omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wackestone. Under the Dunham classification (Dunham, 1962) system of limestones, a wackestone is defined as a mud-supported carbonate rock that contains greater than 10% grains. Most recently, this definition has been clarified as a carbonate-dominated rock in which the carbonate mud (<63 μm) component supports a fabric comprising 10% or more very fine-sand grade (63 μm) or larger grains but where less than 10% of the rock is formed of grains larger than sand grade (>2 mm).

The identification of wackestone 

A study of the adoption and use of carbonate classification systems by Lokier and Al Junaibi (2016) highlighted that the most common problem encountered when describing a wackestone is to incorrectly estimate the volume of 'grains' in the sample – in consequence, misidentifying wackestone as mudstone or vice versa. The original Dunham classification (1962) defined the matrix as clay and fine-silt size sediment <20 μm in diameter. This definition was redefined by Embry & Klovan (1971) to a grain size of less than or equal to 30 μm. Wright (1992) proposed a further increase to the upper limit for the matrix size in order to bring it into line with the upper limit for silt (62 μm).

References

External links
 http://strata.geol.sc.edu/thinsections/Carbonate-glossary.html

Limestone
Dougal Drysdale. Dougal Drysdale (born in Scotland, UK) is a Professor Emeritus in Fire Safety Engineering at the University of Edinburgh and member of the BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering.

Drysdale is one of the leading international authorities in Fire Safety Engineering and is the author of the standard reference text in the field, "An Introduction to Fire Dynamics". He has been involved in teaching and research in the general area of fire dynamics and has published over 100 papers.

His wide range of research interests include the ignition characteristics of combustible materials and their fire growth characteristics, smoke production in fires, fire spread and fire dynamics, problems of non-linear dynamics with reference to fire modelling, the application of CFD to modelling flame spread, fire suppression and extinction and the response of steel-framed structures to fire exposure.

Drysdale is a member of the editorial board for the Third Edition of the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. He was Vice-Chairman of The International Association for Fire Safety Science from 1994–2002 and its Chairman from 2002 - 2005. He is currently the Editor of Fire Safety Journal. He is also fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Institution of Fire Engineers as well as the Society of Fire Protection Engineers.

In recognition of his expertise, Drysdale is the recipient of numerous awards including "Man of the Year" (1983) and the Arthur B. Guise Medal (1995) by the Society of Fire Protection Engineers, the Kawagoe Medal of The International Association for Fire Safety Science (2002), the Rasbash Medal by the IFE/ECD in 2005, and the Peter Lund award (2009) from by the Society of Fire Protection Engineers.

He has been involved in a number of Public Inquiries, including the King's Cross Underground Station fire (London 1987), the Piper Alpha explosion and fire (North Sea, July 1988) and the fire in the Garley Building (Hong Kong, 1996). He is a member of the Independent Board of Investigation into the Buncefield Explosion (December 2005).

References

External links 
 University of Edinburgh's Fire Safety Engineering webpage
 Short lecture on Fire Safety by Prof. Drysdale
 The Buncefield Investigation Official government enquiry.

Living people
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Year of birth missing (living people)
Short Folder. Short Folder is a generic name often applied to several different Short Brothers' aircraft types designed and built prior to and during World War I. Short Brothers developed and patented folding wing mechanisms for ship-borne aircraft from 1913; the wings were hinged so that they folded back horizontally alongside the fuselage (as shown in the image), reducing the storage space required for stowing them aboard ship.

Shorts produced many "folder" aircraft; in addition large numbers of Shorts' designs were produced by other companies, including Brush Electrical Engineering Co. Ltd., Robey & Co. Ltd., J Samuel White, Frederick Sage & Co. Ltd., S E Saunders Limited, Phoenix Dynamo Manufacturing Company, Supermarine Aviation Works Ltd., Mann, Egerton & Co. Ltd. and Westland Aircraft Works Ltd.

Short Folders saw service in many theatres of World War I, notably in the Cuxhaven Raid in 1914, in the Dardanelles and in the disabling of the SMS Königsberg in East Africa in July 1915. The theatres of war served by the various "folders" ranged from the Arctic Circle through the Mediterranean and Africa to Mesopotamia, although the engines of the time did not perform ideally in hot climates and elevated altitudes.

After World War I, most were retired, although some remained in service with the Greek Navy into the 1920s and with the Estonian Air Force into the 1930s.

Short Brothers First World War folding-aircraft types 
(approximate numbers produced in brackets)

 Short S.41 type - experimental prototype (3)
 Short S.63 type - reconnaissance seaplane (4)
 Short Type 81 - reconnaissance/bombing/torpedo-carrying seaplane (5)
 Short Type 166 - reconnaissance/bombing seaplane (26)
 Short Type 184 - reconnaissance/bombing/torpedo-carrying seaplane (936)
 Short Bomber - long-range landplane bomber (83)
 Short Type 827 - reconnaissance/bombing seaplane (108)
 Short Type 830 - reconnaissance/bombing seaplane (18)
 Short 310 - reconnaissance seaplane/torpedo bomber (128)
 Type 320 - reconnaissance seaplane/torpedo bomber (127)

Eight modified Type 830s were produced with a different engine (100 hp Gnome-Monosoupapes instead of the 135 hp Salmson engines)

Later Short Brothers folding-aircraft types 
(year of first flight in brackets)

 Short N1B Shirl - shipborne torpedo-bomber (1919)
 Short Sporting Type - commercial biplane floatplane (1919)
 Short SA.1 Sturgeon - prototype anti-submarine aircraft (1946)
 Short SB.6 Seamew - anti-submarine aircraft (1953)

References

Bibliography

1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Folder
Haines Index. Haines Index (also known as the Lower Atmosphere Severity Index) is a weather index developed by meteorologist Donald Haines in 1988 that measures the potential for dry, unstable air to contribute to the development of large or erratic wildland fires.  The index is derived from the stability (temperature difference between different levels of the atmosphere) and moisture content (dew point depression) of the lower atmosphere. These data may be acquired with a radiosonde or simulated by a numerical weather prediction model. The index is calculated over three ranges of atmospheric pressure: low elevation (950-850 millibars (mb)), mid elevation (850-700 mb), and high elevation (700-500 mb).

A Haines Index of 6 means a high potential for an existing fire to become large or exhibit erratic fire behavior, 5 means medium potential, 4 means low potential, and anything less than 4 means very low potential.

References

See also 
 Forest fire weather index
 Wildfire modeling

Eponymous indices
Hazard scales
Meteorological indices
Wildfire suppression
Space Industries Incorporated. Space Industries Incorporated was a company formed in the 1980s for the purpose of building a privately owned space station, which was to be called the Industrial Space Facility (ISF). At the time, the idea of private development in space was a pioneering one.

History
Space Industries was founded in Houston, Texas by Maxime Faget, who had recently retired as chief of engineering and operations at NASA, as well as entrepreneurs James Calaway, Guillermo Trotti, and Larry Bell. Their plan was to build a space station that would feed off the life support system of the Space Shuttle when it visited, but would not maintain continuous life support between shuttle visits. Faget proposed this plan because maintaining continuous life support would be cost prohibitive.

Joe Allen, a physicist and astronaut, was a partner, as was Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Investors included Roy M. Huffington, an oilman and later United States ambassador to Austria; James Elkins, not to be confused with James A. Elkins who was the co-founder of the Vinson & Elkins law firm; and Walter Mischer, a developer. 

Calaway lobbied the United States government to be an anchor tenant in the proposed space station. In 1988, the Reagan Administration requested $700 million from the annual budget in order to participate in the project, but the request was not approved by Congress, and the space station was never built.

The company eventually merged with Calspan Corporation, which in turn merged with General Dynamics Corporation.

Industrial Space Facility
The ISF was scheduled for launch in the early 1990s. It was to have 31 payload racks housing up to 11,000 kg (11 tons) of commercial industrial and microgravity manufacturing experiments. It was to have a pair of 140 m2 (1500 sq. ft.) solar panels each producing 20 kW of power. Software was developed that used a learning heuristic algorithm in order to most efficiently use the ISF's resources.

References

Companies based in Houston
Space organizations
Proposed space stations
Space manufacturing
Wigner–Seitz radius. The Wigner–Seitz radius , named after Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz, is the radius of a sphere whose volume is equal to the mean volume per atom in a solid (for first group metals). In the more general case of metals having more valence electrons,  is the radius of a sphere whose volume is equal to the volume per a free electron. This parameter is used frequently in condensed matter physics to describe the density of a system. Worth to mention,  is calculated for bulk materials.

Formula
In a 3-D system with  free valence electrons in a volume , the Wigner–Seitz radius is defined by

where  is the particle density. Solving for  we obtain

The radius can also be calculated as

where  is molar mass,  is count of free valence electrons per particle,  is mass density and
 is the Avogadro constant.

This parameter is normally reported in atomic units, i.e., in units of the Bohr radius.

Assuming that each atom in a simple metal cluster occupies the same volume as in a solid, the radius of the cluster is given by

where n is the number of atoms.

Values of  for the first group metals: 

Wigner–Seitz radius is related to the electronic density by the formula

where, ρ can be regarded as the average electronic density in the outer portion of the Wigner-Seitz cell.

See also
Wigner–Seitz cell
Wigner crystal

References

Atomic radius
SAE JA1002. Known as the "Software Reliability Program Standard", SAE JA1002 was published in January 2004 by the Society of Automotive Engineers. It is a standard that provides a framework for the management of software reliability within system reliability requirements. It is intended to serve the needs of industry organizations in meeting software product reliability objectives and can be employed as deliverables contacted between a customer and a supplier.

SAE JA1002 is based around the Software Reliability Plan and Software Reliability Case. The Software Reliability Case can be created or maintained to serve the needs of a support organization in sustaining reliability objectives and be used to supply the data needed by independent, regulatory, and/or third party certification bodies.

Notes and references

 Arguing Security - Creating Security Assurance Cases

See also 
 SAE Home Page

Standards
ISO/IEC 21827. ISO/IEC 21827 (SSE-CMM – ISO/IEC 21827) is an international standard based on the Systems Security Engineering Capability Maturity Model (SSE-CMM) developed by the International Systems Security Engineering Association (ISSEA). 
ISO/IEC 21827 specifies the Systems Security Engineering - Capability Maturity Model, which describes the characteristics essential to the success of an organization's security engineering process, and is applicable to all security engineering organizations including government, commercial, and academic. ISO/IEC 21827 does not prescribe a particular process or sequence, but captures practices generally observed in industry. The model is a standard metric for security engineering practices covering the following:

 Project lifecycles, including development, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning activities
 Entire organizations, including management, organizational, and engineering activities
 Concurrent interactions with other disciplines, such as system software and hardware, human factors, test engineering; system management, operation, and maintenance
 Interactions with other organizations, including acquisition, system management, certification, accreditation, and evaluation.

References 
 International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) 
 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

21827
ISO/IEC TR 12182. ISO/IEC TR 12182 is an Information technology standard published in 1998 by the Joint Task Committee 1 (JTC1) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It defines a software categorization in the field of software engineering.

References 
 International Organization for Standardization
 International Electrotechnical Commission
 JTC1
 Veridion ISO 27001 Directory
 ISO 12182 Standard

12182
IEEE C2. American National Standard C2 is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC), published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

The NESC is a document containing voluntary (unless adopted by law) standards for safeguarding persons against electrical hazards during the installation, operation and maintenance of electric supply and communication lines.   It includes general updates and critical revisions that directly impact the power utility industry. Adopted by law by the majority of states and Public Service Commissions across the US, the NESC is a performance code considered to be the authoritative source on good electrical engineering practice.

See also
 IEC 60364
 National Electrical Safety Code
 Canadian Electrical Code
 PSE law, Japan Electrical Safety Law.
 Slash rating
 Central Electricity Authority Regulations

References 

 IEEE Standards Association

C2
Electrical safety
Electrical wiring
Safety codes
Ajoy Ghose. Ajoy Ghose was an Indian mining engineer. Ghose was a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering. He died on 13 March 2019.

Books
 Small Scale Mining: A Global Overview. India Book House Limited

 Engineered Rock Structures in Mining and Civil Construction. Taylor and Francis, London, 2006. (with R.N. Singh)
 Environment-friendly techniques of rock breaking. A. A. Balkema, Lisse, 2003. (with Janusz Reś and Krzysztof Wladzielczyk)

Edited volumes
 Ghose, A.K., (Editor), Rock Mechanics- Theory and Practice, The Institution of Engineers(India), Calcutta, 1974
 Ghose, A.K., (Editor), Optimal Exploitation of Solid Mineral Resources: Challenges and Constraints, Proc. 12th World Mining Congress, The Institution of Engineers (India), Calcutta, 1984 Ghose, A.K., (Editor)., Strategies for Exploitation of Mineral Resources in Developing Countries, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1987.
 Ghose, A.K., Simic, R., and Najberg, M. (Editors), 30 Years of World Mining Congress, SITRGMJ, Beograd, 1988.
 Ghose, A.K., and Ramani, R.V., (Editors), Longwall Thick Seam Mining, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1988.
 Ghose, A.K., and Seshagiri Rao, H.S., (Editors), Rockbursts and Bumps- Global Experiences, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1990.
 Ghose, A.K. (Technical Editor), English edition of "Coal Cutting by Winning Machines" (in Russian) by E.Z. Pozin, V.Z. Melamed, and V.V. Ton, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1989.
 Ghose, A.K. (Editor), Small-Scale Mining – A Global Overview, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1993.
 Ghose, A.K. (Technical Editor), English Translation of "Seismic Effects of Blasting in Rock" from Russian by A.A. Kuzmenko, V.D. Vorobev, I.I. Denisyek, and A.A. Dauetas, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1993.
 Ghose, A.K. (Editor), English Translation of "Rock Breakage by Blasting" from Russian by M.I. Petrosyan, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1994.
 Ghose, A.K. (Technical Editor), English Translation of "Mining and Industrial Applications of Low Density Explosives" from Russian by Baranov, Vedin and Bondarnko, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1996
 Ghose, A.K. (Editor), Small/Medium Scale Mining, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1997 (Republished as "Mining on Small and Medium Scale- A Global Perspective" by Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1997).
 Ghose, A.K., and Bose, L.K (Editors)., Mining in the 21st Century, Proc. of 19th World Mining Congress, New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 2003.
 Ghose, A.K., and Dhar, B.B. (Editors), Mining Challenges of the 21st Century, APH Publishers, New Delhi, 2000.

References

External links
Keynote at 2008 World Mining Congress

Indian mining engineers
2019 deaths
Engineers from West Bengal
Crew equipment interface test. A crew equipment interface test (CEIT) was a training procedure that helped spaceflight crewmembers gain first-hand knowledge of the flight hardware used during a space shuttle mission. For International Space Station assembly tasks, NASA conducted CEIT activities in the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center (KSC).
The last CEIT was conducted April 7–8, 2011 by the STS-135 crew involving the space shuttle Atlantis in preparation for the final flight of the shuttle program.

References 

Human spaceflight
Flight training
DiesOtto. The DiesOtto motor is an experimental automobile engine that "is said to incorporate the benefits of a diesel engine, but runs on gasoline instead."

Its name is a portmanteau of Diesel and Otto, referring to the Diesel engine, first introduced by German engineer Rudolf Diesel, and the Otto cycle, as a reference to Nicolaus Otto (even though the invention of the gasoline engine is variously attributed to both Nicolaus Otto and Alphonse Beau de Rochas).

As of 2017, the only company which announced to launch a car with a DiesOtto motor is Mazda, with SKYACTIV-X.

Engine characteristics and principles of operation
The concept engine has an in-line, four-cylinder configuration and displaces 1.8 litres. Its peak power is no less than , making its specific output 97 kW/L (130 hp/L), and its peak torque is 400 N·m, making its specific torque 220 N·m/L. Mercedes-Benz do not specify the RPM at which these specified maxima are reached.

The DiesOtto features the following:

homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI);
variable valve timing;
twin variable geometry turbocharging;
variable compression ratio;
direct fuel injection.

It also uses a starter-alternator to reduce fuel consumption. The starter-alternator replaces the engine's flywheel, and allows the engine to be started instantaneously so that it can simply stop when not needed, such as at traffic lights, and smoothly restart when needed.

In low-demand conditions (low to medium engine speeds), the engine uses HCCI. In high-demand conditions, it operates like a regular gasoline engine (using spark ignition of the fuel/air mixture) and uses the full benefits of direct fuel injection, turbocharging and variable valve timing to maximize efficiency. These two modes of operation require different compression ratios, achieved via a concept similar to that of the Lanchester shaft, which is why the engine also features a variable compression ratio.

It is reported to consume less than  when fitted to the S-Class demonstration vehicle. However, it is unknown in what conditions this mileage is achieved.

Testing and demonstration
The testing and demonstration vehicles include a long-wheel based Mercedes-Benz S-Class fitted with a  electric motor to hide the transition from spark to compression power, and the engine has been installed in the Mercedes-Benz F700 concept car shown at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show.

References

External links
Pictures for Mercedes concept DiesOtto Car 

Mercedes-Benz engines
Automobile engines
Elvin (service). Elvin is an event routing service using a publish/subscribe event delivery model. It was developed at the Distributed Systems Technology Centre, an Australian co-operative research centre at the University of Queensland that operated from 1992 until mid-2006.

The Elvin publish subscribe model 
Elvin is most distinguished from other such systems by its support of a sophisticated content-based subscription system. Elvin clients subscribe to events using a language that resembles C boolean expressions. For example:

  Department == "IT" && Percent-Disk-Free <= 10

This expression selects messages that have a field named Department with a string value matching "IT" and a Percent-Disk-Free field with an integer value less than or equal to 10. The Elvin subscription language supports a range of operations for matching numeric and string values, including the use of regular expression matching.

Elvin is oriented around providing a fast, flexible event service that can be federated to form wide-area event notification networks. In order to achieve these goals it does not provide persistence, durability or guaranteed delivery. Elvin can thought of as providing a middle ground between low-level network multicast and higher-level, more complex, event brokers such as JMS.

Commercialization 
In 2003, the research group that created Elvin left DSTC to found Mantara software in order to develop commercial applications of Elvin. In November 2006, Mantara announced that it would be ceasing to support Elvin as a standalone commercial product by the end of 2007.

The specifications for the Elvin protocols have been made available, and a new implementation of Elvin has subsequently been developed, Avis, an open-source (GPL) implementation.

Notes

References

External links
 The elvin.org web site.
 Elvin has left the building: A publish/subscribe notification service with quenching, 1997, Bill Segall and David Arnold, Proceedings AUUG97, Brisbane Australia, September 1997.
 Content Based Routing with Elvin4, 2000, Bill Segall, David Arnold, Julian Boot, Michael Henderson and Ted Phelps Proceedings AUUG2k, Canberra, Australia, June 2000.
 Avis

Message-oriented middleware
Kassel 12. 

The Kassel 12 was a German glider used for training, developed in the 1920s. It was a minimalist design with the pilot sitting atop a tapered wooden structure that supported a high wing on a set of struts, and carried a conventional empennage at the rear. A spring skid was provided as undercarriage.

Operators

Finland
Conscripts from Lentoasema 2 built one Kassel 12A in 1935. The first flight with the aircraft was performed by Lt. Col. Ahonius at Santahamina on 28 March 1935. The aircraft was used at the Jämijärvi glider school in the summer of 1936, carrying the designation number "13". The aircraft is today on display at the Päijänne Tavastia Aviation Museum in Asikkala, near Lahti.

Specifications

References
 Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History website
 Keskinen, Niska, Stenman: Suomen museolentokoneet, Tietoteos, 1981.

1930s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Fieseler aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
High-wing aircraft