omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ODIN (cable system). ODIN was a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

It was 1040 km in length and used Synchronous Digital Hierarchy technology and had two 2.5Gbit/s lines (One active and one redundant) and can simultaneously carry 30,000 telephone calls. It was built in 3 segments (Segment 1: Netherlands - Denmark, segment 2: Denmark - Norway, Segment 3: Norway - Sweden) and the project cost DKK 480m (Approx. €64.5m).

It had landing points in:

 Alkmaar, Netherlands
 Måde, Denmark
 Blåbjerg, Denmark
 Kristiansand, Norway
 Lysekil, Sweden

The segment between Måde and Blåbjerg was overland (shown in blue).

ODIN Seg1 is out of service since 1 January 2007.

Segment 3 is out of service since approximately 22 April 2008.

The last segment was taken out of service before January 2009.

References

External links
  

Submarine communications cables in the North Sea
2007 disestablishments in the Netherlands
2008 disestablishments in Sweden
2009 disestablishments in Denmark
2009 disestablishments in Norway
Submarine branching unit. A submarine branching unit is a piece of equipment used inline within submarine telecommunications cable systems to allow the cable to split to serve more than one destination. For example, one branch might head for a cable landing point and others may continue.

There are several methods by which the split can be effected, which can also depend on the type of cable system:

 Purely electrical systems (now almost obsolete) can be split by either:
 Physically separating the signal cables so some go in one direction and some in another, which requires no additional power.
 Using an add-drop multiplexer to direct the signals down one path or the other. The electrical equipment that acts as the add-drop multiplexer will need powering.
 Optical fibre cable systems can be split by either:
 Physically separating the signal-carrying fibres so some go in one direction and some in another, which requires no additional power.
 Converting the optically carried signals to electrical signals, using an add-drop multiplexer to divide and recombine the signals on the desired paths, the reconverting back to optically carried signals. This signal conversion and multiplexing equipment will require power.
 Using a reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer to direct optical carrier frequencies down desired paths. The power requirements of optical multiplexing in this manner will be lower than the previous method.

In both types of cable system, more than one technique can be used simultaneously.

The conventional symbol used for a submarine branching unit in maps of cable routes is a small equilateral triangle with (usually) one vertex pointing towards the top of the map.

See also 
 Festoon cable

References
  (404 on 11 Oct 2013)

Submarine communications cables
Tokobot. Tokobot, later released in Japan as , is a puzzle-platform game developed and published by Tecmo for the PlayStation Portable in 2005. An expanded version was later released for the PlayStation 2, titled Tokobot Plus: Mysteries of the Karakuri in North America, Europe and Australia and  in Japan.

Plot
The game revolves around Bolt, an agent from Canewood's Lab. His first research expedition leads him to discover rare Karakuri robots known as Tokobots, one of which is Zero, a prototype gigantic, planet-destroying robot programmed for evil. Bolt must discover the secrets of the ruins, find Zero, and destroy it before it can destroy his world.

There are three human villains in the game who own robots and battle Bolt with large Karakuri robots: Flames, Bart, and Colonel Fuel (in order of appearance).

Gameplay
The player controls Bolt, who makes use of the Tokobots to explore the prehistoric ruins found in the game. The Tokobots mimic Bolt's actions and can be used together in "joint actions", complex tasks that include fusing them together to make Karakuri combinations. Combinations can do almost anything, from activating dead gears to shooting laser beams.

There are two types of Karakuri robots, both of which come in varying sizes: Workers and Keepers.  Workers do odd jobs and include small Clunkers and the large Tornader. Keepers protect the ancient ruins and include tiny Beepers and the evil Zero.

Versions
The PlayStation 2 version of the game adds secret platforming sections that allow players access to hidden treasures. In addition, players no longer have control over the Overdrive forms; they now only briefly appear to attack before disappearing.

Reception

Tokobot and Tokobot Plus received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of three eights and one seven for a total of 31 out of 40 for the PSP version, and 28 out of 40 for the PS2 version.

Mr. Marbles of GamePros February 2006 issue called Tokobot "a technological treat, with virtually zero loading, crisp colors, and a pleasingly quirky little soundtrack. There's no multiplayer, though Tokobots single-player is engrossing enough to soak up your valuable attention for a good eight hours." Ten issues later, however, Kilgore called Tokobot Plus "a decent title with challenging puzzles that will reward your patience and dedication. It's probably best as an extended rental but some of you might find that it's worth the full price of admission."

Notes

References

External links
 Official Website (Japan)
 Official Website (North America)
 
 

2005 video games
3D platformers
Koei Tecmo franchises
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Portable games
Puzzle video games
Single-player video games
Take-Two Interactive games
Tecmo games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in Japan
Space Nanotechnology Laboratory. The Space Nanotechnology Laboratory performs research in interference lithography and diffraction grating fabrication.  It has fabricated the high energy transmission gratings for one of NASA's Great Observatories, the Chandra X-Ray Observatory.  It is also the home of the Nanoruler, a unique and high-precision grating patterning tool.

External links
Space Nanotechnology Laboratory

Space telescopes
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dipmeter Advisor. The Dipmeter Advisor was an early expert system developed in the 1980s by Schlumberger  with the help of artificial-intelligence workers at MIT to aid in the analysis of data gathered during oil exploration. The Advisor was generally not merely an inference engine and a knowledge base of ~90 rules, but generally was a full-fledged workstation, running on one of Xerox's 1100 Dolphin Lisp machines (or in general on Xerox's "1100 Series Scientific Information Processors" line) and written in INTERLISP-D, with a pattern recognition layer which in turn fed a GUI menu-driven interface. It was developed by a number of people, including Reid G. Smith, James D. Baker, and Robert L. Young.

It was primarily influential not because of any great technical leaps, but rather because it was so successful for Schlumberger's oil divisions and because it was one of the few success stories of the AI bubble to receive wide publicity before the AI winter.

The AI rules of the Dipmeter Advisor were primarily derived from Al Gilreath, a Schlumberger interpretation engineer who developed the "red, green, blue" pattern method of dipmeter interpretation.
Unfortunately, this method had limited application in more complex geological environments outside the Gulf Coast, and the Dipmeter Advisor was primarily used within Schlumberger as a graphical display tool to assist interpretation by trained geoscientists, rather than as an AI tool for use by novice interpreters. However, the tool pioneered a new approach to workstation-assisted graphical interpretation of geological information.

References

Other sources
The AI Business: The commercial uses of artificial intelligence, ed. Patrick Winston and Karen A. Prendergast. 
"The Dipmeter Advisor: Interpretation of Geological Signals" – Randall Davis, Howard Austin, Ingrid Carlbom, Bud Frawley, Paul Pruchnik, Rich Sneiderman, J. A. Gilreath.

External links
"The design of the Dipmeter Advisor system" -(at the ACM's website)

Petroleum engineering
SIGMOBILE. SIGMOBILE is the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing, which specializes in the field of mobile computing and wireless networks and wearable computing.

Conceived in early 1995, ACM SIGMOBILE started out as an organization that fostered research in the "field of mobility and tetherless ubiquitous connectivity".  It was founded as a provisional SIG on June 13, 1996, gaining permanent status on October 12, 2000.  On February 8, 2005, the SIGMOBILE Chapter Program was launched. The NTU Singapore chapter became the first Student Chapter, and the Sydney, Australia Chapter became the first Professional Chapter.

SIGMOBILE sponsors four annual international conferences: MobiCom, the International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking; MobiHoc, the International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing; MobiSys, the International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services; and SenSys, the ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.   SIGMOBILE publishes a quarterly journal, Mobile Computing and Communications Review (MC2R), as well as the annual Proceedings of the conferences and many workshops sponsored by SIGMOBILE such as HotMobile, the International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications.

External links
 SIGMOBILE
 MC2R
 MobiCom
 MobiHoc
 MobiSys
 SenSys
 HotMobile

Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Groups
International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. MobiCom, the International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, is a series of annual conferences sponsored by ACM SIGMOBILE dedicated to addressing the challenges in the areas of mobile computing and wireless and mobile networking. Although no rating system for computer networking conferences exists, MobiCom is generally considered to be the best conference in these areas, and it is the fifth highest-impact venue in all of Computer Science. The quality of papers published in this conference is very high. The acceptance rate of MobiCom typically around 10%, meaning that only one tenth of all submitted papers make it through the tough peer review filter.

According to SIGMOBILE, "the MobiCom conference series serves as the premier international forum addressing networks, systems, algorithms, and applications that support the symbiosis of mobile computers and wireless networks.  MobiCom is a highly selective conference focusing on all issues in mobile computing and wireless and mobile networking at the link layer and above."

MobiCom Conferences have been held at the following locations:

 MobiCom 2024, Washington, D.C., United States, 2024
 MobiCom 2023, Madrid, Spain, 2-6 October 2023
 MobiCom 2022, Sydney, Australia, 17-21 October 2022
 MobiCom 2021, New Orleans, United States, 28 March-1 April 2022
 MobiCom 2020, London, UK, 14-18 September 2020
 MobiCom 2019, Los Cabos, Mexico, 21-25 October 2019
 MobiCom 2018, New Delhi, India, 29 October-2 November 2018
 MobiCom 2017, Snowbird, United States, 16-20 October 2017
 MobiCom 2016, New York City, United States, 3–7 October 2016
 MobiCom 2015, Paris, France, 7–11 September 2015
 MobiCom 2014, Maui, Hawaii, United States, 7–11 September 2014
 MobiCom 2013, Miami, Florida, United States, 30 September-4 October 2013
 MobiCom 2012, Istanbul, Turkey, 22–26 August 2012
 MobiCom 2011, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, 19–23 September 2011
 MobiCom 2010, Chicago, Illinois, United States, 20–24 September 2010
 MobiCom 2009, Beijing, China, 20–25 September 2009
 MobiCom 2008, San Francisco, California, United States, 13–19 September 2008
 MobiCom 2007, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 9–14 September 2007
 MobiCom 2006, Los Angeles, California, United States, 23–29 September 2006
 MobiCom 2005, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-2 September 2005
 MobiCom 2004, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 26 September-1 October 2004
 MobiCom 2003, San Diego, California, United States, 14–19 September 2003
 MobiCom 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 23–26 September 2002
 MobiCom 2001, Rome, Italy, 16–21 July 2001
 MobiCom 2000, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 6–11 August 2000
 MobiCom 1999, Seattle, Washington, United States, 15–20 August 1999
 MobiCom 1998, Dallas, Texas, United States, 25–30 October 1998
 MobiCom 1997, Budapest, Hungary, 26–30 September 1997
 MobiCom 1996, Rye, New York, United States, 10–12 November 1996
 MobiCom 1995, Berkeley, California, United States, 13–15 November 1995

References

External links
 SIGMOBILE
 MobiCom

Computer networking conferences
Carcerand. In host–guest chemistry, a carcerand () is a host molecule that completely entraps its guest (which can be an ion, atom or other chemical species) so that it will not escape even at high temperatures. This type of molecule was first described in 1985 by Donald J. Cram and coworkers. The complexes formed by a carcerand with permanently imprisoned guests are called carceplexes.

In contrast, hemicarcerands allow guests to enter and exit the cavity at high temperatures but will form stable complexes at ambient temperatures. The complexes formed by a hemicarcerand and a guest are called hemicarceplexes.

Reactivity of bound guests
Cram described the interior of the container compound as the inner phase in which radically different reactivity was observed. He used a hemicarcerand to isolate highly unstable, antiaromatic cyclobutadiene at room temperature. The hemicarcerand stabilizes guests within its cavity by preventing their reaction with other molecules.

Synthesis

The first generation carcerands are based on calixarene hemicarcerands with 4 alkyl substituents on the upper rim and 4 reactive substituents on the lower rim. The coupling of both hemicarcerands takes place through a spacer group. In the original 1985 publication two different hemicarcerands react, one with chloromethylene reactive groups and one with thiomethylene reactive groups in a nucleophilic displacement and the resulting spacer group is a dimethylsulfide (CH2SCH2). In this experiment the guests were the molecules already present in the reaction medium such as argon and dimethylformamide.

In another configuration the 4 lower rim functional groups are aldehydes which condense with O-Phenylenediamine to the corresponding di-imines. The 4 spacer groups connecting the two spheres are now much longer and consequently the internal cavity is much larger. Compounds trapped in the cavity are said to be held there by constrictive binding. They can be introduced by simply heating in neat solvent like hexachlorobutadiene (a fungicide). The half-life of the reverse process is 3.2 hours at 25 °C in CDCl3 by NMR analysis. Ferrocene can be introduced by heating with the hemicarcerand in a large bulky solvent such as tripiperidylphosphine oxide. The half-life for ferrocene liberation is 19.6 hours at 112 °C.

Large carcerands

The internal cavity of a carcerand can be as large as 1700 Å3 (1.7 nm3) when six hemicarcerands form a single octahedral compound. This is accomplished by dynamic covalent chemistry in a one-pot condensation of 6 equivalents of a  and 12 equivalents of ethylene diamine with trifluoroacetic acid catalyst in chloroform at room temperature followed by reduction of the imine bonds with sodium borohydride.

References

Supramolecular chemistry
Chelating agents
Mobile Computing and Communications Review. Mobile Computing and Communications Review (MC2R) is a peer-reviewed quarterly scientific journal and newsletter published by the ACM SIGMOBILE covering mobile computing and networking. The purpose of the journal is the rapid publication of completed or in-progress technical work, including  articles dealing with both research and practice. The journal also covers the status of major international standards in the field, and news of conferences and other events.

The current title is GetMobile

Indexing
As of 2017, it is not indexed by Scopus.

References

External links
 

Computer science journals
Association for Computing Machinery academic journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1997
Trolley and lift van. The trolley was a platform body with four relatively small wheels mounted underneath it, the front two on a turntable undercarriage. It was drawn by a pair of horses and the driver's seat was mounted on the headboard. 

The lift van was a sturdy wooden box  to  long,  wide and  high to the centre of the roof. It had two wrought iron straps passing down the sides and under the bottom, having a sling shackled to holes in the top ends of the straps so that the whole and its contents could be lifted by crane onto the trolley for movement by road, onto a railway truck or into the hold of a ship. It was therefore a logical step on from the pantechnicon van in the development of containerization.

The system thereby provided a means of door-to-door transit and was used particularly for furniture removals. The furniture makers and merchants, Maple and Co., in particular, used it to deliver between their depôts in London and Paris. 

It was also used for the carriage of meat. In this case, the lift van had a double floor, roof and walls with insulating material such as cork and a layer of paper between the cork and each skin. The insulation thickness was about  in the floor and  elsewhere.

The earliest note by the Oxford English Dictionary is a reference by The Baltimore Sun in 1955, comparing the advantages of "lift-on, lift-off service involving only a truck van" with those of "roll on-roll off". However, this would appear to relate to the modern form of container while using old terminology.

References
Ingram, A. Horse-Drawn Vehicles Since 1760 (1977) 
Oxford English Dictionary (1987) 

Wagons
Alex Dow. Alex Dow (April 12, 1862 – March 22, 1942) was an American mechanical and electrical engineer for the city of Detroit. He served as president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the year 1928-1929.

Biography 
Dow was born in Glasgow, Scotland as son of William Dow, a blacksmith, and Jean (Keppy) Dow in 1862. He emigrated to the US in 1882 at the age of twenty.

In 1893 Dow was appointed the first plant manager of the first municipally-owned power plant in Detroit, and electrical engineer for the city of Detroit. The power plant had been built as a result of Hazen Pingree's efforts to break the power of corporations over Detroit City politics.

It was during this time that Henry Ford worked under Dow at one of the Detroit Edison substations. Dow took Ford with him to the 1896 annual convention of the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies being held that year in New York City. It was at this convention that Dow introduced Ford to Thomas Edison, the meeting with, and encouragement from, the great scientist becoming a great inspiration to Ford in completing his first car. 

Dow was appointed water commissioner for the city of Detroit in 1916-1921 and again in 1925-1932. In 1932, he was made the president of Detroit Edison and served until 1940.

He was elected president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for the 1928-1929 year. He was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Institute of Electrical Engineers (Great Britain), Institute of Mechanical Engineers (Great Britain). Dow also served as the President of The Engineering Society of Detroit from 1900-1901.

References

Further reading 
 
 Who's Who on the Web, s.v. "Alex Dow" (n.p.: Marquis Who's Who, 2005)

External links 
 Alex Dow at Engineering and Technology History Wiki

1862 births
1942 deaths
American engineers
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Engineers from Glasgow
Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
IEEE Edison Medal recipients
Psophometric weighting. Psophometric weighting (from  : psóphos "noise") refers to any weighting curve used in the measurement of noise. In the field of audio engineering it has a more specific meaning, referring to noise weightings used especially in measuring noise on telecommunications circuits. Key standards are ITU-T O.41 and C-message weighting as shown here.

Use 

A major use of noise weighting is in the measurement of residual noise in audio equipment, usually present as hiss or hum in quiet moments of programme material. The purpose of weighting here is to emphasise the parts of the audible spectrum that ears perceive most readily, and attenuate the parts that contribute less to perception of loudness, in order to get a measured figure that correlates well with subjective effect.

See also 
Audio system measurements
Equal-loudness contour
Fletcher–Munson curves
Noise measurement
Headroom
Psophometric voltage
Rumble measurement
ITU-R 468 noise weighting
A-weighting
Weighting filter
Weighting
Weighting curve

References 

Noise (electronics)
William A. Martin. William Arthur Martin (1938-1981) was a computer scientist from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

After graduating from Northwest Classen High School, where he was a state wrestling champion, he attended MIT where he received a bachelor's degree (1960), master's (1962) and a Ph.D. (1967) in electrical engineering under supervision of Marvin Minsky, with a dissertation on Symbolic Mathematical Laboratory. Bill was appointed to the M.I.T. faculty in 1968 with a joint appointment at the Sloan School and the Electrical Engineering / Computer Science Department.  In 1975, he was promoted to Associate Professor and received tenure.  He was about to come up for Full Professor when he became ill in 1980; he was promoted posthumously.

His research pulled him towards the Project MAC, which became the Laboratory for Computer Science and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, where he researched expert systems.

Martin co-founded the Macsyma project in 1968 and directed it until 1971.  Macsyma later became a successful commercial product and is the core of the free Maxima system.

Martin then worked in automatic programming, knowledge representation and  natural language processing.

Like many M.I.T. professors, Bill did consulting work, including, for example, at Bolt, Beranek and Newman and at IBM.  He also started a small company with Peter Szolovits and Lowell Hawkinson called Knowledge & Language Technology (KLT), which did work for DARPA.

M.I.T. has compiled a complete record of Bill's time as a student and faculty member, including a listing of publications, courses taught, and theses supervised, which can be found here.

Martin married Susan Young Forbes in 1970 and together they had three sons: James Campbell (Jamie) born in 1974, Christopher Forbes (Tad) born in 1977, and Jonathan Gilbert (Jon) born in 1979.  His parents were Barbara Jane Sawhill Martin, a long-time first grade teacher at the Nichols Hills School, and Earl Martin, a teacher and Superintendent of Elementary Education for Oklahoma City.  He is survived by his wife, his sons, and his sister, Jane Ann Martin Slane.

Bibliography

External links
Obituary from Tech Talk

References 

1981 deaths
1938 births
People from Oklahoma City
American computer scientists
MIT Sloan School of Management faculty
Lisp (programming language) people
Natural language processing researchers
Computational linguistics researchers