omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rahman Dadman. Rahman Dadman (; 1956–2001) was an Iranian politician. Trained as a civil engineer, Dadman briefly served as the Minister of Roads and Transportation between January and May 2001. He died in a plane crash on 17 May 2001.

Biography
Dadman was born in Ardabil in 1956. He received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the University of Tehran in 1983. He also obtained a master of science degree in the same field from the same institution in 1986. Dadman held a PhD again in civil engineering which he received from the University of Manchester in 1996. Before the 1979 revolution Dadman was part of the revolutionaries.

Dadman worked at his alma mater, University of Tehran, as a faculty member. He was appointed Minister of Roads and Transportation under President Mohammad Khatami on 14 January 2001. On 17 May 2001 he died in an air accident with about 30 other passengers in the crash of an Iranian Yak-40 plane, 13 miles from the city of Sari, Iran, in northern Iran.

Dadman was married to Zohratalsadat Nazari who was one of the individuals involved in the capture of the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979. They had four children. One of his children, Ali Dadman, died on 27 June 2016 under mysterious conditions.

References

External links

20th-century Iranian engineers
20th-century Iranian politicians
21st-century Iranian engineers
1956 births
2001 deaths
Burials at Behesht-e Zahra
Government ministers of Iran
Iranian civil engineers
Islamic Iran Participation Front politicians
Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line
People from Ardabil
University of Tehran alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Iran
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Academic staff of the University of Tehran
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2001
Fluorcaphite. Fluorcaphite is a mineral with the chemical formula . It is found in the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Its crystals are hexagonal (dipyramidal class) and are transparent with a vitreous luster. It is light to bright yellow, leaves a white streak and is rated five on the Mohs Scale. Fluorcaphite is radioactive.

References 

Calcium minerals
Strontium minerals
Lanthanide minerals
Sodium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 173
Fluorine minerals
FM H-15-44. The FM H-15-44 was a diesel locomotive manufactured by Fairbanks-Morse from September 1947 to June 1950. The locomotive was powered by a , eight-cylinder opposed piston engine as its prime mover, and was configured in a B-B wheel arrangement mounted atop a pair of two-axle AAR Type-B road trucks with all axles powered.  The H-15-44 featured an offset cab design that provided space for an optional steam generator in the short hood, making the model versatile enough to work in passenger service as well as freight duty.

Raymond Loewy heavily influenced the look of the unit, which emphasized sloping lines and accented such features as the radiator shutters and headlight mounting, as is found on CNJR #1501 and KCS #40. The cab-side window assembly incorporated "half moon"-shaped inoperable panes which resulted in an overall oblong shape. The platform (underframe) was shared with F-M's  end cab road switcher, the FM H-20-44, as was the carbody to some extent. The platform and carbody was also utilized by the H-15-44's successor, the FM H-16-44.

Only 35 units were built for American railroads and none exist today.

Original buyers

References

Further reading

External links
 Fairbanks-Morse H15-44 Roster

B-B locomotives
H-15-44
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1947
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Scrapped locomotives
Multiphasic liquid. A multiphasic liquid is a mixture consisting of more than two immiscible liquid phases. Biphasic mixtures consisting of two immiscible phases are very common and usually consist of an organic solvent and an aqueous phase ("oil and water").

Multiphasic liquids can be used for selective liquid–liquid extractions or for decorative purposes, e.g. in cosmetics.

While it is possible to get multilayered phases by layering nonpolar and aqueous phases of decreasing densities on top of each other, these phases will not separate after mixing like true multiphasic liquids.

Compositions 
The following types of multiphasic liquids exist:

Triphasic systems 
 Nonpolar solvent / aqueous biphasic mixture
 e.g. using hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, or mineral oil as the nonpolar solvent
 Nonpolar solvent / polar solvent / salt / water
 e.g. 100 ml mineral oil, 100 ml isopropanol, 75 ml water, 35 g calcium chloride
 Nonpolar solvent / water-soluble polymer A, water-soluble polymer B, water
 e.g. hexane, polyethylene oxide, dextran, water
 Nonpolar solvent / water-soluble polymer / salt / water
 e.g. hexane, polyethylene oxide, sodium sulfate, water
 Nonpolar solvent A / solvent B / polymer soluble in solvent B and water / water
 e.g. heptane, dichloromethane, polyethylene oxide, water
 Nonpolar solvent A / solvent B / polymer soluble in solvent B and water / salt / water
 e.g. 16.3% heptane, 21.7% dichloromethane, 9.5% polyethylene oxide, 51.5% water, 0.1% sodium sulfate
 Nonpolar solvent / hydrophobic salt / water
 e.g. iso-octane, Aliquat 336 (methyltrioctylammonium chloride, a phase transfer catalyst), water 
 or: cyclohexane, bmim-PF6 (an ionic liquid), water 
 Hydrophobic ionic liquid – water – hydrocarbon systems
 e.g. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate – water – cyclohexane

Tetraphasic systems 
 Nonpolar solvent A / solvent B / polymer soluble in solvent B and water / salt / water
 e.g. 10.9% heptane, 15.5% dichloromethane, 7.1% polyethylene oxide, 66.5% sodium sulfate (> 0.1%) in water
 Nonpolar solvent / Polar solvent / salt / water / Fluorinated solvent
 e.g. Hexane, isopropanol, brine, perfluoromethylcyclohexane
Non polar solvent / Aprotic polar solvent / Water / Fluorinated solvent
 e.g. Octane, 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-one, water, perfluorodecaline

Higher-order multiphasic systems 
A system with eight phases is known. In addition to a hydrocarbon and an aqueous phase, it includes a silicone oil, an aniline and a fluorous phase, and molten phosphorus, gallium and mercury.

See also 
 Separating funnel

References

External links 
 Chem. Commun. 1998, 787 Polymer induced multiphase generation in water/organic solvent mixtures. Strategies towards the design of triphasic and tetraphasic liquid systems (pdf)
 US patent application 20050215443 Multiphase aqueous cleansing composition
 (Movie) Oil and water separation by molecular dynamics simulation

Heterogeneous chemical mixtures
Silicon Chip. Silicon Chip is an Australian electronics magazine.  It was started in November, 1987 by Leo Simpson.  Following the demise of Electronics Australia, for many years it was the only hobbyist-related electronics magazine remaining in Australia. A new competitor, called Diyode launched in July 2017.

Magazine
The magazine has features such as
Projects to build
Serviceman's Log
Computer Features
Vintage Radio
Product Showcase
Mailbag/Ask Silicon Chip
Circuit Notebook (reader contributions)

The print version of Silicon Chip is produced and printed in Australia by Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd. The magazine is published monthly on the last Thursday of the month prior to the cover date.

Some time after Electronics Australia closed its doors, Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd purchased the titles Electronics Australia, Electronics Today (International), Radio, TV & Hobbies, Radio & Hobbies and Wireless Weekly, along with the copyright to original (non-submitted) material published in those magazines. The copyright of some submitted projects and articles for those old magazines technically still remains with the original authors. This is why Silicon Chip have not released Electronics Australia back-issues on CD, as they did with the older Radio TV & Hobbies. However they can provide an electronic copy of any Electronics Australia article for a price, which invalidates the previous reasoning. Except that copies are not provided in cases of articles where there is a question over the ownership of copyright.

References

External links
Official website

1987 establishments in Australia
Hobby magazines
Hobby electronics magazines
Magazines established in 1987
Magazines published in Sydney
Monthly magazines published in Australia
Science and technology magazines
Ghauri-III. The Ghauri-III (Urdu: غورى–ااا) was the codename of a rocket program aimed at developing land-based medium range ballistic missile to fulfill Pakistan's objective of attaining a ground-based second-strike capability.

Development of the Ghauri-III commenced in 1999 with a planned operational range of 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles). Led by the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL), the program featured a unique design. However, it remained in the design phases and was eventually scaled down, ultimately leading to its complete termination in 2005.

Background

Development of the Ghauri-III, aimed at achieving ground-based second-strike capability, commenced in 1999 with the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) spearheading the rocketry program. Its propellant technology drew influence from the Nodong-1 of North Korea, knowledge of which Pakistan acquired between 1993 and 1995. The Ghauri program operated concurrently with the Shaheen program, both striving to achieve second-strike capability, with ranges extending as far as eastern India.

In 1999, the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) concluded numerous trials for its designed rocket engine and progressed towards warhead designs. However, without the contribution from North Korea, the Ghauri-III program encountered numerous setbacks and costly trial-and-error processes to make it feasible. Delays in developing an indigenous liquid-fuel propellant further hindered the program's progress, placing it behind in competition with the Shaheen program. Despite successful rocket engine testing, no further tests were conducted, despite numerous rumors suggesting otherwise.

In 2011, the chief designer Abdul Qadeer Khan testified to the existence of the Ghauri-III program in an article published in The News International. Subsequently, in 2012, its existence was officially acknowledged by Pakistani government officials, who cited the program's cancellation due to the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) inability to render it feasible within the designated timeframe, in contrast to the successful production of the Shaheen-III under the Shaheen program in 2015.

See also
 Ballistic missile
 Liquid fuel rocket
Related developments
 Ghauri (missile)
 Ghauri-II
 Shaheen-III
Related lists
 List of missiles of Pakistan

References

External links
 FAS.org news report – Ghauri-III engine trials completed
 MissileThreat.com article on Ghauri-3

Ballistic missiles of Pakistan
Post–Cold War weapons of Pakistan
Abandoned military projects of Pakistan
Robert Palmer (computer businessman). Robert B. Palmer (born September 11, 1940) is an American businessman in the computer industry.

Palmer was the final Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Digital Equipment Corporation.

Education
Palmer majored in Math and Physics at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

Career

Mostek Corporation
Palmer was a founder of Mostek Corporation, founded in 1969 by former employees of Texas Instruments. Mostek manufactured logic, memory, and microprocessor chips.  In 1980, United Technologies Corporation (UTC) acquired Mostek Corporation, and Palmer became executive vice president of semiconductor operations.

Digital Equipment Corporation
In 1985, Palmer joined Digital, and in 1992, he was appointed president and chief executive officer (CEO).

From 1995 to 1998, Palmer served as chairman of the board until Digital was sold to Compaq.

Digital Equipment Corporation restructuring
From 1993 to 1998, Palmer undertook numerous restructurings, massive layoffs of more than 60,000 people, and plant closings, in an effort to remain competitive.

In 1993, Mitsubishi agreed to manufacture Digital's new Alpha 21066.

In 1994, Digital sold its Rdb database software operations to Oracle Corporation.

In 1995, Digital and Raytheon formed a multiyear, multimillion-dollar agreement to upgrade the onboard computer of the US Navy's E-2C Hawkeye aircraft.

On 30 August 1995, Digital announced the sale of their text terminals business to SunRiver Data Systems, who changed their name to Boundless Technologies in August 1996.

In 1997, Digital sold its printing systems business to Virginia-based GENICOM.

In 1997, Digital sued Intel, accusing it of using some of Digital's patented technology to develop the Pentium microprocessor. Intel countersued, accusing Digital of violating 14 Intel patents. To settle the litigation, Digital sold its semiconductor production operations to Intel in 1998.

In 1997, Digital sold its networking business to Cabletron.

On 13 November 1997, Palmer announced that the corporate strategy would focus on the Internet in Enterprise Computing.

Sale of Digital to Compaq
In June 1998, Compaq paid approximately $9 billion to acquire Digital, and Palmer stepped down after negotiating the merger.

After Digital Equipment Corporation
Palmer has served on the boards of a number of companies, including Advanced Micro Devices Inc. (AMD), SEMATECH, the Semiconductor Industry Association, the Semiconductor Research Corporation, Cicada Semiconductor Inc., and NLine Corporation.

Palmer is on the board of trustees of the Cooper Institute for Aerobic Research, a non-profit preventive medicine research and education organization.

Awards 
In 1995 Robert Palmer  was honored with an Edison Achievement Award for his commitment to innovation throughout his career.

References

1940 births
Living people
Texas Tech University alumni
Digital Equipment Corporation people
Businesspeople in computing
American technology chief executives
Interface (matter). In the physical sciences, an interface is the boundary between two spatial regions occupied by different matter, or by matter in different physical states. The interface between matter and air, or matter and vacuum, is called a surface, and studied in surface science. In thermal equilibrium, the regions in contact are called phases, and the interface is called a phase boundary. An example for an interface out of equilibrium is the grain boundary in polycrystalline matter.

The importance of the interface depends on the type of system: the bigger the quotient area/volume, the greater the effect the interface will have. Consequently, interfaces are very important in systems with large interface area-to-volume ratios, such as colloids.

Interfaces can be flat or curved. For example, oil droplets  in a salad dressing are spherical but the interface between water and air in a glass of water is mostly flat.

Surface tension is the physical property which rules interface processes involving liquids. For a liquid film on flat surfaces, the liquid-vapor interface keeps flat to minimize interfacial area and system free energy. For a liquid film on rough surfaces, the surface tension tends to keep the meniscus flat, while the disjoining pressure makes the film conformal to the substrate. The equilibrium meniscus shape is a result of the competition between the capillary pressure and disjoining pressure.

Interfaces may cause various optical phenomena, such as refraction.  Optical lenses serve as an example of a practical application of the interface between glass and air.

One topical interface system is the gas-liquid interface between aerosols and other atmospheric molecules.

See also
 Capillary surface, a surface that represents the boundary between two fluids
 Disjoining pressure
 Free surface
 Interface and colloid science
 Membrane (disambiguation)
 Surface phenomenon

References

Colloidal chemistry
Matter
Surface science
Robert Calderbank. Robert Calderbank (born 28 December 1954) is a professor of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and Mathematics and director of the Information Initiative at Duke University.   He received a BSc from Warwick University in 1975, an MSc from Oxford in 1976, and a PhD from Caltech in 1980, all in mathematics. He joined Bell Labs in 1980, and retired from AT&T Labs in 2003 as Vice President for Research and Internet and network systems. He then went to Princeton as a professor of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Applied and Computational Mathematics, before moving to Duke in 2010 to become Dean of Natural Sciences.

His contributions to coding and information theory won the IEEE Information Theory Society Paper Award in 1995 and 1999.

He was elected as a member into the US National Academy of Engineering in 2005 for leadership in communications research, from advances in algebraic coding theory to signal processing for wire-line and wireless modems. He also became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012.

Calderbank won the 2013 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal and the 2015 Claude E. Shannon Award.

He was named a SIAM Fellow in the 2021 class of fellows, "for deep contributions to information theory".

He is married to Ingrid Daubechies.

References

External links
Dean Profile at Duke.
Faculty Profile at Princeton.

Publications from the arXiv.

1954 births
Living people
American electrical engineers
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Alumni of the University of Oxford
California Institute of Technology alumni
Princeton University faculty
Duke University faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
SS Martin Behrman. SS Martin Behrman was an American Liberty ship built in 1944 for service in World War II. Her namesake was Martin Behrman, long-time mayor of New Orleans, Louisiana. For the war she was operated by the Isbrandtsen Line under charter with the Maritime Commission and War Shipping Administration.

Among the Liberty ships, the Martin Behrman was an EC2-S-C1 Type with Maritime Commission hull number 2827. Like other Liberty ships, she was  long and  wide, carried 9000 tons of cargo and had a top speed of . Most Liberty ships were named after prominent deceased Americans.

This particular ship was built by Delta Shipbuilding Company in New Orleans. Her keel was laid on 25 October 1944 and she was launched on 4 December 1944. The Delta shipyard was started specifically for the war effort, at a site on the Industrial Canal near the Almonaster Avenue Bridge, immediately south of the present-day I-10 high-rise bridge. The yard was shut down after the end of the war.

The Martin Behrman survived World War II and saw service in the Korean War. In 1947 she was engaged in the Indonesian trade in defiance of a Dutch blockade, and on one voyage her cargo was confiscated by the Dutch Navy.

She was scrapped at Portland, Oregon in 1965. Her bow, along with the bows of many other Liberty ships, is buried at the Liberty Ship Memorial Park in Portland.

References

Liberty ships
Ships built in New Orleans
SS Martin Behrman
Atomic layer epitaxy. Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), more generally known as atomic layer deposition (ALD), is a specialized form of thin film growth (epitaxy) that typically deposit alternating monolayers of two elements onto a substrate.  The crystal lattice structure achieved is thin, uniform, and aligned with the structure of the substrate.  The reactants are brought to the substrate as alternating pulses with "dead" times in between. ALE makes use of the fact that the incoming material is bound strongly until all sites available for chemisorption are occupied.  The dead times are used to flush the excess material.
It is mostly used in semiconductor fabrication to grow thin films of thickness in the nanometer scale.

Technique
This technique was invented in 1974 and patented the same year (patent published in 1976) by Dr. Tuomo Suntola at the Instrumentarium company, Finland. Dr. Suntola's purpose was to grow thin films of Zinc sulfide to fabricate electroluminescent flat panel displays. The main trick used for this technique is the use of a self-limiting chemical reaction to control in an accurate way the thickness of the film deposited. Since the early days, ALE (ALD) has grown to a global thin film technology which has enabled the continuation of Moore's law. In 2018, Suntola received the Millennium Technology Prize for ALE (ALD) technology. 

Compared to basic chemical vapour deposition, in ALE (ALD), chemical reactants are pulsed alternatively in a reaction chamber and then chemisorb in a saturating manner on the surface of the substrate, forming a chemisorbed monolayer. 

ALD introduces two complementary precursors (e.g. Al(CH3)3 and H2O ) alternatively into the reaction chamber. Typically, one of the precursors will adsorb onto the substrate surface until it saturates the surface and further growth cannot occur until the second precursor is introduced. Thus the film thickness is controlled by the number of precursor cycles rather than the deposition time as is the case for conventional CVD processes.  ALD allows for extremely precise control of film thickness and uniformity.

See also
Atomic layer deposition

References

External links
 Plasma-assisted Atomic Layer Deposition by the Plasma & Materials Processing group at Eindhoven University of Technology
 Atomic layer epitaxy – a valuable tool for nanotechnology?
 ALENET – Atomic Layer Epitaxy Network
 Surface smoothing of GaAs microstructure by atomic layer epitaxy
 Electrochemical characterisation of atomic layer deposition

Thin film deposition
Finnish inventions
Center for Advanced Materials, University of Houston. The Center for Advanced Materials, formerly the Space Vacuum Epitaxy Center, is a laboratory established in 1986 at the University of Houston for researching the science and application of advanced materials. It is hosted in  of space in three buildings on the Houston campus. Its facilities contain equipment dedicated to thin-film deposition, processing and characterization of III-V compound semiconductors, high-temperature superconductivity, and ferroelectric oxide material systems. The Wake Shield Facility was developed at this center.

See also
 Epitaxy

References

External links
 
 archive of the old SVEC website

University of Houston campus
Materials science institutes
Science and technology in Texas
Research institutes in Texas
University and college laboratories in the United States
1986 establishments in Texas
Research institutes established in 1986
Space technology research institutes
Spitfire (BBS). SPITFIRE is a DOS-based bulletin board system written by Mike Woltz (1945-2022), published by his company Buffalo Creek Software of West Des Moines, Iowa.

History
SPITFIRE was written in Turbo Pascal with assembly language routines.  It was released in 1987 as shareware, and had a moderate sized fanbase, only outnumbered by products such as RemoteAccess, TriBBS, PCBoard, Major BBS, and Wildcat! BBS.  It was possible to run multiple "nodes" of SPITFIRE under Microsoft Windows and OS/2; although, most SysOps preferred to use Quarterdeck's DESQview for this purpose.  SPITFIRE interfaced with message relaying systems such as FidoNet through third party utilities such as SHILOH, a QWK networking interfacing program, and BCSUTI, a Postlink-style networking interface.

SPITFIRE's most successful release (Version 3.2) came in 1992. By December 1992, there were 1523 registered copies of Spitfire still running, out of 2111 total registered to date. But by 1994, the World Wide Web had exploded on scene, and many SysOps began converting from running BBSes to becoming Internet service providers.

Due to advances in technology, SPITFIRE can be run as a telnet BBS using a virtual FOSSIL driver and Telnet engine (SIO/VMODEM under OS/2, NetFoss, NetSerial or NetModem under Windows).

SPITFIRE (version 3.6) was updated in 1999 for Y2K compliance, and its most recent release is SPITFIRE 3.7 (Released in January 2010)

References

External links

Bulletin board system software
DOS software