omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
South Bend Lathe. South Bend Lathe is a brand of machine tools. Today's South Bend Lathe corporation is the successor to the original South Bend Lathe Works, an American machine tool builder that for many decades was one of the most important builders of metalworking lathes in the U.S. and in the world.

The South Bend Lathe Works was established in 1906 in South Bend, Indiana by identical twin brothers John J. O'Brien and Miles W. O'Brien. By 1930, the company was building 47% of the engine lathes sold each year in the United States. In a quarter century, South Bend Lathe Works had become the largest exclusive manufacturer of metalworking precision lathes in the world. In the 1920s through 1960s, South Bend lathes were found in countless machine shops and factories, and they were also one of the most commonly used brands in vocational schools.

The 9-inch lathe was so successful that many other companies made almost direct copies (clones), including the Boxford Lathe Model A in England; Purcell, Demco, and FW Hercus in Australia; Blomqvist and Storebro in Sweden; and Sanches Blanes S.A. in Brazil.

The company made a case study for business-management academics during the mid-1970s when it became employee-owned under an Employee Stock Ownership Plan model.

Later South Bend Lathe became a division of LeBlond Limited, which is part of the Makino corporation, a multinational machine tool–building firm.

In 2009, the brand was sold to Shiraz Balolia, founder of the machinery firms Grizzly Industrial Inc. and Woodstock International Inc.

Under LeBlond, South Bend Lathe produced precision machine tools, although it was not the giant of market share that it was during the 1920s through 1950s. The new owner, Balolia, planned to redevelop and manage the brand as one that appeals to the demand for high-end quality that many South Bend lathe enthusiasts share. A new line of South Bend brand machine tools is now sold through Grizzly dealers. Their niche in the manual-control machine tool market is what marketers sometimes term the "mass luxury" segment of a market, where low-end affordability blends into high-end desirability in a combination that buyers sense highest value. In South Bend Lathe's case, the affordability of machine tools from Taiwan or China mixes with the desirability of certain German and Japanese components (such as spindle bearings) and higher standards (compared to many Taiwanese or Chinese brands) in terms of tolerances, inspection, features, and rigidity.

U.S. Navy ships of different classes have South Bend lathes on board. NASA currently has at least one modern South Bend lathe in their equipment arsenal. The South Bend Lathe factory has been razed. A Notre Dame research facility is at that location.

References

External links
Official site
 South Bend Lathe clones
 Make Magazine, November 16, 2011. Links to How to Run a Lathe and other publications by South Bend Lathe Works. 
The South Bend Lathe Story: What Can We Learn from an ESOP "Failure"? By Norman G. Kurland, The Center for Economic and Social Justice

Companies based in St. Joseph County, Indiana
South Bend, Indiana
Machine tool builders
Tolland-class attack cargo ship. The Tolland-class attack cargo ships were built by North Carolina Shipbuilding Co. in Wilmington, North Carolina during the latter stages of World War II.

All these ships were built on the same standard hull design, but there were some differences from ship to ship. The armament varied, as did that of the other ships of the day. During 1944-1945, the 5"/38 was recognized as the best gun for the dual role of antiaircraft and naval gunfire support, and the 40 mm was seen as the best antiaircraft gun. The older 20 mm and .50 caliber guns had been recognized to be of limited value, and were being phased out, though they appeared on some of these ships. The 20 mm guns were later removed from all of them, but it is not clear just when this happened.

The complement varied as well, but the DANFS figures sometimes seem to confuse ship's company with embarked troops in determining a ship's complement.

Ships in Class

See also
 
 
 
 
 List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships

References

External links
United States Maritime Commission C2 Type Ships

Amphibious warfare vessel classes
9th Marine Aircraft Wing. The 9th Marine Aircraft Wing was an aviation unit of the United States Marine Corps based at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina.  The wing was commissioned during World War II as a training unit for Marine Aviation personnel headed to the Pacific Theater.

Mission
Train, equip and prepare Marine aviation units for combat

Subordinate units
 Marine Aircraft Groups MAG-33, MAG-34, MAG-35, MAG-51, MAG-52, MAG-53, MAG-62, MAG-91, MAG-92, MAG-93, MAG-94
 Marine Corps Aviation Bases: Atlantic, Bogue, Congaree, Eagle Mountain Lake, Greeneville, Kinston, Newport, New River, Oak Grove, Parris Island, Walnut Ridge.

History
The 9th Marine Aircraft Wing (9th MAW) was commissioned on 1 April 1944 at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina.  9th MAW replaced the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing in the role of training, equipping, and preparing East Coast Marine Corps Aviation units for combat.  It was also responsible for administering all of the airfields in the Cherry Point area.  In late 1944, 9th MAW was almost disbanded in favor of a Marine Air Training Command, East Coast but that idea was never acted upon.  The wing was decommissioned on 31 March 1946 in accordance with MarCorps Confidential Dispatch 052213 March 1946.  This coincided with the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing returning to the States and assuming control of Marine aviation units on the East Coast.

Commanding officers
 Colonel Christian F. Schilt – 1 April – 16 June 1944
 Brigadier General Lewie G. Merritt – 21 September 1944 – 16 January 1945
 Brigadier General Christian F. Schilt – 17 January – 15 February 1945
 Colonel Lawrence T. Burke – 16 February – 22 April 1945
 Brigadier General Harold D. Campbell – 23 April 1945 – 31 March 1946

See also

 List of United States Marine Corps aircraft wings
 List of United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons

Citations

References

Bibliography

Bibliography
 9th MAW Unit History

1e
009
Military units and formations of the United States Marine Corps in World War II
Charged current. Charged current interactions are one of the ways in which subatomic particles can interact by means of the weak force. These interactions are mediated by the  and  bosons.

In simple terms 

Charged current interactions are the most easily detected class of weak interactions. The weak force is best known for mediating nuclear decay. It has very short range, but is the only force (apart from gravity) to interact with neutrinos. The weak force is communicated via the W and Z exchange particles. Of these, the W-boson has either a positive or negative electric charge, and mediates neutrino absorption and emission by or with an electrically charged particle. During these processes, the W-boson induces electron or positron emission or absorption, or changing the flavour of a quark as well as its electrical charge, such as in beta decay or K-capture.

By contrast, the Z particle is electrically neutral, and exchange of a Z-boson leaves the interacting particles' quantum numbers unaffected, except for a transfer of momentum, spin, and energy.

Because exchange of W bosons involves a transfer of electric charge (as well as a transfer of weak isospin, while weak hypercharge is not transferred), it is known as "charged current". By contrast, exchanges of Z bosons involve no transfer of electrical charge, so it is referred to as a "neutral current". In the latter case, the word "current" has nothing to do with electricity – it simply refers to the Z bosons' movement between other particles.

Definition 
The name "charged current" arises due to currents of fermions coupled to the W bosons having electric charge. For example, the charged current contribution to the  →  elastic scattering amplitude is:

where the charged currents describing the flow of one fermion into the other are given by:

The W-Boson can couple to any particle with weak isospin (i.e. any left-handed Standard Model fermions).

See also
 Neutral current
 W and Z bosons

Notes

References

Electroweak theory
Amur State University. Amur State University () is a university in Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast, Russia.  Blagoveshchensk Technological Institute was founded on the basis of Blagoveshchensk Technical Faculty in 1975. In 1992 Blagoveshchensk Technological Institute was renamed into Blagoveshchensk Polytechnical Institute. Two years later the Polytechnical Institute developed into a full-fledged multidisciplinary university; the Amur State University.

Faculties 
 Mathematics and Computer Science
 Physical engineering
 International Relations
 Design and technology
 Social Sciences
 Philology
 Economy
 Energy
 Law
 Pre-university courses
 Professional development and professional retraining
 STR
 General Lyceum (grades 5–11)

External links

 Official website of Amur State University

Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Buildings and structures in Amur Oblast
Universities in the Russian Far East
Blagoveshchensk
Technical universities and colleges in Russia
Public universities and colleges in Russia
Diffraction standard. In crystallography, a diffraction standard, or calibration crystal, is a crystal used to calibrate an X-ray spectrometer to an absolute X-ray energy scale. A range of materials may be used including quartz or silicon crystals. There are also reports of crystals of silver behenate or silver stearate having been used for this purpose.

References

External links
 http://www.gwyndafevans.co.uk/thesis-html/node85.html 
 http://www.ccp14.ac.uk/solution/calibration/index.html
 http://bigbro.biophys.cornell.edu/documents/SAX_Calibrants/saxs_sphere.html

Measurement
X-ray crystallography
Westermoen Båtbyggeri og Mek Verksted. A/S Westermoen Båtbyggeri og Mek Verksted was a shipyard located in Mandal, Norway. Under the leadership of Toralf Westermoen in the 1950s, the yard has produced a long range of high speed boat types, such as:

 The Tjeld-class patrol boat, from 1957
 The Storm-class patrol boat, from 1963

Jan Herman Linge, later famous as designer of many sailboats and other recreational vessel, served as head engineer from 1949 to 1956, and was responsible for the design of the Tjeld class.

See also
 Westamarin
 Kværner Båtservice

References

Defunct companies of Norway
Shipbuilding companies of Norway
Shipyards of Norway
PTF boat
Blau gas. Blau gas () is an artificial illuminating gas that is similar to propane. It was named after its inventor, Hermann Blau of Augsburg, Germany. Rarely used or produced today, it was manufactured by decomposing mineral oils in retorts by heat, and compressing the resulting naphtha until it liquefied. It was transported in liquid condition, and, like LPG, when released returns to a gaseous state.

The density relative to air is 0.963, giving an average molecular weight of 27.9. One litre at 0 °C and 760 mm Hg contains 1.246 grams, of which 1.042 is carbon and 0.204 is hydrogen, giving an average of 1.94 carbon atoms and 4.54 hydrogen atoms per molecule. Blau gas contains about 50% olefins (alkenes), 37% methane and other alkanes, 6% hydrogen, while the rest is air. The heat of combustion is 12,318 kcal, or 51.5 MJ, per kg.

Blau gas has a rather water-like color. It was historically stored in steel cylinders for shipment, and, around the turn of the century, had the advantage of possessing the highest specific energy of all artificially produced gases. Chemically, Blau gas is similar to coal gas, but, unlike coal gas, is free from carbon monoxide. Furthermore, Blau gas is difficult to bring to explosion.

It was obtained from thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons (especially distillates from lignite and oil shale, but also other mineral oils). In contrast to the procedure for oil gas, which was produced by the Pintsch company from 1909, was also shipped in steel cylinders and had distillation temperatures of 900 to 1000 degrees Celsius to gasify the oil as completely as possible, the Blaugas process used lower temperatures of 550 °C to 600 °C and greater precompression. Easily condensable (gasoline-like) hydrocarbons were separated in the process (initially by additional cooling) before final compression in the liquefied gas cylinders.

Blau gas was burned for lighting and heating; a less-pure form known as Pintsch gas fuelled illuminated buoys and beacons (for navigation), railroad car lights and stoves in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Blau gas is most famous, however, as the buoyancy compensating fuel for the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin. Because its density is approximately the same as that of air, burning Blau gas and thereby replacing its volume with air does not lighten the gas cells of an airship, thereby eliminating the need to adjust buoyancy or ballast in-flight.

See also 
 August Riedinger
 History of manufactured gas
 K-1 (airship)

References

External links
 Use of Blau gas on airship LZ-127 Graf Zeppelin

Fuel gas
Lighting
Aviation fuels
Synthetic fuels
Synthetic fuel technologies
Airship technology
Émile Amagat. Émile Hilaire Amagat (2 January 1841 in Saint-Satur – 15 February 1915) was a French physicist. His doctoral thesis, published in 1872, expanded on the work of Thomas Andrews, and included plots of the isotherms of carbon dioxide at high pressures. Amagat published a paper in 1877 that contradicted the current understanding at the time, concluding that the coefficient of compressibility of fluids decreased with increasing pressure. He continued to publish data on isotherms for a number of different gases between 1879 and 1882, and invented the hydraulic manometer, which was able to withstand up to 3200 atmospheres, as opposed to 400 atmospheres using a glass apparatus. In 1880 he published his law of partial volumes, now known as Amagat's law.

For his studies, he developed many original piezometer devices. His originality went so far as to use the depth of a mine shaft being drilled to reach high pressures of 430 atmospheres in order to study the equations of state of certain gases. His expertise led him to collaborate with the physicist Peter Tait in the development of a piezometer suitable for measuring the compressibility of liquids.

Amagat was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences on 9 June 1902. A unit of number density, amagat, was named after him. He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1897.

The French Academy of Sciences gave him the posthumous award of the Prix Jean Reynaud for 1915.

In film
 In 2016 Polish film Marie Curie, Amagat was played by Daniel Olbrychski.

References

External links
 

1841 births
1915 deaths
People from Cher (department)
Members of the Ligue de la patrie française
Foreign members of the Royal Society
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Project M (disambiguation). Project M is a video game modification of the 2008 fighting game Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

Project M may also refer to:
Project M (NASA), a proposed project by NASA to send a robonaut to the Moon
Project M, the fictional creators of DC Comics Creature Commandos
Project M, developers of the Metroid: Other M game
ProjectM, an OpenGL version of the music visualizer MilkDrop
Casio BASIC. Casio BASIC is a programming language used in the Casio calculators such as the ClassPad, PRIZM Series, fx-9860G Series, fx-5800P, Algebra FX and CFX graphing calculators.
It is also known as "BasicLike" in some models.

This programming language has nothing to do with the more or less standard BASIC, which incorporated from the beginning of the 80s, the so-called "Pocket computers" or "Pocket PC" from Casio, among which the FX series can be found. -702P, Series 100 (PB-100), Series 700 (PB-100), and many others. The version of BASIC of these machines is called Casio POCKETPC BASIC

The language is a linear structured, BASIC-based programming language. It was devised to allow users to program in commonly performed calculations, such as the Pythagorean theorem and complex trigonometric calculations.

Output from the program can be in the form of scrolling or located text, graphs, or by writing data to lists and matrices in the calculator memory. Casio also makes label printers which can be used with rolls of paper for the Casio BASIC calculators. Programs, variables, data, and other items can be exchanged from one calculator to another (via SB-62 cable) and to and from a computer (via USB cable). All new models of Casio graphing calculators have both ports and include both cables.

The Casio calculators, as with those of many of the other big three manufacturers' machines, can acquire data from instruments via a data logger to which probes for temperature, light intensity, pH, sound intensity (dBA), voltage and other electrical parameters, as well as other readings, and custom probes to attach to the data logger  can be built and configured for use with the data logger and calculator. Existing instruments can also be modified to interface with the calculator-data logger, in order to collect such data including such things as weather instruments and means of collecting data such as pulse, blood pressure, galvanic skin resistance, EKG and so on.

Like Tiny BASIC, the BASIC interpreter for Casio BASIC restricts variable names to the letters A-Z with just one predefined array (in Casio BASIC, Z, as compared to A in Level I BASIC and @ in Palo Alto Tiny BASIC). For Casio's graphical calculators, italic x, y, r and θ are also used as variable names for certain calculations. Therefore, extending the array size of predefined variable names from 26 to 30.

Numerical data can be stored in the lists and matrices available on Casio calculators. This data can be used to create sprites for non-text programs. In this way, the language can also be used to create games, such as Pong, Monopoly and role-playing games.

Additionally, characters can be stored as strings in the string memory.

Examples
Hello world program in Casio BASIC:

 "Hello, world!"

Program to calculate the Fibonacci sequence:

Program to calculate the Pythagorean theorem:

References

External links
 A tutorial for making games with Casio BASIC
 A source for games and programs written in Casio BASIC. (Not tested/verified)
 A complete explanation of Casio BASIC and POCKET BASIC history

See also
 TI-BASIC
 BASIC

BASIC
BASIC programming language family
Toralf Westermoen. Toralf Westermoen (July 5, 1914 – May 6, 1986) was a pioneer for the development of high speed craft in Norway. Westermoen was involved in the companies Båtservice Verft,  Westermoen Båtbyggeri og Mek. Verksted ,  Westermoen Hydrofoil  and  Westamarin , all situated in Mandal.

On his own initiative, Westermoen started development of ahigh speed motor-torpedo vessel early in the 1950s. The prototype, Nasty was the start of the Tjeld class patrol boat that was put into production in 1957. The top speed was around 45 knots. Jan Herman Linge was the main designer for Westermoens from 1949 to 1956.

The Nasty/Tjeld-class was in continuous production until 1970, and in addition to sales to the Norwegian navy, it was exported to Germany, Greece, Turkey and the United States.

In the period 1965 to 1970, Westermoen Hydrofoil built 6 Storm class patrol boats. The Storm class we used as the basis for the Westamaran catamaran, which was essentially a Storm-class hull divided in the middle and separated to form a much wider catamaran, suited for passenger transport.

The first generation Westamaran catamarans were not as quick as the competing hydrofoils, but their capacity was larger, maintenance easier, and they were more comfortable. The second generation catamarans, with symmetrical hulls, matched the hydrofoils in speed, reaching 35-40 knots.

Toralf Westermoen was CEO in the various companies until 1969 when he was elected to the Norwegian parliament for Kristelig Folkeparti, where he served until 1981.

The technology and heritage that Westermoen initiated, lives on in the company Umoe Mandal, who are building third generation catamaran craft that also includes SES-technology, such as the Skjold class patrol boats.

His son Thore Westermoen also became involved in politics.

References

1914 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Norwegian engineers
Christian Democratic Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting 1977–1981
Members of the Storting 1973–1977
Members of the Storting 1969–1973
Jan Herman Linge. Jan Herman Linge (28 January 1922 in Trondheim, Norway – 25 June 2007 in Asker, Norway) was a Norwegian engineer and boat designer.

Early life and career
Linge was born in Trondheim, Norway. He was the son of Martin Linge  who was  known for his war effort in Kompani Linge.

He was a member of the merchant navy for two years before undertaking a naval architecture course while financing his studies by working in a shipyard.

During World War II, he joined the Norwegian resistance movement and was trained as a saboteur in the United Kingdom. He was captured on a mission and spent some time in a German prison camp.  Linge completed his studies in 1949.

Design work
Linge was an engineer from 1949 to 1956 in Westermoen Båtbyggeri og Mek Verksted, and was responsible for the design of the Tjeld class patrol boat.
He later started his own boat design house, Jan H. Linge A/S, and has designed many recreational vessel for other  companies.

Sail boats
He was also a very active designer of sail boats. The designs by Linge are known by the "ling" suffix, such as Brisling, Firling, Fjordling, Gambling 34, Lærling, Mekling, Smiling, Wesling and Willing. The Soling was selected as Olympic class in 1968, and participated in 8 Olympic games. The Yngling became an international class in 1979, and an Olympic class in the Athens Olympics in 2004.

In 1998 he was made a Knight 1st Class in the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav.

References

External links 
 Jan Herman Linge død, seilas.no

1922 births
2007 deaths
People from Trondheim
Norwegian yacht designers
 Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal