omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Converting (metallurgy). Converting is a type of metallurgical smelting that includes several processes; the most commercially important form is the treatment of molten metal sulfides to produce crude metal and slag, as in the case of copper and nickel converting.  A now-uncommon form is batch treatment of pig iron to produce steel by the Bessemer process.  The vessel used was called the Bessemer converter. Modern steel mills use basic oxygen process converters.

Equipment

The converting process occurs in a converter. Two kinds of converters are widely used: horizontal and vertical.

Horizontal  (which are an improvement of the ) prevail in the metallurgy of non-ferrous metals. Such a converter is a horizontal barrel lined with refractory material inside. A hood for the purpose of the loading/unloading operations is located on the upper side of the converter. Two belts of tuyeres come along the axis on either sides of the converter.

Molten sulfide material, referred to as matte, is poured through the hood into the converter during the operation of loading. Air is distributed to tuyeres from the two tuyere collectors which are located on opposite sides of the converter. Collector pipes vary in diameter with distance from the connection to air supplying trunk; this is to provide equal pressure of air in each tuyere.

This high temperature roasting allows oxygen in the air to replace sulfide compounds in the minerals.  Unless carefully captured, these oxidized sulfur compounds such as sulfur trioxide leave the converter as a noxious acidic vapor, along with other dangerous volatile elements such as arsenic trioxide.

See also
Smelting

References 

Metallurgical processes
Microtuner. A microtuner or microtonal tuner is an electronic device or software program designed to modify and test the tuning of musical instruments (in particular synthesizers) with microtonal precision, allowing for the design and construction of microtonal scales and just intonation scales, and for tuning intervals that may differ from those of common Western equal temperament. The term also indicates a high-precision mechanical tuning device found on some vintage Conn brand brass and reed instruments (mostly cornets and alto saxophones). These were first introduced with their 1918 catalog and manufactured until about 1954. Such devices were also offered with some vintage saxophones manufactured in Europe by Beaugnier, Dolnet, Hüller, Keilwerth and other famous makers in the same period.

See also

Tuner (disambiguation)
Tuning (disambiguation)

Electronic music
Microtonality
Musical tuning
Pentane (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on n-pentane.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as eChemPortal, and follow its directions. 
 Mallinckrodt Baker.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 47th ed.

Spectral data

References

 

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Roboshark. Roboshark is a robotic shark made by Andrew Sneath in 2003. It appeared in a BBC Natural History Unit Wildlife Special entitled "Smart Sharks: Swimming with Roboshark", in which a camera attached to the robotic shark was used to capture unique underwater footage of whale sharks, bull sharks, and great white sharks.

After retiring from the TV business, Roboshark was put on display in a robot aquarium at the National Marine Aquarium made by Andrew Sneath.  Tourists go inside a sub and go into the tank with Roboshark.

Owner Andrew Sneath appeared on an episode of the BBC series Dragons' Den in which he sought investment for a land-based tank to use as a stage for Roboshark. All Dragons pulled out.

References

External links
National Marine Aquarium
Roboshark 

Tourist attractions in Devon
Robotic animals
2003 robots
Underwater robots
Robots of the United Kingdom
Sharks
Heat deflection temperature. The heat deflection temperature or heat distortion temperature (HDT, HDTUL, or DTUL) is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load.  This property of a given plastic material is applied in many aspects of product design, engineering and manufacture of products using thermoplastic components.

Determination 
The heat distortion temperature is determined by the following test procedure outlined in ASTM D648. The test specimen is loaded in three-point bending in the edgewise direction. The outer fiber stress used for testing is either 0.455 MPa or 1.82 MPa, and the temperature is increased at 2 °C/min until the specimen deflects 0.25 mm. This is similar to the test procedure defined in the ISO 75 standard.

Limitations that are associated with the determination of the HDT is that the sample is not thermally isotropic and, in thick samples in particular, will contain a temperature gradient. The HDT of a particular material can also be very sensitive to stress experienced by the component which is dependent on the component’s dimensions. The selected deflection of 0.25 mm (which is 0.2% additional strain) is selected arbitrarily and has no particular physical significance.

Application in injection molding
An injection molded plastic part is considered "safe" to remove from its mold once it is near or below the HDT. This means that part deformation will be held within acceptable limits after removal.  The molding of plastics by necessity occurs at high temperatures (routinely 200 °C or higher) due to the low viscosity of plastics in fluid form (this issue can be addressed to some extent by the addition of plasticizers to the melt, which is a secondary function of a plasticizer). Once plastic is in the mold, it must be cooled to a temperature to which little or no dimensional change will occur after removal.  In general, plastics do not conduct heat well and so will take quite a while to cool to room temperature. One way to mitigate this is to use a cold mold (thereby increasing heat loss from the part). Even so, the cooling of the part to room temperature can limit the mass production of parts.

Choosing a resin with a higher heat deflection temperature (and therefore closer to melting temperature) can allow manufacturers to achieve a much faster molding process than they would otherwise while maintaining dimensional changes within certain limits.

See also
 Vicat softening point

References

Polymer chemistry
Threshold temperatures
Optical pumping. Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise (or "pump") electrons from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one. It is commonly used in laser construction to pump the active laser medium so as to achieve population inversion. The technique was developed by the 1966 Nobel Prize winner Alfred Kastler in the early 1950s.

Optical pumping is also used to cyclically pump electrons bound within an atom or molecule to a well-defined quantum state. For the simplest case of coherent two-level optical pumping of an atomic species containing a single outer-shell electron, this means that the electron is coherently pumped to a single hyperfine sublevel (labeled ), which is defined by the polarization of the pump laser along with the quantum selection rules. Upon optical pumping, the atom is said to be oriented in a specific  sublevel, however, due to the cyclic nature of optical pumping, the bound electron will actually be undergoing repeated excitation and decay between the upper and lower state sublevels. The frequency and polarization of the pump laser determine the  sublevel in which the atom is oriented.

In practice, completely coherent optical pumping may not occur due to power-broadening of the linewidth of a transition and undesirable effects such as hyperfine structure trapping and radiation trapping. Therefore the orientation of the atom depends more generally on the frequency, intensity, polarization, and spectral bandwidth of the laser as well as the linewidth and transition probability of the absorbing transition.

An optical pumping experiment is commonly found in physics undergraduate laboratories, using rubidium gas isotopes and displaying the ability of radiofrequency (MHz) electromagnetic radiation to effectively pump and unpump these isotopes.

See also
Atomic coherence
Laser pumping
Optical cavity
Rabi cycle

References

Quantum optics
Mega II. The Mega II is a custom chip from Apple Computer that is essentially an entire Apple II computer-on-a-chip. At least three products from Apple made use of the chip between 1986 and 1995. It was most predominantly used in the Apple IIGS microcomputer, and the basis for a modified variant, called the "Gemini" chip, which was later used in the Apple IIe Card for the Macintosh LC. This custom application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) integrated most of the circuitry from earlier Apple II models onto one 84-pin PLCC integrated circuit, drastically simplifying design and cost for Apple. The Mega II contained the functional equivalent of an entire Apple IIe computer (sans processor),  which, combined with the 65C02 emulation mode of the 65C816 processor, plus ROM and RAM, provided full support for legacy (8-bit) Apple II software in the Apple IIGS. The result was one of the earliest single chip examples of full system hardware emulation.

The Mega II has the built-in equivalent of the IOU and memory management unit (MMU) chips, video and keyboard ROMs (with support for other display languages) and likely the keyboard encoder found in the IIe. It also has a built-in keyboard and mouse controller (neither were used in the Apple IIGS). Potentially the Mega II could have been used to produce future models of the 8-bit Apple II with a very low chip count (and reduced physical size) but instead was used for IIe emulation on the Apple IIGS and Macintosh LC with plug-in card, which used a similar all-in-one IC based on it. It was also used as support circuitry on the Apple II Video Overlay Card.

History 
In 1984, after the cancellation of the Apple IIx project, Dan Hillman and Jay Rickard, engineers at Apple, were assigned to lower the cost of the Apple II.  They were able to compress the design of almost the entire Apple II onto one chip which they named Mega II. When the 16-bit Apple IIGS project came onto the table, the virtually completed design of the Mega II was a clear starting point for seamless backwards 8-bit system compatibility.

References 

Apple II family
Jabra (brand). Jabra is a Danish brand specializing in audio equipment and videoconferencing systems. It is owned by GN Audio, a division of the Danish company GN Group. Jabra engineers, manufactures, and markets wireless, true wireless, and corded headphones for consumers and business customers.

History
Jabra Corporation was founded in the United States in 1983 as Norcom Electronics Corporation of America by the inventor and entrepreneur Woody Norris. The company, holding several patents, was acquired by GN Audio in September 2000, a division of the Danish company GN Group, founded by C. F. Tietgen in 1869 as the Great Northern Telegraph Company. Jabra's manufacturing plant is located in China.

In 2006, GN consolidated its Contact Center and Office headset division under the Jabra brand. A restructuring in 2008 established two divisions within Jabra, later named Enterprise and Consumer. This restructuring facilitated a greater focus on business-to-business and consumer markets respectively. Since 2012, development has also been located in China.

In early 2019, GN Audio acquired Altia Systems for approximately US$125 million, adding videoconferencing products to their lineup. Later in 2019, the first video product from the acquisition was announced, the Jabra PanaCast.

Jabra and GN Group
Jabra's product range includes wireless earbuds, noise-cancelling headphones, headsets, hearing aids, video conferencing cameras, and fitness-tracking sports headphones designed for use during exercise.

GN Group announced in a press-release on 11 June 2024 that Jabra would gradually wind down their Elite and Talk product lines. This announcement was made the same day as they announced the second generation of their most premium earbuds, Elite 8 Active and Elite 10.

In 2024, Jabra unveiled its contact center platform called Engage AI. Engage AI provides immediate feedback to agents during calls, allowing them to adjust their communication style and improve the interaction in the moment. Unlike traditional speech-to-text solutions, Engage AI focuses on analyzing the tone of voice to understand customer sentiment and agent engagement more accurately. The platform also provides supervisors with valuable insights into agent performance and customer interactions, facilitating targeted coaching and development.

References

Audio equipment manufacturers of Denmark
Manufacturing companies based in Copenhagen
Headphones manufacturers
Danish companies established in 1983
Danish brands
Companies based in Ballerup Municipality
GN Store Nord
UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau. The UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau was part of the Met Office, the UK's national weather and meteorological service. The meteorologists in the bureau are among the UK's leading experts in areas such:

 meteorology
 air quality studies and forecasting
 air pollution dispersion modelling
 industrial emissions

Consultancy services
The bureau consisted of a team of air quality specialists dedicated to providing advice, support, and consultancy service to industry, government, local authorities and private consultants. The team had particular expertise with long and short range atmospheric pollution dispersion modelling using the NAME, AERMOD, ADMS, BOXURB and other dispersion models.

The bureau's consultancy services included:

 height assessments of industrial stacks discharging airborne pollutants
 long-term environmental impact studies of airborne pollutant emissions
 scenario modelling and analyses of accidental releases of airborne pollutants
 Air pollution forecasting studies
 studies of long-range trans-boundary transport of air pollutants 
 urban air quality modelling
 providing site-specific meteorological data

The Met Office continues to conduct atmospheric dispersion and air quality research and provides a range of services to UK and international governmental bodies, research funds and commercial customers.

See also

Accidental release source terms
Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modelling
Air pollution dispersion terminology
Air Quality Modeling Group
Air Resources Laboratory
AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
Atmospheric dispersion modelling
Atmospheric Studies Group
List of atmospheric dispersion models
UK Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee

References

Further reading
 www.crcpress.com
 www.air-dispersion.com

External links
 UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau web site
 UK Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee (ADMLC) web site
 Air Resources Laboratory (ARL)
 Air Quality Modeling Group
 Met Office web site
 Error propagation in air dispersion modelling

Air pollution in the United Kingdom
Air pollution organizations
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Governmental meteorological agencies in Europe
Met Office
Hassan Ugail. Hassan Ugail (born 24 September 1970) is a Maldivian mathematician and computer scientist. He is a professor of visual computing at the Faculty of Engineering and Informatics at the University of Bradford.

Early life and education 
Hassan Ugail was born in Hithadhoo, Addu City, in Seenu Atoll, Maldives. In 1987, he moved to Malé to continue his education at the English Preparatory And Secondary School and at the Centre for Higher Secondary Education. In 1992, he received a British Council scholarship to continue his studies in the UK. Ugail received a B.Sc. degree in Mathematics in 1995 and a postgraduate certificate in 1996, both from King's College London. He earned his PhD in Visual Computing at the University of Leeds in 1999. His doctoral research focused on the application of partial Ddfferential equations in interactive surface design.

Career 
After completing his PhD, Ugail worked as a post-doctoral research fellow at the Department of Applied Mathematics at University of Leeds until September 2002. He then became a lecturer at the School of Informatics at the University of Bradford. He was appointed as a senior lecturer in April 2005, and became a professor in 2009. In 2010, Ugail received the Vice-Chancellor's Excellence in Knowledge Transfer Award from the University of Bradford. In 2011, Ugail received the Maldives National Award for Innovation for his work in the field of visual computing. Ugail is the director of the Centre for Visual Computing at the University of Bradford.

Ugail is known for his work on computer-based human face analysis including facial recognition, face ageing, emotion analysis and lie detection. In 2018, Ugail worked with Bellingcat journalists to verify the identities of two suspected Russian spies involved in the Salisbury Novichok poisoning case. In 2019, he helped the Commission on Deaths and Disappearances to investigate cold cases such as Ahmed Rilwan, Yameen Rasheed and Afrasheem Ali via his lie detection services as well as his face-recognition system. In 2020, BBC News investigators consulted Ugail as an expert in facial mapping to identify an alleged Nazi war criminal. , Ugail's team is working on image analysis as part of a project to assess the quality of human organs for transplant. The project is supported by NHS Blood and Transplant, Quality in Organ Donation biobank, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research.

Bibliography

References

External links 
 University of Bradford profile
 ResearchGate profile

1970 births
Maldivian mathematicians
Maldivian computer scientists
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Academics of the University of Bradford
Living people
People from Addu City
Centre for Higher Secondary Education alumni
Fillrate. In computer graphics, a video card's pixel fillrate refers to the number of pixels that can be rendered on the screen and written to video memory in one second. Pixel fillrates are given in megapixels per second or in gigapixels per second (in the case of newer cards), and are obtained by multiplying the number of render output units (ROPs) by the clock frequency of the graphics processing unit (GPU) of a video card. 

A similar concept, texture fillrate, refers to the number of texture map elements (texels) the GPU can map to pixels in one second. Texture fillrate is obtained by multiplying the number of texture mapping units (TMUs) by the clock frequency of the GPU. Texture fillrates are given in mega or gigatexels per second.

However, there is no full agreement on how to calculate and report fillrates. Another possible method is to multiply the number of pixel pipelines by the GPU's clock frequency.
The results of these multiplications correspond to a theoretical number. The actual fillrate depends on many other factors. In the past, the fillrate has been used as an indicator of performance by video card manufacturers such as ATI and NVIDIA, however, the importance of the fillrate as a measurement of performance has declined as the bottleneck in graphics applications has shifted. For example, today, the number and speed of unified shader processing units has gained attention. Although fillrate doesn't provide a substantial bottleneck in games, it can still provide a bottleneck for certain parts of the game, for example applying a gaussian blur can be bottlenecked by fillrate.

Scene complexity can be increased by overdrawing, which happens when an object is drawn to the frame buffer, and another object (such as a wall) is then drawn on top of it, covering it up. The time spent drawing the first object is thus wasted because it is not visible. When a sequence of scenes is extremely complex (many pixels have to be drawn for each scene), the frame rate for the sequence may drop. When designing graphics intensive applications, one can determine whether the application is fillrate-limited (or shader limited) by seeing if the frame rate increases dramatically when the application runs at a lower resolution or in a smaller window. Although this is not a full-proof method, modern videogame engines can dynamically reduce the level-of-detail required and thereby reducing fillrate-limited applications. The best way to find fillrate bottlenecks is to use GPU vendor software like NVIDIA Nsight Graphics, AMD Radeon GPU Profile and the Intel Graphics Performance Analyzers.

See also
 Graphics processing unit
 Pixel shader

References

Computer graphics
German Commission for Electrotechnical, Electronic, and Information Technologies of DIN and VDE. The German Commission for Electrotechnical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE (), abbreviated DKE, is the German organisation responsible for the development and adoption of standards and safety specifications in the areas of electrical engineering, electronics and information technologies.

Overview
DKE constitutes a joint organisation of DIN (the organisation for general standards in Germany) and VDE (a technical-scientific association), the juridical responsibility for running the DKE being in the hands of the VDE.

A standard may be first proposed by individual members of the VDE. Then when it has achieved national status the standard then becomes sanctioned by DKE. If further the standard is adopted at an international level, it can become an IEC standard.

Membership
The DKE is the German member within European standardisation organisations such as CENELEC and ETSI, and international organisations such as International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

External links

DKE Official Site
VDE Official Site
Arc Flash Study

Standards organisations in Germany
Electrical safety standards organizations
Cryptophane. Cryptophanes are a class of organic supramolecular compounds studied and synthesized primarily for molecular encapsulation and recognition. One possible noteworthy application of cryptophanes is encapsulation and storage of hydrogen gas for potential use in fuel cell automobiles. Cryptophanes can also serve as containers in which organic chemists can carry out reactions that would otherwise be difficult to run under normal conditions. Due to their unique molecular recognition properties, cryptophanes also hold great promise as a potentially new way to study the binding of organic molecules with substrates, particularly as pertaining to biological and biochemical applications.

Discovery
Cryptophanes were discovered by André Collet and Jacqueline Gabard in 1981 when these researchers created, using template-directed synthesis, the first cryptophane, now known as cryptophane-A.

Structure
Cryptophane cages are formed by two cup-shaped [1.1.1]–orthocyclophane units (see cyclotriveratrylene), connected by three bridges (denoted Y). There are also choices of the peripheral substitutes R1 and R2 attached to the aromatic rings of the units. Most cryptophanes exhibit two diastereomeric forms (syn and anti), distinguished by their symmetry type. This general scheme offers a variety of choices (Y, R1, R2, and symmetry type) by which the shape, volume and chemical properties of the generally hydrophobic pocket inside the cage can be modified, making cryptophanes suitable for encapsulating many types of small molecules and even chemical reactions.

General classification
Depending on their structure, cryptophane cages are classified according to the following table.

References

Supramolecular chemistry
Hydrogen
Cyclophanes
Photografting. Photografting is a technique used in the study of polymers and more in specific polymeric biomaterials. Technically speaking it is the covalent incorporation of functional additives to a polymer matrix or polymer surface using a light-induced mechanism. It is an important technique for the modification of biomaterial surfaces. For example, by graft with polar monomers, the inert polymer surface can become more biocompatible.

References 

Polymer chemistry