omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Charles Joseph Fletcher. Charles Joseph Fletcher (December 21, 1922 – April 20, 2011) was an American inventor and the owner and chief executive of an aeronautical equipment manufacturing and engineering company, Technology General Corporation, in Franklin, New Jersey. While a naval aviator he came up with the idea of the "Glidemobile", a vehicle using air for support. This was not made public until used in defence in a patent claim from British manufacturers of hovercraft, Fletcher holds over seventy patents.

Biography
He was born on December 21, 1922, to Horace Fletcher and Florence Romyns. He served as a Lieutenant Commander with the United States Navy during World War II and the Korean War. Fletcher earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from New York University in 1950.

He was the president of Technology General Corporation, a small ($2 million annual revenue) manufacturer of drawn metal products, spray coating systems, power mixers, and commercial ice crushing equipment. Fletcher penned his autobiography, Quest for Survival, in 2002.

A contributor to the X-15 rocket, Fletcher also worked on the test version of the Apollo Lunar Module, and holds seventeen aeronautical patents on vertical lift and rocket engines. Fletcher was inducted into the Aviation Hall of Fame of New Jersey in 1992 and the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame in 1993.

A resident of Fredon Township, New Jersey, he died on April 20, 2011, at Saint Clare's Hospital at Boonton Township in Boonton, New Jersey, at 88.

Publication

References

1922 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American inventors
American aerospace engineers
American manufacturing businesspeople
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
American autobiographers
People from Franklin, New Jersey
People from Sussex County, New Jersey
People from Sparta, New Jersey
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Engineers from New Jersey
EL/M-2083. The EL/M-2083 is an aerostat-mounted Airborne early warning and control radar. Another system of this kind is the Tethered Aerostat Radar System.

It is an early warning and control active electronically scanned array radar designed to detect hostile approaching aircraft from long ranges, especially when they approach at low altitudes. Data gathered by the radar is transmitted to a central air defense command & control center where it is used to maintain an extended comprehensive air situation picture.

Once a potential threat has been detected the onboard system alerts responders in a timely manner.

Detection range for fighter aircraft is in excess of 250 km (135 Nm).

It is based on the EL/M-2080 Green Pine.

Operators

Philippine Navy

References

New EL/M-2083 Phased Array Air Defense Radar To Be Fielded On Israel Air Force's Extended Air Defense System

Military radars of Israel
Elta products
Aerostat radars
Java Analysis Studio. Java Analysis Studio (JAS) is an object oriented  data analysis package developed for the analysis of particle physics data. The latest major version is JAS3.

JAS3 is a fully AIDA-compliant data analysis system. It is popular for data analysis in areas of particle physics which are familiar with the Java programming language.

The Studio uses many other libraries from the FreeHEP project.

External links 
 
 Java Analysis Studio 3 website
 AIDA: Abstract Interfaces for Data Analysis — open interfaces and formats for particle physics data processing

Data analysis software
Experimental particle physics
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Free statistical software
Numerical software
Physics software
Spillage. In industrial production, spillage is the loss of production output due to production of a series of defective or unacceptable products which must be rejected. Spillage is an often costly event which occurs in manufacturing when a process degradation or failure occurs that is not immediately detected and corrected, and in which defective or reject product therefore continues to be produced for some extended period of time.

Spillage results in costs due to lost production volume, excessive scrap, delayed delivery of product, and wastage of human and capital equipment resources. Minimization of the occurrence and duration of manufacturing spillage requires that closed-loop control and associated process monitoring and metrology functions be integrated into critical steps of the overall manufacturing process. The extent to which process control is complete and metrology is high resolution so as to be comprehensive determines the extent to which spillages will be prevented.

Waste
Phillips Gadabout. The Phillips Gadabout was one of a number of mopeds produced in the early 1960s by Phillips Cycles of Birmingham, England.  The Gadabout was the more expensive model, boasting two-speed manual transmission and telescopic front fork suspension.  The Gadabout had a pressed-steel frame, not unlike the German NSU Quickly  whereas the more basic Phillips Panda, had a tubular bicycle-style frame.  After Phillips Cycles became part of the Raleigh Industries/Tube Investments group, the Gadabout became a French Mótobecane Mobylette badged as a Phillips.

Mopeds
Exotic material. Exotic Materials are metals that have high strength and hardness. It does not mean any metal that is rare, but rather strong in its characteristics. Exotic Materials are used for high performance tasks.

Exotic Materials can include plastics, superalloys, semiconductors, superconductors, and ceramics.

Exotic metals and alloys 
Examples of metals and alloys that can be exotic:
Chromium
Cobalt
Hastelloy
Inconel
Mercury (element) (aka quicksilver, hydrargyrum)
Molybdenum
Monel
Platinum
Tantalum
Stainless Steel
Titanium
Tungsten or Wolframite
Waspaloy
Materials with high alloy content, known as super alloys or exotic alloys, offer enhanced performance properties including excellent strength and durability, and resistance to oxidation, corrosion and deforming at high temperatures or under extreme pressure. Because of these properties, super alloys make the best spring materials for demanding working conditions, which can be encountered across various industry sectors, including the automotive, marine and aerospace sectors as well as oil and gas extraction, thermal processing, petrochemical processing and power generation.

Notes

See also 
 Exotic matter

Materials
Uzi Rubin. Uzi Rubin (; born 1937) is an Israeli defense engineer and analyst.

Defense industry involvement

Uzi Rubin has been involved in Israeli military research, development, and engineering programs for almost forty years. Between 1991 and 1999, he served as head of Israel's Missile Defense Organization, and in that capacity he oversaw the development of Israel's Arrow anti-missile defense system. He was awarded the Israel Defense Prize in 1996. He is a fellow of the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies at Bar Ilan University.

See also
Jerusalem Institute for Strategy and Security

References

External links
Rubin's article on Iraqi Missile systems

21st-century Israeli engineers
1957 births
Living people
Israel Defense Prize recipients
High Bullough Reservoir. High Bullough Reservoir is the oldest of all the reservoirs in the Rivington chain, having been authorised by an Act of Parliament obtained in 1846 and completed in 1850. It was built for Chorley Waterworks by the engineer John Frederick Bateman, who had estimated the cost of the project while working for Edwin Chadwick's Towns Improvement Company, and had then acted as Engineer for the project. The outlet consisted of a pipe running through the dam, and supported by two masonry piers where it ran through the central clay puddle. The outlet valve was at the downstream end of the dam, and although this configuration is no longer thought to be good practice, there have been no serious issues with the reservoir throughout its operational life. The earth dam had a maximum height of , was  long and impounded  of water.

Popular with walkers, it forms part of the Anglezarke trail, although it is also accessible from Manor House. It was originally named Chorley Reservoir. There are a number of websites that state that High Bullough Reservoir is no longer used to supply drinking water, but the reservoir was still contained in a list of reservoirs in the Rivington Chain when United Utilities issued an application for a drought permit to reduce compensation flows to the River Yarrow in mid-2018.

A huge staircase, made from timber, was created between the reservoir and nearby Manor House. Known as Jacob's Ladder, the remains can be seen on the east side of the water.

Bibliography

References

Tourist attractions in Chorley
Drinking water reservoirs in England
Reservoirs in Lancashire
Scaled Composites ATTT. The Scaled Composites Model 133-4.62 ATTT, or Advanced Technology Tactical Transport was a technology demonstration project built by Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites in 1986 under contract to DARPA.

Design and development
In the mid-1980s, the American government agency DARPA, developed a concept for a tandem wing STOL transport, intended to act as a technology demonstrator and to meet a requirement for a long-range high-speed transport for US special forces, intended to fill the gap between helicopters and larger transport aircraft such as the C-130 Hercules. In 1986, DARPA placed a contract with Scaled Composites, a company set up by Burt Rutan and owned by Beechcraft to build prototypes for advanced aircraft, for a 62% scale proof-of-concept demonstrator for the concept, called the Advanced Technology Tactical Transport (shortened to ATTT or AT3).

The ATTT had high-aspect ratio tandem wings, joined by long nacelles which carried the aircraft's tractor configuration turboprop engines, large fuel tanks, and the main undercarriage units for the aircraft's retractable tricycle landing gear. As first built, it had a conventional, cruciform tail. A novel arrangement of eight fast acting fowler flaps was fitted, inboard and outboard of the engines on each of the wings. These would be extended rearwards in a low-drag configuration prior to commencing the take-off run then quickly lowered to increase lift at the point of take-off. The aircraft was of composite construction, mainly glassfibre and carbon fibre. It was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-135 turboprops. 

The ATTT demonstrator made its maiden flight on December 29, 1987 from Mojave Airport, base of Scaled Composites. It completed its initial test program of 51 test flights, with a total of 112 flying hours, on November 8, 1988. It was then rebuilt with a revised tail, with a twin-boom configuration replacing the original single cruciform tail unit, with the fuselage shortened and a rear-loading ramp fitted. The revised layout improved handling, lowering minimum single-engine safety speed (which was previously significantly higher than the stall speed). A further 13 test flights were flown to evaluate the revised layout.

The aircraft has been de-registered and is currently in storage at the Air Force Flight Test Center Museum at Edwards Air Force Base.

Specifications (Final configuration)

References

External links

 Model 133 at Scaled Composites' website 
 Aerofiles information
 Goleta Air and Space Museum information and images

ATTT
1980s United States experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1987
Tandem-wing aircraft
High-wing aircraft
ATTT
Twin-boom aircraft
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Tadiran Mastiff. The Tadiran Mastiff is a battlefield UAV built by Tadiran Electronic Industries of Israel, and regarded by some military historians as the world's first modern military surveillance drone.

Design and development
The Mastiff first flew in 1973. It featured a data-link system and miniaturized electronics that fed live and high-resolution video coverage of the targeted area to operators. It is thus seen by some as the first modern surveillance UAV. The combination of its long flight endurance of over seven hours and real-time video streaming gave Israeli forces unprecedented depth of coverage, speed of information delivery and on-station surveillance time.

The Mastiff was powered by a German-made "Limbach" two-cylinder, two-stroke motor with thrust generated by a two blade pusher propeller manufactured by "Propeller Engineering & Duplicating, Inc." of San Clemente, California, USA.

As a result of the 1973 Yom Kippur War the Israeli Defence Forces came with an operational requirement to give the field commanders the ability to look "over the hill". The first operational requirements called for a vehicle that would be able to carry a  payload to ranges of .

Tadiran started developing the Mastiff Mini RPV (Remote Piloted Vehicle) after being approached by a group of entrepreneurs who were looking for Tadiran to provide the Mastiff radio command.

The programme was also sold to the United States Navy with deployments aboard aircraft carriers and the RPV squadron at Camp Talega (within Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton) in Southern California.

Three generations of the Mastiff developed by Tadiran were in operational use by the IDF performing numerous operational missions, the most well known of them was flown during the first Lebanon war when Yasser Arafat was viewed by the Mastiff video camera.

Previous Operators 
Israel Army

Republic of Singapore Air Force

United States Navy

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 Israeli UAVs: Mastiff, Scout, and Searcher series

1970s Israeli military reconnaissance aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of Israel
FWT. FWT may refer to:
 Fair wear and tear, in government and aviation industries
 Fast Walsh–Hadamard transform, a mathematical algorithm
 Fast wavelet transform, a mathematical algorithm
 First Welfare Theorem, a theorem of welfare economics
 Fixed wireless terminal, another name for a wireless local loop
 The Formation World Tour, a concert tour by Beyoncé
 Freeride World Tour, an annual freeriding competition
 Freies Werkstatt Theater, in Cologne, Germany
 the station code for Waterloo railway station, Belgium
Slip melting point. The Slip melting point (SMP) or "slip point" is one conventional definition of the melting point of a waxy solid.  It is determined by casting a 10 mm column of the solid in a glass tube with an internal diameter of about 1 mm and a length of about 80 mm, and then
immersing it in a temperature-controlled water bath.  The slip point is
the temperature at which the column of the solid begins to rise in the tube
due to buoyancy, and because the outside surface of the solid is molten.

This is a popular method for fats and waxes, because they  tend to be mixtures of compounds with a range of molecular masses, without well-defined melting points.

References

Phase transitions
Threshold temperatures
UK Centre for Materials Education. The UK Centre for Materials Education (UKCME) was one of 24 subject centres within the Higher Education Academy (HEA). It  supported teaching and learning in Materials Science and related disciplines. The Centre was established in 2000 as part of the Learning and Teaching Support Network (LTSN), later subsumed within the HEA.  It was directed from its inception by Professor Peter Goodhew and ceased operating in 2010.

The Centre was based at the University of Liverpool and worked with individual academics, departments, professional bodies, employers and students to develop and share excellent practice that would enhance the learning experience.

The Centre funded and supported programmes to develop and evaluate innovative approaches to teaching Materials Science.  The Centre also maintained an extensive database of resources relevant to materials education. Lecturers could find material to use in their teaching, whilst students would find items to help support their learning. The database also included resources on the processes of learning and teaching for those wishing to further develop their approach.

External links 
UKCME Website at: http://www.materials.ac.uk/
 The Engineering Subject Centre
 The Centre for Bioscience
 The Physical Sciences Centre

Materials science organizations
Science and technology in Merseyside
Science education in the United Kingdom
University of Liverpool
Murphy Rebel. The Murphy Rebel is a two- or three-seat, strut braced, high wing, taildragger monoplane which is sold in kit form by Murphy Aircraft in Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada.

Development

The Rebel is a STOL aircraft and was designed to be a personal-use bush plane. It can operate from short, unimproved airstrips and can carry a useful load of up to 750 lbs.

The aircraft features a strut-braced high-wing, a two or three seat enclosed cabin accesses via doors, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration. The aircraft is made from sheet aluminum. Its  span wing employs a NACA 4415 mod airfoil, has an area of  and is equipped with flaps.

The recommended engines for the Rebel are the  Lycoming O-320, the  Lycoming O-235 and the  Rotax 912, although  Bayerl et al. note that the aircraft does not perform well with less than .

Specifications (Rebel)

Similar aircraft
 Aviat Husky
 American Champion Citabria and Scout
 Bede BD-4
 Capella XS
 Fisher Dakota Hawk
 Murphy Elite
 Murphy Maverick
 Piper Cub
 ULBI Wild Thing

References

External links

 

1990s Canadian civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1990
Rebel
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
John J. McMullen & Associates. John J. McMullen Associates, Incorporated (JJMA) was a naval architecture firm in the United States, specializing in ship design and marine-related technical consulting between 1957 and 2005.  Founded in 1957 in New York City by Dr. John J. McMullen, JJMA developed a strong reputation in commercial ship design and management of ship construction projects for ship operators. 

In the 1970s, JJMA extended its capabilities to technical and program support of US Navy ship construction programs for the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) through an office in Arlington, Virginia. Success in naval programs support led to them as l further expansion with JJMA operations supporting NAVSEA in Pascagoula, Mississippi, Bath, Maine, Port Hueneme, California, Newport News, Virginia and several other U.S. shipbuilding centers. JJMA also added a Houston, Texas operation to support the offshore oil industry, as well as specialty consulting services in New York for port planning, and support for naval modernization by allied nations. By 1982, JJMA had approximately 300 employees.

By the mid-1980s, JJMA was active in naval combat systems installation integration and was a key member of the NAVSEA  Battleship Modernization Program. A corporate headquarters building was acquired in Alexandria, VA. In 1988, JJMA was acquired by Talley Industries of Phoenix, AZ, who continued to operate JJMA as a separate unit. At this point, JJMA had grown to seven hundred employees; mostly engineers and skilled designers. In 1998, when parent Talley Industries was acquired by Carpenter Steel, JJMA employees made an offer to purchase the company and JJMA became 100% employee-owned firm organized as an employee stock ownership plan.

JJMA was one of the original tenants of the World Trade Center towers, and maintained offices in the WTC until the infamous 9/11 terrorist attack in 2001. JJMA offices in WTC 2 were evacuated safely and no JJMA personnel were injured in the event.

In 2005, JJMA was purchased by McLean, Virginia-based Alion Science and Technology Corporation, another ESOP company with broad participation in Department of Defense programs and was designated their JJMA Maritime Sector or JMS; retiring the JJMA identity that was in the maritime industry for almost fifty years.

In 2019, the Naval Systems Business Unit was sold to Serco, a British provider of public service. Serco re-branded the division Maritime, Engineering, Technology and Sustainment (METS).

References 

Employee-owned companies of the United States
Blackwater (coal). Blackwater is a form of pollution produced in coal preparation.  In its purification, coal is crushed in a coal preparation plant and then separated and transported as a coal slurry,  From the slurry, incombustible materials are removed and the coal can be sized.  After the recovery of the coal particles from this slurry, the remaining water is black, contains very fine particles of coal.  This blackwater cannot be processed in a water treatment plant.

Disasters

Impoundments for storage of blackwater and other coal-related wastes have a troubled history with often severe environmental consequences.

In February 1972, three dams holding a mixture of coal slurry in Logan County, West Virginia, failed in succession:  of toxic water were released in the Buffalo Creek Flood.  As discussed in the book The Buffalo Creek Flood: An Act of Man, out of a population of 5,000 people, 125 people were killed, 1,121 were injured, and over 4,000 were left homeless. The flood caused 50 million dollars in damages. Despite evidence of negligence, the Pittston Coal Company, which owned the compromised dam, called the event an "Act of God".

In 2002, a  high,  long valley fill in Lyburn, West Virginia, failed and slid into a sediment pond at the toe of the fill, generating a large wave of water and sediment that destroyed several cars and houses.

Other slurry disasters
 Buffalo Creek Flood
 Aberfan Disaster
 Martin County sludge spill
 Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill
 Little Blue Run Lake

Future technologies

The ultimate solution to the blackwater problem is to process coal without the use of water.  Such dry-separation technologies are under development.

References

Notes
 Public Health & Coal Slurry > Coal Slurry ::: Journey Up Coal River
 Coal and Air Pollution | Union of Concerned Scientists
 Department for Natural Resources. Report Of The Black Water Task Force. Rep. Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet, 2005. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.
 Hales, Simon, J. Gohlke, A. Pruess-Ustun, D. Campbell-Lendrum, and A. Woodward. "Mitigation of Climate Change and the Potential Reduction in Global Health Impact of Particulate Air Pollution from Coal Fired Power Station." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6.58 (2009): 582014. Print.
 King, A. J., Tonkin, Z., and Lieshcke, J. (2012). Short-term effects of a prolonged blackwater event on aquatic fauna in the Murray River, Australia: considerations for future events. Marine and Freshwater Research 63, 576–586.
 Orem, Williams. Research Geochemist, USGS. Coal Slurry: Geochemistry and Impact on Human Health and Environmental Quality.
 Ryan, Barry, Ross Leeder, John T. Price, and John F. Gransden. "The Effect Of Coal Preparation On The Quality Of Clean Coal And Coke." British Columbia Geological Survey, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.
 "Uses of Coal." World Coal Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2013.

Environmental impact of the coal industry
Pollution
Water pollution
North Eastern Electricity Board. North Eastern Electricity Board was an electricity distribution utility in England, serving the North East of England.

History
Formed as the North Eastern Electricity Board (NEEB) in 1948 as part of the nationalisation of the electricity industry by the Electricity Act 1947, it was privatised in 1990 and renamed as Northern Electric.

Nationalised industry 
The NEEB was responsible for the purchase of electricity from the electricity generator (the Central Electricity Generating Board from 1958) and its distribution and sale of electricity to customers. The key people on the Board were: Chairman G.M. Green (1964, 1967), Deputy Chairman E. Bates (1964, 1967), Full time member J. F. Skipsey (1964).

The total number of customers supplied by the Board was:

The amount of electricity, in GWh, sold by North Eastern Electricity Board over its operational life was:

Fleet vehicles

The NEEB transport fleet was easily identified by its distinctive orange colour and company logo.

References

 National Archives

Electric power companies of the United Kingdom
Utilities of the United Kingdom