omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pruning (morphology). The pruning algorithm is a technique used in digital image processing based on mathematical morphology. It is used as a complement to the skeleton and thinning algorithms to remove unwanted parasitic components (spurs). In this case 'parasitic' components refer to branches of a line which are not key to the overall shape of the line and should be removed. These components can often be created by edge detection algorithms or digitization. Common uses for pruning include automatic recognition of hand-printed characters. Often inconsistency in letter writing creates unwanted spurs that need to be eliminated for better characterization.

Mathematical Definition 
The standard pruning algorithm will remove all branches shorter than a given number of points. If a parasitic branch is shorter than four points and we run the algorithm with n = 4 the branch will be removed. The second step ensures that the main trunks of each line are not shortened by the procedure.

Structuring Elements 

The x in the arrays indicates a “don’t care” condition i.e. the image could have either a 1 or a 0 in the spot.

Step 1: Thinning 

Apply this step a given (n) times to eliminate any branch with (n) or less pixels.

Step 2: Find End Points 

Wherever the structuring elements are satisfied, the center of the 3x3 matrix is considered an endpoint.

Step 3: Dilate End Points 

Perform dilation using a 3x3 matrix (H) consisting of all 1's and only insert 1's where the original image (A) also had a 1. Perform this for each endpoint in all direction (n) times.

Step 4: Union of X1 & X3 

Take the result from step 1 and union it with step 3 to achieve the final results.

MATLAB Code 
%% ---------------
% Pruning
% ---------------
clear; clc;

% Image read in
img = imread('Pruning.tif');

b_img_skel = bwmorph (img, 'skel', 40);
b_img_spur = bwmorph(b_img_skel, 'spur', Inf);

figure('Name', 'Pruning');
subplot(1,2,1);
imshow(b_img_skel);
title(sprintf('Image Skeleton'));
subplot(1,2,2);
imshow(b_img_spur);
title(sprintf('Skeleton Image Pruned'));

MATLAB Example 

In the MATLAB example below, it takes the original image (below left) and skeletonize it 40 times then prunes the image to remove the spurs as per the MATLAB code above. As shown (below right) this removed the majority of all spurs resulting in a cleaner image.

See also
 Morphological image processing

External links
 Morphological Pruning function in Mathematica
 Morphological Operations in MATLAB

References 

Digital geometry
Mathematical morphology
Burgers material. A Burgers material is a viscoelastic material having the properties both of elasticity and viscosity. It is named after the Dutch physicist Johannes Martinus Burgers.

Overview

Maxwell representation 

Given that one Maxwell material has an elasticity  and viscosity , and the other Maxwell material has an elasticity  and viscosity , the Burgers model has the constitutive equation

where  is the stress and  is the strain.

Kelvin representation 

Given that the Kelvin material has an elasticity  and viscosity , the spring has an elasticity  and the dashpot has a viscosity , the Burgers model has the constitutive equation

where  is the stress and  is the strain.

Model characteristics

This model incorporates viscous flow into the standard linear solid model, giving a linearly increasing asymptote for strain under fixed loading conditions.

See also
 Generalized Maxwell model
 Kelvin–Voigt material
 Maxwell material
 Standard linear solid model

References

External links
 Creep and Stress Relaxation for Four-Element Viscoelastic Solids and Liquids, Wolfram Demonstrations Project
Non-Newtonian fluids
Speech Synthesis Markup Language. Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML) is an XML-based markup language for speech synthesis applications. It is a recommendation of the W3C's Voice Browser Working Group. SSML is often embedded in VoiceXML scripts to drive interactive telephony systems. However, it also may be used alone, such as for creating audio books. For desktop applications, other markup languages are popular, including Apple's embedded speech commands, and Microsoft's SAPI Text to speech (TTS) markup, also an XML language.  It is also used to produce sounds via Azure Cognitive Services' Text to Speech API or when writing third-party skills for Google Assistant or Amazon Alexa.

SSML is based on the Java Speech Markup Language (JSML) developed by Sun Microsystems, although the current recommendation was developed mostly by speech synthesis vendors. It covers virtually all aspects of synthesis, although some areas have been left unspecified, so each vendor accepts a different variant of the language. Also, in the absence of markup, the synthesizer is expected to do its own interpretation of the text.

Example
Here is an example of an SSML document:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<speak xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis"
       xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
       version="1.0">
  <metadata>
    <dc:title xml:lang="en">Telephone Menu: Level 1</dc:title>
  </metadata>

  <p>
    <s xml:lang="en-US">
      <voice name="David" gender="male" age="25">
        For English, press <emphasis>one</emphasis>.
      </voice>
    

    <s xml:lang="es-MX">
      <voice name="Miguel" gender="male" age="25">
        Para español, oprima el <emphasis>dos</emphasis>.
      </voice>
    

  </p>

</speak>

Features
SSML specifies a fair amount of markup for prosody, which is not included in the above example. This includes markup for 
 pitch
 contour
 pitch range
 rate
 duration
 volume

See also
 Pronunciation Lexicon Specification (PLS)
 Speech Recognition Grammar Specification (SRGS)
 Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition (SISR)
 SABLE speech synthesis markup language, intended to combine SSML, STML, and JSML

References

External links
 W3C SSML 1.1 Recommendation
  W3C SSML 1.0 Recommendation
 Introduction to SSML on XML.com

Speech synthesis
XML-based standards
World Wide Web Consortium standards
Markup languages
2004 introductions
Commin. COMMIN, from COMmon MINdscapes, is an EU-financed project concerned with spatial development in the Baltic Sea Region. Its goal is to interconnect the countries on the Baltic Sea — Germany, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Russia — as well as Norway and Belarus, in their goal to achieve an international basis in spatial development.

The project has 28 partners from 11 countries, including universities, government departments, and private companies, and is coordinated by the Academy for Spatial Research and Planning (ARL) in Hanover, Germany. The project runs from September 2004 until August 2007.

In order to reach this goal, the project members have created an on-line glossary of the most important scientific terms concerning spatial development.  This glossary can be translated into 11 languages.

External links 
Homepage of the COMMIN Project. 
 Baltic Sea Region Spatial Planning Initiative VASAB
Baltic Sea Interreg

European Union
Papua New Guinea University of Technology. The Papua New Guinea University of Technology (Unitech) is a university located in Lae, Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea.

Courses offered
Unitech offers courses in the following fields:
Agriculture
Architecture
Construction Management (Previously Building in 2019 and back)
Applied Sciences
Chemistry
Food Technology
Physics
Business Studies 
Accountancy
Management
Economics
Information Technology
Communication for Development Studies
Computer Science
Engineering
Civil
Communications
Electrical
There are two bachelor's degree's offered by the Electrical Engineering department. The Communications Engineering and Electrical Engineering. Student's specialise in their chosen field during the final year of studies. This is a four year course.
Mechanical
Mining
Forestry 
Forestry has both a 2-year diploma program and a 4-year degree program. Students undertaking bachelor of science in forestry usually do their first year at the main campus (Taraka), second and third years at Bulolo Forestry College (with the diploma students) and then final year back at the main campus.
Mathematics
Surveying

See also
List of forestry universities and colleges

References

External links
University of Technology 

1965 establishments in Papua New Guinea
Universities in Papua New Guinea
Technical universities and colleges
Morobe Province
Educational institutions established in 1965
Lae
John Froelich. John Froelich (November 24, 1849 – May 24, 1933) was an American inventor and entrepreneur, who invented the first stable gasoline-powered tractor with forward and reverse gears. He received several patents relating to tractors and internal combustion engines.

Life and career 
Froelich was born in 1849 in Giard, Iowa to Henry and Kathryn () Froelich. Henry, whose original name was Johannes Heinrich Froelich, from Kurhessen, today part of the German state of Hesse. John Froelich grew up in the small town of Froelich, Iowa, named for his father Henry Froelich. As a young man he oversaw the operation of a grain elevator.

Froelich operated a threshing business, and travelled Iowa and South Dakota laboring the Great Plains using steam-powered threshers. Failing to obtain coal for his steam-powered engine, in 1892 he and his blacksmith, Will Mann, invented one of the first gasoline-powered tractors by mounting a one-cylinder Van Duzen gasoline engine on a Robinson engine frame, propelled by Froelich's own gearing. This was the first mechanically successful gasoline-powered tractor with backward and forward propulsion. After completing the tractor, Froelich and Mann brought it to Langford, South Dakota, where they would connect it to a J.I. Case threshing machine, and thresh 72,000 bushels in 52 days.

In 1893, Froelich and a group of investors founded the Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Company, based in Waterloo, Iowa. The company only produced four tractors, and only sold two, both of which were returned as unsatisfactory. In 1895 the company abandoned tractor manufacturing and changed the name to Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company, producing stationary engines instead.

Froelich left the company the same year and relocated his wife and four kids to Dubuque, Iowa, where he worked for several engine manufacturing companies. Here, he developed a new type of clothes-washing machine he named the Froelich Neostyle Washer, which brought him considerable financial prosperity.

He later moved to Marshalltown, eventually settling in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1929.

Death and legacy 
Froelich died in St. Paul in 1933 in relative obscurity. The small town of Froelich commemorated the invention of the tractor in 1939, and a few decades later, opened the Froelich Tractor & 1890s Village Museum where John Froelich assembled his first gasoline tractor.

John Froelich's innovations helped pave the way for modern farming, and contributed to the establishment of Waterloo as a center for internal combustion engine production in the early years of the 20th century.

References

1849 births
1933 deaths
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
American people of German descent
People from Clayton County, Iowa
People from Galena, Illinois
People from Marshalltown, Iowa
Businesspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
People from Waterloo, Iowa
Port and Airport Development Strategy. The Port and Airport Development Strategy (PADS) () is an infrastructure project in Hong Kong. It is better known as the Rose Garden Project ().

Background
In the early 1980s, the Hong Kong Government already foresaw the incapability of the existing airport and container port to keep up with the growth of Hong Kong. The blueprints for the new airport and container port had already been drawn. However, the government decided to postpone the plan owing to the uncertainty of Hong Kong's future.

After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the government reproposed the plan in order to restore confidence among Hong Kong's populace. It presented a rosy picture for the future to the Hong Kong people in order to halt the wave of emigration.

Infrastructure
 Airport Core Programme (ACP) in North Lantau
 New container ports in Kwai Chung, Stonecutters Island, Tsing Yi Island and East Lantau (plans for the East Lantau port were later abandoned)
 Railways
 Highways

Politics
The government of People's Republic of China (PRC) cast a great concern in the project for fear that the British would withdraw the monetary reserve of Hong Kong to Britain before the reunification with China 1997. There was a lengthy series of conferences on the matter. Some Chinese officials also urged a downscaling of the project such as building one runway at the airport instead of two.

References

Transport in Hong Kong
Urban planning in Hong Kong
Packet writing. Packet writing (or incremental packet writing, IPW) is an optical disc recording technology used to allow write-once and rewritable CD and DVD media to be used in a similar manner to a floppy disk from within the operating system.

Details 

Packet writing allows users to create, modify, and delete files and directories on demand without the need to burn a whole disc. Packet writing technology achieves this by writing data in incremental blocks rather than in a single block.

Deleting files and directories of a CD-R using packet writing technology does not recover the space occupied by these objects but, rather, they are simply marked as being deleted (making them effectively hidden). Similarly, changes to files cause new instances to be created instead of replacing the original files. Because of this, the available space on a non-rewritable medium using packet writing technology will decrease every time its content is modified.

The most common file system for packet writing systems is UDF.

Due to the characteristics of optical rewritable media such as CD-RWs and DVD-RWs, the ability of data sectors to hold their contents diminishes when changing them frequently (since re-crystallized alloy de-crystallizes). To cope with this the packet writing system can remap bad sectors with good sectors as required. These bad sectors cannot be recovered by formatting the media.

Software 
Packet writing is most popularly implemented by Microsoft since Windows Vista, where it is referred to as the Live File System.
Software implementing packet writing includes:

 Nero InCD
 Drive Letter Access
 Linux (since 2.6.8)

References

Optical disc authoring
Optical computer storage media
Jamesonite. Jamesonite (also axotomous antimony glance, domingite, comuccite, pfaffite, grey antimony or feather ore) is a sulphosalt mineral, a lead, iron, antimony sulphide with formula Pb4FeSb6S14. With the addition of manganese it forms a series with benavidesite. It is a dark grey metallic mineral which forms acicular prismatic monoclinic crystals. It is soft with a Mohs hardness of 2.5 and has a specific gravity of 5.5 – 5.6. It is one of the few sulphide minerals to form fibrous or needle like crystals.  It can also form large prismatic crystals similar to stibnite with which it can be associated. It is usually found in low to moderate temperature hydrothermal deposits.

It was named for Scottish mineralogist Robert Jameson (1774–1854). It was first identified in 1825 in Cornwall, England. It is also reported from South Dakota and Arkansas, US; Zacatecas, Mexico; and Romania.

Jamesonite generally has a very large number of synonyms, as well as regional and trivial names, which is unusual even for such noticeable minerals from a practical point of view. First of all, this is the already mentioned above domingite, comuccite, pfaffite, gray antimony or feather ore. In addition, jamesonite is also known by its English names: warrenite, wolfsbergite, plumite, rosellan, rosenite, sakharovaite, bleiantimonit, antimonial radiant glance, falkmanite... In the old German mineralogical literature the following names for jamesonite were also found: lumpenerz, stahlantimonglanz, spiessglasfedererz, chalybinglanz, zundererz. Moreover, the term “axotomous antimony glance” until the beginning of the 19th century was considered scientific in the mineralogical environment and was predominant.

References

External links 
Mineral galleries

Lead minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Glances
Taylor Titch. The Taylor Titch is a British fixed-wing homebuilt aircraft, developed in the 1960s by J.F. Taylor. , examples  are still being built and flown.

Development

Taylor designed the Titch as an entry in the 1964 Midget Racer Design Competition promoted by Rollason. Among the criteria requested was that it had to be a single-seater powered by a Rollason Ardem flat-four engine, design limits were ±6g, maximum wing area of 65 sq ft and a maximum weight of 750lbs. As a result of Taylor designed a high performance single-seater, the Titch based on his earlier Taylor Monoplane.

At the closing date of the competition 42 designs had been submitted which was won by a project named Beta but the Titch was placed second.

Taylor built the prototype, registered G-ATYO, at Leigh-on-Sea, Essex between 1965 and 1966. The Titch first flew at Southend Airport on 4 January 1967.

The designer John Taylor was killed when the prototype Titch crashed at Southend on 16 May 1967. The marketing of plans for both his aircraft designs were taken on by his wife and later his son.

, 40 examples had been completed and flown.

Design
The Titch is a single-seat low-wing cantilever monoplane of all wood construction similar to the Monoplane but has fewer metal fittings than the earlier design and full size wing rib plans are supplied for the tapered wing panels.  With a cruise speed in the region of 160 mph (260 km/h), it is an effective cross-country touring aircraft and is also fully aerobatic. Builders can fit it with either a Continental or a Lycoming engine.

Specifications (Prototype)

See also

Notes

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Bayerl, Robby, Martin Berkemeier et al. World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011–12. Lancaster UK: WDLA UK, 2011. .
 Dunnell, Ben. "Aeroplane Archive: Taylor Made". Aeroplane, Volume 45, No. 6, June 2017. pp. 127–129. .
 Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919, Volume 3. London: Putnam, 1974. .
 Purdy, Don: AeroCrafter: Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition. Benicia, California: BAI Communications, 1998. .
 Taylor, John W.R. (ed.) Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1969–70. London: Jane's Yearbooks. 1969.
 Taylor, John W.R. (ed.) Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81. London: Jane's Publishing, 1980. .

External links

 Taylortitch.co.uk
 Pictures on Light Aircraft Association website

1960s British sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Racing aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Norio Taniguchi. was a professor of Tokyo University of Science. He coined the term  nano-technology in 1974 to describe semiconductor processes such as thin film deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic control on the order of a nanometer: "Nano-technology"
 mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule."

Taniguchi started his research on abrasive mechanisms of high precision machining of hard and brittle materials.  At Tokyo University of Science, he went on to pioneer the application of energy beam techniques to ultra precision materials processing; these included electro discharge, microwave, electron beam, photon (laser) and ion beams.

He studied the developments in machining techniques from 1940 until the early 1970s and predicted correctly that by the late 1980s, techniques would have evolved to a degree that dimensional accuracies of better than 100 nm would be achievable.

Recognition 
The European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology presented Professor Taniguchi with its 1st Lifetime Achievement Award in Bremen, May 1999. 

The citation on Professor Taniguchi's award read:

References

Nanotechnology: Integrated Processing Systems for Ultra-precision and Ultra-fine products, Edited by Norio Taniguchi. Associate Editors: Tsuguo Kohno, Kazuo Maruyama, Kiyoshi Iizuka, Iwao Miyamoto and Toshio Dohi. 0198562837, hardback,  424 pages, Sep 1996.

1912 births
1999 deaths
Japanese scientists
Balloon helicopter. A balloon helicopter is a flying toy consisting of a latex toy balloon and a plastic propeller, derived from the simple balloon rocket. The most important feature is the hollow propeller hub which directs air into a passage in each propeller blade. The air passages channel air to the blade tips such that air escapes in a fine jet tangentially. The air jets on the blade tips causes the entire toy to spin, the blades have a positive angle of attack so the blades experience a lifting force as they push air downwards. It can attain a height of approximately 12 meters (40 feet). Full-scale helicopters have been built around this tip jet configuration.

See also
 Balloon rocket

External links 
  Physics teacher Robert Douglas discusses Newton's Third Law and understanding force pairs with this demonstration using the Balloon Helicopter
  A demonstration video of assembly and launch.

Educational toys
Inflatable manufactured goods
Research balloon. Research balloons are balloons that are used for scientific research.  They are usually unmanned, filled with a lighter-than-air gas like helium, and fly at high altitudes.

Meteorology, atmospheric research, astronomy, and military research may be conducted from a research balloon.
Weather balloons are a type of research balloon.  Research balloons usually study a single aspect of science, such as air pollution, air temperature, or wind currents, although sometimes several experiments or equipment are flown together.

Other than weather balloons, few research balloons are launched every year.  This is driven by the large cost of the balloon, the instrument, which is usually custom made, and the cost of the launch.  Because of the altitude reached by most research balloons, the air is too thin and too cold for humans to survive, therefore most research balloons are unmanned and operated remotely.  There have been some balloons equipped with pressurized cabins, beginning with professor Auguste Piccard in the 1930s.

Research balloons are not only used on earth.  With the help of a research balloon, the upper atmosphere of Venus was examined by the Vega program.

See also 
 High-altitude balloon
 Google Balloon Internet
 Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility

External links

 StratoCat - Stratospheric balloons. History and present of their use in the fields of science, military and aerospace

Balloons (aeronautics)
Atmospheric sciences
MUSASINO-1. The MUSASINO-1 was one of the earliest electronic digital computers built in Japan. Construction started at the Electrical Communication Laboratories of NTT at Musashino, Tokyo in 1952 and was completed in July 1957. The computer was used until July 1962. Saburo Muroga, a University of Illinois visiting scholar and member of the ILLIAC I team, returned to Japan and oversaw the construction of MUSASINO-1.

Using 519 vacuum tubes and 5,400 parametrons, the MUSASINO-1 possessed a magnetic core memory, initially of 32 (later expanded to 256) words. A word was composed of 40 bits, and two instructions could be stored in a single word. Addition time was clocked at 1,350 microseconds, multiplication at 6,800 microseconds, and division time at 26.1 milliseconds.

The MUSASINO-1's instruction set was a superset of the ILLIAC I's instructions, so it could generally use the latter's software. However, many of the programs for the ILLIAC used some of the unused bits in the instructions to store data, and these would be interpreted as a different instructions by the MUSASINO-1 control circuitry.

See also
FUJIC
ILLIAC I
List of vacuum-tube computers

References

Raúl Rojas and Ulf Hashagen, ed. The First Computers: History and Architectures. 2000, MIT Press, .
In memory of Saburo Muroga, CS @ Illinois Alumni Magazine, Summer 2011

External links
 Descriptions of the MUSASINO-1 and its immediate successors at the IPSJ Computer Museum

IAS architecture computers
40-bit computers
Vacuum tube computers
Magnetic logic computers