omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Emair MA-1. The Emair MA-1 Paymaster was a 1960s American agricultural  biplane aircraft built by Emair, which was part of the Hawaiian Murray company.  The prototype was constructed and flown in New Zealand, with production aircraft built in the United States at Harlingen, Texas.

Development
The prototype Murrayair MA-1 was built by Air New Zealand on behalf of Murrayair Limited of Hawaii, United States. Based on the Stearman 75 Kaydet, it had an increased wing area and modification to the forward fuselage to accommodate a pilot (in a raised cockpit for better visibility), a jump seat (used to carry an assistant or mechanic between stations), and a chemical hopper. The fixed tailwheel landing gear was strengthened and a more powerful Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial engine fitted. It first flew in New Zealand on 27 July 1969, then it was dismantled and shipped to Hawaii to obtain United States type certification; certification was awarded on 14 April 1970.

Production and development
Emair began production of the aircraft at Harlingen in Texas. The production aircraft were named Agronemair MA-1 Paymaster at first, then designated the Emair MA-1 Paymaster. 
Production ended in 1976 after 25 had been built.

In 1975 Emair developed an improved version, the Emair MA-1B Diablo 1200, which was essentially an MA-1 with a more powerful Wright R-1820 radial engine. The more powerful engine did not increase the maximum takeoff weight but allowed operations at higher altitudes, and its lower output speed helped reduce propeller noise.

Forty-eight MA-1s had been built by early 1980, with production being suspended by the end of the year due to poor market conditions. At the end of the 1980s the company halted production after a further 23 Diablos had been built.

Variants
Murrayair MA-1
New Zealand-built prototype with a 600hp (447kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1340-AN1 Wasp radial engine.
Emair MA-1 Paymaster
Production aircraft, 25 built.
Emair MA-1B Diablo 1200
Improved version with a 900hp (671 kW) de-rated Wright R-1820 radial engine, 48 built.

Specifications (Diablo 1200)

See also

References

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1600.
 
 

1960s United States agricultural aircraft
MA-1
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1969
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
British Steel (yacht). British Steel is a 59 ft (18 m) ketch famous for a circumnavigation of the globe "the wrong way" (i.e. from east to west, against prevailing winds and currents) by Chay Blyth in 1970/71.

The entire race was completed in 292 days. Described by The Times as "The most outstanding passage ever made by one man alone", under the headline "Boat of Steel - Man of Iron", the feat inspired two generations of ocean voyagers and adventurers, forming the basis of the 1992 British Steel Challenge and the subsequent BT Global Challenges.

British Steel is currently moored in Dartmouth, Devon and undergoing restoration.

History
British Steel was designed by Devon-based naval architect Robert Clark, and built in 1970 by Philip and Son, at Noss, on the River Dart. Launched on 19 August of that year, after a record build time of four months, British Steel was described by Don Holme in his book The Circumnavigators as representing the absolute pinnacle of modern yacht design and construction at the time, particularly with regard to the use of steel in the building of her hull.

It was primarily for this reason, when approached by the erstwhile adventurer and "publicity-yachtist" Chay Blyth, then state-owned British Steel Corporation (later Corus) agreed to sponsor his plan.

Purpose-built to achieve what was widely regarded as impossible, the design and construction of British Steel cost £20,000. Boasting state-of-the-art electronics, she also featured a host of other innovative features to complete her voyage single-handed.

External links
 British Steel website (archived)

References

Individual sailing vessels
1970s sailing yachts
Sailing yachts built in the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1976
David Gelperin. Dr. David Gelperin chaired the working groups developing the IEEE 829-1989 software testing documentation standard.  With Jerry E. Durant he went on to develop the High Impact Inspection Technology that builds upon traditional inspections but utilizes a test driven additive.

Gelperin received his PhD in Computer Science from Ohio State University. Together with his partner William C. Hetzel, he co-founded the Software Quality Engineering consultancy firm (now known as TechWell Corporation) in 1986. The firm played a leading role in organizing the International Conference on Software Testing and the Software Testing Analysis & Review conference. 
Gelperin and Hetzel had developed the STEP methodology for implementing the original IEEE-829 Standard for Test Documentation. Their firm was instrumental in gaining recognition for testing as a separate discipline within the software industry.

He is CTO & President of ClearSpecs Enterprises in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

References

Software testing people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
William C. Hetzel. Dr. William C. Hetzel is an expert in the field of software testing.  He compiled the papers from the 1972 Computer Program Test Methods Symposium, also known as the Chapel Hill Symposium, into the book Program Test Methods. The book, published in 1973, details the problems of software validation and testing.

Hetzel and Dave Gelperin co-found the Software Quality Engineering consultancy firm in 1986.    In 1988 they classified the phases and goals of software testing into the following stages:

 Until 1956 – Debugging Oriented – Until 1956 it was the debugging oriented period, when testing was often associated to debugging: there was no clear difference between testing and debugging.
 1957–1978 – Demonstration Oriented – From 1957–1978 there was the demonstration oriented period where debugging and testing was distinguished now – in this period it was shown, that software satisfies the requirements.
 1979–1982 – Destruction Oriented – The time between 1979–1982 is announced as the destruction oriented period, where the goal was to find errors.
 1983–1987 – Evaluation Oriented – The years 1983–1987 are classified as the evaluation oriented period: intention here is that during the software lifecycle a product evaluation is provided and measuring quality.
 1988– – Prevention Oriented – From 1988 on it was seen as prevention oriented period where tests were to demonstrate that software satisfies its specification, to detect faults and to prevent faults.

References

Software testing people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
40 principles of invention. The 40 principles of invention are a suite of ideas that purport to aid in solving hard technical problems.

The principles are based on TRIZ, a theory about problem solving. They are used together with contradiction matrices.

Contradiction matrix 

A contradiction matrix is a structured and systematic representation of basic engineering parameters of objects, or systems, such as mass, length and manufacturing tolerances.

TRIZ 
TRIZ claims that by studying an individual parameter that is causing a problem (e.g., the mass of an object needs to be reduced), and the other parameters with which it conflicts (e.g., the lower mass would require thinner material, which is more likely to undergo catastrophic failure), solutions can be created.

This is actually the simplification of some fact. Namely, the structured contents of each of the cells within the contradiction matrix, (i.e. cells fulfilled with ordered principles and identified by their order numbers) - the principles of inventions have been chosen, due to realized necessary statistical extensive studies.

History 
Studies led by G. S. Altshuller led to this approach. According to Altshuller, every technical problem that requires a solution can be categorized in terms of what he called its main technical contradiction.

Altshuller proposed that the process of evolution of any given system is ruled by general laws of systems evolution. One such law says that the process of finding the solution can be facilitated by forming analogies to solutions that had already been found for another technical problem. However, the main point is to acquire the necessary experience in correctly defining the Main Technical Contradiction.

References

External links
Interactive matrix proposing the 40 principles
List and uses of the 40 principles

TRIZ
Alfred Wolcott Gibbs. Alfred Wolcott Gibbs (October 27, 1856 – May 19, 1922) was a mechanical engineer in the railroad industry who attained the position of chief mechanical engineer of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
He was instrumental in the design of a number of important PRR locomotive classes, including the E6 4-4-2 "Atlantic" type, the K4s 4-6-2 "Pacific" type, and the L1s 2-8-2 "Mikado" type.

Biography
He was born in Fort Fillmore in what is now New Mexico, and died of a heart attack at his home in Wayne, Pennsylvania.

Alfred Gibbs was educated first at Rutgers College (1873–1874) and then at the Stevens Institute of Technology (1874–1878), graduating in mechanical engineering.
He joined the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1879 as an apprentice.

Gibbs was appointed General Superintendent of Motive Power of Lines East in 1903, replacing William W. Atterbury.

He was a hereditary member of the Aztec Club of 1847, representing his father General Alfred Gibbs.

References

1856 births
Rutgers University alumni
Stevens Institute of Technology alumni
American mechanical engineers
Pennsylvania Railroad people
1922 deaths
People from Doña Ana County, New Mexico
People from New Mexico Territory
James N. Goodier. James Norman Goodier (October 17, 1905 – November 5, 1969) was professor of applied mechanics at Stanford University known for his work in elasticity and plastic deformation.

He was born in Preston, Lancashire, England and studied engineering at Cambridge University. He was awarded a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship which enabled him to continue his studies  at the University of Michigan where he earned his doctorate in 1931 under the direction of Stephen Timoshenko with a dissertation titled Compression of Rectangular Blocks, and the Bending of Beams by Nonlinear Distributions of Bending Forces.
Timoshenko moved to Stanford University in 1936 and Goodier eventually succeeded him there.

He was co-author of two classic books in this field: "Theory of Elasticity," with Timoshenko, 1951; and "Elasticity and Plasticity," with P. G. Hodge, Jr., 1958 and was awarded the Timoshenko Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1961. He was chairman of the Applied Mechanics Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers from 1945 to 1946, and was elected Fellow of that Society in 1964. He had more than fifty doctoral students, two of whom were George F. Carrier and Nils Otto Myklestad.

References

External links

 J. N. Goodier Papers
 Stanford Daily News, November 7, 1969. http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19691107-01.2.11 Retrieved March 8, 2015.

1905 births
1969 deaths
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
English mechanical engineers
Engineers from Preston, Lancashire
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
University of Michigan alumni
Photo-Carnot engine. A photo-Carnot engine is a Carnot cycle engine in which the working medium is a photon inside a cavity with perfectly reflecting walls. Radiation is the working fluid, and the piston is driven by radiation pressure.

A quantum Carnot engine is one in which the atoms in the heat bath are given a small bit of quantum coherence. The phase of the atomic coherence provides a new control parameter.

The deep physics behind the second law of thermodynamics is not violated; nevertheless, the quantum Carnot engine has certain features that are not possible in a classical engine.

Derivation 
The internal energy of the photo-Carnot engine is proportional to the volume (unlike the ideal-gas equivalent) as well as the 4th power of the temperature (see Stefan–Boltzmann law) using  :

 

The radiation pressure is only proportional to this 4th power of temperature but no other variables, meaning that for this photo-Carnot engine an isotherm is equivalent to an isobar:

 

Using the first law of thermodynamics () we can determine the work done through an adiabatic () expansion by using the chain rule () and setting it equal to 

Combining these  gives us  which we can solve to find , or equivalently 

Since the photo-Carnot engine needs a quantum coherence in the gas which is lost during the process, the rebuild of coherency takes more energy than is produced with the machine.

The efficiency of this reversible engine including the coherency must at most be the Carnot efficiency, regardless of the mechanism and so

See also
Carnot heat engine
Radiometer

Footnotes

Further reading 

Hot air engines
Thermodynamic cycles
Bucharest Metro Line M6. M6 is an under construction metro line of the Bucharest Metro. The M6 Line will connect Bucharest North railway station () to Henri Coandă International Airport (). The line is expected to be completed by 2028. As of 2019, only the section from 1 Mai station to Tokyo station had secured funding. On March 8, 2022, the contract for construction was signed; the contract for the second section — from Tokyo station to the airport — was signed on May 2, 2023. 

Construction work has effectively started on December 15, 2023, for the first section between the 1 Mai station of M4 and the future Tokyo station.

Cost
The construction of the new line is estimated to cost around €1.2 billion. The Japan Bank for International Cooperation is financing the project with €300 million.

Stations
The M6 Line will have a total of 16 stations: 4 stations shared with the existing M4 Line and 12 planned new stations: Pajura, Expoziției, Piața Montreal, Gara Băneasa, Aeroport Băneasa, Tokyo, Washington, Paris, Bruxelles, Otopeni, Ion I.C. Brătianu, and Aeroport Otopeni.

References

Bucharest Metro Lines
Proposed rail infrastructure in Romania
Ohio Department of Natural Resources. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) is the Ohio government agency charged with ensuring "a balance between wise use and protection of our natural resources for the benefit of all."

Functions 
ODNR regulates Ohio's oil and gas industry, the mining industry, hunting and fishing, and dams while maintaining natural resources such as state parks, state nature preserves, state wildlife areas, state forests, and state waterways. It was created in 1949 by the Ohio Legislature.

ODNR owns and manages more than  of land, including 75 state parks, 23 state forests, 136 state nature preserves, and 150 wildlife areas. The department has jurisdiction over more than  of inland rivers and streams,  of the Ohio River, and  of Lake Erie. 

ODNR is responsible for overseeing and permitting all mineral extraction, monitoring dam safety, managing water resources, and mapping the state's major geologic structures and mineral resources. In addition, ODNR also oversees the registration of all of Ohio's watercraft and issues all of the state's hunting and fishing licenses. ODNR has two main focuses: Regulating the use of Ohio's reserve of natural resources and providing visitors with the recreational opportunities that these resources provide.

See also
Department of Natural Resources (disambiguation)
List of State Fish and Wildlife Management Agencies in the U.S.

References

External links

 Ohio Department of Natural Resources (Not available outside USA)
 ODNR Fishing License Online

Environment of Ohio
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
State environmental protection agencies of the United States
Natural resources agencies in the United States
1949 establishments in Ohio
Alireza Afzalipour. Alireza Afzalipour (26 March 1909 – 7 April 1993) () was an Iranian engineer, businessman and philanthropist who is known as the founder of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman because of his financial support and outstanding donation to Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman as well as Kerman Medical University.
He died aged 84 in 1993.

Education
He was born in Tafresh and attended schools in Tehran. Having been granted a scholarship by the Iranian government, he then went to France to study. In 1937, he graduated with a BSc in general chemistry and an MSc in agricultural chemistry. He returned to Iran after finishing his studies in France.

Career
He established his business in electronic products which made him a wealthy man.

University
He planned to build a university and started his research by closely visiting 11 universities in Europe and almost all of universities in Iran. He finally chose Kerman for the location of the university he intended to build. After preliminary studies, about 50 hectares was allocated to the construction on 25 December 1974, and the work began with his 600,000,000-rial donation at the time. The university was officially opened on 15 September 1985. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman founded by him, is now one of the biggest universities in Iran and the region. The Medical School of the Kerman University of Medical Sciences and a 350-bed hospital in Kerman now bear his name.

Personal life
His wife was Fakhereh Saba, an opera singer and university lecturer, who died on 14 July 2007 at age 82.

References 
 University of Kerman, about Afzallipour

External links
Official site of Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman

20th-century Iranian engineers
Iranian philanthropists
1909 births
1993 deaths
People from Tafresh
20th-century philanthropists
20th-century Iranian businesspeople
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
Shenlong (spacecraft). Shenlong () is a Chinese reusable robotic spaceplane currently in development. Only a few pictures have appeared since it was revealed in late 2007.

Test platform 
The latest academic models, shown in 2000, reveal a delta-winged spaceplane with a single vertical stabilizer, equipped with three high-expansion engines. Presuming a seating arrangement of two crew members sitting side-by-side in the cockpit, dimensions could be very roughly estimated as a wingspan of 8 m, a length of 12 m and a total mass of 12 tonnes. This is within the payload capability of the Chinese CZ-2F or type A launch vehicles.

Spaceplane 
Images of an aerodynamic scaled model, ready to be launched from under the fuselage of a Xian H-6 bomber, were first published on 11 December 2007. Code named Program 863-706, the Chinese name of this spacecraft was revealed as "Shenlong Spaceplane" (神龙空天飞机). These images, possibly taken in late 2005, show the vehicle's black reentry heat shielding, indicating a reusable design, and its engine assembly. The first sub-orbital flight of the Shenlong reportedly took place on 8 January 2011.

Earlier, images of the High-enthalpy Shock Waves Laboratory wind tunnel of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) State Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Gas Dynamics (LHD) were published in the Chinese media. Tests with speeds up to Mach 20 were reached in around 2001.

, the CAS academician Zhunang Fenggan (莊逢甘) said that a first test flight of the spaceplane would be conducted during the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", from 2006 to 2010.

See also 
 Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
 Boeing X-37 – American reusable spacecraft

References 

Proposed reusable launch systems
Spaceplanes
Reusable spacecraft
Secret space vehicles
Uncrewed spacecraft
Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s
Norman P. Goss. Norman P. Goss (February 4, 1902 – October 28, 1977) was an inventor and researcher from Cleveland, Ohio, United States.

He graduated from Case Institute of Technology in 1925. He made significant contributions to the field of metals research, and in 1935 he published a paper and patented a method to obtain so-called grain-oriented electrical steel, which has highly anisotropic magnetic properties. This special "grain-oriented" structure was named after its inventor and it is referred to as the "GOSS structure".

Grain-oriented electrical steel enabled the development of highly efficient electrical machines, especially transformers. Today, the magnetic cores of all high-voltage high-power transformers are made of grain-oriented electrical steel.

References

1977 deaths
1902 births
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Insert Therapeutics. Insert Therapeutics, Inc., now Calando Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is a medical research company that uses nanobiotechnology specializing in therapeutic agents that are conjugated, to facilitate and enhance drug delivery. The small company was founded in 2000, is located in Pasadena, California, and is owned by Arrowhead Research Corporation.

The conjugates consist of a cyclodextrin-containing polymer (Cyclosert) that acts as a drug delivery system, and a linked medication, such as a chemotherapeutic drug of already proven efficacy. The size of the polymer is designed to  “fit” the specific target, as vessels in a neoplasm allow for leakage of different sizes of polymers, as in healthy tissue. The leaked conjugates are concentrated in the target area. As a result, chemotherapeutic activity is locally enhanced, while general side effects are decreased.

At least one of their conjugates, IT-101, has been  investigated in a clinical trial at City of Hope National Medical Center.

References

External links 
 Calando Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was Insert Therapeutics, Inc.
 Cerulean Pharma, Inc. IT-101 licensee

Biotechnology companies of the United States
Caproni Vizzola Ventura. The Caproni Vizzola C22 Ventura was a light jet-powered aircraft developed in Italy for use as a military trainer. It was of conventional sailplane configuration and bore a family resemblance to the Caproni Calif gliders, although the Ventura had an almost entirely metal structure. The student and instructor sat side by side under an expansive canopy, and weapons hardpoints were provided under each of the slender, high-mounted wings. It had retractable, tricycle undercarriage.

In 1981, Agusta acquired 50% of the C22 programme and proposed a new version, the C22R, which was to have been a reconnaissance aircraft also capable of Forward Air Control and ELINT operations. The basic C22J trainer was exhibited at the Farnborough Air Show in 1980 and September 1982, but failed to attract any customers, and the proposed C22R was never actually built.

Specifications (C22J)

References

 
 
 
 

Vizzola Ventura
C22R
1980s Italian military trainer aircraft
Twinjets
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1980
T-tail aircraft
Chadwick C-122. 

The Chadwick C-122 was a single-seat ultralight helicopter developed in the United States in the 1980s. It was a minimalist design consisting of a fibreglass shell enclosing a truss structure to which the engine, rotor mast, landing gear, and pilot's seat were attached. A wide variety of roles were envisaged for the aircraft, and therefore it was equipped with attachment points for spray bars, a cargo hook, external cargo racks, and even weapons for law enforcement work. The skid-type undercarriage could be quickly fitted with wheels for ground-handling, or floats for operations from water.

A prototype was constructed in 1985, and publicly unveiled at the Helicopter Association International annual convention the following year. Flight testing continued through 1987, with deliveries anticipated for that Autumn.

Variants proposed
 C-122S - basic single-seat utility version
 C-122T - two-seat version
 C-122AG - agricultural version
 C-122PI - "Police interceptor" version
 C-122R - RPV version
 C-122W - armed ("weapons") version

A tethered helicopter training platform based on the C-122 was also proposed

Specifications (C-122S)

References
 
 

1980s United States civil utility aircraft
1980s United States helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1985