917, and on improved KS steel in 1934 became the basis for his position that Japan's industrial development is dependent on basic research in major scientific fields. He later improved upon the steel, creating NKS steel. NKS steel was mentioned by Taiichi Ohno in his book as being one of the Japanese materials whose development was tied to World War II. 

Honda, together with the academic Tokiatsu Hojo, setup up a research institute, which was supported by the Sumitomo family. It was later renamed Metallic Materials Research Institute. In 1931, he was appointed president of Tohoku Imperial University, where he taught physics for several years.

He participated in establishing the (千葉工業大学, Chiba Institute of Technology) from 1940. He served as the first president of the Tokyo University of Science from 1949.

Honda was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932, and was one of the first persons to be awarded the Order of Culture when it was established in 1937. He was also awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1931 and became a Person of Cultural Merit in 1951. He was posthumously awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun.  

Honda died in 1954 in Bunkyo, Tokyo, and his grave is at the temple of Myogen-ji in Okazaki.

On April 18, 1985, the Japan Patent Office selected him as one of Ten Japanese Great Inventors.

Books available in English
Magnetic properties of matter / Kotaro Honda (1928)

References

1870 births
1954 deaths
People from Okazaki, Aichi
20th-century Japanese inventors
Japanese metallurgists
Recipients of the Order of Culture
University of Tokyo alumni
Academic staff of Tohoku University
Riken personnel
Yasujiro Niwa. was a Japanese electrical scientist from Matsusaka, Mie. In the 1920s, he invented a simple device for phototelegraphic transmission through cable and later via radio, a precursor to mechanical television. He later became the Director of the Department of Electronic Engineering of University of Tokyo. He was awarded the Order of Cultural Merits and the Order of Merit of the First Class.

On April 18, 1985, the Japan Patent Office selected him as one of Ten Japanese Great Inventors.

References

1893 births
1975 deaths
People from Mie Prefecture
Japanese electrical engineers
Laureates of the Imperial Prize
University of Tokyo alumni
20th-century Japanese inventors
20th-century Japanese  engineers
Tokushichi Mishima. was a Japanese metallurgist and inventor. He discovered that aluminum restored magnetism to non-magnetic nickel steel. He invented MKM steel, which was an extremely inexpensive magnetic substance that has been used in many applications. It is also closely related to the modern Alnico magnets. He later became a professor at the Tokyo Imperial University. After his death, his remains were buried in the Tama Cemetery in Tokyo.

Honours
Award of the Imperial Academy (1945)
Order of Culture (1950)
Medal of Honor with Blue Ribbon (1950)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (19 November 1975; posthumous)

On April 18, 1985, the Japan Patent Office selected him as one of Ten Japanese Great Inventors.

References

External links
 http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2027997.pdf
 http://www.jpo.go.jp/seido_e/rekishi_e/tokushi_mishima.htm

1893 births
1975 deaths
20th-century Japanese inventors
Japanese metallurgists
Laureates of the Imperial Prize
AEA. AEA or Aea may refer to:

Aviation
 Aerial Experiment Association, an early aeronautical research organisation
 Aero Engineers Australia
 Air Europa (ICAO code)
 Association of European Airlines
 IATA airport code for Abemama Airport in Gilbert Islands, Kiribati

Mythology
Aea, a mythological huntress
 Aeaea

 Aea, the main city of Colchis

Organisations
 Academy of Entertainment Arts, a program at Dixie Hollins High School in St. Petersburg, Florida
 Actors' Equity Association, a U.S. labor union
 AeA, formerly known as the American Electronics Association, a non-profit technology trade association
 Alabama Education Association
 American Economic Association
 American Evaluation Association
 Arkansas Environmental Academy
 Associação de Escuteiros de Angola

Companies
 AEA (airguns) Spanish manufacturer of precharged pneumatic airguns
 AEA Investors, one of the oldest private equity firms in the United States
 AEA Ribbon Mics, a US manufacturer of professional microphones
 AEA Technology, a British company mainly specialising in environmental consulting

Science and technology
 Air Entraining Agent; see Foam Index
 Arachidonoylethanolamide, an alternative name for Anandamide

Places 
Aea (Malis), Greece
Kutaisi, Georgia

Other uses
 Advanced Extension Award, of the British educational system
 Alberta Emergency Alert a public warning system
 Areba language (ISO 639-3 code)
 Autoerotic asphyxiation, a sexual act

See also
 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), a UK governmental nuclear research organisation
Telehaptics. Telehaptic is the term for computer generated tactile (tangible or touch) sensations (haptics) over a network, between physically distant human beings, or between a local user and a remote location, using sensors and effectors. Microcontrollers input information from sensors, and control effectors to create human sensations as outputs. 

Sensors range from pressure, temperature and kinesthetic sensing devices, to biofeedback equipment. Haptic effectors, evoking precise perceivable sensations, range from small motors, fans, heating elements, or vibrators; to micro-voltage electrodes which gently stimulate areas of the skin (creating subtle, localized, "tingling" electrotactile sensations). Telehaptic interactivity, a form of assistive technology, may involve synesthesia; e.g. sensed inputs such as breathing, brain activity, or heartbeats might be presented as gentle, precisely variable bodily sensations in any combination, including warmth, cold, vibration, pressure, etc.; opening possibilities for levels of awareness, and interpersonal communication, difficult (or impossible) to attain prior to telehaptic (and biofeedback) technologies.

One of the challenges entailed in telehaptic applications involves the requirement for stability and the synchronized functioning of multiple tasks in order to effectively operate in a real-time environment.

Applications 
Interaction using telehaptic technology offers a new approach to communication including interpersonal interaction. It can be deployed to carry out telehealth encounters and the so-called telerehabilitation. Since the technology provides sensed inputs such as brain activity, heartbeats, and breathing, it creates an effective telehealth encounter that can enable real-time examination by a health professional. Telehaptic interactivity is now being integrated in therapy such as in sampling the position of body parts and the provision of resistive forces using telehaptic virtual gloves. Once challenges involving the irregularities of the communication network, delay, jitter, and packet loss, among others are addressed, telesurgery is also expected to advance.

Telehaptic systems are also useful in different handling applications. There are researcher, for instance, who are able to utilize its interfaces to perform actions such as pushing or more complicated tasks that require dexterity like grasping micro-objects. That is why, while the technology has not been perfected yet, scientists are optimistic about its potential. It means that telehaptic applications could play an important role in the future of microassembly and biological applications (e.g. handling cells and tissues). The concept of teleoperation, which involves the remote operation of a machine, demonstrates the potential of telehaptic technology application in the case of risky activities and tasks such as nuclear waste disposal and wreckage exploration.

See also 
 Teledildonics

References 

 Sensing distant objects by tele-haptic interface

External links
What is telehaptics?
the cyberSM teletactile communication project (1994)

Multimodal interaction
Haptic technology
Bus network. A bus network is a network topology in which nodes are directly connected to a common half-duplex link called a bus.

A host on a bus network is called a station. In a bus network, every station will receive all network traffic, and the traffic generated by each station has equal transmission priority. A bus network forms a single network segment and collision domain. In order for nodes to share the bus, they use a medium access control technology such as carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) or a bus master.

References

Network architecture
Network topology
Burrell Smith. Burrell Carver Smith (born December 16, 1955) is a retired American computer engineer who created the first wire wrap prototype of the motherboard for the original Macintosh at Apple Computer. He became Apple employee #282 in February 1979 as an Apple II service technician. He designed the motherboard for Apple's LaserWriter.

Smith was working in Apple's service department when he helped Bill Atkinson add more memory to an Apple II computer in an innovative fashion. Atkinson recommended him to Jef Raskin, who, along with Steve Wozniak, was looking for a hardware engineer for their newly formed Macintosh project. As a member of the design team, Smith prototyped five different motherboards using techniques based on Programmable Array Logic (PAL) chips to achieve maximum functionality with a minimal chip count and cost. His signature is molded into the original Macintosh case, along with the signatures of the rest of the Macintosh team.

Smith left the company before the release of Apple's Turbo Mac design platform, with an internal hard drive and a further simplified chipset.

He co-founded Radius Inc.

Personal life
Smith is retired and lives in Palo Alto.

He reportedly had bipolar disorder during the 1990s. In 1993, he was accused of "breaking windows, throwing a firecracker and leaving letters at the house" of Steve Jobs and the case was dropped when he accepted treatment. Actor Lenny Jacobson portrayed him in the 2013 film Jobs.

References

External links
Revolution in the Valley Andy Hertzfeld's book about the development of the Macintosh
Folklore.org stories about Burrell Smith, written by other Macintosh team members

Living people
Apple Inc. employees
1955 births
LNP. LNP may refer to:

In science

Lecture Notes in Physics, a book series in the field of physics.
Linear-Nonlinear-Poisson cascade model, a model of neural responses.
Lipid nanoparticles, a drug delivery system in pharmacology.
 LNP section, a structural steel standard for a family of unequal angle steel sections.

In sport
Lega Nazionale Professionisti, Italian football league.
Liga Nacional Profesional, Honduran football league.

In politics and government

 Liberal–National Coalition, Australia
 Liberal National Party of Queensland
 Liberian National Police
Local Nature Partnership, environmental coalitions in England

Others
Local number portability, of telephone numbers
Lonesome Pine Airport, Virginia, US, IATA code
 LNP (newspaper), Lancaster, Pennsylvania, US
 LNP Media Group, publisher of the LNP newspaper