omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SS Vyner Brooke. SS Vyner Brooke was a Scottish-built steamship that was both the royal yacht of Sarawak and a merchant ship frequently used between Singapore and Kuching. She was named after the 3rd Rajah of Sarawak, Sir Charles Vyner Brooke. At the outbreak of war with Japan, the Royal Navy requisitioned and armed her. Japanese aircraft sank her in 1942.

Description
The naval architect FG Ritchie, of Ritchie & Bisset, Singapore, designed the ship, and Ramage & Ferguson of Leith built her. The Ranee of Sarawak launched her on 10 November 1927, and she was completed in February 1928. The ship sailed from Leith for Singapore on 17 April 1928.

Her registered length was , her beam was , her depth was , and her draught was . Her tonnages were  and . Cargo was handled by two three-ton cranes at each hatch, and one 20-ton derrick.

Vyner Brooke was flush-decked, with 'tween decks, all sheathed in  steel, with six watertight bulkheads. The main deck was as clear as possible of structures, for deck passenger use with accommodations forward for crew and aft for stewards, clerks and ship's boys. The refrigeration plant, designed to keep the cold store two degrees below freezing, was on the main deck. First class cabins amidships on the upper deck provided berths for 44 passengers, with a  saloon forward of the cabins. A staircase at the after end of the saloon led to a shade deck and two de luxe cabins and a private sitting room. The ship was equipped with wireless telegraphy. She carried lifeboats, rafts and lifebelts for 650 people and could carry at least 200 deck passengers.

She had six corrugated furnaces with a combined grate area of  that heated two single-ended Barclay, Curle & Co. boilers with a combined heating surface of . These fed steam at 180 lbf/in2 to a three-cylinder triple expansion steam engine built by Ramage and Ferguson. The engine was rated at 297 NHP and drove twin screws.

Royal Navy requisition
When Japan entered World War II the Royal Navy requisitioned Vyner Brooke. She was painted grey, and armed with a four-inch deck gun forward, two Lewis guns aft, and depth charges, and commissioned as HMS Vyner Brooke. Her Australian and British officers were mostly Malay Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, and were asked to remain aboard. The ship's company, under the command of her peacetime captain, Richard E Borton, was augmented by reservists, some survivors of  and , and European and Malay professional seafarers.

Sinking and massacre

On 14 February 1942, while evacuating nurses and wounded servicemen away from Singapore she was bombed by Japanese aircraft and sunk. Some of the survivors who reached Bangka Island east of Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies were massacred by the Imperial Japanese Army. Others were imprisoned in Palembang and Muntok POW camps.

References

Further reading

1927 ships
Maritime incidents in February 1942
Passenger ships
Royal and presidential yachts
Sarawak
Ships built in Leith
Ships sunk by Japanese aircraft
Steamships
World War II shipwrecks in the Java Sea
Test data. Test data are sets of inputs or information used to verify the correctness, performance, and reliability of software systems. Test data encompass various types, such as positive and negative scenarios, edge cases, and realistic user scenarios, and aims to exercise different aspects of the software to uncover bugs and validate its behavior. Test data is also used in regression testing to verify that new code changes or enhancements do not introduce unintended side effects or break existing functionalities.

Background 

Test data may be used to verify that a given set of inputs to a function produces an expected result. Alternatively, data can be used to challenge the program's ability to handle unusual, extreme, exceptional, or unexpected inputs.

Test data can be produced in a focused or systematic manner, as is typically the case in domain testing, or through less focused approaches, such as high-volume randomized automated tests. Test data can be generated by the tester or by a program or function that assists the tester. It can be recorded for reuse or used only once. Test data may be created manually, using data generation tools (often based on randomness), or retrieved from an existing production environment. The data set may consist of synthetic (fake) data, but ideally, it should include representative (real) data.

Limitations 

Due to privacy regulations such as GDPR, PCI, and the HIPAA, the use of privacy-sensitive personal data for testing is restricted. However, anonymized (and preferably subsetted) production data may be used as representative data for testing and development. Programmers may also choose to generate synthetic data as an alternative to using real or anonymized data. While synthetic data can offer significant advantages, such as enhanced privacy and flexibility, it also comes with limitations. For instance, generating synthetic data that accurately reflects real-world complexity can be challenging. There is also a risk of synthetic data not fully capturing the nuances of real data, potentially leading to gaps in test coverage.

Domain testing 

Domain testing is a set of techniques focusing on test data. This includes identifying critical inputs, values at the boundaries between equivalence classes, and combinations of inputs that drive the system toward specific outputs. Domain testing helps ensure that various scenarios are effectively tested, including edge cases and unusual conditions.

See also 

 Software testing
 Unit test
 Test plan
 Test suite
 Scenario test
 Session-based testing

References 

Software testing
Software engineering
Ron Ayers. Ronald Frederick Ayers  (11 April 1932 – 29 May 2024) was an English engineer who was responsible for the aerodynamics of the land speed record-holding vehicles, ThrustSSC and JCB Dieselmax, and was Chief Aerodynamicist for the Bloodhound SSC.

Background
Born in Westminster, London, England, on 11 April 1932, Ayers developed an interest during the Blitz. Ayers obtained a BSc in aeronautical engineering from the University of London and an MSc in aerodynamics from Cranfield University before starting his working career as an apprentice at Handley Page Ltd, eventually working his way up to helping design prototypes of the Handley Page Victor bomber aircraft. After that he was employed by the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) in their Guided Weapons Division, initially as Chief Aerodynamicist and then later Head of Operational Research and Deputy Head of Management Services. Much of his time at BAC was devoted to the development of the Bloodhound surface-to-air missile.

Ayers was a Chartered Engineer and a member of the Royal Aeronautical Society. He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to engineering. 

Ayers died on 29 May 2024, at the age of 92.

Land speed records
In retirement, while working as a volunteer at Brooklands Museum, Ayers found research papers from pre-World War II record-breaking attempts, and it sparked his interest in record-breaking. His involvement in the land speed record-breaking attempt came about through a chance meeting with Richard Noble in the offices of Ken Norris, the designer behind Donald Campbell's record-breaking Bluebird CN7. Through a combination of rocket sled testing at Pendine Sands and extensive computational fluid dynamics testing, Ayers was able to develop and refine a shape which would eventually go on to break the sound barrier.

Ayers was responsible for the design of the JCB Dieselmax which smashed the World Speed Record for diesel cars on 23 August 2006, clocking 350 mph. He was heavily involved in the design of the current land speed record attempt vehicle, the Bloodhound SSC.

Footnotes

External links
 ThrustSSC-Team Member Profiles
  ThrustSSC- Ron Ayers profile
  Interview with Ron Ayers

1932 births
2024 deaths
Engineers from London
English aerospace engineers
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of Cranfield University
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Members of the Order of the British Empire
3-Hydroxypropionic acid. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid is a carboxylic acid, specifically a beta hydroxy acid. It is an acidic viscous liquid with a pKa of 4.9. It is very soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and diethyl ether. Upon distillation, it dehydrates to form acrylic acid, and is occasionally called hydracrylic acid

3-Hydroxypropionic acid is used in the industrial production of various chemicals such as acrylates.

Synthesis
3-Hydroxypropionic acid can be obtained by base-induced hydration of acrylic acid followed by reacidification. Another synthesis involves cyanation of ethylene chlorohydrin followed by hydrolysis of the resulting nitrile. Hydrolysis of propiolactone is yet another route.  Propiolactone, the dehydrated derivative of 3-hydroxypropionic acid, is produced by reaction of ketene and formaldehyde.

3-Hydroxypropionic acid is listed as one of the "top" chemicals that could be produced from renewable resources.  In particular, it could be produced by manipulation of glycerol, but this technology has not reached a commercial stage.  It can also be produced from glucose via pyruvate and malonyl coenzyme A.

Potential applications
3-Hydroxypropionic acid is of interest as a bio-derived precursor to acrylic acid. 

The polyester poly(3-hydroxypropionic acid) is a biodegradable polymer. The method combines the high-molecular weight and control aspects of ring-opening polymerization with the commercial availability of the beta hydroxy acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid which is abbreviated as 3-HP. Since 3-HPA can be derived from biological sources, the resulting material, poly(3-hydroxypropionic acid) or P(3-HPA), is biorenewable.

Genetically encoded 3-hydroxypropionic acid inducible system
3-Hydroxypropionic acid can be produced by engineered microbes.

A genetically encoded 3-hydroxypropionic acid inducible system has been characterized in bacteria demonstrating that such system in combination with fluorescent reporter protein can be utilized as a biosensor to measure intracellular and extracellular 3-HP concentrations by fluorescence output.

See also
Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid)
 listed as hydracrylic acid in the Merck index, 12th Edition

References

External links

Beta hydroxy acids
Propionic acids
Visual Eiffel. Visual Eiffel was an implementation of the Eiffel programming language developed and distributed by Object Tools GmbH, a German company.

Visual Eiffel provided an integrated development environment running on Microsoft Windows. A major design goal was to provide an environment that, unlike EiffelStudio, did not use an original user interface paradigm but instead was comfortable to programmers familiar with such tools as Microsoft's Visual Studio and Borland's Delphi.

Visual Eiffel included a "Display Machine" for developing GUI applications.

While many other Eiffel compilers generate C, Java bytecode or bytecode for .NET Framework, the Visual Eiffel compiler generated native X86 code.

The compiler (not the graphical environment) was, besides Windows, also available on Linux.

Licensing was free for personal use (with banner) or commercial, with the core GPL.

External links
Visual Eiffel web site

Integrated development environments
SoundEdit. SoundEdit was the first popular GUI-based audio editor for digitized audio. It was one of the first significant audio applications for personal computers in general.

SoundEdit was known for its ease of use.  It made audio manipulation accessible to those who were not musicians or audio professionals.

History 
SoundEdit was one of three audio applications created during a sabbatical by Steve Capps during 1986. The Macintosh had no built-in sound input, so the MacRecorder audio digitizer was invented for this purpose in 1985 by Michael Lamoureux, a mathematics student at the University of California, Berkeley. The MacRecorder hardware and software was publicly released through the Berkeley Macintosh Users Group as a kit in late 1985. SoundEdit first shipped in January 1988, as part of a hardware product called MacRecorder Sound System, by a company called Farallon Computing (which eventually became Netopia). The default sampling rate in SoundEdit was 22,256 Hz.

One of the major drivers for SoundEdit was Apple's HyperCard. With MacRecorder Sound System, stack makers could finally create alternatives to HyperCard's two built-in sounds.  The other multimedia programs of the time, (Director and Authorware) also adopted it right away.

In 1991, SoundEdit was bought by Macromind-Paracomp, which became Macromedia (now Adobe Systems).

SoundEdit 16 
Macromedia rebranded the program as 'SoundEdit 16' and expanded its capabilities to support CD-quality stereo audio (16-bit) and added QuickTime soundtrack editing and an audio plug-in architecture. The new version also supported handling of sound files bigger than available RAM. A free plug-in was included to convert sound files into '.SWA' format, an early form of mp3 file. These SWA files could be streamed to web viewers using by the free web audio player (downloadable from Macromedia) or by creating a custom interactive  Shockwave experience embedded into a web page. Shockwave content is created by using the Director multimedia authoring program.

The SoundEdit 16 software was discontinued by Macromedia in December 2004. The final version only runs on PowerPC Macs running Classic Mac OS.  It does not run under Mac OS X.

References 

Macintosh-only software
Audio editors
Christiani & Nielsen. Christiani & Nielsen was a construction contractor with major operations worldwide. It still trades in Thailand.

History
Christiani & Nielsen was established by Rudolf Christiani, a Danish civil engineer, and Aage Nielsen, a captain in the Royal Danish Navy, in Copenhagen, to build bridges, marine works, and other reinforced concrete structures, in 1904. It soon established a branch in Hamburg, and after the First World War, extended its operations to the United Kingdom, South America, Australia, and South Africa.

The company's business in Thailand was demerged on the Stock Exchange of Thailand in 1991 and continued operating under different ownership.

The main company went into administration in November 2000.

Major projects
Major projects included:

Roads
 M5, junctions 8-9 (M50) to Tewkesbury, (built as Christiani-Shand) completed in 1970
 M56 Preston Brook to Hapsford in Cheshire, (built as Christiani-Shand) completed in 1970
 M6 Ansty to M1 at Catthorpe, Contract A, (built as Christiani-Shand) completed in 1971
 M6 north of Tebay (junction 38 for A685) to Thrimby (built as Christiani-Shand) completed in 1970
 M74 Larkhall to Uddingston (built as Christiani-Shand) completed in 1966
 Cardiff to Merthyr Tydfil A470, £5m first stage from Whitchurch bypass to Nantgarw, 3.25 miles (built as Christiani-Shand) completed in 1971

Bridges
 The foundations and piers for the Storstrøm Bridge, Denmark, completed in 1937
 The foundations and piers for the Masnedsund Bridge, Denmark, completed in 1937
 Narrows Bridge in Perth, Australia, completed in 1959
 M2 Medway Bridge, Kent, completed in 1963
 Winthorpe Bridge, Nottinghamshire, completed in 1964
 M56 Weaver Viaduct, (built as Christiani-Shand) completed in 1971
 The foundations and piers for the Erskine Bridge, (A898), West Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire, (built as Christiani-Shand) completed in 1971
 Dornoch Firth Bridge, completed in 1991
 Salford Quays lift bridge, completed in 2000

Other
 Monumento Rodoviário da Rodovia Presidente Dutra in Piraí, Brazil completed in 1938
 Democracy Monument in Bangkok, Thailand, completed in 1940
 Aula Magna Auditorium, Caracas, Venezuela completed in 1953
 Rebuilding of the Rama VI Bridge, in Bangkok, Thailand, completed in 1953
 Kish Bank lighthouse, near Dublin, Ireland, completed in 1965
 Bagsværd Church, Copenhagen, completed in 1976
 Thammasat Stadium in Rangsit, Thailand, completed in 1998
 Prince Mahidol Hall in Phutthamonthon, Thailand, completed in 2014

References

Further reading
 
 

Construction and civil engineering companies of Thailand
Companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand
German submarine U-427. German submarine U-427 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-427 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-427 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
Built by Danziger Werft, Danzig, the U-boat was laid down on 27 July 1942, launched on 6 February 1943 and commissioned on 2 June 1943 with a crew of 53 under their Austrian commander Oberleutnant Carl-Gabriel Graf von Gudenus. It survived until the end of the war. Most U-boats achieved notoriety for the number of kills they achieved, or the total tonnage of the vessels they sank, but in the case of U-427 fame was achieved differently.

From its first voyage, on 20 June 1944, until the end of the war, U-427 never destroyed any of its targets. It fired torpedoes at two vessels,  and  on 29 April 1945, missing both, but it was for its ability to survive under harrowing circumstances that U-427 became known. In April 1945, leading up to, during, and after those two attacks, U-427 survived 678 depth charge attempts. On 2 May 1945, U-427 returned to its base at Kilbotn, Norway, where it remained for the few remaining days before Germany's surrender.

U-427 surrendered at Narvik, Norway, on 9 May 1945, and was transferred to Loch Eriboll, Scotland, on 19 May, and later to Loch Ryan as part of "Operation Deadlight" when it was sunk on 21 December 1945 at .

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1943
World War II submarines of Germany
U-boats sunk in 1945
1943 ships
Operation Deadlight
Ships built in Danzig
Maritime incidents in December 1945
Utocolor. Utocolor or Uto paper was a light-sensitive paper for color photography manufactured by Dr. J.H. Smith of Zurich, Switzerland and available by early 1907.

Overview
Improved versions appeared in later years. It used the direct bleach-out method of color reproduction first proposed by Louis Ducos du Hauron and Charles Cros in the late 1860s and based on the fact that a substance can only be affected by exposure to light if it absorbs some of that light. Unstable coloring matter is therefore bleached by light of its complementary color, which it strongly absorbs, but little affected by light of its own color, which it mostly transmits or reflects.

The Uto paper came coated with a mixture of cyan, magenta and yellow dyes which appeared nearly black. It was sensitized with a catalyst that greatly increased the susceptibility of the dyes to fading. Where the coating was exposed to red light, that light was absorbed by the cyan dye and therefore bleached it, leaving the magenta and yellow dyes, which together appeared red; yellow light was absorbed by both the cyan and magenta dyes, bleaching them to leave only the yellow; green light bleached only the magenta, leaving cyan and yellow, which appeared green; blue light bleached only the yellow dye, leaving the cyan and magenta dyes, which in combination absorbed all colors of light except blue. Less strongly colored light bleached all three dyes to differing degrees, and white light bleached all three equally, leaving only a grayish dye mixture or the bare white paper. After exposure, the catalyst was rinsed out of the coating.

In practice, an hours-long exposure to direct sunlight was required to completely bleach the dyes, making Utocolor paper useless in a camera. It was suitable only for reproducing transparent colored originals, such as stained or "art" glass, paintings on glass, and early photographic color images on glass such as Autochromes. Although rinsing out the catalyst stabilized the prints and made them much less sensitive to light, it did not actually "fix" them by removing all sensitivity, so they were unfit for prolonged open display and were best kept in the protective darkness of a closed album when not being examined.

References

Photographic processes
German submarine UA (1939). German submarine UA was one of fourteen foreign U-boats in the German Kriegsmarine during the Second World War.

Class
Built at Kiel as one of four submarines of the Ay class for Turkey, Batiray as she was to have been named, was not handed over to the Turkish Navy, being seized by Germany and commissioned into the Kriegsmarine in 1939. Two sister ships,  and , had been delivered in June 1939. One boat, , was built slowly in a Turkish shipyard. The design was a modification of the Type IX to fit Turkish requirements. Two of the Turkish U-boats served in the Turkish Navy until 1957, but Atilay was lost in a training exercise off Çanakkale.

Service
UA was commissioned on 20 September 1939 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Hans Cohausz. She had been built as a minelayer by the Turks but the Germans used her like a Type IX U-boat. UA was attacked on 8 March 1941 by the destroyer  but survived. During her service, she sank eight Allied ships, including the British 13,950 GRT armed merchant cruiser . Only ten ships in total were destroyed by the Foreign U-boats, UA destroying eight of those. She was used on training duties from July 1942 and carried out no more operational patrols. As the war was drawing to a close she was scuttled on 3 May 1945 at Kiel.

Summary of raiding history

See also

References

Bibliography

External links
 
 

U-boats commissioned in 1939
World War II submarines of Germany
1938 ships
Operation Regenbogen (U-boat)
Maritime incidents in May 1945
CodeSynthesis XSD. CodeSynthesis XSD is an XML Data Binding compiler for C++ developed by Code Synthesis and dual-licensed under the GNU GPL and a proprietary license. Given an XML instance specification (XML Schema), it generates C++ classes that represent the given vocabulary as well as parsing and serialization code. It is supported on a large number of platforms, including AIX, Linux, HP-UX, OS X, Solaris, Windows, OpenVMS, and z/OS. Supported C++ compilers include GNU G++, Intel C++, HP aCC, Solaris Studio C++, IBM XL C++, and Microsoft Visual C++. A version for mobile and embedded systems, called CodeSynthesis XSD/e, is also available.

One of the unique features of CodeSynthesis XSD is its support for two different XML Schema to C++ mappings: in-memory C++/Tree and stream-oriented C++/Parser. The C++/Tree mapping is a traditional mapping with a tree-like, in-memory data structure. C++/Parser is a new, SAX-like mapping which represents the information stored in XML instance documents as a hierarchy of vocabulary-specific parsing events. In comparison to C++/Tree, the C++/Parser mapping allows one to handle large XML documents that would not fit in memory, perform stream-oriented processing, or use an existing in-memory representation. The XSD-generated code can target C++98/03 or C++11.

CodeSynthesis XSD itself is written in C++.

References

External links
 CodeSynthesis XSD Home Page
 An Introduction to the C++/Tree Mapping
 An Introduction to the C++/Parser Mapping
 An Introduction to XML Data Binding in C++

XML
XML parsers
C++
C++ libraries