omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NU-Tech. NU-Tech is a digital signal processing (DSP) platform to validate and real-time debug complex algorithms, simply relying on a common PC. It is based on a typical plug-in architecture and thanks to a  free software development kit (SDK), the developer can write his own plug-in (aka NUTSs = NU-Tech Satellites) in C++.

NUTSs are not compelled to provide a GUI. To ease the developer in quickly creating new NUTSs without having to deal with GUI programming, NU-Tech provides a window called "RealTime Watch" to be associated to each NUTS (a tab on the NU-Tech bottom Multitab pane).
The developer chooses, by code, whether to "expose" some NUTSs' internal variables on this window, in order to control his plug-in.

NU-Tech can connect to the external world by means of interchangeable drivers. For audio real-time applications ASIO 2.1 has been adopted in order to guarantee minimum and repeatable latencies, fully exploiting compatible sound cards hardware resources.

NU-Tech is freeware for non-commercial use.

Available features
 Audio streaming
 Video streaming and synchronization mechanism
 Virtual Studio Technology support
 ASIO 2.1 support
 DirectX support
 Performance_analysis information
 Free SDK

References

Papers about NU-Tech applications

See also
 Digital audio editors

Acoustics software
Windows-only freeware
Halstead complexity measures. Halstead complexity measures are software metrics introduced by Maurice Howard Halstead in 1977 as part of his treatise on establishing an empirical science of software development.
Halstead made the observation that metrics of the software should reflect the implementation or expression of algorithms in different languages, but be independent of their execution on a specific platform.
These metrics are therefore computed statically from the code.

Halstead's goal was to identify measurable properties of software, and the relations between them.
This is similar to the identification of measurable properties of matter (like the volume, mass, and pressure of a gas) and the relationships between them (analogous to the gas equation).
Thus his metrics are actually not just complexity metrics.

Calculation 
For a given problem, let:
  = the number of distinct operators
  = the number of distinct operands
  = the total number of operators
  = the total number of operands

From these numbers, several measures can be calculated:  
 Program vocabulary: 
 Program length: 
 Calculated estimated program length: 
 Volume: 
 Difficulty :  
 Effort: 

The difficulty measure is related to the difficulty of the program to write or understand, e.g. when doing code review.

The effort measure translates into actual coding time using the following relation,
 Time required to program:  seconds

Halstead's delivered bugs (B) is an estimate for the number of errors in the implementation.
Number of delivered bugs :  or, more recently,  is accepted.

Example 

Consider the following C program:

main()
{
  int a, b, c, avg;
  scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
  avg = (a+b+c)/3;
  printf("avg = %d", avg);
}
 
The distinct operators () are: 
main, (), {}, int, scanf,
&, =, +, /, printf, ,, ; 
 
The distinct operands () are: 
a, b, c, avg, "%d %d %d", 3, "avg = %d"
 
 , , 
 , , 
 Calculated Estimated Program Length: 
 Volume: 
 Difficulty: 
 Effort: 
 Time required to program:  seconds
 Number of delivered bugs:

See also 
 Function point
 Cyclomatic complexity

References

External links
 The Halstead metrics - Extensive discussion on the calculation and use of Halstead Metrics in an object-oriented environment (with specific reference to Java).
 Calculation of Halstead metrics - Measurement of Halstead Metrics.
 Explanation with a Sample Program - Example (on Page 6 of the PDF)
 Script computing Halstead Metrics and using them for commented code detection
 IBM
 Calculator for computing Halstead metrics 
Software metrics
VHDL-AMS. VHDL-AMS is a derivative of the hardware description language VHDL (IEEE 1076-2002). It includes analog and mixed-signal extensions (AMS) in order to define the behavior of analog and mixed-signal systems (IEEE 1076.1-2017).

The VHDL-AMS standard was created with the intent of enabling designers of analog and mixed signal systems and integrated circuits to create and use modules that encapsulate high-level behavioral descriptions as well as structural descriptions of systems and components.

VHDL-AMS is an industry standard modeling language for mixed signal circuits. It provides both continuous-time and event-driven modeling semantics, and so is suitable for analog, digital, and mixed analog/digital circuits. It is particularly well suited for verification of very complex analog, mixed-signal and radio frequency integrated circuits.

Code example 
In VHDL-AMS, a design consists at a minimum of an entity which describes the interface and an architecture which contains the actual implementation. In addition, most designs import library modules. Some designs also contain multiple architectures and configurations.

A simple ideal diode in VHDL-AMS would look something like this:

library IEEE;
use IEEE.math_real.all;
use IEEE.electrical_systems.all;

-- this is the entity
entity DIODE is
   generic (iss : current := 1.0e-14);   
   port (terminal anode, cathode : electrical);      
end entity DIODE;

architecture IDEAL of DIODE is
  quantity v across i through anode to cathode;
  constant vt : voltage := 0.0258;     
begin

  i == iss * (exp(v/vt) - 1.0);

end architecture IDEAL;

VHDL-AMS Simulators
 ANSYS Simplorer
 Cadence Virtuoso AMS Designer
 Dolphin Integration SMASH
 Mentor Graphics Questa ADMS
 Mentor Graphics SystemVision
 Synopsys SaberRD

References

See also
 Verilog-AMS, the Analog and Mixed Signal derivative of the Verilog hardware description language
 VHDL
 Electronic design automation
 Very-large-scale integration
 Modelica, a language for modeling physical systems

Hardware description languages
Pinning points. In a crystalline material, a dislocation is capable of traveling throughout the lattice when relatively small stresses are applied. This movement of dislocations results in the material plastically deforming. Pinning points in the material act to halt a dislocation's movement, requiring a greater amount of force to be applied to overcome the barrier. This results in an overall strengthening of materials.

Types of pinning points

Point defects
Point defects (as well as stationary dislocations, jogs, and kinks) present in a material create stress fields within a material that disallow traveling dislocations to come into direct contact. Much like two particles of the same electric charge feel a repulsion to one another when brought together, the dislocation is pushed away from the already present stress field.

Alloying elements 
The introduction of atom1 into a crystal of atom2 creates a pinning point for multiple reasons. An alloying atom is by nature a point defect, thus it must create a stress field when placed into a foreign crystallographic position, which could block the passage of a dislocation. However, it is possible that the alloying material is approximately the same size as the atom that is replaced, and thus its presence would not stress the lattice (as occurs in cobalt alloyed nickel). The different atom would, though, have a different elastic modulus, which would create a different terrain for the moving dislocation. A higher modulus would look like an energy barrier, and a lower like an energy trough – both of which would stop its movement.

Second phase precipitates

The precipitation of a second phase within the lattice of a material creates physical blockades through which a dislocation cannot pass. The result is that the dislocation must bend (which requires greater energy, or a greater stress to be applied) around the precipitates, which inevitably leaves residual dislocation loops encircling the second phase material and shortens the original dislocation.

Grain boundaries 
Dislocations require proper lattice ordering to move through a material. At grain boundaries, there is a lattice mismatch, and every atom that lies on the boundary is uncoordinated. This stops dislocations that encounter the boundary from moving. 

Crystals
Crystallography
Physical quantities
Materials science
Metallurgy
DSB Class MX. The DSB Class MX is a lightweight, diesel-electric locomotive built by the Swedish company Nydqist & Holm between 1960 and 1962 for the Danish State Railways

History 
After having great success with the MY locos, DSB started to search for a lighter locomotive for some of the smaller stretches on which the MYs were too heavy to run.

The first unit, 1001 arrived to Denmark in 1960 and got just as popular as its big-brothers in short time - the first 20 units (1001–1020) produced  whilst the last units, 1020-1045 produced .

Many of the MXs have been sold to Danish private railways, but some have also been sold to Sweden and some other countries. In Sweden they are called TMX, as diesel locomotive class designations usually begin with T there. Informally nicknamed Gammel Dansk referring to the popular herbal liquor associated with Denmark, whilst also being a popular name as it means "Old Danish" literally translated.

See also 
DSB class MY

External links 

 Jernbanesider
 Ravnsbak
 GM-nyt

MX 1001
NOHAB locomotives
A1A-A1A locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1960
Diesel–electric locomotives of Denmark
Standard gauge locomotives of Denmark
Manufacturer's empty weight. In aviation, manufacturer's empty weight (MEW) (also known as manufacturer's weight empty (MWE)) is the weight of the aircraft "as built" and includes the weight of the structure, power plant, furnishings, installations, systems, and other equipment that are considered an integral part of an aircraft before additional operator items are added for operation.

Basic aircraft empty weight is essentially the same and excludes any baggage, passengers, or usable fuel.  Some manufacturers define this empty weight as including optional equipment, i.e. GPS units, cargo baskets, or spotlights.

Specification MEW

This is the MEW quoted in the manufacturer's standard specification documents and is the aircraft standard basic dry weight upon which all other standard specifications and aircraft performance are based by the manufacturer.

The Specification MEW includes the weight of:

 Airframe structure – primary and secondary structures (fuselage, wing, tail, control surfaces, nacelles, landing gear).
 Powerplant.
 Auxiliary power unit (APU).
 Systems (instruments, navigation, hydraulics, pneumatics, fuel systems (but not fuel itself), electrical system, electronics, fixed furnishings (but not operator specific), air conditioning, anti-ice system, etc.).
 Fixed equipment and services considered an integral part of the aircraft.
 Fixed ballast (if present).
 Closed system fluids (such as hydraulic fluids).

For small aircraft, the MEW may include unusable fuel and oil.

The Specification MEW excludes the weight of:

 All fuel (both usable and unusable).
 Potable water, anti-ice, and chemicals in toilets.
 Engine oil and APU oil.
 All specification items, selections, and installations which are non-basic (i.e. optional selections).
 Customer specific selections, installations, and options.
 Operator/operating items.
 Removable equipment and services.
 Payload.

For small aircraft, the specification MEW is known as the standard empty weight (or standard weight empty).

See also
Aircraft gross weight
Operating empty weight

References

External links
Aircraft weight and balance

Aircraft weight measurements
George Adlam & Sons. George Adlam & Sons Ltd (formerly known as George Adlam) was an iron and brass foundry and engineering company in Fishponds, Bristol, England.

History 

The company was founded around 1800 and became a limited company in 1908.

The company was based on Parnall Road in the 1830s and soon expanded into a worldwide business building machinery for the chocolate and brewing industries, taking over the former foundry of Parnall & Sons. Work included the construction of the Phillips & Sons Dock Road Brewery in Newport in 1887, the rebuild of Portsmouth United Breweries in 1896, the Wadworth Northgate Brewery stationary steam engine in 1900 (which still exists) and design of the Madras BBB brewery in India in 1913.

Post war 

In 1945 they described themselves as brewers and general engineers, coppersmiths, vat and back makers, sheet metal workers, brass and ironfounders, showing the diversity of their work. The height came in 1961 when they had booming orders and employed 400 staff round the clock to meet demand. It was not to last as a combination of a High Court noise case and a lack of raw materials curtailed firstly the production of brewing tanks, then led to the company collapsing in November 1963. The brewery tank business moved to Cheltenham and the site was sold in 1965.

The foundry frontage, constructed of stone with brick window surrounds, is now known as The Mill or the Adlams Works on Parnall Road is now used as residential and Art, Media and Design company offices including the Rohan Music Studios and Intellect Publishers.

The company later acquired Parnall & Sons.

Products and services 

The company designed and fabricated brewery plant, with its first recorded design for a brewery dated 1885.

Brewery ships 

In 1944 the company designed a brewing ship for the Royal Navy to serve soldiers with beer in the Pacific Theatre in World War II capable of making 250 barrels of beer a week. Initially four were ordered, but this reduced to two and the former Blue Funnel Line 7,500 ton auxiliary minesweepers  and , were outfitted in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in the summer of 1945.

Only Menestheus saw service, completed on 31 December 1945 and completing a six-month deployment to Pacific ports including Yokohama, Shanghai and Hong Kong to dispense English Mild ale to sailors. Her brew house, known as "Davy Jones Brewery" was dismantled in 1946 and the ship was returned to her owners in 1948.

References 

Bartlett, John Images of England, Fishponds Tempus 2004

External links
 

Defunct companies based in Bristol
Foundries in the United Kingdom
Defunct engineering companies of England
Manufacturing companies based in Bristol
Conflict-class destroyer. Three Conflict-class destroyers served with the Royal Navy.  All were built by the White Shipyard.

Under the 1893–1894 Naval Estimates, the British Admiralty placed orders for 36 torpedo-boat destroyers, all to be capable of , the "27-knotters", as a follow-on to the six prototype "26-knotters" ordered in the previous 1892–1893 Estimates. As was typical for torpedo craft at the time, the Admiralty left detailed design to the builders, laying down only broad requirements.

, , and  were  long, displaced 320 tons and produced  from their White-Forster boilers to give them a top speed of .  They were armed, as was standard with ships of this type at the time, with one twelve pounder gun, two torpedo tubes and had a complement of 53 officers and men.

In September 1913 the Admiralty re-classed all the surviving 27-knotter destroyers, including Conflict and Wizard (Teazer having been sold for scrap in 1912) as A Class destroyers.

See also
A-class destroyer (1913)

Bibliography

References

 
Destroyer classes
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Handy-class destroyer. Three Handy-class destroyers served with the Royal Navy. ,  and  were all built by Fairfield.

Design and construction
As part of the 1893–1894 Naval Estimates, the British Admiralty placed orders for 36 torpedo-boat destroyers, all to be capable of , as a follow-on to the six prototype "26-knotters" ordered in the previous 1892–1893 Estimates. Of the 36 destroyers, three ships (Handy, Hart and Hunter) were ordered from Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Govan, the first torpedo craft to be built by that shipyard. As typical for torpedo craft at the time, the Admiralty left detailed design to the builders, laying down only broad requirements.

Fairfield's design was  long overall and  between perpendiculars, with a beam of  and a draught of . Displacement was  light and  full load, while the ship's complement was 53 officers and men. Three Thornycroft boilers fed steam at  to two 3-cylinder triple expansion steam engines rated at  and driving two propeller shafts. Two funnels were fitted. Armament consisted of a single QF 12 pounder 12 cwt gun and three 6-pounder guns, with two 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes. As a gunboat, one of the torpedo tubes could be removed to accommodate a further two six-pounders.

In September 1913 the Admiralty re-classed all the surviving 27-knotter destroyers as A Class, although this only applied to Handy herself as the other two ships had already been sold for scrap in 1912.

See also
A-class destroyer (1913)

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 

 

Destroyer classes
 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Rocket-class destroyer. Three Rocket-class destroyers served with the Royal Navy.

Under the 1893–1894 Naval Estimates, the British Admiralty placed orders for 36 torpedo-boat destroyers, all to be capable of , the "27-knotters", as a follow-on to the six prototype "26-knotters" ordered in the previous 1892–1893 Estimates. As was typical for torpedo craft at the time, the Admiralty left detailed design to the builders, laying down only broad requirements.

,  and  were built by J & G Thomson and launched at Clydebank in 1894.  The ships displaced 280 tons, were  long and their Normand boilers produced . to give a top speed of .  They were armed with one 12-pounder and two torpedo tubes. They carried a complement of 53 officers and men.

In September 1913 the Admiralty re-classed all the surviving 27-knotter destroyers as A Class although this only applied to Surly as the other two ships had been sold for scrap in 1912.

See also
A-class destroyer (1913)

Notes

Bibliography

Destroyer classes
 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Sturgeon-class destroyer. The Sturgeon-class destroyers served with the Royal Navy from 1894; three were built by the Vickers yard and differed from other similar ships in having their mast stepped before the first funnel.  They had Blechynden boilers which gave them  and .  They were armed with one twelve pounder and two torpedo tubes. They carried a complement of 53 officers and men.

Construction and design
On 8 November 1893, the British Admiralty placed an order with the Naval Construction and Armament Company of Barrow-in-Furness (later to become part of Vickers) for three "Twenty-Seven Knotter" destroyers as part of the 1893–1894 construction programme for the Royal Navy, with in total, 36 destroyers being ordered from various shipbuilders for this programme.

The Admiralty only laid down a series of broad requirements for the destroyers, leaving detailed design to the ships' builders. The requirements included a trial speed of , a "turtleback" forecastle and a standard armament of a QF 12 pounder 12 cwt ( calibre) gun on a platform on the ship's conning tower (in practice the platform was also used as the ship's bridge), with a secondary armament of five 6-pounder guns, and two 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes.

The Naval Construction and Armament Company produced a design with a length of  overall and  between perpendiculars, with a beam of  and a draught of . Displacement was  light and  deep load. Three funnels were fitted, with the foremast between the ship's bridge and the first funnel. Four Blechyndnen water-tube boilers fed steam at  to two three-cylinder triple expansion steam engines rated at . 60 tons of coal were carried, giving a range of  at a speed of . The ship's crew was 53 officers and men.

All three ships had been sold for scrapping before 1913 when the Admiralty re-classed the surviving 27-knotter destroyers as A Class destroyers.

See also
A-class destroyer (1913)

Ships

References

Notes

Bibliography
 

 
 

Destroyer classes
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
HMS Sturgeon (1894). HMS Sturgeon was the lead ship of the s which served with the Royal Navy.  Built by Vickers, she was launched in 1894 and sold in 1910.

Construction and design
On 8 November 1893, the British Admiralty placed an order with the Naval Construction and Armament Company of Barrow-in-Furness (later to become part of Vickers) for three "Twenty-Seven Knotter" destroyers as part of the 1893–1894 construction programme for the Royal Navy, with in total, 36 destroyers being ordered from various shipbuilders for this programme.

The Admiralty only laid down a series of broad requirements for the destroyers, leaving detailed design to the ships' builders. The requirements included a trial speed of , a "turtleback" forecastle and a standard armament of a QF 12 pounder 12 cwt ( calibre) gun on a platform on the ship's conning tower (in practice the platform was also used as the ship's bridge), with a secondary armament of five 6-pounder guns, and two 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes.

The Naval Construction and Armament Company produced a design with a length of  overall and  between perpendiculars, with a beam of  and a draught of . Displacement was  light and  deep load. Three funnels were fitted, with the foremast between the ship's bridge and the first funnel. Four Blechyndnen water-tube boilers fed steam at  to two three-cylinder triple expansion steam engines rated at . A speed of  was reached during sea trials. 60 tons of coal were carried, giving a range of  at a speed of . The ship's crew was 53 officers and men.

Service
Sturgeon served in home waters for the whole of her career. She took part in the fleet review held at Spithead on 26 June 1897 to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. From 1899 she served in the Medway Instructional Flotilla under Commander Murray MacGregor Lockhart, but in March 1900 she was replaced by HMS Cynthia to which Commander Lockhart also transferred. She left this for other service in late 1900. The following year she again took up with the Medway instructional flotilla, replacing . She had a refit in early 1902. In May 1902 she received the officers and men from the destroyer , and was again commissioned at Chatham on 8 May by Lieutenant John Maxwell D. E. Warren for service with the Flotilla. She took part in the Spithead fleet review held on 16 August 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII, and later the same month was placed in dockyard hands at Sheerness for her boiler to be re-tubed.

Notes

References
 
 

 
 

Sturgeon-class destroyers
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1894 ships
Victorian-era destroyers of the United Kingdom