omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hongjie Dai. Hongjie Dai (; born 2 May 1966 in Shaoyang, China) is a Chinese–American nanotechnologist and applied physicist. He is the J.G. Jackson & C.J. Wood Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University. A leading figure in the study of carbon nanotubes, Dai is ranked as one of the top chemists in the world by Science Watch. He is currently the scientific advisor and co-founder to Nirmidas Biotech, Inc., which aims to commercialize his breakthrough research on NIR-II dyes and plasmonic gold (pGOLD) to applications in healthcare and in vitro diagnostics.

Dai received a B.S. in physics from Tsinghua University in 1989, then went to the United States through the CUSPEA program organized by Prof. T. D. Lee. He finished an M.S. in applied sciences from Columbia University in 1991, and a PhD in applied physics from Harvard University in 1994 under the direction of Prof. Charles Lieber. After postdoctoral research at Harvard, he joined the Stanford faculty as an assistant professor in 1997.

Among his awards are the American Chemical Society's ACS Award in pure chemistry, 2002, the Julius Springer Prize for Applied Physics, 2004, and the American Physical Society's James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials, 2006. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009, and to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2011. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2016, and in 2019 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Medicine and a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

References

1966 births
Living people
21st-century American physicists
American nanotechnologists
Carbon scientists
American people of Chinese descent
Chemists from Hunan
Chinese nanotechnologists
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Harvard University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Shaoyang
Physicists from Hunan
Stanford University Department of Chemistry faculty
Tsinghua University alumni
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
ESR Technology. ESR Technology was formerly the engineering, safety and risk business of AEA Technology, which was formed from the commercial arm of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.  It specializes in the provision of technical expertise, products, and services to help customers ensure asset integrity, improve machine reliability, manage safety and risk, and transfer best practice. It has customers across many sectors, including oil and gas, rail, utilities, aviation, and space and defence. It operates three centres of excellence: the National Centre of Tribology, European Space Tribology Laboratory, and the National Non-Destructive Test Centre.

The company's main operations are located at Warrington (Head Office) in Lancashire, Milton (Oxfordshire) in England, and Aberdeen in Scotland.



History
The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) was established in 1954 as a UK government research organization responsible for the development of nuclear fusion power. The National Non-Destructive Testing Centre (NNDTC) was created at UKAEA's Harwell research establishment in 1967. The centre's formation created a central NDT research base in the UK. In 1982 from within the NNDTC the Harwell Offshore Inspection Service (HOIS) was formed as a joint industry project to improve the effectiveness of in-service inspection for the oil and gas industry. The UKAEA's Safety and Risk Directorate was at the forefront of developments such as Quantified Risk Assessment (QRA) that were transferred from the nuclear industry and applied within major hazard industries such as petrochemical, process, and oil and gas.

In 1966 the Jost Report was published, commissioned by the UK government which led to the development of Tribology as an inter-disciplinary study of friction, wear, and lubrication and the establishment of three tribology centres in the UK. The National Centre of Tribology (NCT) was one of them. Following from this in 1972 the European Space Research Organisation (now ESA) made the decision to create a Centre of Excellence in Space tribology to support Europe's early space industry. NCT won the contracts for this and the European Space Tribology Laboratory (ESTL) was created.

These four different divisions (NCT, HOIS, ESTL, and SRD) were joined in 1996 by the formation of AEA Technology, an offshoot of UKAEA offering expertise in a wide variety of areas including tribology, non-destructive testing, and quantified risk assessments.

In 2005 ESR Technology was formed out of a divestment by AEA Technology creating an independent engineering consultancy business specializing in forensic engineering, tribology, space tribology, safety and risk management, and non-destructive testing.

References

External links
 Official Company Website

Service companies of the United Kingdom
Silicon Integration Initiative. Silicon Integration Initiative (Si2) is a non-profit consortium of semiconductor, systems, EDA, and manufacturing companies, focused on improving the way integrated circuits are designed and manufactured. Si2 was founded in 1988 as CAD Framework Initiative, Inc., abbreviated as CFI. On the 34th Design Automation Conference (DAC) in 1997 the name changed to Si2.

External links
Si2 official website

Technology consortia
Electronic design automation companies
Standards organizations in the United States
Material World (radio programme). Material World was a weekly science magazine programme broadcast on Thursday afternoons on BBC Radio 4. Its regular presenter was Quentin Cooper, with contributions from scientists who were researching areas discussed in each programme.

History
The programme began in April 1998 as The Material World, presented by Trevor Phillips. Phillips was a chemistry graduate of Imperial College, and also one of the few regular black broadcasters on Radio 4.

In September 2000, Phillips was told that his close links with the Labour Party conflicted with BBC impartiality rules and meant he could no longer present BBC programmes. He was replaced with Quentin Cooper, who presented the programme until its end in 2013.

From 5 April 2010 the programme was repeated on Monday evenings at 21.00, the former slot of Costing the Earth. For a short time, when programmes on 5 Live began webstreaming with video, Material World was also webcast.

On 14 June 2013 it was announced that the show was to be cancelled and replaced by a new show, Inside Science. The last programme presented by Quentin Cooper was broadcast on 20 June 2013 with the final episode airing a week later on 27 June 2013, presented by Gareth Mitchell.

Material World was one of the BBC's main conduits for up-to-date scientific news, along with Frontiers, Science in Action, and Bang Goes the Theory.

Structure
A typical episode covered three or four topics, giving each 7–10 minutes. For many years the programme was divided into two sections of fifteen minutes on separate topics. It took the form of interviewing a guest scientist or engineer.  Cooper often ended the programme with a terrible scientific pun.

Many past programmes are available for online listening via the programme's website. Some sequential sets of programmes were made in collaboration with the Open University.

See also
 Association of British Science Writers

References

External links
 BBC Radio 4's Material World official site
 BBC Radio 4's Material World Archive page
 Co-operation with the Open University
 Assistance with the Open University
 So You Want To Be A Scientist?

BBC Radio 4 programmes
Educational broadcasting in the United Kingdom
Science podcasts
Science in society
1998 radio programme debuts
Science and technology in the United Kingdom
Open University
Science radio programs
William Draper Harkins. William Draper Harkins (December 28, 1873 – March 7, 1951) was an American physical chemist, noted for his contributions to surface chemistry and nuclear chemistry. He is also recognized now as one of the first environmental chemists. Harkins researched the structure of the atomic nucleus and was the first to propose the principle of nuclear fusion, four years before Jean Baptiste Perrin published his theory in 1919-20. His findings enabled, among other things, the development of the H-bomb.  As a visiting professor with Fritz Haber in 1909, he was introduced to the study of surface tension, and he began work on the theory of solutions and solubility during a visit to MIT in 1909-1910.

Harkins was born in Titusville, Pennsylvania, and graduated with a PhD from Stanford University in 1907. He subsequently taught chemistry at the University of Montana from 1900 to 1912, and then spent the rest of his career at the University of Chicago.

Harkins correctly predicted the existence of the neutron in 1920 (as a proton–electron complex) and was the first to use the word "neutron" in connection with the atomic nucleus. The neutron was detected experimentally by James Chadwick in 1932. In the beginning of the 1930s, Harkins constructed the second ever cyclotron with fellow University of Chicago scientist Robert James Moon, improving greatly on the design of the previous one. From experiments with this, he concluded that the sun might be powered by nuclear fusion.  Among other University of Chicago scientists who made use of this cyclotron was Enrico Fermi, who performed neutron diffusion experiments.  Since 1978, the magnet yoke of the cyclotron Harkins built has been on display at Fermilab.
Harkins was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1921 and the American Philosophical Society in 1925.

Among his students were Robert Mulliken, Lyle Benjamin Borst, Calvin Souther Fuller, Martin Kamen, Henry W. Newson, Samuel Allison, and Robert James Moon, Jr. (1911–1989).

Harkins died in Chicago. He is buried at Oak Woods Cemetery.

References

External links
William Draper Harkins Academic Genealogy and List of PhD Students
 Guide to the William D. Harkins Papers 1877-1988 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1873 births
1951 deaths
People from Titusville, Pennsylvania
American chemists
University of Montana faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Stanford University alumni
People involved with the periodic table
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Marver. A marver is a tool used in glassblowing. It generally is made of a polished steel, brass, or graphite surface attached to a metal or wooden table. For fine applications such as lampworking, a smaller hand-held implement may instead be used. As a tool, marvers date back to glassblowing techniques of the Roman Empire and were made of marble. 

Warm glass is rolled on the marver, both to shape it and as a means of temperature control. With a high specific heat capacity, the surface absorbs heat from the glass; because of the relatively slow flow of heat through the glass, it does so particularly from the outermost material, forming a more viscous skin.

Because the glass comes in direct contact with the marver, it must be kept exceptionally clean in order to prevent points of poor conduction or the transfer of debris into glass worked upon it. Metallic marvers are generally rubbed with steel wool and then wiped with rubbing alcohol to prevent rust.

References 

Glass art
John Argyris. Johann Hadji Argyris FRS (Greek: Ιωάννης Χατζι Αργύρης; 19 August 1913 – 2 April 2004) was a Greek pioneer of computer applications in science and engineering, among the creators of the finite element method (FEM), and later Professor at the University of Stuttgart and Director of the Institute of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics in Aerospace Engineering.

Education 
He was born in Volos, Greece but the family moved to Athens where he was educated in the Classical Gymnasium.

He studied civil engineering for four years in the National Technical University of Athens and then in the Technische Hochschule in Munich (now Technische Universität München), receiving his Engineering Diploma in 1936.

Following his escape from Nazi Germany he completed his Doctorate at ETH Zurich in 1942.

Career
His first job was at the Gollnow company in Stettin, where he was involved among other things in high radio transmitter masts. In 1943, he joined the research department of the Royal Aeronautical Society in England. Starting from 1949 he was lecturer in aeronautical engineering at the Imperial College London of the University of London, where he assumed a chair in 1955.

In 1959, Argyris was appointed a professor at the Technische Hochschule in Stuttgart (today University of Stuttgart) and director of the Institute of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics in Aerospace Engineering. He created the Aeronautical and Astronautical Campus of the University of Stuttgart as focal point for applications of digital computers and electronics.

Argyris was involved in and developed to a large extent the Finite Element Method along with Ray William Clough and Olgierd Zienkiewicz after an early mathematical pre-working of Richard Courant.

Awards and honours
Argyris was awarded the Royal Aeronautical Society Silver Medal in 1971.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1986. His nomination reads:

Personal life
When World War II started Argyris was in Berlin the Technische Hochschule (now Technische Universität Berlin). He was arrested and interned accused of passing research secrets to the Allies. However he was saved from execution by Admiral Canaris (also of Greek descent) who arranged his escape. After swimming the Rhine during an air-raid, he made his way to Switzerland. There he entered ETH Zurich to complete his Doctorate.

Argyris died in Stuttgart and is buried in the Sankt Jörgens Cemetery in the city of Varberg, Sweden.

His uncle, Constantin Carathéodory, was a Greek mathematician of the Modern Era.

References

1913 births
2004 deaths
Aerospace engineers
Structural engineers
Academics of Imperial College London
Greek academics
20th-century Greek engineers
Engineering educators
Royal Medal winners
National Technical University of Athens alumni
Technical University of Munich alumni
People from Volos
Fellows of the Royal Society
Royal Aeronautical Society Silver Medal winners
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Greek expatriates in Germany
ETH Zurich alumni
Joseph Francis. Joseph Francis (March 12, 1801 – May 10, 1893) was a 19th-century American inventor who devoted his life to improving maritime equipment, especially life-saving tools. His most famous invention, the metallic life-car, rescued thousands of stranded passengers and crew from shipwrecks near the shore.

Francis was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and started building boats early in life. He won his first prize in a public competition at age eighteen. As an adult, he worked for the U.S. Government, building life boats for war ships. He was the first person to use iron in the construction of life boats. The government declined to fund his metal boats, so he began his own business on the Jersey Shore, near Long Branch. His boats, rafts, life-car, and other watercraft became popular in Europe before eventually being adopted in the United States as well. Francis died at age 92 while summering at Otsego Lake in New York.

The first life-car ever used, which rescued 200 of 201 people from the Scottish brig Ayrshire wreck in 1850, is on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Also on display are some of Francis' numerous awards that he received in gratitude for his inventions. These include the Congressional Gold Medal, which was designed by the famous American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens and was given to him by President Benjamin Harrison on August 27, 1888, as well as a diamond-encrusted snuff box from Emperor Napoleon III of France.

Although Francis was considered one of the most well-known heroes of the 19th century, his popularity waned with the decrease in maritime accidents and he is virtually unknown today.

References

External links
 Life-car description from the Smithsonian website
 

1801 births
1893 deaths
American boat builders
19th-century American inventors
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
People from Boston
76th Space Control Squadron. The United States Air Force's 76th Space Control Squadron is an offensive counter space unit located at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado.  The Squadron replaced the original 76th Space Control squadron in 2008 when that squadron returned to its historic role as a fighter unit.

Mission
The 76th Space Control Squadron is an Air Force Space Command unit responsible for delivering offensive counterspace and space situational awareness, as appropriate, to rapidly achieve flexible and versatile effects in support of global and theater campaigns.

History
In 2008 the Air Force decided to return the 76th Space Control Squadron to its traditional role as a fighter.  To emphasize the continuity of the space mission, the Air Force decided to constitute a new unit with the same name and number.  The new 76th Squadron continued the mission of operating the Counter Satellite Communications System, which had been deployed in 2004 as an offensive system to disrupt hostile satellite systems.

In February 2015 the unit was inactivated and personnel absorbed into its sister unit, the 4th Space Control Squadron.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 76th Space Control Squadron on 16 November
 Activated on 22 January 2008

Assignments
 21st Operations Group, 22 January 2008 – February 2015

Locations
 Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, 22 January 2008 – February 2015

Equipment Operated
 Counter Communications System (2008–2015)

References

Bibliography

External links
76th Space Control Squadron Fact Sheet

Military units and formations in Colorado
Space Control 0076
5th Expeditionary Space Operations Squadron. The 5th Expeditionary Space Operations Squadron is an expeditionary satellite operations unit of the United States Air Force, assigned to the Air Force Space Command for activation or inactivation as required.

History
The 5th Expeditionary Space Operations Squadron (ESOPS), originally part of the Air Force Satellite Control Facility, was provisionally established as Operating Location-A of the 750th Space Group on 1 October 1992. It was officially activated on 22 November 1993 under the 50th Operations Group. The formation followed the division of the Air Force Satellite Control Facility into the 2nd Space Test Group and the Consolidated Space Test Center (CSTC) on 1 October 1987, coinciding with the Air Force Space Command's acquisition of Onizuka Air Force Base (later Onizuka Air Station). 

In the year it was established, the 5th ESOPS assumed the responsibilities of the 2nd Satellite Tracking Group Operations Division and the 1999th Communications Squadron Operations Division. Following the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Committee's directives, the 21st Space Operations Squadron (SOS) assumed the functions of the 750th Space Group, its subordinate units, and the 5th Space Operations Squadron.

Shortly after its establishment, the squadron undertook a number of operations, including the launch of a DSCS III and a NATO IV communications satellite, support for the Hubble Space Telescope repair mission, and the deployment of the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) for NASA missions. These missions encompassed the launch of all seven Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS) and three interplanetary spacecraft: Galileo to Jupiter, Magellan to Venus, and Ulysses to the Sun.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 5th Satellite Control Squadron on 11 April 1989
 Activated on 1 May 1989
 Redesignated as the 5th Space Operations Squadron on 30 January 1992
 Inactivated on 31 July 1992
 Activated on 22 November 1993
 Inactivated on 13 June 2000
 Redesignated as the 5th Expeditionary Space Operations Squadron and converted to provisional status on 5 December 2007

Assignments
 1000th Satellite Operations Group, 1 May 1989 – 31 July 1992
 50th Operations Group, 22 November 1993 – 13 June 2000
 Air Force Space Command to activate or inactivate at any time after 5 December 2007

Locations
 Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington, 1 May 1989 – 31 July 1992
 Onizuka Air Force Station, California, 22 November 1993 – 13 June 2000

Satellites operated
 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (1989 - 1992)
 Defense Satellite Communications System III (1993–1995)
 NATO III (1993–1995)
 SkyNet IV (1993–1995)
 Inertial Upper Stage (1993–1995)
 Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Onizuka AFS Chronology
 21SOPS Fact Sheet
 Globalsecurity.org 5SOPS page

Space Operations 0005
Military units and formations in Florida
148th Space Operations Squadron. The United States Air Force's 148th Space Operations Squadron (148 SOPS) is a satellite control unit located at Vandenberg AFB, California. The 148th SOPS is tasked with back-up command and control of the MILSTAR satellite constellation.

Mission
The 148 SOPS mans the Primary Satellite Operations Center-Vandenberg (PSOC-V), one of two fixed Milstar Ground Stations. Unique to Milstar is its ground segment for control of the constellation.  Milstar has two fixed ground stations, Primary Satellite Operations Center (PSOC), at 4 SOPS and Primary Satellite Operations Center – Vandenberg or PSOC-V. Each site is fully capable of complete constellation control and operates 24/7. The Milstar Ops Center-Vandenberg is operated by the 148 SOPS, a California Air Guard Unit, and does control 2 Milstar satellites full-time.

History
The 148 SOPS was originally established as the 148th Combat Communications Squadron at Compton, California.  The unit was redesignated the 148th Space Operations Squadron and relocated to Vandenberg AFB, California on 31 October 2000.

Previous designations
 148th Space Operations Squadron (2000–present)
 148th Combat Communications Squadron (1976–2000)
 148th Mobil Communications Squadron (1960–1976)
 148th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (1948–1960)

Locations
 Vandenberg SFB, California (2000–present)
 March ARB, California (1997–2000)
 Ontario ANGS, California (1984–1997)
 Compton, California (1948–1951) as the 148th Aircraft Control and Warming Squadron. 
 Oklahoma Air Force Station, OK (1 May 1951 – 31 January 1953) Oklahoma Air Force Station, OK. 
 Compton ANG Station, CA (1953–1960) as 148th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron. 
 Compton ANGB, CA (1960–1976) as the 148th Mobil Communications Squadron. 
 Compton ANGB, CA (1976–1984) as 148th Combat Communications Squadron. 
 Ontario ANGB, CA ( 1984–1997) as 148th Combat Communications Squadron. 
Title: 50th Anniversary-History of 148th Combat Comm Squadron.

Decorations

See also
4th Space Operations Squadron – Active Duty Counterpart to 148 SOPS
MILSTAR – Military Strategic and Tactical Relay satellite

References

External links

Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
Space Operations 0148
Military units and formations in California