omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Shiva Star. Shiva Star, originally just SHIVA, is a high-powered pulsed-power research device located at the Air Force Research Laboratory on the Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The device was originally built in the 1970s for high-power x-ray research, was later re-directed to studies for the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), and is now being used for magnetized target fusion research. Shiva Star was named after the Hindu god Shiva, partly because its prototype originally had four "arms"; it later got six "arms".

Topics of research

Spacecraft propulsion 
Research at Princeton University in using Z-Pinch devices as a potential space propulsion device led to the exploration of the resulting x-ray production. This led directly to the original SHIVA effort in 1971. In these experiments a thin foil of a "high-Z" metal (lead, uranium, etc.) was rapidly compressed magnetically by dumping the output of capacitor banks into magnetic coils. As it was first built in 1974, SHIVA I consisted of four banks of capacitors arranged in a cross shape with the experimental chamber in the middle. The capacitors held 1 MJ at 100 kV, able to discharge them in 1 μs. Early experiments were hampered by problems with the implosion, but by 1976 successful implosions were being carried out. The capacitor banks were then upgraded to 1.9 MJ at 120 kV in 1979, becoming Shiva II. Another upgrade followed in 1982, adding two more capacitor banks, thereby changing the shape from a cross to a star, resulting in the current Shiva Star device. Shiva Star was also used as a dense plasma focus driver in the mid-80s, and as an experimental magnetic driver for conventional projectiles in the late-80s.

Plasma weapon 

Shiva Star was also used to develop an experimental weapon known as MARAUDER for the SDI effort between 1989 and 1995. The idea appears to have been to create compact toroids of high-density plasma that would be ejected from the device using a massive magnetic pulse. The plasma projectiles would be shot at a speed expected to be 3000 km/s in 1995 and 10,000 km/s (3.3% of the speed of light) by 2000. A shot has the energy of 2.27 kg of TNT exploding.  Doughnut-shaped rings of plasma and balls of lightning exploded with devastating thermal and mechanical effects when hitting their target  and produced pulse of electromagnetic radiation that could scramble electronics. The tests cost a few million dollars a year. The project became classified, and no information about the fate of the project has been published after 1995.

Fusion
Shiva Star was most recently revived for work in fusion research. A relatively new technique, magnetized target fusion, compresses a small plasma load with an imploding metal foil. Shiva Star's 10 MJ capacitor banks were perfect for this role, and starting in 2007 the new FRCHX experiment has been using Shiva Star with 1 mm thick aluminium foil that is accelerated to about 5 km/s.

See also
 Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory
 LINUS (fusion experiment)
 Magnetized target fusion
 Nova (laser)

References

Directed-energy weapons of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
Snoop (software). Snoop software is a command line packet analyzer included in the Solaris Operating System created by Sun Microsystems.  Its source code was available via the OpenSolaris project.

See also

Comparison of packet analyzers
Network tap

References

External links
TCP/IP and Data Communications Administration Guide
docs.sun.com:  man snoop(1M)
OpenSolaris: snoop source code

Sun Microsystems software
Network analyzers
Free network management software
Deckle. A deckle is a removable wooden frame or "fence" used in manual papermaking. The deckle is placed into a mould to keep the paper pulp slurry within the bounds of the wire facing on a mould, and to control the size of the sheet produced. The mould and deckle is dipped into a vat of water and paper pulp that has been beaten (fibrillated). The pulp is quickly scooped out of the vat and the mould and deckle is shaken as excess water is drained off.  The deckle is then removed and the newly formed sheet is "couched" (set) onto felts.  Fiber that has been beaten longer generally requires more time to drain. If the paper slurry gets under, or if long fibers settles  on top of the deckle, it will cause a more irregular edge.

Beginning in the early 1800s with the invention of the Fourdrinier machine, paper was produced in long rolls and the deckle became mostly obsolete.

Deckle edge

Paper with a feathered edge is described as having a deckle edge, in contrast to a cut edge. Machine-made paper may artificially have its edges produced to resemble a deckle edge.

Other uses

In photographic film manufacturing, deckles are die inserts that set the coating width of a slot die coater or the extrusion width of an extrusion die. They work by constraining the flow as the material exits the die. Since some materials have a tendency to neck in or spread out after leaving the die, workers may need to adjust the deckle position to achieve target width.

Deckle can also refer to the fatty part of a cut of brisket.

References

Papermaking
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (also known as Perry's Handbook, Perry's, or The Chemical Engineer's Bible) was first published in 1934 and the most current ninth edition was published in July 2018. It has been a source of chemical engineering knowledge for chemical engineers, and a wide variety of other engineers and scientists, through eight previous editions spanning more than 80 years.

Subjects
The subjects covered in the book include: physical properties of chemicals and other materials; mathematics; thermodynamics; heat transfer; mass transfer; fluid dynamics; chemical reactors and chemical reaction kinetics; transport and storage of fluid; heat transfer equipment; psychrometry and evaporative cooling; distillation; gas absorption;  liquid-liquid extraction; adsorption and ion exchange; gas–solid, liquid–solid and solid–solid operations; biochemical engineering; waste management, materials of construction, process economics and cost estimation; process safety and many others.

History
The first edition was edited by John H. Perry who was a PhD physical chemist and chemical engineer for E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.  W. S. Calcott (ChE) of DuPont was his assistant editor.  It was published in 1934. The second edition was published in 1941. The third edition was edited by John H. Perry and published in 1950  The fourth edition was edited by Robert H. Perry, Cecil H. Chilton, and Sidney D. Kirkpatrick and published in 1963.  The fifth edition was edited by Robert H. Perry and published in 1973. The sixth edition ("50th Anniversary Edition") was published in 1984 and edited by Robert H. Perry and Donald W. Green. The 1997 seventh edition was edited by Robert H. Perry and Donald W. Green.  The 2640 page 2007–2008 eighth edition was edited by Don W. Green and Robert H. Perry. and published October 2007.

The 2018–2019 ninth edition was edited by Don W. Green and Marylee W. Southard   Don Green, the handbook's editor-in-chief, holds a B.S. in petroleum engineering from the University of Tulsa, and M.S. and PhD. Degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Oklahoma. He is Editor of the 6th, 7th and 8th Editions of Perry's. On the other hand, Marylee Southard, the associate editor, holds B.S., M.S. and PhD Degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Kansas. She is new to the publication of Perry's, but has done significant work in inorganic chemicals production including process engineering, design and product development.

See also

 Chemical engineer
 Distillation Design
 Process design
 Process engineering
 Transport Phenomena
 Unit operations
 Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering

External links
 A review by NST Engineers

References

1934 non-fiction books
1941 non-fiction books
1950 non-fiction books
1963 non-fiction books
1973 non-fiction books
1984 non-fiction books
1997 non-fiction books
2008 non-fiction books
2019 non-fiction books
Chemical engineering books
Handbooks and manuals
McGraw-Hill books
Ab initio multiple spawning. The ab initio multiple spawning, or AIMS, method is a time-dependent formulation of quantum chemistry.

In AIMS, nuclear dynamics and electronic structure problems are solved simultaneously. Quantum mechanical effects in the nuclear dynamics are included, especially the nonadiabatic effects which are crucial in modeling dynamics on multiple electronic states.

The AIMS method makes it possible to describe photochemistry from first principles molecular dynamics, with no empirical parameters. The method has been applied to two molecules of interest in organic photochemistry - ethylene and cyclobutene.

The photodynamics of ethylene involves both covalent and ionic electronic excited states and the return to the ground state proceeds through a pyramidalized geometry. For the photoinduced ring opening of cyclobutene, is it shown that the disrotatory motion predicted by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules is established within the first 50 fs after optical excitation.

The method was developed by chemistry professor Todd Martinez.

References
 Ab Initio Multiple Spawning: Photochemistry from First Principles Quantum Molecular Dynamics, M. Ben-Nun, Jason Quenneville, and Todd J. Martínez, J. Phys. Chem. A 104 (2000), #22, pp. 5161–5175. DOI 10.1021/jp994174i.
 Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics: Validation of the multiple spawning method for a multidimensional problem, M. Ben-Nun and Todd J. Martínez, Journal of Chemical Physics 108, #17 (May 1, 1998), pp. 7244–7257.  DOI 10.1063/1.476142.

Quantum chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
SwisTrack. SwisTrack is an open-source tool for tracking robots and other objects using a camera or a recorded video as input source. It has mainly been developed by Distributed Intelligent Systems and Algorithms Laboratory (DISAL) and the LPM Vision Group at EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Architecture 

SwisTrack is written in C++ using the wxWidgets library for GUI and networking. It uses Intel's OpenCV library for fast image processing and contains interfaces for USB, FireWire and GigE cameras, as well as AVI files.

Since version 4, SwisTrack's pipeline is built by the user from components which interact with each other and pass data through data channels. There are six data channels: input, grayscale image, color image, binary image, particles and tracks. Individual components work only with some of the data channels. Each data channel that the component works with can be in one of the three modes: read, write and edit (i.e. both read and write).

In the typical pipeline, the image is transformed into a binary image, there objects are detected as blobs which are converted into particles, and the particles form tracks by comparing consecutive frames. Blob is a set of connected pixels with the same value.

SwisTrack outputs data either by writing into a tab-separated file or by using the TCP interface with the NMEA 0183 protocol. The latter also allows the remote controlling.

References

External links

 SwisTrack documentation
 SwarmBots project
 The European Project LEURRE
 Tracking of corn borer larvae

Robotics software
Free software programmed in C++
Software that uses wxWidgets
2008 software
2008 in robotics
Videoton TV-Computer. The TV-Computer (or TVC in short) is an 8-bit home computer which was manufactured by the Hungarian company Videoton around 1986. The computer was based on the Enterprise and had a built-in BASIC interpreter. Programs could be loaded via tape or floppy. It had a built-in joystick and a keyboard with Hungarian letters and nine function keys.

There are three different models of the TVC:
 32k which has 32 Kb of RAM
 64k which has 64 Kb of RAM
 64k+ which has 64 Kb of RAM and a newer BASIC interpreter (v2.2) and more video RAM (64 Kb instead of 16 Kb)

The TVC has three graphical modes: 128×240/16 colors, 256×240/4 colors, and 512×240/2 colors (black and white). There was no text mode, only graphical. This made the computer a bit slow and smooth scrolling is pretty challenging (though there are examples for vertical and horizontal scrolling games nowadays).

Few programs existed for the computer. Many of these were written by dedicated amateurs and were distributed by mail.

It has two tape ports, one A/V, one RGB monitor, one RF connector, one Centronics printer port, one side (for program-modules - game cartridges) and four upper (computer internals are almost exposed) expansion ports and two joystick ports (compatible with Atari-style joysticks, but may have two buttons).

The four upper expansion ports made this computer very versatile. The official floppy solution was connected to one of these ports, the RS232 card also was plugged here. The classroom network card also used this port, the planned game card (with sprite capabilities) also would have used this port - unfortunately there are only some pictures about the prototype module and some documents mention it. Even a SID card was created, using a SID chip to enhance the TVC sound capabilities.

Current enhancements using these ports are: SD card reader, sound card (with 3 different sound chips), game card (+2 joystick ports +SN76489 sound chip + 4 built-in games), HDMI output with several FPGA cores (ofc including TVC), USB/PS2 mouse handling (and an unreleased gamecard with SID and sprite support) and many more.

References 

Home computers
Science and technology in Hungary
Computer-related introductions in 1986
Unimolecular rectifier. A unimolecular rectifier is a single organic molecule which functions as a rectifier (one-way conductor) of electric current.  The idea was first proposed in 1974 by Arieh (later Ari) Aviram, then at IBM, and Mark Ratner, then at New York University. Their publication was the first serious and concrete theoretical proposal in the new field of molecular electronics (UE).
Based on the mesomeric effect of certain chemical compounds on organic molecules, a molecular rectifier was built by simulating the pn junction with the help of chemical compounds. 

Their proposed rectifying molecule was designed so that electrical conduction within it would be favored from the electron-rich subunit or moiety (electron donor) to an electron-poor moiety (electron acceptor), but disfavored (by several electron volts) in the reverse direction.

Research
Many potential rectifying molecules were studied by the groups of Robert Melville Metzger, Charles A. Panetta, and Daniell L. Mattern (University of Mississippi) between 1981 and 1991, but were not tested successfully for conductivity.

This proposal was verified in two papers in 1990 and 1993 by the groups of John Roy Sambles (University of Exeter, UK) and Geoffrey Joseph Ashwell (Cranfield University now at the Lancaster University, UK), using a monolayer of hexadecylquinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide sandwiched between dissimilar metal electrodes (magnesium and platinum) and then confirmed in three papers in 1997 and 2001 by Metzger (now at the University of Alabama) and coworkers, who used identical metals (first aluminium, then gold).

These papers use Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers (one molecule thick) with an estimated 1014 to 1015 molecules measured in parallel.   About nine similar rectifiers of vastly different structure  have been found by Metzger's group between 1997 and 2006. Some more perylene based organic rectifiers with PEG (polyethylene glycol) swallowtails have been synthesized in Mattern's lab by Ramakrishna Samudrala. These rectifiers would allow the rectification to be measured with flexibility.

Single molecules bonded covalently to gold have been studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy and some of them are unimolecular rectifiers, studied as single molecules, as shown by the groups of Luping Yu (University of Chicago) and Ashwell (later at Lancaster University, UK).

Aims
The driving idea in UE (also called molecular-scale electronics) is that properly designed "electroactive" molecules, of between 1 and 3 nm in length, can supplant silicon-based devices to reduce circuit component sizes, providing concomitant increase in maximum integrated circuit speeds.  However, amplification had not been realized , and the chemical interactions between metal electrodes and molecules are complex.

References

Electrochemical concepts
Molecular electronics
In-kernel web server. An in-kernel web server is an unlimited HTTP server that runs in kernel space or equivalent. It is also known as "accelerator".

Benefits 

 Performance: the path taken by data from a source device (i.e. a disk) to a destination device (i.e. a NIC). Proper asynchronous zero-copy interfaces would make this available from user-space.
 Scalability: with respect to number of simultaneous clients. Event notification of comparable scalability seems unlikely in user-space.

Drawbacks 

Security: Kernel processes run with unlimited privileges.
Portability. Every kernel needs a specific implementation route.
Reliability. Failure in the webserver may crash the OS.

Implementations 

illumos/Solaris: NCAkmod aka Network Cache and Accelerator (NCA) kernel module
HP-UX: NSAhttp (NSA is an acronym for Network Server Accelerator)
Linux: TUX
Mesibo In-kernel real-time messaging server
Windows NT: http.sys (part of IIS)
SPIN: http
OpenVMS: WASD.trap

See also 
 Comparison of web server software
 Service-oriented architecture
 Unikernel/Exokernel (eg. SPIN's loadable kernel modules)

References 

CITI_TR_00-4
High-Performance Memory-Based Web Servers: Kernel and User-Space Performance. Philippe Joubert, Robert B. King, Rich Neves, Mark Russinovich, John M. Tracey. IBM. T. J. Watson Research Center

Web server software
Sliding T bevel. A sliding T bevel, also known as a bevel gauge or false square is an adjustable gauge for setting and transferring angles. Different from the square, which is fixed and can only set a 90° angle, the sliding T bevel can set any angle and transfer it on another piece.

The bevel gauge is composed of two elements connected with a thumbscrew or wing nut, which allows the blade to pivot and be locked at any angle. The handle is usually made of wood or plastic and the blade of metal. The bevel can be used to duplicate an existing angle, or set to a desired angle by using it with any number of other measuring tools (such as a protractor, or framing square).

See also
Bevel
Miter square

References

Sources
Reader's Digest "Book of Skills & Tools"

Angle
Dimensional instruments
Woodworking measuring instruments
SMPTE 259M. SMPTE 259M is a standard published by SMPTE which "describes a 10-bit serial digital interface operating at 143/270/360 Mb/s."

The goal of SMPTE 259M is to define a serial digital interface (based on a coaxial cable), called SDI or SD-SDI.

There are 4 bit rates defined, which are normally used to transfer the following standard video formats:

References

Film and video technology
SMPTE standards
Spreader (sailboat). A spreader is a spar on a sailing boat used to deflect the shrouds  to allow them to better support the mast. The spreader or spreaders serve much the same purpose as the crosstrees and tops in a traditional sailing vessel.  

Spreaders are used to increase the angle between the rigging and the mast, providing better support, and to adjust the mast's shape and bend. This allows the mast and rigging to be lighter and thinner, reducing their total weight. Spreaders may be made of metal, often aluminium; wood, often spruce; or composite material such as carbon fiber.

Spreader design and tuning can be quite complex. The spreaders may be fixed (rigid) or swinging (pivoted at the mast). Most cruising boats have fixed spreaders, but swinging spreaders are found on some racing boats. The length of a boat's beam determines how long the spreaders may be, so some boats have multiple sets of spreaders so the shroud can reach the desired angle from the mast. Boats with tall masts, such as racing yachts, may have up to five sets.

References

Sailing rigs and rigging

de:Saling
fr:Barre de flèche
no:Salingshorn
Aerodynamic levitation. Aerodynamic levitation is the use of gas pressure to levitate materials so that they are no longer in physical contact with any container. In scientific experiments this removes contamination and nucleation issues associated with physical contact with a container.

Overview
The term aerodynamic levitation could be applied to many objects that use gas pressure to counter the force of gravity, and allow stable levitation. Helicopters and air hockey pucks are two good examples of objects that are aerodynamically levitated. However, more recently this term has also been associated with a scientific technique which uses a cone-shaped nozzle allowing stable levitation of 1-3mm diameter spherical samples without the need for active control mechanisms.

Aerodynamic levitation as a scientific tool
These systems allow spherical samples to be levitated by passing gas up through a diverging conical nozzle. Combining this with >200W continuous CO2 laser heating allows sample temperatures in excess of 3000 degrees Celsius to be achieved.

When heating materials to these extremely high temperatures levitation in general provides two key advantages over traditional furnaces. First, contamination that would otherwise occur from a solid container is eliminated. Second, the sample can be undercooled, i.e. cooled below its normal freezing temperature without actually freezing.

Undercooling of liquid samples
Undercooling, or supercooling, is the cooling of a liquid below its equilibrium freezing temperature while it remains a liquid. This can occur wherever crystal nucleation is suppressed. In levitated samples, heterogeneous nucleation is suppressed due to lack of contact with a solid surface. Levitation techniques typically allow samples to be cooled several hundred degrees Celsius below their equilibrium freezing temperatures.

Glass produced by aerodynamic levitation
Since crystal nucleation is suppressed by levitation, and since it is not limited by sample conductivity (unlike electromagnetic levitation), aerodynamic levitation can be used to make glassy materials, from high temperature melts that cannot be made by standard methods. Several silica-free, aluminium oxide based glasses have been made.

Physical property measurements
In the last few years a range of in situ measurement techniques have also been developed. The following measurements can be made with varying precision:

electrical conductivity,
viscosity,
density,
surface tension,
specific heat capacity,

In situ aerodynamic levitation has also been combined with:

X-ray synchrotron radiation,
neutron scattering,
NMR spectroscopy

See also
 Magnetic levitation
 Electrostatic levitation
 Optical levitation
 Acoustic levitation

Further reading

References

Levitation
Aerodynamics