omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Quality Engineering (journal). Quality Engineering is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on quality control and quality assurance management through use of physical technology, standards information, and statistical tools.
The journal is published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the American Society for Quality (ASQ).
The editor-in-chief is Marcus Perry of the University of Alabama.
Previous editors-in-chief have been Frank Caplan (1989-2004), David M. Lyth (2005-2006), James R. Simpson (2007-2008), G. Geoffrey Vining (2009-2010), Connie M. Borror (2011-2012), Peter A. Parker (2013-2015), and Murat Caner Testik (2016-2018).

The journal has published several special issues over the years:
 Special Issue on Statistical Quality Control in Healthcare (Volume 20, Number 4, October–December 2008)
 Special Issue on the First Stu Hunter Research Conference (Volume 26, Number 1, January–March 2014)
 Special Issue on the Second Stu Hunter Research Conference (Volume 27, Number 1, January–March 2015)
 Special Issue on Reliability (Volume 27, Number 3, July–September 2015)
 Special Issue on the Third Stu Hunter Research Conference (Volume 28, Number 1, January–March 2016)

In 2017, the American Society for Quality published a compilation of Søren Bisgaard's articles that appeared over the years in several of the Society's journals. 
Bisgaard, who died in 2009, was an extremely productive and insightful scholar of modern industrial statistics and quality engineering.
He was a professor of Technology Management at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Professor of Business and Industrial Statistics at the University of Amsterdam.

Many of these articles had previously appeared in the Quality Quandaries column of Quality Engineering.
The book is divided into four parts, as follows:
 Design and Analysis of Experiments
 Time Series Analysis
 The Quality Profession, and
 Healthcare Engineering.
The details of the book can be found in the References section below.

References

External links 
 Quality Engineering at Francis & Taylor Online
 Quality Engineering at American Society for Quality

Engineering journals
Quality control
Taylor & Francis academic journals
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 1989
English-language journals
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology. The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology is a quarterly peer-reviewed  scientific journal published by the Geological Society of London. The journal covers engineering geology and hydrogeology, including civil engineering, mining practice, and water resources. Coverage includes topics from other disciplines related to this journal's focus such as applied geophysics, environmental geology, contaminated land, waste management, land-use planning, geotechnics, rock mechanics, geomaterials, and geological hazards.

Abstracting and indexing
This journal is abstracted and indexed by the Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology, and the Chemical Abstracts Service/CASSI.

External links
 
 Alternate website at GeoScience World

Academic journals established in 1967
Quarterly journals
Engineering geology journals
Geological Society of London academic journals
Mining journals
English-language journals
Hexafluoro-2-butyne. Hexafluoro-2-butyne (HFB) is a fluorocarbon with the chemical structure CF3C≡CCF3.  HFB is a particularly electrophilic acetylene derivative, and hence a potent dienophile for Diels–Alder reactions.

Synthesis and reactions
HFB is prepared by the action of sulfur tetrafluoride on acetylenedicarboxylic acid or by the reaction of potassium fluoride (KF) with hexachlorobutadiene.

It reacts with sulfur to give 3,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dithiete.

Cycloaddition of HFB and dithionitronium (NS2+) gives the 1,2,5-dithiazolium cation. This derivative can be reduced to the 7 electron neutral radical.  This particular 1,3,5-dithiazole is also rare example of a radical that can be obtained as solid, liquid, and gaseous states.  As a gas, it is blue.

References

Alkyne derivatives
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Fluorocarbons
Interosseous membrane of forearm. The interosseous membrane of the forearm (rarely middle or intermediate radioulnar joint) is a fibrous sheet that connects the interosseous margins of the radius and the ulna.  It is the main part of the radio-ulnar syndesmosis, a fibrous joint between the two bones.

Function

The interosseous membrane divides the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments, serves as a site of attachment for muscles of the forearm, and transfers loads placed on the forearm.

The interosseous membrane is designed to shift compressive loads (as in doing a hand-stand) from the distal radius to the proximal ulna. The fibers within the interosseous membrane are oriented obliquely so that when force is applied the fibers are drawn taut, shifting more of the load to the ulna. This reduces the wear and tear of placing the whole load on a single joint. The role of the membrane in load shifting is illustrated when the interosseous membrane is cut; the forces on each bone equalize from their natural proportions.

Additionally, as the forearm moves from pronation to supination, the interosseous membrane fibers change from a relaxed state, to a tense state in the neutral position. They once again become relaxed as the forearm enters pronation.

The interosseous membrane is composed of five ligaments:
 Central band (key portion to be reconstructed in case of injury)
 Accessory band
 Distal oblique bundle
 Proximal oblique cord
 Dorsal oblique accessory cord

Injury 
Severe forearm injuries involving separation of the radius and ulna may be due to rupture of the interosseous membrane. Rupture can lead to proximal migration of the radius and an apparent lengthening of the ulna at the wrist. Often interosseous membrane tears are associated with adverse impacts on forearm rotation. MRI-assisted diagnosis has been used for mid-substance tears of the interosseous membrane but is expensive and not widely available. On the contrary, ultrasound has proven useful in diagnosing tears of the tibiofibular interosseous membrane of the leg, and this technique may also be applied to acute cases of membrane tears in the forearm due to its low cost and portability.

See also
 Anterior interosseous nerve
 Anterior interosseous artery
 Posterior interosseous nerve
 Posterior interosseous artery
 Common interosseous artery
 Recurrent interosseous artery

References

Upper limb anatomy
S2C reactor. The S2C reactor is a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships.  The S2C designation stands for:

 S = Submarine platform
 2 = Second generation core designed by the contractor
 C = Combustion Engineering was the contracted designer

This nuclear reactor is the shipboard equivalent of the S1C reactor, and was installed on the experimental USS Tullibee (SSN-597) submarine.

References

United States naval reactors
Herman Affel. Herman Andrew Affel (August 4, 1893 – October 13, 1972) was an American electrical engineer who invented the modern coaxial cable.

Biography
He was born on August 4, 1893. He attended MIT. He later married Bertha May Plummer.
 
From MIT he went to work at Bell Laboratories. Among other projects he worked with Lloyd Espenschied on the characteristics of coaxial cable.  Espenschied and Affel jointly applied for a patent on a wideband coaxial cable system of transmission, filed in 1929 and granted in 1934. The invention was disclosed in a prize-winning paper published in AIEE's Electrical Engineering in October 1934.

He died on October 13, 1972.

Legacy
In 2006, Affel was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

US Patents

 "Equalization of Carrier Transmissions," 1924, Herman A. Affel
 "Concentric Conducting System", 1929, Lloyd Espenschied and Herman A. Affel

External links
Kennelly and Affels 1916 paper
Epenschied's biography at IEEE

1893 births
1972 deaths
American electrical engineers
Scientists at Bell Labs
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
S4G reactor. The S4G reactor is a naval pressurized water reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships.  The S4G designation stands for:

 S = Submarine platform
 4 = Fourth generation core designed by the contractor
 G = General Electric was the contracted designer

This nuclear reactor is the shipboard equivalent of the S3G reactor. It was installed in a dual-configuration on  with two reactors and two five-blade propellers, which was the first ship to make a submerged circumnavigation of the world. As installed in USS Triton the two S4G's were rated for a combined .

References

United States naval reactors
Signal station. A signal station is a form of Aids to Navigation that is defined by the IHO simply as "A signal station is a place on shore from which signals are made to ships at sea". While this broad definition would include coastal radio stations and fog signal stations, the term is most often used for shore installation that use visual signals to communicate with ships at sea.

History

Signal stations were the only practical mean of communicating with passing ships until the development of radio, and played a critical role in both navigation safety and commercial operation of fleets. As they were normally located in high places with extensive fields of view, surviving signal stations are often in scenic locations, and have become local landmarks.
 
Signal stations used a variety of means to communicate shore-to-ship: Chappe Telegraph or other forms of pole-and-arm optical telegraph, flag semaphore, heliograph, slat semaphore, and port-specific signals (like flag and ball weather warnings). The most widespread method was through different forms of flaghoist. Signals were often private signals, requiring local knowledge or code books.

From the 1880s, Lloyd's operated a network of signal stations around the world, connected to telegraph land-lines, that served to relay orders from owners and obtain reports from ships' masters. Messages for passengers could also be sent using a flag semaphore, and light signals at night.

Current roles
While radio has superseded the telegraph-relay role of signal stations, a number of signal stations remain in operation in situations where static visual signals provide fast access to specific safety information, such as traffic signalling in ports and narrow passages, or navigational warnings. In Japan, signal stations in the form of lighted letter boards are extensively used to mark traffic conditions, one way flows and predominant currents. Most ports elsewhere in the world will use a form of the International Port Traffic Signals system.

Tide gauges are usually classified as signal stations, as they provide immediate visual information of tide levels.

See also
 Coastal warning display tower

References

Water transport infrastructure
Navigational aids
S4W reactor. The S4W reactor was a naval reactor plant used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships.  The S4W designation stands for:

 S = Submarine platform
 4 = Fourth generation core designed by the contractor
 W = Westinghouse was the contracted designer

This S4W nuclear reactor plant was similar to the S3W, the only difference between them being the design and arrangement of the steam generators and reactor compartments.

Two boats of the  were built with S4W reactor plants:  and .

References 

United States naval reactors
Baynes Bat. The Baynes Bat (or sometimes Slingsby-Baynes Bat) was an experimental glider of the Second World War, designed by L. E. Baynes. It was used to test the tailless design that he had suggested as a means to convert tanks into temporary gliders so they could be flown into battle.

Design and development
In the late 1930s, armies were looking for a way to airlift heavy military units. There were then no cargo aircraft big enough to lift a tank, and even if such a large aircraft had been created it would have needed many special facilities. A solution which was explored during the Second World War was to tow tanks as gliders, and for this wings had to be added. Most designs were based on straight wings with extended empennage and stabilizers. The design of L.E. Baynes AFRAeS in 1941 was for a 100 ft wingspan "Carrier Wing Glider" consisting chiefly of a swept wing with vertical stabilizers on the wingtips.

A 1/3 scale prototype was built entirely of wood in 1943 by Slingsby Sailplanes at Kirkbymoorside, and the Baynes Bat made its first flight in July 1943 possibly at the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment at RAF Sherburn-in-Elmet or most likely at RAF Snaith a few miles away, where other AFEE projects where also being tested.
Snaith was a bomber station, so daytime testing was more possible than at Sherburn as it was also a fighter station with daytime operations and on grass runways where as Snaith had 3 long concrete runways and associated support facilities. Most of the test flights were piloted by Flight Lieutenant Robert Kronfeld.

Tests were successful, but the project was abandoned because a suitable tank was not then available and a decision had been made to develop gliders which could carry heavy equipment within their fuselages. The strategists were not convinced of the practicality of retrieving large numbers of Baynes Bats from the field, but in wartime this was not a critical factor.

The one Bat which had been built was the first tailless monoplane with flaps to be available for research and it was flown extensively by the Royal Aircraft Establishment to test the stability and control of tailless aircraft. The Bat was sold as surplus in October 1946 and entered on the British Gliding Association register in November 1947. The Bat was last seen in 1958, lying behind a hangar at Croydon Airport.

Operators

Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment
Royal Aircraft Establishment

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 The Baynes Bat

1940s British experimental aircraft
Glider aircraft
Slingsby aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Tailless aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
NUSSE. NUSSE (Norsk Universell Siffermaskin, Sekvensstyrt, Elektronisk) was the first Norwegian electronic computer.

It was constructed from 1950 through 1955 and unveiled at the University of Oslo in 1954 to an enthusiastic reception. The machine is considered to have played an important role in developing the commercial use of computers in Norway.

The environment around the NUSSE computer was the birthplace of the AUTOKON CAD/CAM system.

The computer is now on exhibit at the Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology.

References

1950s computers
Computer-related introductions in 1954
1954 in Norway
University of Oslo
Mosto Bousmina. Mostapha (Mosto) Bousmina is a physical-chemist and rheologist working on nanomaterials and nanotechnology.

Prof. Bousmina is the President of the Euro-Mediterranean University of Morocco in Fez, Chancellor of the Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology-Morocco, and President of the Network of African Academies of Sciences (NASAC).

He is member at large of the Polymer Processing Society, Member of the World Academy of Sciences, and of the African Academy of Sciences.

From to 2008 to 2011, he was the Director General the Institute of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (INANOTECH), Morocco. Before that he was Professor and the holder of the Canada Research Chair on Polymer Physics and Nanomaterials at Laval University, Quebec-Canada, vice-President of the Canadian Society of Rheology. He acted also as president of the Quebec Society of Polymers (SQP), Director of SPE (Society of Plastic Engineers: Quebec section), Chair of NSERC evaluation committee (chemical and metallurgical engineering section 4). His important contributions are in physics of polymeric multiphase systems, and nanomaterials.[1]

Awards
Louis-Pasteur Award, 1993
Prize of Quebec Minister of Commerce and Industry, 1998
Morand Lambla Award from the Polymer Processing Society (PPS) "original contribution of a young researcher (under age 39) to the field of polymer processing" in 2000
Canada Top-Twenty Award, 2002
NSERC E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship, 2004.

References

Canada Research Chairs
Academic staff of Université Laval
Rheologists
Living people
Canadian physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Frizzen. The frizzen, historically called the "hammer" or the steel, is an L-shaped piece of steel hinged at the front used in flintlock firearms.  The frizzen is held in one of two positions, opened or closed, by a leaf spring. When closed, it is positioned over the flash pan so as to enclose a small priming charge of black powder next to the flash hole that is drilled through the barrel into which the main charge has been loaded. When the trigger is pulled, the cock, which holds a shaped piece of flint clamped in a set of jaws with a scrap of leather or thin piece of lead, snaps forward causing the flint to scrape downward along the frizzen's face (historically called the 'battery'), throwing it forward into the open position and exposing the priming powder. The flint scraping along the steel causes a shower of sparks to be thrown into the pan, thereby igniting the priming powder therein and sending flames through the touch hole, which in turn ignites the main charge of black powder in the breech of the barrel, driving the projectile out of the muzzle.

The development of the frizzen which combines both the "battery" or striking surface and separate pan cover on the less advanced "snaphaunce" lock is often credited to French gun maker Marin le Bourgeoys around 1610. He may have been influenced by the Spanish "miquelet" lock that utilized a similarly shaped frizzen at least two decades earlier.

It is important that the metal of the frizzen be brought to a sufficiently high carbon content by the process of carburization, wherein carbonaceous materials such as horn, hooves, and leather scraps were wrapped around the frizzen in a clay or metallic crucible which was then placed into a forge or other furnace for several hours to raise the carbon content of the steel through the process of diffusion. This process increases the carbon content of the iron in a layer close to the surface of the frizzen so that it hardens the outside while the center remains relatively ductile so as to prevent through-cracking. Through the wear of continued use a frizzen will lose its ability to create enough sparks to reliably ignite the powder, thereby necessitating that it be re-hardened or replaced.

See also
Glossary of firearms terminology
Case hardening

References

Firearm components
Bob Hall (American motoring journalist). Bob Hall is a former American motoring journalist best known for his work as an automotive product planner.

Hall is best known as a founder member of the development team who produced the Mazda MX-5.

Career

Automotive journalism 
Hall started his career as a journalist for Motor Trend.

Development of the Mazda MX-5 
Hall's first blackboard sketch of a two-seater convertible car in the early 1980s resulted in him being offered a job by Mazda Motors although he has no formal engineering qualifications.  Hall is considered to be the "biological father" of the MX-5 (known in the United States as the Miata), although he was not responsible for the engineering and styling work that brought it to production.

Return to journalism and back to product planning 
After leaving Mazda, Hall continued his career as an automotive journalist in Australia.

Hall lived  in Malaysia from 2004 to 2011, working for Proton as Head of product planning and programme engineering.

In September 2014 Hall joined Geely, where it has been said he's been tasked to come up with an all-new mass-selling vehicle to hit the spot with western markets. While he has not commented on what the new vehicle may be, he has said it will not be a front-engine, rear-drive sportscar.

Personal life 
He is married to Karen, is the twin brother of Jim Hall (who worked in product management at General Motors), and is fluent in Japanese.

References 

1953 births
Living people
American twins
American expatriates in Malaysia
American male journalists
Oil pressure. Oil pressure is an important factor in the longevity of most internal combustion engines. With a forced lubrication system (invented by Frederick Lanchester), oil is picked up by a positive displacement oil pump and forced through oil galleries (passageways) into bearings, such as the main bearings, big end bearings and camshaft bearings or balance shaft bearings. Other components such as cam lobes and cylinder walls are lubricated by oil jets.

Sufficient oil pressure ensures that the metal of the rotating shaft (journal) and the bearing shell can never touch, and wear is therefore confined to initial start-up and shutdown. The oil pressure, combined with the rotation of the shaft, also hydrodynamically centers the journal in its shell and cools the bearings. Such a bearing is known as a fluid bearing.

Oil pressure is higher when the engine is cold due to the increased viscosity of the oil, and also increases with engine speed until the relief valve in the oil pump opens to divert excess flow. Oil pressure is lowest under hot idling conditions, and the minimum pressure allowed by the manufacturer's tolerances is usually given at this point. Excessive oil pressure may indicate a blocked filter, blocked oil gallery or the wrong grade of oil. Low oil pressure indicates worn bearings or a broken oil pump.

Some vehicle engines have an oil pressure switch that switches a warning light on at low oil pressure. Some vehicles have an oil pressure gauge in the dashboard or instrument cluster.

Oil pressure is created by a fluid flow restriction in the outlet line of the pump, not by the pump itself. Examples of such restrictions include big end and main bearings, as well as camshaft and rocker gear if fitted.

See also 
 Splash lubrication, a rudimentary "non-pressurized" form of lubrication found in early engines

References

External links
 Troubleshooting Low Oil Pressure from AA1Car

Engine lubrication systems
Engine technology