omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Peace Dam. The Peace Dam () is a South Korean dam on the Bukhan River. It was built to stave off possible catastrophic flooding should the upstream Imnam Dam in North Korea collapse, either intentionally or by accident. The dam was completed in 2005. As it stands, the dam has no reservoir, and is merely preventive. Daelim Industrial Co,.Ltd, leading contractor for the Peace Dam construction project, began the construction in 2012 and ended in 2014. The design company for the project was Isan.

Construction began in 1987, in reaction to a perceived threat following the construction of the Imnam Dam by North Korea. The Bukhan River is a tributary of the Han River, and catastrophic scenarios foresaw a flood engulfing the South Korean capital of Seoul in case of an attack by North Korea. Construction was halted before completion, amidst allegations that the threat had been grossly exaggerated. Construction resumed after satellite photographs in 2002 revealed the existence of cracks in the Imnam Dam, triggering fears that it could collapse in case of heavy rains.

In September 2005, North Korea released massive quantities of water without warning, causing serious flooding just south of the border.

The Peace Dam is 601 meters wide, 125 meters tall, and capable of holding 2.61 billion tons of water. Its construction cost $429 million.

References 

Dams in South Korea
Hwacheon County
Dams completed in 2005
2005 establishments in South Korea
Embankment dams
Flood control in South Korea
LMS Princess Coronation Class 6256 Sir William A. Stanier F.R.S.. London Midland and Scottish Railway Princess Coronation Class No. 6256 (British Railways number 46256) Sir William A. Stanier F.R.S. was a British steam locomotive.

Overview 
6256 was built in 1947 at Crewe Works.  6256 was named after the former LMS Chief Mechanical Engineer, Sir William Stanier, who had introduced the "Duchess" class ten years earlier.  It was the penultimate "Duchess" and the last LMS-built pacific.  6256, along with the last Stanier pacific, 46257 City of Salford (which appeared after nationalisation in 1948) were built with several modifications to the original Stanier design, by George Ivatt.

6256 was initially painted in LMS 1946 black livery.

After nationalisation in 1948, BR renumbered the locomotive to 46256.  It was later painted BR Brunswick green, and later BR maroon. 46256 was withdrawn in 1964, the last Stanier pacific to be withdrawn.  It was scrapped at John Cashmore Ltd, Great Bridge.

External links 
 Railuk database

6256 Sir William A. Stanier F.R.S.
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1947
Scrapped locomotives
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
4-6-2 locomotives
Glass break detector. A glass break detector is a sensor that detects if a pane of glass has been shattered or broken. These sensors are commonly used near glass doors or glass storefront windows.  They are widely used in electronic burglar-alarm systems.
  
The detection process begins with a microphone that picks up noises and vibrations coming from the glass. If the vibrations exceed a certain threshold (which is sometimes user selectable), then they are analyzed by detector circuitry. Simpler detectors merely use narrowband microphones tuned to frequencies typical of glass shattering. These are merely designed to react to sound magnitudes above a certain threshold, whereas more complex designs analytically compare the sound to one or more glass-break profiles using signal transforms similar to DCT and FFT.  These digitally sophisticated detectors only react if both the amplitude threshold and statistically expressed similarity threshold are breached. Advances in technology have also led to the use of wireless glass-break detectors.

See also
Chubb Locks
Yale (company)
Burglar alarm

References

Perimeter security
Glass engineering and science
Detectors
Western International Market. The Western International Market is a wholesale market in west London, England. One of the principal wholesale markets in the London region, it is located between Southall and Hayes, close to the M4 motorway and Heathrow Airport, and covers an area of .

Owned and managed by Hounslow London Borough Council, the market opened in 1974 as a relocation of Brentford Market, which dated from 1306 and since 1893 had been based on a site near Kew Bridge. A fountain at the foot of the bridge, erected in 1877, now stands at the entrance to Western International Market and has Grade II listed status.

The market acts as a conduit for fresh produce airlifted to Heathrow to reach the retail and catering trades.

References

External links
 Western International Market

Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hounslow
Wholesale markets in London
Meta Data Services. Meta Data Services was an object-oriented repository technology that could be integrated with enterprise information systems or with applications that process metadata.

Meta Data Services was originally named the Microsoft Repository and was delivered as part of Visual Basic 5 in 1997. The original intent was to provide an extensible programmatic interface via Microsoft's OLE automation to metadata describing software artifacts and to facilitate metadata interchange between software tools from multiple vendors. The Repository became part of SQL Server 7 and a number of SQL Server tools took dependencies on the Repository, especially the OLAP features. In 1998, Microsoft joined the Meta Data Coalition and transferred management of the underlying Open Information Model (OIM) of the Repository to the standards body. The Repository was renamed Meta Data Services with the release of SQL Server 2000. Support for Meta Data Services was withdrawn from support with the release of SQL Server 2005.

A number of Microsoft technologies used Meta Data Services as a native store for object definitions or as a platform for deploying metadata. One of the ways in which Microsoft SQL Server 2000 used Meta Data Services was to store versioned DTS Packages. In Microsoft Visual Studio Meta Data Services supported the exchange of model data with other development tools.

Users could use Meta Data Services for their own purposes: as a component of an integrated information system, as a native store for custom applications that process metadata, or as a storage and management service for sharing reusable models. Users could also extend Meta Data Services to provide support for new tools for resale or customize it to satisfy internal tool requirements

References

External links
 Download page of Microsoft Meta Data Services SDK

Metadata
Microsoft server technology
Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University. Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure (LSSMS, ) is located in Nanjing University, China. It is a key laboratory in physics, associated with such faculties as schools of physics and electronics and department of materials of engineering school at Nanjing University.

The Laboratory has accomplished many achievements and enjoys international fame. Nature magazine listed it as one of the two best research groups approaching/with world-class standards in East Asia apart from Japan. The Institute for Scientific Information listed it as the No. 1 laboratory in China as published in Science magazine.

History
In 1984, Nanjing University Institute of Solid State Physics was changed to State Key Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures of Nanjing University, which was mainly associated with the Department of Physics of Nanjing University at the time.
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, which mainly based upon LSSMS and LCC (State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry) at Nanjing University, was formally started to establish in 2006, with estimated investment of RMB 300 million, and before that, in 2004, NU received endowment of RMB 50 million from Cyrus Tang Foundation for its establishment, and the National Microstructures Laboratory Building - Cyrus Tang Building, was completed in 2007.

Research areas
Physics of microstructured dielectric materials
Nano-structured materials and physics
Aggregations and pattern formation under non-equilibrium conditions
Dynamics of microstructural assembly and modulation
Strong correlation effect in solids
Phase transitions
Other related microstructural physics in solids

Notable scientists
Feng Duan
Ming Naiben

Notes 

Nanjing University
Physics laboratories
Research institutes in China
Laboratories in China
Physics in China
1984 in Nanjing
Nibble (magazine). Nibble was a magazine for Apple II personal computer enthusiasts published from 1980 until 1992. The name means "half a byte" or "four bits." The proper spelling for a half-byte is "nybble", riffing off of the term "byte". Most of the articles incorporated the source code of a small to medium-sized utility, application program, or game (each written specifically for the magazine) and a detailed description of how it worked. The headquarters was in Lincoln, Massachusetts.

History
The magazine was first published in January 1980 by Mike Harvey. Originally published eight times per year, by 1984 the magazine had attained a popularity that allowed it to become a monthly publication. It was published for more than twelve years; the July 1992 issue was the last.

The magazine also published checksum tables that, with utilities available from the magazine, helped pinpoint the location of any errors in a reader's own typed-in copy. The programs were also available on disk for a small fee for those who did not want to spend the time to type them in.

A technical highlight of Nibble was a regular column called Disassembly Lines, in which Dr. Sanford Mossberg presented assembly listings he had reverse-engineered from interesting parts of Applesoft BASIC and the Apple DOS to illustrate how they worked. Later Mossberg turned his attention to the Apple IIGS and dissected its Toolbox and operating system as well.

Omnibus editions of the best articles from each year's issues, dubbed Nibble Express, were published annually. The magazine also published other books that repurposed magazine material on various topics, such as games, personal finance programs, and "Apple secrets." Mossberg's Disassembly Lines columns were also collected in four volumes.

Harvey's publishing company, MicroSPARC (later MindCraft), published a number of Apple II programming utilities including an assembler and a BASIC-like set of macros for it. These were sold by mail-order from ads in the magazine. (Trivia: the company changed its name after Sun Microsystems bought the name MicroSPARC for a new line of processors.)

A spinoff Macintosh publication, Nibble Mac, was first a section in Nibble and then was published separately. Like the original, Nibble Mac focused on hobbyist programming, notably HyperCard.

Most of the Nibble material, including Nibble Mac, is now available again from the publisher through his Web site.

References

External links
Official site

Monthly magazines published in the United States
Apple II periodicals
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Home computer magazines
Magazines established in 1980
Magazines disestablished in 1992
Magazines published in Massachusetts
Eight times annually magazines published in the United States
Monsal Dale. Monsal Dale is a valley in Derbyshire, England, in the White Peak limestone area of the Peak District National Park. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) (1) and part of a Europe-wide network called Natura 2000.

Headstone Viaduct

The Headstone Viaduct was built by the Midland Railway over the River Wye. The bridge, which stands near the  Headstone Tunnel, is  long. It had five  span arches, some  high at the centre. Initially, some slippage occurred, and remedial work was carried out in 1907–08.

Whilst considered elegant today, with Grade II listed status being assigned to it in 1970, when it was built in 1863 it was seen as destroying the beauty of the dale. John Ruskin, considered to be Britain's leading cultural critic, harshly criticised the building of the railway:

A proposal that never came to fruition was for another viaduct for the Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway to cross both the valley and the Midland Line, some three hundred feet high.

Monsal Trail
The viaduct is now part of the Monsal Trail. Headstone Tunnel, at the southern end of the viaduct, was re-opened to the public in May 2011, along with nearby Cressbrook and Litton Tunnels.

Monsal Dale railway station
Monsal Dale railway station opened in 1866 to serve the villages of Upperdale and Cressbrook, with the latter's cotton mills. The down line and platform was built on a shelf carved in the rock face, while the up was built on wooden trestles over the hillside. It closed in 1959 and nothing remains of the timber buildings.

From Monsal Dale, the line proceeded through Cressbrook (471 yards) and Litton (515 yards) tunnels to Millers Dale on its way north. Cut through solid limestone, they were both complex tunnels, on a gradient of 1 in 100, and curved to allow the line to conform to the terrain.

See also

List of bridges in the United Kingdom
Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway
Monsal Trail
Listed buildings in Little Longstone

References

External links

 Ingenious.org Headstone Viaduct 1893
 "Geograph "Monsal Head overlooking the viaduct
 Monsal Head
 "Picture the Past" Monsal Dale viaduct and the River Wye
 Weir at Monsal Dale photograph

Valleys of Derbyshire
Valleys of the Peak District
Schleicher K 8. The Schleicher K 8 (also known as Ka-8) is a single-seat glider designed by Rudolf Kaiser and built by the Alexander Schleicher company in Germany.

Design and development

The K 8 was derived from the earlier Ka 6 design as a simple single-place sailplane with air brakes using construction techniques similar to the Schleicher K 7, simplified for amateur construction from kits. Emphasis was placed on rugged construction, good climbing ability in thermals and good handling characteristics.

The prototype K 8 made its first flight in November 1957 and over 1,100 were built in three main versions. The original K 8 had a very small canopy. Side windows for improved visibility were introduced in the next version, and the K 8B, by far the most numerous variant, has a larger one-piece blown Plexiglas canopy. The K 8C features a longer nose, a larger main wheel located ahead of the center of gravity and the deletion of the larger wooden nose skid resulting in a roomier cockpit.

The cantilever high wings are single-spar structures of pine and plywood, with a plywood leading edge torsion box and fabric covering aft of the spar; the forward sweep is 1° 18' and dihedral is 3°. There are Schempp-Hirth air brakes on the upper and lower surfaces and the wooden ailerons are plywood covered. The cantilever tail unit is of similar construction to the wings, with ply-covered fixed surfaces and fabric-covered rudder and elevators, and a trim tab in the elevator is an optional fitting. The fuselage is a welded steel-tube structure, with fabric covering over spruce longerons and a glass fibre nose cone.

There is a non-retractable and unsprung monowheel, with an optional brake, and a nose skid mounted on rubber blocks in front of it, plus a steel skid at the tail.

Operational history

Karl Striedieck of the United States made a 767 km / 476.6 mile ridge flight in an K 8B to establish a world out-and-return record in 1968.

Motor glider variants
A motor glider conversion of the K 8B was developed by LVD (the Flying Training School of the Detmold Aero Club) similar to their conversion of a Scheibe Bergfalke IV known as the BF IV-BIMO, in which a Lloyd LS-400 piston engine mounted in the fuselage drives a pair of small two-blade pusher propellers rotating within cutouts in each wing near the trailing edge.

Another motorglider conversion was used by "Vestjysk Svæveflyveklub" in Denmark: it had a small Wankel rotary engine mounted in a nacelle on an aluminium stick above the main spar. The engine was started with a recoil starter like a lawn mower. The high RPM of the device made it extremely unpopular: the propeller tips created a permanent sonic boom, that made the plane extremely noisy. The harassed citizens of Esbjerg nicknamed the plane 'the flying circular saw' and the engine was removed.

Specifications (K 8B)

See also

Notes

References

External links

Schleicher Web Site
Sailplane directory Dead Link
 Another site with Production History.

1950s German sailplanes
Schleicher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1957
Hierarchical task network. In artificial intelligence, hierarchical task network (HTN) planning is an approach to automated planning in which the dependency among actions can be given in the form of hierarchically structured networks.

Planning problems are specified in the hierarchical task network approach by
providing a set of tasks, which can be:

 primitive (initial state) tasks, which roughly correspond to the actions of STRIPS;
 compound tasks (intermediate state), which can be seen as composed of a set of simpler tasks;
 goal tasks (goal state), which roughly corresponds to the goals of STRIPS, but are more general.

A solution to an HTN problem is then an executable sequence of primitive tasks that can be obtained from the initial task network by decomposing compound tasks into their set of simpler tasks, and by inserting ordering constraints.

A primitive task is an action that can be executed directly given the state in which it is executed supports its precondition. A compound task is a complex task composed of a partially ordered set of further tasks, which can either be primitive or abstract. A goal task is a task of satisfying a condition. The difference between primitive and other tasks is that the primitive actions can be directly executed. Compound and goal tasks both require a sequence of primitive actions to be performed; however, goal tasks are specified in terms of conditions that have to be made true, while compound tasks can only be specified in terms of other tasks via the task network outlined below.
 
Constraints among tasks are expressed in the form of networks, called (hierarchical) task networks. A task network is a set of tasks and constraints among them. Such a network can be used as the precondition for another compound or goal task to be feasible. This way, one can express that a given task is feasible only if a set of other actions (those mentioned in the network) are done, and they are done in such a way that the constraints among them (specified by the network) are satisfied. One particular formalism for representing hierarchical task networks that has been fairly widely used is TAEMS.

Some of the best-known domain-independent HTN-planning systems are:
 NOAH, Nets of Action Hierarchies.
 Nonlin, one of the first HTN planning systems.
 SIPE-2
 O-Plan, Open Planning Architecture
 UMCP, the first probably sound and complete HTN planning systems.
 I-X/I-Plan
 SHOP2, a HTN-planner developed at University of Maryland, College Park.
 PANDA, a system designed for hybrid planning, an extension of HTN planning developed at Ulm University, Germany.
 HTNPlan-P, preference-based HTN planning.

HTN planning is strictly more expressive than STRIPS, to the point of being undecidable in the general case.  However, many syntactic restrictions of HTN planning are decidable, with known complexities ranging from NP-complete to 2-EXPSPACE-complete, and some HTN problems can be efficiently compiled into PDDL, a STRIPS-like language.

See also

 STRIPS
 Hierarchical control system - a feedback control system well suited for HTN planning

References

Automated planning and scheduling
Zenair. Zenair Ltd is a Canadian kit aircraft producer founded by aeronautical engineer Chris Heintz and based in Midland, Ontario.

History
The company was founded in 1974 when Heintz started to manufacture Zenith kits from his two-car garage. Heintz has introduced more than twelve kit aircraft designs. In 1992, Heintz licensed the kit manufacturing and marketing rights to Zenith Aircraft Company for the STOL CH 701 and the ZODIAC CH 601 designs, and has developed the new STOL CH 801 and the new ZODIAC XL for Zenith Aircraft Company.

In 1996, Chris Heintz and Zenair Ltd. obtained FAA type-certification for the Zenith CH 2000, a two-seat low-wing aircraft based on his kit aircraft designs.  Aircraft Manufacturing and Design (AMD) manufactures this aircraft as the AMD Alarus CH 2000.  AMD also produces the CH 601 XL as a Light-sport aircraft (LSA).

In October 2012, four French universities selected the Zodiac CH 650B as their instructional aircraft. In France, where the CH 650 is semi-certified in the CNSK category, the kit aircraft can be assembled by amateurs and still be used by Aeroclubs and schools for flight training and banner-towing purposes.

Zenair Limited on November 15, 2012 announced that its FAA type-certificated CH 2000 trainer will be assembled in Peru, South America by a joint venture involving the Peruvian armed services, the University of Perunas and SEMAN, a local aeronautical facility. Negotiations to structure the long-term program have been ongoing for the past year, with Zenair staff traveling to Lima and a contingent of Peruvian decision-makers visiting the Ontario-based factory.

Company founder Chris Heintz died on 30 April 2021, at his home in France at age 82.

Aircraft
 Zenair Cricket -  Kit
 Zenair Zipper
 Zenair Zipper II
 Zenair CH 50 Mini Z
 Zenair CH 100 Mono-Z
 Zenair CH 150 Acro-Z
 Zenair CH 180 Super Acro-Z
 Zenair CH 200
 Zenair CH 250
 Zenair CH 300
 Zenair CH 300 Tri-Z
 Zenith CH 400
 Zenith CH 600
 Zenith CH 601
 Zenith CH 620 Gemini
 Zenair CH 640
 Zenair CH 650
 Zenith STOL CH 701
 Zenith STOL CH 750
 Zenith STOL CH 801
 Zenith CH 2000 Alarus
 Zenair CH 8000AG, made in Kazakhstan by AviaMaster Aircraft Ltd.
 Zenith Aluminum Floats - started 1978

References

External links
Company website
Zenith Aircraft Co. website
The Zenair Newsletter
 Aircraft Manufacturing & Development website archives on Archive.org
Chris Heintz Light Aircraft Design History
 Article about the CrossCanada flight from Sport Aviation Magazine

Aircraft manufacturers of Canada
Companies based in Ontario
Midland, Ontario
Manufacturing companies established in 1974
Canadian companies established in 1974
1974 establishments in Ontario