omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Arthur Emmons Raymond. Arthur Emmons Raymond (March 24, 1899, in Boston Massachusetts – March 22, 1999, in Santa Monica, California) was an aeronautical engineer who led the team that designed the DC-3.

Raymond grew up in Pasadena, California, the son of the owner of a luxury hotel. He completed a B.A. at Harvard University, and a M.S. in aeronautical engineering at MIT in 1921.

Raymond spent his entire career at the Douglas Aircraft Company. Beginning as a metal fitter, he rose to the rank of chief engineer, contributing to the design of all Douglas airliners from the DC-1 to the DC-8. During World War II, he helped managed the huge effort that produced tens of thousands of aircraft for that war.

Raymond is best known as the lead designer of the DC-3, "The Plane That Changed the World," the first airliner that could break even hauling passengers without a government subsidy and without carrying mail. The military equivalent of the DC-3 was the C-47. In Europe, the DC-3 was known as the "Dakota." Raymond's grandson Stephen has said: "In the DC-3, he did almost everything. He knew every bolt and screw in that plane." About 10,600 DC-3s and C-47s were eventually built between 1934 and 1945, making it the most produced airliner of all time. At the time of Raymond's death, about 2,000 DC-3s were still flying and about 400 were still in commercial service.

After retiring from Douglas in 1960, NASA put Raymond in charge of supervising the outside contractors on Project Gemini and Project Apollo until 1969. When Boeing and other aerospace firms proposed in the late 1960s to build a supersonic airliner with substantial subsidies from the US government, Raymond argued that the plane was not commercially viable. The USA government ceased subsidizing the design of the American supersonic transport in 1971, whereupon it died.

At the end of World War II, Raymond proposed to the USAF that they create an organization to think about intercontinental warfare. That organization became the Rand Corporation, of which he was a founding member. He was also a founding member of the National Academy of Engineering. In 1991 he received the National Air and Space Museum Lifetime Achievement Trophy.

He died at age 99.

Stephen Raymond said of his grandfather: "He was always known as the kind of person who spoke truth to power. They depended on him to unearth the things that were wrong from the spinmeisters who were saying everything was dandy."

References

External links
 RAND Corporation history page
 Obituary from New York Times 

1899 births
1999 deaths
American aerospace engineers
Harvard University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Founding members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American engineers
Ben Mayer. Ben Mayer (1925 in Germany – 28 December 1999) was an amateur astronomer perhaps best known for the invention of the projection blink comparator (PROBLICOM), a low-cost version of the blink comparator. This inexpensive tool allowed amateur astronomers to contribute to some phases of serious research. Professionally, Mayer worked as an interior designer.

Mayer was the first ever to photograph a nova in its brightening phase. On the night of August 29, 1975, Mayer was using an automatic camera to photograph the sky, hoping to track meteors large enough to survive entry into the Earth's atmosphere. After learning of the nova, he realized it was in the part of the sky he was photographing. He retrieved his negatives from the trash (there were no meteors on the photographs) and found a series of images of Nova Cygni 1975 in several stages of brightening.

Mayer was a member of the American Association of Variable Star Observers and a frequent lecturer at the Riverside Telescope Makers Conference. In 1982 he won the Amateur Achievement Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Perhaps the best words summarizing Mayer's contributions and style appeared in The Griffith Observer memorial as written by Ed Krupp, Director of the Griffith Observatory in the June, 2000 edition (Vol 64, No. 6).

Death 
Mayer died on December 28, 1999 at the age of 74.

References 

American astronomers
Amateur astronomers
1925 births
1999 deaths
German emigrants to the United States
Three-tier system. Three-tier system may refer to:

 Multitier architecture, a client–server architecture in software engineering, typically of three tiers
 Three-tier system (alcohol distribution), the system established in the U.S. after the repeal of Prohibition
 Three-tier education, structures of schooling in England
 First COVID-19 tier regulations in England, 14 October – 5 November 2020
 Second COVID-19 tier regulations in England, 2 December 2020 – 29 March 2021, on 20 December it became four-tier

See also
Tier 1 (disambiguation)
Tier 2 (disambiguation)
Tier 3 (disambiguation)
Tier 4 (disambiguation)
Solar electric propulsion. Solar electric propulsion (SEP) refers to the combination of solar cells and electric thrusters to propel a spacecraft through outer space. This technology has been exploited in a variety of spacecraft designs by the European Space Agency (ESA), the JAXA (Japanese Space Agency), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and NASA. SEP has a significantly higher specific impulse than chemical rocket propulsion, thus requiring less propellant mass to be launched with a spacecraft. The technology has been evaluated for missions to Mars.

Overview 
Solar electric propulsion combines solar panels on spacecraft and one or more electric thrusters, used in tandem. There are many different types of electric thrusters, including a so-called ion thruster, a term that is often incorrectly used to describe all types of electric thrusters.

It is also possible to generate electricity from the Sun without using photovoltaic panels, such as with solar concentrators and a Stirling engine.

A 50 kilowatt SEP system was studied in the 2010s for a mission to an asteroid. In February 2012, NASA awarded a contract for a Solar Electric Propulsion Flight System.

An example of work on this type of technology is Advanced Electric Propulsion System.

The NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) ion engine has been used with photovoltaic solar panels, which was tested on the Deep Space 1 mission along with Solar Concentrator Arrays (Launched in 1998 as part of the New Millennium Program).

SEP has been studied as a technology for a mission to Mars. In particular the high specific impulse of the ion engines could lower overall mass and avoid having to use nuclear technology for power when coupled with solar panels. A 1998 study for SEP for a human mission suggest that a human-sized spacecraft would need 600 to 800 kilowatts of electrical power coupled with ion engines with a specific impulse of 2000 to 2500 seconds.

Mission examples 
 BepiColombo mission to Mercury (launched)
 Dawn to asteroids Vesta and Ceres (completed)
 Deep Space 1 to asteroid Braille and comet Borrelly (completed)
 GSAT-9 communication (launched)
 Hayabusa to asteroid Itokawa (completed)
 Hayabusa2 to asteroid Ryugu (primary mission completed, extended mission ongoing)
 Lunar Gateway space station orbiting the Moon (under construction)
 Psyche to asteroid Psyche (launched)
 GSAT-20 (under construction)

Electric propulsion technologies 
 Resistojet rocket
 Ion thruster
 High Power Electric Propulsion
 Pulsed plasma thruster
 Hall-effect thruster
 Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
 Microwave electrothermal thruster
 Field-emission electric propulsion
 Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASMIR)

See also 
 Batteries in space
 Liquid-propellant rocket
 List of spacecraft with electric propulsion
 Nuclear electric rocket
 Solar panels on spacecraft
 Solar sail
 Solar thermal rocket
 Stirling engine

References 

Solar power and space
Spacecraft propulsion
KeyKOS. KeyKOS is a persistent, pure capability-based operating system for the IBM S/370 mainframe computers. It allows emulating the environments of VM, MVS, and Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX). It is a predecessor of the Extremely Reliable Operating System (EROS), and its successor operating systems, CapROS, and Coyotos. KeyKOS is a nanokernel-based operating system.

In the mid-1970s, development of KeyKOS began at Tymshare, Inc., under the name GNOSIS. In 1984, McDonnell Douglas (MD) bought Tymshare. A year later MD spun off Key Logic, which bought GNOSIS and renamed it KeyKOS.

References

External links 
 , Norman Hardy
 GNOSIS: A Prototype Operating System for the 1990s, a 1979 paper, Tymshare Inc.
 KeyKOS - A Secure, High-Performance Environment for S/370, a 1988 paper, Key Logic, Inc.

Nanokernels
Capability systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
Rhodonite. Rhodonite is a manganese inosilicate, with the formula (Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca)SiO3, and member of the pyroxenoid group of minerals, crystallizing in the triclinic system. It commonly occurs as cleavable to compact masses with a rose-red color (its name comes ), often tending to brown due to surface oxidation. The rose-red hue is caused by the manganese cation (Mn).

Rhodonite crystals often have a thick tabular habit, but are rare. It has a perfect, prismatic cleavage, almost at right angles. The hardness is 5.5–6.5, and the specific gravity is 3.4–3.7; luster is vitreous, being less frequently pearly on cleavage surfaces. The manganese is often partly replaced by iron, magnesium, calcium, and sometimes zinc, which may sometimes be present in considerable amounts; a greyish-brown variety containing as much as 20% of calcium oxide is called bustamite; fowlerite is a zinciferous variety containing 7% of zinc oxide.

The inosilicate (chain silicate) structure of rhodonite has a repeat unit of five silica tetrahedra. The rare polymorph pyroxmangite, formed at different conditions of pressure and temperature, has the same chemical composition but a repeat unit of seven tetrahedra.

Rhodonite has also been worked as an ornamental stone. In the iron and manganese mines at Pajsberg near Filipstad and Långban in Värmland, Sweden, small brilliant and translucent crystals (pajsbergite) and cleavage masses occur. Fowlerite occurs as large, rough crystals, somewhat resembling pink feldspar, with franklinite and zinc ores in granular limestone at Franklin Furnace in New Jersey.

Rhodonite is the official gemstone of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

See also
 Enstatite, with MgSiO3 and FeSiO3 end-members
 Khondalite
 Wollastonite, CaSiO3

References

Gemstones
Manganese(II) minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Calcium minerals
Pyroxene group
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
Phenakite. Phenakite or phenacite is a fairly rare nesosilicate mineral consisting of beryllium orthosilicate, Be2SiO4. Occasionally used as a gemstone, phenakite occurs as isolated crystals, which are rhombohedral with parallel-faced hemihedrism, and are either lenticular or prismatic in habit: the lenticular habit is determined by the development of faces of several obtuse rhombohedra and the absence of prism faces. There is no cleavage, and the fracture is conchoidal. The Mohs hardness is high, being 7.5–8; the specific gravity is 2.96. The crystals are sometimes perfectly colorless and transparent, but more often they are greyish or yellowish and only translucent; occasionally they are pale rose-red. In general appearance the mineral is not unlike quartz, for which indeed it has been mistaken. Its name comes from , meaning "deceiver" due to its close visual similarity to quartz, named by Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld in 1833.

Largest phenakite 

A large phenakite gemstone has been found in Sri Lanka. Found on November 18, 2021, this gemstone weighs 616.9 carats which makes it the largest of its kind. It is owned by a gem dealer from Beruwala, Sri Lanka, and reported to be worth around  (US $ million).

Occurrence

Phenakite is found in high-temperature pegmatite veins and in mica-schists associated with quartz, chrysoberyl, apatite and topaz. It has long been known from the emerald and chrysoberyl mine on the Takovaya stream, near Yekaterinburg in the Urals of Russia, where large crystals occur in mica-schist. It is also found with topaz and amazonite in the granite of the Ilmen Mountains in the southern Urals and of the Pikes Peak region in Colorado, US. Additionally in Colorado, phenakite is found in the Mount Antero area with aquamarine, bertrandite, and fluorite. Small, gem grade individual crystals of phenakite showing a prismatic habit are noted in beryl dissolution cavities at the Noumas II Pegmatite, part of the Orange River pegmatite belt in the Northern Cape of South Africa. Large crystals of prismatic habit have been found in a feldspar quarry at Kragerø in Norway. Framont near Schirmeck in Alsace is another well-known locality. Still larger crystals, measuring  in diameter and weighing . have been found at Greenwood in Maine, but these are pseudomorphs of quartz after phenakite.

For gem purposes the stone is cut in the brilliant form, of which there are two fine examples, weighing 34 and 43 carats (6.8 and 8.6 g), in the British Museum. The indices of refraction are higher than those of quartz, beryl or topaz; a faceted phenakite is consequently rather brilliant and may sometimes be mistaken for diamond.

References

Beryllium minerals
Nesosilicates
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 148
Gemstones
MMF. MMF may refer to:

Medicine
Mismatch field, a brain response measured in magnetoencephalography
Mycophenolate mofetil (tradename CellCept), an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation

Science and technology
Magnetomotive force
Methoxymethylfurfural, an intermediate in the production of renewable plastics and biofuels
Micro-mechanics of failure, a failure theory for fibre reinforced composites
micro-microfarad, (MMF or μμF), an obsolete unit of capacitance, equivalent to a picofarad
Morgan-Mercer-Flodin, growth model
Multi-mode optical fiber

Computing
Memory-mapped file, a segment of virtual memory which has been assigned a direct byte-for-byte correlation with some portion of a file or file-like resource
Minimum Marketable Feature, in software engineering, the smallest set of functionality that must be delivered in order for the customer to perceive value
.mmf, a file extension used for Synthetic Music Mobile Application Format polyphonic ring tones
Multimedia Fusion and Multimedia Fusion 2, software authoring tools from Clickteam
Multimedia framework, a software framework that handles media
Multiple master fonts, a format for fonts

Organisations and events
Manitoba Métis Federation
Mercy Ministries Foundation, a Christian charitable organisation
Mnet Music Video Festival
Meredith Music Festival
Myna Mahila Foundation, an Indian charitable foundation
Music Managers Forum

Economics and finance
Money market fund, an open-ended mutual fund that invests in short-term debt securities such as US Treasury bills and commercial paper
Master of Mathematical Finance, a degree focusing quantitative analysis and mathematical finance
Master of Money and Finance, a master's degree offered by the House of Finance at Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany

Other
"Make Money Fast!", an email spam that has persisted on the internet since at least 1988
Male-male-female, a type of threesome involving two males and one female
Memphis May Fire, an American metalcore band
Mamfe Airport, Cameroon (by IATA code)
Mundat language (by ISO 639 code)
Multinational MRTT Fleet, a fleet of ultimately nine Airbus A330 MRTT aircraft operated by the European Defence Agency (EDA) for its six NATO nations
A US Navy hull classification symbol: Fleet minelayer (MMF)
KPR. KPR, originally known as Kodak Photoresist, is a photosensitive material used in photoengraving, Photogravure and photolithography. Once dried, KPR can be dissolved by several solvents. However, after exposure to strong ultraviolet light, it hardens and becomes insoluble by some of these solvents. It is also resistant to acid, ferric chloride and other chemicals used to etch metals.

The fundamental method of its use was first described in two US Patents, USP 2610120 and USP 2670287, assigned to the Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, New York.  These photo-resistant resins are formed from cinnamic acid esters, with the most preferable being polyvinyl cinnamate.  While they were developed primarily for photolithography for high-speed print setting for uses such as newspaper printing, their perhaps highest value came from their ability to produce non-conducting layers on top of conducting layers to precise dimensions.  This enabled the "printing" of large scale, closely placed conductive and non-conductive pathways to create binary gates. These were semi-conductors or the means to create semiconductors.  This technology was utilized heavily by the Shockley 8, at the original Fairchild Semiconductor to produce more and more closely spaced semiconductors for computing.  It is ironic that Kodak, the original patent assignee, did not really participate in the economic juggernaut that it created through this lithographic printing technology.

References

Kodak
AMD K8. The AMD K8 Hammer, also code-named SledgeHammer, is a computer processor microarchitecture designed by AMD as the successor to the AMD K7 Athlon microarchitecture. The K8 was the first implementation of the AMD64 64-bit extension to the x86 instruction set architecture.

Features

Processors 
Processors based on the K8 core include:

 Athlon 64 - first 64-bit consumer desktop
 Athlon 64 X2 - first dual-core ('X2') desktop
 Athlon X2 - later model dual-core desktop with '64' omitted
 Athlon 64 FX - enthusiast desktop (multipliers unlocked)
 Sempron - low-end, low-cost desktop
 Opteron -  server market
 Turion 64 - mobile computing market
 Turion 64 X2 - dual-core mobile processor

The K8 core is very similar to the K7. The most radical change is the integration of the AMD64 instructions and an on-chip memory controller. The memory controller drastically reduces memory latency and is largely responsible for most of the performance gains from K7 to K8.

Nomenclature 

It is perceived by the PC community that after the use of the codename K8 for the Athlon 64 processor family, AMD no longer uses K-nomenclatures (which originally stood for Kryptonite) since no K-nomenclature naming convention beyond K8 has appeared in official AMD documents and press releases after the beginning of 2005. AMD now refers to the codename K8 processors as the Family 0Fh processors. 10h and 0Fh refer to the main result of the CPUID x86 processor instruction. In hexadecimal numbering, 0F(h) (where the h represents hexadecimal numbering) equals the decimal number 15, and 10(h) equals the decimal number 16. (The "K10h" form that sometimes pops up is an improper hybrid of the "K" code and Family identifier number.)

See also 
 List of AMD Athlon 64 processors - desktop
 List of AMD Athlon X2 processors - desktop
 List of AMD Sempron processors - low end
 List of AMD Opteron processors - server
 List of AMD Turion processors - mobile
 AMD K9
 AMD 10h
 Jim Keller (engineer)

References

K08
K08
X86 microarchitectures
Computer-related introductions in 2003
O and P-class destroyer. The O and P class was a class of destroyers of the British Royal Navy. Ordered in 1939, they were the first ships in the War Emergency Programme, also known as the 1st and 2nd Emergency Flotilla, respectively. They served as convoy escorts in World War II, and some were subsequently converted to fast second-rate anti-submarine frigates in the 1950s.

Design
The O and P class were based on the hull and machinery of the preceding J class, but with more sheer forward to counter the poor riding qualities of the Js. These ships used the Fuze Keeping Clock HA Fire Control Computer.

O class
The O-class ships were built in two groups of four. The first group had 4.7 inch guns. They were in low-angle mounts which could elevate to only 40 degrees, and were additionally fitted with a 4-inch anti-aircraft gun in place of one set of torpedo tubes. The second group had  guns in high-angle mounts and were fitted to act as minelayers; they could be recognized by the flat "beaver tail" stern over which the mines were dropped.

When carrying mines they had to land Y gun, their torpedo tubes and depth charges. The designed anti-aircraft armament was one quadruple QF 2-pounder "pom pom" and a pair of quadruple 0.5-inch Vickers A/A machine guns. The latter proved to be outdated, and were replaced by 20 mm Oerlikon guns as they became available, with a total of six single mounts eventually being carried.

P class
The P class were repeats of the O class, armed entirely with 4 inch guns, in high-angle mounts fitted with a new tall design of shield which did not require the ships to lose a set of torpedo tubes to take on further AA guns.

Ships

O class
All ships survived the war. Five of them were involved in the Battle of the Barents Sea, Onslow being badly damaged. After the battle, the ships were refitted with tall lattice masts instead of the normal mast.

All of the O-class ships with 4-inch armament were fitted for minelaying.

P class
They served mainly in the Mediterranean, where four ships were lost.

See also
Type 16 frigate: postwar conversion of some O and P class vessels into second-rate fast anti-submarine frigates.

Notes

References
 Destroyers of the Royal Navy, 1893–1981, Maurice Cocker, Ian Allan,

External links

Destroyer classes
 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
F5. F5, F.V, F 5, F05 or F-5 may refer to:

Aircraft 
 F 5 Ljungbyhed, a Swedish Air Force training wing 
 Caproni Trento F-5, a jet aircraft of the 1950s
 Caproni Vizzola F.5, an Italian fighter aircraft of 1939
 Felixstowe F.5, a 1918 British flying boat
 Fokker F.V, a 1922 Dutch aircraft 
 Northrop F-5, a jet light fighter
 F-5 Lightning, a photo-reconnaissance version of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning
 Shenyang F-5, a version of the Chinese Shenyang J-5 jet fighter

Transportation
 SpaceX Falcon 5 proposed space launch rocket

Automobiles
 BYD F5, a Chinese compact sedan
 DKW F5, a German subcompact sedan
 Haval F5, a Chinese compact SUV
 Hennessey Venom F5, an American sports car

Roads and routes
 F-05 (Michigan county highway)
 Vermont Route F-5, state highway in Vermont

Locomotives
 LNER Class F5, a class of British steam locomotives

Boats
 Neutral Bay ferry services in Sydney Australia, known as the F5

Other
 F5 (band), a rock band
 F5 (classification), a wheelchair sport classification
 F5 mandolin, a musical instrument
 F5, Inc., a manufacturer of network equipment
 F5 Tower, a skyscraper in Seattle, Washington
 Cosmic Air (IATA airline designator), an airline in Kathmandu, Nepal
 Factor V, a protein of the coagulation system
 Factsheet Five, a magazine sometimes referred as F5
 Faugère F5 algorithm, for computing the Gröbner basis of an ideal of a multivariate polynomial ring
 Nikon F5, a camera
 F5 tornado, the highest intensity rating on the Fujita scale
 F-5, trademark finishing move of American professional wrestler Brock Lesnar
 F5, a function key
 F05, a Japanese Industrial Standard connector for optical fiber cables

See also
 FV (disambiguation) 
 5F (disambiguation)
British Rail DHP1. DHP1, meaning Diesel Hydraulic Prototype number 1, was a prototype Type 3 mainline diesel locomotive built between 1962 and 1963 by Clayton to demonstrate their wares to British Railways. It was designed for mixed traffic work, being equipped with steam heating facilities for working passenger trains. It was painted red, with the cab area above bonnet-level height painted cream.

Visually similar to their Class 17 Type 1 product, though longer, and with the radiator grilles in the ends of the engine covers rather than the sides. The locomotive saw little service, mainly around the International Combustion works in Derby. The locomotive was broken up by Clayton's in April 1967.

References

External links 
 Photo in International Combustion works in 1964

DHP1
B-B locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1965
Scrapped locomotives
DHP1
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain