omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Benedum Hall. Michael L. Benedum Hall of Engineering is a landmark academic building on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.  The building was designed in the brutalist style by the architectural firm of Deeter, Ritchey, and Sippel and completed in 1971 at a cost of $15 million ($ million today). The building was honored with both the Pennsylvania Society American Institute of Architects Honor Award and Distinguished Building Award. It was built with a gift from the Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation and funds from the General State Authority.  It stands on a  site that was formerly occupied by the National Guard's Logan Armory.

It is fifteen stories (two below ground) and has  of space.  It is home to the Swanson School of Engineering and contains classrooms, laboratories, offices, conference and seminar rooms, and is home to the George M. Bevier Engineering Library which serves not only the engineering school, but also the Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Geology and Planetary Science.  The wall panel behind the circulation desk of the library features a mural carved by Edward Catich. Benedum Hall also includes a computer lab and an Einstein's Express.

A $60 million Benedum Hall renovation and expansion project was launched in 2008. A new addition,  a $16 million,  LEED designed structure for the Mascaro Center for Sustainable Innovation, now connects what was previously the Engineering Auditorium to the second and third floor of the main tower across the previous existing plaza. Originally an essentially separate building only connected by the ground, basement, and sub-basement levels, the auditorium was reconfigured from its original 528-seat space into five separate classrooms. The Mascaro Center moved into its new accommodations in August 2009. In 2012, the Mascaro Center addition to Benedum Hall won the International Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute Design Award in the Educational Facility Category. In addition, the library, computer lab, and club offices moved to the ground and basement levels, administrative offices shifted to the first floor, and other floors of the tower were renovated. A $39.9 million Phase II of renovations to the subbasement, 3rd, 6th, 7th, and 8th floors, as well as the creation of a new   mezzanine level, was approved in November, 2010. Renovations creating an energy innovation floor on floor eight were completed in 2013.

Former President, CIA Director, and Ambassador George H. W. Bush spoke at the hall during a March 15, 1979 meeting.

See also
Swanson School of Engineering

References

External links

 Benedum Hall on Pitt's virtual Campus Tour
 Swanson School of Engineering
 Bevier Engineering Library
 Benedum Hall Transformation Video

University of Pittsburgh academic buildings
University and college buildings completed in 1971
1971 establishments in Pennsylvania
Brutalist architecture in Pennsylvania
Marin Soljačić. Marin Soljačić (born February 7, 1974) is a Croatian-American physicist and electrical engineer known for wireless non-radiative energy transfer.

Biography
Marin Soljačić was born in Zagreb in 1974. After graduating from XV Gymnasium (MIOC) in Zagreb he attended MIT, where he got his BSc in physics and electrical engineering in 1996. In 1998 he got his MSc from Princeton University and in 2000 he got his PhD in Physics. In 2005 he became a professor of Physics at MIT. In 2008, he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

Work
In 2007 Marin Soljačić and his assistants successfully made the first efficient non-radiative power transfer at a distance of 2 meters turning on a 60 W light bulb. Energy transfer was 40% efficient. Professor Soljačić's experiments and work in wireless energy transfer are related in spirit to the work of Nikola Tesla in the early 20th century,  but also have significant differences: unlike Tesla's long-range wireless energy transfer in Colorado, the Soljačić group focuses only on short-range transfer, and unlike Tesla coils which resonantly transfer power with electric fields (which couple strongly to surrounding matter, most famously inducing artificial lightning) the Soljačić proposal uses coupling primarily via magnetic fields.  This work is currently being pursued in Soljačić's WiTricity company. Soljačić believes that low-power commercial application of this technology, such as charging of mobile phones, is several years away. 

In addition to wireless energy transfer, Prof. Soljačić works on numerous problems on electromagnetism  in materials structured on the scale of the wavelength, such as micro- and nano-structured materials for infrared and visible light, including nonlinear optical devices and surface plasmons. His more recent research, supported by a US$20 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy, focuses on the use of photonic crystals in solar cells.

References

External links
BBC article explaining non-radiative power transfer
TED presentation on technology application
 

1974 births
Living people
Croatian physicists
21st-century American physicists
Croatian emigrants to the United States
MacArthur Fellows
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Scientists from Zagreb
21st-century Croatian scientists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Cellular microarray. A cellular microarray (or cell microarray) is a laboratory tool that allows for the multiplex interrogation of living cells on the surface of a solid support.  The support, sometimes called a "chip", is spotted with varying materials, such as antibodies, proteins, or lipids, which can interact with the cells, leading to their capture on specific spots.  Combinations of different materials can be spotted in a given area, allowing not only cellular capture, when a specific interaction exists, but also the triggering of a cellular response, change in phenotype, or detection of a response from the cell, such as a specific secreted factor.

There are a large number of types of cellular microarrays:

 Reverse transfection cell microarrays. David M. Sabatini's laboratory developed reverse-transfection cell microarrays at the Whitehead Institute, publishing their work in 2001.
 PMHC Cellular Microarrays.  This type of microarray were developed by Daniel Chen, Yoav Soen, Dan Kraft, Patrick Brown and Mark Davis at Stanford University Medical Center.

References
 Chen DS, Davis MM (2006) Molecular and functional analysis using live cell microarrays. Curr Opin Chem Biol 10:28-34
 Chen DS, Soen Y, Stuge TB, Lee PP, Weber JS, Brown PO, Davis MM (2005) Marked Differences in Human Melanoma Antigen-Specific T Cell Responsiveness after Vaccination Using a Functional Microarray. PLoS Med 2: 10: e265 () 
 Soen Y., Chen D. S., Kraft D. L., Davis M. M. and Brown P.O. (2003) Detection and characterization of cellular immune responses using peptide-MHC microarrays. PLoS Biol. 1: E65 (http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000065) 
 Chen DS, Davis MM (2005) Cellular immunotherapy: Antigen recognition is just the beginning. Springer Semin Immunopathol 27:119–127
 Chen DS, Soen Y, Davis MM, Brown PO (2004) Functional and molecular profiling of heterogeneous tumor samples using a novel cellular microarray. J Clin Oncol 22:9507 (https://web.archive.org/web/20041020122342/http://meeting.jco.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/14_suppl/9507)
 Soen Y, Chen DS, Stuge TB, Weber JS, Lee PP, et al. (2004) A novel cellular microarray identifies functional deficiences in tumor-specific T cell responses. J Clin Oncol 22:2510
 Ziauddin J, Sabatini DM (2001) Microarrays of cells expressing defined cDNAs. Nature. 2001 May 3;411(6833):107-10. Pubmed link

Biotechnology
Wayne Hale. N. Wayne Hale Jr. (born July 5, 1954) is an American former NASA engineer.  Previously a flight director and Space Shuttle program manager, Hale served as NASA's Deputy Associate Administrator for Strategic Partnerships prior to his retirement on July 31, 2010.

Born in Clovis, New Mexico, Hale earned a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Rice University in 1976, and a Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University in 1978.

NASA career
Hale began his career with NASA in 1978 as a propulsion officer in the Propulsion Systems Section, Flight Control Division of Flight Operations at the Johnson Space Center.

From May to November 1985, Hale was head of the Integrated Communications Section, Systems Division, Mission Operations, and head of the Propulsion Systems Section, Systems Division, Mission Operations, from November 1985 to March 1988. Between March 1988 and January 2003, Hale served as a flight director in Mission Control for forty-one Space Shuttle missions. He also served as deputy chief of the Flight Director Office for Shuttle Operations from 2001 to January 2003.

Hale then relocated to Kennedy Space Center to become the launch integration manager of the Space Shuttle Program effective February 1, 2003. In July 2003 he became deputy manager of the program, moving up to manager in September 2005. In this capacity, he was responsible for overall management, integration, and operations of the Space Shuttle Program. His primary responsibilities include establishing and implementing program policy; directing and controlling scheduling, planning and execution of the Space Shuttle Program design, development, test, production, and operations; ensuring the integration of all elements of the program into a single operational system; ensuring effective cost control of the total program; and establishing and controlling Space Shuttle requirements and configuration.

He retired from NASA on July 31, 2010.

Hale had written a blog while at NASA.  His January 29, 2010 blog entry is a Requiem for the NASA Space Shuttle program in which he correctly predicted what it would take to revive the US space exploration program:

In September 2010, he resumed posting on an external site unrelated to NASA.

Awards
Among the honors and awards he has received are the NASA Space Flight Awareness Leadership Award in January 2002, the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal in August 1999, the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in April 1992, and numerous NASA Group Achievement Awards.

References

External links
 Wayne Hale's Insider's Guide to NASA
 Wayne Hale's Blog (At NASA, prior to retirement)
 Wayne Hale's Blog (New, in retirement)
 

1954 births
Living people
People from Clovis, New Mexico
NASA flight controllers
Rice University alumni
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch. The Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch () is an Iranian university in Rasht, Gīlān Province. It was founded on 1 September 1982.

Chancellors 
Chancellors of The Islamic Azad University of Rasht.

Vice-Chansellors 
 Alireza Seydavi (Research)
 Shahram Gholamrezaei (Education)
 Ghasem Ghasemi (Student)
 Soheil Shokri (Financial & Planning)

Schools and Departments 
 Management and Accounting
 Basic Science
 Nursing and Midwifery
 Agriculture Science
 Engineering
 Human Science

Faculty members in Google Scholar 
 Dr Shahab Shariati
 Alireza Amirteimoori
 Hossein Fallah-Bagher-Shaidaei
 All members in Google Scholar

Journals 
 Iranian Journal of Optimization (DOAJ), BASE, 
 Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science
 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development
 Journal of ornamental  plants
 مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاههای انسانی

Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch in International Ranking institutions 
IAU Rasht in Scopus
IAU Rasht in Google Scholar
IAU Rasht in Webometrics

References 

 Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch

External links 
 

Universities and colleges established in 1982
Education in Gilan province
Rasht
1982 establishments in Iran
Buildings and structures in Gilan province
Semulation. Semulation is a computer science-related portmanteau of simulation and emulation, signifying the process of controlling an emulation through a simulator.

Semulation in computer science
Digital hardware is described using hardware description languages (HDL) like VHDL, Verilog or System Verilog. These descriptions are simulated together with a problem-specific testbench. The initial functional verification of most IP designs is done via simulation at register transfer level (RTL) or gate level. In an event driven simulation method the code must be processed sequential by a CPU, because a normal computer is not able to process the implemented hardware parallel. This sequential approach leads to long simulation times especially in complex systems on chip (SoC) designs.

After simulation the RTL description must be synthesized to fit in the final hardware (e.g. FPGA, ASIC). This step brings a lot of uncertainties because the real hardware is normally not as ideal as the simulation model. The differences between real world and simulation are a major reason why emulation is used in hardware design.

Generally the simulation and emulation environment are two independent systems. Semulation is a symbiosis of both methods. In semulation one part of a hardware design is processed sequential in software (e.g. the testbench) while the other part is emulated.

An example design flow for semulation is depicted in the following block chart:

The database holds the design and testbench files and the information about the block whether it will be simulated or emulated. The left part shows the normal simulation path where the design files must be compiled for an HDL simulator. The right part of the state chart handles the flow for the emulation system. Design files for the FPGA must be synthesized to the appropriate target technology. A major point in semulation is the connection between the emulation system and the HDL simulator. The interface is necessary for the simulator to handle the connected hardware.

Advantages of Semulation
 Simulation acceleration: Simulating huge designs with an HDL simulator is a tedious task. When the designer transfers parts of the design to an emulation system and co-simulates them with the HDL simulation, the simulation run times can be decreased.
 Using real hardware early in the design flow.

References
 D. Scheurer and S. Reichör, SEmulation: Turbocharging the FPGA Development Process. White Paper, Altera Corporation

External links
 SEmulation Technology Combines ReConfigurable Computing-based Simulation and Emulation into a Single Platform for RTL Design Verification
 SEmulator
 SDC to Showcase SEmulation for FPGA Development at Embedded Masterclass
 Semulation in EETimes

Electronic circuit verification
Integrated design. Integrated design is a comprehensive holistic approach to design which brings together specialisms usually considered separately. It attempts to take into consideration all the factors and modulations necessary to a decision-making process. 
A few examples are the following:
Design of a building which considers whole building design including architecture, structural engineering, passive solar building design and HVAC.  The approach may also integrate building lifecycle management and a greater consideration of the end users of the building.  The aim of integrated building design is often to produce sustainable architecture.
Design of both a product (or family of products) and the assembly system that will produce it.
Design of an electronic product that considers both hardware and software aspects, although this is often called co-design (not to be confused with participatory design, which is also often called co-design).

The requirement for integrated design comes when the different specialisms are dependent on each other or "coupled". An alternative or complementary approach to integrated design is to consciously reduce the dependencies. In computing and systems design, this approach is known as loose coupling.

Dis-integrated design
Three phenomena are associated with a lack of integrated design:
Silent design: design by default, by omission or by people not aware that they are participating in design activity.
Partial design: design is only used to a limited degree, such as in superficial styling, often after the important design decisions have been made.
Disparate design: design activity may be widespread, but is not co-ordinated or brought together to realise its potential. The resulting design may have needless complexity, internal inconsistency, logical flaws and a lack of a unifying vision.

A committee is sometimes a deliberate attempt to address disparate design, but the phrase "design by committee" is associated with this failing, leading to disparate design. "Design by committee" can also lead to a kind of silent design, as design decisions are not properly considered, for fear of upsetting a hard-won compromise.

Methods for integrated design

The integrated design approach incorporates collaborative methods and tools to encourage and enable the specialists in the different areas to work together to produce an integrated design.

A charrette provides opportunity for all specialists to collaborate and align early in the design process.

Human-Centered Design provides an integrated approach to problem solving, commonly used in design and management frameworks that develops solutions to problems by involving the human perspective in all steps of the problem-solving process.

References

See also 
Holism
Mode 2
Participatory design
System integration
Systems engineering

Design
Peter E. Hart. Peter E. Hart (born 1941) is an American computer scientist and entrepreneur. He was chairman and president of Ricoh Innovations, which he founded in 1997. He made significant contributions in the field of computer science in a series of widely cited publications from the years 1967 to 1975 while associated with the Artificial Intelligence Center of SRI International, a laboratory where he also served as director.

Education
Hart studied at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, leading to a BEE degree (1962). He did his graduate studies at Stanford University, where he got his MS (1963) and PhD (1966); Thomas M. Cover was his advisor and discovered & co-published a seminal paper on 1-NN nearest neighbor search.

Career
While at the SRI International Artificial Intelligence Center, Hart co-authored 20 papers, among them the initial exposition of the A* search algorithm and the variant of the Hough transform now widely used in computer vision for finding straight line segments in images. He also contributed to the development of Shakey the Robot.

Hart and Richard O. Duda are the authors of "Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis", originally published in 1973. This classic text is a widely cited reference, and the first edition was in print for over 25 years until being superseded by the second edition in 2000.

A strong advocate of artificial intelligence in industry, Hart was the founding director of the Fairchild/Schlumberger Artificial Intelligence Center and co-founder of Syntelligence, a company specializing in expert systems for financial risk analysis.

Hart is currently Group Senior Vice President at the Ricoh Company, Ltd.

Memberships and awards
Hart is an IEEE Fellow, an ACM Fellow and an AAAI Fellow.

References

External links
 Hart's personal web page
 Hart's web page at Ricoh Innovations

American engineering writers
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Stanford University alumni
Living people
SRI International people
Fellows of the IEEE
2003 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
1941 births
Pilot (operating system). Pilot is a single-user, multitasking operating system designed by Xerox PARC in early 1977. Pilot was written in the Mesa programming language, totalling about 24,000 lines of code.

Overview 
Pilot was designed as a single user system in a highly networked environment of other Pilot systems, with interfaces designed for inter-process communication (IPC) across the network via the Pilot stream interface. Pilot combined virtual memory and file storage into one subsystem, and used the manager/kernel architecture for managing the system and its resources.   

Its designers considered a non-preemptive multitasking model, but later chose a preemptive (run until blocked) system based on monitors.  Pilot included a debugger, Co-Pilot, that could debug a frozen snapshot of the operating system, written to disk.  

A typical Pilot workstation ran 3 operating systems at once on 3 different disk volumes : Co-Co-Pilot (a backup debugger in case the main operating system crashed), Co-Pilot (the main operating system, running under co-pilot and used to compile and bind programs) and an inferior copy of Pilot running in a third disk volume, that could be booted to run test programs (that might crash the main development environment).  

The debugger was written to read and write variables for a program stored on a separate disk volume.

This architecture was unique because it allowed the developer to single-step even operating system code with semaphore locks, stored on an inferior disk volume.  However, as the memory and source code of the D-series Xerox processors grew, the time to checkpoint and restore the operating system (known as a "world swap") grew very high.  It could take 60-120 seconds to run just one line of code in the inferior operating system environment.  

Eventually, a co-resident debugger was developed to take the place of Co-Pilot.

Pilot was used as the operating system for the Xerox Star workstation.

See also
Timeline of operating systems

References

Further reading
 
 

History of human–computer interaction
Proprietary operating systems
Window-based operating systems
Pilot
1981 software
Total Airport Management Systems. The Total Airport Management System (TAMS) is an integrated airport management system which is now being used in Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA).

The system interfaces and integrates the majority of electronic information within the airport, assuring maximum flow of information for operations, management and security. 

The integration also supports the business goals of providing an efficient, cost effective operation of KLIA as it is the nucleus on the Multimedia Super Corridor and as the precursor to the next generation of airports in Malaysia and the world.

Components
The TAMS consist of various independent systems such as Passenger Check In System that are linked by high speed fibre optic cable to form TAMS. Some of the components are:

Integrated ICT system
The TAMS is directly linked to the Crisis Control Center and also other parts of Multimedia Super Corridor via megabit fibre optic cables which are designed to provide a platform that will allow for easy integration and link to the other components of the Multimedia Super Corridor.

External links 

 TAMS. Total Airport Management System

Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Science and technology in Malaysia
Scientific organisations based in Malaysia
Bergamaschi C-1. The Bergamaschi C-1 and C-2 were Italian single-engined light trainers built by Cantieri Aeronautici Bergamaschi for the Bergamo flying school.

Design and development
During the 1920s the flying school at Bergamo developed a light training aircraft. Original for use in its own flying school it was also for sale to other flying schools and private individuals. A new company Cantieri Aeronautici Bergamaschi was established to build the aircraft.

Variants
C-1 was an unequal-span biplane of conventional wood and fabric construction. The fuselage structure included an open cockpit for the pilot just aft of the upper wing trailing edge. It had a fixed tailskid type landing gear. Powered by a Hispano-Suiza inline engine.
C-2 was generally similar differing only in having two seats.

Specifications (C-2)

References

Further reading

1920s Italian civil trainer aircraft