omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Automotive shredder residue. The shredding of automobiles and major household appliances is a process where a hammermill acts as a giant tree chipper by grinding the materials fed into it to fist-size pieces. The shredding of automobiles results in a mixture of ferrous metal, non-ferrous metal (e.g. alloys of copper and aluminium) and shredder waste, called automotive shredder residue or automobile shredder residue (ASR). ASR consists of glass, fiber, rubber, automobile liquids, plastics and dirt. ASR is sometimes differentiated into shredder light fraction and dust. Sometimes these residual materials are called "car-fluff".

ASR often contains hazardous substances such as lead, cadmium, and PCB. Therefore, some countries have classified ASR as hazardous waste and have established legislative controls.

Recycling
It is estimated that every year in EU nations nearly 3 million tonnes of automotive shredder residue (ASR) are generated. While half of the waste which contains rubber, textiles and plastics can be transferred into alternative fuels or recycled, the remaining portion is primarily land-filled. The European Draft directive 2000/53/CE states that by the year 2015, only 5% of the vehicle's weight can be disposed of at landfill sites.

Recycling techniques
ASR waste contains 30% organic matter and inorganic compounds such as lead, zinc, quartz, calcite, magnetite, anhydrite and hematite. Some of the methods to recycle ASR are:
 Using as a retarder for ordinary Portland cement by transformation into aggregates after thermal treatment followed by chemical treatment.
 Conversion of automobile plastic residue into synthetic crude oil. This technology is patented by Agilyx.
 Recycling thermoplastic materials from residue plastic which can be used in construction and agriculture sector.
 Use of thermo-chemical processes, such as pyrolysis or gasification.

See also 
 Car crusher
 Bulky waste
 Industrial shredder

References

External links 
 What is ASR?

Vehicle recycling
Lernmatrix. Lernmatrix (German for "learning matrix") is a special type of artificial neural network (ANN) architecture, similar to associative memory, invented around 1960 by Karl Steinbuch, a pioneer in computer science and ANNs.

This model for learning systems could establish complex associations between certain sets of characteristics (e.g., letters of an alphabet) and their meanings.

Function 
The Lernmatrix generally consists of n "characteristic lines" and m "meaning lines," where each characteristic line is connected to each meaning line, similar to how neurons in the brain are connected by synapses. (This can be realized in various ways – according to Steinbuch, this could be done by hardware or software).

To train a Lernmatrix, values are specified on the corresponding characteristic and meaning lines (binary or real); then the connections between all pairs of characteristic and meaning lines are strengthened by the Hebb rule. A trained Lernmatrix, when given a specific input on the characteristic lines, activates the corresponding meaning lines. In modern language, it is a linear projection module.

By appropriately interconnecting several Lernmatrices, a switching system can be built that, after completing certain training phases, is ultimately able to automatically determine the most probable associated meaning for an input sequence of features.

See also 

 Artificial neural networks

External links 
 A new theoretical framework for the Steinbuch's Lernmatrix
 Pattern recognition and classification using weightless neural networks (WNN) and Steinbuch Lernmatrix
 DARPA project will study neural network processes
 Discussion in the newsgroup de.sci.informatik.ki 
 Wolfgang Hilberg: "Karl Steinbuch, ein zu Unrecht vergessener Pionier der künstlichen neuronalen Systeme", Communication from the Institute for Data Technology at the Technical University of Darmstadt, 1995, PDF file (size approx. 4 MB)  accessed on June 17, 2017

Further reading 

 Karl Steinbuch: Automat und Mensch. 1st ed. Springer 1961.

References 

Artificial neural networks
Neuroinformatics
Squawk virtual machine. Squawk is a Java micro edition virtual machine for embedded system and small devices. Most virtual machines for the Java platform are written in low level native languages such as C/C++ and assembler; what makes Squawk different is that Squawk's core is mostly written in Java (this is called a meta-circular interpreter). A Java implementation provides ease of portability, and integration of virtual machine and application resources such as objects, threads, and operating-system interfaces.

The Squawk Virtual Machine figure can be simplified as:
 Write as much of the VM in Java as possible
 Targeting small, resource constrained devices
 Enable Java for micro-embedded development
The research project was inspired by Squeak. Squawk has a Java ME heritage and features a small memory footprint. It was developed to be simple with minimal external dependencies. Its simplicity made it portable and easy to debug and maintain. Squawk also provides an isolated mechanism by which an application is represented as an object. In Squawk, one or more applications can run in the single JVM. Conceptually, each application is completely isolated from all other applications.

See also

 Sun SPOT
 Jikes RVM, another JVM written mostly in Java
 Rubinius, a VM for Ruby written in Ruby
 MicroEJ VEE, another JVM written mostly in (an extended version of) Java
 List of Java virtual machines

References

External links
SunSPOTs and Squawk technology Podcast
A Java Virtual Machine Architecture for Very Small Devices
The Squawk Virtual Machine: Java(TM) on the Bare Metal
Javaone 2006 Squawk for Wireless Sensor Networks
Application-Driven Customization of an Embedded Java Virtual Machine
Ahead of time deployment in ROM of a Java-OS
Project Sun Spot
Squawk Poster

Discontinued Java virtual machines
Sun Microsystems software
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Software using the GNU General Public License
Baggage handling system. A baggage handling system is a type of conveyor system installed in airports that transports checked luggage from ticket counters to areas where the bags can be loaded onto airplanes. A baggage handling system also transports checked baggage coming from airplanes to baggage claims or to an area where the bag can be loaded onto another airplane.

History 
The first automated baggage handling system was invented by BNP Associates in 1971, and this technology is in use in almost every major airport worldwide today.

Process 
Bags are entered into the baggage handling system when an airline agent, or self-check system, assigns each of them a tag with a unique ten-digit barcode. Airlines are also now incorporating RFID chips into tags to track bags in real time and reduce the number of mishandled bags. The baggage handling system then scans and sorts the bags by airline, usually by means of Automatic Tag Readers (ATR). A series of diverters along the conveyor belt then directs the bags through the baggage handling area.

Although a baggage handling system's primary function is the sorting and transportation of bags, a typical system also:

  Detects bag jams
  Regulates input volume, to avoid overloading the system
  Balances loads, to evenly distribute bags between conveyor subsystems
  Counts and tracks bags

Security 
After September 11, 2001, the majority of airports around the world began to implement baggage screening directly into baggage handling systems. These systems are referred to as "Checked Baggage Inspection System" by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) in the US, where bags are fed directly into Explosive Detection System (EDS) machines. A CBIS can sort baggage based on each bag's security status assigned by an EDS machine or by a security screening operator.

References

External links
How Baggage Handling Works (howstuffworks.com)

Aircraft ground handling
Air freight
Luggage
Calculagraph. The Calculagraph is a device which mechanically calculates and prints the elapsed time between two events. Their best known, earliest use was as a means of tracking of table usage in pool halls. Later, until the advent of the digital era, they became the standard way to clock the duration of toll telephone calls.

Invention 
Henry Abbott, a watchmaker, invented the Calculagraph, and he made a career out of modifying and improving upon the original design.  He obtained many patents; the first one specifically using the name Calculagraph was No. 583320, issued May 25, 1897. The characteristic aspect of the machine's design is its automatic performance of elapsed-time calculations, as calculating the difference between two times manually is a tedious and error-prone process, and the machines quickly gained popularity.

Abbott founded the Calculagraph Company in New York City, and later moved to New Jersey. The company is still in business, now known as Control Products, Inc.; however they no longer manufacture the product.

Design 
The unit consists of a clock and a precision gear-based set of three printing wheels, which print on standardized accounting tickets.  One of the wheels presents a clock face, and indicates the time at which a measured interval commenced. It is printed by pushing forward on the right handle. Pulling back on that same handle prints a pair of hollow dial faces with quantities printed around the outside. The ticket is then removed and set aside until the completion event occurs. The ticket is then re-inserted into the Calculagraph, and the left handle is pulled back. This prints a pair of arrow indicators in the center of each previously printed dial, pointing at the elapsed time since the original event. The center of each arrow contains a legend.

Models 6 and 110 were based on the original design, and a complete re-design led to the Model 33. The original clocks were wind-up, using the popular Seth Thomas #10 movement. Electric models included 110 V and 20 V versions.

Different versions were used as employee time clocks, for professional billing, job cost accounting, room and equipment rental, and many other applications. They could be configured to print in various time formats, such as minutes and seconds, minutes and tenths, or hours and minutes. The pool hall versions printed in dollars and cents.  Others printed the date along with the start time.

References

Telephony equipment
Obsolete technologies
OAA. OAA may refer to:

 Oakwood Adventist Academy
 Oceania Athletic Association
 Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army
 Ohio Auctioneers Association
 Ohio Achievement Assessment
 Old Achimotans Association
 The Older Americans Act of 1965
 Oman Automobile Association, a member of the FIA
 Ontario Association of Architects
 Open Adoption Agreement
 Open Agent Architecture
 Open Automotive Alliance, an organization to computerize cars
 Optically active additive, for use in paints and coatings
 Opticians Association of America
 Optometrists Association Australia
 Oriental Astronomical Association
 Orlando Apopka Airport
 Oxaloacetic acid
 Oxford Aviation Academy
 Oxley Aviation, Australia (ICAO operator designator)
 Ozark Adventist Academy
(Benzylideneacetone)iron tricarbonyl. (Benzylideneacetone)iron tricarbonyl is the organoiron compound with the formula (CHCH=CHC(O)CH)Fe(CO). It is a reagent for transferring the Fe(CO) unit.  This red-colored compound is commonly abbreviated (bda)Fe(CO).

Structure and bonding
(bda)Fe(CO) is an example of a complex of an η-ketone. It is a piano stool complex. The compound is characterized by IR bands at 2065, 2005, and 1985 cm (cyclohexane solution), the three bands being indicative of the low symmetry of the complex, which is chiral.

Synthesis, reactions, related reagents

It is prepared by the reaction of Fe(CO) with benzylideneacetone.  

(bda)Fe(CO) sometimes reacts with Lewis bases to give adducts without displacement of the bda.  The reagents of the type (bda)Fe(CO)(PR) function as sources of "Fe(CO)(PR)" (R = aryl, etc.).

Other sources of Fe(CO) are Fe(CO) and Fe(CO)(cyclooctene).  The latter is highly reactive and thermally sensitive.  Imine derivatives of cinnamaldehyde, e.g. CHCH=CHC(H)=NCH, also form reactive Fe(CO) adducts, which have been shown to be superior in some ways to (bda)Fe(CO).

References

Further reading

Organoiron compounds
Carbonyl complexes
Iron(0) compounds
Enones
Phenyl compounds
Phi Alpha Epsilon. Phi Alpha Epsilon () is an American academic, discipline-specific honor society for architectural engineering.

History 
In the fall of 1980, students in the Department of Architectural Engineering & Construction Science at Kansas State University formed a group to consider creating an academic honorary society. Professor Charles Bissey served as the group's advisor.  As a result, Kappa Sigma Alpha Epsilon (KSAE) was established. In the spring of 1981, its seven charter members and eight pledges were installed.

After other architectural engineering programs expressed an interest in joining KSAE, a discussion took place during the 1983–84 academic year. The group became a national academic honorary society in the fall of 1984, with the name change to Phi Alpha Epsilon. The honor society's function was to reward academic achievement in architectural engineering and to recognize outstanding alumni.

Kansas State University was chartered as the Alpha chapter of Phi Alpha Epsilon in the spring of 1985. Bissey served faculty advisor for the Alpha chapter until his retirement in December 2003.

In 1998,  Duane Henderson, one of the society's founding members, expanded the Phi Alpha Epsilon scholarship fund which is used to provide scholarships for members.

Symbols 
The society's colors are purple and white.

Membership
Phi Alpha Epsilon members must be a junior or a senior seeking a degree in architectural engineering and have at least a 3.0 grade point average Students who qualify for membership receive an invitation to join. New members are inducted once each semester.

Chapters
Following is a list of Phi Alpha Epsilon chapters. Active chapters are indicated in bold. Inactive chapters are in italics.

See also
 Tau Beta Pi - The honor society for all engineering disciplines
 Honor society
 Association of College Honor Societies (ACHS)

References

Engineering honor societies
Student organizations established in 1980
1980 establishments in Kansas
Aviation Museum of Kentucky. The Aviation Museum of Kentucky is an aviation museum located at the Blue Grass Airport in Lexington, Kentucky. Incorporated in 1989, and opened to the public in April, 1995.  It includes over  of exhibit space, a library, and an aircraft restoration and repair shop. The museum is the home of the Kentucky Aviation Hall of Fame.

Historic airplanes, photos, documents and training equipment are all included in the museum's permanent collection. A great number of the items from the museum's original displays were donated from the personal collections of members of the Kentucky Aviation History Roundtable. The Roundtable is a local group of aviation enthusiasts, founded in 1978, who developed the idea of a permanent aviation museum at the Blue Grass Airport.

As a part of its collection, the museum displays both military and civilian aircraft. Detailing aviation history, the museum houses exhibits that include jet fighters, sailplanes, aircraft engines, satellites and a wide range of scale aircraft models and artifacts.  A gift shop is also available.

Permanent display
McDonnell RF-101 Voodoo (56-0125)
US Navy Blue Angels A-4 Skyhawk
Crosley Moonbeam biplane
AH-1 Cobra helicopter
US Navy Grumman F-14B Tomcat (161860)
A replica of the Matthew Bacon Sellers Jr. 1908 Quadruplane, Kentucky's first airplane
WACO biplane
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom
A General Electric CF6 Turbofan Engine
A Douglas A-3 Skywarrior McDonnell Douglas A-3D Skywarrior
Flight simulators

Gallery

References

External links

Aviation Museum of Kentucky

Aerospace museums in Kentucky
Museums in Lexington, Kentucky
Military and war museums in Kentucky
Museums established in 1995
1995 establishments in Kentucky
Puente La Amistad de Taiwán. Puente La Amistad de Taiwán (English: "Taiwan Friendship Bridge") spans the Tempisque River, on National Route 18, in Guanacaste, northern Costa Rica. Although generally known as a cable-stayed bridge, it is really a hybrid bridge composed of a cable-stayed span and a pillar-supported bridge. The cable-stayed section has two spans of 170 and 90 metres, supported by an 80-metre-high pylon. The total length of the bridge is 780 metres with eight supporting pillars and the pylon. The bridge was completed in 2003.

The bridge was financed and designed by Taiwan and built primarily by the Taiwanese company MAA, with participation of Costa Rican engineers and workers. It has a particular importance for the province of Guanacaste for it facilitates transit from the capital city of San José. Prior to the construction of the bridge, this route required the use of ferries to cross the Tempisque River, or long alternate land routes.

Recent Costa Rican studies have found some problems in the structure that have required increased maintenance.

The bridge has been known colloquially as Puente de la Apuñalada (Back stab Bridge) since former Costa Rican President Óscar Arias cut off relations with Taiwan in favour of China.

Puente La Amistad was damaged on 5 September 2012 by the 2012 Costa Rica earthquake.

References

External links 
 

Bridges in Costa Rica
Cable-stayed bridges
Bridges completed in 2003
Buildings and structures in Guanacaste Province
Technical University of Oruro. The Technical University of Oruro (), or UTO, is one of ten public universities in Bolivia. It is located in the city of Oruro.

The university was created on 15 October 1892 and was named Distrito Universitario de Oruro. It changed its name in 1937 to Universidad San Agustín and finally adopted its current name in 1941 under the dean, Josermo Murillo Vacarreza (1897–1987).

Engineering College 
One of UTO's most prestigious colleges is the "Facultad Nacional de Ingeniería" (National Engineering School).

Postgraduate and Scientific Research Office
The future vision of the Technical University of Oruro is to obtain grant-supported projects in all of its academic research areas.

The postgraduate program amalgamates relevant scientific research in its doctoral programs, working with national and international academic researchers.  It aims to train scientists in critical and creative thinking, and to promote research in many scientific areas.

References

External links
Universidad Tecnica de Oruro home page (in Spanish)
Facultad Nacional de Ingeneria de Bolivia home page (in Spanish)

Universities in Bolivia
Universities and colleges established in 1892
1892 establishments in Bolivia
Oruro
North Auxiliary Airfield. North Air Force Auxiliary Airfield  is a military airfield located  east of North, a town in Orangeburg County, South Carolina, United States.

It is owned by the U.S. Air Force and is used primarily for C-17 Globemaster III training by the 437th Airlift Wing (437 AW) and its Air Force Reserve "Associate" unit, the 315th Airlift Wing (315 AW), at Joint Base Charleston. Other units can utilize North with prior coordination with the 628th Air Base Wing (628 ABW). The 628th Civil Engineering Squadron (628 CES) of the 628 ABWW at Charleston AFB maintains a detachment to maintain and operate the airfield.

Facilities 
North Auxiliary Airfield covers an area of , of which  are undeveloped. It contains two asphalt paved runways: the main runway (6/24) measuring 10,000 x 150 ft (3,048 x 46 m) and an asphalt runway (5/23) measuring 3,500 x 90 ft (1,067 x 27 m).

History

The land for North Army Airfield was bought between 1942 and 1945. The airfield was built by the United States Army Air Forces The original dirt runway was constructed in April 1943 and used by Hughes Aircraft Company for testing, as well as being a satellite airfield of Columbia Army Air Base, supporting B-25 Mitchell medium bomber training for Third Air Force's III Air Support Command. Training was accomplished by 74th Station Complement Squadron which also maintained the facility.

After World War II, a 10,000 ft runway and a 3,000 ft assault runway were built. North Airfield (later North Auxiliary Airfield, Northfield Air Base), has been under the jurisdiction of Fort Jackson, the former 363rd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Shaw AFB, and the United States Department of Energy (DOE). On 1 October 1979, the 437th Airlift Wing at Charleston AFB assumed real property jurisdiction, control, and accountability over North Field.

With the transition of the 437th Airlift Wing and 512th Airlift Wing (Associate) to the C-17 Globemaster III, an air traffic control tower and permanent aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) station was constructed at North Auxiliary Airfield, establishing it as a controlled versus uncontrolled airport.

See also

List of United States Air Force installations
South Carolina World War II Army Airfields

References

External links
 North Auxiliary Airfield from Joint Base Charleston website
 
 

Installations of the United States Air Force in South Carolina
1942 establishments in South Carolina
Airports established in 1942
Airports in South Carolina
Orangeburg County, South Carolina
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Orangeburg County, South Carolina
György Szigeti. György Szigeti (29 January 1905 – 27 November 1978), was a Hungarian physicist and engineer who developed tungsten lamps.

In 1923, at Tungsram Ltd., a research laboratory was established for improving light sources, mainly electric bulbs. The head of that laboratory was Ignácz Pfeiffer (1867–1941), whose research staff included Szigeti, along with Zoltán Bay (1900–1992), Tivadar Millner, Imre Bródy (1891–1944), Ernő Winter (1897–1971), and others.

Szigeti worked together with Zoltán Bay on metal-vapor lamps and fluorescent light sources. They received a U.S. patent on "electroluminescent light sources" that were made of silicon carbide; these light sources were the ancestors of light-emitting diodes.

Notes

External links 
 KFKI notes on György Szigeti.
 HPO-Hungary on György Szigeti .
 BzLogi-Hungary-Bzaka on György Szigeti.

20th-century Hungarian physicists
20th-century Hungarian inventors
20th-century Hungarian engineers
1905 births
1978 deaths
Clean Energy Partnership. Clean Energy Partnership (CEP) is a joint project for world's most versatile hydrogen demonstration. It is aiming for emission-free mobility and has several hydrogen stations.

As of May 2010 the CEP is a consortium of thirteen partners: 
Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe BVG (Berlin transit authority), BMW, Daimler, Ford, GM/Opel, Hamburger Hochbahn (Hamburg transit company), Linde Group, Royal Dutch Shell, Statoil, Total, Toyota, Vattenfall Europe, and Volkswagen Group.

Milestones
In November 2004 the first hydrogen station was opened in Messedamn, Berlin, Germany. On July 13, 2006 Volkswagen Group joined the partnership.

In September, 2009 seven members of the Clean Energy Partnership signed a Memorandum of Understanding with NOW GmbH (Nationale Organisation Wasserstoff- und Brennstoffzellentechnologie, "National Organisation Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology", a state organisation. represented by the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development.
It called for two phases of work
 "leverage plans to install new hydrogen fuelling stations by 2011"
 Depending on the progress of this, a nationwide roll-out of hydrogen fuelling stations will be continued, supporting the introduction of series produced hydrogen powered vehicles in Germany around 2015.

As of September 2006 CEP had 17 hydrogen stations.

References

External links
 Homepage of Clean Energy Partnership
 Honda FCX Clarity Honda aid CEP programs through providing two FCX Clarity fuel cell cars
 Ulrich Hottelet: State funding for hybrid dreams, The Asia Pacific Times, October 2009

Hydrogen economy
Fuel cell vehicles